bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pistil Development Delay Limits Seed Set in Protandrous Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Soto Verónica C. , Cuevas Julián
Published: February 2025

Onion (Allium cepa L.) plants produce umbellate inflorescences that bear dozens of hermaphrodite flowers. Outcrossing is encouraged by a strong protandrous dichogamy. Honeybees are reported as the most suitable pollinator for this crop due to their efficiency in pollen transfer. However, bee activity does not always guarantee pollination success and an adequate seed set. This work aimed to analyze the developmental changes of the pistil along the flower lifespan to determine the reasons for common failures in the onion seed set. Studies were carried out in two productive seasons, in a male sterile line and a fertile line, using two different pollination procedures. The results showed that the stigma papillae did not fully develop until 4 days after anthesis (DAA), reducing the stigma receptivity to only 4 days. The style did not reach its maximum length until 8 DAA, when ovule fertility was achieved. Eight days were needed for the pollen tube to grow, reach, and fertilize the ovules. The results were consistent over two consecutive years. The short period of stigmatic receptivity and strong protandrous dichogamy limit the duration of the effective pollination period and could explain the poor cropping performance in obtaining seeds from some onion hybrid lines.
Bacillus Strains Isolated from Agroforestry Systems in the Amazon Promote Açaí Palm Seedling Growth When Inoculated as a Consortium
Authors: Garcias Josinete Torres , de Sousa Rosiane do Socorro dos Reis , Sousa Suania Maria do Nascimento , Madeira Lucimar Di Paula dos Santos , Lima Allana Laís Alves , Mateus Jackeline Rosseti , da Silva Joyce Kelly do Rosário , Seldin Lucy , Rogez Hervé Louis Ghislain , Marques Joana Montezano
Published: February 2025

The hypothesis that cultivating açaí in agroforestry systems (AFS) can recruit beneficial microorganisms to its rhizosphere was tested in this study. For this purpose, rhizospheric soil samples were collected from an AFS area. The colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the soil samples were 3.5 × 106 CFU/g, with no statistically significant differences between the plants (p < 0.05). Regarding PGPR characteristics, of the 44 isolated strains, 18% produced siderophores, 9% mineralized organic phosphate, 15% solubilized inorganic phosphate, and 7% produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and antimicrobial substances. Strains AP4-03, AP1-33, and AP2-36 were affiliated with the genus Bacillus sp. and produced IAA at 1.45, 1.35, and 2.02 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, these strains were able to inhibit the growth of the fungus Pestalotiopsis by 69%, 67%, and 71%, respectively. Regarding the antifungal activity of bacterial extracts, inhibition zones of 23 mm (AP-03), 20 mm (AP-33), and 18 mm (AP-36), with 96% and 92% inhibition at 50 mg/mL (AP4-03 and AP1-33) and 100% inhibition at 41 mg/mL (AP2-36), were observed. Considering seedling germination, açaí palms inoculated with the strain AP1-33 statistically differed from the controls in terms of root length and hypocotyl length. Furthermore, treatments inoculated with the strain AP2-36 or all strains in the consortium differed when only the hypocotyl length was compared to the control. Thus, the analyzed strains showed potential to improve the initial development of açaí plants.
Unilateral Subclavian Vein Fenestration Featuring a Traversing Brachial Plexus Nerve Branch and Associated Vascular Dysgeneses in a Female Body Donor
Authors: Silawal Sandeep , Bucher Philipp , Kursawe Suvi , Hammer Niels , Werner Christian , Shrestha Ritesh , Schulze-Tanzil Gundula
Published: February 2025

Background: Clinical-surgical procedures in the thoracic outlet can be challenging due to the proximity of neurovascular structures to the subclavian vein. Methods: During a routine anatomical dissection in an undergraduate medical study at Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, a novel anatomical finding was observed in an ethanol–glycerin embalmed, 79-year-old female body. In addition to the standard measurements, hematoxylin eosin staining of relevant vessels was performed Results: A nerve branch separating from the brachial plexus at the C6 spinal nerve traversed inferiorly and passed through a fenestration of the subclavian vein in the lateral section, rejoining the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. In addition, hypoplasia of the right-sided internal carotid artery (ICA) and a left-sided internal jugular vein (IJV) hypoplasia were detected. At the left venous angle of the left IJV, a venous saccular aneurysm was found. The ectopic origin of the left ascending pharyngeal artery originated from the initial segment of the left ICA. Also, Langer’s axillary arches were observed bilaterally in the same subject. Conclusions: The anatomical findings in the specimen do not provide a direct symptomatic correlation or functional relevance comparable to clinical observations. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight this discovery as a potential clinical reference for future studies.
Assessing Equine Behavioural Responses in Equine-Assisted Services: A Field Study Analysis
Authors: Visser E. Kathalijne , Jens Anna L. , Nieuwe Weme Lydia E. , Spaapen Ayella A. , Maarleveld Kyra N. , Enzerink Kitty H. , Tromp Pieter N. , Haven-Pross Sandra C.
Published: February 2025

Equine-Assisted Services (EAS) offer significant benefits for individuals with intellectual and/or physical disabilities. However, ensuring the welfare of the horses involved remains a key ethical concern. The objective of this study was to assess the affective states of horses involved in EAS while also establishing behavioural thresholds for indicators of positive or negative affective states. A total of 98 horses were observed over a two-month period, accumulating data about horse behaviour and session characteristics from 830 EAS sessions. Horses participating in coaching programs averaged four sessions in two months; those involved in therapeutic riding averaged 31 sessions. Equine behaviour and field experts defined behavioural thresholds to assess welfare standards. Negative state behaviours were predominantly aligned within excellent or neutral thresholds, while positive state behaviours were observed from unacceptable to excellent. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the gathered behavioural data identified six affective states in coaching sessions and four in therapeutic riding, explaining 63% and 73% of the total variation, respectively. Among these states, “comfortable” was the most frequently observed. Multiple linear regression showed several significant variables, highlighting the importance of health, suitable horse selection, and proper management in promoting positive affective states in EAS.
Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Hematological Malignancies: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Cabrera-Serrano Antonio José , Sánchez-Maldonado José Manuel , González-Olmedo Carmen , Carretero-Fernández María , Díaz-Beltrán Leticia , Gutiérrez-Bautista Juan Francisco , García-Verdejo Francisco José , Gálvez-Montosa Fernando , López-López José Antonio , García-Martín Paloma , Pérez Eva María , Sánchez-Rovira Pedro , Reyes-Zurita Fernando Jesús , Sainz Juan
Published: February 2025

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process that maintains homeostasis by degrading damaged components and regulating stress responses. It plays a crucial role in cancer biology, including tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Oxidative stress, similarly, is key to maintaining cellular balance by regulating oxidants and antioxidants, with its disruption leading to molecular damage. The interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress is particularly significant, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as both inducers and by-products of autophagy. While autophagy can function as a tumor suppressor in early cancer stages, it often shifts to a pro-tumorigenic role in advanced disease, aiding cancer cell survival under adverse conditions such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. This dual role is mediated by several signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, and HIF-1α, which coordinate the balance between autophagic activity and ROS production. In this review, we explore the mechanisms by which autophagy and oxidative stress interact across different hematological malignancies. We discuss how oxidative stress triggers autophagy, creating a feedback loop that promotes tumor survival, and how autophagic dysregulation leads to increased ROS accumulation, exacerbating tumorigenesis. We also examine the therapeutic implications of targeting the autophagy–oxidative stress axis in cancer. Current strategies involve modulating autophagy through specific inhibitors, enhancing ROS levels with pro-oxidant compounds, and combining these approaches with conventional therapies to overcome drug resistance. Understanding the complex relationship between autophagy and oxidative stress provides critical insights into novel therapeutic strategies aimed at improving cancer treatment outcomes.
Methods for Obtaining Humus Substances: Advantages and Disadvantages
Authors: Anielak Anna M. , Świderska-Dąbrowska Renata , Łomińska-Płatek Dominika , Dąbrowski Tomasz , Piaskowski Krzysztof
Published: February 2025

The paper reviews the patent descriptions of methods for obtaining humic substances and the procedures used in their industrial production. Selected humus substances, obtained using three different methods, were also examined. In the first one, humic substances were obtained due to the hydrolytic-oxidative decomposition of lignosulfonate. The second one consists of alkaline extraction from brown coal. According to the third, humus substances were extracted from digested sewage sludge. In the obtained humus substances, molecular composition, inorganic impurities, IR spectrum, gravimetric analysis, and the % shares of fulvic and humic acids were determined. The physico-chemical properties of the tested substances were also assessed. Based on the study’s results, the advantages and disadvantages of the obtained humus substances were determined, and methods for their modification to improve utility values were provided. Research on humic substances is a very important issue, especially concerning improving soil management and developing sustainable agricultural practices. They are key in improving soil structure and increasing its capacity to retain water and essential nutrients such as N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg. In addition, humic substances are an important store of carbon in soils, which is important in the context of climate change.
A Multi-Task Dynamic Weight Optimization Framework Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Mao Lingpei , Ma Zheng , Li Xiang
Published: February 2025

In recent years, multi-task learning (MTL) has been shown to have considerable potential for enhancing model performance through the inter-task sharing of knowledge. Nevertheless, the effective balancing of optimization across diverse tasks remains a significant challenge. This paper presents a novel Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based framework that employs an Actor-Critic architecture to dynamically adjust task weights. In contrast to traditional methodologies that depend on heuristic rules or predefined assumptions about inter-task relationships, our approach autonomously learns optimal weighting strategies through interactions between an intelligent agent and the multi-task environment. The experimental results obtained across multiple datasets demonstrate that our method not only enhances overall performance and achieves a more balanced distribution of tasks but also maintains high training efficiency. Furthermore, the framework’s robust generalization and adaptability make it well-suited for addressing complex and dynamic learning scenarios.
Local Balance and Information Aggregation: A Method for Identifying Central Influencers in Networks
Authors: Fu Lidong , Ma Guoxian , Dou Zengfa , Bai Yun , Zhao Xi
Published: February 2025

In complex networks, identifying critical nodes plays an important role in information dissemination. Due to the dual property of nodes to both propagate and receive information, information is propagated repeatedly in a restricted area where critical nodes are closely connected, making it impossible to accurately identify key nodes. In this paper, we propose a new method for identifying critical nodes—LBIA (local balance and information aggregation). The method first defines a metric named “local balance” as the propagation information, and also proposes an algorithm that combines the probability and k-shell (PKs) to encapsulate the node’s individual information. Subsequently, by simulating the dissemination of information in the real world, the propagation information is aggregated with the node’s individual information to accurately identify key nodes. The Kendall and Jaccard coefficients measure the consistency of node ranking results with SIR results, as well as the number of matching nodes, while monotonicity evaluates the algorithm’s capacity to distinguish nodes and prevent identical values for distinct nodes. Experiments conducted on both densely interconnected networks and general networks reveal that LBIA achieves an average Kendall value of 0.7330, a Jaccard coefficient ranging from 0.6 to 0.8, and a monotonicity of 1. These results highlight LBIA’s precision in identifying key nodes and its robust applicability across diverse network structures.
Evaluation of the Performance of Static Mixers in 3D Printed Millireactors Using Integrated pH-Sensitive Films
Authors: Marković Marijan-Pere , Forjan Elizabeta , Kassal Petar , Nosić Anđela , Vrsaljko Domagoj
Published: February 2025

The aim of this research was to prepare pH sensor films based on litmus using the sol–gel method with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS) as precursors. The pH sensor film was then applied to millireactors to evaluate its performance on the intricate geometries of static mixers commonly found in millireactor designs. Millireactors were made from Formlabs High Temp resin using stereolithography (SLA) and from Anycubic Basic resin using digital light processing (DLP) technology. The performance of the pH sensor films was evaluated by tracking color changes in the pH sensor films and analyzing RGB (red, green, blue) and hue values through a smartphone application. The experiment involved mixing solutions with different pH values at varying flow rates within the millireactor channels. Furthermore, along with analyzing the hue values, characterization techniques involved measuring contact angles with water and diiodomethane. A film combining a litmus indicator with titanium dioxide (TiO2) displayed a color change within one minute and maintained this color throughout the study, confirming its reusability. Sensor films exhibited excellent reversibility (RSD = 2.4–3.3%) and stability. The findings demonstrate that the pH-sensitive films perform robustly across varying geometries, paving the way for their integration into advanced millireactor systems with static mixers and continuous chemical monitoring within Industry 4.0.
Characterization of Non-Polar and Polar Bioactive Compounds Obtained by Pressurized Biobased Solvents from Different Arctium lappa L. Root Ecotypes
Authors: Romano Enrico , Domínguez-Rodríguez Gloria , Mannina Luisa , Cifuentes Alejandro , Ibáñez Elena
Published: February 2025

This study introduces a novel pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) strategy utilizing biobased solvents to simultaneously extract non-polar and polar compounds with antioxidant and anticholinergic properties from burdock roots. The influence of altitude and weeding on the bioactive composition of three burdock root ecotypes was evaluated: two from 150 m (one subjected to weeding during growth and another not subjected to weeding) and one from 800 m without weeding. A simplex-centroid mixture design identified 100% 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as the optimal solvent for PLE, offering superior extraction of bioactive compounds due to its ability to form strong hydrogen bonds with phenolic groups. Extraction at 100 °C was found to be optimal, avoiding the low yields and undesirable reactions observed at 40 °C and 160 °C, respectively. Altitude emerged as the most significant factor influencing bioactivity and composition, with roots from 800 m exhibiting the highest bioactivity. Key bioactive compounds included caffeoylquinic acids, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and bisnorallocholanic acid. At 150 m, weeding reduced anticholinergic capacity but increased antioxidant synthesis, though the levels were lower than those observed at higher altitudes. These findings highlight that burdock roots grown at high altitudes without weeding produce extracts rich in antioxidant and neuroprotective compounds, offering significant potential for functional ingredient development.
Low-Cost Pollen and Allergy Symptoms Monitoring with Beenose Sampler and Livepollen App: The Case Study of the Metz City, France, During Spring 2023
Authors: Renard Jean-Baptiste , Lefèvre Sébastien , Glévarec Gaëlle
Published: February 2025

The increasing prevalence of pollen allergies and their health impact, coupled with the limitations of the current pollen measurement system, require the development of new monitoring strategies and better dissemination of the information to the population. The measurements of a Beenose real-time pollen sensor located in Pouilly, near Metz (France), and a Hirst reference station in the centre of Metz, are considered for the study of the most allergenic species from 20 March to 25 June 2023, mainly Betulaceae and grass. These measurements, which are concordant, are correlated to symptom data obtained from the LivePollen app, which allows users to voluntarily report their allergic symptoms. Strong correlations are found between the symptom reports and the pollen concentrations shifted by one day, depending on the pollen species and the period of interest. The limitations of the data collection methods, the quality of user reports, and the influence of air quality are discussed. Such studies should be extended to other locations and time periods. Considering these promising first results, it seems that future real-time pollen monitoring can help allergy sufferers and healthcare professionals to better diagnose, anticipate, and reduce allergic crises by correlating their symptoms with pollen peaks.
Electrochemical Studies of Metal Phthalocyanines as Alternative Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc Batteries in “Water-in-Salt” Electrolytes
Authors: Hou Wentao , Araujo-Correa Andres Eduardo , Qiu Shen , Velez Crystal Otero , Acosta-Tejada Yamna D. , Feliz-Hernández Lexis N. , González-Nieves Karilys , Morell Gerardo , Piñero Cruz Dalice M. , Wu Xianyong
Published: February 2025

Aqueous zinc batteries are emerging technologies for energy storage, owing to their high safety, high energy, and low cost. Among them, the development of low-cost and long-cycling cathode materials is of crucial importance. Currently, Zn-ion cathodes are heavily centered on metal-based inorganic materials and carbon-based organic materials; however, the metal–organic compounds remain largely overlooked. Herein, we report the electrochemical performance of metal phthalocyanines, a large group of underexplored compounds, as alternative cathode materials for aqueous zinc batteries. We discover that the selection of transition metal plays a vital role in affecting the electrochemical properties. Among them, iron phthalocyanine exhibits the most promising performance, with a reasonable capacity (~60 mAh g−1), a feasible voltage (~1.1 V), and the longest cycling (550 cycles). The optimal performance partly results from the utilization of zinc chloride “water-in-salt” electrolyte, which effectively mitigates material dissolution and enhances battery performance. Consequently, iron phthalocyanine holds promise as an inexpensive and cycle-stable cathode for aqueous zinc batteries.
Fine-Grained Local and Global Semantic Fusion for Multimodal Image–Text Retrieval
Authors: Peng Shenao , Wang Zhongmei , Liu Jianhua , Zhang Changfan , Jia Lin
Published: February 2025

An image–text retrieval method that integrates intramodal fine-grained local semantic information and intermodal global semantic information is proposed to address the weak fine-grained discrimination capabilities for the semantic features located between image and text modalities in cross-modal retrieval tasks. First, the original features of images and texts are extracted, and a graph attention network is employed for region relationship reasoning to obtain relation-enhanced local features. Then, an attention mechanism is used for different semantically interacting samples within the same modality, enabling comprehensive intramodal relationship learning and producing semantically enhanced image and text embeddings. Finally, a triplet loss function is used to train the entire model, and it is enhanced with an angular constraint. Through extensive comparative experiments conducted on the Flickr30K and MS-COCO benchmark datasets, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method were verified. It outperformed the current method by 6.4% relatively for image retrieval and 1.3% relatively for caption retrieval on MS-COCO (Recall@1 using the 1K test set).
Inhibition of DPP-4 Attenuates Endotoxemia-Induced NLRC4 Inflammasome and Inflammation in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Bianchi Francesca , Roccabianca Paola , Vianello Elena , Gentile Guendalina , La Sala Lucia , Bandera Francesco , Tacchini Lorenza , Zoia Riccardo , Corsi Romanelli Massimiliano M. , Dozio Elena
Published: February 2025

Inflammasomes are protein complexes that trigger pro-inflammatory responses and promote many diseases, including adipose tissue dysfunction. Linagliptin (L), a DPP-4 inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes therapy, has putative anti-inflammatory effects. This work explores L effects on inflammasome regulation, inflammation, and adipose tissue dysfunction in obese mice. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed a normal chow (NC) diet, high-fat (HF) diet, or HF diet with L (HFL) for 15 weeks. Gene expression and histological examinations were performed on visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue samples. Biomarkers were quantified on sera. Murine macrophages were utilized for in vitro analyses. L decreased HF-induced endotoxemia and circulating inflammatory indicators. Despite having no effect on body weight, L reduced VAT inflammation by decreasing endotoxemia-induced NLRC4 inflammasome, inflammation severity, and fat cell hypertrophy. Although SAT response differed from VAT, inflammation was slightly reduced in this tissue too. In vitro, L modulated inflammation by directly reducing the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. In obesity, increased NLRC4 inflammasome expression links endotoxemia and VAT inflammation. L protected against endotoxemia, maybe by affecting gut permeability and VAT responses. The decreased polarization of macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype and the reduction in adipocyte hypertrophy are involved in the response to L.
Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing
Authors: Park Ju-Young , Jung Yoo-Na , Jang Kyoung-Jun , Lee Sang-Kyu , Choi Seong-Won , Lee Yong-Seok , Yang Yunzhi Peter , Yun Kwi-Dug
Published: February 2025

Isotropic shrinkage is critical for producing dimensionally accurate prostheses using zirconia. However, the anisotropic shrinkage of 3D-printed zirconia limits its utility in clinical applications. We aimed to evaluate the impact of specimen axis alterations on the shrinkage of digital light processing (DLP)-printed zirconia. Cubes measuring 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 (similar in size to molar crowns) and cuboids measuring 10 × 10 × 20 mm (similar in size to a three-unit bridge) were manufactured using a DLP 3D printer. Zirconia specimens were pre-sintered at 1300 °C and 1400 °C. The Z-axis of some specimens was switched to the X-axis before the final sintering procedure. The X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis lengths of the green body, pre-sintered block, and fully sintered block were measured using digital calipers. The 3D-printed specimens showed lower shrinkage and higher deviation than the milled specimens, whose shrinkage rate was 26%. The shrinkage rates of the 3D-printed cubic specimens were 19.9% (length), 20.0% (width), and 21.99% (height), while those of the cuboidal specimens were 20.26%, 19.72%, and 21.81%, respectively. For the 3D-printed specimens, which shrink anisotropically during sintering, the axis change step had no significant impact on the shrinkage rate. In all groups, the shrinkage rate along the building direction during printing significantly exceeded that along the gravity direction during sintering.
Investigation on Thermal Conductivity of Soil Under Freeze–Thaw Action Based on Machine Learning Models
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Min Yadi , Jiang Haiqiang , Luo Jing , Liu Mengxin , Wang Enliang , Liu Xingchao , Shi Ke , Li Xiaoqi
Published: February 2025

Thermal conductivity is a crucial factor for the soil, which is significantly affected by environmental conditions. Based on the variation in the thermal conductivity and the influencing factors of silty clay obtained by the freeze–thaw cycle test, this paper adopted four machine learning models optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), including the artificial neural network model (ANN), random forest model (RF), support vector machine model (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting model (XGBoost) to predict the thermal conductivity of the soil. Meanwhile, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient(R2) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the models. The accuracy of the machine learning model and empirical model were also compared. Then, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze the stability of the models. The research results showed that the predicted performance of the machine learning models is significantly better than the empirical models. Among all the machine learning models, the R2 of the PSO-ANN model is above 0.95, while both RMSE and MAE values are below 0.02 (W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹). In addition, the stability order of the machine learning models is PSO-XGBoost, PSO-ANN, PSO-RF, and PSO-SVM. Therefore, comprehensively considering the accuracy and stability of the four machine learning models, the PSO-ANN model is recommended to predict soil’s thermal conductivity under freeze–thaw action.
The Effect of the Isolation Hotel Facade Attachment on the Inter-Flat Transmission of Aerosols
Authors: Zhang Nan , Li Yuze , Ji Ying , Li Xiangyu
Published: February 2025

Although natural ventilation can effectively control the indoor air quality and thermal comfort, the single-sided natural ventilation in isolation hotels may lead to the transmission of virus-laden aerosols between windows on the same façade but on different floors near the pollution source. Hereinafter, this kind of transmission is referred to as inter-flat transmission. The configuration of the building façade is a key factor influencing this risk. This study took into account various façade attachment scenarios including flat façades (with no attachments), outdoor units only, awnings only, and a combination of outdoor units and awnings. A model based on a real isolation hotel was developed, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to investigate the inter-flat transmission of aerosols under these façade conditions. The study analyzed the risk of gaseous pollutant transmission caused by single-sided natural ventilation and quantified the effects of different outdoor wind speeds and indoor–outdoor temperature differences on this transmission route. When the indoor–outdoor temperature difference was 5 °C, the mass fraction of gaseous pollutants in the receptor rooms above the source first increased and then decreased as the outdoor wind speed increased, reaching a peak at 1 m/s. When the outdoor wind speed was 2 m/s, the mass fraction of pollutants in the receptor rooms increased with the increase in the indoor–outdoor temperature difference. Compared with the flat façade, the presence of outdoor units reduced the air exchange rate of natural ventilation, resulting in a slight increase in the infection risk. A 1 m-long awning reduced the infection risk associated with inter-flat transmission by 46%. Buildings equipped with both a 1 m-long awning and outdoor units achieved a 68% reduction in infection risk. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating inter-flat transmission and inform the development of relevant policies.
Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process-Based Investment Risk Evaluation for Infrastructure Construction Projects
Authors: Zhao Xiaowen , Xue Wen , Liu Kaidong , Guo Feng , Chen Miaomiao
Published: February 2025

Government investment is one of the main sources of financing for large-scale infrastructure development. These government-invested infrastructure construction projects are often characterized by large investments, long construction periods, and relatively high investment risks. In this study, the process of infrastructure projects was divided into three stages, namely pre-decision, construction, and post-evaluation. Research methods of literature review and expert interviews were adopted to determine the factors that influenced the investment risk of infrastructure construction projects. A corresponding evaluation index system was established. By using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and survey questionnaire research methods, the weights for each risk factor were derived, and an investment risk evaluation model for infrastructure projects was constructed. The reliability and effectiveness of the model in project investment risk evaluation are verified by combining a practical case study and the relevant sensitivity analysis of indices. The reliable assessment model for the investment risk of government-invested infrastructure construction projects was established, and the optimizing management of the project investment was proposed to entirely improve the construction quality.
Attention-Enhanced Lightweight Architecture with Hybrid Loss for Colposcopic Image Segmentation
Authors: Chatterjee Priyadarshini , Siddiqui Shadab , Kareem Razia Sulthana Abdul , Rao Srikant
Published: February 2025

Cervical cancer screening through computer-aided diagnosis often faces challenges like inaccurate segmentation and incomplete boundary detection in colposcopic images. This study proposes a lightweight segmentation model to improve accuracy and computational efficiency. The architecture integrates dual encoder backbones (ResNet50 and MobileNetV2) for high-level and efficient feature extraction. While a lightweight atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module records multi-scale contextual information, a novel attention module improves feature details by concentrating on relevant locations. The decoder employs advanced upsampling and feature fusion for refined segmentation boundaries. The experimental results show exceptional performance: training accuracy of 97.56%, validation accuracy of 96.04%, 97.00% specificity, 96.78% sensitivity, 98.71% Dice coefficient, and 97.56% IoU, outperforming the existing methods. In collaboration with the MNJ Institute of Oncology Regional Center, Hyderabad, this work demonstrates potential for real-world clinical applications, delivering precise and reliable colposcopic image segmentation. This research advances efficient, accurate tools for cervical cancer diagnosis, improving diagnostic workflows and patient outcomes.
From Embryogenesis to Senescence: The Role of Mammary Gland Physiology in Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Lue Jaida C. , Radisky Derek C.
Published: February 2025

The mammary gland undergoes significant changes throughout a woman’s life; from embryonic development to transformations after breastfeeding and during aging. These processes, while essential for normal breast physiology, can increase breast cancer risk when disrupted. This review explores three critical stages: embryonic development; postlactational involution; and age-related lobular involution (ARLI). We highlight key signaling pathways—Wnt, FGF, SHH, Notch, EGFR, and BMP—that guide embryonic development and discuss how their dysregulation can contribute to abnormal growth. For postlactational involution, we examine the two-phase process of cell death and tissue remodeling, showing how disruptions during this period, particularly postpartum, may foster a tumor-promoting environment. We also delve into ARLI and the role of cellular senescence in the aging mammary gland, focusing on the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and its impact on inflammation and tissue remodeling. Understanding these processes provides new opportunities for breast cancer prevention and treatment strategies
Prognostic Frailty-Based Determinants of Long-Term Mortality in Older Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Muzyka Mariya , Ottaviani Silvia , Caffa Irene , Bonfiglio Tommaso , Parisi Erica , Guijarro Ana , Tagliafico Luca , Lemoli Roberto Massimo , Ponzano Marta , Marelli Cristina , Signori Alessio , Nencioni Alessio , Cea Michele , Monacelli Fiammetta
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm predominantly diagnosed in older adults. However, the significance of defining patient frailty, as well as identifying the most suitable and reliable tools for its assessment, remains to be firmly established. Methods: This retrospective observational study investigated 36 patients aged 65 or older who underwent Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA). The average patient age was 76 (SD 6.22), with 33.3% being female. Patients were evaluated using the International Myeloma Working Group Frailty Index (IMWG-FI) and the 40-item Rockwood’s Frailty Index (FI) at the Oncogeriatrics clinic of the IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy between December 2017 and August 2021. Laboratory, cancer-specific, demographic, and clinical variables were collected. Survival analysis and frailty comparison were conducted using Stata version 17.0. Results: Stepwise multivariate analysis identified the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.09–1.78, p = 0.008) and Rockwood’s Frailty Index (FI) (HR 2.23, 95% CI 1.29–3.87, p = 0.004) as significant prognostic predictors, adjusted for sex, ISS stage, and multimorbility. Comparison between Rockwood’s FI and IMWG-FI using Spearman correlation coefficient showed no statistically significant correlation (r = 0.268, p = 0.114). Multivariate Cox model, adjusting for sex, International Staging System (ISS) stage, and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) comorbidity index demonstrated the superior predictive ability of Rockwood’s FI over IMWG-FI (C-index 0.775 vs. 0.749). Conclusions: The 40-item Rockwood FI emerges as a valuable tool for prognostication in old MM patients, demonstrating non-inferiority to the traditional IMWG-FI in predictive accuracy, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach considering both disease-specific and patient-related factors.
Prognostic Evaluation and Functional Characterization of Cyclin K Expression in Endometrial Cancer: Immunohistochemical and In Silico Analysis
Authors: Szymański Marcin , Bonowicz Klaudia , Jerka Dominika , Gagat Maciej , Antosik Paulina
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a heterogeneous gynecological malignancy characterized by varied clinical outcomes and complex molecular mechanisms. The dysregulation of cyclin K (CCNK), a key regulator of transcription and cell cycle progression, has been implicated in cancer development. This study aimed to investigate CCNK expression at the protein level in EC tissues and at the mRNA level using in silico analysis. Additionally, the prognostic significance of CCNK expression in EC was assessed. Methods: CCNK expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis and mRNA expression profiling in EC tissues, adjacent non-tumorous tissues, and histologically normal endometrial tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue macroarrays, and protein expression was quantified using the Immunoreactivity Score (IRS). mRNA expression analysis was conducted in silico using TCGA data via UCSC Xena and UALCAN web tool. Pathway enrichment was analyzed using Reactome and DAVID tool, while PPI networks were constructed with STRING and Cytoscape. Statistical analyses, including Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, Chi-square test, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, and Cox regression, were performed using GraphPad Prism. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly elevated CCNK protein expression in tumor tissues, particularly in advanced-stage cases, correlating with adverse pathological features such as higher tumor stage and FIGO grade. High CCNK protein expression was significantly associated with poorer OS in the overall EC cohort and non-endometrioid subtypes, whereas no significant association was observed in endometrioid subtypes. mRNA expression analysis demonstrated significantly higher CCNK levels in non-endometrioid tumors compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissues, but no significant correlation with OS was observed. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of CCNK-associated genes in RNA metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the prognostic value of CCNK expression in EC, particularly in aggressive subtypes. The results suggest that CCNK may serve as a potential therapeutic target, warranting further investigation into its role in EC progression and treatment strategies.
Evolution of Survival in Patients with Multiple Myeloma over Two Decades: A Real-World Experience from a Medium-Level Hospital
Authors: Ortega-Vida Esther , Rosado-Rodriguez Abel , Fe Rocio , Verdugo Victoria , Gavira Rocio , Garzón Sebastián
Published: February 2025

Background: The gradual introduction of numerous therapeutic advancements over recent years in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) appears to have contributed to significant improvements in overall survival (OS). Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study, including all MM patients treated at the University Hospital of Jerez de la Frontera, diagnosed between 1 January 2000, and 31 December 2022. Patients were divided into three calendar periods (2000–2007, 2008–2015, and 2016–2022) and two patient groups (candidates and non-candidates for autologous hematopoietic progenitor transplantation). Results: A total of 420 myeloma patients were included in this study, with a median age of 64 years. The median survival steadily improved from 50.7 months (33.8–73.2; 95% CI) in 2000–2007 to 72.4 months (57.5–98.2; 95% CI) in 2008–2015 and has not yet been determined in the 2016–2022 cohort (p = 0.008). OS improved in all age groups, even in older patients. The median OS in patients not undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was 38.8 months (31.5–51.6; 95% CI) compared with 132.66 months (110.5–150.9; 95% CI) in those who underwent this procedure (p < 0.0001). The introduction of novel drug classes in first-line treatment significantly improved OS compared with traditional chemotherapy (56.7 months). The median OS increased to 78.8 months (95% CI: 68.8–113.3; p = 0.03) with proteasome inhibitors (PIs), 99.4 months (95% CI: 99.4–NA; < 0.0001) with immunomodulatory drugs (IMIDs), and was not determined for anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Survival outcomes for MM have significantly improved over the past two decades, particularly among younger and ASCT-eligible patients. However, according to all studies, disparities persist across healthcare settings, underscoring the need for equitable access to modern therapies and optimized management strategies.
Humanity and AI: Collaborating for a Flourishing Planet Through Wise Decision-Making
Authors: Hallo Leonie , Hanzis Anastasia , Rowe Caroline
Published: February 2025

Our world now faces significant challenges including complex issues arising from human–machine interaction. This paper explores how we could address these challenges using a new approach called Cybernetics 3.0. This approach highlights human agency and the co-evolution of humans and machines, particularly regarding how we make decisions. Rather than viewing machines as separate from people, Cybernetics 3.0 views machines as extensions of human action, which is vital in our complex world. This paper argues that when this approach is combined with advanced Web 3.0 technologies, we can create better decision-making systems that integrate both human values and machine capabilities. This paper uses diagrams to illustrate how human and machine decision-making are interconnected and provides a healthcare example to demonstrate the practical value of this framework. Through a holistic and systems thinking approach, we can foster sustainable and wise decisions that will promote human flourishing and planetary health. The discipline of cybernetics is a promising way to better understand the interaction between humans and technology via its focus on systems of control, human–AI learning and communication, feedback loops, self-regulating systems, and knowledge enhancement in humans and machines. Ultimately this approach could help us to address critical issues such as inequality, climate change, and other complex threats to our planet and society.
The Effect of Ion Irradiation on PEO and Cu/PEO Composite Coatings on Mg Alloys
Authors: Wang Weiyi , Lu Xiaopeng , Ma Jirui , Lv Wenze , Wang Xinwei , Wang Fuhui
Published: February 2025

This study focused on analyzing the changes in the microstructure and composition evolution of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and electroless copper–PEO composite (Cu/PEO) coatings both prior to and following irradiation. Additionally, the corrosion resistance and tribological properties of these coatings were assessed. Post-irradiation, the PEO coating exhibited a 5% reduction in porosity, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests indicated a notable enhancement in short-term corrosion resistance, with a low-frequency impedance of 106 Ω·cm2 sustained over 72 h. The Cu/PEO coating, deposited with Bi element, demonstrated enhanced wear resistance after irradiation. Specifically, the coefficient of friction (COF) dropped from 0.7 to 0.5, and the wear rate reduced by 39%.
Ensemble Learning for Network Intrusion Detection Based on Correlation and Embedded Feature Selection Techniques
Authors: Nassreddine Ghalia , Nassereddine Mohamad , Al-Khatib Obada
Published: February 2025

Recent advancements across various sectors have resulted in a significant increase in the utilization of smart gadgets. This augmentation has resulted in an expansion of the network and the devices linked to it. Nevertheless, the development of the network has concurrently resulted in a rise in policy infractions impacting information security. Finding intruders immediately is a critical component of maintaining network security. The intrusion detection system is useful for network security because it can quickly identify threats and give alarms. In this paper, a new approach for network intrusion detection was proposed. Combining the results of machine learning models like the random forest, decision tree, k-nearest neighbors, and XGBoost with logistic regression as a meta-model is what this method is based on. For the feature selection technique, the proposed approach creates an advanced method that combines the correlation-based feature selection with an embedded technique based on XGBoost. For handling the challenge of an imbalanced dataset, a SMOTE-TOMEK technique is used. The suggested algorithm is tested on the NSL-KDD and CIC-IDS datasets. It shows a high performance with an accuracy of 99.99% for both datasets. These results prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Hypertrophic Lichen Planus and Hypertrophic Skin Lesions Associated with Histological Lichenoid Infiltrate: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Scotti Biagio , Misciali Cosimo , Bardazzi Federico , Piraccini Bianca Maria , La Placa Michelangelo
Published: February 2025

Hypertrophic lichen planus (HLP) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition defined by verrucous, pruritic, papules and plaques usually affecting the lower limbs. The diagnosis of HLP is primarily clinical. However, due to its feasible generalized presentation and similarities with other hypertrophic cutaneous disorders, histological evaluation is often necessary. Many dermatological conditions that present with a hypertrophic clinical appearance can arise from a histological lichenoid infiltrate (HCLI). Hence, we provide an overview of the clinical, histopathological, and prognostic features of selected HCLI, including HLP, hypertrophic lichenoid dermatitis, hypertrophic lichen sclerosus (HLS), lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma (KA), pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH), viral warts, and lupus erythematosus/lichen planus (LE/LP) overlap. Choosing the appropriate procedure and the anatomical site for an incisional biopsy requires thoughtful consideration to ensure sufficient depth and improve diagnostic accuracy by identifying the histological features specific to each hypertrophic condition.
Evaluation of Xpert® Carba-R Assay Performance from FecalSwab™ Samples
Authors: Giovacchini Nicla , Chilleri Chiara , Baccani Ilaria , Riccobono Eleonora , Rossolini Gian Maria , Antonelli Alberto
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The emergence and spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) represents a significant challenge prompting the need to optimize diagnostic tools to detect CPE carriers. The Xpert® Carba-R assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), a Real-Time PCR-based test, can detect the blaKPC, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM and blaIMP carbapenemase genes directly from rectal swabs. This study assessed the performance of the Xpert® Carba-R assay using FecalSwab™ (Copan, Brescia, Italy), a liquid-based collection device. Methods: The first part of the study aimed to establish the FecalSwabTM volume which gave the most similar Ct values to those obtained by the Transystem™ double swab (Copan). The best volume was then used to assess the limit of detection (LoD) for each target and compare the accuracy of different FecalSwabTM storage conditions (room temperature or 4 °C after 16 h compared to T0). Results: The results indicated that using 200 µL of the FecalSwab™ medium provided reliable Ct values, with the lowest number of invalid samples compared to traditional methods. The average LoDs for different carbapenemases ranged from 4.7 × 103 to 6.8 × 103 CFU/mL. FecalSwab™ showed a better performance after 16 h at room temperature compared to storage at 4 °C. Conclusions: This study supports single sampling with the FecalSwab™ medium for both molecular and cultural methods, for the potential optimization of CPE screening.