bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DP 0256 - Judicial attitudes under shifting jurisprudence: evidence from Brazil's new drug law of 2006
Authors: Castro Alexandre Samy de
Published: August 2021

This paper exploits the diversity of panels at the court of appeals in the state of São
Paulo to address the role of career backgrounds and ideology in shaping the response of judicial decisions to a major shift in jurisprudence on drug offenses. The Brazilian constitution reserves 80% of the seats in appellate courts to career judges, 10% to lawyers and 10% to prosecutors. In practice however, vacancies in panels coupled with backlogs have significantly increased participation of judges sitting by designation in appellate panels - who acted as rapporteurs in as much as 14% of all criminal appeals in São Paulo, between 2009-2013. Former lawyers and prosecutors are appointed by the state governor after nomination processes at the bar association and at the ministerial office. Judges sitting by designation are chosen at the discretion of the court’s highest council and do not retain prerogatives of tenured appellate judges and are typically hired with the purpose of reducing backlogs. Their performance affects their chances of being promoted to the court of appeals, relatively to similar judges that have not been designated. Based on a large dataset of criminal appeals related to drug offenses in the State São Paulo, Brazil, this study exploits the exogenous assignment of cases to rapporteurs, to identify the causal effects of career backgrounds on the response of appellate judges to a major shift in drug jurisprudence, which revoked the prohibition of conversion of confinement punishment in drug offenses introduced by the new drug law of 2006. Estimates of treatment-effects, conditional on case characteristics and panel-specific fixed-effects, confirm that career judges respond favorably to defendants, in line with the jurisprudence shift. Former prosecutors react against the shift, responding unfavorably to defendants. Former lawyers tend to exhibit a mixed behavior, weighing in their preferences as well as strategically favoring predominant “law and order” views. Finally sitting judges behave in a diffident fashion but also favoring prosecution.
DP 0257 - International City’s Networks and Diplomacy
Authors: Balbim Renato
Published: August 2021

The internationalization of cities and the constitution of a new international space of
power involves a much more expressive number of cities than the usual global cities.
Nowadays, dozens of international organizations are composed of regional capitals,
medium, and even small cities. With diverse agendas and their own strategies of action,
those organizations seek to interfere in global processes and negotiate with large corporations, multilateral organizations, and nation-states. Historically, the internationalization of cities carries strategic values such as peace, culture, and sustainability, among others discussed in this paper. More recently, the notion of the city as merchandise explains this process. Urban requalification and urban space commoditization are treated here under the conception of rugosities (Ribeiro, 2012), local and global rationality (Santos, 1995), and creative destruction (Brenner and Theodore, 2002). By hypothesis, I affirm that city internationalization is directly related to the democratic environment, degree of social participation, and local government’s autonomy. The magnitude of this process is measured confronting original database research to secondary sources and illustrated using the Brazilian scenario. Additionally, a theoretical discussion proposes an innovative classification of those networks according to their constitution, composition, agendas, and spatialization. The characteristics, agents, and means of city diplomacy are debated, and the adequacy of other terms (paradiplomacy, federative diplomacy, and metrodiplomacy). In conclusion, it summarizes notes and indications of further research aiming to deepen the knowledge about this new and important agent of the world order, the city network.
TD 2683 - Avaliação de impacto do Programa de Geração de Emprego e Renda (PROGER)
Authors: Corseuil Carlos Henrique , Foguel Miguel Nathan , Russo Felipe Mendonça
Published: August 2021

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma avaliação de impacto do Programa de Geração de Emprego e Renda (Proger) sobre o emprego formal, a folha salarial e os desligamentos sem justa causa. Duas fontes de dados foram utilizadas na avaliação: a Base de Gestão do Sistema de Acompanhamento da Execução do Programas de Geração de Emprego e Renda (BG-Proger), que disponibiliza informações sobre os contratos de empréstimo do programa, e a Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (Rais), que contém informações sobre o total de empresas formais e seus empregados no país. A avaliação se concentrou nas empresas que tomaram crédito pelo programa uma única vez. A metodologia empregada utilizou uma ampliação recente do método de diferença-em-diferenças, no sentido de que possibilita estimar impactos heterogêneos da intervenção para diferentes grupos de entrada no programa (grupos de tratamento) e ao longo do tempo, tanto na dimensão calendário quanto na de tempo decorrido após a intervenção. A aplicação da metodologia foi baseada em um painel balanceado de “células” formadas pela interação das dimensões: Unidades da Federação (UFs), subsetores de atividade e ano de entrada no programa. Em geral, os resultados mostram impactos positivos e estatisticamente significativos sobre o emprego, a folha salarial e os desligamentos sem justa causa para a maior parte dos grupos de tratamento. Os efeitos sobre emprego e folha salarial apresentam padrões de U invertido (incompleto no final) para a dimensão tempo calendário e mais monotônico para o tempo relativo à entrada no programa; os efeitos sobre demissões sem justa causa se mostram mais estáveis na primeira dimensão temporal e mais erráticos na segunda. O artigo contém também uma análise parcial dos benefícios e subsídios implícitos dos programas avaliados.
A Radial-velocity Search for Binary RR Lyrae Variables
Authors: Barnes III Thomas G. , Guggenberger Elisabeth , Kolenberg Katrien
Published: August 2021

We report 272 radial velocities for 19 RR Lyrae variables. For most of the stars we have radial velocities for the complete pulsation cycle. These data are used to determine robust center-of-mass radial velocities that have been compared to values from the literature in a search for evidence of binary systems. Center-of-mass velocities were determined for each star using Fourier Series and template fits to the radial velocities. Our center-of-mass velocities have uncertainties from ±0.16 km s−1 to ±2.5 km s−1, with a mean uncertainty of ±0.92 km s−1. We combined our center-of-mass velocities with values from the literature to look for deviations from the mean center-of-mass velocity of each star. Fifteen RR Lyrae show no evidence of binary motion (BK And, CI And, Z CVn, DM Cyg, BK Dra, RR Gem, XX Hya, SZ Leo, BX Leo, TT Lyn, CN Lyr, TU Per, U Tri, RV UMa, and AV Vir). In most cases this conclusion is reached due to the sporadic sampling of the center-of-mass velocities over time. Three RR Lyrae show suspicious variation in the center-of-mass velocities that may indicate binary motion but do not prove it (SS Leo, ST Leo, and AO Peg). TU UMa was observed by us near a predicted periastron passage (at 0.14 in orbital phase) but the absence of additional center-of-mass velocities near periastron makes the binary detection, based on radial velocities alone, uncertain. Two stars in our sample show Hγ emission in phases 0.9–1.0: SS Leo and TU UMa.
A Lyα Transit Left Undetected: the Environment and Atmospheric Behavior of K2-25b
Authors: Rockcliffe Keighley E. , Newton Elisabeth R. , Youngblood Allison , Bourrier Vincent , Mann Andrew W. , Berta-Thompson Zachory , Agüeros Marcel A. , Núñez Alejandro , Charbonneau David
Published: August 2021

K2-25b is a Neptune-sized exoplanet (3.45R
⊕) that orbits its M4.5 host with a period of 3.48 days. Due to its membership in the Hyades Cluster, the system has a known age (727 ± 75 Myr). K2-25b’s youth and its similarities with Gl 436b suggested that K2-25b could be undergoing strong atmospheric escape. We observed two transits of K2-25b at Lyα using HST/STIS in order to search for escaping neutral hydrogen. We were unable to detect an exospheric signature, but placed an upper limit of (R

p
/R
⋆)∣
Ly
α
< 0.56 at 95% confidence by fitting the light curve of the Lyα red wing, or < 1.20 in the blue wing. We reconstructed the intrinsic Lyα profile of K2-25 to determine its Lyα flux, and analyzed XMM-Newton observations to determined its X-ray flux. Based on the total X-ray and extreme ultraviolet irradiation of the planet (8763 ± 1049 erg s−1 cm−2), we estimated the maximum energy-limited mass-loss rate of K2-25b to be

10.6

−
6.13

+
15.2

×

10

10

g s−1 (0.56M
⊕ per 1 Gyr), five times larger than the similarly estimated mass-loss rate of Gl 436b (2.2 × 1010 g s−1). The photoionization time is about 3 hr, significantly shorter than Gl 436b’s 14 hr. A nondetection of a Lyα transit could suggest K2-25b is not significantly losing its atmosphere, or factors of the system are resulting in the mass loss being unobservable (e.g., atmosphere composition or the system’s large high-energy flux). Further observations could provide more stringent constraints.
Variability of Magnetically Dominated Jets from Accreting Black Holes
Authors: Janiuk Agnieszka , James Bestin , Palit Ishika
Published: August 2021

Structured jets have recently been invoked to explain the complex emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), such as GW170817. Based on accretion simulations, the jets are expected to have a structure that is more complex than a simple top-hat structure. Also, the structure of the launch regions of blazar jets should influence their large-scale evolution. This was recently revealed by the interactions of jet components in TXS 0506+056, where the jet was observed at a viewing angle close to zero. Observational studies have also shown an anticorrelation between the jet variability, measured, e.g., by its minimum variability timescale, and the Lorentz factor, which spans several orders of magnitude and covers both blazars and GRBs samples. Motivated by those observational properties of black hole sources, we investigate the accretion inflow and outflow properties by means of numerical gamma-ray MHD simulations. We perform axisymmetric calculations of the structure and evolution of a central engine, composed of a magnetized torus around a Kerr black hole that is launching a nonuniform jet. We probe the jet energetics at different points along the line of sight, and we measure the jet-time variability as localized in these specific regions. We quantify our results by computing the minimum variability timescales and power density spectra. We reproduce the MTS–Γ correlation and we attribute it to the black hole’s spin as the main driving parameter of the engine. We also find that the power density spectral slope is not strongly affected by the black hole’s spin, while it differs for various viewing angles.
Spectral Transfer and Kármán–Howarth–Monin Equations for Compressible Hall Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Hellinger Petr , Papini Emanuele , Verdini Andrea , Landi Simone , Franci Luca , Matteini Lorenzo , Montagud-Camps Victor
Published: August 2021

We derive two new forms of the Kármán–Howarth–Monin (KHM) equation for decaying compressible Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. We test them on results of a weakly compressible, 2D, moderate-Reynolds-number Hall MHD simulation and compare them with an isotropic spectral transfer (ST) equation. The KHM and ST equations are automatically satisfied during the whole simulation owing to the periodic boundary conditions and have complementary cumulative behavior. They are used here to analyze the onset of turbulence and its properties when it is fully developed. These approaches give equivalent results characterizing the decay of the kinetic + magnetic energy at large scales, the MHD and Hall cross-scale energy transfer/cascade, the pressure dilatation, and the dissipation. The Hall cascade appears when the MHD one brings the energy close to the ion inertial range and is related to the formation of reconnecting current sheets. At later times, the pressure dilatation energy exchange rate oscillates around zero, with no net effect on the cross-scale energy transfer when averaged over a period of its oscillations. A reduced 1D analysis suggests that all three methods may be useful to estimate the energy cascade rate from in situ observations.
Nearby SN-associated GRB 190829A: Environment, Jet Structure, and VHE Gamma-Ray Afterglows
Authors: Zhang Lu-Lu , Ren Jia , Huang Xiao-Li , Liang Yun-Feng , Lin Da-Bin , Liang En-Wei
Published: August 2021

We present a self-consistent paradigm to interpret the striking features of nearby low-luminosity GRB 190829A. Its prompt gamma-ray lightcurve has two separated pulses. We propose that the interaction of the hard prompt gamma-ray photons (

E

p

=

624

−
303

+
2432

keV) of its initial pulse with the dusty medium (A

V
= 2.33) not only results in the second soft gamma-ray pulse (E

p
∼ 12 keV) but also makes a pre-accelerated e
± -rich medium shell via the γγ annihilation. In this paradigm, we show that the observed radio, optical, and X-ray afterglow lightcurves are well-fitted with the forward shock model. Its jet is almost isotropic (θ

j
> 1.0 rad) with a Lorentz factor of ∼35, and the electron density of the e
± -rich medium shell is ∼15 cm−3, which is about seven times higher than the electron density of its normal surrounding medium. The GRB ejecta catches up with and propagates into the e
± -rich medium shell at a region of R = (4.07–6.46) × 1016 cm. This results in a bright afterglow bump at ∼103 seconds after the GRB trigger. The predicted very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission from the synchrotron self-Compton process agrees with the H.E.S.S. observation. The derived broadband spectral energy distribution shows that GRB 190829A like nearby GRBs would be promising targets of the VHE gamma-ray telescopes, such as H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and CTA (Cerenkov Telescope Arrays).
Dark X-Ray Galaxies in the A1367 Galaxy Cluster
Authors: Henriksen Mark J. , Dusek Scott
Published: August 2021

We have characterized a sample of extended X-ray sources in the A1367 galaxy cluster that lack optical counterparts. The sources are galaxy size and have an average total mass of 1.3 × 1011 solar masses. The average hot gas mass is 3.0 × 109 solar masses and the average X-ray luminosity is 4.3 × 1041 erg cm−2 s−1. Analysis of a composite source spectrum indicates the X-ray emission is thermal, with temperature of 1.25–1.45 keV and has low metallicity, 0.026–0.067 solar. The average hot gas radius (12.7 kpc) is well matched to nominal stripping radius. We argue that this optically dark, X-ray bright galaxy population forms by a sequence of stripping followed by heating and mixing with the intracluster medium.
PAH Spectroscopy from 1 to 5 μm
Authors: Allamandola L. J. , Boersma C. , Lee T. J. , Bregman J. D. , Temi P.
Published: August 2021

The PAH model predicts many weak emission features in the 1–5 μm region that can resolve significant questions that it has faced since its inception in the mid-80s. These features contain fundamental information about the PAH population that is inaccessible via the much stronger PAH bands in the 5–20 μm region. Apart from the 3.3 μm band and plateau, PAH spectroscopy across most of the 1–5 μm region has been unexplored due to its low intrinsic intensity. ISO and Akari covered some of this wavelength range, but lacked the combined sensitivity and resolution to measure the predicted bands with sufficient fidelity. The spectroscopic capabilities of the NIRSpec instrument on board JWST will make it possible to measure and fully characterize many of the PAH features expected in this region. These include the fundamental, overtone and combination C–D and C ≡ N stretching bands of deuterated PAHs, cyano-PAHs (PAH-C≡N), and the overtones and combinations of the strong PAH bands that dominate the 5–20 μm region. These bands will reveal the amount of D tied up in PAHs, the PAH D/H ratio, the D distribution between PAH aliphatic and aromatic subcomponents, and delineate key stages in PAH formation and evolution on an object-by-object basis and within extended objects. If cyano-PAHs are present, these bands will also reveal the amount of cyano groups tied up in PAHs, determine the N/C ratio within that PAH subset, and distinguish between the bands near 4.5 μm that arise from CD versus C ≡ N.
Luminosity Dependence of the Cyclotron Line Energy in 1A 0535+262 Observed by Insight-HXMT during the 2020 Giant Outburst
Authors: Kong L. D. , Zhang S. , Ji L. , Reig P. , Doroshenko V. , Santangelo A. , Staubert R. , Zhang S. N. , Soria R. , Chang Z. , Chen Y. P. , Wang P. J. , Tao L. , Qu J. L.
Published: August 2021

We report on a detailed spectral analysis of the transient X-ray pulsar 1A 0535+262, which underwent the brightest giant outburst ever recorded for this source from 2020 November to December with a peak luminosity of 1.2 × 1038 erg s−1. Thanks to the unprecedented energy coverage and high-cadence observations provided by Insight-HXMT, we were able to find for the first time evidence for a transition of the accretion regime. At high luminosity, above the critical luminosity 6.7 × 1037 erg s−1, the cyclotron absorption line energy anticorrelates with luminosity. Below the critical luminosity, a positive correlation is observed. Therefore, 1A 0535+262 becomes the second source after V0332+53, which clearly shows an anticorrelation above and transition between correlation and anticorrelation around the critical luminosity. The evolution of both the observed CRSF line energy and broadband X-ray continuum spectrum throughout the outburst exhibits significant differences during the rising and fading phases; that is, for a similar luminosity, the spectral parameters take different values, which results in hysteresis patterns for several spectral parameters including the cyclotron line energy. We argue that, similar to V0332+53, these changes might be related to the different geometry of the emission region in rising and declining parts of the outburst, probably due to changes in the accretion disk structure and its interaction with the magnetosphere of the neutron star.
Cosmic-Ray Acceleration from Turbulence in Molecular Clouds
Authors: Gaches Brandt A. L. , Walch Stefanie , Lazarian A.
Published: August 2021

Low-energy cosmic rays, in particular protons with energies below 1 GeV, are significant drivers of the thermochemistry of molecular clouds. However, these cosmic rays are also greatly impacted by energy losses and magnetic field transport effects in molecular gas. Explaining cosmic-ray ionization rates of 10−16 s−1 or greater in dense gas requires either a high external cosmic-ray flux, or local sources of MeV–GeV cosmic-ray protons. We present a new local source of low-energy cosmic rays in molecular clouds: first-order Fermi acceleration of protons in regions undergoing turbulent reconnection in molecular clouds. We show from energetic-based arguments there is sufficient energy within the magnetohydrodynamic turbulent cascade to produce ionization rates compatible with inferred ionization rates in molecular clouds. As turbulent reconnection is a volume-filling process, the proposed mechanism can produce a near-homogeneous distribution of low-energy cosmic rays within molecular clouds.
Lucy Mission to the Trojan Asteroids: Science Goals
Authors: Levison Harold F. , Olkin Catherine B. , Noll Keith S. , Marchi Simone , Bell III James F. , Bierhaus Edward , Binzel Richard , Bottke William , Britt Dan , Brown Michael , Buie Marc , Christensen Phil , Emery Joshua , Grundy Will , Hamilton Victoria E. , Howett Carly , Mottola Stefano , Pätzold Martin , Reuter Dennis , Spencer John , Statler Thomas S. , Stern S. Alan , Sunshine Jessica , Weaver Harold , Wong Ian
Published: August 2021

The Lucy Mission is a NASA Discovery-class mission to send a highly capable and robust spacecraft to investigate seven primitive bodies near both the L4 and L5 Lagrange points with Jupiter: the Jupiter Trojan asteroids. These planetesimals from the outer planetary system have been preserved since early in solar system history. The Lucy mission will fly by and extensively study a diverse selection of Trojan asteroids, including all the recognized taxonomic classes, a collisional family member, and a near equal-mass binary. It will visit objects with diameters ranging from roughly 1 km to 100 km. The payload suite consists of a color camera and infrared imaging spectrometer, a high-resolution panchromatic imager, and a thermal infrared spectrometer. Additionally, two spacecraft subsystems will also contribute to the science investigations: the terminal tracking cameras will supplement imaging during closest approach and the telecommunication subsystem will be used to measure the mass of the Trojans. The science goals are derived from the 2013 Planetary Decadal Survey and include determining the surface composition, assessing the geology, determining the bulk properties, and searching for satellites and rings.
Discovery of the digger wasp genus Odontosphex Arnold, 1951 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Spheciformes) in Central Asia, with description of a new species
Authors: Mokrousov Mikhail V. , Proshchalykin Maxim Yu.
Published: August 2021

The genus Odontosphex Arnold, 1951 is newly recorded from Central Asia. A new species, Odontosphex lelejisp. nov., is described and illustrated based on males from Turkmenistan (Badkhyz Nature Reserve, Eroyulanduz valley). Keys to males and females of all known species of Odontosphex are provided.
Afrotropical species of the genus Sculptolobus Yang, van Achterberg & Chen (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae)
Authors: Samartsev Konstantin , van Achterberg Cornelis
Published: August 2021

A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Sculptolobus Yang, van Achterberg & Chen, 2008 is presented. One species, S. lelejisp. nov., and one subspecies, S. lembaensis hartenissp. nov., are described. New combinations are proposed for S. bipustulatus (Szépligeti, 1913), comb. nov., S. lembaensis (Cameron, 1912), comb. nov., S. somnialis (Szépligeti, 1913), comb. nov., S. suavis (Szépligeti, 1918), comb. nov., and S. subellipticus (Granger, 1949), comb. nov. Lectotypes are designated for S. lembaensis and S. suavis. For all species descriptions and illustrations are provided together with a diagnostic key.
New genus and species of Pompilinae spider wasps from the Oriental Region (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae)
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Pitts James P. , Yoshimura Jin , Wahis Raymond
Published: August 2021

The new genus Erythropompilus Shimizu & Pitts, gen. nov. from the Oriental Region (Pompilidae, Pompilinae) is described, based on the new species E. malaysiensis Pitts & Shimizu, sp. nov. from Malaysia. Two other new species of this genus, E. thailandensis Pitts & Shimizu, sp. nov. from Thailand and E. taiwanensis Pitts & Shimizu, sp. nov. from Taiwan, are also described. A key to the species is provided, and the taxonomic position of the genus is discussed.
Physicochemical, functional properties and antioxidant activity of protein extract from spent coffee grounds using ultrasonic-assisted extraction
Authors: Samsalee Namfon ,   Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand, Sothornvit Rungsinee ,   Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140 Thailand
Published: August 2021

Spent coffee grounds, the residue from coffee brewing, are still underutilized even though they contain several useful organic compounds including proteins. To valorize the spent coffee grounds, the spent coffee ground protein was investigated using ultrasonic-assisted extraction as a pretreatment to conventional extraction. The pretreatments involved different ultrasound amplitudes (40%, 60% and 80%) and extraction times (10, 20 and 30 min) and their effects on the physicochemical and functional properties including antioxidant activity of protein extract. It was found that the protein content extracted was increased approximately 2 times, compared to the initial spent coffee grounds. Furthermore, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction affected the physicochemical properties, functional properties and antioxidant activity of the protein extract. The 80% amplitude for 10 min extraction time improved the foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsifying activity index and the emulsifying stability index of protein extract. The pretreatment at 20 min extraction time provided the highest antioxidant activity (933.92-976.03 mM Trolox eq/g protein extract) and the highest total phenolic content (267.66-304.81 mg GAE/g protein extract). Nonetheless, protein extract using ultrasonic-assisted extraction resulted in higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity without changes in the protein structure as confirmed by changes in FT-IR spectra and SDS-PAGE profiles. Thus, the spent coffee ground protein can be an interesting and alternative plant protein with functional properties for food application. Moreover, this work showed the feasibility to reduce waste and the food waste valorization.
Stability properties of Radon measure-valued solutions for a class of nonlinear parabolic equations under Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Nkombo Quincy Stévène ,   School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China, Li Fengquan , Tathy Christian ,   Laboratoire de Mécanique, Energétique et Ingénierie Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique Université Marien Ngouabi, B.P. 69 Brazzaville, Congo
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we address the existence, uniqueness, decay estimates, and the large-time behavior of the Radon measure-valued solutions for a class of nonlinear strongly degenerate parabolic equations involving a source term under Neumann boundary conditions with bounded Radon measure as initial data.

   \begin{document}$ \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} u_{t} = \Delta\psi(u)+h(t)f(x, t) \ \ &\text{in} \ \ \Omega\times(0, T), \\ \frac{\partial\psi(u)}{\partial\eta} = g(u) \ \ &\text{on} \ \ \partial\Omega\times(0, T), \\ u(x, 0) = u_{0}(x) \ \ &\text{in} \ \ \Omega, \end{cases} \end{equation*} $\end{document}

where $ T > 0 $, $ \Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{N}(N\geq2) $ is an open bounded domain with smooth boundary $ \partial\Omega $, $ \eta $ is an outward normal vector on $ \partial\Omega $. The initial value data $ u_{0} $ is a nonnegative bounded Radon measure on $ \Omega $, the function $ f $ is a solution of the linear inhomogeneous heat equation under Neumann boundary conditions with measure data, and the functions $ \psi $, $ g $ and $ h $ satisfy the suitable assumptions.
Multiscale regression on unknown manifolds
Authors: Liao Wenjing ,   School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA, Maggioni Mauro , Vigogna Stefano ,   Department of Mathematics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA,   MaLGa Center, Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy
Published: August 2021

We consider the regression problem of estimating functions on $ \mathbb{R}^D $ but supported on a $ d $-dimensional manifold $ \mathcal{M} ~~\subset \mathbb{R}^D $ with $ d \ll D $. Drawing ideas from multi-resolution analysis and nonlinear approximation, we construct low-dimensional coordinates on $ \mathcal{M} $ at multiple scales, and perform multiscale regression by local polynomial fitting. We propose a data-driven wavelet thresholding scheme that automatically adapts to the unknown regularity of the function, allowing for efficient estimation of functions exhibiting nonuniform regularity at different locations and scales. We analyze the generalization error of our method by proving finite sample bounds in high probability on rich classes of priors. Our estimator attains optimal learning rates (up to logarithmic factors) as if the function was defined on a known Euclidean domain of dimension $ d $, instead of an unknown manifold embedded in $ \mathbb{R}^D $. The implemented algorithm has quasilinear complexity in the sample size, with constants linear in $ D $ and exponential in $ d $. Our work therefore establishes a new framework for regression on low-dimensional sets embedded in high dimensions, with fast implementation and strong theoretical guarantees.
Les écoles de dessin linéaire de la Restauration
Authors: Bodé Gérard
Published: August 2021

À partir des départements du Lot et de l’Yonne, cet article montre l’importance des configurations locales pour le développement de l’enseignement du dessin linéaire dans la première moitié du xixe siècle. Envisagé comme une formation élémentaire et généraliste, celui-ci anticipe parfois les sollicitations ministérielles. Les cours confiés à des instituteurs sont autant d’expériences à l’ambition pédagogique et à la pérennité très inégales, mais leur existence dans de nombreuses communes témoigne d’un intérêt partagé.
Epistemology of the Digital
Authors: Amaturo Enrica , Aragona Biagio
Published: August 2021

The debate on the consequences that big data and computational techniques have generated in social sciences has developed from two opposite extremes. A consistent group of scholars today supports an active commitment of sociologists in dealing with the technological dimension of social investigation. The works developed by these “digital sociologists” focus on the definition of a method of social research that adopts a critical posture on the role that digital technology must have in scientific research but, at the same time, creative on the possibilities offered by technology to research. This posture requires great attention to the epistemology of the digital.
The Future of “Digital Research”
Authors: Cipolla Costantino
Published: August 2021

Sociology is a discipline inevitably based on interpretative categories of social reality derived from a specific historical phase. In a period that is increasingly defined as a new era or digital society, can sociological knowledge not be upset by this overload of changes of every kind and nature? And can these changes not involve all identity components of sociology, namely theory, research, and the usability of its knowledge? Given this, it seems rather evident that this volume is the sign of the times and testify the variety and flexibility of digital methods. The author limits to dealing schematically with two methodological components that are constitutive of the digital revolution: the shift from the traditional and glorious ethnography to the new and emerging netnography, especially as regards the qualitative side, and, on the more properly quantitative side, the overwhelming and boundless spread of big data. A brief and selective description of these “transitions” will be complemented by a thoughtful evaluation of their potential for the future in the peculiar field of inquiry.
Learning Algorithms of Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Acampa Suania , De Falco Ciro Clemente , Trezza Domenico
Published: August 2021

The uncritical application of automatic analysis techniques can be insidious. For this reason, the scientific community is very interested in the supervised approach. Can this be enough? This chapter aims to these issues by comparing three machine learning approaches to measuring the sentiment. The case study is the analysis of the sentiment expressed by the Italians on Twitter during the first post-lockdown day. To start the supervised model, it has been necessary to build a stratified sample of tweets by daily and classifying them manually. The model to be test provides for further analysis at the end of the process useful for comparing the three models: index will be built on the tweets processed with the aim of detecting the goodness of the results produced. The comparison of the three algorithms helps the authors to understand not only which is the best approach for the Italian language but tries to understand which strategy is to verify the quality of the data obtained.
Back to Practices and Narratives
Authors: Risi Elisabetta , Pronzato Riccardo
Published: August 2021

The role of digital platforms in everyday life is a concern within different research fields; therefore, several authors have supported the need to investigate them and their underlying meshing of human and computational logic. In this chapter, the authors present a methodological proposal according to which auto-ethnographic diaries can be fruitfully employed to examine the relationship between individuals and algorithmic platforms. By drawing on a critical pedagogy approach, they consider auto-ethnography both as a practice of access to algorithmic logics through rich first-hand data regarding everyday usage practices as a response to datafication. The core idea behind this narrative method is to use inductive self-reflexive methodological tools to help individuals critically reflect on their daily activities, thereby making their consumption of algorithmic contents more aware and allowing researchers to collect in-depth reports about their use of digital platforms and the following processes of subjectification.
Usefulness of Netnography in the Digital Banking Context
Authors: Dimitrova Irina , Öhman Peter
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses the usefulness of netnography as a research method in the digital banking context. Netnography has become a relative attractive data collection and data analysis method in some social science research areas but is still relatively unknown in financial research. Compared with other research methods, netnography seems to have some advantages in the digital banking world, such as real-time customer feedback. Moreover, virtual observations can be used not only by researchers but also by bank representatives to, for example, find out how bank customers can contribute to value co-creation.
Research Using the Methods of Digital Ethnography
Authors: Rodríguez-Hoyos Carlos , Calvo-Salvador Adelina , Gutiérrez Aquilina Fueyo
Published: August 2021

This chapter describes three research techniques used within the field of digital ethnography aimed at understanding the digital culture of adolescents from qualitative and participatory perspectives. The authors carry out a theoretical review of some of the underlying principles of digital ethnography and creative and participatory research techniques. The authors then describe three research techniques based on the following methodological approaches: the mirror method, participant field notes, and digital visual cartographies. The mirror method technique analyses how adolescents construct their subjectivity through the images they use in social networks. Participant field notes are designed to facilitate the involvement of the young people in the field notes taken by the researchers, thus breaking with their private nature and providing opportunities for enhanced reflexivity. Digital visual cartographies aim to help understand, among other issues, the spatial dimension associated with the use of digital devices by young people.
Dear (Digital) Diary
Authors: Moretti Veronica
Published: August 2021

This chapter investigates how individuals interpreted and considered the audio-diary technique, understanding the interaction between the subject and the medium and the potential of new technological tools (e.g., smartphone, social network) in producing data. The research is based on a previous study conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, more specifically, the transition from phase 1 to phase 2. Each participant—11 female and 6 male, between 28 and 45 years old, and living in the northern part of Italy—was asked to register one audio per day for a week (7-13 May). After this period, the author undertook a final follow-up semi-structured interview to evaluate how much the audio-diary had an impact both on people's daily lives and on their way of expressing information. The data collected suggest a number of advantages and disadvantages to the use of audio-diary to collect individuals' experience. The author will briefly describe the steps of AD technique by using the collected material (interviews) and what has emerged from the analysis of qualitative data.
The Spatial Dimension in Social Media Analysis
Authors: De Falco Ciro Clemente , Crescentini Noemi , Ferracci Marco
Published: August 2021

In the data revolution era, the availability of “voluntary” and “derived from social media” geographic information allowed the spatial dimension to gain attention in digital and web studies. The purpose of this work is to recognize the impact of this research stream on some methodological and theoretical issues. The first regards “critical algorithm studies” in order to understand what algorithms are used. The second concerns how these works conceive the space. The last two issues concern the disciplinary areas in which these researches take place and which are the ecological units taken into account. The authors answer these questions by analyzing, through a content analysis, the researches extracted with the PRISMA methodology that have used Twitter as a data source. The application of this procedure allows the authors to classify the analysis material, moving simultaneously on the four defined dimensions.
Using Twitter to Form Professional Learning Communities
Authors: Akcaoglu Mete , Hodges Charles B. , Jensen Lucas John
Published: August 2021

Social media has become an important tool for informal teacher professional development. Although there is a growing body of research investigating issues across the US, there is a lack of research on teacher professional development taking place on Twitter in Georgia, USA. In this research, the authors applied digital methods to analyze 5,425 entries from educators participating in a state-level, weekly, synchronous chat about educational technology (#TECHTalkGA) on the social media platform Twitter. Findings include that participants utilized the chat for organization, planning, and classroom technologies, with a predilection toward specific hardware and software topics. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Methodological Directions for the Study of Memes
Authors: Giorgi Giulia
Published: August 2021

The chapter proposes an empirically oriented analysis of the memetic production on Instagram. Defined as multimodal cultural artifacts, combining visual and textual material to convey humoristic messages, internet memes proliferate across the web, spawning new popular formats and layouts. However, many scholars still rely on outdated conceptualisations or limited samples for their studies. To anchor investigation on memes to the actual production, the research answers the questions: (1) Which meme formats are currently circulating online? (2) How do popular meme formats convey their message? To this end, a dataset of static images collected on Instagram was examined with qualitative visual and discourse analysis. Findings point at the possibility to adopt a bottom-up approach to recognize and classify memes, exploiting shared features of content and form. Furthermore, this categorization offers insights on the most productive mechanisms of meme production: contextually, results show a tendency towards formats that trigger identification, leveraging on relatable life situations.
The “Blue Check” Communication on the Pandemia Vaccine Campaign
Authors: Trezza Domenico , Di Lisio Miriam
Published: August 2021

This chapter has the exploratory goal of understanding the attitudes and perceptions of 'verified' Twitter (VA) accounts about the COVID-19 vaccine campaign. Identifying their sentiment and opinion about it could therefore be crucial to the success of vaccination. A content analysis of tweets from the period December 24, 2020 to March 23, 2021 about the vaccine campaign in Italy was conducted to understand the semantic strategies used by VAs based on their orientation toward the vaccine, whether pro, anti, or neutral, and their possible motivations. Topic modeling allowed the authors to detect five prevalent themes and their associated words. A sentiment analysis and opinion analysis were performed on a smaller sample of tweets. The results suggest that 'authoritative' opinion about the vaccine has been very fragmented and not entirely positive, as expected. This could prove to be a critical issue in getting the vaccine positively accepted by the public.
Social Identity Seeking and Sharing as a Creative Activity of Art Consumers
Authors: Cirklová Jitka
Published: August 2021

The chapter offers an overview of dynamic processes changing the role and place of museums and art galleries in our societies. After many decades of being static displays of things, they are now changing into places of interaction and communication on a variety of levels. The text is presenting some current patterns of developing a sense of collective belonging and also it is looking at the communication processes between institutions and visitors with a focus on the role of digital technologies and social media in the process of preserving, narrating, and sharing the object of art and beauty. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a framework for further research on digital practice linked with contemporary social identities and art institutions that are a significant social institution with public value and the ability to link the local cultural heritage global context.
Processes of Socialization to Sexuality and Discrimination in the Web Society
Authors: Coppola Marianna
Published: August 2021

The diffusion of new media, of online communication, and the increasingly evident overlap between online and offline environments generates a specific question for scientific research on how these contents can represent an opportunity for “emancipation” and at the same time new areas in which can experience processes of exclusion, in particular for the LGBT community. In this sense, social media offers transgender people a wide range of tools and applications to create new knowledge, interact with other people, create new meeting opportunities, or trace new relationships and/or new emotional and sexual experiences. This research work aims to investigate the psychological, relational, and social aspects of transgender people who use social media and dating apps as communication spaces and relational environments in order to outline the peculiar aspects of media consumption, regulatory access and processes of stigmatization, and social discriminations by the web.
Social Research Methods in Cybersecurity
Authors: Barrio Felix Antonio , Poy Raquel
Published: August 2021

The application of social research methods in cybersecurity requires a multidisciplinary combination since the security of technologies and communication networks is made up of a set of uses, techniques, and results directly conditioned by the parameters of confidentiality, data availability, integrity, and privacy. However, each of these technological concepts is prepared and subject to conditions of use that involve ethical, sociological, economic, and legal aspects. Firstly, social engineering techniques in cybercrime tend to combine social investigation techniques with computational engineering and telecommunications elements. Secondly, research on cybersecurity phenomena in industrial environments implies the adaptation to the organizational specificity of each sector. In this chapter, the social research topics commonly addressed by leading companies and researchers in cybersecurity at a global level are analyzed from a comparative point of view, extracting a taxonomy of social research on cybersecurity.
Secondary Analysis for Digitized Data
Authors: Iorio Gennaro , Palmieri Marco , Roberti Geraldina
Published: August 2021

Secondary analysis for quantitative data is a social research method traditionally employed for statistical analysis of administrative data. In the new digital society, this old research method that pre-existed the emergence of the new digital environment has been digitized to carry out its valuable activity in doing science. In this chapter, the secondary analysis for digitized data is illustrated. Thanks to the growing availability of datasets digitized on the web, the scholars of social well-being use the secondary analysis to inquiry this phenomenon through a cross-national perspective. The authors present the empirical study of World Love Index, in which the utility of the secondary analysis in finding and selecting valid indicators of social well-being is experienced.
Fear of Missing Out Among Adolescents
Authors: Fauzi Muhammad Ashraf , Kasim Nur Muneerah , Paiman Norazha
Published: August 2021

Smartphone use has changed the landscape of technology. People are more concerned with their smartphone use than being physically attached to their surroundings, which has led to scholars on studies in smartphone addiction. This study aims to understand the link between personality traits of young adolescents and fear of missing out in relation to smartphone addiction. A partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is applied in testing the proposed hypotheses relationship. A total of 210 respondents consisting of young adolescents, primarily higher education students, participated in the study. It was discovered that among the five personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism were found to be significant on fear of missing out. While fear of missing out has the most significant influence on adolescent smartphone addiction, implications towards theoretical and managerial aspects are discussed and elaborated.
The Impact of Chatbots in Driving Digital Transformation
Authors: Mydyti Hyrmet , Kadriu Arbana
Published: August 2021

Digital transformation is the process of consuming digital technologies that drives business improvements and customer experience. Artificial intelligence plays a crucial role in businesses' digital transformation agendas. Technologies and algorithms are an important perspective in the implementation of chatbots. AI chatbots use natural language processing technology and offer solutions for modernizing traditional business processes. The key advantage of the implementation of chatbots in different domains is the impact by improving customers' experience and reducing costs. Chatbots are pieces of software that simulate human conversation through voice commands and/or text chats, intending to offer companies an approach on how to use this software to revolutionize their businesses. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the evaluation criteria; the study of insights into how chatbots can be implemented in the domains of banking, e-commerce, tourism, and call centres; and the discussion of some benefits and challenges of chatbots in driving the digital transformation of businesses.