bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic effect of carbide-forming oxides on the graphitization of carbon objects used in metallurgy
Authors: Erokhina О. О. , Pirogova N. A.
Published: January 2025

The paper aims to study the possibility of using carbide-forming oxides as catalysts for the graphitization of objects used in metallurgy. Published data on the role of catalysts (carbide-forming metals and their oxides) for the graphitization of carbon materials was analyzed. These graphitization catalysts are shown to be able to significantly reduce the graphitization temperature. The physicochemical properties characteristic of carbon materials graphitized without the use of catalysts are preserved. It was revealed that in the case of bulk materials, the graphitization temperature can be reduced to 1200–1500℃ with the use of catalysts (as opposed to 2000ºС and above). The mechanism of catalytic graphitization involving two reactions is described: interaction between a metal (or its oxide) and carbon with the formation of carbide; subsequent formation of pure metal and carbide-like graphite with increasing temperature. The resulting graphite phase constitutes the crystallization nucleus. The main problem associated with the use of catalysts in the production of graphitized objects was identified—the removal of reaction products, including metals. It is shown that additional catalyst charging can be performed at the stage of mixing and forming, which results in the removal of a part of the reaction products at the stage of baking. The mechanism of removing reaction products is expected to be comparable to ash removal from the piece to be graphitized. It was proven effective for objects to contain carbide-forming oxides, even in insignificant amounts (up to 5 wt%). Due to this, as well as given the possibility of catalyst selection, the negative effect of excessive oxide content in the charge can be reduced depending on further operating conditions. Thus, the use of catalysts for the graphitization of electrodes used in metallurgy is a promising way to reduce the process temperature. However, it is required to select the optimal oxide content and adjust the conditions of electrothermal processes in order to adapt the technology for large-sized products.
A follow-up investigation of the reported high herd prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea in dairy farms in Georgia and Florida
Authors: Mosley Yung-Yi C. , Whittington Lisa , Wells Dana , Malphus Katelyn A. , McDaniel Angie , Jones A. Lee
Published: January 2025

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes economically significant disease in the dairy industry worldwide. Testing and removing persistently infected (PI) animals is an es­sential part of controlling BVD in infected herds. A previous surveillance study using bulk-tank milk testing by real-time RT-PCR revealed a herd prevalence of 38.4% in Georgia and Florida. The high herd prevalence of BVD in these dairy farms prompted subsequent investigation to update the prevalence and reveal the subtype of the circulating BVDV in the region. Ninety bulk milk samples from 37 dairy farms were tested during 2021-2022. A survey related to management practices was also conducted. Overall, 10.0% of the bulk milk samples tested positive (9/90) and 10.8% of the herds tested positive (4/37). The sequences of 5’- untranslated and E1-E2 regions of the viral genome from positive samples all matched to the subtype of BVDV-1b. Phylogenetic analysis indicates these BVDVs are regional circulating strains. Most farms routinely use vaccines in calves (83.8%) and cows (89.2%) to reduce virus transmission and prevent clinical diseases and PI animals. However, only 24.3% and 27.0% of the farms test for BVD in re­placement heifers and newborn calves, respectively. And none of the farms quarantine newly purchased animals. Despite high vaccination rate, BVD can still be an issue for dairy farms in the southeast region of the United States, exemplifying the importance of PI animals’ removal and biosecurity procedures implementation to efficiently control BVD in dairy herds.
Peter Singer’s Speciesist Notion of Animal Conservation Vis-a-Vis Genetic Manipulation
Authors: Ncha Gabriel Bubu , Etta Emmanuel E. , Ojong Lawrence Odey
Published: January 2025

This paper shows how human activity through genetic engineering causes pain to non-human animals. It primarily deals with an evaluation of the phenomenon of animal rights (specifically animal conservation) from the view of Singer’s notion of speciesism. Singer’s notion of speciesism frowns at all forms of animal maltreatment and emphasizes that animals are sentients, and they are capable of suffering and feeling pain. The central problem here is whether animal’s life has intrinsic value and whether they can be used for experiment. Among the several ways by which speciesism is practiced, this work identified genetic engineering as a major obstacle to animal conservation because humans will invade the animal space to look for various animal species to carry out experiment on. Using the method of critical analysis, evaluation and prescription, the paper argues that animals have life and belong to the environment and as such, the environment should be conserved also for their sake and if humans continue to exploit the environment by using animals for genetic manipulations, there will be negative consequences to humans and extinction of some species.
The effect of business risk, profitability, current ratio on firm value: debt policy as a mediating variable
Authors: Arjuna Sutha , Widiyanti Marlina , Thamrin Kemas Muhammad Husni , Mukhtarudin Mukhtarudin
Published: January 2025

This study aims to examine the effects of Business Risk, Current Ratio, and Profitability on Firm Value with Debt to Equity Ratio as a mediating variable. Using purposive sampling, 25 mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2019-2023 were analyzed, resulting in 125 data points. The results show that CR negatively affects DER, ROA, CR, and DER positively affect FV, and DER has no mediating effect. This study highlights Debt policy, capital structure, and profitability significantly influence firm value, as these factors determine the company's financial stability, operational efficiency, and ability to create shareholder wealth.
Digital Health Technology Infrastructure Challenges to Support Health Equity in the United States: A Scoping Review (Preprint)
Authors: Roy Shongkour , Lartey Stella T. , Durneva Polina , Jha Niharika , Ofori Michael Arthur , Zeba Zebunnesa , Dockery Stella , Scarboro Nichole Saulsberry , Taylor Michelle , Joshi Ashish
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Even though Digital Health Technology (DHT) is widely utilized in the United States (U.S.) at both hospital provider and individual levels, it is beset with several challenges that have contributed to inequities in the health service delivery. Previous studies have shown that health inequities observed may be amplified many by DHT requirements.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this scoping review are aimed at synthesizing information on DHT inequities by exploring evidence that describes DHT infrastructure needs focused on promoting health equity in the U.S. and identifying key challenges at both the individual/patient level and at the health service provider's level.

METHODS

We adapted Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review guidelines in our review. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched. We also conducted supplementary searches on Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed publications that broadly conceptualize or analyze DHT infrastructure from a health equity perspective and the challenges of DHT requirements between 2020 and 2024. Following a full-text screening using eligibility criteria such as studies were included if they examined DHT infrastructure in the U.S. from a health equity perspective, discussed health disparities resulting from DHT interventions, or investigated the variables influencing health inequities connected to DHT. Two researchers evaluated each citation’s individually at the title and abstract levels. Thematic approach and qualitative analysis determined this scoping review’s outcome.

RESULTS

Of the 628 research articles from the search, 27 were included in the analysis based on the inclusion criteria. In this review, we discussed factors such as elderly population, education, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status leading to health inequities in DHT. Patients and Service providers challenges that exist in health inequities related to DHT. The most common challenges for service providers were infrastructure and technical issues such as inadequate integration with existing workflows, user-unfriendly health information exchange (HIE) interfaces, and lack of skilled staff, while for individuals or patients, this included limited broadband internet access, cultural or linguistic appropriateness, and access to digital tools.

CONCLUSIONS

The study identified that in the U.S., DHT is an essential part of the delivery of health services, yet it is saddled with key challenges leading to health inequities. Finding pragmatic solutions to these challenges can improve health equity in DHT.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Artemisia annua L-derived Artemisinin in Alleviating Visceral Leishmaniasis in Animal Models
Authors: Ahmed Ali Zahraa
Published: January 2025

The medicinal potential of Artemisia annua L., commonly known as sweet wormwood, has garnered significant attention due to its extraction of ART (Artemisinin ART drug) as a potent anti-malarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic properties. With the urgency to address the neglected issue of VL in Iraq and the limitations of conventional antileishmanial therapies, The current study included two aspects: the first aspect in vitro focuses on exploring alternative treatments. Through a comprehensive in vitro assessment, we prepared ART extracts in varying concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml) from Artemisia annua L And comparing its effect with pentostam (the traditional medicine used to treat leishmaniasis) at two different times: 24 and 48 hours. and examined their impact on the viability of visceral Leishmania parasite promastigote using the MTT assay, it turned out that the percentage of viability of the parasite in its promastigote stage decreased with increasing ART concentration, it also has an effect on parasite growth, as parasite growth decreases significantly with time and increasing concentration. The second aspects in vivo: investigation specifically focused on the effects of a 20 mg/ml concentration of ART drug on the livers of infected mice, revealing notable changes over a 21-day period. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the 20 mg/ml ART treatment, revealing distinct improvements in liver pathology over the course of treatment, emphasizing the promise of this alternative approach in combating VL.
Evaluating the in vitro Efficacy of Artemisia absinthium Alcoholic Extract in Neutralizing Toxocara spp. Eggs
Authors: Alani Zaid Khalid
Published: January 2025

This study was conducted in the department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. Microscopically, Adult worms of Toxocara spp appeared milky white with a coiled posterior end notable and from the erect tail, adult male was shorter than the female, with a finger-like projection. Eggs of T. cati in different stages development were incubated with Artemisia absinthium extract in different concentrations and time period. Artemisia absinthium alcoholic extract the leaves dried were detached and powdered through electrical grinder and the adult parasites were kept in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The process of extracting Artemisia absinthium and dilution in distilled water at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/ml and negative control group with PBS. Microscopic investigations of the eggs treated with Artemisia absinthium extract demonstrated restricted larval growth at doses of 2.4 mg/ml for 21 days but uninhibited development larvae in groups 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/ml. A significant difference (P≤0.05) was found between the positive control groups (Albendazole) and the other Artemisia absinthium groups.
Yam Biotechnology Innovation: A Contribution to Local Food Sovereignty
Authors: Borges-García Misterbino
Published: January 2025

Triple Helix (TH) model is a crucial instrument for introducing innovations in agricultural systems and products, encompassing university and governmental production sectors. Thus, the present research aims to assess the efficacy of implementing a biotechnological innovation in yam (Dioscorea spp.) cultivation by applying TH model. The components under consideration were for the educational, governmental, and production sectors. Awareness and training activities were identified as critical for the establishment, management, propagation, diversification, and agricultural extension of the selected yam clones. A total of 25 training activities were considered favorable in response to 675 participants. Their impact on local governmental actions enabled creating three categorized mass seed multiplication units involving 175 people. The project commenced with acquiring 7 500 plants subsequently acclimatized in vitro, whose processes yielded 60 000 seeds planted in the field. The survival rate was 96%, and yields were 60 t/ha-1 for urban and 50 t/ha-1 for suburban agricultural systems. These values were higher than those obtained through the traditional method (10 t/ha-1). The organoleptic tuber analysis from the improved seeds demonstrated superior flavor, appearance, and texture indicators with a 25% increase in acceptance compared to the traditional system. Therefore, HT model allowed evaluating the yam biotechnological innovation effectiveness, demonstrating its applicability to other agricultural systems and products in Cuba and internationally, thereby contributing to food sovereignty.
Keywords: Categorized seed production, food production, local development, plant biotechnology.
Increasing Agricultural Productivity in the Arabica Coffee Replanting Programme through a Gender Responsive Approach in Toraja District
Authors: Hariadi Hariadi
Published: January 2025

Tana Toraja, Indonesia, is renowned for its "Toraja coffee," a highly sought-after specialty coffee. To meet the growing global demand, Toraja coffee production needs to increase. However, traditional gender roles often limit participation in coffee farm management. This research explores how integrating the roles of both men and women farmers can improve coffee production and farm management in Tana Toraja. A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Primary data sources are male and female farmers, and secondary data is supporting data from relevant agencies in Tana Toraja Regency, Indonesia. Data analysis techniques are used in the form of collection (observation, interviews, questionnaire filling), reduction (summarizing data), data presentation, and data verification (temporary conclusions). In the management of Arabica coffee, male farmers are involved 37.14 percent (less involved), female farmers 40.48 percent (less involved), the involvement of male and female farmers together, and alternately 77.62 percent (fully involved). The coffee rejuvenation program received a response of 45.00 percent (quite responsive) from male farmers; female farmers responded 46.66 (quite responsive), and the reaction of male and female farmers together and alternately was 91.67 percent (fully responsive). This research found that a gender-responsive approach, where both men and women farmers are fully involved in coffee farm management and rejuvenation programs, can significantly increase productivity and sustainability in Tana Toraja's smallholder coffee plantations. By integrating the roles of both genders, the research suggests that coffee farms can benefit from a wider range of skills, knowledge, and perspectives, ultimately leading to a more successful and sustainable coffee industry in Tana Toraja.
Molluscicides Efficacy of Leaf Powders from Agave angustifolia, Cashew and Rambutan on Mortality of the Golden Snails (Pomacea canaliculata L.)
Authors: Hamzah Hamzah
Published: January 2025

Golden snail is one of the main pests on rice plants. This pest is an invasive species that is difficult to control. This study aims to test the efficacy of molluscicide of Agave angustifolia, Cashew, and rambutan leaves against golden snails. Molluscicide of leaf powder is obtained by drying the leaves using a dehydrator and then powdered with a size of 100 mesh using an herb grinder. Molluscicide of leaf powder of Agave angustifolia and cashew with concentrations of 0.5 gr/L, 0.75 gr/L, 1.00 gr/L, and 1.25 gr/L caused 100% of gold snail mortality at 24 hours of exposure. Meanwhile, molluscicide of leaf powder of rambutan with concentrations of 0.5 gr/L, 0.75 gr/L, 1.00 gr/L and 1.25 gr/L caused 100% mortality at 36 hours of exposure. The results of probit analysis within 24 hours after exposure to molluscicide of leaf powder of Agave angustifolia had LC50:0.36 gr/L, LC90:0.46 gr/L, and cashew leaves had LC50:0.32 gr/L, LC90:0.42 gr/L, while rambutan leaves had LC50:0.69 gr/L, LC90:1.37 gr/L. Mortality caused by the molluscicide of leaf powder of agave angustifolia was significantly different from the molluscicide of leaf powder of rambutan. The mortality caused by the molluscicide of leaf powder of cashew is was significantly different from the molluscicide of leaf powder of rambutan. Mortality caused by molluscicide of leaf powder of Agave angustifolia is no significantly different from molluscicide of leaf powder of cashew. Molluscicide of leaf powder from agave angustifolia, cashew, and rambutan is effective as a molluscicide because it can cause high mortality in golden snails. Molluscicide of leaf powder of cashew is more effective than molluscicide of leaf powder of agave angustifolia and rambutan.
The Influence of Transforming the Role of Women Farmers on Access to Resources: A Gender Sociology Perspective in Agriculture
Authors: Kasim Syaifudin Suhri
Published: January 2025

Transformation of the role of women farmers is changes in the role of women farmers after participating in an empowerment program through extension activities and skills training. This research examines the role transformation of farm women after participating in empowerment programs through extension activities and skills training. Using a mixed-method approach, the study combines a quantitative explanatory survey with qualitative descriptive analysis. Conducted in Lambusa Village and Pombulaa Jaya Village, Konda Sub-district, from January to June 2024, data were collected through observation, questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and official documents. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, while qualitative data underwent reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. Results indicate that agricultural extension and skills training significantly increase farm women's access to resources (regression coefficient: 2.679) and contribute to more equitable resource distribution. The study concludes that inclusive policies supporting gender equality effectively promote farm women's role transformation, strengthening their community position and improving resource access.
The Environmentally Friendly Practices to Fight Plants’ Diseases: Scope Review
Authors: Al-Rawashdeh Ziad B.
Published: January 2025

Plant diseases reduce the production and affect the food security. The use of synthetic chemicals affects the environment and individual health quality. The environmentally friendly practices were found the solution to minimize the side effects of pesticides and herbicides. This review aims to investigate the impact of environmentally friendly practices on plant disease protection. The results showed that environmentally friendly practices are very effective in controlling plant diseases and the same time reducing the environmental impacts and the individual’s health. These practices were found to be effective in improving the plant product and maximizing the economic profitability of the agricultural practices. These practices will increase the sustainability of the agricultural processes.
Effect of Tithonia (Tithonia diversifollia) Compost and Trichoderma sp. Coating on Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Growth and Yield
Authors: Ashar Zulfardi
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma sp. coating and Tithonia compost application on potato growth and production. The research was conducted in Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency, from January 2023 to November 2023. This study was designed in a factorial design with two factors. The first factor was the coating, which consisted of no coating and with coating. The second factor was the dosage of Tithonia compost, which included 0 kg/plot, 3 kg/plot, 6 kg/plot, 9 kg/plot, and 12 kg/plot. Based on the research results, the interaction between Trichoderma sp. coating and Tithonia compost application had a significant effect on plant height, leaf number, tuber number, tuber weight, stomatal opening area, stomatal density, and chlorophyll content (a, b, and total). The effect of Tithonia compost dosage was significant on tuber diameter and tuber length. Additionally, the effect of Trichoderma sp. coating was significant on vitamin C content.
Chitosan: Biocontrol of Moniliophthora roreri and a Biostimulant of Theobroma cacao L.
Authors: Torres-Rodriguez Juan Antonio
Published: January 2025

Cocoa has considerable economic significance in Ecuador, playing an important role in agricultural sustainability and the national economy. The phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri is responsible for frosty pod rot disease, which affects this crop. This study evaluated chitosan's role as a biostimulant and its effectiveness in controlling Moniliophthora roreri in cocoa cultivation. Five chitosan treatments (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g L-1, and a control) were applied, and each treatment was replicated four times. The 2 g L-1 treatment significantly enhanced the number of pods (32.67) and almonds (66.5), along with increases in the fresh (1936.17 g) and dry (724.7 g) weights of the almonds compared to the control and lower chitosan concentrations. It also lowered the incidence and severity of M. roreri at 60 120 and 180 days. Using 2 g L-1 of chitosan also slowed down the disease (AUDPC) with a value of 1413.60 compared to the control treatment. These findings show that chitosan could be used as a long-term option in cocoa farming to boost yields and protection to M. roreri.
Evaluation of Five Pendimethalin-Based Pre-Emergence Herbicides Formulations for Long-lasting Weed Infestation Control in Broadcasted Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Almajed Abdulmohsen Abbas
Published: January 2025

Weed infestation is among the major constrains restricting the sesame (Sesame indicum L.) yield. The current study employed field trials conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Itay EL-Baroud, Behera Governorate, Egypt in 2021 and 2022, to examine the response of broad-leaved and grassy weeds to five pendimethalin-based herbicides at two formulations, concentrate suspension (CS) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and different recommended rates. The study comprised 6 treatments, including five various formulations pre-emergence herbicides namely, Stomp Extra 45.5% CS, Most 45.5% CS, X Closf 40% EC, Bendifex 30% EC and Garostob 50% EC. Additionally, hand weeding was performed twice at 21 and 35 days after sowing (DAS) compared with the unweeded control. for weed control biomass of broad-leaved and grassy weeds. The results revealed significantly no fresh biomass recorded for all broad-leaved weeds during the season 2021 with the application of Garostob 50 % EC in treated plots compared to other treatments. The positive influence of Garostob 50% EC on suppressing the fresh weight of broad-leaved weeds extended during the 2022 season. However, it failed to completely control Hyoscyamus muticus L., Hibiscus trionum L. and Solanum nigrum L. during the season 2022. Application of Bendifex 30% EC proved also significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the weed biomass (g m−2 ± SD) of S. nigrum (0.0 ± 0.0), Ammi majus L. (11.8 ± 0.7) and Euphorbia hirta Ait. (0.0 ± 0.0) when compared to other treatments. Application of Stomp Extra 45.5% CS did not show significant difference and showed equal efficacy to Garostob 50% EC in decreasing the weed biomass of Cyperus longus L., Echinochloa colonum L. and Polypogon monospeliensis L. over the cropping seasons 2021and 2022. Pendimethalin formulation herbicides significantly had a substantial influence on yield and yield characteristics, together with oil and protein contents (%) in both seasons 2021 and 2022. In this regard, Stomp Extra 45.5% CS resulted in the greatest grain yield/fed in the cropping seasons 2021and 2022 with values reached 765.5 and 698.3 kg, respectively. Application of Stomp Extra 45.5% CS resulted also in a significant increase in oil and protein percentages in season 2021 (53.4 and 25.9%) and in season 2022 (55.43 and 24.87%).
CRISPR and Agriculture: Transforming Crop Science through Precision Genetics and Sustainable Practices – A Review
Authors: Shahid Rida
Published: January 2025

The CRISPR/Cas9 system, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9, is a powerful tool for precise DNA editing. It works by targeting specific sequences in the genome using a guide RNA, and the Cas9 enzyme then cuts the DNA at the targeted location. This allows scientists to accurately insert, delete, or modify genetic material. Discovered in 1987 as an adaptive immune system in Escherichia coli, the term CRISPR was first coined in 2002 to describe similar structures found in other bacteria and archaea. In 2012, CRISPR was harnessed as a genome-editing tool, and by 2013, its applications in plants were realized. Since then, CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant genome editing, making the process simpler, more affordable, and more efficient than earlier methods like ZFNs and TALENs, which were both time-consuming and costly. This review provides an overview of the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in agriculture, highlighting how this genome-editing technique has transformed crop science. It explores the impact of CRISPR/Cas9 on improving crop traits, enhancing pest and disease resistance, increasing environmental stress tolerance, accelerating breeding programs, and boosting yield and quality.
Mango Waste (Peel and Kernel) Enhances Food Dietary Fiber and Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Albaayit Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas
Published: January 2025

Biscuits are a global snack due to their convenience, variety, and durability. Biscuits with nutritious ingredients are in demand as customers become more health conscious. This change led to interest about utilizing agricultural by-products to enhance the nutritional value of widely consumed foods. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), a frequently cultivated tropical fruit, produces vital by-products during its processing, mainly comprising peels and kernels. The by-products, comprising around 35–60% of the mango fruit's weight, are high in bioactive compounds including dietary fiber, polyphenols, carotenoids, and essential fatty acids. Mango peels and kernels, even with their nutritional potential, frequently neglected, resulting in rising environmental waste. This study examines how mango peels and kernels can boost biscuits' nutritional fiber and antioxidant content. Researchers synthesize mango by-product nutritional and functional benefits and extraction and processing technologies. The study also examines mango by-products' sensory and economic effects on biscuits. High fiber and antioxidant content in mango peel powder improve digestion and reduce oxidative stress. With its beneficial fats and polyphenols, mango kernel powder adds nutrition. Health-conscious consumers may choose biscuits with 5–15% mango by-products since they retain or increase flavor, texture, and color. By-products from mangoes reduce food waste and promote a circular economy. Commercial application requires optimizing processing procedures, product quality consistency, and clinical trials to validate health claims. According to this analysis, mango by-products can enable creative and sustainable food production and meet customer demand for health-focused goods.
An efficient hybrid Deep Learning-Machine Learning method for diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders.
Authors: Johnsymol Joy  , Mercy Paul Selvan
Published: January 2025

A neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's causes the loss of brain cells and the progressive atrophy of brain tissue. It badly affects a person’s normal life. However, if we are able to detect it early and treat it, most patients will be able to recover to some degree and lead a normal life with some dependence. Continuous clinical assessment is needed for diagnosing this type of disorder. Medical diagnosis today extensively relies on deep learning approaches. However, medical image data analysis has a lot of constraints. One of the major constraints faced during medical image analysis is data scarcity and data imbalance. In light of these concerns, the current study sets out to create a hybrid deep learning model that can effectively categorise various Alzheimer's disease variants using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.
For solving data imbalance, first, we blur and sharpen all the images, and finally, we pass all these images along with the original images through a predefined CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) model that was trained using mnist weight for extracting features, then pass these features to an extra-tree classifier for feature reduction, and finally input these reduced features to a customised deep learning model. This work used different pre-trained models for extracting features for our customised DNN (Deep Neural Network) and compared those models with the cutting-edge model chosen as the base model. The results state that our proposed model, which was pre-trained using ResNet with a dropout concept, got the highest values of training accuracy (98.20) and validation accuracy (92.61). This model also effectively addresses the problem of overfitting.
QP-ChainSZKP: A Quantum-Proof Blockchain Framework for Scalable and Secure Cloud Applications
Authors: V. Ananthakrishna  , Chandra Shekhar Yadav
Published: January 2025

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cloud computing, the burgeoning growth and centralization of data exacerbate security vulnerabilities, necessitating robust and scalable cryptographic solutions. This paper introduces the QP-ChainSZKP framework, a novel architecture that amalgamates Quantum-Secure Cryptographic Algorithms with Zero-Knowledge Proof Management to shield cloud environments against both classical and emerging quantum threats. The proposed QP-ChainSZKP framework effectively integrates advanced cryptographic techniques, enhancing the security protocols and compliance measures required for robust cloud operations. This ensures not only adherence to high-security standards but also provides strong protection against data breaches and unauthorized access, crucial for maintaining data integrity and confidentiality in cloud environments. We employ a dual approach in our methodology by simulating and rigorously testing the framework to evaluate its security, scalability, and performance metrics. The experimental results demonstrate a significant enhancement in transaction throughput and reduction in latency, corroborating the framework’s capability to manage high throughput cloud applications effectively. Specifically, the framework achieves a throughput improvement of 20% and a latency reduction of 30% under peak load scenarios, establishing its efficacy in handling dynamic cloud environments. Notably, the QP-ChainSZKP framework addresses future quantum computational threats by modifying existing cryptographic practices used in public clouds, setting a pioneering standard for using advanced cryptographic technologies in cloud security. Our study contributes a scalable, quantum-resistant solution tailored for extensive cloud applications, marking a substantial advancement in cloud computing security frameworks that can meet the imminent global security requirements.
Optimizing 3D Brain Tumor Detection with Hybrid Mean Clustering and Ensemble Classifiers
Authors: Vijayadeep GUMMADI  , Naga Malleswara Rao NALLAMOTHU
Published: January 2025

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans are extensively used in the medical field for identifying brain cancers. However, a major drawback is that accurate diagnosis of brain tumours can be difficult. This happens due to several reasons such as noise oversegmented regions with a big feature space and high false-positive error rate. This paper presents a novel hybrid algorithm for brain tumour detection. The method exploits state of the art data-preprocessing, feature selection, clustering and classification techniques. The proposed method uses ensemble feature selection to select the most relevant features and ultimately increase the predictive accuracy of the detection system. A hybrid means clustering approach with modulus function clusters the similar data points, filter out noise and identify patterns and anomalies related to brain tumours. The ensemble classifier further explores the accuracy of the proposed scheme and helps in improving the predictive performance of brad tumours. Use of feature selection can highly boost the detection and finally achieve accurate diagnosis and prediction. Eventually, brad tumors can be treated at an earlier stage without being fully developed. The experimental outcomes are promising to the extent that the proposed algorithm can be further incorporated into the treatment of brad tumor. The parameters can be tuned for better performance of the algorithm.
Emerging Trends in Deep Learning for Early Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Classification: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: S. Amuthan  , N.C. Senthil Kumar
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, manifests as cognitive decline and memory loss, significantly impacting individuals' lives and healthcare systems globally. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving patient outcomes and managing the disease effectively. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) have shown substantial promise in medical image classification for early AD diagnosis. This survey evaluates state-of-the-art DL techniques, including hybrid models, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), applied across imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It emphasizes their performance, accuracy, and computational efficiency while addressing critical challenges like the need for large annotated datasets, overfitting, and model interpretability. Furthermore, the survey explores how DL could revolutionize AD diagnosis and identifies future research directions to bridge existing gaps, aiming to improve early detection and personalized diagnostic approaches for individuals with AD.
Diagnosis, visualisation and analysis of COVID-19 using Machine learning
Authors: Aankal Sudhir , K. Krishna Prasad  , Chandrashekhar Uppin  , M. Dileep Kumar
Published: January 2025

The Focal point of this paper is to point out or analyse the different kinds of symptoms and other complications COVID-19 Positive and Negative patients undergo. Coronaviruses are a club of viruses that attack humans with respiratory illness and their impact ranges from mild cold, fever, and dry cough to severe breathing problems, fatigue, chest pain and some other chronic problems. The objective of this research is to analyse the various chronic and other complications undergone by a COVID-19 patient. By considering most standard symptoms (given by WHO and Ministry of Health, govt of India), the data is collected from a renowned data repository called Kaggle and employed the best data analytical techniques to clean it so that it must befits our higher Machine Learning prediction aspirations. In this study, Ensemble machine learning models have been used, which take user input on some of the pre-defined approved standard symptoms and predict whether COVID-19 is present or not. The developed Machine Learning model cannot be left out like this, without any proper interface for duly picking up each data from the users, so we managed to reach out to a best and weighted framework termed Streamlit, for transforming our Machine Learning model into a fully-fledged and dual- faceted (Fill out the data manually by going into each cell or directly drop patient data in CSV file format) Web Application.
Quality and Oxidative Stability of Tallow Extracted by Dry- and Wet-Rendering
Authors: Amaryllis Anggia Risty , Aflah Almira Tsania , Vera Nur , Erwanto Yuny , Utama Dicky Tri , Abidin Mohammad Zainal
Published: January 2025

The oxidative stability of oil or fats is an essential parameter to determine the quality of products. Commonly, tallow is extracted by dry- and wet-rendering, both methods depend upon the water requirement. The study aims to examine the quality and oxidative stability of tallow from both methods, along with different temperatures (25°C and 4°C) and storage times. Tallow was analyzed for quality changes such as acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), fatty acid profile, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to indicate oxidative stability. According to research, acid value (AV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were considered acceptable during storage for 180 days, as per the Codex Standard and FAO/WHO for Named Animal Fats CODEX STAN 211–1999 for edible fats and oils. However, peroxide oxide value (PV) did not meet the acceptable limit for dry- and wet-rendering and storage time of 180 days at 25°C, with values of 17.3 and 16.9 meq O2/kg, respectively. This indicates that fat oxidation increases during storage (p<0.05), while temperature and rendering methods do not significantly impact fat hydrolysis inhibition for 180 days (p>0.05). Even at 4°C, both temperatures failed to preserve tallow quality, as confirmed by fatty acid profiles and differential scanning calorimetry. The result indicates that neither method nor temperature can prevent the inhibition of fat hydrolysis from natural oxidation for a longer storage time of 180 days.
Enhancing Instant Fortified Rice Congee (IFRC) for Elderly Nutrition: Collagen and Curcumin Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Mohd Shaharom Noor Farisya , Ab Mutalib Siti Roha , Yusoff Anida , Seow Eng Keng
Published: January 2025

Instant rice congee (IRC) fortified with functional ingredients has been specifically formulated to provide enhanced nutrition for the elderly. The optimisation of collagen and curcumin amounts in instant fortified rice congee (IFRC) was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The study revealed that the optimal conditions for IFRC formulation involved incorporating 7.96 g of collagen and 361 mg of curcumin, resulting in the highest observed values for protein content (32.41%), Total Phenolic Content (TPC) at 24.75 mg GAE/g sample, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) at 6.03 mg TE/g sample, adhesiveness at -329.23 g/s and cohesiveness at 0.60. In contrast, the formulation exhibited the lowest values for hardness (581.70 g). These findings, derived from the application of RSM, provide valuable insights into the optimal combination of collagen and curcumin in IFRC, showcasing its potential to enhance key nutritional and textural attributes. The outcomes from this study offer practical guidance for utilising collagen and curcumin as functional ingredients in fortified foods, particularly in the context of creating nutritionally enriched and palatable options for the elderly.
Antioxidant, Discoloration, Reducing Sugar, Free Amino Acids Profiling Of Black Garlic Processed On Electric Rice-Cooker
Authors: Nur Alfi , Supriyadi Supriyadi , Santoso Umar
Published: January 2025

Black garlic is garlic processed by heating at a controlled temperature and humidity. The heating process of black garlic is garlic processed by heating at controlled temperature and humidity. Black garlic can be prepared in an electric rice cooker, but information is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the color, pH, water content, antioxidant activity, flavonoids, phenolics, reducing sugar, and free amino acids of black garlic that were processed in an electric rice cooker during the heating time. The production of black garlic in this study uses an electric rice cooker. As for heating black garlic with an electric rice cooker using a temperature of 71-74 0C, RH 44-48%, and for 24 days. Heating time used for black garlic production was 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 days. This study used a randomized block design. Black garlic cooked in an electric rice cooker during the heating time showed a darker color change towards browning and decreased water content and pH. Antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, phenolics, reducing sugar and free amino acids black garlic increased and 24 days heating time had the highest antioxidant potential. The Maillard reaction of black garlic has a higher antioxidant potential and darker discoloration than garlic.
Microencapsulation by Spray drying of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Extracts Using Gum Arabic: Influencing Factors and Controlled Release
Authors: Zahara Izaz Aqeiluz , Sutrisno Sutrisno , Ulfa Siti Mariyah , Safitri Anna
Published: January 2025

Advanced drug delivery systems are required due to the increasing advancement in science and technology, with a common example being microencapsulation. This system is affected by the manufacturing conditions and slow release of bioactive compounds inside microcapsule. In general, phytochemicals in the edible plant, Cosmos caudatus Kunth, specifically flavonoids, offer several health benefits but are susceptible to degradation which reduces biological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to encapsulate extract using spray drying method, which can be used as wall material in Gum Arabic. Microencapsulated product was also tested for biological activities. The effect of microcapsule production was investigated, including the concentration of wall material and the stirring speed. Furthermore, the optimal conditions of microcapsule were selected based on the highest encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that a concentration of 4% (w/v) Gum Arabic and a stirring speed of 800 rpm were the optimal conditions, leading to a percentage release of 71.87%. Microcapsule under these conditions produced an IC50 value of 55.09 ± 0.57 ug/mL as an inhibitor of alpha-amylase enzyme. The characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed spherical forms with a mean diameter of 152.00 um. The bioactive substance in microcapsule was released at pH 2.2 and pH 7.4 for 30 to 120 min, with a percentage release of 38.05% and 95.14%, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirmed that microencapsulation played a crucial role in the development of plant extract with retained biological functions.
Optimization of Spray Drying Process Parameter Condition for Theaflavin Extract from Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Amalia Rizka , Endy Yulianto Mohamad , Agustina Arum
Published: January 2025

Black tea theaflavins contain high antioxidants that can be protective agents against SARS-CoV-2. The relatively good process conditions in spray drying are predicted to be able to protect and maintain the storage stability of theaflavin bioactive compounds by encapsulation. Therefore, this study aims to obtain optimum process conditions in spray drying black tea theaflavin extract. The analyzed data were interpreted using response surface methodology (RSM) with the independent variables used including spray drying inlet air temperature (100 oC, 120 oC, 140 oC) and extract to maltodextrin ratio (1:0.40; 1:0.80; 1:1.20 (v/v)). The resulting black tea powder was analyzed for theaflavin content by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (380 nm), moisture content by moisture analyzer, particle size by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and yield. The optimum condition was reached at an inlet air temperature of 116oC and a ratio of black tea extract to maltodextrin 1:0.6627 (v/v) which resulted in R-square for yield, moisture content, and theaflavin content of 0.8946; 0.8016; 0.9324 respectively. The best theaflavin storage stability results were achieved in the seventh experiment with operating conditions of inlet air temperature 120oC and extract to maltodextrin ratio 1:0.23431 (v/v), obtained theaflavin content ranged from 0.37125% - 0.52650% from day 0 to day 30.
Optimization of Nanobentonite-CuO Adsorption for Reducing 3-MCPDE, Free Fatty Acids, and Peroxide Values in Bulk Cooking Oil: A Study of Adsorption Efficacy and Isotherm Modeling
Authors: Permana Edwin , Naswir Muhammad , Hidayat Ali Nurdin Hidayat , Wijaya Dhian Eka , Rahayu Martina Astri , Wazzan Huda
Published: January 2025

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producing country in the world. A factor that affects the quality of cooking oil is the presence of diglycerides and free fatty acids. Diglycerides in palm oil serve as precursors for the carcinogenic chemical 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester (3-MCPDE), whilst elevated concentrations of free fatty acids (ALB) might compromise oil stability. Numerous investigations indicate that the cooking oil present in the population includes the 3-MCPDE molecule at levels ranging from 8,150 to 58,140 ug/kg. The maximum permissible amount is 2 ug of 3-MCPDE per kilogram of body weight per day. The pillarization process involves the amalgamation of Cu(NO3)2 and NaOH inside an activated bentonite solution. The adsorption analysis of 3-MCPDE employing nanobentonite-CuO was performed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in accordance with the AOCE Cd 29a-2013 method, while free fatty acid and peroxide values were evaluated by a titration method that accounted for temporal variations. The peak efficacy of Nanobentonite-CuO in adsorbing the 3-MCPDE molecule was seen at 15 minutes, with an adsorption efficiency of 52.4%. Peroxide numbers achieved ideal performance at 45, 60, and 75 minutes, with an adsorption efficiency of 80%, whilst free fatty acids reached top performance at 75 minutes with an adsorption efficiency of 76.69%. The adsorption of 3-MCPDE compounds, free fatty acids, and peroxide content by Nanobentonite-CuO, as indicated by Adsorption Isotherm modeling, conforms to the Freundlich Isotherm, implying a physical adsorption mechanism.
Optimization of Banana Peel Vinegar Production: Effect of Vinegar Starter Concentration on Organoleptic Properties
Authors: Iskandar Kaisah Ghufrani , Safrida Safrida , Muhibbuddin Muhibbuddin , Iswadi Iswadi , Hamid Yuli Heirina
Published: January 2025

Banana peels, a part of the fruit with numerous benefits, have not been fully utilized, leading to significant organic waste. Banana peel vinegar is a product derived from the acetic acid fermentation of banana peels. This study examined the effects of varying vinegar starter concentrations on the organoleptic characteristics of vinegar made from kepok banana peels (Musa acuminata Colla). The research employed an experimental method with a laboratory experiment approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The study involved five trained panelists and 25 untrained panelists. Data were analyzed using variance analysis and were tested using Berat Nyata Jujur (BNJ) or Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test. The concentration of the vinegar starter influenced the color, aroma, and taste of banana peel vinegar. Among the four treatments, the 15% vinegar starter concentration was the most preferred by both trained and untrained panelists. The study concludes that a 15% vinegar starter concentration is optimal for producing banana peel vinegar with the most favorable organoleptic properties, making it a promising approach for reducing organic waste. Likewise, the results of this study can serve as a reference for the production of vinegar from kepok banana peels.