bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual olfactory signatures in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Smith Tessa
Published: May 2006

Individual discrimination is likely a prerequisite for most primate social interactions. Olfactory cues are one set of stimuli used by primates to discriminate between individuals. Despite the importance of these olfactory signatures, there is little published research assessing the existence or function of individually unique odors among primates. This review systematically assesses behavioral and biochemical aspects of individual odors in a New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).There are three objectives to this review: First, behavioral evidence for odors unique to the individual is evaluated in the context of results demonstrating that marmosets are able to discriminate between the scents from a familiar and a novel individual conspecific in behavioral bioassays under a variety of conditions. Second, biochemical evidence for individual scent signatures is debated with reference to studies examining qualitative and quantitative differences between the chemical compositions of scent‐mark pools from adult females. A combined gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis demonstrated that each female had a unique ratio of highly volatile chemicals in the scent mark that could affect individual discrimination. Finally, the possible adaptive significance of individual odors in marmosets is debated. Individual odors may play a key role in regulating both female intrasexual competition and intersexual communication by providing a basis for the assessment of individual quality. Am. J. Primatol. 68:585–604, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking in sifaka: no one function explains it all
Authors: Lewis Rebecca J.
Published: May 2006

Various hypotheses to explain possible functions of scent‐marking have been put forth and basically fall into five categories: territorial demarcation, ownership of resources, mate attraction, noncombative fighting, and self‐advertisement. Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi), like many prosimians, use scent‐marking as one form of communication. The goal of this study was to determine the function of scent‐marking in sifaka. All‐occurrence of scent‐marks, scent‐mark context, and scent‐mark style were collected on 23 sifaka in the Kirindy Forest of western Madagascar for 7 months (September 2001–March 2002). Scent‐mark rates were collected using continuous focal animal sampling from November 2000–March 2002. Home range data were collected using monthly censuses and instantaneous focal sampling throughout the 17 months. Scent‐marking behavior was exhibited almost exclusively by adults. Scent‐mark rates were not related to the number of resident adult males, number of resident adult females, rank, or group size. The majority of scent‐marks occurred in the perimeter of the home range; however, less than a quarter of the home range was used by only a single group. Sifaka did not preferentially mark food trees, mark during the mating season, or mark during intergroup encounters. The results from this study indicate that none of the five hypothesized functions best explains all scent‐marking in Verreaux's sifaka. Rather, scent‐marking may serve different functions for different individuals. Am. J. Primatol. 68:622–636, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking in two western Amazonian populations of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)
Authors: Di Fiore Anthony , Link Andres , Stevenson Pablo R.
Published: May 2006

We describe patterns of scent marking observed in two wild populations of lowland woolly monkeys that were the subjects of long‐term studies in the westernmost portion of the Amazon basin. The woolly monkeys engaged primarily in two types of scent marking: chest rubbing and anogenital rubbing. In both study populations, males and females performed both types of scent marking, but males chest‐rubbed more commonly than females, while females engaged in more anogenital rubbing. We evaluated two nonexclusive hypotheses for the function of scent marking by woolly monkeys: 1) that scent marking is used in sociosexual contexts, and 2) that scent marking is used to convey information about occupancy of or willingness to defend an area from conspecifics in other social groups. We found no association between the occurrence of scent‐marking behavior and location within the home range, but did find that scent marking occurred more commonly than expected on days when copulations, mating solicitations, and intergroup encounters were observed. Additionally, mating activity and chest rubbing were highly correlated across the yearly cycle, even when the potentially confounding variable of ripe fruit availability was controlled for. In woolly monkeys, overt male–male competition is rare and female choice is an important part of the mating system. Our results are most consistent with the idea that scent marking plays a role in advertising male quality or competitive ability, and perhaps in coordinating mating activity. Am. J. Primatol. 68:637–649, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for the ecological self: English‐speaking migrants' residual links to their homeland
Authors: Ward Catherine , Styles Irene
Published: May 2006

Attachment to the homeland may have far‐reaching consequences after migration. Researchers have reinterpreted Bowlby's (1969) attachment theory from the perspective of cognitive psychology, emphasizing the role of human interactions in the formation of self and affective regulation (Fogany et al., 2002). Further, the importance of interactions with the non‐human environment in establishing a sense of self (ecological self) has been propounded (Niesser, 1991; Spizform, 2001). The present study employed a cross‐sectional, naturalistic design using qualitative and quantitative methodologies to study the impact of migration on 154 British women currently living in Western Australia. A subset of interview data from 40 women are reported. Findings indicated these migrants maintain a strong, emotionally charged bond or “residual link” to non‐human as well as human elements of their homeland, irrespective of satisfactory or unsatisfactory settlement. These findings seem to provide evidence of the ecological self, which could also help explain the negative reactions many people experience following migration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
50 Hz magnetic fields of constant or fluctuating intensity: Effects on immunocyte hsp70 in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
Authors: Malagoli Davide , Gobba Fabriziomaria , Ottaviani Enzo
Published: May 2006

Effects of a single 30 min exposure to a 50 Hz, 400 µT sinusoidal extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) on hsp70 expression in immunocytes from the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis was investigated using RT‐PCR and immunoblot approaches. The results indicate that in M. galloprovincialis immunocytes hsp70 expression was unaltered at both transcriptional and translational level after exposure to constant or fluctuating intensity MFs. Bioelectromagnetics 27:427–429, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative real‐time analysis of HIV‐1 gene expression dynamics in single living primary cells
Authors: Sáez‐Cirión Asier , Nicola Marie‐Anne , Pancino Gianfranco , Shorte Spencer L.
Published: May 2006

Studies on the regulation of viral transcription upon infection of the target cells have provided important information on the viral and host factors that influence pathogenesis. However, these studies have been limited so far to steady‐state analysis of gene expression. Here we report an image based photon‐counting method that allows real‐time quantitative imaging of viral gene expression in infected single cells. Employing an HIV‐1 vector bearing the firefly luciferase reporter gene, we exploited a single cell photon imaging methodology (a customized and highly sensitive imaging microscope) to measure viral gene expression following integration into a host genome in situ. Our approach reveals real‐time dynamics of viral gene expression in living HIV natural target cells (primary human CD4 T cells and macrophages), and promises itself as a powerful tool for quantitative studies on a wide variety of virus‐host cell interactions.
Risk factors for tumour present in a circumferential line of resection after excision of rectal cancer
Authors: Chapuis P H , Lin B P C , Chan C , Dent O F , Bokey E L
Published: May 2006

Background

Transected tumour in a circumferential line of resection after excision of rectal cancer carries a high likelihood of local recurrence. The aim of this study was to identify independent risk factors for transected tumour and to examine their temporal variability.

Methods

Data were drawn from a comprehensive, prospective hospital registry of all resections for rectal cancer from January 1971 to July 2004. Transected tumour was defined as tumour present histologically in a line of resection and was assessed in all specimens.

Results

Transection occurred in 129 of 1613 patients (8·0 (95 per cent confidence interval 6·7 to 9·4) per cent). The following variables were independently associated with transected tumour: tumour perforation, a non-restorative operation, tumour adherence, non-standardized operative technique, preoperative radiotherapy, male sex, histological involvement of an adjacent organ or tissue, high-grade tumour and venous invasion. The mean number of risk factors per patient per year and the annual percentage of patients with transection varied distinctly over the history of the database.

Conclusion

The varying prevalence of risk factors, both within and between hospitals and patient series, should be taken into account if the rate of transection is to be regarded as an index of the quality of surgery.
A QM/MM Study of Cisplatin–DNA Oligonucleotides: From Simple Models to Realistic Systems
Authors: Robertazzi Arturo , Platts James A.
Published: May 2006

QM/MM calculations were employed to investigate the role of hydrogen bonding and π stacking in several single‐ and double‐stranded cisplatin–DNA structures. Computed geometrical parameters reproduce experimental structures of cisplatin and its complex with guanine–phosphate–guanine. Following QM/MM optimisation, single‐point DFT calculations allowed estimation of intermolecular forces through atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. Binding energies of platinated single‐strand DNA qualitatively agree with myriad experimental and theoretical studies showing that complexes of guanine are stronger than those of adenine. The topology of all studied complexes confirms that platination strongly affects the stability of both single‐ and double‐stranded DNAs: PtNH⋅⋅⋅X (X = N or O) interactions are ubiquitous in these complexes and account for over 70 % of all H‐bonding interactions. The π stacking is greatly reduced by both mono‐ and bifunctional complexation: the former causes a loss of about 3–4 kcal mol−1, whereas the latter leads to more drastic disruption. The effect of platination on Watson–Crick GC is similar to that found in previous studies: major redistribution of energy occurs, but the overall stability is barely affected. The BH&H/AMBER/AIM approach was also used to study platination of a double‐stranded DNA octamer d(CCTG*G*TCC)⋅d(GGACCAGG), for which an experimental structure is available. Comparison between theory and experiment is satisfactory, and also reproduces previous DFT‐based studies of analogous structures. The effect of platination is similar to that seen in model systems, although the effect on GC pairing was more pronounced. These calculations also reveal weaker, secondary interactions of the form Pt⋅⋅⋅O and Pt⋅⋅⋅N, detected in several single‐ and double‐stranded DNA.
Triply Fused ZnII–Porphyrin Oligomers: Synthesis, Properties, and Supramolecular Interactions with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs)
Authors: Cheng Fuyong , Zhang Sheng , Adronov Alex , Echegoyen Luis , Diederich François
Published: May 2006

The photophysical, electrochemical, and self‐assembly properties of a novel triply fused ZnII–porphyrin trimer were investigated and compared to the properties of a triply fused porphyrin dimer and the analogous monomer. The trimer exhibited significantly red‐shifted absorption bands relative to the corresponding monomer and dimer. Electrochemical investigations indicated a clear trend in redox properties amongst the three porphyrin structures, with the lowest oxidation potential and the lowest HOMO–LUMO gap exhibited by the triply fused trimer. This electrochemical behavior is attributed to the extensive π‐electron delocalization in the trimeric structure relative to the monomer and dimer. Additionally, it was found that the trimer forms extremely strong and nearly irreversible supramolecular interactions with single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), resulting in stable solutions of porphyrin–nanotube complexes in THF. Formation of these complexes required the addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to the solvent. This allowed the oligomers to make close contact with the nanotubes, enabling the formation of stable supramolecular assemblies. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe the supramolecular porphyrin–nanotube complexes and revealed that the porphyrin trimer formed a uniform coating on the SWNTs. Height profiles indicated that nanotube bundles could be exfoliated into either individual tubes or very small bundles by exposure to the porphyrin trimer during sonication.
Toward the Synthesis of the Antibiotic Branimycin: Novel Approaches to Highly Substituted cis‐Decalin Systems
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Castagnolo Daniele , Felzmann Wolfgang , Marchart Stefan , Pilger Christian , Enev Valentin S.
Published: May 2006

A variety of highly functionalized cis‐decalin systems have been prepared by means of the stereoselective transannular Diels–Alder (TADA) reaction of a (Z,E,Z,Z)‐tetraene macrolide, and by means of intramolecular nitrile oxide olefin (INOC) or ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) annulations to quinic acid derivatives.
Synthesis of Size‐Controlled Acid‐Resistant Hybrid Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Templates for Fabricating “Micelles‐Enhanced” Polyelectrolyte Capsules by the LBL Technique
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Hu Qiaoling , Yue Linhai , Shen Jiacong
Published: May 2006

Size‐controlled, low‐dispersed calcium carbonate microparticles were synthesized in the presence of the amphiphilic block copolymer polystyrene‐b‐poly(acrylic acid) (PS‐b‐PAA) by modulating the concentration of block copolymer in the reactive system. This type of hybrid microparticles have acid‐resistant properties. By investigating the aggregation behaviors of PS‐b‐PAA micelles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mechanism of hybrid calcium carbonate formation illustrated that the block copolymer served not only as “pseudonuclei” for the growth of calcium carbonate nanocrystals, but also forms the supramicelle congeries, a spherical framework, as templates for calcium carbonate nanocrystal growth into hybrid CaCO3 particles. Moreover, this pilot study shows that the hybrid microparticle is a novel candidate as a template for fabricating multilayer polyelectrolyte capsules, in which the block copolymer is retained within the capsule interior after core removal under soft conditions. This not only facilitates the encapsulation of special materials, but also provides “micelles‐enhanced” polyelectrolyte capsules.
Synthesis of Li[(Ni0.5Mn0.5)1‐xLix] O2 by Emulsion Drying Method and Impact of Excess Li on Structural and Electrochemical Properties.
Authors: Myung Seung‐Taek , Komaba Shinichi , Kurihara Koutarou , Hosoya Kiyoharu , Kumagai Naoaki , Sun Yang‐Kook , Nakai Izumi , Yonemura Masao , Kamiyama Takashi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,5‐Di‐ and 2,2,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrrolidines by Allylation Reaction of Acyliminium Ion.
Authors: Shinada Tetsuro , Hamada Makoto , Kawasaki Masanori , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction Catalyzed by Self‐Organized Polymeric Rare Earth Complexes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ishida Shuichi , Hayano Tetsuji , Furuno Hiroshi , Inanaga Jinji
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Guanidines in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ishikawa Tsutomu , Kumamoto Takuya
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct HPLC enantioseparation of chiral aptazepine derivatives on coated and immobilized polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Cirilli Roberto , Orlando Viviana , Ferretti Rosella , Turchetto Luciana , Silvestri Romano , De Martino Gabriella , La Torre Francesco
Published: May 2006

The direct HPLC enantioseparation of Mianserin and a series of aptazepine derivatives is accomplished on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The resolutions are performed on the coated‐type Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD CSPs and on the first commercially available immobilized‐type Chiralpak IA CSP, in normal‐phase and polar‐organic modes. The complete separation of enantiomers of all racemates investigated was successfully achieved under at least one of CSP/eluent combinations employed. Pure alcohols such ethanol or 2‐propanol, with a fixed percentage of DEA added, serve as valuable alternatives to the more common n‐hexane‐based normal‐phase eluents in resolution of Mianserin on the AD CSP. In order to study the chiroptical properties of aptazepine derivatives, chromatographic resolutions are carried out at semipreparative scale using Chiralpak AD and Chiralpak IA as CSPs. Nonconventional dichloromethane‐based eluents have permitted to expand the chiral resolving ability of the immobilized Chiralpak IA CSP and to perform mg‐scale enantioseparations with an analytical‐size column. Assignment of the absolute configuration of the separated enantiomers is empirically established by comparing their chiroptical data with those of structurally related Mianserin. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elucidation of the enantioselective recognition mechanism of a penicillin G acylase‐based chiral stationary phase towards a series of 2‐aryloxy‐2‐arylacetic acids
Authors: Massolini Gabriella , Fracchiolla Giuseppe , Calleri Enrica , Carbonara Giuseppe , Temporini Caterina , Lavecchia Antonio , Cosconati Sandro , Novellino Ettore , Loiodice Fulvio
Published: May 2006

A series of structurally related 2‐aryloxy‐2‐arylacetic acids (1–3, 5–16) together with a thioisostere derivative (4) have been synthesized and characterized by GC‐MS and 1H NMR. The designed compounds were analyzed on a Penicillin G Acylase chiral stationary phase (PGA‐CSP) and the influence of the structure variations on retention and enantioselectivity was investigated. The chromatographic study includes the direct separation of the enantiomers of the synthesized compounds and the determination of the elution order of selected racemic mixtures. 10 out of 16 racemates were separated; high chromatographic enantioseparation factors (α > 2) were achieved for some compounds. For the enantiomers of four compounds whose absolute configuration was known (1, 3, 12, 16), the elution order was R:S with the exception of 2‐(4‐chloro‐phenoxy)phenylacetic acid (1), for which the elution order was reversed. Preliminary molecular modeling studies suggest that both polar and charge‐transfer interactions as well as steric effects play an important role in determining the retention factors and the enantioselectivities observed. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new serine/threonine protein kinase,Omphk1, essential to ventral body wall formation
Authors: Hirano Mariko , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Inoue Ai , Furushima Kenryo , Murata Takuya , Suda Yoko , Aizawa Shinichi
Published: May 2006

Here, we report a new serine/threonine protein kinase of the SNF1 subfamilyOmphk1. TwoOmphkhomologues exist in each vertebrate species, and one homologue exists inDrosophilaandCaenorhabditis elegans; the kinase domain is highly conserved among these homologues, and several domains are conserved among vertebrateOmphk.Omphk1expression dynamically changes in the developing central nervous system, is found ubiquitously in epidermis, and is present uniquely in several other tissues. Its expression is also found in each tissue associated with the ventral body wall closure: the primary body wall composed of primitive ectoderm and each component of the secondary body wall. Concomitantly, its null mutant exhibits omphalocele with a failure in closure of the secondary body wall. There are no apparent gross morphological defects in brain, however, despite the uniqueOmphk1expression in this tissue. Developmental Dynamics 235:2229–2237, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of jumonji and jumonji family genes in chromatin regulation and development
Authors: Takeuchi Takashi , Watanabe Yutaka , Takano‐Shimizu Toshiyuki , Kondo Shunzo
Published: May 2006

The jumonji (jmj) gene was identified by a mouse gene trap approach and has essential roles in the development of multiple tissues. The Jmj protein has a DNA binding domain, ARID, and two conserved jmj domains (jmjN and jmjC). In many diverse species including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, there are many jumonji family proteins that have only the jmjC domain or both jmj domains. Recently, Jmj protein was found to be a transcriptional repressor. Several proteins in the jumonji family are involved in transcriptional repression and/or chromatin regulation. Most recently, one of the human members has been shown to be a histone demethylase, and the jmjC domain is essential for the demethylase activity. Meanwhile, more and more evidence indicating that the jumonji family proteins play important roles during development is accumulating. Many proteins in the jumonji family may regulate chromatin and gene expression, and control development through various signaling pathways. Here, we highlight the roles of jmj and jumonji family proteins in chromatin regulation and development. Developmental Dynamics 235:2449–2459, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating disorders and celiac disease: A case report
Authors: Yucel Basak , Ozbey Nese , Demir Kadir , Polat Aslihan , Yager Joel
Published: May 2006

Objective:

Although chronic physical illness may be associated coincidentally with an eating disorder, some clinicians may overlook the possibility that another medical illness may coexist and contribute concurrently to symptoms such as peculiar eating behaviors, restrictive eating, and/or vomiting accompanied by body dissatisfaction. We present a 31‐year‐old single woman initially diagnosed with an atypical eating disorder.

Method:

After a gastroenterology consultation prompted by the atypical characteristics of her eating disturbance, the diagnosis of celiac disease was established.

Results:

Cause‐and‐effect relationships between anorexia nervosa and celiac disease are unclear, and celiac disease may lead to confusion in the differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.

Conclusion:

Particularly in atypical cases, and in cases where nausea and bloating are prominent complaints, workup for celiac sprue may reveal the presence of this condition. In such instances, patients may achieve additional relief through the implementation of gluten‐free diets. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Efficient induction of antitumor T cell immunity by exosomes derived from heat‐shocked lymphoma cells
Authors: Chen Weilin , Wang Jianli , Shao Chuansen , Liu Shuxun , Yu Yizhi , Wang Qingqing , Cao Xuetao
Published: May 2006

Exosomes secreted by tumor cells could serve as a promising immunotherapeutic tumor vaccine. Heat shock proteins (HSP) induced in tumor cells by heat shock are molecular chaperones with potent adjuvant activity in the induction of antigen‐specific T cell responses. To improve exosome‐based tumor vaccines, we have investigated the efficacy of exosomes derived from heat‐shocked mouse B lymphoma cells (HS‐Exo) in the induction of antitumor immune responses. We found that HS‐Exo, compared with control exosomes derived from the same cells (Exo), contain more HSP60 and HSP90 and increased amounts of molecules involved in immunogenicity including MHC class I, MHC class II, CD40, CD86, RANTES and IL‐1β. Furthermore, HS‐Exo induce both phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells more efficiently. HS‐Exo immunization activates T cell responses more potently. Importantly, HS‐Exo induce dramatically increased antitumor immune responses compared to control exosomes from the same cells in prophylaxis and therapeutic in vivo lymphoma models. We further demonstrate that CD8+ T cells are the predominant T cell subset responsible for the antitumor effect of HS‐Exo and that CD4+ T cells are necessary in the induction phase of tumor rejection in a prophylaxis model. These findings provide a novel strategy to improve the efficacy of exosome‐based tumor vaccines.
Choice of comparisons in intergroup settings: the role of temporal information and comparison motives
Authors: Brown Rupert J. , Zagefka Hanna
Published: May 2006

Three studies investigated comparison choices in intergroup settings, a neglected but important topic for theories of intergroup relations. Two main questions were addressed: What is role of comparison motives in determining comparison choices in intergroup contexts? How important are temporal comparisons (of the ingroup in the past or future) in intergroup settings? In Study 1 (N = 115), motives for Assessment or Enhancement were primed in a multi‐group performance context. Compared to Controls, Assessment priming encouraged both upward and downward comparisons, while Enhancement encouraged mainly downward comparisons. In general, temporal comparisons were as prevalent as comparisons with other groups. Study 2 (N = 199) employed a real‐world setting in which members of a mid‐ranking university indicated their interest in comparing with other higher or lower status universities or with their own university in the past. Temporal comparisons were once more much in evidence, and manipulating enhancement motives again encouraged downward comparisons. In Study 3 (N = 40), set in the context of inter‐nation student comparisons, Improvement motives were primed implicitly. This led to an increase in interest in an outgroup just above the ingroup but to a decrease in interest in future‐oriented comparisons. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
By whose standard? The affective implications of ethnic minorities' comparisons to ethnic minority and majority referents
Authors: Leach Colin Wayne , Smith Heather J.
Published: May 2006

In a ‘diary’ study, we examined the frequency and affective implications of 34 ethnic minority students' comparisons to other ethnic minorities or to members of a high‐status ethnic majority (i.e., European‐Americans). Participants made more frequent comparisons to ethnic majority than ethnic minority referents, although neither type of comparison tended to be perceived in terms of group membership (see also Smith & Leach, 2004). Comparisons to ethnic majority referents did not alter participants' positive affect even where they suggested poor future prospects in status‐relevant domains. In contrast, comparisons to fellow ethnic minorities led to increased positive affect when they suggested a future prospect of improvement. We discuss the conceptual and practical implications of social comparison in the context of group status. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical investigation of the error on flow measurements due to exhaust gas heating and cooling in the SBI‐configuration
Authors: Merci Bart , Theuns Erwin , Sette Bart , Vandevelde Paul
Published: May 2006

The possible flow measurement error due to heating or cooling of exhaust gases in the Single‐Burning‐Item (SBI) test is estimated from numerical experiments. It is illustrated that there is no one‐to‐one correspondence between the velocity profile shape and the instantaneous Reynolds number, due to the time‐dependent temperature and density profile evolution in the exhaust gas pipe. A non‐ambiguous relation is found between the velocity profile shape and an ‘effective’ Reynolds number, based on the turbulent viscosity. Maximum variations of the velocity correction factors, relating the mean velocity to the velocity on the pipe axis, are found to be in the order of 2% for limiting circumstances for the SBI test. The primary effect is caused by instantaneous Reynolds number variations. The effect of heating or cooling of the flow by the hot or cold pipe is noticeable, too. The statements are proved to be valid independent of the computational grid, the turbulence model and the time steps taken to obtain the numerical solutions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting toxic gas concentrations resulting from enclosure fires using local equivalence ratio concept linked to fire field models
Authors: Wang Z. , Jia F. , Galea E. R.
Published: May 2006

A practical CFD method is presented in this study to predict the generation of toxic gases in enclosure fires. The model makes use of local combustion conditions to determine the yield of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, soot and oxygen. The local conditions used in the determination of these species are the local equivalence ratio (LER) and the local temperature. The heat released from combustion is calculated using the volumetric heat source model or the eddy dissipation model (EDM). The model is then used to simulate a range of reduced‐scale and full‐scale fire experiments. The model predictions for most of the predicted species are then shown to be in good agreement with the test results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revision of the Genus PhyllolobiumFisch. (Leguminosae‐Papilionoideae)
Authors: Zhang M.‐L. , Podlech D.
Published: May 2006

According to the most recent molecular and pollen evidences, Astragalus L. subgenus Pogonophace is proposed to be extracted from Astragalus and erected as a new genus Phyllolobium Fisch. Based mainly on the specimens checking of major Chinese herbaria, a taxonomic revision regarding this genus is provided in the present paper.

1. Phyllolobium balfourianum (N.D.Simpson) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

2. Phyllolobium camptodontum (Franch.) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

3. Phyllolobium chapmanianum (Wenninger) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

4. Phyllolobium chinense Fisch., in Sprengel

5. Phyllolobium dolichochaete (Diels) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

6. Phyllolobium donianum (DC.) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

7. Phyllolobium enneaphyllum (P.C.Li) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

8. Phyllolobium eutrichus (Hand.‐Mazz.) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. et stat. nov.

9. Phyllolobium flavovirens (K.T.Fu) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

10. Phyllolobium heydei (Baker) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

11. Phyllolobium lasaense (C.C.Ni & P.C.Li) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

12. Phyllolobium lineariaurifer (P.C.Li) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

13. Phyllolobium milingense (C.C.Ni & P.C.Li) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

14. Phyllolobium pastorium (H.T.Tsai & T.T.Yu) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

15. Phyllolobium prodigiosum (K.T.Fu) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

16. Phyllolobium sanbilingense (H.T.Tsai & T.T.Yu) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

17. Phyllolobium siccaneum (P.C.Li) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

18. Phyllolobium tingriense (C.C.Ni & P.C.Li) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

19. Phyllolobium tribulifolium (Bunge) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov.

20. Phyllolobium turgidocarpum (K.T.Fu) M.L.Zhang & Podlech, comb. nov. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Apoptosis resistance and response to chemotherapy in primary nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Muris Jettie JF , Meijer Chris JLM , Ossenkoppele Gert J , Vos Wim , Oudejans Joost J
Published: May 2006

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL) represent the most common type of adult malignant lymphoma in western countries and are treated with high dose combination chemotherapy. Although initially the majority of patients respond to this therapy, many do not achieve complete remission and others experience an early relapse. Several studies have shown that prediction of the clinical response to chemotherapy is possible before the start of chemotherapy treatment. Apparently, DLBCL are intrinsically either resistant or sensitive to chemotherapy‐induced cell death. Differences in functional integrity of the apoptosis cascade are an important factor predicting outcome in DLBCL. In this review we discuss the possible mechanisms leading to intrinsic resistance to apoptosis and provide an explanation why strong differences in apoptosis sensitivity between DLBCL are observed. Subsequently we will focus on how differences in this intrinsic apoptosis resistance provide an explanation for the variable response to combination chemotherapy and how this can be used for further therapy tailoring. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New approach to cross-polarized optical coherence tomography based
on orthogonal arbitrarily polarized modes
Authors: Gelikonov V M , Gelikonov G V
Published: May 2006

A novel cross-polarized optical coherence tomography
(CP OCT) system is developed, which is based on standard isotropic
single-mode fiber. We exploit the property of an arbitrary pair of
orthogonal waves propagating in a single-mode fiber to maintain
their orthogonality in the absence of anisotropy losses,
regardless of the induced phase anisotropy. The well-known
isotropic fiber based OCT scheme that commonly comprises an
optical probe with a Fizeau interferometer and a compensating
Michelson interferometer with Faraday mirrors is modified. We
introduce an additional optical element to form the initial
radiation into two mutually time-delayed and coherent waves that
have strictly orthogonal polarizations. The suggested scheme
allows implementation of several variants of independent detection
of the initial and orthogonal polarizations with a low level of
optical coupling between channels.
On the heat flux vector for flowing granular materials—Part I: effective thermal conductivity and background
Authors: Massoudi Mehrdad
Published: May 2006

Heat transfer plays a major role in the processing of many particulate materials. The heat flux vector is commonly modelled by the Fourier's law of heat conduction and for complex materials such as non‐linear fluids, porous media, or granular materials, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is generalized by assuming that it would depend on a host of material and kinematical parameters such as temperature, shear rate, porosity or concentration, etc. In Part I, we will give a brief review of the basic equations of thermodynamics and heat transfer to indicate the importance of the modelling of the heat flux vector. We will also discuss the concept of effective thermal conductivity (ETC) in granular and porous media. In Part II, we propose and subsequently derive a properly frame‐invariant constitutive relationship for the heat flux vector for a (single phase) flowing granular medium. Standard methods in continuum mechanics such as representation theorems and homogenization techniques are used. It is shown that the heat flux vector in addition to being proportional to the temperature gradient (the Fourier's law), could also depend on the gradient of density (or volume fraction), and D (the symmetric part of the velocity gradient) in an appropriate manner. The emphasis in this paper is on the idea that for complex non‐linear materials it is the heat flux vector which should be studied; obtaining or proposing generalized form of the thermal conductivity is not always appropriate or sufficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic behaviour of commutation errors and the divergence of the Reynolds stress tensor near the wall in the turbulent channel flow
Authors: Berselli Luigi C. , John Volker
Published: May 2006

The derivation of the space averaged Navier–Stokes equations for the large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent incompressible flows introduces two groups of terms which do not depend only on the space averaged flow field variables: the divergence of the Reynolds stress tensor and commutation errors. Whereas the former is studied intensively in the literature, the latter terms are usually neglected. This note studies the asymptotic behaviour of these terms for the turbulent channel flow at a wall in the case that the commutation errors arise from the application of a non‐uniform box filter. To perform analytical calculations, the unknown flow field is modelled by a wall law (Reichardt law and 1/αth power law) for the mean velocity profile and highly oscillating functions model the turbulent fluctuations. The asymptotics show that near the wall, the commutation errors are at least as important as the divergence of the Reynolds stress tensor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Item analysis of the NHANES ADL instrument in a sample of patients reporting frequent severe headaches
Authors: Cook Chad , Pietrobon Ricardo
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) activity of daily living (ADL) instrument is a 16‐item questionnaire designed to represent the internal latent construct of activities of daily living. The purpose of the present study was to measure selected psychometric properties (dimensionality, internal consistency and individual item response) of the NHANES ADL instrument on a population of patients who reported frequent severe headaches. Method. The study group consisted of 672 attendees of a traditional medical appointment with a report of severe headaches. Data analyses included exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency measures and graded item response theory. Results. The NHANES ADL instrument is a uni‐dimensional and internally consistent measure of activities of daily living. Graded item response theory analyses indicated that all 16 single items were sensitive measures of the latent construct of activities and daily living. Selected items demonstrated high discrimination while others demonstrated moderate discrimination among responses. Conclusion. Individual use of selected items of the NHANES ADL instrument may further improve the capacity of the healthcare provider in measuring and recording dysfunction associated with headaches. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapists' experiences and perceptions of teamwork in neurological rehabilitation: reasoning behind the team approach, structure and composition of the team and teamworking processes
Authors: Suddick Kitty Maria , De Souza Lorraine
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose. Teamwork and the interdisciplinary team approach have been strongly advocated for use in the provision of neurological rehabilitation services. However, whether teamwork has been adopted, and in what form, has yet to be established. The present study investigated therapists' experiences and perceptions of the reasoning behind the team approach in neurological rehabilitation, the structure and composition of the team within which they worked and the teamworking process Method. This article reports part of an exploratory qualitative study. Five occupational therapists and five physiotherapists from three teams: a rehabilitation centre; a community team; and a stroke unit based within the UK. Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with each participant and then transcribed. Content and thematic analysis of the qualitative interview data was carried out, with respondents validating both the transcription and analysis stages. Results. Perceived composition and structure of the neurological rehabilitation team was variable across teams and between individual team members. There was disparity as to whether patients were included within the neurological team; the interdisciplinary team approach had not been consistently adopted and there were sub‐teams and other team memberships in existence. Reasoning behind the team approach supported the perceived benefits of teamwork from a number of perspectives, and the activities reported as part of the team process were diverse. Conclusions. Different teams may choose to use different strategies depending on the aims and context of the team effort. In some instances interdisciplinary teamwork and patient‐centred approaches were not adopted consistently and the process of teamwork itself is both complex and diverse. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balance and gait improved in patients with MS after physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept
Authors: Smedal Tori , Lygren Hildegunn , Myhr Kjell‐Morten , Moe‐Nilssen Rolf , Gjelsvik Bente , Gjelsvik Olav , Strand Liv Inger
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) tend to have movement difficulties, and the effect of physiotherapy for this group of patients has been subjected to limited systematic research. In the present study physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, applied to MS patients with balance and gait problems, was evaluated. The ability of different functional tests to demonstrate change was evaluated. Method. A single‐subject experimental study design with ABAA phases was used, and two patients with relapsing–remitting MS in stable phase were treated. Tests were performed 12 times, three at each phase: A (at baseline); B (during treatment); A (immediately after treatment); and A (after two months). The key feature of treatment was facilitation of postural activity and selective control of movement. Several performance and self‐report measures and interviews were used. Results. After intervention, improved balance was shown by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in both patients, and improved quality of gait was indicated by the Rivermead Visual Gait Assessment (RVGA). The patients also reported improved balance and gait function in the interviews and scored their condition as ‘much improved’. Gait parameters, recorded by an electronic walkway, changed, but differently in the two patients. Among the physical performance tests the BBS and the RVGA demonstrated the highest change, while no or minimal change was demonstrated by the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Conclusion. The findings indicate that balance and gait can be improved after physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, but this should be further evaluated in larger controlled trials of patients with MS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence based practice: a survey of physiotherapists' current practice
Authors: Iles Ross , Davidson Megan
Published: May 2006

Backgound and Purpose. Evidence‐based practice is the explicit use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients and is a concept of growing importance for physiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate Australian physiotherapists' self‐reported practice, skills and knowledge of evidence‐based practice and to examine differences between recent and experienced graduates, physiotherapists with low and high levels of training and physiotherapists working in private practice and hospital settings. Method. A survey was sent to 230 physiotherapists working in hospitals and in private practice. One hundred and twenty‐four were completed and returned. Results. Although 69.4% of respondents said they frequently (at least monthly) read research literature, only 10.6%, 15.3% and 26.6% of respondents, respectively, searched PEDro, Cochrane and Medline or Cinahl databases frequently, and only 25.8% of respondents reported critically appraising research reports. Recent graduates rated their evidence‐based practice skills more highly than more experienced graduates, but did not perform evidence‐based practice tasks more often. Physiotherapists with higher levels of training rated their evidence‐based practice skills more highly, were more likely to search databases and to understand a range of evidence‐based practice terminology than those with lower levels of training. Private practice and hospital physiotherapists rated their evidence‐based practice skills equally and performed most evidence‐based practice activities with equal frequency. Conclusions. Respondents had a positive attitude toward evidence‐based practice and the main barriers to evidence‐based practice were time required to keep up to date, access to easily understandable summaries of evidence, journal access and lack of personal skills in searching and evaluating research evidence. Efforts to advance evidence‐based practice in physiotherapy should focus on reducing these barriers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffer free MOCVD growth of GaN on 4H‐SiC: Effect of substrate treatments and UV‐photoirradiation
Authors: Losurdo Maria , Giangregorio Maria M. , Bruno Giovanni , Kim Tong‐Ho , Choi Soojeong , Brown April
Published: May 2006

GaN has been grown directly on the Si‐face 4H‐SiC(0001) substrates using remote plasma‐assisted metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (RP‐MOCVD) with UV‐light irradiation. The effects of substrate pre‐treatments and UV‐photoirradiation of the growth surface on GaN nucleation and film morphology are investigated. Optical data from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements and morphological data show an improvement in nucleation and material quality with UV‐light irradiation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanocrystalline AlN:Si field emission arrays for vacuum electronics
Authors: Lebedev V. , Morales F. M. , Fischer M. , Himmerlich M. , Krischok S. , Schäfer J. A. , Ambacher O.
Published: May 2006

Nano‐crystalline AlN:Si cold cathodes were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on prefabricated silicon μ ‐tip field emission arrays (FEAs). The investigated FEAs showed an uniform tip distribution and reproducible emission properties. Current densities of up to 0.7 mA for a 4 × 106 tips array (1 tip/μm2) have been achieved at a relatively modest voltage of ∼ 60 V. The emitters revealed a good current stability with fluctuations of about 4% at constant voltage. The FEAs demonstrated a 40‐fold decrease in operating voltage for a given current following the “activation” of the surface by high field conditioning. The corresponding changes in slope of the Fowler–Nordheim plot and UV photoemission spectra confirm that the surface cleaning causes a reduction of the surface emission barrier at least by factor of 3. The observed large electron affinity of the as loaded surface is presumed to be caused by the adsorption of oxygen and carbon containing species. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time resolved charge profiling of polarization dipoles in high power 525 nm green GaInN/GaN light emitting structures
Authors: Xia Y. , Li Y. , Ou Y. , Zhao W. , Zhu M. , Yilmaz I. , Detchprohm T. , Schubert E. F. , Wetzel C.
Published: May 2006

A charge profiling of GaInN/GaN hetero‐polarization structures typical for high power 525 nm green light emitting diodes is presented. We identify three individual charge maxima of some 1.17 × 1012 cm–2 electrons with a line width as narrow as 17 nm corresponding to three individual but widely separated quantum wells. The sheet charge density indicates negligible screening of the polarization charges. The voltage required to deplete each well is found to be ΔU = –0.4 ± 0.1 V and approximates the voltage drop across the polarization dipole of the quantum well. The modulation frequency dependence reveals a characteristic time constant of 1 μs for the dominant trapping and ionization process. Such analysis of high performance green light emitters proves a suitable tool for further device optimization. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)