bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not just another portal, not just another digital library: A portrait of Europeana as an application program interface
Authors: Concordia Cesare , Gradmann Stefan , Siebinga Sjoerd
Published: April 2010

To the general public, Europeana is primarily perceived as a portal exposing a great amount of cultural heritage information. Even though this perception is not entirely misleading, the main goal of Europeana is rather to build an open services platform enabling users and cultural institutions to access and manage a large collection of surrogate objects representing digital and digitized content via an application program interface (API). The paper covers some details of the overall data space schema, of the API description and of the Europeana Portal implementation; it also discusses use cases and the mental approach that users, in particular cultural institutions, should adopt to completely exploit the potential of the Europeana services platform together with a discussion of related risks. The authors represent key players in the Europeana specification, development and implementation process currently under way.
The origins of factitious disorder
Authors: Kanaan Richard A.A. , Wessely Simon C.
Published: April 2010

Factitious disorder is the deliberate simulation of illness for the purpose of seeking the sick role. It is a 20th-century diagnosis, though the grounds for its introduction are uncertain. While previous authors have considered the social changes contributing to growth in the disorder, this article looks at some of the pressures on doctors that may have created the diagnostic need for a disorder between hysteria and malingering. The recent history of those disorders suggests that malingering would no longer be acceptable when applied to the potentially larger numbers involved in workers’ compensation or in mass conscription. Equally, the absolution given to hysteria on the basis of the Freudian subconscious would survive only as long as that model retained credibility. Growing egalitarianism and changing doctor—patient relationships in the 20th century would no longer tolerate a sharp division between culpable malingering and exculpated hysteria, which may previously have been made on grounds of class or gender. They would contribute to the need for a mediating diagnosis, such as factitious disorder.
Pulcinella, or the metaphysics of the nulla: in between politics and theatre
Authors: Horvath Agnes
Published: April 2010

This article argues that Pulcinella, a figure of classical Italian commedia dell’arte, could also be considered as emblematic for the reordering of politics in the early-modern and modern periods. By placing emphasis on the common underlying theatrical aspects of ‘representation’, it effectively connects the absolutist and democratic periods and helps us to understand why actors and acting came to play such a prominent role in contemporary politics, whether as politicians imitating actors, or as actors actually becoming politicians. The article also shows that this sublimation of theatre into politics is not even a contemporary phenomenon but can be traced back to the ancient mime, following the origins of Pulcinella, and the first crisis of democracy, in classical Athens, in the footsteps of Plato.
Classical realism, Freud and human nature in international relations
Authors: Schuett Robert
Published: April 2010

Classical realism is enjoying a renaissance in the study of international relations. It is well known that the analytical and normative international-political thought of early 20th-century classical realists is based on assumptions about human nature. Yet current knowledge of these assumptions remains limited. This article therefore revisits and examines the nature and intellectual roots of the human nature assumptions of three truly consequential classical realists. The analysis shows — similar to the causa Hans J. Morgenthau — that the human nature assumptions of George F. Kennan, Walter Lippmann and E. H. Carr are — to varying degrees — Freudian. Unless this hitherto neglected dimension is recognized, an understanding of their international-political thought and of the political philosophy of realism remains incomplete. Two conclusions are presented. First, current criticism of classical realism’s human nature assumptions is unjustified. Second, any (re-) engagement with classical realism must recognize its human nature baggage. Realist international-political theorizing is necessarily human nature-based international-political theorizing.
Origins and canons: medicine and the history of sociology
Authors: Collyer Fran
Published: April 2010

Differing accounts are conventionally given of the origins of medical sociology and its parent discipline of sociology. These distinct ‘histories’ are justified on the basis that the sociological founders were uninterested in medicine, mortality and disease. This article challenges these ‘constructions’ of the past, proposing the theorization of health not as a ‘late development of sociology’ but an integral part of its formation. Drawing on a selection of key sociological texts, it is argued that evidence of the founders’ sustained interest in the infirmities of the individual, of mortality, and in medicine, have been expunged from the historical record through processes of ‘canonization’ and ‘medicalization’.
More freedom of choice but less preference satisfaction in parametric situations
Authors: van Loo Hanna
Published: April 2010

Freedom of choice is often defended with reference to its positive influence on the satisfaction of preferences. The more choice options there are, the greater the level of utility one derives from choosing one of the options. Moreover, it is assumed that the satisfaction of preferences will not decrease if the size of the choice set increases, in particular in parametric situations. This paper opposes this conclusion by showing that choosing option a from a one-element choice set { a} may not be identical with choosing option a from a two-element choice set { a,b}. The character and the consequences of choosing option a may change considerably with the addition of another option b. Therefore, the level of utility derived from option a changes as well, possibly even in a negative way. Hence, an increase in freedom of choice may diminish one’s preference satisfaction, also in parametric situations.
Tipping and Service Quality: A Within-Subjects Analysis
Authors: Lynn Michael , Sturman Michael
Published: April 2010

Restaurant tips are supposed to be an incentive/reward for the delivery of good service. For tipping to serve this function, consumers must leave larger tips in response to better service. Numerous studies have found a relationship between evaluations of service and tip size, but these studies have involved between-subjects, correlational designs that mean the observed relationships could be due to extraversion, friendliness, generosity, or other stable dispositional differences between tippers that affect both service ratings and tip sizes. The current study attempts to rule out these alternative explanations by examining the tipping behavior of 51 people across multiple dining occasions. Results indicate that tip sizes are reliably correlated with service ratings after controlling for the identity of the tipper and, therefore, all potential stable dispositional difference confounds. The theoretical and practical implications of this finding are discussed.
Segmenting special interest visitors to a destination region based on the volume of their expenditures: an application to rail-trail users
Authors: Spencer Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Various general tourist markets have been successfully segmented based on the volume of tourists’ expenditures in destination areas. However, the approach has been rarely employed in more narrowly defined ‘special interest’ tourist markets. This study tested the viability of expenditure-based segmentation in the case of a special interest market comprised of visitors to a rail-trail in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. Nonresident visitors were classified as light, medium, and heavy spenders based on their total expenditures in the region. Although heavy spenders comprised only 33% of the Trail’s market, their spending accounted for 65% of the expenditures of the market as a whole. Compared to their counterparts, heavy spenders were more likely to have been mountain biking aficionados, to have had higher incomes, and to have had longer lengths of stay and greater involvement with recreation in the study region. Findings suggest how heavy spenders can be successfully reached, attracted, and served.
An investigation into key market segments for Aboriginal tourism in northern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Kutzner Diana , Wright Pamela A.
Published: April 2010

Aboriginal tourism is increasingly seen as a strategy for economic diversification by many Aboriginal communities. While demand for Aboriginal tourism experiences in North America has been demonstrated, little is known about visitor product preferences. This information is needed, however, by Aboriginal tourism business entrepreneurs and operators in order to manage for the long-term profitability of their businesses. Using a psychographic segmentation methodology, we surveyed visitors to northern British Columbia who expressed an interest in Aboriginal tourism to explore their interest in specific features of potential Aboriginal tourism products. Three distinct clusters were identified as the Culture Seekers, the Nature-Culture Observers and the Sightseers. The first two segments appear to hold the strongest potential for rural First Nation communities. In the end, which segment to target and which marketing channels to use will depend on each First Nation’s level of comfort in interacting with visitors and how much of their culture they are willing to share with tourists.
Lake Wellness — a practical example of a new service development (NSD) concept in tourism industries
Authors: Konu Henna , Tuohino Anja , Komppula Raija
Published: April 2010

Eastern Finland is an area that is rich in lakes, aquatic environments and pure nature. Unfortunately, this rich potential is scarcely utilized in well-being and wellness tourism product development. To answer this, the purpose of this article is to discuss if the experiential environment of the lakes and lake landscape can act as a potential resource for the core content of a ‘Lake Wellness’ experience product. This article introduces the well-being and wellness concepts in general, and further defines the Lake Wellness concept in a Finnish context. The main aim of the article is to present the product content and design of a new Lake Wellness experience.
Defining visitor satisfaction in the context of camping oriented nature-based tourism — the driving force of quality!
Authors: O'Neill Martin A. , Riscinto-Kozub Kristen A. , Van Hyfte Missy
Published: April 2010

Whether out of economic circumstance or a genuine desire to reconnect with nature, recent years have witnessed increased demand for nature-based forms of tourism activity. Alongside this interest in the outdoors has come a demand for quality servicing infrastructure to meet the very wide variety of needs, wants and expectations expressed and sought by today’s traveling public. This has presented a range of challenges to those in the nature-based tourism supply sector, not least those at the front line, whose role is now shifting from environmental stewardship and education to one of customer service agent. Against this background this paper seeks to address the issue of quality product/service provision in satisfying nature based tourists in the state of Alabama. A study of visitor perceptions in 23 state parks sought to evaluate visitor satisfaction with state park camping service provision and its role in driving visitors future behavior with respect to potential re-visitation and recommendation intention. Results attest to the psychometric performance of the research instrument, as well as pointing to the key drivers of both dependent variables. An exploratory factor analysis identifies four factors that are critical to the sample population in terms of explaining and predicting both satisfaction and behavioral intention.
Apocalypse not: a commentary on destination maturation models
Authors: Litvin Stephen W.
Published: April 2010

Tourism destination maturation models, patterned as they are after marketing’s Product Life Cycle, are inherently negative as they predict a ‘devil’s bargain’; with tourism success leading to tourism growth and undesirable change for the community. This commentary considers the implications of these models and suggests that with effective destination management and appropriate marketing that the inevitability of demise, as predicted by these models, can be averted.
A Study of Sources of Airborne Pollutants and Poor Hygiene in Schools
Authors: Alsmo Thomas , Holmberg Sture
Published: April 2010

Poor indoor air quality is a large problem in Swedish schools, since the health of occupants may be affected. Resources are consumed without identification of utility indicators and there is risk of problems, even after remedial measures have been taken. This can mean both unnecessary suffering for many people and considerable resources being wasted. The building itself is often in focus and other building-related problems may be neglected. The hypothesis of the present work is that other factors than the building itself have decisive influence on indoor air quality. An assessment of these nonbuilding-related reasons for bad indoor air quality has been made in the present study using particle measurements. Results show that it is possible to decrease emissions in indoor air by over 90% through identifying and eliminating activity-related sources of airborne contaminants.
Laboratory Tests to Compare Airborne Respirable Mass and Fibre Concentrations from Soil Samples from Libby, Montana
Authors: Jones A.D. , Apsley A. , Clark S. , Addison J. , Van Orden D.R. , Lee R.J.
Published: April 2010

Soil samples from sites around Libby, Montana, where tailings or waste from the vermiculite mine formerly operated by W.R. Grace & Co. were thought to have been deposited, have been tested. The tests examined airborne concentrations of fibre and respirable dust generated from the soils after drying and dispersion. Results showed that the concentration of all fibres, normalised to the mass concentration of respirable airborne dust, ranged from 0.01 fibres mL-1 per mg · m-3 to 6.8 fibres mL-1 per mg · m -3. The normalised asbestos fibre concentrations ranged from 0.00 to 1.41 asbestos fibres mL-1. The relative levels appeared to be consistent with the amount of fine fibre in the bulk soil samples. A synthetic soil sample tested under the same conditions gave results consistent with these and samples from previous work. The effect of moisture was examined with the synthetic soil and showed that 5% moisture substantially reduced dust and fibre emissions, and at 10% moisture content the dust and fibre emission was almost completely suppressed, reducing the airborne fibre levels by several orders of magnitude. The addition of 10% moisture to the Libby soil reduced airborne asbestos fibre concentrations to ∼4% of that from the dried dust. Finally, ambient airborne particulate dust concentrations in Libby are several orders of magnitude lower than the particulate (soil) dust levels observed in these tests. The data from these tests suggest that ambient air concentrations in Libby resulting from disturbance of soils will typically be more than 1000 times lower than those reported in this study.
Physiological Expression of Human Thermal Comfort to Indoor Operative Temperature in the Non-HVAC Environment
Authors: Baizhan Li  , Wenjie Li  , Hong Liu  , Runming Yao  , Meilan Tan  , Shenglan Jing  , Xiaolei Ma
Published: April 2010

A physiological experiment was carried out in a naturally ventilated, non-HVAC indoor environment of a spacious experimental room. More than 300 healthy university students volunteered for this study. The purpose of the study was to investigate the human physiological indicators which could be used to characterise the indoor operative temperature changes in a building and their impact on human thermal comfort based on the different climatic characteristics people would experience in Chongqing, China. The study found that sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) could objectively provide a good indicator for assessment of the human response to changes in indoor operative temperatures in a naturally ventilated situation. The results showed that with the changes in the indoor operative temperatures, the changing trend in the nerve conduction velocity was basically the same as that of the skin temperature at the sensory nerve measuring segment (Tskin(scv)). There was good coherent consistency among the factors: indoor operative temperature, SCV and Tskin(scv) in a certain indoor operative temperature range. Through self-adaptation and self-feedback regulation, the human physiological indicators would produce certain adaptive changes to deal with the changes in indoor operative temperature. The findings of this study should provide the baseline data to inform guidelines for the development of thermal environment-related standards that could contribute to efficient use of energy in buildings in China.
Glauconite formation in lacustrine/palaeosol sediments, Isle of Wight (Hampshire Basin), UK
Authors: Huggett J. M. , Cuadros J.
Published: April 2010

The clay mineralogy and chemistry of a green lacustrine marl that has been pedogenically modified in the upper part was investigated in order to better understand the formation of low-temperature Fe-rich 10 Å clay. Twelve samples in a vertical sequence have been investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser particle size analysis. The clay assemblage has a range of overall illite-smectite (I-S) compositions (64–100%) resulting from several I-S phases that, for the sake of modelling, have been simplified to one to three I-S phases of increasing illitic content. Where the lacustrine marl has been pedogenically modified, the smectite-rich I-S is much reduced in abundance or absent and the 10 Å -rich component is both more abundant and more illitic. These assemblages are a consequence of illitization of detrital I-S in the lake and soil, and dissolution of other clays (kaolinite and chlorite) in the hypersaline lake. Interlayer K, octahedral Fe and octahedral + interlayer Mg increase with intensity of illitization (increase range 0.32–0.63, 0.68–1.67, 0.18–0.24 per O10(OH)2, respectively), first in the increasingly saline lake, and latterly as a result of wetting and drying in a gley soil. In the soil environment, reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) resulted in increased layer charge but, as by this stage very few smectite interlayers remained, this did not result in an equivalent increase in illite. Laser particle-size analysis, supported by SEM observation, shows the existence of a bimodal distribution of clay particle size (maxima at 0.2 and 1.5–1.8 μm) in which the finer fraction increases largely in the pedogenically affected samples, probably due to particle break-up caused by seasonal wetting and drying. This ‘dual action’ illitization, first in a hypersaline lake and latterly through wetting and drying, may be responsible for both the intensity of illitization and exceptionally high (for the Solent Group) Fe content of the authigenic illite. The chemical characteristics of the illitic I-S and the illite end-member correspond to glauconite. Hence, this is an example of onshore, non-pelletal glauconite formation.
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance among black and white women
Authors: Landgren Ola , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Kyle Robert A. , Katzmann Jerry A. , Dispenzieri Angela , Cai Qiuyin , Goldin Lynn R. , Caporaso Neil E. , Fraumeni Joseph F. , Blot William J. , Signorello Lisa B.
Published: April 2010

Obesity and black race have been associated with excess risk of multiple myeloma. The association of obesity with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is unknown. Further, it is not known whether the increased risk of multiple myeloma and MGUS in blacks is related to socioeconomic status, genetic susceptibility, or both. We screened 1000 black and 996 white women (range, 40-79 years) of similar socioeconomic status for MGUS; the aim of the study was to assess MGUS risk in relation to obesity and race. A total of 39 (3.9%) blacks and 21 (2.1%) whites had MGUS. On multivariate analysis, obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; P = .04), black race (OR = 1.8; P = .04), and increasing age (> 55 vs < 43 years; OR = 2.5; P = .03) were independently associated with an excess risk of MGUS. Our findings support the hypothesis that obesity is etiologically linked to myelomagenesis. The 2-fold excess of MGUS among blacks compared with whites of similar socioeconomic status supports a role for susceptibility genes in MGUS.
Swapping Air, Trading Places
Authors: Stewart Mart A.
Published: April 2010

Most environmental issues and initiatives that emerged in the twentieth century were shaped by or against economies driven by capitalist markets, but no initiative has so explicitly been made into a market as recent efforts to address the problem of anthropogenic climate change. Amid the growing concern over global climate change and much finger pointing among environmentalists at the oil industry and global energy producers, the main solution to global warming has been pushed along by some of these same producers and business interests. Carbon trading had its origins in the 1970s and 1980s and received renewed attention in the 1990s. In the Kyoto Protocol a system for counting and trading carbon credits constituted an essential component, along with a more traditional approach of capping carbon emissions at certain levels. The Kyoto Protocol contained a template for the structure of an international market—and simultaneously made assumptions about carbon governance on an international scale. The lack of support from the United States for the Kyoto Protocol has meant that its approach has had limited success. Yet a market in carbon credits has developed among private companies in the United States and has formed part of the approach to carbon emission reduction by national and regional bodies elsewhere. Carbon trading schemes have sometimes reinforced international environmental governance schemes and sometimes subverted them; they have sometimes given nations of the Global North another means to exploit the Global South; and they have sometimes created opportunities for a climate change subaltern to leverage power against those nations who have dominated climate change policy.
Latex and Blood
Authors: Mitman Gregg , Erickson Paul
Published: April 2010

During the twentieth century the United States developed a unique kind of empire, one bound together less by military conquest and direct political administration than by the expansion of markets, corporate influence, and cultural exchange. The political and economic ties between the United States and the Republic of Liberia, cemented in the 1920s when the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company successfully established a major rubber plantation in the country, exemplify this new imperial relationship. Yet the transformation of Liberia into the United States' rubber empire depended on new tools of seeing and new forms of scientific and medical expertise. Through a focus on the Harvard African Expedition to Liberia in 1926, the motion-picture record it gathered, and the place of rubber as a precious commodity in the global economy, this article investigates the relationships among science, business, and the state in the economic transformation of nature and a nation.
Mercury's Web
Authors: Egan Michael
Published: April 2010

This essay examines the widespread mercury poisoning that afflicted Iraq in 1972 as an entry point into a broader discussion of boundaries and nations in global environmental history. After poor harvests, the Iraqi government invested heavily in Green Revolution “wonder wheat,” which they had coated in mercury-based fungicides to protect it in transit from Mexico to Iraq. After a series of unfortunate events, the wheat arrived late and peasants began feeding the tainted seed to their livestock and to their families, instigating a massive mercury epidemic. Rather than following the national story, however, this essay examines its causes in the global context, pointing to trade, agriculture, climate, and other environmental factors as features warranting investigation. This kind of approach—putting mercury at the middle of the narrative—offers historians the opportunity to revisit questions of national, transnational, postnational, and bioregional histories with new questions and perspectives.
Rural Electrification as a “Bioterritorial” Technology
Authors: Alatout Samer , Schelly Chelsea
Published: April 2010

This essay tells the history of rural electrification during the New Deal in the United States as a technology of government. In this sense, it argues that rural electrification (the technologies that made it possible, the institutional apparatuses established for its management, and the discursive practices deployed in its actualization) helped construct, maintain, and solidify emerging notions of the “rural”—understood here as a specific territory-population nexus. The essay argues that even though this new conception of the rural had been in the making since the early years of the twentieth century, rural electrification became a technology of the New Deal regime inasmuch as it helped give the rural a conceptual rigor that turned it into a governable object. In the process, rural electrification (1) differentiated the concept of the rural from other concurrent, often interchangeable concepts like “country folks,” “farmers,” and “frontier dwellers,” and (2) constructed and articulated together technical apparatuses of electricity, an old/new category of rural space, and an old/new category of rural population. More specifically, rural electrification produced the rural population-territory nexus as a legible object of government.
World Environmental History
Authors: Marks Robert B.
Published: April 2010

Environmental and world history emerged and established themselves as innovative subfields of history over the past thirty years, each making important contributions to historians' understanding of historical processes. Recently, several important books have begun to explore the ways in which a combined “world environmental history” might contribute to our understanding of the past. By having the entire world as the unit of analysis, and the mutual interaction of humans with the nature world as the problematic, this emerging body of work suggests new ways of periodizing the past, calling into question, among other topics, general schemes developed by nineteenth-century European social theorists, explanations for the emergence of the modern world, capitalism, and industry, and the development and exercise of state power.
Theoretical Analysis of Phase Diagrams and Mixing Heats of Systems of Ketone/1-Alcohol
Authors: Seki Takuma , Nakajima Ryo , Naoki Motosuke
Published: April 2010

Theoretical treatment of phase diagrams and mixing heats based on hydrogen-bond configuration has been expanded to hydrogen-bonded solutions containing molecules with proton acceptors but without proton donors. The crystal–liquid phase diagrams and the mixing heats of systems of ketone/1-alcohol were reproduced by the theory. Parameters determined from fitting enabled us to estimate the ratio of the number of acceptors associated with donors in the total number of acceptors and the relative contribution of association between molecules of different kinds.
Noncovalent Assembly of TEMPO Radicals Pair-wise Embedded on a DNA Duplex
Authors: Atsumi Hiroshi , Maekawa Kensuke , Nakazawa Shigeaki , Shiomi Daisuke , Sato Kazunobu , Kitagawa Masahiro , Takui Takeji , Nakatani Kazuhiko
Published: April 2010

We have synthesized and characterized a new G–G mismatch binding ligand containing a TEMPO radical. The two mismatch binding ligands cooperatively bound to the CGG/CGG triad and an apparent binding constant was in the order of 105 M−1. The tumbling of the ligand on a DNA duplex was ten times slower than that of the unbound ligand. Asymmetric addressability of two TEMPO radicals on DNA is shown.
Rhodium-catalyzed Dehydroborylation of Styrenes with Naphthalene-1,8-diaminatoborane [(dan)BH]: New Synthesis of Masked β-Borylstyrenes as New Phenylene–Vinylene Cross-coupling Modules
Authors: Iwadate Noriyuki , Suginome Michinori
Published: April 2010

Styrene derivatives underwent dehydroborylation with naphthalene-1,8-diaminatoborane [(dan)BH] in the presence of a cationic rhodium complex, giving β-borylstyrene derivatives in good yields. Thus prepared β-borylstyrenes bearing a chlorine or B(pin) group on their aromatic rings were utilized for the synthesis of highly conjugated molecules through stepwise cross-coupling, taking advantage of the dan group as an effective protective group for a boronyl group.
The graphic novel as metafiction
Authors: Atkinson Paul
Published: April 2010

This article takes as its object of analysis the graphic novel adaptation of Paul Auster's novel City of Glass (1985) by Paul Karasik and David Mazzucchelli (2004). The adaptation serves as the ground upon which to analyse the differences between novels and graphic novels with
respect to how they employ metafictional devices.

Metafiction involves the use of strategies, in most cases peculiar to the medium, which force the reader to reflect on the fictionality of the text and, consequently, the nature of writing. One of the main targets of such strategies is the
reader's perception of the unity of the narrative voice and its role in establishing a coherent ontology. One of the strengths of Auster's novel is its capacity to establish and then subvert the narrative voice through a series of unexplained ontological shifts in the plot and repeated contraventions
of the rules separating the author, character and narrator. The reader is continually seduced into thinking that the precision of the narration will lead to a coherent account of the relationship between the various plot strands, but this assumption is repeatedly challenged, as is the reliability
of the authorial voice. Karasik and Mazzucchelli endeavour to reproduce the ontological uncertainty of Auster's text but they are presented with a difficulty that arises from the duality of narration in the graphic novel, as each thought, description and passage of dialogue is accompanied
by a sequence of images. The structure of the graphic novel is such that the verbal narrative is always incorporated into the spatial field, which, I will argue, is accorded ontological priority. The visual narration includes details that are not present in Auster's novel, and this sometimes
confirms or supports a particular narrative thread that remains only a latent possibility in the novel. At the same time, the visual narration is imbued with a consistency not found in the shifting narrative voice of the novel.

The article will draw on theorists working within the various
sub-disciplines (Philippe Marion (1993), Thierry Groensteen (2007) and Brian McHale (1987)). The theory of metafiction is used to develop some of the questions concerning adaptation and to explore further the role that the image plays in delineating the comic book's fictional world.
Reviews
Authors: Venezia Tony
Published: April 2010

Underground Classics: The Transformation of Comics into Comix, edited by James Danky and Denis Kitchen; introduction by Jay Lynch; essays by James Danky and Dennis Kitchen; Patrick Rosenkranz; Trina Robbins; Paul Buhle (2009) New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 143 pp., 978
0 8109 0598 6, Hardback, 14.99
Reviews
Authors: Gray Maggie
Published: April 2010

Alan Moore: Comics as Performance, Fiction as Scalpel, Annalisa Di Liddo (2009) Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 211 pp., ISBN 9781604732139, Paperback, 21.99
Reviews
Authors: Beaty Bart
Published: April 2010

The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture, Randy Duncan and Matthew J. Smith (2009) First Edition, New York and London: Continuum International Publishing, 346 pp., 082642936X, Paperback, $24.95
The winding, pot-holed road of comic art scholarship
Authors: Lent John A
Published: April 2010

Comic art scholarship has finally gotten a foothold in the academy, after decades of individual and short-term efforts. A number of reasons can be ventured for this hesitancy to study comic art, including academic snobbery and protection of disciplinary turfs, and lack of grants, organized
research collections, and other resources.

Those who pioneered comic art scholarship were often fans, collectors, aficionados, and cartoonists, who researched from their personal collections. A substantial amount of the early research in the 1960s and 1970s was done in France, Italy, Spain,
Germany, Sweden, England, Japan, and, to a lesser extent, China and the United States. A few individuals also recorded the histories of Australian and Canadian comic books. The stories of these pioneering efforts are full of interesting anecdotes.

More organized academic research has resulted
since the 1990s. Reasons for this were that the academy could not continue to ignore popular culture (and comics) because of its importance; comics were reinvented as a more sophisticated medium; a theoretical framework evolved, and graduate students felt safer embarking on the writing of
dissertations based on comic art.
The shape of comic book reading
Authors: Lewis A. David
Published: April 2010

In most comics, the art and the text the visual and the verbal channels seem to be telling the same story. But, to be technical narratologically, it is actually the same fabula, not the same story which requires uniform perspective. That is, both art and text present events
from the same general plot but not necessarily at the same time, in the same order, or from the same viewpoint. The captions may be disclosing a character's inner monologue, for instance, while the panels show that character leaping to safety. Or, as a reverse example, word balloons could
be vocalizing a fight between two off-panel parents while the panel focalizes on a tearful child trying to sleep. It is the dreadfully boring and narrow comic that has the visual and verbal reflect exactly the same thing in each and every panel. There would be no point and, ultimately, no
reason for doing this narrative in comic form. Since the visual and the verbal narratives may be telling different parts of the same fabula simultaneously, it stands to reason that there may also be two different narrators for a given panel as well. This distinction becomes particularly
important when it is taken advantage of by a savvy creator (e.g., Art Spiegelman in MAUS, Alan Moore in Watchmen, Chris Ware in ACME Novelty Library) to create an intentional schism between the two narratives; that is, the visual and verbal narratives may actually be spinning
different yarns. This narrative polyphony, though not unique to comics, affects the hermeneutic model for the medium to such a degree that a revised tetrahedral hybrid of Wolfgang Iser, J. Espen Aarseth, and Scott McCloud's theories bears implementation.
Principle-Based Stakeholder Marketing: Insights from Private Triple-Bottom-Line Firms
Authors: Mish Jenny , Scammon Debra L.
Published: April 2010

To expand scholarly understanding of stakeholder marketing, the authors report data from a study that explores the practices of private firms founded with a commitment to triple-bottom-line achievement. The findings suggest that these firms develop and offer value propositions based on the inherent interconnectedness of all stakeholders in the marketplace, particularly recognizing opportunities to improve conditions for the “weakest-link” stakeholders and the legitimacy of their practices in the eyes of an extended set of stakeholders. The authors offer a model of principle-based stakeholder marketing in which moral principles and organizational culture support marketing behaviors that offer value propositions for stakeholders rather than to stakeholders. This requires not only organizationwide but also channelwide intelligence gathering, dissemination, and responsiveness and entails unique marketing-mix practices. The authors discuss the challenges that large public firms face in attempting to practice this model and avenues by which such firms can address those challenges. The authors suggest ways that public policy can encourage more firms to adopt principle-based stakeholder marketing. Finally, the authors identify future research needs.
Community Action Research
Authors: Ozanne Julie L. , Anderson Laurel
Published: April 2010

Community action research is an alternative research method that uses the community as the unit of analysis. This approach forges research alliances with relevant stakeholders in the community to explore and develop solutions to local problems. The authors explain this broad research approach and explore the principles that guide this methodology. In particular, the focus of this article is on the complexities and dilemmas of conducting community action research. The authors use the findings from a field study to illustrate these issues.
Are There Differences between Consumers’ and Marketers’ Privacy Expectations? A Segment- and Technology-Level Analysis
Authors: Milne George R. , Bahl Shalini
Published: April 2010

Despite previous examinations of business actions, consumer reactions, and regulatory efforts, there has been no direct comparison of consumer and marketer expectations for establishing and respecting privacy boundaries. This study directly compares consumer segments’ and marketers’ expectations for privacy boundaries that regulate marketers’ access to consumers and their information. Using data from a national online survey, the authors compare three consumer segments’ preferences regarding the boundaries for the use of eight information technologies (cookies, biometrics, loyalty cards, radio frequency identification, text messaging, pop-up advertisements, telemarketing, and spam) with survey results of marketing managers and database vendors for the same set of questions. The results identify consumer segments and technologies for which consumer expectations differ from marketers and, thus, for which more regulatory and public policy attention and research scholarship is needed.
From Market Orientation to Stakeholder Orientation
Authors: Ferrell O.C. , Gonzalez-Padron Tracy L. , Hult G. Tomas M. , Maignan Isabelle
Published: April 2010

Drawing on the marketing orientation and stakeholder literature streams, the authors define the concepts of market orientation (MO) and stakeholder orientation (SO) to explore their potential contribution to marketing. They discuss the potential contribution of each construct along with the similarities and differences that could be significant for marketing strategy. The MO construct focuses on customers and competitors and indirectly on other stakeholder groups. The SO construct does not designate any stakeholder group as more important than another, and the prioritization of stakeholders may change depending on the issue. As such, SO is more contingency based and is a function of contextual aspects surrounding the organization. The SO and MO constructs are not mutually exclusive; there is some overlap between them. The authors suggest further research to explore the most appropriate construct for firms to consider.
Stakeholder Marketing 2.0
Authors: Chakravorti Bhaskar
Published: April 2010

As more companies pursue “open innovation” and adopt social networking and Web 2.0 tools, there is an emerging opportunity for them to connect with a diverse body of stakeholders and incorporate their interests and ideas. However, this also introduces many new challenges. The author identifies key properties that such networking mechanisms must satisfy if they are to succeed. He introduces a simple framework based on two dimensions of choices for designing such mechanisms: how the stakeholders are motivated to participate and how the company uses their inputs and makes decisions. For any choice, there are trade-offs to be considered. The author concludes by identifying the design that is most likely to succeed in fundamentally advancing the state-of-the-art of stakeholder marketing. Examples of many pioneering companies, such as Starbucks, Dell, Staples, Muji, and several others, are included in the discussion to illustrate the key propositions presented.
Estudo caso-controle com resposta multinomial: uma proposta de análise
Authors: Mafra Ana Carolina Cintra Nunes , Nucci Luciana Bertoldi , Cordeiro Ricardo , Stephan Celso
Published: April 2010

Este estudo revisa alguns artigos com delineamento do tipo caso-controle em que se tem os casos classificados em dois ou mais tipos. A aplicação de modelos para respostas multinomiais e a adequabilidade destes aos estudos caso-controle é discutida. Dentre os ajustes possíveis, argumenta-se que o modelo logístico Politômico é o mais indicado para a obtenção de medidas epidemiológicas de risco e associação neste tipo de delineamento. Como ilustração, apresenta-se uma aplicação desse modelo em um estudo caso-controle de base populacional, comparando os resultados com aqueles obtidos em um ajuste logístico binomial. A abordagem multinomial possibilita investigar, em uma única análise, a ocorrência de associações entre co-variáveis e uma ou algumas das classes de casos estudados, abrindo a possibilidade, de grande interesse epidemiológico, de identificação de fatores de risco e de proteção individualizados para cada subgrupo de interesse.
Aquisição de açúcar e perfil de macronutrientes na cesta de alimentos adquirida pelas famílias brasileiras (2002-2003)
Authors: Levy Renata Bertazzi , Claro Rafael Moreira , Monteiro Carlos Augusto
Published: April 2010

Avaliou-se a influência exercida pela aquisição de calorias de açúcar sobre a participação calórica dos demais macronutrientes da dieta. As estimativas deste estudo são baseadas em dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares realizada no Brasil pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística entre julho de 2002 e junho de 2003. Modelos de regressão linear múltiplos foram utilizados para estudar a influência das calorias de açúcar sobre a participação calórica de cada um dos macronutrientes na aquisição domiciliar de alimentos com o controle do valor calórico total da aquisição de alimentos e variáveis sócio-demográficas. Cada caloria adquirida de açúcar eleva em 0,3 caloria a participação de gorduras na aquisição domiciliar de alimentos e diminui em 0,07 a participação de proteínas. Cada caloria de açúcar procedente de alimentos processados aumenta em 1,6 caloria a participação de gorduras e em 0,4 caloria de ácidos graxos saturados e diminui em 0,8 caloria a participação de outros carboidratos que não o açúcar. Os resultados encontrados trazem novas evidências sobre o papel prejudicial do açúcar à saúde humana.
Working conditions and musculoskeletal pain among Brazilian pottery workers
Authors: Melzer Adriana Cristina de Souza , Iguti Aparecida Mari
Published: April 2010

In the municipality of Pedreira in São Paulo State, Brazil, a large number of workers from the ceramic industry have left their jobs because of work related musculoskeletal disorders. The objectives of this study were to describe the work conditions pertaining to the ceramic industry, to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and to identify the associations between symptoms and organizational, biomechanical, psychosocial and individual variables. Nine ceramic manufacturers participated. The activities of 18 individuals were analyzed through direct observation. All workers answered a questionnaire about work and health (n = 235). The results found that the general working conditions in the pottery manufacturers were poor. A 38.5% prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was found. Repetition, tool use, lack of control over decisions, worries regarding work demands, relationship issues, work dissatisfaction and the wish to move on to another function were all associated with pain. We concluded that musculoskeletal pain is one of the outcomes of elevated human requirements resulting from working conditions and organization in the ceramic industry.
Adaptação transcultural: tradução e validação de conteúdo para o idioma português do modelo da Tripartite Influence Scale de insatisfação corporal
Authors: Conti Maria Aparecida , Scagliusi Fernanda , Queiroz Gisele Kawamura de Oliveira , Hearst Norman , Cordás Táki Athanássios
Published: April 2010

O objetivo do estudo foi traduzir e adaptar o instrumento Tripartite Influence Scale para o idioma português e avaliar sua validade de conteúdo e consistência interna. Envolveu seis etapas: (1) tradução; (2) re-tradução; (3) revisão técnica e avaliação semântica; (4) validação de conteúdo por profissionais da área - juízes; (5) avaliação do instrumento por uma amostra da população alvo, por meio da avaliação do grau de compreensão e (6) análise da consistência interna pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. As 43 questões foram traduzidas e adaptadas para o idioma português. A versão final constou de 39 itens apresentando validação de conteúdo para os três construtos (mídia, família e amigos), clareza e fácil compreensão e boa concordância - valores do coeficiente de Cronbach superiores 0,80. O instrumento encontra-se traduzido e adaptado para o idioma português demonstrando bons resultados no processo de validação de conteúdo, compreensão verbal e consistência interna. São necessárias análises de validade externa, equivalência de mensuração e reprodutibilidade.
Time trends and predictors of mortality from ill-defined causes in old age: 9 year folllow-up of the Bambuí cohort study (Brazil)
Authors: Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , Matos Divane Leite , Laurenti Ruy , Mello-Jorge Maria Helena Prado de , Cesar Cibele Comini
Published: April 2010

The study objective was to examine differentials in time trends and predictors of deaths assigned to symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions in comparison with other ill-defined conditions (ill-defined cardiovascular diseases, cancer and injury) in a population-based cohort study. Of 1,606 baseline participants aged 60 years and over, 524 died during 9-year follow-up and were included in this study. Deaths coded to "symptoms" declined by 77% in the period from 1997-1999 to 2003-2005. Deaths coded to other ill-defined conditions remained unchanged. The calendar period 2003-2005 (RR = 0.25; 95%CI: 0.09-0.70) and in-hospital deaths (RR = 0.16; 95%CI: 0.08-0.34) were independently associated with "symptoms", but not with other ill-defined conditions. Baseline socio-demographic characteristics and chronic diseases were not predictors of these outcomes. International and national agencies have focused on the reduction of deaths assigned to "symptoms" to improve the registration of vital statistics, while other ill-defined conditions have received little attention. Our data provide evidence supporting the need to redress this situation.