bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deterioration of insulin release rate response to glucose during oral glucose tolerance test is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes in normal glucose tolerance subjects
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , He Shihui , Sun Yao , Li Guangwei , Xu Qingsong , Wang Chen , Jia Weiping
Published: August 2017

β‐Cell dedifferentiation, characterized by loss of glucose sensitivity (β‐cell glucose sensitivity [βCGS]), has been reported to play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Traditionally, βCGS was derived from C‐peptide‐based method. However, C‐peptide was not routinely examined in normal subjects and diabetes never treated with insulin. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the use of insulin in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in estimation of β‐cell glucose response ability. A total of 1,599 subjects including normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2D were included in the study. A subgroup of NGT subjects (n = 591) were followed up for an average duration of 56.88 ± 20.76 months. Insulin release rate (IRRINS) in the function of glucose (IRRINS response to glucose [IRRG]) during OGTT was compared with βCGS. Both βCGS derived from C‐peptide by deconvolution approach and IRRG by insulin release progressively declined from NGT to IGT and T2D. Both βCGS and IRRG were associated with deposit of first‐phase insulin secretion (DI1st). After 56.88 ± 20.76 months, 32 (5.41%) NGT subjects had developed T2D. NGT subjects who progressed to diabetes after follow‐up had lower IRRG and DI1st levels than those who did not (P < 0.01). Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analyses showed that decreased IRRG was a significant independent risk predictor for future diabetes after adjustment of age, body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)‐insulin resistance, DI1st and family history. NGT subjects with decreased IRRG during OGTT had defective early insulin secretion and were at higher risk of developing diabetes. IRRG could be a useful T2D predictor in NGT subjects. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(9):756–766, 2017
Estimating global bank network connectedness
Authors: Demirer Mert , Diebold Francis X. , Liu Laura , Yilmaz Kamil
Published: August 2017

We use LASSO methods to shrink, select, and estimate the high‐dimensional network linking the publicly traded subset of the world's top 150 banks, 2003–2014. We characterize static network connectedness using full‐sample estimation and dynamic network connectedness using rolling‐window estimation. Statically, we find that global bank equity connectedness has a strong geographic component, whereas country sovereign bond connectedness does not. Dynamically, we find that equity connectedness increases during crises, with clear peaks during the Great Financial Crisis and each wave of the subsequent European Debt Crisis, and with movements coming mostly from changes in cross‐country as opposed to within‐country bank linkages.
An interaction energy driven biased sampling technique: A faster route to ionization spectra in condensed phase
Authors: Bose Samik , Ghosh Debashree
Published: August 2017

We introduce a computationally efficient approach for calculating spectroscopic properties, such as ionization energies (IEs) in the condensed phase. Discrete quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approaches for spectroscopic properties in a dynamic system, such as aqueous solution, need a large sample space to obtain converged estimates, especially for the cases where particle (electron) number is not conserved, such as IEs or electron affinities (EAs). We devise a biased sampling technique based on an approximate estimate of interaction energy between the solute and solvent, that accelerates the convergence and therefore, reduces the computational cost significantly. The approximate interaction energy also provides a good measure of the spectral width of the chromophores in the condensed phase. This technique has been tested and benchmarked for (i) phenol, (ii) HBDI anion (hydroxybenzylidene dimethyl imidazolinone), and (iii) thymine in water. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical studies of spin state‐specific [2 + 2] and [5 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions of n‐(1‐penten‐5‐yl)maleimide
Authors: Liu Xiang‐Yang , Xiao Pin , Fang Wei‐Hai , Cui Ganglong
Published: August 2017

N‐alkenyl maleimides are found to exhibit spin state‐specific chemoselectivities for [2 + 2] and [5 + 2] photocycloadditions; but, reaction mechanism is still unclear. In this work, we have used high‐level electronic structure methods (DFT, CASSCF, and CASPT2) to explore [2 + 2] and [5 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction paths of an N‐alkenyl maleimide in the S1 and T1 states as well as relevant photophysical processes. It is found that in the S1 state [5 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction is barrierless and thus overwhelmingly dominant; [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction is unimportant because of its large barrier. On the contrary, in the T1 state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction is much more favorable than [5 + 2] photocyclo‐addition reaction. Mechanistically, both S1 [5 + 2] and T1 [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions occur in a stepwise, nonadiabatic means. In the S1 [5 + 2] reaction, the secondary C atom of the ethenyl moiety first attacks the N atom of the maleimide moiety forming an S1 intermediate, which then decays to the S0 state as a result of an S1 → S0 internal conversion. In the T1 [2 + 2] reaction, the terminal C atom of the ethenyl moiety first attacks the C atom of the maleimide moiety, followed by a T1 → S0 intersystem crossing process to the S0 state. In the S0 state, the second CC bond is formed. Our present computational results not only rationalize available experiments but also provide new mechanistic insights. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of cardiac troponin I in the Japanese general population and factors influencing its concentrations
Authors: Abe Naoya , Tomita Kenichiro , Teshima Mayumi , Kuwabara Maki , Sugawa Satoshi , Hinata Nae , Matsuura Masaaki , Fujiwara Mutsunori , Takaya Kazuhiko , Hiyoshi Toru , Uozumi Hiroki , Ikenouchi Hiroshi , Ishikawa Rie , Shojima Junko , Komatsu Junko
Published: August 2017

Background

The 99th percentile of cardiac troponin I level in the general population is accepted as the cut‐off for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, it is not clear whether the cut‐offs derived in racially and geographically different populations are applicable in Japan.

Methods

Troponin I was determined using the Abbott ARCHITECT STAT high‐sensitive troponin I immunoassay in 698 apparently healthy individuals who visited the Japanese Red Cross Medical Center for a health checkup.

Results

The 99th percentile of the hsTnI in the overall population was 22.5 (95% confidence interval (CI), 16.8‐36.6) pg/mL, 17.7 (95% CI 12.0‐22.8) pg/mL for females and 30.6 (95% CI 17.1‐53.4) pg/mL for males. The median of the hsTnI in the overall population was 3.2 (95% CI, 3.0‐3.3) pg/mL, 2.6 (95% CI 2.4‐2.8) pg/mL for females and 4.0 (95% CI 3.8‐4.3) pg/mL for males. The age and gender had a significant influence on these values. The troponin I level also showed significant associations with the body mass index (BMI), the gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and cardiac abnormalities by electrocardiography (ECG) but not with the high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) level.

Conclusions

The 99th percentiles of the troponin I measured in the general population in Japan were comparable as the ones derived in the US, Germany, and Singapore. The troponin I level was dependent on the gender, age, BMI, and cardiac abnormalities found by ECG but not by the hsCRP level.
Immobilization of fluoride in cement clinkers using hydroxyl‐alumina modified paddy husk ash based adsorbent
Authors: Sarmah Susmita , Saikia Jitu , Bordoloi Dipak K , Kalita Paran J , Bora Jayanta J , Goswamee Rajib L
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Paddy husk ash (PHA) is a commonly available biowaste rich in silica which when coated with oligomeric aluminium hydroxyl species becomes a good adsorbent for the treatment of fluoride‐bearing water. This is due to the high affinity of Al3+ ions towards F‐ ion and the good coating of cationic oligomers over the silica surface. To control the serious environmental problem of post‐adsorption disposal of the sludge produced in the defluoridation process, studies were made to determine whether they can be further used as a raw material or additive for cement preparation.

RESULTS

The surface modified PHA was used as a good adsorbent for fluoride and the resulting sludge was used as a cement clinker additive. The clinker formed was found to have the required cementitious phases. Also, on addition of the sludge the clinker formation temperature was lowered from conventional 1450 to 1350 °C, as the presence of Al–F coating over PHA worked as mineraliser. It was observed that the fluoride ion was immobilized in the cement matrix in a form that was difficult to leach out.

CONCLUSION

Oligomeric aluminium activated PHA acts as a good defluoridising adsorbent which when used for cement clinker formation immobilises the fluoride ion and reduces the clinkerization temperature. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Developmental corticosterone treatment does not program immune responses in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Grindstaff Jennifer L. , Merrill Loren
Published: August 2017

Developmental conditions may impact the expression of immune traits throughout an individual's life. Early‐life challenges may lead to immunological constraints that are mediated by endocrine‐immune interactions. In particular, individual differences in the ability to mount immune responses may be programmed by exposure to stressors or glucocorticoid hormones during development. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally elevated levels of the glucocorticoid hormone corticosterone during the nestling and fledgling periods in captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We subsequently challenged birds with the antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on days 60 and 100 posthatch to determine if developmental exposure to elevated corticosterone impacted the later response to LPS. As measures of immune function, we quantified bacteria killing ability (BKA), haptoglobin concentrations, and LPS‐specific antibody responses at multiple time points. We also measured circulating corticosterone concentrations during the experimental period and on day 60 before and after endotoxin challenge. During the experimental period, corticosterone treatment elevated corticosterone levels. Corticosterone treatment did not induce programming effects on immune function or corticosterone production. Independent of treatment, individuals with higher corticosterone concentrations during the nestling period had lower BKA on day 36 and higher baseline corticosterone concentrations on day 60 posthatch. These results suggest a limited role for corticosterone exposure during early life to mediate immunological constraints later in life. Manipulation of cortisol may be necessary to conclusively determine if developmental glucocorticoid exposure can program immune function in birds. To determine if developmental stress can program the immune response, exposure to environmentally relevant stressors should also be manipulated.
Synthesis of 14C‐ and 2H‐labelled CHF6001: A new potent PDE4 inhibitor
Authors: Fontana E. , Cenacchi V. , Pivetti F. , Pignatti A. , Pazzi T. , Bondanza L. , Pazzi M.
Published: August 2017

An 8‐step preparation of 14C‐labelled CHF6001, a potent phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in the treatment of respiratory diseases, is described. An overall yield of approximately 9% was obtained starting from copper[14C]cyanide. The synthesis of a stable labelled version of CHF6001 is also reported using the commercially available trideuterated bromomethylcyclopropane as starting material.
A novel mr‐based method for detection of cartilage delamination in femoroacetabular impingement patients
Authors: Samaan Michael A. , Pedoia Valentina , Zhang Alan L. , Gallo Matthew C. , Link Thomas M. , Souza Richard B. , Majumdar Sharmila
Published: August 2017

In this study, quantitative magnetic resonance based measurements were used to evaluate T1ρ and T2 mapping and heterogeneity in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) patients with acetabular cartilage delamination and to determine the ability of these quantitative MR‐based measurements in detecting delamination. Unilateral hip joint MR‐scans of 36 FAI patients with arthroscopically‐confirmed acetabular cartilage delamination and 36 age, gender, and BMI matched controls were obtained. T1ρ and T2 mapping and heterogeneity of the hip joint articular cartilage were assessed in both groups using voxel‐based relaxometry (VBR). Quantitative MR‐based measurements were compared using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the ability of these quantitative measurements in detecting delamination by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Pearson partial correlations (r) were used to assess for associations between T1ρ and T2 radial heterogeneity with the alpha angle in FAI patients. T1ρ and T2 global acetabular values were significantly higher in FAI patients with a focal increase within the posterior acetabular cartilage. FAI patients exhibited increased anterior superior acetabular T1ρ and T2 heterogeneity and both of these measures demonstrated a strong ability to detect acetabular cartilage delamination (T1ρ AUC: 0.96, p < 0.001; T2 AUC: 0.93, p < 0.001). FAI patients with a larger alpha angle exhibited increased anterior superior acetabular T1ρ (r = 0.48, p = 0.02) and T2 (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) heterogeneity. T1ρ and T2 heterogeneity within the anterior superior acetabular cartilage was shown to be a sensitive measure in detecting delamination and may prove beneficial to clinicians in determining optimal interventions for FAI patients. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:971–978, 2018.
Comorbidity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Tortured, Treatment‐Seeking Refugees
Authors: Nickerson Angela , Schick Matthis , Schnyder Ulrich , Bryant Richard A. , Morina Naser
Published: August 2017

Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression is common in refugee groups; however, little is known about the predictors and correlates of comorbidity in treatment‐seeking refugees. Participants in this study were 134 refugees resettled in Switzerland. Most participants were from Turkey, Iran, and Sri Lanka, and 92.7% had been exposed to torture. Self‐report measures were implemented to assess PTSD, depression, mental and physical health‐related quality of life (QoL), as well as pre‐ and postmigration experiences. Findings indicated that approximately half the sample met criteria for PTSD and depression, 33.6% met criteria for depression only, and only 2.2% met criteria for PTSD only. Several variables emerged as predictors of comorbidity in contrast to no diagnosis: female gender, odds ratio (OR) = 0.17; age, OR = 0.93; time in Switzerland, OR = 1.16; and trauma exposure, OR = 1.19. Postmigration stress was also associated with greater likelihood of comorbidity compared with no diagnosis, OR = 1.32, and a single diagnosis, OR = 1.14. Further, dual diagnosis was associated with significantly poorer mental health‐related and physical health‐related QoL (mental health‐related QoL: dual diagnosis vs. single diagnosis, d = −0.52 and dual diagnosis vs. no diagnosis, d = −1.30; physical health‐related QoL: dual diagnosis vs. single diagnosis, d = −0.73 and dual diagnosis vs. no diagnosis: d = −1.04). Findings indicated that comorbidity was highly prevalent in this sample of treatment‐seeking refugees and was associated with a substantial impairment burden. Psychological interventions for refugees should consider the dual impact of PTSD and depression symptoms to optimally decrease distress and improve QoL in this vulnerable group.
Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printing: A Way to Construct 3D Electrically Conductive Segregated Network in Polymer Matrix
Authors: Li Zhichao , Wang Zhanhua , Gan Xinpeng , Fu Daihua , Fei Guoxia , Xia Hesheng
Published: August 2017

Selective laser sintering (SLS), which can directly turn 3D models into real objects, is employed to prepare the flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) conductor using self‐made carbon nanotubes (CNTs) wrapped TPU powders. The SLS printing, as a shear‐free and free‐flowing processing without compacting, provides a unique approach to construct conductive segregated networks of CNTs in the polymer matrix. The electrical conductivity for the SLS processed TPU/CNTs composite has a lower percolation threshold of 0.2 wt% and reaches ≈10−1 S m−1 at 1 wt% CNTs content, which is seven orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional injection‐molded TPU/CNTs composites at the same CNTs content. The 3D printed TPU/CNTs specimen can maintain good flexibility and durability, even after repeated bending for 1000 cycles, the electrical resistance can keep at a nearly constant value. The flexible conductive TPU/CNTs composite with complicated structures and shapes like porous piezoresistors can be easily obtained by this approach.
Universal mappings for certain classes of operators and polynomials between Banach spaces
Authors: Cilia Raffaella , Gutiérrez Joaquín M.
Published: August 2017

A well‐known result of J. Lindenstrauss and A. Pełczyński (1968) gives the existence of a universal non‐weakly compact operator between Banach spaces. We show the existence of universal non‐Rosenthal, non‐limited, and non‐Grothendieck operators. We also prove that there does not exist a universal non‐Dunford–Pettis operator, but there is a universal class of non‐Dunford–Pettis operators. Moreover, we show that, for several classes of polynomials between Banach spaces, including the non‐weakly compact polynomials, there does not exist a universal polynomial.
Regularity and solvability of linear differential operators in Gevrey spaces
Authors: Araújo G.
Published: August 2017

We are interested in the following question: when regularity properties of a linear differential operator imply solvability of its transpose in the sense of Gevrey ultradistributions? This question is studied for a class of abstract operators that contains the usual differential operators with real‐analytic coefficients. We obtain a new proof of a global result on compact manifolds (global Gevrey hypoellipticity implying global solvability of the transpose), as well as some results in the non‐compact case by means of the so‐called property of non‐confinement of singularities. We provide applications to Hörmander operators, to operators of constant strength and to locally integrable systems of vector fields. We also analyze a conjecture stated in a recent paper of Malaspina and Nicola, which asserts that, in differential complexes naturally arising from locally integrable structures, local solvability in the sense of ultradistributions implies local solvability in the sense of distributions. We establish the validity of the conjecture when the cotangent structure bundle is spanned by the differential of a single first integral.
Visualization of Bivariate Sequence Length–Chain Length Distribution in Free Radical Copolymerization
Authors: Saeb Mohammad Reza , Mohammadi Yousef , Rastin Hadi , Kermaniyan Tayebeh Sadat , Penlidis Alexander
Published: August 2017

Copolymer properties and processability depend on copolymer microstructure, i.e., copolymer composition and monomer unit arrangements along the copolymer chains. To predict the ultimate properties of copolymers, one needs complete information on the length and position of sequences of each monomer type in every chain. A versatile kinetic Monte Carlo code is developed and applied for the simulation of typical free radical copolymerizations. The code allows explicit monitoring of every growing chain during the course and at the end of polymerization, can account for comonomer systems of any arbitrary reactivity ratios (r1 and r2) over the full range of monomer composition. Meanwhile, it eliminates the need for solving arrays of differential equations arising from deterministic modeling approaches. Since the code virtually synthesizes billions of copolymer molecules and keeps in storage information on each and every copolymer chain in the system, it allows for detailed statistical analysis. The simulator visualizes the bivariate sequence length–chain length distribution for typical copolymerization systems and examples with: r1 < 1 and r2 < 1; r1 > 1 and r2 < 1; (r1 × r2) = 1; and r1 = r2 = 1, and is also applied successfully to an experimental scenario described in the literature.
NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5)—induced reactive oxygen signaling modulates normoxic HIF‐1α and p27Kip1 expression in malignant melanoma and other human tumors
Authors: Antony Smitha , Jiang Guojian , Wu Yongzhong , Meitzler Jennifer L. , Makhlouf Hala R. , Haines Diana C. , Butcher Donna , Hoon Dave S. , Ji Jiuping , Zhang Yiping , Juhasz Agnes , Lu Jiamo , Liu Han , Dahan Iris , Konate Mariam , Roy Krishnendu K. , Doroshow James H.
Published: August 2017

NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in signaling cascades that regulate cancer cell proliferation. To evaluate and validate NOX5 expression in human tumors, we screened a broad range of tissue microarrays (TMAs), and report substantial overexpression of NOX5 in malignant melanoma and cancers of the prostate, breast, and ovary. In human UACC‐257 melanoma cells that possesses high levels of functional endogenous NOX5, overexpression of NOX5 resulted in enhanced cell growth, increased numbers of BrdU positive cells, and increased γ‐H2AX levels. Additionally, NOX5‐overexpressing (stable and inducible) UACC‐257 cells demonstrated increased normoxic HIF‐1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression. Similarly, increased normoxic HIF‐1α expression and decreased p27Kip1 expression were observed in stable NOX5‐overexpressing clones of KARPAS 299 human lymphoma cells and in the human prostate cancer cell line, PC‐3. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous NOX5 in UACC‐257 cells resulted in decreased cell growth, decreased HIF‐1α expression, and increased p27Kip1 expression. Likewise, in an additional human melanoma cell line, WM852, and in PC‐3 cells, transient knockdown of endogenous NOX5 resulted in increased p27Kip1 and decreased HIF‐1α expression. Knockdown of endogenous NOX5 in UACC‐257 cells resulted in decreased Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, signaling pathways known to modulate p27Kip1 levels. In summary, our findings suggest that NOX5 expression in human UACC‐257 melanoma cells could contribute to cell proliferation due, in part, to the generation of high local concentrations of extracellular ROS that modulate multiple pathways that regulate HIF‐1α and networks that signal through Akt/GSK3β/p27Kip1.
Social status and housing factors affect reproductive performance of pregnant sows in groups
Authors: Salak‐Johnson Janeen L.
Published: August 2017

Group‐housing systems for pregnant sows are considered a welfare‐promoting alternative to the individual stall. A major concern associated with pregnant sows housed in group pens is increased aggression at mixing and at feeding, which may cause chronic stress among some of the sows in the group due to low feed intake and social stress. Prolonged activation of the stress axis, based on elevated cortisol levels, may inhibit or impair reproductive success via disruption of the reproductive axis. Mixing sows into groups shortly after insemination evokes a stress response, which may affect fertilization and implantation due to sustained, elevated cortisol levels that disrupt reproductive processes. Yet, most studies reported minimal effects of group housing sows during pregnancy on reproduction or cortisol‐related stress response. Differences between housing systems—in terms of group size, floor‐space allowance, feeding system, and genetics—could account for these unexpected results. Indeed, interrupted feed intake, especially in early pregnancy, and sustained aggression in late pregnancy are two unfavorable social stresses that deserve special attention in order to achieve good reproductive performance. Unfortunately, most studies do not consider other factors, such as social rank and parity, which may interactively affect reproductive success and aggressive behavior of sows, especially in group‐pen systems.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping: Report from the 2016 reconstruction challenge
Authors: Langkammer Christian , Schweser Ferdinand , Shmueli Karin , Kames Christian , Li Xu , Guo Li , Milovic Carlos , Kim Jinsuh , Wei Hongjiang , Bredies Kristian , Buch Sagar , Guo Yihao , Liu Zhe , Meineke Jakob , Rauscher Alexander , Marques José P. , Bilgic Berkin
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The aim of the 2016 quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) reconstruction challenge was to test the ability of various QSM algorithms to recover the underlying susceptibility from phase data faithfully.

Methods

Gradient‐echo images of a healthy volunteer acquired at 3T in a single orientation with 1.06 mm isotropic resolution. A reference susceptibility map was provided, which was computed using the susceptibility tensor imaging algorithm on data acquired at 12 head orientations.

Susceptibility maps calculated from the single orientation data were compared against the reference susceptibility map. Deviations were quantified using the following metrics: root mean squared error (RMSE), structure similarity index (SSIM), high‐frequency error norm (HFEN), and the error in selected white and gray matter regions.

Results

Twenty‐seven submissions were evaluated. Most of the best scoring approaches estimated the spatial frequency content in the ill‐conditioned domain of the dipole kernel using compressed sensing strategies. The top 10 maps in each category had similar error metrics but substantially different visual appearance.

Conclusion

Because QSM algorithms were optimized to minimize error metrics, the resulting susceptibility maps suffered from over‐smoothing and conspicuity loss in fine features such as vessels. As such, the challenge highlighted the need for better numerical image quality criteria. Magn Reson Med 79:1661–1673, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Patient‐targeted websites on overactive bladder: What are our patients reading?
Authors: Clancy Aisling A. , Hickling Duane , Didomizio Laura , Sanaee May , Shehata Fady , Zee Rebekah , Khalil Hisham
Published: August 2017

Aims

Patients often turn to the Internet for information on medical conditions. We sought to evaluate the quality and readability of highly visible websites on overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods

A survey of 42 consecutive patients attending outpatient urogynecology clinics was performed to identify the most commonly used Internet search engines and search terms for information on OAB. The three most commonly used search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo!) were then queried using the three most commonly used search terms. The first 20 relevant websites from each search were reviewed. After excluding duplicates, 35 websites were analyzed. Website quality of information on OAB was evaluated using the DISCERN score, JAMA benchmark criteria, and Health on the Net code (HONcode) accreditation status. Readability was assessed using the Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) and Dale‐Chall indices.

Results

Websites were classified as advertisement/commercial (31%), health portal (29%), professional (26%), patient group (6%), and other (9%). The overall mean DISCERN score was 44 ± 18 (maximum possible score of 80). Three websites (9%) met all four JAMA benchmark criteria. Seventeen percent of websites provided adequate information on content authorship and contributions. Median SMOG and Dale‐Chall indices were 9.9 (IQR 9.3‐11.2) and 9.0 (IQR 8.1‐9.4), respectively. Nine websites (26%) were HONcode certified.

Conclusions

Popular websites on OAB are of low quality, written for a high school to college‐level readership, and often lack adequate information to assess the potential for commercial bias. Patients should be cautioned that incomplete and potentially biased information on OAB is prevalent online.
A novel superhydrophobic surface based on low‐density polyethylene/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer thermoplastic vulcanizate
Authors: Liu Qingqing , Feng Ruotao , Hua Jing , Wang Zhaobo
Published: August 2017

A novel superhydrophobic surface based on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM) thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) was successfully fabricated where the etched aluminum foil was used as template. The etched aluminum template, consisted of countless micropores and step‐like textures, was obtained by metallographic sandpaper sanding and the subsequent acid etching. The surface morphology and the hydrophobic properties of the molded TPV surface were researched by using field emission scanning electron microscope and contact angle meter, respectively. From the microstructure observation of the superhydrophobic LDPE/EPDM TPV surface, the step‐like textures obtained via molding with etched aluminum foil template and a large number of fiber‐like structures resulted from the plastic deformation of LDPE matrix could be found obviously. The obtained TPV surface exhibited remarkable superhydrophobicity, with a contact angle of 152.0° ± 0.7° and a sliding angle of 3.1° ± 0.8°.
High‐strength electrically conductive fibers: Functionalization of polyamide, aramid, and polyester fibers with PEDOT polymer
Authors: Bashir Tariq , Skrifvars Mikael , Persson Nils‐Krister
Published: August 2017

In this work, high‐performance fibers such as aramid (Twaron), polyamide (PA6), polyester (PET), and hybrid Twaron/PA6 fibers were transformed into electroactive fibers by coating them with conjugated polymer, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) through vapor phase polymerization (VPP) method. The VPP is considered as an efficient technique for depositing CPs on different substrates regardless of their lower solubility in various solvents. In this paper, PEDOT‐coated high‐performance fibers were prepared under already optimized reaction conditions, and then a comparison between electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of different fibers, before and after coating, was made. The obtained coated fibers were characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 2‐probe electrical resistance measurement method, and tensile testing. It was revealed that at particular reaction conditions, all high performance textile substrates were successfully converted into electroactive fibers. The voltage‐current (V‐I) characteristics showed that PEDOT‐coated polyester fibers exhibited highest conductivity value among all other substrate fibers. The active PEDOT layers on high performance fibers could behave as an antistatic coating to minimize the risks associated with static charges at work places. Also, the obtained fibers have potential to be used as smart materials for various medical, sports, and military applications.
Polyoxymethylene/ethylene butylacrylate copolymer/ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate ternary blends
Authors: Yang Wenqing , Wang Xuan‐Lun , Li Jianfeng , Yan Xingru , Ge Shengsong , Tadakamalla Sruthi , Guo Zhanhu
Published: August 2017

Blends of compatibilized polyoxymethylene (POM)/ethylene butylacrylate copolymer (EBA)/ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA‐GMA) and uncompatibilized POM/EBA were investigated. The notched impact strength of the compatibilized blends was higher than that of their uncompatibilized counterparts. The toughness of the POM blends was improved obviously with relatively low loading of EBA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of EMA‐GMA, pure POM, and POM/EBA/EMA‐GMA blends indicated that epoxy groups of EMA‐GMA reacted with terminal hydroxyl groups of POM molecular chains. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) values of the POM matrix and the EBA phase were observed shifted to each other in the presence of EMA‐GMA compatibilizer indicating that the compatibilized blends had better compatibility than their uncompatibilized counterparts. With the addition of EBA to POM, both the compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends showed higher onset degradation temperature (Td) than that of pure POM and the Td values of the compatibilized blends were higher than those of their uncompatibilized counterparts. The scanning electron microscopy showed better EBA particles distribution state in the compatibilized system than in the uncompatibilized one. The compatibilized blend with an obvious rougher impact fracture surface indicated the ductile fracture mode. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1127–1134, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Profiling sedentary behavior in breast cancer survivors: Links with depression symptoms during the early survivorship period
Authors: Sabiston Catherine M. , Lacombe Jason , Faulkner Guy , Jones Jennifer , Trinh Linda
Published: August 2017

Objective

Depression symptoms are prevalent among breast cancer survivors (BCS). Reducing sedentary behavior (SED) may be a non‐pharmaceutical strategy for alleviating depression symptoms. However, little is known about SED among BCS. The present study aimed to: (i) describe SED behaviors among BCS and identify unique SED groups based on different SED dimensions; (ii) identify personal and cancer‐specific factors that discriminate SED clusters; and (iii) examine the association between SED clusters and depression symptoms.

Methods

Baseline self‐report demographic and medical information was collected from 187 BCS. SED and physical activity were assessed over seven days using an accelerometer. Self‐reported depression symptoms were reported three months later. Multiple dimensions of SED were identified and examined in cluster analysis. The clusters were examined for differences using multivariate analysis of variance and chi‐square analyses. The difference in depression symptoms among SED groups was assessed using an analysis of covariance.

Results

High and low SED groups were identified. Survivors in the high SED cluster were significantly older, heavier, less physically active, reported less education, and were more likely to have undergone lymph/axial node dissection. Women in the high SED cluster reported significantly higher depression symptoms prospectively (M = 9.50, SD = 6.07) compared to women in the low SED group (M = 6.89, SD = 5.18), F(8,179) = 4.97, p = 0.03, R2 = 0.34.

Conclusions

The importance of understanding multiple dimensions of SED among BCS was highlighted. Reducing SED during the early survivorship period may alleviate depression symptoms.
Suppressing aflatoxin biosynthesis is not a breakthrough if not useful
Authors: Gressel Jonathan , Polturak Guy
Published: August 2017

Liver‐affecting, carcinogenic aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. are a major problem, especially in the humid developing world where storage conditions are often optimal for the fungi. Peanuts and maize have been transformed with RNAi constructs targeting Aspergillus flavus polyketide‐synthase, an early key enzyme in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Aflatoxin biosynthesis was suppressed in developing immature grain, less so in late maturing grain, and it is doubtful that the technology will be effective in near dry mature grain. The infected grain was still mouldy. As Aspergillus that infects grain preharvest can continue to grow and produce aflatoxin in poorly stored grain, and grain storage insects vector further infections, this technology seems to have little potential utility in the humid tropics. The biotechnological approaches of RNAi directly targeting Aspergillus, coupled with transgenic insecticidal proteins should be far more effective. These biotechnological approaches can be used in tandem with the RNAi against polyketide‐synthase, as well as with irradiation, biocontrol and better grain drying and hermetic dry storage in a controlled atmosphere. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of Laser Wavelength on the Optical and Electronic Properties of Black Diamond
Authors: Girolami Marco , Bellucci Alessandro , Mastellone Matteo , Orlando Stefano , Valentini Veronica , Montereali Rosa M. , Vincenti Maria A. , Polini Riccardo , Trucchi Daniele M.
Published: August 2017

Black diamond, obtained by femtosecond laser treatment of natively transparent diamond, is a promising material for solar applications. The enhancement of the interaction between the active material and the solar spectrum is obtained by a controlled texturing of the diamond surface at the nanoscale, the impact of which on the optical and electronic properties of the bulk material is strongly influenced by the laser parameters. In this work, the properties of black diamond samples obtained by using two different laser wavelengths (400 and 800 nm) are compared, showing that texturing periodicity (80 and 170 nm, respectively) is strictly related to the laser wavelength used. Conversely, a unique optimal accumulated absorbed laser fluence (2.10 kJ cm−2) demonstrated to return the best results in terms of responsivity in the solar spectrum, regardless of the wavelength used for laser treatment.
Influence of side stripe on the corrosion of unlacquered tinplate cans for food preserves
Authors: Montanari Angela , Zurlini Chiara
Published: August 2017

Metal containers are used for packaging foodstuffs; more specifically, the cans used for preserving fruit have a plain body with side seam protected by a lacquer film.

The traditionally used side stripe is adopted “out of abundance of caution”, as the tin present on the seam is removed by the welding process. Not using a side stripe would have practical/functional benefits for the entire production chain, with consequent reduction in the cost of the containers and in their environmental impact.

Packaging of medium‐acidity products in tinplate cans is based on the principle of cathodic protection of steel by tin. To ensure that this condition persists throughout the product's shelf life, it is necessary for the anode area to be larger than the cathode area. When the seam is protected with lacquer, this condition is met. In cans where no side stripe is applied on the inner seam, the cathode area increases; this could lead to an increase in corrosion rate and consequent reduction of shelf life. However, the use of tinplate with high tin coating weight (D 11.2 g/m2) can limit this effect, under suitable packaging conditions (absence of oxygen).

The aim of this study is to analyze the possibility of using cans without lacquer stripe on the electric side seam for the packaging of fruit and, more generally, of medium‐acidity products. Electrochemical measurements of model‐systems, and pack tests were used in the study.
Comparison of three methods for the methylation of aliphatic and aromatic compounds
Authors: Lee Hyejung , Feakins Sarah J. , Lu Zhiyao , Schimmelmann Arndt , Sessions Alex L. , Tierney Jessica E. , Williams Travis J.
Published: August 2017

Rationale

Methylation protocols commonly call for acidic, hot conditions that are known to promote organic 1H/2H exchange in aromatic and aliphatic C–H bonds. Here we tested two such commonly used methods and compared a third that avoids these acidic conditions, to quantify isotope effects with each method and to directly determine acidic‐exchange rates relevant to experimental conditions.

Methods

We compared acidic and non‐acidic methylation approaches catalyzed by hydrochloric acid, acetyl chloride and EDCI (1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide)/DMAP (4‐dimethylaminopyridine), respectively. These were applied to two analytes: phthalic acid (an aromatic) and octacosanoic acid (an aliphatic). We analyzed yield by gas chromatography/flame ionization (GC/FID) and hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS). We quantified the 1H/2H exchange rate on dimethyl phthalate under acidic conditions with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) measurements.

Results

The δ2H and δ13C values and yield were equivalent among the three methods for methyl octacosanoate. The two acidic methods resulted in comparable yield and isotopic composition of dimethyl phthalate; however, the non‐acidic method resulted in lower δ2H and δ13C values perhaps due to low yields. Concerns over acid‐catalyzed 1H/2H exchange are unwarranted as the effect was trivial over a 12‐h reaction time.

Conclusions

We find product isolation yield and evaporation to be the main concerns in the accurate determination of isotopic composition. 1H/2H exchange reactions are too slow to cause measurable isotope fractionation over the typical duration and reaction conditions used in methylation. Thus, we are able to recommend continued use of acidic catalysts in such methylation reactions for both aliphatic and aromatic compounds.
Stabilization of switched affine systems with disturbed state‐dependent switching laws
Authors: Kader Zohra , Fiter Christophe , Hetel Laurentiu , Belkoura Lotfi
Published: August 2017

In this paper, we investigate the stabilization problem for a class of switched affine systems with a state‐dependent switching law. Since the states measurements are in general subject to perturbations and noises, we propose a robust switching‐law design method. Qualitative conditions for the stability of the closed‐loop switched system are given. Stability conditions are also formulated as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) to allow numerical implementations. Results are illustrated by numerical examples to show the efficiency of the method and its limits.
Best practices and software for the management and sharing of camera trap data for small and large scales studies
Authors: Scotson Lorraine , Johnston Lisa R. , Iannarilli Fabiola , Wearn Oliver R. , Mohd‐Azlan Jayasilan , Wong Wai Ming , Gray Thomas N. E. , Dinata Yoan , Suzuki Ai , Willard Clarie E. , Frechette Jackson , Loken Brent , Steinmetz Robert , Moßbrucker Alexander M. , Clements Gopalasamy Reuben , Fieberg John
Published: August 2017

Camera traps typically generate large amounts of bycatch data of non‐target species that are secondary to the study's objectives. Bycatch data pooled from multiple studies can answer secondary research questions; however, variation in field and data management techniques creates problems when pooling data from multiple sources. Multi‐collaborator projects that use standardized methods to answer broad‐scale research questions are rare and limited in geographical scope. Many small, fixed‐term independent camera trap studies operate in poorly represented regions, often using field and data management methods tailored to their own objectives. Inconsistent data management practices lead to loss of bycatch data, or an inability to share it easily. As a case study to illustrate common problems that limit use of bycatch data, we discuss our experiences processing bycatch data obtained by multiple research groups during a range‐wide assessment of sun bears Helarctos malayanus in Southeast Asia. We found that the most significant barrier to using bycatch data for secondary research was the time required, by the owners of the data and by the secondary researchers (us), to retrieve, interpret and process data into a form suitable for secondary analyses. Furthermore, large quantities of data were lost due to incompleteness and ambiguities in data entry. From our experiences, and from a review of the published literature and online resources, we generated nine recommendations on data management best practices for field site metadata, camera trap deployment metadata, image classification data and derived data products. We cover simple techniques that can be employed without training, special software and Internet access, as well as options for more advanced users, including a review of data management software and platforms. From the range of solutions provided here, researchers can employ those that best suit their needs and capacity. Doing so will enhance the usefulness of their camera trap bycatch data by improving the ease of data sharing, enabling collaborations and expanding the scope of research.
Promoting Sustainability: Towards a Segmentation Model of Individual and Household Behaviour and Behaviour Change
Authors: Verplanken Bas
Published: August 2017

Behaviours of individuals and households have major and cumulative impacts on the ecology and sustainable development. A generic segmentation model of sustainable behaviour is presented based on three fundamental drivers of behaviour: motivation, opportunity and habit. Four segments of consumers are distinguished: low motivation/low opportunity, high motivation/high opportunity, low motivation/high opportunity and high motivation/low opportunity. Strong unsustainable habits are likely to be found among low motivation/low opportunity consumers, while high motivation/high opportunity consumers have the propensity to adopt sustainable lifestyles and form strong sustainable habits. This model is then used to highlight how different intervention techniques may be effective for the different population segments. Traditional interventions to promote sustainable behaviours (e.g. goal setting, feedback), as well as alternative approaches, are discussed, including using habit discontinuities, mental models, choice architecture and systemic approaches. The model may thus form a starting point for selecting optimal behaviour change strategies in specific contexts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Co‐crystals with Delayed Fluorescence Assembled by 1,4‐Diiodotetrafluorobenzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds via Halogen Bonds
Authors: Sun Hao , Wang Mingliang , Khan Arshad , Shan Yaqi , Zhao Kun , Usman Rabia , Xu Chunxiang
Published: August 2017

Four binary co‐crystals with same molar ratio (1:1) were prepared by solvent evaporation method, involving 3‐(9‐Anthracenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐one (APPO), 1‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐3‐(1‐pyrenyl)‐2‐Propen‐1‐one (MPPO), 3‐(9‐Anthracenyl)‐1‐(2‐thienyl)‐2‐Propen‐1‐one (ATPO), 1‐Acetyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐(1‐pyrenyl)‐pyrazoline (APPP) as halogen acceptors and 1,4‐Diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,4‐DITFB) as halogen donor. Crystal structure analysis reveals that the face‐to‐face pattern of 1,4‐DITFB and donors exist and C−I•••π, C−I•••O interactions mainly formed the crystal structure. X‐ray diffraction data, vibration spectroscopy, thermal behaviors, UV‐visible, absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence properties were exploited to investigate their structures and performance. Such properties are closely related to the delayed fluorescence emission induced by triple‐triple annihilation process. These results demonstrate that these crystals have potential research value in luminescent materials design.
Ultrathin Bi Nanosheets with Superior Photoluminescence
Authors: Hussain Naveed , Liang Tongxiang , Zhang Qingyun , Anwar Tauseef , Huang Ya , Lang Jiangliang , Huang Kai , Wu Hui
Published: August 2017

Despite substantial progress in the science and technology of 2D nanomaterials, facile fabrication of ultrathin 2D metals remains challenging. Herein, an efficient hot‐pressing method is developed to fabricate free‐standing ultrathin Bi nanosheets from Bi nanoparticles. Highly crystalline Bi nanosheets with thickness as low as ≈2 nm and area of more than several micrometers are successfully fabricated on silicon substrates. The ultrathin Bi nanosheets exhibit morphology and structural dependent enhanced broad range photoemission in visible region of spectrum. Our cost‐effective hot‐pressing strategy may open an insight for production, application, and deficient fundamental understanding of other 2D semimetals/metalloids and noble metals.