bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural Law and Goodness in Thomistic Ethics
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the essay is to recover a correct conception of natural law and goodness in the ethics of Saint Thomas Aquinas. It suggests that the dominant interpretation of Thomism known by legal philosophers—that of John Finnis—is importantly at variance with Aquinas’s true account. Against the dominant interpretation, a true account of natural law must (i) differentiate between natural law and ethics in the full sense (moral theology), and (ii) interpret references to human good as references to virtuous goodness rather than non-moral goodness. The main body of the essay explores the place of these concepts in Aquinas’s account of ethics.
Rights Modelling
Authors: Frydrych David
Published: February 2017

This paper has four aims. First it distinguishes two kinds of philosophical accounts of the ‘formal’ features of rights: models and theories. Models outline the ‘conceptually basic’ types of rights (if indeed a given model deems there to be more than one), their differences, and their relationships with duties, liabilities, etc. Theories of rights posit a supposed ultimate purpose for all rights and provide criteria for determining what counts as ‘a right’ in the first place. Second, the paper argues that Monistic rights models (ones positing only a single basic type of right) are under-inclusive. They wrongly exclude and cannot explain relevant data, i.e., ordinary and legal linguistic practices. The third aim is to show that certain Pluralistic models are over-inclusive in terms of what they count as ‘rights’. Fourth, the paper begins to touch upon, but does not provide, criteria for determining what counts as ‘a right’. Two candidate factors will be addressed.
When Procedure Takes Priority: A Theoretical Evaluation of the Contemporary Trends in Criminal Procedure and Evidence Law
Authors: Malcai Ofer , Levine-Schnur Ronit
Published: February 2017

Current legal trends tend to obscure the sharp distinction between substance and procedure. This tendency is manifested,inter alia, as a growing dependence of procedural norms in substantive law; greater flexibility of procedural norms; and growing judicial discretion to deviate from procedural rules. In order to evaluate these contemporary trends, we provide a theoretical analysis of the basic relationships between procedural norms and substantive legal outcomes. This framework reveals the moral commitments underling these modern trends as opposed to the moral foundations of the traditional view that legal decisions should be made under rigid procedural constraints. Focusing on criminal evidence law, the proposed theoretical framework is applied to some of the ongoing legal debates, such as about the admissibility of evidence seized in violation of rights, the exclusion of statistical and character evidence, and the flexibility of the reasonable doubt standard of proof.
Organizational and training factors that promote team science: A qualitative analysis and application of theory to the National Institutes of Health’s BIRCWH career development program
Authors: Guise Jeanne-Marie , Winter Susan , Fiore Stephen M. , Regensteiner Judith G. , Nagel Joan
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Research organizations face challenges in creating infrastructures that cultivates and sustains interdisciplinary team science. The objective of this paper is to identify structural elements of organizations and training that promote team science.

Methods

We qualitatively analyzed the National Institutes of Health’s Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health, K12 using organizational psychology and team science theories to identify organizational design factors for successful team science and training.

Principal Results

Seven key design elements support team science: (1) semiformal meta-organizational structure, (2) shared context and goals, (3) formal evaluation processes, (4) meetings to promote communication, (5) role clarity in mentoring, (6) building interpersonal competencies among faculty and trainees, and (7) designing promotion and tenure and other organizational processes to support interdisciplinary team science.

Conclusion

This application of theory to a long-standing and successful program provides important foundational elements for programs and institutions to consider in promoting team science.
Drop impact on small surfaces: thickness and velocity profiles of the expanding sheet in the air
Authors: Wang Y. , Bourouiba L.
Published: February 2017

We consider the radially expanding sheet formed upon impact of a drop on a surface of comparable size to that of the drop. A unified self-similar solution for the unsteady radial thickness profile of the expanding sheet is derived from first principles in the inviscid limit. This unified functional form reconciles two conflicting theoretical profiles of sheet thickness proposed in the literature and allows for the collapse on a single curve direct measurements of sheet thickness profiles reported in the literature and the detailed measurements conducted herein. We show good agreement between our proposed unified thickness profile and data from our experiments for a range of surface-to-drop size ratios. We show that there is an optimal range of surface-to-drop size ratio for which the hypothesis of inviscid thin sheet expansion in the air holds. Outside of this optimal range, either insufficient vertical momentum is transferred to horizontal momentum to form an expanding sheet or viscous effects become too important to neglect. In this latter regime, the dominant effect of surface friction is to modify the velocity profile. We elucidate this effect using a Blasius-type boundary layer model. Finally, we relate the geometry of the drop in its early phase of impact to the sheet thickness profile in the air. We show that the coefficients of the proposed unified similarity thickness profile can directly be linked to volume flux conservation at early times, and to the maximum sheet thickness at the edge of the surface. Our results thus quantitatively link the fluid history on the surface to the thickness and velocity profiles of the freely expanding sheet in the air.
Droplet dynamics and fine-scale structure in a shearless turbulent mixing layer with phase changes
Authors: Götzfried Paul , Kumar Bipin , Shaw Raymond A. , Schumacher Jörg
Published: February 2017

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a shearless mixing layer in a small fraction of the cloud–clear air interface are performed to study the response of an ensemble of cloud water droplets to the turbulent entrainment of clear air into a cloud filament. The main goal of this work is to understand how mixing of cloudy and clear air evolves as turbulence and thermodynamics interact through phase changes, and how the cloud droplets respond. In the main simulation case, mixing proceeds between a higher level of turbulence in the cloudy filament and a lower level of turbulence in the clear air environment – the typical shearless mixing layer set-up. Fluid turbulence is driven solely by buoyancy, which incorporates feedbacks from the temperature, the vapour content and the liquid water content fields. Two different variations on the core set of shearless mixing layer simulations are discussed, a simulation in a larger domain and a simulation with the same turbulence level inside the filament and its environment. Overall, it is found that, as evaporation occurs for the droplets that enter subsaturated clear air regions, buoyancy comes to dominate the subsequent evolution of the mixing layer. The buoyancy feedback leads initially to downdraughts at the cloudy–clear air interface and to updraughts in the bulk regions. The strength of the turbulence after initial transients depends on the domain size, showing that the range of scales is an important parameter in the shearless mixing layer set-up. In contrast, the level of turbulence in the clear air is found to have little effect on the evolution of the mixing process. The distributions of cloud water droplet size, supersaturation at the droplet positions and vertical velocity are more sensitive to domain size than to the details of the turbulence profile, suggesting that the evolution of cloud microphysics is more sensitive to large-scale as opposed to small-scale properties of the flow.
Optimal convection cooling flows in general 2D geometries
Authors: Alben S.
Published: February 2017

We generalize a recent method for computing optimal 2D convection cooling flows in a horizontal layer to a wide range of geometries, including those relevant for technological applications. We write the problem in a conformal pair of coordinates which are the pure conduction temperature and its harmonic conjugate. We find optimal flows for cooling a cylinder in an annular domain, a hot plate embedded in a cold surface, and a channel with a hot interior and cold exterior. With a constraint of fixed kinetic energy, the optimal flows are all essentially the same in the conformal coordinates. In the physical coordinates, they consist of vortices ranging in size from the length of the hot surface to a small cutoff length at the interface of the hot and cold surfaces. With the constraint of fixed enstrophy (or fixed rate of viscous dissipation), a geometry-dependent metric factor appears in the equations. The conformal coordinates are useful here because they map the problems to a rectangular domain, facilitating numerical solutions. With a small enstrophy budget, the optimal flows are dominated by vortices that have the same size as the flow domain.
Measurements of wave damping by a grease ice slick in Svalbard using off-the-shelf sensors and open-source electronics
Authors: RABAULT JEAN , SUTHERLAND GRAIG , GUNDERSEN OLAV , JENSEN ATLE
Published: February 2017

Versatile instruments assembled from off-the-shelf sensors and open-source electronics are used to record wave propagation and damping measured by Inertial Motion Units (IMUs) in a grease ice slick near the shore in Adventfjorden, Svalbard. Viscous attenuation of waves due to the grease ice slick is clearly visible by comparing the IMU data recorded by the different instruments. The frequency dependent spatial damping of the waves is computed by comparing the power spectral density obtained from the different IMUs. We model wave attenuation using the one-layer model of Weber from 1987. The best-fit value for the effective viscosity is ν = (0.95 ± 0.05 × 10−2)m2 s−1, and the coefficient of determination is R2 = 0.89. The mean absolute error and RMSE of the damping coefficient are 0.037 and 0.044m−1, respectively. These results provide continued support for improving instrument design for recording wave propagation in ice-covered regions, which is necessary to this area of research as many authors have underlined the need for more field data.
Evidence for two sympatric sirenian species (Mammalia, Tethytheria) in the early Oligocene of Central Europe
Authors: Voss Manja , Hampe Oliver
Published: February 2017

The early Oligocene (Rupelian) sirenianHalitherium schinziiKaup, 1838, which represents the type species of the genusHalitheriumKaup, 1838, is revised herein based on a morphological re-evaluation of skeletal material originally assigned to this taxon. This study provides new and comprehensive information on the cranial and postcranial anatomy and allows the distinction of two sympatric species. Following a recent approach on the invalidity and subsequent rejection ofH.schinziiKaup, 1838,Kaupitherium gruellinew genus new species is established on the basis of a nearly complete holotype. The second taxon resemblesK.gruellin. sp. in a number of skeletal features, such as reduced nasals and absence of the canines, but can be clearly distinguished mainly by the post-canine dental formula and the supraoccipital morphology. The diagnostic skullcap of a species formerly synonymized under “H.schinzii” is re-validated as the holotype ofK.bronni(Krauss, 1858). On the basis of paleoecological implications, a hypothesis is established to explain the overlapping stratigraphic and biogeographic occurrences (i.e., sympatry of both taxa). A diagnosis and up-to-date synonymy complement the taxonomical information. The revision of “H.schinzii” provides new data on the past sirenian diversity and forms the basis for a taxonomic and systematic re-evaluation of species originally grouped in the genus “Halitherium.”
Radiocarbon Dating of Leaf Waxes in the Loess-Paleosol Sequence Kurtak, Central Siberia
Authors: Haas Mischa , Bliedtner Marcel , Borodynkin Igor , Salazar Gary , Szidat Sönke , Eglinton Timothy Ian , Zech Roland
Published: February 2017

Loess-paleosol sequences (LPS) are valuable archives for Quaternary climate and environmental changes. So far, LPS are generally dated using luminescence, with ~10% uncertainties, or radiocarbon (14C) analyses in the rare cases that charcoal or macrofossils are available. For this study, we determined 14C ages of leaf waxes (long-chain n-alkanes) extracted from the LPS Kurtak in central Siberia. 14C ages range from 16.7 to 22.9 ka cal BP for the last glacial loess and from 24.5 to 35.3 ka cal BP for the paleosol correlated with marine isotope stage (MIS) 3. Overall, this is in good agreement with independent age control based on stratigraphy, infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating, and 14C dating on charcoal and macrofossils. However, strong cryoturbation and solifluction seem to have affected the MIS 3 paleosol early during MIS 2. Our results corroborate the stratigraphic integrity of leaf waxes, and highlight their potential for dating LPS back to ~35–40 ka BP. Compared to compound-specific 14C analyses, which are very time-consuming and require specialized instrumentation (gas chromatograph with fraction collector), 14C dating of leaf waxes as a whole compound class is relatively quick and straightforward and warrants further investigation as a chronological tool.
Induced drag and wake kinetic
energy
Authors: Spalart P
Published: February 2017

This 2007 Lanchester Lecture covered a theoretical
result, thought to be new and in print in the
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, and
some lines of thought on the interpretation of
induced drag and recurring paradoxes which interfere
with teaching ‘how wings work’. Some of these were
presented in the author's 1998 Annual Review. The
difficulties are not confined to drag, but also
concern lift; they are no less severe in two
dimensions than in three. The flow-field in the far
wake of an aircraft is examined with the primary
purpose of identifying lift and drag in a simple and
unified manner, preferably an intuitive one
acceptable by novices (and even by those who mind
using Bernoulli's equation!).
The Resistance to Torsion of Woods
Authors: Stone Herbert
Published: February 2017

The only experiments on the resistance to torsion of woods that I have been able to find are those of Benjamin Bevan, in the “ Philosophical Transactions ” of 1829, p. 127. As these may interest the members of the Aeronautical Society I give below a list of his results. I have, however, taken the liberty of substituting my own records for the average weights per cubic foot, as Bevan gives but few, and these to my mind are unsatisfactory, being the result of single trials, whereas mine are the mean of series of tests collected from all sources. I have then rearranged the list according to these weights in order to test Bevan's suggestion, that “the modulus of torsion bears a near relation to the weight of the wood.” Certainly the higher results are found amongst the heavier woods; there are, however, a few exceptions that render a blind confidence in this rule somewhat dangerous and it should be accepted as a rough guide only. I regard it more as a demonstration of the very general fact that, apart from freaks of structure, heavy woods are in all respects stronger than light woods.
Stress Optical Experiments
Authors: Low A. R.
Published: February 2017

Sir David Brewster in 1816 discovered that an isotropic transparent solid, such as glass, behaves as a temporary crystal under stress, and when examined in the polariscope between crossed Nicols exhibits the characteristic colours of crystalline plates.

Since Brewster's day this property has been studied by a number of observers. Clerk Maxwell showed that isinglass jelly would show the colours under stress when in its soft state, and retained them, more or less permanently, when allowed to harden under strain. To him is due the first attempt to apply this effect to the exploration of the stress system in the plane of a strained plate; experimental investigations of this nature were afterwards carried out by Carus Wilson, by Major Filon, and by Prof. E. G. Coker, F.R.S.

Neither glass, however, nor isinglass jelly forms a suitable material for the investigation by this means of stresses in engineering structures. Glass does not lend itself readily to the construction of such models as regards shape and jointing.
Dynamics and control of different aircraft formation structures
Authors: Giulietti F. , Mengali G.
Published: February 2017

The problem of aircraft formation dynamics and control is investigated from the viewpoint of formation architecture. Three different formation structures, leader-wingman, virtual leader and behavioural approaches are introduced. A comparative study is made using a unified approach through a suitable control law. The formation systems are analyzed on a quantitative basis and objective results are made available for the designer. The trade-off between system performance and complexity is indicated. A complete nonlinear simulation involving a flight-path change and a heading change manoeuvre is discussed. Results show the superiority of a behavioural approach to maintain close formations of vehicles.
Experimental and numerical investigation of confined unsteady supersonic flow over cavities
Authors: Anavaradham T. K. G. , Chandra B. U. , Babu V. , Chakravarthy S. R. , Panneerselvam S.
Published: February 2017

Experimental investigations were carried out to study the acoustic radiation from a rectangular wall mounted cavity in a confined supersonic flow. The free-stream Mach number was maintained at 1·5 and the cavity length-to-depth ratio was varied from 0·43 to 5·0. Acoustic measurements made on the top wall show jumps in the dominant frequency as the cavity behaviour changes from shallow-to-square-to-deep cavity. Numerical simulations of this unsteady two-dimensional flow using the commercially available software FLUENT have also been carried out. Unsteady pressure data at the same location in the flow field as the pressure transducers in the experiments was collected. FFT analysis of the unsteady pressure data was performed to obtain the dominant acoustic frequencies. The values for these dominant frequencies predicted by the numerical calculations agree well with experimental data. The numerical study also predicts the frequency jump observed in experiments.
Revenge Porn by Teens in the United States and India: A Socio-Legal Analysis
Authors: Halder Debarati , Jaishankar K.
Published: February 2017

Sexting among teens has become a huge problem in the US as well as in India. This has given birth to numerous issues including issues related to child pornography, exploitation of images by perpetrators and revenge porn. While in the US laws are being created and tested for regulating sexting in relation to revenge porn, the situation is quite different in India. This paper emphasises that there is a lacuna in dealing with adolescent sexual behaviour including revenge taking attitude with the help of sexted images. This paper argues that instead of dealing the issue of revenge porn by teens in the traditional procedural ways as has been laid down in the legal provisions or by way of rusticating the children (including the perpetrators and the victim) from the school as has happened in India in several occasions, Therapeutic Jurisprudence approach should be taken up.
Le 17e Congrès mondial de criminologie: un rapport
Authors: Viano Emilio C.
Published: February 2017

Le 17e Congrès mondial de criminologie s'est déroulé à Monterrey, dans l'Etat du Nuevo Leon, du 11 au 13 août 2014. Le Congrès mondial de criminologie est le principal événement criminologique qui réunisse les meilleurs académiques, chercheurs, professionnels et décideurs pour discuter des questions pertinentes et présentes concernant le crime et la déviance et leur prévention sous l’égide de la Société internationale de criminologie.
THE SURVIVAL CON: FRAUD AND FORGERY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BIAFRA, 1967–70
Authors: DALY SAMUEL FURY CHILDS
Published: February 2017

Over the course of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70), many people in the secessionist Republic of Biafra resorted to forgery, confidence scams, and other forms of fraud to survive the dire conditions created by Nigeria's blockade. Forgery of passes and other documents, fraudulent commercial transactions, and elaborate schemes involving impersonation and racketeering became common in Biafra, intensifying as the Biafran government's ability to enforce the law diminished. Using long-neglected legal records from Biafra's courts and tribunals, this study traces the process by which deception emerged as a practice of survival in wartime Biafra – a process with important implications for the growth of fraud (known as ‘419’ after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code) in reintegrated postwar Nigeria.
NONCONFORMITY IN AFRICA'S CULTURAL HISTORY
Authors: PETERSON DEREK R.
Published: February 2017

This article uses E. P. Thompson's last book – Witness against the Beast (1993) – as an occasion to claim oddity, peculiarity, and nonconformity as subjects of African history. Africa's historians have been engaged in an earnest effort to locate contemporary cultural life within the longue durée, but in fact there was much that was strange and eccentric. Here I focus on the reading habits and interpretive strategies that inspired nonconformity. Nonconformists read the Bible idiosyncratically, snipping bits of text out of the fabric of the book and using these slogans to launch heretical and odd ways of living. Over time, some of them sought to position themselves in narrative structures that could authenticate and legitimate their dissident religious activity. That entailed experimentation with voice, positionality, and addressivity.
WHIGS AND HUNTERS: THE PATH NOT TAKEN
Authors: WHITE LUISE
Published: February 2017

E. P. Thompson'sWhigs and Huntershas had an enormous impact on African historiography in its articulation of the relationship between property and law and the subsequent criminalization of customary practices. Some of the other themes in this book – indistinct bands of law-breaking peasants, people and animals, notions of the wild, and the near impossibility of commonplace judicial murder in peacetime – have not been taken up. This article argues for a broader engagement with this book and to remind African historians that the many facets and eras of Thompson's scholarship should encourage a more flexible reading of his work.
DREAMS AND POLITICAL IMAGINATION IN COLONIAL BUGANDA
Authors: EARLE JONATHON L.
Published: February 2017

This article explores the intellectual history of dreaming practices in the eastern African kingdom of Buganda. Whereas Muslim dissenters used their dreams to challenge colonial authority following the kingdom's late nineteenth-century religious wars, political historians such as Apolo Kaggwa removed the political practice of dreaming from Buganda's official histories to deplete the visionary archives from which dissenters continued to draw. Kaggwa's strategy, though, could only be pressed so far. Recently unearthed vernacular sources show that Christian activists, such as Erieza Bwete and Eridadi Mulira, continued to marshal their dreams and literacy to imagine competing visions of Buganda's colonial monarchy. Earlier scholars had argued that modernity and literacy would displace the political function of dreams. This article, by contrast, proposes that sleeping visions took on new, more complicated meanings throughout the twentieth century. Literacy offered new technologies to expound upon the political implications of dreams and a vast repository of symbols to enrich interpretative performances.
A Church in Transition: The Intriguing Use of the Pallium in Tudor England
Authors: AYRIS PAUL
Published: February 2017

What was the source of authority in the Church in Tudor England? This article traces the use of an ancient symbol of the power of metropolitan archbishops, the woollen pallium, between 1533 and 1603. The later Henrician Church saw this garment as a sign of royal supremacy. Under Mary, however, Archbishop Pole made extravagant claims which led the Elizabethan Church to reject earlier Tudor notions of this symbol. Set against the backdrop of the source of episcopal jurisdiction, this article traces the use of the pallium in England in a Church moving from Roman obedience to a Protestant settlement.
The Bearing Capacity of Floating Ice Plates Subjected to Static or Quasi-Static Loads
Authors: Kerr Arnold D.
Published: February 2017

This paper contains a critical survey of the literature on the bearing capacity of floating ice plates. It consists of a discussion of general questions, a critical survey of analytical attempts to determine the bearing capacity of floating ice plates and a survey of field and laboratory tests on floating ice plates and their relation to the analytical results. It concludes with a systematic summary of the results, a discussion of observed shortcomings, and suggestions for needed investigations.
Ice Lensing, Thermal Diffusion and Water Migration in Freezing Soil
Authors: C. Palmer Andrew
Published: February 2017

When a surface layer of the soil freezes, both heat and water diffuse from the unfrozen soil beneath to the frozen region. Often the soil does not freeze homogeneously but distinct ice lenses form. An analysis of the diffusion and ice nucleation processes suggests conditions under which ice lensing can be expected; in particular, it is shown that multiple ice lenses cannot form unless the soil thermal diffusivity is greater than the water diffusion coefficient. Analysis of a simple one-dimensional case (a semi-infinite mass of homogeneous soil whose surface temperature is suddenly lowered) gives the temperature and water-content fields as functions of time; these agree with those observed in an experimental study of freezing clay.
The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf: Recent Changes of the Ice Front
Authors: Hattersley-Smith G.
Published: February 2017

Massive calving of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, northern Ellesmere Island, occurred between August 1961 and April 1962. An estimated 596 km.2 of ice shelf with a volume of 18 to 24 km.3 became detached to form ice islands, five of which are very large with areas ranging from 70 to 140 km.2. The fracture pattern and the subsequent drift of these ice islands are discussed.
Vertical strain-rate measurements in an arctic ice cap and gerductions freom them
Authors: Paterson W. S. B.
Published: February 2017

Closely spaced measurements of diameter of thermally drilled bore holes reveal a pattern of small variations. These patterns serve to igerntify points on the bore-hole wall; thus the change in length of sections of bore hole can be gertermined as a function of time. This method has been used to measure vertical strain-rate as a function of gerpth in two bore holes near the crest of the Devon Island ice cap. The measured strain-rate, corrected for firn compaction, varies significantly with gerpth. The vertical component of velocity at the surface was gertermined freom the contraction rate of a bore hole that penetrated to the base of the ice. Comparison of this velocity with the present accumulation rate suggests that the ice cap, in the vicinity of the bore hole, is thickening slightly at present. The age of the ice at various gerpths, as calculated freom the measured vertical velocities, is in broad agreement with radio-carbon dates covering the past 6 000 years. This suggests that the flow of the ice cap has not varied significantly over this period, and thus that the present accumulation rate, which is causing thickening, is slightly above the average for the period.
Radio-echo sounding of temperate glaciers: ice properties and soungerr gersign criteria
Authors: Watts Raymond D. , England Anthony W.
Published: February 2017

This is the first paper in a two-part series which gerscribes the gersign, operation, and testing of a successful 5 MHz radio-echo soungerr for temperate glaciers. This part gerals with the electromagnetic characteristics of temperate glaciers at radio freequencies. Earlier workers' problems in sounding through temperate ice are explained in terms of electromagnetic scattering by water-filled voids. The freequency gerpengernce of the scattering indicates that returns freom scatterers diminish rapidly at freequencies below about 10 MHz. A system with the following characteristics is recommengerd: a transmitted pulse with a center freequency of about 5 MHz, duration of about 1 cycle, and a receiver which is untuned and which measures field intensity rather than power. Spectral methods for studying the size distribution of scatterers are presented. An actual instrument and field trials will be gerscribed in a forthcoming publication by R. S. Vickers and R. Bollen.
Pleistocene Glaciation in Ethiopia: New Evigernce
Authors: Potter E. C.
Published: February 2017

Geomorphological evigernce indicates that Mount Badda, Ethiopia, had a Pleistocene ice cap of at least 140 km2. Altituger of the snow line was probably about 4 000 m, only 350 m below the summit, suggesting that glaciation occurred during the Würm glacial maximum.
Size and structure of the southernmost population of the Endangered Barbary macaqueMacaca sylvanusin the western Moroccan High Atlas
Authors: Namous Salwa , Znari Mohammed , Ait Baamrane Moulay Abdeljalil , Naimi Mohamed , Aourir Mohamed , Siess Jan , Mokhtari Soraya
Published: February 2017

The Barbary macaqueMacaca sylvanusis imperiled throughout its distribution range in north-west Africa. In the summers of 2009 and 2013 we used the piecewise line-transect distance sampling method to study the southernmost population in the High Ourika valley, in the western High Atlas of Morocco. This rugged mountainous area is dominated by degraded fruit-poor environments, mostly holm oakQuercus rotundifoliaforest patches. We located four and two groups in 2009 and 2013, respectively, and estimated population sizes of 122 and 84 individuals. The mean group size was 12 individuals in 2009 and 46 in 2013. The estimated mean density (individuals per km2) varied among groups (10–171), with a mean of 27. The population structure varied significantly among groups and years. Our records comprised 24.8 and 20% adult males, 24.8 and 22% adult females, 11 and 13% subadults, 13 and 17% juveniles and 26.4 and 26.3% infants in 2009 and 2013, respectively. In both years 50–56% of the population consisted of young individuals (subadults excluded). The mean sex ratio among adults was 1 : 1. The apparent fecundity rate was 1.06 infants per adult female. We propose conservation actions to protect this peripheral population of Barbary macaques.
Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bradley A. J. , Webb-Mitchell R. , Hazu A. , Slater N. , Middleton B. , Gallagher P. , McAllister-Williams H. , Anderson K. N.
Published: February 2017

Background

Subjective reports of insomnia and hypersomnia are common in bipolar disorder (BD). It is unclear to what extent these relate to underlying circadian rhythm disturbance (CRD). In this study we aimed to objectively assess sleep and circadian rhythm in a cohort of patients with BD compared to matched controls.

Method

Forty-six patients with BD and 42 controls had comprehensive sleep/circadian rhythm assessment with respiratory sleep studies, prolonged accelerometry over 3 weeks, sleep questionnaires and diaries, melatonin levels, alongside mood, psychosocial functioning and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires.

Results

Twenty-three (50%) patients with BD had abnormal sleep, of whom 12 (52%) had CRD and 29% had obstructive sleep apnoea. Patients with abnormal sleep had lower 24-h melatonin secretion compared to controls and patients with normal sleep. Abnormal sleep/CRD in BD was associated with impaired functioning and worse QoL.

Conclusions

BD is associated with high rates of abnormal sleep and CRD. The association between these disorders, mood and functioning, and the direction of causality, warrants further investigation.
Snow and Ice Studies By Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner Landsat Images
Authors: Orheim Olav , Lucchitta Baerbel K.
Published: February 2017

Digitally enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of Antarctica reveal snow and ice features to a detail never seen before in satellite images. The six TM reflective spectral bands have a nominal spatial resolution of 30 m, compared to 80 m for the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). TM bands 2–4 are similar to the MSS bands. TM infra-red bands 5 and 7 discriminate better between clouds and snow than MSS or the lower TM bands. They also reveal snow features related to grain-size and possibly other snow properties. These features are not observed in the visible wavelengths. Large features such as flow lines show best in the MSS and lower TM bands. Their visibility is due to photometric effects on slopes. TM thermal band 6 has a resolution of 120 m. It shows ground radiation temperatures and may serve to detect liquid water and to discriminate between features having similar reflectivities in the other bands, such as blue ice.

Repeated Landsat images can be used for sophisticated glaciological studies. By comparing images from 1975 and 1985, flow rates averaging 0.72 km a−1, and mean longitudinal and transverse strains of respectively 1.3 × 10 −4 a −1 and 130 × 10−4 a−1 have been measured for Jutulstraumen, Dronning Maud Land.
Radio Echo-Sounding of Sub-Polar Glaciers in Svalbard: Some Problems and Results of Soviet Studies
Authors: Kotlyakov V.M. , Macheret Yu, Ya.
Published: February 2017

The paper discusses data analysed from airborne radio echo-sounding of Svalbard glaciers at frequencies of 440 and 620 MHz. Bottom returns from depths greater than 200 m are recorded with fewer gaps if the more powerful 620 MHz radar is used, and if measurements are carried out in the spring before intensive melt on glaciers. For all relatively thin glaciers and some glaciers up to 320–625 in thick, the track with bed returns is still rather common, apparently caused by their colder temperature regime. However, because of severe scattering of radio waves, this procedure still does not solve the problems of the echo-sounding of accumulation areas of many of the larger glaciers, the ice plateau, and heavily crevassed parts of glaciers.

For considerable areas of those Spitsbergen glaciers which have a thickness greater than 200 m, internal radar reflections (IRR) were registered as a single isolated layer from depths usually ranging from ¼ to ½ of their thickness. Studies of two deep bore holes on Fridtjovbreen have- demonstrated that such IRR are related to a boundary between cold ice and water-bearing ice near the melting point. These IRR can be interpreted as indicators of a special class of two-layered or transitional glacier, and of the location within them of the ice-melt isotherm.
Estimation of Snow-Melt Run-Off During Pre-Monsoon Months in Beas Sub-Basin using Satellite Imagery (Abstract)
Authors: Sharma K.P. , Garg P.K.
Published: February 2017

The increasing demand for water, coupled with the construction of multi-purpose reservoirs to control and regulate snow-melt run-off, requires accurate strearm-flow forecast. For making an accurate prediction of spring run-off, information on the amount of snow accumulation in winter is necessary; this may be achieved through remote-sensing techniques in any inaccessible region.

This paper outlines the snow-melt run-off study carried out in a part of Beas basin, India, using Landsat imagery for the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977. The Beas basin lies between long. 76°56' to 77°52'E. and lat. 31°30' to 32°25'N., covering an area about 4900 km2, of which 1400 km2 is permanently covered by snow. The gradual melting of snow accumulated over the catchment area during the winter months is responsible for the perennial character of the Beas River.

Photohydrological investigation of the part of the Beas basin up-stream of Barji was carried out and a study was made for the estimation of the snow-melt run-off during the pre-monsoon period in the sub-basin up-stream of Manali. For this purpose, the sub-basin has been divided into permanent and temporary snow-covered zones. The degree-day method and the melt due to rainfall on snow have been used to estimate snow-melt run-off. The routing of snow-melt, after accounting for losses as well as the run-off from the excess rainfall from the permanent and temporary snow-covered areas, has also been done taking the recession coefficient K as 0.90, and the excess rain from the non-snow-covered areas has been assumed to contribute directly to the run-off for that day. Run-off coefficients of 0.595 for rainfall on the snow-covered areas and 0.278 for rainfall on the non-snow-covered areas have been determined.

Reference can be made to similar work in India and Pakistan to establish the relationship between the snow cover and the cumulative discharges for the months of March, April, and May of the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977, and an exponential trend was observed with the help of Landsat Imagery. Furthermore, the snow-covered areas as determined from bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat imagery, for the same day, showed a linear trend.

The analysis of the results shows that remote-sensing data used in conjunction with conventional methods are likely to improve the accuracy of the snow-melt forecasts in remote areas like the Himalayan catchments.
Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry
Authors: Jianming Chen
Published: February 2017

For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail.

In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map.

Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method.

The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.
Least Squares Method Used in Reduction of Data From Theodolite Measurements on Fast Moving Glaciers
Authors: Dahl-Jensen D. , Steffensen J.P. , Johnsen S.J.
Published: February 2017

A statistical method to determine surface velocities from theodolite measurements is described. The method assumes that the measuring points move according to a model and the model parameters are estimated directly from the directional observations. Observations from two fixed points need not be simultaneous, which is an advantage in the case of fast moving glaciers. The method is practised on data from the Daugaard-Jensen glacier, in East Greenland, where the motion of the measuring points is calculated to the accuracy of the directional observations.
Digital Mapping in Polar Regions from Landsat Photographic Products: A Case Study
Authors: Dowdeswell J.A. , Cooper A.P.R.
Published: February 2017

Landsat photographic products on the Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection are used to construct a map of Nordaustlandet (Svalbard), of known accuracy. The map includes ice divides. Accurately enlarged Landsat images were digitized. Combined digitizer and operator errors were 64 m, at the enlargement scale. Fifteen ground control points rixed the two scenes. RMS errors in control point identification were <123 m. Geographical coordinates were extracted by: 1) converting digitizer coordinates to SOM cartesian coordinates and 2) transforming these coordinates to latitude and longitude. This map production method is applicable to any imagery of known projection. The digitally stored map may be plotted on a variety of map projections and scales. Two problems in image interpretation were: I) shadows obscuring detail on NNE-facing coasts and 2) summer snow cover obscuring parts of the terrestrial ice cap margins, The map is similar to an east coast map produced from Landsat computer compatible tapes. Differences between the Landsat map and a 1:50 000-scale aerial photograph were <100 m.
Antarctic Ice-Sheet Topography and Surface-Bedrock Relationships
Authors: McIntyre N.F.
Published: February 2017

Mapping the topography of the Antarctic ice sheet has confirmed that there is, typically, a decrease in the wavelength and increase in the amplitude of surface undulations with distance from ice divides. This pattern is distorted by converging ice flow in coastal regions and by other variations in subglacial relief, ice velocity, and viscosity. The near-symmetry of undulations indicates the extent of three-dimensional flow over bedrock peaks. Spectral analyses indicate the greater response of the ice sheet to bedrock features with longer wavelengths. This is affected, and in some cases dominated, by the inhomogeneous and non-isothermal nature of the ice sheet.
Repeated Glacier Mapping for Hydrological Purposes: Water Power Planning
Authors: Østrem Gunnar
Published: February 2017

Good hydrological knowledge is necessary for the planning of a hydro-electric power installation. Observations of daily discharge in Norwegian streams are available for several decades, but for glacierized basins there is a lack of information. Either the observation period is too short or it comprises mainly years when glaciers retreated and thus produced extra amounts of melt water – a direct result of negative mass balance. Consequently, many discharge figures are too ‘optimistic” — they indicate larger average run-off than would be the case if glaciers were in a steady state, or, even worse, if they started to grow and then started to reduce their melt-water contribution to rivers.

Our means of correcting actually observed discharge figures for glacier influence is to perform annual mass-balance measurements. This has been done since 1948 for one glacier and since 1962 for several glaciers and results have been used in the planning of power stations. The method is, however, relatively costly.

Another method is now being developed. Repeated glacier mapping makes it possible to calculate the average change (decrease) in glacier volume between the years when air photographs were taken. Therefore, several glacier maps have been produced based upon older vertical photographs and new maps are constructed from repeated air photography of the same glaciers. By subtraction, the total decrease in ice volume can be calculated and, hence, corrections of observed discharge be made.

This method is quicker and cheaper than conventional mass-balance measurements. Large potentials for this method lie in future digital maps.

Almost all the detailed (1:10 000) Norwegian glacier maps are printed in four colours and they have a standard UTM coordinate grid and 10 m contours. An example of a recent map is enclosed in the map pocket on the rear cover of this volume.
Surface Topography of the Greenland Ice Sheet by Satellite Radar Altimetry (Abstract)
Authors: Bindschadler R.A. , Zwally H.J.
Published: February 2017

A map of the surface elevation for the southern half of the Greenland ice sheet has been produced from data gathered by the radar altimeter on board the SEASAT satellite. From June 1978 until September 1978, useful data were collected during most passes over the ice sheet, but data was not collected continuously along each pass. Over 85 000 separate ranges were obtained from the satellite to the surface at points spaced 662 m apart along each orbital pass.

Techniques required for the reduction of the recorded return waveforms to surface elevations have previously been described in a series of papers (Martin and others, 1983; Brenner and others, 1983; and Zwally and others, 1983). Once all corrections have been applied to the range data due to atmospheric effects, ocean and earth tides, and orbital perturbations, the set of ranges at orbital crossing points (where ascending orbits crossed descending orbits) had a mean relative error of 2.9 m, with a standard deviation of ±2.9 m. Elevations over the flatter and smoother portions of the ice sheet have a precision as small as ±0.25 m, while data over sloping and rough areas are of lower quality. Along each orbital track, the data are corrected for the slope-induced error.

The reduced set of surface elevations has been interpolated to assigned elevation values at the nodal points of a regular grid with a 10 km spacing (polar stereographic projection). This grid was then contoured at intervals of 50 m above 2400 m altitude and 100 m at lower elevations. Similar grids of slope-induced error corrections were contoured to provide some measure of its effect on the data. Ancillary plots of parameters of the fitting and gridding process are included to help in estimating the quality of the derived surface topography in different regions.

The surface elevation contour map shows the existence of distinct drainage basins within the ice sheet — most notably in the southern and eastern areas. This detail will prove most useful in the delineation of these basins for hydrological or glaciological studies. In combination with ice-thickness data, these elevation data permit a more accurate measurement of the bedrock elevation. The corrected altimeter data in orbital-pass and map format have been provided to the National Space Science Data Center at Goddard Space Flight Center and to the World Data Center-A, Glaciology, as a source of information to be used by other scientific investigators. These data have already been used to produce detailed maps of the topography in more localized areas (e.g. Figure 2, from Zwally and others, 1983 and Figure 2 of Bindschadler, 1984).
Preliminary Evaluation of Landsat 4 & 5 Data of Antarctica (Abstract)
Authors: Ferrigno Jane G.
Published: February 2017

Landsats 4 & 5 have acquired approximately one thousand images of Antarctica in 1984 and 1985, including a few thematic mapper images. I will show, on two maps, where these images have been acquired and give a preliminary evaluation of their quality.
The NOAA-6 Satellite Mosaic of Antarctica: A Progress Report
Authors: Berg Craig P. , Wiesnet Donald R. , Legeckis Richard
Published: February 2017

The Antarctic mosaic project is a joint National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/United States Geological Survey (NOAA/USGS) project to produce a photomosaic map at 1:5 000 000 scale. The mosaic will be made as a collage of rectified images from the polar-orbiting NOAA-6 satellite. The near-infrared wavelength band of 0.725 to 1.10 μm, with a spatial resolution of 1.1 km, will be used. The NOAA-6 data are obtained from the McMurdo station receiving facility and from the archive of recorded data. Examples of imagery from both sources are presented. The operational plan including the processing flow chart, rectification process, progress to date, and problems to be faced are discussed. Applications of the mosaic are discussed as well as possible NOAA-6 applications to Antarctic investigators.