bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE EARLY RESPONSE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI TO A 6β‐AMIDINOPENICILLANIC ACID (FL 1060)
Authors: Melchior N. H. , Blom J. , Tybring L. , Birch‐Andersen A.
Published: August 2010

The morphological response of E. coli to a new antibiotic, 6β‐[(hexahydro‐1H‐azepin‐1‐yl)‐methyleneamino]‐penicillanic acid (FL 1060), has been investigated and compared with the response to benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. At high concentrations of FL 1060 (1000 μg/ml) in osmotically stabilized media, E. coli responds in the same way as to penicillins by forming “rabbit ears” and spheroplasts. At lower concentrations down to the IC50 value (0.02 μg/ml), the cells, even in unstabilized media, first become ellipsoidal and later spherical. After 2–3 hours, lysis of the cells occurs. This is rather late, as compared to the early lysis obtained with penicillins. Electron microscopical investigations show no characteristic changes in the subcellular pattern. During the second hour of treatment, the bacterial culture contains a considerable number of cells presenting asymmetrical cell divisions. During the same period, nuclear stainings show abnormal nuclear regions with impaired segregation, resulting in chromatine bridges and horseshoe‐shaped chromatine regions. The results support the conception that, on cells in the pre‐lytic stage, FL 1060 interferes with the balance between lengthwise growth and cell division through cross wall formation.
THE NATURE OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C FROM ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS: EFFECTS ON WHOLE RED CELLS AND RED CELL MEMBRANES
Authors: Lehmann Vidar
Published: August 2010

The effect of chelating agents and divalent metal ions on the enzymatic reaction of phospholipase C (haemolysin) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has been examined. Various phospholipids have been tested for their interference with phospholipase C‐induced haemolysis. The effects of the enzyme on red cell membrane phospholipids and red cell membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATP‐ase) activities have been examined. In accordance with previous investigations, the total enzymatic activity (TA) was found to consist of a basal activity (BA) in the absence of Mg2+, plus an increase in activity induced by the addition of Mg2+ (MgA). Treatment of phospholipase C with 5 mM ethylendiaminetetraacetate (EDTA) prior to incubation with substrate, completely inactivated the enzyme. Addition of 5 mM Mg2+ restored 27 per cent of TA, while 0.1 mM Zn2+ did not reactivate the enzyme. The inhibitory effect of EDTA in the incubation mixture was overcome by Mg2+. In the haemolytic reaction, Zn2+ inhibited MgA in concentrations that had no detectable effect on BA. Micellar phospholipids were shown to have an inhibitory effect on haemolytic activity. The enzyme attacked lecithin, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin of the red cell membrane, liberating 69 per cent of the membrane‐bound acid soluble phosphorus. Both ouabain‐sensitive and ‐insensitive ATP‐ase activities were partly inactivated.
LOCALIZATION OF HOST ANTIGENS IN THE EGG‐GROWN INFLUENZA VIRUS PARTICLE
Authors: Håheim Lars Reinhardt , Haukenes Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Egg‐grown influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (HON1) was shown to lose the ability to absorb antibodies to the Forssman antigen as the virus purification procedure became more extensive. The haemagglutination caused by non‐infectious HA‐material, density ≤ 1.14 g/cm3, separated from intact virions by centrifuging to equilibrium in a CsC1 gradient, was inhibited by anti‐Forssman serum. No HI‐effect towards intact virions was obtained with this serum.
CANINE MYCOPLASMAS I: CULTIVATION FROM CONJUNCTIVAE, RESPIRATORY‐ AND GENITAL TRACTS
Authors: Rosendal S.
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of mycoplasmas in the conjunctivae and in the respiratory and genital tracts of dogs has been investigated by cultivation experiments. Whereas mycoplasmas from conjunctiva could be cultivated in a few cases only, they occurred in a very high frequency in the upper respiratory tract without relation to clinical disease. Mycoplasmas from lungs with pneumonic lesions were cultivated, but not mycoplasmas from normal lungs. From the genital tract, they were isolated from half of the female dogs, and a little more frequently from the males. Using indirect immunofluorescence identification of mycoplasma colonies, a mixed flora was found in the pharynx of approx. 85 per cent of the examined dogs. In half of the female dogs, a mixed flora was present in the vagina whereas this was apparently not the case in the prepuce of male dogs.
EVALUATION OF TWO DIFFERENT ANTIGEN PREPARATIONS IN THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST FOR ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES (ANA)
Authors: Bergquist N. R. , Danielsson D.
Published: August 2010

Two different antigen preparations of human origin (sectioned thyroid cells and blood smears) were compared in the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test for antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Two sets of sera were investigated with identical reagents at two laboratories equipped with similar optical systems. The reproducibility was 94 per cent if thyroid sections were used at both places but dropped to 72 per cent if one laboratory substituted thyroid sections for blood smears. All sera showing speckled staining with thyroid sections were negative with blood smears. Tests carried out on blood smears resulted consistently in higher ANA titres as compared with results obtained with thyroid sections. Low ANA titres were found in 5 per cent of healthy blood donors if blood smears were used but only in 1 per cent with sectioned thyroid cells. Tissue sections are recommended for routine screening of ANA.
PRODUCTION OF COLD AGGLUTININS IN RABBITS INDUCED BY MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE, LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES OR STREPTOCOCCUS MG
Authors: Lind Klaus
Published: August 2010

Intravenous injections of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, as well as of Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus MG, stimulated the production of CA in rabbits. Absorption experiments indicated that these microorganisms possess antigens related to the red cell I antigen, most strongly represented in M. pneumoniae. It is suggested that the CA production during primary atypical pneuomonia caused by M. pneumoniae may be triggered off by an I‐like antigen present in this microorganism.
ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA
Authors: Branefors‐Helander P. , Nylén O. , Jeppsson P.‐H.
Published: August 2010

A complement fixation (CF) test employing a mixture of whole bacteria from twenty non‐capsulated H. influenzae strains as antigen was used for studying antibodies against H. influenzae in a group of patients with acute otitis media and in a group of children without signs of respiratory tract infection (RTI). In the group of 192 children (0–16 years of age) without RTI, CF titres were found in more than half the number of children under one month of age, while such titres were not demonstrated in children aged 1 month—1 year. Only a few children aged 1–2 years showed a CF titre, but in the subsequent age groups, CF titres were found to be present at increasing frequency, up to about 80 per cent. Sera from 141 patients with acute otitis media (96 children and 45 adults) were studied by means of samples generally obtained initially and after 10 days of penicillin therapy. The analyses showed that the initial titres of patients in Group I (H. influenzae not isolated) were similar to those of patients in Group II (H. influenzae isolated initially and 10 days later). The same average titres were found in Group I in samples taken after 10 days, while increased titres were registered for more than half the number of patients in Group II. The titres of children and adults with otitis media were similar. Patients whose recovery was delayed or poor showed titre increases less frequently than those who recovered within 10 days. The results of the present study using a CF test employing whole, non‐capsulated bacteria indicate the suitability of this test as a diagnostic aid in respiratory tract infection where non‐capsulated H. influenzae is suspected to be the infecting agent.
THE RELEVANCE OF A SEROLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Authors: Dietrichson Odd , Nielsen Jens O. , Elling Preben , Christoffersen Per
Published: August 2010

Forty‐two consecutive patients with biopsy verified chronic hepatitis and available serum specimens were examined for the occurrence of Australia antigen, antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and mitochondrial antibodies. Twelve patients with persistent Australia antigen, but without circulating autoantibodies (group 1) were compared with twenty‐seven patients without Australia antigen, but with circulating autoantibodies (group 2). Young males with a history of serum hepatitis were predominant in group 1, while most of the patients in group 2 were middle‐aged women with an insidious onset of the disease. The biochemical activity of the liver disease was more pronounced in group 2. It is concluded, that the histological defined chronic hepatitis may include several disease entities of which at least two can be separated by the serology. The relevance of this classification is supported by the fact, that there are more patients developing cirrhosis in group 2 than in group 1.
HYDROLYSIS OF CASEIN BY THREE EXTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, STRAIN V8
Authors: Arvidson S.
Published: August 2010

Three extracellular proteolytic enzymes are produced by Staphylococcus aureus V8. In order to develop a method to determine the activities of the individual enzymes in culture supernatants, the kinetics of the hydrolysis of casein, catalysed by purified enzymes, were studied. Using 1 per cent casein (pH 7.4) as a substrate, zero‐order reactions were obtained for all three enzymes. The Km values were 0.59 per cent, 0.19 per cent and 0.29 per cent for protease I, II and III, respectively. Using previously established data on the sensitivity of the different proteases to EDTA and cysteine, a method for the determination of the activity of each enzyme in mixed samples was developed. The hydrolysis of casein in agar and agarose gels was also studied to permit interpretation of different patterns of proteolysis around colonies of staphylococci growing on casein agar media. Different types of zones were obtained in the casein agar gels with the enzymes, indicating different substrate specificities. Under certain conditions a specific pattern of proteolysis could be attributed to the activity of one of the proteases or a mixture of these. The detection limits in casein agarose gels were approximately 25 ng/ml for protease I, 350 ng/ml for protease II, and 500 ng/ml for protease III with a test volume of 0.05 ml.
THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH TEMPERATURE ON THE THERMAL DENATURATION OF RIBOSOMES ISOLATED FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Beck Marianne , Kiel Pauli , Hansen Erik Wind
Published: August 2010

The thermal stability of ribosomes isolated from Escherichia coli grown in minimal medium at different temperatures has been determined by measuring the hyperchromicity at 260 nm while gradually increasing the temperature of the ribosomes which were suspended in standard buffer containing 0.01 M Mg++ions. The melting profiles are dependent upon the sample position in the spectrophotometer since the ribosome suspensions become turbid as the temperature is increased. The measurements did not show any difference between the Tm values obtained for ribosomes isolated from cells grown at 15° C and 37° C, respectively, but at temperatures above 71° C the denaturation profiles of 70S ribosomes from E.coli grown at 15° C and 37° C are different.
AGGLUTININS AGAINST GROUP III ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Aho K. , Brander E. , Estola T.
Published: August 2010

The epidemiological significance of agglutinins against Group III atypical mycobacteria was studied by testing a panel of sera with nine different M. intracellulare antigens. Five of them represented “common” types most frequently isolated from clinical specimens; the other four represented “rare” types never isolated from such specimens. Agglutinins were detected in human sera more frequently against the “common” types than against the “rare” types. The greatest proportion of reactive sera and the highest titres were found with the serotype Chance antigen. In bovine and porcine sera there was no difference in the occurrence of antibodies against the “common” and “rare” serotypes, and the serotype Chance antigen did not exhibit any exceptional reactivity. The observations are compatible with the view that the antibodies in human sera to a considerable extent result from immunization by the mycobacterium type used for serological testing or a closely related type.
ROLE OF BLOCKING SERUM FACTORS IN ORGAN GRAFTED RATS
Authors: Heron Iver , Sørensen Søren Freiesleben
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte culture (M.L.C.) interaction by sera from organ transplanted rats could be used as an indicator of the development of immunological enhancement. The findings may be summarized as follows: 1) Conventionally produced immune sera exhibited an antigen‐specific inhibition of M.L.C. whether directed against the stimulating or the responding cells. 2) Sera from organ transplanted rats also consistently inhibited the M.L.C. interaction. However, no difference was found between sera from rats who had rejected their grafts and from recipients of long‐term surviving grafts. 3) Sera from long‐term survivors and post rejection sera proved equally capable of inducing passive enhancement in vivo.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE IN INDETERMINATE LEPROSY PATIENTS
Authors: Myrvang Bjorn , Godal Tore , Feek Colin M. , Ridley Dennis S. , Samuel Dorothy R.
Published: August 2010

Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae was examined in thirtyone histologically classified indeterminate leprosy patients. Fourteen of the patients were also classified as indeterminate clinically (strictly indeterminate group), while the other seventeen patients were clinically classified as tuberculoid or borderline leprosy. The strictly indeterminate group appeared to be quite homogenous in their immune reactivity to M. leprae. All patients revealed a lymphocyte transformation of less than 3 per cent (mean 0.57 + 0.88) and only 1 out of 7 patients tested by the leucocyte migration technique revealed a migration index of less than 0.80 (mean 0.91 + 0.16). Only one patient gave a positive early lepromin reaction. None of the patients revealed a positive reaction in gel precipitation to mycobacterial antigens. These findings are in agreement with the view that the immune response to M. leprae has not been triggered off in strictly indeterminate leprosy. On the other hand, the clinically tuberculoid and borderline patients with an indeterminate histological picture responded on average more strongly to M. leprae, and by and large according to their clinical diagnosis. It is concluded that in classifying patients as indeterminate leprosy, the clinical picture may give more information than histopathology.
ANTIBODIES AGAINST THREE DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF MEASLES VIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, THEIR SIBLINGS AND MATCHED CONTROLS
Authors: Salmi A. , Gollmar Y. , Norrby E. , Panelius M.
Published: August 2010

Patients with multiple sclerosis, their siblings and controls matched for age, sex and place of residence were tested for antibodies to measles virus hemagglutinin (HI), hemolysin (HLI) and nucleocapsid complement‐fixing (NC‐CF) antigen. No qualitative differences between the study groups as concerns the diversity of the antibody responses to measles were found. The mean titres of MS specimens were about one logarithm of two higher than the means of the controls in each of the tests. The difference was somewhat more pronounced in the HLI and NC‐CF tests than in the HI test. Females had higher titres than males in all of the tests. Antibody titres were higher in subjects, who had contracted their measles at an older age. However this finding could not explain the observed differences in antibody titres, since MS patients had higher titres than the controls in all age groups. The importance of appropriate selection of measles antibody test for serological characterization of a clinical material of the present kind is emphasized.
IMMUNODIFFUSION STUDIES ON SOME PROTEUS STRAINS
Authors: Larsson P. , Hanson L. Å. , Kaijser B.
Published: August 2010

By means of double diffusion‐in‐gel, immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis some Proteus strains were examined. In the strain O3:H1 the O3, H1 and a protein antigen common to many members of Enterbacteriaceae were identified. An additional 30–40 antigens were noted. No K antigen could be discerned. Forty‐nine Proteus strains of eleven different O groups isolated from patients showed a very similar electrophoretic mobility of the O antigens as compared to the O antigens of Proteus standard strains.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Birch‐Andersen A. , Hougen K. Hovind , Borg‐Petersen C.
Published: August 2010

Leptospira strain Pomona was studied by negative staining and ultrathin sectioning techniques. The effect of various fixatives on the preservation of cellular details was evaluated. The helical cytoplasmic cell bodies were surrounded by a triple‐layered cytoplasmic membrane with an intermediate layer in close apposition to the outer aspect of the membrane. The outer envelope of the cell consisted of an ordinary triple‐layered membrane with an additional layer exterior to it. This exterior layer may roll off or break off from damaged leptospira cells, and may then be found as finely striated tubules in negatively stained preparations. Usually cells had two axial filaments, one inserted subterminally at either end of the cell. The filaments were entwined around the cytoplasmic body and were situated between the cell body and the outer envelope. An overlap of the axial filaments on the body of the cell was not observed. Dividing cells had four axial filaments, one inserted at either end of the two daughter cells. The dimensions and the substructure of liberated axial filaments were studied and compared with those on flagella of treponemes and bacteria.
A RUBELLA HAEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITOR SIMULATING ANTIBODY
Authors: Haukenes Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Pretreatment of sera with kaolin or with heparin‐MnCl2 occasionally leaves non‐specific rubella haemagglutination inhibitors. In doubtful cases flotation centrifugation through a NaBr solution with a density of 1.22 will distinguish inhibitor from antibody.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AUSTRALIA‐ANTIBODY IN BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Reinicke V. , Poulsen H. , Banke O. , Dybkjaer E.
Published: August 2010

Systematic screening by immuno‐osmophoresis of 7,500 consecutively registered Danish voluntary blood donors revealed 22 with Australia‐antibody. None of these persons had a previous history of hepatitis and only three had ever received a blood transfusion. In all the donors, except one, the antibody persisted during the entire period of investigation (at present: 34–38 months). Liver biopsies were performed in all 22 donors. No changes such as those seen in viral hepatitis or sequelae after viral hepatitis, i.e. fibrosis or cirrhosis, were found in any of the biopsies. It is suggested that stimulation of Au‐antibody production in the present series of donors might have been caused by cellular antigens showing cross‐immunity with Au‐antigen and released by mechanisms other than viral hepatitis. A retrospective study was performed, comprising 12 recipients of blood transfusions from the donors with Au‐antibody. None of these recipients developed post‐transfusion hepatitis, and in no case could Au‐antigen or Au‐antibody be demonstrated.
CROSS‐REACTIVITY BETWEEN HEAT LABILE ENTEROTOXINS OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN NEUTRALIZATION TESTS IN RABBIT ILEUM AND SKIN
Authors: Holmgren J. , Söderlind O. , Wadström T.
Published: August 2010

Crude enterotoxin preparations of porcine‐enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were found to be active both in the ileal loop model and in the intradermal test in rabbits, as was crude and isolated exo‐enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae. The skin activity of the E. coli enterotoxic preparations was destroyed by incubation at 65° C for 10 minutes. Neutralization studies in the ileal loop and the intradermal tests indicated that the heat‐labile enterotoxins produced by E. coli of different O groups shared antigenic determinants to a varying extent, and also showed some immunological cross‐reactivity with the cholera exo‐enterotoxin.
RAISED LEVELS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN SERUM OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Olsen Finn , Hilden Mogens , Ibsen Hans
Published: August 2010

In a series of 84 hypertensive patients, 50 men and 34 women, the levels of serum immunoglobulins were examined. Levels of the immunoglobulins were found to be increased in about 30 per cent of the patients. The study supports the view that immunological factors are involved in at least some cases of essential hypertension. The antigens against which the immunoglobulins are directed have not yet been identified.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IN MAN
Authors: Loft Birte , Olsen Finn
Published: August 2010

By means of the leucocyte migration technique it is demonstrated that a hypersensitivity of the delayed type seems to be involved in at least some cases of arteriosclerosis in man. The hypersensitivity is directed against unknown antigenic substances in the femoral arterial wall.
ANTIBODY STIMULATION IN INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT DEMONSTRABLE POLIOVIRUS ANTIBODIES FOLLOWING A FIFTH INJECTION OF INACTIVATED POLIOVIRUS VACCINE
Authors: Böttiger Margareta
Published: August 2010

The effect of a fifth dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine was estimated in a group of recruits, belonging to the age groups comprising the individuals in Sweden who received the first, less effective poliovirus vaccines. As a rule they had received their primary immunization (3 shots) during the years 1957–59 and a fourth injection around 1963 to 64. The response to the fifth dose given in 1971 indicated that they responded well to the antibody stimulus.Even individuals without demonstrable antibodies prior to the booster reacted to a high degree with an antibody rise similar to that of a secondary response.
EXTRACTION OF CELL‐BOUND HYALURONIDASE AND AMINOPEPTIDASE FROM STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS, ATCC 903
Authors: Linder L.
Published: August 2010

Different methods for disintegration of Streptococcus mitis, strain ATCC 903 were tested for extraction of hyaluronidase and aminopeptidase. Two methods were found effective, autolysis and freeze‐pressing. Reproducible conditions for the extraction of both enzymes were autolysis for 20 hours at 37° C in 0.05 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 in the presence of chloramphenicol (100 μg/ml). The amounts of enzymes released per unit of autolysed cells were not affected by the incubation temperature. Disintegration by freeze‐pressing reduced the specific activity of hyaluronidase by 70 per cent as compared to the autolytic procedure. Although the yield of aminopeptidase in extracts prepared by freeze‐pressing was approximately equivalent to that in autolytic extracts, the stability of the enzyme was reduced.
ESTIMATION OF CELL LYSIS. DETERMINATION OF AMINOPEPTIDASE IN EXTRACTS OF STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS, ATCC 903
Authors: Linder L. , Lindquist L. , Söder P.‐Ö. , Holme T.
Published: August 2010

A colorimetric method has been tested for the determination of aminopeptidase in crude extracts of Streptococcus mitis. This was done in order to evaluate the possibility of using this enzyme as an intracellular marker in studies concerned with the quantitation of cell lysis. No purification of the enzyme was applied since the determination of cell lysis by an intracellular enzyme marker is dependent on the accurate and rapid measurement of the enzyme activity in supernatants from autolyzing cultures. Under the assay conditions used the enzymic reaction proceeded at constant rate, proportional to enzyme concentration over a wide range. The rate of the enzymatic reaction was maximal at 35–40° C. The optimum pH for activity was 7.2. The enzyme was stable in the pH‐range 5.2–9.8. The rate of the reaction was decreased at high substrate concentration.
FORMATION AND RELEASE OF HYALURONIDASE AND AMINOPEPTIDASE IN GROWING CULTURES OF STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS, ATCC 903
Authors: Linder L.
Published: August 2010

The quantity of released and cell‐bound hyaluronidase and aminopeptidase was determined in cultures of Streptococcus mitis grown under controlled conditions of pH, anaerobiosis, stirring and temperature. The results indicated that the formation of hyaluronidase was completely repressed during exponential growth in the presence of glucose. Synthesis of hyaluronidase occurred after the exhaustion of glucose during an autolytic phase. Aminopeptidase activity of the cells increased both in the presence of glucose and in the autolytic phase. Both enzymes were released into the medium by an autolytic process. Controlled autolysis is suggested as a physiologically useful release mechanism for intracellular enzymes directed at high molecular weight substrates which are unable to pass through the cytoplasmic membrane. Neither selective release of hyaluronidase from intact cells nor extracellular activity could be demonstrated.
FORMATION AND RELEASE OF HYALURONIDASE AND AMINOPEPTIDASE IN NON‐GROWING CELLS OF STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS, ATCC 903
Authors: Linder L.
Published: August 2010

Hyaluronidase synthesis in Streptococcus mitis (ATCC 903) was completely repressed during anaerobic growth in glucose‐containing media. A rapid synthesis of hyaluronidase was observed when exponentially growing, repressed cells were transferred to a proteose‐peptone medium lacking fermentable carbohydrates. The synthesis started after a lag of approximately 10 min and continued at a constant rate for about 20 min. Chloramphenicol completely inhibited the synthesis. The period of synthesis of hyaluronidase at maximal rate increased with increasing concentrations of proteose‐peptone, while the rate of synthesis was not accelerated by proteose‐peptone concentrations above 1 per cent. Aminopeptidase activity of the cells also increased in proteose‐peptone medium. This increase was not inhibited by chloramphenicol or by puromycin. The aminopeptidase activity of the cellsincreased with increasing concentrations of proteose‐peptone. The increase of both enzymes was most rapid at pH 7.4–7.7. The cells released hyaluronidase and aminopeptidase solely by autolysis. Autolysis in proteose‐peptone medium was most rapid at pH 7.4–7.7 and was not affected by variations in the proteose‐peptone concentration or by chloramphenicol.
REPRESSION OF HYALURONIDASE IN STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS, ATCC 903
Authors: Linder L. , Sund M.‐L.
Published: August 2010

The synthesis of hyaluronidase, which is a constitutive, cell‐bound enzyme in Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903, was investigated in cultures grown on different carbohydrates. Mannose was found to repress enzyme synthesis completely. The repressive effect of glucose was concentration dependent. After a period of complete repression for less than one generation, the rate of synthesis increased rapidly in 0.06 M glucose while complete repression continued in 0.17 M glucose. Sucrose, fructose and galactose repressed enzyme synthesis only to a limited extent. Of all carbohydrates tested sucrose had the least repressive effect and supported a maximal rate of growth. Cyclic AMP partially relieved glucose repression, particularly in media of low glucose concentration. The same effect was, however, also obtained with 5′ AMP. Theophylline did not increase the effect of cyclic AMP in counteracting glucose repression. Cyclic AMP caused 30–50 per cent inhibition of the synthesis of hyaluronidase in non‐growing cells.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENZYMES AND BACTERIA IN THE SMALL INTESTINES OF SLAUGHTER PIGS
Authors: Fossum KåRre , Liven Eivind
Published: August 2010

The activity and distribution of proteinases and their inhibitors, lipases and amylases as well as the composition of the bacterial flora throughout small intestines of 20 slaughter pigs were investigated. It was demonstrated that the intestines were partly in contraction, partly in relaxation and that the contracted regions had no ingesta, only a scarce and mucous content. This type of content possessed no proteolytic activity while lipolytic and starch‐splitting activities as well as inhibitory substances against proteinase were always present. The contracted parts, which presented no regularity as to their length and localization, often appeared to be sterile. In the feed‐containing, relaxed regions of the intestines, the digestive enzymes examined were always present in high concentrations. Their activity was quite constant in all segments of the intestine. The proteolytic activity was partly based on trypsin. The main microorganisms found were Lactobacillus sps., α‐haemolytic streptococci and lactosepositive enterobacteria (coliform). The quantitative bacteriological findings varied considerably.
THE ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMA PRIMATUM DURING AN AUTOPSY STUDY OF THE MYCOPLASMA FLORA OF THE HUMAN URINARY TRACT
Authors: Thomsen A. C.
Published: August 2010

The mycoplasmal flora of the urinary tract of 19 men and 21 women was investigated at autopsy. Mycoplasmas were isolated from the urethra of 9 bodies. One of the isolates was identified biochemically and serologically as M. primatum. This is the second isolation from man of this simian mycoplasma species. Three of the remaining isolates from the urethra were identified as M. hominis, one as M. fermentans and four as U. urealyticum. U. urealyticum was isolated twice from the bladder urine. In one case, a strain of U. urealyticum was isolated from the cortex of a kidney with histologically demonstrable non‐specific inflammation.
MUTATIONS IN ARTHROBACTER AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEASE
Authors: Rudin Lars , Hofsten Bengt v.
Published: August 2010

Seventeen mutants of a strain of Arthrobacter, producing altered amounts of extracellular protease, were isolated. One mutant had lost the ability to form wild type extracellular protease. Despite this loss, the mutant demonstrated proteolytic activity due to leakage of a thermolabile intracellular proteinase. Chemical, immunological and catalytic properties of this enzyme show that it is not related to the extracellular protease of the wild type.
ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL ANTIBODIES IN SERA FROM PATIENTS THROUGHOUT THE CLINICO‐PATHOLOGICAL DISEASE SPECTRUM OF LEPROSY
Authors: Myrvang Bjørn , Feek Colin M. , Godal Tore
Published: August 2010

Sera from one hundred and thirty‐nine leprosy patients, clinico‐pathologically classified into seven groups, were examined for precipitating antimycobacterial antibodies by double diffusion in gel analyses. As the source of antigen, Mycobacterium duvalii tended to be superior to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and revealed precipitins in fifty‐seven of the sera. Throughout the leprosy spectrum, the proportion of precipitin‐positive sera increased from the tuberculoid to the lepromatous end giving a maximum of 73.6 per cent positive sera in the polar lepromatous (LL) group. Similarly, the number of precipitin lines also increased and in some lepromatous sera five lines were deciphered. The presence of precipitins was closely related to the density of Mycobacterium leprae in the skin of the patients. This suggests that the antigenic load is the main factor in determining the antibody formation in leprosy.
IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS TO MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE OF HEALTHY HUMANS. APPLICATION OF THE LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITION TEST
Authors: Myrvang Bjørn
Published: August 2010

Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae was studied, by the method of leucocyte migration inhibition, in ninety healthy adults allocated into four groups according to previous contact with leprosy patients. Groups working or living in close relationship with leprosy patients responded significantly more strongly to M. leprae than a group without such contact. With a selected concentration of M. leprae 71.2 per cent of medical attendants dealing with leprosy patients, 22.2 per cent of administrative staff of a leprosy hospital, and 50 per cent of household contacts of leprosy patients showed migration indices <0.800, but none of the group without known contact with leprosy patients showed indices below the threshold value. Since the inhibition of migration to BCG was similar in all groups, and no evidence was found that other mycobacteria had provoked the positive responses elicited by M. leprae, the above figures appear to represent individuals immunologically stimulated with M. leprae itself. The study therefore, showed that the method of leucocyte migration inhibition may be used as an assay for specific detection and enumeration of immune responses mounted by M. leprae. The results lend strong support to the view that leprosy bacilli are frequently transmitted from patients to contacts. The introduction of M. leprae into the human body is, however, rarely accompanied by development of clinical signs of leprosy.
DETERMINATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN O BY REVERSED SINGLE RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION
Authors: Fasth Anders
Published: August 2010

A diffusion‐in‐gel micromethod for quantitation of ASO is presented. The method is compared with conventional dilution techniques. Non‐reduced ASO and sheep erythrocytes were mixed in an agarose gel. Around holes filled with sera under test zones of inhibited hemolysis appeared when the ASO was reduced. The intra‐ and interplate variation were 5.5 and 26 ASO units. The correlation coefficient between the method presented and that of Cabau & Badin was 0.936.
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Trier Lotte , Rubin Bent
Published: August 2010

Lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with allogeneic bone marrow cells usually survive the irradiation damage, but their immune‐status is not completely restored. Thus, such mice show depressed humoral antibody responses to thymus dependent antigens, prolonged allogeneic skin graft survival, and their spleen cells display reduced graft‐versus‐host (GVH) activity when inoculated into newborn F1 hybrid mice. The present study was carried out in order to explore the reason(s) for the depressed immunological activity of allogeneic irradiation chimaeric mice. It was found that these mice had an elevated level of θ positive cells compared to mice transplanted with syngeneic bone marrow cells, but their spleen cells did not show any detectable specific or third‐party GVH response. Spleen cells from allogeneic irradiation chimaeras were not able to participate in a collaborative GVH response with lymph node cells either. Possible reasons for the immunological inertness of θ positive cells in allogeneic irradiation chimaeras are discussed.
STUDIES ON STACHYBOTRYS ALTERNANS
Authors: Korpinen Eeva‐Liisa , Uoti J.
Published: August 2010

Isolation of 73 Stachybotrys alternans strains from various materials, their morphological description and results from toxigenicity tests by a tissue culture method are reported. The isolation method consisted of culturing the material on wet cotton wool and sterile filter paper. Out of the 725 samples of cereal grain, field pea, oat meal, feed and fodder sent for routine mycological investigation 50 strains of S. alternans were isolated. Rather strikingly, approximately every fourth of the samples of field pea seed was found to be contaminated with S. alternans. Among the 129 samples of feed and fodder suspected as a cause of mycotoxicosis in domestic animals, 22 turned out to be contaminated by S. alternans. The toxicity of ether soluble extracts from strains cultivated on wheat‐oats‐barley mixture was tested in mouse primary fibroblast cultures. Together 49 out of the 73 isolated strains were found toxigenic by the test. All 13 strains isolated from field pea samples produced toxin. No relation between morphological characteristics and toxicity was revealed.
“PITTING” AND “CORROSION” OF THE SURFACE OF AGAR CULTURES BY COLONIES OF SOME BACTERIA FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Henriksen S. D.
Published: August 2010

A large number of bacterial strains from the upper respiratory tract were examined for production of imprints of the colonies on blood agar plates. Moraxella strains regularly grew with “corroding” colonies and most cultures produced spreading zones around the colonies after prolonged incubation. Neisseria (Moraxella, Branhamella) catarrhalis, and N. pharyngis colonies produced marked “corrosion” without spreading zones. Micrococcus mucilaginosus, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, and some of the strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and N. meningitidis produced slight to moderate depressions in the agar, with or without moderate “corrosion”. About 10 per cent of the strains of alpha‐ and beta‐haemolytic streptococci failed to produce imprints on the agar. Of the remaining strains the majority produced slight to moderate depressions with or without “corrosion”. About 12 per cent of the strains produced colonies which were deeply imbedded or infiltrated in the agar. The possibility of an association of these phenomena with other physiological characters, as in some Moraxella species, is discussed.
SEARCH FOR THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE, NUCLEOSIDE DEOXYRIBOSYLTRANSFERASE AND THYMIDINE KINASE IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: Jyssum Sidsel
Published: August 2010

The enzymes thymidine phosphorylase, nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase and thymidine kinase were searched for in species of Neisseria. Activities corresponding to these enzymes could not be found in the species examined.
SEARCH FOR THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE, NUCLEOSIDE DEOXYRIBOSYLTRANSFERASE AND THYMIDINE KINASE IN MORAXELLA, ACINETOBACTER, AND ALLIED BACTERIA
Authors: Jyssum Sidsel , Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2010

Eighteen strains of Gram‐negative, rodshaped bacteria, including Moraxella kingii, “New Moraxella” Bijsterveld, “New Moraxella” Sutton et al., M. nonliquefaciens, M. lacunata, M. bovis, M. osloensis, M. phenylpyrouvica, M. atlantae (new species to be described), M. urethralis (tentative designation) and Acinetobacter, were examined for enzyme activities corresponding to thymidine phosphorylase, nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase and thymidine kinase. The two strains of M. kingii examined as well as “New Moraxella” Bijsterveld and “New Moraxella” Sutton et al., revealed activities corresponding to the three enzymes. One of two M. nonliquefaciens strains, the type strain, was found to contain a thymidine kinase of low activity, but had no activities corresponding to the enzymes thymidine phosphorylase or nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase. Significant activities of any of the three enzymes were not detected in the other strains examined.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF MIXTURES OF AMPICILLIN AND CLOXACILLIN IN PLASMA AFTER SEPARATION BY HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Gariström Anders , Dornbusch Kathrine , Hagelberg Annika , Malmborg Anna‐Stina
Published: August 2010

A method for the quantitative determination of plasma concentrations of ampicillin and cloxacillin in mixture is described. The antibiotics were separated by high voltage paper electrophoresis. The high affinity of cloxacillin for albumin seriously interfered with the electrophoretic separation of the antibiotics and the quantitation of cloxacillin. Therefore, prior to electrophoresis, the plasma proteins were digested with trypsin to release cloxacillin. Subsequent to the electrophoretic separation the antibiotics were developed micro‐biologically by agar diffusion using the separated spots on the paper as diffusion centres. The inhibition zones were clearly visible after staining and could be quantitated. The method was evaluated statistically and showed good agreement with the paper disc diffusion method.
CULTIVATION OF A BACTERIAL FLORA ABLE TO PREVENT THE COLONIZATION OF SALMONELLA INFANTIS IN THE INTESTINES OF BROILER CHICKENS, AND ITS USE
Authors: Rantala Marjatta
Published: August 2010

Mixed bacterial cultures from the ingesta of cocks grown under different circumstances were tested for their inhibitory effect on the colonization of Salmonella infantis. The cultures grown in one or more of three different media were given to chickens, which were inoculated with S. infantis one day or one week later. It was shown that the original media could be considerably simplified without causing any change in the preventive effect of the culture. An anaerobically incubated VL‐medium was shown to be convenient for the cultivation of a flora inhibiting the colonization of S. infantis in the intestines of broiler chickens equally well at the age of one day and at that of one week. Meat broth or aerobically incubated VL‐medium were shown to be unsuitable. The culture grown in a VL‐medium was shown to be effective against S. infantis also when administered to the chickens with the drinking water.
MYCOPLASMOSIS: EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN RATS.
Authors: Thomsen A. C. , Rosendal S.
Published: August 2010

The concentration and persistence of M. arthritidis in obstructed and unobstructed kidneys of rats after intracardial inoculation has been investigated. Inoculation of 108 c.f.u. M. arthritidis, giving a deposit of 104 c.f.u./g kidney tissue, depressed the resistance against E. coli so that secondary intravenous inoculation of 106 or 107 of E. coli would be followed by severe acute pyelonephritis. These doses of E. coli could not provoke inflammation if given without primary mycoplasma inoculation.
THE MOUSE MUTANT NUDE DOES NOT DEVELOP SPONTANEOUS TUMOURS.
Authors: Rygaard Jorgen , Povlsen C. O.
Published: August 2010

The mouse mutant nude is immunologically deficient due to congenital absence of the thymus. It will accept allografts and heterografts from closely and remotely related donors. Its humoral immune response to a number of other antigens is also imperfect. De novo malignancies can be induced in the nude by chemical carcinogen. The lack of a cell‐mediated immune response could be expected to be accompanied by a similar defect in the immunological surveillance mechanism against neoplasia. We have studied 11, 000 nude mice from birth to three months of age or to the normal life expectation of the animal. The total observation time within the period 1969–1972 was some 40, 000 months of mouse life. No malignancy was observed during this period. This striking observation is discussed in relation to de novo cancers following organ transplantation in man, and the high incidence of malignancies in patients with immune deficiency disorders. It is suggested that immunological surveillance—if existing—may represent a third expression of the immune system, separate from cell‐mediated and humoral immunity.
TYPING OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BY COUNTERIMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Myhre Erling B.
Published: August 2010

One hundred and eighty‐four Haemophilus influenzae isolates typed by gel precipitation technique were cultivated in Levinthal broth and the cultures studied by counterimmuno‐electrophoresis. All 57 typable strains formed demonstrable type‐specific capsular antigen. No cross reaction between the types occurred under the test conditions used. None of the non‐typable isolates produced detectable antigen.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF EARLY STAGES OF ASEXUAL MULTIPLICATION AND MICROGAMETOGONY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE CAT
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Hutchison W. M. , Dunachie J. F. , Siim J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

Toxoplasma gondii undergoes schizogony and microgametogony in the epithelial cells of the cat ileum. On the basis of cytoplasmic structures, it is impossible to distinguish between the early stages of these processes but nuclear differentiation appears to have occurred. In the early schizont the chromatin is distributed in small patches throughout the nucleus but in the nucleus of the microgametocyte the chromatin is condensed into a few large areas. In the schizont, the first distinguishing cytoplasmic features are the appearance of the dome‐shaped membranes of the merozoite anlagen. In the schizogonic process, nuclear division precedes merozoite formation which occurs by multiple internal budding in a manner similar to endodyogeny. The appearance of flagella is the first cytoplasmic feature to distinguish the microgametocyte. Microgamete formation is similar to that reported for other coccidian species. The microgamete consists of a dense elongate nucleus anterior to which is a single mitochondrion. The anterior consists of a perforatorium and two flagella between which 4 microtubules run longitudinally.
GLUCOKINASE AND GLUCOSE 6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE IN NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

Glucokinase and glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activities are found in species of “true neisserias”, also in the non‐saccharolytic ones. The enzymes are not found in the “false neisserias”(N. catarrhalis, N. ovis and N. caviae). The stimulating effect of glucose on the synthesis of these enzymes, and the electrophoretic behaviour of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase are compared in the different species.
6‐PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE AND ENZYMES OF THE ENTNER‐DOUDOROFF PATHWAY IN NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrase and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐6‐phosphogluconate aldolase were studied in several Neisseria species. 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐6‐phosphogluconate aldolase were present in all strains of “true neisserias”. The synthesis of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was stimulated by glucose in the saccharolytic Neisseriae, and its activity was stimulated by NADP in N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae. 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrase was present in most strains of “true neisserias”, except in N. cinerea and N. elongata. This enzyme was induced by glucose in the saccharolytic Neisseriae. In N. flavescens its synthesis was inhibited by glucose.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION OF L‐PHASE VARIANTS IN INDIVIDUAL E. COLI STRAINS
Authors: Seeberg Staffan , Brorson John‐Erik
Published: August 2010

L‐colony production in 19 E. coli strains was studied. Several factors were found to influence productivity and type of L‐growth, e.g. type and concentration of antibiotic, pH and hypertonicity. Individual E. coli strains were found to have different requirements.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF HEAT‐KILLED RADIOLABELLED CANDIDA ALBICANS BY HUMAN BLOOD MONOCYTES CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: Viken K. E. , ødegaard A.
Published: August 2010

In vivo experiments indicate that blood monocytes differentiate into macrophages after leaving the circulation (2, 3, 4). Monocytes separated from venous blood and attached to glass surfaces undergo a similar differentiation in vitro (8). In this report, the phagocytic function of monocytes at various stages of this differentiation is demonstrated by means of a technique using radiolabelled Candida albicans. With a view to attachment and engulfment as well as to digestion of yeast particles, quantitative changes of the phagocytic function were found during the first 8 days of culturing.