bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alpha olefin sulfonates from a commercial SO3‐Air reactor
Authors: Marquis D. M. , Sharman S. H. , House R. , Sweeney W. A.
Published: June 2007

Alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) can be made by SO3‐air sulfonation of straight chain alpha olefins followed by saponification of the neutralized product. The sulfonation step forms unsaturated sulfonic acids, sultones and sultone sulfonic acids. Hydrolysis of the various sultones yields a mixture of unsaturated and hydroxy sulfonates. Sulfonation of commercial mixtures of straight chain alpha olefins in a large‐scale SO3 falling film unit has given AOS of 1.5舑3.0% oil based on active content and tristimulus color of about 40% saturation (2% solution) which is readily bleachable with 1舑3% NaOCl to about 10舑15% saturation.

Performance of AOS made from C15蜢C18 alpha olefin is comparable to that of the high‐foaming C11蜢C14 LAS in both detergency and dishwashing foam. It is superior to similar products made from internal straight chain olefins. The product shows a low order of toxicity and biodegrad‐ability slightly better than that of LAS. A C15蜢C16 AOS blend is especially attractive in liquid detergent formulations.
The energetics of surfactant adsorption at the air‐water interface
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: June 2007

The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes (खG, खH, and खS, respectively) for the adsorption at the air‐water interface of a commercial ethylene oxide (EO) adduct of straight chain nonylphenol from monomer solution at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) have been calculated from surface tension‐concentration data at 21C舑45C using the Gibbs equation, the standard free energy change equation खG=蜢RT (In interfacial monomer concentration/CMC), and the Gibbs‐Helmholtz equation which gave खH directly from the slope of the (खG/T) vs (1/T) function. The CMC and surface tension at the CMC (ेCMC) decreased, and 蜢खG and molecular area increased slightly, with increasing temperature. The खH and खS values were positive, and appear explainable by the postulations applied to micellization. At ambient temperature (28C) an increase in the (EO) mol ratio of straight chain nonylphenol and C13 secondary alcohol ethoxylates resulted in increases of CMC, ेCMC, and molecular area, and slight decreases in 蜢खG. A comparison of the 9 (EO) mol ratio adducts of C13 straight chain primary and secondary alcohols showed that the CMC and molecular area of the secondary alcohol ethoxylate were larger, and the ेCMC and 蜢खG smaller, than the corresponding values of the primary alcohol ethoxylate.
Consumer testing liquid syndets. II. Biodegradable formulations
Authors: Johnson K. L. , Andrews H. P.
Published: June 2007

The results of experiments investigating the interrelated effects of biologically degradable nonionic and anionic synthetic detergents in a light duty liquid detergent are presented. The formulations studied explore the performance of various biodegradable nonionic candidates in the presence of a fatty based alkylolamide foam stabilizer and biologically 舠soft舡 alkyl aryl sulfonate at two levels of nonionic concentration. The nonionic detergents evaluated are all polyoxyalkylated, including products of natural and synthetic origin. Products based on unsaturated and secondary alcohols are included.

Consumer and laboratory test data show that biologically degradable detergents cannot be directly substituted in formulations without first testing their effect on the formulation itself. The data also show that small differences in molecular weight or in saturation of the materials being used can be reflected materially by technical differences in the finished product. These differences are manifested by analytical determination, by consumer panel evaluation using a duplicated balanced incomplete block design, and by standard dishwashing evaluation. The consumer panel data relate to dermatological properties, general performance and suds stability.

It is obvious that the big switch to biologically degradable surface active agents is not as smooth a changeover as had been hoped, this being especially true for smaller producers of chemical specialties who do not have extensive facilities for formulation testing. These data do, however, indicate that with a careful experimental approach and judicious experimentation that formulations having a performance superior to their nonbiodegradable counterparts can be prepared. It is also stressed that judiciously designed consumer panel evaluations can yield data that is just as precise and valid as can be obtained through some of the more sophisticated testing procedures that require investment in equipment and in training of test panels.
The stability of soybean oil: Effect of time and temperature on deodorization
Authors: Moser Helen A. , Cooney Patricia C. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

A comparison of the flavor and oxidative stability of soybean oil deodorized at different temperatures for different periods of time was studied using laboratory deodorized oil. Flavor and oxidative tests were in good agreement and showed that some combinations of time and temperature of deodorization gave significantly more flavor stable oils than others.
Influences of operating conditions on determination of fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography
Authors: Seino H. , Watanabe S. , Nihongi T. , Nagai T.
Published: June 2007

The compositions of standard mixtures of methyl laurate, myristate, plamitate and stearate were determined by gas liquid chromatography, varying the operating conditions such as sample size, column temperature and flow rate of the carrier gas. The influences of these operating conditions on analytical values were examined. The sample size had a significant influence on the analytical values. The degree of influence was dependent on the column temperature and the composition of the sample. It was also observed that the flow rate of the carrier gas affected the analytical values.
Hydrogen sulfide adducts of methyl oleate and linoleate
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Rohwedder W. K. , Tjarks L. W. , Gast L. E.
Published: June 2007

Sulfur compounds derived from photochemical addition of hydrogen sulfide to methyl oleate and linoleate were separated by preparative gas chromatography. The major compounds were investigated by NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy and by elemental analysis. The primary product of the methyl oleate reaction was methyl 9(10)‐mercaptostearate. Gas chromatograms of the product from methyl linoleate showed four principal peaks. From mass spectra and NMR data, we identified methyl 9‐(2‐pentyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl)nonanoate, methyl 8‐(2‐hexyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl)octanoate and methyl 9‐(3‐hexyl‐1,2‐dithiolan‐5‐yl)nonanoate. Evidence for the formation of methyl mercapto‐octadecenoates and methyl dimercaptostearates was also obtained.
Investigation of instrumental measurements to determine aflatoxin in florisil columns
Authors: Velasco James , Norris Karl H.
Published: June 2007

Investigation has shown that fluoresence of aflatoxin, in small columns layered with florisil, can be measured with a low cost fluorometer. Aflatoxin levels approaching the I ppb level were detected in these micro columns with a simple fluorometer constructed in our laboratory.
The composition of coffee oil and its component fatty acids
Authors: Khan N. A. , Brown J. B.
Published: June 2007

A specimen of coffee oil has been examined with the objective of determining its composition in the light of possible uses of the oil which is recoverable as a byproduct in the soluble coffee industry. The oil, as obtained by extraction of the coffee grounds with solvent, contains over 5% of unique unsaponifiable material which, without preliminary removal, makes the oil unsuitable for many purposes. It has been shown that the unsaponifiable and glyceridic components can be separated by molecular distillation.

A specimen of the methyl esters of the fatty acids of the oil was examined by the ester distillation fractional crystallization techniques. The composition of the component fatty acids has been calculated. The oil contains 46% of linoleic acid. Saturated and unsaturated acids of the C20, C22, and C24 series are present in coffee oil in small amounts.
Steam stripping of lard
Authors: Wolf I. W. , Rushton J. H.
Published: June 2007

Conclusion

The rate of steam stripping of free fatty acids from lard can be evaluated in terms of a rate·constant K defined by Equations 5 and 6. Reproducible results were realized for many different batches of leaf and prime steam lards. The effects of temperature, total pressure, and steam rate were evaluated, thus making possible the calculation of stripping rate constants on a comparable basis. Comparable values of the rate constant K have been compared for conditions with and without the use of mechanical agitation with a flat‐blade mixing impeller. Use of the rotating mixing impeller showed substantial increases (30 to 50%) in the reaction rate constant, over those obtained with steam sparging without the mixer. Accordingly the use of this type mixer should result, in large savings of steam for stripping and for maintaining the necessary vacuum by the steam jet condenser.
Soap determination in sewage sludge by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Moreno A. , Bravo J. , Ferrer J. , Bengoechea C.
Published: June 2007

A specific analytical method for soaps in the environment has been developed. Three main steps are involved in the process: (i) removal of fatty materials (lipids) other than soaps; (ii) derivatization of soaps with either bromomethyl‐methoxy‐coumarin orp‐bromo phenacyl bromide to get a suitable response by ultraviolet; and (iii) separation of different carbon‐chain fatty soaps by high‐performance liquid chromatography, followed by either ultraviolet or fluorometry detection. The method has been applied successfully to anaerobically digested sludges produced in several waste water treatment plants. Substantial amounts of soaps have been found in sludges entering and leaving the anaerobic digestor. After conducting a mass balance, 70% soap biodegradation was found in the above digestor.
The effect of micellar lifetime on the rate of solubilization and detergency in sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions
Authors: Oh S. G. , Shah D. O.
Published: June 2007

The slow relaxation time (τ2) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, measured by the pressure‐jump technique, was maximum at 200 mM concentration at 25°C, indicating that the most stable micelles are formed at this concentration. This is presumably related to the optimum molecular packing in the micelle. The rate of solubilization of benzene and Orange OT dye into SDS solutions was also maximum at 200 mM concentration. The results are explained as follows: The distance between micelles (i.e., intermicellar distance) decreases as the surfactant concentration (or the number of micelles) increases, resulting in a stronger electric repulsion between micelles. Therefore, the micelles become more rigid, due to the compressive force of intermicellar repulsion, as the concentration increases up to 200 mM SDS. With further increase in the SDS concentration, the micellar shape changes from spherical to cylindrical to accommodate more surfactant molecules in the solution and to minimize the free energy of the system. The interior of the tightly packed micelles is more hydrophobic than that of loosely packed micelles and, therefore, the tightly packed micelles induce rapid solubilization of nonpolar molecules (e.g., benzene, Orange OT) into these micelles.
Permeability alterations in unilamellar liposomes due to betaine‐type zwitterionic and anionic surfactant mixed systems
Authors: de la Maza A. , Parra J. L.
Published: June 2007

The alterations caused by betaine‐type zwitterionic and anionic surfactant mixed systems in the permeability of unilamellar liposomes have been investigated. The partition coefficient of these systems, at different molar fractions, between the aqueous phase and the lipid bilayer of liposomes has been determined. These surfactant mixed systems were formed byN‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylbetaine (C12‐Bet) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of 20 mM PIPES buffer and 110 mM Na2SO4, at pH 7.21. Unilamellar liposomes were prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid (9:1 molar ratio). The release of the fluorescent agent 5‐(6)‐carboxyfluorescein induced by the systems has been studied at sub‐solubilizing concentrations. When the molar fraction of C12‐Bet/SDS is about 0.4, the critical micelle concentration values of these systems exhibit a minimum, whereas their partition coefficient between the aqueous phase and lipid bilayer of lipid bilayers shows a maximum. There is a consistent correlation between the partition coefficient and the ability of the different systems of surfactants to modify the permeability of liposomes.
Solubilization behavior ofn‐octane andn‐octanol in polyoxyethylated nonionic micelles
Authors: Saito Yoshihiro , Abe Masahiko , Sato Takatoshi
Published: June 2007

The solubilization ofn‐octane andn‐octanol in nonionic micelles was investigated by means of various techniques including solubilization, fluorescence and dynamic light‐scattering measurements. With respect to the effect of oxyethylene chainlength of the surfactants, different solubilization behavior was observed betweenn‐octane andn‐octanoli.e., the solubilization ofn‐octane decreases with an increase in oxyethylene chainlength, while that ofn‐octanol increases. This solubilization behavior is explained from the standpoint of the volume of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in a micelle.
Analysis of sodium isethionate in soap and lye process streams by suppressed ion chromatography
Authors: Rasmussen Henrik T. , Omelczenko Nicholas , McPherson Bruce P.
Published: June 2007

Suppressed ion chromatography has been used to determine sodium isethionate in various soap production process streams at concentrations of 0.1–1.0%. The method was validated by spiking placebo soap and lye process stream samples. Overall recoveries in soap were 98.5 ± 2.3% (n=24). Recoveries in lye were 98.4 ± 2.8% (n=24).
The structure and chemistry of sulfatides
Authors: Stoffyn Pierre J.
Published: June 2007

Recent advances in the chemistry of cerebroside sulfates which have led to a precise formulation of their structure and to a detailed knowledge of their composition are reviewed.

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the constituent fatty acids and sphingosine‐type bases of cerebrosides and sulfatides have shown a close relationship between the cerebrosides and their sulfate esters.

Sulfatides were converted into cerebrosides in high yield by mild desulfation with methanolic HCl at room temperature. The products of partial degradation of cerebrosides舒ceramide and psychosine舒were found to be identical to the products obtained under similar conditions from desulfated sulfatides.

By methylation and periodic acid oxydation, the sulfate group has been located conclusively and apparently only at C‐3 of the galactose moiety in the sulfatide molecule.

ख ॆ‐configuration of the galactosidic linkage in cerebrosides and in sulfatides has been demonstrated by direct comparison of the products of periodate oxidation of dihydropsychosine obtained from cerebrosides and from sulfatides, with the products of oxidation of 1‐D‐glycerityl ॆ‐D‐galactoside of known configuration.

Investigations of the composition and structure of sulfatides abnormally accumulated in the brain and kidneys in cases of metachromatic leukodystrophy, a demyelinating disorder, are reported.
A new rapid titration method for determining the halogen ratio of Wijs solution and of iodine monochloride
Authors: Graupner Alda J. , Aluise Veto A.
Published: June 2007

The free iodine in Wijs solution is titrated directly, in strong hydrochloric acid solution, with standard potassium iodate solution. From this titration and the usual sodium thiosulfate titration for total halogen, the iodine/chlorine ratio is calculated. Results agree closely with those obtained by the longer chlorine‐water method of Lopes. The halogen ratio of reagent grade iodine monochloride, a convenient material from which to prepare Wijs reagent directly, is also determined by the new titration method.
Preparation of vinyl esters of some chlorinated new oilseed crops fatty acids
Authors: Moreau J. P. , Holmes R. L. , Dollear F. G. , Sumrell G.
Published: June 2007

Several mixtures of fatty acids derived from the seed oil of plants being investigated as new crops, have been chlorinated and the chlorinated acids have been converted to the vinyl esters. These products have potential utility as comonomers in vinyl polymerizations.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acid content and fatty acid composition of crude oils from twenty‐five varieties of cottonseed
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L. , Kerr Thomas
Published: June 2007

The cyclopropenoid acid content of oils extracted from 22 commercial varieties and 3 botanical species of cottonseed have been determined. The malvalic acid content determined by HBr titration varied from a low of 0.56% to a high of 1.17%. Iodine values of the oils ranged from 96.8 to 111.6 No definite correlation could be established between iodine value and malvalic acid content. Equations for regression lines for the major acids have been calculated from plots of fatty acid composition vs. iodine value. The high degree or correlation suggests that for commercial oils the fatty acid composition can be estimated from the iodine value. Oils of the 3 experimental types of different species showed wide variations in fatty acid composition and represented many of the maximum and minimum values reported.
Nutritional evaluation of inter‐esterified fats
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Rosjyn B. , Aftergood Lilla , Hansen Herbert , Morris Rosemary S. , Melnick Daniel , Gooding Chester M.
Published: June 2007

Studies with inter‐esterified fats prepared to maintain a high level of linoleic acid content have been undertaken in several series of experiments with rats. These fats are as digestible as the liquid nonhydrogenated oils and the biological value of the linoleic acid is not impaired by the inter‐esterification. Investigations involving growth, reproduction and lactation, longevity, tissue cholesterol levels and histological tissue examination have revealed that these inter‐esterified fats are utilized by the animal similarly to cottonseed oil. No tissue pathology or interferences with any of the nutritional indices are observed. When the inter‐esterified fats are included in atherogenic diets, the atheroselerotic lesions which develop in the coronary arteries and aorta of the animals are similar to, but less marked than, those found when animals are fed cholesterol‐containing diets with butter oil or conventional margarine oil of the all‐hydrogenated type. It is concluded that these inter‐esterified fats are at least nutritionally equal to other similar edible fats of equivalent essential fatty acid content.
A simplified process for the elimination of the halphen‐test response in cottonseed oils
Authors: Rayner E. T. , Brown L. E. , Dupuy H. P.
Published: June 2007

Since certain biological effects have been ascribed to the cyclopropenoids that give a positive response to the Halphen test, processes were explored to eliminate this response from cottonseed oils. Heating alkali‐refined, Halphen‐positive cottonseed oils in a modified laboratory deodorizer in the presence of cottonseed oil fatty acids, capric acid, citric acid, or phosphoric acid was found to be an effective method of eliminating this response.

These treated, Halphen‐negative cottonseed oils, the untreated Halphen‐positive cottonseed oil, and a corn oil control were incorporated into rations fed to different groups of laying hens. Hens that ingested either the Halphen‐negative cottonseed oil or the corn control produced normal eggs, whereas hens fed the Halphen‐positive cottonseed oil produced eggs with pink whites, decreased pH of whites, and increased pH of yolks on storage, and lower ratios of oleic acid to stearic acid in the yolk lipids.

The simple processes presented舒particularly the use of cottonseed oil fatty acids舒appear to offer a practical means of inactivating the cyclo‐propenoids in cottonseed oil and thus eliminating the biological effects attributed to them.
Geochemistry of lipids
Authors: Breger Irving A.
Published: June 2007

Lipids, particularly the glycerides, terpenes, sterols, and hydrocarbons, have properties conducive to their preservation either in original or transformed state and are significant constitutents of the geochemical biomass. The occurrence of phytane, pristane, and fatty acids in Precambrian sedimentary rocks 2.7 billion years old has been interpreted to indicate the existence of life processes similar to those that are operative today.

The stability of lipids is highly variable. Sterols, terpenes, fatty acids, esters, and hydrocarbons have been isolated from ancient sedimentary rocks; there is evidence, however, that esters may hydrolyze. Under certain conditions, highly unsaturated fatty acids may undergo combined biochemical and chemical transformations that lead to the formation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Lipids found in geological environments are derived from contributing organisms, which represent specific ecologies. Study of the ultimate products derived from these lipids permits an understanding of the geochemical environments in which they were produced, and of the transformations that occurred.
Lipids in sea water
Authors: Jeffrey Lela M.
Published: June 2007

Acidified and filtered sea water samples which were extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate have been shown to contain a variety of lipid compounds in trace amounts. Concentrations of these solvent‐soluble substances ranged from 0.5 to 6.0 mg/liter, the lower concentrations being found in offshore waters. The solvent extracts of the sea water were separated into eight lipid classes by column chromatography on silicic acid. The fractions eluted with solvents of increasing polarity were characterized by thin‐layer chromatography, infrared and ultraviolet absorption and gas chromatography. These techniques revealed a complex mixture of alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, steroids, phospholipids and many as yet unidentified components. Twenty to thirty alkanes were present as indicated by gas chromatography. No aromatic hydrocarbons were detected. Chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids indicated the presence of acids with chain lengths varying from 14 to 22 carbons, both saturated and unsaturated. In many samples the unsaturated fatty acids containing 18 to 22 carbons predominated. The lipid components varied somewhat in composition as well as concentration from location to location and with season and depth.
Chemical intermediates and derivatives from oleyl alcohol
Authors: Rosenblatt William , Osipow Lloyd I. , Snell Foster Dee
Published: June 2007

Several series of compounds were prepared from oleyl alcohol which may prove useful as lubricants and plasticizers. The reactions involved addition to the double bond and replacement of the hydroxyl moiety. One series of compounds is characterized l‐R艂, 9(10)R octadecane where l‐R艂 signifies the replacement of hydroxyl by ethoxy,tert‐butylphenyl,tert‐butoxy and phenyl. Examples of additions across the double bond 9(10)R, include hydrogen, methoxy,tert‐butoxy,tert‐butylphenyl, and phenyl. Other test series were 9(10)‐R, 27(28)‐R‐hexatriacontane andbis [9(10)‐R‐octadecyl] ether where R signifies additions across a pair of double bonds. Additions in these series include methoxy, ethoxy,tert‐butoxy,tert‐butylphenyl, 2‐ethylhexoxy, and phenyl.

Derivatives of octadecane were fluid and several had fairly low pour points. The derivatives of hexatriacontane and dioctadecyl ether were either low‐melting solids or liquids. Details concerning the synthesis and several physical properties are presented.
Second interim report of the A.O.A.C.‐A.O.C.S. Crude Fiber Liaison Committee
Authors: Potts T. J. , Smith T. C. , Rockwood B. N. , Henry D. L. , Tenent E. H. , Johnson W. J. , Doughtie R. T. , Quackenbush F. W. , Epps E. A. , Van Entwistle P. , Munsey V. E. , Hoffpauir C. L. , Clough J. L. , Etheredge M. P. , Holt K. E.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

The results obtained in this collaborative study show that none of the methods tested offer sufficient advantages in precision and accuracy to warrant selection as an official method to the exclusion of other methods studied.

Also the precision of all methods tested show these methods to be inadequate for checking crude fiber specification limits set up by the N.S.P.A. on soybean oil meal. This statement would also apply to any other product where specification limits on crude fiber are narrower than the precision shown in Table VI.

Ease and speed for manipulation are also an important criterion for choosing an official method. A poll of committee members showed no definite preference for any one method studied; every method received the support of two or more of the committee members.

The Liaison Committee is still hopeful that a method can be devised that will give a precision in line with trade specifications and practices. The committee will continue to work toward the development of such a method.
Drying oils in varnishes
Authors: Rheineck A. E.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

It seems quite apparent that the use of drying oils in classical varnishes is giving way to the use of oils in similarly functioning coatings or drying oil‐free coatings.

The chemistry of drying oils in the varnish‐cooking process is not too clearly established but appears to be one of ester interchange between oil and resin. More research in this area is indicated. However if future research is to be undertaken, it must be justified. In view of the declining varnish market, this is doubtful.

Lack of data makes it impossible accurately to correlate oil and resin functionality into a usable mathematical relationship.
The solution properties of some polyoxyethylene‐polyoxypropylene surfactants in nonaqueous solvents
Authors: Cowie J. M. G. , Sirianni A. F.
Published: June 2007

Results obtained with Pluronic polyol homologues in benzene and in dioxane by light‐scattering, ultracentrifugal and vapor pressure lowering measurements in addition to data obtained in water and in butyl chloride by light‐scattering and ultracentrifugal determinations are described. The systems are examined over a wide range of solute concentrations at about 37C. Considerable difference appears to exist between weight and number‐average micellar weight obtained by light‐scattering and two methods of measuring vapor pressure lowering of the solutions. Divergence in micellar weight values appears to be less pronounced between the latter technique and ultracentrifugal determinations. Possible micellar configurations of these Pluronic polyols are presented.
Effect of processing on the composition of sesame seed and meal
Authors: Carter Fairie Lyn , Cirino Vidabelle O. , Allen Layton E.
Published: June 2007

Except for a variation in the freeepsilon‐amino lysine content of the protein, the Mexican screw‐pressed meals were quite similar in their composition. The lysine values for sesame protein obtained for the solvent‐extracted meals were much higher than those obtained for the screw‐pressed meals. Screening of the endosperm and spermoderm from the solvent‐extracted meals was effective in reducing the oxalate content of the resulting flour although some epiderm fragments passed through a 60‐mesh screen. The decortication process completely removed the portion containing the oxalate from the seed and also reduced the calcium, sugar, and silica contents.
Some effects ofy‐radiation or linoleate peroxidation ona‐tocopherol
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Tappel A. L.
Published: June 2007

When α‐tocopherol was irradiated in isooctane, the main product appeared to be a 5‐exo‐methylene tocopher‐6‐one derived by the abstraction of two hydrogen atoms from tocopherol. When tocopherol was irradiated in tributyrin, transesterification was found to be a major reaction. Results with three solvents show that the irradiation products of tocopherol are complex and dependent on the solvent.

In peroxidizing linoleic acid, α‐tocopherol was oxidized to α‐tocopheryl quinone, but no radical‐tocopherol addition products were detected.
Infrared anisotropy and structure of crystalline methyl stearate and methyl octadecyl sulfonate
Authors: Susi H. , Jahn Anne S.
Published: June 2007

Infrared spectra of highly oriented crystalline films of methyl stearate and methyl 1‐octadecyl sulfonate have been obtained using polarized radiation with the electric vector parallel and at 45Ŷ to crystallographic axes. The anisotropy of methyl stearate is in good agreement with the known structure and with vibrational assignments. The results obtained on the methyl ester of octadecyl sulfonic acid suggest a crystallographic plane (or glide plane) of symmetry. The hydrocarbon chains are tilted with respect to the end‐group planes. The zigzag planes are roughly parallel to each other and perpendicular to theac plane. Qualitative conclusions are drawn regarding the packing of the polar end‐groups. Vibrational assignments are proposed for most prominent absorption bands.
Analysis of the monoethylenic fatty acids of rapeseed oil by open tubular gas chromatography
Authors: Ackman R. G.
Published: June 2007

A sample of rapeseed oil of known composition was analyzed by gas chromatography using open tubular columns and two types of polyester coating. The results confirm the previous analysis in most respects and elearly illustrate the possibility of using this technique to detect and determine isomeric forms of monoethylenic fatty acids. Some hitherto unreported trace components have been provisionally identified in rapeseed oil by linear log plots.
Polymorphism of cocoa butter
Authors: Wille R. L. , Lutton E. S.
Published: June 2007

Largely by x‐ray diffraction six crystalline states, I舑VI, in order of increasing melting point, have been identified for cocoa butter. Of these states II, IV, V and VI are pure and identifiable with previously (or presently) identified polymorphs of 2‐oleoylpalmitoyl stearin (POS), namelyॅ‐2,ॆ艂‐2,ॆ‐3 (舠V舡) andॆ‐3 (舠VI舡); V and VI representing distinct but very closely related crystalline structures. State I is a definite but fleeting and not readily characterized subॅ state and may be a phase mixture, as state III may be also.

Melting points, heats of fusion and dilatometric data are reported for all states to the extent that their stability permits.

The normal state of cocoa butter in chocolate is apparently V, certainlyॆ‐3. While it is true that 舠bloom舡 has not been observed for pure V nor observed to exist in the absence of VI, it is premature to say that VI is specifically the phase of chocolate 舠bloom舡.
Epoxidation of methyl linoleate. II. The two isomers of methyl 9, 10: 12, 13‐diepoxystearate
Authors: Maerker G. , Haeberer E. T. , Herb S. F.
Published: June 2007

Epoxidation of methyl linoleate results in the formation of two stereoisomeric methyl 9,10:12,13‐diepoxystearates. The previously well‐known isomer, mp 32C, represents only 60% of the total diepoxides formed. The newly isolated form is liquid at room temperature and is measured incompletely by standard titrimetric oxirane analysis. The isomers differ by the relative positions of their oxirane oxygen atoms. The oxygens of the solid are located on opposite sides and those of the liquid are on the same side of the molecular plane.
Polymorphism of palmitoyl and stearoyl dioleins
Authors: Lutton E. S.
Published: June 2007

Polymorphism has been explored for the pairs of homologs 1) 2‐palmitoyl diolein (OPO) and 2‐stearoyl diolein (OSO), and 2) 1‐palmitoyl diolein (POO) and 1‐stearoyl diolein (SOO). The symmetrical compounds show ॅ, ॆ艂‐2 and stable ॆ‐3 forms; the unsymmetrical compounds show ॅ (presumed) and stable ॆ艂‐3 forms.
Biological treatment of fatty acid and nitrogen derivative waste water
Authors: Harp Emile F.
Published: June 2007

Armak Company’s McCook, Ill., plant has installed an aerobic biological treatment system to handle a portion of its waste water flow prior to discharge to a municipal treatment plant operated by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The waste includes a mixture of animal and vegetable fats and oils, fatty acids, nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids, and miscellaneous organic chemicals. The purpose of the treatment system is to reduce fats, oils, or greases as measured by a hexane soluble test to below 100 mg/liter, as required by Metropolitan Sanitary District ordinance. The biological treatment system achieved an average reduction of 92% in hexane solubles and an 82% reduction in chemical oxygen demand during the reporting period, when incombing hexane solubles average 760 mg/liter, and chemical oxygen demand average 4800 mg/liter. The hydraulic flow during this same period average 320,000 gpd. Odors associated with the operation required covering the aeration basins and treating the effluent air.
Treatment of vegetable oil refining wastes to conform to government regulation
Authors: Cantrell Mollie Kaye , Keller Howard F.
Published: June 2007

Historical and conventional methods for the treatment of vegetable oil waste water are described. The results obtained and the economics of the various processes for oil‐water separation are reported. A process utilizing selective adsorption filtration is described. The new regeneration procedure for cleaning the filter media allows for its total reuse. The process produces effluent water which will conform to existing government regulations for oil content. Development of the filtration/regeneration process is described up to full‐scale installation with test results.
Operating experience with biological cooling towers
Authors: Neuner William M. , Holt Ernest K.
Published: June 2007

One of our major water pollution problems concerns the purification of, and disposal of or the bottling up of, waste water from our edible oil processing plant in Edgewater, N.J., and our fatty acids distillation plant in Hammond, Ind. It was decided to investigate the use of a cooling tower as a means of developing an environment for biota growth so that aerobic bacteria would feed on the organic matter present. This preliminary work was done in 1966 on a 30 gpm prototype tower in Hammond and a 720 gpm tower (modified) in Edgewater. As a result of this test work, Lilie Hoffman cooling towers, with high fill to volume ratio and abnormally large water basins, were purchased for our Edgewater plant and Hammond plant. The towers were commissioned in September 1972. The tower systems are fitted with the necessary controls to maintain proper basin water temperature along with automatic feed systems for the nitrogen and phosphorous required for satisfactory biota growth. The Edge water tower, with a capacity of 3700 gpm, has performed satisfactorily with regard to chemical oxygen demand values and odor problems. There have been a few minor mechanical problems. The Hammond tower, with a capacity of 380 gpm, has had mechanical problems which have precluded sufficient continuous operation to assess its performance completely.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: X. Nature of detergent deposits
Authors: Noble W. R. , Weil J. K. , Bistline R. G. , Jones S. B. , Linfield W. M.
Published: June 2007

The cumulative deposition of detergent residue on unsoiled cotton and polyester‐cotton permanent press finish cloth was determined for a variety of detergent formulations after washing 25 consecutive times in 300 ppm hard water in a laboratory Tergotometer. Included in this study were: a phosphate‐built laundry detergent, two carbonate‐built detergents, tallow soap and various tallow soap formulations with anionic and amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents, and a glassy sodium silicate. Sample swatches washed with each formulation were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and organic acid content. Fabric washed with the carbonate detergents showed the highest calcium and magnesium content, while those washed with the phosphate detergent and the soap‐lime soap dispersant‐builder formulations had the lowest. Fabric washed with soap alone had a much higher fatty acid residue than those washed with the other detergent formulations. However, the amount of organic acids left on the fabric after washing with a soap‐lime soap dispersing agent formulation was no greater than that produced by phosphate‐ and carbonate‐built detergents. The presence or absence of deposits also was verified visually with a scanning electron microscope. Each formulation also was tested for detergency by measuring the soil buildup in a multiwash procedure. Generally, the buildup of soil paralleled the deposit of detergent residue on the unsoiled cloths.
Aqueous processing of coconuts: Economic analysis
Authors: Hagenmaier Robert D. , Cater Carl M. , Mattil Karl F.
Published: June 2007

A process previously has been developed at Texas A&M University for aqueous processing of coconuts to produce oil and a concentrated skim milk. This paper details the costs for that process and concludes that 20% of rate‐of‐return can be realized if the market price of coconut skim milk solids are assigned the value of $0.50/kg (bulk price).
Synthesis of mono‐ and di‐functional silicon containing derivatives of long chain fatty acid esters
Authors: Saghian Nasser , Gertner David
Published: June 2007

The addition products of some monochlorosilanes to methyl oleate and undecanoate were hydrolyzed and condensed to yield the corresponding difunctional disiloxanes, which were, inturn, transformed by alkaline hydrolysis or reduction to the corresponding diacids or diols. The addition products of dichlorosilanes gave on hydrolysis and condensation cyclosiloxanes but not linear polymers, as shown by mol wt data and IR spectra, while the corresponding addiiton products of trichlorosilances gave on similar treatment rubbery cross‐linked polymers. In contrast to the silanol intermediates, obtained on hydrolysis of methylchlorosilanes, which condensed easily to the corresponding disiloxanes, the corresponding bulkier phenyl chlorosilanes gave stable silanols which showed a lower tendency to condense. Some mono‐and di‐alkoxy, phenoxy, and acetoxy silyl derivatives of the long chain fatty acid esters also were synthesized.
Composition of the kernels of the faveleira nut (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus)
Authors: Daun J. K. , Burch L. D. , Tkachuk R. , Mundel H. H.
Published: June 2007

Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (faveleira) nuts had a high oil content (32% of nut, 54% of kernels) and the meal had a high nitrogen level (12.4% of oil‐free kernels) and acceptable amino acid composition. The oil contained 55% linoleic acid and traces of arachidic, gadoleic and behenic acids. The possible presence of toxic substances in the meal must be considered.
Thermogravimetric determination of water in household liquid detergents
Authors: Al‐Sammerrai Dhoaib , Al‐Madfai Suham
Published: June 2007

Thermogravimetric analysis has been applied successfully in determining the amount of water constituent in household liquid detergents. Results were comparable to those obtained from the standard methods of testing.

The simple, rapid technique is potentially useful and can be considered as a supplementary tool to the conventional methods of analysis.
The alkali isomerization of a methyl docosahexaenoate and the spectral properties of conjugated fatty acids
Authors: Hammond Earl G. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: June 2007

The dependence of the ultraviolet absorption spectra for docosahexaenoate upon conditions used in alkali‐isomerization has been studied. The extinction coefficients at all wavelengths varied with sample size when 21% KOH‐glycol was used as the isomerization reagent at 180°C.; the effect of sample size was due to the solubility characteristics of 22‐carbon fatty acid esters in the isomerization reagent.

Spectrophotometer slit width is an important consideration in the measurement of extinction coefficients at the absorption maximum at 374 mμ.

Certain conditions which must be met for accurate analysis of hexaenoate in fatty acid mixtures are described.

An extension of a theory of Lewis and Calvin has been used to clarify the number, position, and to some extent, intensity of the peaks in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of natural conjugated and alkali‐isomerized fatty acids.
Molecular regulation of kidney development: is the answer blowing in the Wnt?
Authors: Merkel Calli E. , Karner Courtney M. , Carroll Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

Development of the metanephric kidney is a complicated process regulated by reciprocal signals from the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme that regulate tubule formation and epithelial branching morphogenesis. Over the past several years, several studies have suggested that Wnt signaling is involved in multiple aspects of normal kidney development as well as injury response and cancer progression. We will review these data here.
Variation in shoot mortality within crowns of severely defoliated Betula maximowicziana trees in Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Ohno Yasuyuki , Umeki Kiyoshi , Watanabe Ichiro , Takiya Mika , Terazawa Kazuhiko , Hara Hideho , Matsuki Sawako
Published: June 2007

To clarify mortality patterns of current‐year shoots within the crown of Betula maximowicziana Regel after severe insect herbivory in central Hokkaido, northern Japan, we investigated the degree of defoliation, pattern of shoot development, shoot mortality, and leaf tissue‐water relations. One hundred current‐year long shoots growing in a B. maximowicziana plantation were observed for defoliation and mortality in June 2002. An outbreak of herbivorous insects (Caligula japonica and Lymantria dispar praeterea) occurred in the stand in mid‐to‐late June, and the monitored shoots were defoliated to various degrees. Within 1 month of defoliation, some of the severely defoliated shoots had produced new leaves on short shoots that had emerged from axillary buds. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that the probability that current‐year long shoots would put out axillary short shoots with leaves is closely related to the degree of defoliation. To evaluate the water relations of the leaves, we determined pressure–volume curves for the leaves that survived the herbivorous insect outbreak and the new leaves that emerged after defoliation. The water potential at turgor loss (Ψl,tlp) and the osmotic potential at full turgidity (Ψπ,sat) were higher for the new leaves than for the surviving leaves, indicating a lower ability to maintain leaf cell turgor against leaf dehydration in the new leaves. Of the 100 shoots, 13 died after the emergence of new leaves. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that the probability that the long shoots would die generally increased with the emergence of new leaves, with increasing shoot height. This result suggests that the combined effect of the vulnerability of newly emerged leaves and low water availability, associated with higher shoot positions within the crown, caused shoot mortality. Based on our results, some possible mechanisms for mortality in severely defoliated B. maximowicziana are discussed.
Central sensitization phenomena after third molar surgery: A quantitative sensory testing study
Authors: Juhl Gitte I. , Jensen Troels S. , Norholt Sven E. , Svensson Peter
Published: June 2007

Background: Surgical removal of third molars may carry a risk of developing persistent orofacial pain, and central sensitization appears to play an important role in the transition from acute to chronic pain.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate sensitization (primarily central sensitization) after orofacial trauma using quantitative sensory testing (QST).

Methods: A total of 32 healthy men (16 patients and 16 age‐matched control subjects) underwent a battery of quantitative tests adapted to the trigeminal area at baseline and 2, 7, and 30 days following surgical removal of a lower impacted third molar.

Results: Central sensitization for at least one week was indicated by significantly increased pain intensity evoked by intraoral repetitive pinprick and electrical stimulation (p<0.05) including facilitation of temporal summation mechanisms (p<0.05), extraoral repetitive electrical stimulation (p<0.001), significantly more frequent aftersensation in patients (p<0.001), extraoral hyperalgesia due to single pinprick stimulation (p<0.05) and larger pain areas due to intranasal stimulation (p<0.001). Peripheral sensitization was indicated by intraoral hyperalgesia due to single pinprick (p<0.05).

Conclusion: We found clear signs of sensitization of the trigeminal nociceptive system for at least one week after the surgery. Our results indicate that even a minor orofacial surgical procedure may be sufficient to evoke signs of both central and peripheral sensitization, which may play a role in the transition from acute to chronic pain in susceptible individuals.
‘Blowback’ for Britain?: Blair, Bush, and the war in Iraq
Authors: KENNEDY-PIPE CAROLINE , VICKERS RHIANNON
Published: June 2007

As debate continues over the conduct, the legality and the morality of the war in Iraq, this article addresses how and why Prime Minister Blair decided on the British road to war in Iraq. The article argues that Tony Blair was working within a mindset at both the domestic and international levels that meant he was predisposed to use military force against Iraq and indeed against other perceived threats to the West. His mindset arose, we will argue, through fear rather than arrogance, through the experiences of the past two decades as much as contemporary events, and this meant that he systematically over-estimated the threat posed by Saddam Hussein. We postulate that Blair was not pressured into invading Iraq by President Bush. Rather, he believed that it was the right path for Britain to take, and that the overthrow of Saddam Hussein was actually the logical outcome of the ‘Doctrine of the International Community’ outlined in his Chicago speech in 1999. We go on to make the claim that by concentrating on supporting the United States in its grand strategy, Tony Blair misunderstood the pattern of politics at home and perhaps more seriously of the ‘threat’ to the domestic security of the United Kingdom. This was not a danger from Iraqi WMD or even from ‘foreign’ terrorists as had happened on 9/11 but from home-grown suicide bombers, some of whom claimed to be inspired by opposition to Blair’s wars. This was the blowback that mattered – and will continue to do so – for the UK.
Blood for oil? Global capital, counter-insurgency and the dual logic of American energy security
Authors: STOKES DOUG
Published: June 2007

The US-led invasion and occupation of Iraq coupled with the increased militarisation of international relations as part of the ‘war on terror’ has led to the development of a ‘blood for oil’ thesis that posits the centrality of oil and the economic interests of US oil corporations to American intervention in the Third World. This article argues that this thesis, whilst correct in identifying the importance of energy to US intervention, is not sufficiently attentive to the dual nature of American resource interventions whereby the American state seeks not only to ensure US oil supplies but also to maintain sufficient oil supplies for the global economy as a whole. American intervention is thus driven by oil to a large extent, but in different ways to those commonly suggested by ‘blood for oil’ theorists. In contrast to this thesis I argue that recent energy security moves to diversify oil acquisition away from the Middle East towards new areas such as South America, the Caspian region and Africa continue to be subject to this dual logic. Moreover, counter-insurgency warfare is increasingly being deployed to insulate oil-rich states from internal pressures which is in turn having a profound effect on human rights, social justice and state formation in the global South.