bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CDC Sovereign lentil
Authors: Vandenberg A. , Kiehn F. A. , Vera C. , Gaudiel R. , Buchwaldt L. , Dueck S. , A. Morrall R. A. , Wahab J. , E Slinkard A.
Published: April 2011

CDC Sovereign is a high-yielding, yellow cotyledon lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It is intended for cultivation in all lentil-growing areas of western Canada. It has large, plump seeds with green seed coat, suitable for the large green market class of lentil. CDC Sovereign was issued registration #5019 on 26 November 1999 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Lentil, cultivar description, Lens culinaris
CDC Vantage lentil
Authors: Vandenberg A. , Kiehn F. A. , Vera C. , Gaudiel R. , Buchwaldt L. , Dueck S. , A. Morrall R. A. , Wahab J. , E Slinkard A.
Published: April 2011

CDC Vantage is a high-yielding, yellow cotyledon lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It is intended for cultivation in all lentil growing areas of western Canada. The seed coat of CDC Vantage is pale green. It resembles CDC Richlea, the current commercial standard in Canada for the medium green market class of lentil. CDC Vantage was issued registration #4834 on 9 December 1998 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Lentil, cultivar description, Lens culinaris
Interval of days required for determining efficient relations between climatic factors and cotton flower and boll production
Authors: Sawan Zakaria M , Hanna Louis I , McCuistion Willis L
Published: April 2011

The cotton plant (Gossypium spp.) is sensitive to numerous environmental factors. This study was aimed at predicting effects of climatic factors grouped into convenient intervals (in days) on cotton flower and boll production compared with daily observations. Two uniformity field trials using the cotton (G. barbadense L.) cv. Giza 75 were conducted in 1992 and 1993 at the Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Randomly chosen plants were used to record daily numbers of flowers and bolls during the reproductive stage (60 days). During this period, daily air temperature, temperature magnitude, evaporation, surface soil temperature, sunshine duration, humidity, and wind speed were recorded. Data, grouped into intervals of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 d, were correlated with cotton production variables using regression analysis. Evaporation was found to be the most important climatic variable affecting flower and boll production, followed by humidity and sunshine duration. The least important variables were surface soil temperature at 0600 and minimum air temperature. The 5-d interval was found to provide the best correlation with yield parameters. Applying appropriate cultural practices that minimize the deleterious effects of evaporation and humidity could lead to an important improvement in cotton yield in Egypt. Key words: Cotton, flower production, boll production, boll retention
Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense
Authors: Isobe Sachiko , Sawai Akira , Yamaguchi Hidekazu , Gau Mitsuru , Uchiyama Kazuhiro
Published: April 2011

In this study, T. medium (zigzag clover, 2n = 80 and T. pratense (red clover, 2n = 28) were hybridized and backcrossed four times to T. pratense (BC1, BC2, BC3and BC4), and the seed production and vigor of the backcross progenies were assessed under field conditions. Both female and pollen fertility of the backcross progenies increased as the backcross generations advanced. Female and pollen fertility of BC4 were 21.3 and 65.3%, respectively. When honeybees were used as pollinators, almost all BC4 plants produced mature seeds in the field. Most of the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants died by the end of the fourth year in the field, whereas 61% of the BC4 plants survived for 4 yr. The number of chromosomes in 79% of the BC4 plants was more than 28, which is greater than that of T. pratense. Differences in leaflet size and shape between BC4 plants and T. pratense suggest that genes from T. medium were expressed in the BC4 plants.

These results indicate that BC4 plants may be useful for the improvement of the persistence of T. pratense. Key words: Backcross progeny, breeding material, interspecific hybridization, Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense
Bromus-Poaresponse to defoliation intensity and frequency under three soil moisture levels
Authors: Donkor N. T. , Bork E. W. , Hudson R. J.
Published: April 2011

Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) are important herbage for livestock and wildlife in Aspen-Boreal ecosystems in central Alberta, but there is paucity of information on the relationship between soil moisture and defoliation regimes on herbage production in these ecosystems. In a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated the effect of Bromus-Poa defoliation frequencies (2 or 4 wk) and intensities (2.5, 7.5, or 15 cm above the soil surface) under three soil moisture regimes [field capacity (wet), 50% field capacity (moist), 20% field capacity (dry)] on dry matter (DM) yield. Crude protein (CP) content, crude protein yield (CPY) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were also determined for herbage harvested. Total accumulated shoot DM decreased under defoliation compared to the undefoliated control, was higher if plants were clipped every 4 wk, rather than 2 wk, and increased with increasing soil moisture availability. Defoliation regimes decreased root DM Compared to the undefoliated control. Soil moisture regime did not significantly affect below-ground DM production, but root:shoot ratio increased significantly with decreasing moisture supply. The average CP content of grasses ranged from 12 to 23%, but was adequate to meet crude protein requirements of growing, pregnant or lactating grazing cattle (Bos spp.) The CPY decreased with increasing moisture stress, and was greatest when plants were clipped at a 7.5-cm height. Shoot NDF concentration increased with decreasing clipping frequency. These result indicate the need to investigate the relationship between soil moisture and management practices that affect the productivity of tame pastures in Aspen-Boreal ecosystems. Key words: Bromus inermis, Poa pratensis, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, water
Eliminating soil disturbance reduces post-alfalfa summer annual weed populations
Authors: Ominski P. D. , Entz M. H.
Published: April 2011

The influence of method (tillage vs. no-till) and time of year of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) termination on the population of naturally occurring weeds was assessed over three site-years in southern Manitoba. Termination method was found to be more important than timing. Populations of weeds such as green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber (DC) L.C. Wheeler] and lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.) were usually lower (P < 0.05) in the undisturbed (i.e., no-till) system, compared to where tillage was used. It was concluded that the combination of alfalfa in rotation and no-till management can provide significant weed control benefits to cropping systems. Key words: Weed ecology, no-till cropping, forages
Morphological variation within and among five annual Phalaris species
Authors: Matus-Cádiz Maria , Hucl Pierre
Published: April 2011

Accessions of annual canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.; 2n = 2x = 12) held within germplasm collections generally lack adequate genetic characterization for utilization in crop improvement. The objective of this study was to assess the level of morphological variation of accessions of five annual Phalaris species, including 49 annual canarygrass, 48 P. minor Retz. (2n = 4x = 28), 24 P. brachystachys (2n = 2x = 12), 19 P. paradoxa L. (2n = 2x = 14), and three P. angusta Nees ex Tris. (2n = 2x = 14). In 1993 and 1994, accessions were grown under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Eighteen morphological traits were measured on five plants per accession. Phalaris canariensis had intermediate culm height, wider penultimate leaves, shorter and wider panicles, and larger caryopses relative to the other four species. The six qualitative traits were monomorphic in all five species, except for glume pubescence in P. brachystachysand inflorescence type in P. paradoxa. The limited variation within and among P. canariensis accessions supports the idea that germplasm collecting activities are needed to broaden the genetic diversity held in North American Phalaris collections. Key words: Phalaris, germplasm, morphological traits
Agronomic performance of different stature sunflower cultivars under different levels of interplant competition
Authors: Angadi S. V. , Entz M. H.
Published: April 2011

Early-maturing, short-stature sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars improve the adaptability of sunflower to the short growing season of western Canada. However, the agronomic potential of the recently developed dwarf cultivars in comparison to standard-height sunflower is yet to be understood. Multi-environment field studies, consisting of space-planted trials, where interplant competition was low, and agronomy trials, where plants were grown at commercial population densities, were conducted in southern Manitoba to compare the yield formation of dwarf hybrids (sunwheats; SW-101 and SW-103), and dwarf open-pollinated c ultivars (sunola; Aurora and Sierra) with that of standard-height cultivars (IS-6111 and SF-187). In space-planted trials, dry matter (DM) accumulation and water use efficiency for dry matter production (WUEDM) decreased as plant height decreased. In agronomy trials, differences in DM and WUEDM among the different height classes were masked. The diversion of assimilate from stem to head depended on the genetic background, while the efficiency of utilising assimilate in the head for seed production was lower in dwarf cultivars. Only one of the four dwarf cultivars (SW-103) displayed a higher harvest index than IS-6111. Higher seed yield for the standard-height cultivar, IS-6111, and the dwarf open-pollinated cultivar, Aurora, compared to other cultivars was attributed to both greater DM and improved DM partitioning. However, variations observed among the dwarf cultivars for DM accumulation and partitioning revealed that the dwarfing gene was not a limiting factor for breeding a dwarf sunflower cultivar with better partitioning of DM along with better yield potential. Key words: Dwarf sunflower, Sunola, seed yield, biomass, water use efficiency
CDC Valour flax
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Hormis Y. A. , Rashid K. Y.
Published: April 2011

CDC Valour, an early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was developed in 1996 at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, good oil quality, brown seeds and medium seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
CDC Arras flax
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Hormis Y. A. , Rashid K. Y.
Published: April 2011

CDC Arras is a medium-early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, good oil quality, large seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
Line 211 spring wheat
Authors: Hucl Pierre , Matus-Cádiz Maria
Published: April 2011

Red-seeded spring wheat germplasm line 211 has high levels of seed dormancy. Its agronomic performance is comparable to that of the cultivars Katepwa and AC Domain. Line 211 has a heavier kernel with soft endosperm texture. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., germplasm, seed dormancy, pre-harvest sprouting resistance
CDC Minuet field pea
Authors: Vandenberg Albert , Slinkard Al , Warkentin Tom
Published: April 2011

CDC Minuet is a small-seeded, yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with semi-leafless leaf type, powdery mildew resistance and good seed yield. CDC Minuet was developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It is acceptable in yellow pea markets that prefer small rounds seeds. CDC Minuet was issued registration No. 5276 on 23 March 2001, by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance
Genotype and environment effect on canning quality of kabuli chickpea
Authors: Nleya T. M. , Arganosa G. C. , Vandenberg A. , Tyler R. T.
Published: April 2011

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) has become an important pulse crop in Saskatchewan where both the large-seeded (kabuli) and small-seeded (desi) market classes are grown. In North America, kabuli chickpea is mainly used for canning and in salad bars. Both the genotype and the environment affect the canning quality. This study was conducted to determine the effect of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions on canning quality traits of three kabuli chickpea cultivars. The three cultivars were grown in 17 environments in Saskatchewan and Alberta during 1996, 1997 and 1998. The genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions were significant for most canning quality traits. Significant genotype × environment interactions suggest that chickpea cultivars did not perform consistently relative to each other in different environments. This suggests that breeders must give due consideration to quality traits of both the dry and the canned product during the selection process. The results make apparent the magnitude of genotype × environment interactions that chickpea breeders must confront and indicate that extensive testing of chickpea for canning quality traits over different environments is required. Key words: Cicer arietinum, kabuli chickpea, genotype, environment, canning quality
Agronomic and horticultural characters of rutabaga in eastern Canada
Authors: Spaner D.
Published: April 2011

Rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. rapifera) is one of the most important field-grown vegetable crops in eastern Canada. The objective here was to report on the agronomic and horticultural potential of available genotypes in this region. Results from a 3-yr trial of 16 genotypes indicated a wide range of variation for all traits. Three Canadian and two European genotypes were ranked highest, employing a composite index of several traits, including clubroot tolerance. Clubroot tolerance is a major determinant of overall phenotype in eastern Canada, and future breeding programs should consider the importance of this trait. Key words: Swede, Newfoundland, Brassica napus ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk, clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae
Competitive ability of hybrid and open-pollinated canola (Brassica napus) with wild oat (Avena fatua)
Authors: Zand E. , Beckie H. J.
Published: April 2011

The competitiveness of three hybrid and three open-pollinated canola cultivars against two wild oat populations was determined under controlled environment conditions at two plant densities and five canola:wild oat ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). Analysis of replacement series and derivation of relative crowding coefficients (RCC), based on shoot dry weight or leaf area, indicated that hybrid canola cultivars were twice as competitive than open-pollinated cultivars when weed interference was relatively high (i.e., high plant density and vigorous wild oat growth). Little difference in competitiveness among cultivar types was apparent when weed interference was lower. The results of this study suggest that hybrid canola cultivars may be best suited for use in an integrated weed management program, particularly for farmers of organic or low input cropping systems. Key words: Hybrid canola, Brassica napus, Avena fatua, replacement series, competition
Observations on water distribution in soybean seed during hydration processes using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Pietrzak L. N. , Frégeau-Reid J. , Chatson B. , Blackwell B.
Published: April 2011

Water in seeds plays an important role not only in physiological but also in chemical processes. In addition to the requirements of water for germination, seeds of legumes used for human consumption require hydration to prepare them for cooking. The site of water entry, however, and its movement during imbibition in legumes and particularly in soybean is still not clear. One of the best and most precise methods of tracing water movement in plant tissue is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. In our study, we applied NMR imaging to reveal the water distribution in soybean seeds during the first 24 h of hydration. It has been found that hydration during this period is a multistage process. Water enters the seed through the micropyle and hilum and the concentration of water there is very high during the entire imbibition process. Inside the seed, water first fills the voids between cotyledons, and between the cotyledons and the seed coat. Water then enters the embryonic axis, and from it, is distributed into cotyledons. The highest water concentration after 24 h of imbibition was observed in the embryonic axis. The external part of the cotyledons was hydrated at a slower rate than the internal tissue. Key words: Soybean, Glycine max L., nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, water imbibition, water distribution
The biology of Canadian weeds. 121. Galium mollugo L.
Authors: Mersereau D. , DiTommaso A.
Published: April 2011

Galium mollugo L. (smooth bedstraw) is a long-lived perennial broadleaved plant that reproduces both vegetatively and by seed. Galium mollugo can be a strong competitor in long-lived forage crops such as bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), as well as in short-lived forage crops such as red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and yellow sweet-clover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.]. It is also a problem weed in spruce plantations and re-vegetation areas. Livestock typically avoid this species, allowing it to become well-established in pastures where it outcompetes more favourable species. Moreover, G. mollugo is viewed as a successful invasive species because of its ability to colonize and proliferate in areas such as established meadows where most invasive species do not thrive. In natural meadow communities, G. mollugo is often a dominant species that is capable of colonizing areas left vacant by the death and/or displacement of other species. Under favourable conditions, G. mollugo growth and clonal expansion can increase rapidly. Galium mollugo is generally tolerant to herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-DB, and dicamba. Key words: Smooth bedstraw, GALMO, Galium mollugo, Rubiaceae, weed biology, pastures
Effect of gypsum and elemental sulphur on calcium and sulphur content of rutabagas in Podzolic soils
Authors: Sanderson K. R. , Carter M. R.
Published: April 2011

Both studies and information are lacking concerning Ca and S nutrition of rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill). Five field studies were conducted to determine yield response of rutabagas to soil-applied gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), lime (calcite) and elemental S on sandy loam to loamy sand Orthic Podzols in Prince Edward Island. Marketable yield of rutabagas was not affected by addition of Ca or S amendments. Gypsum increased the S content of rutabaga leaf tissue and reduced soil pH. In this study, a soil extractable Ca level of at least 318 µg g-1 soil appears adequate to support rutabaga growth. Key words: Rutabagas, calcium, gypsum, calcite, elemental sulphur
Inheritance of resistance to common bunt in spelt and common wheat
Authors: He and G. R. Hughes C.
Published: April 2011

Common bunt causes yield loss and reduces grain quality in both common and durum wheats in western Canada. Since the most cost-effective method of control is the use of host resistance, this study was conducted to provide information on the genetic control of bunt resistance in three potentially new sources: common wheat cultivar Triple Dirk and spelt wheat cultivars RL5407 and SK0263. The segregating populations from the three crosses Laura/Triple Dirk, Laura/RL5407 and Genesis/SK0263 were evaluated for common bunt resistance in the field for races T1, T13 and L7 and in the greenhouse for race T1. Genetic analysis indicated that Triple Dirk may carry a major gene controlling resistance to each of the bunt races T1, T13 and L7. The spelt wheat RL5407 may carry a major gene for resistance to both races T13 and L7 or genes conditioning resistance to T13 and L7 that are closely linked, and an additional major gene for resistance to race T1. The two major genes carried by RL5407 are believed to be different. SK0263 possibly carried two major genes for resistance to race T1. The disease data in F1 and F2 generations did not show any dominance for bunt resistance to race T1 in any of the three crosses. From crosses involving Triple Dirk, RL5407 and SK0263, selection of breeding lines highly resistant to common bunt can be effective in the progenies due to the nature of non dominance and one- or two-gene controlled resistance. Key words: Wheat, common bunt, Triticum sp., Tilletia sp.
Rhizobium inoculant and seed-applied fungicide effects on field pea production
Authors: Kutcher H. R. , Lafond G. , Johnston A. M. , Miller P. R. , Gill K. S. , May W. E. , Hogg T. , Johnson E. , Biederbeck V. O. , Nybo B.
Published: April 2011

Field pea has been shown to benefit from the use of rhizobium inoculation and seed-applied fungicides under intensive production. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of seed- or soil-applied rhizobium (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) inoculants and seed-applied fungicides on field pea (Pisum sativum “Carneval”) production on fields with no previous history of the crop. The study was conducted at seven locations in Saskatchewan in each of 2 yr. Fungicide treatments were Apron FL (metalaxyl), Apron FL + Thiram 75WP (dithiocarbamate) and an untreated check in 1997 and a fourth treatment, Thiram 75WP, was added in 1998. Rhizobium treatments were seed-applied liquid inoculant, soil-applied granular inoculant and a non-inoculated check. Inoculation with rhizobium increased nodulation (5 of 10 sites), seed yield (6 of 13 sites), and protein content (3 of 8 sites), but occasionally appeared to reduce emergence (3 of 14 sites). Granular inoculant had more beneficial effects than the liquid inoculant. Fungicide treatments had few positive effects on production, and occasionally negative effects such as reduced emergence. Interaction effects were rare between seed-applied fungicide and seed-applied liquid or soil-applied granular rhizobium inoculants, which indicated compatibility of these products. Variability in the effects of inoculant types and fungicides suggests that responses are dependent on local soil and environmental conditions. Key words: Apron (metalaxyl), Thiram (dithiocarbamate), Pisum sativum, zero tillage
Economic analysis of mechanically disturbing rangeland to reduce clubmoss in Saskatchewan
Authors: Kulshreshtha S. N. , Romo J. T. , Peng Hongia
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to conduct an economic analysis of pitting or chisel plowing to reduce clubmoss (Selaginella densa Rydb.) on rangelands in Saskatchewan using secondary data. This analysis was undertaken for sandy and loamy range sites in the Dry and Moist Brown soil zones, and the Dark Brown soil zone of the province. The approach used involved valuation of post-treatment forage response in terms of increased livestock production. Under the best case scenarios, pitting and chisel plowing increase forage yields and stocking rates on fair condition rangeland to levels similar to those in excellent condition. However, economic efficiency of treatment varies and many factors affect the final results. This study shows that regardless of discount rate used, net present value of returns for chisel plowing were negative, indicating this treatment is not economic on any of the range sites. Results show that pitting was economically more efficient if the treatment benefits last 10 yr and the discount rate does not exceed 5%. Recovery of total costs of pitting on a loamy range site occurred in 9 yr after treatment in the Dark Brown soil zone, 9 and 10 yr in the Moist Brown soil zone, and 11 and 12 yr in the Dry Brown soil zone at discount rates of 3 and 5%, respectively. However, it is questionable whether beneficial effects of pitting or chisel plowing on herbage production exceed 10 yr. Range managers considering pitting or chisel plowing to reduce clubmoss on rangeland and improve forage productivity will find the net present value, and the predicted number of years to break even useful in making economically prudent decisions. Key words: Cultivation, mechanical treatments, Northern Mixed Prairie, range improvements, range management, Selaginella densa Rydb.
Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Effect on alfalfa seed yield and quality
Authors: May W. E. , Loeppky H. A. , Murrell D. C. , Myhre C. D. , Soroka J. J.
Published: April 2011

Preharvest applications of glyphosate have been shown to be effective in controlling Canada thistle in annual crops, but may reduce alfalfa seed yield depending on time and rate of application. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate on subsequent alfalfa seed yield and quality. The effects of timing, 1, 26, 51 and 76% alfalfa seed pod maturity, and rate, 0, 440, 880, 1320, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1, of a preharvest application of glyphosate on alfalfa seed yield and quality in the year of application, and regrowth and seed yield in the following year were determined. The rate of glyphosate applied did not affect seed yield in the application year; however, in the following year, growth and seed yield were reduced as rates increased. Delaying the application of glyphosate increased seed yields in the application year, but decreased alfalfa regrowth and flowering the following year. Germination and seedling emergence were not affected by the rate or timing of the glyphosate. A preharvest application of glyphosate at 1760 g a.i. ha-1 at 76% pod maturity is a viable option in the last year of seed production. Key words: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, and seedling vigour
AP502 CL winter wheat
Authors: Lazar M. D. , Haley S. D. , Quick J. S. , Johnson J. J. , Peterson G. L. , Stromberger J. A. , Clayshulte S. R. , Clifford B. L. , Pester T. A. , Nissen S. J. , Westra P. H. , Peairs F. B. , Rudolph J. B.
Published: April 2011

AP502 CL, a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), is adapted for dryland production in the west central Great Plains of the United States. It carries a n ontransgenic source of tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides derived by mutation induction with sodium azide. AP502 CL was developed cooperatively by the Colorado and Texas Agricultural Experiment Stations and released to seed producers in September 2001. Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (winter), cultivar description, herbicide tolerance.
Pinnacle oat
Authors: Mitchell Fetch J. W. , Brown P. D. , Duguid S. D. , Chong J. , Haber S. M. , Menzies J. G. , Ames N. , Fetch T. G.
Published: April 2011

Pinnacle is a high-yielding, white-hulled oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39 and Pc68, which is highly effective against most of the present crown rust races on the Canadian prairies. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut and good resistance to most of the prevalent races of stem rust, due to the likely presence of Pg2, Pg9 and Pg13 and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus. Pinnacle has high test weight, high kernel weight, and very high percent plump kernels. According to its grain characteristics, including hull-to-groat ratio, protein content and oil content, Pinnacle should be acceptable for milling purposes. Pinnacle is well suited for the oat growing areas of western Canada and in particular the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, where oat crown rust is prevalent. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, disease resistance, yield, milling oat
Dwarf sunflower response to row spacing, stand reduction, and defoliation at different growth stages
Authors: Johnson B. L.
Published: April 2011

Growth compensation of dwarf sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids to low initial stands, later stand losses, or plant defoliation has not been reported regarding replanting decisions and crop insurance yield loss assessment. Three experiments were conducted to study the affect of stand reduction, defoliation, and row spacing on dwarf sunflower yield and quality when grown in eastern North Dakota. Experiment 1 evaluated stand reduction (0, 25, 50 and 75%) applied at growth stages (V4, R1 and R6) in 15, 45 and 76 cm spaced rows. Row spacing interactions with stand reduction and growth stage were not significant for yield indicating growth stage and stand reduction effects on yield response were independent of row spacing. In exp. 2, significant growth stage (V4, V8, R1, R2, R3, R5 and R6) by stand reduction (0, 12, 25, 37, 50, 62 and 75%) interaction showed stand reduction at vegetative growth stages not influencing yield, but as maturity progressed yield reductions became greater with increased stand reduction. Achene weight increased with increasing stand reduction at vegetative and early reproductive stages. A reciprocal relationship was noted between achene weight and achene oil content where oil content decreased as achene weight increased. Interaction of growth stage (R1 and R6) and defoliation (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in exp. 3 indicated greater reduction in yield, test weight, 1000-achene weight, and achene oil conte nt as defoliatin increased at growth stage R6. Yield compensating ability of dwarf sunflower is dependent on type and level of damage and growth stage of occurrence, with total yield reduction considering all effects. Key words: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., row spacing, stand reduction, defoliation
The biology of Canadian weeds. 122. Lactuca serriola L.
Authors: Weaver S. E. , Downs M. P.
Published: April 2011

Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce, compass plant) is a winter or summer annual, introduced to Canada from Eurasia, and found in all provinces except Newfoundland. It occupies a variety of disturbed sites, and is becoming an increasing problem in crops grown with reduced t illage. Most seedlings emerge in autumn and form overwintering rosettes, with a smaller peak of emergence in spring. Flowering occurs from July through September. Seed production is proportional to stem height, and ranges up to 200 000 seeds per plant. The wind-dispersed seeds have no primary dormancy and form only a short-term seed bank (1 to 3 yr). Many populations in the western United States and southern Australia have developed resistance to Group 2 herbicides, which inhibit the enzyme acetolactate syn thase. Prickly lettuce is closely related to, and inter-fertile with, cultivated lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. Key words:
The effect of extra-strong gluten on quality parameters in durum wheat
Authors: Ames N. P. , Clarke J. M. , Marchylo B. A. , Dexter J. E. , Schlichting L. M. , Woods S. M.
Published: April 2011

Durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) cultivars with extra-strong gluten characteristics have become a unique quality type preferred by several domestic and international pasta processors. Durum genotypes with extra-strong gluten characteristics were compared to conventional gluten strength types to determine the relative levels of gluten strength and the importance of this characteristic in pasta quality. All extra-strong genotypes had similar gluten index levels that were significantly greater than cultivars traditionally grown in western Canada. For improved endproduct texture, the level of gluten strength appeared to be less important than protein content and wet gluten weight, which were the variables most closely linked to spaghetti viscoelasticity. The general positive relationships between texture and protein content of high temperature dried spaghetti followed the findings of previous studies. However, extra-strong gluten genotypes with lower protein content could not match the superior texture characteristics obtained with higher protein conventional strength cultivars. When dried at 70°C, pasta texture, measured as viscoelastic properties, was dependent on gluten strength rather than protein content, so the higher gluten strength types had an advantage even at lower protein levels. While the relationship between gluten strength and texture of low temperature dried products has been noted previously, this study shows that this relationship is somewhat dependent on having a range of gluten strength types present. Although there was a positive relationship between spaghetti viscoelasticity and protein content, and between pasta disc viscoelasticity and gluten strength, there appeared to be a negative relationship between gluten strength and protein quantity factors. Scatter plot matrices of the means indicated the negative correlation was likely due to clustering of similar genotypes, but that a positive relationship was apparent within the extra-strong gluten types. Key words: Wheat (durum), Triticum durum, pasta quality, extra-strong gluten
Seeding rate, herbicide timing and competitive hybrids contribute to integrated weed management in canola (Brassica napus)
Authors: Harker K. N. , Clayton G. W. , Blackshaw R. E. , O’Donovan J. T. , Stevenson F. C.
Published: April 2011

Implementing a favourable agronomic practice often enhances canola production. Combining several optimal practices may further increase production, and, given greater crop health and competitiveness, could also improve weed control. A field experiment was conducted at Lacombe and Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1998 to 2000, to determine the optimal combination of glufosinate-tolerant cultivar (hybrid InVigor 2153 or open-pollinated Exceed), crop seeding rate (100, 150, or 200 seeds m-2) and time of weed removal (two-, four-, or six-leaf stage of canola) for canola yield and weed suppression. At equal targeted seeding rates, the hybrid cultivar had greater seedling density (8 plants m-2 higher) and seed yield (22% higher) when compared with the open-pollinated cultivar. Combining the better cultivar with the highest seeding rate, and the earliest time of weed removal led to a 41% yield increase compared with the combination of the weaker cultivar, the lowest seeding rate and the latest time of weed removal. The same optimal factor levels also favoured higher levels of weed control and lower weed biomass variability. Managing these factors at optimal levels may help increase net returns, reduce herbicide dependence and favour the adoption of more integrated weed management systems. Key words: Crop health, direct seeding, glufosinate, integrated weed management, weed population variability
Impact of tillage and crop rotation on ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis) of lentil
Authors: Gossen B. D. , Derksen D. A.
Published: April 2011

Two trials were conducted from 1996 to 1999; one at Indian Head, SK, to examine the impact of tillage management on the severity of ascochyta blight of lentil, caused by Ascochyta lentis (teleomorph Didymella lentis), and a second at Saskatoon, SK, to assess the impact of crop rotation. In 1995, the blight-susceptible lentil cv. Eston was seeded across both sites and later inoculated with blight-infested lentil residue to provide a uniform level of infection. Treatments were initiated in the spring of 1996. Ascochyta blight severity was assessed on each lentil plot during the growing season. Seed quality and yield were assessed each year. A split-block design was used to minimize movement of inoculum among plots over years. In the tillage management trial at Indian Head, the main plot treatments were 0, 1, or 2 yr between lentil crops, with spring wheat as the alternate crop; the subplot treatments were zero-till vs. conventional tillage. Ascochyta blight severity was substantially higher under zero-till than under conventional tillage in the continuous lentil treatment when conditions were conducive to blight development. However, tillage management had little effect on severity when there were 2 yr between successive lentil crops. We conclude that tillage management is unlikely to have an important impact on blight severity, except in rotations with short re-cropping intervals. In the crop rotation study at Saskatoon, the main plot treatments were two rotation sequences and the subplot treatments were three crop species (canola, barley, pea) planted in 1996. Rotation 1 was seeded to cv. Eston in 1997 and barley in 1998; Rotation 2 was seeded to barley in 1997 and cv. Eston in 1998. Both rotations were seeded to cv. Eston in 1999. Also, a plot seeded continuously to cv. Eston was included at one end of each replicate block as a control. Blight was more severe in continuous lentil than in the other crop rotations, and ascochyta blight levels in 1999 were lowest where barley followed the 1996 lentil crop for both Rotation 1 and 2. However, the intervening nonhost crop had little impact on seed infection or seed yield. We conclude that at least two nonhost crops between successive lentil crops are required to substantially reduce inoculum of A. lentis following a disease outbreak. Key words: Didymella lentis, zero-till management, fusarium root rot, Lens culinaris, barley, canola, field pea
Herbage productivity and nutritive value of nine grasses in the Peace River region of northwestern Canada
Authors: Fairey N. A.
Published: April 2011

Seasonal production profiles are fundamental to the effective utilisation of herbage crops. In the Peace River region of north-western Canada, the seasonal productivity and nutritive value of the primary growth of nine grasses was assessed under conditions of potentially non-limiting N fertiliser (150 kg N ha-1). Yield, digestibility and N concentration of dry matter (DM) were determined for herbage harvested at six dates during primary growth (late-May to mid-August at 2-wk intervals), and regressed on time in the growing season. Herbage DM yield increased exponentially throughout primary growth for each grass although the nature of the relationship differed among the grasses, both with respect to the maximum yield and the amount of early-season production; maximum yields ranged from 3.61 t ha-1 for reed canary to 6.31 t ha-1 for intermediate wheat. The early-season productivity of meadow foxtail and crested wheat was particularly evident, with DM yields in excess of 1 t ha-1 by 24 May compared to less than 0.32 t ha-1 for the other seven grasses. Reed canary and meadow foxtail had high N concentrations, meadow brome and three wheatgrasses had low N concentrations, and smooth brome, timothy and creeping red fescue had intermediate N concentrations. Herbage digestibility during the primary growth could be characterised by a single response curve for the nine grasses; digestibility decreased exponentially during the vegetative to head-emergence stage of growth at an average rate of 4.1 g kg-1 DM d-1, from 830 g kg-1 DM in late-May to 616 g kg-1 DM in mid-July. Herbage N concentration and digestibility were related linearly for each of the nine grasses. Key words: Grasses, herbage, yield, nutritive value, primary growth
Seasonal changes in protein, amino acid and elemental composition of perennial nodules of beach pea
Authors: Chinnasamy G. , Bal A. K. , McKenzie D. B.
Published: April 2011

Changes in proteins, amino acids and elements were studied in the perennial nodules of beach pea during winter, summer and fall. Accumulation of total protein content in the nodules increased from mid-summer to early winter and then decreased. Among the total amino acids studied, arginine, cystathionine, ethanolamine, histidine, hydroxyproline, ornithine and proline were found to increase in winter nodules. γ-aminobutyric acid was found to be significantly higher in fall and summer, whereas sarcosine was higher in summer and winter. Large amounts of K followed by Ca were found in almost all nodule tissues. Phosphorus, A l, Si and Cu showed significant variation among different nodule tissues within winter and summer. In the nodular tissue, significantly larger amounts of Na, K and Mg were found in the winter and S in the summer. In both winter and summer, no significant difference could be observed in the distribution of Cl, Mo, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn among nodule tissues. Irrespective of nodule tissues, the complete nodule showed the following seasonal changes: high K, Ca and Zn in winter; high Cl and Al in summer; high S and Si in fall; high Mn in both winter and summer; high Cu in both winter and fall; high Na, Mg and Fe in both summer and fall; no significant changes in the amounts of P and Mo. Key words: Beach pea, Lathyrus maritimus L., protein, amino acid, element, cold stress
Sulphur fertilizer and tillage effects on canola seed quality in the Black soil zone of western Canada
Authors: Grant C. A. , Clayton G. W. , Johnston A. M.
Published: April 2011

Field studies in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta over 3 yr evaluated immediate and residual effects of source, timing and placement of su lphur (S) fertilizers on canola quality under reduced (RT) and conventional tillage (CT). Oil concentration of canola seed increased and chlorophyll content decreased with application of plant-available forms of S fertilizer if soils were deficient in available sulphate-S. Therefore, canola seed quality was improved by correction of S deficiencies. The magnitude and consistency of fertilizer effects reflected the sulphate availability of the fertilizer source applied, with ammonium sulphate having a greater effect than the bentonite-elemental S product, Tiger 90®, in the year of application. Effects on seed N concentration were inconsistent, but decreases in seed N concentration occasionally occurred with correction of an S deficiency, reflecting an inverse relationship between seed yield or seed oil concentration and seed N concentration. Seed S concentration generally increased with increases in available sulphur. Application of ammonium sulphate in the preceding wheat crop provided residual sulphate-S for canola, leading to increased oil and seed S concentration, and decreased chlorophyll and seed N concentration. Tillage system had little influence on canola quality, with RT occasionally reducing oil concentration and increasing chlorophyll and seed N content. The response of seed quality to S fertilization was similar under CT and RT. Sulphate-S sources consistently improved canola quality on S-deficient fields. Key words: Bentonite S, chlorophyll, elemental S, green seed. zero oil, protein, zero tillage
McKenzie hard red spring wheat
Authors: Graf R. J. , Hucl P. , Orshinsky B. R. , Kartha K. K.
Published: April 2011

McKenzie hard red spring wheat is the first doubled haploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar registered in Canada. Evaluation in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative registration tests from 1994 to 1996 was relative to Neepawa, Katepwa, Roblin and AC M ajestic. McKenzie displayed high grain yield, early maturity, high test weight and high Hagberg falling number. It had resistance to the prevalent races of stem rust, leaf rust, and common bunt, and exhibited intermediate resistance to Fusarium head bligh t. McKenzie is well adapted to all areas of the Canadian prairies and eligible for all grades of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Key words:
Sources of off-types in pedigreed seed of common spring wheat
Authors: Hucl P. , Matus-Cádiz M. A. , Sahota A. S. , Middleton A. , Mooney D. , Maruschak J. L.
Published: April 2011

This survey reports on the number and type of off-types observed in purity of variety small-scale field plots of common spring wheat. Generally, contamination levels were <0.02%, out-crossing rates using awnedness as an indicator were <0.002%, gliadin fingerprint variants were <0.01%, and mechanical admixtures were <0.01%. Contamination levels were rarely above acceptable impurity tolerances, indicating that the Canadian pedigreed seed certification system, as prescribed by the Canadian Seed Growers’ Association, currently recommends operating procedures that achieve high seed purity. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., off-types, variety purity testing, variants, pedigreed seed
Photosynthetic and growth responses of the C3 Bromus inermis and the C4 Andropogon gerardii to tree canopy cover
Authors: Awada T. , Perry M. E. L. , Schacht W. H.
Published: April 2011

Agroforestry systems are designed to improve the efficiency of use of available resources and to increase potential site productivity. The capability of a plant to acclimate to shade when cultivated beneath trees is important in determining the success of agroforestry projects. The objectives of this study were to determine the morphological, physiological and growth responses of C4big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii Vitman.) and C3smooth bromegrass ( Bromus inermis Leyss) to various canopy levels of green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh) in the field, and to examine the impacts of these responses on grass yield. Net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), and dark respiration (Rd) declined in response to shade in both species, but the decline was steeper in big bluestem than in smooth bromegrass. Total chlorophyll content (Tchl), specific leaf area (SLA), and N content of the leaves increased with shade in both species. In addition, Tchl, SLA, N, and gs were significantly greater in smooth bromeg r ass than in big bluestem at all canopy levels. Lower gs and N, and higher Anet in big bluestem resulted in a higher water and N use efficiencies in this species than in smooth bromegrass. Yield of big bluestem sharply declined with increased canopy cover, whereas yield of smooth bromegrass was not affected by canopy cover. Our results indicate that while both species were productive under various levels of green ash canopy, and showed similar ecophysiological responses to shade, smooth bromegrass acclimate d better to shade than big bluestem. Key words:
Seeding rate effects in oat-berseem clover intercrops
Authors: Ross S. M. , King J. R. , O’Donovan J. T. , Izaurralde R. C.
Published: April 2011

The sustainability of cereal cropping systems may be improved by the addition of legumes. The effects of seeding rate were studied for intercrops of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). Bigbee berseem clover, an annual forage legume, was intercropped with oats on a Black Chernozemic soil at Edmonton, Alberta, in 1996 and 1997. Berseem dry matter (DM) yields were greatly reduced by increasing oat plant density. There was a linear decline in berseem DM with increasing oat DM or oat tiller density. The relationship between oat plant density and berseem DM was nonlinear and varied between years and harvests. Berseem yield reductions varied from 44 to 82% with target densities of 100 oat plants m-2. Effects of berseem seeding rate (BSR) on oats varied between years. Increasing BSR from 6 to 24 kg ha-1 decreased oat tillering, oat DM and oat plant DM by 22–51, 0–57 and 8–51%, respectively, and increased oat tiller DM by 0–18%, with oats at 10 to 20 plants m-2. Differences between years were likely due to environmental factors and relative emergence times. After a silage-stage harvest, oat regrowth was negligible but berseem regrowth averaged 3.1 Mg ha-1 DM. Key words: Cereal-legume intercrop, Trifolium alexandrinum L, Avena sativa L, competition models