bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two‐stage anaerobic digestion for reduced hydrogen sulphide production
Authors: Moestedt Jan , Nordell Erik , Hallin Sara , Schnürer Anna
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated a two‐stage process as an alternative to single‐stage anaerobic degradation, with the aim of separating sulphidogenesis and methanogenesis while treating a mixture of organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and thin stillage. For full‐scale applications, no pH regulation was applied. The hydrolytic/acidogenic stage was evaluated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) between 3 and 15 days, with and without recirculation of methanogenic stage reactor material.

RESULTS

Homoacetogenesis dominated in the hydrolytic/acidogenic stage. However, sulphate reduction was unsuccessful. Using a two‐stage approach with OFMSW at a HRT of 10 days in the first stage and 28 days in the second stage resulted in a 12% increase in specific methane production and a 6% increase in methane content. The two‐stage process with thin stillage was less effective, probably because of decreasing pH (<4) in the first stage.

CONCLUSION

Two‐stage operation resulted in a pH too low (~4) for successful sulphate reduction in the first stage. However the resulting pH and applied organic loading rate caused homoacetogenesis to dominate, producing acetate as a favourable energy carrier between the stages. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
An examination of the variation in maternal placentae across the genus Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae)
Authors: Kwan Lucia , Fris Megan , Rodd F. Helen , Rowe Locke , Tuhela Laura , Panhuis Tami M.
Published: March 2015

Placentae show considerable diversity in a number of nonmammalian, viviparous organisms, including amphibians, reptilian sauropsids, teleost fish, and chondrichthyes. However, the evolutionary processes driving the evolution of placenta are still debated. In teleost fishes, the genus Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae) offers a rare opportunity for studying placental evolution: extensive placentation has evolved three independent times within the last 750,000 years and there is substantial interspecific variation in the degree of embryonic, maternal nutrient provisioning and development of the placenta. In poeciliids, the placenta is composed of a hypertrophied maternal follicular epithelium apposed to a highly vascularized embryonic pericardial sac. To better understand placental evolution, we have undertaken a comprehensive comparative study of the maternal follicle in eight closely related Poeciliopsis species that span the range in postfertilization, embryonic, maternal nutrient provisioning (from lecithotrophs, to moderate matrotrophs, to extensive matrotrophs). Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we found that the species that provide extensive postfertilization maternal nutrient provisioning (extensive matrotrophs) have thicker follicles and more extensive folding of the follicular epithelium compared to the lecithotrophs and moderate matrotrophs. Follicle sections and histology revealed that epithelial folds of the extensive matrotrophs are comprised primarily of cuboidal and columnar cells and are richly supplied with capillaries. Among the extensive matrotrophs, enhancements of follicle traits corresponded with increases in the level of maternal nutrient provisioning. Hypertrophied maternal follicles with richly vascularized folds can serve to increase the surface area and, thus, facilitate the transfer of substances between the mother and developing embryo. Finally, we found egg envelopes in the lecithotrophs and moderate matrotrophs, but not in the extensive matrotrophs. Morphological studies, like this one, can provide a better understanding of the natural variation in the structure and functioning of maternal and offspring traits associated with matrotrophy and, thus, insights into the processes driving placental evolution. J. Morphol. 276:707–720, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of tartrate on the electrochemical behaviour and semiconductive properties of passive film on steel in saturated calcium hydroxide
Authors: Valek Žulj L. , Serdar M. , Martinez S.
Published: March 2015

This paper presents results of the basic study on the inhibitive action of tartrate toward chloride‐induced corrosion on carbon steel rebar in alkaline environment. Modification of the electrochemical behaviour and semiconductive properties of passive film formed on steel surface in the presence of tartrate were characterised by a range of electrochemical techniques in saturated calcium hydroxide. In the presence of tartrate in saturated calcium hydroxide with addition of 0.14 M sodium chloride pitting corrosion initiation was postponed for 622 mV up to potentials of oxygen evolution reaction. The hypothesis on the competitive adsorption between the chloride ions and tartrate anion through the surface complex formation was applied on the studied system.
The corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex steel in non‐inhibited methanesulphonic acid at elevated temperature
Authors: Finšgar M. , Jackson J.
Published: March 2015

The corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel in methanesulphonic acid (MSA) at elevated temperature was investigated. It was proposed that uninhibited MSA could be utilized in acidizing procedures in petroleum wells constructed of 22Cr steel. The MSA was suggested as a substitute for conventional acids such as HCl which require the use of corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion rates of 22Cr steel in MSA solution with or without 24.13 bar CO2 at 150 °C after 6 h of immersion were lower than what is often required by the petroleum industry. In conditions of H2S‐containing MSA, significantly higher corrosion rates were observed.
Water‐soluble cationic polypyrrole based probe for fluorometric and voltammetric detection of base pair mismatched oligonucleotides
Authors: Guo Jiangna , Zhao Jie , Wang Bin , Yan Feng
Published: March 2015

Water‐soluble cationic polypyrrole, poly(N‐(4‐butyl‐(1‐methylimidazole)) pyrrole bromide) (PNBMIP‐Br), was synthesized and applied for base pair mismatched oligonucleotides detection. Interactions between PNBMIP‐Br and a series of oligonucleotides, including ss‐DNA and base pair mismatched ds‐DNA were studied by fluorometric spectra, circular dichroism spectra and voltammetric detection. The results showed that the electrostatic attraction and fluorescence resonance energy transfer of PNBMIP‐Br/DNA complexes resulted in an amplification and effective recognition of the fluorescence signals. The results of cyclic voltammograms indicate that voltammetric detection is an effective method to distinguish ss‐DNA and ds‐DNA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1600–1605
Synthesis of Fluorene‐Type Thin Film Under Biphenyl/Methane Plasma Environment
Authors: Mansuroglu Dogan , Manolache Sorin
Published: March 2015

Fluorene‐type (C13H10) thin films were synthesized by using the mixture of biphenyl (C12H10) and methane (CH4) plasma. The reactor is a parallel plate installation; upper electrode is connected to 13.56 MHz rf power and lower electrode is grounded. The thin films were deposited by applying a negative bias potential between the substrate and the wall of reactor. The films were investigated by residual gas analysis (RGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM) and ellipsometry. They had significant nanostructured properties which were suitable for photovoltaic applications. The conjugation was improved by iodine doping and the optical band gap energy dropped down up to 2.85 eV.
Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on the Dynamic Fracture Properties of HTPB Propellant
Authors: Long Bing , Chang Xinlong , Hu Kuan , Zhang Youhong
Published: March 2015

In order to study the influence of temperature and strain‐rate on HTPB propellant fracture capability under impact loading conditions, a dynamic fracture experiment at different temperatures was carried out by using the cracked straight‐through Brazilian disc (CSTBD) specimen on the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), and the dynamic initiation fracture toughness of the HTPB propellant was obtained. Experimental results indicate that the proposed dynamic fracture testing for the HTPB propellant is effective. The dynamic initiation fracture toughness is obviously sensitive to temperature and strain‐rate, and its value increases with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate, and a linearity relationship exists between the fracture toughness and the logarithm of the strain rate, and the linearity also increases with increasing loading rate. A master curve of quadratic function for the fracture toughness was obtained.
Practical approaches for design and analysis of clinical trials of infertility treatments: crossover designs and the Mantel–Haenszel method are recommended
Authors: Takada Michihiro , Sozu Takashi , Sato Tosiya
Published: March 2015

Crossover designs have some advantages over standard clinical trial designs and they are often used in trials evaluating the efficacy of treatments for infertility. However, clinical trials of infertility treatments violate a fundamental condition of crossover designs, because women who become pregnant in the first treatment period are not treated in the second period. In previous research, to deal with this problem, some new designs, such as re‐randomization designs, and analysis methods including the logistic mixture model and the beta‐binomial mixture model were proposed. Although the performance of these designs and methods has previously been evaluated in large‐scale clinical trials with sample sizes of more than 1000 per group, the actual sample sizes of infertility treatment trials are usually around 100 per group. The most appropriate design and analysis for these moderate‐scale clinical trials are currently unclear. In this study, we conducted simulation studies to determine the appropriate design and analysis method of moderate‐scale clinical trials for irreversible endpoints by evaluating the statistical power and bias in the treatment effect estimates. The Mantel–Haenszel method had similar power and bias to the logistic mixture model. The crossover designs had the highest power and the smallest bias. We recommend using a combination of the crossover design and the Mantel–Haenszel method for two‐period, two‐treatment clinical trials with irreversible endpoints. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ID‐based node key management scheme based on PTPM in MANETs
Authors: Yang Guang , Liu Jiqiang , Han Lei
Published: March 2015

In order to resolve the problems of node multiple keys management and protected storage in mobile ad hoc networks, a new identity‐based node key management scheme combined with next generation protected storage of portable trusted platform module was presented for mobile ad hoc networks. In the scheme, the combined public key based on elliptic‐curve cryptography was adopted to generate multiple keys, which were protected and managed by the next generation protected storage of portable trusted platform module. We show that our scheme is semantically secure under the elliptic‐curve DDH assumption. Also, performance evaluation of proposed scheme in a real‐world ad hoc network indicates the feasibility in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
With Educational Benefits for All: Campus Inclusion Through Learning Communities Designed for Underserved Student Populations
Authors: Fink John E. , Hummel Mary L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter explores the practices of learning communities designed for specific, underserved student populations, highlighting on‐campus examples and culminating with a synthesized list of core practices from these “inclusive” learning communities.
Mass, nitrogen content, and decomposition of woody debris in forest stands affected by excreta deposited in nesting colonies of Great Cormorant
Authors: Katsumata Shingo , Hobara Satoru , Osono Takashi , Takeda Hiroshi
Published: March 2015

Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), a piscivorous bird, has established breeding colonies in a coniferous forest near Lake Biwa in central Japan. This study investigated the possible effects of the colony's excreta on the mass, nitrogen (N) content, and decomposition of woody debris. Study plots were established in forest stands representing four stages from breeding colony establishment to post‐abandonment. The mass of fallen branches (diameter 1–5 cm) and coarse woody debris (logs, snags, and stumps; diameter ≥10 cm) was greater in forest stands colonized by Cormorants than a control stand never colonized by Cormorants. This was primarily attributed to Cormorant activity that caused increased mortality of standing trees and by Cormorants breaking branches for nesting materials. Nitrogen content of branches and logs that had fallen to the forest floor was negatively correlated with the relative density of wood. Nitrogen content of branches was consistently higher (at a given value of relative density) in the colonized stands than in the control stand. The increase of branch N content was possibly caused by the incorporation of N into decomposing branches with excreta‐derived N supplied as throughfall and/or soil solution. The mean value of 2‐year mass loss of recently dead branches and logs was significantly greater for woody debris in the smallest diameter class but was not significantly different among the forest stands. This suggests that the excessive supply of excreta‐derived N and concomitant enrichment of N in soil had negligible effects on the initial stages of decomposition of woody debris.
In vitro evidence that sulfite impairs glutamatergic neurotransmission and inhibits glutathione metabolism‐related enzymes in rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Parmeggiani Belisa , Moura Alana Pimentel , Grings Mateus , Bumbel Anna Paula , de Moura Alvorcem Leonardo , Tauana Pletsch Julia , Fernandes Carolina Gonçalves , Wyse Angela TS , Wajner Moacir , Leipnitz Guilhian
Published: March 2015

Sulfite oxidase (SOX) deficiency is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of sulfite and thiosulfate. Affected patients present severe neurological dysfunction accompanied by seizures, whose pathophysiology is poorly known. In the present study we evaluated the in vitro effects of sulfite and thiosulfate on important parameters of glutamatergic neurotransmission and redox homeostasis in rat cerebral cortex slices. We verified that sulfite, but not thiosulfate, significantly decreased glutamate uptake when cerebral cortex slices were exposed during 1 h to these metabolites. We also observed that thiosulfate inhibited glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. A pronounced trend toward GS inhibition induced by sulfite was also found. Regarding redox homeostasis, sulfite, at the concentration of 10 μM, increased thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and decreased glutathione concentrations after 1 h of exposure. In contrast, thiosulfate did not alter these parameters. We also found that 500 μM sulfite increased sulfhydryl group content in rat cerebral cortex slices and increased GSH levels in a medium containing oxidized GSH (GSSG) and devoid of cortical slices, suggesting that sulfite reacts with disulfide bonds to generate sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, sulfite and thiosulfate did not alter the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) after 1 h of incubation. However, sulfite inhibited the activities of GPx, GST and G6PDH when cortical slices were exposed for 3 h to sulfite. We finally verified that sulfite did not induce cell death after 1 h of incubation. Our data show that sulfite impairs glutamatergic neurotransmission and redox homeostasis in cerebral cortex. Therefore, it may be presumed that these pathomechanisms contribute, at least in part, to the seizures observed in patients affected by SOX deficiency.
Ischemic postconditioning in cerebral ischemia: Differences between the immature and mature brain?
Authors: Leger Pierre‐Louis , Bonnin Philippe , Renolleau Sylvain , Baud Olivier , Charriaut‐Marlangue Christiane
Published: March 2015

Ischemic postconditioning (postC), defined as serial mechanical interruptions of blood flow at reperfusion, effectively reduces myocardial infarct size in all species tested so far, including humans. In the brain, ischemic postC leads to controversial results regardless of variations in factors such as onset time of beginning, the duration of ischemia and/or reperfusion, and the number of cycles of occlusion/reperfusion. Thus, many major issues remain to be resolved regarding its protective effects. Future studies should aim to identify the parameters that yield the strongest protection, as well as to understand why the efficacy of ischemic postC differs between models. This review will focus on initial hemodynamic changes and their consequences, and on specific features such as NO‐dependent vascular tone and/or prolonged acidosis in cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion in order to better understand the dynamics of ischemic postC in the developing brain.
Oil, Power, and Poverty in Angola
Authors: García-Rodríguez José León , García-Rodríguez Francisco J. , Castilla-Gutiérrez Carlos , Major Silvério Adriano
Published: March 2015

Angola is a large country with a relatively small population and abundant natural resources, including oil reserves. The high price fetched by oil, the mainstay of the Angolan economy, on international markets has helped this leading producer attain growth rates that are among the highest in the world. However, Angola is also noted for its unequal distribution of wealth and notorious political corruption. This article seeks to explore this paradox within the framework of the so-called resource curse theory and analyze the role played by the oil industry in the process.
The Geology of the Island of Arran
Authors: Ramsay Andrew Crombie
Published: March 2015

The Scottish geologist Andrew Crombie Ramsay (1814–91), best remembered for his work on glaciation, made his name with this study, which originated in holiday visits to Arran. Encouraged by John Nichol of Glasgow University, Ramsay had prepared a geological map of the island for the British Association's visit in 1839, and was to have led a field excursion and lectured to the delegates there, but missed the boat. Nichol arranged for Ramsay's work to be published the following year. It attracted the attention of Roderick Murchison, who found him employment with the Geological Survey, and Ramsay later succeeded Murchison as its director and was knighted on his retirement in 1881. The book, designed as a practical visitor's guide for both amateur and professional geologists, is organised by district with reference to specific geological features, and Ramsay provides full explanations, diagrams and engravings to make his work accessible to non-specialists.
A Seaman's Narrative of his Adventures during a Captivity among Chinese Pirates on the Coast of Cochin-China
Authors: Brown Edward
Published: March 2015

During the time of the Second Opium War between Britain and China (1856–60), sailor Edward Brown (about whom little is known) was discharged from a trading vessel in Hong Kong. He was then offered the opportunity to captain a Chinese-crewed ship bound for Wai-how on the west coast, though he was warned that it was a risky enterprise because of the ongoing hostilities. Soon his ship was chased by Chinese pirates and Brown was taken captive for many months in Cochin-China (southern Vietnam). Published in 1861, this engaging account of his captivity, attempts at escape, and eventual return to his livelihood as a mate on a trading ship is told in a lively style, and gives a first-hand account of both a turbulent time in one of the world's most dangerous seas, and the different people and customs he encountered in the course of his enforced time on land.
The Kachins
Authors: Hanson Ola
Published: March 2015

Ola Hanson (1864–1927) was a Swedish-American missionary from Minnesota, posted to northern Burma in 1890. He lived with the Kachin people and became fluent in their language, compiling a word-list and eventually producing a Kachin–English dictionary. Their own culture and complex belief system were orally transmitted: Hanson therefore devised an alphabetical transcription for his translation of the Bible into Kachin, and this writing system later became widespread in Burma. First published in 1913, this book was written after Hanson had lived with the Kachins for over twenty years, and offers a unique insight into their culture at this time. It outlines their origins, dialects, law and weapons, as well as the details of Kachin religious beliefs and ceremonies for births, marriage and death. This book is valuable as both an ethnography of the Kachin and as an example of the perspective of an early twentieth-century missionary.
Catalogue of the Fifteenth-Century Printed Books in the University Library, Cambridge
Authors: Oates John Claud Trewinard
Published: March 2015

J. C. T. Oates began work at Cambridge University Library in 1936. During his long, scholarly career, which included serving as president of the Bibliographical Societies of London and Cambridge, he did much to further research at the University Library. In 1954 he published this catalogue of the fifteenth-century printed books, which were not included in the main library catalogues. The catalogue lists over 4250 items, with detailed information for those not already described in other publications, and gives references to such information where it already existed. The fifteenth-century material is listed by place of publication, and is indexed by author, title if anonymous, printer, and former owners and autographs. Although modern catalogues of incunabula are now available online, Oates' catalogue is the only one allowing readers to locate items held by the Library from the earliest days of printing, and is still an important tool for researchers.
How to Develop Productive Industry in India and the East
Authors: Cola P. R.
Published: March 2015

The craft of manufacturing cotton was learnt by the British in India, but the East India Company's drive for profits caused the development of a cotton-spinning industry in Britain, which grew enormously when mechanical processes were introduced during the industrial revolution. Subsequent protectionist legislation which forbade the export of anything except raw cotton meant that India's supremacy in the industry was lost to Britain in the nineteenth century. This 1867 work, edited by P. R. Cola, who owned the Arkwright Cotton Mills in Bombay (Mumbai), argues for investment in up-to-date machinery, and provides a blueprint for developing a host of industries such as cotton and other textiles, jute, sugar, oil and iron, which would bring prosperity to India. Containing illustrations and statistical data, the book gives useful insights into the early development of many industries in India and in some of the other economies of the East.
Thomae Walsingham, quondam monachi S. Albani, historia Anglicana
Authors: Walsingham Thomas
Published: March 2015

Between 1863 and 1876, the Rolls Series published several works from or about the abbey of St Albans, edited by Henry Thomas Riley (1816–78) under the rubric 'Chronica monasterii S. Albani'. This two-volume edition of the 'History of England' by Thomas Walsingham (c.1340–c.1422), who supervised the scriptorium at St Albans until 1394, appeared in 1863–4. Riley followed a fifteenth-century manuscript, Arundel M.S. VII, but the appendix to Volume 2 supplies additional material from an earlier manuscript, Brit. Mus. Reg. 13. E. IX. Modern scholars argue that this work, with several others previously published separately, belongs to a larger Chronica majora overseen by Walsingham, and that its complicated manuscript tradition reveals Thomas' changing opinions of Richard II and John of Gaunt. For over a century Riley's edition was acknowledged as authoritative for the central period 1377–92. The text appears in Latin, with English side-notes.
Our Recent Actors
Authors: Marston Westland
Published: March 2015

Love of the theatre began at an early age for John Westland Marston (1819–90), and developed into his life's work as a playwright, critic and literary figure of the Victorian era. He fell out of fashion and into poverty in the last years of his life, though Irving and other friends helped with a gala benefit performance of his most famous play. This two-volume work, published in 1888, is a tribute to the actors, plays and performances of his youth. Victorian dramatic works ranged through a variety of styles and genres, and Marston's recollections cover the wide area of theatrical culture in which he was involved. Volume 1 includes chapters on the actors Macready, Charles and Ellen Kean and the Kemble family. Combining professional knowledge, backstage anecdotes and accounts of the emotional impact of performances upon Marston himself, the work offers an insight into the growth and development of nineteenth-century theatre.
Our Recent Actors
Authors: Marston Westland
Published: March 2015

Love of the theatre began at an early age for John Westland Marston (1819–90), and developed into his life's work as a playwright, critic and literary figure of the Victorian era. He fell out of fashion and into poverty in the last years of his life, though Irving and other friends helped with a gala benefit performance of his most famous play. This two-volume work, published in 1888, is a tribute to the actors, plays and performances of his youth. Victorian dramatic works ranged through a variety of styles and genres, and Marston's recollections cover the wide area of theatrical culture in which he was involved. Volume 2 charts the growth of individual theatre companies including Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden, as well as recalling great actors such as Madame Vestris and Mademoiselle Rachel. The work offers an intimate insight into the growth and development of nineteenth-century theatre.
Typographia, or The Printers' Instructor
Authors: Johnson John
Published: March 2015

John Johnson (1777–1848) worked for a private press at Lee Priory, Kent, which published limited editions of poetry, prose and pamphlets, but was not financially successful. Moving to London in 1824, Johnson produced this two-volume work on printing, which had become a popular topic in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As with Hansard's Typographia of 1825 (also available in this series), his knowledge of the history of printing is largely derived from secondary works, particularly those of Dibdin. The work was published in several formats, and contemporary reviewers noted Johnson's highly ornate typography and use of engravings more than the contents. Volume 1, in which Johnson was assisted by Richard Thomson, Librarian of the London Institution, covers the history of printing. It lists printers working in England up to the end of the sixteenth century, with bibliographical details of titles known to have been published by them.
Chronica magistri Rogeri de Houedene
Authors: Hoveden Roger of
Published: March 2015

Roger of Hoveden's Chronica was begun around 1192 and covers English history from 732 to 1201, when it is assumed he died. The work is largely an annotated compilation of various other chronicles, including the Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis (also reissued in this series). This was formerly attributed to Benedict of Peterborough, which was the view taken by William Stubbs (1825–1901) when he edited this work for the Rolls Series in 1868–71. Since the twentieth century, however, Hoveden has been recognised as the author. As a clerk to Henry II until 1189, and later as a diplomat during the Third Crusade, he was ideally placed to gain first-hand knowledge and also documents, which he provides here in full. Volume 3 (1189–92) again reworks the Gesta, with revisions for its new context. There are details relating to the Third Crusade and Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham.
The Electric Arc
Authors: Ayrton Hertha
Published: March 2015

An electric arc is formed when a current passes between two conductors through a non-conducting medium like air. Although the phenomenon was discovered during early electrical experiments and utilised widely in lighting by the end of the nineteenth century, its problems were not fully understood. First published in 1902, this book represents one of the first systematic investigations of the electric arc, and the best-known work of suffragist and electrical engineer Hertha Ayrton (1854–1923). It includes a chapter on the history of the discovery, over a hundred illustrations and tables, and Ayrton's explanation of the enduring problem of arc instability. As a result of her research, she went on to patent anti-aircraft lights and new arc-lamp technology. She later became the first female recipient of the Royal Society's Hughes Medal. Remaining relevant to students of electrical engineering and the history of science, this book shares her insights and expertise.
Leaves from a Life
Authors: Panton Jane Ellen
Published: March 2015

Jane Ellen Panton (1847–1923) was the second daughter of the artist William Powell Frith, and a journalist and author on domestic issues. She grew up in London, where she developed an aesthetic and practical interest in the various homes she lived in, and went on to publish a series of advice guides on buying property, decorating, and running households. Given her family's background and diverse interests, art, literature and theatre were also prominent in her life, as well as law and religion. First published in 1908, this is Panton's revealing autobiography, in which she recalls the places she lived, as well as the painters, actors, writers, and religious and legal figures who were central to her family's circle, influencing her tastes and interests. Offering a portrait of a creative milieu in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book is both historically valuable and highly readable.
Woman and Labour
Authors: Schreiner Olive
Published: March 2015

Olive Schreiner (1855–1920), South African author and feminist, and friend of Havelock Ellis and Eleanor Marx, was one of the most important and challenging social commentators of her time. The ninth of twelve children, she lacked formal education and was taught by her mother. It was her 1883 novel Story of an African Farm that secured her reputation as an author and feminist, which her activities in England (1881–9) further consolidated. First published in 1911, this acclaimed feminist work, one of the most influential of the early twentieth century, established Schreiner's place in the Women's Movement. A reworking of an earlier manuscript destroyed during looting of her Johannesburg home by British soldiers, it considers how the role and position of women has been determined by the artificial constrictions of society. Schreiner ends the work with her vision of true equality between man and woman. This is the 1914 printing.
The Right Hand: Left-Handedness
Authors: Wilson Daniel
Published: March 2015

Throughout history, left-handedness has been viewed as being the mark of the devil, as evidence of mental retardation or neurosis, as showing a predisposition to criminality, or as being linked to every perceived social ill. Even into the nineteenth century, many scientists were of the opinion that left-handedness was the sign of a sinister personality. An eminent ethnologist and one of the first scientific archaeologists, Daniel Wilson (1816–92), who introduced into English the word 'prehistoric', became aware of the fact that there were as many left-handed Stone Age implements as right. As a left-hander himself, he was fascinated by these discoveries. Published in 1891, his last major work gives the results of his studies of left-handedness, which he concludes is hereditary and relates to the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain.
Naval Warfare with Steam
Authors: Douglas Howard
Published: March 2015

Sir Howard Douglas (1776–1861) fought in the Napoleonic wars in Spain, taught at the Royal Military College, served as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, and as a Conservative MP for Liverpool. A military scholar, fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society and associate of the Institution of Naval Architects, he wrote widely on bridges, systems of defence and attack, and on Britain's North American provinces. Written in retirement, when Douglas became an unofficial advisor to a succession of prime ministers, this work addresses the use of steam to propel ships, with detailed analysis of design, steering, propeller and paddle engineering and considerations of speed and manoeuvrability. The book goes on to examine tactics, including breaking the line, fuel economy and fleet arrangement. Built upon by others, this important work, first published in 1858, remains of interest to military historians.
First Book of Indian Botany
Authors: Oliver Daniel
Published: March 2015

Well known among his contemporaries for his unrivalled knowledge of aberrant plants, Daniel Oliver (1830–1916) ran the herbarium at Kew Gardens and held the chair of botany at University College London, for which he was recommended by Charles Darwin. Although Oliver never visited India, his expertise in Indian botany grew considerably after he worked with an enormous number of dried specimens rescued from the cellars of the East India Company. In this book, first published in 1869, he sets out the basics of botanical study in India for the absolute beginner. It includes instruction on the anatomy of simple plants, lessons in collection and dissection, and explanations of botany's often dense terminology. Annotated diagrams appear throughout, in both microscopic and macroscopic views. Rigorous and carefully structured, Oliver's book remains an excellent resource for novice botanists and students in the history of science.
Madame de Staël
Authors: Blennerhassett Charlotte
Published: March 2015

An accomplished biographer of figures ranging from Talleyrand to Cardinal Newman, Charlotte Blennerhassett (1843–1917) originally published this three-volume study in German. Reissued here is the English translation of 1889 by J. E. Gordon Cumming. Madame de Staël (1766–1817), an intellectual in Paris at the turn of the nineteenth century, was ranked by Auguste Comte as among the 'great men' of the era. A novelist, salonnière, literary and social critic, and follower of Rousseau, she became keenly involved in the opposition to Louis XVI. Volume 2 of Blennerhassett's authoritative study addresses Madame de Staël's life from the Revolution through to the first decade of the nineteenth century, examining the ascent of Napoleon, with whom she strongly disagreed, and her exile to Coppet in Switzerland - where she organised her famous salon - as well as her celebrated visit to England and travels in Germany.
Madame de Staël
Authors: Blennerhassett Charlotte
Published: March 2015

An accomplished biographer of figures ranging from Talleyrand to Cardinal Newman, Charlotte Blennerhassett (1843–1917) originally published this three-volume study in German. Reissued here is the English translation of 1889 by J. E. Gordon Cumming. Madame de Staël (1766–1817), an intellectual in Paris at the turn of the nineteenth century, was ranked by Auguste Comte as being among the 'great men' of the era. A novelist, salonnière, literary and social critic, and follower of Rousseau, she became keenly involved in the opposition to Louis XVI. Volume 3 of Blennerhassett's authoritative study covers Madame de Staël's life from the early years of the nineteenth century through to her death. It includes a fascinating account of her journey to Weimar and friendships with Goethe and Schiller, her travels in Italy, her return to Paris after the defeat of Napoleon and her acquaintance with the Duke of Wellington.
A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay
Authors: Tench Watkin
Published: March 2015

In May 1787, eleven ships left England with more than seven hundred convicts on board, along with orders to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay, New South Wales. Watkin Tench (c.1758–1833) was a crew member on one of the ships of this First Fleet, the Charlotte, and he recalls the voyage and early days of the settlement in this vivid and engaging account, first published in 1789. The first half of the work retraces the route of the six-month journey, which took the fleet to Brazil and the Cape of Good Hope. The later chapters recount the landing at Botany Bay in January 1788, the establishment of a colony at nearby Port Jackson and observations about the natural world in this new settlement. Tench also discusses the initial interaction with the Aboriginal people, making this work an important source for scholars of British colonialism and Australian history.
Archimedis Opera Omnia
Authors: Archimedes
Published: March 2015

Published in 1880–1, this three-volume edition of the extant works of the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (c.287–c.212 BCE) was edited by the Danish philologist and historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1854–1928), whose Quaestiones Archimedeae (1879) is also reissued in this series. He later discovered a medieval palimpsest containing lost works by Archimedes, which significantly expanded the canon, but the present collection was produced long before this and therefore contains the works known at the time of publication. Heiberg consulted a Florentine codex, which he painstakingly compared with other sources to produce his edition. This first volume contains On the Sphere and the Cylinder (in two books), On the Measurement of a Circle and On Conoids and Spheroids. The texts are given in the original Greek with parallel Latin translation, notes and introductory material.
Radiation Exposure From CT Scanning in the Resuscitative Phase of Trauma Care: A Level One Trauma Centre Experience
Authors: Beatty Lorri , Furey Elizabeth , Daniels Cupido , Berman Avery , Tallon John M.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

The initial management of a trauma patient often involves imaging in the form of x-rays, computed tomography (CT) and other radiographic studies, which expose the patient to ionizing radiation, an entity known to cause tissue injury and malignancy at high doses. The purpose of this study was to use a calculation-based method to determine the radiation exposure of trauma patients undergoing trauma team activation in a Canadian tertiary-care trauma centre.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted using the Nova Scotia Provincial Trauma Registry. All patients age 16 years old and over who underwent trauma team activation between March 1, 2008 and March 1, 2009 were included. Patients who died prior to imaging tests were excluded. Dose reports for each CT were used to calculate a whole-body radiation dose for each patient.

Results

There were 230 trauma team activations during the study period, of which 206 had CT imaging. Data were available for 162 patients. The mean whole-body radiation exposure for all patients was 24.4±10.3 mSv, which may correlate to one additional cancer death for every 100 trauma patients scanned.

Conclusions

Trauma patients are exposed to significant amounts of radiation during their initial trauma work-up, which may increase the risk of fatal cancer. Clinicians who care for these patients must be aware of the radiation exposure, and take measures to limit radiation exposure of trauma patients.
Electromagnetic beam propagation in nonlinear media
Authors: Semak V.V. , Shneider M.N.
Published: March 2015

We deduce a complete wave propagation equation that includes inhomogeneity of the dielectric constant and present this propagation equation in compact vector form. Although similar equations are known in narrow fields such as radio wave propagation in the ionosphere and electromagnetic and acoustic wave propagation in stratified media, we develop here a novel approach of using such equations in the modeling of laser beam propagation in nonlinear media. Our approach satisfies the correspondence principle since in the limit of zero-length wavelength it reduces from physical to geometrical optics.
Unsteady lift for the Wagner problem in the presence of additional leading/trailing edge vortices
Authors: Li Juan , Wu Zi-Niu
Published: March 2015

This study amends the inviscid Wagner lift model for starting flow at relatively large angles of attack to account for the influence of additional leading edge and trailing edge vortices. Two methods are provided for starting flow of a flat plate. The first method is a modified Wagner function, which assumes a planar trajectory of the trailing edge vortex sheet accounting for a temporal offset from the original Wagner function given release of leading edge vortices and a concentrated starting point vortex at the initiation of motion. The second method idealizes the trailing edge sheet as a series of discrete vortices released sequentially. The models presented are shown to be in good agreement with high-fidelity simulations. Through the present theory, a vortex force line map is generated, which clearly indicates lift enhancing and reducing directions and, when coupled with streamlines, allows one to qualitatively interpret the effect of the sign and position of vortices on the lift and to identify the origins of lift oscillations and peaks. It is concluded that leading edge vortices close to the leading edge elevate the Wagner lift curve while a strong leading edge vortex convected to the trailing edge is detrimental to lift production by inducing a strong trailing edge vortex moving in the lift reducing direction. The vortex force line map can be employed to understand the effect of the different vortices in other situations and may be used to improve vortex control to enhance or reduce the lift.
Rotating Taylor–Green flow
Authors: Alexakis A.
Published: March 2015

The steady state of a forced Taylor–Green flow is investigated in a rotating frame of reference. The investigation involves the results of 184 numerical simulations for different Reynolds numbers $\mathit{Re}_{F}$ and Rossby numbers $\mathit{Ro}_{F}$. The large number of examined runs allows a systematic study that enables the mapping of the different behaviours observed to the parameter space ($\mathit{Re}_{F},\mathit{Ro}_{F}$), and the examination of different limiting procedures for approaching the large $\mathit{Re}_{F}$ small $\mathit{Ro}_{F}$ limit. Four distinctly different states were identified: laminar, intermittent bursts, quasi-two-dimensional condensates and weakly rotating turbulence. These four different states are separated by power-law boundaries $\mathit{Ro}_{F}\propto \mathit{Re}_{F}^{-{\it\gamma}}$ in the small $\mathit{Ro}_{F}$ limit. In this limit, the predictions of asymptotic expansions can be directly compared with the results of the direct numerical simulations. While the first-order expansion is in good agreement with the results of the linear stability theory, it fails to reproduce the dynamical behaviour of the quasi-two-dimensional part of the flow in the nonlinear regime, indicating that higher-order terms in the expansion need to be taken into account. The large number of simulations allows also to investigate the scaling that relates the amplitude of the fluctuations with the energy dissipation rate and the control parameters of the system for the different states of the flow. Different scaling was observed for different states of the flow, that are discussed in detail. The present results clearly demonstrate that the limits of small Rossby and large Reynolds numbers do not commute and it is important to specify the order in which they are taken.
LOCALLY CONSTANT FUNCTIONS IN C-MINIMAL STRUCTURES
Authors: KOVACSICS PABLO CUBIDES
Published: March 2015

Let M be a C-minimal structure and T its canonical tree (which corresponds in an ultrametric space to the set of closed balls with radius different than ∞ ordered by inclusion). We present a description of definable locally constant functions f : M → T in C-minimal structures having a canonical tree with infinitely many branches at each node and densely ordered branches. This provides both a description of definable subsets of T in one variable and analogues of known results in algebraically closed valued fields.
DETECTING GENE FLOW FROM ALS-RESISTANT HYBRID AND INBRED RICE TO WEEDY RICE USING SINGLE PLANT POLLEN DONORS
Authors: GOULART I. C. G. R. , MENEZES V. G. , BORTOLY E. D. , KUPAS V. , MEROTTO A.
Published: March 2015

Gene flow from herbicide-resistant rice (Oryza sativaL.) cultivars can affect the biodiversity ofOryzaspp. and can result in the lack of opportunity to control weedy rice through selective herbicides. The aim of the present study was to quantify the outcrossing rate from the herbicide-resistant red rice and rice cultivars carrying three different ALS (acetolactate synthase) alleles using a single plant pollen donor approach. A field experiment was performed using the encircle population combination technique. The main plots comprised the pollen-receptor IRGA 417 cultivar or a susceptible biotype of weedy rice, and the subplots comprised the pollen-donor inbred cultivars IRGA 422 CL and PUITÁ INTA CL, the hybrid SATOR CL or a resistant biotype of weedy rice. Among the pollen-donors, the outcrossing rate for pollen receptor susceptible weedy rice and the IRGA 417 cultivar was 0.0344% and 0.0142%, respectively. Rice cultivars carrying theALSgene mutations Ala122Thr, Ser653Asn and Gly654Asn showed a similar outcrossing rate of 0.0243%. The outcrossing rate decreased over a distance of up to 3.5 m from the pollen-donor and was not affected by the wind cardinal direction. The risk of gene flow of herbicide resistance from rice to weedy rice should be reduced through the development of new strategies to contain and mitigate gene flow and of the elimination of weedy rice escapees.
Hypogymnia papilliformis (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from Far East Russia and China
Authors: McCune Bruce , Tchabanenko Svetlana , Wei Xin Li
Published: March 2015

Hypogymnia papilliformis McCune, Tchabanenko & X. L.Wei is described as a new species of lichenized fungus from the Primorsky region of Russia and Shaanxi Province in China. It is a relatively rare species from mixed conifer-broadleaved forests in suboceanic climates, in mountainous areas at elevations of 600–1500 m. Most similar to H. delavayi, the species are distinguished by branching pattern and chemistry. Hypogymnia papilliformis is predominantly isotomically branched while H. delavayi usually develops subpinnate branching. The ceiling of the lobe cavity is mid brown to dark brown in H. papilliformis, while the ceiling is often pale brownish or white in H. delavayi. Also, H. papilliformis lacks 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, and thus has a K– medulla, while H. delavayi always contains 3-hydroxyphysodic acid as a major substance and is thus K+ slowly reddish brown. We provide a key to the six esorediate Hypogymnia species known from the Russian Far East.
Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington DC, USA
Authors: Sugarman Julie , Fee Molly , Donovan Anne
Published: March 2015

The Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) is a private, nonprofit organization with over 50 years’ experience in the application of research on language and culture to educational and societal concerns. CAL carries out its mission to improve communication through better understanding of language and culture by engaging in a variety of projects in the areas of primary, secondary, and adult education, including research on effective strategies for the instruction of linguistically and ethnically diverse students; evaluation of the effectiveness of educational programs for such students; professional development for teachers and other staff working with linguistically diverse students; development of instructional materials and language tests; and services to support cultural orientation of immigrants and refugees.