bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying type 2 diabetes risk classification systems and recommendations for review of podiatric care in an Australian Aboriginal health clinic
Authors: Blatchford Lauren , Morey Pam , McConigley Ruth
Published: July 2015

Background

There are several risk classification systems developed to facilitate diabetic foot assessments and prioritise diabetes patients for foot prevention services according to risk factors. Utilisation of both The University of Texas Diabetic Foot Risk Classification System (UTDFRCS) and The National Evidence‐Based Guideline on Prevention, Identification and Management of Foot Complications in Diabetes (Part of the Guidelines on Management of Type 2 Diabetes), allows guidance for the podiatrist in terms of review timeframes for future assessments and treatment. The aim of this clinical audit was to classify Aboriginal type 2 diabetes subjects' risk status according to UTDFRCS and identify if evidence based standards are being met for podiatry services at the Albury‐Wodonga Aboriginal Health Service in New South Wales, Australia.

Methods

A retrospective clinical audit over a twenty six month period was undertaken at the Albury‐Wodonga Aboriginal Health Service, New South Wales. This is a primary health care facility that started podiatry services in August 2011. The primary variables of interest were the UTDFRCS for each subject and whether those participants met or did not meet the National Evidence‐Based Guideline for review appointment timeframes. Other variables of interest include age, gender, duration of diabetes, occasions of visits and cancelled and failure to attend appointments to the podiatry service over the data collection period.

Results

There was excellent overall adherence (94 %) of this sample population (n = 729) to the National Evidence‐Based Guideline for podiatric review timeframes according to their risk status. Males were reported to be less likely to comply with the review timeframes compared to women. There was no association between risk status and age (OR = 1.04, p = 0.11), duration of diabetes (OR = 1.03, p = 0.71) or gender (OR = 0.77, p = 0.67).

Conclusions

Regular foot examinations aid in stratifying patients according to risk status, guiding podiatry interventions to reduce the likelihood of ulceration and amputation. This primary health care setting has achieved podiatric evidence based standards for Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes, demonstrated by acceptable timeframes for review appointments.
Joint PP and PS AVA seismic inversion using exact Zoeppritz equations
Authors: Lu Jun , Yang Zhen , Wang Yun , Shi Ying
Published: July 2015

The Zoeppritz equations describe the relationship between seismic properties that are useful for the interpretation of lithology and fluid properties. Various approximations to the Zoeppritz equations are often used in linear amplitude variation with offset and amplitude variation with angle inversions, assuming low-contrast boundaries. These approximations restrict the inversion method to not-too-large-angle cases and reduce the inversion accuracy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop joint PP and PS prestack inversion methods using the exact Zoeppritz equations. We have developed a method for nonlinear joint prestack inversion using the exact Zoeppritz equations. We established an objective function to combine PP and PS information based on a least-squares approach, and we used the Taylor expansion method to derive a model updating formula for the inversion. We also used a mean shift method to improve the accuracy of inversion results. We validated our inversion using synthetic and field seismic data. The model for calculating synthetic data contained high-contrast interfaces to match the reservoir layers, which included, for example, coal seams and unconsolidated sandstone. The outputs of the inversion were the elastic parameters (P- and S-wave velocities, as well as density), rather than the changes in elastic parameters. We found that the nonlinear joint prestack inversion achieved more accurate results than the linear joint prestack inversion, regardless of incidence angle size. Furthermore, if the prestack data were of high enough quality, it was possible to identify thin layers from the inversion result.
Morphology and Orientation Control of Organic Crystals in Organic Media through Advanced Biomimetic Approach
Authors: Okaniwa Mamoru , Oaki Yuya , Imai Hiroaki
Published: July 2015

Biomimetic approaches for growth control of inorganic crystals in aqueous media have been applied to that of organic crystals in organic media. Morphology and orientation of organic crystals, such as 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene hydrate (HHTP) and 9-vinylcarbazole (VCz), were controlled on the surface-modified substrates with gradual evaporation of the solvents. The polyhedral and dendritic morphologies of HHTP and VCz crystals were obtained on the substrates with changes of the growth conditions. Solvents, surface-modified substrates, and additive molecules play important roles for growth control of organic crystals in organic media. The present results indicate that biomimetic approaches can be applied to growth control of organic crystals in organic media.
Human Capital and the Lifetime Costs of Impatience
Authors: Cadena Brian C. , Keys Benjamin J.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we examine the role of impatience in human capital formation—arguably the most important investment decision individuals make during their lifetimes. We focus on a set of investment behaviors that cannot be explained solely by variation in exponential discounting. Using data from the NL SY and a straightforward measure of impatience, we find that impatient people more frequently invest in dynamically inconsistent ways, such as dropping out of college with one year or less remaining. The cumulative investment differences result in the impatient earning 13 percent less and expressing more regret as this cohort reaches middle age. (JEL D91, I26, J24, J31)
Valuing the Wind: Renewable Energy Policies and Air Pollution Avoided
Authors: Novan Kevin
Published: July 2015

Exploiting variation in the hourly production from wind turbines, this paper quantifies the heterogeneity in the marginal impact of renewable electricity on pollution. The results reveal that output from competing renewable capacity additions—e.g., wind turbines versus solar panels—provide different marginal external benefits. This finding suggests that, if governments continue to subsidize renewables, an emphasis should be placed on designing policies that internalize the heterogeneous benefits. More generally, my results highlight that, by incorrectly assuming renewable electricity is a homogenous good, we will understate the relative efficiency of the first-best pollution prices. (JEL L94, L98, Q42, Q48, Q51, Q53, Q58)
Asymmetric Incentives in Subsidies: Evidence from a Large-Scale Electricity Rebate Program
Authors: Ito Koichiro
Published: July 2015

Many countries use substantial public funds to subsidize reductions in negative externalities. Such policy designs create asymmetric incentives because increases in externalities remain unpriced. I investigate the implications of such policies by using a regression discontinuity design in California's electricity rebate program. Using household-level panel data, I find that the incentive produced precisely estimated zero treatment effects on energy conservation in coastal areas. In contrast, the rebate induced short-run and long-run consumption reductions in inland areas. Income, climate, and air conditioner saturation significantly drive the heterogeneity. Finally, I provide a cost-effectiveness analysis and investigate how to improve the policy design. (JEL D12, D62, H76, L94, L98, Q48)
Detection of RNA nucleoside modifications with the uridine-specific ribonuclease MC1 fromMomordica charantia
Authors: Addepalli Balasubrahmanym , Lesner Nicholas P. , Limbach Patrick A.
Published: July 2015

A codon-optimized recombinant ribonuclease, MC1 is characterized for its uridine-specific cleavage ability to map nucleoside modifications in RNA. The published MC1 amino acid sequence, as noted in a previous study, was used as a template to construct a synthetic gene with a natural codon bias favoring expression inEscherichia coli. Following optimization of various expression conditions, the active recombinant ribonuclease was successfully purified as a C-terminal His-tag fusion protein fromE. coli[Rosetta 2(DE3)] cells. The isolated protein was tested for its ribonuclease activity against oligoribonucleotides and commercially availableE. colitRNATyr I. Analysis of MC1 digestion products by ion-pairing reverse phase liquid-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (IP-RP-LC-MS) revealed enzymatic cleavage of RNA at the 5′-termini of uridine and pseudouridine, but cleavage was absent if the uridine was chemically modified or preceded by a nucleoside with a bulky modification. Furthermore, the utility of this enzyme to generate complementary digestion products to other common endonucleases, such as RNase T1, which enables the unambiguous mapping of modified residues in RNA is demonstrated.
Identical twins and Bayes' theorem in the 21st century
Authors: Amrhein Valentin , Roth Tobias , Korner-Nievergelt Fränzi
Published: July 2015

In an article in Science on "Bayes' Theorem in the 21st Century", Bradley Efron uses Bayes' theorem to calculate the probability that twins are identical given that the sonogram shows twin boys. He concludes that Bayesian calculations cannot be uncritically accepted when using uninformative priors. While we agree that the choice of the prior is essential, we argue that the calculations on identical twins give a biased impression of the influence of uninformative priors in Bayesian data analyses.
Rampant software errors may undermine scientific results
Authors: Soergel David A. W.
Published: July 2015

The opportunities for both subtle and profound errors in software and data management are boundless, yet they remain surprisingly underappreciated. Here I estimate that any reported scientific result could very well be wrong if data have passed through a computer, and that these errors may remain largely undetected.  It is therefore necessary to greatly expand our efforts to validate scientific software and computed results.
Deflationism, Truth-Aptness and Non-Factualism
Authors: Vignolo Massimiliano
Published: July 2015

I will argue that the standard formulation of non-factualism in terms of a denial of truth-aptness is consistent with a version of deflationsim. My line of argument assumes the use conception of meaning. This brings out an interesting consequence since mostly the philosophers who endorse the use conception of meaning, e.g. Paul Horwich, hold that deflationism is inconsistent with the strategy of implementing non-factualism in terms of a denial of truth-aptness and thereby urge a reformulation of non-factualism.
Bradley's Regress, Russell's States of Affairs, and Some General Remarks on the Problem
Authors: Leerhoff Holger
Published: July 2015

In this paper, I will give a presentation of Bradley's two main arguments against the reality of relations. Whereas one of his arguments is highly specific to Bradley's metaphysical background, his famous regress argument seems to pose a serious threat not only for ontological pluralism, but especially for states of affairs as an ontological category. Amongst the proponents of states-of-affairs ontologies two groups can be distinguished: One group holds states of affairs to be complexes consisting of their particular and universal constituents alone, the other holds that there has to be a "unifying relation" of some sort to establish the unity of a given state of affairs. Bradley's regress is often conceived to be a compelling argument against the first and for the latter. I will argue that the latter approaches have no real advantage over the simpler theories—neither in the light of Bradley's regress nor in other respects.
Loogikavigade lubatavusest
Authors: Eintalu Jüri
Published: July 2015

Loogikavigu on kahte liiki: (1) vastuolud; (2) kehtetud järeldused. Sooritada kehtetu järeldus on üldiselt väiksem viga kui väita vastuolu. On kaks erinevat printsiipi: (A) teadaolevalt väära väidet ei tohi esitada; (B) ei tohi esitada väidet, mille tõeväärtus pole teada. (A) keelab sooritada esimest liiki loogikavigu; (B) ka teist liiki loogikavigu. Printsiibi (B) lükkame me tagasi. Oletusi saab genereerida näiteks: (1) dedutseerides neid teadaolevalt vastuolulisest teooriast; (2) saades neid induktiivsete järelduste tulemeina. Ent ka printsiipi (A) tohib eirata. Võib esitada teadaolevalt vastuolulise teooria kui ligilähedaselt tõese ning seda kasutada - kui paremaid pole käepärast. Popper esitas tõesarnasuse teooria. Samuti nõudis ta vastuoluliste teadusteooriate elimineerimist. - Ent paremate teadusteooriate leiutamine võib ebaõnnestuda. Wittgensteini vaated tema Märkmetes matemaatika alustest on usutavamad. Implitsiitselt rakendas Witttgenstein mitteformaliseeritud tõesarnasuse mõistet vastuolulistele teooriatele, lubades selliseid teooriaid kasutada.There are two kinds of logical mistakes: (1) contradictions; (2) invalid inferences. Generally, to commit an invalid inference is a lesser mistake than to assert a contradiction. There are two principles: (A) it is prohibited to present a proposition one knows to be false; (B) it is prohibited to present a proposition one does not know to be true. (A) prohibits to commit logical mistakes of the first kind; (B) of the second kind as well. We reject the principle (B). One can generate guesses e.g. (1) by deducing them from a theory one knows to be contradictory; (2) as the conclusions of inductions. It is allowable to violate the principle (A) too. One can present a theory one knows to be contradictory as approximately true and to use it - if no better ones are at hand. Popper presented a theory of truthlikeness. He also demanded to eliminate contradictions from our theories. - However, one may fail to invent better theories. Wittgenstein's views in Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics are more plausible. Witttgenstein implicitly applied a non-formalized concept of truthlikeness to contradictory theories and allowed to use them.
The Role of Intuitions in Philosophy
Authors: Cohnitz Daniel , Häggqvist Sören
Published: July 2015

Editorial to the special issue "The Role of Intuitions in Philosophical Methodology".
Two Millian Arguments: Using Helen Longino's Approach to Solve the Problems Philip Kitcher Targeted with His Argument on Freedom of Inquiry
Authors: Eigi Jaana
Published: July 2015

Philip Kitcher argued that the freedom to pursue one's version of the good life is the main aim of Mill's argument for freedom of expression. According to Kitcher, in certain scientific fields, political and epistemological asymmetries bias research toward conclusions that threaten this most important freedom of underprivileged groups. Accordingly, Kitcher claimed that there are Millian grounds for limiting freedom of inquiry in these fields to protect the freedom of the underprivileged. I explore Kitcher's argument in light of the interpretation Helen Longino gave to Mill's argument. She argued that free critical dialogue in the community allows bias to be overcome, through intersubjective criticism of hypotheses and the background assumptions that frame them. I suggest that Longino's approach allows for the identification of the fundamental problems of the research programs Kitcher targeted, and for the rejection of their claims to knowledge. Thus it is possible to address Kitcher's problem without limiting freedom of speech.
Epistemic Injustice in Research Evaluation: A Cultural Analysis of the Humanities and Physics in Estonia
Authors: Lõhkivi Endla , Velbaum Katrin , Eigi Jaana
Published: July 2015

This paper explores the issue of epistemic injustice in research evaluation. Through an analysis of the disciplinary cultures of physics and humanities, we attempt to identify some aims and values specific to the disciplinary areas. We suggest that credibility is at stake when the cultural values and goals of a discipline contradict those presupposed by official evaluation standards. Disciplines that are better aligned with the epistemic assumptions of evaluation standards appear to produce more "scientific" findings. To restore epistemic justice in research evaluation, we argue that the specificity of a discipline's epistemic aims, values, and cultural identities must be taken into account.
Challenging Exclusionary Naturalism
Authors: Cockram Nathan Robert
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct Hilary Kornblith’s (2002) argument for excluding conceptual analysis from epistemological inquiry, and then provide three objections to it.  More specifically, Kornblith argues that epistemological properties such as ‘knowledge’ reduce to natural kinds (with a constitutive essence) which can only be discovered and investigated using the a posteriori methods of the natural sciences. Thus, he continues, conceptual analysis can’t properly illuminate the target domain.  The three objections to Kornblith’s argument which I present are as follows: (i) Multiple Realizeability, (ii) Psychological Explanation, (iii) Starting Points.  On strength of these objections, I conclude that Kornblith’s brand of a posteriori epistemology both eliminates our ability to make epistemic evaluations in general, and also implies a strong form of scepticism.
Essence, Essence, and Essence
Authors: Christensen Ryan
Published: July 2015

I argue that three different notions of essence—temporal, definitional, and modal—are all distinct notions, and are all philosophically useful. After defining the different notions, I discuss the philosophical problems each addresses.
The Causal Priority of Form in Aristotle
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: July 2015

In various texts (e.g., Met. Z.17), Aristotle assigns priority to form, in its role as a principle and cause, over matter and the matter-form compound. Given the central role played by this claim in Aristotle's search for primary substance in the Metaphysics, it is important to understand what motivates him in locating the primary causal responsibility for a thing's being what it is with the form, rather than the matter. According to Met. Theta.8, actuality [energeia/entelecheia] in general is prior to potentiality [dunamis] in three ways, viz., in definition, time and substance. I propose an explicitly causal reading of this general priority claim, as it pertains to the matter-form relationship.  The priority of form over matter in definition, time and substance, in my view, is best explained by appeal to the role of form as the formal, efficient and final cause of the matter-form compound, respectively, while the posteriority of matter to form according to all three notions of priority is most plausibly accounted for by the fact that the causal contribution of matter is limited to its role as material cause.  When approached from this angle, the work of Met. Theta.8 can be seen to lend direct support to the more specific and explicitly causal priority claim we encounter in Met. Z.17, viz., that form is prior to matter in its role as the principle and primary cause of a matter-form compound's being what it is.
Envolvimento paterno na mídia: publicações em revistas para pais e mães
Authors: Bittencourt Isabella Goulart , Paraventi Larissa , Bueno Rovana Kinas , Sabbag Gabriela Mello , Schulz Maria José Louise Caro , Vieira Mauro Luís
Published: July 2015

Com as mudanças no contexto familiar, o pai vem ampliando seu papel, sendo a mídia um dos instrumentos que comunica, transmite e produz discursos sobre a paternidade. Neste estudo, tem-se como objetivo analisar o que as revistas Pais & Filhos e Crescer publicam sobre o pai e o envolvimento paterno. Para isso, sortearam-se 30 exemplares de cada revista, três por ano, de 2003 até 2013. Leram-se as reportagens e foram selecionadas as que se referiam ao pai. As 104 reportagens selecionadas da Revista Pais & Filhos e 94 da Revista Crescer foram analisadas conforme o conteúdo categorial temático segundo Bardin, utilizando-se o software ATLAS.ti. Como resultados, têm-se as categorias paternidade efamília, com nove e cinco elementos temáticos respectivamente. Os elementos temáticos predominantes em paternidade são: o novo pai (n=58),pai como modelo (n=48) e papel do pai (n=41). Já relações familiares (n=36), educação de filhos (n=34) e conjugalidade e paternidade (n=27) predominaram na categoria família. Portanto, com base na análise dos dados, conclui-se que as revistas pesquisadas apontam para uma imagem de pai envolvido, que interage com seu filho, disponibiliza-se e se responsabiliza pelos cuidados à criança.
Autorrelatos do amor no ciclo vital adulto
Authors: Hernandez José Augusto Evangelho , Costa Sinele Valle da , Ribeiro Juliana Ramos , Areias Caroline Almeida , Santos Karina Nascimento Valladares dos
Published: July 2015

Esta pesquisa transversal comparou grupos de pessoas de diferentes faixas etárias, adultos jovens, maduros e maiores de 50 anos. Foram verificadas possíveis modificações do amor ao longo do ciclo vital adulto. Participaram 211 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, envolvidos em tipos variados de relações amorosas, que responderam à Escala Triangular do Amor de Sternberg. Os resultados da análise de variância multivariada mostraram interações significativas entre os componentes do amor e as faixas etárias e entre os componentes do amor e o sexo dos participantes. Análises univariadas revelaram diferenças significativas em intimidade entre as faixas etárias. Além disso, os níveis de paixão, intimidade e compromisso dos homens foram mais elevados do que os das mulheres. Estes resultados foram discutidos à luz da literatura que aborda a Teoria Triangular do Amor.
Rejeição entre pares - diálogo com o filme The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Authors: Izbicki Sarah , Brandão Luiza Chagas , Carvalho Lígia Mosolino de , Melo Márcia Helena da Silva
Published: July 2015

A rejeição entre pares é uma categoria sociométrica que revela baixa preferência no grupo de colegas. A ela pertencem crianças que recebem muitas nomeações negativas e poucas nomeações positivas de seus pares, quando comparadas com a média do grupo. Apesar de ser um problema corrente na infância e relativamente estável, com o tempo, além de se relacionar com delinquência juvenil, abuso de substâncias, evasão escolar e depressão, é um tema pouco investigado e abordado no Brasil. Neste contexto, este artigo teve por objetivo salientar características importantes sobre a rejeição entre pares relatadas na literatura, relacionando este status sociométrico com a amizade estabelecida com colegas, os comportamentos agressivos que podem ser apresentados pela criança rejeitada, suas habilidades sociais e o papel do professor neste contexto. Como forma de dialogar com os aspectos descritos e exemplificá-los, utilizou-se o filme The perks of being a wallflower, por aproximar a questão às interações cotidianas de maneira dinâmica e interativa. Espera-se que o uso do filme como recurso motivacional e didático, aumente a visibilidade do tema no meio acadêmico e entre as pessoas que se constituem como figuras responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento saudável da criança, inclusive no que diz respeito à rejeição pelos pares.
Triceps-sparing ulnar approach for total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Oizumi N. , Suenaga N. , Yoshioka C. , Yamane S.
Published: July 2015

To prevent insufficiency of the triceps after total elbow arthroplasty, we have, since 2008, used a triceps-sparing ulnar approach. This study evaluates the clinical results and post-operative alignment of the prosthesis using this approach.

We reviewed 25 elbows in 23 patients. There were five men and 18 women with a mean age of 69 years (54 to 83). There were 18 elbows with rheumatoid arthritis, six with a fracture or pseudoarthrosis and one elbow with osteoarthritis.

Post-operative complications included one intra-operative fracture, one elbow with heterotopic ossification, one transient ulnar nerve palsy, and one elbow with skin necrosis, but no elbow was affected by insufficiency of the triceps.

Patients were followed for a mean of 42 months (24 to 77). The mean post-operative Japanese Orthopaedic Association Elbow Score was 90.8 (51 to 100) and the mean Mayo Elbow Performance score 93.8 (65 to 100). The mean post-operative flexion/extension of the elbow was 135°/-8°. The Manual Muscle Testing score of the triceps was 5 in 23 elbows and 2 in two elbows (one patient). The mean alignment of the implants examined by 3D-CT was 2.8° pronation (standard deviation (sd) 5.5), 0.3° valgus (sd 2.7), and 0.7° extension (sd 3.2) for the humeral component, and 9.3° pronation (sd 9.7), 0.3° valgus (sd 4.0), and 8.6° extension (sd 3.1) for the ulnar component. There was no radiolucent line or loosening of the implants on the final radiographs.

The triceps-sparing ulnar approach allows satisfactory alignment of the implants, is effective in preventing post-operative triceps insufficiency, and gives satisfactory short-term results.

Cite this article: 2015;97-B:1096–1101.
Profiling microRNA expression in fracture nonunions
Authors: Waki T. , Lee S. Y. , Niikura T. , Iwakura T. , Dogaki Y. , Okumachi E. , Kuroda R. , Kurosaka M.
Published: July 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs ) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. We hypothesised that the functions of certain miRNAs and changes to their patterns of expression may be crucial in the pathogenesis of nonunion. Healing fractures and atrophic nonunions produced by periosteal cauterisation were created in the femora of 94 rats, with 1:1 group allocation. At post-fracture days three, seven, ten, 14, 21 and 28, miRNAs were extracted from the newly generated tissue at the fracture site. Microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses of day 14 samples revealed that five miRNAs, miR-31a-3p, miR-31a-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-146b-5p and miR-223-3p, were highly upregulated in nonunion. Real-time PCR analysis further revealed that, in nonunion, the expression levels of all five of these miRNAs peaked on day 14 and declined thereafter.

Our results suggest that miR-31a-3p, miR-31a-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-146b-5p and miR-223-3p may play an important role in the development of nonunion. These findings add to the understanding of the molecular mechanism for nonunion formation and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for its treatment.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:1144–51.
Diagnostic accuracy of the gravity stress test and clinical signs in cases of isolated supination–external rotation-type lateral malleolar fractures
Authors: Nortunen S. , Flinkkilä T. , Lantto I. , Kortekangas T. , Niinimäki J. , Ohtonen P. , Pakarinen H.
Published: July 2015

We prospectively assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the gravity stress test and clinical findings to evaluate the stability of the ankle mortise in patients with supination–external rotation-type fractures of the lateral malleolus without widening of the medial clear space. The cohort included 79 patients with a mean age of 44 years (16 to 82). Two surgeons assessed medial tenderness, swelling and ecchymosis and performed the external rotation (ER) stress test (a reference standard). A diagnostic radiographer performed the gravity stress test.

For the gravity stress test, the positive likelihood ratio (LR) was 5.80 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.75 to 12.27, and the negative LR was 0.15 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.35), suggesting a moderate change from the pre-test probability. Medial tenderness, both alone and in combination with swelling and/or ecchymosis, indicated a small change (positive LR, 2.74 to 3.25; negative LR, 0.38 to 0.47), whereas swelling and ecchymosis indicated only minimal changes (positive LR, 1.41 to 1.65; negative LR, 0.38 to 0.47).

In conclusion, when gravity stress test results are in agreement with clinical findings, the result is likely to predict stability of the ankle mortise with an accuracy equivalent to ER stress test results. When clinical examination suggests a medial-side injury, however, the gravity stress test may give a false negative result.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:1126–31.
Return of functional mobility after an open tibial fracture
Authors: Kwasnicki R. M. , Hettiaratchy S. , Okogbaa J. , Lo B. , Yang G-Z. , Darzi A.
Published: July 2015

In this study we quantified and characterised the return of functional mobility following open tibial fracture using the Hamlyn Mobility Score. A total of 20 patients who had undergone reconstruction following this fracture were reviewed at three-month intervals for one year. An ear-worn movement sensor was used to assess their mobility and gait. The Hamlyn Mobility Score and its constituent kinematic features were calculated longitudinally, allowing analysis of mobility during recovery and between patients with varying grades of fracture. The mean score improved throughout the study period. Patients with more severe fractures recovered at a slower rate; those with a grade I Gustilo-Anderson fracture completing most of their recovery within three months, those with a grade II fracture within six months and those with a grade III fracture within nine months.

Analysis of gait showed that the quality of walking continued to improve up to 12 months post-operatively, whereas the capacity to walk, as measured by the six-minute walking test, plateaued after six months.

Late complications occurred in two patients, in whom the trajectory of recovery deviated by > 0.5 standard deviations below that of the remaining patients. This is the first objective, longitudinal assessment of functional recovery in patients with an open tibial fracture, providing some clarification of the differences in prognosis and recovery associated with different grades of fracture.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:1118–25.
The mechanical effects of extracorporeal irradiation on bone
Authors: Gupta S. , Cafferky D. , Cowie F. , Riches P. , Mahendra A.
Published: July 2015

Extracorporeal irradiation of an excised tumour-bearing segment of bone followed by its re-implantation is a technique used in bone sarcoma surgery for limb salvage when the bone is of reasonable quality. There is no agreement among previous studies about the dose of irradiation to be given: up to 300 Gy have been used.

We investigated the influence of extracorporeal irradiation on the elastic and viscoelastic properties of bone. Bone was harvested from mature cattle and subdivided into 13 groups: 12 were exposed to increasing levels of irradiation: one was not and was used as a control. The specimens, once irradiated, underwent mechanical testing in saline at 37°C.

The mechanical properties of each group, including Young’s modulus, storage modulus and loss modulus, were determined experimentally and compared with the control group.

There were insignificant changes in all of these mechanical properties with an increasing level of irradiation.

We conclude that the overall mechanical effect of high levels of extracorporeal irradiation (300 Gy) on bone is negligible. Consequently the dose can be maximised to reduce the risk of local tumour recurrence.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1152–6.
Determination of the Strength of L-Type Corner Joints Obtained from Wood-Based Board Materials Using Different Joining Techniques
Authors: Imirzi Hasan Ozgur , Ozkaya Kadir , Efe Hasan
Published: July 2015

Flat pack (ready-to-assemble, knockdown) furniture has become the most extensive furniture model produced with the development of wood-based board materials technology. It is especially preferred in the building industry as a model suitable for mass production. In this study, the resistances of dowels and screws, which are used in a widespread manner as joining material at the corners of ready-to-assemble furniture, were investigated against tensile and compression resistances in the diagonal direction. Chipboard (CB), medium-density fiberboard, and gaboon mahogany plywood (GMP), 14, 16, and 18 mm thick, were used in this study. Dowel + screw, screw, screw + polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive, and screw + polyurethane (PUR) adhesive joining were implemented for the L-type corner models obtained from wood-based board materials. According to the results obtained, the highest moment-carrying capacity values in the L-type corner joining were provided in the 18-mm GMP board joined with screw + PVAc adhesive and screw + PUR adhesive for both tests. The joining made without adhesive and the CB materials produced the lowest moment-carrying capacity values.
The causes and implications of obstetric malpractice
Authors: Kassim Puteri Nemie Jahn , Najid Khadijah Mohd
Published: July 2015

Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O & G) are among the specialties at high risk of malpractice claims. In particular, obstetric malpractice attracts high incidence of claims as birth injuries are usually serious and devastating. The resulting disabilities and malformation from the injuries tend to be life-long and victims are deprived of years of enjoyment in life, independence and productivity. As these injuries occur on the victims early in life, the costs of medical care are usually enormous. As this imposes stressful and heavy burden on the family members, they tend to resort to litigation as means of procuring monetary compensation. The highest numbers of medical negligence cases in Malaysia involve obstetric injuries and six to seven-figure court awards are now becoming the trend for compensating obstetric malpractice victims. However, proving obstetric malpractice is not an easy task with years of litigation, which eventually may not provide victims with monetary compensation if unsuccessful. Further, the increase in obstetric litigation has triggered higher premium for medical indemnity insurance causing many doctors to leave the subspecialty. Even though the doctor at the end may not be found guilty but the trauma of being sued caused them to suffer difficulties in returning to their work.
Prototyping a Useless Design Practice: What, Why & How?
Authors: Rosenbak Søren
Published: July 2015

This essay sets out to rectify the false dichotomy between the notions
of uselessness and usefulness in relation to design, in order to argue for a
useless design practice. The argument is structured into three main
parts.Part I opens with an introduction and goes on to frame design as a
hybrid discipline that has been characterized by usefulness since it was
born of the Industrial Revolution. The notion of useful design and its
continuingly intimate relationship with the neoliberalist growth economy is
subsequently unpacked through scrutinizing the basic demands for
quantification & acceleration, conflicting use and temporality with
special attention paid to the Anthropocene.Part II elucidates the ambiguous
relationship between the useless and the useful through the related
critical/conformist dichotomy present in Dunne & Raby’s A/B Manifesto as
well as through useless and useful design fictions. From here the unuseless
chindōgu by Kawakeni and the unfindable objects by Carelman together frame
the useless as a “useful overdrive.” Additionally they illustrate the
constant risk of assimilation, festishization and spectacle that disruptive
useless design artifacts face within the neoliberalist growth economy. In
the digital realm The Useless Web accentuate the post-ironic and absurd
qualities in useless design.Part III asks: what is useless design, why do we
need useless design and how could useless design exist? From five opening
propositions, useless design is positioned among related concepts such as
Redström’s “design after design” (2011), Hunt’s “tactical formlessness”
(2003), Tonkinwise’s “designing things that are not finished” (2005), and
Jones’ “pure design” (1984). Useless design is finally argued to find its
value from its ability to valuate and actively traverse the growing chasm
between the industrial and the post-industrial design paradigm.In essence
useless design is an invitation to make useful, here “useful” understood in
reappropriated terms, beyond its currently one dimensional, confined state.
On that note, the essay concludes by shifting its gaze from the abstract
insights gathered throughout the essay towards the concrete urgent task of
prototyping a useless design practice.
Antioxidant Activity of Selected Apple Cultivars Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Mirosavljević Krunoslav , Bilić Branka , Benković-Lacić Teuta
Published: July 2015

The total antioxidant activity of three apple cultivars conventionally farmed (Jonagold, Golden Delicious and Idared) and two cultivars organically farmed (Jonagold and Golden Delicious) were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The spin label used for experiments was TEMPO radical (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) with a well-defined EPR spectrum consisting of three equidistant peaks. The results obtained indicated difference in the total antioxidant activity of apples grown in two different ways, conventional and organic, as well as between different cultivars grown in the same way. The Golden Delicious cultivar is richer in antioxidants than the Jonagold and Idared, regardless of the method of farming. The difference between them is higher in conventionally grown apples than in organically farmed apples. Experimental data was fitted with non-linear curve fit for exponential decay of the first order based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The high values of the R2 parameters for all data indicated correctness in the proposition of exponential decay of the first order as a model describing the dynamic properties of spin labels which diminish in the presence of fresh apple juice.
Pollen Morphology of Pinus mugo Turra × Pinus sylvestris L. Hybrids and Parental Species in an Experimental Culture
Authors: Bykowska Joanna , Klimko Małgorzata
Published: July 2015

Pollen grains of Pinus mugo, P. sylvestris and P. ×rhaetica (= P. mugo × P. sylvestris) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were bisaccate and monosulcate. The corpus-saccus attachment was distinct. The pollen corpus exine sculpture was verrucate-rugulate and deeply sculptured. The surface of the tectum was covered with small grana and it was perforate. The saccus sexine ornamentation was reticulate and irregularly perforate. The tectum surface characters in the proximal and distal view of the corpus and saccus were less variable and they did not provide good criteria to identify the species under study. However, some differences were observed in the size of elevation on the corpus between pollen grains of the same species and between the parental species. This study of the pollen grain morphology of the corpus and saccus provided some important new data.
New Concepts of Innovation in Economic Sciences – Implications in the Field of Food Economy
Authors: Juchniewicz Małgorzata , Grzybowska Barbara
Published: July 2015

The development of innovation theory points to the growing importance of innovation in the processes occurring in the economy. The paper characterizes evolutionary changes innovation models - starting with the linear models up to the cooperation network concept. Particular attention was paid to the creation of contemporary models of innovation and the possibility of their implementation in the food industry. It was found that innovation should increasingly be based on the concept of open innovation. It assumes the active participation of many actors in the creation of cross-organizational knowledge and skills improvement. This trend may be the answer to food industry companies to the growing competitive pressure in global markets.
Basic Aspects Of Productivity Of Underground Coal Gasification Process
Authors: Dubiński Józef , Turek Marian
Published: July 2015

An analysis of conditions which enable attaining possibly highest productivity of industrial scale underground coal gasification technology is presented. The analysis was prepared basing on results obtained during an experimental gasification process conducted in workings of an active hard coal mine. Basic aspects determining application and productivity of the technology concern both general conditions, referring to the hard coal seam being gasified, and practical issues, which need to be considered in coal mine conditions. To present them, the technology of underground coal gasification and still commonly used classical longwall method of mining coal seams are compared.
Boltzmann Equation In The Modeling Of Mineral Processing
Authors: Zhukov Vladimir Pavlovich , Otwinowski Henryk , Belyakov Anton Nikolaevich , Wyleciał Tomasz , Mizonov Vadim Evgenevich
Published: July 2015

The paper presents an application of the Boltzmann kinetic equation to the simultaneous modeling of multi-dimensional processes. This equation defines the evolution of the distribution of the probability density in a given phase space. In the case of a grinding process, the considered phase space is defined by the Cartesian coordinates of particle position, the components of particle velocity and the particle size. The theory of Markov processes is used in the paper to solve the Boltzmann equation for the multi-dimensional space of system states. In order to verify the presented model, research into the simultaneous comminution and movement of material in a drum ball mill was performed. The methodology developed to solve the Boltzmann equation significantly reduces the computational time, which is particularly important in the solution of multi-dimensional problems.
Short-Term Predictions Of Methane Emissions During Longwall Mining
Authors: Krause Eugeniusz
Published: July 2015

The prediction of methane emissions to the longwall environment carried out at the design stage may include subjective errors resulting from the underestimation of input values for calculations and in particular, methane saturation of underlying and overlying seams, their thickness and distance from the mined seam.

The method of a short-term prediction of methane emissions to the longwall environment during its excavation which is presented in this article and which was developed as a part of a strategic research project (Krause et al., 2013), allows for verification of discrepancies between the predicted methane emissions during excavation for the designed longwall and the actual one. The method of short-term prediction allows for variant pre-estimation of methane emissions for changing operational progress and changes in methane saturation of the mined seam and surrounding deposit at the panel length. It can be used by the Mine Ventilation Department continuously during the longwall mining.
Interpretation Of Ground Penetrating Radar Attributes In Identifying The Risk Of Mining Subsidence
Authors: Tomecka-Suchoń Sylwia , Marcak Henryk
Published: July 2015

Sinkholes which occur in regions of old mine workings increase the risk to building and transport safety. Geophysical surveys, particularly with the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR), can help to locate underground voids which migrate towards the surface before they transform into sinkholes.

The mining region in Upper Silesia, Poland was selected to test the method. The test was carried out on the profile at which sinkhole appeared few months after measurements. It can be assumed that the development of deformations in the ground was preceded by hydraulic and geomechanical processes, which directly caused this event. To identify the cause of the sinkhole formation exactly in this place in which it is located we carried out interpretation of GPR measurements through the calculation of GPR signals attributes such as instantaneous phase, instantaneous amplitude envelope, envelope derivative, envelope second derivative. The difference between two similar recorded data can be interpreted as a result of existence of hydraulic channels.

On reflection, it appears that GPR signals attributes can be an important tool not only in the location of a cavity voids, but also can help in understanding the mechanisms of formation of the sinkholes.
A novel single nucleotide polymorphism of the POU1F1 gene associated with meat quality traits in rabbits
Authors: Wang Jie , Li Guowu , Elzo Mauricio A. , Yan Linjun , Chen Shiyi , Jia Xianbo , Lai Songjia
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the POU1F1 gene on meat quality traits in the Hyla, Champagne, and Tianfu Black rabbit breeds. We detected one single nucleotide polymorphism and the SNP was located at 536 bp in intron 5 of this gene. Chi-square tests showed that the genotypic frequencies in the three rabbit populations were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The PIC values indicated that the three populations had intermediate levels of genetic diversity. Rabbits with the CC genotype had a significantly greater pH0h than those with the CT genotype in the biceps femoris muscle. The least squares means for cooking loss in CT and CC rabbits were significantly higher than those for TT rabbits. Rabbits with the CC genotype had a significantly higher intramuscular fat content in the longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris muscles than those with genotype TT and CT. Thus, the results here indicate that this POU1F1 SNP may be of potential use in marker assisted selection for meat quality traits in rabbits.
Effects of incorporating in diets cold-pressed rapeseed cake on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Jan , Andrzejewski Wojciech , Żołnierowicz Katarzyna M. , Przybylska Katarzyna , Golski Janusz , Graczyk Lilianna
Published: July 2015

Alternative proteins from vegetal sources are being studied, because of the high costs and limited resources of fish meal. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of including cold-pressed rape cake (CPRC) as a partial protein substitute in diets for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Common carp fry were stocked into experimental ponds at a density of 30 fish per pond. The effects on growth, feeding efficiency, and fish body composition were studied for four amounts of CPRC (0, 70, 130, 200 g × kg-1). Statistically significant higher final weights (528-530 g) were obtained with fish fed diets with 130 and 200 g × kg-1 CPRC. The fish growth rate was nearly identical in all variants (SGR of 3.3-3.4 % d-1). Similar results were presented in FCR at 1.3, and in PER at 2.2. Our results suggest that it is possible to include up to 200 g × kg-1 of CPRC in diets for two-year old common carp without significant effects on growth, nutritive efficiency, or the proximate composition of the fish.
Effect of Pavement Stiffness on the Shape of Deflection Bowl/ A pályaszerkezet merevségének hatása a behajlási teknő alakjára
Authors: Primusz Péter , Péterfalvi József , Markó Gergely , Tóth Csaba
Published: July 2015

The paper introduces a new method for calculating the elastic moduli of pavement layers. The method requires only two input parameters: the thickness of the upper „bound” layer and the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) or Improved Benkelman Beam Apparatus (IBBA) measurement data. The authors developed a continuously differentiable regression function, which can be applied to describe the shape of the deflection bowl. Additional parameters of the deflection bowl (e.g. radius of curvature, position of inflexion point) can be calculated based on the regression function. FWD measurements were simulated running the BISAR (Bitumen Stress Analysis in Roads) software on different pavement variations. Outputs of the simulations were further processed with self-developed software. As a result, a series of diagrams were elaborated, by which the elastic moduli of the pavement layers can be determined.