bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for psychosis risk among help‐seeking adolescents: Application of the Italian version of the 16‐item prodromal questionnaire (iPQ‐16) in child and adolescent neuropsychiatry services
Authors: Pelizza Lorenzo , Azzali Silvia , Paterlini Federica , Garlassi Sara , Scazza Ilaria , Chiri Luigi Rocco , Poletti Michele , Pupo Simona , Raballo Andrea
Published: March 2018

Aim

The 16‐item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16) is a versatile screen tool for routine screening of at‐risk individuals. We wished to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the PQ‐16 (iPQ‐16) in a sample of 72 help‐seeking adolescents (age range 13‐17 years) referred to child and adolescent neuropsychiatry services for diagnostic assessment.

Methods

Participants who completed iPQ‐16 were subsequently interviewed with the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS) to confirm the psychosis high risk state. We then examined the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values [PPV e NPV]) and concurrent validity between iPQ‐16 and CAARMS using Cronbach's alpha and Cohen's kappa. We also tested the validity of the adopted iPQ‐16 cut‐offs through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves plotted against CAARMS diagnoses and the 1‐year predictive validity of the iPQ‐16.

Results

Overall, the psychometric properties of the iPQ‐16 were satisfactory. The iPQ‐16 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .827) and acceptable diagnostic accuracy (77% sensitivity, 72% PPV) and concurrent validity (Cohen's k = 0.309). ROC analyses pointed to iPQ‐16 total distress score of ≥10 as best cut‐off.

Conclusion

The iPQ‐16 is a reliable and valid instrument for routine screening of at‐risk individuals in Italian neuropsychiatry services.
Low response rate to ATG‐based immunosuppressive therapy in very severe aplastic anaemia — A Swedish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Vaht Krista , Göransson Magnus , Carlson Kristina , Isaksson Cecilia , Lenhoff Stig , Sandstedt Anna , Uggla Bertil , Winiarski Jacek , Ljungman Per , Brune Mats , Andersson Per‐Ola
Published: March 2018

Objectives

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)‐based immunosuppression remains a cornerstone in aplastic anaemia (AA) treatment. However, most ATG studies are not population‐based and knowledge about real‐world results concerning response and outcome could offer important information for treating physicians.

Methods

We have recently performed a nationwide retrospective cohort study on all AA patients diagnosed in Sweden in 2000–2011 and now present treatment and outcome data on patients receiving first‐line ATG.

In total, 158 patients showed a 47.0% response rate which was similar in all age groups (range 41.5%‐51.7%) with no difference regarding ATG formulation. The response was significantly associated with severity grade—especially at time of treatment initiation: very severe (VSAA) 22.7%; severe (SAA) 54.5% (P < .001); and non‐severe 88.5% (P < .001). A logistic regression‐based predictive model indicated that VSAA patients with an absolute reticulocyte count <25 × 109/L had only a 19% probability of response. In a multivariable analysis, age and VSAA at the time of treatment were the independent factors for inferior survival.

Conclusions

Real‐world VSAA patients respond poorly to ATG which indicates the need for a different treatment approach. Our findings suggest that age alone should not be a discriminating factor for administering ATG treatment.
Hepcidin regulation in a mouse model of acute hypoxia
Authors: Ravasi Giulia , Pelucchi Sara , Buoli Comani Gaia , Greni Federico , Mariani Raffaella , Pelloni Irene , Bombelli Silvia , Perego Roberto , Barisani Donatella , Piperno Alberto
Published: March 2018

Objective

During hypoxia, hepcidin expression is inhibited to allow iron mobilization to sustain erythropoietic expansion. We analyzed molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia‐induced hepcidin inhibition in an in vivo model of acute hypoxia.

Methods

Mice were kept under normal or hypoxic conditions for 6 hours and 15 hours and treated with α‐PDGF‐BB antibody or PDGF‐BB receptor inhibitor. Blood, liver, spleen, and bone marrow were collected to extract RNA and protein or to quantify EPO and PDGF‐BB. mRNA and protein levels were assessed by RT‐PCR and Western blot.

Results

Hepcidin was strongly inhibited at 15 hours, and this downregulation followed erythropoiesis activation and upregulation of several growth factors. PDGF‐BB, erythroferrone, GDF15, and TWSG1 were upregulated by hypoxia in the bone marrow, but not in spleen or liver. Inactivation of PDGF‐BB or its receptor suppressed the hypoxia‐induced hepcidin inhibition.

Conclusion

Spleen and liver are not involved in the early stages of hypoxia‐induced hepcidin downregulation. Our data support the role of PDGF‐BB and probably also of erythroferrone in the recruitment of iron for erythropoiesis in the hypoxia setting. The rapid normalization of all the erythroid factors against persistent hepcidin suppression suggests that other signals are involved that should be clarified in future studies.
Land cover change and management implications for the conservation of a seabird in an urban coastal zone under climate change
Authors: Rastandeh Amin , Pedersen Zari Maibritt , Brown Daniel K.
Published: March 2018

Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) is one of the most ecologically important seabirds in New Zealand and depends strongly on terrestrial ecosystems for nesting, moulting and breeding. Wellington, New Zealand, is one of the world's most important biodiversity hot spots for this species, mostly in confluence with human urban settlements. This species is currently suffering from the local impacts of climate change associated with urbanisation. Two suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand, that are used seasonally by Little Penguin as terrestrial habitat were selected as the study area to address two issues: (i) how local impacts of climate change may affect the population and habitat structure of species in urban coastal zones where land cover change occurs; and (ii) how landscape management practices may help to mitigate the impacts imposed by climate change on the species in such a context. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems techniques were applied to quantify and measure the extent of the prehuman forests and current land cover classes in the study area to reveal the degree to which land cover has changed from predevelopment to the present time. The research shows that land cover change in the study area has been widespread and partly irreversible, particularly in areas covered by the class Built‐up Area. Results reveal that there are still spatial opportunities to safeguard this vulnerable species against the ill effects of climate change through landscape management practices.
Management across boundaries: A municipal dilemma
Authors: Thomasson Anna
Published: March 2018

Public sector mergers have the potential of being viable alternative to other public sector reforms in the striving toward making public service provision more equipped to confront some of the challenges faced today. Mergers however often fail to deliver promised results. Previous research point to the importance of post‐merger integrating processes for realizing the synergies expected from mergers. However, so far these studies have focused on what occurs inside organizations and less on the interplay between different levels. By adopting a governance and top management perspective, this study increases our understanding of the importance of political decisions on the outcome of a merger in the public sector context. Further, this study increases our understanding of how organizational boundaries on different levels of merging organizations influence post‐merger integrating processes and the role of different actors as boundary spanners. The results of this study are based on five case studies of public sector mergers at the local level in Sweden.
Nanoscale localization of proteins within focal adhesions indicates discrete functional assemblies with selective force‐dependence
Authors: Xu Lei , Braun Laura J. , Rönnlund Daniel , Widengren Jerker , Aspenström Pontus , Gad Annica K. B.
Published: March 2018

Focal adhesions (FAs) are subcellular regions at the micrometer scale that link the cell to the surrounding microenvironment and control vital cell functions. However, the spatial architecture of FAs remains unclear at the nanometer scale. We used two‐color and three‐color super‐resolution stimulated emission depletion microscopy to determine the spatial distributions and co‐localization of endogenous FA components in fibroblasts. Our data indicate that adhesion proteins inside, but not outside, FAs are organized into nanometer size units of multi‐protein assemblies. The loss of contractile force reduced the nanoscale co‐localization between different types of proteins, while it increased this co‐localization between markers of the same type. This suggests that actomyosin‐dependent force exerts a nonrandom, specific, control of the localization of adhesion proteins within cell–matrix adhesions. These observations are consistent with the possibility that proteins in cell–matrix adhesions are assembled in nanoscale particles, and that force regulates the localization of the proteins therein in a protein‐specific manner. This detailed knowledge of how the organization of FA components at the nanometer scale is linked to the capacity of the cells to generate contractile forces expands our understanding of cell adhesion in health and disease.
Compositional and functional consequences of environmental change in Belgian farmland ponds
Authors: Verbeek Laura , Vanhamel Matthias , van den Berg Edwin , Hanashiro Fabio T. T. , Gianuca Andros T. , Striebel Maren , Lemmens Pieter , Declerck Steven A. J. , Hillebrand Helmut , De Meester Luc
Published: March 2018

A resampling of 38 small farmland ponds in Belgium after 10 years revealed a high temporal species turnover for both phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, associated with substantial changes in abiotic factors, especially a reduction in total phosphorus concentration.

Across ponds, phytoplankton biomass decreased while evenness and richness increased between the samplings in 2003 and 2013. By contrast, the zooplankton assemblage was characterised by lower biomass, richness and evenness in 2013. Ponds experiencing larger environmental change showed stronger changes in phytoplankton richness and evenness.

Resource use efficiency (RUE) of zooplankton increased with greater environmental change and zooplankton evenness, which points to a switch towards species with higher RUE or greater variety in food sources in higher trophic levels.

As ponds are important habitats for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems services, the strong but predictable species turnover and the opposing effects of environmental change on different trophic levels need to be embedded in conservation and management plans.
Does the severity of non‐flow periods influence ecosystem structure and function of temporary streams? A mesocosm study
Authors: Muñoz Isabel , Abril Meritxell , Casas‐Ruiz Joan Pere , Casellas Maria , Gómez‐Gener Lluís , Marcé Rafael , Menéndez Margarita , Obrador Biel , Sabater Sergi , von Schiller Daniel , Acuña Vicenç
Published: March 2018

Global change is dramatically altering flow regimes worldwide. Among the most important consequences are the transition of many permanent waterways to temporary waterways, the increase in duration and frequency of non‐flow periods of temporary streams, and the increase in the severity (i.e. irradiance, temperature and humidity) of the non‐flow period. Nowadays, there is a lack of knowledge on how changes in duration, frequency and severity of the non‐flow period will reflect on biodiversity and biogeochemical changes in temporary streams.

We designed a manipulative experiment using artificial streams to evaluate the effects of severity of the non‐flow period on stream biofilms. Sixteen artificial streams were assigned to four treatments: continuous flow, continuous intermittency and intermittency with and without rain events. Effects were assessed on selected features of stream biofilm structure (i.e. bacterial density and basal fluorescence) and function (photosynthetic efficiency and enzymatic activities), as well as CO2 emissions and dissolved organic matter quantity and quality from water column and sediments.

The occurrence of rain events during the non‐flow period enhanced organic carbon processing and CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, reducing the sediment reservoir of exportable organic carbon and therefore reducing the dissolved organic carbon exports from streambeds at flow resumption. Given the ongoing reducing trends in the frequency of rain events in semi‐arid and arid regions, we expect temporary streams to process and emit less and to export more carbon to downstream systems.
A 120‐year record of resilience to environmental change in brachiopods
Authors: Cross Emma L. , Harper Elizabeth M. , Peck Lloyd S.
Published: March 2018

The inability of organisms to cope in changing environments poses a major threat to their survival. Rising carbon dioxide concentrations, recently exceeding 400 μatm, are rapidly warming and acidifying our oceans. Current understanding of organism responses to this environmental phenomenon is based mainly on relatively short‐ to medium‐term laboratory and field experiments, which cannot evaluate the potential for long‐term acclimation and adaptation, the processes identified as most important to confer resistance. Here, we present data from a novel approach that assesses responses over a centennial timescale showing remarkable resilience to change in a species predicted to be vulnerable. Utilising museum collections allows the assessment of how organisms have coped with past environmental change. It also provides a historical reference for future climate change responses. We evaluated a unique specimen collection of a single species of brachiopod (Calloria inconspicua) collected every decade from 1900 to 2014 from one sampling site. The majority of brachiopod shell characteristics remained unchanged over the past century. One response, however, appears to reinforce their shell by constructing narrower punctae (shell perforations) and laying down more shell. This study indicates one of the most calcium‐carbonate‐dependent species globally to be highly resilient to environmental change over the last 120 years and provides a new insight for how similar species might react and possibly adapt to future change.
Iron deficiency anemia in older adults: A review
Authors: Joosten Etienne
Published: March 2018

Anemia in older adults is a risk factor for numerous negative outcomes. There is no standard definition, but in most studies, anemia is defined as a hemoglobin value <12 g/dL for women and <13 g/dL for men. Absolute iron deficiency anemia is defined as the combination of anemia and the absence of total body iron. Serum ferritin is the most frequently used diagnostic parameter, but its concentration increases with age and in the presence of inflammatory diseases. Other laboratory tests, such as transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor and the soluble transferrin receptor/ferritin index might provide useful information, but there is a wide variety in the cut‐off values and interpretation of the results. Recent research regarding hepcidin as a central regulator of iron homeostasis is promising, but it has not been used yet for the routine diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. In older iron deficiency anemia patients, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy should be initiated in order to identify the underlying bleeding cause. CT colonography can replace a colonoscopy, and in specific cases, a video capsule is recommended. It remains crucial to keep in mind which potential benefits might be expected from these investigations in this vulnerable population, taking into account the comorbidity and life expectancy, and one should discuss in advance the possible therapeutic options and complications with the patient, a family member or a proxy. Oral iron administration is the standard treatment, but parenteral iron is a convenient and safe way to provide the total iron dose in one or a few sessions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 373–379.
Generational Differences in Trip Timing and Purpose: Evidence from Canada
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce , Scott Darren M.
Published: March 2018

Recent anecdotal evidence suggests that millennials (individuals born following Generation X and between the early 1980s and early 2000s) are characterized by different travel behavior characteristics, including being less likely to have a valid driver's license and less likely to drive than their older counterparts. The old, conversely, represent a rapidly growing segment of the Canadian population that have grown up with the personal automobile and are dependent on it. But are there differences in trip purpose and timing between different generational cohorts? Using data from Statistics Canada's 2010 General Social Survey “Time Use” cycle, this paper evaluates the purpose and timing of trips across generational cohorts, with the paper distinguishing between millennials, generation X, baby boomers, and the greatest generation. Descriptive statistics are used to characterize the purpose and timing of trips, and multivariate analyses of peak versus non‐peak departure‐time models offers insights into the differences and similarities across cohorts. Findings suggest that the timing of travel, along with reasons for travel, are broadly similar across the generations.
The role of ω‐subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in stress response
Authors: Bhardwaj Neerupma , Syal Kirtimaan , Chatterji Dipankar
Published: March 2018

ppGpp, an alarmone for stringent response, plays an important role in the reprogramming of the transcription complex at the time of stress. In Escherichia coli, ppGpp mediates its action by binding to at least two different sites on RNA polymerase (RNAP). One of the sites to which ppGpp binds to RNAP is at the β′‐ω interface; however, the underlying molecular mechanism and the physiological relevance of ppGpp binding to this site remain unclear. In this study, we have performed UV cross‐linking experiments using 32P azido‐labeled ppGpp to probe its association with RNAP in the absence and presence of ω, and observed weaker binding of ppGpp to the RNAP without ω. Furthermore, we followed the binding kinetics of ppGpp to RNAP with and without ω by isothermal titration calorimetry and found it to be concurrent with the cross‐linking results. Native ω is intrinsically disordered, and we have used a previously characterized structured mutant of ω, which affects the plasticity of the active site of RNAP. Results show that the flexibility conferred by the unstructured ω is a prerequisite for ppGpp binding to RNAP. We have analyzed the stress‐associated phenotypes in an E. coli strain devoid of ω (∆rpoZ). ppGpp levels in ∆rpoZ strain were found to be similar to that of the wild‐type strain. Interestingly, when the ∆rpoZ strain of E. coli was transferred after nutritional stress to an enriched media, the recovery of growth was compromised. We have identified a new phenotype of ∆rpoZ strain corresponding to defect in biofilm formation in minimal media.
The force‐sensing device region of α‐catenin is an intrinsically disordered segment in the absence of intramolecular stabilization of the autoinhibitory form
Authors: Hirano Yoshinori , Amano Yu , Yonemura Shigenobu , Hakoshima Toshio
Published: March 2018

Mechanotransduction by α‐catenin facilitates the force‐dependent development of adherens junctions (AJs) by recruiting vinculin to reinforce actin anchoring of AJs. The α‐catenin mechanotransducing action is facilitated by its force‐sensing device region that autoinhibits the vinculin‐binding site 1 (VBS1). Here, we report the high‐resolution structure of the force‐sensing device region of α‐catenin, which shows the autoinhibited form comprised of helix bundles E, F and G. The cryptic VBS1 is embedded into helix bundle E stabilized by direct interactions with the autoinhibitory region forming helix bundles F and G. Our molecular dissection study showed that helix bundles F and G are stable in solution in each isolated form, whereas helix bundle E that contains VBS1 is unstable and intrinsically disordered in solution in the isolated form. We successfully identified key residues mediating the autoinhibition and produced mutated α‐catenins that display variable force sensitivity and autoinhibition. Using these mutants, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that, in the absence of this stabilization, the helix bundle containing VBS1 would adopt an unfolded form, thus exposing VBS for vinculin binding. We provide evidence for importance of mechanotransduction with the intrinsic force sensitivity for vinculin recruitment to adherens junctions of epithelial cell sheets with mutated α‐catenins.
Effect of high amylose resistant starch (HAM‐RS2) supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Tayebi Khosroshahi Hamid , Vaziri Nosratola D. , Abedi Behzad , Asl Bahlol Habibi , Ghojazadeh Morteza , Jing Wanghui , Vatankhah Amir Mansur
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and numerous other complications of CKD. Recent studies demonstrated that consumption of a diet enriched with amylose (HAM‐RS2), attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation, and improves intestinal microbiome in CKD rats. The present study was designed to explore the effect of dietary amylose supplementation in hemodialysis patients.

Methods: Forty‐six stable hemodialysis patients were randomized to receive biscuits containing 20 g/day during the first four weeks and 25 g/day in the next four weeks of either HAM‐RS2 or wheat‐flour. Fasting predialysis blood samples obtained before, during and at the end of trial were processed for biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Findings: There was no significant difference in baseline clinical or biochemical parameters between the two groups. Serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and malondialdehyde declined significantly (P < 0.05) in the HAM‐RS2‐treated group but remained unchanged in the placebo‐treated group. No significant difference was observed in serum Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and hs‐CRP concentrations and total antioxidant activity between two groups. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations significantly declined and severity of constipation improved in HAM‐RS2‐treated patients (P < 0.05). HAM‐RS2 consumption was well tolerated and did not cause discernible side effects.

Discussion: Administration of HAM‐RS2 for eight weeks significantly reduced levels of inflammatory and oxidative markers in hemodialysis patients confirming the results observed in CKD animals. Long term trials are needed to explore the impact of HAM‐RS2 supplementation on clinical outcomes in end stage renal disease population.
High rate of PIK3CA mutations but no TP53 mutations in low‐grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Bataillon Guillaume , Fuhrmann Laetitia , Girard Elodie , Menet Emanuelle , Laé Marick , Capovilla Mathieu , Treilleux Isabelle , Arnould Laurent , Penault‐Llorca Frederique , Rouzier Roman , Marchiò Caterina , Bieche Ivan , Vincent‐Salomon Anne
Published: March 2018

Aims

Low‐grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast (LGASC) is a rare variant of metaplastic carcinoma characterised by a favourable outcome and histologically composed of glandular and squamous elements in a spindle cell background typically associated with a lymphocytic stromal reaction. Because of its rarity, the immunophenotypic and genetic profile of LGASC has not been sufficiently characterised. The aim of this study was to gain insights into the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of LGASC.

Methods and results

We reviewed the clinical and morphological features and detailed the immunohistochemical characteristics of a retrospective series of 13 LGASCs. Targeted sequencing of 50 genes was performed in 10 of 13 cases. Identified mutations were further assessed by Sanger sequencing in a validation series of 11 additional cases. All tumours showed a triple‐negative immunophenotype, expressed ‘basal’ keratins, showed variable levels of epidermal growth factor receptor expression, and did not express androgen receptor. Sequencing analysis of the screening set of LGASCs revealed a high rate (seven of 10 cases) of PIK3CA mutations, whereas no TP53 mutations were found. All PIK3CA mutations were missense mutations located either in exon 20 (n = 6) or in exon 9 (n = 1). The global PIK3CA mutation rate, including the validation series, was 52% (11 of 21 cases). No disease recurrences were observed. [Correction added on 11 June 2018, after first online publication: The percentage of mutation rate was corrected to 52%]

Conclusions

Our results indicate that LGASC of the breast is a low‐grade triple‐negative breast cancer that harbours a basal‐like phenotype with no androgen receptor expression, and shows a high rate of PIK3CA mutations but no TP53 mutations.
Spruce Beetle outbreaks guide American Three‐toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis occupancy patterns in subalpine forests
Authors: Kelly Julia J. , Latif Quresh S. , Saab Victoria A. , Veblen Thomas T.
Published: March 2018

American Three‐toed Woodpeckers Picoides dorsalis are considered a sensitive species by the United States Bureau of Land Management and are on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Watch List. In Idaho, Oregon and Washington, they are of conservation concern due to low abundance and an apparent reliance on disturbed, old‐growth forests. This species is strongly associated with Spruce Beetle Dendroctonous rufipennis epidemics, yet their occupancy relation with epidemic conditions have not been described. We studied Three‐toed Woodpecker occupancy patterns in spruce–fir forests experiencing varying degrees of beetle infestation between 2013 and 2016. Accounting for detection probability, we found a strong positive relationship between occupancy and the density of currently infested trees. Estimated occupancy was 0.57 (Bayesian credible interval 0.49, 0.64) for 75‐m‐radius survey points with zero infested spruce trees vs. 0.99 (Bayesian credible interval 0.99, 1) for points with 235 recently infested stems per ha. In contrast, we found no relationships with density of trees infested at least 3 years prior to sampling, density of older snags (i.e. > 10 years dead) or quadratic mean diameter of healthy or recently infested trees. These results provide evidence of the importance of active Spruce Beetle infestation for Three‐toed Woodpecker habitat. Conserving Spruce Beetle‐infested trees for at least 3 years following the onset of a beetle epidemic would benefit Three‐toed Woodpecker populations and other species that depend on woodpecker‐excavated cavities. We suggest managers consider these results when planning logging activities aimed at Spruce Beetle mitigation.
Weather conditions and date influence male Sage Grouse attendance rates at leks
Authors: Fremgen Aleshia L. , Hansen Christopher P. , Rumble Mark A. , Gamo R. Scott , Millspaugh Joshua j.
Published: March 2018

For lek‐breeding birds, lek attendance can be correlated with mating success. Variability in lek attendance could confound interpretation of male reproductive effort and complicate the use of lek counts as an index to monitor abundance. We assessed the daily probability of male Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus lek attendance and explored implications of attendance on lek counts. We fitted 145 males with global positioning system (GPS) transmitters over 4 years in Carbon County, Wyoming. We evaluated influences of lek size and topography, date, weather, and bird characteristics such as age on daily morning lek attendance. The daily probability of attendance ranged considerably each year, from 0.120 (, 95% CI 0.051–0.259) in 2012 to 0.917 (95% CI 0.844–0.957) in 2013 with peak attendance dates ranging from 8 April (2012) to 11 May (2011). Attendance decreased with increasing precipitation on the observation day. Only 44–79% of lek counts occurred on days without precipitation and with high attendance (i.e. within 0.1 probability of peak predicted attendance). Although lek counts and population abundance, predicted using attendance rates, followed a similar trend, the relationship was not significantly correlated. We provide empirical evidence supporting current lek‐count protocols: managers should avoid counting leks on days with precipitation because attendance is reduced. Although managers sometimes only complete one to two lek counts per year on active leks, completing at least three lek counts as recommended in protocols increases chances for higher male counts and improves the relationship between counts and abundance. Attendance varies annually, making it challenging to use lek counts to assess regional population trends over short time periods unless attendance is accounted for.
Exploring strategies to overcome extra-organisational challenges faced by community pharmacies in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Kho Boon Phiaw , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Lim Ching Jou , Saleem Fahad
Published: March 2018

Objectives

The aims of this research were to determine extra-organisational challenges (e.g. market competition, governing policies) faced by community pharmacies in Sarawak, the coping strategies employed to deal with these challenges and explore potential legislative changes that can attenuate the intensity of these challenges.

Methods

Survey questionnaires (n = 184) were posted to all eligible community pharmacies in Sarawak, Malaysia. The questionnaire included sections on participants’ demographic data, extra-organisational challenges faced, coping strategies employed and proposals to improve community pharmacy legislations. Items were constructed based on the findings of a prior qualitative research supplemented with relevant literature about these issues.

Key findings

High levels of homogeneity in responses were recorded on various extra-organisational challenges faced, particularly those economy-oriented. Strategic changes to counter these challenges were focused on pricing and product stocked, rather than services provision. Highly rated strategies included increasing discounts for customers (n = 54; 68%) and finding cheaper suppliers (n = 70; 88%). Legislative changes proposed that might increase their share of the pharmaceutical market were strongly supported by respondents, particularly about making it compulsory for general practitioners to provide patients the option to have their medicines dispensed in community pharmacies (n = 72; 90%).

Conclusions

Current legislative conditions and Malaysian consumer mindset may have constrained the strategic choices of community pharmacies to deal with the strong extra-organisational challenges. A long-term multipronged approach to address these issues and increased involvement of community pharmacists themselves in this agenda are required to influence practice change.
Innate‐like CD8+ T‐cells and NK cells: converging functions and phenotypes
Authors: Kurioka Ayako , Klenerman Paul , Willberg Christian B.
Published: March 2018

New data in the worlds of both innate‐like CD8+ T‐cells and natural killer (NK) cells have, in parallel, clarified some of the phenotypes of these cells and also their associated functions. While these cells are typically viewed entirely separately, the emerging innate functions of T‐cells and, similarly, the adaptive functions of NK cells suggest that many behaviours can be considered in parallel. In this review we compare the innate functions of CD8+ T‐cells (especially mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells) and those of NK cells, and how these relate to expression of phenotypic markers, especially CD161 and CD56.
Ozone therapy for the treatment of chronic wounds: A systematic review
Authors: Fitzpatrick Erin , Holland Olivia J , Vanderlelie Jessica J
Published: March 2018

Chronic wounds present a significant burden to the health care system and the patient. Ozone therapy has been proposed as a treatment for chronic wounds, potentially acting by eliciting mild oxidative stress or disinfection. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the potential benefits and harms of ozone therapy as an advanced care intervention for chronic wounds. Studies were extracted from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and reference lists. General inclusion criteria included English‐language randomised human trials reporting the use of ozone therapy in the topical treatment of chronic wounds. Primary outcome data included the extent of chronic wound healing, and secondary outcomes included adverse effects. Studies were assessed for level of bias and data quality. Nine studies (n = 453 patients) matched the inclusion criteria and underwent meta‐analysis. Overall, there was a significant improvement in wound closure with ozone therapy. Results consistently favour the application of ozone as a treatment for chronic wounds; however, there is no conclusive evidence of ozone therapy as superior compared with standard treatments. Compared with standard care, ozone therapy as an advanced wound care treatment may improve the proportion of chronic wounds healed in a shorter amount of time, but further research is required.
Time‐dependent changes in extra‐domain A‐fibronectin concentration and relative amounts of fibronectin‐fibrin complexes in plasma of patients with peripheral arterial disease after endovascular revascularisation
Authors: Pupek Małgorzata , Krzyżanowska‐Gołąb Dorota , Kotschy Daniel , Witkiewicz Wojciech , Kwiatkowska Wiesława , Kotschy Maria , Kątnik‐Prastowska Iwona
Published: March 2018

Fibronectin (FN) may be involved in time‐ and stage‐dependent and inter‐related controlled processes of inflammation, coagulation, and wound healing accompanying peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In the present study, FN and FN‐containing extra‐domain A (EDA‐FN), macromolecular FN‐fibrin complexes, and FN monomer were analysed in the plasma of 142 PAD patients, including 37 patients with restenosis, for 37 months after revascularisation. FN concentration increased significantly in the plasma of PAD patients within 7 to 12 months after revascularisation, whereas the high concentration of EDA‐FN was maintained up to 24 months, significantly higher in the group 7 to 12 months after revascularisation with recurrence of stenosis and lower in the PAD groups 1 to 3 months and 4 to 6 months after revascularisation with comorbid diabetes and ulceration, respectively. The relative amounts of FN‐fibrin complexes up to 1600 kDa and FN monomer were significantly higher, within intervals of 4 to 24 months and 4 to 6 months after revascularisation, respectively. Moreover, the relative amounts of 750 to 1600 kDa FN‐fibrin complexes within 13 to 24 months after revascularisation were higher in comparison with those in the group without restenosis. In conclusion, high levels of EDA‐FN and FN‐fibrin complexes could have potential diagnostic value in the management of PAD patients after revascularisation, predicting restenosis risk.
Urban nectarivorous bird communities in Cape Town, South Africa, are structured by ecological generalisation and resource distribution
Authors: Coetzee Anina , Barnard Phoebe , Pauw Anton
Published: March 2018

Biological communities are increasingly faced with novel urban habitats and their response may depend on a combination of biological and habitat traits. The response of pollinator species to urban habitats are of particular importance because all species involved in the pollination mutualism may be affected. Nectarivorous bird communities worldwide show varying tolerances to urban areas, but studies from Africa are lacking. We investigated nectarivorous bird communities in a medium‐sized South African city and asked which biological and garden traits best predict the community assembly of specialist and opportunistic nectarivorous birds. Information was collected on garden traits and the frequency of nine nectarivorous bird species for 193 gardens by means of a questionnaire. Information on biological traits of birds was obtained from published literature. Habitat generalism and tree nesting were identified as the most important biological traits influencing bird occurrence in gardens. A greater diversity of indigenous bird‐pollinated plants and the presence of sugar water feeders increased the numbers of nectar specialist birds and species richness of nectarivorous birds. While bird baths increased the species richness of nectar specialist birds, opportunistic birds’ urban adjustment was further facilitated by large vegetated areas in gardens and limited by the distance to the nearest natural habitat. In conclusion, though some biological traits and dispersal barriers seem to limit urban adjustment, a combination of natural and artificial nectar resource provisioning could facilitate this adjustment.
MicroRNA‐30c suppresses the pro‐fibrogenic effects of cardiac fibroblasts induced by TGF‐β1 and prevents atrial fibrosis by targeting TGFβRII
Authors: Xu Juan , Wu Haiqing , Chen Songwen , Qi Baozhen , Zhou Genqing , Cai Lidong , Zhao Liqun , Wei Yong , Liu Shaowen
Published: March 2018

Atrial fibrosis serves as an important contributor to atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent data have suggested that microRNA‐30c (miR‐30c) is involved in fibrotic remodelling and cancer development, but the specific role of miR‐30c in atrial fibrosis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of miR‐30c in atrial fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Our results indicate that miR‐30c is significantly down‐regulated in the rat abdominal aortic constriction (AAC) model and in the cellular model of fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). Overexpression of miR‐30c in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) markedly inhibits CF proliferation, differentiation, migration and collagen production, whereas decrease in miR‐30c leads to the opposite results. Moreover, we identified TGFβRII as a target of miR‐30c. Finally, transferring adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9)‐miR‐30c into the inferior vena cava of rats attenuated fibrosis in the left atrium following AAC. These data indicate that miR‐30c attenuates atrial fibrosis via inhibition of CF proliferation, differentiation, migration and collagen production by targeting TGFβRII, suggesting that miR‐30c might be a novel potential therapeutic target for preventing atrial fibrosis.
Postnatal periodontal ligament as a novel adult stem cell source for regenerative corneal cell therapy
Authors: Yam Gary Hin‐Fai , Teo Ericia Pei‐Wen , Setiawan Melina , Lovatt Matthew J , Yusoff Nur Zahirah Binte M , Fuest Matthias , Goh Bee‐Tin , Mehta Jodhbir S
Published: March 2018

Corneal opacities are a leading cause of global blindness. They are conventionally treated by the transplantation of donor corneal tissue, which is, restricted by a worldwide donor material shortage and allograft rejection. Autologous adult stem cells with a potential to differentiate into corneal stromal keratocytes (CSKs) could offer a suitable choice of cells for regenerative cell therapy. Postnatal periodontal ligament (PDL) contains a population of adult stem cells, which has a similar embryological origin as CSK, that is cranial neural crest. We harvested PDL cells from young adult teeth extracted because of non‐functional or orthodontic reason and differentiated them towards CSK phenotype using a two‐step protocol with spheroid formation followed by growth factor and cytokine induction in a stromal environment (human amnion stroma and porcine corneal stroma). Our results showed that the PDL‐differentiated CSK‐like cells expressed CSK markers (CD34, ALDH3A1, keratocan, lumican, CHST6, B3GNT7 and Col8A2) and had minimal expression of genes related to fibrosis and other lineages (vasculogenesis, adipogenesis, myogenesis, epitheliogenesis, neurogenesis and hematogenesis). Introduction of PDL spheroids into the stroma of porcine corneas resulted in extensive migration of cells inside the host stroma after 14‐day organ culture. Their quiescent nature and uniform cell distribution resembled to that of mature CSKs inside the native stroma. Our results demonstrated the potential translation of PDL cells for regenerative corneal cell therapy for corneal opacities.
Variations in practice patterns and resource utilization in patients treated for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Adwani Sunil H. , Yuan Cai , Alsaleh Leen , Pepe Julie , Abusaada Khalid
Published: March 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Several studies have looked at patient‐related variables influencing hospital length of stay (LOS) in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). However, there has been increasing recognition that physician‐related factors also play a significant role. This study aims to evaluate differences in practice patterns between teaching and nonteaching services and their effect on LOS in a large community hospital.

Methods

A retrospective study of 354 patients admitted to Florida Hospital, Orlando, with AECOPD between January 2009 and December 2011. Patients who presented with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation were excluded. Practice patterns of interest were use of oral versus intravenous systemic steroids, use of oral versus intravenous antibiotics, and utilization of consultations.

Results

Length of stay was significantly lower in the teaching compared with the nonteaching group (2.80 vs. 5.04 days, P < .001). There was significantly greater use of oral steroids (85% vs. 8.9%, P < .001), greater use of oral antibiotics (72% vs. 33%, P < .001), and lower utilization of consults (0.3 vs. 1.4 consults per patient, P < .001) in the teaching compared with the nonteaching group. The teaching service was independently associated with decreased LOS in a multivariable regression model. However, after adjustment for the difference in practice patterns between the 2 groups, the teaching service was no longer associated with decreased LOS. Of the practice patterns, only utilization of consults was independently associated with increased LOS.

Conclusions

The teaching service had decreased LOS compared with the nonteaching service in patients hospitalized for AECOPD. The observed difference was completely explained by differences in practice patterns between the 2 groups. The study identifies an opportunity for more efficient and cost‐effective care of AECOPD patients through streamlining of consultations, use of oral steroids in lieu of IV steroids, and antibiotic stewardship.
Derivation of the clonal‐cell lines from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) head‐kidney cell lines and its applicability to foreign gene expression and virus culture
Authors: Ryu J. H. , Kim M. S. , Kang J. H. , Kim D. H. , Nam Y. K. , Gong S. P.
Published: March 2018

This study was conducted to establish and characterize the clonal‐cell lines from Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii head‐kidney tissues and to evaluate its applicability as a research tool. From the culture of A. baerii head‐kidney derived cells, 10 cell lines were established first and then eight clonal‐cell lines were derived from clonal growth and colony expansion of two cell lines that showed significant high colony‐forming ability. All eight clonal‐cell lines were morphologically similar and grew stably under monolayer culture but their growth rates were significantly different. They possessed diploid DNA contents, expressed epithelial cell‐related genes and showed strong anchorage dependency to substrates. When a clonal‐cell line was transfected separately with three plasmid vectors including fluorescent reporter genes driven by cytomegalovirus, marine medaka Oryzias dancena β‐actin or A. baerii β‐actin promoter, the cell lines expressed fluorescent signals regardless of promoter types. The cells harbouring foreign genes could be expanded to stable cell lines under drug selection and then they additionally could form the extensively proliferating colonies at low‐density culture. Finally, the clonal‐cell lines showed the susceptibility to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Collectively, the clonal‐cell lines from A. baerii head kidney were established and these cell lines will be able to provide an excellent in vitro system for various biological studies in this fish species.
Location, size and age at onset of metamorphosis in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica
Authors: Fukuda N. , Kurogi H. , Ambe D. , Chow S. , Yamamoto T. , Yokouchi K. , Shinoda A. , Masuda Y. , Sekino M. , Saitoh K. , Masujima M. , Watanabe T. , Mochioka N. , Kuwada H.
Published: March 2018

This study clarifies the location, size and age at the onset of metamorphosis in Japanese eels Anguilla japonica through oceanic surveys, rearing experiments and analyses of the morphology and otoliths of leptocephali and glass eels. Twenty‐eight metamorphosing leptocephali were collected in the mesoscale eddy region to the east of Taiwan during research expeditions in 2004. Rearing experiments showed that the total length (LT) of leptocephali decreased by an average of 12·5% during metamorphosis and 13·9% during the 2–12 h after death. Thus, the mean back‐calculated LT at the onset of metamorphosis for 630 glass eels from Taiwan and Japan was estimated at 67·8 ± 2·7 mm (mean ± S.D.). The estimated mean ante‐mortem size of the fully grown pre‐metamorphic leptocephali collected in 2004 was 64·6 ± 3·4 mm, which was consistent with the LT estimate for glass eels. Otolith analysis showed that the mean age at the onset of metamorphosis was 137 ± 15 days and indicated that Japanese eels may have a recruitment route through the mesoscale eddies to the east of Taiwan in addition to the direct transfer route from the North Equatorial Current to the Kuroshio Current.
Improving Care Using a Bidirectional Geriatric Cardiology Consultative Conference
Authors: Grant Eleonore V. , Skolnick Adam H. , Chodosh Joshua , Perskin Michael H. , Orr Nicole M. , Blaum Caroline , Dodson John A.
Published: March 2018

More than 13 million persons in the United States aged 65 and older have cardiovascular disease (CVD), and this population is expected to increase exponentially over the next several decades. In the absence of clinical studies that would inform how best to manage this population, there is an urgent need for collaborative, thoughtful approaches to their care. Although cardiologists are traditionally regarded as leaders in the care of older adults with CVD, these individuals have multiple comorbidities, physiological differences, and distinct goals of care than younger patients that require a specialized geriatric lens. Thus, collaboration is needed between geriatricians, cardiologists, and other specialists to address the unique needs of this growing population. Accordingly, clinicians at New York University Langone Health and School of Medicine established a monthly Geriatric Cardiology Conference to foster an integrative approach to the care of older adults with CVD by uniting specialists across disciplines to collaborate on treatment strategies. At each conference, an active case is discussed and analyzed in detail, and a consensus is reached among participants regarding optimal treatment strategies. The conference attracts faculty and trainees at multiple levels from geriatrics, cardiology, and cardiothoracic surgery. The model may serve as a paradigm for other institutions moving towards geriatric‐informed care of older adults with CVD.