bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opening the black box: An observational study of teaching and learning interactions for paediatrics trainees on consultant ward rounds
Authors: Gray Amy , Enright Helen
Published: May 2018

Aim

Ward rounds are complex activities in which education must be balanced against service. Limited evidence exists regarding how to optimise ward round education. In order to improve the educational experience, we aimed to understand the teaching and learning interactions on ward rounds with a particular focus on the experience of paediatric trainees.

Methods

We conducted an initial quantitative survey as a needs assessment regarding learning and teaching in clinical settings using a structured survey of 21 trainees. This was followed by an observational study using focused ethnography of 20 consultant ward rounds in a general medical department of tertiary paediatric hospital. We used a structured observation form to document ward round characteristics and educational interactions. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis to understand key influences on teaching and learning interactions.

Results

Trainees reported a discrepancy between the actual educational value of ward rounds (mean rating 2.7/5) and what they desired (mean 4.3/5). Ward round ethnography revealed examples of excellent education and practice alongside missed opportunities. Explicit education on rounds was dominated by technical content with little focus on other aspects of professionalism. Major influences on educational interactions were the ward round model – consultant‐as‐expert versus learner‐centred – and the hidden curriculum.

Conclusion

There are many examples of excellence in ward round education, yet there remains substantial scope to better harness the education potential of rounds. This requires us to challenge assumptions, enable feedback and reflection and make learning explicit – while putting the learner at the centre of educational opportunities.
Effects of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on diarrhoea events of foals in their first weeks of life
Authors: Ströbel Christina , Günther Elena , Romanowski Kristin , Büsing Kirsten , Urubschurov Vladimir , Zeyner Annette
Published: May 2018

Foal first diarrhoea is one of the most prominent problems in the early life of horses. Probiotics might have the potency to prevent or at least diminish neonatal diarrhoea. We hypothesised that the treatment of foals with probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium starting early after birth and then daily over 2 weeks would prevent or mitigate foal heat diarrhoea. The influence of this probiotic treatment on diarrhoea incidence and growth and health performance of young foals was investigated. Thirty‐four foals were randomly allocated to two groups. From day 1 to 14 of life, the foals received either placebo (PG, n = 16) or the probiotic treatment (TG, n = 18). Clinical examination was performed, and the faeces consistency score (FCS, 1–5; with diarrhoea defined by ≤3) was recorded once per day in weeks 1 and 2 and once weekly in weeks 3–8 of life (WL). The body height was measured at birth and after two and eight WL. Diarrhoea occurred in the 1st WL in 19% and 61% of PG and TG foals respectively. In the 1st WL, diarrhoea lasted 0.3 ± 0.8 and 1.6 ± 1.4 days in PG and TG foals respectively. In the 2nd WL, diarrhoea occurred in 94% and 84% of PG and TG foals, respectively, and lasted for 3.0 ± 1.5 and 3.7 ± 1.6 days respectively. At least two periods of diarrhoea developed in 33% and 65% of PG and TG foals respectively. The TG foals grew slightly slower than the PG foals. The results indicated that the probiotic treatment of neonatal foals as performed in this study was not suitable to reduce diarrhoea within the first two WL, because contrary to the hypothesis, the TG foals suffered more frequently and for longer periods from diarrhoea than the PG foals.
Uncovering cryptic diversity of Lyngbya: the new tropical marine cyanobacterial genus Dapis (Oscillatoriales)
Authors: Engene Niclas , Tronholm Ana , Paul Valerie J.
Published: May 2018

Cyanobacteria comprise an extraordinarily diverse group of microorganisms and, as revealed by increasing molecular information, this biodiversity is even more extensive than previously estimated. In this sense, the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya is a highly polyphyletic group composed of many unrelated taxa with morphological similarities. In this study, the new genus Dapis was erected from the genus Lyngbya, based on a combined molecular, chemical, and morphological approach. Herein, two new species of cyanobacteria are described: D. pleousa and D. pnigousa. Our analyses found these species to be widely distributed and abundant in tropical and subtropical marine habitats. Seasonally, both species have the ability to form extensive algal blooms in marine habitats: D. pleousa in shallow‐water, soft bottom habitats and D. pnigousa on coral reefs below depths of 10 m. Electron microscopy showed that D. pleousa contains gas vesicles, a character not previously reported in Lyngbya. These gas vesicles, in conjunction with a mesh‐like network of filaments that trap oxygen released from photosynthesis, provide this species with an unusual mechanism to disperse in coastal marine waters, allowing D. pleousa to be present in both benthic and planktonic forms. In addition, both D. pleousa and D. pnigousa contained nitrogen‐fixing genes as well as bioactive secondary metabolites. Several specimens of D. pnigousa biosynthesized the secondary metabolite lyngbic acid, a molecule that has also been isolated from many other marine cyanobacteria. Dapis pleousa consistently produced the secondary metabolite malyngolide, which may provide a promising chemotaxonomic marker for this species.
Sleep duration and mortality – Does weekend sleep matter?
Authors: Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Ghilotti Francesca , Grotta Alessandra , Zhao Hongwei , Adami Hans‐Olov , Trolle‐Lagerros Ylva , Bellocco Rino
Published: May 2018

Previous studies have found a U‐shaped relationship between mortality and (weekday) sleep duration. We here address the association of both weekday and weekend sleep duration with overall mortality. A cohort of 43,880 subjects was followed for 13 years through record‐linkages. Cox proportional hazards regression models with attained age as time‐scale were fitted to estimate multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality; stratified analyses on age (<65 years, ≥65 years) were conducted. Among individuals <65 years old, short sleep (≤5 hr) during weekends at baseline was associated with a 52% higher mortality rate (hazard ratios 1.52; 95% confidence intervals 1.15–2.02) compared with the reference group (7 hr), while no association was observed for long (≥9 hr) weekend sleep. When, instead, different combinations of weekday and weekend sleep durations were analysed, we observed a detrimental association with consistently sleeping ≤5 hr (hazard ratios 1.65; 95% confidence intervals 1.22–2.23) or ≥8 hr (hazard ratios 1.25; 95% confidence intervals 1.05–1.50), compared with consistently sleeping 6–7 hr per day (reference). The mortality rate among participants with short sleep during weekdays, but long sleep during weekends, did not differ from the rate of the reference group. Among individuals ≥65 years old, no association between weekend sleep or weekday/weekend sleep durations and mortality was observed. In conclusion, short, but not long, weekend sleep was associated with an increased mortality in subjects <65 years. In the same age group, short sleep (or long sleep) on both weekdays and weekend showed increased mortality. Possibly, long weekend sleep may compensate for short weekday sleep.
Effects of functional diversity and functional dominance on complementary light use depend on evenness
Authors: Wang Jiang , Yu Fei‐Hai
Published: May 2018

Questions

Does functional diversity play a more important role than species richness in complementary resource use? Is the effect of functional diversity on complementarity greater when species evenness is higher? Does functional dominance play an important role in resource use when species evenness is low?

Location

An arable field in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province, China.

Methods

We assembled experimental plant communities with different species richness (one, two, four, eight and 12 species) and evenness (low and high). In each community, we quantified light interception efficiency (LIE) and light complementarity index (LC) to reflect light use. We measured four functional traits related to light capture to quantify functional diversity and functional dominance. We then tested effects of observed species richness, functional diversity and functional dominance on LIE, LC and above‐ground biomass in the low and high evenness communities.

Results

Functional diversity was positively related to LIE, LC and above‐ground biomass in the high evenness communities, but not in the low evenness communities. In contrast, functional dominance was positively related to LIE and negatively related to LC in the low evenness communities, but not in the high evenness communities. Moreover, functional dominance had a larger promotion to above‐ground biomass in the low evenness communities. Observed species richness and evenness had a significant interactive effect on LIE and LC. LIE of a species mixture of the low evenness communities was positively correlated with LIE of the monoculture consisting of the species with the highest initial abundance in the species mixture, while LC of a species mixture of the low evenness communities was negatively correlated with it.

Conclusions

Functional diversity and functional dominance play a crucial role in light complementary use of plant communities, and their effects on light complementarity are mediated by species evenness. Thus, interactions of functional traits and evenness may greatly affect ecosystem functioning.
Transnational Neo‐Victorian Studies: Notes on the Possibilities and Limitations of a Discipline
Authors: Jones Anna Maria
Published: May 2018

This essay explores the field of transnational neo‐Victorian studies, arguing that “transnational” does not so much signal a subcategory of the discipline of Victorian or neo‐Victorian studies as it does a recalibration of one's instruments of analysis and of one's position within a vast constellation of cultural producers and consumers, both within and without the academy. Transnational neo‐Victorian studies requires recognizing the value of what literary critic Juliet John has called “undisciplined knowledge.” It requires, moreover, a collaborative and tentative ethos that is often at odds with the structural realities of the academy. This essay first glosses some of the salient discussions around the terms “Victorian,” “neo‐Victorian,” and “transnational” before turning to an example of a transnational neo‐Victorian text, Japanese mangaKuroshitsuji(黒執事; 2007–) by Toboso Yana (枢やな), and its representation of a Chinese opium den in London's East End, in order to interrogate the possibilities and limitations of the discipline.
Language, emotion, and the emotions: A computational introduction
Authors: Santos Diana , Maia Belinda
Published: May 2018

In this paper, the second in the pair, we discuss how psychologists, linguists, and computer scientists model emotion from a computational perspective. First, we draw some parallels between the formalization of the emotions in the human body and the development of computational systems. Then we look at three influential schools for formalizing emotion in language, and we use a specific example to show that they do not have the same concerns and expressive power. We give some examples of computational resources for emotions, insisting on why the variety of languages and cultures makes it impossible to apply a monolithic universal approach. We then turn to emotion and opinion and briefly overview opinion mining and emotion generation. Instead of describing techniques and technologies and providing quantitative results, we try to present a “big picture” of emotion processing.
Can Natural Laws be Derived from Sociability?
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: May 2018

The article questions whether it is possible to derive natural laws from human sociability. It examines the work of Aristotle, Augustine and Aquinas, and concludes that there are certain natural laws that can be derived from the social character of human beings. Some of these hold across all societies and at all times (semper et ad semper) whereas others hold only in general but are subject to exceptions (semper sed non ad semper). The article concludes by confronting an anti-social and immoralist challenge to the idea of natural laws of sociability.
Cell remodeling and subtilase gene expression in the actinorhizal plant Discaria trinervis highlight host orchestration of intercellular Frankia colonization
Authors: Fournier Joëlle , Imanishi Leandro , Chabaud Mireille , Abdou‐Pavy Iltaf , Genre Andrea , Brichet Lukas , Lascano Hernán Ramiro , Muñoz Nacira , Vayssières Alice , Pirolles Elodie , Brottier Laurent , Gherbi Hassen , Hocher Valérie , Svistoonoff Sergio , Barker David G. , Wall Luis G.
Published: May 2018

Nitrogen‐fixing filamentous Frankia colonize the root tissues of its actinorhizal host Discaria trinervis via an exclusively intercellular pathway. Here we present studies aimed at uncovering mechanisms associated with this little‐researched mode of root entry, and in particular the extent to which the host plant is an active partner during this process.

Detailed characterization of the expression patterns of infection‐associated actinorhizal host genes has provided valuable tools to identify intercellular infection sites, thus allowing in vivo confocal microscopic studies of the early stages of Frankia colonization.

The subtilisin‐like serine protease gene Dt12, as well as its Casuarina glauca homolog Cg12, are specifically expressed at sites of Frankia intercellular colonization of D. trinervis outer root tissues. This is accompanied by nucleo‐cytoplasmic reorganization in the adjacent host cells and major remodeling of the intercellular apoplastic compartment.

These findings lead us to propose that the actinorhizal host plays a major role in modifying both the size and composition of the intercellular apoplast in order to accommodate the filamentous microsymbiont. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the analogies that can be made with the orchestrating role of host legumes during intracellular root hair colonization by nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia.
The Irie Classroom Toolbox: developing a violence prevention, preschool teacher training program using evidence, theory, and practice
Authors: Baker‐Henningham Helen
Published: May 2018

In this paper, I describe the development of the Irie Classroom Toolbox, a school‐based violence prevention, teacher training program for use with children aged 3–6 years. In‐depth interviews were conducted with Jamaican preschool teachers, who had participated in a trial of a classroom behavior management program, at posttest (n= 35) and 5 years later (n= 20). An on‐going process evaluation was also conducted. Teachers’ preferred behavior management strategies and training methods were documented, and enablers and barriers to implementation were identified. Teachers were most likely to adopt strategies that they liked, found easy to use, and were effective. These included paying attention to positive behavior and explicitly teaching children the expected behavior. Teachers preferred active, hands‐on training strategies based on social–cognitive theories. Enablers to intervention implementation included positive teacher–facilitator relationships, choice, collaborative problem solving, teachers recognizing benefits of the intervention, group support, and provision of materials. Barriers to intervention implementation were also identified. These data were integrated with behavior change theory (i.e., the behavior change wheel and theoretical domains framework) to develop an intervention grounded in common core elements of evidence‐based programs while also utilizing teachers’ perspectives. The resulting program is a low cost, adaptable intervention that should be suitable for training preschool teachers in other low‐resource settings.
What implementation evidence matters: scaling‐up nurturing interventions that promote early childhood development
Authors: Britto Pia R. , Singh Manpreet , Dua Tarun , Kaur Raghbir , Yousafzai Aisha K.
Published: May 2018

Research in early childhood development (ECD) has established the need for scaling‐up multisectoral interventions for nurturing care to promote ECD, for improved socioeconomic outcomes for sustainable societies. However, key elements and processes for implementation and scale‐up of such interventions are not well understood. This special series on implementation research and practice for ECD brings together evidence to inform effectiveness, quality, and scale in nurturing care programs; identifies knowledge gaps; and proposes further directions for research and practice. This paper frames the dimensions and components fundamental to the understanding of implementation processes for nurturing care interventions, factors for improving implementation of interventions, and strategies to scale by embedding interventions in delivery systems. We discuss emerging issues in implementation research for ECD, including (1) the role of context in adaptation and implementation, (2) standardized reporting of implementation research, (3) the importance of feasibility studies to inform scale‐up and capacity building, (4) fidelity and program quality improvement, and (5) intervention integration into existing systems. Effective implementation of nurturing care interventions is at the heart of achieving positive developmental outcomes for young children. It is pivotal to adapt and implement these interventions based on evidence for high impact, especially in low‐resource settings.
Spontaneous scar‐based reentrant atrial flutter: Electrophysiologic characteristics and ablation outcome in a retrospective analysis
Authors: Lei Sen , Jia Fengpeng , He Quan , Gao Lingyun , Luo Suxin , Lei Han , Zhu Dennis W. X.
Published: May 2018

Background

The understanding of spontaneous scar‐based reentrant atrial arrhythmia is limited. We aim to characterize the electrophysiologic and mapping features of spontaneous scar‐based atrial flutter (AFL) and outcomes of catheter ablation.

Methods

Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of AFL who underwent catheter ablation from January 2012 to June 2015 were screened. Scars were detected in 12 patients and were included in this study. All had negative coronary angiography. These patients were divided into right AFL (seven patients) and left AFL groups (five patients) based on electrophysiologic mappings.

Results

Compared to patients with right AFL, the size of right atrium (RA) was smaller and left atrium (LA) was larger in the left AFL group. The proportion of the scar area was 11.1 ± 11.7 % in the RA AFL group and 7.8 ± 2.8 % in the LA AFL group. The difference was significant (P = 0.001). The acute success rates of ablation were 85.7% and 100%, respectively, in patients with right and left AFL (P = 0.304). During the follow‐up, expansion of the scar area was noted in three patients with recurrent right AFL. No scar expansion was noted in one patient with recurrent left AFL. In addition, three patients with right AFL required permanent pacemaker implantation for sinus node dysfunction, and no one required pacemaker in patients with left AFL.

Conclusions

Spontaneous scar could serve as substrate for AFL in RA or LA. Compared to left AFL, there was a higher rate of recurrence and pacemaker implantation in patients with right AFL.
Efficacy and absorption of topical sirolimus for the treatment of vascular anomalies in children: A case series
Authors: Le Sage Sophie , David Michèle , Dubois Josée , Powell Julie , McCuaig Catherine C. , Théorêt Yves , Kleiber Niina
Published: May 2018

Background/Objectives

Efficacy of topical sirolimus has recently been described in lymphatic anomalies but not in other types of vascular anomalies. To our knowledge, systemic absorption of topical sirolimus in these lesions has not yet been reported. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance, and absorption of topical sirolimus 0.1% with different types of vascular anomalies in children.

Methods

Sirolimus 0.1% was applied on cutaneous vascular anomalies in six children aged 2‐17. These anomalies consisted of three extratruncular micro‐ and macrocystic lymphatic malformations and one each verrucous venous malformation, truncular lymphatic malformation with angiokeratomas, and infantile hemangioma. Sirolimus blood levels were measured after 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months.

Results

A rapid decrease in the size of superficial lymphatic malformations in three of six patients and a significant decrease in discharge from oozing lesions were observed. Response occurred in less than 3 months. The truncular lymphatic malformation, verrucous venous malformation, and infantile hemangioma did not respond to topical sirolimus. Sirolimus levels were undetectable. Adverse effects were limited to local irritation.

Conclusions

Topical sirolimus 0.1% is a useful treatment for cutaneous manifestations of extratruncular lymphatic malformations. The only adverse effect is local irritation. No systemic effects are expected, because blood levels are clinically insignificant.
Frege's Puzzle is About Identity After All
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar
Published: May 2018

Many philosophers have argued or taken for granted that Frege's puzzle has little or nothing to do with identity statements. I show that this is wrong, arguing that the puzzle can only be motivated relative to a thinker's beliefs about the identity or distinctness of the relevant object. The result is important, as it suggests that the puzzle can be solved, not by a semantic theory of names or referring expressions as such, but simply by a theory of identity statements. To show this, I sketch a framework for developing solutions of this sort. I also consider how this result could be implemented by two influential solutions to Frege's puzzle, Perry's referential‐reflexivism and Fine's semantic relationism.
Fungicide sensitivity and monocyclic parameters related to the Phakopsora pachyrhizi–soybean pathosystem from organic and conventional soybean production systems
Authors: Klosowski A. C. , Castellar C. , Stammler G. , May De Mio L. L.
Published: May 2018

The failure of chemical control of soybean rust has been related to the selection of less sensitive isolates, and the infection capacity of such isolates could have implications for the management of the disease. The aims of the present study were to compare the sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin and the monocycle of soybean rust using isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi from two soybean fields with different production systems (organic and conventional) in 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons, and to monitor mutations in the CYP51 gene. To assess the sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, detached leaf tests and in vitro germination, respectively, were used. To evaluate the monocycle, detached leaves were inoculated with a urediniospore suspension and evaluated daily by counting the number of uredia. The occurrence of the mutations in CYP51 was investigated by a pyrosequencing assay. In both 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons, the EC50 to tebuconazole was lower for the population from the organic system (0.41 and 0.10 μg mL−1, respectively) compared to the conventional system (1.60 and 4.44 μg mL−1, respectively), while the EC50 to azoxystrobin was similar for both populations. The lower sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin was associated with F120L + Y131H mutations in CYP51, and the F129L mutation in CYTB, respectively. The monomolecular model fitted to monocycle data and parameters related to the maximum asymptote and the AUDPC were superior for organic than the conventional system.
Electron microscopy of a 1991 spring plankton sample from the Argentinean Shelf reveals the presence of four new species of the Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Tillmann Urban
Published: May 2018

The dinophycean family Amphidomataceae encompasses the genera Azadinium and Amphidoma, which attract considerable attention because of their production potential for azaspiracids, i.e. lipophilic polyether phycotoxins. Many new species of Amphidomataceae were described in the last decade, but the diversity probably is not fully explored yet. In a continuation of a previous study, Amphidomatacean diversity of the 1991 spring plankton bloom along the Argentinean shelf was investigated. Based on morphology as inferred from scanning electron microscopy, three new species of Amphidoma and one new Azadinium are described. Azadinium asperum sp. nov. differed in size and shape from other Azadinium and had a characteristically rough and slightly granular surface of thecal plates. Amphidoma trioculata sp. nov. and Amphidoma cyclops sp. nov. differed by shape from most other Amphidoma, and can be differentiated from one another by the presence/absence of a antapical pore and by the size of a ventral depression. Amphidoma alata sp. nov. was unique by a conspicuous wing‐like sulcal list. Calculations based on the total number of small dinoflagellates and on relative scanning electron microscopy quantification indicated that density of all four species was fairly high (7–40 × 103 cells L−1), so a large number of cells could be investigated in the sample. A few more single cells in the sample are attributable to Amphidomataceae but do not belong to one of the described species. This indicates that the diversity of the group is still not fully explored.
No association between rate of torque development and onset of muscle activity with increased risk of hamstring injury in elite football
Authors: van Dyk N. , Bahr R. , Burnett A. F. , Verhagen E. , von Tiggelen D. , Witvrouw E.
Published: May 2018

Hamstring injuries remain a significant burden in sports that involve high‐speed running. In elite male football, hamstring injury has repeatedly been identified as the most common non‐contact injury, representing 12% of all injuries. As the incidence remains high, investigations are aimed at better understanding how to improve prevention efforts. Intrinsic risk factors such as strength have been investigated extensively in a cohort of professional football players; however, other intrinsic measures of neuromuscular function have not been studied in this cohort. This study aims to investigate the association between timing of hamstring muscle activity onset and the rate of torque development during the early phase of isokinetic strength testing with risk of hamstring injury in professional football players in a prospective cohort study. All teams (n = 18) eligible to compete in the premier football league in Qatar underwent a comprehensive strength assessment during their annual periodic health evaluation at Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital in Doha, Qatar. Variables included rate of torque development and timing of muscle activity onset. A total of 367 unique players (60.6% of all QSL players) competed for 514 player seasons (103 players competed both seasons) and sustained 65 hamstring injuries. There was no difference in the onset of muscle activity between the biceps femoris and medial hamstrings comparing the injured to uninjured players. For both onset of muscle activity and rate of torque development, there were no significant differences between any of the variables (P > .05), with small effect sizes detected across all the different variables (d < 0.3). Rate of torque development and onset of muscle activity were not associated with a risk of future hamstring injury. The use of these measures as part of a periodic health evaluation to identify risk of hamstring injury is unsupported.
A review of multiracial malleability: Identity, categorization, and shifting racial attitudes
Authors: Pauker Kristin , Meyers Chanel , Sanchez Diana T. , Gaither Sarah E. , Young Danielle M.
Published: May 2018

The majority of social perception research to date has focused on perceptually obvious and prototypical representations of social categories. However, not all people belong to social categories that are easily discernable. Within the past decade, there has been an upsurge of research demonstrating that multifaceted identities (both one's own and perceptions of others' identities) influence people to think about social categories in a more flexible manner. Here, we specifically review research on multiracial identity and perceptions of multiracial individuals as 2 domains where researchers have documented evidence of the flexible nature of social identities and social categorization. Integrating frameworks that argue race is a dynamic and interactive process, we provide evidence that studying multiracial perceivers and targets helps reveal that race changes across situations, time, and depending on a number of top‐down factors (e.g., expectations, stereotypes, and cultural norms). From the perspective of multiracial individuals as perceivers, we review research showing that flexible identity in multiracial individuals influences the process of social perception driven by a reduced belief in the essential nature of racial categories. From the perspective of multiracial individuals as targets, we review research that top‐down cues influence the racial categorization process. We further discuss emerging work that reveals that exposure to multiracial individuals influences beliefs surrounding the categorical (or noncategorical) nature of race, itself. Needed directions for future work are discussed.
Antecedent‐Contained Deletion in Japanese: Support for the VP‐Ellipsis Analysis
Authors: Abe Jun
Published: May 2018

In this article, I demonstrate that antecedent‐contained deletion (ACD) exists in Japanese, thereby supporting the V‐stranding VP‐ellipsis analysis, and that the infinite regress resolution with such ACD cases must be made by overt movement. I suggest that this way of infinite regress resolution is a universal property, demonstrating that English ACD cases can be analyzed along these lines. I also argue that what seems like a case of Japanese ACD involves argument ellipsis, even though it violates the anti‐c‐command requirement, and that the apparent violation is resolved by adopting the late insertion of adjuncts and the derivational definition of c‐command.
A novel HLA‐A*24 allele, A*24:231, was identified by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Li G. Y. , Liu Y. Y. , Wu K. L. , Tang Z. H.
Published: May 2018

HLA‐A*24:231 has one nucleotide change from HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 at position 784 G>C.
The novel HLA‐A*02:625 allele was identified in a Chinese bone marrow donor
Authors: Han Z.‐D. , Zhang W. , Wang W. , He J. , Zhu F.‐M.
Published: May 2018

HLA‐A*02:625 differs from HLA‐A*02:06:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 806 C>T.
Preparation for making clinical referrals
Authors: Qureshi Shaun P , Rankin Katharine , Storrar Neill , Freeman Michael
Published: May 2018

Background

The application of prior learning within medical curricula to real patient care is challenging. Clinical assistantships support UK medical students making the transition to postgraduate practice as doctors. This paper describes a method of teaching clinical referrals: the process of clinicians contacting colleagues for advice or services. The skills required are key to medical practice, and students should be supported to develop them in order to optimally benefit from their assistantships and prepare for practice.

Methods

The referrals workshop consisted of five diverse clinical cases that students explored in groups. Each station presented a realistic scenario. Students assimilated written information and made a telephone call to a faculty member in another room with a clinical request. After each 90‐minute session students received both personalised and group feedback.

Evaluation

The workshop was delivered to 108 students over 2 days, and received positive feedback from students and faculty members. Students and faculty members particularly valued the realism of making authentic calls to unseen clinicians, the fidelity of simulated referrals and constructive feedback. They considered this excellent preparation for making referrals in the workplace. Challenges included the moderately large number of faculty members required for each workshop (seven staff) and technical issues with telephone reception.

The referrals workshop consisted of five diverse clinical cases that students explored in groups

Discussion

These practical, scalable, replicable and well‐received learning activities have addressed a key educational need by providing guidance on the integration of prior learning with the performance of core clinical tasks. It has provided valuable preparation for postgraduate practice. Our detailed description should allow others to adapt and evaluate this in their own settings.
Faculty development for junior health professionals
Authors: Burgess Annette , van Diggele Christie , Mellis Craig
Published: May 2018

Background

The need for faculty development programmes designed to help junior health professionals fulfill their multiple roles, across various institutions, is widely acknowledged. Such programmes are usually logistically difficult for hospital clinicians to access, however, and are discipline based. In 2017, we collaborated with four health care faculties to develop a blended learning, interprofessional faculty development programme that was up to date, relevant, and accessible to clinicians working in the hospital and university settings. The purpose of our study was to explore participants’ perceptions of the structure, processes and outcomes of the programme, using the conceptual framework of communities of practice.

Methods

The Clinical Teacher Training (CTT) programme included eight modules delivered using a blended learning format. Participants were provided with education literature, online activities and videos, plus in‐class opportunities for active participation in small interprofessional learning groups and large group sessions. Quantitative data were collected from participants by questionnaire, and then analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were collected by focus group. Framework analysis was used to code the data set using ‘communities of practice’ as a conceptual framework.

[Faculty development] programmes are usually logistically difficult for hospital clinicians to access and are discipline based

Findings

Participants felt able to achieve most of the CTT programme learning outcomes through active participation, formative assessment and feedback. Participants felt that their learning was enriched through the blended learning platform, and through delivery within an interprofessional context; however, participants suggested it would be beneficial if more content was delivered through face‐to‐face sessions, particularly regarding ‘Journal Club’ and ‘Mentorship’ modules. Although participants felt well prepared to teach students, they felt less well prepared for assessment activities.
Creating a Collaborative Care Curriculum Framework
Authors: Maddock Bronwyn , Kumar Arunaz , Kent Fiona
Published: May 2018

Background

A faculty‐wide approach to curriculum design is required to ensure students within all health professional courses are provided with relevant interprofessional education opportunities across their course of study. Within the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences at Monash University, Australia, a Collaborative Care Curriculum Framework was developed to detail the learning outcomes for collaborative care for pre‐registration students.

Methods

A six‐stage process was undertaken. A working group was established, and existing literature, interprofessional frameworks and accreditation documents were analysed, and themes extracted. Consensus was obtained across the multiple professions (12 in our context) regarding the main themes and student learning outcomes. Multimedia was engaged to facilitate the communication of the framework across the faculty.

Discussion

Keys to the successful development of the framework included reference to profession‐specific accreditation requirements, incorporating patient and student perspectives, and working with multimedia to produce clear professional documents. The outcome of the six‐stage structured process was the establishment of an agreed framework for use across professions when planning an interprofessional curriculum. Subsequent benefits of developing the framework include a shared language, vision and priorities for the development of new interprofessional curriculum activities.

A Collaborative Care Curriculum Framework was developed to detail the learning outcomes for pre‐registration students

Conclusion

Each stage of the framework development is outlined to allow others to replicate the process in their local context. The process undertaken and the challenges encountered are described, in addition to the subsequent benefits for faculty members and students.
Forecasting zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using meteorological factors in eastern Fars province, Iran: a SARIMA analysis
Authors: Tohidinik Hamid Reza , Mohebali Mehdi , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Niakan Kalhori Sharareh R. , Ali‐Akbarpour Mohsen , Yazdani Kamran
Published: May 2018

Objectives

To predict the occurrence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) and evaluate the effect of climatic variables on disease incidence in the east of Fars province, Iran using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model.

Methods

The Box‐Jenkins approach was applied to fit the SARIMA model for ZCL incidence from 2004 to 2015. Then the model was used to predict the number of ZCL cases for the year 2016. Finally, we assessed the relation of meteorological variables (rainfall, rainy days, temperature, hours of sunshine and relative humidity) with ZCL incidence.

Results

SARIMA(2,0,0) (2,1,0)12 was the preferred model for predicting ZCL incidence in the east of Fars province (validation Root Mean Square Error, RMSE = 0.27). It showed that ZCL incidence in a given month can be estimated by the number of cases occurring 1 and 2 months, as well as 12 and 24 months earlier. The predictive power of SARIMA models was improved by the inclusion of rainfall at a lag of 2 months (β = −0.02), rainy days at a lag of 2 months (β = −0.09) and relative humidity at a lag of 8 months (β = 0.13) as external regressors (P‐values < 0.05). The latter was the best climatic variable for predicting ZCL cases (validation RMSE = 0.26).

Conclusions

Time series models can be useful tools to predict the trend of ZCL in Fars province, Iran; thus, they can be used in the planning of public health programmes. Introducing meteorological variables into the models may improve their precision.
What good is weed diversity?
Authors: Storkey J , Neve P
Published: May 2018

Should the declining diversity of weed communities in conventionally managed arable fields be regarded as a problem? The answer to this question has tended to divide researchers into those whose primary focus is on conserving farmland biodiversity and those whose goals are dictated by weed control and maximising yield. Here, we argue that, regardless of how weeds are perceived, there are common ecological principles that should underpin any approach to managing weed communities, and, based on these principles, increasing in‐field weed diversity could be advantageous agronomically as well as environmentally. We hypothesise that a more diverse weed community will be less competitive, less prone to dominance by highly adapted, herbicide‐resistant species and that the diversity of the weed seedbank will be indicative of the overall sustainability of the cropping system. Common to these hypotheses is the idea that the intensification of agriculture has been accompanied by a homogenisation of cropping systems and landscapes, accounting for both declines in weed diversity and the reduced resilience of cropping systems (including the build‐up of herbicide resistance). As such, weed communities represent a useful indicator of the success of rediversifying systems at multiple scales, which will be a central component of making agriculture and weed control more sustainable.
Chronology of martian breccia NWA 7034 and the formation of the martian crustal dichotomy
Authors: Cassata William S. , Cohen Benjamin E. , Mark Darren F. , Trappitsch Reto , Crow Carolyn A. , Wimpenny Joshua , Lee Martin R. , Smith Caroline L.
Published: May 2018

The metamorphic history of martian meteorite NWA 7034 suggests that the martian crustal dichotomy may have formed within 100 million years of planetary formation.
Alternative male morphs solve sperm performance/longevity trade-off in opposite directions
Authors: Taborsky Michael , Schütz Dolores , Goffinet Olivier , van Doorn G. Sander
Published: May 2018

Bourgeois and parasitic males produce sperm maximizing either performance or endurance, according to divergent spawning roles.
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) levels this century will alter the protein, micronutrients, and vitamin content of rice grains with potential health consequences for the poorest rice-dependent countries
Authors: Zhu Chunwu , Kobayashi Kazuhiko , Loladze Irakli , Zhu Jianguo , Jiang Qian , Xu Xi , Liu Gang , Seneweera Saman , Ebi Kristie L. , Drewnowski Adam , Fukagawa Naomi K. , Ziska Lewis H.
Published: May 2018

Rising CO
2
levels may induce nutritional deficits (protein, minerals, and vitamins) in the highest rice-consuming countries.
Derepression of co-silenced tumor suppressor genes by nanoparticle-loaded circular ssDNA reduces tumor malignancy
Authors: Meng Jing , Chen Shuang , Han Jing-xia , Tan Qiang , Wang Xiao-rui , Wang Hong-zhi , Zhong Wei-long , Qin Yuan , Qiao Kai-liang , Zhang Chao , Gao Wan-feng , Lei Yue-yang , Liu Hui-juan , Liu Yan-rong , Zhou Hong-gang , Sun Tao , Yang Cheng
Published: May 2018

Circular ssDNA can sequester inhibitory microRNAs to restore tumor suppressor gene function, thereby inhibiting tumor progression.
Agmatine Production by Aspergillus oryzae Is Elevated by Low pH during Solid-State Cultivation
Authors: Akasaka Naoki , Kato Saori , Kato Saya , Hidese Ryota , Wagu Yutaka , Sakoda Hisao , Fujiwara Shinsuke
Published: May 2018

It has been speculated that, in general, fungi do not synthesize agmatine from
l
-arginine because they do not possess genes encoding arginine decarboxylase. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that agmatine exerts pleiotropic effects on various molecular targets, leading to an improved quality of life. In the present study, we first demonstrated that
l
-arginine was a feasible substrate for agmatine production by the fungus
Aspergillus oryzae
RW. We observed that the productivity of agmatine by
A. oryzae
RW was elevated at low pH only during solid-state cultivation.
A. oryzae
is utilized in the production of various Asian fermented foods. The saccharification conditions optimized in the current study could be employed not only in the production of an agmatine-containing ethanol-free rice syrup but also in the production of many types of fermented foods, such as soy sauce (shoyu), rice vinegar, etc., as well as for use as novel therapeutic agents and nutraceuticals.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Feruloyl Esterase-Producing Strain Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446, a Probiotic for Malnutrition
Authors: Abeijón Mukdsi María C. , Saavedra Lucila , Gauffin Cano María P. , Hebert Elvira M. , Medina Roxana B.
Published: May 2018

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Lactobacillus fermentum
CRL1446 (2,148,781 bp, 51.4% G+C content). This strain exhibits feruloyl esterase activity and important technological and probiotic properties. Because of its proven beneficial effects
in vivo
, it represents an interesting candidate for the development of functional foods or pharmabiotics for malnutrition.
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli J53, an Azide-Resistant Laboratory Strain Used for Conjugation Experiments
Authors: Matsumura Yasufumi , Peirano Gisele , Pitout Johann D. D.
Published: May 2018

We report here the complete genome sequence of
Escherichia coli
J53, which is used as a recipient in conjugation experiments and is a laboratory strain derived from
E. coli
K-12. This genome sequence will help in the development of a comprehensive genetic analysis of conjugative elements.
Complete Genome Sequence of Streptomyces lunaelactis MM109
T
, Isolated from Cave Moonmilk Deposits
Authors: Naômé Aymeric , Maciejewska Marta , Calusinska Magdalena , Martinet Loïc , Anderssen Sinaeda , Adam Delphine , Tenconi Elodie , Deflandre Benoit , Coppieters Wouter , Karim Latifa , Hanikenne Marc , Baurain Denis , Delfosse Philippe , van Wezel Gilles P. , Rigali Sébastien
Published: May 2018

Streptomyces lunaelactis
MM109
T
is a ferroverdin A (anticholesterol) producer isolated from cave moonmilk deposits. The complete genome sequence of MM109
T
was obtained by combining Oxford Nanopore MinION and Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq technologies, revealing an 8.4-Mb linear chromosome and two plasmids, pSLUN1 (127,264 bp, linear) and pSLUN2 (46,827 bp, circular).
SAMHD1 Impairs HIV-1 Gene Expression and Negatively Modulates Reactivation of Viral Latency in CD4
+
T Cells
Authors: Antonucci Jenna M. , Kim Sun Hee , St. Gelais Corine , Bonifati Serena , Li Tai-Wei , Buzovetsky Olga , Knecht Kirsten M. , Duchon Alice A. , Xiong Yong , Musier-Forsyth Karin , Wu Li
Published: May 2018

A critical barrier to developing a cure for HIV-1 infection is the long-lived viral reservoir that exists in resting CD4
+
T cells, the main targets of HIV-1. The viral reservoir is maintained through a variety of mechanisms, including regulation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. The host protein SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells, but its role in HIV-1 latency remains unknown. Here we report a new function of SAMHD1 in regulating HIV-1 latency. We found that SAMHD1 suppressed HIV-1 LTR promoter-driven gene expression and reactivation of viral latency in cell lines and primary CD4
+
T cells. Furthermore, SAMHD1 bound to the HIV-1 LTR
in vitro
and in a latently infected CD4
+
T-cell line, suggesting that the binding may negatively modulate reactivation of HIV-1 latency. Our findings indicate a novel role for SAMHD1 in regulating HIV-1 latency, which enhances our understanding of the mechanisms regulating proviral gene expression in CD4
+
T cells.
Facile approach for synthesis of stable, efficient, and recyclable ZnO through pulsed sonication and its application for degradation of recalcitrant azo dyes in wastewater
Authors: Dinesh G. Kumaravel , Saranya Rameshkumar
Published: May 2018

In the present study, the ultrasound in pulsed mode was used as a part of an advanced oxidation method. The influence of the pulsed ultrasound mode for the preparation of the zinc oxide (ZnO) wurtzite nanoparticle was investigated. The catalysts synthesized were analysed using SEM, TEM, EDAX, BET surface area, XRD, and DRS to study their morphological and structural characterizations. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a highly hexagonal structure from pulsed sonication synthesis route. The efficiency of the decolourization of the reactive red 4 (RR4) dye was studied under different operation parameters such as dye concentration, initial solution pH, oxidant (e.g., H2O2) concentration, and catalyst loading. The hybrid combined process of pulsed sonolysis, pH (4.0), H2O2 (17.64 mmol), and catalyst (0.35 g/L) achieved 97% degradation and 87.5% chemical oxygen demand removal in about 20 min of reaction time. The cyclic degradation studies of RR4 removal with 0.35 g/L of ZnO showed the reusability of catalyst up to the fifth removal cycle with negligible loss in the catalytic performance. GC–MS study, used for the detection of the RR4 intermediates, revealed the oxidation–reduction reaction by the reactive radicals proceeded via the reductive cleavage of the azo bonds. The studied process, based on the pulsed ultrasound, is found to be effective for the degradation of RR4 dye.