bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multi-ecosystem prioritization framework to balance competing habitat conservation needs of multiple species in decline
Authors: Van Lanen Nicholas J. , Shyvers Jessica E. , Duchardt Courtney J. , Aldridge Cameron L.
Published: August 2023

Context

Individual species often drive habitat restoration action; however, management under this paradigm may negatively affect non-target species. Prioritization frameworks which explicitly consider benefits to target species while minimizing consequences for non-target species may improve management strategies and outcomes.

Objectives

We examined extents to which conifer removal, an approach frequently implemented to restore sagebrush ecosystems, can be conducted without detrimental effects to conifer-associated species, including the imperiled Pinyon Jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus). Additionally, we prioritized sites for conifer removal, and predicted abundance responses for multiple species following simulated conifer removal at selected sites to achieve variable management objectives.

Methods

We used model-predicted changes in species’ densities following simulated conifer removal to identify optimal removal sites under single species, multi-species (ecosystem), and multi-ecosystem management scenarios. We simulated conifer removal at prioritized sites and evaluated resulting changes in abundance for six passerine species.

Results

Management prioritized for a single species (Brewer’s Sparrow) provided the greatest per-unit-effort benefits for that species but resulted in the lowest population outcomes for all other species considered. In comparison, prioritizations for multiple species within a single ecosystem (i.e., pinyon–juniper or sagebrush) resulted in larger population benefits for species associated with that ecosystem and reduced detrimental effects on non-target species associated with another ecosystem. For example, single species management for Brewer’s Sparrow resulted in an average increase of 1.38% for sagebrush-associated species and a 4.58% decrease for pinyon–juniper associated species. In contrast, when managing for multiple sagebrush-associated species sagebrush-associated songbird populations increased by 3.98% and pinyon–juniper associated species decreased by 2.36%, on average.

Conclusions

Our results illustrate single species management can result in detrimental outcomes and/or opportunity costs for non-target species compared to management designed to benefit multiple species. Our framework can be used to balance undesired consequences for non-target species and is adaptable for other systems and taxa.
“Green informed consent” in the classroom, clinic, and consultation room
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: August 2023

The carbon emissions of global health care activities make up 4–5% of total world emissions, placing it on par with the food sector. Carbon emissions are particularly relevant for health care because of climate change health hazards. Doctors and health care professionals must connect their health care delivery with carbon emissions and minimize resource use when possible as a part of their obligation to do no harm. Given that reducing carbon is a global ethical priority, the informed consent process in health care delivery must change. I argue that the expanded role of bioethicists in this climate crisis is to promote and support “green informed consent:” the sharing of climate information with patients, offering options for lower-carbon health care, and accepting the patient’s right to decline treatments which are deemed too carbon intensive for their values.
Preparing fertile ground: how does the quality of business environments affect MSE growth?
Authors: Fu Jonathan , Krauss Annette
Published: August 2023

We study how the quality of local business environments helps explain growth outcomes of micro- and small enterprise microfinance clients by drawing on long-term nationwide administrative data and a policy shock in Cambodia. The staggered launch of special economic zones, which we link to positive shocks to the business environment on both the demand and supply side, leads to significantly increased employment in micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) located in these special economic zones (SEZs), compared to enterprises in contextually similar districts that are unexposed to an SEZ. Key channels explaining the improved growth outcomes include expanded access to external markets for the enterprises’ goods and services, more dynamic labor environments, and improved credit terms and conditions. To broaden the relevance of our findings, we combine data from prominent empirical studies on microfinance and demonstrate how related business conditions identified in the enterprise growth literature help explain differences in client business outcomes found in their results. Policy implications are that a smaller but influential segment of microfinance borrowers significantly benefit from opportunities provided by improved local business environments and that governments and lenders can play active roles in facilitating the necessary improvements for such MSEs.
Europe and Northern Ireland's Future
Authors: Murphy Mary C.
Published: August 2023

The implications of Brexit for Northern Ireland are profound, given its history and geographical position as a land border with the European Union. Four decades of sectarian violence have been replaced by a period of sustained peace, economic growth and development, yet the trenchant political divide remains. The ongoing fractious relations within the Northern Irish Assembly threaten to derail any hope the region might have on influencing the discussion and direction of the Brexit negotiations.

 Mary C. Murphy offers a detailed and in-depth analysis of Northern Ireland's relationship with the EU, the role the EU has played in rebuilding the region after the Troubles, and the challenges and opportunities that Brexit might offer Northern Ireland in terms of its fragile politics and economy.

Northern Ireland has long occupied a greater political space than might seem warranted, given its size and relatively underdeveloped economy. This space may yet again become the most hotly contested and divisive topic in future Brexit negotiations, if it doesn't in fact prove to be the key to the successful UK withdrawal and future relations with our European neighbours.
The Hot Vojvodina Summer Of 1988: Did Vojvodinians Seek to Overthrow Their Government?
Authors: Flere Sergej
Published: August 2023

Several watershed events preceded the dissolution of Yugoslavia. One of these was the toppling of the Vojvodina autonomist leadership in October 1988. This was preceded by a series of rallies throughout Vojvodina in the summer of 1988, which may have seemed like a spontaneous affair and the work of “ordinary citizens.” It was called “the antibureaucratic revolution.” However, these rallies, including a standing group of demonstrators, continually and always referring to the grievances of Kosovo Serbs, turned out to be supported by the Serbian political elite centered in Belgrade. The elite, still headed by the Serbian Communist Chief Slobodan Milošević, gave thrust and coordination to efforts to organize the rallies. The Vojvodina leadership was toppled for their alleged “failing to understand the plight of Kosovo Serbs.” The overthrow was, further, with a view to achieve the Serbian elite’s pet project, the “united Serbia”—that is, doing away with Vojvodina’s and Kosovo’s autonomy. Written sources (including recollections by Yugoslav leaders of the time) and written sources are considered in research on the events.
“Bykivnia is Extremely Important in the Search for Our Identity”: A Martyrological Landscape of Remembrance and the Problems with the Victimhood Narrative
Authors: Kharkhun Valentyna
Published: August 2023

In 1989, after few decades of Soviet disinformation, a fourth investigation by the state commission finally recognized Bykivnia, located on the outskirt of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, as being a burial place for victims of the Soviet regime. Later in 1994, the Historical and Cultural Reserve “Bykivnians’ky Graves” was launched at the site, marking the initial point of the state remembrance of victims of Soviet political repressions and consequently indicating the importance of the victimhood narrative when portraying the Soviet past. This article examines the historical recognition of Bykivnia and the development of a martyrological landscape on the site in context with the establishment of state legislative actions and commemorative policies regarding victims of Soviet political repressions. The case study of Bykivnia should provide a basic understanding of domestic and international contradictions when creating a victimhood narrative and will question approaches taken for adapting this narrative in building a national identity.
Real-time PCR versus traditional and Nano-based ELISA in early detection of murine trichinellosis
Authors: Mohammad S. M. , Hegazy L. A. , Abdel Hady R. S. , Salama M. A. , Hammad S. K. , Ibrahim S. M.
Published: August 2023

Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonosis. It poses a serious risk to public health worldwide. Early serological diagnosis of trichinellosis is influenced by an immunological ‘silent’ phase following infection. This highlights the necessity for developing sensitive diagnostic approaches to be employed when antibodies cannot be detected. In this work, the validity of traditional ELISA, Nano-ELISA and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated in early diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis. Swiss albino mice were orally infected with 100 and 300 muscle larvae/mouse. Mice were sacrificed 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were tested for circulating antigen by traditional ELISA and Nano-ELISA using anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG conjugated with AgNPs and for Rep gene by SYBR green real-time PCR. Rep gene detection by SYBR green real-time PCR could detect T. spiralis with 100% sensitivity in the mild infection group at 8 dpi, while in the severe infection group it reached 100% sensitivity at 4 dpi. Nano-ELISA could detect T. spiralis circulating antigen from 4 dpi in both mild and severe infection and reached 100% sensitivity at 8 dpi and 6 dpi in mild and severe infection, respectively. However, traditional ELISA could detect T. spiralis circulating antigen from 6 dpi and reached maximum sensitivity at 15 dpi in the mild infection group, while in the severe infection group detection began at 4 dpi and reached 100% sensitivity at 8 dpi. Nano-ELISA and real time PCR, using Rep gene, are useful tools for the detection of early T. spiralis infection even in its mild infection state.
Epistemic phrases and adolescent speech in West London
Authors: OXBURY ROSAMUND , HUNT MATTHEW , CHESHIRE JENNY
Published: August 2023

Adolescents, particularly those in multiethnic, multilingual communities, have become central to sociolinguistic research in the variationist tradition (Cheshire, Nortier & Adger 2015). In several studies of adolescent speech in European urban centres, the same set of Arabic-derived epistemic phrases, namely wallah, wallahi and related phrases meaning ‘swear’, appear to be in use (see, e.g., Quist 2005; Opsahl 2009; Lehtonen 2015). In this article, we document how these phrases are used in the speech of adolescents from a borough of West London and demonstrate the functional similarities between the current data and studies of adolescents in other West European contexts. Using a distributional analysis, we also draw several comparisons between our data and data collected in previous studies of adolescent speech in London. We find functional and distributional similarities and contrasts in both cases. We then discuss the consequences of these findings for the study of epistemic markers and their relevance in adolescent speech.
Winds and magnetospheres from stars and planets: similarities and differences
Authors: Owocki Stan
Published: August 2023

Both stars and planets can lose mass through an expansive wind outflow, often constrained or channeled by magnetic fields that form a surrounding magnetosphere. The very strong winds of massive stars are understood to be driven by line-scattering of the star’s radiative momentum, while in the Sun and even lower-mass stars a much weaker mass loss arises from the thermal expansion of a mechanically heated corona. In exoplanets around such low-mass stars, the radiative heating and wind interaction can lead to thermal expansion or mechanical ablation of their atmospheres. Stellar magnetospheres result from the internal trapping of the wind outflow, while planetary magnetospheres are typically shaped by the external impact from the star’s wind. But in both cases the stressing can drive magnetic reconnection that results in observable signatures such as X-ray flares and radio outbursts. This review will aim to give an overview of the underlying physics of these processes with emphasis on their similarities and distinctions for stars vs. planets.
Pathologists’ first opinions on barriers and facilitators of computational pathology adoption in oncological pathology: an international study
Authors: Swillens Julie E. M. , Nagtegaal Iris D. , Engels Sam , Lugli Alessandro , Hermens Rosella P. M. G. , van der Laak Jeroen A. W. M.
Published: August 2023

Computational pathology (CPath) algorithms detect, segment or classify cancer in whole slide images, approaching or even exceeding the accuracy of pathologists. Challenges have to be overcome before these algorithms can be used in practice. We therefore aim to explore international perspectives on the future role of CPath in oncological pathology by focusing on opinions and first experiences regarding barriers and facilitators. We conducted an international explorative eSurvey and semi-structured interviews with pathologists utilizing an implementation framework to classify potential influencing factors. The eSurvey results showed remarkable variation in opinions regarding attitude, understandability and validation of CPath. Interview results showed that barriers focused on the quality of available evidence, while most facilitators concerned strengths of CPath. A lack of consensus was present for multiple factors, such as the determination of sufficient validation using CPath, the preferred function of CPath within the digital workflow and the timing of CPath introduction in pathology education. The diversity in opinions illustrates variety in influencing factors in CPath adoption. A next step would be to quantitatively determine important factors for adoption and initiate validation studies. Both should include clear case descriptions and be conducted among a more homogenous panel of pathologists based on sub specialization.
Reversible spin-optical interface in luminescent organic radicals
Authors: Gorgon Sebastian , Lv Kuo , Grüne Jeannine , Drummond Bluebell H. , Myers William K. , Londi Giacomo , Ricci Gaetano , Valverde Danillo , Tonnelé Claire , Murto Petri , Romanov Alexander S. , Casanova David , Dyakonov Vladimir , Sperlich Andreas , Beljonne David , Olivier Yoann , Li Feng , Friend Richard H. , Evans Emrys W.
Published: August 2023

Molecules present a versatile platform for quantum information science1,2 and are candidates for sensing and computation applications3,4. Robust spin-optical interfaces are key to harnessing the quantum resources of materials5. To date, carbon-based candidates have been non-luminescent6,7, which prevents optical readout via emission. Here we report organic molecules showing both efficient luminescence and near-unity generation yield of excited states with spin multiplicity S > 1. This was achieved by designing an energy resonance between emissive doublet and triplet levels, here on covalently coupled tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl-carbazole radicals and anthracene. We observed that the doublet photoexcitation delocalized onto the linked acene within a few picoseconds and subsequently evolved to a pure high-spin state (quartet for monoradical, quintet for biradical) of mixed radical–triplet character near 1.8 eV. These high-spin states are coherently addressable with microwaves even at 295 K, with optical readout enabled by reverse intersystem crossing to emissive states. Furthermore, for the biradical, on return to the ground state the previously uncorrelated radical spins either side of the anthracene shows strong spin correlation. Our approach simultaneously supports a high efficiency of initialization, spin manipulations and light-based readout at room temperature. The integration of luminescence and high-spin states creates an organic materials platform for emerging quantum technologies.
A viral ADP-ribosyltransferase attaches RNA chains to host proteins
Authors: Wolfram-Schauerte Maik , Pozhydaieva Nadiia , Grawenhoff Julia , Welp Luisa M. , Silbern Ivan , Wulf Alexander , Billau Franziska A. , Glatter Timo , Urlaub Henning , Jäschke Andres , Höfer Katharina
Published: August 2023

The mechanisms by which viruses hijack the genetic machinery of the cells they infect are of current interest. When bacteriophage T4 infects Escherichia coli, it uses three different adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) to reprogram the transcriptional and translational apparatus of the host by ADP-ribosylation using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a substrate1,2. NAD has previously been identified as a 5′ modification of cellular RNAs3–5. Here we report that the T4 ART ModB accepts not only NAD but also NAD-capped RNA (NAD–RNA) as a substrate and attaches entire RNA chains to acceptor proteins in an ‘RNAylation’ reaction. ModB specifically RNAylates the ribosomal proteins rS1 and rL2 at defined Arg residues, and selected E. coli and T4 phage RNAs are linked to rS1 in vivo. T4 phages that express an inactive mutant of ModB have a decreased burst size and slowed lysis of E. coli. Our findings reveal a distinct biological role for NAD–RNA, namely the activation of the RNA for enzymatic transfer to proteins. The attachment of specific RNAs to ribosomal proteins might provide a strategy for the phage to modulate the host’s translation machinery. This work reveals a direct connection between RNA modification and post-translational protein modification. ARTs have important roles far beyond viral infections6, so RNAylation may have far-reaching implications.
Xiphoid nucleus of the midline thalamus controls cold-induced food seeking
Authors: Lal Neeraj K. , Le Phuong , Aggarwal Samarth , Zhang Alan , Wang Kristina , Qi Tianbo , Pang Zhengyuan , Yang Dong , Nudell Victoria , Yeo Gene W. , Banks Alexander S. , Ye Li
Published: August 2023

Maintaining body temperature is calorically expensive for endothermic animals1. Mammals eat more in the cold to compensate for energy expenditure2, but the neural mechanism underlying this coupling is not well understood. Through behavioural and metabolic analyses, we found that mice dynamically switch between energy-conservation and food-seeking states in the cold, the latter of which are primarily driven by energy expenditure rather than the sensation of cold. To identify the neural mechanisms underlying cold-induced food seeking, we used whole-brain c-Fos mapping and found that the xiphoid (Xi), a small nucleus in the midline thalamus, was selectively activated by prolonged cold associated with elevated energy expenditure but not with acute cold exposure. In vivo calcium imaging showed that Xi activity correlates with food-seeking episodes under cold conditions. Using activity-dependent viral strategies, we found that optogenetic and chemogenetic stimulation of cold-activated Xi neurons selectively recapitulated food seeking under cold conditions whereas their inhibition suppressed it. Mechanistically, Xi encodes a context-dependent valence switch that promotes food-seeking behaviours under cold but not warm conditions. Furthermore, these behaviours are mediated by a Xi-to-nucleus accumbens projection. Our results establish Xi as a key region in the control of cold-induced feeding, which is an important mechanism in the maintenance of energy homeostasis in endothermic animals.
Persistent equatorial Pacific iron limitation under ENSO forcing
Authors: Browning Thomas J. , Saito Mak A. , Garaba Shungudzemwoyo P. , Wang Xuechao , Achterberg Eric P. , Moore C. Mark , Engel Anja , Mcllvin Matthew R. , Moran Dawn , Voss Daniela , Zielinski Oliver , Tagliabue Alessandro
Published: August 2023

Projected responses of ocean net primary productivity to climate change are highly uncertain1. Models suggest that the climate sensitivity of phytoplankton nutrient limitation in the low-latitude Pacific Ocean plays a crucial role1–3, but this is poorly constrained by observations4. Here we show that changes in physical forcing drove coherent fluctuations in the strength of equatorial Pacific iron limitation through multiple El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles, but that this was overestimated twofold by a state-of-the-art climate model. Our assessment was enabled by first using a combination of field nutrient-addition experiments, proteomics and above-water hyperspectral radiometry to show that phytoplankton physiological responses to iron limitation led to approximately threefold changes in chlorophyll-normalized phytoplankton fluorescence. We then exploited the >18-year satellite fluorescence record to quantify climate-induced nutrient limitation variability. Such synoptic constraints provide a powerful approach for benchmarking the realism of model projections of net primary productivity to climate changes.
Active surveillance for adverse events of influenza vaccine safety in elderly cancer patients using self-controlled tree-temporal scan statistic analysis
Authors: Jeong Na-Young , Kim Chung-Jong , Park Sang Min , Kim Ye-Jee , Lee Joongyub , Choi Nam-Kyong
Published: August 2023

Both cancer patients and the elderly are at high risk of developing flu complications, so influenza vaccination is recommended. We aimed to evaluate potential adverse events (AEs) following influenza vaccination in elderly cancer patients using the self-controlled tree-temporal scan statistic method. From a large linked database of Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency vaccination data and the National Health Insurance Service claims data, we identified cancer patients aged over 65 who received flu vaccines during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons. We included all the outcomes occurring on 1–84 days post-vaccination and evaluated all temporal risk windows, which started 1–28 days and ended 2–42 days. Patients who were diagnosed with the same disease during a year prior to vaccination were excluded. We used the hierarchy of ICD-10 to identify statistically significant clustering. This study included 431,276 doses of flu vaccine. We detected signals for 1 set: other dorsopathies on 1–15 days (attributable risk 16.5 per 100,000, P = 0.017). Dorsopathy is a known AE of influenza vaccine. No statistically significant clusters were found when analyzed by flu season. Therefore, influenza vaccination is more recommended for elderly patients with cancer and weakened immune systems.
Bioinspired bi-phasic 3D nanoflowers of MgO/Mg(OH)2 coated melamine sponge as a novel bactericidal agent
Authors: Agarwal Ashutosh , Senevirathna Hasanthi L. , Koo Seok Hwee , Wong Crystal Shie Lyeen , Lim Terence Sey Kiat , Ng Foo Cheong , Anariba Franklin , Wu Ping
Published: August 2023

By roughly mimicking the surface architectural design of dragonfly wings, novel bi-phasic 3D nanoflowers of MgO/Mg(OH)2 were successfully synthesized via the electrospinning technique. The 3D nanoflowers were coated over a commercial melamine sponge and extensively characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDS. The formation of distinct dense 3D nano petals was revealed by SEM images whereby the mean petal thickness and mean distance between the adjacent petals were found to be 36 nm and 121 nm, respectively. The bactericidal activities of synthesized 3D nano-flowers coated melamine sponges were assessed against five different bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This study demonstrated significant bactericidal activity of MgO/Mg(OH)2 3D nanoflowers coated MS against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Plausible bactericidal mechanisms include envelope deformation, penetration, and induction of oxidative stress. This study introduces novel bioinspired biomaterial with the capacity to reduce the risk associated with pathogenic bacterial infections, especially in medical devices.
Refractive outcomes after immediate primary phacoemulsification for acute primary angle closure
Authors: Suzuki Takafumi , Ueta Yoshiki , Tachi Naoko , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Fukutome Takao , Sasajima Hirofumi
Published: August 2023

This study investigated the refractive outcomes of 64 eyes overall including 32 immediate primary phacoemulsification in acute primary angle closure (APAC) eyes and 32 of their fellow eyes. We investigated best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), average keratometric diopter (K), spherical equivalent, axial length (AL), central corneal thickness, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) at preoperative examination (Pre) and more than 1-month post-phacoemulsification (1 m), and changes in values. Using SRK/T, Barrett Universal II (Barrett), Hill-Radial Basis Function Version 3.0 (RBF 3.0), and Kane formulas, we calculated and compared refractive prediction error (PE), absolute value of PE (AE), and changes in K, AL, and ACD from Pre to 1 m between APAC and fellow eyes. From Pre to 1 m, K remained similar in APAC and fellow eyes (p = 0.069 and p = 0.082); AL significantly decreased in APAC and in fellow eyes (both p < 0.001); and ACD significantly increased in APAC and in fellow eyes (both p < 0.001). The change in AL differed significantly between the two groups (p = 0.007). Compared to the fellow eyes, PE with SRK/T and Barret formulas (p = 0.0496 and p = 0.039) and AE with Barrett and RBF 3.0 formula (p = 0.001 and p = 0.024) were significantly larger in the APAC eyes. Thus, attention should be paid to refractive prediction error in immediate primary phacoemulsification for APAC eyes caused by preoperative AL elongation due to high IOP.
Medium to long-term outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using the superficial quadriceps versus a hamstring autograft in patellar instability patients
Authors: Sanguanjit Prakasit , Rujiraphum Possawat , Apivatgaroon Adinun , Chernchujit Bancha
Published: August 2023

Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is a standard procedure in patellar dislocation patients. Superficial quadriceps autografts (QA) and hamstring autografts (HA) are popular graft choices in MPFL reconstruction with the lack of directly compared clinical studies between both methods. A total of 43 patellar instability patients, who underwent QA and HA for patellar stabilization at a specified center between 2012 and 2021, were retrospectively reviewed. 21 QA and 22 HA patients were 52.4% of males and 47.6% females with a median age of 25 years (range 12–58) in the QA group, while 63.6% were females with a median age of 21 years (range 14–58) in the HA group. The mean follow-up period was 46.9 months (range 24–77) in QA and 61 months (range 24–100) in the HA group. At the final follow-up, no complications were observed with either technique. No patients presented with recurrent dislocations after surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative mean Kujala scores (QA = 94.9+/− 4.1 and HA = 94.2+/− 8.0, p = 0.73) or the mean Lysholm scores (QA = 94.1+/− 5.0 and HA = 93.2+/− 7.0, p = 0.61).
Label-free DNA quantification using isothermal amplification on an exposed core optical fiber microfluidic platform
Authors: Li Xuegang , Zhang He , Zhang Yanan , Zhao Yong , Nguyen Linh Viet , Zhou Xue , Warren-Smith Stephen C.
Published: August 2023

A label-free isothermal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification method based on refractive index (RI) quantification is proposed and demonstrated for the first time by combining optical fiber sensing, microfluidics, and isothermal amplification.
Influence of plasmons on the luminescence properties of solvatochromic merocyanine dyes with different solvatochromism
Authors: Ibrayev Niyazbek Kh. , Seliverstova Evgeniya V. , Valiev Rashid R. , Kanapina Assel E. , Ishchenko Alexander A. , Kulinich Andrii V. , Kurten Theo , Sundholm Dage
Published: August 2023

The effect of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a system consisting of a highly dipolar merocyanine dye and a silver nanoparticle (NP) was studied experimentally and theoretically.
Computational screening of high activity and selectivity of CO2 reduction via transition metal single-atom catalysts on triazine-based graphite carbon nitride
Authors: Ji Shuang , Li Yi , Zhang Yongfan , Lin Wei
Published: August 2023

High activity and selectivity of CO2 electroreduction to CH4 on single atom supported tg-C3N4via a five-step screening method.
Maximizing hydrogen utilization efficiency in tandem hydrogenation of nitroarenes with ammonia borane
Authors: Shen Mengqi , Bendel Christoph , Vibbert Hunter B. , Khine Pan Thi , Norton Jack R. , Moment Aaron J.
Published: August 2023

Tandem catalysis involving simultaneous dihydrogen generation from a hydrogen carrier and substrate reduction on a heterogeneous catalyst provides unique opportunities for green chemistry synthesis under mild reaction conditions.
Rapid dissolution of chitin and chitosan with degree of deacetylation less than 80% in KOH/urea aqueous solution
Authors: Zhong Yi , Zhang Xi , Zhang Qing , Cai Jie
Published: August 2023

The rapid dissolution of chitin and chitosan with degree of deacetylation less than 80% in the universal solvent KOH/urea aqueous solution were comprehensively investigated. A desolvation–intercalation dissolution mechanism was proposed.
Torque ripple reduction of switched reluctance motor using direct instantaneous torque control and adaptive turn‐on technique for electric vehicle applications
Authors: Al Quraan Laith , Szamel Laszlo
Published: August 2023

Direct Instantaneous Torque Control (DITC) with an adaptive turn‐on angle technique is presented in this paper to improve the torque ripple of the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) for Electric Vehicle applications. Torque ripple suppression is achieved by employing two operating modes during the commutation interval. First, both the outgoing and incoming phase states are modified to track the required torque during the incoming phase's minimum inductance area. As soon as the incoming phase leaves its minimum inductance zone, the outgoing phase is demagnetised, and only the incoming phase state is modified for torque tracking. In addition, a closed‐loop regulator is used to dynamically control the turn‐on angle that drives the incoming current to reach its first peak at the instant of switching between the two operation modes when the rotor and stator poles initiate overlap, thus increasing the motor's efficiency. Simulation results showed that the proposed control method has superior advantages over the traditional DITC and Average Torque Controller. Furthermore, the simulation results were verified experimentally using a four‐phase 4kW, 8/6 SRM prototype.
Modular quantum circuits for secure communication
Authors: Ceschini Andrea , Rosato Antonello , Panella Massimo
Published: August 2023

Quasi‐chaotic generators are used for producing a pseudorandom behaviour that can be used for encryption/decryption and secure communications, introducing an implementation of them based on quantum technology. Namely, the authors propose a quasi‐chaotic generator based on quantum modular addition and quantum modular multiplication and they prove that quantum computing allows the parallel processing of data, paving the way for a fast and robust multi‐channel encryption/decryption scheme. The resulting structure is validated by means of several experiments, which assessed the performance with respect to the original VLSI solution and ascertained the desired noise‐like behaviour.
Does Hyperfibrinolytic Activity Occur During Cardiopulmonary Bypass from Blood Exposed to Pleural Surfaces?
Authors: Pierce Michelle L. , Stammers Alfred H. , Dickes Melinda S. , Taft Kimberly J. , Beck Daniel J. , Jones Clinton C.
Published: August 2023

During cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), fibrinolytic activity may be stimulated when blood exposed to pleural surfaces is suctioned into the extracorporeal circuit (ECC). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reinfused blood exposed to pleural surfaces on systemic fibrinolytic activity. Following Institutional Animal Care Utilization Committee approval, 120 ml of blood was drawn from the femoral artery of 4 pigs and placed in both pleural cavities, where it remained for 120 min during CPB. After this time, the exposed blood was suctioned back into the ECC. Blood samples were drawn at the following times: 40 min prior to median sternotomy, 30 and 90 min during CPB, and 30 min post-suction. Tests performed on the samples included thromboelastography (TEG), D-dimer (DD), fibrin degradation products (FDP), fibrinogen concentration, activated clotting time (ACT), hematocrit, and platelet count. TEG index decreased significantly in the circuit following suction (5.28 ± 0.45 vs. 0.98 ± 1.86, p < 0.0007), while fibrinolytic activity increased (6.25 ± 1.50%) in the ECC when compared to pleural blood (2.17 ± 1.04%, p < 0.01). The DD and FDP were both elevated in the systemic circulation following suction of the pleural blood, although statistical significance was not achieved. The ACT was significantly elevated in the pleural fluid during CPB (707 ± 213) compared with the ECC (378 ± 32, p < .003), which may indicate an accelerated consumption of coagulation factors. In conclusion, blood exposed to pleural surfaces may have increased fibrinolytic activity, but systemic hyperfibrinolysis was not seen.
A fax-Back Oxygenator-Perfusionist Clinical Performance Data Collection and Statistical Analysis Method
Authors: Riley Jeffrey B. , Berryessa Richard G. , Justison George A. , Nolan Kenneth M. , Hoerr Harry R.
Published: August 2023

A method to collect clinical oxygenator performance data daily is described. At the end of a bypass procedure, the perfusionist fills in a fax-back form designed to automatically input patient-oxygenator performance data into a computer spreadsheet.

Multiple blood gases, FiO2, gas and blood flow data, venous oxygenator blood inlet conditions (hemoglobin, 0 2 saturation, hematocrit and temperature), time on bypass and device manufacturer information are collected at the end of each cardiopulmonary bypass procedure at multiple institutions. A large sample database is created that allows multi-parametric analyses in regard to clinical practice, device performance, manufacturing consistency and patient requirements.

The database and analyses facilitate institutional, manufacturer, and clinician benchmarking. Monthly reports to the clinicians give valuable feedback to improve oxygenator use and patient blood gas control. Reports to the device manufacturer provide information used to evaluate the clinical consequences of small changes in the manufacturing process.
An Improved Bladder for Pump Control During ECMO Procedures
Authors: Tamari Yehuda , Lee-Sensiba Kerri , King Shane , Hall Michael H.
Published: August 2023

A new inline reservoir called the Better-Bladder™, now FDA-cleared for long term use, overcomes some disadvantages of the silicone bladder and bladder box used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits. The Better-Bladder™ provides compliance in the venous line and allows for noninvasive pressure measurements. Both features are useful for controlling pump speed as a function of venous line pressure.

Bench tests showed that the Better-Bladder™ measures pressure noninvasively within ±4% of invasive (i.e., liquid contacting) pressure measurements in a range from −200 to +500 mmHg and at temperatures from 10°C to 37°C. After 60 days, the error in noninvasive pressure measurement with the Better-Bladder™ was less than ±3%. The Better-Bladder™ withstood pressurization to 1700 mmHg for ten days without leaking or failing in other ways. The advantages of the Better Bladder™, along with its accuracy and durability, suggest its use for short and long term pumping applications.
Differential Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Septic Shock
Authors: Sanders D. Bradford , Larson Douglas F. , Jablonowski Curt , Olsen Laura
Published: August 2023

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the septic patient has markedly decreased peripheral vascular resistance as a consequence of endotoxin release from microorganisms. This decrease in peripheral vascular resistance is the result of endotoxin-induced nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). iNOS and eNOS are responsible for the synthesis of NO because of various stimuli, including the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We tested the hypothesis that a differential expression of iNOS among human endothelial cells and murine macrophage is dependent upon exposure to endotoxin and various pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using a human endothelial cell line, ECV-304 and murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, we quantified the expression of iNOS with specific FITC-conjugated antibodies using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and NO production with a Bioxytech nitric oxide spectrophotometric assay. This in vitro septic model utilized LPS supported with species-specific interferon-γ, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The cell types were stimulated for 8 hours with combinations of the cytokines mentioned. The FACS data demonstrated a significant stimulus-dependent increase in iNOS expression among the macrophage groups; however, the stimulated endothelial cells showed no significant change in iNOS expression. The nitric oxide production data demonstrated significant increases in NO production among macrophage stimulated groups; whereas, endothelial stimulated groups exhibit no significant change. We conclude that NO secreted during septic shock is the result of activated macrophage, not the endothelium. The clinical relevance is that the more severe the infectious process, the lower the PVR may be during CPB because of increased NO production from activated macrophage.
Quantitative Evaluation of Heparin-Coated versus Non–Heparin-Coated Bypass Circuits During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Stammers Alfred H. , Christensen Kevin A. , Lynch James , Zavadil Douglas P. , Deptula Joseph J. , Sydzyik R. Troy
Published: August 2023

The extracorporealization of blood activates various elements of the fibrinolytic, coagulation, and complement systems. It is theorized that advancements in biocompatibility ameliorate many of the changes leading to improved patient management. The purpose of this study was to determine if heparin-coated circuit (HCC) utilization during cardiopulmonary bypass enhances patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner.

A search of the English medical literature was completed to identify all clinical, prospective, randomized trials comparing HCC and non-HCC in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valvular surgery. Twenty-six papers consisting of a sample size of 1515 patients were identified and included in the study parameters. The study distinguished between Duraflo II and Carmeda coating techniques and matched papers with different heparin loading doses, as well as use of a heparin-coated cardiotomy. Study parameters were matched for all papers and analyzed according to the availability of data.

Statistically significant benefits of HCC were found in postoperative blood loss, time in the ICU, end bypass C3a, time to extubation, end bypass lactoferrin, and end platelet count, but not with respect to postoperative chest tube drainage, red blood cell transfusions, and end bypass TAT complex, D-dimers, and BTG. Data comparing the use of coated or uncoated cardiotomy utilization failed to demonstrate a benefit to heparin coating. Several immunological variables were ameliorated when Carmeda HCC was utilized, although data were insufficient to establish a cost–benefit analysis. In conclusion, heparin-coated circuitry provided statistically better results when compared to noncoated circuitry.
Heparin-Bonded Circuit With Low Systemic Anticoagulation in a Patient With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report
Authors: O’Gara Paul J. , Aldea Gabriel S. , Shemin Richard J. , Shapira Oz M.
Published: August 2023

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in patients undergoing open heart surgery has been reported with increasing frequency. Several strategies have been suggested to approach this difficult problem. However, the syndrome is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We describe an 82-year-old male with HIT who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting utilizing a heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuit with very low systemic anticoagulation. Only one unit of packed red blood cells was transfused. The patient recovered uneventfully. This strategy is safe and effective, and, therefore, should be considered in patients with HIT.
CDI Blood Parameter Monitoring System 500—A New Tool for the Clinical Perfusionist
Authors: Fried David W. , Leo Joseph J. , Mattioni Gabriel J. , Mohamed Hasratt , Rector Raymond P. , Weber Frederick , Zombolas Theodore L.
Published: August 2023

Sarns/3M Health Care has recently introduced the CDI 500 Blood Parameter Monitoring System. In addition to parameters previously available, this system now offers continuous monitoring of the patient’s oxygen consumption (VO2/min) and potassium concentration ([K+]). The purpose of this study was: (1) to compare the [K+] from the CDI 500 with the [K+] derived from our hospital’s laboratory; and (2) to compare the VO2/min from the CDI 500 with the results obtained utilizing the “gold-standard” Fick equation.

The mean absolute difference in [K+] was 0.10 mEq/L with a mean percentage error of only 3.93%. The mean absolute difference in VO2/min was 18.78 ml O2/min, with a mean percentage error of 11.63%.

We concluded that the [K+] correlated well and that 9.13% of the oxygen consumption percentage error was attributable to the exclusion of dissolved oxygen in the calculation used by the CDI 500, with the remaining 2.5% attributable to differences in technology.

We recommended that future upgrades to the CDI 500 should include dissolved O2 when measuring oxygen consumption and consideration should be given to increasing the operating range for [K+].
Evaluation of a “Heads-up” Display for Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Austin Jon W.
Published: August 2023

Multiple variables must be analyzed during cardiopulmonary bypass in order to judge the adequacy of perfusion. Variables when viewed singly can be confusing and lead to inaccurate representation of the physiological status of the patient. Communication between the perfusionist and members of the surgical team requires accuracy and complete presentation of pertinent data. Toward this goal of improving the assimilation and processing of information during cardiopulmonary bypass, a multivariable computer-aided “Heads-up Display” (HUD) was developed.

Modern jet pilots use heads-up display for rapid assimilation of information when making judgments about the performance of their aircraft and weapons systems. Heads-up display is an electronically generated display that is superimposed upon a pilot’s forward field of view. An analogy between a jet pilot and a perfusionist can be made.

A geometric form, a hexagon, is used as part of the heads-up display for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB-HUD). The polygon represents a performance evaluation graph. Each of the six “spokes of a wheel” represents a physiological parameter. The represented variables are: cardiac index, peripheral vascular resistance, hematocrit, dynamic operating blood level, venous saturation, and mean arterial pressure. The perfusionist inputs target values. Target values are then compared to actual values and expressed as a percentage. If all targeted values are achieved, the graphical representation is a hexagon.

The surgical team rapidly recognizes abnormal patterns that are outside individual target values. They include, but are not limited to, patterns of: vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, hypovolemia, decreased oxygen carrying capacity, and several others.

The CPB-HUD has proved to be of value for planning, real time evaluation, retrospective analysis of cardiopulmonary bypass benchmark data, and as an aid in the teaching of new personnel concerned with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Outflow Obstruction of Soft-Shell Venous Reservoir Bags: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Palanzo David A. , Montesano Ralph M. , Castagna Joseph M.
Published: August 2023

Potential problems have occurred during cardiopulmonary bypass where the area directly above the outlet port of the soft-shell venous reservoir containing a screen has collapsed similar to when the bag is empty, although there are still several hundred milliliters in the bag. A preliminary investigation was conducted to rule out the possibility of this outflow obstruction being attributable to poor flow design through the reservoirs. The test circuit consisted of a cardiotomy reservoir, a centrifugal pump, 3/8 and 1/2 in PVC tubing, and one of the test venous reservoirs (BARD S-2116, Medtronic 1385 and MVR-1600, Sarns 4858). The circuit was primed with outdated packed red blood cells, platelets, human albumin, normal saline, and 10,000 units of sodium heparin in concentrations to simulate routine bypass. Each reservoir was tested at 6.5–7.0 L/min flows for a least 20 min each.

None of the reservoirs tested demonstrated the phenomenon that had been observed clinically. This dismisses flow design flaws as a possible cause. Further clinical investigation must be performed to identify the possible cause or causes of this problem.
Quantification of Hydrophobicity of Heparin-Treated Polyvinylchloride Tubing
Authors: Albino Hiram E. , Williams Stuart , Larson Douglas F.
Published: August 2023

It is understood that the biocompatibility of a material depends upon the proteins that bind to its surface. It is this protein layer that interacts directly with components of the coagulation and inflammatory systems. Fibrinogen, capable of platelet binding and activation, is a particularly important protein in determining a material’s biocompatibility. Hydrophobic materials tend to have a greater affinity for fibrinogen, making them less biocompatible than hydrophilic materials. We compared the hydrophobicity of three different heparin-coated polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubing preparations with uncoated PVC tubing. We also determined if there would be a difference in the applied solution; water, an ionic solution (saline), and a protein solution (fresh frozen plasma). Hydrophobicity was quantified with five separate measurements of contact angles of water, saline, and plasma, and droplet spread diameter of water and saline. We found that Duraflo II displayed hydrophobicity similar to that of uncoated PVC tubing (initial contact angles of water were 78.0 ± 1.1 and 79.6 ± 0.6 degrees, respectively). Carmeda and 3M heparin-coated tubings displayed significantly (p < .01) less hydrophobicity (initial contact angles of water were 59.8 ± 2.1 and 39.6 ± 1.9, respectively). Three minutes after initial contact, the 3M heparin coating was the only preparation that remained significantly (p < .01) less hydrophobic than the uncoated PVC. These data suggest that 3M heparin-coated PVC is the most biocompatible of the tubings we examined, followed by Carmeda, Duraflo II, and the untreated PVC tubing.