bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation using Falling Head and Mini Disk Infiltrometer in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Fattah Ahmed A. , Shihab Ramzi M.
Published: November 2023

Hydraulic conductivity (K) was calculated using falling head (FH) and Mini Disk Infiltrometer (MDI) for 15 Gypsiferous soil. In this study the hydraulic conductivity was predicted by basic infiltration rate (BIR) and using two methods, Wooding-Gardner (W-G) and van Genuchten-Zhang (V-Z). Hydraulic conductivity was measured using a falling head permeability test, and the results were compared to the expected values. A statistical analysis (t-test) was performed to show the significant differences between the two methods and the falling head. The results showed high agreement between (K) values estimated by (FH) and (BIR) for different gypsum content, the results showed that Both methods did not succeed in estimating the hydraulic conductivity for different gypsum content. Values derived from (W-G) method are exaggerated and the values derived from the (V-Z) method are very low compared to the values derived from (FH).
Isolation and Diagnosis of the Root Nodule Bacteria Associated with Mung Bean Plant in Gypsiferous Soil and Testing the Promotional Criterion of Isolates
Authors: Shihab M. A. , Alkurtany E. S. , Farhan M. j.
Published: November 2023

The root nodule bacteria are utilized in the production of natural biological fertilizers to achieve clean agriculture by reducing chemical fertilizers. In this study, 35 samples of the root nodules associated with mung bean plants were collected from various agricultural areas of Iraq, Salah Al-Din Governorate on 4\7\2022, ten samples isolated by growing them on yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA) and the phenotypically pure isolates were diagnosed based on the culture, microscopic and biochemical characteristics., The phenotypic diagnosis results showed that The color of the colonies was between white, creamy and yellow, Spherical, convex and smooth, gram-negative, was able to move and pink and light pink on Congo red stain medium and 9 isolates it was fast growing as it gave yellow color on YEMA-BTB bromothymol blue medium except for one isolate it was slow growing as it gave blue color and all isolates unable to grow on Hofer alkaline medium except for one isolate, The efficient isolate was selected in the production of indole acetic acid, chelating compounds and phosphate solubilization,. The results showed that isolates (M3, M4, M5, M6, M7) have a high ability for iron chelation. It was found that the (M6) isolate gave the highest phosphate solubilization and indole production, which showed a phosphorus solubilization of 39.504 mg P.L-1 and an indole production rate of 21.5 μg.ml-1. This was followed by the isolate (M3), which showed a phosphorus solubilization of 23.723 mg P.L-1 and an indole production rate of 17.2 μ.g.ml-1. Molecular diagnosis was performed for five competent isolates in the production of Indole acetic acid, production of chelating compounds, and phosphate solubilization. The isolates were molecularly diagnosed by PCR, the 16SrRNA gene was amplified, then the sequence of nitrogenous bases was analyzed and when matching with the global strains included in the NCBI Genetic Bank website, The results of molecular diagnosis showed that two isolates belong to Rhizobium bacteria. the results showed that (M3) isolate is %99.50 similar to the Rhizobium leguminosarum isolate OTU21_I. and the results showed that (M6) isolate is 99.48% similar to the Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain A3 and 99.96% to the Bradyrhizobium japonicum, strain:NK5 and therefore the isolates is genetically close to Rhizobium leguminosarum strain AE15 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain AE14 bacteria and has been recorded in the Global genome bank under accession number OP975690 and version number OP975690.1 for Rhizobium leguminosarum and accession number OP975688 and version number OP975688.1 for Bradyrhizobium japonicum and this record is the first for this bacteria which associated with mung bean in gypsiferous soils in Iraq.
The Role of Biochar and Perlite in Improving some Physical Properties of Clay Loam and Sandy Loam Soil
Authors: Faleh Shaima Tariq , Abood Mohammed Ali , Fahmi Alaa Hasan
Published: November 2023

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of soil sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture – the University of Diyala, where the experimental factors was the soil type factor (clay loam and sandy loam) and the soil conditioners agent by adding biochar at the level of 1 and 2% and symbolized by B1 and B2 and perlite at the level of 1 and 2% and symbol it has P1 and P2, and it was added according to the soil dry weight, with three replications, CRD design, and plastic tubes were used to incubate the treatments for 14 weeks. The results showed an increase in the water infiltration in the clay loam soil by an increase of 23% when using biochar ratios 1 and 2%, while the infiltration decreased in the sandy loam soil by a decrease of 16 and 31% when using biochar 1 and 2%, while the use of perlite in the proportions of 1 and 2% increased the infiltration. In the sandy loam soil. This applies to the saturated hydraulic conductivity values. The Bulk density soil decreased when using biochar ratios 1 and 2% in the clay loam soil with decrease rates of 13 and 26%, and it also decreased when using perlite ratios 1 and 2% with decrease rates of 10 and 13%, and it also decreased when using ratios 1 and 2% biochar with sandy loam soil with decrease rates of 11 and 17%. The soil porosity increased when 1 and 2% biochar was used in the clay loam soil with an increase of 15 and 7%, and it increased when 1 and 2% perlite was added in the same soil with an increase of 5 and 6%.
Biochar Enhanced Chemical and Biological Properties of Contaminated Soils with Lead
Authors: Fadil Hussein , Fahmi Alaa Hasan
Published: November 2023

Soil pollution has become a global problem due to the significant increase in the concentration of heavy elements. Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy elements cause damages to soil microorganisms and soil chemical properties. In this study the effect of adding of biochar (EFBB and WSB) with different addition rates (0%, 1% and 3%) in two soil textures (sandy loam, clay loam) contaminated with lead (500 ppm) were studies to approve the role of biochars on some soil chemical properties of soils and microorganisms activity. The results showed the amount of released CO2 has increased up to (127.6 and 123.2 mg CO2 100 g-1 soil) with addition rate (3%) of WSB and EFBB compared to control treatments (45.4 mg CO2 100 g-1 soil). This result indicated that the microorganism’s activity was enhanced with incubation periods in contaminated soils. It was noted that biochars improved soil chemical properties such as OM, OC, CEC, cations of positive elements such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ and improved electrical conductivity EC. A larger surface area and the negative charges content as well as micro pores are made biochars more effective to adsorbed heavy metals, which allows reducing toxicity of lead in contaminated soil and making its environment more suitable for microorganism’s life with enhancing some soil chemical properties. Therefore, it is recommended to add biochar to contaminated soils and it could be an alternative to other treatments due to its low-cost.
Effect of Organic and Biofertilization on some Qualitative and Productive Traits of Barley Plant
Authors: Jasim Tabarek Saleem , Hamid Bassam Alauldeen
Published: November 2023

A field experiment was conducted in a sandy, clay soil loam in Al-Nahrawan region, east of Baghdad. The experiment included two factors: organic fertilizer (compost) at three levels, 15 tons. ha-1 and 30 tons ha-1 without adding organic fertilizer and biofertilizer (mycorrhiza) at two levels, adding 200 g of mycorrhizal inoculation without addition, In a randomized complete split block design with three replicates in order to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of a type of fungal (mycorrhizal) and organic (compost) bio-fertilizers, individually or in an interaction manner, on the qualitative and productive traits of barley plant (plant height (cm), dry weight (kg. ha-1), grain weight (Mg.ha-1) and harvest index (%) The results showed that the treatment of compost and mycorrhizal interactions was significantly excelled on the control treatment for all traits, with values of (82.13, 9018, 4.117, 38.63), respectively.
Biodegradation of Imidacloprid by the Local Isolate Rhizobium pusense
Authors: Ali Ihab H. , Bayar Aswan H. , Arif Mokhtar A.
Published: November 2023

Imidacloprid is systemic insecticide (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl) methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) and the world’s most widely used has significant efficacy against a broad variety of pests and a unique mode of action by using it spreader and irrigation. The persistence of this pesticide in the soil means that it causes environmental damage that must be cleaned up. In this study collected and identified the best bacteria isolate that breakdown imidacloprid from the Plant Protection Director in Baghdad, which has been using neonicotinoid pesticides for years in their own greenhouse for pest control. Using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC to measuring the residual concentrations of imidacloprid in MSM media at a concentration of 25 mg/L for 21 days to know the best degrading bacterial isolate for imidacloprid. The best bacterial isolate No.43 was able to degrade 50.2% for 21 days of imidacloprid which was identified as Rhizobium pusense according to morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. Moreover, genetic analysis for the 16S rRNA gene and given a new accession number (OP218458.1.) in the GenBank of NCBI. It could be concluded, from this study that the soil previously contaminated for long periods of time with imidacloprid can be treated by degrading the imidacloprid residues in it by isolated bacteria Rhizobium pusense.
Environmental Health Risks of Antibiotic Residue in Sewage Discharged from Mosul City: An ELISA-Based Investigation
Authors: Al-Hafidh Zainab A. B. , Albanna Ayman
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to showed that all sixteen samples collected from different areas of the city had detectable levels of antibiotic residues, with a mean concentration of 4.1 ng/ml and a standard deviation of 0.656 ng/ml. These findings indicate that antibiotics are being overused or not disposed of properly in the area, posing a potential risk to environmental health. The ELISA technique was effective in creating a standard curve for determining the antibiotic concentration in unknown samples. The standard curve showed a linear relationship between the concentration of antibiotics and the absorbance values obtained from the ELISA assay. By comparing the mean concentrations of antibiotic residues between different areas of the city, significant differences were found. For example, the left side of the city had a mean concentration of 3.97 ng/ml, while the right side of the city had a mean concentration of 4.19 ng/ml. The difference in the mean concentrations between the two areas was statistically significant (p<0.05). The high mean concentration of antibiotic residues detected in the samples suggests that antibiotics are being overused or not properly disposed of in the area. In conclusion, this study shows that there are detectable levels of antibiotic residues in the discharged water of Mosul City, indicating a potential threat to environmental health. Implementing measures to reduce the use and ensure proper disposal of antibiotics can help mitigate the potential risks associated with the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, protecting public health and environmental well-being.
Effect of Different Levels of Organic and Phosphate Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Three Sunflower Genotypes (Helianthus annus L.) in Northern Iraq
Authors: Al-Doori Saad Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed
Published: November 2023

A field experiment was carried out in the semiarid region of Talkif district, which is 35 km north of city of Mosul within Nineveh Governorate, during two growing seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in sandy loom soil to study effect of three levels of organic manure (0, 400 and 800 kg.ha-1), a form of sheep manure, mixed thoroughly with the soil before planting, and three levels of phosphate fertilizers (0, 75, 150 kg ha-1 P2O5) added at once during soil preparation on yield and quality of three sunflower genotypes (Isera, Melabour and Velko). The experiment was carried out using a multifactorial randomized complete block design with three replicates for each experiment. Results indicate: effect of organic fertilizer was significant on all studied traits for both seasons. The treatment by adding organic fertilizer to soil with the amount of 800 kg.ha-1 gave the highest rate compared to addition of lowest ratio (400 kg.ha-1) and comparison treatment. Since Iraqi soil is poor in its content of phosphorus, which ranks second among the three most beneficial elements for plants, the addition of this element to soil at a rate of 150 kg.ha-1 led to a significant increase in all growth, yield and quality traits for both growing seasons. The genotypes of sunflower crop were significantly affected in all growth, yield and quality traits for both planting seasons. The Melabour genotype surpassed Velko and Isera genotypes in the studied traits for both growing seasons.
Effect of Calcium Chloride and Gibberellic Acid on Flowering Growth of Two Cultivars of Gladiolus X hortulanus L.
Authors: Abdulwahab Mahmood Mohammed , Altaee Alaa Hashim Younis
Published: November 2023

This study was conducted inside the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the agricultural season (2022-2023). to study the effect of spraying with different concentrations of calcium chloride (0, 500, 1000) mg. L-1 and spraying with gibberellic acid at concentrations of (0, 100, 200) mg. L-1 and the interaction between flowering growth of two varieties of Gladiolus hortulanus. They are Nova lux with yellow flowers and Trader Lux with red flowers. The corms were planted on 17/3/2022, then sprayed 30 days after planting the corms with three sprays and three concentrations of calcium chloride (0,500, 1000) mg.L-1 The plants were also sprayed with gibberellic acid, with three sprays and three concentrations (0, 100, 200), The period between one spray and another was two weeks. The spraying was done with gibberellic acid after 35 days of planting the corms. The study was carried out using a factorial experiment in the design of completed randomized sectors R.C.B.D within split plots with three replications, each experimental unit included (7) corms for each replicate. The yellow cultivar recorded the shortest period for color to appear in the first inflorescence, which amounted to 79.092 days, and the largest values in the fresh weight of the flower and the inflorescence, which amounted to 50.663 g. The diameter of the first flower reached 78.794 mm, the largest length of the inflorescence reached 41.285 cm, and the largest diameter of the flower stalk reached 9.294 mm. Also, there were no significant differences between the two cultivars in the characteristic of the number of florets per plant. The treatment with calcium chloride at both concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg.L-1 resulted in a significant increase in all studied traits. The treatment resulted in gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 mg. L-1 resulted in a significant increase in all studied traits.
Response of Gladiolus Plant to Spraying with Plant Extracts and their Effect on Vegetative and Flowering Growth Indicators
Authors: Al-Asadi Z. N. , Zaidan O. H. , Fawaz S. F. , Kadhim Z. K.
Published: November 2023

An experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening at the College of the Agriculture - University of Karbala during 2020-2021 to show the response of the Gladius plant to spraying with plant extracts, Hibiscus Sabdoriffa extract (0, 5, 10 g. l-1) and Moringa leaf extract (0, 4, 8 g. l-1) and its effect on vegetative and flower growth indicators. Results showed that Exogenous application of Hibiscus Sabdoriffa’s extract (10 g. l-1) with Moringa leaf extract (8 g. l-1) significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf content of total chlorophyll, length of flowering shamrock, number of florets and duration of flowering. It reached (48.37 cm, 8.03 leaves. plant 1, 61.13 SPAD, 43.71 cm, 9.25 flowers. shamrock 1, and 11.44 days) compared with the control treatment.
Promote the Quantitative and Qualitative Production of Three Varieties of Organically Grown Beetroot
Authors: Mageed Rawaa Galeb , Hussin Wafaa Ali
Published: November 2023

A field experiment was carried out for autumn season 2021-2022 in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya Complex - Station A -To study the effect of cultivars (Red, Dark Red, and Cylindra), organic medium, vermicompost, and cow manure, as well as control treatment (soil only), and spraying with silicon, calcium, and distilled water (comparison) on the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot, within a completely randomized block design as a split-plot experiment. As the cultivars were counted as the main factor, organic medium, and foliar spraying as the secondary factor, with three replicates, the number of treatments reached 27, and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference L.S.D at the level of probability of 5% for each variety, and the results were as follows: The treatment of the triple interaction of the Dark Red cultivar with the Vermicompost planting medium and spraying with silicon was significantly excelled by giving it the highest percentages of the nutrients N, P, and K, as well as the concentration of the element Si in the roots of the beetroot plant, at a rate of (3.53%, 0.48%, 4.07%, and 387.67 mg L-1), respectively. While the treatment V2×F2×S2 was significantly excelled in the percentage of calcium, as it gave 2.19%. The triple interaction treatment of Cylindra cultivar and Vermicompost medium with silicone spraying were significantly excelled in (plant height, blade diameter, number of leaves and percentage of fibers), as it gave (58.56 cm, 11.00 mm, 13.55 leaf-1 and 4.01%), respectively. While the treatment of Dark Red cultivar and Vermicompost media with silicone spray 2V×F1×S2 excelled by giving it the highest root weight and the highest percentage of dry matter (387.97 g root-1 and 9.00%), respectively.
The Effect of Spraying with Jasmonic Acid and Sugar Alcohols on some Chemical and Hormonal Properties of Lemon and Benzher Seedlings
Authors: Al-Zobai Abdullah Hassn Khalif , Al-Hamdani Khalid Abdullah Sahar , Al-Ahbaby Adeeb Jassem Abbas
Published: November 2023

In 2022, researchers from the University of Samarra’s Department of Horticulture and the College of Agriculture built a wooden canopy to perform their experiment. To study the effect of spraying with jasmonic acid and sugar alcohols on some chemical and hormonal properties of lemon and benzher seedlings, the seedlings were chosen as homogeneous as possible in size at the age of one and a half years. The experiment included three factors: the first being two Speciess of citrus seedlings, lemon and benzher. The second factor is spraying with three levels of jasmonic acid 0, 10, 20 mmol L-1, and the third factor is spraying seedlings with three concentrations of sugar alcohols 0, 3, 6 ml L-1. The experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD), the results showed the superiority of lime over benzher in the leaves content of nitrogen, chlorophyll, and jasmonic leaves content, and the values were 2.332%, 12.12 mg gm-1, 64.78 mg kg-1, respectively. As for benzher, it excelled in the rate of increase in the percentage of phosphorus, potassium, Carbohydrates, as it recorded 0.476%, 1.240%, and 3.284%, respectively.Also spraying with jasmonic resulted in a significant increase, especially the treatment Ja2, which was superior to the two treatments Ja1 and Ja0 in the leaves content of nitrogen, chlorophyll, leaf content of jasmonic, percentage of phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and the results were 2.364%, 12.34 mg gm-1, 69.13 mg kg -1, 0496%, 1.263%, 3.300%, respectively. Spraying with sugar alcohols had a significant effect at the concentration of 6 ml L-1 S2 in the leaf content of nitrogen, chlorophyll, phosphorus, potassium, and carbohydrates, and the values were 2.339%, 12.20 mg gm-1., 0.491, 1.243%, 3.277%, respectively, while the average of these characteristics was lowest in the control group that received treatment S0. All of the qualities analyzed displayed substantial variations in the binary and triple interactions of the research components.
Effect of Growth Regulator (ATONIK) and Zn-Nano-Fertilizer on Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.)
Authors: Al-Musawi Mustafa Hameed Kadhum
Published: November 2023

To determine the effects of foliar spraying with growth regulator (Atonik) and Nano-Zinc in sandy loam soil on the Qurtuba cultivar of sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum L., a field experiment was conducted in a non-heated plastic house at a specified field at coordinate during the autumn of 2022. A factorial experiment was constructed using the RCBD method, and the average was compared using an LSD with a 5% level of significance. Both the growth regulator (Atonik) and Nano-Zinc fertilizer were applied in three replicates at four different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 mg L-1) each. An increase in plant height, number of branches, and leaf area was seen after spraying with the growth regulator at the level (75 mg L-1). With averages of (98.4 cm, 6.1 branch, 2157.7 cm2, 101.3 gm, 53.7 spad, 1.85%, 0.61%, and 2.01%) for dry weight of the vegetative group, leaf chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively. Nano-Zinc sprayed at a dosage of 6 gm L-1 resulted in significant increases in all of the aforementioned metrics compared to the control treatment, with average increases of 94.8 cm, 6.0 branches, 2049.8 square centimeters, 100.5 grams, 52.3 spads, 1.78%, 0.59%, and 1.88 percent. By assigning the highest possible values to the interaction spraying treatment (75 mg L-1 + 6 gm L-1), it was shown that this treatment excelled over other interaction treatments.
Effect of Diet Type Using Whole or Crushed Grains on Productive Performance in Awassi Lambs and Rumen Fluid Characteristics
Authors: Hamid Humam Ali , Adhab Ahmed Ali
Published: November 2023

This study was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect of the type of diet using whole or crushed grains on the productive performance of Awassi lambs and the characteristics of rumen fluid.1/8 / 2021 for two periods, 18 male Awassi lambs, 4-6 months old, with an initial weight of 25 ± 10 were used in this experiment. It was divided into three groups, with six animals per group, and the first treatment (T1) was given concentrated feed by 2.5% of the animal’s weight in the form of whole grains and hay to saturation, and the second treatment (T2) used concentrated feed by 2.5% of the weight of the organism in the form of 50% Whole grains and 50% crushed grains and hay to saturation. The third treatment used concentrated feed 2.5% of the animal’s weight, crushed grains with hay to saturation. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p≤0.05) for the grain size provided in the coarse fodder consumption characteristic, as the first treatment that was fed whole grains was superior to the other treatments. There was a significant (p≤0.05) superiority of the periods on the daily and total weight gain, as the first period was superior to the second period. There was also a significant difference for the volume of grain provided on the daily weight gain, where the first treatment, which consisted of whole grains, was superior to the third treatment. Total weight gain, the first and second treatments were superior to the third treatment. There was a significant superiority (p≤0.05) for the interaction between the period and the grain size provided, as the interaction between the first period, the first feeding, and the second feeding was superior to the third feeding in terms of total weight gain. As for the level of the second period, a significant difference (P≤0.05) was found for the overlap between the second period and the first treatment in terms of daily and total weight gain over the third treatment. As for the level of overlap between feeding and periods, there was a significant superiority (P≤0.05) for the overlap between the period and the period. The first and the type of feeding in the daily weight gain and the total increase over the overlap between the second period and the type of feeding. There was a significant effect (p≤0.05) of the grain size provided on the rumen acidity (PH), where the first treatment was superior to the other treatments.
Effect of Chromium Treatment on Growth and Some Blood Parameters of Local Lambs in Hot Climates
Authors: Ahmed Bilal Sabah , Rahman Emad Ghayeb Abdel
Published: November 2023

This study was conducted in the animal field of the Department of Animal Production in the College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for the period from 7/6/2022 until 7/9/2022. by (93) days, preceded by an introductory period for a period of (13) days to study the effect of chromium treatment on productive traits represented in growth (weight gain) and some blood parameters and biochemistry and the concentration of some hormones. (15) Awassi lambs were used in this experiment, their ages ranged between 4-5 a month and with an average initial weight of 22.6 + 0.9 kg, the experimental treatments were divided into three treatments distributed randomly. on three transactions. The first transaction is the control and treatment the second is addition chrome on Chromium Yeast form at 0,5 mg / day / lamb and the third transaction is addition of Chromium 1 mg / day / lamb, five lambs for every transaction. The results indicated that there is Significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments in the rate of daily weight gain of lambs, as the third treatment (1 mg chromium / lamb / day) excelled compared to the first treatment (control) that was free of additives, and the second treatment contained (0.5 mg / lamb / day). These results were reflected in the total weight gain of the lambs, as the third treatment (1 mg chromium /day/lamb) was significantly superior (P ≤ 0.05) at a rate of (16.35) kg compared to the first treatment. (control) (9.85) kg and the second (0.5 mg / day / lamb) (10.92) kg. The results also showed that there was a significant (P ≤ 0.05) superiority of the third treatment (1 mg chromium / day / lamb) in the efficiency of feed conversion at a rate of (5.53 fodder/kg meat) Compared to the second and third treatments (7.68 and 9.64 feed/kg meat), respectively, It was also seen there are no differences between the treatments in the daily feed consumption rate. With regard to the results of blood biochemical characteristics (glucose, cholesterol, total protein) at the end of the experiment, there was a significant increase in glucose, as the third treatment recorded a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in its concentration compared to the second and first treatment, while the hormone thyroxine was recorded. T4 significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) for the third treatment (1 mg chromium / day / lamb) at a rate of 8.202 nano moles / liter Compared to the first and second treatment (0.5 cholesterol / lamb / day) at a rate of 4.165 and 6.360 nano moles / liter respectively, In general the study showed that the addition of chromium to the diet led to an improvement in the weight of the lambs, achieving a significant weight gain and improving the efficiency of feed conversion in the Awassi lambs.
Employing Response Surface Methodology for Investigating the Impact of Nigella sativa L. Oil on Physicochemical and Organoleptic Changes of Gouda Cheese upon Accelerated Storage
Authors: Alhelli Amaal Mohammed , Mohammed Nameer Khairallah , AlIbady Qater Al-Nada Ali Kanaem
Published: November 2023

The primary goal of many producers was to preserve the quality of Gouda during maturation storage. The concentration of Nigella sativa L. oil and ripening time were two main variables in the present research that were improved using the Response Surface approach (RSM). The optimal conditions for ripening Gouda cheese were 0.29 (v/v) SFNSO concentration and 2.8 months at 14°C. It was determined that the RSM models were the best methodology for maintaining the selected Gouda cheese. The optimal Gouda cheeses: pH, fat content, moisture content, total protein, water activity (aw), ADV, and overall acceptability were found to be 5.9, 30.67%, 38%, 23.8%, 0.9131, 4.3, and 8.4, respectively. Additionally, there was a sizable overlap between the experimental and anticipated outcomes, which supported the accuracy and dependability of the proposed approach. The use of supercritical fluid Nigella sativa L. oil SFNSO on Gouda cheese improved and sustained the stability of Gouda cheese over storage time while higher black cumin concentrations had a negative effect on the sensory properties, resulting in dark appearance and bitter taste. Finally, it is necessary to produce excellent Gouda cheese on a practical scale under ideal RSM conditions.
Studying the Physiochemical, Sensory and Microbiological Properties of Yoghurt Which are Fortified by Encapsulated Folic Acid
Authors: Khalil Amna Hameed , Lafta Shaymaa Saady
Published: November 2023

The study aimed to determine the effect of fortification with free and unencapsulated folic acid on the physical, rheological, sensory and microbiological properties of functional yoghurt by fortifying yoghurt with a concentration of 7.5 mg / 100 ml of free folic acid represented by treatment 1 and 7.5 mg / 100 ml encapsulated folic acid as Treatment 2hyd, and the control treatment in which yoghurt was made from milk not fortified with folic acid. In addition to the sensory evaluation immediately after manufacturing and when stored at 5°C for a period of 21 days, the results showed that there were no significant differences in the values of pH and total acidity. Also, Yoghurt fortified with encapsulated folic acid stimulated the growth of starter bacteria, which are beneficial to the human body. The encapsulated folic acid treatment was characterized by an improvement Sensory properties of yoghurt.
The Impact of Varying the Amount of Octacosanol Added to Laying Hens’ Productive Performance and Various Oxidative Tests with and Without Vitamin E
Authors: Shukur Karmen M. , Taha Ahmed T.
Published: November 2023

A total of 120 laying hens were employed in this investigation, with 20 hens per treatment and 10 repetitions (2 hens each replicate). The experimental treatments included the following: T1: Control group, which received a basil diet without the addition; T2: 20 milligrams of vitamin E per kilogram of feed; T3: 20 milligrams of octacosanol per kilogram of feed; T4: 40 milligrams of octacosanol per kilogram of feed; T5: 20 milligrams/Kg (mixed octacosanol + vitamin E). The findings indicate that the treatments including the addition of octacosanol significantly increased the percentage of eggs produced, improved feed conversion ratio, and increased the eggs mass. Compared to the first, second, and third treatments, the MDA concentration significantly decreasing during the fourth, fifth, and sixth treatments. There were no significantly variations in glutathione levels. The concentration of the GOT enzyme also decreased significantly across all treatments as compared to the control group. When compared to the control treatment, the third treatment significantly improved the concentration of the GPT enzyme. Estrogen levels were not significantly affected by any of the treatments.
Isolation and Identification of Dextran-Producing Weissella cibaria from Pickled Sauerkraut
Authors: Tawfeeq Hiba Naji , Ahmaed Asmaa Sabah
Published: November 2023

The presence of certain bacteria in food products are particularly desirable. Probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have a number of favorable characteristics, including antimicrobial properties that support the development of beneficial microflora, are among them. In addition, because of their biochemical activity, they have an impact on the dietary, nutritional, and organoleptic qualities of food products. Before being released into the market, each strain must undergo independent testing to ascertain its probiotic qualities and potency. The purpose of this study was to separate and identify the LAB strain (Weissella cibaria bacteria) at the molecular level from a sample of pickled Sauerkraut that might be employed in the dairy sector and maybe is regarded as a probiotic in the future. Directly from the can, the shredded picked sauerkraut was brined in 2.25% salt (NaCl) for 48 hours before being inoculated aseptically into deMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar (MRS) and incubated for two days at 37 °C. Gram’s reaction, catalase production, and sugar fermentation tests employing glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, and fructose were among the traditional assays performed on isolation. The sequence was acquired and checked against those in the GenBank database using the BLAST tool at the NCBI-GenBank database after the isolate was extracted using the AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extraction kit, amplified, and agarose gel electrophoresis. The isolated LAB strains were validated using SEM and a genetic PCR assay, and the matching rate of the two isolated strains was 99%. The obtained strains showed their ability to produce dextran by observing the viscous growth characteristic when they were grown in MRS medium supplemented with 15% sucrose. To identify the bacterium, many culture and biochemical tests were carried out. The overall study concluded that the strains of Weissella cibaria bacteria can be easily isolated from pickled Sauerkraut using the developed procedure with the possibility of using the dextran produced by the bacteria as a prebiotic in the food sector.
Effect of Rearing System and Physical form of the Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance of Local Male Lambs
Authors: Khaleel Bashar Sabbar , Mansoor Ammar Rahem
Published: November 2023

The University of Anbar’s Department of Animal Production hosted this experiment on their sheep farm from October 18, 2022, through January 6, 2023. Twenty-two local male lambs, ranging in age from 3.3 to 3.5 months, and averaging 20.2±2.28 kilograms were included. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the influence of the rearing system and physical form of the total mixed ration on the growth and feeding performance of local male lambs. Lambs were randomly distributed into four treatments. T1 (group housing + loose diet) included 6 Lambs distributed in three group cages (2 Lambs /cage), T2 (group housing + pellet diet) included 6 Lambs distributed in three group cages (2 Lambs /cage), T3 (individual housing + loose diet) included 5 Lambs distributed in five individual cages (1 lamb / cage), and T4 (individual housing + pellet diet) included 5 Lambs distributed in five individual cages. A total of 63 days were devoted to the actual experiment. All lambs were fed ad-libitum to the Pelleted and loose total mixed ration. Throughout the duration of the experiment, the parameters of growth and nutritional performance were estimated. The results of present experiment showed that the individual rearing system significantly improved daily feed intake and dry matter intake compared with grouped rearing system. The pelleted total mixed ration was superior to the loose total mixed ration in growth performance (final body weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain) and feeding performance (feed conversion ratio, feeding efficiency), and decreased the cost of producing 1 kg of weight gain. The results showed that the growth and feeding performance of local male lambs were significantly boosted by the interaction between individual housing and pellet diet. Researchers found that fattening lambs’ productivity might be improved with the use of individual housing combined with a pellet diet.
Screening of Bacterial Isolates Producing Diacetyl and Selecting the Most Efficient Isolate
Authors: Al-Hashemi Abrar N. , Al-Janabi Nidhal M. S.
Published: November 2023

Screening number of bacterial isolates in term of their ability to produce diacetyl from five samples of different dairy products include Qargoli cheese (Q and K) from two sources, Akkawi cheese (A), Soft cheese (S) and local butter (B), were purchased from the local market of Al-Ramadi city/Anbar province, the colonies were picked up from culture medium MRS and M17 after incubation 24 to 48 hr at 37C in anaerobic conditions and examined in microscopic (rod and cocci) Single, double and Strings, gram-positive and non-spore forming, we collected 7 colonies from 21 colony, 2 isolates from cheese (K) on M17 medium were cocci, 3 isolates from cheese (Q) on MRS medium were cocci, 1 isolate from cheese (A) on M17 medium was rod ales 1 isolate from cheese (S) but on MRS medium was rod, as for butter (B) no result, were shown under the same conditions, the 7 isolates subjected to a qualitative detection of their ability production and gave a positive indicator for Voges-proskauer test and Brady’s reagent to varying degrees between them, then the production of diacetyl for 4 isolates with the highest productivity, were quantified by Westerfeld method and HPLC technique, with Westerfeld the concentrations were 171.197, 234.654, 217.617, 222.926 μg/ml for K2, Q3, K4 and K7 respectively at absorbance 540 nm, isolate Q3 and K7 were distinguished with highest productivity of diacetyl by HPLC reached 5.7 and 5.9 ppm respectively.
The Extent Response of Bacteria Isolated from Cases of Acute, Subacute and Chronic Mastitis in Iraqi Camels to some Antibiotics used in Treatment
Authors: Al-Hakak Zahra M.
Published: November 2023

Our study was carried out on (75) dairy camels, aged (7-22) years, from Iraqi camels for each of the governorates (Babylon-Karbala-Al-Qadisiyah) with (25) camels from each governorate for the time period 1/6/2021 until 1/12/2022 to isolate and diagnosis the bacteria causing acute, subacute and chronic mastitis in camels, examining their sensitivity to common antibiotics used in treatment. The results of the study showed that the number of camels infected with mastitis for all types was (51) camels with a rate of (68%) out of a total of (75) milking camels, and the number of healthy camels was (24) with a rate of (32%). The number and percentage of subacute mastitis was (26) with a rate of (35%), acute mastitis (10) with a rate of (13%), and chronic mastitis (15) with a rate of (20%). As for the results of mastitis on the basis of inflammation tests for each quarter of the udder, the highest rate was in two quarters, where the percentage of infected camels was (35%), while the lowest percentage of infection was in four quarters or the whole udder with a rate of (18%). Results of bacteriological culture of milk samples of camels infected with mastitis, which numbered (306) samples. The highest percentage of isolates recorded was of C.N. Staphylococci by (35.62%), while the percentage of Staph.sciuri, Staphylococcus aureus and Staph.epidermidies respectively was (16.66%), (13) and (10.13%). The percentage of Streptococcus agalactia, Pasteurella haemolytica, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and E. coli respectively (10.45%), (6.2%), (5%) and (2.94%). The results of the sensitivity and antibiotic resistance examination, we show that there is statistical significant difference at the level of p ≥ 0.05 between the groups of the ages of camels.
Effect of Vitamins A, E, D3 Supplemented with Omega3 and Vitamins A, E, D3 (without Omega -3) on Biochemical Blood Parameters of Females Awassi Lamb
Authors: Shareef M. A. , Mohammed T. R. , Ali Ahmed T. , Alnori Hassan Muthana
Published: November 2023

This study was conducted in the animal field of the University of Anbar College of Agriculture from 15/December/2021 to 15/February/2022. Twelve Iraqi Awassi female lambs were used in the experiment, at ranged of ages 2-3 months with average body weight 16.737 kg. The experimental animals were randomly divided into three groups, each group consisted of four lambs. The first group (G1) was considered the control group and left without any treatment, while the second group (G2) was treated with omega-3 supplemented with vitamins A, D3 and E of 1.5 CC, whilst the third group (G3) was treated with vitamins A, D3 and E of 1.5 CC by intramuscular injection, the lambs were injected with 6 times, the interval between each injection was 15 days. The lambs were nourished on the same concentrated diet, alfalfa hay, minerals bloke and water given adliptum. The result showed that G2 had significant increased (P≤0.05) on glucose concentration level as comported with G1. G3 had significant increase (P≤0.05) in urea concentration level as comported with G1 and G2. G3 had significant increased (P≤0.05) in Cholesterol and Triglyceride concentration level as comported with G1and G2. G1 had significant increase in LDL concentration level as comported with G2 and G3. T1 had significant increase in AST in G1, G2 and G3 as comported with T2 and T3. In conclusion, that treat a lamb with vitamins A, E, D3 supplemented with omega3 and vitamins A, E, D3 (without omega -3) led to improve lipid profile, liver enzyme activity and public health of lambs.
Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Path Analysis of Sesame Genotypes under Three Plant Distributions
Authors: Al-Bayati Hussein Ali Hindi , Khattab Nisreen Jamal
Published: November 2023

A field experiment was carried out at research station of Department of Field Crops at the College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit under gypsum soil conditions during the summer agricultural season (2022 AD). plants, which are (60 x 10, 40 x 15, and 30 x 20) cm2. genetic parameters were estimated in the three environments for studied traits under study. path was analyzed to determine most traits in single plant yield. The most important results were as follows: genetic variation was higher than the environmental in the three studied environments and for all traits, and values of the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation were average for most of the traits studied in the three environments and broad sense heritability was high in most of the studied traits and in three environments, and expected genetic advance was high as mean for traits of single plant yield in (the second and third environment) and it is possible to adopt the two traits of number of capsules per plant and seeds 1000weight with direct selective evidence to improve single plant yield because the direct effect of these two inpath analysis was positive and high.
Performance of some Three-Way Cross Hybrids and Their Parents of Maize in the Middle Region of Iraq
Authors: Hadi Banan Hassan , Hassan W. A. , Hamdalla Majid Sh.
Published: November 2023

There is increasingly demand of maize as a staple food in poultry industry in Iraq, where the average production of yield 4.5 tons, which is still faint as compared to neighbor countries. 30 of Three-Way Cross Hybrids of Maize along with five parental inbred lines were evaluated in four replications during the 2017 fall season at the research station of Agriculture College/Al-Jadrya, Baghdad to evaluate their performances and estimate the heterosis for grain yield (GY), and related traits. Most of the studied three-way cross hybrids out-yielded their parental inbred lines for the studied traits. TW8 and TW10 were identified as the excellent hybrids with average yield 219 and 214 gm/plant respectively with positive heterosis reached 72 and 62% respectively.
Effect of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) Infection of some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Genotypes on Fruits Content of Lycopene and some Vitamins
Authors: Karem Malik H. , Al-Abedy Aqeel N. , Kadhim Jamal H.
Published: November 2023

The response of some genotypes of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicom L.) to infection with the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was tested, and the effect of infection on genotypes (123, Narcan and Summer 21) on the fruit content of vitamins C and E and lycopene was evaluated. The field experiment was carried out in the western orchards of Samawah, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq, and the analysis of vitamins and lycopene was carried out in the laboratories of Ghayat Al-Maarifa Company - Babylon. The genotypes were inoculated with whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that all genotypes of tomato plants were sensitive to the virus, with differences in the time of appearance and severity of disease symptoms. The genotypes Nahrayn and Summer 21 were the most severely infected with the virus (96 and 87%, respectively) compared to the rest of the genotypes. The results showed a decrease in the vitamin C and vitamin E content of tomato fruits to 8.84 and 0.403 mg /100 gm, respectively, in virus-infected plants, with a significant difference from their normal levels in uninoculated plants, which resulted in 15.8 and 0.931 mg /100 gm, respectively. It was also observed that infection with the virus had a clear effect and significantly decreased the level of lycopene to 9.79 mg/kg fresh weight compared to 14.12 mg/kg fresh weight in uninfected plants. Regardless of the type of plant, infection with the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) significantly reduced the average dry weight of shoots and roots of infected plants by 28.89 and 3.15 g/plant, compared to 84.08 and 10.13 g/plant for control plants, respectively. The results also showed a clear effect of the virus in reducing the yield of genotypes, which recorded 409.1 g/plant, with a significant difference from the yield of the same genotypes not infected with the virus, which recorded 1697.3 g/plant.
Effect of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) on the Content of some Mineral Elements in the Fruits of some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Genotypes
Authors: Karem Malik H. , Al-Abedy Aqeel N. , Kadhim Jamal H.
Published: November 2023

This study was conducted to determine the reaction of 14 tomato (Solanum lycopersicom) genotypes to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and the effect of the virus on the fruit content of the genotypes Narcan, 123, and Summer 21. The field experiment was carried out in the western orchards of Samawah, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq. All experiments analyzing mineral elements in tomato fruits were done in laboratories of Ghayat Al-Marefa Company, Babylon. The results of inoculation of the tomato genotypes with TYLCV and testing them by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that all these genotypes were susceptible to the virus with the difference of those genotypes in the time of appearance and severity of disease symptoms. The genotypes Nahrayn and Summer 21 were the most severely infected with TYLCV (96 and 87%, respectively) compared with the other genotypes. It was also found that the virus had a clear effect on the decrease in the fruit genotypes contents of the samples tested (123, Narcan, and Summer 21) of mineral elements of iron and zinc that reached 26.80 and 28.88 mg/L, respectively, and substantially different from their given values, which were 32.94 and 34.73 mg/L, respectively, in unaffected plants. Moreover, results proved that the content of TYLCV-infected fruits decreased significantly (1.26 mmol. L-1) with a significant difference from its normal level in non-infected plants which was 1.8 mmol. L-1. Results also showed that TYLCV had a significant effect in reducing the concentrations of magnesium and phosphorous (0.244 and 0.248%), respectively, in the fruits of tomato genotypes compared with their concentrations in non-infected plants that were 0.348 and 0.383%, respectively.