bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Dynamic Response of Capacitive RF-MEMS Switch
Authors: Song Ming Xin , Wu Rui
Published: September 2013

Dynamic response time is an important performance parameter for capacitive RF-MEMS switch. This paper establishes a differential equation, in order to analyse the influencing factors of dynamic response time. The simulation results show that pulling-down time can reach 7.5μs when beam length equals to 200μm, beam width equals to 30μm, beam thickness equals to 1μm, beam material adopts Al and dielectric layer selects Si3N4.
A Novel Full-Automatic Garbage Salvage Ship
Authors: Luo Ke Ling , Li Xu Dong , Song De Rui , Wang Ping , Fu Jiao , Zhang Lan
Published: September 2013

The garbage salvage ship is made from polystyrene plastic as hull framework and STC89C52 single-chip microcomputer to control the core, and consists of DC gear motor, photoelectric sensor, power circuit and other circuits. The system uses STC89C52 to control the boat to move forward, backward or turn through the I/O port. Tracing is finished by infrared obstacle avoidance sensor E18-D80NK. Working manner of the infrared obstacle avoidance sensor E18-D80NK was introduced and its application scheme based on STC89C52 single-chip microcomputer in the control system of garbage salvage ship was put forward.
Research on the Automatic Multilevel Thresholding for Athletic Image Segmentation Based on Block Sampling and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Li Xiao Guang
Published: September 2013

The research on new image segmentation algorithm is a very meaningful work in the processing of image. In the process, it will produce large amount of data redundancy. The efficient algorithm not only can greatly improve the quality of image treatment but also can greatly reduce the time and cost of the treatment. In this context, the paper analyzes several image processing algorithms commonly used in recent years and presents a new computer image processing algorithm--AMT-GA algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of AMT-GA algorithm, this paper takes the process of athletics image for example and compares the consistency and time of image segmentation with other literature results and ultimately finds that the consistency of AMT-GA algorithm reaches 0.99. The time in the algorithm execution is only 0.81 which not only achieves effective segmentation of the image but also saves the cost of computing. It also provides a theoretical reference for the research of computer graphics technology.
Research of Low Altitude Communication Protocol Conversion Process Based on Pattern Match
Authors: Xu Wei Feng , Liu Shu Fen , Han Lu
Published: September 2013

For complex application layer protocol of low altitude communication system which may be implemented with several wireless communication technologies which include BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, 3G, Digital radio, GPS, ADS-B, etc., we design a low altitude communication protocol conversion process based on pattern match to enhance the capacity of low-altitude flight service stations processing multi-source information from low-altitude aircrafts or other stations. In the process, the application layer protocol of information is identified with the algorithm based on BM pattern matching and CAM multi-pattern matching fusion firstly, secondly, the common intermediate protocol information is produced, and target protocol information is generated finally.
Hardware Implementation of Doppler Shift Estimation and Compensation in LEO Satellite Communication
Authors: Wu Kang , Chen Yi Jun , Qi Zhuang Ping , Liu Hui Jie , Liang Xu Wen
Published: September 2013

In the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems, in which receiver and transmitter are not fixed and have significant relative velocity, the fast time-varying Doppler frequency shift is high, which degrades the performance of acquisition and tracking. Doppler frequency shift and Doppler frequency rate can be calculated by the terrestrial system based on the satellite orbit and the relative velocity. In this paper, we introduce the Doppler compensation principle and the realization of Doppler shift estimation and compensation on an universal wireless signal processing platform. The experimental results showed that the Doppler compensation model have high accuracy, which is positively correlated with the Doppler frequency rate.
Research on Ceramic Artworks’ Anti-Counterfeiting and Authentication Based on Two-Dimensional Code
Authors: Liu Ming , Xie Yong , Zhang Yi Lai
Published: September 2013

The prosperity of the Chinese art market promoted the spiritual and cultural development. However, counterfeit, fake artworks often happen. After in-depth analysis of the characters of the two-dimensional code and current artworks anti-counterfeiting technology, and combined with the characteristics of ceramic art, an efficient ceramic artworks anti-counterfeiting and authentication method was proposed based two-dimensional code and WAP technology. Art-related information with a random code was built dynamic encryption security sequence, and consumer can use a phone quickly and efficiently achieve certification of ceramic artwork via WAP. The performance analysis shows that this method is feasible and easy to implement, maneuverability, and safety.
Experimental Visualization Study on the Explosion Process of Gasoline Vapor in Narrowly-Confined Space
Authors: Liang Jian Jun , Du Yang , Ou Yi Hong , Jiang Xin Sheng , Qian Hai Bing , Wang Pei Wen
Published: September 2013

In this paper, experimental study on gasoline vapor explosion was conducted with data acquisition technology of high-speed camera. In the experiments, the flame behaviors and the flow field movements were shot by the high-speed camera, the space pressure were recorded by high-speed dynamic tester, and the explosion process were analyzed refinedly and intuitively. Studies have shown that according to variations of flame behaviors and pressure characteristics, process of gasoline vapor explosion can be divided into four stages: the ignition stage, the development stage, the intensification stage and the plume stage.
Research on Dual Core Mechanism of Wireless Telemetry System
Authors: Peng Xian Min , Li Qiang , Zhang Gui Chuan , Liu Qing Lin , Xu Bing
Published: September 2013

In the high-precision multi-channel wireless telemetry systems, in order to complete a variety of tasks such as the system collection and control, parameter assignment, data storage, wireless command parsing, a dual-core framework is used, in which one of the FPGA is to control c the collection board control and another is to complete the core control. This paper focuses on exploring the working mechanism of the dual-core and mutual communication mechanism which is successfully applied to the actual system.
Research on Efficiency of Engineering Cost Consulting Industry in China Based-on DEA Model
Authors: Wang Chuan
Published: September 2013

Based on giving the scientific definition of efficiency of engineering cost consulting industry ,this paper gives an empirical analysis on efficiency of engineering cost consulting industry in China by using DEA(Data Envelopment analysis) model. The main results are as follows: on one hand, the efficiency of engineering cost consulting industry in China is affected by environmental variables significantly and other factors, such as local economical-level and perfection in policy, have a positive influence on this industry. On the other hand, after excluding the environmental variables and random statistical factors, the industrial concentration and scale efficiency in all regions were low .As the regional analysis shows, the east region is best, the middle region is second and the west is the lowest. To promote the efficiency of the whole industry in China, related suggestions are given.
A Static Game Study between Food Enterprises Based on Value Perception Differences of Food Quality and Safety
Authors: Yin Yuan Fen , Deng Yun , Sang Xiu Li
Published: September 2013

Behavior strategy of food enterprises exerts a direct influence on food quality and safety. Against the backdrop of value perception differences on food quality and safety between different food enterprises, this paper establishes a static game model and based on prospect theory, explores the reasons for food quality and safety issues in our food market from the perspectives of psychology and economics. Finally, it presents a more scientific food quality and safety mechanism and countermeasures.
Study on the Effect of Regulation Project of Bifurcation on Flow Characteristics of Sink Reach of River Flowing into the Lake
Authors: Chen Jun , Huang Ai Feng , Sun Gao Hu , Li Yong Tao
Published: September 2013

In order to research on the influence of regulation project, a two-dimensional flow mathematical model was adopted, and the change of diversion ratio, main stream line, water level, velocity of sink reach of river flowing into the lake were analyzed, the results were shown as follows: if the project built, the main stream line of bifurcation would move to the left side, and the diversion ratio of which would be increased by 0.54%. At the left side of the bifurcation, the water level would reduce obviously, and the maximum reduction of which would be 0.178m, and the velocity would increase, and maximum increase of which would be 1.0m/s. At the right side of the bifurcation, the water level would raise and the velocity would reduce, and the maximum reduction of which would be 1.667m/s. The point where water flow colliding with the left bank would change, and the velocity of point would be increased by 0.413m/s. The flow pattern would be smooth-going, the navigation condition of river would be improved, and the effect of project on flood control would be less.
Airport Pickup and Delivery Scheduling with Two Kinds of Vehicles
Authors: Xu Zheng Zheng , Tang Jia Fu
Published: September 2013

This paper studies the cooperation-based vehicle scheduling problem of two kinds of vehicles with time window for pickup and delivery of customers to airport. Producing isolated-customer points and vehicles cooperation points, we clustering the customer points. Then we choose appropriate vehicle kind to send customers to airport. Finally, we perform the test analysis on study case. Simulation results indicate that our approach is feasible and effective.
Ionic Liquid Extraction Methods for Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions
Authors: Gao D.L. , Guo Ya Fei , Yu Xiao Ping , Wang Shi Qiang , Deng Tian Long
Published: September 2013

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as successful alternative extraction solvents, especially, they have become potential replacements of volatile organic compound in the extraction of metal ions for the properties of negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability, high thermostability, etc. In this paper, ILs as environmental friendly solvents in liquid-liquid extractions of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions were summarized, the part of extraction phase compositions, extraction conditions and back extraction method were discussed, and the potency of applications of ILs in extraction and separation of metal ions were also commented.
Adsorption of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Peanut Shell Cellulose Modified with Carbon Disulphide
Authors: Pan Qing Shan , Li Dai Qi , Li Jian Qiang , Liu Wei , Ma Mei Gui , Yan He Ping , Zhou Bo , Huang Du Shu , Xu Shi Juan
Published: September 2013

Peanut shell Cellulose Xanthate (PCX) was prepared by reacting with carbon disulphide after mercerized by sodium hydroxide solution. The preparing conditions (hydroxide solution concentration, carbon disulphide dosage, temperature) were optimized in this study. And the effects of PCX amount and contact time on the removal of Cd (II) ion from aqueous solution was studied,the results indicated that when the initial Cd (II) ion concentration was 10mg/L, the adsorption capacity of PXC was high effective with the PCX amount was 1g/L and the contact time was 1.5h,the equilibrium adsorption capacity of PCX was 9.87 mg/g and the removal rate of Cd (II) ion was 98.72%.Then the regeneration capacities of PCX adsorbent was investigated, the results indicated that the removal rate of Cd (II) ion was more than 75% after regeneration. All the results indicated that the PCX can be used as a low cost but effective biosorbent for heavy metals remediation.
Development and Analysis of Aroma Compounds of Low Alcohol Blue Berry Wine
Authors: Cui Yan , Lv Wen , Fu Rong Xia
Published: September 2013

The paper foucs on utiliztion of blueberry to develop a high quality low alcohol blueberry semi-sweet wine and analysis of aroma compounds in the wine. Blueberry from Tianjin Jixian was used as raw materials and ultrasound technology was used to end fermentation of blueberry must when alcohol content reached to the desired value. Various physical-chemical parameters of the wine were determined and the main aroma compounds in blueberry wine were analyzed quantitively.Taste panel evaluation was carried out to evaluate the acceptbility of the blueberry wine. The results showed that combination of pectinase (85%),cellulase (10%) and hemicellulase (5%)(total level:0.3g/L) increased the blueberry juice extraction to 55%, the wine treated by ultrasound (40Hz,20min) had a high microbial stability and a desired low alcohol content. At the same time,the wine rich in typical blueberry flavor and aromas, with a pleasant fruity taste and good acceptability.
Pre-Processing Influence on Identification of Optimal Path Length for NIR Analysis of Tea Polyphenols
Authors: Yang Xiao Li , He Qiong , Liu Li , Yang Tong
Published: September 2013

We investigated the optical path length to tea polyphenols (TP) determination in Puer tea by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The NIR spectra samples include three path lengths (1mm, 2mm and 5mm). Firstly, spectra were pre-processed to eliminate useless information. Then, determination model was constructed by partial least squares regression. To study the influence of pre-processing on identification of optimal path for NIR analysis of tea polyphenols, we applied five techniques to pre-process spectra, including normalization, standardization, centralization, derivative and discrete wavelet transform. Comparison of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the models with different path lengths show that the models constructed with spectra collected in 2mm path length gave the best results. 1mm path length gained the uncorrected determination results. Normalization, centralization and derivative are better than standardization or discrete wavelet transform for pre-processing.
Research on Micro-Morphology and Metal Elements of Inhalable Particles in Huaian Typical Zone
Authors: Shi Ying Ying , Zhang Qiang Hua , Xiong Qing Ping , Xu Chen Hong , Liu Fei
Published: September 2013

The micro-morphology and metal elements composition of Inhalable particles (PM10) in Huaian typical zone were studied in this paper using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). PM10samples were collected for 24 h using high-volume air sampler from Qinghe zone. The SEM analysis showed that mineral particles with regular shapes were popular in PM10in Qinghe district. The composition of metal elements analysis showed that enrichment factor of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As of are greater than 10, the results indicate that these elements mainly come from anthropogenic pollution. PM10in Huaian typical zone was more sourced from industrial pollution than other sources.
A Maleinuric Acid / Acrylic Acid Copolymer with Functions of Softening Wet-Blue and Scavenging Free Formaldehyde in Leather
Authors: Wang Hong Ru , Su Xiao Zhou , Zhang Xiao Bo
Published: September 2013

A low molecular weight copolymer suitable for retanning wet-blue in leather industry has been synthesized by copolymerizing maleinuric acid with acrylic acid. Its performances for improving physical properties of crust leather, fixing the free chromium salt existed in wet-blue and scavenging the free formaldehyde introduced by other chemicals were investigated by applying it on goatskin wet-blue. The results show that the strengths and extensions, especially the softness of the crust leather can be significantly improved by the copolymer. The chromium released from wet-blue during retanning and free formaldehyde in leather can be reduced by 84.9% and 70.4% respectively with an offer of 3% the copolymer. Soft leather with very low levels of chromium release and free formaldehyde could be obtained by retanning with this copolymer. Therefore, this copolymer has the good potential for industrial application in ecological leather.
Study on Thermal Cycling of Sn0.7Cu Solder
Authors: Yang Li , Li Ju Li , Ge Jing Guo , Li Meng , Ji Nan
Published: September 2013

Thermal cycling of a unit Sn0.7Cu solder was studied based on the steady-state creep constitutive equation and Matlab software. The results show that there is a steady-state cycle for the thermal cycling of unit Sn0.7Cu eutectic solder. In steady-state thermal cycling, the shear stress is increased with the increase of temperature. There is a stage of stress relaxation during high temperature. A liner relationship between maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain is observed during thermal cycling. The metastable cycle number is declined greatly with the increase of maximum shear strain.
Research on Simplifying the Buffeting Response Spectrum of Suspension Bridge
Authors: Bai Hua , Zhang Yue
Published: September 2013

In order to solve the problem of traditional buffeting analysis method is complex, the paper summarizes a calculation method of simplifying the suspension bridge buffeting response spectrum which considers the background response by simplifying the vibration mode function. Examples calculation shows that this function is efficient and accurate. With this method the paper analyzes the impact of parameters including structural damping ratio, aerodynamic admittance function, pneumatic self-excited forces, the main beam span and so on on the suspension bridge buffeting response. Results show that: First, the impact of the background response on concrete bridges with larger damping ratio cannot be ignored. Second, when aerodynamic admittance takes Sears function, the buffeting response analysis results may be partial dangerous. Third, the role of the background response on large long-span bridges of more than 2000 m can be ignored.
Determination of C Parameter of Larson-Miller Equation for 15CrMo Steel
Authors: Zhu Xin Wei , Cheng Hong Hui , Shen Mei Hua , Pan Jin Ping
Published: September 2013

A new method of determination of C parameter of Larson-Miller equation was introduced. For 15CrMo steel, the optimal value of parameter C in the equation was derived. The reliability of the obtained results was analyzed.
A Polyamic Acid from Pyromellitic Dianhydride and Diaminodiphenyl Ether for Thickening Leather and Reducing Chromium Offer in Tannage
Authors: Wang Hong Ru , Zhang Xiao Bo , Su Xiao Zhou
Published: September 2013

A polyamic acid suitable for either pretanning or retanning wet-blue in leather industry has been synthesized by polycondensing pyromellitic dianhydride with diaminodiphenyl ether. Its performances for improving physical properties of crust leather, reinforcing absorption and fixation of chromium were investigated by applying it in a reduced chromium offer system. The results show that the extension and tearing strength, especially thickness of crust leather can be significantly improved by the polyamic acid, and residual chromium in spent tanning bath could be reduced to below 40 mgCr+3/l by pretanning with the polyamic acid. The chromium released from wet-blue during fatliquoring can be reduced by 85.7%, and kept at a much lower limit of 6 mg/l by the polyamic acid. A much fuller crust leather with shrink temperature of over 95°C can be obtained with 3% of normal chrome powder by pretannig or retanning with the polyamic acid. Therefore, this polyamic acid has the good potential for industrial application in ecological leather.
Preparation of Hydroxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Magnetic Iron Oxide Compound Particles
Authors: Li Yong Bo , Ma Chuan Guo , Wan Hua Mei
Published: September 2013

In this paper, hydroxylated CNTs/Fe2O3 precursors were prepared on the basis of Fenton reagent treatment using aqueous ammonia (NH3H2O), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2) as precipitants. And then three kinds of hydroxylated CNTs/Fe2O3 compound particles were obtained by calcining the precursors at 523K for 2h. The change of hydroxyl group, phase structure, morphology, thermogravimetric behavior, magnetic property and electrical conductivity of the compound particles were investigated, respectively. The results show that hydroxyl groups exist on surface of CNTs, and Fe2O3 particles in composite particles exhibit high purity and integrated crystalline structure. For NH3H2O precipitant, α-Fe2O3 particles is produced with crystallite size of 62.5nm and no saturation magnetization (Ms). For Na2CO3 precipitant, γ-Fe2O3 is produced with crystallite size of 37.6nm and Ms of 10.5emug-1, and the compound particles are drastically agglomerated. For CO(NH2)2 precipitant, γ-Fe2O3 is produced with crystallite size of 35.1nm and Ms is 9.7 emug-1, and the compound particles are homogeneous with the lowest volume resistivity of 100 Ωcm.
Microstructural Characteristics of Ti-Co Alloys for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Pang Xing Zhi , Hu Jing , Zhan Yong Zhong
Published: September 2013

TiCo alloys are important biomedical materials for both scientific and technological interests due to their potential applications as hard tissue replacement (HTR). The microstructural characteristics of the alloys in this system are of both scientific and technological interests. This work presents the results of microstructural characterization of as-cast TiCo alloys using a combination of various experimental methods. The results confirm that there are two variants of the Laves phase TiCo2, i.e. h-TiCo2 and c-TiCo2 exist in this system of as cast state. The eutectic reaction L(β-Ti)+ Ti2Co is determined to be occur at at 23 at.% Co, 1020 °C. Four peritectic reactions, i.e. L+ TiCo Ti2Co, L+ TiCo (c-TiCo2), L+(c-TiCo2) (h-TiCo2) and L+Co TiCo3 occur at 1058 °C, 1235 °C, 1210 °C, and 1190 °C, respectively. Eutectoid reaction (βTi) (αTi)+ Ti2Co occurs at 9 at.% Co, 685 °C.
Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Exploration of Failure Mechanism for Nonwoven Reinforced Composites
Authors: Chen Gang , Du Zhao Fang , Li Zhen , Song Wei Min
Published: September 2013

This experiment made use of hand lay-up to generate nonwoven reinforced composites which used glass fiber nonwovens, glass fiber felt and PE hot rolling nonwovens as the reinforcement, thermosetting unsaturated resin as the matrix, and tested their tensile and bending mechanical properties, then analyzed mechanical properties by gray relative analysis. The results show that when glass fiber felt is used as reinforcement and its content greater than 60%, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the composite are the best. At the same time, we observed the tensile fractures to analyze the failure mechanism of the composites.
Finite Element Analysis of High-Strength Concrete Flat Columns with Diagonal Reinforcements
Authors: Lei Tuo , Qian Jiang , Tian Qing Biao
Published: September 2013

Based on the reversed cyclic loading test of three 1:4 high-strength concrete flat columns, the computer program ABAQUS was used to simulate behaviors of the specimens. Concrete in the column was modeled using the damage plasticity material model, and a uniaxial steel model with combined isotropic and kinematic hardening properties was used to simulate the behavior of the reinforcement. The establishment of the finite element model, definition of the material parameters and the influence of diagonal reinforcement were discussed at length. The results show that the concrete damage plasticity model can be well used for hysteretic analysis of reinforced concrete members if the relevant parameters are reasonably defined. Diagonal reinforcements can not significantly improve ductility of the specimens, but can improve their shear capacities. This paper can provide reference for the performance simulation of reinforced concrete members under cyclic loading.
Global Flow Structure in a Square Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed
Authors: Zeng Tao , Liu Shao Bei , Lin Hai Bo
Published: September 2013

Turbulent fluidization is a flow regime between bubbling fluidization and fast fluidization. The influence of static bed heights and axial locations on transition velocity was studied from bubbling fluidization to turbulent fluidization in a 368 mm×368 mm square fluidized bed, based on the pressure gradient fluctuation by measurement differential pressures transducer of FCC. Experiment results show that the transition velocities increase with decreasing location of observation or increasing static bed heights. And the transition of regime from bubbling fluidization to turbulent fluidization is a process gradually happened from the upper to the lower bed section and is not instantaneous behavior in the whole bed. Based on those, the prediction model is built that the average solids concentrations of bed cross-section are used to reflect the variation of gas-solid interaction along the bed height. The new prediction correlation by fitting parameters of experimental data is in well agreement with experiment results
Investigation of Pure-Lateral-Field-Excitation Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensor with Different Electrodes on (yxl)89° LiNbO3 Single Crystal
Authors: Jiang Jia Lin , Ma Ting Feng
Published: September 2013

Lateral field excitation (LFE) acoustic wave devices, which employ two electrodes on the same surface of a piezoelectric substrate, have been found attractive in sensing applications. However, up to now, the sensitivities of pure-LFE devices based on LiNbO3 single crystal is unknown. In this work, the effective LFE exciting electric field direction of (yxl)89° LiNbO3 is determined. The calculated results showed that when the driving electric field direction is perpendicular to the crystallographic X-axis of the piezoelectric substrate, (yxl)89° LiNbO3 LFE device works on pure-LFE mode. Based on this, several LiNbO3 pure-LFE bulk acoustic wave sensors with three different electrodes are designed and fabricated. The results show that the (yxl)89° LiNbO3 LFE sensor with interdigital electrodes is 11.1 times and 2.2 times more sensitive to changes in liquid conductivity compared to traditional LFE devices with single gap circular electrodes and Archimedes spiral electrodes, respectively. The results are important for investigating high-sensitivity LFE bulk acoustic wave sensors by using LiNbO3 single crystal.
Integrated Aircraft Modeling Research for Accurate Flight Control System Design
Authors: Zhang Chao , Liu Yi Nan , Xu Jian Hui
Published: September 2013

In order to realize accurate flight control system design and simulation, an integrated scheme of aircraft model which consists of flight dynamics, fly-by-wire (FBW) platform and flight environment is proposed. Flight environment includes gravity, wind, and atmosphere. And the actuator and sensors such as gyroscope and accelerometer models are considered in the FBW platform. All parts of the integrated model are closely connected and interacted with each other. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the integrated aircraft model and also indicate that the (Flight Control Law) FCL must be designed with robustness to sensor noise and time delays with the FBW platform in addition to the required robustness to model uncertainty in flight dynamics.
Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Toughened Phenolic Foams Containing Nano MP, Nano MCA, and their Capsules
Authors: Wang Zheng Zhou , Xu Shao Hong , Deng Yan Ping
Published: September 2013

Flammability of polyethylene glycol toughened phenolic (PF) foams containing nanomelamine phosphate (NMP), nanomelamine cyanurate (NMCA) or their capsules was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI). The effect of the nanoparticles and their micro counterparts on flame retardant and mechanical properties of the toughened foams is compared.
The Lightweight Design for Tractor Frame of the Coal Mine Belt Horizontal Extension Transfer Machine
Authors: Mao Ping Huai , Zhai Bing , Li Jing Xi
Published: September 2013

Coal mine horizontal belt extension transfer machine is designed in order to solve the mine loading efficiency is not high, especially the most loading mechanical failed to solve continuous loading problem. Among them, the tractor as power to provide the transfer machine, its importance cans be imagined. Through the statics analysis of the tractor frame, we draw the conclusion: Preliminary plan is too conservative given frame size, frame heavier, cause material waste, processing difficult. We will through two aspects of size parameters optimization and material optimization design, make the tractor frame on the premise of guarantee function materials more provinces, lighter weight, lower cost. Size options and set up new material selection, and then we stand for the statics analysis. Analysis results show that our lightweight design of tractor frame is a success.
Research on the Optimal Design Method of the Main Components for the Wheelchair Pickup
Authors: Wang Ya Ping , Shi H.R. , Gao L. , Wang Z. , Jia X.Y. , Yang G.
Published: September 2013

With the increasing of the aging of population all over the world, and With the inconvenience coming from diseases and damage, there will be more and more people using the wheelchair as a tool for transport. When it cant be short of the wheelchair in the daily life, the addition of the function will bring the elevation of the quality of life for the unfortunate. Staring with this purpose, the research designs a pickup with planetary bevel gear for the wheelchair. After determining the basic function of the wheelchair aids, the study determines the design parameters by using the knowledge of parametric design and completes the model for the system with Pro/E, on the other hand, it completes key components optimization analysis which is based on genetic algorithm optimization.
The Wound-Rotor Design and Finite Element Analysis of Wound-Rotor Brushless Double-Feed Motor
Authors: Peng Xiao , Song Yun Xiong , Liu Wan Tai
Published: September 2013

In this paper, firstly the operation principle of the brushless double-fed motor is introduced. Secondly by means of the single-pole slot-number phase diagram, the rotor windings are designed and analyzed, and it is proved that the designed motor can assure the equality of the induced branch EMF and satisfy the demands of other electrical properties. Finally, on the basis of analyzing the design principle of the BDFM, the Ansoft/Maxwell is used to establish the model of doubly-fed brushless machine with the wound rotor, the 2-D transient electromagnetic fields of brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) is calculated by finite element method, the magnetic force line and air-gap magnetic field is got, and the air-gap magnetic fields is analyzed by the harmonic spectrum. After the analysis of the finite element, the design of the BDFM with wound rotor structure can be achieved in this paper, and it provides the foundation for the rotor structure design optimization of BDFM and it also provides guiding significance for the BDFM.
Modeling and Model Predictive Control of Semi-Batch Chemical Reactor
Authors: Macků Lubomír , Novosad David , Sámek David
Published: September 2013

The paper presents a control mechanism design for a semi-batch chemical reactor. The data obtained by chemical engineering analysis of real experiments are used to simulate the semi‑batch process. A mathematical model based on the real reactor geometry and size is used to simulate the whole process. The process simulations are implemented in MATLAB / Simulink environment and suitable PID and Model Predictive Control are also proposed. Because of that the chemical reactor is a complex and nonlinear system, the PID controller has to use an online identification to be able to deal with nonlinearities. Results obtained by simulations are compared and discussed.
Study on Catalytic Synthesis of N-Butyl Propionate Using Environmentally Friendly Catalys
Authors: Yang Xiu Li , Zhang Wen Hua
Published: September 2013

The synthesis of butyl propionate from propionic acid and n-butanol with rare earth solid superacid SO42-/TiO2/La3+as environmentally friendly catalyst was studied. The influential factors of reaction were investigated. Results show that the appropriate conditions are: molar ratio of n-butyl alcohol to propionic acid was 3 : 1; Catalyst's weight was 1.2g (the amount of 0.1 molar propionic acid); Cyclohexane is used as water-carrying reagent with 1.0 mL; Reaction time was 1.5 hour. The esterification rate of n-butyl propionate is about 99.08 % .
Inspection of Large Guide Rail Precision Based on Bistatic Measurement Method
Authors: Liu Yue , Hao Zhi Wei , Ren Tian Tian
Published: September 2013

Use two total stations cooperating with each other to measure the straightness of the guide rail. The straightness can test the accuracy of a large rail. Put the coordinates measuring with the two total station instruments to the same user coordinate system, take a key point between some distance with the auxiliary measuring tool of high precision, measure and record the key point s coordinate values. According to them, it can calculate the straightness of guide rail by using the least square method. The straightness accuracy of bistatic measurement can reach below 0.05mm, so it can meet the accuracy requirements.
Detection of Ceramic Material Crack Defect Based on the Ultrasonic Infrared Thermal Wave Technique
Authors: Tian Gan , Zhang Wei , Jin Guo Feng , Zhu Lu , Yang Zheng Wei
Published: September 2013

For the needs of fast and efficient detection of crack defects of ceramic material, the ultrasonic infrared thermal wave method was applied for the research. Ultrasonic excitation is applied on a ceramic bowl which containing a crack defect, and the thermal infrared image of the crack was obtained by the thermal camera. The experimental results show that the ultrasonic infrared thermal wave method is suitable for the detection of crack damage of ceramic materials, and the detection speed is fast with a detection time is less than 1s and visual detection results.
Characteristics, Distinctive Advantages & Wide Ranging Applications of Chrome-Manganese Stainless Steels
Authors: Singhal L.K.
Published: September 2013

Developed over last six decades, Chrome-Manganese stainless steels now comprise a whole family of lustrous products in a variety of compositions and properties to facilitate optimal selection of most appropriate grades for a large number of applications .This paper describes properties of some of these steels and how they compare with Chrome-Nickel austenitic stainless steels. Due to their attributes, these stainless steels constitute the fastest growing family of stainless steels in the globe. Some of the applications where these grades have been successfully used are covered. Their advantage in terms of cost effectiveness and material saving is outlined.
Comparison of Hot Extrusion and Hot Piercing Processes for Manufacturing Stainless Steel Hot Finished Pipes/Tubes
Authors: Randhawa Manjinder Singh , Shah Chetan
Published: September 2013

In this work, a comparison study has been performed on the two hot finished manufacturing processes i.e. hot extrusion and hot piercing which are used for manufacturing stainless steel hot finished pipes/tubes. Study is based on different parameters which include raw material, temperature, extrusion ratios, manufacturing process, compressive stresses, shear stresses, friction forces, tooling, etc. The aim of the study is to determine the qualitative difference in the output product which is manufactured through these two processes for hot finished pipes manufactured in austenitic, duplex, super-duplex stainless steels and nickel alloys. The study includes the testing of the hot finished product with non-destructive testing techniques of water immersion ultrasonic testing, Inside Diameter eddy current testing and dye penetrant testing and destructive testing techniques of mechanical testing, microstructure analysis and corrosion testing methods for confirming the qualitative difference in the outputs of both the processes. The products manufactured by hot extrusion are much more superior in terms of defects observed on the inside of the hot finished pipe apart from material soundness, metallurgy and corrosion properties.
Friction Welding of Type 304 Stainless Steel to CP Titanium Using Nickel Interlayer
Authors: Muralimohan C.H. , Muthupandi V.
Published: September 2013

Dissimilar metal joints of stainless steel to titanium find extensive industrial applications especially in the nuclear industry. However, it is well known that fusion welding of stainless steel to titanium is difficult because of the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds and the associated problems. To avoid this, welding processes or techniques with high reliability and productivity for these dissimilar materials are demanded. In the present work, joints comprising of 304 stainless steel and commercially pure titanium were produced by friction welding using nickel as interlayer. Investigation on the mechanical properties of the joints shows the occurrence of highest hardness value at the interface of titanium and nickel interlayer. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the presence of various types of intermetallic compounds at the interface of the welded joint. The tensile strength of the joint varies with the thickness of nickel interlayer used. Joints having maximum strength equals to 72% of that of titanium base metal could be produced. In all the joints, tensile failure occurred at Ti-Ni interface due to the presence of the intermetallic compounds at this interface. Fracture surface analysis reveals that the tensile fracture path is along the intermixing zone of titanium and nickel interlayer.
Welding of Stainless Steel - A Heavy Engineering Perspective
Authors: Sivaraman Krishnan , Kulkarni Dileep
Published: September 2013

Stainless steels are engineering materials capable of meeting a wide range of design criteria. They exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, strength at elevated temperature, toughness at cryogenic temperature and fabrication characteristics, and they are selected for a broad range of consumer, commercial, and industrial applications. In the fabrication of stainless steel products, components, or equipment, manufacturers employ welding as the principal joining method. Stainless steels possess good weldability and a welded joint can provide optimum corrosion resistance, strength, and fabrication economy provided reasonable care is exercised during welding. L&T's Heavy Engineering (HE) has established a reputation for quality products in the global market with its strong engineering capabilities and state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities. It manufactures and supplies various critical equipments like reactors, vessels, heat exchangers and inter-connecting piping to Fertilizer, Refinery, Petrochemical, Chemical, Oil & Gas, Power, Nuclear and allied Strategic sectors. The wide spectrum of equipments mentioned involves fabrication of various grades of Stainless Steel (SS)like Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic, Duplex, Super Duplex etc. This paper discusses some of the high productivity welding processes and the techniques being used in manufacturing Stainless Steel vessels at Larsen & Toubro’s Heavy Engineering such as: Narrow groove welding of high thickness SS joints by Submerged Arc Welding(SAW), High deposition SS weld surfacing using Electro Slag Strip Cladding (ESSC), Hotwire GTAW for joining & surfacing of SS, SS Liner welding by GTAW for critical Urea Service applications, Automatic Tube to Tube sheet Welding etc.
Effect of Welding Processes on Fatigue Behaviour of AISI 409M Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints
Authors: Balasubramanian V. , Lakshminarayanan A.K. , Malarvizhi S.
Published: September 2013

The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of four welding processes namely friction stir welding, gas tungsten arc welding, laser beam welding and electron beam welding on fatigue behavior of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The fatigue life and fatigue crack growth behavior were evaluated using hourglass and centre cracked tension (CCT) specimens respectively. A 100 kN servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine was used under constant amplitude uniaxial tensile load with stress ratio of 0.1 and frequency of 15 Hz. Fatigue properties are correlated with the tensile, impact toughness, micro hardness, microstructure, fracture surface morphology and residual stress of the welded joints. It is found that the joint fabricated by friction stir welding process showed superior fatigue life and fatigue crack growth resistance compared to other joints. This is mainly due to the synergetic effect of dual phase ferritic-martensitic microstructure, superior tensile properties and favorable residual stress, which inhibit the growth of cracks compared to other joints.
The Effect of Nitrogen Alloying on the Low Cycle Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Interaction Behavior of 316LN Stainless Steel
Authors: Prasad Reddy G.V. , Sandhya R. , Mathew M.D. , Sankaran S.
Published: September 2013

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) and Creep-fatigue interaction (CFI) behavior of 316LN austenitic stainless steel alloyed with 0.07, 0.11, 0.14, .22 wt.% nitrogen is briefly discussed in this paper. The strain-life fatigue behavior of these steels is found to be dictated by not only cyclic plasticity but also by dynamic strain aging (DSA) and secondary cyclic hardening (SCH). The influence of the above phenomenon on cyclic stress response and fatigue life is evaluated in the present study. The above mentioned steels exhibited both single-and dual-slope strain-life fatigue behavior depending on the test temperatures. Concomitant dislocation substructural evolution has revealed transition in substructures from planar to cell structures justifying the change in slope. The beneficial effect of nitrogen on LCF life is observed to be maximum for 316LN with nitrogen in the range 0.11 - 0.14 wt.%, for the tests conducted over a range of temperatures (773-873 K) and at ±0.4 and 0.6 % strain amplitudes at a strain rate of 3*10-3 s-1. A decrease in the applied strain rate from 3*10-3 s-1 to 3*10-5 s-1 or increase in the test temperature from 773 to 873 K led to a peak in the LCF life at a nitrogen content of 0.07 wt.%. Similar results are obtained in CFI tests conducted with tensile hold periods of 13 and 30 minutes. Fractography studies of low strain rate and hold time tested specimens revealed extensive intergranular cracking.
Effect of Oxidation on Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel 304L Welds
Authors: Sunil Kumar B. , Kain Vivekanand , Benerjee K. , Maniyar P.D. , Sridhar S. , Jitendra Kumar , Jatin Kumar
Published: September 2013

The in-cell stainless steel piping and erection works require extensive welding. In many instances the approach for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is limited and it is not possible to provide a cover of high purity inert Argon gas (backing shield) and in some instances, oxidation of the weldment takes place. The oxide forms over the weld fusion zone (root pass) as well as a heat tint forms over the surfaces of the adjacent base material. In reprocessing and waste management plants, the welded pipes come in contact with the process fluid which is nitric acid of concentration up to 6 M and at temperatures up to boiling point. The present study was focused on preparing induced oxidized welds of type 304L using filler wire of type 308L, using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process and studying their corrosion behavior in nitric acid environments. Sample welds were prepared under proper welding conditions and also with conditions in which deliberately Argon gas was not purged or partially purged. The weldments with no oxides, partial oxides and excess oxides on the weld root pass were used for corrosion and characterization studies. Micro Laser Raman spectroscopy established the oxide to be hematite. Metallographic examination of the cross-section of the weldment showed the thickness of oxide to be 200-300 mm. Corrosion tests of the weldments as per practice C, A262, ASTM were done for five periods. Metallographic examination was done after the practice C exposures and showed absence of oxides on the weld root pass. Type 304L specimens were heat treated at 500 – 900 °C for 5 minutes to generate heat tints. These specimens were tested as per practice C, A262, ASTM for 5h and four periods of 48 h each. The corrosion rate in the first five hours exposure was high for the specimen heat treated at 900 °C but it came down to normal values in subsequent exposures. To confirm the corrosion behavior of hematite and magnetite in boiling nitric acid, powders of pure Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were tested in boiling 65% nitric acid. The results are analyzed to establish the behavior of oxides on the stainless steel welds in nitric acid.
Investigation into the Incidence of Severe Rusting and Pitting Corrosion in Imported Hot-Rolled AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel Coils
Authors: Saravanan P. , Srikanth S. , Sisodia S. , Ravi K.
Published: September 2013

Metallurgical investigations were directed to probe into the incidence of inordinate rusting and pitting in imported AISI 430 grade hot-rolled ferritic stainless steel sheet coils. Visual examination, electron microprobe analyses (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) were concomitantly employed to investigate the problem. Studies revealed that the unprecedented degree of corrosion in ferritic stainless steel coils, during the short span of shipment time, was attributable to the ingress of sea water and its retention within the tight folds/ wraps of the steel coils during their shipment. The abundance of moisture and chloride (from the entrapped saline electrolyte) on the steel surface together with depleted O2 supply within the tight folds are presumed to have created conditions akin to an actively-corroding crevice, by way of passive film instability and its eventual breakdown on the stainless steel surface. As a consequence, the coils are believed to have suffered an accelerated and intensified chloride-induced corrosion attack and damage within the short span of shipment time. The investigations also revealed that the corrosive conditions were further exacerbated by the vulnerability and susceptibility of ferritic stainless steel to intergranular corrosion (IGC) due to its inherent sensitized condition. The paper thus throws light on an unusual precedent of chloride-induced corrosion in ferritic stainless steel and highlights the investigative metallographic work and corrosion failure analysis that led to above revelations.
Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Containing Small Molecules Blends as Emissive Layer
Authors: Mohd Sarjidan Mohd Arif , Basri Siti Hajar , Abd Majid W.H.
Published: September 2013

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated containing guest molecule of Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) blend with host molecules of N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis (3-methylphenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4-diamine (TPD) and 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) small molecules. Optical, photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) properties were investigated with respect to blend systems. The obtained optical energy gap and PL intensity in the blend systems increased due to the transfer of high energy from the host to guest molecules. Luminance and current efficiency were enhanced for blended OLEDs as compared to that of pure Alq3, related to high exiton recombination in guest caused by high injection and accumulation of charge carrier.