bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cation Exchange in Layered Copper(II) Coordination Polymers
Authors: Shankar Krapa , Das Babulal , Baruah Jubaraj B.
Published: November 2013

The covalently linked anionic layers of a series of CuII 2,3‐pyridinecarboxylate anions containing organic cations are characterized. Depending on the cations, mononuclear, dinuclear or polynuclear complexes are formed. The complex with adeninium cations is mononuclear, whereas the complexes bearing cations of 4‐aminobenzylamine, 1,5‐diaminopentane, and 5‐aminoquinoline are dinuclear, and complexes bearing cations of isopropylamine, ethylenediamine, 1,8‐diaminooctane, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine, tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine, 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, imidazole, pyridine, 8‐hydroxyquinoline, and cytidine are coordination polymers. All of the complexes other than the one bearing tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine cations have lamellar structures. The polynuclear complex anion with tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine trications exhibits an unusual –3 charge for the polynuclear anionic nodes. The 1H,9H‐adeninium cationic dimers are stabilized in the interstices of mononuclear CuII quinolinate complex anions. The interlayer separations in the layered polymers varied from 8.5 to 15.9 Å and are guided by the cations. Biologically relevant cytidinium cations are trapped in the layers of polymeric anions. The complexes bearing organocations undergo exchange of the organic cations with alkali, alkaline earth, or transition metal ions or with smaller cations without disturbance of the polymeric inorganic layer. The exchange of the cytidinium cations by metal ions resulted in polymeric complexes in which the cationic organic layer is replaced by a layer of aquated metal cations. The thermochemical properties, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and solid‐state conductance of the complexes are described.
Electronic and Steric Effects of the Peripheral Substitution in Deca‐ and Undecaaryl Metallocorroles
Authors: Gao Di , Canard Gabriel , Giorgi Michel , Vanloot Pierre , Balaban Teodor Silviu
Published: November 2013

The first example of a copper decaarylcorrole, 6, was isolated during the Suzuki cross‐coupling synthesis of the corresponding undecaaryl derivative 2c. Compounds 6 and 2c were demetalated to produce the free bases 7 and 8, which were used to prepare the cobalt deca‐ and undecaarylcorroles 9 and 10. The effects of meso versus β substituents in peraryl copper corroles is highlighted by an electrochemical study of nine saddled copper undecaarylcorroles. The crystal structures of 1c, 6, 9, and 10 illustrate the impact of the deca‐ and undecaaryl substitutions on the macrocycle conformation in metallocorroles.
1,3‐Dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol‐rich human milk fat substitutes: Production, purification, characterization and modeling of the formulation
Authors: Qin Xiao‐Li , Zhong Jin‐Feng , Wang Yong Hua , Yang Bo , Lan Dong‐Ming , Wang Fang‐Hua
Published: November 2013

Human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) were prepared by enzymatic synthesis combined with physical blending methods. As the main constituents in HMFS, 1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol‐rich TAGs (OPO‐rich TAGs) were synthesized in one step by Lipozyme RM IM‐catalyzed acidolysis of 34L‐leaf lard and then purified by molecular distillation. The results showed that OPO‐rich TAGs with purity of 91.39wt% were obtained at evaporation temperature of 180°C and a pressure of 6.7–7.5 Pa. Furthermore, a mathematical model was established for formulating HMFS by blending OPO‐rich TAGs product with the selected vegetable oils. Under the blending ratio of 0.6700:0.1638:0.1627:0.0035:0.0000 (OPO‐rich TAGs product/coconut oil/soybean oil/flaxseed oil/sunflower seed oil), the HMFS had fatty acids levels similar to those of human milk fat (HMF), and kept a high proportion (about 70%) of C16:0 at the sn‐2 position. Based on the fatty acid composition and distribution of HMF and “deducting score” principle, the similarity of HMFS to HMF was assessed by the related model, and the score for the similarity of HMFS to HMF was 85.54 points, indicating that this HMFS can be used as a fat substitute in infant formula. This study can provide valuable information on preparing HMFS and will be helpful for the infant formula industry.

Practical applications: The information on the whole process of the production of HMFS, including one‐step enzymatic synthesis, purification, quality evaluation and physical blending, is important for the development of infant formula with high quality. The enzymatic synthesis combined with physical blending methods enable a high similarity of HMFS to human milk fat and the HMFS can be used a potential fat substitute in infant formula.
Spin‐Labelled Pillar[5]arene as Paramagnetic Host for Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Manoni Roberta , Neviani Paolo , Franchi Paola , Mezzina Elisabetta , Lucarini Marco
Published: November 2013

The synthesis and characterization of a new member of the pillar[5]arene family carrying a paramagnetic side‐arm based on the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine N‐oxide (TEMPO) moiety has been achieved by the Huisgen‐type CuAAC reaction. The possibility of exploiting the proposed pillar[5]arene as a host in paramagnetic rotaxane‐like structures was tested in the presence of charged guests and confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of All the Diastereomers of 2‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethylhexanoic Acid
Authors: Spengler Jan , Albericio Fernando
Published: November 2013

Herein, we describe an efficient stereoselective synthesis of all the diastereomers of 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethylhexanoic acid. The γ‐branched carbon skeleton was set up by reaction of Garner's aldehyde with 2‐lithio‐3‐methyl‐2‐butene. Hydrogenation (Pd/C catalyst) of the tetrasubstituted olefin proceeded smoothly with acceptable stereoselectivity, depending on the diastereomer hydrogenated. The final compounds were then obtained in 12–18 % overall yield through intramolecular cyclization, Jones oxidation, and hydrolysis in 5–7 steps from Garner's aldehyde.
Synthesis of the Conjugated Tetraene Acid Side Chain of Mycolactone E by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkenyl Boronates
Authors: Wang Yuan , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: November 2013

The conjugated tetraene acid side chain of mycolactone E has been synthesized by the cross‐coupling reaction of a trisubstituted triene bromide with a trisubstituted alkenyl boronate catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2–Aphos‐Y under mildly basic conditions [K3PO4·3H2O, H2O, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 35 °C, 18 h]. The conjugated tetraene product was obtained in 85 % yield without geometrical isomer(s) under the catalytic conditions. These results demonstrated that the coupling of alkenyl halides with alkenyl boronates catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2–Aphos‐Y in combination with CuI‐catalyzed regio‐ and stereoselective alkyne borylation offers an efficient synthetic tool for accessing conjugated polyene molecules.
Erosion of an active fault scarp leads to drainage capture in the Amazon region, Brazil
Authors: Val Pedro , Silva Clauzionor , Harbor David , Morales Norberto , Amaral Felipe , Maia Tiago
Published: November 2013

Far from the continental margin, drainage basins in Central Amazonia should be in topographic steady state; but they are not. Abandoned remnant fluvial valleys up to hundreds of square kilometers in size are observed throughout Amazonia, and are evidence of significant landscape reorganization. While major Late Miocene drainage shifts occurred due to initiation of the transcontinental Amazon River, local landscape change has remained active until today. Driven either by dynamic topography, tectonism, and/or climatic fluctuations, drainage captures in Amazonia provide a natural experiment for assessing the geomorphic response of low‐slope basins to sudden, capture related base‐level falls. This paper evaluates the timing of geomorphic change by examining a drainage capture event across the Baependi fault scarp involving the Cuieiras and Tarumã‐Mirim River basins northwest of the city of Manaus in Brazil. A system of capture‐related knickpoints was generated by base‐level fall following drainage capture; through numerical modeling of their initiation and propagation, the capture event is inferred to have occurred between the middle and late Pleistocene, consistent with other studies of landscape change in surrounding areas. In low‐slope settings like the Amazon River basin, base‐level fall can increase erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, and moderate to large river basins can respond to episodes of base‐level fall over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy and the Environment: The Devil and the EPA
Authors: Lesser Jonathan A.
Published: November 2013

The late comedian Flip Wilson had a wildly popular television show back in the 1970s, and one of his most famous characters was “Geraldine Jones” (really, Wilson dressed in drag). Geraldine, an oft‐misbehaving young “lady,” had a famous catchphrase, “The devil made me do it!”
Differential translation of the α‐1 isoforms of L‐type calcium channel in rat brain and other tissues
Authors: Khan Islam , Ahmad Suhail , Thomas Nancy
Published: November 2013

L‐Type voltage operated calcium channel plays an important role in the contraction‐relaxation of muscle cells. The α‐1 subunit of this pentameric protein performs catalytic functions. Multiple mRNA isoforms of this subunit are generated by alternative splicing. For example, an exon encoding 11 amino acids (aa) between the third and fourth transmembrane domains produces two mRNA isoforms in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The corresponding exon in brain encodes 15 aa. Whether the α‐1 mRNA isoforms are translated into the corresponding isozymes remain unknown. To address this issue and to characterize the exon in brain, isozymes specific anti‐peptide polyclonal antibodies were raised. Both the antibodies reacted with a protein of Mr 180 kDa in the heart and GI‐tract, while no reaction was obtained in the kidney or liver. Brain expressed the isoform containing the same exon encoding 11 amino acids present in GI‐tract, but the corresponding isozymes were of Mr 145–150 kDa. These findings suggest a tissue‐specific translation of the α‐1 isozymes.
Rapd profile variation amongst provenances of neem
Authors: Farooqui Nuzhat , Ranade S.A. , Sane P.V.
Published: November 2013

Neem, described as a tree for solving global problems, is an evergreen, long‐lived, multipurpose tree of the tropics with a wide distribution range in India. It is believed to be highly cross‐pollinated. Inter‐provenance variations have been reported in neem in case of morphological and physiological characters. Yet no reports about the genetic determinism for these variations are available to our knowledge. In order to have an idea about the extent and/or nature of genetic (DNA) variation in neem, the powerful RAPD technique has been employed. RAPD profiles of 34 accessions/provenances of neem were generated with 200 decamer random primers, of which the data from the 49 primers, that resulted in reproducible amplification products, were considered for analysis. Based on the presence/absence of bands, a similarity matrix was computed. Dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA method based on the pairwise similarities amongst the RAPD profiles. The similarities in RAPD profiles amongst the different DNAs was more than that expected due to the cross‐pollinated nature of the tree and furthermore, these more‐than‐expected similarities were not due to random chance. These results suggest that neem may have a narrow genetic base.
Inactivation of creatine kinase is due to the conformational changes of the active sites during thermal denaturation
Authors: Bai Ji‐Hong , Zheng Si‐Yang , Zhou Hai‐Meng
Published: November 2013

The conformational changes of the active site of creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N‐phosphotransferase EC 2.7.3.2.) during thermal denaturation was followed by changes in fluorescence at the active site of the enzyme labeled by o‐phthalaldehyde. Conformational changes of the active site occurred at the same time as inactivation of the enzyme. The active site changes occurred before the denaturation of the enzyme molecule as a whole was detected. The above results showed that the thermal inactivation of the creatine kinase was due to the conformational changes of its active sites.
Modelling cortical cataractogenesis XXIX. Calpain proteolysis of lens fodrin in cataract
Authors: Kilic Fusun , Trevithick John R.
Published: November 2013

The relation between cataract and calpain proteolysis of lens fodrin was studied in two systems: elevated glucose (55.6 mM, diabetic model), and cytochalasin D (CD, 10‐2mM, actin depolymerization‐induced opacity model). Glucose treatment (48 h) caused a visible opaque layer and enzyme leakage, with a concomitant accumulation of ([Ca2+]i) around the lens equatorial cortex. CD caused both earlier and greater opacity and enzyme leakage than glucose. Lens fodrin digestion occurred in parallel with the timing and extent of calcium elevation. A calpain inhibitor peptide (CIP, 10‐2 mM) reduced the proteolysis of fodrin, opacity, and enzyme leakage in glucose‐treated lenses but only partially retarded them in CD‐treated lenses. These results suggest a mechanism in which calpain proteolysis of fodrin is a critical event in lens damage during opacification of cortical cataract.
Molecular organization of the gene encoding Xenopus Laevis transforming growth factor‐β5
Authors: Vempati Uma Devi , Kondaiah Paturu
Published: November 2013

Transforming growth factor‐βs (TGF‐βs) are multifunctional polypeptides, known to influence proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. TGF‐β5 cDNA was cloned from Xenopus laevis and this isoform is unique to the amphibians. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the TGF‐β5 genomic clones to determine the structure of TGF‐β5 gene. The gene consists of seven exons and all intron‐exon boundaries follow the GT‐AG consensus. The organization of TGF‐β5 gene was identical to that of the mammalian TGF‐β5 isoforms, with the exception of position of the first splice junction. We determined the size of TGF‐β5 gene to be approximately 20 kb.
Modulation of HPV16 E7 translation by tRNAs in eukaryotic cell‐free translation systems
Authors: de Pasquale Claudia , Kanduc Darja
Published: November 2013

Translational regulation of HPV 16 E7 mRNA is of particular interest since the viral E7 protein has oncogenic activity. Here we report that additional supplementation of cell‐free reticulocyte/wheat‐germ translation systems with rat liver tRNA pool favors the expression of the viral oncoprotein E7 which otherwise is scarcely translatable. The translational activation is explained by the positive correlation between the frequency of the glutamic and aspartic codons in E7 mRNA, and the increased concentration of the corresponding tRNAs following tRNA supplementation. The present in vitro data suggest a link between E7 expression and cell conditions conducive to tRNA changes such as development, cell proliferation and aging.
Physico‐chemical properties of copper‐oxidized very low density lipoproteins
Authors: Dousset N. , Taus M. , Ferretti G. , Dousset J.C. , Curatola G. , Valdiguié P.
Published: November 2013

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Cu2+ catalyzed oxidation on VLDL physico‐chemical properties and secondary structure of apo B‐100. Incubation of very low density lipoproteins with copper ions resulted in a decrease in tryptophan and lysine residues parallel to lipid peroxidation products, conjugated dienes and TBARS. Fluorescence polarization showed an increase in the molecular order at the lipoprotein surface of VLDL, as demonstrated by the increase in Pf values of DPH. The secondary structure of apo B‐100 was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Increased order and structural changes, as observed after oxidative stress on VLDL, could be of relevance in the abnormal interactions between lipoproteins and cell membranes.
O2‐binding to fully reduced cytochrome aa3 reexamined using SVD analysis of simulated and real data
Authors: Hendler Richard W. , Shrager Richard I.
Published: November 2013

Using new time‐resolved multichannel experimental and simulated data, analyzed by SVD, it is concluded that the second order binding rate constant for O2‐binding to fully reduced mammalian cytochrome aa3 is approximately five times higher than the currently accepted value of ˜1.5 × 108 M‐1 s‐1.
Immunological detection of ECTO‐atpase in chicken and rat tissues: Characterization, distribution, and a cautionary note
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Carl Stephanie Ann Lewis , Kirley Terence L.
Published: November 2013

We have generated a polyclonal antibody (CKG2) against native chicken gizzard ecto‐ATPase for immunolocalization and immunoprecipitation. Active ecto‐ATPase is immunoprecipitated from solubilized chicken and rat membranes and shown to be localized to the plasma membrane of the chicken smooth muscle cells. This antibody is specific for the ecto‐ATPases, since the more abundant chicken stomach ecto‐apyrase is not recognized in immunoprecipitation, western blot or immunolocalization analyses. The CKG2 antibody cross‐reacts with mammalian (rat) ecto‐ATPase in western blots, with testis being the most abundant source. Interestingly, when the same rat membranes are analyzed by western blot under non‐reducing conditions, the 66 kDa ecto‐ATPase is not recognized, instead a 200 kDa protein is detected, previously postulated to be an oligomer of ecto‐ATPase. However, this 200 kDa cross‐reacting protein is not related to the ecto‐ATPases, but is instead an immunoglobulin binding protein, comprised of 50 kDa subunits.
Green Approach to the Design of Functionalized Medicinally Privileged 4‐Aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]‐pyrazole‐5‐carbonitrile Scaffold
Authors: Ilovaisky Alexey I. , Medvedev Michael G. , Merkulova Valentina M. , Elinson Michail N. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: November 2013

“On water” multicomponent condensation of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and 3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazoline‐5‐one in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst leads to 6‐amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole‐5‐carbonitriles in 85–98% yields.
Synthesis of 2‐Oxopyrrole‐fused 1,n‐Diazaheterocyclic Compounds and Substituted 2‐Oxopyrroles via a Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Mikaeili Azadeh
Published: November 2013

An effective route to 2‐oxopyrrole‐fused 1,n‐diazaheterocyclic compounds and substituted 2‐oxopyrroles is described. This involves reaction of 1,n‐diamines or monoamines 1 and nitroketene dithioacetal (1,1‐di(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethene) in the presence of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate 2 in EtOH to give 2‐oxopyrrole derivatives 3 in good yields (Table 1). The structures were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and EIMS) and by elemental analyses. A plausible mechanism for this type of cyclization is proposed (Scheme 1).
Syntheses of N10‐substituted 7‐Arylpyrrolo[2,1‐c]‐[1,4]benzodiazepine‐5,11‐diones
Authors: Lindner Anika Sabine , Geist Egor , Gjikaj Mimoza , Schmidt Andreas
Published: November 2013

Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzodiazepine‐5,11‐dione and its 7‐bromo derivative were alkylated at the N10 atom applying various methods. The resulting products were subjected to Suzuki–Miyaura reactions using a catalyst system consisting of Pd(Cl)2(PPh3)2 and sodium tert‐butanolate in toluene. Results of an X‐ray single crystal analysis are presented.
THE REAL ORIGIN OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL IMBALANCES
Authors: Wang Xiaobing , Walters Bernard
Published: November 2013

There is an evident global imbalance puzzle: debt levels in developed countries are continuing to expand despite their huge size whereas the size of foreign exchange reserves held by developing countries continues to grow. This paper argues that this pattern of global imbalances is a consequence of an asymmetric international system, the roots of which lie in the differences in labour structures between the developed and developing countries. It suggests that this global imbalance is likely to continue and is beneficial for both developed and developing countries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA substrate preparation for atomic force microscopy studies of protein–DNA interactions
Authors: Buechner Claudia N. , Tessmer Ingrid
Published: November 2013

Protein–DNA interactions provide fundamental control mechanisms over biologically essential processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and repair. However, many details of these mechanisms still remain unclear. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses provide unique and important structural and functional information on such protein–DNA interactions at the level of the individual molecules. The high sensitivity of the method with topographical visualization of all sample components also demands for extremely clean and pure materials. Here, we provide an overview of molecular biology‐based approaches to produce DNA substrates for AFM imaging as well as other types of experiments, such as optical or magnetic tweezers, that profit from controllable substrate properties in long DNA fragments. We present detailed strategies to produce different types of motifs in DNA that are frequently employed targets of protein interactions. Importantly, the presented preparation techniques imply exact knowledge of the location of the introduced specific target sites within the DNA fragments, allowing for a distinction between specific and non‐specific protein–DNA interactions in the AFM images and for separate conformational analyses of the different types of protein–DNA complexes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spot14/Mig12 heterocomplex sequesters polymerization and restrains catalytic function of human acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 2
Authors: Park Sungjo , Hwang In‐Wook , Makishima Yu , Perales‐Clemente Ester , Kato Tatsuya , Niederländer Nicolas J. , Park Enoch Y. , Terzic Andre
Published: November 2013

Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) is an isoform of ACC functioning as a negative regulator of fatty acid β‐oxidation. Spot14, a thyroid hormone responsive protein, and Mig12, a Spot14 paralog, have recently been identified as regulators of fatty acid synthesis targeting ACC1, a distinctive subtype of ACC. Here, we examined whether Spot14/Mig12 modulates ACC2. Nanoscale protein topography mapped putative protein–protein interactions between purified human Spot14/Mig12 and ACC2, validated by functional assays. Human ACC2 displayed consistent enzymatic activity, and homogeneous particle distribution was probed by atomic force microscopy. Citrate‐induced polymerization and enzymatic activity of ACC2 were restrained by the addition of the recombinant Spot14/Mig12 heterocomplex but only partially by the oligo‐heterocomplex, demonstrating that the heterocomplex is a designated metabolic inhibitor of human ACC2. Moreover, Spot14/Mig12 demonstrated a sequestering role preventing an initial ACC2 nucleation step during filamentous polymer formation. Thus, the Spot14/Mig12 heterocomplex controls human ACC2 polymerization and catalytic function, emerging as a previously unrecognized molecular regulator in catalytic lipid metabolism. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Molecular Recognition published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and analytical relevance of NNRTIs minority mutations on viral failure in HIV‐1 infected patients
Authors: Mohamed Sofiane , Ravet Sophie , Camus Claire , Khiri Hacène , Olive Daniel , Halfon Philippe
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study was to assess the analytical and clinical relevance of minority variants using a new pyrosequencing (PSQ) assay and to detect minor variants with frequencies below the current 20% clinical setting limit. A PSQ approach for detecting and quantifying mutations was developed for the analysis of 14 codons of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) gene below the limit of conventional sequencing. Ten patients who experienced virological failure (VF) after a first‐line regimen of lamivudine, tenofovir, and either efavirenz, nevirapine, or etravirine, as well as 10 controls patients without VF, were included in this retrospective study. Baseline plasma and plasma from the time of VF were assessed using Sanger sequencing and PSQ methods. The analytical sensitivity for the detection of minor sequence variants is 5%. At baseline, no minority variant was detected in 10/10 patient controls using both the Sanger sequencing and PSQ assays, whereas, two patients who failed therapy had baseline non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations that were not detected by the standard genotyping. At the time of VF, standard genotyping detected mutations in four out of the 10 VF patients, whereas, PSQ detected mutations in five out of the 10 VF patients. Clinically, minority mutations at a 10% level of detection can be assessed efficiently by pyrosequencing and used as a suitable predictor of the evolution of viral populations. These traits allow for a better interpretation of data analysis, which can help clinicians in providing a suitable treatment for HIV. J. Med. Virol. 86:394–403, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinicopathological aspects of adenocarcinoma of the large bowel in a low incidence population
Authors: Dakubo Jonathan C.B. , Naaeder Simon S.B. , Gyasi Richard K.
Published: November 2013

Background and Objectives

The presentation of the different histopathologic subtypes of adenocarcinoma of the large bowel vary within the colorectum and appears to impact on treatment. This study evaluated the relationships between the clinical features of adenocarcinoma of the large bowel, the histopathologic subtypes, and treatment.

Methods

Patients with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel presenting to the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital from January 1997 to December 2011 were studied.

Results

The study involved 579 patients: 310 (53.5%) males and 269 (46.5%) females, median age 58 years. Right colon cancers were 170 (29.4%), left colon 128 (22.1%), and rectum 281 (48.5%). Well‐differentiated cancers were 254 (43.3%), moderately differentiated 178 (30.3%), mucinous 90 (14.8%), anaplastic 44 (7.5%), and signet‐ring cell cancer 13 (2.2%). The mean ages across the histologic types were unequal, F‐test 8.34, P‐value 0.0005, with patients with mucinous and signet‐ring cancers much younger. Mucinous cancers were predominantly in the right colon while signet‐ring cell cancers were mostly in the rectum. Well‐ and moderately differentiated cancers presented at early stage than anaplastic and signet‐ring cell cancers, P ∼ 0.01 and P < 0.03, respectively. The overall resection rate was 346 (59.8%) with rectal cancer having very low resection rate of 81 (28.8%).

Conclusion

Adenocarcinoma of the large bowel was predominantly in the rectum and in patients who were 50 years and older and were mostly well or moderately differentiated cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:245–249. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemosaturation with percutaneous hepatic perfusion for unresectable metastatic melanoma or sarcoma to the liver: A single institution experience
Authors: Forster Meghan R. , Rashid Omar M. , Perez Matthew C. , Choi Junsung , Chaudhry Tariq , Zager Jonathan S.
Published: November 2013

Background

Patients with unresectable melanoma or sarcoma hepatic metastasis have a poor prognosis with few therapeutic options. Percutaneous hepatic perfusion (PHP), isolating and perfusing the liver with chemotherapy, provides a promising minimally invasive management option. We reviewed our institutional experience with PHP.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients with unresectable melanoma or sarcoma hepatic metastasis treated with PHP from 2008 to 2013 and evaluated therapeutic response, morbidity, hepatic progression free survival (hPFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results

Ten patients were treated with 27 PHPs (median 3). Diagnoses were ocular melanoma (n = 5), cutaneous melanoma (n = 3), unknown primary melanoma (n = 1), and sarcoma (n = 1). Median hPFS was 240 days, 9 of 10 patients (90%) demonstrated stable disease or partial response to treatment. At a median follow up of 11.5 months, 4 of 10 (40%) remain alive. There were no perioperative mortalities. Myelosuppresion was the most common morbidity, managed on an outpatient basis with growth factors. The median hospital stay was 3 days.

Conclusions

Patients with metastatic melanoma and sarcoma to the liver have limited treatment options. Our experience with PHP demonstrates promising results with minimal morbidity and should be considered (pending FDA approval) as a management option for unresectable melanoma or sarcoma hepatic metastasis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:434–439. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiplex profiling of glycoproteins using a novel bead‐based lectin array
Authors: Wang Hong , Li Hong , Zhang Wei , Wei Liming , Yu Hongxiu , Yang Pengyuan
Published: November 2013

Lectin array is becoming important in profiling targeted glycan/glycoprotein, but weak interaction between lectin and glycan causes low sensitivity of the approach. This study aims to develop a bead‐based lectin array for improving the sensitivity of glycosylation profiling. Lectins are chemically coupled to fluorescent dye coated microbeads, and glycan‐lectin recognition is carried out three dimensionally. The performance of this platform was evaluated, and the LOD of lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 (RCA120) was 50 pg/mL (1 pM) of asialofetuin, providing the bead‐based lectin microarray with the highest sensitivity among the reported lectin microarrays. Furthermore, multiplexed assay was performed, which allowed the simultaneous detection of multiple carbohydrate epitopes in a single reaction vessel. The glycosylation patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma associated immunoglobulin G were analyzed, and increased (α‐1,6) core fucosylation and (α‐2,6) sialylation patterns were observed, which may provide significant clinical evidence for disease diagnosis.
pyOpenMS: A Python‐based interface to the OpenMS mass‐spectrometry algorithm library
Authors: Röst Hannes L. , Schmitt Uwe , Aebersold Ruedi , Malmström Lars
Published: November 2013

pyOpenMS is an open‐source, Python‐based interface to the C++ OpenMS library, providing facile access to a feature‐rich, open‐source algorithm library for MS‐based proteomics analysis. It contains Python bindings that allow raw access to the data structures and algorithms implemented in OpenMS, specifically those for file access (mzXML, mzML, TraML, mzIdentML among others), basic signal processing (smoothing, filtering, de‐isotoping, and peak‐picking) and complex data analysis (including label‐free, SILAC, iTRAQ, and SWATH analysis tools). pyOpenMS thus allows fast prototyping and efficient workflow development in a fully interactive manner (using the interactive Python interpreter) and is also ideally suited for researchers not proficient in C++. In addition, our code to wrap a complex C++ library is completely open‐source, allowing other projects to create similar bindings with ease. The pyOpenMS framework is freely available at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyopenms while the autowrap tool to create Cython code automatically is available at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/autowrap (both released under the 3‐clause BSD licence).
Black bear population reduction and recovery in western Interior Alaska
Authors: Keech Mark A. , Taras Brian D. , Boudreau Toby A. , Boertje Rodney D.
Published: November 2013

We documented the temporal and demographic recovery of a black bear (Ursus americanus) population following a 2‐year translocation program that substantially reduced both male and female bears. We estimated black bear population abundance prior to (2003), during (2004), and following (2007 and 2010) translocations in a 1,368‐km2 study area in western Interior Alaska, USA. We estimated population size of independent black bears using removal models during 2003 and 2004 and mark–resight techniques during 2007 and 2010. The pre‐translocation 2003 estimate of 83–109 (95% CI) independent bears was reduced by 96% to 0–13 (95% CI) independent bears by late spring 2004, when translocation efforts ceased. By 2007 the population of independent bears increased to 56–84 (95% CI), and by 2010 the population recovered to ≥ pre‐translocation levels (96–162 [95% CI]). The proportion of male and female bears in the post‐translocation population was similar during 2007 (50% F) and 2010 (59% F), indicating both sexes rapidly reoccupied the study area. We concluded that Interior Alaska black bear populations can recover in 4–6 years from substantial numerical reductions and recovery in our study area was likely facilitated by its relative small size, high‐quality habitat, and large surrounding environment consisting of a lightly harvested bear population. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Effect of an elastic substrate on buckling of free‐standing nanocolumns
Authors: Wu J.X. , Li X.F.
Published: November 2013

This paper studies the buckling problem of nanowires (NWs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) freely standing on a substrate and subjected to distributed axial loads. NWs and CNTs are modeled as elastic nanocolumns and due to their high Young's modulus, the substrate is reasonably considered as an elastic foundation. The junction between the nanocolumn and substrate is described by a rotational spring. A new approach is suggested to solve the stability of axially‐loaded nanocolumns with a rotational spring junction. An approximation expression for the critical load with high accuracy is derived in closed form. The results are confirmed for a rectangular Ag NW by FEM. Numerical results of the critical length of NWs and CNTs under their own weight are presented in graphs and tables. Obtained results indicate that the critical length is sensitive to small Young's modulus of the elastic substrate and becomes insensitive for enough large Young's modulus of the elastic substrate. When the rotational spring stiffness is sufficiently large, the case reduces to a free‐standing NW on a rigid foundation.
Transition near the edge of a rotating disk
Authors: Pier Benoît
Published: November 2013

The rotating-disk boundary layer is generally considered as an example of a flow that displays a robust transition from laminar to turbulent régimes. By taking into account disks of finite radius, Healey (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 148–159) has predicted a stabilizing effect of the boundary condition, but Imayamaet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 716, 2013, pp. 638–657) were unable to confirm this prediction experimentally. Following these contradictory results, the present experimental investigation revisits the rotating-disk boundary layer, without any artificially imposed excitation, and studies in further detail the dynamics prevailing in the region closely surrounding the edge of the disk, as well as the flow beyond the disk. Azimuthal mean velocities and fluctuation amplitudes are recorded with small steps in radial and axial directions for a wide range of disk sizes. An objective criterion is used to define the onset of fluctuations consistently over a large data set. Two distinct mechanisms for the onset of fluctuations are identified. In particular, it is found that the flow over the edge of the disk acts as a strong source of fluctuations. Explanations and suggestions for a possible reconciliation of previous studies are given.
Coblation-assisted Lewis and MacKay operation (CobLAMO): new technique for tongue reduction in sleep apnoea surgery
Authors: MacKay S G , Jefferson N , Grundy L , Lewis R
Published: November 2013

Background:

Obstructive sleep apnoea is a common condition that is unfortunately associated with a high rate of patient non-compliance regarding device use. Newer surgical interventions have focused on procedures at the palate level, using variants of palatoplasty and transpalatal advancement. However, the extent of tongue reduction surgery required remains controversial. The authors propose an in-between variant that combines midline glossectomy resection (with minimal mucosal sacrifice) and lateral coblation tongue channelling.

Method:

Four patients underwent a coblation-assisted Lewis and MacKay operation, which is a new technique for tongue reduction. This involved a midline glossectomy combined with lateral coblation channelling of the tongue, alone or as part of major airway reconstruction. Demographic, polysomnographic and quality of life questionnaire data were collected prospectively and analysed.

Results and conclusion:

No significant complications were noted in the four patients. (Results of the post-surgical outcomes are presented in another paper.) The coblation-assisted Lewis and MacKay operation reduced the potential complications of aggressive tongue surgery. The contours of the tongue were maintained, but significant reduction was still achieved.
Does inundation risk affect leaf-cutting ant distribution? A study along a topographic gradient of a Costa Rican tropical wet forest
Authors: Sendoya Sebastian F. , Silva Paulo S. D. , Farji-Brener Alejandro G.
Published: November 2013

Successional state of forest and availability of pioneer plants are recognized factors affecting densities of leaf-cutting ants. However little is known about how abiotic factors can shape nest distributions. We investigated the effect of topography, soil, forest successional state and inundation risk on nest density and size of Atta cephalotes colonies along streams in a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. In each forest type, we surveyed 12 sites, each site comprising five transects (10 × 100 m) varying in topography and proximity to streambeds. We found no difference regarding nest size or density between forest types or soil consociation. Nest density varied with topographic environment, with significantly higher nest density on slope tops (farther from streambeds) and without colonies in valley bottoms (closer to streambeds). Nests found in areas affected by the last great inundation before our study were scarcer and smaller than nests in non-flooded areas. We showed that inundation events favour an accumulation of Atta colonies towards higher sites, where they are also allowed to become larger and may survive longer. Inundation risk may be a strong force shaping the distribution of leaf-cutting ant nests in tropical floodplain forests, even concealing the relevance of successional state of forest.
Reforming Rural Education in China: Understanding Teacher Expectations for Rural Youth
Authors: Yiu Lisa , Adams Jennifer
Published: November 2013

The Chinese state's commitment to improve teaching quality in rural regions is a key component of national efforts to close the rural–urban education gap. In this paper, we investigate an understudied but critical dimension of quality teaching: teacher expectations. We employ longitudinal data gathered in Gansu Province in 2000 and 2007 to first examine whether teacher expectations for rural youth are conditioned by students’ social origin and teacher background characteristics. Next, we determine the predictive accuracy of their expectations. Our results highlight the ways in which teacher expectations condition the sorting of rural children among different schooling tracks with distinct life trajectories. Significantly, teachers are more likely to hold lower expectations for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. In addition, non-local teachers hold lower expectations for rural children compared to local teachers. Finally, a low percentage of teachers expect students to enrol in post-compulsory vocational education. We consider the implications of these results for both educational policy and social inequality.
Integration of Emergency Medical Services and Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams: The Emergence of the Tactically Trained Medic
Authors: McArdle David Q. , Rasumoff David , Kolman John
Published: November 2013

The emphasis of training for paramedics that function in the civilian sector in the United States has focused on the management of blunt trauma. The personal risks they face generally are the result of accidents or public health threats. The management of penetrating trauma under the threat of intentional personal harm is a different matter.

Law enforcement agencies have responded to the threat of apprehending heavily armed felons by forming special units highly trained in military-style, small-unit tactics. To provide care in this special environment, and support a special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team in fulfilling its mission, there is a requirment for a unique body of knowledge and special skills. (Prehospital care providers with at least emergency medical technician [EMT] skills and SWAT training will be referred to as tactical medics.)
Rapid Embedding Methods into Epoxy and LR White Resins for Morphological and Immunological Analysis of Cryofixed Biological Specimens
Authors: McDonald Kent L.
Published: November 2013

A variety of specimens including bacteria, ciliates, choanoflagellates (Salpingoeca rosetta), zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, nematode worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), and leaves of white clover (Trifolium repens) plants were high pressure frozen, freeze-substituted, infiltrated with either Epon, Epon-Araldite, or LR White resins, and polymerized. Total processing time from freezing to blocks ready to section was about 6 h. For epoxy embedding the specimens were freeze-substituted in 1% osmium tetroxide plus 0.1% uranyl acetate in acetone. For embedding in LR White the freeze-substitution medium was 0.2% uranyl acetate in acetone. Rapid infiltration was achieved by centrifugation through increasing concentrations of resin followed by polymerization at 100°C for 1.5–2 h. The preservation of ultrastructure was comparable to standard freeze substitution and resin embedding methods that take days to complete. On-section immunolabeling results for actin and tubulin molecules were positive with very low background labeling. The LR White methods offer a safer, quicker, and less-expensive alternative to Lowicryl embedding of specimens processed for on-section immunolabeling without traditional aldehyde fixatives.
From Academia to the Office: New Professionals in the Workplace
Authors: Wiggins Samuel , Cannon Marie
Published: November 2013

This paper written by Samuel Wiggins and Marie Cannon is drawn from their presentation at the 2013 BIALL Annual Conference. The article presents the findings of a survey conducted to explore the perceptions of New Professionals in the library and information sector, and the various challenges and issues they face on entering their first professional roles within law librarianship. The relevance of the professional library and information qualification within the legal sector is considered, as are potential barriers to working with legal information. The required skill sets and training needs for New Professionals and experienced professionals are also compared.
Flipping the Classroom: Revolutionising Legal Research Training
Authors: Sales Nicola
Published: November 2013

At the University of Salford it is a struggle to find sufficient timetable space to deliver in-depth legal research training to new first year students. The training delivered often alienated students due to the information overload they experienced. Timetable pressures resulted in sessions being librarian-led with little interaction with students. This left students feeling overwhelmed, often nervous of using the library and performing research. As a result law students resorted to using Google as their academic research tool of choice. To combat these problems the Law Librarian, Nicola Sales, implemented the innovative training concept of ‘flipping the classroom’. Rather than using teaching time to instruct students in ‘how to’ perform research by demonstrating resources and concepts, the classroom was flipped so students studied online content before entering the classroom. Face to face teaching time was then spent actively learning through practical tasks and discussion to consolidate student learning. Students took responsibility for their own learning and teaching sessions were based on group work and discussion, facilitated by the librarian rather than being librarian-led. This article is based on the presentation, ‘Flipping Training’ delivered at the BIALL Conference 2013. It will look at how the ‘flipping the classroom’ concept works and how it has been implemented at the University of Salford. It will examine the benefits and drawbacks of flipping training as well as ideas for implementing flipped training within other organisations.
Just assassinations
Authors: Aloyo Eamon
Published: November 2013

I argue that widely accepted just war theory precepts morally allow and require the assassination of politically powerful individuals under some circumstances instead of waging a just war or implementing any other policy such as non-targeted economic sanctions that would very likely severely harm more innocents. While all just war theory precepts permit just assassinations under certain circumstances, proportionality, necessity, and last resort make just assassinations required whenever they would cause severe harm to the fewest innocents. There are several implications of my argument. First, there are fewer circumstances when wars and other policies that foreseeably but unintentionally harm innocents are just than is commonly thought. Second, the realm of morally permissible violent and non-violent action for powerful individuals is more limited than many presume and politicians are more often morally liable to actions that would mitigate or end objectively unjust serious threats for which they are culpable, although this does not always include lethal force.
Introducing a 0.05% Financial Transactions Tax as an Instrument of Global Justice and Market Efficiency
Authors: BUCKLEY Ross P.
Published: November 2013

A financial transactions tax (FTT) is a tax on wholesale capital market transactions, which civil society has long advocated for on grounds of social justice. This so-called “Robin Hood Tax” would take from the rich and give to the poor. Revenue estimates for a global FTT of 0.05 percent are around US$500 billion per annum. One-quarter of this revenue stream can achieve the first six Millennium Development Goals relating to poverty, health, and education. Even if the developed countries retain all of the revenue raised, the impost would see financial services institutions making a fairer contribution to the societies in which they operate. Thus, as an instrument of justice, the potential of an FTT is great—but, most of all, such a tax will enhance the operations of contemporary financial markets substantially. This paper explores the potential of such a tax, the arguments for and against it, and its feasibility.
Carbohydrate linked organotin(iv) complexes as human topoisomerase Iα inhibitor and their antiproliferative effects against the human carcinoma cell line
Authors: Khan Rais Ahmad , Yadav Shipra , Hussain Zahid , Arjmand Farukh , Tabassum Sartaj
Published: November 2013

Dimethyltin(iv) complexes with ethanolamine (1) and biologically significant N-glycosides (2 and 3) were designed and synthesized.
Curcumin conjugated gold nanoparticle synthesis and its biocompatibility
Authors: Sindhu K. , Rajaram A. , Sreeram K. J. , Rajaram Rama
Published: November 2013

Gold nanoparticles have gained much attention due to their widespread biological and technological applications, and consequently their simpler synthesis via green chemistry has also become of foremost importance.