bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prologue
Authors: Washington Anne L.
Published: November 2023

A broad chain of custody moves information between sites of labor and capital, steadily building value to deliver complex data intelligence products. Behind every prediction stands a series of organizations, people, expertise, artifacts, technologies, standards, and practices. Data science may seem like a magic box, but predictions are high-processed materials. A proven approach to accountability in derivative products is traceability. This chapter introduces the prediction supply chain to emphasize the material, operational, economic, and intellectual conditions for interpreting data-driven insights. The layers of production that created the Australian government Robodebt algorithm reveal the compounded risks if problems at each stage of production go unmonitored. A focus on process recognizes five technical decision points: source, model, compare, optimize, and learn. A different series of choices at each stage could produce viable alternate results.
Optimize
Authors: Washington Anne L.
Published: November 2023

The fourth step of the prediction supply chain enacts priorities. Algorithms make choices efficiently using explicit or implicit concepts of precedence. Each prediction is optimized based on the importance of data, populations, comparisons, or values. Applying mathematical standards of consistency and perfection in human affairs can go awry. Because algorithmic optimization prioritizes specific populations and situations, unforeseen cases could spectacularly fail. An algorithm can overoptimize, meaning it focuses so much on one goal that it ignores other equally important goals not specifically articulated. Data science implemented over large systems at scale eventually must consider the secondary effects of optimized outcomes. Ethical data science is able to state the reasoning that drives choices and is aware of alternatives and trade-offs. This chapter encourages data science reasoning.
Introduction
Authors: McDonald Jared
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains how some of the most high-profile election contests have ultimately centered on questions of the compassion and trustworthiness of the candidates involved. It not only makes the case for the importance of compassion as a determinant of voter choice, but it also demonstrates that perceptions of compassion are malleable and sensitive to campaign events. The chapter introduces the role of compassion in voter choice as a matter of self-interest: voters want leaders who will care for them. It further introduces and defines the concepts of sympathy and empathy, providing a rationale for why empathetic messages should be more effective than sympathetic ones for generating positive bonds between politicians and voters.
Our Country/Whose Country?
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2023

The concept of settler colonialism offers an invaluable lens to reframe early westerns and travel films as re-enactments of this country’s repressed past. The films stage a remarkable vision of white settlers’ westward expansion that reveals a transformation in what “American Progress” came to mean in three successive phases. The crucial shift for westerns occurred between the second and third phases, coinciding with the outbreak of the Great War. Two interconnected pathways structure this book. The primary path links five chapters devoted to early westerns. The second pathway links four “sidebars” that examine early travel films within the same conceptual frame and often form close links with westerns. Overall, the book aims to prod readers to confront the ideological foundations of “our” national cinema and to find new ways to argue for the incomparable significance of early westerns and travel films in American history. It also may provoke a teachable moment to answer this question: Who was and who still may be either included or excluded in the term our country?
Introduction
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2023

The Introduction establishes the framework for an original analysis of early westerns and travel films through the lens of settler colonialism. Its relative tenets include the concept of “Manifest Destiny” or “American Progress,” the shifting concept of the West as an “empty” landscape, and the reductive concepts of white, Indian, and Mexican races. This framework grounds the following argument: both kinds of films stage a remarkable vision of white settlers’ westward expansion across the North American continent, revealing a historical transformation in American culture. Two interconnected pathways structure the book. The primary path links five chapters devoted to westerns as often complicated and contradictory “white supremacy entertainments.” A crucial break occurs around 1914, in which westerns that feature male movie stars now offer new models of white masculinity, more or less coinciding with the outbreak of World War I. The second path links four sidebars, “Touring the West,” that analyze travel films, often having close links with westerns, that offer virtual tours, especially of national parks, in conjunction with the “See America First” movement. In short, the book aims to prod readers to return to the ideological foundations of our national cinema and find new ways to argue for the unique significance of early westerns as well as travel films in the history of American cinema.
Touring the West 2
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2023

In the early 1910s, short travel films created tourist landscapes as quintessentially American spaces, encouraging movie audiences to accept the narrative of settler colonialism as the westward expansion through a “virgin wilderness” devoid of Indigenous peoples. Supporting the production of those tourist landscapes were the formation of national parks, a transcontinental railroad system, and modern corporate marketing. The See America First movement promoted this consumerist ideology of recreational tourism, especially in its goal of fomenting a national consciousness based on the mythic ideal of the West. While some films juxtaposed the “primitive” practices of Indigenous peoples to the “civilized” manufacturing by American companies, others invited movie audiences to experience cowboy life in the modern-day West.
Reframing the Monopoly Question
Authors: John Richard R.
Published: November 2023

Richard John’s “Reframing the Monopoly Question: Commerce, Land, Industry” uncovers the main pillars of antimonopoly thought in the United States from the 1773 Boston Tea Party to the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission in 1914. John’s history challenges a conventional historiography of American antimonopolism centered on a movement from nineteenth-century producerism to twentieth-century consumerism. Instead, John unearths a more continuous tradition in the policy pronouncements of four antimonopoly visionaries—John Adams, who contested British commercial monopoly as an obstacle to national independence; William Leggett, who attacked legislatively mandated special privilege; Henry George, who opposed the private ownership of natural resources as a violation of natural rights; and Walter Lippmann, who deplored the wastefulness of the industrial corporation. Through the analysis of these four figures, John captures both the breadth and radicalism of historical antimonopolism, to which the ideals of national independence, natural rights, and public utility acted as a fulcrum.
De-Nazifying by De-Cartelizing
Authors: Crane Daniel A.
Published: November 2023

In 1945, a group of zealous American trustbusters descended on the smoldering ruins of Germany, eager to identify and then nullify the culprits behind Hitler’s rise to power. Their eyes were fixed on the enormous industrial combines and cartel organizations that had sprung up in the German economy since the time of Bismarck, grown exponentially during the Weimar era, and then served as the economic infrastructure of the Third Reich. To the trustbusters in the Office of Military Government US (“OMGUS”) Decartelization Branch, the monopolies and trusts were the prime culprits and their elimination was of paramount importance to Germany’s peaceable future. The Decartelization project lasted until 1949 but functionally could claim only one major success—the dismemberment of the I.G. Farben chemical cartel. Scores of other industrial titans remained untouched, protected from dismantling by American generals and industrialists hostile to a radical trustbusting project for Germany. Nonetheless, it would be a mistake to count the Decartelization project an unmitigated failure. Although its immediate payoff in Germany may have been limited, its findings exerted a considerable effect in domestic American politics, including influencing the course of the Celler-Kefauver reforms of 1950 and the era of aggressive antitrust that followed. More generally, the Decartelization project created a rich store of information and analysis concerning the role that monopolies and cartels played in the rise of the Third Reich, and thus provides fertile information for ongoing inquiry into the relationship between extreme industrial concentration and the extreme concentration of political power.
From Market Power to State Capture
Authors: Sparrow James T.
Published: November 2023

Contrary to common wisdom, American antitrust politics did not decline steadily after WWII. Indeed it grew more powerful, attaining a crescendo by the early 1970s. Yet within less than a decade Reaganite conservatives would summarily dismantle it. How was this possible? The political economy and culture of World War II and the Cold War transformed who the antimonopolists were, and what they were fighting against. The populist-progressive coalition that had pioneered antimonopoly politics evolved into a liberal coalition of independent businesses, trade associations, and consumer welfare advocates. While this coalition notched major wins, notably the passage and enforcement of the Celler-Kefauver Anti-Merger Act of 1950, it abandoned a tight focus on market power—just as a massive wave of conglomerate mergers rose to evade the Act and bolster a conservative assault on antitrust. Without a focus on market power, antitrust quickly became an empty shell.
Beyond the Labor Exemption
Authors: Andrias Kate
Published: November 2023

Although the labor movement and the antimonopoly movement both oppose concentrated economic power and bemoan rising inequality, their projects are frequently viewed as divergent, if not incompatible. According to the conventional account, the labor movement has historically lacked an affirmative antimonopoly agenda, instead focusing its demands on achieving a labor exemption to the antitrust laws. This chapter shows, however, that left-leaning industrial unions from the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century repeatedly and insistently used the language of antimonopoly to argue that private concentrations of economic power posed a grave threat to workers and to democracy. But labor’s vision differed from that of prominent antimonopolists. In labor’s view, the cure for monopoly power was not necessarily decentralization or smaller business organization. Rather, antimonopolism demanded that firms’ autonomy and power be democratically constrained by the firm’s workers and by a more democratic state. Ultimately, a commitment to antimonopolism meant a commitment to a more democratic political economy. .
Africa and the Normative Development of International Investment Law
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

There are at least three narratives that attempt to explicate the evolution, existing content, and character of international investment law. For purposes of this book, they are called the ideological school, the hierarchical school, and the doctrinal school. The first and more dominant view is the view of the Global North that traces the development and characterizes its content from a predominantly ideological standpoint. The second viewpoint employs a counterhegemonic prism in attempting to understand the conditions and the position of the Global South in the world’s historical economic hierarchy. The third characterizes the development of the law in the area as a pure function of the resolution of recurring doctrinal dilemmas. While most writings account for all three perspectives, no coherent set of scholarly work has yet persuasively linked the structural deficiencies and incoherence in the jurisprudence to particular defects in its origin. There are, however, attempts that could be classified into the categories indicated above. This chapter offers a detailed exposition of the various schools of thought.
Jurisdiction and the Meaning of Investment
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

Many of the leading ICSID cases dealing with the meaning of investment as it relates to the jurisdiction of the tribunal involved African states. This chapter profiles some of the pre-2010 leading cases, understands the positions taken by African states on these issues, measures the overall influence that they have had on the general jurisprudence, and discerns how much of the jurisprudence has informed Africa’s most contemporary treaty making and reform efforts. The pre-2010 cases show that some of the most important concepts such as the Salini factors emerged setting the stage for more sustained development in the jurisprudence of the meaning of investment as it relates to the question of what proprietary attributes that investment treaties as well as laws selected in contracts seek to protect.
The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

One of the eight regional economic communities that the African Union has recognized is the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). COMESA is a fairly advanced full-fledged regional community that seeks to integrate the economies of 21 African countries in all areas of economic activity including trade and investment. It not only prescribes robust substantive rules in many areas it is also supported by institutional infrastructure including a court of justice. COMESA has a separate and elaborate Investment Agreement. This Agreement was signed in 2007. It has some indicias of an advanced investment regime. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the investment regime that the Agreement seeks to establish including the dispute settlement mechanism. It will also situate this community within the broader Pan-African investment regime context.
The Economic Community for West African States
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

The Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) is a union of 15 West African countries. It is one of the eight RECs recognized by the African Union. It is a fairly advanced economic community with rules in many areas of economic activity supported by robust institutional mechanisms. ECOWAS has a comprehensive Supplementary Act on Investment that entered into force in January 2009. It is one of three RECs with robust investment related rules and institutions. This chapter examines the ECOWAS Supplementary Act and related instruments as a part of Africa’s international investment law regimes. It also highlights its remarkable contributions to the emerging Pan-African investment law regime.
The Southern Africa Development Community
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) is a community of 16 Southern African countries. It is one of the eight RECs recognized by the African Union. It is just like COMESA and ECOWAS more advanced than the others in many areas of economic integration. SADC was one of the first to herald innovative investment rules that have inspired subsequent developments in Africa including the Pan African Investment Code. SADCs most contemporary investment related rule is its Protocol on Finance and Investment. This Protocol entered into force in April 2010. This chapter offers a detailed analysis of this Protocol as it makes up a significant part of Africa’s international investment law regimes.
Africa’s BITs with Its Traditional Partners of the West
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

This chapter traces the historical development of Africa’s BITs with its Western Partners and evaluates the character of these BITs concluded since the 1960s to the most contemporary.
Intra-Africa BITs
Authors: Kidane Won L.
Published: November 2023

Intra-Africa BITs are an even more recent phenomenon. They are modeled after the original Afro-European BITs and attempt to cover the same set of substantive norms and set forth similar dispute settlement processes. They do, however, contain their own specific variability in each instance. It is difficult to identify any particular purpose although there is an indication that even within Africa, in many instances, they tend to be concluded between parties with considerable disparity in the stage of development or the scale of the economic power. Some states with frequent BIT activity with other partners such as Egypt emerge as the key players here as well. This chapter traces the historical development of Intra-Africa BITs and evaluates the character of these BITs sporadically concluded in the various eras to the most contemporary.
Her Own Skin
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an introduction to the main themes in the book, including the mysteries attending to Josephine Baker’s supposedly transparent visibility, how her work (in the realms of theater, dance, film, and photography) not only coincided with the development of primitivism but also actively shaped some of the most critical key terms of high modernism, terms around notions of “pure surface” and the synthetic. This introduction shows how the turn-of-the-century fascination for the “denuded modern surface” tells a story about an ongoing romance with, not a rejection of, fantasies of the skin of the racial other and, conversely, how ideas of Black skin cover over and resurface that dream of purity.
What Bananas Say
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the meditation on the ideas of “modern nakedness” and reconsiders what is a “racial fetish” via a close reading of Josephine Baker’s famous banana skirt. Unpacking the multiple and layered meanings of Baker’s banana skirt as a colonial, sexual, and racial trope, this chapter tracks how the staging of the primitivist fetish is almost always also an undoing of imperial desire, thereby confounding, rather than, confirming, the division between “colonial subject” and “colonized object,” as well as unsettling the distinction between agency and compliance. When it comes to a self-conscious and theatrical performer like Baker, we need to develop a much more nuanced vocabulary than we currently have for thinking about agency versus objectification.
Radiant Bodies, Dark Cities
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the skyscraper as an architectural and theoretical fulcrum through which to further investigate the relationship between the Black body and modern architectural innovation. Here we turn to Josephine Baker’s profound influence on the other highly prominent architect of the twentieth century: Le Corbusier. The chapter examines how ideas of Blackness and Black femininity haunt and inform Le Corbusier’s ideas of modern freedom, the making of the skyscraper, and his conceptualization of an ideal city. By exploring the intimacy enjoyed between Le Corbusier and Baker aboard a transatlantic cruise ship as well as Le Corbusier’s theoretical writings, this chapter shows how his ideas for urban renewal and public housing are indebted to his ideas of American Blackness, symbolized for him via the figure of Baker.
Ethical Looking
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

This chapter sums up and expands on the larger, ethical stakes of the book: how what we have learned throughout the book redefines how we approach agency and powerlessness at the intersection of power, shame, and exhibitionism. The fantasy of modern abstraction has revealed itself to be a passionate and fraught rehearsal of imagined corporeal embodiment, what we are calling the dream of a second skin. And racial legibility, instead of being anchored in questions of visibility, reveals itself to be indebted to issues of style and visuality. All of this has profound impact for understanding racial formation and its legislation, our ideas of freedom, the ethics of “looking,” and even how we configure our civil rights.
EU Citizenship Law
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh
Published: November 2023

EU Citizenship Law articulates, explains, and analyses the legal framework and legal developments that have shaped the status of Union citizenship and the rights that it confers on Member State nationals. It examines how the rights and responsibilities produced by Union citizenship relate to other rights conferred by EU law, and other objectives pursued by the European Union, to expose the distinctive meaning and scope—the added legal value—of Union citizenship. It is a novel and complex legal status, conferred by and aiming to foster attachment to the European Union as a supranational polity, but only through holding the nationality of one of its constituent Member States. It is concerned mainly, though not exclusively, with the transnational dimensions of the citizen’s life, yet enforced (or hindered) primarily through the actions and decisions of national authorities, within parameters set and supervised by the Union’s institutions. Since its formal conception in the Maastricht Treaty, Union citizenship has catalysed an extraordinary, and ongoing, legal experiment, the processes and implications of which are traced throughout this book. But the legal story examined here sits in deeper and wider economic, political, social, and emotional contexts. Because Union citizenship is also an idea: a vector of European integration, collective personhood, and multi-layered identities that reflects the paradoxically inclusive and exclusive qualities of citizenship as a status more generally. It challenges us to consider the worth and deepen the protection of the person, and to shape a European Union where principles and values really matter.
Introducing EU Citizenship Law
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 is organised around defining, distinguishing, and progressing EU citizenship law. Following a brief overview of relevant EU Treaty provisions and secondary legislation, the chapter outlines the relationship between Union citizenship and other sources of EU rights, examining, in particular, the ‘specific expression’ method normally used to determine which legal provisions apply in particular situations in EU law, which in turn defines the scope of coverage of this book. The chapter also introduces the respective contributions of the principal institutional actors involved in the construction and progression of EU citizenship law—the EU legislator and the Court of Justice as well as national authorities and national courts—and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Union Citizenship and the Host State
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 presents the framework established by Directive 2004/38 for the rights of Union citizens to enter, reside in, and remain in a host State. Reflecting Articles 20(2) and 21(1) TFEU, the right to move and reside is ‘subject to the limitations and conditions laid down in the Treaty and to the measures adopted to give it effect’ (recital 1 of the Directive). Similarly, entitlement to equal treatment in the host State is ‘subject to such specific provisions as are expressly provided for in the Treaty and secondary law’ (recital 20). The structure of the chapter follows the basic structure of the Directive, mapping the lifecycle of potential presence in a host State from entering it to residing and staying there. Rights for up to three months and for than three months are addressed by Articles 6 and 7 of the Directive respectively. The Directive also stipulates the administrative formalities that a host State can require to evidence a right to reside, both for Union citizens and for their family members who are not nationals of a Member State. Conditions that govern retention of the right to reside are scattered across different provisions of the Directive and they include rights that family members of Union citizens can retain ‘exclusively on a personal basis’ when the connection to the Union citizen from whom they derive their rights changes or has ended.
The Overall Framework on the Prohibition of Arbitrary Detention under International Law
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

This chapter first considers the extent to which international law engages with states’ justifications or motivations for detention. It then sets out the overall framework on the prohibition of arbitrary detention under international law, which although not typically concerned with why states detain nevertheless requires assessments of the legality, necessity, and proportionality of decisions regarding detention and the provision of procedural safeguards, and may thus indirectly shape and constrain states’ detention policies and practices. Finally, it outlines central critiques of international law’s application of this framework, which question whether detention constitutes an exceptional measure of last resort in practice. These critiques are then examined in greater depth in the thematic chapters that follow.
Fission and fusion
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins the section of the book that focuses on how candidate change relates to other dimensions of party change. Party change can be internal—occurring within parties, e.g. leadership changes, policy shifts, changes in popularity—or external, involving other parties through fission and fusion (F&F). This chapter analyses external change and finds that candidate background in parties that experienced F&F, as defined by existing data sets, is different from other parties. F&F comes in a wide variety of flavours and includes party mergers and splits as well as the making and breaking of electoral coalitions. The findings suggest that the repertoire of F&F should be broadened to include collective or prominent defections and complex interactions involving a mixture of fissions and fusions. Candidate data also prove to be very useful for identifying instances of F&F and disentangling complicated episodes in party system development. Furthermore, this chapter shows how candidate congruence data can be used to analyse fissionary and fusionary tendencies in party systems without even having to pinpoint particular instances of F&F
Programmatic change
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the relationship between candidate change and programmatic change. Party manifestos and programmatic positions are essential features of electoral competition and have been widely studied. Changes in party policy positions have previously been linked to leadership change and changing electoral fortunes, but not to the change among candidates. To measure policy change, this chapter uses two authoritative data sets with time-series data on party policy: the Manifesto Database (MARPOR) and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES). Previous studies have cautioned against the use of traditional ready-made aggregate indices such as left–right or GAL–TAN in Central and Eastern Europe and, therefore, this chapter proposes new measures accounting for changes in a wide range of policies. The results suggest a link between policy change (especially when considering Ü, an index based on MARPOR) and candidate turnover, which is corroborated by the finding that programmatic congruence tends to reflect candidate congruence after fission and fusion.
Structural Chemistry across the Periodic Table
Authors: CW Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu San , Wang Yingxia , Du Zhou Gong
Published: November 2023

This is a new book that is an expanded version of Part III of our previous book, Advanced Structural Inorganic Chemistry, published in 2008. The original part deals with main-group elements, the rare-earth elements, transition-metal clusters, and supramolecular systems. In this new book, selected material from significant advances in the past decade has been added, with particular emphasis on compounds that exemplify new types of bonds such as σ-hole, triel bond, tetrel bond, pnictogen bond, chalcogen bond, halogen bond, halogen∙∙∙halogen interaction, aerogen bond, as well as quintuple and sextuple metal–metal bonds. Other new topics include actinide compounds, metallophilicity, heterometallic macrocycles and cages, com- and dis-proportionation reactions, hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), halogen-bonded organic frameworks, halogen–halogen interactions in supramolecular frameworks, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The cut-off date for literature updating was set at the second half of 2021.
Why this book?
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

Mentalizing is the capacity to understand one’s own and other persons’ behaviour based upon underlying feelings, thoughts, and intentions and is crucial to successfully navigate the social world. We all mentalize, but there is a world to win by paying more attention to it. Being seen and feeling understood is an important necessity of life and partly determines how you feel about yourself and the world. This book brings together what we know about healthy development, attachment, security, resilience, trust, learning from others, and mentalizing, and is illustrated with recognizable examples. Based on knowledge from attachment and developmental theories, it provides insight into how to improve any relationship, whether it is professional or private.
The vulnerability of mentalizing
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

Mentalizing can be ineffective. Everyone regularly loses his or her ability to mentalize properly. In this chapter, we discuss three typical prementalizing modes. We show how to recognize them, and their impact on yourself and your relationships. In psychic equivalence mode, we are too sure that what we think and feel is true. The effect on the relationship is that there is an escalation and the arguments fall on deaf ears on both sides. In teleological mode, we can only assume or trust something when we see it or when there is tangible evidence. The effect on the relationship is that coercion and manipulation are experienced. In pretend mode we have too little contact with our feelings and needs. The effect on the relationship is that it is difficult to feel a connection, and as a result the other person will find it hard to listen and be supportive.
Epistemic trust
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we focus on the important role that mentalizing plays in our ability to learn from others. Or rather: epistemic trust, the trust in others that underlies one’s willingness to accept knowledge from others. Better learning is achieved when we strike a balance between epistemic trust and epistemic vigilance. In normal development, this is achieved thanks to the security we experience in contact, and thanks to parents who mentalize about us and help us mentalize about ourselves and others. The latter is necessary to separate good from less good intentions, to admit the right knowledge and to exclude unreliable knowledge.
Epistemic mistrust, naivety, and hypervigilance
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

In the vulnerable triangle of mentalizing, attachment, and social learning, different forms of child attachment insecurity can influence the development of epistemic trust. Avoidantly attached individuals will often close themselves off: epistemic mistrust. Anxious-ambivalently attached individuals often rely too heavily on one attachment figure and have developed too little autonomy, to suspend that trust when necessary. That makes them vulnerable to entanglement in dependent relationships. They are epistemically hypervigilant towards almost everyone, but epistemically naive towards that one attachment figure who knows how to reach them. Disorganized attached individuals are often deeply confused and isolated. They dare not trust themselves or others. These learning dispositions influence the contact they have with others. Often such people come across as quite rigid and closed, while securely attached people, with a healthy dose of epistemic trust and epistemic vigilance, are flexible in their thoughts and actions, and open to the other.
Tips and tricks to restore effective mentalizing
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss how to approach and connect with the other person, integrating all of the knowledge from the previous chapters on attachment, mentalizing, and epistemic trust. We present ten tips for restoring mentalization and to reconnect to the other, from which someone can once again experience epistemic trust. At the same time, the ten tips are not a cookbook or a set of skills that can be learned overnight. Effective mentalization is a basic attitude, and therefore the fifth tip is perhaps the most important. If we succeed in approaching each other with a basic mentalizing attitude, it will undoubtedly have a positive effect on the nature and quality of our interactions.
Vulnerabilities and resilience in adolescence
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss how changes in puberty can test vulnerable adolescents. This leads us to the recent concept of the p-factor as a measure of a person’s vulnerability to developing mental health problems. We link this vulnerability to attachment, mentalizing, and epistemic trust. Securely attached children who feel mentalized will themselves mentalize better and be more open to reliable information from others (epistemic trust), which will make them flexible and resilient. The chance that they will develop psychological problems is therefore smaller. Conversely, insecurely attached children will often mentalize less well about themselves and others and will be more epistemically distrustful or even hypervigilant. This can give rise to rigidity, so that they remain stuck in non-helpful patterns in emotions, thoughts, behaviour, and relationships. And that often makes them vulnerable to psychopathology.
Sectional Coherence as a New Paradigm
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers an account of a new notion of ‘sectional coherence’, which breaks fresh theoretical ground and is used in this book as a conceptual framework for discussion of a synergetic future for data protection and competition law. With this aim, it first relies on insights into the concept of coherence developed in the legal theory for defining sectional coherence, discusses its scope, and presents its normative strength. It then turns to EU constitutional law to investigate how it approaches and qualifies coherence as a legal principle. Putting in the spotlight Article 7 TFEU, it argues that this provision can provide the legal foundations for sectional coherence in the EU.
The Big Picture
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

In conclusion, this chapter presents a number of macro-level ramifications and related challenges that the process of transitioning towards sectional coherence between data protection and competition law can be expected to trigger. As achieving sectional coherence pivots on the readiness to re-examine data protection and competition legal concepts such as ‘risk’, ‘fairness’, ‘freedom’, ‘power’, or ‘harm’, conceptual implications are evident. Coherent enforcement of these two areas of law will also have practical repercussions: complementary or corresponding approaches to data protection harms in digital markets. As regards constitutional effects, this chapter calls for clarifying, formalizing, and enforcing the principle of coherence enshrined in EU constitutional law (art 7 TFEU). It also reflects on the institutional implications of the transition towards sectional coherence, furthering the idea of ‘cooperative enforcement’ and discussing the potential challenges it entails. Finally, the chapter discusses the extent to which this book’s insights can be replicated in other jurisdictions.
Gregorio and Gianesino
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1588 the Venetian bailo (resident ambassador) in Istanbul investigated a sexual scandal involving two young men who worked for him, his baker and a trainee dragoman (interpreter). Fifteen members of the household, and two Venetian merchants, were questioned individually. The dossier recording their answers is a very unusual document, offering perspectives generally absent from the trial documents on which so much study of early modern sodomy is based: it presents a description of a love affair, with an apparently sexual component, and shows that there was a range of attitudes towards it, from light-hearted tolerance to fierce disapproval. The bailo’s reaction also exhibits, significantly, a fear of news of such a sexual affair getting out into the surrounding population.
Western Mediterranean realities: men and boys
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Evidence of male–male sexual relations from the Christian societies of the Western Mediterranean matches quite closely that from the Ottoman ‘Levant’ and North Africa. Age-differentiation was fundamental, with adults (especially in their 20s or early 30s) as active partners, teenaged youths as passive, and a threshold age between them of 18–20. The most detailed evidence comes from Florence, Lucca, Venice, the Aragonese Crown lands in Spain, and Portugal. Cultural evidence shows, as in the Ottoman world, that adult male desire for attractive boys was generally viewed as normal, even though acting on it was seen as wrong; there was a strong taboo against adult–adult male sex, especially where the passive adult was concerned.
Theology and religion
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Influenced by the Sodom story in Genesis, and by Leviticus and the Epistle to the Romans, Christian theologians from an early stage treated sodomy as a grave sin. Its sinfulness was strengthened by an association with heresy, which developed in the 12th century. Sodomy was peccatum nefandum, the sin which should not be spoken of. Nevertheless, mediaeval theologians did speak of it, offering varying accounts of the category of ‘sins against nature’: these included male–male and female–female sex; non-vaginal male–female sex; masturbation; and bestiality. The first category (in practice, male–male only) was commonly called sodomy, but some writers used that as a generic term for all four. Later scholastic theologians such as Tommaso de Vio developed an approach based not just on physical acts but on the psychology of desire: this disproves the modern claim that sodomy was thought of as merely ‘acts-based’.
Law and punishment
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Until the Middle Ages, sodomy was dealt with mostly by the Church, which imposed penances. Secular legislation was introduced in the 12th century in Spain, and elsewhere by the early 14th century; the death penalty was commonly prescribed. Punishments could be milder for passive youths viewed as victims. On the Aragonese mainland and in Portugal, sodomy was dealt with mostly by the Inquisitions, which applied the death penalty less often, consigning many men to years of hard labour in the galleys. Theorists described sodomy as a crime of ‘mixed jurisdiction’; the Inquisitions were therefore required to apply the secular law, although they followed their own procedures. A papal bull requiring that clerical sodomites be handed over to the secular power for punishment was largely ignored in practice. There was some tension between the principle that sodomy was ‘unspeakable’ and the common practice of administering exemplary public punishments.
Northern Europe: literary works
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

In Northern European literature before 1700, representations of sodomy and expressions of male–male desire are extremely rare. English sermon-writers and moralists, castigating all manner of sins, seldom refer to it. A few satirical poets (Marston, Donne) allude to it briefly, imitating classical writers. The modern view that boy actors in the London theatres were commonly used for sex is highly questionable, as is the claim that the parts they played typically rendered them objects of homoerotic desire. Such desire was directly expressed by a very few English Renaissance poets (Marlowe, Barnfield). Later, English writers in a libertine tradition, which originated in France, produced a small amount of explicitly sodomitical verse (above all, Rochester). Some modern literary historians have confused matters by expanding the term ‘homoeroticism’ to include all kinds of male–male affectivity; by misunderstanding the early modern use of metaphor; or by reading arbitrary sexual meanings into non-sexual texts.
England after 1700
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

The established historical orthodoxy claims that whereas the Mediterranean pattern of age-differentiated sex and desire existed throughout Europe until 1700, a very different pattern of behaviour, resembling modern homosexuality, arose quite suddenly thereafter in Northern Europe. The evidence does not support this. In England, what changed decisively around 1700 was the growth of prosecutions, prompted by vigilante organizations called the ‘Societies for the Reformation of Manners’. The kinds of sexual behaviour that came to light, adult–adult or adult–boy, were mostly not new. One new development involved sodomites gathering to drink and have sex in ‘molly houses’; some effeminate behaviour, with cross-dressing, took place there, but its significance has been exaggerated and misinterpreted. This was a form of game-playing within the group, not the expression of a whole new identity in ordinary life.
Conclusion: from sodomy to homosexuality
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Foucault distinguished between the pre-modern sodomite, who committed certain acts, and the modern homosexual, who has a certain identity. Historians have moved the emergence of the latter back to 1700, while maintaining the distinction. It fits the Mediterranean pattern, but ignores various pre-1700 identities: passive adults, woman-hating ‘inveterate’ sodomites, etc. Such men existed in both South and North—untypically in the former (where historians have therefore downplayed them), typically in the latter (where historians, determined to find the Mediterranean pattern, have missed their significance). These were proto-homosexuals, long before 1700; there was no sudden ‘emergence’. What requires explanation is the Mediterranean pattern. Tentatively, two factors are proposed: continuity with the age-differentiated sexual behaviour of the ancient Mediterranean; and a difference in marriage patterns between Southern and Northern Europe, whereby young adult men in the former had much more limited opportunities for sex with women of their own age cohort.
Change in a Time of Civil War, 49–30 bce
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 investigates the evidence for the administration of Asia throughout the civil war period (49–31 bce). Casting the dictatorships of Caesar and emergence of the triumvirate as critical junctures in the institutional history of the Roman Empire, it explores the innovations in approach to provincial governance, paying particular attention to bilateral treaties, instructions from triumvirs, and regional coinage. It argues that the freedom afforded to both Caesar and the triumvirs, by virtue of their unassailable position at the head of the res publica, allowed them to innovate and experiment with different forms of institutional governance. Alongside this, the concentration of power in the hands of a few allowed provincial actors more certainty in requesting concessions and cultivating ongoing relationships with decision-makers.
Provincia Asiaand the Advent of the Principate, 30 bce–14 ce
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 explores the development of provincial administration in Asia under the principate of Augustus. After discussing the rapid changes visible in the presentation of Roman government in the Cyme dossier, it analyses the emergence of procurators as agents of the Princeps, changes in the organization of the provincial koinon, and the apparent centralization of coin striking to highlight the remarkable shifts in the aims of government in the province of Asia. Finally, it explores how the position of the Princeps radically altered practices of jurisdiction in the province. The chapter ends with a summary of the argument to date, emphasizing that the major catalyst for the shift from Roman hegemony to empire in Asia was the settlement of Sulla after the First Mithridatic War.
‘How Much a Man with the Blessing of God May Do’
Authors: Allpress Roshan
Published: November 2023

This chapter reconstructs the personal networks of John Thornton (1720–90), showing how religious, commercial, and family relationships overlapped and facilitated his philanthropy. As a leading Russia Company merchant, Evangelical patron, and philanthropic innovator, Thornton’s correspondence and collaborations offer a microcosm of how philanthropic networks cohered and operated from the 1750s to 1780s, and how the ‘philanthropist’ began to be constructed in the public mind. Thornton’s collaborations with John Newton, William Cowper, the Earl of Dartmouth, and others illustrates how Evangelical and mercantile contexts became fertile experiments in charity and philanthropy, and his wider family networks illustrate the intergenerational power of the emerging tradition.
‘The Cement of Society’
Authors: Allpress Roshan
Published: November 2023

As a community of intellectual collaborators, the Clapham Sect can be understood as a ‘school’ whose members were influential across diverse disciplines, drawing on a distinctive common set of ideas—centred on an understanding of the significance of ‘trust’ in society. This chapter shows commonalities between the intellectual contributions of Thomas Gisborne to moral philosophy, Thomas Babington to educational theory, James Stephen to abolitionist legal thought, William Wilberforce to political theory, and, most significantly, the contributions of Henry Thornton to political economy—particularly to the development of modern currency theory and the emergence of reserve banking. The shared ideas of this intellectual community were influential in the language and structures of growing philanthropic institutions as diverse as the Bible Society and the Asylum movement, and shaped the development of philanthropic arguments against slavery.
‘Every Region of the Globe Its Representative’
Authors: Allpress Roshan
Published: November 2023

From the late eighteenth century, British philanthropy was increasingly informed by transnational networks and projects, with initiatives frequently inspiring or being directly transplanted across diverse geographies that mapped to the social connections of philanthropists. This chapter traces the origins of this expansion—from early attempts to engage in imperial and mercantile contexts through the use of chaplains, through case studies in Bengal, Sierra Leone, and New Zealand. The interrelationship between these contexts illustrates how philanthropic networks created new geographical imaginaries, but also evolving understandings of the relationship between philanthropy and British national and imperial institutions, which shed light on the relationship between philanthropy at the metropolitan nexus and that at the periphery.