bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Fu Freddie H. , Bennett Craig H. , Lattermann Christian , Ma C. Benjamin
Published: July 2017

With today's increasing emphasis on sporting activities, the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries has also increased. Epidemiologic studies estimate that the prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries is about 1 per 3000 Americans. Management of these injuries has evolved from nonoperative treatment to extracapsular augmentation and primary ligament repair to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Treatment of these injuries has significantly improved over the last few decades with the application of knowledge gained from both basic science and clinical research. This article is composed of two parts. The first part reviews the biology and biomechanics of the injured anterior cruciate ligament and the basic science of reconstruction. In the second part, to be published later, current operative concepts of reconstruction, as well as clinical correlations, are reviewed. Summarizing the latest information on basic scientific as well as clinical studies regarding the anterior cruciate ligament, this article intends to demonstrate the correlation between the application of basic science knowledge and improvement of clinical outcomes.
Cross-Cultural Psychological Assessment: a Cinical Model of Service Delivery
Authors: Massey Don S.
Published: July 2017

Contrary to popular belief, conducting thorough cross-cultural psychological assessments does not simply mean using culture-free or culture-fair tests. It is a highly refined art which demands considerable skill and expertise on the part of the clinician. Pre-requisite knowledge in the fields of cultural anthropology, linguistics, and cross-cultural psychology is often required before appropriate interpretation of assessment results can be made. In the absence of a framework for practise, a practical model is presented which incorporates an experimental, problem-solving and clinical approach to cross-cultural assessment. Several features of this versatile model are discussed in relation to both the assessment and interpretive process. A multidisciplinary strategy that includes both informal and formal assessment methods is advocated. Specific recommendations for future practise are provided, including the need for greater networking among professionals in the variety of disciplines involved in cross-cultural assessment.
An Evaluation of a School-Based Personal Safety Program for the Primary Grades
Authors: Mendelson-Ages Sandy E. , Bruce Ferguson H.
Published: July 2017

This study evaluated the efficacy of a school based personal safety program in the primary grades. A total of 121 children in grades one and two were involved. Sixty-three participated in the program of six 30-minute lessons. Fifty-eight control children were not knowingly exposed to any parts of the program. A 24 item questionnaire was administered orally to each child individually and one-on-one role playing was videotaped to assess factual knowledge and behavioral skills in a pre/post design. The personal safety program was successful in imparting safety information to the children. Role playing of behavioral strategies resulted in change on the dependent measures in the expected direction.
Acceptance of Response Cost Methods: Teachers' and Psychologists' Reactions
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Von Brock Trueting Mary , Robertson Sherry L.
Published: July 2017

Teachers' and psychologists' ratings of three classroom interventions, a token economy, a response cost, and a response cost lottery, were compared under two levels of implementation support. The Behavior Intervention Rating Scale (BIRS), a measure of treatment acceptability and perceived effectiveness, was the major dependent measure. A directed inquiry questionnaire provided additional information concerning interventions and amount of implementation support. Results of a multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant effect for the within subject variable of intervention. However, there were no differences between the two professional groups or amount of support provided. Invert analysis indicated all three factors of the BIRS were significant for the method variable. Specifically, Scheffe's post hoc procedure indicated the token economy intervention was rated more acceptable and effective than the two variants of response cost. Chi Square analysis of directed inquiry questions indicated response cost and response cost lottery were not preferred interventions, nor considered the most effective or typically suggested for use. All three interventions, however, were considered usable in schools. A relatively low amount of implementation support was considered typical, whereas a relatively high amount of support was considered more reasonable and adequate. Past research, future directions, and implications for practice were discussed.
Parent-School Communication: A Selective Review
Authors: Alter Robin C.
Published: July 2017

The current literature on parent-school communication is reviewed and placed in the context of relevant research on home-school variables relating to academic success. Implications for new directions in parent-school communication are outlined.
Short Form Tests for Gifted Screening: Comparison of the WISC-R and the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition
Authors: DiPasquale Glenn , Rosehart David , Kempa Linda , Rooney Claire , Steinman Avrom
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present study was to compare short forms of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R, Wechsler, 1974; 1989) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB:IV) as screening instruments for selecting children for gifted programs. A review of previous research suggested that the SB:IV, being considerably newer, yields lower scores than the WISC-R for high functioning children, but that research did not utilize short-form test batteries. In the present study, 51 subjects ranging in age from 8 years, 2 months to 9 years, 2 months, all of whom were being considered for placement in gifted programs, were administered short forms of the two tests. The results were consistent with previous findings using the complete test batteries, with over 80% of the subjects scoring lower on the SB:IV. In practical terms, the SB:IV identified only two subjects as scoring above the required cut-point, while the WISC-R identified 13. Implications for school systems are discussed in terms of the risk of possible overidentification of candidates for gifted programs when older test instruments are used.
Time and Wealth
Authors: Reisch Lucia A.
Published: July 2017

This article investigates the role of the time factor (tempo, rhythms, temporalities, etc.) for the concept of sustainable consumption - a factor which has been systematically neglected in the sustainability debate. After presenting some basic considerations regarding the theoretical conception of sustainable consumption, some applications for strategies and policies to further sustainable consumption are shared. This is followed by a chapter on the so-called `new models of wealth' that are conceived as the ideal way to create more sustainable lifestyles. Here, one of the central visions is the idea of `wealth in time' complementing `wealth in goods'. The article concludes with a call for a systematic inclusion of the time factor in a theory of sustainable consumption.
Water Scarcity as a Non-traditional Threat to Security in the Middle East
Authors: El-Sayed Mustapha Kamel , Mansour Rasha Soheil
Published: July 2017

The article aims to explore the securitisation of water in the Nile basin. As in the wider Middle East, the securitisation of water occurred in the context of larger political grievances, inherited from colonial times. The trigger in all cases has been water scarcity. The securitising actors in all cases were decision-makers; in the case of the Tigris–Euphrates basin, NGOs and human rights activists have also emerged as securitising actors. The target audiences in all cases included the national public and international public opinion, as well as decision-makers in donor countries, especially in the case of the Tigris–Euphrates and Nile basins. Several securitisation mechanisms have been used simultaneously in all cases; in the case of the West Bank Aquifer, for example, resource capture (structural securitisation) went hand in hand with joint water management committees (institutional securitisation). In all cases, language played a crucial role in the securitisation of water resources, especially in the cases of Egypt and Israel, where the symbolic value of water and land are closely tied with religious traditions inherited from ancient times.
Russia in Middle East: Playing the Long Game?
Authors: Unnikrishnan Nandan , Purushothaman Uma
Published: July 2017

Russia has re-emerged as a major player in the Middle East once again, mainly because of its military intervention in the Syrian civil war in September 2015. This article throws light on Russia’s civilizational links with the region and what its aims in the region have been over the years, including the during Cold War. While Russia’s foreign policy towards the Middle East was passive in the tumultuous years following the fall of the Soviet Union, over the last few years, it has begun reorienting and recalibrating its policy towards the region. This article discusses Russia’s current aims in the region and its global ambitions, linking these to its intervention in the Syrian civil war, paying particular attention to the close ties that Russia has with Syria. This article attempts to explore whether Russia’s presence in the region is sustainable. It also explains the consequences of Russia’s intervention for the region and for Russia itself.
Health promotion in Brazil
Authors: Ivo de Carvalho Antonio , Faria Westphal Marcia , Lucia Goes Pereira Lima Vera
Published: July 2017

Brazil, a Latin American country of continental proportions and contrasts, demographic inequalities, and social inequities, concomitantly faces the challenge of preventing and controlling infectious diseases, injuries, and non-communicable diseases. The loss of strength of the biomedical paradigm, the change in epidemiological profile, and the sociopolitical and cultural challenges of recent decades have fostered the emergence of new formulations about public health thinking and practice. Among them, are the paradigms of Brazilian Collective Health and Health Promotion. The former provides philosophical support for Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS). The aim of this article is to discuss the development of public health within the country's history, and to analyze and compare the theoretical assumptions of Health Promotion and Collective Health. We conclude that health promotion, based on the principles and values disseminated by the international Charters and concerned with social actors and social determinants of the health-disease process, has significant potential to promote the improvement of living and health conditions of the population. This frame of reference guided the formulation of the National Policy of Health Promotion within the Unified Health System, which was institutionalized by a ministerial decree. The importance and application of evaluating the effectiveness of health promotion processes and methodologies in Brazil have been guided by various frames of reference, which we clarify in this article through describing historical processes. (Promotion & Education, 2007, Supplement (1): pp 7-12)
Theory and practice in the context of health promotion program evaluation
Authors: Lobato Tavares Maria da Fátima , Santos Barros Cláudia Márcia , Baumgarten Marcondes Willer , Bodstein Regina , Cynamon Cohen Simone , Cynamon Kligerman Debora , Comarú Francisco , Santos Silva Carlos , Bógus Cláudia Maria , da Rocha Rosa Maria , Moraes de Mello Alexandre , Adesse Leila , Edmundo Katia , Mendes Rosilda
Published: July 2017

Evaluation of health promotion (HP) actions is a major challenge, generating inquiries and reflections that can contribute on the effectiveness of the actions themselves. With the aim on fostering exchange on monitoring and evaluation experiences related to the implementation of healthy settings, the 1st Brazilian Seminar on Health Promotion Effectiveness was launched in 2005. The program included round table and workshops known as Working Groups (WG) in Brazil. The criteria used to constitute the workshops focused settings as spaces of circulation and living as an intrinsic connection to lifestyles and conditions, as well as to social and/or environmental risk factors associated with groups living in these settings day after day.

Focusing on evaluation as an activity that generates knowledge, this article highlights and stimulates the discussion about some major issues arising from the theoretical-methodological approach and the discussions developed in the workshops. The debates carried out during the Seminar illustrated the different perceptions and views of the social players involved in implementation and evaluation of HP practices, disclosing a multiplicity of meanings. It became clear that procedures are needed to document a future maturation of concepts and methods, in combination with further in-depth theoretical discussion. (Promotion & Education, 2007, Supplement (1): pp 27-30)
Paradoxical Payoffs: Migrant Women, Informal Sector Work, and Hiv/Aids in South Africa
Authors: Singh Gayatri
Published: July 2017

In post-apartheid South Africa, there has been a significant rise in women's out-migration from rural areas and across its territorial borders for economic purposes resulting in gender reconfiguration of migration streams. Alongside, there has been a simultaneous increase in the participation of women in the labor force. However, this has mostly grown in the informal sector,1 which is often associated with low earnings and insecure working conditions. One consequence has been the increasing reliance of migrant women on survivalist activities such as informal sexual exchanges that increase their risk of contracting HIV infection. Insecure working environments also expose migrant women to sexual abuses. This article is based on the author's work in South Africa's major urban centers and examines the nature of the relationship between the increased migration of black African women in South Africa, the nature of their work, and their resultant vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
Potential Drug Interactions— Fact or Fallacy?
Authors: Black Curtis D. , Popovich Nicholas G.
Published: July 2017

At present, the pharmacist is faced with a perplexing number of potential drug interactions as they relate to patient care. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate current drug-drug interaction literature, specifically gastrointestinal drug interactions. Literature search and review evaluated the authoritative basis on which conclusions were made. From this, a review was written to illustrate fallacies and misconceptions that could be derived from the literature with the intent it would serve as a guide in interpreting and evaluating drug-drug interactions. The overall study illustrates the vast need for careful evaluation of drug interaction literature before erroneous recommendations are made on conceivably inconclusive clinical studies.
Cardiomyopathy Associated with Clozapine
Authors: Leo Raphael J , Kreeger Joy L , Kim Kye Y , Dalmady-Israel Christina , Mailhot Claude
Published: July 2017

Objective

To report a case of symptomatic cardiomyopathy induced during treatment with clozapine, an antipsychotic of the dibenzodiazepine class.

Case Summary

A patient with a long psychiatric history significant for schizophrenia and no prior cardiac history developed dyspnea, malaise, and edema with a low ventricular ejection fraction during clozapine therapy.

Discussion

The literature concerning cardiorespiratory complications with clozapine therapy is reviewed.

Conclusions

Cardiorespiratory complications associated with clozapine use are rare. Caution may be warranted in patients treated with other medications, such as benzodiazepines, and in patients with underlying cardiac disease.
Plasma Concentrations of Diltiazem and Desacetyldiltiazem in an Overdose Situation
Authors: Williamson Kristin M , Dunham Gary D , De Bittner Magaly Rodriguez , Gagnon Louise
Published: July 2017

Objective

To describe the elimination of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in an overdose situation.

Case Summary

An 18-year-old woman ingested controlled delivery diltiazem 14.94 g in a suicide attempt. After arriving at the hospital unresponsive and hypotensive, her condition progressed to complete heart block, cardiogenic shock, asystole, and acute renal failure. Supportive care consisted of vasopressors, intravenous calcium, intravenous glucagon, charcoal hemoperfusion, temporary transvenous pacing, and an intraaortic balloon pump. After 12 days in the hospital, the patient recovered fully.

Discussion

We report a large, documented overdose of diltiazem and detail the pharmacokinetic profiles of both diltiazem and its active metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem. Nonlinear elimination of diltiazem appears to occur at higher concentrations. Although the patient improved clinically following charcoal hemoperfusion, no dramatic effects on diltiazem elimination were apparent.

Conclusions

Survival following massive diltiazem overdose can be achieved with supportive care. Charcoal hemoperfusion had a limited effect on improving the clearance of diltiazem as evidenced by serial plasma concentrations.
Vancomycin Resistance: When Failure Becomes an Opportunity for Leadership
Authors: Edmiston Charles E
Published: July 2017

Objective

To discuss the emergence of the enterococci as significant nosocomial pathogens and reports of glycopeptide resistance as demonstrating the failure of healthcare professionals to limit the clinical impact of these organisms.

Background

The enterococci have long occupied a peculiar position in medical and surgical patients. A component of the normal gastrointestinal tract, these organisms exhibit little overt pathogenicity in healthy hosts, but are frequently recovered in patients with severe debilitative or immunosuppresive disorders. While the enterococci have always demonstrated intrinsic resistance to a broad range of antiinfective agents, recent findings of moderate to high-level glycopeptide resistance potentially threaten the limited therapeutic options for methicillin-resistant gram-positive cocci.

Findings

The emergence and dissemination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci are signs of much greater problems, which include incomplete success of formulary controls, unreliable detection and identification of resistant microorganisms within the hospital environment, and poor fundamental infection control practices by all healthcare professionals.

Conclusions

The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Recommendations for the Prevention and Spread of Vancomycin Resistance are an important step in resolving these issues through the elements of collegiality and shared leadership.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Anterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome in Dancers
Authors: Nihal Aneel , Rose Donald J. , Trepman Elly
Published: July 2017

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic treatment of anterior bony and soft-tissue impingement of the ankle in elite dancers. Methods: The study is a case series retrospectively reviewed. In the period between 1990 and 1999, 11 elite dancers (12 ankles) had ankle arthroscopy after a diagnosis of anterior ankle impingement that markedly interfered with their dancing. Initial nonoperative treatment failed in all subjects. Previous ankle trauma was noted in all subjects. There were seven women and four men (average age 28 years). Tibiotalar exostoses were radiographically noted in six ankles. Standard anteromedial and anterolateral arthroscopic portals and instrumentation were used for resection of bone spurs and debridement of impinging soft tissues. Patients were nonweightbearing for 5 days after surgery and had postoperative physiotherapy. Results: Nine dancers returned to full dance activity at an average of 7 weeks after surgery. One patient did not return to dance performance because of concurrent unrelated orthopaedic problems, but he resumed work as a dance teacher; he developed a recurrent anterior tibial spur that was successfully resected at a second arthroscopy 9 years later. Another dancer developed postoperative scar-tissue impingement and stiffness; she had a repeat arthroscopy 4 months after the initial procedure and subsequently returned to dance performance. All patients eventually had marked postoperative improvement in pain relief and dance performance. Conclusions: Arthroscopic debridement is an effective method for the treatment of bony and soft-tissue anterior ankle impingement syndrome in dancers and has minimal morbidity.
The Modified Lapidus Procedure for Hallux Valgus: A Clinical and Radiographic Analysis
Authors: Kopp Franz J. , Patel Mihir M. , Levine David S. , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: July 2017

Background: Historically, the modified Lapidus procedure has been considered technically challenging, with high rates of complications, including nonunion and malunion. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical and radiographic results of this technique for the treatment of hallux valgus associated with first ray hypermobility, specifically examining patient satisfaction and the incidence of complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the results of the modified Lapidus procedure in 32 patients (38 feet). Evaluation included preoperative and postoperative questionnaires, physical examination, and radiographs. Results: Complete clinical data was available for 29 patients (35 feet) and complete radiographic data for 29 patients (34 feet). Average age at surgery was 54 (range 27 to 84) years. Average followup was 42 months (range 29 to 93) months. Average preoperative visual analog pain score was 7.2 and postoperative 2.3 ( p < 0.001). Average preoperative AOFAS Hallux MTP-IP Score was 44.8 and postoperative 87.3 ( p < 0.001). Average preoperative intermetatarsal (IM) angle was 16 degrees, and the hallux valgus (HV) angle was 34 degrees. Postoperatively, the average IM angle was 6 degrees, the HV angle 11 degrees. There were no cases of nonunion or malunion. Complications included symptomatic hallux varus in two, recurrence of hallux valgus deformity in one, deep venous thrombosis in one, and failure of fixation in one patient. Twenty-four percent of patients (7 of 29) noted the subjective sensation of midfoot stiffness and 34% (10 of 29) noted forefoot stiffness. None of these patients thought that the stiffness was a disability. Ninety percent of patients (26 of 29) were satisfied with their foot function, and 86% (25 of 29) were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance of their foot. Conclusions: The modified Lapidus procedure results in a satisfactory clinical outcome in most patients. With meticulous operative technique, rigid internal fixation, and strict postoperative weightbearing restrictions, successful union can be achieved and complications can be minimized. Care should be taken to avoid hallux varus, and patients need to be counseled regarding a potentially long convalescent period and possible postoperative stiffness.
The Validity and Reliability of the Klaue Device
Authors: Jones Carroll P. , Coughlin Michael J. , Pierce-Villadot Ramon , Golano Pau , Kennedy Michael P. , Shurnas Paul S. , Grebing Brett R. , Teachout Lane
Published: July 2017

Background: Excessive first ray mobility has been implicated as the cause of many forefoot abnormalities. The association between hypermobility and forefoot pathology is controversial, and this is largely related to the difficulty in quantifying first ray motion. Manual examinations have been shown to be unreliable. Klaue et al. developed a device consisting of a modified ankle-foot orthosis with an attached micrometer to objectively measure first ray mobility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of this device. Methods: Sixteen fresh-frozen, below-knee amputation specimens with hallux valgus were used for the study. The study was divided into two parts. Part I was an analysis of the validity of the Klaue device; first ray dorsal displacement was measured on lateral radiographs following manual manipulation, and values were statistically compared to the Klaue device measurements. Part II of the study was an evaluation of intraobserver and interobserver agreement. Two clinicians used the Klaue device on each of the cadaver limbs, and values of first ray sagittal mobility were recorded and compared. Results: The mean value of first ray mobility measured with the Klaue device was 7.5 mm and the average displacement measured from the lateral radiographs was 7.4 mm. Paired t-testing showed no significant difference between the Klaue and radiographic measurements ( p = 0.83). The mean first ray mobility by examiners 1 and 2 with the Klaue device were identical (10.5 mm), and statistical analysis showed no significant interobserver or intraobserver differences. Conclusions: The results confirm the validity of the Klaue device and limited variability of measurements between experienced users.
A Comparison of Device Measures of Dorsal First Ray Mobility
Authors: Glasoe Ward M. , Grebing Brett R. , Beck Susan , Coughlin Michael J. , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: July 2017

Background: Devices built by Glasoe and Klaue have been used in several studies to measure first ray mobility. Both devices measure sagittal motion of the first ray in a dorsal direction. The primary difference in the devices is the method of the load imposed. This study investigates whether first ray mobility measured with the Glasoe device is similar to the amount of mobility measured with the Klaue device. Methods: Using the devices described by Glasoe and Klaue, dorsal first ray mobility was measured in 39 patients who had foot and ankle problems. Paired t-tests were computed to assess for differences between device measures of dorsal mobility. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and absolute difference values were computed to further assess the agreement in measures. Results: Dorsal mobility measured with the Glasoe device averaged 4.9 mm (1.8 to 9.3 mm). Dorsal mobility measured with the Klaue device averaged 5.2 mm (2.5 to 8.5 mm). Paired t-tests ( p = 0.12) revealed no significant difference in measures. An ICC of 0.70 and a mean absolute difference of 0.9 mm (SD 0.8) were found between the two clinical measures further suggesting agreement. Conclusion: Results indicated that the two devices possess similar diagnostic accuracy in the measurement of dorsal first ray mobility.
Influence of Heel Height and Shoe Insert on Comfort Perception and Biomechanical Performance of Young Female Adults During Walking
Authors: Hong Wei-Hsien , Lee Yung-Hui , Chen Hsieh-Ching , Pei Yu-Cheng , Wu Ching-Yi
Published: July 2017

Background: The possible negative effects of high-heeled shoes on subjective comfort perception and objective biomechanical assessment have been noted. Although shoe inserts have been widely applied in footwear to increase comfort and to reduce the frequency of movement-related injury, no study has attempted to identify insert effectiveness in high heels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of heel height and shoe inserts on comfort and biomechanics as represented by plantar pressure and ground reaction force (GRF). Methods: Twenty young female adults performed the test conditions formed by the cross-matching of shoe inserts (shoe without insert and shoe with total contact insert [TCI]) and heel height (a flat, a low heel [3.8 cm] and a high heel [7.6 cm]). Two-way analyses of variance for repeated measures design were used to test condition effects on comfort rating, plantar pressure, and GRF during gait. To determine the biomechanical variables that can predict comfort, a multiple linear regression with stepwise method was done. Results: The results showed that discomfort increased with heel height. In high heels, the plantar pressure in the heel and midfoot shifted to the medial forefoot, and the vertical and anteroposterior GRF increased. Use of the TCI reduced the peak pressure in the medial forefoot. Interestingly, the effectiveness of the TCI was greater in the higher heels than in the lower heels and in flat heels. The peak pressure in the medial forefoot, impact force, and the first peak vertical GRF could explain 75.6% of the variance of comfort in high-heeled gait. Conclusions: These findings suggest that higher heels result in decreased comfort, which can be reflected by both the subjective rating scale and biomechanical variables. Use of a TCI altered the biomechanics and therefore improved the comfort in high-heeled shoes.
Relating Human Static Work of Standing and the Coefficient of Friction between the Shoe and Floor Using a Link-System Model
Authors: Riley Michael W. , Arnold Richard C.
Published: July 2017

Maintaining a standing posture is fatiguing and additional muscle effort is required if the floor-shoe interface allows easy slippage. Requiring workers to stand on “slick” surfaces is known to be dangerous. A link-system model of the human body is used to calculate the moments at the hip joints required to maintain a standing position. The values of the moments are functions of the coefficient of friction at the floor-shoe interface.
Organizational Development through Management Training
Authors: Jacobs T. O.
Published: July 2017

The central thesis of this paper is that the maximum gains in organizational effectiveness through management training will be experienced when that training is provided in a functional context derived from operating problems of the organization itself. A corollary is that the training will be more effective when the examination of organizational problems or organizational performance is accomplished with the aid of a third-person consultant or referee in some form.
International Ergonomics Standards—Making Professional Inputs
Authors: Fechter John V.
Published: July 2017

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has many different committees, each devoted to a particular standards making area. Three committees of special interest to members of the Human Factors Society are:

TC73 - Consumer Questions TC94 - Personal Safety, and TC159 - Ergonomics.
Human Factors Challenge in Energy—An Overview
Authors: Farr Donald E.
Published: July 2017

H. Hollister, Director of the Office of Organizational and Environmental Safety, in his plenary-address describes the Department of Energy (DOE) complex and makes reference to the need for human factors support. In an attempt to improve understanding in the human factors community and to promote communication in this new field of energy, a review of DOE programs and facilities is described. A basic identification of broad requirements, needs or program improvements is stated based on a comprehensive field survey. Human Factors activities are described ranging from training and analysis underway for some time (Management Oversight and Risk Tree-MORT and Accident/Incident Investigation) to Sandia Laboratories contributions in planning and implementation of an Environment, Health, and Safety Assurance Program. Human Factors has picked up the challenge and has taken a major role toward future improvements in an already very safe industry.
Redisign of the Air Traffic Control System-Moving People through Distributed Management
Authors: Kreifeldt John G.
Published: July 2017

The present national Air Traffic Control system is a ground-centralized, man intensive system which through design allows relatively little meaningful pilot participation in decision making. The negative impact of this existing design can be measured in delays, dollars and lives. The FAA's design plans for the future ATC system will result in an even more intensive ground-centralized system with even further reduction of pilot decision making participation. In addition, controllers will also be removed from on-line decision making through anticipated automation of some or all of this critical function. Recent congressional hearings indicate that neither pilots nor controllers are happy or sanguine regarding the FAA's design for the future ATC system.
Team Performance: A Model for Research
Authors: Dieterly Duncan L.
Published: July 2017

In this paper a synopsis of team research is made to establish some basic concepts relative to the area of team performance. Based upon the resultant information, a model of team performance is proposed and its relationship to training indicated. One of the variables of this model task function design is discussed in detail to encourage future research associated with it. Based upon the concepts introduced some broad research directions are suggested. The interactive aspects of the team model may hold the key to team training. Team performance is an area of growing interest and concern which will require an increased research emphasis to understand the basic concepts. Although the perspective of team performance research has been curtailed in the past, we stand on the brink of new and exciting discoveries in the future.
The Development and Validation of an Objective Method for Quantifying Hyperactivity in Children
Authors: Joost Michael G. , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: July 2017

It has been estimated that about 10 percent of all boys aged six to twelve years are hyperactive. Often, hyperactivity is associated with learning disabilities. Despite the apparent magnitude of this problem, no valid objective and reliable measures are available to quantify hyperactivity in children.

This study discusses how objective measures, using sinus arrhythmia and force platform scores were developed and validated on 30 boys (15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive) aged seven to twelve years. The results indicate that, when the above objective measures were used, 77 percent of all subjects were classified into their correct groups.
A Study of Post-Crash Bus Evacuation Problems
Authors: Purswell Jerry L. , Dorris Alan L.
Published: July 2017

This study was conducted to provide information related to the post-crash evacuation of inter-city buses. A review of bus accident data and relevant literature was completed to provide an understanding of the variables related to bus evacuation. A survey was completed to document the passenger characteristics of a typical bus load. A special data base was analyzed for injuries resulting from falls or jumps of eight feet or less. A study was then designed and conducted to investigate bus evacuation under several “worst-case” conditions. The study was then conducted and 16 mm movie films were made of each evacuation. An analysis of the study provided information on time to evacuate for various conditions, hazards in evacuation, subjects reaction to the evacuation tests and recommendations for bus design and operation to minimize evacuation problems.
Energy Conservation, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Authors: Woods James E.
Published: July 2017

In response to current concerns about the depletion rates of non-renewable energy resources, new codes and standards have been promulgated which require improved construction techniques and reduced ventilation rates. While implementation of these codes and standards has reduced energy consumption rates, degradation of indoor air quality has also been reported. These complaints indicate that arbitrary reduction of ventilation rates can result in deleterious effects to the occupants. Thus, a compromise solution is required with the objective to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable indoor environment by using materials and methods that optimize efficiency of energy use.
Driver Performance and Fuel Economy
Authors: Jones Margaret Hubbard , Appleby Michael R.
Published: July 2017

Ninety drivers drove a city route under closely controlled conditions. Driver behaviors were scored and the vehicle was instrumented to record variables relevant to fuel economy. Fuel economy was related largely to average speed and number of variations in speed. Of the driver performance variables, only following distance related to fuel economy. Leaving adequate headway is a strategy that should result in both a saving in fuel and greater safety.
Alchhol Influences on Curve Negotiation and Stopping Behavior
Authors: Damkot David
Published: July 2017

Twelve male subjects drove an instrumented car at a constant speed through constant radius, decreasing radius, and increasing radius curves and braked the car to a controlled stop after an audible signal given at three different stopping distances. A within-subject repeated measures design was used with a dosing schedule of .00, .05, and .10 BAC. Measures of longitudinal and lateral g forces, and steering wheel and brake use were obtained. Performance differences were found for curve type, stopping distance, and alcohol level, but there was little interaction among the independent variables.
Changes in Driver Steering Control with Learning
Authors: Smiley Alison , Reid Lloyd , Fraser Morris
Published: July 2017

A hierarchy of strategies were postulated to describe the process of learning steering control. Vehicle motion and steering control data were recorded for twelve novices who drove an instrumented car twice a week during and after a driver training course. Driver describing functions were calculated. The data suggested that the largest changes in steering control with learning were in the way the driver used the lateral position cue.
Psychophysical Compatibility and Information Reduction Tasks
Authors: Somers Patricia , Pachella Robert G.
Published: July 2017

Two fundamental aspects of performance, information reduction and dimensional integrality, are shown to be two aspects of a single theoretical construct, termed “psychophysical compatibility”. This construct is defined by the mapping of the physical definition of the stimulus space into its perceivable psychological attributes. Experimental data demonstrate the definition of the construct and its application to information processing performance.
Contour Interaction in Visual Space
Authors: Fox Robert
Published: July 2017

Virtually all the extensive research on inhibitory interactions among adjacent visual stimuli seen in such phenomena as simultaneous contrast and visual masking have employed situations in which the interacting stimulus elements occupy the same depth plane, i.e., the z-axis values are the same, in deference to the implicit assumption that processing of depth information occurs only after the visual processing of contour information is completed. But there are theoretical reasons and some data suggesting that the interactions among contours depend critically upon their relative positions in depth—interactions may not occur if the stimulus elements occupy different depth positions. The extent to which the metacontrast form of visual masking is dependent upon depth position was investigated in a series of experiments that used stereoscopic contours formed from random-element stereograms as test and mask stimuli. The random-element stereogram generation system permitted large variations in depth to be made without introducing confounding changes in proximal stimulation. The main results are 1) separation of test and mask stimuli in depth substantially reduces masking, and 2) when more than one stimulus is in visual space the stimulus that either appears first or appears closer to the observer receives preferential processing by the visual system.
The Role of Vehicle Characteristics in Drivers' Perception of Automobile Velocity
Authors: Matthews Michael L. , Cousins Lawrence R.
Published: July 2017

Velocity production in the absence of speedometer information is investigated as a function of car size. In the first experiment three vehicles of different size were supplied by the experimenters; in experiment two a different sample of drivers used their own vehicles. In both experiments subjects performed under normal and auditory attenuated conditions. Results indicated greater production accuracy in small compared with large cars and a tendency for drivers of small cars to make greater use of auditory information.
Visual Gap Perception: Judgment Performance at Different Times and the Evaluation of Psychophysical Methods
Authors: Zwahlen Helmut T.
Published: July 2017

The first part of this study investigated the visual gap judgment performance of twenty-four subjects (21–37 years old) in the laboratory. A scaled down (1:12) two-dimensional gap display (black on yellow background) representing the front silhouette of a car and a post placed on the right side of the car was viewed by the subjects from a distance of 46 inches (total viewing angle of display 17 degrees). The width of the car represented the standard stimulus and the horizontal adjustable distance between the car and the post (gap) represented the test stimulus. The subjects were required to make a forced choice judgment with respect to whether the test stimulus distance (gap) was larger or smaller than the standard stimulus distance (car width). The subjects were tested twice on the same day, once using the randomized classical psychophysical method and once using the Up and Down Transformed Response (U.D.T.R.) rule. The data from the randomized classical psychophysical method was analyzed using the probit and the Kärber method of analysis. The data from the U.D.T.R. method was analyzed using a modified Wetherill estimation procedure. The second part of this study investigated the visual gap judgment performance and eye scanning behavior of two subjects over two days (seven experiments per day). Horizontal eye movements were recorded with a Biometrics Eye Movement Monitor system. The third part of this study investigated the efficacies of two psychophysical methods: The randomized classical method and the sequential U.D.T.R. rule. The results from part one of this study were used to determine a psychometric perception curve of an “average” human being. A digital computer simulation model was built to represent a human being's gap judgment responses and the experimental gap judgment situation. Each method was simulated for the following parameters: the step size between the stimulus levels, the bias of the starting point, and the selected number of trials in an experiment.
Process-Control Behaviors in Accelerated Man-in-the-Loop Simulation
Authors: Gist Harvey , Buck James R. , Deisenroth Michael P.
Published: July 2017

This research was conducted to develop and demonstrate a realistic man-in-the-loop simulator for use by ergonomics designers. A man-in-the-loop simulator uses a computer to simulate the job environment of an operator and this form of simulation employs real operators at a mockup of the man/machine interface design. A new structured simulation program for wide application and portability was sought for use with a minicomputer which would greatly reduce the user's time in adapting it to specific applications and for making design changes. Part of this simulator includes a support program that collects and analyzes the operator's performance and error data. This simulator is demonstrated for the task of scheduling ingots into and out of soaking pits of a steel mill. Other process control situations are considered and limitations are shown. Tests on the simulation rate effect and other tests, now in process, are described. Applications in training and skill maintenance are also discussed.
Night Vision Goggles and In-Flight Evaluation of the Inside/Outside Refocusing Problems in a UH-1H Helicopter
Authors: Stone Lewis W. , Sanders Michael G. , Glick David D. , Wiley Roger W. , Kimball Kent A.
Published: July 2017

Rotary wing aircraft are being tactically flown closer and closer to the ground in an effort to take maximum advantage of concealment and protection afforded by trees, man-made structures and terrain features. In recent years, night vision goggles have been used to aid the pilot in his/her flight duties. It has been noted, however, that visual transition from the outside environment into the cockpit (and vice versa) requires manual refocusing of the goggles. This requires the pilot to remove his hand from one or the other of the controls, thus compromising safe flight. In this study, eight U.S. Army aviators hovered an instrumented Army JUH-1H helicopter ten feet above the ground at night under four visual conditions using the unaided eye (normal night vision) and three configurations of the AN/PVS-5 night vision goggles (NVG).

The NVG configurations included: (1) 40° field-of-view piano tubes focused at infinity; (2) a bifocal arrangement in which the bottom 14% of the field was focused at approximately 22 inches; and (3) a bifocal arrangement with the bottom 24% focused at 22 inches. Aircraft status and control position monitors were scanned at a rate of 20 times per second and recorded on a seven-track magnetic tape via the helicopter in-flight monitoring system (HIMS).

Subsequent review and analysis of these data indicate no significant difference between configurations in terms of control movements. In terms of aircraft status variables, radio measured altitude indicated a large variability under the 40° piano NVG. However, hover behavior stabilized significantly in the bifocal condition. Subjective pilot responses supported these observations.
Preplanning the Integration of Women into the Workforce
Authors: Ducharme Richard E.
Published: July 2017

The number of females entering career areas previously stereotyped as “male only” is increasing in both the public and private sectors. Few would argue that females lack the intellectual capability or moral right to enter and succeed. However, it is rather well established that there are physical differences. These differences could mean that existing tools, equipment, and certain jobs are inadequate for women workers and could hamper their achievement of success. This paper is the end result of a conversation with a female Air Force electrician who indicated that she, as well as other females in the craft skills, were having some difficulty with the tools and equipment they were provided. The conversation led to the undertaking of a study of the adequacy of equipment used by female craft workers in the U. S. Air Force. This paper is a synthesis of the study and interviews I conducted; it is presented in the hope that it will aid human engineers and managers to preplan the integration of female workers into thier workforce.
Flight Training: A Status Report
Authors: Sugarman Robert C. , Laughery K. Ronald
Published: July 2017

One of the prime factors that is influencing the training of aircrews is the introduction of “synthetic” training using ground-based simulators and trainers. Unfortunately, the state-of-the-art in simulation hardware has far outstripped our understanding of the corresponding ways in which the flight training syllabus can be changed to take the best advantage of the new technologies. Controversies are rampant. Some are based on politics, some on sketchy research results, but all are emotionally loaded.
Life Cycle Costing of Simulated vs Actual Equipment for Intermediate Maintenance Training
Authors: Eggemeier F. Thomas , Klein Gary A.
Published: July 2017

Life cycle cost estimates of training equipment for F-16 Avionics Intermediate Station personnel were developed. The major purpose was to compare the cost of intermediate level maintenance training when conducted on simulated vs actual avionics test equipment. This was the initial phase of a planned two-part effort. The analysis was therefore limited to estimates of training device acquisition and maintenance costs. Total estimated fifteen year costs for simulated equipment trainers were approximately 50% less than comparable estimates for actual equipment trainers.