bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Film and Book Reviews
Authors: Nguyen Nick , Beaty Bart , Lefèvre Pascal
Published: July 2012

FILM REVIEWS

The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (20ıı), directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by Peter Jackson, screenplay by Stephen Moffat, Joe Cornish and Edgar Wright. Based on Hergé’s Aventures de Tintin

BOOK REVIEWS

Harry Morgan and Manuel Hirtz, Les Apocalypses de Jack Kirby

Jacques Samson and Benoît Peeters, Chris Ware: La Bande dessinée réinventée

Renaud Chavanne, Composition de la bande dessinée
miR-338-3p Is Down-Regulated by Hepatitis B Virus X and Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Targeting the 3′-UTR Region of CyclinD1
Authors: Fu Xiaoyu , Tan Deming , Hou Zhouhua , Hu Zhiliang , Liu Guozhen
Published: July 2012

Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is recognized as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx regulates microRNA expression, including down-regulating miR-338-3p in LO2 cells. Here, we investigated miR-338-3p function in HBx-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. In 23 HBV-infected HCC clinical patient tumor and adjacent non-tumor control tissues, 17 and 19 tumors expressed HBx mRNA and protein, respectively. When considered as a group, HBV-infected HCC tumors had lower miR-338-3p expression than controls; however, miR-338-3p was only significantly down-regulated in HBx-positive tumors, indicating that HBx inversely correlated with miR-338-3p. Functional characterization of miR-338-3p indicated that miR-338-3p mimics inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase as assessed by EdU and cell cycle assays in HBx-expressing LO2 cells. CyclinD1, containing two putative miR-338-3p targets, was confirmed as a direct target using 3′-UTR luciferase reporter assays from cells transfected with mutated binding sites. Mutating the 2397–2403 nt binding site conferred the greatest resistance to miR-338-3p suppression of CyclinD1, indicating that miR-338-3p suppresses CyclinD1 at this site. Overall, this study demonstrates that miR-338-3p inhibits proliferation by regulating CyclinD1, and HBx down-regulates miR-338-3p in HCC. This newly identified miR-338-3p/CyclinD1 interaction provides novel insights into HBx-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis and may facilitate therapeutic development against HCC.
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on Carboxylic Acid SAMs on Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Buckholtz Gavin A. , Gawalt Ellen S.
Published: July 2012

The formation of methyl-terminated carboxylic acid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with even numbers of carbons, from eighteen to thirty, was investigated on the oxide surface of Ti-6Al-4V and component metal oxides. Modified surfaces were characterized using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and contact angle analysis. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that using aerosol spray deposition techniques, stable, all-trans SAMs of octacosanoic (28 carbons) and triacontanoic (30 carbons) acids were formed on the alloy. Films were similarly formed on titanium and aluminum oxide. The surface of vanadium oxide exhibited limited reactivity. MALDI-TOF MS confirmed that formed films were monolayers, without multilayers or aggregates present. Water contact angles are indicative of the presence of hydrophobic methyl groups at the interface. This stable carboxylic acid SAM formation could be a useful alternative to phosphonic acid SAMs for corrosion and other applications.
Administration of Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in Children with Incurable Neurological Disorders and Injury is Safe and Improves their Quality of Life
Authors: Sharma Alok , Gokulchandran Nandini , Chopra Guneet , Kulkarni Pooja , Lohia Mamta , Badhe Prerna , Jacob V. C.
Published: July 2012

Neurological disorders such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, and injury to the brain and spine currently have no known definitive treatments or cures. A study was carried out on 71 children suffering from such incurable neurological disorders and injury. They were intrathecally and intramuscularly administered autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells. Assessment after transplantation showed neurological improvements in muscle power and a shift on assessment scales such as FIM and Brooke and Vignos scale. Further, imaging and electrophysiological studies also showed significant changes in selective cases. On an average follow-up of 15 ± 1 months, overall 97% muscular dystrophy cases showed subjective and functional improvement, with 2 of them also showing changes on MRI and 3 on EMG. One hundred percent of the spinal cord injury cases showed improvement with respect to muscle strength, urine control, spasticity, etc. Eighty-five percent of cases of cerebral palsy cases showed improvements, out of which 75% reported improvement in muscle tone and 50% in speech among other symptoms. Eighty-eight percent of cases of other incurable neurological disorders such as autism, Retts Syndrome, giant axonal neuropathy, etc., also showed improvement. No significant adverse events were noted. The results show that this treatment is safe, efficacious, and also improves the quality of life of children with incurable neurological disorders and injury.
Beyond Newspapers: News Consumption among Young People in the Digital Era
Authors: Casero-Ripollés Andreu
Published: July 2012

News consumption is undergoing great changes due to the advance of digitisation. In this context, ascertaining the changes in readers’ consumption habits is essential for measuring the scope and effects of digital convergence and the outlook for the future. This article aims to analyse this transformation in the specific case of young people’s relationship with news reporting. The methodology is based on a quantitative survey of people aged between 16 and 30 (N=549) in order to examine their consumer habits and perceptions. The results show the emergence of social networks as a news medium and the decline of traditional media, and newspapers in particular. However, we observed a high level of interest in news stories and their positive valuation in civic terms on the part of young people. These data also reveal the obvious appeal of cost-free content. Finally, the results highlight the gender gap with men as the greater news consumers, and the impact of age, with news consumption increasing as young people mature. The conclusions of this research suggest that profound changes are emerging in news consumption patterns and the concept of news among young people.

El consumo de noticias está inmerso en un proceso de grandes mutaciones debido al avance de la digitalización. En este contexto, conocer los cambios en los hábitos de consumo de la audiencia es fundamental para calibrar el alcance y los efectos de la convergencia digital y sus perspectivas de futuro. Este artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis de esta transformación en un caso concreto: la relación de los jóvenes con la información periodística. Partiendo de una encuesta cuantitativa a personas de entre 16 y 30 años (N=549) se examinan sus hábitos de consumo y sus percepciones. Los resultados muestran la emergencia de las redes sociales como soporte informativo y el desgaste de los medios convencionales, especialmente de los diarios. No obstante, se detecta un interés elevado de los jóvenes hacia las noticias y una valoración positiva de las mismas en términos cívicos. Los datos revelan, además, el arraigo de la gratuidad. Finalmente, se constata la existencia de una brecha de género en el consumo informativo, a favor de los hombres, y la incidencia del efecto de la edad, que provoca un aumento del acceso a las noticias a medida que los jóvenes van madurando. Las conclusiones de la investigación sugieren la aparición de cambios profundos en los patrones de consumo y en la concepción de la información por parte del público joven.
El sermón de Roberto Caracciolo sobre el milagro de los estigmas de Francisco de Asís
Authors: Muessig Carolyn
Published: July 2012

Roberto Caracciolo (m. 1495), fraile franciscano relativamente poco conocido en la actualidad entre los estudiosos, fue uno de los más grandes predicadores de su generación. Favorecido por los papas y tenido por ellos en gran estima, con apenas veinticinco años fue invitado a predicar en ocasiones tan importantes como la canonización de Bernardino de Siena. Su sermón sobre los estigmas de Francisco de Asís ilustra detalladamente la visión que, durante la Baja Edad Media, tenían los franciscanos de cómo recibió el Poverello las cinco llagas de Cristo. El objetivo concreto de este artículo consiste en examinar la opinión de Roberto Caracciolo acerca de los estigmas, considerados por él milagrosos. Se observará también cómo Caracciolo elaboró su argumentación para disipar las dudas de quienes cuestionaban la autenticidad de un suceso que pretendía transformar la piel y los huesos de Francisco de Asís en la imagen de Cristo crucificado. Por último, se examinará el excepcional aprecio que Roberto y sus coetáneos sentían por Francisco de Asís y el milagro de sus estigmas.
Predicazione e cura pastorale. I Sermoni della clarissa veneziana Chiara Bugni (1471-1514)
Authors: Zarri Gabriella
Published: July 2012

[it] Si analizzano i Sermoni della clarissa veneziana Chiara Bugni (1471- 1514) a partire dalla recente edizione dal Libro della beata Chiara, composto alla metà del Cinquecento. I Sermoni documentano la prassi della predicazione dell’abbadessa all’interno del monastero e sono distinte dalle visioni e rivelazioni affi date alla Vita composta dal confessore. Si conferma così una duplice funzione della predicazione femminile: quella profetica, rivolta all’esterno, e quella ex officio di carattere esortativo e pastorale.
La cetrería en los ejemplos, símiles y metáforas de san Vicente Ferrer
Authors: Ferragud Carmel , Olmos de León Ricardo M.
Published: July 2012

Vicente Ferrer utilizó en sus sermones numerosos y variados recursos para poder hacer inteligible su mensaje a su nutrido auditorio. Uno de estos recursos fueron las actividades venatorias y, especialmente, la modalidad de caza con aves de presa. Por un lado, esta actividad le proporcionó elementos adecuados para construir las analogías que facilitarían la comprensión de la palabra de Dios. Sin embargo, por otro lado, parece que otras razones podrían explicar esta preferencia del predicador, más relacionadas con su propia experiencia y con la realidad de la sociedad a la que se dirigía. Y es que, además de las fuentes textuales, a menudo el padre Vicente recurrió a sus vivencias y, más aún, a aquellos aspectos de la vida cotidiana de su auditorio. A partir de las referencias que encontramos en los sermones de san Vicente podemos deducir que el predicador debía conocer de primera mano los diferentes aspectos relacionados con la cetrería, por lo que no debía resultarle difícil recurrir a algo familiar para construir las analogías que permitirían a su auditorio comprender los conceptos teológicos y conseguir la transformación de sus vidas, de acuerdo con la moral que el predicador pretendía implantar.
Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research
Authors: Kim D.-G. , Vargas R. , Bond-Lamberty B. , Turetsky M. R.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The rewetting of dry soils and the thawing of frozen soils are short-term, transitional phenomena in terms of hydrology and the thermodynamics of soil systems. The impact of these short-term phenomena on larger scale ecosystem fluxes is increasingly recognized, and a growing number of studies show that these events affect fluxes of soil gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) and nitric oxide (NO). Global climate models predict that future climatic change is likely to alter the frequency and intensity of drying-rewetting events and thawing of frozen soils. These future scenarios highlight the importance of understanding how rewetting and thawing will influence dynamics of these soil gases. This study summarizes findings using a new database containing 338 studies conducted from 1956 to 2011, and highlights open research questions. The database revealed conflicting results following rewetting and thawing in various terrestrial ecosystems and among soil gases, ranging from large increases in fluxes to non-significant changes. Studies reporting lower gas fluxes before rewetting tended to find higher post-rewetting fluxes for CO2, N2O and NO; in addition, increases in N2O flux following thawing were greater in warmer climate regions. We discuss possible mechanisms and controls that regulate flux responses, and recommend that a high temporal resolution of flux measurements is critical to capture rapid changes in gas fluxes after these soil perturbations. Finally, we propose that future studies should investigate the interactions between biological (i.e., microbial community and gas production) and physical (i.e., porosity, diffusivity, dissolution) changes in soil gas fluxes, apply techniques to capture rapid changes (i.e., automated measurements), and explore synergistic experimental and modelling approaches.
Water balance estimation in high Alpine terrain by combining distributed modeling and a neural network approach (Berchtesgaden Alps, Germany)
Authors: Kraller G. , Warscher M. , Kunstmann H. , Vogl S. , Marke T. , Strasser U.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The water balance in high Alpine regions is often characterized by significant variation of meteorological variables in space and time, a complex hydrogeological situation and steep gradients. The system is even more complex when the rock composition is dominated by soluble limestone, because unknown underground flow conditions and flow directions lead to unknown storage quantities. Reliable distributed modeling cannot be implemented by traditional approaches due to unknown storage processes at local and catchment scale. We present an artificial neural network extension of a distributed hydrological model (WaSiM-ETH) that allows to account for subsurface water transfer in a karstic environment. The extension was developed for the Alpine catchment of the river "Berchtesgadener Ache" (Berchtesgaden Alps, Germany), which is characterized by extreme topography and calcareous rocks. The model assumes porous conditions and does not account for karstic environments, resulting in systematic mismatch of modeled and measured runoff in discharge curves at the outlet points of neighboring high alpine subbasins. Various precipitation interpolation methods did not allow to explain systematic mismatches, and unknown subsurface hydrological processes were concluded as the underlying reason. We introduce a new method that allows to describe the unknown subsurface boundary fluxes, and account for them in the hydrological model. This is achieved by an artificial neural network approach (ANN), where four input variables are taken to calculate the unknown subsurface storage conditions. This was first developed for the high Alpine subbasin Königsseer Ache to improve the monthly water balance. We explicitly derive the algebraic transfer function of an artificial neural net to calculate the missing boundary fluxes. The result of the ANN is then implemented in the groundwater module of the hydrological model as boundary flux, and considered during the consecutive model process. We tested several ANN setups in different time increments to investigate ANN performance and to examine resulting runoff dynamics of the hydrological model. The ANN with 5-day time increment showed best results in reproducing the observed water storage data (r2 = 0.6). The influx of the 20-day ANN showed best results in the hydrological model correction. The boundary influx in the subbasin improved the hydrological model, as performance increased from NSE = 0.48 to NSE = 0.57 for subbasin Königsseetal, from NSE = 0.22 to NSE = 0.49 for subbasin Berchtesgadener Ache, and from NSE = 0.56 to NSE = 0.66 for the whole catchment within the test period. This combined approach allows distributed quantification of water balance components including subsurface water transfer.
Menace de débauchage et incitation des multinationales à la formation de la main-d’oeuvre dans les pays hôtes : un modèle théorique
Authors: Hammoudi Abdelhakim , Hatit Wadii
Published: July 2012

L’article analyse si une multinationale, qui décide d’investir dans un pays hôte, fera de la formation quand existe une menace de débauchage exercée par un entrant local potentiel. Nous donnons à la multinationale la possibilité de choisir l’effectif des salariés à former et nous modélisons la proportion des salariés formés et débauchés par une fonction de friction qui dépend des salaires proposés par les deux firmes et du degré de mobilité de la main-d’oeuvre dans le pays hôte. Nous montrons comment la renonciation par la multinationale à la formation peut constituer une barrière à l’entrée pour la firme locale. Nous montrons par ailleurs que l’accroissement du degré de mobilité de la main-d’oeuvre ne réduit pas systématiquement l’incitation de la multinationale à la formation.
Measuring Translation Competence Acquisition
Authors: Orozco Mariana , Hurtado Albir Amparo
Published: July 2012

The following article describes the development of instruments for measuring the process of acquiring translation competence in written translation. Translation competence and its process of acquisition are firstly described, and then the lack of empirical research in our field is tackled. Thirdly, three measuring instruments especially developed to measure translation competence acquisition are presented: (i) to measure notions about translation, (ii) to measure students’ behaviour when faced with translation problems, and (iii) to measure errors. Pilot studies were carried out for three years to test, improve and validate the measuring instruments. Finally, a future research project, which shows a possible application of the measuring instruments, is presented, and the main elements of the research project are described: the construct, dependent and independent variables, hypotheses, moments of measurements and the samples to be used.
La traduction phraséologique
Authors: Xatara Claudia Maria
Published: July 2012

Presque tous les textes présentent quelque lexie complexe de la phraséologie des langues de ­spécialité ou de la phraséologie de la langue commune. Au traducteur incombe le devoir tout d’abord d’identifier ce phraséologisme, ensuite d’en saisir le sens. Il n’est pas suffisant, cependant, d’en proposer une explication dans la langue cible : le traducteur doit chercher à établir son équivalence phraséologique, c’est-à-dire qu’il doit trouver une unité lexicale correspondante pas seulement quant au sens, mais aussi quant à la formulation phraséologique.
La politique de l’emploi dans les écrits politiques de Keynes (1930-1939)
Authors: Rivot Sylvie
Published: July 2012

Cet article analyse la politique de l’emploi préconisée par Keynes durant les années trente, à partir d’une lecture de ses écrits politiques. Nous montrons tout d’abord le rôle exact d’un programme de travaux publics, à savoir de coordonner l’initiative privée afin de modifier le pessimisme des entrepreneurs. Les travaux publics constituent donc une politique anti-déflationniste de lutte contre le chômage involontaire. En revanche, en 1937-1939, malgré un taux de chômage de 12 %, Keynes s’oppose à une politique de relance globale, du fait des risques d’« inflation absolue ». Car le chômage résulte alors en grande partie des rigidités sur le marché du travail. Le concept de chômage volontaire, élaboré dans la Théorie générale, est donc d’une grande pertinence pour comprendre la politique de l’emploi préconisée par Keynes. Finalement, cette étude montre la forte cohérence des prises de position pratiques de Keynes avec l’analyse théorique développée dans la Théorie générale, même si ses positions peuvent à première vue nous surprendre. Elle permet également de jeter un regard critique sur les politiques dites keynésiennes d’après-guerre.
Effets redistributifs d’un régime d’allocation universelle : une simulation pour le Québec
Authors: Araar Abdelkrim , Duclos Jean-Yves , Blais François
Published: July 2012

Nous simulons l’impact redistributif de trois scénarios d’instauration d’une allocation universelle (AU). Les simulations se font en maintenantconstantlesolde budgétaire conjointdes gouvernements provincial et fédéral. Un premier scénario B suppose qu’un ensemble de programmes sociaux et de dispositions fiscales est éliminé pour être subséquemment remplacé par une AU qui ne modifie toutefois pas les taux marginaux de la fiscalité des revenus des particuliers (FRP). Cet ensemble inclut la plupart des crédits d’impôt à l’égard des besoins essentiels et du soutien à la famille ainsi que d’autres paramètres du système fiscal et de transferts dont nous jugeons que l’abolition pourrait universaliser et simplifier le système de transferts et la fiscalité. Un deuxième scénario C modifie en plus les taux marginaux explicites de la FRP de façon à réduire certains des effets pervers de l’élimination de ces programmes. Un troisième scénario D élimine aussi la sécurité du revenu et l’assurance-emploi de manière à rendre le régime d’AU plus généreux, et modifie également les taux marginaux explicites de la FRP.

Le niveau de vie varie de manière importante selon les scénarios. Les plus affectées sont les familles monoparentales, qui enregistrent une baisse de 7,17 % dans le scénario B, mais une hausse de 3,3 % et 12,6 % respectivement dans les scénarios C et D. Les personnes vivant seules subissent des baisses de revenu moyen dans les trois scénarios. Les couples avec enfants sortent généralement gagnants peu importe les scénarios alors que les couples sans enfants ne subissent en moyenne que peu d’impact redistributif. Les personnes âgées sortent perdantes en moyenne du scénario C, mais gagnantes du scénario D, dans lequel leur niveau d’AU est redressé pour leur épargner les effets de la hausse des taux marginaux d’imposition.

Le scénario B augmente la pauvreté ; le scénario C la réduit pour les familles avec enfants et pour les couples sans enfants, mais l’augmente néanmoins au niveau de toute la population ; le scénario D diminue la pauvreté dans toute la population et ne l’augmente que chez les personnes seules (et très légèrement pour les personnes âgées). L’inégalité quant à elle augmente de manière importante dans le scénario B, diminue très légèrement pour C et diminue de manière sensible pour le scénario D. La redistribution effectuée par un régime d’AU peut atteindre jusqu’à 2 % du revenu total. Finalement, les taux marginaux implicites d’imposition sont considérablement égalisés par les scénarios d’AU retenus ici, quels qu’ils soient.
Un modèle non coopératif de consommation des ménages
Authors: Ulph David
Published: July 2012

Cet article construit un modèle de consommation du ménage fondé sur un équilibre non coopératif de Nash. Ce modèle est extrêmement général, tant du point de vue des types de biens et de revenus considérés que de la nature des fonctions d’utilité individuelles. Les conditions d’unicité d’un tel équilibre sont déduites; on montre que, malgré la généralité de sa structure sous-jacente, des contraintes fortes sont placées sur les demandes de biens issues des modèles respectant ces conditions d’unicité. Les propriétés générales de statique comparée des demandes de biens du ménage sont dérivées.
Les modèles non coopératifs d’offre de travail : théorie et évidence
Authors: Donni Olivier
Published: July 2012

Cet article s’intéresse aux modèles non coopératifs d’offre de travail. D’abord, nous développons un modèle d’offre de travail qui généralise la plupart des spécifications rencontrées dans la littérature. Ensuite, nous étudions les propriétés en termes de testabilité et d’identifiabilité de ce modèle et de ses variantes. Enfin, nous présentons des tests empiriques de ces modèles en utilisant les données du PSID.
Normalisation and the Translation of Phraseology in the COVALT Corpus1
Authors: Marco Josep
Published: July 2012

In this article, it is assumed that phraseological usage can be regarded as an indicator of normalisation in translated texts, as phraseological units are target-language standardised forms belonging to its lexical repertoire. Drawing on data yielded by the English-Catalan subcorpus of COVALT (Valencian Corpus of Translated Literature), it was found that Catalan translated texts are less phraseological than their corresponding English source texts, though only by a narrow margin. The narrowness of the margin seems to bear witness to some effort on the translators’ part to retain or recreate a noticeable degree of phraseological activity in translated texts. However, further research is needed into the motives underlying translator behaviour in this respect.
L’éthique du traducteur à l’épreuve de l’écologie
Authors: Vihelmaa Ella
Published: July 2012

Les effets de l’activité traductionnelle sur l’environnement sont complexes et variés. Accepter de faire telle ou telle tâche ou opter pour une certaine stratégie de traduction impliquent une prise de position plus ou moins consciente sur les questions environnementales. Pour assumer sa part de responsabilité en regard de l’écologie, le traducteur devrait tenter de comprendre les conséquences de son travail et d’en éviter les plus funestes. Une enquête sur l’éthique environnementale de traducteurs, finlandais pour la plupart, suggère que la plupart d’entre eux voudraient bien assumer leur responsabilité au sens large du terme, mais qu’il leur est parfois difficile de gagner leur vie sans faire de compromis.
La traduction littéraire en Roumanie au xxie siècle : quelques réflexions
Authors: Constantinescu Muguras
Published: July 2012

Le présent article expose un ensemble de réflexions sur la traduction littéraire en Roumanie, à partir de quelques études et ouvrages parus dans ce pays, où le marché du livre est particulièrement actif en ce début du xxie siècle. Les auteurs des études évoquées – Tudor Ionescu, Magda Jeanrenaud, Gelu Ionescu, Irina Mavrodin, Ioana Bălăcescu – sont également critiques littéraires, traducteurs et enseignants, ce qui donne un éclairage multiple à leur approche et une visée pratique à leurs ouvrages, qui sont issus d’une profonde conviction de l’utilité de la théorisation sur le traduire et la traduction. Tandis que Tudor Ionescu soulève la question de savoir si la traduction littéraire est un art ou une science, Gelu Ionescu essaie de définir l’horizon de la traduction, Magda Jeanrenaud s’intéresse à l’histoire et à la critique et Irina Mavrodin nous invite à éviter l’opposition théorie/pratique, mais plutôt à voir la traduction de façon intégrée, c’est‑à‑dire comme une pratico-théorie où les deux éléments se nourrissent réciproquement. Ioana Bălăcescu, quant à elle, ouvre de nouvelles voies en didactique de la traduction, en plaçant la créativité au centre de ses préoccupations. En tant qu’enseignants, ils s’intéressent également à l’apprentissage de la traduction et à la formation des jeunes traducteurs. Malgré les orientations et les perspectives différentes embrassées par ces traductologues, ils soulignent tous la nécessité et l’importance d’une réflexion sur la traduction littéraire accompagnant et nourrissant l’expérience du traduire, réflexion et expérience se reliant ainsi de façon essentiellement biunivoque.
La mesure des inégalités de long terme avec des panels courts : 1990-2000*
Authors: Bonhomme Stéphane , Robin Jean-Marc
Published: July 2012

Dans cette étude, nous proposons un modèle de la dynamique salariale adapté à une estimation à partir de panels courts comme l’enquête Emploi. Nous utilisons le modèle pour simuler des trajectoires individuelles de salaires au-delà de la période d’enquête et calculer des revenus permanents. Nous mesurons le rapport entre l’inégalité de revenus permanents (inégalité de long terme) et l’inégalité salariale de coupe. Ce rapport est inférieur à un, preuve que la mobilité des revenus est égalisatrice. Cependant, nous constatons le rôle essentiel joué par le risque de chômage dans cette mesure. La mobilité réduit les inégalités sur le long terme dans un échantillon représentatif de travailleurs employés ou en chômage, en grande partie parce que le chômage ne dure pas éternellement. À l’inverse, le risque de chômage est fortement générateur d’inégalité dans l’échantillon des employés. Nous mesurons qu’il annule ainsi la moitié du bénéfice égalisateur de la mobilité salariale.
Graphene‐Like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Improved Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Niu Ping , Zhang Lili , Liu Gang , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: July 2012

“Graphitic” (g)‐C3N4 with a layered structure has the potential of forming graphene‐like nanosheets with unusual physicochemical properties due to weak van der Waals forces between layers. Herein is shown that g‐C3N4 nanosheets with a thickness of around 2 nm can be easily obtained by a simple top‐down strategy, namely, thermal oxidation etching of bulk g‐C3N4 in air. Compared to the bulk g‐C3N4, the highly anisotropic 2D‐nanosheets possess a high specific surface area of 306 m2 g−1, a larger bandgap (by 0.2 eV), improved electron transport ability along the in‐plane direction, and increased lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers because of the quantum confinement effect. As a consequence, the photocatalytic activities of g‐C3N4 nanosheets have been remarkably improved in terms of •OH radical generation and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
Increased Work Function in Few‐Layer Graphene Sheets via Metal Chloride Doping
Authors: Kwon Ki Chang , Choi Kyoung Soon , Kim Soo Young
Published: July 2012

A chemical approach to controlling the work function of few‐layer graphene is investigated. Graphene films are synthesized on Cu foil by chemical vapor deposition. Six metal chlorides, AuCl3, IrCl3, MoCl3, OsCl3, PdCl2, and RhCl3, are used as dopants. The sheet resistance of the doped graphene decreases from 1100 Ω/sq to ≈500–700 Ω/sq and its transmittance at 550 nm also decreases from 96.7% to 93% for 20 mM AuCl3 due to the formation of metal particles. The sheet resistance and transmittance are reduced with increasing metal chloride concentration. The G peak in the Raman spectra is shifted to a higher wavenumber after metal chloride doping, which indicates a charge transfer from graphene to metal ions. The intensity ratio of ICC/IC−C increases with doping, indicating an electron transfer from graphene sheets to metal ions. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy data shows that the work function of graphene increases from 4.2 eV to 5.0, 4.9, 4.8, 4.68, 5.0, and 5.14 eV for the graphene with 20 mM AuCl3, IrCl3, MoCl3, OsCl3, PdCl2, and RhCl3, respectively. It is considered that spontaneous charge transfer occurs from the specific energy level of graphene to the metal ions, thus increasing the work function.
Shortfalls in imputing sarcoidosis to occupational exposures
Authors: Reich Jerome M.
Published: July 2012

The cause of sarcoidosis remains elusive. Reports of elevated sarcoidosis incidence in New York City firefighters and World Trade Center disaster responders have been advanced to support a causal relationship. This inference is open to question due to methodological differences in assessing and computing sarcoidosis incidence in populations versus putative occupational exposures. The magnitude of the odds ratio (OR; ca. 1.5) of causal candidates in the ACCESS case‐control study of occupational and environmental exposures is sufficiently small that it might easily be attributable to confounders. Additionally, multiplicity of comparisons, difficulty in assembling a valid control population and the potential for recall bias critically limit causal inferences. A possible explanation for etiological elusiveness and multiplicity of elevated OR is that individuals with sarcoidosis, lacking components of efficient cellular immunity, respond with systemic granulomas to a variety of ubiquitous, frequently unidentifiable environmental antigens. Epidemiological methods for the identification of sarcoidosis causal candidates are potentially misleading and are unlikely to prove useful. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:496–500, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and alterations in lymphocyte subsets
Authors: Hosgood H. Dean , Zhang Luoping , Tang Xiaojiang , Vermeulen Roel , Hao Zhenyue , Shen Min , Qiu Chuangyi , Ge Yichen , Hua Ming , Ji Zhiying , Li Senhua , Xiong Jun , Reiss Boris , Liu Songwang , Xin Kerry X. , Azuma Mariko , Xie Yuxuan , Freeman Laura Beane , Ruan Xiaolin , Guo Weihong , Galvan Noe , Blair Aaron , Li Laiyu , Huang Hanlin , Smith Martyn T. , Rothman Nathaniel , Lan Qing
Published: July 2012

Background

Formaldehyde is used in many occupational settings, most notably in manufacturing, health care, and embalming. Formaldehyde has been classified as a human carcinogen, but its mechanism of action remains uncertain.

Methods

We carried out a cross‐sectional study of 43 formaldehyde‐exposed workers and 51 unexposed age and sex‐matched controls in Guangdong, China to study formaldehyde's early biologic effects. To follow up our previous report that the total lymphocyte count was decreased in formaldehyde‐exposed workers compared with controls, we evaluated each major lymphocyte subset (i.e., CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer [NK] cells, and B cells) and T cell lymphocyte subset (CD4+ naïve and memory T cells, CD8+ naïve and memory T cells, and regulatory T cells). Linear regression of each subset was used to test for differences between exposed workers and controls, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Total NK cell and T cell counts were about 24% (P = 0.037) and 16% (P = 0.0042) lower, respectively, among exposed workers. Among certain T cell subsets, decreased counts among exposed workers were observed for CD8+ T cells (P = 0.026), CD8+ effector memory T cells (P = 0.018), and regulatory T cells (CD4+FoxP3+: P = 0.04; CD25+FoxP3+: P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Formaldehyde‐exposed workers experienced decreased counts of NK cells, regulatory T cells, and CD8+ effector memory T cells; however, due to the small sample size; these findings need to be confirmed in larger studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:252–257, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeographic implications for release of critically endangered manatee calves rescued in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Luna Fábia O. , Bonde Robert K. , Attademo Fernanda L. N. , Saunders Jonathan W. , Meigs‐Friend Gaia , Passavante José Zanon O. , Hunter Margaret E.
Published: July 2012

The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus), a subspecies of the West Indian manatee, is a large‐bodied marine mammal found in fresh, brackish, and marine habitats throughout the Caribbean Islands and Central and South America. Antillean manatees in Brazil are classified as critically endangered, with a census size of approximately 500 individuals. The population in the Northeast region of Brazil is suspected to have approximately 300 manatees and is threatened by habitat alteration and incidental entanglement in fishing gear.

A high incidence of dependent calf strandings have been identified near areas of altered critical manatee habitat. The majority of the calves are neonates, discovered alive, with no potential mothers nearby. These calves typically require human intervention to survive.

Since 1989 the calves have been rescued (N=67), rehabilitated, and released (N=25) to supplement the small wild manatee population. The rescued calves, and those born in captivity, are typically, not released to their rescue location, mainly for logistical reasons. Therefore, phylogeographic analyses can help to identify related populations and appropriate release sites.

Here, mitochondrial DNA analyses identified low haplotype (h=0.08) and nucleotide (π=0.0026) genetic diversity in three closely related haplotypes. All three haplotypes (M01, M03, and a previously unidentified haplotype, M04) were found in the northern portion of the region, while only a single haplotype (M01) was represented in the south. This suggests the presence of two genetic groups with a central mixing zone. Release of rehabilitated calves to unrelated populations may result in genetic swamping of locally adapted alleles or genotypes, limiting the evolutionary potential of the population.

The small population size coupled with low genetic diversity indicates that the Northeast Brazil manatee population is susceptible to inbreeding depression and possible local extinction. Further conservation measures incorporating genetic information could be beneficial to the critically endangered Brazilian manatee population.

Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prioritizing aquatic conservation areas using spatial patterns and partitioning of fish community diversity in a near‐natural temperate basin
Authors: Kanno Yoichiro , Russ William T. , Sutherland Charles J. , Cook S. Bradford
Published: July 2012

This study investigated spatial patterns and partitioning of fish community diversity in the Emory River basin, Tennessee, USA, which represents the best available biotic condition in a region characterized with high diversity and endemism. Fish community analyses were intended as one criterion for identifying aquatic conservation areas in a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) currently developed in the study region under the authority of the US Endangered Species Act.

Spatial patterns of fish community diversity were examined at 57 stream sites located in the mainstem (13 sites) and four sub‐basins (a total of 44 sites) by partitioning γ diversity (total diversity) into α (within‐community) and β (among‐community) components in a multiplicative manner at two spatial scales. Additional analyses were conducted to assess evidence of dispersal in structuring local communities.

Mainstem sites were characterized with higher α diversity values relative to sub‐basin sites, and γ diversity of 13 mainstem sites was comparable with that of 44 sub‐basin sites. Site‐level β diversity differed among sub‐basins. Among‐sub‐basin β diversity was only modest, and one sub‐basin harboured the majority of total species richness found among all sub‐basins.

Many species had high indicator values for mainstem sites, but sub‐basin sites were associated with few indicator species. Spatial autcorrelation of fish community similarity was significant within mainstem sites and sites located within two sub‐basins. Catchment area explained among‐site variation in species richness better than stream order, link magnitude, confluence link or downstream link. Overall, there was a lack of evidence that dispersal played an important role in shaping local fish communities in either mainstem or sub‐basin sites.

Aquatic conservation in the study basin should focus on protecting aquatic diversity in the mainstem habitat, while a network of stream sites in the most diverse sub‐basin may also be considered as aquatic conservation areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional‐Group‐Tolerant Catalytic Migratory Oxidative Coupling of Nitrones
Authors: Hashizume Shogo , Oisaki Kounosuke , Kanai Motomu
Published: July 2012

A copper‐catalyzed migratory oxidative‐coupling reaction between nitrones and various ethers/amines exhibited high functional‐group tolerance. Even in aqueous media, the reaction proceeded efficiently. For practical use of this catalysis, a unique sequential Huisgen cycloaddition was demonstrated. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the reaction proceeded through oxidative catalytic activation of ethers/amines to afford iminium/oxonium intermediates by concurrent dual one‐electron abstractions by copper(II) and oxyl radicals.
Stability of the Convex Linear Combination of Positive Linear Systems
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz
Published: July 2012

The asymptotic stability of the convex linear combination of positive continuous‐time and discrete‐time linear systems is addressed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the convex linear combination are established. The notion of diagonal dominant matrices for Metzler matrices and nonnegative real matrices is introduced. It is shown that the convex linear combination is asymptotically stable if its matrices are diagonal dominant.
Robust Fault‐Tolerant Control of Launch Vehicle Via GPI Observer and Integral Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Zhao Dang‐Jun , Wang Yong‐Ji , Liu Lei , Wang Zhi‐Shen
Published: July 2012

A robust fault‐tolerant attitude control scheme is proposed for a launch vehicle (LV) in the presence of unknown external disturbances, mismodeling dynamics, actuator faults, and actuator's constraints. The input‐output representation is employed to describe the rotational dynamics of LV rendering three independently decoupled second order single‐input‐single‐output (SISO) systems. In the differential algebraic framework, general proportional integral (GPI) observers are used for the estimations of the states and of the generalized disturbances, which include internal perturbations, external disturbances, and unknown actuator failures. In order to avoid the defects of the conventional sliding surface, a new nonlinear integral sliding manifold is introduced for the robust fault‐tolerant sliding mode controller design. The stability of the GPI observer and that of the closed‐loop system are guaranteed by Lyapunov's indirect and direct methods, respectively. The convincing numerical simulation results demonstrate the proposed control scheme is with high attitude tracking performance in the presence of various disturbances, actuator faults, and actuator constraints.
An application of the Morgenstern family with standard two‐sided power and gamma marginal distributions to the Bayes premium in the collective risk model
Authors: Hernández A. , Pilar Fernández M. , Martel M. , Vázquez‐Polo F.J.
Published: July 2012

The Bayes premium is a quantity of interest in the actuarial collective risk model, under which certain hypotheses are assumed. The usual assumption of independence among risk profiles is very convenient from a computational point of view but is not always realistic. Recently, several authors in the field of actuarial and operational risks have examined the incorporation of some dependence in their models. In this paper, we approach this topic by using and developing a Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) family of prior distributions with specified marginals given by standard two‐sided power and gamma distributions. An alternative Poisson–Lindley distribution is also used to model the count data as the number of claims. For the model considered, closed expressions of the main quantities of interest are obtained, which permit us to investigate the behavior of the Bayes premium under the dependence structure adopted (Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern) when the independence case is included. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kinetic treatment of stopped‐flow time courses for multiple chemiluminescence of the KIO4‐luminol‐Mn2+ system
Authors: Ma Ai‐Jay , Chang Yu‐Tang , Lin Wann‐Yin
Published: July 2012

Stopped‐flow time courses for chemiluminescence (CL) of the KIO4‐luminol‐Mn2+system showed an instantaneous jump in initial signal followed by two distinct bands. A kinetic model of the form with ten adjustable parameters was proposed to account for CL intensity (I) versus time (t) profiles. The three terms in the model represent the three CL bands. Each band was comprised of a rise part and an exponential decay corresponding to the formation and deactivation of the CL emitter. CL bands could have originated from different CL pathways with the participation of reactive species such as O2−, •OH and 1O2 generated in the reactions involving IO4−, O2 and Mn2+. Subsequent reactions of these reactive species with luminol induced CL emissions. Simulation parameters together with peak positions and intensities of the three CL bands were found to vary in different manners by changing conditions such as reagent concentration, pH and temperature. The temperature‐dependence of the rate constants yielded activation energies of 73.2 ± 2.8, 70.1 ± 2.4 and 67.2 ± 1.2 kJ⋅mol‐1 for the three decay processes. Moreover, different substances exhibited a significant influence on the three CL bands and their simulation parameters. The numerous parameters and characteristics of CL emissions could serve as multiple probes for detecting analytes, making this system promising for potential analytical applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of virus preparation quality on parvovirus filter performance
Authors: Slocum Ashley , Burnham Mike , Genest Paul , Venkiteshwaran Adith , Chen Dayue , Hughes Joseph
Published: July 2012

Virus‐removal filtration technology is commonly used in the manufacturing process for biologics to remove potential viral contaminants. Virus‐removal filters designed for retaining parvovirus, one of the smallest mammalian viruses, are considered an industry standard as they can effectively remove broad ranges of viruses. It has long been observed that the performance of virus filters can be influenced by virus preparations used in the laboratory scale studies (PDA, 2010). However, it remains unclear exactly what quality attributes of virus preparations are critical or indicative of virus filter performance as measured by effectiveness of virus removal and filter capacity consistency. In an attempt to better understand the relationship between virus preparation and virus filter performance, we have systematically prepared and analyzed different grades of parvovirus with different purity levels and compared their performance profiles on Viresolve® Pro parvovirus filters using four different molecules. Virus preparations used in the studies were characterized using various methods to measure DNA and protein content as well as the hydrodynamic diameter of virus particles. Our results indicate that the performance of Viresolve® Pro filters can be significantly impacted depending on the purity of the virus preparations used in the spike and recovery studies. More importantly, we have demonstrated that the purity of virus preparations is directly correlated to the measurable biochemical and biophysical properties of the virus preparations such as DNA and protein content and monodispersal status, thus making it possible to significantly improve the consistency and predictability of the virus filter performance during process step validations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 229–239. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the effects of Mylabris and Acanthopanax senticosus on promising cancer marker polyamines in plasma of a Hepatoma‐22 mouse model using HPLC‐ESI‐MS
Authors: Wang Qian , Wang Yixiang , Liu Ran , Yan Xu , Li Yujiao , Fu Hui , Bi Kaishun , Li Qing
Published: July 2012

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of plasma concentrations of five polyamines in normal and Hepatoma‐22 mice, and mice treated with Mylabris and Acanthopanax senticosus was developed by HPLC‐ESI‐MS. Male Kunming mice were divided into nine groups, a control group (inoculation without treatment), a positive group (Cyclophosphamide), treatment groups [Mylabris (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), Acanthopanax senticosus (6, 12, 24 g/kg)] and a normal group (without inoculation). Twenty‐four hours after the last administration, plasma samples were collected. The derived polyamines were separated on a C18 column by a gradient elution using methanol–water with excellent linearity within the range from 2.5 to 1000 ng/mL. Polyamines were confirmed as useful biochemical markers of hepatoma. The differences in anti‐cancer therapeutic efficacy between Mylabris and Acanthopanax senticosus might contribute to the variability of polyamine levels in vivo. This HPLC‐ESI‐MS method was successfully applied to investigate the relationship between polyamines and cancer in mice and might be a useful method to test the activity of potential anti‐tumor drugs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.