bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of particle size and brewing time of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder to the characteristic and acceptance of the herbal product
Authors: Ratnawati L , Desnilasari D , Yulianti L E , Kristanti D , Putri D P , Sholichah E , Andriansyah C E , Herminiati A
Published: January 2021

Ginger is one of the famous herbals that traditionally medicinal used in Indonesia. In this study, we investigated the effect of particle size and brewing time of ginger powder to the characteristic (moisture content, extractable matter, color and antioxidant activity) and acceptance of the herbal product. This study conducted using a completely randomized design with 2 factors namely particle size (40, 20 and 10 mesh) and brewing time (5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). The result showed that particle size significantly (p<0.05) affected the moisture content. It is also significantly affected the extractable matter, color, and antioxidant activity. The brewing time was significantly (p<0.05) affected the extractable matter, color, antioxidant activity, and acceptance of the panelist to the ginger extract as herbal product. The largest particle size with the longest brewing tends to produce the highest extractable matter i.e 15.7%. The larger particle size causes a decrease in the L-values, an increase in the a-values, and a decrease in the b-values. The shortest brewing time with 20 mesh tends to produce the highest antioxidant activity i.e 77.97%. In concluding the ginger powder with a 20-mesh particle size and a 5 minutes brewing time was chosen to be the best treatment based on its antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation. It has the characteristics of extractable matter, L, a, b, antioxidant activity and acceptance including color, aroma, taste, after taste and overall namely 10.04%, 30.40, 1.15, 4.07, 77.97%, 3.2, 3.27, 3.1, 3.3 and 3.33, respectively.
Physicochemical and microbiological properties of Pudding Powder as a complementary food during storage
Authors: Kristanti D , Herminiati A
Published: January 2021

The product evaluation during storage is important because it is related to food safety. The pudding powder as a complementary food was made from skim milk powder, sugar, mocaf, and carrageenan which enriched with inulin and fortified with micronutrient premix. The pudding powder were packed in polyethylene plastic (PE) and aluminium foil (AF) pouches to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiology properties at 15°C, 30°C, and 45°C for 4 weeks. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s means test (significance level of p<0.05). The moisture content, protein, and lightness of all pudding powder were significantly decreased, while a value and Total Plate Count (TPC) were significantly increased after storage. The storage with AF pouches were not significantly affect the weight of pudding powder after first week storage. The water activity (aw) of AF45 was the highest among others. It affects the decreasing of protein, increasing of TPC, browning and caking on this pudding powder. The best storage condition of pudding powder for both pouches was at temperature 15°C.
Antioxidant compound from Myristica fatua Houtt Leaves
Authors: Fajriah S , Megawati M , Darmawan A , Hudiyono S , Kosela S , Hanafi M
Published: January 2021

Antioxidant plays an important role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases. By using DPPH radical scavenging assay-guided fractionation, a bioactive compound has been isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Myristica fatua Houtt and subsequently identified as methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic (MDB). The structure of MDB was confirmed by UV, FT-IR, MS, 1- and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. This compound exhibit antioxidant activity together with previous compounds i.e (7S,8R,8′S,7′S)-7,7′-bis(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-8,8′-dimethylbuthane-7,7′-diol and 3”-hydroxy demethyldactyloidin with IC50 values 7.96, 101.1 and 15.4 μg/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrate that MDB can be considered as a natural antioxidant.
Bitterness reduction of Green Chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaves and its functionality
Authors: Natania Kam , Haniel Kezia
Published: January 2021

Green chiretta leaves, known for its bitterness, is an Indonesian native traditional herb, used for its functional and medicinal properties. This research aimed to reduce the bitterness of green chiretta leaves using adsorbent technique and to observe how it might affect the functional properties of the chiretta leaves. The debittering process was done by utilizing diatomite, bentonite, and attapulgite as the adsorbent, together with 5, 10, and 20 minutes of boiling time. The leaves were then subjected to bitterness and phytochemical analysis. The bitterness was analyzed using scalar methods, the antioxidant properties were analyzed by measuring the IC50 value against DPPH solution, and the phytochemical compounds (total phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and terpenoid) was analyzed quantitatively. Different adsorbent will adsorb different phytochemical compound. As the boiling time increases, the number of phytochemical compounds also reduced, hence resulting in a decrease of bitterness and IC50 value. This study found that the use of attapulgite with 20 minutes of boiling reduce the bitterness up to (90%) of the leaves due to its ability to adsorb terpenoid content while still retained their antioxidant properties better than bentonite or diatomite.
Antihyperlipidemia activity of ethanol extract the stem bark of Flacourtia rukam on propylthiouracil-induced albino rats, Rattus noverticus (Wistar strain)
Authors: Muharni Muharni , Julinar Julinar , Yohandini Heni , Fitrya Fitrya , Melati Rima
Published: January 2021

Flacourtia rukam belongs to one of the traditional medicinal plants used by the people, especially in South Sumatra for the treatment of hypertension. One of the triggers for hypertension is high levels of cholesterol in the blood. The in vivo research of the anti-hyperlipidemia activity of ethanol extract the stem bark of F. rukam on Propylthiouracil-induced albino rats Rattus noverticus (Wistar Strain) has been done. The animal test was separated into 6 groups i.e. normal group, negative, positive (simvastatin), and 3 treatment groups with a variation extract dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. The measurement of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL levels using the photometric enzymatic method. The result shows that ethanol extract of F. rukam gives the highest anti hyperlipidemia activity at 400 mg/kg BW with decreased total cholesterol percentage of 56.28%, triglycerides 57.34 %, LDL 54.29%, and increased HDL 58.77%. Statistical analysis shows that the treatment groups I, II, and III can reduce the level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and higher-level LDL. The effective dose (ED50) is 327.83 mg/kg BW. Based on this result, the traditional plant can be used in hyperlipidemia treatment.
Extraction and identification of Mitragynine from the Kratom Leaf (Mitragyna speciosa) using HFC-134a subcritical system
Authors: Lelono Arthur A , Latifah Ita L , Herdiawan Herlan , Cahyani Rina Wahyu
Published: January 2021

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is tree that useful as herbal medicine commonly found in Indonesia and other Southeast Asia Countries. Kratom has been consumed by chewing it or brewed like tea, it is useful to treated fever, muscle ache and diarrhea pain. Sedatives and stimulant effect on the central nervous system are side effect of Kratom leaves infusion. It contains mitragynine that have strong affinity on opioid receptor, therefor classified as new psychoactive substances (NPS). Others compounds in Kratom is 7-hydroxymitragynine, paynantheine, speciogy nine and speciociliatine. The aim of this study was to study the mitragynine and other secondary metabolites on the Kratom using subcritical HFC R134a extraction method and identified with TLC, LCMS/MS and GCMS. The HFC-134a subcritical system method is based on the advantage strength and physical properties of refrigerant R134a as solvent. Subcritical fluid extraction has potentially alternative method to isolate bioactive compound of the herbal plants. The result was 0.7878 g extract Kratom was produced, TLC spot at Rf 0.49, GCMS peak at RT at 18.327 and LCMS/MS peak of RT 7.12 with mass spectrum at 399.2m/z, 174.1 m/z and 159.1 m/z belong to mitragynine.
Degradation of 2-chlorophenol in dielectric barrier discharge reactor
Authors: Suryo Samantha , Diristiani Febri Monica , Khairunizzahrah Badzlina , Bismo Setijo
Published: January 2021

Liquid waste containing 2-chlorophenol compound has high toxicity, carcinogenic, and poor degradation properties, leading to bioaccumulation in the environment. It also considered as a primary chemical feedstock in the manufacture and widely used in various industry. Conventional methods such as chlorination, adsorption, liquid-liquid extraction, steam distillation, photocatalytic are inefficient and expensive. Plasma technology with a non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor can efficiently degrade chlorophenol compounds without producing side effects. Various active species produced in the reactor are electrons and radical compounds •OH, O3, H2O2. This study aims to evaluate the degradation performance of DBD plasma reactors, namely the percentage of degradation, degradation concentrations of 2-chlorophenol, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Variations were made with pH 4 and 10, while the fixed variables were waste flow rate 50 mL/min, air flow rate 2.5 L/min, and plasmatron voltage 19kV. It was found that degradation process of 2-chlorophenol with DBD reactor in pH 4 and 10 achieve 70.96% and 79.41%, respectively.
The antioxidant and antibacterial study of Canarium indicum L. latex extract
Authors: Indrianingsih A W , Rosyida V T , Apriyana W , Darsih C , Angwar M , Windarsih A , Batrisya
Published: January 2021

Recently, plant extracts are natural additives that are in great demand. Many biological activities of plant extracts in the fields of food and health, make research on plant extracts quite rapid. Canarium indicum L. is one of the most famous fruits in Indonesia. However, usually only the seed of C. indicum that was studied such as anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, and hepatoprotective. In this paper, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of C. indicum latex were studied. The C. indicum extract were prepared by maceration method using ethanol for 48 hours. After the evaporation, the crude extracts were evaluated its biological activity. The antibacterial activity was performed using dilution method and the antioxidant activity was using DPPH assay. The scavenging activity of C. indicum latex extracts values in the range of 10.92 – 58.36% with the extract concentration of 100 to 800 ppm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of C. indicum latex extract was conducted against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). The inhibition zone C. indicum was 6.39±0.06 mm against S. aureus and 2.38±0.62 mm against E. coli at extract concentration of 10000 ppm. The results obtained indicate that C. indicum latex extract is favourable to be applied in the fields of medicine and health.
In vitro antioxidant activity of macroalgae Sargassum duplicatum and Palmaria palmata extracts collected from Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta
Authors: Darsih C , Indrianingsih A W , Poeloengasih C D , Prasetyo D J , Indirayati N
Published: January 2021

Marine macroalgae are considered as important sources for bioactive phytochemicals. In this research, two potential marine macroalgae, i.e. Sargassum duplicatum and Palmaria palmata taken from Sepanjang beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia were explored as sources of phenolic compound, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Three different solvents, i.e. chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were applied as extraction medium. For each species, its total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and DPPH scavenging assay, respectively. The result showed that methanolic extracts exhibited the highest yield in both species. The highest TPC (726.54 mg GAE/g) was obtained from S. duplicatum extracted using ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity from S. duplicatum and P. palmata have similar value with IC50 values of 790.34 µg/mL and 789.29 µg/mL. The scavenging activities of all extracts related to the total polyphenol content, whereas the polarity of solvent affected the resulted yield and TPC of the extracts. However, our results demonstrated that all extracts were inactive against DPPH radicals (IC50 > 250 μg/mL).
A comparative study on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol using DBD non-thermal plasma reactor
Authors: Diristiani Febri Monica , Khairunizzahra Badzlina , Suryo Samantha , Bismo Setijo
Published: January 2021

The dichlorophenol compound group (DCP) is one of the pollutants contained in industrial wastewater. This component is difficult to degrade in the environment, subsequently leading to hazards and a severe impact on human health. Based on the location of the chlorine atom in the aromatic ring, the variety present in some isomers ought to be removed from the water, in order to reduce the impact. Therefore, the technology adopted to eliminate the DCP concentration levels in wastewater includes the application of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma reactor of high efficiency. This set up implements advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) by relying on highly active species, specifically ‧OH and O3. The aim of this study, therefore, is to compare the effectiveness of DBD reactors in the degradation activity on isomer 2,4-DCP and 2,5-DCP under acidic (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 10) conditions. The results showed the highest percentage removal (89.05%) after 120 minutes process of 2.5-DCP degradation, under the following conditions: pH 10; flow rate 50 mL/minute; airflow rate of 2.5 L/min; plasmatron voltage of 19 kV. Under similar circumstances, 2,4-DCP was reduced by 86.95%. In addition, the COD content in the waste material reached 46.88% and 46.14%, respectively.
Evaluation of uncertainties measurement in EDXRF for air filter analysis
Authors: Sari D K , Lestiani D D , Kurniawati S , Atmodjo D P D , Kusmartini I
Published: January 2021

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) is one of the nuclear analytical techniques that has been widely used for elemental analysis, especially for air filter analysis. EDXRF Epsilon 5 has been installed in BATAN Bandung laboratory, Indonesia. EDXRF Epsilon 5 is an analytical instrument that is used to determine trace elements in many kinds of materials, especially in air filter samples. Measurement conditions have to be set up to determine several elements. Uncertainty evaluation was different according to the instrument used in each laboratory. This activity is aimed to calculate and evaluate the uncertainty measurement associated with EDXRF Epsilon 5 for air filter analysis. Evaluation of uncertainties measurement in EDXRF Epsilon 5 was carried out following the guides to express uncertainty: JCGM 100:2008 and EURACHEM. The uncertainty evaluation focused on 10 elements: Na, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, Br, and Pb that generally existed in airborne particulate samples. The uncertainties results for 10 selected elements measured with Epsilon 5 were in a good correlation, with % relative uncertainty were ranged from 2% to 32%.
Phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity of wild-grown and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Hayati Septi Nur , Darsih Cici , Rosyida Vita Taufika , Apriyana Wuri , Nisa Khoirun , Indrianingsih Anastasia Wheni , Wulanjati Martha Purnami
Published: January 2021

The most biologically active compounds of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum can be classified into polysaccharides and terpenoids. Most of these biological compounds are supposed to associate with its antioxidant activity. Both of wild grown and cultivated G. lucidum have been commercially in demand in Indonesia during the past years. Due to their different growing conditions, the wild-grown and cultivated G. lucidum may contain different levels of effective chemical components which affect their quality and medicinal efficacy. This present study was carried out to determine the differences between wild-grown and cultivated G. lucidum which might be useful in exploring the characteristic of chemical compounds of G. lucidum regarding its antioxidant activity. The physicochemical evaluation was determined using gravimetric method. The phytochemical evaluation includes water – soluble polysaccharides, phenolic, and terpenoids content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. Cultivated G. lucidum from Godean has the highest water – soluble polysaccharides (29.86±2.42 GE, mg/g dw) and phenolic content (5.07±0.39 GAE, mg/g dw) among other studied samples. Whereas, cultivated G. lucidum from Gunung Kidul has the lowest water – soluble polysaccharides (21.65±2.45 GE, mg/g dw) and phenolic content (3.21±0.87 GAE, mg/g dw). Both of wild grown G. lucidum have higher terpenoids content compare to all of cultivated G.lucidum. The cultivated – Godean revealed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (the lowest IC50, 344.15±9.57 µg/mL) among of the studied samples. Hence, the results suggested that G. lucidum contained high metabolites compounds and has a potential natural source of antioxidants.
Determination of Ca, Na, Mg Impurities in Demineralized Water Bandung Triga 2000 Reactor using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Adventini Natalia , Damastuti Endah , Ratnawati Neni , Indah Suciati Fuji Octa , Niken Syahfitri Woro Yatu
Published: January 2021

Demineralized water is commonly used as cooling water, neutron moderator and as a radiation shield in a nuclear reactor such as Bandung Triga 2000 Reactor. According to its function, demineralized water has to fulfilled some requirements as stated in Safety Analysis Report (SAR) of Bandung Triga 2000 Reactor. The requirements were impurities of Ca, Na and Mg, pH and conductivity electricity in demineralized water reactor. Determination of Ca, Na and Mg as impurities were carried out using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). In this activity, instrument and method verification were carried out as quality control. Instrument verification determined were sensitivity, precision and detection limit of FAAS. Method verification was carried out by using spike demineralized water with Na, Ca, and Mg standard. Accuracy and precision of the method were in the acceptance criteria according to AOAC then implemented to determined impurities of Ca, NA, Mg in demineralized water reactor samples. Na and Mg in demineralized water using FAAS gave values less than 1 mg/L, pH values were in the range 5,5- 6,5 meanwhile conductivity electricity gave values were less than 3 µmho fulfilled the requirements in SAR. These results were indispensable to support the performance of Bandung Triga 2000 Reactor which needed by public and university for the development of science and its application in the industry, health, environment and other fields.
Nuclear analytical techniques for identification of elemental composition of fine and coarse airborne particulate matter Collected in Bandung, Indonesia
Authors: Santoso M , Lestiani D D , Kusmartini I , Sari D K , Kurniawati S , Damastuti E , Atmodjo D P D , Tjahyadi A , Windiandi W D
Published: January 2021

Air pollution has received serious attention from both the government and the public in Bandung, Indonesia. Nuclear analytical techniques (NAT) such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been implemented for the quantification of environmental pollutants, especially airborne particulate matter (APM). Sampling for fine APM (PM2.5) and coarse APM (PM2.5-10) have been conducted in Bandung using a GENT sampler, once a week for 24 hrs from 2015 to 2017. The samples were then analyzed for their mass, black carbon (BC), and elemental composition using gravimetric, smoke stain reflectometer, and ED-XRF, respectively. The results obtained indicate that the annual average of PM2.5 is in the range of 17.85-20.90 µg/m3 which has exceeded the Indonesian annual standard (15 µg/m3). While for PM10 it is still below the standard. Compared to PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in 2002-2004, the concentration has increased by around 35% and 29%, respectively. This situation needs serious attention especially because of the adverse effects of PM2.5 on human health. The average BC fraction at PM2.5 is around 19%. In this paper, chemical composition, annual concentration trends, and correlations between elements will be discussed in detail including the advantages and disadvantages of the NATs method. For the next stage, this information can be used to identify sources of pollutants.
The Screening of Antidiabetic Activity and The Cultivation Study of Local Marine Microalgae
Authors: Priatni S , Ratnaningrum D , Kosasih W
Published: January 2021

Microalgae are rich source of primary and secondary metabolites which have potential bioactive compounds for application in the pharmaceutical industry. The study of antidiabetic activity from microalgae have been carried out because it can be cultivated in a small area and efficient in light capturing. This study aimed to screen the local marine microalgae which potential as the antidiabetic source. Five microalgae strains (Chlorella sp A and B, Nanochlropsis sp, Porphyridium sp, and Skeletonema sp were screened according to their growth rates, antidiabetic activity (α-glucosidase inhibition) and biomass yield. Results showed that Porphyridium sp cells were grown very active compared to other strains. After 8 days of cultivation, the cells’ number of Porphyridium sp was 345x103 cells/ml. The highest activity in α-glucosidase inhibition was detected in Porphyridium sp biomass (12.63%). The biomass yield of Porphyridium sp (6.71 g) was obtained after cultivated at 5 L scale production. The exponential growth rate of Porphyridium sp which cultivated with aeration pump system (Rexp = 0.177, TD = 3.8 days) was higher than cultivated with shaker incubator system (Rexp = 0.045, TD = 15.4 days). We concluded that Porphyridium sp is the best microalgae compared to other microalgae both its productivity and antidiabetic activity. The cultivation of Porphyridium sp by using aeration pump system is much recommended.
Antibacterial activities of Solo garlic
Authors: Setiyoningrum F , Herlina N , Afiati F , Priadi G
Published: January 2021

Solo garlic, either in fresh form or its black garlic has a lot of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and polyphenols. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of organic solvents extract’s solo garlic inside the fresh and black garlic form against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, by using agar diffusion and dilution methods. The diffusion test shown that BG4 had the highest inhibitor activity comparing the other treatments. Concentration of BG4 1 mg/ml, either in isopropanol or ethyl acetate was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Based on that results, solo black garlic especially 3 or 4 weeks-fermented solo black garlic could be considered as a therapeutic agent.
Toxicity and Total Phenolic Content of Saurauia vulcani Extracts from Cultivation
Authors: Pasaribu Gunawan , Budianto Emil , Cahyana Antonius Herry
Published: January 2021

Saurauia vulcanii plant has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases suffered by villagers as antidiabetic and digestive problems’ remedy. The Forestry Research and Development Agency has cultivated this plant at Forest Area for Specific Purpose in Northern Sumatra. The aims of this study were to determine the toxicity and total phenolic content from n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol Saurauia vulcani extracts. The toxicity was carried out using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method and Folin Ciocalteu method is used for total phenolic content. The result showed that the toxicity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts i.e. LC50 values of 365.19 ppm, 715.28 and 225.77 ppm, respectively. The total phenolic content of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 7,155 mg GAE/g, 13,702 mg GAE/g and 16,560 mg GAE/g, respectively.
The analysis of several types of catalysts for ozone decomposition
Authors: Luvita Veny , Bismo Setijo , Sugiarto Anto Tri
Published: January 2021

There has been rapid technological development in the aspect of water and wastewater treatment, including the application of ozone technology, commonly known as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This involves the use of ozone gas converted to oxygen and OH● radicals, which possess the capacity to degrade the unwanted compounds present, although there is need for performance optimization to enhance the ease of formation and decomposition. This process is faced with serious problems that require immediate attention, particularly the presence of excess ozone, which is harmful to the health of living things, especially humans. Ozone decomposition uses an MnOx active core catalyst with a nominal loading of 0–2%. As a comparison used catalyst supports such as Zeolite Alam Lampung (ZAL), Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Green Sand (GS) with diameter 18–100 mesh. However, the challenge is comprehensively attenuated by using catalysts possessing the capacity to degrade the excesses, and promote procedure optimization, subsequently enhancing conversion and decomposition. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated the potential to elevate the production of OH radicals, and it was also established that catalysts from natural origin are less expensive, easy to operate, highly selective and difficult to damage under various conditions. The result of this study is GAC is more effective and efficient compared to others for decomposition.
Tribo-behaviours of textured point contacts lubricated with low and high consistency lithium greases under reciprocating motion
Authors: Chaudhary Rameshwar , Pandey R K , Mazumdar S K
Published: January 2021

Tribo-behaviours of grease-lubricated textured point contacts were experimentally explored at heavy loads (characterized in term of Hertzian pressure, P

H
 = 1.5–3.0 GPa) and relatively low sliding speeds (0.2 and 0.4 m s−1) under the linear reciprocating motion employing lithium-based low and high consistency greases. Two contacts (grounded plate versus lapped ball & grounded textured plate versus lapped ball) were employed for the comparative investigations of friction coefficient, specific wear rate, and contact potential. Effects of grease consistency on the greases’ rheological behaviours have also been found at two temperatures 25 °C and 80 °C using controlled stress rheometer. Overall, textured concentrated contacts yielded a low coefficient of friction (reduction up to 24.6%), reduced specific wear rate of the ball (decrease up to 89.5%) and better development of contact potential in comparison to conventional contacts. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of used greases collected from textured contacts revealed less degradation in soap fibres. Moreover, the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the formation of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferrous-ferric oxide (Fe3O4) protective chemical films on the worn surfaces of balls of the conventional and textured contacts.
Tribological properties of dithiocarbamate triazine and its competitive adsorption behavior compared to T701 on the corrosion inhibition of Q235 steel
Authors: Zhu Mengyue , Rao Sainan , He Zhongyi , Hu Jianqiang , Xiong Liping , Zhang Renhui , Han Sheng , Li Lili
Published: January 2021

The triazine dithiocarbonate (CDMS) was synthesized from the reactions among diethanolamine, carbon disulfide and 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine. The synthesized CDMS showed excellent anti-wear and friction-reduction properties and outstanding corrosion inhibition for the investigated systems. Besides, the synergy-inhibition effect of the CDMS and T701 compound-inhibitor was investigated compared to the inhibition effect of CDMS, which showed that the inhibition effect of CDMS was superior to that of compound-inhibitor. The DFT and molecular dynamics simulations results showed that it existed competitive adsorption behavior between CDMS and T701, led to the inhibition effect of the compound inhibitor lower than that of CDMS.
Reconfigurable optical memory based on MoS2/QDs mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Sun Yilin , Ding Yingtao , Xie Dan , Sun Mengxing , Xu Jianlong , Yang Pengfei , Zhang Yanfeng , Ren Tianling
Published: January 2021

Optical memory unit with the ability to detect and store optical signals is increasingly becoming a crucial part of advanced data communication and image sensing technology. Despite great efforts devoted to develop high-performance optical memory devices based on two-dimensional (2D) material, the photoelectric conversion is still limited to defect-dominant photo-generated carrier trapping/de-trapping process at the interface of 2D materials. Here, a reconfigurable optical memory implanted with photonic programming/electric erasing operation is demonstrated based on MoS2/quantum dots (QDs) mixed-dimensional heterostructure. Unique photoelectric coupling effect between MoS2 and QDs leads to a continuous n-doping on MoS2 channel after light exposure removed, resulting in the generation of persistent photocurrent. Excellent optical memory characteristics such as high programming/erasing ratio, long retention time and stable operation cycles have been achieved and demonstrated to be gate-tunable. Besides, multi-level optical data storage with ten different states is also realized by applying a series of programmable optical signals. Owing to the unique dynamic response of mix-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure to optical and electric signals, our proposed optical memory transistor may pave up a new path to explore photoelectric conversion in low-dimensional system and develop high-performance optoelectronics for a broad range of applications.
Kinetic calculation analysis of Ga deposition on the morphology evolution of GaAs quantum ring
Authors: Lang Qi-Zhi , Guo Xiang , Luo Zi-Jiang , Ding Zhao
Published: January 2021

GaAs Quantum Ring (QR) was gained on GaAs (001) by Droplet Epitaxy (DE), and the microscopic morphology of the GaAs samples was observed by Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM). The kinetic model of Local Droplet Etching (LDE) was mainly used to study the influence of Ga deposition on the morphology evolution from Ga droplets to GaAs QR. Comparing experimental data with the theoretical value, it can be seen that the increase of Ga deposition will cause the reduction of surface density of Ga droplets, but the volume, height and diameter of Ga droplets will increase. Geometric dimension of GaAs QR increased also with the increase of Ga deposition. In addition, it found that the rate at which the substrate was etched was affected by Ga deposition and As pressure from experiment. The more Ga deposition, the deeper GaAs nano hole. However, GaAs nano hole became shallower under high As pressure. These results are consistent with theoretical calculation analysis. Under high substrate temperature, GaAs double rings finally evolved into a single ring. Above all results have certain guiding significance for the preparation of patterned GaAs substrates and the controlled growth of GaAs QR morphology.
Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti-2.5Zr alloy
Authors: Alhazaa Abdulaziz , Assaifan Abdulaziz , Hezam Mahmoud , Shar Muhammad Ali , Umeda Junko , Kondoh Katsuyoshi
Published: January 2021

Zirconium effectively became an emerging alloying element used for titanium in order to improve its mechanical properties by Ti grains refinement and solid solution strengthening effects. As a result, Ti-Zr alloy enhances its industrial applications. In this study the titanium powders were sintered after the addition of 2.5 wt% of Zr using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technology. The original pre-mixed powder consists of pure Ti and ZrH2 particles. An applied pressure of 40 MPa and a short sintering time of 5 min were fixed in all experiments under a vacuum of 1 Pascal. EDS, XRD and XPS analysis showed that Zr dispersion as solid solution through α-Ti was homogenized for sintered samples at 1000 °C and 1200 °C while the agglomeration of ZrH2 was detected in the sample sintered at 800 °C. These agglomerated particles reduced the average Zr content through titanium matrix compared to an average of 2.3 to 2.7 wt% for samples sintered at 1000 °C and 1200 °C. The hardness increases with the increase in the sintering temperature. However, since the sample sintered at 1200 °C showed an excessive grain growth that reduced its strength, it was found that 1000 °C sintering temperature can be an optimum temperature for this process.
Restoration of evanescent waves in lens obeys Cesáro convergence
Authors: Nellambakam Yuganand , Chaitanya K V S Shiv
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we show that the restoration of the evanescent wave in a perfect lens obeys a new kind of convergence known as Cesàro convergence. Cesàro convergence allows us to extend the domain of convergence to the complex plane in terms of the Riemann zeta function. Therefore, from the Riemann zeta function properties, we show that it is not possible to restore the evanescent wave for all the values of reflection

r

z

′

, [here

r

z

′

is complex]. The special value, that is,

r

z

′

 = 1/2 + ib refers to the non-existence of evanescent wave, is the physicist’s proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Complementary local-global approach for phonon mode connectivities
Authors: Gan Chee Kwan , Ong Zhun-Yong
Published: January 2021

Sorting and assigning phonon branches (e.g., longitudinal acoustic) of phonon modes is important for characterizing the phonon bands of a crystal and the determination of phonon properties such as the Grüneisan parameter and group velocity. To do this, the phonon band indices (including the longitudinal and transverse acoustic) have to be assigned correctly to all phonon modes across a path or paths in the Brillouin zone. As our solution to this challenging problem, we propose a computationally efficient and robust two-stage hybrid method that combines two approaches with their own merits. The first is the perturbative approach in which we connect the modes using degenerate perturbation theory. In the second approach, we use numerical fitting based on least-squares fits to circumvent local connectivity errors at or near exact degenerate modes. The method can be easily generalized to other condensed matter problems involving Hermitian matrix operators such as electronic bands in tight-binding Hamiltonians or in a standard density-functional calculation, and photonic bands in photonic crystals.
Classification of diffraction patterns in single particle imaging experiments performed at x-ray free-electron lasers using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Ignatenko Alexandr , Assalauova Dameli , Bobkov Sergey A , Gelisio Luca , Teslyuk Anton B , Ilyin Viacheslav A , Vartanyants Ivan A
Published: January 2021

Single particle imaging (SPI) is a promising method of native structure determination, which has undergone fast progress with the development of x-ray free-electron lasers. Large amounts of data are collected during SPI experiments, driving the need for automated data analysis. The necessary data analysis pipeline has a number of steps including binary object classification (single versus non-single hits). Classification and object detection are areas where deep neural networks currently outperform other approaches. In this work, we use the fast object detector networks YOLOv2 and YOLOv3. By exploiting transfer learning, a moderate amount of data is sufficient to train the neural network. We demonstrate here that a convolutional neural network can be successfully used to classify data from SPI experiments. We compare the results of classification for the two different networks, with different depth and architecture, by applying them to the same SPI data with different data representation. The best results are obtained for diffracted intensity represented by color images on a linear scale using YOLOv2 for classification. It shows an accuracy of about 95% with precision and recall of about 50% and 60%, respectively, in comparison to manual data classification.
Detection and impacts of tiling artifacts in MODIS burned area classification
Authors: Liu Tianjia , Crowley Morgan A
Published: January 2021

Since 2000, observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites, have been used to monitor global burned area and its trends. The FireCCI and MCD64A1 products classify burned area using algorithms that detect change in surface reflectance and separately process each ∼10° × 10° MODIS tile. We find that artifacts arise in both products from this tiling procedure. In particular, we find severe tiling artifacts in FireCCI, version 5.1 (FireCCI51) in northwest India and Pakistan, where the classified burned area is disjointed at the latitudinal boundary of two tiles that largely separates the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana. In contrast, this tiling effect is less noticeable in MCD64A1, Collection 6 (C6). As a result, while the average 2003–2019 October-November burned area in Haryana is of similar magnitude across the two products, that for Punjab is 13,381 km2 for MCD64A1 and just 1,486 km2 for FireCCI. We find moderate tiling artifacts in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe. Our results highlight that additional processing is needed to ensure the continuity of burned area classification in FireCCI and MCD64A1, as well as other products relying on tile-dependent algorithms.
The Ethics and Aesthetics of Intertextual Writing: Cultural Appropriation and Minor Literature
Authors: Haynes Paul
Published: January 2021

Cultural appropriation, as both concept and practice, is a hugely controversial issue. It is of particular importance to the arts because creativity is often found at the intersection of cultural boundaries. Much of the popular discourse on cultural appropriation focusses on the commercial use of indigenous or marginalized cultures by mainstream or dominant cultures. There is, however, growing awareness that cultural appropriation is a complicated issue encompassing cultural exchange in all its forms. Creativity emerging from cultural interdependence is far from a reciprocal exchange. This insight indicates that ethical and political implications are at stake. Consequently, the arts are being examined with greater attention in order to assess these implications. This article will focus on appropriation in literature, and examine the way appropriative strategies are being used to resist dominant cultural standards. These strategies and their implications will be analyzed through the lens of Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of minor literature.
clinker & clustermap.js: automatic generation of gene cluster comparison figures
Authors: Gilchrist Cameron L M , Chooi Yit-Heng
Published: January 2021

Genes involved in biological pathways are often collocalised in gene clusters, the comparison of which can give valuable insights into their function and evolutionary history. However, comparison and visualization of gene cluster similarity is a tedious process, particularly when many clusters are being compared. Here, we present clinker, a Python based tool and clustermap.js, a companion JavaScript visualization library, which used together can automatically generate accurate, interactive, publication-quality gene cluster comparison figures directly from sequence files.

Availability and implementation

Source code and documentation for clinker and clustermap.js is available on GitHub (github.com/gamcil/clinker and github.com/gamcil/clustermap.js, respectively) under the MIT license. clinker can be installed directly from the Python Package Index via pip.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Codon usage pattern in Gnetales evolved in close accordance with the Gnetifer hypothesis
Authors: Majeed Aasim , Kaur Harpreet , Kaur Amitozdeep , Das Sreemoyee , Joseph Josepheena , Bhardwaj Pankaj
Published: January 2021

The evolution of Gnetales is ambiguous, and their phylogenetic position is still debated. The biological and molecular processes may evolve with the evolutionary history of a species or a clade. The molecular/biological processes of phylogenetically similar lineages closely follow their evolutionary pattern. If Gnetales evolved as a sister to Pinaceae, cupressophytes or Coniferales as a whole, then it is expected that the molecular or biological processes may reflect this pattern of evolution. In light of this, we deciphered the codon usage pattern of Gnetales, compared it with angiosperms, Pinaceae, cupressophytes and Coniferales as a whole. We evaluated whether this important molecular process has evolved in agreement with the Anthophyte, Gnepine, Gnecup or Gnetifer hypothesis. We observed that Gnetales prefer A/U-ending codons to G/C-ending codons like other lineages. Natural selection plays a dominant role in governing the codon usage bias (CUB). The CpA/CpT dinucleotides were over-represented, whereas the CpG dinucleotide was suppressed. Hierarchical clustering (HC) and correspondence analysis (CA) on relative synonymous codon usage values of 59 synonymous codons showed Gnetales as a sister clade to Coniferales as a whole and revealed that the codon usage pattern in Gnetales has evolved in close accordance with the Gnetifer hypothesis.
Two cortical representations of voice control are differentially involved in speech fluency
Authors: Neef Nicole E , Primaßin Annika , Gudenberg Alexander Wolff von , Dechent Peter , Riedel Christian , Paulus Walter , Sommer Martin
Published: January 2021

Recent studies have identified two distinct cortical representations of voice control in humans, the ventral and the dorsal laryngeal motor cortex. Strikingly, while persistent developmental stuttering has been linked to a white-matter deficit in the ventral laryngeal motor cortex, intensive fluency-shaping intervention modulated the functional connectivity of the dorsal laryngeal motor cortical network. Currently, it is unknown whether the underlying structural network organization of these two laryngeal representations is distinct or differently shaped by stuttering intervention. Using probabilistic diffusion tractography in 22 individuals who stutter and participated in a fluency shaping intervention, in 18 individuals who stutter and did not participate in the intervention and in 28 control participants, we here compare structural networks of the dorsal laryngeal motor cortex and the ventral laryngeal motor cortex and test intervention-related white-matter changes. We show (i) that all participants have weaker ventral laryngeal motor cortex connections compared to the dorsal laryngeal motor cortex network, regardless of speech fluency, (ii) connections of the ventral laryngeal motor cortex were stronger in fluent speakers, (iii) the connectivity profile of the ventral laryngeal motor cortex predicted stuttering severity (iv) but the ventral laryngeal motor cortex network is resistant to a fluency shaping intervention. Our findings substantiate a weaker structural organization of the ventral laryngeal motor cortical network in developmental stuttering and imply that assisted recovery supports neural compensation rather than normalization. Moreover, the resulting dissociation provides evidence for functionally segregated roles of the ventral laryngeal motor cortical and dorsal laryngeal motor cortical networks.
Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management
Authors: Elmer Laura K , Madliger Christine L , Blumstein Daniel T , Elvidge Chris K , Fernández-Juricic Esteban , Horodysky Andrij Z , Johnson Nicholas S , McGuire Liam P , Swaisgood Ronald R , Cooke Steven J
Published: January 2021

Multidisciplinary approaches to conservation and wildlife management are often effective in addressing complex, multi-factor problems. Emerging fields such as conservation physiology and conservation behaviour can provide innovative solutions and management strategies for target species and systems. Sensory ecology combines the study of ‘how animals acquire’ and process sensory stimuli from their environments, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of ‘how animals respond’ to this information. We review the benefits that sensory ecology can bring to wildlife conservation and management by discussing case studies across major taxa and sensory modalities. Conservation practices informed by a sensory ecology approach include the amelioration of sensory traps, control of invasive species, reduction of human–wildlife conflicts and relocation and establishment of new populations of endangered species. We illustrate that sensory ecology can facilitate the understanding of mechanistic ecological and physiological explanations underlying particular conservation issues and also can help develop innovative solutions to ameliorate conservation problems.
InSexBase: an annotated genomic resource of sex chromosomes and sex-biased genes in insects
Authors: Chen X i , Mei Yang , Chen Mengyao , Jing Dong , He Yumin , Liu Feiling , He Kang , Li Fei
Published: January 2021

Sex determination and the regulation of sexual dimorphism are among the most fascinating topics in modern biology. As the most species-rich group of sexually reproducing organisms on Earth, insects have multiple sex determination systems. Though sex chromosomes and sex-biased genes are well-studied in dozens of insects, their gene sequences are scattered in various databases. Moreover, a shortage of annotation hinders the deep mining of these data. Here, we collected the chromosome-level sex chromosome data of 49 insect species, including 34 X chromosomes, 15 Z chromosomes, 5 W chromosomes and 2 Y chromosomes. We also obtained Y-linked contigs of four insects species—Anopheles gambiae, Drosophila innubila, Drosophila yakuba and Tribolium castaneum. The unannotated chromosome-level sex chromosomes were annotated using a standard pipeline, yielding a total of 123 030 protein-coding genes, 2 159 427 repeat sequences, 894 miRNAs, 1574 rRNAs, 5105 tRNAs, 395 snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNA), 54 snRNAs (small nuclear RNA) and 5959 other ncRNAs (non-coding RNA). In addition, 36 781 sex-biased genes were identified by analyzing 62 RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) datasets. Together with 5707 sex-biased genes from the Drosophila genus collected from the Sex-Associated Gene Database, we obtained a total of 42 488 sex-biased genes from 13 insect species. All these data were deposited into InSexBase, a new user-friendly database of insect sex chromosomes and sex-biased genes.

Database URL: http://www.insect-genome.com/Sexdb/.