bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of melt versus mechanical wear on the formation of pseudotachylyte veins in accretionary complexes
Authors: Moris-Muttoni B. , Raimbourg H. , Augier R. , Champallier R. , Le Trong E.
Published: January 2022

Whether seismic rupture propagates over large distances to generate mega-earthquakes or is rapidly aborted mainly depends on the slip processes within the fault core, including particularly frictional melting or intense grain-size reduction and amorphization. The record of seismic slip in exhumed fault zones consists in many instances in Black Faults Rocks, dark and glass-like-filled aphanitic veins that have been interpreted as resulting from the quenching of frictional melts, i.e. pseudotachylytes. Such interpretation has nevertheless been questioned as similar macro to nano-microstructures have been observed either on intensely comminuted natural fault rocks or on slow creep experiments conducted on crustal rocks, where melting is absent. Here, we report a new dataset of Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material analyses, aimed at discriminating the slip weakening processes operating in the fault core during slip. Using high spatial resolution profiles on natural Black Fault Rocks from exhumed accretionary complexes and an experimentally calibrated modelling of Raman intensity ratio evolution with temperature, we assessed different scenarios of temperature evolution during fault slip. None of them is able to account for the distribution of Raman signal, so that in the three studied Black Fault Rocks interpreted so far as natural pseudotachylytes, Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material rather reflects the effect of intense and localized strain during fault slip. Furthermore, the absence of thermal imprint on Raman signal puts upper bounds on the temperature reached within the fault zone. If one cannot rule out the occurrence of high and short-lived temperature increase due to friction, the latter was not high enough as to melt the large quartz fraction of the fault zone rocks.
Changes in the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Domènech Laura , Willis Jesse , Alemany-Navarro Maria , Morell Marta , Real Eva , Escaramís Geòrgia , Bertolín Sara , Sánchez Chinchilla Daniel , Balcells Susanna , Segalàs Cinto , Estivill Xavier , Menchón Jose M. , Gabaldón Toni , Alonso Pino , Rabionet Raquel
Published: January 2022

Although the etiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is largely unknown, it is accepted that OCD is a complex disorder. There is a known bi-directional interaction between the gut microbiome and brain activity. Several authors have reported associations between changes in gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or autism. Furthermore, a pediatric-onset neuropsychiatric OCD-related syndrome occurs after streptococcal infection, which might indicate that exposure to certain microbes could be involved in OCD susceptibility. However, only one study has investigated the microbiome of OCD patients to date. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing to analyze the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome composition of 32 OCD cases and 32 age and gender matched controls. We estimated different α- and β-diversity measures and performed LEfSe and Wilcoxon tests to assess differences in bacterial distribution. OCD stool samples showed a trend towards lower bacterial α-diversity, as well as an increase of the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae, particularly of the genus Alistipes, and lower relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and two genera within the Lachnospiraceae: Agathobacer and Coprococcus. However, we did not observe a different Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio between OCD cases and controls. Analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome composition showed a lower Fusobacteria to Actinobacteria ratio in OCD cases. In conclusion, we observed an imbalance in the gut and oropharyngeal microbiomes of OCD cases, including, in stool, an increase of bacteria from the Rikenellaceae family, associated with gut inflammation, and a decrease of bacteria from the Coprococcus genus, associated with DOPAC synthesis.
Microfluidic device engineered to study the trafficking of multiple myeloma cancer cells through the sinusoidal niche of bone marrow
Authors: Sui Chao , Zilberberg Jenny , Lee Woo
Published: January 2022

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable B cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). It has been a significant challenge to study the spatiotemporal interactions of MM cancer cells with the embedded microenvironments of BM. Here we report a microfluidic device which was designed to mimic several physiological features of the BM niche: (1) sinusoidal circulation, (2) sinusoidal endothelium, and (3) stroma. The endothelial and stromal compartments were constructed and used to demonstrate the device’s utility by spatiotemporally characterizing the CXCL12-mediated egression of MM cells from the BM stroma and its effects on the barrier function of endothelial cells (ECs). We found that the egression of MM cells resulted in less organized and loosely connected ECs, the widening of EC junction pores, and increased permeability through ECs, but without significantly affecting the number density of viable ECs. The results suggest that the device can be used to study the physical and secreted factors determining the trafficking of cancer cells through BM. The sinusoidal flow feature of the device provides an integral element for further creating systemic models of cancers that reside or metastasize to the BM niche.
Rho GTPase gene expression and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Kazmi Nabila , Robinson Tim , Zheng Jie , Kar Siddhartha , Martin Richard M. , Ridley Anne J.
Published: January 2022

The Rho GTPase family consists of 20 genes encoding intracellular signalling proteins that influence cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and cell cycle progression. They are implicated in breast cancer progression but their role in breast cancer aetiology is unknown. As aberrant Rho GTPase activity could be associated with breast cancer, we aimed to determine the potential for a causal role of Rho GTPase gene expression in breast cancer risk, using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). MR was undertaken in 122,977 breast cancer cases and 105,974 controls, including 69,501 estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cases and 105,974 controls, and 21,468 ER negative (ER−) cases and 105,974 controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) underlying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) obtained from normal breast tissue, breast cancer tissue and blood were used as genetic instruments for Rho GTPase expression. As a sensitivity analysis, we undertook co-localisation to examine whether findings reflected shared causal variants or genomic confounding. We identified genetic instruments for 14 of the 20 human Rho GTPases. Using eQTLs obtained from normal breast tissue and normal blood, we identified evidence of a causal role of RHOD in overall and ER+ breast cancers (overall breast cancer: odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in expression level 1.06; (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.09; P = 5.65 × 10–5) and OR 1.22 (95% CI 1.11, 1.35; P = 5.22 × 10–5) in normal breast tissue and blood respectively). There was a consistent direction of association for ER− breast cancer, although the effect-estimate was imprecisely estimated. Using eQTLs from breast cancer tissue and normal blood there was some evidence that CDC42 was negatively associated with overall and ER + breast cancer risk. The evidence from colocalization analyses strongly supported our MR results particularly for RHOD. Our study suggests a potential causal role of increased RHOD gene expression, and, although the evidence is weaker, a potential protective role for CDC42 gene expression, in overall and ER+ breast cancers. These finding warrant validation in independent samples and further biological investigation to assess whether they may be suitable targets for drug targeting.
Aluminium co-localises with Biondi ring tangles in Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy
Authors: Mold Matthew John , Exley Christopher
Published: January 2022

Aluminium is known to accumulate in neuropathological hallmarks. However, such has only tentatively been suggested in Biondi ring tangles. Owing to their intracellular and filamentous structure rich in β-pleated sheets, Biondi ring tangles might attract the adventitious binding of aluminium in regions of the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The study’s objective was to establish whether aluminium co-localises with Biondi ring tangles in the brains of Parkinson’s disease donors versus a donor that went on to develop late-onset epilepsy. Herein, we have performed immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated tau, complemented with aluminium-specific fluorescence microscopy in the choroid plexus of Parkinson’s disease donors and in a donor that developed late-onset epilepsy. Aluminium co-localises with lipid-rich Biondi ring tangles in the choroid plexus. While Biondi ring tangles are not composed of phosphorylated tau, the latter is identified in nuclei of choroidal cells where aluminium and Biondi ring tangles are co-located. Although Biondi ring tangles are considered artefacts in imaging studies using positron emission tomography, their ability to bind aluminium and then release it upon their subsequent rupture and escape from choroidal cells may allow for a mechanism that may propagate for aluminium toxicity in vivo.
Associations between dietary antioxidant intakes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Mirmiran Parvin , Hosseini-Esfahani Firoozeh , Esfandiar Zohreh , Hosseinpour-Niazi Somayeh , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: January 2022

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), as the leading cause of death worldwide, is the collective term named for disorders afflicting the blood vessels and heart. Inflammation and enhanced oxidative stress have been shown as fundamental risk factors in the onset and progression of CVD. Chronic inflammatory conditions attenuate blood levels of antioxidants because of the continuous generation of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A sufficient intake of antioxidants is also suggested to beneficially interfere with CVD by quenching ROS. Antioxidant vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, E, and C, and zinc may slow the development and progression of CVD. This study aimed at investigating the association between daily consumption of dietary vitamins A, E, and C, and zinc and the incidence of CVD. Eligible adults (n = 5102) aged ≥ 30 years, were selected from the participants of the Tehran lipid and glucose study with an average follow-up of 5.3 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and follow-up examinations. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the development of CVD associated with total intakes of vitamins A, E, and C, and zinc. This study was conducted on 2253 men and 2849 women aged 47.0 ± 11.6 and 45.6 ± 10.5 years, respectively. The main sources of dietary vitamins A, E, and C and zinc were fruits, vegetables, and legumes. Risk of CVD decreased from quartile 1 to quartile 4 for vitamin E intake (HR 1.00, 0.91, 0.77, and 0.57; Ptrend = 0.03). The association between the risk of CVD and quartiles of vitamins A, and C and zinc intake was not statistically significant. Our study suggests an inverse association between vitamin E intake and the risk of CVD, emphasizing the potential protective role of fruit and vegetable in the prevention of CVD.
Metal-containing organic compounds for memory and data storage applications
Authors: Lian Hong , Cheng Xiaozhe , Hao Haotian , Han Jinba , Lau Mei-Tung , Li Zikang , Zhou Zhi , Dong Qingchen , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: January 2022

This review gives an overview of the recent advances of metal-containing organic compounds in memory and data storage applications. The challenges and future research directions of the field are also discussed.
Optimizing locked nucleic acid modification in double-stranded biosensors for live single cell analysis
Authors: Vilchez Mercedes Samuel A. , Eder Ian , Ahmed Mona , Zhu Ninghao , Wong Pak Kin
Published: January 2022

Double-stranded (ds) biosensors are homogeneous oligonucleotide probes for detection of nucleic acid sequences in biochemical assays and live cell imaging.
Multiplex digital PCR with digital melting curve analysis on a self-partitioning SlipChip
Authors: Yu Yan , Yu Ziqing , Pan Xufeng , Xu Lei , Guo Rui , Qian Xiaohua , Shen Feng
Published: January 2022

Multiplex digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR) with digital melting curve analysis (digital MCA) on a self-partitioning SlipChip can provide absolute quantification of different target nucleic acids by designed signature melting profiles.
A novel electrochemical sandwich-like immunosensor based on carboxyl Ti3C2Tx MXene and rhodamine b/gold/reduced graphene oxide for Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Niu Huimin , Cai Shumei , Liu Xueke , Huang Xiaoming , Chen Juan , Wang Shuiliang , Zhang Shenghang
Published: January 2022

The illustrations for constructing a sandwich-like immunosensor for LM based on C-Ti3C2Tx MXene and RhB/Au/RGO.
A graphene-Ag based near-infrared defined accurate anti-scarring strategy for ocular glaucoma surgery
Authors: Wang Yanan , Xu Zikang , Li Wenchi , Wei Wei , Qin Mengqi , Li Qun , Liu Xuexia , Zhang Xu , Wang Xiaolei
Published: January 2022

A multifunctional platform (PVA@rGO-Ag/5-Fu) integrated with photothermal, antibacterial and drug delivery abilities is developed. The experiments proved that PVA@rGO-Ag/5-Fu has potential as an efficacious anti-scarring agent for filtering surgery.
Csp3–H monofluoroalkenylation via stereoselective C–F bond cleavage
Authors: Hu Ying , Liu Xingchen , Ren Zhouyang , Hu Binjing , Li Jie
Published: January 2022

A practical nickel- and photoredox-catalyzed Csp3–H monofluoroalkenylation with gem-difluoroalkenes for the synthesis of stereodefined tetrasubstituted fluoroalkenes with complete control of stereoselectivity has been developed.
Regulation of the morphology and electrochemical properties of Ni0.85Se via Fe doping for overall water splitting and supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Yumeng , Cao Jian , Chen Yanli , Wei Maobin , Liu Xiaoyan , Li Xin , Wu Qiong , Feng Bo , Zhang Yong , Yang Lili
Published: January 2022

The morphology evolution and electrochemical properties of Ni0.85Se via Fe doping were investigated for overall water splitting and supercapacitors.
Simulating X-ray photoelectron spectra with strong electron correlation using multireference algebraic diagrammatic construction theory
Authors: de Moura Carlos E. V. , Sokolov Alexander Yu.
Published: January 2022

A new theoretical approach for the simulations of X-ray photoelectron spectra of strongly correlated molecular systems that combines multireference algebraic diagrammatic construction theory (MR-ADC) with a core–valence separation (CVS) technique.
The rice bran peptide KF-8 extends the lifespan and improves the healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans via skn-1 and daf-16
Authors: Cai Jie , Chen Zhongxu , Wu Yixin , Chen Yajuan , Wang Jianqiang , Lin Qinlu , Liang Ying
Published: January 2022

Proposed mechanism by which KF-8 improves oxidative stress tolerance and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. ↑: Upregulated; ↓: downregulated. Red arrows: Role of aging, H2O2 and juglone. Green arrows: Role of KF-8.
Pd/CuO–Ni(OH)2/C as a highly efficient and stable catalyst for the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol
Authors: Zhang Sifan , Pei An , Li Guang , Zhu Lihua , Li Guoda , Wu Fengshun , Lin Shuting , Chen Wenqi , Chen Bing Hui , Luque Rafael
Published: January 2022

Pd/CuO-Ni(OH)2/C showed superior electrocatalytic performance for EOR in comparison with PdCuNi alloy/C and Pd/C. In-situ FTIR studies have shown that CuO and Ni(OH)2 effectively inhibited the adsorption of CO and increased the breaking rate of C-C.
Activation of Na2S2O8 by α-Fe2O3/CuS composite oxides for the degradation of Orange II under visible light irradiation
Authors: Lei Yu , Wu Huiqi , Ma Jianfeng , Cheng Hao , Komarneni Sridhar
Published: January 2022

Layered α-Fe2O3/CuS nanoflowers with abundant active sites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method.
A switchable electrochemical hairpin-aptasensor for ochratoxin A detection based on the double signal amplification effect of gold nanospheres
Authors: Lv Liangrui , Hu Juanjuan , Chen Qingqing , Xu Mingming , Jing Chunyang , Wang Xiaoying
Published: January 2022

An OTA electrochemical sensor based on h-DNA and the double effect of gold nanospheres that can be applied for actual sample detection.
New insights into the key bifunctional role of sulfur in Fe–N–C single-atom catalysts for ORR/OER
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Zhang Qi , Cui Jiewu , Yan Jian , Liu Jiaqin , Wu Yucheng
Published: January 2022

Well-regulated OOH* stabilization is revealed to be the origin of bifunctional ORR/OER activity.
An amine template strategy to construct successive C–C bonds: synthesis of benzo[h]quinolines by a deaminative ring contraction cascade
Authors: McFadden Timothy Patrick , Nwachukwu Chideraa Iheanyi , Roberts Andrew George
Published: January 2022

We report a strategy to build, cyclize, and excise nitrogen from tertiary amines for the synthesis of polyheterocyclic aromatics. A developed deaminative ring contraction cascade reaction is useful for the synthesis of substituted benzoquinolines.
Efficient fabrication of ordered alumina through-hole membranes using a TiO2 protective layer prepared by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Yanagishita Takashi , Itoh Haruka , Masuda Hideki
Published: January 2022

Ordered alumina through-hole membrane with an interhole distance of 1 μm.
Self-assembled gel tubes, filaments and 3D-printing within situmetal nanoparticle formation and enhanced stem cell growth
Authors: Piras Carmen C. , Kay Alasdair G. , Genever Paul G. , Fitremann Juliette , Smith David K.
Published: January 2022

Simple fabrication and 3D-printing methods are used to generate tubes and filaments from self-assembled gels, which can be loadedin situwith gold nanoparticles, with the resulting gels encouraging stem cell proliferation.
Discovery of an NAD+ analogue with enhanced specificity for PARP1
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Nan , Lam Albert T. , Cheng Qinqin , Courouble Valentine V. , Strutzenberg Timothy S. , Li Jiawei , Wang Yiling , Pei Hua , Stiles Bangyan L. , Louie Stan G. , Griffin Patrick R. , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2022

An analogue of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) featuring an azido group at 3′-OH of adenosine moiety is found to possess high specificity for human PARP1-catalyzed protein poly-ADP-ribosylation.
Stereoretentive and regioselective selenium-catalyzed intermolecular propargylic C–H amination of alkynes
Authors: Maloney T. Parker , Dohoda Alexander F. , Zhu Alec C. , Michael Forrest E.
Published: January 2022

Selenium catalysis enables a general intermolecular propargylic C–H amination of alkynes. The concerted mechanism gives rise to high regioselectivity for the more electron-rich end of the alkyne and retention of the C–H propargylic stereocenter.
Boosting and regulating solar energy conversion performance of delafossite AgFeO2 by spin polarization
Authors: Dong Xu-Dong , Zhao Zong-Yan
Published: January 2022

Spin polarization is the key factor determining the solar energy conversion efficiency of delafossite AgFeO2, which can be boosted and regulated by the crystal phase and external magnetic field.
Synthesis of borophene on quartz towards hydroelectric generators
Authors: Wu Zenghui , Tai Guoan , Liu Runsheng , Shao Wei , Hou Chuang , Liang Xinchao
Published: January 2022

Large-area borophene films have been controllably grown on a quartz substrate through a chemical vapor deposition process. A novel borophene hydroelectric generator was fabricated to harvest water energy and transform it into useful electricity.
A cerium oxide-based nanomedicine for pH-triggered chemodynamic/chemo combination therapy
Authors: Chen Ying , Zan Jiahui , Liu Yong , Kuang Peipei , Guo Chunmei , Xie Chen , Huang Wei , Fan Quli
Published: January 2022

A cerium oxide-based nanomedicine was developed for pH-triggered chemodynamic/chemo combination therapy with minimal side effects.
Te–Cefotaxime nanocomposites with restored antibiotic susceptibility and the LED light activated photothermal effect for rapid MRSA eradication
Authors: Wu Shaomin , Liu Xiangyu , Li Zhao , Lu Zhong , Jiang Nan , Yang Hao , Yao Huaiying
Published: January 2022

Te–Cefotaxime nanocomposites with synergistic therapy of restoring antibiotic susceptibility and the LED light activated photothermal effect for rapid MRSA eradication.
NH4(B6PO10(OH)4)·H2O: exhibiting the largest birefringence in borophosphates
Authors: Yu Sujuan , Wu Hongping , Yu Hongwei , Hu Zhanggui , Wang Jiyang , Wu Yicheng
Published: January 2022

A new borophosphate, NH4(B6PO10(OH)4)·H2O, has been obtained, which exhibits the largest birefringence of all reported borophosphates to date.
Clarification of acid site location in MSE-type zeolites by spectroscopic approaches combined with catalytic activity: comparison between UZM-35 and MCM-68
Authors: Toyoda Hiroto , Osuga Ryota , Wang Yong , Park Sungsik , Yazawa Koji , Gies Hermann , Gilbert Christopher J. , Yilmaz Bilge , Kelkar C. P. , Yokoi Toshiyuki
Published: January 2022

Difference in the acid site location of MSE-type zeolites between UZM-35 and MCM-68 was clarified by the spectroscopic approaches combined with the catalytic activity.
Tribo‐corrosion mechanisms and electromechanical behaviours for metal implants materials of CoCrMo, Ti6Al4V and Ti15Mo alloys
Authors: Wang Hongxiang , Zheng Jingjing , Sun Xiaolei , Luo Yong
Published: January 2022

Corrosion and wear play significant roles in the aseptic loosening of artificial hip joints for the long‐term service. In this present study, tribo‐corrosion tests were carried out through a reciprocating ball‐on‐plate system to evaluate the corrosion and wear properties of CoCrMo, Ti6Al4V and Ti15Mo alloys in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. It was found that the tribo‐corrosion behaviours of CoCrMo/Al2O3 and Ti15Mo/Al2O3 systems had significant wear‐corrosion synergistic interaction, and wear‐induced corrosion was dominant. For Ti6Al4V/Al2O3 systems, their wear mechanism under SBF lubrication was a combination of abrasive, adhesive and fatigue wear. While the wear mechanism of the Ti15Mo/Al2O3 system under synergistic interaction was a combination of abrasive and adhesive wear. Finally, it was suggested that the Ti15Mo alloy would be the better alternative for metal implant applications compared with the CoCrMo alloy for the consideration of both wear and potential poisonous ions such as Co(III) and Cr(VI).
Cosmogenic gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes from blazars associated with IceCube events
Authors: Das Saikat , Razzaque Soebur , Gupta Nayantara
Published: January 2022

Context.Blazars constitute the vast majority of extragalacticγ-ray sources. They can also contribute a sizable fraction of the diffuse astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube. In the past few years, the real-time alert system of IceCube has led to the multiwavelength follow-up of very high-energy neutrino events of plausible astrophysical origin. Spatial and temporal coincidences of a number of these neutrino events withγ-ray blazars provide a unique opportunity to decipher cosmic-ray interactions in the relativistic jets.

Aims.The aim of this work is to test if theγ-ray blazars associated with the IceCube neutrino events are also sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs;E > 1018eV).

Methods.Assuming that blazars accelerate UHECRs, we calculate the “guaranteed” contribution to the line-of-sight cosmogenicγ-ray and neutrino fluxes from four blazars associated with IceCube neutrino events. We compare these fluxes with the sensitivities of the upcomingγ-ray imaging telescopes, such as the CTA, and with the planned neutrino detectors, such as IceCube-Gen2.

Results.We find that detection of the cosmogenic neutrino fluxes from the blazars TXS 0506+056, PKS 1502+106, and GB6 J1040+0617 would require UHECR luminosity ≳10 times the inferred neutrino luminosity from the associated IceCube events, with the maximum UHECR proton energyEp, max ≈ 1020eV. Cosmogenicγ-ray emission from blazars TXS 0506+056, 3HSP J095507.9 +355101, and GB6 J1040+0617 can be detected by the CTA if the UHECR luminosity is ≳10 times the neutrino luminosity inferred from the associated IceCube events and forEp, max ≳ 1019eV.

Conclusions.Detection of cosmogenic neutrino and/orγ-ray flux(es) from blazars associated with IceCube neutrinos may lead to the first direct signature(s) of UHECR sources. Given their relatively low redshifts and hence total energetics, TXS 0506+056 and 3HSP J095507.9+355101 should be the prime targets for upcoming large neutrino andγ-ray telescopes.
The Cen A galaxy group: Dynamical mass and missing baryons
Authors: Müller Oliver , Lelli Federico , Famaey Benoit , Pawlowski Marcel S. , Fahrion Katja , Rejkuba Marina , Hilker Michael , Jerjen Helmut
Published: January 2022

The nearby elliptical galaxy Centaurus A (Cen A) is surrounded by a flattened system of dwarf satellite galaxies with coherent motions. Using a novel Bayesian approach, we measured the mean rotation velocity vrot and velocity dispersion σint of the satellite system. We found vrot/σint ≃ 0.7, indicating that the satellite system has non-negligible rotational support. Using Jeans’ equations, we measured a circular velocity of 258 km s−1 and a dynamical mass of 1.2 × 1013 M⊙ within 800 kpc. In a Λ cold dark matter cosmological context, we found that the Cen A group has a baryon fraction Mb/M200 ≃ 0.035 and is missing ∼77% of the cosmologically available baryons. Consequently, Cen A should have a hot intergalactic medium with a mass of ∼8 × 1011 M⊙, which is more than ∼20 times larger than current X-ray estimates. Intriguingly, the whole Cen A group lies on the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation defined by individual rotationally supported galaxies, as expected in Milgromian dynamics (MOND) with no need of missing baryons.
Analysis of the heliospheric current sheet’s local structure based on a magnetic model
Authors: Arrazola D. , Blanco J. J. , Hidalgo M. A.
Published: January 2022

Context.An approach to the problem of estimating several physical properties of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) local structure from a single spacecraft observation point of view was published in 2003. This method, HYperbolic TAngent ROtation (HYTARO), is based on the following two main assumptions: (a) that the HCS is locally flat, and (b) that its magnetic topology is described by a modified Harris field.

Aims.A revision of HYTARO by including the spacecraft’s trajectory and developing a more precise procedure able to reduce the number of the required fit parameters is presented in this paper.

Methods.This magnetic topology is proposed for the HCS’s local field at 1 AU, and it was applied as a fit function to a collection of 40 HCS crossings detected by the WIND spacecraft during the solar minimum. The estimated HCS local parameters (i.e., orientation and width) are consistent with previous works, which used the minimum variance analysis or the coplanarity variance analysis, and this is inferred from HYTARO results. One of the points of discussion about HYTARO was determining if it was necessary to apply two or three rotations to characterize the field’s relative orientation with respect to the current sheet (CS) plane. As principal component analysis (PCA) is a method to decompose a set of data into no correlated components by identifying eigenvalues and eigenvectors, it is feasible to analyze the possibility of reducing the dimensionality of the problem.

Results.HYTARO gives a qualitative description of the observed magnetic field during an HCS crossing. The number of free parameters from the original HYTARO method has been reduced including the relative spacecraft trajectory through the CS and adding a background field related to each Cartesian component. Further, PCA has been implemented to justify applying two rotations with the HYTARO model. The dimensionality is another way to explore the number of rotations needed to relate the field in the local system with the field in GSE coordinates.
Cosmic rays in molecular clouds probed by H2 rovibrational lines
Authors: Padovani Marco , Bialy Shmuel , Galli Daniele , Ivlev Alexei V. , Grassi Tommaso , Scarlett Liam H. , Rehill Una S. , Zammit Mark C. , Fursa Dmitry V. , Bray Igor
Published: January 2022

Context. Low-energy cosmic rays (<1 TeV) play a fundamental role in the chemical and dynamical evolution of molecular clouds, as they control the ionisation, dissociation, and excitation of H2. Their characterisation is therefore important both for the interpretation of observations and for the development of theoretical models. However, the methods used so far for estimating the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in molecular clouds have several limitations due to uncertainties in the adopted chemical networks.

Aims. We refine and extend a previously proposed method to estimate the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in molecular clouds by observing rovibrational transitions of H2 at near-infrared wavelengths, which are mainly excited by secondary cosmic-ray electrons.

Methods. Combining models of interstellar cosmic-ray propagation and attenuation in molecular clouds with the rigorous calculation of the expected secondary electron spectrum and updated electron-H2 excitation cross sections, we derive the intensity of the four H2 rovibrational transitions observable in cold dense gas: (1−0)O(2), (1−0)Q(2), (1−0)S(0), and (1−0)O(4).

Results. The proposed method allows the estimation of the cosmic-ray ionisation rate for a given observed line intensity and H2 column density. We are also able to deduce the shape of the low-energy cosmic-ray proton spectrum impinging upon the molecular cloud. In addition, we present a look-up plot and a web-based application that can be used to constrain the low-energy spectral slope of the interstellar cosmic-ray proton spectrum. We finally comment on the capability of the James Webb Space Telescope to detect these near-infrared H2 lines, which will make it possible to derive, for the first time, spatial variation in the cosmic-ray ionisation rate in dense gas. Besides the implications for the interpretation of the chemical-dynamic evolution of a molecular cloud, it will finally be possible to test competing models of cosmic-ray propagation and attenuation in the interstellar medium, as well as compare cosmic-ray spectra in different Galactic regions.
Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Arylacetylenes with Bromodifluoroacetamides
Authors: Liu Jing-Hui , Zhao Bin , Hu Guo-Qin , Yao Li-Wei , Gui Shu-Sheng , Geng Chuang , Zhang Wen-Yan
Published: January 2022

A copper-catalyzed radical difluoroalkylation of arylacetylenes with bromodifluoroamides has been developed. The reaction exhibits good functional group tolerance and allows access to a variety of substituted α-alkynyl-α,α-difluoroacetamides in moderate to good yields. The potential for scale-up reaction and products derivatization also makes this method attractive for practical applications. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a radical reaction pathway might be involved in the catalytic system.
Spacecraft detect electron phase space holes undergoing strong wave-particle interactions
Authors: Ikenson Ben
Published: January 2022

Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission enables direct millisecond measurements of electron particle flux in space plasma
Millisecond observations of nonlinear wave–electron interaction in electron phase space holes
Authors: Norgren C. , Graham D. B. , Argall M. R. , Steinvall K. , Hesse M. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A. , Tenfjord P. , Gershman D. J. , Lindqvist P.-A. , Burch J. L. , Plaschke F.
Published: January 2022

Electron phase space holes (EHs) associated with electron trapping are commonly observed as bipolar electric field signatures in both space and laboratory plasma. Until recently, it has not been possible to resolve EHs in electron measurements. We report observations of EHs in the plasma sheet boundary layer, here identified as the separatrix region of magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail. The intense EHs are observed together with an electron beam moving toward the X line, showing signs of thermalization. Using the electron drift instrument onboard the satellites of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we make direct millisecond measurements of the electron particle flux associated with individual electron phase space holes. The electron flux is measured at a millisecond cadence in a narrow parallel speed range within that of the trapped electrons. The flux modulations are of order unity and are direct evidence of the strong nonlinear wave–electron interaction that may effectively thermalize beams and contribute to transforming directed drift energy to thermal energy.
Transition metal-free cross-coupling reactions to form carbon–heteroatom bonds
Authors: Bugaenko D. I. , Karchava A. V. , Yurovskaya M. A.
Published: January 2022

The formation of carbon–heteroatm bond is the key step of synthesis of numerous organic compounds, including socially important products such as pharmaceuticals, crop protection agents and organic functional materials. These reactions proceed most efficiently when catalyzed by compounds of transition metals, first of all palladium. However, this approach has considerable drawbacks, in particular, high cost and toxicity of transition metal compounds and harsh reaction conditions required in some cases, resulting in limited functional group tolerance. This review describes the recent advances in the development of methodology of transition metal-free carbon–heteroatom bond-forming cross-coupling. It is shown that single-electron transfer and homolytic bond cleavage result in the generation of highly reactive radical and/or radical ion intermediates, enable the formation of new carbon–heteroatom bonds. These intermediates are generated using either visible light or electricity as energy sources or simple organic compounds acting as electron donors. Methods for carbon–heteroatom bond formation based on radical reactions proceeding under mild conditions and in the presence of labile functional groups are considered. The key mechanistic aspects of the reactions are highlighted. The review mainly covers the original publications of the current decade.
 The bibliography includes 302 references .
Extensile to contractile transition in active microtubule–actin composites generates layered asters with programmable lifetimes
Authors: Berezney John , Goode Bruce L. , Fraden Seth , Dogic Zvonimir
Published: January 2022

Significance

Active forces sculpt the forms of living things, generating adaptable and reconfigurable dynamical materials. Creating synthetic materials that exhibit comparable control over internally generated active forces remains a challenge. We demonstrate that active composite networks, collectively driven by the force-generating molecular motors, exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns similar to those observed in cell biology. Amongst others, we describe robust self-assembly of onion-like layered asters. A self-regulating mechanism ensures the asters’ layered structure survives coalescence-like events, while their temporal stability is encoded in the mechanical properties of the network. Our model system elucidates the essential role of passive elasticity in controlling the emergent nonequilibrium dynamics while also establishing a robust experimental platform for engineering lifelike materials.
Beyond affectedness – partitive objects and degrees of agenthood in Ancient Greek
Authors: Luraghi Silvia
Published: January 2022

In several ancient and modern Indo-European languages, the partitive-genitive may be used in place of the accusative to encode the second argument of two-place verbs. In Ancient Greek the two types of object encoding can alternate with change-of-state verbs, alternation being viewed as connected with degrees of patient affectedness: the partitive-genitive encodes partially affected objects. Alternation also extends to experiential verbs, which are typically characterized by a low degree of transitivity and do not imply any change of state of the object-stimulus. Rather than concentrating on the implications of case alternation on the construal of the object, I consider the effects of variation on the whole construction, and argue that genitive vs. accusative marking of the object (NomGen vs. NomAcc constructions) reflects the construal of the subject-experiencer. While the different construal of the experiencer in terms of degrees of control cross-linguistically often results in non-nominative encoding of the experiencer, in Ancient Greek it is object encoding that affects the construal of the experiencer and reflects a scale based on possible control. The distribution of constructions with experiential verbs shows that NomAcc is typical of verbs of sight, thought, intellectual knowledge and emotions connected to sight and awareness, such as wonder and fear. NomGen is connected with touch, smell, taste, memory, forgetfulness, care and desire. In the in-between area, verbs of hearing, learning and verbs of affection may feature both accusative and genitive encoding, thus constituting a fuzzy transition area. The connection between sight and other experiential verbs that feature accusative encoding reflects an embodied conceptualization of experiential situations.
Community-Based Remediation of Juvenile Competence to Stand Trial: A National Survey
Authors: Kruh Ivan , Gowensmith Neil , Alkema Amanda , Swenson Kristin , Platt Derrick
Published: January 2022

Youth found incompetent to stand trial in U.S. juvenile courts may be ordered to attend Juvenile Competence Remediation Services to assist them in becoming competent to proceed with their case. Representatives from 19 community-based JCRS programs were surveyed about current norms and practices. The results suggest that programs routinely meet some emerging best practices (e.g., dyadic service delivery; developmentally sensitive services), but not others (e.g., providing case management services; services guided by outcome data). The results also reveal a lack of consistency across programs in a variety of areas (e.g., training and experience of providers; educational curricula used by providers).
Analysis of DefeXtiles: a 3D printed textile towards garments and accessories
Authors: Dorsey Kristen L , Roberts Sonia F , Forman Jack , Ishii Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

This work investigates the structure and mechanical properties of a textile-like material fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) filament in a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing process. FDM has expanded access to 3D printing, but the resultant parts are largely limited to rigid forms. The process characterized in this work may expand access to flexible, textile-like 3D-printed materials without requiring elastic filaments that are challenging to print. We investigate the mechanical properties of a previously demonstrated 3D printed textile (defeXtiles) that is fabricated by under-extruding a PLA filament during printing. We characterize the impact of selected print parameters on material structure and mechanical properties. We demonstrate materials with tunable flexural rigidity and a factor of 44 increase in stiffness between the most rigid and flexible textures, solely by changing print settings. We conclude by showcasing defeXtiles as a sustainable fabrication process that is accessible to hobbyists and artisans, with demonstrations of a wristband with integrated RFID tag and a fascinator hat.
GaN-based distributed feedback laser diodes grown on Si
Authors: Tang Yongjun , Feng Meixin , Liu Jianxun , Sun Xiujian , Yan Shumeng , Fan Shizhao , Sun Qian , Zhang Shuming , Ikeda Masao , Yang Hui
Published: January 2022

This letter reports on the results of room-temperature electrically injected GaN-based distributed feed-back laser diodes (LDs) grown on Si. A hundred pairs of high-order sidewall gratings were prepared by dry-etching along the ridge to select only single mode, and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide polishing technology was adopted to remove the etching damage and make the sidewall smooth and steep. As a result, we have successfully fabricated GaN-based distributed feedback LDs grown on Si with a side-mode suppression ratio of ∼10 dB. Further analysis revealed that the fabrication of gratings reduced the injection efficiency and increased the optical loss, which deteriorated the device performance. Further improvements of the laser material quality and device fabrication are underway.
X-ray magnetic dichroism and tunnel magneto-resistance study of the magnetic phase in epitaxial CrVO
x
nanoclusters
Authors: Joly Loïc , Scheurer Fabrice , Ohresser Philippe , Kengni-Zanguim Brice , Dayen Jean-François , Seneor Pierre , Dlubak Bruno , Godel Florian , Halley David
Published: January 2022

Epitaxial clusters of chromium and chromium–vanadium oxides are studied by tunnel magneto-resistivity measurements, x-ray absorption spectrometry and circular magnetic circular dichroism. They turn out to carry a small magnetic moment that follows a super-paramagnetic behavior. The chromium ion contribution to this magnetization is mainly due to an original magnetic Cr2O3-like phase, whereas usual Cr2O3 is known to be anti-ferromagnetic in the bulk. For mixed clusters, vanadium ions also contribute to the total magnetization and they are coupled to the chromium ion spins. By measuring the dichroic signal at different temperatures, we get insight into the possible spin configurations of vanadium and chromium ions: we propose that the magnetic dipoles observed in the clusters assembly could be related to ionic spins that couple at a very short range, as for instance in short one-dimensional spins chains.
Evaluation of the impact of a scanner prototype on proton CT and helium CT image quality and dose efficiency with Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Götz S , Dickmann J , Rit S , Krah N , Khellaf F , Schulte R W , Parodi K , Dedes G , Landry G
Published: January 2022

Objective. The use of ion computed tomography (CT) promises to yield improved relative stopping power (RSP) estimation as input to particle therapy treatment planning. Recently, proton CT (pCT) has been shown to yield RSP accuracy on par with state-of-the-art x-ray dual energy CT. There are however concerns that the lower spatial resolution of pCT compared to x-ray CT may limit its potential, which has spurred interest in the use of helium ion CT (HeCT). The goal of this study was to investigate image quality of pCT and HeCT in terms of noise, spatial resolution, RSP accuracy and imaging dose using a detailed Monte Carlo (MC) model of an existing ion CT prototype. Approach. Three phantoms were used in simulated pCT and HeCT scans allowing estimation of noise, spatial resolution and the scoring of dose. An additional phantom was used to evaluate RSP accuracy. The imaging dose required to achieve the same image noise in a water and a head phantom was estimated at both native spatial resolution, and in a scenario where the HeCT spatial resolution was reduced and matched to that of pCT using Hann windowing of the reconstruction filter. A variance reconstruction formalism was adapted to account for Hann windowing. Main results. We confirmed that the scanner prototype would produce higher spatial resolution for HeCT than pCT by a factor 1.8 (0.86 lp mm−1 versus 0.48 lp mm−1 at the center of a 20 cm water phantom). At native resolution, HeCT required a factor 2.9 more dose than pCT to achieve the same noise, while at matched resolution, HeCT required only 38% of the pCT dose. Finally, RSP mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was found to be 0.59% for pCT and 0.67% for HeCT. Significance. This work compared the imaging performance of pCT and HeCT when using an existing scanner prototype, with the spatial resolution advantage of HeCT coming at the cost of increased dose. When matching spatial resolution via Hann windowing, HeCT had a substantial dose advantage. Both modalities provided state-of-the-art RSP MAPE. HeCT might therefore help reduce the dose exposure of patients with comparable image noise to pCT, enhanced spatial resolution and acceptable RSP accuracy at the same time.
Implementation of multi-component Zhdanov closure in SOLEDGE3X
Authors: Bufferand H , Balbin J , Baschetti S , Bucalossi J , Ciraolo G , Ghendrih Ph , Mao R , Rivals N , Tamain P , Yang H , Giorgiani G , Schwander F , Scotto d’Abusco M , Serre E , Denis J , Marandet Y , Raghunathan M , Innocente P , Galassi D ,   JET Contributors
Published: January 2022

The multi-component fluid closure derived by Zhdanov (2002 Transport Processes in Multicomponent Plasma (London: Taylor and Francis)) is implemented in the fluid code SOLEDGE3X-EIRENE to deal with arbitrary edge plasma composition. The closure assumes no distinction between species such as light versus heavy species separation. The work of Zhdanov is rewritten in a matricial form in order to clearly link friction forces and heat fluxes to the different species velocities and temperature gradients.
Pulse coding off-chip learning algorithm for memristive artificial neural network
Authors: Guo Ming-Jian , Duan Shu-Kai , Wang Li-Dan
Published: January 2022

Memristive neural network has attracted tremendous attention since the memristor array can perform parallel multiply-accumulate calculation (MAC) operations and memory-computation operations as compared with digital CMOS hardware systems. However, owing to the variability of the memristor, the implementation of high-precision neural network in memristive computation units is still difficult. Existing learning algorithms for memristive artificial neural network (ANN) is unable to achieve the performance comparable to high-precision by using CMOS-based system. Here, we propose an algorithm based on off-chip learning for memristive ANN in low precision. Training the ANN in the high-precision in digital CPUs and then quantifying the weight of the network to low precision, the quantified weights are mapped to the memristor arrays based on VTEAM model through using the pulse coding weight-mapping rule. In this work, we execute the inference of trained 5-layers convolution neural network on the memristor arrays and achieve an accuracy close to the inference in the case of high precision (64-bit). Compared with other algorithms-based off-chip learning, the algorithm proposed in the present study can easily implement the mapping process and less influence of the device variability. Our result provides an effective approach to implementing the ANN on the memristive hardware platform.
Solving quantum rotor model with different Monte Carlo techniques
Authors: Jiang Weilun , Pan Gaopei , Liu Yuzhi , Meng Zi-Yang
Published: January 2022

We systematically test the performance of several Monte Carlo update schemes for the (2 + 1)d XY phase transition of quantum rotor model. By comparing the local Metropolis (LM), LM plus over-relaxation (OR), Wolff-cluster (WC), hybrid Monte Carlo (HM), hybrid Monte Carlo with Fourier acceleration (FA) schemes, it is clear that among the five different update schemes, at the quantum critical point, the WC and FA schemes acquire the smallest autocorrelation time and cost the least amount of CPU hours in achieving the same level of relative error, and FA enjoys a further advantage of easily implementable for more complicated interactions such as the long-range ones. These results bestow one with the necessary knowledge of extending the quantum rotor model, which plays the role of ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic critical bosons or Z
2 topological order, to more realistic and yet challenging models such as Fermi surface Yukawa-coupled to quantum rotor models.