bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—A SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRON STAINING
Authors: Cosslett V. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Differential contrast in an electron image is determined mainly by differential scattering in the object. The theory of electron scattering is outlined, leading to the conclusion that contrast arises almost entirely from differences in density and thickness of different parts of the object. Numerical data are quoted for the elastic and inelastic cross‐sections of a number of elements; the variation with aperture angle is appreciable only for elements of low atomic number at the voltages at which an electron microscope is usually operated. The possibility of substance differentiation by photometry of the electron image is very limited in unstained material. Differential staining may improve the prospects, but only if a relatively large uptake can be achieved. Since it is the weight‐for‐weight uptake of stain which counts in enhancing contrast, it is not essential that the stain should contain a heavy element. On the other hand, contrast can be greatly increased simply by reducing the operating voltage, and substance discrimination should then be possible even in an extremely thin unstained section.
C.—SOME ASPECTS OF STAINING OF TISSUE FOR SECTIONING
Authors: Huxley H. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Very considerable amounts of phosphotungstic acid can be taken up from absolute alcohol by fixed tissue prior to embedding, without apparent detriment to its structure, and some results are presented concerning the amount of stain involved and the enhancement of contrast produced. Sections of muscle which are sufficiently thin to avoid confusion due to overlap of adjacent structures are almost completely invisible in the electron microscope unless phosphotungstic acid staining is employed, and it seems conceivable that errors of interpretation may arise in other fields, as they did in the case of muscle, due to the overlap artifact in insufficiently stained, insufficiently thin sections. The presence of large amounts of phosphotungstic acid also seems to protect the tissue in very thin sections against damage during cutting.
THE COMPLEMENTARY NATURE OF LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Barer R.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Some aspects of recent progress in microscopy are reviewed. The widespread development of histology at the electron microscope level has been made possible by technical advances such as the design of microtomes capable of cutting very thin sections, the development of suitable methods of fixation and embedding, and the invention of the glass knife.

Some basic principles of microscopy are discussed and the origin of contrast is considered. It is shown that in many cases microscopic methods reveal the distribution of mass per unit area. This mass may be specific, as in the case of certain staining or absorption methods, or non‐specific, (i.e. total) as in the case of refractile objects and in electron microscopy. It is emphasized that no single method is capable of revealing all the physical and chemical properties of a specimen, and an examination under the microscope must be regarded as one of many possible experiments.
THE MALE GENITALIA OF ONISCUS ASELLUS (LINNÆUS)
Authors: Mathur R. S.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The cytology of the various cells of the male genitalia of Oniscus asellus are described. The spermatogenesis is of normal flagellate type. The sperms are non‐motile in vitro and are glued together. Cyto‐chemical investigations of the supporting cells of the testicular follicles and the large cells of the vasa deferentia are also reported.
SOME MICROELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF NORMAL AND TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Lowick J. H. B. , Purdom L. , James A. M. , Ambrose E. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A new technique has been developed for the measurement of the electrical mobility of suspended tissue cells. It is shown that the mobility is characteristic for a given type of tissue. Various types of ascites tumours show characteristic mean values and distributions of mobility, which remain stable over long periods of time. Normal cells and homologous tumour cells which were examined showed differences between their mobilities, the negative surface charge on the tumour cell being almost double that of the corresponding normal tissue.
ELEPHANT AND RHINOCEROS LYMPH‐NODE HISTOLOGY
Authors: Cave A. J. E. , Aumonier F. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The histology is described, for the first time, of certain of the lymph nodes of the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach), of the Great Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis Linn.) and of the African Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis Linn.): reference is made to the nodes of the African White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum Gray). All nodes studied prove to be hæmolymph organs.
OPTICAL TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES
Authors: Taylor C. A.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Fourier transforms are proving to be of increasing value in the solution of problems in many fields of physics; in X‐ray diffraction studies in particular they find many applications. Their use, however, is often regarded as the province of the mathematician rather than of the physicist.

This paper is intended to show that many of the useful concepts can be taught and assimilated visually, without mathematics, using optical diffraction patterns (usually called optical transforms). After an introductory section giving the basic principles and a brief description of the necessary apparatus, applications in musical analysis, in the study of resolution and image defects in microscopes, and in X‐ray crystallography are discussed.
THE CENTRIOLE COMPLEX OF RAT. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Mathur R. S.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The centriole region of the rat consists of a proximal centriole, a ring centriole, and a post nuclear cap. The matrix of the proximal centriole contains an electron opaque granule which finally gives rise to the post nuclear cap. The ring centriole, in the late spermatids, merges with the post nuclear cap and forms a centriole ring to which the flagellum is attached.
A NOTE ON THE APPLICATION OF HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE TO THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF BAKED GOODS
Authors: Francis B. , Groves C. H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

This note describes the application of well established histological techniques, slightly modified where necessary, to the study of the overall structure of bread, cake, and especially biscuits. Some of the problems associated with the use of histological techniques in general are discussed and the particular difficulties more associated with baked goods are assessed in relation to the technique described and to previous investigations. Six plates of colour photomicrographs of representative sections are described and their interpretation discussed, together with a general evaluation of this particular application of histological technique.
RINGS AND BRUSHES WITH POLARIZED LIGHT
Authors: Booth Andrew D.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A reconstruction of a simple system for viewing the ring and brush patterns produced by crystals in convergent light, originally manufactured by Powell and Lealand, is shown to have an equivalent in terms of modern components which is simple to construct.
FIXATION, STAINING AND SECTIONING OF MITOTIC CHROMOSOMES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Barnicot N. A. , Huxley H. E.
Published: November 2011

A satisfactory technique has been developed which allows sections through selected mitotic cells of human or newt tissue cultures to be examined by electron microscopy. The cells are grown on carbon‐coated cover‐slips, selected, fixed, and marked whilst being observed in the phase‐contrast light microscope, and embedded in Araldite. The cover‐slip is stripped off when the Araldite block has hardened. The required cell is identified again under phase contrast, and then sectioned using a diamond knife which allows serial sections beginning at the block face to be cut with assurance. Sections are picked up on special grids with a large central hole permitting the whole of several serial sections to be viewed without obstruction. The chromosomes are stained by immersing the grids in 2 p.c. aqueous uranyl acetate, often followed by further staining with lead hydroxide. Some features of their morphology were described, but they show little evidence of highly organized fine structure immediately below the limit of resolution of the light microscope.
ENZYME CYTOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Holt S. J. , Hicks R. M.
Published: November 2011

In extending cytochemical staining methods for enzyme localization to the subcellular level, more exacting conditions have to be met than those adequate for light microscopy, since in addition to preserving enzymic activity, cellular fine structure has to be maintained during preparation and staining of specimens. In addition, the stain must be able to resist dissolution or displacement by dehydrating and embedding media and be sufficiently electron‐scattering to be detectable in the electron microscope.

Standard osmium‐tetroxide fixation seriously inhibits the activity of many enzymes and causes differential inhibition in some cases (Holt & Hicks, 1962b), thus leading to false localization of activity. Both buffered formol‐sucrose (Holt & Hicks, 1961a) and other aldehydes, such as glutaraldehyde (Sabatini, Bensch & Barrnett, 1962) give good preservation of fine structure and of the activity of several enzymes, but it is necessary to post‐fix aldehyde‐fixed tissues in osmium tetroxide before embedding for electron microscopy.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF DESMOSOMES AFTER A VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES
Authors: Tapp R. L.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Observations have been made on the fine structure of desmosomes in the rat submaxillary salivary gland. The fine structure observed has remained the same after different methods of fixation, embedding, and staining.
THE ELECTRON‐PROBE MICROANALYSER AND ITS METALLURGICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: White G. W. T. , Wallwork A. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Electron‐probe microanalysis, which has now been established for over ten years, has found increasing scientific application, especially in metallurgy. This paper presents a brief account of the elementary principles of this technique of analysis, and describes the basic features of a scanning electron‐probe microanalyser. The application of this type of instrument to a wide range of metallurgical problems is discussed, and illustrated by a number of specific examples.
ORIGIN OF PLASMODESMATA BETWEEN SISTER CELLS OF THE ROOT TIPS OF BARLEY AND MAIZE
Authors: Juniper B. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Protoplasmic connections occur between both meristematic and non‐meristematic cells of plants. Evidence is presented that they are formed on the cell plate at division by the fusion of chains of vesicles 20 mμ in diameter, which come to lie along the axis of the spindle and between the daughter nuclei. These threads then are fixed in position by the coagulation of the cell wall between them. The origin of the vesicles is obscure but they may be derived by abscission from the Golgi bodies (dictyosomes) which are found around the perimeter of the spindle in division.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE PELLICLE OF EUGLENA GRACILIS
Authors: Kirk J. T. O. , Juniper B. E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The fine structure of the pellicle of Euglena gracilis has been investigated by electron microscopy of shadowed isolated pellicles and sections of intact cells. The striations, or ribs, of the pellicle form a β‐helix round the cell. From 7 to 10 ribs are observed to come together at the posterior tip of the cell. As the ribs pass up from the posterior tip they bifurcate twice or three times. The minimum number of ribs on a pellicle was 32; the maximum, 46. The centres of the ribs are separated by approximately 380 mμ.

On the outer surface each rib has a longitudinal split. The membrane between the ribs normally appears smooth, but in a few cases, a series of faint, parallel grooves, 58 mμ apart and about 5 mμ in width, at an angle of 41° to the ribs, were seen.

On the inner surface the ribs do not appear to be split. Fibres, 12 mμ in diameter, pass from under one rib, across the inter‐rib space, and onto the next rib, at the farther boundary of which they disappear. Most of the fibres are at right angles to the ribs.

In sections of cells fixed in potassium permanganate the pellicle appears to consist of a double membrane with two electron‐dense layers, 25–30 Å thick, bounding a space 25–30 Å thick.
A METHOD OF REDUCING SPECIMEN CONTAMINATION IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Wilska Alvar P.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Specimen contamination can be greatly reduced by constricting the electron beam before it passes through the specimen and by introducing a surface‐absorbent layer in its vicinity.
The fine structure produced in cells by fixatives*
Authors: BAKER JOHN R.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The research was undertaken with two distinct ends in view: first, to discover what it is, in terms of fine structure, that histologists and cytologists are looking at when they examine routine sectioned material by light microscopy; secondly, to build a rational basis for the process of fixation in electron microscopy itself, by a detailed study of the effects of those fixative substances that are appropriate for this purpose. The whole of the work has been done with the exocrine pancreatic cell of the mouse as test material.
Electron microscope observations on the structure of cytoplasmic filaments in the pig blastocyst
Authors: HALL F. J. , HORNE R. W. , PERRY J. S.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Morphological studies by electron and light microscopy have been made on the structure of the pig blastocyst at the 12 to 14 day gestation age. Trophoblastic and endodermal monolayers have been shown to contain cells with cytoplasmic filaments of about 80 to 90 Å across and several thousand Ångstroms long. There appeared to be a close association between the filaments and nuclear envelope as well as the desmosomes. The complex arrangement of the filaments is described and it is suggested that in embryonic cells they possess more than one function and relationship to the “bond fastening body” desmosome.
The compound eye and first optic ganglion of the fly: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: PEDLER C. , GOODLAND H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The object of this work was to determine the main ultrastructural features of the ommatidium with particular reference to its base and the region of the cone; to establish some architectural features of the first optic ganglion and to clarify the nature of the connections between the ommatidium and the periopticon. Studies of sections cut in several planes have led to the construction of an incomplete schema depicting the main pattern of connections. It is suggested that this pattern is similar in principle to some of the connections found between first and second neurone in the vertebrate retina.

It is pointed out that the dimensions of the ommatidium are well suited to the task of providing maximum spatial resolving power together with high sensitivity.

The prevalent view that individual rhabdomes in a particular ommatidium can be differentially stimulated is also shown to be highly unlikely. In addition, the finding that the constituent microtubules of radially opposed rhabdomes are parallel is not confirmed.

Regularly sized and spaced densities on the plasma membranes of the rhabdome microtubules are reported and the possibility is raised that these may bear some relation to photo‐pigments.

A new variety of synapse is reported on localized lengths of axon in the 1st optic ganglion.

Finally, the belief that the compound eye is an image‐forming device is criticized and it is suggested that it is more concerned with data processing of light‐evoked responses in order to generate signals concerning particular aspects of the environment.
Experiments to determine the composition of aldehyde fuchsin solutions
Authors: SUMNER BARBARA E. H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The electrophoretic analysis of aldehyde fuchsin solutions in 70 p.c. ethanol between pH 2·5 and 3·5 shows that the dye is basic, and that solutions of different ages have different components. Young solutions possess reddish violet and red components, the latter probably representing unused basic fuchsin which soon disappears. The oldest solutions possess bluish violet, reddish violet, and bluish green components, of which the latter is the most mobile. It is suggested that the colours of the components may represent the state of substitution of their constituent molecules, and that the mobilities of the components may be the result of polymerization.

An experiment with precipitated dye showed that the bluish violet component of old dye was more soluble in acidified 70 p.c. ethanol than the reddish violet component of young dye. The bluish violet component at saturation was as good a stain as young reddish violet dye, whereas the old dye from which the bluish violet component was precipitated was a slow and weak dye. It is suggested that the ageing of aldehyde fuchsin may involve a change of solubility as a result of increase of molecular weight, and this may contribute to the poor staining of old solutions.
A method for the production of “en face” preparations one cell in thickness
Authors: WARREN B. A.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A technique for the removal of sheets of cells en face from tissues, especially blood vessels and ducts, is described. Within the limitations of the moderate damage due to freezing and thawing, the method permits study of the enzymes of the layer so removed.
Some microscopical aspects of resinography*
Authors: ROCHOW T. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Resinography is the science of morphology, structure, and related descriptive characteristics as correlated with composition or treatment and with properties or behaviour of resins, polymers, plastics, and their products (Rochow, 1967a).

Like petrography and metallography (both begun in the eighteen‐sixties by Sorby), resinography (Rochow & Gilbert, 1946) had its birth and development in microscopy (Nicolardot & Coffignier, 1924; Roninger, 1933; Rochow, 1939, 1952; Gordon, 1944; Rochow & Gilbert, 1946).
The histochemical demonstration of protein in epithelial mucins*,†
Authors: LEV ROBERT , GERARD ANDRE
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Although the saccharide side chains of epithelial mucins in situ (presumably glycoproteins) can be readily stained, it is difficult to demonstrate the protein core of such mucins histochemically, even following attempts to remove the saccharide residues by various chemical and enzymatic treatments. A protein presumed to be extrinsic to the mucin may be demonstrated directly, under certain circumstances, by the acid dye Biebrich scarlet and indirectly by the increase in basophilia following brief proteolysis. Thiol and disulphide groups in mucins may be demonstrated by both direct and indirect techniques.
Histochemical studies of the formazan reaction: II. The conversion of periodate‐reactive mucosubstances into diphenyl and phenyl‐4‘‐diazo‐3, 3’‐dimethoxybiphenyl formazans and related derivatives
Authors: STOWARD PETER J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Periodate‐reactive mucosubstances have been converted into highly‐coloured formazans (as predicted in a previous paper; Stoward, 1967b) by treating periodate‐oxidized sections of fixed tissue first with Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in phosphate buffer (pH 4–6) and then with tetrazotized 3,3′‐dimethoxybenzidene fluoro‐borate (TDMBF) in aqueous pyridine. The colours of such mucosubstance formazans varied from red through brown and yellow to purple. When diazotized aniline fluoroborate was substituted for TDMBF, the mucosubstance formazans thus obtained were yellow and difficult to distinguish from the surrounding connective tissue.

The uptake of excess TDMBF by carboxyl groups of connective‐tissue proteins was prevented by methylating tissue sections beforehand with methanolic thionyl chloride. Most mucosubstance formazans synthesized in such tissues usually contrasted better with the surrounding connective tissue than in unmethylated sections, but their intensity of colour was reduced. In such methylated sections glycogen did not form a formazan and a few mucosubstance “formazans” were colourless. Some mucosubstance formazans in methylated sections coupled substantially with l‐amino‐8‐naphthol‐4‐sulphonic acid, but others did not appear to do so. The wide range of colours and properties exhibited by mucosubstance formazans in situ are probably related to the structure of the periodate‐oxidized “dialdehyde” saccharide units of the mucosubstance from which the formazans were derived. In some periodate‐oxidized mucosubstances such as those in hamster colonic mucous cells, the “dialdehydes” were probably hydrated and underwent internal condensation to form derivatives which, although they reacted with Schiff's reagent, could not be converted into formazans.

The several experimental factors which affected the yield and colour of mucosubstance formazans in situ were investigated thoroughly.
Genetic diversity and genotype multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic individuals in the maritime region of Togo
Authors: Awaga Kwami L. , Missihoun Tagnon D. , Karou Simplice D. , Djadou Koffi E. , Chabi Nicodème W. , Akati Afoua , Lawson‐Hukportie Afi , Amevo Kokou , Djegno Kodjovi , Guéant Jean L. , Sanni Ambaliou , Amouzou Sabiba K. E.
Published: November 2011

Objective  To assess the genotype prevalence and the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the maritime region of Togo.

Methods  We enrolled 309 symptomatic individuals aged from 6 months to 15 years from Bè/Lomé and Tsévié, two malaria endemic zones. The number and the proportions of merozoite surface proteins 1, 2 and 3 genotypes in patients were determined using capillary electrophoresis genotyping. We further investigated the possible association between transaminases and homocysteine, and the severity of the disease.

Results  Of the 309 samples genotyped, 210 tested positive to msp‐1, 227 to msp‐2 and 193 to msp‐3. The nested PCR revealed 22 different alleles for the allelic family msp‐1, 33 for msp‐2 and 13 for msp‐3. At each locus, the family distribution was 54.58% of K1, 25% of MAD20 and 20.42% of RO33 for msp‐1, and 51.71% and 48.29% of FC27 and 3D7, respectively, for msp‐2. For all these allelic variants, the distribution was associated with neither the severity of malaria nor the zone of habitation. Pearson correlation coefficients between either the levels of homocysteine or the transaminase and the severity of the disease were very low.

Conclusion  The severity of malaria was not associated with higher multiplicity of infections and did not appear restricted to particular genotypes. More comprehensive explorations including immunity, genetic factors, nutritional and sociologic status of the population could clarify the situation.
Prognostic value of insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 in patients treated with radical prostatectomy
Authors: Chromecki Thomas F. , Cha Eugene K. , Pummer Karl , Scherr Douglas S. , Tewari Ashutosh K. , Sun Maxine , Fajkovic Harun , Roehrborn Claus G. , Ashfaq Raheela , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) is associated with poor outcomes in a variety of malignancies. The role of IMP3 in protate cancer remains poorly understood.

IMP3 expression was associated with features of aggressive biology and aggressive prostate cancer recurrence after surgery. Although IMP3 is differentially expressed in patients with features of biologically aggressive prostate cancer, it does not have independent prognostic value in patients treated with RP.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association of insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 (IMP3) with pathological features and outcomes in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Immunohistochemical staining for IMP3 was performed on archival tissue microarray specimens from 232 consecutive patients treated with RP for clinically localized disease.

None of the patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation or hormone therapy.

IMP3 expression was histologically categorized as normal or abnormal.

Disease recurrence was classified as aggressive if metastases were present, post‐recurrence prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) doubling time was less than 10 months, or if the patients failed to respond to salvage local radiation therapy.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 69.8 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 40.1–99.5).

IMP3 expression was abnormal in 42 (18.1%) of 232 patients.

IMP3 expression was associated with extracapsular extension (P= 0.020), seminal vesicle invasion (P= 0.024), lymphovascular invasion (P= 0.036) and a high pathological Gleason score (P= 0.009).

The 5‐year PSA recurrence‐free survival for IMP3‐negative patients was 83% (standard error [SE]= 3) vs 67% (SE = 8) in IMP3‐positive patients (log‐rank test, P= 0.015).

In a multivariable analysis that adjusted for the effects of surgical margins, extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion, PSA (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04, P= 0.013), lymph node metastasis (HR: 16.7, P < 0.001) and a high pathological Gleason score (HR 4.3, P= 0.008) were significantly associated with PSA recurrence‐free survival, whereas IMP3 expression was not (P= 0.11). Similarly, IMP3 expression was only associated with aggressive recurrence (HR 3.2, P= 0.006).

CONCLUSION

IMP3 expression is abnormal in approximately one‐fifth of prostate cancers. Although IMP3 is differentially expressed in patients with features of biologically aggressive prostate cancer, it does not have an independent prognostic value in patients treated with RP.
Agricultural Export Subsidies and Domestic Support Reform Under the WTO System: What Does It Mean for Welfare in West Africa?
Authors: Alexander Nuetah John , Zuo Ting , Xian Xin
Published: November 2011

This paper analyses the potential welfare impacts West Africa tends to encounter from liberalising agricultural export subsidies and domestic support in developed and developing countries according to the reform proposals of the Doha Development Agenda. We base our analysis on the July framework scenario which considers a tiered formula that adopts a Harbinson Approach plus sensitive and special product provisions. The results indicate that while the world prices of the major exportable commodities of the region will fall, those of their imports will rise. Subsequently, consumers of nearly all of the commodities analysed encounter potential welfare losses, while almost all producers of these commodities experience potential welfare gains. Consumers are expected to encounter an aggregate loss of about $591.93 million, while a net producer surplus of about $423.78 million is expected to be generated. However, because the gains by producers are insufficient to compensate consumers’ losses, the fifteen West African nations considered in the analysis are expected to experience a net welfare loss of about $168.16 million. On the contrary, large developing countries such as Brazil, India and China as well as developed nations like the EU and Japan are expected to enjoy net welfare gains. The net losses accrued to the region imply more poverty and heightened food insecurity as all West African countries faced severe hunger situation in 2010. However, even though these findings conform to other research results indicating net food importing countries will become losers from agricultural trade reform, while net food exporters experience welfare gains, concerns of data quality and reliability that are usually associated with macrolevel analysis render these results more indicative than definitive.
S1 domain‐containing STF modulates plastid transcription and chloroplast biogenesis in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Jeon Young , Jung Hyun Ju , Kang Hunseung , Park Youn‐Il , Lee Soon Hee , Pai Hyun‐Sook
Published: November 2011

In this study, we examined the biochemical and physiological functions of Nicotiana benthamiana S1 domain‐containing Transcription‐Stimulating Factor (STF) using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS), cosuppression, and overexpression strategies.

STF : green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein colocalized with sulfite reductase (SiR), a chloroplast nucleoid‐associated protein also present in the stroma. Full‐length STF and its S1 domain preferentially bound to RNA, probably in a sequence‐nonspecific manner.

STF silencing by VIGS or cosuppression resulted in severe leaf yellowing caused by disrupted chloroplast development. STF deficiency significantly perturbed plastid‐encoded multimeric RNA polymerase (PEP)‐dependent transcript accumulation. Chloroplast transcription run‐on assays revealed that the transcription rate of PEP‐dependent plastid genes was reduced in the STF‐silenced leaves. Conversely, the exogenously added recombinant STF protein increased the transcription rate, suggesting a direct role of STF in plastid transcription. Etiolated seedlings of STF cosuppression lines showed defects in the light‐triggered transition from etioplasts to chloroplasts, accompanied by reduced light‐induced expression of plastid‐encoded genes.

These results suggest that STF plays a critical role as an auxiliary factor of the PEP transcription complex in the regulation of plastid transcription and chloroplast biogenesis in higher plants.
Ethanol inhibition of the chemiluminescent response of stimulated macrophages.“
Authors: Tokmakov A. , Denisenko V. , Stefanov V. , Vasiliev V.
Published: November 2011

The effect of ethanol on the luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence and cAMP level in mice peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Ethanol was shown to inhibit the chemiluminescence of macrophages by acting both as a “trap” for active radicals and as a suppressor of the cellular functional activity. A short preincubation of macrophages with ethanol results in a dose‐dependent decrease of the chemiluminescent response to the stimulatory agent (opsonized zymosan). Ethanol was also shown to induce a peakwise rise of the intracellular cAMP after a 2‐min incubation. The observed effects are correlated both in time and concentration, which allows the presumption that inhibition of the functional activity of macrophages is mediated by the increase of the intracellular cAMP level.
Disruption of pheromone communication in moths: is the natural blend really most efficacious?
Authors: Minks A. K. , Cardé R. T.
Published: November 2011

It is widely assumed that a blend of pheromone components, that is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the natural sex attractant, is the most effective mating disruptant for moths. However, the literature contains only limited evidence supporting this assumption. The authors discuss the importance of comparing the relative effectiveness of complete and incomplete pheromone blends when evaluating the potential of mating disruption for controlling pest moths.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of probable host‐plant origin in the pronotal and elytral secretion of the leaf beetle Oreina cacaliae
Authors: Pasteels J. M. , Rowell‐Rahier M. , Randoux T. , Braekman J. C. , Daloze D.
Published: November 2011

Oreina cacaliae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) produces in its elytral and pronotal defensive secretion seneciphylline N‐oxide together with small amounts of another pyrrolizidine alkaloid tentatively identified as senecionine N‐oxide. This is a strong departure from the chemical composition of the defensive secretions in related species, characterized by complex mixtures of cardenolides, synthesized by the beetles from cholesterol. It is suggested that O. cacaliae sequesters the alkaloids from its host‐plant, Adenostyles leucophylla. Other specimens of O. cacaliae from far distant populations feeding on Senecio nemorensis, Petasites paradoxus or P. album also produced pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but not O. speciosissima feeding on the same food plants and producing cardenolides. In addition to pyrrolizidine alkaloids, O. cacaliae secretes ethanolamine, which is also found in all the cardenolide‐producing species.
Integrated pest management in Swiss apple orchards: Stability and risks
Authors: Wildbolz Th.
Published: November 2011

In recent years, a system of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been introduced in many Swiss apple orchards. It is based on monitoring pests and natural enemies, on a package of selective pesticides and on biological control of phytophagous mites by typhlodromids. Some natural control has also been introduced for aphids and leafrollers. Stability of this approach is offered by natural control and by monitoring. Risks exist in two fields: Selective pesticides may disappear due to resistance and to other undesirable side effects. Outbreaks of secondary pests occur and will continue to do so in the future. In the past few years populations of scale insects and of Grapholita prunivorana (Rag.) have built up to damaging levels in some regions.
Behavioral responses of female adult Trichoplusia ni to volatiles from soybeans versus a preferred host, lima bean
Authors: Liu Shao‐Hua , Norris Dale M. , Marti Edwin
Published: November 2011

Volatiles from different plants may have quite distinct effects on insect behaviors, i.e., attraction, repulsion or neutrality. Our study used Tenax® to trap volatiles from plants at room temperature, and assayed female adult Trichoplusia ni's (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) responses to such volatiles. The results showed that volatiles from PI 227687 soybean leaves were repellent to T. ni, while those from ‘Davis’ soybean were attractive to the moth, and those from an unnumbered PI soybean had no significant behavioral effect. Odors from ‘Henderson’ lima bean, one of the more preferred hosts of T. ni, also did not influence the insect's behavior. The HPLC, GLC and GLC‐MS analyses indicated that qualitative and quantitative differences among volatiles from plant species, varieties or plant introductions account for these effects. The attractive volatiles from ‘Davis’ soybean contain much more 4‐hexen‐1‐ol acetate, 2,2‐dimethyl hexanal and 2‐hexenal than those of PI 227678, but do not have the repellent tetradecene and dodecene which are major components in PI 227687 soybean odors. The composition of the ‘neutral’ volatiles from ‘Henderson’ lima bean is more complex than that of the volatiles from soybeans.
Chemoreception and feeding behaviour in a caterpillar: towards a model of brain functioning in insects
Authors: Schoonhoven L. M. , Blom F.
Published: November 2011

The quantitative relationship between chemoreceptor activity during food intake and total amount of food ingested per unit of time has been studied in last instar larvae of Pieris brassicae. Data on sensory responses and feeding intensity, derived from a study by Blom (1978), show a strong correlation between receptor activity during 1 sec periods of stimulation and food intake during 24 h. It is concluded that nerve impulses from chemoreceptors, which signal the presence of different phagostimulants, are summated algebraically in the central nervous system. Impulses from feeding deterrent receptors counteract the effects of phagostimulants. One impulse from a deterrent receptor neutralizes 2.5 impulses from phagostimulant receptors. Based on the relationships observed a simple model of a feeding centre in the central nervous system has been constructed (Fig. 8).
Comparison of methods of repelling mosquitoes
Authors: Curtis C. F. , Hill N.
Published: November 2011

Comparisons were made with human subjects of repellency of free flying Anopheles gambiae using soaps containing deet and permethrin or permethrin alone. The reduction in biting did not differ statistically significantly between these two forms of repellent soap. Some mosquitoes which touched the permethrin soap layer without biting died within the next day. The soap with deet was compared with the same amount of deet in a commercially available stick or as a liquid. Only in the latter form did the repellent show resistance to being washed off by cold water.

Electrically heated vaporizing mats containing bio‐allethrin were shown to be more effective than smouldering coils containing natural pyrethrins, in that there was more complete prevention of biting, and more rapid knock‐down and kill. Operation of the vaporizing mat caused deposition of insecticide on the room surfaces.
What’s New? What’s Normal?1
Authors: Best Joel
Published: November 2011

This article is a response to Amitai Etzioni’s article, “The New Normal,” published in this issue.
Norms and Survival in the Heat of War: Normative Versus Instrumental Rationalities and Survival Tactics in the Blockade of Leningrad1
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K.
Published: November 2011

When war challenges civilian survival, what shapes the balance between normative and instrumental rationalities in survival practices? Increasing desperation and uncertainty can lead civilians to focus on their own material interests and to violate norms in the name of survival or gain—to the detriment of the war effort and of other civilians. Do norms, boundaries against transgressions, and considerations of collective interests and identities persist, and, if so, through what mechanisms? Using diaries and recollections from the 872‐day Blockade of Leningrad (1941–1944)—an extreme case of wartime desperation—this article examines how three forms of cultural embeddedness shape variation in the strength of norms against calculative, instrumental rationality. Proximity and empathy with others, the structure of norms and analogies to legitimate instrumental practices, and reflexivity vis‐à‐vis war and others’ response interact dialectically with the war context to shape variation in violating norms and rationalizing transgressions. Theft of food and cannibalism, which involve tactics of survival or gain that also risk the well‐being of victims (theft) or violation of a powerful taboo (cannibalism), demonstrate the weakness of norms on the margins but their power when core norms or other real, visible individuals are threatened.
Efficacy of hydrosurgical debridement and nanocrystalline silver dressings for infection prevention in type II and III open injuries
Authors: Keen Jeffrey S , Desai Pratik P , Smith Christopher S , Suk Michael
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and culture‐positive infection rates of open Gustilo/Anderson type II and III fractures using a protocol nanocrystalline silver wound dressing and hydrosurgical debridement. Retrospective case series through chart review on all type II and III open fractures were treated using a novel protocol from December 2005 to March 2008 (N = 17). All Gustilo/Anderson grade II and III open fractures were treated with a novel protocol at a Level I trauma centre. Open Gustilo/Anderson grade II and III fractures were acutely stabilised in the trauma centre/emergency department, while a nanocrystalline silver dressing was placed within the wound. Debridement using a hydrosurgical scalpel and gravity irrigation was performed within 6–8 hours of injury. Cultures were obtained prior to definitive fixation. The primary outcome measurements were positive cultures and clinical infection rates. Seventeen patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age (33·5) and injury severity score (12·7) were gathered. There were 4 grade II open fractures (23·5%), 11 grade IIIA (64·7%) and 2 grade IIIB open fractures (11·8%). The mean time to intravenous antibiotics was 61·5 minutes. The mean time to initial debridement/irrigation was 222·1 minutes. The average number of surgical procedures was 2·35 with a mean length of stay of 11·8 days. Six patients developed positive cultures from the traumatic wounds, five were contaminants. One clinical infection was found (methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus). The overall clinical infection rate in this series was 5·9% (1/17). The only infection was in a Gustilo/Anderson grade II fracture. There were no infections in the more high‐energy Gustilo/Anderson grade IIIA and IIIB fractures compared with the Gustilo/Anderson control of 4–42%. We conclude that this novel protocol for open‐fracture treatment is a promising intervention. A further prospective randomised clinical study is warranted.
Fibromyalgia: Diagnosing and managing a complex syndrome
Authors: Wierwille Lauren
Published: November 2011

Abstract  Purpose: The purpose of this clinical review is to clarify and discuss the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia. This includes typical signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, concomitant disease states, differential diagnoses, and recommended pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities.

Data sources: The search included Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and CINAHL. Search terms used: fibromyalgia diagnosis, fibromyalgia pathophysiology, incidence of fibromyalgia, fibromyalgia comorbidities, etiology of fibromyalgia, fibromyalgia treatment, American College of Rheumatology criteria. Search limited to sources from 1990 to 2010.

Conclusions: Fibromyalgia is a complex muscular rheumatism that is not fully understood and often misdiagnosed. Signs and symptoms may overlap with many other conditions that must be properly ruled out to prevent diagnosis based upon arbitrary clinical judgment. Treatment is most beneficial when tailored to individual patient presentation, and further research is warranted, particularly in the domains of pathophysiology and efficacy of treatment options.

Implications for practice: An accurate knowledge of current research will aid the nurse practitioner in effectively prescribing evidence‐based clinical interventions. Optimal fibromyalgia management can be achieved through a multifaceted treatment approach and is enhanced with early identification of the disease process.
Scientific Models
Authors: Downes Stephen M.
Published: November 2011

This contribution provides an assessment of the epistemological role of scientific models. The prevalent view that all scientific models are representations of (part of) the world is rejected. This view points to a unified way of resolving epistemic issues for scientific models. The emerging consensus in philosophy of science that models have many different epistemic roles in science is presented and defended.
A review of the genus Spilonota Stephens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Korea
Authors: BYUN Bong‐Kyu
Published: November 2011

Four species of the genus Spilonota Stephens, belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), are reviewed from North Korea, based on the materials of Hungarian Natural History Museum. Among them, two species, Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick, 1932 and Spilonota ocellana (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), are reported for the first time from North Korea. Photos of adults and the genitalia are provided with brief comments on the distribution. Also a key for the species is given.
The effects of angiotensin I and angiotensin II on the isolated tracheal muscle of the cat
Authors: Tìrker R K , Ercan Z S
Published: November 2011

The effects of Asp1-β-amide-Val5-angiotensin II (A II) and Asp1-Ile5-angiotensin I (A I) have been studied on the isolated continuously superfused cat tracheal muscle contracted by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Both peptides have been shown to induce dose-dependent relaxation on this muscle. Similar effects have been obtained with synthetic bradykinin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), noradrenaline and histamine. The effects of bradykinin, A I and A II have been shown to be inhibited by aspirin but not by propranolol, metiamide, SC 19220 or a specific, competitive antagonist of A II. The relaxing effect of A I is not due to the conversion of decapeptide to octapeptide A II. The possible mechanism of the relaxing effects of A I and A II on the cat isolated tracheal muscle is discussed.
Anticholinergic activity of antipsychotic drugs in relation to their extrapyramidal effects
Authors: Pearl J , Spilker B A , Woodward W A , Bentley R G
Published: November 2011

Antipsychotic drugs were evaluated with two indices of anticholinergic activity, mydriasis in mice in vivo and antagonism of carbamylcholine-induced contractions of guinea-pig tracheal strips in vitro. The drugs from most to least potent as oral mydriatic agents were mepazine, clozapine, thioridazine, promazine and chlorpromazine. Trifluoperazine, pimozide and haloperidol were inactive. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that anticholinergic activity of antipsychotic drugs is inversely related to their propensity to produce extrapyramidal effects in man. In vitro results appeared to predict the incidence of extrapyramidal effects less accurately than in vivo results.
Evaluation of Stamping Lubricants in Forming Galvannealed Steels for Industrial Application
Authors: Subramonian Soumya , Kardes Nimet , Demiralp Yurdaer , Jurich Milan , Altan Taylan
Published: November 2011

Lubrication is one of the process variables that affect the quality of stamping sheet materials. Using a good lubricant can significantly reduce scrap rate and/or improve the quality of stamping. In this study, different types of lubricants were evaluated using strip draw test (SDT) and deep draw test (DDT) for stamping of galvannealed steel sheets. Finite element (FE) simulations were carried out to determine the coefficient of friction at tool-work piece interface during deep drawing under different lubrication conditions and blank holder forces. Flow stress data of materials under biaxial load which are used in FE simulations are obtained by viscous pressure bulge tests. SDT was used as a preliminary test to evaluate the relative performance of the lubricants. Lubricants that showed good performance in this test were tested using DDT. Dimensions of the formed strips and cups and the maximum applicable blank holder force to draw parts without fracturing were the criteria used for evaluation of lubricants in both tests. In general, it was possible to form cups with higher blank holder force when synthetic/water-based lubricants were applied to the sheet. In conclusion, evaluated synthetic/water-based lubricants had better lubricity than petroleum-based lubricants.
The Modified Quadrilateral Discretization Model for the Topology Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Zhou Hong , Killekar Pranjal P.
Published: November 2011

The modified quadrilateral discretization model for the topology optimization of compliant mechanisms is introduced in this paper. The design domain is discretized into quadrilateral design cells. There is a certain location shift between two neighboring rows of quadrilateral design cells. This modified quadrilateral discretization model allows any two contiguous design cells to share an edge whether they are in the horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction. Point connection is completely eliminated. In the proposed topology optimization method, design variables are all binary, and every design cell is either solid or void to prevent gray cell problem that is usually caused by intermediate material states. Local stress constraint is directly imposed on each analysis cell to make the synthesized compliant mechanism safe. Genetic algorithm is used to search the optimum. No postprocessing is required for topology uncertainty caused by either point connection or gray cell. The presented modified quadrilateral discretization model and the proposed topology optimization procedure are demonstrated by two synthesis examples of compliant mechanisms.