bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study on Control Indices and Emission Limits of Substation Noise
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Chen Xingwang , Fang Xiaojian , Shi Yuzhu , Lu Lingyun , Chen Yuhua , Di Guoqing
Published: November 2024

A-weighted networks underestimate the impact of low-frequency noise to some extent. Substation noise is a typical low-frequency noise with several tonalities, so it is necessary to further optimize the control indices and emission limits of substation noise. 280 subjects were randomly recruited, and 111 noise samples from 110-1000 kV substations were used to carry out listening tests of noise annoyance. The mean noise annoyance (Ā) of each sound sample was obtained, and the models between any two of Ā, NR, and LAeq were established respectively. The limits of LAeq of Classes 1-4 functional areas of sound environment in GB 12348-2008 were substituted into the afore-mentioned models to determine the NR number. Based on the NR curve, the control limits of sound pressure level of substation noise were determined at each 1/1 octave band from 31.5 Hz to 500 Hz. Results showed that Ā increased by about 1 for every 5 dBA increase in LAeq when LAeq was 45-70 dBA. At the same LAeq, Ā of 750-1000 kV substation noise was 0.24-1.59 higher than that of 110-500 kV substation noise. It was recommended to divide substations into two groups according to their voltage levels. Meanwhile, the day-time and night-time control values of Ā were clarified if the limits of LAeq in Classes 1-4 were implemented. The results can provide a basis for controlling low-frequency noise in substations.
Current Status and Challenges in the Development of Hydrogen Transmission Pipeline Technology
Authors: Hao Gongtao , Zheng Wenguang , Si Hucheng , Wang Yixuan , Wei Rongbo , Cheng Yonglin
Published: November 2024

As the hydrogen energy industry rapidly develops, hydrogen transmission through pipelines— recognized as a low-cost, large-scale, and long-distance transportation method—will play a crucial role in optimizing the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrogen energy, thereby enhancing the resilience and security of the energy supply system. However, the development of pure hydrogen pipelines is constrained by various factors, including technology, economics, safety, and policy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of pure hydrogen pipeline development both domestically and internationally, offering an in-depth analysis of the safety risks, material selection, operational control technologies, the establishment of relevant technical standards, and economic feasibility associated with pipeline hydrogen transmission. By improving and establishing a technical standard system for the design, construction, and operation of hydrogen pipelines, optimizing the pipeline network layout, and creating an efficient green hydrogen supply chain, the phased promotion of pilot hydrogen pipeline construction can be achieved. This will further facilitate industrial synergy between hydrogen energy and sectors such as power, transportation, and chemicals, and drive the large-scale development of renewable energy-based hydrogen production and hydrogen energy storage and transportation.
Hypoglycemia in Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Is It Inevitable?
Authors: Rosenn Barak M. , Khoury Jane C. , Mimouni Francis , Ehrlich Shelley , Miodovnik Menachem
Published: November 2024

The human body has abundant mechanisms to counteract hypoglycemia and prevent neuroglycopenia primarily involving the secretion of glucagon and adrenalin. Within several years from the onset of diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes lose their ability to mount a counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia and develop hypoglycemia unawareness, thus being at risk for deteriorating to a state of severe hypoglycemia and neuroglycopenia. Pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes are particularly prone to experience severe hypoglycemia during the first half of pregnancy. This may be not only due to the institution of strict glycemic control and the nausea and vomiting prevalent during the early months of pregnancy, but also because the counterregulatory responses are further diminished during pregnancy. Severe hypoglycemia during early pregnancy does not appear to increase the risks of spontaneous abortion or congenital fetal malformations, but the potential long-term effects on the fetus are unknown. Recent technological advances have contributed to improved glycemic control and time in range as well as decreased risk of hypoglycemia in people with diabetes. These advances include treatment with insulin analogs, use of continuous glucose monitors, and closed-loop systems for administration of insulin. Limited studies have demonstrated that pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes may also benefit from these modalities. While ongoing research continues to explore the adjustment of closed-loop systems for optimal use during pregnancy, more effort is needed to explore the optimal use of these modalities in pregnancy.

Key Points
Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles from 1,2-Diacylhydrazines Using SO2F2 as a Simple and Practical Cyclization Reagent
Authors: Ding Chengrong , Zhang Guofu , Chen Jingao , Lou Zhengzheng , Jin Hongxuan
Published: November 2024

The synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from 1,2-diacylhydrazines has been achieved using SO₂F₂ as a straightforward and effective reagent for dehydrative cyclisation, both in the absence of metal catalysts and under milder conditions. The reaction exhibited good functional group tolerance and yielded high levels of product.
Experience with Zone 2 Arch Replacement Followed by Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair
Authors: Dhanekula Arjune , DeGraaff Bret , Flodin Rachel , Reimann-Moody Anne , Garza Manuel De La , Zettervall Sara , Shalhub Sherene , Sweet Matthew P. , Burke Christopher R. , DeRoo Scott
Published: November 2024

Background Transverse open aortic arch replacement remains a complex operation. A simplified arch replacement into zone 2, with debranching the head vessels proximally, creates a suitable landing zone for future endovascular repair and is increasing in popularity as of late. Still, limited data exist to assess contemporary rates of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we aim to evaluate current outcomes for patients who underwent open zone 2 aortic arch replacement.

Methods All patients who underwent zone 2 arch replacement at a single academic institution from January 2019 to June 2023 were assessed. Indication for operation was either aneurysmal disease (n = 37), acute aortic syndrome (n = 38), or residual arch/descending thoracic aorta dissection (n = 67). Patient demographics and operative characteristics were evaluated, and the frequency of subsequent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was noted. Mortality and major morbidity were then assessed.

Results A total of 142 patients underwent open zone 2 arch replacement. Median cardiopulmonary bypass, cross-clamp, and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest times for the entire cohort were 195, 122, and 36.5 minutes, respectively. Concomitant frozen elephant trunk was performed in 45.1% of the cohort (n = 64). In-hospital mortality was 7.8% (n = 11) for the entire cohort. Spinal cord ischemia occurred in 3.5% (n = 5); these patients all received frozen elephant trunks and had neurologic recovery by discharge. Stroke occurred in 9.2% (n = 13) of the study cohort. A total of 38.7% (n = 55) went on to get subsequent TEVAR, with median time to TEVAR of 52 days (8, 98.5).

Conclusion Zone 2 arch replacement allows staged repair of the thoracic aorta and readily accommodates future TEVAR therapy. This option for the treatment of the aortic arch can be performed safely in a wide variety of patient pathologies. Given the safety of this operation, cardiac surgeons should utilize this approach more frequently.
Rapid Aneurysmal Degeneration and Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm in a Patient with Concomitant Vascular Ehlers–Danlos and Loeys–Dietz Syndromes
Authors: Dhanekula Arjune S. , Zettervall Sara , Dimarakis Ioannis , Deroo Scott
Published: November 2024

Vascular Ehlers–Danlos (vEDS) and Loeys–Dietz syndrome 3 (LDS3) are connective tissue disorders with diverse systemic manifestations. Most notable in these disorders, though, are their aggressive aortopathies, often presenting early in life with aneurysmal disease or dissection. Herein we present the case of a 33-year-old patient, previously lost to follow-up, who underwent complex reoperative arch replacement after ascending and hemiarch replacement for Type A aortic dissection 6 years prior. Postoperative genetic testing revealed both vEDS and LDS, a unique genotype that has not been described before in the literature.
An industrial approach to inertial fusion energy
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: November 2024

Hybrid team develops simpler, higher-energy concept that combines well-known techniques for accessible nuclear fusion.
Streamer evolution in nanosecond pulsed sliding surface dielectric barrier discharge: 2D numerical modelling
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Xiaobing , Wu Shuqun
Published: November 2024

The sliding surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma actuator enables a large interaction region between the discharge and the incoming flow, facilitating active flow control. A 2D model of the sliding discharge, initiated within a three-electrode configuration, is developed. The high-voltage (HV) electrode is connected to a positive nanosecond pulse with an amplitude of 7 kV, and a positive/negative DC voltage is applied to the third electrode, with a 10 mm inter-electrode gap. To account for the dielectric surface charging process, the DC voltage discharge is simulated for a sufficient duration to reach a steady state before the initiation of the nanosecond pulse. This study aims to understand the discharge characteristics of sliding SDBD and to investigate the effects of different polarities and amplitudes of the DC voltage on surface charge distribution, surface ionization wave propagation, electric field evolution, and hydrodynamic perturbations. With the application of negative DC voltage, the deposited surface charge on the dielectric surface neutralizes positive charges at the streamer head, enhancing the electric field at the discharge front, which extends the plasma length up to the third electrode. In contrast, a positive DC voltage impedes net charge transfer, thereby inhibiting the formation of a sliding discharge.
Time-dependent ab initio molecular-orbital decomposition for high-harmonic generation spectroscopy
Authors: Marchetta Marco , Morassut Chiara , Toulouse Julien , Coccia Emanuele , Luppi Eleonora
Published: November 2024

We propose a real-time time-dependent ab initio approach within a configuration-interaction-singles ansatz to decompose the high-harmonic generation (HHG) signal of molecules in terms of individual molecular-orbital (MO) contributions. Calculations have been performed by propagating the time-dependent Schrödinger equation with complex energies, in order to account for ionization of the system, and by using tailored Gaussian basis sets for high-energy and continuum states. We have studied the strong-field electron dynamics and the HHG spectra in aligned CO2 and H2O molecules. Contribution from MOs in the strong-field dynamics depends on the interplay between the MO ionization energy and the coupling between the MO and the laser-pulse symmetries. Such contributions characterize different portions of the HHG spectrum, indicating that the orbital decomposition encodes nontrivial information on the modulation of the strong-field dynamics. Our results correctly reproduce the MO contributions to HHG for CO2 as described in the literature experimental and theoretical data and lead to an original analysis of the role of the highest occupied molecular orbitals HOMO, HOMO-1, and HOMO-2 of H2O according to the polarization direction of the laser pulse.
Evaluating the surface relaxivity and movable fluid of low-permeability sandstones based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Xia Xuanzhe , Xia Yuxuan , Zhao Fangzhou , Wang Han , He Wu , Cai Jianchao
Published: November 2024

Comprehensive characterization of pore structure and fluid distribution is beneficial for efficiently exploring and developing low-permeability sandstone reservoirs. As a conversion parameter, the surface relaxivity is significant for characterizing the pore structure of porous media and evaluating fluid mobility. The surface relaxivity indicates the strength of the interaction between the fluid and the solid during the relaxation process. This paper conducts mercury intrusion porosimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance-centrifugation experiments on low-permeability sandstones, providing insight into the evolution of pore size and water content distribution. Combining mercury intrusion porosimetry with nuclear magnetic resonance, the surface relaxivity of samples is measured to be 9.57–23.79 μm/s. The surface relaxivity ranges from 0.70 to 3.72 μm/s utilizing low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. Based on the movable water saturation through the critical radius, the calculated surface relaxivities using two methods are compared. The result indicates that surface relaxivity determined by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption is smaller than that obtained through mercury intrusion porosimetry. This is attributed to overestimating the ratio of pore surface and pore volume in the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, which is difficult to capture information about macropores. Conversely, the similar principle between mercury intrusion porosimetry and centrifugation leads to consistent movable water saturation, minimizing discrepancies in evaluating surface relaxivity. Therefore, the surface relaxivity determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry-nuclear magnetic resonance is more suitable for characterizing the pore structure and fluid mobility of low-permeability sandstones. In addition, the ink-bottle effect retains water in the macropore during centrifugation experiments.
Revisiting the Green–Kubo relation for friction in nanofluidics
Authors: Bui Anna T. , Cox Stephen J.
Published: November 2024

A central aim of statistical mechanics is to establish connections between a system’s microscopic fluctuations and its macroscopic response to a perturbation. For non-equilibrium transport properties, this amounts to establishing Green–Kubo (GK) relationships. In hydrodynamics, relating such GK expressions for liquid–solid friction to macroscopic slip boundary conditions has remained a long-standing problem due to two challenges: (i) The GK running integral of the force autocorrelation function decays to zero rather than reaching a well-defined plateau value, and (ii) debates persist on whether such a transport coefficient measures an intrinsic interfacial friction or an effective friction in the system. Inspired by ideas from the coarse-graining community, we derive a GK relation for liquid–solid friction where the force autocorrelation is sampled with a constraint of momentum conservation in the liquid. Our expression does not suffer from the “plateau problem” and unambiguously measures an effective friction coefficient, in an analogous manner to Stokes’ law. We further establish a link between the derived friction coefficient and the hydrodynamic slip length, enabling a straightforward assessment of continuum hydrodynamics across length scales. We find that continuum hydrodynamics describes the simulation results quantitatively for confinement length scales all the way down to 1 nm. Our approach amounts to a straightforward modification to the present standard method of quantifying interfacial friction from molecular simulations, making possible a sensible comparison between surfaces of vastly different slippage.
Forage lucerne for grazing dairy cows: effects on milk yield, milk urea and fatty acid composition
Authors: Mangwe M. C. , Bryant R. H. , Beckett P. , Tey L. , Curtis J. , Burgess R. , Al-Marashdeh O.
Published: November 2024

Context The value of milk components is increasingly recognised for human health benefits (e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, FA), or indicators of nutrient-use efficiency for both animal and environmental benefits (e.g. milk urea, MU). Aims The study explored whether inclusion of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a perennial ryegrass and white clover (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L, PRW)-based diet affects milk production, MU concentration, and milk FA composition of dairy cows during mid-lactation. Methods Thirty-two cows, balanced for milk production (26.1 ± 3.03 kg/cow), MU (16.6 ± 2.84 mg/dL), and days in milk (94 ± 7 days), were evenly allocated into eight groups of four. Groups were then randomly assigned one of two dietary treatments, namely, PRW only (control), and PRW plus lucerne (lucerne). During an 8-day adaptation, control cows were fed a fresh allocation after each milking at 08:30 hours and 16:00 hours to provide 25 kg/cow.day DM of fresh PRW herbage above a target post-grazing height of 4.5 cm height. Cows on lucerne were allocated 10 kg DM of fresh lucerne at 08:30 hours, and 15 kg DM of fresh PRW at 16:00 hours. Apparent nutrient intakes and milk composition were determined on Days 9 and 10 of the study. Key results Diet treatment did not significantly alter DM or metabolisable energy intake, milk production, or milk fat and protein percentage. However, compared with control cows, nitrogen and linoleic acid (LA) intake increased, and soluble carbohydrate, neutral detergent fibre, and alpha linoleic acid (ALA) intake decreased for cows fed lucerne. Milk urea increased by 43% for lucerne compared with control cows (22.4 vs 15.7 ± 1.43 mg/dL, P < 0.001). Cows grazing lucerne produced milk with a higher concentration of LA and ALA than did the control cows. Increases in milk LA from grazing lucerne were congruent with improvement in intake of the FA from the diet, whereas increases in ALA occurred despite the corresponding lower dietary intake. Conclusion Supplementing a pasture diet with lucerne increased MU and FA. Implications Lucerne has the potential to enhance dietary protein supply during periods of deficiency and increase the supply of functional FA in the milk of grazing dairy cattle.
Lethal COVID-19 associates with RAAS-induced inflammation for multiple organ damage including mediastinal lymph nodes
Authors: Topper Michael J. , Guarnieri Joseph W. , Haltom Jeffrey A. , Chadburn Amy , Cope Henry , Frere Justin , An Julia , Borczuk Alain , Sinha Saloni , Kim JangKeun , Park Jiwoon , Butler Daniel , Meydan Cem , Foox Jonathan , Bram Yaron , Richard Stephanie A. , Epsi Nusrat J. , Agan Brian , Chenoweth Josh G. , Simons Mark P. , Tribble David , Burgess Timothy , Dalgard Clifton , Heise Mark T. , Moorman Nathaniel J. , Baxter Victoria K. , Madden Emily A. , Taft-Benz Sharon A. , Anderson Elizabeth J. , Sanders Wes A. , Dickmander Rebekah J. , Beigel Katherine , Widjaja Gabrielle A. , Janssen Kevin A. , Lie Timothy , Murdock Deborah G. , Angelin Alessia , Soto Albrecht Yentli E. , Olali Arnold Z. , Cen Zimu , Dybas Joseph , Priebe Waldemar , Emmett Mark R. , Best Sonja M. , Kelsey Johnson Maya , Trovao Nidia S. , Clark Kevin B. , Zaksas Victoria , Meller Robert , Grabham Peter , Schisler Jonathan C. , Moraes-Vieira Pedro M. , Pollett Simon , Mason Christopher E. , Syrkin Wurtele Eve , Taylor Deanne , Schwartz Robert E. , Beheshti Afshin , Wallace Douglas C. , Baylin Stephen B.
Published: November 2024

Lethal COVID-19 outcomes are attributed to classic cytokine storm. We revisit this using RNA sequencing of nasopharyngeal and 40 autopsy samples from patients dying of SARS-CoV-2. Subsets of the 100 top-upregulated genes in nasal swabs are upregulated in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver, but not mediastinal lymph nodes. Twenty-two of these are “noncanonical” immune genes, which we link to components of the renin-angiotensin-activation-system that manifest as increased fibrin deposition, leaky vessels, thrombotic tendency, PANoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Immunohistochemistry of mediastinal lymph nodes reveals altered architecture, excess collagen deposition, and pathogenic fibroblast infiltration. Many of the above findings are paralleled in animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and human peripheral blood mononuclear and whole blood samples from individuals with early and later SARS-CoV-2 variants. We then redefine cytokine storm in lethal COVID-19 as driven by upstream immune gene and mitochondrial signaling producing downstream RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) overactivation and organ damage, including compromised mediastinal lymph node function.
Compartmentalized pooling generates orientation selectivity in wide-field amacrine cells
Authors: Lei Wanyu , Clark Damon A. , Demb Jonathan B.
Published: November 2024

Orientation is one of the most salient features in visual scenes. Neurons at multiple levels of the visual system detect orientation, but in many cases, the underlying biophysical mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we studied mechanisms for orientation detection at the earliest stage in the visual system, in B/K wide-field amacrine cells (B/K WACs), a group of giant, nonspiking interneurons in the mouse retina that coexpress Bhlhe22 (B) and Kappa Opioid Receptor (K). B/K WACs exhibit orientation-tuned calcium signals along their long, straight, unbranching dendrites, which contain both synaptic inputs and outputs. Simultaneous dendritic calcium imaging and somatic voltage recordings reveal that individual B/K dendrites are electrotonically isolated, exhibiting a spatially confined yet extended receptive field along the dendrite, which we term “compartmentalized pooling.” Further, the receptive field of a B/K WAC dendrite exhibits center-surround antagonism. Phenomenological receptive field models demonstrate that compartmentalized pooling generates orientation selectivity, and center-surround antagonism shapes band-pass spatial frequency tuning. At the microcircuit level, B/K WACs receive excitation driven by one contrast polarity (e.g., “ON”) and glycinergic inhibition driven by the opposite polarity (e.g., “OFF”). However, this “crossover” inhibition is not essential for generating orientation selectivity. A minimal biophysical model reproduced compartmentalized pooling from feedforward excitatory inputs combined with a substantial increase in the specific membrane resistance between somatic and dendritic compartments. Collectively, our results reveal the biophysical mechanism for generating orientation selectivity in dendrites of B/K WACs, enriching our understanding of the diverse strategies employed throughout the visual system to detect orientation.
Pharmacological inhibition of HIF2 protects against bone loss in an experimental model of estrogen deficiency
Authors: Lanzolla Giulia , Sabini Elena , Beigel Katherine , Khan Mohd Parvez , Sherry Liu Xiaowei , Wang Dian , Laslow Brittany , Taylor Deanne , Bellido Teresita , Giaccia Amato , Schipani Ernestina
Published: November 2024

Estrogen deficiency, which is linked to various pathological conditions such as primary ovarian insufficiency and postmenopausal osteoporosis, disrupts the delicate balance between bone formation and resorption. This imbalance leads to bone loss and an increased risk of fractures, primarily due to a significant reduction in trabecular bone mass. Trabecular osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation within the trabecular compartment, originate from skeletal progenitors located in the bone marrow. The microenvironment of the bone marrow contains hypoxic (low oxygen) regions, and the hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2) plays a crucial role in cellular responses to these low-oxygen conditions. This study demonstrates that the loss of HIF2 in skeletal progenitors and their derivatives during development enhances trabecular bone mass by promoting bone formation. More importantly, PT2399, a small molecule that specifically inhibits HIF2, effectively prevents trabecular bone loss in ovariectomized adult mice, a model for estrogen-deficient bone loss. Both the genetic and pharmacological approaches result in an increase in osteoblast number, which is linked to the expansion of the pool of skeletal progenitor cells. This expansion either by loss or inhibition of HIF2 uncovers a pivotal mechanism for increasing osteoblast numbers and bone formation, resulting in greater trabecular bone mass.
Before sentimental empire
Authors: Wikström Toby Erik
Published: November 2024

This article seeks to historicize the eighteenth-century sentimental literature of slavery by
examining theatrical performances of cross-cultural servitude from an earlier, markedly different historical context,
that of seventeenth-century France. In contrast to the sentimental period, transatlantic empire was still more
aspiration than reality for France in the 1600s, slavery more a Mediterranean than an Atlantic phenomenon, and racial
discourse still in gestation. I demonstrate that the ways in which French seventeenth-century playwrights modeled
their audience’s emotional response to cross-cultural slavery evolved over time, moving from the possibility of
audience identification with enslaved characters to a foreclosure of that possibility. The mechanism for this tendency
to prevent identification is what I call generic drift, the migration of representations of servitude from the tragic
to the tragicomic and comic stages. To demonstrate the evolution of the theater’s modeling of emotional responses to
slavery from possible identification to the prevention of identification over time, I analyze representations of
servitude in Le More cruel, an anonymous tragedy from 1610, Scudéry’s 1636 tragicomedy
L’Amant liberal and Montfleury’s 1663–64 comedy Le Mary sans femme. I show that
the tragedy partially encourages the audience to feel compassion for the plight of the slave, whereas the tragicomic
and comic plays incite erotic pleasure or scorn, reactions that distance the audience from the enslaved. I also relate
the generic drift to the increased disciplining of compassion in the 1600s and to France’s growing participation in
the Atlantic slave trade.
Bárbora and Jau
Authors: Gomes António Martins
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines two contrasting emotional responses to enslaved people in the writing of the
Portuguese Renaissance poet Luís de Camões. On the one hand, Bárbora, the captive woman made famous in a lyrical poem
by Camões, stands for the golden age of Portuguese discoveries and its open-mindedness towards far-off exotic
civilizations; on the other hand, Camões depicts Jau, the Javanese slave he owned for about a decade, in a way that
suggests social conservatism and indifference. In the nineteenth century, many Romantic authors and artists, inspired
by the figure of the noble savage and a new emphasis on emotional bonds, highlighted the importance of these two
slaves in the life of Camões.
Scenes of emotion in French early-modern travel writing from the Caribbean
Authors: Kullberg Christina
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the inclusion of voices of the enslaved in seventeenth-century French travel
writing to the Caribbean by looking at three missionaries writing at different moments of the French settlement and
early colonization: Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les François (1654 and 1667–1671),
written by the Dominican missionary Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre; Jesuit missionary Jean Mongin’s letters on the
evangelization of slaves, written in the 1680s; and Dominican Jean-Baptiste Labat’s Nouveau voyage aux Isles
de l’Amérique, from his stay in Martinique between 1694 and 1706. It makes the argument that while
commerce and profit were unquestionably the main motivations for allowing and sustaining slavery, travelogues also
play on another, emotional register when representing slavery. The aim of the chapter is to interrogate the factors
underpinning this representational strategy and in so doing to draw conclusions about how the techniques and
motivations for including voices changed as slavery was gradually naturalized in the Caribbean.
The Application of Digital-Genomic Tools to Improve Productivity and Profitability in Smallholder Dairy Systems in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mrode Raphael , Ekine-Dzivenu Chinyere , Gebreyohanes Gebregziabher , Ojango Julie , Mwai Okeyo
Published: November 2024

The dairy sector contributes 30% and 44% of the livestock-related agricultural GDP in Tanzania and Kenya, respectively. Despite this significant contribution, it is predominantly comprised smallholder farmers with few cows providing vital support in terms of food security, household income and employment for millions of farmers. Research aimed at enhancing productivity and sustainability in these smallholder dairy systems is crucial for rural development, increasing farm incomes, creating employment and supporting women and youth. However, a major challenge is the absence of a routine performance data collection system. Previous efforts to address this limitation often relied on methods from well-established dairy systems in developed countries which frequently failed to adapt effectively. Advances in mobile technology have prompted attempts to investigate alternative cost-effective and practical data recording systems in the smallholder dairy farming with a major focus on information and communications technology (ICT). Successful implementation of digital tools for data collection and synthesis to generate management information as feedback to farmers using ICT-based extension tools has led to increased productivity and household income. Additionally, the use of genomic information allows for genetic evaluation with minimal pedigree information and supports the initiation of breed improvement programs for increased productivity.

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© The Authors 2024
Identification of coilin interactors reveals coordinated control of Cajal body number and structure
Authors: Arias Escayola Dahyana , Zhang Chuyue , Nischwitz Emily , Schärfen Leonard , Dörner Kerstin , Straube Korinna , Kutay Ulrike , Butter Falk , Neugebauer Karla M.
Published: November 2024

The cell nucleus contains distinct biomolecular condensates that form at specific genetic loci, organize chromosomes in 3D space, and regulate RNA processing. Among these, Cajal bodies (CBs) require key “scaffolding” proteins for their assembly, which is not fully understood. Here, we employ proximity biotinylation, mass spectrometry, and functional screening to comprehensively identify and test the functions of CB components. We document 144 protein interactors of coilin, of which 70 were newly detected, and establish 25 players needed for CB assembly and/or maintenance. Surprisingly, the depletion of nine coilin interactors—mostly constituents of the 60S ribosome (RPLs)—increased CB number and caused subdomains defined by coilin and the survival motor neuron protein (SMN) to merge. These phenotypes were traceable to altered nuclear levels of dimethylarginine. Our data implicate RPL24 and other players in the regulation of CBs by modulating posttranslational modifications. Moreover, the prevalence of transcription factors among the identified components highlights roles for gene activity in CB assembly and nuclear positioning.
Reply to “Comment on ‘What is the force on a magnetic dipole?’ ”
Authors: Franklin Jerrold
Published: November 2024

I try to respond to the Comment by Kholmetskii, Missevitch, and Yarman on my paper, “What is the force on a magnetic dipole?”, but NOTHING in their Comment is about my paper.
Wirtinger gradient descent methods for low-dose Poisson phase retrieval
Authors: Diederichs Benedikt , Filbir Frank , Römer Patricia
Published: November 2024

The problem of phase retrieval has many applications in the field of optical imaging. Motivated by imaging experiments with biological specimens, we primarily consider the setting of low-dose illumination where Poisson noise plays the dominant role. In this paper, we discuss gradient descent algorithms based on different loss functions adapted to data affected by Poisson noise, in particular in the low-dose regime. Starting from the maximum log-likelihood function for the Poisson distribution, we investigate different regularizations and approximations of the problem to design an algorithm that meets the requirements that are faced in applications. In the course of this, we focus on low-count measurements. Based on an improved version of a variance-stabilizing transform for the Poisson distribution, we derive a decision rule for the regularization parameter in an averaged amplitude-based loss function. For all discussed loss functions, we study the convergence of the respective gradient descent algorithms to stationary points and find constant step sizes that guarantee descent of the loss in each iteration. Numerical experiments in the low-dose regime are performed to corroborate the theoretical observations.
Error compensation for industrial robots combining kinematics characterized by conformal geometric algebra and fused observability-index-based measurement strategy
Authors: Zhang Jun , Guo Shijie , Lyu He , Tang Shufeng
Published: November 2024

The geometric errors of industrial robots are key factors affecting positioning accuracy. A new compensation method for industrial robots is proposed based on the kinematics characterizing with conformal geometric algebra (CGA) and measurement strategy with double ball bar (DBB) path point optimization. Firstly, a kinematic error model for the industrial robot is established using CGA, the starting point of the CGA model is modified to simplify the modeling process and reduce computational complexity. Secondly, fused observability index is proposed and the relationship between the number of sampling points on the DBB path and the effectiveness of error parameter is obtained. Thirdly, the adaptive golden spiral optimization algorithm for error parameter identification is proposed, achieving efficient and stable identification of error parameters. Finally, a case study is carried out on a six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot. The validity of measurement strategy and error parameter identification algorithm are confirmed by comparing the residuals and uncertainties of predicted point positions in space with different methods. The spatial compensation results show that, after compensation, the average error and root mean square error of measurement paths are reduced by 36.76% and 33.96%, respectively.
A novel mechanism and model of hydrogen isotope exchange in vacancy considering nuclear quantum effects
Authors: Liu Qihang , Sun Fei , Zhu Jipeng , Zhou Hai-Shan , Zong Hongxiang , Yang Zhangcan , Zhou Hong-Bo , Oya Yasuhisa , Wu Yucheng
Published: November 2024

Tritium (T) retention in plasma-facing materials (PFMs) raises significant radiological safety concerns and adversely affects the self-sustained burning of T in fusion reactors. Therefore, the removal of retained T from PFMs has become an urgent task. Hydrogen isotope (HI) exchange has proven to be an effective method for T removal. However, the microscopic mechanisms, particularly the role of isotope effects, remain insufficiently understood. For the first time, this work employs path integral molecular dynamics to account for the nuclear quantum effects of HIs and explore the microscopic mechanisms of HI exchange in tungsten (W) vacancies. Atomic-scale simulations reveal that the fundamental principle of HI exchange is the reduction in binding energy between HIs and vacancies as the defect filling level increases, involving two key processes: de-trapping and trapping. These processes are influenced by isotope effects, with pronounced differences observed at low temperatures. Notably, T exhibits a higher probability of de-trapping from vacancies compared to hydrogen (H), while vacancies demonstrate a stronger affinity for trapping H. In contrast, the isotope effect is less pronounced between deuterium (D) and H, leading to different exchange efficiencies between H and T, as well as between D and T. Based on these isotope effects, we proposed a detailed microscopic mechanism for HI exchange in vacancies and developed a T evolution model that accounts for variations in HI concentrations. This work advances our understanding of HI exchange for T removal applications and offers a more accurate assessment of T retention in future D–T environments.
Tunnel Quality Inspection Based on GPR and Machine Learning
Authors: Shan Huang Shan , Chao Wang Jun , Dan Cheng Dan , Yan Geng Hong , Yong Zhang Li , Qi Yao Yu , Wen Yao Pei
Published: November 2024

The development of non-destructive testing, particularly ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology, has gained popularity in underground detection due to its high resolution and non-destructive capabilities. However, the lack of intuitive imaging methods in GPR data analysis leads to poor interpretability, requiring skilled interpreters. To address this, the article suggests a machine learning-based algorithm for tunnel defect detection using GPR data. The YOLOv5 model network is used to train GPR data from actual road and railway tunnel inspections, and a CBAM attention mechanism is added to the original model to achieve high-precision radar scanning image defect recognition and localization. Compared with the original recognition model, the optimized recognition algorithm significantly improves recognition accuracy and greatly improves the efficiency of defect recognition compared to manual interpretation.
Enhancing GPR-based tunnel lining delamination detection: An unsupervised domain-adaptive YOLO network
Authors: Wang Yuanzheng , Qin Hui , Liu Jinbo , Chen Youjian , Wang Lipeng , Ren Hongyong , Meng Xianbiao , Luo Wenjiang , Gao Lei
Published: November 2024

The ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most recommended methods for tunnel lining inspection, yet the interpreting the GPR data requires significant time and expertise. Recent attempts to automate this procedure using deep learning techniques have made significant progress, yet is still hindered by the need of extensive and accurately annotated data, which is challenging to gather in real scenarios. This paper introduces a domain-adaptive YOLO network, evolving from YOLOv7, which trains on FDTD data for source domain detection and real-world data for target domain adaption. The proposed network enhances the network’s ability to generate generalized features across domains and hence improves the detection performance on real GPR data.
Three-dimensional random medium modelling for GPR based on soil fractals
Authors: Guo Shilong , Lu Qi , Liu Sixin , Liang Wenjing , Liu Kexin
Published: November 2024

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has a wide range of applications in soil detection. In this article, we model the three-dimensional (3-D) random medium in GPR based on soil fractal characteristics. We use a 3-D Fractal Brownian Motion (FBM) spectral density function to simulate non-uniform media and discuss the effects of Hurst exponent and scale coefficients on the modeling results. The Hurst exponent is an important indicator in FBM, which reflects the degree of disturbance in the medium. Soil water content (SWC) is a key factor affecting the heterogeneity of soil media, and the distribution of soil dielectric properties also depends on SWC. Therefore, we use SWC data to obtain the Hurst exponent through Rescaled-range (R/S) analysis. Finally, a 3-D random medium model is established based on actual SWC data, and GPR forward simulation is performed on the established model by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The simulation results show that the random medium modeling method based on soil fractal characteristics can provide an effective modeling tool for GPR soil detection.
Ground penetrating radar urban road underground target classification algorithm using sequential spectral and time-domain features
Authors: Li F R , Shi W X , Yang F , Xu M X , Fang L , Fang Y J , Wen Y L
Published: November 2024

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), a highly efficient non-destructive detection method, finds extensive use in urban road underground target detection. Existing GPR data recognition algorithms often rely on singular time-domain spectrogram features, leading to potential misjudgements. To address this, we propose a novel algorithm based on sequence spectra and time-domain features. Serialized radar data, transformed through wavelets, is combined with time-domain images for input, enabling classification through a multi-scale convolutional neural network. Experiments show improved accuracy in underground target classification, offering a fresh perspective on intelligent GPR data recognition.
A GPR layered media parameters inversion method under rough surface
Authors: Zhao S , Yang X , Liao L , Lan T
Published: November 2024

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) plays an important role in pavement detection and road exploration due to its efficiency. Traditional media parameter inversion algorithms only consider ideal smooth surfaces and neglect the roughness of interfaces, leading to significant errors in practical applications. Therefore, a GPR rough surface-layered medium parameter inversion method based on genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. The method uses the generalized reflection coefficient and considers the influence of the surface roughness of the medium. Then, a radar echo signal time-domain model is established. Finally, the cost function is optimized by genetic algorithm. The effectiveness and accuracy are validated and analysed by utilizing simulated data through random rough surfaces models.
Modeling and calculation of ground penetrating radar detection on rough interface of soil media
Authors: Yi Zhu Jia , Liu Ying , Yao Liu Yao , Wang Chen , Jing Li Ya
Published: November 2024

Ground penetrating radar technology is an effective underground physical detection method. In order to better study the ground penetrating radar echo characteristics of complex soil media rough interfaces, a soil rough surface electromagnetic scattering model based on fractal rough surface geometry modeling and soil media dielectric properties modeling is established. The mixed soil characteristics including sand content, water content, clay content, and sand particle density are analyzed, and the radar echo image characteristic of soil rough media interfaces under different fractal dimensions is discussed.
Realistic method for numerical characterization of GPR responses of cracked drainage pipelines in loose-soil areas
Authors: Shi Weihuang , Luo Tess
Published: November 2024

A damaged drainage pipeline poses significant subsurface risks, including the potential for ground collapse. This study addresses the unreliability of previous Ground Penetrating Radar reflection patterns in characterizing drainage pipeline defects due to an incomplete understanding of the leakage mechanism and subsurface degradation. We propose an integrated approach using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method to construct a realistic pipe-soil spatial distribution model. Converting this spatial model into an electromagnetic model enables numerical simulation of radar wave propagation with the Finite Difference Time Domain method. Our findings reveal that the position of pipeline defects influences soil degradation processes, resulting in distinct GPR reflection patterns. This research contributes to the accurate diagnosis of subsurface hazards related to cracked pipelines by offering a more reliable reference for GPR inspections.
Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition Denoising Scheme for Ground Penetrating Radar Data
Authors: Yang Ding , Persico Raffaele , Guo Cheng , Liu Yajie , Yang Jiamin , Liu Handing , Bai Changjin , Zhao Qing
Published: November 2024

Addressing the impact of noise on target detection performance in Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), an adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) denoising scheme based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is proposed. An improved adaptive VMD method, based on WOA, is employed in this study for modal decomposition of GPR data, with target modes being retained and noise modes removed to obtain denoised GPR data. It is demonstrated by numerical simulation results that the SNR is increased by 20.846 dB through this scheme, surpassing common denoising methods and achieving the best results in terms of RMSE and MSE. Numerical simulations substantiate the scheme’s effectiveness in denoising GPR data.
Signal Fusion of Multi-Frequency Continuous Wave Ground Penetrating Radar
Authors: Xiao Jianping , Liu Zhijing , Qu Rui , Liu Lanbo
Published: November 2024

Carrier-less pulse radar, with its short pulse duration, low average power, and weak anti-interference capability, poses significant limitations to the application of ground penetrating radar (GPR). Fusing continuous wave signals from multiple frequency components forms the basis for the design and data interpretation of continuous wave radar. We firstly introduce two fusion methods: the application of the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to multi-frequency signals and direct superposition. And we demonstrate these methods by synthesizing three basic sinusoidal signals and analyse their time-frequency relationship. Furthermore, we perform Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the transmit waveform of pulse radar to obtain a set of frequency components. By superimposing three sets of frequency components with different numbers of frequency points, we obtain the fused waveform and compare it with the original Ricker wavelet. The results show that while reducing the number of frequency points may increase the error in the synthesized signal slightly, it remains capable of accurately synthesizing the Ricker wavelet. However, this reduction also decreases the time window of the synthesized signal and may result in temporal overlapping. These findings offer insights into selecting parameters for frequency components in multi-frequency continuous wave radar and lay a foundation for signal fusion in such radar systems.
Detection of Termite Nests in Dams Using Ground Penetrating Radar Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Peng Jiao , Xue Wei , Wang Wenkai , Song Junlei , Zhou Feng , Huang Pengchun , Zhang Zhixuan , Zhang Feng , Zhang Xu , Chen Longjia , Sun Li
Published: November 2024

Termites have always been one of the major hidden dangers to the operational safety of dams. Traditional detection methods such as manual inspection and termite baiting have limitations in terms of efficiency and accuracy. To solve the problems, paper proposes a termite nest detection method based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) and deep learning. First, the simulated GPR data are generated using gprMax software, and the real data are collected using a GPR at several dams. Subsequently, the YOLOv8 deep neural network is employed for termite nest recognition in GPR images. The experimental results show that the proposed model can achieve the mean average precision (mAP) of 0.96 and a detection speed of 53.76 frames per second (FPS).
Design of A Linear Array Holographic Subsurface Radar System
Authors: Liu Wei , He Zhihua , Liu Tao , Song Xiaoji
Published: November 2024

This work introduces a new holographic subsurface radar (HSR) system designed with a cross-arranged linear array antenna. In non-destructive applications, holographic subsurface radar utilizes continuous wave, high-density spatial sampling, and a wide synthetic aperture to achieve high azimuth resolution. However, this results in a low data acquisition speed, which limits the detection efficiency. In this work, we designed a cross-arranged linear array antenna, where the transmitting- and receiving-antennas are layered on two parallel baselines. In this way, the space between the neighboring sampling points can still meet the spatial sampling criterion. The use of the electric-switching antenna array reduces 2-dimensional mechanical scanning to a 1-dimensional scan, significantly improving data acquisition speed while maintaining sufficient spatial sampling density. The prototype of the system was also detailed in the paper. The experiments show that the newly designed HSR system can improve detection efficiency by more than 10 times while maintaining imaging resolution.