bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential role of the intestinal microbiota of the mother in neonatal immune education
Authors: Donnet-Hughes Anne , Perez Pablo F. , Doré Joël , Leclerc Marion , Levenez Florence , Benyacoub Jalil , Serrant Patrick , Segura-Roggero Iris , Schiffrin Eduardo J.
Published: July 2010

Mucosal dendritic cells are at the heart of decision-making processes that dictate immune reactivity to intestinal microbes. They ensure tolerance to commensal bacteria and a vigorous immune response to pathogens. It has recently been demonstrated that the former involves a limited migration of bacterially loaded dendritic cells from the Peyer's patches to the mesenteric lymph nodes. During lactation, cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue travel to the breast via the lymphatics and peripheral blood. Here, we show that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and breast milk cells contain bacteria and their genetic material during lactation. Furthermore, we show an increased bacterial translocation from the mouse gut during pregnancy and lactation and the presence of bacterially loaded dendritic cells in lactating breast tissue. Our observations show bacterial translocation as a unique physiological event, which is increased during pregnancy and lactation. They suggest endogenous transport of intestinally derived bacterial components within dendritic cells destined for the lactating mammary gland. They also suggest neonatal immune imprinting by milk cells containing commensal-associated molecular patterns.
In Pursuit of Authenticity: The New Lost City Ramblers and the Postwar Folk Music Revival
Authors: ALLEN RAY
Published: July 2010

This article explores the discourse of authenticity, which has become central to our understanding of twentieth-century folk music revivals in the United States. The process of musical revival, that is, the self-conscious restoration of musical systems deemed in danger of decline or extinction, has been closely tied to perceptions of exactly what constitutes authentic, or genuine, folk tradition. The term tradition, like authenticity, is a slippery concept based on a self-conscious interpretation and selective editing of the past. The complex mechanism of cultural editing that undergirds the authentication process is fleshed out by focusing on the efforts of one band, the New Lost City Ramblers. During the 1960s the Ramblers introduced northern audiences to what they judged to be authentic southern string-band and bluegrass styles at a time when the urban revival was dominated by popular and artsy interpreters of folk music. The Ramblers' struggles to render accurately southern rural instrumental and singing styles, while maintaining their own distinctive sound, offer insight into the challenges authenticity posed for mid-century folk musicians and their urban audiences, and continues to pose for scholars and cultural workers today.
An Interrogation of Language: “Radical Jewish Culture” on New York City's Downtown Music Scene—Corrigendum
Authors: BARZEL TAMAR
Published: July 2010

In JSAM 4(2), on page 220, note 17, and on 246, the citation for John Brackett's book is given incorrectly. It should read as follows:

John Brackett, John Zorn: Tradition and Transgression. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

The author apologizes for this error.
The Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Resiliency Scale in Chinese Undergraduates
Authors: Cui Lixia , Teng Xiujie , Li Xupei , Oei Tian P.S.
Published: July 2010

The current study examined the factor structure and the psychometric properties of Sandra Prince-Embury’s Resiliency Scale for Adolescents (RESA) in Chinese undergraduates. A total of 726 undergraduate students were randomly divided into two subsamples: Sample A was used for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Sample B was used for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA revealed that 56 items and a model of 10 factors with 3 higher order factors (as described by Sandra) were to be retained; CFA with Sample B confirmed this result. The overall scale and the subscales of the Chinese-RESA demonstrated a high level of internal consistency. Furthermore, concurrent validity was demonstrated by the correlation of the scale with other instruments such as the PANAS and the CSS, and the predictive validity was confirmed via three multiple regression analyses using the PANAS as a criterion variable: one for the 10 subscales of the C-RESA, one for the 3 higher order scales, and one for the total C-RESA. We concluded that the C-RESA may be used for research into Chinese undergraduates’ adaptive behaviors.
Internalizing Behavior During the Transition from Childhood to Adolescence
Authors: Vierhaus Marc , Lohaus Arnold , Shah Indra
Published: July 2010

This investigation focuses on the question whether assessments of the development of internalizing behavior from childhood to adolescence are affected by the kind of research design (longitudinal versus cross-sectional). Two longitudinal samples of 432 second-graders and 366 fourth graders participated in a longitudinal study with subsequent measurements taken 1, 2, and 3 years later. A third sample consisting of 849 children covering the same range of grades participated in a cross-sectional study. The results show that the development of internalizing symptoms in girls – but not in boys – varies systematically with the research design. In girls, there is a decrease of internalizing symptoms (especially between the first two timepoints) in the longitudinal assessment, which may reflect, for example, the influence of strain during the first testing situation. Both longitudinal trajectories converge to a common trajectory from grade 2 to grade 7 when controlling for this “novelty-distress effect.” Moreover, when we control this effect, the slight but significant decrease characterizing the common trajectory becomes similar to the one obtained in the cross-sectional study. Therefore, trajectories based on longitudinal assessments may suggest more changes with regard to internalizing symptoms over time than actually take place, while trajectories based on cross-sectional data may be characterized by an increased level of internalizing symptoms. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Validation of a French Version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ)
Authors: Isoard-Gautheur Sandrine , Oger Marie , Guillet Emma , Martin-Krumm Charles
Published: July 2010

This research develops a psychometrically sound measure of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; Raedeke & Smith, 2001 ) in French (Le Questionnaire du Burnout Sportif, QBS). We first developed a preliminary version and then had 895 French adolescents involved in competitive sport or physical education at school complete the survey. The results showed good internal consistency (all Cronbach’s α values > .75). Confirmatory factor analysis with the three subscales of the ABQ (emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and devaluation) confirmed the structure of the instrument and good data fit (NNFI = .95, CFI = .96, GFI = .95, RMSEA = .07) in accordance with the results obtained in previous studies (e.g., Cresswell & Eklund, 2005a , b ; Raedeke & Smith, 2001 ). Furthermore, the patterns of relationships between the ABQ subscales and motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety provide concurrent validity of the ABQ.
The French Adaptation of the Short Form of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire
Authors: Laverdière Olivier , Diguer Louis , Gamache Dominick , Evans David E.
Published: July 2010

This study developed and validated a French version of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire short form (ATQ; Evans & Rothbart, 2007 ). The ATQ is a self-report instrument that evaluates four temperamental dimensions: negative affect, effortful control, surgency/extraversion, and orienting sensitivity. The French version was elaborated following adaptation and translation procedures that are precisely described. A first sample of 141 young adults completed the ATQ. Internal consistency and test-retest correlations over a 4-week period suggest an adequate reliability, and a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor solution consistent with the original instrument. Internal consistency and factorial structure were reexamined with a second sample (N = 385). Criterion-related validity was explored in relation to Big Five model dimensions and yielded results comparable to those of the original instrument. Overall, results indicate a good equivalence between the original and the adapted instrument.
Interplanetary circumstances of quasi‐perpendicular interplanetary shocks in 1996–2005
Authors: Richardson I. G. , Cane H. V.
Published: July 2010

The angle (θBn) between the normal to an interplanetary shock front and the upstream magnetic field direction, though often thought of as a property “of the shock,” is also determined by the configuration of the magnetic field immediately upstream of the shock. We investigate the interplanetary circumstances of 105 near‐Earth quasi‐perpendicular shocks during 1996–2005 identified by θBn ≥ 80° and/or by evidence of shock drift particle acceleration. Around 87% of these shocks were driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs); the remainder were probably the forward shocks of corotating interaction regions. For around half of the shocks, the upstream field was approximately perpendicular to the radial direction, either east‐west or west‐east or highly inclined to the ecliptic. Such field directions will give quasi‐perpendicular configurations for radially propagating shocks. Around 30% of the shocks were propagating through, or closely followed, ICMEs at the time of observation. Another quarter were propagating through the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS), and a further quarter occurred in slow solar wind that did not have characteristics of the HPS. Around 11% were observed in high‐speed streams, and 7% in the sheaths following other shocks. The fraction of shocks found in high‐speed streams is around a third of that expected based on the fraction of the time when such streams were observed at Earth. Quasi‐perpendicular shocks are found traveling through ICMEs around 2–3 times more frequently than expected. In addition, shocks propagating through ICMEs are more likely to have larger values of θBn than shocks outside ICMEs.
Magnetic characterization of noninteracting, randomly oriented, nanometer‐scale ferrimagnetic particles
Authors: Cao Changqian , Tian Lanxiang , Liu Qingsong , Liu Weifeng , Chen Guanjun , Pan Yongxin
Published: July 2010

Studying the magnetic properties of ultrafine nanometer‐scale ferrimagnetic particles (<10 nm) is vital to our understanding of superparamagnetism and its applications to environmental magnetism, biogeomagnetism, iron biomineralization, and biomedical technology. However, magnetic properties of the ultrafine nanometer‐sized ferrimagnetic grains are very poorly constrained because of ambiguities caused by particle magnetostatic interactions and unknown size distributions. To resolve these problems, we synthesized magnetoferritins using the recombinant human H chain ferritin (HFn). These ferrimagnetic HFn were further purified through size exclusion chromatography to obtain monodispersed ferrimagnetic HFn. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the purified ferrimagnetic HFn are monodispersed and each consists of an iron oxide core (magnetite or maghemite) with an average core diameter of 3.9 ± 1.1 nm imbedded in an intact protein shell. The R value of the Wohlfarth‐Cisowski test measured at 5 K is 0.5, indicating no magnetostatic interactions. The saturation isothermal remanent magnetization acquired at 5 K decreased rapidly with increasing temperature with a median unblocking temperature of 8.2 K. The preexponential frequency factor f0 determined by AC susceptibility is (9.2 ± 7.9) × 1010 Hz. The extrapolated Mrs/Ms and Bcr/Bc at 0 K are 0.5 and 1.12, respectively, suggesting that the ferrimagnetic HFn cores are dominated by uniaxial anisotropy. The calculated effective magnetic anisotropy energy constant Keff = 1.2 × 105 J/m3, which is larger than previously reported values for bulk magnetite and/or maghemite or magnetoferritin and is attributed to the effect of surface anisotropy. These data provide useful insights into superparamagnetism as well as biomineralization of ultrafine ferrimagnetic particles.
Evolution of the stratospheric aerosol enhancement following the eruptions of Okmok and Kasatochi: Odin‐OSIRIS measurements
Authors: Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A. , Elash B. J. , Llewellyn E. J.
Published: July 2010

Limb‐scattered sunlight measurements made by the OSIRIS instrument on the Odin spacecraft during the months following the eruptions of Mount Okmok and Kasatochi volcanos in 2008 are used to retrieve vertical profiles of the stratospheric aerosol extinction. These measurements reveal the evolution of the formation, transport, and decay of the stratospheric aerosol cloud that forms as a result of the volcanic eruptions. The maximum vertical optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol, measured by OSIRIS at 750 nm, occurs at midlatitude to high latitude 4 to 6 weeks after the Kasatochi eruption and is approximately a factor of 2 above the background level. Significant meridional transport in the lower stratosphere is evident in the observations, with measurable enhancement extending up to 21 km altitude and reaching tropical latitudes. Seven months following the eruption of Kasatochi, the stratospheric aerosol optical depth is very near the background level measured before the eruptions.
Contemporary geochemical composition and flux of aeolian dust to the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, United States
Authors: Lawrence Corey R. , Painter T. H. , Landry C. C. , Neff J. C.
Published: July 2010

Dust deposition in the Rocky Mountains may be an important biogeochemical flux from upwind ecosystems. Seasonal (winter/spring) dust mass fluxes to the San Juan Mountains during the period from 2004 to 2008 ranged from 5 to 10 g m−2, with individual deposition events reaching as high as 2 g m−2. Dust deposited in the San Juan Mountains was primarily composed of silt‐ and clay‐sized particles, indicating a regional source area. The concentrations of most major and minor elements in this dust were similar to or less than average upper continental crustal concentrations, whereas trace element concentrations were often enriched. In particular, dust collected from the San Juan Mountain snowpack was characterized by enrichments of heavy metals including As, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, and Zn. The mineral composition of dust partially explained dust geochemistry; however, based on results of a sequential leaching procedure it appeared that trace element enrichments were associated with the organic‐, and not the mineral‐, fraction of dust. Our observations show that the dust‐derived fluxes of several nutrients and trace metals are substantial and, because many elements are deposited in a mobile form, could be important controls of vegetation, soil, or surface water chemistry. The flux measurements reported here are useful benchmarks for the characterization of ecosystem biogeochemical cycling in the Rocky Mountains.
Macroscale lattice‐Boltzmann methods for low Peclet number solute and heat transport in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Walsh S. D. C. , Saar M. O.
Published: July 2010

This paper introduces new methods for simulating subsurface solute and heat transport in heterogeneous media using large‐scale lattice‐Boltzmann models capable of representing both macroscopically averaged porous media and open channel flows. Previous examples of macroscopically averaged lattice‐Boltzmann models for solute and heat transport are only applicable to homogeneous media. Here, we extend these models to properly account for heterogeneous pore‐space distributions. For simplicity, in the majority of this paper we assume low Peclet number flows with an isotropic dispersion tensor. Nevertheless, this approach may also be extended to include anisotropic‐dispersion by using multiple relaxation time lattice‐Boltzmann methods. We describe two methods for introducing heterogeneity into macroscopically averaged lattice‐Boltzmann models. The first model delivers the desired behavior by introducing an additional time‐derivative term to the collision rule; the second model by separately weighting symmetric and anti‐symmetric components of the fluid packet densities. Chapman‐Enskog expansions are conducted on the governing equations of the two models, demonstrating that the correct constitutive behavior is obtained in both cases. In addition, methods for improving model stability at low porosities are also discussed: (1) an implicit formulation of the model; and (2) a local transformation that normalizes the lattice‐Boltzmann model by the local porosity. The model performances are evaluated through comparisons of simulated results with analytical solutions for one‐ and two‐dimensional flows, and by comparing model predictions to finite element simulations of advection isotropic‐dispersion in heterogeneous porous media. We conclude by presenting an example application, demonstrating the ability of the new models to couple with simulations of reactive flow and changing flow geometry: a simulation of groundwater flow through a carbonate system.
Spatial distribution of imperviousness and the space‐time variability of rainfall, runoff generation, and routing
Authors: Mejía Alfonso I. , Moglen Glenn E.
Published: July 2010

We study the relationship between the spatial distribution of imperviousness and the space‐time variability of rainfall, runoff generation, and hydrologic response. For this study we follow an analytical framework that is able to represent space‐time variability and use it to determine relationships for quantities commonly used in hydrology, for example, the amount of rainfall excess, the total runoff from a storm, the runoff ratio of developed land use to undeveloped land use, and the mean time and variance of the runoff time. The relationships are derived such that the space‐time variability of rainfall, runoff, and the hydrologic response, and their relative importance, can be identified and compared. In addition, the method allows the separation of pervious and impervious contributions to runoff and the estimation of their relative influence on the hydrologic response. We illustrate the estimation of the relationships from available data and apply them to two cases. In the first case, the space‐time variability of rainfall and its interaction with impervious cover is investigated. In the second case, we examine the impacts of the imperviousness pattern on runoff relationships. We find that the imperviousness and rainfall pattern can interact to either increase or decrease the average amount of rainfall excess. We also find that the influence of pervious and impervious contributions on the response can depend on the form of the overall imperviousness pattern. The proposed framework can be a useful tool for identifying the importance of different space‐time hydrologic components in mixed pervious‐impervious landscapes.
Step‐drawdown tests and the Forchheimer equation
Authors: Mathias Simon A. , Todman Lindsay C.
Published: July 2010

Step‐drawdown tests (SDTs) typically involve pumping a well at a constant rate until a quasi‐steady state (QSS) is observed in the drawdown response. The well is then pumped at a higher constant rate until a new QSS is achieved. The process is repeated for additional flow rates. Analysis involves plotting the QSS drawdowns against their corresponding abstraction rates and fitting a nonlinear empirical expression. A commonly used expression, the so‐called Jacob method, contains a linear “formation loss” coefficient, A, and a nonlinear “well loss” coefficient, B. In this paper, an analytical formula is derived relating B to the Forchheimer parameter. The efficiency of the Forchheimer equation for simulating SDTs is demonstrated through four case studies. Quantitative guidance is given as to when the Jacob method can be used as an accurate alternative to numerical simulation of the Forchheimer equation. Finally, the four corresponding estimates of field‐scale Forchheimer parameter are implicitly compared to those obtained from smaller scale laboratory experiments. Unfortunately, the comparison remains implicit due to uncertainty associated with quantifying effective well radius and aquifer formation thickness for the SDTs.
Clockwise rotation and implications for northward drift of the western Transverse Ranges from paleomagnetism of the Piuma Member, Sespe Formation, near Malibu, California
Authors: Hillhouse John W.
Published: July 2010

New paleomagnetic results from mid‐Tertiary sedimentary beds in the Santa Monica Mountains reinforce the evidence for large‐scale rotation of the western Transverse Ranges, and anisotropy measurements indicate that compaction‐induced inclination flattening may resolve a long‐standing controversy regarding the original paleolatitude of the rotated block. Previously published paleomagnetic data indicate that post‐Oligocene rotation amounts to 70°–110° clockwise, affecting the Channel Islands, Santa Monica Mountains, and Santa Ynez Mountains. The Sespe Formation near Malibu consists of a lower member dominated by nonmarine sandstone and conglomerate and an upper section, the Piuma Member, which consists of gray‐red sandstone and mudstone interbedded with minor tuff and limestone beds. The Piuma Member has a paleomagnetic pole at 36.6°N, 326.7°E (A95min = 5.0°, A95max = 9.6°), obtained by thermal demagnetization of 34 oriented cores from Oligocene and early Miocene beds. After correcting for plunge of the geologic structure, the data are consistent with significant clockwise rotation (77° ± 7°) of the region relative to stable North America. Rotation of the western Transverse Ranges is generally viewed as a consequence of Pacific–North American plate interactions after 28 Ma, when east–west subduction gave way to northwest transform motion in southern California. Inclinations from the Piuma study indicate a paleolatitude anomaly of 11° ± 7° and are consistent with a mean northward drift that exceeds generally accepted San Andreas fault displacement by a factor of 3. However, sedimentary inclination error may accentuate the anomaly. Anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization indicates inclination flattening of approximately 8°, and correction for the effect reduces the paleolatitude anomaly to 5.3° ± 5.8°. Compaction may explain the inclination flattening in these sedimentary rocks, but the process does not adequately explain lower‐than‐expected inclinations found in previous studies of Miocene volcanic rocks of the western Transverse Ranges.
Time scales of melt extraction revealed by distribution of lava composition across a ridge axis
Authors: Cordier Carole , Benoit Mathieu , Hémond Christophe , Dyment Jérôme , Le Gall Bernard , Briais Anne , Kitazawa Mitsuko
Published: July 2010

Temporal fluctuations of magmatic processes during the last 800 kyr have been investigated for the slow spreading Central Indian Ridge. The fluctuations are recorded by variations in lava chemistry along a 40 km long profile across the ridge. The temporal relations of the basalts were accurately restored using magnetic microanomalies. We report on the occurrence of ancient lavas enriched in incompatible elements whereas on‐axis samples are typical normal mid‐ocean ridge basalts. The enriched lavas are symmetrically distributed on either side of the ridge, implying that enriched melts reached the seafloor at intervals of about 150–200 kyr. This periodicity is viewed as a characteristic time scale in the aggregation processes of the melts produced from a heterogeneous mantle source. Geochemical variations of zero‐age mid‐ocean ridge basalts may primarily reflect such periodic processes rather than the spatial distribution of mantle heterogeneities.
Seismic properties of the supra‐subduction mantle: Constraints from peridotite xenoliths from the Avacha volcano, southern Kamchatka
Authors: Soustelle Vincent , Tommasi Andréa
Published: July 2010

This work presents seismic properties derived from a detailed microstructural study of supra‐subduction mantle xenoliths extracted by the active Avacha volcano in the southern Kamchatka arc. These peridotites underwent low‐stress deformation and syn‐ to late‐kinematic reactive percolation of hydrous melts or fluids leading to local orthopyroxene enrichment and dispersion of the olivine CPO in the shallow mantle wedge. All samples show an axial [100] olivine CPO implying fast S‐wave polarization parallel to the flow direction in the mantle. Orthopyroxene‐enrichment by reactive fluids/melts percolation lowers the Vp/Vs ratio, but cannot explain the Vp/Vs ratios <1.7 mapped in the Japan and Andes forearc mantle. These low Vp/Vs ratios may however be explained by considering the intrinsic anisotropy of the peridotites.
An alternative method for generation of ULF waves by ionospheric heating
Authors: Streltsov A. V. , Pedersen T. R.
Published: July 2010

We present results from a numerical study of the generation of ULF waves by the ionospheric feedback instability (IFI) initiated by heating the ionosphere with a powerful HF transmitter. Previous investigations in this area suggested that even a relatively weak modification of the ionospheric conductivity by the heater can initiate IFI and enhance its development, if the heating wave is modulated with a frequency of the most feedback‐unstable ULF mode. In this paper, we show that the development of the instability and, as a result, the generation of ULF waves, can be significantly enhanced if the heating spot is moved in the direction of the background electric field with the velocity defined from a simulation of the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere model.
Depth‐dependent activity of non‐volcanic tremor in southwest Japan
Authors: Obara Kazushige , Tanaka Sachiko , Maeda Takuto , Matsuzawa Takanori
Published: July 2010

With a new location method, we obtained a high‐resolution map of non‐volcanic tremor along the subducting Philippine Sea plate in southwest Japan and clarified the depth‐dependent behavior of the tremor activity. A bimodal distribution of tremor along‐dip is apparent in regions where short‐term slow slip events (SSEs) and very‐low‐frequency earthquakes are frequently detected. The separation of bimodal peaks is 5 to 10 km in depth. The updip tremor activity occurs episodically, coincident with major bursts that often accompany geodetically detectable SSEs. The downdip tremor activity is, however, rather stable with frequent minor bursts. This depth‐dependent tremor activity likely reflects variation of interplate slip properties, specifically weakening with increasing depth and temperature. In westernmost Shikoku, anomalous tremor activity was detected in only the updip section in late 2003. This is interpreted as being triggered by a long‐term SSE in the shallower edge of the tremor zone.
Ten‐year climatology of summertime diurnal rainfall rate over the conterminous U.S.
Authors: Matsui Toshihisa , Mocko David , Lee Myong‐In , Tao Wei‐Kuo , Suarez Max J. , Pielke Roger A.
Published: July 2010

Diurnal cycles of summertime rainfall rates are examined over the conterminous United States, using radar‐gauge assimilated hourly rainfall data. As in earlier studies, rainfall diurnal composites show a well‐defined region of rainfall propagation over the Great Plains and an afternoon maximum area over the south and eastern portion of the United States. Using Hovmöller diagrams, zonal phase speeds of diurnal composite rainfall are estimated in three different small domains, and are evaluated with background meteorological conditions. These rainfall propagation speeds are better linked to the convective available potential energy than to the boundary‐layer dryness.
Identification of topological determinants in the N-terminal domain of transcription factor Nrf1 that control its orientation in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Authors: Zhang Yiguo , Hayes John D.
Published: July 2010

Nrf1 [NF-E2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2)-related factor 1] is a CNC (cap'n'collar) bZIP (basic-region leucine zipper) transcription factor that is tethered to ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and nuclear envelope membranes through its N-terminal signal peptide (residues 1–30). Besides the signal peptide, amino acids 31–90 of Nrf1 also negatively regulate the CNC-bZIP factor. In the present study we have tested the hypothesis that amino acids 31–90 of Nrf1, and the overlapping NHB2 (N-terminal homology box 2; residues 82–106), inhibit Nrf1 because they control its topology within membranes. This region contains three amphipathic α-helical regions comprising amino acids 31–50 [called the SAS (signal peptide-associated sequence)], 55–82 [called the CRACs (cholesterol-recognition amino acid consensus sequences)] and 89–106 (part of NHB2). We present experimental data showing that the signal peptide of Nrf1 contains a TM1 (transmembrane 1) region (residues 7–24) that is orientated across the ER membrane in an Ncyt/Clum fashion with its N-terminus facing the cytoplasm and its C-terminus positioned in the lumen of the ER. Once Nrf1 is anchored to the ER membrane through TM1, the remaining portion of the N-terminal domain (NTD, residues 1–124) is transiently translocated into the ER lumen. Thereafter, Nrf1 adopts a topology in which the SAS is inserted into the membrane, the CRACs are probably repartitioned to the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane, and NHB2 may serve as an anchor switch, either lying on the luminal surface of the ER or traversing the membrane with an Ncyt/Clum orientation. Thus Nrf1 can adopt several topologies within membranes that are determined by its NTD.
Evidence for an interaction between Golli and STIM1 in store-operated calcium entry
Authors: Walsh Ciara M. , Doherty Mary K. , Tepikin Alexei V. , Burgoyne Robert D.
Published: July 2010

SOCCs (store-operated Ca2+ channels) are highly selective ion channels that are activated upon release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores to regulate a multitude of diverse cellular functions. It was reported previously that Golli-BG21, a member of the MBP (myelin basic protein) family of proteins, regulates SOCE (store-operated Ca2+ entry) in T-cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, but the underlying mechanism for this regulation is unknown. In the present study we have discovered that Golli can directly interact with the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Ca2+-sensing protein STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1). Golli interacts with the C-terminal domain of STIM1 in both in vitro and in vivo binding assays and this interaction may be modulated by the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Golli also co-localizes with full-length STIM1 and Orai1 complexes in HeLa cells following Ca2+ store depletion. Overexpression of Golli reduces SOCE in HeLa cells, but this inhibition is overcome by overexpressing STIM1. We therefore suggest that Golli binds to STIM1–Orai1 complexes to negatively regulate the activity of SOCCs.
The Impact of Object and Gesture Imitation Training on Language Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ingersoll Brooke , Lalonde Katherine
Published: July 2010

Purpose

Reciprocal imitation training
(RIT) is a naturalistic behavioral intervention that teaches imitation to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within a social–communicative context. RIT has been shown to be effective at teaching spontaneous, generalized object and gesture imitation. In addition, improvements in imitation are associated with increases in verbal imitation and spontaneous language.

Method

This study used a modified multiple-baseline design across 4 children to examine whether adding gesture imitation training improves the overall rate of appropriate language use in children with ASD who have already been participating in object imitation training.

Results

Three of the 4 children showed greater improvements in their use of appropriate language after gesture imitation was begun. Further, the children were more likely to use verbal imitation during gesture imitation training than during object imitation training.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that adding gesture imitation training to object imitation training can lead to greater gains in rate of language use than object imitation alone. Implications for both language development and early intervention are discussed.
Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Child-Directed Speech as Predictors of Communication Outcomes in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Watson Linda R. , Baranek Grace T. , Roberts Jane E. , David Fabian J. , Perryman Twyla Y.
Published: July 2010

Purpose

To determine the extent to which behavioral and physiological responses during child-directed speech (CDS) correlate concurrently and predictively with communication skills in young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Method

Twenty-two boys with ASD (initial mean age: 35 months) participated in a longitudinal study. At entry, behavioral (i.e., percentage looking) and physiological (i.e., vagal activity) measures were collected during the presentation of CDS stimuli. A battery of standardized communication measures was administered at entry and readministered 12 months later.

Results

Percentage looking during CDS was strongly correlated with all entry and follow-up communication scores; vagal activity during CDS was moderately to strongly correlated with entry receptive language, follow-up expressive language, and social-communicative adaptive skills. After controlling for entry communication skills, vagal activity during CDS accounted for significant variance in follow-up communication skills, but percentage looking during CDS did not.

Conclusions

Behavioral and physiological responses to CDS are significantly related to concurrent and later communication skills of children with ASD. Furthermore, higher vagal activity during CDS predicts better communication outcomes 12 months later, after initial communication skills are accounted for. Further research is needed to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying variable responses to CDS among children with ASD.
Dental disease indices and caries‐related microflora in children with glycogen storage disease
Authors: Kidd S. A. , Rademeyer C. , Roberts G. J. , Lee P. J. , Lucas V. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Objective. To establish the levels of dental caries, bacterial dental plaque, gingivitis and caries‐related microflora in children with glycogen storage disease (GSD). Patients with GSD are treated with regular intakes of glucose polymer and uncooked cornstarch to prevent hypoglycaemia. Dental health data are scarce.

Study Group. The study group comprised 21 children with GSD attending the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.

Outcome Measures. These included the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth, and surfaces in both the primary and permanent dentitions, plaque and gingivitis scores. Both plaque and saliva were collected from each child and cultured for Mutans streptococci, Lactobacilli and Candida.

Results. The study group included 13 boys and eight girls, aged from 2·7 to 15·5 years. Four of the 21 children had some caries experience. The mean dmft was 0·5 and the mean DMFT, 0·06. Mean plaque and gingivitis scores were 4·8 and 5·9, respectively, for plaque and gingivitis adjacent to the primary teeth, and 11·6 and 12 for those related to permanent teeth.

Conclusions. Only a small proportion of the children had caries experience but most were found to have plaque associated with both primary and permanent teeth. Preventive care should be targeted to improve plaque control thus minimizing the risk of developing periodontal disease as adults.
Dental treatment, dental fear and behaviour management problems in children with severe enamel hypomineralization of their permanent first molars
Authors: Jälevik B. , Klingberg G. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Objectives. To assess the demand for restorative treatment, dental anxiety and dental behaviour management problems among children with severe hypomineralization of their first molars (MIH).

Design. Case control study.

Sample and methods. Data were compiled from the dental records of 32 9‐year‐old children with severe enamel hypomineralization of their first molars and from 41 controls of the same age group concerning dental health, a number of restorative treatments, use of local anaesthesia and clinical behaviour management problems (BMP). A questionnaire containing specific questions on children’s experiences of dental care and the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule – Dental Subscale (CFSS‐DS), was answered by the parents.

Results. The children in the study group had undergone dental treatment of their first molars nearly 10 times as often as the children in the control group. Repeated treatments of these teeth at brief intervals were common. The dental treatment was often undertaken without the use of local anaesthesia, and BMP, and dental fear and anxiety (DFA) were more common than in the controls.

Conclusions. Children with severe enamel hypomineralization of their first molars had had to undergo a considerable amount of dental treatment. It is reasonable to assume that experiences of pain and discomfort on repeated occasions were related to the occurrence of BMP in patients with MIH. An early treatment planning and prognostication based on increased knowledge of hypomineralized first molars is desirable. Local anaesthesia and other pain‐reducing techniques, e.g. sedation, should be used when treating these teeth. Extraction should be considered in cases of extensive disintegration of the crown, in cases of frequently repeated treatments or when pulpal symptoms are hard to cure.
Noradrenaline‐Induced Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue is Suppressed at Hibernation Temperatures in Ground Squirrels
Authors: Dark J. , Miller D. R. , Lewis D. A. , Fried S. K. , Bunkin D.
Published: July 2010

Responsiveness of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) from hibernating and nonhibernating golden‐mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) to the lipolytic action of the sympathetic neurotransmitter, noradrenaline, was tested in vitro at temperatures characteristic of deep torpor (5 °C) and euthermia (37 °C). Noradrenaline‐stimulated lipolysis, as indicated by WAT glycerol release, of tissue from hibernating ground squirrels was six‐ to ten‐fold greater at 37 °C than at 5 °C. Noradrenaline was ineffective in increasing lipolysis at 5 °C. Noradrenaline‐stimulated lipolysis in BAT was similarly suppressed at 5 °C. Noradrenaline‐stimulated lipolysis was little affected by temperature change below approximately 15 °C but strongly correlated with temperature above approximately 15 °C. Noradrenaline‐induced lipolysis of WAT from nonhibernating and hibernating ground squirrels did not differ at an incubation temperature of 5 °C. We conclude that noradrenaline‐stimulated WAT lipolytic activity is markedly suppressed at the low temperatures characteristic of deep torpor and that there is no ‘hibernation‐specific’ adaptation of WAT to enhance its responsiveness to noradrenaline at low tissue temperatures. Temperature dependence of noradrenaline‐stimulated lipolysis may in part account for the shift from lipid to carbohydrate metabolism during the earliest stage of arousal from deep torpor.
Stimulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by N‐Methyl‐d,l‐Aspartic Acid in the Adult Male Guinea‐Pig: Incomplete Blockade by Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonism
Authors: Gao C.‐Q. , Kaufman J.‐M.
Published: July 2010

Stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by N‐methyl‐d,l‐aspartic acid (NMA), reported for several mammalian species, is generally accepted to be mediated through stimulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release. In view of a previously reported unexpected inhibitory action of NMA on GnRH release from hypothalamic explant of intact male guinea‐pigs, the aim of the present study was to assess the in vivo effects of NMA in the adult male guinea‐pig. In the gonadally intact male, NMA (5 mg/animal) elicited a robust LH secretion, which was blocked by the N‐methyl‐d‐asparte‐receptor antagonist dl‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (AP‐5,12 mg/animal). In the castrated male, NMA elicited only a marginal and inconsistent LH secretion. Cetrorelix (CET), a GnRH receptor antagonist, administered intracardiacally 1 min or 45 min preceding bolus injection of NMA significantly reduced the LH response to NMA in the intact male. Surprisingly, following GnRH receptor blockade with CET, there still was a substantial residual serum LH response to NMA, while CET completely abolished the serum LH response to high dose (1 µg or 10 µg) guinea‐pig GnRH (gpGnRH). These results indicate that NMA stimulates LH secretion in the gonadally intact male guinea‐pig in vivo and that this effect is mediated in part through gpGnRH‐independent mechanisms.
Seasonal Changes in the Inputs to Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Neurones in the Ewe Brain: An Assessment by Conventional Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Pompolo S. , Pereira A. , Kaneko T. , Clarke I. J.
Published: July 2010

The seasonal pattern of breeding in sheep offers an opportunity to examine plasticity of neuronal inputs to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones. We used conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to compare the extent of input to GnRH neurones from various neuropeptide/neurotransmitter systems in ewes during the breeding and anestrous seasons. Using double‐labelling immunohistochemistry, we counted close appositions between GnRH cells and varicosities that were immunoreactive for either glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; for γ‐amino butyric acid‐GABA‐neurones), dopamine β hydroxylase (DBH; for noradrenergic neurones), vesicular glutamate transporter‐1 (VGluT‐1, for glutamatergic neurones), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; for dopaminergic/noradrenergic neurones). The percentage of GnRH cells displaying close appositions to GABA‐ergic varicosities was higher (P < 0.02) in anestrus than in the breeding season. The percentage of GnRH cells receiving input from varicosities that were positive for TH, DBH and VGluT‐1 was similar in both seasons. Approximately 26‐49% of GnRH neurones were seen to receive inputs from NPY, TH, GABAergic or noradrenergic neurones, while a larger number of GnRH cells (72‐75%) received input from glutamatergic neurones. Conventional microscopy consistently overestimated the number of close contacts on GnRH neurones compared to confocal microscopy. For TH‐immunoreactive varicosities in the preoptic area, only 16‐35% were also immunoreactive for DBH, suggesting that the remainder are dopaminergic. Approximately half of the noradrenergic inputs in the preoptic area were also immunoreactive for NPY. In conclusion, we present numerical data on the consensus between light and confocal microscopy and the level of input of various neuronal systems to GnRH cells; the data indicate a seasonal change in the GABAergic input to GnRH neurones.
Reproduction and Resistance to Stress: When and How
Authors: Wingfield J. C. , Sapolsky R. M.
Published: July 2010

Environmental and social stresses have deleterious effects on reproductive function in vertebrates. Global climate change, human disturbance and endocrine disruption from pollutants are increasingly likely to pose additional stresses that could have a major impact on human society. Nonetheless, some populations of vertebrates (from fish to mammals) are able to temporarily resist environmental and social stresses, and breed successfully. A classical trade‐off of reproductive success for potential survival is involved. We define five examples. (i) Aged individuals with minimal future reproductive success that should attempt to breed despite potential acute stressors. (ii) Seasonal breeders when time for actual breeding is so short that acute stress should be resisted in favour of reproductive success. (iii) If both members of a breeding pair provide parental care, then loss of a mate should be compensated for by the remaining individual. (iv) Semelparous species in which there is only one breeding period followed by programmed death. (v) Species where, because of the transience of dominance status in a social group, individuals may only have a short window of opportunity for mating. We suggest four mechanisms underlying resistance of the gonadal axis to stress. (i) Blockade at the central nervous system level, i.e. an individual no longer perceives the perturbation as stressful. (ii) Blockade at the level of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (i.e. failure to increase secretion of glucocorticosteroids). (iii) Blockade at the level of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonad axis (i.e. resistance of the reproductive system to the actions of glucocorticosteroids). (iv) Compensatory stimulation of the gonadal axis to counteract inhibitory glucocorticosteroid actions. Although these mechanisms are likely genetically determined, their expression may depend upon a complex interaction with environmental factors. Future research will provide valuable information on the biology of stress and how organisms cope. Such mechanisms would be particularly insightful as the spectre of global change continues to unfold.
Central Blockade of Oxytocin Receptors During Late Gestation Disrupts Systemic Release of Oxytocin During Suckling In Rats
Authors: Lipschitz D. L. , Crowley W. R. , Bealer S. L.
Published: July 2010

There is evidence that the central oxytocin system is activated and undergoes reorganization before parturition. The present study was designed to determine the effects of central oxytocin receptor blockade during late gestation on parturition, pup growth, and oxytocin release during suckling. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were implanted on gestation day 12–14 with Alzet® osmotic minipumps containing an oxytocin receptor antagonist (d(CH2)5, Tyr (Me)2, Orn8–vasotocin; OT‐X) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (VEH), which was infused into the third cerebral ventricle. Pumps were removed within 24 h of parturition. Daily maternal body weight and food intake were monitored during gestation and lactation. The length of gestation, duration of parturition, pup number, litter weight and interbirth interval were recorded. Subsequently, pup number and litter weights were recorded daily until lactation day 10 or 11, when maternal and pup behaviour, and plasma oxytocin concentration before and during suckling were measured. Central oxytocin blockade had no effect on the timing of parturition, maternal behaviour, litter size, still births, or litter weights at birth. However, beginning on day 3 of lactation, average weights of litters of OT‐X females were significantly lower than litters of VEH‐treated females. Furthermore, while basal plasma oxytocin concentrations, oxytocin increases in response to suckling and dam/pup interactions did not differ between groups, a significant delay in suckling‐induced systemic oxytocin release was observed in OT‐X females. Finally, OT‐X dams weighed less than VEH dams during the postpartum observation period, although food intakes were similar. These data suggest that central actions of oxytocin during late gestation are necessary for the normal timing of systemic release of oxytocin during suckling, normal pup weight gain, and maintenance of maternal body weight.