bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEFLECTION RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS TESTED IN PUNCHING SHEAR IN FIRE
Authors: Smith Holly , Stratford Tim , Bisby Luke
Published: January 2016

Flat slab-column punching shear specimens were tested under combined load and fire exposure, with varying edge restraint conditions. The slabs deflected away from the heat source (in the direction of loading) at all stages of the tests. This paper examines this unusual deflection behaviour, although no definitive reason for this unexpected behaviour has been found.
REACTION OF R/C SLABS CROSS-SECTIONS TO FIRE, Calculation of simplified substitute temperature loads induced by an unsteady heat flow
Authors: Kowalski Robert , Abramowicz Marian , Chudzik Paweł
Published: January 2016

An important issue in advanced analysis of reinforced concrete structures exposed to fire is to determine the response of structural elements (cross-sections) to the effect of high temperature. The unsteady heat flow results in a nonlinear temperature distribution. In practical structural calculations performed by simplified computer programs the average temperature value and the appropriate temperature gradient are used. This paper presents substitute values of these parameters and detailed analysis of nonlinear temperature distribution in 20, 25, 30 cm thick reinforced concrete slabs exposed to one-sided standard fire.
FIRE ANALYSIS OF CURVED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
Authors: Ružić Dušan , Planinc Igor , Rodman Urban , Hozjan Tomaž
Published: January 2016

In the present study the fire analysis of a curved reinforced concrete beam exposed to concrete spalling is presented. Due to the complexity of physical and chemical processes in concrete at elevated temperatures, the proposed numerical model is divided into two consecutive mathematically uncoupled phases. In the second phase of the fire analysis a partially coupled numerical model is introduced in order to evaluate the effect of concrete spalling on the behaviour of curved RC beam in fire. In addition, the effect of depth, time development and the length of spalling area on the fire resistance of a curved RC beam is discussed.
FIRE RESISTANCE FOR THIN-WEBBED CONCRETE AND MASONRY ELEMENTS
Authors: Balázs György L. , Lublóy Éva
Published: January 2016

Deterioration of material characteristics and structural performance highly depends on constituents and temperature history. Material composition can also highly influence structural behaviour of elements. Thickness of web can be critical for high temperatures. The same situation is for interjoist elements (concrete or brick) between precast roof girders.
First part of our study was to improve fire resistance by structural elements with a typical thin web. Our experimental study included fire tests on various concrete mixes and fire tests of the girder with simultaneous application of load. Second part of our study was to summarize the result of real fire cases for girder-slab systems with concrete or brick interjoists.
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BUILDINGS UNDER FIRE CONDITIONS
Authors: Lin Shuyuan , Huang Zhaohui , Fan Mizi
Published: January 2016

In this paper, the performances of a generic three dimensional 45m x 45m composite floor subjected to ISO834 Fire and Natural Fire are investigated. The influences of reinforcing steel mesh and vertical support conditions on the tensile membrane action of floor slabs are investigated in details. Two robust 2-node connection element models developed by the authors are used to model the behaviour of end-plate and partial end-plate connections of composite structures under fire conditions. The impact of connections on the 3D behaviour of composite floor is considered. Based on the results obtained, some design recommendations are proposed to enhance the fire safety design of composite buildings.
DEVELOPMENNT OF A COMPOSITE SLAB BREAK-ELEMENT FOR THE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE FRAMES IN FIRE
Authors: Javaheriafif Mohammadali , Davison Buick , Burgess Ian
Published: January 2016

This research is intended to predict the inevitable through-depth crack development in a composite slab, across its area and in particular around its edges at large deflection. Based on previous work, a theoretical model has been proposed to simulate the local behaviour of slab beyond initial cracking. The model has been successfully implemented in the software VULCAN as a new line element. Comparisons between the existing theoretical model and FE modelling have shown that the proposed element provides a sufficient level of accuracy beyond initial cracking. However, further improvement is needed to enable a precise investigation of the local and global behaviour of composite slab systems, and the influence of through-depth cracking on the slab’s performance.
RELIABILITY OF TIMBER STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO FIRE
Authors: Stepinac Mislav , Rajčić Vlatka
Published: January 2016

Until recently, the fire resistance of buildings was based on the ISO standard curve. ISO standard curve used by the current norm is too simple, unrealistic and lead to uneconomic situations with no guarantee of security proportional to the invested money. Unlike the fire design of the steel, concrete or composite structures, methods for fire design of timber structures have been greatly simplified. Generally, it is not necessary to check the reduction of strength in the residual section because each increase of temperature is considered small and it is ignored. Global fire safety concept of timber structures is presented according to the recommendations from Eurocode norms. Special attention was given to natural fire design with two different methods of parametric exposure which are given in EN1995-1-2.
This paper presents reliability analysis of a glulam beam in a case of fire. The limit-state functions for maximum bending stress of glulam beam in fire conditions are formed. Reliability indexes are obtained from the limit state of the beam exposed to 30 min fire. Reliability index in the Eurocodes (reliability class RC2) compared to the calculated reliability indexes obtained by the methods of reduced strength and effective section were described.
RELIABLITY OF CURVED TIMBER BEAM EXPOSED TO FIRE
Authors: Pečenko Robert , Hozjan Tomaž , Turk Goran
Published: January 2016

In this paper the performance based approach to determine the reliability of curved timber beam during the fire is presented. The reliability is preformed with Monte Carlo simulation method, where, in order to reduce the number of simulations, Latin hypercube sampling is applied. The uncertainties are implemented in the advanced calculation method, as randomly generated parameters for both thermal and mechanical analysis. At the end of the paper, the distribution of the mid-span displacement at 30 min, 45 min and at failure time is presented. In addition, failure time that satisfies safety requirement from the Eurocode (β > 3.8) is determined as well.
BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM STRUCTURES IN FIRE, A review
Authors: Skejić Davor , Ćurković Ivan , Rukavina Marija Jelčić
Published: January 2016

The interest in the application of aluminium as a structural material has been greatly increased in recent years. However, behaviour of aluminium structures when exposed to fire is still relatively unresearched. Due to low melting temperature of the alloy, aluminium structures have low fire resistance, but aluminium is reflective and has surface emissivity which is more than two times lower compared to carbon steel. The Eurocode facing this issue (EN 1999-1-2) is based mainly on the Eurocode for structural fire design of steel structures (EN 1993-1-2) and therefore is not fully suitable for the application on aluminium structures. Here, an overview of the structural behaviour of aluminium structures exposed to fire is given through the comparison with steel structures. As a conclusion, priorities for a future research are highlighted, which should provide a base for the next generation of modern codes for structural fire design of aluminium structures.
PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT CREEP MODELS IN THE ANALYSIS OF FIRE EXPOSED STEEL MEMBERS
Authors: Torić Neno , Sun Rui Rui , Burgess Ian W.
Published: January 2016

In order to model the impact of the creep strains on the behaviour of steel in fire, several creep models have been implemented into Vulcan research code. The paper presents verifications of these creep models for fire-exposed steel against transient fire tests of simply supported steel beams with various loading arrangements, including bending combined with axial compression. In addition, a creep-free analysis of the fire tests has been performed using a newly developed creep-free methodology. Creep-free analysis is vital in explicit modelling of steel creep in fire, since most of the available material models of steel in fire were derived from transient coupon tests and inherently included creep associated with the particular heating rates used in the tests.
TESTS ON 10.9 BOLTS UNDER COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR DURING AND AFTER FIRE
Authors: Kawohl Anne K. , Lange Jörg
Published: January 2016

Prior investigations of the load bearing capacity of bolts during fire have shown differing behaviour between bolts that were loaded by shear or by tensile loads. The interaction of the two loads has not yet been examined under fire conditions. This paper describes a preliminary test series on the post-fire performance of high-strength bolts of the property class 10.9 under combined tension and shear. The results show that how the bolt is loaded influences the load bearing capacity. It is assumed that this is also true at elevated temperatures. Further, atest set-up for experiments at elevated temperatures and a more detailed test series on the post-fire performance under combined tension and shear is presented.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF PRECAST CONCRETE FLOOR BLOCKS WITH IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: Bjegovic Dubravka , Miličevic Ivana , Štirmer Nina
Published: January 2016

The paper presents possibility of usage of crushed clay bricks and roof tiles as an aggregate for concrete in precast concrete floor blocks. According to literature review, concrete with crushed brick and roof tiles as an aggregate has better thermal properties than regular concrete with natural aggregate. Applicability of concrete mixture for precast concrete blocks was tested regarding the requirements set in HRN EN 15037-2 Precast Concrete products – Beam and block floor systems – Part 2: Concrete blocks. Precast concrete blocks with crushed bricks and roof tiles were made and their mechanical properties after exposure to high temperature were tested. Based on experimental results, conclusions are made about usage of crushed bricks and roof tiles as partial replacement of natural aggregate in concrete for precast concrete blocks with improved resistance to high temperatures.
RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL STEELS: SN400, SM520 AND SM570
Authors: Choi In-Rak , Chung Kyung-Soo
Published: January 2016

This paper presents post-fire mechanical properties of mild to high-strength steels commonly used in building structures in Korea. Steel is one of the main materials for building construction due to fast construction, light weight, and high seismic resistance. However, steel usually loses its strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures, especially over 600°C. But steel can regain some of its original mechanical properties after cooling down from the fire. Therefore, it is important to accurately evaluate the reliable performance of steel to reuse or repair the structures. For this reason, an experimental study was performed to examine the post-fire mechanical properties of steel plates SN400, SM520 and SM570 after cooling down from elevated temperatures up to 900°C. The post-fire stress-strain curves, elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strengths and residual factors were obtained and discussed.
VERIFICATION OF NUMERICAL MODEL OF FIRE AND SMOKE DEVELOPMENT IN RAILWAY TUNNEL
Authors: Horová Kamila , Wald František , Apeltauer Jiří
Published: January 2016

Simulation of fire spread and development of toxic gases during a fire accident in a railway tunnel allows prepare and validate models of safe evacuation of people. Highly complex problem of fire dynamics in a tunnel can be solved by the aid of numerical models based on CFD method. In order to check the quality of prediction models the procedure of verification is used. A relatively simple model of a single track railway tunnel is solved in two independent codes - FDS and Smart Fire. Accuracy of the model prediction is verified by the aid of gas temperature resolution along the tunnel length. To estimate an error based on different mesh resolutions of numerical model, calculation of the same model is carried out using different mesh density.
COMPARTMENT AND FAÇADE LARGE SCALE TESTS: BEHAVIOR COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INSULATING MATERIALS IN CASE OF FIRE
Authors: Pastor Elsa , Corberó Beatriu , Rios Oriol , Giraldo María Pilar , Haurie Laia , Lacasta Ana , Cuerva Eva , Planas Eulalia
Published: January 2016

Fire safety community is currently concerned about the response of some widely used insulating materials in case of fire, due to the fact that existing regulations do not show how these materials behave in real conditions, which in some applications may be indeed critical. Within this context, several institutions have recently carried out large-scale tests with the aim of testing such insulator’s contribution to fire growth. In this paper we present a set of large scale tests of compartment and façade fires involving materials and configurations of different nature. Our experiments provided evidence that mineral wool insulator preserves its properties in case of fire, whilst other polymeric-type insulators contribute to fire growth in conditions close to the ones present in real fires.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT BY USING EVACUATION SIMULATION SOFTWARE
Authors: Popov Srđan , Laban Mirjana , Vukoslavčević Suzana , Šupić Slobodan , Milanko Sanja
Published: January 2016

The time required for evacuation of all persons who could be present in the building during a fire event depends on a number of factors, some of which are very difficult to predict. In order to achieve more realistic evaluation of the evacuation process, engineers are increasingly turning towards evacuation computer models. These evacuation models could help reduce the consequences related to a wide range of adverse events, such as fires, by indicating critical points on the evacuation paths. At the same time, simulation tools can be used for exploring how certain changes within the real system could affect the efficiency of evacuation and fire safety of the building even before they are implemented. The computer model for the Amphitheatres in FTS in Novi Sad has been created using simulation software – Pathfinder, based on SRPS TP 21. This paper presents contribution of evacuation software models to the quality of fire safety assessment.
FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS OF ALUMINIUM GLAZED PARTITIONS, Results comparison
Authors: Sędłak Bartłomiej , Kinowski Jacek , Izydorczyk Daniel , Sulik Paweł
Published: January 2016

This paper discusses the main problems related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions, including the tests methodology and way of classification of this type of elements. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of glazed partition test specimens, depending on the number of insulation inserts placed inside the aluminium structure profiles. To made the comparison the specimens with the same transom – mullion structure were tested in two configurations and with two filling solutions – with profiles filled only in the middle part and with fully filled profiles.
FIRE RESISTANCE OF ALUMINIUM GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS, Test results comparison depending on the side of fire exposure
Authors: Sulik Paweł , Kinowski Jacek , Sędłak Bartłomiej
Published: January 2016

This paper discusses the main issues related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed curtain walls including the tests methodology and way of classification of this type of building elements. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of large test specimens of curtain walls in full configuration depending on the side of fire exposure. Temperature rises have been compared on unexposed surface of the curtain walls tested for standard and external fire exposure. To made the comparison four test specimens of glazed aluminium curtain walls in full configuration, were tested. Curtain walls had the same transom – mullion structure. Two test specimens were tested for external fire exposure, and two for standard fire exposure. Dimensions of exposed surfaces were 5000 x 4500 mm (width x height) for external fire exposure and 5000 x 4800 mm (width x height) for internal fire exposure.
Complex Finsler structures on tensor products
Authors: Abdesselem Adnène Ben , Adouan Ines
Published: January 2016

Given two holomorphic vector bundles E1 and E2, respectively endowed with two Finsler structures F1 and F2, we build a Finsler metric F on E1 ⊗ E2 involving F1 and F2. Under some hypothesis on global sections of E*1 and E*2, we give an optimal condition under which F is strongly pseudoconvex with negative curvature.
Simple crystallizations of 4-manifolds
Authors: Basak Biplab , Spreer Jonathan
Published: January 2016

Minimal crystallizations of simply connected PL 4-manifolds are very natural objects. Many of their topological features are reflected in their combinatorial structure which, in addition, is preserved under the connected sum operation. We present a minimal crystallization of the standard PL K3 surface. In combination with known results this yields minimal crystallizations of all simply connected PL 4-manifolds of “standard” type, that is, all connected sums of ℂℙ2, S2 × S2, and the K3 surface. In particular, we obtain minimal crystallizations of a pair of homeomorphic but non-PL-homeomorphic 4-manifolds. In addition, we give an elementary proof that the minimal 8-vertex crystallization of ℂℙ2 is unique and its associated pseudotriangulation is related to the 9-vertex combinatorial triangulation of ℂℙ2 by the minimum of four edge contractions.
Comparative Study Between The Alternative Used By The IMP Type Pecussion Drills And The Version Using Fluid Elements Regarding The Supplying, Command And Automatic Adjustment Systems Of The Injection Water Pressure
Authors: Cotetiu Adriana , Cotetiu Radu , Ungureanu Nicolae
Published: January 2016

Starting from analyzing of an existing solution regarding the injection water feeding system for the pneumatic rotating and percussion drilling installations, which is included in the structure of the perforator installation (IMP-1or IMP-2), the paper presents part of a research regarding an original solution of the automatic command and regulate with monostable fluidic elements, with different physical nature jets. This solution is applicable to this drilling installations type, made in Romania.
Estimation Of The Mining Damage Risk In The Hypothetical Impact Area Of The Concurrent Processes Of Rock Mass Disorders
Authors: Piwowarski Wiesław , Isakow Zbigniew , Juzwa Jacek
Published: January 2016

The aim of this work is the estimation of the risk of mining damage occurrence, based on uncertain information regarding the impact of the concurrent processes of deformation and vibration. This problem concerns the experimental and theoretical description of the so-called critical phenomena occurring during the reaction mining area ↔ building object. Post-mining deformations of the rock mass medium and paraseismic vibrations can appear at a considerable distance from the sub-area of the mining operation – hence, the determination of the measures of their impacts is usually somewhat subjective, while the estimation of the mining damage based on deterministic methods is often insufficient. It is difficult to show the correlation between the local maximum of the impact of the velocity vector amplitude and the damage to the building – especially if the measures of interaction are not additive. The parameters of these impacts, as registered by measurements, form finite sets with a highly random character. Formally, it is adequate to the mapping from the probability space to the power set. For the purposes of the present study, the Dempster – Shafer model was used, where space is characterised by subadditive and superadditive measures. Regarding the application layer, the conclusions from the expert evaluations are assumed to be the values of random variables. The model was defined, and the risk of damage occurrence was estimated.
Point Movement Trace Vs. The Range Of Mining Exploitation Effects In The Rock Mass
Authors: Sroka Anton , Knothe Stanisław , Tajduś Krzysztof , Misa Rafał
Published: January 2016

The geometric-integral theories of the rock mass point movements due to mining exploitation assume the relationship between the progress of subsidence and horizontal movement.

By analysing the movement trace of a point located on the surface, and the influence of the mining exploitation in the rock mass, an equation describing the relationship between the main components of the deformation conditions was formulated. The result is consistent with the in situ observations and indicates the change of the rock mass component volume due to mining exploitation. The analyses and in situ observations demonstrate clearly that the continuity equation adopted in many solutions in the form:

$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = 3} {\varepsilon _{ii}= 0}$

is fundamentally incorrect.
Some Aspects Of Using Goafs For Locating Post-Flotation Waste In LGOM Mines
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Maciej , Popiołek Edward , Niedojadło Zygmunt , Sopata Paweł , Stoch Tomasz
Published: January 2016

As a result of mining of deposits of mineral raw materials, spaces are formed in the rock mass, which get partially filled with roof rocks or by the backfill, most often sand. However, some voids remain in the rock mass, and can be used as a place to locate waste.

The thesis analyses systems and operating conditions of mining deposits, in terms of the possible existence of spaces for filling in the LGOM mines. It was determined that the most probable option is to use goafs after mining the ore with a thickness of over 3 m in the last 5 years, with the systems of roof deflection and their partial lifting. Quantitative evaluation of the voids is based on the comparison of the subsidence over the extraction field and the volume of the extracted deposit. It has been proved that the existing voids provide the possibility of locating approximately 8 million m3 of waste in goafs. It is highly possible to locate further 11 million m3 of waste after obtaining positive results of the practical location of them and gaining relevant experience. The goafs after mining with hydraulic filling, goafs in the deposit of the thickness of up to 2 m and mined more than 20 years ago were recognized as useless for locating waste.
Simulation Of Mine Water Inflow: Case Study Of The Štavalj Coal Mine (Southwestern Serbia)
Authors: Miladinović Branko , Vakanjac Vesna Ristić , Bukumirović Dragomir , Dragišić Veselin , Vakanjac Boris
Published: January 2016

The inflow of mine water to mining operations is often caused by random events such as precipitation. Consequently, the mine water inflow regime can be defined as a function of random events applying the theory of random processes.

Regression models of the multiple linear correlation type have been used to simulate the inflow of mine water into mining operations, produce short-range predictions and facilitate rapid response inside the mine. The significance of such models lies in the ability to simulate and predict the consequences (mine water inflow), caused by events of a random nature (meteorological parameters: precipitation and air temperature).

The presented prognostic models have been calibrated for mine water inflow to the Štavalj Coal Mine in southwestern Serbia. Mathematical dependencies were defined based on daily mine water inflow rates recorded during the period from 2003 to 2011, which can be used to generate short-range (1-7 day) predictions of mean daily mine water inflow rates to the Štavalj Coal Mine. A strong correlation (coefficient of correlation r = 0.93, Sig. = 0.00) was derived for the one-day forecast. The coefficients of correlation for predictions of mean daily mine water inflow rates related to time periods of two, three...seven days gradually declined to 0.63 (7-day mean daily inflow rate).
Neural Networks In Mining Sciences – General Overview And Some Representative Examples
Authors: Tadeusiewicz Ryszard
Published: January 2016

The many difficult problems that must now be addressed in mining sciences make us search for ever newer and more efficient computer tools that can be used to solve those problems. Among the numerous tools of this type, there are neural networks presented in this article – which, although not yet widely used in mining sciences, are certainly worth consideration. Neural networks are a technique which belongs to so called artificial intelligence, and originates from the attempts to model the structure and functioning of biological nervous systems. Initially constructed and tested exclusively out of scientific curiosity, as computer models of parts of the human brain, neural networks have become a surprisingly effective calculation tool in many areas: in technology, medicine, economics, and even social sciences. Unfortunately, they are relatively rarely used in mining sciences and mining technology. The article is intended to convince the readers that neural networks can be very useful also in mining sciences. It contains information how modern neural networks are built, how they operate and how one can use them. The preliminary discussion presented in this paper can help the reader gain an opinion whether this is a tool with handy properties, useful for him, and what it might come in useful for.

Of course, the brief introduction to neural networks contained in this paper will not be enough for the readers who get convinced by the arguments contained here, and want to use neural networks. They will still need a considerable portion of detailed knowledge so that they can begin to independently create and build such networks, and use them in practice. However, an interested reader who decides to try out the capabilities of neural networks will also find here links to references that will allow him to start exploration of neural networks fast, and then work with this handy tool efficiently. This will be easy, because there are currently quite a few ready-made computer programs, easily available, which allow their user to quickly and effortlessly create artificial neural networks, run them, train and use in practice.

The key issue is the question how to use these networks in mining sciences. The fact that this is possible and desirable is shown by convincing examples included in the second part of this study. From the very rich literature on the various applications of neural networks, we have selected several works that show how and what neural networks are used in the mining industry, and what has been achieved thanks to their use. The review of applications will continue in the next article, filed already for publication in the journal „Archives of Mining Sciences“. Only studying these two articles will provide sufficient knowledge for initial guidance in the area of issues under consideration here.
The Temperature Influence On The Properties Of The Fine – Grained Suspension Used In Underground Workings
Authors: Pomykała Radosław , Kępys Waldemar , Piotrowski Zbigniew , Łyko Paulina , Grzywa Aleksandra
Published: January 2016

Underground hard coal exploitation is often done under conditions of spontaneous fire hazard. The primary way to combat this threat is advanced, active or passive fire prevention. An important activity is the isolation of gobs using aqueous suspensions of fly ash as well as mineral binders. Therefore, the fine-grained suspension are often used in conditions of elevated temperature.

The paper presents results of research on the effect of temperature (up to 80°C) on the properties of suspensions in a liquid state, including their rheological parameters and setting time. Suspensions prepared using the ashes from the hard coal combustion in fluidized bed boilers, and with the addition of Portland cement CEM I 42.5.

During the research it was noted that the increased temperature significantly affect the acceleration of solidification processes of suspensions. In the case of rheological properties, the effect of temperature is ambiguous, among others, due to the phenomenon of sedimentation. However, in most cases, particularly for suspensions of higher solids content a marked increase in shear stress and viscosity of the suspensions with increasing temperature were observed.
Production of calcium preparations by technology of saltwater fish by product processing
Authors: Bubel Fabiola , Dobrzański Zbigniew , Bykowski Piotr Jan , Chojnacka Katarzyna , Opaliński Sebastian , Trziszka Tadeusz
Published: January 2016

The paper presents the technology of processing Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) backbones – by-products from fish processing – for the production of calcium preparations. The raw material for the process consisted of backbones with remaining muscle tissue, devoid of heads and fins (30 kg of each type of backbones). The processing included the following stages: cutting, preliminary processing in an alkaline environment (soaking in 2 M NaOH), processing with 0.1% citric acid, aroma removal and material disinfection (5% H2O2), rinsing with tap water, drying, and grinding the end-product. Calcium preparations from cod (BCP) and salmon (ASP) in the amounts of 1.20 kg and 1.62 kg, respectively, characterized by high calcium content (27.79% in BCP, and 24.92% in ASP) and low protein and fat content (14.20% and 0.25% for BCP, and 10.78% and 0.12% for ASP, respectively) were obtained. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of this technology for production of calcium preparations from fish backbones.
GC-MS fingerprints of mint essential oils
Authors: Hawrył Mirosław A. , Skalicka-Woźniak Krystyna , Świeboda Ryszard , Niemiec Małgorzata , Stępak Klaudia , Waksmundzka-Hajnos Monika , Hawrył Anna , Szymczak Grażyna
Published: January 2016

Essential oils from eleven Mentha species were obtained by Deryng hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS: 44 compounds were identified. The most abundant were menthone, isomenthone, menthol, carvone, piperitone oxide, D-limonene and eucalyptol. Chemometric similarity measures and principal component analysis were calculated, allowing comparisons based on secondary metabolite content. The fingerprints may be helpful in chemotaxonomy.
Research trends on emerging environment pollutants – a review
Authors: Rykowska I. , Wasiak W.
Published: January 2016

Concern for the natural environment increasingly devotes more attention to growing potential hazards resulting from the release of various substances. Currently, one of the main problems associated with environmental pollution is the derivation of organic compounds from wastewater. Substances derived from sewage leaks into the environment in the form of
a multicomponent mixtures often enhances the toxic effects caused by these compounds. While analyzing the reports in the literature of the last two decades it can be seen that substantial efforts are devoted to the determination of selected trace contaminants present in wastewater. Among the most marked there are endocrine disrupting compounds, residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, plastics and sunscreens. Recently, a new group of compounds joined the aforementioned contaminants, namely drugs, whose legality and availability is increasing every year. Exposure to these type of compounds, named in the literature as emerging contaminants (ECs), involves, among others, such effects as hormonal imbalance, reduction of the survivability of aquatic organisms and reproductive problems.
This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the natural environment in many countries all around the world.
Basic soil properties as a factor controlling the occurrence and intensity of water repellency in rankers of the White Carpathians
Authors: Kořenková Lucia , Urík Martin
Published: January 2016

Water repellency in soils is controlled by many different factors, basic physical and chemical properties might be considered the crucial ones. For the purpose of this study, 12 sites were selected and sampled (0–20 cm depth) in the White Carpathians. Repellency tests were conducted under laboratory conditions in triplicate using water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and the molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) test. Results of WDPT measurements showed that three samples were marked by slight to extreme water repellency. Regarding the relationship between WDPT/MED and tested soil properties, the highest value of correlation coefficient was calculated for soil organic carbon (r = 0.706; p < 0.05), suggesting there is a positive, statistically significant correlation between repellency severity and total carbon content. A negative relationship between repellency and soil reaction/silt/silt + clay contents of studied soils was found. Samples taken from the surface horizon of arable soils showed no repellency.
Encroachment of woody species on a drained transitional peat bog in ‘Mszar Bogdaniec’ nature reserve (Western Poland)
Authors: Dyderski Marcin K. , Gdula Anna K. , Jagodziński Andrzej M.
Published: January 2016

One of the most important threats for open peat bog ecosystems is encroachment of woody species, which causes transformation of habitat conditions and leads to retreat of specialised species. Drainage increases the rate of succession. The aim of study is the assessment of human-accelerated succession in a transitional bog. The study was conducted in ‘Mszar Bogdaniec’ nature reserve (W Poland). The structure of vegetation and tree stands was described and compared using ordination methods. Near the peat bog border, tree stands of Betula pubescens developed. Towards the middle part of the peat bog, the number, cover and height of trees decreased. The central part of the peat bog was covered by Sphagno recurvi–Eriophoretum vaginati in dryer parts and Sphagno recurvi–Eriophoretum angustifolii in wetter parts. The study showed that the successional sequence in these conditions differs from the classical bog succession scheme. Despite high propagule pressure of Pinus sylvestris, the most important woody species was B. pubescens, which performed better than other species. Erechtites hieracifolia, an alien invasive herb species, which previously was rarely recorded in bogs, appeared when the bog was dried by drainage. In this study, it reached high frequency and abundance, which shows that it may be a next serious threat to disturbed wetland ecosystems.
Weak Convergence and Weak Convergence
Authors: Narita Keiko , Shidama Yasunari , Endou Noboru
Published: January 2016

In this article, we deal with weak convergence on sequences in real normed spaces, and weak* convergence on sequences in dual spaces of real normed spaces. In the first section, we proved some topological properties of dual spaces of real normed spaces. We used these theorems for proofs of Section 3. In Section 2, we defined weak convergence and weak* convergence, and proved some properties. By RNS_Real Mizar functor, real normed spaces as real number spaces already defined in the article [18], we regarded sequences of real numbers as sequences of RNS_Real. So we proved the last theorem in this section using the theorem (8) from [25]. In Section 3, we defined weak sequential compactness of real normed spaces. We showed some lemmas for the proof and proved the theorem of weak sequential compactness of reflexive real Banach spaces. We referred to [36], [23], [24] and [3] in the formalization.
Extended Real-Valued Double Sequence and Its Convergence
Authors: Endou Noboru
Published: January 2016

In this article we introduce the convergence of extended realvalued double sequences [16], [17]. It is similar to our previous articles [15], [10]. In addition, we also prove Fatou’s lemma and the monotone convergence theorem for double sequences.
Geostatystyczna analiza parametrów złoża węgla brunatnego w funkcji postępów projektowanej eksploatacji
Authors: Wasilewska-Błaszczyk Monika , Naworyta Wojciech
Published: January 2016

Streszczenie

Przedmiotem badań była analiza jakości kopaliny w planowanym do zagospodarowania złożu węgla brunatnego Gubin. Analizy i ich wyniki odnoszące się do długoterminowego planowania eksploatacji mają istotne znaczenie dla określenia parametrów technologicznych elektrowni, w której będzie produkowana energia na bazie węgla brunatnego ze złoża Gubin. Oszacowanie średniej miąższości pokładów (M) i wartości opałowej węgla (

$Q_i^r $

) wykonano dla obszarów złoża w granicach pięcioletnich postępów eksploatacji dla dwóch planowanych do eksploatacji pokładów węgla II i IV. Szacowanie średnich wartości parametrów i prognozę błędów tych oszacowań wykonano z wykorzystaniem metody krigingu poligonowego, opartej na założeniach krigingu zwyczajnego w odmianie blokowej. Oszacowana w pięcioletnich okresach eksploatacji średnia miąższość pokładu II przyjmuje wartości od 9,5 do 13,8 m, natomiast pokładu IV od 5,6 do 15,6 m. Zakres średnich wartości opałowych węgla w granicach projektowanych pięcioletnich postępów eksploatacji w obu pokładach jest zbliżony i przyjmuje wartości: w pokładzie II od 8,5 do 9,7 MJ/kg, w pokładzie IV od 8,1 do 10,4 MJ/kg. Parametry w obydwu pokładach naprzemiennie przyjmują średnie wartości maksymalne i minimalne. W pięcioletnich okresach eksploatacji, w których w pokładzie II obserwuje się niską wartość opałową węgla, w pokładzie IV przeciwnie, występują wartości wysokie. Dzięki temu zjawisku możliwe jest utrzymanie wartości opałowej złoża na określonym poziomie poprzez odpowiednie mieszanie węgla dostarczanego z obydwu pokładów. Korzystny efekt równoległej eksploatacji obydwu pokładów ilustrują przedstawione na wykresach wypadkowe wielkości miąższości pokładów II i IV oraz wartości opałowych węgla.

Obserwowana zmienność parametrów ma swoje źródło w naturalnych procesach geologicznych, jednak może być również efektem błędów dokumentacji geologicznej, która została wykonana na podstawie badań geologicznych przeprowadzonych na przestrzeni kilku dekad. Obok wartości średnich istotne znaczenie interpretacyjne dla wyników analiz ma wielkość błędu oszacowania wartości średniej w blokach. Dla miąższości pokładu II względny błąd krigingu przyjmuje wartości od 7,4 do 30,9%, który w pokładzie IV osiąga nieco wyższe wartości od 10,4 do 42,8%. W przypadku wartości opałowej wielkości błędów są znacznie niższe; w obu pokładach przyjmują one wartości w zakresie od 3 do 12%. Wielkości błędów oszacowania średniej wynikają nie tylko z liczby obserwacji w blokach, ale również z naturalnej zmienności parametrów miąższości M i wartości opałowej

$Q_i^r $

w pokładach węgla. Przedstawione oszacowanie ma ogólny charakter, jednak wskazuje na długoterminowe tendencje, które należy uwzględnić w procesie sterowania jakością strumienia urobku. Szczegółowe projektowanie tego procesu będzie możliwe na etapie planowania średniookresowego i operacyjnego, które może być realizowane na podstawie dodatkowych informacji o złożu.
Rewolucja łupkowa a zmiany na rynku gazu skroplonego
Authors: Janusz Piotr , Kaliski Maciej , Szurlej Adam
Published: January 2016

Streszczenie

Sukces w zakresie zagospodarowania niekonwencjonalnych złóż gazu ziemnego, a szczególnie gazu z formacji łupkowych – tzw. rewolucja łupkowa – jest najbardziej widoczny w Ameryce Północnej. Sukces ten był możliwy dzięki zaangażowania firm, jednostek naukowych, a także wsparciu ze strony rządu amerykańskiego poprzez stworzenie systemu ulg i zachęt dla firm inwestujących w niekonwencjonalne złoża gazu ziemnego (Nonconventional Fuel Tax Credit). Prace nad doborem odpowiednich technologii (odwierty horyzontalne oraz szczelinowanie hydrauliczne), które doprowadziły do rewolucji w wydobyciu gazu ze złoża Barnett Shale, trwały 18 lat. Rewolucja łupkowa odmieniła niekorzystną, spadkową tendencję wydobycia gazu ziemnego w USA. Dzięki systematycznemu wzrostowi wydobycia gazu ziemnego, USA od 2009 r. są na pierwszym miejscu pod względem wydobycia gazu na świecie, praktycznie są już samowystarczalne, a w niedalekiej przyszłości będą eksporterem netto gazu ziemnego. Gaz ten w formie skroplonej trafi na europejskie rynki w 2016 r.; strona polska oczekuje, że import gazu ziemnego z USA umożliwi obniżkę cen na krajowym rynku gazu ziemnego. Mając na uwadze obecnie obowiązujące procedury w zakresie uzyskiwania zgody na eksport gazu, dużą wagę przywiązuje się do negocjowanej umowy handlowej pomiędzy USA i UE (The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership – TTIP). W artykule przybliżono wydatki importowe związane z zakupem gazu ziemnego w latach 2002–2013. Oszacowano wpływ importu LNG na wydatki związane z importem gazu ziemnego poprzez zaproponowanie hipotetycznego scenariusza dostaw gazu ziemnego do Polski, uwzględniającego dostawy LNG od 2009 r. W artykule przeanalizowano zmiany w zakresie zużycia energii pierwotnej w latach 2000–2014. Największy wzrost odnotowano w rejonie Azji i Pacyfiku – 103% i Środkowego Wschodu – 96%, w przypadku rejonu Ameryki Północnej – 2,3%, zaś w UE – spadek ponad 7%. Mając na uwadze, że jednym z głównych kierunków wykorzystania gazu ziemnego jest jego zużycie na cele energetyczne, oceniono jak zmieniało się wykorzystanie gazu oraz OZE w energetyce w latach 2000–2014 w wybranych krajach świata. W artykule przedstawiono zmianę zdolności regazyfikacyjnych terminali importowych LNG oraz zdolności skraplających terminali eksportowych LNG oraz stopnień ich wykorzystania od 2000 do 2014 roku. Ponadto przedstawiono udział skroplonego gazu ziemnego w imporcie gazu ziemnego do krajów UE. Artykuł kończy się podsumowaniem, w którym zawarto główne wnioski.
Charakterystyka drobnych frakcji ziarnowych z przeróbki granitów strzegomskich pod kątem ich zastosowania do produkcji płytek ceramicznych
Authors: Panna Wojciech , Wyszomirski Piotr , Gajek Marcin
Published: January 2016

Streszczenie

W celu zagospodarowania drobnych, odpadowych frakcji granitowych (0–2 mm) powstających podczas produkcji kruszywa łamanego przeprowadzono badania ich przydatności jako surowca skaleniowego (topniki) dla celów przemysłu ceramicznego. Przedmiotem badań były próbki pochodzące z sześciu kopalń zlokalizowanych w masywie granitoidowym Strzegom-Sobótka (Dolny Śląsk). Charakterystykę surowcową przeprowadzono metodą mikroskopową i na podstawie badań chemicznych. Przydatność tych surowców do produkcji płytek ceramicznych określono opierając się na mikroskopii wysokotemperaturowej oraz spektrofotometrycznym pomiarze barwy próbek po wypaleniu w 1200°C. Na ich podstawie stwierdzono, że w szczególności drobna frakcja ziarnowa granitu z Chwałkowa może stanowić wartościowy surowiec skaleniowy do produkcji płytek gresowych. Charakteryzuje się ona m.in. zawartością alkaliów przekraczającą 7,5% oraz modułem alkaliczności (K2O : Na2O) mniejszym od 1, co w znaczącym stopniu wpływa na obniżenie temperatury topnienia i pojawienie się – w przeciwieństwie do surowca z przewagą skaleni potasowych nad plagioklazami – w niższej temperaturze odpowiedniej ilości fazy ciekłej. Surowiec ten może być – podobnie jak i inne drobne frakcje granitowe – wykorzystywany jako substytut tradycyjnych surowców skaleniowych m.in. do produkcji płytek gresowych o barwnym czerepie.
Wymywalność zanieczyszczeń z popiołów lotnych ze spalania biomasy
Authors: Uliasz-Bocheńczyk Alicja , Pawluk Aleksandra , Sierka Joanna
Published: January 2016

Streszczenie

Biomasa stanowi obecnie jedno z podstawowych źródeł energii odnawialnej w energetyce zawodowej w Polsce. Wykorzystanie tego paliwa wynika z obowiązującej Polityki Energetycznej Polski do 2030, która narzuca wzrost udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii w finalnym zużyciu energii co najmniej do poziomu 15% w 2020 roku, a następnie dalszy wzrost w latach następnych. Projekt Polityki energetycznej Polski do 2050 roku zakłada zwiększenie do 20% udziału energii odnawialnej we wszystkich źródłach zużywanej energii. Biomasa może być stosowana jako samodzielne paliwo lub może być współspalana z węglem. Każde paliwo stałe, również biomasa, w energetyce zawodowej powoduje powstawanie odpadów energetycznych. W przypadku każdego odpadu powinna być zachowana hierarchia sposobów postępowania z nimi zdefiniowana w Ustawie o odpadach. Odpady energetyczne są szeroko wykorzystywane w górnictwie, produkcji materiałów budowlanych i drogownictwie. Również dla ubocznych produktów spalania biomasy są to kierunki, które powinny być rozpatrywane w pierwszej kolejności ze względu na długoletnie doświadczenia w ich wykorzystaniu. Przykładowo, popioły lotne ze współspalania są dopuszczone przez normę PN-EN 450:1 − Popiół lotny do betonu. Popioły lotne ze spalania biomasy różnią się, pomimo wielu podobieństw, od popiołów ze spalania węgla czy współspalania. Popioły te mogą charakteryzować się wysoką wymywalnością zanieczyszczeń i przez to ich gospodarcze wykorzystanie może być ograniczone. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wymywalności zanieczyszczeń z suchych popiołów lotnych i ich wodnych zawiesin. Dla porównania wykonano oznaczenie wymywalności zanieczyszczeń z popiołów ze spalania węgla w kotłach konwencjonalnych i kotłach fluidalnych. Badane popioły ze spalania biomasy charakteryzowały się wysoką wymywalnością siarczanów, chlorków, chromu i potasu. Ponieważ górnictwo podziemne pozostaje jednym z podstawowych kierunków wykorzystania popiołów lotnych, uzyskane wyniki badań porównano z wymaganiami normy PN-G-11011 − Materiały do podsadzki zestalanej i doszczelniania zrobów zawałowych. Wymagania i badania.
Research on the Semi-Solid Compressive Deformation Behavior of Ti-7Cu Alloy
Authors: Chen Yongnan , Luo Chuang , Wang Jiao , Zhao Yongqing , Chen Hong
Published: January 2016

The semi-solid deformation behavior of Ti-7Cu titanium alloy in the temperature range of 1,223 K to 1,473 K and strain rate range of 0.005 to 5 s−1 have been investigated by hot compressive testing. The results show that the maximum and stability stresses decrease with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature. A yielding occurred to the alloy at a higher strain rate under all experimental temperatures. The flow behaviors were described by a constitutive equation based on the Arrhenius equations and the deformation activate energies is also calculated. By comparing with microstructure of the solid deformation, the liquid in semi-solid deformation can overcome the restriction of the movement of solid particle, which reduced the dislocation pile-up during deformation and caused low deformation resistant stress.
Marker Method in Studying the Defect Structure in Products of the Oxidation of Highly Disordered Substrates
Authors: Grzesik Z. , Poczekajlo A. , Smola G. , Mrowec S.
Published: January 2016

The interpretation of marker experiments in studying the formation mechanism and defect structure of higher oxides during oxidation of lower oxides, showing rather high deviations from stoichiometry, has been discussed. It has been shown that correct results can be obtained only if the concentration of point defects in the substrate is taken into account. Theoretical considerations presented in this paper have been illustrated by the experimental results obtained during sulphidation of highly disordered Co1-yS to form CoS2, as well as Ni1-yS to form NiS2.