bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ablation of typical atrial flutter using mini electrode measurements for maximum voltage‐guided ablation: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Rowe Matthew K. , Claughton Andrew , Davis Jason , Yee Lauren , Kaye Gerald C. , Dauber Kieran , Hill John , Gould Paul A.
Published: December 2021

Background

Novel ablation catheters with mini electrode (ME) sensing have become available but their utility is unclear. We investigated whether ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) for atrial flutter (AFL) would be improved using ME signals.

Methods

Sixty‐one patients (76% male, 63 ± 10 years) with CTI‐dependent AFL underwent ablation using a maximum voltage‐guided approach, randomized to either standard 8 mm non‐irrigated catheter with bipolar signals or IntellaTip MiFi catheter using ME signals alone.

Results

Acute bidirectional block was achieved in 97%. Mean follow‐up was 16.7 ± 10 months. The median number of ablation lesions was 13 in both groups (range 3–62 vs. 1–43, p = .85). No significant differences were observed in AFL recurrences (17% vs. 11%, p = .7), median procedure durations (97 min [interquartile range (IQR), 71–121] vs. 87 min [IQR, 72–107], p = .55) or fluoroscopy times (31 min [IQR, 21–52] vs. 38 min [IQR, 25–70], p = .56). Amplitudes of ME signals were on average 160% greater than blinded bipolar signals. In 23.7% of lesions where bipolar signals were difficult to interpret, 13.6% showed a clear ME signal.

Conclusions

There was no difference in the effectiveness of CTI ablation guided by ME signals, compared with using bipolar signals from a standard 8 mm ablation catheter. While ME signal amplitudes were larger and sometimes present when the bipolar signal was unclear, this did not improve procedural characteristics or outcomes. The results suggest future research should focus on lesion integrity rather than signal sensing.
Fluid vulnerability theory as a framework for understanding the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide: A narrative review
Authors: Rugo‐Cook Kelsi F. , Kerig Patricia K. , Crowell Sheila E. , Bryan Craig J.
Published: December 2021

Suicide is a persistent issue in the United States and across the globe. A large body of published research shows that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases the risk of suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviors, and death by suicide. However, the existing literature examining why that association might pertain is widely dispersed across disciplines (e.g., psychology, nursing) and lacks an integrative theoretical framework, making it difficult to conceptualize the current state of science in this area. Therefore, the primary aims of this narrative review were to (a) provide a comprehensive and interdisciplinary critique of the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms that underlie the association between PTSD and suicide and (b) organize that knowledge according to a specified theoretical framework. The framework guiding this review is “fluid vulnerability theory,” a diathesis–stress model of suicide that emphasizes the dynamic nature of suicide risk across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physiological domains. A summary of the findings, including patterns that emerged, gaps that remain, and recommendations for the advancement of science and practice in this area are addressed in this narrative review.
OpenOBS: Open‐source, low‐cost optical backscatter sensors for water quality and sediment‐transport research
Authors: Eidam Emily F. , Langhorst Theodore , Goldstein Evan B. , McLean McKenzie
Published: December 2021

Optical backscatter sensors (OBSs) are commonly used to measure the turbidity, or light obscuration, of water in fresh and marine environments and various industrial applications. These turbidity data are commonly calibrated to yield total suspended solids (TSS) or suspended sediment concentration (SSC) measurements for water quality, sediment transport, and diverse other research and environmental management applications. Commercial sensors generally cost > $1000–3000. Here we leveraged simple, low‐cost microprocessors, electronics, and housing components to design and construct open‐source OBSs for < $150 per unit. The circuit relies on a photodiode to sense backscattered light, two stages of signal amplification, and a high‐resolution analog‐to‐digital converter to read the detected signal. The instrument and logger utilize inexpensive, custom‐printed circuit boards with through‐hole soldering mounts; micro‐SD card reader and real‐time clock modules; and PVC housings with commercial end caps and epoxy‐potted diode emitter and receiver. All parts are readily and publicly available, and minimal experience in soldering and coding is required to build and deploy the sensor. In lab and field tests, standard deviations were comparable to those measured by commercial sensors (~ 2–3% of the mean for suspended muds and 20–30% for suspended sands). These open‐source sensors represent a useful advance in inexpensive sensing technology with broad applications across scientific and environmental management disciplines.
Some Hardy identities on half‐spaces
Authors: Duy Nguyen Tuan , Lam Nguyen , Phi Le Long
Published: December 2021

We prove some Hardy identities on the half‐space . Our equalities imply correponding versions of the Hardy type inequalities with exact remainder terms on . These equalities give straightforward understandings of the optimal constants as well as the nonexistence of nontrivial optimizers for various Hardy type inequalities on half‐spaces. These identities also provide the “virtual” ground state in the sense of Frank and Seiringer [13] for several Hardy type inequalities on .
Complex interpolation of variable Morrey spaces
Authors: Hakim Denny Ivanal , Sawano Yoshihiro
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we investigate the description of complex interpolation between variable Morrey spaces. We show that the first complex interpolation between variable Morrey spaces equals to certain closed subspaces of variable Morrey spaces. In addition, we prove that the second complex interpolation of variable Morrey spaces coincides with their intermediate spaces. Our proof uses the characterization of the Calderón product between variable Morrey spaces. Our results cover complex interpolation of variable Lebesgue spaces and complex interpolation of (classical) Morrey spaces.
2022—The End of the Beginning?
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: December 2021

It is now a year since a power shift in Washington, with President Biden being sworn into the White House and the Democratic party gaining control of both houses of Congress. As expected, certain changes came to the NLRB. A new General Counsel and new Democratic appointees shifted the labor law landscape to a considerable pro‐union tilt. Similarly, the media have been replete with stories of worker outrage. It seems on an almost daily basis, workers from various industries or locations are channeling Howard Beale's famous quote from the 1976 movie classic “Network,” “I'm mad as hell, and I'm not going to take it anymore!”
Reliability analysis of the uncertain fractional‐order dynamic system with state constraint
Authors: Jin Ting , Xia Hongxuan , Gao Shangce
Published: December 2021

Uncertain fractional‐order differential equations driven by the Liu process are of significance to depict the heredity and memory features of uncertain dynamical systems. This paper primarily analyses the reliability of the uncertain fractional‐order dynamic system with a state constraint. First, consider the possibility that the real dynamical system is actually limited; the state constraint is absorbed to the ordinary uncertain fractional‐order dynamical system. The concept of reliability of uncertain system is presented innovatively, which are ulteriorly formulated through the existing first‐hitting time theorem. Second, based on the proposed reliability and under a given sufficient condition, a novel uncertain fractional‐order dynamic system with a state constraint is modeled mathematically; corresponding minimum operation ability of the uncertain system is also given. Lastly, the uncertain fractional‐order dynamic system with a state constraint is applied to different physical and financial dynamical models. Analytic expressions of reliability indexes are derived to demonstrate the reasonableness of our model. Meanwhile, expected time response and American barrier option prices are calculated by using the predictor–corrector scheme. The sensitivity analysis is also presented for the numerical examples.
Mathematical modeling of dendrite growth in an Al–Ge alloy with convective flow
Authors: Toropova Liubov V. , Rettenmayr Markus , Galenko Peter K. , Alexandrov Dmitri V.
Published: December 2021

A theory of stable dendrite growth in an undercooled binary melt is developed for the case of intense convection. Conductive heat and mass transfer boundary conditions are replaced by convective conditions, where the flux of heat (or solute) is proportional to the temperature or concentration difference between the surface of the dendrite and far from it. The marginal mode of perturbation wavelengths is calculated using the linear morphological stability analysis. Combining this analysis with the solvability theory, we have derived a selection criterion that represents the first condition to define a combination of dendrite tip velocity and tip diameter. The second condition—the undercooling balance—is derived for intense convection. The theory under consideration determines the dendrite tip velocity and tip diameter for low undercooling. This convective theory is combined with the classical theory of dendritic growth (conductive boundary conditions), which is valid for moderate and high undercooling. Thus, the entire range of melt undercooling is covered. Our results are in good agreement with experiments on Al–Ge crystallization.
The Year Ahead: Major Tax Changes for Nonprofits in 2022
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2021

Non‐profit organizations have had to adapt to numerous challenges in the last few years; some changes were legislative, while others were related to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Not surprisingly, there are further political and organizational changes on the horizon for 2022.
Fabrication of hybrid polystyrene–titanium dioxide with enhanced dye degradation and antimicrobial properties: investigation of the effect of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on photocatalytic activity
Authors: Metanawin Siripan , Metanawin Tanapak
Published: December 2021

The mini‐emulsion polymerization of polystyrene–titanium dioxide (PS/TiO2) hybrid antibacterial material was carried out. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was used, as a crosslinking agent, to enhance the stability, the encapsulation efficiency of TiO2, the self‐organized structure of the nanoparticles and photocatalytic behavior. The particle size and morphology as well as the photocatalytic properties of the polymer hybrids were characterized by dynamic light scattering, field emission SEM and UV–visible spectroscopy. The results showed that the average particle size of PS/TiO2 hybrids was in the range 98–242 nm with a narrow size distribution. The results of field emission SEM demonstrated the raspberry‐like self‐organized hexagonal structure of the polymer hybrids in the presence of TEGDMA. The morphology and structure of the PS/TiO2 hybrid were observed using high resolution TEM. The results show that the PS and PS/TiO2 hybrids have a well‐defined structure. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy was used to confirm that PS/TiO2 hybrid contains elemental titanium. It was noticed that the elemental analysis of Ti and O was 8.03 wt% (2.9 at%) and 7.97 wt% (6.5 at%), respectively. It should be emphasized that the results of high resolution TEM and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy are considered excellent proof for the formation of PS/TiO2 hybrid. The thermal properties of PS and the hybrids with TiO2 were explored by DSC. It was found that the presence of TEGDMA in the system may reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer hybrids. XRD confirmed the formation of PS/TiO2 hybrids and the antibacterial activity was also investigated. An escalation of intensity in the XRD pattern of the TiO2 signals in the PS/TiO2 hybrids was observed. The antibacterial activity study noted that the PS/TiO2 hybrid demonstrated excellent antifungal and antibacterial properties against a broad range of both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The photocatalytic efficiency of PS/TiO2 was assessed by monitoring the discoloration of an organic dye (methylene blue) under UVA irradiation. It indicated that the photocatalysis of PS/TiO2 in the presence of TEGDMA was increased due to the association of TEGDMA in the self‐organization structure of the hybrid system. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
A national descriptive epidemiologic analysis on congenital pulmonary airway malformation in China, 2010–2019
Authors: Xu Wenli , Gao Yuyang , Li Wenyan , Chen Zhiyu , Li Qi , Li Ruike , Liu Hanmin , Dai Li
Published: December 2021

Objective

To depict the epidemiological features of congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) in Chinese population.

Methods

Using 2010–2019 data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network, we calculated the prevalence rates (PR) and 95% confidence intervals of isolated and nonisolated CPAM according to birth year, infant sex, maternal age and residence area, and examined the secular trends by using Poisson regression models. The perinatal outcomes of affected infants and associated malformations with CPAM were also analyzed.

Results

During this period, a total of 2451 CPAMs were identified among 20,183,999 births, yielding a PR of 1.21, 0.95, and 0.27 per 10,000 live and still births for the overall, isolated and nonisolated CPAM, respectively. Significant upward trends in CPAM PR were observed. The PR varied significantly by infant sex (male vs. female, 1.28/10,000 vs. 1.10/10,000), residence area (urban vs. rural, 1.49/10,000 vs. 0.88/10,000), and by maternal age (<20 years, 0.94/10,000; 20–24 years, 1.04/10,000; 25–29 years, 1.32/10,000; 30–34 years, 1.28/10,000; ≥35 years, 1.05/10,000). Compared with isolated CPAM, much more live births with nonisolated CPAM died in the early neonatal period (5.0% vs. 1.0%). The additional malformations with nonisolated CPAM occurred most frequently in the circulatory system.

Conclusions

The PR of CPAM in this study are comparable to those reported in non‐Chinese populations. The increasing trend in prevalence and poor perinatal outcomes of the affected infants indicate an urgent need to strengthen the clinical and public health interventions of CPAM.
Molecular dynamics and structural analysis of the binding of COP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase to β‐catenin and TRIB pseudokinases
Authors: Zahid Sana , Basharat Saba , Fakhar Muhammad , Rashid Sajid
Published: December 2021

Tribbles pseudokinases, Tribbles homolog 1 (TRIB1), Tribbles homolog 2 (TRIB2), and Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), bind to constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) E3 ligase to mediate the regulation of β‐catenin expression. The interaction mechanism between COP1 E3 ligase and β‐catenin has not been addressed to date. Based on the functional presence of TRIBs in wingless‐related integration site (WNT) signaling, we analyzed their interaction patterns with β‐catenin and COP1. Here, through in silico approaches, we ascribe the COP1 binding pattern against TRIBs and β‐catenin. TRIB1 (355‐DQIVPEY‐361), TRIB2 (326‐DQLVPDV‐332), and TRIB3 (333‐AQVVPDG‐339) peptides revealed a shallow binding pocket at the COP1 interface to accommodate the V‐P sequence motif. Reinvigoration of the comparative binding pattern and subtle structural analysis via docking, molecular dynamics simulations, molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area, topological, and tunnel analysis revealed that both β‐catenin phosphodegron (DSGXXS) and TRIB (D/E/AQXVPD/E) motifs occupied a common COP1 binding site. Current study suggests a structural paradigm of TRIB homologs bearing a conserved motif that may compete with β‐catenin phosphodegron signature for binding to WD40 domain of COP1. Thorough understanding of the structural basis for TRIB‐mediated regulation of WNT/β‐catenin signaling may help in devising more promising therapeutic strategy for liver and colorectal cancers.
Effect of Germanium Codoping on the Grown‐In Oxide Precipitates in Nitrogen‐Doped Czochralski Silicon
Authors: Lan Wu , Zhao Tong , Wu Defan , Yang Deren , Ma Xiangyang
Published: December 2021

The effects of germanium (Ge)‐codoping at 1018, 1019, or 1020 cm−3 level on the grown‐in oxide precipitates in 1014 cm−3 level nitrogen (N)‐doped Czochralski (NCZ) silicon have been investigated. It is found that Ge‐codoping enhances the formation of relatively larger grown‐in oxide precipitates. However, such enhancement effect weakens with the increasing Ge‐codoping concentration. On this basis, the effect of 1018 cm−3 level Ge‐codoping on the near‐surface denuded zone (DZ) and bulk microdefects (BMDs) associated with oxygen precipitation in NCZ silicon subjected to an anneal at 1100 °C for 4 h (1100 °C/4 h) has been paid close attention. Moreover, the sustainability of the DZ in the 1100 °C/4 h ‐annealed NCZ silicon subjected to a “copper decoration” or a rigorous oxygen precipitation anneal featuring a prolonged nucleation anneal has been addressed. Thus, it is technologically significant to learn that for the 1100 °C/4 h ‐annealed NCZ silicon, the 1018 cm−3 level Ge‐codoping can remarkably increase the BMD density to better satisfy the requirement of internal gettering (IG) and also ensure the existence of a well‐defined DZ. Finally, the mechanism underlying the effect of Ge‐codoping on the formation of grown‐in oxide precipitates in NCZ silicon has been tentatively elucidated.
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part II: Recent years
Authors: Eyre J. R. , Bell W. , Cotton J. , English S. J. , Forsythe M. , Healy S. B. , Pavelin E. G.
Published: December 2021

Developments in the assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction (NWP), from the first experiments in the late 1960s to the present day, are presented in a two‐part review article. This part, Part II, reviews the progress in recent years, from about 2000. It includes summaries of advances in the relevant satellite remote‐sensing technologies and in methods to assimilate observations from these instruments into NWP systems. It also summarises impacts on forecast skill. Continued progress has been made on the assimilation of passive infrared (IR) sounding data and microwave (MW) sounding and imaging data. This has included data from hyperspectral IR sounders, which first became available during this period. Advances in the use of cloud‐affected radiances, from both IR and MW instruments, have been made. In support of this progress, further developments have been made in fast radiative transfer models and in bias correction techniques, and work has continued to improve understanding and representation of observation uncertainties. Continued progress has also been made on the use of wind information from satellites, including atmospheric motion vectors and scatterometer data. A new source of temperature and humidity information, from radio occultation observations, has become available during the period and has been exploited by many NWP centres. The impact of satellite data on NWP accuracy is continually assessed using a range of methods and metrics. Some results from recent Observing System Experiments (OSEs) and Forecast Sensitivity to Observation Impact (FSOI) assessment are presented and other methods are discussed. The role of satellite data in NWP‐based atmospheric reanalysis systems is also described.
Intermediate‐variable‐based Kalman filter for linear time‐varying systems with unknown inputs
Authors: Zhou Jing , Li Tongxiang , Chen Bo , Yu Li
Published: December 2021

This article proposes a systematic design methodology of unknown input estimation for time‐varying systems in which unknown inputs exist in system dynamic and measurement simultaneously. By introducing intermediate variables, the relationship between unknown inputs and system states is modeled by an intermediate dynamic process, and then a modified Kalman filter is designed to estimate system states and unknown inputs. Moreover, the stability condition is derived such that the mean square error of the intermediate Kalman filter is bounded. An illustrative example is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Breathable Artificial Interphase for Dendrite‐Free and Chemo‐Resistive Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Song Gyujin , Hwang Chihyun , Song Woo‐Jin , Lee Jung Hyun , Lee Sangyeop , Han Dong‐Yeob , Kim Jonghak , Park Hyesung , Song Hyun‐Kon , Park Soojin
Published: December 2021

A dendrite‐free and chemically stabilized lithium metal anode is required for extending battery life and for the application of high energy density coupled with various cathode systems. However, uneven Li metal growth and the active surface in nature accelerate electrolyte dissipation and surface corrosion, resulting in poor cycle efficiency and various safety issues. Here, the authors suggest a thin artificial interphase using a multifunctional poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (SBS) copolymer to inhibit the electrochemical/chemical side reaction during cycling. Based on the physical features, hardness, adhesion, and flexibility, the optimized chemical structure of SBS facilitates durable mechanical strength and interphase integrity against repeated Li electrodeposition/dissolution. The effectiveness of the thin polymer film enables high cycle efficiency through the realization of a dendrite‐free structure and a chemo‐resistive surface of Li metal. The versatile anode demonstrates an improvement in the electrochemical properties, paired with diverse cathodes of high‐capacity lithium cobalt oxide (3.5 mAh cm−2) and oxygen for advanced Li metal batteries with high energy density.
Effect of fiber content and stress–strength ratio on the creep of basalt fiber–reinforced alkali‐activated slag concrete
Authors: Zhou Xianyu , Zheng Wenzhong , Zeng Yusheng , Xu Chonghao , Chen Pang
Published: December 2021

Alkali‐activated materials are increasingly being used in practical applications as potential alternatives to Portland cement. If alkali‐activated slag (AAS) is to be applied to prestressed engineering and large‐size structures, it is necessary to study the creep performance of AAS. Existing studies have found that the creep of AAS concrete is larger than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, and adding fiber is an effective way to overcome this defect. In this study, we investigated the creep of basalt fiber–reinforced AAS (FRAAS) concrete for fiber contents ranging from 0% to 0.9% (by volume) at a stress–strength ratio of 0–0.6. After analyzing the experimental results, it was found that the basalt FRAAS concrete had no obvious linear creep range. It was observed that with an increase in the fiber content, the inhibition effect of fiber on creep became stronger initially and then weaker. The inhibitory effect of fiber on creep was strengthened by the increase in the stress–strength ratio. The creep coefficient showed no obvious change when the fiber content was in the range of 0%–0.9%. Based on the existing OPC concrete creep models, a method for predicting the creep of basalt FRAAS concrete was proposed.
Durability assessment of a tunnel structure with two‐sided chloride ingress—A case study located in a tropical environment
Authors: Cassiani Juan Daniel , Dugarte Margareth , Arteta Carlos A , Kessler Sylvia
Published: December 2021

Reinforced concrete structures are the backbone of the transportation infrastructure. Their structural safety and functional performance are critical to sustaining a globalized economy. Corrosion of steel reinforcement is typically triggered by chloride contamination and carbonation, becoming a primary factor in reinforced concrete deterioration. This paper presents a durability assessment of a tunnel structure located in a tropical marine environment. The condition assessment included visual examination, crack survey, cover depth measurements, half‐cell potential mapping, and concrete coring. The chloride profiles showed that the tunnel walls are subjected to chloride attack from both surfaces, an unusual finding in the literature. A stochastic approach is implemented to estimate the probability of corrosion initiation for chlorides and carbonation, including an innovative model for two‐sided chloride diffusion. The results indicate that two‐sided chloride exposure significantly reduces the corrosion initiation time.
Defying “those who cannot, teach” and other stereotypes about teachers: Analyzing the Just Because poems written by ELL teacher candidates
Authors: Lee‐Johnson Yin Lam
Published: December 2021

This study analyzed the Just Because poems written by 57 teacher candidates who would become state‐certified for teaching English language learners (ELLs) in U.S. public schools. The ELL teacher candidates contested and disrupted the stereotypes and assumptions about teachers, and they reaffirmed their professional identities through writing Just Because poems. The theoretical framework stems from Bakhtin’s (1981) heteroglossia, which theorizes the sociocultural contextualities of the multivoicedness of teacher identities and ideologies. The data set includes poems, reflective notes, and blog posts, with a focus on analyzing the Just Because poems. The 57 ELL teacher candidates in the study reexamined stereotypes such as those who cannot, teach and know‐it‐all, and they reaffirmed their identities in the poems. The researcher suggests that teacher preparation programs consider using Just Because poems for teacher candidates to reexamine stereotypes and reaffirm their professional identities.
Linguistically Responsive Instruction in Corequisite Courses at Community Colleges
Authors: Finn Heather B. , Avni Sharon
Published: December 2021

English Learners (ELs) attend community colleges at a greater rate than four‐year schools, making community colleges primary sites of ESL education in American higher education. These institutions’ recent embrace of the corequisite structure – a pairing of a non‐credit developmental course with a credit‐bearing disciplinary content course in order to accelerate students’ progress in their coursework – has direct implications for ELs. As corequisites are enacted in a wide range of content areas, professors will need to attend to students’ language development in a wide range of disciplinary courses. This qualitative study applies Linguistically Responsive Instruction as a framework to understand corequisite instructors’ beliefs about students’ learning, knowledge of teaching language, and understanding of the broader contextual factors at community colleges, including institutional policies and definitions of students’ readiness and success. Drawing on ongoing interviews conducted with faculty members throughout one semester, it offers faculty members’ perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of teaching ELs in the corequisite structure and provides a framework for professional development and institutional support.
Reliability
Authors: Jackson Lisa , Coolen Frank P. A.
Published: December 2021

This chapter introduces key concepts for quantification of system reliability. In addition, basics of statistical inference for reliability data are explained, in particular, the derivation of the likelihood function.
Opioid use trends in Spain: the case of the island of La Gomera (2016–2019)
Authors: Oliva Alexis , Armas Néstor , Dévora Sandra , Abdala Susana
Published: December 2021

This study is an evaluation of prescription opioid use on the island of La Gomera, a mainly rural area, during the period 2016–2019 at various levels. Data were extracted from the wholesalers who supply the community pharmacies at the population level. Prescription opioid use was measured as defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants/day (DID) and by the number of units sold per 1,000 inhabitants and year (units sold). This provided an island total of La Gomera’s overall prescription of opioids and its rate of change, as well as differences in prescribing at the municipal and health area level. Tramadol with acetaminophen and tramadol in monotherapy were the most consumed by “units sold” parameter, which accounted for 69.48% and 18.59% of the total. The situation was similar for DID, although with lower percentages, but a significant increase was observed in the use of fentanyl and buprenorphine, around 15% in each case. The balance between the uses of weak or strong opioids was different in La Gomera compared to that of Spain as a whole. In Spain, almost 70% of the prescriptions were for weak opioids compared to 58.67% in La Gomera. Fentanyl was the most used strong opioid (16.10%) followed by tapentadol and buprenorphine, around 5% each, whereas in La Gomera, buprenorphine was the most consumed (15.75%) followed by fentanyl (14.87%) and tapentadol (5.82%). These differences in prescription opioid use are most likely explained by prescriber characteristics, whereas the population age, socioeconomic status, or living in rural/urban area are not decisive determinants.
On two simple virtual Kirchhoff-Love plate elements for isotropic and anisotropic materials
Authors: Wriggers P. , Hudobivnik B. , Allix O.
Published: December 2021

The virtual element method allows to revisit the construction of Kirchhoff-Love elements because the $$C^1$$

C
1

-continuity condition is much easier to handle in the VEM framework than in the traditional Finite Elements methodology. Here we study the two most simple VEM elements suitable for Kirchhoff-Love plates as stated in Brezzi and Marini (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 253:455–462, 2013). The formulation contains new ideas and different approaches for the stabilisation needed in a virtual element, including classic and energy stabilisations. An efficient stabilisation is crucial in the case of $$C^1$$

C
1

-continuous elements because the rank deficiency of the stiffness matrix associated to the projected part of the ansatz function is larger than for $$C^0$$

C
0

-continuous elements. This paper aims at providing engineering inside in how to construct simple and efficient virtual plate elements for isotropic and anisotropic materials and at comparing different possibilities for the stabilisation. Different examples and convergence studies discuss and demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting VEM elements. Finally, reduction of virtual plate elements to triangular and quadrilateral elements with 3 and 4 nodes, respectively, yields finite element like plate elements. It will be shown that these $$C^1$$

C
1

-continuous elements can be easily incorporated in legacy codes and demonstrate an efficiency and accuracy that is much higher than provided by traditional finite elements for thin plates.
Accessories in Kaiserstuhl carbonatites and related rocks as accurate and faithful recorders of whole rock age and isotopic composition
Authors: Ghobadi Mahdi , Brey Gerhard P. , Gerdes Axel , Höfer Heidi E. , Keller Jörg
Published: December 2021

The accessories perovskite, pyrochlore, zirconolite, calzirtite and melanite from carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites from the Kaiserstuhl are variously suited for the in situ determination of their U–Pb ages and Sr, Nd- and Hf-isotope ratios by LA-ICP-MS. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios may be determined precisely in all five phases, the 176Hf/177Hf ratios only in calzirtite and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in perovskites and pyrochlores. The carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites belong to one of the three magmatic groups that Schleicher et al. (1990) distinguished in the Kaiserstuhl on the basis of their Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios. Tephrites, phonolites and essexites (nepheline monzogabbros) form the second and limburgites (nepheline basanites) and olivine nephelinites the third. Our 87Sr/86Sr isotope data from the accessories overlap with the carbonatite and olivine nephelinite fields defined by Schleicher et al. (1990) but exhibit a much narrower range. These and the εNd and εHf values plot along the mantle array in the field of oceanic island basalts relatively close to mid-ocean ridge basalts. Previously reported K–Ar, Ar–Ar and fission track ages for the Kaiserstuhl lie between 16.2 and 17.8 Ma. They stem entirely from the geologically older tephrites, phonolites and essexites. No ages existed so far for the geologically younger carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites except for one apatite fission track age (15.8 Ma). We obtained precise U–Pb ages for zirconolites and calzirtites of 15.66, respectively 15.5 Ma (± 0.1 2σ) and for pyrochlores of 15.35 ± 0.24 Ma. Only the perovskites from the Badberg soevite yielded a U–P concordia age of 14.56 ± 0.86 Ma while the perovskites from bergalites (haüyne melilitites) only gave 206Pb/238U and 208Pb/232Th ages of 15.26 ± 0.21, respectively, 15.28 ± 0.48 Ma. The main Kaiserstuhl rock types were emplaced over a time span of 1.6 Ma almost 1 million years before the carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites. These were emplaced within only 0.32 Ma.
Weft Yarn Interlacement Modelling for 3D Profiled Structures
Authors: Spackman George , Brown Louise , Turner Thomas
Published: December 2021

Currently, generation of 3D woven T-joint models with complex weave geometries, using TexGen software, is a manual process. One of the main challenges to automatic generation of these textiles is the order in which the weft yarns interlace within the bifurcation region. This paper will demonstrate a method for predicting the order, based on the pattern draft and the information contained within it such as the direction of weft insertion and the beating action of the loom. The path of the entangling weft yarns and the yarn cross section orientation can then be modelled. Finally, a geometric transformation is applied to simulate the opening of the flanges so that the final model reflects the T-shaped profile.
Does the global activity limitation indicator measure participation restriction? Data from the European Health and Social Integration Survey in Spain
Authors: Cabrero-García Julio , Rico-Juan Juan Ramón , Oliver-Roig Antonio
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The global activity limitation indicator (GALI) is the only internationally agreed and harmonised participation restriction measure. We examine if GALI, as intended, is a reflective measure of the domains of participation; furthermore, we determine the relative importance of these domains. Also, we investigated the consistency of response to GALI by age and gender and compared the performance of GALI with that of self-rated health (SRH).

Methods

We used Spanish data from the European Health and Social Integration Survey and selected adults aged 18 and over (N = 13,568). Data analysis, based on logistic regression models and Shapley value decomposition, were also stratified by age. The predictors of the models were demographic variables and restrictions in participation domains: studies, work, mobility, leisure and social activities, domestic life, and self-care. The GALI and SRH were the response variables.

Results

GALI was strongly associated with all participation domains (e.g. for domestic life, adjusted OR 24.34 (95% CI 18.53–31.97) in adult under 65) and performed differentially with age (e.g. for domestic life, adjusted OR 13.33 (95% CI 10.42–17.03) in adults over 64), but not with gender. The relative importance of domains varied with age (e.g. work was the most important domain for younger and domestic life for older adults). The results with SRH were parallel to those of GALI, but the association of SRH with participation domains was lowest.

Conclusions

GALI reflects well restrictions in multiple participation domains and performs differently with age, probably because older people lower their standard of good functioning.
Methods for modeling the steering wheel torque of a steer-by-wire vehicle
Authors: Heinrich Felix , Kaste Jonas , Kabil Sevsel Gamze , Sanne Michael , Küçükay Ferit , Henze Roman , Axmann Joachim
Published: December 2021

Unlike electromechanical steering systems, steer-by-wire systems do not have a mechanical coupling between the wheels and the steering wheel. Therefore, a synthetic steering feel has to be generated to supply the driver with the necessary haptic information. In this paper, the authors analyze two approaches of creating a realistic steering feel. One is a modular approach that uses several measured and estimated input signals to model a steering wheel torque via mathematical functions. The other approach is based on an artificial neural network. It depends on steering and vehicle measurements. Both concepts are optimized and trained, respectively, to best fit a reference steering feel obtained from vehicle measurements. To carry out the analysis, the two approaches are evaluated using a simulation model consisting of a vehicle, a rack actuator, and a steering wheel actuator. The research shows that both concepts are able to adequately model a desired steering feel.
Is Hypoxic/Altitude Training an Important Topic in the Field of Hypoxia?
Authors: Millet Grégoire P. , Burtscher Martin , Burtscher Johannes
Published: December 2021

Hypoxia is an essential topic in medical or biological sciences. The main aims of the present study were to examine the most important medical articles (i.e., the top 100 most cited) on hypoxia. We examine how the Nobel-prize awarded hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-pathway discovery in the early 1990s has changed the thematic composition of this body of literature, with a special emphasis on the studies linking hypoxia and cancer. We searched Pubmed for articles with the terms #Hypox, #Altitude, or #Mountain in the title that have been published in biomedical journals and ranked the articles on their number of citations in Web of Science. A second search was performed in all journals for articles related to hypoxia and cancer. Strikingly, only 12 of the top-100 most-cited articles on hypoxia and only 3 articles of the top-100 articles related to cancer were published before 1995. Moreover, only 5 articles from prior 1995 reached 1000 citations, while 27 articles published in 1995 or later were cited more than 1000 times, most of them on the HIF-1 pathway. Eighty percent of the top-100 articles were related to the HIF pathway, while there were no articles on the application of hypoxia either for therapeutic use (i.e., hypoxic conditioning in patients) or for performance enhancement (i.e., altitude training in athletes). In conclusion, the early-1990s discovery of the HIF pathway and of its molecular regulation has shifted the focus of hypoxia research towards molecular mechanisms and consequences of tissue hypoxia, most notably in cancer. The importance of studies focusing on clinical and performance applications of systemic hypoxia is relatively lower.
“Because all mothers is not the same”: The development and implementation of an in loco parentis informed consent procedure to enroll adolescent girls and young women to participate in HIV research
Authors: Bonner Courtney Peasant , Fisher Celia B. , Carney Tara , Browne Felicia A. , Gichane Margaret W. , Howard Brittni N. , Turner Leslie , Wechsberg Wendee M.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

South Africa has one of the highest incidences of HIV among adolescent girls and young women (AGW), ages 15–24, and recent research has focused on developing interventions for HIV prevention. However, the South African National Health Act requires those under 18 years of age to obtain a guardian's permission to participate in research. Limiting research enrolment to AGYW who can obtain guardian consent may lead to non‐representative findings. Therefore, innovative, inclusive consent approaches that protect AGYW from the risks of research are needed.

Methods

This report details the development and implementation of an approach called the in loco parentis (in place of parent) consent procedure. In loco parentis consent provides a vehicle for adolescent participation that protects adolescents from potential social harms. The in loco parentis consent procedure does not seek to obtain independent minor consent but seeks to obtain permission for the minor to participate in research from a trusted adult who is not a minor's parent or legal guardian. This report also qualitatively explores the experiences of 31 AGYW who were recruited into a behavioral HIV prevention study using this method.

Results

Findings suggest that the in loco parentis consent procedure is a feasible and acceptable method to inclusively AGYW in HIV research.

Conclusions

The in loco parentis procedure may provide a more inclusive strategy to recruit AGYW for HIV research to increase the generalizability of findings.
All for Liberty
Authors: Strickland Jeff
Published: December 2021

Jeff Strickland tells the powerful story of Nicholas Kelly, the enslaved craftsman who led the Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion, the largest slave revolt in the history of the antebellum American South. With two accomplices, some sledgehammers, and pickaxes, Nicholas risked his life and helped thirty-six fellow enslaved people escape the workhouse where they had been sent by their enslavers to be tortured. While Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser, and Denmark Vesey remain the most recognizable rebels, the pivotal role of Nicholas Kelly is often forgotten. All for Liberty centers his rebellion as a decisive moment leading up to the secession of South Carolina from the United States in 1861. This compelling micro-history navigates between Nicholas's story and the Age of Atlantic Revolutions, while also considering the parallels between race and incarceration in the nineteenth century and in modern America. Never before has the story of Nicholas Kelly been so eloquently told.
Thirst and Body Fluid Regulation
Authors: Rowland Neil E.
Published: December 2021

Body fluid regulation is pivotal to human health and is served by extensive clinical and pre-clinical science. By combining modern advances with previous findings in the field, this book presents a comprehensive treatment of major experiments, theories, and new advances in the field of body fluid regulation, thirst, and drinking. It features the main integrative brain mechanisms for fluid regulation, the development of such systems, fluid balance during heat and exercise, aging and clinical disorders, and comparative aspects of fluid regulation. The volume focuses on mammalian thirst or drinking behaviour alongside relevant aspects of the physiology of fluid balance. The principal fluid compartments and their regulation by both intakes and losses are highlighted, using both human and animal studies to illustrate the main concepts.
Comparative Perspectives on Specialised Intellectual Property Courts: Understanding Japan's Intellectual Property High Court Through the Lens of the US Federal Circuit
Authors: Tilt David
Published: December 2021

This article develops a comparative analysis of specialised courts in intellectual property across both Japan and the US. This article considers the IPHC through the lens of the CAFC to investigate the differing institutional impact and illuminate the most pressing issues in Japanese patent law that have emerged as a result of transplanting this specialised court. Rather than a more conventional analysis of the implementation of these institutions, this article focuses instead on a comparative investigation of the soft law elements that have significantly influenced their effectiveness, providing a different insight on the relationship between these institutions and their broader contextual impact.

The main findings of the comparative analysis are found in two primary areas – the impact of specialised courts on the consistency and reliability of patent law; and secondly, recommendations regarding the potential reform of Japanese patent law as it relates to the role of the IPHC. In terms of reform, this article analyzes the double-track problem in Japanese patent law and the key role that, with some modification to the court/patent office relationship, the IPHC could play in addressing this issue with a more fundamental realignment of patent law with its Continental history.
THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE AND THE ORGANIC UNITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Little David
Published: December 2021

The article challenges the fashionable but finally unsupportable opinion in political and academic circles that there exists no compelling, unitary, universally resonant moral and legal justification of human rights. The argument is intimated by two overlooked passages in the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that presuppose the right of self-defense against arbitrary force, understood as both a moral and legal concept, and as relevant both to personal and collective life. It shows how the logic of defensive force underlies the three formative human rights instruments: the UDHR, and the two covenants on political, legal, economic, social, and cultural rights. The underlying claim is that good reasons of a particular kind are required to justify any use of force, a claim that makes perfect sense against the backdrop of the atrocities committed by the German fascists and their allies in the mid-twentieth century. The article also refers to compelling, if preliminary, evidence of the widespread cross-cultural acceptance of the moral and legal right of self-defense, suggesting a basis for the worldwidecomprehensibilityandappealof human-rights language.
Before and After Ban the Box: Who Complies with Anti-Discrimination Law?
Authors: Schneider Lesley E. , Vuolo Mike , Lageson Sarah E. , Uggen Christopher
Published: December 2021

Ban the Box (BTB) laws are an anti-discrimination policy intended to promote employment for persons with criminal records. However, research on law and organizations shows that firms often fail to comply with legal directives or engage in symbolic compliance that fails to alter day-to-day business practices. We consider whether BTB contributed to attitudinal or behavioral shifts among hiring managers and changes in job applications. We analyze a unique set of in-depth interviews (N = 30) and entry-level job applications (N = 305) collected from the same workplaces in 2008 and 2016, assessing the impact of state BTB legislation. We find: (1) that one in five organizations were noncompliant, with noncompliance twice as likely among employers who discriminated against applicants with criminal records pre-BTB and that widespread lack of knowledge and lack of enforcement of BTB appears to affect noncompliance; (2) organizations maintained considerable continuity in hiring practices and attitudes between 2008 and 2016, regardless of personnel changes and statewide implementation of BTB; and (3) post-BTB, strong warnings about criminal background checks at later stages of the hiring process emerged as an alternative source of gatekeeping. These findings contribute to the law and organizations literature by highlighting the importance of enforcement and limits of law for combating discrimination.