bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid model for agent based system requirements analysis
Authors: Ranjan Prabhat , Misra A. K.
Published: May 2006

Many well known agent-oriented software analysis method have been proposed such as GAIA, ROADMAP, PROMETHUS and TROPOS methodology. Out of the numerous proposed methods, selecting a particular analysis method is again a problem, as every method has its own advantages and disadvantages. There is an ongoing effort to find such a comprehensive agent oriented analysis method, which addresses most of the parameters of software analysis and also satisfies most of the existing methodology properties. In our previous work, we presented a methodology for open and adaptive system to provide a clear separation between requirement gathering and analysis phases. In this paper, we propose a new analysis method based on the methodology proposed by us in our previous work. An agent-based system is a complex software system with functional and non-functional attributes. Non-functional requirements (NFRs) are crucial software requirements that have been specified early in the software development process while eliciting the functional requirements (FRs) in agent oriented software development. Some of the functional and non-functional attributes are of a crosscutting nature i.e. it is difficult to represent clearly how an attribute may effect several other requirements simultaneously. This new analysis methodology splits the analysis phase into the System User centric Analysis and the System centric Analysis phases. This refinement is achieved by identification and separation of all requirements into three types of requirements i.e. Functional, Non-Functional and Crosscutting requirements.
Software engineering education (SEEd)
Authors: Henderson Peter B.
Published: May 2006

You may have noticed that recent SEEd columns have included insights from a number of guest contributors. I hope you find these different perspectives interesting and useful. For this column I am honored to have Dennis Frailey as guest contributor. As many of you know, Dennis is a Principal Fellow at Raytheon, a software practitioner, an adjunct professor of computer science and engineering, and an ABET evaluator.
What math is relevant for a CS or SE student?
Authors: Frailey Dennis J.
Published: May 2006

In the Fall of 2005, Kenneth A. Williams began a discussion on the SIGCSE email list on the topic of what math is relevant for a student in the computing sciences. He began by questioning the value of differential equations, stating that he was "... unable to find a homework assignment or exam question in any Computer Science course that requires differential equations for its solution." [1] I was one of several respondents to that email. This article is a somewhat expanded version of my remarks on that topic.
Social and physical interactive paradigms for mixed-reality entertainment
Authors: Cheok Adrian David , Teh Keng Soon , Nguyen Ta Huynh Duy , Qui Tran Cong Thien , Lee Shang Ping , Liu Wei , Li Cheng Cchen , Diaz Diego , Boj Clara
Published: May 2006

This article outlines an overview of new paradigms in social and physical interaction in mixed-reality entertainment. Social and physical interactions are constrained, and thus natural interactions are lost in most current digital entertainment systems. In order to regain natural interactions, we argue that mixed-reality technology has great potential for promoting social and physical interactions. In this article we present five research prototype systems, Magic Land, Human Pacman, Kyoto Garden, Poultry Internet, and Free Network Visible Network (FNVN), to explain methods to regain natural social and physical interactions in mixed-reality entertainment. We believe these systems are part of a new form of entertainment based on physicality, mobility, tangible social interaction, and ubiquitous computing. Some details, benefits, and issues regarding design are discussed.
Mobile convergence
Authors: Lee Newton
Published: May 2006

Proliferation of multimedia-enabled mobile and personal devices now allows downloading, playback and streaming of movie music/ring-tones, and, wallpaper/pictures. The entertainment media industry is experimenting rapidly with business models technologies to get revenue-generating content to the consumer. Issues of importance include content ownership, content rights management, the creation of new markets such as short movies, limited duration games, movie advertisements, push sports highlights, etc. The entertainment and media industry in Hollywood has taken the plunge into the mobile content ma traditional internet companies have started to experiment with mobile content by extending their partnerships with content o multimedia technology is getting increasingly complex, consumers are demanding simplicity in ownership, usage and paym starting to happen by way of Convergence. The technology side of convergence involves devices, networks, services and m (movies, TV, gaming, music). The business side of convergence involves business models, pricing simplicity, billing, payme 2006, the WINMEC Mobile Entertainment Media forum brings together business and technology experts from Hollywood to convergence (Convergence+) that is changing the very foundations of the Entertainment Media industry.
2007 World Cyber Games Grand Final in Seattle
Authors: Lee Newton
Published: May 2006

City of Seattle and World Cyber Games Announce Seattle will host 2007 World Cyber Games Grand FinalOver 700 Video Gamers from 70 countries expected
World Cyber Games
The World Cyber Games (WCG) is an annual global game culture festival that was founded in 2000 to promote global harmony through e-sports. With the slogan "Beyond the Game," the World Cyber Games has truly developed into a global game phenomenon with arguably the largest prize amount at stake. The World Cyber Games prides itself on leading the "Digital Entertainment Culture." The WCG 2006 will be held on October 18-22, 2006 in Monza, Italy. More information at: www.worldcybergames.com.
Parameterization of the Urban Water Budget with the Submesoscale Soil Model
Authors: Dupont Sylvain , Mestayer Patrice G. , Guilloteau Emmanuel , Berthier Emmanuel , Andrieu Hervé
Published: May 2006

This paper presents the hydrological component of the Submesoscale Soil Model, urbanized version (SM2-U). This model is an extension of the rural Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) soil model to urban surfaces. It considers in detail both rural and urban surfaces. Its purpose is to compute the sensible heat and humidity fluxes at the canopy–atmosphere interface for the computational domain lower boundary condition of atmospheric mesoscale models in order to simulate the urban boundary layer in any weather conditions. Because it computes separately the surface temperature of each land use cover mode while the original model computes a unique temperature for the soil and vegetation system, the new version is first validated for rural grounds by comparison with experimental data from the Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment-Modélisation du Bilan Hydrique (HAPEX-MOBILHY) and the European Field Experiment in a Desertification Threatened Area (EFEDA). The SM2-U water budget is then evaluated on the experimental data obtained at a suburban site in the Nantes urban area (Rezé, France), both on an annual scale and for two stormy events. SM2-U evaluates correctly the water flow measured in the drainage network (DN) at the annual scale and for the summer storm. As for the winter storm, when the soil is saturated, the simulation shows that water infiltration from the soil to the DN must be taken care of to evaluate correctly the DN flow. Yet, the addition of this soil water infiltration to the DN does not make any difference in the simulated surface fluxes that are the model outputs for simulating the urban boundary layer. Urban hydrological parameters are shown to largely influence the available water on artificial surfaces for evaporation and to influence less the evapotranspiration from natural surfaces. The influence of the water budget and surface structure on the suburban site local climatology is demonstrated.
Equatorial Superrotation and Barotropic Instability: Static Stability Variants
Authors: Williams G. P.
Published: May 2006

Altering the tropospheric static stability changes the nature of the equatorial superrotation associated with unstable, low-latitude, westerly jets, according to calculations with a dry, global, multilevel, spectral, primitive equation model subject to a simple Newtonian heating function. For a low static stability, the superrotation fluxes with the simplest structure occur when the stratospheric extent and horizontal diffusion are minimal. Barotropic instability occurs on the jet's equatorward flank and baroclinic instability occurs on the jet's poleward flank. Systems with a high static stability inhibit the baroclinic instability and thereby reveal more clearly that the barotropic instability is the primary process driving the equatorial superrotation. Such systems produce a flatter equatorial jet and also take much longer to equilibrate than the standard atmospheric circulation.
New Lithium Salt Ionic Conductor Using Poly(vinyl alcohol) Matrix
Authors: Kanbara Takaki , Inami Minoru , Yamamoto Takakazu , Nishikata Atsushi , Tsuru Tooru , Watanabe Masayoshi , Ogata Naoya
Published: May 2006

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) forms transparent homogeneous composites with lithium salt (LiClO4, LiBF4, and LiCF3SO3) up to 50–60 wt-% of the lithium salt in the composites. The composites show electrical conductivity of 10−6 − 2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 50 wt-% of the lithium salt at 20 °C. Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity obeys Arrehnius type equation in most cases with activation energies of 50–107 kJ mol−1
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 1-Methyl-3-oxidopyridinium and Sulfonylethenes. A Synthesis of 2-Tropanols and Monofluorinated 2-Tropanol
Authors: Takahashi Tamiko , Hagi Toru , Kitano Kazuyoshi , Takeuchi Yoshio , Koizumi Toru
Published: May 2006

2α- and 2β-Tropanols were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of phenyl vinyl sulfone and 1-methyl-3-oxidopyridinium regio- and stereoselectively. The method was extended to a preparation of 6α-fiuoro-2β-tropanol from 1-(benzenesulfonyl)-1-fluoroethene.
Doping Effect on the Two-layer Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Hiramoto Masahiro , Kishigami Yasuhisa , Yokoyama Masaaki
Published: May 2006

Doping effect on an organic solar cell composed of two-layer thin pigment films of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) and perylene tetracarboxylic derivative (Me-PTC) was investigated. When H2 or NH3 was doped to the Me-PTC film during vacuum deposition, the photocurrent density drastically increased and the power conversion efficiency of the cell reached about 1% even under 75 mW cm−2 white light.
A New Cytotoxic Diterpene from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux
Authors: Takeda Satoshi , Matsumoto Takeshi , Komiyama Kanki , Kurosawa Etsuro , Suzuki Teruaki
Published: May 2006

A new cytotoxic diterpene has been isolated from the title alga. This compound possesses a new, A-seco-parguerane skeleton and a hexadecanoic acid ester group. The structure was established by spectroscopic means, including two-dimensional NMR methods.
Thermolysis of α-Azidoacetcphenone Phenylsulfonylhydrazones. A New Preparative Route to 4-Aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Ito Suketaka , Kakehi Akikazu , Yamazaki Akihiro
Published: May 2006

Thermolysis of α-azidoacetophenone phenylsulfonylhydrazones gave 4-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles in good yields. The reaction proceeds probably via the elimination of benzenesulfinic acid from 4-aryl-2-phenylsulfonyltriazolines formed intermediately.
The Earliest Editions of Juvenal
Authors: Bühler Curt F.
Published: May 2006

A century and a quarter ago, there seemed to be no doubt concerning the chronological order of appearance of the earliest printed Juvenals. Dibdin had established this in his bibliographical account of the classics, and his decisions were accepted without question by his contemporaries. In the century following Dibdin's death in 1847, however, the chronology of the first printings of the great Roman satirist became, curiously enough, remarkably confused and beclouded. Not long ago, Professor Gilbert Highet, in his excellent book on Juvenal, set forth the present doubts as to the proper order of appearance of the earliest editions and expressed the opinion (p. 317) that “an expert typographical investigation of the earliest printed editions of Juvenal's satires remains to be made”.
Francis Bacon and the Architect of Fortune
Authors: Cochrane Rexmond C.
Published: May 2006

The most frequently read book in the library that Samuel Pepys began to collect about 1660 was a volume he called ‘my dear “Faber Fortunae”, of my Lord Bacon's'. This book, which he apparently read through six times between 1661 and 1666, has been identified as an edition of Bacon's essays in Latin translation which was published and reprinted in duodecimo at Leyden in 1641, 1644, and 1659.

The question of the identity of this work by Bacon was first raised by correspondents of Notes & Queries in 1886, but it was not resolved. Despite the importance of this much read book to young Pepys and to our understanding of him, only three of his eight biographers have so much as mentioned the work. None has identified it sufficiently to discuss it.
Petrarch's Accidia
Authors: Wenzel Siegfried
Published: May 2006

Whenever Petrarch's significance for the history of European thought and sentiment is assessed, a great deal of attention is given to his ‘melancholy'. Apart from his poetry it is the Secretum which presents most clearly this aspect of Petrarch's inner life. In this work Petrarch analyzed his sentiment under the name of accidia. Literary critics since Sainte-Beuve have seen behind this concept the same psychic malady that beset Werther or René and, more recently, Baudelaire. Scholars, on the other hand, have tried to locate Petrarch's accidia in a more or less linear development from acedia, the medieval sin of spiritual negligence, to modern melancholy, Weltschmerz, or ennui.
The ‘Liberey’ of Duke Ernst of Bavaria (1500-1560)
Authors: Strauss Felix F.
Published: May 2006

Passionate pursuit of humanistic scholarship, religious controversy, and princely ambition conspired to create impressive book collections at numerous sixteenth-century German courts. Whether conceived as utilitarian repositories for scholars or polemicists, or as treasure to enhance the splendor of a prince's court in competition with his peers, most of these late Renaissance collections were to form the great territorial and national, public and university libraries of modern Germany. The present-day Bavarian State Library, in many respects a typical example, owes its origin to the magnificent book collection amassed by Duke Albrecht v during his reign (1550-1579). Outnumbered only by the imperial library in Vienna, Albrecht's collection of about 11,000 volumes was considered at the time of his death the second largest library in Germany.
Aventinus and the Defense of the Empire against the Turks
Authors: Rothenberg Gunther E.
Published: May 2006

In the late fifteenth and throughout the sixteenth century the revival of interest in classical civilization had a distinct effect on military theory and practice. The study of Roman military methods especially became a source of inspiration for reformers and Machiavelli's Arte della Guerra ranks only as the most famous in a long line of treatises which intended to revive the art of war as the ancients had understood it. During this era military theorists steeped themselves in classical lore, rediscovered the virtues of the Roman legion, became familiar once more with cohort and maniple.
Pace and Timing in Rabelais's Stories
Authors: Keller Abraham C.
Published: May 2006

No one, to my knowledge, has ever accused Rabelais of being a very businesslike storyteller. If he is to any extent, it can only be because ‘businesslike’ has a special meaning in storytelling. In other departments of life the term has to do with efficiency, conciseness, and directness of manner, qualities which we may associate with other narrative artists but hardly with the free style of Rabelais. What we rather like in his writings are his wanderings, his digressions, and his accumulations, whether of titles or games or words. We who admire Master Alcofribas relish his lack of restraint, his unbridled enthusiasm, and his disregard of proportion—his inability, in short, to stick to the point.
Forgiveness and Consolation in the Religious Thought of Erasmus
Authors: Tentler Thomas N.
Published: May 2006

No religious issue in the Reformation was debated more bitterly than the theory of the forgiveness of sins. To Roman Catholics forgiveness meant the sacrament of penance, and its necessity was so evident to John Eck that he called auricular confession ‘the nerves of our religion and of Catholic discipline'. To Luther forgiveness meant personal certitude and salvation by faith—it meant the destruction of the Roman Catholic sacrament of penance. So important were these doctrines to Lutheranism that Melanchthon could completely summarize Luther's contribution to the church as his teaching of'the correct manner of penance and the correct use of the sacraments'. Significantly, Melanchthon adds this proof that Luther's greatness lies in these reforms: ‘many consciences testify this to me'.
Tasso and Neoplatonism: The Growth of his Epic Theory
Authors: Patterson Annabel M.
Published: May 2006

A good deal has been said, and much of it negative, about the influence of Neoplatonism on the work of Torquato Tasso. Tasso's early biographer Serassi believed that it was at best a juvenile interest which gave place to a mature Aristotelianism, and this view survived into the early-twentieth-century study by Donadoni, along with the accusation that Tasso managed to platonize ‘senza sentire la forza del pensiero platonico’. More recently, B. T. Sozzi reexamined Tasso's Dialogues and works of literary criticism, and came to the conclusion that Tasso's interest in Neoplatonism was neither superficial nor transient, and became if anything more explicit in the later works; for Sozzi, however, Tasso's Neoplatonism is primarily a matter of temperament, a ‘segreta predilezione’ for the magical and the mystical, which has to fight for survival with the more rigorous structures of Aristotelian critical principles.
The Evangelicism of Lefèvre d'Étaples: 1525
Authors: Heller Henry
Published: May 2006

Several excellent studies of the theology of Lefèvre d'Étaples are in print. Although they approach his work from a variety of perspectives all it seems reach essentially similar conclusions. They all take for granted that Lefèvre's application of humanist principles to the study of the Bible marked a notable break with the past. All admit that his stress on the inner reception of the Word, his consequent insistence on a hermeneutic which was at the same time more direct and more spiritual, and his more or less exclusive evangelicism represented a clear departure from the established modes of religious thought. On the other hand, Hahn, Dörries, and the others all agree that Lefèvre's thought must be clearly differentiated from the more radical evangelicisms of Luther or Calvin.
Freedom and Determinism in Renaissance Historians*
Authors: Gilmore Myron P.
Published: May 2006

In 1499 the Neapolitan humanist Giovanni Pontano renewed an ancient debate on the subject of the relation between poetry and history. The circumstances in which he composed the dialogue Actius were sombre. After the French invasion of 1495 Pontano had lost his official position at court. Although he still composed some correspondence for the government he was no longer charged with important responsibilities and indeed his behavior during the crisis of the invasion had been such that Guicciardini could later accuse him of having shown ingratitude to the dynasty that had for so long furnished him with protection and patronage. At the same time he had been stricken with a series of private misfortunes the chief of which was the loss of his son Lucio.
Studies on Renaissance Humanism during the last Twenty Years
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: May 2006

Since humanism has been traditionally considered as one of the chief intellectual movements of the Renaissance period, it should probably not cause any surprise that humanism in recent years has had the dubious distinction of becoming as much of a historical problem as the Renaissance itself has been for some time. As a matter of fact, the concept of humanism is of comparable complexity, and if we choose to extend it beyond the chronological limits of the Renaissance period, it is almost equally broad. Humanism can be, and has been, defined in a variety of ways, and we might very well take the view that any definition is acceptable provided it is explicitly formulated, the range of its application is clearly indicated, and its original meaning is consistently maintained, especially if the definition seems to have some relevance or validity for the phenomena which it is intended to describe.
Fifteenth-Century Diplomatic Documents in Western European Archives and Libraries (1450-1494)
Authors: Ilardi Vincent
Published: May 2006

The enormous mass of fifteenth-century diplomatic documents deposited in European archives and libraries, mostly in Italy, has never been explored and utilized systematically. Relatively small selections have been published in various collections and appendices of specialized monographs, but the over-all significance of these papers has never been assessed. By contrast sixteenth-century diplomatic documents have given rise to many printed collections and publications ever since the third decade of the last century when Leopold von Ranke first made extensive and effective use of the Venetian dispacci and relazioni in his History of the Popes.
John Bale's Nondramatic Works of Religious Controversy
Authors: Pineas Rainer
Published: May 2006

John Bale is known chiefly as a dramatist and as a bibliographer. His considerable body of nondramatic polemical works has received little attention, probably because most scholars share the feelings of that biographer of Bale who says, ‘Of Bale's works as a controversialist, perhaps the less one says the better.’ However, Bale was an important propagandist for the extreme Protestant position, and a study of his nondramatic polemical works should add something to our knowledge of the art of religious controversy as exercised during the sixteenth century.

Bale's polemical works fall into two categories: those written against the bishops of the English church, accusing them of being no better than the Catholics, and those written against the Catholics themselves, although Bale does occasionally refer to the Enghsh bishops in his anti-Catholic works also.
The Elizabethan Motet: a Study of Texts for Music
Authors: Kerman Joseph
Published: May 2006

An investigation of the Latin motet in Elizabethan England involves the student from the start in a historical problem of some elegance. He is dealing here with a major art-form under peremptory death sentence—the main musical form of the Reformation period, indeed, and like all the arts of the Roman Catholic liturgy, now at the reformers’ mercy. Far from bowing to the sentence, the motet continued to exist; adapted itself with some tact; appeared for the first time in print; and in the work of William Byrd multiplied itself to an extent and in a quality unmatched in English music.
The Implications of Form for The Shepheardes Calender
Authors: Heninger S. K.
Published: May 2006

The Shepheardes Calender is the most avowedly eclectic masterpiece in English. Spenser acknowledges several borrowings in the names of the speakers and in the emblems, as well as in the lines of the poem themselves; and E. K. points to many more. The only really new ingredient is the form, a framework which links the separate eclogues into a connected series. Everything else is conscious imitation of a convention, or at least of a precedent. Therefore the implications of the form become salient in any attempt to assess the distinctive genius of the work.
Three Interpretations of the French Renaissance
Authors: Hornik Henry
Published: May 2006

Whatever chronological limits be determined for the French Renaissance, its history, scholarship, and literature are at least characterized by a clearly discernible attitude which distinguishes them from the work of preceding centuries. This atmosphere is perhaps best expressed by Rabelais in the letter from Gargantua to Pantagruel. Gargantua writes: ‘Maintenant toutes disciplines sont restitutes, les langues instaurées…'. He claims with enthusiasm that ‘Tout le monde est plein de gens savants, de precepteurs très doctes … . Je voy les brigans, les boureaulx, les avanturiers, les palefreniers de maintenant plus doctes que les docteurs et prescheurs de mon temps’, and concludes: ‘Somme queje voy un abysme de science.’
Spenser's House of Care: a Reinterpretation
Authors: Steadman John M.
Published: May 2006

On the fourth book of The Faerie Queene, Scudamour passes a restless night in the house of Care,

… a blacksmith by his trade,

That neither day nor night from working spared,

But to small purpose yron wedges made:

Those be unquiet thoughts, that carefull minds invade.

The smith is assisted by ‘sixe strong groomes’ who keep the visitor awake most of the evening with the din of their

… huge great hammers, that did never rest From heaping stroakes… .

When the knight finally falls asleep, Care awakens him with a pair of red-hot tongs.

That this episode ‘symbolizes Scudamour's jealous wretchedness’ is, as Lemmi observed, perfectly obvious. Indeed Spenser has made the meaning of his ‘darke conceit’ extremely clear.
The Meaning of Strawberries in Shakespeare
Authors: Ross Lawrence J.
Published: May 2006

Shakespearean details of rather minor intrinsic significance sometimes can be worth the most careful examination not only because they previously have been ignored or misinterpreted, but also because such study may serve to indicate neglected resources of the playwright's dramatic language and the methods of historical criticism requisite to master them. The concern of this article is to demonstrate that Shakespeare's references to the strawberry, appearing in quite different dramatic contexts in three plays widely spaced through his career, are examples of such details. Of course the most memorable of these references (and the one to which our main attention will be drawn) occurs in Othello (III.iii.433—4.35) where mention of the strawberry ‘spots’ on the fatal handkerchief helps to vivify Iago's climactic flourish of evidence in the temptation of the Moor.
Thomas Murner, Thomas More, and the First Expression of More's Ecclesiology
Authors: Headley John M.
Published: May 2006

In a letter of 26 August 1523 Thomas More writes to Wolsey about a Franciscan friar, Thomas Murner, who while in Germany has written a book against Luther in defense of the king and recently has been I brought to England under false pretenses. More explains that the king has pitied this friar in his plight and would now have Wolsey reward Murner with £100 to enable him to return home where his presence is very necessary. More continues:

he is one of the chiefe stays agaynst the faction of Luther in that parties, agaynst whom he hath wrytten many bokis in the Almayng tong and now sith his cummyng hither he hath translated in to Latyn the boke that he byfore made in Almaigne in defence of the Kingis boke.
Aspects of More's Latin Style in Utopia
Authors: Surtz Edward
Published: May 2006

Without entering into controversy over the term, we might recall that style in its most comprehensive sense (that is, inasmuch as distinguished and distinguishable from content) would include (i) More's conception of Utopia as both useful and entertaining, (2) his formulation of the theme and its structurization, so to speak, by use of a frame and other devices, (3) his choice of dramatic dialogue as his special medium and its consequent effect upon characterization and setting, and (4) his adaptation of the various elements, especially the comic, to the audience. These broader aspects of style have been treated recently in the Yale Utopia. The present article proposes to supplement—and to complement—the discussion by analyzing More's style in the more usual and narrow sense: the selection and the arrangement of words and phrases which betray the intellectual, emotional, and artistic cast of the author.
Spenser's Image of Sapience
Authors: Quitslund Jon A.
Published: May 2006

The high point of the contemplative ascent described in Spenser's Fowre Hymnes is the poet's vision of Sapience, in 11. 183-287 of ‘An Hymne of Heavenly Beavtie’. Of the several feminine sovereigns in Spenser's poetry, Sapience is the most sublime. Her power to create and preserve encompasses all that is elsewhere delegated to Nature, Venus, Mutabilitie, and Gloriana.

Both heauen and earth obey vnto her will,

And all the creatures which they both containe:

For of her fulnesse which the world doth fill,

They all partake, and do in state remaine,

As their great Maker did at first ordaine,

Through obseruation of her high beheast,

By which they first were made, and still increast.

(197-203)
The Poems of Galeatius Ponticus Facinus
Authors: Richards J. F. C.
Published: May 2006

Some of the Neo-Latin poetry written in the fifteenth century attains real literary distinction, even though the authors may not follow all the rules of classical prosody as they are known to us today. There is also another class of poetry which is less distinguished as literature; but this attracts a certain amount of interest owing to the position of the author, the importance of the men to whom the poems are addressed, or the historical significance of the events to which they refer. The poems written by Galeazzo Pontico Faccino (Galeatius Ponticus Facinus) belong to this second class. The author was active in Padua during a famous period in the history of the university and had a personal relationship with several persons who are better known than he is himself.
Notes on Early Murals in Mexico
Authors: Soria Martin S.
Published: May 2006

Sixteenth-Century mural painting in Mexican monasteries constitutes the richest body of frescoes of that period anywhere in the Hispanic world. I shall attempt to suggest broad dates, agreeing with those proposed by George Kubler. A tentative list is given, arranged by religious orders and states. It is slightly more complete than previous lists. The themes represented are enlarged by a few classical subjects. Finally, a discussion of the sources suggests frequent dependence on European models.
Impeachable Source? On the Use of the Second Edition of Reindorf's History as a Primary Source for the Study of Ghanaian History - II
Authors: Jenkins Ray
Published: May 2006

Here Reindorf described the events leading to the defeat and death of MacCarthy. Unlike Ellis, his account differed substantially -- both in detail and emphasis -- from earlier (mostly British) ones. The panegyric verse with which he closed the chapter was, however, quite typical of the Fante-Wesleyan response to this Governor. With the exception of a few details (and, of course, the vernacular) this chapter is fairly and fully reproduced, including even the panegyric.

In a detailed chapter covering the period from July, 1824 to July, 1826, Reindorf described the siege of Cape Coast and the circumstances inducing the Asante to retire to Kumase. He then traced the recovery and reorganization of the Asante army under Osei Yaw Akoto and the efforts of Europeans and Accra businessmen to revive the southern alliance. In his own work Cruickshank was concerned only with the siege and withdrawal and on these parts Reindorf relied for some events of the siege. But, rather characteristically, he emphasized the Gã role in certain of these (197/190).

It has been argued that one of the more salient features of Reindorf's work is its palpable orientation toward the Gãs. The extent to which this is valid criticism will be discussed below but, rather ironically, the evidence in this chapter which might support this thesis has been largely omitted from History II. For example, in the second sentence of the chapter Reindorf had labeled the Gas as “bull-dogs of the European governments” for fighting in no fewer than five engagements between March of 1823 and June of 1824, but this was omitted in History II (196/[189]).
Bushi and the Historians: Historiographical Themes in Eastern Kivu
Authors: Newbury David
Published: May 2006

Historical studies of Kivu are still in their very infancy. Recent work has been carried out in Bufulero, Bushi, Buhavu, and Bunande, but lacking the results of these studies, historians working from published materials have very few sources at their disposal. Existing sources include works by Colle, Moeller, Willame, and Cuypers, with the latter two based primarily on the former, at least in their historical dimensions. Because the sources are so few and are essentially similar, little critical attention has been given them; by constant citation and repetition they have become hallowed as truth and used as a basis for teaching and university theses. By this process such essentially colonial interpretations have become entrenched in the historical ontology of the region. This paper proposes to review some of the written sources in light of current research in the region, by first presenting certain themes which appear to have guided earlier historical inquiry and then discussing the works of these four influential authors in light of these themes.

The first attempts to record historical traditions in the Kivu area were influenced by earlier studies of Rwanda which emphasized the centralized and hierarchical nature of the Rwandan state. Many of the early missionaries and Zairean priests in Kivu, men to whom contemporary researchers owe much for their accumulated sources, had close contacts with the seminaries and published work in Rwanda. In most historical works, Rwanda was seen as the end development for other states in the region, and prominence was given to those historical factors which were assumed to have had a common impact throughout the area.
Arabic Materials in the Government Archives of Zanzibar
Authors: al-Naqar ʿUmar
Published: May 2006

This paper results from two visits to the Archives at Zanzibar in 1975 and 1976, lasting in all approximately three weeks. Access to these archives has not been an easy matter for some time, though more recently a few scholars have been able to secure permission to use them. This paper is an examination solely of the Arabic materials in the Archives, and may be of use to those who intend to use the Archives, particularly non-Arabic-speaking scholars.

The collection was originally housed in the museum of Bayt al-Amānī before it was moved to its present site, a modern building centrally situated on the main road to the airport. There is a large reading room with an open shelf library containing various studies on Zanzibar, Zanzibar government publications, and a newspaper collection. Other documents are available on request from stacks housed in the lower part of the building. Regretably, however, no photocopying facilities are presently available. Copies of an inventory prepared in 1954 may be consulted in the reading room.
The Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair: A Problem in the Early Colonial Historiography of East Africa
Authors: Maxon Robert , Javersak David
Published: May 2006

On the morning of 25 November 1895 Maasai fighting men slaughtered hundreds of Kikuyu and Swahili caravan porters and askari in the Kedong Valley of Kenya (then in the Uganda Protectorate); the carnage caused one European to describe the area as the “Valley of Death.” The next day Andrew Dick, a British trader formerly with the Imperial British East Africa Company, learned of the massacre and resolved to avenge it. In a fierce counter-attack, Dick killed at least one hundred Maasai before being put to death himself.

While they were dramatic events, the Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair are of far less significance from the perspective of the 1980s than during the colonial period. They were without question also much less important than was often assumed in bringing about amicable relations between the Maasai and the British. However, the concern of this paper will be with the varying accounts of these incidents that are available to the historian today, and the problems of the sources of the early colonial history of East Africa that are put in somewhat depressing perspective by the fact that, as Charles Miller has remarked, “nearly every individual writing about the 1890s has his own version of the incidents.” Many of these versions, often accepted as independent sources, have been adopted from the accounts of others. Through comparison of accounts one can use internal evidence to suggest an individual author's unacknowledged sources and in some cases trace the “genealogy” of the account. At the risk of further complicating the picture, we will attempt to analyze the historiography of the incidents and suggest that scholars and popular writers have largely overlooked or ignored one important account of the massacre and its aftermath.
On Using the White Fathers' Archives
Authors: Dickerman Carol W.
Published: May 2006

The Société des Missionnaires d'Afrique, more commonly known as the Pères Blancs or White Fathers, began its work of proselytizing in northern and sub-Saharan Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century. Their archives, located in Rome, are a treasure trove for Africanists of all disciplines. In founding the order in 1868, Cardinal Lavigerie, archbishop of Algiers, charged its members to bring Christianity to Africa not by imposing European civilization on Africans but rather by converting the inner man while maintaining the external indigenous forms of dress, food, shelter, and especially language. Lavigerie wrote that it was thus indispensible for the fathers to learn the local language as rapidly as possible, and in areas where the language had not yet been studied, one member of the mission was to spend one or two hours each day compiling a dictionary. In addition, the superior of each post was to keep a daily journal in which he entered, among other matters, information gleaned from the local people about their history, geography, and customs. This journal, Lavigerie wrote, could easily become “une mine féconde.” Another obligation of the superior was to send a monthly letter to the Maison-Mère in Algiers describing the progress of the mission, the health of its members, and any extraordinary local events or activities by the authorities.

These injunctions of Lavigerie have yielded a very valuable collection of material on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Africa that is housed in the White Fathers' headquarters in Rome. (The transfer from Algiers took place in 1952.)
Report on Archives of the Popular and Revolutionary Republic of Guinea in Conakry
Authors: Klein Martin A.
Published: May 2006

Before I came to Conakry I had been warned that the archives were in poor condition, had suffered damage from the elements and from the termites, and were not well maintained. One scholar who worked here in the 1960s spoke not only of termite damage but of chickens and goats wandering through. To my pleasant surprise I have found that the archives are fairly extensive, that they are in relatively good condition, and that they are being maintained as well as can be expected. The locale is not an ideal one, though its location on an exposed point of land near the sea makes for pleasant breezes and good cross-ventilation. There is no control of either temperature or humidity in the building. While some dossiers are partially damaged, I have not seen one that is not usable. My biggest problem has been the handwriting of the clerks and administrators who made copies of correspondence in local registers.

The original work of organizing the archives was done by Madeira Keita, the R.D.A. leader, who worked here during the early 1950s. The classification system he set up was maintained by Damien d'Almeida, who published a repertoire in 1962. The repertoire is fairly detailed and it notes when a dossier or a register is in poor condition. The classification system is sound, though occasionally one finds documents, reports, and correspondance grouped together in a haphazard manner. The problem was more the sloppy recordkeeping of the colonial administration than the work of the undermanned archivists. In general, I have been to find what I have wanted and the organization has been very useful. The present archivist, Moctar Ba, is competent and seems conscientious.
An Inventory of Microfilms of Selected Danish Archives (Rigsarkvet-Københaven) Concerning West Africa
Authors: Sanders James
Published: May 2006

The following inventory of eighty-five reels of microfilm represents a selection of documents which relate to West Africa from the State Archives of Denmark. The documents date from 1624 to 1823, though the majority of them originated in the eighteenth century. They were taken from three major classes of records in the Rigsarkivet in Copenhagen: the West India and Guinea Company (Vestindiskguineisk Kompagni), the Guinea Company (Guineisk Kompagni), and the Various Records from Guinea (Diverse arkivalier fra Guinea). The West India and Guinea Company and the Guinea Company (or, more specifically, the Royal Chartered Danish Guinea Trading Company) were two of the most important companies involved in the West African trade in the eighteenth century. However, there was another, the Royal Danish Baltic-Guinea Company, which received a charter in 1779. Unfortunately, its records have not survived. Most of the documents in this collection are written in Danish, but some are in Dutch since many of the Danish Guinea Company's employees were Dutch.

The West India and Guinea Company (1671-1755) archives consist of three groups of material: company records in Copenhagen, records sent to Denmark from the Government on the Guinea Coast (1698-1754), and accounts sent to Denmark from the Guinea Coast (1698-1754). The company records in Copenhagen, inventory numbers 28-483 (reel numbers 1-27), consist mainly of letter books of the Board of Directors and incoming and outgoing letters and documents. Records in the second group, inventory numbers 880-890 (reel numbers 27-33), include Minutes of the Council at Christiansborg and journals, letter books, and court records. The third group, inventory numbers 891-932 (reel numbers 33-50), consists mostly of account books, cash books, and ledgers.
The Kumase Branch of the National Archives of Ghana: A Situation Report and Introduction for Prospective Users
Authors: Austin Gareth
Published: May 2006

The Ashanti Regional Office of the National Archives of Ghana is a repository of great value for historians and social scientists of Asante, and of major importance for Ghana studies generally. So far, its contents are semiorganized and they are decaying steadily. Having worked several stretches in it during the period from 1979 to August 1985, I offer the following account from a researcher's perspective, aimed at providing a guide to some practicalities of using this archive; at highlighting its need for greater resources; at going some way to clarify how its contents are arranged; and finally, at briefly illustrating their--hitherto underestimated--importance to scholars.

The NAG-K is situated in the grounds of the National Cultural Centre. The formal requirement for admission is a NAG Searcher's Ticket, obtainable on the spot or at the Accra headquarters, normally by means of a letter of introduction. The Archivist, Mr. C.A. Azangweo, and his often-changing staff have maintained an impressive friendliness and helpfulness over very difficult years. But as in the Ghanaian public service generally, low pay has led to an exodus of skilled personnel and contributed to low morale among most of those who remain, while suspension of non-salary expenditure has undermined conditions of work and, more importantly, the physical state of the documents themselves.
Oral Tradition: Primary Source Only for the Collector?
Authors: Heintze Beatrix
Published: May 2006

The golden rule of all scientific publication is that the reader must be in a position to be able to check the author's statements.

The scientific level of existing publications of oral traditions is, as a rule, not very high.

The ideal treatment of oral traditional materials by the historian may be considered as occurring in four main stages:

1. the collection of the traditions in the field

2. the creation of a primary souce with the pubhcation of the raw materials

3. the analysis of this raw material

4. the creation of a secondary source with the publication of the results of this analysis and interpretation

These various stages cannot easily be demarcated very clearly. Preliminary analyses influence the field work and often pass into the pubhcation of the raw material (that is, the nature of the published material is anticipated in the very recording of the data). In turn, the publication of the interpretative analysis frequently contains quotations from the raw field data and should yield insights into the analytical process.

The accumulated (and rather extensive) literature on this subject has heretofore been devoted mainly to the analysis of traditions, and quite rightly so: if anything, it has tended to discuss the methodological problems associated with the analysis, sometimes drawing attention to these problems for the first time. After Jan Vansina, it was Philip Curtin who particularly concerned himself with the first stage (the collecting and recording of traditions in the field), outlining the standard to be sought and offering a series of important practical suggestions. In my opinion, Curtin is the only author so far who has dealt in a systematic manner with the preliminary processing and publication of the raw material (stage 2) and established guidelines for it.
New Light on Venda Traditions: Mahumane's Account of 1730
Authors: Liesegang Gerhard
Published: May 2006

In the early eighteenth century a Venda kingdom stretched from the Limpopo in the north to the Olifants or even Ngwenya (Crocodile) in the south and included the much smaller area now inhabited by the Venda. The main evidence for the existence of this polity comes from data on the Venda gathered between 1723 and 1730 by the Dutch at Delagoa Bay. The most substantial of these sources, part of which has been transcribed and translated here, is the so called ‘report of Mahumane’, an African from the chiefdom of Mpfumo near the Dutch trading factory who had visited the Venda king in 1727/28 and who named a number of rivers which can still be identified. Mahumane's account supports Venda traditions of an earlier and larger state, a tradition whose validity has sometimes been questioned in the last decades. The report shows that from the early eighteenth to the second half of the nineteenth centuries cultural and political changes occurred which influenced the identification of groups by outsiders and to some extent also their own self-identification. In turn this suggests that it is not always safe to project groups and polities as they existed in the second half of the nineteenth century into the remoter past.

The report also contains some information on the Lemba and on the northern and eastern neighbors of the Venda. In order not to raise false hopes I might add that Mahumane's account contains no information on the identity of the royal lineage of the Venda in the 1720's and earlier.