bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation assessed by respiratory manoeuvres in non‐insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Huq R. , Philbey C. E. , Mistri A. K. , Panerai R. B. , Robinson T. G.
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 609–613 (2012)

Aims  This study investigated dynamic cerebral autoregulation in Type 2 diabetes, where dynamic cerebral autoregulation may be impaired as a consequence of microvascular changes and/or autonomic neuropathy.

Methods  Eleven healthy control subjects and 11 age‐ and sex‐matched patients with Type 2 diabetes controlled with lifestyle modifications or oral anti‐diabetes treatment were recruited. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation was calculated by the autoregressive moving average autoregulatory index from a continuous blood pressure and R‐R interval (time between each ventricular systole) recording. End‐tidal carbon dioxide was also monitored and changes in response to breath holding and hyperventilation as a metabolic stimulus were measured.

Results  No significant differences were seen in cerebral blood flow velocity at baseline, or in response to breath holding between people with diabetes and control subjects, although the cerebral blood flow velocity response associated with hyperventilation was significantly reduced in the diabetes group. No significant differences in dynamic cerebral autoregulation were seen at baseline or in response to respiratory manoeuvres between the groups.

Conclusions  Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is not impaired in patients with Type 2 diabetes, although a small difference could not be excluded as the study was only powered to detect an autoregulatory index difference > 2 units. Further study in a larger population with a spectrum of disease severity may reveal clinically important differences.
WHAT'S TO KNOW? PUZZLES IN THE LITERATURE ON THE VALUE OF STATISTICAL LIFE
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip
Published: October 2011

Abstract Notwithstanding the general acceptance of the value of statistical life (VSL) estimates for policy assessment purposes, several important unresolved issues remain. First, the results from revealed preference studies are systematically higher than those from stated preference studies, potentially limiting the usefulness of stated preference studies in generalizing the VSL estimates to different populations and kinds of risks. Second, extrapolating the results of meta‐analyses to project the VSL for different population groups requires that such generalization be reflective of the underlying economic content of what average VSL estimates reflect. Third, government agencies within and across countries place differing emphasis on types of VSL studies as well as differing reliance on individual studies versus meta‐analyses. Usually, there is no justification provided for the chosen approach.
Feeling Included and Valued: How Perceived Respect Affects Positive Team Identity and Willingness to Invest in the Team
Authors: Ellemers Naomi , Sleebos Ed , Stam Daan , de Gilder Dick
Published: October 2011

Previous research has documented that intra‐group respect fosters individual engagement with work teams or organizations. The authors extend this work by empirically distinguishing between perceived inclusion of the self in the team and perceived value of the self for the team as separate psychological consequences of respect. Based on a social identity analysis, it is predicted that perceived inclusion facilitates the development of a positive team identity (how the individual feels about the team), while perceived value elicits the willingness to invest in the team (what the individual is willing to do for the team). Support for these predictions is obtained with structural equation modelling among two independent samples of professional soldiers working in military teams (ntotal = 495). Reports of individual team members about positive team identity and willingness to invest in the team correlated with supervisor ratings of the team's action readiness.
A General BRDF Representation Based on Tensor Decomposition
Authors: Bilgili Ahmet , Öztürk Aydn , Kurt Murat
Published: October 2011

Generating photo‐realistic images through Monte Carlo rendering requires efficient representation of light–surface interaction and techniques for importance sampling. Various models with good representation abilities have been developed but only a few of them have their importance sampling procedure. In this paper, we propose a method which provides a good bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) representation and efficient importance sampling procedure. Our method is based on representing BRDF as a function of tensor products. Four‐dimensional measured BRDF tensor data are factorized using Tucker decomposition. A large data set is used for comparing the proposed BRDF model with a number of well‐known BRDF models. It is shown that the underlying model provides good approximation to BRDFs.
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE IN THE ‘PUBLIC INTEREST’? THE CASE OF THE 1995 PROPERTY FORUM IN POST‐CONFLICT NICARAGUA
Authors: MORRELL KEVIN , HARRINGTON‐BUHAY NICOLA
Published: October 2011

‘Public interest' (synonymous here with ‘common good’ and ‘public good’) is a central concept in public administration. In an important, basic sense, we evaluate the effectiveness of governments in terms of whether their policies are detrimental to, or benefit, public interest. However there are problems operationalizing public interest: it seems a concept that is simultaneously indispensable yet vague. While difficulties operationalizing public interest are widely understood, a further problem is insufficiently acknowledged. This is that many features underpinning public interest (a tradition of citizenship, stable government, a rule of law, basic infrastructures) are taken for granted in established democracies. However, in other contexts we cannot assume these. Examining what public interest means in developing countries can be useful to identify these taken for granted assumptions, and to re‐examine this ubiquitous and enduring concept. We do this through a case study of land rights reform in post conflict Nicaragua.
Making Sense of Safeguards
Authors: Hartigan James C.
Published: October 2011

The ASG was negotiated in response to the use of extralegal measures and inappropriate use of legal measures to restrict imports. More effective disciplines regarding implementation of Article XIX was recognized as an important unilateralism deterrent in policy implementation. These disciplines are subjective and objective. Disciplines that are quantifiable are more effective. Utilizing both balances rules and discretion. A home and foreign producer are used to assess SG in the context of adverse shocks. This framework entails a novel feature appropriate to SG. Firms are permitted to select optimal levels of downward flexibility in output in response to a possible shock. The extent of adjustment is directly related to the cost incurred. Firms choose flexibility in stage one and output in stage two. Without SG, firms will not insulate themselves completely from the conditional expectation of an adverse shock. Introducing the ASG increases the relative adjustment burden for the foreign firm.
The Vulnerability of ASEAN+3 Countries to International Financial Crises
Authors: Gimet Celine
Published: October 2011

This article focuses on the reaction of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies to international financial shocks. The crises in emerging markets at the end of the last century underlined the significant vulnerability of the emerging ASEAN economies to international financial fluctuations and a lack of sustainability in their exchange rate regime. A structural VAR model is used to analyze the efficiency of the measures adopted by these countries after this episode of crisis in order to protect their economies against speculative attacks. The results reveal that the impact of the recent subprime crisis on emerging ASEAN countries is less significant than that observed in industrialized ones.
The Welfare Synergy of Bundling International Environmental Agreements with International Trade Treaties
Authors: Lahiri Bidisha
Published: October 2011

This paper examines whether linking environmental cooperation with international trade agreements improves the welfare of the participating countries and allows countries to move closer to free trade compared with trade‐only agreements. The model is an infinitely repeated game with the threat of reversion to Nash equilibrium if an economy deviates from the cooperative agreement. It is found that such a synergy exists in a symmetric two‐country model with two goods, both emitting pollutants even when the externalities have local impact. A combination of analytic and numerical simulation analysis is used to derive the conclusions.
The Owl and the Ostrich: Reply to Sami Pihlström on Ethical Unthinkabilities and Philosophical Seriousness
Authors: Benatar David
Published: October 2011

Sami Pihlström argues in his “Ethical Unthinkabilities and Philosophical Seriousness” that there are some philosophical views that are so dangerous that we should not discuss them. He advances this argument with special reference to my (anti‐natalist) view that being brought into existence is always a serious harm. In response I argue: (a) that there are major flaws in his argument for the conclusion that we should not think about (purportedly) unthinkable views; and (b) that my views about the harm of coming into existence are in any event neither unthinkable nor dangerous.
Minimally Creative Thought
Authors: Stokes Dustin
Published: October 2011

Creativity has received, and continues to receive, comparatively little analysis in philosophy and the brain and behavioural sciences. This is in spite of the importance of creative thought and action, and the many and varied resources of theories of mind. Here an alternative approach to analyzing creativity is suggested: start from the bottom up with minimally creative thought. Minimally creative thought depends non‐accidentally upon agency, is novel relative to the acting agent, and could not have been tokened before the time it is in fact tokened, relative to the agent in question. Thoughts that meet these three conditions—agency, psychological novelty, and modal—are what may be called cognitive breakthroughs. Even if such breakthroughs are not necessary to or definitive of richer creativity, they are indeed central to much of creativity. The minimal analysis provides a more workable explanandum for theories of creativity of varied motivation and method.
Pragmatic Democracy: Inquiry, Objectivity, and Experience
Authors: Hildebrand David L.
Published: October 2011

This essay argues that to understand Dewey's vision of democracy as “epistemic” requires consideration of how experiential and communal aspects of inquiry together produce what is named here “pragmatic objectivity.” Such pragmatic objectivity provides an alternative to absolutism and self‐interested relativism by appealing to certain norms of empirical experimentation. Pragmatic objectivity, it is then argued, can be justified by appeal to Dewey's conception of primary experience. This justification, however, is not without its own complications, which are highlighted with objections regarding “radical pluralism” in political life, and some logical problems that arise due to the supposedly “ineffable” nature of primary experience. The essay concludes by admitting that while Dewey's theory of democracy based on experience cannot answer all of the objections argumentatively, it nevertheless provides potent suggestions for how consensus building can proceed without such philosophical arguments.
Genetic polymorphism of kappa‐casein, growth hormone and prolactin genes in Turkish native cattle breeds
Authors: AKYUZ BILAL , AGAOGLU OZGECAN K , ERTUGRUL OKAN
Published: October 2011

A total of 259 cattle of four Turkish native cattle breeds, East Anatolian Red (EAR), South Anatolian Red (SAR), Turkish Grey (TG) and Anatolian Black (AB), Holstein and Brown Swiss (BS) breeds were genotyped for kappa‐casein (CSN3), bovine growth hormone (GH1) and prolactin (PRL) polymorphism by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). The degree of genetic differentiation between populations FST was calculated as 0.053 and was found to be significant (P < 0.001). According to the genetic distance values (Nei), the highest genetic difference was found between SAR and EAR in four Turkish native cattle breeds and this difference was significant.
Erythropoietin improves memory function with reducing endothelial dysfunction and amyloid‐beta burden in Alzheimer’s disease models
Authors: Lee Soon‐Tae , Chu Kon , Park Jung‐Eun , Jung Keun‐Hwa , Jeon Daejong , Lim Ji‐Youn , Lee Sang Kun , Kim Manho , Roh Jae‐Kyu
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 115–124.

Neurovascular degeneration contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because erythropoietin (EPO) promotes endothelial regeneration, we investigated the therapeutic effects of EPO in animal models of AD. In aged Tg2576 mice, EPO receptors (EPORs) were expressed in the cortex and hippocampus. Tg2576 mice were treated with daily injection of EPO (5000 IU/kg/day) for 5 days. At 14 days, EPO improved contextual memory as measured by fear‐conditioning test. EPO enhanced endothelial proliferation and the level of synaptophysin expression in the brain. EPO also increased capillary density, and decreased the level of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in the brain, while decreasing in the amount of amyloid plaque and amyloid‐β (Aβ). In cultured human endothelial cells, EPO enhanced angiogenesis and suppressed the expression of the RAGE. These results show that EPO improves memory and ameliorates endothelial degeneration induced by Aβ in AD models. This pre‐clinical evidence suggests that EPO may be useful for the treatment of AD.
Pathogenic implications of iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Williams Rachel , Buchheit Cassandra L. , Berman Nancy E. J. , LeVine Steven M.
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 7–25.

Iron, an essential element used for a multitude of biochemical reactions, abnormally accumulates in the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanisms of abnormal iron deposition in MS are not fully understood, nor do we know whether these deposits have adverse consequences, that is, contribute to pathogenesis. With some exceptions, excess levels of iron are represented concomitantly in multiple deep gray matter structures often with bilateral representation, whereas in white matter, pathological iron deposits are usually located at sites of inflammation that are associated with veins. These distinct spatial patterns suggest disparate mechanisms of iron accumulation between these regions. Iron has been postulated to promote disease activity in MS by various means: (i) iron can amplify the activated state of microglia resulting in the increased production of proinflammatory mediators; (ii) excess intracellular iron deposits could promote mitochondria dysfunction; and (iii) improperly managed iron could catalyze the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). The pathological consequences of abnormal iron deposits may be dependent on the affected brain region and/or accumulation process. Here, we review putative mechanisms of enhanced iron uptake in MS and address the likely roles of iron in the pathogenesis of this disease.
The structure of self–other overlap and its relationship to perspective taking
Authors: MYERS MICHAEL W. , HODGES SARA D.
Published: October 2011

Two studies tested whether “self–other overlap” is a multidimensional construct, with only some dimensions affected by perspective taking. In Study 1, participants (n = 132) completed several previously used measures of self–other overlap for their best friend and acquaintance. Factor analyses revealed 2 distinct dimensions of self–other overlap—perceived closeness and overlapping representations. Perceived closeness but not overlapping representations was generally associated with relationship quality. Study 2 (n = 118) manipulated perspective taking of a stranger. Results replicated a factor structure similar to Study 1, and found that perspective taking had different effects on the 2 dimensions of overlap. These results are discussed with regards to the debate over self–other overlap as a mediator of perspective taking's pro‐social effects.
Separating metamorphic events in the Fosdick migmatite–granite complex, West Antarctica
Authors: KORHONEN F. J. , BROWN M. , GROVE M. , SIDDOWAY C. S. , BAXTER E. F. , INGLIS J. D.
Published: October 2011

The Fosdick migmatite–granite complex in West Antarctica records evidence for two high‐temperature metamorphic events, the first during the Devonian–Carboniferous and the second during the Cretaceous. The conditions of each high‐temperature metamorphic event, both of which involved melting and multiple melt‐loss events, are investigated using phase equilibria modelling during successive melt‐loss events, microstructural observations and mineral chemistry. In situ SHRIMP monazite and TIMS Sm–Nd garnet ages are integrated with these results to constrain the timing of the two events. In areas that preferentially preserve the Devonian–Carboniferous (M1) event, monazite grains in leucosomes and core domains of monazite inclusions in Cretaceous cordierite yield an age of c. 346 Ma, which is interpreted to record the timing of monazite growth during peak M1 metamorphism (∼820–870 °C, 7.5–11.5 kbar) and the formation of garnet–sillimanite–biotite–melt‐bearing assemblages. Slightly younger monazite spot ages between c. 331 and 314 Ma are identified from grains located in fractured garnet porphyroblasts, and from inclusions in plagioclase that surround relict garnet and in matrix biotite. These ages record the growth of monazite during garnet breakdown associated with cooling from peak M1 conditions. The Cretaceous (M2) overprint is recorded in compositionally homogeneous monazite grains and rim domains in zoned monazite grains. This monazite yields a protracted range of spot ages with a dominant population between c. 111 and 96 Ma. Rim domains of monazite inclusions in cordierite surrounding garnet and in coarse‐grained poikiloblasts of cordierite yield a weighted mean age of c. 102 Ma, interpreted to constrain the age of cordierite growth. TIMS Sm–Nd ages for garnet are similar at 102–99 Ma. Mineral equilibria modelling of the residual protolith composition after Carboniferous melt loss and removal of inert M1 garnet constrains M2 conditions to ∼830–870 °C and ∼6–7.5 kbar. The modelling results suggest that there was growth and resorption of garnet during the M2 event, which would facilitate overprinting of M1 compositions during the M2 prograde metamorphism. Measured garnet compositions and Sm–Nd diffusion modelling of garnet in the migmatitic gneisses suggest resetting of major elements and the Sm–Nd system during the Cretaceous M1 overprint. The c. 102–99 Ma garnet Sm–Nd ‘closure’ ages correspond to cooling below 700 °C during the rapid exhumation of the Fosdick migmatite–granite complex.
Emerging Importance of Residual Renal Function in End‐Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Vilar Enric , Farrington Ken
Published: October 2011

Residual renal function (RRF) is well recognized as an important marker of outcomes in peritoneal dialysis (PD), and contributes vitally to solute clearance. Recently, its importance in hemodialysis (HD) has emerged with evidence that it is strongly associated with improved outcomes. The presence of RRF is associated with improved nutrition, reduced erythropoetin requirements, better potassium clearance, and improved quality of life. Retrospective and observational evidence is now available, which suggests that the presence of RRF is independently associated with survival and that this benefit goes beyond what is expected simply from augmentation of small solute clearance. Preservation of RRF is now considered by many to be an important aspect of dialysis strategy. Evidence in favor of one modality over another for preservation of RRF is conflicting, as are the potential benefits of biocompatible fluids in PD. In HD, the evidence in favor of biocompatible membranes is stronger. Emerging evidence is broadly in favor of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for preservation of RRF. Diuretics appear to have a neutral effect. The complexities and practical difficulties in measurement of RRF have resulted in this important parameter being largely ignored in HD. Novel markers of renal function may provide alternative, simple methods of estimating RRF, which may remove the need for urine collections and simplify its measurement.
Sodium Alignment in Clinical Practice—Implementation and Implications
Authors: Raimann Jochen G. , Thijssen Stephan , Usvyat Len A. , Levin Nathan W. , Kotanko Peter
Published: October 2011

Numerous reports in the general and the dialysis population have shown associations of sodium (Na+) intake, blood pressure, and survival. In addition to dietary Na+ intake, positive Na+ balance during dialysis needs to be considered as a source of Na+. Dialysate Na+ (DNa+) concentrations above the serum Na+ concentration (SNa+) result in diffusive Na+ flux from the dialysate into the patient, which has recently been reported to be associated with increased interdialytic weight gain and mortality. Individualization of the Na+ prescription and Na+ alignment (DNa+ equal to SNa+) prevents positive Na+ balance and improves patient outcomes. Alignment requires the knowledge of patients’ SNa+, which can be estimated from previous SNa+ in the monthly routine laboratory measurements. Na+ alignment was recently implemented in a dialysis clinic of Renal Research Institute. Preliminary results of this initiative have shown a trend of predialysis weight and blood pressure reduction. Expansion of this initiative to all clinics of RRI is currently underway and as of April 2011, four additional clinics have been included. Additional research on adequate Na+ alignment is needed to account for Gibbs–Donnan effects, differences in charge across the dialyzer membrane, and variability in measurement methods. Regular calibration of DNa+ delivery by dialysis machines is necessary to ensure that the dialysis prescription is followed. How to provide dialysis to severely hyponatremic patients remains an open question. Finally, long‐term studies of the effects of Na+ restriction on hospitalization and mortality are required to demonstrate the benefits of aligning DNa+ with SNa+.
Ill‐Informed Consent? A Content Analysis of Physical Risk Disclosure in School‐Based HPV Vaccine Programs
Authors: Steenbeek Audrey , MacDonald Noni , Downie Jocelyn , Appleton Mary , Baylis Françoise
Published: October 2011

Objectives

This study examines the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine related physical risks disclosed in documents available to parents, legal guardians, and girls in Canadian jurisdictions with school‐based HPV vaccine programs.

Design and Sample

We conducted an online search for program related HPV vaccine risk/benefit documents for all 13 Canadian jurisdictions between July 2008 and May 2009 including follow‐up by e‐mail and telephone requests for relevant documents from the respective Ministries or Departments of Health. The physical risks listed in the documents were compared across jurisdictions and against documents prepared by the vaccine manufacturer (Merck Frosst Canada), the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC), and a 2007 article in Maclean's Magazine.

Results

No jurisdiction provided the same list of vaccine related physical risks as any other jurisdiction. Major discrepancies were identified.

Conclusions

Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent information can threaten the validity of consent/authorization and potentially undermine trust in the vaccine program and the vaccine itself. Efforts are needed to improve the quality, clarity, and standardization of the content of written documents used in school‐based HPV vaccine programs across Canada.
Safety and Tolerability of Combination Acyclovir 5% and Hydrocortisone 1% Cream in Adolescents with Recurrent Herpes Simplex Labialis
Authors: Strand Anders , Böttiger Disa , Gever Larry N. , Wheeler William
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  A Phase 3, open‐label, multicenter study was conducted to assess the safety of the combination of 5% acyclovir and 1% hydrocortisone cream (AHC cream) in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis (HSL) in immunocompetent adolescents. Eligible subjects were aged 12 to 17 years and had a history of recurrent labial herpes with two or more episodes during the last 12 months. Subjects initiated treatment at the first signs or symptoms of a herpes recurrence—at the earliest prodromal phase and preferably before the presence of papules or vesicles. Subjects applied the cream topically five times per day for 5 days. Adverse events, categorization of recurrence (ulcerative or nonulcerative), and maximum lesion area (maximum area of an ulcerative lesion) were assessed. Of the 134 subjects analyzed for safety, 131 had data for categorization of recurrence at the post‐treatment visit 3 ± 1 weeks after the last dose. Seventy‐eight subjects (59.5%) had nonulcerative recurrences, and 53 (40.5%) had ulcerative recurrences. All 131 subjects reached the stage of normal skin, with no signs or symptoms, at the follow‐up visit. The mean maximum lesion area in the 53 subjects with ulcerative herpes lesion was 39 mm2. Five subjects reported five adverse events (secondary herpes labialis recurrences, n = 2; infectious rhinitis, n = 1; application site inflammation, n = 1; bronchial asthma, n = 1). All adverse events were of mild to moderate intensity. The results of this study demonstrate that the combination of AHC cream is well tolerated in the treatment of recurrent HSL in adolescents.
Insulin resistance increases risk of carpal tunnel syndrome: a case‐control study
Authors: Plastino Massimiliano , Fava Antonietta , Carmela Colica , De Bartolo Matteo , Ermio Caterina , Cristiano Dario , Ettore Maria , Abenavoli Ludovico , Bosco Domenico
Published: October 2011

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common upper limb compression neuropathies. In only 50% of cases it is possible to identify a cause. Our objective was to determine the role of glucose metabolism abnormalities in idiopathic CTS. We identified 117 patients with idiopathic moderate or severe CTS and 128 controls. In all we evaluated glucose and insulin levels at fasting and after 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test (2h‐OGTT). In addition we determined insulin resistance (IR). Following OGTT the prevalence of glucose metabolism abnormalities was significantly higher in the CTS group (p = 0.001). IR was documented in 80% of patients, of whom 45% had impaired glucose tolerance, 14% newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and 20% IR only. Waist circumference and body mass index were also significantly increased in the CTS group. In this study, we focused on evidence that pre‐diabetes may represent a risk factor for CTS. We proposed to determine IR as a rule in all patients with idiopathic CTS.
An ultrastructural and biochemical analysis of collagen in rat peripheral nerves: the relationship between fibril diameter and mechanical properties
Authors: Mason Sarah , Phillips James B.
Published: October 2011

Mechanical features are distributed heterogeneously within nerve tissue, with compliance increased at articulations. This study explored whether differences in stiffness between joint regions (JRs) and non‐joint regions (NJRs) of rat median and sciatic nerves were related to localised variation in collagen content or fibril diameter. There was no significant difference in the amount of collagen detected by biochemical assay in JRs and NJRs of either nerve. Ultrastructural analysis showed collagen fibril diameter ranges of 20–80 nm in the endoneurium and perineurium and 30–130 nm in the epineurium. In the median nerve, but not the sciatic nerve, there were significantly smaller fibrils in JRs compared to NJRs. This corresponded to a greater number density of fibrils in JRs compared to NJRs in the epineurium and endoneurium of the median nerve. We report the presence therefore of a population of thinner collagen fibrils in the JR of the median nerve that corresponds to the location of increased compliance in this tissue, suggesting that localised variation in collagen fibril diameter contributes to the longitudinal heterogeneity of tensile properties in this nerve.
Levetiracetam exhibits protective properties on rat Schwann cells in vitro
Authors: Stettner Mark , Dehmel Thomas , Mausberg Anne K. , Köhne Angelika , Rose Christine R. , Kieseier Bernd C.
Published: October 2011

Oxidative stress and inflammation represent pathways causing substantial damage to the peripheral nervous system. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a commonly used antiepileptic drug targeting high‐voltage activated N‐type calcium channels. Recent evidence suggests that LEV may also act as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suggesting that this drug exhibits both anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative effects, and as such may represent an interesting candidate for treating inflammatory diseases affecting the peripheral nerve. Therefore, we analysed the influence of LEV ex vivo on purified Schwann cells from neonatal P3 rats as well as on dorsal root ganglia prepared from E15 rat embryos. LEV diminished a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced increase of the pro‐inflammatory signature molecules tumour necrosis factor alpha, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9), and caspase 6. Furthermore, LEV decreased LPS‐induced cell death and protected cells against oxidative stress in a glutamate‐based oxidative stress model. MMP‐2 activity, usually elevated during myelination and repair, was also found to be up‐regulated following LEV, while LEV exhibited no negative effects on myelination. Intracellular sodium or calcium concentrations were unaltered by LEV. Thus, LEV may be a promising, well‐tolerated drug that – besides its antiepileptic potential – mediates anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, and anti‐apoptotic properties that may potentially be useful in treating diseases of the peripheral nerve.
fMRI Differences Between Subjects with Low and High Responses to Alcohol During a Stop Signal Task
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Tapert Susan , Matthews Scott C. , Paulus Martin P. , Tolentino Neil J. , Smith Tom L. , Trim Ryan S. , Hall Shana , Simmons Alan
Published: October 2011

Background:  A low level of response (i.e., a low LR) to alcohol is a genetically influenced phenotype that predicts later alcoholism. While the low LR reflects, at least in part, a low brain response to alcohol, the physiological underpinnings of the low LR have only recently been addressed.

Methods:  Forty‐nine drinking but not yet alcoholic matched pairs of 18‐ to 25‐year‐old subjects (N = 98; 53% women) with low and high LRs as established in separate alcohol challenges were evaluated in 2 event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions (placebo and approximately 0.7 ml/kg of alcohol) while performing a validated stop signal task. The high and low LR groups had identical blood alcohol levels during the alcohol session.

Results:  Significant high versus low LR group and LR group × condition effects were observed in blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal during error and inhibitory processing, despite similar LR group performance on the task. In most clusters with significant (corrected p < 0.05, clusters > 1,344 μl) LR group × alcohol/placebo condition interactions, the low LR group demonstrated relatively less, whereas the high LR group demonstrated more, error and inhibition‐related activation after alcohol compared with placebo.

Conclusions:  This is one of the first fMRI studies to demonstrate significant differences between healthy groups with different risks of a future life‐threatening disorder. The results may suggest a brain mechanism that contributes to how a low LR might enhance the risk of future heavy drinking and alcohol dependence.
A Latent Class Analysis of DSM‐IV Alcohol Use Disorder Criteria and Binge Drinking in Undergraduates
Authors: Beseler Cheryl L. , Taylor Laura A. , Kraemer Deborah T. , Leeman Robert F.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Adolescent and adult samples have shown that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV (DSM‐IV) abuse and dependence criteria lie on a continuum of alcohol problem severity, but information on criteria functioning in college students is lacking. Prior factor analyses in a college sample (Beseler et al., 2010) indicated that a 2‐factor solution fit the data better than a single‐factor solution after a binge drinking criterion was included. The second dimension may indicate a clustering of criteria related to excessive alcohol use in this college sample.

Methods:  The present study was an analysis of data from an anonymous, online survey of undergraduates (N = 361) that included items pertaining to the DSM‐IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnostic criteria and binge drinking. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine whether the criteria best fit a categorical model, with and without a binge drinking criterion.

Results:  In an LCA including the AUD criteria only, a 3‐class solution was the best fit. Binge drinking worsened the fit of the models. The largest class (class 1, n = 217) primarily endorsed tolerance (18.4%); none were alcohol dependent. The middle class (class 2, n = 114) endorsed primarily tolerance (81.6%) and drinking more than intended (74.6%); 34.2% met criteria for dependence. The smallest class (class 3, n = 30) endorsed all criteria with high probabilities (30 to 100%); all met criteria for dependence. Alcohol consumption patterns did not differ significantly between classes 2 and 3. Class 3 was characterized by higher levels on several variables thought to predict risk of alcohol‐related problems (e.g., enhancement motives for drinking, impulsivity, and aggression).

Conclusions:  Two classes of heavy‐drinking college students were identified, one of which appeared to be at higher risk than the other. The highest risk group may be less likely to “mature out” of high‐risk drinking after college.
Rehabilitation of a Maxillary Defect Secondary to Recurrent Giant Cell Granuloma
Authors: Segal Aaron
Published: October 2011

This is a presentation of the treatment history of a young woman with a benign lesion resulting in a large maxillary defect. This patient's complex treatment resulted in a full spectrum of rehabilitation modalities. Her story shows alternative treatment options with the ultimate goal of restoring form, function, and quality of life to a patient with an extensive maxillary defect.
A Framework for the Joint Modeling of Longitudinal Diagnostic Outcome Data and Latent Infection Status: Application to Investigating the Temporal Relationship between Infection and Disease
Authors: Jones G. , Johnson W. O. , Vink W. D. , French N.
Published: October 2011

SummaryFor many diseases the infection status of individuals cannot be observed directly, but can only be inferred from biomarkers that are subject to measurement error. Diagnosis ofinfectionbased on observed symptoms can itself be regarded as an imperfect test of infection status. The temporal relationship between infection and marker outcomes may be complex, especially for recurrent diseases where individuals can experience multiple bouts of infection. We propose an approach that first models the unobserved longitudinal infection status of individuals conditional on relevant covariates, and then jointly models the longitudinal sequence of biomarker outcomes conditional on infection status and covariate information through time, thus resulting in a joint model for longitudinal infection and biomarker sequences. This model can be used to investigate the temporal dynamics of infection, and to evaluate the usefulness of biomarkers for monitoring purposes. Our work is motivated and illustrated by a longitudinal study of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) on commercial dairy farms in North West England and North Wales, in which the infection of interest isTreponeme spp., and the biomarkers of interest are a continuous enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test outcome and a dichotomous outcome, foot lesion status. BDD is known to be one of the possible causes of foot lesions in cows.
Hazard Ratio Estimation for Biomarker‐Calibrated Dietary Exposures
Authors: Shaw Pamela A. , Prentice Ross L.
Published: October 2011

Summary Uncertainty concerning the measurement error properties of self‐reported diet has important implications for the reliability of nutritional epidemiology reports. Biomarkers based on the urinary recovery of expended nutrients can provide an objective measure of short‐term nutrient consumption for certain nutrients and, when applied to a subset of a study cohort, can be used to calibrate corresponding self‐report nutrient consumption assessments. A nonstandard measurement error model that makes provision for systematic error and subject‐specific error, along with the usual independent random error, is needed for the self‐report data. Three estimation procedures for hazard ratio (Cox model) parameters are extended for application to this more complex measurement error structure. These procedures are risk set regression calibration, conditional score, and nonparametric corrected score. An estimator for the cumulative baseline hazard function is also provided. The performance of each method is assessed in a simulation study. The methods are then applied to an example from the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.
Adjunctive daily supplementation with encapsulated fruit, vegetable and berry juice powder concentrates and clinical periodontal outcomes: a double‐blind RCT
Authors: Chapple Iain L. C. , Milward Michael R. , Ling‐Mountford Nicola , Weston Paul , Carter Kevin , Askey Keeley , Dallal Gerard E. , De Spirt Silke , Sies Helmut , Patel Dina , Matthews John B.
Published: October 2011

Aim

A double‐blind randomized controlled trial to determine whether dietary supplementation with fruit/vegetable/berry juice powder concentrates, simultaneously with non‐surgical periodontal therapy, improved 2‐month treatment outcomes.

Methods

Volunteers with chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned to one of three groups: fruit/vegetable (FV), fruit/vegetable/berry (FVB) or placebo. Supplements were taken daily during non‐surgical debridement and maintenance and outcomes assessed at 2, 5 and 8 months after completion. Primary outcomes were mean probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment gain, % sites bleeding on probing (% BOP) at 2 months. Adherence and plasma β‐carotene were determined.

Results

Sixty‐one nutritionally replete (by serum biochemistry) volunteers enrolled and 60 (n = 20 per arm) completed the 2‐month review. Clinical outcomes improved in all groups at 2 months, with additional improvement in PPD versus placebo for FV (p < 0.03). Gingival crevicular fluid volumes diminished more in supplement groups than placebo (FVB; p < 0.05) at 2 months, but not at later times. The % BOP (5 months) and cumulative plaque scores (8 months) were lowered more in the FV group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Adjunctive juice powder concentrates appear to improve initial pocket depth reductions in nutritionally replete patients, where plasma micronutrient bioavailability is attainable. Definitive multicentre studies in untreated and treated patients are required to ascertain the clinical significance of such changes.
Strain‐dependent effects of the histamine H4 receptor antagonist JNJ7777120 in a murine model of acute skin inflammation
Authors: Coruzzi Gabriella , Pozzoli Cristina , Adami Maristella , Grandi Daniela , Guido Nicoletta , Smits Rogier , de Esch Iwan , Leurs Rob
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The effects of the histamine H4 receptor antagonist JNJ7777120 were evaluated in a model of acute skin inflammation induced by local application of croton oil. The influence of strain on the effect of JNJ7777120 was investigated in four different mouse strains (CD‐1, NMRI, BALB/c and C57BL/6J). In CD‐1 mice, JNJ777720 (30–100 mg/kg subcutaneously, s.c.) exerted a dose‐dependent inhibition of croton oil‐induced ear inflammation and polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration, as confirmed by histological evaluation of ear tissues. JNJ7777120 (30–100 mg/kg) did not reduce ear oedema in NMRI, BALB/c or C57BL/6J mice. The positive control, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg s.c.) induced significant anti‐inflammatory effects only in CD‐1 and NMRI mice. In these strains, also the histamine H1‐receptor blocker pyrilamine (30 mg/kg s.c.) significantly reduced ear oedema at 2 h after croton oil challenge, being as effective as JNJ7777120 in CD‐1 mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the H4 receptor antagonist JNJ7777120 may reduce acute croton oil‐induced skin inflammation as effectively as H1 receptor blockade. However, present experiments evidenced for the first time marked strain‐related differences in the JNJ7777120 pharmacological activity, which have to be carefully considered when using this ligand to characterize histamine H4 receptor functions in murine models and translating preclinical data to clinical human settings.
Comparison of oral alendronate versus prednisolone in treatment of infants with vitamin D intoxication
Authors: Sezer Rabia G , Guran Tulay , Paketçi Cem , Seren Lale P , Bozaykut Abdulkadir , Bereket Abdullah
Published: October 2011

Aim:  The aim of this report was to compare the efficacy of oral alendronate versus prednisolone treatment in addition to conventional measures in infants with vitamin D intoxication.

Methods:  In six infants (aged 8.0 ± 2.1 months) with vitamin D intoxication, time to achieve normocalcemia with prednisolone treatment (Group I, n = 4) or alendronate treatment (Group II, n = 4, two infants started treatment from the baseline and two after unsuccessful prednisolone treatment) in addition to intravenous hydration and diuretic therapy were compared .

Results:  Baseline serum calcium levels ranged between 3.8 and 4.77 mmol/L. In the prednisolone group, although two patients reached normocalcemia on 7th and 12th days of treatment, other two patients did not despite 23 and 15 days of treatment and therefore switched to alendronate treatment. The mean duration of prednisolone treatment in these four patients was 14.2 ± 6.7 days (range 7–23). In the alendronate group, two patients who started treatment from the baseline achieved normocalcemia on the 5th day. Other two patients achieved normocalcemia 2 days after switching to alendronate. Thus, the mean time to reach normocalcemia after single oral alendronate administration was 3.5 ± 1.7 days (range 2–5) (p < 0.01 versus Group I).

Conclusion:  Alendronate treatment achieves normocalcemia four times earlier than prednisolone treatment and shortens hospital stay in infants with vitamin D intoxication.
A Relationship‐Based Intervention to Improve Social Connectedness in Street‐Involved Youth: A Pilot Study
Authors: McCay Elizabeth , Quesnel Susan , Langley John , Beanlands Heather , Cooper Linda , Blidner Rebecca , Aiello Andria , Mudachi Naomi , Howes Carol , Bach Karen
Published: October 2011

PROBLEM:  Street‐involved youth experience a range of mental health problems with elevated rates of psychiatric disorders compared with non‐homeless youth. The overall objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of a relationship‐based intervention for homeless youth receiving services from agencies in downtown Toronto.

METHODS:  The final sample included 15 homeless youth who met the study inclusion criteria. The intervention and comparison groups were compared at baseline and post‐treatment on measures of mental health symptoms, hopelessness, self‐esteem, resilience, and social connectedness.

FINDINGS:  Participants receiving the intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in social connectedness, with a trend toward decreased hopelessness. Those participants who did not receive the intervention did not demonstrate any improvements in social connectedness and hopelessness.

CONCLUSION:  This preliminary pilot study suggests that providing a relationship‐based intervention to street‐involved youth may offer promise to strengthen social relationships and to mitigate overwhelming hopelessness and despair.
Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents: An Advanced Practice Nursing Intervention for Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Jackman Katherine
Published: October 2011

TOPIC:  The article focuses on the use of motivational interviewing (MI) as an intervention with adolescent patients in mental health treatment settings.

PURPOSE:  The aim of the study is to review MI theory and principles, and inform advanced practice nurses about the suitability of this intervention for adolescents in psychiatric care settings. For this population, MI may be effective in encouraging behavioral change consistent with a harm reduction approach.

SOURCES USED:  Published literature on the topic, including randomized controlled trials, was used in this study.

CONCLUSIONS:  Nurse practitioners in psychiatry are especially well suited to engage their adolescent patients in MI based on their role as patient advocates and the developmental framework within which they practice. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this approach with the adolescent psychiatric population.
Children with Behavioral/Mental Health Disorders and School Mental Health Nurses in Australia
Authors: Browne Graeme , Cashin Andrew , Graham Iain
Published: October 2011

TOPIC:  This review of the literature addresses Australian school mental health nursing is an emergent field of practice.

PURPOSE:  Children with behavioral/mental health disorders present challenges to schools, teachers, and their families. They can be disruptive in class, inappropriate with their peers, and perform poorly academically. Often this group of children do not respond to the school's usual strategies to support appropriate behavior. When children with behavioral/mental health disorders do not receive specialized support based on their problems and needs, their problems can escalate over time and in adolescence their behavior may become more challenging, with increased aggression, substance use, contact with the criminal justice system, and school failure with or without dropout.

CONCLUSION:  Mental health nurses, working as case managers, could be effective in the support of children with behavioral/mental health disorders in schools. Mental health nurses, because of their professional education and clinical practice, work not only with the individual child but also with family members. They are well prepared to case manage in schools and support individual teachers and health and welfare services in their management of their clients with behavioral/mental health disorders.