bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Horace Mann: Telling Stories about Indian Education
Authors: Adams David Wallace
Published: July 2014

For all the times Horace Mann has been quoted on one subject or another, the following passage has somehow escaped educational historians' notice.

If a savage will learn how to swim, he can fasten a dozen pounds' weight to his back, and transport it across a narrow river, or other body of water of moderate width. If he will invent an ax, or other instrument, by which to cut down a tree, he can use the tree for a float, and one of its limbs for a paddle, and can thus transport many times the former weight, many times the former distance. Hollowing out his log, he will increase, what may be called, its tonnage, – or, rather its poundage, – and, by sharpening its ends, it will cleave the water both more easily and more swiftly. Fastening several trees together, he makes a raft, and thus increases the buoyant power of his embryo watercraft.
Culture, Place, and Power: Engaging the Histories and Possibilities of American Indian Education
Authors: Brayboy Bryan McKinley Jones
Published: July 2014

I am honored and humbled to have the opportunity to consider the role of history and its relationship to “American Indian education” in this special issue of theHistory of Education Quarterly.Before I offer some commentary and ideas, I want to offer a caveat—or a confession—that should inform the way my paper is read. My caveat/confession is that I am not a historian, let alone a historian of education. Instead, I am an “Indigenous” anthropologist of education. Of anthropologists, Vine Deloria Jr. has written, “Into each life, it is said, some rain must fall… But Indians have been cursed above all other people in history. Indians have anthropologists.” My own thinking about anthropology is that much of Deloria's disdain is well placed. Some of what anthropologists do, however—listen to stories and engage with people and place—is useful to conversations about what American Indian education is and can be. In this case, sometimes rain feeds growth. It is from this viewpoint of growth and possibility that I offer my thoughts on the role of history, its methods, and what this might mean for American Indian education.
Enhanced skin delivery of liquiritigenin and liquiritin‐loaded liposome‐in‐hydrogel complex system
Authors: Kim S. J. , Kwon S. S. , Jeon S. H. , Yu E. R. , Park S. N.
Published: July 2014

Synopsis

Objective

To study the permeation of liquiritigenin (LQG) and liquiritin (LQ) as licorice flavonoids into the skin, we prepared ceramide liposome‐in‐cellulose hydrogel complex system.

Methods

Liposome‐in‐hydrogel complex systems were developed by incorporating ceramide liposomes into cellulose hydrogels by the swelling method. We evaluated their physical and chemical properties, encapsulation efficiency and skin permeability using Franz Diffusion Cell. It was visually seen by CLSM images analysis.

Results

The ceramide liposome, consisting of biocompatible lipid membranes, remained stable for over 3 weeks. Encapsulation efficiencies for liquiritigenin and liquiritin‐loaded liposome‐in‐hydrogel were 69.39% and 64.71%, respectively. Liposome‐in‐hydrogel complex systems (LQG: 56.55%, LQ: 66.99%) had greater skin permeability than control (LQG: 4.92%, LQ: 5.30%) or a single liposome systems (LQG: 43.34%, LQ: 48.97%) and hydrogel systems (LQG: 38.21%, LQ: 55.07%).

Conclusion

Liposome‐in‐hydrogel system can be a potential drug delivery system for topical delivery of antioxidants such as licorice flavonoids to construct antioxidative skin barrier.
Temporospatial localization of dentine matrix protein 1 following direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in rat molars
Authors: Shigetani Y. , Yoshiba K. , Kuratate M. , Takei E. , Yoshiba N. , Yamanaka Y. , Ohshima H. , Okiji T.
Published: July 2014

Aim

To examine the temporospatial expression of dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1; a noncollagenous protein involved in mineralized tissue formation), osteopontin (another noncollagenous protein detected during reparative dentinogenesis) and nestin (a marker of differentiating/differentiated odontoblasts), following direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in rat molars.

Methodology

The maxillary first molars of 8‐week‐old Wistar rats had their pulps exposed and capped with calcium hydroxide. The pulp‐capped teeth were collected from 6 h to 14 days postoperatively and processed for immunohistochemistry for DMP1, osteopontin and nestin. Cell proliferation was monitored using 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling.

Results

The capped pulps initially exhibited superficial necrotic changes followed by the formation of new matrix and its mineralization. DMP1 immunoreactivity was observed in the matrix beneath the necrotic layer from 6 h onwards and present in the outer portion of the newly formed mineralized matrix from 7 days onwards. Osteopontin displayed a similar expression pattern, although it occupied a narrower area than DMP1 at 6 and 12 h. Nestin‐immunoreactive cells appeared beneath the DMP1‐immunoreactive area at 1 day, were distributed beneath the newly formed matrix at 5 days and exhibited odontoblast‐like morphology by 14 days. BrdU‐positive cells significantly increased at 2 and 3 days (P < 0.05) and then decreased.

Conclusions

The deposition of DMP1 at exposed pulp sites preceded the appearance of nestin‐immunoreactive cells, active cell proliferation and new matrix formation after pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in rat molars, suggesting that DMP1 acts as a trigger of pulp repair. The colocalization of DMP1 and osteopontin suggests that these two proteins play complementary roles.
Role of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging as an imaging biomarker of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Yoshida Soichiro , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Fujii Yasuhisa , Kihara Kazunori
Published: July 2014

Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a type of functional imaging that is increasingly being applied in the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer. The image contrast is derived from differences in the Brownian motion of water molecules in tissues. The homogenous high signal intensity of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging provides helpful diagnostic information for the presence of cancerous lesions in a non‐invasive manner. Recently, growing evidence has emerged showing that diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging can serve as an imaging biomarker for characterizing cancer pathophysiology, because the signal reflects biophysical information about the tissues. Quantitative analysis by evaluating the apparent diffusion coefficient values potentially reflects the histological grade and the biological aggressiveness of urothelial carcinoma. The apparent diffusion coefficient value could be a biomarker predicting the clinical course of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer. In addition, in chemoradiotherapy‐based bladder‐sparing approaches against muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, the role of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging for predicting the chemoradiosensitivity and for monitoring therapeutic response has been shown. Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging is expected to improve the diagnostic accuracy, and this qualitative information might allow individualized treatment strategies for patients with urothelial carcinoma.
c‐Met signalling is required for efficient postnatal thymic regeneration and repair
Authors: Song Yinhong , Su Min , Panchatsharam Pranau , Rood Debra , Lai Laijun
Published: July 2014

We have reported that in vivo administration of the hybrid cytokine rIL‐7/HGFβ or rIL‐7/HGFα, which contains interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) and the β‐ or α‐chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), significantly enhances thymopoiesis in mice after bone marrow transplantation. We have shown that the HGF receptor, c‐Met, is involved in the effect of the hybrid cytokines. To address the role of c‐Met signalling in thymocyte development and recovery, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which c‐Met was specifically deleted in T cells by crossing c‐Metft/ft mice with CD4‐Cre transgenic mice. We show here that although the number of total thymocytes and thymocyte subsets in young c‐Met cKO mice is comparable to age‐matched control (Ctrl) mice, the cKO mice were more susceptible to sub‐lethal irradiation and dexamethasone treatment. This was demonstrated by low recovery in thymic cellularity in c‐Met cKO mice after insult. Furthermore, the number of total thymocytes and thymocyte subsets was markedly reduced in 6‐ to 12‐month‐old cKO mice compared with age‐matched Ctrl mice, and the thymic architecture of 12‐month‐old cKO mice was similar to that of 20‐month‐old wild‐type mice. In addition, c‐Met deficiency reduced cell survival and the expression of Bcl‐xL in double‐positive thymocytes, and decreased cell proliferation and the expression of cyclin E and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 in single‐positive thymocytes. Our data indicate that c‐Met signalling plays an important role in thymic regeneration after thymic insult. In addition, T‐cell‐specific inactivation of c‐Met accelerates age‐related thymic involution.
Clinical evaluation of apex locator and radiography in primary teeth
Authors: Oznurhan Fatih , Ünal Murat , Kapdan Arife , Ozturk Ceren , Aksoy Serkan
Published: July 2014

Aim

The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of electronic apex locater and radiographic determination of root canal length in primary teeth.

Methodology

A total of 32 human primary molar teeth (96 roots) were selected. After endodontic access preparation, root canals were irrigated with physiological saline solution. The access cavities were dried with cotton pellets and, the roots were dried with paper points before performing the electronic measurement. The root canal length measurements were first taken with an apex locater (EndoMaster), and then, a size ♯ 15 K‐file was inserted into the root canal, and radiography was taken to determine the working length measurements. The measurement data were recorded and compared by one‐way anova and Kruskal–Wallis tests. P < 0.05 was accepted for the significance.

Results

The mean values for radiography were 13.23 ± 1.92 mm and for EndoMaster were 13.08 ± 1.77 mm. The accuracy of EndoMaster was 80.2% in correct measurements ±1 mm (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The electronic apex locators could be useful in determining working length and thereby decreasing the need for radiographs and exposure to ionizing radiation in pediatric dental patients.
A mixed integer programming formulation for the three‐dimensional bin packing problem deriving from an air cargo application
Authors: Paquay C. , Schyns M. , Limbourg S.
Published: July 2014

The present paper discusses the problem of optimizing the loading of boxes into containers. The goal is to minimize the unused volume. This type of problem belongs to the family of multiple bin size bin packing problems (MBSBPP). The approach includes an extensive set of constraints encountered in real‐world applications in the three‐dimensional case: the stability, the fragility of the items, the weight distribution, and the possibility to rotate the boxes. It also includes the specific situation in which containers are truncated parallelepipeds. This is typical in the field of air transportation. While most papers on cutting and packing problems describe ad hoc procedures, this paper proposes a mixed integer linear program. The validity of this model is tested on small instances.
Phase Evolution in the Transformation of Atomically Mixed Versus Ball‐Milled Mixtures of Nanopowders in the Formation of Composite MO·3Al2O3 Spinels: Bottom‐Up Processing is Not Always Optimal
Authors: Taylor Nathan J. , Pottebaum Andrew J. , Uz Veli , Laine Richard M.
Published: July 2014

Liquid‐feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF‐FSP) provides atomically homogeneous mixed metal powders with 30–40 nm average particle sizes, often producing kinetic phases due to the high quench rate As produced LF‐FSP Al2O3‐rich spinels, such as MgO·3Al2O3, form an Al2O3‐rich metastable single‐phase spinel. On heating, the powders phase separate to form MAl2O4 and α‐Al2O3. Compacts of MO·3Al2O3 (M = Co, Ni, Mg) were produced and sintered to evaluate the final duplex microstructure. The same composition was also approached from stoichiometric LF‐FSP MAl2O4 nanopowders ball‐milled with Al2O3 nanopowders in an attempt to evaluate how the initial length scale of mixing affected the final microstructure. Contrary to traditional sintering, we observe two distinct mechanisms. At 1000°C–1200°C, cation diffusion appears to control densification as a consequence of high vacancy concentrations and atomic mixing where traditionally expected site inversion plays less of a factor given the high quench rates. The second mechanism follows α‐Al2O3 exsolution and densification occurs via oxygen diffusion and α‐Al2O3 grain growth. When sintering the duplex MAl2O4/α‐Al2O3 compacts to at least 95% theoretical density, we find final microstructures that do not reflect the initial degrees of mixing. That is, the atomically mixed MgO·3Al2O3 does not does not offer an advantage over the submicron length scale of mixing in the ball‐milled samples.
Matter of margins
Authors: Gualdi G. , Monari P. , Crotti S. , Damiani G. , Facchetti F. , Calzavara‐Pinton P. , Fantini F.
Published: July 2014

Background

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer, it represents a significant economic burden to health services because of a large volume of affected patients. Surgical excision with histological assessment of the surgical margins is widely considered as the mainstay of BCC treatment. Incomplete removal, in fact, should be considered a poor prognostic indicator, as incomplete removal of lesions is at risk of local recurrence. Actually, dermatological surgeries are carried out by a variety of different types of practitioners, such as plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, otorhinolaryngologists, ophthalmologists and finally dermatologists. Incomplete removal of the tumour ranges from 6.3% to 25%, depending on the improper intra‐operative evaluation of the extent of the tumour. It depends on the clinical knowledge derived from both training and daily experience. In this sense, the majority of the largest studies derive from plastic surgeons, while dermatologists have small case series, albeit with a higher therapeutic efficacy in terms of complete surgical excision.

Objectives

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the surgical activity, more specifically we evaluated both our therapeutic accuracy and analyzed the prognostic factors related to incomplete excisions.

Methods

A retrospective review of all BCC removals was performed. A total of 4523 BCC removals were included; other neoplasm, benign lesions and biopsies were also excluded. Each BCC's size diameter, localization, histology and histological presence of complicating factors was assessed, then the percentage of the incomplete removal was calculated.

Results

Incomplete resections occurred in 225 (4.97%) BCCs of the cases. Thirteen areas were categorized into in three different levels that rank the risk of incomplete removals. Sub‐analysis indicates that just over a third had no complicating factors with the lateral/deep margins. The most frequent complicating factor is ulceration (22.9%), while vascular invasion or seborrheic keratoses were not found. Actinic keratoses, scabs and scars held the most responsibility for the involvement of the lateral margins, while perineural invasion is the main factor leading to deep margin involvement. Finally, a different trend for the involvement of lateral or deep margins according different histological sub‐types was highlighted; lateral involvement is more frequent for the infiltrative/morpheic type, while the deep margin is more involved in the nodular type.
Cardiovascular disease in psoriatic post‐menopausal women
Authors: Pietrzak A. , Czuczwar P. , Mosiewicz J. , Paszkowski T. , Chodorowska G. , Bartosinska J. , Gerkowicz A. , Paluszkiewicz P. , Freud T. , Cohen A.D.
Published: July 2014

Background

It is generally accepted that the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is significantly increased after the menopause. Hormonal changes associated with the menopausal transition may also alter the course of autoimmune diseases. It has been reported that menopause may exacerbate the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and giant cell arteritis, but attenuate the course of systemic lupus erythemathosus. There is a growing body of literature indicating that the course of psoriasis may be altered by menopausal hormone changes. Considering the fact that both psoriasis and menopause are independent risk factors for CVD, and that menopause may exacerbate the course of psoriasis, a possible additive effect between these two conditions may be crucial for proper monitoring and treatment of peri‐ and post‐menopausal psoriatic patients.

Objective

The aim of this study is to analyse potential relationship between psoriasis, menopausal status and risk of CVD.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis of the Clalit Health Services database was performed in an attempt to provide new data and the available literature concerning these issues was reviewed. Data on cardiovascular events in 10 872 female psoriatic patients and 19 471 controls were extracted and compared.

Results

In both psoriatic and control patients the association of CVD increased with age. The association of CVD was significantly greater in psoriatic patients, but no significant differences were found between any of age groups.

Conclusions

The association of psoriasis and CVD in women increases with age but there is insufficient evidence to confirm that menopause increases the risk of psoriasis. Further studies directly addressing this issue are needed.
A multicentre pilot study investigating high‐definition optical coherence tomography in the differentiation of cutaneous melanoma and melanocytic naevi
Authors: Gambichler T. , Schmid‐Wendtner M.H. , Plura I. , Kampilafkos P. , Stücker M. , Berking C. , Maier T.
Published: July 2014

Background

High‐definition optical coherence tomography scanners have recently been developed.

Objectives

To assess the diagnostic performance of HD‐OCT in the differentiation of benign melanocytic skin lesions (MSL) and cutaneous melanoma (CM).

Methods

Patients with MSL were assessed by HD‐OCT. All diagnoses were histopathologically confirmed. One blinded observer evaluated both slice and en‐face HD‐OCT images and diagnosed MLS on the basis of an algorithm adopted from reflectance confocal microscopy, recent HD‐OCT reports, and conventional OCT.

Results

A total of 93 MSL were studied comprising 66 benign MSL and 27 CM. The sensitivity of HD‐OCT was 74.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 53.7–88.8%)], specificity was 92.4% (95% CI 83.2–97.5%). The positive predictive value was 80%, the negative predictive value 89.7%. The performance of HD‐OCT depended on tumour thickness and the presence of borderline lesions indicated by high false negative rates in very thin melanomas and high false positive rates in dysplastic naevi.

Conclusions

In the distinction of MSL, HD‐OCT applied in an investigator blinded fashion has a moderate diagnostic performance. The diagnostic performance of HD‐OCT of MSL should be reassessed in other clinical settings.
Effect of incubation temperature and time on the precision of data generated by antibiotic disc diffusion assays
Authors: Smith P , Kronvall G
Published: July 2014

The influence on the precision of disc diffusion data of the conditions under which the tests were performed was examined by analysing multilaboratory data sets generated after incubation at 35 °C for 18 h, at 28 °C for 24 h and 22 °C for 24 h and 48 h. Analyses of these data sets demonstrated that precision was significantly and progressively decreased as the test temperature was reduced from 35 to 22 °C. Analysis of the data obtained at 22 °C also showed the precision was inversely related to the time of incubation. Temperature and time related decreases in precision were not related to differences in the mean zone sizes of the data sets obtained under these test conditions. Analysis of the zone data obtained at 28 and 22 °C as single laboratory sets demonstrated that reductions of incubation temperature resulted in significant increases in both intralaboratory and interlaboratory variation. Increases in incubation time at 22 °C were, however, associated with statistically significant increases in interlaboratory variation but not with any significant increase in intralaboratory variation. The significance of these observations for the establishment of the acceptable limits of precision of data sets that can be used for the setting of valid epidemiological cut‐off values is discussed.
Pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases caused by cyprinid herpesvirus‐3
Authors: Miwa S , Kiryu I , Yuasa K , Ito T , Kaneko T
Published: July 2014

The pathogenesis of cyprinid herpesvirus‐3 (CyHV‐3) was studied using different lineages of carp/koi. After exposure to the virus, infected cells were first found in the skin by histopathology and by in situ hybridization. The epidermis of the skin was most severely damaged and often sloughed off in the fish sampled on days 5 through 8, and the fish that were highly sensitive to the virus died within 8 or 10 days after infection. Serum osmolality of the infected fish, particularly just before death, was significantly lower, suggesting that the osmotic shock consequent on the damage to the skin was the direct cause of the acute deaths. On the other hand, clinical and histopathological observations indicate that the carp of a less sensitive lineage most probably died of viral encephalitis around 3 weeks after infection. For these fish, the largest number of infected cells was found in the central nervous system (CNS) sampled on day 12. A substantial amount of viral genome was found in the CNS of carp surviving more than 1 year after the infection. Thus, the CNS is probably a major target for CyHV‐3, and the virus can persistently infect the CNS, presumably establishing latency.
Effects of water temperature on mortality in Megalocytivirus‐infected rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck et Schlegel) and development of protective immunity
Authors: Jung M H , Jung S J , Vinay T N , Nikapitiya C , Kim J O , Lee J H , Lee J , Oh M J
Published: July 2014

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes huge losses, especially in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus. Rock bream injected with RBIV and held at 29, 26, 23 or 20 °C had 100% mortality. Conversely, all infected fish held at 17 °C survived even after the temperature was progressively increased to 26 °C at 100 dpi. Rock bream exposed to virus and held for 2, 4 and 7 days at 23/26 °C before the temperature was reduced to 17 °C had mortality rates of 26.6/73.2%, 66.6/100% and 93.4/100%, respectively, through 100 dpi. When surviving fish had the water temperature increased from 17 to 26 °C at 100 dpi, they did not exhibit signs of disease and had low virus copy numbers (below 103). To investigate the development of a protective immune, rock bream were infected with RBIV and held at 23 °C before shifting the water temperature to 17 °C at 4 dpi. All injected fish survived until 120 dpi. While 100% of the previously unexposed fish died, 80.2% of the previously infected fish survived. When the survivors were rechallenged again at 160 dpi, no further mortality occurred. The high survival rate of fish following rechallenge with RBIV indicates that protective immunity was established in the surviving rock bream.
Development of simple, rapid and sensitive detection assay for grouper nervous necrosis virus using real‐time loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Mekata T , Satoh J , Inada M , Dinesh S , Harsha P , Itami T , Sudhakaran R
Published: July 2014

A quantitative rapid detection method based on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification has been developed for red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is the mainstream inspection of the brooder in the hatchery. In this study, a real‐time loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method has been applied for RGNNV detection, known as a high‐speed gene amplification procedure. Of the three temperatures (60 °C, 63 °C and 65 °C) attempted, it has been found that 63 °C is giving higher amplification from 11th minute onwards. Sensitivity analysis performed in comparison with real‐time polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptase PCR and nested RT‐PCR using various concentrations of template revealed that real‐time LAMP method is efficient in terms of cost and time consumption. Specificity analysis revealed that the method developed is specific to RGNNV, whereas it has sequence cross‐match with tiger puffer NNV giving advantage in detecting both the viruses. This method could be much efficient in analysing RGNNV in combination with TPNNV.
The CONSTANS‐like 4 transcription factor, AtCOL4, positively regulates abiotic stress tolerance through an abscisic acid‐dependent manner in Arabidopsis
Authors: Min Ji‐Hee , Chung Jung‐Sung , Lee Kyeong‐Hwan , Kim Cheol Soo
Published: July 2014

The precise roles of the B‐box zinc finger family of transcription factors in plant stress are poorly understood. Functional analysis was performed on AtCOL4, an Arabidopsis thaliana L. CONSTANS‐like 4 protein that is a putative novel transcription factor, and which contains a predicted transcriptional activation domain. Analyses of an AtCOL4 promoter‐β‐glucuronidase (GUS) construct revealed substantial GUS activity in whole seedlings. The expression of AtCOL4 was strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA), salt, and osmotic stress. Mutation in atcol4 resulted in increased sensitivity to ABA and salt stress during seed germination and the cotyledon greening process. In contrast, AtCOL4‐overexpressing plants were less sensitive to ABA and salt stress compared to the wild type. Interestingly, in the presence of ABA or salt stress, the transcript levels of other ABA biosynthesis and stress‐related genes were enhanced induction in AtCOL4‐overexpressing and WT plants, rather than in the atcol4 mutant. Thus, AtCOL4 is involved in ABA and salt stress response through the ABA‐dependent signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings provide compelling evidence that AtCOL4 is an important regulator for plant tolerance to abiotic stress.
WHY ARE URBAN TRAVEL TIMES SO STABLE?
Authors: Anas Alex
Published: July 2014

Personal travel time in U.S. urban areas has been stable, clashing with the assertion that urban sprawl greatly lengthens travel. Average commute time rises by 7.7 percent with each cross‐sectional doubling of Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) jobs. Using the RELU‐TRAN structural computable general equilibrium model of the Chicago MSA, we simulate the equilibrium effects of a 24 percent population increase projected from 2000 to 2030 by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. If no new road capacity is added, then congestion per mile increases. Although the urbanized land area increases by 19 percent, indicating sprawl, the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per car‐trip decreases by 1.31 percent and the VMT per car‐trip to work decreases by 2.78 percent. Car travel time increases by only 6.25 percent and commuting time by only 4.54 percent, from 30.3 minutes in 2000 to 31.7 in 2030 or 3.4 seconds per year. We further explore the effects of new road capacity, gasoline prices, public transit speed, fuel economy gains, limits on suburban construction, and importantly, the cross‐elasticity of public transit use with respect to car times. The availability of public transportation, economizing on nonwork travel, and land use adjustments that increase job‐residence proximity keep times stable.
Thematic Thinking and Individual Performance in Research and Development
Authors: Froehlich Julia K. , Hoegl Martin , Weiss Matthias
Published: July 2014

Individuals differ in their preference for processing information on the basis of taxonomic, feature‐based similarity, or thematic, relation‐based similarity. These differences, which have been investigated in a recently emerging research stream in cognitive psychology, affect innovative behavior and thus constitute an important antecedent of individual performance in research and development (R&D) that has been overlooked so far in the literature on innovation management. To fill this research gap, survey and test data from the employees of a multinational information technology services firm are used to examine the relationship between thematic thinking and R&D professionals' individual performance. A moderated mediation model is applied to investigate the proposed relationships of thematic thinking and individual‐level performance indicators. Results show a positive relationship between thematic thinking and innovativeness, as well as individual job performance. While the results do not support the postulated moderation of the innovativeness–job performance relationship by employees' political skill, they show that the relationship between thematic thinking and job performance is fully mediated by R&D professionals' innovativeness. The present study is thus the first to reveal a positive relationship between thematic thinking and innovative performance.
Gender‐specific effects of a phytogenic feed additive on performance, intestinal physiology and morphology in broiler chickens
Authors: Humer E. , Rohrer E. , Windisch W. , Wetscherek W. , Schwarz C. , Jungbauer L. , Schedle K.
Published: July 2014

To date, most studies published were carried out on broilers of the same sex, and possible gender‐specific effects of phytogenic substances have not been investigated so far. A 3 × 2 factorial study was performed to examine gender‐specific effects of a PFA at two dietary levels (150, 1500 ppm) on growth performance, carcass traits and gastrointestinal attributes in broiler chickens versus an untreated control group. The addition of 150 ppm of the PFA led to a downregulation of trypsinogen mRNA in pancreas compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The number of goblet cells decreased in jejunum compared with the unsupplemented group, whereby this effect was more pronounced in male birds (p < 0.05). Furthermore, higher methylamine contents compared with the control group were measured (p < 0.01). In proximal ileum, female birds, supplemented with 150 ppm PFA, had lower crypt depths than their litters in the 1500 ppm treatment (p < 0.05). In distal ileum, villus height:crypt depth ratio was higher in birds fed the PFA at 150 ppm than in the control group (p < 0.05). The 1500 ppm dosage of the PFA increased jejunal histamine concentration compared with the negative control group (p < 0.05). Jejunal histamine concentration was also affected by the interaction PFA × sex (p < 0.05). Regardless of inclusion level, total amount of biogenic amines and other microbial metabolites in digesta samples was not affected by the PFA. These results demonstrate variable, partially gender‐specific effects of the tested PFA. Although the supplementation of 150 ppm showed little effect on mRNA expression level of selected marker genes for nutrient digestion, beneficial effects on gut morphology were observed. The 10‐fold higher dosage of the PFA did not adversely affect growth performance as well as most investigated parameters compared with the control group.
Influence of dietary protein level on body composition and energy expenditure in calorically restricted overweight cats
Authors: des Courtis X. , Wei A. , Kass P. H. , Fascetti A. J. , Graham J. L. , Havel P. J. , Ramsey J. J.
Published: July 2014

High‐protein (HP) diets help prevent loss of lean mass in calorie‐restricted (CR) cats. However, it is not entirely known whether these diets also induce changes of energy expenditure during periods ofCR. To investigate this issue, sixteen overweight cats were fed either a high‐protein [(HP), 54.2% of metabolizable energy (ME)] or a moderate‐protein [(MP), 31.5% ofME] diet at 70% of their maintenance energy intakes for 8 weeks, and energy expenditure, energy intake, body weight and composition, and serum metabolites and hormones were measured. While both groups of cats lost weight at a similar rate, only cats eating theHPdiet maintained lean mass during weight loss. Indirect respiration calorimetry measurements revealed that both total and resting energy expenditure (kcal/d) significantly decreased during weight loss for both treatment groups. However, only cats eating theMPdiet exhibited significant decreases of total and resting energy expenditures after energy expenditure was normalized for body weight or lean mass. Results from this study suggest that in addition to sparing the loss of lean mass, feedingHPdiets to overweight cats in restricted amounts may be beneficial for preventing or minimizing decreases of mass‐adjusted energy expenditure during weight loss.
Rheological and Thermal Behavior of Mixed Gelatin/Konjac Glucomannan Gels
Authors: Tomczyńska‐Mleko Marta , Brenner Tom , Nishinari Katsuyoshi , Mleko Stanisław , Kramek Aneta
Published: July 2014

Mixed konjac glucomannan/gelatin gels were mechanically characterized in the linear and large deformation regimes. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed no effect of konjac addition on gelling and melting of gelatin. The elastic moduli increased with increasing konjac content, but fracture stress slightly decreased. The rheological results and confocal laser scanning microscopy support segregative phase separation, where rigid polysaccharide domains act as bound fillers which are not separated by the solvent from the matrix and increase the Young's modulus, but the fracture stress is only weakly dependent on the concentration of the filler. The melting temperature of konjac‐modified gels remains below body temperature, indicating konjac addition does not increase danger of choking. The addition of konjac to gelatin gels with or without sucrose decreased sensory hardness and stickiness. For both types of gels, the addition of konjac made mastication and swallowing easier, making konjac/gelatin mixed gels an interesting alternative for gelatin gels.

Practical Applications

Mixed polysaccharide and protein gels are gaining popularity in the food industry. This study investigated the rheological consequences of konjac glucomannan addition to gelatin. The mixed gels had lower sensory hardness compared with pure gelatin gels, which led to lower perceived difficulty of mastication and swallowing. The mixed gels also retained their melt‐in‐mouth properties, as konjac did not affect the thermal properties.
Comparison of liver biopsy and noninvasive techniques for liver fibrosis assessment in patients infected with HCV‐genotype 4 in Egypt
Authors: Bonnard P. , Elsharkawy A. , Zalata K. , Delarocque‐Astagneau E. , Biard L. , Le Fouler L. , Hassan A. B. , Abdel‐Hamid M. , El‐Daly M. , Gamal M. E. , El Kassas M. , Bedossa P. , Carrat F. , Fontanet A. , Esmat G.
Published: July 2014

In Egypt, as elsewhere, liver biopsy (LB) remains the gold standard to assess liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and is required to decide whether a treatment should be proposed. Many of its disadvantages have led to develop noninvasive methods to replace LB. These new methods should be evaluated in Egypt, where circulating virus genotype 4 (G4), increased body mass index and co‐infection with schistosomiasis may interfere with liver fibrosis assessment. Egyptian CHC‐infected patients with G4 underwent a LB, an elastometry measurement (Fibroscan©), and serum markers (APRI, Fib4 and Fibrotest©). Patients had to have a LB ≥15 mm length or ≥10 portal tracts with two pathologists blinded readings to be included in the analysis. Patients with hepatitis B virus co‐infection were excluded. Three hundred and twelve patients are reported. The performance of each technique for distinguishing F0F1 vs F2F3F4 was compared. The area under receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.70, 0.76, 0.71 and 0.75 for APRI, Fib‐4, Fibrotest© and Fibroscan©, respectively (no influence of schistosomiasis was noticed). An algorithm using the Fib4 for identifying patients with F2 stage or more reduced by nearly 90% the number of liver biopsies. Our results demonstrated that noninvasive techniques were feasible in Egypt, for CHC G4‐infected patients. Because of its validity and its easiness to perform, we believe that Fib4 may be used to assess the F2 threshold, which decides whether treatment should be proposed or delayed.
The Limitations of Disability Antidiscrimination Legislation: Policymaking and the Economic Well‐being of People with Disabilities
Authors: Maroto Michelle , Pettinicchio David
Published: July 2014

Although Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to address, in large part, the declining economic well‐being of people with disabilities—twenty years later—the trend has not reversed. To shed light on this puzzle, we use multilevel models to analyze Current Population Survey data from 1988 through 2012 matched with state‐level predictors. We take a more nuanced approach than previous research and consider institutional factors related to the creation, enforcement, and interpretation of legislation, as well as individual demographics and employment situations. Our results show continual gaps in employment and earnings by disability status connected to the enactment of state‐level antidiscrimination legislation, the number of ADA charges brought to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the results of ADA court settlements and decisions. Our findings suggest a complex relationship between legislative intent and policy outcomes, showcasing the multilayered institutional aspects behind the implementation of disability antidiscrimination legislation.
Associations between IL‐1RA polymorphisms and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth among patients with irritable bowel syndrome from India
Authors: Srivastava D. , Ghoshal U. , Mittal R. D. , Ghoshal U. C.
Published: July 2014

Background

Low‐grade inflammation (controlled by pro and anti‐inflammatory molecules), induced by gut microbes in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), may be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Polymorphisms of IL‐RA gene (anti‐inflammatory) was evaluated in IBS and healthy subjects (HS); small intestinal mucosal IL‐1α and β levels (pro‐inflammatory) in relation to the presence of SIBO were evaluated in a subset of patients.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty‐one IBS patients and 273 age‐ and gender‐matched HS were included. Exactly 209 of 221 patients (Rome III) and 273 HS were genotyped (PCR) for IL‐1RA polymorphism. Mucosal IL‐1α and β levels (pg/mg of biopsy) were estimated (ELISA) in 82/221 patients with and without SIBO (≥105 CFU/mL upper gut aspirate bacteria).

Key Results

Genotype 1/1 (IL‐1RA over‐producer) was less frequent among patients than controls (p = 0.007); genotypes 1/3 (p = 0.012, OR = 3.301, 95% CI = 1.31–8.35) and 2/3 (both under‐producers; p = 0.009, OR = 7.703, 95% CI = 1.66–35.82) were commoner among IBS. Fifteen of 82 (18.3%) patients had SIBO. Levels of IL‐1α and β were higher among patients with SIBO than without (IL‐1α: 35.4 [20.1–66.8] vs 25.5 [4.2–65.3], p < 0.001; IL‐1β: 206.8 [133.5–365.9] vs 93.1 [25.5–197.7], p < 0.001) and those with bloating than without (p = 0.012; p = 0.015). IL‐1β was higher among patients with Bristol stool type 6 than those with type 1–2 (p = 0.002) and type 3–5 (p = 0.007).

Conclusions & Inferences

Polymorphisms 1/1 (IL‐1RA over‐producer) was infrequent and 1/3 and 2/3 (under‐producers) frequent among IBS. Increased IL‐1α and β levels were associated with SIBO. Increased IL‐1β level was predominantly associated with bloating and loose stools (Bristol type 6).
Effects of aspirin & simvastatin and aspirin, simvastatin, & lipoic acid on heme oxygenase‐1 in healthy human subjects
Authors: Bharucha Adil E. , Choi Kyoung Moo , Saw Jessica J. , Gibbons Simon J. , Farrugia Gianrico F. , Carlson David A. , Zinsmeister Alan R.
Published: July 2014

Background

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) degrades heme and protects against oxidative stress. In vitro and animal models suggest that HO‐1 is beneficial in several diseases (e.g., postoperative ileus, gastroparesis, acute pancreatitis, and colitis). However, the only drugs (i.e., hemin and heme arginate) which pharmacologically upregulate HO‐1 in humans are expensive and can only be administered intravenously. Our aims were to compare the effects of placebo, aspirin, and simvastatin alone, and with α‐lipoic acid, on HO‐1 protein concentration and activity in humans.

Methods

This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study compared the effects of three oral regimens administered for 7 days, i.e., placebo; aspirin (325 mg twice daily) and simvastatin (40 mg twice daily); aspirin, simvastatin, and the sodium salt of R‐ α‐lipoic acid (NaRLA, 600 mg three times daily) on markers of HO‐1 activation (i.e., plasma HO‐1 protein concentration and venous monocyte HO‐1 protein activity) in 18 healthy subjects (14 females). Markers of HO‐1 activation were evaluated at baseline, days 2, and 7.

Key Results

Baseline HO‐1 protein concentrations and activity were similar among the three groups. Compared to placebo, aspirin and simvastatin combined, or together with NaRLA did not affect HO‐1 protein concentration or activity at 2 or 7 days. HO‐1 protein concentrations and activity were correlated on day 7 (r = 0.75, p = 0.0004) but not at baseline and on day 2.

Conclusions & Inferences

At therapeutic doses, aspirin, simvastatin, and α‐lipoic acid do not increase plasma HO‐1 protein concentration or venous monocyte HO‐1 activity in healthy humans.
Supraglottic airway devices vs tracheal intubation in children: a quantitative meta‐analysis of respiratory complications
Authors: Luce Virginie , Harkouk Hakim , Brasher Christopher , Michelet Daphné , Hilly Julie , Maesani Matthieu , Diallo Thierno , Mangalsuren Nyamjargal , Nivoche Yves , Dahmani Souhayl
Published: July 2014

Background

Rate of perioperative respiratory complications between tracheal intubation (TI) and laryngeal mask airway remains unclear during pediatric anesthesia.

Objectives

The aim of the present meta‐analysis was to compare the perioperative respiratory complications between laryngeal mask airway and TI.

Methods

A meta‐analysis of available controlled studies comparing laryngeal mask airway to TI was conducted. Studies including patients with airway infection were excluded. Data from each trial were combined to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) or mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The meta‐analysis was performed on 19 studies. In 12 studies, patients were given muscle relaxation, and in 16 studies, ventilation was controlled. During recovery from anesthesia, the incidence of desaturation (OR = 0.34 [0.19–0.62]), laryngospasm (OR = 0.34 [0.2–0.6]), cough (OR = 0.18 [0.11–0.27]), and breath holding (0.19 [0.05–0.68]) was lower when laryngeal mask airway was used to secure the airway. Postoperative incidences of sore throat (OR = 0.87 [0.53–1.44]), bronchospasm (OR = 0.56 [0.25–1.25]), aspiration (1.33 [0.46–3.91]) and blood staining on the device (OR = 0.62 [0.21–1.82]) did not differ between laryngeal mask airway and TI. Results were homogenous across the studies, with the exceptions of blood staining on the device.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis found that the use of laryngeal mask airway in pediatric anesthesia results in a decrease in a number of common postanesthetic complications. It is therefore a valuable device for the management of the pediatric airway.
Does Comparative Animal Cognition Need to Be Saved by Cognitive Modeling?
Authors: Lurz Robert
Published: July 2014

Colin Allen prescribes cognitive modeling as “the right kind of theory” to use in comparative animal cognition and predicts that unless researchers shift from using conceptual framework hypotheses (“the wrong kind of theory”) to cognitive models, the field will fail to be sustained or develop further. I argue, on the contrary, that the robust development of the field over the past 35 years actually belies Allen's dire prediction. What is more, there is reason to be concerned that if Allen's prescription were wholeheartedly adopted by researchers, it would undermine one of the principal aims of the field: the discovery of the reasons for which animals act. Although cognitive modeling may be a useful tool to use to verify predictions made by conceptual framework hypotheses, I see no reason to think that comparative animal cognition would be, or needs to be, saved by researchers coming to taking cognitive modeling as the right kind of theory to use in the field.
Death as a Social Harm
Authors: Gruen Lori
Published: July 2014

Lately there has been increased attention to the philosophical issues that death raises, but the focus remains individualistic. Death is philosophically puzzling. Death is thought to be bad for the individual who dies, but there is no one there to experience death as a harm. In this paper I argue that the harm of death is a social harm. Of course, social relationships are fundamentally changed when any member of a social group dies. Death is harmful for those left behind. The problem is not just that social relations are harmed by the loss of a loved one. The very meaning and value of our lives and projects are shaped by social relations. By recognizing death as a social harm that many animals, human and nonhuman, experience, we may be better prepared for the work of mourning.
Response to “Animal Interrupted”
Authors: Manson Neil A.
Published: July 2014

Strong conventionalism goes wrong well before cases of transfiguration even arise. Assuming it is a “rock‐bottom” form of conventionalism, it cannot deliver on its promise to resolve the classic transporter case. In the classic transporter case, the transported individual is not specified as being a member of any person‐determining community, and so there is no fact of the matter whether the transported individual survives.
Animal Interrupted, or Why AcceptingPascal'sWager Might Be the Last Thing You Ever Do
Authors: Baron Sam , Van Dyke Christina
Published: July 2014

According to conventionalist accounts of personal identity, persons are constituted in part by practices and attitudes of certain sorts of care. In this paper, we concentrate on the most well‐developed and defended version of conventionalism currently on offer (namely, that proposed byDavidBraddon‐Mitchell,CarolineWest, andKristieMiller) and discuss how the conventionalist appears forced either (1) to accept arbitrariness concerning from which perspective to judge one's survival or (2) to maintain egalitarianism at the cost of making “transfiguring” decisions such asPascal's Wager rationally intractable. We consider three ways the egalitarian conventionalist could make these choices tractable and show that each one comes at significant cost to the view. We end the paper by considering whether accepting arbitrariness would be a better move for the conventionalist and conclude that, even here, she runs the risk of transfiguring choices being rationally intractable.