bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Limonoids and Flavonoids from the Flowers of Azadirachta indica var. siamensis, and Their Melanogenesis‐Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Kitdamrongtham Worapong , Ishii Kenta , Ebina Kodai , Zhang Jie , Ukiya Motohiko , Koike Kazuo , Akazawa Hiroyuki , Manosroi Aranya , Manosroi Jiradej , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: April 2014

A new limonoid (I) and two new flavonoids (II) and (III) are isolated along with two known limonoids and seven known flavonoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Trapped in Misbelief for Almost 40 Years: Selective Synthesis of the Four Stereoisomers of Mefloquine.
Authors: Schuetzenmeister Nina , Mueller Michael , Reinscheid Uwe M. , Griesinger Christian , Leonov Andrei
Published: April 2014

The racemic erythro form of mefloquine is applied as an important anti malaria drug.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of Actinyl Peroxide Clusters U28 in Dilute Electrolyte Solution: Exploring the Transition from Simple Ions to Macroionic Assemblies.
Authors: Li Dong , Simotwo Silas , Nyman May , Liu Tianbo
Published: April 2014

The solution behavior of Cs15 [(Ta(O2)4)Cs4K12(UO2 (O2)1.5)28]·20H2O and Na6K9 [(Ta(O2)4)Rb4Na12 (UO2(O2)1.5)28] ·20H2O in aqueous KOH is investigated by dynamic and static laser‐light scattering, conductance measurements, and TEM.
ChemInform Abstract: Interweaving Spins with Their Environment: Novel Inorganic Nanohybrids with Controllable Magnetic Properties
Authors: Cervetti Christian , Heintze Eric , Bogani Lapo
Published: April 2014

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: State of the Art of Lewis Acid‐Containing Zeolites: Lessons from Fine Chemistry to New Biomass Transformation Processes
Authors: Moliner Manuel
Published: April 2014

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics
Authors: Kazim Samrana , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Graetzel Michael , Ahmad Shahzada
Published: April 2014

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: UV‐Assisted Nucleation and Growth of Oxide Films from Chemical Solutions
Authors: Nakajima Tomohiko , Shinoda Kentaro , Tsuchiya Tetsuo
Published: April 2014

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferromagnetic 1D Oxide Nanostructures Grown from Chemical Solutions in Confined Geometries
Authors: Carretero‐Genevrier A. , Puig T. , Obradors X. , Mestres N.
Published: April 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Reactivity of Late Transition Metal η3‐Benzyl Complexes
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Czabaniuk Lara C.
Published: April 2014

Review: [159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Resource Efficient Chemistry: Tandem Reactions with Renewables
Authors: Behr Arno , Vorholt Andreas J. , Ostrowski Karoline A. , Seidensticker Thomas
Published: April 2014

Review: 178 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvents for Sustainable Chemical Processes
Authors: Pollet Pamela , Davey Evan A. , Urena‐Benavides Esteban E. , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L.
Published: April 2014

Review: 190 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Production of Propionic Acid, Propanol and Propylene via Sugar Fermentation: An Industrial Perspective on the Progress, Technical Challenges and Future Outlook
Authors: Rodriguez Brandon A. , Stowers Chris C. , Pham Viet , Cox Brad M.
Published: April 2014

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Hydroamination of Alkenes with Hydroxylamines
Authors: Hesp Kevin D.
Published: April 2014

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Key Advances in the Chemical Modification of Nanocelluloses
Authors: Habibi Youssef
Published: April 2014

Review: 304 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Catalysis. Part1. Non‐Covalent Interactions as a Tool for Building and Modifying Homogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Raynal Matthieu , Ballester Pablo , Vidal‐Ferran Anton , van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M.
Published: April 2014

Review: 605 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review of Synthesis of Spiro Heterocyclic Compounds from Isatin
Authors: Borad Mayuri A. , Bhoi Manoj N. , Prajapati Neelam P. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: April 2014

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Breaking News on the Enantioselective Intermolecular Heck Reaction
Authors: Oestreich Martin
Published: April 2014

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Materials: Locking π‐Conjugated and Heterocyclic Ligands with Boron(III)
Authors: Frath Denis , Massue Julien , Ulrich Gilles , Ziessel Raymond
Published: April 2014

Review: 154 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Creating Added Value with a Waste: Methylation of Amines with CO2 and H2
Authors: Tlili Anis , Frogneux Xavier , Blondiaux Enguerrand , Cantat Thibault
Published: April 2014

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Electron Transfer‐Initiated Cyclization Reactions and Asymmetric Transformations of (Z)‐α‐Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Sakurai Tadamitsu , Igarashi Tetsutaro
Published: April 2014

Review: 35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Cyclization Reactions under Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Herchl Richard , Waser Mario
Published: April 2014

Review: [110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organosilicon Platforms: Bridging Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Bioinspired Catalysis
Authors: Kung Mayfair C. , Riofski Mark V. , Missaghi Michael N. , Kung Harold H.
Published: April 2014

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Architectures of Multi‐Anthracene Assemblies
Authors: Yoshizawa Michito , Klosterman Jeremy K.
Published: April 2014

Review: [50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Double‐Helix Formation, and Higher‐Assembly Formation of Chiral Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Conceptual Development of Polyketide Aldol Synthesis
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahiko , Shigeno Masanori , Saito Nozomi , Yamamoto Koji
Published: April 2014

Review: [38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Cage Compounds — From Shape‐Persistency to Function
Authors: Zhang Gang , Mastalerz Michael
Published: April 2014

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Hibarimicinone, a v‐Src Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Possessing the Pseudo‐Dimer Structure of Tetracycline
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki , Hosokawa Seijiro
Published: April 2014

Review: [25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazone‐Based Switches, Metallo‐Assemblies and Sensors
Authors: Su Xin , Aprahamian Ivan
Published: April 2014

Review: [92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triazole‐Linked Analogues of DNA and RNA (TLDNA and TLRNA): Synthesis and Functions
Authors: Isobe Hiroyuki , Fujino Tomoko
Published: April 2014

Review: [24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Enolate Chemistry Toward the Syntheses of Polyketide Stereotetrads
Authors: Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: April 2014

Review: [40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Origins of Homochirality Examined by Using Asymmetric Autocatalysis
Authors: Soai Kenso , Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Matsumoto Arimasa
Published: April 2014

Review: [38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxylic Acid Free Novel Isocyanide‐Based Reactions
Authors: Soeta Takahiro , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: April 2014

Review: [design of novel Passerini‐ and Ugi‐type reaction systems where the carboxylic acid component has been replaced by compounds (Z—X) containing an electrophilic (Z) and a nucleophilic group (X); 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Chiral Catalysts for Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kitanosono Taku , Kobayashi Shu
Published: April 2014

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrile Imines: Versatile Intermediates in the Synthesis of Five Membered Heterocycles
Authors: Ajay Kumar K. , Govindaraju M. , Vasanth Kumar G.
Published: April 2014

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mini Review of Sulfur Heterocyclization from π‐Electron Deficient Quinones via Charge‐Transfer Interaction
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Elkanzi N. A. A. , Brown Alan B.
Published: April 2014

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic versus Electronic Ferroelectricity in Donor—Acceptor Molecular Sequences
Authors: Horiuchi Sachio , Kobayashi Kensuke , Kumai Reiji , Ishibashi Shoji
Published: April 2014

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Approaches to Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) Inhibitors
Authors: Patel Bhumika D. , Ghate Manjunath D.
Published: April 2014

Review: 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Decarboxylation — An Emerging Reaction for Chemicals Production from Renewable Resources
Authors: Kourist Robert , Guterl Jan‐Karl , Miyamoto Kenji , Sieber Volker
Published: April 2014

Review: 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photopharmacology: Beyond Proof of Principle
Authors: Velema Willem A. , Szymanski Wiktor , Feringa Ben L.
Published: April 2014

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis with Fluorine
Authors: Klopries Stephan , Koopmans Kyra R. M. , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Schulz Frank
Published: April 2014

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gliotoxin: Nature′s Way of Making the Epidithio Bridge
Authors: Amatov Tynchtyk , Jahn Ullrich
Published: April 2014

Review: [19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis in Biorefining for Biomass Conversion and Upgrading
Authors: Liu Dajiang , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: April 2014

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Organic Frameworks as High Explosives: A New Concept for Energetic Materials
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: April 2014

Review: 14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Combinatorial/Covalent Chemistry: A Tool to Read, Generate and Modulate the Bioactivity of Compounds and Compound Mixtures
Authors: Herrmann Andreas
Published: April 2014

Review: [411 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Systems with Orthogonal Dynamic Covalent Bonds
Authors: Wilson Adam , Gasparini Giulio , Matile Stefan
Published: April 2014

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: MOFs as Nano‐Reactors
Authors: Juan‐Alcaniz Jana , Ramos‐Fernandez Enrique V. , Kapteijn Freek , Gascon Jorge
Published: April 2014

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous Solvents and Related Systems
Authors: Anon. Anon.
Published: April 2014

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular‐Level Structure—Property Relationships in Biogenic Calcium Carbonates: The Unique Insights of Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Shir Ira Ben , Kababya Shifi , Schmidt Asher
Published: April 2014

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Sensing Using Hyperpolarized Xenon NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Palaniappan Krishnan K. , Francis Matthew B. , Pines Alexander , Wemmer David E.
Published: April 2014

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Past and Future Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy Studies at the Convergence Point Between Biology and Materials Research
Authors: Goobes Gil
Published: April 2014

Review: [80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Distance Measurements to Metal Ions and Other Quadrupolar Spins by Magic Angle Spinning Solid State NMR
Authors: Goldbourt Amir
Published: April 2014

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues
Authors: Richardson Susan D. , Ternes Thomas A.
Published: April 2014

Review: 252 refs.
Chiral Ligand‐Exchange Resolution of Underivatized Amino Acids on a Dynamically Modified Stationary Phase for RP‐HPTLC
Authors: Remelli Maurizio , Faccini Stefania , Conato Chiara
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of Spi(τ‐dec), derived from the selective alkylation of L‐spinacine (4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine‐6‐carboxylic acid) at the τ‐nitrogen of its heteroaromatic ring, with a linear hydrocarbon chain of 10 carbon atoms, is described here for the first time. Spi(τ‐dec) was successfully employed in the past to prepare home‐made chiral columns for chiral ligand‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography. In the present article a new method is described, using Spi(τ‐dec) as a chiral selector in high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC): commercial hydrophobic plates were first coated with Spi(τ‐dec) and then treated with copper sulfate. The performance of this new chiral stationary phase was tested against racemic mixtures of aromatic amino acids, after appropriate optimization of both the conditions of preparation of the plates and the mobile phase composition. The enantioselectivity values obtained for the studied compounds were higher than those reported in the literature for similar systems. The method employed here for the preparation of chiral HPTLC plates proved practical, efficient, and inexpensive. Chirality 26:313–318, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical und Experimental Analysis of a ZigZag Air Classifier
Authors: Friedrich Jens , Winkler Thomas , Lieberwirth Holger
Published: April 2014

Die Untersuchung der partikelfreien Strömung im Zickzack‐Sichter dient als Grundlage für die Simulation von Trennprozessen partikelbeladener Gase. Zuerst werden charakteristische Strömungskenngrößen in verschiedenen Messebenen am Versuchsstand experimentell erfasst, insbesondere Druckverhältnisse und Gasgeschwindigkeiten. Die Messergebnisse werden danach unter Anwendung ausgewählter Turbulenz‐Modelle mit den Lösungen der numerischen CFD‐Simulation verglichen. Abschließend werden Trennfunktionen für kugelförmige Glaspartikel gezeigt und diskutiert.
Hydrophobicity of Minerals Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy – A Tool for Flotation Research
Authors: Rudolph Martin , Peuker Urs Alexander
Published: April 2014

The mineral separation process flotation is fundamentally relying on hydrophobic interactions, which are still not entirely understood and heavily discussed in literature. Here, various possibilities to determine hydrophobic properties of mineral surfaces in water using the concept of colloidal probe atomic force microscopy are introduced. The method is based on the accepted theories of the hydrophobic effect of hydrophobic surfaces in water. Additionally, the hydrophobic parameters are correlated with microflotation experiments for magnetite and quartz surfaces.
Anthranilic acid analogs as diamagnetic CEST MRI contrast agents that feature an intramolecular‐bond shifted hydrogen
Authors: Song Xiaolei , Yang Xing , Ray Banerjee Sangeeta , Pomper Martin G. , McMahon Michael T.
Published: April 2014

Diamagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (diaCEST) agents are a new class of imaging agents, which have unique magnetic resonance (MR) properties similar to agents used for optical imaging. Here we present a series of anthranilic acid analogs as examples of diaCEST agents that feature an exchangeable proton shifted downfield, namely, an intramolecular‐bond shifted hydrogen (IM‐SHY), which produces significant and tunable contrast at frequencies of 4.8–9.3 ppm from water. Five analogs of N‐sulfonyl anthranilic acids are all highly soluble and produced similar CEST contrast at ~6–8 ppm. We also discovered that flufenamic acid, a commercial nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, displayed CEST contrast at 4.8 ppm. For these N–H IM‐SHY agents, the contrast produced was insensitive to pH, making them complementary to existing diaCEST probes. This initial IM‐SHY library includes the largest reported shifts for N–H protons on small organic diaCEST agents, and should find use as multifrequency MR agents for in vivo applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on long‐term employment of survivors of early‐stage breast cancer
Authors: Jagsi Reshma , Hawley Sarah T. , Abrahamse Paul , Li Yun , Janz Nancy K. , Griggs Jennifer J. , Bradley Cathy , Graff John J. , Hamilton Ann , Katz Steven J.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Many women with early‐stage breast cancer are working at the time of diagnosis and survive without disease recurrence. The short‐term impact of chemotherapy receipt on employment has been demonstrated, but the long‐term impact merits further research.

METHODS

The authors conducted a longitudinal multicenter cohort study of women diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer between 2005 and 2007, as reported to the population‐based Los Angeles and Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program registries. Of 3133 individuals who were sent surveys, 2290 (73%) completed a baseline survey soon after diagnosis and of these, 1536 (67%) completed a 4‐year follow‐up questionnaire.

RESULTS

Of the 1026 patients aged < 65 years at the time of diagnosis whose breast cancer did not recur and who responded to both surveys, 746 (76%) worked for pay before diagnosis. Of these, 236 (30%) were no longer working at the time of the follow‐up survey. Women who received chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment were less likely to be working at the time of the follow‐up survey (38% vs 27%; P = .003). Chemotherapy receipt at the time of diagnosis (odds ratio, 1.4; P = .04) was found to be independently associated with unemployment during survivorship in a multivariable model. Many women who were not employed during the survivorship period wanted to work: 50% reported that it was important for them to work and 31% were actively seeking work.

CONCLUSIONS

Unemployment among survivors of breast cancer 4 years after diagnosis is often undesired and appears to be related to the receipt of chemotherapy during initial treatment. These findings should be considered when patients decide whether to receive adjuvant chemotherapy, particularly when the expected benefit is low. Cancer 2014;120:1854–1862. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology: A review
Authors: Pitman Martha B. , Layfield Lester J.
Published: April 2014

The newest installment on state‐of‐the‐art standards of practice in cytopathology from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) focuses on the pancreaticobiliary system. Similar to the National Cancer Institute recommendations for aspiration cytology of the thyroid, the PSC guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology addresses indications, techniques, terminology and nomenclature, ancillary studies, and postprocedure management. Each committee was composed of a multidisciplinary group of experts in diagnosing, managing, and treating patients with pancreaticobiliary disease. Draft documents were posted on an interactive Web‐based forum hosted by the PSC Web site (www.papsociety.org) and the topics of terminology, ancillary testing, and management were presented at national and international meetings over an 18‐month period for discussion and feedback from practicing pathologists around the world. This review provides a synopsis of these guidelines. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:399–411. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Expression of G proteins in the olfactory receptor neurons of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster: Their unique projection into the olfactory bulbs
Authors: Nakada Tomoaki , Hagino‐Yamagishi Kimiko , Nakanishi Koki , Yokosuka Makoto , Saito Toru R. , Toyoda Fumiyo , Hasunuma Itaru , Nakakura Takashi , Kikuyama Sakae
Published: April 2014

We analyzed the expression of G protein α subunits and the axonal projection into the brain in the olfactory system of the semiaquatic newt Cynops pyrrhogaster by immunostaining with antibodies against Gαolf and Gαo, by in situ hybridization using probes for Gαolf, Gαo, and Gαi2, and by neuronal tracing with DiI and DiA. The main olfactory epithelium (OE) consists of two parts, the ventral OE and dorsal OE. In the ventral OE, the Gαolf‐ and Gαo‐expressing neurons are located in the apical and basal zone of the OE, respectively. This zonal expression was similar to that of the OE in the middle cavity of the fully aquatic toad Xenopus laevis. However, the Gαolf‐ and Gαo‐expressing neurons in the newt ventral OE project their axons toward the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), respectively, whereas in Xenopus, the axons of both neurons project solely toward the MOB. In the dorsal OE of the newt, as in the principal cavity of Xenopus, the majority of the neurons express Gαolf and extend their axons into the MOB. In the vomeronasal organ (VNO), the neurons mostly express Gαo. These neurons and quite a few Gαolf‐expressing neurons project their axons toward the AOB. This feature is similar to that in the terrestrial toad Bufo japonicus and is different from that in Xenopus, in which VNO neurons express solely Gαo, although their axons invariably project toward the AOB. We discuss the findings in the light of diversification and evolution of the vertebrate olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3501–3519, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of a Measure of Alliance for an Adolescent Inpatient Setting
Authors: Haggerty Greg , Siefert Caleb J. , Sinclair Samuel J. , Zodan Jennifer , Babalola Ronke , Blais Mark A.
Published: April 2014

The link between alliance and treatment outcome is robust. Nevertheless, few, if any, self‐report measures exist to assess the alliance between hospitalized adolescents and their treatment team as a whole. The present study looks to extend the use of a brief self‐report measure of inpatient treatment alliance designed for adult inpatients to be used with adolescents. The scale is designed incorporating items that tap the three factors of alliance (bond, goals and collaboration) to assess the alliance that the patient has with his or her treatment team. Our results show that the Inpatient‐Treatment Alliance Scale is unifactoral, shows good psychometrics and is linked in theoretically meaningful ways to global clinician ratings of engagement in individual psychotherapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Inpatient treatment of adolescents requires the assessment of alliance to be between the patient and his or her treatment team rather than an individual clinician.

Assessment of the alliance can benefit clinicians treating hospitalized adolescents especially because these patients are difficult to engage with in treatment.

This study shows that the Inpatient‐Treatment Alliance Scale is a promising measure for assessing treatment alliance on an adolescent inpatient setting.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Maghemite/Silica Nanocomposites: Advanced Materials for Aqueous Room‐Temperature Catalysis
Authors: Ojeda Manuel , Pineda Antonio , Romero Antonio A. , Barrón Vidal , Luque Rafael
Published: April 2014

A simple, environmentally friendly, and highly reproducible protocol has been developed for the mechanochemical preparation of advanced nanocatalytic materials in a one‐pot process. The materials proved to have unprecedented activities in aqueous Suzuki couplings at room temperature, paving the way for a new generation of highly active and stable advanced nanocatalysts.
A wavelet‐based expert system for digital subscriber line topology identification
Authors: Lima V.D. , Klautau A. , Costa J. , Ericson K. , Fertner A. , Sales C.
Published: April 2014

This work proposes a new method for automatically identifying topologies of lines with one or more sections in a telephone network. The method is based on the examination of both impulse response and time‐domain reflectometry trace of a line under test. They are analyzed using a method based on the wavelet transform that identifies and extracts features that contain information about the line topology. Those features are interpreted by an expert system composed of three sequential modules that estimate, respectively, the type of line makeup (serial or bridge tap), the lengths of the line sections, and the corresponding cable type, which are the parameters that completely identify the topology according to the assumed model. A thorough comparison with two state‐of‐the‐art methods is also presented using several twisted‐pair copper cables. The results show that the proposed method provides good accuracy with respect to topology identification at low computational cost. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal resource allocation for heterogeneous traffic in multipath networks
Authors: Li Shiyong , Sun Wei , Hua Changchun
Published: April 2014

Multipath networks allow each source to send packets from it to its destination over multiple paths, which increases the available bandwidth and throughput for source‐destination pairs. Recently, a variety of flow control schemes have been presented for multipath networks to achieve optimal resource allocation. Unfortunately, much of the investigation focused on elastic traffic with controllable packet injection rates. Networks have witnessed an increase in real‐time traffic (voice and video), which are inelastic. We consider resource allocation for heterogeneous traffic in multipath networks and formulate an optimization problem, which is intrinsically difficult nonconvex. In order to address the aforementioned issue and obtain the optimum, we approximate an equivalent problem of the original optimization problem to a strictly convex problem and present a primal‐dual resource allocation algorithm for the approximation problem, which converges to an optimal solution satisfying the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker conditions of the original problem. We evaluate its convergence performance through theoretical analysis and illustrate it with numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PIAS1 and STAT‐3 impair the tumoricidal potential of IFN‐γ‐stimulated mouse dendritic cells generated with IL‐15
Authors: Hanke Neale T. , LaCasse Collin J. , Larmonier Claire B. , Alizadeh Darya , Trad Malika , Janikashvili Nona , Bonnotte Bernard , Katsanis Emmanuel , Larmonier Nicolas
Published: April 2014

Primarily defined by their antigen‐presenting property, dendritic cells (DCs) are being implemented as cancer vaccines in immunotherapeutic interventions. DCs can also function as direct tumor cell killers. How DC cytotoxic activity can be efficiently harnessed and the mechanisms controlling this nonconventional property are not fully understood. We report here that the tumoricidal potential of mouse DCs generated from myeloid precursors with GM‐CSF and IL‐15 (IL‐15 DCs) can be triggered with the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide to a similar extent compared with that of their counterparts, conventionally generated with IL‐4 (IL‐4 DCs). The mechanism of tumor cell killing depends on the induction of iNOS expression by DCs. In contrast, interferon (IFN)‐γ induces the cytotoxic activity of IL‐4 but not IL‐15 DCs. Although the IFN‐γ‐STAT‐1 signaling pathway is overall functional in IL‐15 DCs, IFN‐γ fails to induce iNOS expression in these cells. iNOS expression is negatively controlled in IFN‐γ‐stimulated IL‐15 DCs by the cooperation between the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 and STAT‐3, and can be partially restored with PIAS1 siRNA and STAT‐3 inhibitors.
T cells generated in the absence of a thoracic thymus fail to establish homeostasis
Authors: Smolarchuk Christa , Zhu Lin Fu , Chan William F. N. , Anderson Colin C.
Published: April 2014

Cervical thymus mimics the thoracic thymus in supporting T‐cell development and exists in a subset of mice and humans. Importantly, it remains unknown whether the cervical thymus can generate T cells that are self‐tolerant in the complete absence of signals from the thoracic thymus. Using a fetal liver reconstitution model in thoracic thymectomized RAG−/− mice, we found that T cells could be generated without contribution from the thoracic thymus. However, these mice had decreased T cells, increased proportions of effector memory T cells and Treg phenotype cells, increased serum IgG1/2b, and increased frequency of T cells expressing IFN‐γ, IL‐17 or IL‐10. Half of the mice that received a thoracic thymectomy and fetal liver cells, unlike sham surgery controls, developed substantial morbidity with age. Disease was associated with lymphopenia‐driven activation rather than inherent defects in the cervical thymus, as both thoracic and cervical thymocytes could generate disease in lymphopenic recipients. Administration of the homeostatic cytokine IL‐7 caused a rapid, transient increase in T‐cell numbers and reduced the time to disease onset. Together the data suggests that the cervical thymus can function in the complete absence of the thoracic thymus; however, the T cells generated do not establish homeostasis.
Basophil activation through ASGM1 stimulation triggers PAF release and anaphylaxis‐like shock in mice
Authors: Yang Yan , Li Daling , Katirai Foad , Zhang Bin , Xu Yong , Xiong Ping , Gong Feili , Zheng Fang
Published: April 2014

Basophils have been shown to contribute to anaphylaxis through either an IgE–FcεRI‐dependent pathway or an IgG–FcγR pathway. However, it remains largely unclear whether basophils can be activated to promote anaphylaxis via a non‐FcR pathway as well. The glycolipid receptor ASGM1 (Asialoganglioside gangliotetraosylceramide), which has an exposed GalNAcβ1–4Gal moiety and serves as a receptor for pathogen associated molecular patterns such as flagellin, was recently found to be expressed on basophils. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of basophils with anti‐ASGM1 antibodies promotes platelet‐activating factor (PAF) secretion in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that ASGM1 stimulation triggers basophil‐ and PAF‐dependent anaphylactic shock in pertussis toxin (PTX)‐pretreated mice. Thus, ASGM1 has a crucial role in basophil activation and basophil‐mediated anaphylaxis‐like shock in mice, especially when the vascular permeability is increased by PTX treatment. Our findings describe a novel anaphylaxis‐associated pathway that is antigen‐, antibody‐, and FcR‐independent.
NK cells are primed by ANRS MVAHIV‐infected DCs, via a mechanism involving NKG2D and membrane‐bound IL‐15, to control HIV‐1 infection in CD4+T cells
Authors: Moreno‐Nieves Uriel Y. , Didier Céline , Lévy Yves , Barré‐Sinoussi Françoise , Scott‐Algara Daniel ,   ANRS HIV Vaccine Network (AHVN)
Published: April 2014

Natural killer (NK) cells are the major antiviral effector cell population of the innate immune system. It has been demonstrated that NK‐cell activity can be modulated by the interaction with dendritic cells (DCs). The HIV‐1 vaccine candidate Modified Vaccinia Ankara encoding an HIV polypeptide (MVAHIV), developed by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS (ANRS), has the ability to prime NK cells to control HIV‐1 infection in DCs. However, whether or not MVAHIV‐primed NK cells are able to better control HIV‐1 infection in CD4+ T cells, and the mechanism underlying the specific priming, remain undetermined. In this study, we show that MVAHIV‐primed NK cells display a greater capacity to control HIV‐1 infection in autologous CD4+ T cells. We also highlight the importance of NKG2D engagement on NK cells and DC‐produced IL‐15 to achieve the anti‐HIV‐1 specific priming, as blockade of either NKG2D or IL‐15 during MVAHIV‐priming lead to a subsequent decreased control of HIV‐1 infection in autologous CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we show that the decreased control of HIV‐1 infection in CD4+ T cells might be due, at least in part, to the decreased expression of membrane‐bound IL‐15 (mbIL‐15) on DCs when NKG2D is blocked during MVAHIV‐priming of NK cells.
LXR‐dependent and ‐independent effects of oxysterols on immunity and tumor growth
Authors: Traversari Catia , Sozzani Silvano , Steffensen Knut R. , Russo Vincenzo
Published: April 2014

Oxysterols are involved in maintaining cellular cholesterol levels. Recently, oxysterols have been demonstrated to modulate the function of immune cells and tumor growth. These effects can be dependent on the activation of the oxysterol‐binding liver X receptors (LXRs) or, as recently demonstrated for T and B cells, DCs and neutrophils, can be independent of LXR activation. LXR‐dependent oxysterol effects can be ascribed to the activation of LXRα, LXRβ or LXRαβ isoforms, which induces transcriptional activation or trans‐repression of target genes. The prevalent activation of one isoform seems to be cell‐, tissue‐, or context‐specific, as shown in some pathologic processes, i.e., infectious diseases, atherosclerosis, and autoimmunity. Oxysterol‐LXR signaling has recently been shown to inhibit antitumor immune responses, as well as to modulate tumor cell growth. Here, we review the mechanisms that link oxysterols to tumor growth, and discuss possible networks at the basis of LXR‐dependent and ‐independent oxysterol effects on immune cells and tumor development.
Serum amyloid A induces interleukin‐33 expression through an IRF7‐dependent pathway
Authors: Sun Lei , Zhu Ziyan , Cheng Ni , Yan Qian , Ye Richard D.
Published: April 2014

Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33), an IL‐1 family cytokine and nuclear alarmin, is constitutively expressed in epithelial barrier tissues and human blood vessels. However, little is known about the induced expression of IL‐33 in monocytes and macrophages, which are major cytokine‐producing cells of the innate immune system. Here, we report the induction of IL33 expression in both human monocytes and mouse macrophages from C57BL/6 mice by the acute‐phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA). SAA‐induced transcriptional activation of the Il33 gene, resulting in nuclear accumulation of the IL‐33 protein. TLR2, one of the SAA receptors, was primarily responsible for the induction of IL‐33. Progressive deletion of the human IL‐33 promoter led to the identification of two potential binding sites for interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), one of which (−277/−257) was found to be important for SAA‐stimulated IL‐33 promoter activity. IRF7 was recruited to the IL‐33 promoter upon SAA stimulation, and silencing IRF7 expression in THP‐1 cells abrogated SAA‐induced Il33 expression. SAA also promoted an interaction between TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 and IRF7. Taken together, these results identify IRF7 as a critical transcription factor for SAA‐induced Il33 expression in monocytes and macrophages.
Static and dynamic components synergize to form a stable survival niche for bone marrow plasma cells
Authors: Zehentmeier Sandra , Roth Katrin , Cseresnyes Zoltan , Sercan Özen , Horn Katharina , Niesner Raluca A. , Chang Hyun‐Dong , Radbruch Andreas , Hauser Anja E.
Published: April 2014

In the bone marrow (BM), memory plasma cells (PCs) survive for long time periods in dedicated microenvironmental survival niches, resting in terms of proliferation. Several cell types, such as eosinophils and reticular stromal cells, have been reported to contribute to the survival niche of memory PCs. However, until now it has not been demonstrated whether the niche is formed by a fixed cellular microenvironment. By intravital microscopy, we provide for the first time evidence that the direct contacts formed between PCs and reticular stromal cells are stable in vivo, and thus the PCs are sessile in their niches. The majority (∼80%) of PCs directly contact reticular stromal cells in a non‐random fashion. The mesenchymal reticular stromal cells in contact with memory PCs are not proliferating. On the other hand, we show here that eosinophils in the vicinity of long‐lived PCs are vigorously proliferating cells and represent a dynamic component of the survival niche. In contrast, if eosinophils are depleted by irradiation, newly generated eosinophils localize in the vicinity of radiation‐resistant PCs and the stromal cells. These results suggest that memory PC niches may provide attraction for eosinophils to maintain stability with fluctuating yet essential accessory cells.
DNGR‐1 is dispensable for CD8+ T‐cell priming during respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Durant Lydia R. , Pereira Catherine , Boakye Aime , Makris Spyridon , Kausar Fahima , Goritzka Michelle , Johansson Cecilia
Published: April 2014

During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection CD8+ T cells both assist in viral clearance and contribute to immunopathology. CD8+ T cells recognize viral peptides presented by dendritic cells (DCs), which can directly present viral antigens when infected or, alternatively, “cross‐present” antigens after endocytosis of dead or dying infected cells. Mouse CD8α+ and CD103+ DCs excel at cross‐presentation, in part because they express the receptor DNGR‐1 that detects dead cells by binding to exposed F‐actin and routes internalized cell debris into the cross‐presentation pathway. As RSV causes death in infected epithelial cells, we tested whether cross‐presentation via DNGR‐1 is necessary for CD8+ T‐cell responses to the virus. DNGR‐1‐deficient or wild‐type mice were intranasally inoculated with RSV and the magnitude of RSV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell induction was measured. We found that during live RSV infection, cross‐presentation via DNGR‐1 did not have a major role in the generation of RSV–specific CD8+ T‐cell responses. However, after intranasal immunization with dead cells infected with RSV, a dependence on DNGR‐1 for RSV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses was observed, confirming the ascribed role of the receptor. Thus, direct presentation by DCs may be the major pathway initiating CD8+ T‐cell responses to RSV, while DNGR‐1‐dependent cross‐presentation has no detectable role.
Enhancement of the Seebeck Coefficient in Stacked Bi2Se3 Nanoplates by Energy Filtering
Authors: Xu Haiming , Chen Gang , Jin Rencheng , Chen Dahong , Wang Yu , Pei Jian , Yan Chunshuang , Zhang Yongqiang , Qiu Zhuangzhuang
Published: April 2014

In this work, Bi2Se3 stacking nanoplates composed of three (or five) thin nanosheets have been successfully fabricated in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) and by applying sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as surfactant. The microstructure and morphology of the obtained products were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected‐area electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. We found that the power factor can be tuned by energy filtering. The maximum power factor of 179 μW m–1 K–2 can be obtained for the sample (CMC‐3) by using CMC3 (viscosity, 300–800 mPa s) as surfactant at 544 K, which is about 14 % higher than that of the sample prepared with no CMC as surfactant.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Platinum(II) Acetylides with Multibranched Donor–Acceptor Structures
Authors: Xie Puhui , Wang Lingyu , Huang Zhaohui , Guo Fengqi , Jin Qiu
Published: April 2014

Six conjugated platinum(II) acetylides with multibranched donor‐acceptor structures (1–6) were synthesized. The absorption maxima of triazine‐centered complexes 1–3 are red‐shifted by 36–43 nm compared with those of triphenylamine‐centered complexes 4–6. The luminescence spectra of 4–6 in air‐saturated chloroform showed one fluorescence peak and one phosphorescence peak. However, only one fluorescence peak was detected for 1–3 in air‐saturated chloroform. The transient absorption spectra of the compounds indicate the effective intersystem crossing from S1 to T1. The nonlinear optical properties of 1–6 in N,N‐dimethylformamide were studied using open Z‐scan method. The results indicate that complexes 1 and 6 exhibit good nonlinear optical performance. The ratios of the effective nonlinear absorption cross section to ground‐state absorption cross section σeff/σ0 of complexes 1–6 are in the range of 4–22.
Anchor‐Functionalized Push‐Pull‐Substituted Bis(tridentate) Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Chromophores: Photostability and Evaluation as Photosensitizers
Authors: Breivogel Aaron , Wooh Sanghyuk , Dietrich Jan , Kim Tea Yon , Kang Yong Soo , Char Kookheon , Heinze Katja
Published: April 2014

Stable push‐pull substituted heteroleptic bis(tridentate) ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes with COOH or 2,2′‐bipyridine anchor groups have been prepared and characterized by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR 1D and 2D spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, high‐resolution ESI mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, and density functional calculations. The complexes feature a pronounced electronic directionality and high absorption wavelengths up to λmax = 544 nm extending to 720 nm as a result of favorable push‐pull substitutions. A remarkable photostability in the presence of water and coordinating ions (I–) was discovered for the tridentate complexes when compared with the standard ruthenium sensitizer N719 and tris(bidentate) [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2, which are highly photolabile under the same conditions (photodissociation/photosubstitution). The complexes were studied as photosensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells. The incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency follows the absorption spectra into the NIR region. However, the high positive charge of the complexes (2+) favors the recombination of the injected electrons with I3– of the redox electrolyte, which is evidenced by high dark currents and short electron recombination lifetimes, leading to low cell performances compared with cells with the negatively charged N719 dye.
Vesicle formed by N′‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidine and tuned by CO2 and alkali
Authors: Zheng Zhibo , Qiao Weihong , Xiong Chongqiao
Published: April 2014

By dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it is shown that spherical vesicles are formed spontaneously in the mixed systems consisting of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and N′‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate (DAB). These vesicles can be successfully tuned by alkali, but not CO2‐switch due to the unsuitable pKa of DAB. In SDBS/DAB system, alkalinity increase can substantially expand the vesicle size in DAB‐rich zone, but same effect is indistinguishable in SDBS‐rich zone. Only DAB solution can also form vesicles when the solution pH is close to the pKa of DAB.

Practical applications: The vesicles can be spontaneously formed by mixing DAB and SDBS aqueous solution at various concentrations and mole fractions. These vesicles can expand gradually as the solution pH increases. They can be used as pH‐response vesicles for application in drug‐delivery, size‐selective release, biochemical reactions, and so on.

Mixing SDBS and DAB aqueous solution can spontaneously form vesicles at various concentration and mole fraction. The vesicles cannot be tuned by CO2/Ar stimuli. The pH increase by adding NaOH can expand the vesicle size in DAB‐rich zone, but the same effect is indistinguishable in SDBS‐rich zone.
Mechanistic Insight into the Lability of the Benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) Group in N‐Protected Peptides under Mild Basic Conditions
Authors: Tena‐Solsona Marta , Angulo‐Pachón César A. , Escuder Beatriu , Miravet Juan F.
Published: April 2014

An unexpected lability of the benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) protecting group under mild basic conditions at room temperature is explained by a mechanism based on anchimeric assistance. It is found that the vicinal amide group stabilises the tetrahedral intermediate formed after nucleophilic addition of hydroxide to the carbonyl of the Z group. This effect operates in N‐protected tripeptides and tetrapeptides but Z‐protected dipeptides are stable under the same conditions due to blockage of the vicinal amide NH by intramolecular H‐bonding with the terminal carboxylate moiety.
Metal‐Free Meerwein Carboarylation of Alkenes with Anilines: A Straightforward Approach to 3‐Benzyl‐3‐alkyloxindoles
Authors: Tang Shi , Zhou Dong , Wang Ying‐Chun
Published: April 2014

A metal‐free, straightforward carboarylation reaction of alkenes with anilines was developed that proceeds through a radical C–H cyclization. In the presence of benzoyl peroxide (5 mol‐%), tert‐butyl nitrite, and an array of anilines, a wide variety of N‐arylacrylamides underwent a tandem Meerwein arylation/C–H cyclization to construct the pharmaceutically important 3‐benzyl‐3‐alkyloxindole scaffold in moderate to good yields.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Approach to 4‐Ethynylpyrimidines via Alkenynones
Authors: Golubev Pavel R. , Pankova Alena S. , Kuznetsov Mikhail A.
Published: April 2014

A practical approach to the synthesis of 4‐ethynylpyrimidines by the condensation of arylamidines with 2‐aryl‐1‐ethoxy‐5‐(trimethylsilyl)pent‐1‐en‐4‐yn‐3‐ones has been developed. As these latter ketones are easily accessible from bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene and arylacetyl chlorides, the regioselective condensation reported herein provides a facile access to both TMS‐protected and unprotected 4‐ethynylpyrimidines in yields of up to 85 %.
Disulfide Formation Strategies in Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Postma Tobias M. , Albericio Fernando
Published: April 2014

Disulfide bonds play an important role in both proteins and peptides. They cause conformational constraints and increase the stability of such molecules. In nature, disulfide bonds are very common in animal and plant peptide toxins. These disulfide‐rich peptides typically bind very selectively with high affinities to their targets. Disulfide‐rich peptides are of great importance as potential therapeutics. Robust, convenient, and efficient methods are needed in order to prepare disulfide‐rich peptides to facilitate the drug discovery process. This microreview explores new cysteine protecting groups that replace obsolete protecting groups, reduce racemization, or facilitate regioselective disulfide formation, new disulfide formation strategies to assist in the synthesis of complex disulfide‐rich peptides, and the use of selenocysteine to direct disulfide formation.
Fibrates ameliorate the course of bacterial sepsis by promoting neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2
Authors: Tancevski Ivan , Nairz Manfred , Duwensee Kristina , Auer Kristina , Schroll Andrea , Heim Christiane , Feistritzer Clemens , Hoefer Julia , Gerner Romana R , Moschen Alexander R , Heller Ingrid , Pallweber Petra , Li Xiaorong , Theurl Markus , Demetz Egon , Wolf Anna M , Wolf Dominik , Eller Philipp , Ritsch Andreas , Weiss Guenter
Published: April 2014

Bacterial sepsis results in high mortality rates, and new therapeutics to control infection are urgently needed. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of fibrates in the treatment of bacterial sepsis and examine their effects on innate immunity. Fibrates significantly improved the survival from sepsis in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium, which was paralleled by markedly increased neutrophil influx to the site of infection resulting in rapid clearance of invading bacteria. As a consequence of fibrate‐mediated early control of infection, the systemic inflammatory response was repressed in fibrate‐treated mice. Mechanistically, we found that fibrates preserve chemotaxis of murine neutrophils by blocking LPS‐induced phosphorylation of ERK. This results in a decrease of G protein‐coupled receptor kinase‐2 expression, thereby inhibiting the LPS‐mediated downregulation of CXCR2, a chemokine receptor critical for neutrophil recruitment. Accordingly, application of a synthetic CXCR2 inhibitor completely abrogated the protective effects of fibrates in septicemia in vivo. Our results unravel a novel function of fibrates in innate immunity and host response to infection and suggest fibrates as a promising adjunct therapy in bacterial sepsis.
Analysis of product distribution and characteristics in hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw in subcritical and supercritical water
Authors: Zhu Zhe , Toor Saqib Sohail , Rosendahl Lasse , Chen Guanyi
Published: April 2014

In this study, hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw in subcritical and supercritical water with potassium carbonate catalyst was performed in the temperatures range of 280–400°C. The influence of final reaction temperature on products yield was investigated and some physicochemical properties of products were analyzed. It was found that products yield was significantly influenced by final reaction temperature under slow heating rate. The biocrude yield increased first and then declined as the temperature increased while the yield of solid residues showed the opposite trend. The highest biocrude yield (35.24 wt %) as well as the maximum energy recovery of 55.33% were obtained at 300°C. The products obtained were characterized in terms of CHNS elemental composition, higher heating values (HHVs), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometer (GC‐MS). Biocrude with more than 74% of C and H contents was produced under tested conditions with HHVs of 26.75–35.48 MJ/kg. The biocrude mainly consisted of carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, and ketones, as well as some aldehydes and alcohols. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 737–743, 2014