bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Temporal Inequality into Conservation Planning to Improve Practice Design and Efficacy
Authors: Williams Mark R. , King Kevin W. , Penn Chad J.
Published: June 2018

In contrast to spatial inequality, there are currently no methods for leveraging information on temporal inequality to improve conservation efficacy. The objective of this study was to use Lorenz curves to quantify temporal inequality in surface runoff and tile drainage, identify controls on nutrient loading in these flowpaths, and develop design flows for structural conservation practices. Surface runoff (n = 94 site‐years) and tile drainage (n = 90 site‐years) were monitored on 40 fields in Ohio. Results showed, on average, 80% of nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (P), and total P loads occurred between 7 and 12 days per year in surface runoff and between 32 and 58 days per year in tile drainage. Similar temporal inequality between discharge and load provided evidence that loading was transport‐limited and highlighted the critical role hydrologic connectivity plays in nutrient delivery from tile‐drained fields. Design flow criterion for sizing structural practices based on load reduction goals was developed by combining Lorenz curves and flow duration curves. Comparing temporal inequality between fields and the Maumee River, the largest tributary to the western Lake Erie Basin, revealed challenges associated with achieving watershed load reduction goals with field‐scale conservation. In‐field (i.e., improved nutrient and water management), edge‐of‐field (i.e., structural practices), and instream practices will all be required to meet nutrient reduction goals from tile‐drained watersheds.
ATHLETICS, MEMORY, AND COMMUNITY IN HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN MESSENE
Authors: PAPAKONSTANTINOU ZINON
Published: June 2018

Recent excavations in the site of Messene have unveiled numerous inscriptions from the Hellenistic and Roman imperial periods that significantly increase our understanding of the agonistic life of the city. By utilizing this new set of evidence in this paper I examine patterns of athletic competition by Messenian athletes in panhellenic and local contests. Moreover, I explore victory commemoration practices in the urban landscape of Messene as a means to comprehend how the community acted out, in an institutionalized manner, its collective memory, identity, and historical consciousness.
ARMORUM STUDIUM: GLADIATORIAL TRAINING AND THE GLADIATORIAL LUDUS
Authors: CARTER MICHAEL
Published: June 2018

In his Apologia (98.7), written about ad 158, Apuleius laments the fact that his former ward, the noble young Sicinius Pudens, has been allowed to abandon his studies and is instead spending his time in taverns and with prostitutes and, worst of all, has become a frequent visitor at the local gladiatorial school. Pudens has come to know all the gladiators’ names, their ‘fights and wounds’, and has even started receiving instruction from the lanista himself. In this paper, I investigate the possible reasons why aristocratic Roman youth (iuvenes) might have sought weapons-training and the means by which these young men could have accessed such training in connection with a gladiatorial ludus. The investigation additionally considers the organization of gladiators and their trainers in the ludus.
Modelling Receivables and Deferred Revenues to Detect Revenue Management
Authors: Zha Giedt Jenny
Published: June 2018

This study develops and calibrates a revenue accruals model. Changes in accounts receivable and deferred revenues are modelled using the respective income statement and cash flow numbers (i.e., revenues and cash flows from sales) that relate directly to the accruals’ origination and reversal. Compared to existing models, the proposed specification explains more variation in the data and, in simulations with seeded revenue manipulation, exhibits greater detection power and less bias. Furthermore, the abnormal revenue estimates are positively associated with cases of revenue misstatements identified by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Results imply that researchers, auditors, and regulators interested to detect earnings management should focus on modelling specific accruals. As a practical matter, to detect revenue management, they should consider broadening their scope to examine not only accounts receivable but also current and long‐term deferred revenues.
Lactulose as a novel template for anticancer drug development targeting galectins
Authors: Kishor Chandan , Ross Renee L. , Blanchard Helen
Published: June 2018

Galectins are carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins), which characteristically bind β‐galactosides. Galectins play a role in tumour progression through involvement in proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and drug resistance. There is need for inhibitors (antagonists) that are specific for distinct galectins and that can interfere with galectin‐carbohydrate interactions during cancer progression. Here, we propose that lactulose, a non‐digestible galactose‐fructose disaccharide, presents a novel inhibitor scaffold for design of inhibitors against galectins. Thermodynamic evaluation displays binding affinity of lactulose against the galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Crystal structures of galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 in complex with lactulose reveal for the first time the molecular basis of the galectin‐lactulose interactions. Molecular modelling was implemented to propose novel lactulose derivatives as potent anti‐cancer agents.
“If I had been given that information back then”: An interpretive description exploring the information needs of adults with cerebral palsy looking back on their transition to adulthood
Authors: Freeman M. , Stewart D. , Cunningham C. E. , Gorter J. W.
Published: June 2018

Background

Young people with cerebral palsy (CP) and their families have identified lack of information received during the transition to adulthood as a barrier to successful outcomes. To date, few studies have explored the information needs, preferences, timing, and method of provision from the perspective of individuals with CP.

Method

The methodological approach to this qualitative study was interpretive description. Nine adults living with CP, between the ages of 20 and 40, were purposively recruited in Ontario, Canada, to explore, retrospectively, their information needs during the transition to adulthood. Participants completed a 1‐hour interview that explored their experiences seeking and receiving information. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed to create a thematic description of adults' experiences with information.

Results

Three themes emerged: (a) “Recognizing and supporting information needs,” which highlighted the importance of support systems to assist young people in receiving and seeking information throughout the transition; (b) “Getting creative,” which highlighted strategies young people use when confronted with environmental barriers when seeking information; and (c) “Gaps and advice for the future,” which highlighted the need for real‐life opportunities, during the transition to adulthood, to experience some of the responsibilities of adult life.

Conclusion

Clinicians assisting young people with CP need purposefully to foster knowledge and skills during the transition to adulthood. They should be not only providers of information but also enablers of opportunities for immersion in real‐life experiences to prepare for adult life. It is important for young people to have the opportunity to discuss challenges and exchange information with their peers.
Consistency of novel ultrasound equations for estimating percent intramuscular fat
Authors: Burton Adam M. , Stock Matt S.
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Echo intensity reflects both intramuscular adiposity and fibrous tissue content. Recently, equations that allow investigators to estimate the percentage of intramuscular fat for individual muscles via measurements of echo intensity and subcutaneous fat were created. However, as the trial‐to‐trial consistency of these values has not been reported in the literature, it is unclear if they can be used to track changes during physical activity and/or nutritional interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the test‐retest reliability of rectus femoris percent intramuscular fat.

Methods

Nineteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age = 22 ± 3 year; ten females, nine males) with a body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m2 participated. On three occasions, B‐mode ultrasonography was used to acquire panoramic images of the dominant rectus femoris in the transverse plane. ImageJ software was used to quantify echo intensity, subcutaneous fat thickness and cross‐sectional area. Rectus femoris percent intramuscular fat was estimated with sex‐specific equations.

Results

Uncorrected and corrected echo intensity, subcutaneous fat and cross‐sectional area exhibited excellent consistency (P > 0·05, intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ≥ .900, standard errors of measurement [SEMs] ≤ 7·26%). Percent intramuscular fat for all participants also demonstrated satisfactory reliability (ICC = 0·980, SEM = 3·07%), with similar findings for males (ICC = 0·970, SEM = 3·63%) and females (ICC = 0·968, SEM = 1·41%).

Discussion

The high ICCs and low SEMs suggest that ultrasonography‐derived rectus femoris percent fat may be a reliable tool for tracking changes in lower extremity intramuscular adiposity.
Development of a cost‐optimization model to reduce bottlenecks: A health service case study
Authors: Lau Henry , Dadich Ann , Nakandala Dilupa , Evans Huntley , Zhao Li
Published: June 2018

With the increasing use of emergency departments, many public hospitals experience bottlenecks that hinder patient flow within the health system. Mitigating bottlenecks can enhance workflow efficiency and reduce patient wait‐time. Yet given the complexity of health services, current techniques have a limited capacity to address this issue. This article introduces an innovative generic cost‐optimization model based on genetic algorithm to alleviate bottlenecks without the need for complex mathematical analysis. A case study is presented to validate its feasibility, demonstrating an evidence‐based, pragmatic way to alleviate bottlenecks that practitioners can readily implement.
A comparison analysis for credit scoring using bagging ensembles
Authors: Luo Cuicui
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we present a hybrid approach for credit scoring, and the classification performance of this approach is compared with 4 base learners in machine learning. A large credit default swap dataset covering the period from 2006 to 2016 is used to build classifiers and test their performances. The results from this empirical study indicate that the bagging ensemble method can substantially improve individual base learners such as decision tree, multilayer perceptron, and k‐nearest neighbours. The performance of support vector machine does not change after applying bagging ensemble. The overall results demonstrate that k‐nearest neighbour is more suitable than any other method when dealing with large unbalanced datasets in credit scoring.
The effects of task‐essential training on L2 processing strategies and the development of Spanish verbal morphology
Authors: Dracos Melisa , Henry Nick
Published: June 2018

The acquisition of verbal morphology presents challenges for many second language (L2) learners, in part because they do not readily process those forms during sentence comprehension. Instead, L2 learners rely on lexical‐semantic cues (e.g., temporal adverbs and explicit subjects). This study investigated the role of task‐essential training in changing learners’ processing tendencies and tested whether such changes were related to increased performance with the L2 Spanish present, preterite, and future tenses and first‐ and third‐person morphology. The experiment compared a no‐training control group to three groups of learners who completed a multisession task‐essential training following the principles of structured input (SI). Groups varied in the type of feedback they received. Results of a cue‐reliance assessment indicated that each SI group relied significantly more on verbal inflections after training while the control group did not. Furthermore, the extent to which groups relied on verbal inflections on posttest measures correlated moderately to strongly with performance on interpretation and written production measures. Implications are discussed for input processing, learned attention, and pedagogy, in particular the impact of feedback on cue reliance and learning outcomes.
Epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma: review and description of the nonepidemic variant
Authors: Vangipuram Ramya , Tyring Stephen K.
Published: June 2018

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare angioproliferative tumor whose etiology is associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8). KS lesions typically involve the skin or mucosal surfaces and are characterized by purplish, red‐blue, or brown‐black macules, papules, and nodules which are prone to bleeding and ulceration. Definitive diagnosis requires biopsy revealing characteristic angioproliferative features. There are four widely recognized types of KS, which are histologically indistinguishable but differ in epidemiology and prognosis. These include classic, endemic, iatrogenic, and epidemic. KS has been increasingly recognized in a new subgroup of patients: men who have sex with men (MSM) but who are HIV‐seronegative human immuodeficiency virus‐seronegative and have no identifiable immunodeficiency. This fifth variant of KS, termed nonepidemic KS, resembles classic KS in presentation and prognosis. In this literature review, we report the characteristics of nonepidemic KS based on all published cases and highlight the need for clinicians to recognize this new clinical variant.
The role of care coordination and out‐of‐home placement in youth dental and vision care visits
Authors: Lee Bethany R. , Cosgrove John A.
Published: June 2018

Care coordination has been proposed as an approach to promote access to services for youth with complex health and mental health needs. Youth with behavioral health needs are at increased risk of out‐of‐home placement, an experience which may also impact service utilization. Using a sample of administrative and public health insurance record data for youth with mental health needs, we assessed the relationships between care coordination and out‐of‐home placement on service utilization of dental and vision care. Findings suggest that placement is significantly associated with increased likelihood of accessing dental and vision care. The onset of care coordination is associated with a small but significant increase in vision care use. Regulatory and policy directives for out‐of‐home care providers in the USA may be facilitating access to dental and vision care services for youth in placement.

Key Practitioner Message: • Youth in placement were more likely to have dental and vision care visits; • Onset of care coordination was not associated with increased dental and vision care.
RNA interference validation of detoxification genes involved in ivermectin tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kim J.H. , Moreau J.A. , Ali Y. , Razo P. , Hong K. B. , Yoon K.S. , Clark J.M.
Published: June 2018

Previously, we observed increased transcription levels of specific cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes in human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus, following exposure to ivermectin using the non‐invasive induction assay, which resulted in tolerance. To confirm the roles of these genes in induction and tolerance, the robust genetic model insect Drosophila melanogaster was chosen. Orthologous genes corresponding to the body louse P450 (Cyp9f2, Cyp6g2 and Cyp9h1) and ABC transporter (Mrp1, GC1824 as an ABCB type and CG3327 as an ABCG type) genes were selected for in vivo bioassay. Following a brief treatment with a sublethal dose of ivermectin, the mortality response was significantly slower, indicating the presence of tolerance. Concurrently, the transcription levels of Cyp9f2 and Mrp1 at 3 h and those of Cyp6g2, Cyp9h1, Mrp1, CG1824 and CG3327 at 6 h post‐treatment were upregulated, indicating gene induction. In behavioural bioassay using GAL4/UAS–RNA interference transgenic fly lines, increased susceptibility to ivermectin was observed following heat shock in the Cyp9f2 , Cyp6g2 , Cyp9h1 , Mrp1 or CG3327‐knockdown flies. Considering that these five genes are orthologous to those which had the largest over‐expression level following ivermectin‐induced tolerance in the body louse, the current results suggest that they are also associated with ivermectin detoxification in D. melanogaster and that body lice and D. melanogaster are likely to share, in part, similar mechanisms of tolerance to ivermectin.
Integrative transcriptomic and genomic analysis of odorant binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in aphids
Authors: Wang Q. , Zhou J.‐J. , Liu J.‐T. , Huang G.‐Z. , Xu W.‐Y. , Zhang Q. , Chen J.‐L. , Zhang Y.‐J. , Li X.‐C. , Gu S.‐H.
Published: June 2018

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) play essential roles in insect chemosensory recognition. Here, we identified nine OBPs and nine CSPs from the Myzus persicae transcriptome and genome. Genomic structure analysis showed that the number and length of the introns are much higher, and this appears to be a unique feature of aphid OBP genes. Three M. persicae OBP genes (OBP3/7/8) as well as CSP1/4/6, CSP2/9 and CSP5/8 are tandem arrayed in the genome. Phylogenetic analyses of five different aphid species suggest that aphid OBPs and CSPs are conserved in single copy across all aphids (with occasional losses), indicating that each OBP and CSP class evolved from a single gene in the common ancestor of aphids without subsequent duplication. Motif pattern analysis revealed that aphid OBP and CSP motifs are highly conserved, and this could suggest the conserved functions of aphid OBPs and CSPs. Three OBPs (MperOBP6/7/10) are expressed antennae specifically, and five OBPs (MperOBP2/4/5/8/9) are expressed antennae enriched, consistent with their putative olfactory roles. M. persicae CSPs showed much broader expression profiles in nonsensory organs than OBPs. None of the nine MperCSPs were found to be antennae specific, but five of them (MperCSP1/2/4/5/6) showed higher expression levels in the legs than in other tissues. MperCSP10 mainly expressed in the antennae and legs. The broad and diverse expression patterns of M. persicae CSPs suggest their multifunctions in olfactory perception, development and other processes.
Internal Migration in Spain: Dealing with Multilateral Resistance and Nonlinearites
Authors: Maza Adolfo , Gutiérrez‐Portilla María , Hierro María , Villaverde José
Published: June 2018

This article investigates the determinants of internal mobility of both foreigners and natives across Spanish provinces over the decade 2004‐14. Building on an extended gravity model, our econometric strategy controls for multilateral resistance to migration by including different fixed effects structures. Additionally, the article allows for some nonlinearities in the key economic determinants of migration, wages and unemployment. The main finding is that the impact of economic factors on internal migration is higher for foreigners than for natives; furthermore, the effect of these factors on internal migration is clearly nonlinear for the group of natives, while this only happens for foreigners when dyadic fixed effects of origin‐destination are considered. Finally, the article shows that the nature of the amenities with the greatest impact on internal movements differs between the two groups: foreigners look for social services and cultural amenities, whereas natives are more attracted by good climate conditions.
In situ observations of cracking in constrained sintering
Authors: Carazzone Joseph R. , Bonar Michael D. , Baring Henry W. , Cantu Mark A. , Cordero Zachary C.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we examine the long‐standing problem of cracking during constrained sintering of a powder aggregate. Using binder jet 3D printing, we prepare ceramic green bodies in the form of center‐notched panels, then use in situ imaging to observe how cracks nucleate and grow from the notch as the material sinters under restraint. Quantitative image analysis allows us to identify important characteristics of the sinter‐cracking process, indicating a framework for analyzing the problem and developing methods for avoiding it, including representation of sinter‐cracking as a creep crack growth process, use of fracture mechanics parameters to design specimen geometries that do not exceed critical stress intensities, and the possibility of exploiting the inherently ductile nature of sinter‐cracking to mitigate damage.
Photodermatoses in skin of colour
Authors: Gutierrez D. , Gaulding J.V. , Motta Beltran A.F. , Lim H.W. , Pritchett E.N.
Published: June 2018

Photodermatoses represent a heterogeneous collection of disorders unified by the characteristic of being provoked through exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Generally, these conditions are classified into the following categories: immunologically mediated photodermatoses, chemical‐ and drug‐induced photosensitivity, photoaggravated dermatoses and photosensitivity associated with defective DNA repair mechanisms or chromosomal instabilities. The list of photodermatoses is extensive, and each individual photodermatosis is understood to a different extent. Regardless, there exists a paucity of information with regards to the clinical presentation among those with skin of colour. With ever‐changing global demographics, recognition of photosensitive disorders in a diverse population is essential for accurate diagnoses and therapeutic guidance. The scope of this article seeks to review the epidemiology and clinical variability in presentation of such photodermatoses in patients with skin of colour.
Tecia solanivora infestation increases tuber starch accumulation in Pastusa Suprema potatoes
Authors: Kumar Pavan , Garrido Etzel , Zhao Kun , Zheng Yi , Alseekh Saleh , Vargas‐Ortiz Erandi , Fernie Alisdair R. , Fei Zhangjun , Poveda Katja , Jander Georg
Published: June 2018

In response to infestation with larvae of the Guatemalan tuber moth (Tecia solanivora), some Solanum tuberosum (potato) varieties exhibit an overcompensation response, whereby the total dry mass of uninfested tubers is increased. Here, we describe early responses, within the first few days, of T. solanivora feeding, in the Colombian potato variety Pastusa Suprema. Non‐targeted metabolite profiling showed significant secondary metabolism changes in T. solanivora‐infested tubers, but not in uninfested systemic tubers. In contrast, changes in primary metabolism were greater in uninfested systemic tubers than in the infested tubers, with a notable 80% decline in systemic tuber sucrose levels within 1 d of T. solanivora infestation. This suggested either decreased sucrose transport from the leaves or increased sink strength, i.e., more rapid sucrose to starch conversion in the tubers. Increased sucrose synthesis was indicated by higher rubisco activase and lower starch synthase gene expression in the leaves of infested plants. Elevated sink strength was demonstrated by 45% more total starch deposition in systemic tubers of T. solanivora‐infested plants compared to uninfested control plants. Thus, rather than investing in increased defense of uninfested tubers, Pastusa Suprema promotes deposition of photoassimilates in the form of starch as a response to T. solanivora infestation.
Factors affecting Korean neonatal nurses’ pain care: Psychometric evaluation of three instruments
Authors: Min Haeyoung , Vincent Catherine , Park Chang G. , Matthews Alicia K. , McCreary Linda L. , Latimer Margot
Published: June 2018

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean‐language versions of Pain Knowledge and Use (PKU‐K), Collaboration and Satisfaction About Care Decisions (CSACD‐K), and Environmental Complexity Scale (ECS‐K).

Methods

A cross‐sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 159 Korean nurses in seven neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The data were collected by surveying the nurses with the PKU‐K, CSACD‐K, and ECS‐K. Internal consistency reliability was assessed and Horn's parallel analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis, and a convergent construct validity test were conducted in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the instruments.

Results

The PKU‐K, CSACD‐K, and ECS‐K exhibited strong internal consistency reliability. Horn's parallel analysis showed four factor structures for the PKU‐K, one for the CSACD‐K, and three for the ECS‐K. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit for the PKU‐K and CSACD‐K, but the ECS‐K model showed a poor fit. Most factor loadings were statistically significant. The CSACD‐K's convergent validity was supported by significant correlations for collegial nurse–physician relations with a validated instrument.

Conclusion

The findings support the reliability and validity of the PKU‐K, CSACD‐K, and ECS‐K for measuring nurses’ knowledge about neonatal pain care, nurse–physician collaboration, and the work environment in NICUs. However, the ECS‐K needs further refinement before it is applied to Korean NICU nurses.
Adapting an Evidence‐based Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Intervention to Rural Communities
Authors: Johansson Patrik , Schober Daniel , Tutsch Sonja Franziska , Brueggeman Grant , Leon Melissa , Lyden Elizabeth , Schulz Paula Sue , Estabrooks Paul , Zimmerman Lani
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Using the RE‐AIM framework, the primary purpose of this qualitative study was to assess focus group data to generate information on the applicability of an evidence‐based cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk intervention developed for an urban setting for rural areas in Nebraska. We also sought to determine potential adaptations that may be necessary to implement the study in a rural setting. The CVD risk reduction intervention is based on the Community Outreach and Cardiovascular Health (COACH) program, which included nurse practitioner/community health worker teams.

Methods

This qualitative study involved conducting 3 focus groups with patients with CVD risk factors to assess community readiness for participating in the intervention, the mode of the delivery of the intervention, the setting of the intervention, program content, and raising awareness of the intervention.

Findings

Findings from the focus groups indicate acceptability toward a CVD risk reduction program modeled after the COACH. Participants favored initial in‐person face‐to‐face interactions with a nurse practitioner that could transition to phone‐based meetings and Skype. In addition, participants underscored that confidentiality can be a concern in small communities and therefore community health workers need to be trusted individuals. Calls for additions to COACH materials were very specific and participants underscored the need for social support.

Conclusions

With minor adaptations, the COACH program can be pilot tested in rural settings to address key health concerns and behaviors that affect risk for cardiovascular health.
Differential expression profile of hepatic circular RNAs in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Zhou T.‐C. , Li X. , Chen L.‐J. , Fan J.‐H. , Lai X. , Tang Y. , Zhang L. , Wei J.
Published: June 2018

CircRNAs exert gene regulatory effects by sequestering target microRNAs (miRNAs) and play a vital role in the onset and development of disease. Until recently, little has been known about the expression, regulation and biological function of circRNAs in both health and chronic hepatitis B (CHB).To identify hepatic circRNAs associated with CHB, we performed RNA sequencing using liver biopsies from untreated CHB patients and controls. We then established a bioinformatics pipeline for identification of CHB‐associated circRNAs and in silico analysis of the circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA pathways. We used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) to confirm these results. The profiles of hepatic circRNA expression were significantly different in CHB compared with controls, with a total of 99 dysregulated circRNAs identified to be correlated with CHB. Computational analysis of the circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA pathways revealed a large number of miRNAs (665), which were putatively targeted by the differentially expressed hepatic circRNAs. Interestingly, four of the predicted CHB‐related circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA pathways were found to be involved in the pathogenesis of HBV infection and progression of HBV‐associated liver disease. Among these pathways, regression analysis of gene expression revealed a strong positive correlation between hsa_circ_0000650 and TGFβ2 and a negative correlation between hsa_circ_0000650 and miR‐6873‐3p, which hinted that hsa_circ_0000650 interacted with TGFβ2 mediated by miR‐6873‐3p. This study firstly demonstrates that patients with CHB present different profiles of hepatic circRNAs and circRNA/miRNA interactions. Thus, circRNAs have promise as novel mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of CHB.
First Language Influence on Second Language Offline and Online Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution
Authors: Schimke Sarah , de la Fuente Israel , Hemforth Barbara , Colonna Saveria
Published: June 2018

This study examined first language (L1) influence on second language (L2) ambiguous pronoun resolution by investigating (a) whether L1 influence takes place at the level of the pronominal form (form‐dependent influence) and/or at the level of the construction in which the form appears (construction‐dependent influence) and (b) whether effects differ in online compared to offline data. In Experiment 1, we replicated previously observed construction‐dependent crosslinguistic differences between French and German and provided new data for Spanish. In Experiment 2, we assessed offline and online interpretation preferences of intermediate L1 French and L1 Spanish learners of German. Our results provide evidence of form‐dependent L1 influence, in that learners transferred a generalized antecedent bias associated with overt pronouns. Moreover, our results extend previous findings by showing that L1 influence on L2 pronoun resolution can occur during online processing.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the IRIS Repository at https://www.iris-database.org/iris/app/home/detail?id=york:934337. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Carbonaceous and noncarbonaceous iron meteorites: Differences in chemical, physical, and collective properties
Authors: Rubin Alan E.
Published: June 2018

Iron‐meteorite groups that appear from published isotopic data to have been derived from melted carbonaceous‐chondrite‐like precursors (CC irons) (IIC, IID, IIF, IIIF, IVB) tend to have higher median refractory siderophile element (RSE) contents, higher median Ni contents, and higher median Ir/Ni and Ir/Au ratios than magmatic noncarbonaceous (NC) iron‐meteorite groups (IC, IIAB, IIIAB, IIIE, IVA). (Group IIG is also NC.) One potential source of RSEs in magmatic CC irons is the set of refractory metal nuggets from inherited CAIs. Magmatic CC‐iron groups tend to have longer cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) ages than magmatic NC‐iron groups, indicating long residence times as small bodies in interplanetary space. The lower membership of CC‐iron groups is probably mainly due to the high oxidation state of their precursors. Such oxidation would have produced lesser amounts of free metal; parent body differentiation of such bodies would have produced smaller cores, resulting in fewer samples available to make CC‐iron meteorites in the first place. (Ungrouped magmatic irons, most of which can be considered groups with only one member, also tend to be carbonaceous.) It is possible that a subset of the chondrule‐poor dark inclusions in many carbonaceous chondrites represent unmelted materials related to the precursors of the CC irons. The Eagle Station pallasites (also CC‐related) are analogous to CC irons in being more oxidized, richer in Ni and RSEs, and fewer in number than main‐group pallasites (PMG). However, Eagle Station has a shorter CRE age than most PMG.
Neon isotopes in individual presolar low‐density graphite grains from the Orgueil meteorite
Authors: Heck Philipp R. , Jadhav Manavi , Meier Matthias M. M. , Maruoka Teruyuki , Amari Sachiko , Zinner Ernst K. , Busemann Henner , Maden Colin , Gyngard Frank , Baur Heinrich , Wieler Rainer
Published: June 2018

We present He and Ne isotopes of individual presolar graphite grains from a low‐density separate from Orgueil. Two grain mounts were analyzed with the same techniques but in a different sequence: The first one was measured with NanoSIMS followed by noble gas mass spectrometry, and the second one in reverse order. No grain contained 4He and only one grain on the second mount contained 3He. On the first mount, the grains had been extensively sputtered with NanoSIMS ion beams prior to noble gas analysis; we found only one grain out of 15 with presolar 22Ne above detection limit. In contrast, we found presolar 22Ne in six out of seven grains on the second mount that was not exposed to an ion beam prior to noble gas analysis. All 22 grains on the two mounts were imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and/or Auger microscopy. We present evidence that this contrasting observation is most likely due to e‐beam–induced heating of the generally smaller grains on the first mount during SEM and Auger imaging, and not primarily due to the NanoSIMS analysis. If thermal contact of the grains to the substrate is absent, such that heat can only be dissipated via radiation, then the smaller, sputter‐eroded grains are heated to higher temperatures such that noble gases can diffuse out. We discuss possible gas loss mechanisms and suggest solutions to reduce heating during e‐beam analyses by minimizing voltages, beam currents, and dwell times. We also found small amounts of 21Ne in five grains. Using isotope data we determined that the dominant sources of most grains are core‐collapse supernovae, congruent with earlier studies of low‐density presolar graphite from Murchison. Only two of the grains are most likely from AGB stars, and two others have an ambiguous origin.
Impact‐induced chemical fractionation as inferred from hypervelocity impact experiments with silicate projectiles and metallic targets
Authors: Ganino Clément , Libourel Guy , Nakamura Akiko M. , Jacomet Suzanne , Tottereau Olivier , Michel Patrick
Published: June 2018

Hypervelocity impacts are common in the solar system, in particular during its early phases when primitive bodies of contrasted composition collided. Whether these objects are chemically modified during the impact process, and by what kind of processes, e.g., chemical mixing or gas–liquid–solid fractionation, are still pending questions. To address these issues, a set of impact experiments involving a multielemental doped phonolitic projectile and a metallic target was performed in a 3–7 km s−1 range of impact speeds which are typical of those occurring in the asteroid belt. For each run, both texture and chemistry of the crater and the ejecta population have been characterized. The results show that the melted projectiles largely cover the craters at all speeds, and that melted phonolitic materials are injected into fractures in the crater in the metallic target. Ejecta are generally quenched droplets of silicate impact melt containing metal beads. Some of these beads are extracted from the target, but we propose that some of the Fe metal beads are the result of reduction of FeO. A thin FeO‐SiO2‐rich condensate layer is found at the edge of the crater, suggesting that a limited amount of vapor formed and condensed. LA‐ICP‐MS analyses suggest, however, that within analytical uncertainties, no volatility‐controlled chemical fractionation of trace elements occurred in the ejecta. The main chemical fractionation during impact at such velocities and energies are the result of projectile‐target mixing.
The meaning of “I” in “I”‐thought
Authors: Huang Minyao
Published: June 2018

“I”‐thought is often taken to have a special cognitive significance, with “I” symbolising a subjective way of thinking about oneself that is inapt for communication. In this paper I argue that the way one thinks of oneself in “I”‐thought is immaterial to the meaning of “I,” for in general the psychological role associated with a referential expression is separable from its meaning. With respect to “I,” I suggest that its meaning consists in an interpersonal way of fixing its reference in a context, which is accessible to the speaker and the hearer. Consequently, “I” would have a dual cognitive significance.
Sm‐p80‐based vaccine trial in baboons: efficacy when mimicking natural conditions of chronic disease, praziquantel therapy, immunization, and Schistosoma mansoni re‐encounter
Authors: Siddiqui Arif J. , Molehin Adebayo J. , Zhang Weidong , Ganapathy Pramodh K. , Kim Eunjee , Rojo Juan U. , Redman Whitni K. , Sennoune Souad R. , Sudduth Justin , Freeborn Jasmin , Hunter Derick , Kottapalli Kameswara R. , Kottapalli Pratibha , Wettashinghe Ruwanthi , van Dam Govert J. , Corstjens Paul L.A.M. , Papin James F. , Carey David , Torben Workineh , Ahmad Gul , Siddiqui Afzal A.
Published: June 2018

Sm‐p80‐based vaccine efficacy for Schistosoma mansoni was evaluated in a baboon model of infection and disease. The study was designed to replicate a human vaccine implementation scenario for endemic regions in which vaccine would be administered following drug treatment of infected individuals. In our study, the Sm‐p80‐based vaccine reduced principal pathology producing hepatic egg burdens by 38.0% and egg load in small and large intestines by 72.2% and 49.4%, respectively, in baboons. Notably, hatching rates of eggs recovered from liver and small and large intestine of vaccinated animals were significantly reduced, by 60.4%, 48.6%, and 82.3%, respectively. Observed reduction in egg maturation/hatching rates was supported by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy showing unique differences in Sm‐p80 expression in worms of both sexes and matured eggs. Vaccinated baboons had a 64.5% reduction in urine schistosome circulating anodic antigen, a parameter that reflects worm numbers/health status in infected hosts. Preliminary analyses of RNA sequencing revealed unique genes and canonical pathways associated with establishment of chronic disease, praziquantel‐mediated parasite killing, and Sm‐p80‐mediated protection in vaccinated baboons. Overall, our study demonstrated efficacy of the Sm‐p80 vaccine and provides insight into some of the epistatic interactions associated with protection.
I am insured but how do I use my coverage: Lessons from the front lines of Medicaid reform
Authors: McCullough Kimberly , Dalstrom Matthew
Published: June 2018

Objective

When Illinois expanded Medicaid in 2014, the state also passed legislation requiring that 50% of Medicaid recipients be enrolled in a managed care plan. The purpose of this project was to identify the barriers and facilitators that Medicaid enrollees have understanding and using their managed care plans.

Design and Sample

In this descriptive study, participants included Medicaid enrollees, community workers, health care navigators, and a state health insurance representative.

Measures

Methods included focus groups, interviews, and surveys.

Results

The challenges that Medicaid enrollees had transitioning from a state administered Medicaid program to private managed care program were grouped into three general themes: Individual Barriers, Structural Barriers, and Questions about Medicaid.

Conclusion

The Medicaid expansion in Illinois increased the number of people who receive health insurance. However, participants faced significant barriers using and understanding managed care because of their lack of previous experience using health insurance and the limited support provided by the state.
Scoring vs. Ranking: An Experimental Study of Idea Evaluation Processes
Authors: Cui Zhijian , Kumar PM Shijith , Gonçalves Dilney
Published: June 2018

Using an online experiment, this study examines the efficacy of two idea evaluation processes: scoring vs. ranking in the context of innovation management. In the scoring process, the evaluators are asked to rate the quality of each idea by assigning it a score (e.g., from 0 to 10), while in the ranking process the evaluator simply orders all ideas according to their perceived qualities. Our results suggest that the scoring process strictly outperforms the ranking process in terms of the likelihood of selecting the highest‐quality ideas. This result remains robust, irrespective of the possibility of allowing ties in the ranking process. However, when the number of ideas to be evaluated is reduced from eight to three, the efficacies of the two idea evaluation processes become similar. Additionally, we find that the efficacy of the ranking process is significantly improved when additional information is provided, yet the efficacy of the scoring process does not change with more information. Based on the observations from the experimental data, we propose and test an explanatory model in which the information becomes a cue that directs the participants’ efforts to evaluate the ideas (i.e., the time taken for evaluation).
Men and masculinity in men's magazines: A review
Authors: Waling Andrea , Duncan Duane , Angelides Steven , Dowsett Gary W.
Published: June 2018

This review article provides a thematic synthesis and overview of 30 years of research into the study of men and masculinity in men's magazines. Over 100 articles, book chapters, and books were reviewed to explore how scholars have approached the study of masculinity in such magazines and identify four major areas of inquiry: the commodification of masculinity; the relationship between sexism and misogyny in men's magazines and men's attitudes towards women; the vulnerability of men to, and the role of magazines in the construction of, men's body image anxieties; and the increasing sexualisation of men's bodies. The strengths and potential limitations of these four thematic approaches are identified, including an insufficiently nuanced account of the ways in which men might actually engage with images and ideas about masculinity in such magazines; an overly singular view of male sexuality that naturalises sexist and predatory behaviour; and an overemphasis on men's bodies as sites of vulnerability, risk, or crisis at the expense of more substantive considerations of the relationship between the representation of body modification practices and technologies, and men's embodied identities. The review concludes with an overview of the present field and some suggestions for future research.
Inaccuracies in epitope repertoire estimations when using multilocus allele‐level HLA genotype imputation tools
Authors: D'Souza Y. , Ferradji A. , Saw C. L. , Oualkacha K. , Richard L. , Popradi G. , Sapir‐Pichhadze R.
Published: June 2018

Limited availability of allele‐level HLA genotypes prompts their imputation from allele‐group genotypes to estimate epitope mismatches. We evaluated the accuracy of epitope load and repertoire assignment when imputing allele‐level HLA genotypes. Analyses were conducted on 175 hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) donors from the Héma‐Québec registry (HQR) and 57 HSC donor‐recipient pairs from McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), Québec, Canada, genotyped for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1. Multilocus allele‐level imputation was performed using HaploStats. Disagreement in B‐ and T‐cell epitope assignment and epitope mismatches were ascertained for imputed vs measured allele‐level HLA genotypes in HSC donors and donor‐recipient pairs, respectively. Imputation resulted in no differences in overall eplet mismatches and Predicted Indirectly ReCognizable HLA Epitopes (PIRCHE‐II) for HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C in 83.4% and 93.7% of HQR donors and 87.7% and 87.7% of MUHC donors, respectively. HLA‐DRB1‐ and ‐DQB1‐derived eplet mismatches and PIRCHE‐II were correctly assigned in 72.0% and 85.1% of HQR donors and 70.2% and 71.9% of MUHC donors, respectively. No discrepancies in eplet load or PIRCHE‐II were observed in 96.5% and 86.0% of HSC donor‐recipient pairs and in 70.2% and 70.1% of pairs for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1, respectively. Kappa statistics of 0.9708 and 0.9725, 0.8724 and 0.8177, 0.9827 and 0.9022, 0.5644 and 0.4939, 0.5085 and 0.6361 were estimated when assessing agreement between eplet mismatches and PIRCHE‐II of imputed vs measured HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 types, respectively. To avoid inaccuracies in epitope compatibility estimation, mainly for HLA class II, multilocus allele‐level genotype measurement is recommended.
Structural and biochemical approaches uncover multiple evolutionary trajectories of plant quinate dehydrogenases
Authors: Gritsunov Artyom , Peek James , Diaz Caballero Julio , Guttman David , Christendat Dinesh
Published: June 2018

Quinate is produced and used by many plants in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acids (CGAs). Chlorogenic acids are astringent and serve to deter herbivory. They also function as antifungal agents and have potent antioxidant properties. Quinate is produced at a branch point of shikimate biosynthesis by the enzyme quinate dehydrogenase (QDH). However, little information exists on the identity and biochemical properties of plant QDHs. In this study, we utilized structural and bioinformatics approaches to establish a QDH‐specific primary sequence motif. Using this motif, we identified QDHs from diverse plants and confirmed their activity by recombinant protein production and kinetic assays. Through a detailed phylogenetic analysis, we show that plant QDHs arose directly from bifunctional dehydroquinate dehydratase–shikimate dehydrogenases (DHQD‐SDHs) through different convergent evolutionary events, illustrated by our findings that eudicot and conifer QDHs arose early in vascular plant evolution whereas Brassicaceae QDHs emerged later. This process of recurrent evolution of QDH is further demonstrated by the fact that this family of proteins independently evolved NAD+ and NADP+ specificity in eudicots. The acquisition of QDH activity by these proteins was accompanied by the inactivation or functional evolution of the DHQD domain, as verified by enzyme activity assays and as reflected in the loss of key DHQD active site residues. The implications of QDH activity and evolution are discussed in terms of plant growth and development.
Weedy rice represents an emerging threat to transplanted rice production systems in Japan
Authors: Imaizumi Toshiyuki
Published: June 2018

Weedy rice is a conspecific weed of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and is a primary weed of direct‐seeded rice production systems worldwide. The shift in the method of establishing rice, that is, from transplanting to direct seeding, is considered the main reason for the emergence of weedy rice in Asia and, more recently, Japan. Japan has increasingly adopted directly seeded rice, even though this practice remains limited. In this study, I confirmed the relationship between weedy red rice emergence and the adoption of direct‐seeded rice in Japan. Twenty‐seven areas from eight prefectures infested with weedy rice were selected to confirm the relationship between the rice planting method and the emergence of weedy rice. Fields that were severely infested with weedy rice were selected as survey fields for this study. I found no relationship between the method of planting rice and weedy rice emergence. Changes to herbicide application, duration of rice production and hand weeding also contribute to the emergence of weedy rice in transplanted rice fields in Japan. The results of this study indicate that weedy rice could become a serious problem in Japan, even in transplanted rice fields.