bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
German concerns: post-war revival and the role in economic recovery
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Slyvka Tetyana
Published: December 2022

The article is concerned with studying of the role of the role of big business in the post-war reconstruction of the German economy after the Second World War. The purpose of the article is to study the role of concerns in the post-war recovery of the German economy to extrapolate this experience in the development and implementation of the reconstruction plan of Ukraine. The main features of the German corporate sector in the post-war years are characterized based on the scientific analysis of historical and economic literature. As a result of the study, the largest concerns in traditional German industries were determined and the features of preserving the country's military-industrial potential were identified. The dual nature of the decartelization of German industry, which provided for the fight against monopoly and at the same time contributed to the preservation of large industrial enterprises, was determined. It is established that the rapid revival of industrial empires was made possible by a combination of skillful business management, favorable market conditions and the preservation of long-standing business connections from pre-war times. The importance of diversification of the activities of large enterprises in the post-war period in order to adapt to new conditions in the domestic and international markets is emphasized. The feature of German business such as family ties in family businesses which were important for post-war recovery is determined. The results of research are important for understanding the ways and methods of recovery of big business and the economy in general after the war, and also show that there are effective forms of combining the interests of the state, business and society, which ensured the rapid revival of Germany after the Second World War.
Stages and effects of Italy's economy development in the historical dimension
Authors:   Institute of Labour and Social Studies (Poland), Klimiuk Zbigniew , Petryshyn Halyna ,   Institute of Labour and Social Studies (Poland)
Published: December 2022

The article analyzes the stages of the economic development of Italy from the mid-nineteenth century to the world economic and financial crisis in period 2007–2009. The economy of Italy is an interesting example among developed capitalist countries. In the post-war years, Italy, starting from a low level, quickly became one of the industrial powers in the world. The 1950s and 1960s were a period of dynamic industrialization of this country, which resulted in the expansion of a number modern industries, especially chemical and machine industries. Italy was even considered an example of an «economic miracle». The main feature of this period was the rapid growth of gross (GNP) and net (PNN) national product, which was accompanied by a high investment rate, dynamic export growth, a significant reduction in unemployment and profound changes in the employment structure. Since the mid-1990s, their economy has been developing significantly slower than the EU average. In 2019, GDP (nominal) in this country amounted to 1,988 billion dollars, which allowed Italy to take eighth place in the world ranking of the largest economies and despite the crisis, the fourth economy in Europe (after Germany, Great Britain and France). The economic problem is significant unemployment (9.8% in 2020) and the country's internal debt amounting to 134.8% of GDP (in 2019). The interdependence of export-investment-economic growth was historically the driving mechanism of the economic development of Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the 1970s, or even slightly earlier, the period of dynamic development ended. The aforementioned driving mechanism of the economy has ceased to function.
Italian «economic miracle»: successful experience in managing post-war recovery
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Didkіvska Lesia
Published: December 2022

The research is based on the historical experience of rebuilding Italy’s economy, destroyed as a result of World War II. The purpose of the article is historical and economic assessment of the process of restoration of the Italian economy in the post-war period for extrapolation of this experience in the revival of the economy of Ukraine at the present stage. The study results in analysis of the main reforms, highlighting the peculiarities of the Italian government’s economic policy and revealing the consequences of internal and external efforts in economic recovery, as well as substantiation of prospects of the use of this historical experience in modern Ukraine. The article analyzes the specifics of the post-war revival of the Italian economy by the government of Christian Democrats, who introduced a policy of strict regulation of the monetary system, state intervention in industrial policy, promoted the development of innovative entrepreneurship, creation of high-tech industries. It was proved that the agrarian reform, which laid the foundations for the formation of efficient farm production, helped market reorientation of agriculture in general. Italian experience of leveling regional imbalances in economic development for national integrity and unity is useful for Ukraine. The correlation of external patronage influence and internal efforts in the rapid rise of the Italian economy, which was called «economic miracle», was revealed. It is justified to use the strategy of economic development of the post-war Italy in preparing programs of economic reconstruction of Ukraine destroyed by the aggressive war of Putin's russia.
Foreign trade policy as a tool of post-war reconstruction: from the experience of countries participating in the Marshall Plan
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Bodnarchuk Tetyana
Published: December 2022

The Russian-Ukrainian war is a serious test for the national economy and society, which requires a review of the institutional mechanisms for economic system development. Both in the active phase of the war and in the post-war reconstruction period, keeping the Ukrainian economy afloat and its gradual recovery is impossible without further integration into the international market and intensive economic cooperation, which actualizes the role of foreign trade policy. Because of this, it is necessary to refer to positive historical practice in identifying the most optimal measures and instruments of state influence in foreign economic relations. The purpose of the research is to justify the role of foreign trade policy as an instrument for the post-war reconstruction of the European economies included in the Marshall Plan. The theoretical basis of the conducted research is both the classical concepts of foreign trade interaction and the theory of new economic thought. The methodological basis is systemic, problem-logical, comparative, and statistical analyses. The features of the post-war economic development of the countries included in the Marshall Plan were revealed. It was determined the formation of high food, industrial, and technical dependence on imports, a low level of national production and exports, negative trade and payment balances, financial and currency destabilization, etc. It was revealed that direct government support for national production and foreign trade policy, implemented through customs and tariff concessions and non-tariff instruments (state purchases, subsidizing production and exports, currency devaluation, the system of bilateral trade agreements, etc.) played an important role in the post-war economic transformation of European countries. It is substantiated that the applied institutional levers of state influence led to gradual progressive changes in the structure of domestic production, which, in combination with a mutually beneficial system of integration and trade relations, contributed to the economic recovery of the countries included in the Marshall Plan and ensured the strengthening of their competitive positions on international markets as producers of industrial and technological products.
Winning the war for independence, building a developed economy and a welfare state: positive experience of Finland for Ukraine
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Kurbet Oleksandra
Published: December 2022

This paper aims to identify the features of Finland’s postwar development, which ensured the successful reconstruction and creation of a welfare state and to formulate recommendations for Ukraine’s postwar recovery on this basis. In order to realize the goal, the author consistently revealed the relevance and importance of the selected research issues and emphasized the importance of reviewing the historical and economic development of the Nordic countries in order to identify the mechanisms and tools of postwar reconstruction. Analyzing the Finnish experience is particularly important given: (1) the fact that Finland, in a short period, managed to make a leap and catch up with the leading countries in terms of economic indicators, even though among the Nordic countries, it was the last on the list of catch-ups; (2) indicators of success and economic development of modern Finland, in particular, entering the top rankings of competitiveness and human capital index; (3) similar historical context of Finland and Ukraine. A brief overview of the Finland–Russia relations history gives a deeper understanding of the reasons for the constant consideration of the USSR’s interests during the postwar period. It explains the commitment to the consensus policy, thanks to which Finland saved its independence, despite significant economic and territorial losses. Based on Finland’s historical experience analysis, the author formulated recommendations that can be implemented in the war economy and postwar reconstruction conditions. Emphasis is placed on the need to preserve, return and increase the human capital of Ukraine. The author concludes that Finland took place as an independent state thanks to institutions’ transparency too. In Ukrainian realities, this aspect can be of decisive importance in the issue of implementing postwar reconstruction programs.
Experience of post-war reconstruction and European integration of the republic of Croatia
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Gorin Nazar
Published: December 2022

The article summarizes the factors of the successful post-war recovery of the Republic of Croatia. The author characterizes the process of peaceful reintegration of territories and the role of international organizations in this process. There were identified models of reconstruction of the territories that were under occupation, which needed institutional and financial state support in the return of refugees and activation of entrepreneurship. The stages and features of reforming public administration and state institutions are highlighted. The reasons for the constitutional reform and the consequences of the implementation of the administrative-territorial reform in Croatia are revealed. The process of political democratization and liberalization of the economy is analyzed. The author also clarifies the characteristic features of the modernization of the law enforcement, judicial and anti-corruption systems, which became the key to the inflow of investments, economic growth, European and Euro-Atlantic integration. A governmental and parliamentary structure with appropriate powers was identified, which coordinated the country's European integration efforts. The author is arguing that the post-war recovery in Croatia manifested itself not only in the reconstruction of the infrastructure, but was also accompanied by a complex of institutional changes, which ultimately made it possible to significantly reduce the level of corruption, improve the quality of management decisions, and develop a strategy and priorities for the country's long-term development.
Establishment and development of foreign entrepreneurship in Ukraine: a retrospective view and significance for today (on the example of the city of Dunaivtsi at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century)
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Kudlasevych Olga , Gridina Aliona ,   Municipal institution of the Dunaivtsi city council "Museum of history and local lore"
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main development trends and the specifics of the formation of entrepreneurship on the example of the town of Dunaivtsi at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. A retrospective analysis of the formation of foreign entrepreneurship in Ukraine was conducted. On the basis of the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the systematic approach to the study of the processes of the evolution of the domestic economic environment, the importance of foreigners in the development of entrepreneurship during the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries was revealed. in the town of Dunaivtsi, Podilsk province. The needs of production development and modernization of the economy required significant investments. Due to the lack of large private capitals, the government attracted foreign investments, which is why there were many foreigners among the entrepreneurs. This gave impetus to the development of industry in the town of Dunaivtsi at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Representatives of foreign entrepreneurship played a positive role in the industrial transformation of the region's economy. The dominant factor in the development of entrepreneurship and the attraction of foreign specialists was the personal interest of the town's owners. Foreign entrepreneurs contributed to the inflow of capital, the attraction of the latest technologies, advanced management models, and the establishment of business relations with Western European partners. The activity of German colonists was of particular importance for the development of cloth production. Positive transformations were facilitated by legislative norms regulating business activities. The influence of foreigners on the change of the cultural landscape of the town and the formation of a modern social space is revealed. The role of foreign manufacturers in the formation of local chains of processing of local products and the development of foreign economic ties is revealed. The authors argued for the expediency of using historical experience taking into account the current state and problems of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's economy.
Professor Stepan Zlupko’s ecohomology researches in the context of forming a new paradigm for the sustainable development of Ukraine
Authors:   Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration, Verbova Oksana
Published: December 2022

It is updated the problem of necessity complex principles in relation to forming new paradigm sustainable development of Ukraine and the ecohomology principles by S. Zlupko to scientific rationale of balanced ecology-economics development are elucidated in the article. The aim of article – to ostend the theoretical and practical significance of the innovative ecohomology researches by Professor Stepan Zlupko as bases forming new paradigm sustainable development of Ukraine on the principles of humancentrism. It is revealed scientific principles ecohomology as the factor humanization of an anthropic consciousness and necessity its consideration of state ecology politics at the context of adaptation Ukrainians to the dangerous changes in the environment. It is discovered overriding scientific-practical meaning for civilization progress or Ukrainian state at the conditions of modern dangers national security which is justify of genetically-evolution paradigm development of Ukrainian by Stepan Zlupko. It is found out scientific value and practical significance of ecohomology principles genetic-evolution paradigm the regional politic at the context of stabilization interregional consolidation and unity Ukrainian state. It is justified expedience using ecohomology paradigm in making new financial mechanism development of the national entrepreneurship at the conditions of adaption factories to the realities of war. It is proved the necessity of consideration ecohomology aspects development of labour potential at the conditions modern threats of the national-culture identity Ukrainians. It is highlighted the authors vision using human-oriented ecohomology access to harmony development society in development new mechanisms regional management and local municipality. It is outlined processes restoration Ukraine after war at the bases of strategy European green course and the importance of consideration justified by Stepan Zlupko innovative ecohomology principles sustainable development as scientific bases of forming nooethic paradigm thought. It is suggested to rethink at the conditions of modern challenges and dangers of the Ukrainian identity significance of ecohomology researches by Professor Stepan Zlupko for postwar reconstruction and sustainable innovative development of Ukraine. It is justified conclusion that innovative ecohomology achievements of prominent scientist are lay the foundation forming new paradigm sustainable development at the principles of humancentrism in the modern Ukrainian realities.
Professor S.M. Zlupko’s scientific innovations and their impact on the development of modern economic concepts
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kvak Mariia
Published: December 2022

The aim of the article is a theoretical analysis of the formation of Professor S.M. Zlupko synergetic system of multifaceted areas of research that have contributed to the development of modern Ukrainian economic thought and its history. It is determined that S.M. Zlupko's thorough scientific works concerned the development of economy of Ukraine, the use of a cybernetic approach to clarifying employment and labor market problems, economic frankiana's, substantiation and creation of a new topical science - ecohomology, theoretical and applied aspects of regionology, economic culture and culture of national dignity through spirituality, moral and ethical values. The scientific methods of comparison, induction and deduction, historical and logical analysis in the process of writing the article are used. It is substantiated that the scientific work of Professor S.M. Zlupko, which remains still insufficiently studied and popularized, is a signpost to ensure the future revival and balanced development of the national economy of Ukraine. The main postulates of modern economic thought are identified, relating to: the study of quantitative and qualitative economic and social relationships based on the use of flexible models; identification of directions for solving the problems of sustainable development by creating a thrifty society; dependence of competitiveness and economic security of territories on completeness and reliability of information, knowledge, creativity of mankind. The coevolution of innovative directions of scientific researches of Professor S.M. Zlupko and the newest domestic and world economic concepts is analyzed. It is argued that the works of S.M. Zlupko form the worldview and economic culture of national dignity. The scientist's creative output is the scientific basis for the post-war revival and development of Ukraine's economy on the basis of national spiritual values, historically formed economic culture, civic responsibility and orientation to the future.
In vitro effect of bioscaffolds on viability and insulin‑producing function of human islets of Langerhans
Authors: Ponomareva A. S. , Baranova N. V. , Miloserdov I. A. , Sevastianov V. I.
Published: December 2022

The culture of islets of Langerhans with bioscaffolds – extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetics – can provide a native microenvironment suitable for islets. This is one of the main conditions for creating a pancreatic tissue equivalent.

Objective: to compare the secretory capacity of viable human pancreatic islets in monoculture (control group) and cultured in the presence of two bioscaffolds: biopolymer collagen-based hydrogel scaffold (experimental group 1) and tissue-specific scaffold from decellularized deceased donor pancreas (experimental group 2).

Materials and methods. Islets of Langerhans were isolated from the caudal pancreas using a collagenase technique. The viability of cultured islets was accessed by vital fluorescence staining, while secretory capacity was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results. Pancreatic islets cultured with bioscaffolds showed no signs of degradation and fragmentation, they remained viable throughout the entire period of observation (7 days). The monoculture of islets showed significant destructive changes during this period. Basal insulin levels in experimental groups 1 and 2 increased by 18.8% and 39.5% on day 1 of culture compared to the control group, by 72.8% and 102.7% on day 4 of incubation, and by 146.4% and 174.6% on day 7, respectively. The insulin secretion level of islets with tissue-specific scaffolds was 17.4% higher than that when cultured with biopolymer collagen-based scaffolds.

Conclusion. Biopolymer and tissue-specific ECM mimetics contribute not only to preservation of the viability of isolated islets of Langerhans but also maintain their insulin secretion capacity for 7 days at a higher level in comparison with monoculture. The experiments revealed that the use of a tissue-specific scaffold for the creation of a pancreatic tissue equivalent has slight potential advantage over biopolymer scaffold.
Predictors of hepatic steatosis in living liver donors
Authors: Minina M. G. , Voronov D. V. , Nevredimov A. A. , Tenchurina E. A.
Published: December 2022

Fatty liver disease (steatosis) is considered a risk factor in donor liver transplantation (LT). Macrosteatosis (>50%) is associated with primary graft dysfunction and may reduce long-term recipient survival.

Objective: to identify predictors of macrovesicular steatosis (>50%) by analyzing donor characteristics.

Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 525 potential liver donors between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020. Clinical and morphological characteristics of donors were studied using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Threshold values of parameters demonstrating statistical significance in multivariate analysis as predictors of >50% hepatic steatosis were obtained by ROC analysis based on calculation of the optimal cutoff point.

Results. Diabetes mellitus (DM), cause of donor’s death (traumatic brain injury), alanine transaminase (ALT) >90 units/L and aspartate transaminase (AST) >110 units/L were predictors of >50% steatosis, revealed by time-zero biopsy in the donor. Almost identical sensitivity and specificity indicators were determined in ROC analysis for liver enzymes – ALT and AST – which were 69.1 and 80.6; 72.2 and 81.1, respectively. Given the obtained values, we can say that with elevated levels of liver enzymes in the donor’s blood, there is a high degree of probability of liver parenchymal damage, but low sensitivity indicates possible multifactoriality of liver damage, and fatty liver disease may be one of the factors, but there may also be no damage to the liver parenchyma. At the same time, the rather high specificity revealed in ROC analysis for liver enzymes is a reliable sign of the absence of fatty liver disease at enzyme values less than the threshold.

Conclusion. The thresholds established for ALT and AST and their corresponding levels of sensitivity and specificity indicate that these parameters have a relatively low predictive level in the context of the presence of severe fatty liver disease in a donor. This allows, nevertheless, to use models built on their basis as screening models in the primary evaluation of liver donors.
Apoptotic bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells accelerate liver regeneration after extended resection
Authors: Onishchenko N. A. , Nikolskaya A. O. , Gonikova Z. Z. , Kirsanova L. A. , Shagidulin M. Yu. , Sevastianov V. I.
Published: December 2022

Objective: to compare the efficiency of regenerative processes in the liver using apoptotic bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMCs) and intact BMMCs from healthy animals on an extended liver resection (ELR) model.

Materials and methods. Male Wistar rats (n = 77) with an ELR model (70–75%) were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (control with a single intraperitoneal injection of saline), group 2 (single intraperitoneal injection of unsorted intact BMMCs at a dose of 30–35 × 106, and group 3 (single intraperitoneal injection of apoptotic BMMCs at the same dose). Restoration of biochemical parameters of liver function and mass, as well as the emerging microstructural changes in hepatocytes in histological preparations, were monitored by assessing hepatocyte mitotic activity (MA) during the first 7–10 days after ELR.

Results. It was found that in groups 2 and 3, as compared with group 1, there was no death after ELR modeling, and that the biochemical parameters of liver function normalized more rapidly (at days 10–14). Hepatocyte MA in group 3 sharply increased as early as on day 1, and mitotic index (MI) averaged 14‰, reaching 20.9‰ in some experiments; MI in the control group remained at the baseline by this time, while in group 2, MI was only 3.2‰. In group 3, liver mass recovered more rapidly after ELR to baseline values already at days 8–10, whereas the recovery was at day 12–14 and day 17–20 in group 2 and group 1, respectively. It was suggested that the more pronounced increase in the efficiency of regenerative processes in the liver after ELR in group 3 after using apoptotic BMMCs was due to the release from these cells of a large spectrum of formed paracrine factors, including various classes of RNA molecules involved in the regeneration process.

Conclusion. Apoptotic BMMNCs have a more effective adaptive and regulatory potential than intact BMMCs because reorganizations are rapidly formed in the damaged liver cells, providing an early and more powerful activation of the targeted regenerative program.
Training in biobanking in the context of modern medical education
Authors: Sokolova T. S. , Kamenskikh E. M. , Boguta D. V. , Bahareva Yu. O. , Fedorova O. S.
Published: December 2022

The development of biomedical research based on predictive, preventive and personalized medicine has served as a challenge to the formation and rapid development of a novel interdisciplinary scientific area  — biobanking, the main goal of which is the long-term proper storage of biological samples and related data for use in scientific and clinical research. Qualified personnel, along with the creation and development of biobank infrastructure, provide high-quality results required for biomedicine. Education and training must reflect the changing scope of knowledge and adapt to biobanking challenges. In this regard, there is an increasing need to develop and implement educational programs for staff working in and managing biobanks, as well as researchers, doctors and students who are not familiar with this area, but plan research using bioresources. The aim of this review is to present an analysis of the main biobanking directions and training programs in the world and in Russia in order to assess the existing problems and needs.
Biobank as a source of samples for determination of concentration reference ranges for cytokines, chemokines and growth factors circulating in the blood
Authors: Sushentseva N. N. , Popov O. S. , Apalko S. V. , Urazov S. P. , Anisenkova A. Yu. , Minochkin A. K. , Agafyina A. S. , Shcherbak S. G.
Published: December 2022

Aim. To determine the reference ranges of concentrations of 38 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, as well as to measure the content of these analytes in patients with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using biomaterial from the biobank repository.

Material and methods. The study included 303 serum and plasma samples from 281 healthy donors, 242 samples from 224 patients with neurodegenerative diseases, and 164 samples from 152 patients with CVDs from the biobank of the of St. Petersburg City Hospital № 40. In  all samples, the concentration of 38 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors was determined by multiplex immunofluorescence assay.

Results. Based on the measured concentrations in the group of healthy donors, non-parametric 95% reference ranges with 90% confidence intervals were calculated. For the majority of analytes, no sex and age differences were observed. In donors >65 years of age, the concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein-1-α was reduced and the levels of interleukin-8 and the chemokine interferon-inducible protein 10 were increased. Young donors (18-35 years) had lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α. In groups with neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, multiple deviations from the calculated reference values were found.

Conclusion. Certain reference intervals are intended to evaluate the concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors determined in blood serum or plasma using Human Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel 1 reagents (Merck, Millipore) on the MAGPIX system and do not imply a direct transfer to other analytical methods.
Bioresource collection of biosamples from pregnant women at different gestational ages for the search for early biomarkers of pregnancy complications and potential for its use in research
Authors: Pachulia O. V. , Illarionov R. A. , Vashukova E. S. , Maltseva A. R. , Postnikova T. B. , Nasykhova Yu. A. , Bespalova O. N. , Glotov A. S.
Published: December 2022

Aim. Clinical and anamnestic characterization of the bioresource collection of biosamples from pregnant women at different gestational ages.

Material and methods. Preparation of biosamples of various biomaterial types for long-term storage; static analysis of clinical and anamnestic characteristics of women whose samples are included in the collection.

Results. As of September 1, 2022, the collection consists of 16625 biosamples of various biomaterial types from 355 pregnant women. The clinical and anamnestic characteristics of women, samples of which are presented in the collection, are presented.

Conclusion. The resulting high-quality biosamples can be used in various basic and applied research to study both the physiological and pathological course of pregnancy. Particularly promising is the possibility of searching for the earliest biomarkers of gestational complications before the onset of obstetric complications. In this regard, it is important to have complete clinical and anamnestic data on biosamples of the collection in order to expand the possibilities of its use and improve the quality of ongoing research.
Risk management in biobanking
Authors: Borisova A. L. , Pokrovskaya M. S. , Meshkov A. N. , Kontsevaya A. V. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: December 2022

Risk management is a key aspect of the organization and management of biobanks, which is part of the overall quality management system aimed at early detection, analysis and minimization of events, that can lead to negative consequences for the biobank, as well as affect the quality of biosamples and related data. The article presents the biobanking risk classification with the description of each category.

Aim. To develop and implement the methodology for identification, analysis, evaluation and development of risk management measures for the biobanking process in the biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine.

Material and methods. We present the methodology of the risk management process developed on the basis of the literary data, world experience and experience of the biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine.

Results. The biobanking risk management procedure was developed and implemented in the biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine in 2020. The work carried out made it possible to identify, analyze and evaluate a wide range of potential negative events and actions that could lead to biobank damage, both in the form of financial losses and ethical and technical issues related to the biobanking process. A significant reduction in the frequency of emergency events and the high stability of the biobank operation under the influence of various external factors prove the effectiveness of the approach used.

Conclusion. The creation and maintenance of a risk management system in the biobank allows, in combination with other measures, to ensure the safety and high quality of the procedures for collecting, processing and long-term storage of biomaterial and related data by creating an environment that rules out or minimizes the impact of various risks.
Development of a biobank in the structure of scientific and diagnostic and treatment institutions and prospects for interregional integration
Authors: Kalinin R. S. , Goleva O. V. , Illarionov R. A. , Tsai V. V. , Mukomolova A. L. , Konstantinova Yu. E. , Markin I. V. , Krylov A. V. , Rogozina N. V. , Bekhtereva M. K. , Tyan M. S. , Orlova E. D. , Donnikov M. Yu. , Kovalenko L. V. , Kolbasin L. N. , Glotov A. S. , Glotov O. S.
Published: December 2022

The formation of biobanks in the structure of scientific and treatment and diagnostic institutions with prospects for interregional integration is a fundamental link in monitoring and predicting diseases of various origins, creating and testing highly effective diagnostics, and developing novel therapeutic agents.

Aim. To describe standard operating procedures and principles for the formation of bioresource collections (BRC) in medical institutions with biobanking.

Material and methods. The data of scientific and practical biomedical projects using BRC obtained from patients with genetic, multifactorial and infectious diseases in St. Petersburg and Surgut are presented. As of September 2022, the BRC collected on the basis of the Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency includes biosamples from 1619 patients, and the BRC collected in the Medical Institute of Surgut State University includes biosamples from 450 patients and healthy individuals of different sex and age. The selection of biosamples from apparently healthy individuals and patients with various diseases can serve as a strategically important resource for future research in terms of etiology, epidemiology, the development of regulatory environment and scales, innovations in the development of diagnostic approaches and treatment of the Russian population.
Approaches to automation of the preanalytical phase of large-scale research in the biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of Russia
Authors: Pokrovskaya M. S. , Borisova A. L. , Kondratskaya V. A. , Efimova I. A. , Ershova A. I. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: December 2022

Aim. To create and validate an algorithm for automatic aliquoting of serum and plasma samples for biobanking as part of a large-scale study.

Material and methods. Biobank of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine is equipped with a Tecan automated aliquoting system. When compiling the aliquoting program (script), the following parameters were selected: the time spent on spotting one complete cryobox, with a capacity of 96 cryotubes, the optimal number of vacutainers and tips for a single loading of the device. The program was created to receive 12 aliquots of 0,5 ml of blood serum, plasma with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and plasma with sodium citrate in cryotubes per 1 ml from eight participants in total from each in one cycle of device loading. Automatic and manual spotting was assessed in terms of the time spent on sample preparation and the quality of the aliquots obtained.

Results. A methodology for conducting the preanalytical phase of a  large-scale study based on the automation of biosample aliquoting has been developed and validated. We created scripts for aliquoting serum and blood plasma at the automated Tecan Freedom EVO system. An experiment conducted on biomaterial from 64 participants showed, that with an expected flow of 32 participants per day, it took more than 2 hours for manual aliquoting, and for automatic aliquoting (4 launches of the aliquot robot for 24 vacutainers from 8 participants) — less than 1,5 hours with the complete exclusion of human errors.

Conclusion. Automated aliquoting has a following number of advantages in comparison with manual: it allows to guarantee standardization and efficiency of sample preparation, reduce the time and increase the accuracy of aliquoting of biomaterial, save space in long-term storage freezers due to the use of smaller cryotubes. The developed algorithm for creating aliquoting programs and calculating the optimal use of consumables can be used in other projects.
Influence of long-term storage of blood serum samples in a biobank for population-based seroepidemiologic studies
Authors: Nozdracheva A. V. , Semenenko Т. A.
Published: December 2022

Aim. To assess the safety of IgG antibodies during long-term storage of blood serum samples using measles- and rubella-specific antibodies as an example.

Material and methods. The study used serum samples from the collection of the Department of Epidemiology of the Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiologya, which were tested for measles- or rubella-specific IgG antibodies immediately upon admission to the laboratory, were frozen and stored at -70оC (n=180). The samples were reexamined after 20 months (n=90) and 6 years (n=90).

Results. Reexamination after 20-month storage showed a decrease in the mean level of measles- and rubella-specific antibodies by 13,1% (from 0,36 (0,08-1,21) to 0,31 (0,02-1,2) IU/ml) and by 11,8% (from 151,4 (45-235) to 133,5 (72-198) IU/ml), respectively (p<0,05 for all). At the same time, the number of seronegative samples did not change. After a 6-year storage period, the mean level of measles-specific antibodies decreased by 33,8% (p<0,05) from 0,72 (0,4-1,79) to 0,34 (0,18-1,14) IU/ml and only two samples became seronegative. It was shown that the higher the IgG level in native samples, the more pronounced its decrease was during the second examination.

Conclusion. Storage of serum samples in a biobank for 20 months at -70оC ensures the safety of measles- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies, and is the basis for the reliability of future studies.
The concept of the national information platform of biobanks of the Russian Federation
Authors: Meshkov A. N. , Yartseva O. Yu. , Borisova A. L. , Pokrovskaya M. S. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: December 2022

Aim. To create the concept of the national information platform of biobanks of the Russian Federation (NIPB RF).

Material and methods. In April 2022, an expert group consisting of 17 representatives of Russian biobanks was formed in National Association of Biobanks and Biobanking Specialists to create the concept of the NIPB RF. An analysis of international practices in this area was carried out. To assess the infrastructure of Russian biobanks in terms of information support for stored biomaterial, experts formed a questionnaire consisting of several blocks of questions. The survey was conducted from April to June 2022 among representatives of Russian biobanks. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results of the survey.

Results. In total, representatives of 16 biobanks took part in the survey. The storage capacity of biobanks varies from 2000 to 800000 storage units. It is shown that the majority of biobanks (81%) use information systems for entering and storing related data. Biobanks use foreign and Russian software products (53 and 47%, respectively), while a  third develop their own information systems. We formulated the NIPB RF concept as an information system designed for consolidating, processing and using data on biosamples for the development of Russian biobanking and improving the efficiency and quality of research.

Conclusion. The creation of the NIPB RF will improve the interaction between biobanks and end users and will develop biomedicine in Russia.
Electronic medical records and biobanking
Authors: Kopylova O. V. , Ershova A. I. , Efimova I. A. , Blokhina A. V. , Limonova A. S. , Borisova A. L. , Pokrovskaya M. S. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: December 2022

Biosample preservation for future research is a fundamental component of translational medicine. At the same time, the value of stored biosamples is largely determined by the presence of related clinical data and other information. Electronic medical records are a unique source of a large amount of information received over a long period of time. In this regard, genetic and other types of data obtained from the biosample analysis can be associated with phenotypic and other types of information stored in electronic medical records, which pushes the boundaries in large-scale genetic research and improves healthcare. The aim of this review was to analyze the literature on the potential of combining electronic medical records and biobank databases in research and clinical practice.
How to interpret and use the results of epidemiological studies in healthcare practice. Methodological Rationale
Authors: Shalnova S. A. , Balanova Yu. A. , Vilkov V. G. , Zelenina A. A. , Evstifeeva S. E. , Imaeva A. E. , Kapustina A. V. , Karamnova N. S. , Kotova M. B. , Kutsenko V. A. , Maksimov S. A. , Muromtseva G. A. , Shvabskaya O. B. , Yarovaya E. B. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: December 2022

The methodological rationale contains a description of epidemiological research methods, provides an analysis of the key concepts of epidemiology (population, sample, risk factor (RF)), in the context of  prevention priorities, as well as describes each of the main RFs for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases. Emphasis is placed on behavioral and mediated biological RFs, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, poor nutrition (low consumption of vegetables and fruits), physical inactivity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and obesity, hyperglycemia and diabetes. The methodological rationale was created with the aim of popularizing epidemiological studies, expanding the scope of its use by clinicians, primary care physicians, specialists from medical prevention centers, providers of preventive measures, as well as decision makers in  the healthcare system. The sphere of the implementation of epidemiological data covers both the planning of preventive programs for the modification of risk factors in the population, and monitoring the effectiveness of preventive measures. These materials will also be useful in the development of a population, regional and municipal strategy for the prevention of NCDs and related RFs in Russia.
Küllî Aşkın Merkezinde Mecâzî A-şkın Simge Olması: Mevlânâ Örneği
Authors: AKTULGA GÜRBÜZ Sevda
Published: December 2022

Aşk tasavvuf edebiyatında ilâhi ve mecâzî olarak genişçe yer bulan bir kavramdır. Mevlânâ, aşkın farklı türevlerinden yola çıkarak mecâzî aşkı hakikî aşka vesile görmektedir. Mecâz, ilâhi sevginin aracı olduğundan Mecnun’da olduğu gibi ilâhi nur ve güzelliğe dönüşebilir. Dolayısıyla mecâz olarak zikredilen fani aşk; mâşûka ulaşınca gizemini kaybetse de hakiki aşka vasıtadır. Gönül kapısından aklı değerlendiren Mevlânâ için cüz’î akıl, aşkın sırları ve hakikatini açıklama hususunda yetersizdir. Gönüllerinde aşk derdi olanlar çeşitli arayışlarla hakîkate ulaşmaya çalışmaktadır. Mevlânâ, olgunlaşma merhalelerini açıklarken; çileyi olgunlaşma, cezbeyi yakınlaşma, muhabbeti ise kurtuluş kapısı olarak zikretmektedir. İlâhi sevgi hakîkat râyihası olmakla beraber insan bu kokuyu özellikle cüz’iyyatta arayıp durmaktadır. Bu arayış mâşukunda yok olan pervanenin ateşte yanarak ateş olması gibi vuslatı değil aşkın kendisini sevdirir. Mecâzî aşkın şehvet ve arzuların aracı olmasından öte yüksek değer ve gaye olduğunu ifade eden Mevlânâ, ilâhi aşkı beşeri aşkla iç içe betimlemektedir. Samimi ve mükemmel beşeri aşkla Hakk’a ermek ve ilâhi aşka ulaşmak, Bir’den başka bir şeyin görülmeyeceği kemâlattır. Mevlânâ’nın betimlemelerinde kemâle erdiren bu aşk tasavvuf edebiyatında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Allah’ın yarattığı güzellik kullarında tecelli etmektedir. Bundan dolayı Mevlânâ’nın “Aşk ister maddi varlıklara yönelik olsun, isterse ötekilerine, bil ki o seni O’na erdirecektir” sözü, âşığın Hakk’a ermesinin, mecâzî aşkın hakikatinin köprüsü olduğunun göstergesidir. Mevlana'ya göre aşk, ezelde olan ve ebediyette olacak olan bir metafiziksel bir tecrübe ve evrenin oluşumunu sağlayan tek hâldir. Ancak bu aşkın önündeki engel cüz’î aklın nefsin girdabına düşmesidir. Cüz’î akıl karışık ve taklitten ibaret olduğu için noksandır ve ilâhi aşkı anlamada problem teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, âşıkların çile dolu hayatlarında karşılaştıkları her zorluğa rağmen maşukta yok olup gitmelerinin süreç ve imkânını Mevlânâ anlayışı açısından değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Grammars for placeholders: The dynamic turn
Authors: Seraku Tohru
Published: December 2022

In verbal communication, when a speaker encounters a word-formulation problem (e.g. memory lapse), she may resort to several linguistic strategies, including the use of a placeholder (PH). A PH is a dummy item with which a speaker fills in the syntactic slot of a target form that she is unable or unwilling to produce. There is a growing body of work investigating PHs in a variety of languages, but the bulk of extant studies provide a descriptive and/or functional analysis and little attention has been paid to formal modelling. In the present article, we offer a wide range of PH examples in Japanese, French, and German, including new data on gender mismatches, and develop a formal account in Dynamic Syntax. We propose a general mechanism to process a PH time-linearly and show how it is implemented in the grammars of several languages. In this analysis, a PH-involving string is parsed incrementally, and a conceptual structure is built up progressively, during which a PH introduces a meta-variable, to be updated based on the parse of a target form on an unfixed node or a LINKed node. The account is further extended to various PH-involving dialogic phenomena in talk-in-interaction.
Is Glass Ceiling a Myth or Reality? A Systematic Review in Healthcare Sector
Authors:   Punjabi University, KAUR Navneet , MITTAL Ella ,   Punjabi University
Published: December 2022

As females are actively participating in every sector, the obstacles faced by them in their careers attracted the attention of researchers. The main purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature about the glass ceiling in the healthcare sector, published between the years 2000 to 2019, with no geographical limitations. Additionally, the barriers resulting from the glass ceiling were also explored. For this purpose, literature was searched from various databases, and grey literature was also used for the review. After applying all the steps of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 32 studies were evaluated for this paper. Results were obtained by mainly focusing on the existence of a glass ceiling in healthcare and the barriers/factors of the glass ceiling. The findings showed that although the number of females is increasing in the healthcare sector, there is still an underrepresentation of females in senior positions. The existence of a glass ceiling is the main reason for this. The main barriers to the glass ceiling in the healthcare sector that are obstructing the way of females are organizational, societal, and personal. There is a long way to go for females in the healthcare sector.