bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sociability of Sensations
Authors: Lloyd John
Published: August 2011

The following is a discussion of the possibilities for social integration presented by the interface between social and sensory experience in two groups whose interaction is based on an altered state of consciousness – ‘spiritualism’ and ‘transcendental meditation’ In spiritualism, group belief and activity are concerned with communicating with the spirits of dead relatives and others, through particular group participants or ‘mediums’. T.m. groups on the other hand are concerned with initiation and teaching in the use of a ‘mantra’, a Hindu meditation technique introduced into the West by Maharishi mahesh yogi, the movement's founder and leader. Such altered states offer a means whereby extremely individual experiences, such as those associated with psychosis and neurosis, can be acknowledged and made socially acceptable. The sensory impressions of spirit influence can take almost any form to be accepted as valid by participants, while it is a measure of the authenticity of the impressions generated during transcendental meditation that they cannot be successfully explicated. Thus the groups may be said to provide ‘acknowledgement by omission’ of participants' experience, and to represent examples of ‘sharing the unshareable’.2
The Conditions of Action, Power and the Problem of Interests
Authors: Betts Katharine
Published: August 2011

It is argued that the problem of ‘structure and agency’ should be reconsidered as the problem of ‘fate and agency’ for event causation and agency causation). The problem of fate and agency is addressed by outlining a model of the conditions of action derived from work by Giddens and Wright Mills. The model uses the concepts of different forms of knowledge and of the unintended consequence to set up a framework by which it should, in principle, be possible to decide of fate or events.

This framework is then used to discuss the problems raised by defining power in terms of interests. It is argued that this definition is inadequate and suggested that a definition of power based on access to resources and causal responsibility for outcomes may be more useful.
Servers and Providers: The Distribution of Food within the Family
Authors: Kerr Marion , Charles Nicola
Published: August 2011

We examine the nature of decision-making surrounding food provision within families and the patterns of food distribution established. The analysis draws upon detailed interview material and dairy records gather from 200 women currently bringing up young children. The sexual divisions and power relations which characterize families are found to have an impact on the choice of food for family consumption and on women's theories concerning the food needs of family members. The manner in which these theories are given concrete expression in the differential distribution of meat both between the sexes and intergenerationally is revealed. Variations in the extent of such inequalities are assessed with reference to the nature of the work undertaken by the marital partners and their relative control over money.
Order, Rules and Social Control in Two Training Centres for Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Hughes David , May David
Published: August 2011

Although settings for the mentally retarded accommodate persons of markedly differing social and congnitive competence, everyday activities nevertheless proceed with a considerable degree of order and regulatiry. This paper uses the example of training centres for mentally retarded adults to examine the example the basis of social order in a situaltion where common orientation to a culturally-derived normative framework appears to be absent. It suggests that the orderly appearances of training centre life depend centrally upon the creation of a social environment in which a minority of participants accept a disproportionate share of the interactional work required to keep group behaviour within acceptable limits. The structuring of training centre activities so that ‘feedback'on directions for appropriate behabiour is constantly available for less-able group members and the continual remedial work of staff and fellow trainings, function to provide a partiallremedy for individual incompetence.
Slaves to No Sect: The Anglican Clergy and Liturgical Change
Authors: Aldridge Alan
Published: August 2011

Many writers have argued that the Church of England, in common with other Christian denomination, is undergoing a profound crisis of identity. One crucial aspect of this is the clergy's rapid abandonment of the traditional services of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer in favour of the radically different, modern language services of the Alternative Service Book, published in 1980. Liturgical change on this scale is said to be both cause and effect of a gradual transformation of the Church of England into a sect. In this article, evidence from a survey of the parochial clergy of one English diocese is presented, showing that the great majority of respondents approve of the Alternative Service Book and use it frequently for the conduct of worship. However, then outlook on the role of the Church of England in national life does not display any of the essential characteristics of sectarianism, the fact that the Church of England is the established Church is an important obstacle to sectarian tendencies, and the argument that the Church is being transformed into a sect is not warranted.
The Allocation of Money in Cross-Class Families
Authors: McRae Susan
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the patterns of income allocation in cross-class families; that is, in families in which the wife is employed in higher level white-collar or professional employment, and the husband in manual work. Following the work of Jan Pahl (1982 and 1983) families are categorised according to their system of money management. The majority of families here employ either a ‘one purse’ system based upon joint family funds, or an independent system based upon separate bank accounts. In addition, couples who use an ‘allowance’ system, a shared system, or a variant of the independent system with only one-earner are discussed. Whenever possible, qualitative reports from the families interviewed are drawn upon.

The paper reveals ways in which gender-specific behaviour may be observed through the study of families' allocative systems. In particular, the wives' propensity to assume responsibility for food shopping, regardless of the couples' sources of income or allocative pattern chosen, is demonstrated. In addition, however, the source of income – specifically cash payments to the husbands – is seen to have an independent effect upon the couples' perceptions of money within the family. The paper concludes with speculation as to why the majority of these affluent families employ a system of joint family funds.
Class, Culture and Morality: A Sociological Analysis of Neo-Conservatism
Authors: Elliott Brian , McCrone David
Published: August 2011

In Britain, as in many other western countries, there emerged in the mid-1970s a variety of business associations, policy and research institutes and political leagues, committed not only to the restoration of a Conservative government, but also to a much broader refurbishing of conservatism. A network of organizations, individuals and ideas grew up that became identified as the New Right.

The New Right, which clearly has an international character, was generated by economic and political crises, but it was nurtured by a variety of resentments and discontents whose roots lay in structural and cultural changes that had developed over the whole post-war period. Drawing, in part, upon interviews with leaders of the organisations that did most to mobilize opinion behind the New Right in Britain, the article examines the major changes – particularly those in class structure and in culture – to which the new conservatives were reacting.

It explores the major ideological strands – libertarian, neo-liberal and conservative – and looks at the attempts by the New Right to use these to produce changes not only in economic policy but in the cultural and moral fabric of society.
Elton Mayo and the English Dream
Authors: Smith J. H.
Published: August 2011

Elton Mayo remains a controversial but elusive figure in the development of applied social science. A re-examination of the principal myths surrounding him is made possible by new evidence chiefly from family letters. These show the importance of England to him both personally and professionally and throw a new light on his lack of integration into American academic life and on the nature of his influence in Britain.
‘Off School Sick’: Mothers' Accounts of School Sickness Absence
Authors: Prout Alan
Published: August 2011

Interview material, collected as part of a wider ethnographic study of sickness absence in an English primary school, is used to examine how mothers accounted for their decisions to keep children ‘off school sick’. Mothers' accounts suggested a process by which they tested their children's claims on sickness against suspicions of feigning illness. The paper describes, from the mothers' point of view, the process of negotiating sickness with children and how children are categorised as ‘pretending’, ‘upset’ or ‘really ill’. These decisions are set within a wider context comprising: a normative discourse of maternal child health care; contradictory demands placed on mothers by the image of children as simultaneously robust and vulnerable; the surveillance and contradictory demands of schooling; and the use by children of sickness as a means of exercising influence on their social situation. It is suggested that locating child health care in relation to childrens' point in their childhood career (for these children the transition to secondary school) and acknowledging the active role that children play in the construction of illness will facilitate a fuller picture of mothers' unpaid health work within the family.
Imputing Beliefs: A Controversy in the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Scott Alan
Published: August 2011

The problem of imputation – how to ascribe ideas and beliefs to groups, or to individuals on the basis of their group membership – has occasionally occupied the attention of those working in the sociology of knowledge. This article offers a critical discussion of this debate. It is argued that the various proposed solutions – idealist, empiricist, and structuralist – do not adequately tackle the problem since each assumes a deterministic model of sociological explanation, and adheres to a dualism of actor versus structure. We suggest that a theory of group formation informed by a social action perspective may offer some pointers towards taking such issues beyond self-sustaining debate between sociological idealism and objectivism.
Social Harmony and the Small Firm: A Reappraisal
Authors: Goss David M.
Published: August 2011

Government, academics and the media have, over the past decade, entered fully into the spirit of ‘small business revival’. Many of the contributions to this debate, however, have taken for granted the nature of small firm employment relations. It has frequently been remarked that workers in a small firms behave in ways more compatible with the goals and interests of their employers than employees in large firms. Thus, industrial relations are assumed to be more harmonious. In support of this assertion attention is usually drawn to the relative infrequency of conflict and industrial disputes, and the absence of militant trade unionism as an indication of the small firm workers' greater commitment to the goals of the enterprise and the interests of the employer (Ingham 1970). This paper suggests that such assumptions are unwarranted and provide a potentially misleading starting point for studies of employment relations in small firms. Data from a small number of in-depth interviews with small firm personnel is used to illustrate some of the complex and contradictory processes through which capital-labour relations may be constituted within small enterprises.
The Sexuality of Men and the Sociology of Gender
Authors: Somerville Jennifer
Published: August 2011

In recent years writers in the field of the sociology of gender have turned to psychoanalysis for insights into the psychological dimensions of female sexuality. The same insights are now being applied to the analysis of masculinity. This paper argues that the full advantages of this are undermined by the adoption of an object-relations perspective which restores the social determinism from which many such writers seek to escape. This argument is pursued through a detailed analysis of one recent text in the field – The Sexuality of Men (eds) A. Metcalf and M. Humphries (1985) – but is applied more widely to the treatment of sexuality in the sociology of gender.
Moral Theory Based on the ‘Heart’ versus the ‘Mind’: Schopenhauer's and Durkheim's Critiques of Kantian Ethics
Authors: Mestrovic Stjepan G.
Published: August 2011

Schopenhauer criticized Kant's moral theory on the grounds that it was non-empirical and inadequate, because it attempted to establish morality on the basis of reason and duty. Contrary to Kant, Schopenhauer argued that genuine morality is irrational, based on compassion, and a human product, hence that it could be studied empirically. Schopenhauer established the ‘science of morality’ which occupied the attention of a host of turn of the century precursors of the social sciences, especially Durkheim. Durkheim's version of the science of moral facts is compared and contrasted with Schopenhauer's critique of Kant, and it is demonstrated that Durkheim tends (o follow Schopenhauer's lead. Problems with Durkheim's and Schopenhauer's critiques of Kantian ethics are also discussed.
Feminist Social Theory Needs Time. Reflections on the Relation between Feminist Thought, Social Theory and Time as an Important Parameter in Social Analysis
Authors: Adam Barbara
Published: August 2011

This paper explores the relation between feminist concerns, social theory and the multiple time aspects of social life. It is suggested that while feminist approaches have been located in classical political philosophy, the same imposed classification has not occurred with respect to social theory perspectives. Rather than seeing this as an academic gap that needs filling, it was taken as an opportunity to take note of the wide variety of feminist approaches to methodological and theoretical issues and to relate these to concerns arising from a focus on the time, temporality, and timing of social life. It is argued that a feminist social theory, as an understanding of the social world through the eyes of women, is not only complemented by such a focus on time but dependent on it for an opportunity to transcend the pervasive vision of the ‘founding fathers’.
Residual Religiosity on a Hull Council Estate
Authors: Forster Peter G.
Published: August 2011

In the 1960s it was widely assumed that a process of secularisation was taking place and was likely to continue. Recent empirical data about a council estate, which among other things relate religious variables to age, are thought to throw light on such questions. These findings demonstrate that ‘religiosity’ tends to increase with age, but that for certain purposes important elements of residual religiosity remain. The decline in Sunday School is particularly noteworthy, and suggests a movement in the direction of a ‘voluntary’ church. Remaining churchgoers have a high level of commitment, suggesting that a move from church to sect can operate in the mainstream church.
Research from Within: Blurring Boundaries and Developing New Methods
Authors: Ong B.N.
Published: August 2011

For many social scientists the transition from academic research to research within a policy and practice setting is riddled with theoretical difficulties. Research models and the role of the researcher have to be re-examined and re-defined. In discussing the work carried out within one Health Authority particular difficulties will be addressed and the need to develop new models emphasized.
Weber, Simmel and Culture: A Reply to Lawrence Scaff
Authors: Turner Charles
Published: August 2011

Lawrence Scaff ( Sociological Review Vol. 36, no. 1) proposes a ‘sociology of culture’ as the site for a comparison between Weber and Simmers responses to ‘modernity’. It is suggested that in so doing Scaff neglects important differences and similarities between Weber and Simmel's accounts of culture and selfhood. I argue that these are as much a product of specific analytical commitments as of intellectual-historical milieu.
The Business Cycle and Industrial Injuries in British Manufacturing over a Quarter of a Century: Continuities in Industrial Injury Research
Authors: Nichols Theo
Published: August 2011

Constructs a time-series for fatalities in British manufacturing for 1960–85. Examines the relation between the business cycle and industrial injury rate and finds this to be pro-cyclical whether tested against a rate for employees or for total operative hours at risk. Points to the possible contribution of changes in the engagement rate, employment-output ratio, capacity utilisation, vintage of machinery.
Social Order, Cultural Capital and Citizenship: An Essay concerning Educational Status and Educational Power versus Comprehensiveness of Elementary Schools
Authors: Rupp Jan C.C. , de Lange Rob
Published: August 2011

The question of whether education should be seen as an instrument of social order is an old topic in the social sciences. There exist several theories concerning this question. Two of these rival theories are dealt with in this paper. On the basis of each, historical data have been looked at anew and empirical research has been carried out into the prevailing conditions in the Netherlands.

On the basis of the first theory, which was inspired by Bourdieu and which concerns economic, cultural (including educational) and social capital, data on the Dutch history between the seventeenth and the nineteenth centuries have been reanalysed with respect to the attitude of the diverse sections of the dominant class towards culture in general and the university in particular. Dutch history can be regarded as a national variant of the universal tensions between ‘culture’ and ‘knowledge’ and between ‘culture’ and ‘economics’ in human societies. On the basis of Bourdieu's theory it is assumed that under the prevailing social conditions elementary schools will differ in ‘educational status’ in the schools market. Empirical investigation confirms this hypothesis. The ‘educational status’ of elementary schools mediates (reproduces) almost all of the influence of the childrens' social background on their school career, and reinforces this influence.

On the basis of the second theory, which is based on the work of Meyer, Boli and Ramirez, data on the Dutch history in the Enlightenment period have been reanalysed with respect to the rise of mass education. These historical data give substantial evidence to the theory that the construction of the nation-state is of decisive importance for the rise of mass education. Our empirical investigation, however, does not confirm the hypothesis that in the actual situation elementary schools differ in ‘comprehensiveness’. Neither schools nor parents are oriented towards integration. Rather, the contrasts seem to be getting sharper in the 1980s and the schools as well as the social classes seem to be distancing themselves further from each other. Various sections of the dominant class are busy strengthening their position of power in education. In short, the use of schools to constitute citizens does not lessen the pressure towards differentiation.

Thus, the theory of Boli and Ramirez explains the rise of mass education, but cannot explain its social class bound form, a fact that can be explained very well by Bourdieu's theory. Therefore the theories of both Bourdieu and Boli and Ramirez should be regarded not as rivalizing, but as complementary.
Some Responses to Economic Change in Scottish Farming and Crofting Family Life, 1900–25
Authors: Toynbee Claire , Jamieson Lynn
Published: August 2011

Our investigation of some of the processes involved in the emergence of ‘the modern family’ is based on evidence from oral histories conducted with people who grew up in Scottish farming and crofting families in the early decades of the century. After showing how peasant and capitalist modes of production shaped both family structures and strategies for getting a living, we examine some of the ways in which the encroachments of the cash economy helped create new forms of gendered inequalities. Our discussion concludes with an analysis of recent papers concerned with the ways in which families are embedded in community life and the implications for long term change in authority structures.
Using Paradata to Predict Best Times of Contact, Conditioning on Household and Interviewer Influences
Authors: Durrant Gabriele B. , D’Arrigo Julia , Steele Fiona
Published: August 2011

Establishing contact is an important part of the response process and effective interviewer calling behaviours are critical in achieving contact and subsequent co-operation. The paper investigates best times of contact for different types of households and the influence of the interviewer on establishing contact. Recent developments in the survey data collection process have led to the collection of so-called field process data or paradata, which greatly extend the basic information on interviewer calls. The paper develops a multilevel discrete time event history model based on interviewer call record data to predict the likelihood of contact at each call. The results have implications for survey practice and inform the design of effective interviewer calling times, including responsive survey designs.
Victorian Probability and Lewis Carroll
Authors: Seneta Eugene
Published: August 2011

In the controversial application of inverse probability reasoning, the prior probability of a hypothesis or cause is modified on the basis of an experimental observation to a posterior probability. A contentious issue is the probabilistic expression of prior belief, especially of prior ignorance, which impinges on the nature of probability. The probability work of Todhunter, Crofton and Cook Wilson spans the period from 1876, the expressed beginning of C. L. Dodgson’s interest in this issue, to 1893 when Lewis Carroll’s Pillow Problems appeared. The present study amplifies the connections and broadens the study of Victorian probability in its social milieu by bringing to light less-studied sources.
Fire regime shifts affect bird species distributions
Authors: Reside April E. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Kutt Alex , Watson Ian , Williams Stephen
Published: August 2011

Aim  Fire is a major driver of ecosystem structure and process, and shifts in fire regimes are implicated in the decline of many species. Shifting fire regimes have been documented around the world, and fire frequency and extent is predicted to increase in many areas because of changes in both climate and land management. Here, we evaluate how predicted increases in fire frequency are likely to impact on species distributions.

Location  The tropical savannas of northern Australia.

Methods  We developed distribution models for 44 bird species using the modelling algorithm Maxent. Our models incorporated bird locality records and environmental variables including climate, total fire frequency and the subset of fire frequency occurring late in the dry season. We investigated the effect of increasing total fire frequency and increasing fire late in the dry season, on species distributions by projecting species model algorithms onto scenarios of incrementally increased total fire frequency.

Results  The probability of presence for most species was higher when fire frequency late in the dry season was low. Species showed a mixed response to an overall increase in total fire frequency, with one‐third predicted to increase in distribution. However, almost all species (98%) showed a decrease in predicted range with increased late‐dry season fire, and species distribution area was generally negatively correlated with an increase in late‐dry season fire.

Main conclusions  Our study highlighted the array of responses of species to increasing fire frequency and suggested that increased fire frequency late in the dry season is detrimental to most savanna‐restricted bird species. The understanding of individual species’ preferences for particular fire frequencies is important for informed conservation planning.
Neurostimulation for Primary Headache Disorders: Part 2, Review of Central Neurostimulators for Primary Headache, Overall Therapeutic Efficacy, Safety, Cost, Patient Selection, and Future Research in Headache Neuromodulation
Authors: Jenkins Brian , Tepper Stewart J.
Published: August 2011

This article is the second of 2 articles reviewing neurostimulation for primary headaches. In Part 1, we described methods, pathophysiology and anatomy, and history of neuromodulation in the treatment of headache, as well as reviewing the literature on peripheral neuromodulation for primary headaches. Peripheral targets for stimulation include percutaneous nerves, transcranial holocephalic, occipital nerves, auriculotemporal nerves, supraorbital nerves, cervical epidural, and sphenopalatine ganglia. In Part 2, we describe available literature on central neuromodulation in primary headaches. Central stimulation targets include vagus nerve and deep brain structures. Part 2 also analyzes overall therapeutic efficacy, safety, cost, patient selection, and recommendations for further research of neurostimulation modalities based on available data.
The Benefit of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and QRS Duration: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: STAVRAKIS STAVROS , LAZZARA RALPH , THADANI UDHO
Published: August 2011

CRT and QRS Duration. Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) because of reduced left ventricular systolic function and a wide QRS complex. Whether this benefit is consistent across all degrees of QRS widening is unclear. We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials to evaluate the impact of QRS duration on the efficacy of CRT.

Methods and Results: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies evaluating the efficacy of CRT in patients with HF. Only trials that reported subgroup data according to QRS duration were included. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Five trials involving 6,501 patients (4,437 with QRS ≥ 150 ms and 2,064 with QRS < 150 ms) were included. Three trials, enrolling patients with mild to moderate HF, compared CRT‐implantable cardioverter defibrillator with CRT, whereas CRT versus medical therapy was compared in the other 2 trials, which included patients with advanced HF. Based on the pooled estimate across the 5 studies, CRT significantly decreased the primary endpoint of death or hospitalization for HF in patients with QRS ≥ 150 ms (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.50–0.68; P < 0.00001), but not in patients with QRS < 150 ms (HR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.83–1.10; P = 0.51). These results were consistent across all degrees of HF severity.

Conclusions: The benefit of CRT seems to be dependent on QRS duration. Available data suggest a significant benefit associated with CRT in patients with QRS ≥ 150 ms, but not in patients with QRS < 150 ms. Further studies are needed to identify patients with QRS < 150 ms who might benefit from CRT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 163‐168, February 2012)
Seasonal abundance and movement of the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) on rocky substrate in the Duluth–Superior Harbor of Lake Superior
Authors: Lynch Michael P. , Mensinger Allen F.
Published: August 2011

Abstract –  Despite its small size [adult: 60–130 mm, total length (TL)] and limited home range, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has quickly become established throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes. Little information is available, however, on the natural dispersal pattern of this species. This capture–mark–recapture study utilised alphanumeric tags subcutaneously inserted into round gobies (n = 1228) along a 550‐m stretch of the Duluth–Superior Harbor shoreline to observe their movement over a 13‐month period. Recaptured round gobies (n = 415) exhibited highly leptokurtic movement distributions, and movement events were not correlated with fish size, gender or month. Our work indicates that round gobies >50 mm (TL) generally occupy an area less than the minimum sampling interval (25 m); however, occasional movement up to 50 m per day could facilitate range expansion in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Objectively measured physical activity and C‐reactive protein: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
Authors: Loprinzi P. , Cardinal B. , Crespo C. , Brodowicz G. , Andersen R. , Sullivan E. , Smit E.
Published: August 2011

The association between physical activity (PA) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) is inconsistent, with nearly all studies using self‐report measures of PA. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between objectively measured PA and CRP in US adults and children. Adults (N=2912) and children (N=1643) with valid accelerometer data and CRP data were included in the analyses. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the odds of meeting PA guidelines across CRP quartiles for children and among adults with low, average, and high CRP levels. For adults, after adjustments for age, gender, race, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), compared with those with low CRP levels, odds ratios were 0.59 (CI=0.45–0.77) and 0.46 (CI=0.28–0.76) for participants with average and high CRP levels, respectively. For children, after adjustments for age, gender, race, weight status, and HDL‐C, compared with those in CRP quartile 1, odds ratios were 0.96 (CI=0.5–1.84), 1.23 (CI=0.71–2.12), and 0.79 (CI=0.33–1.88) for participants in quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Objectively measured PA is inversely associated with CRP in adults, with PA not related to CRP in children.
EFFECT OF PROTEASE PRETREATMENT ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FROM DEFATTED PEANUT FLOUR
Authors: ZHAO GUANLI , LIU YAN , REN JIAOYAN , ZHAO MOUMING , YANG BAO
Published: August 2011

Peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was extracted from commercial defatted peanut flour (DPF) after protease pretreatment. The effect of proteolysis by Alcalase 2.4 L, papain and Protamex at various degrees of hydrolysis (DHs; 1–8%) on the yield and functional properties of PPC were investigated. Proteolysis remarkably increased the nitrogen solubility of DPF in acidic and basic conditions. Enzymatic degradation of denatured and insoluble proteins in DPF was mainly responsible for the increase of nitrogen solubility index. Compared with the control, the yield of PPC was significantly increased by enzymatic pretreatment. In terms of the functional properties, PPCs prepared by papain and Protamex at 4% or 8% DH had high emulsifying activity index. For all three enzymatic treatments, foaming capacity and foaming stability were significantly improved at various DH (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that protease pretreatment was a highly effective way to extract PPC with good functional properties from DPF.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Peanut is an important oilseed crop and a well‐accepted food. After oil production through thermal treatment, the defatted peanut flour is the main by‐product, which possesses large amount of proteins. However, due to the low extraction yield and poor functional properties of these proteins, they are not well utilised in industry till now. In this work, protease was used to pretreat defatted peanut flour. The results indicated that this pretreatment could improve the yield and functional properties of peanut proteins. Functional properties of food proteins are important in food processing and food product formulation. Peanut protein with good emulsifying and foaming properties would have a potential application in some food system, such as salad dressing, sausages, bologna, soups, confectionery, frozen desserts and cakes and so on. Therefore, this work is helpful for extensive utilisation of peanut proteins.
EMRs and Clinical IS Implementation in Hospitals: A Statewide Survey
Authors: Jaana Mirou , Ward Marcia M. , Bahensky James A.
Published: August 2011

Purpose: Present an overview of clinical information systems (IS) in hospitals and analyze the level of electronic medical records (EMR) implementation in relation to clinical IS capabilities and organizational characteristics.

Methods: We developed a survey instrument measuring clinical IS implementation and classified clinical IS across 5 EMR levels. The survey was administered to hospitals in a state with a large number of rural hospitals (84% response rate).

Findings: Clinical IS were classified across 5 EMR levels, a useful approach for understanding the gaps in clinical IS in hospitals. Almost half (43%) of hospitals in Iowa were at EMR Level 0, with at least 1 of the ancillary systems still absent; 12% were at Level 1 with all 3 ancillary systems in place; 16% were at Level 2 corresponding to an early EMR system; 18% were at Level 3 corresponding to an intermediate EMR system; and 10% were at Level 4 corresponding to an advanced EMR system. In contrast, 22% had no plans for EMR implementation at all. EMR level was lower in critical access hospitals and positively associated with more slack resources and staffed beds. Over a 3‐year period, there were increases in ancillary systems and clinical documentation implementation.

Conclusions: The survey performed well. There was agreement with published estimates of EMR penetration, sensitivity to change over time, and association with known organizational factors. It is well designed and can be used to map onto a comprehensive classification scheme capturing the EMR level and evaluating progress toward meaningful use.
Psychological Benefits of Walking: Moderation by Company and Outdoor Environment
Authors: Johansson Marcus , Hartig Terry , Staats Henk
Published: August 2011

Background: We aimed to assess moderation of affective and cognitive effects of a brisk walk by urban environmental characteristics and the immediate social context. Methods: We conducted a field experiment with time (pre‐walk, post‐walk), type of environment (park, street), and social context (alone, with a friend) as within‐subjects factors. Twenty university students reported on affective states and completed a symbol‐substitution test before and after each of two 40‐minute walks in each environment. The routes differed in amount of greenery, proximity to water, and presence of traffic, buildings, and other people. Results: On average, walking per se increased positive affect and reduced negative affect. Feelings of time pressure declined to a greater extent with the park walk than the street walk. Revitalisation increased during the park walks to a greater degree when alone, but it increased more during the walk along streets when with a friend. We found an inconclusive pattern of results for performance on the symbol‐substitution test. Conclusions: Some psychological benefits of a brisk walk depend on the influence of the immediate social context and features of the outdoor urban environment, including natural features such as greenery and water.
Slaframine toxicosis in Brazilian horses causing excessive salivation
Authors: Borges A. S. , Oliveira‐Filho J. P. , Simon J. J. , Palumbo M. I. P. , Imerman P. M.
Published: August 2011

Ingestion of food contaminated with slaframine, an alkaloid produced by Rhizoctonia leguminicola, causes a mycotoxicosis, characterised by excessive salivation. Twenty‐eight horses demonstrated this clinical sign after the consumption of alfalfa hay which on inspection showed dark patches on many of the stems. The presence of slaframine (1.5 ppm) in this hay was confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. This is the first equine slaframine toxicosis case reported in Brazil.
THE MOST RELIABLE COMPOSITE WITH A SPECIFIED TRUE SCORE1
Authors: WOODBURY MAX A. , LORD FREDERIC M.
Published: August 2011

If a composite score is to be obtained from a battery of tests, the manner in which these tests enter into the composite may be varied in two respects: (a) different weights may be assigned to the tests, and (b) the test lengths (and correspondingly the administration times) may be altered. Weights and administration times may be assigned so as to maximize either the validity or the reliability of the composite. The present paper comments briefly on the problem of maximum validity, and then presents a simple method for maximizing reliability.
THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEARNING PROCESS
Authors: BURT CYRIL , FOLEY ELIZABETH
Published: August 2011

The following paper deals with the application of factorial techniques to a special type of temporal variation, namely, that in which the successive measurements obtained show a progressive trend; and presents an elementary exposition, mainly from a factorial standpoint, of stochastic procedures as applied to learning and analogous processes. The formulas and methods deduced are illustrated by experiments on simple forms of learning (a) in animals and (b) in children.
THE THEORY AND USE OF THE SUCCESS‐RATIO
Authors: Walker David A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The success‐function defined in this paper has been found useful in follow‐up studies of school children where entrance marks have been normally distributed. It provides a rapid method of estimating the product‐moment correlation between entrance mark and success when the criterion for success is of the pass‐or‐fail type.
STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REASONING IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Wheeler Dorothy
Published: August 2011

Summary. Earlier researches produced a number of conflicting hypotheses as to the nature and development of the reasoning processes; but of late the whole problem has been singularly neglected. The following investigations attempt to decide between the rival theories by the combined use of experimental, statistical, and introspective procedures. The main conclusions are: (i) that the solution of problems by reasoning involves, in addition to the general factor of intelligence, a number of specific factors (e.g. factors for the apprehension of relations, for the combination of relations, and for both analytic and intuitive procedures); (ii) that, contrary to the view put forward by Hall and Piaget, most of the elementary schemata necessary for valid reasoning are already within the capacity of the average child of seven, so that subsequent development consists chiefly in a more experienced use of these capacities and in an increasing complexity of the problems which the child is able to solve.
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS
Authors: Hamilton Max
Published: August 2011

The primary object of this paper is to urge the value of factor analysis as a means of investigating psychiatric problems and to illustrate its use by an experimental study of the efficacy of a particular drug (benactyzine) in the treatment of anxiety‐neuroses. At the same time it is argued that the details of the technique employed indicate a method whereby factors whose interpretation would otherwise remain obscure may be identified experimentally.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE LIMITING METHOD
Authors: Brown J. , Cane V. R.
Published: August 2011

The value for a sensory threshold which the Limiting Method yields is shown to be mathematically dependent on the details of the experimental procedure: in particular, it is highly sensitive to the size of the steps between successive values of the variable stimulus. Moreover, it is impossible to ensure in advance that any two thresholds are obtained by equivalent experimental procedures, except in the trivial case where the relevant psychophysical distributions are already known. Nevertheless, on certain assumptions, the method may be validly used to test whether thresholds change in an expected manner; and the way in which this can be done is described. The Method of Average Error and the Békésy‐Oldfield method for the continuous recording of threshold are basically similar to the Limiting Method.
COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE ANALYSIS AS A STRUCTURAL AND DISCRIMINAL ANALYSIS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
Authors: Bock R. Darrell
Published: August 2011

An approach to the study of the covariance structure and the discriminating properties of psychological tests is proposed for cases in which the tests can be classified hierarchically and suitably scaled. The method makes use of a Model II analysis of variance, with certain modifications, and provides statistical tests which are not available for the more general methods of factor analysis.
DISCREPANCIES IN THE VARIANCES OF TEST RESULTS FOR NORMAL AND NEUROTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2011

When the scores obtained with the WISC battery of tests from children attending a psychiatric clinic were compared with those obtained from normal children, they showed a greater dispersion. Attempts to explain the discrepancy in terms of selection, non‐normality, or emotional and environmental factors, proved unconvincing. An application of Bartlett's formulae for the sampling theory of ability suggested that the difference might be due to genetic factors arising from pronounced assortative mating.
A NOTE ON GUTTMAN'S LOWER BOUND FOR THE NUMBER OF COMMON FACTORS1
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

Guttman's classic lower bound for the number of common factors is extended to the completely general case where communalities may lie in the closed interval from zero to one.
SUBJECTIVE DISCRIMINATION AS A STATISTICAL METHOD
Authors: Stone M.
Published: August 2011

The following paper describes the use of human discriminators to test the hypothesis that there is no difference between two groups of items. Four methods of making a test on the basis of such discriminations are discussed; and the procedure is applied to experimental data.
THE MEANS OF SECTIONS FROM A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Sandon Frank
Published: August 2011

The following paper gives a table for the mean abscissae of vertical sections of the normal curve. The need and usefulness of such a table are illustrated by problems from the field of mental measurement.
THE GIFTED CHILD
Authors: Burt Cyril
Published: August 2011

The following paper examines certain arguments recently advanced to show that the range of individual differences due to genetic selection is too slight to be of practical importance, and in particular that the abilities of gifted individuals are the result of their early environmental opportunities rather than of their genetic constitution. In reply two new pieces of evidence are brought forward: (i) data demonstrating the wide range of variation to be found among children reared under very similar conditions; (ii) after‐histories of persons of high ability whose environment offered an impediment rather than aid to their intellectual development. An estimate is made of the relative frequency of gifted individuals in different socio‐economic classes, and suggestions are put forward for improving methods of selecting gifted children of high ability.
A NOTE ON SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS AND MATRIX INVERSION
Authors: Cureton Edward E.
Published: August 2011

The following note discusses the special advantages of the ‘hierarchical method’ of solving linear equations, and describes and illustrates in detail the working procedure recommended for calculating inverses in the case of both symmetric and non‐symmetric matrices.
ITEM ANALYSIS BY SIMULTANEOUS QUANTAL AND QUANTITATIVE RESPONSES
Authors: Krishnan T.
Published: August 2011

The problem of selecting the best item is considered for cases arising when both a quantal and a quantitative response are available. Solutions are outlined for data obtained from either one or two groups. The basis of the solutions consists in ranking the items according to the significance level of a suitably chosen statistic which tests the hypotheses of equal response proportions and equal mean response times against suitable alternatives. The approach described here is an application of results due to Weiler.
SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION OF POINTS ON A PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION
Authors: Wetherill G. B. , Levitt H.
Published: August 2011

A simple and efficient method of estimating points on the psychometric function, and thus of estimating absolute and difference limens, is described. An illustration of the method is given in which sensitivity to inter‐aural time differences is measured.
METHODS FOR DISCRIMINATING LEVELS OF PARTIAL KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING A TEST ITEM
Authors: Finetti Bruno de
Published: August 2011

It is argued that where a person is uncertain as to the true answer in a multiple choice question, he should be encouraged to express his partial knowledge in terms of the subjective probability he attaches to each alternative being correct. A variety of answering techniques are examined, together with ways of scoring them, to determine how far they provide an adequate appraisal of the subjective probabilities. Ways of choosing an appropriate method and of improving it are considered and it is suggested that, by suitable training, subjects may be provided with a better understanding of the proper basis for making sound decisions.
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALINGS OF TASTE MIXTURE MATCHINGS
Authors: Gregson R. A. M.
Published: August 2011

Kruskal's nonmetric method was used to provide a multidimensional scaling of two experiments in which series of taste mixtures with three and four chemical components respectively were matched to histogram pictures of taste mixtures. The results yielded dimensions of a space which could be related to the chemical composition of the stimuli: suggestions are made for reformulating the distance metric to take account of psychophysical response processes known to underlie taste comparisons. Scaling problems which arise as a consequence of the limitations of taste as a conveyor of sensory information are noted; possible methods of multidimensional scaling by matching theoretical and empirical interstimulus distances are discussed.
A METHOD FOR THE ROTATION OF HIGHER‐ORDER FACTORS
Authors: Hendrickson Alan E. , White Paul Owen
Published: August 2011

The usual method of carrying out a higher‐order factor analysis is simply to factor the matrix of intercorrelations between the factors of a lower level. It has been found difficult to achieve good simple structure when these higher‐order factors are rotated by means of an analytic rotation procedure. Instead, it is proposed that the projections of the original variables on an orthogonal higher‐order matrix should be computed and that this matrix should be rotated rather than the higher‐order factor matrix. Comparisons have been made between the old method and this new method for the same sets of data. The new method was thought to be superior in several respects.
REACTION‐TIME STUDIES: THE ANTICIPATION AND INTERACTION OF RESPONSES
Authors: Thomas E. A. C.
Published: August 2011

The present study is largely concerned with the relation between reaction time and the temporal uncertainty of the signal. It is suggested that the appropriate measure of signal uncertainty is the conditional probability that the signal would be presented given that it has not been presented before. This conditional probability is called the expectancy function. It is assumed that the expectancy function influences the subject's state of readiness and this in turn influences reaction time; and ways of expressing these relations mathematically are discussed. It is shown that, with a suitable representation of subjective errors in time and probability estimation, a theory can be stated which accounts for the qualitative features of a variety of experimental data.

The relevance of this theory to studies concerned with central intermittency is then discussed. It is argued that temporal uncertainty alone is insufficient to account for the increase in reaction time to the second of two closely spaced signals, both of which require a response. On the other hand, a model for the interaction of two responses is stated in which refractoriness in the central processes is not inevitable.