bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La liberalización de comercio agrícola en la Ronda de Doha:los impactos sobre España
Authors: Philippidis Geroge
Published: June 2016

Whilst there is a growing literature of computable general equilibrium (CGE) studies examining the impacts of the current Doha Proposals, estimates for the EU are highly aggregated (i.e., EU15). Employing a detailed baseline scenario and a plausible Doha outcome, we examine the long run costs for the European Union, in particular focusing on Spain. Moreover, we implement recent CAP reforms through explicit modelling of CAP mechanisms to provide greater credibility in assessing the long run asymmetric budgetary and welfare impacts on EU member states. The estimates forecast resource substitution effects between Spanish agro-food sectors and resource shifts from agro-food activities into manufacturing and services production. In Spain, the impacts of proposed Amber box reductions on fishing subsidies and the relatively smaller GDP contribution result in negative CAP budgetary impacts on regional income. In contrast, France, Germany and the UK all realise small real income gains.
Influencia social y sostenibilidad en el uso de recursos renovables
Authors: Almudi Isabel , Sánchez Chóliz Julio
Published: June 2016

In this paper we present a model in which we show that if the withdrawal activities referring to a renewable resource are abusive, they generate a social reaction of some kind that changes the social preferences. This change is taken into account by the social planner in deciding the optimal allocation between consumption and stock of the resource. Given these new conditions we ask how the stock of the resource in the steady state changes and what can be deduced about the chance of overuse of the resource. At the same time we compare these results to the ones obtained with traditional models which did not take social reactions into account. The conclusions obtained show that with these new conditions the stock of the steady state increases and the economy behavior becomes more conservative, diminishing the chance of overuse of the resource.
Planificación multicriterio de explotaciones agrarias en áreas tropicales protegidas. El caso de la zona protectora Guanare-Masparro (Venezuela)
Authors: Flores José , Gómez-Limón José A.
Published: June 2016

This work has as main objective the development of a methodological approach for multicriteria planning of agricultural land in rain-forest protected areas. For this purpose two main techniques have been used: the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Compromise Programming (CP), both employed in order to include into the analysis objectives from a triple point of view: economics, social and environmental. The methodological approach proposed has been implemented in a Venezuelan protected area, where agricultural activities have been historically the main source of income for its population. The results point out the existence of important conflicts between the objectives considered, showing the convenience of public intervention in order to promote a performance of agricultural sector according to the compromise solutions obtained.
Distribución de bienestar económico entre Estados Miembros ante distintas opciones de desacoplamiento en el marco de la nueva PAC - Consecuencias para España
Authors: Pérez Domínguez Ignacio , Wieck Christine
Published: June 2016

This paper makes use of an agricultural sector model to analyse welfare effects derived from different national implementation options of the CAP Reform 2003. It shows that agricultural prices developed more favourable in a full premium decoupling scenario, since agricultural production declines more pronounced compared to a partial decoupling scenario. The use of the partial decoupling mechanism helps Member States to distribute income into less favoured areas but is not the optimal policy choice. However, if other Member States follow the same path of reform, a ‘prisoner’s dilemma’ will most likely be observed: partial decoupling appears as the preferred option for individual Member States, since high domestic production and high producer prices would be expected, but this would lead to welfare losses for consumers and taxpayers.
Impact of climate policy on the Basque economy
Authors: González Mikel , Dellink Rob
Published: June 2016

En este trabajo analizamos el impacto económico de una reducción de las emisiones de CO2 en el País Vasco. Para ello utilizamos un modelo de equilibrio general aplicado (MEGA), que presta especial atención a las interacciones entre economía, medio ambiente y energía y que implementa la política ambiental mediante un mercado de permisos de emisión regulado por el gobierno. El artículo discute el coste de reducción de diferentes niveles en las emisiones, mostrando las variaciones en las principales variables macroeconómicas, sectoriales y energéticas. Los resultados muestran que los costes de cumplir los objetivos de Kyoto pueden ser moderados, si se consiguen inducir los cambios apropiados en el mix energético y en las estructuras de producción y consumo.
L’angoisse de vivre et l’angoisse d’écrire dans Incidents de parcours de Simone Chaput
Authors: Riesen Ingrid
Published: June 2016

Incidents de parcours, un recueil de nouvelles de Simone Chaput, présente la comédie humaine sous forme d’une série d’arrivées et de départs qui bousculent de fond en comble la vie des protagonistes, tous préoccupés par un problème central qui les amène à voyager loin. D’abord, nous discuterons du thème de l’errance qui se manifeste dans ces nouvelles, tant chez les personnages qui voyagent physiquement que chez ceux dont le dépaysement est interne. Ensuite, nous noterons la double fonction de l’exotisme du cadre de bon nombre des nouvelles. L’ailleurs sert, d’une part, d’échappatoire à des personnages fuyant une angoisse existentielle et, d’autre part, de véhicule d’expression de la déception inéluctable à laquelle ils sont voués. C’est cette angoisse troublante que nous examinerons enfin, angoisse observée froidement, d’habitude par un narrateur omniscient, et reflétée par une image centrale qui sert de leitmotif dans chaque nouvelle, menant le lecteur à réfléchir sur la détresse et l’enchantement, l’agonie et l’extase de la vie humaine et de l’acte d’écrire dans le contexte de la francophonie de l’Ouest.
L’écrivain imaginaire dans la nouvelle de l’Ouest : Marguerite-A. Primeau, Lise Gaboury-Diallo, Gisèle Villeneuve et Claudine Potvin
Authors: Sing Pamela V.
Published: June 2016

En postulant, d’une part, que la construction textuelle de la figure de l’artiste, que celui-ci soit écrivain, peintre ou musicien, a forcément quelque chose d’autofictionnel et, d’autre part, que les rapports que l’artiste sent avoir vis-à-vis des instances de la légitimation reçoivent un traitement métaphorique sur le plan de la spatialisation, nous nous intéresserons dans cet article aux façons dont la nouvelle traite de l’artiste, de la pratique et de la réception de son art. La prémisse principale est que les conditions de production réelles infléchissent la construction des conditions fictives de sorte que plus l’écrivain se perçoit légitimé, plus l’artiste imaginaire chez lui a tendance à circuler dans des espaces définis et d’ordre institutionnel. Le choix des écrivaines à l’étude permettra de valider cette prémisse dans la mesure où elles écrivent ou écrivaient toutes en tant que résidantes de l’Ouest canadien, mais en entretenant chacune des rapports avec une francophonie différente et aussi, par conséquent, avec des institutions littéraires différentes. Il s’agit de Marguerite-A. Primeau, Lise Gaboury-Diallo, Gisèle Villeneuve et Claudine Potvin.
Familles de jeunes enfants présentant des incapacités intellectuelles : étude des besoins et du sentiment d’appropriation du pouvoir
Authors: Dionne Carmen , Chatenoud Céline , McKinnon Suzie
Published: June 2016

Afin de mieux connaître la réalité des familles ayant un jeune enfant avec des incapacités intellectuelles et de soutenir des interventions qui soient centrées sur leurs besoins, 71 parents ont été rencontrés. Ils recevaient tous les services d’un centre de réadaptation pour personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle et étaient parents d’un enfant âgé de moins de six ans. Les outils utilisés dans cette étude sont les traductions francophones du Parent Needs Survey (Seligman & Darling, 1989) et de la Family Empowerment Scale (Koren, Dechillo, & Friesen, 1992). L’étude permet de faire ressortir un profil des besoins communs et prioritaires pour différentes familles, notamment en lien avec l’accès à l’information et avec l’intervention pour favoriser le développement du jeune enfant ayant des incapacités. Par ailleurs, d’autres besoins semblent moins prioritaires, comme le fait d’être aidé dans la gestion des tâches familiales quotidiennes ou encore dans les relations au sein de la famille. Le sentiment d’appropriation de pouvoir tel que perçu par les parents que ce soit à l’égard des membres de leur famille, des services offerts ou encore par rapport à la communauté, est également examiné.
Mathematical Model and Stochastic Multi-Criteria Acceptability Analysis for Facility Location Problem
Authors: Karabay Selahattin , Köse Erkan , Kabak Mehmet , Ozceylan Eren
Published: June 2016

This paper studies a real-life public sector facility location problem. The problem fundamentally originated from the idea of downsizing the number of service centres. However, opening of new facilities is also considered in case the current facilities fail to fulfil general management demands. Two operation research methodologies are used to solve the problem and the obtained results are compared. First, a mathematical programming model is introduced to determine where the new facilities will be located, and which districts get service from which facilities, as if there were currently no existing facilities. Second, the Stochastic Multi-criteria Acceptability Analysis-TRI (SMAA-TRI) method is used to select the best suitable places for service centres among the existing facilities. It is noted that the application of mathematical programming model and SMAA-TRI integration approach on facility location problem is the first study in literature. Compression of outcomes shows that mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model tries to open facilities in districts which are favoured by SMAA-TRI solution.
Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico
Authors: Mena Ignacio , Nelson Martha I , Quezada-Monroy Francisco , Dutta Jayeeta , Cortes-Fernández Refugio , Lara-Puente J Horacio , Castro-Peralta Felipa , Cunha Luis F , Trovão Nídia S , Lozano-Dubernard Bernardo , Rambaut Andrew , van Bakel Harm , García-Sastre Adolfo
Published: June 2016

Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade.
Falling apart
Authors: Marvin Jonathan S , Looger Loren L
Published: June 2016

Destabilized nanobodies can be used to deliver fluorescent proteins and enzymes to specific targets inside cells.
Study on cavitation behavior during high-intensity focused ultrasound exposure by using optical and ultrasonic imaging
Authors: Taguchi Kei , Takagi Ryo , Yasuda Jun , Yoshizawa Shin , Umemura Shin-ichiro
Published: June 2016

Cavitation bubbles are known to enhance the heating effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). In our previous study, the use of a “triggered HIFU” sequence consisting of a high-intensity pulse and a relatively low-intensity burst was proposed as an effective method to utilize the effect of cavitation bubbles. However, the duration of each component in the sequence has not been optimized. In this study, optical imaging was carried out to observe the behavior of cavitation bubbles in a gel phantom during the triggered HIFU exposure. Ultrasound imaging using the pulse inversion method was also conducted to detect the behavior of the bubbles. The results suggest that the oscillation of cavitation bubbles become inactive as the duration of HIFU burst exposure increases to the order of 10 ms. It was also suggested that ultrasonic imaging has potential use for detecting a change in the oscillation of cavitation bubbles for optimizing a triggered HIFU sequence.
Alternating guided image filtering
Authors: Toet Alexander
Published: June 2016

Edge preserving filters aim to simplify the representation of images (e.g., by reducing noise or eliminating irrelevant detail) while preserving their most significant edges. These filters are typically nonlinear and locally smooth the image structure while minimizing both blurring and over-sharpening of visually important edges. Here we present the Alternating Guided Filter (AGF) that achieves edge preserving smoothing by combining two recently introduced filters: the Rolling Guided Filter (RGF) and the Smooth and iteratively Restore Filter (SiR). We show that the integration of RGF and SiR in an alternating iterative framework results in a new smoothing operator that preserves significant image edges while effectively eliminating small scale details. The AGF combines the large scale edge and local intensity preserving properties of the RGF with the edge restoring properties of the SiR while eliminating the drawbacks of both previous methods (i.e., edge curvature smoothing by RGF and local intensity reduction and restoration of small scale details near large scale edges by SiR). The AGF is simple to implement and efficient, and produces high-quality results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of AGF on a variety of images, and provide a public code to facilitate future studies.
Dense water formation in the north‐western Mediterranean area during HyMeX‐SOP2 in 1/36° ocean simulations: Sensitivity to initial conditions
Authors: Léger Fabien , Lebeaupin Brossier Cindy , Giordani Hervé , Arsouze Thomas , Beuvier Jonathan , Bouin Marie‐Noëlle , Bresson Émilie , Ducrocq Véronique , Fourrié Nadia , Nuret Mathieu
Published: June 2016

The north‐western Mediterranean Sea is a key location where intense air‐sea exchanges occur in autumn and winter. The succession of strong mistral and tramontane situations, leading to significant evaporation and ocean heat loss, is well known as the controlling factor in the dense water formation (DWF) with deep convection episodes. During HyMeX‐SOP2 (1 February to 15 March 2013), several platforms sampled the area in order to document DWF and air‐sea exchanges. This study investigates the ability of the NEMO‐WMED36 ocean model (1/36°‐resolution), driven in surface by the hourly air‐sea fluxes from the AROME‐WMED forecasts (2.5 km resolution), to represent DWF during HyMeX‐SOP2 and focuses on the sensitivity to initial conditions. After a short evaluation of the atmospheric forcing, the high‐resolution oceanic simulations using three different data sets as initial and boundary conditions are compared to observations collected during the field campaign. It evidences that using regional model outputs may lead to unrealistic thermohaline characteristics for the intermediate and deep waters, which degrade the simulated new dense water formed. Using ocean analyses built from observations, permits to obtain more realistic characteristics of the Western Mediterranean dense water. However, a low stratification favors an overestimation of the convective area and of the DWF rate. The DWF chronology is also impacted. Nevertheless, in every run, SOP2 is characterized by the production of water denser than 29.11 kg m−3 with a peak during the strong mistral event of 23–25 February followed by a period of restratification, before a last event of bottom convection on 13–15 March.
Distinct characteristics of the intermediate water observed off the east coast of Korea during two contrasting years
Authors: Nam SungHyun , Yoon Seung‐Tae , Park Jae‐Hyoung , Kim Young Ho , Chang Kyung‐Il
Published: June 2016

The intermediate water known as “East Sea Intermediate Water” found south of the Subpolar Front (SF) is known to be formed in the northern East/Japan Sea (EJS), and its physical properties are determined by wintertime air‐sea interaction north of the SF. Hydrographic data collected off the Korean coast show significant decadal oscillations in spiciness (π) following isopycnals of intermediate layer, which are explained by the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and consequent cold‐air outbreaks. During positive AO phases, the cold‐air outbreak and water formation are more active and the intermediate water having the same π reaches higher density (higher π following the same isopycnals). At interannual time scale, however, the π variability is well beyond the relationship with the AO. Especially, significantly lower π (both fresher and colder) intermediate water was observed in spring of 2010 than 2001 under the same surface net‐heat flux peaks in the northern EJS in the two winters. Such contrasting characteristics of intermediate water between 2001 and 2010 are consistent with the HYCOM reanalysis results which indicate widespread extension of low‐ (high‐) π intermediate water in the southwestern EJS in 2010 (2001). A clear contrast in circulation pattern is suggested to derive the distinctly different characteristics of the intermediate water. Northward penetration of the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) inhibited the southward extension of the intermediate water in 2001 off the east coast of Korea. On the other hand, the EKWC that poorly developed in 2010 allowed low‐π intermediate water to prevail in the southwestern EJS.
Oxidation of manganese in an ancient aquifer, Kimberley formation, Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Lanza Nina L. , Wiens Roger C. , Arvidson Raymond E. , Clark Benton C. , Fischer Woodward W. , Gellert Ralf , Grotzinger John P. , Hurowitz Joel A. , McLennan Scott M. , Morris Richard V. , Rice Melissa S. , Bell James F. , Berger Jeffrey A. , Blaney Diana L. , Bridges Nathan T. , Calef Fred , Campbell John L. , Clegg Samuel M. , Cousin Agnes , Edgett Kenneth S. , Fabre Cécile , Fisk Martin R. , Forni Olivier , Frydenvang Jens , Hardy Keian R. , Hardgrove Craig , Johnson Jeffrey R. , Lasue Jeremie , Le Mouélic Stéphane , Malin Michael C. , Mangold Nicolas , Martìn‐Torres Javier , Maurice Sylvestre , McBride Marie J. , Ming Douglas W. , Newsom Horton E. , Ollila Ann M. , Sautter Violaine , Schröder Susanne , Thompson Lucy M. , Treiman Allan H. , VanBommel Scott , Vaniman David T. , Zorzano Marìa‐Paz
Published: June 2016

The Curiosity rover observed high Mn abundances (>25 wt % MnO) in fracture‐filling materials that crosscut sandstones in the Kimberley region of Gale crater, Mars. The correlation between Mn and trace metal abundances plus the lack of correlation between Mn and elements such as S, Cl, and C, reveals that these deposits are Mn oxides rather than evaporites or other salts. On Earth, environments that concentrate Mn and deposit Mn minerals require water and highly oxidizing conditions; hence, these findings suggest that similar processes occurred on Mars. Based on the strong association between Mn‐oxide deposition and evolving atmospheric dioxygen levels on Earth, the presence of these Mn phases on Mars suggests that there was more abundant molecular oxygen within the atmosphere and some groundwaters of ancient Mars than in the present day.
Transformations of landscape and peat‐forming ecosystems in response to late Holocene climate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Yu Zicheng , Beilman David W. , Loisel Julie
Published: June 2016

We used subfossil mosses and peats to document changes in regional climate, cryosphere, and terrestrial ecosystems in the western Antarctic Peninsula at ~65°S latitude. We find that most peat forming ecosystems have initiated since 2800 cal B.P., in response to warmer summers and increasing summer insolation. The period at 900–600 cal B.P. was coldest as indicated by ice advance, abundance of kill ages from ice‐entombed mosses exposed recently from retreating glacial ice, and apparent gap in peatbank initiation. Furthermore, the discovery of a novel Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica) peatland at 2300–1200 cal B.P. from the mainland Antarctic Peninsula suggests a much warmer climate than the present. A warming and wetting climate in the 1980s caused very high carbon accumulation in a Polytrichum strictum moss peatbank. Our results document dramatic transformations of landscape and ecosystems in response to past warmer climate, providing a telltale sign for what may come in the future.
Seasonal mean temperature changes control future heat waves
Authors: Argüeso Daniel , Di Luca Alejandro , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Evans Jason P.
Published: June 2016

Increased temperature will result in longer, more frequent, and more intense heat waves. Changes in temperature variability have been deemed necessary to account for future heat wave characteristics. However, this has been quantified only in Europe and North America, while the rest of the globe remains unexplored. Using late century global climate projections, we show that annual mean temperature increases is the key factor defining heat wave changes in most regions. We find that commonly studied areas are an exception rather than the standard and the mean climate change signal generally outweighs any influence from variability changes. More importantly, differences in warming across seasons are responsible for most of the heat wave changes and their consideration relegates the contribution of variability to a marginal role. This reveals that accurately capturing mean seasonal changes is crucial to estimate future heat waves and reframes our interpretation of future temperature extremes.
ARTEMIS observations of terrestrial ionospheric molecular ion outflow at the Moon
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Fillingim M. O. , Halekas J. S. , Raeder J. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: June 2016

The Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft observes outflowing molecular ionospheric ions at lunar distances in the terrestrial magnetotail. The heavy ion fluxes are observed during geomagnetically disturbed times and consist of mainly molecular species (
, NO+, and
, approximately masses 28–32 amu) on the order of 105–106 cm−2 s−1 at nearly identical velocities as concurrently present protons. By performing backward particle tracing in time‐dependent electromagnetic fields from the magnetohydrodynamic Open Global Geospace Circulation Model of the terrestrial magnetosphere, we show that the ions escape the inner magnetosphere through magnetopause shadowing near noon and are subsequently accelerated to common velocities down the low‐latitude boundary layer to lunar distances. At the Moon, the observed molecular ion outflow can sputter significant fluxes of neutral species into the lunar exosphere while also delivering nitrogen and oxygen to the lunar volatile inventory.
The response of high‐impact blocking weather systems to climate change
Authors: Kennedy Daniel , Parker Tess , Woollings Tim , Harvey Benjamin , Shaffrey Len
Published: June 2016

Midlatitude weather and climate are dominated by the jet streams and associated eastward moving storm systems. Occasionally, however, these are blocked by persistent anticyclonic regimes known as blocking. Climate models generally predict a small decline in blocking frequency under anthropogenic climate change. However, confidence in these predictions is undermined by, among other things, a lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying the change. Here we analyze blocking (mostly in the Euro‐Atlantic sector) in a set of sensitivity experiments to determine the effect of different parts of the surface global warming pattern. We also analyze projected changes in the impacts of blocking such as temperature extremes. The results show that enhanced warming both in the tropics and over the Arctic act to strengthen the projected decline in blocking. The tropical changes are more important for the uncertainty in projected blocking changes, though the Arctic also affects the temperature anomalies during blocking.
Pressure and ion composition boundaries at Mars
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Liemohn Michael W. , Dong Chuanfei , Mitchell David L. , Bougher Stephen W. , Ma Yingjuan
Published: June 2016

This study analyzes results from a multifluid MHD simulation to investigate the shape and structure of the pressure and composition boundaries at Mars, which can provide physical insight for the observational analysis. These boundaries are examined via the unity contours and gradients of the plasma β, as well as β∗, which includes the dynamic pressure in the numerator, and the ion mass and number density ratios. It is found that unity contours are well aligned with the gradient extrema, indicating that the unity contour is a topological boundary. In addition, these two transitions of pressure and composition are of a thickness of 0.05–0.1 RM near the subsolar region to 1–1.5 RM in the tail. The comparison of the pressure and composition boundaries indicates that the two are very similar and that not only the plasma sheet but also the full volume of the lobes are dominated by planetary ions. It suggests that the tail escape for ions not only concentrates in the central plasma sheet but also the magnetic lobes. It is also worthy pointing out that the ion number density ratio unity contour is found to be systematically smaller than other unity boundaries, which calls for attention when the ion number density is used to identify such boundaries. Finally, the comparison between the boundaries of this study and two analytical fittings is carried out. We found a good agreement with the Vignes fitting, with little flaring in the tail, in contrast to a larger flaring angle from the Trotignon fitting.
High‐velocity frictional strength of Longmenshan fault gouge and its comparison with an estimate of friction from the temperature anomaly in WFSD‐1 drill hole
Authors: Togo Tetsuhiro , Yao Lu , Ma Shengli , Shimamoto Toshihiko
Published: June 2016

This paper addresses the issue of whether high‐velocity friction experiments yield frictional strengths of fault materials that are consistent with the level of friction estimated from the postseismic temperature anomaly measured across a coseismic fault zone. Experiments were conducted on gouge (composed of quartz, dolomite, illite, albite, and other clay minerals), collected from a large outcrop of the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault zone and from Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling project hole‐1 drill cores in Hongkou, Sichuan Province, China. This fault is a major fault of the Longmenshan fault system that caused the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. All experiments revealed dramatic weakening at high velocities with peak friction coefficient μp of 0.07~0.35 and steady state friction coefficient μss of 0.02~0.15 for wet gouge, as compared with μp = 0.49~0.86 and μss = 0.12~0.21 for dry gouge. The average friction coefficients over a displacement of 5.5 m (coseismic displacement) extrapolated to the normal stress in the fault zones are 0.1~0.05 and 0.06~0.03 for dry and wet gouges, respectively. The average friction coefficients of dry and wet gouges are within the upper and lower bounds of friction coefficients estimated from the temperature profiles, and there are overall agreements between the two sets of data that are completely independent. Dry and wet gouges are characterized by highly sheared slip zones often forming overlapping slip‐zone structures and by broad shear zones, respectively. Wet gouge textures are perhaps closer to those of natural fault zone, but repeated slip experiments are needed to determine the textural evolution of wet gouge.
The combined effect of transient wind‐driven upwelling and eddies on vertical nutrient fluxes and phytoplankton dynamics along Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia
Authors: Zhang Zhenlin , Lowe Ryan , Ivey Greg , Xu Jiangtao , Falter James
Published: June 2016

We investigate the influence of wind stresses, stratification, and coastal mesoscale eddies on upwelling intensity, vertical nutrient fluxes, and phytoplankton biomass on the continental shelf off Ningaloo Reef in northwestern Australia during an austral spring‐summer period. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) hydrodynamic model, ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System), was coupled with a four‐component nitrogen‐based biogeochemical NPZD model (Nitrogen Phytoplankton Zooplankton Detritus) to resolve the shelf circulation as well as the coupled nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics within a broad shelf region surrounding Ningaloo Reef. The simulated currents, temperatures, and chlorophyll a concentrations generally agreed well with both the remotely sensed satellite images and observational data collected during a field experiment from September to November 2010. Scenario tests for an individual wind‐driven upwelling event under a variety of hypothetical physical forcing conditions showed that shelf currents and biogeochemical variables were largely a function of wind stress and stratification. However, the functional relationships derived from this single wind event could not be extrapolated to other periods of the upwelling season, due to the additional influence of 3‐D mesoscale processes on the shelf. The presence, intensification, and propagation of a coastal anticyclonic eddy during the study period strongly influenced the spatial and temporal variations in nutrient profiles, which in turn caused fluctuations in vertical nutrient fluxes that were largely independent of wind stress. These results emphasize that it is necessary to fully capture the 3‐D details of the mesoscale and submesoscale coastal dynamics to properly predict upwelling‐induced coastal phytoplankton dynamics in eddy‐intensive shelf regions such as Ningaloo Reef.
Representing 3‐D cloud radiation effects in two‐stream schemes: 1. Longwave considerations and effective cloud edge length
Authors: Schäfer Sophia A. K. , Hogan Robin J. , Klinger Carolin , Chiu J. Christine , Mayer Bernhard
Published: June 2016

Current weather and climate models neglect 3‐D radiative transfer through cloud sides, which can change the cloud radiative effect (CRE) significantly. This two‐part paper describes the development of the SPeedy Algorithm for Radiative TrAnsfer through CloUd Sides (SPARTACUS) to capture these effects efficiently in a two‐stream radiation scheme for use in global models. The present paper concerns the longwave spectral region, where not much work has been done previously, although the limited previous work has suggested that radiative transfer through cloud sides increases the longwave surface CRE of shallow cumulus by around 30%. To assist the development of a longwave capability for SPARTACUS, we use a reference case of an isolated, isothermal, optically thick, cubic cloud in vacuum, for which 3‐D effects increase CRE by exactly 200%. It is shown that for any cloud shape, the 3‐D effect can be represented in SPARTACUS provided that correct account is made for (1) the effective zenith angle of diffuse radiation emitted from a cloud, (2) the spatial distribution of fluxes in the cloud, (3) cloud clustering that enhances the interception of emitted radiation by neighboring clouds, and (4) radiative smoothing leading to the effective cloud edge length being less than the measured value. We find empirically that the circumference of an ellipse fitted to a horizontal cross section through a cumulus cloud provides a good estimate of the radiatively effective cloud edge length, which provides some guidance to how cloud observations could be analyzed to extract their most important properties for radiation.
Large‐eddy simulation of biogenic VOC chemistry during the DISCOVER‐AQ 2011 campaign
Authors: Li Yang , Barth Mary C. , Chen Gao , Patton Edward G. , Kim Si‐Wan , Wisthaler Armin , Mikoviny Tomas , Fried Alan , Clark Richard , Steiner Allison L.
Published: June 2016

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are oxidized quickly in the atmosphere to form oxygenated VOC (OVOC) and play crucial roles in the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. We use the National Center for Atmospheric Research's large‐eddy simulation model and Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality 2011 flight data to understand the role of boundary layer turbulence on the atmospheric chemistry of key BVOC species and their oxidation products. We simulate three distinct convective environments during the campaign, representing fair weather conditions (case 1: 1 July), a convective event dominated by southwesterly flow (case 2: 11 July), and a polluted event with high temperature and convection (case 3: 29 July). Isoprene segregation is greatest in the lower boundary layer under warm and convective conditions, reaching up to a 10% reduction in the isoprene‐OH reaction rate. Under warm and convective conditions, the BVOC lifetimes lengthen due to increased isoprene emission, elevated initial chemical concentrations, and OH competition. Although turbulence‐driven segregation has less influence on the OVOC species, convection mixes more OVOC into the upper atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and increases the total OH reactivity. Production and loss rates of ozone above 2 km in all the three cases indicate in situ ozone formation in addition to vertical convective transport of ozone from the surface and aloft, consistent with the increased contribution of OH reactivity from OVOC. Together, these results show that total OH reactivity in the ABL increases under warmer and stronger convective conditions due to enhanced isoprene emission and the OVOC contribution to ozone formation.
RF‐DC converter for HF RFID sensing applications powered by a near‐field loop antenna
Authors: Colella R. , Pasca M. , Catarinucci L. , Tarricone L. , D'Amico S.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, an RF‐DC converter operating at 13.56 MHz (HF radio frequency identification (RFID) frequency band) is presented. Its architecture provides RF to load isolation, reducing the losses due to the reverse saturation current and improving the sensitivity. Fed by a loop antenna, the RF‐DC converter is made by a Dickson's RF‐DC rectifier and an additional Pelliconi's charge pump driven by a fully integrated 50 kHz ring oscillator realized using an application‐specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The input RF signal from the reader is converted to DC supply voltage and stored on a 1 μF capacitor. Mathematical model of the converter is developed and verified through measurements. Silicon prototypes of the ASIC have been realized in 350 nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor technology. Measurements have been done on 10 different samples showing an output voltage in the range of 0.5 V–3.11 V in correspondence of an RF input signal power in the range of −19 dBm–0 dBm. These output voltage levels are suitable to power HF RFID sensing platforms and sensor nodes of body sensor networks.
Multiscale pore‐network representation of heterogeneous carbonate rocks
Authors: Pak Tannaz , Butler Ian B. , Geiger Sebastian , van Dijke Marinus I.J. , Jiang Zeyun , Surmas Rodrigo
Published: June 2016

A multiscale network integration approach introduced by Jiang et al. (2013) is used to generate a representative pore‐network for a carbonate rock with a pore size distribution across several orders of magnitude. We predict the macroscopic flow parameters of the rock utilising (i) 3‐D images captured by X‐ray computed microtomography and (ii) pore‐network flow simulations. To capture the multiscale pore size distribution of the rock, we imaged four different rock samples at different resolutions and integrated the data to produce a pore‐network model that combines information at several length‐scales that cannot be recovered from a single tomographic image. A workflow for selection of the number and length‐scale of the required input networks for the network integration process, as well as fine tuning the model parameters is presented. Mercury injection capillary‐pressure data were used to evaluate independently the multiscale networks. We explore single‐scale, two‐scale, and three‐scale network models and discuss their representativeness by comparing simulated capillary‐pressure versus saturation curves with laboratory measurements. We demonstrate that for carbonate rocks with wide pore size distributions, it may be required to integrate networks extracted from two or three discrete tomographic data sets in order to simulate macroscopic flow parameters.
Infrared‐Emitting QDs for Thermal Therapy with Real‐Time Subcutaneous Temperature Feedback
Authors: del Rosal Blanca , Carrasco Elisa , Ren Fuqiang , Benayas Antonio , Vetrone Fiorenzo , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Ma Dongling , Juarranz Ángeles , Jaque Daniel
Published: June 2016

Nowadays, one of the most exciting applications of nanotechnology in biomedicine is the development of localized, noninvasive therapies for diverse diseases, such as cancer. Among them, nanoparticle‐based photothermal therapy (PTT), which destroys malignant cells by delivering heat upon optical excitation of nanoprobes injected into a living specimen, is emerging with great potential. Two main milestones that must be reached for PTT to become a viable clinical treatment are deep penetration of the triggering optical excitation and real‐time accurate temperature monitoring of the ongoing therapy, which constitutes a critical factor to minimize collateral damage. In this work, a yet unexplored capability of near‐infrared emitting semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) is demonstrated. Temperature self‐monitored ­QD‐based PTT is presented for the first time using PbS/CdS/ZnS QDs emitting in the second biological window. These QDs are capable of acting, simultaneously, as photothermal agents (heaters) and high‐resolution fluorescent thermal sensors, making it possible to achieve full control over the intratumoral temperature increment during PTT. The differences observed between intratumoral and surface temperatures in this comprehensive investigation, through different irradiation conditions, highlight the need for real‐time control of the intratumoral temperature that allows for a dynamic adjustment of the treatment conditions in order to maximize the efficacy of the therapy.
Study on Application Properties of Modified Montmorillonite as Phase Change Material for Energy Storage
Authors: Wei Xiaofeng , Wang Jincheng
Published: June 2016

New types of clay materials, I‐PCM and O‐PCM, with good heat storage and release capacity were prepared by the inorganic and organic montmorillonite (MMT) intercalated with phase change material (PCM). The PCM used was the mixture of liquid and solid paraffin. To get an optimal combination regimen, orthogonal experiments of four factors and three levels were used. All samples were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their cyclic endothermic and exothermic phase change latent heat were observed and calculated. Then, the most reasonable and effective experimental conditions were chosen to prepare the I‐PCM and O‐PCM with the best heat storage and release capacity. These clays were then characterized by diffusion‐oozing circle method, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and other testing methods. The diffusion‐oozing circle results showed that O‐PCM was almost extremely stable compared with that of I‐PCM according to the leakage circle. In XRD analysis, expansions of the spacings in the plane were observed for all O‐PCMs. This indicated that the intercalation of surfactants and paraffin molecules in the galleries of MMT was successfully achieved. TG‐DTG analysis of these clays illustrated that all O‐PCMs could be suitable for industrial applications due to their high thermal stability. DSC analysis illustrated that O‐PCM samples possessed a more stable structure together with better heat storage and release capacity compared with that of I‐PCM samples.
Nanostructured Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries: Progress, Challenge and Perspective
Authors: Mahmood Nasir , Tang Tianyu , Hou Yanglong
Published: June 2016

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) possess energy densities higher than those of the conventional batteries, but their lower power densities and poor cycling lives are critical challenges for their applications to electric vehicles (EVs) or grid stations. The energy and power densities, as well as the life of LIBs are dependent on electrodes where sluggish diffusion control process and structural stability are the main concerns. Here, the lithium storage mechanism of anode materials and the Goodenough diagram to explain the potential of cell and key parameters to determine the performance of an anode are highlighted. The cost reduction parameters and the availability of anode materials for future batteries on the basis of their resources and performances will be discussed. Further, the recent progress on anode nanostructures and solutions to the associated challenges will be outlined. The use of several techniques to determine the dynamic variations in nanostructures including both structural and chemical changes of electrode nanostructures during cycling as well as the limitations for high load applications will be explained. Finally, the concluding remarks will highlight the characteristics for both anode and cathode for better choice of electrode combinations in the full batteries.
Recent Advances in Non‐Aqueous Electrolyte for Rechargeable Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Xiaogang , Dong Shanmu , Chen Xiao , Cui Guanglei
Published: June 2016

The rechargeable Li–O2 battery has attracted much attention over the past decades owing to its overwhelming advantage in theoretical specific energy density compared to state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries. Practical application requires non‐aqueous Li–O2 batteries to stably obtain high reversible capacity, which highly depends on a suitable electrolyte system. Up to now, some critical challenges remain in developing desirable non‐aqueous electrolytes for Li–O2 batteries. Herein, we will review the current status and challenges in non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes, ionic liquid electrolytes and solid‐state electrolytes of Li–O2 batteries, as well as the perspectives on these issues and future development.
Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A cross‐sectional study in bars and restaurants in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Muñoz Claudio , Droppelmann Andrea , Erazo Marcia , Aceituno Paulina , Orellana Cecilia , Parro Javiera , Mesias Sthepanie , Marchetti Nella , Navas‐Acien Ana , Iglesias Verónica
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in bars and restaurants and identify the main determinants of airborne PAH concentrations.

Methods

This study included 57 bars/restaurants in Santiago, Chile. PAH concentrations (ng/m3) were measured using photoelectric aerosol sensor equipment (PAS 2000CE model). Nicotine concentrations (μg/m3) were measured using active sampling pumps followed by gas‐chromatography. Linear regression models were used to identify determinants of PAH concentrations.

Results

PAH concentrations were higher in venues that allowed smoking compared to smoke‐free venues. After adjusting, the air PAH concentrations were 1.40 (0.64–3.10) and 3.34 (1.43–7.83) ng/m3 higher for tertiles 2 and 3 of air nicotine compared to the lowest tertile.

Conclusions

In hospitality venues where smoking is allowed, secondhand smoke exposure is a major source of PAHs in the environment. This research further supports the importance of implementing complete smoking bans to protect service industry workers from PAH exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:887–896, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality among workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate in the US polyurethane foam industry: Update and exposure‐response analyses
Authors: Pinkerton Lynne E. , Yiin James H. , Daniels Robert D. , Fent Kenneth W.
Published: June 2016

Background

Mortality among 4,545 toluene diisocyante (TDI)‐exposed workers was updated through 2011. The primary outcome of interest was lung cancer.

Methods

Life table analyses, including internal analyses by exposure duration and cumulative TDI exposure, were conducted.

Results

Compared with the US population, all cause and all cancer mortality was increased. Lung cancer mortality was increased but was not associated with exposure duration or cumulative TDI exposure. In post hoc analyses, lung cancer mortality was associated with employment duration in finishing jobs, but not in finishing jobs involving cutting polyurethane foam.

Conclusions

Dermal exposure, in contrast to inhalational exposure, to TDI is expected to be greater in finishing jobs and may play a role in the observed increase in lung cancer mortality. Limitations include the lack of smoking data, uncertainty in the exposure estimates, and exposure estimates that reflected inhalational exposure only. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:630–643, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Iron/S8‐Catalyzed Redox Condensation of o‐Nitroarenes with Arylmethyl Chloride: Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Benzothiazoles
Authors: Gan Haifeng
Published: June 2016

Fe/S clusters generated from simple iron salts and sulfur were found to be highly efficient to catalyze the redox condensation reaction between nitroarenes and arylmethyl chlorides in the presence of the base N‐methylpiperidine. The reactions proceeded in moderate‐to‐good yields with good functional tolerance.
Spatial determinants of the mandibular curve of Spee in modern and archaic Homo
Authors: Laird Myra F. , Holton Nathan E. , Scott Jill E. , Franciscus Robert G. , Marshall Steven D. , Southard Thomas E.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The curve of Spee (COS) is a mesio‐distally curved alignment of the canine through distal molar cusp tips in certain mammals including modern humans and some fossil hominins. In humans, the alignment varies from concave to flat, and previous studies have suggested that this difference reflects craniofacial morphology, including the degree of alveolar prognathism. However, the relationship between prognathism and concavity of the COS has not been tested in craniofacially variant populations. We tested the hypothesis that greater alveolar prognathism covaries with a flatter COS in African‐American and European‐American populations. We further examined this relationship in fossil Homo including Homo neanderthalensis and early anatomically modern Homo sapiens, which are expected to extend the amount of variation in the COS from the extant sample.

Methods and Materials

These hypotheses were tested using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Landmarks were recorded from the skulls of 166 African‐Americans, 123 European‐Americans, and 10 fossil hominin mandible casts. Landmarks were subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis, principal components analysis, and two‐block partial least squares analysis.

Results

We documented covariation between the COS and alveolar prognathism such that relatively prognathic individuals have a flatter COS. Mandibular data from the fossil hominin taxa generally confirm and extend this correlation across a greater range of facial size and morphology in Homo.

Discussion

Our results suggest that the magnitude of the COS is related to a suite of features associated with alveolar prognathism in modern humans and across anthropoids. We also discuss the implications for spatial interactions between the dental arches.