bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D’un sensible l’autre (sur la signification métaphysique des sensibles) Part II Joсelyn Benoist
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Pris Igor E.
Published: January 2023

The second part of the talk, given by J. Benoist at the meeting of the Société philosophique française on 20.03.2021 (the translation of the previous part is published in No. 7), continues the theme of Plato’s metaphor, transferring from the visible to the invisible. Trying to get rid of the metaphors as such, modern philosophy seeks the non-metaphorical sense of the invisible. This, in particular, is the task set by Merleau-Ponty. The goal of “demetaphorization” is to free the sensible from the tutelage of the invisible. But in fact, it was Platonism that in­vented the sensible in opposition to the intelligible, the suprasensible. Plato’s metaphysics is a project of taming the sensible and at the same time a way of liv­ing with it. Furthermore, Plato’s thirst for the suprasensible made the sensible resonate, gave saturation to what is in this world beyond the truth. The rejection of metaphysics in the Platonic sense led to a loss of address of the sensible, an anesthesia characteristic of our era. The critique of the optical model, the at­tempts made to get out of the metaphysical construction of the sensible as the visible did not lead to the liberation of the other senses. For modern philoso­phers, the nature of perception is initially neither exclusively nor even essentially sensible. Heidegger’s hermeneutic conception of understanding questions the metaphorical constitution of metaphysics and destroys the partition between the sensible and the intelligible, in its own way it repeats the unification of the senses, abandoning synecdoche and thus not implementing the instrumentaliza­tion of the sensible. For Heidegger there is no proper sense of perception: seeing is always more than seeing, and hearing more than hearing. The result is a loss of receptivity to the distinction between the senses. The elimination of the supposed inner divisions of the sensible contributes to the erasure of the diversity of the senses in the proper sense of the word in favor of the truth of being, in relation to which the senses are mere means. This approach is opposed to the practice of po­etic intervention, which consists in playing with the multiplicity of modalities of the sensible. Benoist gives two answers to the question of what to do with the sensible after the end of metaphysics. The first is the rehabilitation of the metaphor in the sense of realizing it as an act of discourse, revealing the sensible in order to use it and in this use to go beyond the sensible to the intelligible. The second is the liberation of other possibilities for the use of the variety of the senses, the possibilities associated with metonymy. According to Benoist, to­day the Platonic excess in relation to the sensible, which has discovered and con­stituted the sensible itself, allows us to see that the “sensible” is not a given, and is subject to reconstruction.
Hermeneutics of Natural Science
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Vasyukov Vladimir L. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shulga Elena N. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2023

When in 1987 D. Marcus claimed the virtual lack of hermeneutics of the natural science as a field of recognizable individual cognitive interests, his argument made a deep impression on the philosophers of science. However, in 1998 P. Hi­lan, polemicizing with Marcus, put forward the thesis about the existence of “strong hermeneutics” – a philosophical genre of hermeneutics of the natural sci­ence. In a number of subsequent works, he gave a detailed exposition of his point of view, establishing links between the modern philosophy of the natu­ral sciences and philosophical hermeneutics. It was based on the inclusion in the philosophy of science those aspects of historicity, culture and tradition that lack in the traditional analysis of the relationship between theory and explana­tion. The expansion of the range of hermeneutics’ participation in scientific knowledge turned out to be associated with the answer to the question of whether hermeneutics can improve our understanding, primarily the understand­ing of the essence of those things that fall into the sphere of natural sciences. Given that human subjects and communities are inseparable from nature, this un­derstanding must necessarily take into account the biological aspects of this unity. This forces us to include in the interpretive field of hermeneutics living matter, which should be understood not only as an object of hermeneutic inter­pretation by people, but at a deep level and as an interpretation of living beings themselves. The formation and legalization of the interpretation of this type dates back to 2002, when A. Markos published the book “Readers of the Book of Life”, which called for the study of the “biohermeneutic” understanding of sign processes in living systems. The possibility of using this type of interpre­tation in a situation that arose in connection with the increasing exploitation of information technology and the Internet was also extremely interesting. Herme­neutics, which uses an interpretation of this type, is called “digital hermeneu­tics”. It is based on the concept of “digital ontology”, which was introduced by M. Eldred and R. Capurro: things exist (are understood) as much as we are able to digitize them. Digital hermeneutics should be considered as a general prob­lematization of the supposed homology between reality and its digital represen­tations.
Morality and Science: the Nature of Their Relationship (To the 90th Anniversary of Academician V.A. Lektorsky)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gyseynov Abdusalam A.
Published: January 2023

There is a well-established point of view that science and morality are two poles of a person’s conscious (conscious) attitude to the world: the first one tells what the world is in itself, the second one tells about what to do with the world. Sci­ence objectifies the world, turns everything it touches, including man himself, into an object; morality looks at the world subjectively, in its own interests, i.e. the interest of the viewer. This difference was succinctly expressed by Kant in the questions: “What can I know?” and “What should I do?”. Science and morality are opposites, which is essentially included in the definition of each of them, they are interconnected by mutual negation. They are also aspects of hu­man activity, practice, abstract (one-sided) reflections of which they, in fact, are. The unity of science (knowledge) and morality (must) can be adequately dis­closed within the framework of a philosophical tradition that understands being as practice. This idea is developed in the article on the example of M.M. Bakhtin, namely, science (cognition) determines the content of an act, morality is respon­sible for the fact of an act in its living, personally expressed uniqueness. Science and morality in this sense complement each other. In conclusion, an example is considered that illustrates the unity of morality and scientific truth.
The Social Contract for Science: The Convention of Dignity
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyastolov Sergey M.
Published: January 2023

The main subject of the article is “dignity” as a category of scientific ethics in the aspect of its attributive qualities in relation to the concepts of knowledge, sci­ence, man. The author offers a justification for the consistency and plausibility of the hypothesis about the relationship between the categories of dignity of science and dignity of man. The need for the justification is due besides all to the results of a pilot scientometric study paradoxical at first glance: they show that the in­crease in the number of publications on the topics of Integrity in Research and Research responsibility is accompanied by a decline of academic interest in the topic of dignity in Russian-language literature in the period 2016–2021. Observa­tions have also shown that society and science turn to the concept of dignity as a concept of moral good in the most difficult moments of history. The author ar­gues that science as an independent “integral” institutional unit can be formed only if it is based on human dignity. At the same time, the revealed blurring of meanings and the separation of attributes of the category “dignity” across various semantic fields in the context of the divisions of the corpus of science itself has become one of the reasons for raising the question of whether science is capable of “being” and “meeting [the gods] face to face”. Structural differentiation, in re­lation to the concept of dignity (abstraction, illusion, universal imaginary) became possible on the basis of understanding the differences between the spaces of ac­ces­sibility and perceptibility. The tools of the theory of conventions are used to obtain a hypothetical set of qualities of Homo Dignus, a decision-making subject acting within the framework of the Dignity convention – a structure proposed by the author. This structure, as the as the author claims, has a potential to become the key element of a new social contract for science.
Spirituality and Freedom
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Porus Vladimir N.
Published: January 2023

The approach of the academician V.A. Lektorsky to the problem of the relation­ship between spirituality and rationality is analyzed. He distinguishes “secular” and religious understanding of this problem. The common point between them is that spirituality as the highest level reached by free personal development is de­fined by orientation to super-individual values. Religion calls a source of these values the Absolute and secular culture – “spiritual production”. From the Abso­lute, there is no direct way to the spirituality of the personality in her concrete manifestations, and “spiritual production” can make not spirituality but its imita­tions. The prospect of the emasculation of spirituality and its devastation is so of­fered. Substitution of spirituality by its pseudo-rational substitutes in a so-called “technological civilization” threatens a destructive crisis. Overcoming a crisis demands the merging of spirituality and rationality in synthetic unity. In many innovative works, V.A. Lektorsky critically estimates the possibilities of this merge and offers a new vision of civilization development prospects. In the arti­cle, understanding spirituality as the potential of personal freedom realized con­cerning universal cultural values is offered. The relationship between the person­ality and culture defines its positive or negative sense. For this culture, the spirituality of the person, which promotes its stability, and supports its valuable structure, is positive; vice versa, the protest spirituality, loosening this structure, is called “anti-cultural”, negative. Spirituality is not an honorary title given to persons, society, or the culture for certain advantages or virtues. On the contrary, it is recognition of an opportunity to realize freedom internally inherent in them. Freedom – is a necessary condition of spirituality.
Science and Modern Humanism
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kasavin Ilya T.
Published: January 2023

The article proposes an understanding of science as a process of production of human­istic values and their translation in society, as well as an analysis of reflection on sci­ence from the point of view of humanistic ideals. This is one of the key topics of cultural/historical epistemology, the leading representative of which is Vladislav Alexandrovich Lektorsky. In the paper, the meaning of scientific humanism is re­vealed through answers to three questions similar to the Kant’s ones: about the possi­bility of cognition, communication and normativity. These possibilities are understood as three forms of freedom: freedom of oneself, freedom with others, and freedom to transcend one’s limits. The question of freedom is the problematization of science in terms of its conformity with the values of humanism, as well as of how humanism itself is consistent with the pathos of scientific inquiry. The main thesis of the article says that the humanistic nature of science consists not so much in mastering the forces of nature or discovering its secrets, not in truth or benefit. Rather, science compels man to think historically and critically about himself and his present. True humanism is not a measure of all things by the human arshin, not the exaltation of man, but the bringing him into consciousness; not an adaptation to circumstances, but going be­yond one’s limits; not a concept, but a constant revision of the current state of affairs.
The Endless Imperiality of Russia. The Civilizational Dimension
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Granin Yuri. D.
Published: January 2023

The article analyzes the problem of the imperial character of Russia and its future. In the course of the correspondence polemic, the content of the concepts of “civi­lization” and “empire”, the cultural and historical meaning of empires as political forms of the emergence and development of civilizations are analyzed. The idea is refuted that for centuries Russia has lived at the expense of “external receptions”, which supposedly predetermined the “imperial nature of the Russian state”. Both are wrong. Interpretation of the history of Russia from the perspective of large – scale cultural and technological receptions is a sociological simplification of the real interaction of the country with the surrounding world of states of various civilizational affiliation. It was a complex process of mutual influence of domestic political and socio-cultural traditions with samples of foreign forms of life, during which both changed, and quite significantly. Therefore, the history of tsarist, Soviet and present-day Russia cannot be reduced in any way to cultural and socio-politi­cal dependency. Modernity has never been unique and homogeneous. One can rea­son otherwise only from the standpoint of flat progressivism. Criticizing this theo­retical attitude, the author proves that Russia's “endless imperialism” does not lead the country into a “historical dead end”, but remains its geopolitical advantage.
Heidegger’s Critique of the Natural Science Method
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevalnikov Andrey Yu.
Published: January 2023

One of the main statements of the work is that in the analysis of development prospects it is necessary to rely on the very roots, the origins of the develop­ment of our civilization, and it is on their philosophical foundations that set the vector of the development of civilization for the future, for many centuries to come. This was pointed out by V.S. Stepin, who, speaking about the philo­sophical foundations of modern science, distinguished the ontological and cate­gorical grids of concepts that are always used when thinking about the future. In many of his works, M. Heidegger spoke about the same, and even more defi­nitely. It is necessary to critically analyze the mathematical method of modern natural science, possible risks and dangers in applying this method to the hu­man world. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the natural science method in the works of Heidegger. This method is associated with the philosophy of Descartes. As Heidegger shows, from the Cartesian concept of the evidence of the “thinking self”, the evidence of mathematical rules follows. These rules are associated with the key concept of measurability, or computability of the physi­cal world. Heidegger connects this computability with the concept of objec­tification. In principle, a person is not objectified, but modern science tries to consider him within the framework of its quantitative method. Heidegger states that such an approach will inevitably lead to the appearance of a human machine. In conclusion, the paper raises the question of the role of quantitative methods in physics and philosophy.
Prolegomenons of Research Education
Authors:   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Karpov Alexander O.
Published: January 2023

Research education is a key institution in the knowledge society and a tool for its construction and development. Its full-fledged formation is the main task in our days that requires disclosure of its underlying beginnings. This work summarizes findings of the author's research studies over two decades that makes him possi­ble to the problem in its essence. Identified and disclosed prolegomenons of re­search education are the following: the relation between learning and truth, the generativity of learning, the fundamental principles of generative didactics, the socio-cognitive structure of knowledge society. It is shown that the attitude to truth determines the essence of research education, where research is taken as a search for truth, is the constitutive basis of research-type behavior and prede­termines the transformative framework of learning. Origins of the “generative learning” concept are studied, its differences from adaptive learning are ana­lyzed, and its role is defined as a fundamental condition of research education opportunity. Cognitive flexibility, cognitive generativity, sociocultural interac­tion of learning are presented as fundamental principles of generative didactics.
The Problem of the Meaning of Death in Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings Part 1. History and Circumstances of the The Lord of the Rings Publication
Authors:   Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Monin Maxim A.
Published: January 2023

This article deals with the theme of death in Tolkien’s trilogy “The Lord of the Rings”, which both the author himself and numerous researchers of his texts rec­ognized as the key to understanding of the entire religious and philosophical content of his work. Here this topic analyzed within the framework of the se­mantic opposition formulated by the concepts of “being towards death” and “es­caping from death”. The article attempts to compare how the theme of death is revealed in a new literary genre which developed during and shortly after the Second World War – the author’s fairy tale (intended primarily for adults) – and how this theme is presented in the concepts of post-war existentialism, espe­cially by Sartre and Heidegger. As a methodology for this comparison this article uses the theory of P. Ricoeur – according to which both literature and philosophy can be considered as two different and partly opposite strategies for “taming time” (by turning it into human time, the time of culture). In the context of this theory, the article also analyzes another problem related to the first one, namely the problem of the mutual influence of the “real world” of human history and the “fictional world” of a literary work. The article confirms the idea expressed by Ricoeur that large-scale events of history can be reflected in a literary work indi­rectly (namely by using complication of the spatio-temporal structure that forms the artistic world of the work). In particular, events such as world wars, which sharply raise the questions of the meaning of history and the meaning of human life, can find interpretation in literary works that “recreate” the space of life and meaning with their own narrative means, both in relation to the individual – and the world as a whole.
Are We Playing the Glass Bead Game? On the Self-integrity of the Paradigm Idea
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pruzhinin Boris I. , Shchedrina Tatiana G. ,   Moscow State Pedagogical University
Published: January 2023

Both in domestic and foreign literature on the philosophy of science, refer­ences to the works of Thomas Kuhn are quite common, as well as to his other postpositivist contemporaries – I. Lakatos, St. Toulmin, N.R. Hanson, P. Feyer­abend and others. However, at the same time, the conceptual content of their ideas and the methodologically significant details of their models of knowl­edge dynamics are applied more than rarely and very selectively. The concep­tual potential of postpositivism is used today mainly in the general explanatory background discourse about science: cognitive activity is socially conditioned, while science is historically changeable both in the forms of its organization and in its results. As for the actual Kuhnian model of the dynamics of science, the Lakatosian program for the development of science, and other postposi­tivist constructions, their conceptual content is resorted to rather in the context of general reasoning about the contours of scientific knowledge rather than as an epistemologically significant creative component of the philosophical and methodological understanding of modern scientific practices. The article at­tempts to show that the circumstance noted above indicates not so much that the views of postpositivists now belong to an honorable past, but not directly related to the development of modern problems, but how much about distanc­ing the modern philosophy of science from the real methodological problems that modern science needs to solve.
Digital Bioethics: Disciplinary Status between Tradition and Computation
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Bryzgalina Elena V.
Published: January 2023

The article highlights and analyzes the concept of “digital bioethics” as the use of digital methods for empirical research in bioethical discourse. The leader of bioethical research in Russia, Boris Grigoryevich Yudin, predicted an expan­sion of the range of social technologies that ensure effective public participation in the discussion and solution of problems in the field of science and technol­ogy. The spread of bioethical discourse in the digital space caused the formation of the concept of “digital bioethics”. The concept of “digital bioethics” has not been used so far in the Russian research literature, however, a number of topics discussed by Russian authors are close to the various aspects that digital bioethics draws attention to in its disciplinary formulation. Digital formats for understanding complex ethical issues in the public space, without canceling anal­ogous forms of bioethical discussions, give rise to a new reality of bioethical dis­course, which becomes the subject of digital bioethics using digital methods of empirical bioethical research. At the same time, there is no change in the un­derstanding of the subject of bioethics. Digital methods of data collection and analysis contribute to the development of empirical bioethics through attention to the subjective experience of an individual and social groups, reflected in pub­lic discussions in the digital space, and can also describe the digital landscape of the operation of bioethical principles.
The Principle of Reciprocity in the Old Testament Ethics
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apressyan Ruben G.
Published: January 2023

The principle of reciprocity is fundamental to the Old Testament moral world and is traced in all its main manifestations. In the Old Testament books, they are comprehensively pre­sented in descriptions of both, the relationship between God and the humans, and human re­lations. The article considers the principle of reciprocity on the basis of its main forms – Lex Talionis, gratitude and the Golden Rule, in its two types – retrospective reciprocity of retal­iatory actions (positive or negative) and prospective reciprocity of initiative actions that im­plement an agent’s benevolence towards others. The study has been grounded on a norma­tive-ethical analysis of imperative and narrative texts of the Old Testament books. Some nar­rative plots (Gen. 21: 22–24, 27; 26: 26–31; Nav. 2: 1–24) are especially significant for the study of the Golden Rule, which is present in the Old Testament mostly rudimentary: the analysis of the corresponding narratives allows us to reconstruct the process of crystal­lization of thinking in the spirit of the Golden Rule at a proto-normative stage. The Lex Tal­ionis and the Golden Rule normative dynamics shows that the principle of reciprocity, which initially emerged in the practice of trade exchanges and became a means to ensure the coherence of social relations, was gradually realized as a universal principle of social life and as such turned out to be fundamental for morality.
Prolegomenon to the Philosophical Definition of an Act
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zubets Olga P.
Published: January 2023

The article represents an attempt to think of a possible concept list of moral philosophy, aris­ing from the decision to build it on the basis of the concept of an act and to determine which ideas and ways of thought should be abandoned in this case. We are talking about the specif­ically philosophical nature of this concept, which is the basis of the first philosophy: its con­tent is revealed through a “bunch” of conceptual identities: act – being – actor (subject, be­ginning) – decision – non-differentiation – timelessness – self-sufficiency – asymmetry – centrality – oneness – responsibility. This “list” is both completed and open. Revealing the specifics of the moral philosophy of the act, it also determines the ideas that should be aban­doned, taking the challenge of Auschwitz with all seriousness, as a challenge to moral think­ing. So, it names the rejection of various kinds of differentiations due to the unity, oneness and completeness of the act (including the substantial differentiation of the act, and the ac­tor, and the decision), and in general from the idea of plurality (act, subject); rejection of the juxtaposition of morality to value-regulatory forms: law, science, art, etc.; the refusal from localization (limitation) of responsibility, from the concepts of behavior and personality; from understanding an act as a result of choice and rational discourse, knowledge; and in general from the secondary nature of the act in relation to moral ideas, norms, command­ments as a result of the recognition of the priority of the act as a given one and morality as based on the initial act of non-killing.
Reduction of human agency in a technological context
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences Russian Academy of Science, Gavrilina E.A. ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Published: January 2023

Technological development and its impact are in the focus of attention of philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and economists for a long time. One of the first descriptions of the consequences of the development of technology was formed by Marx. This is a phenomenon of alienation, because of which a person becomes by some part of him- or herself like functional elements of technical system. This functionality and fragmentality can reduce his or her humanity, the part of it is, as known, our ability to act, including our goals and meanings. Thus, it can be shown that the reduction of human agency is associated with the systematic technological objectification of a person. On the other hand, more and more routine habitual actions, especially in the field of work, but also in other fields of activity, are delegated to technological devices, which can be considered as strengthening human objectification, alienation from one’s own goals and meanings. At the same time, the objectification of physicality, our body also occurs, which in a paradoxical way can lead to views that underlie modern transhumanistically oriented approaches. The article attempts to explicate this connection and show its influence on the reduction of human agency. Of course, this issue requires further theoretical study and discussions.
Philosophy, activity, life
Authors:   Queen’s University, Bakhurst D.
Published: January 2023

This paper, written to honor Prof. Vladislav Lektorsky on the occasion of his 90th birthday, addresses a subject to which Lektorsky has returned many times in the course of his long and distinguished career: the concept of activity. I begin with the distinction between activity and action, arguing against the view, associated with Leontiev, that actions are components of activities. In my view, the distinction between activity and action is an aspectual rather than ontological or mereological one. I then draw on the analysis of intentional action offered by G.E.M. Anscombe to argue that her understanding of action, intention and practical knowledge, when supplemented by insights from MacIntyre, McDowell and others, provides grounds to endorse three theses central to the activity approach (theses I find in Prof. Lektorsky’s recent summation of the tradition): that (i) consciousness, the inner plane of our mental lives, can be understood only in relation to the forms of our activity as embodied beings; (ii) human agency and behavior cannot be described or explained without essential reference to the social, cultural and historical context; and (iii) selves or persons are constituted in and through their activity. I then consider the objection that my analysis is too focused on the intentional activities of the individual, at the expense of the collective. I reply that the unit of analysis is neither the individual nor the collective, but the human life form. There is plenty of room, as there must be, for countenancing joint, shared and collective intentionality, and for recognizing that individuals and collectives do many things unintentionally. But no sense can be made of any of that without a robust account of intentional action. I believe my findings are congenial to three themes that characterize the legacy of Vladislav Lektorsky: (i) respect for the phenomenology of everyday thought and experience; (ii) humanism; and (iii) the belief that much is to be gained by bringing Russian philosophy into constructive dialogue with fruitful trends in Anglo-American philosophy.
William Ogburn and the idea of cultural lag. The centenary of the hypothesis
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Efremenko D.
Published: January 2023

The article introduces the publication in Russian of selected sections of the book “Social Change, with Respect to Culture and Original Nature” (1922) by the American sociologist William F. Ogburn, in which the main provisions of the cultural lag hypothesis are outlined. The milestones of Ogburn’s biography and scientific work are considered. It is shown that the cultural lag hypothesis has become the basis of a program of comprehensive studies of the social effects of technical inventions, which Ogburn has been implementing for several decades. The contribution of the cultural lag hypothesis to the social reflection of the phenomenon of technology is discussed, as well as the main directions of criticism of this concept.
Russian Studies of Leo Tolstoy: What Does He Achieve with His Sincerity?
Authors:   RAS Institute of Philosophy, Simush Petr
Published: January 2023

The novelty of the idea of the article is an attempt to include Tolstoyana in the ongoing religious war in the world, the global struggle of truth against deception. The battle of the West with the East clarifies what "truly exists" and "how man manifests God". The author reflects on the laws of life and coexistence of people.
The Philosophy of Transhumanism as a Revenge of the Ego-cogito
Authors:   Kursk State Agricultural Academy, Philatova Maria
Published: January 2023

The author of the article contrasts the objection to transhumanism, which proceeds from the fact of success technoscience, with the objection, that takes the very fact of technoscience as a problem. Transhumanism itself gives rise to the problematization of science. It is the top of its development, and at the same time it fits into a single line of continuity of the forms of transformation of human nature known in history, as another, new link of it, following Christianity in this serie. The identification of this kind of "religious" roots of transhumanism brings back the relevance of the problem of the connection between science and Christianity and provides additional resources for reviewing this problem today. The author of the article shows the connection between the problem of the mathematization (transformation) of nature, known even to the Eleatics, the new possibilities opened for it by Christianity, and the new European tradition of the I-cogito. The Cogito presented itself as a human nature transformed through union with God, as the very unit that Zeno had once sought, but never found. But while posing as something new to western european philosophy and thus defining its development, the cogito was not what it claimed to be. The transition from Descartes' pseudo-discoveries to Zeno's conclusions was inevitable. It has declared itself as a transition from classical epistemology to non-classical epistemology. In view of the fact that non-classics do not just indicate the failure of the classics, but call into question the very possibility of science, two paths open up: the way back or the way forward. The way back brings us back to the problem of the genesis of science, to a radical revision of its possibility. The way forward is the path of transhumanism as a rehabilitation of the pseudo-unity of the I-cogito in the new, extremely favorable conditions, when postmodernism has already abolished the polarization of the top and the bottom, the upper and the lower, that set the problem of unity.
Games of the Unconscious (through the Pages of Translations by V.V. Starovoitov)
Authors:   RAS Institute of Philosophy, Spirova Elvira
Published: January 2023

In recent years, several significant translations have been published by Vladimir Vasilyevich Starovoitov, which undoubtedly expand the ideas of Russian specialists about classical psychoanalysis, its criticism and the subsequent development of Freudian ideas. The article analyzes the works of John D. Sutherland, Ronald W.F. Fairbairn, Sandor Ferenczi and Benjamin Kilborne. An idea is given about the dynamically complex and contradictory process of the formation of psychoanalytic schools and individual teachings. The problems of the theory of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic technique are considered, the issues of applied and clinical psychoanalysis, the development of personality and the emotional world of a person are discussed.
Anthropology as a Strict Science? To the Question of the Methodological Substantiation of Philosophical Anthropology Article 3. Ernst Cassirer. Man in the arms of culture
Authors:   SB of RAS Institute of Philosophy and Low, Smirnov Sergei
Published: January 2023

The article is a continuation of a series of works devoted to the methodological substantiation of the subject of philosophical anthropology. Using the example of specific searches for building the proper anthropological discourse, an attempt is made to analyze how different authors tried to build anthropology as a rigorous science. This makes it possible to analyze the problems associated with the methodology of science in its classical and non-classical versions. In this article, this work is done on the material of E. Cassirer's searches, on building a connection between his classic work "Philosophy of Symbolic Forms" and his later work "Experience about Man", devoted to the anthropology as such. It is shown that Cassirer tried to overcome the substratum, naturalistic approach that dominated the essential paradigm in defining a person, by searching and describing the basic functional principle that singles out a person as a being. This is what Cassirer considers the principle of generating symbolic forms from which the entire space of culture is built. It is this that acts as the basic activity of a person, making him who he is and building his connection with culture. The symbolic form and the actual practice of form generation act as an intermediary between man and culture. This gives E. Cassirer the right to define man as a symbolic animal. The article also shows the difference between the classical discourse, which E. Cassirer continued to adhere to, and the non-classical one, which was proposed by M. Heidegger. This was shown in the famous discussion at Davos between two philosophers.
Decline of "Freedom"
Authors:   RUDN University of Russia, Savvina Olga
Published: January 2023

The article analyzes the values and ideals of modern global society in the realities of the economic crisis, makes a forecast regarding the popularization of new values such as solidarity, brotherhood, equality against the background of discrediting the values of freedom and democracy. In the first part of the work, the author identifies trends and phenomena in modern society that are similar to the position of the society depicted by A.A. Zinoviev in the novel "The Global Humant Hill". First of all, it is the priority of the benefits, efficiency and interests of capital over values, covered with ranting about freedom and democracy, as well as the denigration of communist ideas and their defenders, the use of information technology and technological progress as a surrogate for communication. The author comes to the conclusion that social problems and the spiritual life of the «humant hill», ideological and political discourse have a number of common features with reality. The second part of the article examines the crisis of the values of freedom and democracy, which are widely used in political and humanitarian discourse. Relying on the research of K. Marx, F. Engels, R. Luxemburg, O. Spengler and other philosophers, the author concludes that the interests of capital are hidden behind the declared values, and the modern economic crisis will strengthen social contradictions in society and the exploitation of the lower and middle strata of the population. The need to survive in more difficult economic conditions will lead to the popularization of the values of solidarity, brotherhood, the oblivion of freedom as a value guideline, the concept of freedom in political and ideological discourse will be used much less often.
The Process of Historical Development of the Image of the Future
Authors:   The Center of historical and cultural heritage of Chelyabinsk, Shagiakhmetov Marat
Published: January 2023

The author, using a systematic approach, forms a picture of the process of historical development as the process of formation of the system "man and nature", the interaction of which is mediated by the system "public consciousness — public practice". The cycle of formation of the system "man and nature" goes through four stages: from unity with the nature of primitive man through the stages of contradictions: from dependence on nature and domination over it to conscious unity with nature. The onset of each stage of this process is associated with the achievement of a new quality of the individual's system, with the dominance of the picture of the unity of the world in the public consciousness, with the strengthening of the interaction of subjective and objective. The completion of the formation of the system "man and nature" and the transition to the stage of unity is associated with the formation and dissemination of the worldview of unity — a systemic worldview. In this picture of the developing world, as the basis of a systemic worldview, the logic of the development of the individual's system, social consciousness and social practice has a non-linear character of the formation of opposite hierarchies with the subsequent transition to dialectical unity in full accordance with the dialectical logic identified by G.W.F. Hegel: thesis — antithesis — synthesis. This is exactly how the development of Russian society takes place, in which the new quality of the individual's system is associated with the development of social consciousness: idealism — materialism — a systemic worldview, and social practice: capitalism — socialism — a social state with a market economy.
The Concept of Contingent in Post-Tridentine Scholastic Philosophy
Authors:   National Research University ", Manakov Denis ,   Higher School of Economics"
Published: January 2023

The author analyzes the methodology of working with contingent events and how the concept of contingent and other related concepts is conceptualized in post-Tridentine scholastic philosophy. In particular, the article examines the theory of moral modalities that emerged in the XVI–XVII centuries, describing knowledge about contingent and patterns of human behavior; the separation of physical and moral in the context of contingent reality produced by human will; as well as the concepts of probabilistic knowledge and the methodology of the sciences about contingent facts. Based on the analysis of the data of scholastic ideas and concepts, the author identifies the key characteristics of knowledge about the contingent and identifies the common core of approaches to the theorization of contingent events in post-Trident scholasticism.
The Philosopher’s plant: An Intellectual Herbarium (Irigaray’s Water Lily (chapter 12))
Authors:   University of the Basque Country, Marder Michael , Kulagina-Yartseva Valentina ,   RAS Institute of Philosophy, Krotovskaya Natalia ,   RAS Institute of Philosophy
Published: January 2023

The journal continues to publish translations of individual chapters of the book by the famous phenomenologist Michael Marder "Plants of Philosophers (Intellectual Herbarium)". Out of twelve stories, "Irigaray’s Water Lily" was chosen. The author analyzes the views of a modern French philosopher Luce Irigaray, whose numerous books contain a feminist revision of traditional philosophy and its language. Today, having thrown off the straitjacket of metaphysical reasoning, living thought turns to physicality, marked by finiteness and sexual differences, as well as to the surrounding world, to the rhythms of the earth and the richness of non-Western philosophical traditions. Luce Irigaray's creativity is rooted in all those dimensions of experience that she was able to restore at the sunset of metaphysics. In the work of Irigaray, the vegetable occupies a special place and stimulates the development of her thoughts. Plants provide her with a model of thinking, living and cultivating subjectivity. Cultivation in this case does not mean the formation of the physis in accordance with the predetermined parameters of the mind or the forcible eradication of what grows by itself. On the contrary, cultivating nature, for example, means that we put ourselves at her service, protecting, participating and encouraging myriad plants. Irigaray calls us to listen to the muted vegetative rhythms of our life and thinking, whose growth has been stopped by the prejudices of metaphysics and the arrhythmia of modern existence. Everything that Western philosophers from Aristotle to Hegel rejected and devalued in relation to plants, in her works is lovingly extracted, overestimated and cultivated.
Reflexion of the subjectness of the “collective West”
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lepskiy Vladimir E.
Published: January 2023

The article substantiates the trend of increasing attention to the problem of the subject in a wide range of interdisciplinary studies, including civilizational topics. The problem of subjectivity is key to understanding the conflict between the “collective West” and Russia. The analysis of the basic qualities of the subjectivity of the “collective West” was carried out: purposefulness, reflexivity, communicativeness, sociality, ability to de­velop. This led to the conclusion that the oligarchic international took shape in a highly organized subject of the “collective West” on the basis of the temptation of superiority over others and the possibility of unlimited enrichment at the expense of others. In fact, an asocial subject has formed, using the worldview of racism. An analysis of the basic characteristics of the subjectivity of the “collective West” also showed that it is becoming more and more like a totalitarian sect. The basic mechanisms of control in totalitarian sects, most closely related to reflexive technologies, are singled out: a break in the previ­ously established life activity; reflexive blockade; social isolation; reflexive program­ming. Examples of the use of these mechanisms by the “collective West” are given. Signs of belonging of the “collective West” to a totalitarian sect were clearly manifested in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as during the unleashing of aggression against Russia and China. The presented analysis made it possible to make a generalized assessment of the specifics of the subjectivity of the “collective West”.
Pelaksanaan Lesson Study Bagi Pengembangan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru (Studi Kasus Pada MGMP PKn SMP Kabupaten Ogan Ilir)
Authors: Purnama Mita
Published: January 2023

ABSTRAKKompetensi pedagogik guru saat ini belum mencapai kondisi optimal dalam mendukung peningkatan kualitas pendidikan nasional. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tahapan pelaksanaan kegiatan lesson study dan mengidentifikasi pengembangan kompetensi pedagogik guru setelah mengikuti lesson study oleh musyawarah guru mata pelajaran (MGMP) PKn SMP Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumnetasi. Data dianalisis dengan reduksi data, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, tahapan lesson study mulai perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan refleksi berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan tujuannya. Kedia terkait pelaksanaan lesson study memberi dampak positif terhadap perkembangan kompetensi pedagogik guru baik secara manajerial maupun praktik pembelajaran. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tahapan-tahapan pelaksanaan lesson study mampu mengembangkan kompetensi pedagogik guru. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kesiapan MGMP dalam memfasilitasi guru mengikuti kegiatan di lapangan. Selanjutnya, dampak dari pelaksanaan tahapan lesson study bagi pengembangan kompetensi pedagogik guru dapat dilihat dari perubahan sikap, kebiasaan, kesiapan, dan pola pengajaran yang ditunjukkan oleh guru dalam setiap proses kegiatan belajar dan mengajar di kelas.ABSTRACTTeachers' current pedagogical competence has not yet reached optimal conditions for supporting the improvement of national education quality. This study aimed to identify the development of teacher pedagogic competence after attending lesson study by subject teachers' deliberations (MGMP) in Civics at SMP in Ogan Ilir Regency. The research employed a qualitative approach with case studies. The technique of data collection methods included interviews, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed that the stages of lesson study, from planning to implementation to reflection, were completed successfully and following their objectives. Secondly, the use of lesson study positively impacts the development of teachers' pedagogical competencies, both managerially and in terms of learning practices. The findings of this study indicate that the stages of implementing lesson study can help teachers develop their pedagogical skills. It is evidenced by the MGMP's readiness to assist teachers in field activities. Furthermore, the impact of implementing the lesson study stages for the development of teachers' educational competencies can be seen in changes in attitudes, habits, readiness, and teaching patterns demonstrated by teachers in all teaching and learning activities in the classroom.