bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Environmental and Social Performance on Financial Performance: Evidence from Romania’s Listed Entities
Authors: Dobre Elena , Stanila Georgiana , Brad Laura
Published: March 2015

Companies that are listed on a stock exchange should know that reporting only financial measures is not enough for ensuring sustainable development. To be truly competitive, they should also include information about environmental policies and about the benefits that the company offers to its employees. The present research aims to provide information on how Romanian listed companies report environmental and social indicators and whether or not this has an impact on financial performance. We used a four time period panel fixed effect model for Romanian companies that are listed in the first category of the Bucharest Stock of Exchange. The results point out that increasing water, air and soil protection has a negative impact on current return on equity, while no effects were detected on return on assets and stock market returns. Other environmental variables such as gas, energy or sound were found not to be statistically significant. Training and benefits after retirement have a mixed effect on financial measures. The research correlates Romanian accounting regulation changes with companies’ characteristics and the influence of financial audit on financial performance, and concludes that increasing environmental and social protection could have an impact on financial performance in the long run, as positive correlation was detected between social or environmental performance and stock market returns one year after the changes occurred.
A versatile strategy towards non-covalent functionalization of graphene by surface-confined supramolecular self-assembly of Janus tectons
Authors: Du Ping , Bléger David , Charra Fabrice , Bouchiat Vincent , Kreher David , Mathevet Fabrice , Attias André-Jean
Published: March 2015

Two-dimensional (2D), supramolecular self-assembly at surfaces is now well-mastered with several existing examples. However, one remaining challenge to enable future applications in nanoscience is to provide potential functionalities to the physisorbed adlayer. This work reviews a recently developed strategy that addresses this key issue by taking advantage of a new concept, Janus tecton materials. This is a versatile, molecular platform based on the design of three-dimensional (3D) building blocks consisting of two faces linked by a cyclophane-type pillar. One face is designed to steer 2D self-assembly onto C(sp2)-carbon-based flat surfaces, the other allowing for the desired functionality above the substrate with a well-controlled lateral order. In this way, it is possible to simultaneously obtain a regular, non-covalent paving as well as supramolecular functionalization of graphene, thus opening interesting perspectives for nanoscience applications.
An Under-Recognized Influenza Epidemic Identified by Rapid Influenza Testing, Southern Sri Lanka, 2013
Authors: Tillekeratne L. Gayani , Bodinayake Champica K. , Nagahawatte Ajith , Vidanagama Dhammika , Devasiri Vasantha , Arachchi Wasantha Kodikara , Kurukulasooriya Ruvini , De Silva Aruna Dharshan , Østybe Truls , Reller Megan E. , Woods Christopher W.
Published: March 2015

Influenza accounts for a large burden of acute respiratory tract infections in high-income countries; data from lower-income settings are limited due to lack of confirmatory testing. Consecutive outpatients presenting to the largest tertiary care hospital in southern Sri Lanka were surveyed for influenza-like illness (ILI), defined as acute onset of fever ≥ 38.0°C and cough. Patients were administered a questionnaire and nasal/nasopharyngeal sampling for rapid influenza A/B testing. We enrolled 311 patients with ILI from March to November 2013: 170 (54.7%) children and 172 (55.3%) males. Approximately half (147, 47.3%) tested positive for influenza, but 253 (81.4%) were prescribed antibiotics. On bivariable analysis, symptoms associated with influenza included pain with breathing (P < 0.001), headache (P = 0.005), fatigue (P = 0.003), arthralgias (P = 0.003), and myalgias (P = 0.006) in children and pain with breathing (P = 0.01), vomiting (P = 0.03), and arthralgias (P = 0.03) in adults. Our final clinical predictive models had low sensitivity and fair specificity—50.0% (95% CI: 38.6–61.4%) and 83.2% (95% CI: 73.4–90.0%), respectively, in children and 52.2% (95% CI: 39.9–64.2%) and 81.4% (95% CI: 70.0–89.4%), respectively, in adults. Our study confirms the ability of rapid influenza testing to identify an influenza epidemic in a setting in which testing is not routinely available.
Magnetic field-aligned plasma currents in gravitational fields
Authors: Garcia O. E. , Leer E. , Pécseli H. L. , Trulsen J. K.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Analytical models are presented for currents along vertical magnetic field lines due to slow bulk electron motion in plasmas subject to a gravitational force. It is demonstrated that a general feature of this problem is a singularity in the plasma pressure force that develops at some finite altitude when a plasma that is initially in static equilibrium is set into slow motion. Classical fluid models thus do not allow general steady-state solutions for field-aligned currents. General solutions have to be non-stationary, varying on time scales of many periods of a plasma equivalent to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. Except for very special choices of parameters, a steady-state solution exists only in an average sense. The conditions at large altitudes turn out to be extremely sensitive to even small changes in parameters at low altitudes. Low frequency fluctuations detected at large altitudes in the polar regions need not be caused by local low frequency instabilities, but merely reflect small fluctuations in conditions at low altitudes.
Impacts of climate change on temperature, precipitation and hydrology in Finland – studies using bias corrected Regional Climate Model data
Authors: Olsson T. , Jakkila J. , Veijalainen N. , Backman L. , Kaurola J. , Vehviläinen B.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Assessment of climate change impacts on climate and hydrology on catchment scale requires reliable information about the average values and climate fluctuations of the past, present and future. Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in impact studies often produce biased time series of meteorological variables. In this study bias correction of RCM temperature and precipitation for Finland is carried out using different versions of distribution based scaling (DBS) method. The DBS adjusted RCM data is used as input of a hydrological model to simulate changes in discharges in four study catchments in different parts of Finland. The annual mean discharges and seasonal variation simulated with the DBS adjusted temperature and precipitation data are sufficiently close to observed discharges in the control period (1961–2000) and produce more realistic projections for mean annual and seasonal changes in discharges than the uncorrected RCM data. Furthermore, with most scenarios the DBS method used preserves the temperature and precipitation trends of the uncorrected RCM data during 1961–2100. However, if the biases in the mean or the SD of the uncorrected temperatures are large, significant biases after DBS adjustment may remain or temperature trends may change, increasing the uncertainty of climate change projections. The DBS method influences especially the projected seasonal changes in discharges and the use of uncorrected data can produce unrealistic seasonal discharges and changes. The projected changes in annual mean discharges are moderate or small, but seasonal distribution of discharges will change significantly.
Identifying the controls of soil loss in agricultural catchments using ex situ turbidity-based suspended sediment monitoring
Authors: Sherriff S. C. , Rowan J. S. , Melland A. R. , Jordan P. , Fenton O. , Ó'hUallacháin D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Soil erosion and suspended sediment (SS) pose risks to chemical and ecological water quality. Agricultural activities may accelerate erosional fluxes from bare, poached or compacted soils, and enhance connectivity through modified channels and artificial drainage networks. Storm-event fluxes dominate SS transport in agricultural catchments; therefore, high temporal-resolution monitoring approaches are required but can be expensive and technically challenging. Here, the performance of in situ turbidity-sensors, conventionally installed submerged at the river bankside, is compared with installations where river water is delivered to sensors ex situ, i.e. within instrument kiosks on the riverbank, at two experimental catchments (Grassland B and Arable B). Calibrated against storm-period depth-integrated SS data, both systems gave comparable results; using the ex situ and in situ methods respectively, total load at Grassland B was estimated at 128 ± 28 and 154 ± 35, and 225 ± 54 and 248 ± 52 t at Arable B. The absence of spurious turbidity peaks relating to bankside debris around the in situ sensor and its greater security, make the ex situ sensor more robust. The ex situ approach was then used to characterise SS dynamics and fluxes in five intensively managed agricultural catchments in Ireland which feature a range of landscape characteristics and land use pressures. Average annual suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was below the Freshwater Fish Directive (FFD) guideline of 25 mg L−1, and the continuous hourly record demonstrated that exceedance occurred less than 12% of the observation year. Soil drainage class and proportion of arable land were key controls determining flux rates, but all catchments reported a high degree of inter-annual variability associated with variable precipitation patterns compared to the long-term average. Poorly-drained soils had greater sensitivity to runoff and soil erosion, particularly in catchments with periods of bare soils. Well drained soils were less sensitive to erosion even on arable land; however, under extreme rainfall conditions, all bare soils remain a high sediment loss risk. Analysis of storm-period and seasonal dynamics (over the long term) using high resolution monitoring would be beneficial to further explore the impact of landscape, climate and land use characteristics on SS export.
Celebrating 80 years of the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)
Authors: Rickards L. , Matthwes A. , Gordon K. , Tamisea M. , Jevrejeva S. , Woodworth P. , Bradshaw E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The PSMSL was established as a “Permanent Service” of the International Council for Science in 1958, but in practice was a continuation of the Mean Sea Level Committee which had been set up at the Lisbon International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) conference in 1933. Now in its 80th year, the PSMSL continues to be the internationally recognised databank for long-term sea level change information from tide gauge records. The PSMSL dataset consists of over 2100 mean sea level records from across the globe, the longest of which date back to the start of the 19th century. Where possible, all data in a series are provided to a common benchmark-controlled datum, thus providing a record suitable for use in time series analysis. The PSMSL dataset is freely available for all to use, and is accessible through the PSMSL website (www.psmsl.org).
Estimating sea-level allowances for Atlantic Canada under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise
Authors: Greenan B. , Zhai L. , Hunter J. , James T. S. , Han G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper documents the methodology of computing sea-level rise allowances for Atlantic Canada in the 21st century under conditions of uncertain sea-level rise. The sea-level rise allowances are defined as the amount by which an asset needs to be raised in order to maintain the same likelihood of future flooding events as that site has experienced in the recent past. The allowances are determined by combination of the statistics of present tides and storm surges (storm tides) and the regional projections of sea-level rise and associated uncertainty. Tide-gauge data for nine sites from the Canadian Atlantic coast are used to derive the scale parameters of present sea-level extremes using the Gumbel distribution function. The allowances in the 21st century, with respect to the year 1990, were computed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1FI emission scenario. For Atlantic Canada, the allowances are regionally variable and, for the period 1990–2050, range between –13 and 38 cm while, for the period 1990–2100, they range between 7 and 108 cm. The negative allowances in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence region are caused by land uplift due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA).
Multi-scale evaluations of submarine groundwater discharge
Authors: Taniguchi M. , Ono M. , Takahashi M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Multi-scale evaluations of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) have been made in Saijo, Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku Island, Japan, by using seepage meters for point scale, 222Rn tracer for point and coastal scales, and a numerical groundwater model (SEAWAT) for coastal and basin scales. Daily basis temporal changes in SGD are evaluated by continuous seepage meter and 222Rn mooring measurements, and depend on sea level changes. Spatial evaluations of SGD were also made by 222Rn along the coast in July 2010 and November 2011. The area with larger 222Rn concentration during both seasons agreed well with the area with larger SGD calculated by 3D groundwater numerical simulations.
Estimation of lacustrine groundwater discharge using heat as a tracer and vertical hydraulic gradients – a comparison
Authors: Rudnick S. , Lewandowski J. , Nützmann G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) can play a major role in water and nutrient balances of lakes. Unfortunately, studies often neglect this input path due to methodological difficulties in the determination. In a previous study we described a method which allows the estimation of LGD and groundwater recharge using hydraulic head data and groundwater net balances based on meteorological data. The aim of this study is to compare these results with discharge rates estimated by inverse modelling of heat transport using temperature profiles measured in lake bed sediments. We were able to show a correlation between the fluxes obtained with the different methods, although the time scales of the methods differ substantially. As a consequence, we conclude that the use of hydraulic head data and meteorologically-based groundwater net balances to estimate LGD is limited to time scales similar to the calibration period.
Interactions between fine-grained sediment delivery, river bed deposition and salmonid spawning success
Authors: Pattison I. , Sear D. A. , Collins A. L. , Jones J. I. , Naden P. S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Salmonids clean river bed gravels to lay their eggs. However, during the incubation period fine sediment infiltrates the bed. This has been found to limit the success of salmonid spawning, as fine sediment reduces gravel permeability resulting in intra-gravel flow velocities and O2 concentrations decreasing. The success of salmonid spawning is therefore a function of the coincidence of fine sediment delivery and the development of the salmonid eggs. The presence of fine sediment also exerts sub-lethal effects on the rate of egg development with a negative feedback slowing and extending the incubation process meaning the eggs are in the gravels for longer and susceptible to more potential sediment delivery events. The SIDO (Sediment Intrusion and Dissolved Oxygen)-UK model is a physically-based numerical model which simulates the effect of fine sediment deposition on the abiotic characteristics of the salmonid redd, along with the consequences for egg development and survival. This model is used to investigate the interactions and feedbacks between the timing and concentrations of suspended sediment delivery events, and the deposition of fine sediment within the gravel bed, and the consequences of this on the rate of egg development and survival. The model simulations suggest that egg survival is highly sensitive to suspended sediment concentrations, particularly to changes in the supply rate of sand particles. The magnitude, frequency and specific timing of sediment delivery events effects egg survival rates. The modelling framework is also used to investigate the impact of the rate of gravel infilling by sediment. The hypotheses of continual, discrete event and non-linear decline in the rate of infilling are investigated.
Simulation and control of morphological changes due to dam removal in the Sandy River, Oregon, USA
Authors: Ding Y. , Altinakar M. S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. A one-dimensional channel evolution simulation model (CCHE1D) is applied to assess morphological changes in a reach of the Sandy River, Oregon, USA, due to the Marmot Dam removal in 2007. Sediment transport model parameters (e.g. sediment transport capacity, bed roughness coefficient) were calibrated using observed bed changes after the dam removal. The validated model is then applied to assess long-term morphological changes in response to a 10-year hydrograph selected from historical storm water records. The long-term assessment of sedimentation gives a reasonable prediction of morphological changes, expanding erosion in reservoir and growing deposition immediately downstream of the dam site. This prediction result can be used for managing and planning river sedimentation after dam removal. A simulation-based optimization model is also applied to determine the optimal sediment release rates during dam-removal that will minimize the morphological changes in the downstream reaches.
Using fallout radionuclides to investigate recent overbank sedimentation rates on river floodplains: an overview
Authors: Golosov V. , Walling D. E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Information on rates of overbank sedimentation on river floodplains is needed for a variety of purposes. Use of 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements provides an effective means of estimating medium-term floodplain sedimentation rates and that approach has now been successfully used in many areas of the world. This contribution reviews the use of 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements in floodplain sedimentation investigations and discusses some of the important sampling requirements and key issues associated with interpreting the measurements, and subsequently deriving reliable estimates of sedimentation rates. The potential use of other radionuclides, including 241Am, 238,239+240Pu, and 7Be is considered, and the advantages of using two or more radionuclides, in combination, is highlighted.
Mutual relationships of suspended sediment, turbidity and visual clarity in New Zealand rivers
Authors: Ballantine D. J. , Hughes A. O. , Davies-Colley R. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Many river water quality monitoring programmes do not measure suspended particulate matter (SPM) mass concentrations despite significant interest in its multiple effects on aquatic ecosystems. Regular monthly sampling usually intercepts rivers in baseflow when suspended sediment mass concentrations and fluxes are relatively low and not of particular interest. New Zealand’s National Rivers Water Quality Network (NRWQN) is probably typical in not measuring SPM mass, although visual clarity and nephelometric turbidity are routinely measured. In order to better characterize SPM in NZ rivers, total suspended sediment (TSS) was temporarily added to the NRWQN. Turbidity, visual clarity and TSS are mutually inter-related over all 77 sites, although with considerable data scatter. However, within individual rivers turbidity and visual clarity are typically fairly closely related to TSS and provide fair to excellent surrogates. Therefore, TSS need not be measured routinely because it can be estimated with sufficient precision for many purposes from visibility or turbidity.
A coupled modelling effort to study the fate of contaminated sediments downstream of the Coles Hill deposit, Virginia, USA
Authors: Castro-Bolinaga C. F. , Zavaleta E. R. , Diplas P.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper presents the preliminary results of a coupled modelling effort to study the fate of tailings (radioactive waste-by product) downstream of the Coles Hill uranium deposit located in Virginia, USA. The implementation of the overall modelling process includes a one-dimensional hydraulic model to qualitatively characterize the sediment transport process under severe flooding conditions downstream of the potential mining site, a two-dimensional ANSYS Fluent model to simulate the release of tailings from a containment cell located partially above the local ground surface into the nearby streams, and a one-dimensional finite-volume sediment transport model to examine the propagation of a tailings sediment pulse in the river network located downstream. The findings of this investigation aim to assist in estimating the potential impacts that tailings would have if they were transported into rivers and reservoirs located downstream of the Coles Hill deposit that serve as municipal drinking water supplies.
Do suspended sediment and bedload move progressively from the summit to the sea along Magela Creek, northern Australia?
Authors: Erskine W. D. , Saynor M. J. , Turner K. , Whiteside T. , Boyden J. , Evans K. G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Soil erosion rates on plots of waste rock at Ranger uranium mine and basin sediment yields have been measured for over 30 years in Magela Creek in northern Australia. Soil erosion rates on chlorite schist waste rock are higher than for mica schist and weathering is also much faster. Sediment yields are low but are further reduced by sediment trapping effects of flood plains, floodouts, billabongs and extensive wetlands. Suspended sediment yields exceed bedload yields in this deeply weathered, tropical landscape, but the amount of sand transported greatly exceeds that of silt and clay. Nevertheless, sand is totally stored above the topographic base level. Longitudinal continuity of sediment transport is not maintained. As a result, suspended sediment and bedload do not move progressively from the summit to the sea along Magela Creek and lower Magela Creek wetlands trap about 90.5% of the total sediment load input.
Design of a semi-autonomous boat for measurements of coastal sedimentation and erosion
Authors: Smith D. , Cross L. , Rivet J. , Hall S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Measurement of sediment deposition and erosion in coastal areas is a challenge due to soft shifting sediments, but is critical to assessing loss or restoration of coastal sediments and wetlands. The aim of this project was to design and construct a semi-autonomous boat with water depth measuring capabilities. It was intended to map the depth of coastal wetlands to determine erosion rates and assess coastal restoration effects. Depth-measuring equipment was incorporated into an autonomous pontoon boat powered by solar panels. The propulsion system consisted of two paddlewheels and two-way motors to allow movement and positioning for measurements. Modifications included a lightweight, hard coating on the pontoons and powder-coating the frame to extend their usable life. A microcontroller controlled the boat and captured depth data from sensors and location data with a GPS system. The depth measuring system consisted of a pulley and counter system that completed each measurement in less than 45 seconds. This allowed the boat to take approximately 400 measurements per day. Net accuracy was approximately 3 cm in the tested configuration. The boat can continually measure the depth of specified areas in the wetlands; with this data, the change in depth can be monitored to see the effects of restoration projects.
Estimates of slope erosion intensity utilizing terrestrial laser scanning
Authors: Usmanov B. , Yermolaev O. , Gafurov A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Despite the large variety of methods for estimating slope erosion intensity, it is still difficult to obtain accurate erosion rates. Therefore, our goal was to develop a method to provide accurate estimates of sheet and rill erosion intensities, and evaluate denudation quantities due to abrasion, landslides and talus processes using a high-precision laser scanning system (Trimble® GX). Differential maps between all stages of surveying and TIN-models were built directly on point clouds in "Trimble® RealWorks" software. Inspection and cross-section tools were used for detailed study of ground movements on the slope surface and the development of linear erosion forms. A new method for accurate estimates of the erosion has been developed using terrestrial laser scanning techniques. It makes it possible to assess the denudation–accumulation balance on erosive slopes, determine the dynamics of the volume of material moved on different parts of the slope in various surface runoff events, and identify spatial regularities forming rill washouts.
An aerodynamic approach in soil hydraulic conductivity estimation for investigating soil erosion degree
Authors: Sergey V. , Vyacheslav S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We propose a new method for determining the degree of erosion for zonal soils of the East European Plain. This new approach uses soil porosity and filtration to determine a coefficient of aerodynamic similarity. We evaluated the degree of soil erosion on ranges of the major zonal soils of the eastern part of European Russia by applying this new method. Based on these data, we developed a diagnostic scale to determine the extent of soil erosion in this area.
Theoretical study of zonal differences of electron density at midlatitudes with GITM simulation
Authors: Wang Hui , Ridley Aaron J. , Zhu Jie
Published: March 2015

This study investigated various physical processes responsible for the longitudinal modulation of electron density (Ne) at midlatitudes by employing the global ionosphere‐thermosphere model (GITM). The good agreements between GITM outputs and CHAMP observations indicate that the model is a suitable tool to perform the theoretical study. Nine runs were carried out to determine the effects from geomagnetic field geometry, zonal wind, meridional wind, high‐latitude activity, migrating tides from the lower atmosphere, and solar illumination in quantitative ways. Distinct features were discussed as follows. It was crucial that the geomagnetic and geographical axes were offset for the development of the longitudinal difference of Ne. The zonal wind contributes to about 80% of the fraction of the observed longitudinal dependence of Ne. The meridional wind effect is out of phase with the zonal wind over North America and Southern Ocean regions, which trims the fraction of the longitudinal difference to 65%. Over the South Pacific Ocean, the nighttime Ne maintains at a higher level because of in‐phase effects from both zonal and meridional winds. The solar illumination was important in the formation of the background longitudinal pattern of the electron density. The migrating tide from the lower atmosphere could enhance the longitudinal difference of Ne by 15% over North America. Enhanced activities at high latitudes could alter the longitudinal pattern of Ne by transporting thermospheric composition disturbances to midlatitudes.
Digital Imaging: An Introduction to Image Processing
Authors: Kriss Michael
Published: March 2015

From 2000 through 2010, the digital imaging era almost completely replaced a magnificent silver halide technology as thede factomeans of capturing, storing, and viewing images. The motion picture industry is well on its way to replacing film despite some of its superior imaging characteristics. What probably few saw was the complete dominance of the cell phone camera where the combination of a “smart” phone linked to the global network and many application packages to ease the total navigation of our complex world and a camera that took reasonably good images. This transformation over such a short period of time is a testimony of the power of technology and marketing. In this chapter, the focus will be on the digital camera, be it a simple “point‐and‐shoot,” a sophisticated single‐lens reflex digital camera with 24‐million pixels, or large format camera with untold pixels. All the cameras are based on an imaging sensor, CCD or CMOS, technology. Each camera has to find ways to prevent color aliasing introduced by the need of a color filter array, CFA, improving color reproduction, adjusting for different illuminants, reducing noise, and improving the sharpness of the final image. There are no limits to the technologies incorporated into all digital cameras including face detection, automatic red eye removal, and stabilizing mechanisms that remove “jitter” from camera motion. Here, the focus will be six the major aspects of digital imaging: sampling and aliasing, image sharpness and enhancement, noise in digital cameras, noise reduction methods within and outside of the camera, exposure latitude, and, finally, the concept of ISO speed for a camera and a sensor.
Solid‐State Image Sensors
Authors: Fowler Boyd
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents an overview of solid‐state image sensor technology. It starts with a historical review of CCDs and MOS image sensors since the late 1960s. Then, the basic theory of silicon photon detection is presented. Pixel‐level optics is described next, followed by an analysis of photodetector quantum efficiency and modulation transfer function. Then, the various noise sources in solid‐state image sensors are reviewed, followed by a discussion about CCD and CMOS image sensor readout architectures. Finally, various methods for extending the dynamic range of solid‐state image sensors are reviewed.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Authors: Gu Claire , Yeh Pochi
Published: March 2015

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel electronic visual display that uses a two‐dimensional array of liquid crystal (LC) cells, each of which can be electrically controlled to modulate the transmission of light for the display of digital images. Among all the electronic visual displays in the current world, LCD is taking the dominant position owing to its flat panel, light weight, low driving voltage, low power consumption, high resolution, large viewing angle, high color quality, and availability in a large range of screen size. In this chapter, we describe the basic device structure including various components, principle of operation, properties of LC materials, and various LCD modes of operation and their applications. We also point out some of the fundamental limitations of the LCDs.
Digital Micromirror Device and Digital Light Processing
Authors: Ramanath Rajeev
Published: March 2015

Digital light processing (DLP) technology as used in display projection applications brings forth an unparalleled use of micromirror technology to selectively steer light while providing unparalleled speeds, contrast ratios, and chipset efficiencies. Innovations in optics, electronics, and illumination technologies have enabled a unique convergence of this microelectromechanical system technology to bring forth a compelling solution for consumer and professional projection. Applications outside of image and video projection make for a unique innovation vehicle that continues to push the limits of technology.
Electrophotography
Authors: Cousoulis Marc
Published: March 2015

Electrophotography is the underlying print engine technology that drives the multimillion‐dollar laser printer and toner industries. This chapter provides a review of the foundational science required to understand the functional and architectural decisions that define the design of modern toner‐based imaging systems. The six primary steps associated with electrophotography are defined and explained. They are broken down into individual sections where the physics and characteristics are explored. Toner design philosophy is discussed, and toner‐manufacturing processes are described. The most common print quality defects are discussed along with their causes. An overview of process architecture and controls is given and connected to the technology choices available. A brief review of some of the most important trends in electrophotography is discussed.
Thick FilmACElectroluminescence
Authors: Winscom Christopher J. , Withnall Robert , Silver Jack
Published: March 2015

The background to thick film AC electroluminescence, also known asACpowder electroluminescence(ACPEL), is developed to cover modern materials and the fundamental characteristics of light sources using this technology. The currently accepted mechanism for typical ZnS:Cu,Cl phosphor materials is discussed in terms of CuxS precipitates, while noting that these have yet to be directly imaged. Other surface‐distributed light sources based on AC thin film electroluminescence (ACTFEL) and the more recent smOLED and pOLED technologies are compared with ACPEL with respect to display and solid‐state lighting applications. Additional issues important for display applications, such as lifetimes and associated degradation mechanisms, and color conversion strategies are also reviewed.
Touch Displays
Authors: Walker Geoff
Published: March 2015

A touch display is a display that includes an attached, integrated, or embedded touch screen. A touch screen is an electronic subsystem that detects a user's touch on the surface of a display and translates it into information that a computer can understand and use. The key characteristic of a touch screen is its touch technology, the particular method by which the electronic subsystem detects a user's touch. All touch technologies can be categorized into six basic types, each with a number of subtypes (indicated in parentheses), as follows: capacitive (projected and surface), resistive (analog, digital multi‐touch, and analog multi‐touch), acoustic (surface acoustic wave, Acoustic Pulse Recognition™, and Dispersive Signal Technology™), optical (traditional infrared, multi‐touch infrared, camera‐based, in‐glass/planar scatter detection, and vision‐based), embedded (on‐cell capacitive, hybrid in‐cell/on‐cell capacitive, in‐cell capacitive, and light‐sensing), and other (force‐sensing). A total of 18 different touch technologies are therefore described, all of which are in current use with displays today. With the exception of embedded touch technology, where the touch screen is designed‐in as part of the display, the display underneath the touch screen in a touch display is just a standard display, not unique in any way. The descriptions of the 18 touch technologies are not highly technical; depth of technical information on any one technology is sacrificed for breadth of information on multiple technologies.
Understanding Glare and How it Limits Scene Reproduction
Authors: Rizzi Alessandro , McCann John J.
Published: March 2015

Optical veiling glare limits the dynamic range of light on image sensors. The linit is a variable modification of scene radiances that depends on scene content. The limit is found in photographic scene capture, and in human intraocular glare. Glare effects viewing real scenes, and all stages of scene reproduction. This article describes the optical physics of scene capture, measurements of camera acqisition limits, and measurements of intraocular glare limits. Human vision has two opposing spatial mechanisms: glare and neural contrast. While scene‐dependent glare reduces the dynamic range of the image on the retina, post‐receptor neural mechanisms counteract this loss of range. Human spatial‐processing renders low‐range (high glare) beach scenes with high apparent contrast. Further, it renders high‐range (low glare) stars at night with low apparent contrast. This article reviews the steps necessary to calibrate cameras for accurate scene radiance measurements, and spatial models of human neural contrast.
Digital Imaging for Planetary Exploration
Authors: Nikzad Shouleh , Jewell April D. , Carver Alexander G. , Hoenk Michael E. , Maki Justin N. , Bell L. Doug
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes the history and current use of digital imaging in planetary remote andin situexploration. The focus is mainly on visible as well asUV(ultraviolet) and nearIR(infrared) imaging. We briefly discuss the operation of digital imagers, followed by the various readout schemes. We outline the requirements specific to planetary missions and review the history of planetary exploration through digital imaging. We examine the present and under‐planning instruments for remote sensing of planets. Finally, we discuss current trends in digital imaging and outline a possible path for future developments.
Long term follow‐up in a patient with a de novo microdeletion of 14q11.2 involving CHD8
Authors: Drabova Jana , Seemanova Eva , Hancarova Miroslava , Pourova Radka , Horacek Martin , Jancuskova Tereza , Pekova Sona , Novotna Drahuse , Sedlacek Zdenek
Published: March 2015

We identified a de novo deletion of 14q11.2 in a Czech patient with developmental delay, mild autistic features, macrosomy, macrocephaly, orthognathic deformities, and dysmorphic facial features. The clinical follow‐up of the patient lasting 14 years documented changes in the facial dysmorphism from infancy to adolescence. The deletion affects approximately 200 kb of DNA with five protein‐coding genes and two snoRNA genes. Two of the protein‐coding genes, SUPT16H and CHD8, have been proposed as candidate genes for a new microdeletion syndrome. Our patient further supports the existence of this syndrome and extends its phenotypic spectrum, especially points to the possibility that orthognathic deformities may be associated with microdeletions of 14q11.2. CHD8 mutations have been found in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders and macrocephaly. The HNRNPC gene, repeatedly deleted in patients with developmental delay, is another candidate as its 5́ end is adjacent to the deletion, and the expression of this gene may be affected by position effect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FBN1 contributing to familial congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Beck Tyler F. , Campeau Philippe M. , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Gambin Tomasz , Li Alexander H. , Abo‐Zahrah Reem , Jordan Valerie K. , Hernandez‐Garcia Andres , Wiszniewski Wojciech K. , Muzny Donna , Gibbs Richard A. , Boerwinkle Eric , Lupski James R. , Lee Brendan , Reardon Willie , Scott Daryl A.
Published: March 2015

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common, life‐threatening birth defect. We present a family with recurrent CDH—paraesophageal and central—for whom exome sequencing (ES) revealed a frameshift mutation (c.4969_4970insA, p.Ile1657Asnfs*30) in the fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1) that causes Marfan syndrome. A diagnosis of Marfan syndrome had not been considered previously in this family. However, a review of the literature demonstrated that FBN1 mutations have an unusual pattern of CDH in which paraesophageal hernias are particularly common. Subsequent clinical evaluations revealed evidence for ectopia lentis in affected family members supporting a clinical diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. Since only two other cases of familial CDH have been described in association with FBN1 mutations, we investigated an oligogenic hypothesis by examining ES data for deleterious sequence changes in other CDH‐related genes. This search revealed putatively deleterious sequence changes in four other genes that have been shown to cause diaphragm defects in humans and/or mice—FREM1, DES, PAX3 and MET. It is unclear whether these changes, alone or in aggregate, are contributing to the development of CDH in this family. However, their individual contribution is likely to be small compared to that of the frameshift mutation in FBN1. We conclude that ES can be used to identify both major and minor genetic factors that may contribute to CDH. These results also suggest that ES should be considered in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals and families with CDH, particularly when other diagnostic modalities have failed to reveal a molecular etiology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biallelic mutations in huntington disease: A new case with just one affected parent, review of the literature and terminology
Authors: Uhlmann Wendy R. , Peñaherrera Maria S. , Robinson Wendy P. , Milunsky Jeff M. , Nicholson Jane M. , Albin Roger L.
Published: March 2015

Patients with biallelic mutations for Huntington disease (HD) are rare. We present a 46‐year‐old female with two expanded Huntingtin (HTT) alleles with just one known affected parent. This is the first reported patient with molecular studies performed to excludeHTTuniparental disomy (UPD). The proband had biparental inheritance ofHTTalleles (42/44 CAG repeats). Given the negative UPD results, the proband's unaffected mother either had a reduced penetrance allele that expanded into the full mutation range during transmission to our patient or an unknown fullHTTmutation and died before symptom onset, unlikely given no family history of HD and asymptomatic at age 59. We made the novel observation in our literature review that most patients with biallelic HD did not have two fullHTTmutations. Most had oneHTTallele that was in the intermediate or reduced penetrance ranges or 40 CAG repeats, the lowest limit of the full mutation range. Although the number of patients is small, when an allele in these size ranges was present, generally the age of HD onset was in the 50s. If the secondHTTallele had >45 repeats, then onset was typically 20s–30s. While similar ages of onset have been reported for patients with one or twoHTTmutations, patients with biallelic mutations may have later onset if an expandedHTTallele has ≤40 CAG repeats. Finally, we propose that “biallelic mutations” or “compound heterozygosity” are more accurate descriptive terms than “homozygosity” when there are two non‐identical expandedHTTalleles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aminomethylation of Enals through Carbene and Acid Cooperative Catalysis: Concise Access to β2‐Amino Acids
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Chen Xingkuan , Wang Ming , Zheng Pengcheng , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: March 2015

A convergent, organocatalytic asymmetric aminomethylation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes by N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and (in situ generated) Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis is disclosed. The catalytically generated conjugated acid from the base plays dual roles in promoting the formation of azolium enolate intermediate, formaldehyde‐derived iminium ion (as an electrophilic reactant), and methanol (as a nucleophilic reactant). This redox‐neutral strategy is suitable for the scalable synthesis of enantiomerically enriched β2‐amino acids bearing various substituents.
Photoinduced Postsynthetic Polymerization of a Metal–Organic Framework toward a Flexible Stand‐Alone Membrane
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Feng Xiao , Li Haiwei , Chen Yifa , Zhao Jingshu , Wang Shan , Wang Lu , Wang Bo
Published: March 2015

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising class of nanoporous polymeric materials. However, the processing of such fragile crystalline powders into desired shapes for further applications is often difficult. A photoinduced postsynthetic polymerization (PSP) strategy was now employed to covalently link MOF crystals by flexible polymer chains, thus endowing the MOF powders with processability and flexibility. Nanosized UiO‐66‐NH2 was first functionalized with polymerizable functional groups, and its subsequent copolymerization with monomers was easily induced by UV light under solvent‐free and mild conditions. Because of the improved interaction between MOF particles and polymer chains, the resulting stand‐alone and elastic MOF‐based PSP‐derived membranes possess crack‐free and uniform structures and outstanding separation capabilities for CrVI ions from water.
Activation energy distribution in pyrolysis of Thar coal, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Nasiruddin , Sarwar Anila , Shah Syed Kabir
Published: March 2015

Thermochemical decomposition of 16 samples of low‐rank Thar coal has been investigated using non‐isothermal thermogravimetric data under an inert environment. Rapid weight loss of volatiles was found in the regions of 164–233 and 473–503 °C. Kinetics of pyrolysis reaction showed that the volatiles released in three consecutive steps follow first‐order reaction. The kinetic evaluation focuses on all the steps to estimate activation energy, pre‐exponential factor and the contribution of each step to the overall reaction. The results showed that evaporation of moisture and low‐temperature volatile compounds require 3.17–4.81 kJ mol−1 activation energy. The combustion of char required a higher amount of energy (10.86–36.11 kJ mol−1). The formation of secondary char required 10.34–24.00 kJ mol−1 energy. The results suggested that Thar coal has a substantial potential for gasification due to high volatile content and low activation energy. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent developments in polymers derived from industrial lignin
Authors: Ten Elena , Vermerris Wilfred
Published: March 2015

Lignin is an aromatic polymer that makes up 15–30% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants. While lignin's role in facilitating water transport through the vasculature, providing rigidity and acting as a defense against pests and pathogens is important for the plant's survival, industries that process plant biomass for the production of biofuels and bio‐based chemicals have historically primarily been interested in the cell wall polysaccharides, especially cellulose. Consequently, lignin is generated in large quantities as a by‐product that is often burned to generate heat and electricity, or that is used in low‐value applications. It is becoming clear that, rather than treating it as waste, lignin is very suitable for the production of enhanced composites, carbon fibers, and nanomaterials, which offers both economic and environmental benefits. This review highlights recent uses of these polymers as adsorbents, flocculants, adhesives, anti‐oxidants, energy storing films, and vehicles for drug delivery and gene therapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42069.
Morphometrics and Structure of Complete Baleen Racks in Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) From the Eastern North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Young Samantha , DeméRé Thomas A. , Ekdale Eric G. , Berta Annalisa , Zellmer Nicholas
Published: March 2015

Mysticetes have evolved a novel filter feeding apparatus—baleen—an epidermal keratinous tissue composed of keratin that grows as a serial arrangement of transverse cornified laminae from the right and left sides of the palate. The structure and function of baleen varies among extant mysticete clades and this variation likely can be viewed as adaptations related to different filter feeding strategies. In one of the first morphometric studies of the full baleen apparatus, we describe the morphology of complete baleen racks in neonate, yearling and adult gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus), and note morphometric variations between age groups as well as within individual racks. Morphometric data and detailed descriptions were collected from the full baleen apparatus of three frozen specimens of E. robustus using previously derived ecologically significant and broad scale measurements of baleen. Additionally, characters of the baleen apparatus were described based on visible patterns of baleen laminae and plates on the dorsal root of the rack. Results indicate that the longest, widest, and thickest plates and laminae are found toward the posterior half of the rack, resulting in the greatest surface area for filtration of prey occurring in this region. Ontogenetic changes were also documented that reveal a progressive increase in the filter surface area of the developing baleen apparatus as baleen laminae and main plates grow in length and width. Also noted was a progressive posterior shift in the position of greatest filtration area. Histological examination of the epithelial base (Zwischensubstanz) and laminae showed basic epidermal layers, as well as gapping between layers and vacuoles. Anat Rec, 298:703–719, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.