bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Psychosocial Impairment in a Supermaximum Security Unit Sample
Authors: Cloyes Kristin G. , Lovell David , Allen David G. , Rhodes Lorna A.
Published: October 2006

This article concerns a study of Washington State supermaximum security unit (SMU) residents conducted to generate systematic, empirical data for this population and to investigate behavioral, institutional, and policy issues that affect their treatment. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is used to standardize interview-based assessments of participants’ psychosocial functioning, in conjunction with other operational, situation-specific measures. Results indicate that the BPRS is a reliable and effective measure of psychosocial impairment in SMU residents. Comparison of factor-based BPRS scores in this sample with scores and factor analysis solutions achieved in other populations points to considerations specific to this population that require further study. Finally, assessment of SMU residents using the BPRS and convergent measures of impairment indicates that a significant number demonstrate psychosocial impairment and/or meet criteria for serious mental illness.
Social Functioning, Treatment Dropout, and Recidivism of Probationers Mandated to a Modified Therapeutic Community
Authors: Hiller Matthew L. , Knight Kevin , Saum Christine A. , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: October 2006

Few studies have examined the impact of corrections-based drug abuse treatment programs on changes in social functioning. The current study, therefore, examines social functioning (i.e., hostility, risk taking, and social conformity) among 406 probationers in a modified therapeutic community. Data are collected prospectively and include intake, during treatment, and posttreatment information. Findings show that social functioning changes modestly during the first 90 days of treatment. Specifically, risk taking decreases with time, social conformity increases, and unexpectedly, hostility increases across time in treatment. Hostility is the only social functioning factor that predicts treatment dropout. Findings show there are no associations between social functioning indicators and recidivism both 1 and 2 years after treatment. However, recidivism within 1 year of treatment release is associated with criminal history, and recidivism within 2 years is associated with age.
Nothing to Lose? A Comparative Examination of Prison Misconduct Rates Among Life-Without-Parole and Other Long-Term High-Security Inmates
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Sorensen Jon R.
Published: October 2006

The impact of life-without-parole (LWOP) sentencing for inmate misconduct has important implications for inmate classification, prison management, capital sentencing determinations, and public policy considerations. This study seeks to illuminate these issues by comparing the disciplinary behavior of 1,897 inmates sentenced to LWOP in the Florida Department of Corrections to that of 7,147 inmates serving sentences of 10 to 30 or more years. The sample is restricted to inmates admitted between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2002, sentenced to a prison term of 10 years or longer, who remained in prison on December 31, 2003, and classified to close custody. The data show that the likelihood and pattern of disciplinary infractions and potentially violent rule infractions among LWOP inmates during 1998 to 2003 is broadly similar to that of other long-term inmates, supporting a conclusion that LWOP inmates act as a stabilizing rather than disruptive force in the prison environment.
Bringing Social Identities Back In: The Social Anchors of Left-Right Orientation in Western Europe
Authors: Freire André
Published: October 2006

This article seeks to show that the relative weight of social factors in explaining individual left-right self-placement, vis-a-vis values and partisan loyalties, is very important, contrary to the poor results shown by prior studies. The bias in previous literature was due to the fact that the models used for social factors were underspecified: they included only structural and organizational dimensions and ignored social identity. However, when the model was correctly specified by adding indicators of social identity, it was possible to reach an opposite conclusion. The cases studied were 12 western European countries (Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, and Ireland) in 1990 and 1999.
Increasing Distrust of the USA in South Korea
Authors: Kim Myongsob , Parker Suzanne L. , Choi Jun Young
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this article is two-pronged. First, it seeks to identify the factors that seem to lower trust in the USA among South Koreans. These factors weaken the traditionally solid Korea-USA alliance and have led a US expert to call South Korea a “runaway ally.” Second, this article empirically tests various explanations of trust using a nationwide survey of South Koreans conducted in 2005. This article employs multiple regression analysis to test the hypothesized relationships. The results indicate that the following factors have a statistically significant impact on trust in the USA: ideological anti-Americanism, short- and long-term factors related to the activities of Americans or the USA, national self-esteem, and American pop culture.
Activities and participation of 9- to 13-year-old children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Voorman Jeanine M , Dallmeijer Annet J , Schuengel Carlo , Knol Dirk L , Lankhorst Gustaaf J , Becher Jules G
Published: October 2006

Objective: To describe the activities and participation of children with cerebral palsy and to examine the relationship with personal factors and disease characteristics.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of a University Medical Center in The Netherlands.

Subjects: One hundred and ten children: 70 boys, 40 girls, mean (SD) age 11 years and 3 months (20 months).

Outcome measures: Activities and participation, described in the domains of mobility, self-care, domestic life, social life and communication, measured with the Gross Motor Function Measure, the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales.

Results: Multiple linear regression models showed that the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was strongly associated with mobility (explained variance 87-92%), self-care and domestic life. Apart from the GMFCS, cognitive impairment and limb distribution were less important but also significantly associated with self-care and domestic life (explained variance 65-81%). Cognitive impairment and epilepsy were the most important factors associated with social life and communication (explained variance 54-75%).

Conclusion: Activities and participation can, to a large extent, be explained by only a few associated factors.
Physical capacity and walking ability after lower limb amputation: a systematic review
Authors: van Velzen J M , van Bennekom C AM , Polomski W , Slootman J R , van der Woude L HV , Houdijk H
Published: October 2006

Objective: To review the influence of physical capacity on regaining walking ability and the development of walking ability after lower limb amputation.

Design: A systematic search of literature was performed. The quality of all relevant studies was evaluated according to a checklist for statistical review of general papers.

Subjects: Lower limb amputees.

Main measures: Physical capacity (expressed by aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, muscle force, flexibility and balance) and walking ability (expressed by the walking velocity and symmetry).

Results: A total of 48 studies that complied with the inclusion criteria were selected. From these studies there is strong evidence for deterioration of two aspects of physical capacity (muscle strength and balance) and of two aspects of walking ability (walking velocity and symmetry) after lower limb amputation. Strong evidence was found for a relation between balance and walking ability.

Conclusion: Strong evidence was only found for a relation between balance and walking ability. Evidence about a relation between other elements of physical capacity and walking ability was insufficient. Training of physical capacity as well as walking ability during rehabilitation following lower limb amputation should not be discouraged since several parameters have been shown to be reduced after amputation, although their relation to regaining walking ability and to the development of walking ability remains unclear.
The reproducibility and validity of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in parents of children with disabilities
Authors: Verkerk Gijs JQ , Wolf Marie Jeanne MAG , Louwers Annoek M , Meester-Delver Anke , Nollet Frans
Published: October 2006

Objective: To study the reproducibility (inter-rater agreement), the construct and criterion validity of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) in the parents of children with disabilities.

Design: The COPM was administered twice by two different occupational therapists. The inter-rater agreement of the content of the prioritized problems was explored. Data analysis of the reproducibility of the scores was based on the Bland and Altman method.

Measures used: The construct validity was studied by comparing the results of the COPM with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and a quality of life questionnaire. The criterion validity was verified with an open-ended question.

Setting: Occupational therapy departments of a university hospital and three rehabilitation institutes.

Subjects: One hundred and twenty-nine consecutive parents of children referred for occupational therapy.

Results: Data were obtained for 80 children with a mean age of 3.7 years (range 1-7.5). Of the prioritized problems identified in the first interview, 80% were also prioritized in the second interview. The limits of agreement were − 2.4 to +2.3 for the mean performance score and − 2.3 to + 2.6 for the mean satisfaction score. Assumptions about the construct and criterion validity were confirmed.

Conclusions: The inter-rater agreement of the prioritized problems is good enough for client-centred occupational therapy. The reproducibility of the performance and satisfaction scores is moderate. The results support the construct and criterion validity. The COPM identifies many child-unique problems that are not assessed with existing standardized measurement instruments or with a simple open-ended question.
Organizational Fields and the Diffusion of Information Technologies Within and Across the Nonprofit and Public Sectors
Authors: Thatcher Jason Bennett , Brower Ralph S. , Mason Robert M.
Published: October 2006

This qualitative-inductive study examines the diffusion of information technologies across service providers that contract to provide public services for a state human service agency. The researchers were struck by extensive data that illustrated salient “ruptures,” inconsistencies, and contradictions in the information systems that stand in stark contrast to the touted characteristics of the ostensible systems. The analysis draws attention to the extensive political symbolism attached to the actual information systems and to contradictory institutional logics that different participants impose on the collecting and valuing of various parcels of information. The researchers provide a preliminary theory about the isomorphic diffusion of technologies into and across the nonprofit sector and argue that these institutional dynamics imply a structuration process at a level that is much more macro institutional than the structuration of information technology artifacts that has been emphasized by recent scholars who write in the adaptive structuration perspective.
Brownfields, Crime, and Tax Increment Financing
Authors: Carroll Deborah A. , Eger Robert J.
Published: October 2006

When the determinants of property value include a central city—a location in which private businesses are often reluctant to invest—property values are no longer a simple function of land and demand features but are also influenced by health and welfare issues such as neighborhood crime and environmental contamination. To maintain economic vitality, central cities require not only the presence of market forces and the provision of public amenities that commonly increase the value of property but also the implementation and effectiveness of public policies directed at stimulating property valuation to combat the negative influences of these unique features of the urban environment. This article examines tax increment financing in relation to the health and welfare issues of crime and brownfields. The authors empirically show that the public policy of tax increment financing can effectively increase districtwide property valuation to counteract the negating effects of crime and brownfields.
Limits to Freedom of Expression? considerations arising from the Danish cartoons affair
Authors: Sturges Paul
Published: October 2006

The distress and anger caused by the publication in a Danish newspaper of cartoons containing satirical depictions of the Prophet Mahommed is the starting point for an exploration of the dimensions of the right to freedom of expression contained in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. Related rights and duties to the community are examined alongside the explicit limitations on freedom of expression contained in the Declaration. The principles of harm and of offence as set out respectively by Mill and Feinberg are applied to the problem, and the concept of proportionality in interpreting laws, and the exercise of decorum in satirical comedy are also discussed. The need for librarians to adopt policies for controversial materials, which defend freedom of expression and freedom of access to information whilst respecting community sensitivities is reasserted.
Resource Sharing within an International Library Network: using technology and professional cooperation to bridge the waters
Authors: Butler Barbara A. , Webster Janet , Watkins Steven G. , Markham James W.
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), comprised of 325 members from 86 countries, has a long history of resource sharing based on personal connections among its members. In 2002, IAMSLIC developed a resource-sharing system using a unified search interface that relies on Z39.50 broadcast search capabilities to query individual catalogs. In addition to the IAMSLIC Z39.50 Distributed Library, which searches standard OPAC catalogs, smaller libraries can share library holdings through the online Union List of Marine and Aquatic Serials. Member libraries may submit interlibrary loan requests for items located through either avenue. This successful program may serve as a model for other library organizations interested in sharing resources and extending access to subject-specific materials amongst member libraries.
There Be Dragons... Learning Management and Library Systems in Canada
Authors: Copeland Lynn
Published: October 2006

The importance of library resources and services to academic success is demonstrable. While current Learning Management Systems (LMS) do not support their integration, the signs are positive that this will change. A wide variety of LMSs are used at Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Canada, compounding the problem. SFU Library has achieved considerable success in technology, having developed reSearcher for Western Canadian university libraries; maintaining active digitization, institutional repository and e-journal support programmes; and supporting a very strong e-collection. SFU Library has a very active on-campus course-based instruction programme; extending that programme to the LMS environment has been challenging and, at times, frustrating. Through technology, strategic activity and active involvement in online pedagogical initiatives, some success has been achieved.
Building Capacity for Global Education in a School Library Media Education Program through International Exchange
Authors: Houston Cynthia
Published: October 2006

It is important for educators of school library media specialists in the United States to begin incorporating a global approach to education. Research on short-term international exchange programs indicates they contribute to the cognitive and personal growth prerequisite for developing a global perspective in both students and faculty. In efforts to develop a global perspective among students and faculty in the Western Kentucky University Library Media Education Program, two members of the faculty initiated an international exchange program with the Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka (SEK) Catalunya, a private P-12 school near Barcelona, Spain.
Public Library Partnerships which Add Value to the Community: the Hamilton Public Library experience
Authors: Hovius Beth
Published: October 2006

This paper focuses on a selection of partnerships which have strengthened the Hamilton Public Library’s role in the provision of literacy and information services and added value to the City of Hamilton, in Canada. The focus is on community-based partnerships although the Hamilton Public Library also has many active partnerships with other libraries at the provincial and national level. The partnerships are arranged in chronological order. Over time, the Library’s role within a partnership has evolved - from information and referral to content management and community empowerment.
Cross-Sectorial Challenges for Archives, Libraries and Museums
Authors: Østby Jon Birger
Published: October 2006

Archives, libraries and museums are established to serve society and their users, but there is considerable overlapping of sources across sector borders. Archives, libraries and museums all collect photographs. A survey in Norway shows that museums, like some libraries, have large and important collections of private archives. In a local community the museum might have a better collection of literature on local history than the public library, but it is not available to the general public and may even not be catalogued. The use of information and communication technology is the overriding challenge common to archives, libraries and museums. Improved cooperation between these institutions requires places where they can meet, such as seminars, conferences or networks. In many ways there seems to be greater potential for cooperation at regional and local levels than on a national level. For users it is irrelevant whether the sources of knowledge and experience are in the keeping of archives, libraries or museums. Their first concern is to obtain access to the sources they seek and to make use of them, regardless of the different sectors involved.
Caught between Print and Electronic
Authors: Stange Kari
Published: October 2006

The BIBSAM consortium in Sweden has licensed e-journals since 1998. During this period several different business models have been tested. This paper describes some of the experiences gained along the way. The key issue is to strive for models that are cost efficient when taking the whole life cycle of licensing e-journal content into account. The models with the highest potential for cost efficiency for consortia are the ‘big deals’ where all members have identical access rights and where the same terms apply for all journals licensed. This is in conflict with the need for flexibility often expressed by individual libraries. Parallel purchase of both print and electronic formats adds considerably to both complexity and cost in consortium agreements. Moving to e-only allows for more cost efficient models. Mechanisms are needed for adjusting the total consortium e-only cost in ‘big deals’ as the publishers’ portfolios change.
Adult Daughters of Battered Women
Authors: Anderson Kim M. , Danis Fran S.
Published: October 2006

This article reports on a qualitative study that examined first-person accounts of resilient women who, as children, were exposed to the battering of their mothers. The key finding was the roots of their resilient capacities that were forged in resistance to their childhood adversity and its consequences, particularly the violence perpetrated by their fathers against their mothers. The women used a variety of protective strategies to withstand and oppose their sense of powerlessness owing to the batterers' oppression of them and their mothers. Implications for social work practice include using resistance to oppression as part of a resilience-oriented helping paradigm in working with children who have been exposed to domestic violence.
Intimate Partner Violence and the Workplace
Authors: Swanberg Jennifer E. , Macke Caroline
Published: October 2006

This article examines the context and consequences associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) when it traverses the workplace. It reports the findings of a study of 34 employees in one workplace pertaining to the prevalence of recent IPV, the consequences of batterers' actions on employees' work performance, the context associated with the disclosure of IPV in the workplace, the types of workplace supports that were received, and the effects of supports on employment outcomes. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
“She Was Family”
Authors: Risley-Curtiss Christina , Holley Lynn C. , Cruickshank Tracy , Porcelli Jill , Rhoads Clare , Bacchus Denise N. A. , Nyakoe Soma , Murphy Sharon B.
Published: October 2006

Most families with companion animals regard them as family members, and affectionate relationships with pets can enhance health. Research suggests that these relationships are complicated and vary, depending on many factors, including ethnicity, but there has been little research on animal-human relationships in communities of color in the United States. This qualitative study explored beliefs about and experiences with companion animals of women of color. A central theme that emerged was the reciprocity that existed in women's relationships with their animals. A model for understanding multiple influences on women's views about animals and implications for research and practice are offered.
The Dynamic Prediction of Antisocial Behavior Among Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Quinsey Vernon L. , Jones G. Brian , Book Angela S. , Barr Kirsten N.
Published: October 2006

Staff ratings of 595 supervised forensic psychiatric patients on the Proximal Risk Factor Scale and the Problem Identification Checklist were completed monthly for an average of 33 months. During the follow-up, there were 265 incidents, 86 of which were violent. The average ratings, excluding those from the index month, differentiated patients who had incidents from those who did not. As well, the average ratings distinguished between individuals with and without incidents of a violent or sexual nature. There were significant increases in staff ratings in the months preceding the index incident month. Within-patient analyses showed that changes in dynamic risk scales comprising the best items for predicting incidents of any kind and violent or sexual incidents were strongly related to their respective outcomes and were significantly related to outcome in an independent sample. Changes in monthly staff ratings predict the imminent occurrence of antisocial and violent behaviors.
Risk Factors for Physical Assault and Rape Among Six Native American Tribes
Authors: Yuan Nicole P. , Koss Mary P. , Polacca Mona , Goldman David
Published: October 2006

Prevalence and correlates of adult physical assault and rape in six Native American tribes are presented ( N = 1,368). Among women, 45% reported being physically assaulted and 14% were raped since age 18 years. For men, figures were 36% and 2%, respectively. Demographic characteristics, adverse childhood experiences, adulthood alcohol dependence, and cultural and regional variables were assessed. Using logistic regression, predictors of physical assault among women were marital status, an alcoholic parent, childhood maltreatment, and lifetime alcohol dependence. Predictors of sexual assault among women were marital status, childhood maltreatment, and lifetime alcohol dependence. Among men, only childhood maltreatment and lifetime alcohol dependence predicted being physically assaulted. Tribal differences existed in rates of physical assault (both sexes) and rape (women only). The results underscore the problem of violence victimization among Native Americans and point to certain environmental features that increase risk of adulthood physical and sexual assault. Implications for tribe-specific interventions are discussed.
A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison
Authors: Struckman-Johnson Cindy , Struckman-Johnson David
Published: October 2006

Comparisons were made between self-reports from 382 men and 51 women who had experienced sexual coercion while incarcerated. Victim data were obtained from a sample of 1,788 male inmates and 263 female inmates who responded to an anonymous written survey distributed in 10 midwestern prisons. Men reported that their perpetrators in worst-case incidents were inmates (72%), staff (8%), or inmates and staff collaborating (12%). Women reported that their perpetrators were inmates (47%) and staff (41%). Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape. Men and women were similar in feeling depression; however, more men (37%) than women (11%) reported suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts (19% for men, 4% for women). Implications of results for prevention of sexual coercion in prison are discussed.
Ownership of High-Risk (“Vicious”) Dogs as a Marker for Deviant Behaviors
Authors: Barnes Jaclyn E. , Boat Barbara W. , Putnam Frank W. , Dates Harold F. , Mahlman Andrew R.
Published: October 2006

This study examined the association between ownership of high-risk (“vicious”) dogs and the presence of deviant behaviors in the owners as indicated by court convictions. We also explored whether two characteristics of dog ownership (abiding licensing laws and choice of breed) could be useful areas of inquiry when assessing risk status in settings where children are present. Our matched sample consisted of 355 owners of either licensed or cited dogs that represented high or low-risk breeds. Categories of criminal convictions examined were aggressive crimes, drugs, alcohol, domestic violence, crimes involving children, firearm convictions, and major and minor traffic citations. Owners of cited high-risk (“vicious”) dogs had significantly more criminal convictions than owners of licensed low-risk dogs. Findings suggest that the ownership of a high-risk (“vicious”) dog can be a significant marker for general deviance and should be an element considered when assessing risk for child endangerment.
Group Therapy for Women Sexually Abused as Children
Authors: Lundqvist Gunilla , Svedin Carl Göran , Hansson Kjell , Broman Inger
Published: October 2006

Forty-five female outpatients sexually abused in childhood were offered a 2-year phase-divided group therapy. Before and after treatment and at 12 months follow-up, they answered questionnaires designed to elicit responses concerning psychological symptoms (Symptom Checklist; SCL-90) and sense of coherence (SOC). Symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed before and after treatment. Inpatient days and sick listing days were assessed during 2 years before and 2 years after treatment. The psychological and PTSD symptoms were significantly reduced after treatment, and the SOC was increased as well. Inpatient days were decreased, and sick listing days increased but not significantly. Compared to a similar short-term focused therapy group and a waiting-list group there were no significant differences between the groups. Trauma-focused group therapy for women who were sexually abused in childhood seems to have promising effects on mental health, both concerning long-term and short-term approaches.
The Efficacy of Victim Services Programs
Authors: Sims Barbara , Yost Berwood , Abbott Christina
Published: October 2006

With the movement of the victim to the forefront of the criminal justice system, more and more services have been developed to alleviate the pain and suffering caused by the victimization experience. Some services seek to alleviate the psychological suffering of crime victims and include such programs as crisis intervention, individual and group counseling, and so forth. Several studies have examined to what extent such programming can actually improve the psychological functioning of crime victims. The present study examines that question through a quasi-experimental design in which victims who used services and victims who did not use services participated in a statewide telephone survey. The major finding of the study adds to those of previous studies: There is no significant difference between service and nonservice users when it comes to improvement in the psychological functioning of crime victims.
“Budgets, Institutions, and Change: Criminal Justice Policy in America” Revisited
Authors: Oliver Willard M. , Marion Nancy E.
Published: October 2006

Calderia and Cowart published an article that theorized that presidents are responsive in their budgetary responsibilities to increases in official crime rates. The scope of their study was the years 1935 to 1975, and their findings supported their theory that presidents were engaged in substantive policy making. The current study replicates and updates the original research to determine if presidents continue this pattern of increasing budgets to fight increases in reported crime, as originally theorized. The authors theorize that in more recent years, criminal justice policy became more symbolic and is often a gesture used by presidents to gain political and popular support. This study finds that in the time frame after the original study, the same patterns do not hold true, and budgetary allocations are no longer responsive to the rise and fall in official crime rates, thus demonstrating support for the theory of symbolics.
Parenting Programs for Incarcerated Parents
Authors: Loper Ann Booker , Tuerk Elena Hontoria
Published: October 2006

Increases in the number of incarcerated parents have led to the implementation of parent training programs in prisons. Although many programs exist, programs differ in their design and methods of self-assessment. This article examines the current state of research on parenting interventions, including the types of programs available, the outcomes measured in each study, and the overall effectiveness of parent training. Variables that may affect program effectiveness, such as sentence length, educational level, and parent gender, are considered. The importance of primary prevention through parent training is discussed, including implications for social welfare and further scientific inquiry.
Criminal Justice System Reform and Wrongful Conviction
Authors: Zalman Marvin
Published: October 2006

This article describes the nature and importance of wrongful conviction as a criminal justice policy issue, the development of an innocence movement to litigate on behalf of potential exonerees and to promote policy issues, the innocence movement’s policy and research agenda, and the very small amount of criminal justice research on the issue in comparison to legal and psychological inquiry. A research agenda for criminal justice policy scholars is proposed to explore the innocence movement and its research agenda. Research models from political science and sociology regarding the study of public policy, social movements, and interest groups offer themes and methods that would allow criminal justice researchers to expand their understanding of the criminal justice system’s capacity for reform. Network analysis and the diffusion of innovation research are suggested as approaches to examine the context and spread of innocence reforms.
Between love and aggression: the politics of John Bowlby
Authors: Mayhew Ben
Published: October 2006

While much has been written on the work of the psychoanalyst John Bowlby, little comment has been made on his political activities and how they related to his theorizing. In his work it can be seen how psychoanalytic ideas of love underlay not only his theory of attachment, but also the creation of new political ideas. Bowlby’s collaboration with Evan Durbin, a little-known but important economist and political philosopher, was underpinned by a belief that social responsibility was an evolved psychological potentiality that could be actualized in the mother-child bonding processes. This reflected and reinforced their democratic socialist vision. Furthermore, their work helped usher in a new technological framework for conceiving of social policy, a framework that would dominate British politics after the Second World War. This is illuminated in considering Bowlby’s role in the evacuation scheme and Durbin’s contributions to Clement Attlee’s government.
H. J. Eysenck in Fagin’s kitchen: the return to biological theory in 20th-century criminology
Authors: Rafter Nicole Hahn
Published: October 2006

In 1964, the British psychologist Hans Jürgen Eysenck published Crime and Personality, the book that set forth his theory of the criminal as a psychopathic poor conditioner. Crime and Personality went through three editions, and even those who vehemently rejected the theory acknowledged it as the most highly articulated and influential biological explanation of crime of its time. Yet today Eysenck’s name is fading from criminological memory - and none too soon, in the opinion of critics who continue to anathematize him as a self-serving showman, charlatan, and dangerous right-wing conservative. This article addresses four questions. Who was Eysenck? What did he say about the causes of crime? Why was he (and why does he continue to be) such a controversial figure? And did he contribute any ideas of lasting significance to criminology? The answers open a window onto the late 20th-century revival of biocriminology, a return to biological explanations that continues into the present and seems to be accelerating. They also reveal characteristics of criminology itself as a knowledge enterprise that has changed over time.
Unravelling Foucault’s ‘different spaces’
Authors: Johnson Peter
Published: October 2006

Although it is widely acknowledged that Foucault’s accounts of the concept of heterotopia remain briefly sketched and somewhat confusing, the notion has provoked many interpretations and applications across a range of disciplines. In particular, it has been coupled with different stages or processes of modernity and persistently linked to forms of resistance. This article re-examines Foucault’s concept through a close textual analysis. It contrasts heterotopia with Lefebvre’s conceptualization of heterotopy and wider formulations of utopia. Drawing on Foucault’s study of the spaces of literature of Borges, and particularly Blanchot, the article argues that heterotopia refers to varied spatial and temporal disruptions that imaginatively interrogate and undermine certain formulations of utopia. It concludes by outlining how heterotopia contests the space in which we live.
Truth, Knowledge and Communication: Thomas Aquinas on the Mystery of Teaching
Authors: Boland Vivian
Published: October 2006

The context in which Thomas Aquinas reflects on teaching is discussed, as are the texts in which he does so. We learn how he understands teaching from two other considerations, how he went about the task, and the pedagogical concerns that persist through his writing career. The most important source for his convictions about pedagogy is the Bible, and Jesus is ‘the most excellent of teachers’. His account of teaching is ultimately theological, then, in line with his concerns in Summa theologiae, such that creation may be understood as teaching and redemption as learning.
Sacramental Characters
Authors: Jordan Mark D.
Published: October 2006

Thomas Aquinas’s explanation of the (then new) doctrine of sacramental character can seem a crudely mechanical view of the causality of rites of church membership. It explains in fact the capacity and horizon for moral action in salvation history. Participation in the priesthood of Christ enables the believer to inhabit the pedagogy through which history is brought back to Trinitarian life. This sort of account, which is for Thomas the indispensable ground of moral theology, sounds archaic to many contemporary Christian readers who nonetheless want to excerpt from Thomas particular ethical conclusions. They fail to appreciate the challenge posed by change in the deep categories of moral performance—a change nowhere more consequential or invisible than in contemporary debates over sexuality.
Nature as Reason: A Thomistic Theory of the Natural Law
Authors: Rhonheimer Martin
Published: October 2006

Jean Porter intends to develop a fresh construal of the natural law tradition which in its essentials corresponds to the thought of Aquinas. Despite her great learning and subtleness of argument, she seems to promote an agenda of her own which, rather than being Thomistic, points in the direction of a theologically warranted kind of moral relativism under the name of `moral pluralism'. Porter disregards the core of Aquinas's concept of natural law as a natural and truth-attaining intellectual light, enabling human beings to distinguish good from evil, and thus continues the tradition of opposing in moral theory `reason' to `nature'.
Feeling at home
Authors: Andrews Hazel
Published: October 2006

The study of the tourist subject has been largely absent from the social science literature in tourism studies. Where discussions of the practice of tourism have taken place these have mainly centred around notions of the gaze. This perspective ignores the embodied and felt nature of the tourist experience and other senses such as smell and hearing. This article moves the discussion forward. The analysis is based upon ethnographic fieldwork in charter tourist resorts in Mallorca, Spain. In such a context the situated body is central to an understanding of tourist practices and can be examined to understand the constructions of national and gendered identities.
Narratives of place and self
Authors: Tucker Hazel
Published: October 2006

This article addresses narratives of place and self as they are constructed in the context of package tours. Based on participant observation and interview research conducted on two eight-day coach tours aimed at different age groups, the discussion explores the self-performances of tourists while participating in sightseeing tours in New Zealand. The research showed that the narratives that tour participants either brought with them or generated in interaction while on tour were based on a complex set of meanings regarding place and self. For the older tour group, visiting New Zealand brought some closure to aspects of their lives that had been unresolved, but their experiences also served to heighten their sense of nearing mortality. For the other group, visiting New Zealand on this particular group tour aimed at young people was an opening to new aspects of their identity. This research thus challenges previous conceptualizations of package coach tourism which have not allowed for the multiple ways in which touring experiences serve to write not only touring selves but also toured places.
Promotion of Evidence-Based Practices for Child Traumatic Stress in Rural Populations
Authors: Paul Lisa A. , Gray Matt J. , Elhai Jon D. , Massad Phillip M. , Stamm Beth Hudnall
Published: October 2006

Child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, and other forms of traumatic stress in childhood are unfortunately quite prevalent. Although most children exhibit striking resiliency in the face of such harrowing experiences, the ubiquity of childhood trauma translates into a significant number of children in need of clinical services to address resultant unremitting distress. Encouragingly, a number of effective interventions for child traumatic stress have been developed in the past several years, and these services are increasingly available in urban areas. Unfortunately, residents of rural and frontier regions may remain underserved despite the existence of effective treatments. This article briefly reviews the prevalence and sequelae of childhood trauma and depicts the numerous barriers to effective treatment faced by rural populations. The authors then briefly review promising evidence-based interventions for child traumatic stress and conclude by enumerating mechanisms for increasing rural populations’ access to these services.
The Use of Exposure and Ritual Prevention in the Treatment of Harm Obsessions With Covert Compulsions
Authors: Ritter Michael R. , Hazlett-Stevens Holly
Published: October 2006

This case study illustrates the use of exposure and ritual prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involving obsessional thoughts but without overt compulsions. Such presentations, once considered rare and treatment resistant, are now thought to represent a considerable portion of OCD sufferers. Recently, innovative treatment approaches with exposure and ritual prevention have shown encouraging treatment outcomes for this population. Successful treatment requires careful assessment of cognitive misappraisals and covert compulsions. A theoretical and research basis for obsessions is discussed along with a cognitive behavioral conceptualization of the problem. A detailed discussion of the course of treatment, complicating factors, managed-care issues, and recommendations to clinicians is included.
Relapse Following Successful Intensive Treatment of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. , Abramowitz Jonathan S.
Published: October 2006

This case study describes the use of intensive exposure and response prevention (ERP) for the treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The adolescent described in this report lives a long distance from treatment providers with expertise in managing severe OCD symptoms. Thus, he has to travel out of town for effective therapy. The treatment program results in substantial immediate benefits. However, gradual relapse is noted once treatment is over and the patient returns to his home environment. Obstacles to the accessibility of ERP for pediatric OCD, conducting successful treatment, and generalizing and maintaining gains are discussed with the aim of drawing attention to, and facilitating the prevention of, these difficulties. Suggestions for addressing the shortcomings highlighted by this case are presented.
Adapting Manualized CBT for a Cognitively Delayed Child With Multiple Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Suveg Cynthia , Comer Jonathan S. , Furr Jami M. , Kendall Philip C.
Published: October 2006

This study examined the effectiveness of a modified cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program for the treatment of a cognitively delayed 8-year-old girl presenting with social phobia, selective mutism, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Multimethod assessment, at pretreatment and posttreatment, included a semistructured diagnostic interview, self-reports, and parent and teacher reports. Cognitive delays were apparent at the initial assessment and confirmed on review of previous evaluations. CBT for anxious youth was implemented in a modified fashion to ensure that the methods built on the child’s competencies and were compatible with her developmental capacities. Following 20 CBT sessions, posttreatment assessment indicated significant reduction in anxiety symptoms, as indicated by the diagnostic interview and self-report and other report of symptomatology. The child no longer met diagnostic criteria for GAD or selective mutism at posttreatment. The case study illustrates how CBT can be modified and applied flexibly in response to individual needs and limitations of the child.
The Principles of Extinction and Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors in the Intensive Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Primarily Obsessional Pediatric OCD
Authors: Fernandez Melanie A. , Storch Eric A. , Lewin Adam B. , Murphy Tanya K. , Geffken Gary R.
Published: October 2006

This case study describes the application of intensive cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), focusing on extinction and differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO), in an adolescent girl with primarily obsessional obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). “Abby,” a 13-year-old, Caucasian female, showed meaningful changes in OCD symptomatology during five consecutive sessions of intensive treatment. Abby’s mother also reported dramatic improvements in Abby’s functioning and in the mother-child relationship. Improvements continued to be reported by Abby and her mother and observed by therapists during follow-up sessions. The results of this case study provide preliminary support that intensive CBT incorporating extinction, cognitive restructuring skills, and DRO may be an effective treatment for pediatric OCD.
SSEA-4 identifies mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow
Authors: Gang Eun J. , Bosnakovski Darko , Figueiredo Camila A. , Visser Jan W. , Perlingeiro Rita C. R.
Published: October 2006

Adult bone marrow (BM) contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as well as a nonhematopoietic, stromal cell population. Within this stromal population are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which not only support hematopoiesis but also differentiate into multiple lineages, including fat, bone, and cartilage. Because of this multipotentiality, the MSC is an attractive candidate for clinical applications to repair or regenerate damaged tissues of mesenchymal origin. However, research progress has been hampered by the limited existing knowledge of the biology of these cells, particularly by the lack of a suitable marker for their prospective isolation. Here, we report that SSEA-4, an early embryonic glycolipid antigen commonly used as a marker for undifferentiated pluripotent human embryonic stem cells and cleavage to blastocyst stage embryos, also identifies the adult mesenchymal stem cell population.
The antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 is essential for the survival of neutrophils but not macrophages
Authors: Dzhagalov Ivan , St. John Ashley , He You-Wen
Published: October 2006

The antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, a member of the Bcl-2 family, plays critical roles in promoting the survival of lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. Although previous studies have implicated Mcl-1 in regulating the survival of neutrophils and macrophages, the in vivo function of Mcl-1 in these 2 cell lineages remained unclear. To address this, we have generated mice conditionally lacking Mcl-1 expression in neutrophils and macrophages. We show that Mcl-1 conditional knockout mice had a severe defect in neutrophil survival, whereas macrophage survival was normal. The granulocyte compartment in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow of Mcl-1 conditional knockout mice exhibited an approximately 2- to 3-fold higher apoptotic rate than control cells. In contrast, resting and activated macrophages from Mcl-1–deficient mice exhibited normal survival and contained up-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. These data suggest that Mcl-1 plays a nonredundant role in promoting the survival of neutrophils but not macrophages.