bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Distribution and Hierarchical Behaviour of Cattle Using a Virtual Fence System
Authors: Lund Silje Marquardsen , Jacobsen Johanne Holm , Nielsen Maria Gytkjær , Friis Marie Ribergaard , Nielsen Natalie Hvid , Mortensen Nina Østerhaab , Skibsted Regitze Cushion , Aaser Magnus Fjord , Staahltoft Søren Krabbe , Bruhn Dan , Sonne Christian , Alstrup Aage Kristian Olsen , Frikke John , Pertoldi Cino
Published: July 2024

Interest in virtual fencing has increased due to its flexibility for agriculture and rewilding. However, systems like Nofence© require large financial investments, and the need for individual collars complicates large-scale use. If cattle herds maintain cohesive groups around leading individuals, fewer collars could be used, thereby enhancing cost efficiency. This study investigates the pattern in spatial distribution in a herd of 17 Angus cows on Fanø in Denmark with GPS locations, using a Nofence© system. The aim of this paper is to determine how individuals position themselves in a herd, spatially, and identify a pattern in ranks. The method used in this study examines the distances between an individual to the rest of the herdmates using nearest neighbour and descriptive statistics. Contrary to expectations, this study did not reveal a distinct pattern in herd distribution. While some tendencies in spatial distribution patterns were observed, only a low concordance could be found (W=0.15,p<0.001), indicating great variability in the cattle’s ranks. A cumulative curve of the ranks estimated over the entire periods, however, allowed a rough estimation of the hierarchy and allowed identification of the highest-ranked cows, making the use of a cumulative curve a possible solution to finding the high-ranked cows. This research underscores the complexity of cattle social structures and highlights the need for extended observation periods and alternative methodologies to enhance the cost-effectiveness and scalability of virtual fencing in agricultural and rewilding contexts.
AI, BlazePod Sensors, and Head Vests Implemented in Assessments on Reaction Time and Gaze Training Program in U10 Football Game
Authors: Stoica Marius , Sorin Ciolcă , Vișan Rafael , Dreve Adina
Published: July 2024

In the context of the development of technologies, every sports club tends to improve its training methods to obtain the best possible results in sports training. The goal of the research is to develop a specialized training program designed to enhance ball-control skills so that children can play soccer with increased confidence, therefore reinforcing their need for constant visual contact with the ball during possession. The study participants are children between the ages of 8 and 10, who have acquired at least one year of consistent and well-structured football practice, divided into two groups, experimental group I and control group II. The T-Blaze test training, the Adams test, and the registration of the degree of head tilt using artificial intelligence and visual recognition were implemented. During the training, the authors used the BlazePod sensors to measure participants’ times more precisely, thus avoiding the inaccuracy of using a classic timer. At the same time, the authors used the Vesta HeadUp to block the child’s view of the ball when he has possession of the ball or is very close to it. The recording of time spent playing head-up and head-down revealed statistically significant differences between the three test sessions in favor of the experimental group. Considering the statistically substantial influence obtained, the authors can conclude that our intervention program based on specific means and using HeadUp vests was a decisive factor in achieving improved performance.
Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Internal Changes Due to Mechanical Loading
Authors: Cortada-Torbellino Maria , Elvira David Garcia , El Aroudi Abdelali , Valderrama-Blavi Hugo
Published: July 2024

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has prompted the need to enhance the technology of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in order to improve their response when subjected to external factors that can alter their performance, thereby affecting their safety and efficiency. Mechanical abuse has been considered one of the major sources of LIB failure due to the changes it provokes in the structural integrity of cells. Therefore, this article aims to review the main factors that aggravate the effects of mechanical loading based on the results of different laboratory tests that subjected LIBs to abusive testing. The results of different cell types tested under different mechanical loadings have been gathered in order to assess the changes in LIB properties and the main mechanisms responsible for their failure and permanent damage. The main consequences of mechanical abuse are the increase in LIB degradation and the formation of events such as internal short circuits (ISCs) and thermal runways (TRs). Then, a set of standards and regulations that evaluate the LIB under mechanical abuse conditions are also reviewed.
Effect of Palmitoylethanolamide Compared to a Placebo on the Gut Microbiome and Biochemistry in an Overweight Adult Population: A Randomised, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind Study
Authors: Batacan Romeo , Briskey David , Bajagai Yadav Sharma , Smith Chelsie , Stanley Dana , Rao Amanda
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the effects of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on the gut microbiome of overweight adults. Fifty-eight participants (twenty males, thirty-eight females) aged 18–65 years with a BMI range of 30–40 kg/m2 were recruited. Participants were randomised to receive PEA (n = 36) or a placebo (n = 22) for 12 weeks. Microbiota composition, richness, diversity, and metabolic functions, faecal short chain fatty acids and calprotectin, pathology markers, and health-related questionnaires were analysed throughout the 12 weeks of supplementation. PEA supplementation significantly reduced triglyceride levels and IL-2 concentrations. No significant differences were found in the overall microbiota composition between the groups, and microbiota richness and diversity remained consistent for both groups. Functional analysis demonstrated no differences in functional richness and diversity, but specific pathways were modified. PEA supplementation resulted in a decrease in the abundance of pathways related to aromatic compound degradation, NAD interconversion, and L-glutamate degradation, while pathways associated with molybdopterin biosynthesis and O-antigen building blocks exhibited increased abundance. Increased production of O-antigen results in smooth LPS associated with reduced pathogenic stealth and persistence. PEA supplementation may influence specific microbial species, metabolic pathways, and reduce serum triglyceride and IL-2 concentration, shedding light on the intricate relationship between PEA, the microbiome, and host health.
The Kinetics of Inflammation-Related Proteins and Cytokines in Children Undergoing CAR-T Cell Therapy—Are They Biomarkers of Therapy-Related Toxicities?
Authors: Marschollek Paweł , Liszka Karolina , Mielcarek-Siedziuk Monika , Dachowska-Kałwak Iwona , Haze Natalia , Panasiuk Anna , Olejnik Igor , Jarmoliński Tomasz , Frączkiewicz Jowita , Gamrot Zuzanna , Radajewska Anna , Bil-Lula Iwona , Kałwak Krzysztof
Published: July 2024

CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, it can be associated with acute toxicities related to immune activation, particularly cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Cytokines released from activated immune cells play a key role in their pathophysiology. This study was a prospective analysis of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines in children treated with tisagenlecleucel. Serial measurements of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, ferritin, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNFα were taken before treatment and on consecutive days after infusion. The incidence of CRS was 77.8%, and the incidence of ICANS was 11.1%. No CRS of grade ≥ 3 was observed. All complications occurred within 14 days following infusion. Higher biomarker concentrations were found in children with CRS grade ≥ 2. Their levels were correlated with disease burden and CAR-T cell dose. While cytokine release syndrome was common, most cases were mild, primarily due to low disease burden before lymphodepleting chemotherapy (LDC). ICANS occurred less frequently but exhibited various clinical courses. None of the toxicities were fatal. All of the analyzed biomarkers rose within 14 days after CAR-T infusion, with most reaching their maximum around the third day following the procedure.
Unveiling the Potential of Migrasomes: A Machine-Learning-Driven Signature for Diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhu Yihao , Chen Yuxi , Xu Jiajin , Zu Yao
Published: July 2024

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that the migrasome, a newly functional extracellular vesicle, is potentially significant in the occurrence, progression, and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Nonetheless, its diagnostic significance and biological mechanism in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have yet to be fully explored. Methods: To remedy this gap, we employed an integrative machine learning (ML) framework composed of 113 ML combinations within five independent AMI cohorts to establish a predictive migrasome-related signature (MS). To further elucidate the biological mechanism underlying MS, we implemented single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of cardiac Cd45+ cells from AMI-induced mice. Ultimately, we conducted mendelian randomization (MR) and molecular docking to unveil the therapeutic effectiveness of MS. Results: MS demonstrated robust predictive performance and superior generalization, driven by the optimal combination of Stepglm and Lasso, on the expression of nine migrasome genes (BMP1, ITGB1, NDST1, TSPAN1, TSPAN18, TSPAN2, TSPAN4, TSPAN7, TSPAN9, and WNT8A). Notably, ITGB1 was found to be predominantly expressed in cardiac macrophages in AMI-induced mice, mechanically regulating macrophage transformation between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. Furthermore, we showed a positive causality between genetic predisposition towards ITGB1 expression and AMI risk, positioning it as a causative gene. Finally, we showed that ginsenoside Rh1, which interacts closely with ITGB1, could represent a novel therapeutic approach for repressing ITGB1. Conclusions: Our MS has implications in forecasting and curving AMI to inform future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AMI.
Application of Event Cameras and Neuromorphic Computing to VSLAM: A Survey
Authors: Tenzin Sangay , Rassau Alexander , Chai Douglas
Published: July 2024

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a crucial function for most autonomous systems, allowing them to both navigate through and create maps of unfamiliar surroundings. Traditional Visual SLAM, also commonly known as VSLAM, relies on frame-based cameras and structured processing pipelines, which face challenges in dynamic or low-light environments. However, recent advancements in event camera technology and neuromorphic processing offer promising opportunities to overcome these limitations. Event cameras inspired by biological vision systems capture the scenes asynchronously, consuming minimal power but with higher temporal resolution. Neuromorphic processors, which are designed to mimic the parallel processing capabilities of the human brain, offer efficient computation for real-time data processing of event-based data streams. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent research efforts in integrating event cameras and neuromorphic processors into VSLAM systems. It discusses the principles behind event cameras and neuromorphic processors, highlighting their advantages over traditional sensing and processing methods. Furthermore, an in-depth survey was conducted on state-of-the-art approaches in event-based SLAM, including feature extraction, motion estimation, and map reconstruction techniques. Additionally, the integration of event cameras with neuromorphic processors, focusing on their synergistic benefits in terms of energy efficiency, robustness, and real-time performance, was explored. The paper also discusses the challenges and open research questions in this emerging field, such as sensor calibration, data fusion, and algorithmic development. Finally, the potential applications and future directions for event-based SLAM systems are outlined, ranging from robotics and autonomous vehicles to augmented reality.
CLICK-FLISA Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks for Simultaneous Detection of Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and Zearalenone (ZEN) in Maize
Authors: Zhang Jingyang , Zhu Banglei , Zhang Xiaoyu , Peng Yuan , Li Shuang , Han Dianpeng , Ren Shuyue , Qin Kang , Wang Yu , Zhou Huanying , Gao Zhixian
Published: July 2024

Mycotoxins are secondary products produced primarily by fungi and are pathogens of animals and cereals, not only affecting agriculture and the food industry but also causing great economic losses. The development of rapid and sensitive methods for the detection of mycotoxins in food is of great significance for livelihood issues. This study employed an amino-functionalized zirconium luminescent metal–organic framework (LOF) (i.e., UiO-66-NH2). Click chemistry was utilized to assemble UiO-66-NH2 in a controlled manner, generating LOF assemblies to serve as probes for fluorescence-linked immunoassays. The proposed fluoroimmunoassay method for Zearalenone (ZEN) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) detection based on the UiO-66-NH2 assembled probe (CLICK-FLISA) afforded a linear response range of 1–20 μmol/L for ZEN, 20 μmol/L for FB1, and a very low detection limit (0.048–0.065 μmol/L for ZEN; 0.048–0.065 μmol/L for FB1). These satisfying results demonstrate promising applications for on-site quick testing in practical sample analysis. Moreover, the amino functionalization may also serve as a modification strategy to design luminescent sensors for other food contaminants.
Boosting Electrochemical Sensing Performances Using Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles
Authors: Gagliani Francesco , Di Giulio Tiziano , Asif Muhammad Ibrar , Malitesta Cosimino , Mazzotta Elisabetta
Published: July 2024

Nanoparticles of molecularly imprinted polymers (nanoMIPs) combine the excellent recognition ability of imprinted polymers with specific properties related to the nanosize, such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, resulting in highly performing recognition elements with surface-exposed binding sites that promote the interaction with the target and, in turn, binding kinetics. Different synthetic strategies are currently available to produce nanoMIPs, with the possibility to select specific conditions in relation to the nature of monomers/templates and, importantly, to tune the nanoparticle size. The excellent sensing properties, combined with the size, tunability, and flexibility of synthetic protocols applicable to different targets, have enabled the widespread use of nanoMIPs in several applications, including sensors, imaging, and drug delivery. The present review summarizes nanoMIPs applications in sensors, specifically focusing on electrochemical detection, for which nanoMIPs have been mostly applied. After a general survey of the most widely adopted nanoMIP synthetic approaches, the integration of imprinted nanoparticles with electrochemical transducers will be discussed, representing a key step for enabling a reliable and stable sensor response. The mechanisms for electrochemical signal generation will also be compared, followed by an illustration of nanoMIP-based electrochemical sensor employment in several application fields. The high potentialities of nanoMIP-based electrochemical sensors are presented, and possible reasons that still limit their commercialization and issues to be resolved for coupling electrochemical sensing and nanoMIPs in an increasingly widespread daily-use technology are discussed.
PD-L1 Expression in Paired Samples of Rectal Cancer
Authors: Coussement Mina , Fazio Roberta , Audisio Alessandro , El Khoury Reem , Abbassi Fatima-Zahra , Assaf Irene , Conti Chiara , Gallio Chiara , Benhima Nada , Bregni Giacomo , Gkolfakis Paraskevas , Spagnolo Valentina , Anthoine Geraldine , Liberale Gabriel , Moretti Luigi , Martinive Philippe , Hendlisz Alain , Demetter Pieter , Sclafani Francesco
Published: July 2024

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune-related biomarkers are increasingly investigated in rectal cancer (RC). We retrospectively analysed PD-L1 expression in diagnostic biopsy and resection samples from RC patients treated at our centre between 2000 and 2020. PD-L1 immunostaining (22C3 clone) was evaluated according to tumour proportion (TPS), immune cell (ICS), and the combined positive score (CPS). Eighty-three patients were included. At diagnosis, PD-L1 expression ≥1%/≥5% was observed in 15.4%/0%, 80.7%/37.4%, and 69.2%/25.6% of patients based on TPS, ICS, and CPS, respectively. At surgery, the respective figures were 4.6%/1.5%, 60.2%/32.5%, and 50.7%/26.2%. Using the 1% cut-off and regardless of the scoring system, PD-L1 was less expressed in surgery than biopsy samples (p ≤ 0.04). In paired specimens, PD-L1-ICS reduction was especially observed following neoadjuvant long-course (chemo)radiotherapy (p = 0.03). PD-L1-ICS of ≥5% in surgical samples (HR: 0.17; p = 0.02), and a biopsy-to-surgery increase in PD-L1-ICS (HR: 0.19; p = 0.04) was predictive for longer disease-free survival, while the PD-L1-ICS of either ≥1% (HR 0.28; p = 0.04) or ≥5% (HR 0.19; p = 0.03) in surgical samples and the biopsy-to-surgery increase in PD-L1-ICS (HR: 0.20; p = 0.04) were associated with better overall survival. Our study suggests that PD-L1 expression in RC is largely reflective of immune cell infiltration, and its presence/increase in surgical samples predicts better outcomes.
Innovative Imaging Techniques for Advancing Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Wang Tianyuan , Ni Yicheng , Liu Li
Published: July 2024

Traditional oncology image-analysis, using modalities such as echography, X-ray, CT, and MRI, has historically relied on human-defined features to interpret and assess clinical images [...]
Neurocognitive Adverse Events Related to Lorlatinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Priantti Jonathan N. , Vilbert Maysa , de Moraes Francisco Cezar Aquino , Madeira Thiago , de Lima Santiago Evair Moisés , Leighl Natasha B. , Cavalcante Ludimila , Karim Nagla F. Abdel
Published: July 2024

Lorlatinib has been FDA-approved as a systemic therapy for ALK/ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, it has been associated with an increased frequency of neurocognitive adverse events (NAEs). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the NAEs related to lorlatinib therapy in NSCLC patients. PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and prominent conference proceedings were searched for eligible studies of lorlatinib in NSCLC patients. NAEs included cognitive, mood, speech, and psychotic effects. A total of 1147 patients from 12 studies were included; 62% had brain metastases. A pooled analysis of NAEs showed frequencies of cognitive effects of 14.57% (95% CI, 8.37 to 24.14, I2 = 84%), mood effects of 11.17% (95% CI, 5.93 to 20.07, I2 = 84%), speech effects of 7.24% (95% CI, 3.39 to 15.20, I2 = 72%), and psychotic effects of 4.97% (95% CI, 3.27 to 7.49, I2 = 21%). Clinical trials reported a significantly higher frequency of mood effects than was indicated by real-world data. These results highlight the importance of educating patients and healthcare professionals about lorlatinib-related NAEs for early detection and management to improve NSCLC patients’ quality of life.
Secondary Cytoreductive Surgery in Relapsed Platinum-Sensitive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Myhr Andrea Svennevik , Bjørge Line , Torkildsen Cecilie Fredvik
Published: July 2024

Secondary cytoreductive surgery is a treatment option for relapsed platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer, but no clear indications are defined for the procedure. This systematic review aims to establish clear indications and compare outcomes versus standard-of-care chemotherapy. We conducted an electronic literature search across three databases and identified 2033 articles, including three phase 3 randomized controlled trials (RCT). The review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (no. CRD42022379817). Despite varying patient selection methods, surgery plus chemotherapy demonstrated significantly prolonged progression-free survival compared to chemotherapy alone. However, overall survival outcomes were inconsistent: while GOG-0213 did not show extended overall survival, recent studies with stricter defined criteria for surgery (SOC-1 and DESKTOP-III) reported improved overall survival with the addition of surgery. Morbidity and mortality rates were low, with no difference in quality of life between the surgery and no-surgery groups. In conclusion, cytoreductive surgery presents a promising option for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer treatment. Nonetheless, well-defined selection criteria appear crucial for achieving increased overall survival compared to conventional treatment.
The EuAPS Betatron Radiation Source: Status Update and Photon Science Perspectives
Authors: Galdenzi Federico , Anania Maria Pia , Balerna Antonella , Bean Richard J. , Biagioni Angelo , Bortolin Claudio , Brombal Luca , Brun Francesco , Coreno Marcello , Costa Gemma , Crincoli Lucio , Curcio Alessandro , Del Giorno Martina , Di Pasquale Enrico , di Raddo Gianluca , Dompè Valentina , Donato Sandro , Ebrahimpour Zeinab , Falone Antonio , Frazzitta Andrea , Galletti Mario , Ghigo Andrea , Lauciani Stefano , Liedl Andrea , Lollo Valerio , Marcelli Augusto , Principi Emiliano , Rossi Andrea R. , Stocchi Federica , Villa Fabio , Zottola Marco , Cianchi Alessandro , Stellato Francesco , Ferrario Massimo
Published: July 2024

The EuPRAXIA EU project is at the forefront of advancing particle accelerator research and the development of photon sources through innovative plasma acceleration approaches. Within this framework, the EuAPS project aims to exploit laser wakefield acceleration to build and operate a betatron radiation source at the INFN Frascati National Laboratory. The EuAPS source will provide femtosecond X-ray pulses in the spectral region between about 1 and 10 keV, unlocking a realm of experimental ultrafast methodologies encompassing diverse imaging and X-ray spectroscopy techniques. This paper presents a description of the EuAPS betatron source, including simulations of the photon beam parameters, outlines the preliminary design of the dedicated photon beamline, and provides an insightful overview of its photon science applications.
In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts and Their Potential Application in Xerosis cutis
Authors: Ghica Adelina , Tănase Mariana Luiza , Niculițe Cristina Mariana , Tocilă Anca , Popescu Liliana , Luță Emanuela Alice , Olaru Octavian Tudorel , Popovici Violeta , Balaci Teodora Dalila , Duțu Ligia Elena , Boscencu Rica , Gîrd Cerasela Elena
Published: July 2024

Xerosis cutis represents one of the most common dermatological diagnoses, which, when untreated, can be the trigger for open wounds, infections, and other skin diseases. Plant extracts are a valuable option for long-term treatments for xerosis due to their phytocompounds, especially polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenes, and polysaccharides, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, moisturizing, and reparatory effects. Active substances have different mechanisms; therefore, evaluating the effects on the cells can be a key indicator, providing valuable information in terms of both cytotoxicity and efficacy. The in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests performed for Betulae extractum, Liquiritiae extractum, and Avenae extractum highlighted potential toxic effects at higher concentrations in a dose-dependent relationship, but at lower levels they can be considered safe (12.5 µg/mL for birch and licorice extracts, 50 µg/mL for oat extract). Concerning the re-epithelialization process, the results revealed that all three dry extracts effectively stimulate skin cell migration, highlighting a potential anti-inflammatory effect by increasing the cell migration rate in conditions of induced inflammation associated with oxidative stress. Among the tested concentrations with a potential contribution to wound healing, the following standout: are birch bark extract 3 μg/mL, licorice root extract 7.5 µg/mL, and oat herb (harvested before flowering) extract 7.5 µg/mL.
The Frequency Ranking of Occurrence of Individual Ingredients in Hair Care Cosmetics Available on the Polish Market
Authors: Żwawiak Justyna , Walentkowska Joanna , Zaprutko Lucjusz , Pawełczyk Anna
Published: July 2024

The Polish market of cosmetics is highly rich in different types of hair care preparations. A great number of Polish and foreign cosmetic companies and brands mean that finding care products ideal for a given person should be trouble-free. Unfortunately, a wide selection is both an advantage and a problem when a customer is doubtful about how a given cosmetic can work and what an individual’s hair really needs. Reading the composition of cosmetics, the potential user can recognize the needs of their skin or hair, which affects taking more conscious care and choosing the right cosmetics with more attention. This article assesses which ingredients and types of ingredients are present in the largest number of preparations and in the highest positions in the composition. This is a comparison of ingredients present in the largest amounts between four groups of hair cosmetics: care products with washing properties (shampoos), care products without washing properties (conditioners), preparations that are aqueous solutions (water cosmetics), and preparations that are not aqueous solutions (waterless cosmetics). It was revealed that the vast majority of all high-ranking ingredients are substances responsible for the functionality of hair cosmetics: surfactants, rheology regulators, substances responsible for foaming properties, emulsifiers, and solvents. The huge number of substances that can be used in hair products imposes the fact that the ingredients of the highest rank will be substances with many applications and, at the same time, are those that form the base of the cosmetic.
A Novel Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Improved Current Ripples for Low-Voltage On-Board Charging
Authors: Khan Jamil Muhammad , Khan Ashraf Ali , Jamil Mohsin
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a novel single-phase non-isolated bidirectional buck converter topology. The proposed converter uses a basic switching cell structure with a coupled inductor and an interleaving switching scheme. This article addresses a crucial challenge in bidirectional DC-DC conversion by prioritizing reducing output current ripples and minimizing filter inductor size. The employed method includes using MOSFETs with fast recovery diodes to mitigate reverse recovery and body diode losses. Furthermore, the optimization of the switching frequency of the output inductor to be twice the actual switching frequency contributes to reducing the component size of the converter. The coupled inductor also helps to reduce stress on components by distributing currents among its legs. The experimental result demonstrates the proposed converter has a very low ripple current as compared to the conventional converter. The low current ripples and smaller filter inductor size enabled by high-frequency operation have improved the efficiency and size of the converter. A common ground between input and output terminals ensures robust performance without common mode current concerns. Overall, the proposed converter represents a significant improvement in DC-DC converters, promising enhanced efficiency, reliability, and compactness in bidirectional DC-DC conversion systems. In order to verify the performance of the proposed converter, a 460 W buck converter prototype was built and tested.
Harnessing Artificial Neural Networks for Financial Analysis of Investments in a Shower Heat Exchanger
Authors: Kordana-Obuch Sabina , Starzec Mariusz , Piotrowska Beata
Published: July 2024

This study focused on assessing the financial efficiency of investing in a horizontal shower heat exchanger. The analysis was based on net present value (NPV). The research also examined the possibility of using artificial neural networks and SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) analysis to assess the profitability of the investment and the significance of individual parameters affecting the NPV of the project related to installing the heat exchanger in buildings. Comprehensive research was conducted, considering a wide range of input parameters. As a result, 1,215,000 NPV values were obtained, ranging from EUR −1996.40 to EUR 36,933.83. Based on these values, artificial neural network models were generated, and the one exhibiting the highest accuracy in prediction was selected (R2 ≈ 0.999, RMSE ≈ 57). SHAP analysis identified total daily shower length and initial energy price as key factors influencing the profitability of the shower heat exchanger. The least influential parameter was found to be the efficiency of the hot water heater. The research results can contribute to improving systems for assessing the profitability of investments in shower heat exchangers. The application of the developed model can also help in selecting appropriate technical parameters of the system to achieve maximum financial benefits.
Correction: Meena et al. Innovation in Green Building Sector for Sustainable Future. Energies 2022, 15, 6631
Authors: Meena Chandan Swaroop , Kumar Ashwani , Jain Siddharth , Rehman Ateeq Ur , Mishra Sachin , Sharma Naveen Kumar , Bajaj Mohit , Shafiq Muhammad , Eldin Elsayed Tag
Published: July 2024

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Equilibrium Interaction Strategies for Integrated Energy System Incorporating Demand-Side Management Based on Stackelberg Game Approach
Authors: Xiang Kangli , Chen Jinyu , Yang Li , Wu Jianfa , Shi Pengjia
Published: July 2024

This paper analyzes the balanced interaction strategy of an integrated energy system (IES) operator and an industrial user in the operation process of the IES under the demand-side management (DSM) based on game theory. Firstly, we establish an electric–thermal IES, which includes a power grid, a heat grid and a natural gas grid. Secondly, a two-stage Stackelberg dynamic game model is proposed to describe the game behavior of IES operators and industrial users in the process of participating in DSM. The interactions between the IES operator (leader) and the user (follower) are formulated into a one-leader–one-follower Stackelberg game, where optimization problems are formed for each player to help select the optimal strategy. A pricing function is adopted for regulating time-of-use (TOU), which acts as a coordinator, inducing users to join the game. Then, for the complex two-stage dynamic game model established, the lower user-side constraint optimization problem is replaced by its KKT condition, so that the two-stage hierarchical optimization problem is transformed into a single-stage mixed-integer nonlinear optimization model, and the branch-and-bound method is introduced to solve it. Finally, the equilibrium strategies and income values of both sides of the game are obtained through a case simulation, and the dynamic equilibrium strategy curves under different capacity configurations are obtained through the sensitivity analysis of key parameters. The equilibrium income of the IES is USD 93.859, while the equilibrium income of industrial users in the park is USD 92.720. The simulation results show that the proposed method and model are effective.
The Impact of Air Pollution from Industrial Fires in Urban Settings: Monitoring, Modelling, Health, and Environmental Justice Perspectives
Authors: Deary Michael E. , Griffiths Simon D.
Published: July 2024

Industrial fires at facilities including waste management sites, warehouses, factories, chemical works, and fuel storage depots are relatively frequent occurrences. Often, these fires occur adjacent to urban communities and result in ground-level airborne pollutant concentrations that are well above guideline values. Land, water, livestock, and crops may also be contaminated by the emissions and by firefighting activities. Moreover, impacted communities tend to have a higher proportion of minority ethnic populations as well as individuals with underlying health vulnerabilities and those of lower socio-economic status. Nevertheless, this is an aspect of air quality that is under-researched, and so this review aims to highlight the public health hazards associated with industrial fires and the need for an effective, coordinated, public health response. We also review the range of monitoring techniques that have been utilised in such fires and highlight the role of dispersion modelling in predicting plume trajectories and in estimating population exposure. We recommend establishing 1 h guideline values for particulate matter to facilitate timely public health interventions, and we highlight the need to review regulatory and technical controls for sites prone to fires, particularly in the waste sector.
Sensitivity of Fire Indicators on Forest Inventory Plots Is Affected by Fire Severity and Time since Burning
Authors: Smith James E. , Hoover Coeli M.
Published: July 2024

Forest inventory data are useful for determining forest stand structure, growth, and change. Among the information collected on forest inventory plots by the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, attributes characterizing various types of disturbance provide researchers a means of selecting plots specifically affected by disturbances, such as fire. We determine the performance of three of these attributes as indicators of recent fires on forest inventory plots of the United States by comparing them to independent records of wildland fire occurrence. The indicators are plot-level observations of fire effects on (1) general site appearance, (2) tree mortality, and (3) damage to live trees. Independent spatial layers of wildland fire perimeters provide an approach to test indicator performance and identify characteristics of fires that may affect detection. The sensitivities of indicators are generally higher in the West relative to the East. Detection rates exceed 90 percent for the Pacific Coast forests but seldom reach 80 percent in the East. Among the individual indicators, site appearance has higher identification rates than tree indicators for fires in the Pacific Coast, Great Plains, North, and South regions. Tree mortality is the most important single indicator for identifying Rocky Mountain fires. Tree damage is more important than tree mortality in the South; otherwise, the tree damage indicator is of relatively lower importance, particularly where high-severity fires are common, and tree survival is low. The rate of detection by the indicators is affected by the severity of the fire or the recency of the fire. The joint effect of severity and recency influence all three indicators for the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain fires, as well as the site appearance indicator in the South. Only a small proportion of fires are clearly missed by all three of the indicators.
Altitudinal Difference of Growth–Climate Response Models in the Coniferous Forests of Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Xu Shanshan , Zheng Chaogang , Zhang Zhigang , Shang Zhiyuan , Kong Xinggong , Zhao Zhijun
Published: July 2024

Characterized as a climatologically sensitive region, the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (STP) is an ideal location for dendrochronological research. Here, five tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies were developed: three for Picea likiangensis along altitudinal gradients from 3600 to 4400 m a.s.l. and two for Sabina saltuaria and Abies squamata from 4200 m a.s.l. Significant differences in the growth rates and age composition of Picea likiangensis were observed at various elevation gradients. The chronology statistics (mean sensitivity, etc.) fluctuated with the elevation gradient. Picea likiangensis showed distinct growth patterns in response to climatic variability along the altitude gradient: the minimum temperature influenced tree growth at lower and middle altitudes, while higher altitudes were affected by precipitation. The radial growth of different tree species growing in the same region is controlled by the same climatic factors. Sabina saltuaria and Abies squamata exhibited similar growth responses to Picea likiangensis. Stand conditions (wind speeds, slope, and elevation) and biotic factors (the depth of root, forest type, tree age, and sensitivity) can partially explain why the ring width–climate relationships change with altitude.
Forest Structure Regulates Response of Erosion-Induced Carbon Loss to Rainfall Characteristics
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Xu Chao , Lin Teng-Chiu , Yang Zhijie , Liu Xiaofei , Xiong Decheng , Chen Shidong , Chen Guangshui , Yang Yusheng
Published: July 2024

Forestation is a common measure to control erosion-induced soil and carbon (C) loss, but the effect can vary substantially between different types of forest. Here, we measured event-based runoff, soil, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and total C loss with runoff plots (20 m × 5 m) in a broad-leaved and a coniferous forest in subtropical China and explored their relationships with rainfall amount, average intensity, maximum 5-min intensity and rainfall erosivity. The broad-leaved forest had a denser canopy but sparse understory vegetation while the coniferous forest had a relatively open canopy but dense understory vegetation. The results showed that runoff, soil, DOC, POC and total C losses were all significantly higher in the broad-leaved forest than the coniferous forest despite the potentially higher canopy interception associated with the greater leaf area index of the broad-leaved forest. The mean runoff in the broad-leaved forest was 3.03 ± 0.20 m3 ha−1 event−1 (mean ± standard error) and 12.49 ± 0.18 m3 ha−1 event−1 in the coniferous forest. The mean soil, DOC, POC and total C loss (kg ha−1 event−1) was 1.12 ± 0.16, 0.045 ± 0.003, 0.118 ± 0.016 and 0.163 ± 0.017, respectively, in the broad-leaved forest and 0.66 ± 0.09, 0.020 ± 0.002, 0.060 ± 0.009 and 0.081 ± 0.010, respectively, in the coniferous forest. Runoff and DOC losses were driven by rainfall in two forests, but the key rainfall characteristic driving soil, POC and total C losses was different in the broad-leaved forest from that in the coniferous forest due to their different understory patterns. Soil, POC and total C losses were mostly driven by rainfall amount in the broad-leaved forest but by EI30 in the conifer forest. Our findings highlight that the response of erosion-induced carbon loss to rainfall characteristics differs between different forest types of the same age but contrasting overstory and understory vegetation covers. Moreover, our study underscores the overlooked significance of understory vegetation in regulating these effects. Thus, we call for the inclusion of understory vegetation in the modeling of soil and carbon erosion in forest ecosystems.
Effects and Modification Mechanisms of Different Plasma Treatments on the Surface Wettability of Different Woods
Authors: Duan Zhigang , Fu Yongzhi , Du Guanben , Zhou Xiaojian , Xie Linkun , Li Taohong
Published: July 2024

Plasma treatment of wood surfaces has shown significant effects, but different excitation methods used for different species of wood generally result in varied characteristics of wood surfaces. Secondly, plasma modification greatly enhances the absorption of liquids by wood, but the relationship between liquid absorption and surface wettability is rarely studied. Limited detailed investigation of the modification effects and mechanisms has hindered the large-scale applications of plasma treatment in the wood industry. In this study, two typical plasmas, radio frequency (RF) plasma and gliding arc discharge (GAD) plasma, were employed to treat three species of wood: poplar, black walnut, and sapele. By focusing on changes in the contact angle of the wood surface, an exponential equation fitting method is used to determine the measurement time for contact angles. The research identified that factors contributing to the decrease in contact angle after plasma modification include not only the increase in surface energy but also liquid absorption. SEM and XPS analyses demonstrate that plasma etching accelerated liquid absorption by modifying the surface topography, while the increase in surface energy was due to the addition of oxygen-containing groups. High-valence C=O and O-C=O groups serve as indicators of plasma-induced surface chemical reactions. RF modification primarily features surface etching, whereas GAD significantly increases the active surface groups. Thus, different plasmas, due to their distinct excitation modes, produce diverse modification effects on wood. Considering the various physical and chemical properties of plasma-modified wood surfaces, recommendations for adhesive use on plasma-modified wood are provided.
Distribution Patterns and Environmental Determinants of Invasive Alien Plants on Subtropical Islands (Fujian, China)
Authors: Xie Yanqiu , Xie Xinran , Weng Feifan , Nong Liebo , Lin Manni , Ou Jingyao , Wang Yingxue , Mao Yue , Chen Ying , Qian Zhijun , Lu Xiaoxue , Chen Zujian , Zheng Yushan , Deng Chuanyuan , Huang Hui
Published: July 2024

Plant invasions threaten the biodiversity of islands, causing serious impacts on their ecosystems. To investigate the distribution patterns of invasive alien plants on subtropical islands, the environmental determinants of species richness, and the growth forms of invasive alien plants, this study analyzed the composition and origin of invasive alien plants on 77 islands in Fujian. The similarity in the distribution of invasive alien plants between islands was assessed using the UPGMA. Moreover, feature selection, best-subset regression, and variance decomposition were performed using 19 environmental variables characterizing climate, anthropogenic disturbance, and landscape/geography, as well as the species richness and growth forms of invasive alien plants. Through the analysis, the main environmental factors affecting the species richness and growth forms of invasive alien plants on the Fujian islands were identified. The results showed 142 species of invasive alien plants in 38 families and 102 genera on 77 islands in Fujian. Annual herbs constituted the most representative growth form of invasive alien plants and tropical America was the main origin of invasive alien plants. The distribution of invasive alien plants across the 77 islands in Fujian showed a high degree of similarity, suggesting a nested pattern in their distribution. The proportions of building and farmland area (BFA), island area (A), and maximum elevation (ME) were the main driving factors of species richness and growth forms for invasive alien plants. In particular, BFA played a key role in driving plant invasion. The results of this study can help establish an early warning mechanism for invasive alien plants and better implement island ecological management, which are important for the protection of subtropical island ecosystems.
Optimizing Oxygen Exposure during Kombucha Brewing Using Air-Permeable Silicone Bags
Authors: Czarnecki Briana Abigail R. , Chamberlain Kortnie M. , Loscher Ian M. , Swartz Emily R. , Black Lieke M. , Oberholtzer Emma C. , Scalia Jordan C. , Watson Bret A. , Shearer Lauren E. , Richardson John N. , Kegerreis Jeb S.
Published: July 2024

As the commercial and home brewing of kombucha expands to accommodate its increased popularity, novel brewing practices that generate non-alcoholic kombucha in an efficient manner become valuable. The research presented in this work compares kombucha brewed in a glass jar brewing vessel to that brewed in an air-permeable silicone bag. Identical kombucha ferments with various sugar food sources were prepared and placed in each vessel, and variables such as titratable acidity, pH, alcohol by volume, gluconic acid concentration, acetic acid concentration, and sugar content were studied as a function of time. The results indicated that, regardless of the food source, kombucha brewed in an air-permeable bag exhibited more efficient acid production, lower ethanol concentration, and greater sugar utilization relative to equivalent kombucha brewed in a jar.
Impact of Lactic Acid Fermentation on the Organic Acids and Sugars of Developed Oat and Buckwheat Beverages
Authors: Küçükgöz Kübra , Franczak Anna , Borysewicz Wiszko , Kamińska Klaudia , Salman Muhammad , Mosiej Wioletta , Kruk Marcin , Kołożyn-Krajewska Danuta , Trząskowska Monika
Published: July 2024

In recent years, new plant-based foods and drinks have been developed to meet the growing demand for animal-derived alternatives, particularly dairy products. This study investigates the impact of lactic acid fermentation on the organic acids and sugars in oat and buckwheat beverages developed using Lactobacillus johnsonii K4 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus K3, which are potential probiotics. The fermented samples were analyzed for pH changes, bacterial viability, and the concentration of organic acids and sugars over 15 days. The results indicated significant variations in bacterial colony counts, with L. johnsonii K4 showing the highest initial growth. Over 15 days, pH levels decreased, with the most acidic conditions observed in buckwheat beverages. Notably, fermentation led to a significant increase in acetic acid concentration and a reduction in malic acid levels, particularly in buckwheat samples. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of fermentation in enhancing the nutritional profile and shelf-life of plant-based beverages.
Application of Ligilactobacillus salivarius SP36, a Strain Isolated from an Old Cheese Seal, as an Adjunct Culture in Cheesemaking
Authors: Arias Ramón , Alba Claudio , Calzada Javier , Jiménez Lorena , Fernández Leónides , Ávila Marta , Roman Mario , Roman Juan , Rodríguez Juan M. , Garde Sonia
Published: July 2024

Adjunct cultures originating from artisanal cheese environments may play an important role in recreating and developing traditional cheese flavours, thanks to their enzymatic activities, involved in different metabolic pathways that occur during cheese ripening. In this work, Ligilactobacillus salivarius SP36, a strain isolated from an old cheese seal, was added as an adjunct culture to the cheese’s raw milk, and its effect on the microbiological, physical–chemical and sensory characteristics of the cheese was studied. The use of L. salivarius SP36 in cheese manufacturing had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the cheese microbiota, gross composition (fat percentage, protein, total solids, moisture and NaCl concentration), colour or texture of the cheese. However, L. salivarius SP36 increased (p < 0.01) the formation of 25 volatile compounds, including 10 esters, 1 aldehyde, 8 alcohols and 6 carboxylic acids. In addition, cheeses made with L. salivarius SP36 received higher scores (p < 0.01) for aroma intensity and quality than control cheeses. L. salivarius SP36 proved to be a good candidate as an adjunct culture for cheesemaking, since it improved the cheese flavour by making it more intense and recovering typical sensorial notes of traditional cheeses.