bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREVENTION OF RISE IN INTRAGASTRIC PRESSURE DUE TO SUXAMETHONIUM FASCICULATIONS BY PRIOR DOSE OF D‐TUBOCURARINE
Authors: Cour Dan La
Published: December 2008

The effect of a small prior dose of tubocurarine on intragastric pressure during suxamethonium fasciculations was studied. Two groups were compared, viz. 24 patients given a small dose of tubocurarine before induction of anaesthesia (pre‐oxygenation‐Leopental® ‐suxamethonium‐intubation sequence) and 27 patients who did not receive tubocurarine.

It was found that a dose of tubocurarine 4‐6 mg completely prevented the rise in intragastric pressure due to suxamethonium fasciculations. In addition, a remarkably low intragastric pressure was found after die suxamethonium injections in die group with the prior tubocurarine dose. The difference was highly significant (mean (t‐test): P < 0.0005, variance (F‐test): P < 0.001).

It is stated that the use of a small dose of tubocurarine before relaxation with suxamethonium offers some advantages. The intragastric pressure during relaxation before intubation is lower and is not increased by fasciculations, and protection is afforded against cardiac arrhythmias and muscle pains. Disadvantages are that die patients are more resistant to relaxation widi suxamethonium, and that relaxation takes a little more time. The risk of dual block must also be considered.

Es wurde der Einfluss einer kleinen Vorausdosis von Tubocurarin auf den Mageninnendruck wahrend der Succinylcholin‐Muskelzuckungen untersucht. Zwei Gruppen wurden verglichen, namlich 24 Patienten, denen eine kleine Dosis von Tubocurarin vor der Narkoseeinleitung verabreicht wurde (Se‐quenz: Sauerstoffanreicherung, Leopental®, Suxamedionium, Intubation) und 27 Patienten, die kein Tubocurarin erhielten.

Dabei zeigte sich, dass eine Tubocurarindosis von 4‐6 mg den durch die Suxamethonium‐Zuckungen bedingten Anstieg des Mageninnendruckes kom‐plett zu verhuten imstande war. Uberdies wurde ein bemerkenswert niedriger Mageninnendruck nach Suxamethoniuminjektion bei jener Patientengruppe gefunden, die vorher Tubocurarin erhalten hatte. Der Unterschied war hoch‐signifikant(Mittel(T‐Test):P < 0,0005, Varianz(F‐Test):P < 0,001).

Es kann somit festgestellt werden, dass die Gabe einer kleinen Menge von Tubocurarin vor der Erschlaffung mit Suxamethonium gewisse Vorteile bietet. Der Mageninnendruck wahrend der Erschlaffung vor der Intubation ist niedriger und wird auch durch die Muskelfaszikulationen nicht erhbht. Oberdies ist gleichzeitig ein Schutz gegen Arrhydimien und Muskelschmerzen gegeben. Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass die Patienten resistenter gegen Succinylcholin werden, und dass der Eintritt der Erschlaffung langer braucht. Auch das Risiko eines Doppelblocks muss in Erwagung gezogen werden.
FURTHER STUDIES ON CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ACID‐BASE STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH BRAIN LESIONS
Authors: Gordon E. , Rossanda M.
Published: December 2008

The acid‐base status in lumbar and ventricular samples of cerebrospinal fluid was analysed in 77 patients. Of the patients, 21 had no clinical signs of brain lesion at the time of sampling; 28 conscious patients had mild symptoms, and 28 unconscious patients had severe symptoms of brain lesion. Arterial and, in some cases, jugular venous blood was collected and analysed simultaneously with CSF samples.

Low CSF pH and low CSF bicarbonate were found both in lumbar and in ventricular samples from the unconscious patients. The mean CSF‐arterial pCOa difference was high in the unconscious patients both in lumbar and ventricular fluid, whereas these differences were normal in conscious patients.

Bei 77 Patienten wurde der Saure‐Basen‐Status von Liquorproben analy‐siert, die durch Lumbal‐ bzw. Ventrikelpunktionen gewonnen worden waren. Von diesen Patienten hatten 21 zum Zeitpunkt der Abnahme keine klinischen Zeichen einer Gehirnlasion, 28 wache Patienten hatten milde Symptome und 28 bewusstlose Patienten hatten schwere Symptome von Gehirnschaden. Gleich‐zeitig mit den Liquorproben wurden auch arterielle Blutproben und in manchen Fallen Blut aus der V. jugularis abgenommen und analysiert.

Bei den bewusstlosen Patienten fanden sich niedrige pH‐ und Bicarbonat‐ werte sowohl in den lumbalen als auch in den Ventrikelliquorproben. Die mittlere pC02‐DifFerenz zwischen Liquor und arteriellem Blut war bei den bewusstlosen Patienten sowohl bei den lumbalen als auch bei den Ventrikel‐ proben hoch, wahrend sie bei den wachen Patienten normal war. Die mittlere arterio‐vendse pCOj‐Differenz war bei den wachen Patienten normal, bei den bewusstlosen jedoch signinkant reduziert. Bei dieser letzteren Gruppe war auch die mittlere pCOa‐Differenz zwischen Liquor und Jugularvenenblut signinkant erh6ht.

Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird diskutiert und dabei der Schluss ge‐zogen, dass die Liquorazidose, die bei Bewussdosen sowohl in den lumbalen als auch in den intracraniellen Fliissigkeitsproben vorliegt, sowohl mit niedri‐gen Bicarbonat‐ als auch mit hohen pC02‐Werten vergesellschaftet ist. Diese Werte bestatigen die friihere Annahme, dass Patienten mit schweren Gehirn‐lasionen eine intrazerebrale Azidose durch die Anhaufung von sauren Meta‐boliten, aber auch von Kohlensaure, bekommen. Die spontane Hyperventilation dieser Patienten ist ein Versuch, diese Azidose zu kompensieren. Eine wirkungsvolle Kompensation kann jedoch nicht erreicht werden, wenn die arterielle Kohlensaurespannung nicht auf etwa 25 mm Hg gesenkt wird; es wird deshalb eine Behandlung mit kunstlicher Ventilation empfohlen.
CHANGE IN STROKE VOLUME AS RELATED TO CHANGE IN TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME EARLY AFTER PULMONARY SURGERY
Authors: Bratteby Lars‐Erik , Wranne Bengt
Published: December 2008

The relationship between total blood volume (TBV) and stroke volume (SV) before and after pulmonary surgery was studied in two different ways. In five patients, 15 simultaneous estimations of TBV and SV were performed before and one and three days after operation. In another five patients, SV was determined before and after transfusion of 500 ml ACD‐adenine blood. A close relationship was found between the changes in TBV and SV. The decrease in TBV was greater than estimated clinically. A considerable deficit in circulating albumin after operation was revealed. The findings point to the necessity of a more intense and also differentiated volume substitution under the present circumstances.

Die Beziehung zwischen Gesamtblutvolumen (TBV) und Schlagvolumen (SV) vor und nach Lungenoperationen wurde auf zwei verschiedene Arten untersucht. Bei 5 Patienten wurden vor, ein und drei Tage nach der Operation 15 gleichzeitige Bestimmungen des TBV und SV durchgefuhrt. Bei 5 anderen Patienten wurde das SV vor und nach Transfusion von 500 ml ACD‐Adenin‐Blut bestimmt. Es fand sich eine enge Beziehung zwischen der Veranderung von TBV und SV. Die Abnahme des TBV war grosser als die klinisch ge‐schatzte. Postoperativ zeigte sich ein betrachtliches Defizit an zirkulierendem Albumin. Die Untersuchungen unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit einer krSfti‐geren und auch difFerenzierteren Volumensubstitution unter den gegebenen Verhaltnissen.
CIRCULATION AND PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE EARLY AFTER PULMONARY SURGERY IN RELATION TO CHANGES IN ALVEOLAR AND ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSION
Authors: Wranne Bengt
Published: December 2008

The circulatory effects of oxygen administration were studied before and early after pulmonary surgery. Oxygen administration did not significantly influence the arteriovenous oxygen difference or left atrial pressure. The mechanisms contributing to an observed postoperative increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were investigated. There was no correlation between variations in arterial oxygen tension and in PVR during air breathing, but a consistent decrease in PVR was found on oxygen breathing. The observations indicate that hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction as well as other factors contribute to the postoperative increase in PVR. The consequence of the observed increase in PVR is further that die diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure cannot be used as an index of the left atrial pressure—not even during oxygen breathing.

Die Wirkung von Sauerstoffzufuhr auf den Kreislauf wurde vor und in einem fruhen Stadium nach Lungenoperationen untersucht. Die Zufuhr von Sauerstoff beeinflusste nicht signifikant die arterio‐venose Sauerstoffdifferenz oder den Druck im linkem Vorhof. Die Mechanismen, die zum beobachteten postoperativen Anstieg der pulmonalen vascularen Resistenz (PVR) beitragen, wurden untersucht. Es bestand keine Korrelation zwischen Veranderungen des arteriellen SauerstofTdruckes und der PVR wahrend Luftatmung; bei Sauer‐stoffatmung fand man dagegen stets einen Abfall der PVR. Diese Beobachtun‐gen deuten darauf hin, dass sowohl hypoxische Verengung der Lungengefasse als auch andere Faktoren zum postoperativen Anstieg der PVR beitragen. Die Schlussfolgerung aus dem beobachteten Anstieg der PVR ist ferner, dass der diastolische Druck in der Arteria pulmonalis nicht als Index des linksseitigen Vorhofdruckes ‐ auch nicht unter Sauerstoffatmung ‐ verwendet werden kann.
MYB72, a node of convergence in induced systemic resistance triggered by a fungal and a bacterial beneficial microbe
Authors: Segarra G. , Van der Ent S. , Trillas I. , Pieterse C. M. J.
Published: December 2008

Colonisation of plant roots by selected beneficial Trichoderma fungi or Pseudomonas bacteria can result in the activation of a systemic defence response that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. In Arabidopsis thaliana, induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggered by the rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r is regulated by a jasmonic acid‐ and ethylene‐dependent defence signalling pathway. Jasmonic acid and ethylene also play a role in Trichoderma‐induced resistance. To further investigate the similarities between rhizobacteria‐ and Trichoderma‐induced resistance, we studied the response of Arabidopsis to root colonisation by Trichoderma asperellum T34. In many aspects T34‐ISR was similar to WCS417r‐ISR. First, colonisation of the roots by T34 rendered the leaves more resistant to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Second, treatment of the roots with T34 primed the leaf tissue for enhanced jasmonic acid‐responsive gene expression and increased formation of callose‐containing papillae upon pathogen attack. Third, T34‐ISR was fully expressed in the salicylic acid impaired mutant sid2, but blocked in the defence regulatory mutant npr1. Finally, we show that the root‐specific transcription factor MYB72, which is essential in early signalling steps of WCS417r‐ISR, is also required for T34‐ISR. Together, these results indicate that the defence pathways triggered by beneficial Trichoderma and Pseudomonas spp. strains are highly similar and that MYB72 functions as an early node of convergence in the signalling pathways that are induced by these different beneficial microorganisms.
A method for estimating white pine blister rust canker age on limber pine in the central Rocky Mountains
Authors: Kearns Holly S. J. , Jacobi William R. , Geils Brian W.
Published: December 2008

Epidemiological studies of white pine blister rust on limber pine require a temporal component to explain variations in incidence of infection and mortality. Unfortunately, it is not known how long the pathogen has been present at various sites in the central Rocky Mountains of North America. Canker age, computed from canker length and average expansion rate, can be used to estimate infestation origin and infection frequency. To investigate relationships between canker lengths and canker ages for limber pine, we collected live white pine blister rust branch and stem cankers from three locations in Wyoming and two locations in Colorado. We quantified relationships between various measures of canker length and an estimate of canker age based on dendrochronological analysis. Total branch canker length was strongly, negatively correlated (r = −0.79) with the first year of incomplete, annual ring formation (canker age). Mean longitudinal canker expansion rate was 8.4 cm year−1 for branch and stem cankers where branches distal to the canker were either dead or alive. Annual longitudinal canker expansion, however, was significantly greater on a stem or branch where the portion distal to the canker was alive (11.5 cm year−1) rather than dead (7.1 cm year−1). For branches or stems, proximal expansion rate (i.e., toward or down stem) averaged 4.9 cm year−1. The circumferential canker expansion rate (around branch or stem) was greater for stem cankers (8.3 cm year−1) than for branch cankers (6.2 cm year−1). Additional site and host tree covariates did not improve prediction of canker age. Two simple linear equations were developed to estimate a canker age from total length of a canker with the distal portion either alive or dead. An appropriate sample of canker ages can be used to determine how long a limber pine stand has been infested with white pine blister rust and how frequently infections have occurred.
The Arabidopsis thaliana Sucrose Transporter Gene AtSUC4 is Expressed in Meloidogyne incognita‐induced Root Galls
Authors: Hofmann Julia , Kolev Petia , Kolev Nikolay , Daxböck‐Horvath Sabine , Grundler Florian M. W.
Published: December 2008

The plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita is as an obligate parasite entirely dependent on the plants solute supply. Therefore, the nematodes induce the formation of several giant cells which are embedded into root galls. At present only little information is available about the solute transfer mechanisms of the plants to supply the induced galls and giant cells and consequently the nematodes. In the present work we could show by phloem‐loading experiments that giant cells in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana are not symplasmically connected to the phloem elements, thus differing considerably form the comparable plant–nematode interaction of Arabidopsis and Heterodera schachtii. Consequently the gene expression of the sucrose transporter AtSUC4 (AtSUT4) was studied during nematode development, and its functionality was shown using RNAi gene silencing lines.
Inhibitory Effect of Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR‐462 on Phytophthora capsici Causing Phytophthora Blight in Chili Pepper
Authors: Kim Sang Gyu , Khan Zakaullah , Jeon Yong Ho , Kim Young Ho
Published: December 2008

In the present work 25 strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa isolated from rotted ginseng roots were screened for their antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora capsici in vitro. Based on antimicrobial activity, 15 strains categorized as strongly antimicrobial, among them GBR‐462 was found as the most active, and five strains each as weekly antimicrobial and no antimicrobial. Antimicrobial activity was influenced by the initial inoculum density, as strains of P. polymyxa with a strong antimicrobial activity (including P. polymyxa GBR‐462) showed the antimicrobial activity against P. capsici and could form biofilm only when they were applied at the higher initial inoculums, 108 cfu/ml. No inhibitory effect was noted on the mycelial growth and zoospore germination of the pathogen when applied at the lower inoculum density of 106 cfu/ml of P. polymyxa GBR‐462. However, sporangium formation and zoospore release was significantly inhibited at the lower inoculum density. Also light and electron microscopy revealed the structures of sporangia aberrant with no or few healthy nuclei, indicating sporangium and zoospore formation inhibited at the lower inoculum density. Application of P. polymyxa GBR‐462 into potted soil suppressed disease progression as well as disease severity; disease severity was reduced by 30% as compared to untreated pots, suggesting P. polymyxa GBR‐462 could be a potential biocontrol agent against Phytopthora capsici.
Nematicidal Activity of Honokiol and Magnolol Isolated from Magnolia tripetala
Authors: Li Guo‐Hong , Dang Li‐Zhi , Hong Lin‐Jun , Zheng Li‐Jun , Liu Fang‐Fang , Li Lei , Liu Ya‐Jun , Zhang Ke‐Qin
Published: December 2008

Ethyl acetate extract of the branches of Magnolia tripetala exhibited nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Two nematicidal phenolic compounds magnolol (1) and honokiol (2) were isolated from the extract based on bioassay‐guided fractionation. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of compounds 1–2 were 149.3 and 63.7 mg/l, respectively, against B. xylophilus, 74.5 and 75.9 mg/l, respectively, against P. redivivus, 64.7 and 57.8 mg/l, respectively, against C. elegans at 48 h.
Molecular Characterization and Distribution ofCucumber green mottle mosaic virusin China
Authors: Liu Yan , Wang Yanan , Wang Xifeng , Zhou Guanghe
Published: December 2008

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus(CGMMV) is an emerging virus on watermelon in China. We report here the almost complete nucleotide sequence and the characterization of the genome of a Chinese isolate (CGMMV‐LN). Nucleotide sequence comparisons showed CGMMV‐LN is closely related to CGMMV‐KOM, with 99.4% identity. On the basis of the nucleotide sequence, a digoxigenin‐labelled cDNA probe CG, complementary to the replicase gene region of CGMMV was synthesized. The specificity and sensitivity of the probe was tested. The detection limit of the method was equivalent to 0.8 μg fresh tissues infected by CGMMV. Two hundreds and eighteen watermelon samples collected from different regions in China during 2006–2007 were tested by this method. The distribution pattern of CGMMV in China during these years was revealed. The virus has spread in five provinces of China so far, including Liaoning, Hebei, Guangdong, Hubei and Shandong and might be an increasing tendency, which provides important information for CGMMV control in China.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MODULATORY ROLE OF THE EPITHELIUM IN SHEEP AIRWAY
Authors: Hatziefthimiou A , Kiritsi M , Kiropoulou C , Vasilaki A , Sakellaridis N , Molyvdas P‐A
Published: December 2008

The airway epithelium may modulate smooth muscle responsiveness via the release of biologically active substances, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins. Based on regional differences in structure and function described for the airway epithelium, we performed a comparative study on the responsiveness of sheep isolated, epithelium‐intact or ‐denuded, first‐ to fourth‐order bronchi to acetylcholine (ACh).

We performed contractility studies using KCl or cholinergic stimuli in the presence or absence of NO or prostaglandin‐related drugs in epithelium‐intact and epithelium‐denuded bronchial strips obtained from all four airway regions. We also studied the expression of NO synthase (NOS), using the NADPH‐diaphorase staining technique, and the effect of airway epithelium removal on the synthesis of NO metabolites in the different bronchi orders.

There was no difference in the response of first‐ to fourth‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi to ACh (1 nmol/L–100 mmol/L) or KCl (5–100 mmol/L). Removal of the epithelium had no effect on ACh‐induced contractions of first‐ and second‐order bronchi, but increased responses of third‐ and fourth‐order bronchi to ACh. The NO synthase inhibitor NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (100 µmol/L) increased ACh‐induced contractions of fourth‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi only. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (1 nmol/L–1 mmol/L) equally relaxed 1 µmol/L carbachol‐precontracted epithelium‐denuded first‐ and fourth‐order bronchi.

Although NAPDH–diaphorase staining demonstrated no regional differences in NOS expression, basal levels of NO metabolites were 4.5‐fold greater in fourth‐ compared with second‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi.

The cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 µmol/L) had no effect on ACh‐induced contractions of first‐ to fourth‐order epithelium‐intact bronchi, but decreased responses of fourth‐order epithelium‐denuded bronchi to ACh. The contractile effect of the thromboxane A2 mimetic U‐46619 (1 nmol/L–10 µmol/L) was greater in fourth‐ compared with first‐order epithelium‐denuded bronchi.

In conclusion, the sheep airway epithelium exhibits regional differences in its modulatory role and this is particularly apparent in small bronchi.
PODOCYTE INJURY IS SUPPRESSED BY 1,25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 VIA MODULATION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR‐β1/BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN‐7 SIGNALLING IN PUROMYCIN AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROPATHY RATS
Authors: Xiao Hou‐Qin , Shi Wei , Liu Shuang‐Xin , Zhang Bin , Xu Li‐Xia , Liang Xin‐Ling , Liang Yong‐Zheng
Published: December 2008

Accumulating evidence suggests that vitamin D and its analogues are renoprotective. However, the precise mechanisms and the molecular targets by which active vitamin D exerts its beneficial effects remain obscure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of active vitamin D on rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy, a model that is characterized by predominant podocyte injury.

The PAN nephropathy rats were created by a single intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg PAN. Changes in renal pathology and podocyte numbers were observed. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to examine mRNA expression of nephrin, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐7. Protein expression of nephrin, TGF‐β1, BMP‐7 and p‐Smad2/3 and p‐Smad1/5/8 was examined by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. Rats were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 by gastric gavage at a dose of 2.5 µg/kg per day, starting 2 days before PAN injection and continuing throughout the experiment.

A single injection of PAN induced massive proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine on Day 7, both of which were significantly suppressed by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Immunofluorescence and real‐time PCR of the podocyte‐associated protein nephrin revealed reduced and discontinuous staining and this change was reversed by 1,25(OH)2D3. In PAN nephropathy rats, TGF‐β1 and p‐Smad2/3 expression was upregulated, whereas that of BMP‐7 and p‐Smad1/5/8 was downregulated. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly restored BMP‐7/Smad signalling while suppressing TGF‐β1/Smad signalling.

In conclusion, 1,25(OH)2D3 can ameliorate podocyte damage and proteinuria induced by PAN. The beneficial effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on podocytes may be attributable, in part, to direct modulation of TGF‐β1/BMP‐7 signalling.
Encounters between adolescents and general practice in Australia
Authors: Booth Michael L , Knox Stephanie , Kang Melissa
Published: December 2008

Aim:  To describe the nature of the encounters between adolescents and general practice in Australia.

Methods:  Data collected by the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health programme from 1998–2004 were analysed. Data for 10–14‐year‐old and 15–19‐year‐old males and females were compared with data for 25–29‐year‐olds. The outcome measures included: number of encounters compared with other age groups, reasons for encounter, problems managed, treatments prescribed and referrals made for key problems and types of consultations.

Results:  Adolescents have the lowest rate of encounter with general practice, compared with all other age groups. Respiratory, skin, musculoskeletal and unspecified (fever, injury, weakness) problems accounted for the great majority of reasons for encounter and problems managed. Management of mental health problems, preventive health care and health education were very infrequently managed problems. Standard surgery consultations were more common among adolescents than among young adults.

Conclusions:  Adolescents have a relatively low rate of encounter with general practice and the problems managed are primarily physical ailments. There is great scope to improve delivery of preventive health care and to increase management of mental health problems.
Tubular aggregates in paralysis periodica paramyotonica with T704M mutation of SCN4A
Authors: Luan Xinghua , Chen Bin , Liu Yang , Zheng Riliang , Zhang Wei , Yuan Yun
Published: December 2008

T704M mutations in SCN4A have recently been identified in families with paralysis periodica paramyotonica. Here we report the pathological features of intracellular tubular aggregates (TAs) on muscle biopsy in one family with T704M mutations of SCN4A. Tau, dysferlin and ubiquitin were all expressed in areas of tubule accumulation. These observations confirmed that TAs were associated with T704M mutations of SCN4A in paralysis periodica paramyotonica. Some proteins can mislocate in the TAs.
Malignant craniopharyngioma; case report and review of the literature
Authors: Boongird Atthaporn , Laothamatas Jiraporn , Larbcharoensub Noppadol , Phudhichareonrat Suchart
Published: December 2008

A case of malignant craniopharyngioma in a 46‐year‐old woman presenting clinically with visual disturbance and bifrontal headache is reported. Histopathologic examination of the suprasellar mass showed a lesion characterized by nests of epithelial cells with a basaloid appearance, round‐to‐oval nuclei, moderate pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, increased nuclear cytoplastic ratio and high mitotic activity. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for Ki‐67 (44.3%), p53 (98%), and p63 (100%), but negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Clinical and pathologic features with a brief review of the relevant literature for malignant craniopharyngioma as a novel member of tumors of the suprasellar region, is discussed.
Classic and desmoplastic medulloblastoma: Complete case reports and characterizations of two new cell lines
Authors: Holthouse David J. , Dallas Peter B. , Ford Jette , Fabian Vicki , Murch Ashleigh R. , Watson Marcia , Wong George , Bertram Cornelia , Egli Simone , Baker David L. , Kees Ursula R.
Published: December 2008

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common type of brain tumor affecting children. These tumors are a significant cause of childhood mortality and morbidity, and more effective and less invasive treatment options are urgently required. To achieve these aims, it will be critical to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MB. At present, there are relatively few well‐characterized MB cell lines available to the research community for the study of MB molecular and cellular biology. Here we present the case reports of two children diagnosed with classic and desmoplastic MB, and describe the characteristics of two new MB cell lines derived from these individuals. A number of genes encoding components of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) and WNT pathways were up‐regulated in the desmoplastic relative to the classic MB cell line consistent with aberrant activation of these pathways in desmoplastic MB. These cell lines represent an additional resource for the analysis of diverse aspects of MB biology.
PATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON AMYLOIDOSIS – MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LONG‐TERM CULTURED SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF NORMAL AND AMYLOID LIVER OF MICE –
Authors: Iwata Takako
Published: December 2008

In order to obtain an isolated cell culture of reticuloendothelial cells the mouse liver has been digested by Pronase and cultured up to one year. Propagated cells in vitro have shown four different cell types; remarkable phagocytically active cells‐type I; giant cells‐type II; less phagocytically active cells‐type III; and epithelial cells‐type IV. These cells of types I, II and III have been considered to be of sinusoidal endothelial origin and the diminution of phagocytic activity in propagated cells after long‐term cultivation in vitro has been regarded to be the result of adaptation to the in vitro environment.

By means of the cultivation of amyloid liver of mice, synthesis of amyloid by sinusoidal endothelial cells has been observed and a close relationship between reticuloendothelial cells and amyloid has been proved in vitro.
A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF DEEP MYCOSES IN JAPAN, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO AUTOPSY CASES OF CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Authors: Kanda Mikio , Moriyama Masayuki , Ikeda Masao , Kojima Sekiya , Tokunaga Masayoshi , Watanabe Goro
Published: December 2008

Two thousand four hundred and fifty‐four autopsy cases of various mycoses were reported during the twelve‐year period from 1958 to 1969. These account for 1.203 % of all cases reported in the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cascs in Japan during the said period.

The results of a statistical survey of deep mycoses in Japan as viewed from findings in a long series of autopsy cases are briefly described. It is noteworthy that (1) there is a nation‐wide distribution of mycoses throughout the country, where the most frequently affected organ was noted to be the esophagus for Candida and the lungs for Aspergillus and Cryptococcus, respectively; (2) common mycoses show a trend toward progressive increase in incidence whereas mucormycosis displays a tendency to decrease; and (3) frequently coexistent conditions which underlie secondary deep mycoses, especially leukemia, malignant lymphoma and aplastic anemia, were observed to show a conspicuous trend to diminish in incidence when viewed from ratios to total numbers of autopsy cases of respective diseases.
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS WITH SELECTIVE DIFFERENTIATION TOWARD MEGAKARYOCYTIC CELLS—A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THREE AUTOPSY CASES
Authors: Okayasu Isao , Kajita Akira , Takemura Tamiko
Published: December 2008

Three autopsy cases of myeloproliferative disorders with selective differentiation toward megakaryocytic cells were reported with a clinico‐pathological analysis. All of these cases had some common distinctive features; (1) patients, adult of more than 40 years of age, (2) relatively acute fatal course (about 20 to 100 days), (3) continued pancytopenia in the peripheral blood, (4) so‐called blast cells, occasionally showing accumulation, according to the length of total duration, in addition to overwhelming predominance of atypical megakaryocytic cells in the bone marrow, and (5) an increased tendency of fibrillosis in the interstitium of the bone marrow corresponding to the more or less prolonged dura tion of the course, From these facts, they should be compatible with so‐called megakaryocytic myelosis. Some relationship between this dis order and myelogenous leukemia, and infiltrative tendency of megakaryo cytic cells in the extramedullary organs had also been discussed shortly.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON MITOCHONDRIA IN HÜRTHLE CELL ADENOMA OF THYROID
Authors: Satoh Masanobu , Yagawa Kanichi
Published: December 2008

In this investigation Hürthle cell adenoma of the thyroid was observed by electron microscopy. The cytoplasm of the cells consisted chiefly of an accumulation of numerous irregularly shaped mitochondria. Very few other organellae were observed. In addition electron microscopy revealed various degrees of electron density in the matrix of the mitochondria. When 3 dimensional models of the mitochondria were constructed, they revealed the mitochondria to have 3 dimentional forms which sometimes looked as if they might be dividing into two or three parts. The authors felt that this indicated a process of vigorous division of mitochondria and an extension of their life span. However, it was not possible to identify the cause of this division of mitochondria.
HISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF NEPHROBLASTOMA IN RATS INDUCED TRANS‐PLACENTALLY BY ETHYLNITROSOUREA
Authors: Hara Hiroshi , Miyao Masahiro , Moriki Toshiaki , Kutsukake Fumiko , Yamane Toshiko
Published: December 2008

Histologic and ultrastructural features of nephroblastomas in Sprague‐Dawley rats induced by a single transplacental injection of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on the 15‐16th day of gestation are described and their significance is discussed with respect to the histogenesis of the tumors. Many renal tumors were observed, in addition to predominant occurrence of tumors of the nervous system. Forty‐two of 142 offsprings survived over 100 days developed renal tumors, of which 37 rats had nephroblastomas, three rats had cortical adenomas, and one rat had a cystadenoma. The nephroblastomas were found in 35 rats unilaterally and in two rats bilaterally. Most of these tumors had various amounts of hyalinized stroma. In the kidneys with nephroblastomas, isolated, small foci of renal blastema were also occasionally noted. Electron microscopy revealed that nephroblastomas consisted of two types of cells, namely, epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The epithelial cells showed cellular differentiation of varying degree; they are freely lying in the stroma, forming well differentiated tubules or immature tubule‐like structures and solid cell nests. Most of the undifferentiated cells observed around the tubular structures and cell nests are demonstrated to have epithelial features. These observations seem to support the concept that nephroblastoma is originated from meta‐nephric blastema.
CELLS CONSTITUTING CEREBELLAR HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Seyama Shinichi , Ohta Michiya , Nishio Shunji , Matsushima Toshio , Kitamura Katsutoshi
Published: December 2008

Five capillary hemangioblastomas exhibiting a range of histologic variations common to this tumor were studied using electron microscopy. The capillary hemangioblastomas were composed commonly of three cell lines — stromal cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition, extramedullary hematopoietic foci were seen in the tumor tissue of one case. We regarded all these cellular elements as neoplastic components. The interconvertibility among them was not confirmed. The capillary hemangioblastomas were highly organized by those multiple cell lines. The histologic pattern of growth was arbitrarily subgrouped into stromal cell prominent type and capillary prominent type. Intermediate features between the two types were observed. These different types would depend on relative proportions and the degree of maturity of the constituting cell elements. From the histogenetic point of view, we considered capillary hemangioblastomas as being a hamartomatous tumor.
REVERSIBLE OSMOTIC OPENING OF THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER Prevention of Tissue Damage with Filtration of the Perfusate
Authors: Tomiwa Kiyotaka , Hazama Fumitada , Mikawa Haruki
Published: December 2008

Histological and fluoromicroscopical studies were performed in order to obtain information about reversibility and associated tissue damage of an osmotic opening of the blood‐brain barrier. Three ml of 1.4 M mannitol sulution were perfused through the right carotid artery of a rat, and the opening of the blood‐brain barrier was examined by using Evans blue as a tracer. The barrier was opened for 60–120 minutes and then reestablished without gross neurological defect. Microscopically, however, edematous change and microinfarcts were often observed, which might be due to microembollsm of recrystallized mannitol. With filtration of the perfusate through a millipore filter, the blood‐brain barrier was reversibly opened without any tissue damages. This could be a useful therapeutic technique and an experimental model for neurotoxicology. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 32: 427∼435, 1982.
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF INTRATHORACIC ANCIENT NEURILEMOMA IN A PATIENT WITHOUT VON RECKLINGHAUSEN'S DISEASE
Authors: Hanada Masato , Tanaka Toshihiro , Kanayama Shuji , Takami Motohisa , Kimura Masaharu
Published: December 2008

A case of intrathoracic ancient neurilemoma undergoing malignant change in a 48‐year‐old woman is reported. The lesion was first discovered incidentally during routine roentgenologic examination of the chest 15 years before its surgical removal. The gross and histologic examination of the tumor showed the features of ancient neurilemoma with extensive regressive changes as well as small preserved areas composed of Antoni type A and B tissues. In addition, obviously histologically malignant foci manifested by the presence of increased cellularity, active mitotic activity, and gradual loss of ordinary neurilemomatous differentiation were present. The patient died 16 months after operation of recurrent and distant metastatic disease. At autopsy, there was no evidence of generalized neurofibromatosis or other primary cancer. A review of the available literature revealed only two other similar cases documenting malignant transformation of solitary benign neurilemomas In patients without von Recklinghausen's disease. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 32: 527∼536, 1982.
NEUROBLASTOMA IN SITU
Authors: Hasegawa Ryohei , Tatematsu Masae , Imaida Katsumi , Murasaki Gen'i , Ito Nobuyuki , Watanabe Isamu , Nakazato Mikiko
Published: December 2008

Two cases of neuroblastoma in situ incidentally found in young infants at autopsy are reported. One was an 8‐day‐old female infant of large for dates clinically diagnosed as fetal erythroblastosis. Histologically, several foci of tumor were scattered within the medulla of the left adrenal gland. This case was thought to be multiple neuroblastoma in situ. The other was a 34‐day‐old male infant who was born premature and associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Grossly, a solitary small nodule was seen in the right adrenal gland. Microscopically, the lesion was located within the medulla. In both cases, the tumor was composed of lymphocyte‐like small and dark cells with rosette formations. Local infiltrations were observed, but not metastasis. The review of 611 autopsy cases of neuroblastoma reported in the Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan, vol. 11 (1968) to vol. 20 (1977)2 revealed 7 cases of neuroblastoma in situ including one of our cases. The peculiar features of neuroblastoma were described. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 32: 537∼546, 1982.
BLACK THYROID
Authors: Matsubara Fujitsugu , Mizukami Yuji , Tanaka Yoshinori
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of a 73‐year‐old man with “black thyroid” was reported. Investigations by light and electron microscopy and histochemical study of the black thyroid material disclosed the massive deposition brown granules in the follicular cells, to be residual bodies containing lipids. Lipids in these granules were mainly composed of phospholipid by biochemical analysis. Concerning the thyroidal function of this case the value of T4‐I in the serum was within normal range (4.8–7.5 μg/dl) and peroxidase, NADPH‐cytochrome C reductase and acid phosphatase activity in the black thyroid material revealed no significant increase or decrease, compared with other 12 autopsied cases. These granules resembled so‐called lipofuscin granules, and the frequency and grade of the deposition in autopsied cases increase with aging.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PRENEOPLASTIC CHANGES DURING N‐BUTYL‐N‐(4‐HYDROXYBUTYL)‐ NITROSAMINE‐INDUCED URINARY BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS
Authors: Fukushima Shoji , Murasaki Gen'i , Hirose Masao , Nakanishi Keisuke , Hasegawa Ryohei , Ito Nobuyuki
Published: December 2008

Sequential microscopic alterations of the urinary bladder epithelium during carcinogenesis were examined in rats after oral administration of 0.01% or 0.05% N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Simple hyperplasia appeared after 4 weeks of BBN administration. This regressed by 12 weeks after BBN discontinuation but reappeared focally in some areas after 20 weeks and persisted to the termination of the experiment. Preneoplastic papillary or nodular hyperplasia appeared earlier and more frequently in rats treated with 0.05% BBN than in those treated with 0.01%, but these lesions regressed gradually during a prolonged observation period after BBN was discontinued. These results suggest that 2 types of papillary or nodular hyperplasias exist, one reversible and the other irreversible. Tumors appeared earlier in rats treated with 0.05% BBN than in those with 0.01% BBN.
DOUBLE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STUDIES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS, COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS AND THEIR CONTROL PROTEINS IN PATIENTS WITH IgA NEPHROPATHY
Authors: Tomino Yasuhiko , Endoh Masayuki , Nomoto Yasuo , Sakai Hideto
Published: December 2008

A study on double immunofluorescent staining of immunoglobulins, complement components, and their control proteins in renal tissues from patients with IgA nephropathy is described. Renal biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy. These biopsy specimens were stained with anti sera to human C1q, C4‐binding protein, and β1H globulin by indirect immunofluorescent staining. These samples were then stained with rhodamine‐conjugated anti human IgG, IgM, and IgA. Although C1q and C4‐binding protein do not combine with IgA, they ubiquitously combine with IgG and/or IgM. β1H gobulin also combine with IgG, IgM and/or IgA. It was demonstrated that the complement system activated in IgA nephropathy was via both alternative and classical pathways. The presence of C4‐binding protein in glomeruli appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of classical pathway activation than the presence of C4.
LYMPHOMATOID GRANULOMATOSIS (LIEBOW)
Authors: Ebihara Yoshiro , Sagawa Hiroaki , Kitazawa Yoshikazu
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case with pulmonay lesions analogous to Liebow's lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) and some other unusual pictures were reported. A 29‐year‐old male who had been diagnosed and treated as Sjögren's syndrome for eleven years because of intermittent swelling of the parotids with diffuse lymphoid cell infiltration and positive serum RA‐test, showed several circumscribed densities on the chest X‐ray examination which were deemed to be of interlobar pleurisy. On autopsy, the nodular lesions in the lung were composed of angiocentric‐angiodestructive lymphoid cell proliferation analogous to LYG. In addition, the present case was characterized by focal glomerulonephritis and splenic trabeculitis which are quite unusual associations in LYG. The relationships of the present case to other similar diseases such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Sjögren's syndrome, primary lymphoma of the lung, etc. were discussed.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATION OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC LYSOZYME IN PROLIFERATIVE AND NEOPLASTIC FIBROHISTIOCYTIC LESIONS
Authors: Nakanishi Sumio , Shinomiya Sadao , Sano Toshiaki , Hizawa Kazuo
Published: December 2008

Distribution of intracytoplasmic lysozyme in proliferative and neoplastic fibrohistiocytic lesions and non fibrohistiocytic tumors was studied by immunoperoxidase technique on formalin fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections. The cases examined were 161 fibrohistiocytic lesions and 86 non‐fibrohistiocytic tumors. Contrary to our expectation, the lysozyme positive cells were found only in the minority of cases with fibrohistiocytic lesions. Cells positive for lysozyme were found only in 13 out of 100 cases of dermatofibroma, one out of 4 cases of xanthogranuloma and 8 out of 33 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Dermatoflbrosarcoma protuberans and non‐fibrohistiocytlc tumors were negative for lysozyme. It is suggested that In proliferative fibrohistiocytic lesions, Induction of lysozyme synthesis is weak or absent. Some malignant fibrous histiocytomassh owed scattered lysozyme positive neoplastic cells, indicating their probable histiocytic origin or differentiation. On the other hand, evidence of histiocytic differentiaton of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was not obtained using lysozyme immunohistiochemistry.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART IN DUCHENNE PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: Nomura Hideo , Hizawa Kazuo
Published: December 2008

The cardiac conduction systems including sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular(His) bundle, and peripheral conduction system (left and right bundle branch, and Purkinje fiber) of 23 patients with Duchenne progressive musculr dystrophy(DMD) were studied with light microscope. Infiltration of fat tissue and mild fibrosis were occasional findings in SA and AV nodes. Degeneration of the conduction muscle fiber was hardly noted in SA node, AV node, and His bundle. Only the peripheral conduction system (Purkinje fiber) showed significant degenerations such as eosinophilic, necrotic and vacuolar changes with fibrosis. These necrobiotic changes resembled hyaline and vacuolar skeletal and cardiac muscular degenerations in DMD and were assumed to have occurred on the basis of the structural and constitutional characteristics of the peripheral conduction fiber as a striated muscle fiber. The vascular changes and amyloid deposit suggesting precocious aging in the conduction systems were not observed.
FINE STRUCTURAL HISTOCHEMISTRY OF MYOSIN‐ATPASE ACTIVITY IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: Ii Kunio , Hizawa Kazuo
Published: December 2008

Myosin ATPase activity was fine‐structurally examined in various skeletal muscle lesions including atrophy, degenerations, necrosis, “deltashaped subsarcolemmal lesion”, and apparently normal fibers from seven patients of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (D M D). The enzyme activity was almost completely lost in the foci of necosis, and more or less markedly diminished in various kinds of degenerations, while it was well preserved in the apparently normal and simply atrophic fibers. The results suggested that there were two different lesions in wasting of the skeletal muscles in D M D; necrotic process with degenerations in which myosin‐ATPase activity was affected and simply atrophic process which had little influence on the enzyme activity. The former lesion might be related with direct or indirect damages such as proteolysis, while the latter seemed to be an expression of basically different process such as disuse or denervation, or a more mild expression basically of the same process ultimately resulting in necrosis.
PELIOSIS HEPATIS
Authors: Onda Hiroyuki , Kaneda Yoshinori , Ito Yoshio , Wakabayashi Takashi
Published: December 2008

So‐called “Fumyaku‐han” of the bovine liver was examined histologically. Localized hemorrhagic foci in the liver have turned out to be blood cavities lined with endothelium associated with hepatic cells. There was no sign of hepatic cell necrosis. The liver lesion was thus identified as phlebectatic type of peliosis hepatis based on histological characteristics and in the light of the literature.
ISOLATED ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) DEFICIENCY
Authors: Matsuo Kenji , Shigematsu Kazuto , Kusano Hiroyuki , Kihara Masataka , Kawai Kioko , Tsuchiyama Hideo , Morimoto Isao
Published: December 2008

The case to be reported is that of a 72‐year‐old woman with isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency, who complained of anorexia and generalized malaise. The secretions of human growth hormone(HGH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were all within normal limit. In spite of the extremely low level of Cortisol, the plasma level of AGTH would not rise sufficiently, but a marked response of Cortisol to AGTH stimulation was recognizaed. The postmortem examination revealed a decrease In basophilic or PAS‐positive cells of the anterior pituitary gland which also showed a selective loss of AGTH‐secreting cells over immunohistochemical study. Electron microscope could easily visualize somatotroph, mammotroph, thyrotroph, FSH‐ and LH‐gonadtroph, but corticotroph was difficult to be discerned. Adrenocortical cells demonstrated atrophy and degeneration, for which the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis were narrowed. The zona glomerulosa was slightly enlarged In width.
RAPID RESTORATION OF INJURED KIDNEY AFTER IMMEDIATE REMOVAL OF OPPOSITE NORMAL KIDNEY In Comparison with Delayed Contralateral Nephrectomy
Authors: Togashi Kenichi
Published: December 2008

The difference in restoration of injured kidneys according to the time of contralateral nephrectomy was investigated in rats. When the opposite normal kidney was removed immediately or when both kidneys were rendered ischemic totally, the function of the injured kidney or kidneys was rapidly restored and showed almost normal level of blood urea nitrogen as well as normal histology one week after the ischemic damage. But delayed contralateral nephrectomy slowed down the speed of recovery, and the injured kidney did not function completely and showed severe inflammatory reaction in histology four weeks after the injury. It was discussed that retention of some factors like renal hypertrophy factor would cause rapid restoration of the damaged kidney.