bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the Theory in Latin America
Authors: Baerg Nicole
Published: July 2020

This chapter moves from studying developed countries to a sample of countries in Latin America over time. The chapter presents evidence that an increase in the information environment, in terms of its level of precision, exerts an attenuating and significant effect on the mean and standard deviation of forecasters’ inflation expectations, ultimately lowering inflation outcomes. The finding is robust to the inclusion of policy credibility, persistence in inflation, economic output, and month and country effects. When conducting instrumental variable analysis, similarly signed results hold. The main results imply that an increase in information precision helps to lower aggregate levels of inflation and that the channel that this works through is by lowering the weight of prior expectations, as predicted by the theoretical argument. Importantly, the results persist even when considering a sample of countries with relatively variable inflation outcomes and less established (and therefore less credible) economic institutions.
The Teatro Colonna (1682–1686)
Authors: De Lucca Valeria
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers the years following Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna’s return to Rome in 1681 together with his son Filippo II and his new bride, the young Spanish noblewoman Lorenza de la Cerda. As part of his strategy to affirm his newly acquired political and social power as a former Viceroy over the other aristocratic Roman families, Lorenzo Onofrio commissioned the building of a new theater in his palace. This chapter takes a new look at the ways in which the networks of relationships Lorenzo Onofrio had built over the years made his theater one of the most important stages in the Italian peninsula for the circulation of repertory between Vienna, Venice, Rome, and Naples, as well as of singers. Behind some of the most spectacular productions of the Teatro Colonna was a team of extraordinary architects and men of theaters under the leadership of Filippo Acciaioli and Carlo Fontana.
Small Populations
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 examines the history of California’s women’s prisons. Women’s prisons have never been home to prison gangs like those found in some men’s prisons; norms are used instead to govern social and economic interactions. Some women also form fictive kinships, taking on roles as the mom, dad, and child. This chapter shows that decentralized social order operates because women’s prisons have always held relatively few prisoners. In such small populations, gossip, ostracism, and shaming work effectively, and at low cost, to punish bad behavior, and female prisoners have never had to invest in the costly, centralized institutions that men often turn to.
Social Networks
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Chapter 6 considers men’s prisons in England, which rely on decentralized institutions to govern social and economic life. Prisoners affiliate with people from their hometowns and sometimes even the same housing estates. They do not rely on organized, racially segregated prison gangs, like those found in many U.S. men’s prisons. Instead, because of the small size of prisons and pre-existing social networks, norm-based governance works effectively. This chapter examines studies from maximum- and medium-security prisons to test these claims. The governance theory explains why there is less racial segregation, few to no prison gangs, and less violent harassment of sex offenders.
A Portrait of Consciousness
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: July 2020

Departing from observations taken from the legal judgment that lifted the ban on Ulysses that concern the intricate way that Joyce in his novel portrays “the screen of consciousness,” this chapter first examines the classical empirical model of human perception where the eye is modeled on the lens of a camera. Moving to a consideration of what that model misses in terms of the webs of associations woven into perception by the experiential history of the perceiver and some philosophical arguments critiquing that oversimplified model, the chapter then looks into some details concerning acts of remembering, moments of recognition, the understanding of human motives, and the way the past can overlay the perception of the present, all of which challenge any reductive model of mere ocular sensation as the fundamental content of perception. With this background the chapter then moves to its main project, a reading of Joyce’s great novel that sees the work as an expansive and encompassing study of the nuances of perception, of the relationally complex ways in which the mind organizes and interacts with the world, and of the structuring power that our language exerts within perceptual consciousness.
Doing Dublin in Different Voices
Authors: Hills David
Published: July 2020

Stephen, Bloom, and Molly apprentice themselves in an experimental spirit to diverse figures from history and legend, figures whose importance to them is something they understand very imperfectly so far. They must speak and act before mixed audiences of fellow Dubliners with diverse senses of history, diverse reasons for minding their business, and diverse claims to understand them better than they understand themselves. So they make ongoing efforts to anticipate the interpretations others might give their sayings and doings, embracing welcome ones while fending off unwelcome ones. To tell their stories, Joyce must break with Flaubert and let the perspectives of diverse characters contest one another within the confines of individual scenes, invoking a character’s distinctive perspective by means of his or her distinctive voice. Two resources he relies on for this purpose are virtual backtalk and what Hugh Kenner called the Uncle Charles Principle.
Teleology in Aristotle
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses Aristotle’s theory of natural teleology, especially as it features in his natural philosophy and biology. After a brief examination of Aristotle’s famous exhortation to his students about the value of studying sublunary living beings, the chapter offers a concise characterization of his conception of natural teleology in terms of the goal-directed (“crafting”) actions of immanent, internal natures, a discussion of Aristotle’s most explicit defense of teleology in the Physics, and an overview of the role teleology plays in his accounts of animal generation and sexual reproduction and in his explanations of why animals have the parts and features they have.
Parental Behavior
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 2 describes the types of parental behavior that can occur in vertebrates: maternal, paternal, and alloparental behavior. The dominant form of parental behavior in mammals is a uniparental maternal care system, where the mother raises her offspring by herself. A mother can form either a nonselective or selective bond with her infants, depending on the maturity of her infants at birth. A biparental care system, in which both maternal and paternal behavior occur, is present in about 5% of mammalian species. Approximately 3% of mammalian species exhibit a cooperative breeding system, where some offspring remain in their social group and help their parents raise subsequent offspring. The parental behavior of these helpers is referred to as alloparental behavior. The occurrence of paternal and alloparental behavior shows that alternative mechanisms, not requiring pregnancy and parturition, can evolve which allow for these forms of parental behavior.
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 3 describes the hormones that promote the immediate onset of maternal behavior at parturition, drawing on research from rats, rabbits, sheep, mice, and nonhuman primates. The critical hormones include rising levels of estradiol, prolactin, and placental lactogens that occur near the end of pregnancy on a background of progesterone withdrawal. In contrast to the onset of maternal behavior, due to maternal experience, its maintenance does not require hormones. Laboratory strains of female mice, produced by inbreeding and selective breeding, are anomalous in that they do not require pregnancy hormones to show prompt maternal behavior when presented with conspecific infants under low-stress conditions. However, the physiological events of late pregnancy boost maternal motivation in these mice to allow for effective maternal behavior in challenging environments. The same processes operate in species that exhibit naturally occurring alloparental behavior, such as marmosets, where such behavior has evolved by natural selection.
Brain Mechanisms Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4 examines the roles of oxytocin (OT) and olfaction in the maternal behavior of nonhuman mammals. It also presents an overview of brain anatomy. In concert with pregnancy hormones, the release of OT into the brain, derived from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, stimulates the onset of maternal behavior. Although OT is not required for the maintenance of maternal behavior, it does enhance maternal behavior during the postpartum period in challenging environments by decreasing anxiety and increasing maternal motivation. OT, in the absence of pregnancy hormones, may also enhance maternal responsiveness in alloparents. For many postpartum mammals, maternal motivation is under multisensory control, and olfaction is not required, although it is necessary for maternal selectivity in sheep. In contrast, for laboratory mice, olfaction is essential for maternal motivation. For virgin female rats and rabbits, olfactory input from pups inhibits maternal behavior, but this inhibition is eliminated at parturition.
Central Neural Circuits Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 reviews the brain circuits that regulate maternal behavior in nonhuman mammals. The medial preoptic area (MPOA) is essential for both the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior. Hormones and oxytocin act on the MPOA to stimulate the onset of maternal behavior. The neurotransmitters contained within MPOA neurons that may regulate maternal behavior are described, as are several neural inputs to the MPOA that regulate its output. A defensive neural circuit that inhibits maternal behavior in most virgin female mammals is described. MPOA output stimulates maternal behavior by depressing the defensive circuit while also activating neural circuits that underpin maternal motivation. MPOA output to the mesolimbic dopamine system is essential for appetitive maternal responses, while its output to the periaqueductal gray regulates consummatory responses. Synaptic plasticity within the MPOA-to-mesolimbic DA circuit is involved in the development of an enduring mother–infant bond.
Anxiety Reduction and Maternal Aggression in Postpartum Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 6 explores the neural mechanisms that regulate the decrease in anxiety and increase in maternal aggression that co-occur in postpartum mammals. Too much anxiety antagonizes maternal aggression. Therefore, postpartum anxiety reduction promotes maternal aggression. The neural circuitry of maternal aggression includes projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray and to other brainstem sites. Anxiety-related behaviors are mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons, and the projection of central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) CRF neurons to the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved. Neural circuits are described to show how enhanced CRF release can depress maternal aggression. These circuits are typically downregulated in postpartum females, and oxytocin (OT) is involved. OT exerts anxiolytic effects and one mechanism of OT action is to depress the output of CeA.
Alloparental Behavior and Paternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 7 examines alloparental and paternal behavior. Although these behaviors are rare in mammals, their occurrence indicates that parental behavior can occur in the absence of pregnancy and parturition. For mammals of both sexes, dual brain circuits affect whether parental behavior occurs: An inhibitory defensive circuit (anterior hypothalamus/ventromedial hypothalamus projections to periaqueductal gray), and an excitatory parental circuit (medial preoptic area, mesolimbic dopamine system, and the oxytocin system). When alloparental behavior occurs, either through experimental genetic selection (virgin female laboratory house mice) or through natural selection (prairie voles, marmosets), the defensive circuit has been downregulated and the parental circuit has been upregulated by such selection. When paternal behavior occurs, either naturally (California mice, dwarf hamsters) or experimentally (laboratory rats and house mice), copulation with a female and remaining with her through parturition depresses the male’s defensive circuitry while activating his parental circuitry.
The Parental Brain in Humans
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 8 reviews the human parental brain. Most functional magnetic resonance imaging research has examined the maternal brain, with some research on the paternal brain. Although woman show allomaternal behavior, defensive neural circuits may depress maternal responsiveness under certain conditions. The subcortical circuits associated with human maternal behavior match those in nonhuman mammals and include medial preoptic area, mesolimbic dopamine, amygdala, and oxytocin neural systems. Interacting with these subcortical circuits are cortical regions, including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, that are involved in maternal cognitions, empathy, emotions, and emotion regulation. The medial prefrontal cortex connects some of these cortical regions with the subcortical circuitry so that maternal cognitions and emotions can be translated into appropriate maternal behavior. The poor maternal behavior associated with postpartum depression may result from dysfunctions within these circuits, and alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor and OT may be involved.
Development of the Parental Brain in Humans
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 10 deals with the development of the parental brain in humans, emphasizing experiential influences on the intergenerational continuity of maternal behavior: A history of experiencing childhood maltreatment (CMT; maternal neglect and/or abuse) is associated with alterations in the development of the child’s parental brain, which may lead to subsequent deficits in its maternal behavior. The manner in which parents treat their children may affect the development of neural systems (a) that regulate emotionality, with poor parental care resulting in deficits in emotion regulation, and (b) that underpin maternal motivation, love, and empathy, with poor parental care decreasing these processes. Alterations in the development of medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, mesolimbic dopamine, oxytocin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and serotonin neural systems are involved, as are epigenetic effects. Not all mothers who experience CMT become poor mothers, and the involvement of gene by environment interactions are highlighted.
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Parental Brain
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 11 presents evolutionary perspectives on the parental brain. First, the evolution of neural modifications to the parental brain that may have allowed for the emergence of alloparental behavior is re-examined. Second, evidence is presented for the proposal that the parental brain provided the foundation or template for the evolution of other types of strong prosocial bonds in mammals, such as the pair bond that occurs in biparental monogamous species, and the hyper-cooperation and hyper-prosociality directed toward in-group members, as opposed to out-group members, that occur in human societies. With respect to the latter, neural mechanisms associated with alloparenting and cooperative breeding may have served as a preadaptation. Neural models, along with evidence, are presented to show how cortical and subcortical parental brain circuits may have been appropriated and utilized by natural selection to result in the evolution of high levels of prosociality within human social groups.
The Point of Justice
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: July 2020

John Rawls famously claimed that “the accidents of natural endowment and the contingencies of social circumstance” are “arbitrary from a moral point of view.” Luck egalitarians believe that a conception of justice that eliminates the effects of circumstance but not of choice captures that intuition better than Rawls’s own principles of justice. This chapter argues that the opposite is the case. We can learn from Rawls that one cannot overcome moral arbitrariness in social life by using a morally arbitrary distinction between choice and circumstance. Furthermore, the chapter argues that the incompatibility between these two approaches points to a deeper difference between a deontological and a teleological paradigm that is crucial for the debate between relational and nonrelational notions of political and social justice.
The Roles of Rights
Authors: Owens David
Published: July 2020

This chapter aims to clarify the moral foundations of private law’s response to wrongs, as well as the underlying deontic structure of relationships of right, duty, wrong, and remedy in ethics and in law. It begins by introducing the idea of ethical individualism. Ethical individualism implies that: duties are individuated, individuation of duties entails that the right-holder will ordinarily enjoy certain powers in relation to the normative significance of wrongs that they suffer, and the morally salient facts about right-holders that justify their rights are such as to require special consideration of the right-holder in the discharge of individuated duties. This chapter presents some important refinements on ethical individualism and registers some caveats to accounts of civil wrongs which expressly or impliedly endorse it. One refinement explains variability in the law’s recognition of normative powers in right-holders. Another refinement this chapter discusses is in relation to the analysis of rights and powers at issue in third-party beneficiary arrangements.
Tort Law, Expression, and Duplicative Wrongs
Authors: Stark Findlay
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines puzzles that arise when both tort law and criminal law admonish the selfsame wrongs. It considers these “duplicative wrongs.” Engaging with the recent work of Scott Hershovitz, who draws insight from expressive theories of criminal law to defend an expressive theory of tort law, the chapter argues that Hershovitz cannot borrow from criminal law’s expressivism as straightforwardly as he suggests. According to expressive theories of criminal law, criminal sanctions send a message of condemnation. This chapter posits that, to the extent that tort law sends the message of wrongdoing rather than of condemnation, tort law may well need to designate new torts to properly calibrate its messaging. It cannot simply adopt criminal law’s denominations because that would risk undermining the condemnatory messages that criminal law sends. Any new expressive torts, this chapter concludes, must therefore be cast in tort law’s own terms.
Expectations
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

How should parents manage their children’s use of digital devices? Why do parents hope for so much from the digital world and yet fear it? The rights and wrongs of “digital parenting” are hotly contested within families, among policymakers, and in the media? To answer these questions, this chapter introduces fieldwork grounded in the day-to-day experiences of families. We argue that “digital parenting” has become a crucial means by which society explores pressing dilemmas over how to live, what constitutes well-being, and what a “good life” is. The chapter explores how parents look backward to their childhood to reflect on how they were parented, and then forward to the conditions in which their children might themselves parent in the future. We begin by positioning parenting conceptually in relation to theories of late modernity and the risk society, but find we must give more emphasis to the importance of established (if changing) social structures and persistent social inequalities. Throughout the book, we reveal how it is through their everyday practices that families navigate between present desires and material constraints. The chapter then introduces three distinct genres for “digital parenting”—embrace, balance, and resist—as a way of understanding the particular constellations of practices, values, and imaginaries that are threaded throughout the stories of individuals and families that follow.
Social Inequality
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

This chapter contrasts the experiences of families living in very different circumstances, many of whom are engaging in what has been described as “intensive parenting.” Here we argue that it is not only privileged families but also, indeed, families from across the social spectrum that now invest in the kinds of “concerted cultivation” practices through which parents try to realize the future they imagine for their children, including through embrace of digital technologies. Examining distinctive intersections of cultural and economic capital in a global city like London complicates standard linear classifications of households—including an emergent category of educated but low-income families who seek especially creative ways of engaging with digital technologies. While the case studies of diverse families challenge existing interpretations of class and parenting, we nonetheless show how privilege remains important in shaping the unequal opportunities enabled by digital technology.
Bridging the Divide
Authors: Apostolopoulos Yorghos
Published: July 2020

This chapter contextualizes the volume and describes its organization. It begins by delving into the limitations of the prevailing reductionist paradigm in population health science and the need for a transition from a typically risk factor–based science to a science that recognizes the whole and relationships among parts of pressing population health problems. Next, it walks readers through distinctions between public and population health on the one hand and key concepts of complexity on the other, while offering a shared understanding of population health science and complex systems science. The chapter also lays out the design of and potential audiences for this book.
Phase Transitions and Resilience in Physical and Psychological Health
Authors: Olde Rikkert Marcel G. M. , Schuurman Noemi , Melis René J. F.
Published: July 2020

Complexity science methods offer new opportunities for prognosis and treatment in healthcare and clinical psychology because of the increasing need for integration of the detailed knowledge of physiological and psychological subsystems and the increasing prevalence of multiple disease conditions in our aging societies. This chapter explains how the frequently occurring acute transitions and related tipping points in physical and mental processes in these populations can be monitored with time series and dynamical indicators of resilience. The authors introduce slowing down of recovery, increase in variance and autocorrelation, and increasing cross-correlation between subsystem time series as valid predictors of the proximity of tipping points in diseases such as depression, heart failure and syncope. Using wearable devices, together with these complex systems analyses, yields new methods of forecasting and may improve resilience of individual persons and their mental or physical (organ) subsystems
How Complex Systems Science Can Revolutionize Population Health Theory
Authors: Goodson Patricia
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses whether and how complex systems science (CSS) can revolutionize population health theory. First, the chapter defines theory and the practice of theory-building (or theorizing); second, it outlines some of the difficulties found in current population health theorizing; lastly, it characterizes the mechanisms through which CSS can influence, change, and revolutionize current theorizing efforts. The chapter also describes two examples of scholars who used CSS to challenge currently held assumptions and reframe complex health problems. Lastly, the author addresses the implications—of adopting a CSS approach to theorizing—for practice, policy development, and training of the future public health workforce.
Designing Population Health Research Grounded in Complex Systems Science
Authors: Frerichs Leah , Smith Natalie R.
Published: July 2020

There have been increasing calls to use complex systems research approaches to address pressing population health problems. To respond to this call, the authors argue that researchers must shift their thinking in how they design population health research studies. Although designing research from a complex systems approach follows the same basic steps as traditional studies that are anchored in statistical, deductive research, new elements of dynamic complexity must be taken into account. This chapter provides an overview of designing research grounded in complex systems. It details the research design steps following a complex systems approach, emphasizing the initial stages of defining and narrowing the research focus. Complex systems issues compel researchers to define objectives and ask questions about how factors such as interconnections, delays between cause and effect, and nonlinear relationships influence outcomes of interest. The initial questions subsequently shape the research design and approach, where systems mapping and computational modeling and simulation methods are often highly relevant. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the complementary and synergistic nature of complex systems and traditional research approaches.
Validation of Microsimulation Models Used for Population Health Policy
Authors: Alarid-Escudero Fernando , Gulati Roman , Rutter Carolyn M.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses validation of simulation models used to inform health policy. Confidence in a model’s validity can be weaker or stronger depending on several factors. These factors include verifying whether model specifications were implemented correctly, evaluating the extent to which model-predicted results are consistent with empirical results, and examining whether model predictions are robust to alternative structural assumptions. Systematic evaluation of these factors can be used to gauge the extent to which a model is validated for a given application. It reviews types of validation, discusses the related concepts of calibration and nonidentifiability, takes a deeper dive into cancer model validation studies, and concludes with questions that consumers of models should ask (and modelers should answer) to inform judgment about a model’s fitness for purpose. Final judgments about when model results can be trusted ultimately rely on the evolving understanding of the disease and intervention effects, available data relevant to the application, and access to reporting of model validation exercises.
An Art or a Sport?
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Most ballet students in the United States have taken class for recreational purposes rather than pre-professional training. Recitals developed as a means of giving them performance opportunities while also demonstrating their accomplishments to their families. Teachers also benefited from recitals, which allowed them to showcase their work. By the mid-twentieth century, ballet recitals were already a ritual of American life. As more girls turned to sports in the wake of Title IX, 1972 federal civil rights legislation that required equal opportunities for girls and boys in educational environments, the number of competitions for recreational ballet students increased sharply. The hope was that making ballet more sport-like and competitive would help retain girls and boys alike as students. While dance competitions remain controversial and have compounded previously existing issues of access, they are now so pervasive that they are part of the landscape of recreational as well as professional ballet.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

This chapter traces the history and changing roles of the renaissance flute from its golden age in the first decades of the sixteenth century to its twilight years in the mid-seventeenth century. It explains the prominence of vocal polyphony in the practice of consort playing as well as the “emancipation” of instruments as obbligato players in mixed ensembles and the emergence of new, distinct instrumental genres such as the monodic fantasia and ricercar.
Exercises
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 contains technical exercises designed to give readers experience with the idiosyncrasies of the instrument, presented in contexts typical of renaissance music. The exercises guide players to finding a secure tone, creating purely tuned intervals (both melodically and between the members of the consort), embellishing cadential formulas, recognizing modes, and understanding the building blocks of diminutions.
Music Suitable for Two Flutes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 8 presents our own editions (in score format) of music for two flutes. (Individual parts can be downloaded from the accompanying website.) Many renaissance duets were intended as instructional pieces for learning the modes, but we have selected bicinia that also stand as strong performance pieces. Some pieces are for two tenor flutes, others for tenor and bass. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and useful tips for flutists approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
Cadences in Renaissance Music
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, we briefly compare and contrast the cadences of the renaissance with those of later periods. After discussing various types of cadences, including “cadenze fuggite” (evaded cadences) common in renaissance music, we use examples from the pieces presented in Chapters 7–10 to show how a musician can give more structure and meaning to the music by highlighting these musical punctuation marks.
The Haka Flute
Authors: Clark Kate
Published: July 2020

The first in-depth look at the Haka flute from a performer’s perspective, this chapter presents author Kate Clark’s argument that the instrument is a late renaissance flute. The flute’s history, a fingering chart, and plausible repertoire for it are also included.
Healing the Body and Mind
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

The most research-oriented part of the book, Chapter Three, describes how yoga has proven to be beneficial not only for physical health and wellness, but also for emotional well-being and optimal cognitive functioning. The emotional benefits of yoga directly lead to its physical benefits in reducing the symptoms of disorders that are caused or magnified by stress. This chapter outlines yoga’s potential in relieving performance anxiety, improving concentration, and increasing the likelihood of achieving a flow state in performance. Finally, research on attention, cognition, and the benefits of yoga for students with ADHD and other behavioral disorders demonstrates the usefulness of yoga techniques to increase retention and focus in the music lesson.
Injustice
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

This chapter starts off with Alexander v. United States, a case from the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia involving a defendant from a “rotten social background” charged with murder. The question it ultimately seeks to answer is this: When a democratic state has treated a citizen so badly, as a matter of distributive justice, that we are inclined to say of him that he has been excluded from the life of the polity, is the state nonetheless morally permitted to punish him if and when he commits a crime? It starts with several answers an anarchist might give to this question, distinguishing between a revolutionary response and a reformist response. It then moves onto discuss how a statist, as a believer in the authority of a democratic state, might respond. It concludes that a democratic state, even if it has lost its authority over the disadvantaged, is nonetheless morally permitted to punish those among the disadvantaged who commit serious (or core) crimes, but that it lacks any moral permission, derived from its own authority, to punish them for less serious (non-core) crimes.
Conclusion
Authors: Dwinal Catherine
Published: July 2020

This chapter describes how a simple activity can become an engaging experience with the use of a little technology. It explains the ease with which technology can be implemented it as long as the instructor is willing to put in a little bit of work. It mentions that thousands of resources exist to help the teacher to discover how to use visual projection systems in the classroom, and that many people are willing to help the instructor find what is right for him or her and his or her instructional needs. Projection systems are one of the first pieces of technology a teacher perfects in their instructional use. They are a necessary part of the educational environment for every educator in the digital generation.
From Simple Substance to Chemical Element
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette
Published: July 2020

The introduction of the modern concept of chemical element has often been credited to Lavoisier. I will argue that despite the significant impact of the definition of elements as non-decompound bodies in Lavoisier’s “Elements of Chemistry,” this claim is misleading for at least three reasons. First, elements were already defined as residues of analysis prior to Lavoisier. Second, Lavoisier did not totally give up the traditional view of elements as constituents of all bodies. Third, the modern definition of chemical element implies a clear distinction between simple bodies and elements that was later introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev. I will outline the role of this conceptual distinction in Mendeleev’s process of classification of elements and symmetrically emphasize how the periodic system contributed to stabilize his notion of element as an individual defined by its position in the system. Thus the concept of element appears as both a precondition and a product of the construction of the periodic system.
Dmitri Mendeleev’s Concept of the Chemical Elements Prior to the Periodic Law
Authors: Brooks Nathan M.
Published: July 2020

This article examines the scientific work of Dmitri Mendeleev in the years prior to his discovery of the periodic law in 1869, paying special attention to how he addressed the issues of the concept of elements and their atomic weights. Mendeleev’s early work for his undergraduate and master’s theses on isomorphism and specific volumes was almost exclusively based on the existing literature on these topics with little original research. The knowledge that Mendeleev gained through this work, however, proved to be useful when he was elaborating his periodic law. Mendeleev attended the International Congress of Chemistry in Karlsruhe in 11860 and wrote that he was greatly impressed by Cannizzaro’s work and presentations at the congress. Mendeleev did not consistently adopt Cannizzaro’s atomic weights and continued to rely mainly on Gerhardt’s and Laurent’s values, with slight modifications. Mendeleev devoted much of his attention during his early scientific career to organic chemistry, including publishing a textbook in which he elaborated his “Theory of Limits” as an organizing principle. While this theory was quickly eclipsed by the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry, it was influential to Mendeleev in his thinking about the organization of the elements. In the years immediately prior to the formulation of the periodic law, Mendeleev began to develop an abstract definition of an element, which proved important for his thinking about the periodic law.
Referring to Chemical Elements and Compounds
Authors: Blumenthal Geoffrey , Ladyman James , Seifert Vanessa
Published: July 2020

How do we refer to chemical substances, and in particular to chemical elements? This question relates to many philosophical questions, including whether or not theories are incommensurable, the extent to which past theories are later discarded, and issues about scientific realism. This chapter considers the first explicit reference to types of colorless air in late-eighteenth-century chemical practice. Reference to a gas by one chemist was generally intended to give others epistemological, methodological, and practical access to the gas. This chapter proposes a causal-descriptive theory of reference for chemical substances. Implications for debates about incommensurability and realism are also briefly noted.
The Changing Relation between Atomicity and Elementarity
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina P.
Published: July 2020

Early modern efforts to reconceptualize atomicity as a chymical notion fell by the wayside during the chemical revolution, as Antoine Lavoisier’s desire to transform chemistry into a strictly empirical and quantitative science led him to reject all metaphysical speculation about the fundamental nature of matter. Instead, Lavoisier focused on identifying elementary substances, which he defined operationally as the final products of chemical analysis. Our current understanding of the relation between atoms and elements, however, owes a great deal to the work of nineteenth-century chemist John Dalton. Dalton’s chemical atomic theory reconciled the concepts of “atomicity” and “elementarity” and rendered both as empirical and chemical notions, amenable to measurement and quantitative analysis. One of the central goals of Dalton’s theory was understanding how relative weights of chemical atoms determine the properties of elements and how the chemical atoms of different elements combine to form compound substances. Thus, Dalton’s theory provided a way of studying and measuring the properties of atoms and elements in a way that allowed chemists to finally understand the chemical relations between them.
Origins of the Ambiguity of the Current Definition of Chemical Element
Authors: Earley Joseph E.
Published: July 2020

The current (IUPAC) definition of “chemical element” has two parts. The first part describes a concept on which chemists generally agreed when important aspects of the structure of chemical substances became clear by the middle of the twentieth century; the second part concerns a concept which had been important in “the chemical revolution” of the late eighteenth century—but which is not consistent with the definition first given. Although long familiarity has made the internal inconsistency of this “dual definition” of chemical element nearly undetectable by chemical professionals, that lack of clarity still causes major difficulty for logically minded beginning chemistry students. The concept of chemical element described in the second part of the current IUPAC definition has long been obsolete; it should now be abandoned. Retention of an obsolete definition for an important concept is characteristic of what John Dewey called “unmodern philosophy.”
Kant, Cassirer, and the Idea of Chemical Element
Authors: Mahootian Farzad
Published: July 2020

The concept of element is fundamental to modern chemistry and yet it embodies an apparently persistent ambiguity that has remained unresolved for the nearly one hundred years since it was made official by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) in 1923. This chapter presents a take on why this definition has the form it does, how it arose, and why it persists. Following the introductory overview, there are two historical sections, one on Immanuel Kant whose imprint on modern philosophy and science persists in various forms, including the genesis and interpretation of the IUPAC definition. Kant initially dismissed chemistry as a science, though he had a lifelong interest in this area. In his later years, his opinion about chemistry changed in response to the rapid growth of the field in the late 1700s. This change of mind had a profound impact on him; he began, but could not finish, a significant revision to his critical philosophy of science. The other historical section is on Ernst Cassirer, founder of the Marburg school of neo-Kantian thought, who wrote about chemistry both before and after the IUPAC definition above. Despite Cassirer’s deep engagement with the cultural and intellectual history and philosophy of science, very little is to be found about him in the literature of the philosophy of chemistry. The chapter concludes with a comparison of Cassirer’s relational understanding of chemistry with Guillermo Restrepo’s mathematical chemistry, and then with Joachim Schummer’s conceptual analysis of the “chemical core of chemistry.”
The Operational Definition of the Elements
Authors: Schummer Joachim
Published: July 2020

The paper reappraises the operational definition of elements, adopted in the late eighteenth century, by investigating both epistemic discontinuities and continuities within the broader epistemological and cultural context. The first part points out the radical disruption that the operational definition implied for most of science, which consisted in giving up explanation, the primary goal of natural philosophy, because the new elements had to be discovered. The operational turn in chemistry is then compared to several well-discussed “revolutions,” including the Kantian, relativistic, and quantum revolutions in physics, which similarly modified our understanding of fundamental concepts of natural philosophy, such as time, space, and causation, by relating them to human capacities.
Making Elements
Authors: Ruthenberg Klaus
Published: July 2020

In the present chapter I explore the historical and systematic aspects of the dictum “All chemical substances are preparations,” and particularly address the empirical background of the elements of the science of substance behavior in different time periods. This exploration is intended as an examination of metachemical conventions, rather than another hackneyed and whiggish criticism of apparently wrong old theories.
A Formal Approach to the Conceptual Development of Chemical Element
Authors: Restrepo Guillermo
Published: July 2020

A chemical element, treated as a concept, entails objects and attributes. From the eighteenth century to date, objects include substances up to quasi-molecular species and nuclides. Attributes range from non-decomposability up to lifetimes of 10-14 seconds. By analyzing the historical changes of the concept, we found the central role “chemical reaction” has played. However, historical changes of objects and attributes of the concept of chemical element lead to expand chemical reactions to the more general “chemical relations,” which contain traditional chemical reactions and any kind of relation between chemical species. In such a setting, a general structure for the concept of chemical element is presented that entails chemical species as objects and detected chemical relations and experimental measurement of atomic number as attributes.
The Dual Conception of the Chemical ElementEpistemic Aspects and Implications for Chemical Education
Authors: Ghibaudi Elena , Regis Alberto , Roletto Ezio
Published: July 2020

In the present work, the notion of chemical element is analyzed from the perspective of chemical education. Chemists refer to elements either as the final term of chemical analysis (i.e., simple substances) or as what persists in a chemical change. This duality has deep historical roots and it is sanctioned by IUPAC’s definition of chemical element. Nevertheless, it is inherently contradictory and it may result in deep misunderstandings in the educational context. After discussing the problems raised by the identification of the element with any material body—either macroscopic or microscopic—we analyze a number of definitions of elements, proposed by chemists, epistemologists, and educators. After pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of such definitions, we argue that the chemical element is a unifying chemical concept that designates an abstract category, identified by the atomic number.
Introduction
Authors: Layman Daniel
Published: July 2020

According to John Locke, all people are morally equal self-owners. This commitment introduces a tension at the heart of Locke’s property theory. Since all people own themselves and, consequently, their labor, individuals have the moral power to acquire private property from the common world. But the use of this moral power threatens to generate concentrations of economic power capable of subjecting some people to others’ wills, in violation of equal moral standing. The thesis of this book is that four largely forgotten nineteenth-century Lockeans developed two distinct, internally consistent, and mutually incompatible resolutions to this tension within Lockean property theory. In one camp, Thomas Hodgskin and Lysander Spooner—the libertarian radicals—argued that although we each hold an equal negative liberty to claim pieces of the world, there is no positive common right to the world. Consequently, the demands of moral equality can be satisfied under conditions of enormous economic inequalities. In the other camp, John Bray and Henry George—the egalitarian radicals—argued that since all people are morally equal, each of us has a positive right to share the world with everyone else. Consequently, the demands of moral equality cannot be met except under substantially (though not totally) egalitarian economic conditions. It is important to work through the argumentative successes and failures of these relatively unknown thinkers in order to understand how contemporary arguments about equality and property developed and, consequently, how we might apply them to contemporary problems.
Hodgskin’s Libertarian Groundwork
Authors: Layman Daniel
Published: July 2020

Thomas Hodgskin, an Englishman who wrote widely in political economy during the first half of the nineteenth century, professed almost slavish devotion to Locke. In following in what he took to be Locke’s footsteps, he devoted his scholarly life to a polemic against “idle” capitalists and landowners. But he simultaneously defended an unflinchingly individualist interpretation of the Lockean project. According to Hodgskin, the world is common only in the sense of being originally unowned, and everyone has a right to anything he can create by laboring on it. He argues that the crushing inequality he observed around him in the fields and cities of the industrial revolution was attributable solely to the violence and cupidity of governments and their cronies. In working out this theory, Hodgskin sketched the principle features of a distinctly libertarian resolution of Locke’s property problem. According to this resolution, there is no problem about reconciling the common right to the world with the growth of private property because the common right is simply a liberty for each person to make use of the world as he might see fit. Thus, despite his left-leaning criticisms of capitalism and absentee landownership, Hodgskin planted seeds that would develop, in Spooner’s later work, into the core of the right-libertarianism we know today.