bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism underlying flow stimulation of sodium absorption in the mammalian collecting duct
Authors: Morimoto Tetsuji , Liu Wen , Woda Craig , Carattino Marcelo D. , Wei Yuan , Hughey Rebecca P. , Apodaca Gerard , Satlin Lisa M. , Kleyman Thomas R.
Published: April 2006

Vectorial Na+absorption across the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron plays a key role in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Within this nephron segment, Na+diffuses from the urinary fluid into principal cells through an apical, amiloride-sensitive, epithelial Na+channel (ENaC), which is considered to be the rate-limiting step for Na+absorption. We have reported that increases in tubular flow rate in microperfused rabbit cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) lead to increases in net Na+absorption and that increases in laminar shear stress activate ENaC expressed in oocytes by increasing channel open probability. We therefore examined whether flow stimulates net Na+absorption ( JNa) in CCDs by increasing channel open probability or by increasing the number of channels at the apical membrane. Both baseline and flow-stimulated JNain CCDs were mediated by ENaC, as JNawas inhibited by benzamil. Flow-dependent increases in JNawere observed following treatment of tubules with reagents that altered membrane trafficking by disrupting microtubules (colchicine) or Golgi (brefeldin A). Furthermore, reducing luminal Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]) or chelating intracellular [Ca2+] with BAPTA did not prevent the flow-dependent increase in JNa. Extracellular trypsin has been shown to activate ENaC by increasing channel open probability, and we observed that trypsin significantly enhanced JNawhen tubules were perfused at a slow flow rate. However, trypsin did not further enhance JNain CCDs perfused at fast flow rates. Similarly, the shear-induced increase in benzamil-sensitive JNain oocytes expressing protease resistance ENaC mutants was similar to that of controls. Our results suggest the rise in JNaaccompanying increases in luminal flow rates reflects an increase in channel open probability.
Bridge Frost Prediction by Heat and Mass Transfer Methods
Authors: Greenfield Tina M. , Takle Eugene S.
Published: April 2006

Frost on roadways and bridges can present hazardous conditions to motorists, particularly when it occurs in patches or on bridges when adjacent roadways are clear of frost. To minimize materials costs, vehicle corrosion, and negative environmental impacts, frost-suppression chemicals should be applied only when, where, and in the appropriate amounts needed to maintain roadways in a safe condition for motorists. Accurate forecasts of frost onset times, frost intensity, and frost disappearance (e.g., melting or sublimation) are needed to help roadway maintenance personnel decide when, where, and how much frost-suppression chemical to use. A finite-difference algorithm (BridgeT) has been developed that simulates vertical heat transfer in a bridge based on evolving meteorological conditions at its top and bottom as supplied by a weather forecast model. BridgeT simulates bridge temperatures at numerous points within the bridge (including its upper and lower surface) at each time step of the weather forecast model and calculates volume per unit area (i.e., depth) of deposited, melted, or sublimed frost. This model produces forecasts of bridge surface temperature, frost depth, and bridge condition (i.e., dry, wet, icy/snowy). Bridge frost predictions and bridge surface temperature are compared with observed and measured values to assess BridgeT's skill in forecasting bridge frost and associated conditions.
Bjerknes Compensation and the Decadal Variability of the Energy Transports in a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Shaffrey Len , Sutton Rowan
Published: April 2006

In the 1960s, Jacob Bjerknes suggested that if the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes and the oceanic heat storage did not vary too much, then the total energy transport by the climate system would not vary too much either. This implies that any large anomalies of oceanic and atmospheric energy transport should be equal and opposite. This simple scenario has become known as Bjerknes compensation.

A long control run of the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) has been investigated. It was found that northern extratropical decadal anomalies of atmospheric and oceanic energy transports are significantly anticorrelated and have similar magnitudes, which is consistent with the predictions of Bjerknes compensation. The degree of compensation in the northern extratropics was found to increase with increasing time scale. Bjerknes compensation did not occur in the Tropics, primarily as large changes in the surface fluxes were associated with large changes in the TOA fluxes.

In the ocean, the decadal variability of the energy transport is associated with fluctuations in the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. A stronger Atlantic Ocean energy transport leads to strong warming of surface temperatures in the Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian (GIN) Seas, which results in a reduced equator-to-pole surface temperature gradient and reduced atmospheric baroclinicity. It is argued that a stronger Atlantic Ocean energy transport leads to a weakened atmospheric transient energy transport.
Determinants of Adolescents' Brand Sensitivity to Clothing
Authors: Beaudoin Pierre , Lachance Marie J.
Published: April 2006

The objective of this research was to better understand the interest of adolescents in clothing brand names and to ascertain how different psychological, social, and socioeconomic variables explained variance in their brand sensitivity. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that susceptibility to peer influence, gender, fashion innovativeness, consumer competence, self‐esteem, brand importance for father, and age were significantly related to brand sensitivity.
Cross‐Cultural Comparisons of Appearance Self‐Schema, Body Image, Self‐Esteem, and Dieting Behavior Between Korean and U.S. Women
Authors: Jung Jaehee , Lee Seung‐Hee
Published: April 2006

This study conducted cross‐cultural comparisons of appearance self‐schema, body image, self‐esteem, and dieting behavior between women from Korea and the United States. Participants were 201 undergraduates from a central university in Seoul, South Korea and 205 undergraduates from a mid‐Atlantic university in the United States. They completed a questionnaire in their native language that included measures of appearance self‐schema, body image, self‐esteem, dieting behavior, and demographic information. Women in both cultural groups with high appearance self‐schema were less satisfied with their overall bodies and revealed lower self‐esteem than those with low appearance self‐schema. Korean women placed greater importance on appearance, were more critical of their bodies, and revealed lower self‐esteem than U.S. women. However, U.S. women showed higher scores on dieting behavior than Korean women. Implications are discussed in relation to the cultural concept (i.e., individualism versus collectivism) and sociocultural factors such as media and gender roles.
Correction of sickle cell disease by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Wu Li-Chen , Sun Chiao-Wang , Ryan Thomas M. , Pawlik Kevin M. , Ren Jinxiang , Townes Tim M.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies have demonstrated that sickle cell disease (SCD) can be corrected in mouse models by transduction of hematopoietic stem cells with lentiviral vectors containing antisickling globin genes followed by transplantation of these cells into syngeneic recipients. Although self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors with or without insulator elements should provide a safe and effective treatment in humans, some concerns about insertional mutagenesis persist. An ideal correction would involve replacement of the sickle globin gene (βS) with a normal copy of the gene (βA). We recently derived embryonic stem (ES) cells from a novel knock-in mouse model of SCD and tested a protocol for correcting the sickle mutation by homologous recombination. In this paper, we demonstrate the replacement of the human βS-globin gene with a human βA-globin gene and the derivation of mice from these cells. The animals produce high levels of normal human hemoglobin (HbA) and the pathology associated with SCD is corrected. Hematologic values are restored to normal levels and organ pathology is ameliorated. These experiments provide a foundation for similar studies in human ES cells derived from sickle cell patients. Although efficient methods for production of human ES cells by somatic nuclear transfer must be developed, the data in this paper demonstrate that sickle cell disease can be corrected without the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
p120 nucleolar-proliferating antigen is a direct target of G-CSF signaling during myeloid differentiation
Authors: Khanna-Gupta Arati , Sun Hong , Zibello Theresa , Lozovatsky Larissa , Ghosh Prabhat K , Link Daniel C , McLemore Morgan L , Berliner Nancy
Published: April 2006

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an essential cytokine, which contributes to proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte precursor cells in the bone marrow. Despite recent progress in understanding G-CSF signaling events, the mechanisms that underlie the distinct spectrum of biological functions attributed to G-CSF-mediated gene expression remain unclear. Previous studies have identified a number of genes, which are up-regulated in G-CSF-stimulated myeloid precursor cells. In this study, we sought to identify additional target genes of G-CSF-mediated proliferation and/or differentiation. cDNA representational difference analysis was used with the 32Dcl3 cell line as a model system to isolate genes, which are up-regulated in an immediate-early manner upon G-CSF stimualtion. We isolated p120 nucleolar-proliferation antigen (NOL1), a highly conserved, nucleolar-specific, RNA-binding protein of unknown function, and confirmed its expression by Northern blot analysis in 4-h, G-CSF-induced 32Dcl3 cells. Isolation of a mouse p120 genomic clone revealed the presence of a signal tranducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-binding site in the first intron of the gene. We demonstrate the importance of STAT3 and STAT5 in mediating the G-CSF response with respect to p120 expression by transient transfection analysis, oligonucleotide pull-down assays, and the loss of p120 expression in the bone marrow of mice lacking normal STAT3 signaling. In addition, overexpression of p120 in G-CSF-induced 32D cells revealed normal, morphologic maturation and growth characteristics but loss of lactoferrin expression, a marker of normal neutrophil maturation, suggesting that inappropriate expression of the p120 gene can result in aberrant neutrophil maturation.
“Research has had little influence on the development of pharmacy practice”
Authors: Jesson Jill
Published: April 2006

The final plenary session at the 2002 Health Services Research and Pharmacy Practice Conference at Leeds, England, took the form of a formal debate on the topic “Research has had little influence on the development of pharmacy practice.” The proposers were two non-pharmacists, with considerable experience of health services research and pharmacy practice research, and the opposers were two leading pharmacists, one a hospital pharmacist and one an advocate for community pharmacy. We present here an edited version of the debate.
Acquisition and extinction of gene expression programs are separable events in heterokaryon reprogramming
Authors: Terranova Rémi , Pereira Carlos Filipe , Du Roure Camille , Merkenschlager Matthias , Fisher Amanda G.
Published: April 2006

Although differentiated cells normally retain cell-type-specific gene expression patterns throughout their lifetime, cell identity can sometimes be modified or reversed in vivo by transdifferentiation, or experimentally through cell fusion or by nuclear transfer. To examine the epigenetic changes that are required for the dominant conversion of lymphocytes to muscle, we generated heterokaryons between human B lymphocytes and mouse C2C12 myotubes. We show that within 2 days of heterokaryon formation lymphocyte nuclei adopt an architecture resembling that of muscle and then initiate the expression of muscle-specific genes in the same temporal order as developing muscle. The establishment of this muscle-specific program is coordinated with the shutdown of several lymphocyte-associated genes. Interestingly, erasing lymphocyte identity in reprogrammed cells requires histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Inhibition of HDAC activity during reprogramming selectively blocks the silencing of lymphocyte-specific genes but does not prevent the establishment of muscle-specific gene expression. Successful reprogramming is therefore shown to be a multi-step process in which the acquisition and extinction of lineage-specific gene programs are separable events.
Synthesis and Properties of 1,6-Diselenapyrene (DSPY) and Its Methyl Chalcogeno Derivatives
Authors: Morita Yasushi , Ohmae Takeshi , Toyoda Jiro , Matsuda Shotaro , Toda Fumio , Nakasuji Kazuhiro
Published: April 2006

1,6-Diselenapyrene, a first selenium analog of peri-condensed Weitz-type donors based on pyrene, and its methyl chalcogeno derivatives showed the relatively good donor ability. The relationship between the charge transfer energy and the stacking mode are discussed briefly.
Associative Exchange of a Guanosine Ligand on Triarylphosphine-Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Komiya Sanshiro , Nakada Koji , Hirata Mitsuru , Fukuoka Atsushi
Published: April 2006

Reactions of nitrato(triarylphosphine)gold(I) complexes [Au(PR3)(NO3)] with nucleosides such as guanosine (Guo), adenosine (Ado), and cytidine (Cyd) give new nucleoside-containing gold(I) complexes, [Au(PR3)(Nuc)](NO3) (R = Ph, o-anisyl, p-anisyl; Nuc = Guo, Ado, Cyd) in DMSO-d6. NMR study reveals that the coordinated Guo ligand rapidly exchanges with free Guo by an associative mechanism.
Rotationally Resolved ZEKE Photoelectron Spectrum of Benzene. Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effect in the ν6(e2g) Mode
Authors: Sekiya Hiroshi , Lindner Reiner , Müller-Dethlefs Klaus
Published: April 2006

The rotationally resolved zero-kinetic energy spectrum of benzene has been measured for ionization into the 61 level of the electronic ground state of benzene cation. Conclusive assignments have been given for the Jahn-Teller components j = 1/2 and j = ±3/2, arising from the linear and quadratic couplings.
Proposed Mechanism for Production of Stable Aminoxyl Radical Impurities in the Synthesis of Substituted 5,5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) Spin Traps
Authors: Janzen Edward G , Zhang Yong-Kang , Arimura Masana
Published: April 2006

Paramagnetic impurities in nitrone spin traps are bothering researchers in the practice of spin trapping. By use of mass spectroscopy, a hydroxylamine dimer of 2,5,5-trimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (M3PO) has been found in samples of M3PO. Air oxidation of the hydroxylamine may produce the aminoxyl radical impurity detected. Mechanisms for the generation of impurities in DMPO and derivatives are proposed.
Negative Photochromic Polymers. Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Having Spirobenzoselenazolinobenzopyran Side Groups
Authors: Miyashita Akira , Nakano Shinji , Hirano Masafumi , Nohira Hiroyuki
Published: April 2006

A series of novel negative photochromic poly(methyl methacrylate) having spirobenzoselenazolinobenzopyran side groups was newly synthesized, and their reversible photochemical color changes were studied: their metastable colorless spiro-forms induced by Vis light irradiation was stabilized more than 90 days, although that dispersed in polymer film was thermally unstable turning to the stable merocyanine-form. Kinetic study to investigate their thermocoloration process was performed.
Synthesis of Novel Electron Acceptor, 2,5-Bis[4′-(dimethylamino)pyridinio]-3,6-difluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate), in the Form of Charge-Transfer Complex
Authors: Iwatsuki Shouji , Kubo Masataka , Iwase Hironori
Published: April 2006

2,5-Bis[4′-(dimethylamino)pyridinio]-3,6-difluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) was obtained as a 1:1 charge-transfer complex with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQF4) with N-trimethylsilyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate. Its first reduction potential was measured in cyclic voltammetry to be as high as 0.96 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), exceeding that of 2,5,7,7,8,8-hexacyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ(CN)2) by 0.29 V.
Prediction of the Optimum Reaction Time for Carbon-11 Labelling Reactions. The Rate Constants for the Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroyoshi , Hayashi Nobuyoshi
Published: April 2006

The rate constants for the carboxylation of a series of aliphatic Grignard reagents were measured as part of the development of a computer assisted automated synthesis apparatus. A good correlation was obtained between the rate constants and Taft’s Es values.
Preparation of 2-(Alkylseleno)benzothiazoles. Direct Incorporation of the Alkyl Group of Alcohols into Benzothiazolylseleno Residue
Authors: Shibata Koichi , Mitsunobu Oyo
Published: April 2006

Reaction of alcohols with 2-(1,2-diphenyl-2-oxoethylseleno)benzothiazole in the presence of tributylphosphine gave the corresponding 2-alkylselenobenzothiazoles, where inversion of the secondary carbinol center of the alcohols took place. 1,3-Butanediol reacted at the primary hydroxyl group, while 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol reacted at the secondary hydroxyl group.
Stereoselective Synthesis of β-Phenylserine from Glycine and Benzaldehyde as Mediated by Catalytic Bilayer Membranes, Artificial Vitamin B6-dependent Enzymes
Authors: Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Takashima Toru , Nakao Hidetoshi , Hie Ken-ichi , Etoh Hiroshi , Noguchi Yasuhiro , Suehiro Kazuaki , Murakami Yukito
Published: April 2006

The aldolation of glycine with benzaldehyde to yield β-phenylserine was catalyzed by supramolecular assemblies formed with a synthetic peptide lipid, a hydrophobic vitamin B6 derivative, and zinc(II) ions in aqueous media under mild conditions. A diastereomeric ratio of the reaction products was much dependent on a size and a phase property of the vesicular catalyst.
Synthesis of Enones and Cyclopropanes by the Reaction of Telluronium Ylides Generated from Bis(2-oxoalkyl)tellurium Dichlorides
Authors: Han Li-Biao , Kambe Nobuaki , Ryu Ilhyong , Sonoda Noboru
Published: April 2006

The reaction of bis(2-oxoalkyl)tellurium dichlorides (1) with a base gave either 1,4-dioxo-2-alkenes or 1,2,3-triacylcyclopropanes depending on the conditions employed. The reaction of 1 with LDA followed by the addition of an aldehyde led to the Wittig-type olefination to give E-α,β-unsaturated ketones in good yields. The cyclopropanes and 1,4-dioxo-2-alkenes could also be synthesized conveniently by a one-pot procedure from the corresponding ketones by the aid of TeCl4 and LDA.
Molecular Geometry of the Photooxygenation Product of Diphenanthro[5,4,3-abcd:5′,4′,3′-jklm]perylene
Authors: Sakai Ken-ichi , Nagashima Umpei , Fujisawa Shoji , Uchida Akira , Ohshima Shigeru , Oonishi Isao
Published: April 2006

The photooxygenation of diphenanthro[5,4,3-abcd:5′,4′,3′-jklm]perylene (DPP) is investigated by using semi-empirical molecular orbital methods. It was shown theoretically that molecular oxygen (O2) attaches to the central part of DPP, causing a large bend of the molecular plane. The experimental observation was reasonably explained on the basis of the calculated oscillator strengths of optically allowed transitions in DPP and photooxygenated DPP.
The First Preparation and Structures of Dibenzo[bc,fg][1,4]-diselenapentalene and -selenathiapentalene
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Ishikawa Yasuhiro , Furukawa Naomichi
Published: April 2006

Dibenzodiselenapentalene and dibenzoselenathiapentalene were prepared by thermolysis of 1,9-disubstituted dibenzoselenophenes and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane in the Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Bases with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Togo Hideo , Hayashi Ken , Yokoyama Masataka
Published: April 2006

Protonated heteroaromatic bases were easily alkylated via radical pathways using alkyl halides in the presence of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane under photochemical or thermal conditions.
Enantioselective β-Replacement Reaction Mediated by an Artificial Enzyme Composed of a Hydrophobia Vitamin B6, Chiral Bilayer-forming Lipids, and Copper(II) Ions
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Miyajima Tetsuya , Sakata Hiroyuki , Kikuchi Jun-ichi
Published: April 2006

A hybrid bilayer membrane, composed of a synthetic lipid having an (S)-alanine residue, one having (S)-binaphthol and (S)-alanine moieties, a hydrophobic pyndoxal derivative, and copper(II) ions, exhibited a tryptophan synthase-like reactivity that affords tryptophan from serine and indole in an enantiomeric excess of the (S)-isomer.
Effect of Cold-drawing on the Carbonization of Polyimide Films
Authors: Takeichi Tsutomu , Takenoshita Hidehiro , Ogura Satoshi , Inagaki Michio
Published: April 2006

Kapton-type polyimide films that were cold-drawn at the stage of polyamic acids were carbonized. Electrical conductivity of the carbonized films increased proportionally with the draw ratio from 70 S/cm for the undrawn films up to almost 200 S/cm for the 70% drawn films.
Photorearrangement of Thiophenetriptycene
Authors: Ishii Akihiko , Maeda Kiyoto , Nakayama Juzo , Hoshino Masamatsu
Published: April 2006

Photoirradiation of 4,8-dihydro-4,8[3′,2′]thiophenobenzo[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophenes (thiophenetriptycenes) results in di-π-methane rearrangement to provide the corresponding semibullvalenes. In the initial stage of the di-π-methane rearrangement, C(7a)-C(8a) bridging occurs exclusively regardless of bridgehead substituents.
Structure of Transient Cr(CO)5(phen) Studied by Time-resolved Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Oishi Shigero , Watanabe Masao , Muraishi Tomoyoshi
Published: April 2006

Cr(CO)5(phen) generated as an intermediate in the photochemical carbonyl substitution of Cr(CO)6 with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) has been investigated by laser flash photolysis with infrared detection. Cr(CO)5(phen) was found to have a capped-octahedron type structure; five carbonyls maintained a square-pyramidal geometry and phen coordinated unusually in a monodentate fashion.
Control of a Dye Formation Reaction in a Single Micrometer-Sized Oil-Droplet by Laser Trapping and Microelectrochemical Methods
Authors: Nakatani Kiyoharu , Uchida Tatsuya , Funakura Seiji , Sekiguchi Atsushi , Misawa Hiroaki , Kitamura Noboru , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

A dye formation reaction between 4-N,N-diethyl-2-methylquinonediimine and a phenol derivative at the oil-droplet/water interface was studied by a microelectrochemical method combined with laser trapping of an individual droplet in an oil-in-water emulsion system. The reaction in a single droplet with ≈ 10 μm diameter was shown to be controlled by the distance between the droplet and a microelectrode.
One-pot Deprotection and Coupling of Peptides by the Fmoc Strategy
Authors: Ueki Masaaki , Nishigaki Naohiko , Aoki Hiroko , Tsurusaki Takeshi , Katoh Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2006

9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group can be quickly removed with tetrabutylammonium fluoride hydrate (TBAF·xH2O) in the presence of a large excess of phenylmethanethiol or 1-octanethiol. Subsequent oxidation of the thiol with bis(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) disulfide simultaneously inactivated the TBAF and enabled one-pot peptide bond elongation by the Fmoc strategy.
Optical Resolution of a d-Biotin Chiral Intermediate by Use of Lipoprotein Lipase
Authors: Tokuyama Shinji , Yamano Toru , Aoki Isao , Takanohashi Kunio , Nakahama Kazuo
Published: April 2006

An efficient optical resolution of (±)-(3aα,4α,6aα)-1,3-dibenzyl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-2(3H)-one [(RS)-1] was accomplished by acylation with lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa TE3285 in toluene. The lipase acylated (R)-1 enantioselectively, and unreacted (S)-1, which is a chiral d-biotin intermediate, was isolated in excellent chemical and optical yields (>99% e.e.). Effects of acylating agents, water content and molecular sieves were also investigated.
Electron-rich Triarylbismuthines as Selective Condensation Reagent under Neutral Conditions. Condensation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Amines and Alcohols
Authors: Ogawa Takuji , Hikasa Tetsuya , Ikegami Tohru , Ono Noboru , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: April 2006

On heating with amines or alcohols in the presence of tris(2-methoxy phenyl)- or tris(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)bismuthine, carboxylic acids bearing α-hydrogen are readily converted into the corresponding amides or esters in good yields while those without α-hydrogen remain intact.
Reduction of Carboxylic Acid with 2-Propanol over Zirconia-Titania
Authors: Takahashi Kyoko , Shibagaki Makoto , Kuno Hideyuki , Matsushita Hajime
Published: April 2006

The reduction of long carbon chain carboxylic acids or the esters with 2-propanol proceeded efficiently over zirconia-titania at atmospheric pressure, and the corresponding alcohols were obtained. Methyl 9-octadecenoate was reduced to give 9-octadecen-1-ol in a 58% yield.
New Synthesis of Macrocyclic Compounds from Tetraazapentalene Derivatives with the Hypervalent Sulfur
Authors: Matsumura Noboru , Hirase Ryuji , Mori Osamu , Inoue Hiroo
Published: April 2006

2,3-Bis[(p-isothiocyanatomethylphenyl)methyl]-6,7-dihydro-5H-2a-thia(2a-SIV)-2,3,4a,7a-tetraazacyclopent[cd]indene-1,4(2H,3H)-dithione, prepared from 2,3-dialkyl substituted tetraazapentalene derivatives and p-xylylene diisothiocyanate, reacted with N,N′-dialkyl substituted diamines to give macrocyclic compounds by ring closure in good yields. These macrocyclic compounds were converted into desulfurized macrocyclic compounds by treatment with NaBH4 and CF3COOH.
Effect of the Twisted Nitro Group on Gas Phase Acidities of Phenol, Toluene, Aniline, and Benzoic Acid. Steric Inhibition of Intrinsic Resonance Effect
Authors: Mishima Masaaki , Kang Chul Hyun , Huh Chul , Fujio Mizue , Tsuno Yuho
Published: April 2006

Gas phase acidities have been determined for 3,5-dimethyl-4-substituted phenols, toluenes, anilines, and benzole acids. The reduced effect of the 4-nitro group on acidity was observed for all series compared with that in the unhindered system, being attributed to steric inhibition of resonance effect. From this result a dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the nitro group was estimated to be 38 ± 2° for these acids.
Structural Study of ZnZr4(PO4)6 Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Nomura Katsuhiro , Ikeda Shoichiro , Masuda Hideki , Einaga Hisahiko
Published: April 2006

The crystal structure of ZnZr4(PO4)6, a member of β-Fe2(SO4)3-type solid electrolyte, has been determined by X-ray diffraction method. There are two disordered zinc ions in zirconium phosphate framework, which are characterized by distorted polyhedra of Zn(1)O5 and Zn(2)O5 with the occupation ratio of about 2 : 1. The ionic conduction behavior of this solid electrolyte is compared with that of NASICON-type one.
Facile Synthesis of Lactones from Silyl ω-Siloxycarboxylates Using p-Trifluoromethylbenzoic Anhydride and a Catalytic Amount of Active Lewis Acid
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Izumi Jun , Miyashita Mitsutomo , Shiina Isamu
Published: April 2006

The lactonization of silyl ω-siloxycarboxylates is successfully carried out under mild conditions in good to high yields by using p-trifluoromethylbenzoic anhydride and a catalytic amount of active acidic species generated in situ from TiCl4 and AgClO4.
Interaction between Metal Compounds and Dioxygen Molecule in the Presence of Aliphatic Aldehydes
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Takahashi Shigeyuki , Watanabe Izumi
Published: April 2006

We have obtained the electrochemical evidence for the enhanced interaction between dioxygen molecule and the metal compounds such as manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes in the presence of cyclohexanecarboxyaldehyde.
Substituent Effects on the Photosolvolyses of 2-Chloropropiophenones in 2,2,2-Trifluoroethaol
Authors: Usui Satoshi , Nishimoto Jyunji , Ohkubo Katsutoshi
Published: April 2006

The substituent effects on the product distributions of the photosolvolyses of 2-chloropropiophenones in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were investigated. A π-electron-donating methoxy substituent at p-and m-position enhanced the heterolytic product of the nucleophilic substitution over that of phenyl-rearrangement.
Synthesis of Sulfonated Hyaluronan Derivatives Containing Nucleic Acid Bases
Authors: Wada Takehiko , Chirachanchai Suwabun , Izawa Naoto , Inaki Yoshiaki , Takemoto Kiichi
Published: April 2006

The conjugation of nucleic acid base with sulfonated hyaluronan was achieved by the ring opening reaction of 1,2-O-ethano derivatives of nucleic acid bases. The conditions of sulfonation of sodium hyaluronate were studied. Thymine and 5-bromouracil base were quantitatively conjugated to sulfonated hyaluronan in 15% and 24%, respectively.
Effects of Additive Salts on Electrochemical Characteristics of Neutral Carrier Based Electrodes
Authors: Wakida Shin-ichi , Hayano Kensou , Shibutani Yasuhiko , Yakabe Kenji , Shono Toshiyuki , Yoshikawa Susumu , Higashi Kunishige
Published: April 2006

Remarkable effects of such additive salts as tetraphenylborate derivatives on low detection limit and slope sensitivity were found in electrochemical characteristics of sodium-selective neutral carrier based electrodes by using bis(12-crown-4).
Regioselective Synthesis of Prenylisoflavones. Syntheses of 2,3-Dehydrokievitone and Related Compounds
Authors: Tsukayama Masao , Tsurumoto Ken , Kishimoto Kazuto , Higuchi Daisuke
Published: April 2006

The palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of 2′,4′,5,7-tetrakis(benzyloxy)-8-iodoisoflavone with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol gave the corresponding 8-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutynyl)isoflavone 8. Dehydration of the benzoate obtained from 8 in two steps gave a mixture of 8-prenylisoflavone 10 and its regioisomer [8-(3-methyl-3-butenyl)isoflavone]. Treatment of the mixture with aq. Hg(NO3)2 allowed the isolation of 10, which was hydrolyzed to give 2,3-dehydrokievitone. Similarly, 2,3-dehydrokievitone tetramethyl ether was also synthesized from 8-iodo-2′,4′,5,7-tetramethoxyisoflavone.
Synthesis of a Potential Heparanase Inhibitor
Authors: Takahashi Shunya , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi
Published: April 2006

Aza-analog of the basic disaccharide unit in heparan sulfate was designed as a potential inhibitor against heparanase produced by solid tumor cells, and synthesized via a coupling reaction of a phenyl 2-azido-1-thio-d-glucopyranoside derivative with a partially protected 1-deoxynojirymycin derived from d-glucose, followed by manipulation such as imino acid formation, O-sulfation.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Unique Octanuclear Bismuth(III) Thiosalicylate Complex with a Disk-like Cluster Core
Authors: Asato Eiji , Katsura Kosho , Arakaki Takahiro , Mikuriya Masahiro , Kotera Takanori
Published: April 2006

The octanuclear bismuth(III) thiosalicylate complex, [Bi8(tsal)12(DMF)6](DMF)6 (H2tsal = thiosalicylic acid, DMF = N,N′-dimethylformamide), has been prepared and structurally characterized. The single crystal X-ray structure analysis has demonstrated that the eight Bi atoms form a disk-like cluster core and that each lone pair of two Bi atoms as the asymmetric unit is stereochemically activated.
Generation, ESR Spectra, and Isolation of N-(Arylthio)-4-t-butyl-2,6-diphenylphenylaminyl Radicals
Authors: Miura Yozo , Fuchikami Tomohiro , Momoki Masayoshi
Published: April 2006

Oxidation of N-(arylthio)-4-t-butyl-2,6-diphenylanilines yields quite persistent and oxygen-insensitive N-(arylthio)-4-t-butyl-2,6-diphenylphenylaminyls which, in solution, give a characteristic blue, purple, or wine-red color. Among the aminyls generated, N-(4-nitrophenylthio)-4-t-butyl-2,6-diphenylphenylaminyl is isolated as radical crystals. The ESR spectra are split into a simple 1 : 1 : 1 triplet by the interaction with a nitrogen nucleus. Upon deuteration of the phenyl groups at the 2 and 6 positions of the anilino group, the 1 : 1 : 1 triplets are split further by the interaction with the meta protons of the anilino group and the ortho protons of the arylthio group. The spin density distribution in the radical is discussed on the basis of the hyperfine coupling constants.
Proximately Assisted and Chemoselectively Cleavable Protecting Groups for Alcohols, 2-[2-(Arylmethyloxy)ethyl]benzoic Esters
Authors: Watanabe Yutaka , Ishimaru Masanori , Ozaki Shoichiro
Published: April 2006

Alcohols were protected by esterification with new protecting reagents, 2-[2-(arylmethyloxy)ethyl]benzoic acids and the esters were chemoselectively deprotected in a proximately assisted manner even in the presence of acetyl, levulinyl, and silyl groups.
Zinc-Diethylaluminium Chloride Induced Coupling Reaction of Dibromofluoroacetate with Carbonyl Compounds. New Efficient and Selective Synthesis of α-Bromo-α-fluoro-β-hydroxy and α-Fluoro-β,β′-dihydroxy Esters
Authors: Ishihara Takashi , Matsuda Takayuki , Imura Katsunori , Matsui Hirofumi , Yamanaka Hiroki
Published: April 2006

Treatment of ethyl dibromofluoroacetate with aldehydes or ketone in the presence of zinc and diethylaluminium chloride at −20 °C gave rise to the corresponding α-bromo-α-fluoro-β-hydroxy alkanoic acid ethyl esters in good yields, while the use of two equivalents each of aldehyde, zinc, and diethylaluminium chloride in the reaction resulted in a double coupling reaction affording the 1 : 2 adducts, α-fluoro-β,β′-dihydroxy esters in high yields.
Steric Control of Redox Potentials of Cobalt(II) Schiff Base Complexes with Phenyl Substituents
Authors: Hirotsu Masakazu , Kojima Masaaki , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Kashino Setsuo , Yoshikawa Yuzo
Published: April 2006

The structure of the cobalt(II) complex of the tetradentate Schiff base ligand derived from 2-hydroxybenzophenone and rac-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine was determined by the X-ray method to show that the phenyl groups in the N-N chelate moiety are in axial positions. The redox potential of the cobalt(II/III) couple in CH3CN for the complex is shifted in a more positive direction by ca. 300 mV than that for [CoII(salen)]. The significant anodic shift is ascribed to the steric effect of the axial phenyl groups.
Chiral Discrimination in Exciplex Quenching of 2,2′-Dimethyl-1,1′-bianthryl-N,N-Dimethylaniline System
Authors: Nishiyama Toshinori , Mizuno Kazuhiko , Otsuji Yoshio , Inoue Hiroo
Published: April 2006

Emission associated with exciplex between (R)-(−)- or (S)-(+)-2,2′-dimethyl-1,1-bianthryl (R-(−)-1 or S-(+)-1) and N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) was quenched by (+) and (−)-menthyl cinnamates at room temperature. The chiral exciplexes were discriminated by the two enantiomeric quenchers that interact with the exciplexes in an enantioselective manner.
Synthesis of Sterically Overcrowded Deca- and Undecaphenylporphyrins via Mixed Condensation of 3,4-Diphenylpyrrole with Benzaldehyde and Formaldehyde
Authors: Takeda Jun , Sato Mitsuo
Published: April 2006

Sterically overcrowded unsymmetrical porphyrins bearing ten and eleven phenyl groups are synthesized using mixed condensation of diphenylpyrrole with benzaldehyde and formaldehyde and characterized by FAB-MS, UV-VIS, and NMR spectra.
Determination of the Structure of [1-13C]Glycine-[15N]Alanine Double Labeled Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Fibers Using Solid State 15N NMR
Authors: Asakura Tetsuo , Demura Makoto , Hiraishi Yoshiaki , Ogawa Katsuaki , Uyama Atsuo
Published: April 2006

The 13C-15N dipolar splitting was observed for the oriented [1-13C]glycine-[15N]alanine Bombyx mori silk fibroin rods placed parallel to the magnetic field with 15N solid state NMR spectroscopy. The isotope labeled and oriented silk fibroin samples were prepared by the cultivation of the middle silkgland from the silkworm. The angle between the 13C-15N peptide bond of the glycine-alanine sequence and the oriented axis was determined as 141° from the coupling constant.
Formation of σ-(Acyl)cobalt(III) Porphyrins by the Reaction of Cobalt(II) Porphyrins with Aldehydes in the Coexistence of NaBH4 and t-BuOOH
Authors: Setsune Jun-ichiro , Watanabe Jun-ya
Published: April 2006

Cobalt(II) porphyrins reacted with various aldehydes in the presence of NaBH4 and t-BuOOH to form σ-(acyl)cobalt(III) porphyrins in good yields. When t-BuOOH was replaced by molecular oxygen in the reaction with propanal, σ-(1-formylethyl)cobalt(III) porphyrin and its oxygenated byproduct, σ-(1-formylethoxy)cobalt(III) porphyrin, were obtained predominantly.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Lead Titanate Powder
Authors: Kikuta Ko-ichi , Tosa Akifumi , Yogo Toshinobu , Hirano Shin-ichi
Published: April 2006

Lead titanate fine powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method without using alkali mineralizers such as KOH. Preparation conditions influenced strongly the resultant phases, morphologies, and compositions of the lead titanate powders. Some observations on the prepared lead titanate were also carried out by the transmission electron microscopy and ζ-potential measurement.
Synthesis and Properties of a Bismethano-bridged Bisdehydro[21]annulenone. Conformation in Solution and in the Crystalline State
Authors: Higuchi Hiroyuki , Kiyoto Seiken , Sakon Chiaki , Hiraiwa Naoki , Asano Kaori , Ojima Juro , Inoue Katsuya , Yamamoto Gaku
Published: April 2006

A bismethano-bridged bisdehydro[21]annulenone, tricyclo[15.4.1.16,11]tricosa-6,8,10,12,15,17,19,21-octaene-2,4-diyn-14-one, was synthesized. X-ray crystallography reveals the syn orientation of the two methano bridges. Two conformers are present in solution in a 97:3 ratio, the major isomer being the one existing in the crystalline state. Paratropicity of this compound in CDCl3 and in CF3CO2D is discussed.
An Efficient Triple Allylation of 1,3,5-Triazine by Means of Tin Reagent. Facile Synthesis of syn,syn-2,4,6-Trifunctionalized 1,3,5-Triazacyclohexanes
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryohei , Kobayashi Seiichi , Kozima Sinpei
Published: April 2006

An efficient triple addition of allyl groups to 1,3,5-triazine has bee carried out by means of an allyltin reagent to give 2,4,6-trially-1,3,5-triazacyclohexanes in high yields. Epoxidation and hydroxylation of the syn,syn-stereoisomer afford geometrically interesting syn,syn-trifunctionalized 1,3,5-triazacyclohexane derivatives.
Efficient Transformation of α,β-Enone to Substituted Furans via Phosphoniosilylation
Authors: Lee Phil Ho , Kim Hong Sun , Kim Sunggak
Published: April 2006

It was found that 2,3,5-trisubstituted furans were prepared from 4-hexen-3-one and various aldehydes via phosphoniosilylation.
Diastereoselective Addition of α-Sulfinyl Ester Enolate with Benzaldimines Possessing an Electron Withdrawing Group at the Nitrogen Atom
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Kooriyama Yuuji , Fujisawa Tamotsu
Published: April 2006

The reaction of optically pure α-sulfinyl ester enolate with benzaldimines possessing an electron withdrawing group at the nitrogen atom gave β-amino ester in both enantiomeric forms in satisfactory optical and chemical yields (up to 94%ee), in which the changeover of the diastereofacial selectivity was induced by suitable choice of the protecting group at the nitrogen and the use of additives.
A New Lipobetaine from the Red Alga Neodilsea yendoana
Authors: Ishida Ryoichi , Matsuo Yoshihide , Suzuki Minoru , Sato Atsushi , Matsumoto Takeshi
Published: April 2006

A new icosanoid lipobetaine has been isolated from a red alga and its structure has been determined to be (2S)-2-[(3S)-3-[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoyloxy]-(8Z,11Z,14Z)-8,11,14-icosatnenoylamino]-5-trimethylammoniopentanoate, mainly on the basis of NMR spectral and chemical means.
Synthesis of [5-Bipyridylalanyl2,2′]gramicidin S and Its Complexation with Divalent Metal Ions
Authors: Nishino Norikazu , Arai Toru , Hayashida Jun , Ogawa Hiroaki I , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Yoshikawa Susumu
Published: April 2006

A gramicidin S (GS) analog ([Bpa2,2′]GS), in which the Orn residues are replaced by l-5-bipyridylalanines, was synthesized by the solid-phase-synthesis and cyclization-cleavage method. The analog formed stable 1:1 complexes with transition metal ions such as Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ in CH3OH without significant conformational change as shown by the 1H-NMR and circular dichroism analyses. These peptide-metal complexes are water-soluble and will be used in various models of artificial metalloproteins based on the β-sheet structure.
Cyclical Intravenous Pamidronate Treatment Affects Metaphyseal Modeling in Growing Patients With Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Land Christof , Rauch Frank , Glorieux Francis H
Published: April 2006

This analysis of 50 growing patients with osteogenesis imperfecta revealed that 2-4 years of pamidronate treatment lead to abnormalities in the shape of the distal femoral metaphyses.

Introduction: Cyclical intravenous pamidronate therapy is of clinical benefit in children and adolescents with moderate to severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) but might interfere with the shaping of long bone metaphyses during growth.

Materials and Methods: We evaluated the distal femur in 50 growing children with moderate to severe OI (mean age, 6.7 ± 3.4 years; 26 girls) who had received 2-4 years of pamidronate therapy (annual dose, 9 mg/kg body weight). The mediolateral width of the distal femoral growth plate and of the metaphysis, as well as the ratio between these two measures (called metaphyseal index), were determined on lower limb radiographs.

Results: Compared with untreated OI patients who were matched for OI type and age, pamidronate-treated patients had similar growth plate width but wider metaphyses, resulting in a 26% higher metaphyseal index (p < 0.001). Apart from the effect on bone shape, each pamidronate cycle induces a transverse line in metaphyses that are adjacent to active growth plates. Analyses of these transverse lines revealed that they persist for an average time of ∼4 years, with a range from 2 to 8 years.

Conclusions: Pamidronate interferes with the process of periosteal resorption that is normally responsible for shaping the distal femoral metaphysis. Pamidronate-induced transverse lines disappear with time, supporting the view that these lines represent horizontal trabeculae that undergo remodeling. There is no evidence at present that these treatment induced morphological changes have any clinical implications.
Vertebral Deformities and Functional Impairment in Men and Women
Authors: Burger H. , Van Daele P. L. A. , Grashuis K. , Hofman A. , Grobbee D. E. , Schütte H. E. , Birkenhäger J. C. , Pols H. A. P.
Published: April 2006

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and health effects of vertebral deformities in men and women. The study was carried out as part of the cross-sectional baseline phase of The Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort study of residents aged 55 years or over of a district of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The prevalence of vertebral deformities according to a modification of the Eastell method and concomitant functional impairment were assessed in a random sample of 750 men and 750 women. The prevalence of moderate (grade I) vertebral deformities was 8 and 7% in men and women, respectively. For severe deformities (grade II), these percentages were 4 and 8%. In men, the prevalence of both moderate and severe deformities increased with age. In women, however, the prevalence of moderate vertebral deformities remained constant, opposite to a marked increase in severe deformities. Moderate vertebral deformity was significantly associated with impaired rising in men only. Severe vertebral deformity was associated with a significantly increased risk of general disability and the use of a walking aid in both men and women, impaired bending in men, and impaired rising in women. It is concluded that (1) vertebral deformities are only slightly less common in men than in women from the general population and (2) severe progression with age occurs in women only and (3) severe vertebral deformity is, particularly in men, related to functional impairment.
Skeletal Integrity in Men Chronically Treated with Suppressive Doses of L-Thyroxine
Authors: Marcocci Claudio , Golia Franco , Vignali Edda , Pinchera Aldo
Published: April 2006

We measured bone mineral density (BMD) (lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter) in 34 men given suppressive doses of levothyroxine (L-T4) for a mean of 10.2 years. Indications for treatment were nontoxic goiter (n = 5) or thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer (n = 6) or nontoxic goiter (n = 3). Patients were followed at our institution and treated with the minimal amount of L-T4 able to suppress thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). At the time of evaluation, free T3 was normal in all cases, whereas free T4 was increased in 14 men (41.2%). The mean daily dose of L-T4 was 172 ± 6 μg, and the cumulative dose of LT4 was 673 ± 71 mg. We found no significant difference between patients and age- and weight-matched controls in BMD (g/cm2) at any site of measurement (lumbar spine 1.144 ± 0.12 vs. 1.168 ± 0.15; femoral neck 0.979 ± 0.13 vs. 1.001 ± 0.13; Ward's triangle 0.854 ± 0.17 vs. 0.887 ± 0.15; and trocanther 0.852 ± 0.13 vs. 0.861 ± 0.13). BMD was not correlated with the duration of therapy, cumulative or mean daily dose of L-T4, serum levels of free T4, free T3, osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase. Serum calcium and osteocalcin were slightly but significantly elevated in patients compared with controls, whereas there was no difference in intact parathyroid hormone, bone alkaline phosphatase, and sex hormone-binding globulin (marker of thyroid hormone action). Our data suggest that L-T4 suppressive therapy, if carefully carried out and monitored, using the smallest dose necessary to suppress TSH secretion, has no significant effects on bone metabolism and bone mass in men.