bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bard of American domesticity: John Updike reconsidered in terms of transnationalism
Authors: Morley Catherine
Published: November 2004

This essay attends to the recent interest in transnationalism within the discipline of American Studies as focused, primarily, upon the nineteenth century. It argues that studies of transnationalism must expand to attend to those later, twentiethcentury writers which America designates
as representative. John Updike is identified as such a writer and his Rabbit Angstrom series is reconsidered as akin to the epic, a quintessentially European form. Updike is re-evaluated as part of a long lineage of revolutionary epicists which include Virgil and Joyce.
Entorhinal Cortex Lesions Disrupt the Relational Organization of Memory in Monkeys
Authors: Buckmaster Cindy A. , Eichenbaum Howard , Amaral David G. , Suzuki Wendy A. , Rapp Peter R.
Published: November 2004

Recent accounts suggest that the hippocampal system critically supports two central characteristics of episodic memory: the ability to establish and maintain representations for the salient relationships between experienced events (relational representation) and the capacity to flexibly manipulate memory (flexible memory expression). To test this proposal in monkeys, intact controls and subjects with bilateral aspiration lesions of the entorhinal cortex were trained postoperatively on two standard memory tasks, delayed nonmatchingto-sample (DNMS) and two-choice object discrimination (OD) learning, and three procedures intended to emphasize relational representation and flexible memory expression: a paired associate (PA) task, a transitive inference (TI) test of learning and memory for hierarchical stimulus relationships, and a spatial delayed recognition span (SDRS) procedure. The latter assessments each included critical “probe” tests that asked monkeys to evaluate the relationships among previously learned stimuli presented in novel combinations. Subjects with entorhinal cortex lesions scored as accurately as controls on all phases of DNMS and OD, procedures that can be solved on the basis of memory for individual stimuli. In contrast, experimental monkeys displayed deficits relative to controls on all phases of the PA, TI, and SDRS tasks that emphasized the flexible manipulation of memory for the relationships between familiar items. Together, the findings support the conclusion that the primate hippocampal system critically enables the relational organization of declarative memory.
High Genetic Diversity in the Chemoreceptor Superfamily of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Stewart Mary K , Clark Nathaniel L , Merrihew Gennifer , Galloway Evan M , Thomas James H
Published: November 2004

We investigated genetic polymorphism in the Caenorhabditis elegans srh and str chemoreceptor gene families, each of which consists of ∼300 genes encoding seven-pass G-protein-coupled receptors. Almost one-third of the genes in each family are annotated as pseudogenes because of apparent functional defects in N2, the sequenced wild-type strain of C. elegans. More than half of these “pseudogenes” have only one apparent defect, usually a stop codon or deletion. We sequenced the defective region for 31 such genes in 22 wild isolates of C. elegans. For 10 of the 31 genes, we found an apparently functional allele in one or more wild isolates, suggesting that these are not pseudogenes but instead functional genes with a defective allele in N2. We suggest the term “flatliner” to describe genes whose functional vs. pseudogene status is unclear. Investigations of flatliner gene positions, dN/dS ratios, and phylogenetic trees indicate that they are not readily distinguished from functional genes in N2. We also report striking heterogeneity in the frequency of other polymorphisms among these genes. Finally, the large majority of polymorphism was found in just two strains from geographically isolated islands, Hawaii and Madeira. This suggests that our sampling of wild diversity in C. elegans is narrow and that identification of additional strains from similarly isolated regions will greatly expand the diversity available for study.
Learning to give feedback in medical education
Authors: Chowdhury Rahul Roy , Kalu Gregory
Published: November 2004

Giving feedback is an essential part of medical education but it is a responsibility that teachers often avoid. Constructive feedback is a generic skill that can be learned. In this article we highlight various methods of giving this constructive feedback.
@ TOG
Authors: Attilakos Georgios , Jenkins Julian , Draycott Timothy
Published: November 2004

This is the first in a new series of articles aiming to review websites that can be a useful tool in our daily clinical practice. Internet usage is expanding rapidly among both doctors and patients. A woman coming to the clinic with pages printed off the internet is a familiar sight to most of us and we should be able to guide patients to websites of respected authorities. We plan to review websites that aim at doctors, patients or both. We do want this series of articles to be interactive and therefore we welcome and request suggestions of websites that you find useful and informative. We aim to review websites on a specific subspecialty or O&G field in each article. This first article is an exception as we will concentrate on five basic websites that we use frequently in our practice.
Primo Levi's The Periodic Table. A Search for Patterns in Times Past
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: November 2004

In his book The Periodic Table, Primo Levi, with touching thoughtfulness, sketched the magic of the elements that make up this world. As with all enduring works of art, The Periodic Table is open to numerous interpretations. Another visit, a quarter of a century after its publication, proves to be most rewarding.
Dispersive estimates for principally normal pseudodifferential operators
Authors: Koch Herbert , Tataru Daniel
Published: November 2004

In this article we construct parametrices and obtain dispersive estimates for a large class of principally normal pseudodifferential operators. The main motivation for this comes from unique continuation problems. Such estimates can be used to prove Lq Carleman inequalities, which in turn yield unique continuation results for various partial differential operators with rough potentials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No association between subjective memory complaints and apolipoprotein E genotype in cognitively intact elderly
Authors: Harwood Dylan G. , Barker Warren W. , Ownby Raymond L. , Mullan Michael , Duara Ranjan
Published: November 2004

Objective

This cross‐sectional study examined the relationship between subjective memory complaints and the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele (ε4), a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), among cognitively normal subjects identified from a community memory screening.

Design

The sample comprised 232 consecutive white non‐Hispanic older adults who presented to a free community‐based memory‐screening program at a University affiliated memory disorders center. Participants were classified as cognitively normal based on scores on the age and educated adjusted Folstein Mini‐Mental Status Exam (MMSAdj) and a brief Delayed Verbal Recall Test (DRT). Subjects were assessed for APOE genotype, subjective memory complaints (Memory Questionnaire, MQ), depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS), and history of four major medical conditions that have been associated with memory loss (stroke/transient ischemic attack [TIA], atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes). A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the association between APOE genotype and memory complaints after controlling for a host of potential confounding factors.

Results

The APOE ε4 allele frequency for cognitively normal subjects was 0.13. Subjective memory complaints were predicted by depressive symptoms and a history of stroke/TIA. They were not associated with APOE genotype, MMSAdj score, DRT score, age, education, gender, and reported history of atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, or diabetes.

Conclusion

The results did not suggest an association between subjective memory complaints and the APOE ε4 allele in this sample of cognitively intact subjects. This indicates that memory complaints may confer risk for future dementia through pathways independent of APOE genotype. The results also show that older adults with memory complaints are at increased risk for underlying depression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoskeletal actin degradation induced by lovastatin in cardiomyocytes is mediated through caspase‐2
Authors: Kong Jennifer Y. , Rabkin Simon W.
Published: November 2004

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cytoskeletal actin fragmentation is mediated through caspase‐2, specifically examining the ability of a caspase‐2 inhibitor to interfere with actin fragmentation, in comparison with a caspase‐3 inhibitor. Cardiomyocytes were cultured from embryonic chick heart. The fine structural element of cellular F‐actin was visualized by staining cardiomyocytes with NBD‐phallacidin. Lovastatin induced a dramatic and concentration‐dependent loss of intact F‐actin. The selectivity of this effect of lovastatin was demonstrated by the absence of similar changes in F‐actin when cardiomyocytes were treated with the apoptotic stimulus palmitate, the metabolism of which produces acetyl CoA, the early substrate of cholesterol synthesis, through the mevalonate pathway. FACS analysis of NBD‐phallacidin‐stained cells was used to quantify the amount of F‐actin loss. Actin fragmentation produced by lovastatin was operative through a caspase‐2 pathway, as the caspase‐2 inhibitor, z‐VDVAD‐fmk, significantly blocked lovastatin‐induced changes in F‐actin, but the caspase‐3 inhibitor, Ac‐DEVD‐CHO, did not. Interruption of the mevalonate pathway was in part responsible for lovastatin's action, as the downstream metabolite mevalonate partially reversed the effect of lovastatin on actin fragmentation. These data indicate a previously unrecognized link between cytoskeletal actin and caspase‐2.
Bleeding induced by SSRIs
Authors: Ceylan M.E. , Alpsan-Omay M.H.
Published: November 2004

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) have been accused of causing bleeding problems as a side effect. Theories about the mechanism are still being discussed. We report a case, presenting bleeding problems, during sertraline treatment. The SSRIs are widely used to treat depression and many other psychiatric disorders. Their lower severity of side effects and being markedly safer in overdose are some of the reasons of their preference as primary choice in most of the cases. Besides their common side effects like, agitation, headache, insomnia, weight gain or loss, and sexual dysfunction, SSRIs also have been suspected of increasing the risk of bleeding. A population-based cohort study supported the hypothesis of an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the use of SSRIs, and they also indicated that this effect is potentiated with concurrent use of NSAIDs or low-dose aspirin. We would like to report our recent experience with one patient who was on sertraline, 50mg/day.
The “New Labour Policy” in Nazi Colonial Planning for Africa
Authors: Linne Karsten
Published: November 2004

The National Socialist planning for a recolonization of Africa was based on a new social and labour policy and focused chiefly on the “labour question”. In designing their schemes, planners strove to mobilize wage labour and circumvent the much-feared “proletarianization” of the workers. The key problem in exploiting the African colonies had two main aspects: a shortage of manpower and migrant labour. Therefore, planners designed complex systems of organized, state-controlled labour recruitment, and formulated rules for labour contracts and compensation. An expanded labour administration was to ensure that the “deployment of labour” ran smoothly and that workers were registered, evaluated, and supervised. Furthermore, “white labour guardians” were to be assigned the responsibility of overseeing the social wellbeing of the African workers. As was evident not only in Germany but in the colonial powers, France and Great Britain, as well, these concepts all fit into the general trend of the times, a trend characterized by the application of scientific methods in solving social issues, by the increased emphasis on state intervention, and by the introduction of sociopolitical measures. Nazi planning was based on Germany's prewar politics but also reflected the changes occurring in German work life after 1933.
Jewish or Arab Hired Workers? Inner Tensions in a Jewish Settlement in Pre–state Israel
Authors: Seltenreich Yair
Published: November 2004

The agricultural settlement was essential in the process of establishing the state of Israel. In the 1920s the Zionist leadership claimed exclusivity in employing Hebrew workers. This research focuses on the lone Moshava settlement, and examines the reasons why its farmers, opposing the hegemonic ethos, preferred the employment of Arab workers. In the broader historical context, this article's interest is the possible reactions of a peripheral social group straining under the pressure of the hegemonic elite. The research shows how the farmers' position caused increasing involvement by powerful external organizations in the decision-making process of employment, to such an extent that the farmers virtually lost their control of the matter. Furthermore, the research illustrates how the fact that national institutions and the Hebrew workers belonging to the same ideological environment caused social values to be identified with national values and favoured them over economic values.
What's trust got to do with it? Non-payment of service charges in local authorities in South Africa
Authors: Fjeldstad Odd-Helge
Published: November 2004

A major financial problem in many municipalities in South Africa is the inadequate collection of service charges due to widespread non-payment. The prevailing view is that non-compliance is caused by poverty and the existence of an ‘entitlement culture’. However, huge variations in compliance exist both within poor communities and between communities with similar socio-economic characteristics. How can these differences be explained? Moreover, what factors determine citizens' compliance? This paper argues that non-payment is related not only to inability to pay and ‘a culture of entitlement’, but also to whether citizens perceive the local government to act in their interest. In particular, three dimensions of trust may affect citizens' compliance: (1) trust in the local government to use revenues to provide expected services; (2) trust in the authorities to establish fair procedures for revenue collection and distribution of services; and (3) trust in other citizens to pay their share.
Use of soft information to describe the relative uncertainty of calibration data in hydrologic models
Authors: Khadam Ibrahim M. , Kaluarachchi Jagath J.
Published: November 2004

The impact of inaccurate or unreliable hydrological data on model calibration can be significant. A special case is when calibration data are from different sources with varying accuracy, e.g., missing streamflow measurements that have been supplemented by interpolation or extrapolation. Since the relative accuracy of data is commonly defined subjectively, model calibration with data of varying uncertainty is difficult. In this work, a framework using the method of order of importance is presented to incorporate soft information to describe the relative accuracy of calibration data. A numerical example using synthetic data is presented to demonstrate the validity of the methodology. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated for the Fishtrap Creek Catchment of Washington State, where the short streamflow record with significant gaps was reconstructed using support vector machines (SVM). Incorporation of this educated judgment about the relative accuracy of the calibration data resulted in identification of faulty model calibration as well as errors in the SVM prediction of extreme streamflow events, which would have been undetected otherwise. The methodology was further applied to two management scenarios involving flood frequency analysis and satisfying legally established in‐stream flow requirements.
Operational trace gas retrieval algorithm for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer
Authors: Turquety S. , Hadji‐Lazaro J. , Clerbaux C. , Hauglustaine D. A. , Clough S. A. , Cassé V. , Schlüssel P. , Mégie G.
Published: November 2004

The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a nadir‐viewing remote sensor due for launch on board the European Metop satellites (to be launched in 2005, 2010, and 2015). It is dedicated to the study of the troposphere and the lower stratosphere to support operational meteorology as well as atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. For this purpose, it will record high resolution atmospheric spectra in the thermal infrared, allowing the measurement of several infrared absorbing species. This paper describes the clear‐sky retrieval scheme developed in the framework of the preparation of the IASI mission for the operational, near real time, retrieval of O3, CH4, and CO concentrations. It includes the inversion module, based on a neural network approach, as well as an error analysis module. The studies undertaken on test simulations have shown that a performance of the order of 1.5%, 2%, and 5% for the retrieval of total columns of O3, CH4, and CO, respectively, can be achieved, and of the order of 28%, 15%, and 9% for the retrieval of partial columns of O3 between the surface and 6, 12, and 16 km high, respectively. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated on the atmospheric measurements provided by the Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG)/ADEOS, allowing to obtain the first remote‐sensing simultaneous distributions of ozone and its two precursors, CO and CH4.
Identification of anthropogenic climate change using a second‐generation reanalysis
Authors: Santer Benjamin D. , Wigley Tom M. L. , Simmons Adrian J. , Kållberg Per W. , Kelly Graeme A. , Uppala Sakari M. , Ammann Caspar , Boyle James S. , Brüggemann Wolfgang , Doutriaux Charles , Fiorino Mike , Mears Carl , Meehl Gerald A. , Sausen Robert , Taylor Karl E. , Washington Warren M. , Wehner Michael F. , Wentz Frank J.
Published: November 2004

Changes in the height of the tropopause provide a sensitive indicator of human effects on climate. A previous attempt to identify human effects on tropopause height relied on information from ‘first‐generation’ reanalyses of past weather observations. Climate data from these initial model‐based reanalyses have well‐documented deficiencies, raising concerns regarding the robustness of earlier detection work that employed these data. Here we address these concerns using information from the new second‐generation ERA‐40 reanalysis. Over 1979 to 2001, tropopause height increases by nearly 200 m in ERA‐40, partly due to tropospheric warming. The spatial pattern of height increase is consistent with climate model predictions of the expected response to anthropogenic influences alone, significantly strengthening earlier detection results. Atmospheric temperature changes in two different satellite data sets are more highly correlated with changes in ERA‐40 than with those in a first‐generation reanalysis, illustrating the improved quality of temperature information in ERA‐40. Our results provide support for claims that human activities have warmed the troposphere and cooled the lower stratosphere over the last several decades of the 20th century, and that both of these changes in atmospheric temperature have contributed to an overall increase in tropopause height.
Locating the sources of low‐pass behavior within rainfall‐runoff models
Authors: Oudin Ludovic , Andréassian Vazken , Perrin Charles , Anctil François
Published: November 2004

The reasons why most rainfall‐runoff models appear relatively insensitive to potential evapotranspiration (PE) inputs, compared with rainfall inputs, are investigated. To this aim, a methodology is presented providing detailed tracking of the treatment of PE input by two rainfall‐runoff models. Since uncertainties affect both the structures and the inputs of rainfall‐runoff models, the analysis is based on synthetic flow data. Standard synthetic streamflow series were generated using a standard PE input. Then, the PE series were corrupted successively by random and autocorrelated errors, and the propagation of these errors through the models' state variables is followed. For comparison, the same methodology was applied to rainfall data. The analysis is focused on two lumped rainfall‐runoff models (the GR4J model and a lumped version of TOPMODEL) over a large sample of 308 watersheds. The investigation shows that perturbation errors in the potential evapotranspiration are absorbed by the model's production (soil moisture accounting) reservoir, which controls the water losses from the model. Given the slow variations in the soil moisture accounting reservoir, rainfall‐runoff models behave like low‐pass filters, absorbing high‐frequency variations of PE inputs. In contrast, the models tested here do not smooth the rainfall perturbation.
An Extension of the Phase Rule for Adsorption under Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Conditions
Authors: Langmuir Irving
Published: November 2004

An adsorption field is defined as a homogeneous part of a solid or liquid surface on which adsorption can occur. In presence of adsorbable components each field contains one or more surface phases. Adsorption experiments have demonstrated that in many cases all the intrinsic properties of an isolated surface phase are variables characterized by C+1 degrees of freedom (F) where C is the number of components. If this surface phase postulate (S.P.P.) applies to each surface phase in a system, then, for a system in a state of complete equilibrium, F has the value F0 = C+S —Pv—Ps+2 where S, Pv and Ps are the numbers of fields, volume phases and surface phases, respectively. By considering the possible mechanisms, such as interphase mobility and vapor interchange by which equilibrium may be attained, this phase rule is extended to states of partial equilibrium, for example, cases where the surface phases and the volume phases are at different temperatures. The effects of electric fields are considered. Non-equilibrium states, which may be divided into steady states and transient states are characterized by values of F greater than F0. Experiments on transients by which F can be determined may thus serve to determine S when it is otherwise unknown. If the geometrical arrangement of the surface phases is known, such experiments serve to determine the surface diffusion coefficient D, or the phase boundary resistance to diffusion. The applicability of the S.P.P. depends on a certain degree of intraphase mobility of the adatoms.
The Symmetry of the Benzene Molecule
Authors: Deitz V. , Andrews D. H.
Published: November 2004

The melting points of various isomeric organic compounds indicate that molecular symmetry has an important effect on physical properties. With R. H. Fowler's statistical treatment of the crystal state, the symmetry number has been calculated for benzene and cyclohexene. The data employed are the vapor pressure, the heat capacity of the crystal, the heat capacity of the vapor as calculated from Raman spectra, the heat of sublimation and the moments of inertia. According to this calculation the symmetry number for benzene has the value 6±0.5 indicating that the molecule is not plane. The symmetry number for cyclohexene is 2±0.2 as is to be expected.
Low Temperature Specific Heats: III. Molecular Rotation in Crystalline Primary Normal Amyl Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Southard J. C. , Milner R. T. , Hendricks S. B.
Published: November 2004

The heat capacity of primary normal amyl ammonium chloride was measu red between 20° and 280°K. If the substance is quenched to 90°K a metastable form is obtained which upon heat ing above 165°K slowly changes toward an apparently st able form. Two regions of gradual transition were found. X-ray powder diffraction photographs taken above and below the transition regions were remarkably similar. The experimental results are interpreted on the basis of rotation of the NH3C5H11+ groups in the crystals.
An Elementary Deduction of Gibbs' Adsorption Theorem
Authors: Koenig F. O. , Swain R. C.
Published: November 2004

The Gibbsian treatment of the thermodynamics of surfaces is very long and abstract. On the other hand the equations designated as ``Gibbs' adsorption theorem'' in all texts that have come to the authors' attention are only special cases, incompletely or inexactly derived, of the Gibbsian equation for constant temperature, dσ=− ∑ i=1KΓidμi.An exact elementary deduction of this equation is therefore desirable. Such a deduction is given by means of a thermodynamic engine. Various closely related equations, all for constant temperature, are also deduced. The relation of the equations obtained to the most general Gibbsian equations, which include variations of temperature, is indicated. The assumptions underlying the Gibbsian treatment of the thermodynamics of surfaces are discussed briefly.
A Calculation of the Equilibria in Keto-Enol Tautomerism
Authors: Wheland G. W.
Published: November 2004

A calculation of the equilibria obtaining in some simple cases of keto-enol tautomerism has been carried through with the aid of bond and resonance energies derived from empirical data. The results obtained are in qualitative and semi-quantitative agreement with experiment.
On the Theory of the Distribution of Electrolytes Between a Solid Crystalline and a Liquid Phase
Authors: Ratner A. P.
Published: November 2004

A short discussion of the nature of distribution equilibria between mixed crystals and aqueous solutions is given. From the general theory of the thermodynamical potential and the activity theory of strong electrolytes, equations are deduced giving the influence of the composition of the liquid phase on the distribution ratio and the dependence of the partition constant on the properties of the pure components. The relative importance of the various factors in these equations, depending on the concentrations and properties of the components, is discussed. The deduced equations are in agreement with the experimental data.
Correlation of Heat Capacity, Absolute Temperature and Entropy
Authors: Linhart George A.
Published: November 2004

Correlation of heat capacity, absolute temperature and entropy: Starting with the two assumptions that at very low temperature the heat capacity is proportional to the entropy, and that at relatively high temperature it approaches a limiting value (C∞), very simple relations are obtained between the heat capacity and the absolute temperature, and between the entropy and the absolute temperature of a given substance, by the introduction of a simple algebraic function which satisfies the two assumptions. The validity of these relations is substantiated by the excellent agreement of the observed and the calculated values for the heat capacities and for the entropies of a considerable number of substances, ten of which are given in this paper.
Technique for the Electrolytic Production of H2H2O
Authors: Taylor Hugh S. , Eyring Henry , Frost Arthur A.
Published: November 2004

A detailed description of a method of preparing heavy water in quantity is given and yields obtained over a period of months reported.
Dielectric Constant Studies. I. An Improved Voltage Tuning Resonance Method and Its Application to Aqueous Potassium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Malone J. Gilbert , Ferguson A. L. , Case L. O.
Published: November 2004

An experimental study of the behavior of various types of apparatus used in the measurement of dielectric constants of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Although simple theory indicates that the voltage tuning method of detection should give results which are uninfluenced by the conductivity of the solutions and should, hence, be particularly adapted to measurements on electrolytic solutions, it appears, however, that other disturbing factors are present. This is shown by the divergent results obtained when different types of detection are employed and leads to the conclusion that the change in dielectric constant of such solutions as observed by this method depends more or less upon the characteristics of the particular generating and receiving circuits used.
Acoustical Studies. II. The Behavior of a Gas with Several Independent Internal Energy States
Authors: Richards William T.
Published: November 2004

The method founded by Einstein for the description of the acoustical behavior of a dissociating gas has been extended to cover a nondissociating gas in which five groups of internal energy states have different relaxation times. Since the resulting expressions are unwieldly, approximations based on them, which permit the rough description of experiment, have been given. The study of the variation of the velocity of sound with frequency demonstrates differences in the relaxation times of the various states. The variation of the velocity of sound with pressure shows in addition effects due to three-body collisions or to radiation from optically active states. It has been suggested to treat the temperature coefficient of the kinetic relaxation time by the introduction of an expirical quantity which may be called ``the activation energy of collision.'' By this means a rough kinetic analysis of the transition probability is possible. In gaseous mixtures, the relative spatial and energetic effectiveness of various types of collisions in exciting internal energy may be compared.
On Electrophoretic Mobilities and the Isoelectric Point of Protein-Coated Particles
Authors: Halpern Otto
Published: November 2004

It is a fact known by experiment that quartz or glass particles of microscopic size suspended in a liquid and coated with a superficial layer of protein exhibit in almost every instance the same mobility in response to the application of an electric field. This indicates that their electrophoretic potential is independent of the size and shape of the particles. Furthermore, the isoelectric point of these particles coincides with the isoelectric point of the proteinic ions in the solution. Some very general thermodynamic arguments are given in this paper indicating that we should expect a similar behavior as a consequence of simple model properties.
Effects of Pressure on the Visible Band Spectra of Nitrogen
Authors: Harned Herbert S. , Brownscombe Eugene R.
Published: November 2004

(1) The visible band spectrum of nitrogen produced by an electrodeless discharge has been studied at pressures ranging from 0.002 to 4 mm. (2) At the lowest pressures the spectrum was almost entirely composed of the first negative bands due to N2+. The first positive bands appeared very faintly. As the pressure of the discharge was increased, the first and second positive band systems greatly increased in intensity up to a pressure of 0.2 mm. At still higher pressures the second positive bands were found to fade until at pressures of 4 mm they were just noticeable. (3) In the case of the first negative bands, it is found that increase of pressure increases the number of N2+ ions in the higher rotational states.
The Exchange of Energy Between Polyatomic Molecules and a Metallic Surface
Authors: Whaley Fred R.
Published: November 2004

Experimental evidence is given to show that fairly complicated molecules, on striking a hot surface, do not absorb energy in their vibrational degrees of freedom to any appreciable extent. In regard to the energy interchange the molecules behave like hypothetical gases of six degrees of freedom, translational and rotational.
The Dipole Moments and Structures of Certain Long-Chain Molecules
Authors: Smyth C. P. , Walls W. S.
Published: November 2004

The dipole moment of isoprene is measured and found to differ so little from zero that it cannot play a part in the tendency of the substance to polymerize. The moments of hexamethylene and nonamethylene bromide are determined and that of trimethylene bromide is redetermined. Consideration of these values with those previously measured for other long-chain dibromides indicates that the moment of trimethylene bromide may be increased by the existence of a van der Waals attractive force between the two bromine atoms. The orienting effect of the two C–Br dipoles upon one another becomes negligibly small when the carbon chain between them is lengthened from six to nine atoms. The results are best explained by the supposition that the carbon chain is an extended zigzag structure which is not infrequently bent by rotation around one or more C–C bonds.
The Limiting Laws of the Interionic Attraction Theory of Strong Electrolytes
Authors: Van Rysselberghe Pierre
Published: November 2004

The various methods of obtaining the limiting laws of strong electrolytes are briefly discussed. It is shown that the dependence of these limiting laws on the temperature, the dielectric constant of the solvent and the volume of the solution can be deduced from the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and the virial theorem of Clausius. The Debye-Hückel and the Kramers limiting laws are found to be of the same type as these general limiting laws, with numerical coefficients obtained thanks to the use of the Poisson equation.
Wave Functions for the Ground State of Lithium and Three-Electron Ions
Authors: Wilson E. Bright
Published: November 2004

Improved wave functions and ionization potentials have been obtained for the configuration 1s2 2s, by using the variation method with a variation function containing four parameters. The wave function for the whole atom is of the determinant form, built up of K and L single-electron functions. The K function used is hydrogen-like with one parameter, the effective nuclear charge, and the L function is of the form αre—ηr—e—ζr. A simple rule is obtained by means of which it is possible to write down the wave function for any three-electron ion without further calculation. The deviation of the calculated ionization potentials from the observed values is 0.9 percent for Li I and decreases to 0.3 percent for C IV. Comparison is made with the results of other investigators and curves showing the wave functions and electron density functions are given.
The Problem of Atomic Polarization
Authors: Smyth Charles P.
Published: November 2004

New values of atomic polarizations are obtained from the temperature variation of the dielectric constants of gases. Although the values are of a greater magnitude than those calculated for simple molecules from infrared intensity measurements, they show that the improbably high values previously found for several alkyl halides are incorrect. If the molecule is not very large, its atomic polarization is a relatively small quantity unless dipole rotation may occur within the molecule as indicated by the dielectric constant of the substance in the solid state.
The Rate of Dissociation of Nitrogen Tetroxide
Authors: Teeter Charles Edwin
Published: November 2004

It has long been supposed that the rate of dissociation of nitrogen tetroxide could be calculated from observations of the dispersion of the sound in the gas. Einstein's equations gave the velocity constant in terms of the dispersion and the properties of the substances, regarded as ideal, acoustically transparent gases. Dispersion has been reported and rate constants calculated by several observers. On the other hand an equal number of negative results have been reported. Recently the theory has been examined critically by D. G. C. Luck and modified to take account of the absorption of sound and the deviations from the gas laws. Moreover dispersion has been observed for nondissociating gases, particularly carbon dioxide. In this gas, time lag in the equilibrium between vibrational and translational-rotational degrees of freedom causes an increase of velocity exactly parallel with that caused by dissociation. Indeed any type of equilibrium in the system may be expected to produce a dispersion of sound in some frequency region related to its own frequency, and it is not possible to distinguish between the types of equilibrium by sound measurements. The use of very small measuring tubes also produces a dispersion of somewhat smaller magnitude. Under these circumstances it is difficult to see how any interpretation can be made or conclusions drawn. In a series of measurements made during the last five years, the author has found no measurable dispersion of sound in N2O4 up to 53.8 kc. The velocity of sound at this frequency agreed closely with that determined by Grüneisen and Goens at audible frequencies, although high absorption made observation difficult. At higher frequencies no evidence of transmission could be obtained although sound up to 860 kc was employed. This increasing absorption shows that we are entering a dispersive region but it is not possible to say whether dissociation, time lag, or a combination of both is responsible for the dispersion. This applies equally to the velocity increases found by Richards and Reid in the same frequency region. Hence it seems that the sonic method for measuring rates of dissociation is not likely to fulfill the hopes of its proponents, and further experimental work will not be fruitful.
Allotropy of Liquid Nitrobenzene
Authors: Lind Edmund L. , Young T. Fraser
Published: November 2004

New measurements have been made of the surface tension and density of nitrobenzene between 6°C and 20°C. No evidence of allotropy was found. Neither intensive drying with phosphorus pentoxide nor the addition of moisture produced any anomalous density changes, although some samples, cooled from higher temperatures, were kept for twenty-four hours at 6°C.
The Free Energy of Steam and of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Gordon A. R.
Published: November 2004

The free energy of steam is computed from the moments of inertia determined by Mecke and Baumann, and from the fundamental frequencies of Mecke and of Plyler, for temperatures up to 3000°K. From these numbers, the free energy of carbon dioxide (computed from Martin and Barker's data), the known free energies of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and the thermal data of Rossini, the equilibrium constant for the water-gas reaction is obtained. The calculated equilibrium constants agree with the best experimental values for the temperature range 700°—1259°K within the limits of error of the experiments. The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of steam into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen is also tabulated, but an unambiguous comparison with experiment is not possible for this reaction, since steam may also dissociate into hydroxyl and hydrogen and the data necessary for a reliable calculation of the hydroxyl dissociation are not available. A calculation for the producer-gas equilibrium predicts greater dissociation of the CO2 into CO and graphite than is found by experiment; this discrepancy can be accounted for if graphite is assumed to have a ``zero point'' entropy in excess of that given by the third law of thermodynamics.
The Lattice Energies of the Silver and Thallium Halides
Authors: Mayer Joseph E.
Published: November 2004

The lattice energies and lattice constants of the silver and thallium halides are calculated assuming ionic crystals with a van der Waals potential. The latter term, which is large, accounts for the low solubilities (high lattice energies) of the salts. The calculations appear to be quantitatively satisfactory for the thallium halides, TlCl, TlBr and TlI, and for the three silver halides AgF, AgCl and AgBr. Definite evidence is found for assuming the existence of a homopolar potential in AgI of about 10 percent of the total lattice energy. One reason for believing this, is the stability of the zincblend instead of the rocksalt lattice, which latter should be stable were the compound purely ionic. There is presumably some homopolar binding in AgBr but it cannot be large. The thallium salts probably are entirely ionic. The theoretically calculated and experimental (chemical) lattice energies are, respectively, in K cal., AgF, 219, 217.7; AgCl, 203, 205.7; AgBr, 197, 201.8; AgI, 190, 199.2; TlCl, 167, 170.1; TlBr, 164, 165.6; TlI, 159, 160.8.
The Deflection of Molecular Rays in an Electric Field: The Electric Moment of Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Estermann Immanuel , Fraser Ronald G. J.
Published: November 2004

A comparison of the method for determining electric moments of molecules by deflection of molecular beams by inhomogeneous electric fields with the dielectric constant method shows that the molecular beam method has certain advantages. This method determines the electric moment of gases directly and is able to detect the effect of higher rotational states of non-gyroscopic molecules. Moreover, a deviation of the axis of the dipole moment from that of the axis of rotation by other than 90° should be detected. The additional energy due to an electric field is proportional to the square of the field intensity and is a function of the quantum numbers m and j, if the electric moment is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Otherwise there will be a linear dependence on the intensity of the electric field. An experimental method of the Rabi type for studying the HCl molecule is described. The patterns produced by the undeflected and deflected molecules are given and from these patterns the electric moment of the HCl molecule is found to be approximately 1.95×10—18 e.s.u.
The Raman Spectra of Ring Compounds. I. Mono-Substituted Benzene Compounds
Authors: Murray John W. , Andrews Donald H.
Published: November 2004

An improved apparatus for the study of Raman spectra has been developed. The use of filters including nitrobenzene for removing violet light, sodium nitrite for removing ultraviolet and copper nitrate for the removal of red light, has been discussed. The Raman spectra of n-butane, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and iodobenzene have been reinvestigated and several new lines found in each. The Raman spectrum of alpha-chloropyridine has been studied for the first time and found very similar to that of chlorobenzene.
The Entropy of a Crystalline Solution of Silver Bromide and Silver Chloride in Relation to the Third Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Eastman E. D. , Milner R. T.
Published: November 2004

With the object of testing experimentally the third law of thermodynamics as applied to crystalline solutions, the chief thermodynamic properties of such a solution of silver bromide and silver chloride have been studied. Measurements described and recorded include: the free energy of formation, obtained from measurements of the e.m.f. of appropriate silver-silver halide electrodes against hydrogen; the heat of formation, from measurements of heat absorbed in dissolving the various phases in a thiosulfate solution; the specific heats between 15°K and 298°K of the pure constituents and the solid solution. The entropy of silver bromide and of silver chloride is calculated from the specific heat curves. The entropy change in the formation of the solid solution at 298°K is calculated from the experimental data and is found to agree with the result calculated statistically. The latter is identical in form and magnitude with the entropy as calculated thermodynamically for an ideal solution, though the heat content and free energy show that the solution is far from perfect. From the specific heat curves it appears that the entropy of mixing persists essentially unchanged in magnitude to the lowest temperature of the measurements, and presumably to the absolute zero. The existence of finite entropies, or entropy differences, at the absolute zero is regarded as established thermodynamically, and the requisite interpretation of statistical ideas to secure concordance with this result is discussed. Finally, although the existence of a valid but limited third law is accepted, and a concise general statement of it suggested, it is pointed out that the ``principle of the unattainability of the absolute zero'' must be regarded as extra-thermodynamic in character.
The Mechanism of the Reaction of Hydrogen Atoms with Oxygen
Authors: Bates John R.
Published: November 2004

(1) A mechanism has been suggested for the reaction of hydrogen atoms with oxygen. This mechanism unifies a considerable number of hitherto conflicting data which have been assembled in connection with studies of the reaction. (2) The rate variation with the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen has been explained. (3) The quantum yield has been predicted, using the same constants as those necessary to reproduce the rate variation. Also the variation of quantum yield with light intensity is found to be as predicted. (4) The temperature coefficient is also as predicted by the mechanism, but agreement is only semi-quantitative. (5) The bearing of this mechanism on a series of reactions which have been and are still under investigation has been indicated.
Diffusion of Hydrogen Through Platinum and Nickel and Through Double Layers of These Metals
Authors: Ham W. R.
Published: November 2004

Flow of hydrogen through single sheets of Ni and Pt with atmospheric pressure on ingoing side and pressure of 0.1/mm on outgoing side follows the empirical equationR=A·((p012−pt12)/x)·T−12·ε−b1/Tsimilar to that given by Borelius, where pt is small compared with p0 but apparently proportional to p0; with double layers of these two metals the b1 of the exponential is dependent only on the metal at the outgoing surface, and is the difference between the work of escape from the outgoing surface and the heat of solution of hydrogen in that metal. The kinetic theory flow equation is sufficient to explain the pt, and the variation of pt with temperature may be used to compute the work function at the outgoing surface, and also to obtain values of m/k where m is the mass of the hydrogen atom and k the Boltzmann constant.
The Decomposition of Sodium Azide by Controlled Electron Bombardment and by Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Müller Ralph H. , Brous G. Calvin
Published: November 2004

The decomposition of crystalline sodium azide has been brought about by bombardment with 11.65±0.2 volt electrons. The material to be decomposed was placed on the plate of a specially designed three electrode vacuum tube and the decomposition rate studied as a function of the voltage of the bombarding electrons. All decomposition rates were determined by the pressure change as measured on an ionization manometer, sodium azide decomposing into pure sodium and nitrogen. Periodic discontinuities in pressure were observed which are associated with the ionization manometer and the crystalline sodium azide. Solid sodium azide has been found to be decomposed photochemically by wave-lengths below approximately 405 mμ. The rate of decomposition was directly proportional to the light intensity. There is no apparent relation between energies necessary for the electronic and photochemical decomposition.
The Raman Spectrum of Tetramethylmethane
Authors: Rank D. H.
Published: November 2004

Raman spectra of tetramethylmethane, the mono chloro derivative of tetramethylmethane and n-amyl chloride, have been obtained with a spectrograph which gave a dispersion of 14A/mm at λ4500. Filters were employed which permitted the observation of the weaker lines. The rather simple arrangement of very intense quartz water-cooled vacuum mercury arcs is described. The results for tetramethylmethane confirm the predictions of the theory of the vibration spectrum of the hydrocarbons which was developed by Kohlrausch and Barnes.
The Quantum Mechanics of Chemical Reactions Involving Conjugate Double Bonds
Authors: Eyring Henry , Sherman Albert , Kimball George E.
Published: November 2004

The various theories of conjugate double bonds are discussed on the basis of quantum mechanics. The potential energy surfaces for the addition of diatomic molecules to such bonds are calculated by the generalized Heitler-London method. It is shown that various mechanisms are possible for such reactions and that such effects as the steric repulsions of the various inactive groups in the molecule and the nature of the catalytic surface on which such reactions often take place determine whether 1–2 or 1–4 addition takes place.