bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scalable Preparation of Ultraselective and Highly Permeable Fully Aromatic Polyamide Nanofiltration Membranes for Antibiotic Desalination
Authors: Liu Haohao , Liang Lijun , Tian Feng , Xi Xugang , Zhang Yanqin , Zhang Peng , Cao Xingzhong , Bai Yunxiang , Zhang Chunfang , Dong Liangliang
Published: April 2024

Membranes are important in the pharmaceutical industry for the separation of antibiotics and salts. However, its widespread adoption has been hindered by limited control of the membrane microstructure (pore architecture and free‐volume elements), separation threshold, scalability, and operational stability. In this study, 4,4′,4′′,4′′′‐methanetetrayltetrakis(benzene‐1,2‐diamine) (MTLB) as prepared as a molecular building block for fabricating thin‐film composite membranes (TFCMs) via interfacial polymerization. The relatively large molecular size and rigid molecular structure of MTLB, along with its non‐coplanar and distorted conformation, produced thin and defect‐free selective layers (~27 nm) with ideal microporosities for antibiotic desalination. These structural advantages yielded an unprecedented high performance with a water permeance of 45.2 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and efficient antibiotic desalination (NaCl/adriamycin selectivity of 422). We demonstrated the feasibility of the industrial scaling of the membrane into a spiral‐wound module (with an effective area of 2.0 m2). This module exhibited long‐term stability and performance that surpassed those of state‐of‐the‐art membranes used for antibiotic desalination. This study provides a scientific reference for the development of high‐performance TFCMs for water purification and desalination in the pharmaceutical industry.
Accumulation, Characterization and Reactivity of Chiral Ammonium‐Carboxonium Dications in Superacid
Authors: Berrino Emanuela , Cantin Thomas , Artault Maxime , Beck Stefanie , Jessen Christoph , Marrot Jérôme , Guégan Frédéric , Mingot Agnès , Kornath Andreas , Thibaudeau Sébastien
Published: April 2024

The accumulation of chiral ammonium‐oxocarbenium dications in superacid is evidenced by low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis and confirmed by DFT calculations. Its potential for the diastereoselective remote hydrofunctionalization of non‐activated alkene is also explored.
CO Intermediate‐Assisted Dynamic Cu Sintering During Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction on Cu−N−C Catalysts
Authors: Qin Yanyang , Zhao Wenshan , Xia Chenfeng , Yu Li‐Juan , Song Fei , Zhang Jianrui , Wu Tiantian , Cao Rui , Ding Shujiang , Xia Bao Yu , Su Yaqiong
Published: April 2024

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to multicarbon products has been widely recognized for Cu‐based catalysts. However, the structural changes in Cu‐based catalysts during the eCO2RR pose challenges to achieving an in‐depth understanding of the structure–activity relationship, thereby limiting catalyst development. Herein, we employ constant‐potential density functional theory calculations to investigate the sintering process of Cu single atoms of Cu−N−C single‐atom catalysts into clusters under eCO2RR conditions. Systematic constant‐potential ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the leaching of Cu−(CO)x moieties and subsequent agglomeration into clusters can be facilitated by synergistic adsorption of H and eCO2RR intermediates (e.g., CO). Increasing the Cu2+ concentration or the applied potential can efficiently suppress Cu sintering. Both microkinetic simulations and experimental results further confirm that sintered Cu clusters play a crucial role in generating C2 products. These findings provide significant insights into the dynamic evolution of Cu‐based catalysts and the origin of their activity toward C2 products during the eCO2RR.
Unlocking Spin Gates of Transition Metal Oxides via Strain Stimuli to Augment Potassium Ion Storage
Authors: Yao Shuyun , Ji Yingjie , Wang Shiyu , Liu Yuanming , Hou Zishan , Wang Jinrui , Gao Xueying , Fu Weijie , Nie Kaiqi , Xie Jiangzhou , Yang Zhiyu , Yan Yi‐Ming
Published: April 2024

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are key in electrochemical energy storage, offering cost‐effectiveness and a broad potential window. However, their full potential is limited by poor understanding of their slow reaction kinetics and stability issues. This study diverges from conventional complex nano‐structuring, concentrating instead on spin‐related charge transfer and orbital interactions to enhance the reaction dynamics and stability of TMOs during energy storage processes. We successfully reconfigured the orbital degeneracy and spin‐dependent electronic occupancy by disrupting the symmetry of magnetic cobalt (Co) sites through straightforward strain stimuli. The key to this approach lies in the unfilled Co 3d shell, which serves as a spin‐dependent regulator for carrier transfer and orbital interactions within the reaction. We observed that the opening of these ′spin gates′ occurs during a transition from a symmetric low‐spin state to an asymmetric high‐spin state, resulting in enhanced reaction kinetics and maintained structural stability. Specifically, the spin‐rearranged Al−Co3O4 exhibited a specific capacitance of 1371 F g−1, which is 38 % higher than that of unaltered Co3O4. These results not only shed light on the spin effects in magnetic TMOs but also establish a new paradigm for designing electrochemical energy storage materials with improved efficiency.
Physicochemical characterisation and kinetic modelling of wet torrefied oil palm trunk in pyrolysis condition
Authors: Wang Yu Si , Phang Frederick Jit Fook , Soh Megan , Chew Jiuan Jing , Saptoro Agus , Sunarso Jaka
Published: April 2024

Over 218 million tonnes of oil palm trunks (OPT) waste is produced annually by Malaysian oil palm industry, which can be converted to biofuels via wet torrefaction. This study assessed the fuel characteristics of wet torrefied OPT (WT‐OPT) using proximate analysis, higher heating value (HHV) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). Increasing wet torrefaction temperature and residence time increased the fixed carbon content and HHV of OPT. SEM–EDX revealed the presence of microspheres of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) in OPT wet torrefied at 180 and 220°C for 72 h, an intermediate compound that can contribute to the HHV enhancement in WT‐OPT. FTIR and EDX results revealed that higher temperature and residence time concentrate the carbon content of OPT. Wet torrefaction at 180°C for 72 h decreased the activation energy and pre‐exponential factor of OPT from 301.88 to 171.70 kJ mol−1 and from 4.43 × 1028 to 3.25 × 1012 s−1, respectively, during pyrolysis. The estimated thermodynamic parameters, particularly the change in entropy which generally decreased by more than 140 J mol−1 K−1, indicated increase in stability of certain WT‐OPT.
EVA copolymer loaded with PAni/CNT/GNP hybrids: A flexible and lightweight material with high microwave absorption
Authors: Calheiros Souto Loan F. , Soares Bluma G.
Published: April 2024

Microwave‐absorbing materials are widely used for electromagnetic interference shielding and stealth technology. However, most existing materials are heavy, rigid, and expensive, limiting their practical applications. Therefore, there is a need to develop new materials that are flexible, lightweight, and cost effective. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize a novel ternary composite material based on polyaniline (PAni), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in an ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer matrix. PAni‐based ternary composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline in toluene dispersion of CNT/GNP hybrids and EVA. The microwave absorption properties were evaluated using a vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 8.2–18 GHz. The presence of as little as 0.8 wt% of CNT/GNP hybrid with appropriate mass ratio increased the conductivity by more than four orders of magnitude compared to the EVA@PAni blend. The minimum reflection loss corresponded to −40.55 dB at 16.31 GHz for the system containing CNT/GNP = 0.3:0.7, whereas those with CNT/GNP = 0.0:1.0 and 0.7:0.3 presented the widest effective absorption bandwidths (RL < −10 dB), covering almost the entire Ku‐band. Due to the excellent flexibility, low weight, and high microwave absorption performance, these composites are potential candidates for microwave absorption applications.
EphB2 Receptor Promotes Dermal Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Egal Erika S. A. , Kamdem Severin Donald , Yoshigi Masaaki , Yang Ching‐Chu , Pellizzari Sarah , Kameni Ernest M. , Helms My N. , Assassi Shervin , Henkemeyer Mark , Frech Tracy M. , Mimche Patrice N.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular (Eph)/Ephrin cell–cell signaling is emerging as a key player in tissue fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2 mediates dermal fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

We assessed normal and SSc human skin biopsies for EphB2 expression. The in vivo role of EphB2 in skin fibrosis was investigated by subjecting EphB2‐knockout mice to both bleomycin‐induced and tight skin (Tsk1/+) genetic mouse models of skin fibrosis. EphB2 kinase‐dead and overactive point mutant mice were used to evaluate the role of EphB2 forward signaling in bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis. In vitro studies were performed on dermal fibroblasts from patients with SSc and healthy controls, which was followed by in vivo analysis of fibroblast‐specific Ephb2‐deficient mice.

Results

Expression of EphB2 is up‐regulated in SSc skin tissue and explanted SSc dermal fibroblasts compared with healthy controls. EphB2 expression is elevated in two animal models of dermal fibrosis. In mice, EphB2 drives dermal fibrosis in both the bleomycin and the Tsk1/+ models of skin fibrosis. EphB2 forward signaling is a critical mediator of dermal fibrosis. Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) cytokines up‐regulate EphB2 in dermal fibroblasts via noncanonical TGF‐β/mother against decapentaplegic signaling, and silencing EPHB2 in human dermal fibroblasts is sufficient to dampen TGF‐β–induced fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast differentiation. Moreover, mice with fibroblast‐specific deletion of EphB2 showed impaired fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast differentiation and reduced skin fibrosis upon bleomycin challenge.

Conclusion

Our data implicate TGF‐β regulation of EphB2 overexpression and kinase‐mediated forward signaling in the development of dermal fibrosis in SSc. EphB2 thus represents a potential new therapeutic target for SSc.
Synthesis and study of optical properties of a Gd3+‐doped NaYF4 phosphor for phototherapy lamp application
Authors: Bawanthade Bharti P. , Mistry Ashok A. , Ugemuge Nilesh , Chaudari Isha S. , Dhoble Sanjay J.
Published: April 2024

In recent trends, radiation falls under the narrowband ultraviolet‐B region (305–315 nm) widely used in phototherapy lamp applications in the treatment of skin diseases. In this paper, we report a Gd3+‐doped NaYF4 luminescent material synthesized for the first time using the low‐temperature co‐precipitation method. It crystallized into a face‐centred cubic structure, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction characterization techniques and Rietveld refinement. The photoluminescence property of the as‐prepared sample shows a highly intense, sharp emission band obtained at 311 nm, which belongs to the narrowband ultraviolet‐B region and corresponds to the transition of the 6P7/2→8S7/2 level of the Gd3+ ions under 272 nm excitation (8S7/2 to 6IJ). The transitions of the Gd3+ ions are detected entirely with different concentrations of Gd3+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the average particle was 288 nm. The critical distance for energy transfer was calculated to be equal to 11.5017 Å. Dipole–dipole interaction is responsible for energy transfer, as analyzed by Dexter theory. These excellent optical characteristics, together with their highly efficient and low‐cost synthesis approach, indicate that synthesized NaYF4:Gd3+ phosphors have excessive potential for phototherapeutic lamp applications.
Detoxification of V‐Nerve Agents Assisted by a Microperoxidase: New Pathway Revealed by the Use of a Relevant VX Simulant
Authors: da Silva Valmir Baptista , Mahy Jean‐Pierre , Brazzolotto Xavier , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Ricoux Rémy , Legros Julien
Published: April 2024

The biocatalyzed oxidative detoxification of the V‐series simulant PhX, by mean of the microperoxidase AcMP11, affords the corresponding phosphonothioate as the prominent product instead of the classical P−S and P−O bond cleavage. While PhX is structurally very close to the live agent VX (the methyl group is replaced by a phenyl), assessment with other surrogates missing the nucleophilic amino function displayed more resistance under the same conditions with no phosphonothioate observed. These encouraging results highlight 1) the efficacy of AcMP11 microperoxidase to efficiently detoxify V‐series organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA), and 2) the necessity to use representative alkyl or aryl phosphonothioates simulants such as PhX bearing the appropriate side chain as well as the P−O and P−S cleavable bond to mimic accurately the V‐series OPNA to prevent false positive or false negative results.
A rare cause of amenorrhea: Hematocolpos in a post‐cystocele repair patient
Authors: Mohammed Tibyan Noorallah , Elgadi Ammar , Nuri Gamal Mohi Eldeen
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

Secondary hematocolpos is a rare but serious complication after cystocele repair. This warrants multidisciplinary management (gynecology and urology) to optimize outcomes & minimize iatrogenic risks.

Hematocolpos is the term used for the accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina. It is most commonly seen in adolescent girls but can also occur in elderly women as a result of gynecological conditions. We present the case of a 48‐year‐old female who presented with amenorrhea and abdominal pain following surgical repair of a cystocele. Investigation revealed secondary hematocolpos due to surgical trauma. Surgical drainage and correction of the uterus were performed, resulting in immediate pain relief. This case underscores the importance of considering hematocolpos in patients with post‐surgical amenorrhea, and further research is needed to better understand its causes, risk factors, and optimal management strategies.
Kinetic Trapping of an Out‐of‐Equilibrium Dynamic Library of Imines by Changing Solvent
Authors: Valentini Matteo , Ercolani Gianfranco , Di Stefano Stefano
Published: April 2024

A well‐behaved dynamic library composed of two imines and corresponding amines was subjected to the action of an activated carboxylic acid (ACA), whose decarboxylation is known to be base promoted, in different solvents, namely CD2Cl2, CD3CN, and mixtures of them. Two non‐equilibrium systems are consequently obtained: i) a dissipative (CD2Cl2) and ii) an out‐of‐equilibrium (CD3CN) dynamic library whose composition goes back to equilibrium after a given time. In the former case, the library is fully coupled with the decarboxylation of the ACA, while in the latter, an energy ratchet operates. In the mixed solvents, the library exhibits a mediated behavior. Interestingly, in the presence of an excess of added ACA, the different behavior of the imine library in the two solvents is expected to manifest only when the excess acid is consumed.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Imidazo[1,5‐a]quinolin‐2‐iums Salts and Internal Alkynes via C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Konwar Monuranjan , Hazarika Nitumoni , Sarmah Bikash Kumar , Das Animesh
Published: April 2024

Ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed synthesis of π‐conjugated fused imidazo[1,5‐a]quinolin‐2‐ium derivatives have been achieved via C−H activation of quinoline‐functionalized NHC (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) and oxidative coupling with internal alkynes. The reaction occurred with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, tolerates a wide range of functional groups and utilized into a gram‐scale. Synthetic applications of the coupled product have been exemplified in the late‐stage derivatization of various highly functionalized scaffolds. Moreover, most of the annulated products exhibit intense fluorescence and have potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Mechanistic studies have provided insights into the spectroscopic characterization of key five‐membered ruthenacycle intermediate and Ru(0) sandwich species. Based on several control experiments, deuterium‐kinetic isotope effect, and thermodynamic activation parameters the mechanistic finding demonstrated that fused imidazo‐[1,5‐a]quinolin‐2‐ium C(2)−H bond cleavage is the rate‐determining step and ruling out the possibility of reductive elimination for controlling the rate of reaction.
Post‐translational modifications of vertebrate striated muscle myosin heavy chains
Authors: Morales Paula Nieto , Coons Arianna N. , Koopman Amelia J. , Patel Sonu , Chase P. Bryant , Parvatiyar Michelle S. , Pinto Jose R.
Published: April 2024

Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role in regulating the function of many sarcomeric proteins, including myosin. Myosins comprise a family of motor proteins that play fundamental roles in cell motility in general and muscle contraction in particular. A myosin molecule consists of two myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) and two pairs of myosin light chains (MLCs); two MLCs are associated with the neck region of each MyHC's N‐terminal head domain, while the two MyHC C‐terminal tails form a coiled‐coil that polymerizes with other MyHCs to form the thick filament backbone. Myosin undergoes extensive PTMs, and dysregulation of these PTMs may lead to abnormal muscle function and contribute to the development of myopathies and cardiovascular disorders. Recent studies have uncovered the significance of PTMs in regulating MyHC function and showed how these PTMs may provide additional modulation of contractile processes. Here, we discuss MyHC PTMs that have been biochemically and/or functionally studied in mammals' and rodents' striated muscle. We have identified hotspots or specific regions in three isoforms of myosin (MYH2, MYH6, and MYH7) where the prevalence of PTMs is more frequent and could potentially play a significant role in fine‐tuning the activity of these proteins.
Structural testing for CUDA programming model
Authors: Luz Helder J. F. , Souza Paulo S. L. , Souza Simone R. S.
Published: April 2024

Graphic processors offer an accessible solution for high‐performance computing, addressing challenges across various fields. The Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming model has emerged to enhance the performance of general‐purpose applications on graphic processors. However, developing CUDA programs is far from straightforward, and developers' lack of experience in parallel programming has led to numerous issues. This article presents a structural testing model and criteria to improve the quality of CUDA programs. These criteria facilitate the selection of test cases and aid in identifying faults. The ValiCUDA tool was developed to implement and validate this testing model and criteria. This tool instruments and analyzes programs, generating the necessary elements for each testing criterion. It also facilitates program execution and evaluation of criterion coverage. A statistical validation experiment assessed these criteria' effectiveness, cost, and strength metrics. The results demonstrate that the criteria can identify nontrivial faults in CUDA programs and assist testers in their testing endeavors for such applications.
Chiral Heterometallic Cu8Ln4 Complexes with Enantiopure Schiff Base Ligands: Synthesis, Structural, Spectroscopic and Magnetic Studies
Authors: Dermitzaki Despina , Panagiotopoulou Angeliki , Pissas Michael , Psycharis Vassilis , Raptopoulou Catherine P.
Published: April 2024

The enantiomerically pure Schiff base ligands H2L‐S and H2L‐R yield chiral heterometallic dodecanuclear complexes of the form [Cu8Ln4(OH)8(OMe)4(O2CBut)8(L‐S or L‐R)4(H2O)4] where LnIII=Gd (1S), Tb (2S), Dy (3S, 3R), Ho (4S, 4R), Er (5S) or Y (6S, 6R) and H2L=(S or R)‐2‐{[(1‐hydroxypropan‐2‐yl)imino]methyl}‐6‐methoxyphenol. The complexes are isomorphous and crystallize in the non‐centrosymmetric polar space group C2 in enantiomeric conformation. The chirality of the Schiff base ligands originates from the respective S‐ or R‐ enantiomer of 2‐aminopropan‐1‐ol, is imparted to the complexes and to the crystals that belong to non‐centrosymmetric space group. The chirality and enantiomeric conformation of all complexes are retained in dmso solutions as confirmed by Circular Dichroism spectra which consist of mirror images, expected for enantiomeric pairs. All complexes consist of four distorted cubane‐like subunits [Cu2Ln2(μ3‐OH)2(μ3‐OMe)(μ3‐OR)], which share the LnIII ions and result in a cyclic distorted tetragonal arrangement; each edge of the {LnIII4} quadrilateral is occupied by two μ‐OH− ions that further bridge to a CuII ion. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed ferromagnetic interactions for 3S with LnIII=Dy and antiferromagnetic interactions for all other complexes. AC susceptibility data of 3S under 1 kOe external dc field indicate slow magnetic relaxation phenomena below 2 K.
The evaluation of secondary seed dormancy potentials of spring Brassica napus L. genotypes and the relationship with seed germination, vigor, and seed quality traits
Authors: Brown Caroline H. , Gulden Robert H. , Shirtliffe Steven J. , Vail Sally L.
Published: April 2024

Volunteer canola (Brassica napus L.) is defined as canola germinating and emerging after the intended cropping season, and it continually ranks as a top occurring weed on the Canadian prairies. Seed dormancy is the physiological mechanism enabling the seed to remain viable in the soil seedbank for extended periods of time. Specifically, canola has a high likelihood of being induced into secondary seed dormancy under adverse environmental conditions not suitable for germination. A reduction of secondary seed dormancy in modern canola varieties may result in lower seedbank persistence; however, the effect of reducing dormancy on other seed traits is not known. This study examined a diverse collection of spring B. napus genotypes produced in differing maternal environments for secondary seed dormancy as well as seed germination, vigor, and seed quality traits. Genotype contributed the most to total variability (46%), the interactions between genotype and environment had a moderate contribution (28%), and very little contribution from maternal environment alone (4%) was observed for the secondary seed dormancy trait. The remaining variability (22%) was allocated to the residuals. No association was observed between secondary seed dormancy and germination time or seed vigor traits in genotypes examined. Significant associations with secondary seed dormancy were detected for primary dormancy, total protein, seed fiber components, glucosinolates content, seed geographical origin, and fatty acid composition. According to the results of this study, the reduction of secondary seed dormancy as a breeding objective in canola breeding programs is feasible as the trait is largely genetically controlled. Furthermore, direct selection against secondary seed dormancy is unlikely to have adverse effects on canola seed germination and vigor given no associations were detected in the current study.
CD177 drives the transendothelial migration of Treg cells enriched in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Ke Shouyu , Lei Yi , Guo Yixian , Xie Feng , Yu Yimeng , Geng Haigang , Zhong Yiqing , Xu Danhua , Liu Xu , Yu Fengrong , Xia Xiang , Zhang Zizhen , Zhu Chunchao , Ling Wei , Li Bin , Zhao Wenyi
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Regulatory T (Treg) cells regulate immunity in autoimmune diseases and cancers. However, immunotherapies that target tumor‐infiltrating Treg cells often induce unwanted immune responses and tissue inflammation. Our research focussed on exploring the expression pattern of CD177 in tumor‐infiltrating Treg cells with the aim of identifying a potential target that can enhance immunotherapy effectiveness.

Methods

Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) data and survival data were obtained from public databases. Twenty‐one colorectal cancer patient samples, including fresh tumor tissues, peritumoral tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were analysed using flow cytometry. The transendothelial activity of CD177+ Treg cells was substantiated using in vitro experiments.

Results

ScRNA‐seq and flow cytometry results indicated that CD177 was exclusively expressed in intratumoral Treg cells. CD177+ Treg cells exhibited greater activation status and expressed elevated Treg cell canonical markers and immune checkpoint molecules than CD177− Treg cells. We further discovered that both intratumoral CD177+ Treg cells and CD177‐overexpressing induced Treg (iTreg) cells had lower levels of PD‐1 than their CD177− counterparts. Moreover, CD177 overexpression significantly enhanced the transendothelial migration of Treg cells in vitro.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated that Treg cells with higher CD177 levels exhibited an enhanced activation status and transendothelial migration capacity. Our findings suggest that CD177 may serve as an immunotherapeutic target and that overexpression of CD177 may improve the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‐T) cell therapy.
Provenance and the U–Pb age constraints on the tuff beds of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Bazhenovo Formation, West Siberian Basin
Authors: Bulatov Timur , Yermakov Yakov , Kulikova Anna , Gareev Bulat , Spasennykh Mikhail
Published: April 2024

Thin tuff beds of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Bazhenovo Formation are laterally widespread in the central part of the West Siberian Basin (ca 0.5 million km2). However, the source of the tuff beds remains unclear. The stratigraphy, geochemistry and geochronology of the tuff beds were investigated to reveal their magmatic origin and potential source region. Most of the tuff beds are recorded in member 4 and can be correlated through the Bazhenovo sequence. Thin‐section petrography and X‐ray diffraction indicate that the tuffs mostly comprise clay minerals and K‐feldspars. Less common minerals are plagioclase, quartz and pyrite. The geochemical composition of the Bazhenovo tuff beds suggests a parental magma origin of andesite/basalt, which came from volcanic arc‐related settings. Considering the results of geochemical studies along with LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating (141.3 ± 0.3/2.8 Ma), the palaeovolcanoes of the Caucasus region or south‐east Mongolia–North‐East China are one of the potential source regions of the tuffs. The record of these tuffs indicates the intensive volcanic eruption during the Volgian–Ryazanian, accompanied by a very low‐sedimentation rate and preservation in a reducing environment. The tuff beds have broad implications as an isochronous marker horizon and constraints for the numerical age of the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary in the Boreal Realm.
Pre‐contact and post‐colonial ecological legacies shape Surinamese rainforests
Authors: Witteveen Nina H. , White Cheryl , Sánchez‐Martínez Barbara A. , Philip Annemarie , Boyd Femke , Booij Roemer , Christ Reyan , Singh Santosh , Gosling William D. , Piperno Dolores R. , McMichael Crystal N. H.
Published: April 2024

Disturbances in tropical forests can have long‐lasting ecological impacts, but their manifestations (ecological legacies) in modern forests are uncertain. Many Amazonian forests bear the mark of past soil modifications, species enrichments, and fire events, but the trajectories of ecological legacies from the pre‐contact or post‐colonial period remain relatively unexplored. We assessed the fire and vegetation history from 15 soil cores ranging from 0 to 10 km from a post‐colonial Surinamese archaeological site. We show that (1) fires occurred from 96 bc to recent times and induced significant vegetation change, (2) persistent ecological legacies from pre‐contact and post‐colonial fire and deforestation practices were mainly within 1 km of the archaeological site, and (3) palm enrichment of Attalea, Oenocarpus and Astrocaryum occurred within 0, 1, and 8 km of the archaeological site, respectively. Our results challenge the notion of spatially extensive and persistent ecological legacies. Instead, our data indicate that the persistence and extent of ecological legacies are dependent on their timing, frequency, type, and intensity. Examining the mechanisms and manifestations of ecological legacies is crucial in assessing forest resilience and Indigenous and local land rights in the highly threatened Amazonian forests.
Facile Synthesis of Hydroquinone Linked 3,3’‐Steroid Dimers via a Modified Mitsunobu Protocol
Authors: Klochowicz Patryk , Morzycki Jacek W. , Ramírez‐Lozano Claudia M. , Santillan Rosa , Czajkowska‐Szczykowska Dorota
Published: April 2024

A successful approach for the construction of steroid dimers with a hydroquinone linker under PBu3/TMAD/Et3N/toluene conditions is described. This study provided a new one‐step methodology for the design and synthesis of bis‐steroidal 1,4‐phenylene diethers using mild and effective reagents.
COVID‐19 response in a long‐term care facility for people with epilepsy
Authors: Delazer Luisa , Pressler Noah , Balestrini Simona , Xiao Fenglai , Clayton Lisa M. , Anders‐Cannon Jonny , Salvatierra Rebecca , Henry Ian , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Sander Josemir W. , Koepp Matthias J.
Published: April 2024

Objective

To assess asymptomatic rates and severity of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in people with epilepsy and their healthcare workers in a long‐term care facility which had implemented weekly surveillance testing between April 2020 and June 2022.

Methods

Questionnaires focused on objective and subjective COVID‐19 symptoms for people with epilepsy residing in and their healthcare workers at the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy in June 2022. Demographic information, comorbidities, and seizure frequency were gathered from medical records. We also collected responses on objective and subjective COVID‐19 symptoms from healthcare workers who participated in a prospective study assessing the reaction to COVID‐19 vaccinations (SAFER).

Results

Fifty‐five out of 89 (62%) residents tested positive at least once on weekly PCR testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 during the period of interest; 20 of those (37%) were asymptomatic. In comparison, of those 63 healthcare workers who tested positive at least once on weekly testing during the same period, only four (6%) were asymptomatic. Of the 159 healthcare workers who also participated in the SAFER study, 41 tested positive at least once, and seven (17%) were completely asymptomatic during infection with SARS‐CoV‐2.

Significance

People with epilepsy living in a long‐term care facility were more likely to present with asymptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infections than healthcare workers at the same facility. Despite possible bias in the reporting of subjective symptoms due to management‐by‐proxy, there is no evidence that vulnerable people living in an epilepsy long‐term care facility showed reduced resilience towards infections.

Plain Language Summary

People with epilepsy living in care home facilities had a surprisingly high degree of asymptomatic infections with SARS‐CoV‐2. Very few residents had severe or fatal outcomes. This is in stark contrast to the widely reported bad outcomes for people without epilepsy in other care homes. People with epilepsy reported significantly less symptoms than their healthcare workers. No changes in seizure frequency during or after infection were observed.
Atypical anorexia nervosa: A scoping review to determine priorities in research and clinical practice
Authors: Beard Jessica , Waller Glenn
Published: April 2024

Background

There is currently a limited understanding of the identification, nature, and treatment of Atypical Anorexia Nervosa (AAN). Recent systematic reviews have identified only small numbers of candidate papers, and some areas lack any meaningful review so far – particularly treatment outcomes. A key issue is the lack of clarity in the literature regarding the definition of weight loss criteria.

Objectives

This scoping review aimed to determine the nature and extent of our knowledge of AAN, in order to assist in the development of future systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, as well as indicating what further research is needed.

Method

Following the identification of 6747 records, 317 records using the term AAN or a defined equivalent were identified from six databases, including the ‘grey’ literature.

Results

Of the 317 studies, 111 provided participant characteristics, and only 10 provided discrete treatment outcomes. Each of these subsets of the data are tabulated and supported with supplementary material, so that future systematic reviewers can access this resource.

Discussion

The pattern and content of the existing studies allows recommendations to be made regarding future reviews, research and clinical practice. There is a particular need for clear weight/weight loss criteria and adequate interventions.
Optimizing fungal treatment of lignocellulosic agro‐industrial by‐products to enhance their nutritional value
Authors: Benaddou Mohamed , Hajjaj Hassan , Allali Aimad , Moubchir Tarik , Nait M’Barek Hasna , Nafidi Hiba‐Allah , Bin Jardan Yousef A. , Dabiellil Fakhreldeen , Bourhia Mohammed , Chakir Mariyem , Diouri Mohammed
Published: April 2024

This study delves into the dynamic interaction between various fungal strains, substrates, and treatment durations to optimize the nutritional value of these by‐products. Six fungi, including Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Penicillium crustosum, and Cosmospora viridescens, were evaluated across three substrates: wheat straw (WS), cedar sawdust (CW), and olive pomace (OP) over treatment periods of 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The study discerned profound impacts of these fungi across multiple parameters, including cellulose variation (C.var), lignin variation (L.var), and in vitro true digestibility variation (IVTD.var). Our results demonstrated that the various fungi had a significant effect on all parameters (p < .001). Noteworthy, F. oxysporum and F. solani emerged as exemplars, displaying notable lignin degradation, cellulose liberation, and IVTD enhancement. Importantly, P. crustosum demonstrated substantial cellulose degradation, exhibiting optimal efficacy in just 4 weeks for all substrates. Notably, F. sp. excelled, yielding favorable results when treating WS. P. chrysogenum achieved optimal outcomes with 8‐week treatment for WS. Both Fusarium sp. and P. chrysogenum exhibited slight cellulose release, with remarkable reduction of WS lignin compared to other substrates. Especially, WS and OP displayed superior digestibility enhancements relative to CW. It should be noted that the treatment duration further shaped these outcomes, as prolonged treatment (12 weeks) fostered greater benefits in lignin degradation and digestibility, albeit with concomitant cellulose degradation. These findings underscore the intricate balance between fungal strains, substrates, and treatment durations in optimizing the nutritional value of lignocellulosic agro‐industrial by‐products. The outcomes of this study lead to the enhancement in the overall value of by‐products, promoting sustainable livestock feed and advancing agricultural sustainability.
Efficiency, accuracy, and health professional's perspectives regarding artificial intelligence in radiology practice: A scoping review
Authors: He Chanchan , Liu Weiqi , Xu Jing , Huang Yao , Dong Zijie , Wu You , Kharrazi Hadi
Published: April 2024

In this scoping review, we evaluated the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical radiology practice and examined health professionals' perspectives regarding AI use in radiology. This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodological guidelines. We searched multiple databases and the gray literature from March 15, 2016 to December 31, 2023. Of 49 articles reviewed, 13 assessed the performance of AI in radiology clinical practice, and 36 examined the attitudes of health professionals toward the use of AI in radiology. In four separate studies, AI significantly improved the diagnostic sensitivity or detection rate. Furthermore, six articles emphasized a significant reduction in case reading times with AI use. Although three studies suggested an increase in specificity with the assistance of AI, these findings did not reach statistical significance. Health professionals expressed the belief that AI would have a significant impact on radiology but would not replace radiologists in the near future. Limited knowledge of AI was observed among health professionals, who supported increased education and explicit regulations and guidelines related to AI. Overall, AI can enhance diagnostic efficiency and accuracy in clinical radiology practice. However, knowledge gaps and the concerns of health professionals should be addressed by prioritizing education and reinforcing ethical and legal regulations to facilitate the advancement of AI use in radiology. This scoping review provides evidence toward a comprehensive understanding of AI's potential in clinical radiology practice, promoting its use and stimulating further discussion on related challenges and implications.
Perceptions, knowledge, and perceived barriers to practicing evidence‐based medicine among pharmacists in Japanese community hospitals: A cross‐sectional multicenter survey
Authors: Enomoto Kiichi , Hashi Hideki , Jackevicius Cynthia A. , Nakagawa Sari , Ozaki Aya F.
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) skills are required for pharmacists. However, the current status of EBM skills and its education in Japanese pharmacists remains unknown.

Objectives

We investigated the perceptions, knowledge, and barriers for EBM in Japanese pharmacists.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of pharmacists employed by four community hospitals in Japan. A questionnaire including 55 questions to evaluate pharmacists' perceptions, knowledge, exposure, access, terminology, and barriers for EBM was developed based on our previous research.

Results

The questionnaire was provided to 70 pharmacists and the response rate was 90% (n = 63). Regarding the 5As (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess) skills, only 30.2% of pharmacists were confident in their skills for Ask, 17.5% for Acquire, 19.0% for Appraise, 34.9% for Apply, and 25.4% for Assess. Additionally, although less than 20% of pharmacists felt comfortable teaching EBM to pharmacy residents and were confident to explain to others any EBM‐related terms, more than 90% of the pharmacists recognized the importance of EBM education for patient care. Furthermore, they reported many barriers to EBM, such as skills, statistical knowledge, training, English, and opportunities to practice EBM.

Conclusion

Although most Japanese pharmacists in this study were not confident in their EBM skills and in teaching them, they acknowledged the importance of EBM. Our study suggests that providing EBM training, and the clinical roles and responsibilities could address the identified barriers, such as, lack of skills, knowledge, and opportunities to practice EBM, and pharmacists could better embrace EBM in their practice to optimize patient care.
Prenatal diagnosis of cardiac papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve: A report of two cases
Authors: Tekin Sinem , Öcal Aydın
Published: April 2024

In our perinatology service, we observed two cases of cardiac papillary fibroelastoma in fetuses. This case‐report focused on assessing the prenatal diagnosis and outcome of these two fetal cases in which cardiac fibroelastoma was initially identified via fetal echocardiography and subsequently confirmed by histopathological analysis.
Management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in CALR mutated post‐essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A case report
Authors: Cheekati Mahija , Siu KarLeung , Ochs Rachel
Published: April 2024

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) results from the loss of erythrocyte surface proteins, leading to complement activation and its spectrum of effects. We explore this case of a 57‐year‐old man with post‐essential thrombocythemia (ET) myelofibrosis (MF) who developed symptomatic anemia with evidence of hemolysis on lab work. While hemolysis was localized to be intramedullary based on workup, the exact diagnosis was undetermined, leading to a prolonged course of steroid therapy to control anemia. The hemolysis was eventually attributed to PNH diagnosed on flow cytometry and the patient was treated with complement inhibitors with eventual failure of therapy. He ultimately underwent a successful hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) with post‐transplantation flow cytometry showing complete resolution of PNH. While PNH has been identified as a progression of myelodysplastic syndromes, the mechanisms of its rare development in myeloproliferative neoplasms are poorly elucidated. Furthermore, its rarity and often vague symptoms make diagnosis and treatment a challenge. This is the second reported case of a JAK2‐negative, CALR‐positive post‐ET MF and the first reported case to be treated with HCT. This case probes for further insight into the clinical significance between MF and PNH, its impact on management, and further consideration for HCT as curative therapy in such patients who fail complement inhibitor therapy.
The role of financial constraints in firm transition—Evidence from Indian manufacturing
Authors: Rabbani Golam , Raj S N Rajesh
Published: April 2024

In developing countries' manufacturing, the prevalence of small firms poses a conundrum, as few successfully transition to larger categories. Scholarly attention to the reasons behind this limited upward mobility remains scarce. This study, focusing on Indian manufacturing, explores the role of limited financial access as a significant obstacle hindering small firms' transition. Analysing data spanning 2001–2016, encompassing both formal and informal firms, we find robust evidence that access to finance is crucial for small firm transition in Indian manufacturing. The findings are robust to alternate specifications and methods, and also to concerns arising from reverse causality.
Effect of electron beam irradiation on raw goat milk: microbiological, physicochemical and protein structural analysis
Authors: Wen Chunlu , Peng Yue , Zhang Linlu , Chen Ya , Yu Jiangtao , Bai Junqing , Yang Kui , Ding Wu
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Goat milk is considered a nutritionally superior resource, owing to its advantageous nutritional attributes. Nevertheless, it is susceptible to spoilage and the persistence of pathogens. Electron beam irradiation stands as a promising non‐thermal processing technique capable of prolonging shelf life with minimal residue and a high degree of automation.

RESULTS

The effects of electron beam irradiation (2, 3, 5, and 7 kGy) on microorganisms, physicochemical properties, and protein structure of goat milk compared with conventional pasteurized goat milk (PGM) was evaluated. It was found that a 2 kGy electron beam irradiation reduces the total microbial count of goat milk by 6‐logs, and the irradiated goat milk protein secondary structure showed a significant decrease in ɑ‐helix content. Low irradiation doses led to microaggregation and crosslinking. In contrast, high doses (≥ 5 kGy) slightly disrupted the aggregates and decreased the particle size, disrupting the microscopic surface structure of goat milk, verified by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy.

CONCLUSION

The irradiation of goat milk with a 2 kGy electron beam may effectively inactivate harmful microorganisms in the milk and maintain/or improve the physicochemical quality and protein structure of goat milk compared to thermal pasteurization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Elective Surgery Trends and Outcomes of Nonagenarians and Centenarians in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery: A NSQIP Study
Authors: Srinivasan Yashes , Briano Juan , Czaja Sara , Lachs Mark S. , Rosen Anthony E. , Stewart Michael G. , Rameau Anaïs
Published: April 2024

Objective

To describe types and outcomes of elective otolaryngological surgeries undergone by patients ≥90 years of age and to assess whether very old age is an independent risk factor for postsurgical complications and death.

Methods

The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, a validated national prospective surgical outcomes database, was used to identify all patients aged 65 years and older who underwent elective otolaryngological procedures from 2011 to 2020. Study outcomes included minor complications, major life‐threatening complications, and 30‐day mortality. Predictors of outcomes, including frailty, were identified using univariable analyses and age was added into the final logistic regression models with stepwise selection.

Results

A total of 40,723 patients met inclusion criteria; 629 (1.5%) patients were ≥90 years of age. Of the 63,389 procedures, head and neck (67.6%) and facial plastics and reconstructive (15.0%) procedures were most common. The overall incidence of major life‐threatening complications, minor complications, and death was 2.0%, 3.5%, and 0.4%, respectively. Age ≥90 was significantly associated with an increased risk for 30‐day mortality, but not with major or minor postoperative complications. A high modified frailty index was significantly associated with an increased risk for major postoperative complications and death amongst patients ≥90 years.

Conclusions

Elective otolaryngological surgery can be safe in relatively healthy nonagenarians and centenarians, though there is a small increased risk of 30‐day mortality. Although older age can predispose patients to other comorbidities, age alone should not deter surgeons and patients from considering elective otolaryngological procedures. Frailty may be a better predictor for surgical outcomes.

Level of Evidence

IV Laryngoscope, 134:3989–3996, 2024
Photonic Spin‐Hall Logic Devices Based on Programmable Spoof Plasmonic Metamaterial
Authors: Jiang Zhao Qi , Li Wen Jia , Xu Zhi Xia , Tang Hua Wei , Wang Meng , Chang Jie , Ma Hui Feng , Li Yu Xiang , Zhu Zheng , Guan Chun Ying , Zhang Shuang , Shi Jin Hui
Published: April 2024

The entanglement of the momentum of light with its spin at interfaces or inside structured media, known as the photonic spin‐Hall effect, holds great promise for various applications, such as beam splitting, focusing, and polarization detection. However, the photonic spin‐Hall effect remains unexplored in the field of logic operation. In this work, the photonic spin‐Hall effect of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) in programmable metamaterial is demonstrated. Moreover, photonic spin‐Hall logic devices based on programmable spoof plasmonic metamaterial are designed, enabling the control of energy flow through the utilization of both spin and digital coding, with examples including SSPPs logic gates such as the “AND” gate, the “NIMPLY” gate (A AND NOT B), the “OR” gate, and the “NOT” gate. The findings introduce the combination of digital coding metamaterial with the photonic spin Hall effect, which offers a powerful and flexible platform for controlling electromagnetic waves in information processing.