bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring thirst distress of patients in the intensive care unit
Authors: Flim Marleen , Hofhuis José , Spronk Peter , Jaarsma Tiny
Published: October 2021

Background

Thirst is one of the most intense and distressing symptoms experienced by patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), and no validated measurement tools exist. Validating a thirst measurement tool for the ICU population could be a first step in gaining a better understanding of thirst in ICU patients and aid the development and implementation of strategies regarding the prevention and control of thirst.

Aim

The objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the “Thirst distress scale for patients with heart failure (TDS‐HF)” in measuring thirst distress in adult ICU patients.

Methods

Content validity was established by an expert panel consisting of ICU nurses, intensivists and five ICU patients. Concurrent validity, known‐groups validity and internal consistency were determined in a consecutive sample of 56 awake and oriented ICU patients with a median age of 70 years (IQR: 57‐74).

Results

Content validity of the TDS‐HF in the ICU population was low, with item‐content validity indexes between 0.25 and 0.75. Concurrent validity was high as Spearman's correlation between TDS‐HF and the numeric rating score (0‐10) for thirst distress was 0.71. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.78). When comparing groups, only higher blood urea nitrogen was significantly related to higher scores on the TDS‐HF (P = .003).

Conclusion

The TDS‐HF has high concurrent validity and reliability in measuring thirst distress in ICU patients. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the applicability and content validity of the scale, which should be further explored before the TDS‐HF can be used in the ICU.

Relevance for clinical practice

The TDS‐HF can be used to explore thirst distress and to evaluate interventions. Individual items of the scale can be used to explore the nature of thirst distress in individual patients.
ATP‐binding cassette transporters in nonmodel plants
Authors: Banasiak Joanna , Jasiński Michał
Published: October 2021

Knowledge about plant ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) proteins is of great value for sustainable agriculture, economic yield, and the generation of high‐quality products, especially under unfavorable growth conditions. We have learned much about ABC proteins in model organisms, notably Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the importance of research dedicated to these transporters extends far beyond Arabidopsis biology. Recent progress in genomic and transcriptomic approaches for nonmodel and noncanonical model plants allows us to look at ABC transporters from a wider perspective and consider chemodiversity and functionally driven adaptation as distinctive mechanisms during their evolution. Here, by considering several representatives from agriculturally important families and recent progress in functional characterization of nonArabidopsis ABC proteins, we aim to bring attention to understanding the evolutionary background, distribution among lineages and possible mechanisms underlying the adaptation of this versatile transport system for plant needs. Increasing the knowledge of ABC proteins in nonmodel plants will facilitate breeding and development of new varieties based on, for example, genetic variations of endogenous genes and/or genome editing, representing an alternative to transgenic approaches.
EZH2‐mediated SLC7A11 upregulation via miR‐125b‐5p represses ferroptosis of TSCC
Authors: Yu Yue , MohamedAl‐Sharani Hesham , Zhang Bin
Published: October 2021

Objective

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common carcinomas in oral cancer with a high morbidity and mortality. Ferroptosis is a novel type of cell death involved in various diseases including cancers. Additionally, Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is significantly associated with a poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients but its role in TSCC is unclear.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we tried to investigate the possible mechanism of EZH2 involved in the ferroptosis of TSCC. Expression of EZH2 and SLC7A11 was determined by RT‐qPCR. CCK‐8 assays were performed to quantify the cell death rate of TSCC cells. Malondialdehyde (MDA) assays were performed to quantify the lipid accumulation. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression level of SLC7A11. We used dual‐luciferase reporter assays to determine the association between EZH2 and miR‐125b‐5p promoter, and miR‐125b‐5p and the SLC7A11 3’ untranslated region (UTR).

Result

Overexpression of EZH2 and SLC7A11 inhibits erastin‐induced ferroptosis in TSCC cells. MiR‐125b‐5p regulates ferroptosis in TSCC cells by targeting SLC7A11. EZH2 inhibits the ferroptosis of TSCC cells by inhibiting miR‐125b‐5p and enhancing SLC7A11.

Conclusion

EZH2 inhibits erastin‐induced ferroptosis in TSCC cells via miR‐125b‐5p/SLC7A11 axis.
The effect of oxygen concentration on atelectasis formation during induction of general anesthesia in children: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kim Hyun Il , Min Ji Young , Lee Jeong‐Rim , Kwan Woong Choi , Cho Matthew R. , Byon Hyo‐Jin
Published: October 2021

Background

In adults, the use of lower oxygen concentration during induction is associated with less atelectasis formation without an increase in incidence of hypoxia. However, it is unknown whether this remains true in the pediatric patients.

Methods

Fifty‐four pediatric patients who were scheduled to undergo elective lower abdominal surgery were randomized to one of three oxygenation groups: 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen (in air). During anesthesia induction, patients were ventilated with sevoflurane in 100%, 80%, or 60% oxygen. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were performed. Atelectasis was diagnosed using LUS, which was performed after anesthetic induction and at the end of surgery.

Results

We assessed atelectasis after anesthetic induction and at the end of surgery. After anesthetic induction, the number of atelectatic lung regions was significantly different among the three groups (median [IQR], 2.0 [1.0–2.5], 2.0 [1.0–2.8], and 3.0 [2.0–3.0] in the 60%, 80%, and 100% oxygen groups, p = .033) and between the 60% and 100% groups (p = .015), but not between 80% and 100% groups (p = .074). However, no differences in the number of atelectatic lung regions were found among the three groups at the end of surgery (2.0 [1.3–3.8], 3.0 [1.8–3.0], and 4.0 [2.0–4.0] in the 60%, 80%, and 100% oxygen groups; p = .169).

Conclusion

Lower oxygen concentration during anesthetic induction is associated with less atelectasis formation immediately after anesthetic induction in children. In addition, applying 80% oxygen instead of 100% oxygen is not enough to prevent atelectasis formation, and 60% oxygen should be applied to prevent atelectasis. However, this effect does not last until the end of surgery.
Malcolm on Memory
Authors: Mounce H. O.
Published: October 2021

Malcolm argues that memory takes a variety of forms and that philosophers go astray because they attempt to reduce this variety to a single form. We may grant that memory takes a variety of forms. It does not follow that these forms are of equal philosophical significance. In telling you my name, I do not have to recall it. I have repeated it innumerable times. If asked again, I simply repeat it once again. This is what Bergson called “habit memory”. But Proust, in tasting a madeleine cake, did recall the past. His childhood returned vividly to his mind. But since his experience was in the present and his childhood was in the past, how could the one be an experience of the other? Here, it seems, we do have a philosophical problem.
Impact of COVID‐19 on public health nursing student learning outcomes
Authors: Cygan Heide , Bejster Mallory , Tribbia Carly , Vondracek Hugh
Published: October 2021

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of a strong, effective public health nursing workforce while also requiring public health nursing faculty to adapt teaching strategies as courses transitioned online. It is essential to understand how the pandemic‐enforced transition from face‐to‐face to remote learning impacts student outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to compare student learning outcomes in a pre‐licensure public health nursing course before, during, and after the transition to remote learning.

Methods

Descriptive statistics were computed for assignments, exams, and final course grades for three terms (Fall 2019, Spring 2020 and Fall 2020).

Results

Analysis showed statistically significant differences between terms for assignments and exams but not the final course grade. However, these differences were driven by small standard deviations rather than differences between mean scores demonstrating that there was actual little difference in student learning outcomes across terms.

Conclusions

Authors suggest strategies to support consistent academic outcomes and future research needed understand student
learning outcomes during the pandemic; ultimately building the public health nursing workforce necessary to address the current and future public health crises.
Photoisomerization Kinetics of Photoswitchable Thin Films Based on Nanostructure/Molecular Layers of AlN‐AO7
Authors: Ahmad Ahmad A. , Al‐Bataineh Qais M. , Al‐Nawafleh Dima M. , Telfah Ahmad D.
Published: October 2021

The photoisomerization kinetics of photoswitchable thin films based on nanostructure/molecular layers of AlN‐AO7 have been studied, investigated and reported. The trans → cis isomerization process occurs by UV‐light irradiation. The cis‐isomer could be turned back to the trans‐isomer by either thermal or optical relaxation. The kinetics and time‐evolution of the photoisomerization and reverse isomerization mechanism of AlN‐AO7 thin films are investigated by UV‐Vis absorbance spectra using relevant models. All phases of AlN‐AO7 thin film, initial trans‐, cis‐, optical trans‐, thermal trans‐phases, were investigated using UV‐Vis absorbance spectra, FTIR spectra, XRD and SEM. Transforming AlN‐AO7 thin film from the initial trans‐phase into cis‐phase leads to curvature in the AO7 leaves and increases in the strain inside the structure. Going back to the trans‐phase by either optical or thermal relaxation leads to vanishing the curvature and decreasing the structure's strain. Finally, the energy storage capacity was calculated using DSC and was found to be 36.38 J g−1, simultaneously realizing the multisource solar energy storage and environmental heat.
Knowledge and mentality
Authors: Pavese Carlotta
Published: October 2021

This paper reexamines the case for mentality — the thesis that knowledge is a mental state in its own right, and not only derivatively, simply by virtue of being composed out of mental states or by virtue of being a property of mental states — and explores a novel argument for it. I argue that a certain property singled out by psychologists and philosophers of cognitive science as distinctive of skillful behavior (agentive control) is best understood in terms of knowledge. While psychological theories of agentive control that appeal to monitoring mechanisms, such as attention, have been proposed, these theories cannot account for the full scope of controlled action. By contrast, I argue that an epistemic theory of agentive control that invokes knowledge is extensionally adequate. It is when it comes to understanding the hallmarks of skillful performance that the theoretical benefits of thinking of knowledge as mental can be fully appreciated.
How Do Disadvantaged Groups Seek Information About Public Services? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Communication Technologies
Authors: Linos Katerina , Carlson Melissa , Jakli Laura , Dalma Nadia , Cohen Isabelle , Veloudaki Afroditi , Spyrellis Stavros Nikiforos
Published: October 2021

Governments and NGOs are switching to phone‐ and Internet‐based communication technologies to reduce costs and broaden access to public services. However, these technological shifts can backfire if they exacerbate administrative burden in high‐need communities. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Greece evaluating which communication mode best allows disadvantaged groups to solicit information about free services. Subjects were 18 times more likely to use a prepaid postcard and eight times more likely to use a postcard requiring postage than a hotline or email to seek information about free dental care. Focus groups indicate that low self‐efficacy greatly limits disadvantaged groups’ willingness to use newer technologies for bureaucratic inquiries. We demonstrate that the administrative burden associated with technological shifts is larger than previously believed and that widespread psychological barriers include not only the stigma of welfare receipt, but also the stigma of mishandling a conversation with a bureaucrat.

Evidence for Practice

Scholarship on administrative burden underestimates both the magnitude and the types of challenges disadvantaged communities face when using new technologies to access free services.

Even in high literacy countries with extensive Internet availability and widespread use of mobile phones for informal social communication, the switch to new technologies for aid provision creates major challenges for aid recipients.

Although phone‐ and Internet‐based communication technologies reduce costs for service providers, they impose sizable psychological burdens on disadvantaged communities that often lack confidence and technical skills to use these technologies for formal, bureaucratic communications.

When designing outreach programming, service providers should consider using postcards and similar tools that place minimal informational and technological demands on disadvantaged communities and avoid the potential for uncomfortable interactions.
Pius II and the Andreis (1462): Textual Circulation, Crusade Promotion and Papal Power
Authors: Torch Barry , DeSilva Jennifer Mara
Published: October 2021

This article investigates the Andreis, an account of the 1462 Roman adventus of St Andrew’s head relic. While the text is most commonly known from Book VIII of Pope Pius II’s Commentaries (1462‐64), it appeared in discrete parts and circulated independently from 1462. The Andreis is revealed as a compilation of texts by several authors, undermining Pius’ traditional role as the sole author of the Andreis and later Commentaries. Additionally, the Andreis is identified as an early festival book, with similar norms of circulation, impact, and elite presentation. Recreating the adventus through texts written for the event, the Andreis reflects contemporary expectations for festival books, while also encouraging support for an Ottoman crusade. Thus, circulating separately and later as part of the Commentaries, the Andreis contributed to Pius’ crusade campaign and reputation, arguing for the pope’s authority as Peter’s heir, his popularity as a leader, and his rightful role as the protector of Eastern Christians.
Estimation of Large Block Structured Covariance Matrices: Application to ‘Multi-Omic’ Approaches to Study Seed Quality
Authors: Perrot-Dockès M. , Lévy-Leduc C. , Rajjou L.
Published: October 2021

Motivated by an application in high-throughput genomics and metabolomics, we propose a novel and fully data-driven approach for estimating large block structured sparse covariance matrices in the case where the number of variables is much larger than the number of samples without limiting ourselves to block diagonal matrices. Our approach consists in approximating such a covariance matrix by the sum of a low-rank sparse matrix and a diagonal matrix. Our methodology also can deal with matrices for which the block structure appears only if the columns and rows are permuted according to an unknown permutation. Our technique is implemented in the R package BlockCov which is available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) and from GitHub. In order to illustrate the statistical and numerical performance of our package some numerical experiments are provided as well as a thorough comparison with alternative methods. Finally, our approach is applied to the use of ‘multi-omic’ approaches for studying seed quality.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DPB1*02:01:61 allele in an Indian individual
Authors: Rajak Jyoti , D'Silva Selma Z. , Tambe Manisha , Phuntsok Tenzin , Singh Meenakshi
Published: October 2021

The novel allele HLA‐DPB1*02:01:61 as compared with HLA‐DPB1*02:01:02 displays polymorphism by a single nucleotide at gDNA 9011 C‐>T.
Root responses to aluminium and iron stresses require the SIZ1 SUMO ligase to modulate the STOP1 transcription factor
Authors: Mercier Caroline , Roux Brice , Have Marien , Le Poder Léa , Duong Nathalie , David Pascale , Leonhardt Nathalie , Blanchard Laurence , Naumann Christin , Abel Steffen , Cuyas Laura , Pluchon Sylvain , Nussaume Laurent , Desnos Thierry
Published: October 2021

STOP1, an Arabidopsis transcription factor favouring root growth tolerance against Al toxicity, acts in the response to iron under low Pi (−Pi). Previous studies have shown that Al and Fe regulate the stability and accumulation of STOP1 in roots, and that the STOP1 protein is sumoylated by an unknown E3 ligase. Here, using a forward genetics suppressor screen, we identified the E3 SUMO (small ubiquitin‐like modifier) ligase SIZ1 as a modulator of STOP1 signalling. Mutations in SIZ1 increase the expression of ALMT1 (a direct target of STOP1) and root growth responses to Al and Fe stress in a STOP1‐dependent manner. Moreover, loss‐of‐function mutations in SIZ1 enhance the abundance of STOP1 in the root tip. However, no sumoylated STOP1 protein was detected by Western blot analysis in our sumoylation assay in Escherichia coli, suggesting the presence of a more sophisticated mechanism. We conclude that the sumo ligase SIZ1 negatively regulates STOP1 signalling, at least in part by modulating STOP1 protein in the root tip. Our results will allow a better understanding of this signalling pathway.
SDG128 is involved in maize leaf inclination
Authors: Wang Shiliang , Zhang Fei , Jiang Pengfei , Zhang Heng , Zheng Han , Chen Rihong , Xu Zuntao , Ikram Aziz Ul , Li Enze , Xu Zaoshi , Fan Jun , Su Yanhua , Ding Yong
Published: October 2021

Maize leaf angle (LA) is a complex quantitative trait that is controlled by developmental signals, hormones, and environmental factors. However, the connection between histone methylation and LAs in maize remains unclear. Here, we reported that SET domain protein 128 (SDG128) is involved in leaf inclination in maize. Knockdown of SDG128 using an RNA interference approach resulted in an expanded architecture, less large vascular bundles, more small vascular bundles, and larger spacing of large vascular bundles in the auricles. SDG128 interacts with ZmGID2 both in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of ZmGID2 also showed a larger LA with less large vascular bundles and larger spacing of vascular bundles. In addition, the transcription level of cell wall expansion family genes ZmEXPA1, ZmEXPB2, and GRMZM2G005887; transcriptional factor genes Lg1, ZmTAC1, and ZmCLA4; and auxin pathway genes ZmYUCCA7, ZmYUCCA8, and ZmARF22 was reduced in SDG128 and ZmGID2 knockdown plants. SDG128 directly targets ZmEXPA1, ZmEXPB2, LG1, and ZmTAC1 and is required for H3K4me3 deposition at these genes. Together, the results of the present study suggest that SDG128 and ZmGID2 are involved in the maize leaf inclination.
Identification of explanatory factors of the presence and quantification of endocrine disruptors in commercially available bottled waters
Authors: Enríquez‐Hidalgo Andrés M. , Lara‐Borrero Jaime , Torres Andrés
Published: October 2021

To identify the factors that influence the presence and quantification of endocrine disruptors (EDs) in bottled water marketed in Bogotá, the packaging (plastic or glass), gas (sparkling or still water) and origin (international or Colombian) of the water were considered. EDs were divided into plasticizers, drugs and hormones and were quantitatively determined via gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Principal component and multiple correspondence analyses, the Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests, average mutual information and tree‐based models were used to identify the factors that affected the ED concentrations. Phthalates, drugs, hormones and synthetic compounds were detected, including 4‐tert‐octylphenol, acetaminophen, caffeine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, triclosan, bisphenol A, primidone, carbamazepine and progesterone. Factors such as glass packaging and sparkling water increased the detection and presence of EDs. Fourteen of the 16 identified compounds were detected if the water was bottled in glass; the exceptions were caffeine and acetaminophen. Furthermore, bottled water of international origin had higher concentrations of most EDs than Colombian bottled water. The statistical approaches used are an innovative predictive method for analysing ED concentrations and classifying factors closely correlated with the presence of these compounds.
WHAT CAN EVOLVED MINDS KNOW OF GOD? AN ASSESSMENT FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EVOLUTIONARY EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: Spurway Neil
Published: October 2021

Humans can only act successfully in the world because many of their mental concepts of that world—for example, three‐dimensional space—are objectively valid: hence the approach of evolutionary epistemology (EE). An overall world picture, “Umwelt,” is peculiar to each animal species as their sensory functions differ, but the concept of Cause is widespread and fundamental: it leads humans to an idea of God as Cause of creation. But further certain knowledge of God is impossible, theology must be Apophatic: Pseudo‐Dionysius and Wordsworth provide examples. The Apostles’ Creed is considered from the standpoint of EE: its metaphysical claims are meaningless but the human aspects remain wholly acceptable. Fuller theological pictures will be sustainable only on an “as if” basis. Any more positive theological position is increasingly dangerous, and claims of certainty can never be upheld.
Mapping and analyzing the distribution of the species in the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in the Ferghana Valley of Central Asia
Authors: DEKHKONOV Davron , TOJIBAEV Komiljon Sh. , MAKHMUDJANOV Dilmurod , NA Nu-ree , BAASANMUNKH Shukherdorj , YUSUPOV Ziyoviddin , CHOI Hyeok Jae , JANG Chang-Gee
Published: October 2021

Tulips are bulbous geophytes that have considerable commercial value worldwide. This genus primarily originated in the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alai mountain ranges, which surround the Ferghana Valley. The Ferghana Valley is home to five sections of the genus Tulipa L, represented by 23 taxa (22 species). However, there is a lack of detailed information about the distribution of Tulipa species in the natural geographic area of the Ferghana Valley. Therefore, to address this knowledge gap, we comprehensively investigated the spatial distribution of all Tulipa species in the valley. To assess the spatial distribution, the entire area was divided into 32 squares consisting of four latitudinal and eight longitudinal zones. The results showed that latitudinal zones B and C with 15 and 13 taxa, respectively, along with five longitudinal zones (A5, B3, B4, C2, and C3) with 5 to 10 taxa were hotspots for this genus. Additionally, the spatial distributions of the species in terms of the corresponding state borders, mountain ranges, endemism, and conservation issues were assessed. The findings of this study provide comprehensive information about the distribution of Tulipa species to assist with conservation initiatives ultimately to ensure the survival of various species.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Korean Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae)
Authors: PARK Yoo-Jung , CHEON Kyeong-Sik
Published: October 2021

The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Neolitsea sericea was determined by Illumina sequencing. The complete cp genome was 152,446bp in length, containing a large single-copy region of 93,796 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,506bp, which were separated by a pair of 20,072bp inverted repeats. A total of 112 unique genes were annotated, including 78 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 transfer RNAs, and four ribosomal RNAs. Among the PCGs, 18 genes contained one or two introns. A very low level of sequence variation between two cp genomes of N. sericea was found with seven insertions or deletions and only one single nucleotide polymorphism. An analysis using the maximum likelihood method showed that N. sericea was closely related to Actinodaphne trichocarpa.
The complete chloroplast genome of Limonium tetragonum (Plumbaginaceae) isolated in Korea
Authors: KIM Yongsung , XI Hong , PARK Jongsun
Published: October 2021

The chloroplast genome of Limonium tetragonum (Thunb.) Bullock, a halophytic species, was sequenced to understand genetic differences based on its geographical distribution. The cp genome of L. tetragonum was 154,689 bp long (GC ratio is 37.0%) and has four subregions: 84,572 bp of large single-copy (35.3%) and 12,813 bp of small singlecopy (31.5%) regions were separated by 28,562 bp of inverted repeat (40.9%) regions. It contained 128 genes (83 proteincoding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 33 INDEL regions (88 bp in length) were identified. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees showed that L. tetragonum formed a sister group with L. aureum, which is incongruent with certain previous studies, including a phylogenetic analysis.
China in Classics: Narrative Construction of Multiple Texts and the Value of the Times
Authors: Wu Ziyong
Published: October 2021

As a spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation, traditional culture is the spiritual power and support for the survival and development of the Chinese people. In the new era, China emphasizes cultural confidence. Its inheritance and promotion of traditional culture have made cultural programs flourish. More recently, specific to multi-dimensional text, learning Chinese culture and extracting spiritual nutrients from TV programs has become an advantageous choice for the broad masses of people to enrich their spiritual life. Through the reconstruction of the text of classics and the narrative construction of the integration of multiple texts, China in Classic Books gives voice to ancient books. By expressing people’s humanistic feelings towards classics, it attracts young people’s attention and realizes mainstream values with its unique charm. Based on the creation rules and communication effects of China in Classics, this paper analyzes the exploration of the contemporary communication of traditional culture of TV programs.
Influence of Hole-to-Hole Interaction on the Acoustic Behavior of Multi-Orifice Perforated Plates
Authors: Javareshkian Alireza , Dancelme Alexis , Chen Hongyu , Sattelmayer Thomas
Published: October 2021

A key factor for developing low-emission combustion systems in modern gas turbines and aero-engines is the acoustic liner's optimized design. Several models are available in the literature for the acoustic impedance of perforated acoustic liners. Most of these impedance models neglect the interaction effect between the orifices. In practice, the orifices are generally closely distributed such that the interactions between acoustic radiation from neighboring orifices can affect their acoustical behavior. The hole-to-hole interaction effect may change the resonance frequency of the resonator due to the nonplanar wave propagation in the cavity, the orifices in the perforated plate, and the near-wall region in the combustor. Considering this effect may help to predict the resonance frequency of the resonator accurately. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) analytical approach is developed to account for the nonplanar wave propagation in the cavity and orifices on the perforated plate. The present study employs the proposed 3D analytical method to determine the hole-to-hole interaction end correction of multi-orifice perforated plates. Additionally, the hole-to-hole interaction end correction from a series of perforated plates with different orifice radii and spacings is obtained via the finite element method. Perforated plate specimens with different center-to-center hole spacing are tested using an impedance tube. Experimental results show that the resonance frequency is shifted toward a lower frequency with decreasing holes' spacing. The resulting model is compared with the experiments and the end-correction models available in the literature. The comparison shows that the available end-correction models cannot capture the hole-to-hole interaction effect, which is observed in experiments. In contrast, the proposed model can reproduce measurements with high quality. The resulting model demonstrates that the acoustic end-correction length for orifices is closely related to the perforated plate's porosity ratio and orifice radius. The proposed model is readily applicable in the design of multi-orifice perforated plates.
Early Wear Fault Dynamics Analysis Method of Gear Coupled Rotor System Based on Dynamic Fractal Backlash
Authors: Pan Wujiu , Ling Liangyu , Qu Haoyong , Wang Minghai
Published: October 2021

The aim of this paper is to establish a typical gear coupled rotor system model and give an analysis of the early wear of the tooth surface. The tooth surface wear will cause the change of the backlash. Different from previous studies on the backlash, the backlash in this paper is a dynamic fractal backlash, which is obtained based on the fractal wear model of tooth surfaces. Firstly, based on the FA (Flodin and Andersson) model and our previous studies on the contact analysis of rough surfaces, a fractal wear model of tooth surfaces is established. Then, the system vibration response of embedded dynamic fractal backlash is compared with that of embedded fixed backlash. The results show that the traditional fixed backlash cannot reflect the small changes of the system response, while the dynamic fractal backlash can sensitively reflect changes of dynamic characteristics of the system, so this kind of mathematical model considering dynamic fractal wear will be more conducive to the analysis and prediction of gear wear faults in engineering.
Manipulator Kinematics and Dynamics on Differentiable Manifolds: Part II Dynamics
Authors: Haug Edward J.
Published: October 2021

The manipulator differentiable manifold kinematics formulation presented in Part I of this paper is employed for forward and inverse kinematic analysis and formulation of ordinary differential equations of motion on disjoint, maximal, singularity free, path-connected components of regular configuration space, for a broad spectrum of manipulators. Existence of forward and inverse configuration mappings throughout maximal singularity free manifold components yields analytical forward and inverse velocity mappings. Efficient computational algorithms for forward and inverse configuration and velocity analysis on a time grid are derived for each of three manipulator categories. Manifold parameterizations are used to transform variational equations of motion in manipulator coordinates to second-order ordinary differential equations of manipulator dynamics, with both input and output coordinates as state variables, eliminating the need for ad hoc derivation of equations of motion. Criteria that define manipulator differentiable manifolds are shown to guarantee that the equations of motion derived are well-posed on maximal singularity free components of manipulator configuration space. This process is illustrated by presenting terms required for the evaluation of equations of motion for three model manipulators. It is shown that computation involved in the evaluation of equations of manipulator kinematics and dynamics can be carried out in real-time on modern microprocessors, supporting the in-line implementation of modern methods of manipulator control.
Creep–Fatigue Interaction Effects on Pressure-Reducing Valve Under Cyclic Thermomechanical Loadings Using Direct Cyclic Method
Authors: Cho Nak-Kyun , Choi Youngjae , Chen Haofeng
Published: October 2021

Supercritical boiler system has been widely used to increase efficiency of electricity generation in power plant industries. However, the supercritical operating condition can seriously affect structural integrity of power plant components due to high temperature that causes degradation of material properties. Pressure reducing valve is an important component being employed within a main steam line of the supercritical boiler, which occasionally thermal-fatigue failure being reported. This research has investigated creep-cyclic plastic behavior of the pressure reducing valve under combined thermomechanical loading using a direct numerical method known as extended direct steady cycle analysis of the linear matching method framework (LMM eDSCA). Finite element model of the pressure-reducing valve is created based on a practical valve dimension and temperature-dependent material properties are applied for the numerical analysis. The simulation results demonstrate a critical loading component that attributes creep-fatigue failure of the valve. Parametric studies confirm the effects of magnitude of the critical loading component on creep deformation and total deformation per loading cycle. With these comprehensive numerical results, this research provides engineer with an insight into possible failure mechanisms of the pressure-reducing valve at high temperature.
Radiocarbon Dating of Bone and Shell from Their Organic Components
Authors: Berger Rainer , Horney Amos G. , Libby W. F.
Published: October 2021

A method of dating bone and shell by radiocarbon content has been developed. The mineral is removed by mild acid treatment and the residual carbon is dated in the usual manner.
Counting the Dead in Afghanistan
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: October 2021

A military data set of civilian casualties, provided exclusively to
Science
, indicates that the war has become more lethal to the Afghan population, largely because of indiscriminate insurgent attacks.
: Clusters Whip Light Atomic Nuclei Into Shape
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: October 2021

Today, exactly 100 years after Henri Becquerel found the first clues to their existence, alpha particles—made of two protons and two neutrons—are producing dramatic insights into the structure and behavior of light atomic nuclei. Recent work by several British and American physicists indicates that at high energies, the alpha particles in some of these nuclei, such as carbon or magnesium, can form “nuclear molecules,” where one cluster of alpha particles orbits around another, and even bizarre long chains.
Refining precision immunotherapy
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: October 2021

Two studies show why some, but not all, MMR-deficient tumors are sensitive to immunotherapy.
Application of the iBox prognostication system as a surrogate endpoint in the TRANSFORM randomised controlled trial: proof-of-concept study
Authors: Aubert Olivier , Divard Gillian , Pascual Julio , Oppenheimer Federico , Sommerer Claudia , Citterio Franco , Tedesco Helio , Chadban Steve , Henry Mitchell , Vincenti Flavio , Srinivas Titte , Watarai Yoshihiko , Legendre Christophe , Bernhardt Peter , Loupy Alexandre
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Development of pharmaceutical agents in transplantation is currently limited by long waits for hard endpoints. We applied a validated integrative risk-prognostication system integrative Box (iBox) as a surrogate endpoint to the TRANSFORM Study, a large randomised controlled trial, to project individual patient long-term kidney allograft survival from 1 year to 11 years after randomisation.

Design

Post-hoc analysis of a randomised open-label controlled trial.

Setting

Multicentre study including 186 centres in 42 countries worldwide.

Participants

2037 de novo kidney transplant recipients.

Intervention

Participants were randomised (1:1) to receive everolimus with reduced-exposure calcineurin inhibitor (EVR+rCNI) or mycophenolic acid with standard-exposure CNI (MPA+sCNI).

Primary outcome measure

The iBox scores were computed for each participant at 1 year after randomisation using functional, immunological and histological parameters. Individual long-term death-censored allograft survival over 4, 6 and 11 years after randomisation was projected with the iBox risk-prognostication system.

Results

Overall, 940 patients receiving EVR+rCNI and 932 receiving MPA+sCNI completed the 1-year visit. iBox scores generated at 1 year yielded graft survival prediction rates of 90.9% vs 92.1%, 87.9% vs 89.5%, and 80.0% vs 82.4% in the EVR+rCNI versus MPA+sCNI arms at 4, 6, and 11 years post-randomisation, respectively (all differences below the 10% non-inferiority margin defined by study protocol). Inclusion of immunological and histological Banff diagnoses parameters in iBox scores resulted in comparable and non-inferior predicted graft survival for both treatments.

Conclusions

This proof-of-concept study provides the first application of a validated prognostication system as a surrogate endpoint in the field of transplantation. The iBox system, by projecting kidney allograft survival up to 11 years post-randomisation, confirms the non-inferiority of EVR+rCNI versus MPA+sCNI regimen. Given the current process engaged for surrogate endpoints qualification, this study illustrates the potential to fast track development of pharmaceutical agents.

Trial registration number

TRANSFORM trial:NCT01950819.

iBox prognostication system:NCT03474003.
Neurological consultation with an autistic patient
Authors: Cooper Miriam , Gale Katherine , Langley Kate , Broughton Thomas , Massey Thomas H , Hall Nicola J , Jones Catherine R G
Published: October 2021

Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with a very heterogeneous presentation. Autistic people are more likely to have unmet healthcare needs, making it essential that healthcare professionals are ‘autism-aware’. In this article, we provide an overview of how autism presents and use case studies to illustrate how a neurological consultation in an outpatient clinic environment could prove challenging for a autistic person. We suggest how to improve communication with autistic patients in clinic and highlight the importance of a patient-centred and flexible approach.
Patterns and drivers of native, non-native, and at-risk freshwater fish richness in Canada
Authors: Anas M.U. Mohamed , Mandrak Nicholas E.
Published: October 2021

Understanding the relative roles of the historical, environmental, and anthropogenic processes underlying spatial biodiversity patterns is crucial to predict the impacts of global environmental changes. We quantified the relative roles of these factors in influencing species richness of total, native, non-native, and at-risk freshwater fishes in 985 tertiary watersheds across Canada while accounting for correlations among descriptors and spatial autocorrelation. Our findings indicate differences in factors influencing richness patterns among species categories. Environmental factors related to energy availability and historical factors related to post-glacial recolonization both played roles in shaping spatial variation in native species richness. In contrast, variation in non-native species richness was largely related to human activities increasing propagule pressure and habitat disturbance, which were greater for foreign species (i.e., not native to Canada) than for translocated native species. Anthropogenic processes and environmental conditions were both important determinants of at-risk species richness. Our study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach that simultaneously considers natural and anthropogenic processes to better predict the fish biodiversity change at the landscape scale.
Transition spectral parameters of In-like Ba, La, and Ce ions
Authors: Wu Miao , He Zhencen
Published: October 2021

The spectral parameters (energy levels, wavelengths, transition probabilities, line strengths, and oscillator strengths) of resonance lines for Ba VIII, La IX, and Ce X have been obtained using the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock method, with contributions of quantum electrodynamics and Breit interaction corrections taken into consideration. The calculated results of energy levels and wavelengths are in good agreement with experimental values and other calculations. The number of energy levels and wavelengths considered is larger than that of any other experiment or other calculations. The transition probabilities, line strengths, and oscillator strengths are also calculated where no other theoretical results and experimental values are available.
Understanding the index theorems with massive fermions
Authors: Fukaya Hidenori
Published: October 2021

The index theorems relate the gauge field and metric on a manifold to the solution of the Dirac equation on it. In the standard approach, the Dirac operator must be massless to make the chirality operator well defined. In physics, however, the index theorem appears as a consequence of chiral anomaly, which is an explicit breaking of the symmetry. It is then natural to ask if we can understand the index theorems in a massive fermion system which does not have chiral symmetry. In this review, we discuss how to reformulate the chiral anomaly and index theorems with massive Dirac operators, where we find nontrivial mathematical relations between massless and massive fermions. A special focus is placed on the Atiyah–Patodi–Singer index, whose original formulation requires a physicist-unfriendly boundary condition, while the corresponding massive domain-wall fermion reformulation does not. The massive formulation provides a natural understanding of the anomaly inflow between the bulk and edge in particle and condensed matter physics.
On Electrical Spiking of Ganoderma resinaceum
Authors: Adamatzky Andrew , Gandia Antoni
Published: October 2021

Fungi exhibit action-potential like spiking activity. Up to date, most electrical activity of oyster fungi has been characterized in sufficient detail. It remains unclear if there are any patterns of electrical activity specific only for a certain set of species or if all fungi share the same “language” of electrical signalling. We use pairs of differential electrodes to record extracellular electrical activity of the antler-like sporocarps of the polypore fungus Ganoderma resinaceum. The patterns of the electrical activity are analyzed in terms of frequency of spiking and parameters of the spikes. The indicators of the propagation of electrical activity are also highlighted.
Time fractional telegraph equation and its solution by Laplace transform method
Authors: Biswas Swapan , Das Shantanu , Ghosh Uttam
Published: October 2021

In this paper, one-dimensional time fractional telegraph equation is deduced using fractional Ohm’s law in transmission lines. The nonlocal behavior, arising from the time fractality, is discussed via fractional calculus. Here, the time fractional differential equation related to electrical GLRC circuit is proposed in terms of the Liouville–Caputo fractional derivative. To keep the dimensionality of the physical parameters [Formula: see text] the new parameter [Formula: see text] is introduced. This parameter ([Formula: see text]) characterizes the existence of fractional structure in the system. The analytical solution of the proposed equation is obtained by using Laplace transform method in terms of Mittag-Leffler function which describes physical system with memory. The order of the time derivative being considered is [Formula: see text]. The result of an example shows that the behavior of voltage depends on the value of the fractional order of the proposed equation.
Some properties of n-multiply σ-local formations of finite groups
Authors: Safonova Inna N.
Published: October 2021

All groups under consideration are finite. Let [Formula: see text] be some partition of the set of all primes [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] be a group, and [Formula: see text] be a class of groups. Then, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]

A function [Formula: see text] of the form [Formula: see text] is called a formation [Formula: see text]-function. For any formation [Formula: see text]-function [Formula: see text] the class [Formula: see text] is defined as follows: [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] If for some formation [Formula: see text]-function [Formula: see text] we have [Formula: see text] then the class [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text]-local and [Formula: see text] is called a [Formula: see text]-local definition of [Formula: see text] Every formation is called 0-multiply [Formula: see text]-local. For [Formula: see text] a formation [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local provided either [Formula: see text] is the class of all identity groups or [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local for all [Formula: see text]

Let [Formula: see text] be a set of subgroups of [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]. Then, [Formula: see text] is called a subgroup functor if for every epimorphism [Formula: see text] : [Formula: see text] and any groups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] we have [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. A class of groups [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text]-closed if [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text].

In this paper, we study the properties of [Formula: see text]-closed [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local formations generated by some set of groups. In particular, we obtained a description of the smallest [Formula: see text]-local definition of such formation, we also prove that [Formula: see text]-closed [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local formation [Formula: see text] is one-generated if and only if [Formula: see text] is finite and [Formula: see text] have a integrated [Formula: see text]-local definition [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is a one-generated [Formula: see text]-closed [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local formation for all [Formula: see text]. In addition, we prove that the class of all [Formula: see text]-closed one-generated [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local formations coincides with the class of all one-generated [Formula: see text]-closed [Formula: see text]-multiply [Formula: see text]-local formations.
Algebraic reduction methods and their applications to matrix continued fractions
Authors: Kamizawa Takeo
Published: October 2021

A collection of matrices is not always reducible, but it is beneficial for further analysis if it is. Some criteria for the algebraic reducibility have been considered in literature and, indeed, in some cases we are able to compute the reduced forms explicitly. We will review these methods in this paper. As their applications, we will consider the reductions (simplifications) of matrix continued fractions and discuss the convergence problems.