bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PyPads
Authors: Weißgerber Thomas , Amor Mehdi Ben , Fellicious Christofer , Granitzer Michael
Published: November 2023

Despite algorithmic advancements in the field of machine learning, a need for improvement in the infrastructure supporting machine learning development and research has become increasingly apparent. Machine learning experiments usually tend to be more ad-hoc in nature, and results are communicated most often in the form of a publication. Experimental details are often omitted due to size or time constraints, or simply because the complexity in terms of technical setup or parametrization became intractable. Even access to code bases, disregard important properties of the environment and experimental setup, like for example random generators or computing infrastructure. At the same time, tracking and communicating an often inherently exploratory scientific process is a task with considerable effort. We explored different venues to tackle these issues from a data science engineering point of view. The efforts resulted in PyPads, a framework providing an infrastructure to extend experimental setups with logging, communication and analysis features in a mostly non-intrusive way. PyPads can be extended to different Python-based frameworks, utilizing community driven, descriptive metadata in an effort to harmonize library specific logs in an ontology. Meanwhile, we also try to emphasize similarities to practices in software engineering, which have turned out to be essential in practical applications.
Episiotomy: Are Indian Obstetricians Getting the Angle Right?
Authors: Okeahialam Nicola Adanna , Sultan Abdul H.
Published: November 2023

Background

A mediolateral episiotomy is recommended when indicated at a 60° angle at crowning, to avoid obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) by episiotomies angled too close or distant to the anus. This study surveyed obstetricians in India regarding the recommended episiotomy angle and their ability to correctly draw the angle.

Methods

Workshops were conducted in India to share knowledge in the prevention and repair of OASIs. A questionnaire was distributed prior to the workshop. Participants were asked to describe the recommended episiotomy angle and to draw this on a paper replica of the perineum. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the inter-rater reliability between the angle stated and drawn. A 2° difference was deemed acceptable. Standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated to measure the range of error of each measurement.

Results

One hundred and forty doctors participated. 47.9% described the angle of an episiotomy to be 60°. Only 2.2% drew an angle of 60°, but 8.7% (n = 12) drew between 58 and 62°. Only 5.8% (n = 6) of doctors correctly drew the episiotomy angle they described. There was poor agreement ICC = 0.18 (− 0.01 to 0.36) with a SEM of ± 12.2°

Conclusions

Knowledge surrounding the recommended episiotomy angle is lacking. Doctors are failing to estimate their desired episiotomy angle. This highlights the need for national guidelines, the creation and validation of structured training programmes to improve accuracy, or using fixed-angle devices such as the EPISCISSORS-60 or other proven measurement aids to minimise preventable harm due to human error.
Atractylodin induces apoptosis through downregulation of PI3Kγ-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signalling in colon cancer cells and suppresses the tumour formation in xenograft mice model
Authors: Lu Wenyi , Liu Jianxia , Wu Bin , Huang Shungen , Wang Jian , Wu Runda , Mao Zhongqi
Published: November 2023

This study used both in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the efficacy of atractylodin as an anticancer treatment for colorectal cancer. The cytotoxicity of atractylodin on colon cancer cells was assessed using the MTT assay, and atractylodin-induced apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The expression of cleaved caspase 3 and other apoptotic proteins was examined using Western blotting to determine the mechanism underlying atractylodin's anticancer activity. In addition, the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signalling in atractylodin-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells was analyzed. The study found that atractylodin caused dose-dependent ROS-mediated apoptosis and DNA damage in colon cancer cells and activated caspase 3. Furthermore, atractylodin inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway by targeting PI3Kγ in colon cancer cells. Molecular docking analysis indicated that atractylodin binds to the Akt binding pocket of PI3Kγ. The study also evaluated the antitumour effects of atractylodin on a colon cancer tumour xenograft model and found that it significantly reduced tumour growth and volume by inducing apoptosis. These results suggest that atractylodin has potential as a candidate for the treatment of colorectal cancer, although further research is necessary.

Graphical abstract

Atractylodin induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells.
Delayed blow-up and enhanced diffusion by transport noise for systems of reaction–diffusion equations
Authors: Agresti Antonio
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with the problem of regularization by noise of systems of reaction–diffusion equations with mass control. It is known that strong solutions to such systems of PDEs may blow-up in finite time. Moreover, for many systems of practical interest, establishing whether the blow-up occurs or not is an open question. Here we prove that a suitable multiplicative noise of transport type has a regularizing effect. More precisely, for both a sufficiently noise intensity and a high spectrum, the blow-up of strong solutions is delayed up to an arbitrary large time. Global existence is shown for the case of exponentially decreasing mass. The proofs combine and extend recent developments in regularization by noise and in the $$L^p(L^q)$$

L
p

(

L
q

)

-approach to stochastic PDEs, highlighting new connections between the two areas.
Platinum nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotube composites as highly transparent, bifacial counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Krishnapriya R. , Nizamudeen C. , Mourad A.-H. I.
Published: November 2023

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are low-cost solar energy conversion devices with variable color and transparency advantages. DSSCs' potential power efficiency output, even in diffuse light conditions with consistent performance, allows them to be used in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) window applications. Significantly, the development of bifacial DSSCs is getting significant scientific consideration. Triiodide/iodide (I3–/I–) redox couple-mediated DSSCs require highly effective and stable electrocatalysts for I3− reduction to overcome their performance constraints. However, the commonly employed platinum (Pt) cathodes have restrictions on high price and unfavorable durability. Here, we report platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) incorporated into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) composites with lower Pt content as an efficient bifacial counter electrode (CE) material for DSSC applications. Pt NPs were homogenously decorated over the MWCNT surfaces using a simple polyol method at relatively low temperatures. CEs fabricated using Pt/MWCNT composites exhibited excellent transparency and power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 6.92% and 6.09% for front and rear illumination. The results are expected to bring significant advances in bifacial DSSCs for real-world window applications.
The Probabilistic Method in Real Singularity Theory
Authors: Lerario Antonio , Stecconi Michele
Published: November 2023

We explain how to use the probabilistic method to prove the existence of real polynomial singularities with rich topology, i.e., with total Betti number of the maximal possible order. We show how similar ideas can be used to produce real algebraic projective hypersurfaces with a rich structure of umbilical points.
Mechanism and key parameters of stress load-off by innovative asymmetric hole-constructing on the two sides of deep roadway
Authors: Chen Dongdong , Jiang Zaisheng , Xie Shengrong
Published: November 2023

Traditional dense large-diameter borehole stress load-off techniques reduce the stress levels in the shallow surrounding rock, weaken the bearing capacity of the shallow surrounding rock, and greatly deteriorate the shallow surrounding rock strength and supporting structure, which is not conducive to maintaining the long-term stability of the roadway. Therefore, to address the control problem for the pronounced extrusion deformation in the two sides of a roadway and the overall outward movement of the shallow surrounding rock supported by the sides bolts and anchor cables, as well as to comprehensively consider the on-site construction conditions of the two sides of a test roadway, stress load-off technology for asymmetric hole construction on the two sides of a roadway is proposed. The asymmetric stress load-off technique is a new method; while the shallow surrounding rock of the roadway sides is strongly anchored via a full anchor cable support form, a group of large stress load-off holes near the deep stress peak line of the roadway sides is excavated to relieve pressure and protect the roadway. This technology can transfer the peak stress area of the roadway side deeper into f the surrounding rock without deteriorating the shallow surrounding rock strength and damaging the supporting structure. A numerical simulation analysis of asymmetric stress load-off on the two sides of the roadway was performed, the stress load-off effect evaluation index was established, and the optimal field construction parameters were obtained. The stress load-off parameters obtained from the study are applicable to field engineering practice. Mine pressure data reveal that the test roadway remains intact and stable during the use period when the asymmetric stress load-off technique is adopted.
Numerical modelling of gas outburst from coal: a review from control parameters to the initiation process
Authors: Soleimani Fatemeh , Si Guangyao , Roshan Hamid , Zhang Jian
Published: November 2023

Among all methods for investigating the complex phenomenon of the coal and gas outburst, numerical modelling is the most comprehensive one that can consider all involved parameters and simulate the complex multi-physical phenomenon. The main aim of this paper is to review recent numerical modelling studies concerning this disastrous phenomenon observed in coal mining. The paper aims to analyse these studies comprehensively and identify any existing research gaps that could be addressed in future research endeavours. To this end, the concepts and equations that have been used in previous studies to simulate the solid and fluid behaviour during outburst initiation and how these equations are coupled to consider multiphysical interactions were reviewed. Both strengths and deficiencies in past outburst modelling work were highlighted. Finally, potential research topics for future studies were discussed in three categories; looking into the outburst phenomenon in the scale of the particles which is mostly focused on the discrete element method, conservation of the energy as a method to quantitively assess outburst initiation, and the application of statistics in both applying the heterogeneity in the models and assessing the possibility of the outburst occurrence.
Investigations on the continuous flow generation of 2,6-dichloro-N-fluoropyridinium tetrafluoroborate using F2 gas
Authors: Simon Kevin , Znidar Desiree , Glotz Gabriel , Dallinger Doris , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: November 2023

An explorative study on the continuous flow generation of the N-F reagent 2,6-dichloro-1-fluoro-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate from 2-6-dichloropyridine and 10% F2/N2 and its telescoped downstream electrophilic fluorination reaction with an enamine is reported. The 2-step procedure was performed in a modular lab-scale silicon carbide flow reactor, which safely allowed processing corrosive F2 and precise temperature control. Both reaction sequences turned out to be very fast when carried out in flow at − 10 °C: the N-F generation step could be done within 7.9 s and only 6.6 s were necessary for the fluorination of the enamine.

Graphical abstract
Almost sure convergence and second moments of geometric functionals of fractal percolation
Authors: Klatt Michael A. , Winter Steffen
Published: November 2023

We determine almost sure limits of rescaled intrinsic volumes of the construction steps of fractal percolation in
${\mathbb R}^d$
for any dimension
$d\geq 1$
. We observe a factorization of these limit variables which allows one, in particular, to determine their expectations and covariance structure. We also show the convergence of the rescaled expectations and variances of the intrinsic volumes of the construction steps to the expectations and variances of the limit variables, and we give rates for this convergence in some cases. These results significantly extend our previous work, which addressed only limits of expectations of intrinsic volumes.
‘And thus a shared marriage bound us to Germany’: the image of Wilhelmine Germany in the Kingdom of Greece (1889–1914)
Authors: Papanikolaou Konstantinos S.
Published: November 2023

After unification in 1871 Germany became, for some of Greece's intellectuals, politicians, and journalists, a model for the organization and national integration of their own country. This article examines perceptions of the Second Reich between the accession of Wilhelm II and the start of the First World War. It traces the role played by the German model in public discourse within the Kingdom of Greece in relation to the importance of the monarchy, the dynasty, and the army in the realization of the Megale Idea, and in the choice of the country's political orientation between East and West.
Prevalence of mental distress in adults with and without a history of tuberculosis in an urban Zambian community
Authors: Mainga Tila , Schaap Ab , Scherer Nathaniel , Mactaggart Islay , Shanaube Kwame , Ayles Helen , Bond Virginia , Stewart Robert C.
Published: November 2023

People with tuberculosis (TB) are susceptible to mental distress. Mental distress can be driven by biological and socio-economic factors including poverty. These factors can persist beyond TB treatment completion yet there is minimal evidence about the mental health of TB survivors. A cross-sectional TB prevalence survey of adults was conducted in an urban community in Zambia. Survey participants were administered the five-item Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-5) mental health screening tool to measure mental distress. Associations between primary exposure (history of TB) and other co-variates with mental distress were investigated using logistic regression. Of 3,393 study participants, 120 were TB survivors (3.5%). The overall prevalence of mental distress (SRQ-5 ≥ 4) in the whole study population was 16.9% (95% CI 15.6%–18.1%). Previous TB history was not associated with mental distress (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.75–1.92, p-value 1.66). Mental distress was associated with being female (OR 1.23 95% CI 1.00–1.51), older age (OR 1.71 95% CI 1.09–2.68) and alcohol abuse (OR 1.81 95% CI 1.19–2.76). Our findings show no association between a previous TB history and mental distress. However, approximately one in six people in the study population screened positive for mental distress.
Investigation of the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation on the pathway of tryptophan/kynurenine in OCD
Authors: Delen Elif , Kucukali Cem Ismail , Karaaslan Zerrin , Yuceer Hande , Punar Seyma , Hakan Mehmet Tolgahan , Yaylim Ilhan , Ozkok Elif
Published: November 2023

Objectives:

Recent studies have shown that the distribution of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a role in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We aimed to reveal the relationship between CYP1A1 rs464903 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) rs10249788 associated with the KP and interferon gamma (IFN γ) and oxidative stress in OCD.

Methods:

In our study, the serum and DNAs of 150 samples, including 100 OCD patients and 50 controls, were used. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the levels of IFN γ, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), tryptophan, and kynurenine were determined by biochemical methods. AhR rs10249788 and cytochrome P450 family CYP1A1 rs4646903, which interact directly with the KP, were analysed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Result:

There were no significant differences between groups in CYP1A1 rs4646903 and AhR rs10249788 while tryptophan and IFN γ were found to be higher in controls (p < 0.001, for both), and TBARS and indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase were found to be higher in OCD (p < 0.001, for both). There were significant correlations between IFN γ and TBARS and GSH-Px (p = 0.028, p = 0.020, respectively) in the OCD group.

Conclusions:

For the first time studied in OCD, it has been shown that IFN γ, tryptophan, oxidative stress parameters, and gene variants of CYP1A1 rs4646903 anAhR rs10249788 are shown effective on the KP.
Generation of energetic electrons by an electron cyclotron wave through stochastic heating in a spherical tokamak
Authors: Wang Mingyuan , Cheng Shikui , Liu Bing , Song Shaodong , Guo Dong , Song Yunyang , Liu Wenjun , Banerjee Debabrata , Li Songjian , Sun Tiantian , Gu Xiang , Li Yingying , Dong Jiaqi , Shi Yuejiang , Martin Peng Y.-K. , Liu Adi
Published: November 2023

This study presents novel findings on stochastic electron heating via a random electron cyclotron wave (ECW) in a spherical tokamak. Hard x ray measurements demonstrate the time evolution of hard x ray counts at different energy bands, consistent with predictions from the stochastic heating model. The ECW heating rate shows a positive correlation with applied power, confirming the effectiveness of stochastic heating. Remarkably, the ECW-driven plasma current remains insensitive to ECW incidence angle, consistent with model predictions. The observed stochastic heating of electrons offers potential for exploring innovative non-inductive current drive modes in spherical tokamaks. This research contributes to the understanding of plasma behaviour and motivates the development of new models for non-inductive current drive in fusion devices.
Multi-locus phylogeny of Bryoria reveals recent diversification and unexpected diversity in section Divaricatae
Authors: Myllys Leena , Pino-Bodas Raquel , Velmala Saara , Wang Li-Song , Goward Trevor
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the genus Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) has been the subject of considerable phylogenetic scrutiny. Here we used information on six gene regions, three nuclear protein-coding markers (Mcm7, GAPDH and Tsr1), two nuclear ribosomal markers (ITS and IGS) and a partial mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), to examine infrageneric relationships in the genus and to assess species delimitation in the Bryoria bicolor/B. tenuis group in section Divaricatae. For this purpose, phylogenetic analyses and several of the available algorithms for species delimitation (ASAP, GMYC single, GMYC multiple and bPTP) were employed. We also estimated divergence times for the genus using *BEAST. Our phylogenetic analyses based on the combined data set of six gene loci support the monophyly of sections Americanae, Divaricatae and Implexae, while section Bryoria is polyphyletic and groups in two clades. Species from Bryoria clade 1 are placed in an emended section Americanae. Our study reveals that section Divaricatae is young (c. 5 My) and is undergoing diversification, especially in South-East Asia and western North America. Separate phylogenetic analyses of section Divaricatae using ITS produced a topology congruent with the current species concepts. However, the remaining gene regions produced poorly resolved phylogenetic trees and the different species delimitation methods also generated highly inconsistent results, congruent with other studies that highlight the difficulty of species delimitation in groups with recent and rapid radiation. Based on our results, we describe the new species B. ahtiana sp. nov., characterized by its bicolorous, caespitose, widely divergent thallus, conspicuously thickening main stems, well-developed secondary branches, and rather sparse third-order branchlets. Another new lineage, referred to here as B. tenuis s. lat., is restricted to western North America and may represent a new species recently diverged from B. tenuis s. str., though further work is needed.
Neoplaca mirabilis, a new genus and a new epigaeic species containing naphthopyrans from the family Teloschistaceae
Authors: Frolov Ivan V. , Prokopiev Ilya A. , Konoreva Liudmila A.
Published: November 2023

The production of anthraquinones is a major characteristic of most species in the Teloschistaceae. Other secondary metabolites are quite rare in this family, but some species are known to produce depsides, depsidones, xanthones and usnic acid. A new monotypic genus, Neoplaca, with a new species N. mirabilis, is described from the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the family Teloschistaceae, lacking anthraquinones but containing the naphthopyrans simonyellin and consimonyellin. This is the first time this class of organic compounds has been found in the family Teloschistaceae and the second in the order Teloschistales, where simonyellin has been detected in Brigantiaeaceae. Simonyellin and consimonyellin have also previously been reported in the family Roccellaceae. Neoplaca mirabilis is currently known from the two nearby localities in Yakutia, Russia, where it is common and grows on base-rich soil on exposed south-facing siliceous outcrops. The thallus consists of scattered whitish to greyish, or rarely with pale yellow tinge, squamules 1–4.5 mm diam. and 0.3–1 mm thick with citrine to orange-yellow blastidia produced from their margin; apothecia and pycnidia are unknown. In addition to naphthopyrans, N. mirabilis contains an unidentified brown pigment similar in some features to melanin. The new species is also interesting in that the pigments are apparently located inside the cells of the cortex, not on their surface, where anthraquinones are found in Teloschistaceae.
Statistical learning of phonotactics by children can be affected by another statistical learning task
Authors: Richtsmeier Peter T. , Goffman Lisa
Published: November 2023

Children typically produce high-frequency phonotactic sequences, such as the /st/ in “toaster,” more accurately than the lower frequency /mk/ in “tomcat.” This high-frequency advantage can be simulated experimentally with a statistical learning paradigm, and when 4-year-old children are familiarized with many examples of a sequence like /mk/, they generally produce it more accurately than if they are exposed to just a few examples. Here, we sought to expand our understanding of the high-frequency advantage, but surprisingly, we instead uncovered an exception. Twenty-nine children between 4 and 5 years of age completed a phonotactic statistical learning experiment, but they also completed a separate experiment focused on statistical learning of prosodic contours. The order of the experiments was randomized, with the phonotactic statistical learning experiment occurring first for half of the children. For the children who completed the phonotactic learning experiment first, the results were consistent with previous research and a high-frequency advantage. However, children who completed the phonotactic learning experiment second produced low-frequency sequences more accurately than high-frequency sequences. There is little precedent for the latter effect, but studies of multistream statistical learning may provide some context for unpacking and extending the result.
Development and initial evaluation of a treatment integrity measure for low-intensity group psychoeducational interventions
Authors: Gosling Jonah , Simmonds-Buckley Melanie , Kellett Stephen , Duffy Daniel , Olenkiewicz-Martyniszyn Katarzyna
Published: November 2023

Background:

Despite the importance of assessing the quality with which low-intensity (LI) group psychoeducational interventions are delivered, no measure of treatment integrity (TI) has been developed.

Aims:

To develop a psychometrically robust TI measure for LI psychoeducational group interventions.

Method:

This study had two phases. Firstly, the group psychoeducation treatment integrity measure-expert rater (GPTIM-ER) and a detailed scoring manual were developed. This was piloted by n=5 expert raters rating the same LI group session; n=6 expert raters then assessed content validity. Secondly, 10 group psychoeducational sessions drawn from routine practice were then rated by n=8 expert raters using the GPTIM-ER; n=9 patients also rated the quality of the group sessions using a sister version (i.e. GPTIM-P) and clinical and service outcome data were drawn from the LI groups assessed.

Results:

The GPTIM-ER had excellent internal reliability, good test–retest reliability, but poor inter-rater reliability. The GPTIM-ER had excellent content validity, construct validity, formed a single factor scale and had reasonable predictive validity.

Conclusions:

The GPTIM-ER has promising, but not complete, psychometric properties. The low inter-rater reliability scores between expert raters are the main ongoing concern and so further development and testing is required in future well-constructed studies.
Mayo normative studies: regression-based normative data for ages 30–91 years with a focus on the Boston Naming Test, Trail Making Test and Category Fluency
Authors: Karstens Aimee J. , Christianson Teresa J. , Lundt Emily S. , Machulda Mary M. , Mielke Michelle M. , Fields Julie A. , Kremers Walter K. , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Vemuri Prashanthi , Jack Clifford R. , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Stricker Nikki H.
Published: November 2023

Objective:

Normative neuropsychological data are essential for interpretation of test performance in the context of demographic factors. The Mayo Normative Studies (MNS) aim to provide updated normative data for neuropsychological measures administered in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA), a population-based study of aging that randomly samples residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from age- and sex-stratified groups. We examined demographic effects on neuropsychological measures and validated the regression-based norms in comparison to existing normative data developed in a similar sample.

Method:

The MNS includes cognitively unimpaired adults ≥30 years of age (n = 4,428) participating in the MCSA. Multivariable linear regressions were used to determine demographic effects on test performance. Regression-based normative formulas were developed by first converting raw scores to normalized scaled scores and then regressing on age, age2, sex, and education. Total and sex-stratified base rates of low scores (T < 40) were examined in an older adult validation sample and compared with Mayo’s Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) norms.

Results:

Independent linear regressions revealed variable patterns of linear and/or quadratic effects of age (r2 = 6–27% variance explained), sex (0–13%), and education (2–10%) across measures. MNS norms improved base rates of low performance in the older adult validation sample overall and in sex-specific patterns relative to MOANS.

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate the need for updated norms that consider complex demographic associations on test performance and that specifically exclude participants with mild cognitive impairment from the normative sample.
Speaking the same language – a scoping review to identify the terminology associated with social prescribing
Authors: Newstead Simon , Elliott Megan , Cavanagh Dawn , Tetlow Sion , Wallace Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Aim:

To identify the social prescribing-related terminology within the peer-reviewed literature of the UK and the grey literature from Wales.

Background:

Social prescribing has seen a period of development that has been accompanied by a proliferation of related terminology and a lack of standardisation in the manner in which it is employed. This creates barriers to engagement and impairs communication, both between professionals and members of the public. The Wales School for Social Prescribing Research and Public Health Wales committed to the development of a glossary of terms for social prescribing, to facilitate the clarification and standardisation of the associated terminology. Here, we describe the first step in that process.

Method:

A scoping review of the peer-reviewed UK literature and Welsh grey literature was conducted. The titles and abstracts of 46,242 documents and the full text of 738 documents were screened. Data were charted from 205 documents. Data capture included terminology, the location within the UK of the research or intervention described in the article, and the perspective from which the article was authored. A general inductive approach was used to categorise the terms by theme.

Findings:

This research serves to highlight the breadth and diversity of the terminology associated with social prescribing. Results demonstrate aspects of shared commonality and clear distinction between the terminology from the two literature sources. The greatest contributions of terms were from articles that examined research and/or interventions in England and that were authored from the perspective of health or health and social care. The research indicates that nation- and sector-specific terms may not be adequately represented in the literature at large. Looking forward, it will be important to ensure that social prescribing terminology within the UK literature is culturally relevant and accurately reflects the terminology used by the workforce who encounter and deliver social prescribing.
POLISH SPACES OF BANACH SPACES: COMPLEXITY OF ISOMETRY AND ISOMORPHISM CLASSES
Authors: Cúth Marek , Doležal Martin , Doucha Michal , Kurka Ondřej
Published: November 2023

We study the complexities of isometry and isomorphism classes of separable Banach spaces in the Polish spaces of Banach spaces, recently introduced and investigated by the authors in [14]. We obtain sharp results concerning the most classical separable Banach spaces.

We prove that the infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space is characterized as the unique separable infinite-dimensional Banach space whose isometry class is closed, and also as the unique separable infinite-dimensional Banach space whose isomorphism class is
$F_\sigma $
. For
$p\in \left [1,2\right )\cup \left (2,\infty \right )$
, we show that the isometry classes of
$L_p[0,1]$
and
$\ell _p$
are
$G_\delta $
-complete sets and
$F_{\sigma \delta }$
-complete sets, respectively. Then we show that the isometry class of
$c_0$
is an
$F_{\sigma \delta }$
-complete set.

Additionally, we compute the complexities of many other natural classes of separable Banach spaces; for instance, the class of separable
$\mathcal {L}_{p,\lambda +}$
-spaces, for
$p,\lambda \geq 1$
, is shown to be a
$G_\delta $
-set, the class of superreflexive spaces is shown to be an
$F_{\sigma \delta }$
-set, and the class of spaces with local
$\Pi $
-basis structure is shown to be a
$\boldsymbol {\Sigma }^0_6$
-set. The paper is concluded with many open problems and suggestions for a future research.
Optimization and Validation of Soil Frozen‐Thawing Parameterizations in Noah‐MP
Authors: Yang Kai , Yang Jintao , Zhaoye Pinghan , Zhang Feimin , Zhang Guo , Wang Chenghai
Published: November 2023

Water‐heat transport in frozen soil influences the energy and water exchanges between land and atmosphere. However, frozen soil water‐heat transport simulation biases remaining in land surface model (LSM) result in uncertainties of climate model performance. In this study, the biases of the Noah with multi‐parameterization (Noah‐MP) land surface model in simulating soil water‐heat transport in freeze‐thaw (FT) process were investigated. On this basis, three parameterizations that were effective in other LSMs were implemented into Noah‐MP to optimize its performance. The results show that Noah‐MP still exhibits biases in simulating soil temperature and moisture in FT process. Even with various combinations of current parametrizations, the soil water–heat coupling relationship simulated by Noah‐MP does not align with observations. Nevertheless, the implementation of a virtual temperature parameterization, a liquid water‐dependent soil permeability parameterization, and modifications to soil hydraulic and thermal properties through considering the influences of organic matter and gravel, led to improvements in soil moisture and temperature simulations during both completely frozen and thawing periods. These enhancements resulted in a reduction of bias by approximately 20%–50%, and the simulated soil water–heat coupling relationship with implemented parameterizations closely matches observations. Global simulations further validate the improvements brought about by the implemented frozen‐thawing parameterizations in Noah‐MP.
Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols Impacts on West African Monsoon Precipitation Using GeoMIP Models
Authors: Bonou Frédéric , Da‐Allada Casimir Yelognisse , Baloitcha Ezinvi , Alamou Eric , Biao Eliezer Iboukoun , Zandagba Josué , Obada Ezéchiel , Pomalegni Yves , Irvine Peter James , Tilmes Simone
Published: November 2023

Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering (SAG) is proposed to offset global warming; however, the use of this approach can an impact on the hydrological cycle. We used simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (G3 simulation) to analyze the impacts of SAG on precipitation (P) and to determine its responsible causes in West Africa and Sahel region. CMIP5 historical data were first validated, the results obtained are consistent with observational data. Under the Representative Concentration Pathway scenario RCP4.5, a slight increase is found in the West Africa Region relative to present‐day climate. The dynamic processes especially, the monsoon shifts are responsible for this precipitation change. Under RCP4.5, during the monsoon period, reductions in P are 0.86%, 0.80% relative to the present‐day climate in the Northern and Southern Sahel, respectively, while precipitation is increased by 1.04% in the West African Region. Under SAG, we find a 3.71% decrease of precipitation in the West African Region while the precipitation decrease is 17.4% and 8.47% respectively in the North Sahel and South Sahel. This decrease in monsoon precipitation is mainly explained by changes in dynamics, which lead to weakened monsoon circulation and a shift in the distribution of monsoon precipitation. This result suggests that SAG deployment to balance all warming can be harmful to rainfall in WAR if the amount of SO2 to be injected into this tropical area is not taken into consideration.
Seismic Cycle in Bituminous Dolostones (Monte Camicia Thrust Zone, Central Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Chinello Miriana , Bersan Elena , Fondriest Michele , Tesei Telemaco , Gomila Rodrigo , Di Toro Giulio
Published: November 2023

Seismic ruptures often propagate along fault zones cutting km‐thick sequences of carbonates (e.g., Wenchuan Mw 7.8, 2008, China; L’Aquila Mw 6.1, 2009, Italy). As a consequence, fault rock assemblages may record the seismic cycle under a wide range of loading conditions, temperatures (>1,000°C during co‐seismic slip), and fluid‐rock interactions. The Monte Camicia Thrust Zone in the Italian Central Apennines is exhumed from ∼3 km depth. We studied the seismic cycle recorded by a network of faults cutting bituminous dolostones in the footwall of the Monte Camicia Thrust. These faults accommodate up to several meters of displacement. Slip zones are mm‐ to cm‐thick and bounded by ultra‐polished (“mirror‐like”) surfaces independently of their displacement. At the microscale, deformation is accommodated by cataclasis and pressure‐solution in carbonates, and viscous flow in the foliated bitumen. Some of the faults with displacements >0.10 m have multiple slip zones, separated by “mirror‐like” surfaces, and include clasts of foliated bitumen and fragments of older slip zones sealed by calcite precipitation. We conclude that (a) slip zones record post‐ to inter‐seismic (foliated bitumen) and co‐seismic (fragments of bitumen) deformation in a fluid‐rich environment (calcite precipitation) and (b) mirror‐like surfaces formed during all phases of the seismic cycle.
A 6.2 Ma‐Long Record of Major Explosive Eruptions From the NW Pacific Volcanic Arcs Based on the Offshore Tephra Sequences on the Northern Tip of the Emperor Seamount Chain
Authors: Ponomareva V. V. , Portnyagin M. V. , Bubenshchikova N. V. , Zelenin E. A. , Derkachev A. N. , Jicha B. , Gorbarenko S. A. , Cook E. , Garbe‐Schönberg D. , Hoernle K.
Published: November 2023

We present a continuous ∼6.2 Ma long record of explosive activity from the Northwest Pacific volcanic arcs based on a composite tephra sequence derived from Ocean Drilling Program Sites 882A and 884B, and core MD01‐2416 on the Detroit Seamount. Geochemical fingerprinting of tephra glass using major and trace element analyses and correlations of tephra layers between the three cores allowed the identification of 119 unique tephras, suggesting eruptions of magnitude (M) of 5.8–7.8. Age estimates for all the identified eruptions were obtained with the help of published and further refined age models for the studied cores, direct 40Ar/39Ar dating of four ash layers, and Bayesian age modeling. The glass compositions vary from low‐ to high‐K2O basaltic andesite to rhyolite and exhibit typical subduction‐related affinity. The majority of the tephras originated from Kamchatka, only a few tephras—from the neighboring Kuril and Aleutian arcs. The glass compositions revealed no temporal trends but made it possible to identify their source volcanic zones in Kamchatka and, in some cases, to determine their source eruptive centers. Our data indicates episodes of explosive activity recorded in the Detroit tephra sequence at ∼6,200, 5,600–5,000, 4,300–3,700 ka, and almost continuous activity since ∼3,000 ka. Within the latter episode, the most active intervals can be identified at 1,700–1,600, 1,150–1,050, and 600–50 ka. Geochemically fingerprinted and dated Detroit tephra sequence form a framework for dating and correlating diverse paleoenvironmental archives across the Northwest Pacific and for studies of geochemical evolution of the adjacent volcanic arcs.
Why Are Mountaintops Cold? The Transition of Surface Lapse Rate on Dry Planets
Authors: Fan Bowen , Jansen Malte F. , Mischna Michael A. , Kite Edwin S.
Published: November 2023

Understanding surface temperature is important for habitability. Recent work on Mars has found that the dependence of surface temperature on elevation (surface lapse rate) converges to zero in the limit of a thin CO2 atmosphere. However, the mechanisms that control the surface lapse rate are still not fully understood. It remains unclear how the surface lapse rate depends on both greenhouse effect and surface pressure. Here, we use climate models to study when and why “mountaintops are cold.” We find the tropical surface lapse rate increases with the greenhouse effect and with surface pressure. The greenhouse effect dominates the surface lapse rate transition and is robust across latitudes. The pressure effect is important at low latitudes in moderately opaque (τ ∼ 0.1) atmospheres. A simple model provides insights into the mechanisms of the transition. Our results suggest that topographic cold‐trapping may be important for the climate of arid planets.
SunSCC: Segmenting, Grouping and Classifying Sunspots From Ground‐Based Observations Using Deep Learning
Authors: Sayez Niels , De Vleeschouwer Christophe , Delouille Véronique , Bechet Sabrina , Lefèvre Laure
Published: November 2023

We propose a fully automated system to detect, aggregate, and classify sunspot groups according to the McIntosh scheme using ground‐based white light (WL) observations from the USET facility located at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. The sunspot detection uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), trained from segmentation maps obtained with an unsupervised method based on mathematical morphology and image thresholding. Given the sunspot mask, a mean‐shift algorithm is used to aggregate individual sunspots into sunspot groups. This algorithm accounts for the area of each sunspot as well as for prior knowledge regarding the shape of sunspot group. A sunspot group, defined by its bounding box and location on the Sun, is finally fed into a CNN multitask classifier. The latter predicts the three components Z, p, and c in the McIntosh classification scheme. The tasks are organized hierarchically to mimic the dependency of the second (p) and third (c) components on the first (Z). The resulting CNN‐based segmentation is more accurate than classical unsupervised methods, with an enhancement up to 16% of F1 score in detection of the smallest sunspots, and it is robust to the presence of clouds. The automated clustering method was able to separate groups with an accuracy of 80%, when compared to hand‐made USET sunspot group catalog. The CNN‐based sunspot classifier shows comparable performances to methods using continuum as well as magnetogram images recorded by instruments on space mission. We also show that an ensemble of classifiers allows differentiating reliable and potentially incorrect predictions.
Seasonal Seismic Velocity Variations Measured Using Seismic Noise Autocorrelations to Monitor the Dynamic of Aquifers in Greece
Authors: Delouche E. , Stehly L.
Published: November 2023

Monitoring groundwater levels in aquifers is crucial for water resources management on a global scale. In Greece, water stress is particularly high due to the expansion of agricultural land, urbanization and tourism, leading to aquifer over‐exploitation. In this study, we investigate the possibility of monitoring groundwater reservoirs from seismic velocity changes (δv/v) measured using noise autocorrelations. The results obtained at short periods (0.5–3 s) indicate that in several regions, seismic wave velocity varies according to an annual cycle mainly controlled by aquifer loading and discharge. We also predict seismic velocity variations from a simple model using precipitation records. In addition, this model provides a proxy for the characteristic time of aquifer discharge rate and allows us to distinguish shallow alluvial aquifers (∼100 m) from deep karst systems (∼1 km). Finally, we study the effect of water pumping from groundwater reservoirs. To that end, we combine Global Positioning System (GPS), hydraulic heads and velocity variations measurement. The results indicate that confined and unconfined aquifers respond differently. While for unconfined aquifers, pumping water implies an uplift of the surface, we show that for confined aquifers a subsidence occurs, due to the consolidation of the sediments at depth. Being an in‐situ and volumetric measurement, the δv/v is primarily sensitive to the amount of water stored in the entire aquifer system, whereas GPS measurements provide the deformation at the surface induced by both deep sediment compaction and water level variations. These observations show that GPS, hydraulic head, and δv/v are complementary tools to monitor aquifers.
Along‐Strike Segmentation of Seismic Tremor and Its Relationship With the Hydraulic Structure of the Subduction Fault Zone
Authors: Farge Gaspard , Jaupart Claude , Frank William B. , Shapiro Nikolai M.
Published: November 2023

Along the strike of subduction zones, tectonic tremor episodicity is segmented on a geologic scale. Here, we study how this segmentation reflects large‐scale variations of the structure and conditions of the fault interface where tremor is generated. We try to understand which properties of the hydraulic system of the fault allow elementary tremor sources to synchronize, leading to the emergence of long‐period, large‐scale episodic activity. We model tremor sources as being associated with rapid openings of low‐permeability valves in the fault zone, which channels the upward flow of metamorphic fluids. Valve openings cause pressure transients that allow interaction between sources. In such a system, tremor activity is thus controlled by unsteady fluid circulation. Using numerical simulations of fluid flow, we explore the impact of valve spatial distribution and fluid flux on the emergence of large‐scale patterns of tremor activity. We show that when valves are densely distributed and submitted to near‐critical input flux, they synchronize and generate more episodic activity. Based on our model, the most periodic and spatially coherent tremor bursts should thus be emitted from segments densely populated with valves, and therefore of lower permeability than less synchronized segments. The collective activity of their valve population is responsible for fluid‐pressure cycling at the subduction scale. In the tremor zone of Shikoku, Japan, the most temporally clustered segment coincides with a downgoing seamount chain, suggesting that the segmentation of the fault zone permeability, and hence of tremor activity, could be inherited from the topography of the subducting oceanic plate.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Mars South Polar Ice Composition From Spectral Endmember Classification of CRISM Mapping Data
Authors: Cartwright S. F. A. , Calvin W. M. , Seelos F. P. , Seelos K. D.
Published: November 2023

Multispectral mapping data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) provide a unique opportunity to characterize south polar ice deposits at higher spectral sampling, spatial resolution, or spatiotemporal coverage than previous work. This new perspective can help constrain the nature and distribution of different mixtures of CO2 ice, H2O ice, and dust that influence the formation, evolution, and preservation of Mars climate records. We processed 1,103 CRISM observations spanning the southern summer of six Mars Years (MYs) through a combination of k‐means clustering and random forest classification. Using a set of 12 spectral endmembers directly tied to previous work with high‐resolution CRISM targeted data, we made a series of temporally restricted mosaics showing surface spectral variation over time. The mosaics show the effects of the MY 28 dust storm on the removal of the seasonal CO2 ice cap that year and reveal how this process differed from the years that followed. A mosaic showing residual ice surfaces displays broad agreement with previous compositional maps while resolving new details in the distribution of H2O ice‐rich material around the periphery of the bright CO2 ice cap. By showing how surface composition varies across a broad swath of the south polar region through time, the endmember set and classified mosaics produced in this work can provide critical context for future studies of the dynamic processes that shape south polar ice deposits.