bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Method and Application of Different Development Stages in Waterflooding Reservoirs
Authors: Libing Fu , Jun Ni , Zifei Fan , Xuanran Li
Published: October 2017

Oilfield development generally goes through multiple stages of development. Different stages have different development effects and features. Waterflooding characteristic curve is one of the main methods of development evaluation and oil recovery forecast in waterflooding oilfields. The chart of relationship between water content and recovery degree is directly applied to predict recovery factor. However, the production data could not be in accordance with the curve in the chart in the course of practical application. In order to improve the precision and applicability of water drive characteristic curve charts, based on seepage mechanics and material conservation principle, waterflooding characteristic formula between accumulative oil production and accumulative liquid production was deduced. Using mathematical equation method, a new relation between water-cut and recovery degree considering different time-phased actual development data was presented and the corresponding formula of water cut increasing rate was derived. Fitting parameters by regression fitting method from the actual production data was employed as the reference value for the revised mathematical model and the corresponding water drive curve cluster was drawn based on the fitting-curve. At the same time, the method of time-phased water drive effect evaluation was presented. Results showed that recovery factor of waterflooding reservoirs predicted by improved chart is more exact and the fitting degree of water cut between calculated and actual data is better than by existing charts, demonstrating that the improved chart has strong practicability in waterflooding development effect evaluation and index forecast. Those conclusions improve the waterflooding theory and provide useful guidance for effect evaluation of water displacing, water cut calculation and oil recovery ratio prediction for different stages. The presented research content furthers the theory of waterflooding, and builds theoretical foundation for the technologies of development evaluation in waterflooding reservoirs.
Installing Sucker Rod Pumping System on a Dual String Well Using Rig-less Intervention - Burgan Field - South East Kuwait
Authors: Al-Dousari A. A. , Al-Ramly S. A. , Imbrea R.. , Sierra T.. , Ibrahim A. M. , Khan F..
Published: October 2017

The vision of each company in the current oil and gas industry scenario is to utilize the existing field investment to increase oil production at minimum cost. Installing sucker rod pumping unit on a dual string well was a big challenge to achieve, especially when the other string was producing naturally. The manuscript focuses on the challenges accompanied with the identification of well needs, designing phase, planning phase and execution phase.

Meetings have been held with both field development and well surveillance engineers to discuss the challenges to be faced to install a sucker rod pumping unit. The challenges were to occupy a turn in the rig schedule that have been set for the rest of the quarter, to install the surface unit in presence of a well head set on a high level to meet dual string surface set up and in downhole pump installation to be set through a 3.5-in. tubing with no rig accessThe solution was to use a unique way of installation by utilizing the available equipment without having the need of using a rig.

Running downhole insert pump using a insert pump anchor was the solution to set the pump at any desired depth inside the 3.5" tubing. That will only require a flush-by unit access with no need to remove the current surface set up for the dual strings. The well head for the desired well was set to 11.5 ft above ground level creating a big challenge that has been solved by using 6 portable gravel pans that can be re-located later to lift the surface unit with 6 ft to be installed above the desired string.

Successfully installing the sucker rod pumping unit in such way resulted the following benefits: Achieve required oil recovery from the string without affecting the other naturally flowing one.Eliminated work over Operation and stand by time costs.Reduced No-Production period.Installed downhole pump with the capability of retrieving the pump and/or converting the artificial lift method if required with no rig intervention.

Successful installation of a sucker rod system on a dual string well for the first time in Kuwait in Burgan field, is now considered a solution for dual string wells to optimize oil recovery with minimum cost, and is being considered as a reference for rig-less interventions with the capability of changing the type of lift in future.
A Novel and Efficient Method for Quantitative Cement Logging using a Logging-While-Drilling Acoustic Tool
Authors: Qi Zhang Bin , Feng Liu , Xin Zhou , Han Shim Yen , Li Lin
Published: October 2017

Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) acoustic tools encounter interference from collar arrivals when attempting quantitative cement evaluation. In low-bonding condition, the interference is not significant, an amplitude-based bond index determination is reliable with the limitation in higher bonding conditions under most scenarios (Kinoshita, T. et al. 2013). However, using the sensitivity of the measured acoustic attenuation to cement bond quality, then LWD based quantitative cement evaluation can be expanded to cover the full range of bonding (Pistre, V. et al. 2014). The combination of the two methodologies into a hybrid method has allowed quantitative cement evaluation to be delivered on LWD acoustic tools and so offer significant time saving advantages over conventional methods (Feng, Y.W. et al. 2016). In this reference example, a LWD acoustic tool was run in a deviated well combined with a casing scraper in the casing cleaning run. The LWD cement quality data were converted to a synthetic Cement Bond Log (CBL) curve expressed in millivolt (mV) units and compared with traditional CBL data. The final processed result is later interpreted as being good bonding, medium bonding and poor bonding as per the operators’ standard.

Overall, the LWD cement evaluation results showed good agreement with the traditional CBL data in almost all intervals where cement quality ranged from good to poor. However, the acoustic data were affected by noise in part of the section as indicated by the noisy variable density log (VDL) in the example well. The LWD cement evaluation delivered very positive results but it is also noticed that the mechanical casing scraper could potentially present a significant source of acoustic noise. The severity of this noise varied with logging speed. Although the downhole noise generation cannot be eliminated, through detailed prejob planning, its effects were mitigated and the results obtained met the logging expectations despite the challenging environment.

As a counterpart measurement of conventional CBL logging, utilizing the novel LWD cement evaluation methodology brings a new method to the industry for quantitatively logging the cement quality of complex wells, while at the same time, running the cement logging tool together with a casing scraper provides a more efficient and economical method to acquire the data.
Ten Years of Reservoir Monitoring with Chemical Inflow Tracers - What Have We Learnt and Applied Over the Past Decade?
Authors: Dyrli A. D. , Leung E..
Published: October 2017

The initial development of inflow tracers was initially designed to provide qualitative information about identifying the location of water breakthrough in production wells. The proof of concept and application for water detection, initiated the development of oil tracers for oil inflow monitoring. Different approaches to install them permanently within a completion component were used, to provide risk free, reliable production monitoring without the need for intervention. Installing unique chemical tracers that are embedded in polymer materials in sand screens or pup joints, along select locations in the lower completion was to correlate where the oil and water is flowing along the production interval and how much. Innovation in the chemistry and materials designed to release to a target fluid (oil or water), enabled non electric wireless monitoring capabilities for many years of longevity in harsh well conditions, such as high temperature and highly acidic stimulation fluids. The evolution of inflow tracer signal interpretation, qualitative and quantitative interpretation workflows using models have also provided valuable insight to inflow characterisation. The latter can provide zonal rate information like wireline conveyed production logging tools, by inducing transients through shut in's or rate changes to create tracer signals that are transported by flow to surface and captured in sample bottles for laboratory analysis. A model based approach to match the measured signals with proprietary models through history matching workflow has also been developed. There are hundreds of well installations utilising inflow tracing monitoring technology today, where the majority have been in open hole completions in both sandstone and naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs on land, offshore environments in both platform and deep water sub-sea environments producing through long tie backs to FPSO's. The monitoring sensors are adaptable to most completion types in conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In most cases, inflow tracers can monitor clean-up efficiency, any subsequent restart and steady state production. Practical case studies will discuss the development of robust and reliable inflow tracer and technology and how operators have applied it over the past decade in a chronological order.
Variation in Microsatellite Loci Reveals a Natural Boundary of Genetic Differentiation among Pyrus betulaefolia Populations in Northern China
Authors: Zong Yu , Sun Ping , Yue Xiaoyan , Niu Qingfeng , Teng Yuanwen
Published: October 2017

Pyrus betulaefolia is one of the most popular pear (Pyrus) rootstocks in China and other east Asian countries because of its good adaptability to versatile environments. However, the number of wild P. betulaefolia populations is decreasing because of habitat destruction and fragmentation. An urgent evaluation of P. betulaefolia genetic diversity and population structure is necessary to develop a conservation strategy for this important wild species. Thirteen simple sequence repeat loci were detected to infer the genetic composition of 18 P. betulaefolia populations in northern China. The average number of different alleles for each locus was 7.1. The number of effective alleles among loci ranged from 1.77 to 5.94. The overall mean values of expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.702 and 0.687, respectively. The Taihang Mountains, which run from northeast to southwest, acted as natural boundary in shaping the genetic diversity of P. betulaefolia in northern China. The distinct pattern, which was also observed in the distribution of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation, appeared to be obscured by pollen-mediated gene flow in the distribution of nuclear microsatellite variation. Large populations with high allelic richness (e.g., populations BT, ZN, and QS) are considered suitable for in situ conservation because of the potential for adaptation to future environmental change. The smaller populations had mixed gene pools (e.g., populations GQ and XF) and should therefore also be considered for ex situ conservation. Preserving genetic diversity in seeds was proposed when field collections are fully characterized.
Wheat Yield Affected by Soil Temperature and Water under Mulching in Dryland
Authors: He Gang , Wang Zhaohui , Ma Xiaolong , He Hongxia , Cao Hanbing , Wang Sen , Dai Jian , Luo Laichao , Huang Ming , Malhi Sukhdev S.
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas

Plastic mulch increased soil temperature and water, thus increased wheat yield.

High soil temperature by plastic mulch and planting legume reduced wheat yield.

Incorporation of legume increased soil temperature of next wheat growing season.

Planting legume increased soil water use in summer and decreased evapotranspiration in wheat season.

In the Loess Plateau of northwestern China, soil water shortage is the main factor constraining dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Soil mulching is considered an effective practice to improve wheat yield due to increased soil water storage, but the information related to integrated understanding of soil temperature and water is scarce. We conducted a location‐fixed field experiment with two soil mulching (plastic mulch and planting legume) treatments to confirm the effects of soil temperature and water on wheat yield under different precipitation levels. In 2014–2015 with higher than average precipitation, plastic mulch increased soil water storage by 13% at sowing and average soil temperature by 0.4°C, which in turn increased yield by 13%, compared to the control. In 2012–2013 with extremely lower than average precipitation, the high daily maximum soil temperature during wheat reproductive period decreased grain number per spike and grain weight by 16 and 4%, respectively, thus reduced yield by 16%. For planting legume, the lower soil water storage at sowing and high daily maximum soil temperature during the wheat reproductive period decreased the number of spikes per hectare and grain weight by 29 and 4%, respectively, resulting in a 37% decrease in yield in 2012–2013. In other years with relatively higher precipitation, the proper soil temperature and extra N input under planting legume alleviated the negative impact of yield decline. Overall, planting legume did not show any benefit for wheat yield, while plastic mulch provided an opportunity for increasing wheat yield in dryland.
Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Chhattisgarh Vertisol after Use of a Rice–Wheat System for 16 Years
Authors: Joshi S. K. , Bajpai R. K. , Kumar Prahalad , Tiwari Alok , Bachkaiya Vinay , Manna M. C. , Sahu Asha , Bhattacharjya S. , Rahman Mohammad Mahmudur , Wanjari R. H. , Singh Muneshwar , Coumar Vassanda , Patra Ashok K. , Chaudhari S. K.
Published: October 2017

Long‐term impact of fertilizers and manure on fractions of soil organic C pools.

The critical reasons to find out declined crop productivity.

The remedies for arresting C decline and sustain productivity and soil fertility.

Identification of factors responsible for poor crop yield.

A comprehensive knowledge of total organic carbon (TOC) dynamics in the soil as affected by cropping system and fertilizer application is imperative for maintaining soil health. We investigated the effect of long‐term (16‐yr) use of farmyard manure (FYM), crop residues, green manure (GM) and inorganic fertilizers in rice–wheat rotation on TOC pools, and crop yields with the objective to establish an interrelationship among these parameters under long‐term rice–wheat cropping system. The study was initiated in 1999 under AICRP on a Long‐Term Fertilizer Experiment conducted at Raipur, India, with eight fertilizer treatments, that is, 100% NPK, 150% NPK, 100% NPK + ZnSO4, 100% N, 100% NP, 100% NPK + FYM, 50% NPK + GM and control (no fertilizer and manure). Results revealed that the manure addition increased the sensitive fractions of TOC such as water soluble C, acid hydrolyzable carbohydrates, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC). However, the percent increase was relatively lower in chemical fertilizer treatments compared to integrated use of fertilizers and manure. The particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) appeared to be the most affected one. Higher content of POMC was noticed in macro‐aggregates than micro‐aggregates and declined substantially in the aggregates of 100% N‐ and 100% NP‐treated plots leading to lower nutrient supplying capacity of the soils. Humic acid C fractions, that is, a passive pool of TOC was significantly higher in FYM in combination with balanced fertilizer treatments. These results emphasized that the integrated nutrient supply strategy is necessary to sustain the long‐term TOC storage and productivity.
Agro‐Environmental Consequences of Shifting from Nitrogen‐ to Phosphorus‐Based Manure Management of Corn
Authors: Sadeghpour Amir , Ketterings Quirine M. , Godwin Gregory S. , Czymmek Karl J. , Vermeylen Francoise
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas

Soil nitrate and moisture are primary drivers for N2O emissions.

Where N limits yield, N2O emissions increase linearly with yield.

Phosphorus‐based manure management can lead to deficiencies in N supply.

Supplemental fertilizer N in P‐based systems increases N2O emissions.

The relationships among corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield, N supply, and N2O emissions as influenced by a change from N‐based surface applications of manure (no incorporation) to a P‐based (crop removal) management system with immediate incorporation of manure were studied in 2014 and 2015. Treatments were annual spring applications of separated dairy solids (34 and 90 Mg ha–1), liquid dairy manure (93 and 159 kL ha–1), and two inorganic N fertilizer rates (0 and 112 kg ha–1). In 2015, half of each manure‐amended plot received 168 kg N ha–1 at sidedressing time to assess if yields were N‐limited. Shifting from N‐ to P‐based management resulted in 5 and 3% yield decreases in the manure and solids treatments, respectively. Corn yields and N uptake increased with N sidedressing in 2015, reflecting an N limitation in those treatments. Shifting from N‐ to P‐based manure with tillage incorporation increased soil NO3–N levels at planting and sidedressing in 2014 but not in 2015, consistent with weather differences. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 216 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (zero‐N control) to 964 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (112 kg N ha–1) in 2014 and from 249 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (P‐based solids) to 776 g N2O ha–1 yr–1 (112 kg N ha–1). In both years, soil N2O emissions increased linearly with N availability and, therefore, corn grain yield. Our results suggest that N2O emissions increase with yield when N is yield‐limiting, independent of N sources.
Soil Carbon Fractions from an Alluvial Soil Texture Gradient in North Carolina
Authors: Deiss Leonardo , Franzluebbers Alan J. , Amoozegar Aziz , Hesterberg Dean , Polizzotto Matthew , Cubbage Frederick W.
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas

Total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions varied along a soil texture gradient.

Specific surface area and Fe oxyhydroxides were positively associated with clay concentration.

Soil C fractions were positively associated with surface area and Fe oxides.

Aluminum oxide was not related to clay concentration or specific surface area.

Mineralizable C had the most complex relationship with clay concentration.

Soil texture is known to affect soil organic C (SOC) concentration and microbial activity, but these relationships are not always straightforward. We characterized total, mineral‐associated, and mineralizable C fractions along a gradient of soil texture within a flood plain field in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. Soil was collected from 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, and 15‐ to 30‐cm depth intervals at 204 locations within a 7‐ha area. Samples were analyzed for soil particle size distribution, specific surface area (SSA), oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe to estimate short‐range‐ordered (i.e., poorly crystalline) oxyhydroxides, and soil C fractions. Overall, relationships among soil C fractions, textural classes, and depths were complex. Both SOC (0.4–13.9 g kg–1 soil) and mineral‐associated organic C (0–12 g kg–1 soil) increased as soil clay concentration increased (73–430 g kg–1 soil), but having two distinct slopes in each relationship with an inflection point of ∼150 g clay kg–1 soil at 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm and an inflection point of ∼250 g clay kg–1 soil at 15 to 30 cm. As clay concentration increased, SSA (12–76 m2 g–1 soil) and oxalate‐extractable Fe (0.45–5.9 g kg–1 soil) also increased. A weaker relationship was observed between oxalate‐extractable Al (0.38–1.5 g kg–1 soil) and either SSA or mineral‐associated organic C. Mineralizable C increased with increasing clay concentration up until 143 ± 3, 152 ± 5, and 161 ± 11 g kg–1 (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm, respectively), but decreased (0–5 and 5–15 cm) or stayed constant (15–30 cm) at higher clay concentrations. On the basis of untested observations, we surmise that binding of C to oxalate‐extractable Fe contributed to the accumulation of SOC and suppression of mineralizable C as the clay concentration increased. These results suggest that complex soil texture–physicochemical interactions underlie the inherent fertility of floodplain soils.
Potassium Fixation by Oxidized and Reduced Forms of Phyllosilicates
Authors: Florence Angela , Ransom Michel , Mengel David
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas

Understanding how soils fix and release K is crucial for soil fertility.

K fixation and release are controlled by layer silicate collapse and expansion.

K fixation is affected by layer charge, charge distribution, and Fe redox.

The greater the negative layer charge, the greater the amounts of K fixation.

Tetrahedrally derived charge favors more K fixation than octahedrally derived charge.

Potassium fixation traps K+ ions in the interlayer region of phyllosilicates. This study determined if increased negative interlayer charge caused by structural Fe reduction leads to increased K+ fixation. The five reference clays used were illite (IMt‐1), kaolinite (KGa‐1b), montmorillonite (STx‐1b), nontronite (NAu‐2), and vermiculite (VTx‐1). Soil clays were fractionated from the upper 15 cm of a Belvue loam and a Cherokee silt. Potassium fixation capacities were measured on clay samples of unreduced and reduced forms of each clay. Iron (II) and total Fe contents were determined, and K+ fixation was measured by K saturating the clays, followed by five washes of MgCl2 solution. Iron reduction significantly increased the amounts of K+ fixed by NAu‐2 and VTx‐1. An increase in Fe(II) content caused increases in layer charge and K+ fixation. Although NAu‐2 exhibited a greater increase in Fe(II) content on reduction than VTx‐1, the increase in K+ fixation on reduction was greater for VTx‐1 because of the tetrahedral location of Fe in VTx‐1. For IMt‐1, KGa‐1b, and STx‐1b, Fe reduction did not significantly affect the K+ fixation capacities because of their low Fe contents. The Belvue loam released K+ in both unreduced and reduced forms. The Cherokee silt did not appreciably release or fix K+ in either form. Although much K is removed in the first wash, small amounts of K were removed in subsequent washes, especially for reduced samples of NAu‐2 and VTx‐1. The washing procedure caused reduced Fe to reoxidize, which resulted in K that was previously fixed to be released.
Exploring the jamming transition over a wide range of critical densities
Authors: Ozawa Misaki , Berthier Ludovic , Coslovich Daniele
Published: October 2017

We numerically study the jamming transition of frictionless
polydisperse spheres in three dimensions. We use an efficient
thermalisation algorithm for the equilibrium hard sphere fluid and
generate amorphous jammed packings over a range of critical jamming
densities that is about three times broader than in previous studies.
This allows us to reexamine a wide range of structural properties
characterizing the jamming transition. Both isostaticity and the
critical behavior of the pair correlation function hold over the entire
range of jamming densities. At intermediate length scales, we find a
weak, smooth increase of bond orientational order. By contrast,
distorted icosahedral structures grow rapidly with increasing the volume
fraction in both fluid and jammed states. Surprisingly, at large scale
we observe that denser jammed states show stronger deviations from
hyperuniformity, suggesting that the enhanced amorphous ordering
inherited from the equilibrium fluid competes with, rather than
enhances, hyperuniformity. Finally, finite size fluctuations of the
critical jamming density are considerably suppressed in the denser
jammed states, indicating an important change in the topography of the
potential energy landscape. By considerably stretching the amplitude of
the critical “J-line”, our work disentangles physical properties at the
contact scale that are associated with jamming criticality, from those
occurring at larger length scales, which have a different nature.
A recognition method of plunger wear degree of plunger pump using probability neural network
Authors: Du Zhendong , Zhao Jianmin , Zhang Xinghui
Published: October 2017

In order to increase the diagnosis efficiency of plunger wear fault, a recognition method is developed using sensitivity analysis and probability neural network. Firstly, 17 time domain characteristics of vibration signal are extracted. Then analyzed the sensitivity of characteristics to failure to select sensitive characteristics parameters. Finally, PNN method to identify the degree of plunger wear was proposed. A hydraulic pump fault simulation experiment was designed, and validated the proposed method by experimental data. The results show that the method can quickly and effectively identify the degree of plunger wear.
A study on cyber sickness reduction by oculo-motor exercise performed immediately prior to viewing virtual reality (VR) content on head mounted display (HMD)
Authors: Park Won Deok , Jang Seong Wook , Kim Yeol Ho , Kim Gyu Ah , Son Wookho , Kim Yoon Sang
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing an oculo-motor exercise, immediately prior to watching VR (virtual reality) content on HMD (head mounted display), on cyber sickness. Eight subjects participated in a test. The results were analyzed based on three categories of symptoms associated with cyber sickness (nausea, disorientation, oculomotor) to assess the effect of oculo-motor exercise on cyber sickness. Additionally, the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) test was used as a parameter for the evaluation. The proposed method resulted in a significant reduction in cyber sickness (p< 0.01) in all the three groups. Therefore, the proposed method was effective in alleviating cyber sickness.
A feature fusion method using WPD-SVD and t-SNE for gearbox fault diagnosis
Authors: Sun Jinwen , Lu Chen , Ma Jian
Published: October 2017

The vibration signals of a gearbox always contain the dynamic operation information, which are important for the feature extraction and further work. However, the low signal-to-noise ratio and combined multi-mode faults make it difficult to extract discriminable features of gearboxes. In this study, a feature fusion method based on wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), singular value decomposition (SVD) and t-Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) for gearbox fault diagnosis is proposed. First, time-frequency analysis method of WPT-SVD as well as time-domain analysis methods are utilized to extract robust feature vectors of gearboxes with different conditions. As an effective method for the visualization of high-dimensional datasets, t-SNE is then introduced to realize the dimensionality reduction of feature vectors. Finally, with the fused features, a radial basis function (RBF) neural network is trained to realize the classification of gearbox fault modes. Sufficient experiments have been implemented to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method by analyzing the vibration signals of gearboxes.
Modern suspension systems for automotive vehicles and their test methods
Authors: Konieczny Łukasz , Burdzik Rafał
Published: October 2017

This article provides a discussion on various solutions used in modern suspension systems of automotive vehicles. The mechanical dependent suspension system and some solution of adaptive, semi-active and active suspension system has been described. The paper also presents shortly test methods used to evaluation of technical conditions of this system.
Gearbox fault diagnosis based on VMD-MSE and adaboost classifier
Authors: Song Dengwei , Lu Chen , Ma Jian
Published: October 2017

Accurate and efficient fault diagnosis is of great importance for gearbox. This study proposed a fault diagnosis based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) – multiscale entropy (MSE) and adaboost algorithm. First, the VMD is employed to decompose the raw signal in time-frequency domain. Then, MSE is computed to generate the feature vectors. Finally, the classifier based on adaboost is training and several weak classifiers form a strong classifier to realize the fault diagnosis. The feasibility and accuracy of the method is validated by the data from the Prognostics and Health Management Society for the 2009 data challenge competition.
Impact of network sectorisation on water quality management
Authors: Armand Hooman , Stoianov Ivan , Graham Nigel
Published: October 2017

The sectorisation of water supply networks (WSNs) includes the permanent closure of valves in order to achieve a cost-effective leakage management and simplify pressure control. The impact of networks sectorisation, also known as district metered areas (DMAs), on water quality and discolouration has not been extensively studied and it remains unknown. In addition, hydraulic variables used in the literature for assessing the likelihood of potential discolouration are limited and inconclusive. This paper investigates a methodology to evaluate the impact of networks sectorisation (DMAs) on water quality and the likelihood of discolouration incidents. The methodology utilises a set of surrogate hydraulic variables and an analysis of the hydraulic condition in pipes with historic discolouration complaints. The proposed methodology has been applied to a large-scale WSN, with and without sectors, in order to assess the potential impact of DMAs on water quality. The results demonstrate that the sectorisation of WSN (DMAs) could compromise the overall water quality and increase the likelihood of discolouration incidents. The results of this study and the proposed surrogate hydraulic variables facilitate the formulation of optimisation problems for the re-design and control of WSNs with sectorised topologies.
Implementation of Quality Assurance of past and present curriculum of B.Ed. programme of Garhwal University (the Central University) in view of NCTE norms
Authors: Dhawan Seema , Verma Ruchika
Published: October 2017

The study attempted to find out the quality of the curriculum and practice teaching/ practicum of B.Ed. programme of Garhwal University, the Central University. The study made an effort to suggest measures for quality assurance given by several authoritative persons such as the Dean, principals, HODs, Administrators of the B.Ed. colleges affiliated to Garhwal University. For the study, purposive sampling method was used. The tools – questionnaire and interview schedule were developed. On the basis of the findings, it concluded that the B.Ed. programme should be of two years, the curriculum needs change and the practice teaching/practicum should be increased. Being felt in dire need in the modern context, NCTE has implemented a great change in the B.Ed. programme which has become a remarkable achievement in the field of education.
El éxito de la comunicación oral y escrita en español: un curso en línea / Success in oral and written communication in Spanish: an online course
Authors: Diez Irizar Gisela Aquilea , Herrera Beatriz , Flores Hernández Jesús Alejandro
Published: October 2017

La Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, en el estado de Campeche, ha tenido que incorporar desde hace algunos años la modalidad a distancia en las diferentes licenciaturas como resultado del modelo educativo por competencias. El taller “El éxito en la comunicación oral y escrita en lengua materna” formó parte de los diseños para esta modalidad como competencia genérica. Dicho taller se perfiló en el Aula Virtual de Aprendizaje a partir de un diseño instruccional acorde a la metodología del enfoque sistémico para medir el aprendizaje del estudiante, su vinculación con el docente y entre los alumnos. El objetivo fue conocer el comportamiento del curso a través de los módulos de enseñanza, las tareas y los modelos de ejercicios interactivos.
SCREENING POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES DERIVED FROM GERMINATED LABLAB BEAN, PIGEON PEA AND KIDNEY BEAN
Authors: Ratnayani Ketut , Panjaitan Indriani Wisnu Susanto , Puspawati Ni Made
Published: October 2017

Abstract Protein hydrolysate contains a mixture of various lengths of short peptides chain and free amino acids that may

excert biological activities. This research aims to screen potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities of protein hydrolysate

produced from three kinds of germinated beans i.e. lablab bean (Lablab purpureus), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) and

kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. The steps of research included germination process of

the beans prior to total protein isolation, enzymatic hydrolysis of total protein isolates using pancreatin enzyme, evaluation of

in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates protein using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) method, and antibaterial

activity testing towards Eschericia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria. The results revealed that pancreatine enzyme was

able to hydrolyse germinated protein of lablab bean, pigeon pea and kidney bean at the experiment condition applied with

degree of hydrolysis 34.12%, 27.44%, and 30,93% respectively. It was also found that protein hydrolysates of lablab bean,

pigeon pea, and kidney bean demonstrated antioxidant activity which percentage radical DPPH scavenging activity of 84.02%,

68.97% and 67.89 %. On the other hand, all of those protein hydrolysates did not show any antibacterial activity towards

Eschericia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria.
DEVELOPMENT OF GEL DOSAGE FORM OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN RIND
Authors: Astuti Ketut Widyani , Wijayanti Ni Putu Ayu Dewi , Prasetia I Gusti Ngurah Jemmy Anton
Published: October 2017

Abstract Alpha-mangostin is a xanthonoid compound contained in mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) and has an

antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, the bacterium that causes acne. In this study, mangosteen rind extract is

formulated in a gel dosage form. This study aimed to determine the optimum formula, the physical and chemical properties as

well as the optimum formula release profile of the gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract.

The mangosteen rind extract gel formula consists of viscolam, propylene glycol, glycerin, microcare®, ethyl acetate extract of

mangosteen rind, and distilled water. The formula was optimized by varying the concentrations of viscolam (2% and 5%),

propylene glycol (5% and 20%) and glycerin (2% and 15%) using a factorial experimental design program called Design Expert

7.0.0. The 8 formulas were developed into gel dosage form and the physical and chemical properties were then evaluated. The

evaluation tests include viscosity, dispersive power, and pH tests. The evaluation results were processed using the Design Expert

7.0.0 program to determine the optimum formula.

The results of the analysis showed the optimum formula of gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract with viscolam percentage

of 4.97%, propylene glycol of 9.91%, glycerin of 12.23%, microcare® of 0.3%, TEA (q.s), ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen

rind of 1%, and distilled water of 45%. The evaluation results of the physical and chemical properties of the gel optimum

formula revealed the viscosity of 2,345 cps, dispersive power of 6.59 cm, and pH of 6.74. Alpha-mangostin release test on the

optimum formula revealed a flux value of 41.327 ?g/cm2/t1/2. From these results, it is concluded that the optimum formula has

met the physical and chemical characteristics of a good gel.
STORY AND SONG IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS: HOW POWERFUL?
Authors: Gusrayani Diah
Published: October 2017

To children especially, song and story bring a lot of joys and happiness. How far children can understand the meaning of vocabularies contained in a song and a story will depend mainly on the pattern of cohesiveness of both text genres and this is the main concern of this study. One story and one song were chosen�they were judgmentally selected regarding that: 1) they were favored by 3 English teachers in elementary schools to be taught in their class; 2) they were listed in the textbooks used by those three teachers. 30 children aged 10 were chosen as the participants of this study. The discourse patterns of cohesion (reference, lexical relations, conjunctive relations, and conversational structure) served as a tool of analysis and were applied to both song and story in order to figure out the semantic unity of both texts. This research revealed that: 1) presuming references were found more in story meanwhile presenting references were recognized more in song; 2) classification and composition were found more in story and contrast feature was found in song; 3) conjunctive reticulum for the story shows more for internal relations while song shows the opposite; 4) the choice of speech function and type of exchange structure are displayed more clearly in story than in song. These results lead to a conclusion that in understanding vocabularies contained in both texts; children show conceptual and metalinguistic knowledge more in understanding the story and expose their interest, joyful and happiness while learning song.Keywords: reference, lexical relations, conjunctive relations, conversational structure, semantic unity, conceptual, metalinguistic.
EXPLORING INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS� METAFUNCTION COMPETENCE AND THEIR CRITICAL READING
Authors: Thamrin Nani Ronsani , Maulana Jaruki Andriansyah
Published: October 2017

This study explores the relationship between students� metafunction competence and their critical reading. This study uses mixed method approach to discover deep and whole comprehension of the research problem. The five undergraduate students who have attended functional grammar class are purposively involved. This study shows that students� metafunction competence and their critical reading positively correlate. In the other words, the students� metafunction competence develops their critical reading ability. It is corresponding with the conclusion which is drawn by Bumela (2011) that the initial formation of meaning is also largely influences by reader�s expectations and background knowledge. Hereby, students� metafunction competence plays as students� background knowledge to recognise the features of the texts and identify the metafunctions of the texts which is beneficial as the departure for critical reading.Keywords: students� metafunction competence, critical reading.
A COMPARISON OF THE SPEECH STYLES OF NIGERIAN AND CHINESE EFL LEARNERS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Mackenzie Pauline , Hei Kuang Ching
Published: October 2017

This paper focused on the speech styles of two groups of learners, Nigerian learners with English as their official language and Chinese learners with English as a foreign language studying in Malaysia. A questionnaire was developed to extract personal details while a classroom task was given to gather data. Consent was given voluntarily. Spoken data were recorded, transcribed verbatim and then analyzed and findings were further substantiated by an interview. Analysis showed that Nigerian learners are less prone to using fillers as compared to Chinese EFL learners. This implied that Chinese EFL learners were less comfortable in using English. Both Nigerian and Chinese learners used the same amount of intensifiers suggesting that they do not feel passionate when talking about themselves, as the task demanded. The findings of this study will enable foreign language learners to understand themselves better and assist local teachers and classmates to be more tolerant when communicating with them as it can help to minimize misunderstandings. Nonetheless, further research may be required to verify the findings.Keywords: Speech styles, fillers, intensifiers, Nigerian, Chinese, EFL learners
Open Educational Resources: An Annotated Bibliography for Librarians
Authors: Bober Chris
Published: October 2017

Open educational resources (OER), now in their 15th year of existence, consists of, in principle, fully open educational content, available for free to all and are adaptable to serve the needs of the user. They were created as a response to the high cost of textbooks and as a means of leveling the playing field in terms of ensuring equal access to education for disadvantaged populations. The selected resources below attest to the fact that a concerted effort is well underway to address and overcome these challenges. Institutions are increasingly investing in OER as research has demonstrated that they have a positive role to play in student learning. Libraries, already champions of copyright and open access initiatives, have the expertise to advocate for and collaborate on efforts to further the growth and impact of open educational resources both within their institutions and beyond.
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ТЕРМОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧІВ НА ОСНОВІ ТУГОПЛАВКИХ БЕЗКИСНЕВИХ СПОЛУК ДЛЯ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРИ АГРЕСИВНИХ СЕРЕДОВИЩ
Authors: Tsyhoda V. V. , Krystych Iu. V. , Petrovskyi V. Ia.
Published: October 2017

У роботі вперше показана можливість використання термоелектричних перетворювачів на основі тугоплавких безкисневих сполук для вимірювання температури агресивних середовищ, досліджено в ході експерименту відтворюваність функціонального параметру термо-е.р.с. термоелектричного перетворювача. В ході досліджень використовувалися бінарні системи WC-SIALON/сажа-SIALON, TiB2- SIALON/сажа-SIALON, ZrC-SIALON/B4C-SIALON, TaN-SIALON/вуглецеве волокно. Встановлено, що при використанні композитних матеріалів можливий ефект термокомпенсації, який проявляється в тому, що матеріали WC-SIALON/сажа-SIALON проявляють в діапазоні температур до 250 оС від’ємне значення термо-е.р.с. за рахунок значної величини від’ємного значення домішки з негативним значенням коефіцієнта термо-е.р.с. Доведено, що використання керамічних композитів ZrC-SIALON/B4C-SIALON має переваги у створенні високоефективних термоелектричних перетворювачів, в яких слабо відбуваються процеси термокомпенсації. На жаль, керамічні перетворювачі мають певні недоліки, до основних недоліків слід віднести велику інерційність, що проявляється у тому, що термопари не відчувають пікових змін температури.
АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНИХ СПОСОБІВ СУШІННЯ ТА РОЗРОБКА ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО РЕЖИМУ СУШІННЯ КОЛОЇДНИХ КАПІЛЯРНО-ПОРИСТИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ У ТЕПЛОНАСОСНІЙ СУШАРЦІ З КОМБІНОВАНИМ ТЕПЛОПІДВОДОМ
Authors: Sniezhkin Iu. F. , Muliar V. P. , Dabizha N. O.
Published: October 2017

Наведені основні способи сушіння колоїдних капілярно-пористих матеріалів та установки, в яких вони реалізуються; представлено шляхи оптимізації процесу сушіння у теплонасосній сушарці шляхом застосування комбінованого теплопідводу.
ВИТРАТА КЛІНКЕРНОЇ СКЛАДОВОЇ У ПОРТЛАНДЦЕМЕНТАХ З АКТИВНИМИ МІНЕРАЛЬНИМИ ДОБАВКАМИ
Authors: Dashkova T. S. , Hlukhovskyi V. V. , Hlukhovskyi I. V.
Published: October 2017

Встановлено вплив активних мінеральних добавок на водопотребу цементного тіста. Розрахунковим методом визначено витрати цементу та клінкерної складової у складі цементу з активними мінеральними добавками в залежності від марки цементу та бетону на його основі.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ГІДРОСИЛІКАТНОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ
Authors: Murzak M. S. , Sobchenko V. V. , Stepaniuk A. R.
Published: October 2017

Проведено дослідження реологічних властивостей гідросилікату на капілярному віскозиметрі типу ПТР-3. Наведено результати дослідження реологічних властивостей гідросилікату при температурі їх плавлення, що є необхідною умовою для проведення процесу спучування при одержанні штучних пористих заповнювачів.
НАГРЕВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ С ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ФАЗОЙ И СТРУКТУРНЫМИ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ НАНОРАЗМЕРОВ
Authors: Isylenko S. A.
Published: October 2017

В статье рассмотрены теоретические основы формирования толстопленочных нагревательных элементов путем комбинирования различных типов паст.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ВИСОКОЧАСТОТНИХ ГІДРОДИНАМІЧНИХ КОЛИВАНЬ НА ВОДНІ СИСТЕМИ
Authors: Dolinskyi A. A. , Shurchkova Iu. O. , Dubovkina I. O.
Published: October 2017

Проведено дослідження властивостей активованих водних систем методом дискретно-імпульсного введення енергії. Наведено результати експериментальних досліджень впливу механізмів ДІВЕ, а саме високочастотних гідродинамічних коливань на фізико-хімічні параметри водних систем. Встановлено зниження вмісту ацетальдегіду у водно-спиртових сумішах.
СТРУКТУРНІ ЗМІНИ ТА ВЛАСТИВОСТІ МАГМАТИЧНИХ ПОРІД ЗАХІДНОЇ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Chernyak L. P.
Published: October 2017

Наведені результати досліджень властивостей порід вулканічного походження – базальту та андезиту (родовищ Західної України) як потенційної сировини для силікатних виробництв. Показані особливості їх вихідного хіміко-мінералогічного складу, що пов’язані з відмінностями генезису, та залежність фізико-механічних властивостей від ступеня спікання та структурних перетворень при випалі.
ОТРИМАННЯ ТОНКИХ СУЦІЛЬНИХ КЕРАМІЧНИХ ПЛІВОК НА ОСНОВІ НАНОПОРОШКУ BaTiO3 МЕТОДОМ ПЛІВКОВОГО ЛИТТЯ
Authors: Ivanchenko S. E. , Umerova S. O. , Baranovskyi D. I. , Rahulia A. V.
Published: October 2017

В роботі розглядається методика отримання плівок для багатошарових керамічних конденсаторів з товщиною близько 500 нм на ліофобній поверхні носія Mylar із силіконовим покриттям. Аналізуються фактори, що погіршують суцільність плівки, та пропонуються методи їх усунення. Також аналізується позитивний вплив зниження температури суспензій на якість отриманих із них плівок.
Superconductivity: A Centenary Celebration
Authors: Dahal Kul Prasad
Published: October 2017

Superconductivity was empirically discovered 100 years ago. This paper describes briefly the history and developments in critical temperature of different superconductors. Many efforts have been put on research and development so as to raise critical temperature. Different superconducting materials both conventional and unconventional have been discovered. The phenomenon of superconductivity is widely applicable in different fields of S&T so as to ease human life and activities. High - temperature superconductors have taken central stage as a dream material after long research and development. Hitherto, superconductors have proven to be highly varied in composition but elusive and mysterious.Keywords: Centenary of superconductor; Chronological development of Tc; Conventional and unconventional superconductors; High temperature superconductors; Insufficiency of BCS theoryThe Himalayan Physics Vol.2, No.2, May, 2011Page: 26-34Uploaded Date: 1 August, 2011
Study of InN surface by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS )
Authors: Acharya Ananta R. , Thoms Brian D.
Published: October 2017

Understanding the surface structure and termination of semiconductor thin films during epitaxial growth is critical since it affects the structural, interfacial and electronic properties of epilayers and device structures. The structural properties and surface bonding configuration of InN layers grown by high pressure chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been characterized using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The HREELS analysis of these InN layers shows that the surface is predominantly terminated with NH2 species. This is in contrast to previous work on HPCVD-grown InN layers, which showed only NH species on the nitrogen terminated surface. The presence of NH2 related modes of vibration is the indication of the orientation of the surface other than c-plane.Key words: HREELS; Indium nitride; NH2The Himalayan Physics Vol.2, No.2, May, 2011Page: 35-37Uploaded Date: 1 August, 2011
Himalayan Seismic Activity: A Concise Picture
Authors: Paudyal Harihar
Published: October 2017

The lofty Himalayan Mountains have formed due to continuous thrusting of the Indian plate under Eurasian plate. The incessant northward movement of the Indian plate generated large amount of strain energy at the plate boundaries which is released in form of earthquake frequently. Large numbers of earthquakes occurred in past signifies that the Himalayan region is seismically very active. The b- value for the central Himalayan region is determined as 1.15 which defines the level of seismic activity of a region.The Himalayan PhysicsVol. 3, No. 32012Page : 35-37