bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry to Measure the Effects of a Thirteen-Week Moderate to Vigorous Aquatic Exercise and Nutritional Education Intervention on Percent Body Fat in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities from Group Home Settings
Authors: Casey Amanda , Boyd Colin , MacKenzie Sasho , Rasmussen Roy
Published: February 2013

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry to Measure the Effects of a Thirteen-Week Moderate to Vigorous Aquatic Exercise and Nutritional Education Intervention on Percent Body Fat in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities from Group Home Settings

People with intellectual disability are more likely to be obese and extremely obese than people without intellectual disability with rates remaining elevated among adults, women and individuals living in community settings. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured the effects of a 13-week aquatic exercise and nutrition intervention on percent body fat in eight adults with intellectual disabilities (aged 41.0 ± 13.7 yrs) of varying fat levels (15%-39%) from two group homes. A moderate to vigorous aquatic exercise program lasted for the duration of 13 weeks with three, one-hour sessions held at a 25m pool each week. Nutritional assistants educated participants as to the importance of food choice and portion size. A two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test determined the impact of the combined intervention on body fat percentage and BMI at pre and post test. Median body fat percentage (0.8 %) and BMI (0.3 kg/m2) decreased following the exercise intervention, but neither were statistically significant, p = .11 and p = .55, respectively. The combined intervention was ineffective at reducing percent body fat in adults with intellectual disability according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. These results are in agreement with findings from exercise alone interventions and suggest that more stringent nutritional guidelines are needed for this population and especially for individuals living in group home settings. The study did show that adults with intellectual disability may participate in moderate to vigorous physical activity when given the opportunity.
Biomechanical evaluation of exercises for performing a forward handspring - Case study
Authors: Živčić-Marković Kamenka , Sporiš Goran , Čavar Ines , Aleksić-Veljković Aleksandra , Milanović Zoran
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was based on the kinematic parameters, extracted at different stages of performing a
forward handspring to determine the interconnection of methodological procedures of learning with the final structure
of the movement. The respondent is an active competitor with years of experience, elite athlete, many times Croatian
champion, and competitor at European, World Championships and the Olympics. The team composed of six gymnastic
experts, chose one of the best performances by twelve methodological procedures and the best performance (of six) twoleg
forward handsprings basing their choice on a detailed review of recorded material. Assessment of quality of
performance was done according to the defined rules prescribed by the regulations (Code of Points). The forward
handspring technique consists of four phases based on which 45 space and time kinematic parameters were selected (30
parameters in the phase of hand contact and push-off, 7 in the flight phase, and 8 parameters in the landing phase). By
extraction of space and time parameters, there was a differentiation of certain methodological procedures that are the
best for learning forward handspring in each phase of its performance. This research indicates that these methodological
procedures mostly coincide in space kinematic parameters by which the technique of a forward handspring is described.
A comparison of mechanical parameters between the counter movement jump and drop jump in Biathletes
Authors: Król Henryk , Mynarski Władysław
Published: February 2013

The main objective of the study was to determine to what degree higher muscular activity, achieved by increasedload in the extension phase (eccentric muscle action) of the vertical jump, affects the efficiency of the vertical jump.Sixteen elite biathletes participated in this investigation. The biathletes performed tests that consisted of five, single“maximal” vertical jumps (counter movement jump - CMJ) and five, single vertical jumps, in which the task was totouch a bar placed over the jumping biathletes (specific task counter movement jump - SCMJ). Then, they performedfive, single drop jumps from an elevation of 0.4m (DJ). Ground reaction forces were registered using the KISTLER9182C force platform. MVJ software was used for signal processing (Król, 1999) and enabling calculations forkinematic and kinetic parameters of the subject’s jump movements (on-line system). The results indicate that onlyheight of the jump (h) and mean power (Pmean) during the takeoff are statistically significant. Both h and Pmean arehigher in the DJ. The results of this study may indicate that elite biathletes are well adapted to eccentric work of thelower limbs, thus reaching greater values of power during the drop jump. These neuromuscular adaptive changes mayallow for a more dynamic and efficient running technique.
Anaerobic and aerobic performance of elite female and male snowboarders
Authors: Żebrowska Aleksandra , Żyła Dorota , Kania Damian , Langfort Józef
Published: February 2013

The physiological adaptation to training is specific to the muscle activity, dominant energy system involved,muscle groups trained, as well as intensity and volume of training. Despite increasing popularity of snowboarding onlylittle scientific data is available on the physiological characteristics of female and male competitive snowboarders.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the aerobic capacity and maximal anaerobic power of elite Polishsnowboarders with untrained subjects. Ten snowboarders and ten aged matched students of Physical Educationperformed two exercise tests. First, a 30-second Wingate test was conducted and next, a cycle ergometer exercise testwith graded intensity. In the first test, peak anaerobic power, the total work, relative peak power and relative meanpower were measured. During the second test, relative maximal oxygen uptake and lactate threshold were evaluated.There were no significant differences in absolute and relative maximal oxygen uptake between snowboarders and thecontrol group. Mean maximal oxygen uptake and lactate threshold were significantly higher in men than in women.Significant differences were found between trained men and women regarding maximal power and relative maximalpower. The elite snowboarders demonstrated a high level of anaerobic power. The level of relative peak power in trainedwomen correlated negatively with maximal oxygen uptake. In conclusion, our results seem to indicate that thedemanding competition program of elite snowboarders provides a significant training stimulus mainly for anaerobicpower with minor changes in anaerobic performance.
Sprint performance changes and determinants in Afro-Caribbean adolescents between 13 and 15 years old
Authors: Babel Copaver Karine , Hertogh Claude , Hue Olivier
Published: February 2013

Afro-Caribbean sprinters often reach high performance levels at an early age. Adolescence is a time of
morphological and physiological changes. This study was designed to analyze the evolution in parameters of short
sprint performance during adolescence in Afro-Caribbean boys, especially the stride number/body height ratio (SN/BH),
which is at the interface of technical and morphological factors. Seventy-one 13-year-old boys performed vertical jumps
and short sprint races. The races were filmed with a view to determine stride variables. Anthropometric parameters
were also measured. The same tests were performed two years later. Body height and SN/BH were the main predictors
of sprint performance. The delta of performance was principally explained by stride length and stride number. Although
deterioration in technical parameters was expected, the parameters related to body size and stride length were the main
sprint performance predictors rather than explosive force. These results could be useful in developing tests to detect
sprint potential in youth.
Match duration and number of rallies in men´s and women´s 2000-2010 FIVB world tour beach volleyball
Authors: Palao José Manuel , Valades David , Ortega Enrique
Published: February 2013

After the 2000 Olympic Games, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) modified the scoringsystem used in beach volleyball from side-out to a rally point system. The goal was to facilitate the comprehension of thegame and to stabilize match duration. The purpose of this study was to assess the duration and number of rallies inmen´s and women´s beach volleyball matches (2000-2010 FIVB World Tour). Data from 14,432 men´s matches and14,175 women´s matches of the 2000-2010 World Tour were collected. The variables studied were: match duration,total rallies per set and match, number of sets, team that won the set and match, type of match (equality in score), andgender. The average match duration in beach volleyball is stable, ranging from 30 to 64 minutes, regardless of thenumber of sets, the stage of the tournament (qualifying round or main draw), or gender. The average number of ralliesper match were 78-80 for two-set matches and 94-96 for three-set matches. Matches from the main draw are morebalanced than matches from the qualifying round. More balanced matches (smaller point difference between teams) havelonger durations. It is not clear why there is no relationship between the number of rallies and match duration. Futurestudies are needed to clarify this aspect. The results can serve as a reference to guide beach volleyball training (withregard to duration and number of rallies) and to help understand the effect of the rule change.
The influence of different hand paddle size on 100-m front crawl kinematics
Authors: López-Plaza Daniel , Alacid Fernando , López-Miñarro Pedro A. , Muyor José M.
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different sizes of hand paddles on kinematicparameters during a 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite swimmers. Nine elite swimmers (19.1 ± 1.9 years)completed three tests of 100 m without paddles, with small paddles (271.27 cm2) and with large paddles (332.67 cm2),respectively. One video camera was used to record the performance during the three trials. The mean swimmingvelocity, stroke rate and stroke length were measured in the central 10 meters of each 50 m length. The results showedthat stroke length tended to increase significantly when wearing hand paddles (p < 0.05) during both the first andsecond 50 m sections whereas the increase in swimming velocity occurred only in the second 50 m (p < 0.05).Conversely, the stroke rate showed a slight decreasing trend with increasing paddle size. During the 100 m freestyletrial the stroke kinematics were changed significantly as a result of the increase in propelling surface size when handpaddles were worn.
Evolution of perceived cohesion and efficacy over the season and their relation to success expectations in soccer teams
Authors: Marcos Francisco Miguel Leo , Sánchez-Miguel Pedro Antonio , Sánchez-Oliva David , Amado Alonso Diana , García-Calvo Tomás
Published: February 2013

The main goal of the study is to examine the evolution of players' perception of cohesion and efficacy over theseason and their relation with success expectations. The research sample comprised 146 male soccer players, agedbetween 15 and 19 years (M = 16.96, SD = .76). Diverse instruments were used to measure cohesion, perceived efficacy,and success expectations. The most noteworthy results show that players whose expectations do not match the team'sfinal performance will experience a negative evolution of their levels of perceived cohesion and efficacy, whereas playerswhose expectations at the start of the season match the team's final performance in the classification will maintain theirdegree of perceived cohesion and efficacy. The main conclusion of the study is that coaches and sport psychologistsshould attempt to clarify the players' basic goals of the season to create expectations that match what is expected fromthe team.
Characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya: a corpus study (ice)
Authors: Budohoska Natalia
Published: February 2013

Natalia Budohoska. Characteristic Morphological and Syntactic Features of English inKenya: A Corpus Study (ICE). Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 45-56.

This study discusses characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya on the basis of the International Corpus of English (ICE) for Kenya. It contains a list of typical traits compiled following the universal criteria for describing varieties of English set up by Kortmann (2008: xxv-xxix). The features found were confronted with the Szmrecsanyi & Kortmann (2009: 68) concept of the inherent simplification of the new varieties of English. Finally, the amount of variation found in the ICE was placed into a wider context of other postcolonial varieties of English. The results of this analysis add to the discussion of recognizing English in Kenya as an emancipated variety of English (Budohoska 2011a, b). This study presents a high degree of characteristic features of English in Kenya, many of them shared with other recognized varieties of English. It also reveals tendencies of simplification common to New Englishes. The estimated frequencies of these features, however, are too low to reveal stigmatized forms of Kenyan English.
The problem of syntactic ambivalence in corpus linguistics
Authors: Kida Ireneusz
Published: February 2013

Ireneusz Kida. The Problem of Syntactic Ambivalence in Corpus Linguistics. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 57-63.

The purpose of this article is to present a technique of dual annotation of Old English ambivalent structures in diachronic annotated corpus linguistics. In languages there are often structures which are ambivalent, and it is difficult to establish whether they are main or dependent. These clauses are problematic for a corpus linguist annotating them for computer analysis of word order configurations. As a solution to this problem we suggest that such structures be annotated in two ways, namely on the one hand as main and on the other hand as dependent. Such a procedure allows one to obtain more objective results from word order analysis. Moreover, dual annotation is more flexible and is able to grasp the changeable nature of language
A communicative community of agents
Authors: Lipowska Dorota
Published: February 2013

Dorota Lipowska. A Communicative Community of Agents. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 77-87.

Computer modelling is becoming an increasingly important tool for researching the problem of origin and evolution of language. Afundamental technique is that of multi-agent modelling, which simulates a system of dynamically interacting individuals called agents, equipped with strictly defined properties and rules governing their behaviour or evolution. In such a population (a communicative community), as a result only of local interactions between agents, a process of self-organization occurs and some kind of global property emerges, such as linguistic coherence. Presented here are two models of the naming game type, in which agents exchange names of objects, gradually establishing a common vocabulary. In the evolutionary version there was observed a very strong link between biological and linguistic processes, being a clear manifestation of Baldwin’s effect - genetic assimilation of the ability to learn (a language, for example). In the multi-object version the development of homonymy and synonymy was studied, as well as the effect of noise on a developing language.
On the question of transitive and intransitive verbs in Swahili
Authors: Schönhof-Wilkans Agnieszka
Published: February 2013

Agnieszka Schönhof-Wilkans. On the Question of Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in Swahili. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 89-97.

Swahili does not always make a clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs. The question seems to be complicated by the elaborate voice system of this agglutinative language. Subcategories of the Swahili verb such as stative, reciprocal, reflexive, causative, applicative and passive are marked by appropriate affixes. Swahili also applies infixes to signify objects within transitive verbs. Although modern Swahili dictionaries include information about verbal transitivity (TUK I 2001, 2004), it is far from complete. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problem of transitive and intransitive verbs in Swahili taking into consideration some of the verbal categories, with particular emphasis on the relation of the category of voice to the category of transitivity. The current state of research on the category of transitivity in Swahili will be briefly presented. The material for the analysis has been obtained from various sources, such as Swahili grammars and dictionaries, Tanzanian newspapers and websites, as well as the author’s own field notes.
Differences in the level of literacy between Minoan and Mycenaean societies in the light of the analysis of types and probable use of inscribed objects
Authors: Zadka Małgorzata
Published: February 2013

Małgorzata Zadka. Differences in the Level of Literacy between Minoan and MycenaeanSocieties in the Light of the Analysis of Types and Probable use of Inscribed Objects. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. T he P oznań Society for the A dvancement of the A rts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 133-138.

The aim of this paper is to present the suspected differences in the level of literacy between Minoan and Mycenian populations. Through the analysis of the number and type of preserved objects, which were inscribed in Linear A and comparing the results with the type of artefacts inscribed in Linear B we are able to define the original function of script in both cultures. The preserved epigraphic and archaeological material may indicate that the writing skills were more prevalent in the earlier Minoan than in the Mycenaean era.
Optimization of vehicle suspension kinematics
Authors: Porteš Petr
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI

Članek popisuje optimalizaci kinematickych charakteristik zavěšeni kol automobilu. Vypracovana metoda zohledňuje specificke požadavky na optimalizaci kinematickych vlastnosti napravy a na proces konstrukčniho navrhu a to jak v etapě vyvoje před vyrobenim prvniho prototypu, tak v etapě testovani a dolaďovani vlastnosti vozidla na zakladě jizdnich testů. Přiklad aplikace metody konkretizuje jednotlive dilči ulohy vedouci k dosaženi optimalnich hodnot parametrů napravy.
A contribution to shock absorber modelling and analysis of their influence on vehicle ride characteristics
Authors: Demic Miroslav , Belingardi Giovanni
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI

Tlumiče jsou zakladni časti zavěšeni vozidel. Zavěšeni kola zajišťuje spravne chovani vozidla a pohodli řidiče. Pro optimalni využiti adheze při pohonu i brzděni je nutne, aby sily mezi pneumatikou a vozovkou byly pokud možno ustalene. Žadne z kol by nemělo ztratit kontakt s vozovkou. Pohodli znamena, že vibrace od profilu vozovky se budou jen minimalně přenašet do kabiny na cestujici. Při navrhu noveho vozidla, je velke usili věnovano spravnemu naladěni podvozku - volbě vhodnych parametrů tuhosti a tlumeni.

Članek představuje některe vysledky z experimentalnich zkoušek provaděnych na třech tlumičich od vyrobce Magneti -Marelli, ktere jsou v současne době ve vyrobnim programu. Experimenty byly provaděny při nahodnem buzeni. V zavislosti na charakteristikach, ktere zobrazuji sily v zavislosti na kinematickych veličinach (posun, rychlost, zrychleni) byl pomoci metody “black box” vyvinut matematicky model odezvy tlumiče.

Vliv tlumiče na vlastnosti vozidla jsou analyzovany pomoci sledovani odezvy vozidla na polyharmonicke buzeni.
Description of the transformation of chemical species using a combination of chemical kinetics and chemical equilibrium
Authors: Hvězda Jiří
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Tato prace prezentuje novy přistup k numericke simulaci chemicke přeměny složek v průběhu hořeni. V připadech abnormalně rychlych chemickych reakci je kineticke schema kombinovano se schematem rovnovažnym. Timto způsobem jsou řešeny važne vypočetni problemy jako je strnulost soustavy rovnic na straně jedne či numericka nestabilita na straně druhe. Navržena procedura je ověřena na připadu hořeni vodiku popsaneho reakčnim mechanismem obsahujicim 23 paralelně probihajicich obecně vratnych reakci. Funkčni sub-model chemicke transformace bude implementovan do vice-zonoveho modelu spalovani pro řešeni chemickych procesů ve frontě plamene a post-plamennych oblastech.
Reasoning with Computer Code: a new Mathematical Logic
Authors: Pissanetzky Sergio
Published: February 2013

A logic is a mathematical model of knowledge used to study how we reason, how we describe
the world, and how we infer the conclusions that determine our behavior. The logic presented
here is natural. It has been experimentally observed, not designed. It represents knowledge as a
causal set, includes a new type of inference based on the minimization of an action functional,
and generates its own semantics, making it unnecessary to prescribe one. This logic is suitable
for high-level reasoning with computer code, including tasks such as self-programming, objectoriented
analysis, refactoring, systems integration, code reuse, and automated programming from
sensor-acquired data.

A strong theoretical foundation exists for the new logic. The inference derives laws of
conservation from the permutation symmetry of the causal set, and calculates the corresponding
conserved quantities. The association between symmetries and conservation laws is a fundamental
and well-known law of nature and a general principle in modern theoretical Physics. The conserved
quantities take the form of a nested hierarchy of invariant partitions of the given set. The logic
associates elements of the set and binds them together to form the levels of the hierarchy. It is
conjectured that the hierarchy corresponds to the invariant representations that the brain is known
to generate. The hierarchies also represent fully object-oriented, self-generated code, that can be
directly compiled and executed (when a compiler becomes available), or translated to a suitable
programming language.

The approach is constructivist because all entities are constructed bottom-up, with the
fundamental principles of nature being at the bottom, and their existence is proved by construction.

The new logic is mathematically introduced and later discussed in the context of transformations
of algorithms and computer programs. We discuss what a full self-programming
capability would really mean. We argue that self-programming and the fundamental question
about the origin of algorithms are inextricably linked. We discuss previously published, fully
automated applications to self-programming, and present a virtual machine that supports the logic,
an algorithm that allows for the virtual machine to be simulated on a digital computer, and a fully
explained neural network implementation of the algorithm.
Brand Measurement Scales and Underlying Cognitive Dimensions
Authors: Visentin Marco , Colucci Mariachiara , Marzocchi Gian Luca
Published: February 2013

The aim of this exploratory research is to compare a well-known scale, the Aaker brand personality scale, with an empirical scale based on individuals' relevant attributes, in order to analyse why they can lead to similar brand positioning maps. We provide empirical evidence of how a bias can overwrite the ability of a measurement scale to actually measure its underlying construct. In order to do so, we first find that the two sets of attributes – one derived from the brand personality scale, the other reflecting attributes obtained through a focus group – span common cognitive representations when translated into perceptual maps. We then prove that this outcome is caused by a bias stemming from a more holistic view of the brand, which forces the two cognitive structures towards a common perceptual representation. We conclude discussing the challenges for current theory implicit in our findings, and the implications for managerial practice.
Innovative CFCC Prestressed Decked Bulb T Beam Bridge System
Authors: Grace Nabil , Enomoto Tsuyoshi , Baah Prince , Bebawy Mena
Published: February 2013

Precast prestressed beams have been widely deployed in bridge construction due to their high load carrying capacities and their low-span-to-depth ratio. However, durability issues associated with the corrosion of the steel reinforcement have been a major concern for this type of bridge superstructures. To overcome the problem of steel corrosion, this study investigates a new concept for bridge construction using decked bulb T beams reinforced/prestressed with corrosion-free carbon fibre composite cable (CFCC) strands instead of the conventional steel reinforcement. An experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the new bridge superstructure under service and ultimate limit states. The investigation comprised the construction, instrumentation, and testing of three single decked bulb T beams prestressed/reinforced with different reinforcement materials and a one-half-scale bridge model composed of five adjacent CFCC prestressed decked bulb T beams. The bridge model had a total span of 9,750 mm, a width of 2,590 mm, and a depth of 356 mm. To expedite the construction process, no cast-in-place deck slab was provided. Instead, the decked bulb T beams in the bridge model were interconnected at their top flanges and at the diaphragms using ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) shear key joints.

The key objectives of the study are to investigate the performance of CFCC reinforced decked bulb T beams under different limit states and to evaluate the behaviour of a newly developed shear key joint between the top flanges of the adjacent beams. The experimental investigation revealed that CFCC precast prestressed decked bulb T beam bridge superstructures has a consistent, reliable, and predictable performance. In addition, UHPC shear key joints are stronger than the flanges of the beams. Therefore, it is concluded that the newly developed bridge superstructure can be easily deployed in bridge construction to achieve an enhanced performance, expedited construction process, and extended lifespan.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge: High Speed Wind Tunnel Tests of Twin Box Girder
Authors: Lee Seungho , Yoon Jahgeol , Kwon Soon-Duck
Published: February 2013

This paper presents experimental results for twin box girder of the Yi Sun-sin Bridge in order to investigate the sensitivity of the Reynolds numbers on aerostatic force coefficient. High speed wind tunnel tests on 1:30 scale sectional model were carried out at the aeronautical wind tunnel in Korea Air Force Academy. It was found from the tests that the drag and lift coefficients revealed significant decrease of nearby 23% at supercritical region. The safety rail prevented the Reynolds number dependency of aerostatic force coefficients at negative angles of attack. In similar way, the boundary layer trip strip attached at bottom surface of girder removed the Reynolds number dependency of aerostatic forces by fixing the location of flow transition. The pressure coefficients at girder surface near the gap significantly changed as the Reynolds number increase because of variation of the locations of flow separation and transition. The significantly unbalanced division of the drag force and lift forces at each box girder appeared in subcritical region was gradually resolved, and both girders almost equally divided the forces at supercritical region.
Review of wind tunnel tests of Lotte World Tower
Authors: Kim Wonsul , Joo Seokjun , Kim Dongwoo , Lee Jaehyuk
Published: February 2013

Lotte World Tower which is a supper tall building with about 555m height (123 stores) has been under construction in Seoul, Korea. When the Lotte World Tower is constructed, it will become the highest building in East Asia. Generally, supper tall buildings shall be checked for vortex-induced vibration and aeroelastic instability by the appropriate methods such as wind tunnel tests. The wind tunnel tests on the Lotte World Tower were conducted by RWDI. Wind tunnel tests were performed to determine the structural wind loads and building motions by high frequency force balance (HFFB) test, and local wind loads on cladding of the building by pressure measurement test, respectively. To evaluate the habitability of the building, acceleration responses at specific structural levels were compared with present acceleration criteria from International Organization for Standardization

(ISO 10137: 2007) criteria, Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ 2004) guidelines, and RWDI’s criteria. Those results for Lotte World Tower were reviewed and discussed in this paper.
Vibration Absorber for Stay-Cables
Authors: Egger Philipp , Träger Wolfgang , Kollegger Johann
Published: February 2013

The new device works like an impact damper, embedded inside the stay-cable in order to decrease the dynamic “hazards” in various cable eigenmodes. Vienna University of Technology has developed a method to increase the structural damping of stay cables. Advantages in regard to conventional dampers are the simple and robust technology and the fact that all components required for the new method are located inside the structural components (cables). In full scale field tests on stay cables with a length of 31,2 m the damping ratio of a conventional stay cable and a stay cable equipped with the damping system could be compared.
Hyperbolic paraboloid roofs with elliptical plane shape
Authors: Rizzo Fabio
Published: February 2013

No parametric data exists in the main international standards to calculate wind action on buildings with hyperbolic paraboloid roofs. This type of roof, however, is particularly efficient in covering medium to large spans and is highly competitive compared to traditional structures. Our research aims at parameterization of pressure coefficients on roofs with hyperbolic paraboloid shapes with four different footprints, respectively, square, rectangular, circular and elliptical. This paper studies the elliptical shape in particular. Aerodynamic wind tunnel tests have been performed on these shapes with the object of calculating pressure coefficients. A comparison is also made between elliptical and circular shapes in order to demonstrate the high efficiency of the elliptical shape.
A Unified Approach for the Aeroelastic Analysis by Elimination of Frequency Dependence of Aerodynamic Force
Authors: Jung Kilje , Lee Hae Sung , Kim Ho-Kyung , Hwa Hong Yun
Published: February 2013

A unified approach for the aeroelastic analysis of bridge decks is presented. The aerodynamic transfer functions are approximated as a linear function with the coefficients determined through minimization of the weighted error between the exact and approximated transfer function. Using the proposed approximation, the dependence of the aerodynamic transfer function on frequency is eliminated, and a popular time marching algorithm is adopted for the aeroelastic analysis in the time domain. For the frequency domain analysis, a complete set of modal frequencies and modal shapes can be evaluated in a single eigenvalue analysis.
Monitoring of Environmental Effects on Modal Estimates of Large Structures
Authors: Caetano Elsa , Cunha Álvaro , Magalhães Filipe , Moutinho Carlos , Hu Wei-Hua , Amador Sandro
Published: February 2013

This paper aims at describing some applications recently developed by the Laboratory of Vibrations and Structural Monitoring (www.fe.up.pt/vibest) of FEUP in which an accurate monitoring of the effects of environmental factors on modal frequency estimates was continuously performed, and appropriate statistical techniques were employed to remove or mitigate such effects, enabling a correct vibration based damage detection approach. The monitored structures are the Infante D. Henrique Bridge, the Pedro e Inês and the FEUP stress-ribbon footbridges, and the suspension cable roof of Braga stadium. The paper focuses on the effects of temperature on modal parameters.
Sustainable Large Arch Bridge Maintenance through Inspections, Assessments, Monitoring, Repairs and Service Life Modelling
Authors: Radić Jure , Kušter Marija , Bleiziffer Jelena
Published: February 2013

The paper provides an overview of maintenance activities on seven large reinforced concrete arch bridges in Croatia located on Adriatic coastline, built in two periods: in the 1960’s and 1970’s and at the last turn of the century. Inadequate attention to durability issues in combination with very aggressive maritime environment has led to expensive and technically demanding repair works on older arch bridges. The design of more recent constructed bridges took into account the experience from the in-service performance of older arch bridges. Moreover, structural health monitoring systems have been installed on those bridges. As chloride-induced corrosion is the major cause of deterioration of the Adriatic RC arch bridges, a numerical model, which can realistically simulate effects of reinforcement corrosion in concrete is developed and implemented into the finite element code to predict service life of new or already damaged structure.
Structural Design of the Busan-Geoje Immersed Tunnel
Authors: Tonnesen Michael , Jackson Peter
Published: February 2013

The immersed tunnel part of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link is the deepest and 2nd longest segmental concrete immersed tunnel at the time of opening the link for traffic in December 2010. With more than 140 articulation joints along the immersed tunnel, design of the joints is a key element of the structural design.

This paper describes some of the main challenges for the structural design of the immersed tunnel especially the watertightness design of the joints and design of the shear keys and some of the Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) analysis required to determine shear forces and movements of the joints.
Busan-Geoje Fixed Link: General Outline of the Project
Authors: Jeong Sangkyoon , Kim Jechun , Koo Imsig
Published: February 2013

This paper describes the construction of US $ 2.5 billion fixed link connecting Busan to the Geoje Island on Korea’s south coast. The 8.2 km long link includes two major cable-stayed bridges, viaducts, bored tunnels and 3.2 km long immersed tunnel which, at 48 m water depth. The link provides easy access between metropolitan Busan city and Geoje Island with 2 hours journey time reduction. The site location is an exposed offshore, which is subjected to strong winds, large swell waves and strong tidal currents. These conditions together with the tunnel being the deepest immersed tunnel of its type ever built and the bridges being exposed to a high wind speed and typhoons, made the project unique and one of the most challenging structures ever built.
The Choice of Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Flexural Members
Authors: Kang Thomas , Kim Woosuk , Kwak Yoon-Keun , Hong Sung-Gul
Published: February 2013

Of the total waste concrete only about 14% of all waste concrete is made into aggregate and recycled. To promote the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), flexural tests of 28 reinforced high-strength and normal-strength concrete beams were performed. The main objectives of this research were the structural investigation of flexural performance and the evaluation of the potential application of RCA for concrete structures. In comparing the RCA specimens to the natural aggregate specimens, the overall crack patterns were similar to each other. The flexural behavior was also not affected significantly by the use of RCA.
Numerical and experimental analysis of a novel real-scale test set-up for the analysis of tensile membrane actions in concrete slabs
Authors: Gouverneur Dirk , Caspeele Robby , Taerwe Luc
Published: February 2013

Research with respect to robustness of (concrete) structures gained wide interest due to the partial collapse of some case examples, such as the famous collapse of the apartment building in Ronan Point (UK) in 1968. A very important property of concrete structures with respect to robustness is the rigid connectivity with neighbouring elements. When a hyperstatic concrete slab is excessively loaded or when a certain support is lost due to an accidental event, membrane forces can be activated in order to establish a load transfer to the remaining supports, which can considerably enhance its load-carrying capacity compared to predictions obtained from small deformation theories. Thus, membrane actions can prevent a progressive collapse and increase the robustness of concrete structures.

Finite element methods can simulate the behaviour of concrete plates under these large deformations. Currently, however, different questions remain unsolved in order to properly assess the membrane actions, i.e. the influence of the constitutive laws which are implemented, the modelling of connectivity, fracture mechanical aspects under tensile membrane actions and large displacements, etc. As currently only limited research has been focussing on tensile membrane actions, a novel real-scale test set-up has been developed in order to assess these actions in real- scale concrete plates. The details of this test set-up will be explained and some experimental test results will be discussed. Finally, the results will be compared with numerical FEM analyses and the influence of different model assumptions will be evaluated.
An experimental study on the service and ultimate behaviour of post-tensioned composite slabs
Authors: Ranzi Gianluca , Al-deen Safat , Uy Brian
Published: February 2013

Post-tensioned composite steel-concrete slabs represent an economical form of construction for flooring systems. These consist of thin-walled profiled steel sheeting, post-tensioning strands, concrete and non-prestressed reinforcement. The particularity of this structural solution relies on the ability of the profiled steel sheeting to act as permanent formwork and, once the concrete has hardened, as external reinforcement. Unlike the case of steel reinforcing bars, which are cast in the concrete, the sheeting does not benefit from being totally embedded in the concrete. For this reason, the structural response significantly depends upon the interaction between the profiled steel sheeting and the concrete. In this context, this paper presents the experimental results of two series of tests carried out on six simply-supported post-tensioned composite samples at both service and ultimate conditions. The samples considered in this study have been cast using Stramit Condeck HP® and Stramit PrimeForm® steel decks. Standard material property tests are carried out on the concrete, steel decking and steel prestressing strands to determine their respective properties. Two analytical models were derived as part of this project to predict the response of the slabs at ultimate and service conditions, respectively. The former one is based on a rigid-plastic analysis and accounts for the partial shear connection behaviour of the composite slab system. The particularity of the long-term model relies on its ability to capture the non-uniform shrinkage profile produced by the lack of moisture egress from the underside of the slab due to the presence of the steel decking. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental results are carried out and briefly discussed. Further comparisons with experimental results are required to properly validate the adequacy of the proposed analytical models.
Aerodynamic Characteristics of the PCT Girder Bridge under Construction by Free Cantilever Method
Authors: Kwak Younghak , Kim Young-Min , Sin Seung-Hwan
Published: February 2013

The PCT girder is composed of a PC slab lower deck, a RC slab upper deck and steel diagonals. For the light self-weight and relatively strong bending rigidity, the span length can be extended the longer and it is possible to reduce construction cost. The PCT girder can be applied to various structures and construction methods. Because it is a new type of superstructure, there is no specified design code for bridges.

In this study, the design wind load is calculated and the aerodynamic stability of the PCT girder bridge is investigated by wind tunnel test that are carried out using bridge deck section and aeroelastic models. It is evaluated that the wind load from the wind tunnel test is lower than that from Korea roadway bridge design guide for this type of bridge.

In addition, there are no terms about the lift force and pitching moment of wind load in the Korea roadway bridge design guide for the general girder bridge design. Since, the span length of bridge which is constructed on the mountain region gets longer, the effect of lift and moment gets bigger. Thus, the proper estimation of wind load should be calculated by wind tunnel test or CFD analysis considering reasonable terrain and guest factors.
Vortex-induced Vibration and Aerodynamic Countermeasures for Long-span Cable-supported Bridges with Twin Box Girder
Authors: Yang Yong Xin , Ge Yao Jun
Published: February 2013

VIV performance of twin box girders for three long-span cable-supported bridges in China was investigated through large scaled sectional model wind tunnel tests. Vortex-induced vibrations with large amplitude were detected for all three different types of twin box girders. Based on Particle Image Velocimetry technique, large scale vortices in the central vent were visualized and considered to have significant influence on the aerodynamic performance of twin box girder, especially vortex- induced vibration. Aerodynamic control measures, including guide vane, grid plate and adjustable wind barrier, were proposed to suppress this kind of self-excited vibration. The comparison and optimization of these countermeasures were then carried out to choose the best control scheme.
Installation of the largest stay cable system in Poland – the Rędziński bridge in Wrocław
Authors: Hawryszków Paweł , Hildebrand Maciej
Published: February 2013

The City of Wrocław has been surrounded by the highway bypass since the year 2011. There is a large cable-stayed bridge along that way across the Odra River including two main spans each 256 m long. The height of the pylon is 122 m. The deck is supported from 160 stays Freyssinet HD2000 type. Total quantity of steel in stays reached about 1500 tons. The installation of stay cables was arranged according to Freyssinet Isotension procedure, as well as the specialized equipment supplied by Freyssinet was widely used. Time period consumed for installation was extremely short, it lasted about two months. As the result a modern elegant bridge appeared enriching the landscape of Wrocław peripheries.
Hwayang Concrete Cable-Stayed Bridge with 500m main span
Authors: Lee Jung-Han , Lee Eun-Chul , Cho Eu-Kyeong , Park Kyung-Ho , Sim Dong-Hyun , Park Kwan-Woo
Published: February 2013

Hwayang Bridge is linking Hwayang-myeon with Jobal-do, Hwajeong-myeon of Yeosu, Jeollanam- do, Korea. Hyundai E&C was awarded the turnkey contract in May 2011, and the construction has started since December 2011. Hwayang Bridge is a concrete cable-stayed bridge with the total span of 854m, composed of a main span of 500m and side spans of 177m. It is ranked the 2nd longest concrete cable-stayed bridge in the world in terms of the main span length. PWS(Parallel Wire Strand) cables with the high strength of 1,860MPa are used and the half cylinder plate is used for the caisson installation. This paper gives brief introduction of the planning and detailed design of Hwayang Bridge, focusing on the overall structural configurations of the bridge.
Design and Construction of Hwamyung Bridge
Authors: Kim Kwang-Soo , Lee Eun-Chul , Lee Chun-Soo , Cho Eu-Kyeong
Published: February 2013

Hwamyung Bridge over the Nakdong River is the largest cast-in place concrete cable stayed bridge in Korea with a center span of 270m and side span of 115m each. The stay-cables are spaced at 6.8m along the box girder and arranged in a semi-harp configuration. They are anchored at central single towers with vertical leg extending 65m above the deck. With the closure of center span in November 2010, the erection of cable and box girder, which is a major portion of the bridge construction, was completed.
West Gate Bridge Strengthening Project - The Development of Novel Stiffened Panel Solutions
Authors: Murphy Chris , Gad Emad , Percy Robert
Published: February 2013

This paper describes the structural assessment work carried out by the West Gate Bridge Strengthening Alliance ("WGBSA") on the West Gate main cable-stayed bridge in devising the necessary strengthening measures for stiffened panels whilst minimizing the need to remove red- lead paint. As a consequence of this work, questions have been raised as to the safety of various stiffener buckling clauses in UK assessment code BD 56[1],[2] and BS 5400 Part 3[3]. The authors discuss the answers to these questions that were able to be addressed within the time-frame of the West Gate strengthening project. Additional issues which require future research are documented at the end of the paper.
Prestressed SCC Bridge Girders under Monotonic and Fatigue Loading
Authors: Wehbe Nadim , Malhas Faris
Published: February 2013

This paper examines the flexural behavior of prestressed self-consolidating concrete (SCC) bridge girders when subjected to monotonic and fatigue loading. Three full-scale prestressed bridge girders were constructed and tested until failure. One of the girders was made with conventional concrete (CC) and served as a control specimen, while the other two girders were made with SCC. The girders were fitted with composite CC thickening over the top flange to represent composite bridge decks. The control girder and one of the SCC girders were subjected to monotonically increasing load until failure. The remaining SCC girder was subjected to a sequence of fatigue loading series with increasing load amplitudes, followed by monotonic loading until failure. The results show that prestressed SCC and CC bridge girders exhibit identical behavior under monotonic loading. The stiffness of the SCC girder decreased with an increase in the upper limit of the load range even prior to flexural cracking. However, the stiffness did not reduce significantly within the same load range.
Buckling Resistance of Steel Curved Bridge Girder Webs
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: February 2013

A numerical research is conducted about the effect of curvature of web plates of closed section bridge girders. An identical beam has been considered, while the web plates take increasing curvature. Linear elastic calculations show a rather surprising increase of the buckling resistance with curvature. Both, the GMNAnalysis and GMNIA confirm a slightly higher ultimate bending moment for curved webs. In particular GMNIA shows there is no critical sensitivity to imperfections, although two types have been considered and the amplitude was varied, well beyond the recommendations of EN 1993-1-6. Actually, the imperfection shape corresponding to the linear buckling mode results in more critical behaviour than a perfectly evident long wave pattern.

Although the model being used includes a certain amount of shear force, an increase of shear might influence the results. This, together with testing on accurately scaled models is future steps in the research.