bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing ductility of non-seismically designed RC wall-frame buildings
Authors: Kuang J. S. , Atanda A. I.
Published: December 2011

Two large-scale, two-storey, reinforced concrete shear wall-frame structures with non-seismic steel detailing and limited seismic detailing were tested under reversed cyclic loading to investigate the seismic behaviour and ductility enhancement of non-seismically designed reinforced concrete wall-frame buildings subjected to low to medium earthquakes. The inherent ductility of an ordinary reinforced concrete wall-frame was experimentally established by testing the wall-frame specimen, where the steel detailing is consistent with that typically adopted for wall-frame buildings in which the design code has not stipulated any requirement for seismic compliance in reinforcement details. An experimental investigation was then performed on the improved wall-frame specimen to investigate the enhancement of ductility capacity following modifications of the steel detailing. The modifications were simple and included the reduction of spacing of stirrups while maintaining the stirrup ratio, the provision of double-U bars at the beam–column joint, the addition of inclined bars within the beam at the support region and the arrangement of inclined distribution bars in the wall. It is concluded that ordinary reinforced concrete wall-frame buildings may not withstand low to moderate seismic events. However, the ductility of wall-frame buildings can effectively be enhanced with minor modifications in reinforcement detailing specifications, which do not result in radical changes to current design practice or in a significant increase in construction cost and difficulty.
Auditory Status and Experiences of Abuse Among College Students
Authors: Porter Judy L. , Williams LaVerne McQuiller
Published: December 2011

Studies that explore experiences of abuse among deaf or hard of hearing college students are sparse and usually focus on lifetime experiences rather than the college years. A random sample of more than 1,000 college students at a campus in Upstate New York provided the data for this study. An institute for the deaf or hard of hearing was one of the colleges at the university and provided a unique opportunity to explore experiences among this demographic. Victimization rates and experiences by auditory status—deaf and hard of hearing or hearing—were examined. Binomial regression analyses were employed and findings indicated a significant association with being deaf or hard of hearing and physical and psychological abuse at the hands of a partner. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Attachment as a Function of the Case Manager–Client Relationship
Authors: Blakely Thomas J. , Chappell Margaret M. , Dziadosz Gregory M.
Published: December 2011

This article reports an exploratory study of the relationship between case manager’s attachment styles and outcomes of client services. The primary purpose of this study was to discover whether a measure of attachment could be used as part of a preemployment screening process for potential case managers. Two attachment measures were completed by a group of randomly selected staff. Each of them was also asked to complete a valid outcomes measure for clients. The scores for the attachment measures and the outcomes measures were correlated. The results supported the hypothesis that these attachment scales could be used effectively as part of preemployment screening.
The EMDR Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents: Brief Report of an Application in a Human Massacre Situation
Authors: Jarero Ignacio , Uribe Susana
Published: December 2011

This ongoing field study was conducted subsequent to the discovery of clandestine graves with 218 bodies recovered in the Mexican state of Durango in April 2011. A preliminary psychometric assessment was conducted with the 60 State Attorney General employees who were working with the corpses to establish a triage criterion and provide baseline measures. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the short posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rating interview were administered, and the 32 individuals whose scores indicated moderate-to-severe posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms were treated with the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents (EMDR-PRECI). Participants were assigned to two groups: immediate treatment (severe scores) and waitlist/delayed treatment (moderate scores). Each individual client session lasted between 90 and 120 minutes. Results showed that one session of EMDR-PRECI produced significant improvement on self-report measures of posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms for both the immediate treatment and waitlist/delayed treatment groups. This study provides preliminary evidence in support of the protocol’s efficacy in a natural setting of a human massacre situation to a group of traumatized adults working under extreme stressors. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the protocol’s efficacy.
Removal of cyanide from acrylonitrile wastewater using gas membrane
Authors: Wu Jinling , Wang Jianlong , Liu Haiyang , He Shijun , Huang Xia
Published: December 2011

Acrylonitrile wastewater is one of the most refractory industrial wastewaters as it contains cyanide at a high concentration. This study introduced a safe, effective and economic strategy, that is, use of the gas membrane to acrylonitrile wastewater treatment. Due to the complicated constituents of acrylonitrile wastewater, cyanide removal rate by gas membrane is very low. In order to enhance HCN removal, the operational conditions were optimized; pre-treatment strategies for fouling mitigation were also proposed and tested for acrylonitrile wastewater. The optimal operational parameters were achieved at an acidified pH of 5.0, wastewater velocity of 0.14 m s−1, NaOH concentration of 10% and a temperature of 40 °C. The major factor affecting HCN removal was the pH of the acidified wastewater. The reason for the low removal rate was further explored and found to be the decrease of HCN transfer coefficient, which was caused by membrane fouling. Furthermore, the predominant foulants have been identified as colloidal organic materials and inorganic salts. Alkalization, which is effective in reducing these materials, has been proven to be most effective in mitigating membrane fouling and improving HCN removal, which was also confirmed by a pilot-scale study. The overall removal rate was therefore significantly enhanced to 87.1%.
Microbial community composition and reactor performance during hydrogen production in a UASB reactor fed with raw cheese whey inoculated with compost
Authors: Castelló E. , Perna V. , Wenzel J. , Borzacconi L. , Etchebehere C.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the microbial community developed in a UASB reactor for hydrogen production and correlated it to reactor performance. The reactor was inoculated with kitchen waste compost and fed with raw cheese whey at two organic loading rates, 20 gCOD/Ld and 30 gCOD/Ld. Hydrogen production was very variable, using an OLR of 30 gCOD/Ld averaged 1.0 LH2/Ld with no methane produced under these conditions. The hydrogen yield was also very variable and far from the theoretical. This low yield could be explained by selection of a mixed fermentative population with presence of hydrogen producing organisms (Clostridium, Ruminococcus and Enterobacter) and other non-hydrogen producing fermenters (Lactobacillus, Dialister and Prevotella). The molecular analysis of the raw cheese whey used for feeding revealed the presence of three predominant organisms that are affiliated with the genera Buttiauxella (a low-yield hydrogen producer) and Streptococcus (a lactic acid-producing fermenter). Although these organisms did not persist in the reactor, the continuous addition of these fermenters could decrease the reactor's hydrogen yield.
Effects of sludge retention time and biosurfactant on the treatment of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in a petrochemical industry wastewater
Authors: Sponza D. T. , Gok O.
Published: December 2011

A laboratory-scale aerobic activated sludge reactor (AASR) system was employed to investigate the effects of sludge retention time (SRT) on the removal of three polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with low benzene rings [(acenaphthene (ACT), fluorene (FLN) and phenanthrene (PHE)] and six PAHs with high benzene rings [(benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP)] in the presence of rhamnolipid (RD), emulsan (EM) and surfactine (SR) biosurfactants. This study showed that biosurfactants enhance the PAH biodegradation by increasing the biomass growth. RD exhibits a better performance than the other biosurfactants in the removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and PAHs. At a RD concentration of 15 mg/L aerobic treatment for 25 days, SRT was enough to remove over 95% of total PAHs, and CODdis. Under the same conditions 75% of COD originating from the inert organics (CODinert) and 96% of COD originating from the inert soluble microbial products (CODimp) were removed. At 25 days SRT and 15 mg/L RD concentration, about 88% of PAHs were biodegraded by the AASR system, 4% were accumulated in the system, 3% were released in the effluent, and 5% remained in the waste sludge.
Degradation characteristics of polylactide in thermophilic anaerobic digestion with hyperthermophilic solubilization condition
Authors: Wang F. , Hidaka T. , Oishi T. , Osumi S. , Tsubota J. , Tsuno H.
Published: December 2011

To test whether hyperthermophilic treatment promotes polylactide (PLA) dissolution and methane conversion under anaerobic digestion conditions, a single thermophilic control reactor (55 °C) and a two-phase system consisting of a hyperthermophilic reactor (80 °C) and a thermophilic reactor (55 °C) were continuously fed with a mixture of PLA and artificial kitchen garbage. In Runs 1 and 2, the PLA dissolution ratios in the two-phase system were 79.2 ± 6.5% and 85.2 ± 7.0%, respectively, higher than those of the control. Batch experimental results indicated that hyperthermophilic treatment could promote PLA dissolution to a greater degree as compared with single thermophilic treatment and that ammonia addition also had a promotional effect on PLA dissolution. In the two-phase system, after hyperthermophilic treatment, dissolved PLA was converted to methane gas under the subsequent thermophilic condition.
The effect of chemical treatment on adsorption of natural gas by multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Sorption equilibria and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Delavar M. , Ghoreyshi A.A. , Jahanshahi M. , Khalili S. , Nabian N.
Published: December 2011

In this study, adsorption of methane as the main constituent of natural gas
was firstly studied on the pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
and then purification and chemical treatments of MWCNTs was performed to
enhance the natural gas adsorption capacity. MWCNTs were chemically treated
using different methods in this research. The results revealed that chemical
treatment of the MWCNTs in presence of H2SO4/HNO3 acidic mixture in 3:1
volume ratio, enhanced considerably natural gas adsorption capacity (an
optimal up to 45 mmol/g) at temperature of 298.15 K and the pressure of 50
bar compared to the pristine MWCNTs (about 27 mmol/g) at the same operating
conditions. This effect can be attributed to the opening of the nanotubes
caps with a major alteration in its structural properties due to chemical
treatment. The experimental data of adsorption were almost equally well
described by Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips equations to determine the model
isotherms. The best fit was obtained by the Sips model isotherm with the
r-squared value near to unity. Furthermore, using the experimental data
obtained in different temperatures the isosteric heat of natural gas
adsorption onto pristine MWCNTs was also calculated in the interested range
of pressures and temperatures using the thermodynamic-based
Clausius-Clapeyron equation from the Sips isotherm model. The results
revealed an energetically heterogeneous surface of MWCNTs in natural gas
adsorption. Also the natural gas adsorption process was kinetically studied
through pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion models which
indicated the intra-particular diffusion is rate limiting step in adsorption
of methane on MWCNTs.
Ability, Career Concerns, and Financial Incentives in a Multi-Task Setting
Authors: Brüggen Alexander
Published: December 2011

In a laboratory experiment, I investigate the role of perceived own ability in a multi-task setting with career concerns under fixed wages and under financial incentives with a higher weight on the task measured with noise. I find that in the absence of career concerns, participants allocate effort evenly between tasks under fixed wages and allocate more effort on the task measured with noise, both irrespective of individual ability levels. However, in presence of career concerns, perceived own ability matters for effort allocation. In particular, career concerns distort effort allocation of agents with high perceived ability, whereas agents with low perceived ability show less distorted effort allocation. In the presence of career concerns, the interaction between financial incentives and perceived ability is always disordinal, which implies that low ability agents exhibit less distorted behavior under any compensation contract. A higher explicit incentives weight on the task measured with greater noise helps to balance effort allocation, but makes all agents worse off due to the strategic behavior of agents. To keep their chances on the labor market high, ability agents increase their effort allocation to the precisely measured task slightly in anticipation of a strong focus on the precisely measured task of low ability agents. These findings are in line with economic predictions and show that perceived own ability moderates the relationship between financial incentives and career concerns on effort allocation.
Capital Rationing and Managerial Retention: The Role of External Capital
Authors: Chen Ying-Ju , Deng Mingcherng
Published: December 2011

In modern businesses, firms face new challenges of managerial retention in a capital budgeting process. We consider a model in which a manager privately observes the capital productivity of a project and has access to multiple outside financing options. We show that if the manager can obtain funding from either internal or external capital (but not both), the firm may exclude highly profitable investment projects but fund those projects that have moderate capital productivity, even when there is no limit on capital allocation. Furthermore, the firm may voluntarily impose capital rationing in order to keep the projects within the firm, even though it has sufficient capital to fund such profitable projects. However, if the firm can utilize both the internal and external capital, highly profitable projects are always retained and the voluntary capital rationing is not optimal. Our analysis identifies testable empirical predictions on the association between capital budgeting and external capital.
Comparaison des structures par âge des pays européens
Authors: Grimmeau Jean-Pierre , Verbeke Véronique
Published: December 2011

Comparison of age structures in Europe.

The paper presents the analysis of the age structures in the european countries, by single year age classes and at the same moment (1st of January 1997), so that the moment effects are registered without time gap or average effect. The results show the effects of the differences in timing of fertilities variation in Eastern, North-Western and Southern-Europe. Furthermore, Germany, Russia, Austria and Italy have in common a strong male war mortality, a pronatalist policy at the end of the thirties, and the weakness of fertility at the end of the second world war and in the following years. The over-representation of males in migration from South to North from the fifties to the seventies and from East to West after WW2 is also emphasized.
Maladies infectieuses : nouveau destin, nouveaux concepts
Authors: Prost André
Published: December 2011

Au cours des 25 dernières années du vingtième siècle, l'apparition de maladies infectieuses nouvelles a remis en cause le postulat de leur disparition avec le progrès technologique et économique. Qu'il s'agisse de maladies jusqu'ici méconnues ou de pathologies réellement nouvelles, aucune région du globe n'est à l'abri de ces émergences qui n'ont pas de déterminisme géographique. Il y a par contre disparité au niveau de la gravité et de l'impact sur les sociétés, disparité aux dépens des plus pauvres. Les observations récentes remettent en cause la notion de transition épidémiologique comme modèle prédictif pour les sociétés en voie de développement; elles montrent également que le poids des maladies qui pèse sur la société est lourdement influencé par le stade de développement socio-économique alors que l'émergence ou la ré-émergence des mêmes pathologies est en soi un phénomène ubiquiste et non discriminant.
Une maladie émergente exemplaire : l'infection à VIH/Sida. Les faits africains
Authors: Amat-Roze Jeanne-Marie
Published: December 2011

A Topic emerging Disease: the HIV/aids Infection. The African Facts.

The HIV virus spreads less than a decade all over the world. It killed more than 16 million persons and threatens others 34 million. Its geography shows strong contrasts. More than 90 % of infected persons live in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is bearing the heaviest burden. The virus found there the best net of occurrences. Helped by underdevelopment, the aids throws down the development. HIV infection greatly upsets societies of eastern and southern countries of Africa, the most affected.
Hépatite C : émergence d'une maladie ou progrès scientifiques?
Authors: Josset Valérie , Merle Véronique , Czernichow Pierre
Published: December 2011

La transmission du virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) identifié en 1989 se fait essentiellement par les produits sanguins lors de transfusions, d'injections de drogues ou encore de soins médicaux invasifs. Le dépistage des produits sanguins contaminés, l'information des toxicomanes et le progrès des méthodes d'asepsie des soins ont permis de réduire fortement le risque de ces transmissions. La transmission sexuelle et de la mère à l'enfant sont rares. Chez un malade sur quatre la cause de la contamination est inconnue. La contamination par le VHC donne lieu à une hépatite aiguë qui évolue dans plus d'un cas sur deux vers une hépatite chronique de façon le plus souvent asymptomatique. Une fois sur cinq l'hépatite chronique se complique par une cirrhose, avec un risque ultérieur de cancer du foie. Actuellement le meilleur traitement est l'association interfé- ron-ribavirine. La prévalence de l'infection par le VHC varie en France de 1 % dans la population générale, 5,5% chez les personnes ayant des antécédents de transfusion et 60% chez les toxicomanes. On estime que 10% seulement des personnes contaminées sont connus. En France, la fréquence de l'infection par le VHC et du recours aux soins pour les sujets infectés varie du simple au double d'une région à l'autre, du fait de fréquences différentes des groupes à risque (toxicomanes), pas d'un meilleur diagnostic de l'infection ou d'une prise en charge différente des malades. Dans le monde, la prévalence de l'infection par le VHC est en moyenne de 2%, mais elle est supérieure à 10% en Afrique. Une proportion plus importante de toxicomanes ou des contaminations plus fréquentes par les produits sanguins ou le matériel médico-chirurgical pourraient intervenir. L'infection par le VHC devrait poser dans l'avenir des problèmes importants aux systèmes de santé des pays industrialisés et sous-développés.
Le Sida est-il une priorité de santé publique en Indonésie ?
Authors: Husson Laurence
Published: December 2011

L'Onusida estime que près de 6,5 millions de personnes sont contaminées par le VIH en Asie. La maladie ne cesse de se propager parmi des groupes aussi divers que les «sex workers», les toxicomanes par injection, mais aussi, et surtout, la population générale. Au sein de l'Asie, l'Indonésie semble relativement peu touchée, mais partage un certain nombre de points communs avec les autres pays de la région, ce qui laisse craindre une rapide propagation du virus. Les facteurs de risque, les lacunes du système sanitaire ainsi que la répartition spatiale de l'épidémie seront exposés dans cet article. Le commentaire détaillé des statistiques officielles permettra ensuite de présenter les contraintes humaines et physiques qui ont fait obstacle à une réelle prise en charge de la maladie. Enfin, en guise de conclusion, nous replacerons l'Indonésie, et sa situation face à l'épidémie, dans le contexte régional et asiatique.
The Hiv/Aids Epidemic in Cambodia: the Contribution of the Health Sector
Authors: Godwin Peter , Wantha Sengh Suth , Vun Mean Chhi
Published: December 2011

Under the economic boom conditions following the Paris Accords of 1991 and the return to peace in Cambodia, a series of high risk situations for HIV transmission were formed, based on an extensive commercial sex industry, in which HIV prevalence levels quickly rose. HIV has since spread widely in the country and it now has presently the highest HIV prevalence in Asia, estimated to be between 3 and 4% of young adults - over 160,000 people infected. Two main approaches are reflected in the Government Strategic Plan : directly targeted interventions in high risk situations to reduce the risk of transmission; and IEC and life skills prevention to reduce the likelihood of transmission. In the future, the response will have to expand to address the long term effects of the epidemic : caring for large numbers of people ill as a result of HIV infection; dealing with the hardship and poverty created by the increase in young adult morbidity and mortality; and with the special needs arising from affected households.
Le vieillissement démographique. Anti-hasard et défaut de prospective
Authors: Parant Alain
Published: December 2011

Le vieillissement démographique, défini comme l'augmentation dans le temps de la proportion de personnes âgées, est un phénomène qui n'emprunte rien au hasard. En France, jusqu'au milieu du XXème siècle, il a principalement résulté de la baisse de la fécondité, mais l'allongement du calendrier de la mortalité a récemment pris le relais, l'immigration nette continuant, quant à elle, d'exercer un effet globalement rajeunissant.

En raison d'un baby boom d'après-guerre particulièrement marqué et durable, le vieillissement de la population française devrait enregistrer une très rapide progression au cours du prochain demi-siècle. Les perspectives démographiques élaborées, çà ou là, pour la France n'entretiennent aucun doute en la matière, bien que toutes confinent à de stricts exercices de démographie in vitro et que leur intérêt pour l'action soit, par là même, très limité.

Le fait est d'autant plus dommageable que prédomine en France - plus qu'ailleurs - une tendance bien installée et clairement établie à fragmenter à l'excès la réflexion anticipative. Avec pour conséquence une très fâcheuse impréparation à son vieillissement d'une société qui affiche pourtant de longue date une très ambitieuse et clairvoyante doctrine en la matière.
Le vieillissement en Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Schoumaker Bruno
Published: December 2011

Ageing in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This article is a brief synthesis of past and next ageing trends in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nowadays, elderly people are only a small part of the population and the ageing tendency to growth is very light in Africa. There is, however, a real heterogeneousness among countries, living environments, and between genders. Moreover, growth of elderly people numbers is fast, and the needs of this population will increase. Family changes, urbanisation and AIDS are some factors in position to make elderly more vulnerable in the future.
Social and Spatial Differentials in Age-Structural Transitions. Implications for Policies on Ageing
Authors: Lepina Marie-Claire , Pool Ian
Published: December 2011

Taking New Zealand as case-study, this paper shows that "ageing" involves far more than a simple shift from higher proportions of the total population at younger ages to the growth of concentrations at older ages. Yet, this is the model that often forms the base for policy-making. Instead, trajectories towards ageing (age-structural transitions) vary between national populations, and between regions within countries. Moreover, ageing per se will often be proceeded by "population waves" (large birth cohorts) and then troughs (small cohorts), a process termed "disordered cohort flows". All these factors pose significant problems for policy-making, but clearly the traditional policy model must be refined so that it is more sensitive to these different trajectories.
L'Espagne face à son vieillissement
Authors: Zamora López Francisco
Published: December 2011

La population espagnole a connu de profondes mutations au cours du XXème siècle. Le processus de vieillissement démographique s'est intensifié dans toutes les régions espagnoles et il en ira encore ainsi au cours des prochaines décennies, sans que des solutions paraissent en mesure de le réduire.
Cause-Specific Late-Age Mortality Rates as Indicators for Public Health Priorities
Authors: Warnes Anthony M.
Published: December 2011

Les taux de mortalité par causes spécifiques aux grands âges : des indicateurs de priorité pour la santé publique.

L'article présente les taux moyens pondérés de mortalité par âge, sexe et cause de décès de la population âgée de 20 pays européens en 1960, 1970, 1980 et 1990, notamment les taux des 60-64, 70-74 et 80-84 ans. Pour toutes causes confondues, ces taux ont chuté d'environ 20 % pour les hommes et 25 % pour les femmes. Pour les groupes les plus âgés, l'évolution a été très rapide, mais elle a été beaucoup plus lente pour les 60-64 ans. Le recul a surtout été manifeste pour les décès attribués aux "autres causes" et aux maladies cardiovasculaires. La mortalité par cancer, par contre, n'a diminué que pour les femmes. C'est en Suisse qu'on a observé le maximum de progrès, mais ceux-ci ont également été importants en France, Autriche et Finlande. À l'opposé la Hongrie, la Pologne, la Tchécoslovaquie et la Bulgarie ont les taux de mortalité les plus élevés et en augmentation pour le sexe masculin. Les taux féminins ont lentement diminué pendant la décennie 80 au Danemark, aux Pays-Bas et en Norvège. Leur évolution indique que la mortalité par attaques a décliné de manière relative et absolue, que la mortalité par troubles cardiovasculaires a commencé récemment à régresser. La mortalité par cancers a par contre nettement augmenté. La comparaison avec la Suisse montre que la mortalité des personnes très âgées peut encore se modifier profondément dans la plupart des pays européens. Les taux relatifs de mortalité pourraient être davantage utilisés dans la définition des priorités de santé publique.
Des évolutions démographiques rurales contrastées liées à la proximité et aux dynamiques urbaines : le cas de la France
Authors: Bessy-Pietri Pascale , Hilal Mohamed , Schmitt Bertrand
Published: December 2011

Rural Population Changes related to the urban Dynamics and to the Distance to urban Areas: the Case of France.

This paper examines the recent demographic change in French rural areas from the results of the new population census (1999). Its aim is to measure the role of urban dynamics on rural population changes. The first part emphasises three main features: the end of rural exodus with a large number of French communes where the population increases; the change differentiation according to various rural categories; the strong geographical inequalities due to the urban proximity and to the population dynamics in the closer urban area. The second part offers an econometric approach aiming a hierarchy of the determinants of commune population changes. Furthermore we are taking into account the processes of local diffusion. The results confirm the roles of the proximity and of the urban dynamics on the rural population changes. But, we also highlight their attenuation as soon as the local diffusion phenomena are integrated: those seems to relay the impulses given from the urban population change to the rural demographic growth. On the other hand, if the role of the urban frame is controlled, the regional differentiation of rural population changes seems to be lower.
Nouveaux arrivants et territoires ruraux fragiles : quelques exemples dans le Massif central
Authors: Mamdy Jean-François , Roussel Véronique
Published: December 2011

New Comers and less favoured Areas : some Samples in the Massif central.

After decades of rural drift, rural spaces today are going through a new demographic dynamism, even all the rural spaces are not concerned by this trend. An important part of the Massif central goes on losing inhabitants because of a natural persisting deficit and the continuous emigration of the young people under twenty five. Here and there, however, the arrival of a new population can be observed. Given the stake that they represent for the future of far-from great cities rural areas, it seems relevant to make a survey to know better the population of new comers and to define the strategies of the areas in front of the new populations' arrival. From the work done on six rural areas in the Auvergne and the Limousin, the article presents these new population's characteristics and their itinerary and tries to interpret the differences in attractiveness among these areas.
Les citadins au village
Authors: Kayser Bernard
Published: December 2011

City Dwellers in Villages.

The migratory flows, engendering demographic growth, is the key to rural renewal. The majority of rural counties register more settlements than moves. Young couples leave the city to settle permanently in close by villages, keeping their jobs. They buy or build a house, organising their familial and personal life first. They are the more numerous but by no means alone in provoking the change of village society. With them, well-to-do retired people as well as a fringe of population in precarious situation have converted the rural areas to urbanity.
Retour d'actifs émigrés en Trégor morlaisien rural
Authors: Cohen Jeanine
Published: December 2011

Principale modalité du développement actuel de l'espace rural en France, la périurbanisation n'est pas toujours due à l'impulsion urbaine. Au contraire, elle résulte dans certains cas de l'attraction exercée sur une longue période par l'espace rural sur des personnes ayant auparavant émigré temporairement pour aller travailler ailleurs. C'est ainsi que dans une petite région rurale fortement quittée par ses jeunes actifs durant la première moitié du XXème siècle, le Petit Trégor finistérien (Est morlaisien), une vague tout aussi longue de retours de retraités a enclenché la relance et la modernisation locales, qui permettent aujourd'hui l'attraction ou l'accueil d'actifs en cours de carrière. Cet article montre comment se sont articulés ces deux types de retours. Bien que ce dynamisme bénéficie avant tout aux plus grandes communes rurales et tende à les tirer vers des formes d'assimilation urbaine, la rehiérarchisation spatiale qu'il engendre continue à témoigner de l'attraction actuelle de la ruralité.
Des "travailleurs étrangers" aux "citoyens européens". Mobilité et migrations dans les bassins industriels en Europe aux 19ème-20ème siècles
Authors: Leboutte René
Published: December 2011

From "Guest workers" to "European citizens". Mobility and migration in industrial areas in Europe, 19-20th centuries.

"Guest workers" constituted the bulk of labour migration in the past. Their flows were regulated by industry — mainly coal mines - asking for temporary workers. Therefore, it was considered that labour migrants did not affect the regional demographic and socio-economic patterns. However, the historical analysis of the industrial areas in Europe contradicts such a simplistic view. Immigrants in the industrial basins constituted a permanent component of the regional population. Moreover, they contributed to globalisation of the labour market. A long process of intermingling people has given birth to new local communities in industrial areas, different both from urban or rural communities. Increasing demand for labour migrants after the Second World War strengthened the multiethnic composition of industrial areas. When the process of industrial decline began in the late 1950s, the international nature of these local communities appeared. Case studies performed under the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community revealed the social complexity of industrial basins. From the beginning, the ECSC set up a new social policy in the framework of redeployment policies to maintain the former immigrants. They were then considered as a dynamic component of local demographic growth. Industrial areas therefore stimulated a policy of free movement of labour, a common market of labour. From the 1970s onwards free movement of labour has been a key issue in the process of European integration. Such a process is deeply rooted into the history of industrial areas.
Une approche intégrée du vieillissement dans deux villes sidérurgiques : Denain (Nord - Pas-de-Calais) et Seraing (Province de Liège)
Authors: Thomsin Laurence , Houillon Vincent , Capron Catherine , Neven Muriel
Published: December 2011

An integrated Approach to Ageing in two Iron and Steel Metallurgy Cities : Denain (Nord Pas-de-Calais) and Seraing (Province of Liege).

In this article we explore the consequences of ageing in two localities located in heavy industry basins from a demographic point of view as well as from the angle of labour. Although Denain and Seraing were built according to comparable development logic in the 19th century, today they respond to unequal forms of recomposition of the economic fabric. They constitute privileged observatories for a comparative analysis of a supra-ageing of the population focusing on : a particularity resulting from the historical perspective of the supra-baby boom, a labour market that is artificially "young", due to early retirement; the response to social management of the structural crisis. Rather than a comparison of situations, we propose a line of reflection, exploring the very notion of ageing, which includes processes that are sometimes quite dynamic and the abilities of these two industrial cities to revive themselves on the basis of population structure with nuanced demographie behaviours, capable of themselves interacting on the evolution of the profile of

the remaining active population.
Français à l'étranger : des itinéraires de plus en plus complexes, concentrés dans les pays développés ou à "forts potentiels"
Authors: Verquin Béatrice
Published: December 2011

L'hypermobilité est un signe de réussite professionnelle ; elle prouve que le cadre sait faire reconnaître, dans les pays où il séjourne, ses compétences, son savoir ou savoir-faire. Le choix des pays de résidence des Français domiciliés à l'étranger n'est pas indifférent à la géographie des espaces mondiaux et la mobilité internationale des cadres est fortement conditionnée par les aléas politiques et économiques. Ce mode de vie, qui consiste à déménager régulièrement d'un pays à un autre, souligne qu'une plus-value est attendue de chaque nouvelle mission acceptée. D'où des stratégies qui supposent des choix judicieux dans des affectations spatiales qui n'ouvrent pas toutes les mêmes opportunités de carrière. La nouvelle répartition spatiale des Français établis à l'étranger, essentiellement concentrée dans l'hémisphère Nord (75% répartis entre l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord), illustre, à elle seule, leur représentation mentale du monde ainsi que leur valeur professionnelle.
Determinants of migration in the province of Jaén, Andalusia
Authors: Egea Jimenez Carmen , Rodriguez Rodriguez Vicente
Published: December 2011

Caractéristiques et facteurs déterminants des migrations et mouvements de retour en Andalousie. Le cas de la province de Jaén.

Les mouvements migratoires sont un thème d'étude récurent en géographie de la population. En Espagne les principaux centres d'intérêt sont l'émigration qui a suivi la guerre civile et les mouvements récents d'immigration. Les mouvements de retour ont toujours été considérés comme moins importants, même s'ils sont une partie intégrante de l'étude de l'émigration.

On a souvent utilisé des modèles macroéconomiques pour expliquer le phénomène migratoire sur le plan théorique, tandis qu'on utilisait des méthodes quantitatives sur le plan méthodologique. Ces deux approches ont négligé les migrants eux- mêmes et les circonstances ayant entraîné la décision d'émigrer ou de rentrer. Pour y remédier il est nécessaire de combiner macro- et micro-approches. La méthode préconisée dans cet article est d'utiliser des techniques qualitatives pour vérifier les trajectoires individuelles des migrants, comme les interviews en profondeur, utilisées dans ici pour reconstituer les trajectoires des émigrés retraités de la province de Jaén, en mettant plus particulièrement l'accent sur les motivations d'émigration et de retour ou de non-retour.
Démogéographie et données statistiques
Authors: Rhein Catherine
Published: December 2011

Demogeography and Statistical Data.

In France, access to data produced through public agencies underwent deep changes over the last few years. We briefly drawn the legal framework (law Computing and liberty ; law on the statistical secret) and the institutions whose functions are data production and diffusion (INSEE), control and regulation (CNIL, CNIG and CNIS), debate (SFdS). Researchers in economics and social sciences took an active part to the remodeling of this legal framework, resulting in the creation of the Quételet center ; the LASMAS, a CNRS financed research center and the Quételet center are both devoted to data diffusion. The INSEE and the CNIL are asking for a better cooperation and coordination among geographers.
Vers de nouveaux outils d'analyse géographique combinant SIG, interactivité et possibilités multimédia
Authors: de Golbéry Luc , Chavinier E. , Dorian P. , Chappuis A. , Crédeville A. , Rault A. J-C. , Franchiti J.
Published: December 2011

L'évolution des technologies de l'information et de la communication modifie-t-elle les capacités d'investigation de la recherche géographique ? L'interactivité massive transforme profondément les anciens outils (images multi-dimensionnelles, cartographie, analyses multivariées, tableurs, animation) surtout lorsqu'ils sont intégrés dans un SIG. Ils offrent des moyens d'analyse rapides et d'une efficacité très supérieure à celle de la somme des mêmes outils utilisés séparément. Une plate-forme logicielle prototype a été testée à l'occasion d'une coopération avec le Ministère du développement rural d'un État de l'Inde centrale, l'Andhra Pradesh. Objectifs : 1) tenter de diagnostiquer les distorsions locales de développement à l'échelle villageoise à partir de la seule source d'information disponible partout dans le pays et sur une profondeur historique suffisante : les recensements de population. 2) Développer, à partir de cette expérience et de travaux complémentaires de terrain, des outils et des méthodes capables d'améliorer la formulation, la réalisation et le suivi des micro-programmes de développement destinés aux régions et aux minorités les plus défavorisées.

Les outils d'analyse, utilisés simultanément et interactivement, permettent des visions complémentaires de la même information, des réitérations en temps réel avec vérification immédiate de la validité quantitative ou spatiale des hypothèses et des phénomènes découverts. La "spectrographie fine" ainsi opérée autorise des typologies hiérarchisées dépassant si nécessaire la centaine de types et sous-types. Clairement articulés entre eux grâce aux présentations cartographiques et graphiques, les résultats peuvent être quantifiés, synthétisés et communiqués en quelques heures.
La sous-activité féminine d'une région de tradition industrielle. Le cas de la région Nord - Pas-de-Calais (France)
Authors: Houillon Vincent
Published: December 2011

Female Underactivity in a Traditionally Industrial Region. The Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region (France) Case.

The progress of women's activity is a general trend that has been observed in all French regions for several decades. The Nord - Pas-de-Calais took part in this change but women's underactivity remains important, which cannot be explained either by its present job structure or the standard of education of its youth. With the data of the 1999 population census and the particular support of the logistic regression method, this article analyses the role of the different factors potentially favouring the maintaining of this singularity. The conclusion shows that the socio-cultural mutation of the de-industrialisation of this region has not yet been achieved.
Femmes, pouvoir local et politiques municipales à Québec
Authors: Villeneuve Paul , Frohn Winnie , Trudelle Catherine
Published: December 2011

La participation des femmes à la sphère politique n'a pas progressé aussi rapidement que leur participation à la main-d'œuvre. Or, cette dernière fait naître de nouveaux besoins sociaux, souvent très pressants, qui interpellent les pouvoirs publics, tout particulièrement les municipalités. Celles-ci répondent-elles à ces nouveaux besoins et la participation politique des femmes influence-t-elle les réponses municipales? Nous abordons ces questions à l'aide d'une analyse de données inédites portant sur les municipalités de l'agglomération urbaine de Québec. Notre analyse permet d'identifier des orientations politiques à portée familiale et d'autres à portée plus féministe. Elle permet aussi d'évaluer l'impact des facteurs susceptibles de sous-tendre les orientations politiques des municipalités en matière de réponse aux nouveaux besoins sociaux. Parmi ces facteurs, il faut compter la taille et la différenciation interne des localités, le niveau de scolarité des femmes, leur participation aux débats urbains et leur accès aux postes électifs.
Entre sacralité et impureté, l'ambivalence de la maternité en Inde
Authors: Chasles Virginie
Published: December 2011

Between Sacredity and Pollution, the Ambivalence of Maternity in India.

One of the realities of India is its sex ratio widely in discredit for women. The reasons of this situation are numerous but all concern a central topic, the weak status of woman in this sub-continent. The materiality of this poor position occurs largely during the reproductive life of women and particularly at the time of maternity. The latter does not constitute a simple function, essentially female, but rather a major component of the identity of any woman and we can easily speak of "having" which rests on her. By fertility, woman ensures at the same time the perpetuation of her community and her safety. However, glory is for males, woman is seen only as a receptacle, man only holds the procreative power. Nothing astonishing consequently to note that pregnant woman belongs to the pollution sphere, and particularly at the time of childbirth and postpartum period. From this situation, supplied with many paradoxes, oscillating between secular and sacred, results a differential recourse to care by women, according to they have a personal need of health or, on the contrary, which includes the community, as it's the case with pregnancy. This study, led at the same time to a global and local scale, aims to clarify and explain the ambivalence which strikes maternity in Indian context.
De la métropolisation et de la glocalisation : l'impact des discours des chercheurs américains
Authors: Ghorra-Gobin Cynthia
Published: December 2011

About Metropolization and Glocalization: Discourse of American Researchers and its Impact.

The globalization of the economy leads to major changes bringing about urban sprawl and a work market on the scale of the urban region. American researchers see a correlation between local and global and talk about the emergence of a spatial order they call glocalization. They use metaphors such as spatial mismatch and reverse commuting to designate the distance between the localization of jobs and the innercity neighborhoods while the metaphor metropolitics deals with the issue of the invention of a politics at the urban region scale. The analysis of these metaphors as well as the implementation of welfare reform stresses researchers' contribution to a political discussion of spatial transformations.
Spatial Integration of Chinese and Asians in Metropolitan Chicago
Authors: Wang Linda Q.
Published: December 2011

L'intégration spatiale des Chinois et des Asiatiques dans l'aire métropolitaine de Chicago.

En raison du climat de rejet et de discrimination socio-politique des États-Unis, mais aussi de traditions culturelles transplantées, les Chinois de Chicago montrent, avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une remarquable concentration spatiale de leurs activités doublée d'une grande dispersion résidentielle. Cette dispersion ne peut cependant masquer leur étroite association avec la Chinatown de Chicago.

Un demi-siècle plus tard, la population d'origine asiatique de Chicago, dont les Chinois représentent une large part, est arrivée à un niveau substantielle d'intégration spatiale. Par rapport aux noirs et aux hispaniques, les Asiatiques en général et les Chinois en particulier montrent des niveaux élevés d'intégration résidentielle et de réussite scolaire et professionnelle. On peut en chercher les raisons dans les modifications de la composition de la population chinoise et dans un climat bien amélioré d'accueil aux immigrants
Tourisme et dynamiques démographiques : des relations multiples, denses et mal connues
Authors: Decroly Jean-Michel
Published: December 2011

Tourism and Demographic Processes : Multiple, Dense and Badly Known Relationships.

Tourist development reflects on the demographic processes of the host places. It brings about the creation of new sanitary facilities, favours the diffusion of new behaviours regarding health and reproduction, while polarizing the migratory flows. Yet those demographic effects of tourism often quoted in the literature are seldom studied in depth. In the same way, the influence of the demographic processes on tourism is rarely dealt with in the scientific literature. To introduce the present issue of Espace Populations Sociétés, this article presents the different facets of the relationships between tourism and demographic processes within the sender and receiver spaces, and illustrates them through some examples from the literature.
Tourisme et démographie à l'échelle locale en Belgique
Authors: Grimmeau Jean-Pierre , Marissal Pierre , Van Hamme Gilles
Published: December 2011

Influence of Tourism on Demography in the Belgian Communes.

This article examines different aspects of the demography of Belgium's tourist communes, with a special consideration for those which most attract retirement migrations, corresponding to the coast and the Ardennes valleys. The migratory profiles per age are analysed, as well as the migrants' origin and destination and the hypothesis of the extent of return migrations is tested. Long-term demographic change, age structures, sex ratio and civil status structures are also considered.