bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A structural analysis of the Washita Valley Fault in the southeast Anadarko Basin
Authors: Turko Molly , Tapp Bryan
Published: October 2020

We propose that the Washita Valley Fault in the southeast Anadarko Basin originated when Precambrian-Cambrian preexisting rift-related faults became reactivated as a rotational stress field reached a favorable orientation for strike-slip displacement. During the Early to Middle Pennsylvanian, contractional deformation dominated as a Precambrian-Cambrian failed rift underwent structural inversion along a northeast-directed stress field. Structures that developed in the basin consisted primarily of thin-skinned fold-thrust structures resulting from slip along two main detachment levels. By the Late Pennsylvanian, stress rotated toward the east–northeast causing left-lateral strike-slip displacement along east–west-oriented structures. During this time, the Washita Valley Fault originated from an east–west-oriented preexisting basement fault. The Washita Valley Fault formed as a near-vertical segment cutting through the earlier fold-thrust structures. Movement was accompanied by oblique normal slip allowing grabens to develop that were subsequently filled with Virgilian-age sediment. A left step of the Washita Valley Fault allowed for a significant graben to develop near the east end of the study area resulting in a thick Virgilian-age growth section validating the timing of the fault movement. The Wichita Mountain Fault also underwent a component of left-lateral strike-slip displacement during the Late Pennsylvanian highlighting its continuous movement and deformation history in a rotating stress field. Although much of the published literature on the Washita Valley Fault is limited to the Arbuckle Uplift, our study documents its subsurface architecture, timing, and structural history in the southeast Anadarko Basin using a modern 3D seismic data set in relation to evolving Pennsylvanian tectonics.
Acute behavioural disturbance: a physical emergency psychiatrists need to understand
Authors: Stevenson Richard , Tracy Derek K.
Published: October 2020

The phenomenon of acute behavioural disturbance (ABD) (also known as acute behavioural disorder or excited delirium) is an underrecognised and potentially life-threatening syndrome, and an emergency in psychiatric settings. Causes are discussed and the pathophysiology explained. The challenges faced by practitioners are highlighted, including how ‘standard’ control and restraint can exacerbate symptoms. Initial treatment strategies are suggested.
Origin of the World Conferences on Sampling and Blending (WCSB)
Authors: Francois-Bongarcon Dominique , Vann John , Esbensen Kim
Published: October 2020

We answer the question “Exactly how did the World Conference of Sampling and Blending originate?” With WCSB 10 approaching, “three fellows” decided to do something about this. It turned out to be quite a detective story spanning 20+ years, three continents, many obsolete PC platforms and searching through several thousands of old e-mails. The story, as told here by Messieurs Francois-Bongarcon, Vann and Esbensen, is a tour-de-force of the pre- and very early history of the WCSB institution.
The legacy of Charles Oliver Ingamells (1916–1994)
Authors: Pitard Francis
Published: October 2020

Charles Oliver Ingamells passed away in April 1994 at age 77. Ingamells received his BA at the University of Western Ontario and his MS at the University of Minnesota. During his later years in his retirement home in Florida he was a faithful representative of a group of well-known world experts in Sampling Theory, such as Pierre M. Gy, Francis F. Pitard, Jan Visman, Paul Switzer at Stanford University and J.C. Engels at the US Geological Survey and the Linus Pauling Institute in Menlo Park, California. His association with Francis F. Pitard during several years at Amax Extractive Research & Development in Colorado has added to a unique combination of different experiences in the field of geochemical analysis. His pioneering work in the field of geological sampling led to collaboration with the above experts.
High-resolution PAT monitoring of sample preparation grinding by accelerometer sensors: the key to ensuring accuracy and long-term consistency
Authors: Lischka Martin , Mehling André
Published: October 2020

Industrial operations are often based on critical quality measures obtained for technical process control and/or to determine the value of raw materials and product streams. Process Analytical Technology (PAT) monitoring is applied to characterise, for example, raw materials, semi-finished as well as finished products. There is an active interest in approaches for “smart” online, real-time industrial sensor applications, especially where industrial operations involve high sample throughput and/or may involve hazardous substances demanding automation. State-of-the-art sample preparation procedures and equipment can deliver key performances indicators, often supplemented by sensor data that are used as proxy quality measures which helps to ensure measurement representativity and optimal process/product control. We here illustrate this industrial front-line arena by an example in which PAT accelerometer data are used for real-time monitoring of the efficiency of the automated grinding sample preprocessing process.
Principles of gas sampling: TOS with critical challenges
Authors: Larsen Anders , Esbensen Kim
Published: October 2020

Sampling and analysis of materials in the gas phase is not covered in general sampling standards and guides, due to the complex nature of the subject matter. Most gas-phase materials exist in the region from ambient temperatures (~300 K) to combustion temperatures typically around ~1200 K. Common to both temperature range margins, though predominantly for hot gases, is the fact that continuous reactions often take place in material that is moving at high speeds, presenting less than trivial challenges to conventional Theory of Sampling (TOS). The purposes of representative gas sampling are many, but three standard cases are presented, covering the most dominating scenarios met with in science, technology and industry.
Relationship between immediate postpartum umbilical cord pH, fetal distress and neonatal outcome
Authors: Syed Wajeeha , Liaqat Nazia , Qazi Qudsia , Yasmin Sumaira
Published: October 2020

Objectives: To determine relationship between immediate postpartum umbilical cord pH, fetal distress and neonatal outcome

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, from January 2019 to July 2019. This study included 27 full-term pregnant women who had abnormal CTG during the active or latent phase of labour. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0.

Results: Out of 27, most patients 13 (48.14%) were in the age group 20-25 years,11 (40.74%) to 26-30 years and 3 (11.11%) belonged to 31-35 years of age group. CTG abnormalities were severe bradycardia, late deccelerations and persistent variable deccelerations with loss of baseline variability. Of all delivered babies, 21 (77%) babies had birth weight<3.5 kg and 6 (22%) had >3.5 kg birth weight. 20 (74.07%) had acidosis (pH <7.2) at the time of birth, of which one had severe hypoxemia and acidosis with pH 6.85. APGAR score at 0 minutes showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.818, p= <0.001) with cord pH, while APGAR at five minutes was also strongly correlated (r= 773, p=<0.001). Of all babies 18(66.66%) with PH less than 7.2 were admitted in NICU while only 2 babies with PH more than 7.2 were admitted. (p value= 0.005).

Conclusion: Low umbilical cord pH values of babies born by cesarean section (for fetal distress) are strongly correlated with low APGAR score at birth and higher rates of NICU admission.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2536

How to cite this:Syed W, Liaqat N, Qazi Q, Yasmeen S. Relationship between immediate postpartum umbilical cord pH, fetal distress and neonatal outcome. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1529-1532. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2536

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The kite flap for reconstructing tumour excision wounds in the middle and lower face: a retrospective study
Authors: Yan Ma , Xiaobo Zhou , Zhaoqi Yuan , Xiuxia Wang , Rui Jin , Fei Liu , Jun Chen , Xusong Luo , Jun Yang , Di Sun
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The aim of this study was to present our experience with a kite flap in reconstruction of facial wounds after malignant tumour excision.

Method:

From October 2008 to September 2017, patients with facial malignant tumour were treated in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Bazhou People's Hospital with kite flaps after complete excision. The survival rate, colour, cicatrix of the flap and patient satisfaction were recorded after surgery.

Results:

A total of 95 patients were included in the study. During follow-up, from six months to 8 years, all the kite flaps achieved primary closure and survived well, and the colour and texture were similar to the surrounding skin with no obvious scar. Dysfunction, complications and recurrence had not been reported.

Conclusion:

The kite flap may be a good option in reconstructing facial wounds after malignant tumour excision (diameters 1–5cm). It is a simple surgical method with sufficient blood supply and extensive adaptability. For patients in this study, no obvious scars were formed and the recipient site matched well with the donor site.
Lyophilised tilapia skin as a xenograft for superficial partial thickness burns: a novel preparation and storage technique
Authors: Júnior Edmar Maciel Lima , de Moraes Filho Manoel Odorico , Costa Bruno Almeida , Alves Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes , de Moraes Maria Elisabete Amaral , do Nascimento Uchôa Alex Marques , Martins Camila Barroso , de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira Tereza , Rodrigues Felipe Augusto Rocha , Paier Carlos Roberto Koscky , Lima Felipe Crescencio , Júnior Francisco Raimundo Silva
Published: October 2020

Despite a considerable decrease in its incidence worldwide, burns remain the fourth most common type of trauma. The majority of burns are small, with 75% of injuries treated on an outpatient basis. Tilapia skin, as a biological material, has been suggested as an option for the management of burn wounds. After good results were obtained with the use of a glycerolised version of tilapia skin in burned children and adults, it was hypothesised that similar outcomes could be achieved with the use of a lyophilised version of tilapia skin. We report the case of a 33-year-old female patient with scalds to the upper abdomen, and both breasts, arms and forearms. Involvement of 10% of total body surface area with superficial partial thickness burns was calculated. The good adherence of tilapia skin to the wound bed, a 10-day period for complete re-epithelialisation of the wounds and the absence of side effects suggested that the lyophilised version of tilapia skin is effective for burn treatment. Compared with glycerolisation, lyophilisation is thought to permit extended storage of sterile tissue and decreased costs related to distribution and transport, but further studies are needed to confirm this.
The efficacy of onion extract in the management of subsequent abdominal hypertrophic scar formation
Authors: Güngör Emre Sinan , Güzel Duygu , Zebitay Ali Galip , İlhan Gülşah , Verit Fatma Ferda
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Development of postoperative scars is often a problem. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of gel containing Allium cepa extract, allantoin and heparin (Contractubex, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) in reducing scarring after a caesarean section by comparing it with a control group, and also intra-individually, using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS).

Method:

A total of 120 patients who underwent a second elective caesarean delivery and who presented with hypertrophic scar development after their first caesarean section were included in the study. A scar revision was performed for all patients during the second caesarean operation. Patients in the study group (n=60) were advised to apply the topical scar gel postoperatively for a period of 6 months. The control group (n=60) received no treatment.

Results:

Significant reductions were observed in the vascularity, pigmentation and height subgroups of the VSS for those in the group who continued the treatment to 24 weeks. An intra-individual analysis showed that the gel effectively reduced scarring after the second caesarean section.

Conclusion:

The prophylactic use of the gel to reduce scar development offers better results for vascularity, pigmentation and height subscales of the VSS after surgical removal of the primary caesarean scar during the second caesarean section. The results were better both intra-individually, and also in comparison with the control group and support the use of a gel containing Allium cepa extract, allantoin and heparin to reduce scarring after a caesarean section.
Tablet or Paper and Pen? Examining Mode Effects on German Elementary School Students’ Computation Skills with Curriculum-Based Measurements
Authors: Blumenthal Stefan , Blumenthal Yvonne
Published: October 2020

Progress monitoring of academic achievement is an essential element to prevent learning disorders. A prominent approach is curriculum-based measurement (CBM). Various studies have documented positive effects of CBM on students’ achievement. Nevertheless, the use of CBM is associated with additional work for teachers. The use of tablets may be of help here. Yet, although many advantages of computer- or tablet-based assessments are being discussed in the literature (e. g. innovative item formats, adaptive testing, automated scoring and feedback), there are still concerns regarding the comparability of different assessment modes (paper-pencil vs. tablet). In the study presented, we analyze the CBM data of 98 fourth graders. They processed the exact same computation items once with paper and pen and once in a tablet application. The analyses point to comparable results in the test modes, although some significant deviations can be found at item level. In addition, the children report perceived benefits when working with the tablet.
Developing a core outcome set for paediatric wrist fractures: a systematic review of prior outcomes
Authors: Crosby Benjamin Thomas , Behbahani Abolfazl , Olujohungbe Olivia , Cottam Ben , Perry Daniel
Published: October 2020

Objectives

This review aims to summarize the outcomes used to describe effectiveness of treatments for paediatric wrist fractures within existing literature.

Method

We searched the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Ovid Medline for studies pertaining to paediatric wrist fractures. Three authors independently identified and reviewed eligible studies. This resulted in a list of outcome domains and outcomes measures used within clinical research. Outcomes were mapped onto domains defined by the COMET collaborative.

Results

Our search terms identified 4,262 different papers. Screening of titles excluded 2,975, leaving 1,287 papers to be assessed for eligibility. Of this 1,287, 30 studies were included for full analysis. Overall, five outcome domains, 16 outcome measures, and 28 measurement instruments were identified as outcomes within these studies. 24 studies used at least one measurement pertaining to the physiological/clinical outcome domain. The technical, life impact, and adverse effect domains were recorded in 23, 20, and 11 of the studies respectively. Within each domain it was common for different measurement instruments to be used to assess each outcome measure. The most commonly reported outcome measures were range of movement, a broad array of “radiological measures” and pain intensity, which were used in 24, 23, and 12 of the 30 studies.

Conclusion

This study highlights the heterogeneity in outcomes reported within clinical effectiveness studies of paediatric wrist fractures. We provided an overview of the types of outcomes reported in paediatric wrist fracture studies and identified a list of potentially relevant outcomes required for the development of a core outcome set.
Sustaining a national surgical training programme during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Das De Soumen , Puhaindran Mark E. , Sechachalam Sreedharan , Wong Kevin Jian Hao , Chong Chew Wei , Chin Andrew Yuan Hui
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted all segments of daily life, with the healthcare sector being at the forefront of this upheaval. Unprecedented efforts have been taken worldwide to curb this ongoing global catastrophe that has already resulted in many fatalities. One of the areas that has received little attention amid this turmoil is the disruption to trainee education, particularly in specialties that involve acquisition of procedural skills. Hand surgery in Singapore is a standalone combined programme that relies heavily on dedicated cross-hospital rotations, an extensive didactic curriculum and supervised hands-on training of increasing complexity. All aspects of this training programme have been affected because of the cancellation of elective surgical procedures, suspension of cross-hospital rotations, redeployment of residents, and an unsustainable duty roster. There is a real concern that trainees will not be able to meet their training requirements and suffer serious issues like burnout and depression. The long-term impact of suspending training indefinitely is a severe disruption of essential medical services. This article examines the impact of a global pandemic on trainee education in a demanding surgical speciality. We have outlined strategies to maintain trainee competencies based on the following considerations: 1) the safety and wellbeing of trainees is paramount; 2) resource utilization must be thoroughly rationalized; 3) technology and innovative learning methods must supplant traditional teaching methods; and 4) the changes implemented must be sustainable. We hope that these lessons will be valuable to other training programs struggling to deliver quality education to their trainees, even as we work together to battle this global catastrophe.
Spinal surgery and related management on patients with COVID-19: experience of a regional medical centre in Wuhan
Authors: Hua Wenbin , Zhang Yukun , Wu Xinghuo , Gao Yong , Yang Cao
Published: October 2020

During the pandemic of COVID-19, some patients with COVID-19 may need emergency surgeries. As spine surgeons, it is our responsibility to ensure appropriate treatment to the patients with COVID-19 and spinal diseases. A protocol for spinal surgery and related management on patients with COVID-19 has been reviewed. Patient preparation for emergency surgeries, indications, and contraindications of emergency surgeries, operating room preparation, infection control precautions and personal protective equipments (PPE), anesthesia management, intraoperative procedures, postoperative management, medical waste disposal, and surveillance of healthcare workers were reviewed. It should be safe for surgeons with PPE of protection level 2 to perform spinal surgeries on patients with COVID-19. Standardized and careful surgical procedures should be necessary to reduce the exposure to COVID-19.
Protecting healthcare workers from COVID-19: learning from variation in practice and policy identified through a global cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hussain Zaamin B. , Shoman Haitham , Yau Peter W. P , Thevendran Gowreeson , Randelli Filippo , Zhang Mingzhu , Kocher Mininder S. , Norrish Alan , Khanduja Vikas
Published: October 2020

Aims

The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented burden on global healthcare systems, and existing infrastructures must adapt and evolve to meet the challenge. With health systems reliant on the health of their workforce, the importance of protection against disease transmission in healthcare workers (HCWs) is clear. This study collated responses from several countries, provided by clinicians familiar with practice in each location, to identify areas of best practice and policy so as to build consensus of those measures that might reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 to HCWs at work.

Methods

A cross-sectional descriptive survey was designed with ten open and closed questions and sent to a representative sample. The sample was selected on a convenience basis of 27 senior surgeons, members of an international surgical society, who were all frontline workers in the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was reported according to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist.

Results

Responses were received by all 27 surgeons from 22 countries across six continents. A number of the study respondents reported COVID-19-related infection and mortality in HCWs in their countries. Differing areas of practice and policy were identified and organized into themes including the specification of units receiving COVID-19 patients, availability and usage of personal protective equipment (PPE), other measures to reduce staff exposure, and communicating with and supporting HCWs. Areas more specific to surgery also identified some variation in practice and policy in relation to visitors to the hospital, the outpatient department, and in the operating room for both non-urgent and emergency care.

Conclusion

COVID-19 presents a disproportionate risk to HCWs, potentially resulting in a diminished health system capacity, and consequently an impairment to population health. Implementation of these recommendations at an international level could provide a framework to reduce this burden.
Personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 crisis: a snapshot and recommendations from the frontline of a university teaching hospital
Authors: Key Thomas , Mathai Naveen J. , Venkatesan Aakaash Sethuraman , Farnell Damian , Mohanty Khitish
Published: October 2020

Aims

The adequate provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers has come under considerable scrutiny during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate staff awareness of PPE guidance, perceptions of PPE measures, and concerns regarding PPE use while caring for COVID-19 patients. In addition, responses of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals (OHCPs) were compared.

Methods

The inclusion criteria were all staff working in clinical areas of the hospital. Staff were invited to take part using a link to an online questionnaire advertised by email, posters displayed in clinical areas, and social media. Questions grouped into the three key themes - staff awareness, perceptions, and concerns - were answered using a five-point Likert scale. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare results across all three groups of staff.

Results

Overall, 315 staff took part in our study. There was a high awareness of PPE guidance at 84.4%, but only 52.4% of staff reported adequate PPE provision. 67.9% were still keen to come to work, despite very high levels of anxiety relating to contracting COVID-19 despite wearing PPE. Doctors had significantly higher ratings for questions relating to PPE awareness compared to other staff groups, while nursing staff and OHCPs had significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to doctors in relation to PPE and contracting COVID-19 (p < 0.05 using a Kruskal-Wallis test).

Conclusion

We believe four recommendations are key to improve PPE measures and decrease anxiety: 1) nominated ward/department PPE champions; 2) anonymized reporting for PPE concerns; 3) formal PPE education sessions; and 4) drop-in counselling sessions for staff. We hope the insight and recommendations from this study can improve the PPE situation and maintain the health and wellbeing of the clinical work force, in order to care for COVID-19 patients safely and effectively.
Comparison of medical comorbidities in Medicare patients treated by orthopaedic surgeons and neurosurgeons throughout the USA
Authors: Beschloss Alexander , Mueller John , Caldwell Jon-Michael E , Ha Alex , Lombardi Joseph M , Ozturk Ali , Lehman Ronald , Saifi Comron
Published: October 2020

Aims

Medical comorbidities are a critical factor in the decision-making process for operative management and risk-stratification. The Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCC) risk adjustment model is a powerful measure of illness severity for patients treated by surgeons. The HCC is utilized by Medicare to predict medical expenditure risk and to reimburse physicians accordingly. HCC weighs comorbidities differently to calculate risk. This study determines the prevalence of medical comorbidities and the average HCC score in Medicare patients being evaluated by neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeon, as well as a subset of academic spine surgeons within both specialities, in the USA.

Methods

The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Database, which is based on data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ National Claims History Standard Analytic Files, was analyzed for this study. Every surgeon who submitted a valid Medicare Part B non-institutional claim during the 2013 calendar year was included in this study. This database was queried for medical comorbidities and HCC scores of each patient who had, at minimum, a single office visit with a surgeon. This data included 21,204 orthopaedic surgeons and 4,372 neurosurgeons across 54 states/territories in the USA.

Results

Orthopaedic surgeons evaluated patients with a mean HCC of 1.21, while neurosurgeons evaluated patients with a mean HCC of 1.34 (p < 0.05). The rates of specific comorbidities in patients seen by orthopaedic surgeons/neurosurgeons is as follows: Ischemic heart disease (35%/39%), diabetes (31%/33%), depression (23%/31%), chronic kidney disease (19%/23%), and heart failure (17%/19%).

Conclusion

Nationally, comorbidity rate and HCC value for these Medicare patients are higher than national averages for the US population, with ischemic heart disease being six-times higher, diabetes two-times higher, depression three- to four-times higher, chronic kidney disease three-times higher, and heart failure nine-times higher among patients evaluated by orthopaedic surgeons and neurosurgeons. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-6:257–260.
Fractured neck of femur: a review of three seminal papers and their implications to clinical management
Authors: Lewis Peter M. , Waddell James P.
Published: October 2020

It is unusual, if not unique, for three major research papers concerned with the management of the fractured neck of femur (FNOF) to be published in a short period of time, each describing large prospective randomized clinical trials. These studies were conducted in up to 17 countries worldwide, involving up to 80 surgical centers and include large numbers of patients (up to 2,900) with FNOF. Each article investigated common clinical dilemmas; the first paper comparing total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for FNOF, the second as to whether ‘fast track’ care offers improved clinical outcomes and the third, compares sliding hip with multiple cancellous hip screws. Each paper has been deemed of sufficient quality and importance to warrant publication in The Lancet or the New England Journal of Medicine. Although ‘premier’ journals, they only occationally contain orthopaedic studies and thus may not be routinely read by the busy orthopaedic/surgical clinician of any grade. It is therefore our intention with this present article to accurately summarize and combine the results of all three papers, presenting, in our opinion, the most important clinically relevant facts.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-6:198–202.
Orthopaedic surgery in a time of COVID-19
Authors: Lazizi Mohamed , Marusza Christopher J. , Sexton Shaun A. , Middleton Rory G.
Published: October 2020

Aims

Elective surgery has been severely curtailed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is little evidence to guide surgeons in assessing what processes should be put in place to restart elective surgery safely in a time of endemic COVID-19 in the community.

Methods

We used data from a stand-alone hospital admitting and operating on 91 trauma patients. All patients were screened on admission and 100% of patients have been followed-up after discharge to assess outcome.

Results

Overall, 87 (96%) patients remained symptom-free and recovered well following surgery. Four (4%) patients developed symptoms of COVID-19, with polymerase chain reaction ribonucleiuc acid (PCR-RNA) testing confirming infection.

Conclusion

Based on our findings, we propose that if careful cohorting and screening is carried out in a stand-alone cold operating site, it is reasonable to resume elective operating, in a time of endemic but low community prevalence of SAR-Cov2. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-6:229–235.
Implementing non-scalar diffraction in Fourier optics via the Braunbek method
Authors: Harness Anthony
Published: October 2020

Fourier optics is a powerful and efficient tool for solving many diffraction problems, but relies on the assumption of scalar diffraction theory and ignores the three-dimensional structure and material properties of the diffracting element. Recent experiments of sub-scale starshade external occulters revealed that the inclusion of these physical properties is necessary to explain the observed diffraction at 10−10 of the incident light intensity. Here, we present a methodology for implementing non-scalar diffraction while maintaining the efficiency and ease of standard Fourier optics techniques. Our methodology is based on that of Braunbek, in which the Kirchhoff boundary values are replaced with the exact field in a narrow seam surrounding the edge of the diffracting element. In this paper, we derive the diffraction equations used to implement non-scalar diffraction and outline the computational implementation used to solve those equations. We also provide experimental results that demonstrate our model can replicate the observational signatures of non-scalar diffraction in sub-scale starshades, in effect validating our model to better than 10−10 in relative intensity. We believe this method to be an efficient tool for including additional physics to the models of coronagraphs and other optical systems in which a full electromagnetic solution is intractable.
Impact of angular pointing error on BER performance of underwater optical wireless links
Authors: Boluda-Ruiz Rubén , García-Zambrana Antonio , Castillo-Vázquez Beatriz , Hranilovic Steve
Published: October 2020

Even in clear ocean water, underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is impaired not only by absorption and scattering, but also by oceanic turbulence and dynamic pointing errors which result in a fading channel, degrading the bit error rate (BER) performance. In this paper, for the first time, we quantify analytically the trade-off between geometric loss and misalignment in underwater scattering channels. A novel geometric loss model is developed which is used to compute the average BER in the presence of absorption and scattering over salinity-induced oceanic turbulence channels. Our findings suggest that UOWC systems are less sensitive to angular pointing errors due to jitter since scattering is able to alleviate such a fading effect at the expense of a higher attenuation due to geometric spread. Monte Carlo simulation results are further included to verify the developed BER expression which is valid over a wide range of signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). Finally, the impact of inter-symbol interference (ISI) is also quantified by measuring the optical power penalty.
Parallel Monte Carlo simulation algorithm for the spectral reflectance and transmittance of the wind-generated bubble layers in the upper ocean using CUDA
Authors: Yang Yu , Guo Lixin
Published: October 2020

The parallel Monte Carlo software CUDAMCML used in the bio-optics field was developed by Erik Alerstam et al. (J. Biomed. Opt., 13, 060504, 2008) based on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and can simulate light transport in multilayered media. In the present study, CUDAMCML is extended to form the new program CUDAMCML-OCEAN using the average sampling method. This new program can handle multiple types of particle seawater containing elements such as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and bubbles. The accuracy and speedup of the new program are analyzed. The results show that when the parameters are set appropriately, the speedup of CUDAMCML-OCEAN is more than 200 times compared with serial code. And the accuracies of the spectral reflectance and transmittance all reached a satisfactory level for different wind speeds and chlorophyll concentrations.
Long-range remote focusing by image-plane aberration correction
Authors: Jiang Hehai , Wang Chenmao , Wei Bowen , Gan Wenbiao , Cai Dawen , Cui Meng
Published: October 2020

Laser scanning plays an important role in a broad range of applications. Toward 3D aberration-free scanning, a remote focusing technique has been developed for high-speed imaging applications. However, the implementation of remote focusing often suffers from a limited axial scan range as a result of unknown aberration. Through simple analysis, we show that the sample-to-image path length conservation is crucially important to the remote focusing performance. To enhance the axial scan range, we propose and demonstrate an image-plane aberration correction method. Using a static correction, we can effectively improve the focus quality over a large defocusing range. Experimentally, we achieved ∼three times greater defocusing range than that of conventional methods. This technique can broadly benefit the implementations of high-speed large-volume 3D imaging.
Reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with mismatched-basis statistics
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Liu Hongwei , Wang Jipeng , Yang Shunyu , Dou Tianqi , Qu Wenxiu , Zhou Fen , Huang Yuqing , Sun Zhongqi , Han Yanxin , Miao Guoxing , Ma Haiqiang
Published: October 2020

The source flaw associated with the basis vector in the reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-MDI-QKD) has not been systematically studied. As a result, it is often assumed that bit error is equal to phase error, which is not theoretically rigorous. Here, we propose a postprocessing method to estimate the phase error rate from the discarded mismatched-basis statistics, where the qubit source does not need to be characterized in detail. The source flaw in the basis vector of the RFI-MDI-QKD protocol can thus be corrected using this method. The numerical simulation results clearly demonstrate that the RFI-MDI-QKD protocol with uncharacterized sources is also insensitive to the misalignment of the reference frame.
Influence of linear permittivity on thermally-induced nonlinear optical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films: the visible range
Authors: Abu-Safe Husam H.
Published: October 2020

In this study, the influence of the linear permittivity on the thermally-induced nonlinear optical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films was investigated in the visible range, namely at 405, 532, and 650 nm. The strength of the nonlinear response in the films at these wavelengths represented by the thermal nonlinear index of refraction (

n
2

t
h

) and the absorption coefficients (β) magnitudes followed dispersive changes in the films’ permittivity function. These changes were dominantly scattering events within the films, which strongly influenced the nonlinear absorption behavior alternating between saturable absorber and reverse saturable absorber trend. In this research, the results and qualitative description of this relationship are presented.
PENINGKATAN KINERJA HIJAU MELALUI RETROFITTING STUDI KASUS : PEKERJAAN PENGUBAHSUAIAN BANGUNAN PIP2B DIY
Authors: Arthasari Ani Hastuti
Published: October 2020

Permasalahan yang terjadi di hampir semua negara adalah kemiskinan, kesenjangan sosial dan lingkungan. Di sisi lain, pembangunan terus dilakukan untuk mendukung semua kegiatan kehidupan manusia. Arsitektur sebagai ilmu perancangan dapat berperan dalam mengarahkan pembangunan agar dalam proses perancangan dan pelaksanaannya dapat menciptakan harmonisasi ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan. Pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan juga didukung oleh pemerintah pada level kebijakan berupa Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor 02/PRT/M/2015 Tentang Bangunan Gedung Hijau. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan konsep bangunan hijau pada kegiatan pengubahsuaian (retrofitting) Bangunan Kantor Pusat Informasi Pengembangan Pemukiman dan Bangunan yang dinilai dengan tolok ukur dan kriteria Permen PU No 2 Tahun 2015. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif induktif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Melalui penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi kontribusi pada ilmu pengetahuan arsitektur terutama mengenai konsep dan pemeringkatan bangunan hijau. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah gambaran upaya yang bisa dilakukan untuk menaikkan nilai peringkat bangunan pra hijau menjadi bangunan hijau
DAMPAK BISNIS ONLINE TERHADAP SOSIAL-EKONOMI DAN KARAKTERISTIK RUANG DALAM RUMAH TINGGAL DI CIBADUYUT, KOTA BANDUNG
Authors: Widya Amelia T. , Bachtiar Jasmine C. U.. , Rahmadyan Helfa , Rahardiyan Aristyo , B. P Theodorus Ananda , Abadi Agustinus A.
Published: October 2020

Revolusi industri 4.0 yang diinisiasi oleh perkembangan teknologi informasi digital mendorong perkembangan dalam segala bidang termasuk industri komersial. Penerapan teknologi ini berimplikasi pada perubahan pola kegiatan jual-beli secara ‘online’ tanpa adanya batasan jarak, waktu, dan tempat. Peluang kegiatan jual-beli ‘online’ tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian orang di rumah. Perubahan kegiatan ini telah berimplikasi pada perubahan sosial-ekonomi dan karakteristik fisik ruang dalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan sosial-ekonomi dan karakteristik fisik ruang dalam rumah tinggal akibat kegiatan bisnis ‘online’. Penelitian dilakukan di Sentra Kerajinan Sepatu Cibaduyut, Kota Bandung pada tiga orang responden yang memiliki bisnis usaha kerajinan sepatu. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan pengambilan data yang dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan survei. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perubahan sosial-ekonomi dan fisik yang meliputi transformasi fungsi ruang, ‘layout’ ruang, dan ‘layout’ perabot di ruang dalam rumah akibat bisnis ‘online’. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan oleh arsitek atau pengembang perumahan untuk mempertimbangkan pola perilaku dan kebutuhan para pelaku industri dalam rumah tinggal di era industri 4.0.
Emergence of New Tourist Destinations in the Mediterranean Hinterlands – The Case of the Chefchaouen Region (Morocco)
Authors: Berriane Mohamed
Published: October 2020

In Morocco, public policies continue to favor the seaside model, while the reality of both demand and offer shows that tourist destinations in the hinterlands are increasingly emerging. The purpose of this article is to focus on the process of emergence of new tourist destinations in rural Morocco. It tries to analyze the quite particular conditions of the triggering of a demand and an offer in rural tourism, by assuming that whatever the potential, the emergence or otherwise of a destination depends mainly on the convergence of three actors. It is the tourist who invents the destination through his expectations and his Vision, local actors who many accept or reject this request and public policies that may or may not accompany local initiatives that seek to meet this demand.

Thus, after having recalled the conditions for the development of rural tourism in Morocco, the article focuses on the process of emergence of a destination of rural tourism through the case of the region of Chefchaouen, small town in the Western Rif, by analyzing the arrival of demand, the mobilization of international cooperation, the initiatives of the local associative movement and the hesitations of public policies.
The crystal structure of ZrCr2D≈4 at 50 K ≤ T ≤ 200 K
Authors: Kohlmann Holger
Published: October 2020

Many Laves phases take up considerable amounts of hydrogen to form metallic Laves phase hydrides. They frequently undergo phase transitions driven by ordering phenomena for the hydrogen atom distribution. The cubic Laves phase ZrCr2 takes up hydrogen to form a hydride with almost four hydrogen atoms per formula unit, which undergoes a phase transition to a monoclinic modification at a critical temperature T
c = 250.2 K. Its crystal structure was refined based on neutron powder diffraction data on the deuteride (ZrCr2D3.8 type [T = 1.6 K, C2/c]) at four temperatures in the range 50 K ≤ T ≤ 200 K. The monoclinic low-temperature modification features a strongly distorted square anti-prism ZrD8 and three CrD4 polyhedra with almost fully occupied deuterium sites in saddle-like, distorted tetrahedral and planar configurations. Zr–D distances are in the range 201.4(7) pm ≤ d(Zr–D) ≤ 208.5(8) pm and Cr–D distances in the range 172.9(7) pm ≤ d(Cr–D) ≤ 182.4(8) pm.
Courtesan Singers as Courtiers: Power, Political Pawns, and the Arrest of virtuosa Nina Barcarola
Authors: Brosius Amy
Published: October 2020

This article gives a close reading of the “avvisi di Roma”—unpublished archival documents reporting on daily life in the city—that record the arrest in 1645 of famous Roman courtesan singer Nina Barcarola. Organized by the political enemies of Nina's main protector, Cardinal Antonio Barberini, the arrest was orchestrated so as to compromise the public honor of both. The reports of the arrest reflect a growing elite interest in female vocal performance in Rome, and attest to a rise in the social value of courtesan singers. Examining details provided in these reports, the article explores various aspects of Nina's life and courtesan singing culture more generally: the public honor and social practices of courtesan singers; the positive effect of singing on courtesan honor; the types of gatherings hosted by Nina; and her politically satirical public performances. It also analyzes Nina's relationship to various areas of contemporary politics—social, state, familial, and gender. The reports reveal that, in the public sphere, Nina, like Barberini's male dependents, served as a symbolic extension of the cardinal. By introducing courtesan singers—a significant, marginalized population—into musicological discourse on seventeenth-century Rome, the article broadens our understanding of Roman singing culture in this period.
SEED GERMINATION AND MICROPROPAGATION STUDIES OF MAMMEA SURIGA KOSTERM
Authors: Shastri Sudhesh , Venkatarangaiah Krishna , Sheshagiri Ajith
Published: October 2020

Mammea suriga Kosterm. is a RET species distributed in Malnad region of the Western Ghats, which is over exploited for flowers, seeds and timbers, hence the population is declined. The study was conducted to evaluate the germination potency of the seeds in both in vivo and in vitro conditions to derive a regeneration protocol for the ex situ conservation.  Among the pre-treated seeds, the decoated seeds pre-treated with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA for 24 h resulted in 86 % of germination. In in vitro condition, culture of decoated seeds on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and 0.1 mg L-1  TDZ resulted 91.67 % of germination. Micropropagation studies showed that the interaction of 2-3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg L-1 TDZ induced multiple shoots from cotyledonary and hypocotyl explants. Mass of callus induced from the leaf explants at the concentration of 1 mg L-1 2,4-D and 3 mg L-1 BAP. Later on the photosynthetic callus, organise in to shoot buds at the concentration of 3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg L-1 TDZ. The excised micro shoots showed rhizogenesis on the media fortified with 1.5 mg L-1 IBA. The regenerants derived from both direct and indirect organogenesis exhibited similar morphological features.
Motivational Interviewing for Overweight Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Suire Kameron B. , Kavookjian Jan , Wadsworth Danielle D.
Published: October 2020

CONTEXT:

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a communication method to help facilitate adherence to health behaviors through a series of person-centered strategies. MI’s evidence base supports its use as a potential intervention strategy at the parental decision-maker level to impact young children’s lifestyle behaviors to address childhood obesity; however, clarity is needed on the literature.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the literature examining the use of MI at the parental level to impact young children’s weight status.

DATA SOURCES:

A modified Cochrane method of systematic search and review was conducted in several databases (eg, PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and SPORTDiscus).

STUDY SELECTION:

Criteria for retention included randomized controlled trials and studies using varied settings, methods, interventionists, target behaviors, and outcomes.

DATA EXTRACTION:

Extraction domains included study characteristics and risk of bias.

RESULTS:

Of the 352 references initially identified, 7 studies were included in the review. In most studies, authors reported significant anthropometric changes as well as significant changes in nonanthropometric outcomes related to weight management compared to usual care.

LIMITATIONS:

The heterogeneity of the included studies and lack of comparison with attention control groups may cloud generalizations. Studies not written in English were excluded, possibly biasing the results.

CONCLUSIONS:

MI, compared to usual care, revealed positive effects for parent influence on young child anthropometric measures when applied. Future research should be focused on sample diversity, using attention control groups, using exercise physiologists for MI delivery, and reporting sex-specific results.
COVID-19 Transmission in US Child Care Programs
Authors: Gilliam Walter S. , Malik Amyn A. , Shafiq Mehr , Klotz Madeline , Reyes Chin , Humphries John Eric , Murray Thomas , Elharake Jad A. , Wilkinson David , Omer Saad B.
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVES:

Central to the debate over school and child care reopening is whether children are efficient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmitters and are likely to increase community spread when programs reopen. We compared COVID-19 outcomes in child care providers who continued to provide direct in-person child care during the first 3 months of the US COVID-19 pandemic with outcomes in those who did not.

METHODS:

Data were obtained from US child care providers (N = 57 335) reporting whether they had ever tested positive or been hospitalized for COVID-19 (n = 427 cases) along with their degree of exposure to child care. Background transmission rates were controlled statistically, and other demographic, programmatic, and community variables were explored as potential confounders. Logistic regression analysis was used in both unmatched and propensity score–matched case-control analyses.

RESULTS:

No association was found between exposure to child care and COVID-19 in both unmatched (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–1.38) and matched (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.73–1.21) analyses. In matched analysis, being a home-based provider (as opposed to a center-based provider) was associated with COVID-19 (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14–2.23) but revealed no interaction with exposure.

CONCLUSIONS:

Within the context of considerable infection mitigation efforts in US child care programs, exposure to child care during the early months of the US pandemic was not associated with an elevated risk for COVID-19 transmission to providers. These findings must be interpreted only within the context of background transmission rates and the considerable infection mitigation efforts implemented in child care programs.