bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metodología dialógica e interdisciplina en la extensión universitaria. Reflexiones acerca de una experiencia
Authors: Trotta Lucía , Soza Rossi Paula
Published: July 2016

El trabajo es el resultado de nuestras reflexiones sobre la metodología dialógica y la conformación de equipos interdisciplinarios en procesos de investigación-acción. Las mismas surgieron a partir de una experiencia de extensión universitaria desarrollada en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, en conjunto con la Comisión Provincial por la Memoria (CPM) y la Asociación de Trabajadores del Estado (ATE) de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. El proyecto buscaba el acceso, apropiación y resignificación colectiva de los documentos pertenecientes al archivo de la ex Dirección de Inteligencia de la Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (DIPBA) en posesión de la CPM. Es decir, un encuentro entre esos documentos que contenían parte de la historia argentina de persecución, represión y prácticas de resistencias, y sus protagonistas. El trabajo busca identificar los nudos problemáticos y las potencialidades de la experiencia, así como reconstruir la apuesta metodológica que se constituyó a partir de la disposición al diálogo y de la conformación de un nos-otros. En este proceso se analiza la presencia de una perspectiva dialógica en la conceptualización de la noción de extensión; en la opción metodológica por la investigación-acción participativa y sus tensiones presentes en el campo; en la forma de pensar y actuar interdisciplinariamente construyendo un otro extensionista; y en la decisión a partir de las necesidades situadas planteadas por los trabajadores y las trabajadoras de incorporar específicamente el diálogo intergeneracional e intergénero. Una posición que nos permitió un diálogo entre sujetos participantes de la experiencia de extensión y la elaboración colectiva de los denominados procesos de «re» (Vasilachis, 2007). Redefinición de la identidad, redefinición discursiva ante la mirada de los otros (la DIPBA) y una redefinición de la memoria colectiva de los trabajadores y las trabajadoras del sindicato a partir de una reconstrucción histórica colectiva. Por último, se plantean los obstáculos y elementos facilitadores que encontramos en todo el proceso, de modo de realizar un aporte que ilumine algunos aspectos para llevar adelante otras experiencias de extensión universitaria exitosas.
Género y trabajo social: algunos desafíos
Authors: De Martino Mónica
Published: July 2016

El presente artículo es un subproducto de la investigación titulada «Ser hombres, ser padres en contextos de pobreza», desarrollada en el marco del posdoctorado en el Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales Interdisciplinarias de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina. Si bien la investigación apunta al campo de los estudios sobre masculinidades, es necesario detenerse en la amplia bibliografía sobre género producida en las últimas décadas para comprender los dilatados debates en torno a tal categoría. Sin intención de agotarla y sin centrarse específicamente en los estudios sobre masculinidades, el presente artículo intenta establecer una interpretación posible –entre otras– sobre la evolución teórica del concepto. Pensamos que la evolución en las formas de interpretación del mismo y las formas de debatirlo podrían apuntar a una posible fetichización o cosificación del propio concepto. Para fundamentar tal proposición colocaremos en debate a las filósofas Simone de Beauvoir y Judith Butler, como exponentes de dos corrientes epistemológicas que marcan posturas sobre la temática. A saber: una postura materialista-existencial y otra que puede enmarcarse en lo que ha sido denominado como constructivismo radical. A parte de ellas, desde el campo de los estudios sobre masculinidades, retomaremos la propuesta de Connell, quien aporta una mirada diferente, trayendo a la luz las categorías de interés y capacidad heurística. A partir de estos autores intentaremos señalar algunos desafíos para el trabajo social, aunque los mismos pueden involucran al conjunto de las profesiones asistenciales. Tal vez los más notorio sean: i) la ausencia de una reflexión epistemológica a la hora de afiliarse a ciertas posturas hoy en boga; y ii) la ausencia también de una perspectiva de género a la hora de intervenir en diferentes campos de actuación. Esta última es aún más paradójica en la medida que contamos con un cuerpo profesional altamente feminizado.
The observation and simulation of ionospheric response to CIR/high‐speed streams‐induced geomagnetic activity on 4 April 2005
Authors: Chen Yanhong , Wang Wenbin , Qiu Na , Liu Siqing , Gong Jiancun , Huang Wengeng
Published: July 2016

The ionospheric response to corotating interaction region (CIR)‐induced geomagnetic activity on 4 April 2005 has been studied using in situ electron density measurements, ground GPS‐total electron content (TEC) observations, and numerical simulations of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM). The case study resulted that the ionospheric positive response occurred from high to low latitudes. The positive effect at low latitudes could continue for 4 days, whereas at middle to high latitudes the disturbance mainly lasted only for 1 day. The modeled Ne and TEC from TIE‐GCM had a good agreement with those from observations. The simulation results showed that penetration electric fields were responsible for the daytime positive response during the initial and main phases of the geomagnetic storm, while neutral winds were responsible for the presunset positive effects. The long‐lasting positive storm effect during the storm recovery time at low latitudes was related to the thermospheric composition (O/N2) changes during the storm event.
On the emergence of rainfall extremes from ordinary events
Authors: Zorzetto E. , Botter G. , Marani M.
Published: July 2016

The analysis and estimation of extreme event occurrences is a central problem in many fields of geoscience. Advancements in the study of extreme events have recently been limited, arguably in connection with asymptotic assumptions in the traditional extreme value theory (EVT) and with its focusing on a small fraction of the available observations representing the tail properties of the underlying event generation process. Here we develop a Metastatistical Extreme Value framework (MEV) which relaxes limiting assumptions at the basis of the traditional EVT and accounts for the full distribution of the underlying “ordinary” events. We apply this general approach to the relevant case of daily rainfall and find that the MEV approach reduces the uncertainty in the estimation of high‐quantile extremes by up to 50% with respect to the classical EVT. The improved predictive power of the MEV framework is connected with its recognizing that extremes emerge from repeated sampling of ordinary events, thereby being able to use all available observations.
Robust response of the Amundsen Sea Low to stratospheric ozone depletion
Authors: England Mark R. , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Smith Karen L. , Landrum Laura , Holland Marika M.
Published: July 2016

The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL), a climatological low‐pressure center important for the climate of West Antarctica, remains uncertain. Using state‐of‐the‐art climate models, we here show that stratospheric ozone depletion can cause a statistically significant deepening of the ASL in summer with an amplitude of approximately 1 hPa per decade. We are able to attribute the modeled changes in the ASL to stratospheric ozone depletion by contrasting ensembles of historical integrations with and without a realistic ozone hole. In the presence of very large natural variability, the robustness of the ozone impact on the ASL is established by (1) examining ensembles of model runs to isolate the forced response, (2) repeating the analysis with two different climate models, and (3) considering the entire period of stratospheric ozone depletion, the beginning of which predates the satellite era by a couple of decades.
HONO emission and production determined from airborne measurements over the Southeast U.S.
Authors: Neuman J. A. , Trainer M. , Brown S. S. , Min K.‐E. , Nowak J. B. , Parrish D. D. , Peischl J. , Pollack I. B. , Roberts J. M. , Ryerson T. B. , Veres P. R.
Published: July 2016

The sources and distribution of tropospheric nitrous acid (HONO) were examined using airborne measurements over the Southeast U.S. during the Southeast Nexus Experiment in June and July 2013. HONO was measured once per second using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer on the NOAA WP‐3D aircraft to assess sources that affect HONO abundance throughout the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The aircraft flew at altitudes between 0.12 and 6.4 km above ground level on 18 research flights that were conducted both day and night, sampling emissions from urban and power plant sources that were transported in the PBL. At night, HONO mixing ratios were greatest in plumes from agricultural burning, where they exceeded 4 ppbv and accounted for 2–14% of the reactive nitrogen emitted by the fires. The HONO to carbon monoxide ratio in these plumes from flaming stage fires ranged from 0.13 to 0.52%. Direct HONO emissions from coal‐fired power plants were quantified using measurements at night, when HONO loss by photolysis was absent. These direct emissions were often correlated with total reactive nitrogen with enhancement ratios that ranged from 0 to 0.4%. HONO enhancements in power plant plumes measured during the day were compared with a Lagrangian plume dispersion model, showing that HONO produced solely from the gas phase reaction of OH with NO explained the observations. Outside of recently emitted plumes from known combustion sources, HONO mixing ratios measured several hundred meters above ground level were indistinguishable from zero within the 15 parts per trillion by volume measurement uncertainty. The results reported here do not support the existence of a ubiquitous unknown HONO source that produces significant HONO concentrations in the lower troposphere.
Spiral Growth of SnSe2 Crystals by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Wu Jingjie , Hu Zhili , Jin Zehua , Lei Sidong , Guo Hua , Chatterjee Kuntal , Zhang Jing , Yang Yingchao , Li Bo , Liu Yang , Lai Jiawei , Vajtai Robert , Yakobson Boris , Tang Ming , Lou Jun , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: July 2016

Although a lot of work has been reported on the growth and properties of 2D atomic layered materials, the growth mechanism for these crystals via the chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) has remained elusive. Here, a screw dislocation–driven spiral growth of SnSe2 crystal flakes via CVD is reported. The polymorph of as‐synthesized SnSe2 crystals is verified as 1T‐phase by both experimental characterization and theoretical calculation. The density functional theory study reveals morphology transformation during the growth process while phase‐field modeling unravels the screw dislocation propagation to form the pyramid‐like structure of SnSe2. The optical band gap of SnSe2 crystals relates to an indirect band gap of 1.0 eV. The photodetector devices based on SnSe2 crystals exhibit high responsivity and ultrafast response time in the microsecond regime.
Microdialysis to Optimize Cord Perfusion and Drug Delivery in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Phang Isaac , Zoumprouli Argyro , Papadopoulos Marios C. , Saadoun Samira
Published: July 2016

Objective

There is lack of monitoring from the injury site to guide management of patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Here, we describe a bedside microdialysis monitoring technique for optimizing spinal cord perfusion and drug delivery at the injury site.

Methods

Fourteen patients were recruited within 72 hours of severe spinal cord injury. We inserted intradurally at the injury site a pressure probe, to monitor continuously spinal cord perfusion pressure, and a microdialysis catheter, to monitor hourly glycerol, glutamate, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate. The pressure probe and microdialysis catheter were placed on the surface of the injured cord.

Results

Microdialysis monitoring did not cause serious complications. Spinal cord perfusion pressure 90 to 100mm Hg and tissue glucose >4.5mM minimized metabolic derangement at the injury site. Increasing spinal cord perfusion pressure by ∼10mm Hg increased the entry of intravenously administered dexamethasone at the injury site 3‐fold.

Interpretation

This study determined the optimum spinal cord perfusion pressure and optimum tissue glucose concentration at the injury site. We also identified spinal cord perfusion pressure as a key determinant of drug entry into the injured spinal cord. Our findings challenge current guidelines, which recommend maintaining mean arterial pressure at 85 to 90mm Hg for a week after spinal cord injury. We propose that future drug trials for spinal cord injury include pressure and microdialysis monitoring to optimize spinal cord perfusion and maximize drug delivery at the injury site. Ann Neurol 2016;80:522–531
Simultane Bestimmung spektraler Eigenschaften und Größen von multiplen Partikeln in Lösung mit Subnanometer‐Auflösung
Authors: Karabudak Engin , Brookes Emre , Lesnyak Vladimir , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander , Walter Johannes , Segets Doris , Peukert Wolfgang , Wohlleben Wendel , Demeler Borries , Cölfen Helmut
Published: July 2016

Wir berichten über eine Weiterentwicklung auf Grundlage der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation, durch welche Partikelgrößen direkt in Lösung mit Sub‐nm‐Auflösung charakterisiert werden können. Erreicht wird diese Auflösung durch die simultane Messung von UV/Vis‐Spektren, während die einzelnen Komponenten der Mischung hydrodynamisch aufgetrennt werden. Durch die Aufrüstung der analytischen Ultrazentrifuge mit einem neuartigen Multiwellenlängendetektor wird der traditionellen hydrodynamischen Charakterisierung eine weitere spektrale Dimension hinzugefügt, was den Informationsgehalt vervielfacht. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der Messmethode wird durch die Charakterisierung von CdTe‐Nanopartikeln verdeutlicht, wobei keine Aufreinigung und Fraktionierung der Nanopartikeln in einzelne, scheinbar monodisperse Fraktionen erforderlich ist. Durch unsere Untersuchungen konnten wir zum ersten Mal die reinen spektralen Eigenschaften und Bandlücken von diskreten CdTe‐Nanopartikelspezies in einer Mischung messen.
Photosensitive antibacterial and cytotoxicity performances of a TiO2/carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite hydrogel by in situ radiation construction
Authors: Li Yue‐Sheng , Han Yan , Qin Jiang‐Tao , Song Zhi‐Yong , Cai Hua‐Hua , Du Ji‐Fu , Sun Shao‐Fa , Liu Yi
Published: July 2016

Nano‐TiO2/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) ternary nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared by freezing–thawing cycles and electron‐beam radiation with PVA, CMCS, and nano‐TiO2 as raw materials. The presence of nano‐TiO2 nanoparticles in the composite hydrogels was confirmed by thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images also illustrated that the TiO2/CMCS/PVA hydrogel exhibited a porous and relatively regular three‐dimensional network structure; at the same time, there was the presence of embedded nano‐TiO2 throughout the hydrogel matrix. In addition, the nano‐TiO2/CMCS/PVA composite hydrogels displayed significant antibacterial activity with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as bacterial models. The antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the antibacterial circle method, plate count method, and cell density method. Also, with the Alamar Blue assay, the cytotoxicity of the composite hydrogel materials to L929 cells was studied. The results suggest that these materials had no obvious cytotoxicity. Thus, we may have developed a novel, good biocompatibility hydrogel with inherent photosensitive antibacterial activity with great potential for applications in the fields of cosmetics, medical dressings, and environmental protection. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44150.
Summer ozone concentrations in the vicinity of the Great Salt Lake
Authors: Horel John , Crosman Erik , Jacques Alexander , Blaylock Brian , Arens Seth , Long Ansley , Sohl John , Martin Randal
Published: July 2016

Residents near the Great Salt Lake in northern Utah, USA have been exposed to ozone levels during recent summers exceeding the current United States National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Accurately forecasting those exceedances has been difficult as a result of the complex meteorological and photochemical processes fostering them. To help improve such forecasts, a low‐cost field study was conducted during summer 2015 to provide comprehensive observations of boundary‐layer ozone concentrations in the context of the prevailing meteorological conditions. A network of surface ozone sensors was supplemented by sensors mounted on vehicles, a public transit light‐rail car, news helicopter, tethered sonde, and unmanned aerial vehicle. The temporal and spatial evolution of boundary‐layer ozone concentrations were compared with the prevailing regional and local meteorological conditions on the basis of gridded operational analyses, surface weather stations, and additional sensors deployed for the field study. High ozone concentrations during June 2015 resulted primarily from local processes while smoke transported from distant wildfires contributed to elevated ozone concentrations during August. The Great Salt Lake influenced ozone concentrations along the Wasatch Front through several mechanisms, most importantly its impact on local wind circulations. The highest ozone concentrations were often found in a narrow zone between the Great Salt Lake and the urban regions to its south and east. Observations from multiple fixed site and mobile platforms during 18–19 August illustrate the complex variations in ozone concentrations as a function of elevation at the surface as well as vertically through the deep boundary layer.
The progressive censoring signature of coherent systems
Authors: Cramer Erhard , Navarro Jorge
Published: July 2016

The distribution of a coherent system based on IID components can be written as a mixture of the distributions of progressively Type‐II censored order statistics. The coefficients in that representation are called the progressive censoring signature (PC‐signature) of the system. In this paper, we explore the basic properties and potential applications of these mixture representations. We show that they can be used to study the associated censoring schemes (and their exact probabilities) in the operating development of the system. It is illustrated that, in some sense, the PC‐signature provides more information than the classical (Samaniego) signature of the system. Further, this new signature can be used to establish distribution‐free ordering properties for system lifetimes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultivation of Microalgae in Municipal Wastewater and Conversion by Hydrothermal Carbonization: A Review
Authors: Hupfauf Benjamin , Süß Michael , Dumfort Alexander , Fuessl‐Le Heidrun
Published: July 2016

The idea of growing microalgae in wastewaters emerges from the idea of resource conservation and the recovery of nutrients. In fact, microalgae are able to take up nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon from wastewaters, even adsorb metals, and in many cases, can be co‐cultivated with various bacteria that are prevailing in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The cultivation of microalgae in municipal wastewater has been known for about half a century and investigated accordingly. Despite this long history, there are still many questions to answer before this technology will be ready for implementation in large‐scale projects. In this review, recent developments are presented. One crucial point in developing a viable process out of wastewater grown algae is the downstream processing of the accumulated algal biomass. The authors decided to focus on hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a processing strategy. HTC uses wet biomass and relatively mild process conditions to produce an energy‐rich biochar and a liquid fraction that can be further processed to higher‐value substances. The latest findings in the carbonization of microalgae are highlighted in the second part of this article.
A heuristic and parallel simulated annealing algorithm for variable selection in near‐infrared spectroscopy analysis
Authors: Shi Jiyong , Hu Xuetao , Zou Xiaobo , Zhao Jiewen , Zhang Wen , Huang Xiaowei , Zhu Yaodi , Li Zhihua , Xu Yiwei
Published: July 2016

A new heuristic and parallel simulated annealing algorithm was proposed for variable selection in near‐infrared spectroscopy analysis. The algorithm employs a parallel mechanism to enhance the search efficiency, a heuristic mechanism to generate high‐quality candidate solutions, and the concept of Metropolis criterion to estimate accuracy of the candidate solutions. Several near‐infrared datasets have been evaluated under the proposed new algorithm, with partial least squares leading to improved analytical figures of merit upon wavelength selection. Improved robust and predictive regression models were obtained by the new algorithm. The method could also be helpful in other chemometric activities such as classification or quantitative structure‐activity relationship problems.
Cellular Cations Control Conformational Switching of Inositol Pyrophosphate Analogues
Authors: Hager Anastasia , Wu Mingxuan , Wang Huanchen , Brown Nathaniel W. , Shears Stephen B. , Veiga Nicolás , Fiedler Dorothea
Published: July 2016

The inositol pyrophosphate messengers (PP‐InsPs) are emerging as an important class of cellular regulators. These molecules have been linked to numerous biological processes, including insulin secretion and cancer cell migration, but how they trigger such a wide range of cellular responses has remained unanswered in many cases. Here, we show that the PP‐InsPs exhibit complex speciation behaviour and propose that a unique conformational switching mechanism could contribute to their multifunctional effects. We synthesised non‐hydrolysable bisphosphonate analogues and crystallised the analogues in complex with mammalian PPIP5K2 kinase. Subsequently, the bisphosphonate analogues were used to investigate the protonation sequence, metal‐coordination properties, and conformation in solution. Remarkably, the presence of potassium and magnesium ions enabled the analogues to adopt two different conformations near physiological pH. Understanding how the intrinsic chemical properties of the PP‐InsPs can contribute to their complex signalling outputs will be essential to elucidate their regulatory functions.
Donor‐Appended N,C‐Chelate Organoboron Compounds: Influence of Donor Strength on Photochromic Behaviour
Authors: Mellerup Soren K. , Yuan Kang , Nguyen Carmen , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Wang Suning
Published: July 2016

Recently, four‐coordinated N,C‐chelate organoboron compounds have been found to show many interesting photochemical transformations depending on the nature of their chelating framework. As such, the effect of substitution on the chelate ligand has been well‐established and understood, but the impact of the aryl groups attached to the boron atom remains less clear. To investigate the effect of enhanced charge‐transfer character, a series of new N,C‐chelate organoboron compounds with donor‐functionalized aryl groups have been synthesized and characterized using NMR, UV/Vis, and electrochemical methods. These compounds were found to possess bright and tunable charge‐transfer luminescence which is dependent on the donor strength of the amino substituent. In addition, some of these compounds undergo photochromic switching, producing dark isomers of various colors. This work establishes that donor‐functionalization of the aryl groups in N,C‐chelate boron compounds is an effective strategy for tuning both the photophysical and photochemical properties of such systems. The new findings also help elucidate the influence of electronic structure on the photoreactivity of N,C‐chelate organoboron compounds which appears to be as important as steric crowding around the boron atom.
Intermediates Formed in the Reactions of Organocuprates with α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles
Authors: Putau Aliaksei , Brand Harald , Koszinowski Konrad
Published: July 2016

Conjugate additions of organocuprates are of outstanding importance for organic synthesis. To improve our mechanistic understanding of these reactions, we have used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the identification of the ionic intermediates formed upon the treatment of LiCuR2⋅LiCN (R=Me, Bu, Ph) with a series of α,β‐unsaturated nitriles. Acrylonitrile, the weakest Michael acceptor included, did not afford any detectable intermediates. Fumaronitrile (FN) yielded adducts of the type Lin−1CunR2n(FN)n−, n=1–3. When subjected to fragmentation in the gas phase, these adducts were not converted into the conjugate addition products, but re‐dissociated into the reactants. In contrast, the reaction with 1,1‐dicyanoethylene furnished the products of the conjugate addition without any observable intermediates. Tri‐ and tetracyanoethylene proved to be quite reactive as well. The presence of several cyano groups in these substrates opened up reaction pathways different from simple conjugate additions, however, and led to dimerization and substitution reactions. Moreover, the gas‐phase fragmentation behavior of the species formed from these substrates indicated the occurrence of single‐electron transfer processes. Additional quantum‐chemical calculations provided insight into the structures and stabilities of the observed intermediates and their consecutive reactions.
Process Development for Separation of Conformers from Derivatives of Resorcin[4]arenes and Pyrogallol[4]arenes
Authors: Patil Rahul S. , Zhang Chen , Atwood Jerry L.
Published: July 2016

Macrocyclic compounds, such as resorcin[4]arenes and pyrogallol[4]arenes, have proven to be useful building blocks in the construction of supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) because of their unique bowl‐like shape and ability to interact through variety of intermolecular interactions. Herein, we report the synthesis and crystal structures of two functionalized resorcin[4]arenes and pyroagllol[4]arenes, 4‐hydroxyphenylresorcin[4]arenes, and 4‐hydroxyphenylpyrogallol[4]arenes. These phenyl‐functionalized macrocycles usually have different conformers, such as cone, boat, chair, saddle, and diamond. The successful separation of predominant conformers from the crude product was carried out with solvent‐extraction technique. The shape and molecular arrangement of these conformers in the individual crystal structure was verified with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Nanoconfinement Inside Molecular Metal Oxide Clusters: Dynamics and Modified Encapsulation Behavior
Authors: Wang Zhe , Daemen Luke L. , Cheng Yongqiang , Mamontov Eugene , Bonnesen Peter V. , Hong Kunlun , Ramirez‐Cuesta Anibal J. , Yin Panchao
Published: July 2016

Encapsulation behavior, as well as the presence of internal catalytically active sites, has been spurring the applications of a 3 nm hollow spherical metal oxide cluster {Mo132} as an encapsulation host and a nanoreactor. Due to its well‐defined and tunable cluster structures, and nanoscaled internal void space comparable to the volumes of small molecules, this cluster provides a good model to study the dynamics of materials under nanoconfinement. Neutron scattering studies suggest that bulky internal ligands inside the cluster show slower and limited dynamics compared to their counterparts in the bulk state, revealing the rigid nature of the skeleton of the internal ligands. NMR studies indicate that the rigid internal ligands that partially cover the interfacial pore on the molybdenum oxide shells are able to block some large guest molecules from going inside the capsule cluster, which provides a convincing protocol for size‐selective encapsulation and separation.
Surface Nanostructures Composed of Thiolated Cyclodextrin/Au and Fe Species: Gas‐ and Liquid‐Phase Preparation
Authors: Halaszova Sona , Jerigova Monika , Lorenc Dusan , Prochazka Michal , Velic Dusan
Published: July 2016

The front cover artwork, designed by Dr. Daniel Repovsky, is provided by Prof. Dusan Velic, Sona Halaszova, Dr. Monika Jerigova, Michal Prochazka, and Dr. Dusan Lorenc. The image shows thiolated cyclodextrin molecules attached to a gold surface together with laser ablated iron and iron oxide species forming supramolecular surface nanostructures. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201600318.
Synthesis of Diphenylchalcogenophene Diboronic Acid Bis(pinacol) Esters and Halogen Photoelimination from Tellurium by Triplet–Triplet Annihilation
Authors: Li Peng‐Fei , Carrera Elisa I. , Seferos Dwight S.
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of diphenylthiophene‐, diphenylselenophene‐, and diphenyltellurophene‐based diboronic bis(pinacol) esters and their optoelectronic properties is reported. The addition of bromine to the borylated diaryltellurophene and subsequent photoelimination are investigated. The photochemical quantum yield of bromine photoelimination is (9.7±0.2) % at a 4.4 m trap (2,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐butadiene) concentration. It is found that the bromine photoelimination reaction can also be driven by the incorporation of a triplet sensitizer through a triplet–triplet annihilation process.
Efficient resource allocation for network‐assisted multi‐link device‐to‐device communication
Authors: Chithra R. , Bestak Robert , Patra Sarat Kumar
Published: July 2016

The network‐assisted device‐to‐device (D2D) communication as an underlay to cellular spectrum has attracted much attention for local area connectivity as a means to improve the cellular spectrum utilization. D2D communication as an underlay to cellular network open up various challenges including appropriate mode selection, spectral utilization, power control and efficient resource allocation. In this article, we study these issues to guarantee the quality‐of‐service requirements for the users, and a three‐step scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme first performs a mode selection procedure to choose the transmission mode of each user equipments (UEs). Then, a clustering scheme is developed to group the links that can share a common resource to improve the spectral efficiency. For the selection of suitable cellular UEs for each cluster whose resource can be shared, a cluster head selection algorithm is also developed. Finally, the expression for maximum number of links that the radio resource of shared UE can support is analytically derived. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using a WINNER II A1 indoor office model. The results show that by proper management, D2D communication can effectively improve the total throughput than conventional cellular communication. From the results, it is clear that the proposed cluster head selection scheme is able to take advantage of both residual power requirement and the power requirement of UEs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13,000 years of fire history derived from soil charcoal in a British Columbia coastal temperate rain forest
Authors: Hoffman K. M. , Gavin D. G. , Lertzman K. P. , Smith D. J. , Starzomski B. M.
Published: July 2016

Little is known regarding the fire history of high‐latitude coastal temperate rain forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of North America. While reconstructing historical fire regimes typically requires dendrochronological records from fire‐scarred trees or stratigraphically preserved lake sediment data, this type of information is virtually non‐existent in this region. To describe the long‐term fire history of a site on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, we radiocarbon‐dated 52 pieces of charcoal. Charcoal ages ranged from 12,670 to 70 yr BP. Fires occurred regularly since 12,670 yr BP, with the exception of a distinct fire‐free period at 7500–5500 yr BP. Time since fire (TSF) estimates from soil charcoal and fire‐scarred trees ranged from 12,670 to 100 yr BP (median = 327 yr), and 70% of the sites examined had burned within the past 1000 yr. An increase in fire frequency in the late Holocene is consistent with the widely held hypothesis that anthropogenic fires were common across the PNW. We evaluate TSF distributions and discuss the difficulties in assigning actual fire dates from charcoal fragments with large inbuilt ages in a coastal temperate rain forest setting. We determine that a comprehensive approach using soil charcoal and fire scar analyses is necessary to reconstruct general trends in fire activity throughout the Holocene in this region.
Mucosal‐associated invariant T cells are reduced and functionally immature in the peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients
Authors: Wang Jing J. , Macardle Cindy , Weedon Helen , Beroukas Dimitra , Banovic Tatjana
Published: July 2016

The frequencies, immunophenotype, and function of mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were studied in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) and healthy controls. MAIT cells were significantly decreased in the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with pSS. Vα7.2+ MAIT cells were detected in the salivary gland tissue from pSS patients, but not in controls, indicating that the reduction of MAIT cells in PB might be due to migration into the target tissue. Furthermore, the residual peripheral blood MAIT cells in pSS patients showed altered immunophenotype and function. While MAIT cells from controls were almost exclusively CD8+ and expressed an effector memory immunophenotype, in pSS patients they were enriched in CD4+ and naïve subpopulations. Consistently, the functional studies demonstrated that MAIT cells from pSS showed a lower level of activation with reduced expression of CD69 and CD154 (CD40L), and a lower production of TNF and IFN‐γ. In summary, our findings demonstrate that MAIT cells were reduced and phenotypically and functionally altered in PB of pSS patients. The altered function of MAIT cells in target tissues from pSS patients may result in dysregulation of mucosal immunity leading to microbial damage of mucosal surfaces and subsequent initiation of autoimmune response.
The Impact of Mesopores on the Mechanical Stability of HKUST‐1: A Multiscale Investigation
Authors: Dürholt Johannes P. , Keupp Julian , Schmid and Rochus
Published: July 2016

Correlated missing node defects can lead to mesoporosity in MOFs. In order to investigate the effect of such cavities in the microporous crystalline material, spherical pores of increasing size were cut into HKUST‐1, and the resulting inner surface was completely saturated. Our recently developed coarse‐grained force field was used to relax these systems and to assess the mechanical stability by computing the bulk moduli. In a multiscale fashion, atomistic models were generated systematically from the coarse‐grained relaxed structures in order to determine void fraction, surface area, and the relative mesoporous void volume. Despite the presence of mesopores with large radii of above 20 Å, the lattice parameters shrink only by a negligible amount. The bulk moduli are reduced, but overall a sufficient mechanical stability is found, consistently with experimental observations. Interestingly, for a fixed amount of defect degree, and thus mesoporous void volume, larger cavities lead to higher mechanical stability. For small mesopores in the size range below that of a HKUST‐1 unit cell we observe unexpected trends due to the additional surface area generated by saturating the inner surface of the mesopore. With a large number of small mesopores, this can lead to an effective increase in the gravimetric surface area.
Square‐Planar PtII versus Octahedral PtIV Halido Complexes: 195Pt NMR Explained by a Simple Empirical Approach
Authors: Benedetti Michele , De Castro Federica , Fanizzi Francesco P.
Published: July 2016

In this work, we show by a simple empirical approach that a linear relationship between observed 195Pt NMR frequencies and the overall sum of the ionic radii of the coordinated halido ligands [Σ(rh)] exists in square‐planar PtII complexes of the type [PtXnY4–n]2– (1 ≤ n ≤ 4; X, Y = Cl, Br, I). Another finding was that such square‐planar complexes could be empirically described as octahedral complexes, with the two lobes of the 5dz² orbital above and below the coordination plane acting as two pseudo‐halido ligands, each showing a constant apparent radius of around 207 pm. According to our approach, the overall apparent radius of around 415 pm produces constant 195Pt NMR shielding for all [PtXnY4–n]2– complexes of about 10450 ppm. This result is 1) consistent with the theoretically calculated overall 5d shell lone‐pair shielding observed in square‐planar PtII with respect to octahedral PtIV complexes and 2) almost coincident with the already measured chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) of the K2[PtCl4] complex both in solution and in the solid state (single crystal).
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Glycine Imines to Activated Alkenes Catalyzed by Amino‐Acid‐Derived Chiral Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Wen Shan , Li Xing , Yao Weijun , Waheed Abdul , Ullah Nisar , Lu Yixin
Published: July 2016

Chiral quaternary phosphonium salts derived from amino acids were readily prepared and employed as phase‐transfer catalysts for the highly enantioselective conjugate addition of glycine imines to various activated alkenes, including chalcones, acrylates, and vinyl ketones.
Review of Local In Situ Probing Techniques for the Interfaces of Lithium‐Ion and Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Schwager Patrick , Bülter Heinz , Plettenberg Inka , Wittstock Gunther
Published: July 2016

Electrodes in lithium‐ion and post‐lithium‐ion batteries are made of composite materials exposing a variety of different surfaces towards the electrolyte. This causes a distribution of current densities and consequently locally different changes of interfaces and bulk materials that might be critical for the performance and durability of secondary batteries. The optimization of local structures of battery materials is hindered by a lack of local techniques that provide in situ reactivity information from such hidden interfaces. A variety of new electrochemical scanning probe techniques are currently adapted to the investigation of battery materials under near‐realistic environmental conditions. The review provides a critical assessment of this development with a particular emphasis on the assessment of the passivating properties of solid–electrolyte interphases, the extension of the concepts to lithium–oxygen cells, and attempts to image ion intercalation reactions.
Characteristics of Methane Adsorption in Micro–Mesoporous Carbons at Low and Ultra‐High Pressure
Authors: Saha Dipendu , Fieback Tobias M. , Tom Babitha
Published: July 2016

Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) provides a better alternative for onboard storage of methane. We have measured methane adsorption at low pressure (∼1 bar) and ultrahigh pressure (∼400 bar) for three different micro‐mesoporous carbons. The highest methane uptake was below 70 % in near‐ambient temperature and 400 bar, or 25 % at 35 bar. Although gravimetric uptake is lower than the Department of Energy (DoE) target, a comparative study suggests that this adsorption amount is higher than that of most of the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and all covalent–organic frameworks (COFs). The highest volumetric methane uptake was above 500 v/v at ca. 400 bar or ∼200 v/v at 35 bar (293 K), which exceeded the DoE volumetric target for methane storage and is higher than most MOFs and COFs. Heat of adsorption values are within the range of 38 to 21 kJ mol−1 in the low‐adsorption regime, higher than most MOFs or COFs. The overall results suggest that carbon‐based adsorbents still remain the most promising adsorbents for the ANG process.
With Regional Exceptions, Power Supply and Demand Seem Balanced Short‐Term
Authors:   FERC Staff
Published: July 2016

Market conditions going into this summer continue to reflect the impact of low natural gas prices that have resulted from robust production and near‐record levels of natural gas in storage. Moreover, despite modest load growth, regional electric system reserve margins are forecast to be adequate.
Resolving Public Transmission‐Siting Issues Through Collaboration With Stakeholders
Authors: Duerr Debra , Rozelle Martha
Published: July 2016

Think about the transmission lines you've tried to site.
From Smart Grid to Active Grid
Authors: Wolf Tim
Published: July 2016

When it comes to managing the delivery and use of energy and water, there's a lot of opportunity for improvement. Each year in the United States alone, nearly $100 billion in energy and water are wasted, stolen, or otherwise lost before reaching the end‐user. As migration toward urban centers accelerates, cities are under increasing pressure to manage resources more effectively and to use new technology to make the urban landscape more livable, sustainable, and economically vibrant.
Juvenile striatal white matter is resistant to ischemia‐induced damage
Authors: Ahrendsen Jared T. , Grewal Himmat S. , Hickey Sean P. , Culp Cecilia M. , Gould Elizabeth A. , Shimizu Takeru , Strnad Frank A. , Traystman Richard J. , Herson Paco S. , Macklin Wendy B.
Published: July 2016

White matter injury following ischemic stroke is a major cause of functional disability. Injury to both myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the central nervous system, occurs in experimental models of ischemic stroke. Age‐related changes in white matter vulnerability to ischemia have been extensively studied and suggest that both the perinatal and the aged periods are times of increased white matter vulnerability. However, sensitivity of white matter following stroke in the juvenile brain has not been evaluated. Interestingly, the late pediatric period is an important developmental stage, as it is the time of maximal myelination. The current study demonstrates that neurons in late pediatric/juvenile striatum are vulnerable to ischemic damage, with neuronal injury being comparable in juvenile and adult mice following ischemia. By contrast, actively myelinating striatal oligodendrocytes in the juvenile brain are resistant to ischemia, whereas adult oligodendrocytes are quite sensitive. As a result, myelin sheaths are remarkably intact and axons survive well in the injured striatum of juvenile mice. In addition to relative resistance of juvenile white matter, other glial responses were very different in juvenile and adult mice following cerebral ischemia, including differences in astrogliosis, fibrosis, NG2‐cell reactivity, and vascular integrity. Together, these responses lead to long‐term preservation of brain parenchyma in juvenile mice, compared to severe tissue loss and scarring in adult mice. Overall, the current study suggests that equivalent ischemic insults may result in less functional deficit in children compared to adults and an environment more conducive to long‐term recovery. GLIA 2016;64:1972–1986
Extracellularly Extruded Syntaxin‐4 Binds to Laminin and Syndecan‐1 to Regulate Mammary Epithelial Morphogenesis
Authors: Shirai Kota , Hagiwara Natsumi , Horigome Tomoatsu , Hirose Yuina , Kadono Nanako , Hirai Yohei
Published: July 2016

Epithelial morphogenesis in the mammary gland proceeds as a consequence of complex cell behaviors including apoptotic cell death and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT); the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein laminin is crucially involved. Syntaxins mediate intracellular vesicular fusion, yet certain plasmalemmal members have been shown to possess latent extracellular functions. In this study, the extracellular subpopulation of syntaxin‐4, extruded in response to the induction of differentiation or apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells, was detected. Using a tetracycline‐repressive transcriptional system and clonal mammary epithelial cells, SCp2, we found that the expression of cell surface syntaxin‐4 elicits EMT‐like cell behaviors. Intriguingly, these cells did not up‐regulate key transcription factors associated with the canonical EMT such as snail, slug, or twist, and repressed translation of E‐cadherin. Concurrently, the cells completely evaded the cellular aggregation/rounding triggered by a potent EMT blocker laminin‐111. We found that the recombinant form of syntaxin‐4 not only bound to laminin but also latched onto the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of syndecan‐1, a laminin receptor that mediates epithelial morphogenesis. Thus, temporal extracellular extrusion of syntaxin‐4 emerged as a novel regulatory element for laminin‐induced mammary epithelial cell behaviors. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 686–698, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GDNF From Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Treated With Pro‐Inflammatory Cytokines Promotes Neurocytic Differentiation of PC12 Cells
Authors: Yoshida Shinichiro , Yamamoto Naohide , Wada Naohisa , Tomokiyo Atsushi , Hasegawa Daigaku , Hamano Sayuri , Mitarai Hiromi , Monnouchi Satoshi , Yuda Asuka , Maeda Hidefumi
Published: July 2016

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is known to mediate multiple biological activities such as promotion of cell motility and proliferation, and morphogenesis. However, little is known about its effects on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Recently, we reported that GDNF expression is increased in wounded rat PDL tissue and human PDL cells (HPDLCs) treated with pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Here, we investigated the associated expression of GDNF and the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) in wounded PDL tissue, and whether HPDLCs secrete GDNF which affects neurocytic differentiation. Rat PDL cells near the wounded area showed intense immunoreactions against an anti‐GDNF antibody, where immunoreactivity was also increased against an anti‐IL‐1β antibody. Compared with untreated cells, HPDLCs treated with IL‐1β or tumor necrosis factor‐alpha showed an increase in the secretion of GDNF protein. Conditioned medium of IL‐1β‐treated HPDLCs (IL‐1β‐CM) increased neurite outgrowth of PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells. The expression levels of two neural regeneration‐associated genes, growth‐associated protein‐43 (Gap‐43), and small proline‐rich repeat protein 1A (Sprr1A), were also upregulated in IL‐1β‐CM‐treated PC12 cells. These stimulatory effects of IL‐1β‐CM were significantly inhibited by a neutralizing antibody against GDNF. In addition, U0126, a MEK inhibitor, inhibited GDNF‐induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. These findings suggest that an increase of GDNF in wounded PDL tissue might play an important role in neural regeneration probably via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 699–708, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sorption mechansim of pharmaceuticals from aqueous medium on ionic liquid modified biomass
Authors: Lawal Isiaka A , Moodley Brenda
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The global use of antibiotics has become a serious concern because of its variety of potential adverse effects when present in the environment. Acute and chronic toxicity, impact on aquatic organisms, disruption of microbial populations, and dissemination into antibiotic‐resistant genes have reportedly been linked to pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of remediation of some selected pharmaceuticals in aqueous medium on ionic liquid modified biomass.

RESULTS

The mechanism of sorption of pharmaceuticals on biomass and biomass modified with an ionic liquid (IL) was investigated. Kigelia pinnata (KP) was modified with IL to form modified biomass (KP‐IL). The pharmaceuticals investigated were ibuprofen (IBU), ketoprofen (KET), ampicillin (AMP) and diclofenac (DCL). Optimum adsorption was at pH 2.5 for AMP and pH 5 for IBU, KET and DCL. Sorption data for all the pharmaceuticals were best described by pseudo‐second‐order kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Maximum sorption capacities of 251.2, 197.1, 276.8 and 73 mg g−1 were obtained for KET, DCL, IBU and AMP, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that KP‐IL is a good material for the remediation of pharmaceuticals, and the adsorption capacity was far better than that of the unmodified KP and biomasses previously reported in literature. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry