bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart Nanoparticles for Selective Immobilization of Acid Phosphatases
Authors: Nagy Flóra , Tasnádi Gábor , Balogh‐Weiser Diána , Bell Evelin , Hall Mélanie , Faber Kurt , Poppe László
Published: June 2018

An easy to use method combining the selectivity of metal chelate affinity binding with strong covalent linking was developed for immobilization of non‐specific acid phosphatases bearing a His‐tag from crude cell lysate. Silica nanoparticles were grafted with aminopropyl functions which were partially transformed further with EDTA dianhydride to chelators. The heterofunctionalized nanoparticles charged with Ni2+ as the most appropriate metal ion were applied as support. First, the His‐tagged phosphatases were selectively bound to the metal‐chelate functions of the support. Then, the enzyme‐charged silica nanoparticles were further stabilized by forming a covalent linkage between nucleophilic moieties at the enzyme surface and free amino groups of the support using neopentylglycol diglycidylether as the most effective bifunctional linking agent. The phosphatase biocatalysts obtained by this method exhibited better phosphate transfer activity with a range of alcohols and PPi as phosphate donor in aqueous medium applying batch and continuous‐flow modes than the ones immobilized on conventional supports. Furthermore, this novel strategy opens up novel possibility for efficient immobilization of other His‐tagged recombinant enzymes.
Competitive Adsorption of Nitrite and Hydrogen on Palladium during Nitrite Hydrogenation
Authors: Postma Rolf Sybren , Brunet Espinosa Roger , Lefferts Leon
Published: June 2018

Nitrite hydrogenation is studied in steady‐state as well as transient operation using a Pd catalyst in a tubular membrane contactor reactor. A negative reaction order in hydrogen in steady state operation proofs that hydrogen and nitrite adsorb competitively. In transient operation, feeding nitrite to the Pd surface fully covered with hydrogen results initially in very low conversion of nitrite, speeding up once hydrogen is removed from part of the Pd surface. Additional proof for competitive adsorption between hydrogen and nitrite is provided by the observation that exposure of a nitrite‐covered catalyst to hydrogen induces desorption of nitrite. Formation of ammonia in these experiments proceeds via two pathways, first via a fast reaction followed by extremely slow hydrogenation of adsorbed N atoms, which is kinetically not relevant. This information is relevant for designing effective and selective catalysts when operating at very low nitrite concentration.
Recent Developments in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions of Ethers and Thioethers
Authors: Faisca Phillips Ana Maria , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: June 2018

Cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of two C−H bonds or a C−H and an X−H bond (X=N, O, P, S, etc.) has emerged as a powerful new synthetic methodology in the last 12 years. Using this approach, simple ethers, often utilized as solvents, and more complex ones, as well as thioethers, have become important alkylating agents, when reacted directly, under oxidative conditions in the presence of suitable reagents. This environmentally friendly, sustainable procedure, has been used to alkylate a wide range of substrates, from simple ketones and acids to alkyl benzenes, coumarins, indoles, oxazoles, benzoxazoles or (benzo)thiazoles and more. This Review is a systematic presentation of the developments in transition metal‐catalyzed CDC reactions, including photoredox processes, which took place between 2014 and early 2018, with an emphasis on the later years.
Air‐stable Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Zirconium Perfluorooctanesulfonate as an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of N‐substituted Amides
Authors: Li Ningbo , Wang Lingxiao , Zhang Liting , Zhao Wenjie , Qiao Jie , Xu Xinhua , Liang Zhiwu
Published: June 2018

Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium perfluorooctanesulfonate is an air‐stable and water‐tolerant Lewis acid. This complex exhibited good thermal stability and high solubility in polar organic solvents. The compound showed relatively strong acidity, with an acid strength of 0.8<Ho≤3.3, and high catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of N‐substituted amides via the reaction of carboxylic acids with amines, the Ritter reaction of nitriles with alcohols, and the amination of alcohols with amides. Moreover, the complex had good reusability. This catalytic system affords a simple and efficient way to synthesize N‐substituted amides.
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of NHC Gold(I) Polyoxometalate Complexes
Authors: Sirindil Fatih , Nolan Steven P. , Dagorne Samuel , Pale Patrick , Blanc Aurélien , de Frémont Pierre
Published: June 2018

The new hybrid NHC gold(I) acetonitrile polyoxometalate complexes {[Au(IPr)(MeCN)+][H+]3[SiW12O404−] (1), [Au(IPr)(MeCN)+][H+]2[PMo12O403−] (2), [Au(IPr)(MeCN)+][H+]5[P2W18O626−] (3), [Au(IPr)(MeCN)+][H+]2[PW12O403−] (4), [Au(IPr)(MeCN)+]3[PMo12O403−] (5) and [Au(ItBu)(MeCN)+] [H+]2[PMo12O403−] (6)} were readily synthesized in high yield and characterized by NMR and MS‐ESI spectroscopy. In a preliminary catalytic study, their activity was assessed under heterogeneous conditions for the ene‐yne rearrangement reaction and a cycloisomerization reaction. Additionally, their reactivity and recyclability were tested in the hydration of alkynes under homogeneous conditions.
Hydrothermal Addition Polymerization for Ultrahigh‐Yield Carbonized Polymer Dots with Room Temperature Phosphorescence via Nanocomposite
Authors: Xia Chunlei , Tao Songyuan , Zhu Shoujun , Song Yubin , Feng Tanglue , Zeng Qingsen , Liu Junjun , Yang Bai
Published: June 2018

Hydrothermal/solvothermal treatments have been widely used to prepare carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) through the condensation and carbonization of small molecules and/or polymers. However, the basic scientific issues, such as the nucleation and growth process, morphology and size control, yield increase, and photoluminescence (PL) mechanism have not been well investigated. In this work, enlightened by the principle of soap‐free emulsion polymerization, CPDs with ultrahigh yields (ca. 85 %) were obtained by hydrothermal addition polymerization and carbonization (HAPC) of monomers. The unprecedented initiator‐induced addition polymerization was exploited to synthesize CPDs for the first time. As expected in typical emulsion polymerization processes, the developed HAPC method can produce CPDs with designed sizes by systematically regulating the HAPC parameter, uncovering an unprecedented strategy for regulating the size of CPDs. In addition, the obtained CPDs were provided with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) up to 45.58 %, while the relationship between the photoluminescence (PL) mechanism and chemical structure was investigated. The viscosity parameter was first adopted to measure the polymer property of CPDs. Moreover, the ultrahigh yield and low‐cost CPDs elicited the high‐performance CPDs/PVA nanocomposite (PVA=poly(vinyl alcohol)) with fluorescence and room‐temperature phosphorescence dual‐mode emission, demonstrating potential for advanced anti‐counterfeit applications.
Multicenter, randomized, double‐blind phase 2 trial of FOLFIRI with regorafenib or placebo as second‐line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Sanoff Hanna K. , Goldberg Richard M. , Ivanova Anastasia , O'Reilly Seamus , Kasbari Samer S. , Kim Richard D. , McDermott Ray , Moore Dominic T. , Zamboni William , Grogan William , Cohn Allen Lee , Bekaii‐Saab Tanios S. , Leonard Gregory , Ryan Theresa , Olowokure Olugbenga O. , Fernando Nishan H. , McCaffrey John , El‐Rayes Bassel F. , Horgan Anne M. , Sherrill Gary Bradley , Yacoub George Hosni , O'Neil Bert H.
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Regorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits angiogenesis, growth, and proliferation, prolongs survival as monotherapy in patients with refractory colorectal cancer. This international, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial assessed the efficacy of regorafenib with folinic acid, fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as a second‐line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer.

METHODS

Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who progressed on first‐line oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine enrolled at 45 sites in the United States and Ireland. Patients, stratified by prior bevacizumab use, were randomized 2:1 to regorafenib or placebo. The treatment consisted of FOLFIRI on days 1 and 2 and days 15 and 16 with 160 mg of regorafenib or placebo on days 4 to 10 and days 18 to 24 of every 28‐day cycle. Crossover was not allowed. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS). Under the assumption of a 75% event rate, 180 patients were required for 135 events to achieve 90% power to detect a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.65 with a 1‐sided α value of .1.

RESULTS

One hundred eighty‐one patients were randomized (120 to regorafenib‐FOLFIRI and 61 to placebo‐FOLFIRI) with a median age of 62 years. Among these, 117 (65%) received prior bevacizumab or aflibercept. PFS was longer with regorafenib‐FOLFIRI than placebo‐FOLFIRI (median, 6.1 vs 5.3 months; HR, 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53‐1.01; log‐rank P = .056). The median overall survival was not longer (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.71‐1.44). The response rate was higher with regorafenib‐FOLFIRI (34%; 95% CI, 25%‐44%) than placebo‐FOLFIRI (21%; 95% CI, 11%‐33%; P = .07). Grade 3/4 adverse events with a >5% absolute increase from regorafenib included diarrhea, neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, hypophosphatemia, and hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

The addition of regorafenib to FOLFIRI as second‐line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer only modestly prolonged PFS over FOLFIRI alone. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Helicenes as Molecular Tweezers in the Formation of Cation−π Complexes. Bonding and Circular Dichroism Properties from Relativistic DFT Calculations
Authors: Ortolan Alexandre O. , Caramori Giovanni F. , Parreira Renato L. T. , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro
Published: June 2018

Helicene ligands possess a unique helicoidal π‐conjugated framework providing high optical rotation values. This has stimulated a growing interest in helicene derivatives as building blocks, which has triggered the development of simple strategies to tune their properties. In this context, we evaluated the formation of cation−π complexes derived from [6]‐ and [7]helicene, involving Sn2+, Cd2+, and In+ in addition of Ag+, which appears as a plausible modification of such helicoidal structure. The nature of the cation−π interaction in the studied helicene complexes exhibits a covalent character, accounting for ligand π‐donation to 5 s and 5p empty orbitals of the involved cations. Furthermore, the evaluation of their optical activity exhibits notorious modification patterns in the circular dichroism spectrum, suggesting that the modifications of the optical activity are dependent on the nature of the cation and its related charge state. Thus, the plausible formation of new cation−π complexes derived from helicene ligands, as discussed here, may lead to the characterization of novel species expanding the chemistry of helicene metal complexes to even to larger helicene units. We believe that the present study may open new avenues in the formation of cation‐π helicene complexes.
Effect of low‐carbohydrate diet on markers of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Suyoto Perdana Samekto Tyasnugroho
Published: June 2018

Meta‐analysis was conducted to clarify the effect of low‐carbohydrate diet (LCD) on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. An extensive literature search was conducted on scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library until September 2017. Only controlled trials on human subjects written in English were included in this meta‐analysis. Several markers of renal function were compared between subjects who adopted an LCD or control diet, including estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance, urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and serum uric acid. Random effect model was used in the analysis of each marker. In this meta‐analysis, 12 controlled trials were selected, which involved 942 participants (500 received LCD and 442 received a control diet). The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of estimated glomerular filtration rate from LCD vs control diet was not different (pooled SMD: 0.26; 95% CI, −0.03 to 0.55; P = .08). Investigation on creatinine clearance also showed no significant difference (pooled SMD: 0.51; 95% CI, −0.38 to 1.40; P = .26). Other comparisons from urinary albumin (pooled SMD: −0.04; 95% CI, −0.75 to 0.67; P = .90), serum creatinine (pooled SMD: −0.57; 95% CI, −1.51 to 0.38; P = .24), and serum uric acid (pooled SMD: −0.86; 95% CI, −4.00 to 2.28; P = .59) also showed no significant difference in the results. In the present meta‐analysis, no effect on markers of renal function was found after provision of a LCD compared with a control diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Visual interpretation and time series modeling of Landsat imagery highlight drought's role in forest canopy declines
Authors: Bell David M. , Cohen Warren B. , Reilly Matthew , Yang Zhiqiang
Published: June 2018

Remote sensing studies indicate that slow and subtle degradation of forest canopies, or forest canopy declines, has increased in extent during recent decades, possibly due to hotter and drier droughts. However, it is difficult to collect consistent, high‐quality time series of forest canopy decline occurrence observations needed for examining multi‐year drought contributions to forest canopy decline at an annual scale. In this research, we leveraged a tool for visual interpretation of annual Landsat satellite imagery (TimeSync) and a hierarchical Bayesian time series modeling approach (stochastic antecedent modeling, SAM) in five forest type groups located in the western United States to assess (1) what seasonal and interannual patterns in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and precipitation preceded forest canopy decline events, (2) how drought effects on forest canopy decline events differed by forest type group, and (3) whether or not drought effects on forest canopy decline events were uniform within forest type groups. We examined observations of forest canopy decline over three decades (1985–2013) at 126 plots where we collected annual TimeSync observations. Stochastic antecedent modeling indicated that January–March VPD and July–September precipitation anomalies for the current year and 1–3 yr in the past contributed to defining drought conditions in relation to forest canopy decline dynamics. The probability of forest canopy decline decreased with summer precipitation for all forest type groups and increased with winter VPD for the warmest and the coldest forest type groups. However, the magnitude and direction of forest canopy decline sensitivity to drought varied substantially within forest type groups. The ubiquitous, but not uniform, effects of drought on forest canopy decline dynamics implied that local biotic (e.g., forest structure and composition, tree genetics) and abiotic (e.g., topography and soils) factors act to mediate effects of drought on forest change. The integration of the TimeSync satellite image interpretation tool with SAM provides a promising approach to link ecological understanding of tree drought responses to forest and landscape responses at regional and continental scales.
Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Systematically Modified in Chelating Benzylidene Ether Fragment: Experiment and Computations
Authors: Zieliński Adam , Szczepaniak Grzegorz , Gajda Roman , Woźniak Krzysztof , Trzaskowski Bartosz , Vidović Dragoslav , Kajetanowicz Anna , Grela Karol
Published: June 2018

Five Hoveyda–Grubbs‐type complexes bearing cyclopropyl to cycloheptyl ether moieties in the chelating benzylidene ligand have been synthesized and investigated by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Their experimentally measured catalytic activity in model ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions was studied at catalyst loading down to 10 ppm and compared with DFT calculations. The latter can be used as a reliable and accurate guidance in the fast and inexpensive design of new metathesis catalysts, as we were able to find a good correlation between the initiation rate and free‐energy barrier of the reaction.
Decadal‐scale dynamics of an Amazonian mangrove caused by climate and sea level changes: Inferences from spatial–temporal analysis and digital elevation models
Authors: Cohen Marcelo C.L. , de Souza Adriana V. , Rossetti Dilce F. , Pessenda Luiz C.R. , França Marlon Carlos
Published: June 2018

Sea level rise and climate change are major forces driving wetland dynamics. The northern Brazilian coast has one of the largest continuous mangrove areas on Earth, with the mangroves from the Bragança Peninsula, in eastern Amazonia, being the most representative ones. These mangroves have migrated into higher tidal flats over recent years. We analyzed spatial–temporal changes of vegetation units adapted to different physical–chemical conditions along the Bragança Peninsula in order to decipher possible causes responsible for such recent mangrove dynamics. The investigation was based on time series analysis of a 33‐year (1984–2017) database consisting of satellite and drone images. These data were combined with digital elevation models based on topographical data obtained by photogrammetry, theodolite and hydrotopographic devices. During this time frame, mangroves invaded 2.7 km2 of inner tidal flats, which is compatible with a rise in relative sea level (RSL) and with a rainfall decreasing. Such topography‐dependent dynamic suggests that an increased frequency of tidal inundation decreased porewater salinity and caused mangroves to expand into topographically higher grounds. However, the study area contains small basins, that are less affected by tidal inundation, and Avicennia trees are dying in these locations due to increased porewater salinity, probably caused by a decreased rainfall. We propose that climate and RSL are responsible for driving the death of mangroves in the study area, and their migration into the topographically highest tidal flats. Assuming a RSL rise of 5 mm/yr under stable rainfall, or a RSL rise of 3 mm/yr accompanied by decreased rainfall, it is projected that mangrove areas will expand by 2.93 or 1.35 km2, respectively, by the end of this century. The combination of photogrammetry with theodolite/hydrotopographic surveying proved to be an efficient and innovative process for monitoring and evaluating the impacts of global changes on mangroves. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventive Maintenance In Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Sullivan David L.
Published: June 2018

Maintenance is the art of keeping plant equipment, structures, and other related facilities in a suitable condition to perform the services for which they were intended. The objective of preventative maintenance is to expose weaknesses before machinery fails and causes any major problems. Among the topics discussed are lubrication of machinery, oil viscosity and the use of the proper oil for each piece of equipment, proper use of motor bearings, and hot bearings as a warning that something is wrong with the equipment.
Techniques of Hydrant Care In Sandusky
Authors: Zimmerman Robert
Published: June 2018

The Sandusky Water Distribution Department in Ohio is solely responsible for the installation of all fire hydrants and their subsequent maintenance. The installation process and maintenance procedures are described.
Lubrication In Maintenance
Authors: Frisk E.R.
Published: June 2018

Lubrication is very important to the long life of water and wastewater equipment. Accurate records, proper viscosities, and cleanliness are all elements of lubrication maintenance. Special attention must be given to seals and gaskets to keep them in working order.
For ‘Good Inspections,’ Use What You Have to Advantage
Authors: Gibson Henry E.
Published: June 2018

This article outlines various operation, maintenance, and safety considerations for water treatment plants.
Bumping Relieves Binding In Filters
Authors: Smith George K. , Thomas Harvey L.
Published: June 2018

The technique of bumping the filter (close the outlet valve and open the washwater valve slightly and briefly) is discussed as a means of preventing clogged filters in an earthen dam reservoir found in Frederick County, Maryland.
Pump Rehabilitation Improves Efficiency, Saves Dollars
Authors: Gros William F. H.
Published: June 2018

Possible reasons for pump inefficiency are discussed, and the prospects of pump rehabilitation to save money and energy while improving efficiency are covered.
Adequate Capacity Vital For Peak Demands
Authors: Proudfit D. P.
Published: June 2018

Design parameters, types of storage systems, storage considerations and cost effectiveness of the systems are discussed with regard to peak demands placed on systems.
Power Tool Safety
Authors: Worth George A.
Published: June 2018

Training in the use of power tools is essential to prevent injury. Training should be documented and each employee should make it his responsibility to become trained on all power tools used.
Recoating Storage Tanks as Part of Tank Maintenance
Authors: Mueller K. C. V.
Published: June 2018

Three main reasons for paint failure on storage tanks are lack of surface preparation, improper choice of materials and improper application. Ways to prepare the surface of the tank include the grinding of all welds, in order to make the area smooth, installation of adequate shell manholes, elimination of spider rods inside the tank and use of noncorrosive materials for bolts. The choice of material and application are very important and several problems can arise, such as the improper use of solvents or thinners, inadequate periods of drying time, excessive amounts of time between the prime and finish coats, and incompatibility of coatings.
Potable Water Supply Cross‐Connection Issues
Authors: Kelley William A.
Published: June 2018

A discussion is given of the rules regarding cross‐connections in the Michigan Department of Public Health.
Stilling Chamber Achieves Cavitation Control for St. Louis Plant
Authors: Ackerman John
Published: June 2018

The St. Louis County Water Company in Missouri experienced a problem with cavitation destruction of ground storage fill lines downstream from the throttling fill valve. The causes of and various solutions to the problem are presented. The building of a stilling chamber immediately downstream from the throttling valve seems to have remedied the problem.
An Unusual Water Main Repair Job
Authors: Jackson R.A.
Published: June 2018

The procedure for repairing a broken pipe in an island in the middle of the James River in Virginia is described. Some of the unique tools needed for this repair included a small two‐man helicopter and a construction crane.
Choosing and Applying Non‐Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Hitt M. Jack
Published: June 2018

Various types of non‐centrifugal pumps are discussed, including regenerative turbine pumps, rotary type pumps, reciprocating pumps, diaphragm pumps, and chemical metering pumps.
Procedures and Equipment for the Membrane Filter Technique
Authors: Rock Richard
Published: June 2018

The membrane filter technique is a fast, economic, and highly reliable method of coliform detection which is used extensively for drinking water analysis. Care must be taken that the apparatus is sterile and that the technique is aseptic. The analytical procedure is outlined here.
Safe Handling of Chlorine Emphasized in Toronto
Authors: Vogele Lou
Published: June 2018

Chlorine can be fatal and safety procedures cannot be overemphasized. Incidents in Toronto and Florida are discussed, as well as how leaks were handled to prevent worker injury.
Underwater Maintenance: A Merging of Skills and Imagination—Part I
Authors: Preston Allan
Published: June 2018

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has a special Underwater Services Unit made up of seven divers who perform underwater operation and maintenance procedures for the District distribution system. The various duties of the Unit are described.
How to Discover Oil ... And Go Broke
Authors: Hendrick George A.
Published: June 2018

One‐call notification systems are an effective way of reducing damages to existing underground utility lines caused by adjacent construction and equipment. Costs, benefits, and operation of these systems are described.
Maximum Withdrawal Rates From Chlorine, Sulfur Dioxide, and Ammonia Cylinders
Authors: Baker Robert J.
Published: June 2018

For three commonly used gases—chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia—maximum sustained gas withdrawal rates from shipping containers can be estimated by a simple equation. The equation requires that the operator know room temperature, “threshold temperature,” and a “withdrawal factor.” This article explains the terms of the equation and gives examples of its application.
SAFETY: Don't Just Do Something...Talk About It
Authors: Miller William H.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the innovative approach to worker safety taken by North Miami Beach Public Utilities in Miami, Florida. The program consists of “Safety Talk” posters featuring ideas submitted by Public Utilities personnel, which are distributed and discussed by fellow workers.
Brush‐up on Decimals and Significant Figures
Authors: Rieman John
Published: June 2018

This portion of “Math for Operators” explains how decimals are related to fractions and percent. Decimal places and using decimals for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are covered. Significant figures are defined, and examples of how they are used are presented.
Running Log of Disaster Preparation
Authors: Goodwin Lee
Published: June 2018

This log outlines the emergency volcano disaster plan followed by the City of Vancouver, Washington, during the first five days after the eruption of Mt. St. Helens on May 18, 1980.
Fire Hydrant Meter Screen Traps Debris
Authors: DiNero Fred
Published: June 2018

As part of a new fire hydrant meter program undertaken by the Board of Water Works of Pueblo, Colorado, a fire hydrant screen was designed and installed in front of the meter portions. The screen acts as a trap, catching rocks and debris and eliminating damage to internal parts of the meter.
How to Check Pump Efficiency
Authors: Gros William F.H.
Published: June 2018

The following appeared originally as a two‐part article in September and October 1976 OpFlow and in this condensed version in May 1977.

Because of skyrocketing energy costs, operators need to pay attention to pump efficiency. With the following information, an operator can learn how to check efficiency of existing pumps by himself.—Editor.
Written Procedures and Records Needed for Routine Connections
Authors: Power Joe Alan
Published: June 2018

This article stresses the need for written procedures and records for even a routine job such as meter tie‐ons. Knowing the right location and exactly where the water main is, and remembering to flush the service line, check the chlorination, and record certain information on the meter card will assure that the procedure is carried out efficiently with a minimal investment of time, money, and unnecessary accidents.
Microwave saves
Authors: Henket Frans
Published: June 2018

Odor tests on water provided by the Kern County Water Agency in Bakersfield, California are being performed using a microwave oven equipped with a rotating carousel platter, temperature probe, digital temperature display, and automatic power shut‐off. Energy and time savings are significant.
Hydraulics problems put pressure on operators
Authors: Roach William R.
Published: June 2018

Hydraulics is the study of fluids. This article presents samples of hydraulics problems that water utility operators are likely to encounter. Absolute and gauge pressure, and conversion factors and formulas are covered.
An effective method for cleaning pipelines
Authors: Landes Mike
Published: June 2018

Among the new techniques of pipeline cleaning is the rubber foam pigging method. Polyurethane foam pigs come in a variety of shapes and foam densities. Bare, coated, and scraping pigs are described in this article, and a progressive cleaning method is suggested.
Gimmicks and gadgets
Authors: Trageser Leo
Published: June 2018

Heat from service vehicle engine exhaust is utilized for thawing frozen plastic or bronze water meters in rural Kansas. The technique is recommended for small meter pits only.
Development and rehabilitation of water wells
Authors: McNichol Richard F.
Published: June 2018

This is the second part of an article that was prepared from a slide pre sentation given at the B.C. Water and Waste Association, 1977. The first part appeared in March and covered de velopment of wells.
Filter material replacement—one plant's method
Authors: Eagleton Robert
Published: June 2018

The Mahoning Valley Sanitary District of Mineral Ridge, Ohio has established a routine schedule of filter material replacement, calling for complete replacement of all filter sand every four years, along with replacement of underlying layers of gravel as needed. The eductor box, slurry, and screed used in the process are discussed in detail.
Portable pressure gauge locates pressure drop in homes
Authors: Newnham Donald F.
Published: June 2018

One solution to the problem of low water pressure caused by customers' plumbing is a simple pressure gauge mounted and inserted in the service line in place of the meter.
Removing jackhammer is no sweat with this stand
Authors: Leffler Gerald
Published: June 2018

The jackhammer stand described in this article is designed to prevent common accidents that occur when jackhammers are thrown into the back of a truck.
Cross Connection Cross‐Word Puzzle II Answers
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

Answers to the “Cross Connection Cross‐Word Puzzle II,” which appeared in the March 1982 issue of OpFlow, are given.
SMP—A Special Insurance Policy for Utilities
Authors: Nelson Jerry
Published: June 2018

Every water utility should have a comprehensive insurance policy. The Special Multi‐Peril Policy (SMP) available to utilities is described. The policy consists of property, general liability, crime protection, and miscellaneous insurance. In this part of the series, the property and general liability segments are discussed.
Keeping Hydrant Frost Casings in Position With ‘Pusher’ Device
Authors: Foris James
Published: June 2018

A simple and inexpensive device designed to relieve pressure between fire hydrants and frost‐protection casings, which is also capable of pushing the casing back into the ground, is described. The pusher device eliminates jackhammering of streets and sidewalks and breakage of the casing.
Gate Valves—Miniature ‘Dams’ for Distribution Lines
Authors: Seevers Dick
Published: June 2018

Double‐disc gate valves are the most commonly used devices for isolating distribution pipes during operation, maintenance, and repair activities. In this article, the double‐disc gate valve is described. The author also outlines procedures to follow when installing, maintaining, and repairing these valves. Included is a chart of guidelines concerning delivery inspection, storage, installation, and performance testing.
Trailer Keeps Traffic Signs in Good Shape
Authors: Wilcox C.E.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a trailer designed especially for transport of traffic signs, cones, and other equipment to and from job sites. Instructions for building the trailer are given.
Pretreatment Reduces Load on Main Processes
Authors: Leidholdt Ralph
Published: June 2018

Pretreatment, defined as any physical, chemical, or mechanical process used on water prior to the main treatment process, can be used to reduce the load on the main treatment processes. This article discusses the four basic methods of pretreatment, namely screening, chemical treatment, presedimentation, and microstraining. Proper cleaning and maintenance should accompany any pretreatment process and accurate, up‐to‐date records should be kept.
Shoring Box Provides Safety for Repair Crews
Authors: Wixom Ted
Published: June 2018

This strong, lightweight, self‐supporting shoring box features ease of assembly, transportation, and manipulation at the excavation site. Its strength is independent of uneven or unstable trench conditions such as those found during water main breaks. The two halves of the box can be disassembled for storage, allowing a single person to load and unload the pieces. Once on the job site, the box is sized according to the needs of the particular trench. As subsequent excavation is needed, the backhoe can lift the box out and then reset it as needed. Dimensions of the shoring box are presented, along with a photograph.
Theory and Use of Air Valves
Authors: DiLorenzo Ralph
Published: June 2018

This article describes the theory and operation of air‐ release, air/vacuum, and combination air valves. All three prevent the accumulation of air at high points within a liquid distribution system. This is done by exhausting large volumes of air as the system is being filled and by releasing accumulated pockets of air when the system is operational and under pressure. Air/vacuum valves and combination air valves also prevent potentially destructive vacuums from forming by admitting air into the system during power outages, water column separation, or sudden ruptures of the pipeline. Additionally, these valves allow the system to be easily drained because air will reenter as needed.
Voluntary Emergency Assistance Plan
Authors: Seifert Harold R.
Published: June 2018

Following heavy rains and tornados on December 2, 1982, several Arkansas community public water systems were so badly damaged that full service was not restored for over three weeks. The damage to these systems was so severe that they lacked adequate manpower, equipment, and materials to restore service in a timely manner. Although assistance was provided by the less stricken utilities, the Division of Engineering of the Arkansas Department of Health felt that existing emergency plans were not adequate to handle situations of this nature. The Division decided to establish an Emergency Assistance Clearinghouse, designed to supplement the services of the Office of Emergency Services. Two primary achievements to date are a statewide communications system and a resource pool of equipment, materials, and personnel.
Hydrant Safety Belt Keeps Caps in Place
Authors: Dixon James C.
Published: June 2018

A safety belt designed to prevent hydrant cap blowoff is illustrated in this article. The device, which consists of metal plates connected to a link chain, can be constructed for approximately $20.
Locking Pliers Stop Leaks Temporarily
Authors: Enright Dick
Published: June 2018

A device made from locking pliers is described which can be used to stop leaks temporarily on small diameter pipe. The device has proved very useful on service leaks and on frozen or split pipe.
Billing Frequency and Meter Reading Frequency
Authors: Hinchberger James L.
Published: June 2018

Every public and private water utility is responsible for distributing the costs of system ownership, operation and maintenance among all of its users in a reasonable and equal manner. In order to accomplish this, the water utility must first determine what to base the charges on and how frequently to apply the charges. The Butler County Water and Sewer Department, which serves a very unstable area that suffers form both a high growth rate and a high changeover rate, decided to investigate various billing and meter reading frequency schedules as a result of an increasing rate of uncollectible revenues. This article discusses the steps the Butler County Water Service Area went through in determining the frequency of meter reading and billing that would best serve their needs.
Easy Way to Remove Slip Joint Pipe Plugs
Authors: Gorden Stephen F.
Published: June 2018

A great deal of time and energy can be wasted in removing slip joint plugs after they have been installed. For this reason, an easy method of removing these plugs was developed. The author of this article describes this new method.
Minicorder Records Water Main Pressure
Authors: Clyde Gould V.
Published: June 2018

The minicorder recorder was designed to monitor water main pressure over a twenty‐four hour period. The recorder was used on water mains in Hutchinson, Kansas, a city in which some areas have had forty‐five to fifty main breaks in the last fifteen years. The minicorder recorder is mounted on a fire hydrant. With the fire hydrant completely open, it records the pressure within the main for a given twenty‐four hour period. This pressure recorder is versatile and can be moved to any location within the city. Directions for construction of the minicorder recorder and for its use are included in this article. Approximate cost for materials is $225.
Withdrawal Pipe Air Line Eliminates “Drop Out”
Authors: Moreno Edward E.
Published: June 2018

The University of Iowa Water Treatment Plant uses two upflow solids contact units for lime softening and clarification of raw source water from the Iowa River. The units recirculate solids and raw water up a riser pipe to improve contact of the solids with raw water and the added lime and alum. In order for the units to perform efficiently, solids must be maintained in the reaction zone with the proper chemical dosages. Because of the changing characteristics of the raw water source, solids periodically “drop out” of the reaction zone causing the efficiency of the softening and clarification process to decline. To remedy this problem, air lines were tapped into the sludge withdrawal pipes. Operators were then able to deliver surges of air to push solids up the riser and into the reaction zone. Used wisely, the air can help keep the solids up during these unstable periods without breaking up the existing sludge blanket or using excessive lime. A list of materials to construct the air line, which can be constructed for less than $45, is included along with a diagram of basic construction details.
Inspection Methods for Water Tanks and Reservoirs
Authors: Collins Thomas J.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the common types of deterioration found in storage facilities and suggests methods for inspecting and evaluating the condition of these structures. Common deterioration mechanisms for steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, and concrete‐encased steel structures are discussed. Inspection methods, including suggestions for conducting underwater inspections and precautions to be taken with this type of inspection, are listed. An inspection checklist is provided.
Flexible Shut‐off Rod Used on Crooked Valve Box
Authors: Santen Edward R.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a flexible shut‐off rod to be used on crooked valve boxes. Materials required to construct the shut‐off rod and a schematic drawing of the device are provided.
Portable Steamer Thaws Out Frozen Curb Boxes
Authors: Opsahl Jerome P. , Dickman Terry L.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction and use of a portable steamer that is capable of thawing out a curb box in ten to 15 minutes.
Procedures for Emergency Disinfection of Mains
Authors: Yoo R. Scott
Published: June 2018

This article describes methods for disinfecting potable water mains subjected to emergency repairs following physical failure of the pipeline. The proper procedures to follow for main disinfection relate to the overall repair operation. The necessary steps include: minimize entry of contaminants into the pipe, remove any contaminants that may have entered the pipe, disinfect any contamination that remains, flush the disinfectant from the pipe, and determine the bacterial quality after disinfection. Each of these steps is discussed in detail.
Developing Working Relations With Water Boards
Authors: Fitzgerald Patrick J.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the working relationship between a board of directors or a municipal council and a water system manager. The roles of the governing body and the manager are outlined.
Fire‐Hydrant Tester Saves Water and Energy
Authors: Dacus Charles C.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a fire‐hydrant tester that reduces water waste, eliminates water hammer, avoids erosion damage and flooding to nearby property, and reduces sedimentation. The device requires less than one gallon of water for operation. Details of construction and use of this device are provided.
Installing Hydrant Is Easy With Lowering Device
Authors: Croft Harry W.
Published: June 2018

A hydrant lowering device constructed from chain and steel plates that fit onto a hose connection is described. A backhoe moved next to the trench lowers the hydrant in a vertical position, making it easier to attach the hydrant to the hydrant branch.
Effects of Sunlight on Coliform in Water Samples
Authors: Standridge John H.
Published: June 2018

The results of tests conducted by the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene to determine the effect of sunlight on coliform bacteria in bottled water samples are described. On a clear, early spring day in Wisconsin, sunlight caused a reduction in coliform bacteria levels after only 30 minutes of exposure. Complete die‐off occurred after approximately 3 hours. Samples placed behind a window, such as in a car or truck or on the windowsill of a laboratory, also exhibited a dramatic decline in coliform levels, especially in late June, when complete die‐off occurred after 1–2 hours of exposure. Additional tests under various sky conditions and during different seasons led to similar results. Although no die‐off occurred on days when there was heavy cloud cover, it did occur on hazy days. To ensure accurate coliform test results, water utility personnel should be careful not to place sample bottles in direct sunlight, such as sunlight entering through laboratory windows or through car windows.
Safe Chemical Use in Water Production
Authors: Wood William D. , Ziesemer Craig C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the safe use of chemicals in the water industry and outlines the hazard communication program developed by the City of Norfolk, Virginia. The main elements of the program are chemical identification, risk assessment, material safety data sheet (MSDS) collection, implementation of control policies, container labeling, and employee training.
Avoiding a Fluoride Chemicals Shortage
Authors: Reeves Thomas G.
Published: June 2018

This article presents recommendations to the water supply industry of ways of avoiding fluoride chemical shortages.
Public Officials' Liability Insurance
Authors: Rathert Raymond E.
Published: June 2018

Public officials' liability policies are different from many other kinds of insurance policies. Standard rates and forms have not been established, thus insurance carriers can modify forms to suit their individual requirements, and the quality of coverage and the cost of the coverage can vary between companies. Because of this, it is important to compare public officials' liability insurance before making a decision. The article discusses why public officials need coverage, the different policies available, what should be covered, and what is not covered.
Meter Repair Stand Eases Strain on Workers' Backs
Authors: Woodard William
Published: June 2018

A wheeled meter stand was developed by an operator in Santa Maria, California, for use in the meter repair shop. The stand provides the meter with its own support structure during repair and testing, and the stand elevates the meter, which enables the repair person to perform all repair work at a convenient height. Elevating the meter also eliminates the danger of lifting with a bent back when removing the upper half of the meter.
Replacing Damaged Casing Restores Failing Well
Authors: Wachs Bill
Published: June 2018

After experiencing problems with one of its pumps, a Colorado water company discovered that the well side had caved in and deposited debris on top of the pump. After removing the pump, a damaged plastic casing was replaced with a stainless steel screen and steel.
Backwashing Ensures Effective Filtration
Authors: Mackay Donald J.
Published: June 2018

This article is the first part of a three‐part article on the operation and maintenance of filtration systems. This part focuses on backwashing as a means of keeping filters in top shape. When to backwash, how to backwash, low‐flow backwashing, and high‐flow backwashing are discussed. Problems to be watched out for in the backwash process, such as backwash rate, and air release are also presented.
Well/Float Gauge Used to Monitor the Depth to Shallow Groundwater
Authors: Johnson Lance W.
Published: June 2018

A well/float gauge, constructed of PVC pipe, has been developed to enable crop growers to directly read and constantly monitor shallow water table conditions.
Broken Valve Boxes Repaired Instead of Replaced
Authors: Pape Karl H.
Published: June 2018

A method of replacing only the damaged section of broken concrete valve boxes is described.
Purposes and Limits of Pressure‐Reducing Valves
Authors: Schneider Larry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how pressure‐valves function in a treatment plant or distribution system. The capabilities and limitations of the valves are discussed as well as the role of utility operators in maximizing their efficiency.
Tester Detects Shorts in Electrical Equipment
Authors: Wooters C. Thomas
Published: June 2018

The ability to forecast electrical shorts is not an exact science, but shorts can be predicted in some instances. An insulation tester, or megger, is a tool that can be used to help prevent a short before it occurs. A megger can also show a loss of electricity within a motor and/or the leads to that motor. This article discusses the use of meggers for testing motors.
Pump Device Solves Plugged‐Drain Problem
Authors: Mattiford Frank
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction and use of a fire hydrant drainer which is helpful in draining fire hydrants that have plugged drain holes.
Crank Modification Makes Short Work of Closing Valves
Authors: Evenson James
Published: June 2018

Pulsating clarifiers were added to the Grand Forks, North Dakota, water treatment plant during recent expansion. The construction of these clarifiers included the installation of twenty‐seven blowoff valves, which are designed to fail open with the loss of air pressure. This compact, crank‐type handle fits in tights spots and closes valves more quickly than a wheel handle.
Modified Meter Bench Tests More Meters Simultaneously
Authors: Abel Ron
Published: June 2018

The Quincy Water Department decided to replace its mechanical meters with magnetic meters. The department's test bench was modified to test fourteen meters simultaneously. Parts needed to adapt their bench are presented in this article.
Proper Sampling Helps Systems Comply with SDWA
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the sampling requirement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), specifically as it relates to small water systems, and how proper sampling should be conducted. Sampling should include bacteriological sampling and sampling for residual chlorine. The two go hand in hand since chlorine is used to kill the bacteria. The article also discusses what to do if your sample shows the water to be contaminated, how samples can be accidentally contaminated, contamination from nonroutine events, flushing and resampling, backflow problems, combined residual and other problems.
Operators Help Out With Construction Inspections
Authors: Russell Jerry S.
Published: June 2018

Operators are largely responsible for running a water treatment plant, and participating in the inspection of construction sites provides a means for education about the workings of the plant. Expanded municipal construction inspections also oversee the production of operations and maintenance manuals, start‐up assistance, and various forms of project documentation. Described is an experiment with expanded municipal construction inspections at the City of Phoenix (Ariz.) Union Hills Water Treatment Plant.