bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isotype-specific antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in serum, feces, and mucosal secretions from experimentally challenge-exposed colostrum-deprived calves
Authors: Heckert Robert A. , Saif Linda J. , Mengel Judy P. , Myers Greg W.
Published: January 2024

Five newborn isolation-reared colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated orally and intranasally when they were 20 to 30 hours old and challenge exposed when they were 21 days old with a suspension of virulent bovine coronavirus (bcv). Blood, feces, nasal swabs, tears, saliva, and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids were collected from each calf prior to inoculation and then weekly for 5 postinoculation weeks. An elisa was used to quantitate the immunoglobulin isotype titers of bcv antibodies in all samples, An immunoblot assay was used to determine the antibody isotype responses to bcv structural proteins in all the samples, except saliva.

At postinoculation days 2 to 3, all calves had severe watery diarrhea, shed bcv in their feces, and had evidence of bcv replication in their upper respiratory tract. After challenge exposure, no calves became ill and no evidence of bcv replication in the respiratory or intestinal tracts was detected. At postinoculation week 1, IgM responses to the N protein were seen in mucosal secretions (except nasal fluid) and feces. At postinoculation weeks 2 and 3, IgA was predominant in mucosal secretions and feces directed toward all the bcv proteins (except the E2 protein in bal fluid). After challenge exposure, an increase (or failure to decrease) in most IgA and some IgG1 titers to bcv proteins was seen. The increases in IgA titers were to all viral proteins in all mucosal secretions and feces, except to the N and E1 viral proteins in feces. The IgGl titer increases were to the E2 proteins in tears and bal fluid and to the E3 protein in bal fluid. In serum, IgM to the N and E3 proteins appeared first, followed by IgGl to mainly the N and E2 proteins, and then more moderate and slower IgG2 and IgA responses. Challenge exposure resulted in an increase (or failure to decrease) in IgGl reactions to all bcv proteins; in IgG2 reactions to E2 and E3 proteins; in IgA reactions to E1, E2, and E3 proteins; and IgM reactions to the N protein only. The N protein elicited the greatest antibody responses, followed by the E2 and E3 proteins, and least by the E1 protein in serum, feces, or mucosal secretions. The E1 and E2 proteins elicited no detectable IgM responses in serum or mucosal secretions.

Our findings indicate that there may be local antibody production at mucosal sites of viral replication, as well as antibody production at associated systemic sites resulting in serum antibodies. Immunoglobulin A antibodies on mucosal surfaces to some or all of the bcv proteins may be important in protection from bcv reinfection.
Intestinal responses to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin b in non-porcine species
Authors: Whipp Shannon C.
Published: January 2024

The Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (stb) is the most prevalent toxin associated with diarrheagenic E coli isolates of porcine origin. Unequivocal biological activity of this toxin has been observed only in swine intestine. In this study, when endogenous protease activity was blocked with soybean trypsin inhibitor, intestinal secretion was stimulated by stb in jejunal loops of rats, mice, calves, and rabbits. Compared with pigs, rats, mice, and calves, rabbits were relatively insensitive to stb. These data demonstrate that the activity of stb is not a speciesspecific toxic activity; there is species variation in sensitivity to stb, and some common laboratory animals may have potential to be used to measure biological activity of stb.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in goats
Authors: Molina A. , Morera L. , Llanes D.
Published: January 2024

Using a heat and sonicated Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Cordoba antigen (coa1) and the commercial protoplasmic-antigen (ppa-3) as antigens, an elisa for detecting goat antibodies was standardized.

When 2 reference populations, 1 positive (17 goats) and the other negative (63 goats) to disease, were used, this test showed 87.5% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity for coa1, and 88.2 and 95.2%, respectively for ppa-3. Absorption with M phlei was performed; no significant differences were found for coa1 but a lower sensitivity was found with ppa-3. This test was not especially affected by cross-reactivity with other mycobacterial disease because when 9 goats with M bovis infection were included in the M paratuberculosis control group, the specificity was only slightly different for absorbed (94.4%) and nonabsorbed sera (91.7%) for coa1 and (93.1 and 94.4%, respectively) for ppa-3.

This test was used to study the percentage of seropositive goats for M paratuberculosis in 3 herds with different prevalences. Among 251 goats in southern Spain (Huelva), 40% were found positive for coa1 and 41% for ppa-3. Among 242 goats studied in southern Spain (Córdoba), 10.0% were positive for coa1 and 13.0% for ppa-3. In the Canary Island population of 176 goats, 3% were positive for coa1 and 0.5% for ppa-3.

According to the accuracies of both positive and negative predictions, our test could be applied to populations with high prevalence to prevent additions to the herd and to cull infected animals (with 40% prevalence, the positive and negative predictive values are 90%), and to prevent adding infected animals to populations with moderate or low prevalence.
Erythrocyte insulin receptors in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Wolfsheimer K. J. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: January 2024

Erythrocyte insulin receptor binding measurements were evaluated in 8 dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism. These dogs had normal serum glucose concentration, with normal to high serum insulin concentration (range, 45 to 1,400 pmol/L; normal, 40 to 170 pmol/L). Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism had significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mean ± SEM percentage of maximal binding for erythrocyte insulin receptors (2.25 ± 0.21%), compared with results in 11 clinically normal pet dogs (4.29 ± 0.42%). The decrease in erythrocyte receptor binding was attributed to significant (P < 0.01) decrease in highaffinity receptor sites in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (14.5 ± 2.8), compared with clinically normal dogs (31.2 ± 4.3). Significant differences in receptor affinity were not apparent between the 2 groups. Percentage of maximal binding for erythrocyte insulin receptors for dogs with hyperadrenocorticism was inversely correlated with serum insulin concentration (r = −0.85, P < 0.01). Results indicate that the observed decrease in erythrocyte insulin receptor binding could contribute to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia associated with hyperadrenocorticism. Alternatively, decreased binding of insulin receptors in animals with hyperadrenocorticism may result from downregulation secondary to hyperinsulinemia itself caused by insulin resistance at a postreceptor site (decreased responsiveness).
Platelet aggregation, storage pool deficiency, and protein phosphorylation in mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Authors: Pratt H. Lynn , Carroll Roger C. , Jones Jimmy B. , Lothrop Clinton D.
Published: January 2024

The beige (bgJ/bgJ) mouse is a well-described murine model of Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Platelet function was examined in normal and beige mice to better characterize the defective aggregation response in platelets from mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Platelet aggregation after collagen, thrombin, and phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation was significantly (P < 0.025) decreased in platelets from beige mice, relative to platelets from normal mice. Compared with beige and normal mice, those heterozygous for the bg trait had intermediate responses to collagen and thrombin, but not phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate. The defect(s) in aggregation of platelets from beige mice was associated with a dense granule storage pool deficiency and decreased stores of serotonin and adenine nucleotides in platelets. Mice heterozygous for the bg trait had normal platelet serotonin and adenine nucleotide concentrations. Platelets from beige mice were approximately 10 times more sensitive to prostacyclin inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation than were platelets from control mice. However, a significant difference in platelet cyclic AMP concentration was not apparent between beige and normal mice after prostacyclin stimulation. Platelet endoperoxide synthesis measured by quantification of thromboxane B2, was normal in beige mice. Protein phosphorylation patterns in mouse platelets were similar to those seen in human platelets. Thrombin and collagen-induced [32P] phosphorylation of 40- and 20-kD proteins in platelets from normal and beige mice was similar. Results indicate that the biochemical defect(s) in platelet function in beige mice is partially attributable to storage pool deficiency and does not result in an absolute defect in phosphorylation of 40- and 20- kD proteins.
Analysis of selected variables in the under-agarose assay for chemotactic responses of canine neutrophils
Authors: Nagahata Hajime , Kociba Gary J. , Reiter Jolene A. , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: January 2024

Chemotaxis under agarose was evaluated to establish an assay system and to characterize chemotactic responses of canine neutrophils. A method for the measurement of canine neutrophil chemotaxis was established, with optimal responses obtained with agarose containing 10% pooled canine serum, a concentration of 5 × 105 cells/well, zymosan-activated serum (zas), or autologous serum or plasma as the chemoattractants, and a 120-minute incubation period. Canine neutrophils responded well to zas, heat-inactivated zas, autologous serum and plasma, and heat-inactivated pooled serum. Chemotactic activity was proportional to the concentration of serum used as the chemoattractant. Mean (± sd) random migration, chemotaxis, chemotactic index, and chemotactic differential of neutrophils from 9 healthy Greyhounds were 1.09 (± 0.23), 1.95 (± 0.38), 1.82 (± 0.31), and 0.86 (± 0.32) mm, respectively.
Influence of type of enclosure on exercise fitness of dogs
Authors: Clark J. D. , Calpin J. P. , Armstrong R. B.
Published: January 2024

The effect of various confinement conditions on physical fitness in dogs was evaluated. Eighteen 9.5- to 10- month-old female purpose-bred Beagles were maintained individually for 3 months at a time in 1 of 6 confinement conditions: Condition A—an outdoor housing area with a conventional dog house and free access to a 6.1 × 9.1-m pen; condition B—outdoor kennel with a conventional dog house and free access to a 1.8 × 6.1-m run; condition C— indoor environmentally controlled 1.2 × 3.66-m run; condition D —0.9 × 1.2 × 0.84-m conventional laboratory cage in an indoor environmentally controlled room; condition E—0.9 × 1.2 × 0.84-m conventional laboratory cage in an indoor environmentally controlled room with treadmill exercise (7 km/h at a 10% grade) for 30 min/d, 5 d/wk; condition F—0.71 × 0.86 × 0.69-m conventional laboratory cage in an indoor environmentally controlled room. During the final week of each 3-month interval, muscle succinate dehydrogenase enzyme activities and submaximal exercise heart rates (during treadmill exercise) were determined to estimate physical fitness. Also, 5 days after being moved into a different housing condition, blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol determination.

The type of confinement condition for dogs had little effect on muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity, but had a modest effect on submaximal exercise heart rates of dogs. At the fifth and tenth minutes of the treadmill exercise period, heart rates of dogs maintained in the smallest cages (condition F) were higher than those of dogs maintained in outside pens and runs (conditions A and B), indicating decreased fitness in the dogs maintained in the smallest cages. Differences in heart rates were not detected among dogs in other conditions. The confinement conditions used in this study had no detectable effect on plasma cortisol concentrations.

We concluded that neither cage or pen size nor a regular mandatory exercise program substantially impacted on physical fitness of laboratory confined dogs, as long as the cages complied with federal standards and guidelines. Dogs maintained in substandard cages did have modest decreases in fitness.
Comparison of inhalation-to-perfusion ratio in anesthetized dogs with barrel-shaped thorax vs dogs with deep thorax
Authors: Clercx C. , Van den Brom W. E. , de Vries H. W.
Published: January 2024

Interregional, as well as intraregional (local), distributions of the inhalation-to-perfusion ratio were analyzed in the lungs of 20 prone anesthetized healthy dogs—10 dogs with barrel-shaped thorax (Beagles) and 10 dogs with deep thorax (Greyhound-type dogs)—using 99mTc inhalation- perfusion lung scintigraphy. Dorsoventral and lateral views were analyzed.

In both types of dogs, the ratio between the mean inhalation and perfusion values (interregional mismatching factor F) decreased from craniad to caudad and the decrease was more sustained in the right than in the left lung. However, the total decrease was less in Greyhoundtype dogs than in Beagles (cranial-to-caudal decrease of 14 and 27%, respectively, in the left lung, and 62 and 56%, respectively, in the right lung). The dorsal-to-ventral distribution of F was different in the 2 types of dogs. In Beagles, it increased from dorsal to ventral zones by about 50% of the initial dorsal zone value, whereas in Greyhound-type dogs, only a slight dorsal-to-ventral decrease was evident, with the exception of the more ventral zone.

Differences in the intraregional mismatching factor (ρ) indicated that the intraregional inhalation-to-perfusion inequalities were more pronounced within the caudal regions and within the ventral zones of the lungs in both types of dogs, and in the more cranial zones in the lungs of Beagles. However, the degree of intraregional mismatching was generally lower in Greyhound-type dogs.

Thus, the gravitational force is not the dominating determinant of interregional or intraregional inhalation-toperfusion ratio distributions in the lungs of anesthetized prone dogs. Its influence is modulated by other factors— morphologic characteristics, such as the shape and size of the thorax, and body weight of the dog. In particular, the height of the thorax in Greyhound-type dogs could permit the gravitational force to exert a more determinant influence than it does in Beagles.
Gross and histologic study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus in one-humped camels
Authors: Zguigal Hadhoum , Ghoshal Nani G.
Published: January 2024

Gross and histologic features of the rostral epidural rete mirabile (carotid rete) and the cavernous sinus in onehumped camels were studied. It was evident that the branches of the carotid rete share a common tunica adventitia with the veins of the cavernous sinus. Transmission electron microscopy of the rostral epidural rete mirabile and the cavernous sinus revealed gap junctions in endothelial cells lining the walls of the arterial rete branches and veins. The internal elastic lamina of rete branches were fenestrated. Some of these structural featuers could facilitate countercurrent heat exchange between the rete branches and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus to regulate brain temperature.
Hemodynamic response of endotoxemic calves to treatment with small-volume hypertonic saline solution
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Schrnall L. Michael , Muir William W. , Hoffsis Glen F. , Shertel Eric R.
Published: January 2024

The hemodynamic effects of hypertonic saline solution (hss) resuscitation on endotoxic shock were examined in pentoharhital-anesthetized calves (8 to 20 days old). Escherichia coli (055:B5) endotoxin was infused iv at dosage of 0.1 μg/kg of body weight for 30 minutes. Endotoxin induced large decreases in cardiac index, stroke volume, maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure (+ dP/dtmax), femoral and mesenteric arterial blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and mean aortic pressure. Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance were evident at the end of endotoxin infusion. Treatment with hss (2,400 mosm of NaCl/L, 4 ml/kg) or an equivalent sodium load of isotonic saline solution (iss: 300 mosm of NaCl/L, 32 ml/kg) was administered 90 minutes after the end of endotoxin administration. Both solutions were infused iv over a 4- to 6-minute period.

Administration of hss induced immediate and significant (P < 0.05) increase in stroke volume and central venous pressure, as well as significant decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. These effects were sustained for 60 minutes, after which all variables returned toward preinfusion values. The hemodynamic response to hss administration was suggestive of rapid plasma volume expansion and redistribution of cardiac output toward splanchnic circulation. Plasma volume expansion by hss was minimal 60 minutes after resuscitation.

Administration of iss induced significant increase in cardiac index, stroke volume, femoral arterial blood flow, and urine production. These effects were sustained for 120 minutes, at which time, calves were euthanatized. Compared with hss, iss induced sustained increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and only a small increase in mesenteric arterial blood flow. The rapid administration of large-volume iss appears superior to small-volume hss for initial resuscitation of acutely endotoxemic, anesthetized calves. At this time, we do not advocate rapid infusion of iss to septicemic calves because exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension may potentially depress respiratory function, and rapid increase in preload may hemodynamically compromise calves with depressed cardiac contractility.
Monitoring bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines for adventitious virus, using T1 ribonuclease viral RNA oligonucleotide fingerprinting
Authors: Kelling Clayton L. , Kennedy Jane E. , Rump Kristine K. , Stine Lisa C. , Paul Prem S. , Partridge James E.
Published: January 2024

Viral rna oligonucleotide fingerprinting was used to discriminate 3 cytopathic vaccine bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) grown in medium supplemented with serum contaminated with noncytopathic bvdv from the same 3 viruses grown in cell culture free of bvdv. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting also effectively discriminated between reference Singer bvdv, nadl bvdv, and New York-1 bvdv grown in bvdv-free noncontaminated or bvdv-contaminated cell cultures. Oligonucleotide fingerprint mapping of viral rna maybe used to determine the purity of virus stocks, as well as that of bvdv vaccines.
Kinetic study of serum gentamicin concentrations in baboons after single-dose administration
Authors: Watson Julie Ralph , Stoskopf Michael K. , Rozmiarek Harry , Strandberg John D.
Published: January 2024

This study establishes preliminary pharmacokinetic data on the use of gentamicin sulfate administered im to baboons. Serum concentrations ≥ 12 μg/ml are generally agreed to cause toxicosis in human beings. On the basis of preliminary test results suggesting that the manufacturer's recommended dosage for dogs of 4.4 mg/kg of body weight caused potentially toxic serum concentrations, a dosage of 3 mg/kg was chosen to conduct a single-dose kinetic study in 6 baboons. Using a single-compartment model, the gentamicin serum half-life for im administration of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg was 1.58 hours, and serum concentrations remained below the potentially toxic concentrations reported for human beings. We suggest that a dosage of 3 mg/kg is safer than a dosage of 4.4 mg/kg administered im to baboons. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were ≤ 1 μg/ml. On the basis of our measured elimination half-life of 1.58 hours, it is reasonable to suppose that dosing q 24 h will be inadequate to maintain therapeutic serum concentrations. We calculate that serum concentrations will remain at or above our measured minimal inhibitory concentration for P aeruginosa (1 μg/ml) for 100% of the treatment time if the animal is dosed q 6 h, 78% for dosing q 8 h, and 52% for dosing q 12 h. Therefore, we suggest 3 mg/kg, q 8 h or q 6 h as appropriate dosing schedules for the use of gentamicin sulfate administered im to baboons.
Quantitative urinalysis in kittens from four to thirty weeks after birth
Authors: Hoskins Johnny D. , Turnwald Grant H. , Kearney Michael T. , Gossett Kent A. , Fakier Narriman
Published: January 2024

To evaluate renal function and obtain reference values for measurements of urinary excretion of various substances, quantitative urinalysis was performed in healthy, growing kittens from 4 to 30 weeks after birth. Endogenous creatinine clearance, 24-hour urine protein excretion, and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio were determined. Additionally, fractional excretion to creatinine clearance was calculated for calcium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Mean ± SD endogenous creatinine clearance values (range, 3.80 ± 0.48 to 4.74 ± 0.61 ml/min/kg) were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in kittens 9 to 19 weeks old, compared with younger (range, 1.39 ± 0.85 to 3.59 ± 0.86 ml/min/kg) and older kittens (range, 2.69 ± 0.40 to 3.46 ± 0.37 ml/min/kg). Mean values for all kittens for 24-hour urine protein excretion (range, 2.54 ± 1.81 mg/kg at 4 weeks to 11.39 ± 7.61 mg/kg at 14 weeks) and for urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (range, 0.14 ± 0.03 to 0.34 ± 0.18) varied from week to week of age. The urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in kittens > 9 weeks old correlated well (R2 = 0.861) with 24-hour urine protein excretion. Urinary fractional excretion of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride in kittens varied among age groups, being significantly (P < 0.01) different for potassium and calcium in young kittens (4 to 6 weeks) and older kittens (≥ 7 weeks).
Resistance of population-B equine strongyles to thiabendazole, oxfendazole, and phenothiazine (1981 to 1987)
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C.
Published: January 2024

Critical tests were completed on foals (n = 15) naturally infected with benzimidazole (bz)-resistant population-B strongyles during the period between 1981 and 1987. Thiabendazole at a dosage of 44 mg/kg was tested in 8 foals, oxfendazole at 10 mg/kg was tested in 4 foals, and phenothiazine at 55 mg/kg, cambendazole at 20 mg/kg, and fenbendazole at 5 mg/kg were tested in 1 foal each.

Efficacies of thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole against the 5 species of bz-resistant small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocylus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus) were partial. Removals in the aggregate averaged 48%, 52%, and 68%, respectively, indicating continued resistance of the 5 species of small strongyles to thiabendazole, cambendazole, and fenbendazole. In contrast, oxfendazole was efficacious, removing an aggregate average of 95% of the 5 bz-resistant species of small strongyles in the 4 foals. This apparent reversion to susceptibility to oxfendazole may be attributable to paucity of reference data (1 test foal) done in 1976.

All 5 species of the bz-resistant small strongyles had cross resistance to phenothiazine (38% aggregate removal), whereas 9 of the bz-susceptible species were effectively (99%) removed. This suggests a similar mode of action between phenothiaznie and the bz compounds.
Efficacy of netobimin against Muellerius capillaris and resistant strain of digestive tract strongyles in dairy goats
Authors: Cabaret Jacques
Published: January 2024

The efficacy of netobimin against digestive tract strongyles and the small lungworm Muellerius capillaris was tested in a dairy goat herd. The drenches were given orally at the rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight once, 10 mg/kg on 2 successive days, or 7.5 mg/kg on 3 successive days. Fecal egg counts and larval counts were done 8 days before and on the day of drenching; further counts were performed on postdrenching days 8 and 18. Two goats were necropsied, 1 on postdrenching day 5 and 1 on day 10 in the group treated on 3 successive days. The fecal egg counts were reduced by 44 to 79% depending on dosage on postdrenching day 18; the remaining worms were Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The larval counts of M capillaris were reduced by 72 to 92%, depending on dose. The reduction was significant in all the treated groups, compared with that in the control group. The use of netobimin at the dosage of 10 mg/kg given on 2 successive days or 7.5 mg/kg given on 3 successive days might be recommended to treat goats infected with Muellerius spp and digestive tract strongyles.
Functional analysis of ectopic parathyroid activity in cats
Authors: Flanders J. A. , Neth S. , Erb H. N. , Kallfelz F. A.
Published: January 2024

The ability of ectopic parathyroid tissue to support calcium homeostasis was evaluated by measuring serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, albumin, magnesium, and parathyroid hormone before and for 12 weeks after bilateral thyroparathyroidectomy in 14 cats. During the immediate postoperative period, significant decrease was observed in serum calcium, magnesium, and parathyroid hormone (pth) concentrations. Serum pth concentration remained subnormal and did not significantly increase during the 12-week observation period. Despite persistent hypoparathyroidism, serum calcium and magnesium concentrations gradually increased. Ectopic parathyroid tissue is not capable of maintaining normal serum calcium concentration immediately after thyroparathyroidectomy. Serum calcium concentration gradually normalizes after thyroparathyroidectomy, apparently by means of a pth-independent mechanism.
Interactions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae membranes with porcine lymphocytes
Authors: Messier Serge , Ross Richard F.
Published: January 2024

Nonspecific mitogenicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae membranes for blood lymphocytes (bl) and bronchial lymph node lymphocytes (lnl) from swine was investigated. Additionally, the influence of respiratory tract exposure to the same membrane preparation on responsiveness of these cells was evaluated. Membranes utilized in lymphocyte transformation tests and for inoculation of swine were prepared by osmotic lysis of mycoplasma cells. Conventionally reared and cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived swine were given membranes intratracheally and responses of bl and lnl to membranes were assessed from postinoculation day 0 to 14. Utilizing a stimulation index of 3 as the cutoff, heated (56 C) M hyopneumoniae membranes exerted moderate nonspecific stimulation of bl 11 of 12 times when bl were collected from normal (control or preinoculation) swine. Similarly, lnl from conventionally reared and control groups of swine were stimulated nonspecifically 4 of 6 times by the same membrane preparations. Exposure of the respiratory tract to membranes appeared to have no influence on stimulation responses of bl at postinoculation days 6 or 13, whereas moderate to marked increases in responsiveness of lnl were detected when collected at necropsy on postinoculation days 7 or 14. These findings indicated that compartmentalization of lymphocyte sensitization in the bronchial lymph nodes resulted from respiratory tract exposure to mycoplasmal membranes. Results obtained confirm that M hyopneumoniae has a moderate nonspecific stimulatory effect on porcine lymphocytes. Nonspecific mitogenicity of M hyopneumoniae on lymphocytes, resulting in altered immune system function, may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine.
Pulmonary particle deposition and airway mucociliary clearance in cold-exposed calves
Authors: Diesel Donald A. , Lebel Jack L. , Tucker Alan
Published: January 2024

Effect of cold-induced changes in respiratory pattern on pulmonary particle deposition was investigated in 10 male Holstein calves between the ages of 1 and 3 months. Deposition of intranasally instilled fluorescence-enhanced Pasteurella haemolytica was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for cold-exposed calves and appears to be caused by the cold-induced respiratory pattern change. Deposition was greater in apical and mediastinal lung lobes, but the reason for this preferential deposition is uncertain. Nasal mucus velocity was measured in 4 nonanesthetized calves at ambient temperatures of 2 to 4 C and 16 to 18 C, using tantalum-paraffin oil droplets and serial radiography. Nasal mucus velocity was 24% lower during cold exposure. In addition, the effect of mucosal temperature on tracheal mucus velocity was determined in excised tracheas from 7 calves. A direct relationship existed between mucosal temperature and tracheal mucus velocity within the mucosal temperature range studied (35.0 to 39.5 C). Tracheal air temperature measurements in calves at ambient temperatures of −10.4 C (n = 4) and 18.5 C (n = 5) indicated that conditioning of inspired air is not complete at the tracheal level during extreme cold exposure. Therefore, cold air may directly influence tracheal mucociliary clearance. It is speculated that cold exposure increases pulmonary deposition of pathogens, while simultaneously decreasing mucociliary clearance of the upper airways, thus predisposing cold-exposed calves to respiratory tract infection.
Histopathologic features, environmental factors, and serum estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin values associated with ovarian phase and inflammatory uterine disease in cats
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Evans Richard H. , Reimers Thomas J. , Colby Emerson D. , Monti Katherine L.
Published: January 2024

Forty-four female American Shorthair cats with inflammatory uterine disease or infertility were evaluated. Data collected included age, month of diagnosis, housing, reproductive history, results of bacteriologic culture of uterine specimens, serum concentrations of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin and histopathologic features of the ovaries and uterus.

Histologically, the ovaries of 19 cats were dominated by active or cystic follicles, whereas 25 cats had luteal-phase ovaries. Of the 25 cats with active corpora lutea, 20 had either recently weaned litters (n = 11) without subsequent exposure to a male cat, or had been housed individually for lengthy periods (n = 9). The finding of active corpora lutea under these circumstances indicates that in queens, ovulation may occur by mechanisms not involving coitus.

Prominent, active corpora lutea on the ovaries were associated with adenomatotic proliferative changes in the superficial and glandular epithelium of the uterus and with myometrial hyperplasia, compared with the uterus of cats with follicular ovaries (P < 0.01).

Serum progesterone concentration ≥ 1.87 ng/ml was consistently associated with luteal-phase ovaries. Serum progesterone values ≤ 0.15 ng/ml were consistently associated with follicular-phase ovaries.

Escherichia coli was the organism most commonly isolated from uterine contents.
Evidence of genome segment 5 reassortment in bluetongue virus field isolates
Authors: de Mattos Cecilia C. P. , de Mattos Carlos A. , Osburn Bennie I. , Ianconescu Marius , Kaufman Rosalia
Published: January 2024

A recombinant cdna probe from genome segment 5 obtained from a virulent US bluetongue virus strain (btv-11 strain UC8) was hybridized to US and Israeli btv prototypes and field isolates. The cloned genetic probe hybridized with US btv prototype 10, but not with US prototypes 2, 11, 13, and 17; with the avirulent btv-11 strain UC2; and with the Israeli prototype 10. When the probe was hybridized to field isolates from the US serotypes, it hybridized to 12 of 14 btv-10 isolates and 4 of 17 btv-11 samples, but not to the btv-13 and btv-17 samples tested. Hybridization was not observed with the Israeli field isolates studied. Results indicate that a reassortant event occurred between a strain of US btv-10 and US btv-11 that originated the btv-11 strain UC8.
Effect of time of cisplatin administration on its toxicity and pharmacokinetics in dogs
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Page Rodney L. , Williams Patrick L. , Fischer W. D.
Published: January 2024

Cisplatin (90 mg/m2) was administered in a 5-minute bolus iv infusion to dogs at 8 am (n = 6) or 4 pm (n = 6). Blood and urine samples were collected over a 4-hour period for statistical moment pharmacokinetic analysis. Mean urinary excretion rate of total platinum was increased, whereas mean plasma residence time of ultrafilterable platinum was decreased, in the group treated at 4 pm (pm group), compared with those treated at 8 am (am group). Over a 2-week postinfusion-monitoring period, both groups of dogs developed decreases in creatinine clearance, urine/serum osmolality ratio (UOsm/SOsm), specific gravity, and increase in bun, serum creatinine concentration, urine γ-glutamyltranspeptidase/urine creatinine ratio (UGGT/UCr), fractional excretion of magnesium, and fractional excretion of phosphate. Urine specific gravity and UOsm/SOsm were significantly decreased, whereas UGGT/UCr and bun were significantly increased in the am group, compared with the pm group. The time of administration had a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of cisplatin, which resulted in significant differences in cisplatin-induced renal toxicosis.
Atrial natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs with congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, and hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Vollmar Angelika M. , Reusch Claudia , Kraft Wilfried , Schulz Rüdiger
Published: January 2024

The function of atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) is claimed to be control of salt and water homeostasis, and thus, the hormone may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases with impaired volume regulation. We, therefore, studied plasma anp concentration in dogs with chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure, and hyperadrenocorticism. Dogs with chronic renal failure had twofold higher plasma anp concentration (16.2 ± 5.8 fmol/ml), compared with healthy dogs (8.3 ± 3.5 fmol/ml). An even more distinct increase (sixfold) of plasma anp concentration was found in dogs with congestive heart failure (52.9 ± 29.7 fmol/ml). In contrast, dogs with hyperadrenocorticism did not have high anp plasma concentration (5.5 ± 2.0 fmol/ml). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma from dogs with congestive heart failure indicated that, in addition to the normal circulating form of anp (99-126), the unprocessed precursor anp (1-126) is detectable in the circulation. These qualitative and quantitative alterations of plasma anp concentration in dogs further suggest involvement of this peptide in the development and/or maintenance of diseases associated with impaired volume regulation.
Thermodilution estimation of cardiac output at high flows in anesthetized horses
Authors: Dunlop C.I. , Hodgson D. S. , Chapman P. L. , Grandy J. L. , Waldron R. D.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to compare the thermodilution technique for estimation of cardiac output with the indocyanine green dye dilution technique at flows between 10 and 39 L/min in halothane-anesthetized horses. The estimation of area of dye dilution cardiac output curves was made by using the fore-’n-aft (fa) triangle method. This shorthand technique was compared with logarithmic exponential extrapolation and summation (extrapolated area), using 64 cardiac output curves. Then, 256 simultaneous thermodilution measurements were compared with dye dilution measurements calculated by use of the fa technique. Forty milliliters of iced 0.9% NaCl solution containing 15 mg of indocyanine green dye was used as the indicator. This was delivered in < 1 second to the right atrium, using a power injector. A thermistor positioned in the pulmonary artery detected the thermal indicator. Blood was withdrawn from the carotid artery through a densitometer cuvette to measure the dye concentration. The fa estimations of area were higher than those determined by use of extrapolated area. A multiplicative adjustment of 0.837 was estimated. On average, thermodilution estimates of cardiac output exceeded the adjusted fa determinations. Using a weighted linear regression, we determined the following calibration adjustment: thermal dilution cardiac output/1.048 = indocyanine green dye dilution cardiac output.
Relationship between urine ammonium ion excretion and urine anion gap in dogs
Authors: Shaw Darcy H.
Published: January 2024

Acidemia stimulates renal ammonia production and excretion. This adaptive response allows increased H+ secretion and generation of new bicarbonate. To determine whether a relationship existed between urine ammonium (NH4+) concentration and excretion and urine anion gap (Na+ + K+ − Cl−), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was administered per os for 5 days to induce systemic acidemia in 12 healthy Beagles. During NH4C1 administration, a strong, statistically significant (P < 0.0001) relationship was apparent between urine NH4+ concentration measured in millimoles per liter and urine anion gap.

Regression equation: urine [NH4+] = 8.2 − 0.416 × urine anion gap; r = −0.897.

A statistically significant (P = 0.0001) relationship existed between urine NH4+ excretion measured in millimoles per kilogram of body weight per day and urine anion gap.

Regression equation: urine NH4+ excretion = 0.74 − 0.38 × urine anion gap; r = −0.768.

As urine NH4+ concentration or excretion increased, urine anion gap became more negative. Before NH4Cl administration (no systemic acidemia), a weak, but statistically significant (P = 0.015) relationship was observed between urine NH4+ concentration and urine anion gap.

Regression equation: urine [NH4+] = 65.2 − 0.141 × urine anion gap; r = −0.41.

However, a relationship was not evident between urine NH4+ excretion and urine anion gap before NH4Cl administration. Hence, urine anion gap is a reliable index of urine NH4+ concentration and excretion only in dogs with metabolic acidosis. In human beings with distal renal tubular acidosis, NH4+ excretion is inappropriately low and results in a positive urine anion gap. Therefore, as a reliable index of NH4+ excretion, urine anion gap may represent an easy and rapid method to aid in the diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis in dogs.
Characterization and comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities and outer membrane protein and plasmid DNA profiles of Pasteurella haemolytica and certain other members of the genus Pasteurella
Authors: Rossmanith Sara Edna Rowe , Wilt G. R. , Wu Gin
Published: January 2024

The outer membrane protein (omp), plasmid, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes 1 through 12, a bovine isolate of P multocida, a chicken isolate of P multocida, and an unidentified Pasteurella species of bovine origin were examined. Isolates of P haemolytica serotypes belonging to the same biotype possessed similar omp profiles. Biotype A isolates contained 2 prominent omp of 43 kilodaltons (kD) and 29 kD, whereas biotype-T serotypes contained 3 major omp of 43, 36, and 25 kD. The major omp profiles of the 2 P multocida isolates and the unidentified Pasteurella species were different from each other and from P haemolytica isolates. Plasmid dna screening indicated both plasmid-containing and plasmid-free P haemolytica and P multocida isolates. Multiple drug resistance was found in pasteurellae isolates with and without plasmids. However, a relationship between drug resistance and plasmid isolation was found in 3 of 4 P haemolytica serotype 1 field isolates, all of which contained a 2.51-megadalton plasmid and had multiple drug resistance for benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline.
Safety and efficacy of an attenuated strain of Salmonella choleraesuis for vaccination of swine
Authors: Kramer Ted T. , Roof Michael B. , Matheson Robert R.
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of a live Salmonella choleraesuis immunizing strain, obtained by repeated ingestion and recovery through porcine neutrophils. The strain was tested in mice and in pigs. The vaccine was safe and effective in controlled experimental trials, using clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic criteria. Vaccinated pigs were able to maintain normal weight gains during the 4-week observation period following challenge inoculation with a high dose of a virulent strain.
Serotype, hemolysin production, and adherence characteristics of strains of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection in dogs
Authors: Senior David F. , deMan Peter , Svanborg Catharina
Published: January 2024

Virulence factors were studied in 82 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the urine of dogs with urinary tract infections. The most frequently expressed O antigens were 2, 4, 6, 25, and 22/83. Most strains were K nontypeable. Mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (msh) with canine erythrocytes was observed in 71 strains and mannose-resistant hemagglutination (mrh) was observed in 32 strains. Strains that caused msh of erythrocytes from dogs also caused msh of erythrocytes from guinea pigs. Most strains that caused mrh of human A1p1 erythrocytes also reacted with erythrocytes of dogs.

Of 22 strains (27%)_that agglutinated human A1P1 erythrocytes, but not A1P1 erythrocytes, 17 (77%) had specificity for globo A, but did not react with the galactose α1→4galactoseβ disaccharide receptor. The remaining 5 strains and 2 others that simultaneously expressed an X adhesin agglutinated galactose α1→4galactoseβ-coated latex beads.

Bacterial adherence to canine uroepithelial cells from the bladder was most often observed in strains expressing msh, less often observed in strains expressing mrh, and least often observed in strains that failed to induce hemagglutination. Adherence of msh strains to canine uroepithelial cells was inhibited by α-methyl-D-mannoside. As a group, mrh strains expressing globo-A-and galactose α1→4galactoseβ-specific adhesins did not have strong adherence.

Strains of E coli isolated from dogs with urinaiy tract infections most commonly expressed type-1 fimbriae, and the main mechanism of in vitro adherence to canine uroepithelial cells involved a mannose-sensitive mechanism. Overrepresentation of globo-A-specific adhesins did not appear to be related to adherence of canine uroepithelial cells.
Bioavailability of two ibuprofen oral paste formulations in fed or nonfed ponies
Authors: Vandenbossche Geert M. R. , Bouckaert Stefan , De Muynck Christian , Mommens Guy , Van Zeveren Alex , Reman Jean-Paul
Published: January 2024

The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, was studied in healthy Shetland ponies. Ibuprofen was administered iv, as a suspension, and as a solid solution oral paste to ponies from which food was withheld. The suspension paste was also administered to ponies that received hay and water ad libitum. Both formulations had an absolute bioavailability of about 80%. Bioavailability was not influenced by feeding.
Safety study of a beef-based chewable tablet formulation of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate in growing dogs, pups, and breeding adult dogs
Authors: Clark J. N. , Pulliam J. D. , Daurio C. P.
Published: January 2024

To determine the safety of a new combination of ivermectin and pyrantel (as pamoate salt) in a novel beef-based chewable tablet formulation, 3 tolerance trials were conducted and included growing dogs, pups, and breeding adult dogs. Growing dogs, given the combination orally for 5 consecutive days at recommended dosages (5 mg of pyrantel/kg of body weight, 6 μg of ivermectin/kg) or at twice the pyrantel dosage in combination with the recommended dosage of ivermectin, had no adverse effects. The combination also was administered to 6-week-old pups at 1, 3, and 5 times the recommended dose on 3 successive days for 3 times in 1 month. Compared with age-matched controls, treatment had no effect on clinical status, growth rate, or gross or histologic features. Breeding male and female dogs given the combination at 3 times the recommended dose for extended periods had no adverse effects, and prevalence of abnormalities in the offspring was not greater than that in nonmedicated controls.
Abomasal erosions in feedlot cattle
Authors: Jensen Rue , Spraker Terry R. , Glock Robert D. , Jones Robert L. , Collins J. K. , Flack Duane E. , Kerschen Robert , Hoff R. L.
Published: January 2024

The abomasa of 1,949 slaughtered feedlot cattle, 45 necropsied feedlot cattle that died 2 to 45 days after arrival, and 45 necropsied pastured cattle were opened and examined. Of these organs, 484,1, and none, respectively, contained erosions. The slaughtered cattle were fattened at 3 locations: 1,305 with 430 eroded abomasa were fed a ration of corn in northeastern Colorado; 144 cattle with 4 affected abomasa fed a ration of milo in south-central Arizona; and 500 cattle with 50 affected abomasa fed a ration of milo and corn in northwestern Texas. The red-brown lesions developed late during the second semester of fattening and were located mostly on fundic folds. Those on fold edges were linear and were 2 to 15 cm long, whereas those on fold sides were punctate and were 2 to 15 mm in diameter. Normal fold edges contained fewer goblet cells and less surface mucus than did fold sides. Eroded folds had disruption of surface epithelium, damage to endothelial cells, and dilated, thrombosed, congested, and ruptured capillaries. Mean pH values of 16 normal and 17 eroded abomasa were 4.7 and 3.9, respectively. Necrosis of all tissue toward the mucosal surface of erosions was extensive. The cause of gastric erosion in cattle is not known.
Effects of phosphorus/calcium-restricted and phosphorus/calcium-replete 32% protein diets in dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Groves Carlotta A. , Duncan J. Robert , Barsanti Jeanne A.
Published: January 2024

Twenty-four dogs with induced, severe chronic renal failure were allotted to 2 groups of 12 each. Group-A dogs were fed a 0.4% phosphorus (P)/0.6% calcium, 32% protein diet, and group-B dogs were fed a 1.4% P/l.9% calcium, 32% protein diet. Dogs were studied over 24 months to determine clinical status, survival, blood biochemical alterations, glomerular filtration rate (gfr), urinary excretion of P and protein, renal morphologic changes, and renal tissue concentrations of calcium, P, and magnesium.

Group-A dogs developed statistically significant differences from group-B dogs in several blood biochemical values (pcv and total solids, calcium, P, potassium, sodium, chlonde, total CO2 (TCO2), anion gap, and parathyroid hormone concentrations) and in urinary P excretion.

Mean ( ± sem) gfr values in group-A and group-B dogs were nearly identical when diets were initiated (group _A = 0.73 ± 0.05 ml/min/kg of body weight; group B = 0.72 ± 0.08 ml/min/kg), but significantly (P = 0.0346) lower gfr developed in group-B than in group-A dogs over time. At 24 months, gfr in survivors was 0.83 ± 0.08 and 0.63 ± 0.15 ml/min/kg for dogs of groups A and B, respectively.

Other measurements favored the hypothesis that P/calcium restriction was beneficial, but values failed to reach statistical significance. Survival was greater at 24 months in group-A than in group-B (7 vs 5) dogs, and renal tissue concentrations of calcium and P were higher in group-B than in group-A dogs.

Differences were not detected between groups in urinary excretion of protein and in the type or severity of renal lesions.

We conclude that P/calcium restriction at 32% protein intake is beneficial to dogs with chronic renal failure, but that the degree of restriction imposed in group-A dogs of this study did not prevent development of abnormalities. Factors other than dietary P/calcium intake may have a role in progression of renal failure to uremia.