bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Over-MakingNyanga: Mastering “Natural” Beauty and Disciplining Excessive Bodily Practices In Metropolitan Cameroon
Authors: Mougoué Jacqueline-Bethel Tchouta
Published: May 2019

This study examines how Anglophone urban elites in 1960s metropolitan Cameroon negotiated local and global ideas about culturally constructed forms of “natural” black beauty. Formally-educated Christian urbanites, such as freelance female journalists, who often worked as civil servants, sought to discipline women’s bodily practices and emotional expressivity in order to regulate the boundaries of perceived feminine respectability and to define a woman’s “natural” beauty, a descriptor with both internal and external implications. The language they used included both local terms such asnyanga, a Cameroonian Pidgin English word for varied ideas about beauty and stylishness, and standard English terms. This specific use of language illustrates the hybridity of understandings of natural beauty and bodily comportment, painting a distinct African imagery denoting the social progression of black Cameroonian elite subcultures.
Singing Politics: Freedom Songs and Collective Protest in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Jolaosho Omotayo
Published: May 2019

This article examines the continued salience of sung protests in South Africa by investigating the adaptation of anti-apartheid freedom songs along with the emergence of new expressive forms in ongoing community mobilizations. Based on sixteen months of ethnographic research in Johannesburg, this article argues that freedom songs constitute a distinct register that is politically efficacious due to singing’s aesthetically embodied effects. Formative elements of antiphony, repetition, and rhythm constitute a musical practice that organizes protest gatherings, allows for democratic leadership, and fosters collective participation. These practices yield a plasticity in the songs that makes them adaptable to changing political circumstances.
Archaic Chronologies and the Textual History of the Old Testament
Authors: Klein Ralph W.
Published: May 2019

Recent studies in the chronology of the monarchical period have demonstrated that the variations between the chronologies of MT and LXX are not the result of isolated misreadings, but are a product of different chronological calculations. These studies have been important not only for historical reconstruction, including new proposals for identification of kings involved in various war, but they have shed a good deal of light on the history of the text of the Hebrew Scriptures and LXX, including the Old Greek and the proto-Lucianic and kaige recensions. Furthermore, it is now possible to assign priority to one chronological system over another, and to understand why the different systems arose.
Some Remnants of Ancient Laws in the Deuteronomic Code
Authors: Zakovitch Yair
Published: May 2019

This short article deals with two of the Deuteronomic laws: the law of the tithe (Deut. 14:22–28; 26:12–16) and the law of the Hebrew slave (Deut. 15:12–18). It is not intended to present a comprehensive study of these two laws, but to limit the investigation to the uncovering of those ancient laws referred to only by the author of Deuteronomy and not by the authors of the other Biblical codes, including that of the Covenant Code.

I.Bashanah hashlishit shnat hama'asar“in the third year, which is the year of tithing” (Deut. 26:12).

The reader of the law of the declaration of the tithe will quickly discern a contradiction: the tithe of the third year is given to the Levite, sojourner, orphan, and widow,bisharekha, literally, “within your gates” (within which there are no cultic places according to the laws of Deuteronomy—Deut. 26:2b). On the other hand, the tithe is declared in the Templelifnei adonai“before the Lord” (Deut. 26:1s). Another surprising point is that the law creates an impression of unfamiliarity with the annual tithe. Apparently, only the triennial tithe is known: “in the third year, which is the year of tithing”.
The Spirit of Israel Law
Authors: Cohn Haim H.
Published: May 2019

It may appear unduly pretentious to speak of the Spirit of the Law of a State which just completed but 25 years of independent legislative and judicial life. States with legislative and judicial records of hundreds of years may find it difficult, and perhaps also rather unprofitable, to delve into speculations of the Spirit behind their laws. In most cases, the general trend and the political motivation of the creation and the administration of law are anyhow known beforehand and well defined a priori—be it the realization of democracy by the rule of law, be it the implementation of socialism or communism, or the self-assertion of a fascist or communist dictatorship. Add to such trends and motivations the national legal traditions which a State inherited and consciously or unconsciously continues to maintain—and you will obtain, for what it may be worth or useful, a fair overall picture of the “Spirit”.of its laws.
Development of Criminal Law in Israel During the 25 Years of its Existence
Authors: Bach Gabriel
Published: May 2019

A few days after the State of Israel was established in 1948 a law was passed by the Provisional Council of State which enacted, that the law in force in Palestine on the eve of the creation of the new State should remain in force in Israel, with such modification as the establishment of the State and its organs rendered necessary, until varied or revoked by the legislative organs of the State.

That meant, in effect, that as far as Criminal Law and Procedure were concerned, the rules of English law were retained by the State of Israel.

The substantive criminal law, the Criminal Code Ordinance, as enacted by the British Mandatory Administration for Palestine, is still in force in Israel, except for those parts that have been repealed or amended by the Israel legislature. This Ordinance was enacted in 1936 and constitutes an attempt to codify the English Common law. Similar laws were passed by the British Colonial Administrations in Sudan (1924) and in Cyprus (1929).

Under one of the provisions of this Ordinance, the Code and the expressions used in it have to be interpreted and construed in accordance with the rules of English law and interpretation.
Some Legal Aspects of the Struggle for the Rights of Jews in the Soviet Union
Authors: Rosenne Meir
Published: May 2019

The problem of the Jews in the Soviet Union is one of the most important issues that dominates our life today. It is not my intention to deal with the numerous aspects of this problem nor to describe the history of the struggle of Soviet Jewry. I shall deal only with some of the legal considerations concerning this issue and more specifically with four of them:

1. Is Israel entitled, from the point of view of International Law, to raise the issue of Soviet Jews in International Organizations in general? Is it not a violation of the Charter of the U.N. and an intervention in the domestic affairs of a Sovereign State?

2. Does public protest help in the defence of the rights of the Jews in the Soviet Union?

3. Does the Soviet Union violate Soviet law or any international obligation in discriminating against Soviet Jews?

4. According to International Law, is Israel entitled to grant Israeli nationality to Jews living in the Soviet Union?
Frustration of Purpose
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

For all its merits, case law is incapable of inculcating Cartesian thinking, thinking which is clear and distinct. Admittedly the legislature also is not always careful in making apparent the ratio of its enactments—sometimes it is not even aware thereof—but at least it will not consciously obliterate distinctions. By contrast, case law normally masks its innovations and postulates conceptions which are somewhat vague. It is consequently natural to regard with suspicion any endeavour to mark out clear-cut boundaries, much in the manner of Roman thinking that “all definitions in law are dangerous”.

Considerations such as these are awakened, for example, in connection with the leading case ofKrellv.Henry, the most well-known of the “Coronation cases”. To determine the force and significance of this precedent is a primary task in English law itself because on that will depend whether or not it is innovatory; but it is especially crucial in point of Israel law for the purpose of deciding whether it has any foothold in this country.
The Significance of the Requirement of Double Criminality in the Law of Extradition
Authors: Feller S. Z.
Published: May 2019

This was an appeal from a decision of the Tel-Aviv-Yafo District Court, declaring the appellant Ross to be liable to extradition on the Attorney General's petition presented at the request of the Government of the United States.

The appellant had been indicted before the Federal Court of the Eastern District of Louisiana on two charges, namely, transportation of a person in interstate and foreign commerce and receiving ransom money, in contravention of, respectively, secs. 1201 and 1202, chap. 18, para. 55, of the Federal Criminal Code. It was alleged that on August 21, 1972, the said Ross, being in possession of a revolver had kidnapped the two and a half year old Diana Cando Creon from her parents' home in the town of Pueblo (Mexico); that between that date and September 12 of the same year he had taken the child across international and interstate borders, from Mexico to the United States and, within the United States, from New Orleans, Louisiana to Biloxi, Mississippi; that he had illegally detained her throughout this period for the purpose of obtaining ransom, conducting negotiations to that effect with her father; and that he eventually succeeded in obtaining, in return for her release, the sum of U.S. $ 105,000—after which the little girl was found safe and sound in a hotel in Biloxi.
Prevention of Performance by Promisee
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

When the promisee ceases to be interested in performance of the contract by the promisor—and the case is not caught by the rules relating to frustration of purpose—he will prefer the promisor not to perform it. If breach by the promisor occurs, the promisee will be entitled to damages and where an abstract valuation applies (the difference between the consideration for the property or service under the contract and its value at the date of rescission: sec. 11 of the Contracts (Remedies for Breach of Contract) Law, 1971) that will be very convenient for the promisee. In every case, he will be spared performance on his part. Less convenient, but still sufficiently convenient, is the assumption that it is impossible for the promisor to perform: that the same event which caused the promisee's benefit in performance by the promisor to cease—or some other event—precludes performance by the promisor or renders it too onerous. Here as well the promisee will be spared his own performance and in addition may possibly receive indemnity, under sec. 18 of the Law, “for expenses reasonably incurred and liabilities reasonably contracted by him for the performance of the contract.”
Liability of the Physician in Jewish Law
Authors: Silverstein Arthur Jay
Published: May 2019

Medical jurisprudence and particularly malpractice by the physician have becomes the subject of increasing concern and scholarly interest. The approach of other civilizations to the physician's liability has been previously explored. This inquiry will seek a comprehensive understanding of the liability imposed upon the physician in Jewish law.

First, to provide the proper context, the general status and role of medicine and the physician in Jewish law will be briefly considered. Then, the situations in which a physician is obligated to treat or to refrain from treating patients will be explored. Assuming the physician has agreed to treat the patient, the various standards of conduct—due care, negligence, gross negligence, battery, unauthorized practice—and the liability that attaches in each will be outlined. Then, the special liability of a physician in cases of a patient's death will be analyzed. Thereafter, the effect of a patient's waiver of any claim for damages against the doctor will be considered. Finally, the overall approach adopted by Jewish law to the problem of physician's liability will be evaluated.
The Scope of Reciprocity in Extradition
Authors: Feller S. Z.
Published: May 2019

This paper is devoted in the main to one aspect of the problem of reciprocity in matters of extradition focusing attention on its impact on the admissibility of a request for extradition when Israel is the requested state and the person sought is an Israeli national.

The State of Israel has entered into bilateral extradition treaties with eight states and through the multilateral European Convention on Extradition with thirteen other states.

A. Three categories of agreements: These agreements may be grouped into three categories according to their treatment of offenders who are nationals of the requested state.

(1) There are in the first place those agreements which contain no reference to or limitations upon the extradition of the parties' nationals, namely, the agreements with the United Kingdom, Swaziland and Canada.
Reflections on the Changing Concept of Self-Determination
Authors: Blum Yehuda Z.
Published: May 2019

The following observations exclude from their scope two questions that are customarily brought into the discussion whenever the problem of self-determination is analyzed, namely:

1) Is self-determination to be equated necessarily with independence or are there any other conceivable models of self-determination?

2) What is a “people” for the purpose of exercising this right and where is the borderline to be drawn between peoples entitled to invoke this right and other entities not so entitled?

It is suggested that for the purposes of these brief observations it be assumed that self-determination is indeed to be equated with political independence and that there exists a way of establishing what group of persons qualifies for the term “people” and which entities do not.
The influence of maternal and infant nutrition on cardiometabolic traits: novel findings and future research directions from four Canadian birth cohort studies
Authors: de Souza R. J. , Zulyniak M. A. , Stearns J. C. , Wahi G. , Teo K. , Gupta M. , Sears M. R. , Subbarao P. , Anand S. S.
Published: May 2019

A mother's nutritional choices while pregnant may have a great influence on her baby's development in the womb and during infancy. There is evidence that what a mother eats during pregnancy interacts with her genes to affect her child's susceptibility to poor health outcomes including childhood obesity, pre-diabetes, allergy and asthma. Furthermore, after what an infant eats can change his or her intestinal bacteria, which can further influence the development of these poor outcomes. In the present paper, we review the importance of birth cohorts, the formation and early findings from a multi-ethnic birth cohort alliance in Canada and summarise our future research directions for this birth cohort alliance. We summarise a method for harmonising collection and analysis of self-reported dietary data across multiple cohorts and provide examples of how this birth cohort alliance has contributed to our understanding of gestational diabetes risk; ethnic and diet-influences differences in the healthy infant microbiome; and the interplay between diet, ethnicity and birth weight. Ongoing work in this birth cohort alliance will focus on the use of metabolomic profiling to measure dietary intake, discovery of unique diet–gene and diet–epigenome interactions, and qualitative interviews with families of children at risk of metabolic syndrome. Our findings to-date and future areas of research will advance the evidence base that informs dietary guidelines in pregnancy, infancy and childhood, and will be relevant to diverse and high-risk populations of Canada and other high-income countries.
The fine structure and organization of the tail musculature of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Nuttman C. J.
Published: May 2019

The fine structure and organization of schistosome tail musculature has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. A three-dimensional reconstruction is presented and the relationship between morphology and cercarial behaviour is discussed.
Response of Cotton and Weeds to Herbicides by Phytobland Oil or Surfactant
Authors: Hogue Charles W.
Published: May 2019

In field studies, surfactant and phytobland oil were compared as additives to herbicides and herbicide combinations for postemergence weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 7A’). Addition of phytobland oil to MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) and MSMA + fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), or norea [3-(hexadydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea] had no significant effect on weed control when applied as directed treatments to weeds in cotton 7 to 15 cm tall. In cotton 15 to 23 cm tall, addition of phytobland oil to MSMA + linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] and MSMA + linuron + prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] increased weed control when compared to the same treatments with surfactant. MSMA + linuron + phytobland oil decreased cotton yields. Addition of phytobland oil to DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) and DSMA combinations had no effect on weed control when compared to the same treatments with surfactant. There were no differences in several paraffinic phytobland oils or surfactant when used as additives to MSMA + fluometuron for weed control in cotton 7 to 15 cm tall.
Competition for CO2in a Heteroculture
Authors: Oliver Lawrence R. , Schreiber Marvin M.
Published: May 2019

At early stages of canopy development net carbon exchange (NCE) values for redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.) were determined in an air-sealed leaf chamber. Regardless of light intensity, temperature, CO2concentration, or competition level, redroot pigweed had a NCE at least 10 mg CO2/dm2per hr higher than that of birdsfoot trefoil or prickly sida. On a total leaf area basis, CO2utilization changed as the heteroculture canopies developed and as the microenvironmental parameters changed. Redroot pigweed's rapid attainment of leaf area and leaf display coupled with a high photosynthetic (P) rate greatly enhance its utilization of available CO2. Direct competition for CO2does not occur between plants with low and high (P) rates under field conditions because CO2concentrations are always greater than the CO2compensation point (r) of plants with low (P) rates. More efficient utilization of available CO2by weeds such as redroot pigweed with greater (P) capacity contributes to more rapid growth and development of these weeds to the ultimate detriment of a plant such as birdsfoot trefoil with lower (P) capacity.
Selective Action of Chloroxuron on Soybean and Tall Morningglory
Authors: Feeny R. W. , Parochetti J. V. , Colby S. R.
Published: May 2019

The selective action of chloroxuron [3-(p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] on tolerant soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Kent’] and susceptible tall morningglory [Ipomea purpurea(L.) Roth] was studied using root and foliar applications. In root uptake studies with carbonyl-14C-chloroxuron, soybean roots contained greater than 90% of the total absorbed radioactivity; whereas tall morningglory roots contained approximately 60% of the total absorbed radioactivity. Leaves of 1, 2, and 3-wk old soybean plants contained 0.8, 3.7, and 3.5% of the total radioactivity, respectively; whereas leaves of tall morningglory plants of corresponding age contained 29.1, 33.0, and 37.4% of the total radioactivity. Metabolism from root uptake of both species was similar; and metabolites were identified as approximately 85% chloroxuron, 13% 3-(p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl-1-methylurea (Compound II), and 2.5% 3-(p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenylurea (Compound III) in 3-wk old plants. In a nutrient solution containing 5.6 × 10−6M chloroxuron, soybean plants with roots intact were tolerant; whereas plants with roots detached were susceptible indicating the importance of differential translocation for selective action from root uptake. Following foliar spray and washing of 2-wk old plants, tall morningglory foliage absorbed about two times more radioactivity than soybean foliage. Further, 18 hr after foliar application, chloroplasts isolated from tall morningglory contained twice as much14C-chloroxuron as soybean chloroplasts. Metabolite concentrations recovered from foliar treatment of both species were similar; and metabolites were identified as 88.1 to 92.2% chloroxuron, 6.4 to 8.6 % Compound II and 0.5 to 1.7% Compound III.
Decomposition of Picloram by Soil Microorganisms: A Proposed Reaction Sequence
Authors: Meikle R. W. , Youngson C. R. , Hedlund R. T. , Goring C. A. I. , Addington W. W.
Published: May 2019

The 6-hydroxy derivative of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) is not on the main pathway of the soil microbial decomposition sequence for picloram. Rather it may be formed in very small amounts in a competing reaction. Decarboxylation of picloram cannot be the initial reaction in this sequence and, in fact, does not occur.
Influence of No-Tillage Planters on Tolerance of Soybeans to Linuron
Authors: Worsham A. D.
Published: May 2019

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] planted conventionally or no-tillage tolerated approximately four times the recommended preemergence rates of linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] depending on the type planter used. Least injury to high rates of linuron was with a planter that placed seed slightly below the level of the surface of the field with a slightly rounded ridge of soil over the row. A planter leaving the seed under a slight furrow resulted in intermediate crop injury and a planter which deposited seed under a furrow 5 to 10 cm deep resulted in greatest crop injury. There was no consistent trend in the tolerance to linuron of soybeans planted conventionally or planted without tillage in small grain stubble with the straw removed. Row profile and its relation to seed placement was important in the tolerance of soybeans to linuron.
Seed Composition of 66 Weed and Crop Species
Authors: Schroeder M. , Deli J. , Schall E. D. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

The percentage composition of fat, protein, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), fiber, and ash was determined for 50 weed and crop species. Data on 16 additional species were compiled from the literature. Generally, within a family there was a tendency toward a certain type of storage material. Seeds of the Polygonaceae and Gramineae were low in fat, high in NFE and, with few exceptions, low in protein. Seeds of the Leguminosae family were the highest in protein and, with the exception of peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr] were low in fat and high in NFE. Seeds of the Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, and Solanaceae were high in fat, moderately high in protein, and low in NFE. The data may be valuable in the interpretation of the mode of action or basis for selectivity of herbicides.
Germination and Emergence of Spurred Anoda
Authors: Solano Francisco , Schrader J. W. , Coble H. D.
Published: May 2019

Dormancy of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht] seeds was not broken 60 days after harvest by stratification, presoaking in tap water, or by treatment with thiourea, potassium nitrate, or kinetin. Dormancy was broken by scarification or treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid. A high percentage of seedling emergence was obtained when scarified seeds were planted in soil at depths of 7.5 cm or less. Emergence decreased as planting depth increased. No seedlings emerged at depths of 12.5 cm or greater. Even at depths of 15.0 cm germination occurred, but no seedlings emerged.
Influence of Several Algae on 2,4-D Residues in Water
Authors: Valentine J. P. , Bingham S. W.
Published: May 2019

Removal of [2-14C] 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid] from water was pronounced withScenedesmus quadricauda(Turp.) Breb. and most effective uptake occurred at pH 4.7. Three other algae were relatively ineffective in removal of 2,4-D. IncreasingScenedesmuscell density increased 2,4-D removal, but the amount absorbed was not a linear function of cell density. Similarly, with a range of herbicide concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 ppmw) the amount removed was greatest at the highest concentration; however, a higher percentage of chemical was removed at lower concentrations. An equilibrium of14C removal from water and14C released to the water was reached by 4 hr. More herbicide was removed from water byScenedesmusin darkness than in light and low temperature (2 C) reduced uptake slightly. Relatively high 2,4-D concentrations were required to reduce growth in any of the four algae andScenedesmuswas most sensitive.Scenedesmusmetabolized [ring−14C] in 24 hr to several products which were found in suspension fluid and cells. Quantitatively, 3-OH-2,4-D [3-hydroxy-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was the major metabolite, comprising 26% of the radioactivity extracted from cells compared to 15% from suspension fluid. A smaller amount of 5-OH-2,4-D [(5-hydroxy-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was isolated from the suspension fluid and none from the cells.
Trifluralin Dissipation in Soil Following Repeated Annual Applications
Authors: Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Soil residues from annual trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,Ndipropyl-p-toluidine) applications were determined over a 4-year period on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam at Lincoln, Nebraska. A phytotoxic residue of trifluralin persisted in the soil for 1 or more years especially at above-normal rates of trifluralin. Repeated applications of trifluralin did not cause a significant buildup of trifluralin in the soil. There was little herbicide remaining in the soil during subsequent years from normal rates of trifluralin.
Prospects for Biological Control of Eurasian Watermilfoil
Authors: Spencer Neal R. , Lekić M.
Published: May 2019

Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) has invaded over 81,000 hectares in the Chesapeake Bay, 2,023 hectares in TVA reservoirs, and upwards of 32,000 hectares in Currituck Sound, North Carolina. Now it is causing concern in Florida because of its invasion of the Crystal-Homosassa River basin. In Yugoslavia and Pakistan, entomologists working on PL-480 grants found some 25 insect species feeding on eurasian watermilfoil. These species are potentially useful for the biological control of the weed in the United States.
Phytotoxicity of Methazole to Prickly Sida and Cotton
Authors: Butts E. R. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

The differential tolerance of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) to methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione]was studied under greenhouse conditions. Methazole at dosages up to 8.96 kg/ha did not affect emergence of either species. Applications via nutrient solution, as well as preemergence and postemergence (over-the-top) treatments were phytotoxic to both species, becoming more pronounced with increasing concentration and time. However, a margin of selectivity between species occurred at dosages from 0.56 to 3.36 kg/ha preemergence. Directed sprays of methazole were not injurious to cotton. Selectivity would be influenced by plant size and method of application as well as biochemical differences between species.
Response of Waterhyacinth to Laser Radiation
Authors: Couch Richard , Gangstad Edward O.
Published: May 2019

Waterhyacinth [Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.] was partially controlled with 10.6 nm laser radiation. Radiation levels of < 1 J/cm2 for individually irradiated plants and 69 J/cm2 for group-irradiated plants significantly inhibited growth. Photosynthesis in treated plant-leaf tissue was inhibited about 50% by an exposure level of 4 J/cm2. 14C-labeled compounds fixed by plant-leaf tissue following laser treatment were found to be normally distributed.
Some Responses of Bluegrass to Herbicides and Temperature Variation
Authors: Long C. E. , Campbell R. W.
Published: May 2019

Growth-chamber studies were conducted to determine some effects of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) treatments on ‘Pennstar’ and common Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), grown at three different temperatures. Herbicide was applied at recommended rates at the beginning of regrowth following mowing. At sampling time, height and weight were recorded and some fresh tissue was frozen for chlorophyll analysis and the rest was oven-dried for amino acid analysis. Chlorophyll content of ‘Pennstar’ was significantly increased by MSMA. Common bluegrass grown at 18 C had significantly higher levels of free amino acids than did ‘Pennstar’ grown at the same temperature. At 27 C, asparagine and alanine were significantly higher in common bluegrass than in ‘Pennstar.’ MSMA had a more significant effect on all detected free amino acid concentrations except cysteine in ‘Pennstar’ than in common bluegrass. DCPA was more active than MSMA on common bluegrass; all amino acids were increased significantly by treatment.
Effects of Pronamide Treatments on the Establishment of Centipedegrass
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] was applied to newly sprigged centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] in field and greenhouse experiments at 0.56, 0.84, 1.68, and 3.36 kg/ha at various time intervals from 0 to 10 weeks after sprigging. Sequential pronamide treatments of 0.84 kg/ha applied at sprigging followed with 1.68 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sprigging did not affect plant survival and controlled large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] sufficiently to allow optimum growth of the turfgrass. Plots treated with one pronamide application did not control weeds satisfactorily, while more than two applications either caused turf injury or generally offered no advantage in weed control when compared with sequential 0.84 and 1.68 kg/ha treatments. In field plots treated with 0.84 kg/ha at sprigging and 1.68 kg/ha at 3 weeks after sprigging, the turf ground cover was 66% after the first growing season. Plant and root growth were not adversely affected in greenhouse-grown turf receiving similar treatments.
Analysis of Paired Microresidues Using Filter Fluorometry
Authors: Goering C. E. , Butler B. J.
Published: May 2019

Pesticide drift studies were conducted in which two formulations were sprayed simultaneously to eliminate meteorological differences. One formulation was traced with Brilliant Sulfo Flavine (BSF) dye and the other with Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. Combined drift from both formulations was caught downwind on Mylar sheets. A filter fluorometer was used to analyze the deposits. By proper selection of a light source, primary filters, and secondary filters, the BSF was excluded while the RhB was analyzed, and vice versa. Concentrations below 1.0 μg/L were accurately measured.
International Challenges in Weed Science
Authors: Gysin Hans
Published: May 2019

International challenges in any field of science occur only from time to time. On occasions where the development of mankind is seriously endangered due to constraints of one kind or another, the ground for the germination of such challenges may be particularly fertile.
Purple Nutsedge Control in Turfgrasses by S-21634
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted on S-21634 (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium chloride) for control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) and tolerance of several turfgrass varieties and species. Purple nutsedge was controlled during the initial year of treatment with single applications of 3.4 and 5.6 kg/ha rates. All turfgrasses were injured following treatments, however, all except centipedegrass[Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro) Hack.] had recovered in 7 to 8 weeks. In general, the injury to centipedegrass was higher and the turf density was lower in the treated plots at the final ratings. None of the treatments applied as a single S-21634 application affected root growth of bermudagrass (Cynodonsp.), ‘Emerald zoysia’ (Zoysia japonicaxZ. teniuflolia), centipedegrass, St. Augustine grass [Stenotaphrum secundatum(Walt.) Kuntze], or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb, ‘Ky 31′).
Uhf Electromagnetic Energy for Weed Control in Vegetables
Authors: Menges R. M. , Wayland J. R.
Published: May 2019

UHF energies (45 to 730 j/cm2, 2450 MHz) were applied to irrigated and non-irrigated soils in the field just before planting of cantaloupe (Cucumis meloL., var.reticulatusNaudin) and onion (Allium cepaL.) to study the influence of UHF energy on plant growth. London rocket (Sisymbrium irioL.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) were controlled with 180 j/cm2of UHF energy applied after seed had imbibed water from soil. These species and ridgeseed spurge (Euphorbia glyptospermaEngelm.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), and Japanese millet [Echinochloa frumentacea(Roxb.) Link.] were controlled with 360 j/cm2(0.0048 kmph) regardless of seed or soil moisture. London rocket and sunflower were not controlled by several soil-incorporated herbicides. UHF energy had no deleterious effects on the growth of cantaloupe or onion and tended to increase the yields above those of the hand-weeded vegetables. Phytotoxic UHF radiation penetrated 7.5 and 10 cm in irrigated and non-irrigated soil, respectively, at 360 j/cm2. Soil temperature after UHF treatment increased with increasing UHF energy levels and decreasing soil moisture and depth.
Seedling and Yield Response of Cucumber to Naptalam and Chloramben
Authors: Cole A. W. , Jordan T. N.
Published: May 2019

Height, true-leaf area, shoot dry weight, and survival of the seedlings of four varieties of cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.) were measured for differences occurring when treated preemergence with naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) alone, chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) methyl ester alone, or with combinations of these two herbicides. These factors were reduced, depending upon the variety of cucumber, with each of the herbicide treatments. The only reduction associated with naptalam alone was the true-leaf area of ‘Model’ and ‘Wisconsin SMR 58.’ ‘Ohio MR 17,’ ‘Model,’ and ‘Wisconsin SMR 58’ had less reduction of all measured responses than ‘Pixie’ when treated with chloramben methyl ester alone or with combinations of naptalam and chloramben methyl ester. The herbicide variety interactions present in seedling injury under greenhouse conditions were not reflected in the yields of these varieties when grown in the field. The only significant yield reduction occurring under field conditions was with the 4.48 kg/ha rate of chloramben methyl ester in the first harvest.
Translocation of Atrazine: Accumulation Versus Passage Through Petioles
Authors: Minshall Wm. Harold
Published: May 2019

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropyl-amino)-s-triazine] applied to the soil of potted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘John Baer’) reached its maximum concentration in the xylem exudate collected from the stumps of detopped plants in 6 to 8 hr but continued to accumulate in the petioles for 36 hr. An atrazine concentration of 3.8μg/g fresh weight of petiole at 12 hr after treatment was approximately the same as the maximum concentration of atrazine in the xylem exudate indicating that atrazine had accumulated extensively in tissues outside of the xylem vessels.
Thiocarbamate Inhibition of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Isolated Spinach Chloroplasts
Authors: Wilkinson R. E. , Smith A. E.
Published: May 2019

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) (33μM) and diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] (90μM) inhibited the incorporation of 6 mM acetate-2-14C (Ac∗) by 80% and 65%, respectively, and the incorporation of 0.5μM malonate-2-14C (Mal∗) by 32% and 26%, respectively, into the lipids of spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) chloroplasts. The inhibition of Ac∗or Mal∗incorporation into lipids was not observed in the presence of excess Ac∗or Mal∗, respectively. Incorporation of palmitate-1-14C and oleate-1-14C into chloroplast lipids was inhibited by EPTC and diallate. Mal∗incorporation into dienoic fatty acids was inhibited by EPTC and diallate. The concentration of EPTC and diallate inhibiting lipid synthesis falls into the physiological range of these herbicides, explains some metabolic effects of these compounds, and fits as the mode of activity of these herbicides.
Effects of Simulated Rainfall on Bentazon Activity
Authors: Doran David L. , Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

Simulated rainfall less than 8 hr after postemergence application of bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2, 2-dioxide) reduced its activity on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) in greenhouse studies. In field studies, simulated rainfall less than 24 hr after application reduced bentazon's activity on velvetleaf. on common cocklebur, bentazon's activity was reduced even if simulated rainfall was delayed for more than 24 hr after application. In greenhouse studies, spray adjuvants (vegetable or petroleum oil) were helpful in overcoming the detrimental effects of simulated rainfall. Greenhouse and field studies indicated that soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] could tolerate bentazon-oil adjuvant combinations.
Interaction of Calcium and 2,4-D on Eurasian Watermilfoil
Authors: Stanley Ronald A.
Published: May 2019

The interaction of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], substrate, and calcium on eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) was determined. The effectiveness of 2,4-D was twice as great on plants grown on a substrate containing soil as it was on plants grown on a sand substrate. The presence of calcium chloride in sand culture during the period of 2,4-D uptake caused comparable or greater increases than sand culture without calcium in the effectiveness of 2,4-D. Possible differences in effectiveness of field treatments were calculated to be 48% greater at the highest natural concentrations of calcium than at the lowest concentrations in water of the Tennessee Valley. Calcium concentration and substrate altered the effectiveness of 2,4-D on eurasian watermilfoil.
Response of Yellow Nutsedge and Soybeans to Bentazon, Glyphosate, and Perfluidone
Authors: Stoller E. W. , Wax L. M. , Matthiesen R. L.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted in 1972 and 1973 on the efficacy of controlling yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] with bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], and perfluidone [1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide]. Young nutsedge plants (four- to six-leaf stage) were more susceptible to foliar sprays of the three herbicides than were older (six- to eight-leaf stage) plants. Foliar application of bentazon resulted in slow acropetal translocation of the herbicide, but killed the parent tubers. Good coverage of the foliage by bentazon sprays is essential, because the bentazon frequently kills only the foliage contacted by the spray. Applied as a postemergence broadcast spray, glyphosate injured soybeans severely at rates higher than 0.3 kg/ha, but did not satisfactorily control yellow nutsedge at rates less than 2.2 kg/ha. Perfluidone was active on yellow nutsedge when applied to either soil or foliage; yellow nutsedge was controlled best with preplant incorporated treatments at 4.5 kg/ha. Applications of 4.5 kg/ha perfluidone in the field significantly injured soybeans and reduced yields.
Adsorption, Mobility, and Microbial Degradation of Glyphosate in the Soil
Authors: Sprankle Paul , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was readily bound to kaolinite, illite, and bentonite clay and to charcoal and muck but not to ethyl cellulose. Fe+++ and Al+++-saturated clays and organic matter adsorbed more glyphosate than Na+ or Ca+-saturated clays and organic matter. Glyphosate appears to be bound to the soil through the phosphonic acid moiety as phosphate in the soil competed with 14C-glyphosate for adsorption sites. Glyphosate mobility in the soil was very limited and was affected by pH, phosphate level, and soil type. The 14C-glyphosate was biodegraded in soil to 14CO2 possibly by co-metabolism. Potentiometric titrations of the compound gave pKa values of 2, 2.6, 5.6, and 10.6.
Influence of Stage of Growth and Adjuvants on Fall Panicum Control in Corn with Cyanazine
Authors: Kern A. D. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The response of corn (Zea maysL.) and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.) to postemergence herbicide applications at three stages of growth was examined. Early postemergence application of cyanazine 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl] amino]-2- methylpropionitrile at 3.4 kg/ha provided the best control with minimum crop injury and greatest corn yield. A reduction of 25% in corn yield resulted when fall panicum was removed by hand at the seven to eight-leaf stage as compared to removal of plants with two leaves. Various adjuvants increased cyanazine action on both fall panicum and corn in field and greenhouse experiments; however, field trials showed no differences in grain yield at harvest. In the greenhouse, less corn injury was observed with a vegetable oil additive than with other adjuvants.
Bentazon Translocation and Metabolism in Soybean and Navy Bean
Authors: Mahoney Martin D. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Following foliar application of14C-bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide], a promising selective postemergence herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and navy bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), the movement of the14C-label was primarily acropetal in both species, with some basipetal movement. Metabolism was more rapid in the trifoliate navy bean leaf than in the unifoliate navy bean leaf and the trifoliate soybean leaf. Prior treatment with several other herbicides did not decrease metabolism of bentazon in navy bean. The metabolites in navy bean and soybean appeared similar. Four apparent14C-conjugates were isolated from soybean plants harvested at full maturity.
An Improved Definition of Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects
Authors: Rummens F. H. A.
Published: May 2019

Presently accepted methods for calculating the expected response for combinations of agents such as herbicides or other growth regulators from the responses of individual agents can lead to unacceptable results. This may be true even if responses within the linear region of the individual response curves are used in such calculations. A solution to this problem is to assign parameters to response curves of individual agents and to define the expected response function for combinations of agents by the weighted algebraic means of these parameters.
Soil Enrichment Studies with Trifluralin
Authors: Carter G. E. , Camper N. D.
Published: May 2019

Soil enrichment studies were conducted with trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) with and without exogenous carbon and nitrogen. From 72 bacterial isolates obtained, eight representative ones were tentatively identified as members of the genusPseudomonasbased on size, shape, Gram reaction, and reaction on fluorescent and motility agar. Two of these eight isolates exhibited a significant increase in numbers of viable cells when grown in a medium with trifluralin as the only exogenous carbon and nitrogen source. Chromatographic analysis of culture medium extracts revealed the presence of a degradation product which was not present in the herbicide control. The concentration of this unknown was greatest at the 50 mg/L level of trifluralin which also supported the greatest bacterial growth.
Germinability of Seed Reserves in a Big Sagebrush Community
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

We investigated seasonal variation in germinability of seed reserves in a degraded big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentataNutt.) community. A bioassay was employed to determine germinability. There were many more germinable seeds and seedling establishment was greater under the shrub canopies than in the interspace. Caryopses of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) were the most abundant of any species in the litter where most of the seeds were located. Seasonal germinability of downy brome caryopses depends on the environment of the seedbed when the samples were collected and on the incidence of environmentally-induced dormancy or on loss of dormancy.
Contribution of Side Chains to Karbutilate Mode of Action
Authors: Hammerschlag R. S. , Hilton J. L. , Bartels P. G. , Moreland D. E.
Published: May 2019

Inhibition of seedling growth and four assays for inhibition of photosynthesis were used to compare karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] with derivatives of karbutilate in which either the urea or carbamate side chain was missing. Karbutilate was a more potent, more presistent, and more specific inhibitor of photosynthesis than the phenylurea derivative fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea) that would be formed by removal of the carbamate side chain. However, karbutilate did not exert the growth-inhibiting action observed for the alkyl carbamate derivative phenyl-N-tert-butylcarbamate, formed by removal of the urea side chain, which does not affect photosynthesis at concentrations below 10-3M.
CATEGORIE E DIMENSIONI DEL MUTAMENTO POLITICO
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Chi cercasse una teoria generale dello sviluppo o del mutamento politico, nella vastissima letteratura sul tema, rimarrebbe deluso. Senza dubbio, numerosi e rilevanti tentativi sono stati fatti in questa direzione. In nessun caso, però, sono stati realizzati i requisiti minimi che contraddistinguono un paradigma; ma soprattutto non si è riusciti a formulare una teoria chiara, compiuta e ben articolata, anche se non condivisa da tutta la comunità scientifica. Tale non è, ad esempio, l'atteso volumeCrises and Sequences in Political Development, come riconosce nel capitolo conclusivo uno dei suoi autori, Verba. Eppure questo volume giunge dopo dieci anni di studi e ricerche del famoso Comitato per la Politica Comparata delSocial Sciences Research Council, di cui fanno parte alcuni fra i piú importanti studiosi del campo. Il principale obiettivo del Comitato e una delle esigenze piú intensamente percepite dai suoi componenti era proprio la formulazione di strumenti teorici piú approfonditi per la comprensione dello sviluppo. Non è ancora una teoria compiuta neanche l'interessantissimo e assai promettente approccio proposto dall'ultimo volume di Almond, lo studioso piú influente e certo uno dei capiscuola del settore dello sviluppo politico.
L'OPPOSIZIONE DIFFICILE
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

≪ Dei 113 membri delle Nazioni Unite, nel 1964, soltanto una trentina circa avevano sistemi politici nei quali era esistita nel decennio precedente una opposizione pienamente legale fra i partiti politici organizzati ≫. Cosí si apriva il volume Political Oppositions in Western Democracies curato da Robert Dahl nel 1966, e certamente la situazione da allora non è cambiata di molto. Anche se vi sono nuovi Stati membri dell'ONU è molto improbabile che anche solo in alcuni di essi vi sia un'opposizione legale attiva organizzata. Non solo al fine di indagare sugli Stati nei quali si manifesta sotto qualsiasi forma una resistenza al governo, ma anche per ampliare il campo d'indagine e per rendere conto dell'attività politica in sistemi molto importanti e per popolazione e per status internazionale e per tipo di regime politico, Dahl ha recentemente curato un nuovo volume Regimes and Oppositions che colma, in parte, una lacuna.