bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flying for a buck or two: Low-cost Carriers in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Gross Sven , Lück Michael
Published: November 2023

Over the past few decades, the traditional aviation market has seen significant developments. Traditional “legacy“ carriers have been challenged by new no/low-frills, low cost carriers. While these new airlines have a relatively long history in North America, more recently they successively emerged in markets such as Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa. The business model of low cost carriers has revolutionized air travel, and both media and academics paid ample attention to these in America and Europe. However, academic literature pertaining to the development of low cost carriers in Australia and New Zealand is scarce. Thus, this paper offers a brief history of low cost carriers in this region, and compares the business models of low cost carriers currently operating in and between Australia and New Zealand. The paper concludes that low cost carriers in this region differ from American and European low cost carriers, in part due to the geography of the countries. The main differences are the levels of in-flight service, and the fact that Australian and New Zealand low cost carriers operate on longer distances, such as coast-to-coast domestic flights in Australia, trans-Tasman flights, and flights to the South Pacific islands, and increasingly to Asia.
Guest Editorial: What Can We Learn from Accessibility Modelling?
Authors: Martín Juan Carlos , Wee Bert Van
Published: November 2023

Since Hansen (1959) first introduced the accessibility concept, a well established body of research has emerged in social science dealing with how accessibility affects land-use planning and spatial interaction. In Hansen’s words, accessibility is “the potential of opportunities for interaction” (p.73). It is well known that transport systems constitute a necessary condition for spatial interaction, and, as a consequence accessibility analyses generally include some measure of the costs of spatial interaction for certain groups in some determined geographical area.
The Advantage of ‘Near’: Which Accessibilities Matter to Whom?
Authors: Haugen Katarina
Published: November 2023

This paper explores people’s preferences for living close to destinations such as work, service, leisure and social activities, satisfaction with the proximities offered by their residential location, as well as more general residential satisfaction. The paper draws on the literature on accessibility, residential choice and residential preferences, and is empirically based on a survey targeted at individuals aged 20-64 in the Swedish population. The results suggest that ‘proximity preferences’ are structured by both practical and social rationales. Preferences also differ to varying degrees between groups with respect to gender, age and type of residential environment. Selfreported distances are short for virtually all destinations except those relating to social relations. People’s satisfaction with their residential location relative to their everyday life accessibility needs is also explored in regression analyses. The findings imply that residential location satisfaction is related to type of residential environment, dwelling type/tenure, whether the respondents had considered moving to increase the proximity to certain destinations, and their level of satisfaction with the distances from home to various destinations.
Modelling of Transport Project Uncertainties: Feasibility Risk Assessment and Scenario Analysis
Authors: Salling Kim Bang , Leleur Steen
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes a new way of handling the uncertainties present in transport decision making based on infrastructure appraisals. The paper suggests to combine the principle of Optimism Bias, which depicts the historical tendency of overestimating transport related benefits and underestimating investment costs, with a quantitative risk analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation and to make use of a set of exploratory scenarios. The analysis is carried out by using the CBA-DK model representing the Danish standard approach to socio-economic cost-benefit analysis. Specifically, the paper proposes to supplement Optimism Bias and the associated Reference Class Forecasting (RCF) technique with a new technique that makes use of a scenariogrid. We tentatively introduce and refer to this as Reference Scenario Forecasting (RSF). The final RSF output from the CBA-DK model consists of a set of scenario-based graphs which functions as risk-related decision support for the appraised transport infrastructure project. The presentation of RSF is demonstrated by using an appraisal case concerning a new airfield in the capital of Greenland, Nuuk.
The Influence of Time Windows on the Costs of Urban Freight Distribution Services in City Logistics Applications
Authors: Deflorio Francesco , Gonzalez-Feliu Jesus , Perboli Guido , Tadei Roberto
Published: November 2023

In freight distribution services a required quality level may have a relevant effect on transportation costs. For this reason an evaluation tool is useful to compare different service settings and support the decision, on the base of quantitative indicators. This paper proposes a method for cost evaluation in this context and presents an application to a case study concerning a freight distribution service, which operates on a wide road network having a city centre, a peripheral urban area and a peri-urban rural zone. A simulation method is proposed to obtain real-life scenarios in order to test the method and its indicators. The performance of each indicator has been evaluated in an experimental context to produce realistic test cases, using a trip planning tool and a demand generator. First, the behaviour of the indicators is analysed with regard to the time windows width planned for the service. Then, their ability in estimating the total transportation cost to satisfy all the requests, under different time period profiles, is shown. The results confirm the ability of the set of indicators to predict with a good approximation the transportation costs and therefore to be used in supporting the service quality planning decisions.
Employer Attitudes towards Peak Hour Avoidance
Authors: Vonk Noordegraaf Diana M. , Annema Jan Anne
Published: November 2023

Peak Hour Avoidance is a relatively new Dutch mobility management measure. To reduce congestion frequent car drivers are given a financial reward for reducing the proportion of trips that they make during peak hours on a specific motorway section. Although previous studies show that employers are not eager to support mobility management measures, employers are nevertheless an important stakeholder. They can provide their employees with alternatives such as other travel times, work locations or travel modes and encourage their use. This paper investigates the attitudes of Dutch employers towards Peak Hour Avoidance. Exploring the factors that influence these attitudes may help to fully utilise employer support. The data from 103 employers were collected through a web questionnaire. A structural equation model on the employer support for Peak Hour Avoidance was estimated. The results demonstrate that the size of the organisation and sector only have an indirect effect on the support for Peak Hour Avoidance. Results reveal that most support for Peak Hour Avoidance can be expected from organisations who feel responsible for influencing the commuting behaviour of employees, that have human resource managers with a positive attitude towards Peak Hour Avoidance, with flexible working times and that have already implemented mobility management measures. The largest contribution to PHA that can be expected from employers is providing employees with flexible working times and encouraging employees to fully utilise this option as an alternative for driving in peak hours. This would not only be beneficial for PHA but for a wide range of mobility management initiatives as well.
The Impact of Intelligent Transport Systems on Office Location Attractiveness: Testing the Predictive Validity of a Location Choice Model
Authors: Argiolu Raffael , Heijden Rob Van Der , Bos Ilona , Marchau Vincent
Published: November 2023

In recent years, a model was developed describing effects of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) on location preferences of office-keeping organisations in urbanised. The model is based on a Hierarchical Information Integration Approach, using Stated Preference data. The model indicates that ITS significantly contribute to office location preferences. This article presents an analysis of the predictive validity of that model. Office keeping organisations in two mediumsized Dutch cities (Nijmegen and Arnhem) were asked to evaluate existing office locations assuming different ITS scenarios. The analyses show that the model systematically underestimates the attractiveness of office locations. However, the part worth utility scores, describing the contribution of ITS to location preferences, appeared to be good estimators of the added value of ITS. Moreover, the ranking position that responding organisations give to the office locations in their cities is estimated properly by the model.
Geographical Patterns in Road Safety: Literature Review and a Case Study from Germany
Authors: Holz-Rau Christian , Scheiner Joachim
Published: November 2023

This paper aims to geographically differentiate the road accident costs associated with living at a certain place of residence. Official accident data in Germany record the place the accident occurred, but not the casualties' places of residence. Among those involved in an accident at a certain place there may obviously be some non-residents. Hence spatial analysis based on place of accident may not be suitable for drawing conclusions about specific cost (or risk) figures for people living in certain places. People’s risk of encountering an accident in areas other than that where they live may vary with their mobility. We provide an extensive literature review of geographical accident analysis both for place of accident-based and place of residence-based approaches, including the question to what extent accident related analyses can be used to estimate residential related risks. Subsequently we report on a residence-based case study for the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia where we study per capita accident cost figures on the district level. We also examine impact factors of accident cost levels using structural equation modelling. The results show that the cost figures are considerably lower for urban residents than for suburban and rural dwellers. For children the picture is more mixed.
Road safety and bicycle usage impacts of unbundling vehicular and cycle traffic in Dutch urban networks
Authors: Schepers Paul , Heinen Eva , Methorst Rob , Wegman Fred
Published: November 2023

Bicycle-motor vehicle crashes are concentrated along distributor roads where cyclists are exposed to greater volumes of high-speed motorists than they would experience on access roads. This study examined the road safety impact of network-level separation of vehicular and cycle traffic in Dutch urban networks, a strategy for which the term ‘unbundling’ is used. Unbundling vehicular traffic and cycle traffic in an urban network is operationalized as the degree to which cyclists use access roads and grade-separated intersections to cross distributors. The effect on the share of cycling in the modal split is also assessed as unbundling may affect the competitiveness of cycling compared to driving in terms of trip length. The analyses were conducted on Dutch municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Negative binomial regression was used to analyse the effect on the number of police-reported cyclist deaths and in-patients in bicycle-motor vehicle crashes. A mediation model was tested, with Structural Equation Modelling hypothesizing that unbundling corresponds positively with the cycling modal share via the length of car trips divided by those by bicycle. The results of this study suggest that unbundling improves cycling safety, and increases the share of cycling in the modal split. We recommend unbundling vehicular and bicycle traffic in urban networks, e.g. establishing large traffic-calmed areas with short cuts and standalone paths for cyclists (and pedestrians) and, where feasible, grade-separated intersections such as bicycle tunnels.
Capturing preference heterogeneity of truck drivers’ route choice behavior with context effects using a latent class model
Authors: Feng Tao , Arentze Theo , Timmermans Harry
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates heterogeneity in truck drivers’ route choice preferences. A latent class model is estimated to identify heterogeneous segments of drivers. A stated choice experiment designed for identifying route choice behavior of truck drivers provides the data for model estimation. The effects of road pricing and environmental bonus are examined considering context dependency. Results reveal that size of truck is a significant segmentation variable of preferences for route attributes. Drivers of light trucks care more about congestion than drivers of heavy trucks, and are highly sensitive to road pricing and slightly sensitive to a road bonus. Drivers of heavy trucks are more sensitive to road category and urban area than drivers of light trucks, and are insensitive to bonus and slightly sensitive to pricing.
Optimising time-varying network flows by low-revenue tolling under dynamic user equilibrium
Authors: Stewart K. J. , Ge Y. E.
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a dynamic congestion charging framework that includes a dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) network model to optimize a tolling scheme, whose objective(s) may be determined by the transport planner. The framework presented may be utilised to evaluate potential charging regimes; this paper concentrates on the feasibility of extending the concept of minimal-revenue tolls from the static to time-varying environment. We discuss the limitations in the transference of this optimisation objective and propose a pragmatic approach designed to allow the planner to balance the effect of extracting additional toll revenue against achievable network benefit. We investigate the ability of this framework to incorporate various tolling scenarios and to illustrate the production of low-revenue tolls. The numerical tests use a fixed toll across the entire time period for a range of demand scenarios and a fairly stable tolling solution is observed.
Gear shift optimization for off-road construction vehicles
Authors: Fu Jiali , Bortolin Gianantonio
Published: November 2023

This paper explores the possibility of using recorded road slope data in order to reduce fuel consumption for off-road construction vehicles such as articulated haulers. Road gradients have strong influence on the fuel consumption of a vehicle. This effect is even more significant on construction vehicles due to their large mass and heavy load. In this study, a control algorithm based on model predictive control and dynamic programming is formulated and solved to find an optimal gear shift sequence and time of shifting. The fuel consumption model of an articulated hauler is formulated with a dynamic model and used together with the travel time in the objective function to balance the trade-off between these two aspects. The proposed control algorithm is simulated on a typical road stretch on the construction work site with frequent steep up- and downhill. Simulation shows that both fuel consumption and travel time can be reduced simultaneously. In addition, the optimal gear shift sequence resembles the behaviour of an experienced driver.
A new methodological framework for within-day dynamic estimation of pollutant emissions in a large congested urban network
Authors: Gori Stefano , Spada Simone La , Mannini Livia , Nigro Marialisa
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a new methodological framework to address the problem of estimating pollutant emissions for large congested urban networks in a within-day dynamic context. It consists of three main modules: 1) a module to compute pollutant emissions for general links; 2) a module to compute pollutant emissions for all links approaching a signalized intersection; 3) a module to compute pollutant emissions for all links approaching an unsignalized intersection. A dynamic mesoscopic assignment model is performed to derive the main dynamic input of each one of the modules. All the modules have been tested in a real case study (the district of Eur in the city of Rome, Italy), so confirming the reliability of the developed models and their applicability for the estimation of pollutant emissions.
The effects of weather and climate change on cycling in northern Norway
Authors: Mathisen Terje Andreas , Annema Jan Anne , Kroesen Maarten
Published: November 2023

Weather is identified as one of many factors that influence the demand for cycling. Weather patterns will change due to expected climate change. The aim of this article is to study the extent to which climate change influences the cycling frequency. The analysis in this article is conducted using an econometric model based on data spanning over four years on weather indicators and the cycling frequency in the Norwegian city of Bodø, which is located north of the Arctic Circle. According to the projections for climate change, both temperature and quantity of precipitation are expected to increase in this area during the next century. An important consequence of changes in the climate in the studied region is the reduced duration of what can be characterised as the winter season. However, this consequence is highly uncertain. When using Norway’s middle projections for climate change by 2050, the analysis shows a moderate increase in cycling frequency of 6.2%. For the reduced winter period, the cycle rate might be two and three times higher in 2050 compared to the current level. Both estimates assume that every other potential impact on cycling rates remain equal.
How uncertainty in socio-economic variables affects large-scale transport model forecasts
Authors: Manzo Stefano , Nielsen Otto Anker , Prato Carlo Giacomo
Published: November 2023

Astrategic task assigned to large-scale transport models is to forecast the demand for transport over long periods of time to assess transport projects. However, by modelling complex systems transport models have an inherent uncertainty which increases over time. As a consequence, the longer the period forecasted the less reliable is the forecasted model output. Describing uncertainty propagation patterns over time is therefore important in order to provide complete information to the decision makers. Among the existing literature only few studies analyze uncertainty propagation patterns over time, especially with respect to large-scale transport models. The study described in this paper contributes to fill the gap by investigating the effects of uncertainty in socio-economic variables growth rate projections on large-scale transport model forecasts, using the Danish National Transport Model as a case study. Population, gross domestic product, employment, and fuel prices were analyzed to quantify their uncertainty for 5 year intervals over a period of 15 years. The output of this procedure was then used to implement model sensitivity tests. The results from the model sensitivity tests showed how the model output uncertainty grows over time, reflecting the increase in the uncertainty of the model variables. Furthermore, the resulting uncertainty temporal pattern was neither linear nor similar for the different model outputs investigated. This highlights the importance of investigating uncertainty for different model outputs, and also that a dynamic approach is required whenever the model has to provide mid-long time period forecasts.
Prediction of late/early arrivals in container terminals – A qualitative approach
Authors: Pani Claudia , Vanelslander Thierry , Fancello Gianfranco , Cannas Massimo
Published: November 2023

Vessel arrival uncertainty in ports has become a very common problem worldwide. Although ship operators have to notify the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at predetermined time intervals, they frequently have to update the latest ETA due to unforeseen circumstances. This causes a series of inconveniences that often impact on the efficiency of terminal operations, especially in the daily planning scenario. Thus, for our study we adopted a machine learning approach in order to provide a qualitative estimate of the vessel delay/advance and to help mitigate the consequences of late/early arrivals in port. Using data on delays/advances at the individual vessel level, a comparative study between two transshipment container terminals is presented and the performance of three algorithmic models is evaluated. Results of the research indicate that when the distribution of the outcome is bimodal the performance of the discrete models is highly relevant for acquiring data characteristics. Therefore, the models are not flexible in representing data when the outcome distribution exhibits unimodal behavior. Moreover, graphical visualisation of the importance-plots made it possible to underline the most significant variables which might explain vessel arrival uncertainty at the two European ports.
Editorial: Moving forward with mobile positioning data in academic research
Authors: Acker Veronique Van , Neutens Tijs
Published: November 2023

This special issue of the European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research (EJTIR) comprises three papers addressing some key issues in transport geographical research that use location tracking data. Preliminary versions of those papers were presented at the Mobile Ghent 2013 Conference. This event is part of a series of biannually held conferences on location-based services (LBS) that initially started in Tartu, Estonia. This editorial briefly points to the growing academic relevance of mobile phone tracking data and location-based services, describes the history and aim of the Mobile Ghent conference and gives a preview of the selected contributions.
The impact of measuring internal travel distances on selfpotentials and accessibility
Authors: Margarida Condeço Melhorado Ana , Demirel Hande , Kompil Mert , Navajas Elena , Christidis Panayotis
Published: November 2023

Internal travel distances are fundamental in accessibility measurement, as they affect the weight of the intra-regional interactions, especially when using a gravity formulation. The contribution of the internal accessibility of each zone to its overall accessibility is known as self-potential. Several studies demonstrate its importance in accessibility analyses, especially in the most urbanized regions. It is precisely in urban regions where internal travel distances are more difficult to estimate due to congestion, which in turn may be influenced by factors such as urban density, urban morphology, network infrastructure, etc. Accessibility analyses usually use coarse estimates of internal distances, generally based on the regions' area and in some cases considering its level of urbanization. In this study we explore different forms of estimating internal travel distances in accessibility analysis and reflect on their advantages and drawbacks. One of the main difficulties that arise when measuring internal travel distances is the lack of data. However, the growing potential of ICTs in providing new sources of data can be used to improve representativeness of data. In this study we used speed profiles data from TeleAtlas/TomTom to calculate internal travel distances for European NUTS-3 regions and we compare this measure with three other metrics traditionally used in the literature. Following this exercise, we discuss the conditions under which it is advantageous to use more complex measures of internal travel distance. Finally, we test the sensitivity of potential accessibility indicators to the combined effect of different internal distance metrics and distance decay factors.
Multimodal schedule design for synchromodal freight transport systems
Authors: Behdani Behzad , Fan Yun , Wiegmans Bart , Zuidwijk Rob
Published: November 2023

Intermodal freight transport has been discussed for decades as an alternative to unimodal road transport. However, it still does not represent a significant portion of the total freight market. A new and promising possibility to improve the performance of freight systems is the synchromodal design of hinterland transport systems. A cornerstone for synchromodality is an integrated view in the design and operation of intermodal transport. A main benefit of this integrated view is an improved flexibility in mode choice in hinterland transport. This paper gives a detailed description of this integrated view for synchromodal freight transport. Based on this description, a mathematical model for designing service schedules for synchromodal freight transport systems is also presented. The benefits of providing integrated transport services compared to separately planned transport services are also discussed for a case in the hinterland network of the Port of Rotterdam.
How the values of travel time change when a panel data around a new tram implementation is used
Authors: González Rosa Marina , Marrero Ángel S. , Marrero Gustavo A.
Published: November 2023

Using a dataset with transport choices of the same set of individuals (college students from University of La Laguna), we built a novel three waves panel data around a tramline implementation in the Santa Cruz-La Laguna corridor in Tenerife, Spain. The first two waves were conducted in 2007, just before the tram implementation. They collect information about Revealed Preferences (RP) of actual transport mode choices (car, bus and walk) and about Stated Preferences (SP) in a simulated scenario considering a hypothetical binary choice between the tram and the transport mode currently chosen by the students. The third wave gathers information about RP in 2009, two years after the tram started operating. With this information, we estimate several multinomial logit models and panel mixed logit models with error components. The aim of this paper is to evaluate how the estimation of the Values of Travel Time Savings (VTTS) changes when comparing the results obtained with models that only consider information before or after the tram implementation with that obtained with a panel data approach using the three waves simultaneously (RP/SP in 2007 and RP in 2009). We obtain a better statistical fit to data and, according to our study context, more reasonable VTTS using a panel data approach combining before and after information and both revealed and stated preferences. Our results suggest that when a new transport mode is implemented, the VTTS obtained with models than only consider prior or later periods of time can be underestimated and hence lead to wrong valuations of the benefits associated with the new alternative, even when stated preferences are used to anticipate the change in the transport system.
The Danish National Passenger Model – model specification and results
Authors: Rich Jeppe , Overgaard Hansen Christian
Published: November 2023

The paper describes the structure of the new Danish National Passenger model and provides on this basis a general discussion of large-scale model design, cost-damping and model validation. The paper aims at providing three main contributions to the existing literature. Firstly, at the general level, the paper provides a description of a large-scale forecast model with a discussion of the linkage between population synthesis, demand and assignment. Secondly, the paper gives specific attention to model specification and in particular choice of functional form and costdamping. Specifically we suggest a family of logarithmic spline functions and illustrate how it is applied in the model. Thirdly and finally, we evaluate model sensitivity and performance by evaluating the distance distribution and elasticities. In the paper we present results where the spline-function is compared with more traditional function types and it is indicated that the spline-function provides a better description of the data. Results are also provided in the form of a back-casting exercise where the model is tested in a back-casting scenario to 2002.
Commute mode choice dynamics: Accounting for day-to-day variability in longer term change
Authors: Chatterjee Kiron , Clark Ben , Bartle Caroline
Published: November 2023

It is of interest to transport policy makers to know whether interventions promoting sustainable transport modes can produce long-term changes in commute mode choices. Recent evidence has shown that a significant minority of commuters are variable in their day-to-day commute mode choices. This suggests that recognition should be given to day-to-day variability in investigating longer term commute behaviour changes. This paper introduces a panel survey that has been specifically designed to capture both day-to-day variability in commuting behaviour and longer term change in commuting behaviour. The analysis of the data accounts for day-to-day variability in commuting behaviour by identifying commute mode choice patterns at the weekly level. It then analyses transitions in commute mode choice patterns over time based on observations at three-monthly intervals. The results show that about one in four commuters mix driving alone to work with using other modes in a typical week and this is more likely for males, those with access to a bicycle and those working in another location during the week and less likely for those who work part-time. Changes in commute mode choices over a three month period are influenced by employment situational characteristics, access to mobility resources, satisfaction with commuting, awareness of sustainable transport measures and changes in life circumstances. Inspection of trajectories for those panel participants who responded to all five waves of the panel indicates that there are more cases of sustained switches between intermediate groups (e.g. car alone commuting to partial car alone commuting) than switches between extreme commuting groups (e.g. car alone commuting to non-car alone commuting). The styles are described in more detail in the remaining of this document.
Behavioural micro-dynamics of car ownership and travel in the Seattle metropolitan region from 1989 to 2002
Authors: McBride Elizabeth , Lee Jae Hyun , Lundberg Ansel M. , Davis Adam W. , Goulias Konstadinos G.
Published: November 2023

In this paper data from 230 households observed in ten different occasions (waves) from 1989 to 2002 in the Puget Sound region are used to explore relationships among number of cars owned, number of trips driving alone, and number of trips sharing cars with household members. Using a mixture latent class Markov model we identify four distinct groups that are a High Mobility group with more cars and car trips, an Average Mobility group with lower car ownership and trips driving alone, a third group with relatively high car ownership but few car sharing trips, and a fourth group of Low Mobility characterized by the low car ownership and trips. Households change behaviour adapting to internal and external changes to their environment but they also anticipate changes and go through a "preparation" stage (e.g., adding another car in their fleet in expectation of adding another employed person). Land use plays a somewhat secondary role. The analysis also reveals three classes (hidden Markov chains) of households underlying behavioural dynamics with increases in the low car ownership categories (zero and one car per household), decreases in the high car ownership (three cars and four or more cars per household) and stable behaviour in the two cars per household group. Household membership in these classes is significantly influenced by householder ratings to parking availability, schedule flexibility, bus transfers, and day-to-day costs of driving. The findings here show attitudes and land use enhance understanding of longitudinal heterogeneity.
Freight demand generation on commodity and loading unit level
Authors: Mommens Koen , Lier Tom Van , Macharis Cathy
Published: November 2023

Freight sustains our daily lives and economy. Information on its characteristics, its production and consumption locations and its modes of transport are consequently of a crucial importance for private and public decision makers. This paper presents a freight generation model for the Belgian territory. Based on data gathered on transport flows by commodity type and loading unit and data on population density and business establishments with their characteristics, generated and attracted freight volumes were obtained for 4934 zones subdividing the country. A generalized linear regression analysis with log link was used to do so. Both generated and attracted volumes are connected to one another by a conditional probability function, resulting in an origin-destination matrix. The analysis is to our knowledge unique as modelled volumes and flows can be distinguished by commodity types and loading unit, and this at very detailed geographical scale. This will lead to new in-depth analyses and added value, including effects of loading unit dependent logistics cost structures.
Development and transport implications of automated vehicles in the Netherlands: scenarios for 2030 and 2050
Authors: Milakis Dimitris , Snelder Maaike , Arem Bart Van , Wee Bert Van , Homem De Almeida Correia Gonçalo
Published: November 2023

Automated driving technology is emerging. Yet, little is known in the literature about when automated vehicles will reach the market, how penetration rates will evolve and to what extent this new transport technology will affect transport demand and planning. This study uses scenario analysis to identify plausible future development paths of automated vehicles in the Netherlands and to estimate potential implications for traffic, travel behaviour and transport planning on a time horizon up to 2030 and 2050. The scenario analysis was performed through a series of three workshops engaging a group of diverse experts. Sixteen key factors and five driving forces behind them were identified as critical in determining future development of automated vehicles in the Netherlands. Four scenarios were constructed assuming combinations of high or low technological development and restrictive or supportive policies for automated vehicles (AV …in standby, AV …in bloom, AV …in demand, AV …in doubt). According to the scenarios, fully automated vehicles are expected to be commercially available between 2025 and 2045, and to penetrate the market rapidly after their introduction. Penetration rates are expected to vary among different scenarios between 1% and 11% (mainly conditionally automated vehicles) in 2030 and between 7% and 61% (mainly fully automated vehicles) in 2050. Complexity of the urban environment and unexpected incidents may influence development path of automated vehicles. Certain implications on mobility are expected in all scenarios, although there is great variation in the impacts among the scenarios. Measures to curb growth of travel and subsequent externalities are expected in three out of the four scenarios.
Understanding future mode choice intentions of transit riders as a function of past experiences with travel quality
Authors: Carrel Andre , Walker Joan L.
Published: November 2023

This paper empirically investigates the causes for transit use cessation, focusing on the influence of users’ personal experiences, resulting levels of satisfaction, and subsequent behavioral intentions. It builds on a novel data set in which observed, objective measures of travel times are mapped to smartphone-based surveys where participants assess their travel experience. An integrated choice and latent variable model is developed to explain the influence of satisfaction with operations (travel times) and satisfaction with the travel environment (e.g., crowding) on behavioral intentions. Satisfaction is modeled as a latent variable, and the choice consists of participants’ stated desire and intention to continue using public transportation. The results show how delays, in particular in-vehicle delays but also transfer times and being left behind at stops, contribute to passengers’ intentions to cease transit use. Furthermore, a number of critical incidents, i.e., particularly memorable negative experiences, are found to have negative and significant effects on overall satisfaction and on willingness to continue using public transportation. The usefulness of the framework is demonstrated in a set of simulations in which the effect of three types of delays on passengers’ willingness to remain transit riders is modeled. This work highlights the value and potential of using new data collection methods to gain insights on complex behavioral processes, and it is intended to form the basis for new modeling tools to understand the causes of transit use cessation and the impact of various strategies and service quality improvements to reduce ridership turnover
The other side of an airport’s two-sided market: issues in planning and pricing airport surface access
Authors: Button Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The first part of the paper considers the two-sided nature of airport platforms, and argues that on the land-side, analysis and policy has generally over-stated the items that should be included. In this context, the paper’s focus is on airport access and how it should be embraced, along with airside considerations, in a two-sided framework when establishing prices and investment. In the second part, the more theoretical argument is juxta positioned with prior empirical analysis of landside access which has largely been treated in a rather ad hoc way, usually implicitly assuming it involves a one-sided market. The subsequent arguments of what needs to be done, are suggestive rather than specific given the diverse institutional and physical nature of airports and their surroundings.
Public Infrastructure and Regional growth: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Elburz Zeynep , Nijkamp Peter , Pels Eric
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of public transportation infrastructure investments on regional economic growth in Turkish NUTS 2 regions between 2004 and 2011. To offer an advanced statistical analysis, we employ an augmented production function model for measuring the effects of different types of transportation infrastructure on regional output. We use specifically ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects, two-stage least squares (2SLS) and Hausman-Taylor IV estimation methods with both cross-section and panel data. Our results show that road and motorway infrastructure have strongly significant positive effects on regional output in all our estimations. Land infrastructure is found to play a very important role in regional economic performance in Turkey, while, somewhat surprisingly, air infrastructure has no significant impact on regional GVA, which clearly suggests the existence of different types of transportation infrastructure in the Turkish regions. Also, the high growth elasticity of land infrastructure in the Turkish regions indicates that Turkey is currently still suffering from an inadequate transport infrastructure.
Development of a household travel resource allocation model
Authors: Yeung Kevin , Casello Jeffrey M.
Published: November 2023

Households allocate their travel resources – vehicles, time, budget, and supervision – to accomplish activities while minimizing overall time and cost subject to a set of constraints – the duration and sequence of activities, and the need to provide transportation to dependent travellers. In this research, we develop and test a heuristic based approach to schedule activities using a cost (disutility) minimization objective. The model is evaluated by comparing predicted schedules generated by the heuristics to actual travel patterns reported by participant households. While the dataset is small – only 14 households are included – the model successfully identifies tours for households of various compositions and demographics. The research is important in the local context as the study area – the Region of Waterloo, Canada – is a largely auto-dependent metropolitan area that is building a 19km, $818M (CDN) Light Rail Transit (LRT) system intended to increase public transport use and influence land use change. The Region is amongst the smallest municipalities in North America to implement this infrastructure.
The Effect of Crosswalks on Traffic Flow
Authors: Knoop Victor L. , Daganzo Carlos F.
Published: November 2023

In urban areas and especially in inner cities, pedestrians crossing the road considerably influence the road traffic flow. For political reasons, priority could be given to pedestrians. A larger number of crossings reduces the pedestrian load per crossing and facilitates both the pedestrian flow and the car flow; the ultimate case is a “cross anywhere” scenario. Earlier work shows that the road capacity decreases with the square of the pedestrian crossing time, hence a short crossing time is desired. Crosswalks can ensure pedestrians cross orthogonally, and thus quickly, and can thereby improve traffic flow. Moreover, a limited number of crosswalks is less stressful than a “cross anywhere” scenario for a car driver since (s)he only needs to expect crossing pedestrians at dedicated crosswalks. This paper studies the effect of the distances between crosswalk and road traffic capacity. The paper’s goal is finding a single formula or universal set of charts that can describe the effect of pedestrian crosswalks on traffic flow under virtually all scenarios (with long blocks). This type of result would obviate the need for simulations of specific situations when only a rough assessment of the effect of crosswalks is desired. Traffic flow for several distances between pedestrian crossings is simulated, and moreover, a non-constant inter-crosswalk spacing is considered. The simulation results can be used for other situations, using transformations and an interpolation recipe. Overall, the closer the crosswalks, the better the flow. However, spacings closer than approximately 25-50 meters do not add much. Speed of traffic under a broad array of pedestrian crossing scenarios is given.
Table of Content
Authors: _ _
Published: November 2023

Table of content of Volume 19, Issue (2)
Location selection of a manufacturing unit using BWM and ELECTRE III
Authors: Makarevic Masa , Stavrou Sofia
Published: November 2023

One of the most essential factors in a company's overall supply chain management success is the location of its manufacturing facilities. Due to the emerging energy crisis, the demand for insulation materials is rising, which increases the competition for insulation material companies. To stay competitive, the companies might consider expanding to different locations. This decision entails the consideration of various factors and alternatives, which could be formulated as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. This paper contributes to the problem of location selection in the chemical industry, by implementing two MCDM methods, Best-Worst Method (BWM) and ELECTRE III, in a real-world case company. Based on a thorough literature study and data from interviews with the decision-makers, seven criteria and nine countries as alternatives were chosen. The BWM was used to elicit the weights of all the criteria from a group of decision-makers. Then, ELECTREE III was used to generate a ranking of the alternative countries. Based on the results, the main recommendation to the case company was to choose France as the most appropriate location for the new manufacturing unit. The findings of this research have insights for other companies in the chemical industry deciding on new locations for their manufacturing.
Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt et le « cycle de l’invisible »: pour une réhabitation poétique du monde
Authors: Mihindou Mi-Moubamba Jules Thérence
Published: November 2023

Le « Cycle de l’invisible » d’Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt est une série de huit romans publiés entre 1997 et 2019. Il se compose de courts récits qui ont la particularité de questionner chacun une spiritualité sous le prisme d’un parcours initiatique propre à chaque personnage. Ceux-ci entreprennent alors de quitter leur statut de profane pour acquérir celui « d’initié » : ils quittent l’indifférence religieuse ou l’athéisme qui les caractérise pour acquérir la foi et adhérer à la religion ou spiritualité à laquelle ils ont été confrontés. Ainsi, cet article se propose de mettre ce cycle romanesque en perspective avec la notion d’habitation poétique du monde énoncée par Friedrich Hölderlin dans « En bleu adorable » et largement commentée par Martin Heidegger. L’enjeu est ainsi de parvenir à rendre plausible l’hypothèse suivant laquelle le « Cycle de l’invisible » de Schmitt est un appel à une réhabitation poétique du monde au sens donné par Heidegger à cette expression, c’est-à-dire une habitation du monde qui ne peut être envisagée sans la prise en compte de l’existence du divin. Une existence au monde tournée vers la vie spirituelle.
Un monde futur, un monde potentiel. La perspective des animaux sur l’humanité dans Demain les chats de Bernard Werber
Authors: Drab Ewa
Published: November 2023

Le roman Demain les chats (2016) de l’écrivain français Bernard Werber favorise une analyse de la perspective animale dans le récit. Comprendre la manière de présenter les protagonistes félins ainsi que les liens entre les animaux et les humains peut permettre des conclusions sur un monde futur potentiel dans lequel l’humanité a échoué lors de la transition entre l’Anthropocène et une apocalypse, tandis que les animaux deviennent à la fois les victimes de la catastrophe et le nouveau groupe dominant. D’abord, il faut établir le contexte et fournir des informations de base sur l’auteur, son œuvre et le roman abordé, en ce compris ses protagonistes félins. Dans l’étape suivante, au centre de l’analyse se trouve la façon de dépeindre les personnages des chats, caractérisée à l’aide d’une classification focalisée sur la relation entre les animaux et les humains. Cela mène à l’observation du caractère hybride des personnages et de la perspective adoptée par l’auteur pour les décrire. Enfin, l’analyse aboutit à la caractérisation du monde observé par les animaux, une réalité dystopique dans laquelle l’apocalypse marque la fin de l’Anthropocène et le changement dans le rapport de forces existant.
Development and Quality Assessment of Value Added Pasta Fortified with Cauliflower Leaf, Carrot and Mushroom Powder
Authors: Sinha Rekha , Sharma Bindu
Published: November 2023

Background: Extruded products like pasta have gained popularity in today’s world and these products are generally high in starch, but low in dietary fiber and micronutrient content. Emphasizing this, an attempt was made to develop nutritious pasta fortified with finger millet, legume, carrot, mushroom and cauliflower leaf powder. Methods: Many initial trials were conducted in the laboratory to standardize that to what extent carrot, cauliflower leaves and mushroom powder could be fortified along with finger millet, and soy flour/green gram flour in semolina for formulation of value added macaronis. The sensory evaluation of developed macaronis was done by a panel of ten semi-trained judges using a 9-point hedonic scale. Developed macaronis were analyzed for proximate composition, copper, iron, zinc and β-carotene. Result: Three types of macaronis were developed. All sensory characteristics of experimental macaronis were liked moderately. Experimental macaronis were found nutritionally superior in terms of protein, mineral, crude fiber, calcium, iron, and β-carotene content.