bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Change is Only Part of the Answer’: An Interview with Kim Halford
Authors: Wileman Robin , Halford W. Kim
Published: November 2014

Kim Halford has conducted major research on the determinants of relationship satisfaction and stability, and how to promote healthy couple relationships both through relationship education for currently well‐functioning couples, and through couple therapy for distressed couples. Kim is Professor of Clinical Psychology at Griffith University, and Director, Queensland Cancer Fund, Griffith University Cancer Support Centre. He is the author of Brief Couple Therapy: Helping Partners Help Themselves; Australian Couples in Millennium Three: A Research and Development Agenda for Marriage and Relationship Education, co‐author of Clinical Handbook of Marriage and Couples Interventions; Report to the Australian Psychological Society on the Status and Future Directions of Health Psychology in Australia; Couple CARE: The Couple Commitment and Relationship Enhancement Program, Couple Guidebook (in press). He is also author or co‐author of over 90 book chapters, journal articles and audiovisual productions.
Retention of modified BSA by ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Levitsky Inna , Dahan Yafit , Arkhangelsky Elizabeth , Gitis Vitaly
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The efficiency of protein purification depends on membrane pore size and electrostatic repulsion between a protein and membrane surface. The current study investigates how deliberate protein modification affects the electrostatic repulsion, degree of protein separation and transmembrane flux.

RESULTS

The experiments were performed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) modified by guanidation, succinylation and citraconation. The latter modification is reversible and can be used to improve the protein separation. Modified and native proteins were filtrated through polyethersulphone PES‐20 membrane in dead‐end and cross‐flow filtration modes at pH 5–10. Guanidation diminished electronegativity of the protein. In dead‐end mode, the relative flux in separation of modified BSA decreased to 0.45–0.7 of the flux of pure water over 27.5 min. In the case of unmodified BSA, the average relative flux drop was 0.3–0.5. The separation of guanidated BSA increased on average by 11% in acidic conditions. Succinylation and citraconation increased BSA electronegativity. The average flux remained close to the flux of pure water declining by 0.2–0.4, and the separation was greater than 95% at alkaline conditions in both dead‐end and cross‐flow operational modes.

CONCLUSION

Suggested modifications do not require changes in chemistry of bulk suspensions and membranes, but do increase protein rejection keeping high transmembrane flux. The suggested approach is novel and holds the promise of achieving the purity level of therapeutic proteins required by drug authorities. Under the conditions investigated the best results were observed for succinylation and filtration in cross‐flow mode at pH 5–10. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Near infrared spectroscopy is suitable for the classification of hazelnuts according to Protected Designation of Origin
Authors: Moscetti Roberto , Radicetti Emanuele , Monarca Danilo , Cecchini Massimo , Massantini Riccardo
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the possibility of using near infrared spectroscopy for the authentication of the ‘Nocciola Romana’ hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. cvs Tonda Gentile Romana and Nocchione) as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) hazelnut from central Italy. Algorithms for the selection of the optimal pretreatments were tested in combination with the following discriminant routines: k‐nearest neighbour, soft independent modelling of class analogy, partial least squares discriminant analysis and support vector machine discriminant analysis.

RESULTS

The best results were obtained using a support vector machine discriminant analysis routine. Thus, classification performance rates with specificities, sensitivities and accuracies as high as 96.0%, 95.0% and 95.5%, respectively, were achieved. Various pretreatments, such as standard normal variate, mean centring and a Savitzky–Golay filter with seven smoothing points, were used. The optimal wavelengths for classification were mainly correlated with lipids, although some contribution from minor constituents, such as proteins and carbohydrates, was also observed.

CONCLUSION

Near infrared spectroscopy could classify hazelnut according to the PDO ‘Nocciola Romana’ designation. Thus, the experimentation lays the foundations for a rapid, online, authentication system for hazelnut. However, model robustness should be improved taking into account agro‐pedo‐climatic growing conditions. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The 9‐point hedonic scale and hedonic ranking in food science: some reappraisals and alternatives
Authors: Wichchukit Sukanya , O'Mahony Michael
Published: November 2014

The 9‐point hedonic scale has been used routinely in food science, the same way for 60 years. Now, with advances in technology, data from the scale are being used for more and more complex programs for statistical analysis and modeling. Accordingly, it is worth reconsidering the presentation protocols and the analyses associated with the scale, as well as some alternatives. How the brain generates numbers and the types of numbers it generates has relevance for the choice of measurement protocols. There are alternatives to the generally used serial monadic protocol, which can be more suitable. Traditionally, the ‘words’ on the 9‐point hedonic scale are reassigned as ‘numbers’, while other ‘9‐point hedonic scales’ are purely numerical; the two are not interchangeable. Parametric statistical analysis of scaling data is examined critically and alternatives discussed. The potential of a promising alternative to scaling itself, simple ranking with a hedonic R‐Index signal detection analysis, is explored in comparison with the 9‐point hedonic scale. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of Anisakis simplex allergens from infected fish during the washing step of surimi production
Authors: Olivares Fabiola , González‐Muñoz Miguel , Carballeda‐Sangiao Noelia , Rodríguez‐Mahillo Ana , Careche Mercedes , de las Heras Cristina , Navas Alfonso , Tejada Margarita
Published: November 2014

BACKGOUND

The washing operation of fish muscle is one of the key steps in the production of surimi. The aim of this study was to assess in parasitised minced fish the effect of the washing steps on the allergen removal of Anisakis simplex and on protein yield during surimi processing. Experimentally infected hake (Merluccius merluccius) (50 Anisakis simplex s.s L3 larvae per 100 g of muscle) underwent three successive washing steps with water, phosphate buffer (20 mmol L−1), sodium bicarbonate (60 mmol L−1), or sodium hypochlorite (0.27 mmol L−1) in the surimi processing (4 kg muscle, 1:4 w/v for each solution). Total protein concentration and A. simplex antigens and allergens were evaluated in each waste fraction.

RESULTS

The highest removal of Ani s 4 and A. simplex antigens was achieved by using phosphate buffer, together with a good protein yield in the raw surimi. Decrease of the concentration of allergens and antigens as a function of the washing steps rendered a linear trend (R2 = 0.95 and 0.98 for Ani s 4 and A. simplex antigens, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The conditions for an optimal removal of Anisakis allergens can be established and calculated as a function of the washing steps. This approach opens a line to utilise parasitised fish in a safer way. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and properties of trimethylolpropane trioleate as lubricating base oil
Authors: Wu Yanxia , Li Weimin , Wang Xiaobo
Published: November 2014

Trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) has been prepared by esterification of oleic acid with trimethylolpropane (TMP) without solvent in the presence of solid acid catalyst. The synthesised TMPTO was characterised by infrared spectroscopy, and its physicochemical properties were also evaluated. The compatibilities of TMPTO as lubricant base stock with several conventional additives for mineral oils were investigated. The results showed that the synthesised TMPTO exhibited excellent viscosity–temperature property and low temperature fluidity, high flash point, good foaming stability, hydrolytic stability, and lubricity. In addition, TMPTO possessed good compatibility with conventional additives designed for mineral oils. In particular, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates as extreme pressure and anti‐wear additive exhibited good extreme pressure and anti‐wear properties in TMPTO. Therefore, the synthesised TMPTO can be used as potential lubricating base oil due to its excellent comprehensive performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Boehmite Nanoparticle Loading on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Biodegradable Polylactide/Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Blends
Authors: Agwuncha Stephen C. , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Jayaramudu Jarugala , Khoathane Caroline , Sadiku Rotimi
Published: November 2014

Blends of polylactide (PLA) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) were melt‐processed with boehmite (BAI) nanoparticles to produce ternary biocomposites with the intent of broadening the potential applications of PLA. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites exhibited remarkable improvement in the elongation‐at‐break of between 60 and 430% for increasing loadings of PCL and BAI in the blends. Furthermore, the melting temperatures of PLA and PCL were observed to shift approximately 2 °C toward each other in the composites, an indication of improved compatibility. This partial compatibility was also observed from the electron microscopy images, which also revealed a good dispersion of PCL in the PLA. The composite with balanced properties was found to be consisting of 70 wt% PLA, 30 wt% PCL, and 4 wt% BAI.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly in Monoaxially Electrospun P3HT/PCBM Nanofibers
Authors: Dillard Caitlin , Singhal Richa , Kalra Vibha
Published: November 2014

We report monoaxial electrospinning and self‐assembly characterization of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) nanofibers. Nanofibers were directly compared to films (as made and annealed) to understand the effects of extensional forces and high evaporation rate inherent to electrospinning on nanoscale structure. X‐ray scattering shows electrospinning can achieve improved crystallinity and reduced length scale of P3HT and PCBM phases. Due to extensional flow, co‐continuous phases form along the fiber axis, as evident in transmission electron microscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate monoaxially‐spun, pure P3HT/PCBM nanofibers, a facile processing method with the potential to transform the field of wearable photovoltaics.
Conversion between Mini‐Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Dementia Rating Scale‐2 scores in Parkinson's disease
Authors: van Steenoven Inger , Aarsland Dag , Hurtig Howard , Chen‐Plotkin Alice , Duda John E. , Rick Jacqueline , Chahine Lama M. , Dahodwala Nabila , Trojanowski John Q. , Roalf David R. , Moberg Paul J. , Weintraub Daniel
Published: November 2014

Cognitive impairment is one of the earliest, most common, and most disabling non‐motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, routine screening of global cognitive abilities is important for the optimal management of PD patients. Few global cognitive screening instruments have been developed for or validated in PD patients. The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Dementia Rating Scale‐2 (DRS‐2) have been used extensively for cognitive screening in both clinical and research settings. Determining how to convert the scores between instruments would facilitate the longitudinal assessment of cognition in clinical settings and the comparison and synthesis of cognitive data in multicenter and longitudinal cohort studies. The primary aim of this study was to apply a simple and reliable algorithm for the conversion of MoCA to MMSE scores in PD patients. A secondary aim was to apply this algorithm for the conversion of DRS‐2 to both MMSE and MoCA scores. The cognitive performance of a convenience sample of 360 patients with idiopathic PD was assessed by at least two of these cognitive screening instruments. We then developed conversion scores between the MMSE, MoCA, and DRS‐2 using equipercentile equating and log‐linear smoothing. The conversion score tables reported here enable direct and easy comparison of three routinely used cognitive screening assessments in PD patients. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The beneficial properties of marine polysaccharides in alleviation of allergic responses
Authors: Vo Thanh‐Sang , Ngo Dai‐Hung , Kang Kyong‐Hwa , Jung Won‐Kyo , Kim Se‐Kwon
Published: November 2014

Marine polysaccharides have been found as the principle component in cell wall structures of seaweeds or exoskeletons of crustaceans. Due to numerous pharmaceutical properties of marine polysaccharides such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic, antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticoagulant, antiviral, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and antihepatopathy activities, they have been applied in many fields of biomaterials, food, cosmetic, and pharmacology. Recently, several marine polysaccharides such alginate, porphyran, fucoidan, and chitin and its derivatives have been evidenced as downregulators of allergic responses due to enhancement of innate immune system, alteration of Th1/Th2 balance forward to Th1 cells, inhibition of IgE production, and suppression of mast cell degranulation. This contribution, therefore, focuses on antiallergic properties of marine polysaccharides and emphasizes their potential application as bioactive food ingredients as well as nutraceuticals for prevention of allergic disorders.
In vitro enzymic hydrolysis of chlorogenic acids in coffee
Authors: da Encarnação Joana Amarante , Farrell Tracy L. , Ryder Alexandra , Kraut Nicolai U. , Williamson Gary
Published: November 2014

Scope

Coffee is rich in quinic acid esters of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acids) but also contains some free phenolic acids. A proportion of phenolic acids appear in the blood rapidly after coffee consumption due to absorption in the small intestine. We investigated in vitro whether this appearance could potentially be derived from free phenolic acids in instant coffee or from hydrolysis of chlorogenic acids by pancreatic or brush border enzymes.

Methods and results

We quantified six free phenolic acids in instant coffees using HPLC‐DAD‐mass spectrometry. The highest was caffeic acid, but all were present at low levels compared to the chlorogenic acids. Roasting and decaffeination significantly reduced free phenolic acid content. We estimated, using pharmacokinetic modelling with previously published data, that the contribution of these compounds to small intestinal absorption is minimal. Hydrolysis of certain chlorogenic acids was observed with human‐differentiated Caco‐2 cell monolayers and with porcine pancreatin, which showed maximal rates on 3‐ and 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids, respectively.

Conclusion

The amounts of certain free phenolic acids in coffee could only minimally account for small intestinal absorption based on modelling. The hydrolysis of caffeoylquinic, but not feruloylquinic acids, by enterocyte and pancreatic esterases is potentially a contributing mechanism to small intestinal absorption.
Breast cancer chemoprevention by dietary natural phenolic compounds: Specific epigenetic related molecular targets
Authors: Pan Min‐Hsiung , Chiou Yi‐Siou , Chen Li‐Hua , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: November 2014

Breast cancer is a systemic malignant disease that is a major cause of cancer‐related death among women worldwide. Recently, multiple lines of evidence from epidemiologic studies have suggested that epigenetic and genetic changes are involved in breast cancer development. In breast cancer patients, hormone receptor status, breast cancer stem‐like cell population, and tumor microenvironment are reflective of breast cancer progression, drug resistance, and tumor recurrence. Strong relationships between a phytochemical‐rich diet and a reversal of epigenetic alterations and/or modulated signaling pathways of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, and progression) suggest a potential approach for preventing breast cancer. Additionally, dietary consumption of natural phenolic compounds containing phytoestrogen properties exerts beneficial effects in breast cancer chemoprevention. In this review, we summarize the specific chemopreventive targets of representative phenolic compounds with an emphasis on their efficacy at interfering with epigenetic event related hormonal and nonhormonal signaling cascades that are responsible for multistage breast carcinogenesis.
Understanding EFL Students' Development of Self‐Regulated Learning in a Process‐Oriented Writing Course
Authors: Lam Ricky
Published: November 2014

This article describes a study which investigated how explicit strategy instruction may shape student use of metacognitive knowledge and in what ways this knowledge promotes self‐regulation in the learning of writing. From a class of a 2‐year associate degree programme in Hong Kong, which experienced a 15‐week process‐oriented writing course emphasizing instruction in diverse composing strategies ranging from planning to revision, four participants were chosen. They provided data consisting of stimulated recalls, individual interviews, language learning histories, and text analysis. The findings indicate that explicit strategy instruction in writing was likely to make students more self‐regulated, strategic, and resourceful in coping with diverse writing tasks, although not all four writers enjoyed the same level of success throughout the course. Three of them expressed a heightened awareness of audienceship and enhanced text knowledge. They also showed gradual development of metacognitive knowledge, including planning, reorganizing, and problem‐solving strategies in the composing process.
Melt rheology and properties of compatibilized recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/(styrene‐ethylene‐ethylene‐propylene‐styrene) block copolymer blends
Authors: Lin Xintu , Qian Qingrong , Xiao Liren , Huang Qiaoling , Zhou Weiming , Chen Qinghua , Zhang Huaji
Published: November 2014

Blends of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R‐PET) and (styrene‐ethylene‐ethylene‐propylene‐styrene) block copolymer (SEEPS) compatibilized with (maleic anhydride)‐grafted‐styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MAH) were prepared by melt blending. The compatibilizing effects of SEBS‐g‐MAH were investigated systematically by study of the morphology, linear viscoelastic behavior, and thermal and mechanical properties of the blends. The results show that there is good agreement between the results obtained by rheological measurement and morphological analysis. The rheological test shows that the melt elasticity and melt strength of the blends increase with the addition of SEBS‐g‐MAH. The Cole‐Cole plots and van Gurp‐Palmen plots confirm the compatibilizing effect of SEBS‐g‐MAH. However, the Palierne model fails to predict the linear viscoelastic properties of the blends. The morphology observation shows that all blends exhibit a droplet‐matrix morphology. In addition, the SEEPS particle size in the (R‐PET)/SEEPS blends is significantly decreased and dispersed uniformly by the addition of SEBS‐g‐MAH. Differential scanning calorimeter analysis shows that the crystallization behavior of R‐PET is restricted by the incorporation of SEEPS, whereas the addition of SEBS‐g‐MAH improves the crystallization behavior of R‐PET compared with that of uncompatibilized (R‐PET)/SEEPS blends. The Charpy impact strength of the blends shows the highest value at SEBS‐g‐MAH content of 10%, which is about 210% higher than that of pure R‐PET. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:342–349, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evaluating heterogeneity of sex‐specific capture probability and precision in camera‐trap population estimates of tigers
Authors: Singh Randeep , Qureshi Qamar , Sankar Kalyanasundaram , Krausman Paul R. , Goyal Surendra Prakash
Published: November 2014

Population estimates of tigers (Panthers tigris) are affected by movement patterns of the sexes. We evaluated sex‐specific heterogeneity to estimate the tiger population at Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, western Rajasthan, India. We also compared population attributes obtained using a likelihood‐based spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) method with traditional approaches that use alternate information on animal space used to estimate an effective sampled area around the traps. We obtained 122 tiger photo‐captures of 27 individuals (14 F and 13 M) from 165 camera‐trapping sites in a 215‐km2 area over 3,300 trap‐nights, for 20 sampling occasions in 2010. The capture probability of males was about 2 times greater than that of female tigers, but overall detection probability was high, with total population estimate of about 30.2 tigers (SE = 3.7). Male and female tiger density estimates/100 km2 were 2.8 (SE = 0.8) and 4.1 (SE = 1.1), respectively, and overall density estimates of 6.1 (SE = 1.2) individuals/100 km2 were obtained using the SECR method. Non‐spatial models using the full mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) to estimate an effective sampled area underestimated the density by 9% compared with the SECR model as a baseline, and 1/2MMDM models overestimated the density by 25% as compared with results from the SECR model. We conclude that to assess the reliability of abundance estimates, heterogeneity in sex‐specific capture probabilities should be considered. We recommend using an SECR model because these methods appear to be minimally biased for estimating an effective sampled area and can be applied consistently among studies of various taxa. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
The Role of Law in Addressing the Good Samaritan’s Dilemma: A Chinese Model?
Authors: LEE Man Yee Karen
Published: November 2014

This article begins with an account of the contexts surrounding China’s “Good Samaritan’s Dilemma”—the fear of civil liabilities as a result of a rescue attempt. It highlights how a notorious hit-and-run case in 2011 has prompted several provinces to consider Good Samaritan law—legislation aimed at encouraging altruism. In light of diverse opinions over the pros and cons of Good Samaritan law, it considers whether law should have a role to play in shaping moral behaviours. On the basis that the law has been on the books for as long as over a century in much of the Western world and parts of East Asia, this article explores how overseas experience may provide insights to China in its adaptation of Good Samaritan law. It concludes that, in China’s case, a non-punitive regime that seeks to protect and compensate Good Samaritans may help encourage the proverbial Chinese bystanders to be altruistic neighbours.
Algebraic K-Theory of ∞-Operads
Authors: Nikolaus Thomas
Published: November 2014

The theory of dendroidal sets has been developed to serve as a combinatorial model for homotopy coherent operads, see [MW07, CM13b]. An ∞-operad is a dendroidal setDsatisfying certain lifting conditions.

In this paper we give a definition of K-groupsKn(D) for a dendroidal setD. These groups generalize the K-theory of symmetric monoidal (resp. permutative) categories and algebraic K-theory of rings. We establish some useful properties like invariance under the appropriate equivalences and long exact sequences which allow us to compute these groups in some examples. Using results from [Heu11b] and [BN12] we show that theK-theory groups ofDcan be realized as homotopy groups of a K-theory spectrum.
The Meanings of “Malignancy”: The Language of Enmity and the Construction of the Parliamentarian Cause in the English Revolution
Authors: Leng Thomas
Published: November 2014

This article deconstructs a character that was ubiquitous within parliamentarian pamphlet literature in the English civil war: the “malignant,” whose “party” had been identified in the Grand Remonstrance of December 1641 as conspiring to destroy parliament and the true religion. Thereafter, the existence of this party became central to parliamentarian justifications of the war effort and to the activities of radical extra-parliamentary activists. The malignant thus became bound up in contests within the parliamentarian coalition, something reflected by the issuing of new remonstrances by London's Presbyterians, Levellers, and the New Model Army, each of which hinged on the identification of a new enemy. Despite these efforts, the specter of the malignant continued to haunt parliamentarian discourse after the regicide, although its meaning became increasingly ambiguous, symptomatic of the challenges facing the post-regicidal regimes as they sought to transcend the ideological parameters of the civil war in the name of “settlement.”
“Scholarship Boys” in Twilight: The Memoirs of Six Humanists in Post-Industrial Britain
Authors: LeMahieu D. L.
Published: November 2014

The memoirs of six “scholarship boys”—Richard Hoggart, Frank Kermode, Eric Hobsbawm, Harold Perkin, A. H. Halsey, and Brian Magee—reveal the deeply varied experience of academically gifted working- and lower-middle-class males in the twentieth century. The arc from social outsider to cultural prominence drew upon a commitment to humanism acquired in their youth. Scholarship boys navigated the crosscurrents of post-industrial culture in many ways but shared an unwillingness to accept uncritically the sophisticated reductions of postmodern theory and the “creative destruction” of neoliberal practice. The life writing of these figures reveals the often-concealed subjectivities behind academic success, including the desire in old age to honor the lived worlds of their youth. Humanism remained a continuing though not always dominant strain in post-industrial culture.
The Devotional Landscape of the Royalist Exile, 1649–1660
Authors: Williams Mark R. F.
Published: November 2014

This study aims both to build upon and to challenge recent historiographical interest in the cultural origins and religious associations of royalism in the midseventeenth century by examining the devotional character of the exiled royalist community of the 1650s. Focusing primarily upon those royalists closely affiliated with the court of Charles II, it assesses the impact of disillusionment, dislocation, penury, and forced mobility upon the subsequent framings and reframings of religious identities. It considers the multiple venues in which these articulations appeared and were negotiated—through personal correspondence, print, diplomacy, rumor, and conversion—in order to illuminate the challenges posed to the maintenance of clear confessional boundaries and community ideals. In doing so, this article argues for the incorporation of a much broader sense of the impact of the “English Revolution” that considers the full geographical, chronological, and cultural scope of these upheavals across Britain, Ireland, and Continental Europe.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Martial Law and the Making of the High Courts of Justice, 1642–60
Authors: Collins John M.
Published: November 2014

This article traces the transformation of martial law during the Civil Wars and Interregnum culminating with the creation of the High Courts of Justice in the 1650s. The Long, Rump, and Protectorate parliaments used, adapted, and combined martial law procedures with others to solve some of the most difficult and pressing legal problems they faced. These problems included the trial of spies, traitors to the parliamentary cause, Charles I and his royalist commanders of the Second Civil War, and conspirators, plotters, and rebels during the 1650s. The Long Parliament, the English Commonwealth, and the Protectorate governments used these legal innovations to control discretion at law, and to terrorize dissidents into obedience. The Petition of Right, whose makers had demanded that English subjects only be tried by life and limb by their peers in peacetime, was overturned in order to meet these challenges.
Adoption, Narrative, and Nation, 1800–1850: The Case of William Austin
Authors: Walker Eric C.
Published: November 2014

William Austin (1802–1857), the child of Deptford laborers, was adopted de facto as an infant by Princess Caroline, the estranged wife of the Prince of Wales. She rendered the child's identity such a mystery that it prompted the Delicate Investigation in 1806, a quasi-judicial affair published in 1813 in the vexed volume known asThe Book. “Prince Austin” was regularly on stage during Caroline's carnivalesque rambles on the Continent from 1814 to 1820, frequently attacked in the loyalist press as “that bastard Billy Austin.” In the uproar of the Queen Caroline affair in 1820, Austin remained a target of loyalist scorn. Because Queen Caroline named him her residuary legatee at her death in 1821, his name registered aftershocks of queenite disruption through the middle of the century. In these narrative contests about Austin's identity, the metonymic traffic between a provisional family form and an absolutist national model bobbed and weaved in a disorderly fashion on the conspicuous stage of a dysfunctional royal family. On this prominent platform, adoptive contingency intermittently confounded closed absolutism.
A revisit of the equilibrium assumption for predicting near-wall turbulence
Authors: Karimpour Farid , Venayagamoorthy Subhas K.
Published: November 2014

In this study, we revisit the consequence of assuming equilibrium between the rates of production ($P$) and dissipation $({\it\epsilon})$of the turbulent kinetic energy $(k)$in the highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous near-wall region. Analytical and dimensional arguments are made to determine the relevant scales inherent in the turbulent viscosity (${\it\nu}_{t}$) formulation of the standard$k{-}{\it\epsilon}$model, which is one of the most widely used turbulence closure schemes. This turbulent viscosity formulation is developed by assuming equilibrium and use of the turbulent kinetic energy$(k)$to infer the relevant velocity scale. We show that such turbulent viscosity formulations are not suitable for modelling near-wall turbulence. Furthermore, we use the turbulent viscosity$({\it\nu}_{t})$formulation suggested by Durbin (Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., vol. 3, 1991, pp. 1–13) to highlight the appropriate scales that correctly capture the characteristic scales and behaviour of$P/{\it\epsilon}$in the near-wall region. We also show that the anisotropic Reynolds stress ($\overline{u^{\prime }v^{\prime }}$) is correlated with the wall-normal, isotropic Reynolds stress ($\overline{v^{\prime 2}}$) as$-\overline{u^{\prime }v^{\prime }}=c_{{\it\mu}}^{\prime }(ST_{L})(\overline{v^{\prime 2}})$, where$S$is the mean shear rate,$T_{L}=k/{\it\epsilon}$is the turbulence (decay) time scale and$c_{{\it\mu}}^{\prime }$is a universal constant. ‘A priori’ tests are performed to assess the validity of the propositions using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of unstratified channel flow of Hoyas & Jiménez (Phys. Fluids, vol. 18, 2006, 011702). The comparisons with the data are excellent and confirm our findings.
Generalized Ertel’s theorem and infinite hierarchies of conserved quantities for three-dimensional time-dependent Euler and Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Cheviakov Alexei F. , Oberlack Martin
Published: November 2014

Local conservation laws are systematically constructed for three-dimensional time-dependent viscous and inviscid incompressible fluid flows, in primitive variables and vorticity formulation, using the direct construction method. Complete sets of local conservation laws in primitive variables are derived for the case of conservation law multipliers depending on derivatives up to the second order. In the vorticity formulation, there exists an infinite family of vorticity-dependent conservation laws involving an arbitrary differentiable function of space and time, holding for both viscous and inviscid cases. The infinite conservation law family is used to generate further independent hierarchies of conservation laws that essentially involve vorticity and arbitrary flow parameters, which are determined by known evolution equations such as those for momentum, energy or helicity, though not necessarily in the form of a conservation law. The new conservation laws are not restricted to any reduced flow geometry such as planar or axisymmetric limits. Examples are considered.
Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi, 1971–75: the small finds
Authors: Lloyd John , Kenrick Philip
Published: November 2014

The ‘small finds’ (miscellaneous objects of bone, metal and stone; ceramic objects other than vessels, lamps or sculpture) from the excavations carried out at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (1971–75), constitute a neglected category which was ready for publication ten years ago, in the projected final volume of the excavation reports. Since other reports which should have accompanied it in that volume are still far from being submitted, it has been decided to present the small finds in the form of a journal article instead.

The conclusions which may be drawn from the 462 catalogued items in terms of trade connections, or of patterns of activity in the places where they were found, are generally limited, but have been noted where possible.
Centenarium
Authors: Munzi Massimiliano , Schirru Giancarlo , Tantillo Ignazio
Published: November 2014

The neuter substantivecentenariumappears in a series of documents to designate a particular type of building. The etymology and precise meaning of this word have long been debated by scholars, who have proposed a wide range of explanations, none of which appears to be entirely satisfactory. In this paper, we put forward a different solution, taking into account textual, archaeological and linguistic evidence. In our opinion, the wordcentenariumcomes fromcentenum, which means a kind of a cereal; thus,centenariumindicates a ‘fortified grain-house’. It seems probable that originalcentenariawere military structures of varying shape and size, first created in the third century and then spreading in the Tetrarchic period. They appear to be distinctive of the African provinces, from which comes most of the evidence, but one cannot exclude that the same name was applied to similar structures in other parts of the Empire (such as in the Iberian Peninsula, for instance). The militarycentenariawere later imitated by private landlords – maybe even indigenous chieftains in charge of the defence of sectors of the frontier – who transferred the name to their unofficial or para-official defensive structures. This process of emulation was already advanced in Constantinian age.
Documenting an unknown funerary complex at Cyrene: ‘The Garden Tomb’. Architectural evolution and epigraphic issues
Authors: Cinalli Angela
Published: November 2014

The Garden Tomb is a remarkable funerary complex in the Southern Necropolis of Cyrene, consisting of two burial chambers set within a courtyard with a monumental Doric façade. The architectural arrangement of the main tomb, most likely dating back to the fourth century BC, shows at least three phases of re-use and alterations of the original interior, in use until the Late Imperial period. Three sculptures belonging to the tomb and the decorative features of the exterior (entrance doorkymation) and interior (red, blue and ochre wall paint in the main burial) of the monument are noteworthy. The epigraphic apparatus, drawn in charcoal on the walls of the main burial, is significant both in terms of the form of the letters and its content: one of the two inscriptions appears to give the price of loculi for sale.
The late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene tectonic evolution of the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben (Belgium)
Authors: Deckers J. , Broothaers M. , Lagrou D. , Matthijs J.
Published: November 2014

The late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene seismostratigraphic record of the Roer Valley Graben provides new data on the timing and dynamics of stress changes related to the intra-plate deformation of northwestern Europe. During the deposition of late Maastrichtian to middle Danian limestones, no severe tectonic movements occurred in the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben. Around the late Danian, a known fundamental change in the European intra-plate stress field initiated an increase in subsidence of the southern part of the Roer Valley Graben. Subsidence along the graben border zone enabled relatively thick accumulations of the latest Danian to mid-Selandian siliciclastics in the intra-graben zone. Subsidence was not bounded by large offsets along faults, but rather by flexuring within and along the borders of the Roer Valley Graben. The intensity of these dynamics diminished after the middle Selandian. Most likely due to inherited intra-basinal structural differences, the northern and southern part of the Roer Valley Graben experienced distinctly different late Maastrichtian to Late Paleocene tectonics.
THE COGNITIVE COMPETENCES OF IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE STUDENTS ACROSS THE WORLD: AN ANALYSIS OF GAPS, POSSIBLE CAUSES AND IMPACT
Authors: RINDERMANN HEINER , THOMPSON JAMES
Published: November 2014

Immigration, immigration policies and education of immigrants alter competence levels. This study analysed their effects using PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS data (1995 to 2012,N=93 nations) for natives' and immigrants' competences, competence gaps and their population proportions. The mean gap is equivalent to 4.71 IQ points. There are large differences across countries in these gaps ranging from around +12 to −10 IQ points. Migrants' proportions grow roughly 4% per decade. The largest immigrant-based ‘brain gains’ are observed for Arabian oil-based economies, and the largest ‘brain losses’ for Central Europe. Regarding causes of native–immigrant gaps, language problems do not seem to explain them. However, English-speaking countries show an advantage. Acculturation within one generation and intermarriage usually reduce native–immigrant gaps (≅1 IQ point). National educational quality reduces gaps, especially school enrolment at a young age, the use of tests and school autonomy. A one standard deviation increase in school quality represents a closing of around 1 IQ point in the native–immigrant gap. A new Greenwich IQ estimation based on UK natives' cognitive ability mean is recommended. An analysis of the first adult OECD study PIAAC revealed that larger proportions of immigrants among adults reduce average competence levels and positive Flynn effects. The effects on economic development and suggestions for immigration and educational policy are discussed.
Review of the prevalence and drug resistance of tuberculosis in prisons: a hidden epidemic
Authors: BIADGLEGNE F. , RODLOFF A. C. , SACK U.
Published: November 2014

The prison setting has been often cited as a possible reservoir of tuberculosis (TB) including multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB. This is particularly true in low-income, high TB prevalence countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. A systemic literature review was done to assess the prevalence, drug resistance and risk factors for acquiring TB in the prison population. Our review indicated a high prevalence of TB in prisons which is reported to be 3- to 1000-fold higher than that found in the civilian population, indicating evidence and the need for public health policy formulation. In addition, high levels of MDR and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB have been reported from prisons, which is a warning call to review prison TB control strategy. Multiple risk factors such as overcrowding, poor ventilation, malnutrition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and others have fuelled the spread of TB in prisons. Furthermore, the impact extends beyond the prison walls; it affects the civilian population, because family visits, prison staff, and members of the judiciary system could be potential portals of exit for TB transmission. The health of prisoners is a neglected political and scientific issue. Within these background conditions, it is suggested that political leaders and scientific communities should work together and give special attention to the control of TB and MDR-TB in prisons. If not, TB in prisons will remain a neglected global problem and threatens national and international TB control programmes. Further researches are required on the prevalence and drug resistance of smear-negative TB in prisons. In addition, evidence of the circulating strains and transmission dynamics inside prisons is also warranted.
Variation, development and pragmatic uses ofinnitin the language of British adults and teenagers
Authors: PALACIOS MARTÍNEZ IGNACIO
Published: November 2014

The so-called invariant tags, such aseh, okay, rightandyeah, are extremely frequent in general English speech and have been studied extensively in recent years, especially in the spoken expression of teenagers, where they are a very common feature.

In this article I focus oninnit, as inShe love her chocolate innit?andIt was good innit?For this purpose, I analyse and discuss data extracted from two comparable corpora of teen speech: theBergen Corpus of London Teenage Language(COLT), compiled in 1993, and theLinguistic Innovators Corpus(LI), created in 2004. The analysis considers the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of the expression, and asks three fundamental questions: hasinnitremained stable in use over time or has it increased in frequency? Hasinnitpreserved its original grammatical features, or has it undergone notable changes? To what extent isinnitespecially associated with teentalk, at least in London speech, rather than with the speech of adults? Contrasts are also drawn with the standard tagisn't it.

Findings confirm thatinnitis typical of the language of London teenagers and has not gone out of use; on the contrary, its frequency has increased over the last few years. In contrast, the proportion of tokens found in the language of their adult counterparts is rather marginal. At present,innitconserves syntactic features of its own: it does not follow the regular question tag formation rules and can represent not only the verbbebut alsodo,haveand most of the modal verbs. Furthermore, it continues to show a high degree of flexibility in the sentence, occurring not only in final but also in initial and medial positions. Finally, it appears thatinnitshould no longer be regarded as a simple invariant tag. It tends to behave more and more like a pragmatic marker serving to express the speaker's attitude to the content of the message, thus often reflecting the relationship between the participants in the interaction, and also contributing to the organisation of the discourse. In this respect, two new discourse functions ofinnitare identified and described: emphatic and text organiser.
Genomic identification and characterization of the pseudoautosomal region in highly differentiated avian sex chromosomes
Authors: Smeds Linnéa , Kawakami Takeshi , Burri Reto , Bolivar Paulina , Husby Arild , Qvarnström Anna , Uebbing Severin , Ellegren Hans
Published: November 2014

The molecular characteristics of the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of sex chromosomes remain elusive. Despite significant genome-sequencing efforts, the PAR of highly differentiated avian sex chromosomes remains to be identified. Here we use linkage analysis together with whole-genome re-sequencing to uncover the 630-kb PAR of an ecological model species, the collared flycatcher. The PAR contains 22 protein-coding genes and is GC rich. The genetic length is 64 cM in female meiosis, consistent with an obligate crossing-over event. Recombination is concentrated to a hotspot region, with an extreme rate of >700 cM/Mb in a 67-kb segment. We find no signatures of sexual antagonism and propose that sexual antagonism may have limited influence on PAR sequences when sex chromosomes are nearly fully differentiated and when a recombination hotspot region is located close to the PAR boundary. Our results demonstrate that a very small PAR suffices to ensure homologous recombination and proper segregation of sex chromosomes during meiosis.
Electric tuning of direct-indirect optical transitions in silicon
Authors: Noborisaka J. , Nishiguchi K. , Fujiwara A.
Published: November 2014

Electronic band structures in semiconductors are uniquely determined by the constituent elements of the lattice. For example, bulk silicon has an indirect bandgap and it prohibits efficient light emission. Here we report the electrical tuning of the direct/indirect band optical transition in an ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) gated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) light-emitting diode. A special Si/SiO2 interface formed by high-temperature annealing that shows stronger valley coupling enables us to observe phononless direct optical transition. Furthermore, by controlling the gate field, its strength can be electrically tuned to 16 times that of the indirect transition, which is nearly 800 times larger than the weak direct transition in bulk silicon. These results will therefore assist the development of both complementary MOS (CMOS)-compatible silicon photonics and the emerging “valleytronics” based on the control of the valley degree of freedom.
Multicomponent Assembly Strategies for Supramolecular Systems
Authors: de Oteyza Dimas G.
Published: November 2014

Engineered functional nanostructures with organic semiconducting materials, grown by self-assembly, are envisaged as a cheap and promising alternative to the expensive inorganic semiconductors used in conventional opto-electronic devices. The challenge is to design and synthesize adequate supramolecular structures. This requires a thorough understanding of two interrelated aspects: On the one hand are the self-assembly processes, to allow control of their crystalline structure. On the other hand are the electronic properties, to provide them with adequate functionality. Acquisition of such understanding has been the goal of countless investigations over recent decades, which are partly reviewed in this chapter. It describes the interactions driving molecular self-assembly and, most importantly, the strategies to steer it according to our needs toward systems with tailor-made crystalline and electronic structures. Particular emphasis is placed on multicomponent molecular blends, which increase the possibilities (and at the same time the complexity) of the supramolecular systems in terms of growth and structure, and also of their electronic properties and their ultimate functionality.
Amphiphilic Design for Supramolecular Materials with Opto-Electronic Functions
Authors: George Subi J. , Jain Ankit , Rao K. Venkata
Published: November 2014

Amphiphiles are a very important class of molecules given the impact they have had in fields of biology and chemistry. The basic design of these molecules is still an inspiration to newer applications and with that theme in mind we have summarized in this chapter various chromophoric amphiphiles and their application in studying either electronic or optical functionality. Though the further division is based on chromophore type, various subthemes emerge across the text that include non-dynamicity, the propensity to form ordered phases, the adaptable nano morphology and compartmentalization. These features can either be used separately or in tandem to yield materials with interesting properties and that is what we have tried to exemplify.
Exploring copper nanostructures as highly uniform and reproducible substrates for plasmon-enhanced fluorescence
Authors: Volpati D. , Spada E. R. , Cid C. C. Plá , Sartorelli M. L. , Aroca R. F. , Constantino C. J. L.
Published: November 2014

Towards reproducible and feasible large-area active substrates for the surface-enhanced phenomena, we report electrodeposited antidot copper nanostructures and employed them as active substrates for surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF), which exhibit a relative great enhancement factor and reproducible signals.
Terahertz gas-phase spectroscopy: chemometrics for security and medical applications
Authors: Neumaier P. F.-X. , Schmalz K. , Borngräber J. , Wylde R. , Hübers H.-W.
Published: November 2014

A THz-spectrometer based on a VNA, an absorption cell and PCA-/PLS-/SIMCA-analysis demonstrates a VOC-gas-mixture identification with 2% accuracy.