bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF HEATING THE IMMUNIZATION MATERIAL UPON THE ANTIBODY-INVOKING EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC AND SPECIES-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCUS CELLS
Authors: Gaspari Emidio L. , Sugg John Y. , Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

This paper presents an experimental comparison of the effect of heating of the immunization material upon the antibody-invoking effectiveness of the type-specific (SP) and species-specific (P) antigens of Type II pneumococci. Heating of the pneumococcus suspension (vaccine) invariably decreased the production of species-specific antibodies (anti-P) without a comparable effect upon the production of type-specific antibodies (anti-S).

For diagnostic typing purposes, the ideal antipneumococcus serum should contain the maximum content of type-specific, and the minimum of species-specific antibody. Our results with forty-one rabbits indicate that the ideal serum from the type-specific standpoint would be obtained by immunization with the heated cells of virulent pneumococci over a comparatively short immunization period; and that the only thing gained by continued immunization or by the use of unheated bacteria at any stage of the immunization, is an increase in the species-specific antibody which is undesireable in sera to be used for diagnostic purposes.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out on various strains of streptococci in order to ascertain the changes which bacteriophage produces in the phenomena of agglutination of these organisms. The results can be placed in the following categories.

1. Loss of specific agglutinability was observed with partial and with what appeared as complete loss of specific agglutinin absorption and agglutinogenic properties.

2. Partial modification of the antigen, bringing about inagglutinability of the strains with complete preservation of agglutinogenic and agglutinin-absorption properties. Coincidentally, additional components appeared. Some of these were related to the specific antigens of the organisms from which they were derived, while others were not. In two instances these components were of "group" character.

3. "Complete" modification observed with two strains consisting of complete transformation of the normal culture agglutinogens into antigens of an entirely different specificity.

It appears from these studies that the bacteriophage phenomenon may play an intricate rô1e in serological grouping of various strains of pathogenic streptococci.
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE LUNG AFTER UNILATERAL PNEUMECTOMY
Authors: Addis T.
Published: June 2004

In the albino rat the removal of the left lung, which constitutes about one-third of the total lung tissue, is followed by an average increase of more than 40 per cent in the mass of the remaining lung, as estimated from the nitrogen content of the almost blood-free tissue.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Sobotka Harry , Friedlander Mae
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the precipitin reaction between antipneumococcus sera and the type-specific soluble carbohydrate is investigated. The sensitivity of the reaction is found to be generally constant when expressed by the product of the concentrations of the two reacting substances. Precipitin index (P.I.) is defined as one-millionth of the reciprocal value of this product.

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Zonal phenomena and their bearing on the absolute concentration and the equivalent weight of the antibody are discussed. The greater tendency towards exhibition of a post-zone in Type III is connected with the lower acid equivalent of the homologous specific carbohydrate.

The influence of the addition of normal serum and the influence of slight changes in pH are studied. The addition of normal serum as well as the increase in pH promote the pro-zone, whereas decrease in pH promotes the post-zone. The sensitivity of the reaction is accordingly influenced by the pH in different ways depending on the range of concentration.

The precipitin index allows the recognition and elimination of zonal irregularities. Thus it offers a method for the standardization of pneumonia antibody.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Friedlander Mae , Sobotka Harry , Banzhaf Edwin J.
Published: June 2004

The precipitin indices for a number of monovalent and polyvalent antipneumococcus sera were determined under known conditions, and found to vary as did the number of protective units.

The ratio precipitin index/protective units in monovalent sera was found to lie between 2.8 and 4.8 for Type I and to be about ten times greater for Type III.

Lower values were found in polyvalent horses and when mixing heterologous monovalent sera with each other.

The influence of the duration of treatment upon the quotient was studied.

Several refined and concentrated preparations showed a relative increase in precipitin activity.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS ON RESISTANCE
Authors: Scott W. J. M.
Published: June 2004

1. The resistance of rats to histamine is greatly diminished after adrenalectomy.

2. This susceptibility to histamine is proposed as a functional test for deficient adrenal cortex function.
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Mills Katherine C. , Shibley G. S. , Dochez A. R.
Published: June 2004

1. A study of the Gram-negative, filter-passing, anaerobic organisms, described by Olitsky and Gates, and Gates and McCartney, has been undertaken with a view to determining their general character and their possible rôle in the causation of the common cold.

2. These organisms seem to constitute part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and would seem to bear no etiological relationship to the common cold.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Bartonella muris appeared in the blood of all white rats, wild rats, Chinese hamster, and mice, from which the spleen was removed, but did not appear in that of splenectomized monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs.

It has not been possible to transmit B. muris to normal rats, monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs, by intraperitoneal, intradermal, or intravenous injection of blood containing B. muris from splenectomized rats.

In two instances an acute orchitis was induced in normal rats by injection directly into the testicle of blood or saline suspensions of the liver of splenectomized rats. The intracorpuscular elements occasionally identified as B. muris or as having appeared as a result of the inoculation. The acute orchitis of rats was transferable to normal rats in series.

From the testicular tissue, as well as directly from the blood of a splenectomized rat, there was isolated in pure culture a microorganism which induced in the testicles of normal rats an acute orchitis such as resulted from inoculation of the blood or liver suspensions of splenectomized rats. While a few inclusions were found in the erythrocytes of some of the animals, their number was so small and their occurence so infrequent that they could not be definitely identified as B. muris.

In morphological features the cultural forms of the microorganism isolated resemble B. muris. The organism found in the testicular tissues, however, is considerably coarser than B. muris and takes a deeper stain.

Immunological study failed to settle the question of the relation between B. muris and the cultivated organism, which is provisionally called Bacterium murium.

Bartonella muris, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Grahamella talpæ have characteristic individual morphological features.
A COMPARISON OF THE SPIROCHETE OF YELLOW FEVER (LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES NOGUCHI) WITH THE LEPTOSPIRA OF WEIL'S DISEASE
Authors: Martini Erich
Published: June 2004

The most noteworthy point observed in our studies is the extraordinary duration of life and the relatively meagre requirements for sustenance of Leptospira icteroides. It is conceivable that under natural conditions opportunities might arise for the prolonged existence of Leptospira icteroides, so that possibly after a lapse of years, the disease might reappear without introduction from outside. At any rate, the great viability of Leptospira icteroides must be considered in this connection.

A decrease in the virulence of the leptospira does not rule out the possibility of a renewed outburst of yellow fever, since Uhlenhuth and Zuelzer have shown that it is possible to set up Weil's disease in guinea pigs by means of apparently saprophytic spirochetes obtained from drinking water, when the virulence of these organisms has been artificially heightened.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W.
Published: June 2004

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of one intravenous injection of India ink as well as splenectomy did not alter the course of either Pneumococcus Type I infection or tetanus intoxication in mice.

2. The protective action of Antipneumococcus Type I serum against the corresponding infection, as determined by the injection of in vitro prepared mixtures of serum and culture, was definitely lower in mice which had received one blocking injection of India ink shortly before the test.

3. Titration of tetanus toxin and antitoxin in blocked and splenectomized mice gave results identical with those obtained in normal mice, if in vitro prepared and incubated toxin-antitoxin mixtures were injected. The degree of protection, however, conferred by a preceding dose of antitoxin against subsequent intoxication, was markedly lower in blocked mice than in normal control animals, this difference becoming more pronounced with the increase of the time interval.
THE EXTENT OF THE CAPILLARY BED OF THE HEART
Authors: Wearn Joseph T. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Louise J. Zschiesche.
Published: June 2004

By means of injections made into the coronary arteries of beating hearts it has been possible to determine the number of capillaries in the normal heart muscle. This study has shown a very rich blood supply with an average of approximately one capillary for each muscle fibre in the ventricular walls and papillary muscles, and a less abundant supply in the auricular muscle and Purkinje system. The number of capillaries per sq. mm. of ventricular wall or papillary muscle is about twice that found by Krogh in skeletal muscle. Capillaries were not found constantly in the valves of hearts in which there was apparently a complete injection of the capillary bed. The method described for injecting the capillaries of the heart also provides a means of studying the blood supply to the muscle, valves and aortic wall in pathological hearts.
THE RÔLE OF THE THEBESIAN VESSELS IN THE CIRCULATION OF THE HEART
Authors: Wearn Joseph T.
Published: June 2004

In summary, evidence has been presented to show a direct connection other than through the capillaries between the coronary arteries and the chambers of the heart.

This connection was shown by perfusion, injections and serial sections to be through the Thebesian veins. Communications between the larger coronary veins and the Thebesian veins were also demonstrated by the same methods.

Serial sections through Thebesian veins have shown capillaries draining directly into them. Under certain conditions it has been shown that as much as 90 per cent of the arterial flow may escape via the Thebesian vessels.

Lastly, in the event of gradual closure of the orifices of the coronary arteries, the Thebesian vessels can supply the heart muscle with sufficient blood to enable it to maintain an efficient circulation.
SOME FACTORS DETERMINING THE LOCALIZATION OF A CHICKEN TUMOR AGENT
Authors: Mackenzie Ronald D. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

A localization out of the blood stream of the agent causing a chicken tumor, with the subsequent development of the growth can be brought about in the breast muscle, by inducing in this tissue a reaction by such substances as Scharlach R, tar, embryonic tissue and kieselguhr. Localization in the reaction tissue elicited by kieselguhr takes place relatively infrequently. The earlier stages of the reaction induced by these substances localize the tumor agent more regularly than the later stages of the reaction.
STUDIES ON THE INACTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS AND THE ACTION OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES UPON THE INFECTING POWER OF THE INACTIVATED VIRUS
Authors: Reynals F. Duran
Published: June 2004

Vaccine virus, obtained from testicular inoculation shows a high susceptibility to chloroform as compared with ether, toluene, 95 per cent alcohol and acetone.

Vaccine virus, after treatment with an amount of chloroform sufficient to render it incapable or only barely capable of originating an eruption in the rabbit's skin, produces a characteristic eruption when injected with the supernatant fluid of embryonic tissue or sarcoma tissue "cultures" or kieselguhr, substances all of which are markedly irritative to the rabbit's skin.

Reactivation of the chloroformed vaccine virus is not possible when chloroform has been added to it in such quantity that the injection of large amounts of the treated virus fails to cause an eruption. Whenever reactivation has been accomplished it has been possible to get a vaccine eruption of greater or less intensity by the injection of large amounts of the chloroformed vaccine alone.

Embryo and chicken sarcoma "culture" fluids when injected intradermally make the skin susceptible to the localization of the virus introduced intravenously.

The bearing of these experiment on the interpretation of Gye' theory of cancer causation is discussed.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Loomis Dorothy
Published: June 2004

The allergic irritability of closely inbred guinea pigs as represented by their capacity to produce hemolytic antibodies for beef and sheep corpuscles, and agglutinins for Bacillus typhosus and Bacillus abortus (Bang) differs by families and therefore is at least partly dependent on inherited characteristics.

These differences show an imperfect but suggestive correlation with the differences in resistance of the same families to inoculation tuberculosis as previously determined by Wright and Lewis.

The differences in antibody production also show an imperfect correlation with the differences in response in the anaphylactic reaction complex as previously determined by Lewis and Loomis.

These studies suggest very strongly that the allergic irritability is one of the several inheritable characters which form a partial basis for the natural resistance to tuberculosis.

The antibody-producing capacity is only satisfactorily defined when minimal or moderate amounts of antigen are used and this in single treatments. The irregularities in experimental result when repeated treatments or very large single treatments are used suggest that antibody production in the second or "acquired capacity" phase may rest on a somewhat different fundamental basis than the latent or potential natural capacity. There is some very slight evidence that production in the second phase may also be influenced by inherited qualities.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. The chemical and immunological characteristics of the species-specific substance (C) of Streptococcus hæmolyticus are considered.

(a) It seems to be a carbohydrate because considerably purified preparations of C resisted prolonged tryptic and peptic digestion and were negative for the ordinary protein color tests but gave positive Molisch reactions to the limit of the precipitin titer. One such "purified" lot, however, had 4.2 per cent nitrogen and only 28 per cent reducing sugars on hydrolysis. Whether the nitrogen was due to impurities or was combined in the C substance itself, as is true of the Type I pneumococcus specific polysaccharide, cannot be stated without more material.

(b) The C substance forms precipitates with antibacterial sera prepared against heterologous, as well as against homologous hemolytic streptococci. These precipitates are typical discs like those formed by type-specific carbohydrates of other species of bacteria. C does not precipitate antinucleoprotein sera.

(c) While there is only slight direct evidence that the C substance is not antigenic, there is considerable indirect proof that this is the case. It probably is a haptene in the sense of Landsteiner.

2. A discussion is included of the chemical and immunological relationships of all the serologically active substances so far identified in extracts of the hemolytic streptococcus.
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W.
Published: June 2004

1. With properly selected strains of Type II pneumococci, fatal meningitis may be produced by intrathecal infection in dogs.

2. The pathology of the disease differs from that produced by Type I pneumococci, at least with the strains employed.

3. Type II meningitis is characterized by early, very marked reactions, a very heavy fibrin exudation, and a tendency toward the rapid establishment of blocks.

4. Extreme vasodilatation and. hemorrhage are common.

5. The fibrinopurulent exudate tends to involve the walls and perivascular sheaths of deeply penetrating vessels, thereby causing thrombosis.

6. Thrombosis leads to foci of parenchymatous softening which, on subsequent infection, become brain abscesses.

7. The lateral venticles are a "point of election" for the luxuriant growth of pneumococci. Conversely there is evidence that Type II organisms tend somewhat to disappear from other regions, owing either to spontaneous phagocytosis or to filtration into the blood stream. The lateral ventricles, however, continually renew the supply.

8. Hydrocephalus occurs early—sometimes during the 2nd day of the disease.

9. Central myelitis is common and appears early in the disease.

10. Deep nerve cell lesions with necrosis and neuronophagia are encountered. Their pathology suggests a toxic source.

11. In most cases treatment has been impossible owing to severe early reactions, and only as a prophylactic has optochin-serum therapy any real value. It delays death, but has in no instance cured established disease in the dog.

12. Systemic generalization of Type II meningeal infection in the dog occurs, but it is rarely of sufficient extent to modify prognosis.
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

Determinations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus were made on the blood of a large series of rabbits as they were received from the dealer for the purpose of determining whether results obtained under these conditions differed from those obtained by repeated observations on animals living in the laboratory.

It was found that the results differed in the two cases, due largely to a decided difference in the inorganic phosphorus content of the blood; but the values for calcium were also affected.
THE INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF "R" AND "S" FORMS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dawson Martin H.
Published: June 2004

1. Single cell cultures of "R" pneumococci may revert in all respects to the "S" type.

2. In all instances in which reversion has occurred the "R" forms have invariably reverted to the same specific type from which they were originally derived.

3. The transformation "R" to "S" may be effected in vitro by growth in anti-"R" sera, as well as in vivo by the method of animal passage.

4. Reversion from "R" to "S" whether effected in vivo or in vitro, is always accompanied by the acquisition of maximal virulence.
THE RÔLE OF CLASMATOCYTES AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS IN NON-SPECIFIC LOCAL CUTANEOUS IMMUNITY TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Authors: Freedlander S. O. , Toomey J. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Plain broth is just as effective as specific broth filtrate if used as a skin compress for the protection of guinea pigs against a subcutaneous injection of Staphylococcus aureus.

2. Plain broth compresses applied for 48 hours previous to bacterial injection sometimes prevent the death of the animal and practically always alter the inflammatory reactions.

3. This protection is not specific and is localized to the area "compressed."

4. The protection lasts at least 24 hours after removal of the compress.

5. Broth compresses applied to the abdominal wall of a guinea pig for 48 hours produced definite histological changes, especially in the subcutis, i.e., edema, proliferation of clasmatocytes, thickening of the epidermis together with a moderate exudation of polymorphonuclears and small mononuclear cells.

6. The histological response to the subcutaneous injection of staphylococci was different in the control and the broth-prepared animal.

7. In the broth-prepared animal, there was an increase in clasmatocytes and fibroblasts with a dense exudation of polymorphonuclears, which latter, in the main, did not degenerate. The clasmatocytes phagocyted bacteria early and later engulfed the polymorphonuclears, while the fibroblasts rapidly walled off the lesion. The result was a localized abscess which either came to the surface and ruptured or was absorbed and organized.
THE ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE BLOOD PLATELETS OF THE HORSE WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR ORIGIN AND TO THROMBUS FORMATION
Authors: Abramson Harold A.
Published: June 2004

1. The cataphoretic velocity of blood platelets (horse) in plasma has been found to be between 40 and 51 µ per sec. per volt per cm. The mean velocity obtained from five horses is . 45 µ per sec. per volt per cm.

2. The cataphoretic velocity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in similar specimens is practically identical with that of the platelets. This is noteworthy because of the fact that lymphocytes and red cells have different speeds.

3. With spontaneous agglutination of platelets, white cells and red cells, there is no change in the cataphoretic velocity incidental to aggregation.

4. The possible surface composition of platelets and white cells is briefly discussed.

5. The bearing of these findings on the origin of blood platelets and the mechanism of thrombus formation is demonstrated.
THE MODE OF SPREAD OF A FRIEDLÄNDER BACILLUS-LIKE RESPIRATORY INFECTION OF MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

A spontaneous respiratory disease of mice incited by Friedländer like bacilli has been described. The bacilli inducing the disease, while morphologically and culturally indistinguishable from the usual varieties of Friedländer bacilli, are antigenically distinct from the common type strains known. The bacilli grow better in cultures at 23°C. than at 37°C.

The disease in mice displayed an incubation period of about 48 hours. About 50 per cent of an exposed population succumbed to septicemic and acute hemorrhagic, pneumonic processes. Among the exposed animals were some individuals which remained apparently well and carried the pathogenic bacilli in their nasal passages.

The several manifestations of the spontaneous disease were reproduced by instilling small numbers of the cultured bacilli into the nasal passages. 48 hours after inoculation, certain mice had already succumbed; the deaths continued to occur, so that by the end of the 2nd week, 70–80 per cent of the animals had died. Among the survivors certain carriers of the bacilli in the nasal passages occurred; a few appeared entirely refractory to the infection. The succumbing mice showed at autopsy and by culture septicemia and diffuse pneumonic inflammation.

No fluctuation in virulence could be detected in bacilli derived from mice while the disease was spreading spontaneously at the periods of epidemic rise, interepidemic interval, or postepidemic quiescence. Moreover, the bacilli cultured from the nares of apparently healthy carriers were equally pathogenic with those taken from the blood and lungs of animals succumbing quickly.

No rough colony variants were cultured at any phase of the spontaneous disease, although they were readily obtainable by artificial culture. The variant strains proved stable and of low virulence.

This Friedländer bacilli infection in mice takes several clinical courses, depending on variations in host reaction and not depending on bacterial variation. The particular type of infection manifested is determined by the degree of resisting power displayed by the infected animals at the moment that the infection occurred and progressed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RELATION TO THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

Hemolysin formation was studied in normal rats. It was found that a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of red blood cells results in an optimum high hemolysin titer 5 days after injection. The titer gradually falls, the hemolysin disappearing from 14 to 18 days after the injection. Larger amounts are less effective in the production of amboceptor. Much smaller amounts produce correspondingly lower hemolysin titers, although the ratio is not mathematically proportional. Repeated injections of 1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of red blood cells at daily intervals or at intervals of 3 or 5 days for three injections do not increase the hemolysin titer over that resulting from a single injection. Furthermore, the curve of antibody formation following a single small intraperitoneal injec tion of red blood cells is not altered by subsequent injections of similar amounts.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RELATION TO THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

In a large series of suprarenalectomized rats, hemolysin formation, to a fixed amount of sheep cells injected intraperitoneally (1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension), was studied 48 hours, 7, 14 and 28 days after operation. The hemolysin formation was studied in suprarenalectomized rats injected 2 weeks following the operation, with one-twentieth and ten times this amount. Hemolysin formation in rats traumatized by tearing the perisuprarenal tissue and injected 2 weeks after the operation with 1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of sheep cells was studied and the results compared with those in the normal control rats. The effect of the operative procedure was controlled by removing one kidney in a series of rats and determining the antibody response to sheep cells.

1. Bilateral suprarenalectomy in rats subsequently injected intraperitoneally with 1 cc. of a 10 per cent suspension of sheep cells resulted in a depression of hemolysin titer during 5 weeks following the operation, the depression being most marked during the 1st week.

2. Bilaterally suprarenalectomized rats injected intraperitoneally 2 weeks after operation with 1 cc. of undiluted sheep cells gave hemolysin titers higher than did normal rats.

3. The quantity of antigen necessary to yield the maximum titer in suprarenalectomized rats 2 weeks after operation is ten times the quantity necessary to yield the same titer in normal rats.

4. Traumatization of the perisuprarenal tissue in rats produced the same effect on the antibody-forming capacity as suprarenalectomy.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Christie Ronald V. , Ehrich Wilhelm , Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

1. An experimental pneumonia with more or less lobar distribution has been produced in dogs by the method of intrabronchial insufflation of B. friedlænderi, Type B, and Pneumococcus, Type I.

2. Such dogs as showed evidences of a pulmonary lesion when photographed by x-ray were selected for lung temperature measurements.

3. Measurements of lung temperature were made by means of thermocouples before and during diathermy.

4. The thermocouples which recorded the temperature in the consolidated lobes showed in most instances a more rapid rate of heating during diathermy than those in the normal lobes. The final increase in temperature in the pathological lobes over the normal lobes amounted to slightly more than 1°C.

5. When local heating occurred during diathermy it was of the order of magnitude found in a lung in which the branch of the pulmonary artery supplying it had been clamped.

6. Histological examination of the lungs showed the pathological reaction to consist of intraalveolar exudate composed of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and desquamated alveolar epithelium. In some sections the exudate was sufficient to cause compression and emptying of the alveolar capillaries.

7. The local heating, we believe, depends upon this ischemic state of the smaller vessels.

8. Further evidence for an imparied circulation in the pneumonic lung is furnished by injection preparations in which the uninjected area corresponded exactly to the gross pathological lesion.
ON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip
Published: June 2004

A clear-cut differentiation of human blood, aside from the blood groups, could be made by means of special agglutinating immune sera. The observations point to the existence of several agglutinable factors for which no agglutinins are demonstrable in normal human sera. In view of the latter circumstance the results reported do not imply any change in the scheme of the four blood groups.

The body of serological evidence leads to the inference of a high degree of biochemical differentiation among individuals.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Elman Robert , Drury D. R. , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

We have devised methods for the separation and isolation of the important indicator constituents of litmus, azolitmin, and erythrolitmin, with a view to employing them as vital stains. Analysis of the color intensities of these dyes shows slight differences in them, azolitmin being the weaker pigment, weight for weight. Study of a third coloring matter, erythrolein, which exists in litmus has shown it to be an unsatisfactory indicator, and toxic for animals.

Analyses with the spectrophotometer of the absorption of light by erythrolitmin and azolitmin, prepared by our methods, and tested over a wide acid-alkali range, show them to be pure substances, comparable in this respect with synthetic indicators.

The errors in the interpretation of the indicator phenomena on vital staining, which are incident to changes in the concentration of the dyes, are so slight as to be negligible. The salt and protein errors on the other hand are large. The factors responsible for the Donnan equilibrium fail to influence the distribution of the indicators between fluid and gelatin.

Erythrolein was found useless when employed for vital staining, and azolitmin proved unsatisfactory since it colors poorly and is toxic. But erythrolitmin can be used to great advantage. It is readily absorbed, and in non-toxic doses stains intensely. The range of pH at which it changes from red to blue fits it for the demonstration of changes in the reaction of living tissues. By reason, however, of the salt and protein errors to which it is liable, the pH cannot be accurately ascertained.

Intravital staining with erythrolitmin yields results similar to those following injection of purified "whole litmus."
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert
Published: June 2004

The tubules of the mammalian kidney, vitally stained with erythrolitmin, show a significant color pattern, the cells of certain regions appearing bright blue and others brilliant red. The dye is segregated within the cytoplasm, staining fine granules diffusely.

Under normal circumstances of renal function erythrolitmin is stored in the lining cells of the glomerulus and the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules in the blue, alkaline form. In the cells of the final portion of the distal convoluted tubules the dye is red. Between these regions a narrow transitional zone can be found, at times above, at times below the loop of Henle, in which the erythrolitmin-stained granules in the tubule cells are violet, or red and blue within the same cell.

Alterations in the relative reaction of certain regions of the tubules, as disclosed by the color of the dye within the cells, can be induced by means that alter the reaction of the urine. When acid urine is being secreted there is a change from relative alkalinity to acidity high up in the tubular canal, in the proximal convoluted tubules. During the secretion of markedly alkaline urine the intracellular granules appear blue most of the way down the tubular canal, even to the first portion of the distal convoluted tubules. When the urine is neutral the cells above the descending limb of the loop of Henle are alkaline to erythrolitmin, and those below this point appear acid.

The granules within the endothelial cells of the glomerulus and the epithelial cells of the first portion of the proximal convoluted tubules are always alkaline to erythrolitmin; while those within the cells of the final portion of the distal convoluted tubules are always acid regardless of the reaction of the urine. Only after complete suppression of urine as result of massive doses of acid do granules of the sort first mentioned manifest the color indicative of acidity.

The interpretation of the findings waits upon further work.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported were designed to determine the influence of malarial infection (Plasmodium inui?), splenectomy, or both combined, upon the course and character of experimental infection with Bartonella bacilliformis in monkeys (Macacus rhesus and M. cynomolgus).

Blood withdrawn from a monkey showing spontaneous malarial infection was inoculated intravenously into monkeys (a) 1 month prior to inoculation with virulent verruga material, (b) simultaneously with the verruga material, and (c) during convalescence from verruga infection of moderate severity. All the monkeys contracted the malarial infection and suffered one to three paroxysms during a period of about a month. The verruga lesions appeared in the inoculated animals in due course, were of average size, remained for the usual length of time, and Bartonella bacilliformis was recovered in culture from blood which also contained the plasmodia. The lesions in the convalescent animals continued to heal at the normal rate, and blood cultures were negative for Bartonella bacilliformis, as is usual during convalescence. One of the recovering animals was reinoculated with virulent verruga material a month after the injection of the malarial blood, but neither did new lesions arise nor old ones recur. The malarial infection, therefore, had no effect upon the course of verruga or upon the establishment of immunity to Pattonella bacilliformis, hence it would appear that malaria and verruga may coexist in the same individual without unfavorable effect of one disease upon the course of the other.

Similarly, splenectomy led to no appreciable aggravation of Bartonella infection. One monkey subjected to splenectomy and inoculated with verruga material shortly afterwards had an unusually severe reaction, but another, which was infected with material from the first and simultaneously splenectomized, reacted only moderately, while the non-splenectomized control showed a severer type of cutaneous infection. Even the combination of splenectomy and malarial infection did not appreciably aggravate the experimental verruga. Neither relapse of verruga nor reinfection with Bartonella bacilliformis was induced in convalescent or recovered monkeys as a result of splenectomy.
THE PROPERTIES OF THE BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCE IN MILK
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

Certain of the properties of the bacterial agent in milk have been studied. The substance is present in the colostrum and milk of the first few days of lactation as well as later. Its concentration varies in the secretion from various quarters of the same cow. Its activity is diminished by heat and cannot be restored again by the addition of active milk. The principle is present in whey and readily passes through the coarsest Berkefeld filter although a considerable portion is retained by N candles. The finest filter (W) completely retains it. It is adsorbed by animal charcoal but not by kaolin, kieselguhr, or bolus alba. It can be desiccated and its presence has been demonstrated in one brand of dried milk.
BACTERIAL VARIATION IN CULTURES OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. Under proper conditions mass R cultures of Friedländer's bacillus may give rise to a number of variants which are dissimilar in colony appearance and morphology. Three such forms have been described. In two varieties, differences have been observed not only in colony formation and morphology, but also in cultural and antigenic characters.

2. None of the methods employed were adequate to cause reversion of any of the R variants to the S type. Growth of the R2 variant in its own antiserum, however, induced a change to the R1 form.

3. R forms of Friedländer's bacillus may be derived from S strains by aging or by growth in anti-S serum of the homologous type.

4. R strains may be isolated in culture directly from infection. In the cases where R forms were found, S cells were also present, and the pathological condition was of a chronic nature.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Gaspari Emidio L. , Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The paper reports a study of a virulent, S-producing strain of Pneumococcus which is immunologically related to, but not identical with typical strains of Type III pneumococcus. In a potent anti-Type III serum, the relationship of this strain to typical Type III strains appears to be about the same as the relationship of Avery's Subgroup Type II strains to typical Type II. But a more pronounced distinction is evident in the antiserum produced by immunization with the strain related to Type III. This antiserum contained antobodies specifically reactive with typical Type III bacteria as well as antibodies reactive with the homologous strain, while anti-Subgroup Type II immune sera are devoid of antibodies reactive with typical Type II pneumococci.

The result of absorption experiments were the same as those usually obtained with immunologically related, but not identical bacteria. The failure of reciprocal absorption and the marked variations in the relative potencies of the antiserum from different individual animals might be presented as presumptive evidence that two different anti-S antibodies are contained in Type III immune horse serum.

The theoretical significance of virulent pneumococci which are related to but not identical with the "fixed" types, is discussed from the standpoint of their importance in the biological classification of the Pneumococcus group.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Harris Annie Luverne , Sugg John Y. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The paper reports an experimental comparison of the antibody responses of mice and of rabbits to immunization with typical Type III pneumococci and a strain related to Type III. The results as a whole show that the relative antigenic effectiveness of these two kinds of related pneumococci, is different in different animals. In rabbits the strain related to but not identical with Type III elicits the better response; in mice, the typical Type III strain is more effective. These relationships furnish an example of the influence of the species of animal upon the effectiveness of even closely related bacterial antigens.
UDDER INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCI OF THE SCARLET FEVER TYPE
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The streptococcus isolated from the udder of a cow on a farm where an outbreak of scarlet fever originated has been correlated with known scarlet fever strains. This streptococcus and another also isolated from the udder of a cow are indistinguishable in cultural characters and certain antigen affinities from S. scarlatinæ. Skin tests indicate that the strain isolated from the milk of the cow in a herd to which the scarlet fever epidemic was attributed produced a toxin which was neutralized with scarlet fever antitoxin.
UDDER INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCI OF THE SCARLET FEVER TYPE
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

The experiments indicate that milk filtered through a Berkefeld candle V or heated at 58°C. for 20 minutes when added to blood agar plate cultures interferes with the development of colonies of the scarlet fever streptococcus. The observed inhibition is proportional to the amount of milk. When the approximate milk dilution in the Petri dish is 1:20 or 1:25 growth of the organisms is completely suppressed or only a small proportion of non-hemolytic colonies develop. As the amount of milk is decreased the colonies become larger and their hemolytic zones more pronounced, although even when the final dilution of milk reaches 1:100 or 1:125 only colonies easily mistaken for the narrow zoned bovine streptococci appear. The effects upon the surviving organisms would appear to be transient since both the non-hemolytic colonies and those with small zones manifest the original hemolytic properties when transferred to other media. When scarlet fever streptococci are added in small quantities to milk heated at 58°C. for 20 minutes and incubated growth is inhibited. If the period is prolonged the streptococci are killed. On refrigeration of such mixtures some of the streptoccci are killed but others survive the test period.
THE AUTOPLASTIC TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUES INTO THE BONE MARROW CAVITY
Authors: Richter Maurice N. , Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

When the thymus is autoplastically transplanted into the marrow cavity of the tibia of a guinea pig, the transplant degenerates, regenerates, and finally atrophies. The degeneration and regeneration of the thymus when so transplanted are similar to the homologous changes occurring when it is autoplastically transplanted into the abdominal wall. For comparative study the material used in previously published work on transplantation into the abdominal wall was reviewed. A difference in the final result of transplantation of thymus in these two situations is observed. In the abdominal wall the thymus regenerates and persists apparently indefinitely. Abdominal wall thymus transplants more than a year old have been observed. In the bone marrow cavity, the regeneration, which is slower and less abundant, is followed by an atrophy of the gland, and finally its complete disappearance. This atrophy is, we believe, the result of the encasement of the thymus in a bony capsule. That the genetic character of the transplanted tissue has much to do with the success of the transplantation in the marrow, is evident from the fact that some other tissues regenerate without encapsulation, even though they may finally disappear.

The blood clot about the thymus which fills the rest of the curetted cavity, is quickly vascularized and replaced by regenerated cellular bone marrow and newly formed bony trabeculæ.

The difference in the fate of the thymus when transplanted in the abdominal wall and in the marrow, is probably due to difference in the reciprocal relations of the thymus to the tissue in those situations. From experience gained in the transplantation of other tissues into the marrow cavity, we have learned that encapsulation of the transplant does not occur with all tissues. The reaction of the marrow to transplanted thymus is similar to its reaction to any tissue foreign to it.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM OF THE SENSITIZED GUINEA PIG
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: June 2004

The change in surface tension behavior in the serum of sensitized guinea pigs is, as du Noüy has concluded for immunized rabbit serum, not referable to an antibody content, since we know that the capacity for transfer of sensitization remains in the serum indefinitely, while the increased time-drop phenomenon is a transitory manifestation. That this phenomenon cannot be invoked by a new antigen capable of calling out its specific antibody would seem to make this response one due to some basic stable alteration of a tissue active in the general process of sensitization: That this alteration is not one called out by such a simple toxic injury as a uranium nitrate nephritis is contributory evidence that the primary toxicity of the horse serum is not the specific factor involved.
RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF CONCOMITANT INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it was shown, first, that the effectiveness of the reaction to experimental syphilis was increased in rabbits immune to vaccine virus, the ensuing disease being less severe than in control animals.

It was further shown that a comparable modification of the syphilitic reaction occurred in rabbits inoculated intratesticularly with a mixture of Treponema pallidum and vaccine virus, and it was suggested that this result was due to the influence of a vaccinal immunity and to the local effect of the vaccinal reaction.

It was pointed out that the manner in which two concomitant experimental infections are induced is of significance in determining the character of the host's reaction.
CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTER CONTENT OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Gowen John W.
Published: June 2004

The total amount of cholesterol found in colostrum and milk is comparatively low. The amount of cholesterol found in colostrum declines at an ever decreasing rate as milk secretion develops until at 48 hours the cholesterol is nearly the same as that found in milk 3 months or 7 months after parturition. The morning milk differs from the evening milk in that the cholesterol bound as ester is greater in amount.
CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTER IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF CATTLE LATE IN PREGNANCY AND DURING THE EARLY LACTATION PERIOD
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Gowen John W.
Published: June 2004

1. The total cholesterol and cholesterol ester of bovine blood serum during the "dry" period of late pregnancy is low.

2. Following parturition the total cholesterol and cholesterol ester of bovine blood serum show a still greater, very transient decrease followed by a gradual rise to reach a rather constant level 40 to 50 days post partum. This lactation level is very much higher than the "dry" level.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

The influence of light environment on the growth and nutrition of normal rabbits was studied by comparing the weight curves of animals living under different environmental conditions for periods of 4 to 8 months and the effects of change from one environment to another. Prolonged exposure to neon light was compared with confinement in the dark and exposure to diffuse, filtered sunlight of varying intensity.

The results of the experiments showed that growth and nutrition were greatly affected by the light environment in which the animals lived. The effects produced by a given environment varied with the color or breed of the animal and appeared to be out of proportion to the differences in the intensity of the light or the energy represented.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE GROWTH OF HAIR IN NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

In a series of experiments dealing with the influence of light environment on normal rabbits, the growth of hair over shaved areas was used as an index of functional activity. The conditions compared were exposure to neon light, complete exclusion of light, and exposure to diffuse, filtered sunlight of varying intensity.

It was found that prolonged existence under these conditions affected the proliferative activity of hair follicles in a manner and to an extent comparable with the effects produced by the same environmental conditions on the growth and nutrition of the animals themselves.