bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Function of Balance in US News Coverage of Uncontested Issues: The Case of Female Genital Cutting
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

Most research on reporter practices examines coverage of contested topics. These require reporters to demonstrate objectivity by counterposing authoritative sources representing opposing sides. I examine news articles about a topic uncontested in the U.S., female genital cutting (FGC), to complicate our understanding of how reporters do their job. In contrast to the literature, reporters strike a balance, including the ‘general public’ of FGC-practicing communities extensively. However, because the balance is confined to non-authoritative speakers ‘over there’, the balance nonetheless serves to stigmatize proponents. This research shows that the negative portrayal of members of FGC-practicing communities is not only due to their erasure in news coverage. Instead, whether standing translates into influence depends on context, something reporters can manipulate when there is consensus. Likewise, the separation of topics into contested and uncontested erases the ways in which controversy is not a characteristic of issues, but a function of reporter decisions.
Should a Licensing Market Require Licensing?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Copyright owners have persuaded the courts that they should win cases inwhich a defendant's use doesn't injure their market directly, but in whichthey could and would have charged a fee to grant permission for the use.Even assuming courts are right to have accepted this argument, it isunreasonable to then give the copyright owner not just the fee they wouldhave charged but the power to prevent the use altogether or to collectdamages far in excess of that fee. Licensing market cases are excellentchoices for separating compensation and control, giving copyright ownersthe right to get paid without giving them control over transformative uses.Doing so is harder than simply denying injunctive relief, however. Itrequires us to rethink our definition of damages in copyright law with theaim of remedying injury rather than always seeking to deter infringement.
Iran’s grass-roots politics and the nuclear deal
Authors: Kadivar Mohammad Ali , Honari Ali
Published: July 2018

The recently agreed-upon nuclear framework between Iran and the P5+1 world powers is a great example of how grass-roots participation at the level of domestic politics can interact with important changes at the level of international politics . The nuclear breakthrough could not have happened without important developments that led to the election of Iran’s President Hassan Rouhani in June 2013 . If this agreement turns in to a comprehensive deal by June 2015, it will have important ramifications for Iranian domestic politics .
The anthropology of didactics and learning
Authors: Hultman Glenn
Published: July 2018

Definitions of learning (and teaching) are sometimes made on the basis of references outside and above the immediate classroom event. The didactic questions phrased in terms of what, How and Why. The curriculum, policies and the various substances when these issues are preserved and problematized. At the same time, there is the school's reality in the classrooms, but more as a recipient of this problem. This reality can be the starting point of a self-sustaining reflection emanating from teachers and students and their actual situation. This is approaching it as the terms "implementing the field" where I want to continue the discussion. How do we get a different perspective on What, How and Why based on teachers ' practice? Are these questions at all realistic to ask (in practice) and what answers can you expect? What is an example for teaching science content from a student's perspective? And how is the issue from the teacher's perspective in the practical stage?
Mobile Money, More Freedom? The Impact of M-PESA’s Network Power on Development as Freedom
Authors: Donovan Kevin P.
Published: July 2018

The role of ICTs in development is contested between those who believe they will facilitate human development and those who believe they are, at most, impotent, and at worst, counterproductive. This article uses an examination of M-PESA, a large-scale mobile financial service in Kenya, to argue that the impact of ICTs on development as freedom differs with both the specific conceptualization of freedom used, and the institutional arrangement of the technology in question. The article’s novel conceptual model links the adoption of mobile money to its impact, suggesting that the dominant individualistic and instrumental approaches to ICT4D overlook the ways in which power and domination function alongside freedom when these factors are considered relationally and substantively. I demonstrate that the internal plurality of the concept of freedom leads to both new forms of empowerment, but also to limitations on choice and new forms of dominance. In closing, I suggest institutional and technological arrangements that are most likely to maximize the development potential of mobile money.
A responsabilidade internacional: evolução na tradição
Authors: Ferreira Nuno
Published: July 2018

A responsabilidade internacional trata de um dos aspectos mais relevantes das relações internacionais e, segundo o Presidente da III Comissão de Conferência para a Codificação do Direito Internacional (CCCDI), as suas regras são, de alguma maneira, as regras-base de toda a ordem jurídica. É uma forte instituição do Direito Internacional e desde o fim do século XIX que tem criado uma importante jurisprudência arbitral. O trabalho de codificação deste ramo do Direito Internacional teve início com a Sociedade das Nações (SDN) e obteve um grande impulso com as iniciativas da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas (AG), dando origem à actual Commissão de Direito Internacional (CDI). Esta trabalhou num projecto de convenção sobre a responsabilidade internacional dos Estados por factos ilícitos, codificando as regras costumeiras já existentes e procedendo a um desenvolvimento progressivo. A CDI deparou-se com diversas críticas, tendo mesmo sido posta em causa a menor possibilidade do seu sucesso. Não obstante todas as contestações que sofreu, a CDI levou o seu trabalho a bom termo e este revelou-se de elevada qualidade. Não seria possível aqui discutir em pormenor todos os problemas inerentes à responsabilidade internacional. É uma área do Direito Internacional na qual o desenvolvimento do direito tradicional e a evolução do mundo alimentam continuamente novas incertezas. Temos somente como objectivo salientar os mais recentes desenvolvimentos e problemas neste campo. Evitaremos, em todo o caso, analisar as invasões do Afeganistão e do Iraque por uma coligação de países liderada pelos Estados Unidos da América ou suas eventuais consequências para o regime da responsabilidade internacional, dado que tal caminho nos levaria somente a uma discussão juridicamente pouco profícua e de natureza sobretudo política.
Does Racial Resentment Predict Anti-Black Discrimination?
Authors: Zigerell Lawrence J.
Published: July 2018

Racial resentment is a common social science measure for identifying the influence of racial attitudes on political phenomena. However, recent research has been mixed on whether racial resentment predicts racial discrimination in experiments. Data from three survey experiments from the archives of the Time-sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences indicated that the effect of racial resentment was not reliably higher in conditions with a black target than with a white target and that high levels of racial resentment did not reliably correlate with discrimination against black targets relative to white targets.
Toward an Epistemology of ISP Secondary Liability
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

At common law, contributory infringement for copyright infringement requires 'knowledge' of the infringing activity by a direct infringer before secondary liability can attach. In the United States, the 'safe harbor' provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, that shield Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from secondary copyright liability, are concomitantly available only to ISPs that lack the common law knowledge prerequisites for such liability. But this leads to the question of when a juridical corporate entity can be said to have 'knowledge' under the statute. Legal institutions have well-established processes for inferring the knowledge state of natural persons, but corporations are complex sociotechnical networks of human and non-human elements whose information state does not map well onto such inferential methods. This question is of course not unique to copyright liability; corporate entities may be responsible for 'knowing' actions under a variety of applicable legal provisions, and the question of corporate knowledge is generally under theorized. But consideration of ISP 'knowledge' in this context points the way to consideration of corporate epistemology that must be foundational to determining corporate responsibility in copyright protection.
Logics and practices of transparency and opacity in real-world applications of public sector machine learning
Authors: Veale Michael
Published: July 2018

Presented as a talk at the 4th Workshop on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency in Machine Learning (FAT/ML 2017), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.Machine learning systems are increasingly used to support public sector decision-making across a variety of sectors. Given concerns around accountability in these domains, and amidst accusations of intentional or unintentional bias, there have been increased calls for transparency of these technologies. Few, however, have considered how logics and practices concerning transparency have been understood by those involved in the machine learning systems already being piloted and deployed in public bodies today. This short paper distils insights about transparency on the ground from interviews with 27 such actors, largely public servants and relevant contractors, across 5 OECD countries. Considering transparency and opacity in relation to trust and buy-in, better decision-making, and the avoidance of gaming, it seeks to provide useful insights for those hoping to develop socio-technical approaches to transparency that might be useful to practitioners on-the-ground.
Teaching strategies and value for STEM courses
Authors: Gravina Virginia , Beswick Christopher , Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

Expectancy-value theory has been used to investigate reasons why students have low achievement and low interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy, perceived teaching practices, and subjective task value in gateway STEM courses. Results demonstrated that self-efficacy influenced perception of teaching practices and subjective task value, and perceived teaching practiced influenced subjective task value. Results and implications for teaching practices are discussed.
Party System Volatility in Post-Communist Europe
Authors: Crabtree Charles
Published: July 2018

In their 2014 article in the British Journal of Political Science, Eleanor Neff Powell and Joshua A. Tuckerexamine the determinants of party system volatility in post-communist Europe. Their central conclusionis that replacement volatility – volatility caused by new party entry and old party exit – is driven by longtermeconomic performance. We show that this conclusion is based entirely on a miscalculation of thelong-term economic performance of a single country, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Our reanalysis suggests thatwe know little about what causes party system volatility in post-communist Europe. Given the negativeconsequences traditionally associated with party system volatility, this area of research cries out for newtheoretical development.
Brief Amicus Curiae of the Motown Alumni Association in F.B.T. Productions v. Aftermath
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *This case involved an important issue of contract interpretation majorly affecting the market for digital music downloads with serious implications for the welfare of many recording artists. At issue was the "Masters Licensed" clause and the usage of standard terms in a deal involving the artist Eminem that paralleled the terms in a great many recording agreements. And while the recording label Appellees tried characterize these contracts as unique to these parties, the interpretation of the basic terms at issue — especially "license" and "sale" — affected nearly every American recording artist signed to a major record label, including many members of amicus Motown Alumni Association. For example, one agreement between Motown Records and The Temptations drew exactly the same distinction in its royalty structure between records sold and recordings that were licensed to third parties.During the proceedings below, the District Court failed to give adequate consideration to the broader context of the contractual terms at issue and the role they play in the music industry. In this appeal, amicus urged the Court not to make the same mistakes and, in particular, to consider three key factual and legal aspects of the music industry that are relevant to resolving the dispute: (1) the major labels’ frequent and repeated use of strained contractual interpretations, abstruse royalty structures, and strategic accounting practices to deny artists proper notice and fair compensation, including the historical failure to pay out accurate royalties earned under artist contracts; (2) the incentives record labels have to contort contractual terms in order to avoid paying higher “license” royalties to artists, given their changing role in a music market rapidly shifting to digital distribution; and (3) the specific context and meaning of common copyright terms such as “license” and “sale” in the federal Copyright Act.In light of these considerations, amicus urged the Court to adopt a strong presumption that when music contracts conveying copyright interests use terms derived from within the Copyright Act, such as "license" or "sale," the Act's default terminology should apply, and only in rare cases where there is substantial evidence that the parties unambiguously agreed to deviate from these common statutory meanings should these terms be susceptible to different interpretations. This practice comports with well-settled principles of contract law, the proper allocation of risks in recording contracts, and the reasonable expectations of artists, enabling them to rely on common industry understandings and the plain meaning of the terms, regardless of changes over time in technology, distribution methods, or the labels' business models.* This brief was written with the assistance of Berkeley Law students Adam Blankenheimer, Amber Burroff, Jade Jurdi, and Joel Wallace.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2403522
Contrasting ideologies of foreign language learning in Japan: Hippo Family Club versus “traditional” education
Authors: Nilep Chad
Published: July 2018

This paper is based on ethnographic field work carried out between 2005 and 2009 in Japan with a language learning group called Hippo Family Club. Club member-learners attempt to acquire multiple languages at the same time through pseudo-natural immersion which treats language as play. As a result of this approach, members tend to develop novice-level abilities in a large number of languages.
Emergence of climate change ecology
Authors: Venevsky Sergey
Published: July 2018

Term “climate change ecology” is discussed. Areas of ecology, covered by the term, are described. Examples of findings of climate change ecology are given. Methods of climate change ecology are presented. Status and trends of climate change ecology are drawn.
History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos
Authors: Marwick Ben
Published: July 2018

As the smallest and only landlocked country of Southeast Asia, the history and practice of archaeology in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (hereafter Laos) has been strongly influenced by activities of its neighbours, especially Vietnam. The earliest mentions of Laos in western archaeological literature are due to the activities of the French government in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam), specifically the Geological Service of Indochina and the École Française d’Extrême-Orient. By the 1930s publications were appearing by GSA and EFEO officials that indicated a cultural chronology from the Late Pleistocene (Tam Hang - Arambourg and Fromaget, 1938) through to the late Holocene (The Plain of Jars - Colani, 1932). The history of these early French archaeologists has been well described elsewhere (Malleret, 1969, Saurin, 1971, White and Bouasisengpaseuth, 2008), here we will concentrate on how that work, and more recent research, has added to our current understanding of the origins, behavior, and identities of the prehistoric human populations of Laos, as well as their biological, linguistic and cultural diversity and commonalities.
Intergenerational Coresidence During Later Life in China
Authors: Emery Tom , Djundeva Maja
Published: July 2018

This paper analyses the levels of co-residence between children and their parents during later life in China and Europe. There are many known differences between China and Europe in co-residence patterns as filial piety and the absence of a welfare state have made inter-generational co-residence far more commonplace in China. In this analysis however we compare Urban, Rural and Migrant Chinese populations to illustrate how comparisons between Europe and China are often over simplistic and misguided. Our results suggest that co-residence in Urban China, whilst higher than in Europe, shares similar dynamics with European Families relative to families in Rural China or among migrant populations. We consider explanations for this and argue that the increasing capacity of the welfare state in Urban China is driving this convergence.
Doxamachia Restituo: From Commedia to Hypnerotomachia by way of Ibn Rushd
Authors: London Josh
Published: July 2018

This paper reflects on the philosophical traditions that would enable the artistic integration of Classical themes and values into the cultural-climate of Quattrocento and 15th century Europe. I posit that Dante’s Divine Comedy leverages the philosophical legacy of Averroes to reconcile Classical and Christian value-systems, subordinating the creative and cultural accomplishments of the former in anagogical service to the ethical and theological revelations of the latter. I argue that this project of philosophical synthesis exerts a direct influence on the intellectual and aesthetic contours of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a late 15th century text attributed to one Francesco Colonna.
Revolutions Against the State
Authors: Beck Colin J
Published: July 2018

This chapter is an attempt to provide a more accurate and holistic account of revolution studies than the shackles of generational imagery has allowed. Instead of theoretical generations, I sketch eight theoretical schemas that guide ways of thinking about rebellions and revolutions. Three schemas are classical—Marxism, natural history, and strain theory—and two remain in force today—state-centered and mass mobilization approaches. And three are emergent and not yet institutionalized—cultural, international, and contingency schemas.
Rural Manx vernacular buildings are not protected by planning policy: an evidence-informed approach reveals inconsistency in policy application and assessment
Authors: Martin Andrew C
Published: July 2018

The Isle of Man is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, awarded in recognition of the uniqueness of the island’s cultural landscapes. As a predominantly rural country (with 80% of land used for agriculture), rural planning policy is a key modifier of Manx cultural landscapes. Manx vernacular farmhouses, cottages, and farm buildings, alongside Manx sod hedges and small field structure, contribute to the ‘sense of place’. Current policy only allows for rural development in exceptional circumstances, which includes ‘replacement dwellings’, a policy mandating the clearance of existing rural development. There has been to date no assessment of the effectiveness of Manx planning policies at protecting built heritage within cultural landscapes. I created an evidence-based methodology with decision-trees to assess: (a) the completeness of policy implementation; and (b) its influence on decision-making. The method is demonstrated for the ‘replacement dwelling’ policy for the last 3.5 years. Public records were screened for relevance, with those remaining assigned policy assessment, compliance, and policy balance scores. Of 62 relevant applications, 58 had recommendations contrary to ‘replacement dwelling’ policy. In total, 50% of the replacement dwelling requirements were assessed by case officers in the applications. In particular, requirements establishing the principle of demolition / redevelopment (including protection for existing historic buildings) were only assessed with 23% completeness, and 14% compliance. 27 applications permitted demolition and replacement of vernacular buildings, including 17 farmhouses. Assessments of historic and architectural merit, required by policy, were uncommon, and only once was a conservation report obtained. The requirements for siting, size, and design of approved replacements were complied with 47% of the time, with 38% of these deemed ‘exceptional circumstances’. The evidence strongly suggests that policy application is inconsistent and incomplete, with the policies assessed here having no relation to the recommendations issued. Policy thus fails to provide protection to the historic buildings. I suggest that the method developed here could be used to overcome subjectivity in policy application, and allow performance tracking of individual policies.
Investigating the Effect of Dividend Payments on the Economic Value Added of Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Zangeneh Fatemeh , Kiani Ali , Sabbaghian Ali
Published: July 2018

The stock exchange, as one of the most important and critical economic centers, plays a significant role in sustainable economic development by attracting and properly directing the investment and liquidity of various groups of the society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dividend payments on the economic value added of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, the statistical population includes all 444 accepted companies in the stock exchange. By examining the financial statements, applying the necessary constraints and performing random sampling, 115 qualified companies were finally extracted. The Cochran formula method was used for sampling. In this study, after collecting the necessary information, the dividend and economic value added of the sample companies were calculated. The relationship between the study variables was measured using Pearson correlation coefficient. The tests and analyzes show that there is a positive correlation coefficient between the dividend and the dependent variable of economic value added in the capital market of Iran.
Interlocking directorates and corporate networks
Authors: Sapinski Jean Philippe , Carroll William K.
Published: July 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the literature on interlocking directorates and corporate networks. It first traces the historical roots of the field back to the early 20th century, when researchers on both sides of the Atlantic started expressing concern about the threat to democratic process posed by the emergent corporate form, the potential for collusion allowed by the growing practice of interlocking directorate, and the general concentration of power in the hands of large firms and banks. It then outlines the major theoretical approaches employed, that focus on the corporate network as a set of both interorganizational and interindividual relationships. Third, it summarizes the main findings on the cohesiveness of the corporate community, the hegemonic position of banks, and historical changes and longitudinal dynamics of the network. Finally, it discusses most recent debates on the globalization, the emergence of a European corporate network, and the decline and recomposition of the corporate community.
Digital blackout of Spanish scientific production in Google Scholar
Authors: López-Cózar Emilio Delgado , Martín-Martín Alberto
Published: July 2018

An abrupt drop in the number of Spanish scientific journals covered in the last edition of Google Scholar Metrics (2012-2016) has been detected. The total count decreased from 1,101 in the 2011-2015 edition, to 599 in the 2012-2016 edition. An analysis by disciplines is carried out to detect which ones have been affected the most. After considering several hypothesis to explain this phenomenom, we conclude that the main cause was the sudden disappearance of the Spanish bibliographic database Dialnet from Google Scholar. Since Dialnet is the only place online that provides information about an important number of Spanish journals (which do not have any other sort of online exposure), being dropped by Google Scholar meant that all these Spanish journals which had been previously indexed in Google Scholar Metrics became suddenly invisible.
Sociomaterial texts, spaces and devices: questioning ‘digital dualism’ in library and study practices
Authors: Lanclos Donna
Published: July 2018

Work on students’ study practices posits the digital and material asseparate domains, with the ‘digital’ assumed to be disembodied,decontextualised and freefloating, and spaces in the material campuspositioned as prototypically ‘traditional’ and analogue. Libraries inparticular are often characterised as symbolic of predigital literacypractices and forms of meaning making. This binary oversimplifies studentengagement, particularly in relation to their creation of and interactionswith texts. Two studies illustrate this: an investigation of student andstaff textual practices that explored the complex and emergent networksthey created, adapted and maintained; and one that explored perceptions anduse of library spaces (digital and physical). A sociomaterial analysisshows the ongoing importance of institutional, personal and public spaces.This demonstrates that in order to enhance the student experience, a morenuanced understanding of the complex, emergent relationships betweendigital and print, device and user, and author and text is required.-- ______________________________________________________________Donna M. Lanclos, Ph.D. | Associate Professor for Anthropological ResearchUNC Charlotte | J. Murrey Atkins Library9201 University City Blvd. | Charlotte, NC 28223dlanclos@uncc.edu | @DonnaLanclos on twitterphone number: 704-687-0480http://www.donnalanclos.com/
JUSTICE, WAR AND COMMUNAL SUBCONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Janson Kuno
Published: July 2018

Basic reasons for insolvable conflicts between civilisations and in society are studied. Collective delusions are described that cannot be changed by explanations because they are located in collective unconscious or in communal subconscious. By gaining identity (e.g. radical Islamic identity) information in the communal subconscious along all delusions is automatically transferred to an individual subconscious but a person does not realise it. Deletion of old information in the communal subconscious and addition of new information is also studied and how the process differs in conflict or peace situations. In conflict situations many delusions about opposition are also transferred to the communal subconscious. Both positive and negative aspects of the communal subconscious are studied, thereat bad success and corruption, problems with ideology export and globalisation, essence and role of religion. Human and social insect behaviours are also compared.
Other People's Houses: The Social Life of Mortgage Delinquency and Default
Authors: McCabe Brian J
Published: July 2018

While falling behind on a mortgage loan has significant personal consequences, we know little about whether the experience of delinquency or default influences the housing market behavior of other people in the defaulter’s social networks. In this paper, I ask how exposure to mortgage default through social networks affects perceptions of the housing market, judgements about the strategic default behavior of other households and expectations for homeownership. Although individuals purposively draw on information from their social networks to aid in their housing search, theories of social influence have yet to be applied to the negative experience of mortgage delinquency or default. Drawing on the National Housing Survey, I find that individuals exposed to mortgage delinquency through their social networks express more negative expectations for the housing market and hold a more permissive opinion about strategic default. Homeowners reporting network exposure to mortgage strain are more likely to prefer rental housing when they next move. These results are strongest when individuals are connected to someone who has fallen behind on a mortgage payment in the previous three months.
Race Names
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

This essay discusses the “race names” in the United States, including Black or African America as well as Negro; American Indian or Native American; Hispanic, Latino, Mexican American, Chicano; Asian American; White, European American, Caucasian; and umbrella terms such as “people of color.” It also discusses the insult terms and outdated terms, including a section specifically on the disappearance of “Negro.” Attention is also given to calling out the “colonial minorities,” groups that are part of the United States due to conquest and oppression rather than voluntary migration. Racial groups are socially constructed in the process of political conflict and the creation of and challenges to structures of domination. Group names are never fixed and are always contested as the process of naming is itself part of the political contestation. This essay is based on the author’s reading and discussion with members of the groups in question. It is intended to be useful for teaching and public discussion, but does not provide scholarly citations for the research that has been done in this area. 11/11/2017 NOTE: The original blog version of this essay has been updated multiple times and is the latest version. https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2017/09/16/race-names/
Post-Intimate Partner Violence Difficulty Sleeping, Perceived Mental Health, and PTSD Among Heterosexual and Bisexual Women in the United States
Authors: Coston Bethany M
Published: July 2018

Using data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey, this paper examines the relationship between sexuality and mental health outcomes in survivors of intimate partner violence. Findings indicate that heterosexual/straight women abused by women and bisexual women abused by women are significantly more likely to report current difficulty sleeping, while heterosexual/straight women abused by women and bisexual women abused by men are more likely to self-rate their overall mental health as poor (versus good or excellent). This is the first study using population-based data that takes into account all forms of violence and its impact on sexually diverse women—when we include psychological abuse and controlling tactics, the impact on mental health is worse than previously noted: around 80-90% of all women experience some form of anxiety, depression, intense fear, restlessness, nightmares, or stressors that impact their ability to work, go to school, and complete daily life activities.
Gender mistakes and inequality
Authors: Bourg Chris
Published: July 2018

In nearly every interaction, we sex categorize one another. This simple, unconscious, and ubiquitous act of categorizing someone as male or female has been shown to contribute to the creation and conservation of a variety of kinds of gender inequality. This dissertation examines the impact of gender mistakes – situations where an actor becomes aware that someone they assumed was male is female (or vice-versa) – on the behaviors and attitudes of the person who made the mistake. Results of this experimental research indicate that individuals who have mistakenly classified someone as the “wrong” sex, and interacted with that person on the basis of that mistake before learning of their mistake, are less likely to use sex as a basis for categorization in a subsequent situation. These results indicate that gender mistakes could contribute to a reduction in gender inequality through decreased individual reliance on sex categorization by those who have experienced a situation where they became aware of having sex categorized someone incorrectly.
The Economic Dynamics and the Calculus of Variations in the Interwar Period
Authors: Mario Pomini
Published: July 2018

AbstractAnalogies with rational mechanics played a pivotal role in the search for formal models in economics. In the period between the two world wars, a small group of mathematical economists tried to extend this view from statics to dynamics. The main result was the extensive application of calculus of variations to obtain a dynamic representation of e-conomic variables. This approach began with the contributions put forward by Griffith C.Evans, a mathematician who in the first phase of his scientific career published wi-dely in economics. Evans' research was further developed by his student, Charles Roos. At the international level, this dynamic approach found its main followers in Italy, within the Paretian tradition. During the 1930s, Luigi Amoroso, the leading exponent of the Paretian School, made major contributions along with his student, Giulio La Volpe that anticipated the concept of temporary equilibrium. The analysis of the application of the calculus of variations to economic dynamics in the interwar period raises a set of questions on the application of mathematics designed to study mechanics and physics to economics
Service provider difficulties in operationalising coercive control
Authors: Brennan Iain , O'Leary Nicola , Burton Victoria , Gormally Sinead
Published: July 2018

We examined perspectives of social workers, police officers and specialist domestic abuse practitioners about their perceived ability and organisational readiness to respond effectively to incidents of coercive and controlling behaviour. Interviews revealed intervention and risk assessment strategies structured around an outdated, maladaptive concept of domestic abuse as an unambiguous and violent event and frontline services that lacked appreciation of the power dynamics inherent in controlling relationships. The analysis demonstrates how lack of definitional clarity around non-physical domestic abuse can increase the use of discretion by frontline services and, by extension, increase the discounting of coercive control by pressured frontline officers.
Unilateral Refusals to License in the U.S.
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Most antitrust claims relating to intellectual property involve challengesto agreements, licensing practices or affirmative conduct involving the useor disposition of the intellectual property rights or the products theycover. But sometimes an antitrust claim centers on an intellectual propertyowner's refusal to use or license an intellectual property right, perhapscoupled with efforts to enforce the intellectual property right againstinfringers. The allegation may be that the intellectual property right isso essential to competition that it must be licensed across the board, orthat a refusal to license it to one particular party was discriminatory, orthat in context a refusal to license helped a monopolist to acquire ormaintain market power.Claims based on a unilateral refusal to license - the subject of thischapter - present important issues at the center of the tension betweenantitrust and intellectual property. The antitrust and intellectualproperty laws are not necessarily in conflict. For the most part they servecomplementary goals, though each must limit the scope of the other.Unilateral refusal to license cases, however, cut to the heart of theintellectual property owner's right to exclude others from practicing theintellectual property. As such, efforts to invoke antitrust law in thiscontext deserve special scrutiny.Section 2 reviews the basic principles relating to unilateral refusals tolicense intellectual property rights. Section 3 discusses in detail thevarious sets of circumstances in which antitrust plaintiffs argue forexceptions to those basic rules. Section 4 distinguishes unilateral fromconcerted and conditional refusals to deal.
Does Familiarity Breed Contempt Among Judges Deciding Patent Cases?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We offer the first comprehensive look at how a district judge’s experienceaffects decisionmaking in patent cases. We find that that there is astrong, statistically significant relationship between a judge’s experienceand case outcome: more experienced judges are less likely to rule for thepatentee. Notably, the relationship exists for rulings findingnoninfringement; judicial experience had no relationship to the likelihooda judge would find a patent invalid. The relationship appears to holdacross judges, rather than to be driven by the rulings of particularjudges. Beyond individual judges, some technologies (biotechnology,mechanics) are associated with more patentee wins, while patentees are lesslikely to win computer hardware and software cases. Some district courts(Delaware, New Jersey) are more likely to find patents infringed. Bycontrast, perhaps surprisingly, we find no significant relationship betweenlitigation in the Eastern District of Texas and a judge’s ruling for oragainst the patentee. Finally, we find that suing on multiple patents isassociated with an increased likelihood that at least one patent will befound to be infringed.Our results challenge what has been an implicit assumption in theliterature and discussion that particular districts are biased in aparticular direction, driving forum shopping. And they test for the firsttime the implicit assumption in the literature, in calls for specializedpatent trial courts, and in the Patent Pilot Program, that experience withpatent cases at the trial level will lead to different — usually assumed tobe “better” — outcomes from what we see from generalist courts. Our resultssuggest that there is a difference, but that “better” may be in the eye ofthe beholder. They suggest some sort of learning effect among districtcourt judges across the country, and that patentees benefit from litigatingbefore inexperienced judges, at least on issues of infringement. Dependingon the reason for this effect, adoption of a specialized patent trial courtmight help accused infringers but not patentees, raising broader questionsabout patent reform and how to measure the value of an expert court.
Twitter and Viral Trends
Authors: Arom Daniel
Published: July 2018

Ever since the introduction of social networks in the early 2000s information and communication of ideas have drastically changed in their framing and mediums and also the delivery method between the sender and intended and unintended receivers. Social networks have many distinctive characteristics that demarcate them from SMS (Short Message Service), VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) and the ordinary voice phone call.Early social networks prior to Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Linkedin included MySpace and Xanga. MySpace which was founded in 2003 was early adaptor to the fundamental concepts we know today like networking, personal framing online and sharing that undermine every social interaction offline and online. Xanga pioneered the highly customizable profile which gave users the option to customize practically any element on their page by accessing the HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) code of the visual elements they could modify to their own liking and personality, this however required a lot of programming skills and was a set back for the social network’s aim of customizability.In our current state and time in the western world in academic, work and extracurricular activities nearly all of the members interacting are on one social network, if not all that are mentioned. Facebook serves as a social marketing tool for some of its users that frame their lives in a pseudo-happy frame and some let out their problems and grasp Facebook as a personal journal without the confidentiality of a paperback journal. Instagram is visually based social network that aims to extrovert one’s creative skills of being a smartphone photographer. Instagram includes tools that help your photography skills and even provide a toolbox of premade filters set to provide digitally taken photographs with an old-school visual of film photography. Linkedin lets business workers, owners, seekers and entrepreneurs connect to one another in a highly formal manner, something that isn’t found in Facebook, Twitter or Instagram.This research takes the social network Twitter as its content matter due to its significant uniqueness of not being a visually based social network that is prevalent today. Twitter has been known for its straight message transmissions from the sender to the receiver. On Twitter everyone can interact with everyone from celebrities and politicians to farmers and students. This research aims to answer the concept of correlations and trends between Twitter users and their social network scope. Being branded as the “social network for smarter people”, Twitter is relevant to the intellectual property that composes the electronic knowledge base. Twitter is a witty and smart social network; users have 140 characters or less to compose their message.In the below section we present the aimed research questions and likely outcomes of the research known as the hypotheses. Afterwards the methodology used to collect the examined data is presented and our results post-data collection. The conclusion of the paper provides a discussion, conclusion and limitations of the aforementioned study.
Limited Intersectional Approaches to Veteran and Former Prisoner Reintegration: Examining Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Dernberger Brittany
Published: July 2018

This paper is published in Sociological Imagination. Citation: Dernberger, Brittany. 2017. “Limited Intersectional Approaches to Veteran and Former Prisoner Reintegration: Examining Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation.” Sociological Imagination 53(1): 100-131. Recent legal and policy changes within two prominent institutions, the military and criminal justice system, have profoundly altered the visibility – and subsequent rights – of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) service members and those currently incarcerated. Comparing these two institutions side-by-side illustrates how LGBT inequality mechanisms operate at both an individual and systemic level. Both the military and criminal justice system are total, hypermasculine institutions, both are socially concentrated experiences, both end with a changed relationship with the state, and both veterans and those formerly incarcerated have comparable challenges to reintegration upon returning to their communities. Intersectional analysis provides an apt tool to critically examine how reintegration processes differ for those identifying as LGBT. I examine ways in which existing literature is intersectional and highlight the lack of analyses about systems of power that amplify or moderate former prisoner re-entry and veteran transition for those identifying as LGBT. Finally, I discuss why there may be a lack of attention to intersectionality, and specifically to LGBT individuals, in the literature and address how an intersectional framework would contribute to both public policy and to expanding the existing literature on social inequality and stratification.
From Toddler to Teen: Growth of an Open Data Ecosystem
Authors: Heimstädt Maximilian
Published: July 2018

Abstract: In this paper, the authors conceptualize Open Data ecosystems byanalysing the major stakeholders in the UK. The conceptualization is basedon a review of popular Open Data definitions and business ecosystemtheories, which are applied to qualitative empirical data. The work isinformed by a combination of discourse analysis and a content analysis ofin-depth interviews, undertaken during the summer of 2013. Drawing on theUK as a best practice example, the authors examine a set of structuralbusiness ecosystem properties: circular flow of resources, sustainability,demand that encourages supply, and dependence developing between suppliers,intermediaries, and users. The authors identify that gaps and shortcomingsremain. Most prominently, demand is not yet fully encouraging supply andactors have yet to experience fully mutual interdependence.Keywords: Open Data, Ecosystem, Open Government Data, Case Study, UnitedKingdom
A Search-Costs Theory of Limiting Doctrines in Trademark Law
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Trademarks have value because they reduce consumer search costs and thuspromote overall efficiency in the economy.While the search costs theory provides a compelling argument for trademarkrights, it also compels an equally important - but often overlooked - setof principles for defining and limiting those rights. Certainly, trademarklaws can make it easier and cheaper for consumers to locate products withdesired qualities, thus making markets more competitive. Yet if carried toofar, trademark law can do the opposite: it can entrench market dominance byleading firms and make it harder for competitors to crack new markets. Theevolution of trademark law reflects a continual balancing act that seeks tomaximize the informational value of marks while avoiding their use tosuppress competitive information.Most of the literature on the search costs theory of trademark law hasfocused on the theory as a rationale for trademark protection. In thisarticle, we examine its role in supporting trademark defenses. We find thatsome trademark defenses unambiguously lower consumer search costs and thuspromote the goals of trademark law. Another group of defenses, however,involves behavior that increases consumer search costs for some individualseven as it improves economic conditions for others. We believe that theselatter defenses - genericness, functionality, and abandonment - maysometimes go too far in accepting increased consumer search costs as thecost of achieving competition. Rather than the all-or-nothing approachsuggested by these doctrines, we suggest that consumers would benefit froma more nuanced approach in these doctrines.
Evaluating the Effect of Homicide Prevention Strategies in São Paulo, Brazil: A Synthetic Control Approach
Authors: Freire Danilo
Published: July 2018

Although Brazil remains severely affected by civil violence, the state of São Paulo has made significant inroads into fighting criminality. In the last decade, São Paulo has witnessed a 70% decline in homicide rates, a result that policy-makers attribute to a series of crime-reducing measures implemented by the state government. While recent academic studies seem to confirm this downward trend, no estimation of the total impact of state policies on homicide rates currently exists. The present article fills this gap by employing the Synthetic Control Method to compare these measures against an artificial São Paulo. The results indicate a large drop in homicide rates in actual São Paulo when contrasted with the synthetic counterfactual, with about 20,000 lives saved during the period. The theoretical usefulness of the Synthetic Control Method for public policy analysis, the role of the Primeiro Comando da Capital as a causal mediator, and the practical implications of the security measures taken by the São Paulo state government are also discussed.Keywords: Brazil, homicides, PCC, synthetic control, urban violenceReplication files: https://github.com/danilofreire/homicides-sp-synthCitation: Freire, Danilo. 2016. “Evaluating the Effect of Homicide Prevention Strategies in São Paulo, Brazil: A Synthetic Control Approach.” http://osf.io/8tmhe/@misc{freire2016evaluating, title={{Evaluating the Effect of Homicide Prevention Strategies in São Paulo, Brazil: A Synthetic Control Approach}}, howpublished = {\url{https://osf.io/vxe56}}, publisher={Open Science Framework}, author={Freire, Danilo}, year={2016}, month={Dec}}