bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
الرقابه على دستورية المعاهدات الدولية دراسة مقارنة في الدساتير العربية
Authors: الشكري علي يوسف
Published: August 2022

يحتل موضوع الرقابة على دستورية المعاهدات الدولية أهمية بالغة كونه يتعلق بحماية الدستور وقدسيته امام التشريع الوطني والتشريع الدولي، فالرقابة تمثل سداً منيعاً أمام أي خرق لسيادة الدولة ومصالحها.فقد تبنّت الدساتير المقارنة اتجاهات متعددة في تنظيم هذا النوع من الرقابة، فمنها من اسندها الى السلطة التشريعية (التصديق)، ومنها من تركها للقضاء باعتباره السلطة المختصة بالفصل في المنازعات والحارس الامين على القانون وتطبيقه، ومن الدساتير من أسند هذه المهمة لهيئة مستقلة (المجلس الدستوري)، لكن المشكلة ان بعض الدساتير التي لم تسند مهمة الرقابة لا للقضاء ولا لهيئة مستقلة، بل ولا تحدد أصلاً القيمة القانونية بالنسبة للتشريع الداخلي (العادي – الدستور) واكتفت برقابة السلطة التشريعية.
السلطتان القضائية والتشريعية طبقا للدستور العراقي
Authors: نعمه احمد عبيس
Published: August 2022

يصاحب كل تغيير في نظام الحكم تغيرات دستورية واسعة بما يتلاءم والوضع الجديد للدولة والمجتمع، فالسلطتان القضائية والتشريعية تكون اول من يتعرض للتغيير والتطور بما يناسب مرحلتين مهمتين في تأريخ دولة العراق، مرحلة سقوط نظام البعث في العراق ومرحلة بناء الدولة ما بعد عام 2003م. فالبحث لم يكتف على ما كان عليه التنظيم القضائي العراقي السابق المرقم (160) لسنة 1977م، بل سيتعداه الى التغيير الكبير والحاسم الذي طرأ على السلطة القضائية من خلال اعادة العمل بمجلس القضاء الاعلى وانشاء المحكمة الاتحادية العليا.
فسخ العقد الاداري لاستحالة التنفيذ بسبب الظروف الطارئة
Authors: يعقوب سحر جبار
Published: August 2022

يُعرّف العقد الاداري بأنه تصرف قانوني صادر عن الادارة، لذا يشترط أن تتحد ارادة الادارة مع ارادة المتعاقد، وأن يستهدف العقد المبرم إلى إحداث أثر قانوني سواء أكان إنشاء التزام أم نقله أم تعديله. وبلاشك أن هدف الادارة من ابرام العقود الادارية هو المصلحة العامة التي تعلو على المصلحة الفردية للمتعاقد، لذا فهي تستهدف من العقود الادارية ضمان استمرارية أداء المرفق العام لخدماته لعموم المنتفعين، لذا فان البحث سيتعرض الى انهاء العقد الاداري بسبب القوة القاهرة، اذ ان الظرف الطارئ لا يؤدي الى انهاء العقد الاداري، وإنما جلّ ما يؤدي اليه هو جعل تنفيذ الالتزام مرهقاً، مما يؤدي الى قيام الادارة الى مشاركة المتعاقد في تحمل أعباء الخسارة.
الجريمة المعلوماتية وازمة الشرعية الجزائية
Authors: عبد النبي عادل يوسف
Published: August 2022

لما كانت جرائم الحاسبات الالكترونية او كما تسمى (جرائم المعلوماتية)، ظاهرة اجرامية حديثة النشأة لتعلقها بتكنولوجيا الحاسبات الآلية التي اكتنفها الغموض بالشكل الذي دعا الكثيرين الى القول بأن الجريمة المعلوماتية هي اشبه بالخرافة، وأنه لا يوجد أي تهديد حقيقي منبعه الحاسبات الالكترونية، وان كان هناك اشكال للسلوك غير المشروع التي ترتبط بالحاسبات الالكترونية، فهي جرائم عادية يمكن تطبيق النصوص الجزائية التقليدية بشأنها،غير ان تطبيق هذه النصوص التقليدية على هذه الانماط المستحدثة من الجرائم قد اسفر عن الكثير من المشكلات القانونية، فالبحث هنا يقدم رؤية معاصرة لمعالجة هذه المشكلة.
الاقرار في الاثبات الجزائي
Authors: فرمان عباس حكمت
Published: August 2022

يُعرّف الاقرار بأنه سيد الأدلة، ومن البديهي إن اقرار المتهم على نفسه في الغالب اقرب الى الصدق منه الى الكذب، أي أن احتمال صدقه مرجّح على كذبه، فهذه الثقة العظمى للاعتراف التي لا يأتيها الباطل ابداً لم يعد لها اليوم ذلك الاعتبار، فقد طرأت عدة عوامل زحزحت الاعتراف عن صرحه العتيد، منها ضعف التحقيق واتباع ضباط التحقيق وسائل غير مشروعة كالايذاء والتهديد واعطاء مواد مخدرة ومسكرة للمتهم للحصول على اعترافه.هذا البحث ينطلق من اهمية الاقرار في الاثبات الجنائي في انهاء الدعوى الجزائية من جهة وان يكون هذا الاقرار مطابقاً للحقيقة والواقع من جهة اخرى.
نحو نظام قانوني لمسؤولية الصحفي المدنية عن عرض صور ضحايا الجريمة
Authors: جبر جعفر كاظم , جبر نعيم كاظم , شويع محمد حسناوي
Published: August 2022

ان ضحايا الجرائم يتعرضون للأذى من جهتين، الجريمة نفسها من جهة، ومن وسائل الاعلام لصورهم أثناء وقوع الجريمة عليهم ونشرها علناً من جهة اخرى، فكان لابد من نظام قانوني لتحديد مسؤولية الصحفي عند نشره لتلك المعاناة والآهات التي ألمت بالضحية علناً، خصوصاً وان القوانين المقارنة قد نصت على تعويض عادل عن الاضرار التي تصيب الضحية بسبب الجريمة. ان البحث كان عبارة عن وسيلة لتحديد ذلك النظام القانوني في اطار القواعد التقليدية (فكرة الحياة الخاصة) او (فكرة الكرامة الانسانية).
Analisis Penerapan Metode Quantum Learning dalam Pembelajaran Fiqih di MTs DDI Seppong Majene
Authors: Said Supardi Muh.
Published: August 2022

Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan pelaksanaan penerapan metode quantum learning dalam pembelajaran fiqih MTs. DDI Seppong Kabupaten Majene. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu; Bagaimana proses penerapan metode quantum learning dalam pembelajaran fiqih di MTs. DDI Seppong.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan metode quantum learning dalam Pembelajaran MTs. DDI Seppong Kabupaten Majene. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif berlokasi di MTs. DDI Seppong Kabupaten Majene Sulawesi Barat. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan penomologi yang di dalamnya meliputi: teologis normatif, psikologi dan, sosiologi. Sumber data penelitian ini terdiri dari kepala madrasah, pendidik, peserta didik di MTs. DDI Sepong sebagai informan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara mendalam dan, dokumentasi.  Hasil belajar dengan penerapan metode quantum learning melalui langkah pembelajaran TANDUR dalam pembelajaran fiqih materi makanan dan minuman halal-haram, yaitu: (a) Hasil Belajar Kognitif: Pemahaman peserta didik terhadap materi yang diajarkan terlihat meningkat dimana keaktifan peserta didik mengajukan pendapat dan pertanyaan serta mengeluarkan komentar satu sama lain hal ini pola berpikir dan hasil belajar peserta didik meningkat. (b) Hasil belajar afektif: Konsep pembelajaran dengan metode quantum learning yang dilaksanakan pendidik dengan suasana belajar yang menyenangkan, pengaturan cahaya, pemutaran latar musik, dan penyusunan bangku belajar membuat serta mempengaruhi jiwa peserta didik sehingga hasilnya peserta didik memiliki sikap positif, antusias, bergembira, menyenangkan, dan keterbukaan terhadap satu sama lain serta percaya diri. (c) Hasil belajar psikomotorik: Suasana belajar yang menyenangkan dalam kelas membuat dan mendorong peserta didik terampil dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran dimana mereka berani terampil dalam berbicara, keberanian mengelola diskusi kelas, dan mengatur teman-teman dalam belajar kelompok
Testicular Metastasis of a Lung Cancer
Authors: Jabri H. , Cherkaoui R. , Boumehdi A. , Arfaoui H. , Elkhattabi W. , Afif H.
Published: August 2022

Testicular metastases are rare, accounting for about 1% of testicular cancers. Among the metastatic localizations of lung malignant tumors, the testis are seldomly encountered. In this work, we report a case of testicular metastasis of a lung adenocarcinoma in a 45-year-old patient. Our observation underlines the interest of a meticulous and complete clinical examination of the patients, in order to diagnose even rare secondary localizations.
Current Trends of Conservative Management of Blunt Abdominal Solid Organ Injury
Authors: O Faroque, M. , A Tuli, F. , K Bhuiyan, M. J. , T Talukdar, , M Sarwar, S. , A Hossain, M. , S Hossain, M. , K Karmakar, P.
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Bangladesh is one of the most densely inhabited countries in the world. Road traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of morbidity, and the incidence of blunt abdominal injuries is on the rise. Over the last several years, the treatment of blunt abdominal injury (BAI) has changed dramatically. Conservative or non-operative treatment (NOM) of liver, spleen, and kidney injuries has proven to be quite effective. Methods of study: A prospective observational study was done in Dhaka medical college with 50 consecutive patients included from January 2010 to June 2010. Results: Within the 50 consecutive patients 88% were male, and 64% were motor vehicular crashes. 26 patients (52%) had a liver injury; 5 (10%) had a renal injury; 7 (14%) had a splenic injury and 3 (6%) had a pancreatic injury; 9(18%), 2 patients (4%) had both liver and spleen injury, 3 patients (6%) had both spleen and kidney injury. 39 (78%) patients were managed successfully by a conservative approach. Compared with these patients who underwent non-operative management (NOM) initially, patients in the operative group had a higher injury severity score. (p < 0.001). Twenty-seven patients (high risk) were successfully treated without surgery. No serious complication was found on routine image follow-up. Conclusion: Conservative or non-operative management of blunt abdominal solid organ injury in hemodynamically stable patients is highly successful in many fields when compared with the operative group, including the outcomes of morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay.
Orbital Exenteration: Indications and Reconstruction Methods
Authors: Adil Dehhaze , Mouad Echmili , Hanae Tazi , Sara Tita , Otmane Taybi , Issam Diher , Nada-Imane Daghouri , Rim Laabaci
Published: August 2022

Orbital exenteration is a disfiguring surgery; its major indication is the treatment of extensive orbito-palpebral malignancies. The reconstruction of the residual cavity is a real challenge despite the different reconstruction techniques, especially on weakened terrain. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the clinical indications and reconstructive methods and outcomes with previously reported data. A retrospective study was conducted on five patients who underwent orbital exenteration surgery. Those cases were collected in the department of plastic, reconstructive and burns surgery at the Al kortobi Hospital in tangier (Morocco) between mars 2021 and June 2022. The main outcome measures were demographics surgery type, clear margins histologically, surgical complications and local recurrence. Five patients were included in this study, 3 men and 2 women with an average age of 75 years old (60 to 90 years old), mean follow up was 5 months. All patients presented with a tumor in the eyelid or periocular skin, diagnosis included basal cell carcinoma in three patients and squamous cell carcinoma in the other two. Total orbital exenteration was performed in all patients, the cavity was filled with a temporalis muscle flap in four cases and with a local flap (type LLL= dufourmental flap) in one case. Clear margins tumor was obtained in all cases and no complications or recurrence were seen so far. Adjuvant radiation therapy was conducted on three cases. Reflecting the literature on the subject, exenteration aims at local control of disease invading the orbit that is potentially fatal or relentlessly progressive. We have promoted reconstruction using the temporal muscle flap thanks to its advantages such as a single operative step thus reducing operative morbidity, good skin coverage, fast healing and fewer postoperative complications. In term of our study, orbital exenteration retains its place in orbito-palpebral cancer surgery, while the temporal .......
Manic Episode in an Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Gourani Ahmed , Akebour Khadija , Berghalout Mohammed , Adali Imane , Manoudi Fatiha
Published: August 2022

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease. Corticosteroids are its main treatment. This case report presents a manic episode after taking corticosteroids during the treatment of ADEM. A 23 years old woman,that presented two month ago an episode of 40°C fever, fatigue and headache. The radiology imaging concluded to an ADEM. After taking corticosteroid she presented a manic episode which needed decreasing in corticosteroids, and the introduction of Olanzapine and Lamotrigine with a good evolution.
Reconstruction of Regulations for Determining the Selling Value of Tax Objects to Increase Regional Original Income Based on the Value of Justice
Authors: Gunarto Gunarto , Yulianingsih Sri , Mashdurohatun Anis
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the weakness of the role of the Notary Official of Land Deed Maker in determining the Sales Value of Tax Objects to increase current regional original income and reconstructing the role of the Notary/PPAT in determining the Sales Value of Tax Objects to increase regional original income based on the value of justice. The approach method used in this research is socio-legal, namely by conducting joint research between law and non-doctrinal institutions that are empirical/social in examining the legal rules that apply in society. This research is descriptive-analytical. The results of this study shows that the Weaknesses in the regulation of the determination of the sale value of tax objects to increase the current local revenue. Based on article 6 paragraph (3) of the Law on Customs for the Acquisition of Land and Building Rights, therefore, the Reconstruction of the regulation on the determination of the Sales Value of Tax Objects to increase regional original income based on the value of justice, namely that the Regional Head in determining the amount of the sale value of the tax object is obliged to establish it as instructed by Law The Law on Regional Taxes and Levies and Regional Regulations truly reflects the actual value, which is the selling value of tax objects based on the value of justice and by changing several related articles including Article 24 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2000 concerning Amendments to Law Number 21 of 1997 concerning Customs on Acquisition of Land and Building Rights and Article 79 paragraph (3) of Law Number 28 of 2009 concerning Regional Taxes and Regional Levies.
Tuberculous Appendicitis – A Rare Case Report
Authors: M Dr. Natraj , M Dr. Adhiyaman , Parveen Dr. Nisha , Burma Dr. S P , S Dr. Vignesh
Published: August 2022

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis accounts for nearly 3 % of the total extra pulmonary cases. Tuberculous appendicitis is a rare type of gastro intestinal tuberculosis, seen only in 0.1 to 0.3% of cases. Here we present a tuberculous appendicitis case in a 20 year old female.
Paraneoplastic Hypoglycemia: A Case Report
Authors: Benkacem M. , Smouni M. , Lahbib H. , Rachidi S. Alaoui , Mrabet FZ El
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Paraneoplastic hypoglycemia unrelated to insulinoma is a rare cause of hypoglycemia and is due to paraneoplastic secretion of either IGFI, IGFII, or more rarely insulin Observation: We report a case of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia in a patient with metastases of an unknown primary. This is a 60-year-old patient admitted to the ward for recurrent hypoglycemia, the first of which was discovered following an apyretic coma. He has a history of hepatic and gluteal metastases from an undifferentiated carcinoma, the primary of which is unknown, followed in the oncology department and treated by chemotherapy. The biological assessment shows microcytic hypochromic anemia, hypoinsulinism <0.1mIU / l associated with a collapsed C peptide <0.15ng / ml (RV: 1.1- 4.4) with a concomitant glycemia of 21 mg/l. In view of the clinical context and the paraclinical explorations, the diagnosis of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia was retained after the elimination of the factitious origin and the insulinoma. The patient was put on diet, infusion of 5% glucose serum from which he was weaned after the introduction of prednisolone corticosteroid therapy: 60 mg per day with good tolerance and disappearance of hypoglycemia. Discussion/Conclusion: Paraneoplastic hypoglycemia is hypoglycemia most commonly caused by the overproduction of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and its precursors which can activate the insulin receptor. In general, large mesenchymal and epithelial tumors may be the cause. The diagnosis is confirmed by the discovery of an elevated IGF-2 / IGF-1 ratio. The basic treatment is surgical excision. Glucocorticoids are among the drugs that can be used in cases where surgery is not possible as a first line followed by other alternatives in case of failure.
Invasive Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Scalp
Authors: Eljebbouri Brahim , Allaoui Mohamed , Belhachmi Adil , Mostarchid Brahim El
Published: August 2022

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is an epithelial neoplasm arising from the malignant proliferation of keratinocytes and it is the second most common type of skin cancer behind basal cell carcinoma (BCC). SCC presents with a wide variety of clinical manifestations including erythematous patches and nodules although its most usual presentation includes indurated well demarcated ulcerative lesions. We present historical case of SCC of the scalp who made the extension and invasion the brain after eroding the vault.
The effect of target cost in enhancing competitive advantages
Authors: Ali M. H. , Obaid A.M.
Published: August 2022

The research aims to apply the target cost technology in one of the factories of the Rubberand Tire Industries Company, Babylon Tire Factory, where this technology is considered one of the mostimportant strategic cost management techniques, and its application leads to achieving the goal of theeconomic unit in reducing costs and increasing productivity, and to achieve this goal the researcher reliedon data Economic unit research sample through personal interviews and field visits for the purpose ofapplying TC technology. A set of conclusions was reached, the most important of which are: The targetcost technique is one of the important techniques whose work focuses on reducing costs during the lifecycle of the product, especially in the planning, research, development and design phase without affectingthe quality of product, this research helps in determining the competitive costs of products throughDetermining the target costs in the market and comparing them with the actual (current) costs andanalyzing the costs gap to reach the competitive costs. Important notes pay attention to the main successfactors, which represent cost, quality and time, Developing the economic unit in question or replacing itwith the machinery and equipment of the Babel Tire Factory in order to compete with the products ofother competing units by reducing costs.
The Approach of Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad in the book “The life of the Prophet in the light of Original Sources”
Authors: Bhat Tawseef Ahmad , Dr.Sami ullah Zubairi  , Khan Shabir Ahmad
Published: August 2022

The Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) had been an interesting and attractive topic for scholars and researchers from the beginning of this chapter and is still, as was in previous times. It is considered the authentic history of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) which reached to us and the reason for its authenticity is that Qur’an has described a number of events of the Prophet’s life in detail. Moreover, the authenticity of this piece of history is that it has been saved and protected by the companions of Prophets and transferred to the next generations, which is preserved in the form of Hadith. The Islamic scholars and historians have described and discussed the life of Prophet (S.A.W) while using different approaches. We have a number of Seerah Books in which the life of the prophet has been described comprehensively in detail. In this study the researchers have used the book "Al Seerah al  Nabwiah fi zo al Masadar al Asliah Darast al Tahliaha" and have discussed the approach and methodology of the Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad in the book.
Keywords: Seerah, Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, original sources, seerah approaches.
Leczenie otyłości. Dlaczego „silna wola” to za mało? Część II: Metody leczenia otyłości
Authors: Reimisz Patryk
Published: August 2022

Otyłość jest chorobą wieloczynnikową, trudną do leczenia, wiążącą się z silną stygmatyzacją społeczną. W przypadku wielu chorych zastosowanie tradycyjnego jadłospisu o obniżonej kaloryczności jest nieskuteczne albo skutkuje jedynie krótkotrwała utratą masy ciała. Skuteczność leczenia otyłości może być uzależniona od zastosowania właściwej strategii. Celem drugiej części artykułu jest przegląd współczesnych metod leczenia otyłości. Strategie leczenia otyłości dzieli się na zachowawcze i inwazyjne. Podstawą zachowawczego leczenia otyłości jest wymagająca systematycznej pracy modyfikacja stylu życia obejmująca zmianę sposobu żywienia i zwiększenie aktywności fizycznej. Jego skuteczność jest zależna od jakości wsparcia specjalistycznego. Leczenie zachowawcze może być uzupełnione o odpowiednie suplementy diety oraz środki farmakologiczne. Leczenie inwazyjne odnosi się głównie do zabiegów bariatrycznych. Jego zastosowanie jest zawsze poprzedzone wprowadzeniem strategii o charakterze zachowawczym.
The sixtieth anniversary of Prof. RNDr. Pavol Plesník, DrSc.
Authors: Seko Lucian
Published: August 2022

The paper brings a short biography of the jubilant who belongs to the men of high standing in the Czechoslovak geography. He is the head of the department of physical geography at the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of J. A. Comenius in Bratislava. He specializes in biogeography. In his scientific works he is mostly interested in the problem of the upper forest line, and in the theoretical-methodical problems of the phytogeography.
Solifluction forms on the western slope of the Kohoutovská vrchovina (Highland) near the town of Brno
Authors: Ivan Antonín
Published: August 2022

The author describes the periglacial phenomena discovered recently in the area under study, such as the nivation hollows, the protalus ramparts, and especially the solifluction forms (up to several hundreds of metres long, more than 100 m wide and up to 5 m thick in their front part), and the solifluction covers dating from the Young Würm. All areas rich in these phenomena favour landslides and soil creep, and therefore every anthropogenous interference requires great care.
Terraces on the Danube between Turnu Magurele and Calaraşi, and the development of valleys in the Quarternary
Authors: Popp Nicolae
Published: August 2022

The author describes the terraces formed on the Danube in the area under investigation. Downstream their number decreases from 4 to 2. They have developed predominantly on the left side of the river. Geological prospect holes revealed their thickness, their fluvial and fluviolacustrine origin, petrographical composition, and showed to what extent the Quarternary sediments have been affected by neotectonic movements. The river bed has been constantly shifting to the right with the exception of the area under Glurgiu. The development of the Danube valley has gone on quite independently of the development of the Rumanian lowland which became dry land after the retreat of a large Pleistocene lake.
The study of the landscape in the conception of V. B. Sočava
Authors: Kovář Pavel , Kirchner Karel
Published: August 2022

The authors try to explain to the readers the theory of the Soviet geobotanist, the Academician V. B. Sočava (1905-1978) of the geosystems, to show the possibilities of a cartographic expression of geosystems and their application in the ecology of the landscape.
Gugatan Terhadap Kepahlawanan Tuanku Imam Bonjol
Authors: Muslim Kori Lilie
Published: August 2022

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang riwayat Tuanku Imam Bonjol, bagaimana perjuangannya dalam perang padri dan seperti apa gugatan yang beliau hadapi. Tuanku Imam Bonjol yang biasa dipanggil Peto Syarif yang lahir pada tahun1772 di Alahan Panjang. Ia diberi gelar Malin Baso karena ia ditugaskan oleh Tuanku Nan Renceh untuk belajar perang. Pengaruh Tuanku Imam Bonjol dalam perang paderi di Tapanuli selatan. Penelitian ini juga penelitian sejarah yang memberikan penjelasan terhadap perilaku sosial dalam sejarah. Pendekatan itu mampu menjelaskan tentang perjuangan Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Perang ini menjadi simpang siur karena pada saatnya kaum Padri yang menang dan ada juga saatnya pihak Belanda yang menang. Ada saatnya Belanda menyerah ke kaum Padri dan Belanda meminta perundingan. Lalu kaum Padri meminta persyaratan dan disetujui oleh pihak Belanda. Namun hal itu hanya siasat Belanda, mereka melakukan penyerangan kembali ke kaum Padri. Tuanku Imam Bonjol terus mencari tempat persembunyian sampai pada akhirya ia menerima sebuah surat undangan dari Reciden Prancis. Namun Tuanku Imam Bonjol malah dibohongi yang ada ia dikepung oleh pihak Belanda yang akan siap ditangkap. Tuanku Imam Bonjol ditawan, mula-mula beliau dipenjarakan di Bukittinggi, namun karena ada rasa takut pihak Belanda memindahkan beliau ke Cianjur. Karena rasa takut yang dirasakan pemerintah Belanda dan akhirnya ia dipindahkan ke Manado pada tanggal 19 Januari 1839. Setelah menjadi tawanan Belanda selama 27 tahun, beliau wafat pada tanggal 8 November 1864 dalam usia 92 tahun. Beliau dimakamkan di Lutak atau Minahasa di Manado.
The Effect of Rifampicin on the Induction of MDR1/P-gp Activity in Proinflammatory Human Macrophages
Authors: Pavlova E. N. , Erokhina M. V. , Rybalkina E. Yu. , Potashnikova D. M. , Masyutin A. G. , Lepekha L. N. , Ergeshov A. E.
Published: August 2022

Background. The effect on the activity of the multidrug resistance protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1 gene) in pro-inflammatory (M1) human macrophages is considered one of the promising strategies for increasing the effectiveness of the treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: P-gp activity is considered a factor that reduces intracellular accumulation of rifampicin (RIF), a substrate for P-gp. The aim of this work was to reveal the effect of the therapeutic concentration of RIF on the activity of P-gp in M1 human macrophages. The objectives were as follows: to determine the expression levels of the MDR1 gene, P-gp protein, as well as its functional activity at different periods of cell differentiation and under the influence of RIF.

Material and methods. The following cell lines were used in the work: suspension cells of promonocytic leukemia THP-1 and THP-1 macrophages induced by phorbol ether according to the pro-inflammatory phenotype. Suspension cells of myeloid leukemia K562/IS-9 transfected with the MDR1 gene were used as a comparison group. An important factor is the choice of the experimental concentration of RIF: the average concentration of the drug in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was 10 µg/ml. The methods of RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry were used in the work.

Results and discussion. The induction of MDR1 gene expression in M1 macrophages under short-term exposure to a therapeutic concentration of RIF was revealed. This effect is typical only for THP-1 macrophages, in which a significant functional activity of P-gp is registered. This induction does not occur in the cells with no detectable P-gp activity (THP-1 suspension cells). This indicates the presence of different mechanisms of RIF influence on MDR1, which can be used to develop a strategy for P-gp inhibition in inflammatory macrophages.

Conclusion. Given the key role of macrophages in tuberculosis, further evaluation of MDR1/P-gp in the surgical material of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is necessary, which makes it possible to draw a conclusion that it is necessary to develop and apply drug strategies aimed at blocking the functional activity of P-gp and choosing more effective anti-tuberculosis therapy regimens.
Biapenem Activity Against Meropenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Gordina E. M. , Bozhkova S. A. , Shabanova V. V.
Published: August 2022

Currently, the diversity of resistant strains with a certain set of resistance mechanisms is growing, and the frequency of their distribution is increasing. One of the options for finding optimal ways to treat severe infections, including orthopedic infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is the use of new drugs with possible activity against resistant strains.The aim of the study is comparative evaluation of biapenem antibacterial activity against meropenem-resistant K.pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa.Materials and Methods. A total of 14 K.pneumoniae and 18 P.aeruginosa isolates were included in the study. The determination of sensitivity to biapenem and meropenem was carried out via determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for each microorganism by the method of serial dilutions in accordance with ISO 20776-1-2010. Carbapenemases genes (MBL:VIM-, IMP- and NDM-types; OXA-48; KPC) were detected by commercially available real-time PCR.Results. The highest MIC value of meropenem was registered in the carbapenemase-producing K.pneumoniae strain (NDM and OXA-48) and amounted to 512 mg/l, while the MIC value of biapenem in this isolate was 256 mg/l. The MIC50 of meropenem was determined to be 16 mg/l, while in case of biapenem it was 4 mg/l. MIC90 of meropenem against P.aeruginosa was 512 mg/l, of biapenem — 256 mg/l. Among all meropenem-resistant strains included in this study, 28.6% K.pneumoniae and 22.2% P.aeruginosa isolates showed sensitivity to biapenem, the rest were resistant to this drug or sensitive at increased exposure.Conclusion. Comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity against meropenem-resistant K.pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa showed that MIC50/90 of biapenem is several times lower than that of meropenem. Sensitivity to this drug was recorded in 25% of the studied isolates resistant to meropenem (4 — K.pneumoniae and 4 — P.aeruginosa), which increases the possibility of using this drug in the treatment of patients with orthopedic infections.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Betula Pendula (Silver Birch) Bark Against Uropathogenic Microorganisms
Authors: Chapurin Y. V. , Mbarga M. J. A. , Senyagin A. N. , Podoprigora I. V. , Manar Rehailia
Published: August 2022

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Betula pendula (silver birch) bark against various microorganisms causing urinary tract infections.

Material and methods. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of biologically active compounds from Betula pendula bark were tested against ten clinical uropathogenic strains (gram-positive bacteria — Kocuria rhizophila 1542, Staphylococcus simulans 5882, Enterococcus avium 1669, Enterococcus faecalis 5960, and Corynebacterium spp. 1638; gram-negative bacteria — Enterococcus cloacae, Morganella morganii 6392, Escherichia coli 1449, Seratia mansescens 6441, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans 4892). Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as reference standards for Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The sensitivity of the experimental strains to the antibiotic was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while the antibacterial activity of the obtained extracts was evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined via the serial dilution method.

Results. The bark of B.pendula contained 78.85% of dry matter. The volume yield of the aqueous (AE) and ethanol extract (EE) was 74.66% and 86.66% (v/v), respectively, while their mass yields were 6.59% and 10.65% (w/w). K.rizophilia 1542 and Corynebacterium spp. 1638 were the most resistant bacteria with a multidrug resistance index of 0.45. AE and EE were active against all microorganisms tested. MIC of AE ranged from 8 to 32 mg/ml, while MIC of EE ranged from 2 to 16 mg/ml.

Conclusion. An aqueous extract of Betula pendula bark exhibits weak antimicrobial activity, while the ethanol extract exhibits a more pronounced antimicrobial activity, but has a bacteriostatic effect.
Medical Rehabilitation of Elderly and Senior Patients with COVID-19-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Ivanova M. I. , Ivanov V. M. , Shcheglova Yu. M. , Kovalenko A. L. , Talikova E. V.
Published: August 2022

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of including remaxol in the medical rehabilitation of elderly and senior patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia and changes in liver enzyme activity.

Material and methods: 116 patients (56 men and 60 women) were examined. All patients underwent a complex of medical rehabilitation on an outpatient basis on the 10–12th day after discharge from the hospital and in the presence of 2 negative results of PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2, which included, in addition to the recommended measures (drug therapy and exercise therapy), vacuum labile massage according to the author's methodology and a course of hepatoprotective drugs. Depending on the latter, the patients were divided into two groups: I — the main group (n=60) — received remaxol in the drug treatment regimen: 400 ml, intravenously, drip, in a course of 10 days, II – comparison (n=56) — ademetionine: 400 ml, intravenously, drip, in 0.9% saline, in a course 10 days. Before rehabilitation and at its end, the following tests were carried out: Stange and Genchi tests; quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. Laboratory studies included determination of the following indicators levels: ALT, AST, their ratio, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, total and direct bilirubin, LDH, albumin and total protein levels.

Results. The inclusion of hepatoprotectors in the medical rehabilitation of the patients of this group contributes to a decrease in cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, which is more pronounced in patients who received remaxol: (a decrease in AST by 1.5 times (from 35.4±1.4 to 23.5±l), and ALT — by 1.8 times (from 38.7±1.3 to 21.5±0.4 IU/l), as well as normalization of bilirubin metabolism: a decrease of total bilirubin by 2.1 times (from 32.1± 0.6 to 14.8±0.9 µmol/l) and of direct — by 2.5 times (from 7.1±0.6 to 2.8±0.1 µmol/l). A pronounced increase in resistance to hypoxia was noted during the therapy with the drug (according to Stange and Genche), which contributed to an improvement in psychophysiological indicators of patients’ quality of life (according to the SF-36 questionnaire). The obtained results, along with the safety of the drug, allow us to recommend its use in patients with this pathology.
Post-COVID Syndrome in Children Residing in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Authors: Temmoeva L. A. , Alieva Z. M. , Kambachokova Z. A. , Temmoev N. M. , Kardanova D. A. , Khozhaeva D. S. , Deshev A. L. , Malkarova D. S. , Dzhabrailova M. Kh. , Sheriev A. T.
Published: August 2022

A study which included 97 children who had COVID-19 during the period from September 2021 to January 2022 was conducted. This article discusses the symptoms occurring after COVID-19 infection. The analysis of the results showed that the largest proportion among sick children was in patients with reduced cognitive functions, an increased level of neuroticism, depressed state and emotional instability. The most common comorbidities were the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
Aspects of the Safe Use of Antibacterial Drugs in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: the Implications of Drug-Drug Interactions
Authors: Taube A. A. , Romanov B. K. , Shubnikova E. V. , Alyautdin R. N. , Zhuravleva M. V. , Demidova O. A. , Demchenkova E. Yu.
Published: August 2022

Background. Drug-drug interactions can seriously affect the safety profile of a drug and are an important problem worldwide. Due to the aging of the population, the increasing frequency of polypharmacy, as well as the spread of self-medication, adverse events that are difficult to identify may occur. It is hard to establish a causal relationship between the administration of a certain drug and the occurrence of an adverse event; it may also lead to the conversion of the adverse event into an adverse drug reaction. The risk of drug-drug interactions increases with combination therapy, as a result of misuse of a drug (off-label use), as well as in the absence of full disclosure from physician and patient about potential drug-drug interactions.

One of the ways to detect an adverse reaction to a drug is a method of «spontaneous messages», when notification cards issued according to the regulated form are sent from subjects of drug circulation to the national centers for pharmacovigilance, then to the global database of the World Health Organization VigiBase.

The aim of the work was a comprehensive analysis of the content compliance of the information presented in the instructions for the medical use of antibacterial drugs on potential drug-drug interactions with validated signals from the WHO global VigiBase database.

Material and Methods. The study used information and analytical comparative non-quantitative, graphical, logical methods of analysis, as well as regression analysis. Objects of the study: instructions for medical use for international generic drugs ampicillin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin.

Results. The contents of the instructions for use concerning possible interactions of ampicillin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin upon administration with other drugs were studied. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of the obtained data on drug-drug interactions of antibiotics with other drugs was carried out with signals of drug-drug interactions were validated by VigiBase.

Conclusion. The study showed that a detailed description of the risks of potential drug-drug interactions in the instructions for medical use with the aim of informing doctors, patients, and caregivers helps to prevent the use of undesirable combinations, thereby reducing the risk of adverse reactions when drugs are used together. The study found that most of the identified information on the safe use of drugs was missing in the instructions for medical use.
Hemorrhagic Fevers: Antiviral Effects and Molecular Targets of Biologically Active Polysaccharides and Lectins from Marine Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Besednova N. N. , Zaporozhets T. S. , Andryukov B. G. , Ermakova S. P. , Kuznetsova T. A. , Kryzhanovsky S. P. , Shchelkanov M. Yu.
Published: August 2022

The search and creation of etiotropic drugs is one of the most important tasks of modern virology. This review examines the antiviral influence of certain natural substances (sulfated polysaccharides and lectins from marine hydrobionts) on the causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers. Such compounds can be used as an alternative to synthetic drugs due to their low toxicity, rare side effects, and the absence of virus resistance. In addition to a strong antiviral effect, polysaccharides and lectins possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antitoxic properties, which are important for the relief of numerous disorders caused by the pathogens of viral hemorrhagic fevers. The prospects of using these compounds as the basis for the creation of new drugs and biologically active food additives are considered in the final part of the review.
Vaccine Prophylaxis of Herpes Zoster In Rheumatic Diseases: Paradigm Revision and New Opportunities
Authors: Gridneva G. I. , Belov B. S. , Aronova E. S.
Published: August 2022

Background. The issues of vaccination against the herpesvirus infection are still important in rheumatological practice.

This infection often develops in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment, especially Janus kinase inhibitors (a class-specific adverse reaction) and genetically engineered biologics.

The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of the issue of vaccination against Herpes zoster (HZ).

Materials and Methods. 37 publications (4 domestic, 33 foreign) were analyzed, in which the mechanisms of pathogenesis

and clinical features of herpesvirus infection in patients with immunodeficiency, both with and without immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases (IIRD), the frequency and variety of post-vaccination reactions, complications and exacerbations of the course of IIRD were considered.

Results. There is currently a trend towards reassessment of the rheumatological community's opinion about HZ vaccination, including live vaccine. Literature data allow us to express optimism regarding the effective prevention of herpes zoster in patients who plan to take drugs, primarily from the group of Janus kinase inhibitors. The advantages of the adjuvant recombinant subunit vaccine (Shingrix®) include the possibility of its use against the background of treatment with antirheumatic drugs without significant restrictions, as well as no need to postpone the initiation of the necessary therapy.

Conclusions. Publications on the issues of HZ vaccination are few. It is necessary to conduct carefully controlled studies on the efficacy and safety of antiherpetic vaccines with an emphasis on the post-vaccination course of IIRD in patients with rheumatological profile, including in the Russian Federation.
Antibiotic Therapy of Brucellosis. Current State and Prospects for Improvement
Authors: Shchipeleva I. A. , Markovskaya E. I. , Kretenchuk О. F.
Published: August 2022

Human brucellosis is a particularly dangerous socially significant infection that still poses a serious threat to public health due to a wide range of clinical manifestations, severe course, and the development of serious complications of infection that may lead to disability, which, in turn, causes significant damage to the economy. Treatment issues remain debatable, since the pathogen's ability to cause intracellular parasitism complicates effective antibiotic therapy. The review presents the data on in vitro activity and effic acy when using tetracyclines, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, macrolides, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as monotherapy agents. The data on the effectiveness of the use of antibacterial drugs in various combinations, and the inclusion of immunomodulators in the treatment regimen are presented. Information concerning promising modern developments that facilitate better penetration of antibacterial drugs into phagocytic cells is considered. Some results of searching for sources of new means of antibacterial therapy of brucellosis are presented.
To the 80th Anniversary of Gramicidin C Сreation: From the Study of the Asymmetry of Bacterial Molecules to the Discovery of Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Andryukov B. G. , Besednova N. N. , Zaporozhets T. S.
Published: August 2022

In 1942, G. F. Gause and M. G. Brazhnikova created one of the first antibiotics in the Soviet Union — gramicidin C. In the same year, its successful use started in front-line hospitals in the treatment of complications of wound infections. Thanks to it, the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and officers were saved. Gramicidin C has passed the test of time, and today this antibiotic is effectively used in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as purulent wounds. In this regard, the 80th anniversary is a good reason to recall the history of the creation of this peptide antibiotic possessing bactericidal action based on the presence of the D-isomer of the amino acid phenylalanine in the producing bacteria. However, the study of ways to overcome the spreading antibiotic resistance in bacteria, as well as the search for alternative antimicrobial strategies are currently on the agenda. For this reason, it is appropriate to recall that the study of the molecular structure of gramicidin C gave impetus not only to the discovery of a whole family of cyclic peptide antibiotics, but also to the discovery of the ability of various organisms to nonribosomal synthesis of biologically active peptides containing D-amino acids with a pronounced antimicrobial effect. Their development is already a vital task today, and the use of peptides is considered a real and promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. Thus, gramicidin C, obtained at the dawn of the era of antibiotics, became a harbinger of the birth of a fundamentally new and promising antimicrobial strategy.
Dealing with Afghanistan after the US Withdrawal: Challenges and Options for Pakistan
Authors: Zahid Farhan
Published: August 2022

The withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan in July 2021 resulted in the fall of Kabul within a month and the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan. Since the Afghan Taliban are a reality to reckon with, hence, Pakistan needs to deal with the challenges amid this situation and calculate policy options for a sound relationship based upon mutual trust and security of the whole region. The situation after the fall of Kabul in August 2021 is still developing but one thing is clear this would enhance Pakistan’s difficulties. The need of the hour is to carefully examine the ground conditions and then take calibrated measures to secure Pakistan’s interests in the region. This essay studies and analyzes issues and current challenges for Pakistan and how to deal with the situation after the US withdrawal.
Performance Analysis of Bio-Energy Based Power Generation System in Nigeria Using Rice Husk Feedstock
Authors: Ogungbenro Oluwaseyi Akinyele , Okoro Israel Chidi , Ohuabunwa Augustine Ebere , Okwuelu Nnaemeka , Tagbo Peter
Published: August 2022

Bio-energy which is the energy resources derived from organic matter has contributed significantly to primary energy supply in most developed countries of the world. The extensive use of biomass for electricity generation started recently as a more efficient option of providing energy. To encourage investment in this area, detail analysis on the prospect of Biomass energy generation system in Nigeria context need to be carried out. In line with this, this study assesses the viability of setting up a Biomass Energy Plant in Nigeria using rice husk. It determine the availability of rice husk for the project and identify the economic advantage of using rice husk as a feedstock in generating electricity while evaluating the energy conversion technology adopted with consideration on its environmental impact. The proposed plant location is Abakiliki Rice Mill complex and Gasification technology was adopted for the bio conversion process. Data on the feedstock availability was collected by direct measurement of the resources at the various mill dump site in the Rice Mill Complex and analyzed using Python analytical and visualization tools (Numpy and Seaborn). The primary source of data for the analysis is data gotten from the field and Nigeria Energy Regulatory Council (NERC) while the secondary source of data is data from related work over the internet. The outcome of the study showed that the Rice Complex have the capacity to produce the quantity of rice husk required to generate 499,320KWh of electricity per year using Bio-Energy plant. Also, the mass of rice husk produced is significantly higher in the month of October, November and December due to the weather condition (dry season) and the high demand of rice as the result of the festivity (Christmas celebration). When the performance of the existing system and the proposed Bio-Energy plant was compared in terms of per Kilowatt cost of energy generation, it was observed that the new system outperformed the existing one. This is traceable to the good caloric value of rice husk and its availability in very large quantity at no cost. To determine the system’s sustainability, the financial feasibility of operating a Biomass plant in Nigeria was also carried out; levelised cost, simple payback period and return on investment (ROI) as important financial metrics were calculated using real data.
ENHANCEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH CUSTOMERS AS A MEANS OF PRESERVING SALES PERFORMANCE
Authors: Aulia Darlin
Published: August 2022

Customer relationship management, often known as CRM and referred to in some circles as just CRM, is a strategy that allows businesses the capacity to more effectively manage their customers' accounts as well as the interactions those customers have with the business. In order for a business's CRM strategy to be successful, the organization must put a high value on the quality of the customer experience.  Customers who have been loyal to a specific brand for a significant amount of time and have a high level of confidence in the company often move on to become brand advocates in other contexts. There is a chance that improvements to cross-selling, up-selling, and deep-selling might be of assistance to businesses in increasing the total lifetime worth of their clientele. Customers that consistently exhibit a commitment to the company are rewarded with a range of privileges. These might include exclusive access to sales and discounts, individualized customer support, and personalized promotions and specials. The charges that are associated to sustaining present customers are a substantial lot lower when compared to the expenditures that are involved with attracting new consumers to become clients of the business.