bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Noval Nematicide on Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica and Establishment of Recommended Dose in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)
Authors: Yadav Seema , Bishnoi S. P. , Baheti B.L. , Gurjar Hemraj , Chandrawat B. S. , Parwati  , Kumhar Ramnarayan
Published: September 2024

The study was carried out to efficacy of newer nematicide (fluensulfone 2% GR) at different doses under field conditions on mung bean. Total seven treatments were used with different doses of fluensulfone 2% GR i.e., T1 - fluensulfone 2% GR 10 kg/ha., T2 - fluensulfone 2% GR 12 kg/ha., T3 - fluensulfone 2% GR 14 kg/ha., T4 - fluensulfone 2% GR 16 kg/ha., T5- fluensulfone 2% GR 18 kg/ha., T6- fluensulfone 2% GR 20 kg/ha., T7 - carbofuran 3G 50 kg/ha and T8 - untreated check (control) maintained for comparison. The observations were recorded on plant growth characters (shoot length (cm), shoot weight (gm), root length (cm), and root weight (gm)) and nematode reproduction (number of galls per plant, number of egg mass per plant, number of eggs per egg mass, nematode juveniles per 200 cc soil and final nematode population). Treated plant with fluensulfone 2% GR with the dose of 20kg/ha found to be the best to given the maximum plant growth characters and minimized nematode reproduction.
Impact of Long-term Application of Fertilizers and FYM on Nutrient Uptake by Soybean Crop and Properties of Black Soil
Authors: Bajoliya Chandrabhan , Dwivedi B. S. , Tiwari Rishikesh , Kurmi Prashant , Tekam Yagni , Meravi Aruna
Published: September 2024

Long Term Fertilizer Experiment (LTFE) play an important role in understanding the complex interactions involving plant, soil, climate, management practices and their effect on soil productivity over a long period of time. The present investigation is a part of ongoing All India Coordinated Research Project on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment with Soybean-Wheat Cropping Sequence, which was initiated since 1972. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design consisting of eight treatments, viz. 50% NPK, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NP, 100% N, FYM (100% NPK+FYM), 100% NPK (-S) and Control. The significant nutrient content with nutrient uptake by soybean was noted in 100% NPK+FYM treatment over the control plot. It was also observed that nutrient content with nutrient uptake increased significantly with consecutive doses of fertilizers. On the other hand, 100% N and in the control group had the lowest value. However, adding fertilizer P in addition to N (100% NP) increased nutrient content and nutrient uptake by soybean crop. The highest. Soil organic carbon content was recorded with 100% NPK dose+FYM followed by 150% NPK treatment combination which could apparently due to the synergistic contribution of integration of fertilizer and FYM application. Similarly, the available N,P, K and S content in soil were found highest with 100% NPK + FYM followed by 150% NPK fertilizer dose. However, the lowest content was noted in control where crop was grown without fertilizers. Available sulphur was significantly higher over control in all the treatments receiving single super phosphate.
Determinants of Infertile of Infertile Women Requesting Assisted Reproduction Techniques in a Low Resource Setting in Western Nigeria
Authors: SI Omisakin , AO Ugwu , JA Olamijulo , CC Makwe , AA Oluwole , OA Kusamotu , OA Fagbolagun , KM Lemomu , TP Adejumo , TI Opemuade , OD Martin-Akinlose , A Awoniyi , OK Ogedengbe , OF Giwa-Osagie
Published: September 2024

Background: Infertility is an important gynaecological condition with psycho-social, cultural, economic, religious, demographic, and clinical consequences. Although the prevalence of couples having problems with conception has remained relatively stable worldwide, there has been an increase in the proportion of couples seeking fertility services. This substantial increase might reflect the improvement in the advancements in fertility care, improved success rates, increased availability of specialists and or involvement of insurance firms in infertility treatment. Paradoxically, countries in Africa with high infertility burden still lags in fertility care. This study was therefore aims to investigate the types and causes of infertility in patients attending fertility care in an assisted conception Centre in a public tertiary hospital in southwest Nigeria.
Methods: This was a retrospective study of patient records who attended Assisted fertility centre (AFC) of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), from January 1st, 2015, to December 31st, 2023. Categorical variables were analysed using percentages while continuous variables were analysed using mean and standard deviation and the association between categorical variables was analysed using chi-square test. The statistical significance level was set at p-value < 0.05.
Results:  The mean age and mean duration of infertility of the participants in the study was 40.89±6.8, and 8.14±3.5 respectively. About 72.9% had more than secondary education while almost two thirds of the participants had secondary infertility, 36.1% had previous pelvic surgeries, 11.4% had chronic pelvic pain and menstrual abnormality. Secondary infertility was more prevalent in women who has chronic pelvic pain, or those who has had previous pelvic surgery, previous infertility or previous abortion.
Conclusion: In conclusion our analysis suggests that Secondary infertility is the commonest cause of inability to conceive in our facility. It also revealed that most of our women present late for fertility care at an advanced maternal age.
Study the Effect of Planting Dates and Reproductive Pruning on Yield Attributes of Yam Bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus L.)
Authors: Shevale Priti P. , Gudadhe Pradnya S. , Parulekar Y. R. , Mane A.V. , Thorat S.B.
Published: September 2024

Flowers are reproductive organs that convert photosynthetic assimilates into seeds when flowers are developed the yield of the tuber decreases. So, it’s prerequisite to pluck the flowers to increase the tuber yield [1] as well as its needs to find out suitable planting date for cultivation of yam bean in Konkan region. Therefore, an experiment on “Study the effect of planting dates and reproductive pruning on yield attributes of Yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus L.)” was conducted at Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during Kharif season of year 2023-24. Two factors were studied during the investigation using factorial randomized block design (p= .05) viz. Planting dates (D) i.e., D₁-1st week of June, D₂-3rd week of June, D3 -1st week of July, D4 -3rd week of July and Interval of reproductive pruning (P) i.e., P1 – Weekly, P2 – Fortnightly, P3 – No pruning. The results showed that weekly reproductive pruning (P1) with planting date 3rd week of June (D2) gave best effect and significantly affect the yield per plant (642.03 g), average weight of tuber (407.70 g),yield per hectare (12.90 t ha-1) and length and diameter of tuber (21.50 cm and 17.53 cm) respectively.
Screening of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Germplasm against Fusarium Wilt and Tomato Leaf Curl Virus Diseases in Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse
Authors: K Sairam , K Gopal , B Srinivasulu , Ch Ruth , P Rama Devi , M Ravindra Babu , V Padmaja
Published: September 2024

Aims: Screening of tomato germplasm against fusarium wilt and tomato leaf curl virus diseases in naturally ventilated polyhouse.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during rabi 2020-2021 under naturally ventilated poly house, which located at Center of Excellence, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannnagudem. 
Methodology: Total 21 tomato genotypes which included 18 germplasm lines and 3 commercial cultivars as a check (Arkavikas, Polyana and BSS 1006) collected from the HRS, Venkataramannagudem which were screened against major diseases of tomato under naturally ventilated polyhouse and to find out resistance source.
Results: Among the 21 genotypes screened against tomato leaf curl virus lowest per cent disease incidence was recorded in VRSL (Venkataramannagudem Solanum lycopersicum) -114 (5.88 %), VRSL-134 (6.54 %) and VRSL-136 (6.86 %). Highest per cent disease incidence was recorded in Arka vikas (17.87 %). Among the 21 genotypes screened lowest per cent disease incidence was recorded in VRSL -40 and VRSL-134 (9.79 %). Highest per cent disease incidence was recorded in A.vikas (32.28 %).
Assessment of Combining Ability and Gene Action in F1 Generation for Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.]
Authors: Vardhini Talatam Ramya , Sharma L. K. , Tomar R. S. , Kulkarni G. U.
Published: September 2024

To estimate combining ability and nature of gene action, twenty four pigeonpea crosses were developed from ten parents in Line × Tester fashion during Kharif 2022-23 and were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications during Kharif 2023-24. The estimates of σ2gca were lower than the corresponding σ2sca for all the twelve characters studied indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. Among the parents, the line GJP 1915 was found to be good general combiner for seed yield per plant and its yield contributing characters like plant height, number of primary branches per plant and pod length. The tester GJP 1820 was also good general combiner for seed yield per plant and its component traits like plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight. The cross BDN 2013-41 × UPAS 120 had registered the highest sca effect for seed yield per plant. The sca effect in this cross combination was also accompanied by significant and desirable standard heterosis and high per se performance for days to maturity, reproductive phase duration, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod and significant and desirable heterobeltiosis for days to maturity, reproductive phase duration, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight. The cross GJP 1915 × BLACKTUR had registered significant and positive sca effect for seed yield per plant which was also accompanied by highest per se performance for pod length. These cross combinations can be potentially utilized in future breeding programmes for exploitation of hybrid vigour.
Conservation Tillage Practices and Their Role in Sustainable Farming Systems
Authors: Bezboruah Minakshi , Sharma Satish K. , Laxman Thejavath , Ramesh S. , Sampathkumar T. , Gulaiya Shani , Malathi G. , Krishnaveni S.Anandha
Published: September 2024

Conservation tillage practices have become increasingly recognized as crucial strategies in the effort to achieve sustainable farming systems. These practices, which include methods such as notill, striptill, mulchtill, and ridgetill, aim to minimize soil disturbance, thereby promoting a range of environmental, economic, and agronomic benefits. This review article delves into the different types of conservation tillage practices, elaborating on their specific techniques, advantages, and potential drawbacks. It examines how these practices influence soil health by enhancing soil structure, increasing organic matter, and fostering biodiversity. Furthermore, the article discusses the impact of conservation tillage on crop productivity, highlighting both the yield benefits and the challenges related to pest and weed management. The role of conservation tillage in mitigating environmental issues such as soil erosion, water conservation, and greenhouse gas emissions is also explored in depth. Through a synthesis of recent research findings and case studies, this article provides a thorough analysis of the contributions of conservation tillage to sustainable agriculture. It also offers practical recommendations for farmers, policymakers, and researchers to optimize the adoption and effectiveness of conservation tillage practices, ultimately aiming to support a transition towards more resilient and sustainable farming systems.
Interaction Effects of Nutrient and Water on Crop Production System under Dry and Irrigated Agriculture System
Authors: Banik Abhisek , Pahari Aditi , Banerjee Hirak , Patra Sourav
Published: September 2024

Many areas in India, including dryland areas, are under stress from two main obstacles to agricultural output, namely, inadequate soil nutrients and a scarcity of water. In most rainfed regions, except for a few places that can conduct irrigation, low precipitation levels and their erratic distribution usually result in soil water deficiency which leads to water as well as the instances of nutritional stress. Hence, in sustainable agricultural production systems, soil water and nutrient stress are major concerns. In crop production systems, the interplay between water and nutrients might yield favourable results, contingent on the growth stages, volumes, combinations, and balance of the crops. In irrigated areas, water and nutrients have interdependent effects. Efficient water management can enhance nutrient availability and transformation in soil or fertilizers. Water boosts plant nutrient content, uptake, and overall efficiency. Water scarcity stresses plants, impeding root growth and nutrient absorption. Additionally, it has been discovered that there is typically a strong, nearly linear correlation between crop yield and nutrient and water management techniques. Water availability and nutrient efficiency are therefore intimately related. The water state of the soil should be taken into consideration when applying nutrients in a balanced manner, taking into account their types, ratios, amounts, timing, and methods, in addition to their capacity to give nutrients. Therefore, determining the best time or growth stage to add water and nutrients to various crops, as well as how water and nutrients interact, are essential for a sustainable crop production system.
Determining the Effect of Growing Media on Growth and Flowering of Rose
Authors: Bodo Lairingdi , Sharma Sanjib , Deka Kankana , Mahanta Sangita , Sarma Bhaskarjyoti , Nath Rupak Kumar , Bora Nilay , Das Kaushik
Published: September 2024

The present study aimed to determine the effect of Growing Media on Growth and Flowering of Rose. The study investigation was carried out in the Experimental Farm, Dept. of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for the year 2022-2023 with a view to assess the effect of growing media on growth and flowering of rose (Variety Revival). The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design consisting of 9 treatment combination viz., T1 {Sandy loam + Sand + FYM @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T2 {Loam soil + Sand + FYM @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T3 {Clay loam + Sand + FYM @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T4 {Sandy loam + Sand + Vermicompost @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T5 {Loam soil + Sand + Vermicompost @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T6 {Clay loam + Sand + Vermicompost @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T7 {Sandy loam + Sand + Vermicompost (10% substituted with Cocopeat) @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T8 {Loam soil + Sand + Vermicompost (10% substituted with Cocopeat) @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T9 {Clay loam + Sand + Vermicompost (10% substituted with Cocopeat) @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, which were replicated three times.
The test crop positively responded to the growing media and the highest performance was observed for the treatment T8. Stem girth, number of nodes, intermodal length, leaf area and leaf area index, days taken to bud visibility, bud sprouting, half bloom and full bloom, length of stalk and diameter of bud, number of flowers, number of petals per flower and flowering duration (self-life) and diameter of flower were significantly enhanced by the treatment T8.
Metformin and Caffeine’s Influence on Lipid Profile Indices of Streptozotocin-Induced Dyslipidemia in an Animal Model
Authors: Oluchi Okafor K. , Charles Nwafor C. , Charles Ifedi I. , F. O Ovie , Joseph Agbor , Daneil Nwachukwu C.
Published: September 2024

Dyslipidemia has been linked to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia, which is the outcome of either insufficient insulin production or insensitivity to insulin, is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin were used to determine the effect of metformin and caffeine on blood glucose levels and lipid profile indices. The rats weighed between 150 and 200 grams and were split into six groups of six animals each at random. Group A was given unlimited access to chow (Grower feed) and water adlibitum. Group B was administered 60 mg/kg of streptozocin (STZ) without any medication, while Group C was given 60 mg/kg of STZ together with 50 mg/kg of metformin. Groups D and E were administered 60 mg/kg of streptozocin and 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of caffeine, for a duration of 21 days respectively. Group F was given 50 mg/kg of caffeine together with 50 mg/kg of metformin for a duration of 21 days. After performing a post-hoc LSD comparison and using ANOVA to analyze the results, the lipid profile and blood glucose level were deemed significant at p<0.05. A paired t-test was used to analyze body weight. Rats with diabetes had reduced body weight, whereas those receiving metformin and caffeine treatments had noticeably increased body weight. The findings demonstrated that whereas metformin and caffeine therapy greatly reduced blood glucose levels, STZ caused hyperglycemia in group B. However, diabetic rats had considerably higher levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), which were reduced by metformin and caffeine administration. HDL activity was considerably increased after treatment with metformin and caffeine, despite the rats' reduced HDL levels in group B. Rats with diabetes had considerably elevated levels of LDL and VLDL, and therapy with metformin and caffeine markedly restored their activity. The study shows that caffeine plus metformin may be utilized to control the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.
Perception of Farmers towards M-Kisan Initiative
Authors: Saini Hemlata , Jagadeeswari Boppana
Published: September 2024

India is an agrarian country and risk and uncertainties are omnipresent in the field of agriculture. The farmer’s exposure to risk and uncertainty is often provoked by lack of information about required inputs and crop management practices etc. This information gap has adverse impact on production as well as the income of farmers. As use of ICT has strongly influenced every socio-economic aspect to become the most significant motivation of the socio-economic development and poverty reduction, Government of India launched m-Kisan portal to deliver updated information to the farmers through SMS. It is an initiative by the Indian government to provide agricultural services and information to farmers through mobile phones. The mKisan platform allows farmers to receive updates on agricultural practices, weather forecasts, market prices, pest control, and other farming-related advice via SMS, voice messages, and mobile apps. The present study tries to identify the utility perception of the m-kisan users. Data were collected from 120 respondents, from four villages of three different talukas of Bhavnagar district through personal interview schedule during 2022 and then after data were compiled, tabulated and analysed to get proper answer for the specific objectives of the study. Slightly more than half (51.67%) of the respondents had medium utility perception.
Estimation of Heterosis and Combining Ability for Quality Traits in Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]
Authors: Saryam Niranjan , Tiwari Akhilesh , Pandey S. K. , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Tiwari Gyanendra
Published: September 2024

An experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm, Maharajpur, Department of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur in kharif season of 2022 and 2023. The current study evaluated the performance of 23 bottle gourd genotypes, including 6 parental lines, their 15 diallel crosses, and 2 checks, focusing on their quality traits. Over two years of pooled data, genotype, JBG-4×JBG-5 was found to possess maximum TSS (3.93 °Brix), followed by JBG-2×JBG-4 (3.77 °Brix). JBG-4×JBG-5 was found to have maximum ascorbic acid content (14.48 mg 100-1 g) followed by JBG-4 (14.01 mg 100-1 g). Rind thickness was found maximum in JBG-2×JBG-4 (3.36 mm) followed by JBG-2×JBG-3 (3.28 mam). This study found a substantial association between the total soluble solids (TSS) and ascorbic acid content with the yield of bottle gourd genotypes. Among the genotypes, JBG-4×JBG-5 demonstrated the highest yield per plant, along with the highest total soluble solids (TSS) and ascorbic acid content. Regarding heterosis, JBG-4×JBG-5 has found the highest heterosis for total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content. JBG-4 and JBG-2 are the best general combiners for TSS, ascorbic acid content, and rind thickness. JBG-4×JBG-5 has found the best specific combiner for TSS and ascorbic acid content.
Politische Äußerungen von Vorstandsmitgliedern
Authors: Wedemann Frauke
Published: September 2024

Wie viel politische Meinung kann sich ein Geschäftsleiter erlauben? Dieser Frage kommt angesichts des zunehmenden Trends zu „CEO Activism“ mittlerweile auch in Deutschland erhebliche Relevanz zu. Ihr rechtlicher Rahmen ist allerdings noch wenig ausgearbeitet. Der folgende Beitrag unternimmt es, die Zulässigkeit politischer Äußerungen von AG-Vorstandsmitgliedern auszuloten. Er entwickelt allgemeine Kriterien für die Beurteilung der Zulässigkeit und konkretisiert diese anhand von Fallgruppen.
Das neue KapMuG – Reform mit Licht und Schatten
Authors: Sustmann Marco , Retsch Alexander
Published: September 2024

Die Mitte Juli 2024 in Kraft getretene Reform des Kapitalanleger- Musterverfahrensgesetzes (KapMuG) soll kapitalmarktrechtliche Masseverfahren effizienter gestalten. Wichtige Neuerungen sind die Ausweitung des Anwendungsbereichs, die Stärkung der Rolle der OLG sowie Adjustierungen beim Maßstab für die Aussetzung der Ausgangsverfahren. Neu ist auch die Möglichkeit, die Vorlage von Beweismitteln durch die Gegenseite zu beantragen. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet diese Neuerungen und unterzieht sie einer ersten Bewertung.
Die Nachspaltungsveräußerungssperre nach dem Wachstumschancengesetz — Ist der holprige Name Programm?
Authors: Mayer Vivien , Käshammer Daniel
Published: September 2024

Das Wachstumschancengesetz enthält umfangreiche Anpassungen im Bereich der Missbrauchstatbestände bei Abspaltungen nach § 15 Abs. 2 Satz 2 ff. UmwStG, insbesondere bei der sog. Nachspaltungsveräußerungssperre. In Teilen handelt es sich dabei um eine Nichtanwendungsgesetzgebung zu einem im Januar 2022 veröffentlichten BFH-Urteil, nach dem einer Spaltung nachfolgende Veräußerungen unterhalb der 20-%-Grenze oder nach Ablauf der Fünfjahresfrist unschädlich gewesen wären. Diese Fälle sollen unter der neuen Rechtslage nicht mehr steuerneutral möglich sein. Die Neuregelung ist dabei sehr komplex und erneut auslegungsbedürftig ausgestaltet. Auch die rückwirkende Anwendungsregelung ist kritisch zu bewerten, da sie zuungunsten der Steuerpflichtigen unter Umständen in bereits verwirklichte Spaltungen eingreift. Im vorliegenden Beitrag sollen insbesondere Herausforderungen in der Praxis (Auslegungsfragen und Fallbeispiele) näher beleuchtet werden, z.B. Auslegungsfragen der neuen Legaldefinition des § 15 Abs. 2 Sätze 3 und 7 UmwStG n.F. und in Zusammenhang mit der neuen „Wertverschiebungs-Escape-Klausel“ nach § 15 Abs.2 Satz 6 UmwStG n.F
Extracellular pH regulates autophagy via the AMPK–ULK1 pathway in rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zhao Liping , Cui Lin , Jiang Xupin , Zhang Junhui , Zhu Minghua , Jia Jiezhi , Zhang Qiong , Zhang Jiaping , Zhang Dongxia , Huang Yuesheng
Published: August 2016

Various pathological conditions contribute to pH fluctuations and affect the functions of vital organs such as the heart. In this study, we show that in rat cardiomyocytes, acidic extracellular pH (pHe) inhibits autophagy, whereas alkaline pHe stimulates it. We also find that adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Unc‐51‐like kinase 1 (ULK1) are very sensitive to pHe changes. Furthermore, by interfering with AMPK, mTOR or ULK1 activity, we demonstrate that the AMPK–ULK1 pathway, but not the mTOR pathway, plays a crucial role on pHe‐regulated autophagy and cardiomyocyte viability. These data provide a potential therapeutic strategy against cardiomyocyte injury triggered by pH fluctuations.
Seismogenic stress field estimation in the Calabrian Arc region (south Italy) from a Bayesian approach
Authors: Totaro C. , Orecchio B. , Presti D. , Scolaro S. , Neri G.
Published: August 2016

A new high‐quality waveform inversion focal mechanism database of the Calabrian Arc region has been compiled by integrating 292 mechanisms selected from literature and catalogs with 146 newly computed solutions. The new database has then been used for computation of posterior density distributions of stress tensor components by a Bayesian method never applied in south Italy before the present study. The application of this method to the enhanced database has allowed us to provide a detailed picture of seismotectonic stress regimes in this very complex area where lithospheric unit configuration and geodynamic engines are still strongly debated. Our results well constrain the extensional domain of Calabrian Arc and the compressional one of the southernmost Tyrrhenian Sea. In addition, previously undetected transcurrent regimes have been identified in the Ionian offshore. The new information released here will furnish useful tools and constraints for future geodynamic investigations.
Grounding line variability and subglacial lake drainage on Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Joughin Ian , Shean David E. , Smith Ben E. , Dutrieux P.
Published: August 2016

We produced a 6 year time series of differential tidal displacement for Pine Island Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using speckle‐tracking methods applied to fine‐resolution TerraSAR‐X data. These results reveal that the main grounding line has maintained a relatively steady position over the last 6 years, following the speedup that terminated in ~2009. In the middle of the shelf, there are grounded spots that migrate downstream over the 6 year record. Examination of high‐resolution digital elevation models reveals that these grounded spots form where deep keels (thickness anomalies) advect over an approximately flow‐parallel bathymetric high, maintaining intermittent contact with the bed. These data sets also reveal several subsidence and uplift events associated with subglacial lake drainages in the fast‐flowing region above the grounding line. Although these drainages approximately double the rate of subglacial water flow over periods of a few weeks, they have no discernible effect on horizontal flow speed.
Wind‐driven mixing at intermediate depths in an ice‐free Arctic Ocean
Authors: Lincoln Ben J. , Rippeth Tom P. , Lenn Yueng‐Djern , Timmermans Mary Louise , Williams William J. , Bacon Sheldon
Published: August 2016

Recent seasonal Arctic Ocean sea ice retreat is a major indicator of polar climate change. The Arctic Ocean is generally quiescent with the interior basins characterized by low levels of turbulent mixing at intermediate depths. In contrast, under conditions of reduced sea ice cover, there is evidence of energetic internal waves that have been attributed to increased momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. New measurements made in the Canada Basin during the unusually ice‐free and stormy summer of 2012 show previously observed enhancement of internal wave energy associated with ice‐free conditions. However, there is no enhancement of mixing at intermediate depths away from significant topography. This implies that contrary to expectations of increased wind‐induced mixing under declining Arctic sea ice cover, the stratification in the central Canada Basin continues to suppress turbulent mixing at intermediate depths and to effectively isolate the large Atlantic and Pacific heat reservoirs from the sea surface.
A numerical study of nighttime ionospheric variations in the American sector during 28–29 October 2003
Authors: Chen Xuetao , Lei Jiuhou , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan G. , Luan Xiaoli , Dou Xiankang
Published: August 2016

Variations of nighttime F2 peak height (hmF2) over the American sector during the 28–29 October 2003 storm period were investigated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics Global Circulation Model. The model was generally able to reproduce the ionospheric variations on 28–29 October 2003 observed by the ionosondes. A series of controlled model simulations were subsequently undertaken to examine the effects of electric fields and neutral winds on the ionosphere. The numerical experiments suggest that the dramatic nighttime increase of hmF2 on the storm day 29 October is mainly caused by traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) from the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the electric field plays an important role in causing the elevation of hmF2 in the equatorial region. The prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) associated with the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz) is westward on the nightside, whereas when Bz reverses and becomes northward, the PPEF is westward in the premidnight and turns to eastward in the postmidnight. These PPEFs greatly affect the low‐latitude ionosphere during storm time. On 28 October, even though the Bz disturbance was weak with a short duration of southward Bz, the TADs from the Southern Hemisphere can propagate to the Northern Hemisphere and result in the corresponding oscillations in the nightside hmF2.
Constraints on residual topography and crustal properties in the western United States from virtual deep seismic sounding
Authors: Yu Chunquan , Chen Wang‐Ping , van der Hilst Robert D.
Published: August 2016

We use virtual deep seismic sounding (VDSS) and data from ~1000 broadband seismic stations to provide high‐resolution estimates of crustal structure in the western Cordillera of the United States (U.S.). The most robust result is the geographic distribution of residual topography (that is, the difference between observed elevation and that expected from crustal buoyancy alone) and, by implication, thermal or petrologic anomalies in the mantle. Overall, residual topography of the western U.S. Cordillera varies considerably; with contrasts of up to about 3 km across distances of 200 km or less. High residual topography, indicating large mantle effects, is evident along the periphery of the Colorado Plateau and the surroundings of the Great Basin. In contrast, the central Colorado Plateau and the Wyoming Basin show low residual topography, close to what is expected of a geologically stable lithosphere. Overall, in regions to the east of the Wasatch hinge line (the eastern limit of significant extension in the North American cratonic basement) patterns of high residual topography and anomalies of low seismic wave speeds in the upper mantle are similar, suggestive of a common, thermal origin. In contrast, such a similarity is absent in regions to the west of the hinge line, suggesting substantial effects of petrological heterogeneities in the mantle. Finally, joint analyses of VDSS and conventional receiver functions reveal a wide range of crustal P wave speeds, locally as high as 6.7 km/s, perhaps indicating magmatic modification of the crust.
Climate‐driven thresholds for chemical weathering in postglacial soils of New Zealand
Authors: Dixon Jean L. , Chadwick Oliver A. , Vitousek Peter M.
Published: August 2016

Chemical weathering in soils dissolves and alters minerals, mobilizes metals, liberates nutrients to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and may modulate Earth's climate over geologic time scales. Climate‐weathering relationships are often considered fundamental controls on the evolution of Earth's surface and biogeochemical cycles. However, surprisingly little consensus has emerged on if and how climate controls chemical weathering, and models and data from published literature often give contrasting correlations and predictions for how weathering rates and climate variables such as temperature or moisture are related. Here we combine insights gained from the different approaches, methods, and theory of the soil science, biogeochemistry, and geomorphology communities to tackle the fundamental question of how rainfall influences soil chemical properties. We explore climate‐driven variations in weathering and soil development in young, postglacial soils of New Zealand, measuring soil elemental geochemistry along a large precipitation gradient (400–4700 mm/yr) across the Waitaki basin on Te Waipounamu, the South Island. Our data show a strong climate imprint on chemical weathering in these young soils. This climate control is evidenced by rapid nonlinear changes along the gradient in total and exchangeable cations in soils and in the increased movement and redistribution of metals with rainfall. The nonlinear behavior provides insight into why climate‐weathering relationships may be elusive in some landscapes. These weathering thresholds also have significant implications for how climate may influence landscape evolution and the release of rock‐derived nutrients to ecosystems, as landscapes that transition to wetter climates across this threshold may weather and deplete rapidly.
Impacts of three‐dimensional nonuniform flow on quantification of groundwater‐surface water interactions using heat as a tracer
Authors: Reeves Jonathan , Hatch Christine E.
Published: August 2016

Use of heat‐as‐a‐tracer is a common method to quantify surface water‐groundwater interactions (SW‐GW). However, the method relies on assumptions likely violated in natural systems. Numerical studies have explored violation of fundamental assumptions such as heterogeneous streambed properties, two‐dimensional groundwater flow fields and uncertainty in thermal parameters for the 1‐D heat‐as‐a‐tracer method. Few studies to date have modeled complex, fully three‐dimensional groundwater flows to address the impacts of nonuniform, 3‐D flow vectors on use of heat‐as‐a‐tracer to quantify SW‐GW interactions. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to model scenarios in a fully three‐dimensional flow field in homogeneous, isotropic sand with a sinusoidal temperature upper boundary where vertical flows are deliberately disrupted by large and varied horizontal flows from two directions. Resulting temperature time series from multiple depths were used to estimate vertical Darcy flux and compared with modeled fluxes to assess the performance of the 1‐D thermal methods to quantify multidimensional groundwater flows. In addition, apparent effective thermal diffusivity was calculated from synthetic temperature time series and compared to model input diffusivity. Both increasingly nonuniform and nonvertical groundwater flow fields resulted in increasing errors for both the temperature‐derived flux and temperature‐derived effective thermal diffusivity. For losing (downward) flow geometries, errors in temperature‐derived effective thermal diffusivity were highly correlated with errors in temperature‐derived flux and were used to identify how and when underlying assumptions necessary to use heat‐as‐a‐tracer for quantifying groundwater flows were violated. Specifically, nonuniform flow fields (with flow lines that converge or diverge) produced the largest errors in simulated fluxes.
Enhanced Grain Refinement and Porosity Control of the Polycrystalline Superalloy by a Modified Thermally Controlled Solidification
Authors: Jie Ziqi , Zhang Jun , Huang Taiwen , Su Haijun , Li Yafeng , Liu Lin , Yang Wenchao , Fu Hengzhi
Published: August 2016

An integrated technique, combining the modified thermally controlled solidification (MTCS) process with the mixed refiner of Co3FeNb2 and CrFeNb ternary intermetallic compounds, has been designed to enhance grain refinement and restrain porosity in polycrystalline IN718 C superalloy. The refinement efficiency of integrated technique is quite superior to that by convention casting (CC) process with refiner, as experiment results show that the grain size is refined from 3 340 to 126 µm and, during the refinement process, the microstructure of IN718 C superalloy evolves from dendrite to granular structure. Meanwhile, comparing with the CC process, this integrated technique has significantly eliminated porosities and dramatically improved the mechanical properties.
Performance Limits of the Self‐Aligned Nanowire Top‐Gated MoS2 Transistors
Authors: Yang Zhenyu , Liu Xingqiang , Zou Xuming , Wang Jingli , Ma Chao , Jiang Changzhong , Ho Johnny C. , Pan Caofeng , Xiao Xiangheng , Xiong Jie , Liao Lei
Published: August 2016

In order to realize the promising potential of MoS2 as the alternative channel material, it is essential to achieve high‐performance top‐gated MoS2 field‐effect transistors (FETs), especially since the back‐gated counterparts cannot control the device individually. Although uniform high‐k dielectric films, such as HfO2, can be obtained through the introduction of artificial nucleation sites on the MoS2 channel to fabricate top‐gated FETs, this would inevitably degrade their channel/dielectric interface quality, induce significant charged impurity scattering and lower carrier mobility. In this work, MoS2 FETs are fabricated using a self‐aligned nanowire top‐gate, which can effectively reduce the charged impurity scattering on the surface of MoS2. Specifically, the fabricated short‐channel devices exhibit impressive electrical performances, such as the high on/off current ratio, low interface trap density, and near‐ideal subthreshold slope at room temperature. In addition, the short channel effect is systematically analyzed, which indicates that the phonon scattering can be the dominant scattering mechanism in the devices when the amount of charged impurities is effectively reduced with the self‐aligned nanowire gate. All these provide an enhanced fabrication scheme to attain top‐gated short‐channel devices with the optimized interface and potentially to explore their corresponding performance limits.
Real‐Time Imaging of Cell Behaviors in Living Organisms by a Mitochondria‐Targeting AIE Fluorogen
Authors: Situ Bo , Chen Sijie , Zhao Engui , Leung Chris Wai Tung , Chen Yilong , Hong Yuning , Lam Jacky Wing Yip , Wen Zilong , Liu Wei , Zhang Wenqing , Zheng Lei , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: August 2016

Visualizing behaviors of cell populations within living multicellular organisms in real time is of great value to life science but challenging due to the lack of ideal probes. In this work, a biocompatible fluorogen, azide‐functionalized tetraphenylethene pyridinium (TPE‐PyN3), is reported for noninvasive imaging and sensing within living systems. TPE‐PyN3 exhibits unique aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) attributes and high affinity to mitochondria, enabling it to achieve specific mitochondrial imaging and long‐term cellular observing with excellent photostability both in vitro and in vivo. The high membrane penetrability of TPE‐PyN3 allows all of the cells within the living zebrafish embryos to be morphologically visualized and reconstructed in 3D. Moreover, TPE‐PyN3 is capable of indicating cell apoptosis because of its sensitivity to the change of mitochondrial membrane potential. The findings presented here provide a simple and noninvasive tool for studying behaviors of cell populations in vivo for the first time by a small‐molecule AIE probe.
High Performance Hollow Metal–Organic Framework Nanoshell‐Based Etalons for Volatile Organic Compounds Detection
Authors: Li Cheng , Li Limei , Yu Shimo , Jiao Xiuling , Chen Dairong
Published: August 2016

A novel high performance optical metal–organic framework (MOF) sensor is presented by means of hollow MOF nanoshell‐based etalon (HMNSE), which allows for selective volatile organic compound (VOC) detection with distinct color output and high efficiency of optical transduction. The HMNSE is constructed by integrating hollow MOF nanoshell arrays between the reflective surfaces of silicon wafer and metal layer, and features ultrathin shell thickness (<100 nm) and macropores within a submicron thin film, which provides appropriate optical thickness, tunable interference color, and fast mass transport all at one time. Due to the rational design of optical motif, the HMNSE has attained the largest optical response so far for ultrathin MOF toward VOC detection. Selective detection on vapor phase alcohols, ketones, nitriles, cyclohexane/benzene, and xylene isomers has been exhibited, which reflected well the characteristic effect of size exclusion and chemical interaction between the MOF and VOCs. The synergistic combination of enhanced reflectance peak and optical shift has led to visible color change with unprecedented high saturation upon VOC exposure. Wide dynamic range, ultrafast kinetics, and excellent reversibility and stability have also been achieved, rendering HMNSE promising for low‐cost, real‐time, and on‐site detection.
S, N‐Co‐Doped Graphene‐Nickel Cobalt Sulfide Aerogel: Improved Energy Storage and Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: He Guanjie , Qiao Mo , Li Wenyao , Lu Yao , Zhao Tingting , Zou Rujia , Li Bo , Darr Jawwad A. , Hu Junqing , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: August 2016

Metal sulfides are commonly used in energy storage and electrocatalysts due to their redox centers and active sites. Most literature reports show that their performance decreases significantly caused by oxidation in alkaline electrolyte during electrochemical testing. Herein, S and N co‐doped graphene‐based nickel cobalt sulfide aerogels are synthesized for use as rechargeable alkaline battery electrodes and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Notably, this system shows improved cyclability due to the stabilization effect of the S and N co‐doped graphene aerogel (SNGA). This reduces the rate of oxidation and the decay of electronic conductivity of the metal sulfides materials in alkaline electrolyte, i.e., the capacity decrease of CoNi2S4/SNGA is 4.2% for 10 000 cycles in a three‐electrode test; the current retention of 88.6% for CoS/SNGA after 12 000 s current–time chronoamperometric response in the ORR test is higher than corresponding CoS nanoparticles and CoS/non‐doped graphene aerogels. Importantly, the results here confirm that the NiCoS ternary materials behave as an electrode for rechargeable alkaline batteries rather than supercapacitors electrodes in three‐electrode test as commonly described and accepted in the literature. Furthermore, formulas to evaluate the performance of hybrid battery devices are specified.
Thermo‐hydraulic analysis of refinery heat exchangers undergoing fouling
Authors: Diaz‐Bejarano E. , Coletti F. , Macchietto S.
Published: August 2016

A complete, systematic approach is presented for the analysis and characterization of fouling and cleaning in refinery heat exchangers. Bringing together advanced thermo‐hydraulic dynamic models, some new formulations, and a method for dynamic analysis of plant data, it allows: extracting significant information from the data; evaluating the fouling state of the units based on thermal measurements and pressure drops, if available; identifying the range of deposit conductivity leading to realistic pressure drops, if pressure measurements are unavailable; estimating key fouling and ageing parameters; estimating the effectiveness of cleaning and surface conditions after a clean; and predicting thermal and hydraulic performance with good accuracy for other periods/exchangers operating in similar conditions. An industrial case study demonstrates the performance prediction in seamless simulations that include partial and total cleanings for over 1000 days operation. The risks of using thermal effects alone and the significant advantages of including pressure drop measurements are highlighted. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 984–1001, 2017
Academic Consequences of Multiple Victimization and the Role of School Security Measures
Authors: Gardella Joseph H. , Tanner‐Smith Emily E. , Fisher Benjamin W.
Published: August 2016

Adolescents who experience multiple victimization (i.e., victimization on a regular basis) are at greater risk for having negative academic outcomes including lower achievement and poorer attendance than those who do not experience such victimization. Yet, the role of school contexts in this relationship remains unclear. Nevertheless, school‐based efforts to reduce victimization often focus on altering contexts without sufficient evidence of associations with improved student outcomes. School security measures constitute one such suite of contextual interventions aimed at reducing victimization. This study tested a moderated mediation model in which the relationship between multiple victimization and academic performance is mediated by absenteeism, and the relationship between multiple victimization and absenteeism is moderated by the presence of school security measures. Participants were 5930 (49.6% female and 79.51% White) 12‐ to 18‐year‐old adolescents from a national sample collected through the 2011 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. Results of path analysis models indicated that the relationship between multiple victimization and academic performance was partially mediated by absenteeism, and that both metal detectors and security guards moderated the relationship between multiple victimization and absenteeism. Additional analyses revealed the utility of considering subpopulations of victims characterized by specific facets of their contexts. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.
AUTS2 Syndrome in a 68‐year‐old female: Natural history and further delineation of the phenotype
Authors: Sengun Ece , Yararbas Kanay , Kasakyan Serdar , Alanay Yasemin
Published: August 2016

Here we summarize the clinical and molecular findings in a 68‐year‐old female with dysmorphic features, mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disability, and behavioral findings suggesting autism spectrum disorder. SNP array analysis demonstrated a 257 kb deletion comprising exon 6 of AUTS2. This clinical report provides the natural history in the eldest patient yet to be reported, and complements the existing evidence suggesting that disruption of the AUTS2 leads to a recently delineated neurodevelopmental phenotype with a wide spectrum, namely “AUTS2 Syndrome.” © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An unusual presentation of Kabuki syndrome with orbital cysts, microphthalmia, and cholestasis with bile duct paucity
Authors: Bögershausen Nina , Altunoglu Umut , Beleggia Filippo , Yigit Gökhan , Kayserili Hülya , Nürnberg Peter , Li Yun , Altmüller Janine , Wollnik Bernd
Published: August 2016

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by multiple congenital malformations, postnatal growth retardation, intellectual disability, and recognizable facial features. It is mainly caused by mutations in either KMT2D or KDM6A. We describe a 14‐year‐old boy with KS presenting with an unusual combination of bilateral microphthalmia with orbital cystic venous lymphatic malformation and neonatal cholestasis with bile duct paucity, in addition to the typical clinical features of KS. We identified the novel KMT2D mutation c.10588delC, p.(Glu3530Serfs*128) by Mendeliome (Illumina TruSight One®) sequencing, a next generation sequencing panel targeting 4,813 genes linked to human genetic disease. We analyzed the Mendeliome data for additional mutations which might explain the exceptional clinical presentation of our patient but did not find any, leading us to suspect that the above named symptoms might be part of the KMT2D‐associated spectrum of anomalies. We thus extend the range of KS‐associated malformations and propose a hypothetical connection between KMT2D and Notch signaling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.