bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Using Cu Coatings and Cu Coatings with Sn Interlayers
Authors: AlHazaa Abdulaziz , Shar Muhammad , Atieh Anas , Nishikawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2018

Transient liquid phase bonding (TLP) of AZ31 samples has been investigated using Cu coatings and Cu coatings with Sn interlayer. Copper coatings were used for one set of the bonds, and a combination of Cu coatings and Sn interlayer was used for the other set of bonds. The bonding temperature was fixed at 520 °C, and various bonding times were applied. This study shows that the bonds produced using only Cu coatings have shown weaker bonds compared to the bonds made using Cu coatings and Sn interlayer. The Cu2Mg particles were detected at the joint region of both bonds made by Cu coatings and Cu coatings with Sn interlayer by X-ray diffraction (XRD). However, it has been observed that the joint region was dominated by solid solution which is rich in Mg. Sn interlayer was not contributed to the intermetallic compound (IMC) at the joint region, and therefore it was diffused away through the Mg matrix. Within the joint interface, a slight increase of micro-hardness was observed compared to Mg base metal alloy. This was attributed to the formation and presence of IMC’s within the joint region. It was noticed that the presence of the Sn interlayer improved the joint strength by reducing the pores at the joint region. Pores were clearly observed for those bonds made using Cu coatings—especially for region where the fracture occurs; this was accomplished by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Ni-Doped ZrCoSb Half-Heusler Compounds
Authors: Zhao Degang , Wang Lin , Bo Lin , Wu Di
Published: January 2018

The Ni-doped ZrCo1−xNixSb half-Heusler compounds were prepared by arc-melting and spark plasma sintering technology. X-ray diffraction analysis results showed that all samples were crystallized in a half-Heusler phase. Thermoelectric properties of ZrCo1−xNixSb compounds were measured from room temperature to 850 K. The electrical conductivity and the absolute value of Seebeck coefficient increased with the Ni-doping content increasing due to the Ni substitution at Co. sites. The lattice thermal conductivity of ZrCo1−xNixSb samples was depressed dramatically because of the acoustic phonon scattering and point defect scattering. The figure of merit of ZrCo1−xNixSb compounds was improved due to the decreased thermal conductivity and improved power factor. The maximum ZT value of 0.24 was achieved for ZrCo0.92Ni0.08Sb sample at 850 K.
Hydrogel Fiber Cultivation Method for Forming Bacterial Cellulose Microspheres
Authors: Higashi Kazuhiko , Miki Norihisa
Published: January 2018

Forming microspheres or microbeads from nanofibrous materials has recently attracted research interest for their applications in various fields, because these structures greatly impact cellular behaviors and functions. However, conventional methods of preparing microspheres or microbeads have limitations, such as limited variety of material. Here, we propose a new fabrication process for forming a nanofibrous microsphere composed of bacterial cellulose (BC), which is synthesized through fermentation by specific bacteria. The process uses a hydrogel fiber containing spherical cavities. The bacteria encapsulated into the cavities produce BC, resulting in the formation of BC microspheres. Because of its simplicity, robustness, and cost-effectiveness, this process is promising for applications, such as in biochemical engineering and cell delivery systems.
Preparation of Cyano-Substituted Tetraphenylethylene Derivatives and Their Applications in Solution-Processable OLEDs
Authors: Sun Xiaoyi , Zhao Lele , Han Xiao , Liu Hui , Gao Yu , Tao Yanchun , Zhang Haiquan , Yang Bing , Lu Ping
Published: January 2018

Creation of organic luminescent materials with high solid-state efficiency is of vital importance for their applications in optoelectronic fields. Here, a series of AIE luminogens (AIE gens), (Z)-2,3-bis(4-(9,9-bis(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)-3-phenylacrylonitrile (SFC), and 2,3-bis(4-(9,9-bis(6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)fumaronitrile (DFC), utilizing 2,3,3-triphenylacrylonitrile and 2,3-diphenylfumaronitrile as respective centers, are designed and synthesized by Suzuki coupling reactions with high yields. The cis- and trans-isomers of DFC are also successfully obtained. All of them are thermally stable and show good solubility in common organic solvents. They all emit weakly in solution, but become strong emitters when fabricated into solid films. It is found introduction of one additional cyano group in DFC induced a big red-shift in solid-state emission, owing to its high electron-withdrawing ability. The cis- and trans-DFC show similar photophysical and Cyclic voltammogram (CV) behaviors. Non-doped solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using the three compounds as light-emitting layers are fabricated. SFC gives the best device performance with a maximum luminance of 5201 cd m−2, a maximum current efficiency of 3.67 cd A−1 and a maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 1.37%. Red-shifted EL spectra are observed for cis- and trans-DFC-based device, and the OLED using trans-DFC as active layer exhibits better performance, which might derive from their different conformation in film state.
Sources of Added Sugars in Young Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Low and High Intakes of Added Sugars
Authors: Bailey Regan , Fulgoni Victor , Cowan Alexandra , Gaine P.
Published: January 2018

High intake of added sugars is associated with excess energy intake and poorer diet quality. The objective of this cross-sectional study (n = 16,806) was to estimate usual intakes and the primary food sources of added sugars across the range of intakes (i.e., deciles) among U.S. children (2–8 years), adolescents and teens (9–18 years), and adults (≥19 years) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) data from 2009–2012. The percent energy contributed by added sugars was 14.3 ± 0.2% (2–8 years), 16.2 ± 0.2% (9–18 years), and 13.1 ± 0.2% (≥19 years), suggesting the highest intakes are among adolescents and teens. However, the primary foods/beverages that contribute to added sugars were remarkably consistent across the range of intakes, with the exception of the lowest decile, and include sweetened beverages and sweet bakery products. Interestingly across all age groups, even those in the lowest decile of added sugars exceed the 10% guidelines. Additional foods contributing to high intakes were candy and other desserts (e.g., ice cream) in children and adolescents, and coffee and teas in adults. Tailoring public health messaging to reduce intakes of these identified food groups may be of utility in designing effective strategies to reduce added sugar intake in the U.S.
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism in Canada: The Current Landscape—A Summary of This Indispensable Special Issue
Authors: Davies Neal , Wasan Kishor
Published: January 2018

Canadian Pharmaceutical Scientists have a rich history of groundbreaking research in pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism undertaken primarily throughout its Pharmacy Faculties and within the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology industry.[...]
Antimicrobial Carvacrol-Containing Polypropylene Films: Composition, Structure and Function
Authors: Krepker Max , Prinz-Setter Ofer , Shemesh Rotem , Vaxman Anita , Alperstein David , Segal Ester
Published: January 2018

Significant research has been directed toward the incorporation of bioactive plant extracts or essential oils (EOs) into polymers to endow the latter with antimicrobial functionality. EOs offer a unique combination of having broad antimicrobial activity from a natural source, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) recognition in the US, and a volatile nature. However, their volatility also presents a major challenge in their incorporation into polymers by conventional high-temperature-processing techniques. Herein, antimicrobial polypropylene (PP) cast films were produced by incorporating carvacrol (a model EO) or carvacrol, loaded into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), via melt compounding. We studied the composition-structure-property relationships in these systems, focusing on the effect of carvacrol on the composition of the films, the PP crystalline phase and its morphology and the films’ mechanical and antimicrobial properties. For the first time, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to reveal the complex interactions between the components of these carvacrol-containing systems. We show that strong molecular interactions between PP and carvacrol minimize the loss of this highly-volatile EO during high-temperature polymer processing, enabling semi-industrial scale production. The resulting films exhibit outstanding antimicrobial properties against model microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata). The PP/(HNTs-carvacrol) nanocomposite films, containing the carvacrol-loaded HNTs, display a higher level of crystalline order, superior mechanical properties and prolonged release of carvacrol, in comparison to PP/carvacrol blends. These properties are ascribed to the role of HNTs in these nanocomposites and their effect on the PP matrix and retained carvacrol content.
Mucoadhesive Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes for the Buccal Delivery of Clobetasol
Authors: Garipova Venera , Gennari Chiara , Selmin Francesca , Cilurzo Francesco , Moustafine Rouslan
Published: January 2018

This work aimed to investigate the feasibility to design: (a) a mucoadhesive interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) loaded with clobetasol propionate (CP) intended to treat oral lichen planus and (b) individuate an orodispersible dosage form suitable for its administration. IPECs were synthesized by mixing Eudragit® E PO (EPO) and different grades of cross-linked polyacrylate derivatives, in different molar ratios, namely 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. All IPECs resulted at nanoscale independently of their composition (120–200 nm). Both zeta-potentials (ζ) and mucoadhesive performances were influenced by the ratio between polymers. On the bases of the preliminary data, IPECs made of Polycarbophil and EPO in the 1:2 ratio were loaded with CP. The encapsulation efficiency was up 88% independently of the CP-IPEC ratio. The drug encapsulation caused IPEC destabilization in water, as it was noticed by the increase of ζ values and the formation of aggregates. Oral lyophilisates were prepared by freeze-drying slurries made of placebo or CP loaded IPECs, maltodextrin with a dextrose equivalent 38 and Span®80. The optimized formulation permitted to obtain a fast disintegration upon contact with water reducing the tendency of IPECs to aggregate. Moreover, oral lyophilisates allowed improving the apparent solubility of CP throughout the in vitro release experiment.
Performance of the NPP-VIIRS and aqua-MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth Products over the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: He Lijie , Wang Lunche , Lin Aiwen , Zhang Ming , Bilal Muhammad , Wei Jing
Published: January 2018

The visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) environmental data record aerosol product (VIIRS_EDR) and the aqua-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MYD04) collection 6 (C6) aerosol optical depth (AOD) products are validated against the Cimel sun–photometer (CE318) AOD measurements during different air quality conditions over the Yangtze river basin (YRB) from 2 May 2012 to 31 December 2016. For VIIRS_EDR, the AOD observations are obtained from the scientific data set (SDS) “aerosol optical depth at 550 nm” at 6 km resolution, and for aqua-MODIS, the AOD observations are obtained from the SDS “image optical depth land and ocean” at 3 km (DT3K) and 10 km (DT10K) resolutions, “deep blue aerosol optical depth 550 land” at 10 km resolution (DB10K), and “AOD 550 dark target deep blue combined” at 10 km resolution (DTB10K). Results show that the high-quality (QF = 3) DTB10K performs the best against the CE318 AOD observations, along with a higher R (0.85) and more retrievals within the expected error (EE) ± (0.05 + 15%) (55%). Besides, there is a 10% overestimation, but the positive bias does not exhibit obvious seasonal variations. Similarly, the DT3K and DT10K products overestimate AOD retrievals by 23% and 15%, respectively, all over the year, but the positive biases become larger in spring and summer. For the DB10K AOD retrievals, there is an overestimation (underestimation) in autumn and winter (spring and summer). Compared to the aqua-MODIS AOD products, the VIIRS_EDR AOD retrievals are less correlated (R = 0.73) and only 44% of the retrievals fall within EE. Meanwhile, the VIIRS_EDR shows larger bias than the aqua-MODIS C6 retrievals, and tends to overestimate AOD retrievals in summer and underestimate in winter. Additionally, there is an underestimation for the VIIRS_EDR AOD retrievals over the regions during high aerosol loadings. These indicate that the VIIRS_EDR retrieval algorithm needs to be improved in further applications over the YRB.
Minimally-Invasive Neural Interface for Distributed Wireless Electrocorticogram Recording Systems
Authors: Chang Sun-Il , Park Sung-Yun , Yoon Euisik
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a minimally-invasive neural interface for distributed wireless electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording systems. The proposed interface equips all necessary components for ECoG recording, such as the high performance front-end integrated circuits, a fabricated flexible microelectrode array, and wireless communication inside a miniaturized custom-made platform. The multiple units of the interface systems can be deployed to cover a broad range of the target brain region and transmit signals via a built-in intra-skin communication (ISCOM) module. The core integrated circuit (IC) consists of 16-channel, low-power push-pull double-gated preamplifiers, in-channel successive approximation register analog-to-digital converters (SAR ADC) with a single-clocked bootstrapping switch and a time-delayed control unit, an ISCOM module for wireless data transfer through the skin instead of a power-hungry RF wireless transmitter, and a monolithic voltage/current reference generator to support the aforementioned analog and mixed-signal circuit blocks. The IC was fabricated using 250 nm CMOS processes in an area of 3.2 × 0.9 mm2 and achieved the low-power operation of 2.5 µW per channel. Input-referred noise was measured as 5.62 µVrms for 10 Hz to 10 kHz and ENOB of 7.21 at 31.25 kS/s. The implemented system successfully recorded multi-channel neural activities in vivo from a primate and demonstrated modular expandability using the ISCOM with power consumption of 160 µW.
Links between Adolescent Athletes’ Prosocial Behavior and Relationship with Parents: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Lisinskienė Aušra , Lochbaum Marc
Published: January 2018

Adolescent relationships with parents are of the highest importance. The relationships likely reflect the nature of internal working models in youth sport that may well function as a psychological template during the construction of youth prosocial behavior. However, researchers’ focus to date has concerned specific aspects of parental practices in child-based sporting activities. There is a lack of research covering parent-athlete interpersonal relationships concerned with how the relationships affect adolescent prosocial behavior. The purpose of this mixed methods explanatory sequential study was to examine teenage athletes’ prosocial behavior and their relationships with parents. To achieve our purpose, we obtained quantitative data from 1348 athletes and non-athletes (ages 12–16), and qualitative data from 12 adolescent athletes and 12 youth sports parents. In the quantitative phase, we assessed adolescent prosocial behavior regarding the following six forms of prosocial behavior: public, anonymous, dire, compliant, altruistic and emotional. In the qualitative follow-up, three themes emerged from the adolescent athlete’s perspective: (1) sport as an escape; (2) parent-child relationships in youth sports; (3) adolescents’ desired behavior. Three themes emerged from the parental perspective: (1) sport as protection and as a school of life; (2) painful decisions to release a child; (3) understanding adolescent behavior. We found protection from delinquent behavior and increased prosocial behavior with securely attached young athletes who are actively involved in sports.
Plant-Based Lunch at Work: Effects on Nutrient Intake, Environmental Impact and Tastiness—A Case Study
Authors: Van de Kamp Mirjam , Temme Elisabeth
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the environmental impact, nutrient intake, appreciation and tastiness of three buffet-style lunches served at the workplace, consisting of (1) animal-based foods; (2) plant-based foods; and (3) both animal-based and plant-based foods. Employees of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands participated in the study. Participants scored the lunch for appreciation and tastiness (scores from 1 to 10). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and land use associated with foods consumed were calculated using life cycle assessments. Nutrient intake was calculated using food composition data. The results show that both the plant-based and the combination lunch received higher scores for tastiness than the animal-based lunch. GHG emissions and land use were lowest for the plant-based lunch and highest for the animal-based lunch. The combination lunch was associated with increased fiber and decreased saturated fat intake compared to the animal-based lunch, but also lead to increased energy intake. The plant-based lunch did not increase energy intake, while increasing fiber intake and decreasing sodium (salt) and saturated fat intakes. These initial results show that plant-based lunches have the potential to improve nutrient intake and tastiness while reducing environmental impact. Additional research in this field is worthwhile.
Bacteriophage GC1, a Novel Tectivirus Infecting Gluconobacter Cerinus, an Acetic Acid Bacterium Associated with Wine-Making
Authors: Philippe Cécile , Krupovic Mart , Jaomanjaka Fety , Claisse Olivier , Petrel Melina , Le Marrec Claire
Published: January 2018

The Gluconobacter phage GC1 is a novel member of the Tectiviridae family isolated from a juice sample collected during dry white wine making. The bacteriophage infects Gluconobacter cerinus, an acetic acid bacterium which represents a spoilage microorganism during wine making, mainly because it is able to produce ethyl alcohol and transform it into acetic acid. Transmission electron microscopy revealed tail-less icosahedral particles with a diameter of ~78 nm. The linear double-stranded DNA genome of GC1 (16,523 base pairs) contains terminal inverted repeats and carries 36 open reading frames, only a handful of which could be functionally annotated. These encode for the key proteins involved in DNA replication (protein-primed family B DNA polymerase) as well as in virion structure and assembly (major capsid protein, genome packaging ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) and several minor capsid proteins). GC1 is the first tectivirus infecting an alphaproteobacterial host and is thus far the only temperate tectivirus of gram-negative bacteria. Based on distinctive sequence and life-style features, we propose that GC1 represents a new genus within the Tectiviridae, which we tentatively named “Gammatectivirus”. Furthermore, GC1 helps to bridge the gap in the sequence space between alphatectiviruses and betatectiviruses.
Coordinating Rule-Based and System-Wide Model Predictive Control Strategies to Reduce Storage Expansion of Combined Urban Drainage Systems: The Case Study of Lundtofte, Denmark
Authors: Meneses Elbys , Gaussens Marion , Jakobsen Carsten , Mikkelsen Peter , Grum Morten , Vezzaro Luca
Published: January 2018

The environmental benefits of combining traditional infrastructure solutions for urban drainage (increasing storage volume) with real time control (RTC) strategies were investigated in the Lundofte catchment in Denmark, where an expensive traditional infrastructure expansion is planned to comply with environmental requirements. A coordinating, rule-based RTC strategy and a global, system-wide risk-based dynamic optimization strategy (model predictive control), were compared using a detailed hydrodynamic model. RTC allowed a reduction of the planned storage volume by 21% while improving the system performance in terms of combined sewer overflow (CSO) volumes, environmental impacts, and utility costs, which were reduced by up to 10%. The risk-based optimization strategy provided slightly better performance in terms of reducing CSO volumes, with evident improvements in environmental impacts and utility costs, due to its ability to prioritize among the environmental sensitivity of different recipients. A method for extrapolating annual statistics from a limited number of events over a time interval was developed and applied to estimate yearly performance, based on the simulation of 46 events over a five-year period. This study illustrates that including RTC during the planning stages reduces the infrastructural costs while offering better environmental protection, and that dynamic risk-based optimisation allows prioritising environmental impact reduction for particularly sensitive locations.
Quantification of Groundwater Recharge from an Ephemeral Stream into a Mountainous Karst Aquifer
Authors: Dvory Noam , Ronen Alon , Livshitz Yakov , Adar Eilon , Kuznetsov Michael , Yakirevich Alexander
Published: January 2018

Sustainable groundwater production from karst aquifers is primarily dictated by its recharge rate. Therefore, it is essential to accurately quantify annual groundwater recharge in order to limit overexploitation and to evaluate artificial methods for groundwater enrichment. Infiltration during erratic flood events in karst basins may substantially contribute to aquifer recharge. However, the complicated nature of karst systems, which are characterized in part by multiple springs, sinkholes, and losing/gaining streams, impede accurate quantification of the actual contribution of flood waters to groundwater recharge. In this study, we aim to quantify the proportion of groundwater recharge accrued during runoff events in a karst aquifer. The role of karst conduits on flash flood infiltration was examined during four flood and controlled runoff events in the Soreq creek near Jerusalem, Israel. We distinguished between direct infiltration, percolation through karst conduits, and diffuse infiltration—the latter of which is most affected by evapotranspiration. A water balance was calculated for the 2014/15 hydrological year using the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS). Simulations show that 6.8 to 19.2% of the annual recharge volume was added to the aquifer from infiltration of runoff losses along the creek through the karst system.
Bons et mauvais prêtres au sortir de la Révolution
Authors: Petit Vincent
Published: January 2018

En 1817 puis en 1821, les autorités épiscopales du diocèse de Besançon commanditent une enquête sur l’ensemble du clergé paroissial : âge, carrière, mœurs, capacité, opinions politiques, rapports avec les paroissiens… Le nouvel archevêque tient à tout savoir du personnel ecclésiastique. Mais l’enquête est surtout le préalable à une vaste épuration : la chasse aux « mauvais prêtres » sert de prétexte à exclure les prêtres restés fidèles à leur(s) convictions(s) révolutionnaire(s) et à promouvoir une génération sacerdotale acquise aux principes intransigeants.
Le bien commun dans le discours économique actuel
Authors: Zamagni Stefano
Published: January 2018

Après avoir éclairé les raisons de la polysémie du concept de bien commun dans la science économique, cet essai se concentre sur le problème concernant le rapport entre bien commun et bien individuel, revenant dans ce but à la contribution fondamentale de Jacques Maritain. Il explique ensuite pourquoi, depuis un quart de siècle, on assiste à un vigoureux regain d’intérêt à l’égard du bien commun dans un domaine tel que le domaine économique. On explicitera plus spécifiquement la relation entre la catégorie de bien commun et la problématique des biens communs. L’essai se termine par l’indication de certaines pistes de recherche qui permettent de surmonter les apories non négligeables du discours économique actuel.
L’Incarnation, les mathématiques et la philosophie
Authors: Brochier Emmanuel
Published: January 2018

Le modèle de l’Incarnation a exercé une fonction épistémique non seulement au Moyen Âge, mais aussi au début des Temps modernes. Où donc se situe la rupture ? S’il était justifié par la valeur de cohérence chez les Latins, le modèle de l’Incarnation est à l’origine de nouvelles analogies ou métaphores chez les Modernes, qui finiront par engendrer son rejet. Ce retournement s’explique de prime abord par une rupture profonde au niveau des mathématiques, à la pratique grecque d’une mathématique de l’άλήθεια s’étant substituée une mathématique de la certitude. Il en a résulté un épuisement généralisé dont on peut dire que l’issue dépend, au moins en partie, de la philosophie de la nature.
« L’amour est l’acte suprême de l’être ». La philosophie de Hans Urs von Balthasar : réception et chantiers (I)
Authors: Ide Pascal
Published: January 2018

Cet article en trois parties traite de la philosophie de Hans Urs von Balthasar. Une première partie propose un bref état de sa réception qui, comparativement à celle de l’œuvre théologique, est encore pauvre. Elle passe en revue les études relatives aux sources, puis celles relatives aux grands thèmes de la pensée balthasarienne ; enfin, elle considère la distribution des études selon les aires linguistiques. Une deuxième partie interroge le présupposé implicite de ce propos : que Balthasar soit un philosophe digne de ce nom. Il se pose trois questions : est-il un philosophe ? Est-il un philosophe de l’École ? Est-il le philosophe d’une école ? Une troisième partie affronte la question du cœur de la métaphysique balthasarienne : est-ce l’être ou l’amour ? Après avoir montré que l’amour n’est pas au-delà de l’être, elle montre que, pour Balthasar, l’amour et l’être sont coextensifs, tout en étant distincts quant au contenu ; elle fait alors quelques propositions de connexion, en appelant une exploration complémentaire.
Mechanical Properties of Viscous Liquids and Nanosuspensions
Authors: Damdinov Bair , Dembelova Tuyana , Baloshin Yury , Barnakov Yuri , Petranovskii Vitalii
Published: January 2018

Following the fundamental work by Bazaron, Bulgadaev and Derjaguin [6] on the observation of shear elasticity of low viscous liquids, we build on this study by examining viscous liquids, polymers and suspensions of nanoparticles. In this paper, we review our past and current efforts in these areas. The mechanical properties of liquids, polymers and nanosuspensions have been studied at relatively low frequencies of 105 Hz. The real and imaginary shear moduli of these samples were obtained on equipment using the acoustic resonance technique. It was shown that the shear modulus and viscosity decreases with increasing shear deformation. The behavior of viscoelastic fluids near surfaces is similar to that of colloidal and polymer suspensions, suggesting that the liquid component is determined by the mechanical response of suspensions.
The Different Fractal Structure of Oxide Nanopowders Depending on Method of Production
Authors: Syzrantsev Vyacheslav V. , Vikulina Ludmila S. , Bardakhanov S.P. , Nomoev Andrey V. , Kopanitsa Natalya O. , Abzaev Yurii A. , Demyanenko Olga V. , Kopanitsa Georgy D.
Published: January 2018

This study was undertaken to compare chemically identical nanoparticles that have been synthesed by different methods. The methodology applied allows the identification of different characteristics in the structure and surface parameters of nanoparticles. The study shows that the structural parameters of nanoparticles are to a great extend related to the conditions in which nanoparticles are formed. This is demonstrated through the comparison of three oxides and their different methods of synthesis. The results show that the method of synthesis defines the structure of the nanoparticles; the surface and qualitative and quantitative parameters of the crystaline phases, energy shifts and changes in the internal electron levels. The examples of nanoliquids and the associated polymer strength identify that the interaction of nanoparticles with the environment is also depends on the synthesis method. It is proposed that a fractal dimension may be used as a basic parameter to classify nanoparticles and predict the properties in their interaction with various media.
Graphene/Ge Schottky Junction Based IR Photodetectors
Authors: Khurelbaatar Zagarzusem , Choi Chel Jong
Published: January 2018

Ge p-i-n photodetectors with and without graphene on active area fabricated and investigated the graphene effects on opto-electrical properties of photodetectors. The photodetectors were characterized with respect to their dark, photocurrents and responsivities in the wavelength range between 1530-1630 nm. For a 250 um-diameter device at room temperature, it was found that dark current of p-i-n photodetector with graphene were reduced significantly compared with photodetector without graphene. This improvement is attributed to the passivation of the graphene layers that leads to the efficient light detection. Therefore, it is noted that the uniform coverage of graphene onto the Ge surface plays a significant role in advancing their opto-electrical performance of photodetector.
Preparation of Black Phosphorus by the Mechanical Ball Milling Method and its Characterization
Authors: Bao Ta Na , Tegus Ojin , Hasichaolu Hasichaolu , Ning Jun , Narengerile Narengerile
Published: January 2018

In this paper, red phosphorus successfully turned to black phosphorus by the mechanical ball milling method. The samples were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method and by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The XRD result showed that the black phosphorus obtained had small crystal size and a small, amorphous, broadly diffused peak of red phosphorus. The HRTEM analysis showed that the grain size of most of the black phosphorus was small (about 3-5nm). The electron diffraction pattern and the d-spacing on HRTEM correspond well to the characteristic peaks of black phosphorus, such as {111}, {021} and {151}. In some areas, the grain size of black phosphorus was large (about 20-50nm) and contained many defects in crystals. This showed that initially, the amorphous red phosphorus turned into black phosphorus nanocrystals under the action of mechanical milling. Subsequently, the grains were refined and became tiny grains under the action of a large number of edge dislocations in the crystals. During analysis of the TEM, the small size crystals of black phosphorus were rapidly non-crystallized and seriously damaged by electron irradiation. Therefore only the big grains were left after 30 minutes of irradiation.
Influence of Mechanical Milling on Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Mg2Ni Hydrogen Storage Alloy Prepared by Low-Temperature Solid-Phase Sintering
Authors: Xiao Tian , Yan Jing , Duan Ru Xia , Gerile Naren
Published: January 2018

The alloy with the composition of Mg2Ni prepared by low-temperature solid-phase sintering was mechanically milled for 10, 25, 40 and 50 h. The microstructures and electrochemical properties of the Mg2Ni alloys were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM) and electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, two broadening effects of XRD peaks caused by crystallite size and lattice strain were separated by the approximate function method and least square method. Crystallite size and lattice strain of the alloy were calculated. The results showed that sintered and milled alloys consist of the Mg2Ni phase. The milled alloys transform partly into nanocrystalline/amorphous structures during the milling process. By calculation, the crystallite size decreases and the lattice strain in the alloy decreases first and then increases with increasing milling time. The discharge capacities of the sintered alloy are significantly improved by milling. The maximum discharge capacities of the milled alloys increase with the increasing milling time.
An Overview of Investigation for Ferrite Magnetic Nanomaterial
Authors: Sangaa Deleg , Khongorzul Baatartsogt , Uyanga Enkhnaran , Jargalan Narmandakh , Tsogbadrakh Namsrai , Hirazawa Hideyuki
Published: January 2018

In recent time, interest to ferrite magnetic nanomaterials has considerably grown mainly due to their much promising medical and biological applications. The spinel ferrite powder samples having high heat generation ability in AC magnetic field was studied for application to hyperthermia treatment of cancer tumor. These properties of ferrites are strongly depending on their chemical composition, ion distribution, spin orientation and method of preparation in general and crystal structure in particular nature of the material. In this study, several samples of ferrite magnetic structures were investigated by neutron diffraction. The explanation of the mechanism to occurs the heat generation ability in the magnetic materials and the electronic and magnetic states of ferrite-spinel – type structures were theoretically defined by the first-principles calculations within the framework of DFT.
Carbon Nanotube Fabrication Based on Animal Red Blood Cells
Authors: Galbadrakh Ragchaa , Batpurev Mongol , Munkhsaikhan S. , Tuvjargal N. , Davaasambuu J. , Enkhtor S. , Enkhtor Lhkamsuren , Tegus Ojin , Daniel Philippe
Published: January 2018

Red blood cells of mammals contain both raw carbonaceous material (proteins) and catalyzer precursor (iron atoms of metal-organic hemoglobin molecules) for Carbon nanotube (CNT) fabrication by the chemical vapor deposition method. To demonstrate the possibility of CNT fabrication by using blood as a single raw material, livestock (sheep) blood droplets on silicon substrates were used as samples for pyrolysis in an argon and argon + butane atmosphere at 300; 400; 500; 7000 C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, of the product of pyrolysis at 500; 7000 C, magnified up to 20000 times, shows dense bushes consisting of nano-size rods. The length of the rods reached 50 μm; widths were around 400 nm and less. The two carbon bands centered at wavenumbers 1340 and 1580 cm-1 in the Raman spectra of samples recorded using a low power-incident red laser (638 nm), demonstrates increasing graphitization of carbon atoms with rise of pyrolysis temperature. Both the SEM images and the Raman spectra indicate increasing formation of CNT, with an increase of pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 7000 C. No evidence of CNT formation at 3000 C was found.
COMPLEXIDADE DA FARMACOTERAPIA PÓS-TRANSPLANTE RENAL: INFLUÊNCIA NA ADESÃO AO TRATAMENTO
Authors: SILVA ANA CAROLINA DE SOUZA DE SOUZA E , Martins Bruna Cristina Cardoso , Adriano Liana Silveira , Fonteles Marta Maria De França , Reis Pedro Henrique Veras , Chaves Elana Figueiredo
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: Analisar a influência da complexidade da farmacoterapia (CFT) na adesão ao tratamento imunossupressor. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo analítico, observacional e transversal, baseado nos registros do atendimento farmacêutico de pacientes transplantados renais de um hospital universitário (Fortaleza/Ceará). A CFT foi avaliada em consulta farmacêutica no período de janeiro a julho/2014, utilizando-se o Índice de Complexidade da Farmacoterapia (ICFT). A análise da adesão foi realizada através do nível sérico dos inibidores da calcineurina e imTor. Resultados: Analisou-se o acompanhamento de 36 pacientes: sendo 52,78% (n=19) homens; 27,80% (n=10) entre 41 e 50 anos; 41,70% (n=15) com ensino fundamental incompleto e 72,22% (n=26) possuíam cuidador. A média de medicamentos foi nove e de pontos no ICFT foi de 50,94. O ICFT máximo foi registrado na faixa de 31-60 dias pós-transplante. Analisando o nível sérico dos imunossupressores, observou-se prevalência de pacientes classificados como “não aderentes” maior no período menor de 60 dias pós-transplante. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que no pós-transplante renal a adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento imunossupressor aumenta com a diminuição da CFT, sendo necessária uma maior e melhor orientação dos pacientes no inicio do pós-transplante.
Selecting for Flair Factors: Improving the Selection Process
Authors: Caldwell Cam , Beverage Michael S. , Converse Patrick D.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: This article examines the importance of selecting for “flair factors,” or those differentiating personal qualities that make the critical difference in achieving superior outcomes in modern organizations.Design/methodology/approach: Conceptual research about flair factors, key predictors of performance, and effective selection tools are reviewed and propositions related to improving the personnel selection process are developed.Findings: This review reveals six flair factors—grit, execution, general intelligence, emotional intelligence, personal integrity, and communication effectiveness—as well as three selection tools—structured interviews, situational assessment writing assignments, and assessment centers—that can improve the selection process.Originality/value: This article highlights the overlooked concept of flair factors in the selection process, identifies six factors that are vital for successful employee selection, suggests three tools to improve selection processes, and presents five propositions for practitioners and scholars.
A Day in the Professional Life of a Collaborative Biostatistician Deconstructed: Implications for Curriculum Design
Authors: Samsa Gregory P.
Published: January 2018

Collaborative biostatistics is the creative application of statistical tools to biomedical problems. The relativelymodest literature about the traits of effective collaborative biostatisticians focuses on four core competencies: (a)technical and analytical; (b) substance-matter knowledge; (c) communication; and (d) problem solving and problemframing. Most statistical education concentrates on the technical and analytical competency; here, we focus on theremaining ones. Case studies describing consultations about study design and data analysis are presented, and thetask is to deconstruct the knowledge used by an experienced collaborative biostatistician into components which aremore explicit (and, ultimately, teachable). These components include specific and concrete information aboutstatistical procedures; substance-matter knowledge about biology and medicine; general knowledge about biomedicalstudies, especially study design; insights about the process of effective collaboration; and high-level synthesis.Implications for curriculum design are discussed. To follow up on these qualitative and provisional efforts, the nextstep in scholarly research about to teach communication, problem framing and problem solving within the context ofcollaborative biostatistics should focus on a finer-grained and evidence-based description of what these competenciesactually entail.
Competing Value Framework and Public Administration: Managerial Insights, Theoretical Reflections and Practical Implications from Italy
Authors: Botti Antonio , Vesci Massimiliano
Published: January 2018

Competing Value Framework (CVF) is a framework used to assess organizational culture in public administration and it is widely used in health services research to assess organizational culture as a predictor of quality improvement, employee and patient satisfaction, and team functioning. At present the CVF framework has never been tested in contexts where reforming action is vague and is characterized by changes and continuous reflections on the changes introduced. The present study try to fill this gap analysing how CVF works in a context characterized by continued uneven homogeneous reforms. The paper has theoretical and practical implication depicting also suggestions for politicians.
Automatic Promotion and Student Dropout: Evidence from Uganda, Using Propensity Score in Difference in Differences Model
Authors: Okurut Jeje Moses
Published: January 2018

The impact of automatic promotion practice on students dropping out of Uganda’s primary education was assessed using propensity score in difference in differences analysis technique. The analysis strategy was instrumental in addressing the selection bias problem, as well as biases arising from common trends over time, and permanent latent differences between the treated and control groups. Probit regression results indicate a negative effect on the probability of students dropping out, but only at P3. There seems to be no policy effect at P6. Decomposing the effect incidence along school location shows the policy as having had an effect only on P3 students studying in urban schools; otherwise, there is no effect among students at P3 rural, P6 rural or P6 Urban. In terms of the gender component, automatic promotion appears to have had an effect on P3 male and female students and no effect on either sex at P6.
Harnessing Indigenous Basketry Resources for Prenumber and Early Number Work
Authors: Ali Clement Ayarebilla , Davis Ernest Kofi
Published: January 2018

Even though basketry is an age old occupation in Ghana and the world over, it appears mathematics tasks and activities involving the designs and structures have remained unnoticed and inadequately tapped for early school instructions. This qualitative survey therefore, purposively sampled four teachers, two basket artisans and six pupils in the Bolgatanga Municipality of Upper East Region of Ghana to harness, discuss and apply the tasks and activities indigenous basket resources could be employed to enhance conceptual knowledge and understanding in prenumber and early work. The findings showed that apart from providing employment and income for local artisans, teachers and pupils were equipped with prenumber activities that lead to the acquisition of early number work in pre-algebra, pre-geometry and pre-statistics tasks and activities in mathematics. We therefore, recommended instructional policies and programmes that promote and improve upon conceptual learning of prenumber and early school mathematics with indigenous resources.
The Use of Visual Examination for Determining the Presence of Gluten-Containing Grains in Gluten Free Oats and Other Grains, Seeds, Beans, Pulses, and Legumes
Authors: Allred Laura K , Kupper Cynthia , Quinn Channon
Published: January 2018

Obtaining representative test samples for antibody-based testing is challenging when analyzing whole grains for gluten. When whole grains are ground into flour for testing, confocal microscopy studies have shown that gluten tends to exist as aggregates within the starch background, making single-sample testing inaccurate and complicating the ability to arrive at an accurate average from multiple samples. In addition, whole-grain products present a unique risk to gluten free consumers, in that any contamination is localized to specific servings rather than being distributed across the product lot. This makes parts-per-million values less relevant for whole-grain products. Intact grains, seeds, beans, pulses, and legumes offer an alternative opportunity for gluten detection, in that contaminating gluten-containing grains (GCGs) are visible and identifiable to the trained eye or properly calibrated optical sorting equipment. The purpose of the current study was to determine a Gluten Free Certification Organization threshold level for the maximum number of GCGs within a kilogram of nongluten grains sold as specially processed gluten free product and to determine the feasibility of this threshold by evaluating visual examination data from two major oat processors.
Las aportaciones de la arqueología a la historia de la democracia ateniense
Authors: López-Rabatel Liliane
Published: January 2018

La democracia ateniense se enmarca desde los orígenes en una comunidad territorial, religiosa, política y arquitectónica. Sus instituciones son bien conocidas por los textos y la arqueología ha puesto al descubierto vestigios de lugares y edificios que permitieron su aplicación. En el marco de este artículo nos preguntaremos si la democracia ateniense se dotó de edificios y de herramientas específicos y, si tal fuere el caso, cómo su hallazgo, en vinculación con los datos proporcionados por los textos permitió avanzar en el conocimiento de su funcionamiento y determinó etapas relevantes en la escritura de su historia.
Behavior and biocompatibility of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with bacterial cellulosic membrane
Authors: Alencar Marcello Silva , Carvalho Yulla Klinger , Carvalho Camila Ernanda , Feitosa Matheus Tajra , Alves Michel Muálem , Carvalho Fernando Aécio de Amorim , Viana Bartolomeu Cruz , Miglino Maria Angélica , Jozala Ângela Faustino , Carvalho Maria Acelina
Published: January 2018

Background. Tissue engineering has been shown to exhibit great potential for the creation of biomaterials capable of developing into functional tissues. Cellular expansion and integration depends on the quality and surface-determinant factors of the scaffold, which are required for successful biological implants. The objective of this research was to characterize and evaluate the in vitro characteristics of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) associated with a bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM). We assessed the adhesion, expansion, and integration of the biomaterial as well as its ability to induce macrophage activation. Finally, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and toxicity of the BCM.

Methods. Samples of rabbit bone marrow were collected. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from medullary aspirates to establish fibroblast colony-forming unit assays. Osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation was performed. Integration with the BCM was assessed by scanning electron microscopy at 1, 7, and 14 days. Cytotoxicity was assessed via the production of nitric oxide, and BCM toxicity was assessed with the MTT assay; phagocytic activity was also determined.

Results. The fibroblastoid colony-forming unit (CFU-F) assay showed cells with a fibroblastoid morphology organized into colonies, and distributed across the culture area surface. In the growth curve, two distinct phases, lag and log phase, were observed at 15 days. Multipotentiality of the cells was evident after induction of osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Regarding the BM-MSCs’ bioelectrical integration with the BCM, BM-MSCs were anchored in the BCM in the first 24 h. On day 7 of culture, the cytoplasm was scattered, and on day 14, the cells were fully integrated with the biomaterial. We also observed significant macrophage activation; analysis of the MTT assay and the concentration of nitric oxide revealed no cytotoxicity of the biomaterial.

Conclusion. The BCM allowed the expansion and biointegration of bone marrow progenitor cells with a stable cytotoxic profile, thus presenting itself as a biomaterial with potential for tissue engineering.
Role and participation of women in the establishment and implementation of international security policies
Authors: Vrajolli Marigonë
Published: January 2018

Women have long been excluded from peace and security processes, which include disarmament, despite being disproportionately affected by weapons. Emphasizing, the role of women in peace and security processes began to gain meaning only after 2000, when the United Nations Resolution, Resolution 1325 entered into force. In order for women to participate equally in such processes, the resolution emphasizes the necessity of women’s participation as agents of positive change and not as weak and powerless victims. Contributing to a society where women can live freely in harmony without being marginalized. The purpose of this paper is to explain the different roles that women have in creating security policies. Further, this paper explains the role of women in initiatives, peacekeeping and peace-building. The paper also explains the international mechanisms that promote the involvement of women in peace and security processes.