bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Rat Achilles Tendon Healing
Authors: Huegel Julianne , Boorman‐Padgett James F. , Nuss Courtney A. , Raja Harina A. , Chan Peter Y. , Kuntz Andrew F. , Waldorff Erik I. , Zhang Nianli , Ryaby James T. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: October 2019

The Achilles tendon is frequently injured. Data to support specific treatment strategies for complete and partial tears is inconclusive. Regardless of treatment, patients risk re‐rupture and typically have long‐term functional deficits. We previously showed that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy improved tendon‐to‐bone healing in a rat rotator cuff model. This study investigated the effects of PEMF on rat ankle function and Achilles tendon properties after (i) complete Achilles tendon tear and repair with immobilization, (ii) partial Achilles tendon tear without repair and with immobilization, and (iii) partial Achilles tendon tear without repair and without immobilization. We hypothesized that PEMF would improve tendon properties, increase collagen organization, and improve joint function, regardless of injury type. After surgical injury, animals were assigned to a treatment group: (i) no treatment control, (ii) 1 h of PEMF per day, or (iii) 3 h of PEMF per day. Animals were euthanized at 1, 3, and 6 weeks post‐injury. Joint mechanics and gait analysis were assessed over time, and fatigue testing and histology were performed at each time point. Results indicate no clear differences in Achilles healing with PEMF treatment. Some decreases in tendon mechanical properties and ankle function suggest PEMF may be detrimental after complete tear. Some early improvements were seen with PEMF after partial tear with immobilization; however, immobilization was found to be a confounding factor. This body of work emphasizes the distinct effects of PEMF on tendon‐to‐bone healing and supports trialing potential treatment strategies pre‐clinically across tendons before applying them clinically. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:70–81, 2020
Targeted sequencing identifies novel variants in common and rare MODY genes
Authors: de Santana Lucas S. , Caetano Lilian A. , Costa‐Riquetto Aline D. , Franco Pedro C. , Dotto Renata P. , Reis André F. , Weinert Letícia S. , Silveiro Sandra P. , Vendramini Marcio F. , do Prado Flaviene A. , Abrahão Giovanna C. P. , de Almeida Ana Gregória F. P. , Tavares Maria da G. Rodrigues , Gonçalves Wagner Rodrigo B. , Santomauro Junior Augusto C. , Halpern Bruno , Jorge Alexander A. L. , Nery Marcia , Teles Milena G.
Published: October 2019

Background

Maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a form of monogenic diabetes with autosomal dominant inheritance. To date, mutations in 11 genes have been frequently associated with this phenotype. In Brazil, few cohorts have been screened for MODY, all using a candidate gene approach, with a high prevalence of undiagnosed cases (MODY‐X).

Methods

We conducted a next‐generation sequencing target panel (tNGS) study to investigate, for the first time, a Brazilian cohort of MODY patients with a negative prior genetic analysis. One hundred and two patients were selected, of which 26 had an initial clinical suspicion of MODY‐GCK and 76 were non‐GCK MODY.

Results

After excluding all benign and likely benign variants and variants of uncertain significance, we were able to assign a genetic cause for 12.7% (13/102) of the probands. Three rare MODY subtypes were identified (PDX1/NEUROD1/ABCC8), and eight variants had not been previously described/mapped in genomic databases. Important clinical findings were evidenced in some cases after genetic diagnosis, such as MODY‐PDX1/HNF1B.

Conclusion

A multiloci genetic approach allowed the identification of rare MODY subtypes, reducing the large percentage of MODY‐X in Brazilian cases and contributing to a better clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic characterization of these rare phenotypes.
A de novo SIX1 variant in a patient with a rare nonsyndromic cochleovestibular nerve abnormality, cochlear hypoplasia, and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Kari Elina , Llaci Lorida , Go John L. , Naymik Marcus , Knowles James A. , Leal Suzanne M. , Rangasamy Sampath , Huentelman Matthew J. , Friedman Rick A. , Schrauwen Isabelle
Published: October 2019

Background

Childhood hearing impairment affects language and cognitive development. Profound congenital sensorineural hearing impairment can be due to an abnormal cochleovestibular nerve (CVN) and cochleovestibular malformations, however, the etiology of these conditions remains unclear.

Methods

We used a trio‐based exome sequencing approach to unravel the underlying molecular etiology of a child with a rare nonsyndromic CVN abnormality and cochlear hypoplasia. Clinical and imaging data were also reviewed.

Results

We identified a de novo missense variant [p(Asn174Tyr)] in the DNA‐binding Homeodomain of SIX1, a gene which previously has been associated with autosomal dominant hearing loss (ADHL) and branchio‐oto‐renal or Branchio‐otic syndrome, a condition not seen in this patient.

Conclusions

SIX1 has an important function in otic vesicle patterning during embryogenesis, and mice show several abnormalities to their inner ear including loss of inner ear innervation. Previous reports on patients with SIX1 variants lack imaging data and nonsyndromic AD cases were reported to have no inner ear malformations. In conclusion, we show that a de novo variant in SIX1 in a patient with sensorineural hearing loss leads to cochleovestibular malformations and abnormalities of the CVN, without any other abnormalities. Without proper interventions, severe to profound hearing loss is devastating to both education and social integration. Choosing the correct intervention can be challenging and a molecular diagnosis may adjust intervention and improve outcomes, especially for rare cases.
A corner expanded slot antenna loaded with copper strips for dual‐band circular polarization characteristics
Authors: Paul Princy M. , Kandasamy Krishnamoorthy , Sharawi Mohammad S.
Published: October 2019

In this article, the design and implementation of a dual‐band circularly polarized (CP) microstrip line fed square slot antenna with compact size is proposed. The proposed CP antenna consists of a square slot antenna with a pair of symmetric rectangular extensions on opposite corners and loaded with an array of inclined and truncated rectangular copper strips. The square slot with diagonal extensions resonates at 2.24 to 2.62 GHz with a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 15.7%. Besides, loading it with an array of inclined and truncated rectangular copper strips helps produce a resonance at higher band with CP. The higher band operates between 3.26 and 5.18 GHz and centered at 4.52 GHz, with a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 45.5%. The polarization sense and resonant frequency of the proposed antenna can be independently tuned depending on the position and dimensions of the slot and strips, respectively. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured in terms of impedance bandwidth, axial ratio bandwidth, peak gain, and radiation efficiency. Good agreement between the simulations and measurements of the prototype is obtained.
Investigations on an extremely compact MIMO antenna with enhanced isolation and bandwidth
Authors: Bhattacharya Ankan , Roy Bappadittya
Published: October 2019

This letter deals with design and investigation of an extremely compact MIMO antenna with improved bandwidth and isolation level. The proposed structure possesses two slotted radiating elements paled orthogonally for minimizing the mutual coupling and for achieving diversity in polarization. A wide bandwidth of 17.15 GHz has been achieved with dual notched bands alongside for eliminating the disturbance originating due to WLAN band (05.15‐05.85 GHz) and WiMAX band (03.3‐03.7 GHz). Isolation has been improved by the incorporation of a “Y‐shaped” parasitic element between the orthogonal radiators. A prototype, having an extremely compact dimension of 20.0 × 20.0 mm2 (0.09 λo × 0.09 λo), has been manufactured. Results of measurement are at par with the simulation results.
Approaches to denote treatment outcome: Clinical significance and clinical global impression compared
Authors: de Beurs Edwin , Carlier Ingrid V.E. , van Hemert Albert M.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The authors of a previous study proposed a statistically based approach to denote treatment outcome, translating pretest and posttest scores into clinically relevant categories, such as recovery and reliable improvement. We assessed the convergent validity of the Jacobson–Truax (JT) approach, using T‐score based cutoff values, with ratings by an independent evaluator.

Methods

Pretest and retest scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and clinical global impression improvement (CGI‐I) ratings were collected repeatedly through routine outcome monitoring from 5,900 outpatients with common mental disorders. Data were collected in everyday practice in a large mental health care provider.

Results

Continuous pretest‐to‐retest BSI change scores had a stronger association with CGI‐I than the categorical variable based on JT. However, JT categorization and improvement according to CGI converged substantially with association indices (Somers'D) ranging fromD= .50 to .56. Discordance was predominantly due to a more positive outcome according to JT than on CGI‐I ratings.

Conclusion

Converting continuous outcome variables into clinically meaningful categories comes at the price of somewhat diminished concurrent validity with CGI‐I. Nevertheless, support was found for the proposed threshold values for reliable change and recovery, and the outcome denoted in these terms corresponded with CGI improvement for most patients.
Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Radical Homopolymerization of 2‐(Methacryloyloxyethyl) Trimethylammonium Chloride in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ezenwajiaku Ikenna H. , Chovancová Anna , Lister Kyle C. , Lacík Igor , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: October 2019

The radical homopolymerization kinetics of 2‐(methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (TMAEMC) in aqueous solution is investigated across a wide range of initial monomer contents (5–35 wt%), ionic strengths, and pH levels using an in‐situ NMR technique to track monomer consumption over the complete conversion range. Molar mass distributions (MMD) of the final homopolymers are also examined, with additional batch and semi‐batch experiments conducted in a stirred vessel. The rates of monomer conversion and polymer MMDs are dependent on initial monomer content but almost entirely independent of pH and the presence of salts, with some acceleration of rate observed for low monomer levels at very high salt concentration. To aid with the interpretation of these results, the conductivity and counterion activity of monomer and polymer mixtures are measured to determine the extent of electrostatic interactions at various levels of conversion. These results are combined with recently reported measurements of TMAEMC homopropagation kinetics to develop a TMAEMC homopolymerization model that captures the systematic decrease in rates of monomer conversion observed with increased initial monomer content during batch polymerization as well as provides a good representation of semi‐batch polymerization.
UVB LEDs for Medical Phototherapy
Authors: Seme Bernd , Streit Ingolf
Published: October 2019

Phototherapy involves exposure of the skin to light in order to treat various skin diseases such as psoriasis. In the 20th century, great advancements have been made in developing safe and effective narrowband ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy modalities. Targeted phototherapy delivers light exclusively to the affected skin and thereby avoids side effects on unaffected healthy areas. Recently, solid‐state UV light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have the potential to become the light source of the future for targeted NB‐UVB phototherapy treatments.
Setting Sights on a 3D Process
Authors: Schopphoven Thomas , Schleifenbaum Johannes Henrich , Tharmakulasingam Sadagopan , Schulte Oliver
Published: October 2019

Originally created as an alternative to coating processes such as hard chrome plating and thermal spraying, the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT is working with industry partners to transform this extremely high‐speed form of laser material deposition into a fast and affordable additive manufacturing process. The goal is to push the boundaries of 3D printing and achieve extremely high deposition rates at high resolution with new technology and a special nozzle including a new kind of measuring system.
No effect of CBT‐based online self‐help training to reduce fear of cancer recurrence: First results of the CAREST multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: van Helmondt Sanne Jasperine , van der Lee Marije Liesbeth , van Woezik Rosalie Antonia Maria , Lodder Paul , de Vries Jolanda
Published: October 2019

Objective

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common consequence of surviving cancer; therefore, easily accessible self‐help training could help many cancer survivors deal with FCR at low costs. The CAncer REcurrence Self‐help Training (CAREST) trial evaluates the effectiveness of an online‐tailored self‐help training on the basis of evidence‐based cognitive behavioral therapy principles in breast cancer survivors. Also, possible predictors for benefitting from the online self‐help training were examined.

Methods

This multicenter randomized controlled trial included 262 female breast cancer survivors, randomly assigned to either online self‐help training (n = 130) or care as usual (CAU; n = 132). Participants completed questionnaires at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1; after intervention), and 9 months (T2). The primary outcome was FCR (Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory Severity subscale). Both effectiveness and predictors were analyzed with latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) according to the intention‐to‐treat principle.

Results

LGCM showed no differences between the average latent slope in both groups (χ21 = .23, P = .63), suggesting that the treatments did not differ in their change in FCR over time. Moreover, no differences were found in the effects of the predictors on the latent slope in both groups (χ21 = .12, P = .73), suggesting that no significant predictors were found for the effect of the intervention on FCR.

Conclusion

There was no effect of the CBT‐based online self‐help training “Less fear after cancer” in the current study. Therefore, we recommend adding professional support to online interventions for FCR.
Mechanically ventilated premature babies have sex differences in specific elastance: A pilot study
Authors: Kim Kyeong Tae , Knopp Jennifer , Dixon Bronwyn , Chase J. Geoffrey
Published: October 2019

Objectives

A pilot study to compare pulmonary mechanics in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) cohort, specifically, comparing lung elastance between male and female infants in the NICU.

Hypothesis

Anecdotally, male infants are harder to ventilate than females. We hypothesize that males have higher model‐based elastance (converse: lower specific compliance) compared to females, reflecting underlying stiffer lungs.

Study Design

A clinically validated, single‐compartment model is used to identify specific elastance (inverse of specific compliance) and resistance for each breath. Specific elastance accounts for weight differences when comparing male and female infants. Relative percent breath‐to‐breath variability (%ΔE) in specific elastance is also compared. Level of asynchrony was also determined.

Patient‐subject Selection

Ten invasively mechanically ventilated patients from Christchurch Women's Hospital.

Methodology

Airway pressure and flow data from 10 invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) infants from Christchurch Women's Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, New Zealand was prospectively recorded under standard MV care. Model‐based specific elastance and resistance are identified for each breath, as well as relative percent breath‐to‐breath variability (%ΔE) in specific elastance.

Results

Male infants overall had higher specific elastance compared to females infants (P ≤ .01), with median (interquartile range) for males of 1.91 (1.33‐2.48) cmH2O·kg/mL compared to 1.31 (0.86‐2.02) cmH2O·kg/mL in females. Male infants had lower variability with %ΔE of −0.03 (−7.56 to 8.01)% vs female infants of −0.59 (12.56‐12.86)%. Males had 14.75% asynchronous breaths whereas females had 17.54%.

Conclusion

Overall, males had higher specific elastance and correspondingly lower breath‐to‐breath variability. These results indicate male and female infants may require different MV settings, mode, and monitoring.
TbFeO3 Ceramic: An Exciting Colossal Dielectric with Ferroelectric Properties
Authors: Gupta Prabhasini , Mahapatra P. K. , Choudhary R. N. P.
Published: October 2019

Herein, the structural and electrical properties of TbFeO3 ceramic, prepared by the conventional mixed‐oxide reaction method are investigated. The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system. The multiple valence states of Tb and Fe in the compound are confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An exciting broad dielectric peak at around 160 °C with a peak value of 48 800 at 100 Hz is observed, whose origin seems to be intrinsic in nature and is based on the coexistence of multiple valence states of Tb, due to the use of Tb4O7 as the precursor material. A hysteresis loop is recorded at various temperature points from the ferroelectric to paraelectric transition at the temperature corresponding to the peak of the observed dielectric anomaly. The loss tangent is resolved to identify contributions from the Debye‐type relaxation for both grain and grain boundary effects and that of DC conductivity. The conduction mechanism associated with grain and grain boundary is explained using different models.
Multiscale extratropical barotropic variability on the subseasonal‐to‐seasonal time‐scale
Authors: Boljka Lina , Shepherd Theodore G.
Published: October 2019

Barotropic variability plays an important role in a variety of extratropical atmospheric processes, such as annular modes, teleconnections, and baroclinic life cycles, which occur on a wide range of time‐scales. Extratropical dynamics is dominated by high‐frequency (periods shorter than 10 days) transient waves, which drive barotropic variability through baroclinic life cycle events. However, other types of waves (e.g. low‐frequency, with periods longer than 10 days, and stationary waves) also play an important role in shaping extratropical dynamics on various time‐scales. This study uses reanalysis data in the context of the zonal momentum budget to address the relative importance of stationary, low‐frequency and high‐frequency waves in driving barotropic variability at high (synoptic) and low (subseasonal‐to‐seasonal) frequencies both locally in storm‐track regions and in the zonal mean in both hemispheres. The analysis reveals that the eddy forcing of barotropic variability on synoptic time‐scales is dominated by the interaction between low‐frequency (and stationary) and high‐frequency waves, and not by high‐frequency self‐interactions. On longer (subseasonal‐to‐seasonal) time‐scales the picture is more complex, with increased importance of low‐frequency self‐interactions but still largely negligible high‐frequency self‐interactions. A better understanding of the mechanisms driving barotropic variability on subseasonal‐to‐seasonal time‐scales may help advancing predictability on these time‐scales.
A robotic system for telementoring and training in laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Prince Stephen W. , Kang Christopher , Simonelli James , Lee Yu‐Hsiu , Gerber Matthew J. , Lim Christopher , Chu Kevin , Dutson Erik P. , Tsao Tsu‐Chin
Published: October 2019

A laparoscopic surgical training system, the LapaRobot, is introduced. The system is composed of an expert station and a trainee station connected through the Internet. Embedded actuators allow the trainee station to be driven by an expert surgeon so that a trainee learns proper technique through physical feedback. The surgical‐tool trajectory and video feed can be recorded and later “played back” to a trainee to hone operative skills through guided repetition without the need for expert supervision. The system is designed to create a high‐fidelity approximation of the intracorporeal workspace, incorporate commercially available surgical instruments, and provide a wealth of high‐resolution data for quantitative analysis and feedback. Experimental evaluation demonstrated a 55% improvement in surgical performance with use of our system. In this paper, we introduce the details of the design and fabrication of the LapaRobot, illustrate the mechatronics and software‐control schemes, and evaluate the system in a study.
Microtopography‐Guided Radial Gradient Circle Array Film with Nanoscale Resolution
Authors: Zhang Fengqiang , Li Changhai , Zhang Jia , Wang Zhenlong
Published: October 2019

Distribution of multimaterials at arbitrary positions with nanoscale resolution and over a large area substrate is essential to future advances in functional graded materials. Such stringent requirements are highly beyond the reach of current techniques, although newly developed 3D printing technologies are addressed. Here, a radial gradient circle array film with the distribution accuracy up to ≈18 nm is fabricated by using microtopographic substrate. A mathematical model is developed to guide the distribution of position, size, shape, and type of materials on an arbitrary section for the given morphology of substrate. The periodic electrical and mechanical properties of the radial gradient circle film are identified, which can be beneficial for further functionalization and applications, such as gradient refractive index lenses, microcoils, and microantennas.
Composition Modulation and Structure Design of Inorganic‐in‐Polymer Composite Solid Electrolytes for Advanced Lithium Batteries
Authors: Liu Yuan , Xu Bingqing , Zhang Wenyu , Li Liangliang , Lin Yuanhua , Nan Cewen
Published: October 2019

Owing to their safety, high energy density, and long cycling life, all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have been identified as promising systems to power portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. Developing high‐performance solid‐state electrolytes is vital for the successful commercialization of ASSLBs. In particular, polymer‐based composite solid electrolytes (PCSEs), derived from the incorporation of inorganic fillers into polymer solid electrolytes, have emerged as one of the most promising electrolyte candidates for ASSLBs because they can synergistically integrate many merits from their components. The development of PCSEs is summarized. Their major components, including typical polymer matrices and diverse inorganic fillers, are reviewed in detail. The effects of fillers on their ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, thermal/interfacial stability and possible Li+‐conductive mechanisms are discussed. Recent progress in a number of rationally constructed PCSEs by compositional and structural modulation based on different design concepts is introduced. Successful applications of PCSEs in various lithium‐battery systems including lithium–sulfur and lithium–gas batteries are evaluated. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for developing high‐performance PCSEs are proposed.
Value of routine ultrasound examination at 35–37 weeks' gestation in diagnosis of fetal abnormalities
Authors: Ficara A. , Syngelaki A. , Hammami A. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To investigate the potential value of routine ultrasound examination at 35–37 weeks' gestation in the diagnosis of previously unknown fetal abnormalities.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 52 400 singleton pregnancies attending for a routine ultrasound examination at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation; all pregnancies had a previous scan at 18–24 weeks and 47 214 also had a scan at 11–13 weeks. We included pregnancies resulting in live birth or stillbirth but excluded those with known chromosomal abnormality. Abnormalities were classified according to the affected major organ system, and the type and incidence of new abnormalities were determined.

Results

In the study population, the incidence of fetal abnormality was 1.9% (995/52 400), including 674 (67.7%) that had been diagnosed previously during the first and/or second trimester, 247 (24.8%) that were detected for the first time at 35–37 weeks and 74 (7.4%) that were detected for the first time postnatally. The most common abnormalities that were diagnosed during the first and/or second trimester and that were also observed at 35–37 weeks included ventricular septal defect, talipes, unilateral renal agenesis and/or pelvic kidney, hydronephrosis, duplex kidney, unilateral multicystic kidney, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, ventriculomegaly, cleft lip and palate, polydactyly and abdominal cyst or gastroschisis. The most common abnormalities first seen at 35–37 weeks were hydronephrosis, mild ventriculomegaly, ventricular septal defect, duplex kidney, ovarian cyst and arachnoid cyst. The incidence of abnormalities first seen at 35–37 weeks was 0.5% and those that were detected exclusively for the first time at this examination were ovarian cyst, microcephaly, achondroplasia, dacryocystocele and hematocolpos. The incidence of abnormalities first seen postnatally was 0.1% and the most common were isolated cleft palate, polydactyly or syndactyly and ambiguous genitalia or hypospadias; prenatal examination of the genitalia was not a compulsory part of the protocol.

Conclusions

A high proportion of fetal abnormalities are detected for the first time during a routine ultrasound examination at 35–37 weeks' gestation. Such diagnosis and subsequent management, including selection of timing and place for delivery and postnatal investigations, could potentially improve postnatal outcome. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Outcome of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Murgano D. , Khalil A. , Prefumo F. , Mieghem T. Van , Rizzo G. , Heyborne K. D. , Melchiorre K. , Peeters S. , Lewi L. , Familiari A. , Lopriore E. , Oepkes D. , Murata M. , Anselem O. , Buca D. , Liberati M. , Hack K. , Nappi L. , Baxi L. V. , Scambia G. , Acharya G. , D'antonio F.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To explore the outcome of monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancies affected by twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Methods

MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies reporting the outcome of MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS. The primary outcome was intrauterine death (IUD); secondary outcomes were miscarriage, single IUD, double IUD, neonatal death (NND), perinatal death (PND), survival of at least one twin, survival of both twins and preterm birth (PTB) before 32 weeks' gestation. Outcomes were assessed in MCMA twins affected by TTTS not undergoing intervention and in those treated with amniodrainage, laser therapy or cord occlusion. Subgroup analysis was performed including cases diagnosed before 24 weeks. Random‐effects meta‐analysis of proportions was used to analyze the data.

Results

Fifteen cohort studies, including 888 MCMA twin pregnancies, of which 44 were affected by TTTS, were included in the review. There was no randomized trial comparing the different management options in MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS. In cases not undergoing intervention, miscarriage occurred in 11.0% of fetuses, while the incidence of IUD, NND and PND was 25.2%, 12.2% and 31.2%, respectively. PTB complicated 50.5% of these pregnancies. In cases treated by laser surgery, the incidence of miscarriage, IUD, NND and PND was 19.6%, 27.4%, 7.4% and 35.9%, respectively, and the incidence of PTB before 32 weeks' gestation was 64.9%. In cases treated with amniodrainage, the incidence of IUD, NND and PND was 31.3%, 13.5% and 45.7% respectively, and PTB complicated 76.2% of these pregnancies. Analysis of cases undergoing cord occlusion was affected by the very small number of included cases. Miscarriage occurred in 19.2%, while there was no case of IUD or NND of the surviving twin. PTB before 32 weeks occurred in 50.0% of these cases.

Conclusions

MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS are at high risk of perinatal mortality and PTB. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the optimal type of prenatal treatment in these pregnancies. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Quantitative fetal magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cystic posterior fossa malformations
Authors: Dovjak G. O. , Diogo M. C. , Brugger P. C. , Gruber G. M. , Weber M. , Glatter S. , Seidl R. , Bettelheim D. , Prayer D. , Kasprian G. J.
Published: October 2019

Objective

Normal cognitive development usually requires a structurally intact and complete cerebellar vermis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether quantification by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of vermis‐ and brainstem‐specific imaging markers improves the definition of cystic posterior fossa malformations (cPFM).

Methods

Fetuses diagnosed with cPFM that had an available midsagittal plane on T2‐weighted MRI were identified retrospectively and compared with gestational‐age (GA) matched brain‐normal controls. Fetuses with cPFM were assigned to three groups, according to standard criteria (vermian size and brainstem–vermis (BV) angle): normal vermian area and BV angle < 25° (Group 1); reduced vermian area and/or BV angle of 25–45° (Group 2); and reduced vermian area and BV angle > 45° (Group 3; Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) group). The number of differentiable vermian lobules and the areas of the vermis, mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata were quantified, correlated with and controlled for GA, and compared between the study groups.

Results

In total, 142 cases of cPFM were included, with a mean GA of 25.20 ± 5.11 weeks. Cases comprised Blake's pouch cyst (n = 46), arachnoid cyst (n = 12), inferior vermian hypoplasia (n = 5), megacisterna magna (n = 35) and classic DWM (n = 44). In the control group, 148 fetuses were included, with a mean GA of 25.26 ± 4.12 weeks. All quantified areas and the number of differentiable vermian lobules had a significant positive correlation with GA. The number of vermian lobules and the areas of all quantified regions, except for that of the medulla oblongata, differed significantly between the study groups (P ≤ 0.015 for all). The control group had the highest number of differentiable vermian lobules and the DWM group had the lowest (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Prenatal MRI assessment of vermian lobules is a useful addition to standard neuroradiological and neurosonographic techniques. The quantification of vermian lobules using fetal MRI allows further differentiation of cPFM into subgroups and thereby improves the classification of hindbrain malformations. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
The potential anti‐infective applications of metal oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review
Authors: Abo‐zeid Yasmin , Williams Gareth R.
Published: October 2019

Microbial infections present a major global healthcare challenge, in large part because of the development of microbial resistance to the currently approved antimicrobial drugs. This demands the development of new antimicrobial agents. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are a class of materials that have been widely explored for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. They are reported to have wide‐ranging antimicrobial activities and to be potent against bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. The use of MONPs reduces the possibility of resistance developing because they have multiple mechanisms of action (including via reactive oxygen species generation), simultaneously attacking many sites in the microorganism. However, despite this there are to date no MONPs clinically approved for antimicrobial therapy. This review explores the recent literature in this area, discusses the mechanisms of MONP action against microorganisms, and considers the barriers faced to the use of MONPs in humans. These include biological challenges, of which the potential for an immune response and off‐target toxicity are key. We explore in detail the possible benefits/disbenefits of an immune response being initiated, and consider the effect of production method (chemical vs. green synthesis) on cytotoxicity. There are also a number of technical and manufacturing challenges hindering MONP translation to the clinic which are additionally discussed in depth. In the short term, there are potentially some “quick wins” from the repurposing of already‐approved nanoparticle‐based medicines for anti‐infective applications, but a number of hurdles, both technical and biological, lie in the path to long‐term clinical translation of new MONP‐based formulations.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Synthesis, characterization and physicochemical studies of copolymers of aniline and 3-nitroaniline
Authors: Waware Umesh Somaji , Hamouda A. M. S. , Majumdar Dipanwita
Published: October 2019

Polyaniline (PA), the versatile conducting polymer, owing to its tunable optoelectronic properties, facile preparation methodology and reversible redox behavior, has elicited much interest among current researchers, particularly in the fields of energy generation storage devices, protective coatings and electrochemical sensors. However, its commercialization has been much restricted due to low solution processability and thermal stability. Recent studies reveal that the above-mentioned challenges can effectively be addressed by copolymerization of PA with suitable components. In addition, the properties of copolymers could be modified and tuned by varying the monomer ratios. Thus, the present work is concerned with the fabrication of poly(aniline-co-3-nitroaniline) with varying compositions obtained by in situ oxidative copolymerization of aniline and 3-nitroaniline by altering the molar ratio of monomers. Optimization of the physicochemical properties such as UV–visible absorption, solubility, thermal stability, electrical conductivity and dielectric signatures, particle size and morphology was achieved by varying the composition of monomeric substituents in these copolymers. Smoother morphology of the copolymer films was revealed by morphological studies via AFM technique and supported by particle size distribution study. The physicochemical trends demonstrated that proper proportions of nitro (–NO2) group in the polymer chain are essential to achieve desired optimal physicochemical properties. Therefore, copolymers are ideally appropriate for multifaceted applications and would promote wider usage of conjugated polymers in various fields of organic-based optoelectronic as well as energy storage devices in the near future.
Application of Measurement While Drilling Technology to Predict Rock Mass Quality and Rock Support for Tunnelling
Authors: van Eldert Jeroen , Schunnesson Håkan , Johansson Daniel , Saiang David
Published: October 2019

A tunnelling project is normally initiated with a site investigation to determine the in situ rock mass conditions and to generate the basis for the tunnel design and rock support. However, since site investigations often are based on limited information (surface mapping, geophysical profiles, few bore holes, etc.), the estimation of the rock mass conditions may contain inaccuracies, resulting in underestimating the required rock support. The study hypothesised that these inaccuracies could be reduced using Measurement While Drilling (MWD) technology to assist in the decision-making process. A case study of two tunnels in the Stockholm bypass found the rock mass quality was severely overestimated by the site investigation; more than 45% of the investigated sections had a lower rock mass quality than expected. MWD data were recorded in 25 m grout holes and 6 m blast holes. The MWD data were normalised so that the long grout holes with larger hole diameters and the shorter blast holes with smaller hole diameters gave similar results. With normalised MWD data, it was possible to mimic the tunnel contour mapping; results showed good correlation with mapped Q-value and installed rock support. MWD technology can improve the accuracy of forecasting the rock mass ahead of the face. It can bridge the information gap between the early, somewhat uncertain geotechnical site investigation and the geological mapping done after excavation to optimise rock support.
Apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid: a putative new pathogenic viroid on apple characterized by next-generation sequencing
Authors: Leichtfried Thomas , Dobrovolny Stefanie , Reisenzein Helga , Steinkellner Siegrid , Gottsberger Richard A.
Published: October 2019

Viroid-like symptoms were observed in 2016 on apple fruits of the cultivar “Ilzer Rose” in southern Burgenland, Austria. Preliminary molecular biological investigations indicated that the symptoms were caused by a new unknown viroid. Therefore, new primers were designed, and the whole genome sequence of the viroid (354 nt) was determined by next-generation amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq® platform (San Diego, California, USA). The viroid secondary structure has a rod-like conformation and contains conserved regions (the TCR, CCR upper strand, and CCR lower strand) that are characteristic of members of the genus Apscaviroid. Based on our results and the demarcation criteria for viroids, the tentatively named “apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid” should be considered a putative new member of the genus Apscaviroid.
Tumour Initiation: a Discussion on Evidence for a “Load-Trigger” Mechanism
Authors: Evans John J. , Alkaisi Maan M. , Sykes Peter H.
Published: October 2019

Appropriate mechanical forces on cells are vital for normal cell behaviour and this review discusses the possibility that tumour initiation depends partly on the disruption of the normal physical architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) around a cell. The alterations that occur thence promote oncogene expression. Some questions, that are not answered with certainty by current consensus mechanisms of tumourigenesis, are elegantly explained by the triggering of tumours being a property of the physical characteristics of the ECM, which is operative following loading of the tumour initiation process with a relevant gene variant. Clinical observations are consistent with this alternative hypothesis which is derived from studies that have, together, accumulated an extensive variety of data incorporating biochemical, genetic and clinical findings. Thus, this review provides support for the view that the ECM may have an executive function in induction of a tumour. Overall, reported observations suggest that either restoring an ECM associated with homeostasis or targeting the related signal transduction mechanisms may possibly be utilised to modify or control the early progression of cancers. The review provides a coherent template for discussing the notion, in the context of contemporary knowledge, that tumourigenesis is an alliance of biochemistry, genetics and biophysics, in which the physical architecture of the ECM may be a fundamental component. For more definitive clarification of the concept there needs to be a phalanx of experiments conceived around direct questions that are raised by this paper.
Correction to: Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update
Authors:   APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) for APASL ACLF working Party., Sarin Shiv Kumar , Choudhury Ashok , Sharma Manoj K. , Maiwall Rakhi , Al Mahtab Mamun , Rahman Salimur , Saigal Sanjiv , Saraf Neeraj , Soin A. S. , Devarbhavi Harshad , Kim Dong Joon , Dhiman R. K. , Duseja Ajay , Taneja Sunil , Eapen C. E. , Goel Ashish , Ning Q. , Chen Tao , Ma Ke , Duan Z. , Yu Chen , Treeprasertsuk Sombat , Hamid S. S. , Butt Amna S. , Jafri Wasim , Shukla Akash , Saraswat Vivek , Tan Soek Siam , Sood Ajit , Midha Vandana , Goyal Omesh , Ghazinyan Hasmik , Arora Anil , Hu Jinhua , Sahu Manoj , Rao P. N. , Lee Guan H. , Lim Seng G. , Lesmana Laurentius A. , Lesmana Cosmas Rinaldi , Shah Samir , Prasad V. G. Mohan , Payawal Diana A. , Abbas Zaigham , Dokmeci A. Kadir , Sollano Jose D. , Carpio Gian , Shresta Ananta , Lau G. K. , Fazal Karim Md. , Shiha Gamal , Gani Rino , Kalista Kemal Fariz , Yuen Man-Fung , Alam Seema , Khanna Rajeev , Sood Vikrant , Lal Bikrant Bihari , Pamecha Viniyendra , Jindal Ankur , Rajan V. , Arora Vinod , Yokosuka Osamu , Niriella Madunil A. , Li Hai , Qi Xiaolong , Tanaka Atsushi , Mochida Satoshi , Chaudhuri Dominic Ray , Gane Ed , Win Khin Maung , Chen Wei Ting , Rela Mohd. , Kapoor Dharmesh , Rastogi Amit , Kale Pratibha , Rastogi Archana , Sharma Chhagan Bihari , Bajpai Meenu , Singh Virender , Premkumar Madhumita , Maharashi Sudhir , Olithselvan A. , Philips Cyriac Abby , Srivastava Anshu , Yachha Surender K. , Wani Zeeshan Ahmad , Thapa B. R. , Saraya Anoop , Shalimar  , Kumar Ashish , Wadhawan Manav , Gupta Subash , Madan Kaushal , Sakhuja Puja , Vij Vivek , Sharma Barjesh C. , Garg Hitendra , Garg Vishal , Kalal Chetan , Anand Lovkesh , Vyas Tanmay , Mathur Rajan P. , Kumar Guresh , Jain Priyanka , Pasupuleti Samba Siva Rao , Chawla Yogesh K. , Chowdhury Abhijit , Alam Shahinul , Song Do Seon , Yang Jin Mo , Yoon Eileen L.
Published: October 2019

The article Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update, written by [Shiv Sarin], was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on June 06, 2019 without open access.
ECLIM-SEHOP, a new platform to set up and develop international academic clinical trials for childhood cancer and blood disorders in Spain
Authors:   the Sociedad Española de Hematología y Oncología Pediátrica (SEHOP), Bautista F. , Cañete A. , Ramírez-Villar G. L. , Fernández J. M. , Fuster J. L. , Diaz de Heredia C. , Astigarraga I. , García-Ariza M. , Rives S. , Dapena J. L. , Márquez C. , Molinés A. , Bermúdez M. del M. , Gallego S. , Andrés M. del M. , Verdu-Amoros J. , Hernández C. , López M. , Catalá A. , Lassaletta Á. , Cruz O. , Ramírez M. , Lendínez F. , Carboné A. , Gomez Sirvent J. , Tallón M. , Acha T. , Moreno L. , Fernández-Teijeiro A.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Cancer and blood disorders in children are rare. The progressive improvement in survival over the last decades largely relies on the development of international academic clinical trials that gather the sufficient number of patients globally to elaborate solid conclusions and drive changes in clinical practice. The participation of Spain into large international academic trials has traditionally lagged behind of other European countries, mainly due to the burden of administrative tasks to open new studies, lack of financial support and limited research infrastructure in our hospitals.

Methods

The objective of ECLIM-SEHOP platform (Ensayos Clínicos Internacionales Multicéntricos-SEHOP) is to overcome these difficulties and position Spain among the European countries leading the advances in cancer and blood disorders, facilitate the access of our patients to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and, most importantly, continue to improve survival and reducing long-term sequelae. ECLIM-SEHOP provides to the Spanish clinical investigators with the necessary infrastructural support to open and implement academic clinical trials and registries.

Results

In less than 3 years from its inception, the platform has provided support to 20 clinical trials and 8 observational studies, including 8 trials and 4 observational studies where the platform performs all trial-related tasks (integral support: trial setup, monitoring, etc.) with more than 150 patients recruited since 2017 to these studies. In this manuscript, we provide baseline metrics for academic clinical trial performance that permit future comparisons.

Conclusions

ECLIM-SEHOP facilitates Spanish children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer and blood disorders to access state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Negative views of out-groups and emotion regulation strategies: Evidence for an association with the tendency to suppress emotion expression, but not with cognitive reappraisal or emotion dysregulation
Authors: Westerlund Minja , Antfolk Jan , Santtila Pekka
Published: October 2019

Emotions influence attitudes and appraisals toward out-groups, including prejudice. We hypothesized that individuals who successfully regulate emotions will express more positive attitudes toward out-groups. We conducted an online study of associations between emotion regulation and attitudes toward out-groups in a Finnish population-based sample (N = 320). As hypothesized, expressive suppression was associated with decreased acceptance toward out-groups, but contrary to our hypothesis, cognitive reappraisal was not associated with increased acceptance. In exploratory analyses, we found that individuals with more cognitive reappraisal (vs. expressive suppression) had a higher acceptance of out-groups, and that emotion regulation may not influence attitudes toward all out-groups equally. In conclusion, we present novel results indicating that habitual emotion regulation strategies are differently associated with attitudes toward a broad array of out-groups, and that the sociocultural aspects of emotion regulation toward out-group attitudes may play a role.
Predicting the effects of eutrophication mitigation on predatory fish biomass and the value of recreational fisheries
Authors: Sundblad Göran , Bergström Lena , Söderqvist Tore , Bergström Ulf
Published: October 2019

Improving water clarity is a core objective for eutrophication management in the Baltic Sea, but may influence fisheries via effects on fish habitat suitability. We apply an ensemble of species distribution models coupled with habitat productivity functions and willingness-to-pay estimates to assess these effects for two coastal predatory fish species, European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). The models predicted a 37% increase in perch and 59% decrease in pikeperch biomass if reaching the reference level for water clarity in the Baltic Sea Action Plan. Reaching the target level was predicted to increase perch biomass by 13%. However, the associated economic gain for the recreational fisheries sector was countervailed by an 18% pikeperch reduction. Still, a net benefit was predicted since there are six times more fishing days for perch than pikeperch. We exemplify how ecological modelling can be combined with economic analyses to map and evaluate management alternatives.