bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redressing the balance: how Australia’s approach under the Hague Abduction Convention is still endangering victims of domestic violence
Authors: Gray Annabelle , Kaye Miranda
Published: September 2022

This article explores how Australian courts consider allegations of domestic violence under Article 13(1)(b) of the Hague Convention on Child Abduction. As is now well known, there has been a paradigm shift since the Convention’s introduction, which has seen the circumstances and underlying reasons for international child abduction change. Through an examination of Australian case law from the past 5 years, this article reveals the issues that taking mothers continue to face in Australian return proceedings and the concerning reality that the courts continue to prioritise a prompt return over the safety and well-being of women and children exposed to domestic violence. This is despite feminist legal scholars and activists demonstrating for over 20 years that domestic violence is not being adequately dealt with in return proceedings and calling for change. The article discusses how the huge inequality in legal representation for taking mothers and left-behind fathers adds to the imbalance in these matters. Unfortunately, the recent Hague Conference Guide to Good Practice in such cases is unlikely to affect any substantive change to redress that imbalance. Suggestions for ways to redress the balance between taking mothers and left-behind fathers are suggested.
Generating extremely large-volume reionization simulations
Authors: Greig Bradley , Wyithe J Stuart B , Murray Steven G , Mutch Simon J , Trott Cathryn M
Published: September 2022

Preparing for a first detection of the 21-cm signal during reionization by large-scale interferometer experiments requires rigorous testing of the data analysis and reduction pipelines. Validating that these do not erroneously add/remove features mimicking the signal (e.g. from side lobes or large-scale power leakage) requires simulations extending beyond the primary field of view. However, the Murchison Wide Field Array (MWA) with a field of view of ∼252 deg2 would require simulations spanning several Gpcs, which are currently infeasible. To address this, we developed a simplified version of the seminumerical reionization simulation code 21cmfast, sacrificing some physical accuracy (linear structure formation) in favour of extremely large volumes. We then constructed a 7.5 Gpc comoving volume specifically tailored to the binned spectral resolution of the MWA (∼1.17 cMpc), required for validating the pipeline used in the 2020 MWA 21-cm power spectrum (PS) upper limits. With this large-volume simulation, we then explored: (i) whether smaller volume simulations are biased by missing large-scale modes, (ii) non-Gaussianity in the cosmic variance uncertainty, (iii) biases in the recovered 21-cm PS following foreground wedge avoidance, and (iv) the impact of tiling smaller simulations to achieve large volumes. We found (i) no biases from missing large-scale power, (ii) significant contribution from non-Gaussianity, as expected, (iii) a 10–20 per cent overestimate of the 21-cm PS following wedge mode excision, and (iv) tiling smaller simulations underestimates the large-scale power and cosmic variance.
Constraining SIDM with halo shapes: Revisited predictions from realistic simulations of early-type galaxies
Authors: Despali Giulia , Walls Levi G , Vegetti Simona , Sparre Martin , Vogelsberger Mark , Zavala Jesús
Published: September 2022

We study the effect of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) and baryons on the shape of early-type galaxies (ETGs) and their dark matter haloes, comparing them to the predictions of the cold dark matter (CDM) scenario. We use five hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations of haloes hosting ETGs ($M_{\rm vir}\sim 10^{13}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $M_{*}\sim 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$), simulated in CDM and a SIDM model with constant cross-section of σT/mχ = 1 cm2g−1. We measure the 3D and projected shapes of the dark matter haloes and their baryonic content using the inertia tensor and compare our measurements to the results of three HST samples of gravitational lenses and Chandra and XMM–Newton X-ray observations. We find that the inclusion of baryons greatly reduces the differences between CDM and a SIDM, together with the ability to draw constraints based on shapes. Lensing measurements reject the predictions of CDM dark-matter-only simulations and prefer one of the hydro scenarios. When we consider the total sample of lenses, observational data prefer the CDM hydro scenario. The shapes of the X-ray emitting gas are compatible with observational results in both hydro runs, with CDM predicting higher elongations only in the very centre. Contrary to previous claims at the scale of elliptical galaxies, we conclude that both CDM and our SIDM model can still explain observed shapes once we include baryons in the simulations. Our results demonstrate that this is essential to derive realistic constraints and that new simulations are needed to confirm and extend our findings.
A pilot ASKAP survey for radio transients towards the Galactic Centre
Authors: Wang Ziteng , Murphy Tara , Kaplan David L , Bannister Keith W , Lenc Emil , Leung James K , O’Brien Andrew , Pintaldi Sergio , Pritchard Joshua , Stewart Adam J , Zic Andrew
Published: September 2022

We present the results of a radio transient and polarization survey towards the Galactic Centre, conducted as part of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder Variables and Slow Transients pilot survey. The survey region consisted of five fields covering $\sim 265\, {\rm deg}^2$ (350○ ≲ l ≲ 10○, |b| ≲ 10○). Each field was observed for 12 min, with between 7 and 9 repeats on cadences of between one day and four months. We detected eight highly variable sources and seven highly circularly polarized sources (14 unique sources in total). Seven of these sources are known pulsars including the rotating radio transient PSR J1739–2521 and the eclipsing pulsar PSR J1723–2837. One of them is a low-mass X-ray binary, 4U 1758–25. Three of them are coincident with optical or infrared sources and are likely to be stars. The remaining three may be related to the class of Galactic Centre Radio Transients (including a highly likely one, VAST J173608.2–321634, that has been reported previously), although this class is not yet understood. In the coming years, we expect to detect ∼40 bursts from this kind of source with the proposed 4-yr VAST survey if the distribution of the source is isotropic over the Galactic fields.
Mughal Politics
Authors: Faruqui Munis
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the shifting nature of Mughal succession politics between the sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries. It argues that generations of Mughal princes played a central role in extending and deepening Mughal control across the Indian subcontinent. Particularly after the 1580s, princes accomplished this by constructing alliances and formidable households, engaging in acts of disobedience and violence against the emperor and one another, and participating in wars of succession. During the latter half of ‘Alamgir’s reign, however, diminishing access to money, the rise of a powerful coterie of nobles who did not feel beholden to ‘Alamgir’s sons, and intergenerational competition among ‘Alamgir’s many heirs weakened the princely institution. Ultimately, the decline of princely power matched that of the Mughal Empire.
Transcending Ethnicity
Authors: Everett Yayoi Uno
Published: September 2022

This article uses case studies of three composers of East Asian or of East Asian descent—Xu Yi, Anthony Cheung, and Yoshiaki Onishi—to shed light on questions such as: What are the “common solutions” that Julian Anderson suggests underlie post-spectral music? What does it mean to write in a “post-spectral style”? How does the composer’s ethnicity/cultural background shape his/her approach to adopting spectral aesthetics and techniques, if at all? Following an in-depth analysis of selected works by Yi, Cheung, and Onishi, the chapter explores how spectral music has made the interstices of culture and ethnicity more permeable because it offers diverse avenues for transcending ethnic barriers and how it will continue to evolve in new directions through such means.
Hugues Dufourt’s Epistemology of Fields, vis-à-vis Varèse and Bachelard
Authors: Mendez Matthew
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines Hugues Dufourt’s music-historical appreciations of Edgard Varèse, whose notion of “art-science” was an all-important inspiration for his conception of musique spectrale. For Dufourt, Varèse was the first composer to grasp the ramifications of then-recent discoveries in modern physics, particularly quantum field theory’s revision of the relationship between space and elementary particles. The chapter discusses how, in Dufourt’s view, this led Varèse to formulate analogous ideas about sonic space—above all, a fundamentally spatial understanding of sound objects as being co-constitutive with their surrounding medium. For Dufourt, this idea has been the foundation stone for the spectral approach, albeit in a radicalized form made possible by the psychoacoustic timbre space research of the 1970s. In order to take the full measure of Dufourt’s historiographical claims about this new field-inspired approach to sound, the chapter subsequently attends to some of his philosophical sources, particularly the work of Gaston Bachelard, founder of the French epistemological tradition. Dufourt follows Bachelard in insisting that “objectivity,” and thus the sound object, is a function of historically contingent processes of mediation, measurement, and visualization. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the extent to which Dufourt’s fusion of ideas from Varèse and Bachelard commits him to a new sonic ontology, or whether he can instead be read as arguing that ontologies are always thoroughly historical phenomena, tied up with changes in the scientific method, the scale of objects of measurement, and technical “relays.”
Locals and Immigrants in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Donecker Stefan
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the complex interplay of various migratory relations in Central Europe, namely, those between migrants and their host societies, as well as diverse forms of social mobility that did not necessarily reflect the region’s usual ethnic or social distinctions. As the frequent cases of coerced settlement and the slave trade show, the individuals who were the least free often happened to be among the most mobile. Spatial mobility should be considered the default state in medieval society, its prevalence always assumed unless there is a particularly convincing reason not to do so. In this respect, the territories of Central Europe were no exception. The concept of situational identities, the idea that individuals take on different roles in different social and cultural settings, seems not only applicable here, but essential. The chapter then explains the term Landesausbau, which implies both a spatial expansion of (arable) land and a qualitative improvement of land utilization.
Religious Practices (and Confessional Variants) in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Kuzmová Stanislava
Published: September 2022

This chapter traces the common aspects of medieval Central Europe’s religious practices. Here the focus is on the lay population; in addition to the secular powers, the laity interacted constantly with the Church and lay involvement and initiative grew over time. In the first stage of Christianization, the rulers and elites adopted Christianity, which then spread from above, mostly basic and formalized practices limited to monks, clerics, and the elites. The sources for the early period up to the twelfth century are scarce, but the number and variety increase over time. The second stage was a continuation of the Christianization process, when religious practices and beliefs spread and began to be internalized among the broader population. This was manifested in changes in devotional practices starting from the turn of the thirteenth century. The third phase, from the second half of the fourteenth to the early sixteenth century, was marked by an increasing plurality of practices, both communal and personal, and by calls for reform and renewal.
From Avars and Slavs to the First Medieval Kingdoms in Central Europe
Authors: Ziemann Daniel
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses medieval people in Central Europe—diverse groups settled there from the East during the early Middle Ages, including the Avars and Slavs (sixth to eighth century), their encounters with the Franks in the West, and later settlers, such as the Hungarians (ninth to tenth century) and other nomadic groups that followed during the High Middle Ages. The period between 700 and 1100 is the time when the general structure of the region took shape. The specific political landscape of Central Europe was formed by migration processes, the emergence and disappearance of tribes and peoples, religious developments with the sometimes violent spread of Christianity, the emergence of ruling elites, and the monopolization of power by certain dynasties. In Central Europe, both the state building processes and Christianization came later than in the regions of the Latin West and the Greek East of the former Roman Empire. Between the mid-ninth century and the year 1000, large polities emerged that developed more centralized structures.
Between Splitting and Lumping
Authors: Desai Ashwin , Vahed Goolam
Published: September 2022

The idea of legalized racial separation premised on white minority rule in the second half of the twentieth century in South Africa is identified in the global popular imagination with the apartheid regime. With the coming of apartheid in 1948, the Population Registration Act sought to label and divide African, Coloured, Indian, and White into neatly parceled categories. However, the idea of white racial supremacy has a much longer history in South Africa, dating to the arrival of Europeans in the seventeenth century. The coming of the Union of South Africa in 1910 gave legislative sanction to the entrenching of white minority rule. Against this background this chapter examines the making of the racial categories of Coloureds and Indians before apartheid. The narrative is one of both injunctions from above and impulses from below that drove the project of race making. This is a captivating story of the attempts of movements from below to confront this idea of racial separation and heroic attempts to build an identity that went beyond race, running the gamut from the non-racialism of the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) to the orientation of the Congress Alliance led by the African National Congress (ANC), which sought to bring together the “four nations” in a united front against apartheid. This chapter concludes with reflections on the continued salience of apartheid racial categories in post-Apartheid South Africa.
What Every Law Student Needs to Know About Reparations
Authors: Westley Robert
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains the origins of the modern usage of the term reparations and how the significance of reparations has evolved as instances have multiplied, encompassing cases of historical injustice while remaining distinct from ordinary civil justice. The concept of entity liability is used to explain how reparative obligations incurred long ago can remain valid in the present, at least with respect to heritable restitution claims. The moral danger of unredressed mass atrocity is explained and its intergenerational effects in the form of racism and the racial wealth gap are explored. Although recognizing the difficulties inherent in holding government actors accountable, the chapter argues that the example of racism furnishes reason to impute accountability to those who may have been merely complicit in the wrongdoing of others. It is argued that both racism and the racial wealth gap are remnants of state-sponsored injustice against persons of African descent that will require an active role for government and the private sector to remedy.
Automating Racial Alibis
Authors: Robson Cierra , Benjamin Ruha
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines new technologies that promise to promote greater objectivity and efficiency in healthcare, hiring, housing, and crime prevention than existing systems and applications. In practice, however, these tools reflect and reproduce social inequities even as they hide the biases and assumptions they encode. In this chapter, the authors discuss four mechanisms through which technology enables racist outcomes, including the data used to develop algorithms, the choices programmers make while coding, the “democratization” of digital tools to surveil particular populations, and the development of algorithms to maximize profit. The authors conclude by discussing legal and educational approaches to address the ways that computer systems perpetuate systemic racism.
The Brazilian Novel
Authors: de Sousa Rocha Fernando , Simon Luiz Carlos
Published: September 2022

This chapter aims to provide readers with an overview of the Brazilian novel from its incipient publications in the early 1840s to the present time. Following a chronological organization, the chapter is divided into five sections, each focusing on decades that, together, encompass a body of works that bring common or analogous issues to the fore, even if in disparate styles or directions. The chapter is divided into different sections, covering the following decades: 1840s to the 1870s, centered on romanticism; 1880s to the 1910s, focusing on realism and naturalism; 1920s to 1940s, devoted to different forms of modernisms; 1950s to 1980s, where we foreground the novels’ reengagement with new forms of literary language; and finally, the last section is dedicated to contemporary fiction.
Nineteenth-Century Women Writers and the Nation
Authors: Denegri Francesca
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an account of the robust emergence of women writers in nineteenth-century Latin America and of the narratives they produced, focusing on the complex relationship between national and gender ideology, the literary field and the consolidation of the new republics, especially in the second half of the century. Rather than focusing on aestheticist frameworks for the myriad novels, novellas, and short stories; poems, essays, and plays; and diaries, letters, and press articles produced by them, it examines their interaction with the dominant male discourse and the strategies that women of letters developed in order to move beyond the age-old patriarchal mandate of “not saying what they knew, or saying that they didn’t know, or saying the opposite of what they knew” (Ludmer 48).1 If intellectuals of the so-called national period had an impossibly idealized concept of the literary woman, later critics’ and writers’ respect for them, from modernistas and throughout the twentieth century, was negligible. This rich and diverse corpus of writing published in the periodical press and in book form, from Chile to Mexico, had all but disappeared from literary memory and from the canon until it was rediscovered more than a century later by feminist activists in Latin American, (USA) North American, and European academia from the late 1990s and beyond.
Historical, Critical, and Theoretical Work on the Latin American Novel
Authors: González José Eduardo
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that the reading of the novel in Latin American criticism was, since its origins in the nineteenth century, tied to a view of this genre as connected to the concept of the nation. In contrast to the emergence and popularity of the novel in the Anglo-European world, which was marked by the possibilities that the individualism of capitalist modernity created, Latin American critics have always emphasized the role of this literary form in expressing collective feelings and ideals. This tendency led to embracing and praising the type of novels that could lend themselves to this kind of allegorical interpretation and ignoring the contributions to the history of Latin American fiction of periods or styles (such as modernismo and the avant-garde) where narrations took more of an individually oriented form. Important changes came with the Boom phenomenon as the authors belonging to this group moved the novel away from representation through national content to an originality that was expressed using innovative writing techniques. However, the view that the Latin American novel must be assigned the task of representing the nation (or region) continued to be an important part of how the genre was read until the 1980s, when new theories begin to challenge traditional concepts of writing.
Manuel Puig
Authors: Corbatta Jorgelina
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyzes Puig’s novels from a double critical perspective. One is the notion of myth personnel (Charles Mauron’s psychocritique) together with Freud’s uncanny, Otto Rank’s double, Lacan’s linguistic unconscious—as represented by the autobiographical fictional layer. The other is the notion of “collective myths” (Claude Levi-Strauss’s bricolage, Susan Sontag’s kitsch and camp, Umberto Eco’s apocalyptic and integrated) that permeate the collective unconscious, present in popular culture and mass-media. Puig’s entire work is an illustration of his recurrent statement that the “contemporary novel starts with Freud”—for him, psychoanalysis was a tool not only to create his characters but also for self-analysis. He also knew, by personal experience, of the power and seduction of collective dreams expressed mostly by films but also by tango and bolero lyrics, soap operas and detective novels. This collective unconscious was tied with his socio-political investigation of what he called “Argentine mistake, a political mistake, a sexual mistake.” Based upon Puig’s predilection for popular culture some critics have judged his work as entertaining and trivial, though his real lineage is with Borges in his use of parody, humor, intertextuality, and generic transgression as well as his fondness for detective novel, the fantastic, and Hollywood movies.
The New Novel in Latin America (1920–1950)
Authors: Swanson Philip
Published: September 2022

Playing the dating game with the Latin American new novel is not a straightforward undertaking. Arguably, the new novel does not emerge as a fully fledged phenomenon until the late 1940s, and peaks during the so-called Boom of the 1960s. However, it continues well beyond the 1960s, and its origins can be traced back to the early twentieth century (or even earlier). The most influential figure in its evolution was a short-story writer who never published a novel, Jorge Luis Borges. His home city, Buenos Aires, was also at the heart of its development, especially with the emergence of an avant-garde or vanguardia from the 1920s, often associated with the Florida and Boedo groups. Other cities, such as São Paulo, and a number of other national cultural scenes also played key roles in the rolling out of a new kind of modern fiction. Moreover, the new novel can also be seen as rooted in the very traditional realist forms, such as the novel of the land, against which it is often seen as reacting. Paris and its surrealist movement were also instrumental, particularly in motivating notions such as the “marvelous real” or magical realism. The embryonic new narrative, as it grows between 1920 and 1950, is a complex, even contradictory, case, straddling the aesthetics of modernism and a quest for Latin American identity, and rupturing literature’s link to reality while still seeking to comment on that reality. In the end, the cult of the “new” is seen as transcending limitations while simultaneously being inevitably contained by them.
Jane Addams’S Pragmatist Feminist Thoughts and Actions For and With Ill and Disabled Women
Authors: Gillberg Claudia
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Jane Addams’ thoughts and actions on why ethics matter in a democratic society meet with thoughts and ideas central to critical disability studies, feminism, and feminist pragmatism. Actions as an expression of ethics correspond with critical disability activism’s clarion call “nothing about us without us,” through which disabled people have attempted to gain agency and just representation for decades. The author of this chapter argues that chronically ill and disabled women have been under-theorized, and barely represented and analyzed in most feminist schools of thought. In fact, feminist philosophers, and academics in general, have been reluctant to address the injustices inflicted on ill and disabled women, rendering them more vulnerable and exposed to arbitrarily worded social policy and ensuing unintended negative consequences. This article offers several entry points from which to view social injustices inflicted on ill and disabled women. It opens debate about Addams’ concepts of ethics expressed through Action, Democracy, Social Policy and Reciprocity, and Activism, and their interest for today’s critical disability scholars and other social scientists, practitioners, and activists. Addams considered compassionate action-taking based on sympathetic knowledge as an expression of applied ethics. This chapter argues in favor of collaborative knowledge production as a viable, reciprocal way out of a morally objectionable morass that leaves ill and disabled women to fend for themselves in an unsympathetic world experiencing continual public-health crises.
Afterword
Authors: Meissner Fran , Sigona Nando , Vertovec Steven
Published: September 2022

This afterword offers insights into where superdiversity is heading, how it speaks to broader debates in the social sciences, and some of the omissions from the book. The editorial team considers, on the one hand, how events such as the global Covid-19 pandemic and the unfolding climate and environmental crisis are impacting the dynamics of international and internal migration as well as their relevance for studying superdiversity. On the other hand, the editors consider how an increasing datafication of migration and social life more generally is reshaping both how diversity is done and how we are making sense of it. Both foci highlight immanent and continued reconfigurations in processes of sociodemographic diversification, and what contributions research into superdiversity can make to our understanding of complex social transformations occurring in a time of rapid global social, political, and economic change.
Timeless Symbolism
Authors: Halkias Georgios T.
Published: September 2022

The life of Śrī Siṃha, the early contemplative patriarch of the teachings of the Great Perfection, is shrouded in mystery. Our knowledge of the life of this teacher is indebted to Tibetan hagiographical records of the Treasure and oral traditions, centuries after the latest date assigned to him in the first half of the ninth century. Śrī Siṃha occupies a seminal role in the Nyingma history of the transmission of the Great Perfection to Tibet and there are a good number of texts attributed to him in the Tengyur, Vairocana’s Collected Tantras, and the Collected Tantras of the Nyingma. With the aim of examining Śrī Siṃha’s contribution to the earliest genealogies of Dzogchen in Tibet, this study will serve as an overview of his works and life by examining traditional methods of explanation of the Great Perfection’s Symbolic Lineage of Transmission.
From the Fringes to Center Stage
Authors: Borkataky-Varma Sravana
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on an understudied group of individuals called the hijṛās within the larger world of Hindu Śākta tantra. Hijṛās in India is a collective term used for a group of people with a variety of temperaments, personalities, sexual needs, gender identities, cross-gender behaviors, and levels of commitment. Since 2016, there has been a concerted effort by the hijṛās to rebrand themselves as Kinnars. And with this new identity, they are taking on more of an authoritarian role, especially in the space of fertility rituals. This is a significant shift from being part of private ritual spaces to becoming ritual specialists. This transfer of power and authority will be brought to light by mapping the shifting currents in Kāmākhyā, a temple in the Indian state of Assam.
Remedies and Accountability for Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Roach Kent
Published: September 2022

Without effective and manageable remedies, economic and social rights will not be truly justiciable. This chapter examines a range of challenges to providing remedies for economic and social rights. They include remedial deterrence where courts fail to recognize rights because of fears about the appropriateness of their role in ordering remedies. They also include populist resistance to courts and rights, and various emergencies caused by migration and environmental and public health crises. This chapter outlines next a broad range of judicial and nonjudicial remedies for violations from interim remedies to suspended declarations of invalidity. This is followed by a critical examination of a range of different remedial models, including those focused on individual, systemic, experimental, catalytic, and dialogic remedies. In the end, the chapter proposes a two-track remedial approach that combines meaningful and prompt individual and interim remedies with more dialogic and iterative systemic remedies. This approach has been used in some South African housing cases and by supranational adjudicators.
Archaeological Survey as Participatory Counter-Mapping
Authors: Gill Lucy L. , Donner Natalia R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the epistemic value of a community-based, participatory mapping approach to archaeological survey, based on research co-created with the Indigenous Emberá tribe in Darién Province, Panama. Rather than initiating survey with preconceived criteria for identifying archaeological sites, we mapped landscapes of place-based knowledge, as envisioned by our community partners. This collaborative approach represents an innovation in purposive (as opposed to statistical) archaeological survey, an essential phase of research—especially in low-visibility environments—that has been neglected by literature on archaeological method. Our method centers local conceptions of place and (often fluid) boundaries, as well as history and story. We highlight the role that participatory mapping can play in the development of critical Indigenous cartographies, as well as its value in supporting Indigenous-led movements for sovereignty and long-term ecological stewardship, including gathering evidence for use in land claim cases.
Prevalence and Consequences of Gender-Based Violence on Families in Africa
Authors: Kimuna Sitawa R. , Okemwa Pacificah F.
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews and synthesizes studies on the prevalence and health consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) on families in Africa. Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world; it affects mainly women and impacts families in many ways. The focus is on two forms of violence perpetrated by an intimate partner: physical and sexual. But these two forms of violence do not happen in isolation. Emotional and psychological abuse often accompanies physical or sexual violence by intimate partners. The chapter provides a snapshot of the nature and scope of IPV and its impact on families in Africa. Data from relevant studies and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are synthesized, and estimates of the prevalence and consequences of IPV are reported. Results show high rates of IPV among ever-married/partnered women between the ages of 15 to–49 years and health consequences.
CAT and psychosis
Authors: Tan Ranil , Perry Alex , Gianfrancesco Olympia
Published: September 2022

There is a growing evidence base for the use of interpersonal approaches when working with unusual experiences and extreme states of mind (often labelled as psychosis). Psychosis experiences can be understood as meaningful communications of human distress, often in response to trauma and adversity. This chapter collaboratively considers, alongside a lived experience perspective, how the cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) model understands psychosis and how it can be applied to facilitate relational change. Specific considerations are given to how CAT tools, including the reformulation letter and map, can be used to develop a trauma-informed understanding of psychosis experiences. There is acknowledgement of the increasing evidence highlighting the impact of the therapeutic relationship on outcome when working with clients who experience psychosis and the chapter details how the therapeutic relationship can be understood and navigated using a CAT framework. A review of the current research on CAT and psychosis is given and areas for further research are highlighted.
Eight session CAT
Authors: Kellett Stephen , Young Alex D. , Hepple Jason , White Stephen
Published: September 2022

Despite the eight session cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) approach having been advocated for some time, descriptions of the approach, and also the evidence that has been accrued for this briefest format of the CAT model have not been previously available. This chapter provides a rationale for the eight session approach, an evidence review, suitability and screening guidelines, and provides case examples using the two models that have been developed and evaluated. The eight session CAT approach is considered an appropriate and effective treatment option for suitable clients, as it does not lose theoretical integrity, but does make more focused use of time.
Historical Origins of Professional Neuropsychology Organizations in the United States
Authors: Lamberty Gregory J. , Bush Shane S. , Adams Kenneth M. , Tart-Zelvin Ariana , Bieliauskas Linas A.
Published: September 2022

The growth of neuropsychology as a profession and an academic field of inquiry has resulted in the establishment of several organizations to represent the interests of professionals with diverse interests, backgrounds, and needs. The earliest of such groups tended to focus on the subject matter of the nascent field, regardless of discipline or geography of the members. As the practice of clinical neuropsychology emerged, training, education, and clinical practice issues became more of a focus in the United States. In the mid-1970s several organizations were established that sought to meet the needs of those practicing neuropsychology. The membership of the different organizations emerged from groups that were relatively more clinically or academically focused, although that was not a strict line of demarcation. Well into the 21st century, there are several long-established organizations meeting the needs of an increasingly diverse group of professionals practicing neuropsychology.
Formative Assessment and Assessment for Learning
Authors: Smith Jeffrey K. , Berg David A. G. , Lipnevich Anastasiya A.
Published: September 2022

Formative assessment and assessment for learning are two of the most powerful ideas related to learning in classrooms to be developed over the past half century. Used properly, they can enhance learning, build self-efficacy, and increase motivation in students. This chapter explores the history and fundamental ideas of formative assessment; assessment for learning; and, to a lesser degree, feedback—as it relates to assessment. The goal of the chapter is to give the reader a solid idea of how these ideas developed, how they are similar and different, how they relate to classroom practice and instructional theories, and what the future appears to hold for them. It begins by looking at the seminal work of Scriven (1967), and in particular Bloom (1968, 1969; Bloom, Hastings, & Madaus, 1971) who was the first scholar to talk about what eventually became formative assessment (called formative evaluation at the time). It then traces the development of the ideas and how they related to other research on classroom assessment (e.g., Crooks, 1988), and then to the work of the Assessment Reform Group (1999) who developed the notion of assessment for learning, and Black and Wiliam (1998, 2012, 2018) who greatly expanded and elaborated upon the ideas behind assessment for learning. It concludes by analyzing similarities and differences in the ideas presented, and by looking to some promising areas of current research and future possibilities.
La COVID-19 et l’importance d’une communication efficace des risques aux enfants
Authors: Abrams Elissa M , Shaker Marcus , Greenhawt Matthew
Published: September 2022

Il est essentiel de privilégier une communication efficace des risques pour atténuer les effets de la pandémie actuelle de COVID-19 sur la santé mentale des enfants et de leur famille. La communication efficace des risques consiste à faire preuve d’honnêteté tout en demeurant rassurant, à présenter les enjeux de manière pragmatique et à donner l’exemple d’une communication entre adultes rassurante, mais réaliste. Les professionnels de la santé peuvent échanger avec les familles sur les principes à suivre pour donner l’exemple de bonnes habitudes de consommation des médias et ainsi atténuer la mésinformation qui circule dans les réseaux sociaux. En outre, la numératie et la littératie en santé doivent être intégrées à une bonne communication des risques.
Metabolic acidosis during continuous glucagon therapy for neonatal hypoglycemia
Authors: Hoban Rebecca , Tomlinson Christopher , Chung Erin , Mann Jordan
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Refractory neonatal hypoglycemia may be treated with glucagon infusions, which have been associated with thrombocytopenia and hyponatremia. After anecdotally noting metabolic acidosis during glucagon therapy in our hospital, an outcome not previously reported in the literature, we aimed to quantify occurrence of metabolic acidosis (base excess >−6) as well as thrombocytopenia and hyponatremia during treatment with glucagon.

Methods

We performed a single-centre retrospective case series. Descriptive statistics were used and subgroups compared with Chi-Square, Fisher’s Exact Test, and Mann–Whitney U testing.

Results

Sixty-two infants (mean birth gestational age 37.2 weeks, 64.5% male) were treated with continuous glucagon infusions for median 10 days during the study period. 41.2% were preterm, 21.0% were small for gestational age, and 30.6% were infants of diabetic mothers. Metabolic acidosis was seen in 59.6% and was more common in infants who were not born to diabetic mothers (75% versus 24% in infants of diabetic mothers, P<0.001). Infants with versus without metabolic acidosis had lower birth weights (median 2,743 g versus 3,854 g, P<0.01) and were treated with higher doses of glucagon (0.02 versus 0.01 mg/kg/h, P<0.01) for a longer duration (12.4 versus 5.9 days, P<0.01). Thrombocytopenia was diagnosed in 51.9% of patients.

Conclusions

In addition to thrombocytopenia, metabolic acidosis of unclear etiology appears to be very common with glucagon infusions for neonatal hypoglycemia, especially in lower birth weight infants or those born to mothers without diabetes. Further research is needed to elucidate causation and potential mechanisms.
PePYL4 enhances drought tolerance by modulating water-use efficiency and ROS scavenging in Populus
Authors: Li Qing , Shen Chao , Zhang Yue , Zhou Yangyan , Niu Mengxue , Wang Hou-Ling , Lian Conglong , Tian Qianqian , Mao Wei , Wang Xiaofei , Liu Chao , Yin Weilun , Xia Xinli
Published: September 2022

Drought is one of the major limiting factors in the growth of terrestrial plants. Abscisic acid (ABA) and pyrabactin resistance 1/prabactin resistance-1 like/regulatory components of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCARs) play a key role in response to drought stress. However, the underlying mechanisms of this control remain largely elusive in trees. In this study, PePYL4, a potential ortholog of the PYR/PYL/RCARs gene, was cloned from Populus euphratica. It was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, induced by ABA, osmotic and dehydration treatments. To study the potential biological functions of PePYL4, transgenic triploid white poplars (Populus tomentosa ‘YiXianCiZhu B38’) overexpressing PePYL4 were generated. PePYL4 overexpression significantly increased ABA sensitivity and reduced stomatal aperture. Compared with wild-type plants, transgenic plants had higher water-use efficiency (WUE) and lower transpiration. When exposed to drought stress, PePYL4 overexpression plants maintained higher photosynthetic activity and accumulated more biomass. Moreover, overexpression of PePYL4 improved antioxidant enzyme activity and ascorbate content to accelerate reactive oxygen species scavenging. Meanwhile, upregulation expression of the stress-related genes also contributed to improving the drought tolerance of transgenic plants. In conclusion, our data suggest that PePYL4 is a promising gene target for regulating WUE and drought tolerance in Populus.
Nurses' Perceptions About Smart Beds in Hospitals
Authors: Tak Sunghee H. , Choi Hyein , Lee Dayeon , Song Young Ae , Park Jiyeon
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' perceptions of the smart mattress equipped with Internet of things, which are incorporated into patients' beds. In addition, their concerns and suggestions about smart mattress were explored. A total of 349 nurses in a tertiary hospital participated in a cross-sectional survey. Data were collected using questionnaires. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for survey data, whereas content analysis was used for qualitative data from open-ended questions. The participants' intention to accept the smart mattresses was 12.5 (SD, 1.73) on average, indicating a high level of acceptance. The participants expected the smart mattresses to decrease their physical work burden, improve work efficiency, and prevent pressure ulcers. However, they were concerned about an increase in other aspects of their workload and in patient safety problems due to false alarms, inaccuracies, and malfunctions of the device. Nurses suggested various features that can be integrated into smart mattress. It is critical to address nurses' perceptions, expectations, and concerns during the conceptual and developmental stage of new technology in order to improve the usability, acceptance, and adoption of smart mattresses and other new innovations in hospital settings.
Effect of azithromycin on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in posttransplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hao Xiaohui , Peng Cheng , Lian Wenwen , Liu Han , Fu Guiying
Published: September 2022

Background:

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a devastating complication that occurs after transplantation. Although azithromycin is currently used for the treatment of BOS, the evidence is sparse and controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of azithromycin on forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and patient’s survival.

Methods:

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science databases, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry were systematically searched from inception until December 2020 for relevant original research articles. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled-effect estimates.

Results:

Searches identified 15 eligible studies involving 694 participants. For FEV1 (L), there was a significant increase after short-term (≤12 weeks; P = .00) and mid-term (12–24 weeks; P = .01) administration of azithromycin. For FEV1 (%) compared to baseline, there was a significant increase after short-term (≤12 weeks) administration of azithromycin (P = .02), while there were no statistically significant differences in the medium and long term. When pooled FEV1% was predicted, it exhibited a similar trend to FEV1 (%) compared to baseline. In addition, we discovered that azithromycin reduced the risk of death (hazard ratio = 0.26; 95% confidence interval = 0.17 to 0.40; P = .00) in patients with BOS post–lung transplantation.

Conclusions:

Azithromycin therapy is both effective and safe for lung function improvement in patients with posttransplant BOS after the short- and medium-term administration. Additionally, it has been demonstrated a significant survival benefit among patients with BOS post–lung transplant. Higher quality randomized controlled trials and more extensive prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm the effect of azithromycin on patients with posttransplant BOS.
Local anesthetics as a therapeutic tool for post COVID-19 patients: A case report
Authors: Vinyes David , Muñoz-Sellart Montserrat , Caballero Teresa García
Published: September 2022

Background:

Post COVID-19 syndrome (PC-19S) appears to be independent of acute illness severity and humoral response. The involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), expressed by dysautonomia, has been hypothesized as a contributor. Several studies have associated the therapeutic effects of local anesthetics (LA) to their action on the ANS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of therapeutic injections with LA linked to clinical improvement in a patient with PC-19S.

Patient concerns and diagnoses:

This was a 54-year-old-man with postCOVID-19 symptoms lasting 14 weeks, including fatigue, breathlessness, diarrhea, muscle pain, and emotional lability.

Interventions and outcome:

Injections of 0.5% procaine in the stellate ganglion (SG) and sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), and in clinically relevant points in the scalp, thorax, and abdomen were performed 3 times over 3 months. The patient reported progressive improvement and was asymptomatic upon completing the treatment. Prescribed medications were discontinued. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) score showed significant improvement across all SF-36-domains.

Conclusion:

Subanesthetic doses of LA injected in clinically relevant points led to rapid and complete symptom resolution in this patient with PC-19S. Targeted LA injections may have therapeutic benefits in PC-19S and in other chronic diseases linked to stress and inflammation.
Proximal femoral nail antirotation versus external fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liang Yu , Liu Shaojing , Li Lintao , Zhong Fenglin
Published: September 2022

Background:

This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) and external fixation in the management of unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients.

Methods:

Eighty-seven of 114 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures were included in this study between January 2015 and June 2019, 46 were fixed with PFNA implant and 41 with external fixator. Patient baseline characteristics, functional and radiographic results, and postoperative complication were documented and compared between the 2 groups.

Results:

Prolonged operation duration, increased fluoroscopy time, and excess blood loss occurred in PFNA group. The functional results scores seemed higher in the PFNA than external fixation group in the first semester, and thereafter, there was no significant difference between groups. On early postoperative radiographs, better femur neck–shaft angle was acquired in the external fixators device, but the difference did not continue at final visit. The incidence rate of overall complications was 43.5% for the group PFNA and 100% for the group external fixation.

Conclusions:

Fewer postoperative complications occurred in PFNA than external fixator group when unstable intertrochanteric fractures were treated. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference detected in final functional and radiographic outcome between the 2 groups.