bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can two‐dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometric identification of bicyclic aromatic acids in petroleum fractions help to reveal further details of aromatic hydrocarbon biotransformation pathways?
Authors: West Charles E. , Pureveen Jos , Scarlett Alan G. , Lengger Sabine K. , Wilde Michael J. , Korndorffer Frans , Tegelaar Erik W. , Rowland Steven J.
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

The identification of key acid metabolites ('signature' metabolites) has allowed significant improvements to be made in our understanding of the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, in reservoir and in contaminated natural systems, such as aquifers and seawater. On this basis, anaerobic oxidation is now more widely accepted as one viable mechanism, for instance. However, identification of metabolites in the complex acid mixtures from petroleum degradation is challenging and would benefit from use of more highly resolving analytical methods.

METHODS

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS) with both nominal mass and accurate mass measurement was used to study the complex mixtures of aromatic acids (as methyl esters) in petroleum fractions.

RESULTS

Numerous mono‐ and di‐aromatic acid isomers were identified in a commercial naphthenic acids fraction from petroleum and in an acids fraction from a biodegraded petroleum. In many instances, compounds were identified by comparison of mass spectral and retention time data with those of authentic compounds.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of a variety of alkyl naphthalene carboxylic and alkanoic and alkyl tetralin carboxylic and alkanoic acids, plus identifications of a range of alkyl indane acids, provides further evidence for 'signature' metabolites of biodegradation of aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons. Identifications such as these now offer the prospect of better differentiation of metabolites of bacterial processes (e.g. aerobic, methanogenic, sulphate‐reducing) in polar petroleum fractions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous Vision‐based Micro Air Vehicle for Indoor and Outdoor Navigation
Authors: Schmid Korbinian , Lutz Philipp , Tomić Teodor , Mair Elmar , Hirschmüller Heiko
Published: March 2014

Micro air vehicles have become very popular in recent years. Autonomous navigation of such systems plays an important role in many industrial applications as well as in search‐and‐rescue scenarios. We present a quadrotor that performs autonomous navigation in complex indoor and outdoor environments. An operator selects target positions in the onboard map and the system autonomously plans an obstacle‐free path and flies to these locations. An onboard stereo camera and inertial measurement unit are the only sensors. The system is independent of external navigation aids such as GPS. No assumptions are made about the structure of the unknown environment. All navigation tasks are implemented onboard the system. A wireless connection is only used for sending images and a three‐dimensional (3D) map to the operator and to receive target locations. We discuss the hardware and software setup of the system in detail. Highlights of the implementation are the field‐programmable‐gate‐array‐based dense stereo matching of 0.5 Mpixel images at a rate of 14.6 Hz using semiglobal matching, locally drift‐free visual odometry with key frames, and sensor data fusion with compensation of measurement delays of 220 ms. We show the robustness of the approach in simulations and experiments with ground truth. We present the results of a complex, autonomous indoor/outdoor flight and the exploration of a coal mine with obstacle avoidance and 3D mapping.
Role of Local Flow Conditions in River Biofilm Colonization and Early Growth
Authors: Coundoul F. , Bonometti T. , Graba M. , Sauvage S. , Sanchez Pérez J.‐M. , Moulin F. Y.
Published: March 2014

Direct numerical simulations of a turbulent boundary layer flow over a bed of hemispheres of height h are performed using an immersed boundary method for comparison with river biofilm growth experiments performed in a hydraulic flume. Flow statistics above the substrates are shown to be in agreement with measurements performed by laser Doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry in the experiments. Numerical simulations give access to flow components inside the roughness sublayer, and biofilm colonization patterns found in the experiments are shown to be associated with low shear stress regions on the hemisphere surface. Two bed configurations, namely staggered and aligned configurations, lead to different colonization patterns because of differences in the local flow topology. Dependence with the Reynolds number of the biofilm distribution and accrual 7 days after inoculum is shown to be associated to local flow topology change and shear stress intensity. In particular, the shear stress τ on the surface of the hemispheres is found to scale as , where Ret = u*h/ν, with u* as the log law friction velocity and ν as the fluid kinematic viscosity. This scaling is due to the development of boundary layers along the hemisphere surface. Associated with a critical shear stress for colonization and early growth, it explains the increasing delay in biomass accrual for increasing flow velocities in the experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the shear bond strength of resin cement to Y‐TZP ceramic after different surface treatments
Authors: Shin Yoo‐Jin , Shin Yooseok , Yi Young‐Ah , Kim Jaehoon , Lee In‐Bog , Cho Byeong‐Hoon , Son Ho‐Hyun , Seo Deog‐Gyu
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various surface treatments on the shear bond strength of Y‐TZP (Yttria‐Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal) ceramics with zirconia primer and two different resin cements both containing 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). Zirconia blocks (LAVA, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN) were polished and assigned to five groups according to the surface treatment: (1) no further treatment (control); (2) airborne abrasion with Al2O3 particles; (3) Z‐PRIME Plus (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL) applied on polished zirconia; (4) Z‐PRIME Plus applied on zirconia after airborne abrasion; and (5) tribochemical silica‐coating performed with the CoJet system (3M ESPE) followed by application of ESPE®‐Sil (3M ESPE). Each group was further divided into one of two resin cements: Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan) and Clearfil SA Luting (Kuraray). Resin cement placed inside a gel‐cap was polymerized on the zirconia surface. Shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. One‐way analysis of variance and paired t‐test were done. (p < 0.05), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken. Zirconia primer applied after airborne abrasion significantly increased the shear bond strength resulting in the highest value for both resin cements. Control groups for both cements showed the weakest value for shear bond strength. No significant differences were found between the shear bond strengths of the individual resin cements applied to zirconia surfaces treated the same way. In conclusion, the combined surface treatment of airborne abrasion followed by a zirconia primer is recommended for zirconia bonding with Panavia F2.0 and Clearfil SA Luting cements. SCANNING 36:479–486, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sample size determination in group‐sequential clinical trials with two co‐primary endpoints
Authors: Asakura Koko , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Sugimoto Tomoyuki , Hayashi Kenichi , Evans Scott R. , Sozu Takashi
Published: March 2014

We discuss sample size determination in group‐sequential designs with two endpoints as co‐primary. We derive the power and sample size within two decision‐making frameworks. One is to claim the test intervention's benefit relative to control when superiority is achieved for the two endpoints at the same interim timepoint of the trial. The other is when superiority is achieved for the two endpoints at any interim timepoint, not necessarily simultaneously. We evaluate the behaviors of sample size and power with varying design elements and provide a real example to illustrate the proposed sample size methods. In addition, we discuss sample size recalculation based on observed data and evaluate the impact on the power and Type I error rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Configurable Low‐Cost Plotter Device for Fabrication of Multi‐Color Sub‐Cellular Scale Microarrays
Authors: Arrabito Giuseppe , Schroeder Hendrik , Schröder Kathrin , Filips Christian , Marggraf Ulrich , Dopp Christian , Venkatachalapathy Muthukumaran , Dehmelt Leif , Bastiaens Philippe I. H. , Neyer Andreas , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: March 2014

The construction and operation of a low‐cost plotter for fabrication of microarrays for multiplexed single‐cell analyses is reported. The printing head consists of polymeric pyramidal pens mounted on a rotation stage installed on an aluminium frame. This construction enables printing of microarrays onto glass substrates mounted on a tilt stage, controlled by a Lab‐View operated user interface. The plotter can be assembled by typical academic workshops from components of less than 15 000 Euro. The functionality of the instrument is demonstrated by printing DNA microarrays on the area of 0.5 cm2 using up to three different oligonucleotides. Typical feature sizes are 5 μm diameter with a pitch of 15 μm, leading to densities of up to 104–105 spots/mm2. The fabricated DNA microarrays are used to produce sub‐cellular scale arrays of bioactive epidermal growth factor peptides by means of DNA‐directed immobilization. The suitability of these biochips for cell biological studies is demonstrated by specific recruitment, concentration, and activation of EGF receptors within the plasma membrane of adherent living cells. This work illustrates that the presented plotter gives access to bio‐functionalized arrays usable for fundamental research in cell biology, such as the manipulation of signal pathways in living cells at subcellular resolution.
Peter's tale
Authors: Rimington Peter
Published: March 2014

Peter Rimington recounts his frightening experience of a heart attack, reminding us not to ignore any warning signs of risk. Cardiologist Nick Boon then explains how the modern treatment of acute myocardial infarction has transformed outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
A tale of 19 testes
Authors: Hackett Geoffrey
Published: March 2014

Professor Hackett presents the case histories of ten doctors, providing a personal insight into the problems caused by low testosterone levels and highlighting health professionals' reluctance to consult with sexual issues in primary care. Culley Carson adds a urologist's comment at the end. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
The androgen receptor and clinical challenges
Authors: Payne Heather A. , Sedelaar Michiel , Jones Rob
Published: March 2014

This report is based on a seminar held during the 10th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group in London, 13‐14 September 2013. The seminar focused on all aspects of the role of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer, from an overview of the molecular mechanisms and underlying pathways to the development of therapeutic agents designed to inhibit the androgen receptor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons
Re‐Envisioning Instruction
Authors: Robertson Dana A. , Dougherty Susan , Ford‐Connors Evelyn , Paratore Jeanne R.
Published: March 2014

The adoption of the Common Core State Standards has raised the achievement ante for students, and the instructional ante for teachers, too. Across disciplines, all students, even those reading below grade level, are now expected to read grade level texts and to access texts of increasing complexity. Such access requires an instructional approach that incorporates the types of support that can make it possible for struggling readers to achieve theCCSS. Research shows that effective instruction for struggling readers must not only meet readers where they are, but also integrate three key elements: motivation and engagement, intensity of instruction, and cognitive challenge. This article examines why a reconceptualization of instruction incorporating these key elements is crucial for accelerating the learning of students who struggle, and then describes an upper‐elementary learning context that illustrates how the three elements can be woven into instructional planning.
Supporting Young Children's Vocabulary Growth Using F.R.I.E.N.D.S. Model
Authors: Dashiell Julie , DeBruin‐Parecki Andrea
Published: March 2014

With the constant barrage of media regarding the 35 million word gap, it is more important than ever to devise strategies for accelerating and sustaining young children's vocabulary development. The F.R.I.E.N.D.S. Vocabulary Model is a daily approach for early childhood educators to use as a means to increase vocabulary knowledge with the intended result being a narrowing of the vocabulary gap for at‐risk students. The F.R.I.E.N.D.S. vocabulary model consists of seven components: (1) Fostering quality teacher and child conversations, (2) Rigorous and robust instruction, (3) Interactive storybook reading, (4) Engaging students in motivational vocabulary activities, (5) Numerous opportunities to practice new vocabulary, (6) Direct and explicit instruction, and (7) Sophisticated and rare words. The model is based on research, theory and classroom experience.
Conversion of Natural Jordanian Kaolin into Zeolite A without Thermal Pre‐activation
Authors: Gougazeh Mousa , Buhl Josef‐Christian
Published: March 2014

A method for converting natural Jordanian kaolin without thermal pre‐activation into a synthetic zeolitic molecular sieve, known as zeolite A, is presented. All previous efforts to convert the kaolin into zeolite A have involved the use of high temperature or expensive minerals or organic acids. Natural Jordanian kaolin and citric acid were used under these conditions for the first time and reaction parameters were optimized. In this approach, an optimized low temperature zeolite synthesis process is performed for production of zeolite A of suitable quality at interesting commercial conditions. The process comprises direct alkaline conversion of natural kaolin into hydroxysodalite, subsequent to dissolving the hydroxysodalite in a dilute acid, prior to crystallization of zeolite by adding alkali hydroxide. After sodalite formation, aqueous base is added to the whole slurry until the pH exceeds 12 and a zeolite precursor gel is formed. The resulting precursor gel is aged for 4 h at a temperature of 100 °C to form a zeolite of type A. Zeolite made in accordance with the presented approach may be used as chemicals, molecular sieves, and catalyst. The obtained products were characterized with powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that zeolite A is formed together with residual amorphous silica resulting from the quartz fraction in the kaolin. The morphology of the obtained zeolite A could be seen as well crystallized with cube shape.
Linking Genetic Counseling Content to Short‐Term Outcomes in Individuals at Elevated Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Kelly Kimberly M. , Ellington Lee , Schoenberg Nancy , Agarwal Parul , Jackson Thomas , Dickinson Stephanie , Abraham Jame , Paskett Electra D. , Leventhal Howard , Andrykowski Michael
Published: March 2014

Few studies have linked actual genetic counseling content to short‐term outcomes. Using the Self‐regulation Model, the impact of cognitive and affective content in genetic counseling on short‐term outcomes was studied in individuals at elevated risk of familial breast‐ovarian cancer. Surveys assessed dependent variables: distress, perceived risk, and 6 knowledge measures (Meaning of Positive Test; Meaning of Negative Test; Personal Behavior; Practitioner Knowledge; Mechanisms of Cancer Inheritance; Frequency of Inherited Cancer) measured at pre‐ and post‐counseling. Proportion of participant cognitive and affective and counselor cognitive and affective content during sessions (using LIWC software) were predictors in regressions. Knowledge increased for 5 measures and decreased for Personal Behavior, Distress and Perceived Risk. Controlling for age and education, results were significant/marginally significant for three measures. More counselor content was associated with decreases in knowledge of Personal Behavior. More participant and less counselor affective content was associated with gains in Practitioner Knowledge. More counselor cognitive, and interaction of counselor cognitive and affective content, were associated with higher perceived risk. Genetic counselors dominate the content of counseling sessions. Therefore, their content is tied more closely to short term outcomes than participant content. A lack of patient communication in sessions may pose problems for understanding of complex concepts.
Molluscan Fauna from the Miocene Sediments of Kachchh, Gujarat, India – Part 4, Indarca, a New Anadaroid Genus
Authors: Borkar V. D. , Kulkarni Kantimati G. , Bhattacharjee-Kapoor S.
Published: March 2014

An interesting bivalve fossil obtained from the Claystone Member of the Chhasra Formation (Burdigalian), Kachchh District, India was found conspecific with Anadara gourae Dey (Arcidae, Anadarinae) from the Quilon Beds (Burdigalian), Kerala. However, this form is feebly inequivalve and has dissimilar ornamentation on the two valves, a trapezoidal form and its maximum height is at the posterior. Also, there is a small but distinct median sulcus on the exterior of the umbonal region. These characteristics do not agree with definition of the genus Anadara. Hence it is described here under a new genus, Indarca. Subgenus Cunearca Dall of genus Scapharca Gray (Arcidae, Anadarinae), also shows dissimilar ornamentation on the two valves, but differs from Indarca in having an inflated form, left valve slightly larger and absence of a sulcus on the umbonal region. Indarca resembles Bentharca Verrill and Bush (Arcidae, Anadarinae) in certain respects, but differs from it in not having a markedly reduced anterior. Occurrence of Indarca gourae strengthens the faunal affinity between the Chhasra Formation of Kachchh and the Quilon Beds of Kerala.
Hydrocarbon Generation Potentials of the Awgu Shale, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria
Authors: Anyiam Okwudiri Aloysius , Onuoha Kalu Mosto , Jolly Byami Andrew
Published: March 2014

This study assessed the hydrocarbon generation potentials/timing of the Awgu source rock horizons encountered in Igbariam-1, Iji-1 and Ajire-1 wells drilled in the southern Benue Trough; using one-dimensional (1D) Genesis Zetaware basin modelling software. This software enabled the integration of burial and thermal influences on Awgu source rocks with kinetic parameters. Thermal and burial history models indicate that the Awgu source horizons encountered at 3249m in Igbariam-1 well (northern part of the basin), expelled 85mg/gtoc of oil and 12 mg/gtoc of gas and hydrocarbon generation began in early Eocene with maximum expulsion in the mid-Eocene (52my) at the rate of 7mg/gtoc/my. To the south of the basin, the Awgu source horizons were encountered at greater depths in Iji-1 and Ajire-1 wells and hydrocarbon generation began in the mid-Palaeocene and peaked in the late Palaeocene (58my) at the rate of 32-38mg/gtoc/my. This resulted in an increase in generated hydrocarbon volume to the south due to (a) increased burial depth and early maturation, and (b) changing source lithofacies -more marine. The fault system linking potential reservoirs such as the Agbani sandstone and the overlying Owelli sandstone to the source rock suggests a possible migration of the generated hydrocarbons to those reservoirs at that time.
An overview of amines as nutritional supplements to counteract cancer cachexia
Authors: de Campos‐Ferraz Patrícia Lopes , Andrade Isabel , das Neves Willian , Hangai Isabela , Alves Christiano Robles Rodrigues , Lancha Jr Antonio Herbert
Published: March 2014

Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment. Recently, some amino acids and other amine dietary supplements have been highlighted in medical field due to positive effects upon diseases evolving skeletal muscle atrophy. Therefore, the aim of this brief review is to discuss the putative application of amines as dietary supplements to counteract skeletal muscle wasting on cancer cachexia. Specifically, we focus in two nutritional supplements: (1) branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) and (2) creatine. Both BCAAs and creatine may attenuate proteolysis and enhance proteins synthesis in skeletal muscle. Although more experimental studies and clinical trials are still necessary to elucidate this therapeutic application, several evidences have demonstrated that amines supplementation is a promising coadjuvant treatment to cancer cachexia.
Under the surface of adolescent psychopathic traits: High‐anxious and low‐anxious subgroups in a community sample of youths
Authors: Salihovic Selma , Kerr Margaret , Stattin Håkan
Published: March 2014

In this study, we examined subgroups of adolescents based on their levels of psychopathic traits and anxiety. Participants were 914 youths from a community sample, with a mean age of 14.28 (SD = .94) years. We used adolescents' self‐reports of psychopathic traits and their parents' reports of the adolescent's anxiety to identify distinct subgroups of youths. Using latent class analysis, we identified five groups that varied in levels of psychopathic traits and anxiety. Two groups were characterized by high levels of psychopathic traits and high or low scores on anxiety. Validation of these subgroups revealed that they differed significantly from each other in theoretically meaningful ways—the low‐anxious subgroup reported higher levels of psychopathic traits, lower levels of impulsivity and hyperactivity, and lower levels of aggression than the high‐anxious group. These findings are in line with previous empirical research and provide support that anxiety discriminates between two subgroups of adolescents with psychopathic traits.
Contraception following abortion and the treatment of incomplete abortion
Authors: Gemzell‐Danielsson Kristina , Kopp Kallner Helena , Faúndes Anibal
Published: March 2014

Family planning counseling and the provision of postabortion contraception should be an integrated part of abortion and postabortion care to help women avoid another unplanned pregnancy and a repeat abortion. Postabortion contraception is significantly more effective in preventing repeat unintended pregnancy and abortion when it is provided before women leave the healthcare facility where they received abortion care, and when the chosen method is a long‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) method. This article provides evidence supporting these two critical aspects of postabortion contraception. It suggests that gynecologists and obstetricians have an ethical obligation to do everything necessary to ensure that postabortion contraception, with a focus on LARC methods, becomes an integral part of abortion and postabortion care, in line with the recommendations of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and of several other organizations.
A computational approach to Quaternary lake-level reconstruction applied in the central Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Pribyl Paul , Shuman Bryan N.
Published: March 2014

Sediment-based reconstructions of late-Quaternary lake levels provide direct evidence of hydrologic responses to climate change, but many studies only provide approximate lake-elevation curves. Here, we demonstrate a new method for producing quantitative time series of lake elevation based on the facies and elevations of multiple cores collected from a lake's margin. The approach determines the facies represented in each core using diagnostic data, such as sand content, and then compares the results across cores to determine the elevation of the littoral zone over time. By applying the approach computationally, decisions are made systematically and iteratively using different facies classification schemes to evaluate the associated uncertainty. After evaluating our assumptions using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we quantify past lake-elevation changes, precipitation minus evapotranspiration (ΔP−ET), and uncertainty in both at Lake of the Woods and Little Windy Hill Pond, Wyoming. The well-correlated (r = 0.802 ± 0.002) reconstructions indicate that water levels at both lakes fell at >11,300, 8000–5500, and 4700–1600 cal yr BP when ΔP − ET decreased to −50 to −250 mm/yr. Differences between the reconstructions are typically small (10 ± 24 mm/yr since 7000 cal yr BP), and the similarity indicates that our reconstruction method can produce statistically comparable paleohydrologic datasets across networks of sites.
SENSITIVITY AND CLOSURE
Authors: McBride Mark
Published: March 2014

John Hawthorne has two forceful arguments in favour of:

Single-Premise Closure(SPC) Necessarily, if S knowsp, competently deducesqfromp, and thereby comes to believeq, while retaining knowledge ofpthroughout, then S knowsq.

Each of Hawthorne's arguments rests on an intuitively appealing principle which Hawthorne calls theEquivalence Principle. I show, however, that the opponents of SPC with whom he's engaging - namely Fred Dretske and Robert Nozick - have independent reason to reject this principle, and resultantly conclude that Hawthorne's arguments in favour of SPC are not knock-down.
Interpreting Documentary Sources on the Early History of the Congo Free State: The Case of Ngongo Luteta’s Rise and Fall
Authors: Gordon David M.
Published: March 2014

This paper considers an under-used and under-discussed archive of unpublished documentary sources that concern the rise and fall of an eastern Congolese warlord, Ngongo Luteta, during the late nineteenth century. It argues that Africanist historians not only need to pay greater attention to unpublished documentary sources – the weight of methodological discussion usually orients around oral sources – but also to treat them with the same interpretive rigor as oral sources. The argument is demonstrated by discussing the existing studies of Ngongo Luteta, which tend to focus on oral fieldwork even while they often employ documentary sources, and, then, pointing to some interpretive strategies for unpublished documentary sources that suggests a more complicated history of the interactions between Ngongo Luteta and the emergent Congo Free State.
Adverse childhood experiences influence white matter microstructure in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Benedetti F. , Bollettini I. , Radaelli D. , Poletti S. , Locatelli C. , Falini A. , Smeraldi E. , Colombo C.
Published: March 2014

Background

Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACE), which worsen the lifetime course of illness, and with signs of widespread disruption of white matter (WM) integrity in adult life. ACE are associated with changes in WM microstructure in healthy humans.

Method

We tested the effects of ACE on diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) measures of WM integrity in 80 in-patients affected by a major depressive episode in the course of BD. We used whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics in the WM skeleton with threshold-free cluster enhancement of DTI measures of WM microstructure: axial, radial and mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy.

Results

ACE hastened the onset of illness. We observed an inverse correlation between the severity of ACE and DTI measures of axial diffusivity in several WM fibre tracts contributing to the functional integrity of the brain and including the corona radiata, thalamic radiations, corpus callosum, cingulum bundle, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus.

Conclusions

Axial diffusivity reflects the integrity of axons and myelin sheaths, and correlates with functional connectivity and with higher-order abilities such as reasoning and experience of emotions. In patients with BD axial diffusivity is increased by lithium treatment. ACE might contribute to BD pathophysiology by hampering structural connectivity in critical cortico-limbic networks.
Language ideologies in the shared signing community of Adamorobe
Authors: Kusters Annelies
Published: March 2014

This article analyzes language ideologies with regard to sign language in Adamorobe, a “shared signing community” in southern Ghana. Adamorobe Sign Language (AdaSL) is a “shared sign language,” used by all deaf people and a large number of hearing Akan-speaking people. Deaf schoolchildren from Adamorobe attend a school where Ghanaian Sign Language (GSL) is taught. Hearing interviewees have experiential knowledge that everything can be said in AdaSL, emphasise the shared roots of AdaSL and Akan, and called AdaSL “natural.” Deaf interlocutors describe Akan, AdaSL, and GSL as three distinct but equivalent languages. AdaSL is said to be a “hard” language, more pleasant to use, and more expressive than GSL, but sign bilingualism is highly valued. These findings are compared and contrasted with accounts on language ideologies with regard to other shared sign languages and larger urban/national sign languages. (Language ideologies, language practices, Ghana, Ghanaian Sign Language, Adamorobe Sign Language, Akan, shared sign languages, shared signing communities, village sign languages)*
The Partnership between the Chinese Government and Hong Kong's Capitalist Class: Implications for HKSAR Governance, 1997–2012
Authors: Fong Brian C.H.
Published: March 2014

Existing literature has long recognized that a partnership has been forged between the PRC government and Hong Kong's capitalist class. However, the implications of such a partnership for HKSAR governance have yet to be thoroughly explored. By examining the formation of this partnership and its consolidation after 1997, this article argues that the business sector's direct access to the sovereign state has fundamentally changed the dynamics of state–business relations in the HKSAR. As a consequence of the partnership between Beijing and the business sector, business elites have taken their concerns straight to the mainland authorities whenever they see their interests affected by the post-colonial state. This kind of circumvention has become a part of post-1997 politics, undermining the relative autonomy of the post-colonial state and resulting in growing cleavages within the state–business alliance during the first 15 years of the HKSAR. Whether and how such a partnership will evolve in the aftermath of the 2012 chief executive election remains to be seen.
Liquid crystal-based tunable CRLH-transmission line for leaky wave antenna applications at Ka-Band
Authors: Roig María , Maasch Matthias , Damm Christian , Jakoby Rolf
Published: March 2014

In this work, a liquid crystal based tunable composite right/left-handed transmission line for future leaky wave antennas working at the Ka-band is presented. The tuning of the liquid crystal is achieved by means of magnetic and electric biasing. For this purpose, different prototypes are fabricated for each biasing technique and their dispersive characteristics compared. Electric tunability is achieved by implementing highly resistive bias lines in the unit cell layout. Both techniques yield similar tuning capabilities at the operation frequency of 27GHz whereas the electric one has the advantage of being easily integratable in the layout.
Design of 5 GHz low-power CMOS LC VCO based on complementary cross-coupled topology with modified tail current-shaping technique
Authors: Hsu Meng-Ting , Chen Po-Hung , Lee Yao-Yen
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a low-power CMOS LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with body-biasing and low-phase noise with Q-enhancement techniques is presented. A self-body biased circuit is introduced that can reduce power consumption. Some derivations of the Q-enhancement and how to improve the phase noise of the circuit are also discussed. This chip is implemented by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacture Company 0.18 µm 1P6M process. The measurement results exhibit a tuning range of 14.7% from 4.92 to 5.7 GHz at a supply voltage of 1.4 V. The power consumption of the core circuit and figure of merit are 2.5 mW and −188.6 dBc/Hz. The phase noise is −118 dBc/Hz@1 MHz at an operation frequency of 4.94 GHz.
Klinik und Diagnose von Hypogonadismus und Andropause
Authors: Bucher Julie , Christ Emanuel R.
Published: March 2014

Die Klinik einer Hypoandrogenämie ist altersabhängig. Bei dem erwachsenen Mann sind die häufigsten Symptome Verminderung der Leistungsfähigkeit und Verlust der Libido. Die erektile Dysfunktion ist selten nur durch einen Hypogonadismus verursacht. Obligat gehört zur klinischen Untersuchung der Status der Genitalien (Penis/Hoden Hypo-/Atrophie). Die exokrine Insuffizienz (Infertilität) muss mit dem Spermiogramm objektiviert werden (häufig mehrere Spermiogramme nötig). Die Diagnose der endokrinen Insuffizienz basiert auf mindestens zwei Nüchtern-Gesamttestosteronwerte unter dem Normbereich. Dann sollen die Gonadotropine (FSH/LH) bestimmt werden um einen primären (Hodenproblematik) von einem sekundären Hypogonadismus (zentral) zu unterscheiden. Ein iatrogener Hypogonadismus soll bei jüngeren Männern, die intensiven Kraftsport treiben, immer zuerst ausgeschlossen werden. Bei Patienten mit metabolischem Syndrom können erniedrigte Testosteronwerte gemessen werden. Das Gesamttestosteron sollte aber nur bei Symptomen bestimmt werden. Bevor eine Testosteron Substitution begonnen wird, muss eine Prostata-Erkrankung, eine Polyglobulie, eine Herzinsuffisienz und ein Schlafapnoe Syndrom klinisch und gegebenenfalls labormässig ausgeschlossen werden. Die Indikation, ein Testosteronmangel im Rahmen eines metabolischen Syndroms sowie bei PADAM (oder Andropause) zu substituieren, ist umstritten.
Was Wöchnerinnen wünschen: Eine qualitative Studie zur häuslichen Wochenbettbetreuung nach der Spitalentlassung durch frei praktizierende Hebammen
Authors: Blöchlinger Patricia , Kurth Elisabeth , Kammerer Martin , Frei Irena Anna
Published: March 2014

Die stete Kürzung des Spitalaufenthalts nach einer Geburt führt in der Schweiz dazu, dass frei praktizierende Hebammen vermehrt Mütter mit ihren Familien nach dem Spitalaustritt betreuen. Um zu verstehen, welche Bedürfnisse diese Wöchnerinnen zu Hause haben und wie die Betreuung durch die Hebamme zu Hause aussieht, wurde diese qualitative Forschungsarbeit durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2008 wurden mit acht Wöchnerinnen aus der Zentralschweiz zweimal nach der Geburt Interviews geführt und mittels Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Mütter hatten das Bedürfnis, gut für ihre Babys zu sorgen, gut zu sich zu schauen Zu sich schauen = die eigenen Bedürfnisse wahrnehmen und Sorge tragen für sich selberManuskript eingereicht am 17.8.2012 Manuskript akzeptiert am 26.8.2013, genügend praktische und emotionale Unterstützung zu erhalten und wünschten sich, zu Hause endlich «Familie zu sein». Frei praktizierende Hebammen halfen den Müttern bei der Erfüllung der Bedürfnisse durch Beratung, Information und Anleitung. Sie boten jedoch wenig Unterstützung beim «Familie sein». Die Wöchnerinnen erlebten die Betreuung zufriedenstellend, wenn eine Vertrauensbasis geschaffen wurde, die Hebamme die Bedürfnisse der Wöchnerin wahrnahm, ihre Autonomie anerkannte und sich Zeit für sie nahm. Hebammen halfen Müttern, die Anpassung nach einer Geburt zu bewältigen und die nötige Sicherheit im Umgang mit dem Baby zu gewinnen. Hebammen tragen zur gesundheitlichen Grundversorgung von Familien bei und unterstützen Wöchnerinnen durch Fachkompetenz und Betreuungskontinuität. Daneben brauchen Familien auch Entlastung im Haushalt, damit sich Mütter genügend erholen können.
Erfahrungen von Angehörigen, die während der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation oder während invasiver Prozeduren in lebensbedrohlichen Situationen an der Seite ihres Nächsten anwesend waren oder in einem Nebenraum warteten
Authors: Blättler Therese , Schläppi Barbara , Senn Beate
Published: March 2014

Hintergrund: Von Angehörigen wird international die Anwesenheit während der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation oder während invasiver Prozeduren (AACPR) mehrheitlich befürwortet und als hilfreich erachtet. Professionelle sind eher dagegen. Wie Angehörige im deutschsprachigen Raum diese schwierigen Situationen erleben, ist nicht bekannt. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser qualitativen Studie ist es, die Erfahrungen von Angehörigen, die AACPR in einem Schweizer Spital direkt am Bett des Familienmitglieds oder in einem Nebenraum wartend miterlebten, zu beschreiben und zu verstehen. Methode: Mit zehn Angehörigen wurden Interviews zwischen September 2011 und Juni 2012 geführt und nach der Methode der interpretierenden Phänomenologie analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse werden in vier Themenbereichen dargestellt: «Anwesend sein», «Informiert werden wollen», «Vertrauen haben» und «Unterstützung suchen». Die Angehörigen, die direkt am Bett anwesend waren, konnten ihrem Familienmitglied beistehen. Angehörige, die sich abseits aufhielten, warteten in Angst und Bangen. Einige wünschten, direkt am Bett des Familienmitglieds anwesend zu sein, während andere bevorzugten abseits zu warten. Angehörige erhielten rasche, klare Informationen, aber auch vage, verspätete oder ungenügende Mitteilungen. Sie sprachen von großem Vertrauen, wie auch von Zwiespältigkeit und Misstrauen in die Professionellen. Angehörige berichteten von Möglichkeiten, die schwierige Situation auszuhalten, durch Unterstützung innerhalb der Familie, beten und professionelle Begleitung. Diskussion: Es wird empfohlen, Angehörigen AACPR anzubieten und Richtlinien zur Begleitung zu entwickeln.
When the forest dies: the response of forest soil fungi to a bark beetle-induced tree dieback
Authors: Štursová Martina , Šnajdr Jaroslav , Cajthaml Tomáš , Bárta Jiří , Šantrůčková Hana , Baldrian Petr
Published: March 2014

Coniferous forests cover extensive areas of the boreal and temperate zones. Owing to their primary production and C storage, they have an important role in the global carbon balance. Forest disturbances such as forest fires, windthrows or insect pest outbreaks have a substantial effect on the functioning of these ecosystems. Recent decades have seen an increase in the areas affected by disturbances in both North America and Europe, with indications that this increase is due to both local human activity and global climate change. Here we examine the structural and functional response of the litter and soil microbial community in a Picea abies forest to tree dieback following an invasion of the bark beetle Ips typographus, with a specific focus on the fungal community. The insect-induced disturbance rapidly and profoundly changed vegetation and nutrient availability by killing spruce trees so that the readily available root exudates were replaced by more recalcitrant, polymeric plant biomass components. Owing to the dramatic decrease in photosynthesis, the rate of decomposition processes in the ecosystem decreased as soon as the one-time litter input had been processed. The fungal community showed profound changes, including a decrease in biomass (2.5-fold in the litter and 12-fold in the soil) together with the disappearance of fungi symbiotic with tree roots and a relative increase in saprotrophic taxa. Within the latter group, successive changes reflected the changing availability of needle litter and woody debris. Bacterial biomass appeared to be either unaffected or increased after the disturbance, resulting in a substantial increase in the bacterial/fungal biomass ratio.
Phages can constrain protist predation-driven attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence in multienemy communities
Authors: Friman Ville-Petri , Buckling Angus
Published: March 2014

The coincidental theory of virulence predicts that bacterial pathogenicity could be a by-product of selection by natural enemies in environmental reservoirs. However, current results are ambiguous and the simultaneous impact of multiple ubiquitous enemies, protists and phages on virulence evolution has not been investigated previously. Here we tested experimentally how Tetrahymena thermophila protist predation and PNM phage parasitism (bacteria-specific virus) alone and together affect the evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 virulence, measured in wax moth larvae. Protist predation selected for small colony types, both in the absence and presence of phage, which showed decreased edibility to protists, reduced growth in the absence of enemies and attenuated virulence. Although phage selection alone did not affect the bacterial phenotype, it weakened protist-driven antipredatory defence (biofilm formation), its associated pleiotropic growth cost and the correlated reduction in virulence. These results suggest that protist selection can be a strong coincidental driver of attenuated bacterial virulence, and that phages can constrain this effect owing to effects on population dynamics and conflicting selection pressures. Attempting to define causal links such as these might help us to predict the cold and hot spots of coincidental virulence evolution on the basis of microbial community composition of environmental reservoirs.
Evaluation of imputation methods for microbial surface water quality studies
Authors: Nieh Chiping , Dorevitch Samuel , Liu Li C. , Jones Rachael M.
Published: March 2014

A comparison of imputation techniques for handling missing values in microbial surface water quality data.
Controllable synthesis of two different morphologies of Cu2O particles with the assistance of carbon dots
Authors: Fan Xiaoyun , Hua Ning , Xu Jian , Wang Zhen , Jia Hanzhong , Wang Chuanyi
Published: March 2014

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanocubes and microspheres are successfully fabricated by reduction of CuCl2 upon addition of ascorbic acid as a reductive agent with the assistance of carbon dots (C-dots).
Controllable drug release and effective intracellular accumulation highlighted by anisotropic biodegradable PLGE nanoparticles
Authors: Fan Jun-Bing , Song Yongyang , Li Hongfu , Jia Jin-Peng , Guo Xinglin , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2014

A series of anisotropic amphiphilic biodegradable PLGE NPs have been produced for controllable drug release and effective intracellular accumulation.
Hyaluronan derivatives bearing variable densities of ferulic acid residues
Authors: Cappelli A. , Grisci G. , Paolino M. , Giuliani G. , Donati A. , Mendichi R. , Artusi R. , Demiranda M. , Zanardi A. , Giorgi G. , Vomero S.
Published: March 2014

A synthetic procedure has been developed to conjugate ferulic acid (FA) to an important natural polysaccharide derivative such as hyaluronic acid (HA).
Validation of a stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic capillary method for the assessment of febuxostat and its correlation with the reversed-phase LC method
Authors: Dalmora Sérgio L. , Souto Ricardo B. , Machado Francine T. , Schramm Vanessa G. , Pinto Mayara A. , Walter Mauricio E. , Stamm Fernanda P.
Published: March 2014

A stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) method was validated for the analysis of febuxostat in pharmaceutical formulations.
Unexpected strong magnetism of Cu doped single-layer MoS2 and its origin
Authors: Yun Won Seok , Lee J. D.
Published: March 2014

Nonmagnetic Cu substitutes for Mo in a single-layer MoS2 and induces an unexpected strong magnetism.
Metal complexes designed to bind to amyloid-β for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hayne David J. , Lim SinChun , Donnelly Paul S.
Published: March 2014

The use radioactive copper and technetium complexes as amyloid imaging agents, the use of luminescent metal complexes as non-conventional probes of amyloid formation and the potential of metal complexes to be inhibitors of amyloid toxicity are discussed.
Laboratory spectroscopy of astrophysically relevant carbon species
Authors: Zack Lindsay N. , Maier John P.
Published: March 2014

Laboratory spectroscopic methods developed to measure the electronic spectra of astrophysically relevant carbon containing molecules, including radicals and ions, are discussed.
Bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN)-supported palladium(ii) carbene complexes as effective C–C coupling catalysts and solvent effects in organic and aqueous media
Authors: Crawford Katherine A. , Cowley Alan H. , Humphrey Simon M.
Published: March 2014

Significant solvent effects in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction are described for the case of two new N-heterocyclic carbene-supported palladium(ii) complexes.
In situ decoration of plasmonic Ag nanocrystals on the surface of (BiO)2CO3 hierarchical microspheres for enhanced visible light photocatalysis
Authors: Dong Fan , Li Qiuyan , Zhou Ying , Sun Yanjun , Zhang Haidong , Wu Zhongbiao
Published: March 2014

Plasmonic Ag nanocrystals were in situ decorated on 3D (BiO)2CO3 hierarchical microspheres for enhanced visible light photocatalysis and photocurrent generation by a one-pot in situ hydrothermal method.
Surface chemistry, charge and ligand type impact the toxicity of gold nanoparticles to Daphnia magna
Authors: Bozich Jared S. , Lohse Samuel E. , Torelli Marco D. , Murphy Catherine J. , Hamers Robert J. , Klaper Rebecca D.
Published: March 2014

Using highly characterized gold nanoparticles this study determined that ligand identity, nanoparticle surface charge and aggregation type alters toxicity of gold nanoparticles to Daphnia magna.
Antioxidant activity in cooked and simulated digested eggs
Authors: Remanan M. K. , Wu J.
Published: March 2014

Egg is a source of antioxidants; cooking reduces whereas digestion enhances the antioxidant activity.
Optical properties of thiophene-containing liquid crystalline and hybrid liquid crystalline materials
Authors: Romiszewski Jerzy , Puterová-Tokarová Zita , Mieczkowski Jozef , Gorecka Ewa
Published: March 2014

Mesogenic and optical properties of thiophene-based stilbenes and azobenzenes were investigated. A new hybrid material built of AuNPs coated with a thiophene-containing ligand is presented.
The oriented growth of tungsten oxide in ordered mesoporous carbon and their electrochemical performance
Authors: Wang Tao , Tang Jing , Fan Xiaoli , Zhou Jianhua , Xue Hairong , Guo Hu , He Jianping
Published: March 2014

The WO3nanorod in ordered mesoporous carbon reveals a catalytic graphitization effect and unusual electrocatalytic activity.
Accurate hierarchical control of hollow crossed NiCo2O4nanocubes for superior lithium storage
Authors: Guo Hong , Liu Lixiang , Li Tingting , Chen Weiwei , Liu Jiajia , Guo Yuanyuan , Guo Yicheng
Published: March 2014

A facile generic strategy of simultaneous coordinating etching and precipitating reaction is employed to prepare hollow crossed NiCo2O4nanocubes. The intrinsic hollow nature as well as the multi-elements characteristics of active components of the unique nanostructures contributes greatly to the enhanced performance as anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Towards graphene bromide: bromination of graphite oxide
Authors: Jankovský O. , Šimek P. , Klimová K. , Sedmidubský D. , Matějková S. , Pumera M. , Sofer Z.
Published: March 2014

Halogenated graphene derivatives are interesting for their outstanding physical and chemical properties.
Cap analogs containing 6-thioguanosine – reagents for the synthesis of mRNAs selectively photo-crosslinkable with cap-binding biomolecules
Authors: Nowakowska Monika , Kowalska Joanna , Martin Franck , d'Orchymont Arnaud , Zuberek Joanna , Lukaszewicz Maciej , Darzynkiewicz Edward , Jemielity Jacek
Published: March 2014

Novel photo-crosslinking reagents for the analysis of biomolecules binding mRNA 5′ end.
Direct activation of relatively unstrained carbon–carbon bonds in homogeneous systems
Authors: Dermenci Alpay , Coe Jotham W. , Dong Guangbin
Published: March 2014

This review highlights the frontier of carbon–carbon bond activation and discusses state-of-the-art methods for activating relatively unstrained bonds in homogeneous systems.