bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strong Effect of Other People's Drinking: Two Experimental Observational Studies in a Real Bar
Authors: Larsen Helle , Overbeek Geertjan , Granic Isabela , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: February 2012

Research has demonstrated that when people are with heavy‐drinking peers, they consume more alcohol than when they are in the company of light‐drinking peers. This social influence process has usually been investigated in clinical laboratories or seminaturalistic drinking settings such as laboratory bars. The question remains whether these robust effects can be replicated in real‐life drinking settings. The aim of these experimental studies was to examine social influence processes in real bars. In Study 1 a two (confederate drank alcoholic vs. nonalcoholic drinks) by two (male vs. female participant) between‐participant design was used to test imitation in same‐sex dyads (N = 79). Study 2 tested differences in imitation between same‐ and other‐sex dyads with a two (confederate drank alcoholic vs. nonalcoholic drinks) by two (male vs. female confederate) between‐participant design (N = 60). Both studies showed that participants consumed more alcohol in the alcohol condition than the nonalcohol condition. No sex differences emerged in the extent to which participants imitated their drinking partners. Study 2 demonstrated no difference in imitation between same‐sex and other‐sex dyads. Results support the ecological validity of research on imitation of alcohol consumption conducted in laboratory bars. (Am J Addict 2012;00:1‐8)
Clinical strategies for the alleviation of contractures from a predictive mathematical model of dermal repair
Authors: Murphy Kelly E. , McCue Scott W. , McElwain D.L. Sean
Published: February 2012

Hypertrophic scars arise when there is an overproduction of collagen during wound healing. These are often associated with poor regulation of the rate of programmed cell death (apoptosis) of the cells synthesizing the collagen or by an exuberant inflammatory response that prolongs collagen production and increases wound contraction. Severe contractures that occur, e.g., after a deep burn, can cause loss of function especially if the wound is over a joint such as the elbow or knee. Recently, we have developed a morphoelastic mathematical model for dermal repair that incorporates the chemical, cellular, and mechanical aspects of dermal wound healing. Using this model, we examine pathological scarring in dermal repair by first assuming a smaller than usual apoptotic rate for myofibroblasts, and then considering a prolonged inflammatory response, in an attempt to determine a possible optimal intervention strategy to promote normal repair, or terminate the fibrotic scarring response. Our model predicts that in both cases it is best to apply the intervention strategy early in the wound healing response. Further, the earlier an intervention is made, the less aggressive the intervention required. Finally, if intervention is conducted at a late time during healing, a significant intervention is required; however, there is a threshold concentration of the drug or therapy applied, above which minimal further improvement to wound repair is obtained.
ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IS NOT EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE: IS STEPHANODISCUS BINDERANUS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AN EXOTIC SPECIES IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION?1
Authors: Hawryshyn Jessica , Rühland Kathleen M. , Julius Matthew , Smol John P.
Published: February 2012

The eutrophic, freshwater diatom species Stephanodiscus binderanus (Kütz.) Willi Krieg. has long been considered a nuisance exotic alga introduced from Eurasia to the Great Lakes in North America in the early to mid‐20th century. However, our paleolimnological data from Lake Simcoe, Ontario, provide unequivocal evidence that this taxon has been present in the Great Lakes region since at least the late 17th century. Subfossil diatom valves were identified and enumerated at high resolution in 210Pb‐dated sediment cores from four sites across the lake. The taxonomic identification of S. binderanus was confirmed using SEM. The historical presence of this species in Lake Simcoe indicates somewhat naturally productive conditions and also refutes the idea that S. binderanus is a nonindigenous species to North America. This study underscores the caution that should be applied to questions of diatom (and protistan) distributions in time and space. Clearly, the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
Possible Association Between OPRM1 Genetic Variance at the 118 Locus and Alcohol Dependence in a Large Treatment Sample: Relationship to Alcohol Dependence Symptoms
Authors: Koller Gabriele , Zill Peter , Rujescu Dan , Ridinger Monika , Pogarell Oliver , Fehr Christoph , Wodarz Norbert , Bondy Brigitta , Soyka Michael , Preuss Ulrich W.
Published: February 2012

Background

Several lines of evidence from previous research indicate that opioid receptors play an important role in ethanol reinforcement and alcohol dependence (AD) risk. Conflicting results were reported on the role of the mu‐opioid receptor (OPRM1) polymorphism A118G (Asn40Asp, rs1799971) in the development of alcoholism.

Methods

We investigated a total number of 1,845 alcohol‐dependent subjects recruited from inpatient facilities in Germany and 1,863 controls for the mu‐opioid receptor (OPRM1) polymorphism using chi‐square statistics.

Results

An association between the OPRM variant and AD was detected (p = 0.022), in recessive (AA vs. GA/GG) and co‐dominant (AA vs. GA) models of inheritance. An association between the OPRM variant and the DSM‐IV criterion “efforts to cut down or could not” (p = 0.047) was found, but this did not remain significant after the correction for multiple testing.

Conclusions

The results indicate that this functional OPRM variant is associated with risk of AD and these findings apply to more severe AD, although the association is only nominally significant.
Structuring a College Alcohol Prevention Program on the Low Level of Response to Alcohol Model: A Pilot Study
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Kalmijn Jelger A. , Smith Tom L. , Saunders Gretchen , Fromme Kim
Published: February 2012

Background

New approaches are needed to bolster the modest effects of campus drinking prevention programs. However, more definitive research on new paradigms is very expensive, and in the current economic climate, progress can be made by evaluating smaller pilot studies. This study describes one such approach.

Methods

A sample of 18‐year‐old or older, healthy, drinking freshmen at our university was assigned to 2 groups stratified to be similar on demography, drinking histories, and their level of response (LR) to alcohol. In the spring quarter of the school year, the 32 subjects in each of 2 groups viewed four 45‐minute Internet‐based videotapes as part of 4 prevention sessions. All 8 modules were based on the same techniques and general content, but the 4 videos for the first group were structured around the validated model of how a low LR affects heavy drinking (the low level of response‐based [LRB] Group), with partial mediation by heavier drinking peers, positive alcohol expectancies, and drinking to cope with stress. Videos for the state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) comparison group did not place the similar prevention messages into the low LR framework. Changes in drinking were evaluated at 3 times: before Module 1, before Module 4, and 1 month after Module 4.

Results

Usual and maximum drinks per occasion decreased over time for both high and low LR subjects in both LRB and SOTA groups. As predicted, the low LR students showed greater decreases in the LRB Group, while high LR students showed greater decreases in the more generic SOTA Group.

Conclusions

The results support the hypothesis that tailoring prevention efforts to address specific predisposing factors, such as a low LR, may be associated with beneficial effects on drinking quantity. We hope that these data will encourage additional efforts to validate the low LR‐based prevention paradigm and test other interventions that are targeted toward predisposing phenotypes such as impulsivity and negative affect.
Arrhythmogenic Difference between the Left and Right Atria in a Canine Ventricular Pacing‐Induced Heart Failure Model of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: TAI CHING‐TAI , LO LI‐WEI , LIN YENN‐JIANG , CHEN SHIH‐ANN
Published: February 2012

Background:

The detail of biatrial activation during sustained atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been investigated until now.

Methods:

Five dogs with right ventricular pacing‐induced congestive heart failure (CHF)
and five normal dogs were included. Biatrial endocardiac mapping was performed using noncontact mapping system.

Results:

Noncontact mapping of the right atrium (RA) showed CHF dogs had a higher frequency of focal discharge from Bachmann's bundle, sinoatrial region, and crista terminalis. CHF dogs also had a higher frequency of wave break, wave fusion, and reentry. CHF dogs had greater effective refractory period (ERP) dispersion. Noncontact mapping of the left atrium (LA) showed CHF dogs had more frequent focal discharge from left superior pulmonary vein (PV), right superior PV, and left atrial appendage. CHF dogs had a higher frequency of wave break, wave fusion, and reentry. CHF dogs had greater ERP dispersion. Comparison between RA and LA showed LA had a higher frequency of focal discharge, wave break, wave fusion, and leading circle reentry than the RA. LA also had greater ERP dispersion than RA.

Conclusion:

CHF dogs had a higher frequency of focal discharge and reentry, suggesting that CHF provided an arrhythmogenic substrate. LA had a higher frequency of focal discharge and reentry, suggesting that LA is more important to maintain AF. (PACE 2012; 35:188–195)
A Bayesian Semiparametric Approach for Incorporating Longitudinal Information on Exposure History for Inference in Case–Control Studies
Authors: Bhadra Dhiman , Daniels Michael J. , Kim Sungduk , Ghosh Malay , Mukherjee Bhramar
Published: February 2012

Summary In a typical case–control study, exposure information is collected at a single time point for the cases and controls. However, case–control studies are often embedded in existing cohort studies containing a wealth of longitudinal exposure history about the participants. Recent medical studies have indicated that incorporating past exposure history, or a constructed summary measure of cumulative exposure derived from the past exposure history, when available, may lead to more precise and clinically meaningful estimates of the disease risk. In this article, we propose a flexible Bayesian semiparametric approach to model the longitudinal exposure profiles of the cases and controls and then use measures of cumulative exposure based on a weighted integral of this trajectory in the final disease risk model. The estimation is done via a joint likelihood. In the construction of the cumulative exposure summary, we introduce an influence function, a smooth function of time to characterize the association pattern of the exposure profile on the disease status with different time windows potentially having differential influence/weights. This enables us to analyze how the present disease status of a subject is influenced by his/her past exposure history conditional on the current ones. The joint likelihood formulation allows us to properly account for uncertainties associated with both stages of the estimation process in an integrated manner. Analysis is carried out in a hierarchical Bayesian framework using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. The proposed methodology is motivated by, and applied to a case–control study of prostate cancer where longitudinal biomarker information is available for the cases and controls.
Effects of Transition Metal Ion Doping on Structure and Electrical Properties of Bi0.9Eu0.1FeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Raghavan Chinnambedu Murugesan , Do Dalhyun , Kim Jin Won , Kim Won‐Jeong , Kim Sang Su
Published: February 2012

Pure BiFeO3 (BFO) and europium‐transition metal co‐doped Bi0.9Eu0.1Fe0.975TM0.025O3−δ (TM = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Ti) (BEFTM) thin films were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates using a chemical solution deposition method. The effects of co‐doping on the crystal structure and the surface morphology of the thin films were examined using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Systematic investigations on the electrical properties, such as leakage current density and ferroelectric hysteresis loops, have been carried out on the thin films. Reduced leakage current and enhanced remnant polarization (Pr) were observed in the BEFTM thin films. Among the thin films, the BEFCr thin film showed the largest 2Pr value of 89.5 μC/cm2. The smallest leakage current density (8.3 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 400 kV/cm) was measured from the BEFMn thin film and this value was found to be two orders lower than that of the pure BFO.
Improved High‐Q Microwave Dielectric Ceramics in CuO‐Doped BaTi4O9–BaZn2Ti4O11 System
Authors: Yu Sheng Quan , Tang Bin , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Shu Ren , Zhou Xiao Hua
Published: February 2012

To improve the microwave dielectric properties, CuO was doped into composite ceramics BaTi4O9–BaZn2Ti4O11 by the solid‐state reaction. CuO worked as flux former and caused the liquid‐phase sintering mechanism, which effectively improved the densification process and lowered the sintering temperature by nearly 100°C. Moreover, Cu2+ substituted for Zn2+ sites in BaZn2Ti4O11 phase, which led to the increase of BaZn2Ti4O11 phase and the reduction of lattice parameters of BaZn2Ti4O11 phase, and both these two results had the positive effect on the dielectric properties, especially the Q × f value. As increasing CuO content from 0.0 to 3.0 wt%, the dielectric constant (εr) increased from 35.5 to 36.5, the Q × f value increased first from 49 100 GHz to the peak value 62 600 GHz (1.0 wt% CuO) and thereafter decreased to 31 900 GHz, and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) kept in a low value as <2.0 wt% CuO was added. At last, 0.85BaTi4O9–0.15BaZn2Ti4O11 ceramics with 1.0 wt% CuO sintered at 1150°C for 3 h showed excellent microwave dielectric properties: the high εr = 36.4, the high Q × f= 62 600 GHz and the near‐zero τf = +0.2 ppm/°C.
How successful are small‐diameter implants? A literature review
Authors: Sohrabi Keyvan , Mushantat Ammar , Esfandiari Shahrokh , Feine Jocelyne
Published: February 2012

Background

Edentulism is an important issue and will remain so due to high numbers of edentate individuals worldwide. For many years, complete dentures have been the only treatment option for this population. Implant overdentures have been shown to have many advantages over conventional complete dentures. However, although dissatisfied with their mandibular dentures, some edentate elders are reluctant to undergo even simple implant treatment due to factors such as cost and fear of surgery. To address these obstacles, this paper reports on a review of small‐diameter implant (SDI) studies that were performed in the last two decades. The aim of this study is to (i) determine the survival of narrow diameter implants, (ii) determine whether survival is dependent on whether these implants are placed using a flap or flapless approach, and (ii) determine whether there is a relationship between length and implant survival in SDIs.

Methods

In this review, studies were included that (i) involve implants with 3.5 mm diameter or less, (ii) have a randomized clinical trial, retrospective or prospective cohort design with human subjects, (iii) provide a follow up duration of at least 5 months following implant placement, (iv) include data on the survival rate of the implants.

Results

Forty one studies meeting the above criteria were published between 1993 and 2011 using SDIs from a variety of companies and surface characteristics with diameters of 1.8 mm to 3.5 mm and lengths of 8 mm to 18 mm. A total of 10,093 SDIs were inserted in approximately 2762 patients. Twenty‐six studies involved flap reflection techniques for implant placement, six studies used a flapless technique and two studies used both techniques; in the remaining studies, the technique was not specified. Follow up duration varied from 5 months to over 9 years. The survival rate reported in all screened studies was over 90%, including eight studies in which a 100% survival rate was reported. In 22 studies, the reported survival rate ranged from 95% to 99.9%. Failure was reported most often in short SDIs (less than or equal 13 mm) (n = 88) compared to longer ones (more than 13 mm).

Conclusion

Survival rates reported for SDI are similar to those reported for standard width implants. These survival rates did not appear to differ between studies that used flapless and flap reflection techniques. The failure rate appeared to be higher in shorter SDIs than in longer ones in the studies in which the length of the failed implants was reported. SDIs could be considered for use with fixed restorations and mandibular overdentures, since their success rate appears to be comparable to that of regular diameter implants. They might also be an efficient, low‐cost solution for elders who wish to reduce problems with denture instability.
Interactions in tropical reforestation – how plant defence and polycultures can reduce growth‐limiting herbivory
Authors: Massad Tara J.
Published: February 2012

Questions

Can the growth of saplings be improved by limiting herbivory during reforestation? Can chemical ecology and diverse planting designs be applied to decrease herbivory in tropical reforestation?

Location

Reforestation plantings inHeredia,CostaRica.

Methods

This study directly evaluates the effects of herbivory on seedling growth and the role of two putative plant defences, saponins and leaf toughness, in limiting herbivory in reforestation. Four planting treatments were studied in a replicated block design in cattle pastures inCostaRica: (1) a monoculture of a fast‐growing species low in saponins (Dipteryx panamensis); (2) a monoculture of a slower‐growing, saponin‐rich species (Cojoba arborea); (3) a polyculture consisting of halfD. panamensisand half three other defended species; and (4) a polyculture of halfC. arboreaand half the same other defended species. Growth and herbivory were measured every 6 mo during the first 2 yr of plot development and again after 5 yr of growth.

Results

Dipteryx panamensiswas the fastest‐growing species, and individuals planted in polycultures grew faster in terms of height than individuals in monoculture. Herbivory was negatively related to sapling growth, and damage during the first 6 mo of plot establishment decreased growth even after 5 yr. Patterns of herbivory varied through time, resulting in changes in the importance of plant defences. For example, leaf toughness, which is an effective defence against many herbivores, was negatively related to herbivory at multiple time periods. In contrast, saponins were not a deterrent to all herbivores, so they were not consistently effective as a defence; however saponins were negatively related toAtta cephalotes(leaf‐cutter ant) damage. Saponins are therefore a promising defence against leaf‐cutter ants but not against all herbivores.

Conclusions

Plant–insect interactions influence reforestation through growth‐limiting herbivore pressure on seedlings, and this herbivory is likely facilitated by reforestation methods that favour monocultures of fast‐growing species that lack strong antiherbivore defences. This study demonstrates the potential for reducing herbivory and improving sapling growth by reforesting with polycultures of fast‐growing and well‐defended species.
Akt augments the oncogenic potential of the HBx protein of hepatitis B virus by phosphorylation
Authors: Khattar Ekta , Mukherji Atish , Kumar Vijay
Published: February 2012

Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a putative viral oncoprotein that plays an important role in various cellular processes, including modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt signalling pathway. However, the molecular mechanism of Akt activation remains elusive. Here we show that HBx interacts with Akt1 kinase and is phosphorylated at serine 31 as indicated by mutational analysis of the Akt recognition motif (creating the HBxS31A mutant) or immunoblotting of HBx immunoprecipitates using Akt motif‐specific antibody. The Akt‐dependent phosphorylation of HBx was abrogated in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor LY294002 or Akt1 gene silencing by specific siRNA. Co‐immunoprecipitation studies provided evidence for HBx–Akt interaction in a cellular environment. This interaction was also confirmed in hepatoma HepG2.2.15 cells in which HBx was expressed at physiological levels from the integrated hepatitis B viral genome. The HBx–Akt interaction was essential for Akt signalling, and involved displacement of the Akt‐bound negative regulator ‘C‐terminal modulator protein’ by HBx. HBx‐activated Akt phosphorylated its downstream target glycogen synthase kinase 3β, leading to stabilization of β‐catenin, while p65 phosphorylation resulted in enhanced promoter recruitment and expression of target genes encoding cyclin D1 and Bcl‐XL. Further, the oncogenic potential of HBx was significantly augmented in the presence of Akt in a soft agar colony formation assay. Together, these results suggest that oncogenic co‐operation between HBx and Akt may be important for cell proliferation, abrogation of apoptosis and tumorigenic transformation of cells.

Structured digital abstract

 HBx physically interacts with 14‐3‐3 theta by anti‐bait co‐immunoprecipitation (View interaction)

 AKT1physically interacts with HBx by anti‐bait co‐immunoprecipitation (View interaction: 1, 2, 3)

 Akt1phosphorylates HBx by protein kinase assay (View interaction: 1, 2)

 AKT1physically interacts with CTMP by anti‐bait co‐immunoprecipitation (View interaction)

 HBx physically interacts with CREB by anti‐bait co‐immunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Loading Dose Required to Achieve Rapid Therapeutic Teicoplanin Trough Plasma Concentration in Patients with Multidrug‐Resistant Gram‐Positive Infections
Authors: Wang Jann‐Tay , Liao Hsin‐I , Wu Lin Fe‐Lin , Chang Shan‐Chwen
Published: February 2012

Teicoplanin is an antibiotic drug prescribed for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant Gram‐positive infections. However, there is currently no consensus as to the optimal teicoplanin loading dose. The objective of this study was to compare plasma concentrations of teicoplanin in patients with multidrug‐resistant Gram‐positive infections after the administration of two different loading doses. Two groups of patients were infused intravenously with four loading doses of 6 mg/kg body‐weight (group A, n = 12) or 12 mg/kg body‐weight (group B, n = 11). The first three loading doses were administered at 12‐hr intervals, and the fourth was given 24 hr after the third dose. Maintenance doses of 6 mg/kg were administered every day, every other day or every third day depending on the individual's creatinine clearance, and teicoplanin trough plasma concentrations were monitored. Only samples obtained on the same day for both groups were compared statistically. A higher percentage of group B patients achieved the desired therapeutic concentration of teicoplanin (Cmin. ≥ 10 mg/L) on days 2 and 3 (90.0% and 100%, respectively) compared with patients in group A (18.2% and 16.7%, respectively) (p < 0.001). In addition, more patients in group B achieved therapeutic concentrations from days 2 through 12. In conclusion, despite limitations in drawing definitive conclusions because of a relatively small sample size and variability in renal impairment among patients, our findings suggest that a teicoplanin loading dose of 12 mg/kg body‐weight results in a safe and rapid attainment of therapeutic trough plasma concentrations. This regimen may enhance treatment efficacy.
Molecular detection of Colletotrichum falcatum causing red rot disease of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) using a SCAR marker
Authors: Nithya K. , Bukhari Khalid A.I.M. , Valluvaparidasan V. , Paranidharan V. , Velazhahan R.
Published: February 2012

Red rot disease of sugarcane caused by Colletotrichum falcatum is one of the most destructive diseases of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) worldwide. The pathogen spreads primarily through infected sugarcane setts and hence the use of disease‐free planting materials is essential for preventing disease development in the field. In the present study a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for accurate and sensitive detection of C. falcatum in planting materials. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis identified a 566 bp PCR fragment that was specific to C. falcatum. The DNA sequence of this fragment was determined and used to design oligonucleotides amplifying a 442 bp sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR). The specificity of the SCAR primers was evaluated using purified DNA from C. falcatum and other Colletotrichum spp. as templates in PCR. The results indicated that the SCAR primers were highly specific to C. falcatum since the 442 bp fragment was amplified only from DNA of isolates and races of C. falcatum but not from any other Colletotrichum spp. tested. The detection sensitivity of C. falcatum was 0.1 ng for genomic DNA of C. falcatum and 5 ng for DNA extracted from infected sugarcane tissue. This new PCR‐based assay is a convenient tool for detection of this important pathogen in seed canes to ensure production of sugarcane.
Phenological growth stages of edible asparagus (Asparagus officinalis): codification and description according to the BBCH scale
Authors: Feller C. , Richter E. , Smolders T. , Wichura A.
Published: February 2012

BBCH [Biologische Bundesanstalt (Julius Kühn‐Institut), Bundessortenamt, CHemische Industrie] scales are used in applied natural sciences for the description of phenological growth stages of plants and are available for many crops today. Currently, a specific BBCH scale for Asparagus officinalis, a perennial vegetable plant of worldwide interest, does not exist. In this study, an extended BBCH scale was developed, describing precisely the growth stages of A. officinalis. Nine principal growth stages were defined and subdivided into several secondary growth stages resulting in a two‐digit decimal code. Detailed descriptions of the particular stages and illustrations were included to clarify the application of the code system. The scale is proposed to specify and harmonise research activities as well as to enhance comparability of crop management practices for growers of asparagus.
The ORF5 of Grapevine virus A is involved in symptoms expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants
Authors: Haviv S. , Iddan Y. , Goszczynski D.E. , Mawassi M.
Published: February 2012

Grapevine virus A (GVA), a member of the genus Vitivirus which belongs to the family Flexiviridae, has a single‐stranded RNA genome of about 7.4 kb that comprises five open reading frames (ORFs). ORF5 encodes a small 10‐kDa protein (p10), which is believed to interact with nucleic acids and to suppress the plant's RNA‐silencing response. We obtained molecular and biological data indicating that ORF5‐encoded product, specifically its N‐terminus, affects the appearance of symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The ORF5‐encoded products of the severe GR5 and the mild GTR1‐1 isolates were found to affect RNA silencing similarly in mesophyll cells of N. benthamiana, despite being involved in different expressions of symptoms on this host.
Extragalactic gamma-ray signal from dark matter annihilation: a power spectrum based computation
Authors: Serpico P. D. , Sefusatti E. , Gustafsson M. , Zaharijas G.
Published: February 2012

We revisit the computation of the extragalactic gamma-ray signal from cosmological dark matter annihilations. The prediction of this signal is notoriously model-dependent, due to different descriptions of the clumpiness of the dark matter distribution at small scales, responsible for an enhancement with respect to the smoothly distributed case. We show how a direct computation of this ‘flux multiplier’ in terms of the non-linear power spectrum offers a conceptually simpler approach and may ease some problems, such as the extrapolation issue. In fact, very simple analytical recipes to construct the power spectrum yield results similar to the popular Halo Model expectations, with a straightforward alternative estimate of errors. For this specific application, one also obviates the need of identifying (often literature-dependent) concepts entering the Halo Model, to compare different simulations.
Positron annihilation as a cosmic ray probe
Authors: Ohira Yutaka , Kohri Kazunori , Kawanaka Norita
Published: February 2012

Recently, the gamma-ray telescopes AGILE and Fermi observed several middle-aged supernova remnants (SNRs) interacting with molecular clouds. A plausible emission mechanism of the gamma-rays is the decay of neutral pions produced by cosmic ray (CR) nuclei (hadronic processes). However, observations do not rule out contributions from bremsstrahlung emission due to CR electrons. TeV gamma-ray telescopes also observed many SNRs and discovered many unidentified sources. It is still unclear whether the TeV gamma-ray emission is produced via leptonic processes or hadronic processes. In this Letter, we propose that annihilation emission of secondary positrons produced by CR nuclei is a diagnostic tool of the hadronic processes. We investigate MeV emissions from secondary positrons and electrons produced by CR protons in molecular clouds. The annihilation emission of the secondary positrons from SNRs can be robustly estimated from the observed gamma-ray flux. The expected flux of the annihilation line from SNRs observed by AGILE and Fermi is sufficient for the future Advanced Compton Telescope to detect. Moreover, synchrotron emission from secondary positrons and electrons and bremsstrahlung emission from CR protons can be also observed by the future X-ray telescope NuSTAR and Astro-H.
Multi‐professional communication for older people in transitional care: a review of the literature
Authors: Allen Jacqui , Ottmann Goetz , Roberts Gail
Published: February 2012

Aims and objectives. To synthesise research‐reporting literature about multi‐professional communication between health and social care professionals within transitional care for older people, with particular attention on outcomes, enabling contextual factors and constraints.

Background. Older adults experience high rates of morbidity and health care usage, and frequently transit between health services, and community and social care providers. These transition episodes place elders at increased risk of adverse incidents due to poor communication of information. Integrated multi‐professional models of care built on enhanced communication have been widely promoted as a strategy to improve transitional care for older people. However, a range of findings exist in the literature to guide service providers and researchers.

Design. Comprehensive literature search and review strategies were employed to identify, describe and synthesise relevant studies. Ten databases were searched in addition to Google Scholar.

Conclusions. Specified discharge worker roles, multi‐professional care coordination teams, and information technology systems promote better service satisfaction and subjective quality of life for older people when compared with standard hospital discharge. Improved multi‐professional communication reduces rates of re‐admission and length of stay indicating greater cost effectiveness and efficiency for the health and social care systems. Systems of care emphasizing information exchange, education and negotiation between stakeholders facilitate communication in transitional care contexts for older adults. Conversely, lack of dialogue and lack of understanding of others’ roles are barriers to communication in transitional care.

Implications for practice. Enhanced multi‐professional communication, transitional pathways, and role clarity are required to improve the quality, sustainability and responsiveness of aged care into the future. Recommendations for further research include: (i) Investigation of pathways promoting person‐centred care planning including the older person, their family and relevant practitioners; (ii) Development of interventions aimed at improving multi‐professional communication and transitional aged care with marginalised and socially disadvantaged elders on indicators of equity and access; (iii) Investigation of changing roles for practitioners in multi‐professional teams with a focus on community‐based teams including nurses specialising in aged care and general practice.
Isolation and characterisation of a transcribing polynucleosomal chromatin fraction
Authors: Wurtz T. , Fakan S.
Published: February 2012

A method is described for preparation of a fraction of chromatin enriched in transcribing regions from nuclei of mouse GR cells. This fraction, released by mild staphylococcal nuclease digestion of isolated nuclei, contains 2 to 10% of the DNA as polynucleosomal chromatin together with 50‐70% of pulse‐labelled RNA and about 90% of all template‐engaged RNA polymerase B molecules, titrated with (3H)‐alpha‐amanitin. Hybridisation of DNA from this chromatin fraction to total nuclear RNA in excess shows that it is enriched in frequently‐transcribed DNA sequences. A modification of the Miller technique, allowing the spreading of the active chromatin fraction for electron microscopy, has been developed. Examination of the spreads reveals that this chromatin fraction contains 20‐100 nucleosome‐long polynucleosomal chains bearing lateral RNP fibrils interpreted as nascent transcripts. The average length of the DNA fragments in the fraction is greater than that of average transcribed regions, suggesting that the transcribed regions are linked to flanking segments whose chromatin conformation probably contributes to the selective release of transcribing chromatin.
Two sites of intracellular localization of rhodaminyl‐phalloidin in hepatocytes
Authors: Mayer D. , Faulstich H.
Published: February 2012

The uptake of a fluorescent phallotoxin (tetramethylrhodaminyl‐phalloidin) into rat hepatocytes has been studied. The experiments were performed in vitro, using freshly isolated hepatocyte suspensions or monolayers of hepatocytes cultured for up to 5 days, as well as in vivo, by investigating cryostat sections of a liver from an animal injected with the labelled toxin. In vitro, in freshly isolated hepatocytes, a staining of actin was observed. On the contrary, if the hepatocytes were cultured, only fluorescent endocytotic vesicles were found accumulated around the nucleus, and remaining in the cells unchanged for several days. In vivo, both fluorescent patterns were observed, often in one and the same cell. The endocytotic vesicles of rhodaminylphalloidin looked very similar to those obtained with fluoresceinyl‐concanavalin A. navalin A. We conclude that in all systems the fluorescent phallotoxin enters the hepatocytes by endocytosis. However, in the freshly isolated cells the endocytotic vesicles apparently undergo some kind of processing with release of the toxin and subsequent staining of cellular actin, while in cultured hepatocytes the endocytotic vesicles persist unprocessed.
Ultrastructural localization of Ag‐NOR proteins and nucleic acids in reticulated nucleoli
Authors: Ploton D. , Bendayan M. , Adnet J. J.
Published: February 2012

Nucleoli with a thread‐like fibrillar structure found in several human breast cancer cells were investigated for the localization of Ag‐NOR proteins, RNA, DNA and associated nucleoproteins. Various cytochemical techniques were applied: the one‐step silver method for Ag‐NOR proteins, the Bernhard's staining preferential for RNP, the Feulgen‐like osmium‐ammine reaction for DNA and the RNase‐ and DNase‐gold complexes for the demonstration of RNA and DNA respectively. Staining for Ag‐NOR proteins was restricted to the edge of the threads or cords and to the nodes of the nucleolar network. The Bernhard's EDTA technique gave a positive staining of the entire nucleoli and on small peripheral granules which were linked to the nucleolar cords by fine RNP fibrils. Localization of RNA molecules by the RNase‐gold complex showed a similar pattern, dense labeling by gold particles over the nucleoli and at the periphery of the cords. DNA molecules were revealed by the osmium‐ammine technique in small nucleoplasmic clumps and at the edge of the nucleolar cords. Similar results were obtained by applying the DNase‐gold complex which showed a labeling by gold particles over the dispersed chromatin and at the edge of the nucleolar cords. The consistency of the results obtained speaks in favor of their specificity and seems to demonstrate the simultaneous localization of certain Ag‐NOR proteins, DNA and RNA molecules at the edge of the nucleolar cords. This edge of nucleolar cords becomes then the candidate for the site of nucleolar transcriptional activity.
Relationship between microtubules and Golgi apparatus in hepatocytes: a quantitative study during experimental nephrosis
Authors: Maurice M. , Bellon B. , Mahu J. L. , Feldmann G.
Published: February 2012

In many cell types, microtubules are preferentially associated with the Golgi apparatus. However, the existence of a functional link between these two organelles is still hypothetical. To gain insight into this question, the relationships between microtubules and the Golgi apparatus were studied in rat hepatocytes during experimental nephrosis induced by the aminonucleoside of puromycin. This condition is known to cause prolonged stimulation of plasma protein production by the hepatocytes. Rats were studied 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20 days after aminonucleoside injection. The amount of albumin was measured in serum and hepatic microsomes by laser immunonephelometry. The volume densities of microtubules around the Golgi apparatus and in the remaining cytoplasm were measured by ultrastructural morphometry. Changes of the Golgi apparatus were analysed by measuring the volume density of the whole organelle and the respective proportion of saccules and vesicles. Proteinuria began 5 days after aminonucleoside injection and was accompanied by a decrease in serum albumin and a rise in microsomal albumin. These changes were still more striking after 10 days, but protein and albumin levels were almost back to normal after 20 days. Concomitantly, the volume density of the microtubules increased significantly around the Golgi apparatus (32% after 10 days), and not in the remaining cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus was enlarged (80% after 10 days) with a higher ratio of secretory vesicle to saccule volume densities. These results show that additional microtubules are present around the Golgi apparatus during the enhanced production of plasma proteins which occurs in nephrosis. They suggest that in hepatocytes, microtubules play a part in the Golgi apparatus function of plasma protein processing.
Visualization of different types of hapten‐cell membrane interaction by fluorine high‐field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Maugras M. , Poignant S. , Bischoff P. , Oth D.
Published: February 2012

Using a high field spectrometer (5.9 Tesla) 19F‐NMR spectrum of soluble material from 4 trifluoromethyl 2,6 dinitrobenzene sulphonate (CF3‐DNBS) treated murine lymphocytes was recorded. CF3‐DNBS is a fluorinated analog of 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulphonate (TNBS), and these compounds have been found to create cross‐reacting antigenic modifications of cell surface. At least 4 distinguishable signals have been detected, and we think that 19F‐NMR could be used to study, at a molecular level, some immunochemical problems concerning modification with TNBS.
Morphological study of cell organelles during development II‐The mitochondria of the renal and intestinal epithelium
Authors: Gaffiero P. , Bergeron M. , Thiery G.
Published: February 2012

The ontogeny of the chondriome was studied in the developing kidney of fetuses and newborn rats and compared to its maturation in jejunum cells of adult rats. The tissues were immersed in a double lead and copper citrate solution which stains mitochondria selectively. Thick sections (0.3‐0.5 micron) were observed with a standard transmission electron microscope (80‐100 kV). Mitochondria have in developing cells a shape different from those in mature cells and seem to increase in number and volume during development. In the undifferentiated stages of both jejunum and nephron, the mitochondria are small, spherical and scattered throughout the cytoplasm with no particular orientation. As jejunal cells migrate towards the villus tip, the mitochondria orient themselves in the apical‐basal direction; those of the proximal nephron become parallel to the lateral cell membranes. The morphological communications found in adult renal cells are much less prominent in the jejunum. With maturation, the close association between membranes, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum takes place in both epithelia. Our studies suggest that the mitochondrial mass is increased by a continuous process of addition of sub‐units and that the chondriome development appears to be more analogous to the growth, differentiation and modification of the endoplasmic reticulum system. The chondriome also seems to reach a certain stage of development before the onset of the organ function.
Improved coating and fixation methods for scanning electron microscope autoradiography
Authors: Weiss R. L.
Published: February 2012

A simple apparatus for emulsion coating is described. The apparatus is inexpensive and easily assembled in a standard glass shop. Emulsion coating for scanning electron microscope autoradiography with this apparatus consistently yields uniform layers. When used in conjunction with newly described fixation methods, this new approach produces reliable autoradiographs of undamaged specimens.
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression by transactivating proteins and cis acting DNA elements
Authors: Yaniv M.
Published: February 2012

In this review we try to examine some of the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms that control gene expression in eukaryotes. We discuss the nature of the positive regulation exerted by adenovirus, herpes virus or papova immediate early proteins. These proteins which can activate homologous promoters can also stimulate transcription from cellular promoters present on transfected DNA. This property of the E1a gene product of Adenovirus e.g. may be related to its immortalizing function. Transcription of cellular genes can be stimulated by viral or cellular short DNA elements named enhancers. These elements acting in cis, can be placed 5′ or 3′ to the gene and function in both orientations. Some of them show a remarkable cell specificity in their action. Enhancers affect the chromatin structure by creating a local nuclease sensitive region that may serve as an entry site for RNA polymerase II or for factors involved in the process of transcription initiation.
A STEM approach to the study of the proteinaceous architecture of a ribosome
Authors: Curgy J. J. , Iftode F. , Perasso R. , André J. , Mory C. , Colliex C.
Published: February 2012

We used a high‐resolution STEM to attempt to recognize the spatial localization of the macromolecular components of ribosomes isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Images obtained either by the annular dark field detector or by the ratio‐contrast mode (Z‐contrast) show a ribosome as constituted of rounded dark areas, the number and size of which are compatible with those of the protein molecules recognized by biochemistry. Images of different ribosomes, when similar orientations are observed, exhibit a roughly constant pattern of the dark areas. A set of images of a tilted ribosome allows to recognize that some masses are in fact two more superimposed components. We propose that the dark areas represent essentially the proteinaceous architecture of the ribosome.
Semliki Forest virus penetration from endosomes: a morphological study
Authors: Helenius A.
Published: February 2012

The low pH dependent membrane fusion reaction responsible for the delivery of the Semliki Forest virus genome into the host cell for replication was visualized by electron microscopy. In order to increase the frequency at which fusion images could be detected a reversible inhibitor, ammonium chloride, was used to synchronize endosomal acidification, and 20 degrees C incubation was employed to concentrate virus particles into the endosomal compartment.
Uptake of neoglycoproteins via membrane lectin(s) of L1210 cells evidenced by quantitative flow cytofluorometry and drug targeting
Authors: Monsigny M. , Roche A. C. , Midoux P.
Published: February 2012

The presence and the sugar specificity of membrane lectins on the cell surface of mouse L1210 leukemia cells were demonstrated by using various neoglycoproteins (glycosylated serum albumin) substituted with fluorescein or methotrexate. Neoglycoproteins were prepared by reaction of glycosidophenylisothiocyanates with bovine serum albumin. The binding of neoglycoproteins to L1210 cells depends on the nature of the carried sugar and on the number of bound sugar residues per neoglycoprotein molecule. The best results were obtained with fucosylated serum albumin containing 25 +/‐ 5 residues of fucose. The amount of cell‐associated fluorescein‐labeled neoglycoproteins was several fold higher at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C suggesting a specific endocytotic process. The membrane lectin‐mediated endocytosis was further demonstrated by showing that the cell‐associated fluorescence upon cell incubation in the presence of fluorescein‐labeled neoglycoproteins at 37 degrees C increased several fold after addition of monensin, a proton/sodium ionophore known to raise the pH of endosomes and lysosomes. The analysis of fluorescein‐labeled neoglycoproteins association to the L1210 cells were achieved by quantitative flow cytofluorometry after standardization with calibrated polystyrene sulfonate beads carrying various amounts of 1‐(fluoresceinylthioureido)‐4,8‐diazalicosane. In addition, the cytotoxicity of neoglycoprotein‐bound methotrexate was shown to be related to the presence and to the nature of the carried sugar: fucosylated serum albumin was shown to be the most efficient neoglycoprotein carrier, and to have a cytotoxicity close to that of anti L1210 cell IgM monoclonal antibody carrying methotrexate.
Carbohydrates as recognition determinants in phagocytosis and in lectin‐mediated killing of target cells
Authors: Sharon N.
Published: February 2012

Carbohydrate‐lectin interactions serve as the basis of recognition by phagocytic cells of particles and of various target cells. Such interactions occur in the following systems: between sugars on the surface of the phagocytic cells and lectins on the surface of other cells—the best studied example is the binding of mannose‐specific Escherichia coli and related organisms via their surface lectins to oligo‐mannose residues on macrophages; between lectins on the surface of phagocytic cells and sugars on particles or other cells—phagocytosis of zymosan and of sialidase‐treated erythrocytes, mediated respectively by mannose‐specific and galactose‐specific lectins on macrophages, belongs to this category; by extracellular lectins that form bridges between sugars on both types of cell—as shown by enhancement of phagocytosis of staphylococci by wheat germ agglutinin, and by lectin‐dependent killing of target cells by macrophages. These interactions may play an important role in the activities of phagocytic cells in vivo. They may provide an initial host defense mechanism immediately after microbial infection, operate in tissues where phagocytic activity is poor, and participate in tumor rejection.