bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
31 Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal Relative to Dehulled, Solvent-extracted Soybean Meal and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Blomme Allison K , Wecker Haley , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and lysine for the SBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, 2.99% respectively. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 200 x 400) were placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed common diets for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for lysine:amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SBM diet was formulated to 2421 kcal/kg and net energy (NE) was not balanced between diets. Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. In conclusion, using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 123% of SBM NE or 2566 kcal/kg. This increase in NE resulted in improved feed efficiency of nursery pigs.
32 Assessment of Dry-Aged Beef from Commercial Aging Locations Across the United States
Authors: Lancaster Jessica M , Smart Jaxon , Buseman Brianna , Van Buren Jessie B , Weber Tanya , Insausti Kizkitza , Nasados James , Glaze Benton B , Price William , Colle Michael , Bass Phillip
Published: May 2021

Dry-aging is a practice that involves storing meat at refrigerated temperatures without protective packaging. Despite the increase in dry-aged beef popularity, relatively little is known about commercial dry-aging parameters. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine dry-aging parameters of commercial aging facilities and their influence on eating quality (acceptability, flavor, tenderness, and juiciness) of dry-aged beef from locations across the United States. Sixty-six Certified Angus Beef® brand bone-in beef strip loins (IMPS #175) were randomly assigned to ten commercial dry-aging facilities across the United States. An additional six strip loins were wet-aged for 45-days as a negative control. Strip loins were shipped overnight to aging locations where a 45-day dry aging period transpired before being returned for subsequent analysis, upon completion of aging. Objective color, pH, and water activity were measured post aging, at the time of processing. Strip loins were then fabricated, and steaks were vacuum packaged and frozen until further analysis. Intrinsic quality parameters objective color (L*, a*, b*), pH, and water activity were not different (P > 0.05) between strip loins aged 45 days by location. Cooler conditions including temperature, percent relative humidity, and air speed were different (P < 0.01) across aging locations. Pacific Northwest consumer panelists indicated a difference in overall acceptability (P < 0.01), tenderness (P = 0.01), and flavor (P < 0.01) based on aging location. Additionally, consumers detected (P < 0.01) unique dry-aging flavors for individual aging locations including cheesy and nutty attributes. Research indicates individual dry-aging facility conditions aid in producing unique dry-aged beef products according to U.S. consumers from the Pacific Northwest Region.
34 Effect of Feeding Vitamin D Supplementation on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism When Piglets Are Fed a DON Contaminated Diet
Authors: Sauvé Béatrice , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Guay Frédéric
Published: May 2021

DON has been shown to induce anorexia, oxidative stress, and more recently, alterations in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism. It was thus hypothesized that vitamin D3 or 25-OH-D3 can counteract the effects of DON in piglets. The objectives were to confirm the DON effect and to evaluate the impact of a vitamin D supplementation on growth performance and Ca and P metabolism on piglets receiving a DON contaminated feed. A total of 66 piglets received one of the 6 treatments in 2 x 3 factorial design: control treatments (CON) or DON unsupplemented or supplemented with VitD3 or 25-OH-D3. After 21 days, piglets were weighted and feed intake was measured. Bone mineral content of each piglet was measured with dual-intensity X-ray absorptiometry at 21 days. Blood samples were taken to assess concentrations for VitD, P and Ca. Results showed that, DON reduced average daily feed intake and average daily gain (P < 0.001). DON increased BMC per kg live body weight (P < 0.001). Piglets fed DON diet had lower plasma concentrations of 25-OH-D3, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and phosphate (P < 0.001). The sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 (SLC20A2; P < 0.050), sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (SLC8A1; P < 0.032) and Klotho (P < 0.014) gene expression was downregulated by DON contamination in intestinal mucosae. The calbindin d28K (CALB-1) (P < 0.042), SLC8A1 (P < 0.026), TRPV5 (P < 0.041), calbindin d9K (S100G) (P < 0.029) and Klotho (P < 0.013) gene expression was downregulated by DON contamination in the kidney. The 1α-hydroxylase gene expression tended to be downregulated by DON contamination in the kidney as well. The VitD3 and 25-OH-D3 supplementation upregulated vitamin D receptor (VDR, DON x VitD, P < 0.014), SLC8A1 (DON x VitD, P < 0.036) and Klotho (DON x VitD, P < 0.025) in intestinal mucosae, although those gene expressions were downregulated by DON contamination. Thus, DON induced an alteration of vitamin D-calcium-phosphorus metabolism by modifying Ca utilization from mechanisms still under investigation.
39 Muddy Environmental Conditions Cause Conceptus Free Live Weight Loss but Not a Decrease in Calf Birth Weight When Compared with Cows Housed on Wood Chips
Authors: Nickles Kirsten , Relling Alejandro E , Garcia-Guerra Alvaro , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J
Published: May 2021

Future climate projections for the Midwest U.S.A. predict increased winter rainfall. The increase in winter rainfall will consequently increase soil moisture and allow for muddy conditions in paddocks. Muddy conditions can directly affect cows during late gestation by compromising insulative properties of the hair coat. It is likely that cold climatic conditions and mud increase a cow’s maintenance requirement during gestation and may affect growth of the fetus. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of muddy conditions on cow body weight (BW) and fetal growth during late gestation. Sixteen multiparous Angus cows (n = 8/treatment) were paired based on initial BW. One cow from each pair was randomly allocated to either the mud (MUD) or control (CON) treatment. Pens in the CON group were bedded with wood chips, while pens in the MUD group were designed to create a muddy lot (average depth of 23.6 ± 5.8 cm). Cows were housed individually and fed the same diet. Each pair was fed based on the NRC recommendations for maintenance and gestation. From day 213 to 269 of gestation, cows were weighed weekly. Conceptus free live weight (CFLW) was then calculated by subtracting the estimated weight of the gravid uterus from the cow’s weekly BW. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). At time of study initiation, cows were of a similar BW (P > 0.05). By day 269 of gestation, the CFLW of the cows in the MUD group weighed 37.4 kg less compared with the CON group (P < 0.01), though calf birth weight was not different (P = 0.72). Cows in the CON group maintained CFLW throughout the treatment period, however, cows in the MUD group did not maintain CFLW during the treatment period.
36 Evaluation of Compensatory Growth of 90-kg Finishing Pigs Previously Fed a Low Lysine Diet
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: May 2021

A total of 346 pigs (241×600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 88.6 kg) were used in a 44-day trial to evaluate compensatory growth of pigs previously fed very low lysine diets. Two diets [control and corn (98% corn and 2% vitamins and minerals)] were arranged into 4 nutritional strategies. One group of pigs (control) was fed the control diet from d 0 to 44. The other three groups of pigs were fed the corn diet for 14, 21, or 28-d and then fed the control diet until day 44. The control and corn diets contained 0.70 and 0.18% standardized ileal digestible Lys, respectively. Pens were assigned to nutritional strategies in a randomized complete block design based on initial BW with 9 pens per treatment. On average, pigs fed the corn diet grew 49% slower than the control. Pigs previously fed the corn diet had 28% increased (P < 0.05) ADG during the first week of switching to the control diet and 12% faster (P < 0.05) ADG than the control for the rest of the trial. Despite this increase in ADG, final BW on d 44 was lower (P < 0.05) compared to the control for pigs fed the corn diet for 21 or 28-d. From d 0 to 44, control pigs and pigs fed the corn diet for only 14-d had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed the corn diet for 21 and 28-d. Feed efficiency was decreased (P < 0.05) when the corn diet was fed and increased (P < 0.05) during the period of compensatory growth; however, overall G:F decreased (P < 0.05) as pigs were fed the corn diet longer. The data suggest that compensatory growth was observed when pigs fed the corn diet for 21 or 28-d followed by the control diet within a 6-week-period, but overall growth performance was still reduced compared to the control.
41 Effect of Biochar Supplementation in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carcass Performance
Authors: Sperber Jessica L , Troyer Braden , Norman Mitch , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E
Published: May 2021

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding biochar in a finishing diet on cattle performance, carcass quality, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Biochar was sourced from ponderosa pine wood waste (High Plains Biochar, Laramie, WY) and was 83% C with 426 m2/g surface area. Crossbred steers (n = 128; initial BW = 480 kg ± 82 kg) were utilized in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), steers assigned randomly to pen (n = 16), and pen was assigned randomly to treatment. Two treatments were evaluated, a finisher control (CON) without biochar and the same finisher with biochar included at 1.0% of diet dry matter replacing corn (CHAR). Four pen replications per treatment were paired within BW block and rotated randomly through an emissions barn with two chambers (each treatment evaluated simultaneously) to capture average weekly emissions of CH4 and CO2. Pen was experimental unit and chamber was included as a fixed effect for emissions data. Dry matter intake (DMI; P < 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.02) were 2.4 and 5.9% lower for CHAR steers, respectively. Feed efficiency (P = 0.22) and production of CO2 and CH4 (P ≥ 0.60) did not differ between treatments. Methane production was numerically lower for CHAR steers when reported as g per day (1.8% lower) or g per kg of DMI (4.8% lower). Hot carcass weight tended to be lighter (P = 0.10) and calculated USDA yield grade was decreased (P = 0.02) for CHAR steers. There was no difference between treatments for LM area, USDA quality grade, or 12th rib fat (P ≥ 0.12). In conclusion, biochar supplementation at 1.0% of diet DM reduced DMI and ADG and had no effect on CH4 and CO2 emissions in finishing steers.
37 Evaluation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production in Growing and Finishing Cattle Raised in Conventional or Confinement-based Herds
Authors: McPhillips Levi J , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald James C , Carlson Zachary E
Published: May 2021

Cattle originating from 2 different herds were used during growing and finishing programs to evaluate differences in CH4 and CO2 production. The conventional (CONV) herd used spring calving, summer grass grazing, and winter corn residue grazing. An alternate (ALT) herd housed cows in confinement pens during summer, calved in summer, grazed cover crops in fall and grazed corn residue before returning to confinement pens in spring. Each herd had 4 groups of 20 cows. For 2 years calves from each herd were weaned at the same age and then fed ad libitum for a 120-d growing (GR) period and fed a forage-based diet (NEg 1.23 Mcal/kg). Cattle were then adapted to a grain-based finishing (FIN) diet (NEg 1.51 Mcal/kg) and fed until reaching 1.27 cm backfat. Both CH4 and CO2 were collected in two pen-scale chambers by collecting air samples continuously from each pen ambient air. Each group was evaluated in the pen-scale chambers for 5 days during both the GR and FIN phases. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with day in barn as a repeated measure. Whether cattle originated from CONV or ALT had no impact (P > 0.25) on CH4 or CO2 production. Feeding GR resulted in greater (P < 0.03) CH4 than FIN in grams per day (125.4 vs 117.5), grams per kg of intake (16.1 vs 11.5), or g per kg of body weight (0.50 vs 0.24). Greater CO2 production was observed for FIN as compared to GR which is due to greater size and energy intake. Diet impacts CH4 more so than cow-calf production system cattle originate from.
219 Managing Beef Cattle Growth Amidst a Global Pandemic: Lessons Learned from 2020 and Strategies for the Future
Authors: Johnson Bradley J , Smith Zachary K
Published: May 2021

The coronavirus disease-19 related events of 2020 had severe detrimental effects on meat animal production in the United State. Due to harvest facility slowdowns and shutdowns, many market animals, including beef cattle, were on feed greater than 60 d past their optimal endpoint. These dramatic changes caused many changes in feeding and growth technologies management. The two major growth enhancing compounds used in feedlot cattle production are steroidal implants (IMP) and β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA). Implementation of β-AA during the pandemic was extremely difficult due to the lack of knowledge on exact shipping dates. The β-AA are fed the last 28 to 42 d on feed. Ractopamine was approved for cattle with essential a 12-h withdrawal. Many questions arose about the maximum length of withdrawal on ractopamine before losing any of the added growth response in both the live animal and carcass. Many feedlot operators relied on IMP administration to achieve added growth response in cattle held for longer days on feed. With zero-day withdrawal on implants, it was a cost-effective means to hold cattle in an efficient manner. Many producers simply could not manage β-AA feeding during the pandemic period and used other management technologies to enhance growth and efficiency during the end of the feeding period.
60 Effect of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant on Mineral Digestibility and Bone Ash in Young Growing Pigs Fed Diets with Different Concentrations of Phytate
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Velayudhan Deepak E , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing levels of phytase increases mineral digestibility and bone ash by pigs fed diets containing 0.23%, 0.29%, or 0.35% phytate-P. Within each level of phytate, 5 diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and canola meal to contain 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG). In addition, 3 reference diets were formulated by adding a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) at 1,000 FTU/kg to the 3 diets containing no PhyG. A randomized complete block design with 144 pigs (12.70 ± 4.01 kg), 18 diets, and 8 replicate pigs per diet was used. Pigs adapted to diets for 15 d followed by 4 d of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 5 factorial with 3 levels of phytate-P and 5 levels of phytase, and contrast statements were used to compare 1,000 FTU of PhyG with PhyB. Pig was the experimental unit. Diets containing 0.35% phytate-P had reduced (P < 0.01) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca, P, Mg, and K compared with diets containing 0.23% or 0.29% phytate-P, but inclusion of phytase increased (P < 0.01) ATTD of Ca, Na, and K (Table 1). Phytase increased ATTD of P and Mg, but to a greater extent in diets with 0.23 or 0.29% phytate-P than in diets with 0.35% phytate-P (interaction, P < 0.05). Phytase increased bone ash, but to a greater extent if there was 0.35 rather than 0.23 or 0.29% phytate-P in the diets (interaction, P < 0.05). PhyG increased ATTD of P more (P < 0.05) than PhyB. In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase is effective in increasing bone ash and ATTD of Ca, P, Na, Mg and K.
93 Effects of a Functional Oils Blend on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Moita Vitor Hugo C , Duarte Marcos Elias , Kim Sung Woo
Published: May 2021

This study was to investigate the role of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid (functional oil blend, FOB) on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs and to determine an optimal supplemental level. Newly weaned pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts at 25 d of age, 7.02 ± 0.58 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments in a RCBD and fed in 2 phases (13 and 21 d respectively) with increasing levels (0, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.150%) of FOB. Growth performance was measured by each phase. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID. On d 34, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunum to measure immune status, oxidative stress status, microbiota, morphology, and crypt cell proliferation. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Supplementation of FOB did not affect the overall growth performance. Supplementation of FOB tended to decrease (P = 0.064) the concentration of jejunal protein carbonyl (3.11 to 2.45 nmol/protein) and tended to increase villus height (P = 0.098, 401 to 453 μm) and crypt depth (P = 0.070, 86 to 99 μm). Increasing FOB reduced (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Helicobacteraceae (46.8 to 21.0%) and increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (7.9 to 13.1%), Burkholderiaceae (6.3 to 10.8%) and Pseudomonadaceae (0.1 to 1.0%), and increased (P < 0.05) alpha diversity of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota at the family level (Chao1 index 42.8 to 56.8%). In conclusion, FOB showed potential benefits on intestinal health of nursery pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria reducing oxidative damages in the jejunal mucosa, and by enhancing villus structure, whereas without affecting the growth performance. The FOB at a range of 0.050% to 0.150% provided the most benefit for nursery pigs.
97 Formulating to Fermentable Protein Can Affect the Health and Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Faris Richard , May Sabrina , Ebarb Sara , Xue Pengcheng , Newcomb Mark D
Published: May 2021

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fermentable protein (FP) on pig health and performance. FP is defined as the difference in ATTD CP and AID CP on a total CP basis. In experiment 1, 1,449 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.9 ± 0.2 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22–23 pigs/pen) were blocked by pen location and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with FP levels of 1.36, 1.26, 1.16, and 1.06 in phase 1 (d 0–11) and phase 2 (d 11–20.5). FP was decreased primarily through the addition of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the reduction of soybean meal (SBM). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (~21 d of age; initial BW = 4.7 ± 0.7 kg, 8 reps/trt, 3 pigs/pen) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments with FP levels of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20, 1.15, 1.11, and 1.07 for phase 1 (d 0–7) and 1.22, 1.17, 1.13, 1.08, 1.03, and 0.99 for phase 2 (d 7–21). FP was decreased through the incremental replacement of soybean meal with hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM. For both experiments, performance data was analyzed as a general linear model. Mortality and removal (M&R) and stool quality were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial or multinomial distribution, respectively. For experiment 1 (Table 1), the reduction in FP with SPC increased ADFI, decreased gain:feed, and reduced the probability of M&R from trial. For experiment 2 (Table 2), reduction of FP with HTM SBM linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, and probability of visually observing a more normal stool. A quadratic effect of reducing FP was also detected for ADG and ADFI. In conclusion, these two experiments highlight that reducing diet FP can influence health and performance of pigs.
126 Impact of Elevating Feed Amounts in Late Gestation on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Portal Ximena A Paz , Rosero David , Carter Scott D
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevating feed amounts during late gestation on the performance of sows and their pigs during lactation. A total of 419 individually-housed sows were used. Sows were balanced by parity (P2 –P10) and body condition score (BCS, 1–5) on d 90 of gestation to 2 treatments [Control or bump-feeding (BP)]. Within each treatment, sows were fed a common gestation diet according to their body condition: (thin, BCS < 3 = 2.7 kg/day; ideal BCS 3 = 2 kg/day; fat, BCS > 3 = 1.6 kg/day). For sows allotted to BP, feed intake was increased by 0.91 kg/d on d 90. Data were analyzed for main effects of treatment and within body condition category. Bump-feeding decreased lactation ADFI of ideal sows (P = 0.015; 6.53 and 5.99 kg, for control and BP, respectively), but not of thin (P = 0.122, 6.05 and 6.80 kg) or fat sows (P = 0.136, 5.79 and 6.78 kg). The number of still-born pigs decreased when thin (P = 0.005, 1.63 and 0.93 pigs for control and bump-feeding) and fat sows (P = 0.133, 1.74 and 1.13 pigs) were BP. However, this was not observed for ideal sows (P = 0.779, 1.28 and 1.27 pigs). Moreover, piglet birth weight (measured in a subsample of 55 litters) improved with BP (P = 0.048; 1.36 vs 1.55 kg, for control and BP, respectively). The impact of BP on birth weight was more evident for fat sows (P = 0.08, 1.25 and 1.61 kg). This resulted in a greater proportion of small pigs (< 3.63 kg) at weaning in litters from fat sows that were not BP (P = 0.019; 7.41 vs 0%, for control and BP, respectively). In conclusion, elevating feed amounts in late gestation did not improve the performance of ideal sows but it positively impacted the performance of thin and fat lactating sows.
121 Statistical Analysis Method Counts for Sow Count Data Responses
Authors: Faris Richard , Paton Neil
Published: May 2021

Several statistical analysis methods are typically employed to analyze sow reproductive count data. The research objective was to compare analysis methods of pig birth counts to determine their robustness in identifying simulated treatment differences. Counts of stillborn (SB), born alive (BA) and sow parity differences were simulated using descriptive statistics from a sow farm. Different scenarios were tested: 1) Effect of a 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percentage point change in treatment difference in SB and BA and, 2) Replicates of 20 to 200 experimental units (EU) in increments of 20 sows; yielding 40 total scenarios. For each scenario, sow observations were simulated 1000 times over. Random sub-setting was used to create a random effect of parity in each dataset as follows: 20% Parity 1, 50% Parity 2–4, and 30% Parity 5+ sows. Each simulated scenario was analyzed as: 1) General linear model (GLM) with raw counts of number of SB or BA as the response variable, 2) GLM with the ratio of BA or SB to total born as the response variable, and 3) Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a binomial distribution of SB or BA as events and total born as trials. Across the EU replicate range, gross performance of models was compared by measuring area under the curve (AUC) with EU as abscissa and the probability of the simulation being P < 0.05 as ordinate. Simulation results are provided in Table 1. The GLMM has elevated probability of detecting true treatment differences over both GLM models for SB and BA. For BA analysis, the GLM Model 1 the probability of detecting true differences is greatly reduced vs. the other two models. This research indicates that deploying GLMM in analyses is a more effective and improved method to detect true differences in sow count data.
137 Evaluation of Narasin Inclusion Level on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing-finishing Pigs
Authors: Puls Christopher L , Arentson Roger , Peterson Beau A , Silva Gustavo , Knopf Brandon , Ritter Matthew J , Steidinger Mark , Carr Scott N
Published: May 2021

Two studies were conducted to evaluate narasin inclusion level on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. The studies were carried out using a randomized complete block design with three narasin levels: 0 vs. 15 vs. 20 mg/kg. Study 1 (2,232 pigs) was carried out over a fixed time of 85 days from 33.4 ± 1.7 kg to 117.0 ± 2.6 kg. Study 2 (1,125 pigs) was carried out over a fixed time of 113 days from 28.0 ± 2.2 kg to 124.4 ± 6.0 kg. All pigs were fed diets that met or exceeded nutrient recommendations of growing-finishing pigs (NRC, 2012). Pigs were offered ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study and weighed on day 0, 28, 56, and 84. Feed additions and feed remaining in the feeder at the time of pig weighing was recorded. Due to disruptions at the slaughter facility, carcass data were not collected on Study 1. For Study 2, pigs were sent for slaughter over five weeks, with the heaviest 20% of each pen being sent for slaughter each week. At slaughter, hot carcass weight was collected. Compared to controls, feeding 15 mg/kg narasin increased (P < 0.05) final body weight (1.2 kg and 1.4 kg for Study 1 and 2, respectively), increased (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight (1.3 kg), and tended (P = 0.07) to improve carcass yield (0.3 percentage units). Feeding 20 mg/kg narasin increased (P < 0.05) overall G:F compared to controls (1.5% and 1.9% for Study 1 and 2, respectively). There were limited differences between the 15 and 20 mg/kg narasin levels. The results of this study confirm improvements in growth performance and carcass characteristics from feeding narasin to growing-finishing pigs. The outcomes of feeding 20 mg/kg narasin were unexpected and warrant further research.
138 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn-based Diets on Growth Performance of Late-finishing Pigs
Authors: Holen Julia P , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M
Published: May 2021

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. In both experiments, there were 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Average length of the experiments was 35 (Exp. 1) and 29 days (Exp. 2). Diets were balanced to contain 0.70% SID Lys and 2,667 or 2,610 kcal NE/kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Minimum amino acid ratios relative to Lys were: Ile, 55; Met&Cys, 60; Thr, 65; Trp, 19.5, and Val, 70. Dietary crude protein ranged from 10.1 to 15.2 for Exp. 1 and 13.6 to 19.4 for Exp. 2. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, linear and quadratic contrasts, and random effect of block. In Exp.1, 1,793 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 104.9 ± 1.4 kg) were fed corn-based diets and pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SBM from 5 to 20%. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed (G:F) increased (linear; P < 0.05) as SBM increased with the greatest improvement observed as SBM increased from 5 to 8.75%, with little improvement thereafter. In Exp. 2, 1,827 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 97.9 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a similar study as Exp. 1, but all diets contained 25% DDGS and SBM levels increased from 0 to 16%. Overall, G:F and final bodyweight of pigs marginally improved (linear and quadratic, respectively; P < 0.10) as SBM increased, with the greatest performance observed when diets contained 8% SBM. These results suggest that increasing SBM up to 8% at the expense of feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-DDGS-based diets improved ADG or G:F in late-finishing pigs.
194 Efficacy of a Multicarbohydrase Containing Alpha-galactosidase in Lactating Sows: Impact on Progeny Weight and Uniformity
Authors: Kitt Steve J , Adhikari Roshan , Bertram Mark J , Petersen Grant I , Moya Sara Llamas
Published: May 2021

Modern lactating sows are under high energetic demand due to increasing prolificity. Significant body weight (BW) losses during lactation may impair sows’ reproductive life and longevity, and the readiness for weaning of the offspring. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of a multicarbohydrase containing alpha-galactosidase (CAG; AlphaGal™280P, Kerry) on a low energy dense lactation diet. Two-hundred and eight sows (218 ± 25.2kg) were blocked by parity and BW to one of 4 treatments, in which a corn-soybean meal diet was formulated to have graded levels of added fat (0, 1.5% and 3%) to titrate an energy density model (T1–T3). T4 replicated the 0% added fat formulation with CAG supplementation at 250 g/MT. Sows were weighed individually on entry, post-farrow (by calculation) and at weaning. Daily feed intakes (ADFI) were used for calculation of sow feed conversion ratio (FCR). Litter performance was characterized at birth, and size was standardized within 24h of farrow and within treatment to ensure uniform litter sizes (LS). Average wean weight (WWt) and pre-weaning mortality were determined. Litter weight distribution was also evaluated via individually weighed piglets, with consideration for pigs < 4.1kg BW. Data were analyzed as a RCBD, using sow as the experimental unit, treatment as the main effect, and standardized average weight and LS as covariates where appropriate. CAG tended to increase sow ADFI (P < 0.10) and yielded significant improvements in sow FCR (P < 0.01), comparable to T3. Although CAG group had lower standardized LS (P < 0.001), WWt was higher and equivalent to T3 upon use of standardized LS as a covariate. CAG tended to reduce the proportion of light pigs within the litter, when compared to T1. CAG improved the efficiency of sows, while increasing WWt of the offspring, suggesting an improvement in nutrient digestion and/or post absorption metabolic efficiency from typical lactation diets.
214 Effects of Reducing Digestible Lysine and Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of Grow-finish Pigs
Authors: Russi Andres Tolosa , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Steck Craig , Wolfe Matt
Published: May 2021

Due to packing plant closures or slow-downs, many producers needed to examine ways to reduce average daily gain (ADG) of finishing pigs. Therefore, a total of 1,080 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initially 32.0 kg) were used in a 119-d trial to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio to slow growth of finishing pigs in a commercial setting. Pigs were randomly allotted in weight blocks to 1 of 4 dietary regimens with 27 pigs/pen and 10 replications/regimen. Pigs were fed a control regimen (100% of the estimated SID Lys requirement for pigs in this facility) formulated to contain 1.10, 1.01, 0.91, 0.83, 0.79, 0.71 and 0.67% SID Lys from 32 to 42, 42 to 51, 51 to 72, 72 to 85, 85 to 97, 97 to 112, and, 112 to 130 kg, respectively. Two other regimens contained 90 or 80% of the Lys estimate. These 3 regimes were formulated to a SID Trp:Lys ratio of 19% except for the last dietary phase that contained 17% SID Trp:Lys ratio. The fourth regimen contained 80% of the SID Lys estimate with 16% SID Trp:Lys in all phases. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment, random effect of block, linear and quadratic effects of SID Lys and pairwise comparison of the two 80% treatments. Overall, decreasing SID Lys decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and final body weight (BW) and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease gain:feed ratio (G:F). Reducing the Trp:Lys ratio decreased (P = 0.014) ADG and final BW compared to pigs fed diets with 80% SID Lys with higher SID Trp:Lys. In summary, decreasing SID Lys reduced ADG and feeding a reduced SID Trp:Lys ratio resulted in a further decrease in ADG of grow-finish pigs.
183 Effects of Protein Supplementation on the Gut Bacterial Community Composition of Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone Chrysops X M. Saxatilis
Authors: Fowler Emily , St-Pierre Benoit , Poudel Prakash , White Brandon , Brown Michael
Published: May 2021

Plant-based protein ingredients have become an attractive substitute for traditional animal sources in the aquaculture feed industry. However, inclusion in carnivorous fish diets is limited due to reduced digestibility, presence of anti-nutritional factors, and increased risk of digestive tract inflammation. To gain further insight on the adaptation of the fish digestive tract environment to plant-based protein sources, intestinal bacterial communities from Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis, fed diets supplemented with different protein sources were compared. Data were generated by Illumina MiSeq 2X300 sequencing of PCR generated amplicons targeting the V1–V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. A comparative analysis using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test identified 17 highly represented species-level Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that differed in abundance across dietary treatments (P < 0.05). Notably, OTU SD_McMs-0001 was at its highest abundance in samples from individuals fed poultry-fishmeal (PFM; 47.61% ± 0.92%) and plant protein-based (PP; 43.13% ± 1.76%) diets, while it was found in much lower abundance in the non-supplemented control diet samples (B; 4.29% ± 0.92%). It was predicted to be a novel species of the family Peptostreptococcaceae based on its limited 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to its closest valid relative (Peptostreptococcus russellii, 91%). In contrast, three Proteobacteria-affiliated OTUs (SD_McMs-0002, SD_McMs-0003, and SD_McMs-0004) were most highly represented in B diet samples, with averages of 30.28%, 27.22%, and 13.54%, respectively. They were in much lower abundance in the PFM and PP samples, with averages ranging between 0.18% and 4.82%, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA sequence comparisons, they were predicted to be strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides (99%), Ralstonia pickettii (99%) and Sphingomonas elodea (99%), respectively. These results indicate that protein supplementation affects gut bacterial community composition of Hybrid Striped Bass, but that the type of protein used has minimal or no detectable impact.
245 Evaluation of Cellulose in Diets with and Without Added Zno on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Chance Jenna A , Tokach Mike D , Calderon Hilda I , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: May 2021

A total of 1,296 pigs (PIC L337×1050; initially 4.8 kg) were used in a 42-d study to evaluate cellulose in diets with and without pharmacological levels of Zn on nursery pig performance. Our hypothesis was that added fiber (cellulose) may provide more benefit in diets without ZnO. Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a RCBD by BW with 27 pigs/pen and 12 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of cellulose (0 vs 1%; J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI) and Zn (200 vs. 3,000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 110 vs. 2,000 mg/kg in phase 2). Treatment diets were formulated in two phases fed from d 0 to 7 and 7 to 21 with a common diet fed from d 21 to 42 post-weaning. Pig weights and feed disappearance were collected weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. On d 16 or 17, fecal samples were collected from 3 pigs/pen to determine fecal DM, and all pens were visually evaluated for fecal consistency. There were no Zn×cellulose interactions. For the experimental and overall period, pigs fed diets containing added Zn had increased (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, G:F and BW while those that were fed cellulose had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG. For fecal dry matter, there was no evidence for difference (P >0.10) between any of the treatments but those fed added ZnO had visually firmer feces as evidenced by lower (P < 0.001) fecal scores. When fed a common diet from d 21 to 42, pigs previously fed added ZnO had increased (P < 0.001) ADG (502 vs. 523 g/d) and ADFI (697 vs. 734 g/d). In conclusion, there were no interactive effects between added cellulose and Zn; however, cellulose reduced ADG while the inclusion of pharmacological levels of Zn improved all growth criteria.
248 Impact of Adding a Stimbiotic or Sugar Beet Pulp to Nursery Pig Diets on Growth Performance and Individual Injections
Authors: Merriman Laura A , Wilcock Pete , Cordero Gustavo , Haberl Ben
Published: May 2021

Utilizing different dietary fiber sources has been studied in piglets to help mitigate post-weaning diarrhea and improve post-weaning performance. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding sugar beet pulp or a stimbiotic (Signis; AB Vista) on nursery pig performance. Barrows (n = 216; average initial BW = 5.1kg) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments and fed a 4 phase feeding program; 1) Control (Con), Insoluble/Soluble fibre ratio (I/S), P1; 4.47, P2; 5.84, P3; 5.82, P4; 7.08. 2) High Soluble (HS) with sugar beet pulp added at 5% (P1 and P2) and 2.5% (P3 and P4) giving the following I/S ratio; P1; 2.63, P2; 2.91, P3; 5.02 and P4; 5.42. 3) Control plus stimbiotic added at 100 g/t (SIG). Pen weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Fecal score was visually ranked by pen daily from wean to 35 days. Blanket water medications were not provided. Instead, individual pigs that needed treatment were identified and injected with individual antibiotic interventions, and the number of interventions per pig was recorded. Performance data were submitted to ANOVA using JMP with mean separation by Tukey test and a contingency analysis was used to compare antibiotic injections. At day 14, pigs had a Rotavirus A and B challenge. Addition of HS or SIG reduced (P < 0.05) individual antibiotic treatments by 56 and 32% compared to the CON, respectively. No differences were observed in scour scores or overall ADG. Overall intake was greater (P < 0.01) in HS (0.560 kg) than CON (0.491 kg) or SIG (0.492 kg). Pigs fed SIG (0.671) had a better (P = 0.011) G:F over SBP (0.602), with CON (0.649) being intermediate. In conclusion, HS increased intake where stimbiotic improved feed efficiency, and both decreased antibiotic treatments.
265 The Efficacy of Replacing Animal Protein Products in Nursery Pig Diets with a Bioactive Peptide-based Feed Additive Program on Growth Performance and Efficiency in a Commercial System
Authors: LaRosae Marissa , Shieh Thomas S , Nosbisch Shelby , Walk Roger , Samuel Ryan S , Bradley Casey L
Published: May 2021

A 42-d commercial nursery study was conducted utilizing 1,296 pigs (DNA genetics, BW: 5.27 ± 0.05 kg; 21-d of age) that evaluated the efficacy of replacing animal protein products while also reducing SID Lys in nursery pig diets with a bioactive peptide-based feed additive program on growth performance, efficiency, health and well-being, and profitability. The dietary treatments were applied over 3 phases (PH) and were fed based on a feed budget: PH1: 2.27 kg/pig [Positive Control (PC): 1.46% SID Lys; 3,415 kcal/kg ME]; PH2: 4.54 kg/pig (PC: 1.42% SID Lys; 3,395 kcal/kg ME); and PH3: 15.88 kg/pig (1.26% SID Lys; 3,395 kcal/kg ME). The four dietary treatments were: 1) PC: complex diet in PH1-2 and standard diet in PH3; 2) negative control (NC): diet in PH1-2 devoid of fishmeal and spray-dried plasma and -0.10% SID Lys compared to the PC and PH3 the same as the PC; 3) PEP1 in PH1-2 was the NC diets plus Peptiva® Maximo (Vitech Bio-Chem Corp., Orange, CA) fed at 0.25% and in PH3 the PC + Peptiva® Optimo fed at 0.1%; 4) PEP2 in PH1-2 was the NC diets plus Peptiva® Maximo fed at 0.50% and in PH3 the PC plus Peptiva® Optimo fed at 0.2%. Pen weights of pigs and pen feed consumption were evaluated in 2-wk increments and overall. Additionally, animal health and well-being and economics were evaluated for the entire nursery program. Overall, pigs fed the PEP1 diets had a better FCR (with or without mortality adjustments) than either control group, while the PEP2 group was intermediate. These results indicate that highly digestible proteins, such as fish meal and spray-dried plasma, can be removed from early nursery diets while supplementing with bioactive-peptide feed additive strategy to optimize performance and economics of production.
268 In-feed Antibiotics Elicit Intestinal Integrity Modifications Early in Post-weaning Life
Authors: Johnson Jessica M , Helm Emma T , Gabler Nicholas K , Burrough Eric R , De Mille Carson M
Published: May 2021

The physiological mechanisms by which in-feed antibiotics improve pig growth performance are largely unknown. One proposed mode of action is improvements in intestinal integrity and function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in-feed therapeutic and sub-therapeutic antibiotics would improve intestinal integrity and function in nursery pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs (6.1±1.1 kg BW) were randomly allotted to individual pens and assigned one of three dietary treatments as follows (n = 8 pigs/trt): 1) control, no antibiotics (CON), 2) CON + sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline [40 ppm in feed (sCTC)], and 3) CON + chlortetracycline-tiamulin [400 ppm + 35 ppm, respectively (CTCDen)]. The study consisted of two consecutive 14 d phases. Chlortetracycline-tiamulin was only fed in phase 1, sCTC was fed in both phases. Phase 1 and 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined. After 28 d, ileal and colonic ex vivo intestinal integrity was assessed via transepithelial resistance (TER) and macromolecule flux (FD4) in modified Ussing chambers. All data were analyzed for the fixed effects of treatment and start BW as a covariate. In phase 1, compared with CON and sCTC, CTCDen tended to have greater ADG (0.28, 0.31, and 0.33 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.10) and ADFI (0.28, 0.30, and 0.35 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.09). No differences in phase 1 G:F were observed (P = 0.11). Phase 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ (P > 0.10). Further, ileal TER and FD4 did not differ (P > 0.10). Colonic TER tended to be increased in sCTC compared with CON and CTCDen (78, 56, and 59 Ω/cm2, respectively, P = 0.07). Compared with CON, colonic FD4 flux was decreased in sCTC and CTCDen by 35–40% (P = 0.03). Altogether, these data indicate that in-feed antibiotics improve colon integrity early in production which may contribute to improved growth performance.
269 Mycotoxin Mitigation Strategy to Improve Nursery Pig Performance During Natural Mycotoxin Challenge
Authors: Ramirez Shelby M , Wilson Victoria C , Hendel Erika G , Hofstetter Ursula , Murugesan G Raj , Kerr Brian J
Published: May 2021

Mycotoxins (MTX) such as deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), and zearalenone (ZEN) are a few of the most prevalent mycotoxins in livestock feed. Effects of MTX can vary based on contamination and type, but include losses in performance, immune function and reproduction impacting profitability. Effectiveness of mitigation strategies for MTX can greatly vary depending on type and contamination level. Therefore, the trial objective was to evaluate an in-feed mitigation strategy [Biofix® Plus (BPL), 1.5 kg/MT inclusion, BIOMIN America, Inc., Overland Park, KS] on nursery pig performance during a natural mixed MTX challenge. A total of 105 newly weaned pigs (BW = 5.5 ± 0.2 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 MTX contamination levels [low (L-MTX) and high (H-MTX); Table 1] and 2 BPL levels [without (Control) and with (BPL)] with 3 pigs per pen and 8 to 9 pens per treatment for a 5-week trial. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with main effects of MTX and BPL and their interaction. There was no interaction of MTX and BPL on any of the cumulative 5-week performance metrics, therefore only main effects will be discussed. Average pig BW at 5-week was reduced (P < 0.05) in H-MTX compared with L-MTX diets (21.5 vs 18.5 kg, respectively). Similarly, ADG and ADFI were reduced (P < 0.05) in H-MTX pigs compared with L-MTX pigs. Feed efficiency was numerically reduced (P = 0.050) in H-MTX pigs compared with L-MTX pigs. However, BPL fed pigs had increased (P < 0.05) feed efficiency compared with pigs not fed BPL. Thus, MTX did effect BW, ADG, and ADFI and BPL was able to increase feed efficiency regardless of MTX level suggesting that BPL should be considered as a mitigation strategy to address mixed MTX challenges.
270 Evaluating Nutritional Strategies to Improve Performance of Poor Health Nursery Pigs
Authors: Miller Kayla A , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Hensch Melissa , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: May 2021

Nursery pigs are frequently faced with disease challenges and producers are seeking nutritional strategies to help pig performance and health. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate five dietary formulation strategies that may improve performance in poor health nursery flow pigs (confirmed Rotavirus A and hemolytic E. coli positive at d 14). A total of 431 weaned pigs (5.5 ± 1.25 kg BW) were assigned to pens (10–11 pigs/pen) and one of five diets (n = 8 pens/treatment) over a 63-day test period consisting of 4 diet phases using a complete randomized design. In phase 1 and 2, treatments were: 1) 15–25% low soybean meal (LSBM), 2) 35–45% high soybean meal (HSBM), 3) 130% increase in valine and isoleucine branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to Lys, 4) 2.1% combination of C8, C10 and C12 medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), and 5) 20% modified oats (MO). All pigs were fed a common diet for phases 3 and 4. Within phase, all diets were isocaloric with similar SID Lys:ME. Pen was considered the experimental unit and data were analyzed with contrast statements comparing each diet against the LSBM control. Across all phases, compared to LSBM, HSBM, BCAA and MO did not alter ADG, ADFI and G:F (P > 0.10). However, MCFA reduced (P < 0.05) ADG in phase 1 (0.20 vs 0.16 kg) and 2 (0.45 vs 0.39 kg) and phase 2 ADFI (0.66 kg vs 0.58 kg) compared to the LSBM treatment. Overall (0–63 days), compared to the LSMB, the MCFA treatment reduced ADG (0.46 vs 0.42 kg, P = 0.004) and ADFI (0.75 vs 0.68 kg, P = 0.009). Diet did not affect mortality. These data report that MCFA attenuated nursery pig performance, while HSBM, MO and BCAA diets fed in phases 1 and 2 had no longitudinal impact on pig performance or health.