bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In‐hospital gastrointestinal bleeding following percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Sirker Alex , Farmer Adam D. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Potts Jessica , Ayyaz Ul Haq Muhammad , Ludman Peter , de Belder Mark , Townend John , Zaman Azfar , Large Adrian , Kinnaird Tim , Mamas Mamas A ,   on behalf of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) and National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR)
Published: April 2019

Objectives

This study aims to examine in‐hospital gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, its predictors and clinical outcomes, including long‐term outcomes, in a national cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in England and Wales.

Background

GI bleeding remains associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden.

Methods

We examined the temporal changes in in‐hospital GI bleeding in a national cohort of patients undergoing PCI between 2007 and 2014 in England and Wales, its predictors and prognostic consequences. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors between GI bleeding and 30‐day mortality. Survival analysis was performed comparing patients with, and without, GI bleeding.

Results

There were 480 in‐hospital GI bleeds in 549,298 patients (0.09%). Overall, rates of GI bleeding remained stable over time but a significant decline was observed for patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The strongest predictors of bleeding events were STEMI—odds ratio (OR) 7.28 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.82–11.00), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use OR 3.42 (95% CI 2.76–4.24) and use of circulatory support OR 2.65 (95% CI 1.90–3.71). Antiplatelets/coagulants (clopidogrel, prasugrel, and warfarin) were not independently associated with GI bleeding. GI bleeding was independently associated with a significant increase in all‐cause 30‐day mortality (OR 2.08 [1.52–2.83]). Patients with in‐hospital GI bleed who survived to 30‐days had increased all‐cause mortality risk at 1 year compared to non‐bleeders (HR 1.49 [1.07–2.09]).

Conclusions

In‐hospital GI bleeding following PCI is rare but is a clinically important event associated with increased 30‐day and long‐term mortality.
Inadvertent treatment of hypoadrenalism with prednisolone in pemphigus: A case report
Authors: Choudhury Sirazum , Machenahalli Pratibha , Tan Tricia , Meeran Karim
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical Message

Pituitary and adrenal insufficiency must not be overlooked when weaning patients down from high‐dose steroids. Prednisolone can be used as glucocorticoid replacement therapy, with most patients needing 3‐4 mg once daily.
A 9‐month‐old with wheezing and acute hypoxic respiratory failure
Authors: Wong Matthew , Bhatia Rajeev
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical Message

Foreign body aspiration remains a diagnostic challenge, especially in an infant. While acute onset wheezing is highly suggestive of an aspiration, wheezing carries a broad differential diagnosis resulting in frequent misdiagnoses. Many cases present with a range of nonspecific findings and normal imaging, stressing the importance of a high index of suspicion.
Two cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly patients successfully treated with monthly exenatide long‐acting release
Authors: Takenaka Kenchi , Nishitani Rie
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical Message

Two elderly patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus had difficulty self‐managing their medications. Exenatide long‐acting release (LAR), with an extended administration interval of 1 month, maintained hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in the 7% range. Monthly administration of exenatide‐LAR may be considered for use in carefully selected elderly individuals.
Ce‐Pr Mixed Oxide Catalysts with a Fibrous Morphology for Low‐temperature PM Oxidation
Authors: Jeong Eun J. , Lee Jae H. , Lee Seong H. , Park Chung S. , Choung Jin W. , Kim Chang H. , Lee Kwan‐Young
Published: April 2019

Ceria (CeO2) is an effective precious‐metal‐free catalyst that combusts PM (particulate matter), due to its ability to switch between Ce4+ and Ce3+. In this work, to improve the activity of a ceria‐based catalyst, cerium‐praseodymium mixed oxide catalysts with various Ce−Pr ratios were synthesized with nanofiber morphologies, characterized, and compared with ceria catalysts. Two factors were considered: morphology and Ce−Pr ratio, which result in synergistic effects. In the ceria catalyst, we confirmed that a fibrous morphology is more advantageous for PM oxidation compared to nanocubes and nanorods with cubes, even though these samples have larger surface areas. In addition, the incorporation of Pr into the ceria nanofiber catalyst enhanced its intrinsic properties by promoting the reducibility and formation of oxygen vacancies. The analysis showed improved oxygen storage and supply capacity, especially for oxygen that is chemically adsorbed on the catalytic surface. PM oxidation tests demonstrated the Ce0.5Pr0.5O2‐NF catalyst showed the best activity in air, which was consistent with the characterization results. Thus, the Ce0.5Pr0.5O2‐NF sample was shown to be an effective and promising catalyst for PM oxidation.
Impact of the Oxygen Vacancies on Copper Electronic State and Activity of Cu‐Based Catalysts in the Hydrogenation of Methyl Acetate to Ethanol
Authors: Xi Yushan , Wang Yue , Yao Dawei , Li Antai , Zhang Jingyu , Zhao Yujun , Lv Jing , Ma Xinbin
Published: April 2019

Reducible oxides supported copper‐based catalysts have been widely used in ester hydrogenations due to their excellent catalytic performance. However, the role of surface oxygen vacancies is still unclear. Here, we fabricated four copper‐based catalysts using different shaped CeO2 nanocrystals as supports for the hydrogenation of methyl acetate (MA) to ethanol. The catalytic activities significantly changed depending on the morphology of supports in the order of rod>cube>spindle>octahedron, which was in line with the trend of the formation energy of oxygen vacancies on the corresponding exposed lattice planes. Combined with the results of chemisorption and in situ FTIR experiments, it is demonstrated that the oxygen vacancies are not the primary active sites for MA hydrogenation, whereas they could significantly affect the electronic state of copper species. Under reduced conditions, the mobile oxygens could be released from the lattice and form lots of oxygen vacancies, which could strongly interact with copper particles and benefit for the generation and stabilization of Cu+ species. Thus, increasing the oxygen mobility of supports could effectively increase the amount of surface Cu+ species and enhance the catalytic activity for MA hydrogenation.
Modified ridge‐type estimator to combat multicollinearity: Application to chemical data
Authors: Lukman Adewale F. , Ayinde Kayode , Binuomote Samuel , Clement Onate A.
Published: April 2019

The Linear regression model is one of the most widely used models in different fields of study. The most popularly used estimation technique is the ordinary least squares estimator. The technique becomes unstable and gives misleading result in the presence of multicollinearity. The ridge regression estimator has been widely accepted as an alternative method to combat the problem of multicollinearity. In this study, a modified ridge‐type estimator is suggested by modifying the ridge regression estimator. A Monte Carlo simulation study and real‐life application were conducted to compare the performance of this estimator and some other existing estimators. The results of both simulation study and real‐life application show that the proposed estimator outperforms other competing estimator.
Influence of postsintered wastes incorporation on physico‐mechanical and structural evolution of vitreous ceramics
Authors: Owoeye Seun Samuel , Ajayi Babafemi Ayodele , Isinkaye Olanireti Esther , Kenneth‐Emehige Amara
Published: April 2019

Due to high consumption of conventional materials such as quartz and feldspar in most ceramic products processing, the recent practice has been targeted at exploration and utilization of some industrial wastes with similar characteristics to solely or partially replace these conventional materials to reduce cost of production, and serves as a means of solid wastes management. In this regard, this work aims at incorporating postsintered wastes as partial and sole alternatives to quartz and feldspar in the production of vitreous sanitary ceramics. Vitreous sanitary ware bodies containing discarded sanitary wares and waste soda‐lime glasses as substitute to quartz and feldspar respectively were prepared using slip casting process. Several samples measuring 120 × 50 × 10 mm were cast, left to dry at ambient temperature for 24 hours followed by oven‐drying at 105°C for another 12 hours. The cast samples were then subjected to sintering at temperatures of 1150 and 1200°C, respectively, and then soaked for 90 minutes. Physico‐mechanical, phase, and structural evaluations were carried out to assess the performance of the vitreous sanitary bodies. The results showed that samples containing postsintered wastes displayed better physical, mechanical, and structural properties, while the chemical compositions of the prepared samples showed close similarity to standard Twyford sanitary ware. However, better properties were observed for samples sintered at 1200°C which might be attributed to high vitrification at elevated temperature.
Anti‐Markovnikov Radical Hydro‐ and Deuteroamidation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Jiang Heng , Studer Armido
Published: April 2019

Radical anti‐Markovnikov hydro‐ and deuteroamidation of unactivated alkenes was achieved by merging photoredox and thiol catalysis. Reactions proceed by addition of the electrophilic CbzHN‐radical (Cbz=carbobenzyloxy), readily generated by single‐electron‐transfer (SET) oxidation of an α‐Cbz‐amino‐oxy acid to an alkene. The adduct radical is reduced by thiophenol added as an organic polarity reversal cocatalyst, which mediates the H transfer from H2O to the alkyl radical intermediate. Accordingly, deuteroamidation of alkenes was realized with excellent D incorporation by using D2O as the stoichiometric formal radical‐reducing reagent. The reaction features low redox catalyst loading, excellent anti‐Markovnikov selectivity, and the use of a large alkene excess is not required. Diverse Cbz‐protected primary amines, including β‐deuterated amines, can be obtained by applying this method.
Phycoremediation of Hazardous Mixed Industrial Effluent by a Marine Strain of Phormidium sp
Authors: Kottangodan Naseera , Das Cindrella , Ram Anirudh , Meena Ram Murti , Ramaiah Nagappa
Published: April 2019

The potential of the marine microalgal isolate Phormidium sp. to detoxify/reduce various pollutants from a highly hazardous mixed industrial effluent (MIE) is evaluated. The microalgae are grown in the MIE at 30% (v/v%) strength for 21 days under controlled environmental conditions. The reductions/changes in concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, nitrite, total phosphate, and toxic metals (chromium, nickel, manganese, copper) are monitored. Notably, the isolate grew quite well, reducing the levels of BOD by 93% and those of COD by 71% in 6 to 9 days. Concentrations of other measured contaminants are also reduced to within the permissible limits of discharge. Higher rates of hatchability in Artemia salina cysts and survivability of its hatchlings are observed in the algae‐treated wastewater than in the untreated wastewater, indicating safe discharge of the wastewater. These observations are valuable, as they indicate that many environmental strains of microalgae possess the potential to detoxify certain hazardous MIEs and can adequately improve the quality of water for reuse/discharge, thereby safeguarding our natural environments from the detrimental effects of direct disposal.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Multitarget Ligands: New Players in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Discovery?
Authors: De Simone Angela , Milelli Andrea
Published: April 2019

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are responsible for controlling gene expression by modulating the acetylation status of histone proteins. Furthermore, they modulate the activity of cytoplasmic non‐histone proteins. Due to the involvement of HDACs in neurodevelopment, memory formation, and cognitive processes, HDACIs have been suggested as innovative agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given their mechanisms of action and the complex nature of AD, HDACIs have been proposed for the design of novel multitarget ligands (MTLs). To this aim, the fragment responsible for HDAC inhibition has been coupled with other structures that are able to provide additional biological actions, such as antioxidant activity or the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5, transglutaminase 2, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Herein we discuss recent efforts to design HDACI‐based MTLs as potential disease‐modifying entities.
Real‐time partitioned scheduling: Exploiting the inter‐resource affinity for task allocation on multiprocessors
Authors: Akram Naveed , Li Jianxin , Bai Yan , Zhang Yangyang
Published: April 2019

Real‐time edge computing is forging its place in cloud computing rapidly, and requirements for high‐performance edge devices are becoming increasingly complex. Multiprocessor edge devices are an attractive choice to meet these higher performance requirements. However, multiprocessor devices encounter inherent challenges when handling on‐chip shared resources. The concurrent access to these resources by the tasks requesting more than one shared resource and running on multiple processors may face huge blocking times, which can lead to missed hard real‐time deadlines and cause a catastrophic system failure. To reduce the task blocking time, we propose a task allocation algorithm that takes advantage of inter‐resource affinity and allocates all the tasks accessing multiple shared resources having inter‐resource affinity on the same processor of the multiprocessor. The proposed algorithm reduces global resources and remote blocking, which subsequently increase schedulability of task sets and reduce the processor utilization. In our experiments, we compare the proposed task allocation algorithm SRTA with existing well‐known task allocation strategies SPA, ROP, and blocking‐agnostic FFD. The experimental results reveal that the SRTA, on the average, can allocate 1.80, 2.34, and 3.14 times more task sets as compared to ROP, SPA, and FFD, respectively and reduces the number of globally shared resources significantly.
Pt−Co Alloy Nanoparticles on a γ‐Al2O3 Support: The Synergistic Effect between Isolated Electron‐Rich Pt and Co for Automotive Exhaust Purification
Authors: Sato Katsutoshi , Ito Ayano , Tomonaga Hiroyuki , Kanematsu Homare , Wada Yuichiro , Asakura Hiroyuki , Hosokawa Saburo , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Toriyama Takaaki , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Matsumura Syo , Nagaoka Katsutoshi
Published: April 2019

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Dr. Katsutoshi Sato and Prof. Dr. Katsutoshi Nagaoka (Kyoto University) and collaborators at Oita and Kyushu Universities. The cover picture shows the proposed mechanism for automotive exhaust purification over a Pt–Co alloy nanoparticle catalyst with an extremely low Pt/Co molar ratio. In the catalyst, the isolated electron‐rich Pt atoms are present on the surface of the nanoparticles and play an important role in NOx capture and activation, which are important elementary steps in exhaust purification. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201800542.
Framework for stakeholder collaboration in harnessing corporate social responsibility implementation in tourist destination to build community adaptive capacity to climate change
Authors: Rahmawati Putu Indah , Jiang Min , DeLacy Terry
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Tourism communities will be heavily affected by climate change. However, our understanding of how corporate social responsibility (CSR) of tourism businesses plays a role in building community adaptive capacity to climate change remains limited. This research aims to develop a framework to allow a better understanding of how CSR practices can enhance tourism community adaptive capacity to climate change.

Design/methodology/approach

This research takes a qualitative approach using Bali as a case study. In‐depth interviews and focus group discussions with tourism stakeholders in Bali were used for data collection. Purposive random sampling was used as sampling technique.

Findings

This study provides evidences that CSR of tourism industry can help in building community adaptive capacity to climate change both for the individuals living in a community and for the community leader to lead collective actions. The framework formulated in this research shows that government support and collaboration with tourism stakeholder are needed in harnessing CSR initiatives at the destination level for a greater positive impact for the local community.

Research limitation/implication

The findings cannot be assumed as representative of all tourism businesses in Bali. This model should be tested in other tourism destinations.

Practical implication

The empirical data presented in this research are relevant for policy makers in designing future policy or regulation on climate change.

Originality/value

Community and NGOs were involved in this research to enrich the data and give a balanced perspective on this subject matter.
Transient Ligand‐Enabled Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization
Authors: Niu Ben , Yang Ke , Lawrence Brianna , Ge Haibo
Published: April 2019

Transition metal‐catalyzed C−H bond functionalization is among the most efficient and powerful strategies in synthetic organic chemistry to derivatize otherwise inert sites of organic molecules for the construction of C−C and C−heteroatom bonds. However, additional steps are often required to install the directing groups to realize selective C−H bond functionalization of the substrates. These tedious steps run counter to the step‐economical nature of the C−H activation. In contrast, direct functionalization of the substrate by using transient ligands avoids the unnecessary steps for the pre‐functionalization of the substrates. This Minireview provides a short overview of the major progress made in this field for C−H functionalization at sp2 and sp3 carbon centers with different transient working modes, including covalent, hydrogen, and ionic bonds.
Iron‐Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen C‐Alkylation of Oxindoles with Alcohols
Authors: Dambatta Mubarak B. , Polidano Kurt , Northey Alexander D. , Williams Jonathan M. J. , Morrill Louis C.
Published: April 2019

A general and efficient iron‐catalyzed C‐alkylation of oxindoles has been developed. This borrowing hydrogen approach employing a (cyclopentadienone)iron carbonyl complex (2 mol %) exhibited a broad reaction scope, allowing benzylic and simple primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols to be employed as alkylating agents. A variety of oxindoles underwent selective mono‐C3‐alkylation in good‐to‐excellent isolated yields (28 examples, 50–92 % yield, 79 % average yield).
Overprinted allocyclic processes by tidal resonance in an epicontinental basin: The Upper Jurassic Curtis Formation, east‐central Utah, USA
Authors: Zuchuat Valentin , Sleveland Arve R. N. , Pettigrew Ross P. , Dodd Thomas J. H. , Clarke Stuart M. , Rabbel Ole , Braathen Alvar , Midtkandal Ivar
Published: April 2019

Modern, tide‐dominated and tide‐influenced coastlines are characterized by a range of environments, including deltas, estuaries and lagoons. However, some tide‐dominated basins and related sedimentary units in the rock record, such as the semi‐enclosed, shallow, Utah–Idaho Trough foreland basin of the Jurassic Curtis Sea, do not correspond to any of these modern systems. Persistent aridity caused the characteristic severe starvation of perennial fluvial input throughout this basin, in which the informal lower, middle and upper Curtis, as well as the underlying Entrada Sandstone, and the overlying Summerville Formation were deposited. Wave energy was efficiently dissipated by the shallow basin's elongated morphology (approximately 800 × 150 km), as its semi‐enclosed morphology further protected the system from significant wave impact. Consequently, the semi‐enclosed, shallow‐marine system was dominated by amplified tidal forces, resulting in a complex distribution of heterolithic deposits. Allocyclic forcing strongly impacted upon the system's intrinsic autocyclic processes as the lower Curtis was deposited. Short‐lived relative sea‐level variations, along with uplift and deformation episodes, resulted in the accumulation of three parasequences, each separated by traceable flooding and ravinement surfaces. The subsequent transgression, which defines the base of the middle Curtis, allowed for the shallow‐marine part of the system to enter into tidal resonance as a consequence of the flooded basin reaching the optimal configuration of approximately 800 km in length, corresponding to an odd multiple of the quarter of the tidal wavelength given an average minimum water depth of 20–25 m. This resonant system overprinted the effects of allocyclic forcing and related traceable stratigraphic surfaces. However, the contemporaneous and neighbouring coastal dune field sedimentary rocks of the Moab Member of the Curtis Formation, characterized by five stacked aeolian sequences, as well as the supratidal deposits of the Summerville Formation, lingered to record allocyclic signals, as the Curtis Sea regressed. This study shows that a tide‐dominated basin can enter into tidal resonance as it reaches its optimal morphological configuration, leading to the overprinting of otherwise dominant allocyclic processes by autocyclic behaviour. It is only by considering the sedimentological relationships of neighbouring and contemporaneous depositional systems that a full understanding of the dynamic stratigraphic history of a basin alternatively dominated by autocyclic and allocyclic processes can be achieved.
Multiscale analysis of canopy arthropod diversity in a volcanically fragmented landscape
Authors: Tielens Elske K. , Neel Maile N. , Leopold Devin R. , Giardina Christian P. , Gruner Daniel S.
Published: April 2019

Habitat fragmentation resulting in habitat loss and increased isolation is a dominant driver of global species declines. Habitat isolation and connectivity vary across scales, and understanding how connectivity affects biodiversity can be challenging because the relevant scale depends on the taxa involved. A multiscale analysis can provide insight in biodiversity patterns across spatial scale when information on dispersal ability is not available, in particular for community‐level studies focusing on multiple taxa. In this study, we examine the relationship between arthropod diversity, patch area, and connectivity using a multiscale approach. We make use of a natural experiment on Hawai‘i Island, where historic volcanic activity has transformed contiguous native forests to lava matrix and discrete forest patches. This landscape of patches has persisted for 150 yr, and we selected 10,000 ha consisting of 863 patches to analyze landscape connectivity using a graph theory approach. We collected arthropod samples from Metrosideros polymorpha tree canopies in 34 forest patches during multiple years. We analyzed the relationship of arthropod diversity with area, as well as with connectivity across increasing scales, or dispersal threshold distances. In contrast to well‐established ecological theory as well as prior work on birds and fungi in this system, we did not find support for a canonical species–area relationship. Next, we calculated connectivity across spatial scales and found lower Shannon diversity with higher connectivity at small scales, but no effect at increased dispersal threshold distances. We examined the landscape structure and found all habitat patches connected into three subnetworks at a 350 m threshold distance. All patches were connected at 700 m threshold distance, indicating structural dispersal limitation only at small scales. Our findings suggest that canopy arthropods are not dispersal limited at scales shown to impact both soil fungi and birds in this system. Instead, Hawaiian canopy arthropods may perceive the landscape as a connected area where discrete forest patches and the early‐successional matrix contribute resources that vary spatially with regard to habitat quality. We argue for the utility of multiscale approaches, and the importance of examining maintenance of biodiversity in fragmented landscapes that persist for hundreds of years.
Cs2Zn5(PO4)4 and Cs3La(PO4)2: Two Cs‐Containing Phosphates with Three‐Dimensional Frameworks
Authors: Guo Fengjiao , Han Jian , Cheng Jianian , Yang Zhihua , Abudouwufu Tushagu , Yu Hongwei , Pan Shilie
Published: April 2019

Two phosphates, Cs2Zn5(PO4)4 and Cs3La(PO4)2 have been successfully synthesized by employing the conventional solid‐state reaction method, and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Cs2Zn5(PO4)4 owns a three‐dimensional ∞3[Zn4P4O16] framework and Cs3La(PO4)2 features ∞2[La3P6O29] layers spreading in the bc plane. Infrared spectroscopy, UV/Vis‐NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were performed. The thermal properties and electronic structures of two compounds were investigated. In addition, the Ce3+ doped Cs3La(PO4)2 phosphor was synthesized and its photoluminescence was analyzed. The results indicate that the Cs2Zn5(PO4)4:0.01Ce3+ phosphor can be excited by ultraviolet light to obtain blue luminescence.
Bioturbation and erosion rates along the soil‐hillslope conveyor belt, part 2: Quantification using an analytical solution of the diffusion–advection equation
Authors: Román‐Sánchez Andrea , Laguna Ana , Reimann Tony , Giráldez Juan Vicente , Peña Adolfo , Vanwalleghem Tom
Published: April 2019

Particles on soil‐mantled hillslopes are subject to downslope transport by erosion processes and vertical mixing by bioturbation. Both are key processes for understanding landscape evolution and soil formation, and affect the functioning of the critical zone. We show here how the depth–age information, derived from feldspar‐based single grain post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR), can be used to simultaneously quantify erosion and bioturbation processes along a hillslope. In this study, we propose, for the first time, an analytical solution for the diffusion–advection equation to calculate the diffusivity constant and erosion–deposition rates. We have fitted this model to age–depth data derived from 15 soil samples from four soil profiles along a catena located under natural grassland in the Santa Clotilde Critical Zone Observatory, in the south of Spain. A global sensitivity analysis was used to assess the relative importance of each model parameter in the output. Finally, the posterior probability density functions were calculated to evaluate the uncertainty in the model parameter estimates.

The results show that the diffusivity constant at the surface varies from 11.4 to 81.9 mm2 a‐1 for the hilltop and hill‐base profile, respectively, and between 7.4 and 64.8 mm2 a‐1 at 50 cm depth. The uncertainty in the estimation of the erosion–deposition rates was found to be too high to make a reliable estimate, probably because erosion–deposition processes are much slower than bioturbation processes in this environment. This is confirmed by a global sensitivity analysis that shows how the most important parameters controlling the age–depth structure in this environment are the diffusivity constant and regolith depth.

Finally, we have found a good agreement between the soil reworking rates proposed by earlier studies, considering only particle age and depth, and the estimated diffusivity constants. The soil reworking rates are effective rates, corrected for the proportion of particles actually participating in the process. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental delta evolution in tidal environments: Morphologic response to relative sea‐level rise and net deposition
Authors: Finotello Alvise , Lentsch Nathan , Paola Chris
Published: April 2019

Tide‐influenced deltas are among the largest depositional features on Earth and are ecologically and economically important as they support large populations. However, the continued rise in relative sea level threatens the sustainability of these landscapes and calls for new insights on their morphological response. While field studies of ancient deposits allow for insight into delta evolution during times of eustatic adjustment, tide‐influenced deltas are notoriously hard to identify in the rock record. We present a suite of physical experiments aimed at investigating the morphological response of tide‐influenced deltas subject to relative sea‐level rise. We show that increasing relative tidal energy changes the response of the delta because tides effectively act to remove fluvially deposited sediment from the delta topset. This leads to enhanced transgression, which we quantify via a new methodology for comparing shoreline transgression rates based on the concept of a ‘transgression anomaly’ relative to a simple reference case. We also show that stronger tidal forcing can create composite deltas where distinct land‐forming processes dominate different areas of the delta plain, shaping characteristic morphological features. The net effect of tidal action is to enhance seaward transfer of bedload sediment, resulting in greater shoreline transgression compared to identical, yet purely fluvial, deltaic systems that exhibit static or even regressive shorelines. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Solar‐Thermal Distillation Desalination Device by Light Absorptive Carbon Composite Porous Foam
Authors: Jang Gyoung Gug , Klett James William , McFarlane Joanna , Ievlev Anton , Xiao Kai , Keum Jong K. , Yoon Mina , Im Piljae , Hu Michael Z. , Parks James E.
Published: April 2019

Solar‐thermal driven desalination based on porous carbon materials has promise for fresh water production. Exploration of high‐efficiency solar desalination devices has not solved issues for practical application, namely complicated fabrication, cost‐effectiveness, and scalability. Here, direct solar‐thermal carbon distillation (DS‐CD) tubular devices are introduced that have a facile fabrication process, are scalable, and use an inexpensive but efficient microporous graphite foam coated with carbon nanoparticle and superhydrophobic materials. The “black” composite foam serving as a solar light absorber heats up salt water effectively to produce fresh water vapor, and the superhydrophobic surface of the foam traps the liquid feed in the device. Two proof‐of‐principle distillation systems are adopted, i.e., solar still and membrane distillation and the fabricated devices are evaluated for direct solar desalination efficiency. For the solar still, nanoparticle and fluorosilane coatings on the porous surface increase the solar energy absorbance, resulting in a solar‐steam generation efficiency of 64% from simulated seawater at 1 sun. The membrane distillation demonstrates excellent vapor production (≈6.6 kg m‐2 h‐1) with >99.5% salt rejection under simulated 3 sun solar‐thermal irradiation. Unlike traditional solar desalination, the adaptable DS‐CD can easily be scaled up to larger systems such as high‐temperature tubular modules, presenting a promising solution for solar‐energy‐driven desalination.
Neoarchaean magmatism through arc and lithosphere melting: Evidence from eastern Dharwar Craton
Authors: Nandy Jinia , Dey Sukanta , Heilimo Esa
Published: April 2019

The Neoarchaean era is characterized by rapid crustal growth corresponding to some fundamental global changes in geodynamic processes. However, the nature of crustal growth including the mechanism and tectonic setting of the Neoarchaean are controversial issues. The eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) exposes widespread Neoarchaean granite‐greenstone belts, which provide an opportunity to evaluate the various models proposed for Neoarchaean crustal growth. In this study, we present field, petrographic, and geochemical data and discuss the petrogenesis and significance for crustal evolution for a suite of previously undescribed banded gneisses, TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite), biotite granites, alkali feldspar granite and gabbro. These rocks are associated with Neoarchaean metavolcanic and metapelites rocks of the Tsundupalle greenstone belt, in the eastern fringe of the EDC. Whole‐rock major and trace element geochemical data are consistent with diverse sources, including both crust and enriched mantle in an evolving subduction zone. A convergent orogenic setting is proposed for interpreting the association of various granitoids in the Tsundupalle area. Finally, intrusion of crustally derived, highly silicic, alkali‐rich granite, and mantle‐derived gabbro emplaced in a post‐subduction regime is proposed. Lithospheric delamination and attendant mantle melting are suggested as possible mechanisms for generation of these rocks. The understanding of generation of the different granitoid types along with gabbro provides significant insights into the mechanism of Neoarchaean crustal growth.
Fructose Promotes Leaky Gut, Endotoxemia, and Liver Fibrosis Through Ethanol‐Inducible Cytochrome P450‐2E1–Mediated Oxidative and Nitrative Stress
Authors: Cho Young‐Eun , Kim Do‐Kyun , Seo Wonhyo , Gao Bin , Yoo Seong‐Ho , Song Byoung‐Joon
Published: April 2019

Fructose intake is known to induce obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to evaluate the effects of fructose drinking on gut leakiness, endotoxemia, and NAFLD and study the underlying mechanisms in rats, mice, and T84 colon cells. Levels of ileum junctional proteins, oxidative stress markers, and apoptosis‐related proteins in rodents, T84 colonic cells, and human ileums were determined by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence analyses. Fructose drinking caused microbiome change, leaky gut, and hepatic inflammation/fibrosis with increased levels of nitroxidative stress marker proteins cytochrome P450‐2E1 (CYP2E1), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrated proteins in small intestine and liver of rodents. Fructose drinking significantly elevated plasma bacterial endotoxin levels, likely resulting from decreased levels of intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins (zonula occludens 1, occludin, claudin‐1, and claudin‐4), adherent junction (AJ) proteins (β‐catenin and E‐cadherin), and desmosome plakoglobin, along with α‐tubulin, in wild‐type rodents, but not in fructose‐exposed Cyp2e1‐null mice. Consistently, decreased intestinal TJ/AJ proteins and increased hepatic inflammation with fibrosis were observed in autopsied obese people compared to lean individuals. Furthermore, histological and biochemical analyses showed markedly elevated hepatic fibrosis marker proteins in fructose‐exposed rats compared to controls. Immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot analyses revealed that intestinal TJ proteins were nitrated and ubiquitinated, leading to their decreased levels in fructose‐exposed rats. Conclusion: These results showed that fructose intake causes protein nitration of intestinal TJ and AJ proteins, resulting in increased gut leakiness, endotoxemia, and steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis, at least partly, through a CYP2E1‐dependent manner.
Older male mentors: Outcomes and perspectives of an intergenerational mentoring program for young adult males with intellectual disability
Authors: Mahoney Natasha , Wilson Nathan J. , Buchanan Angus , Milbourn Ben , Hoey Ciarain , Cordier Reinie
Published: April 2019

Issue addressed

Intergenerational mentoring is emerging as a way to provide meaningful engagement and improve wellbeing for older adults in retirement. However, there is little, if any, Australian research concerning the benefits for older mentors involved in such mentoring. This study aims to investigate the experiences of older male mentors involved in an intergenerational mentoring program with young men with intellectual disability and identify any benefits to physical and mental health and generativity.

Methods

This study used a mixed methods concurrent triangulation design. Quantitative outcomes data were collected pre and postintervention using the SF‐36 and Loyola Generativity Scale. Qualitative data were collected using a single‐interview approach. Mentors and mentees took part in a 6‐month mentoring program based in Australian Men's Sheds.

Results

No significant changes were seen in physical health and generativity. Investigation of mental health scores revealed a significant improvement in scores on the mental health subscale. Qualitative analysis revealed the main theme as "Learning together through a relational and practical routine" and four sub‐themes.

Conclusion

Men's Shed intergenerational mentoring programs present an environment for older, retired men to express generativity, improve their mental health and bond with younger generations.So what? The potential wellbeing implications for older men through intergenerational mentoring should form the basis of future research and intervention.
Pitcher Irrigation: Some Theoretical and Practical Aspects
Authors: Martínez de Azagra Paredes A. , Del Río San José J.
Published: April 2019

After a brief introduction about pitcher irrigation, the concepts of ‘suction emitter’ and ‘oozer’ are defined and the discharge equation for the latter is determined. On the basis of this formula and fixing a ‘desired water potential’, the ‘emptying time’ of porous containers is obtained, which is a parameter necessary for the design and management of these irrigation systems. All these formulas are analysed and discussed, and criteria for the design of oozers, emitters and systems of irrigation by suction are established. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of chemical treatment as an adjunctive of air‐abrasive debridement on restoring the surface chemical properties and cytocompatibility of experimentally contaminated titanium surfaces
Authors: Ichioka Yuki , Kado Takashi , Mashima Izumi , Nakazawa Futoshi , Endo Kazuhiko , Furuichi Yasushi
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different chemotherapeutic agents, following air‐abrasive debridement, on surface chemical properties and cytocompatibility. Disks contaminated with Streptococcus gordonii biofilm were treated with air‐abrasion and immersion in either 0.9% NaCl (Air + NaCl), 0.05% alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) (Air + AEW), or 3% H2O2 (Air + H2O2). Noncontaminated and untreated titanium disks served as a control (As‐polished). The efficacy of biofilm removal, magnitude of initial cytocompatibility toward human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and surface chemical properties were determined. In all treatment groups, biofilms containing microorganisms were observed to be completely removed. The data showed discrepancies for cell affinities among treatment groups, whereby: (1) the number of cells attached to the Air + AEW treated surfaces was approximately two times greater than that to the Air + NaCl treated surfaces; and (2) cell spreading was significantly enhanced on the Air + AEW treated surfaces compared with the Air + NaCl or Air + H2O2 treated surfaces. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data showed that the mean relative concentrations of nitrogen to titanium on the As‐polished, Air + NaCl, Air + AEW, and Air + H2O2 surfaces were 0.0079, 0.0237, 0.0071, and 0.0210, respectively, which would provide a clear understanding that these discrepancies could be attributed to sufficient removals of organic‐nitrogen deposits at the same magnitude as the As‐polished following the Air + AEW treatment. This study clarifies that chemical surface treatment with AEW, as an adjunctive to air‐abrasive debridement may be beneficial in restoring surface properties for tissue integration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:183–191, 2020.
Oroactive dental biomaterials and their use in endodontic therapy
Authors: Patel Ebrahim , Pradeep Priyamvada , Kumar Pradeep , Choonara Yahya E. , Pillay Viness
Published: April 2019

Dental biomaterials have revolutionized modern therapies. Untreated dental caries remains the major etiological factor for endodontic treatment, and together with a decreasing rate of tooth loss escalates the importance of continuously improving the materials used for endodontic therapies. Endodontic biomaterials are used for vital pulp therapies, irrigation, intracanal medicaments, obturation and regenerative procedures. These materials offer several functions including: antimicrobial activity, mechanical reinforcement, aesthetics, and therapeutic effects. Vital pulp therapies have seen an improvement in clinical results with an incremental approach to build on the strengths of past materials such as calcium hydroxide and calcium silicates. While sodium hypochlorite remains the gold standard for canal irrigation, numerous nanoparticle formulations have been developed to promote sustained antimicrobial action. Gutta‐percha based bulk fillers remain the most common materials for root filling. However, while multiple studies focus on the development of novel formulations containing drugs, glass derivatives or ionic‐, polymeric‐, or drug‐ loaded nanoparticles, a lack of reliable and long‐term clinical evidence obligates further study as experienced clinicians prefer to use what has worked for decades. This review delves in to the biochemistry of the materials to scrutinize their shortcomings, and where opportunity lies to further enhance their efficacy in endodontic practice. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:201–212, 2020.
Dual functional nanoparticles containing SOX duo and ANGPT4 shRNA for osteoarthritis treatment
Authors: Jeong Se‐Young , Kang Mi‐Lan , Park Jeong‐Won , Im Gun‐Il
Published: April 2019

In our previous studies, we found that adult stem cells transfected with sex‐determining region Y‐box (SOX)‐9, ‐6 and ‐5 genes (SOX trio) enhanced chondrogenesis and suppressed the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The inhibition of angiopoietin‐like 4 (ANGPT4) is known to reduce levels of cartilage damaging enzymes, such as, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, we designed nanoparticles comprising dexamethasone‐conjugated polyethylenimine (DEXPEI) complexed with minicircle plasmid (MC) harboring SOX duo (SOX‐9, ‐6) and ANGPTL4 small hairpin RNA (shANG) [MCSOX9/6/shANG] in the expectation that transfection of these nanoparticles would enhance chondrogenesis of stem cells and suppress inflammation in OA. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) transfected with MCSOX9/6/shANG (MCSOX9/6/shANG‐tADSCs) showed significantly higher expressions of COL2 gene and protein than MCSOX9/6‐transfected ADSCs (MCSOX9/6‐tADSCs) during in vitro chondrogenesis while both enhanced chondrogenesis in the absence of growth factor addition as compared with negative controls. Furthermore, the expressions of MMP13 and MMP3 genes were significantly more diminished in MCSOX9/6/shANG‐tADSCs than in MCSOX9/6‐tADSCs. In vivo experiments using surgically‐induced OA rats showed MCSOX9/6/shANG‐tADSC‐treated rats had significantly lower levels of cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) and MMP13 in synovial fluids than MCSOX9/6‐tADSC‐treated rats, but no significant difference was observed between them in histological appearances. Both groups showed significantly less joint destruction than control groups did. These results demonstrate that dual functional nanoparticles containing SOX duo and ANGPT4 shRNA enhance chondrogenesis of ADSCs and suppress inflammation in OA. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:234–242, 2020.
Different mechanisms involved in the berberine‐induced antiproliferation effects in triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Lin Yen‐Shu , Chiu Yi‐Chou , Tsai Yi‐Hsiu , Tsai Yi‐Fang , Wang Jir‐You , Tseng Ling‐Ming , Chiu Jen‐Hwey
Published: April 2019

Background/Aim

Berberine (BBR) is known to be effective at inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, the effects of BBR on triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the cell inhibition effects of BBR on different subtypes of TNBC cells.

Methods

Using human TNBC cell lines of different subtypes, namely, MDA‐MB‐231, MDA‐MB‐468, MDA‐MB‐453, and BT‐549 as in vitro models, antiproliferative effects of BBR were investigated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, trypan blue exclusion assay, and clonogenic assay. Furthermore, cell apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining, and LC3 I/II‐targeted Western blotting. Various cell growth‐related signaling pathways (AKT/ERK/p38) and the expression of proteins present in various cell cycle kinase complexes were analyzed by Western blotting.

Results

BBR concentration‐dependently suppressed cell proliferation in MDA‐MB‐468 (0, 3, 6, and 12 μM) and MDA‐MB‐231 (0, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μM). The inhibitory effect was not brought about by inducing cell apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy. Cell cycle analysis disclosed an increased S+G2/M fraction among the BBR‐treated MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐453 cells; while with the BBR‐treated MDA‐MB‐468 and BT‐549 lines, an increased G0/G1 fraction was found. In MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐453 cells, by Western blotting, BBR decreased the expression of Cyclin A and CDK1, On the other hand, in BBR‐treated MDA‐MB‐468 and BT‐549 cells, there was a decrease in Cyclin D and CDK4 expression.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the antiproliferation effects of BBR occur via different mechanisms in different subtypes of TNBC cells, which suggests that BBR has potential as a personalized treatment for TNBC patients.
Expression of long noncoding RNAs in breast cancer in relation to reproductive factors and tumor characteristics
Authors: Ghafouri‐Fard Soudeh , Taheri Mohammad , Omrani Mir Davood , Kholghi Oskooei Vahid
Published: April 2019

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) regulate expressions of several cancer‐related genes and pathways. Expression profiling of lncRNAs would pave the way for identification of dysregulated pathways in cancer. We assessed expression of FAS‐anti sense 1 (FAS‐AS1), Taurine Upregulated 1 (TUG1), OPA‐interacting protein 5‐AS1 (OIP5 ‐AS1), nuclear‐enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), and highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) in breast tumor tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANCTs). TUG1 was downregulated in tumoral tissues. We found associations between TUG1 expression and mitotic rate, NEAT1 expression and breast feeding duration as well as FAS‐AS1 and OPI5 expressions and menarche age. A combination of transcript levels of all genes had 88.5% sensitivity and 42.3% specificity in breast cancer diagnosis. The current study provides evidence for the contribution of lncRNAs in breast cancer in relation to reproductive factors and tumor characteristics.