bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolution in the Age of Identity: North Africa and the Postcolonial Condition
Authors: Laroussi Farid
Published: June 2015

To understand the meaning and the scope of the “Arab Spring”, one workable methodology is to examine the reality of the unrest in a specific geographical area. Within a context of increasing political and cultural interaction North Africa has managed to maintain separate identities. This article is an attempt to examine why the Arab uprisings fail, or rather never materialize in Algeria and Morocco? This topic becomes fascinating with a view to understand the structural changes from the age of independence to an interdependence that seems to leave undemocratic regimes untouched, while the postcolonial condition becomes a disputed issue. History, economics, and demographics are useful tools in order to examine processes that may otherwise be dumbed down into happy theories of liberation movements. There is nothing much happy in today’s North Africa, be they strategies of resistance or the power structures. In this article I will analyze the specific tension that exists between a power that has been consolidating over the decades and the counterhegemonic spiral that eventually placed Algerians ahead of the “Arab Spring” wave.
Psychotic and depressive symptoms after gabapentin treatment
Authors: Evrensel Alper , Ünsalver Barış Önen
Published: June 2015

Gabapentin, one of the antiepileptics, shows its effects via voltage-gated calcium channels. Sedation and mood elevation are among its side effects. The positive effects of antiepileptics such as valproate and carbamazepine as mood stabilizers have raised the hope that other antiepileptics may as well be efficacious in the treatment of mood disorders. However, relevant research data have not proven success of newer antiepileptics. This article presents the negative side effects of gabapentin such as psychotic and depressive symptoms, which occur shortly after its use. The use of gabapentin in mood disorders is discussed through these side effects.
Intravenous Computed Tomographic Cholangiography in Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Nyman U. , Rimér U. , Aspelin P. , Zederfelt B. , Sigurjónsson S. , Fork F.-T. , Dinnetz G. , Johansson M.
Published: June 2015

Forty-nine patients with clinical signs of acute cholecystitis underwent conventional and computed tomographic cholangiography. Among 39 patients with signs of contrast medium in the biliary system at both examinations there was a diagnostic discrepancy in only one patient. Conventional radiography demonstrated cholecystopathy in this patient while contrast medium in the gallbladder and an acute pancreatitis were found at computed tomography. Ten patients with an indeterminate conventional cholangiography had a conclusive computed tomographic examination. Twenty of 30 patients with an abnormal computed tomographic cholangiography underwent cholecystectomy and all had diseased gallbladders. All 17 patients with histopathologically confirmed acute cholecystitis had signs of subserosal edema and/or changes in the omental fatty tissue adjacent to the gallbladder at computed tomography. A layer of tissue of water-density adjacent to the gallbladder and/or changes in omental fatty tissue were also seen in one patient with congestive heart failure and in one with a penetrating duodenal ulcer. None of the 19 patients with a normal computed tomographic cholangiography had a proven acute cholecystitis.
High Dose Urography in Patients with Renal Failure
Authors: Smith H.-J. , Levorstad K. , Berg K. J. , Rootwelt K. , Sveen K.
Published: June 2015

The new non-ionic contrast medium iohexol 350 mg I/ml was compared with the ionic contrast medium metrizoate 350 mg I/ml in a double blind, two-group urographic study performed on 20 patients with stable, impaired renal function. A dose of contrast medium of 500 mg I/kg body weight was given to each patient. Iohexol resulted in significantly fewer subjective adverse reactions than metrizoate. A similar image quality was obtained with the two contrast media. No clinically significant difference existed between the two contrast media with respect to influence on blood pressure, pulse or clinical chemical parameters. A tendency to deterioration of renal function after urography was found in both groups, but no difference of statistical significance existed between the two contrast media with respect to possible nephrotoxicity. Inadequate hydration may have been partly responsible for the nephrotoxic effect of the urographic procedure.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Pettersson H. , Hamlin D. J. , Mancuso A. , Scott K. N.
Published: June 2015

During the last few years, the interest and experience in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the musculoskeletal system has increased rapidly. Modern equipment with good spatial resolution and multislice, multiecho technique provides detailed information on the joints, soft tissue and spine within a reasonable examination time, both with superconductive and resistive systems. Today, MRI is an established technique for examination of musculoskeletal tumors and aseptic bone necrosis and it has proven to be of great value for evaluation of diseases of the spine and spinal canal. The definite place of MRI within musculoskeletal diagnostic imaging is not yet settled, but its potential is great, and it will have an important role in the future.
Attenuation Changes of the Normal and Ischemic Canine Kidney
Authors: Jaschke W. , Lipton M. J. , Boyd D. P. , Cann C. , Strauss L. , Sievers R. S.
Published: June 2015

The potential of CT scanning to explore total and regional renal blood flow was evaluated in a dog model with unilateral renal artery stenosis (n=7, reduction of renal blood flow: 32–75 % of base line flow). Attenuation versus time curves were generated for the renal cortex and medulla, as well as for the aorta and renal vein. A fast CT scanner was used which allowed for up to 24 scans/minute at the same level (slice thickness: 10 mm). A total of 10 ml contrast medium was injected into a peripheral vein for each scan series taken. During baseline conditions, the curve of the renal cortex and medulla demonstrated 2 peaks. The first peak was mainly related to early vascular enhancement, whereas the second peak corresponded mainly to the appearance of contrast medium in the distal convolutes and collecting ducts. Ischemia of the kidney resulted in a reduction of the first peak and a flattening of the leading edge slope. Transport of contrast medium through the extravascular compartments of the kidney was delayed during ischemia. Relative renal blood flow was obtained from the CT data by dividing peak enhancement by rise-time as assessed from the cortical curve. All measurements were related to baseline flow and validated by flow measurements using radioactive labeled microspheres (n=5). Correlation was found to be r=0.97.
Neural Tissue Uptake and Clearance of Iohexol following Lumbar Myelography in Rabbits
Authors: Ekholm S. E. , Foley M. , Morris T. W. , Sahler L.
Published: June 2015

The diffusion of water-soluble contrast media (CM) into the extracellular space of the central nervous system following injection into the subarachnoid space has previously been shown. As a result of this, water-soluble CM will come in direct contact with the neurons and may interfere with their normal function. The toxic effects would thus be a result both of the molecular properties of the CM as well as the local tissue concentration. The neuronal tissue uptake and clearance of metrizamide in rabbits following lumbar myelography was described in a previous study by our group. This study indicated some retention of metrizamide in the spinal cord probably as a result of binding of the CM to the cell membrane. The mechanism for this has not yet been shown although it may relate to the binding of metrizamide via its 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) portion and the specific glucose membrane carrier. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the diffusion kinetics of a new non-ionic CM. With iohexol, which lacks a 2-DG component in its molecule a direct relationship between the neural tissue and CSF concentration was found which seems to follow a simple diffusion model. Since iohexol shows no sign of entrapment in the tissue, the contact time for neurons will be shorter than that seen with metrizamide assuming that their rate of drainage from the CSF is identical.
Delineation of the Normal Esophagus at Computed Tomography
Authors: Samuelsson L. , Tylén U.
Published: June 2015

It has been accepted by many that the esophagus in its entire length is easy to delineate at CT in most patients due to surrounding fat planes. As this is not the experience of the present authors, the CT of the thorax in 100 normal men and women without mediastinal disease and in good nutritional status was reviewed, to record the relationship between the esophagus and neighbouring structures. In the upper third of the esophagus there is almost never a definite border between its wall and that of the trachea, while a separating border or even a fat plane can be seen to the spine in between 25 and 50 per cent of those tested. The vessels, as a rule, have a fat plane towards the esophagus. The middle part of the esophagus has the same intimate relationship to the trachea and left main bronchus, i.e. almost never any separating border. Two thirds of the cases have no border to the upper part of the pericardium (left atrium), while about 70 per cent have a border or fat plane towards the aorta. The middle and lower third of the esophagus has, as a rule, a distinct border or fat plane to the spine. In about 50 per cent of the patients the anterior wall of the lower esophagus is separable from the pericardium.
Food-Stimulated Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Demonstrated by Barium Examination
Authors: Christiansen T. , Thommesen P.
Published: June 2015

A prospective investigation on gastro-oesophageal reflux in 97 consecutive patients has been carried out by means of a barium examination employing the conventional method and after food stimulation. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was observed in 38 patients with and 15 patients without oesophageal symptoms. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was induced by two mechanisms, an active component after food stimulation and a passive component after the conventional method including respiratory manoeuvres and leg raising. In 32 patients, only the active component could be demonstrated and in 6 patients only the passive component. In the remaining 15 patients both active and passive components occurred. The clinical significance of the active and passive components in gastro-oesophageal reflux needs further investigation.
Fallopian Tube Patency Demonstrated at Ultrasonography
Authors: Rasmussen F. , Larsen C. , Justesen P.
Published: June 2015

Fallopian tube patency was assessed in 24 infertile patients by hysterosalpingography (HSG) and ultrasonographic examination of the pouch of Douglas following transcervical injection of a sterile isotonic solution of NaCl. The presence of fluid in the pouch, after the injection, was taken to indicate tubal patency. The results of the HSG and the ultrasonographic diagnosis as to the presence of at least unilateral tubal patency were concordant in 21 patients. Pitfalls consisted of fluid accumulation in periadnexal adhesions, edema in the bowel wall, and spill of the injected saline into a large hydrosalpinx. Ultrasonography is advocated as the initial examination in assessing infertility in young women. If tubal patency is demonstrated, the patient should be recommended a six month trial period, to become pregnant, before invasive procedures are initiated.
Lumbosacral Epidurography and Computed Tomography
Authors: Hårdstedt C. , Vucetic N.
Published: June 2015

A method for the diagnosis of disc herniation and nerve root compression in the lower lumbar and upper sacral spine is presented. Computed tomography of the spine was carried out after injection of a positive contrast medium into the epidural space. Preliminary results indicate a high diagnostic accuracy.
Real-Time Ultrasonography of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Hayashi N. , Tamaki N. , Yamamoto K. , Senda M. , Yonekura Y. , Misaki T. , Iida Y. , Kasagi K. , Endo K. , Konishi J. , Torizuka K. , Mori T. , Makimoto K.
Published: June 2015

Sonographic characteristics were analyzed in 141 histologically confirmed thyroid nodules including 84 benign and 57 malignant tumors. Seven items were examined: Presence of a ‘halo’; presence of cystic components; presence of calcification; hypoechogenicity; heterogeneity of the internal echo pattern: irregular or obscured margin; and massive extrathyroidal extension. Only the last-mentioned item appeared exclusively, but not very often, in malignant lesions, and the other characteristics were encountered in both benign and malignant lesions. Although ultrasonography is a method of choice for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, its ability to distinguish benign from malignant lesions is limited.
Angiography of Histopathologic Variants of Synovial Sarcoma
Authors: Lois J. F. , Fischer H. J. , Mirra J. M. , Gomes A. S.
Published: June 2015

Synovial sarcomas are rare soft tissue tumors which histopathologically can be divided into monophasic, biphasic and mixed variants. As part of a protocol for intra-arterial chemotherapy 12 patients with biopsy proven synovial sarcoma underwent angiography. The angiograms on these patients were reviewed to determine whether synovial sarcomas and their variants demonstrated a characteristic angiographic appearance. Synovial sarcomas appeared angiographically as soft tissue masses which showed a fine network of tumor vessels with an inhomogeneous capillary blush. Their degree of vascularity varied according to their histopathology. Monophasic synovial sarcomas demonstrated in general a higher degree of neovascularity than the biphasic form. This finding was also suggested by histopathologic analysis of the vessels in the tumor. Although angiography did not show a distinctive vascular pattern it may be useful to evaluate tumor size and vascularity.
Adverse Reactions following Two Separate Intravascular Injections of Contrast Media in the Same Patient
Authors: Sogn E. E. , Ødegård T. , Haider T. , Andrew E.
Published: June 2015

Adverse reactions following contrast medium injections in 26 non-comparative and parallel trials were extracted from the iohexol vascular clinical trial program in Northern Europe. Six hundred and forty-one patients (13–88 years old) in whom information was available about a vascular contrast medium examination before the iohexol clinical trials were included, enabling a retrospective within patient comparison of adverse reactions. Iohexol gave a lower recurrence frequency (approximately 3.5 times) of reactions than ionic monomers in patients who previously experienced adverse reactions to vascular contrast media. In order to overcome some of the drawbacks with the present retrospective design, prospective comparative studies are recommended.
Computed Tomography of Anterior Mediastinal Tumors
Authors: Mori K. , Eguchi K. , Moriyama H. , Miyazawa N. , Kodama T.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomographic (CT) features in 10 patients with germ cell tumor of the mediastinum and 15 with thymoma were compared with surgically resected specimens. The CT findings of the internal structure of tumors were the most important factor for specific diagnosis. Germ cell tumors showed a round mass without distinct lobulation, frequently with calcification appearing as a globular shape, and especially in benign tumors as an arched shape along the wall. Homogeneous low density masses (near-water) with a thick wall were benign and non-homogeneous density masses (a mixture of near-water and soft tissue) were malignant. Thymoma usually showed a solid mass with lobulation and sometimes had an eggshell type of calcification in the tumor. Therefore, CT is of importance in the diagnosis of anterior mediastinal masses.
Ultrasonically Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy in Focal Pancreatic Lesions
Authors: Taavitsainen M. , Koivuniemi A. , Bondestam S. , Kivisaari L. , Tierala E.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 100 patients with a focal pancreatic lesion. The lesion was a well-defined solid mass of 1 to 4 cm in 37 cases, a well-defined solid mass of 4.5 to 10 cm in 28 cases, an intrapancreatic cystic lesion in 23 cases, and an ill-defined prominent area in 12 cases. The samples were taken with a one-hand instrument and 0.7 to 0.9 mm disposable needles without a puncture adaptor. The material was sufficient for cytologic analysis in 98 cases. Malignant cells were obtained in 44 of the 49 cases with pancreatic carcinoma and lymphoma cells in one case with lymphomatous infiltration. Four of the six cases of cystadenoma could be identified cytologically. In solid inflammatory lesions, the nature of the lesion was seen in 12 of the 17 cases. There were no false positive reports of malignancy. The solid prominent areas of normal pancreatic tissue yielded normal cytologic samples. Aspirates of cystic lesions in the pancreas revealed one malignant case, and infected lesions could be differentiated from ***non-infected in the rest. There was one complication in a patient with an obstructed and dilated common bile duct. The aspiration procedure caused severe pain and the operation was performed earlier than scheduled. Diagnostic material is obtained in the majority of ultrasound guided aspiration biopsies of the pancreas. In malignancy, false negative results occur in about 10 per cent of cases.
Sensitivity of 111In-Granulocyte Scintigraphy in Various Local Infections
Authors: Syrjälä M. T. , Liewendahl K. , Valtonen V. , Taavitsainen M. , Gripenberg J.
Published: June 2015

Eighty-eight patients with 105 foci of bacterial infection were investigated by 111In-granulocyte scintigraphy. The overall sensitivity of this method was 74 per cent. A negative correlation between duration of signs and symptoms and the intensity of the granulocyte accumulations was found, and patients having false negative scintigraphy also had a significantly longer history of infection, clearly demonstrating the importance of performing scintigraphy in the acute phase of an infection. Scintigraphy performed after negative or equivocal computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US) investigations in patients with strongly suggested occult infection revealed many foci of infection, particularly in areas not covered by CT or US, showing the superiority of 111In-granulocyte scintigraphy over the two other methods when localizing symptoms are absent.
Renal Function Measured by X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Boijsen M. , Jacobsson L. , Tylén U.
Published: June 2015

In twenty-six patients injected with metrizoate during urography, plasma was analyzed for iodine concentration using x-ray fluorescence analysis, and total plasma clearance of contrast medium was calculated. Total plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA was also determined, but not simultaneously, in order to find out if the urographic procedure would influence the kidneys to such an extent that the contrast medium clearance value would differ much from the 51Cr-EDTA clearance value. The errors in the method were assessed and the total error of the contrast medium clearance determination was calculated. When comparing 51Cr-EDTA and metrizoate clearance a correlation of 0.94 and a mean ratio of 1.046 (SD 0.138) was found. The assessable errors cannot fully explain the standard deviation, which might indicate a transient change in kidney function related to elements of the urographic procedure such as laxation with possible dehydration and/or the contrast medium dose.
Comparison of Ionic and Non-Ionic Nitroxide Spin Labels for Urographic Enhancement in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Grodd W. , Paajanen H. , Eriksson U. G. , Revel D. , Terrier F. , Brasch R. C.
Published: June 2015

Two nitroxide spin labels (NSL) were compared for in vitro relaxivity and in normal rats for efficiency of urographic enhancement. One of the NSL, PCA, a pyrrolidinyl agent, was ionic and one, NAT, was a non-ionic pyrrolidinyl NSL with multiple hydroxyl substituents for water solubility. Using both NSLs the renal medulla and papilla were noted to show greater contrast enhancement than the cortex, with a maximum enhancing effect between 5 and 15 minutes. Using doses of 1.0 and 2.5 mmol/kg, more than 100 per cent increases in spin echo intensities above the baseline were observed. The lowest tested dose of 0.1 mmol/kg showed an easily detectable enhancing effect for NAT. The good contrast enhancing properties of NAT, considered together with its better acute tolerance, justifies further investigation of this non-ionic compound.
A Simplified Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Method
Authors: Djerf K. , Edholm P. , Hedbrant J.
Published: June 2015

A simplified roentgen stereophotogrammetric method is described. It is based on the use of a 50 mm thick reference plate consisting of a carbon-fibre-reinforced polyester box. The patient is placed directly on this box, which makes the methods less cumbersome and more suitable for routine use. The method has been tested in a model experiment designed for detecting small movements between femur and prosthesis at an early stage after total hip replacement. The head and two hemispheres on the prosthesis and three small tantalum balls inserted in the femur serve as reference points. The model experiment now reported shows that the method has acceptable precision.
Spatial Distribution of Dose in Computed Tomography with Special Reference to Thin-Slice Techniques
Authors: Moström U. , Ytterbergh C.
Published: June 2015

The spatial dose distribution in a cylindrical polystyrene phantom with a diameter of 200 mm was measured for seven computed tomography (CT) scanners. The measurements were performed in the head mode and mainly for narrow slices in the range 1.5 to 4 mm. Both radial and axial dose profiles were measured and the dose distribution for multiple-scan procedures was calculated. The ratio between the surface and centre doses for a single scan varied between the extremes of 1.8 and 4.3 and was generally higher for narrow than for wide slices. With multiple nominally contiguous scans the difference in absorbed dose between surface and centre locations in the object decreased, on account of scattered radiation. The CT dose index for centre locations varied considerably between the tested scanners, with a range from 5.6 to 27.2 mGy per nominal 100 mAs. For a simulated multiple-scan procedure, comparable to a CT examination of the orbits, the multiple-scan average dose varied between 4.3 and 16.4 mGy per nominal 100 mAs.
Computed Tomography in Opportunistic Lung Infections
Authors: Hartelius H.
Published: June 2015

Chest radiography in two teenage boys, one with Wiscott-Aldrich's syndrome and one with acute lymphatic leucemia in remission showed increased interstitial pattern. In both computed tomography (CT) of the lungs showed heavy interstitial pneumonia, rather different in appearance but in both cases equal to the CT findings in opportunistic lung infections known from immunoincompetent patients with for instance Pneumocystis carinii and/or cytomegalo virus infections. In both patients the CT findings led to lung biopsy establishing the etiologic agent.
Hyperostosis Cranii
Authors: Jacobsson H. , Haverling M.
Published: June 2015

The bone scintigrams of 52 women with radiographically proven hyperostosis cranii were examined specifically with regard to the endosteal lesions. It was confirmed that hyperostosis cranii exhibits a characteristic appearance at bone scintigraphy that is usually easy to recognize. By scoring the degree of hyperostotic changes and their scintigraphic activity according to a semiquantitative scale, an inverse relation between radiographic changes and scintigraphic activity was observed but could not be statistically proven. A tendency of more pronounced radiographic changes and a tendency of decreasing activity at bone scintigraphy with increasing age were also found. It is suggested that hyperostosis cranii starts in younger women and that the initial osseous turnover of the lesions is high. Successively, the metabolic activity decreases while the endosteal lesions increase, tending towards a stabilization of the process with increasing age.
Computed Tomography in Primary Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Mediastinum
Authors: Blomlie V. , Lien H. H. , Fosså S. D. , Jacobsen A. B. , Stenwig A. E.
Published: June 2015

Germ cell tumor exists as a primary entity in the anterior mediastinum. In a CT study of two males and one female with primary non-seminomatous germ cell tumors all masses were large and lobulated with a mixed density. The fat planes were for the most part obliterated. A high attenuating border was present around parts of the tumor in all three cases, and the pleura-lung interfaces were irregular. One patient had pericardial and left pleural effusions as well as tumor invasion of the anterior chest wall. An extragonadal germ cell tumor should be considered when CT of the thorax reveals a large mass in the anterior mediastinum of a young adult.
Inferior Phrenic Artery Embolization in the Treatment of Hepatic Neoplasms
Authors: Duprat G. , Charnsangavej C. , Wallace S. , Carrasco C. H.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-nine inferior phrenic artery embolizations were performed in 20 patients with primary or metastatic hepatic neoplasms. All patients had interruption of their hepatic arteries by previous infusion of chemotherapy, hepatic arterial embolization or surgical ligation. In one patient, bilateral pleural effusions developed following embolization of the inferior phrenic artery. No other severe complications occurred. Inferior phrenic artery embolization is a safe procedure and permits the continuation of transcatheter treatment of hepatic neoplasms.
Pain as an Indicator of Bone Metastasis
Authors: Palmer E. , Henrikson B. , McKusick K. , Strauss H. W. , Hochberg F.
Published: June 2015

Patients with breast or prostate cancer routinely referred for bone scintigraphy were evaluated for the presence of skeletal pain, as determined by a self administered questionnaire. Pain was a common finding, whether or not metastatic disease was present, and occurred in over half of patients. Although most patients with bone metastases did report bone pain, a significant fraction (21% of breast and 22% of prostate patients) were asymptomatic. A distinct minority of individual anatomic regions of metastasis were painful: pain was reported in 23 % of sites of breast metastases and 15% of metastatic prostate cancer sites. Of all sites at which pain was present, metastases were demonstrated in only about one half. These results indicate that pain is not a reliable indicator of the presence of location of metastatic bone disease.
Enteroclysis
Authors: Goei R. , Lamers R. J. S. , Lamers J. J. H.
Published: June 2015

In enteroclysis the flow rate of the barium is important but not easily controlled with an infusion bag system. To improve the technique, an electric flow inducer was used in 156 consecutive examinations to infuse the barium suspension at a constant rate of 75 ml/min. Detailed demonstration of mucosal folds was achieved in 90 per cent. The examinations were of moderate quality in 8 per cent and of poor quality in 2 per cent. The maximum transit time was 20 minutes and the total examination time never exceeded 35 minutes. Sensitivity and specificity were 94 and 97 per cent, respectively. Examinations indicated by specific small bowel symptoms had a positive yield of 49 versus 13 per cent with non-specific indications. Both examination performance and patient tolerance were improved.
Unilateral Hydronephrosis with Congenital Absence of Contralateral Kidney in Children
Authors: Muren C. , Wikstad I.
Published: June 2015

The case histories of six children with absence of functioning renal parenchyma on one side and dilatation of the contralateral pelvis are reviewed. The hydronephrosis was obstructive in two cases. In the others no cause could be found. The development of this combination of renal malformations is discussed against an embryologic background.
MR-Cholangiography with a Double Contrast Technique
Authors: Hemmingsson A. , Carlsten J. , Ericsson A. , Holtz E. , Klaveness J. , Lönnemark M. , Nyman R.
Published: June 2015

The combination of superparamagnetic particles (SPP) as a ‘negative’ contrast agent for the liver parenchyma and Cr-HIDA as a ‘positive’ one for the bile ducts was tested in dogs. The maximum effect of SPP was present about 30 minutes after injection with a reduction of the image intensity of the liver close to the background noise level at the highest dosages. This effect lasted for about 4 to 5 hours and it had disappeared after 24 hours. Before any contrast administration or after Cr-HIDA the bile ducts were not discernible, but a high signal in the gallbladder was present 15 to 30 minutes after injection of Cr-HIDA. After SPP the wider bile ducts were discernible because of the lowering of the signal intensity in the liver. When SPP were followed by Cr-HIDA, the bile had a higher signal intensity, and even tiny bile ducts were visible. After cholecystokinin visualization of the choledochus duct was achieved as well as contrast filling of the duodenum. The blood, urine and liver function tests were found normal during the experiments. The combination of superparamagnetic particles and Cr-HIDA seems to be a promising method for MR-cholangiography. An evaluation of the anatomic structures of the liver should be possible with this method in different pathologies.
Evaluation of Three Methods for Measurement of Femoral Neck Anteversion
Authors: Høiseth A. , Reikerås O. , Fønstelien E.
Published: June 2015

A variety of methods exist for determining femoral neck anteversion. There is, however, no consistent definition or reference method by which the correctness of the measurements can be determined. In this report the precision of a specific definition of femoral neck anteversion is estimated by means of a reference method. Three different radiologic measuring methods based on fundamentally different principles are evaluated by comparison with this reference. It is concluded that: 1) The Dunlap/Rippstein method can be recommended as the standard method. 2) Computed tomography may have substantial sources of error. 3) Methods based on arbitrary projections have poor precision.
Computed Tomography and Mediastinoscopy in the Assessment of Resectability of Lung Cancer
Authors: Lähde S. , Hyrynkangas K. , Merikanto J. , Pokela R. , Jokinen K. , Kärkölä P.
Published: June 2015

In order to assess the potential of computed tomography (CT) of the mediastinum and mediastinoscopy in the staging of lung cancer, 125 patients were examined. Of these, 104 underwent thoracotomy, at which there was no evidence of mediastinal tumour involvement in 79 while 25 patients had signs of tumour spread. The sensitivity and specificity of CT were 87.0 per cent and 95.8 per cent, respectively, in the detection of direct tumour extension with a mediastinal mass. When lymph node enlargement was the sole finding, CT did not provide any differentiation between benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. The mediastinal involvement was inaccessible on mediastinoscopy in 18 cases (72%). Despite the surperior sensitivity of CT it was often difficult to determine whether direct tumour infiltratin of mediastinal structures had occurred. It was concluded that CT is necessary for screening the entire mediastinum and, when it reveals no evidence of mediastinal tumour spread, mediastinoscopy will yield no further information. Mediastinoscopy will help to correctly identify accessible mediastinal lymph node involvement of the superior mediastinum and to define the mediastinal tumour invasion in doubtful cases.
Abdominal Computed Tomography in Macroglobulinemia (Waldenström's Disease)
Authors: Aspelin P. , Adielsson G. , Dimitrov N. , Nyman U. , Waldenström J.
Published: June 2015

The findings at abdominal computed tomography (CT) in a patient with primary macroglobulinemia (Waldenström's disease) are reported. CT was of special value in monitoring the extent of the disease in the abdomen and the response to treatment. At the first examination the patient had changes in both the reticuloendothelial system and the small bowel. The prompt disappearance on treatment of the small bowel changes proves that these changes were due to a high plasma viscosity syndrome. The slow response on the liver, spleen and lymph nodes suggests lymphomatous engagement. Although the primary method to diagnose Waldenström's disease is through laboratory tests, CT is of use in monitoring the abdominal involvement, especially the response to treatment.
Spontaneous Resolution of a Descending Aortic Dissection
Authors: Thorvinger B. , Albrechtsson U.
Published: June 2015

The natural history of an aortic dissection is either endothelialization of the false lumen forming a so-called double-barrelled aorta, or thrombosis of the sack leading to fibrosis and scarring. Complete healing of an aortic dissection is extremely rare, and has to our knowledge only been reported once in vivo. Here we report a second case of spontaneous resolution of an aortic dissection, disclosed by contrast medium enhanced computed tomography.
Aspiration Biopsy in Renal Angiomyolipoma
Authors: Taavitsainen M. , Krogerus L. , Rannikko S.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasound guided aspiration biopsy of renal mass lesions was performed in 56 patients in whom renal cell carcinoma could not be excluded due to equivocal imaging results. Cytology showed non-malignant mesenchymal cells consistent with angiomyolipoma in 12 patients. In 5 of these patients the diagnosis was ensured by open biopsy. No nephrectomy was performed. In 6 of the 7 patients not operated upon the tumours remained unchanged with no evidence of malignancy during a 3–36 months' follow-up period. Aspiration biopsy is an easy and safe method for diagnosing renal angiomyolipoma in cases where computed tomography is not diagnostic for this disease.
Clinical Trials with a New Iodinated Lipid Emulsion for Computed Tomography of the Liver
Authors: Ivancev K. , Lunderquist A. , Isaksson A. , Hochbergs P. , Wretlind A.
Published: June 2015

A new iodinated lipid emulsion, Intraiodol, for which animal studies have indicated better tolerance than for other iodinated lipid emulsions, was tested in 15 patients with malignant lesions, and in one patient with focal nodular hyperplasia. Repeated CT scans of the liver and spleen and blood tests were performed for 24 hours after intravenous injection of Intraiodol. The uptake of Intraiodol in the liver (peak mean 28.6 HU) was higher than in the spleen (peak mean 21.8 HU). The uptake of Intraiodol in malignant lesions was minimal (peak mean 2.8 HU). The detection rate of hepatic lesions was equal to or better than that achieved by US, CT, and/or CT angiography. However, liver uptake of Intraiodol was low in 2 patients with severe fatty infiltration. Intraiodol produced vascular enhancement up to one hour after injection since it was eliminated slowly from the circulation. The observed adverse reactions consisted of temporary metallic taste in 5 of the patients, fever and exacerbation of back pain in one patient, and transient thrombocytopenia in one patient. Alkaline phosphatase increased (17%, p<0.01) only at two hours, and erythrocyte count (6%, p<0.05) at 24 hours after injection. Our initial results indicate diagnostic advantages of Intraiodol without serious adverse reactions. Further clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiography for the Assessment of Coarctation of the Aorta
Authors: Nyman R. , Hallberg M. , Sunnegårdh J. , Thurén J. , Henze A.
Published: June 2015

Fifteen patients ranging in age from 9 to 25 years (median age 10 years), with coarctation of the aorta, were investigated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pre- and postoperatively. Three patients were examined because of suggested re-stenosis. Both MR examination and cineangiography were performed in 11 patients. The two techniques were comparable concerning the evaluation of both the site and the severity of coarctation as well as of the occurrence of collateral vessels. MR was considered suitable to replace angiography in the pre- and postoperative assessment of coarctation. The patients were preferably examined with a surface spine coil with ECG-gated sagittal, transverse and parafrontal images. The parafrontal images were necessary in order to minimize mistakes due to partial volume effects at the coarctation site. A surface coil placed over the sternum considerably improved the visualization of the internal mammary arteries.
Angiosarcoma
Authors: Coldwell D. M. , Baron R. L. , Charnsangavej C.
Published: June 2015

The findings at radiography, computed tomography and angiography and the clinical course of 30 cases of angiosarcoma were reviewed. The variety of primary sites results in a multitude of findings but the most common finding was that of a hypervascular soft tissue mass seen on CT and angiography. Additional findings of well demarcated cortical defects in long bones were also frequently noted. The general clinical behavior of these aggressive malignant tumors was also reviewed and it was noted that they had a deceptively benign presentation.
The Cochlea and the Carotid Canal
Authors: Muren C. , Wadin K. , Wilbrand H. F.
Published: June 2015

The carotid canal conveys a large artery and lies in close topographic relationship to the basal turn of the cochlea. The bony wall between them consists in some cases only of the petrous bone of the otic capsule. It can be as thin as 0.2 mm. In other cases the distance can be more than 6 mm. A systematic assessment of the relationship between these two structures was performed on plastic casts of 173 human temporal bone specimens in order to investigate the range of normal variation. The topography in this region can be visualized by multidirectional tomography or CT.
Short Communications
Authors: Demirci A. , Diren H. B. , Selcuk M. B.
Published: June 2015

Congenital agenesis of the right lobe of the liver is a rare anomaly. In a case report the diagnosis was made by computed tomography. A retro- or suprahepatic location of the gallbladder and compensatory hypertrophy of the left liver lobe and/or caudate lobe may give support to the diagnosis. Before diagnosing congenital agenesis of the lobe, lobar atrophy due to cirrhosis, cholangiocarcinoma or any other predisposing conditions should be eliminated.
The Role of Bone Scintigraphy in Predicting Femoral Head Collapse following Cervical Fractures in Children
Authors: Mortensson W. , Rosenborg M. , Gretzer H.
Published: June 2015

Bone scintigraphy was performed before or after osteosynthesis or both in 11 children aged 9 to 14 years with femoral neck fractures. The role of bone scintigraphy in predicting development of femoral head necrosis with subsequent collapse was studied. Scintigraphy was not a useful study for this purpose. The explanation of this may be that reposition and osteosynthesis jeopardize the blood supply to the femoral head and invalidates the findings at the pre-operative scan. The childhood femoral head also has a strong potential for revascularization and complete reconstruction of the necrotic bone.
CT Diagnosis of Gall Stone Ileus
Authors: Leen G. L. S. , Finlay M.
Published: June 2015

We report a case of gall stone ileus in which only small bowel obstruction was seen on the conventional abdominal film and the diagnosis was made by computed tomography (CT). With the availability of CT and its increasing use in the investigation of the acute abdomen, CT examination will occasionally be performed on gall stone ileus patients. Awareness of the CT findings in gall stone ileus will result in early diagnosis leading to a reduction in the mortality rate.
Systemic, Pulmonary and Renal Haemodynamic and Renal Morphologic Effects of Intravenously Infused Iodixanol
Authors: Sunnegårdh O. , Hietala S.-O. , Holtz E.
Published: June 2015

The systemic, pulmonary and renal haemodynamic effects following an intravenous infusion (1 ml/s, 4 ml/kg) of a non-ionic iso-osmolar contrast medium (iodixanol) were investigated in 8 pigs. Histopathologic changes occurring after infusion of iodixanol were studied by repeated renal biopsies. Iodixanol caused a significant increase of cardiac output, mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure and mean arterial pressure. There was a decrease of the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. Most renal biopsies showed no pathologic findings after infusion of iodixanol but in 3 specimens proteinaceous content was observed 15 min after infusion.
Blood as Tracer for CSF Circulation after Subarachnoidal Hemorrhage
Authors: Jedrzejczak T. , Ericson K. , Bergstrand G. , Edner G. , von Holst H.
Published: June 2015

The amount and distribution of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage can be monitored with CT. An investigation of 110 patients was performed retrospectively in 100 patients with a total of 132 CT examinations, and prospectively in 10 patients with 40 CT examinations. During the days following the hemorrhage, the blood was redistributed within the subarachnoid space and eventually reabsorbed. The blood in the basal cisterns was cleared first, whereas the amount of blood in the cortical sulci appeared to increase after a few days, later to be cleared. It is concluded that the redistribution of the blood reflects the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and that the erythrocytes thus act as tracers of this circulation. The amount of blood within the ventricular system was correlated to the size of the ventricles; patients with large amounts of blood within the subarachnoid space had hydrocephalus more often than other patients.
MR Imaging of Renal Transplant Rejection
Authors: Hanna S. , Helenon O. , Legendre C. , Chiche J. F. , Di Stefano D. , Kreis H. , Moreau J. F.
Published: June 2015

The results of 62 consecutive MR examinations were correlated with the subsequent clinical course and histologic results. Twenty-six cases of rejection showed a marked diminution of cortico-medullary differentiation (CMD). The renal parenchymal vascular pattern and visibility of renal sinus fat were not markedly altered in rejection and there was no difference between normal and rejected allograft shape. The ability of MR imaging to diagnose renal transplant rejection is only based on CMD, which, however, is non-specific. In 2 cases of severe acute rejection, T2 weighted images showed an abnormal signal intensity of the cortex due to renal infarction. Our preliminary results in 8 patients with Gd-DOTA injection showed 2 cases with necrosis seen as areas with absent contrast enhancement. This technique seems to be promising in the detection of perfusion defects.
CT for Predicting the Resectability of Lung Cancer
Authors: Lähde S. , Päivänsalo M. , Rainio P.
Published: June 2015

In order to assess the accuracy of CT in predicting the resectability of lung cancer, a prospective study was performed on 96 patients undergoing thoracotomy. The tumors were classified preoperatively according to the TNM classification and the new international staging system for lung cancer, and scored as being resectable by lobectomy or pulmectomy, potentially resectable by lobectomy or pulmectomy, or nonresectable. Of the tumors predicted to be resectable or potentially resectable, 86.6% and 63% were radically resected, respectively, and the need for lobectomy versus pulmectomy was correctly estimated in 81.3% of them. The insufficiency of CT for defining lymph node metastases and infiltrative tumor growth was considered a marked disadvantage of the method.
Powdered Diatrizoic Acid for Radiography of the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Szmigielski W. , Klamut M. , Dahniya M. , Klonowski S. , Furmanik F. , Kupisz K. , Mahdi O.
Published: June 2015

The diagnostic and clinical value of 41 examinations using insufflation and/or inhalation of powdered diatrizoic acid for tracheobronchography, tracheography, laryngography, nasopharyngography, and sinusography was investigated in 35 patients. Diatrizoic acid was found to be useful when applied by insufflation for demonstration of the nasopharynx, trachea and greater bronchi, especially in patients with airway stenosis and low pulmonary reserve. Double contrast images were obtained with good demonstration of anatomic details and adequate diagnostic value. Visualization of the peripheral bronchi by insufflation was satisfactory only when excessive secretions were not present. The inhalation method was adequate only for visualization of the trachea and main bronchi. The method was found to be safe since diatrizoic acid produced no toxic, allergic or febrile reactions and was given in relatively small amounts without impairment of respiratory function.
Radiation Doses to Patients and Personnel Involved in Embolization of Intracerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Berthelsen B. , Cederblad Å.
Published: June 2015

Radiation doses to patients and personnel were measured during 5 embolization procedures in 5 different patients. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure the absorbed doses in different points of the skin of patients as well as personnel. A transmission ionization chamber was used to determine the energy imparted in the patients. The effective dose equivalent HE during the procedures was estimated to be in the range of 6 to 43 mSv to the patients, 10 to 26 μSv to the radiologist in charge of the embolizations, 3 to 24 μSv to the assisting radiographer and 13 to 86 μSv to the nurse anesthetist. Radiation doses to the patients were considerable but the estimated risks from radiation were low compared to the risks of the arteriovenous malformation itself and the hazards of the embolization. The annual radiation doses to the personnel were well below established dose limits.
Tissue Characterization of Intracranial Tumors by MR Imaging
Authors: Kjær L. , Thomsen C. , Gjerris F. , Mosdal B. , Henriksen O.
Published: June 2015

The main purpose of this in vivo study was to provide a detailed description of the T1- and T2-relaxation processes in intracranial tumors at 1.5 T. A total of 100 patients were investigated. Optimal experimental conditions were carefully observed, including the use of long TR values. T1 determination was based on a partial saturation inversion recovery sequence covering 12 or 6 data points. T2 determination involved a multiple spin echo sequence with 32 echoes. Calculations included biexponential analysis of the 12-point T1 data and all T2 data obtained. The results were evaluated in accordance with histopathology. The T1- and the T2-relaxation times of the prevailing tumor types were significantly different (p < 0.0005). However, biologic scatter and overlap between tumor types were considerable. In particular, no discrimination between benign and malignant tumor growth was possible. Biexponential evaluation did not increase the specificity, although a biexponential relaxation behavior was recognized in 37% of the T2 curves. The results indicate that tissue heterogeneity is responsible for most of the scatter in the relaxation times. It is concluded that tissue characterization by MR imaging, based solely on relaxation time measurements, seems to be of no value in the differentiation of intracranial tumors.
MR Imaging of Patellar Cartilage Degeneration at 0.02 T
Authors: Koskinen S. K. , Komu M. , Aho H. J. , Kormano M.
Published: June 2015

MR imaging with a 0.02 T resistive magnet was used to establish the correlation between the histologic grading of patellar cartilage degeneration and fat water separation images or T1- and T2-relaxation times. We examined 23 cadaveric patellae. There was a positive correlation between histologically graded cartilage degeneration and T1-relaxation time. Patellar cartilage was well differentiated from surrounding structures on chemical shift water proton images, and an evaluation of cartilage degeneration was possible. No correlation was found between cartilage damage and T2-relaxation time. Chemical shift imaging at 0.02 T is easy to perform and gives further information of cartilage disorders.