bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COLEUS AMBOINICUS LEAF EXTRACTS AS AN ANALGETIC ACTIVITY ON MICE EXPOSURED TO ACETIC ACID
Authors: Pane Yunita Sari , Sufitni Sufitni , Lumongga Fitriani , Alrasyid Nurfida , Sari Dini Permata , Wati Ridha , Basyuni Mohammad
Published: September 2018

Objective: This study aims to observe the analgesic activity of Bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus) leaves by induction of pain arising from chemical excitement after exposure to acetic acid.Methods: The effectiveness test of water extract and ethanol extract of Bangun-bangun leaves as an analgesic was measured by comparing the mean of quantitative and the writhing between control and treatment group. In addition, observations on the decrease in inflammatory processes occurred by calculating the reduction in the number of leukocyte migration to the inflammatory area.Result: The decrease of excitatory pain in all treatment Groups (I-IV) were significantly different. The comparison of mean values ± SEM decreased excitatory pain Groups I-II (255.00±22.22; 88.33±14.58), p=0.000. Groups I-III (255.00±22.22; 60.00±10.04), p=0.000 and Groups I-IV (255.00±22.22; 50.83±3.09), p=0.000. On histopathology examination, all treatment groups were significantly different (p=0.006). The comparison of mean value ± SEM decrease number of leukocyte Groups I-II (31.73±5.22; 14.70±3.71), p=0.025. Groups I-III (31.73±5.22; 15.67±3.22), p=0.036 and Groups I-IV (31.73±5.22; 11.77±2.77), p=0.008. However, the comparison of decrease of excitatory of pain and number of leukocyte migration between each group did not show significantly different (p>0.05).Conclusions: This study concluded that the Bangun-bangun leaves both in the form of water extract and ethanol extract proved efficacious as a pain reliever in the mice after induction of acetic acid.
IN SILICO MOLECULAR MODELING AND DOCKING OF APIGENIN AGAINST THE LUNG CANCER CELL PROTEINS
Authors: Kasilingam Tulasi , Elengoe Asita
Published: September 2018

Objective: In this study, three-dimensional (3D) structures of lung cancer cell line proteins (cellular tumor antigen [p53], caspase 3, and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1) were generated, and their binding affinities with apigenin through local docking were studied.Methods: The lung cancer cell line proteins were built using Swiss model and visualized by the PyMol software. The physicochemical characterization of the protein models was evaluated by Expasy’s ProtParam Proteomics server. Then, they were validated by PROCHECK, ProQ, ERRAT, and Verify 3D programs. Finally, the protein models were docked with apigenin using BSP-Slim server.Results: All the protein models were acceptable and of good quality. The apigenin showed the binding energy with cellular tumor antigen (p53), caspase 3, and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 at −4.611, −5.750, and −5.307 kcal/mol, respectively.Conclusion: The caspase 3 had the strongest bond with apigenin. These potential drug candidates can further be validated in laboratory experiments for its proper function.
NEOPTERIN AND INTERFERON-GAMMA AS IMMUNE RESPONSE MARKERS IN BETATHALASSEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS
Authors: Obeid Shahad F , Al-a'araji Sanad B , Matti Bassam F , Fawzi Hayder Adnan
Published: September 2018

Objective: The assessment of neopterin and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels as a part of immune system response about serum iron status in β-thalassemia (TM) major patients.Methods: Spectrophotometry applied for the estimation of iron status including serum iron level, total iron-binding capacity, and unsaturated iron-binding capacity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) applied for the estimation of the serum cytokines included neopterin and IFN-γ also serum ferritin estimation by ELISA from 130 β-TM major patients where they divided according to serum ferritin level (< and ≥2500 ng/mL).Results: The neopterin and IFN-γ concentration showed significantly increased with direct correlation among TM patient group when compared to the normal healthy control group. However, there was no significant difference between different levels of serum ferritin.Conclusion: The increased serum level of neopterin and IFN-γ found in patients with β-TM may be due to the direct effect of iron on cellular immune cells beside of immune system response to the effect of iron toxicity on different body organs. There was a direct moderate relationship between neopterin and IFN-γ.
SYNTHESIS OF BENTONITE NANOCLAY AND INCORPORATION OF CASSIA FISTULA LEAF EXTRACT TO FORM ORGANOBENTONITE: CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Lfa Anand Raj , J Jeslin
Published: September 2018

Objective: In this work, methanolic leaf extract from Cassia fistula (known as aragvadha) was incorporated into bentonite nanoclay to form organobentonite. This organobentonite of nanosize was further used for its effective biomedical applications since medicinal clay finds its own advantage over decades.Methods: The bentonite nanoclay was produced by energetic stirring followed by centrifugation and was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The organobentonite was produced using freeze and thaw method. Antioxidant property was studied using Molyneux method, and thrombolytic activity was analyzed using in vitro clot lysis method.Results: The nanosize of bentonite nanoclay between 57 and 82 nm with irregular to spherical shape was confirmed using SEM analysis. The sharp diffraction peak in XRD analysis shows the crystalline nature of bentonite nanoclay, and FTIR results revealed the successful incorporation of the methanolic extract within the bentonite nanoclay. The organobentonite exhibits 84.5% antioxidant property as well as 31% clot lysis activity when compared to the extract and the bentonite nanoclay.Conclusion: Thus, the non-toxic and inexpensive bentonite nanoclay have a high aspect ratio with multifarious applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and health products. Through this study, the bentonite nanoclay modified using plant alkaloid (organobentonite) is found to possess good biomedical property.
ASSOCIATION OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTSASSOCIATION OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS
Authors: Suhashini Jennifer S , G Savitha
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is also the major risk for cardiovascular disease like metabolic syndrome (MetS). Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the association of SCH in MetS patients.Materials and Methods: Ninety patients reporting to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals were enrolled in the study which includes 40 patients with MetS and 40 healthy individuals. 5 ml of venous blood was collected and centrifuged. Then, it is analyzed for fasting blood sugar, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) using the standard kit method. Then, Free T3, Free T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were estimated by ELISA method. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS software.Results: SCH is 20% in cases when compared to 4.4% in controls, which was significant, p=0.024. The biochemical parameters were compared between the study population fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol was statistically significant, with p<0.001. TSH levels showed significant difference between two groups with the p=0.002.Conclusion: MetS patients should be screened for the SCH as an important risk factor in evaluation protocol. Mere correction of TSH levels can reverse the associated morbidity in these patients rather than leaving them untreated pushing them to a state of overt hypothyroidism with its attendant complications.
BISPHENOL A DOSE- AND TIME-DEPENDENTLY INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA EX VIVO
Authors: Dutta Mousumi , Paul Goutam
Published: September 2018

Objective: The probable toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on different physiological functions have been reported in animal models. The role of BPA in mitochondrial oxidative stress has not been reported till date. The present study is aimed to elucidate dose- and time-dependent oxidative stress generation by BPA, respectively, in rat liver mitochondria in ex vivo model. Methods: The incubation mixture of BPA-treated groups containing mitochondria, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and different concentrations of BPA (20–160 μM/ml) (dissolved in 12% DMSO) in a final volume of 1.0 ml was incubated at 37°C in incubator for different time durations (30 min–2 h). Whereas, the incubation mixture of control group contained DMSO (12%), mitochondria and 50 mM potassium phosphatebuffer (pH 7.4).’ will be replaced by ‘Whereas, the incubation mixture of control group contained the same constituents except BPA. Result: We have observed significant decrease in mitochondrial intactness incubated with BPA in dose- and time-dependent manner under bright field and confocal microscopic study compared to control. Further, we have observed a decrease in mitochondrial reduced glutathione (GSH) content and increase in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation levels in dose- and time-dependent manner in BPA-exposed mitochondria. We have found a significant increase in the activity of Mn-superoxide dismutase and decrease in the activities of GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and other three enzymes of Kreb’s cycle dose and time dependently in BPA-exposed mitochondria. The results indicate that exposure to BPA leads to decrease in intactness of mitochondria and increase in oxidative stress in mitochondria isolated from rat liver in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the incubation of mitochondria isolated from rat liver with BPA, caused oxidative stress-mediated damages in mitochondria in both dose- and time-dependent manners.
THE CLINICAL EFFICACY OF SEQUENTIAL USE OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANALOG - LEVONORGESTREL-RELEASING INTRAUTERINE SYSTEM IN MEDICALLY ILL WOMEN WITH SYMPTOMATIC AND RELATIVELY LARGE ADENOMYOSIS
Authors: Alizzi Fadia J
Published: September 2018

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical outcome of sequential therapy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog, followed by the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in medically ill women with relatively large and symptomatic adenomyosis.Methods: A prospective cohorts study conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital in Baghdad/Iraq from June 2016 to January 2018. 32 women, 40 years and above who complete their family and had significant medical disease along with symptomatic and relatively large adenomyosis (≥150 cm3) were included in the study. The primary outcome measure was to evaluate the clinical outcome of this sequential therapy in the form of improving menstrual blood loss and pelvic pain and the secondary outcome was decreasing uterine volume.Results: There were significant improvements in both menstrual blood loss volume and dysmenorrhea at the end of the 1st year with p˂0.001, mainly in the first 6 months. There were also significant reductions in the uterine volume (197.2±30.7–91.5±6.0 mm3). The expulsion rate was 15.6%.Conclusion: Sequential treatment protocol of GnRH agonist - LNG-IUS in symptomatic and relatively large adenomyosis (˃150 cm3) is effective in relieving symptoms and decreasing uterine volume with less possible expulsion rate, making the protocol good substitutions to surgery, especially in medically ill women were surgery carry more risk.
IN VITRO α-AMYLASE AND Α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR ACTIVITIES OF ALBIZIA PROCERA STEM BARK
Authors: D Anand , M Sathish , Ls Dhivya
Published: September 2018

Objective: This current study was carried out to determine the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of extract and fractions of Albizia procera. Methods: The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay was carried out at concentrations 50–2000 μg/ml and acarbose used as standard. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm and recorded by spectrophotometer. Percentage inhibition was calculated for both the assays. Preliminary phytochemical screening was also evaluated using standard procedures.Results: There was a dose-dependent percentage inhibition of extracts (petroleum ether and ethanol) and fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). The ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction show good inhibitory activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase with the percentage inhibition of 86.20% and 88.20% and 83.13% and 87.10%, respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening shows that ethanol extract consists of active constituents such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds and tannins.Conclusion: This finding suggests that the ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction show good inhibitory activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase and show good antidiabetic activity.
NOVEL RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF TELMISARTAN AND NEBIVOLOL HCL IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Shaikh Heena Ar , Jain Vandana
Published: September 2018

Objective: A simple, accurate, precise, robust reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of telmisartan and nebivolol hydrochloride (HCl) simultaneously in its combined dosage form.Methods: The compounds were well resolved in an isocratic method using the mobile phase composition of acetonitrile: Buffer (potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate pH adjusted 3.1 with orthophosphoric acid) in a ratio of 40:60 v/v at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min using C18 Shim-pack (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) column. The detection was carried out at 280 nm.Results: The retention time of telmisartan and nebivolol HCl was 4.8 min and 6.5 min, respectively. The developed method was validated by evaluating various validation parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, specificity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification according to the international council for harmonization guidelines. The standard calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range of 24–56 μg/ml for telmisartan and 3–7 μg/ml for nebivolol HCl. The overall average % recovery was found out to be 100.35 for telmisartan and 98.84 for nebivolol HCl.Conclusion: Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is reproducible and selective for the estimation of telmisartan and nebivolol HCl. The proposed method could be used for analysis of telmisartan and nebivolol HCl in their dosage form.
THE EFFECT OF GASTRIC GAS EMPTYING ON THE RESIDUAL GASTRIC VOLUME IN MECHANICALLY-VENTILATED INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS FED THROUGH NASOGASTRIC TUBES: A RANDOMIZED, SINGLE-BLIND, CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Mohammadpour Ali , Sajadi Mousa , Maghami Somayyeh , Soltani Hossein
Published: September 2018

Objective: Increased gastric residual volume is a complication of enteral nutrition intolerance that leads to gastrointestinal complications such as nausea, vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of gastric gas emptying on the residual gastric volume in mechanically-ventilated patients fed through nasogastric tubes.Methods: This randomized, single-blind, clinical trial was conducted on two groups of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Kamyab Hospital of Mashhad. A total of 64 patients were randomly divided into a case and a control group. In the case group, the gastric gases accumulated through the nasogastric tube were emptied by applying palm pressure on the epigastric region. The control group did not undergo this intervention but received the routine care provided in the ward. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and a form containing records of the patients’ residual gastric volume and disease-related information. The residual gastric volume was measured and compared in the two groups before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS-19 using the Chi-square test, the independent t-test, and the repeated measures ANOVA at the significance level of 5%.Results: The residual gastric volume did not differ significantly between the two groups before the intervention (p=0.14); after the intervention; however, a significant reduction was observed in the case group compared to the controls (p=0.007).Conclusion: Gastric gas emptying helps reduce the residual gastric volume in mechanically-ventilated patients fed through nasogastric tubes. Further studies are recommended to further ensure the benefits of this method.
THE EFFECT OF SEA CUCUMBER (HOLOTHURIA SCABRA) EXTRACT AS HEPATOPROTECTIVE: HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Abdulkadir Widy Susanti , Tungadi Robert
Published: September 2018

Objective: Sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is one of the marine animals that can be consumed as food and also efficacious as a drug. One of the benefits of sea cucumber has high cell regeneration ability. This study aims to see the profile of hepatoprotective histology of sea cucumber extract on mice that have been given paracetamol toxic dose.Methods: This experiment was conducted using experimental animal grouped of mice which were divided into six groups: Group I: sea cucumber extract 1%, Group II: 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 25 mg/25 g BW, Group III: 750 mg/kg BW or 18.75 mg/25 g BW, Group IV: 500 mg/kg BW or 12.5 mg/25 g BW, Group V: positive control (curcuma tablet 2.5 mg/25 g BW), and Group VI: paracetamol group (62,5 mg/25 g BW). The histopathology test was performed to see the improvement of liver necrosis of mice.Results: The results of histopathological study showed that all groups of mice livers experienced necrosis (cell damage) and abnormalities. In the group of sea cucumber extract having dose 500 mg/kg BW, liver cells experienced degeneration of fat and hemorrhage as in the group of curcuma tablet, but in Group VI (paracetamol group), liver of mice experienced apoptosis (cell death). In the histopathology test, results can also be seen that in Group IV at doses of 500 mg/kg BW, the liver experienced slightly less severity than all other groups.Conclusion: The sea cucumber at doses of 500 mg/kg BW can improve the hepatic damage on mice induced by paracetamol.
INTRANASAL DELIVERY OF ARTEMETHER FOR THE TREATMENT OF CEREBRAL MALARIA
Authors: Ramteke Suman , Ubnare Roshni , Dubey Naveneet , Singh Anjita
Published: September 2018

Objective: Nasal delivery provides a route of entry of drug to the brain that circumvents the obstacle for blood-brain barrier allowing direct drug delivery to the central nervous system via olfactory neurons. The objective of work was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles of antimalarial drug artemether for brain delivery through olfactory delivery route for treatment of cerebral malaria.Methods: Artemether containing solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared with soya lecithin and poloxamer 407 with a hot homogenization method followed by solvent injection technique. The prepared solid lipid nanoparticles were characterized by their shape, particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency total drug content and drug release study.Results: These solid lipid nanoparticles were observed spherical in shape in scanning electron microscopy, the optimized size was found to be 211.6 nm (Polydispersity Index PI<0.415), with −27mV zeta potential value. The maximum % yield of the formulation was found to be found 49%. The maximum entrapment efficiency was 82% (w/w), and optimized formulation showed 98.07±1.521% drug release form formulation. In vivo studied were conducted on wistar rats after administration of artemether containing solid lipid nanoparticles intranasally and compared with plain artemether solution administered orally. The results of optimized formulation showed the value of biological half-life (T1/2) was 4.95 h, maximum serum concentration Cmax was 644.60ng/ml, time for drug to reach peak plasma concentration Tmax was 1 h volume of distribution (Vd) was 2.7l/kg, body clearance (Cl) was 0.37 lh/kg and Area under curve [AUC]0∞ was 3970.5 nghr/ml for formulation.Conclusion: The results revealed that the brain: plasma concentration ratio was higher after intranasal administration of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of artemether than the oral route. In conclusion, the intranasal administration of lipid nanoparticles of artemether could provide complete protection against cerebral malaria.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF COLON TARGETED MATRIX TABLET USING NATURAL TREE GUMS
Authors: Reddy Poreddy Srikanth , Bose Penjuri Subhash Chandra , Saritha Damineni , Sruthi Vuppula
Published: September 2018

Objective: To develop a novel colon targeted tablet formulation using natural polysaccharides such as kondagogu gum and ghatti gum as carriers and diltiazem hydrochloride as a model drug.Methods: The polymer-drug tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique, coated with two layers viz., inulin as an inner coat followed by shellac as outer coat and evaluated for properties such as average weight, hardness and coat thickness. In vitro release studies of prepared tablets were carried out for 2 h in pH 1.2 HCl buffer, 3 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and 6 h in simulated colonic fluid (SCF) in order to mimic the conditions from mouth to colon.Results: Percentage weight variation, percent friability and content of active ingredient for all the formulations were found to be well within United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) limits. Out of both the polymers, the tablets prepared with ghatti gum showed the maximum hardness of 7.1 kg/cm2. The FTIR spectra of pure diltiazem HCl and the formulation KF3 were found to be identical. From the DSC, it was evident that the melting point peak of diltiazem HCl and formulation KF3 were observed at 217.16 and 218.34 °C respectively. In vitro studies revealed that the tablets coated with shellac (2.5% w/w), prevented the drug release in stomach environment and inulin coated tablets (4% w/w) have limited the drug release in the small intestinal environment. The data obtained from in vitro drug release studies were fit into Peppas model and in all the cases the value of A was found to be more than 2, i.e., drug release by a combination of both diffusion and erosion-controlled drug release.Conclusion: The study revealed that polysaccharides as carriers and inulin and shellac as a coating material can be used effectively for colon targeting of drugs for treating local as well as systemic disorders.
IN VITRO CALLUS INDUCTION AND COMPARATIVE GC-MS ANALYSIS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF CALLUS AND LEAF SAMPLES OF AMPELOCISSUS LATIFOLIA (ROXB.) PLANCH
Authors: Anand Deep Chhavi , Meena Rishikesh , Patni Vidya
Published: September 2018

Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop a callus induction protocol and comparative study of therapeutic phytochemicals present in in vivo leaf and in vitro callus extracts through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis.Methods: Murashige and Skoog media was used as culture media for callus induction. In vitro callus induction protocol was developed by studying the effects of various plant growth regulators like auxin, 2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), NAA (naphthalic acetic acid), alone and in combination with cytokinin BAP (benzyl aminopurine), on leaf and stem explants. The GC-MS analysis of Ampelocissus latifolia was carried out on Shimadzu QP-2010 plus with thermal desorption system TD 20 to study the phytochemical profile.Results: In vitro callus induction protocol was developed for the plant and callusing was done from leaf and stem explants of Ampelocissus latifolia. The best result for callus induction was obtained using leaf explant, and callus production were maximum in Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with BAP (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (1.0 mg/l). Major compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis were Campesterol, Stigmasterol, Beta-Sitosterol, Docosanol, Dodecanoic acid, etc., in in vitro extract and Beta Sitosterol, Tocopherol, Squalene, Bergamot oil, Margarinic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, etc., in in vivo extract. The different active phytochemicals identified have been found to possess a wide range of biological activities, thus this analysis forms a basis for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds identified for human benefits.Conclusion: This is the first report on callus induction in Ampelocissus latifolia. From the results obtained through the in vitro callus induction and its comparative GCMS analysis with in vivo extract, it is revealed that Ampelocissus latifolia contains various bioactive compounds that are of importance for phytopharmaceutical uses. The GCMS analysis revealed that the amount of Beta-sitosterol and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was very high in in vitro extract as compared to in vivo extract.
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM FRESHWATER MICROALGA, EUGLENA VIRIDIS (EHREN)
Authors: Pradhan Jyotirmayee , Das Basanta Kumar , Sahu Swagatika
Published: September 2018

Objective: The main aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial and haemolytic activities of different extracts of Euglena viridis (E. viridis), a freshwater microalga.Methods: The solvent extraction has been followed by a preliminary screening of phytochemicals. The ethanolic extract, Eu(EtOH) was chromatographed on a silica gel column. The column was eluted with hexane and then with ethyl acetate/hexane mixtures of increasing polarity, 16 fractions (Ef1-Ef16) were collected and grouped according to their TLC (Thin layer chromatography). Antibacterial activities of different fractions of E. viridis against Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) ATCC49828, P. aeruginosa MTCC 35672, Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) MTCC 646, ATCC 49140, eleven strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and thirteen strains of Flavobacterium columnare (F. columnare) was done using disc diffusion methods. Haemolytic activity was carried out by using blood agar plate method. The MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) values of active fractions were determined by the broth dilution method.Results: The results showed that the Eu(EtOH) poses significantly (p≤0.5) higher zone of inhibition (14.0±0.28, 13.5±0.28 mm) against FLV8 and FLV9 respectively. Three strains of Flavobacterium (FLV5, FLV6 and FLV10) were highly sensitive (zone size, 17 mm, 17.5 mm) towards 30% EA: Hex chromatographic eluents (Ef11) with lowest MIC values, e. i 60 µg and 30 µg respectively. Two chromatographic fractions, Ef11 and Ef13 were highly effective (zone size, 14.5 mm and 13.5 mm) against S. aureus (SA5) with lowest MIC value (60µg). Haemolytic activities of all the algal extracts were noticed that both Eu(EtOH) and methanolic extract, Eu(MeOH) of Euglena gives negative results.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the extract obtained from E. viridis have active substances contributing to the increasing antibacterial potential.
Políticas federais de educação em tempo integral: o “golpe” na formação?
Authors: Guilarducci Raphael Mota , Coelho Lígia Martha , Rosa Alessandra Victor do Nascimento
Published: September 2018

Este ensaio tem, como objeto de estudo, dois programas federais de extensão da jornada escolar constituídos no Brasil, entre os anos de 2007 e 2016, e que retratam a situação de crise vivida pelo país, nos últimos anos. A crise se instaura, também, na Educação, reforçando a incerteza quanto à formação que vem se promovendo nas escolas públicas brasileiras com essa característica. Nesse contexto, nosso objetivo é o de analisar os Programas Mais Educação e Novo Mais Educação em seus contextos, visando apreender os processos formativos que evidenciam. Metodologicamente, trabalhamos com pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Após a realização das análises, inferimos que o golpe de Estado nos ‘brindou’, também, com um ‘golpe na Educação’, materializado na atual proposta de educação em tempo integral, cujo projeto de formação caminha para a efetivação de uma concepção produtivista e economicista, contribuindo, cada vez mais, para a construção de cidadãos (con)formados com a realidade.
Escola Sem Partido e as implicações para a democratização da educação
Authors: De Lima Paula Valim , Peroni Vera Maria Vidal
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo se propõe a discutir as implicações do Escola sem Partido (ESP) para a democratização da educação pública brasileira. O ESP é um movimento em defesa de uma lei que, sob a prerrogativa de combater a doutrinação política e ideológica nas escolas, cria mecanismos de censura aos professores aliados a uma determinada proposta de educação e de sociedade. A principal esfera de atuação do movimento é a proposição de projetos de lei nas Câmaras Municipais, Assembleias Legislativas e no Congresso Nacional, propondo a instituição do chamado “Programa Escola Sem Partido”. A partir da análise é possível perceber que o ESP é um movimento essencialmente contraditório à democracia brasileira e à democratização da educação e busca, portanto, romper com a possibilidade de construção de uma educação emancipadora, vinculada aos valores sociais, políticos e culturais existentes na diversidade e que possibilitem uma prática democrática na escola.
Uterus Weight of Ovariectomized Rats Given Cocoa Powder and Extract
Authors: Budi Tunjung Ariza , Jati Misnawi , Pudjiastuti Pratiwi , Baktir Afaf
Published: September 2018

Estrogen is a hormone that influences the growth of uterus. Ovariectomized rats lose their ovaries as the main source of estrogen so their uterus tends to shrink. The objective of thise study was to evaluate the potency of cocoa as an estrogen substitute, which was done through an experiment that tested the influence of cocoa products on the uterus weight of ovariectomized rats. There were five treatments and in each of the treatments, six wistar rats were given the substance for three days. Four groups of treatment consisted of ovariectomized rats given cocoa extract (875.2 ppm of polyphenols, 1 g/kg of body weight, BW), cocoa powder (369.8 ppm of polyphenols, 1 g/kg BW), olive oil (10 mL/kg BW), or estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg BW). The fifth group consisted of intact (non-ovariectomized) rats given 10 mL/kg BW of water. The finding showed that the ovariectomized rats given olive oil had lower uterus weight than that of intact rats, while the ovariectomized rats given estradiol valerate had higher uterus weight compared to the intact and olive oil groups. The ovariectomized rats given cocoa powder and extract had higher uterus weight compared to those given only olive oil; although they were not significantly different. Correlation between the body weight and uterus weight varied across treatment groups. The rats given olive oil showed significant, positive correlation, while the intact rats showed moderate, positive correlation. The rats given estradiol valerate and cocoa powder showed non-significant correlation. Since the polyphenol content in cocoa powder was at lower concentration than that in the cocoa extract, it was predicted that cocoa polyphenols are more potential in the lower concentration. This study concludes that even though consumption of cocoa powder and extract did not significantly induced uterus growth, cocoa is still considered having estrogenic activity by lowering the correlation between the body weight and uterus weight in ovariectomized rats.
Stomatal, Proline, and Leaf Water Status Characters of Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L.) on Prolonged Dry Season
Authors: Zakariyya Fakhrusy , Setyawan Bayu , Wahyu Susilo Agung
Published: September 2018

ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) occurring in 2015 in Indonesia caused drought stress and the decrease in the percentage of production and even death of plants. One effective and relatively inexpensive way of reducing damage and economic losses due to drought is the availibility of tolerant cocoa. The objective of this research was to obtain tolerant clones based on morpho-physiological characters under drought stress. The experiment was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) during dry season (El Nino period with 5 consecutive dry months, from May to October 2015). Stomata, proline, leaf water status was measured at the peak of dry season on tested cocoa clones. The cocoa clones that predicted tolerant against to drought stress were KW 641, KW 514, KW 535, KW 619, and KW 516, whereas the cocoa clones that predicted susceptible under drought stress were KW 609, KW 614, KW 635, KW 606, and KW 651. The treatment clones had higher values of RWC, leaf proline content, narrower width and length of stomata openings, but smaller value of WSD compared to susceptible clones. Meanwhile, the character of leaf thickness might not significanly different to the character of drought tolerance.
Diversity and Abundance of Natural Enemies of Helopeltis antonii in Cocoa Plantation Related with Plant Pattern and Insecticide Application
Authors: Syarief Mochamad , Wahyu Susilo Agung , Himawan Toto , Latief Abadi A.
Published: September 2018

Natural enemy is an important factor in management of cacao pests. One way to increase its diversity and abundance is through agroecosystem management techniques that support. The study was conducted for one year from February 2014 to February 2015 in Banjarsari Plantation and a cocoa farm of Kaliwining Experimental Station, Jember, which applied different cropping patterns and use of insecticides. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of cropping pattern and use of insecticide on diversity and abundance of predators, parasitoids, abundance and intensity of Helopeltis antonii attack. Observation of pests and natural enemies was done visually, using sweep net, yellow pan traps, malaise trap and pifall trap. Intensity of the attack used Pedigo & Buntin equations. Diversity index used Shannon Diversity Index (H’) and Simpson’s dominance index (C). Differences in predator abundance, parasitoid, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and rainfall used Wilcoxon test. Results of this study showed that monoculture and intensive use of synthetic insecticides caused lower diversity and abundance of predators and parasitoids, while the abundance and intensity of H. antonii attacks were higher compared with polyculture without insecticide. Banjarsari cocoa plantation that applied monoculture and intensive use of synthetic insecticides, had lower diversity and abundance predators and parasitoids compared with cocoa plantation in Kaliwining that applied polyculture planting without using insecticide. Dominant predators in Banjarsari and in Kaliwining cocoa plantations were Dolichoderus thoracicus and Araneus diadematus, while dominant parasitoid in Banjarsari and in Kaliwining cocoa plantations was Araneus diadematus.
Gelişim Alanlarına Uygunluğu Açısından Bilgin Adalı'nın Çocuk Romanları
Authors: Mutlu Betül
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmada çağdaş çocuk edebiyatının önemli isimlerinden Bilgin Adalı’nın çocuk romanlarının çocuğun gelişim alanlarına uygunluğunun tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çocuk romanlarında ilkçağ insanlarını günümüz çocuklarına tanıtan Adalı, bunu yaparken kuru bir tarih bilgisi vermek yerine okuyucularının akranlarıyla eğlenceli vakit geçirmelerini amaçlamıştır. Eserlerde zengin karakter çeşitliliğinin yanı sıra bilgi, dil zenginliği temelinde öyküleştirilmektedir. Adalı’nın çocuk romanları bu özelliklerinin yanı sıra çocuğun gelişim alanlarının bütünlük içinde izlenebileceği kurgusal yapıyı barındırmaktadır. Çalışma, betimsel nitelikte bir araştırma olup doküman incelemesi yöntemi temelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yazarın Dünya Artık Daha Güzel, Mavi Gezegenin İlk İnsanları, Çatalhöyük Öyküleri 1, 2 ve 3, Zaman Bisikleti 1, 2 ve 3, Aninna’nın Serüvenleri 1 ve 2 başlıklı on romanı, uzman görüşü alınarak belirlenmiş bilişsel, dilsel ile kişilik ve toplumsal gelişim alanlarına uygunluk temaları açısından incelenmiştir. Bu on eserin bilişsel ve dil alanında yeterli olduğu, kişilik ve toplumsal gelişim alanlarında ise kısmen yeterli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgulardan Bilgin Adalı’nın çocuk romanlarının 9-12 yaş arası çocukların gelişim alanlarına uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Suat Derviş Romanlarında Kadın Karakterler
Authors: Kaya Şehriban
Published: September 2018

Suat Derviş’in romanlarındaki kadın karakterleri değerlendirmeyi hedefleyen bu makale, aynı zamanda onun kadın edebiyatının tarihsel evrelerindeki konumunu da saptamaktadır. Kadın ve edebiyat ilişkisinin tartışmaya açıldığı 1920’lerden, kadınların kendilerine ait bir edebiyat olarak inşa ettikleri kadın edebiyatının oluştuğu 1970’lere kadar Suat Derviş sürekli romanlar, edebiyat eleştirileri ve gazete yazıları ile yazar kimliğiyle var olmuştur. Suat Derviş’in roman karakterlerini genellikle toplumsal cinsiyet konumu ile işgal ettikleri sınıf konumunu birleştirdiği kadın karakterler oluşturur. Toplumsal cinsiyet ve sınıf konumunu birleştirdiği kadın karakterler aynı zamanda belirli bir tarihsel sürece de yerleşir: yıkılan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndan modern Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne evrilen radikal bir toplumsal değişim ve dönüşüm süreci. Suat Derviş’in romanlarındaki kadın karakterlere yakından bakıldığında; gotik romanlarındaki tekinsiz kadınlar, aşkta hayal kırıklığı yaşayan yalnız ve ümitsiz kadınlar ki bu kadınlar yok olan Osmanlı toplumunun üst sınıfına aittirler, her şeyin alınıp satılacağına inanan fırsatçı kadınlar ve çocuğunu kaybetmiş anneler karşımıza çıkar. Suat Derviş romanlarının kadın karakterlerini değerlendirirken en çarpıcı bulgu ise yazar ve gazeteci olarak çalışan bir kadın olan Suat Derviş’in romanlarında çalışan kadına neredeyse hiç yer vermemesidir.
Sömürgecilik Sonrası Londra'ya Göç: Zaide Smith White Teeth ve Hanif Kureishi Th
Authors: Tutaş Nazan
Published: September 2018

Edward Said’e göre ‘sömürgecilik’ bölgesel istila ve yerleşme anlamına gelmektedir (2003, s.8). Sömürgecilik Sonrası ise sömürgeciliğin tersi olarak anlatılabilir. Yani eski sömürgelerden gelenlerin bölgeyi istilası ve yerleşmesi denebilir. İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra gerçekleşen göç hareketlerinde özellikle dikkat çeken İngiltere’ye yapılan göçlerdir. 1950 sonrası İngiliz romanı daha çok eski sömürgelerden göç eden yazarların romanlarının yaygın olduğu bir dönemdir. Özellikle önceki emperyal başkent Londra bu şekilde eski sömürge ülkelerden göç eden yazarlarla dolar. Bu yazarlar romanlarında İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası eski sömürge ülkelerinden İngiltere’ye göçen ailelerin İngiltere doğumlu çocuklarının yaşamış olduğu kimlik krizinin edebiyattaki yansımalarını anlatırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Sömürgecilik sonrası Londra’ya göç eden yazarlardan ikisi, Jamaika kökenli Zaide Smith’in White Teeth ve Pakistan kökenli Hanif Kureishi’nin The Budha of Suberbia adlı romanlarında, göçmenlerin ve sonraki nesillerin yaşadıkları göç ve kültür sorunlarını nasıl yansıttıklarını göstermektir. Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre, İngiltere’den başka bir yurt bilmeyen İngiltere doğumlu Kureishi ve Smith gibi ikinci kuşak yazarlar, İngiliz kimliğine yeni tanımlar ve çok kültürlü İngiliz toplumuna yeni bakış açıları sunmuşlardır.
Dünya Mitlerinde Yılan
Authors: Adnan Saygun Ahmet
Published: September 2018

Bu makalede yılan, Türk, Sümer, Mısır ve Hint mitlerinde karşılaştırmalı olarak arketipsel inceleme yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada mitlerin başlangıcı olan ve en eskileri arasında sayılan Sümer mitleri, Hint mitleri, Mısır mitleri ve kendi kültürümüzü de ifade etmek adına Türk mitleri yer almıştır. Ele alınan mitlerde yılanın düalist yapısı iyi-kötü, eril-dişil, aydınlık-karanlık gibi zıtlıkları sembolize edilerek gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Farklı toplumların benzer mitlerinde yer alan yılanın arketipsel bağlamda ilk örneklerine değinilecek ve bu ortak mitlerin birbirleriyle olan bağlantısı üzerinde durulacaktır. Mitler, geçmişten günümüze kadar kültür aktarımı yapan ve ait olduğu toplum hakkında bilgi veren önemli aracılardır. Yılanın benzerlik taşıdığı bu mitler karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenecektir. Karşılaştırmalı inceleme sayesinde mitlerin toplumların bilinçaltlarında nasıl benzer şekilde gün yüzüne çıktıkları gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır. Yılan, incelenen mitlerde ortaya konan veriler doğrultusunda yaratıcı, iyileştirici ve şeytan olarak üç başlık altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Yılanın çeşitli sınıflandırılmaları Jung’un ortaya atmış olduğu anne, büyük bilge, hilebaz ve yeniden doğuş arketipleriyle açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır
Gri Tahmin Yöntemi İle İstanbul Su Tüketiminin Modellenmesi
Authors: BAŞAKIN Eyyup Ensar , ÖZGER Mehmet , ÜNAL Necati Erdem
Published: September 2018

Mühendislik yapılarının ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir
hizmet verebilmeleri, yapım öncesi titiz bir planlama gerektirmektedir. Uzun
hizmet ömrü ve yüksek ilk yatırım maliyetleri sebebiyle ön planlama su
yapılarında ayrı bir önem taşır. Projelendirilecek su yapısının hangi boyut ve
özellikte olması gerektiği, su tüketim miktarları ile ilişkilidir. Gelecekte
gerçekleşmesi düşünülen su tüketim değerinin tespiti bu yapıların inşa sürecine
önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Ancak bazı bölgelerde geçmişte kullanılan su miktarına
ait ölçümlerdeki yetersizlik veya eksik kayıtlar sebebiyle tahmin yapmak
zorlaşmaktadır. Klasik tahmin yöntemleri belirli bir sayının altında veri ile
sağlıklı performans sergileyemezler. Geçmiş kayıtların az olduğu durumlarda ise
Gri Tahmin yöntemi en çok başvurulan yöntemlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, güncel
bir yöntem olan Gri Tahmin yöntemi kullanılarak İstanbul ilinin yıllık su
tüketim değerleri tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Gri Tahmin yöntemlerinin
sonuçları istatistiksel başarı kriterleri yardımıyla test edilmiş ve
hidrolojide kullanımının mümkün olduğu görülmüştür.
Tradisi Mangupa Upa Pangaranto Masyarakat Batak Toba di Dusun Gunung Bosar, Bandar Manik – Pematang Sidamanik
Authors: Puspitawati Puspitawati , Hanim Syarifa
Published: September 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pelaksanaan; tujuan diadakankannya; keluarga yang berperan serta dan makna dan symbol di balik kelengkapan yang dipergunakan dalam tradisi mangupa upa pangaranto. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yakni memaparkan data hasil penelitian berdasarkan fakta yang ada di lapangan. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini dilakukan melalui penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan metode wawancara tidak terstruktur dan observasi tidak berpartisipasi. Tradisi mangupa upa pangaranto merupakan adat warisan turun temurun masyarakat Batak Toba di Dusung Gunung Bosar. Terdapat 5 (lima) anggota terpenting yang harus ada dalam upacara mangupa upa pangaranto yaitu anak yang di upa-upa, amang, inang, ompung dabawa dan ompung daboru. Syarat pangupa yang dipergunakan adalah manuk mira, nitak, aek sitio-tio dan utte pangir. Syarat yang sering digunakan berupa ayam atau manuk yang menggambarkan ketegaran, kegagahan dari seorang yang di upa-upa. Dalam upacara tradisi ini, dapat dikatakan ‘mujarab’ apabila orang yang melaksanakannya memang benar-benar percaya dan meyakini apa yang telah mereka lakukan. Apabila dilaksanakan tetapi tidak yakin atas doa-doa yang diberikan sudah pasti doa yang diberikan tidak terkabul. Intinya, dapat mensugesti dan menjadi motivasi orang yang akan pergi merantau agar selalu giat dan kuat dalam menjalani hidup di daerah rantauannya. Kata Kunci: Tradisi; Mangupa Upa Pangaranto; Masyarakat; Batak Toba.
Partisipasi Orang Kristen dalam Perpolitikan di Indonesia
Authors: James James
Published: September 2018

Umat Kristen adalah bagian dari Negara dan berada di tengah-tengah Negara yang pasti memiliki sistem politik. Banyak umat Kristen merasa enggan apabila berbicara tentang politik, apalagi diminta ambil bagian dalam perpolitikan. Mungkin faktor yang membuat sikap demikian adalah kurangnya pemahaman tentang politik, dan kurangnta pemahaman tentang tugas dan tanggung jawab mereka sebagai orang percaya dan juga sekaligus sebagai seorang warga negara. Dari sudut firman Allah sendiri banyak hal yang mengajarkan kita untuk ambil bagian dalam Kesejahteraan dimana kita tinggal (Yeremia 29:7). Secara inflisit sebenarnya mengajak kita agar ambil bagian berpartisipasi dalam perpolitikan dimana kita berada, sehingga kita bisa menjadi garam dan terang dalam politik tersebut. Kata Kunci: Politik; Partisipasi; Garam dan Terang; Umat Kristen
Persepsi Masyarakat Nelayan mengenai Pendidikan di Desa Paluh Kurau, Hamparan Perak, Deli serdang
Authors: Suharyanto Agung , Siagian Devi Annisa , Juanda Juanda , Panjaitan Supriadi Putro , Tanjung Syafriyeni , Situmorang Toho C.M
Published: September 2018

The perception of fishermen about formal education is influenced by various factors, both internal and external factors. The perception someone has is different from the perception of others. Based on this the researcher in this case found that the views of parents of children's education in Hamlet 14 Village Paluh Kurau Kec. Silver Overlay Kab. Deli Serdang varies. From the data obtained from the parents in Dusun 14 Desa Paluh Kurau Kec. Silver Overlay Kab. Deli Serdang said that, firstly education is important, they always tell and do not forbid their children to go to school, it's just that sometimes their children do not want to go to school. Second, parents are still more concerned with the economy, it is evidenced by how to include children in terms of making a living. This happens because parents have experienced it from previous generations. This situation is in perparah with the behavior of children in line with the old opinion where the school was not so important.
Penerapan Metode Role Playing untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran IPS
Authors: Zuraidah Zuraidah
Published: September 2018

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes on Social Problem material by using the method of Role Playing class IV SD Negeri 101768 Tembung. This research use design of PTK with Subject in this research is all side of class IV SDN 101768 Tembung Year Ajisi 2016/2017 which amounts 23 people. This research was conducted two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. Setiaap Cycle consists of 4 stages of planning, action implementation, observation and reflection. Data collection techniques used are tests and observations. Problem given 3 times the initial test, cycle I, cycle II, while the observation includes the activities of teachers and students in the learning process. Where the value of learning completeness standard is 65. If the student score is less than 65, then the student is said not yet completed. At the time of Cycle I can be seen that of 23 students of students as many as 9 students (39.13%) who got the results of learning is not complete and as many as 14 students (60.87%) who entered in the category of complete with average class of 63.48. When compared with the initial test score, then there has been an increase in student learning outcomes. Based on the Cycle II test, 2 students (8.70%) were unfinished in the study and as many as 21 students (91.30%) completed in the study with grade point average of 79.57. After the learning and test in Cycle II, the students' learning outcomes in the IPS lesson and the next cycle are no longer necessary. Based on the results of the study can be concluded that. Implementation of role playing method to improve student learning outcomes in social studies subjects in class IV SD Negeri 101768 Tembung T.A 2016/2017.