bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic construction of gene coexpression networks with applications to human T helper cell differentiation process
Authors: Elo Laura L. , Järvenpää Henna , Orešič Matej , Lahesmaa Riitta , Aittokallio Tero
Published: June 2007

Motivation: Coexpression networks have recently emerged as a novel holistic approach to microarray data analysis and interpretation. Choosing an appropriate cutoff threshold, above which a gene–gene interaction is considered as relevant, is a critical task in most network-centric applications, especially when two or more networks are being compared.

Results: We demonstrate that the performance of traditional approaches, which are based on a pre-defined cutoff or significance level, can vary drastically depending on the type of data and application. Therefore, we introduce a systematic procedure for estimating a cutoff threshold of coexpression networks directly from their topological properties. Both synthetic and real datasets show clear benefits of our data-driven approach under various practical circumstances. In particular, the procedure provides a robust estimate of individual degree distributions, even from multiple microarray studies performed with different array platforms or experimental designs, which can be used to discriminate the corresponding phenotypes. Application to human T helper cell differentiation process provides useful insights into the components and interactions controlling this process, many of which would have remained unidentified on the basis of expression change alone. Moreover, several human–mouse orthologs showed conserved topological changes in both systems, suggesting their potential importance in the differentiation process.

Contact:  laliel@utu.fi

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The tobacco Cel7 gene promoter is auxin‐responsive and locally induced in nematode feeding sites of heterologous plants
Authors: WANG XIAOHONG , REPLOGLE AMY , DAVIS ERIC L. , MITCHUM MELISSA G.
Published: June 2007

Emerging evidence suggests that plant cell‐wall‐modifying enzymes induced by root‐parasitic nematodes play important roles in feeding cell formation. We previously identified a tobacco endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase (cellulase) gene, NtCel7, that was strongly induced in both root‐knot and cyst nematode feeding cells. To characterize further the developmental and nematode‐responsive regulation of NtCel7, we isolated the NtCel7 promoter and analysed its expression over a time course of nematode infection and in response to auxin, gibberellin, ethylene and sucrose in soybean and tomato hairy roots and in Arabidopsis containing the NtCel7 promoter fused to the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Histochemical analyses of transgenic plant materials revealed that the NtCel7 promoter exhibited a unique organ‐specific expression pattern during plant development suggestive of important roles for NtCel7 in both vegetative and reproductive growth. In all plant species tested, strong GUS expression was observed in root tips and lateral root primordia of uninfected roots with weaker expression in the root vasculature. Further analyses of transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed expression in shoot and root meristems and the vasculature of most organs during plant development. We also determined that the NtCel7 promoter was induced by auxin, but not gibberellin, ethylene or sucrose. Moreover, strong GUS activity was observed in both cyst and root‐knot nematode‐induced feeding sites in transgenic roots of soybean, tomato and Arabidopsis. The conserved developmental and nematode‐responsive expression of the NtCel7 promoter in heterologous plants indicates that motifs of this regulatory element play a fundamental role in regulating NtCel7 gene expression within nematode feeding sites and that this regulation may be mediated by auxin.
Competitive index in mixed infections: a sensitive and accurate assay for the genetic analysis of Pseudomonas syringae–plant interactions
Authors: MACHO ALBERTO P. , ZUMAQUERO ADELA , ORTIZ‐MARTÍN INMACULADA , BEUZÓN CARMEN R.
Published: June 2007

Mixed infections have been broadly applied to the study of bacterial pathogens in animals. However, the application of mixed infection‐based methods in plant pathogens has been very limited. An important factor for this limitation is the different dynamics that mixed infections have been reported to show in the different types of models. Reports in systemic animal infections have shown that any bacterium has the same probability of multiplying within a mixed infection than in a single infection. However, in plant pathogens, bacterial growth in a mixed infection does not seem to reflect growth in a single infection, as growth interference takes place between the co‐inoculated strains. Here we show that growth interference in mixed infection between different Pseudomonas syringae strains is not intrinsic to growth within a plant host, but dependent on the dose of inoculation. We also show that the minimal inoculation dose required to avoid interference depends on the aggressiveness of the pathogen as well as the type of virulence factor that differentiates the co‐inoculated strains. This study establishes the basis for the use of mixed infection‐based applications to the study of phytopathogenic bacteria. Analysis of the virulence of a type III effector mutant and an hrp regulatory mutant illustrate the increased accuracy and sensitivity of competitive index assays vs. regular growth assays. Several applications of this assay are addressed, and potential implications for this and other mixed infection‐based methods are discussed.
The bifunctional effector AvrXccC of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris requires plasma membrane‐anchoring for host recognition
Authors: WANG LIFENG , TANG XIAOYAN , HE CHAOZU
Published: June 2007

Bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems (TTSS) to deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic cells for pathogenesis. In bacterial–plant interactions, one effector may function as an avirulence factor to betray the pathogen to the plant surveillance system and induce the hypersensitive response (HR) in the resistant host carrying a corresponding resistance (R) gene. However, the same effector can also sustain the growth of the pathogen by acting as a virulence factor to modulate plant physiology in the susceptible host lacking the corresponding R gene. Here, we identified and characterized a bifunctional TTSS effector AvrXccC belonging to the AvrB effector family in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004. This effector is required for full bacterial virulence in the susceptible host cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and avirulence in the resistant host mustard (Brassica napiformis L.H. Baily). Expressing avrXccC in mustard‐virulent strain Xcc HRI 3849A converts its virulence to avirulence. The effector AvrXccC is anchored to the plant plasma membrane, and the N‐terminal myristoylation site (amino acids 2–7: GLcaSK) is essential for its localization. In addition, the avirulence function of AvrXccC for host recognition depends on its plasma membrane localization. Promoter activity assays showed that the expression of avrXccC is hrpG/hrpX‐dependent. Moreover, the secretion of AvrXccC displayed hrp‐dependency and the core sequence for AvrXccC translocation was defined to the N‐terminal 40 amino acids.
Reactive perivascular T‐cell infiltrate predicts survival in primary central nervous system B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Ponzoni M. , Berger F. , Chassagne‐Clement C. , Tinguely M. , Jouvet A. , Ferreri A. J. M. , Dell'Oro S. , Terreni M. R. , Doglioni C. , Weis J. , Cerati M. , Milani M. , Iuzzolino P. , Motta T. , Carbone A. , Pedrinis E. , Sanchez J. , Blay J.‐Y. , Reni M. , Conconi A. , Bertoni F. , Zucca E. , Cavalli F. , Borisch B. ,   on Behalf of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG)
Published: June 2007

Well‐established histopathological prognostic factors are lacking in primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas (PCNSL). The present study investigated the presence and prognostic role of tumour necrosis (TN) and reactive perivascular T‐cell infiltrate (RPVI), defined as a rim of small reactive T‐lymphocytes occurring alone or located between the vascular wall and large neoplastic cells, in tumour samples from 100 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL. World Health Organization histotypes of the patients were: 96 diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas, two Burkitt‐like lymphomas, one anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma and one unclassified B‐cell lymphoma. TN was observed in 24 (24%) cases and RPVI in 26 (36%) of 73 assessable cases. Patients with RPVI‐positive lesions exhibited a significantly better overall survival (OS) than patients with RPVI‐negative lymphoma, particularly among patients treated with high‐dose methotrexate‐based chemotherapy (3‐year OS: 59 ± 14% vs. 42 ± 9%, P = 0·02). By contrast, the presence of TN did not demonstrate prognostic significance. Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association between RPVI and survival. In conclusion, the presence of RPVI is independently associated with survival in PCNSL. This parameter can be easily and routinely assessed at diagnosis on histopathological specimens.
Insulin resistance after precocious pubarche: relation to PAI‐1–675 4G/5G polymorphism, and opposing influences of prenatal and postnatal weight gain
Authors: López‐Bermejo Abel , Casano‐Sancho Paula , Petry Clive J. , Jaramillo Adriana M. , Rodríguez‐González Francesc‐Xavier , Dunger David B. , De Zegher Francis , Ibáñez Lourdes
Published: June 2007

Objective   The common promoter –675 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel) in the plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) gene has been associated with quantitative components of the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with precocious pubarche (PP), a population known to be at risk for hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism.

Design   A cross‐sectional, hospital‐based study.

Patients   A total of 115 control and 182 PP Catalan girls and young women.

Measurements   Subjects were genotyped for the –675 4G/5G indel in the PAI‐1 gene. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion were estimated by the homeostasis model assessment.

Results   Genotype frequencies for the PAI‐1–675 4G/5G indel (4G4G, 4G5G and 5G5G) were similar in control and PP subjects (24%vs. 27%, 50%vs. 47%, and 26%vs. 26%, respectively; P = 0·85) and these frequencies were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The 5G allele, however, was associated with insulin resistance in both postmenarcheal control and PP subjects (P < 0·01 for pooled postmenarcheal subjects, N = 122). The coexistence with the at‐risk genotype of both a low birthweight (standard deviation score, SDS < –1·0) and a high body mass index (BMI) at time of the study (SDS > +1·0) resulted in a noteworthy increase (P < 0·001) in insulin resistance.

Conclusion   The common promoter –675 4G/5G indel of the PAI‐1 gene is not associated with PP but, in Catalan young women, the 5G allele enhances the risk for insulin resistance imposed by the sequence of a low birth weight (LBW) and a high BMI.
Exon 3‐deleted genotype of growth hormone receptor (GHRd3) positively influences IGF‐1 increase at generation test in children with idiopathic short stature
Authors: Toyoshima Marcos T. K. , Castroneves Luciana A. , Costalonga Everlayny F. , Mendonca Berenice B. , Arnhold Ivo J. P. , Jorge Alexander A. L.
Published: June 2007

Context   A GHR‐exon 3 polymorphism has been reported to influence the growth response to hGH therapy in short stature children. None of these studies provided data on IGF‐1 generation test.

Objective   To evaluate the influence of the GHR‐exon 3 polymorphism on the generation test in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS).

Design and patients   A total of 45 prepubertal ISS children were submitted to IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 generation test (4 days of hGH 33 µg/kg/day). Children were genotyped for GHR‐exon 3: full‐length (fl) and exon 3‐deleted (d3) alleles.

Measurements   IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 increment as absolute values and standard deviation scores (SDS).

Results   Basal clinical and laboratory data were similar among patients with different genotypes (fl/fl vs. fl/d3 or d3/d3). All patients presented IGF‐1 increase ≥ 15 µg/l at generation test. Children with GHRd3 allele, as a group, presented a statistically significant higher IGF‐1 SDS increase at generation test than children homozygous for GHRfl allele (1·0 ranging from 0·1 to 3·7 for fl/fl vs. 1·2 ranging from 0·3 to 4·4 for fl/d3 and d3/d3; P = 0·037). Multiple linear regression found a positive association between increase in IGF‐1 SDS with chronological age (P = 0·007) and GHR genotype (P = 0·027), which together explain 24% of the variability of IGF‐1 SDS increment at generation test. There was no difference in IGFBP‐3 generation test between the two genotype groups.

Conclusion   This study demonstrates that ISS children carrying the GHRd3 allele, as a group, present a slightly higher GH sensitivity regarding short‐term IGF‐1 generation during hGH stimulus than children homozygous for GHRfl allele.
Pleistocene refugia in an arid landscape: analysis of a widely distributed Australian passerine
Authors: TOON ALICIA , MATHER PETER B. , BAKER ANDREW M. , DURRANT KATE L. , HUGHES JANE M.
Published: June 2007

While many studies have documented the effect that glacial cycles have had on northern hemisphere species, few have attempted to study the associated effect of aridification at low latitudes in the southern hemisphere. We investigated the past effects that cyclic aridification may have had on the population structure and history of a widespread endemic Australian bird species, the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen). One thousand one hundred and sixty‐six samples from across its native range were analysed for mitochondrial control region sequence variation and variation at six microsatellite loci. Analysis of mitochondrial control region sequence data indicated monophyletic clades that were geographically congruent with an eastern and western region. The contemporary distribution of east and west clades is nonoverlapping but in close proximity. Populations were estimated to have diverged in the Pleistocene around 36 000 years ago. The putative Carpentarian and Nullarbor arid barriers appear to be associated with the divergence between east and west mainland populations. Nested clade analysis indicated a signature of range expansion in the eastern region suggesting movement possibly inland and northward subsequent to the last period of aridity. The island population of Tasmania was of very recent origin, possibly since sea levels rose 16 000 years ago. Given the east‐west structure, there was no congruence between morphology and recent history of this species indicating a lack of support for morphological taxa. Overall mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation suggest that increasing aridity and Pleistocene refugia played a role in structuring populations of the Australian magpie; however, the dispersal ability and generalist habitat requirements may have facilitated the movement of magpies into an almost contiguous modern distribution across the continent. This study supports the idea that Pleistocene aridification played an important role in structuring intraspecific variation in low latitudinal southern hemisphere avian species.
Population dynamics of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon from 2001 to 2004
Authors: PROSPERO S. , HANSEN E. M. , GRÜNWALD N. J. , WINTON L. M.
Published: June 2007

Phytophthora ramorum (Oomycetes) is an emerging plant pathogen in forests in southwestern Oregon (Curry County). Moreover, since 2003 it has been repeatedly isolated from plants in Oregon nurseries. In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of the P. ramorum population in Oregon from 2001 to 2004 by using microsatellites. A total of 323 isolates (272 from the infested forest; 51 from nurseries) were screened at 10 loci. The overall P. ramorum population in Oregon is characterized by low genetic diversity and has all the hallmarks of an introduced organism. All isolates within the A2 mating type belonged to the same clonal lineage and no recombinant genotypes were found. The forest population (24 genotypes) was dominated by a single multilocus genotype which persisted over years, indicating that eradication efforts in the forest have not completely eliminated inoculum sources. In contrast, genotypic evidence suggests that eradication was effective in nurseries. In 2003 and 2004, a total of 11 genotypes were found in the nurseries (one belonged to the European lineage of P. ramorum) but no genotype was recovered in both sampling years. Significant differentiation and low gene flow were detected between nursery and forest populations. Only two nursery genotypes were also found in the forest, and then at low frequency. Thus, the nursery infestation is not caused by the genotypes observed in Curry County, but likely resulted through introduction of novel genotypes from nurseries out‐of‐state. This highlights the continued importance of sanitation and quarantine in nurseries to prevent further introduction and spread of P. ramorum.
The phylogeographical clade trade: tracing the impact of human‐mediated dispersal on the colonization of northern Europe by the oak gallwasp Andricus kollari
Authors: STONE GRAHAM N. , CHALLIS RICHARD J. , ATKINSON RACHEL J. , CSÓKA GYÖRGY , HAYWARD ALEX , MELIKA GEORGE , MUTUN SERAP , PREUSS SONJA , ROKAS ANTONIS , SADEGHI EBRAHIM , SCHÖNROGGE KARSTEN
Published: June 2007

Human dispersal of organisms is an important process modifying natural patterns of biodiversity. Such dispersal generates new patterns of genetic diversity that overlie natural phylogeographical signatures, allowing discrimination between alternative dispersal mechanisms. Here we use allele frequency and DNA sequence data to distinguish between alternative scenarios (unassisted range expansion and long range introduction) for the colonization of northern Europe by an oak‐feeding gallwasp, Andricus kollari. Native to Mediterranean latitudes from Portugal to Iran, this species became established in northern Europe following human introduction of a host plant, the Turkey oak Quercus cerris. Colonization of northern Europe is possible through three alternative routes: (i) unassisted range expansion from natural populations in the Iberian Peninsula; (ii) unassisted range expansion from natural populations in Italy and Hungary; or (iii) descent from populations imported to the UK as trade goods from the eastern Mediterranean in the 1830s. We show that while populations in France were colonized from sources in Italy and Hungary, populations in the UK and neighbouring parts of coastal northern Europe encompass allozyme and sequence variation absent from the known native range. Further, these populations show demographic signatures expected for large stable populations, rather than signatures of rapid population growth from small numbers of founders. The extent and spatial distribution of genetic diversity in the UK suggests that these A. kollari populations are derived from introductions of large numbers of individuals from each of two genetically divergent centres of diversity in the eastern Mediterranean. The strong spatial patterning in genetic diversity observed between different regions of northern Europe, and between sites in the UK, is compatible with leptokurtic models of population establishment.
Insights on the evolution of a vegetatively propagated crop species
Authors: OLSEN KENNETH M. , SCHAAL BARBARA A.
Published: June 2007

The opportunity for gene flow between a vegetatively propagated crop and its wild relatives is expected to be much lower than for seed‐propagated crops, since sexual reproduction in the crop occurs only infrequently. A study by Duputié and colleagues now demonstrates evidence of sexual reproduction between a vegetatively propagated crop and a closely related wild congener. Working in French Guiana, these workers have documented a hybrid zone arising from introgression between cassava (Manihot esculenta ssp. esculenta, Euphorbiaceae), which is propagated by stem cuttings, and wild Manihot populations growing in close proximity. Patterns of heterozygosity suggest that there are little–to–no barriers to reproduction between the crop and these wild populations. Previous work by these researchers has documented the importance of occasional sexual reproduction for the development of cassava varieties in traditional Amerindian farming systems. Taken together with their previous work, these new findings suggest that gene flow between wild Manihot populations and cassava plants could potentially play a much greater role in the crop's evolution than previously thought.
On the horns of a dilemma: molecular approaches refine ex situ conservation in crisis
Authors: RUSSELLO MICHAEL A. , AMATO GEORGE
Published: June 2007

Seven years into this new millennium, species and habitat loss continue at an accelerated rate. While there have been individual examples of conservation success, the trend towards catastrophic loss of biological diversity persists. If we are to be successful in saving even a handful of critically endangered species, it is clear that they will need to be intensively managed using a variety of in situ and ex situ approaches. The highest profile ex situ conservation strategy is captive breeding. Although its relative role in an overall conservation management plan varies, captive breeding may present the only viable option for propagating the future of a species once rendered extinct in the wild. The study of Iyengar et al. in this issue of Molecular Ecology on one such species, the scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah), represents an important contribution to ex situ conservation, demonstrating how critical insights into demographic history and population genetic structure obtained using molecular approaches may significantly contribute to captive breeding and reintroduction strategies.
Bushmeat and bycatch: the sum of the parts
Authors: CLAPHAM PHIL , VAN WAEREBEEK KOEN
Published: June 2007

In many developing countries, the killing of wild animals for commercial purposes (the bushmeat trade) is a significant factor in the reduction of biodiversity, and probably represents a major threat to the survival of many more populations than we know. This includes marine species such as cetaceans, sea turtles and sirenians (‘marine bushmeat’), which are often neglected in the discussion of this issue. Estimating the impact of the bushmeat trade anywhere is problematic because even the most thorough visual surveys of meat markets cannot easily translate an observed quantity of butchered products into the number of animals killed. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Baker et al. provide a powerful new tool for such assessments: molecular identification of commercially available products from a depleted population of minke whales in South Korea is combined with genotyping and novel capture–recapture methods to estimate not only the number of individuals taken, but also the persistence of the resulting products in the marketplace.
Acclimation of wild‐type cells and CO2‐insensitive mutants of the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea to elevated [CO2]
Authors: OCHIAI TERUHIKO , COLMAN BRIAN , MATSUDA YUSUKE
Published: June 2007

CO2‐insensitive mutants of the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea were previously shown to be unable to repress an inorganic carbon‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) when grown under 5% CO2. When air‐grown, wild‐type (WT) cells were transferred to 5% CO2, an abrupt drop of Pmax to 43% the original level of air‐grown cells was observed within the initial 12 h. Photosynthetic affinities of WT cells to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were maintained at high levels for the initial 4 d of acclimation, and then decreased gradually to lower levels over the next 6 d. In contrast to WT cells, the CO2‐insensitive mutant, ENU16, exhibited a constant Pmax at maximum levels and a low K1/2[DIC] throughout the acclimation period. The rapid Pmax drop within 12 h of acclimation in WT cells was significantly reduced by treatment with 0.5 mm of 6‐ethoxybenzothiazole‐2‐sulphonamide (EZA), a specific membrane‐permeable inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA), suggesting the participation of internal CAs in the temporary drop in Pmax in WT cells. WT and ENU16 cells were grown in controlled equilibrium [CO2], and the photosynthetic rate of each acclimated cell type was measured under equilibrated growth [DIC] conditions. In WT cells acclimated to 0.14–0.4% [CO2], K1/2[DIC] values increased as [CO2] increased, and the photosynthetic rates at growth DIC conditions were shown to decrease to about 70% the Pmax level in this intermediate [CO2] range. Such decreases in the net photosynthetic rates were not observed in ENU16. These results suggest that algal primary production could be depressed significantly under moderately enriched CO2 conditions as a result of acquiring intermediate affinities for DIC because of their sensitive responses to changes in the ambient [CO2].
Preparation and characterization of human thrombin for use in a fibrin glue
Authors: Rock G. , Neurath D. , Semple E. , Harvey M. , Freedman M.
Published: June 2007

summary Cryoprecipitate is frequently combined with thrombin to produce a fibrin sealant to enhance haemostasis during surgical procedures. We evaluated the thrombin produced from plasma using the Thrombin Processing Device (TPD)™ (Thermogenesis, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA). Plasma (250 mL) was processed in the CryoSeal FS System using the CP‐3 disposable to produce cryoprecipitate by automated freezing and thawing. Simultaneously, thrombin was generated using the attached TPD. The cryoprecipitate and thrombin were harvested after approximately 50 min and then frozen and stored at −80 °C until analysis of total protein, fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII) activity, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and thrombin activity. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gel electrophoresis was used to compare thrombin. After combining the thrombin with cryoprecipitate, the rate of clot initiation and strength was measured using a Thromboelastograph (TEG) (Haemoscope Corp, Skokie, IL, USA). Cryoprecipitate was produced, with a fibrinogen concentration of 22 ± 7·7 g L−1 (20 ± 2% recovery), FVIII activity of 14·2 ± 4·0 IU mL−1 and vWF of 19·9 ± 5·2 IU mL−1. The separate thrombin product had a concentration of 64·3 ± 16·7 IU mL−1 of thrombin and a total protein of 0·39 ± 0·1 g, with SDS gel electrophoresis showing a major band at 37 kD, as did the commercial human thrombin. The TEG curves of cryoprecipitate and TPD‐produced or commercial thrombin were compared. The R values (time to clot initiation) were somewhat slower with the TPD‐produced thrombin, but the maximum strength (MA) of the clots was similar. In conclusion, human thrombin can be produced during automated cryoprecipitate production. This thrombin is in sufficient concentration to initiate clotting and cross‐linking of fibrin from cryoprecipitate to produce an entirely autologous fibrin glue.
Sensitivity of terpene emissions to drought and fertilization in terpene‐storing Pinus halepensis and non‐storing Quercus ilex
Authors: Blanch Josep‐Salvador , Peñuelas Josep , Llusià Joan
Published: June 2007

We studied the effects of water stress, fertilization and time course on foliar volatile terpene emission rates by Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis in a garden experiment. The terpenes mostly emitted by both species were α‐pinene, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene and Δ3‐carene. P. halepensis emission rates (average 31.45 μg g−1 DM h−1) were similar to those of Q. ilex (average 31.71 μg g−1 DM h−1). The effects of drought (reduction to one‐third of full watering) and fertilization (250 kg N ha−1, 250 kg P ha−1, or both) were different depending on the species: the drought treatment significantly increased the terpene emissions from Q. ilex by 33%, and the fertilization treatments reduced the terpene emissions from P. halepensis by 38%. Terpene emission rates increased with time course in parallel to raising summer temperatures in P. halepensis and Q. ilex, whose emission rates were temperature related (r = 0.42 and r = 0.68, respectively) and light related (r = 0.32 and r = 0.57, respectively). There was a positive relationship for P. halepensis, and a negative relationship for Q. ilex, between emission rates and relative water contents. No relationship was found between emission rates and N or P foliar concentrations. The results of this study show complex species‐specific responses with stronger and faster short‐term responses in terpene‐non‐storing than in storing species and indicate that terpene emissions may significantly change in the warmer, drier and more fertilized conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.
The Distribution of the Cardiac Veins in Angora Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Bahar S. , Tipirdamaz S. , Eken E.
Published: June 2007

This study was carried out to describe the ramifications of the cardiac veins of Angora rabbit. For this purpose, a total of 16 adult healthy Angora rabbits of both sexes, 1.5–2 years of age, were used. The great, middle, right cardiac veins ran in a subepicardial course and opened into the left cranial vena cava, but some tributaries of the right cardiac veins sometimes also joined various portions of the right atrium. The smallest cardiac veins followed subendocardially and terminated in the right chambers of the heart. Based on their origin, course and frequency, it was concluded that the smallest cardiac veins are primarily responsible for the drainage of the interventricular septum. Results from this study are thought to shed light on further heart‐related medical studies, and to contribute considerably to the present anatomical knowledge of the cardiac veins in this species.
Epidémiologie du Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chev.
Authors: Par Lanier L. , Sylvestre G.
Published: June 2007

Epidemiology of the needle‐cast fungus of pines (Lophodermium pinastri): results of four years studies with the aid of a Hirst spore trap. This study is dealing with the results of laboratory and forest (Haguenau) observations on the biology of the needle cast fungus of pines.

The spores were harvested during a period of four years with a Hirst spore trap and their germination rate was studied.

The results obtained permit to apply chemical treatments with a certainty of success.
Scleroderris lagerbergii: Resistance and differences in attack between pine species and provenances
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F.
Published: June 2007

Various pine species and provenances attacked by Scleroderris lagerbergii are reviewed with respect to their resistance. Pinus aristata is a new host. Introduced pine species may often become attacked if the ecological conditions in the new localities are different from those occurring under natural circumstances. Usually local provenances are more resistant than southern ones, but less resistant than more northern ones.
Our present‐day knowledge of Scleroderris canker control
Authors: Gremmen J.
Published: June 2007

This final paper deals with the present‐day knowledge of Scleroderris canker control. The author discusses the removal and burning of diseased plants and trees from neighbouring nurseries; spraying of nurseries with maneb or other chemical substances; the necessity of better silvicultural methods and heavy thinnings and finally the development of resistant trees.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Cuticularwachsen auf die Infektionsfähigkeit pathogener Pilze
Authors: Von Schütt P.
Published: June 2007

The effect of cuticular waxes on the infection rate of pathogenic fungi. 2. Rhytisma acerinum, Microsphaera alphitoides and Fusarium oxysporum. Cuticular waxes of Acer and Quercus species stimulate germination rate and germ‐tube development of certain foliar pathogens. The stimulation increases with host susceptibility. In the case of Rhytisma acerinum, the chemical composition of the leaf wax may be responsible for the host specificity of physiological races. Cuticular waxes showed a marked effect on Fusarium oxysporum also.

In some cases, individual chemical components of different fractions seem to play a role in the mechanism of resistance.
Susceptibility of Healthy and Ozone‐injured Needles of Pinus strobus to Invasion by Lophodermium pinastri and Aureobasidium pullulans1
Authors: Costonis A. C. , Sinclair W. A.
Published: June 2007

Lophodermium pinastri and Aureobasidium pullulans were the fungi most often associated with foliar symptoms, including those caused by ozone, on Pinus strobus in the field. Following artificial inoculation of ozone‐fumigated and untreated foliage on pine seedlings, L. pinastri was Isolated without relation to visible symptoms of ozone injury. A, pullulans was isolated only from tissues killed by ozone. No evidence of additive or interacting effects of ozone and the fungi was found.
Integrierter Schutz gegen Pilzschädlinge in den tschechoslowakischen Forstbaumschulen1
Authors: Von Jančařik V.
Published: June 2007

Integrated pest control in the Czechoslovak forest nurseries. In the last decades new permanent forest nursery centres are being built in Czechoslovakia. Plant protection is one of the important components of the new nursery technology and the main problems and principles of integrated disease control are discussed. One of the main components are fungicides, which have to be used very sensibly and with high responsibility not only because of their good effectiveness and disease control, but also because of the environment protection and healthy landscape conservation. In a short survey main disease‐types in Czechoslovak nurseries and an outline of Czechoslovak fungicides are given.
Les Rouilles du Pin Maritime
Authors: Par Arthaud J.
Published: June 2007

Rust fungi on Pinus pinaster. Study of spores with the scanning electron microscope. Description of aecio‐ and uredospores of three Uredinales, parasitic on Pinus pinaster Sol, examined with a scanning electron microscope.

Les spores des Urédinales ont, le plus souvent, une exospore ornée ?aspérités diverses; les urédospores, notamment, sont généralement échinulées, les écidiospores finement verruqueuses, ponctuées, etc. Ces aspérités ont des dimensions de ľordre du micron, qui les rendent tout juste perceptibles au microscope photonique; encore vaut‐il mieux, pour les observer, monter les spores dans ľeau que dans ľacide lactique, dont ľindice de réfraction (1,44) est trop élevé; le montage à sec donne des images encore plus contrastées, mais moins détaillées. Quant à la forme et aux dimensions précises de ces ornementations, le microscope photonique ne permet pas de les déterminer, surtout quand il s'agit des écidiospores, toujours plus finement ornées que les urédospores.
Research on Poplar Canker (Aplanobacter populi) in the Netherlands
Authors: Gremmen J. , Koster R.
Published: June 2007

In this paper bacterial canker research of poplar in the Netherlands has been reviewed. A scale representing six stages in the development of canker for rating susceptibility of new clones; the culture of the pathogen in vitro, and finally inoculation techniques, have been described in detail.
Ü ein Vorkommen der Hauptfruchtform von Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis an der Douglasie
Authors: Von Holz B. , Butin H.
Published: June 2007

The Occurrence of the Perfect Stage of Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis on Douglas Fir. The perfect stage of Potebniamyces coniferarum (Hahn) Smerlis is recorded on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. This is both the first record of apothecia in Germany and also on this host. Identity of the fungus is based both on disease symptoms and comparison of fruit bodies and ascospores with published descriptions. Identity was confirmed by the production of the imperfect stage (Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae) on malt agar and on sterilised twigs of Douglas fir, pine and larch.
Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der parasitischen imperfekten Pilze der Gattung Pollaccia Bald. et Cif an Pappeln (Populus spp.)
Authors: Von Ondřej M.
Published: June 2007

A contribution to the knowledge of the parasitic imperfect fungi of the genus Pollaccia on poplars. The generic name Pollacia was used in 1937 by Baldacci and Ciferri for the single (type) species Pollaccia radiosa (Lib) Bald. et Cif. the well known leaf‐spotting fungus on Populus. In 1939 Servazzi differentiated two species of Pollaccia on Populus (P. radiosa [Lib.] Bald. et Cif. and P. elegans Serv.).

During a study of various collections; in Herb. (BRA, HBG, BP, DAOM, L, W, CUP, BUCA, PR, WA, ZT, CL, BRNU, FH, WSP) the occurrence of four different species of the genus Pollaccia (P: radiosa, P. elegans, P. ramulosa and P. americana) was recognised.
Infektion und Abbau des Wurzelholzes von Fichte durch Fornes annosus1
Authors: Von PEEK R.‐D. , Liese W. , Parameswaran N.
Published: June 2007

Infection and Deterioration of Spruce Root Wood by Fornes annosus. The paper describes the mode of infection and subsequent deterioration of spruce root wood by Fornes annosus using light and electronmicroscopic observations. In the secondary xylem the overall penetration of cell walls is effected by means of microhyphae which produce boreholes. The degradation of cell walls is initiated in the S2 layer by diffusion of enzymes along the cellulose fibrils with subsequent hydrolysis of the amorphic incrusting substances.
Interaction of bacteria, decay fungi, and live sapwood in discoloration and decay of trees1
Authors: Shortle W. C. , Menge J. A. , Cowling E. B.
Published: June 2007

Results of this study indicate that pioneer bacteria found in sapwood and discolored wood may: (1) contribute to wood discoloration, (2) alter the rate of cellulase activity of decay fungi, (3) interact with wood parenchyma to alter the rate of wood colonization by decay fungi, and (4) help provide growth factors and soluble nitrogen. Parenchyma cells appeared to be the major obstacle to the establishment of decay fungi in sapwood. Brief exposure to steam caused many changes in sapwood resulting in loss of vitality, and with it, loss of resistance to colonization by decay fungi. Whatever factors arc lost, bacteria alone do not restore them.
Studies on volatile compounds from Pinus silvestris and their effect on wood‐decomposing fungi
Authors: Flodin Kerstin , Fries N.
Published: June 2007

Volatiles from fresh pine wood (Pinus silvestris) generally inhibited the growth of the five wood‐rotting fungi tested, while volatiles from heat‐dried pine wood in some cases were stimulatory. Fomes annosus and Stereum sanguinolentum, exposed to monoterpenes known to be produced from fresh pine wood, were inhibited in their growth, whereas hexanal and α‐pinene +− hexanal, known to be produced from heat‐dried pine wood, stimulated growth of S. sanguinolentum. Effects on mycelial morphology were also observed.
“Top‐dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák
Authors: Diamandis S.
Published: June 2007

During 1974–75 and 1975–76 “top‐dying” foliar symptoms in badly diseased Norway spruce began appearing on current year's needles as early as mid summer and autumn whereas in healthy or mildly affected trees they appeared later, in late winter and spring. In all trees however the maximum rate of needle loss occurred just before and during the flushing period. The disease affected current as well as second year needles. Needle loss took place during the whole year at different rates for different tree‐health categories. The total amount of needle loss increased significantly with worsening health status of trees.
Influence of zinc smelter emissions on peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles of various families
Authors: Niemtur St.
Published: June 2007

Great differences in peroxidase activity were found in pine needles of 58 families, growing in two experimental areas at differing distances from the Zinc Metallurgical Works. Such differences reduce the diagnostic value of p.a., and may be important in the selection of Scots pine.
Sensibilité des jeunes rameaux de Peuplier au Marssonina brunnea (Ell. et Ev.) P. Magn.
Authors: Pinon J.
Published: June 2007

Susceptibility of young poplar shoots to Marssonina brunnea (Ell. et Ev.) P. Magn. On shoots of various poplar clones, numbers of pustules were recorded in field susceptibility tests for Marssonina brunnea. Levels of infection in shoots do not necessarily reflect those of leaves. On shoots, the bases where early defoliation occurred are the parts most severely attacked.
Tuberculina maxima on Pinus sylvestris infected by Melampsora pinitorqua
Authors: von Weissenberg K. , Kurkela T.
Published: June 2007

Tuberculina maxima was observed in late August in a plastic greenhouse on seedlings of Pinus sylvestris inoculated with Melampsora pinitorqua. Apparent lack of this association in nature may be due to time difference in development of M. pinitorqua aecia on pine and in dispersal of T. maxima spores. Aecia of M. pinitorqua normally develop between mid‐June and late July.
Scanning electron microscopy reveals differences in surface morphology between basidiospores and conidia of Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Shaw C. G. , Florance E. R.
Published: June 2007

Basidiospores and conidia of Heterobasidion annosum (Fomes annosus) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Light microscopy did not allow for accurate and reliable separation between the two spore types. Contrarily, SEM clearly demonstrated that conidia have relatively smooth surfaces whereas basidiospores are consistently ornamented with numerous echinulations. SEM also demonstrated a definite dissimilarity in the shape and location of the apicular structures on basidiospores and conidia. With these differences now apparent, attempts can be made to examine airborne inoculum of H. annosum for the presence, absence, and/or relative abundance of the two spore types. Additional Key Words: Ultrastructure; spore ornamentation.
The nature and role of phytoalexin produced by aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
Authors: Flores G. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Phytoalexin produced by aspen in response to infection by Hypoxylon mammatum was isolated and found to be active against ascospore germination of Hypoxylon mammatum and conidial germination of Alternaria sp. Analysis carried out by thin layer chromatography suggests that the active compounds are phenolic glycosides. These compounds gave an inhibition up to 92.5% when tested against the germination of Alternaria spores.
Entomosporium leaf spot of Pomoideae, Rosaceae in Japan.
Authors: Horie H. , Kobayashi T.
Published: June 2007

The host range of the Entomosporium fungus was proved to be limited to the Rosaceae, especially to the sub‐family Pomoideae, through comprehensive inoculation experiments. No pathogenic strains occurred among the isolates from different hosts. The fungus overwinters on diseased leaves on trees or on the ground and on lesions on young twigs. Conidia on them serve as the source of primary infection in spring. Formation of the perfect state was not observed in Japan.
Ecology and biology of three Lophodermium species on secondary needles of Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: June 2007

Secondary needles of Pinus sylvestris afford at least five distinct habitats in which microfungi mature and fruit. Three are occupied profusely by Lophodermium, a different species in each (L. pinastri on senesced needles, L. conigenum on needles on dying trees or branches and L. seditiosum on young needles on seedlings and in young plantations). The biology of each species is examined in its appropriate habitat.
The colour of Pinus silvestris L. seeds and their susceptibility to damping‐off. II. Colour of seed coats and their chemical composition
Authors: Rosochacka Jadwiga , Grzywacz A. P.
Published: June 2007

Black seed of Scots pine are more resistant to damping‐off. The content of certain elements and chemical compounds in the seed coats differs widely depending on seed colour and physiological state (resting, germinating and infected seeds). The quantitative and qualitative differences in fatty acids content, total nitrogen, amino acids, some metals and nonmetals, chlorogenic acid, phenol and a number of its derivatives seem to be some of the factors conditioning differences in resistance to damping‐off.
Control of spike disease of sandal
Authors: Nayar R.
Published: June 2007

In the natural sandal reserves arsenic compounds have not proved successful in erradicating the spike disease; benlate has no curative or remission effect; tetracyclines have remission effects but application is not practical in forests due to the low density of sandal per hectare and difficulty in locating diseased trees. Compounds tried by various workers have provided no cure in the field. As vegetative propagation in sandal has not been successful, heat therapy also cannot be taken up. Eucalyptus has failed to control spike. But encouraging results have been obtained in checking the incidence of spike in man made forests by soil working, use of cover crop, interplanting sandal with trees giving shade at different levels, thus reducing the loss of water by evapotranspiration. In the natural reserves where the above conditions are prevalent spike disease has not been reported for the last 80 years.
Antagonists of Fomes annosus in the rhizosphere of grey alder (Alnus incana) and Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Authors: Johansson M. , Marklund E.
Published: June 2007

A comparison was made of the fungistatic effects of the root microflora of grey alder and Norway spruce with Fomes annosus as test fungus. The significantly higher frequency of actinomycetes in the alder rhizosphere probably constituted the main difference in this respect. The importance of fungi seemed to be about equal in the rhizosphere of the two tree species. Methods for studies of antagonism are tested and discussed.
Mise en évidence d'une relation entre la teneur en fluor et la chute de production dans les forêts résineuses soumises à une pollution fluorée
Authors: Garrec J. P. , Audigier C.
Published: June 2007

The relationship between fluoride content of needles and decrease in yield in conifer forests subject to fluorine pollution. In conifer forests (Picca abies Lk.), subject to fluoride pollution, a logarithmic correlation exists between the F‐content of unwashed needles and the decrease in wood production.
The identification of the two subspecies of Xanthomonas populi in vitro
Authors: Kam M. de
Published: June 2007

Xanthomonas populi subsp. populi, the cause of bacterial canker in poplar and X. populi subsp. salicis, causing bacterial canker in willow can be distinguished in vitro by their metabolic pattern, NaCl‐tolerance and motility.
Barriers to decay in conifer roots
Authors: Tippett Joanna T. , Shigo A. L.
Published: June 2007

The process of compartmentalization, including the formation of barrier zones, localized discolored and decayed wood in roots of balsam fir, red spruce, eastern hemlock, white pine, and tamarack. The decay was caused by Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel. and unidentified hymenomycetes. The most effective “walls” to decay were composed of resin ducts and parenchyma cells. Cylindrical patterns of decay formed due to tangential bands of resin ducts and parenchyma. In response to injury, conifer roots increase production of parenchyma cells which accumulate polyhenols. Three types of parenchyma may be produced: that associated with resin ducts, xylem rays, and tangential rings of cells resembling marginal parenchyma.
Effect of phenolic compounds and tannin on growth and laccase activity of Fomes annosus
Authors: Haars Annegret , Chet I. , Hüttermann A.
Published: June 2007

The growth ofFomes annosus in liquid medium was inhibited by phenols which were oxidized by the fungus and/or induced high laccase acitivity. The effect of some of the tested phenols was different when they were applied to wood.

The applicability of hydroquinone in spruce‐stems as protecting agent against invasion of Fomes annosus is discussed.