bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Ethnic Divide: Student and School Characteristics in African American, Asian‐Descent, Latino, and White Adolescents' Cross‐Ethnic Friend Nominations
Authors: Hamm Jill V. , Bradford Brown B. , Heck Daniel J.
Published: February 2005

Based on the revised social contact theory, correlates of cross‐ethnic friend nomination among 580 African American, 948 Asian‐descent, 860 Latino, and 3986 White adolescents were examined. Socioeconomic and academic disparities between ethnic groups differentiated cross‐ethnic friend nomination between schools for all groups but African Americans. For all groups, cross‐ethnic friend nomination was less likely among students who preferred same‐ethnic friends. Academic orientations were associated with cross‐ethnic friend nomination positively for African American and Latino, but negatively for White participants. Longer family residence in the U.S. and English language facility was associated positively with cross‐ethnic friend nomination for Asian‐descent and Latino participants. Results point to the need to differentiate hypotheses by ethnic group, and to consider individual‐in‐context models in cross‐ethnic friend nomination.
Linking Changes in Parenting to Parent–Child Relationship Quality and Youth Self‐Control: The Strong African American Families Program
Authors: Brody Gene H. , McBride Murry Velma , McNair Lily , Chen Yi‐Fu , Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg , Ashby Wills Thomas
Published: February 2005

A randomized prevention trial was conducted contrasting families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention for rural African American mothers and their 11‐year‐olds, with control families. SAAF is based on a conceptual model positing that changes in intervention‐targeted parenting behaviors would enhance responsive‐supportive parent–child relationships and youths' self‐control, which protect rural African American youths from substance use and early sexual activity. Parenting variables included involvement‐vigilance, racial socialization, communication about sex, and clear expectations for alcohol use. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that intervention‐induced changes in parenting were linked with changes in responsive–supportive parent–child relationships and youth self‐control.
Do Enclaves Matter in Immigrant Adjustment?
Authors: Barry R. Chiswick , Miller Paul W.
Published: February 2005

This paper is concerned with the determinants and consequences of immigrant/linguistic concentrations (enclaves). The reasons for the formation of these concentrations are discussed. Hypotheses are developed regarding “ethnic goods” and the effect of concentrations on the immigrant's language skills, as well as the effects on immigrant earnings of destination language skills and the linguistic concentration. These hypotheses are tested using PUMS data from the 1990 U.S. Census on adult male immigrants from non‐English speaking countries. Linguistic concentrations reduce the immigrant's own English language skills. Moreover, immigrant's earnings are lower the lower their English‐language proficiency and the greater the linguistic/ethnic concentration in their origin language of the area in which they live. The adverse effects on earnings of poor destination language skills and of immigrant concentrations exist independently of each other. The hypotheses regarding ethnic goods are supported by the data.
The Psychotherapy of Genetics
Authors: McDaniel Susan H.
Published: February 2005

The evolution of genomic science and its effect on medicine and health care offer opportunities for family therapists to participate in the comprehensive care of patients and families with genetic disorders. This article provides an overview of what we now know about the psychological and interpersonal experience of patients and families facing some of these illnesses. Case examples illustrate the process of decision‐making about testing and treatment, and the importance of understanding developmental issues and transgenerational family dynamics in any related psychotherapy. Challenging emotional issues include managing anger, ambivalence, and guilt; challenging interpersonal issues include dealing with differing coping and communication styles, decisions about disclosure and secrets, and conflict resolution. Family‐oriented interventions include individual, couple, and family therapy, and psychoeducational groups. Recommendations are made for family therapists to participate as part of the genetic healthcare team.
Transparency and Self‐Disclosure1 in Family Therapy: Dangers and Possibilities
Authors: Roberts Janine
Published: February 2005

Therapy is a paid intimate relationship that thrusts clients and therapists into navigating personal and professional boundaries. When, where, why, and how is it appropriate and ethical for family therapists to be transparent, and when is it damaging? Theorists take varied stances from Haley's position of tight boundaries around therapist disclosure—whether in treatment or training—to the narrative viewpoint that therapists should be transparent about models of therapy, personal values, and life experiences that inform their practice and beliefs. However, these positions are not research based, and theorists who support disclosure offer few guidelines other than general statements. This article examines the history of ideas about disclosure in six major family therapy models, and the dangers and possibilities of transparency. It looks at the research on self‐disclosure in individual therapy and whether and how it could apply to family therapy. Guidelines are proposed that take into account the multiple social identities of therapists and clients, and issues of safety and transparency.
Maternal Depression, Adult Attachment, and Children's Emotional Distress
Authors: Whiffen Valerie E. , Kerr Matthew A. , Kallos‐Lilly Veronica
Published: February 2005

Introduction: Our goal was to evaluate the impact of depressed mothers' marital intimacy and attachment security in romantic relationships on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

Method: Forty‐six clinically depressed mothers rated attachment security, marital intimacy, and symptoms shown by their children aged 8 to 12.

Results: Maternal avoidance of closeness predicted increases in children's internalizing symptoms over a 6‐month period.

Discussion: Avoidance of closeness in depressed mothers may be implicated in the development of internalizing symptoms in their children, possibly because individuals who are avoidant of closeness are poor caregivers.
Polymorphism and Thermodynamic Stability of Zn7Sb2O12
Authors: Miles Gabrielle C. , West Anthony R.
Published: February 2005

The composition Zn2.33Sb0.67O4(or Zn7Sb2O12) exists in two polymorphic forms. The thermodynamically stable, low‐temperature orthorhombic β form transforms to the high‐temperature cubic α‐polymorph with a spinel structure at 1225°±25°C. The transformation is fully reversible but slower in the α→β direction and therefore, it is easy to preserve the high‐temperature α‐polymorph to lower temperatures where it is kinetically stable but thermodynamically metastable. It is also possible to synthesize the α‐polymorph directly at low temperatures, e.g., 900°C. This synthesis, of a phase that is thermodynamically stable only at high temperatures, but which has sufficient kinetic stability to exist metastably at low temperatures, represents an example of Ostwald's law of successive reactions in which the first phase to crystallize from a reaction mixture is not necessarily the equilibrium phase of lowest free energy. The crystal structure of the α‐polymorph has been confirmed by Rietveld refinement of X‐ray powder diffraction data to be an inverse spinel, (Zn)[Sb2/3Zn4/3]O4, in which octahedral sites contain a disordered, random mixture of Zn and Sb and tetrahedral sites are fully occupied by Zn.
Wear Mechanisms of Glass‐Infiltrated Alumina Sliding Against Alumina in Water
Authors: Kalin Mitjan , Jahanmir Said , Dražič Goran
Published: February 2005

Glass‐infiltrated alumina is now commonly used as a core material in dental restorations. If the veneer layer, which covers the core, is broken or damaged through use, a direct contact between the core and the opposing restorative material or human enamel can occur. The wear behavior in simulated contacts with human enamel has already been studied. In the present work, we have investigated the wear mechanisms of glass‐infiltrated alumina in contact with a high‐purity alumina as an opposing ceramic restoration. Wear tests were performed in a pin‐on‐disk tribometer under conditions that roughly resemble those in the oral environment. The wear rates of the alumina balls and the glass‐infiltrated disks sliding in water increased linearly with load. No wear transition (i.e., a sudden increase in wear) was observed as either the load or the sliding distance was increased. Examination of the wear debris in the SEM suggested the presence of wear particles that are often attributed to the formation of hydrated aluminum oxide through tribochemical reactions between water and alumina. While tribochemical wear was the dominating wear mechanism for the alumina balls, microfracture and delamination governed the wear behavior of the glass‐infiltrated alumina disks. Examination of the surface layers formed on the disk wear tracks confirmed the presence of amorphous hydrated alumina on the wear track. It is suggested that these reaction products smear on the wear track filling the pores produced by microfracture and delamination. The high wear resistance of glass‐infiltrated alumina is attributed to the presence of hydrated alumina in the third body layer that accommodates the interfacial shear stresses and the high strength due to strong bonding between the glass phase and alumina grains. Based on the observed wear resistance of glass‐infiltrated alumina in the present study, this material should be evaluated for applications in addition to dental restorations.
Molten Salt Synthesis of Acicular Ba2NaNb5O15 Seed Crystals
Authors: Huang Qing‐Wei , Xu Jiong , Zhu Li‐Hui , Gu Hui , Wang Pei‐Ling
Published: February 2005

Well‐developed acicular Ba2NaNb5O15 (BNN) seed crystals have been successfully prepared by the reaction between BaCO3, Nb2O5 and molten NaCl salt. The effects of the calcination temperature, time, and weight ratio of the oxide mixture to salt on the morphology of BNN particles were investigated. Uniform acicular seeds with high aspect ratio could be achieved at 1200°C for 4 h with the salt‐to‐oxide mixture of 2:1.
Controlling Mechanical Properties of Porous Mullite/Alumina Mixtures Via Precursor‐Derived Alumina
Authors: Fujita Hiroki , Levi Carlos G. , Zok Frank W. , Jefferson George
Published: February 2005

This study focuses broadly on synthesis and characterization of porous mullite/alumina mixtures for use as matrices in oxide fiber composites. Specifically, an assessment is made of the utility of a precursor‐derived alumina (PDA) in controlling both the modulus and the toughness of mullite‐rich particle mixtures. Property changes are probed through models of the mechanical behavior of bonded particle aggregates. Consideration of the conditions needed to cause crack deflection at a fiber–matrix interface yields an upper allowable limit on the concentration of PDA to ensure damage tolerance in a fiber composite. The predicted critical concentration lies in the range of about 7–9%, depending on the mullite/alumina ratio in the particle slurry and the subsequent aging treatment. Values slightly below this limit should yield composites that exhibit a desirable balance between fiber‐ and matrix‐dominated properties.
Al‐System Non‐Oxide Spherical Powder Synthesis by Liquefied Petroleum Gas Firing
Authors: Takao Yasumasa , Sando Mutsuo
Published: February 2005

Synthesis of non‐oxide materials includes solid‐phase grinding, liquid building‐up, plasma, and CVD. The raw powder of the sintered body is commercialized by solid‐state synthesis; however, it is non‐spherical in shape and its size is below the submicron range. We considered the changes in free energy of Al, O2, N2, NH3, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and focused on the reaction accelerator effect of LPG for Al nitridation or Al2O3 reduction. As a result, we found that, conceptually, some Al nitridation syntheses via LPG firing could occur. The LPG firing method can provide a gas diffusion nitridation mechanism, and can therefore produce Al‐oxynitride (AlON) directly (Al powder did not convert to AlON completely), and AlN spherical powders with diameters above the submicron range.
Composition Effects on Optical Properties of Tb3+‐Doped Heavy Germanate Glasses
Authors: Chen Guorong , Yang Yunxia , Zhao Donghui , Xia Fang , Baccaro Stefania , Cecilia Angelica , Nikl Martin
Published: February 2005

A group of terbium‐doped heavy germanate glasses were studied. Glass matrices contained GeO2, Gd2O3, BaO, and/or La2O3 with the Tb3+ doping concentration ranging from 1 to 5 mol%. The transmission and radioluminescence spectra were measured and their correlations with glass composition are discussed. It is found that the UV cut‐off edge of glass matrices is related to the content of the network modifier BaO as well as to the mixed rare earths effect, while the concentration of trapping sites existing in the glass network is essential to the radioluminescence properties of the glass. The latter is also associated with the content of the network modifier BaO that produces unsaturated nonbridging oxygens in the glass lattice. Another important mechanism influencing the luminescence process involves the enhanced energy transfer from Gd3+ ions to Tb3+ emission centers. A self‐sensitizing effect of Tb3+ is observed in the Tb3+ concentration range studied, which contributes to some extent to the enhanced Tb3+ green emission. La2O3 additions to the host glass play an active role of partitioning Tb3+ in the glass matrix, thereby showing an enhanced blue emission because of the reduced cross‐relaxation probability between Tb3+ cations.
Effect of Nd2O3 Concentration on the Defect Structure of CeO2–Nd2O3 Solid Solution
Authors: Ikuma Yasuro , Shimada Eriko , Okamura Nobuko
Published: February 2005

An extensive X‐ray study of CeO2–Nd2O3 solid solutions was performed, and the densities of solid solutions containing various concentrations of NdO1.5 were measured using several techniques. Solid solutions containing 0–80 mol% NdO1.5 were synthesized by coprecipitation from Ce(NO3)3 and Nd(NO3)3 aqueous solutions, and the coprecipitated samples were sintered at 1400°C. A fluorite structure was observed for CeO2–NdO1.5 solid solutions with 0–40 mol% NdO1.5, which changed to a rare earth C‐type structure at 45–75 mol% NdO1.5. The change in the lattice parameters of CeO2–NdO1.5 solid solutions, when plotted with respect to the NdO1.5 concentration, showed that the lattice parameters followed Vegard's law in both the fluorite and rare earth C‐type regions. The maximum solubility limit for NdO1.5 in CeO2 solid solution was approximately 75 mol%. The relationship between the density and the Nd concentration indicated that the defect structure followed the anion vacancy model over the entire range (0–70 mol% NdO1.5) of solid solution.
Tribological Behavior of Titanium Nitride–Titanium Composites in Short‐Chain Alcohols
Authors: Hibi Yuko , Enomoto Yuji , Sasaki Shinya
Published: February 2005

Sliding and milling tests were performed to evaluate the lubrication compatibility of titanium nitride–titanium (TiN–Ti) composites with short‐chain alcohols. The tribological performance of the TiN–Ti composites was much better than that of titanium metal. Worn surfaces indicated that the wear of the TiN–Ti composites might have been caused by abrasion and corrosion, while the wear of titanium metal was caused by adhesion. Milling test results indicated that the dissolution of the Ti component from titanium and TiN into short‐chain alcohol was accelerated by mechanical stimulation and that the dissolution might cause the corrosive wear of TiN–Ti composites.
Novel Ferrimagnetic Material for Fabricating Multilayer Chip Inductors —Low‐Temperature‐Sintered Ba3Co2−xZnxFe24O41 Hexaferrites
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Li Longtu , Su Shuiyuan , Gui Zhilun
Published: February 2005

The Zn‐substituted planar hexaferrite Ba3Co2−xZnxFe24O41 (x=0–1.2) powders were prepared via a citrate precursor method. With an appropriate sintering aid, ceramics with high density could be obtained after sintering at a temperature of less than 900°C. These ceramics exhibit excellent high‐frequency properties such as high initial permeability up to 10.0 with cut‐off frequencies above 1.1 GHz. The results show that we have exploited novel promising ferrimagnetic materials well suited for multilayer chip inductors or multilayer chip beads applications in the high‐frequency range.
Tin Substitution for Titanium in Ba6−3xNd8+2xTi18O54 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics
Authors: Li Yi , Chen Xiang Ming , Qin Ni , Zeng YaoWu
Published: February 2005

Tin (Sn) substitution for titanium (Ti) was investigated in Ba6−3xNd8+2xTi18O54 (x=1/2, 2/3, and 3/4) ceramics. A small amount (z<0.1) of Sn substitution resulted in Ba6−3xNd8+2x(Ti1−zSnz)18O54 solid solutions, and some secondary phases were observed with increasing Sn content. A small amount of Sn substitution improved the Qf value significantly, while, due to the formation of secondary phases, the Qf value degraded sharply for larger Sn content. The relative dielectric constant (ɛr) decreased with increasing Sn‐content, while the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) generally decreased, although an obvious fluctuation was observed for x=3/4.
Crack Repairing in Alumina by Penetrating Glass
Authors: Chu Min‐Cheol , Cho Seong‐Jai , Yoon Kyung‐Jin , Park Hyun‐Min
Published: February 2005

Through‐the‐thickness cracks with the depth of about 2.5 mm were introduced on the flexural specimens of alumina. Borosilicate glass was then penetrated into the cracks at 1500°C to repair them. Strength testing indicated that the cracks, once repaired, became even stronger than mother material alumina. The reason of the strengthening was discussed in terms of residual stress and the rebonding of alumina grains on crack surfaces. This investigation implies that cracks in alumina can be repaired by simply penetrating glass into them.
Preparation and Characterization of CrN/CN and Nano‐TiN/CN Composites
Authors: Qiu Yu , Gao Lian
Published: February 2005

Chromium nitride (CrN)/carbon nitride (CN) and nano‐tinanium nitride (TiN)/CN composites were prepared by in situ nitridation during the formation of amorphous CN (a‐CN) matrix. The second crystalline phases CrN and TiN were distributed uniformly in a‐CN phase. The CrN particle sizes ranged from submicrometers to several micrometers, and the average TiN particle diameter was found to be ∼16 nm. Thermogravimetry was used to reveal the thermal stability of these composite materials. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the relative proportion of sp3 carbon‐nitrided and sp2 carbon‐nitrided phase of the a‐CN matrix was influenced by the different second phases.
Thermoplastic Green Machining for Textured Dielectric Substrate for Broadband Miniature Antenna
Authors: Koh Young‐Hag , Halloran John W. , Kiziltas Gullu , Psychoudakis Dimitris , Volakis John
Published: February 2005

A textured dielectric substrate for a broadband miniature antenna was fabricated using a thermoplastic green machining. This substrate comprised of three steps with optimized distribution of a dielectric ceramic (Bi–Ba–Nd–Titania; BBNT) and an epoxy. At first, a thermoplastic compound, consisting of BBNT particles and thermoplastic binders, was machined precisely using a mini‐computer numeric controlled machine to make a three‐dimensional void in the green BBNT body. After appropriate binder removal and sintering, the void in the dense BBNT block was filled with an epoxy to fabricate a textured dielectric substrate. The BBNT sample was characterized by several analyzing tools in terms of machinability, microstructural evolutions, chemical compositions, crystalline phase, and dielectric properties. Bandwidth and gain of the patch antenna with the textured dielectric substrate were measured and compared with the simulated results.
Formation of Grain Boundaries in Liquid‐Phase‐Sintered WC–Co Alloys
Authors: Kim Jong‐Dae , Kang Suk‐Joong L. , Lee Joo‐Wan
Published: February 2005

The origin of WC/WC grain boundaries in liquid‐phase‐sintered WC–Co alloys has been investigated in a WC–Mo2C–Co model system using coarse WC polygrain powder. The evolution of grain shape during liquid phase sintering was able to be identified by observing a growth layer that contained Mo. During liquid phase sintering, most of the grain boundaries in the powder were penetrated by a Co liquid but some of them were not. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis confirmed that some boundaries in the powder, in particular, Σ2 twist boundaries and Σ97 special boundaries, remained intact during liquid phase sintering. These experimental results confirm that the grain boundaries of WC grains in liquid‐phase‐sintered WC–Co alloys originated from those present in the starting powder.
Non‐Destructive Determination of the Structure and Composition of Glazes by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Colomban Philippe , Paulsen Ove
Published: February 2005

The utility of Raman spectroscopy as a non‐destructive technique for the characterization of glassy (alumino)silicates (modern or ancient glazes and glasses) is demonstrated. The addition of fluxing ions breaks the Si–O linkages and the degree of (de)polymerization determines the relative intensity of the Si–O bending and stretching modes and hence the degree of polymerization could be classified. The analysis can be used to predict the processing temperature of glasses. Bending (Q′n) and stretching (Qn) spectral components assigned to isolated (Q0 or SiO4), and more or less connected SiO4 vibrational units with one, two three/four bridging oxygen allow more precise analysis. The method is applied to reference modern porcelain glazes and selected ancient ceramic glazes and glasses, representative of the different production technologies used in the Asian, Islamic, and European worlds from Roman Empire to 19th century.
PLZT Phases Near Lead Zirconate: 1. Determination by X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Breval Else , Wang Chiping , Dougherty Joseph P. , Gachigi Kamau wa
Published: February 2005

The room temperature phase diagram of PLZT, (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3, orL/Z/TforL<12 andT<10 was constructed using X‐ray diffraction patterns of sintered and crushed PLZT material. The orthorhombic antiferroelectric phase, a tetragonal phase, the rhombohedral (hexagonal) ferroelectric phases, and the mixed La‐rich zone were identified. Increasing substitution of La for Pb in the structure of orthorhombic PLZT leads to a change toward the cubic structure with less anisotropy in a direction corresponding to the cubic 200 direction. At La above ∼8 to 11 mol%, La2Zr2O7appears in the mixed zone. With increasing substitution of Ti for Zr, there is no change toward a cubic structure as the anisotropy is nearly unchanged. However, at a Ti substitution above ∼6 mol%, a rhombohedral and a tetragonal structure appear.
Uniform Coating of Nanometer‐Scale BaTiO3 Layer on Spherical Ni Particles via Hydrothermal Conversion of Ti‐Hydroxide
Authors: Lee Jae‐Young , Hong Seong‐Hyeon , Lee Jong‐Heun , Lee Yong Kyun , Choi Jae‐Young
Published: February 2005

A uniform BaTiO3 nano layer was coated on spherical Ni particles for multilayer ceramic capacitor applications via a Ti‐hydroxide coating using the controlled hydrolysis of a TiCl4 butanol solution containing (C2H5)2NH (diethylamine, DEA) and its subsequent hydrothermal reaction at various [Ba(OH)2], residual [DEA], and hydrothermal temperatures. The hydrothermal conversion was successful at [Ba(OH)2]≥0.065M (Ba/Ti≥1.3) and T≥150°C, and the residual DEA in the Ti‐hydroxide coating layer not only affected the formation of the BaTiO3 phase but also resulted in a rough surface morphology. When a minimal amount of DEA was involved in the formation of Ti‐hydroxide, a uniform BaTiO3 coating with a clean surface morphology could be attained, which was confirmed by elemental mapping of the coated powder and the observation of hollow spheres after removing the Ni core. The BaTiO3 coating was very effective not only in preventing Ni oxidation but also in shifting the starting point of Ni densification to a higher temperature.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)‐induced cataract in Danish arms factory workers
Authors: Kruse Anders , Hertel Mette , Hindsholm Marianne , Viskum Sven
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To compare the prevalence of cataract in workers exposed to trinitrotoluene (TNT) to the prevalence in a group of unexposed workers, matched on age and sex, using Tiukina's description and grading of TNT‐induced cataract.

Methods:  A total of 23 TNT‐exposed and 44 unexposed workers underwent an eye examination performed by an ophthalmologist who did not know the exposure status of the subjects. All lens opacities matching Tiukina's description were classified as TNT cataract and graded on Tiukina's scale of stages 1–4.

Results:  Four cases of TNT‐induced cataract were identified among the 23 TNT‐exposed workers and none in the unexposed group (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:  Exposure to TNT may cause a unique type of cataract, which a general ophthalmologist, using Tiukina's description and grading scale, will be able to distinguish from other cataracts.
Occurrence of lacrimal gland tissue outside the lacrimal fossa: comparison of clinical and histopathological findings
Authors: Alyahya Ghassan Ayish , Bangsgaard Regitze , Prause Jan Ulrik , Heegaard Steffen
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To analyse clinical referral diagnoses and the location of lesions with histologically verified lacrimal gland tissue occurring outside the fossa of the lacrimal gland.

Methods:  Sections of lesions excised from areas outside the fossa of the lacrimal gland containing lacrimal gland tissue on histological examination were collected from the files of the Eye Pathology Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark. Specimens spanned a period of 50 years. Sections were re‐examined and referral data on location and clinical diagnosis were compared with histological findings.

Results:  A total of 120 lesions were collected. Of these, 59 (49%) consisted of prolapsed lacrimal gland. The remaining 61 (51%) lesions contained ectopic lacrimal gland tissue, either as part of a complex choristoma in 38 (32%) cases, or as solitary ectopic lacrimal gland tissue in 23 (19%) cases. The majority (97; 81%) of lesions had been located at the temporal epibulbar conjunctiva and included mainly prolapsed lacrimal gland and complex choristoma. The clinical referral diagnoses covered a wide spectrum of lesions. The most frequent clinical diagnoses were non‐specific tumour (35%), non‐specific cyst (18%) and dermoid (11%). Of the 61 lesions containing ectopic lacrimal gland tissue, only two had been preoperatively diagnosed as such and only two of the 59 lesions with prolapsed lacrimal gland had been correctly diagnosed.

Conclusions:  Prolapsed palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland was the most common lesion and, as expected, the prime location was the temporal conjunctiva. Despite this location, the referring clinical diagnosis was often wrong or non‐specific. Surgeons seem to have been unaware of the various clinical manifestations of extrafossal glandular tissue, particularly when excising lesions in the upper temporal region of the conjunctiva. Surgical intervention in this location may jeopardize the excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland and may consequently lead to dry eye and thus should be avoided when the typical clinical appearance of prolapsed lacrimal gland is encountered.
Is vision screening in 3‐year‐old children feasible? Comparison between the Lea Symbol chart and the HVOT (LM) chart
Authors: Kvarnström G. , Jakobsson P.
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  The aim of this prospective study was to compare visual screening at the age of 3 years with screening at 4 years using two different charts.

Methods:  A total of 478 3‐year‐old children were tested at four child health care centres (CHCCs). Of these children, 440 were tested again at the age of 4 years. A third group, a control group, consisting of 229 children, was examined only at the age of 4 years. All children were tested with both the HVOT chart and the Lea Symbol chart.

Results:  Testability rates for 3‐year‐olds were almost the same with the Lea Symbol chart and the HVOT chart (82.8% and 84.8%, respectively). The corresponding rates for the same children tested at 4 years of age were 96.5% and 97.0%, and for the 4‐year‐olds not previously tested 92.9% and 92.8%. The mean testing time was somewhat shorter for the Lea Symbol chart in all three groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The difference in the assessment of visual acuity between the two charts was small and less than 1/10th of a line. The positive predictive value was lower at 3 years (58%) than has previously been found at 4 years (74.6%).

Conclusion:  Three‐year‐old children co‐operate well in visual acuity testing. However, the examination time is a little longer and the testability rate is about 10% lower than at 4 years. Both 3‐year‐old and 4‐year‐old children can be tested equally well with the HVOT and the Lea Symbol charts.
Glare disability and spherical aberration with five foldable intraocular lenses: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Casprini Fabrizio , Balestrazzi Angelo , Tosi Gian Marco , Miracco Flavia , Martone Gianluca , Cevenini Gabriele , Caporossi Aldo
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To compare differences in subjective glare and spherical aberration between five foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) made of different materials and to different designs.

Methods:  This prospective study comprised 175 cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification and were randomized to receive one of five types of foldable IOL (AcrySof® MA30BA, Alcon; Sensar® AR40, AMO; AcrySof® SA30AL, Alcon; Sensar® AR40e, AMO, and Tecnis® Z9000, Pharmacia & Upjohn). All patients received a questionnaire investigating the incidence of subjective photic phenomena. Two months postoperatively, we collected data regarding subjective glare and evaluated pupil size, visual acuity and wavefront aberration of the cornea and eye.

Results:  With regard to difficulty in performing ordinary activities under different light conditions and light and dark adaptation, the difference between the groups was not significant (p > 0.05, chi‐squared test). With respect to difficulty in driving at night, the MA30BA group had a significant higher incidence of photic phenomena than the SA30AL, AR40e and Z9000 groups (p < 0.05, chi‐squared test). Wavefront measurements revealed a significant difference between the Z9000, AR40e and SA30AL groups, which showed the lowest values, and the MA30BA group, which showed the highest value (p < 0.05, anova with Tamhane posthoc test).

Conclusions:  New generation IOLs such as the Pharmacia Z9000, AMO AR40e and AcrySof® SA30AL have a lower incidence of glare and spherical aberrations; however, their impact on future IOL design should be conditioned by further data, especially regarding posterior capsule opacification.
Proteomic analysis of aqueous humour from patients with acute corneal rejection
Authors: Funding Mikkel , Vorum Henrik , Honoré Bent , Nexø Ebba , Ehlers Niels
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To compare the basic proteomic composition of aqueous humour (AH) from patients with corneal rejection (patients) with AH from patients with cataract (controls).

Methods:  Aqueous humour was analysed for total protein concentration using Bradford's method and for protein composition using two‐dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. Image analysis was used to detect protein spots in 2D gels that were increased by more than factor 2 in patients as compared with controls. Increased spots were identified by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry.

Results:  Aqueous humour from patients contained significantly higher total protein concentration than did AH from controls. A total of 31 spots were significantly increased in 2D gels from patients. The spots were derived from albumin, α1‐antitrypsin, apolipoprotein J, cytokeratin type II, serin proteinase inhibitor and transthyretin. After correction of spot volumes by total protein concentrations, 10 spots derived from albumin, cytokeratin type II and α1‐antitrypsin remained significantly increased.

Conclusion:  The proteomic composition of AH differed significantly between patients and controls. The identified proteins suggest that the changes in AH are due to at least three different mechanisms: breakdown of the aqueous–blood barrier, enzymatic degradation, and liberation of locally synthesized proteins.
Lesions of the lacrimal drainage system: a clinicopathological study of 643 biopsy specimens of the lacrimal drainage system in Denmark 1910−1999
Authors: Marthin June Kehlet , Lindegaard Jens , Prause Jan Ulrik , Heegaard Steffen
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To determine the frequency of histologically verified lesions of the lacrimal drainage system in Denmark between the years 1910 and 1999. Furthermore, to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the pathology diagnosis.

Methods:  Retrospective review of all pathology reports from 1910 to 1999 in the files of the Eye Pathology Institute, University of Copenhagen, describing a lesion of the lacrimal drainage system. In addition, a retrospective review of all reports describing a lesion of the lacrimal drainage system from the Danish Pathology Database. All specimens were re‐evaluated, except in cases with a primary diagnosis of dacryocystitis. In these cases a sample of 25% was re‐evaluated.

Results:  A total of 643 lesions were collected. Dacryocystitis was the most frequent lesion, constituting 508 cases (79%). The remaining cases were diagnosed as dacryolithiasis (62 cases; 7.9%), tumour (29 cases; 4.5%), trauma (19 cases; 3.0%), congenital malformation (nine cases; 1.4%), canaliculitis (eight cases; 1.2%) and granulomatous inflammation (eight cases; 1.2%). Seventeen tumours were malignant, of which B‐cell lymphoma was the most common (six cases). In 0.6% of cases with a clinical diagnosis of dacryocystitis/lithiasis a non‐suspected malignant tumour was diagnosed. Micro‐organisms were uncommon in dacryocystitis (9%) but frequent in cases of dacryolithiasis (87%).

Conclusion:  Dacryocystitis was by far the most frequent lesion of the lacrimal drainage system referred for histopathological evaluation. Dacryolithiasis was often associated with micro‐organisms, especially Gram positive rods. Histopathology is necessary to confirm suspected tumours, more than half of which were inflammatory lesions, and to detect tumours that sometimes masquerade as inflammation.
Vasoactive mediators and retinopathy during type 1 diabetic pregnancy
Authors: Loukovaara Sirpa , Immonen Ilkka J. , Yandle Tim G. , Nicholls Gary , Hiilesmaa Vilho K. , Kaaja Risto J.
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To evaluate the role of various vasoactive hormones in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy and postpartum.

Methods:  Retinopathy was graded from fundus photographs of 45 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and seven pregnant women without diabetes in a prospective study. Markers of renin‐angiotensin‐system (RAS), plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), aldosterone, natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP) and adreonomedullin (AM) were measured during the first and third trimesters and at 3 months postpartum. The women with diabetes were grouped by progression of retinopathy during pregnancy and postpartum.

Results:  Levels of PRA (p = 0.001) and ANP (p = 0.03) were significantly lower in diabetes than in non‐diabetes subjects throughout pregnancy and postpartum. No significant differences appeared in levels of AngII, aldosterone, AM, BNP or CNP between the two groups. In multivariate logistic regression analyses with retinopathy progression by the third trimester as the dependent variable, only duration of diabetes qualified in the model (p = 0.027, R = 0.227, Exp(B) = 1.28).

Conclusions:  Diabetic pregnancy is associated with lower levels of PRA and ANP compared to non‐diabetic pregnancy. Lowered RAS activity may contribute to the hyperdynamic blood flow and progression of DR during diabetic pregnancy. Within the power of this study no clear associations between the vasoactive hormones and progression of retinopathy could be detected.
Laser in situ keratomileusis for different degrees of myopia
Authors: Lin Jane‐Ming , Tsai Yi‐Yu
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To determine the efficacy, predictability, stability and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in treating patients with different degrees of myopia.

Methods:  We enrolled 386 eyes of 200 consecutive patients who underwent LASIK and divided them into four groups according to their degree of preoperative spherical equivalent (SE). Group 1 eyes ranged between − 1.00 and − 3.99 dioptres (D) (low myopia). Group 2 eyes ranged between − 4.00 and − 5.99 D (moderate myopia). Group 3 eyes ranged between − 6.00 and − 9.99 D (high myopia). Group 4 eyes were over − 9.99 D (extreme myopia). Follow‐up was at 1 day, 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months postoperatively.

Results:  Our study included 386 eyes of 200 patients with SE ranging from − 3.00 to − 16.00 D (mean − 7.14 ± 2.87 D). All eyes were seen at 1 day postoperatively. A total of 360 eyes (93%) were examined at 1 week, 330 eyes (85%) at 1 month, 281 eyes (73%) at 3 months, 247 eyes (64%) at 6 months, 199 eyes (52%) at 12 months and 142 eyes (37%) at 18 months. The postoperative data from 1 day to 12 months were used because of the low follow‐up rate at 18 months postoperatively. Group 1 consisted of 30 eyes. The mean SE was − 3.52 ± 0.43 D preoperatively and − 0.40 ± 0.58 D at 1 month, − 0.46 ± 0.60 D at 6 months and − 0.42 ± 0.50 D at 12 months postoperatively. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 20/40 or better in 95% of eyes at 1 day and in 100% of eyes at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Group 2 consisted of 151 eyes. The mean SE was − 5.36 ± 0.67 D preoperatively and − 0.54 ± 0.78 D at 1 month, − 0.56 ± 0.90 D at 6 months and − 0.55 ± 0.82 D at 12 months postoperatively. Uncorrected VA was 20/40 or better in 95% of eyes at 1 day and in 100% of eyes at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Group 3 consisted of 167 eyes. The mean SE was − 8.15 ± 0.94 D preoperatively and − 0.58 ± 0.90 D at 1 month, − 0.67 ± 1.00 D at 6 months and − 0.64 ± 0.95 D at 12 months postoperatively. Uncorrected VA was 20/40 or better in 90% of eyes at 1 day and in 98% of eyes at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Group 4 consisted of 38 eyes. The mean SE was − 11.09 ± 1.10 D preoperatively and − 1.25 ± 1.20 D at 1 month, − 1.13 ± 1.30 D at 6 months and − 1.20 ± 1.25 D at 12 months postoperatively. Uncorrected VA was 20/40 or better in 78% of eyes at 1 day, in 94% at 6 months and in 90% at 12 months postoperatively. Intraoperative complications (free cap) occurred in two eyes and postoperative complications were observed in three eyes, making the total complications rate 1.29% (5/386). Seven eyes lost one Snellen line of BCVA, five lost two lines and two lost more than two lines (total: 3.64%, 14/386).

Conclusion:  In conclusion, LASIK is effective, predictable and safe for correcting myopia but is more accurate for correcting myopia up to −10.00 D. With more improvement in algorithms and ablation profile, we believe that LASIK can offer better results for higher myopia.
A case of Chandler's syndrome revealed by ultrastructural studies of the trabecular meshwork
Authors: Awai Maiko , Futa Ryusuke , Hamanaka Teruhiko , Hirata Akira , Koga Takahisa , Kimura Akira , Miyagawa Tomoko , Tanihara Hidenobu
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To investigate ultrastructural changes in the aqueous outflow route and discuss the mechanisms associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in a patient with presumably early stage Chandler's syndrome.

Methods:  A 47‐year‐old man underwent trabeculectomy because of elevated IOP. A specimen obtained during surgery was studied by transmission electron microscopy.

Results:  Electron microscopy showed the presence of a monolayer composed of corneal endothelium‐like cells and thick basement membrane‐like material. Neovascularization was also observed in the corneoscleral trabeculum.

Conclusions:  Our results indicate that several mechanisms, including the formation of basement membrane‐like tissue, infiltration of inflammatory cells and neovascularization, might contribute to the elevation of IOP in Chandler's syndrome. These may occur even when there is no history of conspicuous inflammatory reaction in the anterior ocular segments.
Three‐year follow‐up of posterior capsule opacification with two different silicone intraocular lenses
Authors: Sundelin Karin , Shams Hossein , Stenevi Ulf
Published: February 2005

Purpose:  To compare posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery with implantation of two silicone intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different designs.

Methods:  We carried out a prospective, clinical study of 116 patients randomized to standardized phacoemulsification with implantation of CeeOn Edge (n = 57) or SI40NB (n = 59) IOLs. The follow‐up period was 3 years. To evaluate PCO morphologically, digital images were obtained and analysed using evaluation of posterior capsule opacification computer software (epco). The neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy rate was recorded.

Results:  At 2 and 3 years, the eyes with SI40NB IOLs had significantly more PCO than those with the CeeOn Edge IOLs (p = 0.00014 and p = 0.002). Nine Nd:YAG capsulotomies were performed in the SI40NB group and none in the CeeOn Edge group. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.003). In some patients a regression of PCO was noticed and confirmed using epco. Statistically less PCO was noted when the capsulorhexis rim was placed so that it covered all 360 degrees of the optic of the IOL.

Conclusions:  A clinically and statistically significant difference in PCO development between CeeOn Edge and SI40NB IOLs at 2 and 3 years postoperatively was found. These findings support earlier studies indicating that a sharp edge of the optic is a more important factor in IOL design than IOL material in the prevention of PCO.
G‐DRG Version 2005: Relevante Aspekte für die Dermatologie
Authors: Hensen Peter , Fürstenberg Torsten , Schiller Meinhard , Luger Thomas A. , Rompel Rainer , Roeder Norbert
Published: February 2005

Ein Jahr nach der obligaten DRG‐Einführung in den deutschen Krankenhäusern liegt nun die dritte Version eines deutschen DRG‐Fallpauschalensystems vor, die sich wiederum sehr deutlich von der Vorgängerversion unterscheidet. Die Veränderungen am Klassifikationssystem sowie die Einführung weiterer Zusatzentgelte tragen dabei zu einer verbesserten Abbildungsqualität vieler Leistungsbereiche bei. Ein großer Teil der bekannten und wiederholt diskutierten Probleme wurde konstruktiv angegangen und Vorschläge bezüglich der Sachgerechtigkeit der Leistungsabbildung umgesetzt. Hierbei sind unter anderem die modifizierten Algorithmen der Hauptdiagnosekategorien und die verstärkte Berücksichtigung von Komplikationen, Begleiterkrankungen und/oder multiplen Prozeduren zu nennen. Es kann allerdings nicht erwartet werden, daß mit der neuen Version die Probleme in der Abbildung spezialisierter Leistungen bzw. die noch bestehenden Probleme der Dermatologie umfassend gelöst wurden. Insgesamt ist aber ein großer Fortschritt bei der Systemgestaltung zu verzeichnen. Die wesentlichen Aspekte der G‐DRG Version 2005 und der begleitenden Abrechnungs‐ und Ausführungsbestimmungen werden mit Blick auf die Dermatologie erläutert.
Intravenous dexamethasone‐cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in comparison with oral methylprednisolone‐azathioprine therapy in patients with pemphigus: Results of a multicenter prospectively randomized study
Authors: Rose Ellen , Wever Sabine , Zillikens Detlef , Linse Ruthild , Haustein Uwe‐Frithjof , Bröcker Eva‐Bettina
Published: February 2005

Background: Pemphigus is a potentially life‐threatening autoimmune blistering skin disease usually treated with high‐dose corticosteroids in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. In a multicenter, prospectively randomized study we compared efficacy and side effects of a dexamethasone‐cyclophosphamide (D/C) pulse therapy with a methylprednisolone‐azathioprine (M/A) therapy in 22 patients with newly diagnosed pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus.

Patients and methods: The 11 patients of the M/A group were treated with daily doses of methylprednisolone (initially 2 mg/kg body weight) and azathioprine (2 – 2,5 mg/kg body weight) which were subsequently tapered. D/C pulse therapy in 11 patients consisted of intravenous administration of 100 mg dexamethasone/d on 3 consecutive days along with cyclophosphamide (500 mg) on day one. Pulses were initially repeated every 2 – 4 weeks and then at increasing intervals. In between the pulses, oral cyclophosphamide (50 mg) was given daily for 6 months.

Results: Within 24 months after treatment initiation, 5/11 patients of the D/C group had a remission (complete remissions after discontinuation of therapy in 3 patients) and 6/11 patients had a progression. In the M/A group, there were remissions in 9/11 patients (complete remissions after discontinuation of therapy in 3 patients) and progression in 1/11 patients. There were more relapses in M/A therapy after remission than in D/C therapy. Side effects were more common in the M/A group. These differences were not significant (p > 0,05).

Conclusion: Because of the high number of progressions in patients treated with D/C therapy, we can not confirm the encouraging results of earlier reports about pulse D/C therapy. Nevertheless D/C therapy seemed to be better tolerated and, in case of primary efficacy, was associated with fewer recurrences than M/A therapy.
Integrated Microchannel Cooling for Three-Dimensional Electronic Circuit Architectures
Authors: Koo Jae-Mo , Im Sungjun , Jiang Linan , Goodson Kenneth E.
Published: February 2005

The semiconductor community is developing three-dimensional circuits that integrate logic, memory, optoelectronic and radio-frequency devices, and microelectromechanical systems. These three-dimensional (3D) circuits pose important challenges for thermal management due to the increasing heat load per unit surface area. This paper theoretically studies 3D circuit cooling by means of an integrated microchannel network. Predictions are based on thermal models solving one-dimensional conservation equations for boiling convection along microchannels, and are consistent with past data obtained from straight channels. The model is combined within a thermal resistance network to predict temperature distributions in logic and memory. The calculations indicate that a layer of integrated microchannel cooling can remove heat densities up to 135W/cm2 within a 3D architecture with a maximum circuit temperature of 85°C. The cooling strategy described in this paper will enable 3D circuits to include greater numbers of active levels while exposing external surface area for functional signal transmission.