bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The head morphology of Clambidae and its implications for the phylogeny of Scirtoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)
Authors: Anton Eric , Yavorskaya Margarita I. , Beutel Rolf G.
Published: March 2016

External and internal structures of the head of adults ofClambusare described and illustrated in detail. The results are compared with structural features found in the clambid genusCalyptomerus, in representatives of other scirtoid families, and also in species of other coleopteran suborders, notably Myxophaga. The results tentatively support the monophyly of Scirtoidea and a close relationship between Clambidae and Eucinetidae is suggested by one shared derived feature of the mandible, a long and slender apical tooth with a serrate edge. The monophyly of Clambidae is very strongly supported andAcalyptomerusis probably the sistergroup of a cladeCalyptomerus + Clambinae. Potential scirtoid autapomorphies are the loss of the dorsal tentorial arms, a bulging gula, a strongly transverse labrum, and a ridge separating the mediostipes from the lacinia. However, all these features are homoplasious. The monophyly of Clambidae is supported by modifications of the head capsule which is strongly flattened and broadened, by a deep clypeofrontal incision enabling vertical antennal movements, and a series of antennal features. Synapomorphies of Clambinae + Calyptomerus(Clambidae excludingAcalyptomerus) are the conglobate body form with the ventral side of the head capsule in contact with the mesocoxae, and compound eyes integrated in the contour of the head. The completely subdivided eye is an autapomorphy ofClambus. An entire series of features is shared by Clambidae (or Scirtoidea) and Myxophaga. Most of them are apomorphies that apparently evolved independently in both groups. However, the presence of well‐developed maxillary and labial glands is arguably a retained groundplan feature of Coleoptera, with parallel loss in Archostemata, Adephaga and various groups of Polyphaga. J. Morphol. 277:615–633, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved cerebrospinal fluid suppression for intracranial vessel wall MRI
Authors: Yang Huan , Zhang Xuefeng , Qin Qin , Liu Li , Wasserman Bruce A. , Qiao Ye
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To develop and assess a three‐dimensional (3D) high resolution black blood MRI (BBMRI) method for evaluation of intracranial vessels with improved cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suppression.

Materials and Methods

The anti‐driven‐equilibrium (ADE) pulse was incorporated into a variable flip‐angle TSE‐based 3D BBMRI to improve CSF suppression. ADE‐BBMRI was optimized in 8 participants and compared with BBMRI, with acquired 0.5 mm isotropic resolution and scan time of 5.4 min at 3 Tesla. Contrast‐enhanced ADE‐BBMRI protocol was implemented in nine patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. Signal and morphological measurements were compared between ADE‐BBMRI and BBMRI, as well as pre‐ and postcontrast ADE‐BBMRI. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlations (ICC).

Results

ADE‐BBMRI effectively suppressed the surrounding CSF signal of intracranial vessels, with a 36–44% reduction compared with BBMRI. ADE‐BBMRI also reduced the overall wall signal by 8–8.5%, but provided a significant improvement in wall‐to‐CSF contrast‐to‐noise ratio over BBMRI (middle cerebral artery, 5.93 ± 0.59 versus 3.95 ± 1.67, P < 0.01; basilar artery, 3.8 ± 1.76 versus 1.34 ± 0.54, P = 0.01, respectively). No differences were noted in morphological measurements between ADE‐BBMRI and BBMRI (lumen area, 6.35 ± 2.87 versus 6.32 ± 2.84 mm2; wall area, 1.28 ± 0.52 versus 1.27 ± 0.53 mm2; mean wall thickness, 0.93 ± 0.30 versus 0.93 ± 0.32 mm; maximum wall thickness, 1.27 ± 0.33 versus 1.28 ± 0.36 mm, all P > 0.05). Contrast enhanced ADE‐BBMRI improved the plaque delineation by the increased wall signal, wall‐to‐CSF and wall‐to‐blood contrast‐to‐noise ratio. ICC ranged from 0.54 to 0.95.

Conclusion

The 3D ADE‐BBMRI provides excellent blood and CSF suppression, and accurate measurements of intracranial vessels at 0.5 mm isotropic resolution in 5 min. Its clinical application may provide insight into stroke risk. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:665–672.
Purification of thermostable α‐galactosidase from Irpex lacteus and its use for hydrolysis of oligosaccharides
Authors: Guo Yajie , Song Yi , Qiu Yi , Shao Xiaoming , Wang Hexiang , Song Yuan
Published: March 2016

A monomeric α‐galactosidase (ILGI) from the mushroom Irpex lacteus was purified 94.19‐fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. ILGI exhibited a specific activity of 18.36 U mg−1 and demonstrated a molecular mass of 60 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). ILGI was optimally active at 80 °C and pH 5.0, and it was stable over a temperature range of 4–70 °C and a wide pH range of 2.0–12.0. ILGI was completely inactivated by Ag+ and Hg2+ ions and N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS). Moreover, ILGI exhibited good resistance to proteases. Galactose acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor with Ki and Kis of 3.34 and 0.29 mM, respectively. The α‐galactosidase presented a broad substrate specificity, which included p‐nitrophenyl α‐D‐galactopyranoside (pNPGal), melibiose, stachyose, and raffinose with Km values of 1.27, 3.24, 7.1, and 22.12 mM, correspondingly. ILGI exhibited efficient and complete hydrolysis to raffinose and stachyose. The aforementioned features of this enzyme suggest its potential value in food and feed industries.
Effects of color temperature and luminance of LEDs on color judgments involving various printing materials
Authors: Wu Chia‐Chen , Wu Chih‐Fu , Hung Chi‐Chen , Huang Wei‐Shin , Cheng Pei‐Jung
Published: March 2016

This study investigated errors in color judgment related to stimuli (cyan vs. magenta vs. yellow) printed on various materials (coated paper vs. cotton vs. polyester fiber) and occurring in a range of visual environments (color temperature × luminance: 4000 K × 1500 lx vs. 4000 K × 750 lx vs. 2700 K × 1500 lx vs. 2700 K × 750 lx) under illuminated light‐emitting diodes. Participants included 16 female and 14 male Taiwanese college students [age range, 20–26 years (M = 21.92, SD = 2.13)]. Subjects were instructed to perform a series of comparative judgments in which they carefully observed a standard stimulus color under illuminated LEDs and judged which of five simultaneously presented colors under illuminant D65 was the most similar to the standard color. Data analysis revealed that the effect of visual environment on accuracy of color judgments against the standard was significant. Additionally, the accuracy of color judgments against the standard was significantly better for polyester printing material than it was for coated paper. The color of the standard also significantly affected color judgment accuracy: cyan yielded significantly worse accuracy rates than did magenta or yellow. These results have implications for lighting design and interior design.
Habitat selection by juvenile Mojave Desert tortoises
Authors: Todd Brian D. , Halstead Brian J. , Chiquoine Lindsay P. , Peaden J. Mark , Buhlmann Kurt A. , Tuberville Tracey D. , Nafus Melia G.
Published: March 2016

Growing pressure to develop public lands for renewable energy production places several protected species at increased risk of habitat loss. One example is the Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), a species often at the center of conflicts over public land development. For this species and others on public lands, a better understanding of their habitat needs can help minimize negative impacts and facilitate protection or restoration of habitat. We used radio‐telemetry to track 46 neonate and juvenile tortoises in the Eastern Mojave Desert, California, USA, to quantify habitat at tortoise locations and paired random points to assess habitat selection. Tortoise locations near burrows were more likely to be under canopy cover and had greater coverage of perennial plants (especially creosote [Larrea tridentata]), more coverage by washes, a greater number of small‐mammal burrows, and fewer white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa) than random points. Active tortoise locations away from burrows were closer to washes and perennial plants than were random points. Our results can help planners locate juvenile tortoises and avoid impacts to habitat critical for this life stage. Additionally, our results provide targets for habitat protection and restoration and suggest that diverse and abundant small‐mammal populations and the availability of creosote bush are vital for juvenile desert tortoises in the Eastern Mojave Desert. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Riverine discharges impact physiological traits and carbon sources for shell carbonate in the marine intertidal mussel Perumytilus purpuratus
Authors: Pérez Claudia A. , Lagos Nelson A. , Saldías Gonzalo S. , Waldbusser George , Vargas Cristian A.
Published: March 2016

Anthropogenic modification watersheds and climate change have altered export from fluvial systems causing changes to the carbonate chemistry of river‐influenced near shore environments. To determine the possible effects of riverine discharges on the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus, we performed in situ transplant experiments between river‐influenced and open coastal habitats with contrasting seawater carbonate chemistries (i.e., pCO2, pH, Ωar) across four regions covering a wide latitudinal range (32°55′S–40°10′S). The river‐influenced habitats selected for transplant experiments were different than open coastal habitats; with higher pCO2 (354–1313 μatm), lower pH (7.6–7.9) and Ωar values (0.4–1.4) than in open coastal area. Growth, calcification, metabolism were measured in a reciprocal transplant experiment to determine physiological responses associated with river‐influenced sites and non‐influenced control sites. Growth and calcification rates were higher in river‐influenced habitats; however the organisms in this area also had lower metabolic rates, possibly due to enhanced food supply from river systems. Further analysis of carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) indicated that the relative contribution of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the carbonate shells of P. purpuratus was much higher than respiratory carbon. Nevertheless, P. purpuratus incorporated between 7% and 26% of metabolic carbon in the shell depending on season. There was a strong, significant relationship between δ13CPOC and δ13CTissue, which likely influenced the isotopic composition of the shell carbon.
The new liver allocation score for transplantation is validated and improved transplant survival benefit in Germany but not in the United Kingdom
Authors: Schrem Harald , Focken Moritz , Gunson Bridget , Reichert Benedikt , Mirza Darius , Kreipe Hans‐Heinrich , Neil Desley , Kaltenborn Alexander , Goldis Alon , Krauth Christian , Roberts Keith , Becker Thomas , Klempnauer Jürgen , Neuberger James
Published: March 2016

Prognostic models for the prediction of 90‐day mortality after transplantation with pretransplant donor and recipient variables are needed to calculate transplant benefit. Transplants in adult recipients in Germany (Hannover, n = 770; Kiel, n = 234) and the United Kingdom (Birmingham, n = 829) were used for prognostic model design and validation in separate training and validation cohorts. The survival benefit of transplantation was estimated by subtracting the observed posttransplant 90‐day mortality from the expected 90‐day mortality without transplantation determined by the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. A prognostic model called the liver allocation score (LivAS) was derived using a randomized sample from Hannover using pretransplant donor and recipient variables. This model could be validated in the German training and validation cohorts (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] > 0.70) but not in the English cohort (AUROC, 0.58). Although 90‐day mortality rates after transplantation were 13.7% in Hannover, 12.1% in Kiel, and 8.3% in Birmingham, the calculated 90‐day survival benefits of transplantation were 6.8% in Hannover, 7.8% in Kiel, and 2.8% in Birmingham. Deployment of the LivAS for limiting allocation to donor and recipient combinations with likely 90‐day survival as indicated by pretransplant LivAS values below the cutoff value would have increased the survival benefit to 12.9% in the German cohorts, whereas this would have decreased the benefit in England to 1.3%. The English and German cohorts revealed significant differences in 21 of 28 pretransplant variables. In conclusion, the LivAS could be validated in Germany and may improve German allocation policies leading to greater survival benefits, whereas validation failed in England due to profound differences in the selection criteria for liver transplantation. This study suggests the need for national prognostic models. Even though the German centers had higher rates of 90‐day mortality, estimated survival benefits were greater. Liver Transplantation 22 743–756 2016 AASLD.
Absorbing boundary conditions for acoustic models at low viscosity in a waveguide
Authors: Semin Adrien , Schmidt Kersten
Published: March 2016

We consider different acoustic models with viscosity in a semi‐infinite waveguide with rigid walls, for which we propose and analyse absorbing boundary conditions on a truncated subdomain. The considered models are (i) the viscous acoustic equations in a stagnant mean flow, which exhibit for small viscosities boundary layers on the infinite walls, (ii) the limit equations for vanishing viscosity and (iii) a first‐order approximation for low viscosity. The limit model (i) is well known as the Helmholtz equation for the pressure with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. For each of these models, the absorbing conditions appear as Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann (DtN) maps. The DtN boundary conditions for the singularly perturbed model (i) and the approximative model (iii) tend to the DtN boundary conditions of the limit problem (ii) if the viscosity approaches zero, and, hence, provide a uniform accuracy in the viscosity. The convergence of truncated DtN boundary conditions and the behaviour for viscosities tending to zero are shown in numerical experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structured populations with distributed recruitment: from PDE to delay formulation
Authors: Calsina Àngel , Diekmann Odo , Farkas József Z.
Published: March 2016

In this work, first, we consider a physiologically structured population model with a distributed recruitment process. That is, our model allows newly recruited individuals to enter the population at all possible individual states, in principle. The model can be naturally formulated as a first‐order partial integro‐differential equation, and it has been studied extensively. In particular, it is well posed on the biologically relevant state space of Lebesgue integrable functions. We also formulate a delayed integral equation (renewal equation) for the distributed birth rate of the population. We aim to illustrate the connection between the partial integro‐differential and the delayed integral equation formulation of the model utilising a recent spectral theoretic result. In particular, we consider the equivalence of the steady state problems in the two different formulations, which then lead us to characterise irreducibility of the semigroup governing the linear partial integro‐differential equation. Furthermore, using the method of characteristics, we investigate the connection between the time‐dependent problems. In particular, we prove that any (non‐negative) solution of the delayed integral equation determines a (non‐negative) solution of the partial differential equation and vice versa. The results obtained for the particular distributed states at birth model then lead us to present some very general results, which establish the equivalence between a general class of partial differential and delay equation, modelling physiologically structured populations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monotone iterative technique for neutral fractional differential equation with infinite delay
Authors: Chaudhary Renu , Pandey Dwijendra N.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we employ the method of lower and upper solutions coupled with the monotone iterative technique to obtain existence and uniqueness of extremal mild solutions to neutral fractional differential equation with infinite delay in an ordered Banach space. The results are obtained by using the theory of fractional calculus, monotone iterative technique, measure of noncompactness, and semigroup theory. Finally, we discuss an example to illustrate our results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock wave solution of the variable coefficient nonlinear partial differential equations
Authors: Guner Ozkan
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we consider a variable coefficient Calogero–Degasperis equation, a variable coefficient potential Kadomstev–Petviashvili equation and the generalized (3+1)‐dimensional variable coefficient Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation with time‐dependent coefficients. Shock wave solutions for the considered models are obtained by using ansatz method in the form of tanhp function. The physical parameters in the soliton solutions are obtained as functions of the dependent coefficients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved anatomical MRI technique with suppression of fixative fluid artifacts for the investigation of human postmortem brain phantoms
Authors: Droby Amgad , Yuen Kenneth Sung Lai , Schänzer Anne , Spiwoks‐Becker Isabella , Acker Till , Lienerth Bianca , Zipp Frauke , Deichmann Ralf
Published: March 2016

Purpose

Phantoms are often used to assess MR system stability in multicenter studies. Postmortem brain phantoms best replicate human brain anatomy, allowing for a combined assessment of the MR system and software chain for data analysis. However, a wash‐out of fixative fluid affecting T1 values and thus T1‐weighted sequences such as magnetization‐prepared 180 degrees radiofrequency pulses and rapid gradient‐echo (MP‐RAGE) has been reported for brain phantoms, hampering their immediate use. The purpose of this study was the creation of anatomical data that provide the characteristics of conventional data while avoiding this artifact.

Theory and Methods

Two brain phantoms were scanned at several time points, acquiring conventional MP‐RAGE data and quantitative T1 and proton density (PD) maps. Assuming a suitable cutoff value T1cut, synthetic MP‐RAGE data were created from these maps, being T1‐weighted for T1 > T1cut to reduce fluid signal in the sulci, but PD‐weighted for T1 < T1cut for artifact suppression.

Results

A time‐dependent artifact was observed in the T1 but not in the PD maps. The temporal stability of the synthetic data was greatly improved as compared to the conventional data.

Conclusion

The proposed method enables anatomical imaging of postmortem brain phantoms, avoiding artifacts induced by the wash‐out of fixative fluid, and thus achieving high signal stability shortly after fixation. Magn Reson Med 77:1115–1123, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Effects of short‐term severe and long‐term mild STZ‐induced diabetes in urethral tissue of female rats
Authors: Marini Gabriela , Piculo Fernanda , Vesentini Giovana , Barbosa Angélica Mércia Pascon , Damasceno Débora Cristina , Matheus Selma Maria Michelin , Hijaz Adonis , Daneshgari Firouz , Rudge Marilza Vieira Cunha
Published: March 2016

Aims

To estimate and compare the alterations in the urethral tissues of female rats with two diabetes models: short‐term severe and long‐term mild diabetes.

Methods

To induce mild diabetes (blood glucose levels between 120 and 300 mg/dl), female newborns received streptozotocin (100 mg/kg body weight, sc route), and to induce short‐term severe diabetes (blood glucose levels > 300 mg/d), adult animals received streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, iv route). The rats were killed on day 133 of the experimental via an i.p. Thiopentax®injection of 80 mg/kg, and the urethrovaginal tissues were harvested. Morphometric, pathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses were conducted.

Results

In the long‐term mild diabetes group, collagen deposition, severe fibrosis, lipid droplets and numerous subsarcolemmal, and intermyofibrillar mitochondria were observed. In the short‐term severe diabetes group, centrally located myonuclei and a significantly reduced striated muscle area were noted. Both diabetic models exhibited similar immunohistochemistry patterns, with changes from fast to slow fibers and a decrease in the numbers of fast fibers.

Conclusions

Either long‐term mild hyperglycemia or short‐term severe hyperglycemia have detrimental impacts on muscle health. They are both involved in the failure to maintain healthy skeletal muscle that may contribute to the development of pelvic floor dysfunctions via different pathways. These results have important implications for monitoring and prevention strategies for improving the quality of life of women with diabetes mellitus and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:574–579, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance of the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test in patients with severe obesity
Authors: Lammert Alexander , Nittka Stefanie , Otto Mirko , Schneider‐Lindner Verena , Kemmer Anne , Krämer Bernhard K. , Birck Rainer , Hammes Hans‐Peter , Benck Urs
Published: March 2016

Objective

To analyze the performance of the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in patients with obesity. Special attention was paid to the influence of interfering medication on DST.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study (Mannheim Obesity Study), patients with obesity were evaluated before bariatric surgery. For evaluation of hypercortisolism, a 1 mg dexamethasone‐suppression test (DST) in all subjects was performed. Medication was assessed for possible interference.

Results

Two hundred seventy‐eight patients with a mean age of 42.3 years (68.8% women) and a mean BMI of 47.9 ± 8.4 kg/m2 were screened. Insufficient suppression of cortisol after DST was found in 24 patients (8.6%). In two patients hypercortisolism was confirmed. The specificity for DST was calculated at 92.0%. Only CYP3A4 inducers (n = 22, 7.9%) and estrogen therapy (n = 17, 6.1%) were significantly associated with falsely elevated cortisol after DST. Regression analysis excluded any interrelation between DST and anthropometry.

Conclusions

Low prevalence of hypercortisolism (0.7 or <1.8%) was found. Specificity of DST in this cohort typically screened for hypercortisolism was 92.0% (≤ 50 nmol/L). DST should be avoided in patients taking CYP3A4 inducers or estrogen therapy, due to their significant interaction. In summary, the 1 mg DST is an adequate test for screening for hypercortisolism even in patients with extreme obesity.
Impact of perceived weight stigma among underserved women on doctor–patient relationships
Authors: Ferrante J. M. , Seaman K. , Bator A. , Ohman‐Strickland P. , Gundersen D. , Clemow L. , Puhl R.
Published: March 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate how perception of weight stigma among underserved women with obesity impacts doctor–patient relationships.

Methods

This study consisted of an interviewer‐administered survey of 149 women with obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg m−2) immediately after their physician visit at four Federally Qualified Health Centers. Perceptions of weight stigma and physician empathy were measured using the Stigma Situations in Health Care instrument and Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) measure, respectively. Associations of CARE and Stigma scores with BMI and patient characteristics were analysed using Mantel–Haenszel chi‐squared test and ordinal logistic regression.

Results

The mean CARE score was 42.1 (standard deviation 8.4; range 11.0–50.0), and mean stigma score was 4.6 (standard deviation 7.6; range 0–43.0). Each increase in BMI category was associated with almost twofold increased odds of higher perception of stigma (odds ratio, 1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.30–2.78, P = 0.001). BMI was not associated with CARE. However, for each increase in stigma category, the odds of lower CARE score doubled (odds ratio, 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.36–0.75, P = 0.0005).

Conclusions

While BMI was not associated with perception of physician empathy, higher frequency of weight stigmatizing situations was negatively associated with perception of physician empathy. Reducing weight stigma in primary care could improve doctor–patient relationships and quality of care in patients with obesity.
Concordance of in‐home ‘smart’ scale measurement with body weight measured in‐person
Authors: Ross K. M. , Wing R. R.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Newer ‘smart’ scales that transmit participants' body weights directly to data collection centres offer the opportunity to simplify weight assessment in weight management research; however, little data exist on the concordance of these data compared with weights measured at in‐person assessments.

Methods

We compared the weights of 58 participants (mean ± SD, body mass index = 31.6 ± 4.8, age = 52.1 ± 9.7 years, 86.2% Caucasian, 65.5% female) measured by study staff at an in‐person assessment visit to weights measured on the same day at home using BodyTrace ‘smart’ scales. These measures occurred after 3 months of an internet‐based weight management intervention.

Results

Weight (mean ± SD) measured at the 3‐month in‐person assessment visit was 81.5 ± 14.7 kg compared with 80.4 ± 14.5 kg measured on the same day using in‐home body‐weight scales; mean bias = 1.1 ± 0.8 kg, 95% limits of agreement = −0.5–2.6. Two outliers in the data suggest that there may be greater variability between measurements for participants weighing above 110 kg.

Conclusion

Results suggest good concordance between the measurements and support the use of the BodyTrace smart scale in weight management research. Future trials using BodyTrace scales for outcome assessment should clearly define protocols for measurement and associated instructions to participants (e.g. instruct individuals to weigh at the same time of day, similarly clothed). Finally, measure concordance should be investigated in a group of individuals weighing more than 110 kg.
Determinants of trends in prescription opioid use in British Columbia, Canada, 2005–2013
Authors: Smolina Kate , Gladstone Emilie , Morgan Steven G.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To explore the determinants of total opioid consumption in a Canadian province, and to examine patterns of opioid dispensations by sex, age, and income quintile.

Methods

We used population‐based administrative data on prescription drug dispensations in British Columbia (BC; population ~4 million). We apply an index‐based approach to examine how changes in population exposure, type of opioids used, and intensity of use contributed to changes in total morphine equivalents dispensed per 1000 population.

Results

Between 2005 and 2013 in BC, opioid consumption increased by 31%, driven by longer duration of opioid therapy and by an increase in the use of stronger opioids. Consumption increased for oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and tramadol; and declined for morphine, codeine, and other opioids. While we did not find large sex and age differences, the total level of opioid consumption was three times as high among individuals in the lowest income quintile compared to those in the highest income quintile.

Conclusions

Our findings on changes in the type of opioids used and changes in intensity of use suggest that modifications to clinical management of patients on opioid therapy may be warranted. Similar drug utilization statistics, derived from drug information systems, can be reproduced in other jurisdictions to enable a better understanding of the opioid crisis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recalling an Attachment Event Moderates Distress after Ostracism
Authors: Yaakobi Erez , Williams Kipling D.
Published: March 2016

Ostracism is known to cause psychological distress. Studies have indicated that immediate distress is resistant to individual differences and situational factors, but delayed reactions are more sensitive to moderation. Because attachment orientation is inextricably tied to rejection and inclusion, we hypothesized that attachment orientation would moderate both immediate and delayed ostracism effects and that recalling an attachment event compatible with a person's attachment internal working model would moderate the distress of a laboratory ostracism experience. In two experiments, 158 individualistic (secular Jewish) and 190 collectivistic (ultra–Orthodox Jewish) participants played Cyberball with two other ostensible in–group players. Distress was measured immediately after the game and 30 minutes later. The results show that less anxious and more avoidant individualistic but not collectivistic participants were less distressed by ostracism. After the delay, recall of an attachment event compatible with the participants‘ internal working model eliminated distress in both individualistic and collectivistic ostracized participants as measured on the needs satisfaction scale. Among individualistic participants, avoidants, who are known to avoid meaningful attachments, were less distressed by ostracism; anxious participants, who seek proximity, were more distressed. Recalling a compatible attachment event may be a mechanism that reduces individuals‘ perceptions of threats to their fundamental needs. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Identification of the active site of human mitochondrial malonyl‐coenzyme a decarboxylase: A combined computational study
Authors: Ling Baoping , Liu Yuxia , Li Xiaoping , Wang Zhiguo , Bi Siwei
Published: March 2016

Malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase (MCD) can control the level of malonyl‐CoA in cell through the decarboxylation of malonyl‐CoA to acetyl‐CoA, and plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid metabolism, thus it is a potential target for drug discovery. However, the interactions of MCD with CoA derivatives are not well understood owing to unavailable crystal structure with a complete occupancy in the active site. To identify the active site of MCD, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the interactions of human mitochondrial MCD (HmMCD) and CoA derivatives. The findings reveal that the active site of HmMCD indeed resides in the prominent groove which resembles that of CurA. However, the binding modes are slightly different from the one observed in CurA due to the occupancy of the side chain of Lys183 from the N‐terminal helical domain instead of the adenine ring of CoA. The residues 300 − 305 play an essential role in maintaining the stability of complex mainly through hydrogen bond interactions with the pyrophosphate moiety of acetyl‐CoA. Principle component analysis elucidates the conformational distribution and dominant concerted motions of HmMCD. MM_PBSA calculations present the crucial residues and the major driving force responsible for the binding of acetyl‐CoA. These results provide useful information for understanding the interactions of HmMCD with CoA derivatives. Proteins 2016; 84:792–802. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deep junction III–V solar cells with enhanced performance
Authors: Bauhuis Gerard , Mulder Peter , Hu Yu‐Ying , Schermer John
Published: March 2016

The influence of junction depth in III–V solar cell structures was investigated for GaAs and InGaP cells. Typical III–V solar cells employ a shallow junction design. We have shown that for both investigated cell types, a deep junction close to the back of the cell structure performs better than shallow junction cells. At the maximum power point the deep junction cells operate mainly in the radiative recombination regime, while in the shallow junction cells non‐radiative recombination is dominant. The steeper slope of the IV curve boosts the fill‐factor by 3–4%, which is thereby the most improved cell parameter. In order to minimize collection losses in the upper part of the solar cell, the optimal thickness of the GaAs deep junction cell is only two‐thirds of a shallow junction cell. The associated lower cell current is more than compensated by the higher fill‐factor and open circuit voltage. The best deep junction GaAs cell shows a record efficiency of 26.5% for a GaAs cell on substrate. In the thinner InGaP deep junction cell the absence of current loss, leads to 1.6% higher efficiency than for the shallow junction cell.
Quantitative metrics for assessment of chemical image quality and spatial resolution
Authors: Kertesz Vilmos , Cahill John F. , Van Berkel Gary J.
Published: March 2016

Rationale

Currently objective/quantitative descriptions of the quality and spatial resolution of mass spectrometry derived chemical images are not standardized. Development of these standardized metrics is required to objectively describe the chemical imaging capabilities of existing and/or new mass spectrometry imaging technologies. Such metrics would allow unbiased judgment of intra‐laboratory advancement and/or inter‐laboratory comparison for these technologies if used together with standardized surfaces.

Methods

Two image metrics, viz., "chemical image contrast" (ChemIC) based on signal‐to‐noise related statistical measures on chemical image pixels and "corrected resolving power factor" (cRPF) constructed from statistical analysis of mass‐to‐charge chronograms across features of interest in an image, were developed. These metrics, quantifying chemical image quality and spatial resolution, respectively, were used to evaluate chemical images of a model photoresist patterned surface collected using a laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system under different instrument operational parameters.

Results

The calculated ChemIC and cRPF metrics determined in an unbiased fashion the relative ranking of chemical image quality obtained with the laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system. These rankings were used to show that both chemical image contrast and spatial resolution deteriorated with increasing surface scan speed, increased lane spacing and decreasing size of surface features.

Conclusions

ChemIC and cRPF, respectively, were developed and successfully applied for the objective description of chemical image quality and spatial resolution of chemical images collected from model surfaces using a laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
EIS behavior of anodized and primer coated AA2198–T851 compared to AA2024–T3 exposed to salt spray CASS test
Authors: Queiroz F. M. , Bugarin A.F.S. , Hammel N. P. , Capelossi V. R. , Terada M. , Costa I.
Published: March 2016

In this investigation, the corrosion behavior of AA2198–T851 was compared to AA2024–T3 by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the surface of both alloys was analyzed by Field Emission Gun (FEG) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray energy dispersive analysis (EDX). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results for the uncoated surface of both alloys showed higher pitting susceptibility associated to the AA2198–T851 alloy comparatively to the AA2024–T3. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of both alloys, tartaric sulphuric acid anodising (TSA) was carried out with both alloys followed by primer application. The corrosion resistance of the anodized and primer coated samples was also evaluated by CASS salt spray test followed by EIS tests at increasing periods of exposure to the CASS test. The results showed larger amounts of corrosion products associated to the primer coated AA2198–T851 alloy comparatively to the AA2024–T3 alloy. Diffusion was only indicated in the EIS results of the AA2198–T851 samples likely because of large amounts of porous corrosion products on the exposed surface of this alloy to the corrosive environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general modeling and analysis framework for software fault detection and correction process
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Duo , Wang Lujia , Hu Qingpei
Published: March 2016

Software reliability growth modeling plays an important role in software reliability evaluation. To incorporate more information and provide more accurate analysis, modeling software fault detection and correction processes has attracted widespread research attention recently. In modeling software correction processes, the assumption of fault correction time is relaxed from constant delay to random delay. However, stochastic distribution of fault correction time brings more difficulties in modeling and corresponding parameter estimation. In this paper, a framework of software reliability models containing both information from software fault detection process and correction process is studied. Different from previous extensions on software reliability growth modeling, the proposed approach is based on Markov model other than a nonhomogeneous Poisson process model. Also, parameter estimation is carried out with weighted least‐square estimation method, which emphasizes the influence of later data on the prediction. Two data sets from practical software development projects are applied with the proposed framework, which shows satisfactory performance with the results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the reliability of the design approach for FRC structures according tofibModel Code 2010: the case of elevated slabs
Authors: di Prisco Marco , Martinelli Paolo , Parmentier Benoit
Published: March 2016

This paper focuses on the reliability of the design approach proposed in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 for estimating the ultimate capacity of fibre‐reinforced concrete (FRC) elevated slabs on the basis of different tests for material characterization. The fracture properties of the material are determined through three‐point bending tests on notched beams and through double edge wedge splitting (DEWS) tests carried out on cylinders cored in the full‐size test structure. As a case study, an FRC elevated flat slab 0.2 m thick is considered which consists of nine bays (panels) measuring 6 × 6 m (overall size 18.3 × 18.3 m) and is supported by 16 circular concrete columns. The ultimate bearing capacity of the slab determined experimentally is compared with the design value predicted by means of a procedure based on limit analysis following fib Model Code 2010. The results show that the method proposed in fib Model Code 2010 using the characteristic values and the classification is reliable. Even if the tests are affected by a significant standard deviation and the two experimental campaigns with three‐point bending tests give a significant difference between class ”5c“ and class ”3e“, the structural test results in a loadbearing capacity that is always larger than the predicted one, which considers a safety coefficient for the materialγF= 1.5.
Reinforced concrete thin‐wall dome after eighty years of operation in a marine climate environment
Authors: Godycki‐Ćwirko Tadeusz , Nagrodzka‐Godycka Krystyna , Wojdak Ryszard
Published: March 2016

The paper presents a description of the construction elements of the Gdynia Seaport main hall dome. Firstly, it provides information about the technical condition of the dome's structure. Secondly, it examines the strength analysis of the thin‐walled reinforced concrete dome covering. Throughout the last 80 years the building has been exposed to an unfavourable marine climate. The analysis of the state of stress and deformations of several construction elements was carried out using a special model worked out with help of the FEM considering the combination of loads: deadweight, wind and snow, as well as the additional combination: deadweight and hurricane wind of velocity 200 km/h(55.5 m/s). The computed results of static quantities were also obtained according to F. Dischinger's method, which was used in design of the RC Gdynia Seaport dome in 1932. The computational analysis and the assessment of the technical state made it possible to make a decision concerning further safe operation of the building.

To sum up, it can be concluded that the results obtained with the FEM analysis, together with the analysis of the technical state of the 80‐year‐old dome, made it possible to carry out an assessment of the factor of safety of the dome's reinforced concrete elements. That in turn made it possible to come to a decision on the possibility of its further operation without causing any major local damage. What is more, it confirmed that it was permissible to construct a new dome after the tearing‐down of the old one.
Range expansion and population growth of non‐native mountain goats in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Challenges for management
Authors: Flesch Elizabeth P. , Garrott Robert A. , White P. J. , Brimeyer Doug , Courtemanch Alyson B. , Cunningham Julie A. , Dewey Sarah R. , Fralick Gary L. , Loveless Karen , McWhirter Doug E. , Miyasaki Hollie , Pils Andrew , Sawaya Michael A. , Stewart Shawn T.
Published: March 2016

Population growth and range expansion of nonnative species can potentially disrupt ecosystem function or add conservation value to an area, and evaluation of possible impacts can be a challenge for managers. Nonnative populations of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) are present in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) in the U.S. states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming because of historical introduction events, but their population trend and range have not been assessed across the area. We used 6,701 location records from 1947 to 2015 to map mountain goat distribution and evaluate, in a descriptive manner, range overlap with native bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). We analyzed 136 survey counts using the Exponential Growth State–Space model to estimate population trends and abundance. Mountain goats dispersed 50–85 km from introduction sites to occupy all mountain ranges in the northern GYA and 30–40 km to occupy new areas in the southern GYA. Mountain goat numbers increased in nearly all count units, with the strongest growth rates estimated in areas more recently colonized. Using moderate detection probability (0.70), we estimated approximately 2,355 mountain goats in the GYA. Although not tested in our analysis, the gradual range expansion and population growth rates were consistent with density‐dependent processes observed in other introduced large herbivores and demonstrate that mountain goats can successfully disperse over unsuitable locales to colonize new areas. Therefore, we expect mountain goat populations will continue to expand into unoccupied mountain ranges that contain significant numbers of bighorn sheep unless specific management actions are implemented to address their population growth. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Experiences of Being Heterozygous for Fabry Disease: a Qualitative Study
Authors: von der Lippe Charlotte , Frich Jan C. , Harris Anna , Solbrække Kari Nyheim
Published: March 2016

Little is known about the experiences of women with Fabry disease. The aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of being heterozygous for Fabry disease. We used an explorative qualitative study design and selected ten Norwegian women who were known heterozygous for Fabry disease to participate. We conducted in‐depth semi‐structured interviews and analyzed the interviews using inductive thematic analysis. We found that learning about one's heterozygous status may be devastating for some. However, for most of the participants, heterozygous status, as well as doctors’ acceptance of symptoms in women heterozygous for Fabry disease, provided an explanation and relief. Although many women did not consider themselves ill, they wished to be acknowledged as more than “just carriers.” The participants were grateful for enzyme replacement therapy, although it had its burdens regarding time, planning, and absences from school or work. Women with Fabry disease felt that the lack of knowledge among healthcare professionals about Fabry disease was frustrating and worrisome. These findings suggest that healthcare professionals should acknowledge the different ways women react to their diagnosis, and be aware of the personal costs of receiving treatment.
Friction behavior and wear protection ability of selected base lubricants
Authors: Zhang Xin Ai , Zhao Yuzhen , Ma Kai , Wang Qian
Published: March 2016

This paper reports a comparative study on the tribological characteristics of base oils in four groups, synthetic esters, mineral oils, polymerized alpha olefins (PAOs), and poly alkylene glycols (PAGs), by means of viscosity, friction, and wear measurements. Friction coefficients for the lubricants in each group, measured with a pin-on-disk tribometer, are summarized in the form of Stribeck curves. Wear of the disk specimens due to rubbing in the interfaces lubricated with the tested oils is evaluated by surface topographic changes. The results indicate that for surfaces of similar roughness, viscosity has the predominant influences on the friction and wear-protection properties of these lubricants.
On the growth of Sobolev norms of solutions of the fractional defocusing NLS equation on the circle
Authors: Thirouin Joseph
Published: March 2016

This paper is devoted to the study of large time bounds for the Sobolev norms of the solutions of the following fractional cubic Schrödinger equation on the torus:

i\partial _{t}u = |D|^{\alpha }u + |u|^{2}u,\:u(0, \cdot ) = u_{0},

where
α
is a real parameter. We show that, apart from the case

\alpha = 1

, which corresponds to a half-wave equation with no dispersive property at all, solutions of this equation grow at a polynomial rate at most. We also address the case of the cubic and quadratic half-wave equations.
Ways to Commit Autoinfanticide
Authors: CARROLL JOHN W.
Published: March 2016

Is it possible for Suzy to travel back in time and kill her infant self? Vihvelin (1996) and Vranas (2009) hold that autoinfanticide is logically/metaphysically possible but physically impossible. Horacek (2005) believes that autoinfanticide has a nonzero chance of occurring and so is physically possible, but believes that autoinfanticide is metaphysically impossible. To sort out these issues, I describe six ways to commit autoinfanticide; for all six, there is a case to be made for their physical and metaphysical possibility.
From Governance to Ground
Authors: Lehmann Jennifer
Published: March 2016

Welcome to our first Issue for 2016 which comes to you as the seasons change from summer to autumn and from winter to spring – a time when we move away from extremes of heat or of cold, of flooding or of droughts. In a sense, it is the need for change from the extremes to something more moderate that underpins the topic of this editorial, which I dedicate to those who, despite their expertise and commitment to the delivery of human services, have found themselves unwanted due to management and governance processes. Indeed, this editorial commentary has been inspired by the story of a man who, after more than 30 years of dedicated and innovative work in the not-for-profit (NFP) sector, was declared redundant just prior to Christmas. It is not the particularities of his treatment that are important here, though many were disgusted by the process. Rather, it is the flow-on effects of governance within the managerialist, neoliberal environment that are my concern – especially their impacts on the ground. My commentary is in two parts: the first summarises the changes in our sector over the last 15 to 20 years with which most of you will be very familiar; the second draws attention to the processes that translate into less than optimum conditions for staff and clients.