bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Willingness to Pay a Price Premium for Travel Products of Social Enterprise
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Kim Min-Hyung , Hwang Yeong-Hyeon
Published: December 2015

This study aims to explore the willingness to pay for tourism social enterprise's travel products and to identify factors influencing the intention to pay additional expense for the product. For empirical study, a survey was conducted during the period from March 24 to April 6, 2015 in Busan, Korea and 406 samples were used for the final analysis. The results indicated that about 40% of respondents were willing to pay additional expense for the travel product of tourism social enterprise. Results of a dichotomous logit analysis indicated that potential tourists’ intention to pay additional expense for the products of tourism social enterprise is significantly influenced by age, marital status, recognition of tourism social enterprise, emotional consumption value and rarity consumption value. For significant consumption value, potential tourists with higher emotional value and rarity value show more tendency to pay additional expense for social enterprise's travel products. Practical and theoretical implications of the results are addressed with the directions for future study.
A Research on Visual Merchandising Components of the Food Court in the Department Store using IPA
Authors:   The Tourism Sciences Society Of Korea, Jung So-Jin , Cha Sung-Mi , Yang Il-Sun
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to produce VMD(visual merchandising) components specialized for food court in the department store, and to offer marketing implications for launching VMD strategy. This study was done with in-depth interviews of experts and with a questionnaire survey and internet survey of department food court customers. The result shows that ‘VMD factors of dining experience in the department store were composed of convenience, trust, harmony, aesthetic impression, and attractiveness. The results of the IPA analysis show that items scoring high on importance but not on satisfaction were attractiveness of showcase presentation, sufficient space between tables and chairs, and sufficient passage width. This study shows that the differentiated VMD strategy of food court in the department store has significant from an integrated marketing perspective.
Self-perceived quality of life in cocaine dependents with or without dual diagnosis
Authors: Díaz-Morán Sira ,   Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine. Neuroscience Institute. Autonomous University of Barcelona. Barcelona (Spain)., Palma-Álvarez Raúl Felipe , Grau-López Lara , Daigre Constanza , Barral Carmen , Ros-Cucurull Elena , Casas Miguel , Roncero Carlos ,   Psychiatry Service. Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. CIBERSAM. Barcelona (Spain).,   Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit. Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. Barcelona -Public Health Agency (ASPB) Barcelona (Spain).
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Introduction. Although impairment in the quality of life is common among cocaine dependent patients, there are but a few researches about the interaction between addiction and quality of life.

Objective. To study different parameters of quality of life in a sample of cocaine dependent patients and to compare patients with or without dual diagnosis. Also, to promote the importance of subjectivity in the quality of life and to propose to incorporate patients’ self-perception into their treatment.

Method. Three diagnostic interviews were administered (SCID-I, SCID-II and PRISM) and a quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) was applied between two different patient groups: Group I (cocaine dependent patients) and Group II (cocaine dependent patients with other mental disorder).

Results. Patients diagnosed with dual disorders (Group II) showed broader differences in perceptions of their quality of life in comparison with their clinicians. The perception of quality of life may vary depending on the presence and severity of mental disorders, and these different appreciations may explain the difficulties that clinicians face in understanding their patients’ expectations and motivations.

Discussion and conclusion. A systematic evaluation of the subjective quality of life should be included in the management of cocaine dependent patients in order to more accurately understand the patients’ perception of their treatment, motivations and expectations.
La controverse éthique des bienveillantes : Réflexions sur la rationalité du bourreau
Authors: Jansen Lisanne
Published: December 2015

À sa publication, les Bienveillantes de Jonathan Littell a suscité une violente controverse que l’on pourrait qualifier non sans raison d’éthique. La raison ? Une question de point de vue, une façon de mettre en scène la Shoah. Nous proposons ici d’interroger les ressorts de cette immoralité manifeste et de montrer comment la controverse attachée au roman de Littell intervient comme un dispositif capable de mettre à nu les conditions de possibilité d’une atrocité historique. Cette réflexion sur la rationalité du bourreau témoigne précisément d’un souci moral.
La ética del cuidado, sustento de la bioética enfermera
Authors: García Moyano Loreto María , Pellicer García Begoña , Arrazola Alberdi Oihana
Published: December 2015

En la actualidad, la enfermería ha sabido reconocer la importancia de las exigencias éticas que vinculan al acto del cuidado, y así ha dado razón a los diferentes conflictos de valores a los que los profesionales hacen frente a diario. No obstante, la profesión, no ha sabido encontrar un modelo bioético único que englobe todos los aspectos que surgen de su quehacer profesional y que ayudaría a aumentar la calidad de los servicios de salud percibida, para humanizar así la acción profesional del cuidado. El presente trabajo pretende, mediante la discusión teórica y el método de comparación constante, demostrar la necesidad de la profesión enfermera de conocer los distintos modelos bioéticos, y en especial la llamada “ética del cuidado”, modelo impulsado en 1982 por la psicóloga y filósofa norteamericana Carol Gilligan, que podría servir como sustento para definir un modelo bioético enfermero concreto. De la misma manera, se pretende explicar la diferencia entre la ética del cuidado y la ética de los cuidados. 
Percepción del cuidado de enfermería dado a los pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados
Authors: Santamaría Narda Patricia , García Lilia Esperanza , Sánchez Herrera Beatriz , Carrillo Gloria Mabel
Published: December 2015

El objetivo principal de este artículo es describir el estado del arte sobre la percepción del cuidado de enfermería a pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados. Para esto, se hizo una revisión integrativa realizada en 16 bases de datos entre 1994 y 2014, teniendo en cuenta los descriptores percepción, relación enfermero-paciente, hospitalización y oncología, con sus respectivas traducciones al inglés y orientada por el descriptor boleano AND.  Se encontraron de esta manera 52 publicaciones sobre la relación enfermera-paciente oncológico hospitalizado; asimismo, se evidenció que estas han ido en incremento, particularmente en la última década.  La mayor parte de las publicaciones son de tipo cualitativo, revisiones o reflexiones. Al revisar en conjunto la productividad académica, se identificaron múltiples formas de abordar esta relación desde el punto de vista conceptual; sin embargo, parece ser su condición de reciprocidad  la que resulta más enriquecedora para las partes, lo que permite que los sujetos que intercambian en medio del cuidado de la vida cuando se tiene un cáncer crezcan como personas y ganen en introspección. Así pues, la relación enfermera-paciente con cáncer hospitalizado es un punto central para poder comprender y cualificar las prácticas de cuidado de esta población. Se hace necesario desarrollar estrategias de medición y cualificación de esta interacción.  
Consideraciones bioéticas del tamizaje neonatal: pautas para su regulación integral
Authors: Cifuentes Ricardo
Published: December 2015

El tamizaje neonatal pretende detectar al nacimiento anomalías susceptibles de tratamiento antes de la aparición de enfermedad. Su objetivo es evitar discapacidad e incluso la muerte de algunos recién nacidos. Con los desarrollos tecnológicos los beneficios se han extendido a la familia y a la sociedad. Contrariamente, también se han documentado daños psicológicos, sociales e incluso físicos. La probabilidad de daño está influenciada por consideraciones asociadas con principios bioéticos como la confidencialidad, la cual se  relaciona con los principios de dignidad y autonomía. Aparecen entonces controversias como el tiempo de retención de muestras. De forma similar, hay otras controversias asociadas a consideraciones bioéticas como la prioridad de la persona o el consentimiento. A pesar del panorama descrito, la legislación no aborda de forma integral las consideraciones bioéticas. Colombia no es la excepción; la normatividad específica para tamizaje neonatal no considera ni siquiera de forma aislada consideraciones fundamentales en este tópico. En este contexto, el derecho blando da directivas como el deber de garantizar el acceso o las circunstancias en las cuales es posible realizar el tamizaje neonatal sin beneficio directo para el neonato. Sin embargo, no aborda otras consideraciones como el consentimiento y la confidencialidad, lo que amerita un debate bioético integral.
Vulnerabilidad social en la enfermedad de Alzheimer: en búsqueda de derechos
Authors: Crippa Anelise , Loureiro Fernanda , Gomes Irenio
Published: December 2015

La presente investigación fue diseñada para verificar cuáles son las razones que conllevan a las personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer a interponer un recurso legal. Para ello, se buscó en la página web del Tribunal de Río Grande do Sul, en el trascurso de un año, las decisiones de los recursos judiciales que contenían la palabra "Alzheimer". Fueron encontradas 65 decisiones relacionadas con la enfermedad de Alzheimer. De ellas, la mayoría correspondió a solicitudes de medicamentos (61,6%), seguido de solicitud de pañales (17,0%). Es importante que se dé el cumplimiento de la legislación, posibilitando disminuir la cantidad de interpuestas judiciales, así como la importancia de que se genere la comprensión de la gravedad de esta enfermedad, para que los procesos se den de manera rápida, haciendo que no aumente la vulnerabilidad del anciano con la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Atención bioética de la vulnerabilidad de los autistas: la odontología en la estrategia de salud de la familia
Authors: Amaral Lais David , Fabiano de Carvalho Talita , Barreto Bezerra Ana Cristina
Published: December 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es describir y discutir el enfoque y  la intervención odontológica en autistas, así como la participación de la familia y de los profesionales de la salud oral en este contexto. Se cree que los principios de atención básica de la salud oral pueden ser aplicados en autistas y se sugiere un protocolo de atención odontológica al autista, dirigido a la práctica en los servicios de salud pública. Por tanto, son necesarios nuevos cuestionamientos enfocados a elevar la calidad de la atención odontológica al paciente  autista, sobre todo en el Sistema Único de Salud y particularmente  en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, en la atención de esta población vulnerable, con un enfoque bioético.
Detoxification Mechanisms of Mercury Toxicity in Plants: A Review
Authors: Shrivastava Shilpa , Shrivastav Archana , Sharma Jot ,   Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, CHRI Campus, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.,   Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, CHRI Campus, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.,   Department of Biotechnology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Published: December 2015

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals present in the earth’s crust. It has been considered as environmental pollutant because of its potent toxicity to plants and humans. In this review, we discuss mercury toxicity responses on plant metabolism and its detoxification mechanism by phytochelatins and antioxidant enzymes. Some light is also shed on selenium antagonistic study with mercury. Due to its potential toxicity, it has attracted attention in fields of soil science and plant nutrition. Mercury has harmful toxic effects on the molecular and physiobiochemical behavior of plants. Mostly research work has been done on seed germination, and shoot, root, and leaf morphology. Enzyme responses with respect to mercury as a result Hg accumulated in food chain is also reviewed here. Hence, this review may provide a compiled data for other researches in this direction, to provide a better mechanism or details about mercury’s noxious effect in the ecosystem.
Immunological profiles of lactating and mastitis crossbred cattle
Authors: Rai* Kuldeep , Ashutosh Manju , Singh Sakainder , Baindha Ashok , Kumar Virendra , Singh Navav
Published: December 2015

In order to assess the immune profiles of lactating and mastitis crossbred cows, blood samples were collected weekly for one month from early, mid and late lactating cows and once from clinical and subclinical mastitis cows. Immune markers nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor a and immunoglobulin G were estimated in blood plasma. A concurrent significant (P less than 0.05) fall in IgG concentration was noted in clinical mastitis cows and was highest during mid lactation in lactating cows. The clinical and subclinical mastitis cows had significantly (P less than 0.05) high levels of TNF-a and were non-detectable in lactating cows. Plasma NO level exhibited a massive rise (P less than 0.05) in mastitis cows (clinical and subclinical), the levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than in the normal lactating states.
A influência da filosofia de Augusto Comte no ensino jurídico brasileiro: breve delineamento histórico
The influence of Augusto Comte philosophy in the brazilian legal education: a short historical outline
Authors: Ramalho Halleyde souza
Published: December 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a filosofia positivista e sua influência no ensino jurídico brasileiro. No intento de alcançar este entendimento apresenta um breve escorço sobre o positivismo, filosofia sistematizada por Augusto Comte, e sua importância na história do Brasil, especialmente ao que toca a educação. Inicialmente procura-se apresentar à filosofia comteana, assim como demonstrar em que ambiente ela emerge estruturalmente. Em seguida recorta-se um dos meios de edificação do positivismo no Brasil e sua inserção na educação. Considera-se para tanto, o curso de Direito, visto ter importante significado na construção política nacional mediante a feitura dos caminhos traçados pelo filósofo Augusto Comte. Contudo, ela não fez parte, simplesmente, de um passado, mas ainda mostra sua face no ensino jurídico hodierno. Como forma de pesquisa foram utilizados os procedimentos histórico e bibliográfico na construção deste trabalho de natureza qualitativa.
A Etnografia aplicada aos estudos de administração
Is the ethnography applied in management studies
Authors: Almeida Damiana Machado de , Quatrin Denise Rossato , Costa Vania Medianeira Flores , Ibdaiwi Thiago Kader Rajeh , Tatsch Marcelo Pastoriza
Published: December 2015

A etnografia é uma abordagem metodológica que busca a compreensão de fatos sociais, e seu uso expandiu-se no campo das ciências sociais. Dada a importância crescente do método nas pesquisas em Administração, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar os artigos etnográficos publicados nos principais eventos de Administração do Brasil quanto às etapas pré-estabelecidas para a operacionalização do método, segundo Fonseca (1999). Para isso, partiu-se da busca por artigos no website da Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Administração - ANPAD, considerando todos os eventos promovidos pela entidade, obtendo-se resultados no período de 2002 a 2012. Desta forma, a pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo descritivo e bibliométrico. De modo geral, as pesquisas analisadas atendem aos pressupostos do método etnográfico, sendo que 64,45% dos estudos satisfizeram as exigências das etapas. No entanto, percebe-se que a pesquisa etnográfica, no que se refere aos estudos da área de administração, ainda é incipiente e pouco explorada. Ainda são minoria os grupos de pesquisadores no Brasil que utilizam essa técnica em suas pesquisas, o que justifica a lenta evolução deste método em estudos da área da administração.
O comportamento ecológico dos clientes da empresa Perfect Car Lavagens
Ecological behavior of clients company Perfect Car Washes
Authors: Araujo Tiago Pistoia , Ibdaiwi Thiago Kader Rajeh , Lourenci Bruno Cassol
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção dos clientes da empresa Perfect Car Lavagens com relação à reutilização e/ou economia do consumo de água. A pesquisa é caracterizada por uma pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva e exploratória. Como instrumento de coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário contendo 25 (vinte e cinco) perguntas fechadas e 1 (uma) pergunta aberta, procurando obter com a maior clareza e objetividade possível, qual o comportamento ecológico do cliente da empresa e sua preocupação com o meio ambiente. Responderam 30 clientes assíduos da empresa Perfect Car. A análise dos resultados revelou que os clientes entrevistados, em sua grande maioria, possuem um comportamento ecológico correto, procuram preservar os recursos hídricos e preservar o meio ambiente. Como conclusão da pesquisa detectou-se que há tendência dos clientes preservarem a água, apresentando assim características de comportamento ecológico. Outro fator que se destaca na pesquisa é que este comportamento não está relacionado somente à lavagem de veículos, mas se estende a quase todos os seus hábitos diários. Conclui-se que os entrevistados se preocupam com o meio ambiente e tentam adotar ações que enfatizem a sustentabilidade e o correto comportamento com relação à preservação dos recursos hídricos, desenvolvendo maior grau de respeito e cuidado com o meio ambiente.
Tropical insular fish assemblages are resilient to flood disturbance
Authors: Smith William E. , Kwak Thomas J.
Published: December 2015

Periods of stable environmental conditions, favoring development of ecological communities regulated by density‐dependent processes, are interrupted by random periods of disturbance that may restructure communities. Disturbance may affect populations via habitat alteration, mortality, or displacement. We quantified fish habitat conditions, density, and movement before and after a major flood disturbance in a Caribbean island tropical river using habitat surveys, fish sampling and population estimates, radio telemetry, and passively monitored PIT tags. Native stream fish populations showed evidence of acute mortality and downstream displacement of surviving fish. All fish species were reduced in number at most life stages after the disturbance, but populations responded with recruitment and migration into vacated upstream habitats. Changes in density were uneven among size classes for most species, indicating altered size structures. Rapid recovery processes at the population level appeared to dampen effects at the assemblage level, as fish assemblage parameters (species richness and diversity) were unchanged by the flooding. The native fish assemblage appeared resilient to flood disturbance, rapidly compensating for mortality and displacement with increased recruitment and recolonization of upstream habitats.
Wolves, people, and brown bears influence the expansion of the recolonizing wolf population in Scandinavia
Authors: Ordiz Andrés , Milleret Cyril , Kindberg Jonas , Månsson Johan , Wabakken Petter , Swenson Jon E. , Sand Håkan
Published: December 2015

Interspecific competition can influence the distribution and abundance of species and the structure of ecological communities and entire ecosystems. Interactions between apex predators can have cascading effects through the entire natural community, which supports broadening the scope of conservation from single species to a much wider ecosystem perspective. However, competition between wild large carnivores can hardly be measured experimentally. In this study, we analyzed the expansion of the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population during its recovery from the early 1990s. We took into account wolf‐, habitat‐, human‐ and brown bear (Ursus arctos)‐related factors, because wolf expansion occurred within an area partially sympatric with bears. Wolf pair establishment was positively related to previous wolf presence and was negatively related to road density, distance to other wolf territories, and bear density. These findings suggest that both human‐related habitat modification and interspecific competition have been influential factors modulating the expansion of the wolf population. Interactions between large carnivores have the potential to affect overall biodiversity. Therefore, conservation‐oriented management of such species should consider interspecific interactions, rather than focusing only on target populations of single species. Long‐term monitoring data across large areas should also help quantify and predict the influence of biotic interactions on species assemblages and distributions elsewhere. This is important because interactive processes can be essential in the regulation, stability, and resilience of ecological communities.
Portret nastavnika matematike u srednjoj školi: kritička analiza dominantne prakse
Authors: Radišić Jelena , Baucal Aleksandar
Published: December 2015

Polazeći od rezultata prethodnih studija o značaju uverenja nastavnika o nastavi i učenju za njihov svakodnevni rad u učionici, te rezultata koji upućuju na kompleksnost odnosa između uverenja i praksi nastavnika cilj ovog rada je da analizira nastavu matematike u srednjim školama postavljajući ove dve istraživačke tradicije u svojevrstan dijalog. Autori polaze od pretpostavke da odnos između nastavnikovog uverenja o tome na koji način treba konstruisati okruženje za učenje i svakodnevne prakse nije jednostavan i linearan, već da može značajno da varira. U pojedinim slučajevima uverenja i prakse nastavnika će biti u skladu; ponekad će prakse nastavnika izlaziti izvan okvira koje uspostavljaju uverenja; a neretko će praksa protuvrečiti demonstriranim uverenjima nastavnika. Praksa nastavnika matematike se analizira na osnovu dve konsekutivne studije koje su imale za cilj da istraže ovu kompleksnost odnosa. Rezultati ukazuju da najveći broj nastavnika matematike pripada tradicionalnoj grupi nastavnika u vezi sa shvatanjima o nastavi i učenju, ali i praksama koje se primenjuju u radu sa učenicima. Ipak, jedna grupa nastavnika uprkos prisustvu tradicionalnih uverenja, konstruiše svoju praksu tako da donekle pokušava da iskorači izvan tradicionalnog okvira u kome se nalazi. Rezultati su diskutovani uzimajući u obzir inicijalno obrazovanje nastavnika i njihov dalji profesionalni razvoj.
Mucanje kod dece: dometi psihološkog teorijskog pristupa i tretmana sa osvrtom na ulogu školskog okruženja
Authors: Dimoski Sanja , Stojković Irena
Published: December 2015

Ovaj rad daje prikaz savremenih istraživanja o psihosocijalnim i obrazovnim karakteristikama dece koja mucaju. Nalazi istraživanja se ne slažu oko prisustva anksioznosti, socijalne anksioznosti, samopouzdanja, depresivnosti kod dece koja mucaju. Ipak, postoji dovoljno indikatora koji ukazuju da je psihološko funkcionisanje dece koja mucaju specifično, bez obzira na to da li je neki od psiholoških faktora uzrok ili je posledica mucanja. Pregled literature pokazuje slaganje istraživača o tome da deca koja mucaju trpe negativne reakcije okoline, koje su često prisutne u školskom kontekstu, što negativno utiče na socijalizaciju. Savremena literatura uzima u obzir psihosocijalni kontekst u kojem se odvija mucanje, a rad je pokušaj opravdavanja psihološkog pristupa u tretiranju mucanja kod dece. Diskutovani su argumenti koji se suprotstavljaju neurološkim konceptima o etiologiji mucanja i diretknim oblicima tretmana kojima je cilj poboljšanje fluentnosti. Dat je prikaz i kritička diskusija psiholoških teorijskih određenja indirektnih tipova tretmana koji imaju za cilj prevazilaženje mucanja kroz promene karakteristika životne sredine za koje se smatra da utiču na javljanje poremećaja. Savremene koncepcije tretmana, koje su prikazane u radu, su proširene i obogaćene u odnosu na klasične, iu skladu su sa socijalnim modelom ometenosti. Prikazani su pristupi koji insistiraju na psihosocijalnim intervencijama u školi koje bi obezbedile bolji prihvat dece sa ovim poremećajem i uticale na prevenciju psihopatologije i akademskih teškoća u odraslom dobu. Rad je ponudio projekciju razvoja izučavanja ovog, još uvek nedovoljno ispitanog poremećaja, kao i implikacije za profesionalnu praksu koja je zasnovana na psihološkom pristupu mucanju kod dece.
Health Literacy, Pedometer, and Self-Reported Walking Among Older Adults
Authors: Al Sayah Fatima , Johnson Steven T. , Vallance Jeff
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We examined the association of health literacy with physical activity and physical activity guideline adherence in older adults.

Methods. We used cross-sectional data from a 2012 population-based study in Alberta, Canada, assessing health literacy, and deriving moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week from the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, and steps per day via a pedometer.

Results. Mean age of participants (n = 1296) was 66.4 (SD = 8.2) years, 57% were female, and 94% were White. Nine percent had inadequate health literacy, and 46% met guidelines for self-reported physical activity and 18% for steps per day. Participants with inadequate health literacy had nonsignificant adjusted decrements of 58 MVPA minutes and 218 MET minutes per week and were less likely to meet physical activity guidelines (MVPA: odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41, 0.97; P = .037; MET: odds ratio = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.42, 1.01; P = .057) compared with their health-literate counterparts. Such differences were nonsignificant for steps per day.

Conclusions. Inadequate health literacy was associated with less likelihood of meeting MVPA guidelines based on self-reported physical activity, but not based on an objective measure of steps per day.
Adverse Childhood Experiences Related to Poor Adult Health Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Authors: Austin Anna , Herrick Harry , Proescholdbell Scott
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We explored the association of sexual orientation with poor adult health outcomes before and after adjustment for exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

Methods. Data were from the 2012 North Carolina, 2011 Washington, and 2011 and 2012 Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys regarding health risks, perceived poor health, and chronic conditions by sexual orientation and 8 categories of ACEs. There were 711 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) respondents and 29 690 heterosexual respondents.

Results. LGB individuals had a higher prevalence of all ACEs than heterosexuals, with odds ratios ranging from 1.4 to 3.1. After adjustment for cumulative exposure to ACEs, sexual orientation was no longer associated with poor physical health, current smoking, and binge drinking. Associations with poor mental health, activity limitation, HIV risk behaviors, current asthma, depression, and disability remained, but were attenuated.

Conclusions. The higher prevalence of ACEs among LGB individuals may account for some of their excess risk for poor adult health outcomes.
Economic Opportunity, Health Behaviors, and Mortality in the United States
Authors: Venkataramani Atheendar S. , Chatterjee Paula , Kawachi Ichiro , Tsai Alexander C.
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We assessed whether economic opportunity was independently associated with health behaviors and outcomes in the United States.

Methods. Using newly available, cross-sectional, county-level data from the Equality of Opportunity Project Database and vital statistics, we estimated associations between all-cause mortality rates (averaged over 2000-2012) and economic opportunity, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and health system covariates. Our measure of economic opportunity was the county-average rank in the national income distribution attained by individuals born to families in the bottom income quartile. Secondary outcomes included rates of age- and race-specific mortality, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.

Results. An increase in economic opportunity from the lowest to the highest quintile was associated with a 16.7% decrease in mortality. The magnitudes of association were largest for working-age adults and African Americans. Greater economic opportunity was also associated with health behaviors and risk factors.

Conclusions. Economic opportunity is a robust, independent predictor of health. Future work should investigate underlying causal links and mechanisms.
Affordability of the Health Expenditures of Insured Americans Before the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Nyman John A. , Trenz Helen M.
Published: December 2015

Central to the Affordable Care Act is the notion of affordability and the role of health insurance in making otherwise unaffordable health care affordable. We used data from the 1996 to 2008 versions of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate the portion of overall health care expenditures by insured respondents that would otherwise have been beyond their disposable incomes and assets. We found that about one third of insured expenditures would have been unaffordable, with a much higher percentage among publicly insured individuals. This result suggests that one of the main functions of insurance is to cover expenses that insured individuals would not otherwise be able to afford.
Nonmedical Opioid Pain Relievers and All-Cause Mortality: A 27-Year Follow-Up From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
Authors: Cottler Linda B. , Hu Hui , Smallwood Bryan A. , Anthony James C. , Wu Li-Tzy , Eaton William W.
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We investigated whether nonmedical opioid pain reliever use is associated with higher mortality in the general US population.

Methods. We assessed the history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use among 9985 people interviewed at baseline of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program initiated in 1981 to 1983 in Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Durham, North Carolina. We linked the data with the National Death Index through 2007.

Results. Nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was 1.4%. Compared with no nonmedical drug use, mortality was increased for nonmedical opioid pain reliever use (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 2.53) or nonmedical use of other drugs (HR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.62). Mortality was also higher for males and for those beginning nonmedical opioid pain reliever use before aged 15 years.

Conclusions. A history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was associated with increased mortality, in particular for males and early onset users.
Independent and Interactive Effects of Smoking Bans and Tobacco Taxes on a Cohort of US Young Adults
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Kelly Brian C. , Kadowaki Joy
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We examined the mutual effects of smoking bans and taxes on smoking among a longitudinal cohort of young adults.

Methods. We combined a repository of US tobacco policies at the state and local level with the nationally representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (2004–2011) from ages 19 to 31 years and Census data, to examine the impact of tobacco policies on any current and daily pack smoking. The analytic sample amounts to 19 668 observations among 4341 individuals within 487 cities.

Results. For current smoking, we found significant effects for comprehensive smoking bans, but not excise taxes. We also found an interaction effect, with bans being most effective in locales with no or low taxes. For daily pack smoking, we found significant effects for taxes, but limited support for bans.

Conclusions. Social smoking among young adults is primarily inhibited by smoking bans, but excise taxes only deter such smoking in the absence of a ban. Heavy smokers are primarily deterred by taxes. Although both policies have an impact on young adult smoking behaviors, their dual presence does not intensify each policy’s efficacy.
Effect of Gun Carrying on Perceptions of Risk Among Adolescent Offenders
Authors: Loughran Thomas A. , Reid Joan A. , Collins Megan Eileen , Mulvey Edward P.
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We observed how perceptions of risks, costs, crime rewards, and violence exposure change as individual gun-carrying behavior changes among high-risk adolescents.

Methods. We analyzed a longitudinal study (2000–2010) of serious juvenile offenders in Maricopa County, Arizona, or Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, assessing within-person changes in risk and reward perceptions, and violence exposure as individuals initiated or ceased gun carrying.

Results. Despite being associated with heightened exposure to violence, gun carrying was linked to lower perceptions of risks and costs and higher perceived rewards of offending. Gun carrying was not time-stable, as certain individuals both started and stopped carrying during the study. Within-person changes in carrying guns were associated with shifting perceptions of risks, costs, and rewards of crime, and changes in exposure to violence in expected directions.

Conclusions. Gun carrying reduces perceptions of risks associated with offending while increasing actual risk of violence exposure. This suggests that there is an important disconnect between perceptions and objective levels of safety among high-risk youths. Gun-carrying decisions may not only be influenced by factors of protection and self-defense, but also by perceptions of risks and reward associated with engaging in crime more generally.
HIV Diagnoses and Care Among Transgender Persons and Comparison With Men Who Have Sex With Men: New York City, 2006–2011
Authors: Wiewel Ellen Weiss , Torian Lucia V. , Merchant Pooja , Braunstein Sarah L. , Shepard Colin W.
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We measured HIV care outcomes of transgender persons, who have high HIV infection rates but are rarely distinguished from men who have sex with men (MSM) in HIV surveillance systems.

Methods. New York City’s surveillance registry includes HIV diagnoses since 2000 and HIV laboratory test results for transgender persons since 2005. We determined immunological status at diagnosis, delayed linkage to care, and nonachievement of viral suppression 1 year after diagnosis for transgender persons diagnosed with HIV in 2006 to 2011 and compared transgender women with MSM.

Results. In 2006 to 2011, 264 of 23 805 persons diagnosed with HIV were transgender (1%): 98% transgender women and 2% transgender men. Compared with MSM, transgender women had similar CD4 counts at diagnosis and rates of concurrent HIV/AIDS and delayed linkage to care but increased odds of not achieving suppression (adjusted odds ratio = 1.56; 95% confidence interval = 1.13, 2.16).

Conclusions. Compared with MSM, transgender women in New York City had similar immunological status at diagnosis but lagged in achieving viral suppression. To provide appropriate assistance along the HIV care continuum, HIV care providers should accurately identify transgender persons.
Art and money: Three aesthetic strategies in an age of financialisation
Authors: Haiven Max
Published: December 2015

Recent decades of financialisation have seen a significant growth in art that mobilises various forms of money as artistic media. These range from the integration of material money (coins, bills, credit cards) into aesthetic processes, such as sculpture, painting, performance, and so on, to a preoccupation with more ephemeral thematics including debt, economics, and the dynamics of the art market. This article explores three (and a half) strategies that artists use to engage with money: crass opportunism; a stark revelation of money's power; a coy play with art's subjugation to money; and a more profound attempt to reveal the shared labour at the heart of both money and art's aesthetic-political power. Money's perennial appeal to artists stems from the irony of its tantalising capacity to almost represent capitalist totality. At their core, both money and art are animated by a certain creative labour, a suspension of disbelief, and a politics of representation. Artistic practices that use money can provide critical resources for studying, understanding, and seeing beyond the rule of speculative capital.
T B Smith and Max Rheinstein: Letters from America
Authors: MacPherson Alisdair D J
Published: December 2015

In this article, Alisdair MacPherson draws on his research of archival records to examine the correspondence between two great legal scholars of the twentieth century, Professor Max Rheinstein of the University of Chicago and Professor Sir T B Smith of the University of Edinburgh. MacPherson explores how Smith used a contact such as Rheinstein to develop a network of international scholars with whom he could collaborate, to whom he could promote the virtues of Scots law as a mixed legal system, and to whom he could extend invitations to visit Scotland.
Improved Permeate Flux of PVDF Ultrafiltration Membrane Containing PVDF-g-PHEA Synthesized via ATRP
Authors: Kim Kwang-Mo , Woo Sahng , Lee Ju , Park Hyun , Park Jinwon , Min Byoung
Published: December 2015

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane combined with polyvinylidene fluoride-graft-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (PVDF-g-PHEA) was fabricated via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS). In this study, PVDF-g-PHEA was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method, and then synthesized graft copolymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Moreover, PVDF membranes containing graft copolymer (PVDF-g-PHEA) showed lower water contact angle value than pristine PVDF membranes. Macrovoid holes were also observed in cross sectional scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of PVDF membrane containing PVDF-g-PHEA. Accordingly, it was confirmed that these characteristics led PVDF membrane blended with graft copolymer has high final permeate flux and normalized flux compared to pristine PVDF membrane.
Gravitational Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Moffat John
Published: December 2015

The spontaneous violation of Lorentz and diffeomorphism invariance in a phase near the big bang lowers the entropy, allowing for an arrow of time and the second law of thermodynamics. The spontaneous symmetry breaking leads to O(3,1) → O(3) × R , where O(3) is the rotational symmetry of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker spacetime. The Weyl curvature tensor Cμνρσ vanishes in the FLRW spacetime satisfying the Penrose zero Weyl curvature conjecture. The requirement of a measure of gravitational entropy is discussed. The vacuum expectation value 〈0|ψμ|0〉 ≠ 0 for a vector field ψμ acts as an order parameter and at the critical temperature Tc a phase transition occurs breaking the Lorentz symmetry spontaneously. During the ordered O(3) symmetry phase the entropy is vanishingly small and for T < Tc as the universe expands the anti-restored O(3,1) Lorentz symmetry leads to a disordered phase and a large increase in entropy creating the arrow of time.
Psychology of Game Playing: Introduction to a Special Issue
Authors: Colman Andrew , Pulford Briony
Published: December 2015

Game theory has focused attention on different problems at different times in its history. Currently, attention is devoted to investigating how human decision makers with bounded rationality choose strategies in interactive decisions. Behavioral economics, and more generally experimental games, have appeared in the literature with accelerating frequency since 1990, and this cannot continue indefinitely without a proportional expansion of journal space. This Special Issue includes contributions to behavioral economics, experimental games, and evolutionary game theory, using theoretical, experimental, and agent-based modeling techniques.
Molecular Modeling of Myrosinase from Brassica oleracea: A Structural Investigation of Sinigrin Interaction
Authors: Natarajan Sathishkumar , Thamilarasan Senthil , Park Jong-In , Chung Mi-Young , Nou Ill-Sup
Published: December 2015

Myrosinase, which is present in cruciferous plant species, plays an important role in the hydrolysis of glycosides such as glucosinolates and is involved in plant defense. Brassicaceae myrosinases are diverse although they share common ancestry, and structural knowledge about myrosinases from cabbage (Brassica oleracea) was needed. To address this, we constructed a three-dimensional model structure of myrosinase based on Sinapis alba structures using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement server (I-TASSER) webserver, and refined model coordinates were evaluated with ProQ and Verify3D. The resulting model was predicted with β/α fold, ten conserved N-glycosylation sites, and three disulfide bridges. In addition, this model shared features with the known Sinapis alba myrosinase structure. To obtain a better understanding of myrosinase–sinigrin interaction, the refined model was docked using Autodock Vina with crucial key amino acids. The key nucleophile residues GLN207 and GLU427 were found to interact with sinigrin to form a hydrogen bond. Further, 20-ns molecular dynamics simulation was performed to examine myrosinase–sinigrin complex stability, revealing that residue GLU207 maintained its hydrogen bond stability throughout the entire simulation and structural orientation was similar to that of the docked state. This conceptual model should be useful for understanding the structural features of myrosinase and their binding orientation with sinigrin.
Transcriptomic Analysis of the Porcine Endometrium during Embryo Implantation
Authors: Lin Haichao , Wang Huaizhong , Wang Yanping , Liu Chang , Wang Cheng , Guo Jianfeng
Published: December 2015

In pigs, successful embryo implantation is an important guarantee for producing litter size, and early embryonic loss occurring on day 12–30 of gestation critically affects the potential litter size. The implantation process is regulated by the expression of numerous genes, so comprehensive analysis of the endometrium is necessary. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology is used to analyze endometrial tissues during early pregnancy. We investigated the changes of gene expression between three stages (day 12, 18, and 25) by multiple comparisons. There were 1557, 8951, and 2345 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed between the different periods of implantation. We selected several genes for validation by the use of quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes in the endometrium revealed a number of biological processes and pathways potentially involved in embryo implantation in the pig, most noticeably cell proliferation, regulation of immune response, interaction of cytokine-cytokine receptors, and cell adhesion. These results showed that specific gene expression patterns reflect the different functions of the endometrium in three stages (maternal recognition, conceptus attachment, and embryo implantation). This study identified comprehensive transcriptomic profile in the porcine endometrium and thus could be a foundation for targeted studies of genes and pathways potentially involved in abnormal endometrial receptivity and embryo loss in early pregnancy.
Humanities for the Environment—A Manifesto for Research and Action
Authors: Holm Poul , Adamson Joni , Huang Hsinya , Kirdan Lars , Kitch Sally , McCalman Iain , Ogude James , Ronan Marisa , Scott Dominic , Thompson Kirill , Travis Charles , Wehner Kirsten
Published: December 2015

Human preferences, practices and actions are the main drivers of global environmental change in the 21st century. It is crucial, therefore, to promote pro-environmental behavior. In order to accomplish this, we need to move beyond rational choice and behavioral decision theories, which do not capture the full range of commitments, assumptions, imaginaries, and belief systems that drive those preferences and actions. Humanities disciplines, such as philosophy, history, religious studies, gender studies, language and literary studies, psychology, and pedagogics do offer deep insights into human motivations, values, and choices. We believe that the expertise of such fields for transforming human preferences, practices and actions is ignored at society’s peril. We propose an agenda that focuses global humanities research on stepping up to the challenges of planetary environmental change. We have established Environmental Humanities Observatories through which to observe, explore and enact the crucial ways humanistic disciplines may help us understand and engage with global ecological problems by providing insight into human action, perceptions, and motivation. We present this Manifesto as an invitation for others to join the “Humanities for the Environment” open global consortium of humanities observatories as we continue to develop a shared research agenda.
A Temporal Association between Accumulated Petrol (Gasoline) Lead Emissions and Motor Neuron Disease in Australia
Authors: Laidlaw Mark , Rowe Dominic , Ball Andrew , Mielke Howard
Published: December 2015

Background: The age standardised death rate from motor neuron disease (MND) has increased from 1.29 to 2.74 per 100,000, an increase of 112.4% between 1959 and 2013. It is clear that genetics could not have played a causal role in the increased rate of MND deaths over such a short time span. We postulate that environmental factors are responsible for this rate increase. We focus on lead additives in Australian petrol as a possible contributing environmental factor. Methods: The associations between historical petrol lead emissions and MND death trends in Australia between 1962 and 2013 were examined using linear regressions. Results: Regression results indicate best fit correlations between a 20 year lag of petrol lead emissions and age-standardised female death rate (R2 = 0.86, p = 4.88 × 10−23), male age standardised death rate (R2 = 0.86, p = 9.4 × 10−23) and percent all cause death attributed to MND (R2 = 0.98, p = 2.6 × 10−44). Conclusion: Legacy petrol lead emissions are associated with increased MND death trends in Australia. Further examination of the 20 year lag between exposure to petrol lead and the onset of MND is warranted.
Understanding Melanocyte Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine Applications
Authors: Mull Amber , Zolekar Ashwini , Wang Yu-Chieh
Published: December 2015

Melanocytes in the skin play an indispensable role in the pigmentation of skin and its appendages. It is well known that the embryonic origin of melanocytes is neural crest cells. In adult skin, functional melanocytes are continuously repopulated by the differentiation of melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) residing in the epidermis of the skin. Many preceding studies have led to significant discoveries regarding the cellular and molecular characteristics of this unique stem cell population. The alteration of McSCs has been also implicated in several skin abnormalities and disease conditions. To date, our knowledge of McSCs largely comes from studying the stem cell niche of mouse hair follicles. Suggested by several anatomical differences between mouse and human skin, there could be distinct features associated with mouse and human McSCs as well as their niches in the skin. Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) research have provided us with useful tools to potentially acquire a substantial amount of human McSCs and functional melanocytes for research and regenerative medicine applications. This review highlights recent studies and progress involved in understanding the development of cutaneous melanocytes and the regulation of McSCs.