bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended Cruising The Second Time Around
Authors: Court Kenneth E.
Published: June 2021

Some years ago, in 1975, I presented a paper and a slide show at an earlier sailing yacht symposium in Annapolis. The subject was a four-year, 28,000 mile cruise I had made in the years 1965 - 1968 most of the way around the world: Hawaii and the South Pacific, New Zealand, Australia's Barrier Reef, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, including the Greek Islands, an Atlantic crossing to Barbados from the Canary Islands, the Caribbean, and home to the Chesapeake. The paper I wrote then was entitled "Extended Cruising: An Overview" and contained sketches and data from my logs. It was same 55 pages long and talked about many facets of cruising from my vantage point, primarily as seen from the decks of Mamari, the 28 foot ketch I had bought in New Zealand.

Lest Mamari 's size appear too small, which perhaps would make me seen heroic, recognize that in displacement and accomodations Mamari was the equivalent of a 33 foot boat. To dispel one other misconception, be advised that I normally sailed with a crew of two, sometimes more, and only sailed two legs single-handed, of about 500 miles each, one from Tonga to Fiji in the Pacific, the other in the Gulf of Suez and from Port Said to the Greek Islands.

The 1975 paper reflected my background as a naval architect, combined with my experience as a sailor. I told of things I learned from others. I analyzed log data, presented photographs, drawings and tables, and wrote a series of "yarns" such as sailors spin about their travels. The paper is touched with a flavor of the sea, a flavor of talk over run or coffee in a snug anchorage or on a shared night watch. That 1975 paper makes good reading, and much of the information is still valid. It could be reprinted and if there is enough interest l will do so (contact me).

This present paper is a brief look at my experiences on a series of sailing trips, but in particular a one year voyage in a 37 foot yawl from Turkey to the Chesapeake via the West Indies in 1980-81. The paper answers the question posed at the 1975 symposium, would I do the trip again? Then, I thought so, but could not be sure, now my reply is, "of course."
Stress Analysis for Light Alloy 12 M Yacht Structures. Comparison Between a Transverse and a Longitudinal Structure
Authors: Boote Dario , Ruggiero Vincenzo , Sironi Nicola , Vallicelli Andrea , Finzi Bruno
Published: June 2021

A stress analysis has been carried out for the 12 meter yacht "Azzurra", the Italian Challenger to the America's Cup 1983. Two different structural arrangements have been investigated. One is the existing transverse-framed, and the other is a study in which both longitudinal and transverse stiffeners have been included.

The structural models have been analyzed with two different calculation systems under the same loads. The first method is a classical naval architecture direct calculation, while the second is a Finite Elements Method analysis.

A measurement sea trial to evaluate the stresses in various points of the yacht structure has also been performed on "Azzurra" to obtain a feed-back able to check the results given by the numerical analysis.

Some comments and conclusions on the behaviour of the two types of structure are presented.
Un problème de desserte des banlieues populaires ? Un rendez-vous manqué de la constitution de l’intercommunalité à Lyon (1964-1983)
Authors: Lévêque1 Antoine
Published: June 2021

Cet article analyse la façon dont la construction d’une politique de transport en commun à une échelle d’agglomération à Lyon élude un problème de desserte des grands quartiers d’habitat social. Cette séquence fondatrice de l’intercommunalité lyonnaise éclaire la politisation des communautés urbaines observée dans la première décennie de leur existence en France. La construction de plusieurs milliers de logements sociaux sur la commune de Vaulx-en-Velin est saisie par ses élus municipaux comme moyen d’équipement et de modernisation urbaine. Mais dans la nouvelle arène intercommunale, l’exacerbation des hiérarchies entre élus met à l’épreuve les ressources du communisme municipal. La trajectoire et les ressources disponibles pour les élus de Vaulx-en-Velin les prédisposent à investir des grilles de lecture conflictualisées du monde social pour endosser un rôle de représentant des classes populaires de l’agglomération. La politisation de l’institution intercommunale qui en résulte désingularise la desserte des quartiers d’habitat social pour en faire un problème public local interpellant le traitement global des classes populaires urbaines.
Traduire les effets territorialisés de la répression en politique. Aux origines de la réparation communautaire au Maroc (2007-2014)
Authors: Vairel12 Frédéric
Published: June 2021

À partir de différentes enquêtes de terrain, cet article retrace les origines du programme de réparation communautaire au Maroc, un programme de développement socioéconomique et culturel en faveur de régions dont les populations relient leur situation aux « violations graves des droits humains » perpétrées durant les années 1960 à 1990. Prenant appui sur des travaux de sociologie des problèmes publics, l’article revient sur l’émergence et l’élaboration territorialisées de mesures de « justice transitionnelle ». Pour ce faire, nous analysons la constitution en problème des effets territorialisés de la répression par des acteurs associatifs locaux. Ils qualifient des situations et mettent en cause la présence de centres de détention secrets et l’état social et économique de leurs localités qui en résulterait. Ces acteurs appellent des réponses publiques inscrites dans le territoire particulier du Sud-Est marocain. Ensuite, nous montrons que ces acteurs associatifs proposent une désingularisation nouvelle de la répression : la violence a marqué des territoires et non plus des individus ou des groupes militants. Cette mise en cause entre en résonance avec des problématiques internationales (la « justice transitionnelle » saisie par le développement) et des éléments des trajectoires des commissaires de l’Instance Equité et Réconciliation, la commission vérité marocaine, aboutissant à l’élaboration d’une action publique à l’échelle nationale.
Adverse Health and Psychosocial Repercussions in Retirees from Sports Involving Head Trauma: Looking at the Sport of Boxing
Authors: Lee Joseph
Published: June 2021

Academic scholarship has steadily reported unfavourable clinical findings on the sport of boxing, and national medical bodies have issued calls for restrictions on the sport. Yet, the positions taken on boxing by medical bodies have been subject to serious discussions. Beyond the medical and legal writings, there is also literature referring to the social and cultural features of boxing as ethically significant. However, what is missing in the bioethical literature is an understanding of the boxers themselves. This is apart from their brain injuries, the debates about the degenerative brain disease known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and related issues about the disease. This article argues that the lives of boxers, their relationships, their careers, and their futures, also requires its own research, particularly in telling stories about their lives, and those lives and futures which boxing affects. The article uses two approaches. First, to imagine a more enduring “whole of life viewpoint” by using an extended future timeframe. Second, to consider perspectives of a person’s significant others. After reviewing the boxing literature, the article discusses social settings and then explores the hidden social relationships in life after boxing. With these longer time and close relationship viewpoints, three important themes emerge: family and kinship; age, stage and career; and the effects of boxing fatalities. These analyses are used in conjunction with relevant clinical findings which complement the telling of stories to improve medical information, and engages professional and public empathy for people’s experience of illness and difficulties in coping.
Ravez L. Introduction à l’éthique de la santé publique (2020)
Authors: Brisson Julien
Published: June 2021

Ce compte rendu examine le livre de Laurent Ravez, Introduction à l’éthique de la santé publique et souligne l’importance d’être familier avec l’éthique en santé publique, autant pour les gens oeuvrant en bioéthique que celles et ceux qui travaillent en santé publique.
Against the sacred body
Authors: Sbardella Francesca
Published: June 2021

In the Catholic areas of Europe, the human remains (both their bones and the fabrics they touched) of persons considered to have been exceptional are usually stored for transformation into relics. The production and the reproduction of the object-relic takes place within monasteries and is carried out firstly on the material level. In this article I intend to present in detail, from an anthropological standpoint, the practices used to process such remains, the role of the social actors involved and the political-ecclesiastical dynamics connected with them. Owing to obvious difficulties in accessing enclosed communities, such practices are usually overlooked in historiographical and ethno-anthropological analyses, while they should instead be considered the most important moment in the lengthy process intended to give form and meaning to remains, with a view to their exhibition and use in ritual.
Clinical Spectrum of Corneal Epithelial Microsporidiosis
Authors: Singh Prabhakar , Gupta Abhishek , Gupta Richa
Published: June 2021

This case series aims to highlight three different clinical variants of microbiologically proven epithelial microsporidiosis, and their customised management wherein the current series, patients with suspected epithelial microsporidiosis were subjected to corneal scraping to confirm the diagnosis. Different microbiologically proven clinical variants were observed and documented. Three clinical variants of epithelial microsporidiosis were noted. The first was of 45-years-old male patient, presented with only raised punctate lesions, and responded to topical lubricants only. The second variant, 28-years-old male patient, had anterior chamber reaction (flare and cells), Keratic Precipitates and descemets folds. This variant also responded with topical lubricants over a period of one month. The third variant, 32-years-old male patient at presentation, had typical epithelial raised punctate corneal lesions, however at one week subepithelial infiltrates appeared. These lesions responded to topical steroids. The current series highlights three different clinical variants of microbiologically proven epithelial microsporidiosis and their customised management.
Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Yield and Economics of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)] in Banswara District of Rajasthan
Authors: Bhati Bheroo Singh , Rathore Rajendra Singh , Kumar Lekhu
Published: June 2021

The present study was undertaken to find the yield gap through FLDs on okra crop. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banswara conducted Frontline demonstration on 10 farmers for each year since 2016, 2017 and 2018 in different locations of Banswara district. Frontline demonstrations were conducted on okra by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of okra production potential. Use of hybrid variety, balanced use of fertilizer on the basis soil testing report and integrated pest and disease management etc are the main technologies to be tested in this demonstration. Okra is a major vegetable crop of Rajasthan, but the productivity of okra is very low in this district due to lack of knowledge and partial adoption of recommended package of practice by okra cultivators. Results showed that average yield obtained were 142.6, 134.2 and 137.7 q/ha under improved system, whereas, in local variety 80.3, 81.7 and 87.3 q/ha yield was recorded during 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The per cent increase in yield with high yielding over local variety was 57.73 to 77.58 per cent. The extension gap recorded was 62.3, 52.5 and 50.4 per cent during 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Besides this, the demonstrated plots gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio when compared to farmer’s practice.
Mechanical and Water Characterization of a Light Concrete Based on Typha Australis
Authors: Abdelhakh Azibert Oumar , Mahamat Abdallah Dadi , Abakar Ali , Gaye Salif
Published: June 2021

This article is devoted to the study of the mechanical and water properties of concrete of         Typha australis. The concrete is achieved by the mixture cattail aggregates with cement, sand and water.

Mechanical study showed that the density and the mechanical compressive strength decreases with the dosage of typha aggregates, and increases with the dosage of cement. However, the values obtained do not allow using this concrete in supporting structures. However, the value obtained is 0.16 MPa for the first series (S1), and 0.26 MPa for the second series (S2), for a high dosage of typha of 3.5% is sufficient for a wall of three meters high can support its own load. 

With a constant intrinsic porosity, these aggregates are compressible and porous. This physical condition makes the vegetable particles of typha very lightweight and sensitive to water.

The lightweight concrete became sensitive to water. Increasing the dosage of typha aggregates increase the water absorption of concrete. More than 50% of the water content is absorbed during thirty minutes of immersion. It is therefore strongly recommended to waterproof the wall with typha australis.
Neonatal Lupus and Complete Atrioventricular Block: Case Report in Mexico
Authors: Alvarez Carla Eugenia Arenas , Mireles Juan Carlos Marin , Leal Hebert Israel Flores , Gonzalez Ana Norma Griselda Becerril , Sanchez Carlos Mario Guzman
Published: June 2021

Aims: To describe a case of neonatal lupus and complete atrioventricular block in Mexico.

Presentation of case: A 38 years old pregnant patient at  28 + 6 weeks of gestational age, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus six years ago, under treatment with hydroxychloroquine and prednisone, this was suspended eight months prior to pregnancy; and resumed at week 20 of gestational age. The ultrasound scan showed alive fetus, female, polyhydramnios and bradycardia. Fetal echocardiography confirmed complete atrioventricular block, without organic and structural alterations at the cardiac level. Furthermore, the immunological panel reports, positive anti-Ro antibodies. At week 33 of gestational age, the patient was admitted to the obstetric emergency room, through colic type pain and 4 cm dilation of the cervix. Alive newborn got vaginally with a weight of 1,990 g, a height of 43 cm and APGAR 8-9. Echocardiography confirmed congenital complete third degree atrioventricular block; without structural abnormalities.

Discussion: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, are more likely to have complications during pregnancy. Neonatal lupus is a rare disorder with an incidence of 1:10,000 - 1:20,000 newborns. This is caused by the transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies anti-SSA / Ro and/or anti-SSB / La. Besides Atrioventricular block is a complication of neonatal lupus, occurring in approximately 2% of newborns of mothers who have SSA or SSB antibodies. The most interesting finding is that 20% fetal mortality has been for this cause.

Conclusion: The described case is important for its rarity. Besides, the imaging findings and immunological panel emphasized the relevance about complete and adequate evaluation of the fetus, in the context of a mother with systemic lupus erythematosus.
In-vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine/Doxycycline on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice
Authors: Georgewill Udeme Owunari , Adikwu Elias
Published: June 2021

The search for newer antimalarial drug combinations is on the front burner due to rising Plasmodium resistance to some currently used antimalarial drugs. This study examined the antiplasmodial activity of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine/doxycycline (S/P/D) on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei). Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) inoculated with P. bergei (1x107) were treated with D (2.2 mg/kg), S/P (21.4/10.7 mg/kg), and S/P/D for 4 days. The positive and negative controls were treated with normal saline (0.2 ml) and chloroquine (CQ) (10 mg/kg) for 4 days, respectively. After treatment, blood samples were collected and assessed for parasitemia levels and biochemical parameters. The mice were observed for mean survival time (MST). D, S/P, S/P/D and CQ significantly decreased parasitemia in the curative, prophylactic and suppressive tests at p<0.05; p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. In the curative study, 55.9%, 65.1%, and 81.7% parasitemia inhibitions were produced by D, S/P and S/P/D, respectively whereas CQ produced 75.6 % parasitemia inhibition. D, S/P and S/P/D significantly prolonged MST at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively when compared to negative control. Altered serum biochemical markers in  P. berghei infected mice were marked by  significantly (p<0.001) decreased  packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with  significantly (p<0.001) increased cholesterol, white blood cells, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels when compared to control. However, D, S/P and S/P/D significantly restored the aforementioned markers at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. S/P/D may be used as an antimalarial drug.
Mini-review on Natural Disintegrants in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Kankanamge S. U. , Neranja A. G. K. , Sandarenu K. D. S.
Published: June 2021

Disintegrants are agents which are integrated to tablets and some encapsulated formulations in order to promote the breakup of the tablet and capsule “slugs” into more small fragments in an aqueous environment which thereafter increment the available surface area and promoting a more rapid release of the drug substance.  The development of new excipients for potential use as disintegrant agent in tablet formulations continues to be of interest. This is because different disintegrant agents can be useful in promoting penetration of moisture and dispersion of the tablet matrix and disintegration of tablet has received considerable attention at present as an essential step in obtaining fast drug release. Natural polymers such as starches, gums, mucilage, and dried fruits utilized as binder, diluent, and disintegrants to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, decrease the disintegration time, and provide nutritional supplement. Natural disintegrants are safe and economical than synthetic disintegrants such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to reveal the importance of the natural disintegrants in the pharmaceutical formulations.
Molecular Docking in Drug Discovery
Authors: Bhagat Rani T. , Butle Santosh R. , Khobragade Deepak S. , Wankhede Sagar B. , Prasad Chandani C. , Mahure Divyani S. , Armarkar Ashwini V.
Published: June 2021

In last few years the Computer Aided Drug Design and Discovery is many success rates. In academics and many pharmaceutical industries for drug lead discovery they adopt the Computational Drug Design. The modern era of drug discovery and development structural information play an important role. For visualization of 3D-structure of molecule different docking program are developed. The docking score is analysed by using computer-based drug design software. It is structure based virtual screening method for the orientation, conformation, position into a structure of target molecule. Ligand and Protein docking is new concept. Molecular docking method complication is optimization of lead molecule, biological pathway evaluation and de Novo drug design.
Sex disparity in acute myeloid leukaemia with FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations: implications for prognosis
Authors: Hellesøy Monica , Engen Caroline , Grob Tim , Löwenberg Bob , Valk Peter J. M. , Gjertsen Bjørn T.
Published: June 2021

Incidence, molecular presentation and outcome of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) are influenced by sex, but little attention has been directed at untangling sex‐related molecular and phenotypic differences between female and male patients. While increased incidence and poor risk are generally associated with a male phenotype, the poor prognostic FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD) mutation and co‐mutations with NPM1 and DNMT3A are overrepresented in female AML. Here, we have investigated the relationship between sex and FLT3‐ITD mutation status by comparing clinical data, mutational profiles, gene expression and ex vivo drug sensitivity in four cohorts: Beat AML, LAML‐TCGA and two independent HOVON/SAKK cohorts, comprising 1755 AML patients in total. We found prevalent sex‐associated molecular differences. Co‐occurrence of FLT3‐ITD, NPM1 and DNMT3A mutations was overrepresented in females, while males with FLT3‐ITDs were characterized by additional mutations in RNA splicing and epigenetic modifier genes. We observed diverging expression of multiple leukaemia‐associated genes as well as discrepant ex vivo drug responses, suggestive of discrete functional properties. Importantly, significant prognostication was observed only in female FLT3‐ITD‐mutated AML. Thus, we suggest optimization of FLT3‐ITD mutation status as a clinical tool in a sex‐adjusted manner and hypothesize that prognostication, prediction and development of therapeutic strategies in AML could be improved by including sex‐specific considerations.
Spin–Spin Interactions in One‐Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene‐Based Singlet Biradical
Authors: Hirao Yasukazu , Daifuku Yoko , Ihara Keiji , Kubo Takashi
Published: June 2021

The synthesis of phenalenyl‐endcapped [5]cumulene as a cumulene‐based singlet biradical and the spin correlation changes of one‐dimensional aggregates are described. The high propensity for self‐aggregation of phenalenyl rings and the introduction of bulky substituents into the appropriate positions led to the formation of a one‐dimensional chain assembly. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis indicated that the bond length alternation of the cumulene chain increased with decreasing temperature, along with improved overlapping of the phenalenyl rings. Variable‐temperature Raman spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that a localized spin pair within the molecule decouples at low temperatures, and a continuum spin system involving intra‐ and intermolecular spin–spin interactions emerges in the one‐dimensional chain.
Time to remember: Vaccines don't cause autism
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

It was with great concern that the pediatric medicine community heard only 4 years ago of the recurring myth that that vaccines cause autism. So, getting that myth out of the minds of some parents is a constant call to battle. Here are some of the facts.
DNA barcode analyses improve accuracy in fungal species distribution models
Authors: Fernández‐López Javier , Telleria M. Teresa , Dueñas Margarita , May Tom , Martín María P.
Published: June 2021

Species distribution models based on environmental predictors are useful to explain a species geographic range. For many groups of organisms, including fungi, the increase in occurrence data sets has generalized their use. However, fungal species are not always easy to distinguish, and taxonomy of many groups is not completely settled. This study explores the effect of taxonomic uncertainty in databases used for modeling fungal distributions. We analyze distribution models for three morphospecies from the corticioid genus Xylodon (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), comparing models based on species names on vouchers specimens with models derived from species identified by DNA barcode. Differences in the contribution of predictors driving the distribution of each modeled taxon and the extent of their ranges were studied. Records under Xylodon paradoxus, X. flaviporus, and X. raduloides were obtained from fungarium collections and GenBank repository. Two grouping criteria were used: (a) specimens were grouped by their collection or sequence voucher names and (b) specimens were grouped following molecular identification using ITS sequences through barcoding gap species recognition (BGSR). Climatic, geographic, and biotic variables were used to predict the potential distribution of each taxon through MaxEnt algorithm. From the three morphospecies selected according to voucher names, up to 19 species candidates were detected using BGSR. Climatic variables were the most important predictors in distribution models made from names on voucher specimens, but their importance decreased when BGSR was applied. In general, the extent of species distributions was more restricted for taxa under BGSR. Our results show that taxonomic uncertainty has a strong effect in Xylodon species distribution models. Misleading results can be obtained when cryptic species or identification errors mask the actual diversity of the presence records. Preserved specimens in natural history collections offer the possibility to assess whether the species name on labels matches the current species recognition criteria.
Age‐group‐specific reference intervals for anti‐Müllerian hormone and its diagnostic performance for polycystic ovary syndrome in a Korean population
Authors: Song Junhyup , Park Yongjung , Cho Hae Weon , Lee Sang‐Guk , Kim Sinyoung , Lim Jong Baeck
Published: June 2021

Background

We established age‐group‐specific reference intervals for serum anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in a Korean population and investigated the effectiveness of AMH assay for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosis.

Methods

We analyzed serum levels of AMH, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) from 1540 Korean women. Subjects were divided into three groups: healthy, benign gynecologic diseases, and PCOS. Age‐group‐specific reference intervals and AMH diagnostic performance were estimated.

Results

The PCOS group had a median AMH level of 7.0 µg/L, which was higher than for the healthy (1.8 µg/L) and the benign gynecologic diseases (2.7 µg/L) groups. The upper 97.5% reference limits for age groups 12–20 years, 21–34 years, and 35–46 years were 13.2 µg/L, 15.8 µg/L, and 6.6 µg/L, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values to estimate AMH ability to discriminate PCOS from healthy women for each age group were 0.741, 0.785, and 0.789, respectively. AUCs for LH/FSH were 0.719, 0.672, and 0.590.

Conclusions

The better diagnostic ability of AMH over LH/FSH in women of late childbearing ages indicates that age and other clinical characteristics should be considered when interpreting these test results.
Supporting the mental health needs of underserved communities: A qualitative study of barriers to accessing community resources
Authors: Torres Sanchez Alejandra , Park Alayna L. , Chu Wendy , Letamendi Andrea , Stanick Cameo , Regan Jennifer , Perez Gina , Manners Debbie , Oh Glory , Chorpita Bruce F.
Published: June 2021

This study examined the accessibility of community resources (e.g., welfare programs and afterschool programs) for underserved youth and families with mental health needs. Mental health professionals (n = 52) from a large community mental health and welfare agency serving predominantly low‐income, Latinx families completed a semistructured interview that asked about the accessibility of community resources. Participant responses were coded using an inductive thematic analysis. Results showed that 71% of participants endorsed availability barriers (e.g., limited local programs), 37% endorsed logistical barriers (e.g., waitlists), 27% endorsed attitudinal barriers (e.g., stigmatized beliefs about help‐seeking), and 23% endorsed knowledge barriers (e.g., lacking awareness about local programs). Professionals' perceived availability barriers were mostly consistent with the actual availability of community resources. Findings highlight the compounding challenges that underserved communities face and point to opportunities for promoting enhanced well‐being and functioning for youth and families with mental health needs.
The genomics and epigenetics of olfactory neuroblastoma: A systematic review
Authors: Kaur Raman Preet , Izumchenko Evgeny , Blakaj Dukagjin M. , Mladkova Nikol , Lechner Matt , Beaumont Thomas L. , Floudas Charalampos S. , Gallia Gary L. , London Nyall R.
Published: June 2021

Background

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) or esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a rare malignancy of the nasal cavity believed to arise from the olfactory epithelium. The goal of this study was to systematically review the genomics, epigenetics, and cytogenetics of ONB and to understand the potential clinical implications of these studies.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed for articles published before May 2020 using Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed, and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria included genomics, cytogenetics, and epigenetics studies on ONB. Exclusion criteria included studies not in English or systematic reviews. Articles and abstracts were reviewed by two independent reviewers to reduce bias during article selection and synthesis of results. Of the 36 studies included in this review, 24 were research articles and 12 were abstracts.

Results

Although recurrent mutations among ONB tumors are uncommon, alterations in TP53, DMD, PIK3CA, NF1, CDKN2A, CDKN2C, CTNNB1, EGFR, APC, cKIT, cMET, PDGFRA, CDH1, FH, SMAD4, FGFR3 and IDH2 genes have been reported in several recent studies. In addition, cytogenetic studies revealed that the landscape of chromosomal aberrations varies widely amongst ONB tumors.

Conclusions

The rare character of ONB has limited the sample size available for cytogenetic, genomic, and epigenetic studies and contributes to the limitations of this systematic review. Comprehensive genomic and epigenomic studies with larger cohorts are warranted to validate the initial reports summarized in this review and to identify potential therapeutic targets for ONB.
Unraveling the Role of Crystallization Dynamics on Luminescence Characteristics of Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shen Kong‐Chao , Wang Jing‐Kun , Shen Yang , Li Yan‐Qing , Guo Ming‐Lei , Su Zhen‐Huang , Lu Lin‐Yang , Cai Xiao‐Yi , Chen Li , Song Fei , Gao Xing‐Yu , Tang Jian‐Xin , Ueno Nobuo
Published: June 2021

Metal halide perovskites are one of the most promising materials for optoelectronic applications owing to their unique optoelectronic properties. In the pursuit of achieving the efficient perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), the critical role of crystallization dynamics on luminescence properties of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite films has been clarified based on the characterizations of in situ photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron‐based grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction, and device fabrication. The crystallinity and crystal orientation of CsPbBr3 perovskite films has been effectively controlled when tuning the underlayer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) with the ethanolamine modification. The fast crystallization with the formation of pure cubic phase (α‐CsPbBr3) reveals a substantial boost in luminance and device efficiency of PeLEDs, whereas the performance degradation occurs due to the phase transition from α‐CsPbBr3 to orthogonal phase (γ‐CsPbBr3) along with the appearance of PbBr2. The decomposition of organic additives in the perovskite films is a key factor that results in this phase transition, which changes the absorption and band gap as confirmed by the density functional theory calculation. These experimental and theoretical findings provide a better understanding of the crystallization dynamics of perovskite emitters and their influence on device performance by tuning the substrate properties.
Characterization of the biocontrol activity of three bacterial isolates against the phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Dagher Fadi , Nickzad Arvin , Zheng Jie , Hoffmann Maria , Déziel Eric
Published: June 2021

Antibiotics are sprayed on apple and pear orchards to control, among other pathogens, the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight. As with many other pathogens, we observe the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains of E. amylovora. Consequently, growers are looking for alternative solutions to combat fire blight. To find alternatives to antibiotics against this pathogen, we have previously isolated three bacterial strains with antagonistic and extracellular activity against E. amylovora, both in vitro and in planta, corresponding to three different bacterial genera: Here, we identified the inhibitory mode of action of each of the three isolates against E. amylovora. Isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum (now B. velezensis) FL50S produces several secondary metabolites including surfactins, iturins, and fengycins. Specifically, we identified oxydifficidin as the most active against E. amylovora S435. Pseudomonas poae FL10F produces an active extracellular compound against E. amylovora S435 that can be attributed to white‐line‐inducing principle (WLIP), a cyclic lipopeptide belonging to the viscosin subfamily (massetolide E, F, L, or viscosin). Pantoea agglomerans NY60 has a direct cell‐to‐cell antagonistic effect against E. amylovora S435. By screening mutants of this strain generated by random transposon insertion with decreased antagonist activity against strain S435, we identified several defective transposants. Of particular interest was a mutant in a gene coding for a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter corresponding to a transmembrane protein predicted to be involved in the extracytoplasmic localization of griseoluteic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the broad‐spectrum phenazine antibiotic D‐alanylgriseoluteic acid.
Darboux transformation of a two‐component generalized Sasa–Satsuma equation and explicit solutions
Authors: Geng Xianguo , Li Yihao , Wei Jiao , Zhai Yunyun
Published: June 2021

Under investigation in this paper is a two‐component generalized Sasa–Satsuma equation associated with a 4 × 4 matrix spectral problem. We construct Darboux transformation for the two‐component generalized Sasa–Satsuma equation on basis of the gauge transformation between the Lax pairs. The corresponding N‐fold Darboux transformation is derived in terms of both iterative representation and compact determinant form. As applications of the Darboux transformation together with the limit technique, some interesting solutions including traveling soliton solutions, breather soliton solutions, and rogue wave solutions are explicitly obtained and graphically illustrated.
Using neural networks to extend cropped medical images for deformable registration among images with differing scan extents
Authors: McKenzie Elizabeth M. , Tong Nuo , Ruan Dan , Cao Minsong , Chin Robert K. , Sheng Ke
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Missing or discrepant imaging volume is a common challenge in deformable image registration (DIR). To minimize the adverse impact, we train a neural network to synthesize cropped portions of head and neck CT's and then test its use in DIR.

Methods

Using a training dataset of 409 head and neck CT's, we trained a generative adversarial network to take in a cropped 3D image and output an image with synthesized anatomy in the cropped region. The network used a 3D U‐Net generator along with Visual Geometry Group (VGG) deep feature losses. To test our technique, for each of the 53 test volumes, we used Elastix to deformably register combinations of a randomly cropped, full, and synthetically full volume to a single cropped, full, and synthetically full target volume. We additionally tested our method's robustness to crop extent by progressively increasing the amount of cropping, synthesizing the missing anatomy using our network, and then performing the same registration combinations. Registration performance was measured using 95% Hausdorff distance across 16 contours.

Results

We successfully trained a network to synthesize missing anatomy in superiorly and inferiorly cropped images. The network can estimate large regions in an incomplete image, far from the cropping boundary. Registration using our estimated full images was not significantly different from registration using the original full images. The average contour matching error for full image registration was 9.9 mm, whereas our method was 11.6, 12.1, and 13.6 mm for synthesized‐to‐full, full‐to‐synthesized, and synthesized‐to‐synthesized registrations, respectively. In comparison, registration using the cropped images had errors of 31.7 mm and higher. Plotting the registered image contour error as a function of initial preregistered error shows that our method is robust to registration difficulty. Synthesized‐to‐full registration was statistically independent of cropping extent up to 18.7 cm superiorly cropped. Synthesized‐to‐synthesized registration was nearly independent, with a −0.04 mm of change in average contour error for every additional millimeter of cropping.

Conclusions

Different or inadequate in scan extent is a major cause of DIR inaccuracies. We address this challenge by training a neural network to complete cropped 3D images. We show that with image completion, the source of DIR inaccuracy is eliminated, and the method is robust to varying crop extent.
A breakthrough from 60 years ago: “General nature of the genetic code for proteins” (1961)
Authors: Cobb Matthew
Published: June 2021

In 1961, Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner, together with two Cambridge colleagues, published an article in Nature that used simple genetic experiments to demonstrate that the genetic code was almost certainly based on groups of three nucleotides. Six decades later, this article continues to be an inspiration to scientists due to its elegant argumentation and its use of simple, powerful experimentation to reveal fundamental truths about the organisation of living matter. This essay explores how and why the research was carried out, showing how the aims of the experiment gradually changed over time, and highlighting how the intense intellectual interactions between Crick and Brenner contributed to this model of scientific endeavour.
Comparative analyses of rice husk cellulose fiber and kaolin particulate reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch biocomposites using the solution casting technique
Authors: Agyei‐Tuffour Benjamin , Asante Joshua Tuah , Nyankson Emmanuel , Dodoo‐Arhin David , Oteng‐Peprah Michael , Azeko Salifu T. , Azeko Ali Salifu , Oyewole Oluwaseun K. , Yaya Abu
Published: June 2021

The potential of biodegradable packaging materials from thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS) reinforced with rice husk cellulose fibers (RHCF) and kaolin particulates (KP) using the solution casting method has been presented. This involved the blending of TPS and RHCF/KP in a plasticizer of ~4 ml of glycerol and ~45 ml of distilled water at 125°C and stirred at 60 rpm until a gel was formed. The gel was cast into sheets and bone‐shaped tensile specimens and allowed to dry for 5 days and characterized. The results show a semicrystalline structure for TPS with an ~36% increase in crystallinity after reinforcement. The O‐H bond stretching and the C‐H bending bonds due to starch–glycerol reactions were the common functional groups in TPS–RHCF biocomposites, and Si‐O‐C bonds were characteristics of the silica phase in the kaolin. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) reduced to ~34% with KP reinforcements from ~238 g/m.day to 177 g/m.day and to ~74 g/m.day and ~164% for TPS–RHCF. The strength increased with up to 50 wt% kaolin content; ~0.96 MPa yield strength and ~2.60 MPa ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were recorded. For the RHCF reinforced composites, TPS‐50 wt% also showed high strengths of ~0.96 MPa yield strength and ~3.50 MPa UTS. The WVTR reduced as content of kaolin was increased. Typically, from 0 to 30 wt% volume fraction of kaolin, the WVTR was reduced by ~34% to 177 g/m.day for TPS–kaolin and by ~164% to ~74 g/m.day in TPS–RHCF. The as‐prepared biocomposites have potential as good packaging materials.
How COVID‐19 informed the future impact of the specialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation across the health care continuum
Authors: Weinstein Stuart M
Published: June 2021

COVID White Paper Series
Triflic Anhydride (Tf2O): An Efficient Catalyst for Electrophilic Activation of Amides
Authors: Tashrifi Zahra , Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani Mohammad , Larijani Bagher , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: June 2021

Tf2O (trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride) as an electrophilic reagent has been increasingly attracting the attention of researchers over the last decade due to its capability in synthesizing a variety of N‐heterocycles through activation of amides. This activation is associated with the formation of intermediates such as enolonium, imino/iminium, nitrilium and keteniminium triflate ions and isocyanate species which can lead to the synthesis of different types of N‐heterocycles depending on the nature of the intermediates. In this review, we have summarized and classified the latest research in this area (from 2012 on) based on the type of intermediates produced from the triflic anhydride‐catalyzed activation of amides. The findings are classified into five main categories, namely enolonium, imino/iminium, nitrilium and keteniminium intermediates ions and isocyanate species.
Activity Maintenance Characteristics and Protease Adsorption on Langmuir Monolayer of Organo‐Modified Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Almarasy Ahmed A. , Yamada Yuna , Mashiyama Yuki , Maruyama Haruka , Kimura Yusuke , Fujimori Atsuhio
Published: June 2021

The activity maintenance characteristics of proteases adsorbed and immobilized on a monolayer of organo‐modified single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were evaluated in this study. After forming a monolayer on the water surface of the organo‐modified SWCNTs, protease was introduced into the subphase, and monolayer immobilization was attained by post‐adsorption. The protease‐adsorbed organo‐SWCNT multilayers were immersed in an aqueous solution of luminescent casein, and fluorescence emission was observed. Proteases had cleaved the molecular chain of luminescent casein, which causes luminescence. Although the protease in the aqueous solution could cleave the molecular chain only up to approximately room temperature, the protease immobilized on the solid substrate could cleave the chain up to 160 °C, indicating sharp emission spectra.
A virtual biobank for companion animals: A parvovirus pilot study
Authors: Smith Shirley L. , Afonso Maria M. , Roberts Larry , Noble Peter‐John M. , Pinchbeck Gina L. , Radford Alan D.
Published: June 2021

Background: There is a lack of national population data concerning infectious disease in companion animals. Here, we piloted the feasibility of linking diagnostic laboratories, population surveillance and modern sequencing approaches to extract targeted diagnostic samples from laboratories before they were discarded, as a novel route to better understand national epidemiology of major small animal pathogens.

Methods: Samples tested for canine or feline parvovirus were requested from a national veterinary diagnostic laboratory and analysed by Sanger or next generation sequencing. Samples were linked to electronic health data held in the SAVSNET database.

Results: Sequences obtained from positive samples, together with associated metadata, provided new insights into the recent geographical distribution of parvovirus strains in circulation in the United Kingdom (UK).

Conclusions: This collaboration with industry represents a ‘National Virtual Biobank’ that can rapidly be called on, to efficiently add new layers of epidemiological information of relevance to animal, and potentially human, population health.
Fazit: Das transformative Potenzial der SDGs
Authors: Koch Florian , Krellenberg Kerstin
Published: June 2021

Resümierend lässt sich feststellen, dass der transformative Anspruch der Agenda 2030 durch die Umsetzung der SDGs in den Städten aktiv befördert werden kann. So können die Anstrengungen vonseiten der Kommunen zur Umsetzung der SDGs dazu führen, dass sich neue Governance-, Beteiligungs- und Kooperationsformate entwickeln. Durch eine neue Art der Zusammenarbeit können sich die Perspektiven der verschiedenen Akteure verschieben, da durch den holistischen Charakter der SDGs eine integrative Herangehensweise an die komplexen Nachhaltigkeitsdefizite und ein sektorübergreifendes Denken und Handeln unausweichlich ist.
Ist die Polytraumaversorgung im aG-DRG-System defizitär?
Authors: Schopow Nikolas , Botzon Anja , Schneider Kristian , Fuchs Carolin , Josten Christoph , von Dercks Nikolaus , Fakler Johannes , Osterhoff Georg
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Die interdisziplinäre Versorgung von polytraumatisierten PatientInnen ist personal- und ressourcenaufwendig. Seit der Einführung des G‑DRG-Systems 2003 in Deutschland wurde in den meisten Untersuchungen ein finanzielles Defizit in der Schwerstverletztenversorgung festgestellt. Ziel dieser Studie war es, Auswirkungen des 2020 neu eingeführten aG-DRG-Systems auf die Kostendeckung in der Schwerverletztenbehandlung zu analysieren. Erstmals wurden auch die Kosten für Organisation, Zertifizierung und Dokumentation sowie die Kosten für nicht schwer verletzte SchockraumpatientInnen betrachtet.

Methodik

Eingeschlossen wurden alle PatientInnen, die im Jahr 2017 im chirurgischen Schockraum der Zentralen Notaufnahme des Universitätsklinikums Leipzig behandelt wurden. Für die Analyse wurden das Kostenmodell nach Pape et al. um die Module Organisation, Dokumentation und Zertifizierung ergänzt sowie die Kosten für „übertriagierte“ PatientInnen betrachtet. Es erfolgte die Berechnung der Kosten in den Jahren 2017–2020 im Vergleich der jeweiligen Erlöse.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 834 PatientInnen im Schockraum behandelt. Die 258 schwer verletzten PatientInnen wurden in 3 Gruppen untergliedert: „ISS 9–15 + ITS“ (n 72; ∅ ISS 11,9; Kosten/PatientIn 14.715 €), „ISS ≥ 16“ (n 186; ∅ ISS 27,7; Kosten/PatientIn 30.718 €) und „DRG-Polytrauma“ (n 59; ∅ ISS 32,4; Kosten/PatientIn 26.102 €).

Schlussfolgerung

Die Polytraumaversorgung im aG-DRG 2020 ist defizitär. Insgesamt entstand im Jahr 2020 ein Defizit von 5858 € pro schwer verletztem/verletzter PatientIn.
The determinant factors for macroinvertebrate assemblages in a recreational river in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Authors: Azis Mohd Noorazhan , Abas Azlan
Published: June 2021

The determinant factors for macroinvertebrate assemblages in river ecosystems are varied and are unique and specific to the type of macroinvertebrate family. This study aims to assess the determinant factors for macroinvertebrate assemblages in a recreational river. The study was conducted on the Ulu Bendul River, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A total of ten sampling stations were selected. The research methodology included (1) water quality measurement, (2) habitat characterization, and (3) macroinvertebrate identification and distribution analysis. The statistical analysis used in this study was canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to represent the relationship between the environmental factors and macroinvertebrate assemblages in the recreational river. This study found that most of the families of macroinvertebrates were very dependent on the temperature, DO, NH3-N, type of riverbed, etc. All of these factors are important for the survival of the particular type of macroinvertebrate, plus they are also important for selecting egg-laying areas and providing suitable conditions for the larvae to grow. This study advises that improved landscape design for watershed management be implemented in order to enhance water quality and physical habitats, and hence the protection and recovery of the macroinvertebrate biodiversity.