bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel approach for nonlinear time-fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olever equation using Elzaki transform
Authors: Malagi Naveen Sanju , Veeresha Pundikala , Prasanna Gunderi Dhananjaya , Prasannakumara Ballajja Chandrappa , Prakasha Doddabhadrappla Gowda
Published: January 2023

In this article, we demonstrated the study of the time-fractional nonlinear Sharma-Tasso-Olever (STO) equation with different initial conditions. The novel technique, which is the mixture of the q-homotopy analysis method and the new integral transform known as Elzaki transform called, q-homotopy analysis Elzaki transform method (q-HAETM) implemented to find the adequate approximated solution of the considered problems. The wave solutions of the STO equation play a vital role in the nonlinear wave model for coastal and harbor designs. The demonstration of the considered scheme is done by carrying out some examples of time-fractional STO equations with different initial approximations. q-HAETM offers us to modulate the range of convergence of the series solution using , called the auxiliary parameter or convergence control parameter. By performing appropriate numerical simulations, the effectiveness and reliability of the considered technique are validated. The implementation of the new integral transform called the Elzaki transform along with the reliable analytical technique called the q-homotopy analysis method to examine the time-fractional nonlinear STO equation displays the novelty of the presented work. The obtained findings show that the proposed method is very gratifying and examines the complex nonlinear challenges that arise in science and innovation.
Mechanics of Living Lattice Composites With Growing Crystals
Authors: Su Yipin , Xin An , Wang Qiming
Published: January 2023

Lattice composites show excellent mechanical and acoustic properties. Compared with traditional man-made lattice composites, natural (or living) lattice composites exhibit the ability to spontaneously increase their stiffness as time increases, i.e., self-enhancement. With this paper, we study the mechanism of the self-enhancement behavior of living lattice composites. We first immerse a polymeric lattice in an oversaturated CaCO3 solution to simulate the self-enhancement behavior of living lattice composites. We then propose a modeling framework to quantitatively describe the evolution of the morphology and effective stiffness of the growing composites, including a phase field model simulation, a crystal growth prediction, and a modified lattice mechanics theory. We validate the modeling work through comparison among the theoretical prediction, experimental observation, and finite element simulation. We also study the effects of the cross sections of polymeric beams, initial concentration of the solution, and architecture type on the self-enhancement behavior of the composites. This paradigm is expected to open promising avenues for the design and fabrication of synthetic living lattice composites.
An Unsupervised Machine Learning Based Double Sweet Spots Classification and Evaluation Method for Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Deng Yuxuan , Wang Wendong , Su Yuliang , Sun Shibo , Zhuang Xinyu
Published: January 2023

With the increasing exploration and development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs, it is of utmost importance to clarify the characteristics of “sweet spots” within tight gas reservoirs. Considering the complex lithology of tight gas reservoirs, fast phase transformations of sedimentary facies, and vital diagenetic transformation, there is a low success rate of reservoir prediction in the lateral direction, and heterogeneity evaluation is challenging. Establishing a convenient standard for reservoir interpretation in the early stages of development is complex, making designing hydraulic fracturing in the later phases a challenge. In this paper, we propose a detailed study of the engineering and geological double sweet spots (DSS) analysis system and the optimization of sweet spot parameters using the independent weight coefficient method. K-means++ algorithm and Gaussian mixture gradient algorithm unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used to determine the classification standard of general reservoirs and high-quality sweet spot reservoirs in the lower 1 layer of He-8 in the x block of the Sulige gas field. This application of the field example illustrates that the proposed double sweet spot classification and evaluation method can be applied to locate the reservoir’s sweet spot accurately.
Three-Dimensional Fracture Analysis of Large Opening Box Girder With Crack Damage Under Bending and Torsion Loads
Authors: Peng Ziya , Yang Ping , Song Yuelin , Hu Kang
Published: January 2023

This work aims to investigate the complex fracture behavior of a large opening box girder (LOBG) using three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM). A numerical model is developed to simulate the fracture of LOBG under individually or jointly applied torsion and bending loads. The crack damage is introduced into the side plate and bottom plate of LOBG. The influencing factors such as crack angles, crack locations, and load types are emphatically discussed. Additionally, the crack growth angles are also predicted during the analysis. The results present that the large opening can generate significant effects on the crack growth of the side plate crack (SPC) and the bottom plate crack (BPC). Under the condition of torsion or hogging, SPC grows more easily than BPC, while BPC is relatively prone to grow under sagging condition. Compared with the torsion condition, the initial crack angle can significantly reduce the stress intensity factor (SIF) under the bending condition. Furthermore, the cracks that gradually approach transverse frames are also more likely to induce mode I fracture under torsion conditions. These findings from the present study can reveal insights for a better understanding of fracture behavior for LOBG.
An Improved Method for Predicting Roll Damping and Excessive Acceleration for a Ship With Moonpool Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Method
Authors: Duan Fei , Ma Ning , Gu Xiechong , Zhou Yaohua
Published: January 2023

Excessive acceleration is one of the stability failure modes involving large roll motion of ships. The overset method is applied to solve the six degrees-of-freedom motion of the ship with moonpool in beam waves. Based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the improved method of considering the roll damping of square moonpool is proposed. The improved method of considering moonpool damping is used in vulnerability assessment for excessive acceleration. The comparative analysis of the level 1 and level 2 vulnerability assessment of the excessive acceleration of a ship with moonpool is completed. The influence of moonpool on the vulnerability assessment of excessive acceleration is studied by comparing the model test results. The results show that the main factor affecting the estimation accuracy of lateral acceleration of the ship is the accuracy of roll amplitude calculation. The existence of moonpool will reduce the roll damping coefficient of the ship. The improved methods proposed in this paper can effectively improve the estimation of lateral acceleration of ships with moonpool in the level 1 vulnerability criteria and increase the safety margin in the level 2 vulnerability assessment. In the direct stability assessment, the CFD method can simulate the large-amplitude roll motion of the ship with moonpool and bilge keels, and can capture the strong nonlinear phenomena.
The Impact of Gender on Individual Perceptions and Team Psychological Safety in Engineering Design Teams in Education
Authors: Cole Courtney , Jablokow Kathryn , Mohammed Susan , Miller Scarlett
Published: January 2023

Improving team interactions in engineering to model gender inclusivity has been at the forefront of many initiatives in both academia and industry. However, there has been limited evidence on the impact of gender-diverse teams on psychological safety (PS). This is important because psychological safety has been shown to be a key facet for the development of innovative ideas, and has also been shown to be a cornerstone of effective teamwork. But how does the gender diversity of a team impact the development of psychological safety? The current study was developed to explore just this through an empirical study with 38 engineering design student teams over the course of an eight-week design project. These teams were designed to be half heterogeneous (either half-men and half-women, or majority men) or other half homogeneous (all men). We captured psychological safety at five time points between the homogeneous and heterogeneous teams and also explored individual dichotomous (peer-review) ratings of psychological safety at the end of the project. Results indicated that there was no difference in psychological safety between gender homogeneous and heterogeneous teams. However, women perceived themselves as more psychologically safe with other team members who identified as women in comparison to their ratings of team members that identified as men. Women also perceived themselves to be less psychologically safe with men than men felt toward team members that identify as a woman. While males did not experience any significant differences in their perceptions of psychological safety toward any gender, the results from the perspective of women still indicate a discrepancy in perceptions between genders. These results point to the need to further explore the role of minoritized groups in psychological safety research and to explore how this effect presents itself (or is covered up) at the team level, as well as investigate impacts on all-women teams.
Investigating High School Students’ Perception of Careers and Diversity Issues Within Physics
Authors: Parisi Elizabeth , Masia Giovanna , Reynolds Cynthia , Richards A. J.
Published: January 2023

A learner’s perception of what a career in physics is like has a major impact on their decision to pursue physics professionally. This decision can also be influenced by a high school student’s awareness of issues concerning diversity within the physics community. We surveyed current high school physics students and investigated their perception of physics careers and knowledge of diversity issues within the field. When we explored student responses, we found that students are generally unaware of the variety of careers available within physics. In addition, we see that many students are uninformed about issues regarding diversity within the physics community. Furthermore, we found physics teachers can have a noticeable impact on how students perceive these issues.
Still learning about space dimensionality: From the description of hydrogen atom by a generalized wave equation for dimensions D ≥ 3
Authors: Caruso Francisco , Oguri Vitor , Silveira Felipe
Published: January 2023

A hydrogen atom is supposed to be described by a generalization of the Schrödinger equation, in which the Hamiltonian depends on an iterated Laplacian and a Coulomb-like potential r−β. Starting from previously obtained solutions for this equation using the 1/N expansion method, it is shown that new light can be shed on the problem of understanding the dimensionality of the world as proposed by Paul Ehrenfest. A surprising new result is obtained. Indeed, for the first time, we can understand that not only the sign of the energy but also the value of the ground state energy of hydrogen atoms is related to the threefold nature of space.
An Arduino-Based Experimental Setup for Teaching Light Color Mixing, Light Intensity Detection, and Ambient Temperature Sensing
Authors: Nieh Hwa-Ming , Chen Huai-Yi
Published: January 2023

The Arduino microcontroller is currently one of the favorite tools of makers, and many teachers have used it in teaching or experiments. In addition, light-emitting diode (LED) smart lighting is the worldwide trend in lighting. There are many teaching demonstrations or applications of color addition using LEDs. Furthermore, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular emerging technology today, and the sensor is the most important component in the perception layer of the IoT, which makes teaching, research, or application related to sensors very important. Therefore, this study shows that an Arduino microcontroller can be used as an experimental setup for the teaching of light color mixing, light intensity detection, and ambient temperature sensing via a tricolor (red, green, and blue [RGB]) LED and two types of sensors: photoresistors and thermistors. The setup has intuitive, concrete, and multifunctional features, and is expandable, which is different from the typical experimental setup designed for only a single specific purpose. It is also suitable for students learning about light color mixing and sensor-related physics course experiments or demonstrations, whether they be in high school or college.
Graphite-paper circuit elements: Resistor, capacitor, and π value estimation
Authors: Shekhawat Vibhooti
Published: January 2023

Graphite, an allotrope of carbon, is also a moderately good conductor of electricity. The shading pencil lead consists of graphite mixed with clay and, therefore, can conduct electricity, allowing one to construct and demonstrate different properties and the underlying concepts of circuit elements. The grade displayed on the pencil relates to the graphite-to-clay ratio, with higher B grades indicating a higher graphite-to-clay ratio. In this paper, the main objective is to show the dependence of resistance and capacitors on different physical parameters and to calculate the value of π electrically. The materials used in this activity are readily available, affordable, and suitable for demonstration purposes. The materials used to perform these activities are shading pencils of different grades, A-4 size papers, crocodile clips, and an LCR meter.
Thermal infrared astronomy for the introductory laboratory
Authors: Padgett Clifford W. , Baird William H. , Coile J. Spencer , Johnson Wayne M. , Groneck Erin N. , Rose Robert A.
Published: January 2023

We show that infrared telescopes can be constructed at low cost using consumer-grade thermal infrared imagers and commercially available germanium lenses. Using these telescopes in the laboratory, introductory astronomy students can image nearby celestial objects to observe properties that are not seen in the visible region, in particular, variations in temperature across the surface.
Reflections on the Physics and Astronomy Student Reading Society (PhASRS) at San José State University
Authors: Johnson Sidney L. , Hatzikoutelis Athanasios , Smallwood Christopher L.
Published: January 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic imposed profound changes on the way we think about undergraduate physics education. Online courses became mainstream. Exam formats were reimagined. Digital whiteboards replaced face-to-face discussions. Laboratory classes were outfitted with home-delivered supply kits. And all of us developed a more intimate knowledge of Greek letters and symbols (delta, omicron, etc.) than we might have comfortably liked to admit.
Effect of telepractice on pediatric cochlear implant users and provider vowel space: A preliminary report
Authors: Kondaurova Maria V. , Zheng Qi , Donaldson Cheryl W. , Smith Alan F.
Published: January 2023

Clear speaking styles are goal-oriented modifications in which talkers adapt acoustic-phonetic characteristics of speech to compensate for communication challenges. Do children with hearing loss and a clinical provider modify speech characteristics during telepractice to adjust for remote communication? The study examined the effect of telepractice (tele-) on vowel production in seven (mean age 4:11 years, SD 1:2 years) children with cochlear implants (CIs) and a provider. The first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequencies of /i/, /ɑ/, and /u/ vowels were measured in child and provider speech during one in-person and one tele-speech-language intervention, order counterbalanced. Child and provider vowel space areas (VSA) were calculated. The results demonstrated an increase in F2 formant frequency for /i/ vowel in child and provider speech and an increase in F1 formant frequency for /ɑ/ vowel in the provider speech during tele- compared to in-person intervention. An expansion of VSA was found in child and provider speech in tele- compared to in-person intervention. In children, the earlier age of CI activation was associated with larger VSA in both tele- and in-person intervention. The results suggest that the children and the provider adjust vowel articulation in response to remote communication during telepractice.
Horseback Riding-Related Injuries in Portugal and Prevention Strategies
Authors: Pinto Luísa V. , Gouveia Filipa C. , Ramalho Joana F. , Silva Sara R. , Silva Joana R.
Published: January 2023

Context: Horse riding (HR) has gain popularity in Portugal, thereby increasing the number of related injuries. This study identifies frequently occurring injuries in Portuguese riders, the conditions under which they occur, and preventive measures. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Methods: We included 216 Portuguese riders practicing HR at the time of the study with ≥1 year of experience. Data were obtained from a questionnaire that characterized first and second rider injuries; we opted for a systematic method to assess the riders’ injuries, in a temporal order. Questions regarding demographic data, sports-related background, systematic training workload, number and characteristics of the first 2 injuries, and the need for treatment were included in the questionnaire. Results: Most first and second injuries were musculoskeletal, occurred from falling off the horse during training, and primarily affected the lower limb. Rehabilitation was required in almost 50% of all cases. The occurrence of injury was significantly associated with the number of days of training per week, years of experience, height and weight of the rider, and practice of another sport. Riding different horses was also significantly associated with the number of injuries. Conclusions: The most frequently occurring injuries during HR are musculoskeletal and in the extremities. Injury prevention is essential in HR, as most riders have at least one injury while practicing. Rehabilitation should involve a physiatrist and core strengthening exercises.
Comparison of the Effects of Isometric Horizontal Abduction on Shoulder Muscle Activity During Wall Push-Up Plus and Wall Slide in Individuals With Scapular Winging
Authors: Kim Seok-Hyun , Cynn Heon-Seock , Yi Chung-Hwi , Lee Ji-Hyun , Baik Seung-Min
Published: January 2023

Context: Wall push-up plus (WPP) and wall slide (WS) are commonly prescribed in early rehabilitation to increase serratus anterior (SA) muscle activity. For individuals with scapular winging (SW), synergistic muscles such as upper trapezius (UT) and pectoralis major (PM) may compensate for weak SA during scapular movement. However, no studies have applied isometric horizontal abduction (IHA) during WS in individuals with SW nor have compared it with WPP with IHA. Objectives: This study compared the effects of IHA on shoulder muscle activity during WPP and WS exercises in individuals with SW. Design: Cross-sectional study; 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the statistical significance of observed differences in SA, UT, PM, lower trapezius (LT), and infraspinatus (IS) muscle activities. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients: We recruited 30 individuals with SW comprising 20 men and 10 women. Interventions: The individuals performed WPP and WS exercises with and without IHA using Thera-Band. Main Outcome Measures: Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity of the SA, UT, PM, LT, and IS during the isometric phase of WPP and WS. Maximal voluntary isometric contractions were recorded to normalize electromyographic data. Results: There was no significant interaction between IHA application and exercise type for any of the shoulder muscles. IHA application increased SA (P = .008), UT (P = .001), LT (P = .009), and IS (P = .000) activities and decreased PM (P = .001) activity compared with those without IHA. WS exercises elicited higher PM (P = .017) and LT (P = .011) activities than WPP. Conclusion: WPP and WS with IHA may be effective in increasing the muscle activities of shoulder stabilizers and preventing overactivation of PM activity. WPP may be recommended for individuals with overactivated PM, whereas WS may be used to increase LT activity.
Cell Density-Regulated Adhesins Contribute to Early Disease Development and Adhesion in Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Carter Mariama D. , Khokhani Devanshi , Allen Caitilyn
Published: January 2023

Every microbe must balance its need to attach to surfaces with the biological imperative to move and spread. The high-impact plant-pathogenic bacterium
Ralstonia solanacearum
can stick to biotic and abiotic substrates, presumably using some of the dozens of putative adhesins encoded in its genome.
Ecological Dynamics of Broad- and Narrow-Host-Range Viruses Infecting the Bloom-Forming Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: Morimoto Daichi , Yoshida Naohiro , Sasaki Aya , Nakagawa Satoshi , Sako Yoshihiko , Yoshida Takashi
Published: January 2023

The bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterium
Microcystis aeruginosa
interacts with diverse broad- and narrow-host-range viruses. However, the dynamics of the
Microcystis
population (at the intraspecies level) and viruses with different host ranges remain unknown.
Staphylococcus argenteus
Infections, Brazil
Authors: Rocha Balzan Lisiane da Luz , Rossato Adriana Medianeira , Riche Cezar Vinicius Wurdig , Cantarelli Vlademir Vicente , D’Azevedo Pedro Alves , Valério de Lima Aline , Rodrigues Beatriz , França e Silva Ivan Leonardo Avelino , Dias Cícero Armídio Gomes , Sampaio Jorge Luiz Mello
Published: January 2023

In 2015, two new species related to the
Staphylococcus aureus
were proposed. We describe five isolates of the new species
Staphylococcus argenteus
cultured from human cases of bacteremia and skin and soft tissue infections. This is the first report of
S. argenteus
, from South America, causing community-acquired and nosocomial infections.
A Novel Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on a Biotinylated Nanobody for the Rapid and Sensitive Clinical Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibodies
Authors: Cao Zhi , Yin Dehua , Zhang Lihong , Ma Shuai , Zhang Ke , Yang Ruimei , Shan Hu , Qin Zhihua
Published: January 2023

Currently, the epidemic situation of classical swine fever (CSF) is sporadic, and cases of atypical swine fever are on the rise in China. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately eliminate suspected cases by using highly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques.
Ancestral Lineage of SARS-CoV-2 Is More Stable in Human Biological Fluids than Alpha, Beta, and Omicron Variants of Concern
Authors: Kwon Taeyong , Gaudreault Natasha N. , Meekins David A. , McDowell Chester D. , Cool Konner , Richt Juergen A.
Published: January 2023

Genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 leads to the continuous emergence of novel virus variants, posing a significant concern to global public health. Five of these variants have been classified to date into variants of concern (VOCs); Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron.
Neurosurgical management of elevated tone in childhood: interventions, indications and uncertainties
Authors: Lumsden Daniel E
Published: January 2023

Elevated tone (hypertonia) is a common problem in children with physical disabilities. Medications intended to reduce tone often have limited efficacy, with use further limited by a significant side effect profile. Consequently, there has been growing interest in the application of Neurosurgical Interventions for the Management of Posture and Tone (NIMPTs). Three main procedures are now commonly used: selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), intrathecal baclofen (ITB) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). This review compares these interventions, along with discussion on the potential role of lesioning surgery. These interventions variably target spasticity and dystonia, acting at different points in the distributed motor network. SDR, an intervention for reducing spasticity, is most widely used in carefully selected ambulant children with cerebral palsy. ITB is more commonly used for children with more severe disability, typically non-ambulant, and can improve both dystonia and spasticity. DBS is an intervention which may improve dystonia. In children with certain forms of genetic dystonia DBS may dramatically improve dystonia. For other causes of dystonia, and in particular dystonia due to acquired brain injury, improvements following surgery are more modest and variable. These three interventions vary in terms of their side-effect profile and reversibility. There are currently populations of children for who it is unclear which intervention should be considered (SDR vs ITB, or ITB vs DBS). Concerns have been raised as to the equity of access to NIMPTs for children across the UK, and whether the number of surgeries performed each year meets the clinical need.
Does donor sex influence the potential for transfusion with washed packed red blood cells to limit transfusion-related immune responses in preterm newborns?
Authors: Crawford Tara , Andersen Chad , Marks Denese C , Robertson Sarah A , Stark Michael
Published: January 2023

Objective

To evaluate the association of donor sex with transfusion-associated recipient immune responses in preterm newborns receiving unwashed and washed blood.

Design

A cohort study using data collected during the Effect of Washed versus Unwashed Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Immune Responses in the Extremely Preterm Newborn randomised trial.

Setting

Participants were recruited from two South Australian hospitals between September 2015 and December 2020.

Patients

Preterm newborns (<29 weeks).

Interventions

Transfusion with unwashed and washed packed red blood cells (PRBCs) from either exclusively male or any female donor for the first three transfusions.

Main outcomes measures

The primary outcome was the change from baseline in post-transfusion plasma cytokine concentrations, specifically interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor (TNF).

Results

In total, 153 newborns were evaluated. By the third transfusion, the magnitude of pretransfusion to post-transfusion change in cytokines between the groups differed for IL-6 (p=0.003), IL-12 (p=0.008), IL-17A (p=0.003) and TNF (p=0.007). On post hoc comparison, compared with the unwashed–any female donor group, IL-6 (p<0.05), IL-12 (p<0.05) and IL-17A (p<0.01) were lower in the washed–exclusively male donor group, and IL-6 (p<0.01), IL-12 (p<0.05) and TNF (p<0.01) were lower in the washed–any female donor group.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that transfusion with unwashed PRBCs from female donors is associated with an increased recipient immune response, an effect that can be ameliorated with pretransfusion washing. Larger randomised controlled studies confirming this mechanistic link between donor sex and transfusion-associated morbidity are warranted.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12613000237785.
Preventing food allergy fatalities
Authors: Foong Ru-Xin , Patel Nandinee B , Turner Paul , Roberts Graham C , Fox Adam T
Published: January 2023

Fatal anaphylaxis to food is thankfully rare, but every death is a potentially avoidable tragedy. Usually, there will be a coronial inquest to establish the ‘how and why’ for each death. Reviewing these food allergy-related deaths identifies a number of common themes and risk factors. While some are non-modifiable (such as age, gender and ethnicity), others are and include delayed epinephrine administration and communication difficulties in allergen avoidance. This review highlights the key messages in food allergy-related fatality prevention for healthcare professionals and patients alike, and where available, we explain the evidence behind such recommendations. We describe the data behind the good practice points to facilitate their adoption in routine practice without generating additional anxiety for what is a comparatively rare event. We also propose an information leaflet for patients and carers, developed with patients and endorsed by two major allergy charities, to facilitate dissemination of the recommendations in this review.
Primary undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic cardiac sarcoma in the left atrium with atypical presentation
Authors: Tan Sue Fen , Abbas Sherif Osama Ahmed , Mayooran Nithiananthan , Naik Surendra Kashinath
Published: January 2023

A woman in her 60s had 4 months of malaise, fatigue, dyspnoea, night sweats and grade 3 clubbing. She had a pansystolic murmur and signs of congestive heart failure. Multimodal imaging with a transthoracic echocardiogram, transoesophageal echocardiogram and CT was carried out to diagnose and reconstruct the mass for surgical planning. A 2×2.8 cm circular dense mass was found in the left atrium with vegetations on the mitral valve. Positron emission tomography and cardiac MRI confirmed the mass’s hypermetabolic activity and malignant features. Mitral valve replacement and surgical resection were performed. She was diagnosed with grade 3 undifferentiated cardiac sarcoma and referred to the sarcoma multidisciplinary team for further management given sarcoma’s rarity and complexity. The poor prognosis of sarcoma was evident as her symptoms recurred 2 months postoperatively.
Pathologic myopia in highly myopic patients with high axial anisomyopia
Authors: Li Jonathan , Dan Yee Shan , Chua Si Qi , Wong Qiu Ying , Chong Rachel S , Ang Marcus ,   SNEC Retina Group, Wong Chee Wai , Hoang Quan V
Published: January 2023

Purpose

To determine prevalence of anisomyopia (axial length (AL) difference ≥2.5 mm) among high myopes ((HMs), defined by spherical equivalent of ≤6.0 diopters or AL ≥ 26.5 mm). To characterise the shorter anisomyopic eye (SAE) and evaluate if pathologic myopia (PM) in the longer anisomyopic eye (LAE) was associated with increased risk of PM in the SAE.

Methods

1168 HMs were recruited from Singapore National Eye Centre clinic for this cross-sectional study. Biometry, fundus photography and swept-source optical coherence tomography were performed. Patients with high axial anisomyopia were identified. Structural characteristics and presence of PM were described. Stepwise multivariate regression explored associations between PM in the LAE and pathology in the SAE, controlling for confounding variables.

Results

Prevalence of anisomyopia was 15.8% (184 of 1168 patients). Anisomyopic patients (age 65.8±13.5 years) had mean AL of 30.6±2.0 mm and 26.2±2.3 mm in the LAE and SAE, respectively. 52.7% of SAEs had AL < 26.5 mm. Prevalence of myopic macular degeneration, macula-involving posterior staphyloma (PS), myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) and myopic choroidal neovascularisation (mCNV) in the SAE was 52.2%, 36.5%, 13.0% and 8.2%, respectively. Macular hole in the LAE was associated with increased risk of MTM in the SAE (OR=4.88, p=0.01). mCNV in the LAE was associated with mCNV in the SAE (OR=3.57, p=0.02). PS in the LAE was associated with PS in the SAE (OR=4.03, p<0.001).

Conclusions

Even when controlled for AL, PM complications in the LAE predict similar PM complications in the SAE. Patients with high axial anisometropia with PM in the LAE should be monitored carefully for complications in the SAE.
Influence of choroidal microvasculature dropout on progressive retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in primary open-angle glaucoma: comparison of parapapillary β-zones and γ-zones
Authors: Hwang Hye Seong , Lee Eun Ji , Kim Jeong-Ah , Lee Seung Hyen , Kim Tae-Woo
Published: January 2023

Background/aims

To compare the influence of choroidal microvasculature dropout (cMvD) on progressive retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thinning in glaucomatous eyes with parapapillary β-zones and γ-zones.

Methods

294 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and parapapillary atrophy (PPA) underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) to determine the type of PPA and OCT angiography scanning of the optic nerve head to determine the presence of cMvD. Eyes were classified based on the type of PPA (β-zones and γ-zones), and their clinical characteristics were compared. Factors associated with the rate of rapid progressive RNFL thinning were determined in each group, including the presence of cMvD as an independent variable.

Results

Of the 294 eyes, 186 and 108 were classified as having β-zones and γ-zones, respectively. The rate of RNFL thinning was slower (p<0.001), axial length was longer (p<0.001) and presence of cMvD was less frequent (57.4% vs 73.1%, p=0.006) in eyes with γ-zone than those with β-zone. Multivariate analyses showed that greater lamina cribrosa curvature (p=0.047) and the presence of cMvD (p=0.010) were associated with a faster rate of RNFL thinning in eyes with β-zone, whereas larger intraocular pressure fluctuation (p<0.001), shorter axial length (p=0.042) and greater baseline RNFL thickness (p<0.001) were associated with a faster rate of RNFL thinning in eyes with γ-zone.

Conclusions

The presence of cMvD was significantly associated with a faster rate of RNFL thinning in POAG eyes with β-zone, but not γ-zone. The pathogenic consequences of cMvD in POAG eyes may depend on accompanying peripapillary structures.
Effects of antenatal corticosteroids on neonatal outcomes in twin and singleton pregnancies: a Korean national cohort study
Authors: Bae Seong Phil , Hahn Won-Ho , Park Suyeon , Jung Young Hwa , Park Jee Yoon , Oh Kyung Joon , Choi Chang Won
Published: January 2023

Objective

To investigate whether effects of antenatal corticosteroids on neonatal outcomes in preterm infants with very low birth weight were different by plurality.

Design

Nationwide prospective cohort study.

Patients

Twins and singletons with very low birth weight (<1500 g) who were born between 23+0and 33+6weeks of gestation and registered in the Korean Neonatal Network from January 2014 to December 2019.

Main outcome measures

Morbidity and mortality before discharge from neonatal intensive care unit.

Results

Among a total of 9531 preterm infants with very low birth weight, there were 2364 (24.8%) twins and 7167 (75.2%) singletons. While 83.9% of singletons were exposed to at least one dose of antenatal corticosteroids, so were 87.9% of twins.

Interaction analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the effect of antenatal corticosteroids on morbidities or mortality between twins and singletons in either gestational age group (23–28 weeks or 29–33 weeks).

Antenatal corticosteroids significantly decreased the risk of surfactant use (adjusted relative risk (aRR): 0.972 (95% CI: 0.961 to 0.984)), high-grade intraventricular haemorrhage (aRR: 0.621 (95% CI: 0.487 to 0.794)), periventricular leucomalacia (aRR: 0.728 (95% CI: 0.556 to 0.954)) and mortality (aRR: 0.758 (95% CI: 0.679 to 0.846)) in the gestational age group of 23–28 weeks. In the gestational age group of 29–33 weeks, antenatal corticosteroids significantly decreased the risk of surfactant use (aRR: 0.914 (95% CI: 0.862 to 0.970)) and mortality (aRR: 0.409 (95% CI: 0.269 to 0.624)) but increased the risk of sepsis (aRR: 1.416 (95% CI: 1.018 to 1.969)).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that effect of antenatal corticosteroids on neonatal outcomes of preterm infants with very low birth weight does not differ significantly by plurality (twin or singleton pregnancy).
Exploring unique device identifier implementation and use for real-world evidence: a mixed-methods study with NESTcc health system network collaborators
Authors: Dhruva Sanket S. , Ridgeway Jennifer L , Ross Joseph S. , Drozda, Joseph P. , Wilson Natalia A
Published: January 2023

Objectives

To examine the current state of unique device identifier (UDI) implementation, including barriers and facilitators, among eight health systems participating in a research network committed to real-world evidence (RWE) generation for medical devices.

Design

Mixed methods, including a structured survey and semistructured interviews.

Setting

Eight health systems participating in the National Evaluation System for health Technology research network within the USA.

Participants

Individuals identified as being involved in or knowledgeable about UDI implementation or medical device identification from supply chain, information technology and high-volume procedural area(s) in their health system.

Main outcomes measures

Interview topics were related to UDI implementation, including barriers and facilitators; UDI use; benefits of UDI adoption; and vision for UDI implementation. Data were analysed using directed content analysis, drawing on prior conceptual models of UDI implementation and the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment framework. A brief survey of health system characteristics and scope of UDI implementation was also conducted.

Results

Thirty-five individuals completed interviews. Three of eight health systems reported having implemented UDI. Themes identified about barriers and facilitators to UDI implementation included knowledge of the UDI and its benefits among decision-makers; organisational systems, culture and networks that support technology and workflow changes; and external factors such as policy mandates and technology. A final theme focused on the availability of UDIs for RWE; lack of availability significantly hindered RWE studies on medical devices.

Conclusions

UDI adoption within health systems requires knowledge of and impetus to achieve operational and clinical benefits. These are necessary to support UDI availability for medical device safety and effectiveness studies and RWE generation.
Hepatic pIgR-mediated secretion of IgA limits bacterial translocation and prevents ethanol-induced liver disease in mice
Authors: Hendrikx Tim , Lang Sonja , Rajcic Dragana , Wang Yanhan , McArdle Sara , Kim Kenneth , Mikulski Zbigniew , Schnabl Bernd
Published: January 2023

Objective

Alcohol-associated liver disease is accompanied by microbial dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability and hepatic exposure to translocated microbial products that contribute to disease progression. A key strategy to generate immune protection against invading pathogens is the secretion of IgA in the gut. Intestinal IgA levels depend on the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which transports IgA across the epithelial barrier into the intestinal lumen and hepatic canaliculi. Here, we aimed to address the function of pIgR during ethanol-induced liver disease.

Design

pIgR and IgA were assessed in livers from patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis and controls. Wild-type andpIgR-deficient (pIgR-/-) littermates were subjected to the chronic-binge (NIAAA model) and Lieber-DeCarli feeding model for 8 weeks. HepaticpIgRre-expression was established inpIgR-/-mice using adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8)-mediatedpIgRexpression in hepatocytes.

Results

Livers of patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis demonstrated an increased colocalisation of pIgR and IgA within canaliculi and apical poles of hepatocytes.pIgR-deficient mice developed increased liver injury, steatosis and inflammation after ethanol feeding compared with wild-type littermates. Furthermore, mice lackingpIgRdemonstrated increased plasma lipopolysaccharide levels and more hepatic bacteria, indicating elevated bacterial translocation. Treatment with non-absorbable antibiotics prevented ethanol-induced liver disease inpIgR-/-mice. Injection of AAV8 expressingpIgRintopIgR-/-mice prior to ethanol feeding increased intestinal IgA levels and ameliorated ethanol-induced steatohepatitis compared withpIgR-/-mice injected with control-AAV8 by reducing bacterial translocation.

Conclusion

Our results highlight that dysfunctional hepatic pIgR enhances alcohol-associated liver disease due to impaired antimicrobial defence by IgA in the gut.
Reification and assent in research involving those who lack capacity
Authors: Smajdor Anna
Published: January 2023

In applied ethics, and in medical treatment and research, the question of how we should treat others is a central problem. In this paper, I address the ethical role of assent in research involving human beings who lack capacity. I start by thinking about why consent is ethically important, and consider what happens when consent is not possible. Drawing on the work of the German philosopher Honneth, I discuss the concept of reification—a phenomenon that manifests itself when we fail to observe or respond to our fellow humans’ need for recognition. I suggest that assent is a way of responding to this moral need for recognition, which exists independently of cognitive capacity. I will look at the circumstances in which consent cannot be obtained from human beings, and ask whether some of the same ethically important considerations that underpin the need for consent might be achieved through seeking assent. I discuss the ways in which this might be beneficial for researchers, for prospective research participants and for society at large.
Pseudocoloboma-like maculopathy with biallelicRDH12missense mutations
Authors: Kuo Che-Yuan , Chung Ming-Yi , Chen Shih-Jen
Published: January 2023

Background

Hereditary maculopathy is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders. With distinctive clinical features, subtypes of macular atrophy may correlate with their genetic defects.

Methods

Seven patients from six families with adolescent/adult-onset maculopathy were examined in this clinical case series. A detailed medical history and eye examination were performed. Genomic DNA sequencing was performed using whole exome sequencing or direct sequencing of retinol dehydrogenase 12 (RDH12) coding exons.

Results

Seven patients, including one male and six female patients, with pseudocoloboma-like maculopathy had biallelic missenseRDH12mutations. The most common mutant allele found in six of the seven patients was p.Ala269Gly. The average disease onset was at age 19.3 years, and visual acuity ranged from count fingers to 1.0. Most of the patients had mild myopic refraction. Common findings on fundus examination and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography include discrete margins of pseudocoloboma-like macular lesions with variable degrees of chorioretinal atrophy, excavation of retinal tissue and pigmentary changes mainly in the macular area. The electroretinograms were relatively normal to subnormal in all participants.

Conclusions

Progressive macular degeneration with a relatively normal peripheral retina and subsequent development of a pseudocoloboma-like appearance were the main clinical features in patients with compound heterozygousRDH12missense mutations. Genetic testing may be crucial for early diagnosis and may play a key role in the development of future treatment strategies.
Histones: coming of age in Mendelian genetic disorders
Authors: Knapp Karen , Naik Nihar , Ray Sankalita , van Haaften Gijs , Bicknell Louise S
Published: January 2023

Histones hold significant interest in development and genetic disorders due to their critical roles in chromatin dynamics, influencing gene expression and genome integrity. These roles are linked to alterations of post-translational marks, which are generally concentrated in the histone tails. The machinery modifying or interpreting these marks, known as chromatin writers, erasers or readers, have been associated with many Mendelian disorders; however, it has been only recently that the histone proteins themselves have been directly implicated in Mendelian conditions. High throughput sequencing has recently identified mutations in genes encoding histone H1, H3 and H4, all causing neurodevelopmental disorders with clinical variability. Notably, many of the mutations lie outside of recognised post-translational modification-associated residues, suggesting disrupting the core functions of histones is a primary molecular mechanism underpinning these neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In this review, we describe the clinical and genetic features of histone-related disorders, focusing on the unique aspects associated with each histone gene family, while noting the commonalities which provide insight into the required roles for histone fidelity in brain development and functioning.
Switching to cigarette brand variants with different filter ventilation levels: a descriptive analysis
Authors: Carroll Dana Mowls , Tessier Katelyn , Luo Xianghua , Stepanov Irina S , Shields Peter G , O'Connor Richard , Rees Vaughan W , Cummings Michael , Bickel Warren , Hatsukami Dorothy
Published: January 2023

Background

Regulation of filter ventilation (FV) has been proposed to reduce misperceptions that ventilation reduces the health risks of smoking. We describe smoking behaviour and exposure after switching to a cigarette brand variant (CBV) with a different FV level.

Methods

Wave 1 (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health Study was merged with FV levels of participants’ CBV and restricted to adults with a usual CBV, smoked daily and included in wave 4 (2016–2017; n=371). Generalised estimation equations method modelled changes in FV and cigarettes per day (CPD), quit interest, total nicotine equivalents (TNE) and total NNAL (biomarker of a tobacco-specific carcinogen). FV change was defined as a change in CBV resulting in a ≥20% increase or decrease in FV. Secondary analyses used FV change based on an
increase
from <5% to >10% or a
decrease
from >10% to <5%.

Results

A non-significant pattern indicating an increase of 0.97 and 0.49 CPD was observed among those who switched to a CBV and increased FV by ≥20% and from <5% to >10%, respectively. A non-significant pattern indicating a decrease of 1.31 and 1.97 CPD was observed among those who decreased FV by ≥20% and from >10% to <5%, respectively. Changes in quit interest and biomarkers were also non-significant with one exception: greater reduction in TNE among those who decreased from >10% to <5% FV versus no change (−8.51 vs −0.25 nmol/mg creatinine; p=0.0447).

Conclusions

Switching to CBV with lower FV does not appear to increase exposure and may even reduce exposure for some. Additional investigations are recommended to confirm these descriptive findings.