bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elder Abuse and Social Capital in Older Adults: The Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study
Authors: Koga Chie , Hanazato Masamichi , Tsuji Taishi , Suzuki Norimichi , Kondo Katsunori
Published: September 2019

Background: Elder abuse is a serious public health issue worldwide, but large-scale epidemiologic studies remain sparse. Although social factors in human relations such as social support and social isolation have been proposed as the factors related to elder abuse, cognitive social capital has not been examined. Objective: This study aims to clarify the prevalence of and the factors associated with elder abuse among independent older adults in Japan. Methods: The study design is a retrospective observational study. The data were derived from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES). These self-report data were collected from 26,229 people aged 65 years or older living in 28 municipalities in 2013. The types of elder abuse and factors associated with them were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of elder abuse among the sample was 12.3% (11.1% in males and 13.3 in females). In the entire sample, physical, psychological, and financial abuses were reported to be 1.26, 11.12, and 1.45%, respectively. Factors associated with increased odds of experiencing abuse were being a woman, living with family members, having poor self-rated health, and having mild or severe depression. By contrast, age ≥85 years, being widowed, or unmarried, and having a positive view of community trust were associated with a lower risk of experiencing abuse. Conclusion: While particular demographic factors and health are associated with a greater risk of elder abuse, our findings that trust within the community lessens the risk indicates the importance of social capital. This should be taken into consideration when developing population-based strategies to prevent elder abuse.
Thyroid Hormone Diminishes Ca2+ Overload Induced by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation in Cardiomyocytes by Inhibiting Late Sodium Current and Reverse-Na+/Ca2+ Exchange Current
Authors: Zeng Bin , Liao Xiaoting , Liu Lei , Ruan Huaiyu , Zhang Caixia
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose: Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) overload occurs in myocardial ischemia and ­reperfusion. The augmentation of the late sodium current (INaL) causes intracellular Na+ accumulation and subsequent [Ca2+]i overload via the reverse mode of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (reverse-INCX), which can lead to arrhythmia and cardiac dysfunction. Thus, inhibition of INaL is a potential therapeutic approach for ischemic heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thyroid hormone on augmented INaL, reverse-INCX, altered action potential duration (APD), and [Ca2+]i concentration in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced ventricular myocytes in vitro. Methods: The transient Na+ current (INaT), INaL, reverse-INCX, and APs were recorded using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique in neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes. [Ca2+]i concentration alteration were, respectively, observed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Results: Triiodothyronine (T3) pretreatment decreased the INaL in a concentration-dependent manner. H/R injury aggravated the INaL, INaT, and reverse-INCX in cardiomyocytes and increased the continuous accumulation of [Ca2+]i (p < 0.05). The application of T3 prior to H/R injury significantly decreased the increased INaL, INaT, and reverse-INCX and blunted the [Ca2+]i increase. Furthermore, T3 pretreatment shortened the APD induced by H/R injury. Conclusion: T3 inhibited H/R-increased INaL and reverse INCX augmentation, shortened the APD, and diminished [Ca2+]i overload, indicating a potential therapeutic use of T3 as an INaL inhibitor to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis and protect cardiomyocytes against H/R injury.
Altered Functional Connectivity within Default Mode Network in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Zhu Tingting , Li Lingyu , Song Yulin , Han Yu , Zhou Chengshu , Zhou Dan , Zhang Fuding , Xue Qiming , Liu Jinling , Zhao Lijuan , Zhang Cairong , Lv Yating , Han Xiujie
Published: September 2019

Default mode network (DMN) is an important functional brain network that supports aspects of cognition. Stroke has been reported to be associated with functional connectivity (FC) impairments within DMN. However, whether FC within DMN changes in transient ischemic attack (TIA), an important risk factor for stroke, remains unclear. Forty-eight TIA patients and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging seed-based FC methods, we examined FC alterations within DMN in TIA patients, tested its associations with clinical information, and further explored the ability of FC abnormalities to predict follow-up ischemic attacks. We found significantly decreased FC of left middle temporal gyrus/angular gyrus both with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/Pcu) and significantly decreased FC among each pair of mPFC, left PCC, and right Pcu in patients with TIA as compared with HCs. Moreover, the connectivity between mPFC and left PCC could predict future ischemic attacks of the patients. Collectively, these findings may provide insights into further understanding of the underlying pathological mechanism in TIA, and aberrant FC between the hubs within DMN may provide a reference for the imaging diagnosis and early intervention of TIA.
Pimenta Bueno e uma visão ampla sobre a origem do câncer no início do século XX
Authors: Fioravanti Carlos Henrique
Published: September 2019

O médico parense Alfredo Leal Pimenta Bueno (1886-?), professor na Faculdade de Medicina de Belo Horizonte, hoje integrada à Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, apresentou uma visão ampla e original sobre a origem do câncer em uma série de de 19 artigos publicados em 1927 e 1928 na revista Brasil Médico. Inte-grando química, física, físico-química, bioquímica, genética, citologia, patologia, histologia e fisiologia, ele analisou como o câncer poderia surgir, até mesmo sem qualquer causa conhecida ou aparente, fazer as células perderem suas funções específicas e regredirem ao estado embrionário, quando são pouco diferenciadas entre si, e constituir uma síndrome, que poderia se manifestar localmente, em um órgão ou tecido mais sensível. Por limitações conceituais e instrumentais de sua época, ele não pôde ir além na confirmação ou retificação de suas conclusões, mas muitas de suas conclusões estavam corretas, como o acúmulo de ácidos – a acidose – no interior da célula tumoral. A compreensão aprofundada dos mecanismos hereditários mais profundos só seria possível depois da descoberta da estrutura da molécula de DNA, um dos alvos principais das mutações que favore-cem o crescimento de tumores, em 1953.
Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Li Fei , Huang Xiang-Yuan , Zhang Xing-Chao , Zhao Xing-Xi , Yang Jian-Huan , Chan Bosco Pui Lok
Published: September 2019

We conducted field surveys on the mammalian diversity in the Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China, using camera trap and transect method between April 2014 and May 2018.  A total of 46 identifiable mammal species were recorded, including one new record for China and nine new species for the Tengchong County.  Of the 46 species, nine are globally threatened (three Endangered and six Vulnerable) and six are Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Species richness of most mammal groups in Tengchong remains high compared to similar sites in neighbouring countries; however, encounter rates for species vulnerable to high hunting pressures were quite low and large carnivores, except the Asiatic Black Bear, were either extirpated or at critically low numbers.  Future surveys should cover a wider elevation range and a variety of microhabitats to increase the probability of detecting the species not yet recorded.  To enhance the conservation value of the reserve for the diverse mammalian community, poaching and livestock grazing should be further controlled; in addition, protection and restoration of low-altitude forests should be encouraged.  Monitoring and research on selected flagship species should also be conducted.
A preliminary report on butterfly fauna (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Lo Yik Fui Philip , Bi Zheng
Published: September 2019

The butterfly fauna of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, western Yunnan, China was investigated during a series of field surveys conducted between April 2014 and May 2018.  A total of 216 butterfly species were recorded (Hesperiidae 41, Papilionidae 20, Pieridae 21, Lycaenidae 45, and Nymphalidae 89), of which 179 represent new records for Tengchong.  Significant findings include paratype materials of a recently described genus and a subspecies, respectively, as well as three national and five provincial new records.  Several obscure species were rediscovered during the survey, including two taxa that have not been recorded since their descriptions, Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949 and Thoressa pedla pedla (Evans, 1956).  The result of the survey is presented herein with notes on some little-known species. Additionally, past records on Tengchong butterfly fauna were reviewed and a name is treated as nomen nudum.
Cardiac Computed Tomography
Authors: Oikonomou Evangelos K. , West Henry W. , Antoniades Charalambos
Published: September 2019

Unstable coronary plaques that are prone to erosion and rupture are the major cause of acute coronary syndromes. Our expanding understanding of the biological mechanisms of coronary atherosclerosis and rapid technological advances in the field of medical imaging has established cardiac computed tomography as a first-line diagnostic test in the assessment of suspected coronary artery disease, and as a powerful method of detecting the vulnerable plaque and patient. Cardiac computed tomography can provide a noninvasive, yet comprehensive, qualitative and quantitative assessment of coronary plaque burden, detect distinct high-risk morphological plaque features, assess the hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions and quantify the coronary inflammatory burden by tracking the effects of arterial inflammation on the composition of the adjacent perivascular fat. Furthermore, advances in machine learning, computational fluid dynamic modeling, and the development of targeted contrast agents continue to expand the capabilities of cardiac computed tomography imaging. In our Review, we discuss the current role of cardiac computed tomography in the assessment of coronary atherosclerosis, highlighting its dual function as a clinical and research tool that provides a wealth of structural and functional information, with far-reaching diagnostic and prognostic implications.
POT1 and Damage Response Malfunction Trigger Acquisition of Somatic Activating Mutations in the VEGF Pathway in Cardiac Angiosarcomas
Authors: Calvete Oriol , Garcia‐Pavia Pablo , Domínguez Fernando , Mosteiro Lluc , Pérez‐Cabornero Lucía , Cantalapiedra Diego , Zorio Esther , Ramón y Cajal Teresa , Crespo‐Leiro Maria G. , Teulé Álex , Lázaro Conxi , Morente Manuel M. , Urioste Miguel , Benitez Javier
Published: September 2019

Background

Mutations in the

POT
1

gene explain abnormally long telomeres and multiple tumors including cardiac angiosarcomas (
CAS
). However, the link between long telomeres and tumorigenesis is poorly understood.

Methods and Results

Here, we have studied the somatic landscape of 3 different angiosarcoma patients with mutations in the

POT
1

gene to further investigate this tumorigenesis process. In addition, the genetic landscape of 7
CAS
patients without mutations in the

POT
1

gene has been studied. Patients with
CAS
and nonfunctional

POT
1

did not repress
ATR
(ataxia telangiectasia RAD3‐related)–dependent
DNA
damage signaling and showed a constitutive increase of cell cycle arrest and somatic activating mutations in the
VEGF
(vascular endothelial growth factor)/angiogenesis pathway (

KDR

gene). The same observation was made in

POT
1

mutation carriers with tumors different from
CAS
and also in
CAS
patients without mutations in the

POT
1

gene but with mutations in other genes involved in
DNA
damage signaling.

Conclusions

Inhibition of
POT
1 function and damage‐response malfunction activated
DNA
damage signaling and increased cell cycle arrest as well as interfered with apoptosis, which would permit acquisition of somatic mutations in the
VEGF
/angiogenesis pathway that drives tumor formation. Therapies based on the inhibition of damage signaling in asymptomatic carriers may diminish defects on cell cycle arrest and thus prevent the apoptosis deregulation that leads to the acquisition of driver mutations.
Carotid Plaque Neovascularization Detected With Superb Microvascular Imaging Ultrasound Without Using Contrast Media
Authors: Zamani Mahtab , Skagen Karolina , Scott Helge , Lindberg Beate , Russell David , Skjelland Mona
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

A significant proportion of ischemic strokes are caused by emboli from unstable carotid artery plaques with intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) as a key feature of plaque instability. IPN is not detectable with conventional Doppler ultrasound. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can visualize IPN, but its use is limited in clinical practice because it requires an intravenous injection of contrast. Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) without contrast uses an algorithm to remove clutter and motion wall artifacts while preserving low-velocity blood flow signals, enabling visualization of IPN. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of SMI for the detection of IPN.

Methods—

Thirty-one patients with >50% carotid stenosis were included: 22 patients were symptomatic and 9 asymptomatic. All patients underwent conventional carotid ultrasound, CEUS, SMI, and blood tests. CEUS and SMI findings were compared and correlated to histological plaque assessments after endarterectomy.

Results—

There was significant positive correlation between an IPN visual 5-level classification of SMI and a semiquantitative analysis of CEUS (
P
<0.001,
r
=0.911). Plaques with higher SMI grades had higher numbers of neovessels quantified at histology (
P
=0.041,
r
=0.460). Hypoechoic plaques had higher grades of IPN on both CEUS and SMI (
P
<0.001). Higher visual IPN counts on SMI were associated with (1) increased areas of inflammation (
P
=0.043,
r
=0.457), (2) combined rank scores of granulation tissue, inflammation and lipids (
P
=0.02,
r
=0.494) at histology, and (3) higher peak-intensity values on quantitative CEUS (
P
=0.042,
r
=0.514).

Conclusions—

SMI ultrasound can detect neovascularization with accuracy comparable to CEUS, suggesting SMI to be a promising noninvasive alternative to CEUS for the assessment of carotid plaque stability.
Cardiometabolic Health and Longitudinal Progression of White Matter Hyperintensity
Authors: Scharf Eugene L. , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Przybelski Scott A. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Mielke Michelle M. , Knopman David S. , Preboske Gregory M. , Schwarz Christopher G. , Senjem Matthew L. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Machulda Mary , Kantarci Kejal , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Vemuri Prashanthi
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

White matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden is associated with stroke and cognitive decline. Risk factors associated with the longitudinal progression of WMH in the general population have not been systematically investigated. To investigate the primary midlife and current cardiometabolic risk factors associated with changes in WMH over time in a population cohort.

Methods—

This cohort study included participants enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a longitudinal population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota with at least 2 consecutive WMH assessments on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-magnetic resonance images (n=554, ≥60 years with midlife assessments) with relevant baseline laboratory measures of interest. Linear mixed model regression was used to determine the important components of cardiometabolic risk profile at baseline that were associated with future progression of WMH. These analyses were controlled for age and sex. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using stratification by sex. The main outcome measure was percent change in WMH normalized to total intracranial volume. Three sets of models were constructed to evaluate individual (1) midlife risk factors, (2) current risk factors including the presence of metabolic syndrome and its constituents, and (3) baseline measurements of continuous laboratory measures of cardiometabolic risk.

Results—

Age was the strongest predictor of progression in WMH (
P
<0.001). Baseline hypertension (
P
<0.001), midlife hypertension (
P
=0.003), and baseline fasting glucose in males (
P
=0.01) were predictive of WMH change. The presence of metabolic syndrome was not associated with progressive WMH. In sensitivity analyses, associations between hypertension and WMH progression were stronger in females. Baseline serum glucose was associated with increase in WMH but was not significant in females in the stratified analysis. Other continuous laboratory measures of vascular risk were not associated with progressive WMH.

Conclusions—

Midlife and current hypertension in all participants and fasting glucose in males were associated with quantitative changes in white matter. Prospective clinical studies should determine optimal blood pressure to reduce stroke and cognitive impairment during aging.
Predicting Dementia in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Using an Automatic Diffusion Tensor Image Segmentation Technique
Authors: Williams Owen A. , Zeestraten Eva A. , Benjamin Philip , Lambert Christian , Lawrence Andrew J. , Mackinnon Andrew D. , Morris Robin G. , Markus Hugh S. , Barrick Thomas R. , Charlton Rebecca A.
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is the most common cause of vascular cognitive impairment, with a significant proportion of cases going on to develop dementia. We explore the extent to which diffusion tensor image segmentation technique (DSEG; which characterizes microstructural damage across the cerebrum) predicts both degree of cognitive decline and conversion to dementia, and hence may provide a useful prognostic procedure.

Methods—

Ninety-nine SVD patients (aged 43–89 years) underwent annual magnetic resonance imaging scanning (for 3 years) and cognitive assessment (for 5 years). DSEG-
θ
was used as a whole-cerebrum measure of SVD severity. Dementia diagnosis was based
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V
criteria. Cox regression identified which DSEG measures and vascular risk factors were related to increased risk of dementia. Linear discriminant analysis was used to classify groups of stable versus subsequent dementia diagnosis individuals.

Results—

DSEG-
θ
was significantly related to decline in executive function and global cognition (
P
<0.001). Eighteen (18.2%) patients converted to dementia. Baseline DSEG-
θ
predicted dementia with a balanced classification rate=75.95% and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.839. The best classification model included baseline DSEG-
θ
, change in DSEG-
θ
, age, sex, and premorbid intelligence quotient (balanced classification rate of 79.65%; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.903).

Conclusions—

DSEG is a fully automatic technique that provides an accurate method for assessing brain microstructural damage in SVD from a single imaging modality (diffusion tensor imaging). DSEG-
θ
is an important tool in identifying SVD patients at increased risk of developing dementia and has potential as a clinical marker of SVD severity.
Cancer-Related Ischemic Stroke Has a Distinct Blood mRNA Expression Profile
Authors: Navi Babak B. , Mathias Ryna , Sherman Carla P. , Wolfe Julia , Kamel Hooman , Tagawa Scott T. , Saxena Ashish , Ocean Allyson J. , Iadecola Costantino , DeAngelis Lisa M. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Hull Heather , Jickling Glen C. , Sharp Frank R. , Ander Bradley P. , Stamova Boryana
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

Comorbid cancer is common in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). As blood mRNA profiles can distinguish AIS mechanisms, we hypothesized that cancer-related AIS would have a distinctive gene expression profile.

Methods—

We evaluated 4 groups of 10 subjects prospectively enrolled at 3 centers from 2009 to 2018. This included the group of interest with active solid tumor cancer and AIS and 3 control groups with active cancer only, AIS only, or vascular risk factors only. Subjects in the AIS-only and cancer-only groups were matched to subjects in the cancer-stroke group by age, sex, and cancer type (if applicable). Subjects in the vascular risk factor group were matched to subjects in the cancer-stroke and stroke-only groups by age, sex, and vascular risk factors. Blood was drawn 72 to 120 hours after stroke. Total RNA was processed using 3′ mRNA sequencing. ANOVA and Fisher least significant difference contrast methods were used to estimate differential gene expression between groups.

Results—

In the cancer-stroke group, 50% of strokes were cryptogenic. All groups had differentially expressed genes that could distinguish among them. Comparing the cancer-stroke group to the stroke-only group and after accounting for cancer-only genes, 438 genes were differentially expressed, including upregulation of multiple genes/pathways implicated in autophagy signaling, immunity/inflammation, and gene regulation, including IL (interleukin)-1, interferon, relaxin, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, SQSTMI1 (sequestosome-1), and CREB1 (cAMP response element binding protein-1).

Conclusions—

This study provides evidence for a distinctive molecular signature in blood mRNA expression profiles of patients with cancer-related AIS. Future studies should evaluate whether blood mRNA can predict detection of occult cancer in patients with AIS.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02604667.
Nuptial feeding and genital coupling of Neopanorpa scorpionflies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with notal organs of various lengths
Authors: Tong Xin , Hua Bao-Zhen
Published: September 2019

Neopanorpa, the second largest genus in Panorpidae, is mainly characterized by the well-developed notal organ on male tergum III. However, it remains largely unknown how the length of the notal organ influences the nuptial feeding behaviour of Neopanorpa. Here, we investigated the nuptial feeding by comparing the morphology of mating-related structures and the genital coupling of a) Neopanorpa lui Chou & Ran, 1981 with a weakly-developed notal organ, b) N. carpenteri
Cheng, 1957 with a medium-sized notal organ, and c) N. longiprocessa
Hua & Chou, 1997 with an extremely elongated notal organ. The couples of N. lui and N. carpenteri maintain an intermittent mouth-to-mouth mode but do not exchange any edible food. After that the males secrete a salivary mass onto the surface as a nuptial gift, which is distinctly larger in N. carpenteri than in N. lui. Correspondingly, the male salivary glands are more developed in N. carpenteri than in N. lui. Males of N. longiprocessa bear very short salivary glands corresponding to a coercive mating tactic. The genital couplings are similar among the three species of Neopanorpa. The paired hypovalves of males are used to control the cerci of females. The prominent basal processes of male gonostyli grasp the posterior portion of the female medigynium across the intersegmental membrane. The male aedeagus physically couples with the female medigynium to ensure the male phallotreme to connect to the female copulatory pore. The influence of the notal organ length on the nuptial feeding behaviour of Neopanorpa is briefly discussed.
Impacts of Convective Activity over the Tibetan Plateau on Plateau Vortex, Southwest Vortex, and Downstream Precipitation
Authors: Fu Shen-Ming , Mai Zi , Sun Jian-Hua , Li Wan-Li , Ding Yang , Wang Ya-Qiang
Published: September 2019

In summer, convective activity over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is vigorous, with some of it moving eastward and vacating the plateau [defined as the eastward-moving type (EMT)]. Although the EMT only accounts for a small proportion, it is closely related to heavy precipitation east of the TP. This study investigates EMT impacts based on a series of composite semi-idealized simulations and piecewise potential vorticity (PV) inversion. The main results are as follows. (i) An EMT begins to affect downstream precipitation before it vacates the TP. A weaker EMT tends to cause the main downstream rainband to reduce in intensity and move southward. (ii) The EMT contributes to the formation of an eastward-moving plateau vortex (PLV) by enhancing convergence-induced stretching. Over the TP, the PLV mainly enhances/maintains the EMT, whereas during the vacating stage, the PLV dissipates (since convergence decreases rapidly when sensible heating from the TP reduces), which substantially reduces the intensity of the EMT. (iii) After PLV dissipation, a southwest vortex (SWV) forms around the Sichuan basin mainly due to convergence-induced stretching, convection-related tilting, and background transport. Piecewise PV inversion indicates that an EMT can directly contribute to SWV formation via lowering geopotential height and enhancing cyclonic wind perturbations around the Sichuan basin (even before its vacating stage), while neither of them governs the SWV formation. Sensitivity runs show that an EMT is not necessary for SWV formation, but can modify the SWV formation time and location, as well as its displacement, which significantly affects downstream precipitation.
Struggling for education: The dynamics of student protests in Chile and Quebec
Authors: Ancelovici Marcos , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: September 2019

This article aims at explaining the emergence and magnitude of student protests in Chile in 2011 and in Quebec in 2012. These two societies witnessed unprecedented levels of student mobilization that cannot be accounted for simply by pointing out existing resources and political cultures. Although the latter did play a role in shaping the mobilization – insofar as in both Chile and Quebec the student movement is well organized, is composed of dense networks of formal as well as informal organizations and has been characterized by contentious practices for a long time – they cannot alone explain the timing and the duration of the 2011–2012 protests. The authors thus propose to treat organizational resources and political culture as initial conditions and draw on the work of McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly to focus on three processes that were critical in determining the growth and trajectory of the conflict: (1) mediation, as a result of communication and coalition work among student organizations and the emergence of new collectives that redefined past lines of division; (2) polarization, as a result of both a closed structure of political opportunities and a radicalization of student demands; and (3) spillover, as student movements extended beyond initial issues and goals and fostered other mobilizations. These three processes did not evolve in sequence but instead in parallel, conditioning one another. By showing that similar mechanisms can generate relatively similar effects in different contexts, this study contributes to assessing their robustness. Furthermore, by comparing a case from the Global North with one from the Global South the study contributes to making social movement studies less parochial.
Preaching in Early Medieval Frankish Monasteries: The Auxerre Homiliary Assigned to Haimo
Authors: Galle Christoph
Published: September 2019

The goals of my study were first to show the characteristic features of the homiliary assigned to Haimo of Auxerre compared to four other Carolingian sermon collections of the 8th and 9th centuries and second to explain why its audience should be found within the Frankish monasteries.
Dual-Task Interference Between Swimming and Verbal Memory
Authors: Stets Andrew , Smith Samantha L. , Helton William S.
Published: September 2019

Objective

A dual-task study was performed to explore the performance effects for swimming, word recall, and the combination of the two tasks performed simultaneously.

Background

Dual-task interference studies have been performed for a variety of tasks; however, there has not been much dual-task interference research where one of the tasks is a naturalistic physically strenuous task. Swimming is a unique physical task that requires spatial orientation on three dimensional axes, similar to that of flying, but has no risk of falling. Previous studies have been conducted in other activity combinations with word-free recall, such as running and climbing, but swimming has yet to be explored.

Method

A verbal memory recall task and swimming task were performed in isolated (single-task) and simultaneous conditions. A comparison of effects across these different activities was also explored.

Results

Swimming and the word-recall task resulted in significant dual-task interference: almost as much as when word recall was paired with another verbal task, but more than running and less than climbing.

Conclusion

Consistent with other dual-task studies, this study observed dual-task interference between the physical swimming task and the cognitive verbal memory task.

Application

Future technologies and training for personnel who engage in water rescue or commercial diving, such as underwater welding and fiber optic cable, may be improved by these findings.
Organizational Conflict Resolution and Strategic Choice: Evidence from a Survey of Fortune 1000 Firms
Authors: Lipsky David B. , Avgar Ariel C. , Lamare J. Ryan
Published: September 2019

This article examines the strategic underpinnings of firms’ use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) practices. The authors argue that a firm’s strategic orientation and commitment to ADR shape its adoption of dispute resolution techniques—such as mediation and arbitration. Firms vary in the benefits they seek to gain from adopting ADR practices, and firm-level use is affected by these anticipated benefits. The authors also propose a link between a firm’s commitment to the diffusion, access, and their use of ADR, on the one hand, and employee usage on the other. They test their theory using survey data from Fortune 1000 corporations and identify four distinct strategic orientations toward ADR, which in turn help to explain use of ADR within firms. Finally, they also find that a firm’s commitment to ADR is also shown to affect the firm’s use of mediation and arbitration.
The Development of the Widowhood Resilience Scale
Authors: West Carrie L. , Dreeben Samuel J. , Busing Kyle
Published: September 2019

Widowhood researchers have been increasingly interested in the construct of resilience and identifying factors which contribute to adaptive responses to conjugal loss. Available measures of general resilience were validated on nonwidowed samples and broadly lack face validity for use with widowed people. This article reports the development and validation of a resilience scale specific to widowhood, the Widowhood Resilience Scale. Initially, qualitative responses from 744 widowed people were analyzed and cross-referenced with existing literature on resilience to develop 49 items. The 49 items were tested on a sample of 1,188 widowed people, resulting in a 6-factor, 25-item scale.
Work Engagement and Resiliency Impact the Relationship Between Nursing Stress and Burnout
Authors: Hetzel-Riggin Melanie D. , Swords Brett A. , Tuang Hau L. , Deck Joshua M. , Spurgeon Nicholas S.
Published: September 2019

Nursing is a stressful occupation, and consequently, nurses are at risk for work-related burnout. This is highly problematic, as numerous negative consequences are associated with burnout. Most notably, burnout may result in nurses leaving the profession, thereby exacerbating the nursing shortage. The purpose of the present study was to advance the understanding of burnout in the nursing profession. Specifically, three types of work engagement (i.e., vigor, dedication, and absorption) and resiliency were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between work-related stress and burnout. Nurses and nursing students were recruited through a college and a state nursing association, and participants ( N =  76) completed a series of online surveys. Mediation models were assessed using multiple regression analyses and the bootstrapping method of testing indirect effects. Results indicated that vigor, dedication, absorption, and resiliency partially mediated the relationship between work-related stress and burnout, although the exact pattern of results varied depending on the specific type of burnout (Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Personal Accomplishment). These results could be useful in helping to prevent burnout in the nursing profession and should be taken into consideration when designing employee training and support programs.
How collectively organised residents in marginalised urban settlements secure multiple basic service enhancements: Evidence from Hyderabad, India
Authors: Pierce Gregory
Published: September 2019

Residents of marginalised urban settlements in low- and middle-income countries jointly experience multiple short-term basic service deficits which impair their health and broader wellbeing. A wide range of bottom-up strategies has been identified and employed to enhance basic service access in these contexts, but few scholars have attempted to conceptually organise these strategies. This study synthesises the disparate means identified in the literature to effect jointly experienced basic service access enhancements. It draws on fieldwork conducted in four notified slums situated in Hyderabad, India, to create a typology of the full range of strategies employed by collectively organised residents, illustrate how strategies interact in practice, and suggest a prioritisation of strategies with reference to the extent of pressure they exert on the local urban state to improve service provision over time. The study finds that high-pressure strategies which alter the incentives of public agencies and align them with those of residents appear the most promising to mediate the tension between short-term and long-term service needs.
That’s thee, uuh blicket! How does disfluency affect children’s word learning?
Authors: White Katherine S. , Nilsen Elizabeth S. , Deglint Taylor , Silva Janel
Published: September 2019

Disfluencies, such as ‘um’ or ‘uh’, can cause adults to attribute uncertainty to speakers, but may also facilitate speech processing. To understand how these different functions affect children’s learning, we asked whether (dis)fluency affects children’s decision to select information from speakers (an explicit behavior) and their learning of specific words (an implicit behavior). In Experiment 1a, 31 3- to 4-year-olds heard two puppets provide fluent or disfluent descriptions of familiar objects. Each puppet then labeled a different novel object with the same novel word (again, fluently or disfluently). Children more frequently endorsed the object referred to by the fluent speaker. We replicated this finding with a separate group of 4-year-olds in Experiment 1b ( N = 31) and a modified design. In Experiment 2, 62 3- to 4-year-olds were trained on new words, produced following a disfluency or not, and were subsequently tested on their recognition of the words. Children were equally accurate for the two types of words. These results suggest that while children may prefer information from fluent speakers, they learn words equally well regardless of fluency, at least in some contexts.
Family functioning patterns predict teenage girls’ sexting
Authors: Bianchi Dora , Morelli Mara , Baiocco Roberto , Cattelino Elena , Laghi Fiorenzo , Chirumbolo Antonio
Published: September 2019

Online exchange of sexual content (“sexting”) is associated with potentially negative consequences, especially for girls. We investigated possible associations between family functioning and girls’ sexting. Italian teenage girls ( N = 250; Mage = 16.36 years; SDage = 1.88) completed online surveys that evaluated family functioning (communication, flexibility, cohesion, disengagement, chaos, enmeshment, and rigidity) and five sexting behaviors: (a) engaging in sexting, (b) sexting with a partner, (c) number of people with whom girls share sexts, (d) nonconsensual forwarding of sexts, and (e) sexting for emotion regulation. We found that engaging in sexting, sexting for emotion regulation, and the number of people with whom girls share sexts were predicted by age and low family communication. Sexting with a partner was predicted by age and high flexibility, and nonconsensual forwarding of sexts was positively predicted by enmeshment.
Disabled People and Digitalization: Disruptive documents in distributing digital devices
Authors: Knights David , Latham Yvonne
Published: September 2019

This article examines the selection process in a pilot project aimed at distributing computers to disabled people to allow for digitalization. Particular attention is paid to the complexities generated by an allocation assessment form, designed to help these people improve their social interactions through electronic media. There is a paucity of discussions on forms in the organization studies literature but, when studied, an over-reliance on semantics such that their enactment in embodied sociomaterial performances is easily glossed over. Our problematic revolves around how forms and their surrounding sociomaterial performances constitute, but are also transformed by, subjects, objects and organizational relations. The contribution of this article is, therefore, to address the embodied enactments and sociomaterial practices that are embedded within these allocation processes. So, for example, assessors in the project deviated from a strict interpretation of the questions on the form and sometimes ignored clients’ responses so as to prevent formal allocations of computers from being seen as illegitimate, and potentially disruptive to the organization’s objectives of distributing digital devices. This enabled us to focus on the sociomaterial and embodied relations that are enacted within the selection process and how these place limits on, but also possibilities for, those allocating and those seeking to be allocated computers. The case study shows how distributing computers to disabled people is a complex sociomaterial process that is conditioned by the embodied performances and textual devices deployed. At the same time, the process was informed by humanistic and normalizing assumptions about sociability that are inscribed on the assessment form as criteria for allocating the computers. One implication, we found, was a tendency to reinforce the marginalization of disabled people.
Development and Validation of a Scale for Psychological Safety in School Among High School Students in India
Authors: Roy Debarshi
Published: September 2019

The concept of psychological safety in the workplace is becoming increasingly important to organizational culture and planning. Kahn (1990, Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724) had defined psychological safety as ‘being able to show and employ one’s self without fear of negative consequences of self-image, status or career’. For the purposes of this study, the researcher emphasized on the need for the members of an organization to feel safe, which is a step beyond just being safe. This study explores the various dimensions of psychological safety among a group of 405 high school students from across India. The study involved the administration of a confidential questionnaire involving 21 items. A principal component analysis involving the results of the survey led to the extraction of four factors. These factors were termed as protect, support, encourage and include. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the model, and the model-fit results were within the acceptable range. The subsequent model was termed as the PSEI (Protect, Support, Encourage, Include) model for psychological safety in schools.
The effects of a sleep/recovery supplement: ‘Night Time Recharge’ on sleep parameters in young adults
Authors: Simper Trevor , Gilmartin Molly , Allwood Daniel , Taylor Luke , Chappell Andrew
Published: September 2019

Background:

Concentrated cherry juice reportedly contains melatonin which, in turn, has been highlighted as an important regulator in initiating sleep.

Aim:

The present investigation aims to clarify whether Night Time Recharge (NTR), a marketed sleep aid containing cherry extract, improves key sleep parameters in young, active adults with mildly poor sleep.

Methods:

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design was employed. Twenty participants (nine female) consumed either NTR or a placebo for seven days. Accelerometers were used to assess sleep quality and physical activity levels. Urinary levels of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-SMT), a marker of melatonin synthesis, was assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:

6-SMT levels increased following NTR treatment (28.95 ng/ml) compared with placebo (4.0 ng/ml) ( p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference ( p = 0.047) in dietary tryptophan consumption during the NTR treatment (1236 mg) versus placebo (1149 mg). No trace of melatonin was detected from our analysis of the supplement. NTR had no significant effect on any sleep parameters with the exception of sleep latency ( p = 0.001).

Conclusions:

As chemical analysis of NTR by liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry identified no detectable melatonin, the tryptophan content of the supplement is a likely reason for improvement in sleep latency. These results are in contrast to previous studies which have found a positive effect on sleep following cherry supplementation. Future work should focus on sleep latency and investigating whether cherry juice is effective in participants with problems in initiating sleep.
Linguistic Markers of Grandiose Narcissism: A LIWC Analysis of 15 Samples
Authors: Holtzman Nicholas S. , Tackman Allison M. , Carey Angela L. , Brucks Melanie S. , Küfner Albrecht C. P. , Deters Fenne Große , Back Mitja D. , Donnellan M. Brent , Pennebaker James W. , Sherman Ryne A. , Mehl Matthias R.
Published: September 2019

Narcissism is unrelated to using first-person singular pronouns. Whether narcissism is linked to other language use remains unclear. We aimed to identify linguistic markers of narcissism. We applied the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to texts ( k = 15; N = 4,941). The strongest positive correlates were using words related to sports, second-person pronouns, and swear words. The strongest negative correlates were using anxiety/fear words, tentative words, and words related to sensory/perceptual processes. Effects were small (each | r| < .10).
Are information and communication technologies (ICTs) displacing workers? The relationship between ICT investment and employment
Authors: Jung Woo-Jin , Lee Sang-Yong Tom , Kim Hee-Woong
Published: September 2019

This study examined how information communication technologies (ICT) investment affected sales and employment at 76 small and medium-sized Korean companies during 2009–2013. Especially, this study investigated the effects of ICT investment on sales in general and by subsets of investment in hardware, software, and ICT staff. Studies normally assumed a standard Cobb-Douglas production function, and measured variables in logarithms. In line with previous studies, we assumed that firms produced output, performance, or productivity via a Cobb–Douglas production function model with inputs capital and labor. We then suggested a new model that could be incorporated into the production function above to estimate the effect of the interaction between ICT investment and labor on sales. This study found that hardware investment complemented labor in increasing performance, whereas investments in software and ICT staff substituted labor. These results show that ICT investment might affect firm-level employment, and what business managers must consider insofar as each subset of ICT investment exerts differing effects on firm-level employment. This study also found that the effect of ICT investment on firm-level employment might be more pronounced among smaller firms and firms outside the IT industry. This study also demonstrated that ICT investment complemented labor and that the effects differed for specific types of ICT. This study can help managers respond to the challenges of ICT investment or employment, and provides a framework for analyzing the strategic significance of ICT investment and employment.
Chronic administration of buprenorphine in combination with samidorphan produces sustained effects in olfactory bulbectomised rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats
Authors: Burke Nikita N , Li Yan , Deaver Daniel R , Finn David P , Roche Michelle , Eyerman David J , Sanchez Connie , Kelly John P
Published: September 2019

Background:

The combination of buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist and a functional kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, with samidorphan, a functional mu-opioid receptor antagonist, is being developed as an adjunct therapy for major depressive disorder, in order to harness the mood-enhancing effects of opioids without unwanted side-effects such as a risk of addiction. Acute and subacute administration of the combination of buprenorphine and samidorphan is effective in reducing forced swim immobility in the Wistar-Kyoto rat, but the chronic effects have not been examined.

Aims and methods:

The purpose of this study was to assess if chronic (14-day) administration of buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) alone or in combination with samidorphan (0.3 mg/kg, subcutaneous) maintains antidepressant-like activity in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model and the Wistar-Kyoto rat, two models that exhibit ongoing behavioural deficits in tests commonly used to study effects of antidepressants.

Results:

Olfactory bulbectomised-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by chronic administration of buprenorphine alone and in combination with samidorphan, to that of sham control activity levels. Neither buprenorphine nor samidorphan altered stress-associated defecation in sham or olfactory bulbectomised rats in the open field. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, buprenorphine alone significantly reduced forced swim immobility and increased locomotor activity three hours post-final dosing. Buprenorphine plus samidorphan significantly reduced forced swim immobility without changing locomotor activity at this time point. Buprenorphine alone also significantly reduced forced swim immobility 24 h post-final dosing.

Conclusion:

Chronic treatment of buprenorphine alone or buprenorphine plus samidorphan is effective in reversing behavioural deficits in distinct non-clinical paradigms. These non-clinical results complement the antidepressant effect of this combination observed in clinical studies.