bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Becoming in Kind”: Race, Class, Gender, and Nation in Cultures of Dog Rescue and Dogfighting
Authors: Weaver Harlan
Published: September 2013

Seen by some as innately dangerous and by others as victims of neglectful or abusive owners, pit bulls and pit bull–type dogs are central to numerous contemporary debates about both dangerous dogs and dogs in danger. This article takes up these debates in order to explore how specific relationships between humans and pit bulls reveal intersections among race, class, gender, nation, breed, and species. Beginning with the category problem of the pit bull, I turn to the recent arrest and imprisonment of NFL player Michael Vick. An African American man playing in a position traditionally occupied by white men, quarterback, Vick became the subject of a highly racialized media storm when revelations about his involvement in dogfighting were made public. The storm intensified when the dogs formerly belonging to Vick were rehabilitated by rescue groups and placed in families or sanctuaries. Drawing from work by Donna Haraway and others on “becoming with,” I examine the intersections between ontology and identity revealed by not only the various representations of Vick, the people who rehabilitated his dogs, and the dogs themselves but also a series of narratives written by white southern dogfighters. I argue that these examples demonstrate that human “becomings with” nonhuman animals are often “becomings in kind,” becomings in which each shapes the categorical kind of the other.
Cockfight Nationalism: Blood Sport and the Moral Politics of American Empire and Nation Building
Authors: Davis Janet M.
Published: September 2013

This essay explores the symbiotic relationship between animal welfare and ideologies of nation building and exceptionalism during a series of struggles over cockfighting in the new US Empire in the early twentieth century. Born out of the shared experience of American overseas expansionism, these clashes erupted in the American Occupied Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, where the battle lines pitting American-sponsored animal protectionists against indigenous cockfight enthusiasts were drawn along competing charges of cruelty and claims of self-determination. I argue that battles over the cockfight were a form of animal nationalism—that is to say, cockfight nationalism. Cockfight enthusiasts and opponents alike mapped gendered, raced, and classed ideologies of nation and sovereignty onto the bodies of fighting cocks to stake their divergent political and cultural claims regarding the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, moral uplift, benevolence, and national belonging.
Orthodox Transgressions: The Ideology of Cross-Species, Cross-Class, and Interracial Queerness in Lucía Puenzo’s Novel El niño pez ( The Fish Child )
Authors: Macaya Ángeles Donoso , González Melissa M.
Published: September 2013

El niño pez ( The Fish Child ), a 2004 Argentine novel about an interracial lesbian couple narrated by a dog, illustrates some of the central challenges and desires of animal studies, particularly those involved in overcoming humanism, sexism, and racism. By presenting the readers with a story of same-sex, interclass, and interracial coupling narrated by an eloquent pet dog, The Fish Child appears to stage a series of sexual, interspecies, and class transgressions. However, the novel instead stages a central problem of our neoliberal times: simply violating traditional boundaries and hierarchies is not inevitably transgressive of the social order but can actually represent hegemonic ideologies. Putting this Argentine novel in dialogue with Anglo-European animal and queer studies, we demonstrate some of the transnational commonalities and epistemological challenges of speciesism, sexism, and racism.
Materia Medica : Technology, Vaccination, and Antivivisection in Jazz Age Philadelphia
Authors: Vaught Jeannette
Published: September 2013

During the 1920s, the Philadelphia-based American Antivivisection Society turned to racialized metaphors in its circulating periodical, the Starry Cross , to excoriate the expanding practice of vaccination. Since vaccines were then made from animal-derived serums, the involvement of antivivisectionists in antivaccine arguments is not surprising. However, the Philadelphia society’s strange combination of vaccination, jazz, and vivisection reveals that its motivations to protect animals were deeply bound to broader cultural anxieties about the threat to purity posed by science, race, and sex, and that the stakes of succumbing to vaccination amounted to no less than medical miscegenation. By turning to racialized, speciesist arguments in asking for mercy toward animals against scientifically minded torture, the antivivisectionists’ use of the sound and image of the tortured animal was meant more to protect the human body and keep it white.
They Were Girls: Animality and Poetic Voice in Bhanu Kapil’s Humanimal
Authors: Dowling Sarah
Published: September 2013

This essay tracks the reception of the story of the Bengali wolf girls, Amala and Kamala, in the American popular media of the 1940s. I argue that the terms of that decade’s debates are taken on some sixty years later when Bhanu Kapil, an Asian American poet, revisits the wolf girls’ story in her third book, Humanimal [a project for future children] . For commentators in the 1940s, animality is the ground condition for bodily health and normality, but it must also be transcended in order to achieve the normative future. Their analyses of the wolf girl Kamala’s failure to transcend her animality demonstrate the American scientists’ conflation of animality, coloniality, and disability. This same failure, however, makes Kamala valuable to contemporary American poetry’s representation of the nonsubject. Kapil’s poetic form counters the triumphant developmental narrative that American scientists hoped to impose on the wolf girl’s story. Instead, Kapil’s deliberately retrogressive text uses Kamala’s animality to make links between different experiences of animalization across colonial and postcolonial time. Rather than restore the wolf girls to lyric subjectivity and normative selfhood, Kapil inscribes a different relation among language, ethics, and species, creating a poetic form that corresponds to their non- or not-just-human being.
Toward a Feminist Postcolonial Milk Studies
Authors: Gaard Greta
Published: September 2013

This essay investigates milk as a material with various meanings and compositions in different historical and cultural contexts. I bring together research from the several disciplinary fields where “milk studies” has already begun: food studies, postcolonial studies, animal studies, feminist studies, environmental justice, animal science, and biology. Using these perspectives, I investigate milk by addressing topics such as breastfeeding/nursing across race, class, and species in US history; US dairy industry production practices, economics, and the biological and behavioral experiences of lactating cows; India’s Operation Flood (also called the “White Revolution”) and its devastating effects on mothers and children, cows and calves, rural poor and small dairy farmers; and the US Dairy Council’s eurocentric and nutritionally unsupported ads promoting milk as the “perfect food.” Influenced by feminist philosophers of science, postcolonial ecofeminisms, and the new material feminisms, I examine the animal sciences research on lactation, oxytocin, and maternal behaviors by juxtaposing them with the biosciences studies of lactating human mothers, hormones, and behaviors: read together, these scientific studies show few differences across lactating mothers of diverse species, yet their findings are interpreted in ways that reaffirm the cultural assumptions of the researchers’ various disciplines. In sum, I argue for bringing together these various disciplinary approaches in a new critical framework, one that is sufficiently inclusive and capable of describing the complex cultural assumptions and material practices articulated through the uses of milk across nations, genders, races, species, and environments.
Introduction: A Dialogue
Authors: Kim Claire Jean , Freccero Carla
Published: September 2013

In this introduction to the special issue of American Quarterly , “Species/Race/Sex,” Claire Jean Kim and Carla Freccero hold a conversation based on a set of questions about the fields they work in and the interdisciplinary and political challenges to thinking intersectionally about species, race, and sex. They discuss their field formations; the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address the full complexity of categories of identity, being, and belonging; and the challenges and resistances that arise when working across these divides. They also talk about what motivates them to do this work, what work they hope to see in the future, and the diversity and range of the essays included in the volume, which they introduce by briefly describing each. The collection begins with a work of fiction and is divided into sections: “History and Empire,” “Intersections,” and “Becoming,” followed by “Afterword: Moving Ahead.”
Vegans, Freaks, and Animals: Toward a New Table Fellowship
Authors: Taylor Sunaura
Published: September 2013

This article examines an event that took place at the Headlands Center for the Arts in Marin County, California, in 2010. I was invited to the event to debate the author and cattle rancher Nicolette Hahn Niman on the ethics of eating meat. Rather than detail the debate itself, this article explores the context of the event and the social, political, and historical associations that it brought up for me as a vegan disability activist and scholar.
Chimpanzee Sanctuary: “Surplus” Life and the Politics of Transspecies Care
Authors: Hua Julietta , Ahuja Neel
Published: September 2013

At the outset of the twenty-first century, chimpanzees have become the first nonhuman great ape species to achieve substantial protections in the form of state-recognized legal rights and care programs. In the United States, this development has been institutionalized by the 2000 Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection Act, which established the first federally funded system of animal asylum in order to provide humane care for chimpanzees who have been “retired” from state-funded medical research. While the phasing out of chimpanzee research and the federal funding of chimpanzee sanctuaries was heralded by animal activists and primate conservationists, state recognition of ethical duties toward chimpanzees results from complex set of changes in biomedical research, ethological knowledge, and neoliberal governance that limit the use of chimpanzees for budgetary and technical as well as ethical reasons. Based on our interviews with paid workers at one nonprofit sanctuary, we argue that the national chimpanzee sanctuary project stakes the possibility of justice for nonhuman animals exploited in projects of imperial technoscience on a neoliberal ethic of care. Idealizing recognition of animal minds and empathetic connections to humans, the state profits from the undervaluation of the feminized labor at chimpanzee sanctuaries. Out of these constraints, we argue that the improvisational practices of care and enrichment negotiated on a daily basis between female careworkers and captive chimpanzees articulate a vision of justice that differs fundamentally from rights- and conservation-based models resting on universal conceptions of life, rights, or freedom. The sanctuary workers resist collapsing the project of the sanctuary into global rights frameworks; they instead attend to the complexity and limits of affective relation within the “surplus time” of postresearch captivity. These practices of care-awaiting-death help us reflect on recent invocations of an affect-based ethic of transspecies care articulated by feminist animal studies scholars. To the extent that affective relation produces an ethical project in the chimpanzee sanctuary, it is one that resists generic analogies between race, gender, and species as well as idealized notions of care that work to sustain the neoliberal undervaluation of feminized labor.
Animal Instincts: Race, Criminality, and the Reversal of the “Human”
Authors: Glick Megan H.
Published: September 2013

In 2007 Atlanta Falcons’ quarterback Michael Vick was arrested for owning and operating the Bad Newz Kennels, a large interstate dogfighting ring. As the facts of the case unfolded, Vick was publicly attacked by animal rights groups, who were outraged by the abuse perpetrated at the kennels, particularly the violent “execution” of the dogs after fighting by torture, electrocution, drowning, and hanging. While the term execution typically refers to the realm of human death, its use in the context of the Vick case suggests that something more than animal abuse was at stake. This article uses the Vick saga to interrogate the often invisible, and often racialized, intersections of animal and human rights discourse.
Animal Humanism: Race, Species, and Affective Kinship in Nineteenth-Century Abolitionism
Authors: Fielder Brigitte Nicole
Published: September 2013

As nineteenth-century scientific theories of racism sought to justify slavery and oppression by dehumanizing black people, popular abolitionist arguments often emphasized the humanity of enslaved black people by likening them to free white people, most popularly in the figure of the mixed-race hero(ine). Other abolitionist arguments, however, employed animals as points of familiar reference, in cross-species comparisons that did not simply repeat racist ideologies but solicited interracial sympathy. This essay reads abolitionist children’s literature that deployed a strategy of “animal humanism,” using domesticated animals to mediate their readers’ sympathy for enslaved people. Focusing on the parallel rhetorics of species and race in children’s literature, the essay centers its discussion on the abolitionist revision of Maria Susanna Cummins’s novel The Lamplighter (1854) in The Lamplighter Picture Book (1855), other abolitionist literature for children, and political cartoons in which species and racial difference figure. As pets are construed as both domesticated and domestic in these texts, the possibility of cross-species kinship presents a more proximate familiar relation than cross-racial kinship. Attention to these uses of domesticated animals reveals the limitations of sympathy that is more easily mediated through species rather than race. However, readings of the animal as not only familiar but familial open new possibilities for an abolitionist sympathy that has antiracist potential in its ability to be mediated through acknowledged positions of difference rather than a dependence on sameness.
“Of Course There Are Werewolves and Vampires”: True Blood and the Right to Rights for Other Species
Authors: Hudson Dale
Published: September 2013

Often dismissed as superficial, vampire films and television series have been a dominant mode by which Hollywood has negotiated the ever-shifting contours of social difference in the United States since the 1920s and 1930s. Remarkably, critical analysis has paid little attention to the interconnections between racism, sexism, and speciesism—and almost no attention to ways that difference affects nonhuman animals. Drawing on work in animal studies and the posthumanities, this article explores the extent to which HBO’s True Blood (2008–present) can contribute to the ongoing process of decolonizing thinking from the everyday habits defined by anthropocentrism. By featuring supernatural species, it questions unwitting complicity with forms of cinematic and televisual realism in reifying political realism. The series is premised on the political organization of vampires who advocate for the right to the right of citizenship, exploring ongoing asymmetries in social and political power through resurrected Confederate soldiers, ghosts of murdered women and children, and terrorism in the form of rebel vampire groups exploding the factories where synthetic blood is manufactured and multiracial hate-groups of male and female humans wearing rubber “Barack Obama” masks and murdering shapeshifters. If the animal turn follows the postcolonial turn, then this article asks whether True Blood might suggest ways for humans to live ethically with other species and to think interspecies relations in ways that consider what interspecies ethics might also mean to humans still defined in terms of race, sex, nativity, and religion.
Go Back to Where You Came From: Stunt Documentary, Conversion Narrative, and the Limits of Testimony on Australian Television
Authors: Douglas Kate , Graham Pamela
Published: September 2013

The 2011 reality television series Go Back to Where You Came From used established narrative modes of stunt memoir, testimony, and conversion to start a public conversation about Australia’s recent treatment of asylum seekers. This essay explores both the cultural possibilities and the pitfalls of the series’ textually-hybrid approach.
Recording Daily Life in the Margins of History and of the Nation: Rachid Nini’s Diary of a Clandestine Migrant
Authors: Álvarez David
Published: September 2013

This article examines how Rachid Nini’s Diary of a Clandestine Migrant gives evidence of systemic disempowerment and partly contests it. Availing myself of Giorgio Agamben’s concept of bare life, I show how the text’s thematic pessimism and formal vagrancy are symptomatic of the thwarted promise of emancipation in decolonization’s aftermath.
From Counter to Hegemonic: Re-Mapping Ideology in Latina/o Life Writing from the War on Terror
Authors: OlguÍn B. V.
Published: September 2013

This essay maps how life writing by Latin American immigrant and US born or raised Latina/o soldiers in the War on Terror illuminates the troubling ideological contours of an ongoing subaltern move from the margins to the center. Latin American and Latina/o Studies continue to be animated by contestatory claims to subaltern, oppositional, and counterhegmonic status predicated on such life writing genres as testimonio . By analyzing a new wave of life writing war genres that illustrate varied Latin American-cum-Latina/ocum-G.I. performances of hegemonic power, this essay seeks to de-center contemporary discourses about the purportedly inherent oppositional nature of Latina/o life writing, and to call for new paradigms in Latin American and Latina/o Studies.
Passing Away: Despair, Eulogies, and Millennial Palestine
Authors: Hassan Salah D.
Published: September 2013

This essay proposes that the passing away of the once-hegemonic idea of an independent secular democratic Palestine within the 1967 borders alongside Israel (also known as the two-state solution) coincides with the deaths of Edward Said, Yasir Arafat, and Mahmoud Darwish in the first decade of the new millennium. As a result, a sense of despair pervades Palestinian politics, even as Palestinians continue to resist the violence of the Israeli occupation. The first part of the essay focuses on despair and hope as the affective structure that has conditioned Palestinian responses to Israeli expansionism. The second part examines how this affective structure is evident in eulogies written for Said, Arafat, and Darwish.
Concealing God: How Argentine Women Political Prisoners Performed a Collective Identity
Authors: Partnoy Alicia
Published: September 2013

This essay analyzes the performance of a collective identity in a book by 120 Argentine women genocide survivors. Anticolonial, anti-imperialist, and rooted in the Liberation Theology movement, these prisoners resist destruction concealing religious practices. Through interviews with the authors, my interdisciplinary study shows how this collective identity, a response to psychological warfare, protects solidarity.
“Baleful Postcoloniality” and Palestinian Women’s Life Writing
Authors: Moore-Gilbert Bart
Published: September 2013

This article considers the relationship between the concept of “baleful postcoloniality” and Palestinian women’s life writing. “Baleful postcoloniality” is explored in relation to two particular issues: a succession of foreign occupations of Palestinian territory—especially the period of Israeli hegemony—and the traditional economy of gender relations governing Palestinian society. The article analyzes how Palestinian women life-writers express and resist these manifestations of “baleful postcoloniality” in both gender-specific and nationalist terms.
Manaakitanga in Motion: Indigenous Choreographies of Possibility
Authors: Murphy Jacqueline Shea , Gray Jack
Published: September 2013

This collaboratively-written essay explores manaakitanga —a Maori term referencing reciprocal hospitality and connectivity—both in a dance piece/practice called Mitimiti that Jack Gray is making for the concert dance stage, and in this essay itself, with its exchanges between Gray and dance scholar Jacqueline Shea Murphy. Both the dance, and the essay, suggest that stepping forward in connection, in relational and mutually beneficial exchange, is itself a process of indigeneity.
Silenced Histories and Sanitized Autobiographies: The 1953 CIA Coup in Iran
Authors: Balaghi Shiva
Published: September 2013

Some six decades after the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadeq, the history of British and US involvement in the event remains riddled with gaps. This critically important history is relegated to the realm of “colonial aphasia.” With many documents destroyed and others heavily redacted, memoirs by spies involved in the 1953 Iranian coup fill in the historical narrative.
Thugs and Bandits: Life and Law in Colonial and Epicolonial India
Authors: Shankar S.
Published: September 2013

Scrutinizing the discourses around so-called thuggee and the Bandit Queen Phoolan Devi in colonial and postcolonial India respectively, this essay explores the uses and abuses of life narratives, as embodying discourses, in the elaboration as well as contestation of law-and-order regimes. In the context of this argument, the essay proposes epicolonialism as a neologism capable of shedding particular light on continuities as well as disjunctures between colonialism and postcolonialism.
Ghanaian and Somali Immigrants in Toronto's Rental Market: A Comparative Cultural Perspective of Housing Issues and Coping Strategies
Authors: Mensah Joseph , Williams Christopher J.
Published: September 2013

Starting from the premise that "culture" has generally been overlooked in the analysis of immigrant housing in Canada, this study examines the housing experiences of Ghanaian and Somali immigrants in Toronto, by exploring the instrumentality of these immigrants' cultures in the complex dynamics of the city's rental market. The study relies on a mixed-methods approach, entailing a questionnaire survey and qualitative in-depth interviews and focus group discussions for the procurement of data. Among other things, we found that Ghanaian and Somali immigrants in Toronto face many housing challenges, some of which are purely economic, while others concern matters such as racial discrimination; a dearth of culturally sensitive housing information; and acute shortages of houses designed to accommodate their large families and some of their cultural needs—including the need for gendered spaces, prayer rooms, and cooking traditional meals at home. The study is significant not only because it deals with a disadvantaged group (i.e., Black Africans in Canada), but also because it brings culture into the discussion of immigrant housing in Canada to modulate the economic reductionism in the prevailing literature. Partant du principe que «la culture» a généralement été négligée dans l'analyse du logement des immigrants au Canada, cette étude examine les expériences de logement des immigrants ghanéens et somaliens à Toronto, en explorant l'influence des cultures de ces immigrants dans la dynamique complexe du marché locatif de la ville. L'étude repose sur une approche de méthodes mixtes, notamment un questionnaire, des entretiens qualitatifs et des discussions de groupe pour l'acquisition de données. Entre autres choses, nous avons constaté que les immigrants ghanéens et somaliens à Toronto font face à de nombreux défis en matière de logement, dont certains sont purement économiques, tandis que d'autres concernent des questions telles que la discrimination raciale; une pénurie d'information sur le logement adapté à la culture, et de graves pénuries de maisons conçues pour accueillir leurs familles ainsi que certains de leurs besoins culturels, y compris le besoin d'espaces sexués, des salles de prière, et la cuisson des repas traditionnels à la maison. L'étude est importante non seulement parce qu'elle traite d'un groupe défavorisé (i.e. Africains noirs au Canada), mais aussi parce qu'elle inclut la culture dans la discussion sur le logement des immigrants au Canada pour moduler le réductionnisme économique qui prévaut dans la littérature.
Health Status among Black Canadians: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Lebrun Lydie A. , LaVeist Thomas A.
Published: September 2013

This study obtained nationally representative estimates of health-related indicators among native-born Black Canadians, and compared these estimates with those of native-born White Canadians. Data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2003-2008). Outcomes included smoking status, general health status, body mass index, and chronic conditions (i.e., asthma, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cancer). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to obtain unadjusted and adjusted period prevalence estimates for Black and White survey participants, and to determine the magnitude of health inequalities between racial groups. Estimates were adjusted for various socio-demographic factors to account for potential confounding. After adjustment, Blacks had about 50% lower odds of being current or former smokers (p < 0.0001 for both), 60% lower odds of having cancer (p < 0.01), and 70% lower odds of having heart disease (p < 0.0001), relative to Whites. There were no statistically significant differences across the two racial groups for the remaining health status indicators. Native-born Black Canadians report comparable or better health status relative to their White counterparts. Pour cette étude, nous avons obtenu des estimations représentatives au niveau national d'indicateurs liés à la santé parmi les Canadiens de naissance noirs, et nous les avons comparées à celles de leurs homologues blancs. Les données proviennent de l'Enquête sur la santé des communautés canadiennes 2003-2008. Les résultats incluaient le fait d'être ou non fumeur, la santé en général, l'index de masse corporelle et les conditions chroniques (par exemple : l'asthme, l'hypertension, le diabète, les maladies cardiaques et le cancer). Des statistiques descriptives et des modèles de régression logistiques ont permis d'obtenir des estimations de prévalence sur un certain temps, corrigées et non corrigées, pour les Noirs et les Blancs ayant fait partie de l'enquête, et de déterminer la magnitude des inégalités en matière de santé entre les deux groupes. Ces estimations ont été corrigées en fonction de facteurs socio-démographiques variés pour tenir compte de confusion potentielle. Après ajustement, les Noirs avaient à environ 50% moins de risques que les Blancs d'être des fumeurs actuels ou passés (p<0,0001 pour les deux), à 60% d'avoir le cancer (p<0,01) et à 70% d'avoir une maladie cardiaque. Il n'y avait pas de différences statistiquement significatives entre les deux groupes en ce qui concerne les autres indicateurs de santé. Les Canadiens de naissance noirs présentaient une santé comparable ou meilleure à celle de leurs homologues blancs.
The Colour of Language: Accent, Devaluation and Resistance in Latin American Immigrant Lives in Canada
Authors: Tomic Patricia
Published: September 2013

This analysis studies the power of Standard English in the process of formation of devalued immigrant identities in contemporary English Canada. Probing the connections between Standard English, colonialism, whiteness and the immigrant experience, this piece moves from an educator's autobiography to the analysis of other immigrant lives to understand the production of a dominant discourse that reaffirms whiteness and the native speaker of English over the identity of the speaker of English as second language. The essay concludes with the argument that those whose identities have been marginalized in the name of substandard language and cultural traits emerge from this process with privilege to interpret and transform the society to which they now belong. Cette analyse présente le pouvoir normatif de l'anglais standard dans le processus de formation dévalorisante de l'identité des immigrés habitant aujourd'hui au Canada anglais. Cette étude sonde les liens entre l'anglais normatif, le colonialisme, le fait d'être un Blanc et ce que vivent les immigrés, en partant de l'autobiographie d'un éducateur pour analyser ensuite d'autres expériences de vie d'immigrés, afin de comprendre comment la production d'un discours dominant sert à réaffirmer la supériorité d'un Blanc de langue maternelle anglaise au Canada et l'infériorité identitaire d'une personne dont l'anglais est la langue seconde. Cet essai permet de conclure que ceux qui ont été marginalisés sous le prétexte de l'infériorité de leur langue et de leur culture, émergent de ce processus en ayant l'avantage de pouvoir scruter et transformer la société dont ils font désormais partie.
Building a Multicultural Coalition: Promoting Participation in Civic Society among Ethnic Minority Communities
Authors: Mayan Maria , Turner Alina Tanasescu , Ortiz Lucenia , Moffatt Jessica
Published: September 2013

An extensive body of literature on participation and civic engagement documents the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in the political processes of their adoptive countries and the systemic causes for this occurrence. However, there remains a critical need to understand how to address this issue for the benefit of ethnic minority communities, governments, and society. In this article, the authors describe the development of a multicultural coalition and strategies used that promote participation in civic society. Findings suggest that public institutions can successfully create the space for meaningful civic engagement if attention is paid to the diverse understandings of what political participation means in Canadian society from the perspective of ethnic minority communities. De nombreuses études sur la participation et l'engagement civique des minorités ethniques documentent leur sous-représentation dans les processus politiques de leurs pays d'adoption et les causes systémiques de ce phénomène. Un besoin critique se fait cependant encore sentir, de comprendre comment faire face à ce problème pour le bénéfice de ces communautés, des gouvernements et de la société. Dans cet article, les auteurs décrivent le développement d'une coalition multiculturelle et les stratégies employées pour promouvoir cette participation à la société civile. Nos résultats suggèrent que les institutions peuvent ouvrir avec succès un espace à un engagement civique qui ait du sens, si on porte attention à une compréhension diverse de ce que la participation politique signifie dans une société canadienne qui inclue le point de vue des communautés ethniques minoritaires.
Language Policies and Programs for Adult Immigrants in Canada: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Guo Yan
Published: September 2013

This paper explores current issues in English as a Second Language (ESL) policies and programs for adult immigrants in Canada from a critical multiculturalism perspective. In the context of Canadian policies on immigration, bilingualism, and multiculturalism, the paper first provides an overview of language education in Canada historically. Current trends and issues in language programs for adult immigrants are then explored by examining discourses of integration at the level of both policy and practice, by looking at problems of teaching Canadian values, and by critiquing the emphasis on employability in language programs. Implications for language education for adult immigrants are also discussed. Dans cet article, nous explorons les questions actuelles dans la politique et les programmes pour immigrants adultes au Canada concernant l'anglais, langue seconde (ALS), et ce à partir d'une perspective critique et multiculturelle. Dans le contexte des mesures gouvernementales canadiennes en immigration, en bilinguisme et en multiculturalisme, cet article offre d'abord un survol historique de l'enseignement des langues au Canada. Puis, nous explorons les tendances et les problèmes actuels dans les programmes de langue pour les immigrants adultes, en étudiant les discours d'intégration au niveau à la fois de la politique et de la mise en pratique, en notant les problèmes de l'enseignement des valeurs canadiennes et en critiquant l'emphase portée dans les programmes en question pour en faire un outil. Nous y examinons aussi les implications que cela entraîne pour l'apprentissage des langues chez les adultes immigrants.
Silver and Hotcakes and Beer: Irish Montreal in the 1840s
Authors: Olson Sherry
Published: September 2013

The papers of Bartholomew O'Brien, innkeeper and broker of silver, offer a fresh look at Montreal's Irish Catholic community in the 1840s. His interventions illustrate the way an individual navigated an "ethnicized" social network and circulated resources between the market economy and the gift economy, spheres that Ferdinand Tönnies termed the Gesellschaft and the Gemeinschaft (1887). In a city embarked on the revolution of steam power, the two circuits were braided together, and, despite the obsolescence of Tönnies' original formulation, the distinction reveals some persistent features of the invasive nature of capital and human responses to its perennial re-structuring of the urban economy. When the market faltered, each of the several ethnic communities worked to buffer its members through a personal web of trust. The evidence is based on archival sources: O'Brien's own correspondence and daybook, parish registers, and leases and loans conserved in notaries' repertories. Les papiers de Bartholomew O'Brien, aubergiste et changeur d'argent, offrent une nouvelle perspective sur la communauté irlando-catholique de Montréal. Membre de la génération pionnière, ses interventions au cours des années 1840 font comprendre comment l'individu naviguait dans un réseau social «ethnicisé» pour faire circuler des ressources entre l'économie du marché et l'économie du don, les deux sphères que Ferdinand Tönnies nommait Gesellschaft et Gemeinschaft (1887). Dans une ville qui amorçait une révolution industrielle, les deux circuits s'entrecroisaient. Bient qu'elle soit dépassée, la distinction de Tönnies découvre la nature envahissante du capital et la réponse humaine à la restructuration de l'économie urbaine. Lors d'une défaillance du marché, chaque communauté culturelle s'acharnait à protéger les siens en mobilisant son propre réseau de confiance. L'interprétation est fondée sur des sources archivistiques: un journal de bord tenu par O'Brien, une correspondance et comptabilité, et baux et prêts conservés dans les répertoires des notaires.
Ideological Orientation of Professors and Equity Policies for Racialized Minorities
Authors: Nakhaie Reza
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the extent to which university professors in Canada are supportive of policies that set targets for admission to colleges and universities and that help increase employment opportunities for racial and ethnic minorities in the wider market. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that support for equity legislation is primarily accounted for by professors' ideological orientation and less so by their collective or self-interest. Using a large study conducted in 2001, we showed that the most important explanation for support for race-directed equity legislation is rooted in the perception of discrimination and a left-oriented ideology which includes egalitarianism, union support, and strike militancy. As well, the analysis revealed that racialized minorities are more, and higher income individuals are less, supportive of race-targeted equity policies. The policy implication of results is discussed. Dans cet article, nous recherchons à quel point les professeurs d'université au Canada soutiennent des politiques d'objectifs à atteindre concernant l'admission de minorités raciales et ethniques dans les institutions post-secondaires afin de les aider à obtenir plus de possibilités d'emploi dans le marché en général. Plus précisément, nous avons testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle c'est surtout l'orientation idéologique des professeurs qui les mène à tenir compte d'un soutien à une législation sur l'équité, plutôt que leur intérêt collectif ou personnel. À partir d'une grande étude conduite en 2001, nous montrons que l'explication la plus fréquente pour soutenir une telle législation qui vise la question raciale, est ancrée dans la perception d'une discrimination et d'une idéologie de gauche qui inclut l'égalitarisme, le soutien aux syndicats et un militantisme pro-grèves. De même, notre analyse révèle que les minorités racialisées sont plus en faveur de politiques d'équité envers les races, alors que les personnes à revenus plus élevés le sont moins. Les implications de ces politiques font l'objet d'un débat.
Some Factors Shaping the Expansion of Hutterite Colonies in Alberta Since the Repeal of the Communal Property Act in 1973
Authors: Evans Simon M.
Published: September 2013

The Hutterites are a religious sect, an ethnic group, and a communal brotherhood. Since their arrival in North America in 1874, they have resisted assimilation and held onto their language, their schools and socialization processes, their clothing and their lifestyle. Two clan groups of Hutterites relocated to Alberta in 1918. During and after World War Two, the freedom of these Hutterites to buy land on which to establish new colonies was curtailed by legislation. It was not until 1973 that the incoming Lougheed government repealed the Communal Property Act. This paper describes Hutterite expansion during the past thirty-five years and examines the changing context in which their locational decisions have been made. First, the attitudes of the main "actors" - the government, the Hutterites and the people of Alberta - are evaluated, and then some of the issues that have remained contentious are examined. Les Huttérites sont une secte religieuse, un groupe ethnique et une fraternité communale. Depuis leur arrivée en Amérique du Nord en 1874, ils ont résisté à toute assimilation et gardé leur langue, leurs écoles et leurs processus de socialisation, leur mode vestimentaire et leur style de vie. Deux groupes de clans huttérites se sont relocalisés en Alberta en 1918. Pendant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, leur liberté d'acquérir des terres sur lesquelles établir de nouvelles colonies a été limitée par la législation. Ce n'est pas avant 1970 que le nouveau gouvernement Lougheed a rescindé le Loi sur la propriété communale. Dans cet article, nous décrivons l'expansion des Huttérites au cours des trente-cinq dernières années et nous examinons les changement du contexte dans lequel leurs décisions de localisation ont été prises. Nous évaluons d'abord les attitudes des principaux «acteurs» - le gouvernement, les Huttérites et la population albertaine -, et nous nous penchons ensuite sur quelques uns des problèmes qui sont restés un objet de contention.
L'inégalité, la pauvreté et l'intégration économique des immigrés au Canada
Authors: Zhu Nong , Helly Denise
Published: September 2013

This paper is based on confidential data from some Censuses and examines the factors of inequality of earnings and of poverty relative to Canadian immigrants during the period of 1990 to 2006. The results of our analysis show that immigrants from developing countries have been the most harmed by economic fluctuations. They have less income than either native-born Canadians or immigrants from other countries; in addition, the return on their human capital has diminished between 1991 and 2006. The importance of migratory flux from developing countries has increased the social heterogeneity of the immigrant population, and has aggravated the inequality of income within the group of immigrants from the South as well as between them and other immigrants.
Le capital social collectif des Sud-Asiatiques de Montréal : De l'entre soi au mainstream
Authors: Fiore Anna Maria
Published: September 2013

Les réseaux associatifs des populations issues de l'immigration sont encore mal connus. Deux grands questionnements de recherche se posent à leur sujet : quel type de capital social produisent-ils et y a-t-il une articulation entre les différentes catégories de capital social générées par ces réseaux? Par exemple, le capital social qui unit les membres d'une même communauté ou groupe, permet-il d'établir des liens avec d'autres réseaux? Nous avons exploré ces questions avec le cas de figure des Sud-Asiatiques qui ont contribué à la transformation sociodémographique et culturelle de Montréal et qui demeurent peu connus au Québec. Notre étude s'appuie sur différentes sources statistiques, y compris les données des recensements de 2001 et de 2006 pour présenter le portrait sociodémographique de ce groupe à Montréal. La recherche sur le réseau associatif se base sur l'analyse de 39 entrevues réalisées, de 2006 à 2007, auprès de leaders sud-asiatiques de première et de seconde génération dans la région de Montréal. Quelques entretiens complémentaires ont été faits à Vancouver et à Toronto dans un but comparatif. Notre recherche révèle que cette communauté a un réseau communautaire assez complet, où les femmes jouent un rôle important. Nous avons observé que les associations sud-asiatiques établissent des liens avec d'autres types d'associations ainsi qu'avec d'autres réseaux. Nous explorons aussi l'hypothèse d'une relation de transitivité entre les diverses catégories de capital social.
Francophone Minority Communities and Immigrant Integration in Canada: Rethinking the Normative Foundations
Authors: Iacovino Raffaele , Léger Rémi
Published: September 2013

This paper addresses one particular feature of Canada's accommodation of diversity—the existence of French-language communities outside of Quebec and New Brunswick—to show how there continues to be conceptual difficulties in reconciling Canada's many diversities. More specifically, we are concerned with conceptual ambiguities associated with the place of these minority communities in Canada's constitutive political sociology, and difficulties in promoting a coherent set of policies for their flourishing. Moreover, this paper will not simply rehash arguments about their formal and conceptual status. We are interested in illuminating a recent initiative that seeks to direct immigrants to these communities in the hope of maintaining their overall percentage of the Canadian population. This is a development that has received little attention to date from the perspective of the scholarship of multiculturalism and minority rights, and political theory more generally. We argue that the strategy to target Francophone minority communities as 'sites' of integration represents a false promise for both these communities and immigrants. This article will show that the federal framework of 'multiculturalism within a bilingual framework' obscures the realities confronting Francophone minority communities and thus their capacity to integrate newcomers, on both empirical and normative grounds. Cet article porte sur un cas particulier de l'accommodement canadien de la diversité - l'existence de communautés francophones en dehors du Québec et du Nouveau-Brunswick - pour montrer comment des difficultés conceptuelles à réconcilier les multiples aspects de cette diversité sont encore présentes. Plus précisément, ce qui nous concerne, ce sont les ambiguïtés de la sociologie politique constitutive du Canada envers la place donnée à ces communautés minoritaires et les difficultés promouvoir un ensemble cohérent de politiques en faveur de leur épanouissement. De plus, il ne s'agit pas ici de simplement répéter les arguments sur leur statut formel et conceptuel. Ce qui nous intéresse, c'est d'éclairer une initiative récente qui tente de diriger des immigrants vers elles dans l'espoir de maintenir leur pourcentage général de la population canadienne. Ce développement a reçu peu d'attention du point de vue de la recherche sur le multiculturalisme et les droits des minorités, ainsi que sur la théorie politique en général. Nous soutenons que la stratégie de viser les minorités francophones comme «lieux» d'intégration représente une fausse promesse, aussi bien pour ces communautés que pour les immigrants. Nous montrons dans cet article que les modalités fédérales du «multiculturalisme dans un cadre bilingue» cachent les réalités auxquelles elles sont confrontées et, donc, leur capacité à intégrer les nouveaux-venus, aussi bien pour des raisons empiriques que normatives.
Rural Community–Academic Partnership Model for Community Engagement and Partnered Research
Authors: Baquet Claudia R. , Bromwell Jeanne L. , Hall Margruetta B. , Frego Jacob F.
Published: September 2013

Background: A rural community–academic partnership was developed in 1997 between the Eastern Shore Area Health Education Center (ESAHEC) and the University of Maryland School of Medicine’s (UMSOM) Office of Policy and Planning (OPP). The model supports partnered research, bidirectional interactions, and community and health professional education.
Objectives: The primary aim was to develop a sustainable community–academic partnership that addressed health and social issues on the rural Eastern Shore.
Lessons Learned: Mutual respect and trust led to sustained, bidirectional interactions and communication. Community and academic partner empowerment were supported by shared grant funds. Continual refinement of the partnership and programs occurred in response to community input and qualitative and quantitative research.
Results: The partnership led to community empowerment, increased willingness to participate in clinical trials and biospecimen donation, leveraged grant funds, partnered research, and policies to support health and social interventions.
Conclusions: This partnership model has significant benefits and demonstrates its relevance for addressing complex rural health issues. Innovative aspects of the model include shared university grants, community inclusion on research protocols, bidirectional research planning and research ethics training of partners and communities. The model is replicable in other rural areas of the United States.
The Developmental Stages of a Community–University Partnership: The Experience of Padres Informados/Jovenes Preparados
Authors: Allen Michele L. , Svetaz María Veronica , Hurtado G. Ali , Linares Roxana , Garcia-Huidobro Diego , Hurtado Monica
Published: September 2013

Background: Strong and sustained community–university partnerships are necessary for community-based participatory translational research. Little attention has been paid to understanding the trajectory of research partnerships from a developmental perspective.
Objective: To propose a framework describing partnership development and maturation based on Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development and describe how our collaboration is moving through those stages.
Methods: Collaborators engaged in three rounds of iterative reflection regarding characteristics and contributors to the maturation of the Padres Informados/Jovenes Preparados (Informed Parents/Prepared Youth [PI/JP]) partnership.
Lessons Learned: Each stage is characterized by broad developmental partnership tasks. Conflict or tension within the partnership is often a part of achieving the associated tasks. The strengths developed at each stage prepare the partnership for challenges associated with subsequent stages.
Conclusions: This framework could provide a means for partnerships to reflect on their strengths and challenges at a given time point, and to help understand why some partnerships fail whereas others achieve maturity.