bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Color on the Production of Responses in Children’s Rorschach Protocols
Authors: Rodrigues Silva Danilo
Published: October 2011

Previous studies have shown that, while color has the property to increase the production of responses to the Rorschach, such an effect is not present in children’s protocols. Based on a review of the literature, the author highlights the characteristic of high reactive demand of the subject to color stimulus and traces its evolution to the preoperational period, where color nominations and the incongruent use of color, especially of pure color, are frequent. With the entry in the period of concrete operations such responses become rare or even disappear. In turn, the mean number of responses to color cards decreases between 5 to 6 and 11 years, and their form quality goes down as well. The cause of this change is the emergence and development of logical thinking. Given the intensity of color stimulus, the child does not yet have the equipment that will allow her to later integrate color and object as they really are.
Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics
Authors: Gardebrecht Antje , Markert Stephanie , Sievert Stefan M , Felbeck Horst , Thürmer Andrea , Albrecht Dirk , Wollherr Antje , Kabisch Johannes , Le Bris Nadine , Lehmann Rüdiger , Daniel Rolf , Liesegang Heiko , Hecker Michael , Schweder Thomas
Published: October 2011

The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9% identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments.
Increased Visceral Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Increased Resting Heart Rate in Patients With Manifest Vascular Disease
Authors: Bemelmans Remy H.H. , van der Graaf Yolanda , Nathoe Hendrik M. , Wassink Annemarie M.J. , Vernooij Joris W.P. , Spiering Wilko , Visseren Frank L.J. ,   On behalf of the SMART Study Group
Published: October 2011

Abdominal obesity is characterized by sympathetic nerve activation (SNA), probably mediated by elevated insulin and leptin levels. Resting heart rate (RHR) is a marker of sympathetic tone, and independently associated with cardiovascular events and death in various populations. We investigated and quantified the relation between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and RHR in patients with vascular disease. In 3,723 patients with manifest vascular disease, visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue was measured with ultrasonography. RHR was obtained from an electrocardiogram (ECG). The association between quartiles of VAT and RHR was quantified using linear regression analysis with adjustments for potential confounding factors. Separate analyses were performed for men and women and for location of vascular disease. Visceral fat was categorized into sex‐pooled quartiles (Q) ranging from 2.7–8.0 cm in Q1 (reference) to 9.4–20.6 cm in Q4. High visceral fat thickness was associated with increased RHR, in men (Q4 vs. Q1, β = 4.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.11–5.61) and women (β = 1.48; 95% CI = −0.70 to 3.66), after full adjustment. Waist circumference and BMI had a significant relation with RHR in men (β = 3.51; 95% CI = 2.21–4.81 and β = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.51–4.08, respectively) but these relations were smaller and not significant in women (β = 0.71; 95% CI = −1.44 to 2.85 and β = 0.24; 95% CI = −1.90 to 2.37, respectively). There was no relation between subcutaneous fat and RHR in men and women. The relation between visceral fat and RHR was similar in patients with different locations of vascular diseases. Increased visceral fat is associated with increased RHR in male and female patients with vascular disease, independent of the location.
The adaptor protein 14-3-3 binds to the calcium-sensing receptor and attenuates receptor-mediated Rho kinase signalling
Authors: Arulpragasam Ajanthy , Magno Aaron L. , Ingley Evan , Brown Suzanne J. , Conigrave Arthur D. , Ratajczak Thomas , Ward Bryan K.
Published: October 2011

A yeast two-hybrid screen performed to identify binding partners of the CaR (calcium-sensing receptor) intracellular tail identified the adaptor protein 14-3-3θ as a novel binding partner that bound to the proximal membrane region important for CaR expression and signalling. The 14-3-3θ protein directly interacted with the CaR tail in pull-down studies and FLAG-tagged CaR co-immunoprecipitated with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-tagged 14-3-3θ when co-expressed in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 or COS-1 cells. The interaction between the CaR and 14-3-3θ did not require a putative binding site in the membrane-proximal region of the CaR tail and was independent of PKC (protein kinase C) phosphorylation. Confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of the CaR and EGFP–14-3-3θ in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) of HEK-293 cells that stably expressed the CaR (HEK-293/CaR cells), but 14-3-3θ overexpression had no effect on membrane expression of the CaR. Overexpression of 14-3-3θ in HEK-293/CaR cells attenuated CaR-mediated Rho signalling, but had no effect on ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 signalling. Another isoform identified from the library, 14-3-3ζ, exhibited similar behaviour to that of 14-3-3θ with respect to CaR tail binding, cellular co-localization and impact on receptor-mediated signalling. However, unlike 14-3-3θ, this isoform, when overexpressed, significantly reduced CaR plasma membrane expression. Results indicate that 14-3-3 proteins mediate CaR-dependent Rho signalling and may modulate the plasma membrane expression of the CaR.
Is polyethylene glycol innocuous to the rumen bacterial community? A preliminary in vitro study
Authors: Belenguer A. , Hervás G. , Toral P. G. , Fondevila M. , Frutos P.
Published: October 2011

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polymer that is widely used in nutritional studies examining the effect of tannins on ruminal fermentation. There is no information however on its potential effect on the structure of the rumen bacterial community. Therefore, the aim herein was to investigate its effect on rumen bacterial profile, using an in vitro batch culture experiment with three substrates (alfalfa hay, maize grain, and a combination of both) to simulate three different rumen environments, treated with or without PEG. Rumen fluid was collected from four cannulated sheep and pooled to inoculate the cultures, which were run at 39°C for 22 h. At the end of the incubation, samples were immediately frozen for microbial DNA extraction. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed that, although there was a high similarity in the fragments detected in the cultures with or without PEG, their relative abundances suggested that PEG might induce some changes in the bacterial community structure when a starch-rich substrate (e.g. maize) is assayed. Furthermore, the relative frequency of some abundant fragments, such as one compatible with bacteria of the phylum Bacteroidetes detected with the enzyme HhaI, and another that may match microorganisms of the genus Ruminococcus obtained with the enzyme MspI, was increased when PEG was added to maize-supplied microbial cultures. These results suggest that the use of PEG in batch cultures may not be as innocuous to rumen bacterial populations as previously described regarding ruminal fermentation, and might be relevant to studies using this polymer to examine the effect of tannins on rumen microbiota.
Heterogeneity and dynamics in the assembly of the Heat Shock Protein 90 chaperone complexes
Authors: Ebong Ima-obong , Morgner Nina , Zhou Min , Saraiva Marco A. , Daturpalli Soumya , Jackson Sophie E. , Robinson Carol V.
Published: October 2011

The Hsp90 cycle depends on the coordinated activity of a range of cochaperones, including Hop, Hsp70 and peptidyl-prolyl isomerases such as FKBP52. Using mass spectrometry, we investigate the order of addition of these cochaperones and their effects on the stoichiometry and composition of the resulting Hsp90-containing complexes. Our results show that monomeric Hop binds specifically to the Hsp90 dimer whereas FKBP52 binds to both monomeric and dimeric forms of Hsp90. By preforming Hsp90 complexes with either Hop, followed by addition of FKBP52, or with FKBP52 and subsequent addition of Hop, we monitor the formation of a predominant asymmetric ternary complex containing both cochaperones. This asymmetric complex is subsequently able to interact with the chaperone Hsp70 to form quaternary complexes containing all four proteins. Monitoring the population of these complexes during their formation and at equilibrium allows us to model the complex formation and to extract 14 different
K

D

values. This simultaneous calculation of the
K

D

s from a complex system with the same method, from eight deferent datasets under the same buffer conditions delivers a self-consistent set of values. In this case, the
K

D

values afford insights into the assembly of ten Hsp90-containing complexes and provide a rationale for the cellular heterogeneity and prevalence of intermediates in the Hsp90 chaperone cycle.
Mechanism of anion selectivity and stoichiometry of the Na
+
/I
-
symporter (NIS)
Authors: Paroder-Belenitsky Monika , Maestas Matthew J. , Dohán Orsolya , Nicola Juan Pablo , Reyna-Neyra Andrea , Follenzi Antonia , Dadachova Ekaterina , Eskandari Sepehr , Amzel L. Mario , Carrasco Nancy
Published: October 2011

I
-
uptake in the thyroid, the first step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, is mediated by the Na
+
/I
-
symporter (NIS) with an electrogenic 2Na
+
 : 1I
-
stoichiometry. We have obtained mechanistic information on NIS by characterizing the congenital I
-
transport defect-causing NIS mutant G93R. This mutant is targeted to the plasma membrane but is inactive. Substitutions at position 93 show that the longer the side chain of the neutral residue at this position, the higher the
K
m
for the anion substrates. Unlike WT NIS, which mediates symport of Na
+
and the environmental pollutant perchlorate electroneutrally, G93T/N/Q/E/D NIS, strikingly, do it electrogenically with a 2∶1 stoichiometry. Furthermore, G93E/Q NIS discriminate between anion substrates, a discovery with potential clinical relevance. A 3D homology model of NIS based on the structure of the bacterial Na
+
/galactose transporter identifies G93 as a critical player in the mechanism of the transporter: the changes from an outwardly to an inwardly open conformation during the transport cycle use G93 as a pivot.
A note on the cone restriction conjecture
Authors: Miao Changxing , Zhang Junyong , Zheng Jiqiang
Published: October 2011

This paper is devoted to the study of the restriction problem in harmonic analysis. Based on the spherical harmonics expansion and analyzing the asymptotic behavior of the Bessel function, we show that a modified linear adjoint restriction estimate holds for all Schwartz functions compactly supported on the cone, which generalizes Shao’s result.
Sequestration of phosphoinositides by mutated MARCKS effector domain inhibits stimulated Ca2+mobilization and degranulation in mast cells
Authors: Gadi Deepti , Wagenknecht-Wiesner Alice , Holowka David , Baird Barbara
Published: October 2011

Protein kinase C β (PKCβ) participates in antigen-stimulated mast cell degranulation mediated by the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, FcεRI, but the molecular basis is unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that the polybasic effector domain (ED) of the abundant intracellular substrate for protein kinase C known as myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) sequesters phosphoinositides at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane until MARCKS dissociates after phosphorylation by activated PKC. Real-time fluorescence imaging confirms synchronization between stimulated oscillations of intracellular Ca2+concentrations and oscillatory association of PKCβ–enhanced green fluorescent protein with the plasma membrane. Similarly, MARCKS-ED tagged with monomeric red fluorescent protein undergoes antigen-stimulated oscillatory dissociation and rebinding to the plasma membrane with a time course that is synchronized with reversible plasma membrane association of PKCβ. We find that MARCKS-ED dissociation is prevented by mutation of four serine residues that are potential sites of phosphorylation by PKC. Cells expressing this mutated MARCKS-ED SA4 show delayed onset of antigen-stimulated Ca2+mobilization and substantial inhibition of granule exocytosis. Stimulation of degranulation by thapsigargin, which bypasses inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production, is also substantially reduced in the presence of MARCKS-ED SA4, but store-operated Ca2+entry is not inhibited. These results show the capacity of MARCKS-ED to regulate granule exocytosis in a PKC-dependent manner, consistent with regulated sequestration of phosphoinositides that mediate granule fusion at the plasma membrane.
A search game model of the scatter hoarder's problem
Authors: Alpern Steve , Fokkink Robbert , Lidbetter Thomas , Clayton Nicola S.
Published: October 2011

Scatter hoarders are animals (e.g. squirrels) who cache food (nuts) over a number of sites for later collection. A certain minimum amount of food must be recovered, possibly after pilfering by another animal, in order to survive the winter. An optimal caching strategy is one that maximizes the survival probability, given worst case behaviour of the pilferer. We modify certain ‘accumulation games’ studied by Kikuta & Ruckle (2000
J. Optim. Theory Appl.
) and Kikuta & Ruckle (2001
Naval Res. Logist.
), which modelled the problem of optimal diversification of resources against catastrophic loss, to include the depth at which the food is hidden at each caching site. Optimal caching strategies can then be determined as equilibria in a new ‘caching game’. We show how the distribution of food over sites and the site-depths of the optimal caching varies with the animal's survival requirements and the amount of pilfering. We show that in some cases, ‘decoy nuts’ are required to be placed above other nuts that are buried further down at the same site. Methods from the field of search games are used. Some empirically observed behaviour can be shown to be optimal in our model.
A case of large bladder hemangioma successfully treated with endoscopic yttrium aluminium garnet laser irradiation
Authors: Takemoto Jun , Yamazaki Yuichiro , Sakai Kiyohide
Published: October 2011

Bladder hemangioma is a rare benign tumor. While partial cystectomy remains an effective treatment option for large bladder hemangioma, the combined method of neodymium : yttrium aluminium garnet and holmium : yttrium aluminium garnet laser irradiation is an effective and less invasive treatment option. We report a case of large bladder hemangioma in an otherwise healthy 4‐year‐old boy, successfully treated with serial endoscopic yttrium aluminium garnet laser irradiation. There was no recurrence, and normal bladder function was preserved. Serial yttrium aluminium garnet laser irradiation is thus a useful, less invasive method for cases of large tumors.
Analyzing the Productive and Protective Dimensions of Welfare: Looking Beyond the OECD
Authors: Hudson John , Kühner Stefan
Published: October 2011

Several theorists have argued that social policy in East Asia can be seen as representing a distinctive welfare ideal type based around ‘productive welfare’. However, we have contested such claims in earlier work (Hudson and Kühner 2009) and, in common with theorists such as Castells, have suggested that some of the welfare states of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) have a distinct bias towards the ‘productive’ rather than ‘protective’ dimensions of welfare. In this article, we build on our earlier work, utilizing fuzzy set ideal type analysis (FSITA) to explore the balance between ‘productive' and ‘protective’ dimensions of welfare state activity. Here we extend our analysis beyond the OECD, incorporating a range of nations on the ‘fringe’ of the OECD from Latin America, East Asia and the non‐OECD parts of Europe. In so doing, we contest simple notions of welfare regimes aligning with regional blocks. Primarily, however, we highlight the advantages of the ‘diversity‐orientated’ approach to data analysis that fuzzy set methods facilitate in comparison with standard quantitative techniques. In particular, we utilize FSITA to avoid data availability and reliability issues that have plagued quantitatively informed classifications of global welfare regimes. Not least, we argue FSITA allows for the contextualization of cases in a way that is sealed to quantitatively driven, comparative research. Thus, we argue FSITA has an important role to play in attempts to extend the inclusiveness of the ‘welfare modelling business’ in a manner that reflects diverse and highly significant cases beyond the Western lens that dominates the literature.
Movement and Coalition in Contention: Gender, Management and Academe in England and Sweden
Authors: Barry Jim , Berg Elisabeth , Chandler John
Published: October 2011

The article opens by considering recent change in higher education, examined through the literature on new public management. In this literature the direction of change is decided in advance, assumed to emanate from above and conceptualized as moments fixed in time. As a consequence, it is argued, the rich processes of change enacted through time, which seek to take account of the motives of those involved, are elided. It is further argued that change is more appropriately understood as contested than as consensual, and that civil society is implicated in processes of public sector change in the organizations affected. An attempt is made accordingly to analyse the presence of civil society influences through social movement processes in universities, as organizations that are not social movements. Arguments are considered for and against the status of the new public management as a social or managerial movement, which is taken to be a coalition rather than a social movement, acting as the organizational glue of many neoliberal regimes. It is then shown that women's movements, understood conventionally as social movements in the literature of social movement theory, are alive and well in the halls of academe, engaged in direct and indirect struggle and forms of symbolic contestation in the furtherance of gender equity in the milieu of management reform. It is concluded that empirical work that makes use of social movement theory is necessary to explore management change attempts in order to take fuller account of those involved, and of movement and coalition in contention.
PHACE Syndrome with Growth Hormone Deficiency and Absence of Bilateral Internal Carotid Arteries: A Case Report
Authors: Altin Hakan , Alp Hayrullah , Şap Fatih , Karataş Zehra , Baysal Tamer , Karaaslan Sevim
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  PHACE syndrome is characterized by posterior fossa malformations (P), large facial hemangiomas (H), arterial anomalies (A), cardiac anomalies or coarctation of aorta (C), and eye anomalies (E) and has striking female predominance. Endocrine abnormalities have recently been described in these patients, involving the thyroid and pituitary glands. We report the case of a 2‐year‐old girl with the clinical features of PHACE with absence of bilateral internal carotid arteries and isolated growth hormone deficiency.
Trauma‐Associated Juvenile Bullous Pemphigoid in a Teenager with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Aakhus Angela E. , McIntee Thomas J. , Stratman Erik J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disorder rarely seen in the pediatric population. We report a case of trauma‐associated bullous pemphigoid presenting in a 15‐year‐old boy with Crohn’s disease while on immunosuppressive therapy.
New Forms of Subjectivity: Theorizing the Relational Self with Foucault and Alcoff
Authors: Tarver Erin C.
Published: October 2011

Taking seriously Linda Martín Alcoff's suggestion that we reevaluate the extent to which poststructuralist articulations of the subject are truly socially constituted, as well as the centrality of Latina identity to her own account of such constitution, I argue that the discussion Alcoff and other Latina feminists offer of the experience of being Latina in North America is illustrative of the extent to which the relational and globally situated constitution of subjects needs further development in many social‐constructionist accounts of selfhood. I argue, however—contra Alcoff—that Michel Foucault's mode of investigating subjectivation, particularly as it is articulated in his later work, has room for just such an account, especially when it is supplemented by postcolonial theory. With this end in mind, I take as a case study the public discourse surrounding Sonia Sotomayor prior to her confirmation as the first Latina woman to serve on the United States Supreme Court, suggesting that an analysis of this discourse (including its position within and contribution to wider discourses of ethnicity, race, gender, and class) shows why the accounts of relational subject‐constitution offered by both Foucault and Alcoff are indispensable.
An Analysis and Evaluation of General Language; The Language Arts Survey Course
Authors: Taylor William Mark , Tharp James B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Increased interest in experimental general language courses. Questionnaire study of the opinions of users of published textbooks: more than eighty per cent approval. Arguments for the course; reasons for some of the failures.
The Mastery of Spanish Pronunciation
Authors: Kress Dorothy M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Differences between foreign sound‐symbols and English ones, rather than similarities, should be stressed from the start through the use of cognates, in order that the beginning student may master foreign pronunciation without being handicapped by the vocabulary factor or disregard of former speech‐habits.
The Art of Linguistics*
Authors: Senn Alfred
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The objectives of modern philology are not the same as in the nineteenth century. Emotional factors [irony, humor] play an important rôle in the development of language. Neglect of philological work is deplorable. The present division of literature and philology is unsound.
The “Extensive‐Reading” Library
Authors: Trotter R. C.
Published: October 2011

Some remarks on what, and how, students read, with a selection of one hundred titles for an extensive‐reading library, based on the frequency of books reported read during the first and second years of college French.)
Bringing France and Germany to American Schools*
Authors: Held Hilde Kant
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— To stimulate and enhance modern foreign language courses in high school and college, the author advocates the use of realia. In the past this method was hampered by difficulties in obtaining such materials from abroad. The author has established a service for providing teachers of French and German with realia, and in this article explains the objects available and gives suggestions for their use.
The Importance of Collateral Reading for Spanish Classes
Authors: Nunn Marshall E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Because of the limited amount of time at the disposal of the average teacher in the classroom, collateral reading bearing on the life, literature, and customs of Spanish‐speaking countries is largely not given the care that it should have. A careful program of collateral reading can be used to give the students knowledge of and interest in things Spanish, without interfering with the classroom work.
Beginning French and Spanish
Authors: Hendrix W. S.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Analysis of a technique for beginning classes in French and Spanish, which should be read in connection with Professor R. E. Monroe's article in the January issue and with other articles to appear in later numbers. While making no claim to being the only effective method, this description suggests a way of teaching elementary French and Spanish which has been used with thousands of students and which is a vital and interesting way to learn to read these languages.
Italian: the Modern Classical Language
Authors: Prezzolini Giuseppe
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A modern language should be studied primarily for its lasting human values and only incidentally for its practical applications. Modern civilization cannot be thoroughly appreciated without a study of its lasting spiritual qualities and the study of Italian, heir to the humanistic culture of ancient Greece and Rome, should be given primary consideration because of its achievements in art, letters, music, science and human thought.
A Visual Pattern for the Radical Changing Verbs
Authors: Staubach C. N.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A pattern of symbols simplifies the acquisition of the Spanish radical changing verbs for visually minded students (the majority) with no disadvantage to the aurally minded.
Textbooks and the Living Language1
Authors: Vowles Guy R.
Published: October 2011

The German Language shows the same freedom in the hands of individuals and is not standardized as is the French, for instance. C. H. Handschin, “The Germans as They Are and Will Be, Modern Language Journal, November, 1934, p. 99 ff.

I should like to see others take up the cudgels for clearer, more accurate rules in our beginners' books. After all the recent pother about methods, tests, and statistics, would it not be a welcome relief to turn the spotlight back to some of the fundamental questions in the modern languages we endeavor to teach? John A. Hess, “Rules of Grammar in Beginners' German Books,” Modern Language Journal, January, 1936, p. 221 ff.
The Why and How of Teaching French to Little Children
Authors: Yeiser Idabelle
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This article is based on six years' experimental work in a private studio in Philadelphia, and was delivered as a lecture to a class in methods at Teachers College, Columbia University, in October, 1937.
Experiment in Spanish
Authors: Coss Joe Glenn
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Languages are more vital when taught as speech. Learning word‐groups, or collocations, is important. Making these collocations and their variants habitual is the task of the speech teacher. The oral question and answer technique promises results.
A French Reading Provram
Authors: Lamb Emerson
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A graded program of outside reading may be used to help offset the results of “overlapping” by providing reading material adapted to each pupil's ability and an additional stimulus to maintain the interest of the more able students.
The Purdue Plan of Teaching Chemical and Scientific German
Authors: Cattell J. L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— German courses administered in Engineering schools must be both practical and intensive, if German is to be included as a required subject in the curricula of most of these schools.
School Radio Broadcasts
Authors: Huebener Theodore
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Students in New York City Schools have been offering broadcasts for the past two years in a number of subjects, including foreign languages. The question arises: Would it not be better to have the programs, especially in foreign languages, presented by experts, as is done in Europe?
The Practice of Correlation between Modern Languages, Especially Spanish, and Other Subjects
Authors: Bailhache Marjorie
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A study of the actual projects in foreign languages which link them to other subjects, showing that foreign languages, far from being an isolated unit, correlate with each branch of scholastic activity.
The Man Who is Worth Two Men
Authors: Young Beatrice
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Language as a social science, aiding understanding of peoples and individuals; some of the values, intellectual, social and cultural, to be derived from language study. The student of language broadens his abilities and his appreciations, becoming a more valuable human being.)
The Use of French by Graduates of Barringer High School, Newark, New Jersey
Authors: Carleu Eleanor H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Questionnaire replies show that French has considerable value in the vocational and civic realms. The greatest opportunities for use are social, cultural, linguistic and individualistic. French helps to fulfill one of our seven cardinal principles of education, that of “worthy use of leisure time.”)
Outside Reading and a New Way of Testing It
Authors: Hocking Elton
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The function of outside reading and the nature and amount of material so used. Explanation and sample of a new‐type test. Its limitations and advantages.)
The French Teacher is Lonely
Authors: Peacock Vera L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Suggested types of co‐operation among foreign language teachers in small towns which would tend to alleviate the sense of professional isolation and discouragement of many beginning teachers.
French Typography for American Authors
Authors: Schwartz William Leonard
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Do American authors adopt either the normal or the easiest styles of French typography?
Observations on Spanish
Authors: Withers A. M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Some facts relating to the Spanish language and literature, set forth in order to combat widespread ignorance of these great subjects.
Editors and Their Sins
Authors: Herman Abraham
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— In basing exercises on difficult literary prose, many editors of texts for elementary classes in French sin against fundamental pedagogical principles and ordinary common sense. Presenting serious difficulties even for the advanced student of the language, these exercises can have no place among the legitimate objectives of a two‐year course.
Our Experience with the Reading Approach
Authors: Maronpot Raymond P.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The effectiveness of the reading approach depends, in the main, upon these factors: (1) teachers who are genuinely “sold” on the Dewey philosophy of “living the learning act,” that is, the method of learning to read by reading, (2) the effective use of the proper teaching materials, and (3) the employment of new‐type testing techniques.
The Place of Foreign Languages in a Unified Liberal Arts Program
Authors: Aldrich C. E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The place of foreign languages in a unified liberal arts program is determined by their relationship to a unifying principle: liberation of the mind from: (1) the bonds of ignorance; (2) the bewildering complexity of human experience; (3) the limitations of space and time; (4) the tyranny of symbols; (5) the bonds of self.
Strategy and the Reading Method
Authors: Bertocci Angelo P.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The reading method, despite virtues, suffers from strategic weaknesses. It tends to attract poorer students, leads to rash abandonment of traditional values, finds difficulty in justifying its achievements, and weakens our tactical position.
Some Aspects of the Teaching of German in the Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania
Authors: Wittman Nora E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Questionnaires returned by forty‐two institutions of Pennsylvania reveal a wide divergence of teaching methods, requirements and textbooks used.)
Some Notes on the Practical Value of Language Study Today
Authors: Pierson Harry H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This article takes cognizance of the increasing interest in the study of the Spanish and Portuguese languages in the United States and advances suggestions regarding the usefulness of language study, especially in connection with technical specialization in commerce, the professions, and public service.
Why Study German in 1941?1
Authors: Vowles Guy R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— We cannot afford to imitate Nazi procedure and hurt ourselves by ostracizing a great cultural language, with its contributions to literature, music and science. Ideas are immortal; languages bearing great messages have withstood the ravages of time.
Facing a Crisis
Authors: Zech Adolph
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The teaching of modern languages in America is faced with two dangers: 1. educational theorists who minimize foreign language values, 2. friction within language departments caused by the war. All language teachers are urged to unite in the struggle for existence against adversaries of modern languages.
Latin, A Basis for French and Spanish Study as Evidenced by Teachers' Marks
Authors: Morton‐Finney Pauline
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A scientific investigation of the value of a year's study of Latin prior to the study of French or Spanish in high school, as evidenced by teacher's marks.
Propaganda and Foreign Language Study
Authors: Drubeck Pearl B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A clearer understanding of international problems can be made a function of foreign language study through reading and discussing foreign language newspapers.
What Constitutes a Well‐Trained Modern Language Teacher?
Authors: Freeman Stephen A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The training of an efficient modern language teacher is never‐ending. The essentials for such training are here outlined.)
Moral Values in German Literature*
Authors: Kaufmann F. W.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A consideration of German literature from the Classical Age on, based upon the rich moral and ethical values which it offers American students.)
Teaching Mexican Children in the First Grade
Authors: Netzer Helen E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Teaching Mexican children in Texas the rudiments of English is much like teaching Americans a foreign language and requires similar training.)
The Achievement of the Modern Language Candidates in the National Teacher Examinations
Authors: Spaulding Geraldine
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— In the 1940 National Teacher Examinations teaching candidates took examinations in Reasoning, English Comprehension, English Expression, General Culture, Professional Information, and Contemporary Affairs, and subject‐matter tests in special teaching fields. Results are presented for the foreign language teaching candidates.)
Our Creative Role as Teachers of the Language Arts*
Authors: Kaulfers Walter V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A discussion of the language arts as they should be presented in American schools, in their relationship to America's road to culture.)
Relative Values of Foreign Language Preparation Patterns, as Determined by Achievement in First‐ and Third‐Semester College French
Authors: Bement Newton S.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The significance of prognosis based on the previous preparation pattern in other foreign languages applies only to the first course in the newly‐elected foreign language, and is likely to be great only if the pattern includes a three‐year sequence. These findings, unconcerned with any theory regarding the transfer value of experience or training, indicate practical basic principles for high‐school curriculum building and for advising college freshmen.)
Are College Preparatory Foreign Languages Justified in Our Curriculum?
Authors: Wittmann Vera
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Since most students entering college do not continue the foreign language begun in high school, modern foreign languages should provide more than a “ticket of admission” to the university. We must enrich foreign language courses with materials and activity contributing something upon which both the terminal and college‐preparatory student can build.)
Again on the Modern Languages in Colleges
Authors: Atkins Stuart
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Learning methods, uncontrollable, must vary with individuals and instruction levels. Those able to translate difficult passages have potential reading knowledge, regardless of classroom procedure. Language courses in college are justified when reading material and treatment of linguistic problems are mature.)
The Teaching of the Past Tenses in the Indicative Mood in Romance Languages
Authors: Vittorini D.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The sharp difference in Romance grammar between “action,” an event the incipiency of which one sees in narrative, and “state,” a situation the beginning of which is not observable in narrative. “Action” is expressed by preterite or present perfect, “state” by imperfect indicative.)
French Characteristics
Authors: Dilla Geraldine P.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— History, education, and temperament have made rare poise, reliance on reason, respect for intellectual attainment, economy, love of freedom, and exaggerated individualism French characteristics.)
Let's Stimulate Language Studies!
Authors: Gray Edmund A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The waning interest in foreign languages is a major problem among teachers, but we can retrieve and sustain it through the active approach. We should get our students emotionally aroused through a functional study of the people whose language is being spoken and develop appreciations and social attitudes valuable to the educative process.)
Cooperation Between Geography and Modern Languages
Authors: Selke Arthur C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Such cooperation is possible by 1) poster work, 2) reference to foreign pictorial publications, 3) statistical books, 4) study of foreign word meanings, 5) incidental insertion of foreign terms, 6) extra‐curricular departmental cooperation.)
English Spelling
Authors: Davis Edwin B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Practical suggestions for a systematic reform of English spelling, with an earnest request for criticisms by readers.)
When the Latin‐American Comes to College
Authors: Mercado E. A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Latin‐American students in our institutions of learning should in no sense be segregated from the other students by isolating them in groups. They should be allowed free social contact with Americans so that they can better learn our ways and understand our civilization and ideals.
Radio Used as an Educational Tool in the Philippine Islands
Authors: Atkinson Carroll
Published: October 2011

The Philippine Islands beginning about 1929 have made increasingly effective use of radio to educate and to make citizenship‐conscious the numerous tribal groups of the islands. It has been especially useful in developing a common language.
The Modern Language Section
Authors: Duckles Myron E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Those responsible for the success of modern language conferences should take into account the more practical and immediate problems of the profession, especially of the younger teachers.)
Some Present‐Day Implications of Modern Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Morris M. C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Not merely in view of “practical” or “cultural” considerations, but primarily from the standpoint of certain implications which from a long‐range point of view are both intensely practical and deeply cultural, is that type of foreign language teaching, which stresses humanistically significant subject matter, of extreme value to our country in the present crisis and of greater import for its future than ever before.
A Spanish‐Social Studies Course for Spanish‐Speaking Students in the Southwest
Authors: Hutton Eddie Ruth
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An outline of the aims of such a specialized course.
Foreign Language Curriculums and Course Enrollments in Michigan Accredited Secondary Schools
Authors: Bement Newton S.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A report covering a fractional area, intended as an exemplary fragment of the mosaic which a national map of foreign language study must resemble instead of presenting a composite generalization. Its purpose is not to identify a trend, but to divide the trend into its elements in order to influence it by indicating the probable direction in which efficiency lies. If the foreign language curriculum is in need of change, this need is to be determined neither by trends figured on the basis of the per cent of the sum total of school populations to which the sum total of enrollments in foreign language courses is equivalent, nor by trends figured on the basis of the curriculum found in the numerical majority of schools. This need is rather to be determined, with certain exceptions, solely by school size.)
Another Aid in Teaching Vocabulary
Authors: Redick Joseph
Published: October 2011

In this exercise, based upon the “psychological response,” the teacher pronounces a word in the language studied, and the student responds with the first word he thinks of. For example, porte might bring forth the response fenêtre.
A Return to the “Disciplines”
Authors: Bowen Ray P.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The study of foreign languages is important for three main reasons. It affords a major scholarly discipline, is vital in understanding civilizations from which our own has sprung, and is of immediate value for understanding the psychology of the peoples with whom we must collaborate from now on.)
A New Trend in Language Study
Authors: Koester Leonard
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Intensive and extensive study of modern languages may be expected in the United States.)
Language Placement Tests in Ohio Colleges
Authors: Amner F. Dewey
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— For graded language courses, student placement devices are used; questionnaire results in Ohio; one‐fourth of colleges use Placement Tests. Diversified educational procedure makes traditional placement procedures less satisfactory.)
A Selected Bibliography of Latin‐American Literature in English Translation
Authors: Pane Remigio U.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The present widespread interest in the Latin‐American countries has created the need for a survey of their literature available in English translation for those North Americans who cannot read Spanish or Portuguese. The present bibliography partially fills this need.)
Whither, the Language Club?
Authors: Orwen Gifford P.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Real conversation practice in a foreign tongue is best handled in serious class groups. The language club, while of negligible benefit in this regard, has its own raison d'être. Suggestions follow for stimulating this moribund organization and redirecting its scope.
How Valuable Are Foreign Languages in General Education?1
Authors: Johnston Marjorie
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Foreign language study can be functional if the students and their needs are clearly understood. Stephens College is attempting to vitalize language courses through careful placement of students, through correlation of subject matter and related extra‐class experiences, and by individualizing instruction. Varied means of evaluation lead to improvement.
The Place of Language in the College Program in Times of War—and Peace
Authors: McCrossen V. A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Foreign languages are valuable skill and tool subjects for colleges to teach for war or peace. Yet, more important is the spiritual and cultural insight which foreign languages give into the thoughts and dreams and accomplishments of great peoples beyond the horizon—our friends and enemeies.
Pure and Impure or Signs of the Times
Authors: Protzman Merle I.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Should we establish some sort of academy or clearing‐house for the use of good English and the anglicizing of foreign terms?
Social Aspects of Modern Language Teaching1
Authors: Jones Willis Knapp
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Language teachers stand on much firmer ground when they argue the value of the subject they teach because of its social aspects rather than for its cultural values. In a changing world, with distances shrinking, the need for an ability to talk with and understand our neighbors looms large.
A Report on the Teaching of Foreign Languages in the Illinois Junior College Conference
Authors: Smith Dorothy P.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Statistics and trends resulting from a questionnaire.
A Call for Cicero and Vergil
Authors: Withers A. M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A plea that Latin be pursued long enough to make it a source of indispensable strength for those who proceed in English and the modern foreign languages.
The Place of Modern Foreign Language in Liberal Education Today
Authors: Smith Maxwell
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A plea for more attention to Portuguese, Italian, Russian and Japanese.
“… But the Patient Died!!”
Authors: Smith M. Margaret
Published: October 2011

For three years, the author personally conducted the Manasquan Experiment in teaching French in grades one to eight. A complete description of the syllabus was printed in this magazine in December, 1941. Several grave drawbacks to the scheme are discussed below.
German Grammar from the Writer's Point of View
Authors: Rose Ernst
Published: October 2011

The article discusses the treatment of grammar in composition courses, which is different from that in reading and even in speaking courses. Emphasized are 1) the proper selection of grammatical and syntactical topics; 2) the need for an active knowledge of word formation as a prerequisite of a good style; 3) the need for exercises in complete sentences and for the presentation of grammar from a psychological point of view.
Reflections on “The Gift of Tongues” by Margaret Schlauch*
Authors: Stroebe Lilian L.
Published: October 2011

Appreciation and discussion of various aspects of “The Gift of Tongues” by M. Schlauch, recommended as a “must” for all foreign language teachers.
To Teach and To Learn
Authors: Miller Minnie M.
Published: October 2011

A few personal observations on how languages can be modernized to meet changing conditions. Emphasizes the necessity of the teacher learning and growing constantly. Learning a new language or attending a language summer school are among the suggested means of growth.
Realistic Elements in Dante s Vita Nuova
Authors: Rosa Sister
Published: October 2011

The realism in the Vita Nuova is an argument in favor of the genuineness of the narrative and the persons mentioned. Too often the work is regarded as mere allegory and Beatrice is thought to be only idealistic symbolism.
Public Speaking in a Foreign Language
Authors: Spurr Frederick S.
Published: October 2011

It is believed that pupils acquire the same self‐confidence and fluency in a foreign language as they derive from public speaking in English. Students have an opportunity to compete with their classmates in a contest which stimulates their interest in correct expression and enunciation and the superior ones have a chance to develop originality in composition.