bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of polypharmacy in older Europeans: A multi‐national database study of general practitioner prescribing
Authors: Bennie Marion , Santa‐Ana‐Tellez Yared , Galistiani Githa Fungie , Trehony Julien , Despres Johanna , Jouaville Laurence Sophie , Poluzzi Elisabetta , Morin Lucas , Schubert Ingrid , MacBride‐Stewart Seán , Elseviers Monique , Nasuti Paola , Taxis Katja
Published: May 2024

Aims

The aims of this study were to measure the prevalence of polypharmacy and describe the prescribing of selected medications known for overuse in older people with polypharmacy in primary care.

Methods

This was a multinational retrospective cohort study across six countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. We used anonymized longitudinal patient‐level information from general practice databases hosted by IQVIA. Patients ≥65 years were included. Polypharmacy was defined as having 5–9 and ≥10 distinct drug classes (ATC Level 3) prescribed during a 6‐month period. Selected medications were: opioids, antipsychotics, proton pump inhibitors (PPI), benzodiazepines (ATC Level 5). We included country experts on the healthcare context to interpret findings.

Results

Age and gender distribution was similar across the six countries (mean age 75–76 years; 54–56% female). The prevalence of polypharmacy of 5–9 drugs was 22.8% (UK) to 58.3% (Germany); ≥10 drugs from 11.3% (UK) to 28.5% (Germany). In the polypharmacy population prescribed ≥5 drugs, opioid prescribing ranged from 11.5% (France) to 27.5% (Spain). Prescribing of PPI was highest with almost half of patients receiving a PPI, 42.3% (Germany) to 65.5% (Spain). Benzodiazepine prescribing showed a marked variation between countries, 2.7% (UK) to 34.9% (Spain). The healthcare context information explained possible underreporting for selected medications.

Conclusions

We have found a high prevalence of polypharmacy with more than half of the older population being prescribed ≥5 drugs in four of the six countries. Whilst polypharmacy may be appropriate in many patients, worryingly high usage of PPIs and benzodiazepines supports current efforts to improve polypharmacy management across Europe.
Unusual case of extramammary Paget disease of the oral mucosa: A case report and literature review
Authors: Eilers Grant , Jordan Richard C.
Published: May 2024

Paget disease is an intraepithelial neoplastic proliferation, commonly occurring in the breast and apocrine‐rich areas, often associated with an underlying internal malignancy. Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) of the oral cavity is exceedingly rare, with only eight reported cases, four of which were associated with an underlying internal malignancy. Here, we report a case of oral EMPD involving the buccal mucosa and gingiva of an 81‐year‐old male with no known underlying internal malignancy. The Paget cells were positive for CK7, CK20, CAM5.2, and androgen receptor, but negative for SOX10 and p63. The immunophenotype, association with internal malignancies, and treatment approaches for oral EMPD are reviewed.
Searching for who benefits most and least: An analysis of moderators of the TRUE Dads fatherhood intervention
Authors: Cowan Philip A. , Cowan Carolyn Pape
Published: May 2024

Evaluations of interventions to promote fathers' involvement in family life typically focus on whether or not the intervention has a positive impact. Some evaluations also attempt to describe mediators that explain how the intervention is linked to specific outcomes. An evaluation of TRUE Dads, a Randomized Clinical Trial of a couples‐based fatherhood intervention for low‐income families, reported results that addressed these two issues. Reporting new analyses, the present study addresses a question asked in only a very few fatherhood intervention studies: Are there moderator variables that define characteristics of participants who benefit most or least from the intervention? A total of 46 potential moderators of 2 significant intervention outcomes – reductions in personal distress and in negative evaluations of the parents' relationship with each other – were selected from a 5‐domain risk/protective model of family functioning (Cowan & Cowan, 2018. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 92, 111) and from a set of demographic variables associated with these outcomes. An additional 24 potential moderators were tested on 4 outcomes that did not have direct intervention effects. Only 6 of the 70 moderator tests were statistically significant. The intervention provided greater reductions in parents' personal distress when fathers had more economic resources, co‐parents had higher levels of education, and the parents were living in the same household on entering the study. There were greater reductions in negative aspects of their couple or co‐parenting relationship when the parents at enrollment described more difficulties in the parent–child relationship, fathers were more involved in the children's daily care and were living in the household with their child. No other moderators were found. The results support the conclusion that TRUE Dads was equally effective for a relatively wide range of participants. This search for potential moderators of TRUE Dads outcomes is presented as an example of a needed direction in the evaluation of fatherhood interventions.
How to choose between single‐use and reusable medical materials for sustainable nursing: Methodological lessons learned from a national study
Authors: Vanderwee Katrien , Demarré Liesbet , Malfait Simon , Kieckens Evelien , De Waegemaeker Pascal , Duprez Veerle , Fraeyman Norbert
Published: May 2024

Aim

To demonstrate and reflect upon the methodological lessons by which healthcare organizations can address questions of environmental sustainability related to single‐use healthcare materials.

Design

A cross‐sectional multi‐centre study in hospitals was performed, followed by an exploratory analysis of the sustainability of commonly used healthcare materials.

Methods

A hospital survey was conducted to collect the procurement data for single‐use medical materials. Based on consumption and cost, five single‐use medical materials with sustainable alternatives were selected using different reuse strategies. Single‐use and reusable materials were assessed through an exploratory literature review and document study based on four parameters: environmental sustainability, safety, cost and efficiency.

Results

A pragmatic method emerged from this study, providing healthcare facilities with tools to select environmentally sustainable alternatives to replace single‐use options. First, an inventory of single‐use medical materials consumed was collected. Next, single‐use materials were prioritized for further study based on criteria such as cost, volume of the material, feasibility and input of stakeholders. We then analysed the prioritized single‐use materials and their alternatives based on life cycle assessments or available information on their different life stages. Finally, we assessed safety, costs and efficiency related to the process following the use of the medical material.

Conclusion

This pragmatic method can guide healthcare institutions in making the most sustainable choices of medical materials and achieving sustainability goals within their institutions and nationwide.

Impact

Patient care involves a large consumption of single‐use medical materials with considerable environmental impact. A pragmatic method was developed to guide healthcare institutions in making the most sustainable choices regarding the use of single‐use healthcare materials. Healthcare institutions, ideally represented by a green team including nurses and other relevant professionals, can use this method to reduce the use of single‐use medical materials, thereby yielding positive outcomes for the entire population.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Contact exposure of honey bees and social stingless bees to fungicide sprayed on cotton and soybean in a controlled field simulation system
Authors: Freitas Tainá Angélica de Lima , Kato Aline Yukari , Gomes Cássia Regina de Avelar , Alves Thais Regina Ramos , Ferraz Yara Martins Molina , Serafim Jéssica Aparecida , Silva Mariana Avelar Gomes , De Jong David , Prado Evandro Pereira , Vicente Eduardo Festozo , Nicodemo Daniel
Published: May 2024

Bees can be exposed to pesticides when visiting crops or plants in adjacent areas affected by spray drift. Among pesticide categories, fungicides tend to be considered relatively safe, though they also can negatively affect pollinators. Most evidence of damage by fungicides to bees comes from laboratory tests; there is little information concerning contamination levels in the field. We examined exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and a common Brazilian native species of social stingless bees (Scaptotrigona postica Latreille; Hymenoptera: Apidae), which is about a third the size of a honey bee, to a commercial fungicide (Fox Xpro), with three active ingredients (trifloxystrobin, bixafen, and prothioconazole), applied to crops they often visit according to label directions. A spraying apparatus mounted on tracks in a laboratory spray room was used to simulate field conditions. Soybean and cotton plants grown in pots were transferred to the spray room when the plants were in flower. Anaesthetized bees were attached with insect pins at the top and middle of the plants, on leaves and flowers. The fungicide was applied using fine or coarse droplets. The amounts of the individual active ingredients absorbed by bees were then quantified. Concentrations of trifloxystrobin were highest in both honey bees and stingless bees, followed by bixafen, and then prothioconazole, which was detected in the bees at much lower levels. Overall, bees at the top of the plants and those sprayed with fine droplets absorbed more pesticide. As a function of body mass, the stingless bees were more heavily contaminated than the larger honey bees. Tests using spraying systems that simulate field conditions can better estimate the actual doses that contaminate bees to help determine the impact of fungicides and other pesticides applied to crops.
Experimental investigation of the use of a radiant porous burner in a novel dual hot air generator based on the food drying process
Authors: Hernández Christian , Arriagada Andrés , Saavedra Enzo , Toledo Mario
Published: May 2024

Hot air generators are essential for food drying processes, operating in either indirect or direct modes. In this study, a high‐power radiant porous burner in a novel dual hot air generator (HAG‐D) was designed and experimentally investigated. Temperatures and emissions of the combustion process are reported for 9, 13, and 18 kW, and 20% and 40% of excess air. Indirect and direct modes were tested across airflow rates of 300–1100 m3/h to assess thermal efficiency. For indirect mode operation, 88% thermal efficiency is the highest value for 9 kW, 20% excess air, with an airflow of 890 m3/h observing air temperature difference (outlet minus inlet) of approximately 30°C. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions were found in the range of 0–30 ppm and 20–45 ppm, respectively. For direct mode operation, results showed that for 18 kW with 20% and 40% excess air, the maximum thermal efficiency was 82% with an airflow of 670–1040 m3/h and air temperature difference in the range of 50–80°C. Results confirm that the radiant heat transfer mechanism allows for higher efficiencies and less pollution in a wide range of powers in the HAG‐D unit. The direct mode is recommended for food drying processes due to low exposure to flue gases, and the indirect mode is for other industrial applications due to its high efficiency. Future studies are suggested to assess renewable fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas and hydrogen mixtures, toward energy transition.

Practical applications

The potential applications or practical benefits of the develop of this novel dual hot air generator is in the food industry, particularly in drying process of fruits and vegetables. Also, air conditioning, and space heating (household use) processes stand out among their several applications to generate hot air, such as paint, and wood.
Genomic analysis of Helicobacter pylori in Australia: Antimicrobial resistance, phylogenetic patterns, and virulence factors
Authors: Schubert Jonathon P , Tay Alfred , Lee Khui Hung (Claire) , Leong Lex E X , Rayner Christopher K , Warner Morgyn S , Roberts‐Thomson Ian C , Costello Samuel P , Bryant Robert V
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

Rates of antimicrobial‐resistant Helicobacter pylori infection are rising globally, but little is known about contemporary resistance patterns, virulence factors, and phylogenetic patterns of isolates within Australia. We aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance and genetic mutations associated with adverse clinical outcomes.

Methods

Whole genome sequencing, culturing, and antibiotic sensitivity data for refractory H. pylori isolates at Australian centers were collected between 2013 and 2022. Phylogenetic origins, antibiotic resistance mutations, and virulence factors were examined with phenotypic resistance profiles.

Results

One hundred thirty‐five isolates underwent culture, with 109 of these undergoing whole genome sequencing. Forty‐three isolates were isolated from patients in South Australia and 66 from Western Australia. Isolates originated primarily from hpEurope (59.6%), hpEastAsia (25.7%), and hpNEAfrica (6.4%). Antimicrobial resistance to clarithromycin was seen in 85% of isolates, metronidazole in 52%, levofloxacin in 18%, rifampicin in 14%, and amoxicillin in 9%. Most isolates (59%) were multi‐drug resistant. Resistance concordance between genetically determined resistance and phenotypic resistance was 92% for clarithromycin and 94% for levofloxacin. Analysis of virulence factors demonstrated cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) in 67% of isolates and cagA in 61%, correlating with isolate genetic origin. The most virulent s1m1 vacuolating cytotoxin A genotype was present in 26% of isolates.

Conclusion

Refractory H. pylori isolates in Australia emanate from multiple global origins. Strong concordance between genetic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles raises the possibility of utilizing genetic profiling in clinical practice. The dynamic landscape of H. pylori in Australia warrants the establishment of a national database to monitor H. pylori resistance and evolving virulence.
Chronic insomnia, REM sleep instability and emotional dysregulation: A pathway to anxiety and depression?
Authors: Riemann Dieter , Dressle Raphael J. , Benz Fee , Spiegelhalder Kai , Johann Anna F. , Nissen Christoph , Hertenstein Elisabeth , Baglioni Chiara , Palagini Laura , Krone Lukas , Perlis Michael L. , Domschke Katharina , Berger Mathias , Feige Bernd
Published: May 2024

The world‐wide prevalence of insomnia disorder reaches up to 10% of the adult population. Women are more often afflicted than men, and insomnia disorder is a risk factor for somatic and mental illness, especially depression and anxiety disorders. Persistent hyperarousals at the cognitive, emotional, cortical and/or physiological levels are central to most theories regarding the pathophysiology of insomnia. Of the defining features of insomnia disorder, the discrepancy between minor objective polysomnographic alterations of sleep continuity and substantive subjective impairment in insomnia disorder remains enigmatic. Microstructural alterations, especially in rapid eye movement sleep (“rapid eye movement sleep instability”), might explain this mismatch between subjective and objective findings. As rapid eye movement sleep represents the most highly aroused brain state during sleep, it might be particularly prone to fragmentation in individuals with persistent hyperarousal. In consequence, mentation during rapid eye movement sleep may be toned more as conscious‐like wake experience, reflecting pre‐sleep concerns. It is suggested that this instability of rapid eye movement sleep is involved in the mismatch between subjective and objective measures of sleep in insomnia disorder. Furthermore, as rapid eye movement sleep has been linked in previous works to emotional processing, rapid eye movement sleep instability could play a central role in the close association between insomnia and depressive and anxiety disorders.
Do measures of social support and social distress share general factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts?
Authors: Saulnier K. G. , King C. A. , Ilgen M. A. , Ganoczy D. , Jagusch J. , Garlick J. , Abraham K. M. , Lapidos A. , Kim H. M. , Vega E. , Ahmedani B. K. , Pfeiffer P. N.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Aspects of social relationships have variably been associated with suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SAs). This study assessed whether social support and social distress measures have general factors versus measure‐specific factors that are associated with suicide risk.

Methods

Adults (N = 455, 60.0% female), admitted to psychiatric inpatient units following a recent suicide attempt or active SI, completed assessments of social support (emotional support, instrumental support, friendship, perceived support from significant others, friends, family) and social distress (loneliness, perceived rejection, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness). Bifactor modeling examined general and specific factors of social support and distress in relation to SI (week prior to hospitalization, via the Beck Scale for SI) and SAs (past 30 days, via the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale).

Results

SI was significantly associated with the general social support (B = −1.51), the general social distress (B = 1.67), and the specific perceived burdensomeness (B = 1.57) factors. SAs were significantly associated with the specific Perceived Rejection (OR = 1.05) and Thwarted Belongingness (OR = 0.91) factors.

Conclusion

General social support and social distress were associated with SI but not recent SAs. Specific social distress factors were also related to SI and SAs controlling for general social distress, suggesting areas for future interventions.
Rickettsia africae infections in sub‐Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review of epidemiological studies and summary of case reports
Authors: Zhang Elizabeth Y. , Kalmath Prarthana , Abernathy Haley A. , Giandomenico Dana A. , Nolan Melissa S. , Reiskind Michael H. , Boyce Ross M.
Published: May 2024

Rickettsia africae is a tick‐borne bacteria known to cause African tick bite fever (ATBF). While the disease was first described more than 100 years ago, knowledge of transmission risk factors and disease burden remain poorly described. To better understand the burden of R. africae, this article reviewed and summarized the published literature related to ATBF epidemiology and clinical management. Using a systematic approach, consistent with the PRISMA guidelines, we identified more than 100 eligible articles, including 65 epidemiological studies and 41 case reports. Most reports described R. africae in ticks and livestock, while human studies were less common. Human disease case reports were exclusively among returning travellers from non‐endemic areas, which limits our disease knowledge among at‐risk populations: people living in endemic regions. Substantial efforts to elucidate the ATBF risk factors and clinical manifestations among local populations are needed to develop effective preventative strategies and facilitate appropriate and timely diagnosis.
Experimental Validation of Analytical Predictions for the “Deviant” Density of Oleo-Nanofluids Based on the nanoFin Effect
Authors: Bhattacharya Ritwik , Lee Jonghyun , Sen Anindito , Banerjee Debjyoti
Published: May 2024

Experimental validation of the analytical predictions for the “deviant” density enhancement of nanofluids is presented in this study. Experimental measurements of density were complemented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of these nanofluid samples. The analytical model predicts the effective density of the nanofluid as a function of the mass fractions and densities of the nanoparticle, the base solvent, and the “compressed phase” of the solvent encapsulating the nanoparticle. In this study, casein is used as the nanoparticle candidate at a mass fraction of 1% and paraffin oil (which is essentially a phase change material (PCM)) is used as the neat solvent (base fluid). The experimental measurements demonstrate anomalous enhancement of the density of the oleo-nanofluids, which is 7% in excess of the value predicted by the conventional mixing rule (with a measurement uncertainty less than 1.2%). The formation of a compressed phase within the nanofluid domain is responsible for the “surplus” density (deviant density) of the oleo-nanofluid. The predicted values are found to closely match the actual dimensions of the nanostructures measured in the TEM images, hence conclusively validating the numerical model for estimating the magnitude of the deviant density contributed by the compressed phase. This also confirms the presence of a compressed phase (which is a consequence of the “nanoFin effect”), that was investigated and validated in this study. This surplus densification in hydrocarbons (such as PCM and oil-based nanofluids) makes them potentially attractive candidates as radiation shielding materials (e.g., for deep space exploration applications).
Simulations predict intermediate-mass black hole formation in globular clusters
Authors: Fujii Michiko S. , Wang Long , Tanikawa Ataru , Hirai Yutaka , Saitoh Takayuki R.
Published: May 2024

The formation process of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), defined as those between 100 and 10
5
solar masses (
M
⊙
), is debated. One potential origin is the growth of less-massive black holes merging with stars and compact objects within globular clusters (GCs). However, previous simulations have indicated that this process only produces IMBHs under 500
M
⊙
before gravitational wave recoil ejects them from the GC. We performed star-by-star simulations of GC formation, finding that high-density star formation in a GC’s parent giant molecular cloud can produce sufficient mergers of massive stars to overcome that mass threshold. We conclude that GCs can form with IMBHs more than 10
3
M
⊙⨀
, which is sufficiently massive to be retained within the GC even with the expected gravitational wave recoil.
Imbalanced speciation pulses sustain the radiation of mammals
Authors: Quintero Ignacio , Lartillot Nicolas , Morlon Hélène
Published: May 2024

The evolutionary histories of major clades, including mammals, often comprise changes in their diversification dynamics, but how these changes occur remains debated. We combined comprehensive phylogenetic and fossil information in a new “birth-death diffusion” model that provides a detailed characterization of variation in diversification rates in mammals. We found an early rising and sustained diversification scenario, wherein speciation rates increased before and during the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. The K-Pg mass extinction event filtered out more slowly speciating lineages and was followed by a subsequent slowing in speciation rates rather than rebounds. These dynamics arose from an imbalanced speciation process, with separate lineages giving rise to many, less speciation-prone descendants. Diversity seems to have been brought about by these isolated, fast-speciating lineages, rather than by a few punctuated innovations.
Molecular templating of layered halide perovskite nanowires
Authors: Shao Wenhao , Kim Jeong Hui , Simon Jeffrey , Nian Zhichen , Baek Sung-Doo , Lu Yuan , Fruhling Colton B. , Yang Hanjun , Wang Kang , Park Jee Yung , Huang Libai , Yu Yi , Boltasseva Alexandra , Savoie Brett M. , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Dou Letian
Published: May 2024

Layered metal-halide perovskites, or two-dimensional perovskites, can be synthesized in solution, and their optical and electronic properties can be tuned by changing their composition. We report a molecular templating method that restricted crystal growth along all crystallographic directions except for [110] and promoted one-dimensional growth. Our approach is widely applicable to synthesize a range of high-quality layered perovskite nanowires with large aspect ratios and tunable organic-inorganic chemical compositions. These nanowires form exceptionally well-defined and flexible cavities that exhibited a wide range of unusual optical properties beyond those of conventional perovskite nanowires. We observed anisotropic emission polarization, low-loss waveguiding (below 3 decibels per millimeter), and efficient low-threshold light amplification (below 20 microjoules per square centimeter).
Mini Winnies: scaled down and transparent Winogradsky columns for microscopy in microbiology education
Authors: Fink Mara R. , Sodia Tyler Z. , Cash Kevin J.
Published: May 2024

Winogradsky columns were invented by Sergei Winogradsky in the 1880s and have commonly been used as a microbiology classroom learning tool in K-12 and collegiate education. However, they can be challenging to examine with microscopy. We scaled down Winogradsky columns into nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tubes and replaced the natural sediment with a transparent soil substitute toward the goal of observing the microbial growth under a bright-field microscope without column disassembly. Using this “Mini Winnie” approach, students can practice their microscopy skills while observing microbial growth inside the column after only days of incubation on the laboratory windowsill. Overall, we believe that the Mini Winnies provide a simple method for maximizing student engagement while giving them a greater understanding of how microorganisms interact in the environment.
Migraine inhibitor olcegepant reduces weight loss and IL-6 release in SARS-CoV-2-infected older mice with neurological signs
Authors: Rahman Shafaqat M. , Buchholz David W. , Imbiakha Brian , Jager Mason C. , Leach Justin , Osborn Raven M. , Birmingham Ann O. , Dewhurst Stephen , Aguilar Hector C. , Luebke Anne E.
Published: May 2024

COVID-19 can cause neurological symptoms such as fever, dizziness, and nausea. However, such neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been hardly assessed in mouse models. In this study, we infected two commonly used wild-type mouse lines (C57BL/6J and 129/SvEv) and a 129S calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) null-line with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated neurological signs including fever, dizziness, and nausea. We then evaluated whether a CGRP receptor antagonist, olcegepant, a “gepant” antagonist used in migraine treatment, could mitigate acute neuroinflammatory and neurological signs of SARS-COV-2 infection. First, we determined whether CGRP receptor antagonism provided protection from permanent weight loss in older (>18 m) C57BL/6J and 129/SvEv mice. We also observed acute fever, dizziness, and nausea in all older mice, regardless of treatment. In both wild-type mouse lines, CGRP antagonism reduced acute interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels with virtually no IL-6 release in mice lacking αCGRP. These findings suggest that migraine inhibitors such as those blocking CGRP receptor signaling protect against acute IL-6 release and subsequent inflammatory events after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may have repercussions for related pandemic or endemic coronavirus outbreaks.

IMPORTANCE

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can cause neurological symptoms such as fever, headache, dizziness, and nausea. However, such neurological symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been hardly assessed in mouse models. In this study, we first infected two commonly used wild-type mouse lines (C57BL/6J and 129S) with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated neurological symptoms including fever and nausea. Furthermore, we showed that the migraine treatment drug olcegepant could reduce long-term weight loss and IL-6 release associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings suggest that a migraine blocker can be protective for at least some acute SARS-CoV-2 infection signs and raise the possibility that it may also impact long-term outcomes.
Association between bacterial community and cadmium distribution across Colombian cacao crops
Authors: Jaramillo-Mazo Claudia , Bravo Daniel , Guerra Sierra Beatriz E. , Alvarez Javier C.
Published: May 2024

Assessing the bacterial community composition across cacao crops is important to understand its potential role as a modulator of cadmium (Cd) translocation to plant tissues under field conditions; Cd mobility between soil and plants is a complex and multifactorial problem that cannot be captured only by experimentation. Although microbes have been shown to metabolize and drive the speciation of Cd under controlled conditions, regardless of the link between soil bacterial community (SBC) dynamics and Cd mobilization in the rhizosphere, only a few studies have addressed the relationship between soil bacterial community composition (SBCC) and Cd content in cacao seeds (Cd
seed
). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association between SBCC and different factors influencing the distribution of Cd across cacao crop systems. This study comprised 225 samples collected across five farms, where we used an amplicon sequencing approach to characterize the bacterial community composition. The soil Cd concentration alone (Cd
soil
) was a poor predictor of Cd
seed
. Still, we found that this relationship was more apparent when the variation within farms was controlled, suggesting a role of heterogeneity within farms in modulating Cd translocation and, thus, seed Cd content. Our results provide evidence of the link between soil bacterial communities and the distribution of Cd across Colombian cacao crops, and highlight the importance of incorporating fine-spatial-scale studies to advance the understanding of factors driving Cd uptake and accumulation in cacao plants.

IMPORTANCE

Cadmium (Cd) content in cacao crops is an issue that generates interest due to the commercialization of chocolate for human consumption. Several studies provided evidence about the non-biological factors involved in its translocation into the cacao plant. However, factors related to this process, including soil bacterial community composition (SBCC), still need to be addressed. It is well known that soil microbiome could impact compounds’ chemical transformation, including Cd, on the field. Here, we found the first evidence of the link between soil bacterial community composition and Cd concentration in cacao soils and seeds. It highlights the importance of including the variation of bacterial communities to assess the factors driving the Cd translocation into cacao seeds. Moreover, the results highlight the relevance of the spatial heterogeneity within and across cacao farms, influencing the variability of Cd concentrations.
Kidney outcomes of SGLT2 inhibitors among older patients with diabetic kidney disease in real-world clinical practice: the Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database Ex
Authors: Kitaoka Kaori , Yano Yuichiro , Nagasu Hajime , Kanegae Hiroshi , Chishima Noriharu , Akiyama Hiroki , Tamura Kouichi , Kashihara Naoki
Published: May 2024

Introduction

We compared the kidney outcomes between patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) aged ≥75 years initiating sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs, additionally presenting with or without proteinuria.

Research design and methods

Using the Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database, we developed propensity scores, implementing a 1:1 matching protocol. The primary outcome included the decline rate in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and secondary outcomes incorporated a composite of a 40% reduction in eGFR or progression to end-stage kidney disease.

Results

At baseline, the mean age at initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors (n=348) or other glucose-lowering medications (n=348) was 77.7 years. The mean eGFR was 59.3 mL/min/1.73m2and proteinuria was 230 (33.0%) patients. Throughout the follow-up period, the mean annual rate of eGFR change was −0.80 mL/min/1.73 m2/year (95% CI −1.05 to −0.54) among SGLT2 inhibitors group and −1.78 mL/min/1.73 m2/year (95% CI −2.08 to −1.49) in other glucose-lowering drugs group (difference in the rate of eGFR decline between the groups was 0.99 mL/min/1.73 m2/year (95% CI 0.5 to 1.38)), favoring SGLT2 inhibitors (p<0.001). Composite renal outcomes were observed 38 in the SGLT2 inhibitors group and 57 in the other glucose-lowering medications group (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.97). There was no evidence of an interaction between SGLT2 inhibitors initiation and proteinuria.

Conclusions

The benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors on renal outcomes are also applicable to older patients with DKD aged≥75 years.
Understanding the interaction between support and social participation for people with physical disabilities: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Evans Rebecca , Douglas Jacinta , Winkler Di , Cubis Lee
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Around the world, the disability rights movements and the social model of disability have placed emphasis on the importance of social participation for people with disability. People with physical disability who have high and complex support needs often need support to access their communities, however, very little is known about the interaction between support and social participation for this population of people. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to explore the literature related to the interaction between support and social participation for adults with disability and understand any existing gaps in the literature where further research may be required in order to maximise quality support and social participation.

Methods and analysis

This scoping review will be conducted and reported according to scoping review guidelines outlined by Arksey and O’Malley and later modified by Levacet al, as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis: Extension for Scoping Reviews. Thorough database searches will be conducted across MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Scopus. The search will be limited to papers published in English from 2013 onwards. Citations will be uploaded into Covidence and screened by two independent reviewers. Data extraction will extract data regarding participants, housing, support and study characteristics, as well as qualitative and quantitative data relevant to the research question. A narrative synthesis will be used to summarise findings. A minimum of three consultants with lived experience of disability will be engaged to review and contribute to the final scoping review paper.

Ethics and dissemination

It is anticipated that the findings of this scoping review will be made available in peer-reviewed publications and also in plain language formats to ensure accessibility to a wide range of audiences. Ethics will not be required for this scoping review.
HIV subtypes and molecular transmission characteristics among elderly HIV-infected individuals aged 50 and above: a cross-sectional study in Huzhou City, Eastern China
Authors: Jin Meihua , Zhu Xiaojuan , Yang Zhongrong , Liu Xiaoqi , Li Jing , Wu Zhenqian
Published: May 2024

Objective

To analyse the HIV-1 subtypes and molecular transmission characteristics of HIV-infected older individuals aged 50 and above in Huzhou City, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment strategies for them.

Design

A cross-sectional study with clustered molecular transmission network cases was performed, and basic epidemiological information was retrieved from the Chinese Centres for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) Information System.

Setting and participants

A molecular epidemiological study was conducted in 899 newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals from January 2019 and March 2023 in Huzhou city, Zhejiang province, Eastern China. Out of these, HIV sequences were successfully obtained from 673 individuals, including 274 who were older individuals aged 50 and above.

Primary and secondary outcomes

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR were used to amplify the polymerase gene of HIV-1, and gene sequencing was performed. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to describe the association of clustered molecular transmission network cases.

Results

In total, 274 valid HIV sequences of older individuals were obtained, which revealed 14 subtypes. Circulating recombinant forms (CRF) 07_BC accounted for 55.8% and CRF01_AE accounted for 20.1% of the subtypes. Data of 150 older individuals were included in the molecular transmission network, and the proportion of elderly individuals in clustered cases is 52.26% (150/287). The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the older age group (60–82 years) and CRF07_BC subtype were associated with case clustering (transmission risk).

Conclusions

The key high-risk transmission network was mainly composed of the older age group (60–82 years) and CRF07_BC subtype. It is necessary to further strengthen AIDS health promotion and education for individuals aged 60 years and above, as well as for patients with the CRF07_BC subtype, to reduce HIV transmission and clustering risk.
Quantifying uncertainty when extrapolating the relationship between snorkel counts and mark-recapture estimates of juvenile salmonids
Authors: Falcy Matthew R. , Constable Ronald J.
Published: May 2024

Snorkel surveys are frequently used to monitor stream-dwelling fish. Inferring local abundance from snorkel surveys is complicated by two primary factors: variable fish detection probabilities and the relative abundance of fish in habitat types below the recommended minimum depth for snorkeling. We examine these factors across three salmonid species ( Oncorhynchus spp .), 4 years, and 113 location-years in Oregon coastal streams. We calibrate snorkel counts to mark-recapture estimates and develop mathematically explicit expressions that convert a new snorkel count into a probability density of abundance for streams containing mixed habitat types that were and were not snorkeled. Snorkelers detected 63%, 47%, and 39% of juvenile coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kitsutch), steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), and cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkia) estimated by mark-recapture, respectively, but uncertainty within and among sampling units was high. Further, analytics developed here can be used to infer abundance and uncertainty for habitat types that were not snorkeled. Our quantification of uncertainty arising from using snorkel counts as a proxy for abundance will help managers balance biological risks with available resources.
Engaging women in decision-making about their heart health: a literature review with patients’ perspective
Authors: Bastiany Alexandra , Towns Cindy , Kimmaliardjuk Donna May , Kalenga Cindy Z. , Burgess Sonya N.
Published: May 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally. Although the burden of CVD risk factors tends to be lower in women, they remain at higher risk of developing complications when affected by these risk factors. There is still a lack of awareness surrounding CVD in women, both from a patient's and a clinician's perspective, especially among visible minorities. However, women who are informed about their heart health and who engage in decision-making with their healthcare providers are more likely to modify their lifestyle, and improve their CVD risk. A patient-centered care approach benefits patients’ physical and mental health, and is now considered gold-standard for efficient patient care. Engaging women in their heart health will contribute in closing the gap of healthcare disparities between men and women, arising from sociocultural, socioeconomic, and political factors. This comprehensive review of the literature discusses the importance of engaging women in decision-making surrounding their heart health and offers tools for an effective and culturally sensitive patient–provider relationship.
BOARD FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE AND EFFICIENCY-BASED EARNINGS MANAGEMENT IN PRE- AND POST-INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS
Authors: KWEH QIAN LONG , NOURANI MOHAMMAD , LU WEN-MIN , TING IRENE WEI KIONG
Published: May 2024

The study examines whether the board of directors with financial experience can effectively constrain earnings management pre- and post-International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). For a large balanced panel dataset of Taiwanese electronics companies over 2007–2017, we replace returns on assets in an augmented modified Jones model with efficiency scores derived using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Using DEA as an innovative adaptation in the accrual-based earnings management model, we aim to provide an accurate measure of earnings management. The results of our panel-estimated generalized least square (EGLS) regression models, which account for heteroskedasticity and auto-correlation problems, indicate that the proportion of board of directors with financial and/or accounting experiences reduces earnings management pre-IFRS. However, their ability turns weaker post-IFRS. Overall, this study thus not only has important theoretical significance in that a board of directors with financial experience might and might not curb earnings management but also has an important practical contribution to decision-makers in companies regarding the effectiveness of board financial experiences in the IFRS era.
The effect of micro-nanostructural changes on the absorption and emission characteristics of InGaAsP photocathodes
Authors: Bao Zezhen , Liu Lei , Wang Zhidong , Cao Zhihao
Published: May 2024

In this paper, three structures (cylinder, square column, and hexagonal prism) of InGaAsP nanowire arrays are designed based on the excellent light trapping effect of nanostructures. The effects of nanowire aperture, array period, and nanowire height on the light absorption properties are simulated and analyzed using the finite-domain time-difference (FDTD) method. The photoelectron emission capacity of the nanowire arrays was also calculated using MATLAB. The results show that the cylindrical nanowire array has phenomenon of resonance enhancement (absorption peak) in the near-infrared band of 820–1000[Formula: see text]nm, and the shift of absorption peaks can be achieved by adjusting the geometric parameters. Meanwhile, the quantum efficiency is taken to 9.98%. These simulation results provide some reference for the photocathode design of InGaAsP in the near-infrared band.
Mechanical normal dispersive 𝒩ℒℋ𝒮 shock waves of microfluidics in shallow model
Authors: Şevgin Fatih , Körpinar Talat
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we obtain normal dispersive [Formula: see text] shock waves for [Formula: see text] dam-break intensity by the nonlinear heat system. Then, we obtain super-fluid normal dispersive [Formula: see text] shock waves for [Formula: see text] dam-break microfluidics. Finally, we illustrate thermonormal [Formula: see text] pressure of [Formula: see text] wave energy with normal dam-break in shallow water.
Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Concise Review
Authors: Prasad N. V. Krishna , Naidu K. Chandra Babu , Basha D. Baba
Published: May 2024

Thermal energy and its storage systems play an extensive role in day-to-day life. They store renewable energy and are capable of recovering generated heat from different systems. Storage of thermal energy can be classified into three types: sensible, latent and sorption heat storages. Thermal heat storages use different types of materials based on their capacity of heat storage, stability of duration and thermal conductivity. Various phase change materials (PCMs) that are suitable for thermal storage are reported. Low conversion ability limits their effectiveness. We reviewed some of the traditional materials synthesized recently that are used for thermal energy storage (TES). Recently developed TES materials exhibit high thermal conductivity, reduced super cooling and multiple phase change temperatures. Nano-enhanced PCMs produced an increase in thermal conductivity up to 32% with a reduction in latent heat by 32%. At this juncture, MXenes with high performance and extraordinary properties (thermal, mechanical, etc.) are of special significance. MXenes displayed an increased thermal conductivity up to 16% and 94% efficiency. In view of their structure and adaptability to be used in thermal storage systems, an attempt was made to review their role also in thermal storage applications. It is observed that MXenes highly impact storage and efficiency. Apart from MXenes, various types of PCMs along with their thermal characteristics are presented.
Crystallite Size Effect on Photoluminescence of Combustion-Derived Gd2O3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Dinesh S. , Devanand Venkatasubbu G.
Published: May 2024

Rare earth oxides are considered materials that are commonly used in high performance luminescent devices, magnets, catalysts and various other practical applications such, as electronics, magnetism, nuclear technology, optics and catalysis. Using [Formula: see text] nanoparticles synthesised by combustion route and calcinated at various temperatures (600[Formula: see text]C, 800[Formula: see text]C, 1000[Formula: see text]C, and 1200[Formula: see text]C), we have investigated its phosphors nature in this study. We evaluated the phase purity and grain size distributions from the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples. This was done using the Rietveld refinement and the FW[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]M technique. Our observation of the [Formula: see text] nanoparticles grain size distribution was made possible using transmission electron microscopy pictures and HRSEM images. The photoluminescence spectrum of [Formula: see text] nanoparticles showed emission in the region near-band-edge blue and green emission. To detail the photoluminescence behavior, the excitation, emission spectra and CIE 1976 plot were recorded and the CIE coordinates were found to be [Formula: see text] as well as [Formula: see text] that look like blue. The use of phosphors nature is enabled by studying the impact of grain size and the linear dependent behaviour of [Formula: see text] nanoparticles.
Negative binomial approach: A useful application for the study of Echinococcus granulosus
Authors: Ahmed Haroon , Sohail Ayesha , Celik Figen , Simsek Sami
Published: May 2024

Cystic Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus. The transmission of E. granulosus is affected by environmental changes and anthropogenic factors, which are in turn influenced by changes in the spatial and population dynamics of animals. The deterministic model can be extended stochastically to address the low prevalence rate, which is often observed in small mammal host populations, and to account for complex processes that reflect the highly widespread disease reservoirs and non-random mixing, such as the heterogeneous contact patterns of susceptible hosts with infectious materials. In this study, a mathematical model based on a set of differential equations that define the continuous transition between different classes was used is not regulated by host. The findings indicate that each protoscolex has an equal chance of developing into a worm and creating a dispersed population. Empirical modeling can be used to represent the frequency distribution of the number of parasites in each host using the negative binomial distribution.