bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerotic disease is increased in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a critical role for inflammation
Authors: Hannawi Suad , Haluska Brian , Marwick Thomas H , Thomas Ranjeny
Published: November 2007

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have increased mortality and morbidity as a result of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. What is not clear, however, is either how early accelerated atherosclerosis begins in RA or how soon risk factors must be rigorously controlled. Furthermore, given the strong relationship of vascular disease to RA mortality and of inflammation to the accelerated atherosclerosis associated with RA, it is important to evaluate indices that could serially and noninvasively quantify atherosclerotic disease in RA patients. The carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plaque, measured by ultrasound, correlate closely with direct measurement of the local and systemic atherosclerotic burden. To investigate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in the early stages of RA, the cIMT and plaque were measured using carotid duplex scanning in 40 RA patients with disease duration < 12 months and in 40 control subjects matched for age, sex and established cardiovascular risk factors. Patients with RA had significantly higher average cIMT values and more plaque than the control group (cIMT 0.64 ± 0.13 mm versus 0.58 ± 0.09 mm, respectively; P = 0.03). In RA patients, the cIMT was predicted by age and C-reactive protein level at first presentation to the clinic (R2 = 0.64). C-reactive protein was associated with age of disease onset and history of smoking. Since inflammation has been shown to predate onset of clinical RA, the accelerated atherogenic process related to inflammation may precede RA symptom onset.
Variation in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio with FiO2: mathematical and experimental description, and clinical relevance
Authors: Karbing Dan S , Kjærgaard Søren , Smith Bram W , Espersen Kurt , Allerød Charlotte , Andreassen Steen , Rees Stephen E
Published: November 2007

Introduction

Previous studies have shown through theoretical analyses that the ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) to the inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) varies with the FiO2 level. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of this variation both theoretically and experimentally using mathematical model simulations, comparing these ratio simulations with PaO2/FiO2 ratios measured in a range of different patients.

Methods

The study was designed as a retrospective study using data from 36 mechanically ventilated patients and 57 spontaneously breathing patients studied on one or more occasions. Patients were classified into four disease groups (normal, mild hypoxemia, acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome) according to their PaO2/FiO2 ratio. On each occasion the patients were studied using four to eight different FiO2 values, achieving arterial oxygen saturations in the range 85–100%. At each FiO2 level, measurements were taken of ventilation, of arterial acid–base and of oxygenation status. Two mathematical models were fitted to the data: a one-parameter 'effective shunt' model, and a two-parameter shunt and ventilation/perfusion model. These models and patient data were used to investigate the variation in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio with FiO2, and to quantify how many patients changed disease classification due to variation in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. An F test was used to assess the statistical difference between the two models' fit to the data. A confusion matrix was used to quantify the number of patients changing disease classification.

Results

The two-parameter model gave a statistically better fit to patient data (P < 0.005). When using this model to simulate variation in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, disease classification changed in 30% of the patients when changing the FiO2 level.

Conclusion

The PaO2/FiO2 ratio depends on both the FiO2 level and the arterial oxygen saturation level. As a minimum, the FiO2 level at which the PaO2/FiO2 ratio is measured should be defined when quantifying the effects of therapeutic interventions or when specifying diagnostic criteria for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Alternatively, oxygenation problems could be described using parameters describing shunt and ventilation/perfusion mismatch.
Enhancing Family Therapy's Relationships With Research
Authors: Stratton Peter
Published: November 2007

The contention of this article is that systemic family therapy has much to gain from a realistic appraisal of its research base, which is as positive as possible. And that through such an appraisal we can find ways of developing the scope of family therapy to the benefit of the profession and thereby, of our clients. Family therapy will benefit if practitioners can present an informed view of research. As a preliminary approach to this objective, I review reasons why perceptions of family therapy underestimate its research base, and why therapists might resist involvement with research. The article then explores the reasons for regarding randomised controlled trials as a ‘gold standard’, and why they are not well fitted for the purpose of evaluating or developing a relational therapy. Next is a consideration of alternative approaches to research, including a consideration of what clients actually want from their therapy, then a brief review of the positive findings of outcome research. Greater emphasis on researching processes in therapy is proposed, and consideration of the ‘common factors’ debate is shown to support priorities that are specific to systemic therapies. The article concludes with suggestions for increasing the involvement of family therapists with research, both as consumers and as research practitioners.
Toward a Typology of Commitment States among Managers of Born-Global Firms: A Study of Accelerated Internationalization
Authors: Freeman Susan , Cavusgil S. Tamer
Published: November 2007

Substantial scholarly work has shed much light on the development of a contemporary global environment—namely, the phenomenon of born-global firms. These young entrepreneurial firms, which take on internationalization early in their evolution, are now found in large numbers in most economies, especially in smaller, saturated, developed markets. In this article, the authors advance some theoretical explanations regarding the behavior of these firms. In the current Australian case-based study, rather than engaging in a firm-level analysis, the authors focus on the attitudinal orientations of senior management in this new breed of internationally active firms. In contrast to an incremental approach, the authors offer a theoretical explanation that integrates the network perspective and resource-based view with international entrepreneurship. Their exploration of the managerial mind-set of these smaller born-global firms leads to the identification of four states of commitment to accelerated internationalization by top management. Delineating these states should assist managers in achieving their accelerated internationalization objectives. Any of the four attitudinal mind-sets facilitates internationalization, but the strategist state adopts a more benevolent, collaborative behavioral stance designed to preserve key relationships. The strategist also avoids the short-term orientation, competitiveness, and self-interest of the responder, the opportunist, and the experimentalist.
Auditory-Dependent Vocal Recovery in Adult Male Zebra Finches Is Facilitated by Lesion of a Forebrain Pathway That Includes the Basal Ganglia
Authors: Thompson John A. , Wu Wei , Bertram Richard , Johnson Frank
Published: November 2007

The integration of two neural pathways generates learned song in zebra finches. The vocal motor pathway (VMP) is a direct connection between HVC (proper name) and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), whereas the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) comprises an indirect circuit from HVC to RA that traverses the basal ganglia. Partial ablation (microlesion) of HVC in adult birds alters the integration of VMP and AFP synaptic input within RA and destabilizes singing. However, the vocal pattern shows surprising resilience because birds subsequently recover their song in ∼1 week. Here, we show that deafening prevents vocal recovery after HVC microlesions, indicating that birds require auditory feedback to restore/relearn their vocal patterns. We then tested the role of the AFP (basal ganglia circuit) in this feedback-based recovery by ablating the output nucleus of the AFP [lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN)]. We found that LMAN ablation after HVC microlesions induced a sudden recovery of the vocal pattern. Thus, the AFP cannot be the neural locus of an instructive/learning mechanism that uses auditory feedback to guide vocal recovery, at least in this form of adult vocal plasticity. Instead, the AFP appears to be the source of the variable motor patterns responsible for vocal destabilization. In part, auditory feedback may restore song by strengthening the VMP component of synaptic input to RA relative to the AFP component.
A New Thalamic Pathway of Vibrissal Information Modulated by the Motor Cortex
Authors: Urbain Nadia , Deschênes Martin
Published: November 2007

Three ascending pathways of information processing have been identified so far in the vibrissal system of rodents. In the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus, two of these pathways convey information through the core and tail of barrel-associated structures, called barreloids. The other pathway transits through the posterior group nucleus. The present study provides anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of an additional pathway that passes through the head of the barreloids. This pathway arises from multiwhisker-responsive cells in the principal trigeminal nucleus and differs from the classic lemniscal pathway, in that constituent thalamic cells have multiwhisker receptive field and receive corticothalamic input from lamina 6 of the vibrissa motor cortex. It is suggested that this pathway might be involved in relaying signals encoding phase of whisker motion during free whisking.
DrosophilaFragile X Mental Retardation Protein and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor A Convergently Regulate the Synaptic Ratio of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Subclasses
Authors: Pan Luyuan , Broadie Kendal S.
Published: November 2007

A current hypothesis proposes that fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding translational regulator, acts downstream of glutamatergic transmission, via metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) Gq-dependent signaling, to modulate protein synthesis critical for trafficking ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) at synapses. However, direct evidence linking FMRP and mGluR function with iGluR synaptic expression is limited. In this study, we use theDrosophilafragile X model to test this hypothesis at the well characterized glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Two iGluR classes reside at this synapse, each containing common GluRIIC (III), IID and IIE subunits, and variable GluRIIA (A-class) or GluRIIB (B-class) subunits. InDrosophila fragile X mental retardation 1(dfmr1) null mutants, A-class GluRs accumulate and B-class GluRs are lost, whereas total GluR levels do not change, resulting in a striking change in GluR subclass ratio at individual synapses. The soleDrosophilamGluR, DmGluRA, is also expressed at the NMJ. IndmGluRAnull mutants, both iGluR classes increase, resulting in an increase in total synaptic GluR content at individual synapses. Targeted postsynapticdmGluRAoverexpression causes the exact opposite GluR phenotype to thedfmr1null, confirming postsynaptic GluR subtype-specific regulation. Indfmr1; dmGluRAdouble null mutants, there is an additive increase in A-class GluRs, and a similar additive impact on B-class GluRs, toward normal levels in the double mutants. These results show that both dFMRP and DmGluRA differentially regulate the abundance of different GluR subclasses in a convergent mechanism within individual postsynaptic domains.
Techne, Technoscience, and the Circulation of Comestible Commodities: An Introduction
Authors: HEATH DEBORAH , MENELEY ANNE
Published: November 2007

In this “In Focus” introduction, we present the ways in which discourses of techne (craft or artisanship) and technoscience mediate the production, consumption, and circulation of food and drink. The authors in this “In Focus” examine food and drink as localized instances of large‐scale spatial and temporal processes and as cultural‐material markers of power/knowledge. Our work on the current controversies surrounding foie gras exemplifies how specialty commodities marketed as “artisanal” are simultaneously legitimated through technoscientific practices and invocations of tradition or nature. Claims to distinction based on tradition or “terroir” are also imbricated in global industrial production and distribution.
From Feasting to Cuisine: Implications of Archaeological Research in an Early Honduran Village
Authors: JOYCE ROSEMARY A. , HENDERSON JOHN S.
Published: November 2007

Research at the site of Puerto Escondido in northern Honduras produced evidence of foodways in one of the earliest known villages in Central America. Much of the material recovered is related directly or indirectly to the production, preparation, and consumption of food. In everyday practice, the organization of food consumption in villages like this would have been central to the reproduction of social relations. In other early villages in Central America, the use of food for political ends has been given a causal role in the development of social stratification. Drawing on evidence for one particular food practice, the preparation and consumption of fermented and unfermented cacao beverages, we argue that it is through the elaboration of cuisine—regimes of taste and presentation—that food production, serving, and consumption played both of these roles.
Transforming Milk in a Global Economy
Authors: WILEY ANDREA S.
Published: November 2007

Large‐scale milk production and consumption historically have been localized to Europe and countries with large European‐derived populations. However, global patterns have now shifted, with dramatic increases in milk consumption in Asian countries and flat or declining consumption in European and European‐derived countries. Efforts to market it around the world emphasize milk's positive effects on child growth, and, by extension, the individual and national benefits that derive from that growth. At the same time, milk has newly emerged in milk promotions in the United States as food that facilitates weight loss. Milk has been able to achieve a global presence and continuing relevance in populations in which its consumption has been declining by continually transforming and repositioning itself as a “special” food with properties able to alleviate the health concerns seen as most salient at the time.
Critical Social Learning: A Solution to Rogers's Paradox of Nonadaptive Culture
Authors: ENQUIST MAGNUS , ERIKSSON KIMMO , GHIRLANDA STEFANO
Published: November 2007

Alan Rogers (1988) presented a game theory model of the evolution of social learning, yielding the paradoxical conclusion that social learning does not increase the fitness of a population. We expand on this model, allowing for imperfections in individual and social learning as well as incorporating a “critical social learning” strategy that tries to solve an adaptive problem first by social learning, and then by individual learning if socially acquired behavior proves unsatisfactory. This strategy always proves superior to pure social learning and typically has higher fitness than pure individual learning, providing a solution to Rogers's paradox of nonadaptive culture. Critical social learning is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) unless cultural transmission is highly unfaithful, the environment is highly variable, or social learning is much more costly than individual learning. We compare the model to empirical data on social learning and on spatial variation in primate cultures and list three requirements for adaptive culture.
Europe's Enron: Royal Ahold, N.V.
Authors: Knapp Michael C. , Knapp Carol A.
Published: November 2007

Royal Ahold, N.V., is a large multinational company based in The Netherlands that was founded in 1887 by Albert Heijn. Three generations of the Heijn family oversaw the company's retail grocery business. In 1989, the company hired a professional management team. The new management team expanded Royal Ahold's operations by purchasing grocery chains around the globe, resulting in the company becoming the third largest food retailer in the world. In 2000, the company diversified into the wholesaling segment of the huge food industry when it purchased U.S. Foodservice, a large food wholesaler based in Columbia, Maryland.

Royal Ahold's professional management team established aggressive earnings and revenue goals for the company each year and pressured their subordinates to achieve those goals. An incentive compensation plan awarded large year-end bonuses to managers of operating units that met or surpassed their financial goals. Royal Ahold's decentralized operations, when coupled with the strong incentives to achieve unrealistic earnings and revenue goals, created an environment in which fraud often flourishes.

In early 2003, Royal Ahold's independent auditors suspended their fiscal 2002 audit of the company when they discovered numerous potential irregularities in the company's accounting records. Subsequent investigations documented that the company had improperly included the operating results of foreign joint ventures in its consolidated financial statements, had accounted improperly for initial acquisition costs related to several of those joint ventures, and had materially overstated “promotional allowances” due from company vendors. The disclosure of the massive accounting fraud resulted in criminal and civil lawsuits being filed against the company and its top executives in both Europe and the United States.

This case examines accounting, auditing, and control issues pertinent to multinational companies. In addition, the case examines recent controversies arising between and among international regulatory agencies and rule-making bodies within the accounting and auditing disciplines. Finally, the case illustrates important risk factors commonly associated with financial statement fraud.
GlaxoSmithKline Plc.: International Transfer Pricing and Taxation
Authors: Gujarathi Mahendra R.
Published: November 2007

This comprehensive case intends to develop your understanding of the complexities involved in the international transfer pricing and taxation of intangible assets. The backdrop for the case is GlaxoSmithKline's $5.2 billion settlement in 2006 with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. You are required to provide possible rationales for the positions advocated by the Company as well as the IRS. You are also required to present calculations under different transfer pricing methods, identify the most appropriate method, compute Foreign Tax Credits for different scenarios, and suggest possible strategies for multinational corporations to reduce the odds of negative settlements with tax authorities.
International Transfer Pricing and Intellectual Property: The PrimeCo Case
Authors: Myring Mark J. , Bloom Robert
Published: November 2007

This case introduces students to issues related to international transfer pricing for intellectual property. PrimeCo is a manufacturer of cellular telephone (cell phone) components. The firm has invested extensively in research and development activities. As a result, it has received many patents for innovative cell phone parts. PrimeCo recently established a subsidiary (SubCo) to manufacture its products for the Asia-Pacific region. The establishment of SubCo raises many difficult questions. Specifically, students are asked to address issues related to modes of entry into foreign markets, methods of transfer pricing in royalty arrangements, tax laws underlying transfer pricing, and ethical aspects of applying transfer prices.
Preapplication of Orthodontic Forces to the Donor Teeth Affects Periodontal Healing of Transplanted Teeth
Authors: Suzaki Yusuke , Matsumoto Yoshiro , Kanno Zuisei , Soma Kunimichi
Published: November 2007

Objective: To investigate how the preapplication of orthodontic forces to the donor teeth affects the periodontal healing after transplantation.

Materials and Methods: The orthodontic force (1.5 cN) was applied to the maxillary right molars of 6-week-old male Spraque-Dawley rats (n = 21) in the experimental side, and the left side of the same animals was used as the control. After 7 days, both right and left maxillary second molars were extracted or replanted. Periodontal conditions were evaluated in the histological specimens 7 days after applying orthodontic force (before and after extraction) and 14 days after replantation.

Results: The application of orthodontic force for 7 days significantly increased the periodontal ligament (PDL) space and also the width of the alveolar socket, which resulted in a rich attached PDL to the root surface of the extracted teeth. Significantly more root resorption was also detected in the control side without preapplication of orthodontic force 14 days after replantation. This root resorption might involve in the disruption of the PDL.

Conclusion: These results suggested that the preapplication of orthodontic force to the donor teeth increased the PDL width and eased the extraction, which might decrease root resorption after replantation.
An Epidemiological Study of Hyperdontia in American Blacks and Whites
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Clark Larkin L.
Published: November 2007

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that American blacks do not have a higher frequency of extra permanent teeth than whites.

Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of adolescent orthodontic patients, either American whites (n = 1100) or American blacks (n = 600), were reviewed systematically.

Results: The frequencies of supernumerary incisors, premolars, and molars were each significantly more common in blacks. While incisors are the most common extra teeth in whites (and extra molars are least common), just the opposite ranking occurs in blacks. Overall, the odds ratio was 8.8 (95% confidence limits = 3.9, 20.0), confirming that American blacks are significantly more likely (almost 9 times more likely) to possess extra permanent teeth than American whites.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Both the frequencies and the patterns of extra permanent teeth are significantly different in blacks and whites, suggesting different frequencies of the relevant (but unidentified) factors governing the developmental mechanisms that result in hyperdontia.
Orthopedic Treatment Outcomes in Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Toffol Laura De , Pavoni Chiara , Baccetti Tiziano , Franchi Lorenzo , Cozza Paola
Published: November 2007

Objective: To assess the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of early orthopedic treatment in Class III subjects.

Materials and Methods: A literature survey was performed by applying the Medline database (Entrez PubMed). The survey covered the period from January 1966 to December 2005 and used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The following study types that reported data on the effects of Class III treatment with orthopedic appliances (facial mask, chincup, FR-3) on intermaxillary sagittal and vertical relationships were included: randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and prospective and retrospective longitudinal controlled clinical trials (CCTs) with untreated Class III controls.

Results: The search strategy resulted in 536 articles. After selection according to criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 19 articles qualified for the final review analysis. One RCT and 18 CCTs were retrieved.

Conclusion: The quality standard of the retrieved investigations ranged from low (four studies) to medium/high (five studies). Data derived from medium/high quality research described over 75% of success of orthopedic treatment of Class III malocclusion (RME and facial mask therapy) at a follow-up observation 5 years after the end of orthopedic treatment.
Emotional Stress- and Pain-Related Behaviors Evoked by Experimental Tooth Movement
Authors: Yozgatian Joseph H. , Zeredo Jorge L. , Hotokezaka Hitoshi , Koga Yoshiyuki , Toda Kazuo , Yoshida Noriaki
Published: November 2007

Objective: To investigate by behavioral methods the relationship between emotional stress and pain during experimental tooth movement in rats.

Materials and Methods: Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (210 to 250 g) were divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with an active Ti-Ni appliance, and the control group received a passive appliance. A force of 20 gf was delivered by the active appliance between the maxillary first and second molars for 3 days. During this period the rat's behavior was evaluated eight times by means of open-field test and resistance-to-capture test. The specific parameters of animal activity were facial grooming, rearing, and locomotor activity, movement into the center of the open field, and response to capture.

Results: Parameters related to stress and pain were higher in the group carrying active appliance, compared to the group with a passive appliance. Statistically significant differences in stress-related behavior between control and experimental groups were found 8 hours after placing the appliance and were most evident on the second day. Pain-related behavior was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group at 24 hours.

Conclusions: The increase in emotional stress evoked by orthodontic tooth movement may precede the appearance of periodontal pain.
A Nonsurgical Approach to Treatment of High-Angle Class II Malocclusion
Authors: Cozza Paola , Marino Alessandra , Franchi Lorenzo
Published: November 2007

Malocclusions with a hyperdivergent vertical facial pattern are often difficult to treat without a combined surgical/orthodontic approach. The aim of this article is to describe a nonsurgical approach to the treatment of a high-angle Class II malocclusion in a growing patient. Some fundamental aspects, such as correct diagnosis, treatment timing, favorable mandibular growth pattern, and patient compliance, proved to be critical to correct the severe dentoskeletal disharmony.
Fluoride Prophylactic Agents Effect on Ceramic Bracket Tie-Wing Fracture Strength
Authors: Sanchez Donald J. , Walker Mary P. , Kula Katherine , Williams Karen B. , Eick J. David
Published: November 2007

Objective: To test the hypothesis that fluoride prophylactic agents do not affect the fracture strength and fracture morphology of the tie-wing complex of ceramic brackets.

Materials and Methods: The fracture strength of the distal incisal tie-wing of two polycrystalline brackets, Clarity and Mystique, and a monocrystalline bracket, Inspire, was measured after the brackets were exposed to either Prevident, Phos-flur gel, or distilled water (control). Scanning electron microscopy was used to qualitatively evaluate the tie-wing intact and fractured surfaces.

Results: A two-way analysis of variance and Fisher-Hayter post hoc test, α = .05, indicated a significant decrease in tie-wing fracture strength following both fluoride treatments when compared with the distilled water control only with the monocrystalline bracket. None of the bracket brands exhibited any qualitative differences in the tie-wing intact or fracture surfaces as a function of fluoride treatment.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Based on the results, using topical fluoride agents with monocrystalline brackets might be contraindicated because of increased tie-wing fracture susceptibility.
Orthodontic Adhesives Induce Human Gingival Fibroblast Toxicity and Inflammation
Authors: Huang Tsui-Hsien , Liao Pao-Hsin , Li Han Yu , Ding Shinn Jyh , Yen Min , Kao Chia-Tze
Published: November 2007

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that the resin base and the resin hybrid glass ionomer base adhesives do not cause inflammation after contacting primary human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.

Materials and Methods: The resin base and resin hybrid glass ionomer base adhesives were used to treat human gingival fibroblasts to evaluate the survival rate using MTT colorimetric assay to detect the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique and COX-2 protein expression using Western blot analysis. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tests of differences of the treatments were analyzed using the Tukey test and a value of P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The paste and primer of the resin base adhesive and the liquid of glass ionomer adhesive showed decreasing survival rates after 24 hours of treatment (P < .05). All orthodontic adhesives induced COX-2 protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts. The exposure of quiescent human gingival fibroblasts to adhesives resulted in the induction of COX-2 mRNA expression. The investigations of the time-dependent COX-2 mRNA expression in adhesive-treated human gingival fibroblasts revealed different patterns.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. For orthodontic patients with gingival inflammation, except for those with oral hygiene problems, the activation of COX-2 expression by orthodontic adhesive may be one of the potential mechanisms.
Experimental validation of perfumery ternary diagram® methodology
Authors: Gomes Paula B. , Mata Vera G. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: November 2007

The new methodology based on Perfumery Ternary Diagram® (PTD®) used to predict the odor value (OV) of a perfume mixture was updated and validated through experimental measurements of odor threshold values and headspace concentrations, using a perfume test mixture of limonene, geraniol, vanillin, and ethanol. The influence of the odor threshold values on the PTD® was considered. The experimental OV values were compared with OV values predicted by PTD® model, for the ideal case (considering no molecular interactions) and nonideal case (using UNIFAC model to account for molecular interactions). It was found that PTD® results fit reasonably well the experimental data, except for vanillin. Nevertheless, the PTD® methodology has proven to be useful in predicting the odor of perfume mixtures and to study the influence of the liquid composition on the headspace compositions, odor values, and its smell. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
The Y‐chromosome short tandem repeats variation within haplogroup E3b: Evidence of recurrent mutation in SNP
Authors: Fernandes A. T. , Rosa A. , Gonçalves R. , Jesus J. , Brehm A.
Published: November 2007

Haplogroup E3b is defined by a single nucleotide mutation (SNP) in locus M35 and is found at high frequency (more than 35%) in populations from North Africa with a heterogeneous distribution. On the basis of compilation of 553 Y‐chromosomes from Europe and 633 from sub‐Saharan Africa we selected 130 individuals belonging to haplogroup E3b and characterized subhaplogroups according to the Y‐Chromosome Consortium nomenclature. Y‐chromosome haplotypes can be defined using short tandem repeats (STR). The use of STRs makes it possible to measure diversity and estimate age coalescence. Significant differences on frequencies of Y‐chromosome STR loci were found among the E3b subhaplogroups and the same was observed when haplotype frequencies were considered. Some mutations in SNPs were detected when comparing E3b subhaplogroups with the correspondent STR haplotypes. These results show that the mutation rate for some SNPs could be higher than previously thought and also that it is important to associate both haplotype and haplogroup in Y‐chromosome studies. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the thermomechanical behavior of epoxy glasses under the state of strain aging
Authors: Kawakami Hiroshi , Watanabe Masaomi
Published: November 2007

Changes in thermomechanical behavior with structural relaxation taking place in epoxy glasses were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and thermostimulated strain recovery tests were performed for specimens deformed and then aged under fixed strain. In the course of heating, the specimens started to absorb thermal energy, whereas plastic strain was still stable. At higher temperatures, plastic strain started recovery, which was accompanied by exothermic behavior of the specimen. With an increase in the aging duration, the endothermic peak signified and moved to a higher temperature. These results indicated that the longer the aging duration was, the harder the plastic strain and strain energy were frozen in the glassy structure. This freeze‐strain phenomenon was observed for crosslinked epoxy glass, as well as polymeric glasses with linear molecular structures, aged under strain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of silica surface treatment on the impregnation process of silica fiber/phenolics composites
Authors: Liu L. , Wang H. , Wang B. C. , Huang Y. D.
Published: November 2007

Effects of silica surface treatment on the impregnation process of silica fiber/phenolics composites were studied. Micro‐Wilhelmy method was used to evaluate the surface characterization of silanized silica fibers. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) measurements and the void contents of the silica fiber/phenolics composites were also performed. The interactions occurring between silica fiber and the components of phenolic resin solution can affect the contact angle between silica fiber and phenolic solution and the dynamic adsorption behavior of phenolic resin onto silica fiber. There are competitive adsorptions to different extent for phenolic resin and solvent onto silica fibers. Silica fibers as reinforcement treated by silane‐coupling agent, such as γ‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane, γ‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane, trimethylchlorosilane, and γ‐methacryloxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane, influence the mechanical interfacial properties of silica fiber/phenolics composites and the uniformity of resin distribution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
The effects of dynamic vulcanization and compatibilizer on properties of paper sludge‐filled polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer composites
Authors: Salmah H. , Ismail H. , Bakar A. Abu
Published: November 2007

The effects of dynamic vulcanization (DV) and dynamic vulcanization plus compatibilizer (DVC) of paper sludge (PS) filled polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (PP/EPDM) composites on torque development, mechanical properties, water absorption, morphology, and thermal properties were studied. Results show that DV and DVC composites exhibit higher stabilization torque than unvulcanized composites (UV). The dynamic vulcanized (DV) and dynamic vulcanized plus compatibilizer (DVC) composites exhibit higher tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus but lower water absorption than unvulcanized composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of tensile fracture surface of DV and DVC composites shows the improved interfacial interaction between PS and PP/EPDM matrix. The DV and DVC composites also exhibit better thermal stability and higher crystallinity than unvulcanized PP/EPDM/PS composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
DFT Modeling of Silver Disorder and Mobility in the Semiconductor Cluster [Ag28S26(P(O)PhOMe)12(PPh3)12]
Authors: Crawford Nathan R. M. , Schrodt Claudia , Rothenberger Alexander , Shi Weifeng , Ahlrichs Reinhart
Published: November 2007

Disorder of silver atoms and high cation mobility are commonly observed and closely coupled features in silver chalcogenides. The ligand‐stabilized cluster [Ag28(μ6‐S)2{ArP(O)S2}12(PPh3)12] (1) (Ar=4‐anisyl), with a total of 666 atoms, displays in its X‐ray structure highly localized disorder at two core silver atoms. To explore the nature of this disorder, we have applied density functional methods to its internal structure and flexibility. The pseudo‐S6 symmetry of the cluster provides six equivalent pockets to place the pair of silver atoms, and with the exception of populating neighboring sites, all permutations relax to structures with similar cores. The barrier to concerted motion of the central silver atoms from one set of pockets to the next of the Ci‐symmetric conformer is estimated to be less than about 26 kJ mol−1. Cluster 1 can be considered a model for bulk phase cation mobility.
Filtermedien zur Kuchenfiltration – Schnittstelle zwischen Suspension und Apparat
Authors: Anlauf H.
Published: November 2007

Die Kuchenfiltration stellt als Verfahren der Oberflächenfiltration eine besonders flexible Variante aus der weit gefächerten Matrix von physikalisch unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten zur Abtrennung von Partikeln aus Flüssigkeiten dar. In Verbindung mit Methoden der Suspensionsvorbehandlung, wie etwa Aufkonzentrierung und/oder Agglomeration, wird eine Partikelgrößenspanne von mehreren Millimetern bis deutlich unterhalb von einem Mikrometer abgedeckt. Die vielfältigen Apparatekonstruktionen und Funktionsprinzipien kuchenbildender Filterapparate benötigen maßgeschneiderte und speziell angepasste Filtermedien, das den mechanischen Anforderungen des Apparates, und den chemisch/physikalischen Gegebenheiten der Suspension genügen muss.
Durch Lecks in Filtern zur Staubabtrennung verursachte Partikelemissionen
Authors: Bach B. , Schmidt E.
Published: November 2007

Mit Oberflächenfiltern zur Partikelabscheidung aus Gasen können in der Regel die niedrigsten Reingaskonzentrationen erzielt und Grenzwerte sicher eingehalten werden. Emissionsrelevante Auswirkungen von definierten Fehlstellen in Oberflächenfiltermedien wurden durch variable Einstellungen der Parameter Fehlstellengröße, Filteranströmgeschwindigkeit und Staubkuchendicke sowohl in Experimenten als auch mit Hilfe von Simulation und Modellierung bestimmt. Ein theoretischer Modellansatz zur Berechnung von aus blendenähnlichen Fehlstellen in Filtermedien resultierenden erhöhten Reingasstaubkonzentrationen wurde aus den Experimenten entwickelt und konnte numerisch validiert werden.
Einfluss der Physikochemie auf die Abtrennung nanoskaliger Partikel aus Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Nirschl H.
Published: November 2007

Der folgende Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die verfahrenstechnischen Grundlagen über den Einfluss der Physikochemie auf die Abtrennung feinster, nanoskaliger Partikel aus einer Suspension zu ordnen und zusammenzufassen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die in den mechanischen Trenntechniken bedeutsamsten Trennprinzipien, die Sedimentation und die kuchenbildende Filtration. Ausgehend von den physikochemischen und verfahrenstechnischen Grundlagen im Bereich der Sedimentation und Filtration versucht der Beitrag, die Einflussgrößen auf die Abscheidung zu identifizieren und die wesentlichen, experimentell ermittelten Zusammenhänge darzustellen.
Verfahren zur Abwasserfiltration – Grundlagen, Auslegung und Betriebserfahrungen
Authors: Barjenbruch M.
Published: November 2007

Die Abwasserfiltration, die aus der Trinkwasserfiltration entwickelt wurde, ging in Deutschland erstmalig Ende 1977 in Darmsheim (10000 Einwohner) in Betrieb. Seitdem ist diese Technologie entscheidend weiterentwickelt worden. Hier sind vor allem die Flockungsfiltration und die biologisch intensivierte Filtration zu nennen. Mit Verschärfung der Anforderung an die Qualität der Abwassereinleitungen Ende der 1980er bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre wurden in kurzer Zeit in Deutschland ca. 180 Abwasserfilteranlagen errichtet. Neben der weitgehenden P‐Elimination ist das Kerneinsatzgebiet der Abwasserfilter die Schwebstoffentnahme. Darüber hinaus kommen biologisch intensivierte Filter zur Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation zur Anwendung, die zum Teil auch die biologische Hauptstufe ersetzen. Verfahrenstechnisch werden diskontinuierlich zumeist abwärts durchströmte Raumfilter in Mehrschichtbauweise eingesetzt. Bei kleineren Kläranlagen sind auch kontinuierlich Raumfilter im Betrieb. Die Auslegung erfolgt üblicherweise über die Filtergeschwindigkeit (Leer‐Rohr) und die Feststoffraumbeladung (kg TS/m3). Betrieblich können Feststoffgehalte < 5,0 mg AFS/L und P‐Ablaufwerte < 0,3 mg/L erreicht werden. Die Betriebserfahrungen zeigen, dass die zur Regeneration benötigte Spülwassermenge von den Herstellerangaben abweichen; weiterhin traten zum Teil erhöhte Filtermaterialverluste und Probleme mit Ungeziefer auf.
Der ProcessNet‐Fachausschuss – „Mechanische Flüssigkeitsabtrennung (MFA)”︁
Authors: Ripperger S.
Published: November 2007

In Deutschland werden Ingenieure seit etwa 60 Jahren auf dem Gebiet der Verfahrenstechnik und des Chemieingenieurwesens ausgebildet. Seit dieser Zeit werden auch praktische Probleme sowie Forschungs‐ und Entwicklungsergebnisse zur „Mechanischen Flüssigkeitsabtrennung”︁ im gleichnamigen Fachausschuss unter dem Dach der GVC bzw. heute unter dem Dach von ProcessNet diskutiert. Dieser Beitrag stellt im Folgenden den Fachausschuss, seine Mitglieder sowie die Arbeitsgebiete vor. Außerdem werden aktuelle Arbeits‐ und F&E‐Schwerpunkte beschrieben.
CFD – basierte Modellierung der Hydrozyklonklassierung
Authors: Neeße T. , Dück J.
Published: November 2007

Es wird ein 2D‐Euler‐Modell für das Trennergebnis in einem 40‐mm‐Hydrozyklon berechnet und mit Versuchsergebnissen verglichen. Das Modell wurde so gewählt, dass es bei angemessenem Rechenaufwand die verfahrenstechnischen Vorgänge im Apparat physikalisch richtig widerspiegelt. Auf der Grundlage der Hydrodynamik turbulenter Mehrphasenströmungen werden stationäre Konzentrationsverteilungen für jede Teilchengrößenklasse im Hydrozyklon berechnet und als Trennkurven bilanziert. Mit diesem Modell ist es auch erstmalig möglich, instationäre Zustände in Folge von Aufgabeschwankungen im Hydrozyklon zu erfassen. Diese prozessdynamischen Rechnungen führen zu Übergangszeiten, die die Grundlage für die Auslegung von Hydrozyklonregelungen sind. Weiterhin weisen die Trennkurven im instationären Fall anormale Maxima auf, wie sie auch bei fehlerhaften, d. h. zu kurzen Probenahmen experimentell ermittelt werden. Die Rechnungen können ohne Schwierigkeiten auf Personalcomputern durchgeführt werden.
Mechanische Klärschlammbehandlung
Authors: Schuster C.
Published: November 2007

Der Feststoffgehalt des bei der Abwasserreinigung anfallenden Klärschlamms wird wesentlich durch die Herkunft des Abwassers und den gewählten Trennapparat bestimmt. Meist sind diese Feststoffgehalte jedoch so niedrig, dass für eine wirtschaftliche Entsorgung des Klärschlamms eine maschinelle Eindickung oder Entwässerung erforderlich ist. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die verschiedenen Verfahren zur mechanischen Klärschlammbehandlung in der industriellen und kommunalen Abwasserbehandlung sowohl für die Eindickung als auch für die Entwässerung unter Berücksichtigung der Einflüsse der Schlammeigenschaften vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Filterzentrifugen für die pharmazeutische Industrie
Authors: Hegnauer B. , Thurner F.
Published: November 2007

Bei der Aufarbeitung pharmazeutischer Wirkstoffe ist die Abtrennung in Filterzentrifugen ein hoch effektives Verfahren, mit dem hohe Produktreinheiten erreicht werden. Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass der abzutrennende Wirkstoff für den Trennschritt formstabil z. B. als Kristall vorliegt. In den verschiedenen Typen von diskontinuierlichen Filterzentrifugen, die alle die spezifischen Anforderungen der pharmazeutischen Industrie erfüllen können, laufen grundsätzlich immer die gleichen sequentiellen physikalischen Prozesse ab. Aufgrund apparatespezifischer Besonderheiten weisen die verschiedenen Zentrifugentypen unterschiedliche Stärken auf, die dann abhängig von Rahmenbedingungen wie etwa den Produkteigenschaften und den Anforderungen an den Trennprozess eine Auswahl spezifischer Zentrifugentypen vereinfacht.
Kontinuierliche Filter in der Fest/Flüssig‐Trennung
Authors: Bott R.
Published: November 2007

Kontinuierliche Drehfilter sind Basisbausteine der Filtrationstechnik und erfüllen bei vielen Produktionsprozessen wichtige trenntechnische Aufgaben. Bei Fragen zur richtigen Apparateauswahl bis hin zum optimalen Betrieb dieser Trenntechnologien suchen Betriebsingenieure aber häufig vergebens nach verlässlichen Informationen oder kompetenten Antworten, wie sie das vorgestellte praxisgerechte Fortbildungsangebot bietet.
Biocytin wide‐field bipolar cells in rabbit retina selectively contact blue cones
Authors: MacNeil Margaret A. , Gaul Paulette A.
Published: November 2007

The biocytin wide‐field bipolar cell in rabbit retina has a broad axonal arbor in layer 5 of the inner plexiform layer and a wide dendritic arbor that does not contact all cones in its dendritic field. The purpose of our study was to identify the types of cones that this cell contacts. We identified the bipolar cells by selective uptake of biocytin, labeled the cones with peanut agglutinin, and then used antibodies against blue cone opsin and red‐green cone opsin to identify the individual cone types. The biocytin‐labeled cells selectively contacted cones whose outer segments stained for blue cone opsin and avoided cones that did not. We conclude that the biocytin wide‐field bipolar cell is an ON blue cone bipolar cell in the rabbit retina and is homologous to the blue cone bipolar cells that have been previously described in primate, mouse, and ground squirrel retinas. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:6–15, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive morphological identification and GABA immunocytochemistry of antennal lobe local interneurons in Bombyx mori
Authors: Seki Yoichi , Kanzaki Ryohei
Published: November 2007

The insect antennal lobe (AL) is the structural and functional analog of the olfactory bulb of mammals, in which odor information is spatially and/or temporally represented by functional glomerular units. Local interneurons (LNs) play critical roles through intra‐ and interglomerular communication to shape the output from the AL to higher brain centers; however, the function and even the components of LNs are unclear. We have used morphological and immunocytochemical approaches to examine LNs in the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori. First, we comprehensively analyzed the morphological variation of LNs. One hundred fifty‐three AL LNs were intracellularly stained, analyzed in three dimensions with a confocal microscope, and subdivided into five morphological types based on differences in the arborization region in the AL and dendritic profiles within the glomeruli. Two global multiglomerular types arborized in the macroglomerular complex (MGC) and in most ordinary glomeruli, and the other three oligoglomerular types innervated some ordinary glomeruli with or without the MGC. Second, we performed double‐labeling of Lucifer Yellow staining of a single LN combined with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. The two global multiglomerular types and two of the oligoglomerular types were GABA‐immunoreactive, but the third oligoglomerular type, which innervates the MGC and some ordinary glomeruli, included some GABA‐immunonegative neurons, suggesting the existence of a non‐GABAergic subtype. These results suggest that the complex neural circuits of the AL are composed of several morphologically different types of LNs, most of which are inhibitory. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:93–107, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.