bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in a murine model of breast cancer
Authors: Rollakanti Kishore R. , Anand Sanjay , Maytin Edward V.
Published: February 2015

Cutaneous metastasis occurs more frequently in breast cancer than in any other malignancy in women, causing significant morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which combines a porphyrin‐based photosensitizer and activation by light, can be employed for breast cancer (especially cutaneous metastases) but tumor control after PDT has not surpassed traditional treatments methods such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy up to now. Here, we report that breast cancer nodules in mice can be effectively treated by preconditioning the tumors with 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol; Vit D) prior to administering 5‐aminolevulinate (ALA)‐based PDT. Breast carcinoma tumors (MDA‐MB‐231 cells implanted subcutaneously in nude mice) received systemic Vit D (1 μg/kg) for 3 days prior to receiving ALA. The addition of Vit D increased intratumoral accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by 3.3 ± 0.5‐fold, relative to mice receiving ALA alone. Bioluminescence imaging in vivo and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that tumor‐specific cell death after ALA‐PDT was markedly enhanced (36.8 ± 7.4‐fold increase in TUNEL‐positive nuclei; radiance decreased to 14% of control) in Vit D pretreated tumors as compared to vehicle‐pretreated tumors. Vit D stimulated proliferation (10.7 ± 2.8‐fold) and differentiation (9.62 ± 1.7‐fold) in tumor cells, underlying an augmented cellular sensitivity to ALA‐PDT. The observed enhancement of tumor responses to ALA‐PDT after low, nontoxic doses of Vit D supports a new combination approach that deserves consideration in the clinical setting, and offers potential for improved remission of cutaneous breast cancer metastases.
Living with terrorism or withdrawing in terror: Perceived control and consumer avoidance
Authors: Herzenstein Michal , Horsky Sharon , Posavac Steven S.
Published: February 2015

Terror attacks targeting civilians are becoming more frequent and affecting more places around the globe. Given the increasing intensity of terrorism and the threat of terrorism, consumer behavioral manifestations may occur. We conducted three studies with diverse methodologies and populations to explore how concerns with terrorism affect individuals' behavior. Two studies were conducted in Israel, a Western country that in the last decade experienced frequent terror attacks targeted at civilians. Results show that concerns with frequent terrorism increase people's desire for control and may lead to avoidant behaviors. The extent of the avoidance response depends on consumers' perceptions of whether they have some control over the odds of becoming a casualty should a terror attack occur. When individuals perceive their control to be low (but not high), they exhibit more avoidant behavior, changing their preferences and consumptions. We further find that individuals' general desire for control increases when they are primed with terrorist activities compared with general mortality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minireview: A Comeback of Hg‐Derivatives in Protein Crystallography with Cys‐Modification
Authors: Chan Hsiu‐Chien , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Huang Chun‐Hsiang , Guo Rey‐Ting
Published: February 2015

While a majority of protein crystal structures are solved by using molecular replacement (MR), it is limited by the available homologous models with sufficient sequence identity. Another popular method is multi‐wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) that uses Se‐Met and synchrotron radiations. However, proteins containing Se‐Met are sometimes difficult to obtain and/or crystallize. Consequently, other heavy‐atom derivatives are still used in crystal structure determination, while single isomorphous replacement (SIR) and single wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) are more popular than conventional multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR). Here, some recent cases of structure determination in which Hg serves as the only heavy‐atom type are discussed. For Hg‐derivatives, data collection does not need absorption spectrum scanning and it can be carried out using an in‐house X‐ray source. Derivatization with Hg can start directly by soaking the native crystals in Hg‐containing solutions, or use a specific mutant in the active site of an enzyme if it lacks intrinsic free cysteine residues. The rapid advance of bioinformatics and protein engineering has made this strategy of cysteine‐dependent Hg‐phasing by MIR, SIR and SAD an effective method of choice besides MR and MAD for crystal structure determination.
Discovery of a Small‐Molecule pBcl‐2 Inhibitor that Overcomes pBcl‐2‐Mediated Resistance to Apoptosis
Authors: Song Ting , Yu Xiaoyan , Liu Yubo , Li Xiangqian , Chai Gaobo , Zhang Zhichao
Published: February 2015

Although the role of Bcl‐2 phosphorylation is still under debate, it has been identified in a resistance mechanism to BH3 mimetics, for example ABT‐737 and S1. We identified an S1 analogue, S1‐16, as a small‐molecule inhibitor of pBcl‐2. S1‐16 efficiently kills EEE‐Bcl‐2 (a T69E, S70E, and S87E mutant mimicking phosphorylation)‐expressing HL‐60 cells and high endogenously expressing pBcl‐2 cells, by disrupting EEE‐Bcl‐2 or native pBcl‐2 interactions with Bax and Bak, followed by apoptosis. In vitro binding assays showed that S1‐16 binds to the BH3 binding groove of EEE‐Bcl‐2 (Kd=0.38 μM by ITC; IC50=0.16 μM by ELISA), as well as nonphosphorylated Bcl‐2 (npBcl‐2; Kd=0.38 μM; IC50=0.12 μM). However, ABT‐737 and S1 had much weaker affinities to EEE‐Bcl‐2 (IC50=1.43 and >10 μM, respectively), compared with npBcl‐2 (IC50=0.011 and 0.74 μM, respectively). The allosteric effect on BH3 binding groove by Bcl‐2 phosphorylation in the loop region was illustrated for the first time.
Simultaneous Use of in Silico Design and a Correlated Mutation Network as a Tool To Efficiently Guide Enzyme Engineering
Authors: Nobili Alberto , Tao Yifeng , Pavlidis Ioannis V. , van den Bergh Tom , Joosten Henk‐Jan , Tan Tianwei , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: February 2015

In order to improve the efficiency of directed evolution experiments, in silico multiple‐substrate clustering was combined with an analysis of the variability of natural enzymes within a protein superfamily. This was applied to a Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase (PFE I) targeting the enantioselective hydrolysis of 3‐phenylbutyric acid esters. Data reported in the literature for nine substrates were used for the clustering meta‐analysis of the docking conformations in wild‐type PFE I, and this highlighted a tryptophan residue (W28) as an interesting target. Exploration of the most frequently, naturally occurring amino acids at this position suggested that the reduced flexibility observed in the case of the W28F variant leads to enhancement of the enantioselectivity. This mutant was subsequently combined with mutations identified in a library based on analysis of a correlated mutation network. By interrogation of <80 variants a mutant with 15‐fold improved enantioselectivity was found.
Behavior of stem cells under outer‐space microgravity and ground‐based microgravity simulation
Authors: Zhang Cui , Li Liang , Chen Jianling , Wang Jinfu
Published: February 2015

With rapid development of space engineering, research on life sciences in space is being conducted extensively, especially cellular and molecular studies on space medicine. Stem cells, undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells, are considered a key resource for regenerative medicine. Research on stem cells under conditions of microgravity during a space flight or a ground‐based simulation has generated several excellent findings. To help readers understand the effects of outer space and ground‐based simulation conditions on stem cells, we reviewed recent studies on the effects of microgravity (as an obvious environmental factor in space) on morphology, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells.
In vitro‐induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into melanocytes
Authors: Mei Xingyu , Sun Yue , Wu Zhouwei , Pan Weihua , Zhu Jianyu , Shi Weimin
Published: February 2015

Large numbers of autogenous melanocytes (Mcs) are required when conducting studies on tissue engineering of skin and performing surgical treatment of depigmentation diseases. This study was conducted to explore the possibility of inducing differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into Mcs as a means of providing autogenous Mcs for purposes of tissue engineering and clinical treatment. MSCs were harvested from the bone marrows of black mice; and after six passages, hydrocortisone, insulin, transferrin and fibroblast growth factor were applied to induce their differentiation into Mcs. The morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the newly differentiated cells were observed. The transcription and expression of multiple markers were examined using qRT‐PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. Cell cycle phases and yields of Mcs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Following 120–180 days induction, differentiated cells were morphologically similar to Mcs, and mature melanosomes were observed. Multiple markers of Mcs, but not melanoma cells, were expressed by the differentiated cells. Most induced Mcs were in phase G1 or S, and yield of target cells was ∼80%. Mcs induced from bone marrow MSCs for periods of 120–180 days represent a potential source of autogenous Mcs.
Successful rescue of stuck rotablator burr entrapment using a Kiwami straight catheter
Authors: Kanazawa Takenori , Kadota Kazushige , Mitsudo Kazuaki
Published: February 2015

Rotational atherectomy is an indispensable modality for percutaneous coronary intervention of severely calcified lesions. An entrapped rotablator burr is a rare but life‐threatening complication because retrieval is difficult. Although emergent surgical removal is a reliable option for this complication, it is invasive. There are various methods to retrieve an entrapped burr by bailout endovascular approaches. We present two cases of successful rescue of stuck rotablator burr entrapment using a Kiwami straight catheter (4 Fr, Heartrail II, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers as Mesoporous Scaffolds for Fabricating CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite‐Based Solid‐State Solar Cells
Authors: Salazar Raul , Altomare Marco , Lee Kiyoung , Tripathy Jyotsna , Kirchgeorg Robin , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Mokhtar Mohamed , Alshehri Abdelmohsen , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Schmuki Patrik
Published: February 2015

We optimize the deposition of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite into mesoporous electrodes consisting of anodic TiO2 nanotube layers. By a simple spin‐coating approach, complete filling of the tube scaffolds is obtained, which leads to interdigitated perovskite structures in conformal contact with the TiO2 tube counterparts. Such assemblies can be used as solid‐state solar cells in a hole‐transporting‐material‐free configuration, that is, the tube scaffold serves as electron collector and blocking layer, while the perovskite acts as visible‐light absorber and hole‐transporting material. We show that the complete filling of the tube scaffold with the perovskite is essential to improve the solar cell efficiency.
Control of the Intermolecular Coupling of Dibromotetracene on Cu(110) by the Sequential Activation of CBr and CH Bonds
Authors: Ferrighi Lara , Píš Igor , Nguyen Thanh Hai , Cattelan Mattia , Nappini Silvia , Basagni Andrea , Parravicini Matteo , Papagni Antonio , Sedona Francesco , Magnano Elena , Bondino Federica , Di Valentin Cristiana , Agnoli Stefano
Published: February 2015

Dibromotetracene molecules are deposited on the Cu(110) surface at room temperature. The complex evolution of this system has been monitored at different temperatures (i.e., 298, 523, 673, and 723 K) by means of a variety of complementary techniques that range from STM and temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) to high‐resolution X‐ray spectroscopy (XPS) and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). State‐of‐the‐art density‐functional calculations were used to determine the chemical processes that take place on the surface. After deposition at room temperature, the organic molecules are transformed into organometallic monomers through debromination and carbon‐radical binding to copper adatoms. Organometallic dimers, trimers, or small oligomers, which present copper‐bridged molecules, are formed by increasing the temperature. Surprisingly, further heating to 673 K causes the formation of elongated chains along the Cu(110) close‐packed rows as a consequence of radical‐site migration to the thermodynamically more stable molecule heads. Finally, massive dehydrogenation occurs at the highest temperature followed by ring condensation to nanographenic patches. This study is a paradigmatic example of how intermolecular coupling can be modulated by the stepwise control of a simple parameter, such as temperature, through a sequence of domino reactions.
Enantioselective Halogenative Semi‐Pinacol Rearrangement: Extension of Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Romanov‐Michailidis Fedor , Romanova‐Michaelides Maria , Pupier Marion , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: February 2015

The present Full Paper article discloses a survey of our recent results obtained in the context of the enantioselective halogenation‐initiated semi‐pinacol rearrangement. Commencing with the fluorination/semi‐pinacol reaction first and moving to the heavier halogens (bromine and iodine) second, the scope and limitations of the halogenative phase‐transfer methodology will be discussed and compared. An extension of the fluorination/semi‐pinacol reaction to the ring‐expansion of five‐membered allylic cyclopentanols will be also described, as well as some preliminary results on substrates prone to desymmetrization will be given. Finally, the present manuscript will culminate with a detailed mechanistic investigation of the canonical fluorination/semi‐pinacol reaction. Our mechanistic discussion will be based on in situ reaction progress monitoring, complemented with substituent effect, kinetic isotopic effect and non‐linear behaviour studies.
Total Synthesis of an Exceptional Brominated 4‐Pyrone Derivative of Algal Origin: An Exercise in Gold Catalysis and Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: Hoffmeister Laura , Fukuda Tsutomu , Pototschnig Gerit , Fürstner Alois
Published: February 2015

A concise approach to the algal metabolite 1 is described, which also determines the previously unknown stereostructure of this natural product. Compound 1 is distinguished by a rare brominated 4‐pyrone nucleus linked as a ketene–acetal to a polyunsaturated macrocyclic scaffold comprising an extra homoallylic bromide entity. The synthesis of 1 is based on the elaboration and selective functionalization of the linear precursor 23 endowed with no less than six different sites of unsaturation including the highly enolized oxo‐alkanoate function. Key to success was the formation of the 2‐alkoxy‐4‐pyrone ring by a novel gold‐catalyzed transformation which engages only the acetylenic β‐ketoester substructure of 23 but leaves all other π‐bonds untouched. The synthesis was completed by a ring‐closing alkyne metathesis to forge the signature cycloalkyne motif of 1 followed by selective bromination of the ketene–acetal site in the resulting product 27 without touching the skipped diene–yne substructure resident within the macrocyclic tether.
Diabetes and Ischemic Heart Disease Death in People Age 25–54: A Multiple‐Cause‐of‐Death Analysis Based on Over 400 000 Deaths From 1990 to 2008 in New York City
Authors: Quinones Adriana , Lobach Iryna , Maduro Gil A. , Smilowitz Nathaniel R. , Reynolds Harmony R.
Published: February 2015

Background

Over the past decade, ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality trends have been less favorable among adults age 25–54 than age ≥55 years.

Hypothesis

Disorders associated with IHD such as diabetes, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, and cocaine use are important contributors to premature IHD mortality.

Methods

Multiple‐cause‐of‐death analysis was performed using the New York City (NYC) Vital Statistics database. Frequencies of selected contributing causes on death records with IHD as the underlying cause for decedents age ≥25 were assessed (n = 418,151; 1990–2008). Concurrent Telephone risk‐factor surveys (NYC Community Health Survey, Centers for Disease Control Behavioral Risk Factor Survey in New York State) were analyzed.

Results

In sum, a prespecified contributing cause was identified on 13.6% of death certificates for IHD decedents age 25–54. Diabetes was reported more frequently for younger IHD decedents (15% of females and 10% of males age 25–54 vs 6% of both sexes age ≥ 55). In contrast, concurrent diabetes prevalence in New York State was 3.4% for those age 25–54 and 13.6% for those age >55 (P < 0.0001). Systemic lupus erythematosus, human immunodeficiency virus, and cocaine were also more likely to contribute to IHD death among younger than older people.

Conclusions

Diabetes may be a potent risk factor for IHD death in young people, particularly young women, in whom it was reported on IHD death records at a rate 5× higher than local prevalence. The high frequency of reporting of studied contributing causes in younger IHD decedents may provide a focus for further IHD mortality‐reduction efforts in younger adults.
Four things to know about myosin light chains as reporters for non‐muscle myosin‐2 dynamics in live cells
Authors: Heissler Sarah M. , Sellers James R.
Published: February 2015

The interplay between non‐muscle myosins‐2 and filamentous actin results in cytoplasmic contractility which is essential for eukaryotic life. Concomitantly, there is tremendous interest in elucidating the physiological function and temporal localization of non‐muscle myosin‐2 in cells. A commonly used method to study the function and localization of non‐muscle myosin‐2 is to overexpress a fluorescent protein (FP)‐tagged version of the regulatory light chain (RLC) which binds to the myosin‐2 heavy chain by mass action. Caveats about this approach include findings from recent studies indicating that the RLC does not bind exclusively to the non‐muscle myosin‐2 heavy chain. Rather, it can also associate with the myosin heavy chains of several other classes as well as other targets than myosin. In addition, the presence of the FP moiety may compromise myosin's enzymatic and mechanical performance. This and other factors to be discussed in this commentary raise questions about the possible complications in using FP‐RLC as a marker for the dynamic localization and regulatory aspects of non‐muscle myosin‐2 motor functions in cell biological experiments. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Surfactant Effects on the Morphology and Pseudocapacitive Behavior of V2O5⋅H2O
Authors: Qian Aniu , Zhuo Kai , Shin Myung Sik , Chun Woo Won , Choi Bit Na , Chung Chan‐Hwa
Published: February 2015

To overcome the drawback of low electrical conductivity within supercapacitor applications, several surfactants are used for nanoscale V2O5 to enhance the specific surface area. Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG‐6000), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and Pluronic P‐123 (P123) controllers, if used as soft templates, easily form large specific surface area crystals. However, the specific mechanism through which this occurs and the influence of these surfactants is not clear for V2O5⋅H2O. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of crystal growth through hydrothermal processes and the pseudocapacitive behavior of these crystals formed by using diverse surfactants, including PEG‐6000, SDBS, and P123. Our results show that different surfactants can dramatically influence the morphology and capacitive behavior of V2O5⋅H2O powders. Linear nanowires, flower‐like flakes, and curly bundled nanowires can be obtained because of electrostatic interactions in the presence of PEG‐6000, SDBS, and P123, respectively. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of these powders shows that the nanowires, which are electrodes mediated by PEG‐6000, exhibit the highest capacitance of 349 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 of all the surfactants studied. However, a symmetric P123 electrode comprising curly bundled nanowires with numerous nanopores showed an excellent and stable specific capacitance of 127 F g−1 after 200 cycles. This work is beneficial to understanding the fundamental role of the surfactant in the assisted growth of V2O5⋅H2O and the resulting electrochemical properties of the pseudocapacitors, which could be useful for the future design of appropriate materials.
Prevalence of unrecognized diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Balakrishnan Revathi , Berger Jeffrey S. , Tully Lisa , Vani Anish , Shah Binita , Burdowski Joseph , Fisher Edward , Schwartzbard Arthur , Sedlis Steven , Weintraub Howard , Underberg James A. , Danoff Ann , Slater James A. , Gianos Eugenia
Published: February 2015

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome are important targets for secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease. However, the prevalence in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention is not well defined. We aimed to analyse the prevalence and characteristics of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with previously unrecognized prediabetes, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Data were collected from 740 patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention between November 2010 and March 2013 at a tertiary referral center. Prevalence of DM and prediabetes was evaluated using Haemoglobin A1c (A1c ≥ 6.5% for DM, A1c 5.7–6.4% for prediabetes). A modified definition was used for metabolic syndrome [three or more of the following criteria: body mass index ≥30 kg/m2; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; high density lipoprotein <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women; systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg; and A1c ≥ 5.7% or on therapy].

Results

Mean age was 67 years, median body mass index was 28.2 kg/m2 and 39% had known DM. Of those without known DM, 8.3% and 58.5% met A1c criteria for DM and for prediabetes at time of percutaneous coronary intervention. Overall, 54.9% met criteria for metabolic syndrome (69.2% of patients with DM and 45.8% of patients without DM).

Conclusion

Among patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention, a substantial number were identified with a new DM, prediabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome. Routine screening for an abnormal glucometabolic state at the time of revascularization may be useful for identifying patients who may benefit from additional targeting of modifiable risk factors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Injuries to appendage extremities and digit tips: A clinical and cellular update
Authors: Rinkevich Yuval , Maan Zeshaan N. , Walmsley Graham G. , Sen Subhro K.
Published: February 2015

Background The regrowth of amputated appendage extremities and the distal tips of digits represent models of tissue regeneration in multiple vertebrate taxa. In humans, digit tip injuries, including traumatic amputation and crush injuries, are among the most common type of injury to the human hand. Despite clinical reports demonstrating natural regeneration of appendages in lower vertebrates and human digits, current treatment options are suboptimal, and are complicated by the anatomical complexities and functions of the different tissues within the digits. Results: In light of these challenges, we focus on recent advancements in understanding appendage regeneration from model organisms. We pay special attention to the cellular programs underlying appendage regeneration, where cumulative data from salamanders, fish, frogs, and mice indicate that regeneration occurs by the actions of lineage‐restricted precursors. We focus on pathologic states and the interdependency that exists, in both humans and animal models, between the nail organ and the peripheral nerves for successful regeneration. Conclusions: The increased understanding of regeneration in animal models may open new opportunities for basic and translational research aimed at understanding the mechanisms that support limb regeneration, as well as amelioration of limb abnormalities and pathologies. Developmental Dynamics 244:641–650, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Diastereoselective Route to trans‐2‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans through Sequential Cross‐Metathesis/Isomerization/Allylboration Reactions: Synthesis of Bioactive Neolignans
Authors: Hemelaere Rémy , Carreaux François , Carboni Bertrand
Published: February 2015

A new highly diastereoselective synthetic route to trans‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran systems, in particular those bearing an aryl substituent at the C2 position, is described. The cornerstone of our strategy is the implementation of a cross‐metathesis/isomerization/allylboration sequence starting from 2‐allyl‐substituted phenols and aldehydes. After an intramolecular Mitsunobu cyclization step, the anti‐homoallylic alcohols allow the synthesis of the desired skeleton in a stereoselective fashion. As an illustration, we used this strategy for the preparation of the dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (1a), a natural dihydrobenzofuran neolignan, as well as for a formal synthesis of its O‐demethylated derivative 1b. An enantioselective version of this approach employing a chiral phosphoric acid in the allylboration step is also studied.
Facile Arene Hydrogenation under Flow Conditions Catalyzed by Rhodium or Ruthenium on Carbon
Authors: Hattori Tomohiro , Ida Takashi , Tsubone Aya , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: February 2015

An efficient and practical protocol for the flow hydrogenation of aromatic rings was developed. The hydrogenation of a variety of aromatic compounds, such as benzene, furan, and pyridine derivatives, could be completed within only 20 s during a single pass through a catalyst cartridge containing 10 % rhodium on carbon (Rh/C) or 10 % ruthenium on carbon (Ru/C) under neutral conditions. The protocol was successfully applied to a 10 mmol scale reaction. Furthermore, the 10 % Rh/C and 10 % Ru/C did not deteriorate during the entire study.
Voluntary activation of trunk extensors appears normal in young adults who have recovered from low back pain
Authors: Chiou S.Y. , Jeevathol A. , Odedra A. , Strutton P.H.
Published: February 2015

Background

Low back pain (LBP) is associated with alterations in control of trunk movements and changes within central nervous system (CNS). Evidence shows that some of these alterations within the CNS are reversible when the symptoms are relieved, whereas other shows the opposite. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate whether alterations in voluntary activation (VA) of central neural drive, as assessed using twitch interpolation to measure VA, are present in subjects with a history of low back pain (HLBP), who are free from pain at the time of experiment.

Methods

Twelve adults with HLBP and 12 controls participated. Bilateral electromyographic recordings were obtained from erector spiane muscles at two vertebral levels (T12 and L4) and from rectus abdominis. Participants performed a series of brief isometric back extensions (50–100% maximum voluntary contraction) during which transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered. The sizes of the evoked (superimposed) twitches were measured using dynamometry and VA was derived. The amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and duration of cortical silent period (CSP) in erector spinae muscles were calculated; questionnaires were used to evaluate disability, levels of physical activity, quality of life and pain.

Results

The level of VA was not significantly different between HLBP and control groups. Additionally, there were no between‐group differences in the time‐to‐peak amplitudes of the twitches, MEP amplitudes or duration of CSP.

Conclusions

The ability to voluntarily activate back extensor muscles maximally does not appear to be impaired in subjects with a history of LBP during pain‐free episodes.
Electrochemical Characterization of Clean Shape‐Controlled Pt Nanoparticles Prepared in Presence of Oleylamine/Oleic Acid
Authors: Arán‐Ais Rosa M. , Vidal‐Iglesias Francisco J. , Solla‐Gullón Jose , Herrero Enrique , Feliu Juan M.
Published: February 2015

A collection of shape‐controlled Pt nanoparticles has been prepared using two different and previously described methodologies, both using oleylamine/oleic acid as capping material/solvent. A new decontamination protocol is presented to effectively clean the surface of the different nanoparticles thus allowing a full exposure of their surface area and consequently to make the most of their surface structure dependent reactivity. Subsequently, the clean shape‐controlled Pt nanoparticles have been electrochemically characterized and their electrocatalytic properties evaluated towards some surface structure reactions of interest. The results indicate that the full characterization of the surface structure cannot be done exclusively by the available microscopy techniques, since it is very difficult to determine the presence of surface defects. Additional surface characterization probes, such as those provided by electrochemical surface sensitive reactions, have been used to assess the surface structure of the samples.
Technical mapping of solar PV for ISM‐an approach toward green campus
Authors: Chakraborty Suprava , Sadhu Pradip Kumar , Pal Nitai
Published: February 2015

This paper aims toward the first step for green campus approach for Indian School of Mines (ISM) campus. Comparative study of the performances for nine different commercialized solar panels made of Maxeon Cell Technology, HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer), monocrystalline silicon (Mono C‐Si), polycrystalline silicon (Poly C‐Si), Micromorph, SCHOTT, amorphous silicon (a‐Si), CIGS, CdTe technologies in the environmental condition of ISM are presented in this paper. This system suggests to supply the daytime electricity demand of ISM campus as well as efficient use of the huge roof areas of different buildings to setting up the photovoltaic plant. This system ensures a daily mean reduction of 8 MWh electricity consumption from grid. The outcome of this study is that a superior performance is noted for modules made of amorphous silicon technology under the typical temperature variant and dry environmental condition of ISM campus.
Copayments and Emergency Department Use Among Adult Medicaid Enrollees
Authors: Sabik Lindsay M. , Gandhi Sabina Ohri
Published: February 2015

A number of state Medicaid programs have recently proposed or implemented new or increased copayments for nonemergent emergency department (ED) visits. Evidence suggests that copayments generally reduce the level of healthcare utilization, although there is little specific evidence regarding the effectiveness of copayments in reducing nonurgent ED use among Medicaid enrollees or other low‐income populations. Encouraging efficient and appropriate use of healthcare services will be of particular importance for Medicaid programs as they expand under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This analysis uses national data from 2001 to 2009 to examine the effect of copayments on nonurgent ED utilization among nonelderly adult enrollees. We find that visits among Medicaid enrollees in state‐years where a copayment is in place are significantly less likely to be for nonurgent reasons. Our findings suggest that copayments may be an effective tool for reducing use of the ED for nonurgent care. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“It's All About Time”: Time as Contested Terrain in the Management and Experience of Domiciliary Care Work in England
Authors: Rubery Jill , Grimshaw Damian , Hebson Gail , Ugarte Sebastian M.
Published: February 2015

Drawing on a multilevel study of commissioning, employers, and care staff, this article explores the role of time in the management of domiciliary care work for older adults in England and the consequences for the employment conditions of care staff. An index of fragmented time practices among 52 independent‐sector domiciliary care providers reveals widespread tendencies to use zero‐hours contracts and limit paid hours to face‐to‐face contact time, leaving travel time and other work‐related activities unpaid. Care staff interviews reveal how fragmented time creates insecurities and demands high work engagement. Time management practices are shown to derive directly from strict time‐based local authority commissioning. Subcontractors, both independent small firms and those belonging to national chains, can at best adopt human resource (HR) policies that are partial routes to failure, as evident in widespread recruitment and retention problems. InformalHRpractices to accommodate working‐time preferences help to retain individual staff, but adjustments are often marginal, adversely affect other staff and fail to expand the recruitment pool for social care. Labor shortages are likely to persist as long as workers are required to adapt to a regime of fragmented time and to work more hours than are paid, even at pay rates close to the national minimum wage. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitigated reactive oxygen species generation leads to an improvement of cell proliferation on poly[glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] functionalized polydimethylsiloxane surfaces
Authors: Yu Ling , Shi ZhuanZhuan , Gao LiXia , Li ChangMing
Published: February 2015

In vitrocell‐based analysis is strongly affected by material's surface chemical properties. The cell spreading, migration, and proliferation on a substrate surface are initiated and controlled by successful adhesion, particularly for anchor‐dependent cells. Unfortunately, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one of the most used polymeric materials for construction of microfluidic and miniaturized biomedical analytic devices, is not a cell‐friendly surface because of its inherent hydrophobic property. Herein, a poly[glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] (poly(GMA‐co‐pEGMA)) polymer brush was synthesized on a PDMS surface through a surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization method. Contact angle and Fourier transform infrared characterization show that the poly (GMA‐co‐pEGMA) polymer brush functionalization can increase wettability of PDMS and introduce epoxy, hydroxyl, and ether groups into PDMS surface.In vitrocell growth assay demonstrates that cell adhesion and proliferation on poly(GMA‐co‐pEGMA) polymer brush‐functionalized PDMS (poly(GMA‐co‐pEGMA)@PDMS) are better than on pristine PDMS. Additionally, immobilization of collagen type I (CI) and fibronectin (FN) on poly(GMA‐co‐pEGMA)@PDMS is better than direct coating of CI and FN on pristine PDMS to promote cell adhesion. Furthermore, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and cell mitochondrial membrane depolarization, two indicators of cell oxidative stress, are observed from cells growing on pristine PDMS, but not from those on poly(GMA‐co‐pEGMA)@PDMS. Collectively, we demonstrate that poly(GMA‐co‐pEGMA) functionalization can enhance cell adhesion and proliferation on PDMS, and thus can be potentially used for microfluidic cell assay devices for cellular physiology study or drug screening. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2987–2997, 2015.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in antisynthetase syndrome with severe interstitial lung disease
Authors: Omotoso Bolanle A. , Ogden Melissa I. , Balogun Rasheed A.
Published: February 2015

Antisynthetase syndrome (ASS) is a rare condition characterized by interstitial lung disease (ILD), inflammatory myositis, fever, Raynaud phenomenon, mechanic's hand, and inflammatory polyarthritis in the setting of antibodies to amino acyl‐transfer RNA synthetases, with anti‐Jo‐1 antibody being the most common. Prognosis is very poor especially when there is associated ILD. To date, there is no standardized treatment for ILD associated ASS. Therapy is based on the use of steroids alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents, especially in severe or refractory cases. The role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in the management of this rare condition has not been established. Here, we report a case of severe ILD associated ASS in a 41‐year‐old woman who did not show clinical or laboratory response after six doses of high dose steroids and a dose of IV cyclophosphamide. Because of the aggressive nature of her disease and poor prognostic indices present, a decision was made to add TPE to her treatment. She underwent five sessions of TPE. At the end of the 5th session, the anti‐Jo‐1 antibody levels dropped to 3.6 AI (antibody index) and her creatinine kinase (CK) level from 875 to 399 U L−1 (Units per liter) with overall improvement in her respiratory status. This case suggests TPE may be a promising treatment option in patients with ILD associated ASS refractory to steroids and other immunosuppressive therapy, particularly those with severe disease. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:375–379, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CD235a (Glycophorin‐A) Is the Most Predictive Value Among Different Circulating Cellular Microparticles in Thrombocytopenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: El‐Menshawy Nadia , Eissa Mohammed , Farag Raghada , Aboalyazed Ahmed
Published: February 2015

Background

This study was conducted to assess different cellular microparticles (MPs) in thrombocytopenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and their significance as disease activity markers.

Methods

Thirty‐five thrombocytopenic human immunodeficiency diseases and 25 healthy controls with matched age and sex were selected. Viral load was quantitated by COBAS real‐time polymerase reaction (PCR) assessment of absolute T‐cell subsets CD4, CD8 as a disease progress marker. Platelet MPs, platelet‐derived monocyte MPs (CD42a, CD61), erythrocyte MP (CD235a), monocytic MP (CD14), and platelet activity MPs (CD62P, PAC‐1) were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry FACSCalibur, while platelet functions were assessed by platelet function analyzer (PFA‐100). CD42a, CD61, and platelet activity index represented by PAC‐1 and CD62.

Results

P‐selectin in HIV‐infected patient samples were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than among controls. There was a negative correlation between the proportion of PAC‐1 and CD62 P‐selectin‐positive MPs and levels of CD4+ T‐cell counts (r = −0.403, P = 0.016; r = −0.438, P = 0.008), respectively. There was a negative correlation between collagen‐ADP and levels of CD4+ T‐cell counts (r = −0.368, P = 0.03). There was a significant high expression level of CD14 monocyte MPs in patients than controls (P < 0.0001), overexpression of CD235a (P < 0.0001), and no correlation between CD14 and CD4, whereas there was a significant negative correlation with CD235a (r = −0.394, P = 0.019). A linear regression analysis of CD4 as a disease progression marker with other variable indicators in HIV patients showed that CD235a could be the most sensitive predictor similar to CD4.

Conclusion

Different cellular MPs and platelets activated in HIV patients could have a role in thrombotic events in these patients.
Pd‐mediated rapid cross‐couplings using [11C]methyl iodide: groundbreaking labeling methods in 11C radiochemistry
Authors: Doi Hisashi
Published: February 2015

Prof. Bengt Långström is a pioneer in the field of chemistry‐driven positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. He has developed a variety of excellent radiolabeling methodologies using the methods of organic chemistry, with the aim of widening the potential of PET in the study of life. Among his groundbreaking achievements in 11C radiochemistry, there is the discovery of the Pd‐mediated rapid cross‐coupling reaction using [11C]methyl iodide. It was first reported by his Uppsala group in 1994–1995 and was further investigated by his and other groups with a view of enhancing its generality and practicability. This reaction is currently considered one of the basic methods for 11C‐labeling of low‐weight organic compounds. This paper presents a short summary of the background and the development of Pd‐mediated rapid cross‐couplings of [11C]methyl iodide, with a focus not only on organostannanes, but also on organoboranes, organozincs, and terminal acetylene compounds. All these reactions have proven to be dependable 11C‐labeling methodologies that use chemically reliable carbon–carbon bond formation reactions.
Tenofovir rescue regimen following prior suboptimal response to entecavir and adefovir combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients exposed to multiple treatment failures
Authors: Zhang Qian , Han Tao , Nie Cai‐Yun , Ha Fu‐Shuang , Liu Lei , Liu Hua
Published: February 2015

In clinical practice, establishing a subsequent optimum treatment for chronic hepatitis B patients with a history of multiple NAs treatment failures, including a suboptimal response to a final therapy with combined ETV and ADV, is a complicated but crucial challenge. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of a tenofovir rescue regimen in these patients. A total of six eligible patients were enrolled and were switched to a tenofovir rescue regimen. At baseline, the genotypes and genotypic mutations of the reverse transcriptase and surface gene were determined by ultra‐deep pyrosequencing, and further clonal analyses of the reverse transcriptase domain were performed to identify multidrug‐resistant HBV strains. In addition, HBV DNA levels, serology, and biochemistry parameters were monitored at baseline and every 3 months, and abdominal ultrasonography was performed at baseline and every 6 months. All patients were confirmed to harbor LAM‐related resistant HBV strains. After switching to the tenofovir rescue treatment, all patients had an undetectable level of HBV DNA within 6 months and achieved normalization of the ALT level within 9 months. These virological and biochemical responses persisted until the end of the observation period. None of the patients developed clinical deterioration or any adverse events related to the tenofovir therapy during the median 16.5‐month follow‐up. In conclusion, the tenofovir rescue regimen can be employed confidently as a highly effective and safe treatment choice following a suboptimal response to ETV plus ADV therapy for a subset of chronic hepatitis B patients with a history of multiple unsuccessful antiviral treatments. J. Med. Virol. 87:1013–1021, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Establishment of a simple model for hepatitis B virus infection status based on trait marker from quantitative measurement of serum markers
Authors: Ningyu Zhang , Ying Zhang , Hui Liu
Published: February 2015

The objectives of this study were to establish a simple model based on quantitative serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection to understand the complex immune response to HBV. Patients samples were obtained from individuals with active HBV infection (alanine transaminase [ALT]‐positive, aspartate aminotransferase [AST]‐positive and HBsAg‐positive), or patients who had recovered from infection (ALT‐negative, AST‐negative, anti‐HBs‐positive and either HBsAg, HBeAg, anti‐HBe or anti‐HBc positive). HBV quantitative markers, including HBsAg, anti‐HBs, HBeAg, anti‐HBe, and anti‐HBc, were measured using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Based on cut‐off values, anti‐HBs levels were converted to a ratio (sample value/cut‐off value, RV). Anti‐HBe and anti‐HBc levels were determined using a competition method, resulting in the use of a ratio (cut‐off value/sample value, RV) for determination of anti‐HBe and anti‐HBc values. The greater RV value in a patient was considered as a trait marker for HBV infection (TMHB) of this patient. Patients with TMHB including HBsAg or HBeAg were defined as TMHB‐Ag; and patients with TMHB including anti‐HBs, anti‐HBe, or anti‐HBc TMHB were defined as TMHB‐Ab. The percentage of patients determined to be TMHB‐Ag was 96.3% in the HBV group. The percentage of patients determined to be TMHB‐Ab was 94.7% in recovery group. TMHBs could be used to analyze different status of HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 87:1008–1012, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ischemia preconditioning protects astrocytes from ischemic injury through 14‐3‐3γ
Authors: Pang Ying , Chai Chao Rui , Gao Kai , Jia Xi Hua , Kong Jin Ge , Chen Xiao Qian , Vatcher Greg , Chen Jian Guo , Yu Albert Cheung Hoi
Published: February 2015

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, and new strategies are required to reduce neuronal injury and improve prognosis. Ischemia preconditioning (IPC) is an intrinsic phenomenon that protects cells from subsequent ischemic injury and might provide promising mechanisms for clinical treatment. In this study, primary astrocytes exhibited significantly less cell death than control when exposed to different durations of IPC (15, 30, 60, or 120 min). A 15‐min duration was the most effective IPC to protect astrocytes from 8‐hr‐ischemia injury. The protective mechanisms of IPC involve the upregulation of protective proteins, including 14‐3‐3γ, and attenuation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ATP depletion. 14‐3‐3γ is an antiapoptotic intracellular protein that was significantly upregulated for up to 84 hr after IPC. In addition, IPC promoted activation of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK)−1/2, p38, and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways. When JNK was specifically inhibited with SP600125, the upregulation of 14‐3‐3γ induced by IPC was almost completely abolished; however, there was no effect on ATP or MDA levels. This suggests that, even though both energy preservation and 14‐3‐3γ up‐regulation were turned on by IPC, they were controlled by different pathways. The ERK1/2, p38, and Akt signaling pathways were not involved in the 14‐3‐3γ upregulation and energy preservation. These results indicate that IPC could protect astrocytes from ischemia injury by inducing 14‐3‐3γ and by alleviating energy depletion through different pathways, suggesting multiple protection of IPC and providing new insights into potential stroke therapies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1‐[2‐(4‐Benzyloxyphenoxy)Ethyl]Imidazole inhibits monoamine oxidase B and protects against neuronal loss and behavioral impairment in rodent models of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chung Jin Yong , Lee Ji Won , Ryu Choon Ho , Min Hye Kyung , Yoon Yeo Jin , Lim Mi Jung , Park Cheol Hyoung
Published: February 2015

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) is well known as a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD). MAO‐B inhibitors retain antiparkinsonism abilities to improve motor function and prevent neuronal loss by decreasing dopamine metabolism and oxidative stress in the brain. From the study to find novel antiparkinsonism drugs that can inhibit MAO‐B activity, neuronal loss, and behavioral deficits in the mouse model of PD, we identified that 1‐[2‐(4‐benzyloxyphenoxy)ethyl]imidazole (BPEI) or safinamide strongly and selectively inhibited MAO‐B activities in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50 of BPEI and safinamide for MAO‐B were 0.016 and 0.0021 µM and for MAO‐A were 70.0 and 370 µM, respectively). In ex vivo studies after an administration (30 mg/kg, i.p.) of BPEI or safinamide to normal mice, the MAO‐B activity in the brain was reduced by up to 90.6% or 82.4% at 1.0 hr. BPEI (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or safinamide (20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reversed the behavioral impairments, dopamine levels in the striatum, and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated mice compared with the MPTP‐alone‐treated group. In the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced PD rat model, behavioral improvement by levodopa sparing activity was observed in the BPEI‐ or safinamide‐treated (20 mg/kg, i.p.) rats. Moreover, BPEI revealed additional curative activities for nonmotor symptoms of PD such as pain, anxiety, epilepsy, and depression in rodent disease models. Therefore, BPEI has broad therapeutic potential for treating motor symptoms via strong and selective inhibitory effects on MAO‐B, with additional benefits for comorbid symptoms in PD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.