bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imagery and the Autonomic Nervous System: Some Methodological Issues
Authors: Di Giusto Eros L. , Bond Nigel W.
Published: September 2011

The present paper is concerned with the role played by image content in the mediation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal. The minimum methodological requirements of such studies are described including controls for imaging, image content, and expectancy effects. Studies meeting these requirements are then reviewed. It is concluded that image content can be a significant modifier of ANS arousal and that this property is not restricted to images containing affective, e.g., phobic, content. These conclusions have relevance to research into techniques such as biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and progressive relaxation, where imagery may have a profound influence but where it has received little direct empirical attention.
Practice Effects within a Multiple-Phase Bender Administration
Authors: Smith Jerry D. , Winnick Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Practice effects within a multiple-phase administration of the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test -were investigated. The addition of a 5-sec. Flash phase prior to the standard presentation did not significantly influence performance on the standard presentation. Students who attempted both the Flash and standard administrations prior to a recall phase remembered significantly more designs than students receiving only the standard administration prior to recall. Those skills possibly measured by the multiple phase Bender format are discussed and the need for research using the three-phase method is suggested.
Restructuring Ability and Patterns of Physics Achievement
Authors: Wormack Leslie
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 24 male and 19 female college students, persons with high visualization ( F1,30 = 7.60, P < .01) and low flexibility of closure ( F1,30 = 6.54, P < .02) attained significantly higher achievement in physics than persons with low visualization or high flexibility of closure. Persons with high restructuring ability and high spatial visualization ( M = 88.64, SD = 15.6) attained a significantly higher level of physics achievement than persons with high restructuring ability and low spatial visualization ( M = 56.5, SD = 25.1). Flexibility of closure, spatial visualization, and the embedded figures test accounted for 23.8%, 18.4%, and 53% of the variability in physics achievement among the entire sample, among males, and among females, respectively. The data provided moderate support for the field-dependence—independence model of psychological differentiation and for investigators who reported a possible link between field-dependnce—independence, visualization, and extent of neurological lateralization.
Generality of Behavioral Data: IV. Cross-Situational Invariance of Objectively Measured Behavior
Authors: Heffler Bo , Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

One derivation which can be made from the traditional trait measurement personality model is that the rank order of individuals with respect to a certain behavior will be stable across situations. This hypothesis was studied for an objectively measured behavior, talking time, with systematic variation of situational characteristics. Analysis of variance yielded inter-individual differences across situations. However, the direct measure of rank order transsituational stability, coefficients of correlation between situations, did not show the expected, systematically high values. For some situations the intercorrelation was even negative. Thus, this result does not support the transsituation stability hypothesis. An indirect estimation of the subject-by-situation interaction was presented. An indication of a significant interaction was obtained.
Attribution of Positive and Negative Characteristics of Instructors as a Function of Attractiveness and Sex of Instructor and Sex of Subject
Authors: Lombardo John P. , Tocci Mary Ellen
Published: September 2011

60 male and 60 female college students evaluated one picture of an attractive or unattractive male or female who was presented as an assistant professor of psychology. The attractive instructor, regardless of sex, received significantly higher ratings on warmth, sensitivity, ability to communicate, knowledge of subject matter, and superiority. Ratings on certain instructors' characteristics were independent of the attractiveness of the instructor and dependent upon the instructor's sex, with males receiving the higher ratings.
Workers' Estimation of Ability Requirements of Their Jobs
Authors: Fischer Donald G. , Sobkow Jo Ann
Published: September 2011

A slightly modified version of the Minnesota Job Requirements Questionnaire, representing the General Aptitude Test Battery, was used by Canadian workers in 25 selected jobs to rate the ability requirements of their jobs. Workers' job requirement ratings were compared with experts' ratings in the Canadian Classification and Dictionary of Occupations and with Occupational Ability Patterns derived from the test battery approach. As in previous studies, with few exceptions, high reliability of workers' job requirement ratings was indicated by high alpha coefficients. Comparison of mean ratings and variability of ratings by workers in a job with workers in other jobs demonstrated construct validity for workers' ratings, as did intercorrelations of the ratings. Occupational ability patterns derived from the job rating (method 3) approach compared favorably with those derived from the test battery and the expert ratings, suggesting that the more parsimonious job rating approach is a reliable alternative to the other two. Finally, results support the view that employees in a job can provide reliable information about job requirements.
Interpersonal Attraction: Fashionability and Perceived Similarity
Authors: Pinaire-Reed J. Ann
Published: September 2011

A random sample of 227 college women were' classified as wearers of high-, mass-, low-, or counter-fashion clothing styles. The subjects' attraction to a stimulus sketch of each clothing style was measured. Analyses of variance showed that wearers of the four clothing styles differed significantly in attraction to a low- and counter-fashion clothing-style stimulus. An a posteriori contrast test indicated that significant differential attraction to the stimulus clothing styles occurred among the wearers of the four clothing styles according to the degree of similarity of the clothing styles.
Relative Locations among Moving Spots and Visual Vector Analysis
Authors: Mori Terunori
Published: September 2011

How the direction of apparent movement changed with the relative locations among spots was quantitatively measured by the method proposed by Hochberg and Fallon. From the vector-extraction model (proposed by Johansson) expanded as, “The vector to be subtracted depends on the relative location,” and the directions of apparent movement, the vector to be subtracted was calculated at each relative location. Consequently data showed (i) the region in which the directions of spots in motion are affected by the frame is finite, and (ii) the degree of the influence is not uniform in the region but is rapidly reduced as spots go away from the frame.
Role of Subjective Probability in Mediating the Relationship between Word Frequency and Recognition of Error
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: September 2011

In a previous study a negative relationship between word frequency and ease of recognition of error in a proofreading task was noted. This finding was tentatively explained by the mediating role of subjective word probability, an hypothesis supported in subsequent work with a different proofreading task. In the present study 50 graduate students provided measures of subjective word probability for the 66 typographical errors employed in the first study. The mediating role of word probability was again supported by significant relationships between this variable and word frequency ( t = 1.82, df = 64, p < .05) and recognition of error ( t = −2.18, df = 62, p < .05) and by the disappearance of the relationship between the latter two variables when word probability was controlled ( t = −1.36, df = 61).
Human Sex Differences in Carrying Behaviors: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Rekers George A. , Mead Shasta
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in hand-carrying of books were observed in 253 college students, replicating Jenni's (1976) findings. Higher intetrater reliability was reported with the less complex classification system, and the new category of “backpack book carrying” was observed more frequently in males than in females.
Generalization Gradients following Differential Intradimensional Autoshaping
Authors: Nallan Gary B. , Coy D. F. Mc , Pace Gary M. , Welch Robin
Published: September 2011

Three pigeons were trained on a differential, intradimensional autoshaped discrimination. A 45° line tilt was always paired with food whereas a 15° line tilt was never paired with food. All subjects learned the discrimination within 17 sessions. The pigeons were then given generalization tests in extinction over seven line tilts (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°). The subjects yielded generalization gradients with maxima at 45° and minima at 15°. An area shift, but no peak shift, was found for each subject.
Discrimination of Infants' Cry-Signals
Authors: Brennan Michael , Kirkland John
Published: September 2011

A technique for clustering infants' cry-signals on the basis of perceptually discriminable acoustic characteristics is reported. A cry-sequence containing all pairwise combinations of 24 signals was constructed. These signals have been used previously in cry-recognition studies (e.g., Wasz-Hockert, et al., 1968) and consist of six each of pain, hunger, pleasure, and birth. 20 musically competent subjects were tested individually and instructed to compare each cry with the one immediately preceding it in the sequence. Forced-choice “similarity” scores were summed for every pair of cries. These “similarity scores” were data for both a manual and a computerized clustering method. There was absolute agreement between these two .methods, and the clusters of cry-signals correspond very closely to the four original cry groups. This seems a valid technique for examining the acoustic similarity of infants' cry-signals.
Pain Thresholds in Rats during Recovery from Rem Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Coleman David D. , Ferrante Felice , Sahatjian Manik , Hawkins James
Published: September 2011

Using 30 Sprague-Dawley female rats, threshold to pain was measured over the course of recovery from REM sleep deprivation. Relative to the untreated controls and to their own pretreatment thresholds, the REM-deprived animals showed significantly reduced pain thresholds which were still evident 96 hours after the termination of the REM deprivation. Possible implications of these data for research with analgesic drugs were noted.
Effects of Training versus Non-Training in Identification of Infant Cry-Signals: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gladding Samuel T.
Published: September 2011

The effects of training on the ability to identify 4 infants' cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 60 college students (aged 18 to 30 yr.)- Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. In a follow-up retesr 10 wk. later, scores for the birth and hunger cry-signals improved significantly ( p < .05) for subjects without training, while scores for subjects with training remained about the same. The suggestion that repeated exposure to cry-signals may serve as training was discussed.
Effects of a Simulation Game on Children's Consumer Knowledge
Authors: Schuetz Stephen , Sprafkin Joyce N.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the immediate and longer-term effectiveness of a simulation board game designed to teach nutrition and consumer information to primary grade children. Results showed that after only four 20-min. game sessions, children who played the experimental game had learned a significant number of facts relative to a control group. These effects were maintained over 8 wk.
Spatial-Temporal Structure of Coincident-Timing Responses
Authors: Shea Charles H. , Gabbard Carl P.
Published: September 2011

The spatial temporal structure of coincident timing responses was investigated using an 86-cm movement from a microswitch to a barrier. The speed of the movement was monitored by a series of photocells placed at equal intervals along the movement line. Subjects ( N = 24) watched a timer and attempted to displace the barrier at the precise moment that the timer sweep-hand reached a “target position” (250, 500, 1000 msec.) All subjects were given 100 trials of practice at a particular target position. The results indicate that rapid responses have similar spatial temporal structures but that this pattern is altered in slower movements.
Relationships of Curiosity to Perceptual and Verbal Fluency in Young Children
Authors: Inagaki Kayoko
Published: September 2011

The relations of curiosity measured separately by teachers' rating and a revised object-curiosity task to verbal fluency and originality, measured by a word fluency test, and to perceptual fluency, obtained from the “Visual Closure” test of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, were examined in 60 5- to 6-year-old boys. Although teachers' ratings of curiosity were contaminated by MA, they were significantly related to fluency in verbal recall and less strongly to fluency in visual exploration and verbal originality even when the effect of MA was held constant. Object curiosity, which was negatively correlated with MA, showed at best negligible covariation with these three measures.
Brief Scale for Teaching Appraisal in Engineering Courses
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

A 10-item scale was proposed to assess effectiveness of teaching in engineering courses.
Effect of Various Sensory Inputs on Prose Learning
Authors: Dorsel Thomas N.
Published: September 2011

A pretest-posttest design was used to determine the effects of auditory input, visual input, auditory-visual input, and no input on prose learning. The principal result of a multivariate analysis of covariance combined with a multiple-comparison test was a significant difference in favor of auditory input. This difference seemed to be confined to definition items which were the substance of the input as opposed to application items which were not involved explicitly in the input. A difference between the present study and earlier ones was that a shorter exposure of stimuli was employed in the present study, which may have led to results favoring auditory input in contrast to earlier findings favoring visual input.
Effects of Live and TV Models on Observational Learning in Introverted and Extroverted Children
Authors: Fouts Gregory T. , Click Marguerite
Published: September 2011

Introverted and extroverted preschool children were exposed to three modeling stimuli: a live model, a model presented on TV, and a TV modeling condition in which no human model was present. Regardless of the modeling condition, extroverts showed more observational learning than introverts, and live modeling produced more observational learning than either of the two TV-mediated conditions. Extroverts attended less to the TV modeling condition without a human model than did introverts, and both introverts and extroverts attended less to the TV-mediated conditions than to the live model.
A Simple Method of Generating Correlated Data
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a method for generating values of two normal random variables such that the corresponding sample (estimated) correlation between the two variables has some predetermined value while the variance(s) of the two variables has some specified value and uncorrelatedness and independence exist within each of the two data sets. An example demonstrates the use of the method, which can be implemented on a digital computer or a programmable pocket calculator. The method is suited for use in psychological experiments.
Mirror-Drawing Performance as a Function of Instructional Set and Conflict
Authors: Goodman Elizabeth S.
Published: September 2011

The effect of instructional sets designed to manipulate levels of conflict on mirror-drawing performance was examined by testing 60 male college students, assigned at random to four experimental conditions: low conflict (speed emphasized), low conflict (accuracy emphasized), intermediate conflict (both speed and accuracy passively emphasized), and high conflict (both speed and accuracy actively emphasized). The response measures were means for 10 trials per subject on total time, time and number of errors. In low conflict conditions, performance agreed with the response emphasized in instructional set. The second hypothesis, that performance is inversely related to level of conflict, was not supported. Performance in the conditions of intermediate and high conflict did not differ and ranked between the two conditions of low conflict on each of the three response measures.
Evidence That the Colored Shadow Effect is Retinal
Authors: Weiss Burton A. , Hewett Thomas T. , Mentzer James R.
Published: September 2011

Polarized lenses were employed to present the images of the colored shadows effect separately to each eye. The phenomenon was perceived only when both images were viewed on the same retina, leading to the conclusion that the effect is entirely retinal in origin and does not involve the central nervous system.
Improving Exposure Component and Generalization Potential of Stress Inoculation for Pain
Authors: Hackett Gail , Horan John J. , Buchanan Jay , Zumoff Paul
Published: September 2011

Stress inoculation for pain involves education about the psychological dimensions of pain, training in a number of coping skills, and practice in applying these skills during exposure to the noxious stimulus. In a previous study the exposure component (which involved six practice sessions) proved ineffective; moreover the efficacy of the other components was not repeated on the generalization measures. The present study compared three variations in the exposure component and found that training with a single practice session on the cold pressor task proved more helpful than training with no practice at all, which in turn was no worse than training with six practice sessions. Moreover, therapeutic attention to generalization resulted in increased pain tolerance on the pressure algometer task.
Evidence That Line Illusions Originate in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Weiss Burton A. , Hewitt Thomas T. , Mentzer James R.
Published: September 2011

Polarized lenses were employed to present the components of four line illusions separately to each eye. The phenomena were perceived even when both images were disparately presented, leading to the conclusion that the effect originates in the central nervous system and does not require the retina.
Lateral Preference and Style of Cognition
Authors: Kashihara Eryu
Published: September 2011

The relationship between cognitive ability and laterality was examined in tetras of the relation of intelligence test scores to lateral preference. The factor analysis was performed on the variables of 12 tasks of the intelligence scale and total lateral preference. A slight relation was found between lateral preference and figure combination task. To clarify the relationship, the mean scores of tasks were tested for subjects who preferred the right and left on each preference item. Some significant differences were found. On some items, the mean scores of subjects with left preferences were inferior to those of subjects with right preferences on the figure-combination task. The result confirmed Levy's finding (1969). But cross-validation on a large sample is required.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXXIX. A Note about the Ambiguity of Scientific Texts
Authors: Gach John
Published: September 2011

Even in scientific discourse the relation of signs to concepts is not constant. Helmholtz's law of conservation of energy is discussed as an instance of textual ambiguity.
Development of Articulatory Competence in Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Brajović Cvjetko , Djurdjić Slavoljub , Djurdjević Miladin
Published: September 2011

Mentally retarded children participated in a verbal stimulation program developed at the Institute for Psychophysiological and Speech Disorders, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Intensive home therapy was associated with an increase in articulatory competence in both moderately and profoundly retarded children. The development of articulation differed between retardate groups as well as with the sequence of normal phonological production. The results suggest that the order in which sounds are introduced into the therapeutic program may be a critical factor in the over-all development of competent articulation.
Function of Color in Learning an Assembly Task by Learning Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Rutherford Robert B. , Hasterok Gerald S. , Casey Robert J. , Howell Kenneth
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of color on responses by 20 14- to 17-yr.-oId learning disabled students in a probation facility to a puzzle assembly task. Prior to the task, one of two randomly constituted groups of 10 viewed a black and white film illustrating a puzzle assembly, the other group viewed an identical film of the puzzle being assembled in color. Analysis indicated that color does not enhance performance in some cases and may inhibit performance.
Effect of Familiar Size on Judgments of Relative Size and Distance
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

Carlson and Tassone (1971) found that for far viewing distances a person was judged taller in objective size, smaller in apparent size, and more distant than a board of the same size and at the same distance as the person. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate Carlson and Tassone's findings for near viewing distances. Subjects compared the size and distance of familiar and unfamiliar objects viewed from a distance of 5.3 m. The two objects were judged equal in both apparent and objective size and the familiar object was judged as more distant than the unfamiliar object. It is suggested that the distance results can best be explained in terms of the detail pattern cue rather than the familiar size cue to relative distance.
Dependence on Feedback following Practice
Authors: Laszlo J. I. , Bairstow P. J. , Baker J. E.
Published: September 2011

Index finger writing was tested for 84 subjects in the absence of sensory feedback, after three levels of practice with feedback. Practice increased reliance on feedback: performance in the absence of sensory information declined.
Lateral Eye Movement While Eyes are Closed
Authors: Takeda Mariko , Yoshimura Hirokazu
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed (1) to clarify whether lateral eye movements appear when eyes are closed as well as when they are open and (2) to examine some possible factors which may affect the phenomenon. Horizontal eye movements of 8 males and 8 females during reflection were recorded by means of electro-oculography. All the subjects showed fewer lateral eye movements in eyes-closed condition than in eyes-open condition, and neither the consistency of direction nor the effect of question types was replicated. These facts cannot be explained by the hemispheric activation hypothesis.
Slang Knowledge as an Indicator of a General Social Deviancy Subcultural Factor
Authors: Haertzen C. A. , Ross F. E. , Hooks N. T.
Published: September 2011

Evidence for a general social deviancy subcultural factor was found using the Kulik, Sarbin, and Stein (1971) slang test on drugs, gangs, law enforcement, and general words. The slang scores of 68 confirmed opiate addicts exceeded those of normals and young delinquents reported by Kulik, et al. (1971), including delinquents who were recidivists. Addicts knew more drug and alcohol slang than slang in the three other categories. It was recommended that more attempts should be made to subdivide measures of social deviancy by means of slang as there is some evidence of possible further differentiation of subcultural types by means of slang.
Schizophrenic Wais Pattern by Diagnostic Subtypes
Authors: Kay Stanley R.
Published: September 2011

Post-treatment WAIS scores of 36 hospitalized schizophrenics were analyzed according to diagnostic subdivisions elsewhere validated. Significant differences emerged between Verbal and Performance Scales and among the 11 subtests, which transcended diagnostic subclasses. The results implied a reliable schizophrenic WAIS pattern supportive of Wechsler's (1958) proposal.
Comparison of McCarthy General Cognitive Indexes and Stanford-Binet IQS for Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Harrison Patti L.
Published: September 2011

15 Educable Mentally Retarded children, aged 6 1/2 to 8 1/2 yr., were tested on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Stanford-Binet (1972 norms). All children were tested over a 6-mo. period in public schools located in Northeast Georgia. Since 8 of the 15 children obtained General Cognitive Indexes below the norms presented in the McCarthy manual, extrapolated scores were assigned to increase the precision of the comparison. Although the two scores correlated significantly, the mean Index with IQ was significantly lower than the mean IQ for this sample of educable mentally retarded children. The implications of the findings were discussed.
Comments on Discriminant Validity of Self-Concept Constructs
Authors: Chapman James W. , Boersma Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

This paper questions the claim that self-concept is a unitary trait which cannot be satisfactorily divided into discrete components. The authors suggest that molecular aspects of self-concept can be measured through the use of instruments specifically designed to tap distinct facets of self-concept. Data supporting this supposition are discussed in terms of recent findings with the Student's Perception of Ability Scale.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: VI. M and the Intrapsychic Life of Individuals
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

In speculating about the meaning of M, Rorschach thought that it was a function of the inner life of individuals, reflecting, primarily, intelligence, creativity, and imaginativeness. Klopfer thought M reflected imagination, while Beck thought M reflected the fantasy life of individuals. While all these conceptualizations focus on the inner life, there are subtle differences between these interpretations of M. Research indicated that M seemed to be more reflective of the capacity for imagination and fantasy rather than intelligence and creativity. However, clearly the research done thus far constitutes but the beginnings of a number of programs of research which could/should be done before the meaning of M is truly understood.
Sex Differences in Feedback: Effects on Rod-and-Frame Performance
Authors: Erdos G.
Published: September 2011

It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.
Factors Affecting Perceptual Functioning and Activity in Albino Rats
Authors: Maloney Patrick , Deitchman Robert , Walsh Kevin , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The effects of crowding and estrus cycling upon visual observing behavior and general activity level in the albino rat were investigated. Experimental groups were composed of non-estrus or estrus females and were subjected to one of three different crowding conditions. Measures of the frequency and duration of observing of photographic slides were taken as well as a measure of general activity. Slides were composed of either geometric patterns or color photographs depicting rats in various social postures. Contrary to previous reports, observing measures did not vary with levels of crowding or stage of estrus. There were, however, differences among the various crowded conditions on a measure of general activity. Relatively short-term crowding was shown to affect estrus based cyclical variation in activity and observing.
Kinetic Depth Effect Examined under Conditions of Unimodal versus Bimodal Sensory Input
Authors: Lucas Bert A. , Taylor James S.
Published: September 2011

To perceive the three-dimensional rotation of a shadow figure, displacement and line length change are required. Without displacement, persons perceive a line lengthening and shortening on a two-dimensional plane. The present investigation attempted to create the kinetic depth effect without displacement by including auditory input. 48 persons were randomly assigned to two groups (line-length change with tone or line-length change without tone). The tone group received sound through headphones which oscillated in amplitude in synchrony with the shadow of a rotating “T” figure. The tone group perceived a three-dimensional figure in rotation significantly more often than did the non-tone group. These results suggest that the kinetic depth effect may be created by more than one combination of sensory input.
Effects of Type of Information (Abstract-Concrete) and Field Dependence on Asymmetry of Hand Movements during Speech
Authors: Sousa-Poza Joaquin F. , Rohrberg Robert , Mercure André
Published: September 2011

Asymmetry of object-focused (gestural) and body-focused (self-touching) movements was investigated in a sample of 14 field-dependent and 14 field-independent right-handed male college students. The data were obtained from standardized, videotaped interviews which consisted of an abstract and a concrete communicative task. Significant right-hand asymmetry was found for gestures which depict or represent (motor primacy movements, p < .01) but not for nonrepresentational speech primacy movements. In general, field-independents had greater right-hand asymmetry than field-dependents for object-focused movements, whereas field-dependents showed more left-hand asymmetry of self-touching. Results are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between extent of movement asymmetry and the use of visual imagery in verbal encoding.
Electromyographic Tension Levels in Stutterers and Normal Speakers
Authors: Kalotkin Madeline , Manschreck Theo , O'Brien Donna
Published: September 2011

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of masseter muscle tension during conversational speech by six adult stutterers were compared to EMG levels of 6 normal speakers. Stutterers' and normal speakers' tension levels were significantly different; however, there was no correlation found between level of tension and severity of stuttering.
A Finite State Model for Meditation Phenomena
Authors: Waxman Jerry
Published: September 2011

Various reports of brain wave synchrony during Transcendental Meditation have appeared in the literature and have been interpreted as indicating a heightened state of integration of brain function. We suggest that this observed synchrony rather than indicating a greater integration of brain function might be an artifact of parts of the brain acting like a finite state machine. The finite state model is developed, its properties derived and a test for the hypothesis is presented.
Effect of a Group Perceptual-Motor Training Program on Kindergarten Children
Authors: Hughes Janet , Landry Richard , Brekke Beverly , Burke Jacob
Published: September 2011

For 21 boys and 24 girls in a middle-class kindergarten no differences in Identification of Body Parts, Copy Forms, or Motor Skills Test of the Rosner-Richman Perceptual Survey were noted. Scores increased from September to May testing on copying and motor skills, e.g., walking a rail, balancing, handling balls, as expected.
Color Preference for Black and White by Infants and Young Children
Authors: May Jo Whitten , May J. Gaylord
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a preference for the color white was present in infants and young children, A color preference test was administered to 160 subjects who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. Data were obtained from a 120-item test in which 12 different pairs of toys were presented to each subject. The toys in each pair were identical except that one was black and the other was white. The toy the subject selected was considered the subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. Statistical analysis did not support existing literature, refuting the published idea that white preference is a general quality in all human beings.
Cognitive Style and Sending and Receiving of Facial Cues
Authors: Sabatelli Ronald M. , Dreyer Albert S. , Buck Ross
Published: September 2011

Sending and receiving accuracy of nonverbal facial cues was assessed in 17 dating but non-cohabiting college couples. Field-dependence/field-independence of each person was measured using the Embedded-figures Test. There were no relationships between several measures of receiving accuracy and cognitive style. However, field-dependent individuals were better senders of facial expressions. This finding is consistent with the literature on verbal self-disclosure and with other recent studies of accuracy of nonverbal sending.
Reported Sleep: Needed minus Obtained Sleep, Family Resemblance, and Age
Authors: Ayers Joyce L. , Ruff Carol F. , Templer Donald I.
Published: September 2011

For a normal population from 13 to 89 yr. of age there was a correlation of .02 between age and sleep obtained, –.07 between age and sleep needed, and –.33 ( p < .01) between age and sleep needed minus sleep obtained. Also, significant family resemblance was found for all three of the above sleep variables.
Note: Inter-Rater Reliability of Scree Test and Mean Square Ratio Test of Number of Factors
Authors: Crawford Charles B. , Koopman Penny
Published: September 2011

The inter-rater reliability of Cattell's scree and Linn's mean square ratio test of the number of factors was studied. Sample correlation matrices were generated from a population correlation matrix by means of standard Monte Carlo procedures such that there were 100 samples based on each of 3 sample sizes. Each matrix was factored and the scree test and the mean square ratio test were each applied by five raters. For both tests, the inter-rater reliabilities were very low. These results suggest that inexperienced factor analysts should be wary of these tests of the number of factors.
Effect of Assigned Role on Causal Attributions for Behaviors
Authors: Littrell John M.
Published: September 2011

Attribution theory focuses on the differences in perceptions that people have of the causes of behaviors and events. The theory provided a framework for determining the effect of assigned role in a counseling interview on ratings of causal attributions for “counselors'” and “clients'” behaviors. 42 counselor-trainees were randomly assigned to the roles of counselor, client, or observer for 15-min. interviews. Following the interviews the trainees rated behaviors and the causes of the behaviors. Trainees rated their own behaviors and their clients' behaviors as the most situationally produced. Dispositional ratings were not used to differentiate the causes of behaviors. Results were compared with Jones and Nisbett's hypotheses.
Children's Autokinetic Movement as a Function of Inferred Movement of Target Shape
Authors: Borresen C. R.
Published: September 2011

Four target shapes, a control stimulus (circle) and one each representing geometrical (arrow), representational (car), and symbolic (cross) implied movement were presented to 10 children in each of five age groups of boys and girls (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 yr.) in an autokinetic movement task While there were no differences in direction of perceived movement with regard to the control stimulus (circle), all other target shapes showed a decrease in the effects of implied movement with increases in age. The minor sex differences were not reported.
Pupil Dilation, Sex of Stimulus, and Age and Sex of Observer
Authors: Bull Ray , Shead Gabriel
Published: September 2011

10-yr.-old, 16-yr.-old, and 20-yr.-old male and female observers ( ns = 10; N = 60) rated a number of male and female faces for how ‘good-looking’ they were. Some of these faces were identical save that in one version the pupils were larger. Pupil dilation in the photographs of males produced no significant effects, whereas pupil dilation in the female photographs caused such faces to be rated as more good-looking by the two oldest groups of male observers. The 10-yr.-old boys and the 16- and 20-yr.-old women rated the female faces with enlarged pupils as significantly less ‘good-looking’ than the same faces with smaller pupils.
Cognitive Correlates of Polychronicity
Authors: Haase Richard F. , Lee Dong Yul , Banks Donald L.
Published: September 2011

Polychronicity, defined as the ability to cope with stimulus-intense, information-overloaded environments, was operationalized as a 25-item scale assessing the reported degree to which individuals structure their physical and interpersonal environments within the context of time and space. The validity of the construct of polychronicity was assessed by predicting directional relationships to cognitive complexity and intelligence. The analyses support the hypotheses. Results are discussed regarding the ability of the construct to predict coping reactions to overloaded environmental transactions. A theoretical model of polychronicity is advanced.
Cardiac Deceleration and Accuracy of Performance: Recalculation of Standard Score Transform
Authors: Carriero Nicholas John
Published: September 2011

In two previous studies the standard score transform used was based on a standard deviation derived from the mean standard deviations of the raw data in the six classifications employed in the studies rather than on one based on the entire set of raw scores as is the more common practice. The data were reanalyzed using the latter basis and major findings were confirmed. Some of the minor findings, however, were changed. These changes are pointed out and discussed where they occurred.
Relation between Fucker Fusion Threshold and Retinal Positions
Authors: Fukuda Tadahiko
Published: September 2011

The critical flicker frequencies (CFF) were determined for various locations on the retina. Under the conditions in which pupil size varies little with target luminance and size for a retinal location, two findings were obtained. First, the relation between the CFF value and the retinal location depends basically upon the density distribution of the receptor cells (cones and rods) on the retina. Second, when a large test field is employed, the peripheral area shows a maximal CFF value. These characteristics are explicable in terms of the retinal structure and by assuming some functions for it.
A Length Aftereffect from Grating Adaptation: Now You See it … Now You Don't
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Adaptation to a grating of short bars has the effect of increasing the apparent length of a subsequently viewed test bar, and adaptation to a grating of long bars has the effect of decreasing the apparent length of a subsequently viewed test bar. However, decreasing the interspace between the long adaptation bars has the effect of (1) negating the length aftereffect and (2) reducing the apparent width of the test bar viewed by the retina previously adapted to the grating of long bars.
Effects of Background Music on Musical Task Performance and Subsequent Music Preference
Authors: Geringer John M. , Nelson Janice K.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effects of background music on performance of a musical task and on subsequent preference for that music. 60 music and 60 non-music majors heard background music in music-only or music-plus-task conditions, and a third group heard no music in a task-only condition. A preference test of four musical excerpts, including the background music excerpt, was administered subsequently to all three groups of subjects. Although music majors scored higher than non-majors, background music did not differentially affect task scores. Music students exhibited a differential preference following both musical conditions, while non-music subjects demonstrated differential preference only following the music-only condition.
Relation of Personality Characteristics and Color Preferences
Authors: Stimpson David V. , Stimpson Miriam F.
Published: September 2011

150 students responded to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and ranked color plates from the Luscher Color Test. Regression analysis yielded no relationships of predictive significance between the two sets of variables. An ancillary analysis using sets of random numbers in place of the color preference data yielded results basically similar to those produced in the earlier analysis. Males and females rank ordered the colors identically except for yellow, which was significantly more preferred by males than females.
Effects of Familiarity of Music on Vigilant Performance
Authors: Fontaine Craig W. , Schwalm Norman D.
Published: September 2011

35 subjects, randomly assigned to five groups in a 2 × 2 + 1 between-subjects design, performed a vigilance task under familiar rock, familiar easy-listening, unfamiliar rock, unfamiliar easy-listening, and no music conditions. Familiar music significantly increased heart rate and percent detections and also mitigated the classical vigilance decrement. Type of music had no significant effect. It was concluded that the psychological characteristics of noise are at least as important as its physical characteristics in determining level of vigilance performance.
Strategies for Attention Allocation in Multiple Input, Multiple Response Tasks
Authors: Schneider Sid J.
Published: September 2011

9 tasks involving multiple inputs and multiple responses were administered. The tasks involved monitoring, shadowing, and ignoring, in all combinations, monaural and dichotic messages. Miss rates were compared to determine the effect of adding additional demands to different tasks. Results suggested that, when a demand was added to a task, attention was allocated away primarily from those demands already receiving the greatest amounts of attention, to accommodate the new demand. When the new demand drew attention toward a channel, those demands already receiving the least amounts of attention gained the largest amounts. There were several exceptions to these trends, suggesting that the total amount of effort available for allocation was apparently an important variable. The implication of the results for research in attention was discussed.
Sociometry of Humor: Objectifying the Subjective
Authors: Ziv Avner
Published: September 2011

A new instrument for measuring students' sense of humor in a classroom is presented. It is based on the combination of the subjective perception of each student concerning the degree of “sense of humor” each of his peers has. Using a personal frame of reference, each student is asked to note for each peer the sense of humor perceived. By summing the subjective perception, a score for sense of humor is obtained. This score is significantly correlated to other measures of humor.
Dichotic Ear Effects with Digits and Tones: A Within-Subject Comparison
Authors: Teng Evelyn Lee
Published: September 2011

56 right-handed adults (23 men, 33 women) with IQs ranging from 79 to 140 on the Quick Test each performed on two dichotic tests, one with digital input, one with tonal input. The average magnitude of the right-ear advantage for digits was comparable to that of the left-ear advantage for tones, but there was greater between-subject variability with tonal input than with digital input. Ear advantage with digits was unrelated with ear advantage with tones, and high intelligence was not associated with clearly opposite directions of ear advantage for the two types of test material. The results were discussed in terms of hemispheric specializations, as well as the reliability and validity of the dichotic ear effects.
Examination Stress and Performance on a Color-Word Interference Test
Authors: Ray Colette
Published: September 2011

Interference observed in the Stroop color-word task is influenced by various characteristics of the words employed. 38 students in their final year, approaching examinations, were asked to name the colors of words associated with this theme. These words produced greater delay than a control set, and those students who were most anxious about the examinations experienced most interference. This effect might be more generally employed in stress research, providing a performance-based index of reaction to issues or situations which are potential sources of anxiety.
Birth Order: Complementarity vs Homogamy as Determinants of Attraction in Dating Relationships
Authors: Critelli Joseph W. , Baldwin Amy C.
Published: September 2011

Toman's duplication and homogamy theorems derive conflicting hypotheses for the relationship between birth order and attraction in dating relationships. The present investigation directly compared these two hypotheses for a sample of 123 dating couples. Members of each couple completed measures of birth order, liking, loving, time-period dating, probability of marrying partner, and satisfaction with relationship; birth orders were classified into five types according to Toman's system. The results did not support either duplication or homogamy. Although evidence exists for the effects of duplication on marital longevity and for homogamy on marital choice, birth order does not appear related to the choice, longevity, or attraction between dating partners. Theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
No “Seven Phenomenon” in Eight- and Nine-Year-Old Children
Authors: Wiegersma S.
Published: September 2011

In experiments in which adult subjects are asked to produce the first number below 10 that comes to mind, ‘7’ is chosen considerably more than the other numbers. This study shows that this “seven phenomenon” does not appear for children of 8 and 9 yr. old but does for 10 and 11 yr. olds.
Effects of Body Image on Tactile Sensitivity to a Tickle: A Study of Pregnancy
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Milizia Maria , Romano M. Francesca
Published: September 2011

A group of 20 middle-class women between 20 and 40 yr. of age and in the third trimester of pregnancy was compared with a control group of 20 non-pregnant women for cutaneous sensitivity (to a tickle) and for modifications of body schema which were hypothesized to occur during pregnancy. Latency and actual duration were considered in the perception of the tickle. Body schema were studied using two of Fisher's tests, Body Prominence and Body Carhexis. Pregnancy leads to modifications in sensitivity to tickle, specifically with regard to the right half of the body and to some extent in body schema.
Clinical Use of the Quick Test with Sheltered Workshop Clients
Authors: Persinger Bill D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this note is to provide clinical Reference data on the Quick Test responses of 48 adult sheltered workshop clients. The mean IQs for Forms 1, 2, and 3 were 66.3, 67.6, and 697, respectively. The mean IQ for combined Form 1+2 + 3 was 68.4. Standard deviations of IQs for the three forms were 13.68, 13–99, and 15.31, respectively, and for Form 1+2 + 3 was 13.65. There were 17 females and 31 males ranging in age from 18-2 to 61-1. These data provide tentative local norms for psychologists to use when the Quick Test is given to evaluate mentally subnormal clients of these sheltered workshops for placement or to predict their success in work programs. Future norms should be checked and updated for workshop clients.