bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of autoantigens depletion to detect autoantibody signatures by multiple affinity protein profiling
Authors: Hardouin Julie , Lasserre Jean‐Paul , Canelle Ludovic , Duchateau Magalie , Vlieghe Céline , Choquet‐Kastylevsky Geneviève , Joubert‐Caron Raymonde , Caron Michel
Published: February 2007

Patients with cancer produce specific autoantibodies against protein antigens present in limited amount among a large background of immunoglobulins (Igs), nonrelevant as biomarkers, including natural antibodies. Multiple affinity protein profiling (MAPPing) that combines 2‐D immunoaffinity chromatography, enzymatic digestion of the isolated proteins, and identification by MS/MS, may facilitate the identification of these so far unknown patient antibodies. The first immunoaffinity chromatography is crucial, as it is used for selectively removing proteins (autoantigens) recognized by natural antibodies. Application of this depletion step to colon cancer cell proteins is specifically described along with the identification of the natural autoantigens, as well as the coupling of this depletion step with the next steps. By enabling to separate antibody‐binding proteins recognized by either natural autoantibodies or patient‐specific antibodies this approach may contribute significantly towards the definition of autoantibody signatures.
High-throughput of single high-power laser pulses by hollow photonic band gap fibers
Authors: Tauer J , Orban F , Kofler H , Fedotov A B , Fedotov I V , Mitrokhin V P , Zheltikov A M , Wintner E
Published: February 2007

We report the delivery of high-energy nanosecond pulses (10 ns pulse width) from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser through the fundamental mode of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber at 1064 nm. At a pressure of 450 mbar, energies greater than 1 mJ were delivered in a single spatial mode through the hollow-core fiber, coupling efficiencies over 80% were demonstrated.
Die Scherografie – Ein quantitatives Messverfahren zur Schwingungsmessung und zerstörungsfreien Prüfung
Authors: Mäckel Peter
Published: February 2007

Im Vergleich zu anderen konkurrierenden Messverfahren in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung wie z. B. der Thermografie basiert das Verfahren der Scherografie auf der Messung von mechanischen Verformungen der Objektoberfläche. Über die reine Lokalisierung von Fehlstellen hinaus besteht somit das Potenzial, Kriterien für die quantitative Beurteilung von Fehlstellen und deren Überwachung aufzustellen, da die Verformungen in direktem Zusammenhang mit mechanischen, festigkeitsrelevanten Eigenschaften wie Steifigkeit und Dämpfung der zu prüfenden Struktur stehen.
Subthalamic‐thalamic DBS in a case with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and severe tremor—A unusual clinical benefit
Authors: Freund Hans‐Joachim , Barnikol Utako B. , Nolte Dagmar , Treuer Harald , Auburger Georg , Tass Peter A. , Samii Madjid , Sturm Volker
Published: February 2007

This is a single case report of a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and severe tremor. Whereas disease progression with prevailing ataxia and dysmetria was slow over the first symptomatic 6 years, 6 months prior to operation were characterized by the development of a severe, debilitating postural tremor rendering the patient unable to independently sit, stand, speak, or swallow. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at a subthalamic–thalamic electrode position almost completely arrested her tremor. The patient regained the functional state prior to her rapid disease progression allowing a restricted range of daily activities. Her condition has remained approximately stable over the two postoperative years to date. In addition to the efficacy of DBS on cerebellar tremor, the results illustrate a remarkable improvement of the patient's general condition and independence.
Cavity identification in linear elasticity and thermoelasticity
Authors: Ameur Hend Ben , Burger Martin , Hackl Benjamin
Published: February 2007

The aim of this paper is an analysis of geometric inverse problems in linear elasticity and thermoelasticity related to the identification of cavities in two and three spatial dimensions. The overdetermined boundary data used for the reconstruction are the displacement and temperature on a part of the boundary.

We derive identifiability results and directional stability estimates, the latter using the concept of shape derivatives, whose form is known in elasticity and newly derived for thermoelasticity. For numerical reconstructions we use a least‐squares formulation and a geometric gradient descent based on the associated shape derivatives. The directional stability estimates guarantee the stability of the gradient descent approach, so that an iterative regularization is obtained. This iterative scheme is then regularized by a level set approach allowing the reconstruction of multiply connected shapes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
National survey on the management of prolapse in the UK
Authors: Jha Swati , Moran Paul A.
Published: February 2007

Aims

To assess trends in the surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) amongst UK practitioners, and compare practice between urogynaecologists (tertiary centres), gynaecologists with a special interest in urogynaecology and general gynaecologists.

Methods

A postal questionnaire survey was sent to practising consultant gynaecologists in UK Hospitals. They included urogynaecologists in tertiary centres, gynaecologists with a designated special interest in urogynaecology and general gynaecologists. The questionnaire included case scenarios encompassing contentious issues in the surgical management of POP.

Results

Four hundred fifty‐eight responses were received and 398 were completed. For anterior vaginal wall prolapse, anterior colporrhaphy was the procedure of choice in 77% of respondents. With concomitant urodynamic stress incontinence, a Burch was the procedure of choice in 11%, but 79% of respondents would perform a midurethral tape combined with repair. In women with utero‐vaginal prolapse the procedure of choice was a vaginal hysterectomy and repair (82%). Twenty‐four percent of respondents would operate in women whose family was incomplete. In women with posterior vaginal wall prolapse (PWP), the procedure of choice was posterior colporrhaphy with midline fascial plication (75%). For vault prolapse, 66% of respondents would operate. Thirty‐six percent would perform urodynamics prior to surgery. The procedure of choice was an abdominal sacrocolpopexy (38%).

Conclusion

There are wide variations in the surgical management of prolapse. Management of POP by urogynaecologists varied in some respects from the general gynaecologists, but were similar to the practices of gynaecologists with a designated interest in urogynaecology. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:325–331, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
State‐constrained optimal control applied to cell‐cycle‐specific cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Alamir M. , Chareyron S.
Published: February 2007

In this paper, the optimal drug injection problem arising in cancer treatment by cell‐cycle‐specific chemotherapy is investigated. The optimal control problem is state constrained in which the stage cost reflects the concern of maximal drug injection, while the state constraint imposes a lower bound on the total number of cells in the bone marrow. It is shown that this problem can be approximately solved up to any desired precision by using an indexed family of state‐unconstrained optimal control problems. The state constraint is fulfilled for any member of the family. The existence of solutions is proved and the resulting approximation is characterized by appropriate two‐sided inequalities. Simulations are provided to show the efficiency and relevance of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malaysia's government publishing house: a quest for increased performance through technology
Authors: Mohmud Dahlina Daut , Sackett Peter
Published: February 2007

Electronic publishing, which is the production of a book or an e‐book electronically, encompasses all processes involved in the production such as electronic communication, production, authoring, submission, reviewing, transfer and output. This study examines a radical transformation process to turn a conventional sector into an electronic sector. Studies were carried out in a government run publishing house in Malaysia, where the course of the public sectors and the interests of the private sectors meet. Factors that hindered progress, such as data management issues and transparencies are identified, and suggestions made to overcome them. Some concerns over disruption, such as creative destruction, often viewed as negative and destructive were identified with the introduction of technology. As disruption is also considered as one of the main hindrances in innovation, the study focuses on determining other effects of disruption on transformation. Business and management strategies are combined and a system that could increase performance and efficiency in the sector is proposed. However, the main concern in e‐government efforts will have to be looked into from the root issues expanding from top level management to users and an innovative platform furnished with knowledge and skills at all levels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the immune response to trivalent split influenza vaccine in children with solid tumors
Authors: Bektas Omer , Karadeniz Ceyda , Oguz Aynur , Berberoglu Semha , Yilmaz Neziha , Citak Caglar
Published: February 2007

Purpose

To assess the immune response to influenza vaccine in children with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy or under the influence of chemotherapy.

Methods

Forty‐five children (aged 1–18) with solid tumors on chemotherapy or within 6 months of completion of chemotherapy were included in the study. The children received two doses of intramuscular trivalent split influenza vaccine with 1 month apart in November–December 2003 (children <4 age 0.25 ml; >4 age 0.5 ml). Antibody titer was detected in the pre‐vaccination and 4‐week post‐vaccination sera by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) method. Immune responses were measured as protective, geometric mean titers (GMT), and fourfold rises in HI titers.

Results

We revealed that the post‐vaccination GMT for each of the three antigens in patients with solid tumors has increased significantly (P < 0.05). A fourfold rise in the percentage of post‐vaccination antibody titers has been detected as 84.4% for H1N1, 77.8% for H3N2, 60% for B. Stratification of patients as on active chemotherapy or being within 6 months of completion of chemotherapy in terms of fourfold rise in antibody titers exposed a statistically significant difference for only B (P = 0.34). Post‐vaccination protective rates were between 86 and 97%.

Conclusions

Due to the interruptions in treatment caused by influenza infections, and economic benefits of the vaccine, we suggest that inactivated influenza vaccine should be applied as two doses annually in patients with solid tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:914–917. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A phase II study of imatinib mesylate in children with refractory or relapsed solid tumors: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Bond Mason , Bernstein Mark L. , Pappo Alberto , Schultz Kirk R. , Krailo Mark , Blaney Susan M. , Adamson Peter C.
Published: February 2007

Background

Imatinib mesylate is a small molecule inhibitor of certain tyrosine kinases, most notably the chimeric bcr‐abl fusion protein found in CML. It also inhibits KIT and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases in vitro. Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, desmoplastic small round cell, and synovial sarcomas often overexpress KIT or the PDGF receptor. A phase II study of imatinib in children and young adults with select solid tumors was performed.

Procedure

Patients less than 30 years of age with refractory or recurrent Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, desmoplastic small round cell, synovial sarcomas or GIST were eligible. Imatinib was administered daily for 28 day courses at a dose of 440 mg/m2/day. Responses were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST).

Results

Seventy eligible patients, 48 male and 22 female, were enrolled and 59 were evaluable for response. Only one partial response was seen among 24 patients with Ewing sarcoma. There were no other objective responses. Hemorrhagic pleural effusions occurred in seven patients with pulmonary lesions, four of whom had progressive disease at the time of the hemorrhage. Intratumoral bleeding was reported in three additional patients.

Conclusion

Imatinib as a single agent at a dose of 440 mg/m2/day demonstrated little or no activity as a single agent in children with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, or desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:254–258. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Process for preparing a nylon‐6/ clay/acrylate rubber nanocomposite with high toughness and stiffness
Authors: Dong Weifu , Zhang Xiaohong , Liu Yiqun , Gui Hua , Wang Qingguo , Gao Jianming , Song Zhihai , Lai Jinmei , Huang Fan , Qiao Jinliang
Published: February 2007

A novel nylon‐6/clay/acrylate rubber ternary nanocomposite has been prepared using a process developed by the authors. The process consists of two steps: firstly, an acrylate rubber/clay composite (ARCC) was manufactured by spray‐drying a mixture of clay slurry and irradiated acrylate rubber latex; secondly, the nylon‐6/unmodified clay/acrylate rubber ternary nanocomposite was prepared by blending ARCC and nylon‐6. It has been found that the acrylate rubber particles and clay platelets can help each other to disperse or exfoliate in the nylon‐6 matrix. The silicate layers without organic treatment are exfoliated with the aid of irradiated acrylate rubber particles and the irradiated acrylate rubber particles are uniformly dispersed in the matrix with the aid of clay platelets. The novel nanocomposite prepared using the new process shows simultaneously high impact strength, high flexural modulus and high heat distortion temperature. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Diterpenoids and flavonoids from the fruits of Vitex agnus‐castus and antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts and their constituents
Authors: Hajdú Zsuzsanna , Hohmann Judit , Forgo Peter , Martinek Tamás , Dervarics Máté , Zupkó István , Falkay György , Cossuta Daniel , Máthé Imre
Published: February 2007

From the n‐hexane fraction of the fruits of Vitex agnus‐castus, two labdane‐type diterpenes, vitetrifolin B and C, were isolated by means of multiple chromatographic separations, together with the previously identified rotundifuran, vitexilactone and the sesquiterpene spathulenol. From the EtOAc fraction, eupatorin was identified for the first time, besides the known casticin, penduletin, vitexin and orientin. The n‐hexane, EtOAc and MeOH–H2O fractions of the MeOH extract of Agni‐casti fructus were subjected to in vitro antioxidant assays. The EtOAc extract displayed a significant concentration‐dependent effect when tested by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrasyl (DPPH) free radical assay (IC50 = 68 µg/mL) and against the autooxidation of a standard rat brain homogenate (IC50 = 14 µg/mL). The MeOH–H2O fraction was less active with 3643 µg/mL (DPPH test) and IC50 = 125 µg/mL (rat brain homogenate), while the n‐hexane phase proved to be inactive. The main flavonoid constituents of the EtOAc extract, casticin, vitexin and orientin were assayed for antioxidant activity and found that only casticin possesses a marked lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.049 mm) compared with that of the positive control ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.703 mm). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The helm wind of corssfell, 1937‐1939
Authors: Manley Gordon
Published: February 2007

Two years' study of the Helm Wind of the N. Pennines has led to certain conclusions, based on reconnaissance methods and direct observations, with which the somewhat contradictory features of earlier descriptions can be reconciled.

The Helm Wind and its accompaniments form one example of a group of phenomena found in various parts of the world. In each case when a wind blows transverse to a range of mountains, a marked increase in the strength of the wind is noted by surface observers down the leeward slope and for a varying distance across the lowlands below, compared with that which prevails over the country as a whole.

It is shown that this local increase in wind force arises inasmuch as the air descends the slopes to the lowlands with a velocity of the same order as that which would otherwise obtain in the free air at the summit level. Taking all the observations into account it appears that the circumstances necessary are (1) the existence of a sufficiently vigorous surface current with, by inference, a well‐developed inversion at a height which provisionally must be not more than three times that of the range from its base; (2) the crest of the range should be fairly even, and the leeward slope of the range must not be too steep or too broken‐up. The phenomena then resembles those which occur at a submerged weir with inclined faces; a “standing‐wave” is formed in the surface stream to leeward of the range. Vigorous downward and upward currents are found which may be dangerous to aircraft, but which may also be utilised. The conclusions reached are borne out by other authorities.

Further study and investigation by more intensive methods on the ground, by the use of wind tunnels, and by gliders, would appear to be worth while. It is proposed to publish a further paper on certain aspects of the phenomenon.
A further note on Antarctic pressure waves
Authors: Loewe F.
Published: February 2007

The Pressure deviations from the monthly average and the 12‐hourly and 36‐hourly pressure variations at Cape Denison show a better correlation with those occurring earlier than with those which occur later at the eastern station Cape Evans than at the western station Cape Denison. This result corroborates Simpson's conception of antarctic pressure waves. Comparison of 12‐hourly and 36‐hourly pressure variations at Cape Denison with those at Queen Mary Land further west gives a less conclusive indication of a westward propagation of pressure waves on the border of the Antarctic continent south of the Indian Ocean.
The ionisation in the lowest regions of the atmosphere
Authors: Chalmers J. Alan
Published: February 2007

The result of Hogg (1939) that the positive and negative conductivities in the air vary with height in the lowest regions of the atmosphere, and the fact of a field strength almost unaltered with height can be reconciled by assuming the rate of ionisation to depend upon the height.
The relation between wind direction in the middle troposphere and the incidence of thundery conditions and rainfall in england in summer
Authors: Douglas C. K. M. , Moorhead J. K.
Published: February 2007

Statistical tables for Kew, Cheshire and Plymouth for the months May to August, averaged for the period 1941 to 1945, bring out the importance of rains of thundery origin, generally moving from some southerly point. Over a large area which undoubtedly extends from the S.E. Coast to the Mersey, more than half the summer rain is of thundery type. Winds in the southeast quadrant at medium levels are outstanding for frequency of thunder and for rainfall amounts. Reasons are given for this, and some outstanding cases are briefly described. An appendix discusses the definition of “frontal” thunderstorms.
On periods and symmetry points in pressure as aids to forecasting
Authors: Walker Gilbert
Published: February 2007

(a) The movements of the atmosphere are on such a scale as to produce much coherence between the pressures on successive days. Persistence is especially marked in high values of pressure, which usually last for a week or thereabout, and will appear on a graph as surges.

(b) Two surges m days apart will make a considerable contribution to the computed amplitude of a wave whose period is m days; and a third surge or hollow at an appropriate time may further increase it. Thus mere coherence produces an appreciable amount of periodicity.

(c) The existence of coherence in pressure series makes the ordinary Schuster criterion for “reality” inapplicable. A test suitable for harmonic analysis follows from a previous paper by the author, but one adapted for correlograms is much needed.

(d) The amount of periodicity to be expected in a coherent random series may be examined theoretically or experimentally. It does not differ appreciably from that found in actual pressure series. Hence if a wave system appears there is no special ground for expecting the continuation which is necessary as the basis of a weather forecast. During a stretch of 144 days there was no evidence that a periodicity of, say, p days observed over a stretch of 3p days had any appreciable tendency to persist over another 3p days.

(e) Surges and hollows also tend to make points of positive or negative symmetry, and experiments with coherent random series produce as much symmetry as we find in actual pressure series. Thus the symmetry that is observed, like the periodicity, is due to ordinary atmospheric conditions; and even when the symmetry is strongly marked continuity cannot be relied upon to justify prediction.
Barometric lows of cyprus
Authors: El‐Fandy M. G.
Published: February 2007

Regeneration of shallow secondaries, stationary near Cyprus for some time, is brought about by the approach of a stream of polar air from eastern Europe, or Asia Minor. The process is quite marked and common, and represents the main mechanism underlying the development of deep depressions in the eastern Mediterranean in winter.

Successive cold fronts become traceable on the charts, and shallow thundery depressions, which travel with the general circulation round the main barometric minimum, sometimes develop in the polar air over Egypt; but the system of isobars and fronts is not Norwegian, and while the low can be regarded as orographic in origin, the associated weather is generally analogous to squall phenomena rather than to the development of a depression, and can be treated on the lines suggested by Margules.

These regenerated lows are usually accompanied by the occurence of a strong south‐east current over Iraq. This phenomenon has, however, been regarded as a topographical effect; the current being mainly induced to flow parallel to the general run of the plateau of Iran under the effect of convergence into the Cyprus Iows.

The present work also endeavours to show that the known seasonal features of the Mediterranean, which are associated directly with the southward extension from summer to winter of the zone of barometric depressions and accompanying westerly winds over the Atlantic and Europe, and with the formation in summer of the great continental low of Asia, are also influenced, at least in the eastern areas, by the Sudan low in the transitional seasons, and by the Siberian anticyclone in winter.
The capture of ions by ice particles
Authors: Chalmers J. Alan
Published: February 2007

The application of Wilson's process of ion capture by falling drops is extended to the case of ice particles, and it is shown how the results differ from those with water drops. Although ice particles in clouds can operate in Wilson's process, arguments are given against this being the agency by which the separation of charge occurs in clouds.
The variability of the mean daily temperature at selected Canadian stations
Authors: Longley Richmond W.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents the results of the calculation of the standard deviations of the mean daily temperature at selected Canadian stations. The figures present further proof that winter temperatures are more variable than summer temperatures, and that a water surface moderates the temperature extremes of stations under its influence. The results also give further weight to a hypothesis advanced in a preceding paper that the changes in Canada from winter to summer conditions and vice versa tend to occur abruptly and not in a smooth curve.
The forms of ice‐clouds
Authors: Ludlam F. H.
Published: February 2007

The observation of the forms of high clouds suggests that ice clouds usually arise at humidities representing saturation with respect to water and therefore at a considerable supersaturation with respect to ice, which in combination with a sparsity of effective nuclei leads to the rapid growth and high falling‐speed of the few ice particles. Recent theoretical and experimental investigations, principally by German meteorologists, fully support this view, and a brief account of their work is given in Part I of the present paper. In Part II it is shown how the new views provide an explanation of the distinctive fibrous structures of ice‐clouds, and give additional insight into the nature of cirrus uncinus and zig‐zags, of mixed clouds and of virga or fallstreifen, and also into the processes which bring about the decay of cumulonimbus and the formation of mammato‐clouds. Possible practical applications include that of dispersing natural clouds and the production of rain by the use of artificial ice nuclei.
The estimation of large‐scale vertical currents from the rate of rainfall
Authors: Bannon J. K.
Published: February 2007

The depressions of middle and high latitudes cause the raising of large masses of air from low to high levels in the troposphere.

As the air is lifted it soon becomes cooled below its saturation temperature and its surplus water vapour condenses into cloud particles and later into rain or other forms of precipitation.

Thus the rate of rainfall is a rough measure of the rate of lifting, or the upward velocity, of the air above.

It is shown here how this measure may be made more precise when it is certain that the lifting process is on a large scale and comparatively uniform and not influenced by local instability effects.

Examples of the application of the method are given, and it appears that upward velocities of from 10 to 20 cm. per second (i.e. 9 to 17 km, per day), are usual in the active depressions often experienced over the North Atlantic.
The frequency of snow‐cover in Sweden and Finland and its relation to temperature
Authors: Cardis Honora T. , Hogg W. H.
Published: February 2007

Daily values of the percentage frequency of snow‐lying have been computed for 17 Swedish and 7 Finnish stations. A relationship has been established between these frequencies and the dates of the beginning and end of the period with mean temperature below freezing point. Using this relationship, a method is described for estimating the frequency of snow‐lying on any date anywhere in Sweden and Finland.

A tendency is mentioned for southern Sweden to be less frequently snow‐covered about the middle of February than in late January or late February.
Report on the weather of the borneo‐celebes region, 1946
Authors: Wood C. A.
Published: February 2007

Early in 1946, a small group of R.A.F. meteorologists took over the weather station at Balikpapan, on the east coast of Borneo. The airstrip was the half‐way house on the Singapore‐Darwin and Batavia‐Manila routes; aircraft touching down at this isolated point brought valuable information concerning the weather in regions normally off the beaten track. This paper is the record of the pilots' inflight reports and the observed meteorological phenomena at the airstrip.
A note on the adiabatic lapse rate for saturated air at temperatures below 0°C
Authors: Bannon J. K.
Published: February 2007

I t is generally acknowledged that super‐cooled water drops can exist at temperatures far below freezing and are of common occurrence in cloud. In many cases, therefore, it is to be expected that a s saturated air rises, as for instance in a large cumulus cloud, its surplus water vapour, over and above its saturation water vapour content, will condense into super‐cooled water drops and not into ice particles.

But a mass of air, at temperatures below freezing, ascending and condensing its surplus water vapour into super‐cooled water drops, will cool a t a rate different from that when the surplus water vapour condenses into ice. This is because the latent heat of vaporisation of water is less that the latent heat of sublimation of ice, and also because the pressure of saturated water vapour is less over ice than over water.

Thus, since less heat is released on condensation into water than on condensation into ice, the adiabatic lapse fate of saturated air condensing its surplus water vapour into super‐cooled water drops, would be expected to be greater than that for air releasing its surplus water vapour to ice. This appears to be so, at any rate to temperatures as low as about 245 to 250°A.; below 245°A., the different behaviour of the saturated vapour pressures over water and ice respectively probably reverses the magnitudes, though the differences in the two lapse rates are small.

Tables are given below for the computation of the two saturated adiabatic lapse rates, assuming that the heat content of the solid or liquid water is negligible compared with that of the air. It is also shown how to make the necessary (small) corrections to these saturated lapse rates to allow for the heat content of the condensed water vapour. The cumulative effect of the difference between the two lapse rates is shown to result in a temperature difference of about I°C. between the tops of super‐cooled water and ice clouds respectively, after convecting through 10,000 ft. above freezing level.
Atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Frost R.
Published: February 2007

Evidence which has accumulated shows that the classical theory of atmospheric turbulence which assumes thatKthe coefficient of eddy diffusion is constant with height is inadequate to explain the observed variations of wind and temperature with height. It was shown however by the present writer, 1946, that ifKcould be represented by a certain power law of the height above the surface it was possible to account for many of the complicated problems of atmospheric diffusion near the earth's surface. In the present paper it is shown that with this power law representation ofKit is possible to give a quantitative treatment of the approach of the surface wind to the geostrophic wind. The angle of veer between the surface wind and the isobars is found to be independent of the roughness of the surface and to be dependent only upon the stability. The diurnal variation of wind speed and direction at various heights is discussed on the basis of the present theory and is shown to be in accordance with observations.
The fine structure of wind in the free air
Authors: Durst C. S.
Published: February 2007

The fine structure of wind at heights of about 5,000 feet and 20,000 feet is examined by means of smoke puffs released at the appropriate height and followed in a camera obscura. These puffs are released over the camera at short intervals during a period of an hour.

It is found that there are fluctuations in the wind of the free air, the periods of which are 5 to 15 minutes. In the cases considered the vector standard deviations of the fluctuations range from 0·5 knots to 3·5 knots. On making similar calculations from five‐minute mean winds measured from surface anemograms, fluctuations of the same order of magnitude are found. The fluctuations at 5,000 feet are found to be correlated with similar fluctuations at 7,000 and 10,000 feet.

The observations are of necessity made in clear air. It is believed the fluctuations would be greater in some types of cloud.

No obvious connection has as yet been found between the magnitudes of the fluctuations and the wind speed or the source of the air or the temperature structure.
Local rainfall variations in bath and the surrounding district
Authors: Balchin W. G. V. , Pye Norman
Published: February 2007

Details of the organization and an introduction to the observations made during the micro‐climatological survey of Bath and district (undertaken with the aid of a grant from the Leverhulme Research Fellowship foundation and the assistance of numerous voluntary observers) have already been published in the Quarterly Journal (Vol. 73, p. 297). The following paper discusses in greater detail the data collected on local rainfall variations in the area.
Some experiments on the condensation of water vapour at temperatures below 0°c
Authors: Fournier D'albe E. M.
Published: February 2007

The study of the condensation of water vapour at temperatures below 0°C. has been continued in a laboratory investigation along lines similar to those pursued by Regener, Findeisen and Cwilong. An apparatus has been developed which allows for the ultramicroscopic observation of the behaviour of individual condensation nuclei when fogs are formed in a small volume of air subject to sudden cooling by expansion. An attempt has been made by the use of only small expansions to simulate as closely as possible the conditions of temperature and humidity prevailing in the atmosphere. Particular attention has been paid to the problems of distinguishing between water droplets and ice crystals and of determining the conditions necessary for the formation of the latter. The apparatus has been used to examine not only the nuclei normally present in outdoor air but also various artificially produced nuclei, in an attempt to throw some light on the physical properties which may influence their behaviour.
Synoptic applications of the frontal contour chart the motion of selected lows‐5–7 november 1946
Authors: Crocker A. M.
Published: February 2007

The formation of isolated domes of cold air in the atmosphere is described in terms of the motion of the frontal contours which delineate the topography of the upper boundaries of cold air masses. The surface synoptic chart of 5 November 1946 for North America is discussed and interpreted in the light of the frontal contour chart with special reference to the characteristics of an isolated cold dome. The subsequent development of an independent surface low on 6 November is discussed, and its motion is shown to be controlled by the movement of the cold dome. In conclusion, the advantages of the frontal contour chart in surface map analysis and in the interpretation of the three‐dimensional state of the atmosphere are emphasized.
The angular deviation of the wind from the isobars, at liverpool
Authors: Bannon J. K.
Published: February 2007

An attempt has been made to measure the angle between wind direction and isobar at three heights, 3,000 ft, 700 mb (10,000 ft approximately), and 500 mb (18,000 ft approximately), at six‐hourly intervals, above Liverpool, during January and February 1946. On many occasions the isobars (or contours of an isobaric surface) were not sufficiently well defined to permit of measurement, on others, wind observations were not available; in all, the following number of measurements were made:— 3,000 ft 119 700 mb 167 500 mb 186

The isobars or contours were drawn, in each case, without reference to any wind observations.

The accuracy of determination of the direction of the wind and of the isobars was considered in each case, and though the exact accuracy is in some doubt, it is considered that many of the deviations of the wind direction from the isobars which were found, were significant. The means of these deviations were (reckoned positive across the isobar from high to low pressure):— At 3,000 ft 7° 700 mb 1.5° 500 mb 0.1°

The deviations measured at 3,000 ft were probably not typical, for it seems likely that, even at 3,000 ft the mountains have an appreciable effect on the wind direction. Analysis of the deviations showed no correlation with the stability of the air.

An attempt was made to correlate the deviations at 700 and 500 mb with the general weather situation and development with some apparent success. It was found that, at both levels, there was a negative deviation on the boundary of an anticyclone, i.e. inflow to the anticyclone. Also, that at 500 mb and less markedly at 700 mb, deviations were positive ahead of a trough in the upper air, to the top of the wedge, and negative behind the trough. On one occasion the observed deviations agreed with general expectations from significant features of the general situation.

The geostrophic wind was also measured at 3,000 ft, from the surface isobars, due allowance being made for height and excluding all cases of marked horizontal temperature gradients in the vicinity. The mean value of the moduli of the vector deviations of the wind from the geostrophic was found to be 9.1 kt, and the root mean.
Effect of dust and haze on measurements of atmospheric ozone made with dobson's spectrophotometer
Authors: Ramanathan K. R. , Karandikar R. V.
Published: February 2007

To obtain the amounts of atmospheric ozone from measurements with Dobson's photo‐electric spectrophotometer, allowance has to be made for the extinction of light by scattering due to molecules and large particles. Dobson has proposed two slightly different formulae which lead to appreciably differing values on hazy days. The assumptions involved in the formulae are examined and Dobson's equation is generalized, assuming the particle scattering to vary as λ‐n. The expression for the ozone amount is split up into two terms, the first main term being that obtained on the assumption of a pure atmosphere and the second correction term denoting the haze‐scattering. On calculating the ozone amounts with different values of n, it is found that these show much greater consistency if n has a value intermediate between those assumed in Dobson's two formulae and somewhere near zero.

On hazy days in winter, it is observed that (λ‐n), the differential haze‐scattering for the long wavelengths 3300A and 4450A, is positive and its magnitude increases with increase in the haziness of the sky. This is similar to what is observed in Europe. But on most hazy days in the pre‐monsoon hot season in North India, (λ–n) is found to be negative, which means that the apparent extinction of light at 3300A is less than that at 4450A.

One possible explanation is that with certain sizes of particles of given refractive index, the extinction by scattering increases with increase in wavelength as was found from observations by Götz in Switzerland and by Stratton and Houghton in U.S.A. An alternative explanation is that Dobson's instrument analyzes not only the transmitted radiation from the sun but also some scattered radiation from the surrounding hazy sky. It is probable that the North Indian summer haze scatters in the forward direction an appreciable amount of radiation which is richer in shorter wavelengths than the directly transmitted sunlight.

For calculating the daily values of ozone, it is proposed to assume the particle scattering to be nearly neutral and thus varying as λ−n with n=o. The correction term in the generalized formula then becomes 0.165 (δ′–δ″) and is obtained from observations on the long wavelengths.
The size distribution of raindrops
Authors: Best A. C.
Published: February 2007

Experimental data relating to drop size distribution in rain are examined and it is shown that in many cases the size distribution is in accordance with the following formulae 1 ‐ F = exp [‐(x/a)n] a = A Ip W = C Ir where F = fraction of liquid water in the air comprised by drops with diameter less than x. I = rate of precipitation. W = amount of liquid water per unit volume of air. A, C, p, r and n are constants. If × is measured in mm, I in mm/hr and W in mm3/m3 the mean values of A, C, p, r and n are 1.30, 67, 0.232, 0.846 and 2.25 respectively. There may be appreciable variations from these mean values, particularly in the case of n, if the precipitation is essentially of a showery or orographic nature. Tables based on these formulae are given showing values of W and of the number and total volume of drops between certain diameter limits for various rates of rainfall.
The nature of ice‐forming nuclei in the atmosphere
Authors: Mason B. J.
Published: February 2007

During the last decade many experiments have been designed to investigate the initial processes of ice formation in the atmosphere. The results of these experiments are examined for clues as to the identity of the responsible nuclei and the following tentative conclusions are reached: (a) The nuclei which cause freezing between 0°C and −32°C are mainly solid, insoluble particles which are wetted by water and produce ice particles through the freezing of water drops.

(b) The nuclei which become operative in the range −32° to −11°C consist of droplets of sea salt solution, ice and salt crystallising out on contaminating foreign particles at a temperature depending on the efficiency of these particles and the rate of expansion of the ambient air.

(c) The nuclei effective at just below −41°C consist of droplets of pure salt solution and possibly of “ gaseous” nuclei formed industrially or by the action of ultra‐violet light on the gases of the upper atmosphere.
The effect on observations of the sky/sea brightness ratio produced by the use of colour filters and Polaroid screens
Authors: Barber D. R.
Published: February 2007

Visual and photographic observations of the illumination of the sky‐sea horizon, made in light of different wavelengths, indicate an enhanced brightness contrast when the shorter wavelengths are excluded. The effect is most pronounced in the presence of haze, or light mist. When use is made of an analysing filter to modify the relative amounts of polarised light received from sky and sea, the degree of contrast obtainable depends on a number of independent factors, e.g., amount of cloud cover, and state of sea surface that may, or may not, combine to give better visibility of the sky‐sea boundary. Anomalous polarisation effects are frequently observed during early twilight along the anti‐solar path. This work was carried out while with the Kodak Research Laboratories. The paper is issued as Communication No. 1263H from the Kodak Research Laboratories.
The application of the similarity theory of turbulence to atmospheric diffusion
Authors: Batchelor G. K.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this paper is to draw the attention of meteorologists to the potential usefulness of the similarity theory of the small‐scale structure of turbulent motion first put forward by Kolmogoroff. An outline of the theory is given first and the possibility of its application to atmospheric and oceanic turbulence is considered. As an example of its use, the theory is applied to the problem of the relative diffusion of neighbouring particles moving with the fluid, and predictions about the rate of increase of mean square distance between the particles are made. Some data obtained recently by Durst are compared with these predictions by Charnock, and similar observations made by Richardson and Stommel are considered herein. The empirical proportionality between the diffusion coefficient and the 4/3 power of the scale of observation, obtained many years ago by Richardson, is shown to be in general agreement with the theory.
A note on nocturnal cooling
Authors: Knighting E.
Published: February 2007

The published methods of calculating the minimum ground temperature after a clear night accompanied by radiational cooling are examined and a more comprehensive calculation is given which takes into account the physical properties both of the air and of the underlying surface. Some recent experimental data are adduced to support the contention that both the ground and the air supply the heat lost by radiation.
Variations in thunderstorm severity in Great Britain
Authors: Forrest J. S.
Published: February 2007

The paper gives an account of variations in thunderstorm severity in Great Britain based on statistics of breakdowns caused by lightning on the Grid system during the 14‐year period 1934 ‐ 1947. Data are given for the seasonal and diurnal variations and for the fluctuations from year to year. The breakdown data are compared with the corresponding statistics of thunderstorm‐days, and it is shown that the thunderstorm‐day observations, if used directly, do not give an adequate indication of storm severity. It is proposed to introduce a “severity index” (s) such that the severity is proportional to Ts, where T is the number of thunderstorm‐days. For the data examined, s has values of 1.4 and 1.9.
The origin of the electric charge on rain
Authors: Chalmers J. Alan
Published: February 2007

The charges on rain, as measured by Simpson and by Hutchinson and Chalmers, during periods when point discharge occurs, can be accounted for quantitatively on reasonable assumptions in terms of the process of ion capture. The results show that the separation of charge must operate at levels down to about 800 m, and the consequences of this are discussed in relation to theories of the process of separation of charge.
On the diurnal variation of precipitation, particularly over central U.S.A., and its relation to large‐scale orographic circulation systems
Authors: Bleeker W. , Andre M. J.
Published: February 2007

The diurnal variation of precipitation is discussed and attention is drawn to the high frequency of night‐time rains over central U.S.A. A new theory for explaining this nocturnal maximum and the relatively low activity of precipitation in daytime is proposed by suggesting that cooling and heating processes during the night and the day set up a large‐scale circulation system east of the Rocky Mountains. The existence of this circulation system is proved by computation of the changes which occur in the convergence‐divergence field at 4,000, 10,000 and 18,000 ft in the free atmosphere.
The Bellani spherical pyranometer or radiation integrator; the calibration of an improved model, and some suggestions for further improvements
Authors: Gunn D. L. , Yeo Douglas , Ovey C. D.
Published: February 2007

The need for instruments to measure solar radiation for biological purposes has been cogently argued by Buxton but no entirely suitable instrument has been available. The radiation integrator of the Bellani type has been greatly improved by modern techniques and, with certain further suggested improvements, might become a generally useful instrument. Field calibration of the most recent model gives a mean thermal efficiency of about 75 per cent., which is much higher than that of any previous model. Of the losses, 10 per cent. is invariable and irremediable, being largely due to the glass envelope, while most of the remainder is variable and due to re‐radiation from the black receiver. Suggestions are made for increasing efficiency still more and reducing variability.
The production of showers by the coalescence of cloud droplets
Authors: Ludlam F. H.
Published: February 2007

The growth of unusually large cloud droplets by coalescence within isolated convective clouds is examined. It is found that if their initial radii are about 20 μ or more then growth into raindrops may readily occur. Raindrop nuclei of this size may be provided by spray in maritime air masses, but there is reason to suppose that in continental air masses droplets of the required initial size are not naturally introduced into the bases of convective clouds. Therefore the coalescence mechanism of precipitation release is probably effective only in maritime air masses. A condition for the production of a shower by the coalescence mechanism is obtained and applied to predict a minimum critical cloud depth of about 1.1/2 to 2 km. Showers may develop from clouds wholly below the 0°C isotherm if their base temperature exceeds about 8°C. A relation between the size of raindrops and the speed of the convective updraught is found, and an association is discovered between the non‐fulfilment of conditions for raindrop‐splitting within cloud and the absence of thunder.