bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
James Valentine: Formerly Consultant Psychiatrist, University Health Service, Leeds
Authors: Jerram Timothy
Published: May 2008

James Valentine was born on 2 October 1906, of farming stock, in Glasgow. He won a scholarship to Hutcheson's Grammar School where he was an outstanding student (Dux Medalist, School Captain and Captain of cricket). He read Medicine at Glasgow where, he recalled, he met Ferguson Rodger (later Professor of Psychiatry) in their first week in the Anatomy Room and the two remained close friends until the latter's death. As a student Jim was active in many areas, but is particularly remembered for being a founding member of the National Party of Scotland (now the SNP) and serving on its National Council. He trained at Bethlem Royal Hospital (where, being in London, he was an assiduous theatre-goer). Then he went to Gartnavel Hospital, Glasgow, where his duties included waiting at Central Station to receive consignments of mosquitos from the Mott Clinic, Horton Hospital, Epsom, then used in the treatment of general paralysis of the insane (GPI).
Understanding religious beliefs is our business. Invited commentary on … Religion and mental health
Authors: Hollins Sheila
Published: May 2008

In his review, Harold Koenig challenges us to take our patients' religious beliefs more seriously. The questions he poses and the recommendations he makes are challenging, so what are we doing and what should we do?
Thymulin Inhibits Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Modulating Interleukin-6 Expression and Suppressing p38 Pathway
Authors: Henriques-Coelho Tiago , Oliveira Sílvia Marta , Moura Rute S. , Roncon-Albuquerque Roberto , Neves Ana Luísa , Santos Mário , Nogueira-Silva Cristina , La Fuente Carvalho Filipe , Brandão-Nogueira Ana , Correia-Pinto Jorge , Leite-Moreira Adelino F.
Published: May 2008

The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) includes an inflammatory response. Thymulin, a zinc-dependent thymic hormone, has important immunobiological effects by inhibiting various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We investigated morphological and hemodynamic effects of thymulin administration in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH, as well as the pattern of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and the intracellular pathways involved. Adult Wistar rats received an injection of MCT (60 mg/kg, sc) or an equal volume of saline. One day after, the animals randomly received during 3 wk an injection of saline, vehicle (zinc plus carboxymethyl cellulose), or thymulin (100 ng/kg, sc, daily). At d 23–25, the animals were anesthetized for hemodynamic recordings, whereas heart and lungs were collected for morphometric and molecular analysis. Thymulin prevented morphological, hemodynamic, and inflammatory cardiopulmonary profile characteristic of MCT-induced PH, whereas part of these effects were also observed in MCT-treated animals injected with the thymulin’s vehicle containing zinc. The pulmonary thymulin effect was likely mediated through suppression of p38 pathway.
Crucial Role of Estrogen Receptor-α Interaction with Transcription Coregulators in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Transforming Growth Factor β1 Up-Regulation of Steroidogenesis in Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells
Authors: Chen Yun-Ju , Lee Ming-Ting , Yao Hsiao-Chun , Hsiao Pei-Wen , Ke Ferng-Chun , Hwang Jiuan-Jiuan
Published: May 2008

This study was to explore estrogen receptor (ER) involvement in FSH and TGFβ1-stimulated steroidogenesis in rat ovarian granulosa cells. We first determined the specific involvement of ERα and ERβ in the process, and then investigated the molecular interaction of ERα and transcription coregulators in FSH and TGFβ1 up-regulation of steroidogenic gene expression. Primary culture of ovarian granulosa cells from antral follicles of gonadotropin-primed immature rats was used. Interestingly, a selective ERα antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP) [like ER antagonist ICI-182,780 (ICI)] decreased FSH ± TGFβ1-stimulated progesterone production, whereas an androgen receptor antagonist hydroxyflutamide and particularly a selective ERβ antagonist 4-[2-Phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl) pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidin-3-yl] phenol had no significant effect. Consistent with this, a selective ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (unlike 17β-estradiol) also had no effect on FSH ± TGFβ1-stimulated progesterone production. Furthermore, a selective ERα agonist 4,4′,4″-(4-Propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol (like 17β-estradiol) enhanced FSH-stimulated progesterone production, and this was abolished by pretreatment with MPP. Immunoblotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicate that MPP/ICI suppression of FSH ± TGFβ1 action is partly attributed to the reduced ERα-mediated expression of Hsd3b and Cyp11a1 genes, but not steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Furthermore, FSH ± TGFβ1 increased ERα association with histone acetylases (CBP and SRC-1) and coactivator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PGC-1α), and MPP/ICI dramatically reduced these interactions. In addition, FSH ± TGFβ1 increased CBP, SRC-1, and PGC-1α binding to Hsd3b and Cyp11a1 genes. Together, we demonstrate for the first time that ERα interaction with transcription coregulators, histone acetylases (CBP/SRC-1), and PGC-1α is crucial to FSH and TGFβ1-up-regulated expression of Hsd3b and Cyp11a1, and, thus, progesterone production in rat ovarian granulosa cells.
Functional Significance of a Truncated Thyroid Receptor Subtype Lacking a Hormone-Binding Domain in Goldfish
Authors: Nelson Erik R. , Habibi Hamid R.
Published: May 2008

Thyroid hormones are important mediators of growth and development in vertebrates and act by binding to a specific family of thyroid receptors (TRs). The TRs belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, with two conserved regions, a DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain (LBD). We recently demonstrated the presence of four TR subtypes in goldfish, two with complete DNA binding domains and LBDs (TRα-1 and TRβ) and two novel forms including a transcript resembling TRα with variation in the LBD as well as a TRα-truncated (TRα-t) form lacking a LBD. To study the functional significance of TR subtypes, we first investigated the regulation of hepatic goldfish deiodinase type 3 (D3) by T3 and validated a bioassay in which D3 gene expression is up-regulated significantly in vivo and in vitro. Using short interfering RNA, TRα-1, TRβ, or TRα-t was specifically knocked down and thyroid hormone-induced D3 gene expression was measured. short interfering RNA against TRα-1 or TRβ reduced the T3 induction of deiodinase gene expression to 50% or less than 25% of control (T3 treated) cells, respectively. Knocking down TRα-t alone, however, increased D3 expression 500-fold supporting the hypothesis that TRα-t plays a modulatory role in thyroid hormone-induced gene expression. Our results provide important insight into thyroid receptor biology in goldfish and a framework for the better understanding of thyroid receptor function in all vertebrates.
Steroidogenic Factor 1 Regulates Expression of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
Authors: Kim Ki Woo , Jo Young-Hwan , Zhao Liping , Stallings Nancy R. , Chua Streamson C. , Parker Keith L.
Published: May 2008

The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) plays essential roles in the development and function of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). Considerable evidence links the VMH and SF-1 with the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that SF-1 colocalizes in VMH neurons with the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and that a specific CB1R agonist modulates electrical activity of SF-1 neurons in hypothalamic slice preparations. We further show that SF-1 directly regulates CB1R gene expression via a SF-1-responsive element at −101 in its 5′-flanking region. Finally, we show that knockout mice with selective inactivation of SF-1 in the brain have decreased expression of CB1R in the region of the VMH and exhibit a blunted response to systemically administered CB1R agonists. These studies suggest that SF-1 directly regulates the expression of CB1R, which has been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and anxiety-like behavior.
THE “LECTURER'SOK” REVISITED: CHANGING DISCOURSE CONVENTIONS AND THE INFLUENCE OF ACADEMIC DIVISION
Authors: Schleef Erik
Published: May 2008

This article examines the structural markers okay, alright, right, and now and discusses the use and functions of these structures in the speech of Humanities and Natural Sciences instructors in 24 American university lectures. It then investigates whether there is a correlational link between different structural markers and the academic division, age, and sex of the speaker. This article argues that cross-disciplinary differences in preferred teaching styles and content in lectures across different academic divisions are major factors determining variations in the use of structural markers in academic settings, while age plays only a minor role, and gender none at all.
Twenty Years of Change: Tunisia's Journey of Progress Continues
Authors: Hachana Mohamed Nejib
Published: May 2008

Mohamed Nejib Hachana is the ambassador of Tunisia to the United States.
The Rising Euro and Sinking Dollar: Explanations and Implications
Authors: Sharma Shalendra D.
Published: May 2008

Shalendra D. Sharma is professor of politics at the University of San Francisco.
Searching for a Brother Lost in Albania's Gulag
Authors: Stavrou Nikolaos A.
Published: May 2008

Nikolaos A. Stavrou is professor emeritus of international affairs at Howard University.
Extensive apoptosis and abnormal morphogenesis in pro-caspase-3 transgenic zebrafish during development
Authors: Yamashita Michiaki , Mizusawa Nanami , Hojo Misako , Yabu Takeshi
Published: May 2008

The pro-apoptotic caspase-3 gene has been shown to have key functions in the execution of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in vertebrate cells. However, the central role of caspase-3 in morphogenesis during development remains unclear. In this study, transgenic zebrafish that overexpress full-length pro-caspase-3 were generated to determine the effects of caspase genes on vertebrate morphogenesis and stress tolerance. The enhanced expression of the full-length pro-caspase-3 cDNA induced extremely high levels of caspase activity and extensive apoptosis in the transgenic embryos, and 33–46% of F2 embyos in the transgenic lines exhibited some form of morphological abnormality. Pro-caspase-3 transgenic zebrafish exhibited abnormal morphogenesis in the eyes, notochord, heart and yolk sac, suggesting that enhanced processing of pro-caspase-3 triggers significant apoptotic responses in the specific target tissues that are undergoing morphogenesis during development. The transgenic fish had reduced eye size and showed degeneration of the retina, including the photoreceptor cell layers, whereas pigmentation and lens formation were not affected. In addition, heart failure due to a weakened heartbeat and reduced circulation was noted in the pro-caspase-3 transgenic embryos. The transgenic embryos were markedly sensitive to stress conditions, such as UV irradiation at 2 or 5 mJ cm–2. On the other hand, caspase-3 deficiency through injection of antisense morpholino oligo into embryos repressed apoptosis and enhanced stress tolerance after UV irradiation. Therefore, the caspase-3-mediated pro-apoptotic signalling pathway and its activation play critical roles in the induction of apoptosis and stress tolerance during zebrafish embryogenesis.
The role of proline in the elastic mechanism of hydrated spider silks
Authors: Savage Ken N. , Gosline John M.
Published: May 2008

This study used thermoelastic measurements to investigate the role of proline in the elastic mechanism of hydrated, spider major ampullate (MA) and flagelliform (FL) silks. Experiments on hydrated MA silk from Araneus diadematus (proline content 16%) reveal that conformational entropy elasticity accounts for about 90% of the elastic force at small extensions,but entropy elasticity drops to about half by 50% extension. The decrease in the entropic component with extension is due to the presence of relatively short and conformationally restricted network chains in Araneus MA silk. Experiments on hydrated Araneus FL silk (proline content 16%)indicate that entropy elasticity dominates the elastic mechanism up to extensions of 100% and beyond, which likely reflects the fact that the glycine-rich network chains in FL silk are longer and less conformationally restricted than those in the MA silk. Thus, the rubber-like, entropic elasticity of these two proline-rich silks is consistent with networks of amorphous chains that become mobile when hydrated. By contrast, the elastic mechanism of hydrated Nephila clavipes MA silk (proline content 3.5%)shows a small contribution from entropic elasticity for extensions of 5% or less, and by 10% extension the elastic force is due entirely to bond-energy elasticity, probably associated with the deformation of stable secondary structures. These results indicate that there are major differences in the structural organization of the glycine-rich network chains and the mechanism of elasticity in proline-rich and proline-deficient fibroins.
Terminal contact elements of insect attachment devices studied by transmission X-ray microscopy
Authors: Eimüller T. , Guttmann P. , Gorb S. N.
Published: May 2008

For the first time, the terminal elements (spatulae) of setal (hairy)attachment devices of the beetle Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae) and the fly Lucilia caesar (Diptera, Calliphoridae)were studied using transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) with a lateral resolution of about 30 nm. Since images are taken under ambient conditions, we demonstrate here that this method can be applied to study the contact behaviour of biological systems, including animal tenent setae, in a fresh state. We observed that the attached spatulae show a viscoelastic behavior increasing the contact area and providing improved adaptability to the local topography of the surface. The technique can be extended to TXM tomography,which would provide three-dimensional information and a deeper insight into the details of insect attachment structures.
Isolation of naturally associated bacteria of necromenicPristionchusnematodes and fitness consequences
Authors: Rae Robbie , Riebesell Metta , Dinkelacker Iris , Wang Qiong , Herrmann Matthias , Weller Andreas M. , Dieterich Christoph , Sommer Ralf J.
Published: May 2008

Nematodes and bacteria are major components of the soil ecosystem. Many nematodes use bacteria for food, whereas others evolved specialized bacterial interactions ranging from mutualism to parasitism. Little is known about the biological mechanisms by which nematode–bacterial interactions are achieved, largely because in the laboratory nematodes are often cultured under artificial conditions. We investigated the bacterial interactions of nematodes from the genus Pristionchus that have a strong association with scarab beetles. Pristionchus has a different feeding strategy than Caenorhabditis and meta-genomic 16S sequence analysis of Pristionchus individuals showed a diversity of living bacteria within the nematode gut and on the nematode cuticle. Twenty-three different bacterial strains were isolated from three Pristionchus–beetle associations and were used to study nematode–bacterial interactions under controlled laboratory conditions. We show a continuum of bacterial interactions from dissemination, to reduction in brood size and nematode mortality caused by bacteria derived from insect hosts. Olfactory discrimination experiments show distinct chemoattraction and fitness profiles of Pristionchus nematodes when exposed to different bacteria. For example, Pristionchus pacificus avoids Serratia marcescenspossibly because of pathogenicity. Also, P. pacificus avoids Bacillus thuringiensis and insect pathogenic bacteria but is resistant to the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, unlike Caenorhabditis elegans. Pristionchus specifically recognize and respond to bacteria that cause ill health. Bringing the nematode–bacterial interaction into the laboratory allows detailed functional studies, including the genetic manipulation of the interaction in both nematodes and bacteria.
A biphasic memory curve in the chambered nautilus,Nautilus pompiliusL. (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea)
Authors: Crook Robyn , Basil Jennifer
Published: May 2008

Cephalopods are an exceptional taxon for examining the competing influences of ecology and evolutionary history on brain and behaviour. Coleoid cephalopods (octopuses, cuttlefishes and squids) have evolved specialised brains containing dedicated learning and memory centres, and rely on plastic behaviours to hunt prey effectively and communicate intricate visual displays. Their closest living relative, the primitive nautilus, is the sole remnant of an ancient lineage that has persisted since the Cambrian. Nautilus brains are the simplest among the extant cephalopods, and the absence of dedicated learning and memory regions may represent an ancestral condition. It is assumed that the absence of these regions should limit memory storage and recall in nautilus, but this assumption has never been tested. Here we describe the first evidence of learning and memory in chambered nautilus(Nautilus pompilius). Using a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, we demonstrate that chambered nautilus exhibits temporally separated short- and long-term memory stores, producing a characteristic biphasic memory curve similar to that of cuttlefishes. Short-term memory persisted for less than 1 h post-training, whereas long-term memory was expressed between 6 and 24 h after training. Despite lacking the dedicated neural regions that support learning and memory in all other extant cephalopods, nautilus expressed a similar memory profile to coleoids. Thus the absence of these regions in the nautilus brain does not appear to limit memory expression, as hypothesised. Our results provide valuable insights into the evolution of neural structures supporting memory.
Genetically modified plants and human health
Authors: Key Suzie , Ma Julian K-C , Drake Pascal MW
Published: May 2008

Summary

Genetically modified (or GM) plants have attracted a large amount of media attention in recent years and continue to do so. Despite this, the general public remains largely unaware of what a GM plant actually is or what advantages and disadvantages the technology has to offer, particularly with regard to the range of applications for which they can be used. From the first generation of GM crops, two main areas of concern have emerged, namely risk to the environment and risk to human health. As GM plants are gradually being introduced into the European Union there is likely to be increasing public concern regarding potential health issues. Although it is now commonplace for the press to adopt ‘health campaigns’, the information they publish is often unreliable and unrepresentative of the available scientific evidence. We consider it important that the medical profession should be aware of the state of the art, and, as they are often the first port of call for a concerned patient, be in a position to provide an informed opinion.

This review will examine how GM plants may impact on human health both directly – through applications targeted at nutrition and enhancement of recombinant medicine production – but also indirectly, through potential effects on the environment. Finally, it will examine the most important opposition currently facing the worldwide adoption of this technology: public opinion.
Functional foods for cardiovascular disease in women
Authors: Rudkowska Iwona
Published: May 2008

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women. Functional food consumption can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of CVD. The purpose of this review is to establish recommendations for the intake of functional food ingredients in a healthy diet, such as soy proteins and isoflavone, omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) from fish oils (FOs) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docoshexaenoic acid (DHA) and plant sterols-(PS) enriched foods – for prevention and treatment of CVD in postmenopausal women. First, controversial results exist on CVD risk factors after intake of soy protein and isoflavone that indicates that further clinical studies need to be done to better understand their role in maintaining and improving cholesterol levels. However, since soy contains polyunsaturated fats, replacing some higher fat meat protein sources with soy products may contribute to cardiovascular health. Secondly, FOs, including EPA and DHA, have shown promising effects for lowering triglyceride levels. In addition, emerging research appears to show that omega-3 FAs may have additional health effects with improved arterial health and a reduction in oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Thirdly, foods and beverages supplemented with PS may reduce cholesterol; therefore, are a worthy addition to interventions aimed at lowering heart disease risk in women. Overall, incorporating functional foods into a healthy diet may be beneficial in helping to reduce lipids levels and thus the risk of CVD.
Distinctive structures between chimpanzee and humanin a brain noncoding RNA
Authors: Beniaminov Artemy , Westhof Eric , Krol Alain
Published: May 2008

Human accelerated region 1 (HAR1) is a short DNA region identified recently to have evolved the most rapidly among highly constrained regions since the divergence from our common ancestor with chimpanzee. It is transcribed as part of a noncoding RNA specifically expressed in the developing human neocortex. Employing a panoply of enzymatic and chemical probes, our analysis of HAR1 RNA proposed a secondary structure model differing from that published. Most surprisingly, we discovered that the substitutions between the chimpanzee and human sequences led the human HAR1 RNA to adopt a cloverleaf-like structure instead of an extended and unstable hairpin in the chimpanzee sequence. Thus, the rapid evolutionary changes resulted in a profound rearrangement of HAR1 RNA structure. Altogether, our results provide a structural context for elucidating HAR1 RNA function.
Notch Strengthening and Its Impact on the Deformation and Fracture of 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Wu Xianglin , Pan Xiao , Stubbins James F.
Published: May 2008

316L stainless steel has been widely used for structural component applications in irradiation environments. The impact of manufacturing or service-induced defects on material tensile response and fracture behavior has been a longstanding concern. In this study, electron backscattering diffraction and finite element methods have been utilized to examine and model the tensile response of 316L stainless steel with different notch geometries. The tensile response is influenced by twinning at room temperature, while it is completely absent at temperatures higher than 200°C. In addition, irradiation exposure increases the yield point of the material and reduces the ductility. It is found that the larger plastic deformation area and severe tip blunting in ductile, unirradiated material promote uniformly distributed post-yield strain hardening processes. In this case, fracture initiates internally for tensile and C-notched specimen geometries, but from the notch tip for sharp V-notched specimen geometries. When irradiation-induced hardening is considered, similar fracture modes are found, however, strains to fracture are significantly reduced.
Elizabeth Montagu's Study of Cicero's Life: The Formation of an Eighteenth-Century Woman's Rhetorical Identity
Authors: Smith Tania
Published: May 2008

Popular eighteenth-century British biographies of Cicero had a significant impact on the rhetorical identity formation of Elizabeth Montagu (1720–1800). As the acknowledged founder of the “Bluestocking” salon, Elizabeth Montagu played a key role in forming the conversational and epistolary eloquence of her broad and influential network of men and women. A careful analysis of the young Elizabeth's epistolary discussion of biographies of Cicero and Atticus, especially Conyers Middleton's Life of Cicero, provides insight into Montagu's mature rhetorical practice as well as neo-Ciceronian influences on men's and women's rhetorical identity formation in eighteenth-century Britain.
Sententiae in Cicero Orator 137–9 and Demosthenes De corona
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: May 2008

This paper argues that Cicero's reading of Demosthenes' De corona and his preoccupation with Demosthenes at the time he was composing the Brutus and in particular the Orator are evident in the list of thirty-four sententiae (“figures of thought”) given at Orator 137–9. Examples of all of these may be found in the De corona and they are listed here. It is also argued that the De corona was by far the most influential of Demosthenes' speeches on Cicero's Philippics.
Incretin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Vrbikova Jana , Hill Martin , Bendlova Bela , Grimmichova Tereza , Dvorakova Katerina , Vondra Karel , Pacini Giovanni
Published: May 2008

Objective

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been linked to a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Disturbances in the secretion of the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) have been observed in states with impaired glucose regulation. This paper considers the secretion of GIP and GLP-1 after oral glucose load in a group of lean, glucose-tolerant PCOS women in comparison with age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy women.

Design

Case control.

Methods

PCOS (n=21, 25.8±4.1 years, BMI 21.6±1.7 kg/m2) and control healthy women (CT, n=13, 28.5±7.2 years, BMI 20.3±2.5 kg/m2) underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with blood sampling for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, total GIP, and active GLP-1. Insulin sensitivity was determined both at fasting and during the test.

Statistics

Repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Glucose levels and insulin sensitivity did not differ between PCOS and CT. PCOS had significantly higher levels of C-peptide (P<0.05) and tended to have higher insulin levels. The levels of total GIP were significantly higher in PCOS than in CT (P<0.001). Active GLP-1 levels exhibited a significantly different time-dependent pattern in PCOS (P<0.002 for PCOS versus time interaction). GLP-1 concentrations were similar in PCOS and CT in the early phase of OGTT and then reached significantly lower levels in PCOS than in CT at 180 min (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Increased total GIP and lower late phase active GLP-1 concentrations during OGTT characterize PCOS women with higher C-peptide secretion in comparison with healthy controls, and may be the early markers of a pre-diabetic state.
International Perspectives
Authors: Little George A. , Hammond Cristina S.
Published: May 2008

Kosovo declared independence on February 17, 2008. The political and medical postconflict environment in Kosovo before independence was the setting for a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) program involving collaboration among public and private United States partners developed for leveraging resources to increase effectiveness. The formal 18-month effort focused on improved perinatal outcomes and was part of a longer and broader past and future effort that continues. The Alliance’s primary partner in Kosovo was the Ministry of Health (MoH), and there were two primary components. The antenatal care in family medicine component addressed Kosovo priorities in primary care and family medicine while implementing antenatal care at family medicine centers using the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended guidelines. The perinatal care component included technical and material assistance at the University Clinical Center in Pristina to introduce, educate, and support evidence-based interventions, including prenatal steroids, the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and exogenous surfactant. The strategy of the Alliance employed education and clinical interventions to address a primary goal of system development. Observation and comments included the conclusion that the Alliance was successful as an improvement and change agent that advanced perinatal or reproductive system- and nation-building. This pilot program can serve as a foundation for further effort.
Fetal and Neonatal Arrhythmias
Authors: Killen Stacy A.S. , Fish Frank A.
Published: May 2008

Arrhythmias in fetuses and newborns are relatively common, occurring in up to 90% of newborns and in 1% to 3% of pregnancies. Although life-threatening arrhythmias are uncommon, practitioners should be aware of the more common disorders of rhythm and conduction that can affect fetuses and neonates. This article reviews the healthy newborn electrocardiogram (ECG) and discusses both benign and life-threatening disorders of cardiac rhythm in neonates, including premature atrial and ventricular contractions, atrioventricular block, congenital complete heart block, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular tachycardias, and long QT syndrome. We also review the diagnosis and management of fetal arrhythmias.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Fricker Frederick Jay
Published: May 2008

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the only congenital heart lesion that requires the talents of the neonatologist, pediatric cardiologist, and cardiovascular surgeon operating and communicating as a team to effect the desired outcome of survival with normal neurodevelopment. Prenatal diagnosis, initial resuscitation, and preoperative management are key elements that allow the best opportunity for low surgical morbidity and mortality in the affected infant. Physicians and nurses caring for such infants must understand the physiology of oxygen delivery and the response of the neonatal pulmonary and systemic vascular bed to interventions that affect the balance between systemic and pulmonary blood flow. Outcomes with current surgical management, including the Norwood procedure and the Sano modification, are equivalent to those associated with the arterial switch procedure and repair of neonatal tetralogy of Fallot. Families of infants born with HLHS should be encouraged by the current results of palliation and long-term outcome.
Injury and Illness at the Newport-Bermuda Race 1998– 2006
Authors: Nathanson Andrew T. , Fischer Edwin G. , Mello Michael J. , Baird Janette
Published: May 2008

Objective

To describe the relative frequency and types of injury and illness in the Newport-Bermuda off-shore yachting race.

Methods

At the end of each race held in even numbered years from 1998–2006, the captain of each boat was asked to complete a survey detailing any injury or illness among his/her crew.

Results

There was an overall 87% response rate to the survey. During the study period, 38 injuries and 57 illnesses were reported for an estimated 8105 sailors, yielding rate of injury or illness of 12 per 1000 races per sailor. Most common were injuries to the upper extremity (47%), and lacerations were the most common type of injury (45%). Sea sickness was the most common illness, and the rate of illness and injury increased in races that took place in heavy weather. Radio consultations were used 4 times, and 3 sailors required transport to a hospital.

Conclusions

The rate of injury and illness was relatively low in the Newport-Bermuda race. Injuries to the upper extremities and lacerations were most common, and sea sickness was the most common illness. The majority of illness and injury can be initially managed onboard.
The Use of Extrication Devices in Crevasse Accidents: Official Statement of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Terrestrial Rescue Commission of the International Commission for Alpine Rescue Intended for Physicians, Paramedics, and Mountain Rescuers
Authors: Winterberger Eveline , Jacomet Hans , Zafren Ken , Ruffinen Grégoire Zen , Jelk Bruno
Published: May 2008

Injured patients in crevasses who are suspected of having sustained spinal injuries should ideally be extricated after being immobilized in a horizontal position on a stretcher and having a cervical collar applied. Sometimes, however, horizontal stabilization is not possible, because the crevasse is too narrow, and the patient needs to be stabilized in a vertical position. In such cases an extrication device can be a useful adjunct. The Kendrick Extrication Device™ stabilizes the position of the body and maintains firm support of the head, neck, and torso. Therefore, the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine supports the use of this device in narrow crevasses, if horizontal evacuation is not possible.
Tegu (Teiu) Bite: Report of Human Injury Caused by a Teiidae Lizard
Authors: Haddad Vidal , Duarte Marcelo R. , Neto Domingos Garrone
Published: May 2008

Lizards of the Teiidae family are large reptiles measuring up to 2 meters long. If threatened, they can demonstrate aggressive behavior by whipping their tail and occasionally biting. Here, we report a severe injury following a Teiidae lizard bite on the right index finger of a human. There was significant soft tissue damage and an avulsion fracture of the distal phalanx. He was treated with conservative wound care and prophylactic antibiotics. He developed no evidence of secondary infection and underwent delayed skin grafting.
Efficacy of a New Blister Prevention Plaster Under Tropical Conditions
Authors: Sian-Wei Tan Shani , Kok Swee Kuan , Lim Jeremy Khim Yong
Published: May 2008

Objective

To survey the incidence of blister formation in a group of military recruits and to determine the efficacy of a new commercially available blister prevention plaster (Blist-O-Ban).

Methods

Questionnaires were completed by 100 male recruits, and the same 100 were entered into a field trial. Due to illness, 2 did not complete the study. Premarch foot condition was documented. Each participant acted as his own control. Foot side and plaster site were randomly selected, and plasters were applied according to a strict protocol. Participants were re-examined for blisters after a 16-km hike with pack, and the condition of the feet was documented. A χ2 test was used to analyze the results.

Results

Ninety-eight volunteers with 101 Blist-O-Ban application sites participated. Twenty-seven participants developed a total of 46 blisters. Heel and toe blisters accounted for more than half of all blisters. None of the bandage application sites developed blisters, and 99 out of 101 bandages remained well adhered to the application sites.

Conclusions

When applied according to strict protocol, the new blister prevention bandage remained well-adhered to application sites and prevented the formation of foot blisters even in humid tropical conditions.
National Estimates of Outdoor Recreational Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments, United States, 2004–2005
Authors: Flores Adrian H. , Haileyesus Tadesse , Greenspan Arlene I.
Published: May 2008

Objective

To provide national estimates of nonfatal outdoor recreational injuries treated in US emergency departments (EDs).

Methods

Outdoor recreational injuries from January 2004 through December 2005 were identified using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program, a nationally representative sample of ED visits. National estimates of outdoor recreational injuries were calculated, and activities leading to injury, demographic characteristics, principal diagnoses, and primary body parts affected were described.

Results

From January 2004 through December 2005, an estimated 212 708 (95% CI = 113 808– 311 608) persons were treated each year in US EDs for outdoor recreational injuries. The annual rate of injuries was 72.1 per 100 000 population (95% CI = 38.6–105.6). Males accounted for 68.2% of the injuries. The lower limb (27%), upper limb (25%), and head and neck region (23.3%) were the most commonly injured body regions. Fractures (27.4%) and sprains or strains (23.9%) were the most common diagnoses. Traumatic brain injuries were diagnosed in 6.5% of injuries, and 5% of injuries resulted in hospitalization or transfer to another hospital.

Conclusions

The results of this study provide a starting point for further research into the epidemiology of outdoor and wilderness injury. The results reinforce many common perceptions about the nature of these injuries while highlighting the potential severity and long-term consequences of the injuries. The general recommendations of proper planning, preparation, and problem anticipation for outdoor and wilderness injury prevention should be followed to reduce both the number and severity of injuries.
Evidence That Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Are Mobilized into Peripheral Blood
Authors: Kucia Magda J. , Wysoczynski Marcin , Wu Wan , Zuba-Surma Ewa K. , Ratajczak Janina , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: May 2008

Recently, we identified in murine adult tissues, including bone marrow, a population of very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells. Here, we provide further evidence that under steady-state conditions these cells circulate at very low levels in peripheral blood (PB) (∼100–200 cells/ml) and could be additionally mobilized during pharmacological granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-induced or stress-related mobilization, as demonstrated in a model of toxic liver or skeletal muscle damage induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride or cardiotoxin, respectively. The number of circulating VSEL stem cells under steady-state conditions in PB of 2-month-old animals was five times higher than that in 1-year-old mice. In conclusion, this study supports a hypothesis that VSEL stem cells are a mobile pool of primitive stem cells that could be released from the stem cell niches into PB. Further studies are needed, however, to see whether the level of these cells circulating in PB could become a prognostic indicator to assess the regenerative potential of an adult organism and/or clinical outcome from an injury.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Hypermethylation ofCXCR4Promoter in CD34+ Cells from Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis
Authors: Bogani Costanza , Ponziani Vanessa , Guglielmelli Paola , Desterke Cristophe , Rosti Vittorio , Bosi Alberto , Le Bousse-Kerdilès Marie-Caroline , Barosi Giovanni , Vannucchi Alessandro M.
Published: May 2008

Constitutive mobilization of CD34+ cells in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) has been attributed to proteolytic disruption of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and reduced CXCR4 expression. We document here that the number of circulating CD34+/CXCR4+ cells in PMF patients, as well as the cellular CXCR4 expression, was directly related to CXCR4 mRNA level and that reduced CXCR4 mRNA level was not due to SDF-1-induced downregulation. To address whether epigenetic regulation contributes to defective CXCR4 expression, we studied the methylation status of the CXCR4 promoter using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and methylation-specific sequencing in the JAK2V617F-positive HEL cell line and in CD34+ cells. We found that CD34+ cells from PMF patients, unlike those from normal subjects, presented hypermethylation of CXCR4 promoter CpG island 1. Following incubation with the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AzaD), the percentage of PMF CD34+ cells expressing CXCR4 increased 3–10 times, whereas CXCR4 mRNA level increased approximately 4 times. 5-AzaD-treated PMF CD34+ cells displayed almost complete reversal of CpG1 island 1 hypermethylation and showed enhanced migration in vitro in response to SDF-1. These data point to abnormal methylation of the CXCR4 promoter as a mechanism contributing to constitutive migration of CD34+ cells in PMF.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
False Tumor Marker Surge Evoked by Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Inoue Masaharu , Koga Fumitaka , Kawakami Satoru , Numao Noboru , Sakura Mizuaki , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kihara Kazunori
Published: May 2008

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) allows multiple intensive chemotherapy treatments and hematopoietic progenitor cell rescues for poor-risk patients with a variety of malignancies. We report false surges of a tumor marker, serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), evoked by PBSCT in the course of chemotherapy for a poor-risk testicular cancer patient. We confirmed that this phenomenon resulted from reinfusion of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) containing hCG at a high concentration, collected when the patient's serum hCG levels were remarkably elevated. This is the first report to demonstrate false tumor marker surges caused by PBSCT. Because a rapid rise in tumor markers may demand an immediate change in the therapeutic strategy, physicians should be aware of the possibility of this phenomenon when treating poor-risk cancer patients whose tumor markers are remarkably elevated at the time of PBSC harvest.
Medical Integrity Up in Smoke? Conflicts of Interest and the Lung Cancer Screening Controversy
Authors: Moy Beverly
Published: May 2008

Journal author conflicts of interest are discussed in relation to the recent controversy over tobacco company funding of lung cancer screening studies.
The application of geotextile and granular filters for PCB remediation
Authors: Kalinovich I. , Rutter A. , Rowe R. K. , McWatters R. , Poland J. S.
Published: May 2008

The application of a surface, permeable reactive barrier has been implemented at a remote site in the Canadian Arctic for the remediation of soils and water contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The initial barrier system was installed in July 2003. Preliminary work in both the field and the laboratory suggested that geotextiles alone may not be adequate for this particular Arctic barrier system, owing to issues related to survivability (specifically the effects of high UV and freeze–thaw) and clogging. Subsequent field and laboratory work demonstrated that granular materials trapped the majority of PCB-contaminated soil without impeding hydraulic performance; however, fines were escaping. Extensive column testing in the laboratory has shown that a nonwoven geotextile filter can be applied with success with a granular permeable reactive barrier system. This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments and field research used in the design of this barrier system.
Performance modeling and optimization of contaminant extraction using prefabricated vertical wells (PVWs)
Authors: Sharmin N. , Kunberger T. , Gabr M. A. , Quaranta J. D. , Bowders J. J.
Published: May 2008

Well injection depth extraction (WIDE) is a hybrid in situ subsurface remediation technology applicable for liquid and gas extraction in fine-grained soils. A finite element model is developed to study the impact of the extraction process, using WIDE, on the groundwater head distribution and contaminant transport. An optimization process is employed to develop an operating schedule to control groundwater elevations and therefore improve removal efficiency of a given contaminant phase. The model results showed that groundwater elevation was lowered at the rate of approximately 30 mm/h at an extraction rate of 0.125 m3/h. The transport model is analyzed for three scenarios: (1) applying a continuous source of benzene concentration to provide information on the required time for mobilization of benzene due to the presence of a constant source at the top of the water table; (2) applying an initial pulse concentration of benzene at the top of the groundwater table to show the reduction rate of soluble benzene concentration with time, once the liquid free product is removed, and the soluble phase is removed from within the sand seam but remains above it in the lower-permeability layer; and (3) applying a uniform distribution of the soluble phase of benzene within the geologic medium between the wells to investigate progressive contaminant removal from the hydro-geologic domain, given that groundwater is contaminated with soluble phase. Effluent concentration equal to the initially assumed constant source of 0.3 mg/L of benzene leaking into a 0.08 m thick sand lens was obtained after 18 h of system operation. On the other hand, once the source ceased to exist, and considering an initial pulse concentration of benzene on top of the groundwater level, 125 h of continuous system operation was needed to lower the benzene concentration to less than 0.005 mg/L (maximum concentration level for drinking water standards) within the flow domain. Results from the optimization study showed that an operation schedule of 3 h ‘on’ and 21 h ‘off’ can enhance the efficiency of WIDE extraction of subsurface contaminants in various phases.
Mental Health Status Among Rural Women of Reproductive Age: Findings From the Central Pennsylvania Women’s Health Study
Authors: Hillemeier Marianne M. , Weisman Carol S. , Chase Gary A. , Dyer Anne-Marie
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We sought to examine variables associated with mental health among rural women of reproductive age, with particular attention given to rural area type and farm residence.

Methods. We analyzed data from the Central Pennsylvania Women’s Health Study, which included a random-digit-dialed survey of women aged 18 to 45 years. Hierarchical multiple linear and logistic regression models were estimated to predict 3 mental health outcomes: score on a mental health measure, depressive symptoms, and diagnosed depression or anxiety.

Results. Mental health outcomes were associated with different factors. Farm residence was associated with higher mental health score, and the most isolated rural residence was associated with less diagnosed depression or anxiety. Elevated psychosocial stress was consistently significant across all models. A key stress modifier, self-esteem, was also consistently significant across models. Other variables associated with 2 of the outcomes were intimate partner violence exposure and affectionate social support.

Conclusions. Farm residence may be protective of general mental health for women of reproductive age, and residence in isolated rural areas may decrease access to mental health screening and treatment, resulting in fewer diagnoses of depression or anxiety.
Predictors of Longevity: Evidence From the Oldest Old in China
Authors: Dupre Matthew E. , Liu Guangya , Gu Danan
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We investigated the characteristics of the oldest old in China and examined whether the factors associated with longevity varied with advanced age.

Methods. Drawing from the largest nationally representative longitudinal sample of oldest-old adults, we stratified descriptive statistics separately by gender and urban–rural residence and then used ordered logit models to examine the multivariate factors associated with increasing age-group membership.

Results. Differing combinations of demographic, social, physical, and behavioral factors were significantly related to surviving into later ages for men and women in urban and rural areas. With the exception of rural women, psychological disposition was not associated with increased longevity. Gender differences were generally smaller in urban areas than in rural areas, and urban–rural differences were more pronounced among women than among men.

Conclusions. Findings from the oldest-old population in China challenge many of the established relations in the health-inequality literature. Future research should examine why the oldest old are an exceptional group of physically, socially, and demographically heterogeneous individuals who exhibit healthy longevity beyond the average life span.