bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
8 November 1880, anonymous review from The Times on Edwin Booth (1833-93) as Hamlet at the Princess’s Theatre, London, reprinted in Shakespearean Criticism, vol. 21, ed. Joseph C. Tardiff (Detroit, Gale Research, 1993), pp. 69-70.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre
Published: November 2023

Booth, member of a famous American acting family, was the finest American tragedian of his time. He toured extensively, and was to alternate the roles of Othello and Iago with Irving at the Lyceum in 1881. I omit the opening para¬ graphs of the review, which include the information that Booth ‘first essayed Hamlet in 1853 in San Francisco’, that he had played the role ‘in Australia, after the gold-rushes, and in the Sandwich Islands, where for two .months Mr Booth “ran” the Hawaiian Theatre Royal, under the patronage of His Majesty King Kameeyah IV’, and that ‘In New York Mr Booth played Hamlet for mo nights at the Winter Garden.’
1898, William Archer (1856-1924) on julius Caesar, produced by Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853-1917) at Her Majesty’s Theatre, London, from The World; reprinted in his Study and Stage (1899), pp. 77-82.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre
Published: November 2023

M.R. Tree’S revival of Julius Caesar is a triumphant success. The play, as I have said any time the last eighteen years, is one of the greatest acting plays in the world; and it is superbly staged, and more than adequately rendered. Mr. Tree assures me that every one prophesied failure for his venture, and thought him mad to attempt it. ‘Every one’ is a large word; but there is no doubt that the wiseacres were sceptical and discouraging. Oh, these wiseacres! Oh, these sapient meddlers and muddlers in theatrical affairs, who go about wrangling over snippets of ‘exclusive’ and generally delusive news, which they serve up in a hotchpotch of comment, compounded, in equal proportions, of servility and stupidity! Julius Caesar, they said, had never had a long run; true, for it had never been revived since the long run came in, or under conditions which made a long run possible.
30 September 1899, Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) on Beerbohm Tree’s production of King John at Her Majesty’s Theatre, London, from The Saturday Review, reprinted in his More Theatres (1969), PP· 191-3.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre
Published: November 2023

Max Beerbohm succeeded Shaw as theatre critic of The Saturday Review in May 1898, and held the post for twelve years in spite of his distaste for the task: this was the only regular work he ever did. His half-brother, Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853-1917), controlled the Haymarket Theatre from 1887 to 1897, when he moved to Her (later His) Majesty’s. His production of King]ohn (from which the death scene forms the basis of the first ever Shakespeare film, made in 1899 and lasting two minutes) was characteristically elaborate, including a spectacular interpolated tableau of the granting of Magna Carta, which Shakespeare had failed even to mention. Beerbohm’s review is exceptional in its use of ‘disjointed sentences’ to convey his impression of the production.
Androtion and the Atthis
Authors: Harding Phillip
Published: November 2023

Atthis was the name given to the local history of Attica. This genre of historiography was invented in the fifth century by Hellanikos of Lesbos. Written in chronicle form, based upon kings and archons, it covered all aspects of Attic affairs from their mythical beginnings to the contemporary history of the individual author. It was a fascinating blend of patriotic fiction and historical fact. Though there were at least seven men who wrote Atthides, none of their works has survived intact. This volume presents in translation for the first time all the fragments of the Atthis of the fourth-century Athenian politician and historian, Androtion, and the testimonia for his life and career. Androtion was one of the most respected Atthidographers. His work was the basis of the Atthis of Philochoros, the last and greatest product of this genre. Androtion's Atthis was also a source for Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians, though not it is argued, to the extent and in the manner usually believed. The genre and the individual Atthidographers, and Androtion and his career are discussed in the extensive Introduction. The inidividual fragments are analysed in detail in the Commentary. Throughout particular attention is devoted to Jacoby's theory of the political bias of the Atthidographers, which is shown to be unfounded.
Cavour and Piedmont
Authors: Cardoza Anthony
Published: November 2023

The extraordinary wave of revolution that had raised patriotic hopes on the Italian peninsula in 1848 concluded the following year in bitter disillusionment, defeat, and disarray for both moderate and democratic proponents of reform and national independence. The defeat of the Piedmontese army by Austrian forces at Custoza and the abandonment of the national war by the princes in the summer of 1848 drove moderate political forces everywhere into retreat.
Economy, society, and the state
Authors: Davis John A
Published: November 2023

Economists were among the first to extol the advantages of Italy’s political independence, yet at the time of unification Italy had little economic unity. Every Italian state depended primarily on agriculture (which remained the largest source of employment down to the First World War) although the forms of agriculture and the organization of rural society varied enormously from region to region and from state to state.
The Pattern of Politics, 1946-1954
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

THE mid-1940s and the late 1950s were dominated by the six-foot-four figure of General de Gaulle. The interval was filled by the brief life of the Fourth Republic, when it was hard to associate events and developments with specific individuals. The politics of these years seemed like a crowd-scene viewed from an upstairs window, in which one knew that the participants were life-size figures, cumulatively capable of far greater thoughts, actions, and perceptions than any single man; and yet by comparison they seemed Lilliputian and ineffective. Ironically, these were years of great economic achievement, characterized by more adventurous attitudes to growth and a greater readiness to engage in co-operative enterprise; together they laid the foundations of future French prosperity. Yet politically it was a period of disintegration, when the hopes and ideals of the Resistance parties evaporated, and parliamentary government rapidly returned to the immobilisme of the inter-war years.
France Overseas, 1944-1954
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

EMPIRE in the 1950s had lost something of its pre-war glamour. Admittedly, it took a dyspeptic, land-locked Swiss to describe its development in these terms: ‘The empire was something with which the French people had nothing whatever to do, and its story was that of machinations of high finance, the Church, and the military caste, which tirelessly re-erected overseas the Bastilles which had been overthrown in France.’ And then, turning specifically to the European settlers in Tunisia, Liithy referred to them as ‘people who have settled like rats in the cheese of the protectorate and have populated every office building, down to the last post office, bank, and tax-office counter, with members of their clan. After the second or third generation nothing European is left about them except their trousers.’.
‘La République des Dupes’
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

WRITING four years before de Gaulle came to power in 1958, Herbert Liithy declared in a political obituary: ‘General de Gaulle was and remained a politician of catastrophe; he thought in terms of catastrophe, he judged men and institutions by their behaviour in catastrophe, and apocalyptics like Malraux who formed his entourage did nothing to counter this mental bias based on his profession and his experience.’ In 1958 it seemed that France was approaching just such a catastrophe. While de Gaulle was to be the ultimate victor of this situation, his victory was by no means an obvious likelihood in the spring of 1958. Although an opinion poll in January had put de Gaulle as first choice for Prime Minister in a wide field, this was with a mere 13 per cent of the opinions expressed. And when, during the ministerial crisis of that spring, President Coty privately sounded out de Gaulle on whether he would be willing to try to form a government, de Gaulle wearily replied that the people did not want him (5 May 1958). Nor did his candid comments to journalists about the likelihood of Algerian independence suggest someone who counted on coming to power on the backs of settler and military discontent.
De Gaulle’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

IT is often assumed that de Gaulle’s advent to power represented a major change in the aims of French foreign policy; and in some ways it did. But in substance de Gaulle’s policy remained consistent with the traditions of French post-war policy, and it was mainly in its range and style that it differed. His period of office coincided with a growing nuclear balance in the world, when American predominance was not as absolute as it had been during much of the Fourth Republic. It also coincided with the relatively flexible attitudes of the Khrushchev and Kennedy era, which seemed to offer middle-sized nations some opportunity of wriggling out of the vice-like grip of the bipolarized world of the superpowers and of establishing some freedom of manreuvre. It is arguable that any French government would have attempted to take some advantage of this. Yet de Gaulle was especially disposed to do so.
Further Trials From Rocard to Juppé, 1988-1996
Authors: Larkin Maurice
Published: November 2023

Armed with a lead of two and a half million voters, Mitterrand saw every reason to repeat the victorious formula of 1981 and go for a general election. His long-suffering rival, Michel Rocard, was at last rewarded with the task of forming a caretaker government, even if its composition unmistakably reflected who was master. Of its forty-two members, only six were clear Rocardians. Most of the others belonged to the Mitterrand camp, with the key ministries going to men who had already held substantial office in the Socialist governments of the early eighties. Despite appeals to repeat the double coup of 1981, the legislative elections of 1988 aroused less enthusiasm. Satisfaction with Mitterrand did not necessarily extend to his party, while the blurring of the basic differences between the two sides may have inclined marginal or indifferent voters to stay at home. The return to the two-ballot system may also have increased ‘voter-fatigue’, following so hard on the heels of the two-ballot presidential election. Whatever the reasons, the abstention rate on the first ballot was 34.26 per cent, as compared with 29.11 per cent on the first ballot in 1981-or 21.5 per cent in the one ballot election of 1986. The elections were extremely close-run (Table 21.1).
Travels in Four Dimensions
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: November 2023

Space and time are the most fundamental features of our experience of the world, and yet they are also the most perplexing. Does time really flow, or is that simply an illusion? Did time have a beginning? What does it mean to say that time has a direction? Does space have boundaries, or is it infinite? Is change really possible? Could space and time exist in the absence of any objects or events? Are our space and time unique, or could there be other, parallel worlds with their own space and time? What, in the end, are space and time? Do they really exist, or are they simply the constructions of our minds? Robin Le Poidevin provides a clear, witty, and stimulating introduction to these deep questions, and many other mind-boggling puzzles and paradoxes. He gives a vivid sense of the difficulties raised by our ordinary ideas about space and time, but he also gives us the basis to think about these problems independently, avoiding large amounts of jargon and technicality. His book is an invitation to think philosophically rather than a sustained argument for particular conclusions, but Le Poidevin does advance and defend a number of controversial views. He argues, for example, that time does not actually flow, that it is possible for space and time to be both finite and yet be without boundaries, and that causation is the key to an understanding of one of the deepest mysteries of time: its direction. Travels in Four Dimensions draws on a variety of vivid examples and stories from science, history, and literature to bring its questions to life. No prior knowledge of philosophy is required to enjoy this book. The universe might seem very different after reading it.
Change
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: November 2023

‘Stop all the clocks; writes W H. Auden, in a poem lamenting the death of a (real? imaginary?) friend. Grief brings time to a standstill, or rather brings with it a desire to stop time taking us further and further away from the person we loved. A different kind of grief, and one that blights her embittered existence, is suffered by Miss Havisham, the elderly lady whom Pip visits in Dickens’s Great Expectations.
Curves and Dimensions
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: November 2023

We begin with a puzzle. Imagine you are sitting inside a room with no window and whose only door is both shut and locked. There are no holes in the walls, floor, or ceiling. In what circumstances would you be able to leave that room without either opening the door, digging a tunnel, or knocking a hole in the ceiling or any of the walls? To see a way out of this uncompromising situation, we need to rethink some of our ordinary ideas about space. Let us first consider straight lines and their properties. A straight line we will define as that which marks the shortest distance between two points.
The Arrows of Time
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: November 2023

Could time run backwards? When we try to visualize this, we imagine something like a film being shown in reverse. But to imagine this is to imagine being outside the process we are observing. As an observer, we are not ourselves in the film (even if we are watching a film of ourselves, for the person we are watching on the screen is not, whilst been filmed, watching the film). So there is no conflict in thinking of the order in which we view the film as the reverse of the order in which the events I am watching were originally filmed. But, in imagining seeing time running backwards, we cannot absent our selves in this way. We are not outside the time we are imagining.
Postcolonial Criticism And Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S
Published: November 2023

In this stimulating study, R. S. Sugirtharajah explores the implications of postcolonial criticism for biblical studies. He provides a comprehensive overview of the origins, definitions, and procedures of postcolonial criticism, followed by a discussion of the significance of postcolonial criticism in biblical interpretation. He reveals how postcolonial criticism can offer an alternative perspective to our understanding of the Bible, and how, when the Bible has been deployed as a Western cultural icon, it has come to be questioned in new ways.
God Is Love
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: November 2023

The reasons which people have for believing there to be a God which I described in Chapter 1 are, I claimed there, reasons for believing that there is (at least) one divine person; that is, a person who is essentially omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly free, and eternal. I called that person in Chapter 1 ‘God ‘; but the use of that word (with a capital ‘G ‘) suggests that there is only one such person. In this chapter I wish to explore the issue of whether there is more than one divine person.
Analysis and damage by irradiation
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

Much of the energy initially deposited by irradiation is in the form of either excited atoms and molecules, or free electrons and ions.
Forward look and conclusions
Authors: Allison Wade
Published: November 2023

The advent of almost unlimited computational power and communication is changing the methods that we use to carry out tasks, although the fundamentals on which these are based are not changed. This revolution has only just begun. The timing of its progress is determined as much by the speed at which trust can be established in new procedures as by the appearance of new technical opportunities. This trust grows as a result of positive experience and education. Computational power itself will grow and new generations at all levels of society will grow up with it.
Grimoires
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

What is a grimoire? The word has a familiar ring to many people, particularly as a consequence of such popular television dramas as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Charmed. But few people are sure exactly what it means. Put simply, grimoires are books of spells that were first recorded in the Ancient Middle East and which have developed and spread across much of the Western Hemisphere and beyond over the ensuing millennia. At their most benign, they contain charms and remedies for natural and supernatural ailments and advice on contacting spirits to help find treasures and protect from evil. But at their most sinister they provide instructions on how to manipulate people for corrupt purposes and, worst of all, to call up and make a pact with the Devil. Both types have proven remarkably resilient and adaptable and retain much of their relevance and fascination to this day. But the grimoire represents much more than just magic. To understand the history of grimoires is to understand the spread of Christianity, the development of early science, the cultural influence of the print revolution, the growth of literacy, the impact of colonialism, and the expansion of western cultures across the oceans. As this book richly demonstrates, the history of grimoires illuminates many of the most important developments in European history over the last two thousand years.
Reductionism: How Did We Fall Into It and Can We Emerge From It?
Authors: Murphy Nancey
Published: November 2023

This essay has two purposes. One is to trace some of the history of debates between reductionists and emergentists, aiming to shed light on the grip reductionist ideas have had on modern thinkers. The second is to suggest in a preliminary way how the concept of emergence is best understood and to indicate factors that go into explaining how emergent causal capacities can be reconciled with our best understanding of science.
Reduction, Emergence, and the Mind/Body Problem: A Philosophic Overview
Authors: Gulick Robert Van
Published: November 2023

My aim in this chapter is to give an overview of the recent discussion in the philosophy of mind that will serve as a map in locating issues and options. I will focus in particular on three central and interrelated ideas: those of emergence, reduction, and nonreductive physicalism. The third of these, which has emerged as more or less the majority view among current philosophers of mind, combines a pluralist view about the diversity of what needs to be explained by science with an underlying metaphysical commitment to the physical as the ultimate basis of all that is real.
Three Levels of Emergent Phenomena
Authors: Deacon Terrence W
Published: November 2023

The term most often used by scientists to describe the spontaneous appearance of novel fitted orderliness is ‘emergence.’ This usage has been around for over a century (see G. H. Lewes’s Problems of Life and Mind 1), and pretty much characterizes the same troublesome explanatory ‘gaps’ in the same scientific discussions currently as it did over a century ago. How does life arise from non-living molecules, how does a mind arise from electro-chemical processes in material brains? The term connotes something coming out of hiding, coming into view for the first time, something without precedent and perhaps a bit surprising. But it is not applicable to the common everyday novelty of contingent history. Though each new event stands out as idiosyncratic in various ways with respect to all preceding events, what most people mean when they talk of something being an emergent phenomenon isn’t merely something different than before. In nontechnical discussions the phrase ‘the whole is more than the sum of the parts’ is often quoted to convey this sort of novelty. It captures two aspects of the concept: the distinction between a mere quantitative difference and a qualitative one, and an ascent in scale, involving combination of elements in which their interactions become relevant.
Nonlinear Science and the Cognitive Hierarchy
Authors: Scott Alwyn
Published: November 2023

The activity of a human brain is organized into many levels, from the dynamics of individual membrane proteins, through the switching of isolated patches of membrane and collisions among propagating nerve impulses, to the complex interactions of the neocortex with human culture. A key concept in understanding these dynamics is that of a cell assembly of neurons, which was defined by Donald Hebb as follows: Any frequently repeated, particular stimulation will lead to the slow development of a ‘cell-assembly,’ a diffuse structure comprising cells . . . capable of acting briefly as a closed system, delivering facilitation to other such systems and usually having a specific motor facilitation.
Reductionism and Emergence: Implications for the Interaction of Theology with the Natural Sciences
Authors: Stoeger SJ William R
Published: November 2023

Nancey Murphy and Robert Van Gulick have critically surveyed and presented various types of both reductionist and emergentist theses, indicating implications for various focal problems in philosophy and philosophy of science. In this essay, I shall presume those discussions and concentrate on setting out key relationships between reductionism and emergence on the one hand and issues central to relating theology with the natural sciences on the other.
Emergence, Scientific Naturalism, and Theology
Authors: Haught John F
Published: November 2023

The renowned scientist and writer Carl Sagan began his popular Cosmos TV series by stating that ‘the universe is all there is, all there ever was and all there ever will be.’ Sagan, now deceased, was a devotee of naturalism, by which I mean the belief that ‘nature is all there is.’ According to naturalism, there is no need to look beyond the physical world for a divine creator or source of meaning. Nature is selfcontained and self-sufficient. And according to scientific naturalism, which I shall be highlighting here, science is the best way to understand it. The universe alone is life’s ultimate creator and designer. The Darwinian recipe for evolution, consisting of random genetic changes, natural selection and an enormous depth of time, is enough to account for all the diversity and complexity of life, including beings endowed with minds.
Reduction and Emergence in Artificial Life: A Theological Appropriation
Authors: Gregersen Niels Henrik
Published: November 2023

In discussions of emergence and reductionism, research on artificial life (A-Life) is an ambiguous case. On the one hand, A-Life is particularly concerned about the informational aspects of the material world—aspects that have often been neglected in traditional physics with its focus on the particle–energy duality of matter. On the other hand, A-Life research suggests that even complex informational patterns can be generated by simple algorithms. Proponents of A-Life are thus often sceptical about reducing information to physical entities, but happy to embrace a reduction of informational patterns to computational rules. This is particularly the case for proponents of strong A-life. Proponents of weak A-life, however, tend to see the study of the informational rules as intimations to a much more subtle and complex world.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Michael E
Published: November 2023

In this edition I present English translations of Aṙak‘el Siwnec‘i’s ‘(or Aṙak‘el of Siwnik‘’s) three epic poems about Adam and Eve, written in 1401–3. I have added to them the translation of a shorter poem by Aṙak‘el on the same subject, written a year later. I am deliberately presenting Aṙak‘el’s poetry without the apparatus of commentary and footnotes, explanation and interpretation, so familiar to the scholarly reader and so convenient for the scholarly translator. It should be seen as the fine poetry it is, and all I have provided by way of notes are biblical references and other direct sources, alternative translations, occasional brief explanatory words, and in some instances—where I might have departed too far from the wording of the Armenian—the literal translation.
Astrobiology of Earth
Authors: Gale Joseph
Published: November 2023

The study of life in our universe has been given the name 'astrobiology'. It is a relatively new subject, but not a new discipline since it brings together several mature fields of science including astronomy, geology, biology, and climatology. An understanding of the singular conditions that allowed the only example of life that we know exists to emerge and survive on our turbulent planet is essential if we are to seek answers to two fundamental questions facing humanity: will life (and especially human life) continue on Earth, and does life exist elsewhere in the universe? Astrobiology of Earth adopts a unique approach that differs from most texts in the field which focus on the possibility of extraterrestrial life. In contrast, the central theme of this book is the fortuitous combination of numerous cosmic factors that together produced the special environment which enabled the emergence, persistence and evolution of life on our own planet, culminating in humanity. This environment has been subject to constant and chaotic change during life's 3.6 billion year history. The geologically very recent appearance of humans and their effect on the biosphere is discussed in relation to its deterioration as well as climate change. The search for extraterrestrial life is considered with a view to the suggestion that humans may escape a depleted Earth by colonizing the universe. This book contributes to our understanding of astrobiology from the perspective of life on Earth and especially human welfare and survival. Astronomical and geological phenomena are related in turn to their biological relevance and impact. This introductory text assumes little or no prior knowledge of more specialized scientific fields and is designed for undergraduate and graduate level students taking related courses in departments of biology, earth science/geology, and environmental science. It will also serve as a useful biology primer for astronomy majors.
Joseph Scaliger
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries technical chronology, the study of calendars and of dates in ancient and medieval history, was both a fashionable and a controversial discipline. Theologians debated the dates of the Creation, the Flood, and the Crucifixion. Astronomers and historians argued about the identity of the eclipses that could supply absolute dates for events long past. Classical scholars reconstructed the religious beliefs and political practices that had governed the Greek and Roman calendars. Clerics and consultant experts, finally, debated what was to be done to mend the obviously faulty calendar of the western Church. Poliziano and Pico, Luther and Melanchthon, Copernicus and Kepler all studied and wrote about chronology. Late in the 1570s Joseph Scaliger (1540-1609) turned his attention to this field. He had already established himself as an innovative and ingenious editor of Latin texts, as the first volume of this study showed. But he now became one of the most celebrated scholars in Europe. He synthesized the work of dozens of other scholars, many of them now forgotten. He started or took part in many technical debates. And on such central problems as the date and nature of the Last Supper, the reliability of the various Old Testament texts, and the worth of the fragmentary historians of the ancient Near East, he showed remarkable erudition and insight. This book tells the stories of chronology and of Scaliger himself. It describes the scholarly circles in which he moved - above all the University of Leiden, the most innovative in Europe, where he spent the last decade and a half of his life. And it reconstructs his relations with contemporary scholars and scientists - notably Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler - and his remarkable, if wholly unofficial, career as a teacher. It is a sequel to volume I: Textual Criticism and Exegesis, published in 1983.
The Economy of the Cities: Max Weber’s ‘Ideal Type’
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

In all our analysis up to now we have distinguished between cities and villages, and have usually described them as settlements of a certain size surrounded by walls. But that is not enough. If one is to understand the ancient Greek city-state and put it in its worldhistorical setting, one must also describe its structure and function, and begin with the quite fundamental question: what is a city? Scholars still discuss the question of what a city is and what constitutes the deference between a city and a village; but to all intents and purposes, all of them still focus on the criteria that the Austrian sociologist Max Weber proposed in 1921 in his article ‘Die Stadt’.1 According to Max Weber, a city is a nucleated settlement in which the houses lie so close together as to be often wall-to-wall, and where the number of inhabitants is such that they can no longer all know each other as people can in a village.
Polis as State
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

The concept of polis as a political community—what we call a ‘state’—has deferent aspects, which are most clearly reflected in the deferent senses the word polis could have in a political context: polis was used occasionally to mean a city plus its hinterland, and so meant a territory; (b) it was frequently used of the citizens and meant, in that context, the people of a state; and (c) it was with equal frequency used of the political institutions, e.g. the People’s Assembly, or, more abstractly of the state itself and the way it was governed. Territory The ancient Greek polis was a Lilliput, and that goes for the size of the territory and the size of the population. Of the 1,035 Archaic and Classical poleis in the Polis Centre’s Inventory the locality of 166 is not yet known.
Army
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

The main duty of a citizen was to defend his polis and if necessary give his life for his fatherland (patris). Every polis had its own army; armies put in the field by federal states or leagues of states consisted of contingents supplied by each individual polis. Here, as in all respects, the polis was the basic unit in the Greek city-state culture. The principal feature of an army comprised the hoplites, the heavy-armed infantry, who fought in close formation (called a phalanx) supported by squadrons of cavalry and light-armed soldiers.4 Citizen soldiers had to pay for their own armour, and there was in that way a link between military service and the class structure: the upper class served in the cavalry or else, along with the middle class, as hoplites, whereas the lower class were light-armed troops in the army or marines or rowers in the navy.6 The backbone of the hoplite army was made up of middle-class citizens; many of them were peasants,7 but many craftsmen and tradesmen also had to serve as hoplites.
Introduction
Authors: Toulalan Sarah
Published: November 2023

Pornography may be—and do—different things at different times, but one thing it must always do is offer ways of imagining sex that find resonance with its audience. Pornography may not necessarily be reflective of a society’s actual practice, but it must be sufficiently in tune with its contemporary audience’s desires and understandings to find a market prepared to spend both time and money on its consumption. Pornography is a term that is notoriously difficult to pin down, partly because it is one that is to a large extent subjective in nature—one person’s pornography is another person’s sex education.1
‘The Naked Truth’: Images of Bodies and Sex
Authors: Toulalan Sarah
Published: November 2023

Seventeenth-century pornographic and erotic writing, like other kinds of publication, included illustrations, either as a frontispiece alone or within the text itself. Such illustrations, like the texts themselves, were rarely explicit; we do not often find pictures that display entirely naked bodies, or bodies engaged in sexual intercourse. Rather these illustrations made use of visual metaphors and symbols that conveyed the sexual message with remarkable clarity in a similar way to the use of metaphor and simile within the text. The kinds of illustrations employed also depended upon the nature of the printed material, whether it was a cheap, single-sheet item or small pamphlet using woodcuts, or a longer, more substantial, expensively bound book containing engravings that could be selected by the individual purchaser.
George Akropolites The History
Authors: Macrides Ruth
Published: November 2023

This is the first English translation and study of George Akropolites' History, the main Greek source for the history of Byzantium between 1204 and 1261. Akropolites relates what happened to Byzantium after the Latin conquest of its capital, Constantinople, by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. He narrates the fragmentation of the Byzantine world, describing how the newly established 'empire' in Anatolia prevailed over its foreign and Byzantine enemies to recapture the capital in 1261. Akropolites was an eyewitness to most of the events he relates and a man close to the emperors he served, and his account has therefore influenced modern perceptions of this period. It has been an essential source for all those studying the eastern Mediterranean in the thirteenth century. However, until now historians have made use of his History without knowing anything about its author. Ruth Macrides remedies this deficiency by providing a detailed guide to Akropolites' work and an analysis of its composition, which places it in the context of medieval Greek historical writing.
Simone Weil as Apologist
Authors: Meaney Marie Cabaud
Published: November 2023

It is striking that Weil did not make use of one obvious apologetic genre at her disposal, namely a personal testimony of her encounter with Christ. As a mystic, Weil could have told her story, and might have convinced others of the existence of God and of his personal love. Yet she chose not to do so. Why?

Given Weil’s personality and her situation from her mystical experience onwards, it would, on the contrary, have been astonishing if she had made this intimate experience known to a wider public. She wrote only to Perrin and Joë Bousquet about it, when leaving France, anticipating that she would never see them again.
Back to the Rough Ground: Wittgenstein and Ordinary Language
Authors: Canfield John v.
Published: November 2023

This essay is a contribution to the work of Wittgenstein exegesis, a task Peter Hacker has so insightfully pursued. My topic is ordinary language. While it goes without saying that the later Wittgenstein ‘s remarks are often directed at our day-to-day speech, several points of his relation to it need clarification. Thus my aim: to discuss a number of aspects of the connection between Wittgenstein ‘s later philosophy and the talk of Everyman. I begin with a nod toward some comments by Russell concerning philosophical elucidation. He wondered why he was being asked to care about niceties of ordinary usage. One can sympathize. Indeed, philosophical appeals to the speech habits of hoi polloi might well arouse disinterest if not distaste. There are weighty issues to be settled, and to concern ourselves with what ordinary people say in ordinary situations seems quite beside the point. I remember my own feeling as a graduate student during the heyday of ordinary language philosophy, that surely there must be more to this enterprise than wondering about our mundane employment of words.
Theories and Techniques of Crystal Structure Determination
Authors: Shmueli Uri
Published: November 2023

This concise book is for chemists, material scientists, and physicists who deal with description of crystalline matter and the determination of its structure, and would like to gain more understanding of the principles involved. The main purpose of the book is to introduce the reader to principles of crystallographic symmetry, to discuss some traditional, as well as modern, experimental techniques, to formulate the phase problem of crystallography, and present in some detail the methods for its indirect and direct solution which are indispensable for further work. The book also contains discussions of structure-factor statistics, of value for resolving space-group ambiguities, and atomic displacement parameters which form an inseparable part of the structure. A discussion of the refinement of structural parameters, conventional, constrained and restrained, concludes the book. Derivations are, as far as possible, self contained and wherever mathematical detail might disrupt the line of reasoning the reader is referred to one of four appendices present in the book. The book is of course valuable for students of crystallography at a graduate and upper undergraduate level. No previous course on crystallography is a prerequisite for graduates in the above fields.
Wilfrid Sellars: Fusing the Images
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F
Published: November 2023

Wilfrid Sellars was and remains one of the most prominent and important twentieth-century philosophers: his writings played a key role in shaping the philosophical agenda in the English-speaking world during the second half of the 20th century, and they remain an active focus of intense critical attention and lively discussion. Jay Rosenberg studied under Sellars in the early 1960s, was continuously engaged with his work for over forty years, and was widely regarded both as its foremost expositor and as one of Sellars’ truest disciples. This was the last book that Rosenberg completed before his death at the age of only sixty-five. In it he gathers previously published studies of the central elements and implications of Sellars’ philosophy, along with three new essays that further highlight and articulate the significance of his work, both historically and with respect to contemporary debates.
Perception vs. Inner Sense: A Problem about Direct Awareness
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F
Published: November 2023

In the final movement of Sellars’ story of the mythical genius Jones, “Jones develops, in crude and sketchy form, of course, a theory of sense perception” (EPM, 191).¹ The model for Jones’ theory, Sellars tells us, consists of particulars, “a domain of ‘inner replicas’, which, when brought about in standard conditions, share the perceptible characteristics of their physical source” (EPM, 191). The theory itself, however, does not introduce any new particulars, but rather postulates a family of non-cognitive states of perceiving subjects, “episodes, which he calls, say, impressions, and which are the end results of the impingement of physical objects and processes on various parts of the body …”.
Interlude: Kingship and Empire
Authors: Weizheng Zhu
Published: November 2023

In Chinese history a single date as significant as the Persian Wars in the West is the year 481 bc. It happened in this year—if we believe our sources—that a unicorn appeared, not at an appropriate time, since unicorns were regarded as auspicious omens of a benevolent rule under a virtuous prince—and exactly such a prince was dearly lacking in this turbulent age, at least in the view of Confucius, who, after having inspected the unicorn which had its left foreleg broken, set out to compile the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu; hereafter: Annals). Being a bizarrely terse chronicle of major events between 722 and 481 bc, centered on the court of Confucius’ native state of Lu, the Annals intend to be a chronicle of a dystopian world, absent of any ‘saint-rulers’ (sheng, shengwang), not to speak of gods and Homeric heroes. Who could imagine that the Annals were to become the basis of Chinese historiography? In fact, in 481 bc an unprecedented event took place in the state of Qi, which neighbored Lu: a ministerial family seized power from the ruling clan which had not been enfeoVed by the Zhou royal house. Hence, 481 bc, the final year of the Spring and Autumn period, may also rightly be regarded as the beginning of the Warring States period (traditionally dated 403–221 bc). Both periods, yet in particular the latter, saw the proposal and realization of various models of rulership. At various points in time throughout the Chinese history of thought, these models have been taken up again, debated, re-instated, or discarded; thereby contributing to the casting and recasting of political ethics.
Lots of Fun at Finnegans Wake
Authors: Fordham Finn
Published: November 2023

This book is a critical introduction to Finnegans Wake and its genesis. Finn Fordham provides a survey of critical, scholarly, and theoretical approaches to Joyce's iconic masterpiece. He also analyses in detail the compositional development of certain key passages which describe the artist (Shem) and his project; the river-mother (ALP) and her 'first kiss'; the Oedipal shooting of the universal father (HCE) by the priestly son (Shaun); and the bewitching and curious daughter (Issy). His analyses demonstrate 'genetic' ways of reading the text which illustrate its immense range and playfulness and how these qualities were generated in composition. As well as opening up the densely detailed textuality of the Wake in all its multiplicity, Fordham argues for a relation between the way the text was formed and key aspects of its thematic content: an uprising of particularity and detail against universality, absolutes, and generality. He shows that the proliferation of individuated textual details overwhelms any unitary concept to the text. And this reflects an idealized and utopian uprising as it overcomes centralizing singularity: Finnegans do wake up. As part of this argument he proposes a qualified return to a notion of character - qualified in that characters can be understood in part as reflecting the character of compositional techniques: self-criticism and concealment, expansion and growth, flow and reflection, transferral and transformation. The character of the text's composition as a whole can be, paradoxically, summed up in the force of individuated multitudes: in the people, male and female, young and old, combining to overwhelm syntactic uniformity and singular signification. Quotations from the works of James Joyce reproduced with permission of the Estate of James Joyce, © Estate of James Joyce. We regret that acknowledgement to the James Joyce Estate for permission to include material by James Joyce was not included in the first printing of this book.
‘Nircississies’ (526.20– 528.24)
Authors: Fordham Finn
Published: November 2023

The character known as Issy has her source in the story of Tristan and Isolde. As we know, Isolde and Tristan had formed one of the early sketches Joyce made in 1923. He then developed her as Izzy, late in 1924, one of the audience being subjected to the ‘long Lentern sermon’ delivered by her brother Shaun prior to his setting out to ‘post the post’. Izzy, also called Tizzy, attempts to tempt her brother with a funny long sibilant speech (457 – 60) that begins: ‘Listen, drawher nearest . I know But listen. I want to whisper my wish.’ The next episode Joyce drafted opens with Shaun, having failed to deliver the mail, turned into Yawn, lying asleep on a hill.
Theatre
Authors: Jowett John
Published: November 2023

Early modern playwrights were working in a commercial situation that accorded no intellectual prestige and no proprietary rights over the texts they delivered to the company. To judge by the records kept by Philip Henslowe, the financial manager of the Admiral’s Men, the turnover of plays was astonishingly high. As Tiffany Stern relates: In January 1596, the same [Admiral’s] Company played on every day except Sunday and presented fourteen different plays. Of these, six were only ever given one performance. The next month their new play, Chapman’s The Blind Beggar of Alexandria, first performed on 12 February, was followed by a play they had not performed for 140days, Marlowe’s Dr Faustus. During the 140 days that intervened between one Faustus and the next, the Admiral’s Company had played 107 performances of twenty-one other works.
The First Folio
Authors: Jowett John
Published: November 2023

1623, is one of the most famous and most studied books in the world. The first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, it claims to offer a defining, complete, and authentic text. As its common appellation suggests, the book was printed in a folio format, meaning that it consists of paper sheets folded just once, to give a substantial book. The page was large enough to allow two columns and so about 130 lines of text on a single page. The folio format was more usually regarded as suitable for law books, bibles, and works of learning. The only precedent for stage plays to be issued in folio format was the Folio of Ben Jonson’s works published under his personal supervision in
James Joyce
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures—people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann .
J. M. W. Turner
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck