bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards the 10‐Year Milestone of Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Ying Zhiqin , Yang Xi , Wang Xuezhen , Ye Jichun
Published: July 2024

The perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell represents one of the most promising avenues for exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit for single‐junction solar cells at a reasonable cost. Remarkably, its efficiency has rapidly increased from 13.7% in 2015 to 34.6% in 2024. Despite the significant research efforts dedicated to this topic, the “secret” to achieving high‐performance perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells seems to be confined to a few research groups. Additionally, the discrepancies in preparation and characterization between single‐junction and tandem solar cells continue to impede the transition from efficient single‐junction to efficient tandem solar cells. This review first revisits the key milestones in the development of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells over the past decade. Then, a comprehensive analysis of the background, advancements, and challenges in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells is provided, following the sequence of the tandem fabrication process. The progress and limitations of the prevalent stability measurements for tandem devices are also discussed. Finally, a roadmap for designing efficient, scalable, and stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells is outlined. This review takes the growth history into consideration while charting the future course of perovskite/silicon tandem research.
Effective Prevention and Treatment of Acute Leukemias in Mice by Activation of Thermogenic Adipose Tissues
Authors: Chen Ruibo , Cheng Tianran , Xie Sisi , Sun Xiaoting , Chen Mingjia , Zhao Shumin , Ruan Qingyan , Ni Xiaolei , Rao Mei , Quan Xinyi , Chen Kaiwen , Zhang Shiyue , Cheng Tao , Xu Yuanfu , Chen Yuguo , Yang Yunlong , Cao Yihai
Published: July 2024

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are common hematological malignancies in adults. Despite considerable research advances, the development of standard therapies, supportive care, and prognosis for the majority of AML and ALL patients remains poor and the development of new effective therapy is urgently needed. Here, it is reported that activation of thermogenic adipose tissues (TATs) by cold exposure or β3‐adrenergic receptor agonists markedly alleviated the development and progression of AML and ALL in mouse leukemia models. TAT activation (TATA) monotherapy substantially reduces leukemic cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood, and suppresses leukemic cell invasion, including hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Notably, TATA therapy prolongs the survivals of AML‐ and ALL‐bearing mice. Surgical removal of thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) or genetic deletion of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) largely abolishes the TATA‐mediated anti‐leukemia effects. Metabolomic pathway analysis demonstrates that glycolytic metabolism, which is essential for anabolic leukemic cell growth, is severely impaired in TATA‐treated leukemic cells. Moreover, a combination of TATA therapy with chemotherapy produces enhanced anti‐leukemic effects and reduces chemotoxicity. These data provide a new TATA‐based therapeutic paradigm for the effective treatment of AML, ALL, and likely other types of hematological malignancies.
Ni/Cu Dual‐Catalyzed Propargylation for the Stereodivergent Synthesis of Methohexital
Authors: Chang Xihao , Zhang Jiayin , Cheng Xiang , Lv Xianhai , Guo Chang
Published: July 2024

The development of efficient methodologies for the controlled manufacture of specific stereoisomers bearing quaternary stereocenters has prompted advances in a variety of scientific disciplines including pharmaceutical chemistry, materials science, and chemical biology. However, complete control of the absolute and relative stereochemical configurations of alkyne derivatives remains an unmet synthetic challenge. Herein, a Ni/Cu dual‐catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction is presented to produce propargylated products with all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters in high yields with significant diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, >99% ee). The synthesis of all stereochemical variants of methohexital, a widely used sedative‐hypnotic drug, exemplifies the efficacy of dual‐catalyzed stereodivergent propargylation.
Cooperative Path Planning for Multiplayer Reach‐Avoid Games under Imperfect Observation Information
Authors: Fang Hongwei , Chen Yue , Yi Peng
Published: July 2024

This article investigates a reach‐avoid game and proposes a cooperative path planning algorithm for a target–pursuers (TP) coalition to capture an evader. In the game, the target aims to bait and escape from the evader, and the pursuer aims to capture the evader. Due to imperfect observations, the TP coalition has uncertain information of the evader's state, while the evader is assumed to have perfect observation. The game model is constructed by formulating the optimization problems for each player in a receding horizon fashion. Then, to counter the evader effectively, the TP coalition constructs a virtual evader using the belief information from a Kalman filter. And a chance constraint optimization problem is constructed to predict the virtual evader's trajectory under uncertainties. The TP coalition can capture the actual evader by generating a robust counter‐strategy against the virtual evader with a chance constraint feasible set. Next, to compute the Nash equilibrium of the TP coalition's subjective game, an iterative algorithm is designed that combines the iterative best response and the distributed alternating direction method of multiplier algorithms. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is validated through simulations and experiments.
The path less traveled: Using structural equation modeling to investigate factors influencing bone functional morphology
Authors: Johnston Rob'yn A. , Cowgill Libby W.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

The relationship between an organism's mechanical environment and its bone strength has been long established by experimental research. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including body mass, muscle strength, genetic background, and nutritional and/or hormonal status, are likely to influence bone deposition and resorption throughout the lifespan, complicating this relationship. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is uniquely positioned to parse this complex set of influences.

Materials and Methods

Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including sex, total body mass, lean body mass, exercise frequency, peak body mass, and age, were analyzed using SEM to determine how they affect bone strength both individually and combined.

Results

Body mass is typically the driver of cross‐sectional area, but body mass and lean mass have similar effects on the polar moment of area (J). Peak body mass had a strong direct effect on J, despite decreasing strongly with increases in lean mass. Exercise also did not confer a large direct effect on cross‐sectional area or J but did modify body mass and lean mass. In females, intentional weight loss was associated with decreased exercise levels.

Discussion

SEM is a useful tool for parsing complex systems in bone functional morphology and has the potential to uncover causal links in the study of skeletal remodeling, including factors like weight loss or exercise that may have secondary effects.
Efficient Self‐Sorting Behaviours of Metallacages with Subtle Structural Differences
Authors: Jin Tongxia , Zeng Kai , Zhang Xin , Dou Wei‐Tao , Hu Lianrui , Zhang Dawei , Zhu Weiping , Qian Xuhong , Yang Hai‐Bo , Xu Lin
Published: July 2024

Investigating the self‐sorting behaviour of assemblies with subtle structural differences is a captivating yet challenging endeavour. Herein, we elucidate the unusual self‐sorting behaviour of metallacages with subtle structural differences in batch reactors and microdroplets. Narcissistic self‐sorting of metallacages has been observed for two ligands with identical sizes, shapes, and symmetries, with only minor differences in the substituted groups. In particular, the self‐sorting process in microdroplets occurs within 1 min at room temperature, in stark contrast to batch reactors, which require equilibration for 30 min. To reveal the mechanism of self‐sorting and the role of microdroplets, we conducted a series of experiments and theoretical calculations, including competitive self‐assembly, cage‐to‐cage transformation, control experiments involving model metallacages with larger cavities, noncovalent interaction analysis, and root mean square deviation (RMSD) analysis. This research demonstrates an unusual case of self‐sorting of very similar assemblies and provides a new strategy for facilitating the self‐sorting efficiency of supramolecular systems.
High‐performance aminosilane‐infused alginate capsules for sustained drug release
Authors: Imanishi Sora , Sawano Yuji , Kurayama Fumio , Shibata Yuichi , Matsuyama Tatsushi , Ida Junichi
Published: July 2024

Sodium alginate (AlgNa) is often used to prepare oral drug capsules, offering the advantages of facile carrier formation and pH sensitivity. However, these capsules suffer from high porosity, large pore size, and mechanical and physiological instabilities. Although the performance of AlgNa in oral drug carriers can be enhanced through hybridization with other substances, this results in increased complexity and additional preparation steps. To address this problem, organic–inorganic hybrid capsules are herein prepared via the one‐step incorporation of aminosilanes (3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane) into AlgNa and evaluated as delivery vehicles for the sustained release of a model drug, diclofenac sodium. The hybrid capsules show elevated drug encapsulation efficiencies (up to 92.7%) and pH responsiveness and outperform pure alginate capsules, exhibiting contraction and low release rates (<10%) in a simulated stomach environment (pH 1.2) and swelling and sustained release (10 h) in a simulated intestinal environment (pH 7.4). The formation of siloxane bonds between the aminosilane molecules results in stronger and more compact capsule membranes contributing to sustained drug release. Thus, our results demonstrate the potential of the proposed capsules, fabricated using a simple ecofriendly method, as carriers for sustained drug release.
Diphenylbutadiene Fluorescent Analogues in Sub‐Cellular Imaging and Monitoring Mitophagy
Authors: Ghorpade Mohini , Mansuri Abdulkhalik , Kumar Ashutosh , Kanvah Sriram
Published: July 2024

A series of donor‐acceptor (D–π–A) substituted diphenylbutadienes exhibiting solvatochromic emission and a large Stokes shift (100–200 nm) were designed and synthesized for distinctive organelle labelling, enabling real‐time monitoring of organelle behaviour such as lysosomal dynamics, mitophagy monitoring, and stress responses. The morpholine‐substituted D–A–D diphenylbutadiene (M2) was employed to investigate selective imaging of lysosomes, the uptake of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy, and monitoring lysosomal viscosity or pH changes. Other diphenylbutadiene derivatives (M1, M3, M4) selectively accumulated in lipid droplets. All the synthesized derivatives demonstrated significant uptake in 5‐day post‐fertilization zebrafish larvae, with M2 showing maximum uptake in the enterocyte‐containing heart and intestinal regions, which include the lysosomes.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Advanced Oxidation Process Using Perovskite‐Type LaMnO3 Nanospheres
Authors: Maridevaru Madappa C , Kaimal Reshma , Selvaraj Rengaraj , Al Souwaileh Abdullah , Sun Ming Xuan , Anandan Sambandam , Ashokkumar Muthupandian
Published: July 2024

Among the perovskite oxide community, La‐based perovskites have garnered considerable interest due to their remarkable properties including catalytic, electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, sensing, electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics. Herein, rhodamine‐B (RB) dye has been reported to be sono‐catalytically decomposed by an ultrasound‐assisted advanced oxidation process (AOP) using perovskite‐type LaMnO3 (LMO) nanospheres synthesized via ultrasonic approach. Several physiochemical characterizations such as XRD, FT‐IR, XPS, SEM, TEM, and SEM‐EDS investigations were used to investigate the LMO perovskite nanospheres. Then, LMO potential for adsorption and the sonocatalytic decolorization of RB dye in an aqueous solution are examined. With LMO perovskites, the adsorption and removal kinetics of RB correspond to the pseudo‐first‐order model. Furthermore, by utilizing the pseudo‐first‐order, the RB dye process is removed with improved efficacy in the following sequence: Agitation alone: 3.76×10−4 min−1<US only: 5.02×10−3 min−1<LMO only: 5.85×10−3 min−1<LO@MO + US: 1.38×10−2 min−1<LMO + US: 1.75×10−2 min−1, accordingly. Perovskite‐type LMO, which has significant reusability and stability, is an ensuring sonocatalyst for dye decomposition in wastewater, enabling faster decolorization. A prospective mechanism has been suggested for the sonocatalytic decomposition of RB.
Exploring potential ion channel targets for rheumatoid arthritis: combination of network analysis and gene expression analysis
Authors: Bhuvaneshwari Sampath , Venkataraman Krishnamurthy , Sankaranarayanan Kavitha
Published: July 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane that leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone. Currently, pharmacological targeting of ion channels is being increasingly recognized as an attractive and feasible strategy for the treatment of RA. The present work employs a network analysis approach to predict the most promising ion channel target for potential RA‐treating drugs. A protein–protein interaction map was generated for 343 genes associated with inflammation in RA and ion channel genes using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and visualized using Cytoscape. Based on the betweenness centrality and traffic values as key topological parameters, 17 hub nodes were identified, including FOS (9800.85), tumor necrosis factor (3654.60), TGFB1 (3305.75), and VEGFA (3052.88). The backbone network constructed with these 17 hub genes was intensely analyzed to identify the most promising ion channel target using network analyzer. Calcium permeating ion channels, especially store‐operated calcium entry channels, and their associated regulatory proteins were found to highly interact with RA inflammatory hub genes. This significant ion channel target for RA identified by theoretical and statistical studies was further validated by a pilot case–control gene expression study. Experimental verification of the above findings in 75 RA cases and 25 controls showed increased ORAI1 expression. Thus, with a combination of network analysis approach and gene expression studies, we have explored potential targets for RA treatment.
Untangling the threads of school wellbeing: Underlying assumptions and axes of normativity
Authors: Primdahl Nis Langer , Simovska Venka
Published: July 2024

At present, the concept of wellbeing in schools appears more muddled than ever, encompassing an even wider range of meanings, connotations and dimensions than when it first gained currency two decades ago. Drawing upon a systematic literature review on wellbeing in schools, this article conceptualises the normative tensions underpinning the understandings of wellbeing in schools and related critical discussions. Guided by the claim that educational notions of wellbeing are not neutral but always laden with values and interwoven with expansive ideas about what education in general, and school wellbeing in particular, should be and do, we analyse a range of conceptualisations by illuminating the underlying normative assumptions. Our argument is that the concept of wellbeing is not only shaped by but also subject to opposing forces and inherent tensions. We outline three ‘axes’ to highlight these central points of tension characterising the conceptualisations of wellbeing in the literature, thereby shedding light on the normative underpinnings. The three axes portray a spectrum of perspectives, moving from individual skills, competencies and affective states, through approaches that underscore the relational nature of wellbeing and the importance of interpersonal relationships, to more comprehensive conceptualisations that construe wellbeing as interconnected with aspects of the whole‐school environment and broader societal dynamics. Our conceptual analyses suggest that parallel to the concept of subjectivity, wellbeing can be construed as either detached, value‐neutral and decontextualised, or as enacted in specific social realms and co‐created in the interplay between interpersonal interactions and socio‐material dynamics.
Descartes on Place and Motion: A Reading through Cartesian Commentaries**
Authors: Strazzoni Andrea
Published: July 2024

This paper offers a reconstruction of the interpretations of Descartes's ideas of place and motion by Dutch Cartesians (Henricus Regius, Johannes de Raey, Johannes Clauberg, and Christoph Wittich). It does so by focusing on the reading of Descartes's Principia philosophiae (1644) offered, in particular, by the dictated commentaries on it. It is shown how such commentaries bring to the light new potential Aristotelian‐Scholastic sources of Descartes, and the different ways Dutch Cartesians brought to the fore, also with the help of such sources, the rationale of the Cartesian text: in doing so, they constituted a philosophical school.
Enhanced chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer using surfactant‐modified AIE carbon dots
Authors: Zhong Jinpan , Zhu Yangwen , Xing Mengyan , Li Mengyan , Wu Riliga , Zhang Li , Guan Weijiang
Published: July 2024

Chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) efficiency can be enhanced by confining CRET donors and acceptors within nanoscale spaces. However, this enhanced efficiency is often affected by uncertainties stemming from the random distribution of CRET donors and acceptors in such confined environments. In this study, a novel confined nanospace was created through the surfactant modification of carbon dots (CDs) exhibiting aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Hydrophobic CRET donors could be effectively confined within this nanospace. The distance between the CRET donors and acceptors could be controlled by anchoring the AIE‐CDs as the CRET acceptors, resulting in significantly improved CRET efficiency. Furthermore, this AIE‐CDs‐based CRET system was successfully applied to the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in rainwater, showcasing its potential for practical applications.
Designed fluorescence “on–off–on” probe based on cobalt, zinc, and nitrogen co‐doped graphene quantum dots: A case of quinalphos sensing
Authors: Mahajan Mahendra R. , Patil Pravin O.
Published: July 2024

In this study, we developed a new fluorescence “on–off–on” sensor utilizing water‐soluble cobalt/zinc–nitrogen co‐doped graphene quantum dots (Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs) to recognize quinalphos pesticide in vegetable and fruit samples. Primarily, the synthesis method employed a one‐pot hydrothermal approach, using betel leaves as a natural precursor and cobalt (“Co”), zinc (“Zn”), and urea (“N”) as dopant sources. The Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs probes underwent comprehensive analytical characterization. The Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs were synthesized with a remarkable luminescence yield of 31.49%, exhibiting excitation at 320 nm and emission peak at 393 nm. Interestingly, the luminescence of Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs was selectively “Turned Off” by Cu2+ via a static quenching setup. Remarkably, quenched fluorescence was surprisingly reactivated upon adding quinalphos to the quench setup, indicating a direct correlation between luminescence reactivation and quinalphos concentration. Briefly, this phenomenon is ascribed to the functional groups in quinalphos, such as quinoxalinyl and phosphorothioate, which chelate with Cu2+ ions, disrupting the nonfluorescent Cu2+‐Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs complex. The design sensor demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 μM and a broad linear span of 0.5 to 200 μM. In conclusion, Cu2+‐Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs sensor showed immediate applicability, stability, and reproducibility, making it highly effective for quinalphos sensing in various samples.
Mechanism understanding of PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636 with human serum albumin: Insights from molecular modeling and multiple spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Yang Hongqin , Ji Xinzhu , Wang Huiling , Yang Ruijing , Ma Junyi
Published: July 2024

YM201636 is the potent PIKfyve inhibitor that is being actively investigated for liver cancer efficacy. In this study, computer simulations and experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction mechanism between YM201636 and the transport protein HSA. Results indicated that YM201636 is stably bound between the subdomains IIA and IIIA of HSA, supported by site marker displacement experiments. YM201636 quenched the endogenous fluorescence of HSA by static quenching since a decrease in quenching constants was observed from 7.74 to 2.39 × 104 M−1. UV–vis and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the YM201636–HSA complex formation and this binding followed a static mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS obtained negative values suggesting the binding was a spontaneous process driven by Van der Waals interactions and hydrogen binding. Binding constants ranged between 5.71 and 0.33 × 104 M−1, which demonstrated a moderately strong affinity of YM201636 to HSA. CD, synchronous, and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that YM201636 showed a slight change in secondary structure. The increase of Kapp and a decrease of PSH with YM201636 addition showed that YM201636 changed the surface hydrophobicity of HSA. The research provides reasonable models helping us further understand the transportation and distribution of YM201636 when it absorbs into the blood circulatory system.
Dysfunction of dendritic cells in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Jie , Duan Yuhang , Che Junye , Zhu Jianwei
Published: July 2024

Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise diverse cell populations that play critical roles in antigen presentation and triggering immune responses in the body. However, several factors impair the immune function of DCs and may promote immune evasion in cancer. Understanding the mechanism of DC dysfunction and the diverse functions of heterogeneous DCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for designing effective strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Clinical applications targeting DCs summarized in this report aim to improve immune infiltration and enhance the biological function of DCs to modulate the TME to prevent cancer cells from evading the immune system. Herein, factors in the TME that induce DC dysfunction, such as cytokines, hypoxic environment, tumor exosomes and metabolites, and co‐inhibitory molecules, have been described. Furthermore, several key signaling pathways involved in DC dysfunction and signal‐relevant drugs evaluated in clinical trials were identified. Finally, this review provides an overview of current clinical immunotherapies targeting DCs, especially therapies with proven clinical outcomes, and explores future developments in DC immunotherapies.
A modified Carpentier classification in transcatheter edge‐to‐edge repair for mitral regurgitation
Authors: Pu Zhaoxia , Yu Tingyan , Liu Xianbao , Lin Xinping , Li Huajun , Lim D. Scott , Wang Jian'an
Published: July 2024

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common heart valve disease, and transcatheter edge‐to‐edge repair (TEER) has been recommended as a therapy for severe MR patients by guidelines. The classic Carpentier classification used to guide surgical mitral valve repair but is inadequate for mitral TEER (M‐TEER). We herein proposed a new modified Carpentier classification named after “type + segment,” which is suitable for M‐TEER. We shared our strategies in M‐TEER procedure for screening and performing the M‐TEER according to the new modified Carpentier classification.
Modulation Strategies for Improving Electrocatalytic Performance of Transition Metal Phosphides
Authors: Lv Xiaoxia , Wang Tengfei , Zhang Wenjing , Wang Yun
Published: July 2024

With growing concerns regarding global warming and the depletion of fossil fuel resources, there is an increasingly urgent demand for electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies, including zinc‐air batteries, fuel cells, and integrated water splitting systems. The development of cost‐effective and efficient electrocatalysts is pivotal to the commercial viability of electrocatalytic technologies related to energy. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as promising electrocatalysts in the energy sector owing to their adjustable electronic structure, abundant availability, and distinctive physicochemical properties. Modification of transition metal phosphides can be expected to result in enhanced catalytic performance. In this paper, several commonly employed strategies for improving performance including elemental doping, M/P stoichiometric ratios tuning, vacancy engineering, heterointerface engineering and carbon materials incorporation, which are of reference value for promoting the development of TMPs electrocatalysts and constructing highly active TMPs electrocatalysts to solve a variety of energy and environmental problems.
Photoactive Conjugated Polyelectrolyte‐Ionomer Composite Coatings for Versatile Photoreactors
Authors: Bayarkhuu Bolormaa , Kumar Sunil , Cho Hyekyung , Park Jueun , Gashaw Seid Mingizem , Byun Jeehye
Published: July 2024

Conjugated polymers are promising photoactive materials for heterogeneous photocatalysis, but their limited solubility hinders the scalability in practical use. Herein, we develop polymer composites using processable conjugated polyelectrolytes and ionomers to fabricate photocatalytic thin films with visible light activity. The composite of conjugated polyelectrolytes and ionomers with identical counter anions in their side chains enables compatibility in solvents and stabilized charged states within the composite. This facilitates the development of stable coatings on diverse substrates and enhances charge separation and transport. The resulting photocatalytic thin films exhibited a 1.5‐fold increase in photocurrent response and a 7.0‐fold increase in mechanical strength compared to the pristine conjugated polymer. Photoactive coatings with polymer composites showcase the potential for synergistic photocatalytic oxidation of NADH, organic dye, and sulfide under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic thin films are stable, versatile, and scalable for various photocatalytic reactions, showing promise for developing upscaled photoreactors.
An Effective Strategy on Synthesizing a Stable SiOx‐Based Anode for High Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tang Zhenyuan , Zhang Zhengyu , Wu Jiani , Zhang Minglv , Wu Huacheng , Luo Qian , Li Jun
Published: July 2024

Silicon oxides (SiOx) have received extensive attention as a promising anode candidate for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, their commercial applications have been seriously hindered by low conductivity, large volume expansion, and unstable solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which result in low initial coulombic efficiency, poor rate performance, and short cycling lifespan. In this work, we demonstrated a simple way to prepare a series of SiOx materials with lithium fluoride (LiF) modified. When the mass ratio of SiOx and LiF equaled 1 : 0.15, the long‐term cycling capacity retention could be greatly improved from 30.1 % to 76.5 % after 300 cycles. The result was primarily because of the enhancement of electrons and Li+‐ions transport and the stability of the SEI layer due to LiF addition. However, excess LiF addition could hinder the diffusion of Li+‐ions. This study presented the great potential of LiF modified on SiOx anode materials for LIBs.
Study of the stress in adults diagnosed with meningioma: Insights from a tertiary neurosurgical hospital
Authors: Menlibayeva Karashash , Nurimanov Chingiz , Nuradilov Saken , Akshulakov Serik
Published: July 2024

Background

Meningiomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor, originating from the meninges – the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Several well‐studied risk factors for meningiomas include gender, age, radiation exposure, genetic factors, and hormonal factors. Moreover, the influence of a person's psycho‐emotional stateon their overall health and mental well‐being, specifically stress, iscurrently a significant and relevant topic of discussion.

Aims

This case–control study aimed to study the association between perceived stress, chronic stress, and meningioma in adult patients.

Methods and results

The study included cases, which comprised adult patients with histologically confirmed meningioma, and controls, consisting of adult patients with no history of brain cancer. Data collection involved the use of three types of questionnaires. The first questionnaire focused on patients' personal information, geographic factors, and lifestyle habits. Two additional questionnaires “The Perceived Stress Scale” and “The Chronic Stress Scale” were employed to assess perceived stress and chronic stress. The questioning was conducted by a neurologist. Microsoft Excel and Stata 14 were used for the data analysis. Overall, 148 questionnaires were completed and included in the analyses. The average age of participants was 45.60 ± 13.90 years. Females outnumbered males in both groups. Patients with meningioma diagnosis had a higher level of perceived high stress compared to those without meningioma (p = .045). Respondents without a diagnosis of meningioma have reported having more chronic stress in general and ambient problems (p = .004), financial issues (p = .006), work (p < .001), non‐employment (p = .008), love and marriage (p < .001), isolation (p < .001), and residence (p < .001). Patients with meningioma, however, had less chronic stress compared to meningioma‐free patients.

Conclusion

This study revealed no discernible connection between stress and meningioma within our study sample. Further research with matched case–control methodology with a larger sample size is warranted to thoroughly evaluate the potential role of stress in patients with meningioma.
Outcomes of children treated for relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A single tertiary care center experience
Authors: AlMalki Mosfer , Abdulatef Mohammed , Altrabolsi Hassan , Shubayr Nasser
Published: July 2024

Background

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common malignancies among children. Despite success in frontline treatment, 20% of children will relapse or show resistance to treatment.

Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics of children diagnosed and treated for refractory or relapsed ALL and determine 3‐year overall survival (OS) outcomes.

Method

This study involved a retrospective chart review of patients aged 1–14 years diagnosed with ALL during January 2002 to December 2018. Data were extracted for baseline characteristics at diagnosis and at relapse.

Results

A total of 347 newly diagnosed children with ALL were identified, among whom there were three induction failures (IF) and 28 relapses, resulting in a cohort of 31 patients with a relapse rate of 9%. The male‐to‐female ratio was 4.16:1, and the mean duration of first complete remission (CR1) was 26 months. Fifteen (48%) patients relapsed ≤18 months, 7 (23%) during 18–36 months, and 9 (29%) relapsed >36 months of IF or CR1. Nineteen patients (61%) had isolated bone marrow (BM) relapse, 7 (23%) patients experienced isolated extramedullary relapse (5 isolated CNS relapse and 2 isolated testicular relapse), and 5 (16%) patients experienced BM involvement with other sites (4 BM + CNS and 1 BM + testis). The 3‐year OS of the cohort was 62.3%, while in patients with CR post first‐salvage therapy, a 3‐year OS of 79.5% was observed (p value <.05 compared with patients who did not achieve remission post first‐salvage therapy, 3‐year OS: 46.4%). The same statistical difference was observed in 3‐year OS when comparing the duration of remission of CR prior to relapse: ≤18 months, 33.2%; 18–36 months, 66.7%; and >36 months, 87.5%. The same trend continued when comparing 3‐year OS based on risk stratification at relapse: low risk (LR), 83.3%; intermediate risk (IR), 80%; and high risk (HR), 44.8%.

Conclusion

The incidence and outcomes reported are comparable to internationally reported data regarding the duration of CR1. Risk stratification at relapse and remission status post‐salvage therapy were identified as significant prognostic factors for survival. No survival difference was observed among patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after induction compared with those who received chemotherapy, which could be attributed to the smaller sample size, warranting a multi‐institutional observational study. These findings corroborate the need for novel therapies and treatment approaches.
PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2A6
Authors: Langlois Alec W.R. , Chenoweth Meghan J. , Twesigomwe David , Scantamburlo Giada , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Sangkuhl Katrin , Klein Teri E. , Nofziger Charity , Tyndale Rachel F. , Gaedigk Andrea
Published: July 2024

The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) provides nomenclature for the human CYP2A gene locus containing the highly polymorphic CYP2A6 gene. CYP2A6 plays a role in the metabolism of nicotine and various drugs. Thus, genetic variation can substantially contribute to the function of this enzyme and associated efficacy and safety. This GeneFocus provides an overview of the clinical significance of CYP2A6, including its genetic variation and function. We also highlight and discuss caveats in the identification and characterization of allelic variation of this complex pharmacogene, a prerequisite for accurate genotype determination and prediction of phenotype status.
Fate of nondiagnostic thyroid fine needle aspirations
Authors: Storozuk Tanner , Biernacka Anna , Lastra Ricardo , Mueller Jeffrey , Olivas Andrea , Reeves Ward , Yassan Lindsay , Antic Tatjana
Published: July 2024

Background

Thyroid nodules may be detected during the workup of thyroid hormone abnormalities and as incidental findings during unrelated imaging studies. The diagnosis of a thyroid nodule is mainly established by performing fine needle aspiration (FNA) under ultrasound guidance. Thyroid nodules are classified as nondiagnostic, defined in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology as samples with excess blood, cyst fluid only, and lack of thyroid follicular cells. The current study evaluates a series of nondiagnostic FNAs to assess whether repeat sampling improves yield and what patient management, and outcomes are after a nondiagnostic FNA.

Methods

Thyroid FNAs from 2016 to 2023 were retrieved from our institution archives. All cases were performed under ultrasound guidance and with rapid on‐site evaluation. Cases were assigned the Bethesda System Category. Nondiagnostic FNAs were further reviewed for repeat FNA procedures, potential molecular testing, or diagnostic resections.

Results

In total 3104 thyroid FNAs were reviewed, with 153 (4.9%) being nondiagnostic. Of the 154 FNAs, there were 129 patients with an average age of 60 and a male‐to‐female ratio of 1:3.2. Of the 130 patients, there were 50 patients who underwent 55 repeat FNAs. Thirty‐seven (67%) of the repeats were benign, 13 (24%) were nondiagnostic again, and 5 (9%) were atypia of undetermined significance (AUS). Molecular testing was performed on repeat FNAs diagnosed AUS. Four cases showed no mutations and had a high likelihood of being benign. One case did have an NRAS Q61R mutation, and resection revealed a noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features.

Seventeen (13% of all cases) with nondiagnostic FNA were resected. Twelve (71%) thyroidectomies showed benign adenomatous nodules. The remainder showed incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (0.1 cm), an infarcted follicular adenoma, a noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2×).

Conclusion

Thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic cytology are reassuring of being highly likely a benign nodule. Only 5 of the 55 (9%) repeat FNAs yielded abnormalities, with only one of those being truly a follicular neoplasm (confirmed by molecular testing and resection). No primary thyroid malignancies have been identified in follow‐up (repeat FNA or surgery). Clinical and ultrasound follow‐up may be more appropriate management for nondiagnostic thyroid FNAs.
Reading acquisition among students in Grades 1–3 with intellectual disabilities in Sweden
Authors: Fälth Linda , Selenius Heidi , Nilsson Staffan , Svensson Idor
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the reading performance of younger students with intellectual disabilities to gain insight into their needs in reading education. Participants were 428 students in Grades 1 to 3 in Sweden. They performed LegiLexi tests measuring pre‐reading skills, decoding and reading comprehension based on the model of Simple View of Reading. Results demonstrate a great variation in reading acquisition among students. Some students are able to decode single words and read shorter texts with comprehension already in Grade 1. Other students still struggle with learning letters and developing phonological awareness in Grade 3. According to their longitudinal data over grades, results show that most students progress in pre‐reading skills, decoding, and reading comprehension. Hence, assessing reading skills among students with intellectual disabilities in Grades 1–3 using tools aligned with the Simple View of Reading seems applicable and informative for teachers. This study underscores the significance of informed instructional practices for empowering these students in reading education.
Evaluating mountain lion diet before and after a removal of feral horses in a semiarid environment
Authors: Iacono Peter C. , Schoenecker Kathryn A. , Manlove Kezia R. , Jackson Pat J. , Stoner David C.
Published: July 2024

Non‐native species can affect ecosystems by influencing native predator‐prey dynamics. Therefore, management interventions designed to remove non‐natives may inadvertently lead to increased predation on native species. Feral horses are widely distributed throughout the arid parts of western North America. A growing body of research indicates that horses can be an important prey species to mountain lions in ecosystems where they overlap. In December 2020, the Bureau of Land Management removed 455 horses from the Delamar Mountains, Nevada, USA. We leveraged this management intervention to implement a before–after–control–impact study to test hypotheses about predation on horses and native ungulates. We predicted (1) that horses would comprise an important part of the diet in this mixed‐prey community, (2) following removal, the proportion of horses in the diet would decrease and native ungulates would increase, and (3) mountain lion home ranges overlapping the treatment areas would increase in response to decreased prey availability. From 2018 to 2022, we investigated 1360 clusters from 29 GPS‐collared lions and identified 1056 prey items. To model the probability of a predation event (a kill), we fit a mixed‐effects logistic regression model for ungulate prey as a function of lion sex, treatment area (in/out), and treatment period (pre‐/post‐removal). We used a log‐linear regression model to evaluate changes in home range size. The most common prey were mule deer (55%), feral horses (32%), and coyotes (4%). Twenty‐two of 29 lions consumed horses, although the rate of horse consumption was highly variable across individuals. Horses of both sexes and all age classes were predated. In contrast to predictions, our models detected no effect of removals on diet composition (βinteraction = 0.30 ± 1.1), nor did the removal influence home range size (βinteraction = 0.02 ± 0.02). Despite a 46% reduction in horse abundance, we found no evidence for prey‐switching following the horse removal treatment. Removal magnitude, rapid horse immigration, and/or behavioral specialization of individual mountain lions may help explain these results. Our findings have important implications for mountain lion and feral horse management in arid environments characterized by high prey diversity, but low prey abundance.
Heart failure in first‐ and second‐generation immigrants aged 18–54 years in Sweden: A national study
Authors: Wändell Per , Li Xinjun , Carlsson Axel C. , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: July 2024

Purpose

We aimed at analysing the risk of congestive heart failure (CHF) among first‐ and second‐generation immigrants in younger age groups.

Methods

All individuals aged 18–54 years, n = 3 973 454 in the first‐generation study and n = 3 817 560 in the second‐generation study, were included. CHF was defined as at least one registered diagnosis in the National Patient Register between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2018. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risk [hazard ratios (HRs) with 99% confidence intervals (CIs)] of incident CHF with adjustments for age, co‐morbidities and socio‐demographics.

Results

In the first‐generation study, a total of 85 719 cases of CHF were registered, 54 369 men and 31 350 women, where fully adjusted models showed HRs for all foreign‐born men of 1.12 (99% CI 1.06–1.17) and for women of 0.99 (0.92–1.05). Groups with higher risk included men from Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Africa and Asia and women from Africa and Asia, and a lower risk was found among Latin American women. In the second‐generation study, a total of 88 999 cases of CHF were registered, 58 403 men and 30 596 women, where fully adjusted models showed HRs for second‐generation men of 1.04 (0.99–1.09) and women of 0.97 (0.90–1.04).

Conclusions

The higher risk in some foreign‐born groups needs to be paid attention to in clinical practice. The fact that almost all increased risks were attenuated and absent in second‐generation immigrants suggests that lifestyle and environmental factors are more important than genetic differences in the risk of CHF.
Expanding 1‐Aminosugar Synthesis through Activated Glycals’ Reactivity
Authors: Li Linlin , Lemouton Emma , Al Ayi Yahya , Ryzhakov Dmytro , Retailleau Pascal , Messaoudi Samir , Ferry Angélique
Published: July 2024

Glycal family offers an interesting platform whose reactivity let the possibility to reach diverse glycoanalogues. In particular, the Ferrier rearrangement allows the introduction of diverse nucleophiles on the anomeric position but stays limited with regard to the nitrogen‐containing nucleophiles, which can be possibly used with success. Herein, we utilize peracetylated C2‐substituted glycal substrates to achieve Ferrier‐type 1‐aminoglycoside compounds under activator‐free conditions, resulting in moderate to good yields and good to excellent β‐selectivity. Various secondary amines have been successfully employed. We explored the influence of C2‐substitution (electron‐withdrawing character) and glycal configuration, synthesizing 20 different 1‐aminoglycosides through this method.
Rational Construction of CuO/CdS for Highly Selective CO2 to CO Conversion with S‐Scheme Photocatalysts
Authors: Yan Chenlong , Xu Mengyang , Li Jinze , Chang Bingqing , Chen Qidi , Cao Wangye , Xiao Wei , Wang Huiqin , Huo Pengwei
Published: July 2024

The construction of S‐scheme heterojunctions has been widely used in photocatalytic reduction of CO2, and their interfacial charge transfer separation plays an important role. Herein, an S‐scheme CuO/CdS heterojunction has been designed and fabricated by a simple water bath method. Its excellent photocatalytic activity is achieved by the in situ growth of CdS particles on a CuO lamellar structure, a composite structure that provides a large number of active sites and improves CO2 absorption, resulting in a catalyst with excellent photocatalytic activity. The CO yield of the optimized sample can reach 152.16 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 7 and 10 times higher than that of CuO and CdS, respectively. In addition, electron spin resonance, UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to investigate the possible charge transfer mechanism, and the present study may provide effective insights into the design of S‐scheme heterojunction catalysts.
Pseudanamomis Kausel, eine neue Myrtaceengattung für die Flora von Cuba
Authors: Bisse Johannes
Published: July 2024

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Nachweis erbracht, daβ die Myrtaceengattung Pscudanamomis Kausel in Cuba vorkommt. Es werden acht Arten aus Cuba, zwei aus Mexico und eine von den Kleinen Antillen, bisher bei Eugenia, zu dieser Gattung kombiniert. Eine Art aus Cuba wird neu beschrieben.
ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy imaging of bone repair in mandibular laser‐osteotomy
Authors: Benetti Carolina , Blay Alberto , Correa Luciana , Verlangieri Marco Aurelio , dos Santos Moisés O. , Kazarian Sergei G. , Zezell Denise M.
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of attenuated total reflectance‐fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy in the characterization of bone repair in mandibular osteotomy using erbium, chromium‐doped yttrium, scandium, gallium and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser and multilaminate drill on each side. Two mandible bone fragments were removed from 30 rabbits, and the process of bone repair was studied immediately, 3, 7, 15, 21, and 28 days after the surgery. The histological analysis allowed detecting differences in the early stages of tissue repair after bone cutting performed with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser or multilaminate drill. The ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy technique was sensitive to changes in the organic content of bone tissue repair process.
Effects of tanshinone IIA on endothelial cell dysfunction in uremic condition
Authors: Wang Li‐hua , Yang Bo , Wang Zhe , Jia Lan , Chen Hai‐yan , Bi Xue‐qing
Published: July 2024

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis in uremic patients, yet its dysfunction poses a significant clinical challenge. Venous stenosis, primarily caused by venous neointimal hyperplasia, is a key factor in the failure of vascular access. During vascular access dysfunction, endothelial cells (ECs) transform mechanical stimuli into intracellular signals and interact with vascular smooth muscle cells. Tanshinone IIA, an important compound derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, its role in modulating ECs under uremic conditions remains incompletely understood. In this research, ECs were exposed to sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) and subjected to shear stress and uremic conditions. The results indicate that STS can reduce the suppressive effects on the expression of NF‐κB p65, JNK and Collagen I in uremia‐induced ECs. Moreover, the downregulation of NF‐κB p65, JNK and Collagen I can be enhanced through the inhibition of ERK1/2 and the upregulation of Caveolin‐1. These findings suggest that tanshinone IIA may improve EC function under uremic conditions by targeting the Caveolin‐1/ERK1/2 pathway, presenting tanshinone IIA as a potential therapeutic agent against AVF immaturity caused by EC dysfunction.
Timeliness of investor reaction to corporate crypto‐asset investment: Evidence from types of disclosures
Authors: Hwang Hyoseok (David) , Zhang Jidong
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates investor reactions to corporate disclosures of crypto assets. We find that investor reactions are negative and insignificant in the 3‐day event window, while the reactions become positive afterward in the 5‐day event window. This suggests V‐shaped reverse reactions to the disclosures. We further investigate investor reactions to the different types and information quality of disclosures. The V‐shaped reverse‐reactions are statistically significant in 8‐K, 10‐Q, and 10‐K filings. In addition, investors are likely to react to Form 8‐K disclosures and disclosures with greater information quality. Our results have important implications for regulators and managerial practices regarding the disclosure of corporate investment decisions.