bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING
Authors: Iwai Hiroshi , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Wong Hei
Published: August 2006

The downsizing of CMOS devices has been accelerated very aggressively in both production and research in recent years. Sub-100 nm gate length CMOS large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs) have been used for many applications and five nanometer gate length MOS transistor was even reported. However, many serious problems emerged when such small geometry MOSFETs are used to realize a large-scale integrated circuit. Even at the 'commercial 45 nm (HP65nm) technology node', the skyrocketing rise of the production cost becomes the greatest concern for maintaining the downsizing trend towards 10 nm. In this paper, future semiconductor manufacturing challenges for nano-sized devices and ultra large scale circuits are analyzed. The portraits of future integration circuit fabrication and the distribution of semiconductor manufacturing centers in next decade are sketched. The possible limits for the scaling will also be elaborated.
NANOELECTRONICS – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: WONG H.-S. PHILIP
Published: August 2006

As device sizes approach the nanoscale, new opportunities arise from harnessing the physical and chemical properties at the nanoscale. It is now feasible to contemplate new nanoelectronic systems based on new devices with completely new system architectures. This paper will give an overview of the materials, technology, and device opportunities in the nanoscale era. So far, much of the nanoscale sciences have been researched in the physics, chemistry, and materials science communities. While there have been plenty of good science in the nano world, nanotechnology is still at its infancy. The engineering community is poised to make a major impact in transforming good nanoscience into useful nanotechnology. The disciplined performance benchmarking against alternatives as practiced by the engineering community will prove to be invaluable to the development of new nanotechnologies. Examples of such performance benchmarking exercises will be shown and directions for future work will be suggested.
ASYMMETRIC TUNNELING SOURCE MOSFETS: A NOVEL DEVICE SOLUTION FOR SUB-100NM CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Girish N. V. , Jhaveri Ritesh , Woo J. C. S.
Published: August 2006

The paper presents a simulation study of the physics and performance of novel asymmetric tunneling solutions for the sub-100nm MOSFET technology. Two device structures have been investigated: Schottky Tunneling Source MOSFET and band-to-band P +- N + Tunneling Source MOSFET. The Schottky MOSFET exhibits degraded Ion and subthreshold swing (in spite of improved DIBL). On the other hand, the novel PNPN MOSFET shows high Ion/Ioff and steep subthreshold behavior.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF STRAIN IN ULTRA-THIN SOI MOS DEVICES
Authors: BARIN NICOLA , FIEGNA CLAUDIO , SANGIORGI ENRICO
Published: August 2006

Ultra-thin body Double Gate MOS structures with strained silicon are investigated by solving the 1-D Schrödinger and Poisson equations, with open boundaries conditions on the wave functions in the gate electrodes. The electrostatics of this device architecture and its dependence on the amount of strain and on the thickness of the silicon layer is analyzed in terms of subband structure, subband population, carrier distribution within the strained-silicon layer, charge-voltage characteristics and gate tunneling current.
Device Simulation Demands of Upcoming Microelectronics Devices
Authors: Kosina Hans , Selberherr Siegfried
Published: August 2006

An overview of models for the simulation of current transport in micro- and nanoelectronic devices within the framework of TCAD applications is presented. Starting from macroscopic transport models, currently discussed enhancements are specifically addressed. This comprises the inclusion of higher-order moments into the transport models, the incorporation of quantum correction and tunneling models up to dedicated quantum-mechanical simulators, and mixed approaches which are able to account for both, quantum interference and scattering. Specific TCAD requirements are discussed from an engineer's perspective and an outlook on future research directions is given.
HIGHLY SCALED CMOS DEVICE TECHNOLOGIES WITH NEW STRUCTURES AND NEW MATERIALS
Authors: WANG YANGYUAN , HUANG RU , KANG JINFENG , ZHANG SHENGDONG
Published: August 2006

In this paper field effect transistors (FETs) with new materials and new structures are discussed. A thermal robust HfN/HfO 2 gate stack, which can alleviate the confliction between high quality high k material and low EOT, is investigated. EOT of the gate stack can be scaled down to 0.65nm for MOS capacitor and 0.95nm for MOSFET with higher carrier mobility. A new dual metal gate/high k CMOS integration process was demonstrated based on a dummy HfN technique for better high k quality and metal gate integration. Several new double gate FETs are proposed and investigated, including vertical double gate device with an asymmetric graded lightly doped drain (AGLDD) for better short channel behavior, self-aligned electrically separable double gate device for dynamic threshold voltage operation, new 3-D CMOS inverter based on double gate structure and SOI substrate for compact configuration and new full-symmetric DGJFET for 10nm era with greatly relaxed requirement of silicon film thickness and device design simplification.
PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS OF Si CMOS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR NANOELECTRONICS
Authors: SARASWAT KRISHNA C. , CHUI CHI ON , KAPUR PAWAN , KRISHNAMOHAN TEJAS , NAYFEH AMMAR , OKYAY ALI K. , SHENOY ROHIT S.
Published: August 2006

It is believed that below the 65-nm node although the conventional bulk CMOS can be scaled, however, without appreciable performance gains. To continue the scaling of Si CMOS in the sub-65nm regime, innovative device structures and new materials have to be created in order to continue the historic progress in information processing and transmission. Examples of novel device structures being investigated are double gate or surround gate MOS and examples of novel materials are high mobility channel materials like strained Si and Ge , high-k gate dielectrics and metal gate electrodes. Continuous scaling of VLSI circuits can pose significant problems for interconnects. We show that resistance of interconnect wires in light of scaling induced increase in electron surface scattering, fractional cross section area occupied by the high resistivity barrier and realistic interconnect operation temperature will lead to a significant rise in the effective resistivity of Cu . As a result both power and delay of these interconnects is likely to rise significantly in the future. In the light of various metal interconnect limitations, alternate solutions need to be pursued. We focus on two such solutions, optical interconnects and three-dimensional (3-D) ICs with multiple active Si layers. Heterogeneous integration of the new structures and materials on Si may take us to sub-20 nm regime, but will require new fabrication technology solutions that are generally compatible with current and forecasted installed Si manufacturing.
CMOS DEVICES ARCHITECTURES AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS FOR THE NANOELECTRONICS ERA
Authors: DELEONIBUS S. , de SALVO B. , ERNST T. , FAYNOT O. , POIROUX T. , SCHEIBLIN P. , VINET M.
Published: August 2006

Innovations in electronics history have been possible because of the strong association of devices and materials research. The demand for low voltage, low power and high performance are the great challenges for engineering of sub 50nm gate length CMOS devices. Functional CMOS devices in the range of 5 nm channel length have been demonstrated. The alternative architectures allowing to increase devices drivability and reduce power are reviewed through the issues to address in gate/channel and substrate, gate dielectric as well as source and drain engineering. HiK gate dielectric and metal gate are among the most strategic options to consider for power consumption and low supply voltage management. It will be very difficult to compete with CMOS logic because of the low series resistance required to obtain high performance. By introducing new materials ( Ge , diamond/graphite Carbon, HiK, …), Si based CMOS will be scaled beyond the ITRS as the future System-on-Chip Platform integrating new disruptive devices. The association of C-diamond with HiK as a combination for new functionalized Buried Insulators, for example, will bring new ways of improving short channel effects and suppress self-heating. That will allow new optimization of Ion-Ioff trade offs. The control of low power dissipation and short channel effects together with high performance will be the major challenges in the future.
A NEW APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZE AND PREDICT LIFETIME OF DEEP-SUBMICRON NMOS DEVICES
Authors: CUI ZHI , LIOU JUIN J. , YUE YUN , WONG HEI
Published: August 2006

Experimental results are presented to indicate that the widely used power-law models for lifetime estimation are questionable for deep submicron (< 0.25 μm) MOS devices, particularly for the case of large substrate current stressing. This observation is attributed to the presence of current components, such as the gate tunneling current and base current of parasitic bipolar transistor, that do not induce device degradation. A more effective extrapolation method is proposed as an alternative for the reliability characterization of deep-submicron MOS devices.
UNDOPED BODY SYMMETRIC DOUBLE GATE MOSFET MODELING
Authors: GARCIA-SANCHEZ FRANCISCO J. , ORTIZ-CONDE ADELMO , MUCI JUAN
Published: August 2006

Novel analytic modeling approaches for undoped body symmetric double gate MOSFETs are discussed starting with an explicit analytic description of the surface potential using a Lambert W Function type of solution. A conceptual definition of threshold for undoped body devices is used to illustrate its unusual behavior as a function of gate dielectric thickness. Finally an analytic fully consistent physical and continuous drain current description is discussed. It is based on the potentials at the surface and at the center of the silicon film evaluated at source and drain ends. It includes drift and diffusion contributions and is valid for all bias conditions, from subthreshold to strong inversion and from linear to saturation operation.
DEFORMABLE ELECTRONIC SURFACES
Authors: STURM J. C. , HSU P. I. , GLESKOVA H. , BHATTACHARYA R. , WAGNER S.
Published: August 2006

In this paper a technological approach for the fabrication of deformable electronic surfaces is reviewed. The approach consists of the fabrication of thin film devices on a flat but deformable substrate such as a plastic or glass foil using conventional processing tools. After the fabrication, the foil can be deformed to other shapes by air pressure or stamping. A spherical cap shape is used as a model system. This deformation induces large stress in the substrate, which is plastically deformed. To avoid damage to the thin film devices, they are built on top of "hard" islands, which limit the strain in the devices to manageable levels. Amorphous silicon TFT's on silicon nitride islands show little qualitative change in characteristics after a plastic deformation of the substrate to strain levels over 5%. Interconnect lines between islands are subjected to a large strain if they are deposited and patterned before the substrate deformation, and require novel approaches.
CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF LITHOGRAPHY
Authors: OKAZAKI SHINJI
Published: August 2006

The resolution limit of optical lithography now looms on the horizon. We are using very complicated masks and sophisticated exposure tools with very low k1 factors. To deal with this situation, liquid immersion lithography is now under intensive development. It can extend the application of the optical lithography for one or two generation, but the k1 factor remains very small. To obtain a significantly larger k1 value, we shall move to the non-optical lithography techniques. EUV lithography is the strongest candidate. Many problems of EUV still remain though we have remarkable achievements recently. In addition to the mass production technology, methods such as maskless lithography (ML2) and nano-imprint lithography were also developed for small-scale production and some other applications.
ELASTOMERIC INTERCONNECTS
Authors: Lacour Stéphanie P. , Jones Joyelle , Wagner Sigurd , Li Teng , Suo Z.
Published: August 2006

Elastomeric interconnects made of patterned thin gold films on silicone membranes, can be reversibly bent, uniaxially or radially stretched while remaining electrically conducting. Such interconnects can be stretched to double their length, cycled 1,000 times without electrical failure. While the electrical resistance may increase threefold upon stretching, the resistance values still remain ~1,000 times below the typical input impedance of amorphous silicon thin film transistors. Therefore the stretchable gold films can function as interconnects for power and signal to a fully elastic thin film transistor inverter.
THE OPTIMAL CYCLE TIME FOR DETERIORATING ITEMS WITH LIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY UNDER PERMISSIBLE DELAY IN PAYMENTS
Authors: CHUNG KUN-JEN , HUANG TIEN-SHOU
Published: August 2006

Inventory models with deteriorating items have received considerable attention in recent years. In considering the deteriorating inventory with permissible delay in payments, most researchers pay attention to a single warehouse. Under conditions of permissible delay in payments, this paper develops a model to determine the optimal cycle time for a single deteriorating item that is stored in two different warehouses. A rented warehouse (RW) is used to store the excess units over the fixed capacity W of the owned warehouse (OW). The rented warehouse is assumed to charge higher unit holding cost than the OW. In this paper, we propose a two-warehouse inventory model for deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments. It is assumed that the deterioration rate in RW is the same as in OW, and the holding cost in RW is greater than that in OW. The stocks of RW are transported to OW in continuous release pattern and the transportation cost is ignored. Three theorems are developed to determine the optimal cycle time and numerical examples are given to illustrate these theorems.
A NOVEL MONOTONIZATION TRANSFORMATION FOR SOME CLASSES OF GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Authors: BAI FU-SHENG , WU ZHI-YOU
Published: August 2006

A novel monotonization method is proposed for converting a non-monotone programming problem into a monotone programming problem. An equivalent monotone programming problem with only inequality constraints is obtained via this monotonization method. Then the existing convexification and concavification methods can be used to convert the monotone programming problem into an equivalent better-structured optimization problem.
STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR ELECTION TIMING: A GAME THEORY APPROACH
Authors: LESMONO DHARMA , TONKES ELLIOT
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we consider dynamic programming for the election timing in the majoritarian parliamentary system such as in Australia, where the government has a constitutional right to call an early election. This right can give the government an advantage to remain in power for as long as possible by calling an election, when its popularity is high. On the other hand, the opposition's natural objective is to gain power, and it will apply controls termed as "boosts" to reduce the chance of the government being re-elected by introducing policy and economic responses. In this paper, we explore equilibrium solutions to the government, and the opposition strategies in a political game using stochastic dynamic programming. Results are given in terms of the expected remaining life in power, call and boost probabilities at each time at any level of popularity.
A HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR THE EARLY/TARDY SCHEDULING PROBLEM
Authors: VALENTE JORGE M. S. , GONÇALVES JOSÉ FERNANDO , ALVES RUI A. F. S.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we present a hybrid genetic algorithm for a version of the early/tardy scheduling problem in which no unforced idle time may be inserted in a sequence. The chromosome representation of the problem is based on random keys. The genetic algorithm is used to establish the order in which the jobs are initially scheduled, and a local search procedure is subsequently applied to detect possible improvements. The approach is tested on a set of randomly generated problems and compared with existing efficient heuristic procedures based on dispatch rules and local search. The computational results show that this new approach, although requiring slightly longer computational times, is better than the previous algorithms in terms of solution quality.
THE SINGLE-VENDOR SINGLE-BUYER INTEGRATED INVENTORY PROBLEM WITH QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND LEAD TIME REDUCTION — MINIMAX DISTRIBUTION-FREE APPROACH
Authors: OUYANG LIANG-YUH , WU KUN-SHAN , HO CHIA-HUEI
Published: August 2006

In past two decades, the Japanese successful experience in using Just-In-Time (JIT) production has received a great deal of attention. The underlying goal of JIT is to eliminate waste. This can be achieved through various efforts, such as shortening lead time and improving quality. In this paper, we investigate the impact of investing in quality improvement and lead time reduction on the integrated vendor-buyer inventory model with partial backorders. We assume that the lead time demand probability distribution is unknown, while the mean and standard deviation are known and finite. The minimax distribution-free procedure is applied to solve this problem. Also, numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.
EARLY YEARS OF HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO PHYSICS IN COSMIC RAYS AND NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY (1957-1962)
Authors: ZHELEZNYKH IGOR
Published: August 2006

Ideas of deep underground and deep underwater detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos were firstly suggested by Moisey Markov in the end of 50th. Frederic Reines was one of those who first detected high-energy atmospheric neutrinos in underground experiments in the middle of 60th (as well as low energy reactor neutrinos 10 years earlier!). Markov and Reines closely collaborated in 70th – 80th in discussion of alternative techniques for large-scale neutrino telescopes. Some events of 50 – 80 years relating to the development of a new branch of Astronomy – the High-Energy Neutrino Astronomy, in which Markov and Reines took part, were described in my talk at ARENA Workshop. Below the first part of my talk at the Workshop is presented describing discussions and meetings the neutrino physics and astrophysics relating to the period 1957-1962 when I was Markov's student and later post-graduated student.
MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION LENGTH FOR RADIO WAVE IN NATURAL ROCK SALT SAMPLES CONCERNING ULTRA HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO DETECTION
Authors: CHIBA MASAMI , WATANABE YUSUKE , YASUDA OSAMU , KAMIJO TOSHIO , CHIKASHIGE YUICHI , KON TADASHI , AMANO AKIO , TAKEOKA YOSITO , SHIMIZU YUTAKA , MORI SATOSHI , NINOMIYA SOSUKE
Published: August 2006

Ultra high energy (UHE) neutrinos with the energy larger than 1015 eV, surely arrive at the earth with Greisen, Zatsepin, Kuz'min (GZK) effect, though the rate is very few. The rare call requires us to utilize a large mass (>10 Gton) of detection medium. UHE neutrino generates a huge number of unpaired electrons in rock salt. They would emit sensible radio wave by coherent Cherenkov (Askar'yan) effect. The longer attenuation length of radio wave in rock salt reduces the number of antennas required. Several rock salt samples including synthesized one are measured in attenuation length for radio wave transmission at 0.3 and 1.0 GHz. Some show attenuation length larger than 300 m, which indicate a possibility for constructing a salt neutrino detector.
RADIO SIGNALS FROM PHOTON BEAMS IN SAND AND SALT
Authors: WILLIAMS D. , GORHAM P. , GUILLIAN E. , MILINCIC R. , MIOCINOVIC P. , SALTZBERG D. , WILLIAMS D. , FIELD R. C. , IVERSON R. , ODIAN A. , WALZ D. , RESCH G. , SCHOESSOW P.
Published: August 2006

In this paper I describe the setup and results of two beamtests which demonstrated the existence and properties of the Askar'yan effect in sand and salt. We observed coherence, 100% linear polarization, and field strength in agreement with simulations. We also demonstrated the possibility of tracking the shower direction with polarization information.
STRUCTURE FUNCTION OF EXCESS CHARGE IN ROCK SALT
Authors: WATANABE YUSUKE , CHIBA MASAMI , YASUDA OSAMU , KAMIJO TOSHIO , CHIKASHIGE YUICHI , KON TADASHI , SHIMIZU YUTAKA , AMANO AKIO , TAKEOKA YOSITO , MORI SATOSHI , NINOMIYA SOUSUKE
Published: August 2006

Ultra high-energy (UHE) neutrino (1015 eV <) detection in natural huge rock salt formation has been studied. Radio wave is generated by Askar'yan effect in rock salt. That is caused by the number asymmetry of electrons and positrons (excess charge) in electromagnetic shower from an UHE neutrino. An Electromagnetic shower in rock salt is generated by a computer code of Geant4.5. A modified Greisen parameterization in longitudinal distribution of the shower and a modified Nishimura, Kamata, and Greisen function in lateral distribution of the shower (structure function) are fitted to a space distribution of the excess electrons. The structure function would assist to calculate radio wave emission without using an electromagnetic shower simulation.
SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC SHOWERS IN DENSE MEDIA
Authors: ALVAREZ-MUÑIZ J. , MARQUES E. , VAZQUEZ R. A. , ZAS E.
Published: August 2006

By means of GEANT4-based Monte Carlo simulations, we have studied the frequency and angular behavior of Cherenkov radio pulses originated by the excess charge in electromagnetic (EM) showers in different dense media. We have developed a simple model to relate the main characteristics of the electric field spectrum to the longitudinal and lateral development of the EM showers. Using this model the electric field spectrum is shown to have a scaling behavior with a number of medium parameters. We explore the validity of our model by comparing its predictions against full Monte Carlo simulations.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF RADIO EMISSION FROM COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWERS
Authors: HUEGE T. , FALCKE H.
Published: August 2006

As a basis for the interpretation of data gathered by LOPES and other experiments, we have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of geosynchrotron radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The simulations, having been verified carefully with analytical calculations, reveal a wealth of information on the characteristics of the radio signal and their dependence on specific air shower parameters. In this article, we review the spatial characteristics of the radio emission, its predicted frequency spectrum and its dependence on important air shower parameters such as the shower zenith angle, the primary particle energy and the depth of the shower maximum, which can in turn be related to the nature of the primary particle.
DEVELOPMENT OF ACOUSTIC SENSORS FOR THE ANTARES EXPERIMENT
Authors: NAUMANN C. , ANTON G. , GRAF K. , HÖSSL J. , KAPPES A. , KARG T. , KATZ U. , LAHMANN R. , SALOMON K.
Published: August 2006

In order to study the possibility of acoustic detection of ultra-high energy neutrinos in water, our group is planning to deploy and operate an array of acoustic sensors using the ANTARES Neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, acoustic sensor hardware has to be developed which is both capable of operation under the hostile conditions of the deep sea and at the same time provides the high sensitivity necessary to detect the weak pressure signals resulting from the neutrinos interaction in water. In this paper, two different approaches to building such sensors, as well as performance studies in the laboratory and in situ, are presented.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON HYDROPHONES CALIBRATION WITH PROTON BEAM
Authors: CAPONE ANTONIO , DE BONIS GIULIA
Published: August 2006

Huge sensitive volumes will be required to identify interactions of U.H.E. cosmic neutrinos with energy above 1016eV. New detectors and new techniques have to be developed to open this future field of H.E. astrophysics. We report on the study of acoustic signals induced by the interaction in water of a high intensity low energy proton beam (ITEP, Moscow). Acoustic signals have been collected by means of high sensitivity deep-sea hydrophones, for proton energy deposition close to 0.1 Joule. Hydrophones sensitivity has been previously characterized at the acoustic test facilities of IDAC-CNR (Rome). Results show a good linearity between the proton beam intensity and the hydrophones signal amplitude. Results are encouraging for the future detection of highenergy neutrino-induced showers developing in deep-sea water.
HIGH FREQUENCY NOISE IN LAKE BAIKAL AS A BACKGROUND FOR THE ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS
Authors: AYNUTDINOV V. M. , BALKANOV V. A. , BELOLAPTIKOV I. A. , BEZRUKOV L. B. , BORSCHEV D. A. , BUDNEV N. M. , BURMISTROV K. V. , CHENSKY A. G. , DANILCHENKO I. A. , DAVIDOV YA. I. , DOROSHENKO A. A. , DJILKIBAEV ZH.-A. M. , DOMOGATSKY G. V. , DYACHOK A. N. , GAPONENKO O. N. , GOLUBKOV K. V. , GRESS O. A. , GRESS T. I. , GRISHIN O. G. , FIALKOVSKI S. V. , KLABUKOV A. M. , KLIMOV A. I. , KOCHANOV A. A. , KONISCHEV K. V. , KOSHECHKIN A. P. , KUZNETZOV VY. E. , KULEPOV V. F. , KUZMICHEV L. A. , LUBSANDORZHIEV B. K. , MIKHEYEV S. P. , MIKOLAJSKI T. , MILENIN M. B. , MIRGAZOV R. R. , OSIPOVA E. A. , PANFILOV A. I. , PAN'KOV G. L. , PAN'KOV L. V. , PARFENOV YU. V. , PAVLOV A. A. , PETUHOV D. P. , PLISKOVSKY E. N. , POKHIL P. G. , POLESCHUK V. A. , POPOVA E. G. , PROSIN V. V. , ROZANOV M. I. , YU. RUBTZOV V. , SHAIBONOV B. A. , SHIROKOV A. , SPIERING CH. , TARASHANSKY B. A. , VASILJEV R. V. , WISCHNEWSKI R. , ZHUKOV V. A. , YASHIN I. V.
Published: August 2006

We review the ongoing work of the Baikal Collaboration on acoustic detection of super high energy neutrinos. Some results of the study of high frequency acoustic noise in Lake Baikal are presented. A lot of short impulses with different amplitudes and shapes were detected, which should be considered as a background for acoustic neutrino detection. However, most of the short impulses appear to be due to noise sound waves interference and can be eliminated by a correlation analysis. Only a few detected bipolar impulses probably were produced by quasi local sources.
ITEP INVESTIGATION OF ACOUSTIC PHENOMENA FROM HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES
Authors: DEMIDOV V. S. , DEMIDOVA E. V. , GUSEV K. E. , LUKYASHIN V. E. , LYASHUK V. I. , NOVIKOV E. G. , ROSTOVTSEV A. A. , YU. SOKOLOV A. , ALBUL V. I. , BYCHKOV V. B. , KRASNOV N. K. , KURCHANOV A. F.
Published: August 2006

The mechanisms of sound wave generation from high energy protons and features of detector response are investigated in ITEP. The attention is attracted to the different possible mechanisms than the dominant thermoradiation excitation of sound. The search of sonic signals from cosmic particles, acoustic accelerator experiments and specific hardware - are the three vectors of ITEP acoustic activity.
THE NEMO ACOUSTIC TEST FACILITY
Authors:   For the NEMO collaboration., RICCOBENE G.
Published: August 2006

The NEMO (NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory) Collaboration is constructing, 25 km E from Catania (Sicily) at 2000 m depth, an underwater test site to perform long-term tests of prototypes and new technologies for astrophysical HE neutrino telescopes. In this framework the collaboration deployed an electro-optical cable equipped with several e.o. terminations. An experimental apparatus for the measurement of underwater acoustic background was also installed and connected to shore on 22 Jan 2005, allowing continuous on-line monitoring of deep-sea noise in the range 30 Hz - 40 kHz. Underwater noise spectra were produced and classification of transient signals is under way.
FIRST ACTIVITIES IN ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF PARTICLES IN UPV
Authors: ARDID M. , RAMIS J. , ESPINOSA V. , MARTÍNEZ-MORA J. A. , CAMARENA F. , ALBA J. , SANCHEZ-MORCILLO V.
Published: August 2006

The first activities related to acoustic detection of particles by DISAO research group in the Univesitat Politècnica de València are described. We are applying some techniques from physic, engineering and oceanographic acoustics to face the high energy neutrino underwater acoustic detection challenge. The work is focused mainly in two topics: design, characterization and calibration of hydrophones, and simulation of the propagation of the signal in the sea. We present also some examples for these two topics: piezoelectric modelling and transducer simulation, calibration of hydrophones using MLS signals, and evaluation of the contribution of the sea surface noise to the deep water noise in the Mediterranean Sea by means of simulations of propagation of sound.
USING THE WESTERBORK RADIO OBSERVATORY TO DETECT UHE COSMIC PARTICLES INTERACTING ON THE MOON
Authors: BACELAR J. , SCHOLTEN O. , de BRUYN A. G. , FALCKE H.
Published: August 2006

Ultra-High-Energy (UHE) particles of cosmological origin (cosmic-rays and neutrinos), carry information on the most spectacular events known. These extremely energetic (energies larger than 1 ZeV= 1021 eV) cosmic-rays or neutrinos initiate in the lunar regolith a cascade of charged particles which acts as a radio pulse emitter. The instantaneous power produced can be detected here at the Earth, with a radio telescope operating at the optimal frequency window around 150 MHz. Using 12 telescopes of the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, WSRT, with a field of view covering the whole lunar surface, our calculations show that one should identify 10 UHE events within an observation time of 500 hours, assuming an extrapolated power law dependence of the highest ever measured cosmic-ray events, around an energy of 1020 eV. A null result will determine unambiguously the GKZ effect for the cosmic-ray flux and improve the present world upper limit on the neutrino flux above 1 ZeV, by three orders of magnitude, allowing for the first time to test the Waxman-Bahcall neutrino flux limit.
UPDATED LIMITS ON THE ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY (UHE) NEUTRINO FLUX FROM THE RICE EXPERIMENT
Authors: KRAVCHENKO I. , COOLEY C. , SECKEL D. , ADAMS J. , CHURCHWELL S. , HARRIS P. , SEUNARINE S. , WAHRLICH P. , BEAN A. , BESSON D. , GRAHAM S. , HOLT S. , HUSSAIN S. , MARFATIA D. , MCKAY D. , MEYERS J. , RALSTON J. , SCHIEL R. , SWIFT H. , LEDFORD J. , RATZLAFF K.
Published: August 2006

The RICE experiment (Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment) at South Pole consists of an array of dipole antennas designed to detect the coherent radio frequency radiation produced by neutrino-induced showers in the Antarctic ice. We report updated limits on the ultra-high energy neutrino flux, based on RICE data taken between 2000 and 2004. These limits also reflect improvements in Monte Carlo simulations and detector modeling.
MEASURING THE NEUTRINO-NUCLEON CROSS SECTION WITH SALSA
Authors: CONNOLLY A.
Published: August 2006

These proceedings describe a study of the expected sensitivity of the SalSA experiment to the neutrino-nucleon cross section. We expect the measurement to be statistics limited for the events rates expected from SalSA. With 100 measured events, we expect to measure a standard model cross section with a 38% uncertainty that is dominantly statistical.
RADIO DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS WITH LOPES
Authors: HORNEFFER A. , APEL W. D. , BADEA F. , BÄHREN L. , BEKK K. , BERCUCI A. , BERTAINA M. , BIERMANN P. L. , BLÜMER J. , BOZDOG H. , BRANCUS I. M. , BRÜGGEMANN M. , BUCHHOLZ P. , BUITINK S. , BUTCHER H. , CHIAVASSA A. , DAUMILLER K. , de BRUYN A. G. , de VOS C. M. , di PIERRO F. , DOLL P. , ENGEL R. , FALCKE H. , GEMMEKE H. , GHIA P. L. , GLASSTETTER R. , GRUPEN C. , HAUNGS A. , HECK D. , HÖRANDEL J. R. , HUEGE T. , KAMPERT K.-H. , KANT G. W. , KLEIN U. , KOLOTAEV Y. , KOOPMAN Y. , KRÖMER O. , KUIJPERS J. , LAFEBRE S. , MAIER G. , MATHES H. J. , MAYER H. J. , MILKE J. , MITRICA B. , MORELLO C. , NAVARRA G. , NEHLS S. , NIGL A. , OBENLAND R. , OEHLSCHLÄGER J. , OSTAPCHENKO S. , OVER S. , PEPPING H. J. , PETCU M. , PETROVIC J. , PIEROG T. , PLEWNIA S. , REBEL H. , RISSE A. , ROTH M. , SCHIELER H. , SCHOONDERBEEK G. , SIMA O. , STÜMPERT M. , TOMA G. , TRINCHERO G. C. , ULRICH H. , VAN BUREN J. , VAN CAPELLEN W. , WALKOWIAK W. , WEINDL A. , WIJNHOLDS S. , WOCHELE J. , ZABIEROWSKI J. , ZENSUS J. A. , ZIMMERMANN D.
Published: August 2006

Measuring radio pulses from cosmic ray air showers offers various new opportunities. New digital radio receivers allow measurements of these radio pulses even in environments that have lots of radio interference. With high bandwidth ADCs and fast data processing it is possible to store the whole waveform information in digital form and analyse transient events like air showers even after they have been recorded. Digital filtering and beam forming can be used to suppress the radio interference so that it is possible to measure the radio pulses even in radio loud environments. LOPES is a prototype station for the new digital radio interferometer LOFAR and is tailored to measure air showers. For this it is located at the site of the KASCADE-Grande air shower experiment. Already with the first phase of LOPES we have been able to measure radio pulses from air showers and show correlations between the radio pulse height and air shower parameters.

The first part gives an introduction and presents the science results of LOPES, while the second part presents the hard- and software that enables LOPES to detect air short pulses.
ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION OF THE LOPES ANTENNA SYSTEM
Authors: NEHLS S. , APEL W. D. , BADEA F. , BÄHREN L. , BEKK K. , BERCUCI A. , BERTAINA M. , BIERMANN P. L. , BLÜMER J. , BOZDOG H. , BRANCUS I. M. , BRÜGGEMANN M. , BUCHHOLZ P. , BUITINK S. , BUTCHER H. , CHIAVASSA A. , DAUMILLER K. , de BRUYN A. G. , de VOS C. M. , di PIERRO F. , DOLL P. , ENGEL R. , FALCKE H. , GEMMEKE H. , GHIA P. L. , GLASSTETTER R. , GRUPEN C. , HAKENJOS A. , HAUNGS A. , HECK D. , HÖRANDEL J. R. , HORNEFFER A. , HUEGE T. , KAMPERT K.-H. , KANT G. W. , KLEIN U. , KOLOTAEV Y. , KOOPMAN Y. , KRÖMER O. , KUIJPERS J. , LAFEBRE S. , MAIER G. , MATHES H. J. , MAYER H. J. , MILKE J. , MITRICA B. , MORELLO C. , NAVARRA G. , NIGL A. , OBENLAND R. , OEHLSCHLÄGER J. , OSTAPCHENKO S. , OVER S. , PEPPING H. J. , PETCU M. , PETROVIC J. , PIEROG T. , PLEWNIA S. , REBEL H. , RISSE A. , ROTH M. , SCHIELER H. , SCHOONDERBEEK G. , SIMA O. , STÜMPERT M. , TOMA G. , TRINCHERO G. C. , ULRICH H. , VAN BUREN J. , VAN CAPELLEN W. , WALKOWIAK W. , WEINDL A. , WIJNHOLDS S. , WOCHELE J. , ZABIEROWSKI J. , ZENSUS J. A. , ZIMMERMANN D.
Published: August 2006

Radio emission in extensive air showers arises from an interaction with the geomagnetic field and is subject of theoretical studies. This radio emission has advantages for the detection of high energy cosmic rays compared to secondary particle or fluorescence measurement methods. Radio antennas like the LOPES30 antenna system are suited to investigate this emission process by detecting the radio pulses. The characteristic observable parameters like electric field strength and pulse length require a calibration which was done with a reference radio source resulting in an amplification factor representing the system behavior in the environment of the KASCADE-Grande experiment. Knowing the amplification factor and the gain of the LOPES antennas LOPES30 is calibrated absolutely for systematic analyses of the radio emission.
CODALEMA: A COSMIC RAY AIR SHOWER RADIO DETECTION EXPERIMENT
Authors: ARDOUIN D. , BELLETOILE A. , CHARRIER D. , DALLIER R. , DENIS L. , ESCHSTRUTH P. , GOUSSET T. , HADDAD F. , LAMBLIN J. , LAUTRIDOU P. , LECACHEUX A. , MONNIER-RAGAIGNE D. , RAVEL O.
Published: August 2006

The CODALEMA experimental device currently detects and characterizes the radio contribution of cosmic ray air showers : arrival directions and electric field topologies of radio transient signals associated to cosmic rays are extracted from the antenna signals. The measured rate, about 1 event per day, corresponds to an energy threshold around 5.1016eV. These results allow to determine the perspectives offered by the present experimental design for radiodetection of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays at a larger scale.
THE CONVERTED HYDROACOUSTIC ARRAY "MG-10M" – A BASIC MODULE FOR A DEEP WATER ν-TELESCOPE
Authors: KARLIK Y. , SVET V.
Published: August 2006

The possibility of converted hydroacoustic arrays to create a module of deep water ν-Telescope is discussed. The array MC-10M is good tool to start the first real ocean experiments to investigate the problem of detecting neutrinos with energy 1018 eV. Technical parameters and systems which are necessary to create the module are presented. The Mediterranean Sea is an appropriate area for the first experiments due to existing of a deep underwater sound channel and stable high temperature. Some estimation of possible detecting volumes is presented. This project is continuation of works of authors in this direction, started in 1997.
A DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS FROM SUPER HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS
Authors: AYNUTDINOV V. M. , BALKANOV V. A. , BELOLAPTIKOV I. A. , BEZRUKOV L. B. , BORSCHEV D. A. , BUDNEV N. M. , BURMISTROV K. V. , CHENSKY A. G. , DANILCHENKO I. A. , DAVIDOV YA. I. , DOROSHENKO A. A. , DJILKIBAEV ZH.-A. M. , DOMOGATSKY G. V. , DYACHOK A. N. , GAPONENKO O. N. , GOLUBKOV K. V. , GRESS O. A. , GRESS T. I. , GRISHIN O. G. , FIALKOVSKI S. V. , KLABUKOV A. M. , KLIMOV A. I. , KOCHANOV A. A. , KONISCHEV K. V. , KOSHECHKIN A. P. , KUZNETZOV VY. E. , KULEPOV V. F. , KUZMICHEV L. A. , LUBSANDORZHIEV B. K. , MIKHEYEV S. P. , MIKOLAJSKI T. , MILENIN M. B. , MIRGAZOV R. R. , OSIPOVA E. A. , PANFILOV A. I. , PAN'KOV G. L. , PAN'KOV L. V. , PARFENOV YU. V. , PAVLOV A. A. , PETUHOV D. P. , PLISKOVSKY E. N. , POKHIL P. G. , POLESCHUK V. A. , POPOVA E. G. , PROSIN V. V. , ROZANOV M. I. , YU. RUBTZOV V. , SHAIBONOV B. A. , SHIROKOV A. , SPIERING CH. , TARASHANSKY B. A. , VASILJEV R. V. , WISCHNEWSKI R. , ZHUKOV V. A. , YASHIN I. V.
Published: August 2006

We present the design of a device for detection of acoustic signals from high energy particle showers. The module will be stationary installed above the Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT-200+.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND SENSITIVITY ESTIMATES FOR AN ACOUSTIC NEUTRINO DETECTOR
Authors: KARG T. , ANTON G. , GRAF K. , HÖSSL J. , KAPPES A. , KATZ U. , LAHMANN R. , NAUMANN C. , SALOMON K.
Published: August 2006

We present a Monte Carlo study of an underwater neutrino telescope based on the detection of acoustic signals generated by neutrino induced cascades. This provides a promising approach to instrument large detector volumes needed to detect the small flux of cosmic neutrinos at ultra-high energies (E ≳ 1 EeV ). Acoustic signals are calculated based on the thermo-acoustic model. The signal is propagated to the sensors taking frequency dependent attenuation into account, and detected using a threshold trigger, where acoustic background is included as an effective detection threshold. A simple reconstruction algorithm allows for the determination of the cascade direction and energy. Various detector setups are compared regarding their effective volumes. Sensitivity estimates for the diffuse neutrino flux are presented.
SPATS - A SOUTH POLE ACOUSTIC TEST SETUP
Authors:   FOR THE SPATS GROUP., BÖSER SEBASTIAN , BÖSER S. , BOHM C. , HUNDERTMARK S. , HALLGREN A. , NAHNHAUER R. , PRICE B. , VANDENBROUKE J.
Published: August 2006

Due to its large Greeneisen coefficient ice is of special interest for the acoustic detection of ultra-high energetic neutrino-induced cascades. The abundant homogeneous volume and an existing neutrino observatory make the south polar ice cap a favourable location for this purpose. Theoretical calculations yield absorption lengths of ~ 10 km, but no measurements at all are available in the frequency range of interest. We present an experimental setup to measure the key parameters of the antarctic glacial ice.
INTEGRATION OF ACOUSTIC DETECTION EQUIPMENT INTO ANTARES
Authors: LAHMANN R. , ANTON G. , GRAF K. , HÖSSL J. , KAPPES A. , KARG T. , KATZ U. , NAUMANN C. , SALOMON K.
Published: August 2006

The ANTARES group at the University of Erlangen is working towards the integration of a set of acoustic sensors into the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope1. With this setup, tests of acoustic particle detection methods and background studies shall be performed. The ANTARES Neutrino Telescope, which is currently being constructed in the Mediterranean Sea, will be equipped with the infrastructure to accommodate a 3-dimensional array of photomultipliers for the detection of Cherenkov light. Within this infrastructure, the required resources for acoustic sensors are available: Bandwidth for the transmission of the acoustic data to the shore, electrical power for the off-shore electronics and physical space to install the acoustic sensors and to route the connecting cables (transmitting signals and power) into the electronics containers. It will be explained how the integration will be performed with minimal modifications of the existing ANTARES design and which setup is foreseen for the acquisition of the acoustic data.
NEUTRINO DETECTION IN SALT DOMES UNDER LOFAR
Authors: VAN DEN BERG A. M.
Published: August 2006

Large volumes of natural materials are presently under study to construct a telescope, which will be used to search for ν's at the highest energies. Although these high-energy ν's have not been discovered yet, firm predictions for their existence have been made. The very origin of these high-energy ν's remains one of the burning questions in astroparticle physics. We consider the use of huge salt domes in the shallow underground of the north-eastern part of the Netherlands as a possible site for such a high-energy ν telescope. Initial measurement of the attenuation length for radio signals at 0.3 and 1.0 GHz will be reported. The physical location of the domes and the envisioned research program has a strong overlap with those of the new radio telescope LOFAR.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SALSA, A SALTDOME SHOWER ARRAY AS A GZK NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY
Authors:   For the SALSA Collaboration., SALTZBERG DAVID , Arisaka Katsushi , Bain Ron , Barwick Steven , Beatty James , Besson David , Binns W. Robert , Chen Chien-Wen , Chen Pisin , Cherry Michael , Connolly Amy , DuVernois Michael , Field Clive , Fink Manfred , Goldstein David , Gorham Peter , Gratta Giorgio , Guzik T. Gregory , Halzen Francis , Hast Carsten , Hauser Jay , Hoover Stephen , Jui Charles , Klein Spencer , Learned John , Lin Guey-lin , Matsuno Shige , Matthews James , Milincic Radovan , Miocinovic Predrag , Nahnhauer Rolf , Nam JiWoo , Ng Johnny , Nichol Ryan , Odian Allen , Ong Rene , Price Buford , Reil Kevin , Saltzberg David , Seckel David , Sokolsky Pierre , Svoboda Bob , van den Berg Ad , Vandenbroucke Justin , Varner Gary , Walz Dieter , Wefel John , Wieczorek David , Wilkes Jeffrey
Published: August 2006

The observed spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays virtually guarantees the presence of ultra-high energy neutrinos due to their interaction with the cosmic microwave background. Every one of these neutrinos will point back to its source and, unlike cosmic rays, will arrive at the Earth unattenuated, from sources perhaps as distant as z =20. The neutrino telescopes currently under construction, should discover a handful of these events, probably too few for detailed study. In this talk I will describe how an array of VHF and UHF antennas embedded in a large salt dome, SalSA (Saltdome Shower Array) promises to yield a teraton detector (> 500 km3-sr) for contained neutrino events with energies above 1017 eV. Our simulations show that such a detector may observe several hundreds of these neutrinos over its lifetime. Our simulations also show how such interactions will provide high energy physicists with an energy frontier for weak interactions an order-of-magnitude larger than that of the LHC. The flavor ID capalities of SALSA, combined with the extreme L/E of these neutrinos, will provide a window on neutrino oscillations and decay times eight orders of magnitude higher than laboratory experiments. In addition to the latest simulation results, we describe progress on detectors and site selection.
NEUTRINO FLAVOR IDENTIFICATION IN SALSA
Authors: MIOČINOVIĆ PREDRAG
Published: August 2006

The proposed Saltdome Shower Array (SalSA) experiment will detect coherent Cherenkov radio signals from high-energy neutrino interactions in a naturally occurring salt dome. By identifying the number and the angular profile of radio emissions in any given event, distinction can be made between charged-current (CC) and neutral-current (NC) neutrino interactions. Additionally, the flavor of the neutrino can be identified in the case of charged-current interactions. Preliminary results for nominal GZK neutrino flux indicate that ~25% of all events can be correctly identified as coming from charged-current interactions of νμ's or ντ's. These charged-current initiated events can further be separated by the flavor of the original neutrino, either νμ's or ντ's.
SIMULATION OF A HYBRID OPTICAL/RADIO/ACOUSTIC EXTENSION TO ICECUBE FOR EHE NEUTRINO DETECTION
Authors: VANDENBROUCKE J. A. , BESSON D. , BÖSER S. , NAHNHAUER R. , PRICE P. B.
Published: August 2006

Astrophysical neutrinos at ~EeV energies promise to be an interesting source of information for astrophysics and particle physics. Detecting the predicted cosmogenic ("GZK") neutrinos at 1016 - 1020 eV would test models of cosmic ray production at these energies and probe particle physics at ~100 TeV center-of-mass energy. While IceCube could detect ~1 GZK event per year, it is necessary to detect 10 or more events per year in order to study temporal, angular, and spectral distributions. The IceCube observatory may be able to achieve such event rates with an extension including optical, radio, and acoustic receivers. We present results from simulating such a hybrid detector.
ARENA 2005 CONFERENCE SUMMARY
Authors: LEARNED JOHN G.
Published: August 2006

This meeting, as the reader sees in the preceding written contributions, represented an exciting new step in a budding revolution in extremely high energy cosmic ray and neutrino physics. The focus upon acoustic and radio detection techniques, reveals a rapidly expanding interest and real progress. Most of the basic ideas have been known for many years, but it is only now that they are at last beginning to be exploited. The reasons for this are several, ranging from the advance of technology to scientific focus of the community. The former comes largely from electronics and communications technology progress. The latter comes about due to the "neutrino revolution" and the campaign to understand the highest energy (GZK) cosmic rays. At least 25 projects are in various stages of dreaming through construction. Positive detections would seem not far in the future.
Molecular Mechanisms of Metabolic Resistance to Synthetic and Natural Xenobiotics
Authors: Li Xianchun , Schuler Mary A. , Berenbaum May R.
Published: August 2006

Xenobiotic resistance in insects has evolved predominantly by increasing the metabolic capability of detoxificative systems and/or reducing xenobiotic target site sensitivity. In contrast to the limited range of nucleotide changes that lead to target site insensitivity, many molecular mechanisms lead to enhancements in xenobiotic metabolism. The genomic changes that lead to amplification, overexpression, and coding sequence variation in the three major groups of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, i.e., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), are the focus of this review. A substantial number of the adaptive genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance that have been characterized to date are transposon mediated. Several lines of evidence suggest that P450 genes involved in insecticide resistance, and perhaps insecticide detoxification genes in general, may share an evolutionary association with genes involved in allelochemical metabolism. Differences in the selective regime imposed by allelochemicals and insecticides may account for the relative importance of regulatory or structural mutations in conferring resistance.