bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK STRATEJİLERİ BAĞLAMINDA TÜRKİYE’DE BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER GLOBAL COMPACT PROGRAMI KATILIMCISI FİRMALAR ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: ZENGINKUZUCU Dikran M.
Published: October 2019

Son otuz yılda, bir yandan gözlenen teknolojik, iletişimsel ve bilimsel yenilikler diğer yandan dünyanın karşılaştığı yeni sorunlar ile uluslararası toplumun duyarlılıkları küresel sürdürülebilirlik sorunları dünya gündemine taşımıştır. 2000 yılında kurulan BM Global Compact programı başta şirketler olmak üzere toplumsal ve ekonomik gelişmede rol alan ulusal ve uluslararası oluşumların sürdürülebilirlik ilke ve amaçlarına uyum için gönüllü adımlar atmasını isteyen ve düzenli raporlamalarına dayalı bir küresel ağ oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma BM sürdürülebilirlik programına Türkiye’den katılan firmaların güdülerini anlamaya yöneliktir ve bu alanda çalışmalara bir giriş olma amacı taşımaktadır. Bu araştırma sekiz firma ile derinlemesine yüz yüze görüşme ve internet üzerinden anket yöntemleri ile yürütülmüştür. Bulgular Türkiye’deki firmaların stratejik bilinç, stratejik yönlendirme ve strateji oluşturma aşamalarında sürdürülebilirlik anlayışına sahip olduklarını ancak strateji uygulama ve içselleştirme ile raporlama ve iletişim süreçlerinde eksik kaldığı şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Bayesian Filtering with Multiple Internal Models: Toward a Theory of Social Intelligence
Authors: Isomura Takuya , Parr Thomas , Friston Karl
Published: October 2019

To exhibit social intelligence, animals have to recognize whom they are communicating with. One way to make this inference is to select among internal generative models of each conspecific who may be encountered. However, these models also have to be learned via some form of Bayesian belief updating. This induces an interesting problem: When receiving sensory input generated by a particular conspecific, how does an animal know which internal model to update? We consider a theoretical and neurobiologically plausible solution that enables inference and learning of the processes that generate sensory inputs (e.g., listening and understanding) and reproduction of those inputs (e.g., talking or singing), under multiple generative models. This is based on recent advances in theoretical neurobiology—namely, active inference and post hoc (online) Bayesian model selection. In brief, this scheme fits sensory inputs under each generative model. Model parameters are then updated in proportion to the probability that each model could have generated the input (i.e., model evidence). The proposed scheme is demonstrated using a series of (real zebra finch) birdsongs, where each song is generated by several different birds. The scheme is implemented using physiologically plausible models of birdsong production. We show that generalized Bayesian filtering, combined with model selection, leads to successful learning across generative models, each possessing different parameters. These results highlight the utility of having multiple internal models when making inferences in social environments with multiple sources of sensory information.
Spike-Based Winner-Take-All Computation: Fundamental Limits and Order-Optimal Circuits
Authors: Su Lili , Chang Chia-Jung , Lynch Nancy
Published: October 2019

Winner-take-all (WTA) refers to the neural operation that selects a (typically small) group of neurons from a large neuron pool. It is conjectured to underlie many of the brain's fundamental computational abilities. However, not much is known about the robustness of a spike-based WTA network to the inherent randomness of the input spike trains. In this work, we consider a spike-based [Formula: see text]–WTA model wherein [Formula: see text] randomly generated input spike trains compete with each other based on their underlying firing rates and [Formula: see text] winners are supposed to be selected. We slot the time evenly with each time slot of length 1 ms and model the [Formula: see text] input spike trains as [Formula: see text] independent Bernoulli processes. We analytically characterize the minimum waiting time needed so that a target minimax decision accuracy (success probability) can be reached.

We first derive an information-theoretic lower bound on the waiting time. We show that to guarantee a (minimax) decision error [Formula: see text] (where [Formula: see text]), the waiting time of any WTA circuit is at least [Formula: see text]where [Formula: see text] is a finite set of rates and [Formula: see text] is a difficulty parameter of a WTA task with respect to set [Formula: see text] for independent input spike trains. Additionally, [Formula: see text] is independent of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. We then design a simple WTA circuit whose waiting time is [Formula: see text]provided that the local memory of each output neuron is sufficiently long. It turns out that for any fixed [Formula: see text], this decision time is order-optimal (i.e., it matches the above lower bound up to a multiplicative constant factor) in terms of its scaling in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text].
A new species of Rhipidocladum (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Arthrostylidiinae) from Mexico

Authors: RUIZ SANCHEZ EDUARDO , TYRRELL CHRISTOPHER D. , ORTIZ-RODRIGUEZ ANDRÉS E. , SOSA VICTORIA , GÓMEZ-DOMÍNGUEZ HÉCTOR
Published: October 2019

Mexico has a rich woody bamboo flora with over 52 species, 66% of which are endemic. Mexico represents the northernmost extent for many Neotropical bamboo genera such as the widespread Rhipidocladum, a genus with characteristic fan-like branching and variable synflorescence morphologies. Only four species of Rhipidocladum are known from Mexico: R. bartlettii, R. martinezii, R. pittieri and R. racemiflorum. Remarkably, the ranges of all four species overlap in the Mexican state of Chiapas. During field work in Chiapas, a flowering population of Rhipidocladum was discovered that had two glumes and retrorsely scabrous abaxial leaf surfaces, and lacked foliage leaf fimbriae. This combination of characters is unlike that of any known species in the genus. We conducted a comprehensive morphological study of specimens from this population and confirmed the existence of a new species of Rhipidocladum. We describe and illustrate the new taxon, discuss its diagnostic characters and provide an updated key to the species of Rhipidocladum distributed in Mexico. This taxonomic novelty increases the richness of the genus to 20 species and adds a new endemic woody bamboo to the flora of Mexico. The new species inhabits montane cloud forest, an important yet threatened vegetation type in Mexico.
Nomenclature of the Sphyraenidae (Teleostei: Carangaria): A synthesis of fossil- and extant-based classification systems
Authors: BALLEN GUSTAVO A.
Published: October 2019

A nomenclature for the family Sphyraenidae is constructed using genus-group and species-group names from both extant and extinct taxa. The Sphyraenidae is found to contain only two genera: The monotypic †Parasphyraena, and Sphyraena. “Sphyraena” amici and “Sphyraena” viennensis are retained in the genus Sphyraena pending a reassessment of their relationships. Although currently allocated out of the Sphyraenidae, the genus †Hypsodon is found to present a problematic status with respect to other fossil genera such as †Pachyrhizodus. Sphyraena intermedia Pastore is found to be a primary homonym of †Sphyraena intermedia Bassani and therefore deemed unavailable and invalid. The ambiguities of collective, otolith-based names are discussed in the context of Sphyraena hansfuchsi, the only species of the family based on otoliths. Fifty-three valid species of Sphyraena are recognized, 28 extant and 25 extinct. Comments on the usefulness of a subgeneric classification for the largest genus, Sphyraena, are made in the context of our current knowledge of their interrelationships.
Taxonomy of ‘Euconnus complex’. Part XIX. Status of subgenus Borneoconnus Franz, with review of species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: October 2019

Borneoconnus, a subgenus of Euconnus endemic to Borneo, is revised. Euconnus laticlava Franz (type species of subgenus), E. eremita Franz and E. sabahanus Franz are redescribed. Morphological structures of E. laticlava are illustrated and described in detail. It is concluded that Borneoconnus is most similar to Euconnus s. str., Napochus Thomson and Psomophus Casey; differences in morphological structures are discussed. Borneoconnus is maintained as a separate subgenus, pending further study, as this name seems to be a candidate to place as a junior synonym of Napochus in a future reclassification of Euconnus subgenera. The variability in the pronotal form found within otherwise morphologically uniform Borneoconnus species supports a weak taxonomic value of this character to use in subgeneric diagnoses. This observation may result in merging Euconnus s. str. and Napochus Thomson, and possibly also Borneoconnus, in one subgenus. However, the yet unrevised subgenera of Euconnus must be studied before such an action is taken.
An additional new species of Peltoperlopsis Illies, 1966 (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae) from China
Authors: CAO JINJUN , MO RAORAO , LI WEIHAI , MURÁNYI DÁVID
Published: October 2019

The holotype male of Peltoperlopsis sagittata sp. n. is described from Yunnan Province of southwestern China. The new species represents the third taxon of this peltoperlid genus known from China.
The last batrachideine of Europe: A new genus and species of pygmy grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Authors: THOMAS M. JARED , SKEJO JOSIP , HEADS SAM W.
Published: October 2019

A new genus and species of pygmy grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) is described from Eocene Baltic amber. Danatettix hoffeinsorum gen. et sp. nov. is assigned to the subfamily Batrachideinae based on antennae with more than 19 antennomeres, sulcate mesofemora, and rectangular paranota. This species is readily distinguished from other batrachideines by a markedly produced vertex, pronotum with divergent internal and external lateral carinae, and highly setiferous female lateral basivalvular sclerite with scabrose integument. The morphology of Danatettix suggests placement within the here defined Tettigidea genus group (comprising Eutettigidea Hancock, 1914, Paurotarsus Hancock, 1900, and Tettigidea Scudder, 1862) and suggests that the latter had diverged from the new Scaria genus group (comprising Eotetrix Gorochov, 2012, Rehnidium Grant, 1956 and Scaria Bolívar, 1887) by the Early Eocene.
Synthesis of Baicalein Modified Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Inhibitory Activation of NF-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signals in Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonian Rats
Authors: Zhang Zhuang , Zhong Meng , Wang Jun , Xia Dongjian , Bao Jinsuo
Published: October 2019

Baicalein is one of the chief flavones extracted from Scutellariabaicalensis georgi which was earlier reported for its neuroprotective efficacy against Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, a simple and efficient synthetic procedure for the preparation of CeO2NPs
using Ce(NO3)3 as a primary precursor and baicalein as a stabilizing agent was proposed. Further, the neuroprotective response of baicalein stabilized CeO2 NPs against rotenone-stimulated parkinsonian diseased mice has been explored both in-vitro and
in-vivo. From the experimental findings, it was also evident that baicalein exposure has enhanced the motor impairments, and hindered the pro-inflammatory cytokine release and blocked the NF-κB along with MAPK signaling pathway in rotenone-stimulated PD rat models.
Delivery Systems for RNA Interference-Based Therapy and Their Applications Against Cancer
Authors: Liu Tingting , Wang Liping , Xin Hongchuan , Jin Lili , Zhang Dianbao
Published: October 2019

RNA interference technology discovered in 1990 won the Nobel Prize in 2006. The first approved drug in 2018 inspired us once again. The technology has many advantages, but how to deliver it effectively has become a bottleneck to clinical practice. Lipid, polymer and modification methods
have been developed to deliver small interfering RNA to target cells or tissues. Numerous clinical trials have been carried out to apply RNA interference technology to the treatment of tumors. This review covers the history and mechanism of RNA interference and the development of various delivery
systems. The current progress of clinical trials for RNA interferencebased therapies against cancer is summarized. Challenges and opportunities for clinical application of RNA interference are discussed emphatically.
Nickel Free Alloy for Cardiovascular Stents Application Against Restenosis Associated with Nickel: A Review
Authors: Ren Yibin
Published: October 2019

The commercialized coronary stents are generally made of biomedical stainless steels (316L) and biomedical cobalt-based alloy (for example L605 alloy) due to their good combination of properties, especially their excellent mechanical properties. However, there are above 10% nickel content
in these stents materials, which was known to trigger the inflammation and allergic responses around stents implant location, and contradiction associated with in-stent restenosis when the nickel ions began to release from stents for various corrosion. Consequently, the potential adverse effect
of nickel ions release has prompted the development of many nickel free alloy stents materials. In this paper, the controversy of nickel and in-stent restenosis, and the development of nickel free alloy for cardiovascular stents application are reviewed. Nickel free cobalt alloy maybe a good
choice for stent materials, but further research is needed. Many research results have proved the high nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel is a good potential stents material and suitable for clinical use, therefore the austenitic high nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels may offer an alternative
to further improve the performance of the current coronary stents.
Recent Advances in Colorectal Cancer-Specific Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Zhou Linlin , Zou Mengdie , Li Wanming
Published: October 2019

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death, and its incidence is continuing to increase rapidly in developing countries. Thus, it is clinically important to achieve an early diagnosis and early treatment for colorectal cancer. Aptamers, also known as chemical antibodies,
are short, single-stranded oligonucleotide ligands selected by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Because of their excellent chemical properties, such as easy synthesis, controllable modifications, long-term stability, low immunogenicity, and fast tissue penetration,
aptamers have good application prospects in cancer diagnosis as well as therapy, and some are in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss aptamers that have been developed for colorectal cancer, and then briefly highlight applications of aptamers in colorectal cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Cultural Differences in Perceptual Strategies Underlying Emotion Regulation
Authors: Bebko Genna M. , Cheon Bobby K. , Ochsner Kevin N. , Chiao Joan Y.
Published: October 2019

Cultural norms for the experience, expression, and regulation of emotion vary widely between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Collectivistic cultures value conformity, social harmony, and social status hierarchies, which demand sensitivity and focus to broader social contexts, such that attention is directed to contextual emotion information to effectively function within constrained social roles and suppress incongruent personal emotions. By contrast, individualistic cultures valuing autonomy and personal aspirations are more likely to attend to central emotion information and to reappraise emotions to avoid negative emotional experience. Here we examined how culture affects perceptual strategies employed during emotion regulation, particularly during cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression. Eye movements were measured while healthy young adult participants viewed negative International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images and regulated emotions by using either strategies of reappraisal (19 Asian American, 21 Caucasian American) or suppression (21 Asian American, 23 Caucasian American). After image viewing, participants rated how negative they felt as a measure of subjective emotional experience. Consistent with prior studies, reappraisers made lower negative valence ratings after regulating emotions than suppressers across both Asian American and Caucasian American groups. Although no cultural variation was observed in subjective emotional experience during emotion regulation, we found evidence of cultural variation in perceptual strategies used during emotion regulation. During middle and late time periods of emotional suppression, Asian American participants made significantly fewer fixations to emotionally salient areas than Caucasian American participants. These results indicate cultural variation in perceptual differences underlying emotional suppression, but not cognitive reappraisal.
An Investigation of a Cultural Help-Seeking Model for Professional Psychological Services With U.S. and Chinese Samples
Authors: Song Xiaoxia , Anderson Timothy , Himawan Lina , McClintock Andrew , Jiang Yan , McCarrick Shannon
Published: October 2019

Help-seeking processes for participants in the People’s Republic of China and the United States were modeled in the present study. The decision to seek professional services for mental health problems (e.g., psychotherapy) has been primarily studied by applying principles from the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action (TPB). Application of the TPB has commonly been used with a three-level empirical model of help-seeking, whereby expectations/barriers to help-seeking predict attitudes toward therapy, which in turn predicts intentions and behaviors to seek professional help. Informed by the TPB, the present study added a cultural-contextual level to the model to account for the role of cultural identity variables, which included independent and interdependent self-construal as well as gender. The resulting four-level model, the cultural help-seeking (CHS) model, was compared with the conventional three-level help-seeking model using data collected from 296 college students from Mainland China and 334 college students from the United States. Separate analyses were conducted for the Chinese group and American group. Chinese versions of the questionnaires were developed for the present study using translation and back-translation procedures. Using structural regression modeling, the four-level CHS model provided a better fit than the three-level traditional model for both the U.S. and Chinese samples. However, the specific decisional pathways within this four-level model were structurally different for the U.S. and Chinese samples. Findings suggest that including cultural-contextual variables as a first level of the professional help-seeking model is supported by both samples.
What Happens When We Fail? Building Resilient Community-Based Research
Authors: Brizee Allen
Published: October 2019

This article reports on the second stage of a 7-year community-based research project involving service-learning students in technical and professional communication courses and nonprofit organizations in Baltimore City. The article explains how students and community members overcame failure to collaborate on literacy and employment workshops. To assess collaboration, researchers integrated usability testing on workshop resources with 15 ( N = 15) participants, postworkshop questionnaires with 34 ( N = 34) participants, and interviews with 2 ( N = 2) community partners. Participants responded positively, and 47% of workshop attendees found jobs. The article argues that community-based research should use participatory and iterative models and resilience theory.
The Comprehension of STEM Graphics via a Multisensory Tablet Electronic Device by Students with Visual Impairments
Authors: Hahn Michael E. , Mueller Corrine M. , Gorlewicz Jenna L.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

The current work probes the effectiveness of multimodal touch screen tablet electronic devices in conveying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics graphics via vibrations and sounds to individuals who are visually impaired (i.e., blind or low vision) and compares it with similar graphics presented in an embossed format.

Method:

A volunteer sample of 22 participants who are visually impaired, selected from a summer camp and local schools for blind students, were recruited for the current study. Participants were first briefly (∼30 min) trained on how to explore graphics via a multimodal touch screen tablet. They then explored six graphic types (number line, table, pie chart, bar chart, line graph, and map) displayed via embossed paper and tablet. Participants answered three content questions per graphic type following exploration.

Results:

Participants were only 6% more accurate when answering questions regarding an embossed graphic as opposed to a tablet graphic. A paired-samples t test indicated that this difference was not significant, t(14) = 1.91, p = .07. Follow-up analyses indicated that presentation medium did not interact with graphic type, F(5, 50) = 0.43, p = .83, nor visual ability, F(1, 13) = 0.00, p = .96.

Discussion:

The findings demonstrate that multimodal touch screen tablets may be comparable to embossed graphics in conveying iconographic science and mathematics content to individuals with visual impairments, regardless of the severity of impairment. The relative equivalence in response accuracy between mediums was unexpected, given that most students who participated were braille readers and had experience reading embossed graphics, whereas they were introduced to the tablet the day of testing.

Implications for practitioners:

This work illustrates that multimodal touch screen tablets may be an effective option for general education teachers or teachers of students with visual impairments to use in their educational practices. Currently, preparation of accessible graphics is time consuming and requires significant preparation, but such tablets provide solutions for offering “real-time” displays of these graphics for presentation in class.
Effects of Lifestyles of People with Visual Impairments on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers
Authors: Gawlik Krystyna , Zwierzchowska Anna , Rosołek Barbara
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

The aim of this study was to identify selected cardiometabolic risk markers and determine their correlation with lifestyles of adults with visual impairments.

Methods:

The study randomly selected 49 people with visual impairments (25 women and 24 men) aged 17–84 years (mean age 58.5 years). Body build, composition metrics, biochemical parameters, level of physical activity, and eating habits were evaluated.

Results:

Excessive body mass was found in 65% of respondents (72% women and 58% men). Above-typical blood total cholesterol levels were found in 52% of women and 42% of men, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in 33% of men and 20% of women, triglyceride levels in 16% of women and 17% of men and glucose in 56% of women and 42% of men. Reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found in 25% of men and 20% of women. Results showed that 43% of respondents were not involved in physical activity at the recommended level. The use of nicotine was declared by 18% of respondents. No significant correlations were observed for the relationships between physical activity and somatic and biochemical parameters. Eating habits had a significant effect on the prevalence of above-typical LDL cholesterol levels, whereas smoking led to significant differences between study participants due to body mass index and fat percentage.

Discussion:

Lifestyles of individuals with visual impairments were not entirely healthy. Due to the characteristics of the disability, people with visual impairments are challenged with barriers to living healthy lifestyles.

Implications for practitioners:

The information obtained here can be used to implement adequate measures to provide equal opportunities for people who are blind or have low vision to lead healthy lifestyles and improve their quality of life.
Effect of Corticosteroid (Triamcinolone Acetonide) and Chlorhexidin on Chemotherapy-induced Oxidative Stress in Buccal Mucosa of Rats
Authors: Gümüş Sami , Yarιktaş Murat , Nazιroĝlu Mustafa , Uĝuz Abdülhadi Cihangir , Aynali Giray , Başpιnar Şirin
Published: October 2019

Oral mucositis (OM) refers to erythematous and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa. This pathology can occur by various causes. Cancer therapy is one of the well-known causes of OM such as chemotherapy and/or with radiation therapy. It has been widely mentioned that oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation (LP) levels increase during cancer process. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the major intracellular enzymes to detoxify oxidant molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of Triamcinolone Acetonide (TA), a synthetic steroid chlorhexidine (CHX), a chemical antiseptic, on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent and soft abrasion induced OM in buccal mucosa of rats.

OM was induced in rats through a combination of 5-FU treatment and mild abrasion of the cheek pouch with a wire brush. Buccal mucosa lipid peroxidation (LP) levels were higher (p< 0.05) in 5-FU group than in control although LP levels were lower (p<0.05) in TA group than in control group. The reduced glutathione levels were lower (p<0.05) in 5-FU group than in the control group although its level was higher (p<0.05) in TA and CHX groups than in the 5-FU group. Glutathione peroxidase activity was also higher (p<0.05) in TA group than the 5-FU group. In histopathological analyses, treatment with TA reduced 5-FU induced inflammatory cell infiltration and ulceration (p<0.001) but not with CHX.

In conclusion, we observed that TA and CHX treatment modulated chemotherapy induced oxidative injury in the rat OM. However, only TA histopathologically ameliorated the 5-FU induced OM of rats. These findings suggest that TA is a useful agent for management of experimental oxidative injury and OM caused by the chemotherapy.
Testing the Social Identity Model of Collective Action Longitudinally and Across Structurally Disadvantaged and Advantaged Groups
Authors: Thomas Emma F. , Zubielevitch Elena , Sibley Chris G. , Osborne Danny
Published: October 2019

Although the social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) demonstrates that identity, efficacy, and injustice are key correlates of collective action, longitudinal tests of these causal assumptions are absent from the literature. Moreover, most collective action research focuses on disadvantaged groups’ responses to injustice, with few studies examining what motivates advantaged groups to protest. We address these oversights using nationally representative longitudinal panel data to investigate SIMCA among members of disadvantaged ( N = 2,574) and advantaged ( N = 13,367) groups. As hypothesized, identity predicted increases in injustice, efficacy, and collective action support over time. In turn, injustice (but not efficacy) mediated the longitudinal association between identity and collective action support. Notably, results were largely consistent across disadvantaged and advantaged groups. Thus, we provide the first demonstration that identity temporally precedes collective action across objectively disadvantaged and advantaged groups, but identify complexities regarding the role of efficacy in protest.
Relational victimization and elementary schoolchildren’s risk-taking behavior: Impact of the classroom norm toward risk-taking
Authors: Tieskens Jacintha M. , Buil J. Marieke , Koot Susanne , van Lier Pol A. C.
Published: October 2019

The association between relational victimization and risk-taking development in children is understudied. Also, it is not clear how the social classroom norm may affect this link. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the link between relational victimization and risk-taking behavior in elementary schoolchildren, and the potential moderating role of the classroom norm salience toward risk-taking. We expected that relationally victimized children would show an increase in risk-taking behavior in classrooms that are unfavorable toward risk-taking as a way to provoke and act against the classroom norm. However, alternatively, relationally victimized children could show an increase in risk-taking behavior in classrooms that are favorable toward risk-taking as a way to fortify the feeling of belonging to the classroom. Participants were 1,009 children (50% boys) in 69 classrooms of 13 mainstream elementary schools, followed annually across ages 7–11 (Grade 1–5). Risk-taking was assessed using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Relational victimization was assessed using teacher reports. The classroom norm salience toward risk-taking was based on the within-classroom correlation of risk-taking with children’s social preference score among peers. Results from multilevel modeling showed that there was no significant main effect of relational victimization on risk-taking behavior. However, the classroom norm salience toward risk-taking significantly moderated the effect of relational victimization on risk-taking. Relational victimization was related to relative increases in risk-taking when classroom norms were unfavorable toward risk-taking. In classrooms where risk-taking was favored, relational victimization was related to relative decreases in risk-taking. These findings suggest that children who are relationally victimized may engage in norm-defying behavior in their classroom. Implications for further research are discussed.
The shifting status of failure and possibility: Resilience and the ‘shift’ in partnership-organized prevention in Sweden
Authors: Gressgård Randi , Lozic Vanja
Published: October 2019

Based on a study of prevention politics in Sweden, this article probes the turn to resilience in its institutionalized form: cross-sectorial partnerships. It interrogates how resilience proponents strategically deploy the semantics of the shift in policymaking, arguing that they perform the ‘shift’ (in mind-set) to criticize a long-established welfare-state governmentality, associated with professional ‘silos’, to create new possibilities for partnership-organized intervention. Part I draws attention to how resilience policy mobilizes partnerships around the indeterminate problem of ‘problem setting’. Based on the idea of limited knowledge and governance in an indeterminate world, failure is considered inevitable and potentially productive, if handled appropriately – which is an issue of problem design or framing. It is considered particularly important to handle problems of coordination and communication internal to partnerships, since failures here risk jeopardizing collaboration and hence the whole enterprise. Part II demonstrates how partnership-organized resilience initiatives bracket-off risky failure by strategically reframing problems and bringing new visions of the future into being – through the semantics of the shift. In characteristically epochal terms, the ‘shift’ casts partnership formation as an improvement of the future, although the strategists’ belief in future visions is apparently shot through with cynicism.
Validation and comparison of two automated methods for quantifying brain white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin
Authors: Waymont Jennifer M.J. , Petsa Chariklia , McNeil Chris J. , Murray Alison D. , Waiter Gordon D.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a common imaging finding indicative of cerebral small vessel disease. Lesion segmentation algorithms have been developed to overcome issues arising from visual rating scales. In this study, we evaluated two automated methods and compared them to visual and manual segmentation to determine the most robust algorithm provided by the open-source Lesion Segmentation Toolbox (LST).

Methods

We compared WMH data from visual ratings (Scheltens’ scale) with those derived from algorithms provided within LST. We then compared spatial and volumetric WMH data derived from manually-delineated lesion maps with WMH data and lesion maps provided by the LST algorithms.

Results

We identified optimal initial thresholds for algorithms provided by LST compared with visual ratings (Lesion Growth Algorithm (LGA): initial κ and lesion probability thresholds, 0.5; Lesion Probability Algorithm (LPA) lesion probability threshold, 0.65). LGA was found to perform better then LPA compared with manual segmentation.

Conclusion

LGA appeared to be the most suitable algorithm for quantifying WMH in relation to cerebral small vessel disease, compared with Scheltens’ score and manual segmentation. LGA offers a user-friendly, effective WMH segmentation method in the research environment.
Type I renal tubular acidosis caused by Sjögren’s syndrome with hypokalemia as the first symptom: a case report
Authors: Zhou Yanjun , Huang Nanqu , Cao Guangyu , Luo Yong
Published: October 2019

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland involvement and marked lymphocytic infiltration. Numerous reports of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome have described kidney damage, mainly involving distal tubule dysfunction, severe renal calcification, kidney stones, and rickets. We herein describe a patient with primary Sjögren’s syndrome who developed type I renal tubular acidosis with hypokalemia as the first symptom. This case highlights the possibility that an underlying autoimmune disorder should be considered in a patient presenting with distal tubular acidosis or recurrent hypokalemic periodic paralysis because treatment of the primary disease improves the outcome.
The Contribution of Partial Meniscectomy to Preoperative Laxity and Laxity After Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: In Vivo Kinematics With Navigation
Authors: Grassi Alberto , Di Paolo Stefano , Lucidi Gian Andrea , Macchiarola Luca , Raggi Federico , Zaffagnini Stefano
Published: October 2019

Background:

Limited in vivo kinematic information exists on the effect of clinical-based partial medial and lateral meniscectomy in the context of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Hypothesis:

In patients with ACL deficiency, partial medial meniscus removal increases the anteroposterior (AP) laxity with compared with those with intact menisci, while partial lateral meniscus removal increases dynamic laxity. In addition, greater postoperative laxity would be identified in patients with partial medial meniscectomy.

Study design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 164 patients with ACL tears were included in the present study and divided into 4 groups according to the meniscus treatment they underwent: patients with partial lateral meniscectomy (LM group), patients with partial medial meniscectomy (MM group), patients with partial medial and lateral meniscectomy (MLM group), and patients with intact menisci who did not undergo any meniscus treatment (IM group). A further division in 2 new homogeneous groups was made based on the surgical technique: 46 had an isolated single-bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction (ACL group), while 13 underwent a combined single-bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction and partial medial meniscectomy (MM-ACL group). Standard clinical laxities (AP translation at 30° of knee flexion, AP translation at 90° of knee flexion) and pivot-shift (PS) tests were quantified before and after surgery by means of a surgical navigation system dedicated to kinematic assessment. The PS test was quantified through 3 different parameters: the anterior displacement of the lateral tibial compartment (lateral AP); the posterior acceleration of the lateral AP during tibial reduction (posterior acceleration); and finally, the area included by the lateral AP translation with respect to the flexion/extension angle (area).

Results:

In the ACL-deficient status, the MM group showed a significantly greater tibial translation compared with the IM group ( P < .0001 for AP displacement at 30° [AP30] and 90° [AP90] of flexion) and the LM group ( P = .002 for AP30 and P < .0001 for AP90). In the PS test, the area of LM group was significantly larger (57%; P = .0175) than the one of the IM group. After ACL reconstruction, AP translation at 30° was restored, while the AP90 remained significantly greater at 1.3 mm ( P = .0262) in the MM-ACL group compared with those with intact menisci.

Conclusion:

Before ACL reconstruction, partial medial meniscectomy increased AP laxity at 30° and 90° and lateral meniscectomy increased dynamic PS laxity with respect to intact menisci. Anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction decreased laxities, but a residual anterior translation of 1.3 mm at 90° remained in patients with partial medial meniscectomy, with respect to those with intact menisci.
Rearranging the Chairs on the Deck or True Reform? Private Sector Bureaucracies in the Age of Choice—An Analysis of Autonomy and Control
Authors: Jessen Sarah Butler , DiMartino Catherine
Published: October 2019

This article uses edvertising as a vehicle through which to examine autonomy and control for key agents in education when market-like reforms are combined with privately led management of schools. We begin by outlining the philosophical foundations of school choice from the perspective of autonomy and control, and then lay out the case of edvertising. Guided by Cribb and Gewirtz’s theoretical discussion of autonomy and control, we explore degrees and types of autonomy and control for various agents in schools. We then examine the differences between levels of autonomy for key agents—schools, principals, teachers, parents, and the State—as idealized in the philosophical underpinning of market-based policies with the actual autonomy exhibited with the introduction of edvertising.
Fluid flow analysis of a turbulent offset jet impinging on a wavy wall surface
Authors: Singh Tej Pratap , Kumar Amitesh , Satapathy Ashok Kumar
Published: October 2019

The fluid flow characteristics of a turbulent offset jet impinging on a wavy wall surface has been investigated numerically. Two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are solved by the finite volume method. In the governing differential equations, the convective and diffusive terms are discretized by the power law upwind scheme and second-order central difference, respectively. The semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation algorithm is utilized to link the pressure to the velocity. The offset ratio is set to 7.0 and the Reynolds number is fixed to 15,000. The width of the jet is taken as the characteristic length. The amplitude of the wavy wall surface is varied from 0.1 to 0.7 with an interval of 0.1 and the number of cycle is fixed to 10. The results of fluid flow and turbulent characteristics of the offset jet are presented in the form of contours of streamline, velocity vector, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate, pressure, and Reynolds shear stress. The variation in integral constant of momentum flux, wall shear stress, and pressure along the wall is presented and also compared. The decay in the maximum streamwise velocity in the downstream direction and jet half-width along the streamwise direction are also presented and discussed. The wavy surface introduces some remarkable features, which are not present in a normal plane wall case. These features have been discussed in detail.
Use of shakedown maps to assess plastic flow in railway curves
Authors: Hawksbee SJ , Tucker GJ , Burstow M
Published: October 2019

Plastic deformation of rails can occur on tight curves, which can significantly reduce the rail life. This paper investigated the phenomena of gross plastic deformation, or plastic flow, using multibody vehicle–track interaction and simplified finite element analysis. The focus is on understanding the contact conditions on the low rail of curves and how these differ from those in shakedown maps. To this end, two trial sites are simulated using multibody vehicle–track software. The contact conditions are then compared against several criteria assumed in the derivation of the shakedown maps. A further assumption implicit in the shakedown maps is also investigated by a non-linear finite element analysis. In this case, a more realistic Chaboche material model is used as opposed to the simple linear elastic–perfectly plastic model in the shakedown theory. The results of the finite element analysis are combined with a bespoke indicator of plastic flow to assess the influence of distance to shakedown limits on the likely plastic flow. Finally, a simple interpolation scheme is used to map the finite element results back to the trial sites. The interpolated results for the sites are used to evaluate the influence of running speed and different levels of wheel profile wear. Results suggest that the bespoke indicator defined in this work can be used as an effective measure of plastic flow; this measure is then used to quantify the influence of cant excess on the rates of plastic flow.
Numerical and experimental study on effect of braiding angle on low-velocity transverse punch response of braided composite tube
Authors: Jin Yeli , Wu Zhenyu , Pan Zhongxiang , Peng Laihu , Hu Xudong
Published: October 2019

In this study, the performance of braided composite tubes under low-velocity transverse impact loading at mid-span was investigated using both numerical and experimental methods. Three types of braided composite tubes with different braiding angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) were manufactured. The transverse punch behavior of the tubes was examined on a low-velocity imspact test bench. A meso-level finite element model of the composite tube was also established for identifying the damage initiation and development. The numerical results showed a good correlation with the experimental data. The mechanical response including force–time histories, force–displacement histories, and fracture morphologies was compared between three types of composite tubes for analyzing the influence of braiding angle on the impact response and failure mode. Although suffering from the low bending stiffness depends on fiber volume fraction at initial impact stage, the braided tube with 30° angle engaged more portion to resist impact loading in subsequent process and thus presented higher peak loading than the one with large angle. In addition, there are distinct different failure modes between composite tubes with various braiding angles. Shear yarn breakage underneath the punch was prone to occur in 30° sample because the braiding yarn was closer to the axial direction of tube. In contrast, the resin was deboned severely from the braiding yarn and then the braiding yarn exhibits plastic deformation in 60° sample due to the stress concentration caused by the large braiding angle.
A Comparison of Hysterectomies for Bleeding With Hysterectomies for Pain
Authors: Turner Bradley M. , Cramer Stewart F. , Heller Debra S.
Published: October 2019

Objectives. We recently suggested that increased intramural pressure may often explain pain and/or bleeding. Hysterectomies for bleeding tend to have outward bulges and endometrial vascular ectasia, while hysterectomies for pain tend to have deflection of pressure inward by subserosal ridges, which promote inner myometrial elastosis (IME). Study design. We analyzed causes of increased intramural pressure in 58 hysterectomies for pain and/or bleeding, excluding clinically fibroid uteri and prolapsed uteri. Postfixation photographs were used to avoid missing grossly obvious myometrial hyperplasia (MMH). Results. The most common cause of increased intramural pressure was grossly obvious MMH in 40/58 cases (69%). Other causes included clinically occult myomas (3 cases), adenomyosis (6 cases), and multifactorial causes (7 cases). Hysterectomies for bleeding weighed more than hysterectomies for pain ( P = .035). Hysterectomies for pain had more IME than hysterectomies for bleeding ( P = .029). Conclusions. When subserosal ridges deflect pressure inward, bulky MMH may cause pelvic pain and IME, but when they do not, bulkier MMH in heavier uteri may lead to both outward bulges and abnormal bleeding from endometrial vascular ectasia.
Experimental investigation of nanofluids in minimum quantity lubrication during turning of EN-24 steel
Authors: Thakur Archana , Manna Alakesh , Samir Sushant
Published: October 2019

The present work evaluates the performance of different machining environments such as dry, wet, minimum quantity lubrication, Al2O3 nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication, CuO nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication and Al–CuO hybrid nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication on machining performance characteristics during turning of EN-24. The nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids were prepared by adding the Al2O3, CuO and Al2O3/CuO to the soluble oil with different weight percentages (0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%). The thermal and tribological properties of hybrid nanofluid and nanofluids were analyzed. The comparative analysis of different turning environments has been done. From comparative analysis it is clearly observed that the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid shows better performance during turning of EN-24 steel. So there is a need for optimization of parameters during turning of EN-24 under Al2O3 nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication, CuO nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication and Al–CuO hybrid nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication. The optimization of parameters has been done by response surface methodology. The significance of developed model was identified from analysis of variance. Multi-response optimization was done using desirability function approach. To verify the accuracy of developed models, confirmatory experiments were performed. The experimental results reveal that Al–CuO hybrid nanofluids based minimum quantity lubrication significantly improves surface quality, reduces cutting temperature and cutting forces.
Scoping Review of Access to Emergency Contraception for Sexual Assault Victims in Emergency Departments in the United States
Authors: Wang Michelle J. , Khodadadi Alexandra B. , Turan Janet M. , White Kari
Published: October 2019

Objective:

We conducted a scoping review of the literature to assess the prevalence of hospital policies regarding emergency contraception (EC) and the frequency that U.S. emergency departments (EDs) provide EC to sexual assault survivors.

Study Design:

We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL from inception to January 2019 for studies that assessed access to EC for sexual assault survivors in EDs. We included English-language studies that surveyed ED staff at U.S. hospitals and reported the weighted mean of the percentage of hospitals with an EC policy for sexual assault survivors and the percentage that provided EC counseling, offered or dispensed EC onsite. Secondary outcomes were rates of testing and prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV.

Results:

From 390 articles retrieved, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria; all studies were published between 2000 and 2013. Eligible studies surveyed staff at 3,314 hospitals. Overall, 60% (weighted mean) of hospitals had a policy on EC, 75% provided EC counseling, 44% offered EC, and 62% had EC available to dispense onsite. Four studies reported secondary outcomes: 81% of hospitals provided STI testing, 84% provided STI prophylaxis, 64% provided HIV testing, and 53% provided HIV prophylaxis.

Conclusion:

Existing literature demonstrates significant variability in EC policies and practices for sexual assault survivors in U.S. hospital EDs. Future research should assess whether EC access for survivors has improved in ED settings as well as evaluate persistent or new barriers to access.