bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground subsidence and polygon development due to thermokarst in the Lena-Aldan interfluve, eastern Siberia, revealed by satellite remote sensing data
Authors: Abe Takahiro , Iijima Yoshihiro
Published: February 2024

Thermokarst development is a topographic change in the landscape that is commonly associated with permafrost degradation in ice-rich permafrost regions. The Lena-Aldan interfluvial area in Central Yakutia in eastern Siberia has undergone extensive thermokarst development in the last three decades, particularly in the vicinity of settlements. Despite the negative effects of thermokarst development on the inhabitants of these settlements, no quantitative observation methods have been developed to investigate the surface displacement due to thermokarst development over entire towns. This study utilized interferometric synthetic aperture radar to reveal ground-surface displacement associated with thermokarst near the settlements of selected towns. The findings showed that significant subsidence was detected in disturbed areas (farming and abundant arable land) near the towns. The magnitude of subsidence in the Tyungyulyu and Mayya areas was less than that in Churapcha and Amga. Polygon density in a defined area in each town was examined using high-resolution optical images. The polygon density in Churapcha was considerably lower than that in Mayya, whereas polygonal texture in some areas in Tyungyulyu and Amga was unclear. Spatial frequency analysis using satellite optical images showed clear differences in averaged spectrum models between well-developed and less-developed polygons, which may reflect trough depths and density of vegetation between polygons. Satellite-based subsidence maps and statistics describing polygon development may be useful for evaluating both initial and subsequent stages of thermokarst development.
Robotic distal gastrectomy plus spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy: optimal resection for simultaneous gastric cancer and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreatic body
Authors: Ito Sunao , Sagawa Hiroyuki , Fujita Kohei , Saito Masaki , Harata Shinnosuke , Hayakawa Shunsuke , Saito Kenta , Tanaka Tatsuya , Morimoto Mamoru , Ogawa Ryo , Takahashi Hiroki , Matsuo Yoichi , Takiguchi Shuji
Published: February 2024

Background

Organ-preserving surgery has recently gained increasing attention. However, performing the surgery for duplicated gastric and distal pancreatic tumors is difficult because of procedural complexity and concerns of remnant gastric necrosis. We present the first case of simultaneous robotic distal gastrectomy plus spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy in a patient with overlapping gastric cancer and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.

Case presentation

A 78-year-old man was diagnosed with gastric cancer in the middle stomach and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreatic body. Radical cure surgery was performed using the da Vinci Xi robotic system. Conventional distal gastrectomy was initially completed using near-infrared ray guidance when transecting the stomach. After dividing the pancreas, the parenchyma of the distal pancreas was detached from the splenic artery and vein; multiple branches from these splenic vessels were dissected. Indocyanine green imaging confirmed sufficient blood flow in the splenic vessels and perfusion of the remnant stomach. Ultimately, gastrointestinal reconstruction was performed, and the postoperative course was uneventful.

Conclusions

The robotic distal gastrectomy plus spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy procedure was safely performed. Compared to the total gastrectomy plus distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy procedure, this technique may improve the quality of dietary life, reduce weight loss, and prevent complications associated with splenectomy.
Improved synthesis of 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine for clinical use
Authors: Okamura Toshimitsu , Kikuchi Tatsuya , Ogawa Masanao , Zhang Ming-Rong
Published: February 2024

Background

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), an energy-dependent efflux pump, is expressed widely in various tissues and contributes to many physiological and pathophysiological processes. 6-Bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]7m6BP) is expected to be useful for the assessment of MRP1 activity in the human brain and lungs. However, the radiochemical yield (RCY) in the synthesis of [11C]7m6BP was low, limiting its clinical application, because the methylation of the precursor with [11C]CH3I provided primarily the undesired isomer, 6-bromo-9-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]9m6BP). To increase the RCY of [11C]7m6BP, we investigated conditions for improving the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity of the methylation reaction.

Results

[11C]7m6BP was manually synthesized via the methylation of 6-bromopurine with [11C]CH3I in various solvents and at different temperatures in the presence of potassium carbonate for 5 min. Several less polar solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) improved the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity from 1:1 to 2:1, compared with the conventionally used solvents for the alkylation of 6-halopurines, acetone, acetonitrile, and N,N-dimethylformamide. However, a higher temperature (140 °C or 180 °C) was needed to progress the 11C-methylation in the less polar solvents, and the manual conditions could not be directly translated to an automated synthesis. [11C]Methyl triflate ([11C]CH3OTf) was thus used as a methylating agent to increase the conversion at a lower temperature. The 11C-methylation using [11C]CH3OTf at 100 °C proceeded efficiently in THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt with maintenance of the improved selectivity. Starting from 28 to 34 GBq [11C]CO2, [11C]7m6BP was produced with 2.3–2.6 GBq for THF, 2.7–3.3 GBq for AcOEt, and 2.8–3.9 GBq for 2-MeTHF at approximately 30 min after the end of bombardment (n = 3 per solvent). The isolated RCYs (decay corrected) for THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt were 24–28%, 29–35%, and 22–31% (n = 3), respectively.

Conclusions

The use of THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt improved the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity in the methylation reaction, and the improved method provided [11C]7m6BP with sufficient radioactivity for clinical use.
Preliminary monosodium glutamate-induced changes in mammary gland receptors and gene expression, water channel, oxidative stress, and some lactogenic biomarkers in lactating rats
Authors: Emmanuel Nachamada Solomon , Bako Ibrahim Gaya , Malgwi Ibrahim Samaila , Tanko Yusuf , Eze Ejike Daniel , Umar Hajara Ali , Aliyu Munira , Muhammad Abdulmalik , Mohammed Aliyu
Published: February 2024

Background

Changes induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) can negatively impact milk production and secretion, among other adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MSG consumption on receptor gene expression and quantification of hormones and receptors, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers and other lactogenic parameters in lactating animals. Twenty-four female Wistar rats, nine weeks of age, were randomly assigned to four groups, each containing six rats, at parturition. The rats in groups II, III, and IV were given varying doses of monosodium glutamate (MSG); while, group I was given distilled water and served as the control. The experimental period lasted two (2) weeks.

Results

The groups administered with MSG showed a significant decrease in mammary PRLR gene expression (p < 0.05), as well as a marked reduction (p < 0.05) in mammary PRLR, OXT receptor, AQP-3, brain antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT), and pituitary SOD compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in reactive oxygen species levels in the serum and mammary gland homogenates, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, and elevated (p < 0.05) brain and pituitary MDA levels in the MSG-administered groups compared to the control group. Daily milk yields were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the MSG-administered groups between days 10 and 14 of lactation.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that prolonged consumption of MSG could interfere with lactation-associated functions via increased ROS production, reduced antioxidants, decreased AQP-3, mammary prolactin and oxytocin receptors, and prolactin receptor mRNA in lactating Wistar rats.

Graphical Abstract
Differing radiation exposure in scrub technicians and rotating staff in Cardiac catheterization laboratory: occupation matters
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Nasir , Javed Maleeha , Adnan Ghufran , Khan Maria , Nizar Zeenat , Shah Izat
Published: February 2024

Background

Radiation exposure is a significant hazard associated with invasive Cardiology, with most studies based on primary operator exposure. This prospective, observational study aimed to find out over lead radiation exposure as effective dose acquired by non-physician staff comprising scrub technicians and rotating staff in the cath laboratory. Effective dose (ED) measured per procedure via Raysafe i2®dosimeter badges worn by both rotating staff and scrub technicians over lead aprons along with dose area product (DAP), fluoroscopy time (FT) and procedure time (PT) in minutes was collected prospectively over forty-six invasive Cardiology procedures.

Results

This study shows that rotating staff acquire higher ED in comparison with their scrub technician colleagues in diagnostic, interventional and electrophysiology cases. However, a statistically significant difference in radiation exposure of both staff groups was demonstrated in diagnostic and interventional Cardiology procedures, withpvalues of 0.04 and 0.01, respectively.

Conclusions

These findings highlight occupational role and mobility around fluoroscopic sources as major factors in radiation exposure, which should be addressed within current radiation protection practices.
Corporate social responsibility marketing; a way to firm performance; an empirical study: case of Egypt
Authors: El-Menawy Sara Mohamed Abdelaziz , El-Sayed Nehad Hosny Yusuf
Published: February 2024

This study aims to clarify the impact that CSR marketing has on the firm performance. Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Marketing Activities Employed by Companies Explored through Website, Google Search, Annual Report, and Egyptian CSR Reports. This study employs exploratory and qualitative data acquired through several research methodologies to explore the benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Marketing Activities Employed by Companies. The collected data are then used to develop an updated and critically analyzed explanatory framework, which establishes the link between financial performance and CSR marketing. The results indicate that the link between CSR and financial performance is strong. The study also provides relevant practical implications for organizations in developing nations, such as Egypt. It shows that adopting and implementing CSR programs can help companies gain competitive advantage. The significance of this study lies in its provision of empirical evidence regarding the influence of marketing practices related to environmental, social, and governance factors on the financial performance of Egyptian companies, specifically in relation to the sustainability index.
Analytical solutions for dispersions and waveforms of acoustic logging in a cased hole
Authors: Wang Hua , Liu Tianlin , Ji Yunjia
Published: February 2024

Acoustic logging is one of the most promising methods for the quantitative evaluation of cement bond conditions in cased holes. However, inefficient use of full-wave information yields unsatisfactory interpretation accuracy. Fundamentally, this is because the wavefield characteristics have not been thoroughly investigated under various cement bonding conditions. Thus, this study derives analytical solutions of wavefields for a single-cased-hole model and emphasizes the dispersion calculation algorithm. To solve the dispersion equation when solving for the poles of the propagating modes with real wavenumbers, we renormalize the Bessel function related to the borehole fluid by multiplying it with an attenuation factor. For leaky modes with complex wavenumbers, we develop a novel method to find local peaks of the matrix condition number (LPMCN) in the frequency domain to determine dispersion poles, avoiding the local optimization issues resulting from the traditional Gauss-Newton iteration method. Combining these two methods, we establish a fast and accurate workflow for evaluating the dispersion of all modes in cased holes using a relatively fast bisection method to manage the dispersion of the propagating modes and using the LPMCN method to derive the dispersion curves of leaky modes. Furthermore, all propagating modes are individually investigated in the monopole measurement by evaluating the residues of the real poles in a casing-free model. The analysis demonstrates that the first-order pseudo-Rayleigh wave (PR1) and inner Stoneley wave (ST1) are the two strongest modes. Finally, we focus on the waveforms and dispersion characteristics of the outer Stoneley wave (ST2) related to the fluid channel in the cement annulus. The results reveal that as the fluid thickness increases, the phase velocity of the ST2 mode decreases, and its amplitude increases. Therefore, the ST2 mode can potentially evaluate the thickness of the fluid channel in a cement annulus if an effective weak-signal-extraction method is used.
Research on quantitative inversion characterization of high-definition electrical imaging logging in oil-based mud based on backpropagation neural network and multiple population genetic algorithm-Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
Authors: Gao Jianshen , Ma Ya-Ni , Jiang Liming , Lu Chunli , Shi Juncheng
Published: February 2024

Electrical imaging logging in oil-based mud (OBM) has been developed for some time and is gradually playing an important role in the description of deep carbonate and shale reservoirs. Quantitative characterization of reservoir rock parameters such as resistivity is one of the most innovative developments in this field. The development of this technology needs to address and resolve four core issues: a wide range of parameter variations, removal of mud-cake influence in low-resistivity formations, dielectric rollover in high-resistivity formations, and multifrequency dielectric dispersion effects. To address the aforementioned issues, the joint use of a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and the multiple population genetic algorithm (MPGA)-Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm for high-resolution quantitative imaging is developed. First, the numerical simulation is used to calculate the well-logging response data under the influence of multiple parameters, thereby establishing a forward response database. Then, within the forward response database, the instrument response function is fitted using BPNN, to compress the data volume. Next, based on the fitted response function, an inversion method for three parameters, including reservoir rock resistivity, permittivity, and plate standoff, is established using the LM algorithm optimized with MPGA. The results indicate that the use of a three-layer BPNN enables rapid and accurate calculation of the electrical imaging logging response in OBM. The calculation of a single point only requires 0.1 ms with an accuracy of more than 99%. The MPGA-LM algorithm exhibits stronger stability and improved inversion accuracy, with a single point inversion time of only 2 ms, and contributes to the high-definition quantitative description of electrical imaging logging in OBM, which is important in characterizing formation structures, distinguishing formation fractures, etc.
Probing the angular distribution of terrestrial cosmic-ray nuclei
Authors: Sedrati R. , Attallah R. , Bouchachi D.
Published: February 2024

Understanding how atmospheric cosmic-rays are distributed on Earth is crucial for simulating cosmic-ray setups and detectors for rare-event detection. The accuracy and reliability of such simulations and experiments depend on obtaining this information. This study focuses on analyzing the impact of key parameters in the PARMA model on the angular distributions of terrestrial cosmic-ray nuclei. These parameters include geomagnetic cut-off rigidity, atmospheric depth and solar activity. Moreover, angular distributions of various particles, including protons, electrons, neutrons, and muons, were systematically calculated over relevant rigidities, solar modulations, and altitudes. For this purpose, the latest version of the Excel-based Program for calculating Atmospheric Cosmic-ray Spectrum EXPACS (v.4.13), which relies on updated experimental data, was used. The results of the calculations showed clear trends in the angular distributions of all cosmic-ray species as a function of the model parameters. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of cosmic rays in our solar system. Moreover, they can contribute to developing more accurate models for predicting the distribution of cosmic rays on the Earth's surface.
Pair production by electromagnetic fields in a modified Robertson-Walker universe
Authors: Sogut Kenan , Salti Mustafa , Aydogdu Oktay
Published: February 2024

We investigate the relativistic quantum dynamics of the spinless particles in a Robertson-Walker (RW) spacetime in the framework of gravity's rainbow (RG) when homogeneous electromagnetic fields exist. Exact solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation (KGE) are obtained and the amount of the created pairs is calculated by employing the Bogoliubov transformation method (BTM). The effects of homogeneous electromagnetic fields interacting with gravitational fields on particle production rate are discussed.
The Diagnostic Odyssey in Children and Adolescents With X-linked Hypophosphatemia: Population-Based, Case–Control Study
Authors: Boardman-Pretty Freya , Clift Ashley Kieran , Mahon Hadley , Sawoky Nadine , Mughal M Zulf
Published: February 2024

Context

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare genetic disorder causing renal phosphate wasting, which predicates musculoskeletal manifestations such as rickets. Diagnosis is often delayed.

Objective

To explore the recording of clinical features, and the diagnostic odyssey of children and adolescents with XLH in primary care electronic healthcare records (EHRs) in the United Kingdom.

Methods

Using the Optimum Patient Care Research Database, individuals aged 20 years or younger after January 1, 2000, at date of recorded XLH diagnosis were identified using Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED)/Read codes and age-matched to 100 controls. Recording of XLH-related clinical features was summarized then compared between cases and controls using chi-squared or Fisher's exact test.

Results

In total, 261 XLH cases were identified; 99 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 84/99 had at least 1 XLH-related clinical feature recorded in their primary care EHR. Clinical codes for rickets, genu varum, and low phosphate were recorded prior to XLH diagnosis in under 20% of cases (median of 1, 1, and 3 years prior, respectively). Rickets, genu varum, low phosphate, nephrocalcinosis, and growth delay were significantly more likely to be recorded in cases.

Conclusion

This characterization of the EHR phenotypes of children and adolescents with XLH may inform future case-finding approaches to expedite diagnosis in primary care.
Association Between Race and Short-Term Outcomes Across 3988 Consecutive Single-Level Spinal Fusions
Authors: Borja Austin J. , Karsalia Ritesh , Chauhan Daksh , Gallagher Ryan S. , Malhotra Emelia G. , Punchak Maria A. , Na Jianbo , McClintock Scott D. , Marcotte Paul J. , Yoon Jang W. , Ali Zarina S. , Malhotra Neil R.
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Race has implications for access to medical care. However, the impact of race, after access to care has been attained, remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to isolate the relationship between race and short-term outcomes across patients undergoing a single, common neurosurgical procedure.

METHODS:

In this retrospective cohort study, 3988 consecutive patients undergoing single-level, posterior-only open lumbar fusion at a single, multihospital, academic medical center were enrolled over a 6-year period. Among them, 3406 patients self-identified as White, and 582 patients self-identified as Black. Outcome disparities between all White patients vs all Black patients were estimated using logistic regression. Subsequently, coarsened exact matching controlled for outcome-mitigating factors; White and Black patients were exact-matched 1:1 on key demographic and health characteristics (matched n = 1018). Primary outcomes included 30-day and 90-day hospital readmissions, emergency department (ED) visits, reoperations, mortality, discharge disposition, and intraoperative complication.

RESULTS:

Before matching, Black patients experienced increased rate of nonhome discharge, readmissions, ED visits, and reoperations (all P < .001). After exact matching, Black patients were less likely to be discharged to home (odds ratio [OR] 2.68, P < .001) and had higher risk of 30-day and 90-day readmissions (OR 2.24, P < .001; OR 1.91, P < .001; respectively) and ED visits (OR 1.79, P = .017; OR 2.09, P < .001). Black patients did not experience greater risk of intraoperative complication (unintentional durotomy).

CONCLUSION:

Between otherwise homogenous spinal fusion cohorts, Black patients experienced unfavorable short-term outcomes. These disparities were not explained by differences in intraoperative complications. Further investigation must characterize and mitigate institutional and societal factors that contribute to outcome disparities.
Συγκριτική μελέτη μεταξύ ανοικτής και διαδερμικής τεχνικής τοποθέτησης κεντρικών φλεβικών καθετήρων σε παιδιατρικούς ασθενείς
Authors: Νούτσος Γεώργιος
Published: February 2024

Η τοποθέτηση κεντρικών φλεβικών καθετήρων μακράς διάρκειας παραμονής αποτελεί μία από τις συχνότερες επεμβάσεις που λαμβάνουν χώρα στο χειρουργείο. Στους παιδιατρικούς ασθενείς οι ενδείξεις τοποθέτησής τους ποικίλουν και κυμαίνονται από τη χορήγηση παρεντερικής διατροφής, μακροχρόνιων σχημάτων ογκολογικών θεραπειών έως τη μεταμόσχευση μυελού των οστών. Η τοποθέτησή τους, όμως συνδέεται με άμεσες και απώτερες επιπλοκές. Οι απώτερες επιπλοκές (λοίμωξη, δυσλειτουργία, θρόμβωση) οδηγούν στην απόφραξη του αγγείου και στην πρόωρη αφαίρεση τού κεντρικού φλεβικού καθετήρα. Πολλοί παράγοντες σχετίζονται με το χρόνο παραμονής του μερικά εμφυτεύσιμου κεντρικού φλεβικού καθετήρα στον παιδιατρικό ογκολογικό αιματολογικό ασθενή. Οι παράγοντες αυτοί έχουν σχέση με τον ασθενή, τον τύπο του κεντρικού φλεβικού καθετήρα, το αγγείο που καθετηριάζεται, το είδος της θεραπείας που χορηγείται και την τεχνική που εφαρμόζεται για την τοποθέτησή τους. Οι καθετήρες αυτοί παραδοσιακά τοποθετούνται με την ανοιχτή χειρουργική τεχνική που περιλαμβάνει φλεβοτομή ή διαδερμικά, μέσω υπερηχογρα¬φικής καθοδήγησης ή βάσει ανατομικών οδηγών σημείων. Πρόσφατες μελέτες δείχνουν ότι η τοποθέτηση βάσει υπερηχογραφικής καθοδήγησης χρησιμοποιείται ολοένα και περισσότερο και φαίνεται να προτείνεται ως η μέθοδος εκλογής. Η μέθοδος αυτή έχει αποδεδειγμένη ασφάλεια και ελαχιστοποιεί τις επιπλοκές που οφείλονται σε τυφλές φλεβοκεντήσεις. Έχει πλέον κατοχυρωθεί ως κλασσική πρακτική όσον αφορά την τοποθέτηση μόνιμων φλεβικών γραμμών σε ενήλικες, κάτι το οποίο όμως δεν ισχύει για τον παιδιατρικό πληθυσμό. Υπάρχουν μελέτες που υποστηρίζουν ότι η υπερηχογραφικά καθοδηγούμενη τοποθέτηση μόνιμων φλεβοκαθετήρων συνδυάζεται με μικρότερο χρόνο τοποθέτησης αλλά όχι με αυξημένο κίνδυνο επιπλοκών, ακόμα και όταν εφαρμόζεται από λιγότερο πεπειραμένους ιατρούς. Η χρήση μοντέλων εξομοίωσης για εκπαίδευση, ανατομικών μοντέλων, η επίβλεψη από πεπειραμένους ιατρούς στην τοποθέτηση φλεβικών γραμμών με υπερηχογραφική καθοδήγηση καθώς και η υιοθέτηση κριτηρίων που πιστοποιούν την αντικειμενική ικανότητα των χειρι¬στών, φαίνεται να μειώνουν έτι περαιτέρω την πιθανότητα επιπλοκής. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, συγκρίθηκαν οι τρεις συχνότερα εφαρμοζόμενες τεχνικές τοποθέτησης μερικά εμφυτεύσιμων κεντρικών φλεβικών καθετήρων. Αυτές είναι η διαδερμική τεχνική των οδηγών σημείων, η διαδερμική τεχνική καθοδηγούμενη από υπερήχους και η ανοικτή χειρουργική τεχνική. Οι τεχνικές αυτές αξιολογήθηκαν ως προς την ασφάλεια και την αποτελεσματικότητά τους. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης έδειξαν ότι η διαδερμική τεχνική καθοδηγούμενη από υπερήχους είναι μια ασφαλής εναλλακτική τεχνική τοποθέτησης, η οποία είναι λιγότερο χρονοβόρα, στερείται σοβαρών επιπλοκών και προστατεύει την ανατομία του αγγείου-δέκτη. Έτσι, η τεχνική αυτή συνιστάται για την εισαγωγή εμφυτεύσιμων κεντρικών φλεβικών καθετήρων, στον παιδιατρικό πληθυσμό.
The genome sequence of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi (Maskell, 1879)
Authors: Mongue Andrew J. , Ross Laura , Watson Gillian W. ,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: February 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual hermaphrodite Icerya purchasi (the cottony cushion scale; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hemiptera; Monophlebidae). The genome sequence is 1,098.4 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 2 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 19.29 kilobases in length.
Invisibility and Visibility of Disability in Japan and Poland as a Social and C ultural Construct: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Tagaki Masakuni , Borowska-Beszta Beata
Published: February 2024

The visibility and invisibility of disability are present in various cultures. This study aims to analyze the invisibility and visibility of disability in Japan and Poland, focusing on the similarities and differences between the two countries.Cultural analyses of historical, social, and political backgrounds indicate the transition process from invisible disability to visible disability in both countries. Visibility and invisibility of disability are social and cultural constructs in Japan and Poland. The results revealed the similarities between the processes and constructs of researched terms and differences. Among the similarities are factors of the transition process from invisible to visible disability. However, the authors distinguished that the eugenic, deinstitutionalization, and empowerment trends in both countries developed differently. The differences in the socio-cultural construction of invisible and visible disability concern the historical and political determinants of both countries’ development after the Second World War up to the present time.
Robust Charging Network Planning for Metropolitan Taxi Fleets
Authors: Godbersen Gregor , Kolisch Rainer , Schiffer Maximilian
Published: February 2024

We study the robust charging station location problem for a large-scale commercial taxi fleet. Vehicles within the fleet coordinate on charging operations but not on customer acquisition. We decide on a set of charging stations to open to ensure operational feasibility. To make this decision, we propose a novel solution method situated between the location routing problems with intraroute facilities and flow refueling location problems. Additionally, we introduce a problem variant that makes a station sizing decision. Using our exact approach, charging stations for a robust operation of citywide taxi fleets can be planned. We develop a deterministic core problem employing a cutting plane method for the strategic problem and a branch-and-price decomposition for the operational problem. We embed this problem into a robust solution framework based on adversarial sampling, which allows for planner-selectable risk tolerance. We solve instances derived from real-world data of the metropolitan area of Munich containing 1,000 vehicles and 60 potential charging station locations. Our investigation of the sensitivity of technological developments shows that increasing battery capacities shows a more favorable impact on vehicle feasibility of up to 10 percentage points compared with increasing charging speeds. Allowing for depot charging dominates both of these options. Finally, we show that allowing just 1% of operational infeasibility risk lowers infrastructure costs by 20%.

Funding: This work was partially funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Project 277991500].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2022.0207 .
Job interviews: how to be your best
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: February 2024

There is fierce competition for jobs as a healthcare assistant (HCA) or assistant practitioner (AP), so it is important to be well prepared for the interview process.

Nowadays, job interviews can be conducted in person or online; in either case, the candidate needs to dress and act professionally, and to attend in good time, to impress the interviewer/s.

Where the interview is being held online, it is the candidate's responsibility to make sure, in advance, that the technology works.

Look at the job specification to ensure you have the skills needed. Practice your answers with a friend/colleague in advance.
Elective cardioversion at a district general hospital: a retrospective evaluation of outcomes
Authors: Smalley Christopher
Published: February 2024

Direct current cardioversion is a procedure for treating abnormal heart rhythms, and cardioversion is often performed electively to restore sinus rhythm in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. A retrospective evaluation of elective cardioversion data at a local general hospital was undertaken to evaluate the success and outcomes of cardioversion. This evaluation also considered the outcomes for two subsets of patients with heart failure and obesity, as it has previously been concluded that cardioversion is unsuccessful in these patients. Immediate success rates of cardioversion were high in general and remained high initially in heart failure and obese patients, but there was a drop-off in longer term success in all groups.
New Year, New Ofsted?
Authors: Cowley Sue
Published: February 2024

As a new HMCI takes over the reins at Ofsted, there are calls from all parts of the education system for a far-reaching overhaul of the inspection regime. With changes clearly required at Ofsted, Sue Cowley asks what might the future of inspection look like going forwards?
Meeting increasing childcare demands: Can childminders help?
Authors: Simon Antonia , Ang Prof Lynn
Published: February 2024

Dr Antonia Simon, associate professor and Lynn Ang, professor of Early Childhood Education, Pro-Director and Vice-Dean Research at UCL Institute of Education, discuss the fall in the number of childminders. They outline how this group of early years educators is an important part of meeting future demand for places in the sector, given the Government's offer of ‘free’ education and care for children of working parents.
Early learning and the great copper network switch-off
Authors: Pateman Chris
Published: February 2024

Chris Pateman, co-founder of Fit to Switch, explains more about what will happen when BT retires Britain's existing analogue PSTN copper telephone network by the end of December 2025, and why early years settings and businesses need to care about it now.
Professional Book Reviews
Authors: Barclay Meg
Published: February 2024

Richard Willis, visiting professor at the University of South Wales, reviews a book about Friedrich Froebel, the ‘father of kindergarten’, and his educational theories and legacy for early childhood education. Meg Barclay, education consultant and early years reviewer for the School Library Association, reviews picture books which teach young children about the seasons, explore friendship and introduce babies to stories and illustrations for the first time.
‘When will the Government realise how silly they sound?’
Authors: Kenyon Claire
Published: February 2024

Claire Kenyon, one of the founders of Early Years Equality, shares her thoughts on the Government's response to the recent Education Committee recommendations.
Young Children’s Responses to Social-Conventional Transgressions in Japanese Preschool Settings
Authors: Mizokawa Ai , Nakaya Motoyuki , Nomura Asuka
Published: February 2024

This study investigated young children’s recognition of social rules and responses to social-conventional transgressions in Japanese preschool settings. One hundred twenty-six children aged three to six years old heard four hypothetical stories that describe typical social-conventional transgressions in Japanese preschools. They were asked about their feelings when they witnessed each transgression (emotional response), whether they thought it was better to follow social rules and act like everyone else (social convention judgment), their justification for the judgment, and their willingness to play with the transgressor (interaction judgment). Most participants in all age groups valued following social rules and judged that the transgressor should act like everyone else, but five-year-olds generated more group- and other-oriented justifications for the judgment. Although there were no significant age group differences in interaction judgment, further analysis showed that three-year-olds’ willingness to play with the transgressor was positively related to their positive emotion, whereas such relationships were not found in four- and five-year-olds. The results demonstrate that Japanese children’s responses to social-conventional transgressions become more social and complex throughout young childhood in the Japanese cultural context.
Influence of Motivation Climate on Service-Learning Benefits among Physical Education Students
Authors: Miletić Đurđica , Jadrić Ivana , Miletić Alen
Published: February 2024

Service-learning (SL) emphasizes the fusion and integration of community service and academic learning, while Physical Education (PE) is oriented towards community health and well-being, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals. The study's primary objective is to discern the benefits perceived by PE students when engaged in SL courses and to test the correlation between benefits and the motivational climate they experience. Additionally, the research explores potential gender-specific variations in students' attitudes. The research was conducted with a survey on a sample of 58 students responding to a Motivational Climate in Physical Education Scale (MPCES) and the SErvice LEarning Benefit Scale (SELEB), which assesses the motivation of students and their perceptions of SL benefits. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between the core constructs - SL benefits and student motivation, and t-tests to evaluate gender differences in SL benefits. Key findings underscore that students primarily perceived the greatest advantages from SL in the domain of knowledge application, with comparatively lower scores in general life skills. Notably, female students, on the whole, exhibited higher ratings in both SL benefits and student motivation compared to their male counterparts. Nonetheless, specific exceptions emerged in certain sub-scales, including social relatedness and ego climate within the MPCES scale, as well as critical thinking within the SELEB scale. According to the results, it is suggested that cultivating a student-centered learning environment can augment engagement and motivation in the realm of physical education (PE). Furthermore, the delineated gender differences offer valuable insights for educators, highlighting the need for tailored approaches to accommodate the diverse preferences and requirements of male and female students.
Use Language to Mean What You Say
Authors: Hauff Tracy
Published: February 2024

Abstract: This reflective essay recounts two of my personal experiences with Elizabeth Cook-Lynn. My first encounter with her was in 2009 when I attended a class she taught on American Indian studies. I found her forthright in her teaching and in our personal exchange after the class. She said something to me that ended my lifelong inner struggle with my identity. What may have seemed inconsequential was actually a profound moment that helped me move forward to focus my writing on American Indian issues. My second encounter with her was a tense moment in the racist history of Rapid City, South Dakota. I attended a rally to call attention to the inordinate number of Lakota people killed by Rapid City's law enforcement. Twenty-four hours later, a Native male residing at Lakota Homes in Rapid City was shot and killed by a Rapid City police officer. Elizabeth and I attended a small gathering of concerned citizens to address the situation. Already familiar with her as a scholar, author, poet, and educator, I saw her that day as an activist.
Continuously tunable silicon optical true-time delay lines with a large delay tuning range and a low delay fluctuation
Authors: Liu Yuanbin , Lu Liangjun , Ni Ziheng , Chen Jianping , Zhou Linjie , Poon Andrew W.
Published: February 2024

On-chip switchable optical true-time delay lines (OTTDLs) feature a large group delay tuning range but suffer from a discrete tuning step. OTTDLs with a large delay tuning range and a continuous tuning capability are highly desired. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a silicon-based broadband continuously tunable OTTDL comprising a 7-bit delay line and a switch-based continuously tunable delay line. The group delay of the entire OTTDL can be continuously tuned from 0 to 1020.16 ps. A delay error within -1.27 ps to 1.75 ps, and a delay fluctuation of less than 2.69 ps in the frequency range of 2∼25 GHz are obtained. We analyze the causes of the delay fluctuation and its influence on beamforming. Moreover, we also propose a simplified non-invasive calibration method that can significantly reduce the complexity of the delay state calibration and can be easily extended to delay lines with more stages of optical switches. The high performance of our OTTDL chip and the calibration method drive practical applications of integrated OTTDLs.
Design of 4 × 2 optical encoder utilizing nano-structure plasmonic IMI waveguides
Authors: Hadi Murtadha M. , Mohammed Jabbar K. , Atiyah Salam M.
Published: February 2024

Surface waves with their ability to pass through nanostructures opened the way to convert the electronic circuits to optical circuits. The 4 × 2 optical encoder have been designed, analyzed, and simulated optically using plasmonic structure using the COMSOL version 5.5 software package with finite element method (FEM). 4 × 2 optical encoder using silver as metal and SiO2 and Al2O3 as a dielectric with a Tthreshold of 40%, and operating wavelength of 1550 nm. The results were delivered in graphs containing the Transmission values (T) versus a wavelength range between 800 nm and 2000nm, electric field distribution (EF), contrast ratio (CR), modulation depth (MD), and insertion loss (IL). The maximum T was 50%, the MD was 87.2%, and the CR 8.84 dB.
Synergic action of linear dispersion, second-order nonlinearity, and third-order nonlinearity in shaping the spectral profile of a femtosecond pulse transporting in a lithium niobate crystal
Authors: Hong Lihong , Liu Yuanyuan , Li Zhi-Yuan
Published: February 2024

We present a detailed theoretical and numerical analysis on the temporal-spectral-spatial evolution of a high-peak-power femtosecond laser pulse in two sets of systems: a pure lithium niobate (LN) plate and a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) plate. We develop a modified unidimensional pulse propagation model that considers all the prominent linear and nonlinear processes and carried out the simulation process based on an improved split-step Fourier transformation method. We theoretically analyze the synergic action of the linear dispersion effect, the second-order nonlinearity (2nd-NL) second-harmonic generation (SHG) effect, and the third-order nonlinearity (3rd-NL) self-phase modulation (SPM) effect, and clarify the physical mechanism underlying the peculiar and diverse spectral broadening patterns previously reported in LN and PPLN thin plate experiments. Such analysis and discussion provides a deeper insight into the synergetic contribution of these linear and nonlinear effects brought about by the interaction of a femtosecond laser pulse with the LN nonlinear crystal and helps to draw a picture to fully understand these fruitful optical physical processes, phenomena, and laws.
Intracellular signaling in proto-eukaryotes evolves to alleviate regulatory conflicts of endosymbiosis
Authors: von der Dunk Samuel H. A. , Hogeweg Paulien , Snel Berend
Published: February 2024

The complex eukaryotic cell resulted from a merger between simpler prokaryotic cells, yet the role of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis with respect to other eukaryotic innovations has remained under dispute. To investigate how the regulatory challenges associated with the endosymbiotic state impacted genome and network evolution during eukaryogenesis, we study a constructive computational model where two simple cells are forced into an obligate endosymbiosis. Across multiplein silicoevolutionary replicates, we observe the emergence of different mechanisms for the coordination of host and symbiont cell cycles, stabilizing the endosymbiotic relationship. In most cases, coordination is implicit, without signaling between host and symbiont. Signaling only evolves when there is leakage of regulatory products between host and symbiont. In the fittest evolutionary replicate, the host has taken full control of the symbiont cell cycle through signaling, mimicking the regulatory dominance of the nucleus over the mitochondrion that evolved during eukaryogenesis.
Estimating the health impact of nicotine exposure by dissecting the effects of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Khouja Jasmine N. , Sanderson Eleanor , Wootton Robyn E. , Taylor Amy E. , Church Billy A. , Richmond Rebecca C. , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: February 2024

The detrimental health effects of smoking are well-known, but the impact of regular nicotine use without exposure to the other constituents of tobacco is less clear. Given the increasing daily use of alternative nicotine delivery systems, such as e-cigarettes, it is increasingly important to understand and separate the effects of nicotine use from the impact of tobacco smoke exposure. Using a multivariable Mendelian randomisation framework, we explored the direct effects of nicotine compared with the non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on health outcomes (lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV-1], forced vital capacity [FVC], coronary heart disease [CHD], and heart rate [HR]). We used Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary statistics from Buchwald and colleagues, the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine, the International Lung Cancer Consortium, and UK Biobank. Increased nicotine metabolism increased the risk of COPD, lung cancer, and lung function in the univariable analysis. However, when accounting for smoking heaviness in the multivariable analysis, we found that increased nicotine metabolite ratio (indicative of decreased nicotine exposure per cigarette smoked) decreases heart rate (b = -0.30, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.10) and lung function (b = -33.33, 95% CI -41.76 to -24.90). There was no clear evidence of an effect on the remaining outcomes. The results suggest that these smoking-related outcomes are not due to nicotine exposure but are caused by the other components of tobacco smoke; however, there are multiple potential sources of bias, and the results should be triangulated using evidence from a range of methodologies.
Improving tuberculosis case detection through contact risk stratification by Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and spatial parameters: Evaluation of an innovative active case finding strategy in Mozambique (Xpatial-TB)
Authors: Saavedra Belén , Nguenha Dinis , de la Torre-Pérez Laura , Mambuque Edson , Tembe Gustavo , Oliveras Laura , Rudd Matthew , Philimone Paulo , Jose Benedita , Garcia Juan Ignacio , Gomes Neide , Munguambe Shilzia , Chiconela Helio , Nhanommbe Milton , Izco Santiago , Acacio Sozinho , García-Basteiro Alberto L.
Published: February 2024

Prompt diagnosis is critical for tuberculosis (TB) control, as it enables early treatment which in turn, reduces transmission and improves treatment outcomes. We investigated the impact on TB diagnosis of introducing Xpert Ultra as the frontline diagnostic test, combined with an innovative active-case finding (ACF) strategy (based on Xpert Ultra semi-quantitative results and spatial parameters), in a semi-rural district of Southern Mozambique. From January-December 2018 we recruited incident TB-cases (index cases, ICs) and their household contacts (HCs). Recruitment of close community contacts (CCs) depended on IC´s Xpert Ultra results, and the population density of their area. TB-contacts, either symptomatic or people living with HIV, were asked to provide a spot sputum for lab-testing. Trends on TB case notification were compared to the previous years and to those of two districts in the south of the Maputo province (control area), using an interrupted time series analysis with and without control (CITS/ITS). A total of 1010 TB ICs (37.1% laboratory-confirmed) were recruited; 3165 HCs and 4730 CCs were screened for TB. Eighty-nine additional TB cases were identified through the ACF intervention (52.8% laboratory-confirmed). The intervention increased by 8.2% all forms of TB cases detected in 2018. Xpert Ultra trace positive results accounted for a high proportion of laboratory confirmations in the ACF cohort (51.1% vs 13.7% of those passively diagnosed). The Number Needed to Screen to find a TB case differed widely among HCs (55) and CCs (153). During the intervention period, a reversal of the previous negative trend in lab-confirmed case notifications was observed in the district. However, the CITS model did not show any statistically significant difference compared to the control area. Paediatric population benefited the most from the ACF strategy and HCs screening seemed an effective intervention to find microbiological confirmed cases in early stages of the disease.
In vitro proliferation of Mytilus edulis male germ cell progenitors
Authors: Hosseini Khorami Hajar , Breton Sophie , Angers Annie
Published: February 2024

Our understanding of basic cellular processes has mostly been provided by mammalian cell culture, and by some non-mammalian vertebrate and few invertebrate cell culture models. Developing reliable culture conditions for non-model organisms is essential to allow investigation of more unusual cellular processes. Here, we investigate how cells isolated from different tissues of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis thrive and survive in vitro in the hope of establishing a suitable laboratory model for the investigation of cellular mechanisms specific to these bivalve mollusks. We found that cells dissociated from mantle tissue attached to the culture vessels and proliferated well in vitro, whereas cells isolated from gills, although remaining viable, did not maintain divisions over three to four weeks in culture. We used antibodies against the germ-line marker DEAD-box helicase 4 (DDX4), also known as VASA, and the epithelial cell marker cytokeratin to distinguish different cell types in culture. DDX4-positive cells were predominant in 25-day-old cultures from male mantles. Cells from other tissues remained in low numbers and did not seem to change in composition over time. Overall, the culture conditions described here allow an efficient selection of male germ cells that could be used to study specific cellular mechanisms in vitro.