bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign-born population concentration and neighbourhood growth and development within US metropolitan areas
Authors: Ruther Matt , Tesfai Rebbeca , Madden Janice
Published: October 2016

Immigrant populations are a major driver of growth in many US metropolitan areas, and considerable research has focused on the effects of immigrant populations on neighbourhood outcomes. However, much of this research is based on data from 1990 or earlier, prior to substantial growth in the diversity of the immigrant population and to changes in immigrants’ US settlement patterns. This research uses tract-level data from the 2000 Decennial Census and the 2009–2013 American Community Survey to explore the relationship between an existing immigrant population and future changes in neighbourhood characteristics within the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. Spatial regression models are used to identify the neighbourhood features that predict future proportional growth in a neighbourhood’s foreign-born population. In addition, the associations between a neighbourhood’s initial foreign-born concentration and future neighbourhood relative income and population growth are investigated. Consistent with previous work, our results indicate that foreign-born populations of all races tend to move towards existing immigrant population clusters. All of the immigrant minority racial groups are also attracted to neighbourhoods with existing same-race US-born populations. Overall proportional population growth is positively associated with the initial presence of the white and Asian immigrant population; black and Hispanic immigrant concentrations are associated with proportional population loss. While immigrants do not contribute to neighbourhood relative income growth, a greater presence of immigrants – relative to their US-born co-racial group – is associated with lower rates of neighbourhood relative income decline.
Framework for Mining and Analysis of Standardized Nursing Care Plan Data
Authors: Khokhar Ashfaq , Lodhi Muhammad Kamran , Yao Yingwei , Ansari Rashid , Keenan Gail , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: October 2016

Despite an unprecedented amount of health-related data being amassed from various technological innovations, our ability to process this data and extract hidden knowledge has yet to catch up with this explosive growth. Although nursing care plans can be an effective tool to support the achievement of desired patient outcomes, their online collection, storage, and processing is lagging far behind. As a result, the impact of nursing care is not well understood from qualitative as well as quantitative perspectives. In this article, we first outline a complete life cycle of nursing care data, and present a knowledge discovery and analysis framework for such data sets. We also highlight Big Data issues pertaining to the analysis of nursing care data. Using an exemplar data set, we demonstrate the broad applicability of the proposed framework by showing knowledge discovery results for different outcomes related to patients, nursing staff, and administrators.
The frontal cortex as a network hub controlling mood and cognition: Probing its neurochemical substrates for improved therapy of psychiatric and neurological disorders
Authors: Millan Mark J , Rivet Jean-Michel , Gobert Alain
Published: October 2016

The highly-interconnected and neurochemically-rich frontal cortex plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood and cognition, domains disrupted in depression and other central nervous system disorders, and it is an important site of action for their therapeutic control. For improving our understanding of the function and dysfunction of the frontal cortex, and for identifying improved treatments, quantification of extracellular pools of neuromodulators by microdialysis in freely-moving rodents has proven indispensable. This approach has revealed a complex mesh of autoreceptor and heteroceptor interactions amongst monoaminergic pathways, and led from selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors to novel classes of multi-target drugs for treating depression like the mixed α2-adrenoceptor/5-HT reuptake inhibitor, S35966, and the clinically-launched vortioxetine and vilazodone. Moreover, integration of non-monoaminergic actions resulted in the discovery and development of the innovative melatonin receptor agonist/5-HT2C receptor antagonist, Agomelatine. Melatonin levels, like those of corticosterone and the “social hormone”, oxytocin, can now be quantified by microdialysis over the full 24 h daily cycle. Further, the introduction of procedures for measuring extracellular histamine and acetylcholine has provided insights into strategies for improving cognition by, for example, blockade of 5-HT6 and/or dopamine D3 receptors. The challenge of concurrently determining extracellular levels of GABA, glutamate, d-serine, glycine, kynurenate and other amino acids, and of clarifying their interactions with monoamines, has also been resolved. This has proven important for characterizing the actions of glycine reuptake inhibitors that indirectly augment transmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and of “glutamatergic antidepressants” like ketamine, mGluR5 antagonists and positive modulators of AMPA receptors (including S47445). Most recently, quantification of the neurotoxic proteins Aβ42 and Tau has extended microdialysis studies to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and another frontier currently being broached is microRNAs. The present article discusses the above themes, focusses on recent advances, highlights opportunities for clinical “translation”, and suggests avenues for further progress.
Simultaneous monitoring of potassium, glucose and lactate during spreading depolarization in the injured human brain – Proof of principle of a novel real-time neurochemical analysis system, continuous online microdialysis
Authors: Rogers Michelle L , Leong Chi Leng , Gowers Sally AN , Samper Isabelle C , Jewell Sharon L , Khan Asma , McCarthy Leanne , Pahl Clemens , Tolias Christos M , Walsh Daniel C , Strong Anthony J , Boutelle Martyn G
Published: October 2016

Spreading depolarizations occur spontaneously and frequently in injured human brain. They propagate slowly through injured tissue often cycling around a local area of damage. Tissue recovery after an spreading depolarization requires greatly augmented energy utilisation to normalise ionic gradients from a virtually complete loss of membrane potential. In the injured brain, this is difficult because local blood flow is often low and unreactive. In this study, we use a new variant of microdialysis, continuous on-line microdialysis, to observe the effects of spreading depolarizations on brain metabolism. The neurochemical changes are dynamic and take place on the timescale of the passage of an spreading depolarization past the microdialysis probe. Dialysate potassium levels provide an ionic correlate of cellular depolarization and show a clear transient increase. Dialysate glucose levels reflect a balance between local tissue glucose supply and utilisation. These show a clear transient decrease of variable magnitude and duration. Dialysate lactate levels indicate non-oxidative metabolism of glucose and show a transient increase. Preliminary data suggest that the transient changes recover more slowly after the passage of a sequence of multiple spreading depolarizations giving rise to a decrease in basal dialysate glucose and an increase in basal dialysate potassium and lactate levels.
Neoliberalism and the Formation of the English Premier League
Authors: Karak Anirban
Published: October 2016

I have argued elsewhere1 that the formation of the English Premier League (EPL) can be interpreted as an instance of accumulation by dispossession. This paper complements that analysis by arguing that the theory of “Social Structures of Accumulation” can also be used to locate the formation of the EPL within the modalities of the structural changes that characterized the move to neoliberalism. The conclusion remains that the role of football2 in the neoliberal restoration of capitalist class power cannot be ignored.
Optimizing Transition to Home Enteral Nutrition for Pediatric Patients
Authors: Sevilla Wednesday Marie A. , McElhanon Barbara
Published: October 2016

Enteral nutrition is delivered via the gastrointestinal tract when oral intake is not sufficient to maintain nutrition status. There is evidence that long‐term home enteral nutrition (HEN) can be advantageous to pediatric patients by improving quality of life and function. Data from pediatric patients receiving either nasogastric tube or gastrostomy tube feeds indicate good outcomes in terms of maintaining and improving nutrition status as evidenced by anthropometric measurements. As the number of pediatric patients requiring HEN increases, development of an effective program to allow smooth transition to the home is necessary. The formation of a multidisciplinary HEN management team can achieve the important task of taking care of children requiring HEN who are technology dependent. Members of a multidisciplinary HEN team can include care coordinators, nurses, physicians, dietitians, and speech therapists. Planning for patient discharge to home should start well before the actual discharge, with timely identification of home caregivers, the family's learning style, and completion of other requirements for safe administration of HEN. Education should be provided in a continuum, starting at the identification of nutrition support while still in the hospital and continuing after discharge to address concerns and long‐term complications of HEN.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Lu Yao , Zhang Han , Teng Fang , Xia Wen-Jun , Sun Gui-Xiang , Wen Ai-Qing
Published: October 2016

Introduction:

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for the resuscitation of patients with sepsis; however, the recent evidences quickly evolve and convey conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of EGDT on mortality in adults with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Methods:

We searched electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials that compared EGDT with usual care or lactate-guided therapy in adults with severe sepsis and septic shock. Predefined primary outcome was all-cause mortality at final follow-up.

Results:

We included 13 trials enrolling 5268 patients. Compared with usual care, EGDT was associated with decreased mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98; 4664 patients, 8 trials; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation [GRADE] quality of evidence was moderate). Compared with lactate clearance–guided therapy, EGDT was associated with increased mortality (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.24-2.06; 604 patients, 5 trials; GRADE quality of evidence was low). Patients assigned to EGDT received more intravenous fluid, red cell transfusion, vasopressor infusion, and dobutamine use within the first 6 hours than those assigned to usual care (all P values < .00001).

Conclusion:

Adults with severe sepsis and septic shock who received EGDT had a lower mortality than those given usual care, the benefit may mainly be attributed to treatments administered within the first 6 hours. However, the underlying mechanisms by which lactate clearance–guided therapy benefits these patients are yet to be investigated.
Female Sex Offenders: Is There a Difference Between Solo and Co-Offenders?
Authors: ten Bensel Tusty , Gibbs Benjamin , Burkey Chris Rush
Published: October 2016

Studies on female sex offending have been limited for a number of reasons, such as societal perceptions that females are incapable of engaging in such behaviors because of their role as caretakers and nurturers in society. However, over the past few decades, studies examining female sex offenders have increased, revealing that females do commit sexual offenses and differ from their male counterparts. We examined offender, victim, and offense characteristics of female sex offenders who were convicted from 1995 to 2013 ( N = 223) in Arkansas and were sentenced to serve time in prison or placed on probation. We focused on the similarities and differences of solo and co-female sex offenders because we know from previous studies that the pathway of offending can differ between solo and co-female offenders, yet few studies have exclusively compared the similarities and differences among female sex offenders. Our data were collected from offender files that included basic personal offender information, offender survey and social history, criminal history, incident reports while incarcerated, court records, police investigation reports, initial offender and victim statements (prior to offender incarceration), and probation/parole reports. We believe the results of this study will provide further insight into the types of female sex offenders as well as the possible differences between co- and solo-offenders in relation to their victim preferences, risk levels, rehabilitation amenability, and recidivism propensities.
Speaking up, leaving or keeping silent: racialized employees in the Swedish elderly care sector
Authors: Behtoui Alireza , Boréus Kristina , Neergaard Anders , Yazdanpanah Soheyla
Published: October 2016

When encountering problems and dissatisfaction in the workplace, employees may choose between three strategies: voice; exit; or silence. Using survey data and interview material from a study of employees in an elderly care organization in Sweden, this article investigates the workers’ perceptions of the eligibility and prospects of these strategies and which individual characteristics and situational factors might affect them. The focus is on racialized workers (operationalized through their region of birth) who, according to earlier studies, are less likely than other employees to choose voice behaviour. Contrary to some earlier studies, the results here attribute such a propensity to the importance of power differences across ‘racial hierarchies’ rather than to differences in cultural values. Individuals in this (racialized) category have a lower occupational status, earn less and experience less favourable relationships with their managers.
Juridical and Functional Informality: From Theory to Practical Policy
Authors: Gibson Bill , Flaherty Diane
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this article is to deepen the understanding of informality, and related efforts governments must take to cope with large and persistent informal sectors. Is the informal sector a source of growth and employment or a drain on the fiscus that undermines social safety nets? This article questions the ‘formal sector bias’ present in much of the policy discussions surrounding informality. A theoretically grounded distinction between ‘functional’ and ‘juridical’ informality is drawn and applied to subcontracting as an illustrative case. The broad conclusion of the paper is not supportive of public intervention to formalise the informal sector but rather suggests that tolerating the informal sector might well improve economic performance as measured by output and employment.

JEL Classification: O17, E17
Psychometric Evidence of SRSS-IE Scores in Middle and High Schools
Authors: Lane Kathleen Lynne , Oakes Wendy Peia , Cantwell Emily D. , Menzies Holly Mariah , Schatschneider Christopher , Lambert Warren , Common Eric Alan
Published: October 2016

We report results of an exploratory validation study of the Student Risk Screening Scale–Internalizing and Externalizing (SRSS-IE) applied with the first sample of middle and high school students from nine middle and three high schools from three states. The Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS) was modified to broaden the scope of this user-friendly systematic screening tool to detect secondary-age students with internalizing behavior patterns. Building on initial evidence establishing reliability and validity of the SRSS-IE at the middle school level, we used classical test theory to explore reliability of SRSS-IE spring screening scores for use with sixth- through 12th-grade students. Specifically, we analyzed item-level data, internal consistency estimates, and factor structure using exploratory factor analysis. Results suggested five of the seven proposed items be retained, yielding the SRSS-IE12. Peer rejection (one of the originally developed items by Drummond) loaded on the internalizing construct, providing preliminary evidence suggesting two factors: SRSS-E7 (the original tool) and SRSS-I6 for use with secondary students, with peer rejection loading on both subscales but only added once when formulating the total score (SRSS-IE12). We present limitations and direction for future inquiry.
Association of Polymorphisms in Coagulation Factor Genes and Enzymes of Homocysteine Metabolism With Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children
Authors: Coen Herak Désirée , Lenicek Krleza Jasna , Radic Antolic Margareta , Horvat Ivana , Djuranovic Vlasta , Zrinski Topic Renata , Zadro Renata
Published: October 2016

Despite the identification of a wide range of inherited and acquired risk factors for arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in children, genetic risk factors are incompletely characterized and may vary among different populations. We investigated the role of individual and combined inherited prothrombotic and intermediate-risk factors in 73 children with perinatal (n = 35) and childhood AIS (n = 38) and 100 age- and sex-matched controls. Ten polymorphisms in 8 candidate genes encoding coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins (factor V [FV] Leiden, FV HR2, factor II [FII] G20210A, β-fibrinogen [β-FBG]-455G>A, factor XIII [FXIII]-A p.Val34Leu, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 4G/5G), homocysteine metabolism (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR] C677T, MTHFR A1298C), and intermediate-risk factors (angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D, apoE ∊2-4) were detected using a multilocus genotyping assay. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction was used for the determination of human platelet alloantigens (HPA-1, HPA-2, HPA-3, and HPA-5). Factor V Leiden was associated with an increased risk of AIS (odds ratio [OR]: 4.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-18.27) and perinatal AIS (OR: 8.29, 95% CI: 1.95-35.24). Human platelet antigen-3b allele carriers had a 2-fold lower risk of AIS (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.26-0.98) and perinatal AIS (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18-0.92). A 2.21-fold increased risk of childhood AIS (95% CI: 1.03-4.73) was identified in FXIII-A Leu34 allele carriers. Combined FV Leiden/FV HR2, FV Leiden/MTHFR A1298C, FV Leiden/MTHFR C677T/MTHFR A1298C, and FV Leiden/FV HR2/MTHFR A1298C heterozygosity was identified in children with AIS but not in controls, which revealed a statistically significant difference. This case–control study shows that besides already documented association between FV Leiden and AIS, other previously unreported polymorphisms (FXIII-A p.Val34Leu, HPA-3) and several genotype combinations that always include heterozygous FV Leiden can be related to AIS in Croatian population.
Compliance Costs and the Tax Avoidance-Tax Evasion Decision
Authors: Alm James
Published: October 2016

The analysis of the individual's choice of illegal tax evasion has typically ignored an alternative, legal method by which taxes can be reduced: tax avoidance. This article analyzes the joint individual choice of evasion and avoidance; it also examines optimal government policy in such a world. Its principal conclusion is that the existence of another channel for tax reduction alters many of the conclusions of the simpler evasion literature. Specifically, government policies that reduce evasion may not increase the tax base because avoidance may increase instead, and tax rate reductions may be a powerful tool for generating tax base increases because reductions make both evasion and avoidance less attractive. In addition, optimal government choices depend critically upon its objectives. The government selects larger values for its instruments when its goal is net revenue maximization or when those individuals who evade are not valued highly in its welfare function. It also appears that greater tax complexity generates more tax revenues.
The Impact of Recessions on Two-Parent Families: An Analysis of Earnings-Sensitivity by Family Income Class
Authors: Rayack W.
Published: October 2016

This article uses a microunit analysis to examine cyclical changes in the distribution of earnings. The analysis departs from earlier studies in several respects. It relies on a more cautious definition of family income class, calculates recession-induced changes in the Gini coefficient by estimating losses for each household in the sample, and measures the distributional effects of cyclical changes in wage rates. The procedures guard against a bias toward findings of regressivity. Yet the results indicate a generally regressive pattern that is complicated by substantial losses among certain high-wage categories. At the same time, the approach identifies several channels through which losses are distributed. Specifically, the analysis links the pattern of losses to allocation rules based on occupation and tenure status. Moreover, the results indicate that wage-decay effects reinforce the regressive tendencies. These tenure and wage effects have not received attention in prior empirical studies of recession incidence although theory suggests that they play a major role.
Measuring Regressivity of Excise Taxes: A Buyers Index
Authors: Loomis John B. , Revier Charles F.
Published: October 2016

A variant of the Suits index is developed for measuring the progressivity of an excise tax distribution among buyers rather than the population (buyers and nonbuyers) as a whole. This new index is more useful for evaluating progressivity of selective excise taxes on products for which the proportion of each income class consisting of buyers varies with income level. In the process of developing the relationship between the buyers index and the Suits index, the links between consumer expenditure patterns and the values of both the Suits index and the buyers index are derived. The article concludes with a comparison of the new buyers index and the Suits index for five products studied for possible excise taxation under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980.
The Political Economy of Taxation: Some Evidence for Canada
Authors: Blais André , Vaillancourt François
Published: October 2016

The article examines the determinants of variations in the effective average tax rate among Canadian manufacturing industry. It replicates a previous study (Salomon and Siegfried, 1977) on the U.S. corporate tax that found relationships between the economic structure and tax avoidance rates. Some methodological problems in the study are identified, which raise doubts about their conclusions. It is shown that effective tax rates fluctuate substantially over time and that the results may be sensitive to the year selected for analysis. As a consequence, tax-avoidance rates are regressed against a number of independent variables in two different years: 1974 and 1979. The overall weakness of the relationship is striking. With our best measure of the tax-avoidance rate, 2 out of 12 variables are significant in 1974 and one in 1979. These findings suggests that the corporate income tax may not be as important an instrument of industrial policy as it is sometimes claimed to be.
The Growth of Government under Different Redistributive Rules: A Long Term Study of the Italian Case
Authors: Brosio Giorgio , Marchese Carla
Published: October 2016

This article is a study of the long-term growth of public expenditure. Starting from the hypothesis that the public budget always has a strong redistributive content, the authors aim to verify the influence of different types of redistributive policies (such as vertical and horizontal) on public expenditure evolution. Two alternative sets of redistributive policies (vertical bottom-up and fragmented horizontal) form the basis for the building of two models which are then tested with reference to long-term Italian public expenditure evolution.
Origins of perceived physical education ability and worth among English adolescents
Authors: Hilland Toni , Ridgers Nicola , Stratton Gareth , Knowles Zoe , Fairclough Stuart
Published: October 2016

Predisposing factors of perceived physical education (PE) ability and perceived PE worth within the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model are positively associated with young people’s daily physical activity. The aim of this study was to qualitatively investigate the origins of students’ perceived PE ability (perceived competence and self-esteem) and perceived PE worth (attitude and enjoyment). Fifty-three PE students, aged 12–14 years (mean = 13.18), participated in semi-structured focus group interviews, which were recorded, transcribed and analysed inductively and deductively and represented as pen profiles. Analysis revealed three higher order themes relating to perceived PE ability (external feedback, perceptions of (in)competence and comparison against peers), and three higher order themes underpinning perceived PE worth (PE teachers, expectancy–value relationship and the physical experience of PE). PE should be perceived as interesting, relevant and meaningful by students and provide appropriate opportunities for success so as to influence lifetime physical activity habits.
Back to the roots: When diversity evokes increased group-based conventionalism
Authors: Dieckmann Janine , Steffens Melanie C. , Methner Nicole
Published: October 2016

Previous research has demonstrated that emphasizing diversity within superordinate groups can either improve or impair subgroup relations. The present research investigated whether this can depend on the way in which diversity is activated. We activated diversity by presenting central or peripheral subgroups. We tested the effects on group-based conventionalism and subgroup attitudes within the superordinate group of “metal music fans”. Participants were members of the (majority) subgroup of death metal fans. When the superordinate group’s diversity was activated with peripheral subgroups, death metal fans showed higher group-based conventionalism than in the condition in which central subgroups were presented. Group-based conventionalism mediated the relation between diversity activation and subgroup attitudes. Higher group-based conventionalism led to less positive subgroup attitudes (Experiments 1 and 2). However, this detrimental “back to the roots”-process did only occur for majority members who perceived a high overlap of their subgroup and the superordinate group (Experiment 2). Underlying factors of this process and practical implications for multicultural contexts are discussed.
Review: Jeremy Waldron’s Political Political Theory
Authors: Runciman David
Published: October 2016

This collection seeks to ground political theory in the study of institutions, particularly the constitutional relationship between different branches of government. It makes the case that ‘constitutionalism’ has become a thin doctrine of political restraint. Waldron wants to identify a fuller conceptual understanding of how the functions of government can be empowered and articulated. In doing so, he sets out a position that is distinct from both moralism and realism in contemporary political theory. I explore how well the later distinction holds up: how successfully does Waldron’s approach marry realist concerns with the rigour of analytical political theory? I also discuss the role it leaves for the history of political thought and whether it can deal with the populist strain in contemporary politics.
Eating Behaviors and Dietary Changes in Patients With Dementia
Authors: Cipriani Gabriele , Carlesi Cecilia , Lucetti Claudio , Danti Sabrina , Nuti Angelo
Published: October 2016

Background:

Eating problems and dietary changes have been reported in patients with dementia.

Objectives:

The aim of this article is to explore the generalized problems with nutrition, diet, feeding, and eating reported among patients with dementia.

Methods:

Medline and Google Scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters, and books published before 2016. Search terms used included behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, dementia, dietary changes, eating behavior. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references.

Results:

Abnormal eating behaviors, eating problems, and dietary changes are present in most people with dementia, especially in the later stages of the condition.

Conclusion:

Individuals with dementia frequently develop serious feeding difficulties and changes in eating and dietary habits. The changes may be secondary to cognitive impairment or apraxia, or the result of insufficient caregiving, or the consequence of metabolic or neurochemical abnormalities occurring as part of the dementing process.
Conditions of critique and the non-irreversibility of politics
Authors: Behr Hartmut
Published: October 2016

Critique is a driving force not only for the development of political ideas and concepts but also for protecting humane and democratic politics against the perils of epistemic and political ideologies. Yet, while there is much debate about the question of ‘ What is critique?’ the conditions of critique appear largely under-reflected in International Politics and the Social Sciences more generally. This article goes beyond the question of what critique in politics and social science might consist of and holds that critique is not an end in itself, but rather requires a yardstick to discuss and judge its generative conditions, that is, its foundation, legitimization and direction that it must pertain to be meaningful. The following article will explore the oeuvres of twentieth-century political and social theorists Hans J. Morgenthau, Herbert Marcuse and Eric Voegelin and argues that the three principles of ‘perspectivity’, ‘negation’ and ‘noesis’ that can be concluded from their work provide such generative conditions of critique, practically leading to a novel policy framework of the non-irreversibility of politics.
Species Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Status in a Mesoamerican Region
Authors: Aguilar-López José Luis , Pineda Eduardo , Luría-Manzano Ricardo , Canseco-Márquez Luis
Published: October 2016

The Uxpanapa-Chimalapas region, with one of the most extensive and best preserved tropical forest areas in Mexico, is undergoing major anthropogenic changes, and only some portions of the territory are under the protection of local communities. Although the biodiversity of the region is known to be high, no study has yet analyzed the diversity of amphibian species in the region or contributed to valuing the region in a context of amphibian conservation. Based on a review of databases and the existing scientific literature, as well as our own fieldwork, in this study, we analyze the amphibian species richness, species composition, their spatial distribution, and their conservation status in the Uxpanapa-Chimalapas region. Additionally, we compare this information with the available data for seven other tropical regions in central-northern Mesoamerica. The amphibian fauna recorded at the study region comprises 51 species, which makes it the richest tropical region in amphibian species in central-northern Mesoamerica and Mexico. Among the regions compared, this one stands out as the one with the most distinctive composition of amphibian species, sharing on average only 35% of its species with the other regions. However, it is also the region with the highest number of threatened species since one third of its species are in higher extinction risk categories. These characteristics turn the Uxpanapa-Chimalapas into a high-priority region for both Mexico and Mesoamerica, and a regional conservation plan is necessary for the immediate protection of areas where the forest is being replaced and to promote or to support community protected areas.
A Second Chance for First Impressions? Exploring the Context-(In)Dependent Updating of Implicit Evaluations
Authors: Brannon Skylar M. , Gawronski Bertram
Published: October 2016

Research on implicit evaluation has yielded mixed results, with some studies suggesting that implicit evaluations are relatively resistant to change and others showing that implicit evaluations can change rapidly in response to new information. To reconcile these findings, it has been suggested that changes in implicit evaluations can be limited to the context in which counterattitudinal information was acquired. The current research expands on evidence for such context-dependent changes by investigating whether two cases of rapid change—updating caused by a reinterpretation of earlier information and by exposure to diagnostic information—generalize across contexts or, instead, are limited to the context in which the qualifying information was acquired. Two experiments found that both reinterpretation of earlier information and diagnostic counterattitudinal information led to changes in implicit evaluations that generalized across contexts. Implications for the malleability of implicit evaluations and context-dependent changes in implicit evaluations are discussed.
TechCare: mobile assessment and therapy for psychosis – an intervention for clients in the Early Intervention Service: A feasibility study protocol
Authors: Husain Nusrat , Gire Nadeem , Kelly James , Duxbury Joy , McKeown Mick , Riley Miv , Taylor Christopher DJ , Taylor Peter J , Emsley Richard , Farooq Saeed , Caton Neil , Naeem Farooq , Kingdon David , Chaudhry Imran
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

Technological advances in healthcare have shown promise when delivering interventions for mental health problems such as psychosis. The aim of this project is to develop a mobile phone intervention for people with psychosis and to conduct a feasibility study of the TechCare App.

Methods:

The TechCare App will assess participant’s symptoms and respond with a personalised guided self-help-based psychological intervention with the aim of exploring feasibility and acceptability. The project will recruit 16 service users and 8–10 health professionals from the Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust Early Intervention Service.

Results:

In strand 1 of the study, we will invite people to discuss their experience of psychosis and give their opinions on the existing evidence-based treatment (cognitive behavioural therapy) and how the mobile app can be developed. In strand 2, we will complete a test run with a small number of participants (n = 4) to refine the mobile intervention (TechCare). Finally, in strand 3 of the study, the TechCare App will be examined in a feasibility study with 12 participants.

Conclusion:

It has been suggested that there is a need for a rapid increase in the efforts to develop the evidence base for the clinical effectiveness of digital technologies, considering mHealth research can potentially be helpful in addressing the demand on mental health services globally.
Association of Skin Color and Generation on Arrests Among Mexican-Origin Latinos
Authors: Alcalá Héctor E. , Montoya Mónica F. L.
Published: October 2016

Arrest and interaction with the criminal justice system can have negative impacts to health and socioeconomic status. In the United States, Latinos are disproportionately arrested and jailed, when compared to their non-Latino peers. However, Latinos are not a homogeneous group. For example, generation and skin color are two factors that impact the social standing of Latinos in the United States. As a result, the present study tested if the effects of skin color on odds of arrest depended on generation among Mexican-origin Latinos living in the Greater Los Angeles County Area using data from the Immigration and International Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles (IIMMLA) survey ( N = 1,226). Unadjusted analyses showed that arrest rates increased with generation. Multivariate results revealed that darker skin color was associated with higher odds of arrest, but only for the second generation. These findings suggest that the likelihood of being arrested for Mexican-origin Latinos is not uniform. Observed differences could set the stage for disparities in health and socio-economic status.
Global occurrence, geology and characteristics of tubular halloysite deposits
Authors: Wilson Ian , Keeling John
Published: October 2016

Halloysite with tubular morphology is formed in a wide range of geological environments from the alteration of various rock types. Intrusive acidic coarse-grained rocks, such as granites, pegmatites and anorthosite, with large potash and sodic feldspars contents, are subsequently altered to kaolinite, halloysite and other clay minerals by weathering or shallow hydrothermal fluid activity. Processing to separate the halloysite-kaolinite fraction from the altered host rock provides a product which can be used as a paper filler and in ceramics and fibreglass, among other uses, with various deposits in Brazil, China, Thailand and elsewhere. In the Kerikeri-Matauri Bay district of Northland, North Island, New Zealand, volcanic alkali rhyolite was extruded as domes and cooled rapidly with fine-grained feldspar subsequently altered to halloysite. The IMERYS plant in Matauri Bay separates the clay from the quartz-cristobalite matrix with an ∼20% yield of halloysite. The principal market is for high-quality porcelain and bone china that require low levels of Fe2O3 and TiO2. Deposits with high levels of halloysite occur in China, Turkey and the USA. The Dragon mine in Utah, USAwas recently reopened by Applied Minerals Inc. and now produces halloysite from zones of up to 100% white halloysite. Smaller occurrences of tubular halloysite are mined in China, Turkey and elsewhere from masses of comparatively pure clay that appear to have crystallized directly from solutions in which Al and Si were soluble.
Anemia among pregnant women attending primary healthcare units in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil: evaluations after the mandatory fortification of wheat and maize flours with iron
Authors: Machado Edna Helena da Silva , De Carli Eduardo , Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth , Souza José Maria Pacheco , Fujimori Elizabeth , Colli Célia
Published: October 2016

Background

Improvements in the iron status of a population as result of food fortification are expected at the long term. In Brazil, the effectiveness of mandatory flour fortification with iron has been evidenced mostly from surveys on gestational anemia after 1 or 2 years from its implementation, in 2004. Our aim was to assess hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and the prevalences of anemia and linked erythrocyte morphology patterns among pregnant women in 2006 and 2008.

Methods

The study design was retrospective and cross-sectional. The analysis was based on secondary data in 546 medical records from women at the times of their first prenatal attendance in 13 public primary healthcare units of the Butantan Administrative Region from São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Anemia was evaluated from Hb concentration (cut-off <11.0 g/dL) and erythrocyte morphology patterns from mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MHC), and red cell distribution widths (RDW). Recorded sociodemographic and obstetric data included maternal age, gestational age, ethnoracial self-classification, and residence type. Student’s t tests, analysis of variance, Chi-squared tests, and multiple linear and logistic regressions were employed in the statistical analysis using a significance level of 5 %.

Results

The prevalence of anemia was 9.7 % in 2006 and 9.4 % in 2008 (P = 0.922), with no significant difference in mean Hb concentrations (P = 0.159). Normocytosis (normal MVC), normochromia (normal MHC), and anisocytosis (high RDW) were found in most anemia cases, suggesting that the low Hb concentrations resulted from mixed causes. In multiple regression analysis, gestational age at the first prenatal attendance was an independent predictor of low Hb and of having anemia. Moreover, black ethnoracial self-classification was associated with lower Hb.

Conclusions

The prevalence of gestational anemia was low among women in both of the studied periods, representing a mild public health problem. Our results highlight the importance of early prenatal care as a means of reducing gestation-associated risks. The erythrocyte morphology pattern found in most cases of low Hb levels suggests that, besides iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies and nutritional deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12 are common complicating factors of gestational anemia in our setting.
Indigenous Citizenship between Borderlands and Enclaves: Elections in Talamanca, Costa Rica, 1880–1913
Authors: Boza Villarreal Alejandra
Published: October 2016

In Costa Rican historiography, Talamanca has often been considered one of the country's most isolated areas for two main reasons: it is a border region with a significant indigenous population within a nation that has defined itself racially as white, and its history as a banana enclave, areas supposedly characterized by a lack of significant economic and political connections with the nation-states that housed them. However, this article demonstrates that by the nineteenth century's end, Talamanca's indigenous residents were actively participating in one of the nation's quintessential political exercises: elections. These populations were thus much more connected to the Costa Rican nation than the literature has hitherto acknowledged. I examine how indigenous people integrated into and participated in the Costa Rican electoral system. The case of Talamanca helps illuminate little-known features of enclave regions and the political life of Latin American indigenous communities during the first century after independence.
El Negro Raúl: Lives and Afterlives of an Afro-Argentine Celebrity, 1886 to the Present
Authors: Alberto Paulina L.
Published: October 2016

This article analyzes the rich corpus of stories about the dandy-turned-beggar Raúl Grigera, a popular Afro-Argentine street figure from early 1900s Buenos Aires. Stories about El Negro Raúl, told in hundreds of printed texts and images across multiple genres from the early 1900s to the present, reflected and reproduced ideas about degraded and disappearing blackness, and triumphant whiteness, in Argentina. Reading these racial stories alongside information about Raúl's life gleaned from archival sources, the article not only seeks to highlight the power of collective storytelling to construct ideas of whiteness and blackness in modern Argentina and to shape individual fates; it also offers a critical counternarrative of black presence and self-fashioned celebrity in a period for which the historical scholarship on Afro-Argentines has been scarce.
Porto de Mós em Tempos Medievais
Authors: Gomes Saul António
Published: October 2016

Neste artigo, o autor considera a relevância da vila de Porto de Mós, situada geograficamente no maciço calcário estremenho, na história medieval de Portugal. Avalia-se a fundação do município por D. Afonso Henriques e a questão da autenticidade da figura de D. Fuas Roupinho, seu primeiro alcaide, elucidando-se, ainda, o posicionamento viário estratégico da vila, a exploração dos seus recursos económicos, os seus senhorios institucionais e o papel de imigrantes provençais e de judeus no tecido social portomosense.
Censual da Diocese de Coimbra - século XIV. ANTT: MCO, Ordem de Cristo/Convento de Tomar, liv. 264
Authors: Soalheiro João
Published: October 2016

Entre os instrumentos de administração diocesana utilizados desde a Idade Média contaram-se os designados censuais, elencos de igrejas, mosteiros e capelas caracterizados pelo registo das prestações devidas por aquelas instituições à catedral e ao bispo diocesanos. O presente artigo tem por objecto a divulgação de um desses censuais, oriundo da diocese de Coimbra e datável do século XIV, porventura o mais antigo dos vários que da mesma diocese se acham referenciados, fonte aqui editada segundo um manuscrito do Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.
O Foral Manuelino de Porto de Mós: Processo de elaboração, conteúdo e aplicação
Authors: Neto Margarida Sobral
Published: October 2016

Este artigo propõe-se trazer um contributo para o esclarecimento da problemática da reforma manuelina dos forais através de um estudo de caso: o foral manuelino de Porto de Mós. O estudo divide-se em três partes: na primeira, analisa-se o contexto político de produção dos forais manuelinos e o processo de elaboração do foral em análise; na segunda, apresentam-se os direitos reais consignados no título régio elaborado no tempo de D. Manuel, comparando-os com os registados no foral medieval; na terceira apontam-se alguns conflitos entre a casa de Bragança e a população de Porto de Mós decorrentes de divergências geradas em torno da tributação agrária senhorial.
Diogo Pacheco, capitão-mor da primeira Expedição Portuguesa à Austrália, em 1519
Authors: Silva José Manuel Azevedo e
Published: October 2016

A descoberta da Austrália pelos europeus está envolta em muitas dúvidas, conjecturas, enigmas e mistérios. Mas há uma certeza que ninguém hoje ousa duvidar: a Austrália foi descoberta pelos portugueses. Mas quem terá sido realmente o seu descobridor? Têm sido aventados vários nomes, entre os quais António de Abreu, Diogo Pacheco, Cristóvão de Mendonça e Gomes de Sequeira. Neste estudo, procuramos demonstrar, à luz dos documentos, que o primeiro português a capitanear uma expedição portuguesa à Austrália foi Diogo Pacheco, em 1519.
O arcediagado de Penela na Idade Média. Algumas notas
Authors: Marques Maria Alegria Fernandes
Published: October 2016

Com base em várias listas medievais de igrejas da diocese de Coimbra, pretende-se caracterizar o arcediagado de Penela, um dos quatro da referida diocese. Os dados disponíveis permitem reflexões acerca da construção espacial do arcediagado (permitindo remontar aos tempos alti-medievais), dos rendimentos das igrejas, dos seus patronos e oragos, bem como do seu contributo para a política de benefícios eclesiásticos do séc. XIV. O trabalho assume-se, assim, como um importante contributo para a história da diocese de Coimbra na Idade Média.
Meaning Making and Communication in the Multimodal Age: Ideas for Language Teachers
Authors: Álvarez Valencia José Aldemar
Published: October 2016

Abstract             Contemporary societies are grappling with the social changes caused by the current communication landscape and complex textual habitats. To account for this complexity in meaning-making practices, some scholars have proposed the multimodal approach. This paper intends to introduce the core concepts of multimodality including semiotic resources, modes of communication, and intersemiotic relationships.  I provide practical applications of multimodal analyses by examining printed and digital pages of educational materials. The final section proposes a set of recommendation to integrate the multimodal perspective in language classes, highlighting the need to make students aware of the new dynamics of meaning making, negotiation and distribution of meanings.
Dealing with Unknown Words in L2 Reading: Vocabulary and Lexical Inferencing Strategies
Authors: Rousoulioti Thomais , Mouti Anna
Published: October 2016

AbstractVocabulary learning strategies constitute a subclass of language learning strategies which can be applied to the four language skills. The aim of the present study is to explore the vocabulary strategies adopted by adult learners of Greek as a second/ foreign language, when dealing with unknown words in  L2 reading. To this end, the learners answered a questionnaire and so did their teachers. The results indicated that context and the general knowledge the learner of a second or foreign language brings with him/her about the topic -which is mainly supported by the other words in the sentence- play the most important role in understanding vocabulary. This conclusion probably confirms the power of the syntagmatic axis in the sentence, reinforcing mainly the holistic approach to be adopted in the classroom for the teaching of vocabulary. The process of triangulation has partially supported the research results.