bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Growth in Inertia–Gravity Wave Packets: Energetics, Long-Term Development, and Three-Dimensional Structure
Authors: Achatz Ulrich , Schmitz Gerhard
Published: March 2006

Using a hierarchy of three models of increasing realism and complexity, and expanding on a previous study, optimal perturbations of inertia–gravity wave (IGW) packets are studied with respect to several aspects. It is shown that normal modes are comparatively less able to extract energy from the IGW over finite time due to their time-invariant structure, while singular vectors (SVs) can adjust their dynamical fields flexibly so as to optimize the statically enhanced roll and Orr mechanisms by which they grow. On longer time scales, where the time dependence of the IGW packet precludes a normal-mode analysis, optimal growth is found to further amplify suitable perturbations. The propagation characteristics of these exhibit critical layer interactions for horizontal propagation directions transverse with respect to the IGW, preventing significant vertical propagation, while parallel and obliquely propagating perturbations of sufficiently long horizontal scales are found to radiate gravity waves into altitudes not directly affected by the IGW. The SVs with shorter wavelengths, as found for short optimization times, stay confined via a linear wave duct near the altitude of least static stability where they are excited. At optimization times of the order of the IGW period the leading SVs, with an energy growth by about three orders of magnitude, propagate obliquely, possibly in correspondence to previous results by others from simulations of nonlinear IGW breakdown. The three-dimensional structure of SVs shows an amplitude modulation strictly confining the perturbations also to the horizontal location of least static stability, suggesting a picture of turbulence onset in IGW packets where local patches of growing perturbations initially dominate.
Interaction between Trapped Waves and Boundary Layers
Authors: Jiang Qingfang , Doyle James D. , Smith Ronald B.
Published: March 2006

The absorption of trapped lee waves by the atmospheric boundary layer (BL) is investigated based on numerical simulations and theoretical formulations. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of trapped waves decays exponentially with downstream distance due to BL absorption. The decay coefficient, α, defined as the inverse of the e-folding decay distance, is found to be sensitive to both surface momentum and heat fluxes. Specifically, α is larger over a rougher surface, associated with a more turbulent BL. On the other hand, the value of α decreases with increasing surface heating and increases with increasing surface cooling, implying that a stable nocturnal BL is more efficient in absorbing trapped waves than a typically deeper and more turbulent convective BL. A stagnant layer could effectively absorb trapped waves and increase α. Over the range of parameters examined, the absorption coefficient shows little sensitivity to wave amplitude. A relationship is derived to relate the surface reflection factor and the wave decay coefficient. Corresponding to wave absorption, there are positive momentum and negative energy fluxes across the boundary layer top, indicating that an absorbing BL serves as a momentum source and energy sink to trapped waves. Wave reflection by a shallow viscous layer with a linear shear is examined using linear theory, and its implication on BL wave absorption is discussed.
Integrals of the Vorticity Equation. Part I: General Three- and Two-Dimensional Flows
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert
Published: March 2006

The integral of the vector vorticity equation for the vorticity of a moving parcel in 3D baroclinic flow with friction is cast in a new form. This integral of the vorticity equation applies to synoptic-scale or mesoscale flows and to deep compressible or shallow Boussinesq motions of perfectly clear or universally saturated air. The present integral is equivalent to that of Epifanio and Durran in the Boussinesq limit, but its simpler form reduces easily to Dutton’s integral when the flow is assumed to be isentropic and frictionless.

The integral for vorticity has the following physical interpretation. The vorticity of a parcel is composed of barotropic vorticity; baroclinic vorticity, which originates from solenoidal generation; and vorticity stemming from frictional generation. Its barotropic vorticity is the result of freezing into the fluid the w field (specific volume times vorticity) that is present at the initial time. Its baroclinic vorticity is the vector sum of contributions from small subintervals of time that partition the interval between initial and current times. In each subinterval, the baroclinic torque generates a small vector element of vorticity and hence w. The contribution to the current baroclinic vorticity is the result of freezing this element of w into the fluid immediately after its formation. The physical interpretation of vorticity owing to frictional generation is identical except the torque is frictional rather than solenoidal.

The baroclinic vorticity is decomposed into a part that would occur if the current entropy of the flow were conserved materially backward in time to the initial time and an adjustment term that accounts for production of entropy gradients in material coordinates during this interval. A method for computing all the vorticity parts in an Eulerian framework within a 3D numerical model is outlined.

The usefulness of the 3D vorticity integral is demonstrated further by deriving Eckart’s, Bjerknes’s, and Kelvin’s circulation theorems from it in relatively few steps, and by showing that the associated expression for potental vorticity is an integral of the potential vorticity equation and implies conservation of potential vorticity for isentropic frictionless motion of clear air (Ertel’s theorem). Last, a formula for the helicity density of a parcel is obtained from the vorticity integral and an expression for the parcel’s velocity, and is verified by proving that it is an integral of the equation for helicity density.
Integrals of the Vorticity Equation. Part II: Special Two-Dimensional Flows
Authors: Davies-Jones Robert
Published: March 2006

In Part I, a general integral of the 2D vorticity equation was obtained. This is a formal solution for the vorticity of a moving tube of air in a 2D unsteady stratified shear flow with friction. This formula is specialized here to various types of 2D flow. For steady inviscid flow, the integral reduces to an integral found by Moncrieff and Green if the flow is Boussinesq and to one obtained by Lilly if the flow is isentropic. For steady isentropic frictionless motion of clear air, several quantities that are invariant along streamlines are found. These invariants provide another way to obtain Lilly’s integral from the general integral.
Resonant Continuum Modes in the Eady Model with Rigid Lid
Authors: Jenkner Johannes , Ehrendorfer Martin
Published: March 2006

The Eady model with rigid upper lid is considered. The resonant, linearly amplifying solution that exists in the situation of neutral normal modes when an infinitely thin potential vorticity (PV) perturbation is located precisely at the steering level of a zero-PV neutral mode is explicitly derived. This resonant solution is discussed by partitioning the solution into nonzero-PV and zero-PV contributions. It possesses key observed properties of a growing baroclinic structure. The partitioning of the resonant solution clearly demonstrates the existence of modal growth in a short-wave Eady setting. In contrast to the semi-infinite model, a nonamplifying zero-PV contribution is necessary, in addition to the resonant part, to ensure vanishing vertical velocity at both the upper and the lower lid.
A Test of Ice Self-Collection Kernels Using Aircraft Data
Authors: Field P. R. , Heymsfield A. J. , Bansemer A.
Published: March 2006

Aircraft observations from the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL)–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) campaign obtained in the anvil of a large convective storm from 26 July 2002 are presented. During this flight a Lagrangian spiral descent was made, allowing the evolution of the ice particle size distribution to be followed. Relative humidities during ∼1 km (from −11° to −3°C) of the descent were within 4% of ice saturation. It was assumed that the ice particle size distribution was evolving through the process of aggregation alone. Three idealized ice–ice collection kernels were used in a model of ice aggregation and compared to the observed ice particle size distribution evolution: a geometric sweep-out kernel, a Golovin (sum of particle masses) kernel, and a modified-Golovin kernel (sum of particle masses raised to a power). The Golovin kernel performed worst. The sweep-out kernel produced good agreement with the observations when a constant aggregation efficiency of 0.09 was used. The modified-Golovin kernel performed the best and implied that the aggregation efficiency of sub-300-μm particles was greater than unity when compared with a geometric sweep-out kernel.
Factors Contributing to Optimal Human Functioning in People of Color in the United States
Authors: Constantine Madonna G. , Sue Derald Wing
Published: February 2006

Many conceptualizations of optimal human functioning are based on Western European notions of healthy and unhealthy development and daily living. When applied to people of color in the United States, however, these conceptualizations may prove inapplicable because of their Western culture–bound nature. The authors explore the role that cultural values, beliefs, and practices play in definitions of optimal functioning and describe how overcoming adverse circumstances has resulted in the development of adaptive assets for people of color.
Vocational Psychology: Using One of Counseling Psychology's Strengths to Foster Human Strength
Authors: Robitschek Christine , Woodson Shelley Janiczek
Published: February 2006

At several points in the history of their field, counseling psychologists have emphasized that fostering human strengths is part of their mission. Vocational psychology is an area of counseling psychology that has focused consistently on human strengths. In keeping with the Major Contribution's theme, this article examines the following: (a) theoretical models and constructs of vocational development and processes; (b) empirical research on positive functioning in the vocational domain; (c) the actual and potential impact on research, practice, and training of vocational psychology's focus on positive human functioning; and (d) how vocational psychology fits within the person-environment interaction (PEX) framework, with particular attention given to expanding exploration and assessment of PEX's “person” component.
Counseling Psychology's Focus on Positive Aspects of Human Functioning
Authors: Lopez Shane J. , Magyar-Moe Jeana L. , Petersen Stephanie E. , Ryder Jamie A. , Krieshok Thomas S. , O'Byrne Kristin Koetting , Lichtenberg James W. , Fry Nancy A.
Published: February 2006

The Major Contribution aims to provide interrelated articles that examine how counseling psychology's past and the complex world we live and work in bear on our professional understanding of human strengths and positive life outcomes. In this article, the authors examine the historical underpinnings of the positive in psychology, analyze the focus on the positive in counseling psychology scholarship through the decades (via a content analysis), and review scholarship that has shaped the strength-based work of professionals throughout applied psychology. The content analysis of a random selection of 20% (N = 1,135) of the articles published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP), The Counseling Psychologist (TCP ), theJournal of Career Assessment (JCA ), and theJournal of Multicultural Counseling and Development (JMCD) revealed that about 29% have a positive focus. This article calls attention to the positive in counseling psychology, and the authors encourage its members to reaffirm its unique positive focus by focusing more on strength in practice and research.
Counseling Psychology's Commitment to Strengths: Rhetoric or Reality?
Authors: Gerstein Lawrence H.
Published: February 2006

A positive psychology framework is consistent with counseling psychology's historic claim of focusing on strengths and optimal human functioning. The major articles in this issue of The Counseling Psychologist introduced many innovative, provocative, pragmatic, and useful ideas, strategies, and models related to this framework. For the most part, these articles failed, however, to integrate cultural factors, developmental concepts and interventions, and other strategies (e.g., social justice, psycho-education, prevention, program development, consultation) in their discussion of paradigms grounded in positive psychology. The current author discusses this omission and critiques the positive psychology framework described in these articles. The author presents a few steps to overcome the obstacles hindering the genuine implementation of a strength-based, developmental paradigm of counseling as well.
What Can Counseling Psychology Contribute to the Study of Optimal Human Functioning?
Authors: Frazier Patricia A. , Lee Richard M. , Steger Michael F.
Published: February 2006

In their reaction to the Major Contribution, the authors outline four specific research areas where counseling psychologists could make particularly important contributions: (a) the study of multicultural aspects of optimal human functioning, (b) self-efficacy and well-being, (c) positive interpersonal relationship processes, and (c) meaning in life.
A Positive Psychology That Matters
Authors: Lopez Shane J. , Magyar-Moe Jeana L.
Published: February 2006

The Major Contribution intended to situate positive psychology in counseling psychology's past and future and in the complex world we live and work in today. The four reactions (Frazier, Lee,& Steger; Gerstein; Linley; Mollen, Ethington,& Ridley) provide new insights into how counseling psychology has and will contribute to the study of human strengths and positive outcomes. In this rejoinder, the authors attempt to build on their colleagues'ideas and call for socially significant strength-based research and practice. A “positive psychology that matters” will address societal problems and will potentially help people capitalize on their strengths and lead more satisfying and meaningful lives.
Counseling Psychology's Positive Psychological Agenda: A Model for Integration and Inspiration
Authors: Linley P. Alex
Published: February 2006

Each of the Major Contribution's articles has traced counseling psychology's rich positive heritage. This reaction assesses this heritage in relation to positive psychology and considers the fundamental question of “To whose agenda are we working?” as psychological practitioners, locating the answer within the impact it has on our practice. The reaction then raises some questions prompted in part by counseling psychology's heritage of strength-based approaches and in part by the positive psychological initiative for developing a classification of strengths and virtues. It suggests that a deeper and fuller understanding of a strengths psychology is a key foundation for effective strength-based practice and calls for closer collaboration among counseling psychology, vocational psychology, and positive psychology in bringing to fruition a psychology of strengths and optimal human functioning.
Attributions of Power Across a Social Network
Authors: Fombrun Charles J.
Published: March 2006

This paper examines the relationship between individual and structural explanations of attributions of power across two domains: administrative decisions and technical decisions. An assessment is made of the relative importance of member level variates against contextual variates as determinants of perceived power. The results suggest that contextual effects are far stronger than member level variates. Among member level characteristics, an incumbent's formal status is found to be a primary determinant of his perceived administrative power, while his expertise is a better predictor of his perceived technical power. The formal structure outweighs the interaction network as a context for understanding attributions of power.
Evaluation of the Impact of Feedback on Performance and Motivation
Authors: Pavett Cynthia M.
Published: March 2006

The present research was designed to use an expectancy-theory framework to determine the role of performance feedback in the prediction of motivation and job performance. The frequency of positive and negative feedback from supervisors, co-workers, and clients was hypothesized to make a significant independent contribution to the prediction of supervisory-rated performance. The relationships among feedback, the components of motivation, and performance were examined in a sample of staff nurses. Results of moderated regression analysis indicated that positive feedback served as an independent predictor of performance. Positive feedback from coworkers, clients, and the supervisor were differentially related to the instrumentality, motivation, role perceptions, and performance. Implications for management are discussed.
The Impact of Technology and Functional Unit on Centralization in Organizations
Authors: Montanar John R. , Morgan Cyril P.
Published: March 2006

Prior organization theory literature has proposed that either organization size, technology, or environment is the exclusive determinant of an organization `s structural configuration. Weaknesses in these existing structural determination models as regards the centralization structure dimension are discussed. Next, managerial discretion factors based on Child's strategic choice concept are added to the model. Last, methodology used and results obtained in an empirical investigation of the predictors for the centralization structure dimension in three process-oriented industries are reported. The explanatory power of the predictive model for centralization was enhanced substantially by inclusion of the functional unit as a moderator. However, only one of the three industries analyzed displayed evidence that the most commonly referenced antecedents of structure mentioned above were strong predictors of the centralization structure dimension.
Race, Class, and Conflict in a Custodial Setting: Toward the Development of a Theory of Minority-Group Politicalization
Authors: Leger Robert G.
Published: March 2006

This paper proposes a theory of minority-group politicalization in an attempt to link the politicalization process to conflict with authority in prison. Using path-analytic procedures, moderate-to-high support was provided the proposed theory of politicalization. It was determined that the “best” model of politicalization was the one using “importation” variables as exogenous and “race consciousness” as the endogenous politicalization variable. It was suggested that not only is politicalization a determinant of conflict with authority in prison, this attitude set may be related to various indices of conflict with authority in society such as crime rates and assaults on whites and police. With respect to the amount of variance explained in the two politicalization variables, race consciousness and class consciousness, importation variables again emerge as most important, collectively explaining over twice the amount of variance in both types of consciousness as the set of deprivation variables. Finally, race-ethnic identification was found to be most highly related to race consciousness, thereby lending support to the colony model of increased minority awareness.
Toward a Theory of Burnout
Authors: Meier Scott T.
Published: March 2006

The burnout phenomenon, while widely acknowledged as an important issue among people-helping professionals, has to date been treated chiefly in anecdotal or descriptive reports that lack both precise theoretical foundations and substantial empirical support. Einsiedel and Tully criticize burnout research, maintaining that conceptual and operational definitions vary widely and that little effort has been expended to draw on more established literature to explain burnout. This paper proposes a new model of burnout, largely based on the work of Bandura. Burnout is defined as a state in which individuals expect little reward and considerable punishment from work because of a lack of valued reinforcement, controllable outcomes, or personal competence. The burnout literature is briefly reviewed and grouped according to the categories of the proposed burnout model.
Task Procrastination in Organizations: A Framework for Research
Authors: Harris Nancy N. , Sutton Robert I.
Published: March 2006

Procrastination in organizations may have adverse effects on both individual well-being and system effectiveness, yet studies on this topic are sparse and theoretical development appears to be nonexistent. Procrastination is viewed here as the act of putting off a task that either the focal person or other role-senders expect should be done at the present time. Hence, the emphasis here is upon aspects of the work environment that give rise to procrastination rather than on habits and personality characteristics. Three categories of situational variables are proposed as predictors of task procrastination: characteristics of the task, the relationship between the focal task and other tasks, and attributes of the organization. Furthermore, task discretion is hypothesized to moderate the relationships between these sets of predictors and procrastination. The ways in which this framework may be useful for empirical research and as a starting point for subsequent theory generation are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that future research and theory-building should not focus exclusively upon the negative aspects of procrastination.
The Interrelationship of Jungian Modes of Mental Functioning with Organizational Factors: Implications for Management Development
Authors: Kleiner Brian H.
Published: March 2006

This paper describes a comparative survey study involving a sample of 437 organization members. A major implication drawn from the findings is that the common assumption that the organic-adaptive type of organization is more “humanistic” for more people in America today than a moderate bureaucratic-mechanistic type may not be valid.
The Effects of Context on Attitude Measurement: The Case of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Maguire Mary Ann
Published: March 2006

With data collected from nonmanagerial employees of four companies during the recession of 1975, this paper attempts to utilize the unemployment context as a contextual variable in explaining individual job satisfaction. It was expected that area unemployment rate would affect job satisfaction less strongly than would a more subjective measure of context perceived by each respondent. It was also expected that when no referents were provided the respondent in evaluating job satisfaction, this evaluation would be affected by local employment conditions. Our findings show that while unemployment rate has no direct relationship with job satisfaction, when used as a measure of context it influences the ability to predict job satisfaction. When the rate is high, variables that have usually been found to be good predictors predict less well or not at all. The perceived context measure was not as good a predictor as we had expected. Finally, the more global measure of the dependent variable, general job satisfaction, is more easily influenced by climate factors than the measure of comparative job satisfaction.
Systematic Appraisal of Leadership Effectiveness of Consultants
Authors: Mulder Mauk , Binkhorst Din , van Oers Theo
Published: March 2006

The aim of this study was to develop an evaluation system for a firm of organization consultants, avoiding the bottlenecks in such a system, such as subjectivity, one-way judgment by superiors, and minimal participation of the judged persons in the judgment process. Leadership theory was applied to analyze the behavior of organizational consultants. Three questionnaires were used: a self-generated list of items (SGL) contributed by the members of the organization themselves, the influence analysis questionnaire (IA Q), and an overall evaluation (OE). The results suggest that, depending upon the situation, two leadership patterns are operating in the practice of consultants, to wit, a mild, personal, “good chap” leadership and a tough, more powerful leadership. The method is of practical use to increase participation; it can be a useful instrument in organizational programs.
Attitudes of New Immigrants Toward White-Collar Crime: A Cross-Cultural Exploration
Authors: Sebba Leslie
Published: March 2006

This study was designed to determine how far new immigrants to Israel from diverse cultures and economic systems-the Soviet Union and the United States-would differ in their attitudes to crime, in particular white-collar crime. Respondents were asked to rate various deviant acts in terms of their seriousness and to express their views on certain other questions related mainly to criminal justice. A sample of veteran Israelis was also questioned for the sake of comparison. While the relative offence weighting for most offences attributed by the different groups did not differ substantially, there was a general tendency, for the veteran Israelis to be the most punitive and the Russians the most lenient. Various explanations for this were considered, as well as the implications of the findings for multi-cultural societies and legal systems.
Interorganizational Conflict: A Review of an Emerging Field
Authors: DiStefano Thomas
Published: March 2006

The sociology of conflict has remained outside the mainstream of scholarly inquiry throughout most of this century. Within the relatively new field of interorganizational relations, the study of conflict has suffered from a similar neglect. Assuming a structural-functional approach has informed most of the research thus far, this paper argues for a more unified and broader theoretical analysis as a step towards a general theory of interorganizational conflict. Examples from the research literature are shown to characterize an absence of empirical testing and a lack of consensus over key terms and objectives. Cross-national continuities in the study of interorganizational conflict are also discussed. Finally, some future directions for the development of the interorganizational study of conflict are discussed.
Spillover from Family to Work: The Neglected Side of the Work-Family Interface
Authors: Crouter Ann C.
Published: March 2006

It is argued that while researchers have emphasized work's impact on the family, the family exerts important influences on the workplace that have been generally overlooked. This article draws upon evidence of family-to-work spillover from a recent exploratory field study in a large manufacturing plant. Semistructured interviews with 55 employees, both on the job and at home, revealed that most employees recognized that their family lives influenced them at work. Analyses of variance examining positive and negative spillover from home to work suggested that women with young children at home are most likely to report high levels of spillover, in contrast to mothers of older children and to fathers regardless of their position in the family life cycle.
Upward Information Flow in Organizations: Review and Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Glauser Michael J.
Published: March 2006

This paper reviews the upward communication literature and identifies factors which facilitate or impede upward information flow in organizations. Studies are classified into the following categories: (1) subordinate characteristics, (2) superior characteristics, (3) the superior/subordinate relationship, (4) message characteristics, and (5) structural characteristics. A model is presented to summarize factors associated with the frequency, accuracy, and utility of upward communication. The model is integrated into a broader information processing framework which emphasizes the role of upward communication in managerial and unit effectiveness. A number of directions for future research on upward information flow are suggested.
Application of Network Analysis to the Implementation of a Complex Project
Authors: Mandell Myrna
Published: March 2006

Network analysis is applied to implementation problems in a case study of the Century Freeway Project in Los Angeles. The analysis shows the impact that network ties have on the ability of managers to implement a complex public project. The concept of “multilateral brokerage role”, is introduced to explain how managers in this setting are able to adapt.
Political Liberalism-Conservatism among Clergy: The Question of Dimensionality
Authors: Tygart Clarence E.
Published: March 2006

The conclusion by Mann (1970) that unidimensionality of political liberalism exists among groups who are very interested and/or active in the sociopolitical processes was investigated. Two national samples of clergy for the years 1972 and 1978 from six Protestant denominations revealed a high degree of interrelationship among items pertaining to topical issues. In factor analysis, only one significant factor emerged. Unidimensionality of political liberalism-conservatism appears as a reasonable assessment of the positions of these clergy concerning sociopolitical issues.
The Politics of Problems: Intersubjectivity in Defining Powerful Others
Authors: Jones Sue
Published: March 2006

This paper is concerned with how persons in organizations, tackling what they define as complex problems, define others as significant in terms of their perceived power. Using a particular case as an illustration, the author argues for attending to the complex intersubjectivity of definitions of; powerful others, involving not only patterns and consensualities but also significant diversity in the theories and values different individuals bring to understanding and predicting their political environments and the key actors within them. She will also argue that such a perspective has significant practical implications for OD consultants, whose effectiveness in the client-consultant relationship often crucially depends on understanding and negotiating with the internal political concerns and theorizing of their clients.
Sex Effects on Managerial Value Systems
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Posner Barry Z. , Schmidt Warren H.
Published: March 2006

This study investigated the possible effects of sex on managerial value systems. A matched-subject design, involving 130 male and female managers, was utilized. Generally, the similarities in value systems of males and females outweighed the differences. However, contrary to traditional sex-role stereotypes, female managers placed a greater emphasis on their careers vs. family/home life than did male managers.
Role Stress and Inability to Leave as Predictors of Mental Health
Authors: Martin Thomas N.
Published: March 2006

A new source of job stress, inability to leave, was investigated with role over-load, role ambiguity, participation in decision making, equity, and group cohesiveness and support for their predictive impact on acute and chronic mental health problems. Canonical correlation analysis was performed on this predictor-criteria framework across two hospitals consisting of 140 and 95 respondents, respectively. One significant canonical variate was derived for each hospital. Inability to leave one's job and role overload predicted acute and chronic mental health problems in both hospitals. Role ambiguity and lower group cohesiveness and support also predicted both health phenomenon in the smaller hospital. Discussion focused on the implications, limitations, and conclusions of these findings.
Feedback Obstruction: The Influence of the Information Environment on Employee Turnover Intentions
Authors: Walsh James P. , Ashford Susan J. , Hill Thomas E.
Published: March 2006

A model of the relationship between feedback obstruction and employee turnover intent is proposed and tested. Eighty-nine pharmaceutical sales representatives completed questionnaires measuring the value of feedback, feedback obstruction across five sources of information, anxiety, (dis)satisfaction, and turnover intent. Results demonstrate that the obstruction of several feedback sources is significantly correlated with anxiety, (dis)satisfaction, and turnover intentions. A regression analysis reveals that self- and supervisory feedback obstruction bear the strongest relationships to turnover intent. Interestingly, the self-feedback obstruction relationship is not in the predicted direction.
A Strategy for Managing Conflict in Complex Organizations
Authors: Rahim M. Afzalur
Published: March 2006

The management of organizational conflict involves the diagnosis of and intervention in conflict at intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup levels. A diagnosis should indicate whether there is need for intervention and the type of intervention needed. In general, an intervention is designed to attain and maintain a moderate amount of conflict a various levels and to enable the organizational members to learn the styles of handling interpersonal conflict so that the individual, group, and overall organizational effectiveness are enhanced.
Coping with Work-Related Stress
Authors: Newton T. J. , Keenan A.
Published: March 2006

This study examined the coping behavior of a sample of young professional engineers in response to stress “incidents” experienced at work. Subjects were specifically asked to limit their recall to an incident occurring within the preceding 14 days. A primary analysis was made of the coping behavior exhibited, from which five classes of coping behavior were derived. Coping behavior was then examined in relation to the subjective appraisal of the stress encountered, and to characteristics of both the individual experiencing the stress and of the work environment in which it occurred. Analysis indicated that all three predictor groups (stress appraisal, individual, and envrionmental characteristics) were important in relation to the coping behaivor reported. Evidence also emerged suggesting that certain types of coping response are behavior correlates of particular individual characteristics, whereas others were more likely to be related to differences in the environmental context and to the way in which the stress incident is appraised. The results question the relevance of attempts to derive “effective” coping techniques which can be applied universally regardless of differences between individuals or environments. In addition, they do not support a theoretical emphasis upon the subjective appraisal of stress as primary in modeling coping behavior, since individual and environmental characteristics appear to be equally important and may directly effect the range and choice of coping options available.
Communication and Work Patterns among Productive Scholars in Psycho-Educational Research: The Invisible College Hypothesis
Authors: West Charles K. , Hoerr William A.
Published: March 2006

By counting publications in the American Education Research Journal (1968-1977) and the Journal of Educational Psychology (1958-1977) 62 prolific scholars were identified. These scholars provided information by questionnaire about their communication patterns, academic background, their paradigms, shifts in research focus, time spent on various professional activities, age, and years of training. These scholars also provided information as to persons who had been influential in their research and persons with whom they had interacted frequently about their research. Data about the persons listed and citation data were used to test the invisible college hypothesis. This hypothesis was not robustly supported.
A Retrospective View of a Hospital-Wide Group Relations Training Program: Costs, Consequences, and Conclusions
Authors: Menninger Roy W.
Published: March 2006

This article retrospectively examines the impact of an organization-wide group relations conference experience for professional staff training in a private mental hospital. More than a decade later, the residual assessment of the experience by a large majority of participants is strongly positive, both in regard to personal and professional benefits, and the impact on the organization itself. The conferences provided the organization with an approach to the trials of transition through a difficult period, and led to the development of several important new programs. The experience, however, was not entirely positive. Enthusiasm for the new knowledge of group dynamics led to an inappropriate use of groups as a procrustean method for managing hospital administrative issues, solving personal and professional problems, and treating psychiatric patients. These problems were intensified by the simultaneous introduction of a therapeutic community concept into the hospital. The indiscriminate application of conference methods to the many tasks of a psychiatric institution reflected a failure to recognize that group relations training is a method of learning, not treatment or management. Its limitations notwithstanding, the experience was undeniably positive.
The Spatial Culture of Factories
Authors: Peponis John
Published: March 2006

This paper argues that factory layouts have social functions over and above the purely technical ones and that such functions can be described with accuracy. It relates the fundamental design choices that are identified by the analysis to the spatial requirements of organizations. Thus, it suggests that the design olfactory space has strategic effects on the culture of workplaces. Spatial variables are based on the theory of space syntax developed at the Unit for Architectural Studies, University College London. Measures of interaction are based on network theory. The analysis rests on evidence from six case studies of factories located in England and in Greece.
An Exploration of the Relationship between Performance, Decision Making, and Structure
Authors: Kasperson Conrad J.
Published: March 2006

A management simulation exercise plus a field study were used to analyze the relationship between performance, decision-making processes, and emergent organizational structure. It was found that lower performing organizations relied more on “inspired” decisions, took less time for the process, and were more formally structured. However, the increase in structure and lowered satisfaction tended to follow performance changes rather than cause them.
The Motivational Formulation of Job and Work Involvement: A Cross-National Study
Authors: Misra Sasi , Kanungo Rabindra N. , von Rosenstiel Lutz , Stuhler Elmar A.
Published: March 2006

This paper extends the motivational formulation and measurement of job and work involvement constructs (Kanungo, 1982b) and tests its cross-cultural implications by reporting on two studies conducted in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and India. Results pertaining to the empirical properties (reliability and validity) of the new job and work involvement measures obtained in the FRG and Indian contexts generally support results reported by Kanungo in the Canadian context. The cross-national generalizability of predictions derived from the motivational formulation is supported. Usefulness of the motivational framework for future research on involvement in relation to certain desired outcomes is indicated.
Semi-Automated Feedback and Team Behavior
Authors: Gear Tony E. , Marsh Nicholas R. , Sergent Peter
Published: March 2006

This paper describes the effects on a task force team of the application of information feedback concerning the task performance and socio-emotional climate of that team. A distinctive feature of the application is the use of individual team members' perceptions, suitably combined, to provide the feedback information automatically on dials with sweep hands. An analysis of the experiment suggests that the feedback was having a strong effect on certain aspects of the team's task-related behavior. Implications of the finding for improving the effectiveness of managerial teams undertaking decision-making tasks are discussed.
An Empirical Validation of Relative Deprivation
Authors: Alain Michel
Published: March 2006

The present study was an attempt to validate empirically the concept of relative deprivation. According to this concept, feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction depend more on relative rather than absolute criteria. Depending on one's environment, one could feel relatively satisfied or relatively deprived. Some theorists attempted to further specify the conditions leading to feelings of relative deprivation. At least five theoretical models now exist in the literature which specify various pre-conditions leading to feelings of relative deprivation. In the present study, these various pre-conditions were operationalized and applied to the working environment. Subjects, blue collar and clerical workers (n = 198) from three different organizations, were asked to fill out a questionnaire specifically designed for that purpose. Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses favored Crosby's (1976) model over all other models examined. Relative deprivation feelings were positively correlated with wanting better working conditions, with comparing self to similar others, with feelings of deservingness, with feelings of greater expectations to have better working conditions, and, finally, with not holding self responsible for present conditions. Implications of the different models are discussed in terms of their theoretical and applied values.
A Comparison of Different Methods of Clustering Countries on the Basis of Employee Attitudes
Authors: Griffeth Rodger W. , Hom Peter W. , DeNisi Angelo S. , Kirchner Wayne K.
Published: March 2006

The present study examined the clustering of nations using different clustering methods. Organizational attitudes and perceptions of 1768 managers from IS Western nations employed by a multinational corporation were surveyed. Divergent results were found and are discussed in terms of reconciling these differences, the need for additional research comparing competitive and alternative interpretations of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), and the use of independent and objective methods, e.g., cluster analysis.
Distortion in Unemployment Research: The Early Studies of Bakke and Their Implications for Current Research on Employment and Unemployment
Authors: O'Brien Gordon E.
Published: March 2006

Contemporary research on unemployment has neglected the early writings of Bakke in preference to the psychological deprivation model first outlined by Jahoda, Lazarsfeld, and Zeisel (1933) and elaborated later by Jahoda (1979, 1981, 1982). Furthermore, Bakke has been inaccurately classified as a writer who maintained that unemployment led to an inevitable decline in the personal adjustment of the unemployed. A brief review of Bakke's writings indicates that he did not find that the loss of job activities decreased self-reliance. The unemployed, as a group, showed resilience in an environment marked by poverty. He also showed that many of the characteristics commonly attributed to the unemployed such as apathy, depression, and external control were often due to the combined effects of past work experiences and economic deprivation. The implications of Bakke's views for current research on employment and unemployment are discussed.
The Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Van Hooft Edwin A. J. , Born Marise Ph. , Taris Toon W. , Van Der Flier Henk
Published: February 2006

This study examined the cross-cultural generalizability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as applied to job seeking, by comparing samples of native Dutch and Turkish individuals in The Netherlands. Results support the equivalence of the measures used. Moreover, the TPB relationships are found to be comparable across the two samples. Contrary to the predictions, intentions of Turkish individuals are not affected more by subjective norms and less by job search attitudes than those of native Dutch individuals.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Two-Stage Testing on English and French Versions of a Science Achievement Test
Authors: Puhan Gautam , Gierl Mark J.
Published: February 2006

The current study evaluated the effectiveness of two-stage testing on English and French versions of a science achievement test administered to a national sample in Canada in 1996 and 1999. The tests were administered and scored with the implicit assumption that the two language forms were equivalent. Analysis of the first-stage test revealed that 3 out of 12 items displayed differential item functioning (DIF) in both administrations. However, substantive reviews suggested that translation errors were not the cause of DIF. Analysis of the second-stage test revealed that the test was not comparable between ability groups but was comparable for English and French examinees within each ability group in both administrations. This study illustrates how test developers can monitor their adaptation and administration process when alternative testing procedures are used with multiple language groups. The results are also relevant to cross-cultural researchers who compare examinees from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
Biculturalism
Authors: Tadmor Carmit T. , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: February 2006

Growing numbers of people are being exposed to a second culture, yet the process by which individuals absorb a cultural identity and the role played by second-culture exposure in shaping sociocognitive skills have received little theoretical attention. This article begins to fill these knowledge gaps by delineating the factors that affect the adoption of specific acculturation strategies and focusing on the power of secondculture exposure to stimulate integratively complex cognitions that give people the flexibility to shift rapidly from one cultural meaning system to another. We propose a model, influenced by prior work on value pluralism and accountability, which outlines the underlying mechanisms that determine acculturation choice and that produce both individual difference and situational variation in integrative complexity of social functioning. Implications for expatriate performance are discussed.
The Link between Acculturation Disparity and Conflict among Chinese Canadian Immigrant Mother-Adolescent Dyads
Authors: Tardif Christine Y. , Geva Esther
Published: February 2006

This study explores the assumption that acculturation disparity can disrupt the quality of parent-adolescent relationships among immigrant families. Participants included 113 Chinese Canadian immigrant and 30 Anglo-Canadian mothers and their children living in Toronto, Canada. Self-reports of mothers' and adolescents' acculturation and perceptions of conflict in the mother-adolescent relationship and mothers' responses to vignettes depicting adolescent misbehavior were obtained. Acculturation disparity was associated with reports of a greater number of conflicts, particularly regarding interpersonal issues, but not with reports of the emotional intensity of these conflicts nor with mothers' use of more negative responses to hypothetical depictions of adolescent misbehavior. Some interesting cross-cultural differences were also found. The importance of exploring the construct of acculturation disparity as a useful tool both methodologically and clinically is discussed.