bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electro‐Thermal Response of Thin Film Heaters Based on Embedded Periodic Metallic Mesh
Authors: Charaklias Dimitrios , Qiang Dayuan , Dorey Robert , Mohagheghian Iman
Published: February 2025

Here, the electro‐thermal response of thin film heaters is investigated for a wide range of periodic metallic mesh topologies. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate the effect of topology, in particular node connectivity, on the response of these networks. The study first defines the design space by deriving analytical expressions for geometrical dependencies and permissible parameters for each geometry Closed‐formed analytical expressions are developed subsequently to calculate the network resistance considering junction area compensation. Finally, transient coupled electro‐thermal finite element modelling (FEM) is performed across multiple topologies using automated geometry generation, meshing, analysis, and post‐processing. The analytical expressions, incorporating junction area compensation, can quickly and accurately predict the resistance of the networks. Network topology significantly impacts the resistance, demonstrating variations of up to three times over the range investigated, when compared on the same fill factor basis. Higher resistance results in a faster response time when the current density is fixed. For the same power input, however, the response time is much more similar, though spatial temperature variation remain significant. These findings provide valuable insights for designing faster, more energy‐efficient thin film heaters applicable to electronic displays, wearable technologies, energy systems, optics, photonics, and multifunctional devices.
Stochastic Photoresponse‐Driven Perovskite TRNGs for Secure Encryption Systems
Authors: Ahn Dante , Lee Minz , Kim Woochul , Lee Yeon Kyung , Lee Jun Young , Jung Gun Young , Choi Hangyeol , Yoon Yohan , Song Hyun Seok , Lee Heon , Seo Minah , Min Jungwook , Pak Yusin
Published: February 2025

True random numbers are essential for ensuring information security and supporting simulations across various industries. With the exponential growth of data driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, robust encryption for communications has become increasingly important. While software‐based deterministic random number algorithms are cost‐effective and easy to use, they are vulnerable to attacks by powerful supercomputers, highlighting the need for more secure alternatives. As portable electronic devices and information‐gathering sensors proliferate, portable true random number generators (TRNGs) are critical for maintaining security. In this work, hybrid material‐based photodetectors composed of anionic polymers and perovskites that maximize stochastic photogeneration for TRNG applications are presented. By integrating perovskite photodetectors with simple electronic circuits, compact, low‐power TRNG devices have been developed that are versatile and resilient to environmental factors. These devices generate 10 000 bits s−1 without resets or delays, achieving significant miniaturization. The generated 10 Mbit random number is validated through US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) testing. Using a 480 000‐bit random sequence, perfect image encryption, ensuring protection against hacking are demonstrated. Additionally, the perovskite TRNG can operate under external light even when embedded in pork skin, realizing its potential as an implantable device for personal security and authentication.
Optical Properties Control of Hollow Core Microstructured Optical Fibers by Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled Quantum Dots and Annealing
Authors: Vorobev Viktor , Goryacheva Olga , Skibina Julia , Kozyrev Anton , Smirnov Alexander , Lagoudakis Pavlos , Gorin Dmitry
Published: February 2025

Hollow core microstructured optical fibers (HC‐MOFs) have attracted considerable attention in photonics, particularly for their potential in sensing applications in biology and medicine. This work presents a novel approach to modifying HC‐MOF inner walls using quantum dots (QDs) and HC‐MOF facets via hybrid membranes. These modifications are achieved through layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly, resulting in a reduced light transmission and a spectral red shift. Subsequent annealing restores transmission and induces a spectral blue shift. A similar effect is observed under low‐pressure annealing when a mirror is installed on the facet of the modified fibers. An optimal method is demonstrated for these modifications and their impact is analyzed on HC‐MOF transmission spectra and QDs photoluminescence. These findings highlight the practical approach to these modifications, paving the way for advanced HC‐MOF‐based sensors and multimodal probes in biomedical applications.
An investigation into substitution‐kinetics, biomolecular responses and multimodal anticancer potential of a dihalide Pd(II) complex
Authors: Mondal Tapan Kumar , Mandal Subrata , Jana Pulak , Naskar Rahul , Halder Arpan , Bera Biswajit , Chattopadhyay Krishnananda
Published: February 2025

This study addresses a novel palladium dihalide complex, cis‐[Pd(PCAH)Cl2] (C1), as a promising anticancer agent. XRD analysis reveals a deformed square planar geometry stabilized by hydrogen bonds and π•••π interactions. The M‐Cl bonds in C1 demonstrate susceptibility to nucleophilic substitution by 2,2'‐bipyridine (Bpy), with kinetic parameters evaluated using spectrophotometry. Fluorometric and spectrophotometric investigations demonstrate that C1 binds to CT DNA and protein with an avidity of around 105 M−1. The interaction with DNA is multifaceted, employing covalent bonding and intercalation, as supported by viscosity measurements. Fluorescence lifetime experiments illustrate that C1 produces static dampening of BSA fluorescence, implying structural adjustments near the tryptophan residue, further corroborated by spectroscopic analyses. The pair's (BSA and C1) FRET distance has also been computed. In vitro cytotoxicity tests suggest that C1 selectively suppresses the growth of breast carcinoma, MDA‐MB‐231 with IC50 = 20 ± 2.64 μM, while showing minimal effects on non‐cancerous HEK‐293 cells. The mechanism of action includes the creation of ROS, leading to mitochondrial apoptosis, as evidenced by various assays, including annexin‐V‐FITC/PI labeling. Overall, compound C1 exhibits encouraging promise as a selective anticancer drug with a ROS‐triggered apoptotic mechanism, particularly effective against breast carcinoma MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
Anti‐Alzheimer, Antiglaucoma, and Antidiabetic Activities of Sainfoin (Onobrychis buhseana Boiss.)
Authors: AYDIN TUBA , Jafarova Shahla , Isayev Javanshir , Saglamtas Ruya , Ozgokce Fevzi , Kazaz Cavit , Cakir Ahmet
Published: February 2025

Onobrychis Adans. species, known as ‘sainfoin,’ are commercially valuable plants cultivated to produce high‐protein animal feed. In this study, the ethanol extract of Onobrychis buhseana Boiss., which is widely distributed in Azerbaijan, was subjected to silica gel column and thin‐layer chromatography for the first time, leading to the isolation of a new natural hydroquinone oligomer, named buhseanol (1), along with two known compounds, β‐arbutin (2) and a inositol derivative (3). The chemical structure of buhseanol (1) was characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, APT NMR, and LC‐MS/MS. Buhseanol (1), β‐arbutin (2), and the ethanol extract were evaluated for their anti‐Alzheimer's, anti‐glaucoma, and anti‐diabetic effects, with both the extract and buhseanol (1) potentially showing these activities. The inositol derivative (3) did not exhibit any of these activities.
Prevalence of Unilateral, Asymmetric, and Bilateral Tinnitus in Military Personnel and Its Impact on Disability
Authors: Andren Kristofer G. , Marinelli John P. , Spear Samuel A. , Thapa Samrita , Thielman Emily J. , Erbele Isaac D. , Reavis Kelly M.
Published: February 2025

Objective

This study aims to describe the prevalence of unilateral, asymmetric, and bilateral tinnitus by severity of tinnitus across hearing sensitivity within the Noise Outcomes In Service members Epidemiology (NOISE) Study cohort.

Study Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Multi‐institutional tertiary referral centers.

Methods

Behavioral audiometric testing, tinnitus history, and tinnitus severity were described cross‐sectionally. Tinnitus severity was assessed by the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI). The WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 was used to capture functional deficits.

Results

Tinnitus prevalence within the NOISE cohort was 46% (644/1387). Among those with tinnitus, the mean age was 36.1 years (standard deviation = 9.7), and 86% (553/644) were male, reflecting the predominantly male composition of the overall study population. The majority (85%) had normal hearing, and the remaining (15%) had mild‐to‐moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Bilateral tinnitus was the most prevalent (54%), followed by asymmetric (35%) and unilateral (11%). Severe tinnitus was reported in 24%, moderate in 38%, and no/mild in 38%. Compared to those with normal hearing, subjects with mild‐to‐moderate hearing loss had a higher prevalence of tinnitus (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6‐3.7), higher TFI scores (mean difference = 14.1, 95% CI: 9.4‐18.7), and a higher proportion reporting severe versus mild tinnitus (OR = 3.7, 95% CI: 2.0‐6.9). In individuals with mild‐to‐moderate hearing loss, the highest TFI and WHODAS scores were associated with bilateral tinnitus (49.0 and 28.2, respectively).

Conclusion

Tinnitus is prevalent in people with military service history, both in those with and without sensorineural hearing loss. However, tinnitus had a greater impact on daily functioning among those with sensorineural hearing loss.
Fabrication and analysis of Fe3O4/ZnO/epoxy composites via stereolithography: Structural and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Güler Saadet , Özler Berk
Published: February 2025

Additive manufacturing (AM) creates three‐dimensional (3D) objects by adding material layer by layer, enabling faster prototyping, reduced waste, and complex geometries compared to traditional methods. Among AM technologies, stereolithography (SLA) stands out for producing precise, smooth structures by curing ultraviolet‐sensitive (UV‐sensitive) thermoset resin. SLA is widely used in fields like medicine, dentistry, and jewelry, especially when enhanced with nano‐ or microparticles for composite materials. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is valued for its photocatalytic ability to oxidize organic pollutants under UV light, making it useful in photovoltaic panels, coatings, and textiles. Magnetite (Fe3O4), with its size‐dependent magnetic properties, is widely applied in biomedical and environmental technologies. This study aimed to combine the unique features of Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles in hybrid composites. Nanoparticles were added to a photosensitive resin and printed using SLA. The resulting materials were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibration sample magnetometer, and UV spectrometry. Findings revealed that increasing ZnO content improved photocatalytic performance, with 7.5% ZnO achieving the highest efficiency. However, higher ZnO concentrations slightly reduced magnetic properties. The study highlights the potential of SLA‐printed hybrid composites for multifunctional applications.

Highlights

Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles were added to resin at 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% by weight.

ZnO addition improved photocatalytic efficiency, with 7.5% reaching 73.24%.

Increased ZnO in hybrid composites led to a slight decrease in magnetization.
The Therapeutic Role of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy in Childhood Residual Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Ye Maoyu , Huang Shasha , Wang Fang , Li Wei , Tan Guolin , Wang Tiansheng
Published: February 2025

Background

Residual obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in childhood OSA even after upper airway obstruction removal by adenotonsillectomy. Orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) is becoming a popular treatment in stomatology but lacks adequate evidence of effectiveness in childhood OSA. Our study attempts to evaluate the effect of OMT on childhood OSA by subjective and objective methods.

Methods

Thirty‐seven children diagnosed with postoperative residual OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) were enrolled in the study and divided into a treated group (n = 21) and a untreated group (n = 16). They were followed up at 0, 1, and 3 months. The degree of mouth opening, modified OSA‐18 questionnaire responses, polysomnography (PSG) findings, and scores of the orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES) were recorded pre‐ and post‐therapy.

Results

Compared with pre‐OMT or untreated children, the degree of mouth opening during sleep and the OSA‐18 total score were significantly decreased after OMT in children with Residual OSA. Furthermore, OMT significantly decreased the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), the longest duration of apnea and hypopnea, and the proportion of wakefulness and increased the duration of deep sleep. Moreover, the total score of OMES score and the scores of appearance and posture, mobility and functions were significantly increased after OMT.

Conclusion

OMT improves the qualities of life and sleep by repairing orofacial myofunctions in residual OSA children. OMT could be an adjuvant treatment for childhood OSA.

Trial Registration

The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn.). Registration number: ChiCTR2300072252 (07/06/2023).
Modifiable and Non‐Modifiable Risk Factors for Tracheostomy in Preterm Infants
Authors: Dudeck Brandon , Abebe Elias W. , Sun Wendy , Gaskin Peter R. , Viscardi Rose M. , Cho Eunsung
Published: February 2025

Objective

To identify risk factors for tracheostomy among infants born < 33 week gestational age.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective matched case‐control study of infants < 33 week gestation who underwent tracheostomy between 2000 and 2018 at a single level IV NICU. For each case, we identified two controls matched for gestational age ± 1 week and birthweight ± 100 g who were admitted during the same year. Records were reviewed for IMV duration, number of intubations/extubations, postnatal steroid exposure, BPD severity and other clinical factors. Odds ratios and 95% CI were calculated by a conditional logistic regression.

Results

The mean (SD) gestation of the cohort (30 tracheostomy cases; 60 controls) was 26.2 (2.2) week. Tracheostomies were performed at 158 d (127–183) of age and 48 week (44.6–55) post‐menstrual age (PMA) following 92 d (64–134) IMV; median (IQR). Tracheostomy was indicated for severe BPD [N = 19(68%)], acquired airway obstruction [N = 4(14%)], or severe BPD with airway obstruction [N = 5(18%)]. Additional risk factors included male sex, outborn birth, intrauterine growth retardation, pulmonary hypertension, and sepsis. IMV duration and length of stay were longer, postnatal steroid exposure was more common and PMA at discharge was later for tracheostomy cases than controls. The number of intubations, extubations (planned and unplanned) and extubations adjusted for IMV duration were significantly higher in cases than controls. In the final logistic model, the number of unplanned extubations and steroid courses were independently associated with tracheostomy.

Conclusion

Strategies to minimize tracheostomy risk should target modifiable risk factors such as reducing unplanned extubations and limiting postnatal steroids in high‐risk infants.
Islamic Ecotheology
Authors: Fazlhashemi Mohammad
Published: February 2025

The debate over environmental destruction, global heating, and humanity’s roll in the emission of greenhouse gases that threatens the Earth, humanity, and all animal and plant life, has been accompanied by a parallel debate over these same issues by Muslim thinkers. The reason is that these threats are not limited to countries in the West but undermine the conditions for life on the entire planet.

One element of the debate in the West has been the role played by Christianity in the environmental and climate crisis. The Christian creation theology, which elevates human beings to lords of creation with sovereignty over the Earth, has been a prominent target of criticism. Its perspective has been accused of conferring legitimacy upon humanity’s plundering of nature. A similar viewpoint can be found in the Muslim creation theology, which presents human beings as the supreme creation in whose service God has created everything under the heavens. For Muslims, the question is how to engage with this criticism. Do Muslim theologians agree that Islam’s creation narrative and view of humanity have contributed to the overexploitation of the resources of nature? How do Muslim theologians regard Islamic creation theology’s view of the relation between humanity and God’s non-human creations?
Advancing cellulose utilization and engineering consolidated bioprocessing yeasts: current state and perspectives
Authors: Fortuin Jordan , Hoffmeester Lazzlo J. , Minnaar Letitia S. , den Haan Riaan
Published: February 2025

Despite the lack of implementation of consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) at an industrial scale, this bioconversion strategy still holds significant potential as an economically viable solution for converting lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into biofuels and green chemicals, provided an appropriate organism can be isolated or engineered. The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for this purpose requires, among other things, the development of a cellulase expression system within the yeast. Over the past three decades, numerous studies have reported the expression of cellulase-encoding genes, both individually and in combination, in S. cerevisiae. Various strategies have emerged to produce a core set of cellulases, with differing degrees of success. While one-step conversion of cellulosic substrates to ethanol has been reported, the resulting titers and productivities fall well below industrial requirements. In this review, we examine the strategies employed for cellulase expression in yeast, highlighting the successes in developing basic cellulolytic CBP-enabled yeasts. We also summarize recent advancements in rational strain design and engineering, exploring how these approaches can be further enhanced through modern synthetic biology tools to optimize CBP-enabled yeast strains for potential industrial applications.

Key points

• S. cerevisiae’s lack of cellulolytic ability warrants its engineering for industry.

• Advancements in the expression of core sets of cellulases have been reported.

• Rational engineering is needed to enhance cellulase secretion and strain robustness.

• Insights gained from omics strategies will direct the future development of CBP strains.

Graphical Abstract
Increased risk of postoperative complications after delayed stoma reversal: a multicenter retrospective cohort study on patients undergoing anterior resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Munshi Eihab , Segelman Josefin , Matthiessen Peter , Park Jennifer , Rutegård Martin , Sjöström Olle , Jutesten Henrik , Lydrup Marie-Louise , Buchwald Pamela ,   the RectoLeak Study group
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Defunctioning stoma (DS) has been suggested to mitigate the consequences of anastomotic leak (AL) after low anterior resection. Stoma reversal (SR) is commonly delayed for nonmedical reasons in many healthcare systems. This study investigated the impact of the elapsed time from AR to SR on postoperative 90-day complications. The secondary aim was to explore the independent factors associated with a delayed SR.

M&M

This multicenter retrospective cohort study included rectal cancer patients who underwent anterior resection (AR) and DS between 2014 and 2018. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the influence of the elapsed time from AR to SR on postoperative complications within 90 days.

Results

Out of 905 patients subjected to AR with DS, 116 (18%) patients experienced at least one postoperative 90-day complication after SR. Multivariable analysis revealed an association between the elapsed time to SR and complications within 90 days from SR (OR 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00–1.04). The association with SR complications was further highlighted in patients who experienced delayed SR > 6 months after AR (OR 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04–2.86). AL after AR and nodal disease were both related to delayed SR.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that postoperative 90-day complications are associated with the time elapsed to SR. These findings emphasize the importance of early SR, preferably within 6 months, to prevent complications.
Feasibility and safety of biologic OviTex mesh in ventral mesh rectopexy: a prospective pilot study
Authors: Boom M. A. , van der Schans E. M. , Wijffels N. A. T. , Verheijen P. M. , Consten E. C. J.
Published: February 2025

Background

Minimal-invasive ventral mesh rectopexy (VMR) is a widely accepted treatment for patients suffering from rectal prolapse. The type of mesh used in VMR remains a subject of debate. Currently, the most applied implant is a polypropylene mesh. The aim of the present pilot study was to determine the ease of use, feasibility, and safety of OviTex PGA mesh, a biologic mesh, in VMR.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent VMR for internal or external rectal prolapse were included in a prospective non-randomised pilot study in two centers. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation (90 days and 6 months) with a clinical examination and questionnaire regarding pelvic floor symptoms was performed. The primary objectives were to monitor the perioperative technical end result and the postoperative complication rate.

Results

Sixteen patients underwent VMR with an OviTex PGA implant. All operations were completed successfully and without intraoperative complications. The mean ODS and FISI score was significantly decreased after 6-months follow-up. No graft-related complications (GRC) occurred. Two patients developed a recurrent prolapse within 6 months.

Conclusion

Robotic correction of rectal prolapse using an OviTex mesh is a safe, minimally invasive, technically feasible treatment. However, further research is warranted to evaluate the potential added value of OviTex compared to polypropylene mesh on a larger scale. Long-term follow-up is essential to assess the durability of the procedure and monitor the occurrence of any new symptoms.
Tackling the Triple Threat in Kenya: Factors Associated with Protection against HIV Risk, Gender-Based Violence, and Pregnancy among Adolescent Girls and Young Women
Authors: Maughan-Brown Brendan , Banougnin Boladé Hamed , Little Madison T. , Hertzog Lucas , Matsha-Carpentier Ntombekhaya , Mugambi Celestine , Gichane Hermes , Cluver Lucie , Toska Elona
Published: February 2025

The government of Kenya’s Triple Threat strategy recognises the need for urgent intervention to address the high incidence of HIV, gender-based violence (GBV) and pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). We used nationally representative data among AGYW aged 13–24 (n = 1344) from the 2018-19 Kenya Violence Against Children & Youth Survey (VACS) in multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine associations between three potential protective factors – gender-equitable attitudes, food security and parental monitoring – and outcomes related to the triple threat: Intimate partner violence (IPV); sexual violence; high HIV exposure risk; adolescent pregnancy; child marriage; and not being in school or paid work. Results showed that AGYW with gender-equitable attitudes were less likely to report IPV (adjusted odds-ratio (aOR):0.47, p < 0.01) and adolescent pregnancy (aOR:0.58, p < 0.05). AGYW who were food secure were less likely to report adolescent pregnancy (aOR:0.57, p < 0.05) and child marriage (aOR:0.51, p < 0.05). Those with high parental monitoring were less likely to report IPV (aOR:0.44, p < 0.01), sexual violence (aOR:0.49, p < 0.05), adolescent pregnancy (aOR:0.61, p < 0.05), and child marriage (aOR:0.41, p < 0.01). AGYW who had gender-equitable attitudes, food security and high parental monitoring (i.e., all three factors compared to none) had lower predicted probabilities of reporting IPV (22.3% vs. 5.0%), sexual violence (20.4% vs. 6.0%), adolescent pregnancy (23.7% vs. 7.7%), and child marriage (10.0% vs. 1.6%). The findings indicate that improving gender-equitable attitudes, food security and parental monitoring may positively impact multiple outcomes related to the triple threat; and that addressing all three may have the greatest impact.
Unraveling the ecological impact of a bacterial biocontrol agent applied to melon plants: insights into phenotypic, biochemical, and microbiota changes affected by Frateuria defendens
Authors: Moussa Suzana , Naor Vered , Kruh Lilach Iasur
Published: February 2025

The increasing use of bacterial biocontrol agents in agriculture raises concerns about their potential impact not only on the environment of infected plants but also on that of healthy plants. This study investigated the effects of introducing the endophytic bacterium Frateuria defendens, a potential biocontrol agent against phytoplasma diseases, on melon (Cucumis melo) as a model plant. Different isolates of F. defendens were screened for their in vitro and in planta antimicrobial activity, as well as their ability to colonize and influence the plant microbiome. Only one isolate, designated KT11, successfully colonized the melon shoot and was found in the plant sap. The antimicrobial activity of this isolate was retained in the plant sap and was confirmed in a biological test on Spiroplasma melliferum. The presence of KT11 in the plant tissue induced distinct shifts in the overall structure and diversity of the endophytic microbial populations. These significant findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of introducing exogenous microbes into plant systems. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intricate interactions between plants, their microbiomes, and introduced biocontrol agents, towards performing sustainable agricultural practices.
Parameter Choice Rules for Discrete Ill-Posed Problems Based on Extrapolation Methods
Authors: Azzarelli Andrea , Brezinski Claude , Fenu Caterina , Redivo-Zaglia Michela , Rodriguez Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

Linear discrete inverse problems are common in many applicative fields. Regularization consists of substituting to the original ill-conditioned problem an approximated formulation depending on a parameter, which has to be chosen so that the new problem is well-conditioned and its solution is close enough to the ideal solution. When the parameter is discrete, like in the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) and in the generalized TSVD (TGSVD), one has to choose a vector out of a sequence. In this paper we explore the possibility to employ a sequence of extrapolated solutions to estimate the best parameter, as well as substituting to the regularized solution an extrapolated one. We investigate the use of three classical vector extrapolation methods, MPE (minimal polynomial extrapolation), RRE (reduced rank extrapolation), and VEA (vector epsilon algorithm). For the VEA method we also develop a new computational scheme which reduces memory storage and computing time. Numerical experiments compare the performance of the newly introduced approaches with other well-known methods.
A global, historical rule of law index
Authors: Skaaning Svend-Erik
Published: February 2025

This article introduces the V-Dem Rule of Law Index, capturing formal-procedural aspects of de facto adherence to rule of law principles. It relies on information from fifteen V-Dem indicators based on systematic expert assessments. The measure covers almost all sovereign and semi-sovereign polities from 1789 until today, which means that its scope by far surpasses that of extant alternatives. All country-year point estimates are supplemented by confidence intervals. The conceptual framework underlying the index builds on a survey of established, thin understandings of the rule of law. Empirical dimensionality tests reveal that the indicators tap into a common trait, which supports the use of Bayesian factor analysis to construct the index values. Comparisons with established rule of law measures demonstrate a very high co-variation. In addition, descriptive overviews and correlations with measures of neighboring concepts indicate that the new measure is able to discriminate between the rule of law performance over time and between countries on the one hand and between adherence to the rule of law and neighboring features of good governance on the other hand. The article closes with an empirical examination of the association between de jure constitutional provisions and de facto observance of the rule of law. The findings, based on a conventional country and year fixed effects regression analysis covering most independent countries from 1850 to 2010, identify a negative, substantively weak association. Hence, the results indicate that constitutional provisions, by themselves, do not promote the rule of law in all contexts, such as under autocratic rule.
Regional Disparities in Family Environments, Preschool Quality and Early School Attainment in China
Authors: Rao Nirmala , Yang Yi , Gong Jing , Su Yufen , Perlman Michal , Sun Jin , Zhang Li , Zhou Jing
Published: February 2025

We examined associations among home environments, preschool quality, and academic achievement in Shanghai and Guizhou – two regions in China that vary substantially in economic development. Children (N = 697; M
age = 57.6 months; 367 boys) from 52 classrooms in 29 preschools were assessed in individual sessions when they were in preschool (Fall 2017 and Summer 2019) and in Grade 2 (Fall 2020). Parents reported on the home environment (family socioeconomic status and home learning activities), and preschool quality was observed. Home environments, preschool quality, and child outcomes were correlated, and all were significantly better in Shanghai than in Guizhou at all measurement points. When we controlled for children’s baseline abilities and family characteristics, results showed limited associations with child outcomes three years later at Grade 2, but distinct factors played a role in the two regions. In both regions, preschool quality was not associated with child outcomes.
National Mourning and the Poetics of Public Grief: Jaroslav Seifert's Elegies for T. G. Masaryk
Authors: Momčilović Aleksandar , Dušanić Dunja
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the relationship between elegy, national mourning, and the poetics of public grief by taking as an example Jaroslav Seifert's sequence of elegies, Osm dní (Eight Days), published in 1937 to mourn the death of Czechoslovakia's first president, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937). An extraordinary work of poetry—exceptional both in its ambition and in the apparent speed with which it was composed and published—Seifert's Eight Days has largely been forgotten today and remains little known outside of Czech literary criticism. This article offers a reading of the sequence as a modernist elegy, with the purpose of rethinking the multidirectional relationship between poetry, nationalism and public mourning.
Designing the weak Fermi pinning and p-type Ohmic contacts to monolayer halide perovskite Cs3Bi2I9
Authors: Tan Wei , Lang Yu-Fei , Li Yu-Xuan , Zhao Yu-Qing , Ang Yee-Sin
Published: February 2025

The contact between two-dimensional (2D) perovskite and metal electrodes is often plagued by strong Fermi-level pinning (FLP) effects, which limit the electronic performance of devices. By utilizing van der Waals design strategies, the contact performance between Cs3Bi2I9 and 1T/H-XA2 (X = V, Nb, Ta; A = S, Se) was investigated. P-type Schottky contacts are obtained in all 1T/H-XA2 contacts to Cs3Bi2I9, and the contacts can be engineered from Schottky to Ohmic contacts via external electric fields. Furthermore, a large pinning factor to suppress the FLP effects was observed to approach the Schottky–Mott limit, and the origin is elucidated. In addition, the transport properties of various 2D metals contacts to Cs3Bi2I9 were calculated and screened out. Finally, Curie temperature (Tc) of magnetic systems were calculated using the Monte Carlo method, and the Tc of 1H-VS2/Cs3Bi2I9 significantly enhances largely to surpass room temperature, thereby expanding the application field of spintronic devices. This study provides potential guidance for the design of efficient 2D Cs3Bi2I9-based nanodevices as well as high-temperature spintronic devices.
Influence of buoyancy on turbulence and heat transfer of supercritical CO2 in vertical backward-facing step flows
Authors: Jin Yixuan , Zhao Pinghui , Lei Mingzhun , Wan Yuanxi
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the influence of buoyancy on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) in a vertical backward-facing step (BFS) configuration. Utilizing direct numerical simulations (DNS), the study systematically examines how buoyancy affects turbulence behavior and heat transfer performance. Two approaches are employed: adjusting the total channel height to modify the Grashof number while maintaining a constant nondimensional wall heat flux and varying the wall heat flux with the same geometry. The results show that buoyancy enhances heat transfer by intensifying turbulence through ejection and sweep processes. Unlike conventional fluids, strong buoyancy in SCO2 flows can lead to a slight expansion of the recirculation zone, attributed to the entrainment effect of the wall jet, which accelerates fluid in the attachment zone and shifts the shear layer downstream. Additionally, high wall heat flux reduces the recirculation zone and enhances near-wall turbulence but does not fully compensate for the adverse effects of fluid property deterioration, resulting in decreased heat transfer efficiency. These findings provide valuable insight for optimizing SCO2 systems, contributing significantly to advancements in heat transfer and energy technologies.
Metabolomic insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic potential in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Wang Jun-Yu , Gui Tuan-Tuan , Jiao Bo , Liu Xuan , Ma Xiao-Lin , Wang Cheng , Qiao Jing , Liu Wei-Yang , Peng Li-Jun , Ren Jia-Yi , Zhu Yong-Mei , Weng Xiang-Qin , Wang Chao , Zhang Qian-Qian , Song Gao-Xian , Dai Yu-Ting , Wang Zhen-Yi , Lv Gang , Gao Chen-Xu , Qiao Niu , Zhang Ming , Tan Yun , Liu Yuan-Fang , Wang Sheng-Yue , Hou Jian , Jing Duo-Hui , Lyu An-Kang , Mi Jian-Qing , Chen Zhu , Chen Wen-Lian , Yin Tong , Fang Hai , Wang Jin , Chen Sai-Juan
Published: February 2025

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) poses challenges in adult patients, considering its heterogeneous nature and often suboptimal treatment outcomes. Here, we performed a study on 201 newly diagnosed adult ALL cases (age ≥ 15 y) to generate intracellular and dynamic serum metabolomic profiles. Our findings revealed a predominant increase in bile acid (BA) metabolites in serum, alongside metabolic rewiring that supported highly proliferative states and actively metabolic signaling, such as enriched nucleotide metabolism in leukemic blasts. By integrating intracellular metabolomics and transcriptomics, we constructed the Comprehensive Metabolic Information Dataset (CMID), which facilitated the development of a clustering system to supplement current risk stratification. Furthermore, we explored potential metabolic interventions targeting the serum BA profile and energy metabolism in blasts. The combined use of simvastatin with vincristine and dexamethasone regimen demonstrated a synergistic therapeutic effect in a murine ALL model, effectively lowering key BA levels in serum and suppressing the infiltration of leukemic blasts in the liver. In light of the enhanced intracellular redox metabolism, combining FK866 (a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor) and venetoclax significantly prolonged survival in a patient-derived xenograft ALL model. Our findings, along with the resulting resources (
http://www.genetictargets.com/MALL
), provide a framework for the metabolism-centered management of ALL.
Atomistic insights into the mechanical behaviors of nanocrystalline FeNiCrCoCu high entropy alloy under tension and compression
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Zhou Hongjian , Ding Suhang , Hu Yiqun
Published: February 2025

To understand the mechanical behaviors of nanocrystalline FeNiCrCoCu high entropy alloy (HEA) from the atomic perspective, molecular dynamics simulations of tension and compression tests are conducted. The effects of grain size, strain rate, twin thickness, element composition, and environment temperature on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms are analyzed. It is found that the classical Hall-Petch (H-P) behavior of flow stress transforms to the inverse H-P relation when the grain size of the nanocrystalline FeNiCrCoCu HEA is below 12−14 nm. In the H-P regime, the emission and glide of partial dislocations are the ruling plastic activities. However, in the inverse H-P regime, the primary deformation behavior is grain rotation and grain boundary migration. Dislocation propagation, intrinsic/extrinsic stacking faults, Lomer-Cottrell locks, FCC to BCC to HCP phase transition, and twinning are observed under both compressive and tensile loads. The dislocation density is higher during compression deformation than during tension deformation, resulting in greater modulus and strength under compression. With increasing temperature, the dislocation activity weakens, while the amorphization intensifies. Additionally, the mechanical parameters, including Young’s modulus, yield strength, flow stress, and peak stress, increase with increasing strain rate or decreasing temperature. These findings provide a guide for the design of FeNiCrCoCu HEA with desired mechanical performance.
Axion-inflation baryogenesis via new U(1) gauge symmetries
Authors: Chao Wei , Wang Yonghua , Xie ChenHui
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we investigate axion-inflation baryogenesis models, embedded into U(1)
gauge symmetric extensions of the Standard Model (SM), in which the new gauge field couples to the
pseudo-scalar inflaton via the Chern-Simons coupling. The motion of the inflaton induces a
techyonic instability for one of the two helicities of the gauge field, resulting in the
production of the helical gauge field. It further leads to the generation of the SM particle
number densities through the Adler-Bell-Jackiv anomaly during the reheating, which is sufficient
to generate the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe. Our numerical results show that this
mechanism works for the U(1)𝐋, U(1)𝐑 and U(1)𝐁-𝐋 gauge
symmetry cases, where subscripts 𝐋, 𝐑, 𝐁-𝐋 indicate the lepton
number, the right-handed fermion and the baryon number minus the lepton number respectively. The
key point for these mechanisms to work is that the evolution of the number density for
right-handed neutrinos is decoupled from those of the SM particles, which shares the same merit as
the Dirac Leptogenesis mechanism.
Successful cogenesis of baryon and dark matter from memory-burdened PBH
Authors: Borah Debasish , Das Nayan
Published: February 2025

We study the possibility of producing the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) and dark matter (DM) from evaporating primordial black holes (PBH) beyond the semi-classical regime incorporating the impact of memory burden. In the simplest scenario of baryogenesis via vanilla leptogenesis with hierarchical right handed neutrino (RHN), it is possible to generate the observed BAU with memory-burdened PBH being sole contributor to the production of RHN. While it is not possible to achieve cogenesis in this minimal setup due to structure formation constraints on relic allowed DM parameter space, we show the viability of successful cogenesis in the resonant leptogenesis regime. We also show that successful cogenesis can be achieved in a simple baryogenesis model without taking the leptogenesis route. Due to the possibility of generating asymmetry even below the sphaleron decoupling era, the direct baryogenesis route opens up new parameter space of memory-burdened PBH. The two scenarios of successful cogenesis can also be distinguished by observations of stochastic gravitational waves produced from PBH density fluctuations.
X-ray scattering tensor tomography with a random wavefront modulator to study 3D microstructures in archaeological skeletal remains
Authors: Lautizi Ginevra , Lemmers Simone A.M. , Di Trapani Vittorio , Schmeltz Margaux , Zdora Marie-Christine , Broche Ludovic , Studer Alain , Marone Federica , Stampanoni Marco , Thibault Pierre
Published: February 2025

We present an application of X-ray scattering tensor tomography with a random wavefront modulator to resolve the orientation of microstructures in archaeological skeletal remains. We experimentally investigated two fragments from different tissue types — cortical bone and a root dentine — commonly analyzed in archaeological and palaeoanthropological research. This study hints at the potential to advance methodologies for both archaeological research and clinical applications.
Infective endocarditis caused by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria, a registry-based comparative study
Authors: Al Janabi Jasmina , El Noaimi Mohammed , Sunnerhagen Torgny , Snygg-Martin Ulrika , Rasmussen Magnus
Published: February 2025

Introduction/objectives

Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by non-HACEK Gram-negative bacteria (nHGNB) is uncommon. In the 2023 Duke-ISCVID diagnostic criteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens were added as “typical” pathogens. We examine the consequences of this addition, the risk of IE in bacteremia from nHGNB species and the features of IE caused by nHGNB.

Materials and methods

nHGNB IE cases reported to the Swedish Registry of Infective Endocarditis (SRIE) 2008-2023 were identified. Episodes of bacteremia caused by nHGNB during the same period in Region Skåne were used as controls. Characteristics of IE caused by nHGNB were compared with those of other pathogens reported to the SRIE.

Results

114 episodes of nHGNB IE, of which 98 (87%) were definitive, were identified (1.5% of all cases). Escherichia coli was the most common cause (28%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%) and Klebsiella (9%). Applying the Duke-ISCVID criteria, none of the possible IE episodes caused by P. aeruginosa or S. marcescens were reclassified to definitive IE. Comparing the proportion of the nHGNB species in episodes with IE to episodes with bacteraemia (n=33213), E. coli was more common in bacteraemia than in IE whereas P. aeruginosa and Serratia were more common in IE. Patients with nHGNB IE frequently had underlying diseases and the mortality was higher than in streptococcal IE.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that P. aeruginosa and Serratia are more common in IE than in bacteremia but that that their status as “typical IE-pathogens” in the Duke-ISCVID criteria did not improve the performance of the criteria.
Congregations of rodent-eating birds during flood irrigation of crops exploit novel prey pulses and potentially provide pest control services
Authors: Kross Sara M , Bourbour Ryan P , Strum Khara , Martinico Breanna
Published: February 2025

In California’s Central Valley, we have observed large congregations of rodent-eating birds- including wading birds, raptors and corvids- hunting for rodent prey during flood irrigation of alfalfa fields. A pilot study in 9 fields revealed a mean of 23.7 rodent-eating birds, and a maximum of 102 birds, hunting simultaneously in a field. We observed a total of 293 rodent prey captures in 570 min of monitoring and calculated a mean of 1.03 rodent prey captures per hour of avian hunting effort. We believe these initial observations provide insights into the responses of rodent-eating birds to an intensive farming practice that echoes natural fluctuations in surface water. We propose 4 testable hypotheses for others exploring the role of irrigation practices for carnivorous birds: (1) rodent-eating birds use social and environmental cues to exploit prey during short-term flood irrigation events; (2) rodents make up a larger proportion of the diet of Ardeidae species in regions that use short-duration flood irrigation compared to regions where this practice is not used and flood-irrigated fields may therefore sustain rodent-eating bird populations in areas where natural wetlands are scarce; (3) rodent-eating birds provide significant rodent pest control services within flooded alfalfa fields; and (4) nocturnal predators respond to short-term flood irrigation events in a similar pattern as diurnal birds.
Setd2 overexpression rescues bivalent gene expression during SCNT-mediated ZGA
Authors: Zhang Xiaolei , Xu Ruimin , Zhao Yuyan , Yang Yijia , Shi Qi , Wang Hong , Liu Xiaoyu , Gao Shaorong , Li Chong
Published: February 2025

Successful cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) faces significant challenges due to epigenetic obstacles. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 as potential contributors to these obstacles. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we generated genome-wide maps of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in mouse pre-implantation NT embryos. Our analysis revealed aberrantly over-represented broad H3K4me3 domain and H3K27me3 signal lead to increased bivalent marks at gene promoters in NT embryos compared with naturally fertilized (NF) embryos at the 2-cell stage, which may link to relatively low levels of H3K36me3 in NT 2-cell embryos. Notably, the overexpression of Setd2, a H3K36me3 methyltransferase, successfully restored multiple epigenetic marks, including H3K36me3, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. Additionally, it reinstated the expression levels of ZGA-related genes by re-establishing H3K36me3 at gene body regions, which excluded H3K27me3 from bivalent promoters, ultimately improving cloning efficiency. These findings highlight the excessive bivalent state at gene promoters as a potent barrier and emphasize the removal of these barriers as a promising approach for achieving higher cloning efficiency.
Spatiotemporal Regulation of the Bone Immune Microenvironment via a ‘Zn2+–quercetin’ Hierarchical Delivery System for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Sun Hengliang , Chen Yedan , Sang Xiaoqin , Liu Qingxiang , Yu Haoran , Hu Shaojun , Mao Yingji , Zhang Li
Published: February 2025

The immunoregulation of tissue-engineered bone has emerged as a prominent area for bone defect repair. While this field demonstrates considerable potential, effectively managing relevant factors and maintaining a balanced immune microenvironment in practical applications remain substantial challenges that require resolution. In this study, we tested a novel comprehensive hierarchical delivery system based on the requirements of a natural immune microenvironment for inflammatory factors, to optimize local immune responses through precise regulation of drug release. Quercetin (Que)-loaded zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles were embedded in gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) to create a drug-release system featuring a Zn2+ shell and quercetin core. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that this dual sustained-release hydrogel-ZIF-8 system can produce low concentrations of Zn2+ at an early stage, resulting in a mild anti-inflammatory effect and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Moreover, as inflammation advances, the release of quercetin works synergistically with Zn2+ to enhance anti-inflammatory responses, reconfigure the local microenvironment, and mitigate the inflammatory response that adversely impacts bone health by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation. This system is pioneering for sequential microenvironment regulation based on its diverse anti-inflammatory properties, offering a novel and comprehensive strategy for bone immune regulation in the clinical treatment of bone defects.