bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhalation, persistence and dispersal of foot-and-mouth disease virus by man
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Donaldson A. I. , Herniman K. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Sampling of human subjects, who had been in contact with animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus, showed that virus could be recovered from the nose, throat, saliva and from air expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking and breathing. The amounts of virus recovered paralleled those collected with a large-volume sampler and multistage impinger and these findings confirmed that the highest recovery of airborne virus was from infected pigs followed by cattle and sheep. More virus was found in the noses of those examining infected animals than in those operating the samplers, but there was variation between the subjects. In the majority there was a 1·8 log fall in titre by 3·5 hr., but virus persisted in the nose of one subject for 28 hr. Nose blowing or washing the nostrils did not remove virus completely, nor were cloth or industrial masks completely effective in preventing inhalation of virus. It was possible to transmit virus from infected subjects to others on one occasion. No clinical cases of FMD in man resulted from exposure, nor was there any rise in antibody. Use was made of these findings in determining sites of aerosol excretion in animals, and the results are discussed in relation to FMD in man and to the spread of respiratory viruses by the airborne route.
Field trials of calciferol against warfarin resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)
Authors: Rennison B. D.
Published: May 2009

The effectiveness of calciferol (vitamin D2) against Rattus norvegicus was investigated in field trials on twenty-three farms with rat infestations partly resistant to warfarin. At 0·01% combined with warfarin at 0·025% no rodenticidal effect of the calciferol was discernible. At 0·025% with warfarin at the same concentration, results were better, but not appreciably better than is often obtained with warfarin alone against resistant rat populations. When the concentration of calciferol was stepped up to 0·1%, four out of five treatments in which the poison was applied directly gave complete control. The fifth may have partly failed because of poison shyness caused by under-baiting. Five out of six more treatments done after ‘pre-baiting’ were also successful. The sixth failed for reasons unconnected with the choice of poison.

Six further infestations that were not responding adequately to warfarin treatments were quickly controlled when, in three instances, calciferol at 0·1% was used instead and, in three more, it was used together with warfarin. It is concluded that calciferol at 0·1% is an effective poison against R. norvegicus either combined with warfarin or not, but that because at 0·1% its effect is subacute rather than chronic, there may be a case in some environments for using it only after pre-baiting.
The Etiology of Typhus Fever
Authors: Wilson W. James
Published: May 2009

Typhus Fever is a disease which modern sanitary reform has banished from the midst of progressive communities. As a result few opportunities are now afforded for investigating the disease by the bacteriological methods of to-day. Sporadic cases and small epidemics occur from time to time in the few insanitary districts that remain in Belfast. Dr Ernest H. Milligan and I made some observations of a bacteriological nature on this disease which we communicated to the Ulster Medical Society in 1908. Since that time I have continued the investigations when any opportunity occurred and in this paper are recorded the results which have been obtained. Recently some new light has been thrown on the etiology of typhus fever, so the present time appeared to me to be opportune to publish our own observations, to analyse the findings of other observers and to discover what is truly established with regard to this subject.
Observations on Leucoprotease and “Anti-Leucoprotease”
Authors: Bradley C. H. Burton
Published: May 2009

According to Kossel (1888) Fritz Miiller discovered that phthisical sputum digests fibrin and coagulated albumen in weakly alkaline media, but the fact that antiseptic pus digests proteins seems to have been first observed by Leber.

Achalme (1899) separated proteolytic ferments from pus from various sources and Erben (1903) and Schumm (1904) drew attention to the notable quantity of albumoses in blood from cases of myologenous leukaemia which had been incubated, and the relative absence of this proteolysis in the incubated blood from cases of lymphatic leukaemia. Ascoli and Mareschi (1901) showed that the peritoneal exudate produced by aleuronat underwent autolysis under aseptic conditions.
The Process of Disinfection by Chemical Agencies and Hot Water
Authors: Chick Harriette
Published: May 2009

Krönig and Paul (1897) were the first to study the process of disinfection by making quantitative observations at intervals during its progress. Their figures showed that disinfection proceeded in an orderly manner and that the rate diminished as the number of survivors became less. Ikéda (1897) attempted to express their results by an empirical formula.
Death-Rates in Great Britain and Sweden: Expression of Specific Mortality Rates as Products of Two Factors, and some Consequences thereof
Authors: Kermack W. O. , McKendrick A. G. , McKinlay P. L.
Published: May 2009

1. The specific mortality rates for males, females and the total population for England and Wales, for Scotland and for Sweden, have been fitted to a formula ƒ (t, θ) = α. (t—θ) βθ where ƒ (t, θ) is the specific mortality rate at a time t for age θ, β0 is a function depending solely on the age θ, and α (t —θ)depends only on the time of birth (t — θ). The results are in substantial agreement with those obtained by less refined methods in the previous paper. The probable errors of the values found for à and for β have been calculated.

2. It is shown that the β0 curves for the Scottish and the English males are approximately represented by the Makeham-Gompertz formula A+Becθ, where A, B and c have suitable values. The other β0 curves do not appear to conform exactly to a formula of this type.

3. With the help of the representation of β0 by the Makeham-Gompertz expression the effect of variation of α on the survival curves, the death curves, and the expectation of life has been determined. It is shown that with the range of values of α experienced in Britain during the last 50 years, the most marked effect is most likely to be experienced in the future between the ages of 65 and 85, a very considerable increase of people of these ages being likely provided that the relationship exhibited by the statistics up to the present date is maintained in the future.

Though the Makeham-Gompertz formula does not hold in the case of the English and Scottish females, nor for the Swedish statistics, these approximate sufficiently closely to the values for the English and Scottish males, to allow of the conclusion deduced in the latter case being extended to the former.

4. It is strongly emphasised that the validity of all the predictions depends upon a hypothesis of extrapolation which, however attractive in the light of the figures so far available, might not be fulfilled under certain contingencies.
The Toxicity to Animals of 1:4 Dioxan
Authors: Fairley A. , Linton E. C. , Ford-Moore A. H.
Published: May 2009

Rabbit 1 and mouse 1 probably died from pneumonia, although, both animals showed well-marked lesions in both liver and kidneys. The rat lungs were—as usual—dubious. In the other animals the lungs were normal and the picture was one of hepatic and renal damage alone.

At this concentration, the likelihood of pulmonary affections, and death therefrom, appears to be much less than in the cases of animals exposed to 1/100.

Pulmonary inflammation does not occur at this concentration, and the lesions were exclusively hepatic and renal.

Summary.Pulmonary inflammation does not occur at this concentration, and the lesions were exclusively hepatic and renal.

Summary. The rats in the experiment seemed to be more severely affected than the mice, and two rats died with an acute enteritis. The renal and hepatic tissue changes were also more severe in the rats.
High and Persistent Carrier Rates ofNeisseria meningitidis, unaccompanied by Cases of Meningitis
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F. , Brennan J. R.
Published: May 2009

1. In Chatham naval hospital a carrier rate for agglutinable meningococci of 50 per cent, persisted for over a year, during which period there were no cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis among the naval and military population of the port.

2. During the same period the carrier rate at Portsmouth among the contacts to six cases of meningitis was 5 per cent.

3. During the year previous to the present Chatham investigation the carrier rate at Chatham was 13 per cent, among the contacts to five cases of C.S.M.

4. There was no association of the meningococcus carrier rate with density of population or season of the year.

5. The most senior ratings, with the most spacious accommodation, had as high a carrier rate (60 per cent.) as the recruits with the worst sleeping quarters. Ratings of intermediate seniority had an intermediate rate (38 per cent.).

6. Agglutination tests indicated that the antigenic composition of the bacterial herd ofN. meningitidischanged rather suddenly, while the total meningococcal carrier rate remained constant.

7. Many of the above recent observations are at variance to what was seen at Chatham, and elsewhere, during the Great War. An attempt is made therefore to reconcile the past with the present experiences.

Our thanks are due to Surgeon-Commander J. A. O'Flynn, who kindly tested our culture medium and supplied the Portsmouth C.S.M. data, and also to Chief Petty Officer R. Kircher, R.N., Sick Berth Staff, who did all the nasopharyngeal swabbing (in order to keep the personal equation constant), as well as much of the technical laboratory work.
Iron in Human Nutrition
Authors: Widdowson E. M. , McCance R. A.
Published: May 2009

An investigation has been made of the iron intake of sixty-three men and sixty-three women of the English middle class, living on freely chosen diets. Their intakes of total iron have been found to have mean values of 16·8 and 11·4 mg. per day respectively. The highest value found for any woman was only just above the average for the men, and 30 per cent, of the women were taking less than 10 mg. of iron a day.

“Available” or inorganic iron in the diets has also been calculated, and has been found to average 10·8 mg. per day for men and 7·9 mg. for women. If fairly large amounts of meat are eaten, the available iron may be less than half the total iron in the diet. If, on the other hand, the diet is mainly vegetarian, about 90 per cent, of the total iron may be available.

Haemoglobin determinations were made on more than 50 per cent, of the subjects. The men's average was 102 per cent, and the women's 93 per cent. No significant correlation could be found between the total or available iron intake and the haemoglobin level.

The effect of large doses of iron (100 mg. of iron a day as ferrous sulphate or ferric ammonium citrate) on normal haemoglobin levels has been investigated. This has scarcely altered the haemoglobin percentages of men, but has increased the values for women by 4–17 per cent, and a mean rise of over 10 per cent, has been observed.
A Study Of English Diets By The Individual Method: Part I. Men
Authors: Widdowson E. M.
Published: May 2009

1. A study of the freely chosen diets of sixty-three men of the English middle class has been made by the “individual” method. All food was weighed for the period of a week, and the amounts of protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories, calcium, total and available phosphorus and total and available iron in the individual diets have been calculated. Detailed and averaged results for the diets are given.

2. The average calorie intake was 3067 per day, but a very wide variation was observed (1772–4955 calories), and it is suggested that the adoption of 3000 calories as the requirement of an individual man may be most misleading.

3. There was a definite, but mathematically insignificant, decrease in calorie intake with increasing age. The individual variation at each age was so great, however, that no rules for the guidance of individuals as to their dietary requirements at different ages can possibly be formulated.

4. No significant correlation existed between calorie intake and body weight.

5. The proportion of calories derived from fat was higher than any figures previously recorded in this country. The proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate was correspondingly lower.

6. The total calcium, phosphorus and iron intakes were 0·87 g., 1·61 g. and 16·8 mg. per day respectively. 98 per cent, of the total phosphorus eaten was in an “available” form, while only 66 per cent, of the iron could be considered to be physiologically available.

7. A similar study has been carried out on six unemployed men, and the chemical composition of these diets is compared with that of employed, middle-class individuals.

Acknowledgments. The author wishes to thank Dr R. A. McCance for his enthusiastic encouragement and help, Miss M. Verdon-Roe for her assistance with the calculations, and all the subjects of the investigation for their willing co-operation. Part of the expense of this investigation were defrayed by a personal grant from the Medical Research Council.
A Study Of English Diets By The Individual Method: Part II. Women
Authors: Widdowson E. M. , McCance R. A.
Published: May 2009

1. The food intakes of sixty-three women of the English middle class have been studied by the individual method and compared with those of men which were described in a previous paper.

2. The average calorie consumption was 2187 per day. Although it is not suggested that this is the optimum intake, it would appear from these results that the “man value” of a woman is 0·7, and not 0·8 as is usually supposed. The individual calorie consumptions varied from 1453 to 3110 per day.

3. The average daily protein intake was 67 g., and no subject was eating more than 90 g.

4. Fat and carbohydrate contributed almost equally to the calorie value of the diet. The proportion of total calories derived from fat (42·7 per cent.) is higher than any previously recorded figures in Europe or America.

5. The average amount of calcium in the diets was 0·63 g. per day. Fourteen individuals were having less than 0·5 g., and one only 0·23 g.

6. The mean intakes of total and available phosphorus were 1·32 and 1·09 g. respectively.

7. A study has been carried out on six women, whose husbands were unemployed. Their intake of all dietary constituents, except carbohydrate, were considerably lower than were found for the women of the middle class.

Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank Miss E. E. Franklin for her help with the calculations, Miss A. Cameron for her co-operation with regard to the unemployed, and all the subjects, without whose support the investigation would never have been carried out. One of us (E. M. W.) is indebted to the Medical Eesearch Council for a part-time grant.
The Size of the Virus of Aujeszky's Disease (“Pseudo-rabies”, “Infectious Bulbar Paralysis”, “Mad-itch”) by Ultrafiltration Analysis
Authors: Elford W. J. , Galloway I. A.
Published: May 2009

Summary and conclusion

The virus of Aujeszky's disease (pseudo-rabies) has been found to have a particle size of 100—150 mμ. Two strains were employed in these experiments, one that of Aujeszky, and the other Shope's “mad-itch” strain. The results with both strains were identical.
Pival, an anti-coagulant rodenticide
Authors: Bentley E. W. , Rowe Marian
Published: May 2009

1. Pival at 0·025% is somewhat less toxic than warfarin at 0·005% to R. norvegicus when ingested for periods up to 72 hr. It is also less acceptable in a dry cereal bait.

2. Pival and warfarin at 0·025 % are about equally toxic and equally acceptable to R. rattus.

3. Young R. rattus appear to be more resistant than heavier rats to both Pival and warfarin.

4. The fungicidal properties of Pival are discussed.
The classification of bacteriophages lysing staphylococci
Authors: Rippon Joan E.
Published: May 2009

Staphylococcal phages may be divided into three broad divisions:

(1) Phages lysing coagulase-positive staphylococci with a restricted host range. Phages in this division may be further divided into five lytic groups I, II, III, IV and Miscellaneous.

(2) ‘Polyvalent’ phages; phages with a wide host range among coagulase-positive cocci, and sometimes also active on coagulase-negative strains.

(3) Phages lysing only coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Within each division the phages can be further grouped by their serological reactions. Nine serological groups have been defined. Phages of any single serological group also share other characteristics, e.g. stability, and the ability to form lysogenic systems.
Epidemiological consequences of the mechanical transmission of myxomatosis by mosquitoes
Authors: Fenner Frank , Day M. F. , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M.
Published: May 2009

When examined under similar conditions in the laboratory, the two strains of myxoma virus used to initiate the Australian and European epizootics, and three somewhat attenuated strains recovered in the field in Australia and France, were found to produce lesions containing approximately the same amount of virus, and were transmitted by mosquitoes with approximately equal efficiency. The laboratory variant neuromyxoma multiplied poorly in the skin and was very rarely transmitted by mosquitoes.

The survival potential of different virus strains in the field is correlated with the length of time during which rabbits infected with different strains present to biting mosquitoes lesions containing high concentrations of virus. Sickness of the infected rabbit, and extensive viruliferous skin lesions, will increase its suitability as a source of virus for mosquitoes. These considerations explain the dominance of slightly attenuated strains of myxoma virus in the field in Australia.

Species of mosquitoes, when tested under standard conditions in the laboratory, differ in their efficiency as vectors of myxomatosis. These differences may be related to differences in the method of feeding, and to structural differences in the mouthparts.

Engorgement on an immune rabbit after probing through myxomatous skin lesions had no greater effect on the subsequent ability of mosquitoes to transmit myxomatosis than a similar blood feed on a normal rabbit.

Nine serial mosquito-bite passages of the standard laboratory strain of virus, each involving one week in the rabbit and two weeks in the mosquito, had no effect on its pathogenic behaviour.
Studies onBrucella ovis(n.sp.), a cause of genital disease of sheep in new Zealand and Australia
Authors: Buddle M. B.
Published: May 2009

1. The characters of twenty-seven strains isolated from sheep in New Zealand and Australia were examined and compared with those of representative strains ofBrucella abortus, Br. suisandBr. melitensis.

2. These strains could be classified in the brucella genus on the basis of cell morphology and staining, colonial morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenicity for laboratory animals and association with genital disease in the natural host.

3. The ovine strains have never been observed in other than the non-smooth phase. Consequently, these organisms lack the specific surface antigens of smooth brucellae but are antigenically closely related to the non-smooth variants of other brucella species. Three antigenic factors were identified and their presence confirmed in all twenty-seven ovine strains.

4. The N.Z. and Australian ovine strains appear sufficiently stable and distinguishable from other established groups of the brucella genus in a number of independently variable characters to justify their constituting either a new species,Brucella ovis,or a new variety,Brucella bruceivar.ovis australasiae.The author wishes to thank Prof. W. I. B. Beveridge for his continued interest and for providing accommodation and facilities.
The detection of variation in host susceptibility in dilution counting experiments
Authors: Armitage P. , Spicer C. C.
Published: May 2009

Variation in host susceptibility results in flattening of the quantal response curve obtained in dilution counting experiments. This departure from the exponential curve obtained with uniform hosts is found primarily at the lower dilutions, where the infection rates are high. The test proposed by Moran, for the detection of host variability, may easily fail to detect quite appreciable heterogeneity with the numbers of observations that are likely to be available in practice. Examination of the response curves corresponding to various theoretical distributions of susceptibility suggests that detection of heterogeneity is unlikely unless the probability that a particle can initiate infection is distributed with a low mean and considerable positive skewness.

The problem is related to that of estimating the standard deviation of a tolerance distribution from quantal response data. This suggests an alternative test, based on the Spearman-Kärber method, which, however, appears to be no better than Moran's test. Both methods provide estimates of the variability of the susceptibility distribution.
A Species Difference with Regard to the Effect of Cortisone Acetate on Body Weight, γ-Globulin and Circulating Antitoxin Levels
Authors: Shewell Jennifer , Long D. A.
Published: May 2009

It is generally agreed that the administration of the 11–oxysteroid hormones of the adrenal cortex to the commonly used experimental animals, the rat and the rabbit, produces involution of lymphoid tissue. Since lymphoid tissue is an important site of formation of antibody, several workers have attempted to correlate the effects of adrenal steroids on lymphoid tissue with their effects on immunity. The effect of the 11–oxysteroid adrenal hormones on the immunity of experimental animals, as judged by the amount of circulating antitoxin present in the blood, is not, however, a matter of general agreement. Different workers have obtained widely diverse and conflicting results.
The Bacterial Flora of the Air of Occupied Rooms
Authors: Williams R. E. O. , Lidwell O. M. , Hirch Ann
Published: May 2009

Air-borne bacteria collected from occupied schoolrooms and cultivated aerobically on serum agar yielded a mean count of' general bacterial flora' (principally various micrococci) of about 70 colonies/cu.ft. with a 95% range of 19–251 colonies/cu.ft. Of a number of other occupied places examined, none except busy public offices yielded as high an average count.

When the air samples were cultivated on a medium designed to suppress micrococci, a count of 1.0–1.5 colonies of streptococci/cu.ft. was observed. About 25 % of the streptococci were levan-producing Streptococcus salivarius.

An analysis was made of factors that might affect the number of bacteria found in the classroom air. The principal findings were that Str. salivarius was correlated with the amount of talking among the room occupants and that the general count was correlated with the ventilation rate and to a less extent with talking. Both counts were correlated less strongly with the general level of activity among the occupants.

In classrooms with ultra-violet irradiation, the numbers of Str. salivarius were reduced and the correlation with talking was less than in the unirradiated rooms, being little greater than the small correlation with activity.

It was concluded that most of the Str. salivarius in the air of the schoolrooms were derived directly from the upper respiratory tract of the occupants, and these seemed to be sensitive to ultra-violet irradiation. A smaller proportion were probably dispersed from secondary reservoirs and were less sensitive to the irradiation.

Most of the organisms comprised in the general bacterial flora were probably derived from such secondary reservoirs as clothing, but some, including the enterococci, were almost certainly derived from floor dust. We are greatly indebted to Mrs Eileen Woods for her help in the computations on which this paper is based.
Isolation of Three Strains of Type 1 Dengue Virus from a Local Outbreak of the Disease in Malaya
Authors: Smith C. E. Gordon
Published: May 2009

1. Three strains of virus were isolated in suckling mice from the blood of three patients suffering from dengue during a local outbreak of the disease.

2. One strain was adapted to adult mice and identified as a dengue virus of type 1. The identification was confirmed by workers in America.

3. Evidence is presented that the other two strains of virus are similar to the one fully identified.

4. Attention is drawn to the need for detailed work to find a more sensitive method of isolation for dengue viruses.
An aetiological study of respiratory infection in children, Edinburgh City Hospital, 1961–1963
Authors: Urquhart G. E. D. , Moffat Margaret A. J. , Calder Margaret A. , Cruickshank Gillian M.
Published: May 2009

The findings are described of a combined clinical, bacteriological and virological study which included all children admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh, with acute respiratory infection and whooping cough during the winters 1961–62 and 1962–63. During the first winter 131 cases aged 0–12 years and in the second winter 133 aged 0–6 years were examined. The respiratory illnesses were divisible into upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, and whooping cough; many of the cases of whooping cough had respiratory complications with bronchitis or pneumonia.

Paired sera, a throat swab and a faecal specimen were taken from each child and investigated vircdogically. Over both winters the highest total virus isolation rate was found in the group suffering from upper respiratory disease. Approximately two-thirds of the total number of patients from whom virus was isolated and from whom both acute and convalescent sera were available gave a serological response to the homologous virus; the highest proportion of these patients occurred in the pneumonia and URTI groups. The groups of viruses associated with a fourfold or greater rise in antibodies occurred in the following proportions of the cases: myxovirus 9 %; adeno virus 7 %; entero virus 4 %; herpes simplex 3 %.

Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 37 % of patients in 1961–62 and from 49 % in 1962–63,Staph. pyogenesbeing the most common pathogen. Isolation of pneumococci was facilitated during the second year by the examination of a nasal swab. Pre-admission chemotherapy did not significantly alter the bacterial isolation rates. Agglutination studies were carried out on forty clinical cases of whooping cough admitted during the two winters and thirty-two showed significant stable titres toBordetella pertussis; only 9 (18 %) of these cases gave a history of prophylactic immunization.

A third of the patients had neither bacterial nor viral pathogens.

The findings in this survey illustrate the need for further intensive virological and bacteriological studies of acute respiratory infections in early childhood.
The influence of mineral carriers on the simultaneous active and passive immunization of guinea-pigs against tetanus
Authors: Fulthorpe A. J.
Published: May 2009

Guinea-pigs given two doses of 2–25 Lf of fluid tetanus toxoid at 28 days interval had very satisfactory antitoxin titres 10 days after the second dose of toxoid (g.m. 28–2 units/ml.). Similar groups of animals given 150 units of horse tetanus antitoxin simultaneously with the first dose of toxoid responded very badly (g.m. < 0·016).

Interference by passive antitoxin occurred even when the antitoxin was given as late as 4 days after the first dose of toxoid.

Interference by passively administered antitoxin was minimal when aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed toxoid was used. It was necessary to increase the dose of antitoxin from 150 to 2400 units before significant interference occurred.

The route of administration of antitoxin did not significantly affect the results except when the antitoxin was given intravenously.

When guinea-pigs were immunized and bled at regular intervals it was found that with both fluid and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed preparations, titratable antitoxin was present on the 14th day. The increase in titre thereafter was more rapid with the adsorbed preparation, but after a second dose of toxoid there was no significant difference in titre.

Passively administered antitoxin virtually abolished the active response to fluid toxoid, but with aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed preparations the primary response was not abolished but reduced and delayed and there was much individual variation.

Horse serum-sensitive guinea-pigs given adsorbed toxoid with simultaneous passive horse antitoxin gave a better primary response to the toxoid than did unsensitive animals.

The effectiveness of adsorbed tetanus toxoid in the simultaneous immunization procedure was directly related to the concentration of aluminium hydroxide or phosphate used: this concentration was critical and amounts below a certain level were ineffective. Calcium phosphate used as an adsorbent was unsatisfactory in this way, although it was an excellent adsorbent.

Investigation of the adsorbent characteristics of aluminium hydroxide and phosphate and of calcium phosphate, showed that the calcium salt on a molar basis was the most effective and that aluminium phosphate was the least effective.

Elution of toxoid from centrifuged precipitates of the three types of adsorbent showed that only 5% of toxoid was removed from the aluminium hydroxide, 13–18% from the calcium phosphate and 31–33% from the aluminium phosphate preparation when incubated with normal serum at 37° C.

Aluminium hydroxide adsorptionin vitrointerfered with the ability of antitoxin to combine with toxoid and to a lesser extent calcium phosphate had the same effect; aluminium phosphate, however, did not appear to interfere at all in this way

Histological observations on the tissue response to aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate indicated that the typical alum granuloma produced by aluminium phosphate was not produced by the calcium salt.
Dermatophyte lesions in the hedgehog as a reservoir of penicillin-resistant staphylococci
Authors: Smith John M. B. , Marples Mary J.
Published: May 2009

An antibiotic substance biologically resembling penicillin G was produced by the growth ofTrichophyton mentagrophytesvar.erinacei, T. mentagrophytes var. granulareandT. mentagrophytesvar.interdigitalein Sabouraud's dextrose broth. An antibiotic concentration equivalent to 7 units/ml. penicillin G could be produced by var.erinaceiwhen grown in a suitable nutrient medium.Epidermophyton floccosumalso produced a substance which inhibited the growth of the Oxford staphylococcus. However, this substance was not completely inactivated by penicillinase. Noin vitroantibiotic production could be demonstrated withT. rubrum, T. concentricum, T. terrestreorMicrosporum canis.

Penicillin production could be demonstrated in rabbit skin infected with T. ment-agrophytes var. erinacei. Pathogenic staphylococci falling on a var. erinacei guinea-pig lesion increased rapidly in the ringworm tissue. The inhibiting concentration of penicillin G for such staphylococci was shown to increase from 5·0 µg./ml. to above 20·0 µg./ml. as the ringworm progressed.

The presence ofT. mentagrophytesvar.erinaceiin a high percentage of hedgehogs is considered the main reason why the skin is the primary site of staphylococcal multiplication in hedgehogs and why most of theStaphylococcias aureusstrains recoverable from these animals are penicillin resistant.
The epidemiology of the common cold IV. The effect of weather
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Morgan R. W. , Williams R. E. O.
Published: May 2009

An investigation has been made of the association between weather and the numbers of colds reported on a given day. The seasonal trends were eliminated by working with the differences between the observed values on any day and the expected values derived from smooth curves fitted to the averages for the time of year.

Examination of nine weather variables for the day on which the colds were reported and for each of the 29 preceding days showed that only two, mean day temperature and water-vapour pressure at 9 a.m., were significantly correlated with the numbers of colds. Partial correlation studies showed that the strongest association was with lowered mean day temperature between 2 and 4 days before the reported onset of symptoms.

Regression analysis demonstrated that the magnitudes of the associations were sufficient to account for the greater part of the seasonal variation in the incidence of the common cold in both London and Newcastle. A small effect of atmospheric pollution appeared in this analysis.

These results suggest that some effect of low outdoor temperature promotes transmission of the virus or the development of disease.
A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0–4 years: A report of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Society of Medical Officers of Health
Authors: Galbraith N. S.
Published: May 2009

In a survey of enterovirus and adenovirus excretion in normal children in 1961–62, 25,600 faecal specimens were examined, 25,589 of them in cell culture and 17,596 in newborn mice.

Polioviruses were isolated from 156 (0·86%) specimens before Sabin vaccination was introduced in February 1962 and from 389 (5·27%) specimens after this. Coxsackie A viruses were isolated from 894 (5·08%) specimens, Coxsackie B viruses from 196 (0·77%), echoviruses from 278 (1·09%) and adenoviruses from 128 (0·50%).

The isolation rates of these viruses varied with sex, age, geographical area, type of local authority area and season.

The isolation rate of polioviruses before the introduction of Sabin vaccination was the same as in a previous survey carried out in 1957–58, although the rate was lower in Salk vaccinated children than in unvaccinated children. After Sabin vaccination began the isolation rate increased and Type 3 virus replaced Type 1 virus as the most prevalent virus type.
The Zermatt typhoid outbreak in 1963
Authors: Bernard R. P.
Published: May 2009

1. A description is given of the outbreak of typhoid fever in Zermatt in 1963.

2. There were 437 cases and three deaths, a case fatality rate of 0·7%.

3. Information from 260 tourists established that the initiation of infection was explosive and allowed the period of infection to be determined.

4. The mean incubation period of various tourist fractions was probably between 16 and 18 days but was found to be significantly longer (20–21 days) for hotel employees.

5. The evidence favours a waterborne outbreak. Studies of the water supply showed that the catchment area and the surface streams and their water were liable to contamination.

6. One particular stream, the Zmuttbach, constituted a greater danger than the remainder.

7. The water purification at the treatment station was inadequate; in particular the holding time for chlorination was too short, and the required concentration of 0·2 p.p.m. was not reached consistently. In addition, there were periods during which completely unchlorinated water reached the general supply.

8. It was discovered, some months after the epidemic, that there was leakage of sewage, probably of long standing, into the chlorination tank. This seems to be the most likely source of the water contamination.

9. The typhoid excretor responsible for the outbreak was not discovered.
The effect of sex and age on the response to warfarin in a non-inbred strain of mice
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Redfern R.
Published: May 2009

1. A marked sex variation in susceptibility to warfarin was found in 6-month old L.A.C. Grey mice, males being more susceptible than females. No sex difference in response was evident in young mice 6 weeks old.

2. Susceptibility to warfarin poisoning increased markedly with age in males but not in females.

3. No significant increase in mortality following warfarin poisoning occurred in adult female mice given methyl testosterone.
Genetic marker studies of poliovirus: II. Strains isolated from cases of poliomyelitis associated with the administration of live attenuated vaccine
Authors: Cossart Yvonne E.
Published: May 2009

Strains of poliovirus were obtained from 13 of the 18 persons in England and Wales with paralytic episodes after administration of oral vaccine in 1962. They have been studied using three marker tests: the R.C.T.40test, intratypic serodifferentiation and inhibition by dextran sulphate. For comparison a number of strains from subjects with non-paralytic vaccine-associated reactions and from patients with paralytic poliomyelitis not related to vaccine were also tested.

Of the eight patients excreting type 1 strains seven came from South Wales where an outbreak was in progress. They all resemble naturally occurring strains from the outbreak in growing at 39·3° but not at 39·8° C.

Only one subject excreted type 2 virus which was of vaccine type.

The type 3 strains included a series from a family group where a range of results from vaccine to the wild range was obtained. Three other patients with vaccineassociated paralysis excreted type 3 strains with the characteristic of naturally occurring strains.
Immunogenicity of experimental trachoma vaccines in baboons: III. Experiments with inactivated vaccines
Authors: Collier L. H. , Blyth W. A. , Larin N. M. , Treharne J.
Published: May 2009

Heating at 37° C. for 5 days completely abolished the capacity of a trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) vaccine to protect baboons against conjunctival infection. Treatment with formalin also impaired or abolished immunogenicity.

The rate of inactivation of TRIC agent by ultraviolet light was exponential, and was about 7 times faster than that of a suspension of vaccinia virus of comparable turbidity. By contrast with vaccinia, irradiation of TRIC agent with twice the dose of ultraviolet light needed to destroy infectivity resulted in loss of immunogenicity.

The deleterious action of these inactivation procedures on the potency of TRIC vaccines may be explained in terms of damage to a protective antigen; alternatively, live vaccines may be more immunogenic because TRIC agents are capable of multiplying within primate hosts after parenteral injection.

Unlike the same type of variant of another strain of inclusion conjunctivitis, the ‘fast-killing’ variant of MRC-4 was still pathogenic for the baboon conjunctiva.
Estimating the date of infection from individual response times
Authors: Meynell G. G. , Williams Trevor
Published: May 2009

In principle, an unknown date of infection can be estimated from individual response times, provided some function of these with suitable origin is symmetrically distributed. Observed times are always skewly distributed, and either logarithm or reciprocal of time can be used to produce symmetry. Either is equally justifiable but the resulting estimates are not only very imprecise but are also inconsistent, so that neither is of practical value.
Pseudomonas aeruginosarespiratory tract infections in patients receiving mechanical ventilation
Authors: Phillips Ian
Published: May 2009

Eighteen patients treated by tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation were studied in an attempt to determine whether contaminated ventilators could act as a source ofPseudomonas aeruginosaisolated from the respiratory tract. Twelve became infected. In seven instances it was possible to demonstrate prior contamination of the ventilator. Furthermore, eight of the patients had indistinguishable organisms on the basis of pyocine and phage typing, and six of the ventilators harboured the same organisms. The most likely explanation is cross-infection via contaminated machines.
Serological studies on infections by respiratory viruses of the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Tyrrell D. A. J. , Peto M. , King N.
Published: May 2009

Sera were obtained from about half of the Tristan da Cunha islanders on reaching Cape Town in October 1961, a few months after reaching Britain and before returning to the Island in 1963.

After vaccination against current influenza A 2 and B serotypes antibodies were evoked against earlier serotypes, in particular against influenza A1 of 1951 with which the islanders had almost certainly been infected. Those who failed to develop antibody against A 2 and B after vaccination developed it later presumably owing to natural infection.

Almost all islanders developed antibodies against parainfluenza 3 and 1 and some against parainfluenza 2 and coxsackie A 21 viruses. There were no antibody rises against reoviruses.
Classification of Mycobacterium avium and related opportunist mycobacteria met in England and Wales
Authors: Birn K. J. , Schaefer W. B. , Jenkins P. A. , Szulga T. , Marks J.
Published: May 2009

A broad division of the opportunist mycobacteria has been defined under the name of ‘dysgonic nonchromogens’. The classification was attempted of 68 strains isolated from man in England and Wales, of which 54 at least appeared to be clinically significant. The means used were chiefly drug sensitivity, arylsulphatase activity, specific agglutination, lipid analysis and pathogenicity tests on fowls. On the results, a new definition is proposed for the species M. avium, extending beyond the boundaries of pathogenicity for birds, and a scheme put forward for its division into two types. In addition, two provisional new species and a group of ‘para-avian’ bacilli have been recognized and defined. The remaining 16 strains included six with ‘Battey’ serotypes but otherwise could not be classified. The need for standardization of fowl tests has been noted together with their diminished importance in the field of classification with the emergence of new in vitro methods of examination.
Transmission of infectious drug resistance from animals to man
Authors: Wells D. M. , James O. B.
Published: May 2009

The antibiotic resistance patterns of coliforms in faecal specimens from pigs and their human contacts were studied. The ability of the resistant coliforms to transfer their resistance in vitro to antibiotic-sensitive recipients was examined. The results showed that pigs which had received antibiotics carried more multiply-resistant, R-factor bearing coliforms than pigs which had not been given antibiotics. Human contacts of the antibiotic-treated pigs had a higher incidence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms with R-factors than human contacts of pigs which had not been given antibiotics. It is concluded that antibiotic treatment of farm, animals may lead to acquisition of antibiotic resistance by gut coliforms of man.
The sequential appearance of antibody and immunoglobins in nasal secretion after immunization of volunteers with live and inactivated influenza B virus vaccines
Authors: Downie Jean C.
Published: May 2009

The sequential development of the immune response in nasal washings was studied in 54 volunteers immunized with either attenuated or inactivated influenza B/Eng/13/65 virus vaccines.

Eleven of the 15 volunteers given the inactivated vaccine by deep subcutaneous inoculation showed no rise in nasal wash protein or immunoglobins due to the immunization procedure nor was specific neutralizing antibody detected in their nasal washings after immunization. Neutralizing antibody was detected in nasal washings of three volunteers in this group who also showed a 20-fold or greater increase in serum haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody after immunization and in one volunteer who had antibody present in pre-trial nasal washings.

Eleven of 15 volunteers who were successfully infected by the live attenuated vaccine showed a characteristic rise in protein and IgA and IgG immunoglobin concentrations in nasal washings 5–14 days after the administration of the live virus vaccine. Neutralizing antibody was detected in the nasal washings of these 11 volunteers and appeared at the same time as or 1–2 days after the initial rise of protein and immunoglobin. Neutralizing antibody was also detected in the nasal washings of one other volunteer who did not show a rise in protein or immunoglobin concentration in nasal washings after immunization.

IgA was detected (⋟ 3 mg./lOO ml.) in the majority (84%) of nasal wash specimens which had a protein concentration of 0·2 mg./ml. or greater while IgG was not detected (⋟ 4·5 mg./lOO ml.) until the protein concentration rose to 0·4 mg./ml. or greater. The geometric mean concentration for normal nasal wash protein in this study was 0·3 + 0·1 mg./ml.

Regression analysis indicated that the concentrations of both IgA and IgG immunoglobins were directly proportional to the protein concentration in nasal washings but that this relationship varied considerably between individuals.

Absorption studies indicated that neutralizing and haemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in nasal secretion to influenza B/Eng/13/65 virus were predominantly associated with the IgA class of immunoglobin.
The effects of humoral, cellular and non-specific immunity on intracerebralBordetella pertussisinfections in mice
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Dolby D. E. , Bronne-Shanbury Caroline J.
Published: May 2009

When mice were injected intracerebrally with doses ofBordetella pertussisvaccine greater than 5 ImD50 and challenged intracerebrally 14 days later with virulentB. pertussisthere was an immediate reduction in the numbers of organisms. An analysis of thisin vivobactericidal effect has shown that large doses of an unrelated vaccine,Salmonella typhosa, equivalent in cell mass to about 50 ImD 50 ofB. pertussisvaccine can achieve this effect, so for such doses the effect must be partly non-specific. This action is not maintained and so is not ultimately protective. Local immunoglobulin was also demonstrable 14 days after 300 ImD 50 ofB. pertussisvaccine but following smaller doses of 10–20 ImD 50 it could not be found until after the mice had been infected and the blood–brain barrier impaired.

A similar immediate reduction in the numbers of infecting organisms inoculated 1 day after vaccination has been shown to follow very small, non-protective doses of vaccines unrelated toB. pertussisand to be achieved with lipopolysaccharide and endotoxin isolated fromB. pertussis.Brains were not sterilized and only in mice receiving protectiveB. pertussisvaccine was the lowering of infection maintained beyond 2 days and the brains eventually sterilized.

The antibody passively protecting mice against intracerebral infection was found in the 19 S and 11 S globulin fractions of the serum of once-vaccinated mice and in the 11 S and 7 S fractions of the serum of rabbits and ascitic fluid of mice receiving repeated doses of vaccine. The IgM probably eliminated infections by immediate sterilization but had to be present locally to do so since it was unable to pass from the circulation into the brain, and was therefore inactive when injected intraperitoneally. The IgA and IgG were not so restricted and both the 11 S and 7 S globulins were capable of exerting an immediate suppressive effect on infecting organisms. The 7 S globulin was also capable of a maintained or delayed suppressive effect.

Lymphocytes from fully protected once-vaccinated mice, transferred 2–3 weeks after intraperitoneal vaccination, were able to confer some protection when injected intraperitoneally or intracerebrally into recipient mice infected 2 weeks after transfer. Homologous, non-concentrated antiserum from once-vaccinated mice, injected intraperitoneally 1 hr. before infection sometimes augmented the transferred immunity, whereas alone it was inactive.
Laboratory evaluation of gophacide as a rodenticide for use against Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus
Authors: Redfern R. , Greaves J. H. , Tinworth H.
Published: May 2009

Laboratory tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of gophacide as a rodenticide against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Results of feeding tests with wild animals suggest that the compound would be more useful against mice than rats, and that 0.3% would be a near optimal concentration for field trials for both species.

The hazards of using gophacide as a rodenticide are discussed.