bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The radiation environment near the lunar surface: CRaTER observations and Geant4 simulations
Authors: Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , Blake J. B. , Spence H. E. , Schwadron N. A. , Golightly M. J. , Case A. W. , Kasper J. C. , Townsend L. W.
Published: April 2013

At the start of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission in 2009, its Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation instrument measured the radiation environment near the Moon during the recent deep solar minimum, when galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) were at the highest level observed during the space age. We present observations that show the combined effects of GCR primaries, secondary particles (“albedo”) created by the interaction of GCRs with the lunar surface, and the interactions of these particles in the shielding material overlying the silicon solid‐state detectors of the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation. We use Geant4 to model the energy and angular distribution of the albedo particles, and to model the response of the sensor to the various particle species reaching the 50 kilometer altitude of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Using simulations to gain insight into the observations, we are able to present preliminary energy‐deposit spectra for evaluation of the radiation environment's effects on other sensitive materials, whether biological or electronic, that would be exposed to a similar near‐lunar environment.
Geospace environment modeling 2008–2009 challenge: Dst index
Authors: Rastätter L. , Kuznetsova M. M. , Glocer A. , Welling D. , Meng X. , Raeder J. , Wiltberger M. , Jordanova V. K. , Yu Y. , Zaharia S. , Weigel R. S. , Sazykin S. , Boynton R. , Wei H. , Eccles V. , Horton W. , Mays M. L. , Gannon J.
Published: April 2013

This paper reports the metrics‐based results of the Dst index part of the 2008–2009 GEM Metrics Challenge. The 2008–2009 GEM Metrics Challenge asked modelers to submit results for four geomagnetic storm events and five different types of observations that can be modeled by statistical, climatological or physics‐based models of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. We present the results of 30 model settings that were run at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center and at the institutions of various modelers for these events. To measure the performance of each of the models against the observations, we use comparisons of 1 hour averaged model data with the Dst index issued by the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, Japan, and direct comparison of 1 minute model data with the 1 minute Dst index calculated by the United States Geological Survey. The latter index can be used to calculate spectral variability of model outputs in comparison to the index. We find that model rankings vary widely by skill score used. None of the models consistently perform best for all events. We find that empirical models perform well in general. Magnetohydrodynamics‐based models of the global magnetosphere with inner magnetosphere physics (ring current model) included and stand‐alone ring current models with properly defined boundary conditions perform well and are able to match or surpass results from empirical models. Unlike in similar studies, the statistical models used in this study found their challenge in the weakest events rather than the strongest events.
Tracking the momentum flux of a CME and quantifying its influence on geomagnetically induced currents at Earth
Authors: Savani N. P. , Vourlidas A. , Pulkkinen A. , Nieves‐Chinchilla T. , Lavraud B. , Owens M. J.
Published: April 2013

We investigate a coronal mass ejection (CME) propagating toward Earth on 29 March 2011. This event is specifically chosen for its predominately northward directed magnetic field, so that the influence from the momentum flux onto Earth can be isolated. We focus our study on understanding how a small Earth‐directed segment propagates. Mass images are created from the white‐light cameras onboard STEREO which are also converted into mass height‐time maps (mass J‐maps). The mass tracks on these J‐maps correspond to the sheath region between the CME and its associated shock front as detected by in situ measurements at L1. A time series of mass measurements from the STEREO COR‐2A instrument is made along the Earth propagation direction. Qualitatively, this mass time series shows a remarkable resemblance to the L1 in situ density series. The in situ measurements are used as inputs into a three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetospheric space weather simulation from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center. These simulations display a sudden compression of the magnetosphere from the large momentum flux at the leading edge of the CME, and predictions are made for the time derivative of the magnetic field (dB/dt) on the ground. The predicted dB/dt values were then compared with the observations from specific equatorially located ground stations and showed notable similarity. This study of the momentum of a CME from the Sun down to its influence on magnetic ground stations on Earth is presented as a preliminary proof of concept, such that future attempts may try to use remote sensing to create density and velocity time series as inputs to magnetospheric simulations.
Ionospheric Induced Scintillation: A Space Weather Enigma
Authors: Sojka Jan J.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

Ionospheric irregularities create radio scintillation effects

Scintillation effects are independent of the Sun to mud chain of Space Weather

Scintillation encryption is analogous to that of WWII enigma machines
Measurements of galactic cosmic ray shielding with the CRaTER instrument
Authors: Zeitlin C. , Case A. W. , Spence H. E. , Schwadron N. A. , Golightly M. , Wilson J. K. , Kasper J. C. , Blake J. B. , Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , Townsend L. W. , Iwata Y.
Published: April 2013

The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) instrument aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been measuring energetic charged particles from the galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar particle events in lunar orbit since 2009. CRaTER includes three pairs of silicon detectors, separated by pieces of tissue‐equivalent plastic that shield two of the three pairs from particles incident at the zenith‐facing end of the telescope. Heavy‐ion beams studied in previous ground‐based work have been shown to be reasonable proxies for the GCRs when their energies are sufficiently high. That work, which included GCR simulations, led to predictions for the amount of dose reduction that would be observed by CRaTER. Those predictions are compared to flight data obtained by CRaTER in 2010–2011.
Correlation of scintillation occurrence with interplanetary magnetic field reversals and impact on Global Navigation Satellite System receiver tracking performance
Authors: Aquino M. , Sreeja V.
Published: April 2013

Ionospheric scintillation is characterized by rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of transionospheric radio signals as they pass through small scale ionospheric plasma density irregularities. Over the auroral regions, the occurrence of scintillation is associated with large‐scale plasma structures and is mainly enhanced during geomagnetic storms. Scintillation can cause cycle slips and degrade the positioning accuracy in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. This paper investigates the correlation between the southward reversals of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and the occurrence of scintillation, along with the consequential impact on the tracking performance of a GNSS receiver located at a high‐latitude station, Bronnoysund (geographic latitude 65°N) in Norway. The analysis revealed that the occurrence of scintillation at this station is largely controlled by the IMF conditions. The receiver tracking performance under strong scintillations is evaluated by the receiver PLL (phase‐locked loop) tracking jitter variance. The dependence of the PLL jitter variance on phase scintillation can be best represented by a quadratic fit.
The International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI)
Authors: Guhathakurta Madhulika , Davila Joseph M. , Gopalswamy Nat
Published: April 2013

Key Points

ISWI promotes observation, understanding and prediction of SWx phenomena

Study of Universal Processes that affect space environments

ISWI is facilitated by United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs (OOSA)
Human resource utilization: A model based on east—west research
Authors: Heller Frank
Published: April 2013

The transition from centralized command economies to market orientation requires many adaptations of thinking and practice. The question raised by this article is whether social science can make a useful contribution to the adjustment between two incompatible systems of organizing economic life. The first issue is how to handle the propensity to resist change which is based on a natural system preference for predictability and equilibrium. Second, if resistance can be overcome, can social science contribute to the establishment of a new and superior equilibrium? The Motivated Competence Model is outlined as a contribution toward a better utilization of competence. The model is supported by evidence from research on sociotechnical issues and democratic decision‐making procedures. It is argued that while the evidence in support of these practices comes mainly from Western organizations, it includes research in Yugoslavia, and may be especially relevant to the rehabilitation of countries having to make radical changes.
The internationalization of Japanese business: Different approaches, similar problems
Authors: Fukuda K. John
Published: April 2013

In staffing their overseas operations, Japanese firms generally maintain a view that prime positions should be held by the home‐country personnel. Having thus decided not to follow the European or American pattern of overseas operations, Japanese firms continue to rely very heavily on their own managerial resources to run fast‐expanding operations abroad. However, contrary to a general impression that Japanese managers are adept at working in foreign environments, our study of Japanese subsidiaries in Hong Kong points out that the success rate of their expatriate assignments is not necessarily as high as the figures widely reported by studies conducted elsewhere. This article will attempt to determine the causes of problems related to managerial assignments abroad by examining the practices employed by Japanese firms in the selection and training of managers for overseas assignments.
MNE—Government relations: Strategic networks and foreign direct investment in the United States in the automotive industry
Authors: Brewer Thomas L.
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this article is to present the outlines of a new theoretical perspective on MNE—government relations within the context of foreign direct investment in the United States. The theoretical perspective is based on the concept of transorganizational strategic networks. The perspective is a microlevel perspective that treats business and government organizations in a disaggregated manner; it further treats those organizations as being involved in complex relationships that include both conflicting and convergent interests. The organizations and the subunits within them are thus assumed to be both adversaries and partners in strategic networks that constantly change and that cut across conventionally conceived organizational boundaries.
China's managers
Authors: Stewart Sally
Published: April 2013

This is a preliminary attempt to look at the environment within which senior executives in the People's Republic of China (PRC) operate and to throw some light on their managerial behavior. It tries to compare the way in which they allocate their time between various activities with Mintzberg's findings on the behavior of Western managers. The spread of Western‐style management training in China during the last decade is discussed, and the fact that the managers studied made the effort to set aside significant amounts of uninterrupted time for their own personal education is pointed out.
What are international business centers?
Authors: Kwok Chuck C.Y. , Folks William R.
Published: April 2013

To improve the international competitiveness of U.S. firms, the 1988 Trade Act (PL 100–418) authorized the Department of Education to create Centers for International Business Education. This article provides an overview of the background and the program activities of these International Business Centers. Several issues (such as the appropriate model for the Center, Center administrative structure, funding level, and external accountability) are also raised for discussion to further enhance the effectiveness of this program.
The catholic work ethic
Authors: Tropman John E.
Published: April 2013

In a recent Commentary in The International Executive (1992), Rüdiger Pieper complained that some, if not many of the (American) teachers in the new European business training institutes and schools knew relatively little about the cultures for which they were making management proposals. Further, the proposals themselves, based as they often were on American research, could not, he rightly felt, be directly applied to a business problem regardless of context. One could extend that observation to other business activities, including attitudes toward work. In particular, it would be useful to consider the “work ethic,” as it applies to Americans working abroad, and inquire about how it might affect international executives when they come to America.
Foreign assignment for female German managers
Authors: Domsch Michel , Lichtenberger Bianka
Published: April 2013

Foreign assignments are considered as an important instrument of management development from German companies. Professional expertise in foreign markets and cultures is becoming an increasingly important factor in advancement. It is significant that in the past only male managers have been given the chance for a foreign assignment. Consequently female German managers very seldomly have international working experience. An empirical research study in 13 German multinational companies investigated the role of German women as expatriate managers from the perspectives of personnel managers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Changes in the EC licensing environment and their effect on licensing as a strategy for Europe 1992
Authors: Pfaff John F.
Published: April 2013

The further integration of the European Community (EC) is intended to create one large, integrated market and a semistandardized business environment throughout the member countries. This study investigates the current status of the technology licensing environment in the EC and analyzes the returns that a licensor can achieve by locating a licensee in each of the EC countries. This analysis may be important to any firm which has chosen a licensing strategy as its approach to operating in the EC, because locational choice of licensee can affect a licensor's financial returns.
Cyclic nucleotide signaling in intestinal epithelia: getting to the gut of the matter
Authors: Arshad Najla , Visweswariah Sandhya S.
Published: April 2013

The intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption, fluid‐ion secretion, and home to trillions of symbiotic microbiota. The high turnover of the intestinal epithelia also renders it susceptible to neoplastic growth. These diverse processes are carefully regulated by an intricate signaling network. Among the myriad molecules involved in intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis are the second messengers, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). These cyclic nucleotides are synthesized by nucleotidyl cyclases whose activities are regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Downstream effectors of cAMP and cGMP include protein kinases, cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels, and transcription factors, which modulate key processes such as ion‐balance, immune response, and cell proliferation. The web of interaction involving the major signaling pathways of cAMP and cGMP in the intestinal epithelial cell, and possible cross‐talk among the pathways, are highlighted in this review. Deregulation of these pathways occurs during infection by pathogens, intestinal inflammation, and cancer. Thus, an appreciation of the importance of cyclic nucleotide signaling in the intestine furthers our understanding of bowel disease, thereby aiding in the development of therapeutic approaches. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:409–424. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1223

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Chiral symmetry and the Yang-Mills gradient flow
Authors: Lüscher Martin
Published: April 2013

Abstract

In the last few years, the Yang-Mills gradient flow was shown to be an attractive tool for non-perturbative studies of non-Abelian gauge theories. Here a simple extension of the flow to the quark fields in QCD is considered. As in the case of the puregauge gradient flow, the renormalizability of correlation functions involving local fields at positive flow times can be established using a representation through a local field theory in 4+1 dimensions. Applications of the extended flow in lattice QCD include non-perturbative renormalization and O(a) improvement as well as accurate calculations of the chiral condensate and of the pseudo-scalar decay constant in the chiral limit.
The brain in late‐onset glycogenosis II: a structural and functional MRI study
Authors: Borroni Barbara , Cotelli M. S. , Premi E. , Gazzina S. , Cosseddu M. , Formenti A. , Gasparotti R. , Filosto M. , Padovani A.
Published: April 2013

Background

Late‐onset glycogenosis type II (GSD II) is a rare, multisystem disorder mainly affecting limb and respiratory muscles due to acid alpha glucosidase deficiency. Despite evidence at autopsy of glycogen accumulation in the brain, no study exploring brain functions is yet available.

Objective

Our objective in this study was to assess brain changes in late‐onset GSD II.

Methods

Each patient underwent a standardized neuropsychological assessment, regional grey‐matter (GM) atrophy, and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI). Functional connectivity maps of the salience (SN) and default‐mode (DMN) networks were considered. A group of age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls was enrolled for MRI comparisons. P values family‐wise error (FWE) cluster level corrected inferior to 0.05 were considered.

Results

Nine GSD II patients (age 46.6 ± 8.0; 55 % male) were recruited. No significant GM atrophy was found in patients compared with controls (n = 18; age 48.0 ± 9.8,;40 % male). Functional connectivity within the SN was selectively reduced in patients, and cingulate gyrus and medial frontal cortex were mainly involved. Accordingly, patients had significant impairment of executive functions (as measured by Wisconsin Card Sorting test), whereas other cognitive domains were within mean normal ranges.

Conclusions

Our findings extend the clinical spectrum of GSD II by indicating that brain changes occur in this muscular disorder. Above all, these results should lead to better examinations of therapeutic approaches and perspectives for the affected patients. Further studies evaluating in depth these issues are warranted.
Mexican American adolescents' profiles of risk and mental health: A person‐centered longitudinal approach
Authors: Zeiders Katharine H. , Roosa Mark W. , Knight George P. , Gonzales Nancy A.
Published: April 2013

Although Mexican American adolescents experience multiple risk factors in their daily lives, most research examines the influences of risk factors on adjustment independently, ignoring the additive and interactive effects of multiple risk factors. Guided by a person‐centered perspective and utilizing latent profile analysis, this study identified Mexican American fifth graders' (N = 749) risk profiles based on family, peer, and socio‐cultural risk factors and examined the relations of these risk profiles to mental health symptomatology in seventh grade. Results revealed three distinct profiles that differed quantitatively and qualitatively. Profiles were then linked to levels of mental health symptomatology, with youth in the highest risk profile displaying the most symptoms. Youth in two other risk profiles displayed lower levels. The findings suggest that Mexican American youth develop within distinct risk contexts that differ in their relations to adjustment. Such findings inform prevention/intervention efforts aimed at reducing mental health problems in adolescence.
First evidence of sucrose biosynthesis by single cyanobacterial bimodular proteins
Authors: Martínez-Noël Giselle M.A. , Cumino Andrea C. , de los Angeles Kolman María , Salerno Graciela L.
Published: April 2013

The net synthesis of sucrose (Suc) is catalysed by the sequential action of Suc‐phosphate synthase (SPS) and Suc‐phosphate phosphatase (SPP). SPS and SPP from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (7120‐SPS and 7120‐SPP) define minimal catalytic units. Bidomainal SPSs, where both units are fused, occur in plants and cyanobacteria, but they display only SPS activity. Using recombinant proteins that have fused 7120‐SPS and 7120‐SPP, we demonstrated that they are bifunctional chimeras and that the arrangement 7120‐SPS/SPP is the most efficient to catalyse the sequential reactions to yield Suc. Moreover, we present the first evidence of a bidomainal SPS present in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 with both, SPS and SPP activity.
Structural analysis of HmtT and HmtN involved in the tailoring steps of himastatin biosynthesis
Authors: Zhang Huaidong , Chen Jie , Wang Hua , Xie Yunchang , Ju Jianhua , Yan Yunjun , Zhang Houjin
Published: April 2013

Himastatin is a novel antibiotic featuring a bicyclohexadepsipeptide structure. On the himastatin biosynthesis pathway, three cytochrome P450s (HmtT, HmtN, HmtS) are responsible for the post‐tailoring of the cyclohexadepsipeptide backbone. Here we report the crystal structures of HmtT and HmtN. The overall structures of these two proteins are homologous to other cytochrome P450s. However, the exceptionally long F–G loop in HmtT has a highly unusual conformation and extends deep into the active site. As a result, the F/G helices of HmtT are both kinked. In contrast, the F/G helices of HmtN are straight. Also, the F/G helices in HmtT and HmtN take distinctive orientations, which may be a contributing factor for the substrate specificity of these two enzymes.
Influence of natural fulvic acids on the solubility of sulfide ores (experimental study)
Authors: Novikova S.P. , Gas’kova O.L.
Published: April 2013

Model experiments were performed on the solubility of sulfide ores from the Kyzyl-Tashtyg deposit in distilled water and fulvic-acid (FA) solutions of different concentrations. It has been established that the oxidation of sulfide minerals in ores under atmospheric conditions might produce acid drainage waters with toxic heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd). The influence of natural organic acids depends on the capability of ore and host rock to neutralize the acidity of solutions. If carbonate content is enough at the first stage, a considerable increase in the pH value of FA-free solutions ensures Fe and Cu removal into the solid phase, whereas the formation of metal fulvate complexes hinders this process. However, when the rocks exhaust their neutralizing potential, all the solutions remain acidic for >100 days of leaching. In this case, FAs, on the contrary, inhibit the oxidation of the surface of sulfide minerals and reduce the removal of heavy metals into the solution.
Interaction of a thermochemical plume with free convection mantle flows and its influence on mantle melting and recrystallization
Authors: Kirdyashkin A.A. , Kirdyashkin A.G.
Published: April 2013

We present a thermophysical model for interaction between the conduit of a thermochemical plume and horizontal free convection flows in the mantle: The mantle flow incident on the plume conduit melts at the conduit boundary (front part) and crystallizes at its back. Geological data on the intensity of plume magmatism over the last 150 Myr are used to estimate the total thermal power of mantle plumes. A possible scenario for plume-related mantle recrystallization is proposed. Over the lifespan of a thermochemical plume, mantle melts and recrystallizes owing to the motion of the plume source and interaction between the plume conduit and horizontal free convection flows. The plume conduits can melt and recrystallize the entire mantle over a certain period of time. The model for the interaction of drifting plume conduits with mantle flows and the estimated total thermal power of mantle plumes are used to estimate the duration of plume-related melting and recrystallization of the entire mantle. The influence of mantle plumes on the convective structure of the mantle through melting is judged from the model for plume interaction with horizontal mantle flows.
Permafrost and groundwater settings at the site of “Kraton-3” peaceful underground nuclear explosion (Yakutia), from TEM data
Authors: Artamonova S.Yu. , Kozhevnikov N.O. , Antonov E.Yu.
Published: April 2013

Geological and geophysical interpretation of TEM data has revealed changes to the subsurface from the “Kraton-3” peaceful underground nuclear explosion (PUNE). The explosion was conducted on 24 August 1978 at a depth of 577 m in Middle Cambrian limestone on the eastern periphery of the Tunguska basin (Western Yakutia). The site is located in an area of 100 to 300 m thick permafrost and pressurized aquifers with Na-Ca-Cl brines (up to 400 g/l TDS) and cryopegs. The “Kraton-3” epicenter is only 160 m away from a fault emerging along the Markha River.

TEM responses collected at 22 stations along three profiles image a layered-earth background resistivity pattern. The highly resistive uppermost layer, ~150–200 m thick, consists of perennially frozen ice-rich rocks. Dry permafrost on watersheds of the Markha right side reaches 1200 ohm⋅m, while the hypsometrically lower frozen ground along the fault is 10 to 40 times less resistive. That is exactly the place of the PUNE epicenter, and the resistivity lows may record permafrost degradation and taliks (unfrozen layers).

The layers below are conductive and correspond to Upper Cambrian and Middle Cambrian (I) aquifers with brines. The top of the Upper Cambrian aquifer along the central profile is highly variable in depth, especially along the fault on the river left bank. The data indicate a local groundwater anomaly above the explosion: the Middle Cambrian I brines, which show up as a conductor in the resistivity pattern, become ~300 m shallower, most likely rising along the rubble chimney above the UNE containment cavity; the lateral extent of the anomaly reaches 400 m. There may exist paths for mass and heat transport maintained by pressurized brines in the system “containment cavity–rubble chimney–fault zone–ground surface”.
Harnessing a Community for Sustainable Disaster Response and Recovery: An Operational Model for Integrating Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Acosta Joie , Chandra Anita
Published: April 2013

Objective

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are important to a community during times of disaster and routine operations. However, their effectiveness is reduced without an operational framework that integrates response and recovery efforts. Without integration, coordination among NGOs is challenging and use of government resources is inefficient. We developed an operational model to specify NGO roles and responsibilities before, during, and after a disaster.

Methods

We conducted an analysis of peer-reviewed literature, relevant policy, and federal guidance to characterize the capabilities of NGOs, contextual factors that determine their involvement in disaster operations, and key services they provide during disaster response and recovery. We also identified research questions that should be prioritized to improve coordination and communication between NGOs and government.

Results

Our review showed that federal policy stresses the importance of partnerships between NGOs and government agencies and among other NGOs. Such partnerships can build deep local networks and broad systems that reach from local communities to the federal government. Understanding what capacities NGOs need and what factors influence their ability to perform during a disaster informs an operational model that could optimize NGO performance.

Conclusions

Although the operational model needs to be applied and tested in community planning and disaster response, it holds promise as a unifying framework across new national preparedness and recovery policy, and provides structure to community planning, resource allocation, and metrics on which to evaluate NGO disaster involvement. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;0:1–8).
Anomalous-plasmoid-ejection-induced secondary magnetic reconnection: modeling solar flares and coronal mass ejections by laser–plasma experiments
Authors: Dong Quanli , Yuan Dawei , Wang Shoujun , Liu Xun , Li Yutong , Lin Xiaoxuan , Wei Huigang , Zhong Jiayong , Jiang Shaoen , Ding Yongkun , Jiang Bobin , Du Kai , Tang Yongjian , Yu Mingyang , He Xiantu , Hua Neng , Qiao Zhanfeng , Huang Kuixi , Chen Ming , Zhu Jianqiang , Zhao Gang , Sheng Zhengming , Zhang Jie
Published: April 2013

The driving mechanism of solar flares and coronal mass ejections is a topic of ongoing debate, apart from the consensus that magnetic reconnection plays a key role during the impulsive process. While present solar research mostly depends on observations and theoretical models, laboratory experiments based on high-energy density facilities provide the third method for quantitatively comparing astrophysical observations and models with data achieved in experimental settings. In this article, we show laboratory modeling of solar flares and coronal mass ejections by constructing the magnetic reconnection system with two mutually approaching laser-produced plasmas circumfused of self-generated megagauss magnetic fields. Due to the Euler similarity between the laboratory and solar plasma systems, the present experiments demonstrate the morphological reproduction of flares and coronal mass ejections in solar observations in a scaled sense, and confirm the theory and model predictions about the current-sheet-born anomalous plasmoid as the initial stage of coronal mass ejections, and the behavior of moving-away plasmoid stretching the primary reconnected field lines into a secondary current sheet conjoined with two bright ridges identified as solar flares.
A Bloch-Wigner complex for SL2
Authors: Hutchinson Kevin
Published: April 2013

We introduce a refinement of the Bloch-Wigner complex of a field F. This refinement is complex of modules over the multiplicative group of the field. Instead of computing K2(F) and Kind3(F) - as the classical Bloch-Wigner complex does - it calculates the second and third integral homology of SL2(F). On passing to F× -coinvariants we recover the classical Bloch-Wigner complex. We include the case of finite fields throughout the article.
Self-similar coalescence of clean foams
Authors: Stewart Peter S. , Davis Stephen H.
Published: April 2013

We consider the stability of a planar gas–liquid foam with low liquid fraction, in the absence of surfactants and stabilizing particles. We adopt a network modelling approach introduced by Stewart & Davis (J. Rheol., vol. 56, 2012, p. 543), treating the gas bubbles as polygons, the accumulation of liquid at the bubble vertices (Plateau borders) as dynamic nodes and the liquid bridges separating the bubbles as uniformly thinning free films; these films can rupture due to van der Waals intermolecular attractions. The system is initialized as a periodic array of equally pressurized bubbles, with the initial film thicknesses sampled from a normal distribution. After an initial transient, the first film rupture initiates a phase of dynamic rearrangement where the bubbles rapidly coalesce, evolving toward a new quasi-equilibrium. We present Monte Carlo simulations of this coalescence process, examining the time intervals over which large-scale rearrangement occurs as a function of the model parameters. In addition, we show that when this time interval is rescaled appropriately, the evolution of the normalized number of bubbles is approximately self-similar.
HOUSEHOLD ROLES AND CARE-SEEKING BEHAVIOURS IN RESPONSE TO SEVERE CHILDHOOD ILLNESS IN MALI
Authors: ELLIS AMY A. , DOUMBIA SEYDOU , TRAORÉ SIDY , DALGLISH SARAH L. , WINCH PETER J.
Published: April 2013

Malaria is a major cause of under-five mortality in Mali and many other developing countries. Malaria control programmes rely on households to identify sick children and either care for them in the home or seek treatment at a health facility in the case of severe illness. This study examines the involvement of mothers and other household members in identifying and treating severely ill children through case studies of 25 rural Malian households. A wide range of intra-household responses to severe illness were observed among household members, both exemplifying and contravening stated social norms about household roles. Given their close contact with children, mothers were frequently the first to identify illness symptoms. However, decisions about care-seeking were often taken by fathers and senior members of the household. As stewards of the family resources, fathers usually paid for care and thus significantly determined when and where treatment was sought. Grandparents were frequently involved in diagnosing illnesses and directing care towards traditional healers or health facilities. Relationships between household members during the illness episode were found to vary from highly collaborative to highly conflictive, with critical effects on how quickly and from where treatment for sick children was sought. These findings have implications for the design and targeting of malaria and child survival programming in the greater West African region.
Massive epistaxis due to pseudoaneurysm of the sphenopalatine artery: a rare post-operative complication of orthognathic surgery
Authors: Kim Y-W , Baek M-J , Kim H-D , Cho K-S
Published: April 2013

Objective:

To introduce pseudoaneurysm of the sphenopalatine artery as the possible aetiology of acute massive epistaxis in patients with a history of orthognathic surgery accompanied by Le Fort I osteotomy.

Methods:

Case report and literature review.

Results:

This paper reports a case of acute life-threatening epistaxis following Le Fort I osteotomy. Computed tomography and angiography showed a pseudoaneurysm of the sphenopalatine artery, which was successfully treated by endovascular embolisation.

Conclusion:

Although a pseudoaneurysm of the sphenopalatine artery following Le Fort I osteotomy is extremely rare, it should be considered as the possible aetiology of acute massive epistaxis in patients with a history of orthognathic surgery accompanied by Le Fort I osteotomy.
Men of prowess and women of piety: A case study of Aceh Dar al-Salam in the seventeenth century
Authors: Khan Sher Banu A.L.
Published: April 2013

Studies on leadership in Southeast Asia's early modern era have tended to centre necessarily on men, and in particular, on O.W. Wolters' concept of ‘men of prowess’. The concept of female leadership is still little researched. This case study of Sultanah Safiatuddin Syah of Aceh (1641–75) provides some insights into female leadership in the Malay-Muslim island world of Southeast Asia. Contrary to the received view that successful leadership tended to be male (men of prowess), this article demonstrates that female leadership and the justification for the position of the ruler relied less on notions of sacral and charismatic power based on male prowess, but instead shifted to Muslim notions of piety and the just ruler.
A mythographical journey to modernity: The textual and symbolic transformations of the Hùng Kings founding myths
Authors: Nguyen Dieu Thi
Published: April 2013

This paper analyses the textual-mythographical transformation of Viet origin myths from their transcription in the distant past through their exploitation for political purposes in the 1950s by scholarly elites. It attempts to demonstrate that, as early as the fifteenth century, stories about the Hùng Kings were deliberately collected and codified by members of the Việt elite, who sought to exploit their potential as catalysts of identify-formation and unification under the leadership of the imperial state. However, as a result of the confluence of two currents, that of the monarchical state's mythographical construction and that of popular, village-based, animistic worship, the Hùng Kings came to be venerated as ancestral founders of the Việt quốc in temples throughout the Red River Delta and beyond. During the French colonial and early national periods, the codified myths were the object of severe criticism and strident defence by both French and Viet scholars.
Agrarian questions and environmental dilemmas redux
Authors: Rigg Jonathan
Published: April 2013

The world might have become, for the first time in human history, a majority urban place, but there are clearly important seams of research to mine in the Southeast Asian countryside. These six books amply show why there is a continuing interest in rural areas and agrarian living in the region.
A Neglected Story: Christian missionaries, Chinese New Villagers, and Communists in the Battle for the ‘hearts and minds’ in Malaya, 1948–1960
Authors: HING LEE KAM
Published: April 2013

During the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), the colonial authorities resettled an estimated half a million rural dwellers, mainly Chinese, from the fringe of the jungle, to cut them off from contact with armed members of the Malayan Communist Party. The re-location led to political alienation among many resettled in the nearly 500 New Villages. Winning their support against the insurgency therefore was urgent. At this juncture, foreign missionaries were forced to leave China following the communist takeover in October 1949. Many of these missionaries were Chinese-speaking with medical or teaching experience. The High Commissioner of Malaya, Sir Henry Gurney, and his successor, Sir Gerald Templer, invited these and other missionaries to serve in the New Villages. This paper looks at colonial initiatives and mission response amidst the dynamics of domestic politics and a changing international balance of power in the region.
Competition and Community: Mary Tickell and the Management of Sheridan's Drury Lane
Authors: Jones Robert W.
Published: April 2013

Despite considerable advances in scholarship—achievements on which this essay builds—our knowledge of how eighteenth-century theatres were run remains worryingly thin. The managerial enterprise of theatre production, especially its daily practicalities, is largely obscure, though the facts of performance history are well documented. Knowledge of practice is not our only lacuna. Accounts of the interfaces among performances, institutional theatre practices, and the wider culture of the eighteenth century are too few, though wonderful work has been produced by Jane Moody, Felicity Nussbaum, and Gillian Russell, among others. This meager situation has arisen in part, as Robert D. Hume has argued, because scholars have yet to fully engage with those sources that have survived, although problems of missing evidence are serious and sometimes insurmountable. A related problem is that theatre historians are often averse to conceptualizing what they discover, as if analysis and certain modes of theoretical interpretation were the responsibility or more distinctly the failing of literary critics. But the discovery or reappraisal of an archive will only advance scholarship so far. New information about rehearsals, performances, finances, or contracts is vital, but it does not explain the motives or institutional momentum that animated theatre production. We need to know why some actors were favored by management while others seem to have been less well supported. It would also be useful to understand more precisely why some plays were performed repeatedly whereas others appeared only sporadically. The information contained in theLondon Stageshould be crucial for theatre history, yet the repertoire of the patent theatres remains understudied. The impetus it gave to managers is too often ignored, while its political significance is barely understood, prompting justified complaint from Daniel O'Quinn. Great care will be necessary when addressing these issues. Overly general or prescriptive claims are probably best avoided; there are simply too many local factors. We should also recollect that theatrical production is necessarily a collective endeavor, a process in which many voices might be heard. Yet patterns and purposes can be found, even when what is most apparent is what Michel de Certeau terms the “‘polytheism’ of scattered practices.”
Scrolls and Scandals: The Ritual Object as Stage Prop inGod of Vengeance
Authors: Lipshitz Yair
Published: April 2013

Precisely because of its radical instability as a theatrical signifier, playwrights have seized on the prop as a tool for destabilizing the conventional symbolism previously embodied by the now ambiguous object. Although they cannot legislate the prop's impact, playwrights can seek to orchestrate the prop's movement through concrete stage space and linear stage time. They can also shape the audience's reception of the prop through dialogue and stage directions. . . . This is especially the case during periods of semiotic crisis, when the meaning of the object the prop represents is (quite literally) up for grabs.

—Andrew Sofer,The Stage Life of Props
Hegel, Humour, and the Ends of Art
Authors: Rush Fred
Published: April 2013

Art plays a fundamental role in Hegel's mature systematic philosophy, one of three principal forms of what Hegel terms ‘absolute spirit’, that is, a primary way in which humans cognize their nature and its role in the world (HW 10: 366-67). Notwithstanding this, Hegel's philosophy of art has received less attention than have his philosophy of religion, political philosophy, or philosophy of history, all of which were mainstays in the debates between the rival schools of Hegelianism directly after Hegel's death, and each of which exercised considerable authority in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There were no Right or Left Hegelians on questions of art. Of course, this is not to say that Hegel's philosophy of history and conception of dialectical reason did not have decisive impact on the founding of systematic art history and on the philosophy of art in the humanistic Marxism of Lukács, Adorno and Marcuse, but his specific views on aesthetics and the nature and history of the various arts were much less influential. If one were to broaden the scope of influence to include artists, Hegel is hardly worth mentioning next to figures like Schopenhauer and Nietzsche.

Do Hegel's specific views on art have purchase nowadays? One set of doctrines has received a good deal of attention, at least among philosophers of art: Hegel's claim that art has ‘ended’. Much commentary focuses on Hegel's contentions that (A) the art of Attic Greece was the primary way for that culture to experience their form of life as binding, and that (B) art after a point in that culture can never play that role again, at least not progressively.
Searching for Modern Culture's Beautiful Harmony: Schlegel and Hegel on Irony
Authors: Millán Elizabeth
Published: April 2013

Goethe and Friedrich Schiller stand together immortalised in Ernst Rietschel's statue at the centre of Weimar. In their lifetime, Goethe and Schiller shaped the culture of German-speaking lands, not only through their poetry, plays, and novels, but also in their role as editors of journals that helped to set the intellectual tone of the period. Schiller's journal Die Horen (1795-1797) and Goethe's Propyläen (1798-1800), although short-lived, were important literary vehicles of the period and provided a forum that brought scientists, historians, philosophers, and poets into conversation with one another. The late 1700s and early 1800s were years of intense intellectual development in Germanspeaking lands; the arts flourished and aesthetics developed as a serious branch of philosophy.

During the ‘Age of Goethe and Schiller’, philosophy was dominated by Kant's philosophy and its post-Kantian variations. A problem with traditional philosophical histories of this period is the overwhelmingly Hegelian reading of it, a reading that subsumes all of the so-called minor figures under the shadows of the great system builder, Hegel. Richard Kroner's influential Von Kant bis Hegel of 1921 set the tone for this reading. Silenced by such narratives are the voices of the early German Romantics, a group of thinkers whose impudence created problems for them, and whose work posed hermeneutical challenges that continue to plague a proper understanding of the movement and the worth of its contributions. As we shall see, Hegel himself began to prepare the ground for a history of philosophy that would dismiss the contributions of the early German Romantics, a dismissal that is unfair and unfortunate: unfair because it is based on false characterisations of the movement, and unfortunate because such misreadings lead us to overlook the wealth of insights offered by the early German Romantics.
Kant's Cognitive Semantics, Newton's Rule Four of Philosophy and Scientific Realism
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R.
Published: April 2013

Kant's Critique of Pure Reason contains an original and powerful semantics of singular cognitive reference which has important implications for epistemology and for philosophy of science. Here I argue that Kant's semantics directly and strongly supports Newton's Rule 4 of (natural) Philosophy in ways which support Newton's realism about gravitational force. I begin with Newton's Rule 4 of Philosophy and its role in Newton's justification of realism about gravitational force (§II). Next I briefly summarize Kant's semantics of singular cognitive reference (§III). I then show that the key point of Kant's cognitive semantics is embedded in and strongly supports Newton's Rule 4, and that it rules out not only Cartesian physics (per Harper) but also Cartesian, infallibilist presumptions about empirical justification generally (§IV). Finally, I argue that Kant's semantics reveals a key defect in the original version of Bas van Fraassen's anti-realist ‘Constructive Empiricism’, and in many common objections to realism (§V). Fortunately, Kant's semantics of singular cognitive reference stands independently of his Transcendental Idealism; nothing I argue in this paper depends at all upon that doctrine.

In experimental philosophy, propositions gathered from phenomena by induction should be considered either exactly or very nearly true notwithstanding any contrary hypotheses, until yet other phenomena make such propositions either more exact or liable to exceptions. (Newton 1999: 796)