bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of ipilimumab versus high‐dose interferon as an adjuvant therapy in resected high‐risk melanoma
Authors: Salans Mia , Courtney Patrick Travis , Yip Anthony , Murphy James D.
Published: August 2021

Background

Adjuvant ipilimumab was found to improve the overall survival and reduce toxicity compared to high‐dose interferon (HDI) in patients with resected, high‐risk melanoma. However, the cost of ipilimumab is substantially higher than HDI. This study evaluates the cost‐effectiveness of ipilimumab as an adjuvant treatment in melanoma from a healthcare perspective.

Methods

We designed a Markov model simulating resected, high‐risk melanoma patients receiving either ipilimumab or HDI. Transition probabilities, including risks of survival, disease progression, and toxicity, were ascertained from clinical trial data. Costs and quality of life measurements (health utilities) were extracted from the literature. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs), defined as incremental costs divided by incremental quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), assessed cost‐effectiveness. ICERs <$100,000/QALY were deemed cost‐effective. We measured model uncertainty with one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

In our base case model, ipilimumab increased costs by $107,100 and increased effectiveness by 0.43 QALY, yielding an ICER of $392,600/QALY. Our model was moderately sensitive to the costs of ipilimumab, though the cost of ipilimumab would need to decrease by 44% for ipilimumab to become cost‐effective compared to HDI. The model was not sensitive to survival, toxicity, or other costs. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that HDI would remain the cost‐effective treatment option 96.2% of the time at a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100,000/QALY.

Conclusions

Adjuvant ipilimumab increases the survival and decreases the toxicity compared to HDI in resected, high‐risk melanoma patients, though this would not be considered cost‐effective due to the high price of ipilimumab.
Two New Alkaloids from Fuzi and Their Metabolites Study
Authors: Liu Sisi , Deng Pei , Long Yihong , Yang Shushu , Zhu Junshuo , Li Kunsheng , Lai Changjiangsheng , Yang Weiran , Chen Jinlong
Published: August 2021

Former study suggests alkaloids from herbs of Aconitum genus plants possess excellent bioactivities, which exert great value for related deeper chemical constituent investigation. Herein, chemical isolation was performed and four alkaloids were isolated from Fuzi, of which two were new ones, and the other two were reported NMR data for the first time. Their chemical structures were identified by NMR data, high resolution MS, UV and IR analysis. Additionally, the MS fragmentation patterns were explored, formerly, that of hetisane alkaloid was rarely reported, and fragmentation mechanism of the diagnostic ion was proposed. Based on these fragment pathway, metabolites and metabolic pathways of four compounds were investigated in rat liver microsomes using UPLC−Q/TOF−MS, and dehydrogenation product was firstly found from metabolites of hetisane alkaloid.
Barks of Three Wild Pyrus Taxa: Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant Activity, and in Vitro and in Silico Investigations of α‐Amylase and α‐Glucosidase Inhibition
Authors: Ušjak Ljuboš J. , Milutinović Violeta M. , Đorđić Crnogorac Marija J. , Stanojković Tatjana P. , Niketić Marjan S. , Kukić‐Marković Jelena M. , Petrović Silvana D.
Published: August 2021

Dry MeOH extracts of the twig barks of Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster, P. spinosa and their hybrid P.×jordanovii nothosubsp. velenovskyi, collected in wild in Serbia, were analyzed. By LC/MS, the contents of arbutin (99.9–131.0 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (2.2–6.3 mg/g), catechin (1.0–5.3 mg/g) and total dimeric and trimeric procyanidins (42.2–61.3 mg/g), including procyanidin B2 (8.9–17.2 mg/g), were determined. Colorimetrically, high contents of total phenolics (436.2–533.4 mg GAE/g) and tannins (339.4–425.7 mg GAE/g), as well as strong total antioxidant activities (FRAP values 4.5–5.9 mmol Fe2+/g), and DPPH (SC50=6.6–7.1 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radical (SC50=447.1–727.7 μg/ml) scavenging abilities were revealed. In vitro, all extracts exhibited notable inhibition of α‐amylase (IC50=310.8–617.7 μg/ml) and particularly strong inhibition of α‐glucosidase (IC50=2.1–3.7 μg/ml). Molecular docking predicted that among identified compounds procyanidin B2 is the best inhibitor of these carbohydrate‐digesting enzymes. Obtained results showed that the barks of investigated Pyrus hybrid and its parent taxa have similar composition and bioactivity.
Less is More: A Comprehensive Study on the Effects of the Number of Gas Diffusion Layers on Air–Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Sánchez‐Peña Pilar , Rodriguez Jesús , Montes Raquel , Baeza Juan Antonio , Gabriel David , Baeza Mireia , Guisasola Albert
Published: August 2021

Air‐cathode microbial fuel cells (AC‐MFC) use a gas‐diffusion‐layer (GDL) coating based on polytetrafluoroethylene applied to the cathode to prevent electrolyte leakage. However, this type of GDL can also lead to a decrease in MFC performance due to electron‐transfer limitation, mass‐transfer limitation or catalyst availability. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the significance of the GDL coating, demonstrating the interaction between the number of GDL coatings and the external resistance (Rext) used. An experimental design in 28 mL AC‐MFCs was prepared and conducted using two different Rext (10 and 249 Ω) and four different GDL coatings (1 to 4 layers). The coating effect was not significant when operating with a high Rext, where the electron transfer was the limiting process. However, when the Rext was low, the amount of polytetrafluoroethylene limited the cathode performance due to a significant decrease in the Pt availability on the catalytic surface. Thus, GDL‐1 with 10 Ω as Rext reached 0.96 mA/cm2, 3‐fold higher than that obtained with 249 Ω as Rext (ca. 0.30 mA/cm2). Besides, the current density did not vary noticeably in the other cathodes with 249 Ω as Rext. Contrarily, the current density with 10 Ω as Rext decreased as the number of GDL increased (0.74, 0.57 and 0.37 for GDL‐2, GDL‐3 and GDL‐4 respectively). These values agreed with those of the polarization curve. Furthermore, limitations were also observed in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements: the charge resistance increased with the number of GDL, related to the ease of electron flow. These values were18 Ω, 22 Ω, 53 Ω and 58 Ω for GDL‐1, GDL‐2, GDL‐3 and GDL‐4, respectively, for both 10 and 249 Ω cathodes.
Application of Multinuclear MAS NMR for the in situ Monitoring of Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolites
Authors: Ivanova Irina I. , Kolyagin Yury G.
Published: August 2021

In situ MAS NMR studies on the monitoring of hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites are reviewed. The first part of the review contains information on the experimental techniques used for the in situ NMR studies in static and MAS conditions. In the second part, the main capabilities of the in situ 1H, 11B, 13C, 14N, 19F, 23Na, 27Al, 29Si and 31P MAS NMR for the elucidation of the mechanism of hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites are examined and the data on NMR lines identification are summarized. In the last part the main application areas of the techniques are considered and illustrated with examples taken from the mechanistic studies of zeolites A, X, MFI and BEA synthesis. A cross‐reference index between the materials studied, the experimental approaches used, the mechanistic information obtained, and the corresponding literature sources is established.
A Structural Diversity of Molecular Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Polyphosphides: From Supramolecular Wheel to Zintl Ion
Authors: Yadav Ravi , Weber Martin , Singh Akhil K. , Münzfeld Luca , Gramüller Johannes , Gschwind Ruth M. , Scheer Manfred , Roesky Peter W.
Published: August 2021

A series of molecular group 2 polyphosphides has been synthesized by using air‐stable [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (Cp*=C5Me5) or white phosphorus as polyphosphorus precursors. Different types of group 2 reagents such as organo‐magnesium, mono‐valent magnesium, and molecular calcium hydride complexes have been investigated to activate these polyphosphorus sources. The organo‐magnesium complex [(DippBDI−Mg(CH3))2] (DippBDI={[2,6‐iPr2C6H3NCMe]2CH}−) reacts with [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] to give an unprecedented Mg/Fe‐supramolecular wheel. Kinetically controlled activation of [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] by different mono‐valent magnesium complexes allowed the isolation of Mg‐coordinated formally mono‐ and di‐reduced products of [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)]. To obtain the first examples of molecular calcium‐polyphosphides, a molecular calcium hydride complex was used to reduce the aromaticcyclo‐P5ring of [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)]. The Ca‐Fe‐polyphosphide is also characterized by quantum chemical calculations and compared with the corresponding Mg complex. Moreover, a calcium coordinated Zintl ion (P7)3−was obtained by molecular calcium hydride mediated P4reduction.
Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Quasi‐HKUST‐1 for the Tandem Imine Formation
Authors: Bagheri Minoo , Melillo Arianna , Ferrer Belen , Masoomi Mohammad Yaser , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: August 2021

Copper‐based metal‐organic framework (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3]n⋅nH2OMeOH (HKUST‐1) has been subjected to thermolysis under air atmosphere at different temperatures ranging from 100 to 300 °C. This treatment produces the partial removal of ligands, the generation of structural defects and additional porosity in a controlled way. The resulting defective materials denoted according to the literature as quasi‐MOFs, were subsequently employed as heterogeneous catalysts in the one pot synthesis of N‐benzylideneaniline from aniline and benzyl alcohol in open air as terminal oxidant at 70 °C under base‐ and dehydrating agent‐free conditions. The Q‐HKUST catalysts calcined at 240 °C (QH‐240) was the most efficient in the series, promoting imine synthesis. Data from Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile shows that in QH‐240 the distances of Cu ions in HKUST‐1 cavities are preserved, increasing the Knoevenagel activity, but a strong rearrangement takes place at 300 °C or above. The unsaturated copper active sites with simultaneous presence of micro‐ and mesopores in QH‐240 are responsible for this excellent catalytic performance. The effective parameters on catalytic activity of QH‐240 including deligandation temperature, the amount of catalyst, the ratio of reactants, and reaction temperature as well as the stability and recyclability of the catalyst were also investigated. The possible mechanism used by QH‐240 follows alcohol aerobic oxidation and subsequent anaerobic condensation of aldehyde intermediate with aniline.
Comparative study of different chiral ligands for dynamic kinetic resolution of amino acids
Authors: Nagaoka Keita , Nakano Arina , Han Jianlin , Sakamoto Tsubasa , Konno Hiroyuki , Moriwaki Hiroki , Abe Hidenori , Izawa Kunisuke , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: August 2021

Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of unprotected amino acids (AAs), via intermediate formation of Ni(II) complexes, is currently a leading methodology for preparation of natural and tailor‐made AAs in enantiomerically pure form. In this work, we conduct a comparative case study of synthetic performance of four different ligands in DKR of six AAs representing aryl‐, benzyl‐, alkyl‐, and long alkyl‐type derivatives. The results of this study allow for rational selection of ligand/AA type to develop a practical procedure for preparation of target enantiomerically pure AAs.
Visible‐Light‐Catalyzed N‐Radical‐Enabled Cyclization of Alkenes for the Synthesis of Five‐Membered N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Wang Hui‐Zhi , Li Jiao‐Zhe , Guo Zhiyong , Zheng Hongxing , Wei Wen‐Ting
Published: August 2021

Five‐membered N‐heterocycles play an important role in organic synthesis and material chemistry, as they are widespread through pharmaceutical molecules and natural products. Chemists have developed many synthetic strategies for constructing five‐membered N‐heterocycles from N‐centered radicals, but the availability of mild and green methods for these transformations is still limited. The cyclization of visible‐light‐generated N‐centered radicals with alkenes has emerged as a powerful tool to enable these chemical transformations in recent years. Through chosen representative examples, the significant developments in this promising field were outlined, including the selection of catalysts, substrate scope, mechanistic understanding (especially density functional theory calculations), and applications. The contents of this Minireview are categorized by intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular N‐centered radical addition/cyclization reactions.
An equivalent electrical circuit for the Hindmarsh‐Rose model
Authors: Ochs Karlheinz , Jenderny Sebastian
Published: August 2021

Hardware realizations of neural networks can pave the way towards a new generation of processors due to the biological role model being superior in terms of speed and energy‐efficiency compared to today's processors. This can be achieved by deriving novel design principles for circuits being obtainable when replicating and investigating real biological neural networks in depth. This has, for example, been done by utilizing the Hindmarsh‐Rose model, offering a rich repertoire of neuronal firing patterns. Our aim is to synthesize a theoretical, equivalent electrical circuit of the Hindmarsh‐Rose model being well interpretable in terms of biology, since this supports the derivation of design principles from biology and can serve as a basis for a systematic circuit simplification. We do this by starting from a linearized model because this allows for a systematic approach and then first derive a linear and afterwards a nonlinear equivalent electrical circuit. The resulting circuit has a structure similar to conductance‐based models, where a deployed negative impedance converter can be seen as a deeper modeling of ion pump activity. Simulation results of the proposed circuits show the functionality of the equivalent circuits.
Metamaterial‐loaded multiband antenna for embedded automotive Internet‐of‐Things communications
Authors: E M Malathy , V Thanikachalam , D Ruby , N Manikandan
Published: August 2021

This study presents the design of a multiband monopole antenna using the metamaterial (MTM) loading technique for embedded automotive Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) communications. The proposed antenna consists of a simple microstrip line monopole loaded with a novel E‐slotted MTM. The unit cell MTM consists of a central transmission line loaded with parasitic patches that are deployed with “E”‐shaped slots. The MTM is symmetrically loaded to either side of the monopole antenna to achieve miniaturization through frequency reduction and to realize multiple resonances. The proposed monopole antenna has a footprint of 10 × 30 mm2and operates at 2.45, 3.3, and 3.8 GHz suitable for Industrial Scientific and Medical applications (ISM), Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications that are exploited in IoT communications. The prototype antenna is fabricated, and the simulation results are validated using experimental measurements. The prototype antenna offers the measured impedance bandwidth of 6%, 7%, and 10% at the said frequencies. The measured gain of the antenna is greater than 3.2 dBi, and the simulated efficiency is close to 86% throughout the operating bandwidth. The performance of the proposed antenna in the vicinity of the vehicle is tested, and the results are presented.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas clinically mimicking a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: Cytologic pitfalls when a transgastric approach is utilized
Authors: Marotti Jonathan D. , Liu Xiaoying , Jamot Sehrish , Gardner Timothy B. , Gordon Stuart R. , Kerr Darcy A.
Published: August 2021

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) involving the pancreas is a rare entity often diagnosed on surgical specimens rather than cytology samples. Pancreatic SFT frequently mimics pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor radiographically, which presents unique challenges to the cytologist during rapid on‐site assessment. We describe a case of pancreatic SFT with a focus on the cytologic pitfalls that might be encountered during transgastric procedures. We also review the available cytologic findings of prior pancreatic SFT cases.
Targeted deletion of Atoh8 results in severe hearing loss in mice
Authors: Tang Qi , Xie Meng‐Yao , Zhang Yong‐Li , Xue Ruo‐Yan , Zhu Xiao‐Hui , Yang Hua
Published: August 2021

Atoh8, also named Math6, is a bHLH gene reported to have important functions in the developing nervous system, pancreas and kidney. However, the expression pattern and function of Atoh8 in the inner ear are still unclear. To study the function of Atoh8 in the developing mouse inner ear, we performed targeted deletion of Atoh8 by intercrossing Atoh8lacZ/+ mice. We studied the expression pattern of Atoh8 in the inner ear and found interesting results that Atoh8‐null (Atoh8lacZ/lacZ) mice were viable but smaller than their littermates and they were severely hearing impaired, which was confirmed by hearing tests (ABR, DPOAE). We collected 129 viable newborns from 18 litters by crossing Atoh8lacZ/+ mice and found that the distributions of Atoh8lacZ/+, Atoh8lacZ/lacZ and wild type were very close to their expected Mendelian ratio by χ2 testing. However, no remarkable morphological changes in cochleae in mutant mice were detected under plastic sectioning and electron microscopy. No remarkable differences in the expression of Myosin6, Prestin, TrkC, GAD65, Tuj1, or Calretinin were detected between the mutant mice and the control mice. These findings indicate that Atoh8 plays an important role in the development of normal hearing, while further studies are required to elucidate its exact function in hearing.
A Proline and 4‐Hydroxyproline Based Approach to Enantiopure Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl‐Substituted Pyridine and Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Brennecke Benjamin , Castello Micó Alicia , Selter Lars , Accorsi Matteo , Zimmer Reinhold , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: August 2021

The optimized coupling of N‐protected (S)‐proline and (2S,4R)‐4‐hydroxyproline derivatives with (Z)‐4‐aminopent‐3‐en‐2‐one provided the expected β‐ketoenamides in good to excellent yields. The subsequent intramolecular cyclizations afforded enantiopure pyridin‐4‐one derivatives with pyrrolidin‐2‐yl substituents. The nonaflates generated from these intermediates were excellent precursors for typical palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions. Oxidation with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid gave pyrrolidine N‐oxides whose subsequent reactions were investigated. The condensation of β‐ketoenamides with hydroxylamine hydrochloride furnished the corresponding enantiopure pyrimidine N‐oxides in good yields. The subsequent Boekelheide rearrangement provided hydroxymethyl‐substituted pyrimidine derivatives together with minor components. Overall, this study nicely demonstrates the potential of (S)‐proline‐ or (2S,4R)‐4‐hydroxyproline‐derived β‐ketoenamides to approach a library of novel chiral pool‐derived enantiopure functionalized pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives.
Development of a moving model rig with a large Reynolds number and measurement of aerodynamic drag
Authors: Yang Qiansuo
Published: August 2021

The principles and techniques for developing a moving model rig (MMR) driven by compressed air were introduced for moving model tests at large Reynolds numbers (). A corresponding methodology for the accurate measurement of the aerodynamic drag was developed. The main functions of the MMR included the acceleration of the trailer and the model, the deceleration of the trailer, and the deceleration of the model. The acceleration power was provided by the expansion of the compressed air in a pipe, and the deceleration of the model came from the relative motion between the permanent magnet and the static iron deceleration floor. The braking of the trailer was supplied by either a magnetic damping force or the compression of the air in the pipeline by the trailer piston. The free motion of the model in the test section followed the Davis equation. Based on this, a method for the measurement of the model aerodynamic drag using the measured acceleration data was proposed and experimentally demonstrated in an MMR developed in this work.
Application of zirconium modified layered double hydroxide and calcination product for adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solution
Authors: Motandi Mave Koko , Zhang Zhaoran , Inkoua Stelgen , Yan Liangguo
Published: August 2021

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been designed and applied in environmental remediation based on their tunable physical structure and excellent chemical performance. To investigate the adsorption behavior of aqueous phosphate by the LDH‐based composite, zirconium‐modified Mg‐Al‐LDH (Zr‐LDH) was synthesized by the coprecipitation method, and subsequently calcined to obtain a layered double oxide (Zr‐LDO). Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to describe the micromorphology, crystal structure, and functional groups of Zr‐LDH and Zr‐LDO, respectively. The as‐synthesized materials were subsequently selected as adsorbents to adsorb aqueous phosphate using batch equilibrium methods. The results showed that Zr‐LDH and Zr‐LDO can rapidly and efficiently reduce the phosphate concentration. The optimum dosage of LDH, Zr‐LDH, and Zr‐LDO was selected as 0.05 g. The adsorption efficiencies of Zr‐LDH and Zr‐LDO for phosphate were above 95% during the first 10 min. The experimental data agreed well with the pseudo‐second‐order equation, and the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The maximum adsorption capacities of Zr‐LDH and Zr‐LDO were 99.35 and 80.33 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the reaction process was spontaneous and endothermic. Zr‐LDH and Zr‐LDO have good reusability and selectivity, and are promising materials for aqueous phosphate removal. This work confirms that Zr‐LDH and Zr‐LDO can be selected as favorable sorbents to remove phosphate from wastewater.
From mouse to mouse‐ear cress: Nanomaterials as vehicles in plant biotechnology
Authors: Xia Xue , Shi Bingyang , Wang Lei , Liu Yang , Zou Yan , Zhou Yun , Chen Yu , Zheng Meng , Zhu Yingfang , Duan Jingjing , Guo Siyi , Jang Ho Won , Miao Yuchen , Fan Kelong , Bai Feng , Tao Wei , Zhao Yong , Yan Qingyu , Cheng Gang , Liu Huiyu , Jiao Yan , Liu Shanhu , Huang Yuanyu , Ling Daishun , Kang Wenyi , Xue Xue , Cui Daxiang , Huang Yongwei , Cui Zongqiang , Sun Xun , Qian Zhiyong , Gu Zhen , Han Gang , Yang Zhimou , Leong David Tai , Wu Aiguo , Liu Gang , Qu Xiaogang , Shen Youqing , Wang Qiangbin , Lowry Gregory V. , Wang Ertao , Liang Xing‐Jie , Gardea‐Torresdey Jorge , Chen Guoping , Parak Wolfgang J. , Weiss Paul S. , Zhang Lixin , Stenzel Martina M. , Fan Chunhai , Bush Ashley I. , Zhang Gaiping , Grof Christopher P. L. , Wang Xuelu , Galbraith David W. , Tang Ben Zhong , Offler Christina E. , Patrick John W. , Song Chun‐Peng
Published: August 2021

Biological applications of nanomaterials as delivery carriers have been embedded in traditional biomedical research for decades. Despite lagging behind, recent significant breakthroughs in the use of nanocarriers as tools for plant biotechnology have created great interest. In this Perspective, we review the outstanding recent works in nanocarrier‐mediated plant transformation and its agricultural applications. We analyze the chemical and physical properties of nanocarriers determining their uptake efficiency and transport throughout the plant body.
More Pronounced Hypercoagulable State and Hypofibrinolysis in Patients With Cirrhosis With Versus Without HCC
Authors: Zanetto Alberto , Campello Elena , Bulato Cristiana , Gavasso Sabrina , Saggiorato Graziella , Shalaby Sarah , Spiezia Luca , Cillo Umberto , Farinati Fabio , Russo Francesco Paolo , Burra Patrizia , Senzolo Marco , Simioni Paolo
Published: August 2021

In patients with cirrhosis, particularly those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hypercoagulability may be associated with purported increased risks of portal vein thrombosis and cirrhosis progression. In this study, we extensively investigated hemostatic alterations potentially responsible for the thrombotic tendency in HCC, and evaluated whether such alterations were predictive of hepatic decompensation. Patients with cirrhosis at all stages were prospectively recruited and underwent an extensive hemostatic assessment, including all procoagulant factors and inhibitors, thrombin generation with and without thrombomodulin (TG), profibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic factors, and plasmin‐antiplasmin complex. In study part 1 (case control), we compared alterations of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with cirrhosis with versus without HCC. In study part 2 (prospective), the subgroup of patients with decompensated cirrhosis was followed for development of further decompensation, and predictors of outcome were assessed by multivariate analysis. One‐hundred patients were recruited (50 each with and without HCC). Severity of cirrhosis was comparable between groups. Median HCC volume was 9 cm3 (range: 5‐16). Compared with controls, patients with HCC demonstrated a significantly more prothrombotic hemostatic profile due to increased TG and reduced activation of fibrinolysis, independent of cirrhosis stage. During a median follow‐up of 175 days, 20 patients with decompensated cirrhosis developed further episodes of decompensation that were predicted by low FVII and high plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 levels, independent of Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score. Conclusion: Patients with cirrhosis with HCC have profound hyper‐coagulable changes that can account for their increased thrombotic tendency. In contrast, hypercoagulability in patients with decompensated cirrhosis is more likely a consequence of chronic liver disease rather than a driver for cirrhosis progression.
Evaluating suspended sediment and turbidity reduction projects in a glacially conditioned catchment through dynamic regression and fluvial process‐based modelling
Authors: Wang Kezhen , Davis Dany , Steinschneider Scott
Published: August 2021

Elevated turbidity (Tn) and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) during and following flood events can degrade water supply quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity. Streams draining glacially conditioned mountainous terrain, such as those in the Catskill Mountains of New York State, are particularly susceptible to high levels of Tn and SSC sourced from erosional contact with glacial‐related sediment. This study forwards a novel approach to evaluate the effectiveness of stream restoration best management practices (BMPs) meant to reduce stream Tn and SSC, and demonstrates the approach within the Stony Clove sub‐basin of the Catskills, a water supply source for New York City. The proposed approach is designed to isolate BMP effects from natural trends in Tn and SSC caused by trends in discharge and shifts in average Tn or SSC per unit discharge (Q) following large flood events. We develop Dynamic Linear Models (DLMs) to quantify how Tn‐Q and SSC‐Q relationships change over time at monitoring stations upstream and downstream of BMPs within the Stony Clove and in three other sub‐basins without BMPs, providing observational evidence of BMP effectiveness. A process‐based model, the River Erosion Model, is then developed to simulate natural, hydrology‐driven SSC‐Q dynamics in the Stony Clove sub‐basin (absent of BMP effects). We use DLMs to compare the modelled and observed SSC‐Q dynamics and isolate the influence of the BMPs. Results suggest that observed reductions in SSC and Tn in the Stony Clove sub‐basin have been driven by a combination of declining streamflow and the installed BMPs, confirming the utility of the BMPs for the monitored hydrologic conditions.
Implementing an insolvency framework for micro and small firms
Authors: Gurrea‐Martínez Aurelio
Published: August 2021

Micro‐, small‐, and medium‐sized enterprises (MSMEs) represent the vast majority of businesses in most countries around the world. Despite the economic relevance of these firms, most insolvency jurisdictions do not provide adequate responses to MSMEs. Moreover, with a few exceptions, the academic literature on insolvency law has not traditionally focused on the treatment of MSMEs in insolvency. This article seeks to contribute to the debate by exploring the primary features and problems of MSMEs in insolvency as well as the weaknesses of the ordinary insolvency framework to deal with MSMEs. It also provides a general overview of the primary reforms and policy recommendations taking place around the world to deal with MSMEs in insolvency. The article concludes by suggesting several strategies to design an efficient insolvency framework for MSMEs.
Computational Chemistry in the Undergraduate Classroom – Pedagogical Considerations and Teaching Challenges
Authors: Tuvi‐Arad Inbal
Published: August 2021

The interdisciplinary field of computational chemistry links many facets of chemistry and provides unique insights into structure, mechanisms, dynamics, and the interplay between them. Various approaches were proposed for integrating computational chemistry in the undergraduate classroom, all highlight the benefits of including it in the chemistry curriculum. This study focuses on the desirable learning outcomes, and defines a structural framework of computational chemistry literacy. Based on this approach analysis of the pedagogical approach of selected studies that implemented computational chemistry in undergraduate chemistry classrooms is presented. Three models for including computational chemistry in the undergraduate program were uncovered in this analysis: the specialized course model, the augmented course model, and the islands of computations model. These models are discussed along with teaching and learning challenges as well as routes to bypass them.
AC016405.3 functions as an oncogenic long non‐coding RNA by regulating ERBB3 via sponging miR‐22‐3p in breast cancer
Authors: Wei Min , Wang Jie , He Qi , Liu Lei , Wang Zhiwei
Published: August 2021

Background

Increasing studies reported that long non‐coding RNAs are involved in regulating breast cancer (BRCA) progression. However, the specific roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs in BRCA remain largely unknown. Here, we sought to explore the functions and mechanisms of AC016405.3 in BRCA progression.

Methods

Bioinformatic analysis for AC016405.3, miR‐22‐3p, and ERBB3 were performed on starBase. The expressions of AC016405.3, miR‐22‐3p, and ERBB3 were examined by RT‐qPCR. The functions of AC016405.3 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were evaluated by conducting CCK‐8, colony formation, wound‐healing, and Transwell assays. The subcellular distribution of AC016405.3 in BRCA cells was identified by performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and subcellular fractionation techniques. Dual‐luciferase assay was applied to validate the interactions of miR‐22‐3p with AC016405.3 or ERBB3. The interaction between ERBB3 and miR‐22‐3p was also tested by Anti‐Ago2 RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay.

Results

The results showed that AC016405.3 is highly expressed in BRCA tissues as well as cells and positively correlated with poor prognosis in BRCA patients. Silencing AC016405.3 obviously repressed the malignant behaviors of BRCA cells. Mechanistically, AC016405.3 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR‐22‐3p in the cytoplasm and sponged miR‐22‐3p to release its suppression of ERBB3. Rescue experiments revealed that the suppression role induced by AC016405.3 depletion on malignant behaviors of BRCA cells could be obviously counter by inhibiting miR‐22‐3p or overexpressing ERBB3.

Conclusion

AC016405.3 promotes BRCA progression by the derepression of ERBB3 via sponging miR‐22‐3p, which may represent a potential target for BRCA treatment.
The clinical value of high fluorescent lymphocytes and smudge cells in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Huang Tao , Yang Shuo , He Yufeng , Li Qiang , Cui Liyan
Published: August 2021

Background

The diagnostic value of high fluorescent lymphocytes (HFLC) and smudge cells in diseases like sepsis has been confirmed. In this study, we explore the diagnostic value of HFLC and smudge cells for infectious mononucleosis (IM).

Methods

Sixty‐two IM patients, 67 healthy controls, 84 patients with upper respiratory tract virus infection, and 35 patients with malignant lymphoid diseases were enrolled. The complete blood counts and leukocyte differential counts are tested, and the smudge cells were manually counted.

Results

The value of HFLC% and smudge cells of the IM group were significantly higher than those of healthy controls and disease controls (p < 0.05), and the HFLC% value of IM patients was positively correlated with the number of reactive lymphocytes (r = 0.265). When the cutoff value of HFLC% was 0.4%, and the diagnostic value of IM was high (AUC = 0.995). When the smudge cells >2/100 nucleated cells, it can show better (AUC = 1.000). When the cutoff value of the HFLC% was 1.2%, it can effectively distinguish IM patients from upper respiratory tract virus infection patients (AUC = 0.934); when smudge cells >16/100 nucleated cells, it also has high differential diagnosis value (AUC = 0.913). In addition, the AUC of the combination HFLC% and smudge cells for the differential diagnosis can be increased to 0.968. The performance value of single HFLC% (AUC = 0.942) for distinguishing IM from malignant lymphoid diseases was better than smudge cells and combine index with the cutoff value of 0.4%.

Conclusion

HFLC% and smudge cells can be used as effective indicators in the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of IM.
The importance of first trimester screening of cranial posterior fossa in predicting posterior fossa malformations which may be identified in the following weeks of gestation
Authors: Eric Ozdemir Mucize , Demirci Oya , Ayvaci Tasan Habibe , Ohanoglu Karolin , Akalin Munip
Published: August 2021

Purpose

We aimed to investigate the value of posterior fossa ultrasonography measurements in predicting fetal posterior fossa anomaly at 11–14 weeks of gestation.

Methods

The study was performed at Zeynep Kamil Women and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital. Measurements were made in two groups: the control group consisted of 328 fetuses with normal postnatal outcome and the study group consisted of 22 fetuses with enlarged 4th ventricle. In the study group, we questioned the value of intracranial translucency (IT) and brainstem (BS) measurements and the BS/brainstem‐to‐occipital bone (BSOB) ratio in order to predict possible posterior fossa anomalies that may be identified in advanced gestational weeks. The differences of ultrasonographic measurements between groups with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

IT value, BSOB value, and BS/BSOB ratio were determined as ultrasonographic variables in predicting normal development of the fetal posterior fossa, with cutoff values of 2.7, 5.1, and 0.3. Negative predictive values of these three measurements for posterior fossa abnormalities were 100%. There was no statistically significant difference between the three variables for other diagnostic accuracy values (specifities and positive predictive values) (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

IT, BSOB, and BS/BSOB ratio can be used as ultrasonographic markers to predict the normal development of the fetal posterior fossa.
Genetic counseling clinical documentation: Practice Resource of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Hunt Brendish Katherine , Patel Devanshi , Yu Kristen , Alexander Chelsea K. , Lemons Jennifer , Gunter Andrew , Carmany Erin P.
Published: August 2021

Clinical documentation is an important extension of a genetic counseling encounter. The traditional types of clinical documentation include the clinical visit note (including follow‐up visit note), letter to the referring physician, letter to the patient, and result summary to the patient and referring physician. Increasing patient volumes, new genetic counseling service delivery models, transition to electronic medical records (EMR), new specialty clinics in genetics, and advances in genetic testing technologies challenge the practice of writing multiple types of clinical documents. This practice resource (PR) seeks to provide best practices for U.S.‐based genetic counselors to write efficient and comprehensive clinical documentation using a hybrid clinical document designed to facilitate communication between individual providers, providers, and patients/families, and providers and payers. The content of the hybrid clinical documentation will vary by genetic specialty but may include a summary of genetic services evaluation, genetic testing options and eligibility information, genetic test results, potential risks for genetic conditions, implications for family members, and medical management recommendations. An outline of a general hybrid document along with examples of hybrid clinic notes for three types of genetic counseling specialties is included in this document.
0° vs. 180° CT localiser: The effect of vertical off‐centring, phantom positioning and tube voltage on dose optimisation in multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Al‐Hayek Yazan , Zheng Xiaoming , Davidson Rob , Hayre Christopher , Al‐Mousa Dana , Finlay Campbell , Spuur Kelly
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Patient positioning is an essential consideration for the optimisation of radiation dose during CT examinations. The study objectives seek to explore the effects of vertical off‐centring, localiser direction (0° and 180°), and phantom positioning (supine and prone) on radiation dose, using three different tube voltages in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging.

Methods

The trunk of a PBU‐60 anthropomorphic phantom was imaged using a Discovery CT750 HD – 128 slice (GE Healthcare). Images employing 0° and 180° localisers were acquired in supine and prone orientation for each combination of vertical off‐centring (±100, ±60 and ±30 mm) and different tube voltages (80, 120 and 140 kVp), using the system’s automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) function. The displayed volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) were recorded.

Results

With incremental table off‐centring of ±100 mm, the dose at 120 kVp in the supine position ranged from 63% to 196% (0° localiser) and from 66% to 191% (180° localiser) as compared to iso‐centre. While in the prone position, the dose ranged from 62% to 195% (0° localiser); and 62% to 193% (180° localiser), with a notable dose increase at higher tube voltages. Dose variation and vertical off‐centring showed a significant relationship for both 0° and 180° localisers (r = 0.94 and 0.96, respectively, P < 0.001). The CTDIvol variation between supine and prone phantom positions at ±100 mm off‐centring was 0.22 mGy (2.9%), and 0.19 mGy (2.3%) when the 0° and 180 ° localisers were utilised, respectively.

Conclusions

Phantom off‐centring and localiser direction evidenced large dose variation. It is recommended that the 0° localiser is employed during CT examinations, in order to minimise the potential additional radiation dose which may result from off‐centring and the use of lower tube voltages where clinically appropriate.
A nomogram prediction of outcome in patients with COVID‐19 based on individual characteristics incorporating immune response‐related indicators
Authors: Tang Fang , Zhang Xiaoshuai , Zhang Bicheng , Zhu Bo , Wang Jun
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has quickly become a global threat to public health, and it is difficult to predict severe patients and their prognosis. Here, we intended developing effective models for the late identification of patients at disease progression and outcome.

Methods

A total of 197 patients were included with a 20‐day median follow‐up time. We first developed a nomogram for disease severity discrimination, then created a prognostic nomogram for severe patients.

Results

In total, 40.6% of patients were severe and 59.4% were non‐severe. The multivariate logistic analysis indicated that IgG, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lactate dehydrogenase, platelet, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen were significant factors associated with the severity of COVID‐19. Using immune response phenotyping based on NLR and IgG level, the logistic model showed patients with the NLRhiIgGhi phenotype are most likely to have severe disease, especially compared to those with the NLRloIgGlo phenotype. The C‐indices of the two discriminative nomograms were 0.86 and 0.87, respectively, which indicated sufficient discriminative power. As for predicting clinical outcomes for severe patients, IgG, NLR, age, lactate dehydrogenase, platelet, monocytes, and procalcitonin were significant predictors. The prognosis of severe patients with the NLRhiIgGhi phenotype was significantly worse than the NLRloIgGhi group. The two prognostic nomograms also showed good performance in estimating the risk of progression.

Conclusions

The present nomogram models are useful to identify COVID‐19 patients with disease progression based on individual characteristics and immune response‐related indicators. Patients at high risk for severe illness and poor outcomes from COVID‐19 should be managed with intensive supportive care and appropriate therapeutic strategies.
Feeling anxious and abusing low performers: A multilevel model of high performance work systems and abusive supervision
Authors: Xi Meng , He Wei , Fehr Ryan , Zhao Shuming
Published: August 2021

In the present research, we identify high performance work systems (HPWSs) as an important yet unexamined driver of abusive supervision. Drawing from the theory of workplace anxiety, we specifically propose that HPWSs increase leader anxiety, especially when the leader's job experience is relatively low. Then, we argue that this anxiety ultimately causes leaders to abuse their employees in response, especially when those employees are poor performers. We tested our hypotheses in a field study (Study 1) using multiwave, multisource, multilevel data collected from 508 employees nested in 81 departments across 24 organizations in China and in a sample of US managers (Study 2) that also examined alternative explanations for our effects. Taken together, our findings offer new insight into the cross‐level drivers of abusive supervision and highlight the critical role of emotion in the link between human resource (HR) systems and leader behavior.
Study on the evolution of the microstructure, phase composition, three‐dimensional morphology, and hardness in the solution treatment of Mg−7.80Gd−2.43Y−0.38Zr alloy
Authors: Liu J. , Li S. , Zhang N. , Liu Q. , Ma Q. , Han Z.
Published: August 2021

The evolution of the microstructure, phase composition, three‐dimensional morphology, and hardness of Mg−7.80Gd−2.43Y−0.38Zr (wt.%) alloys during solution treatment at 480 °C is investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe micro‐analyzer, nanoindentation, and x‐ray tomography. The as‐cast alloy consists of an α‐Mg matrix phase and divorced eutectics, including the secondary and the supersaturated magnesium phases. The chemical composition of the secondary phase is similar to that of Mg7.22(Gd, Y), and the nanoindentation hardness of the secondary phase is significantly higher than that of the α‐Mg matrix phase, according to the energy‐dispersive spectroscopic and nanoindentation analyses. The three‐dimensional morphology and quantitative information, such as the number and volume fraction of the secondary phases during the solution treatment, are discussed in detail. A large number of small acicular secondary phases are found near the large secondary phase after solution treatment at 480 °C for 1 h, while the acicular phase disappears completely after 2 h. The secondary phase dissolves into the α‐Mg matrix after solution treatment for 8 h, and the solution‐treated alloy primarily consists of an α‐Mg matrix phase and a cuboid‐shaped phase, which was identified as (Gd,Y)H2.
Effects of freezing and steam treatments on the permeability of Populus tomentosa
Authors: Xu W. , Chen P. , Yang Y. , Wang X. , Liu X.
Published: August 2021

In order to improve the material properties of Populus tomentosa, and increase its utilization rate for furniture products. Two modification methods, including freezing and steam treatments were adopted in this work, and special attention was given to the permeability of Populus tomentosa with respects of processing time, temperature and moisture content. According to the experimental results, the optimum modification parameters for Populus tomentosa with freezing treatment are processing temperature of ‐20 °C, time of 2 hours and saturated moisture content; while the optimal modification parameters with steam treatment are as follows: processing temperature of 120 °C, time of 2 hours and saturated moisture content. Based on comparing the weight gain rate at different processing condition, steam treatment has greater influence on the permeability than that of freezing treatment. In general, steam treatment was proposed to be used in the property modification of Populus tomentosa in terms of greater permeability.
Industry dynamics and capital structure choice: Evidence from Indian manufacturing firms
Authors: Saxena Mohina , Bhattacharyya Surajit
Published: August 2021

We explicitly analyze the influence of industry‐level attributes on a firm's capital structure choice, unlike other studies that have only used an “industry dummy” to depict industry effects on firm‐level choices. An unbalanced panel of 503 firms from four major Indian manufacturing industries is considered for the period 2001–2017. A rise in industry munificence incentivizes firms to decrease their external financing. At the same time, firms in a relatively concentrated industry with higher growth opportunities increase their reliance on borrowings. A highly munificent environment and a lower risk of default incentivize firms to borrow more.
The Liouville theorems for 3D stationary tropical climate model
Authors: Ding Huiting , Wu Fan
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we will consider the Liouville theorems for the 3D stationary tropical climate model in whole space. In particular, we will prove that there is only the trivial solution for the stationary tropical climate model under some integrable hypotheses. The obtained results generalize and improve the classical results for the stationary Navier‐Stokes equations and MHD equations in some sense.
Second‐order, fully decoupled, linearized, and unconditionally stable scalar auxiliary variable schemes for Cahn–Hilliard–Darcy system
Authors: Gao Yali , He Xiaoming , Nie Yufeng
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we establish the fully decoupled numerical methods by utilizing scalar auxiliary variable approach for solving Cahn–Hilliard–Darcy system. We exploit the operator splitting technique to decouple the coupled system and Galerkin finite element method in space to construct the fully discrete formulation. The developed numerical methods have the features of second order accuracy, totally decoupling, linearization, and unconditional energy stability. The unconditionally stability of the two proposed decoupled numerical schemes are rigorously proved. Abundant numerical results are reported to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of proposed numerical methods.