bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement in the tracking of special loads by using a three-level RFID system
Authors: Ga-Escribano Javier , de Dios Juan J. , Pastor José Manuel , García Andrés
Published: December 2019

Manufacturers usually control the quality of their products from raw materials reception till the delivery of final goods. Products should also be controlled along the distribution and transportation phases, although this is not always feasible. In this work, the goods whose features need to be preserved while going through the previously mentioned phases are considered as special loads. Non-homogeneous loads, which are the combination of different products, will be also considered. The errors made when using the actual product tracking systems involve additional costs and inconveniences. An auto managed three-level based RFID system is proposed in this paper in order to provide an efficient solution for the real-time monitoring (RTMS) of special loads. It has been implemented by means of RFID passive and active tags, plus wireless readers inside the items, pallets and containers, which allow a three level division of the supply chain. At the highest level, a wireless network connecting all the readers using ZigBee technology has been implemented to provide real-time localization of products (RTLS) all over the world as it is also connected to a GPRS system. Finally, the proposed system is applied to two different industrial scenarios: a bottling company for perishable beverages and high-quality wines, and the manufacturing and delivery of pre-fabricated concrete panels.
Performances of RFID, acousto-magnetic and radio frequency technologies for electronic article surveillance in the apparel industry in Europe: A quantitative study
Authors: Bottani Eleonora , Ferretti Gino , Montanari Roberto , Rizzi Antonio , Volpi Andrea
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potentials of implementing UHF Class 1 Gen 2 RFID technology to support Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) applications in the apparel supply chain. The study consists of two parts. The first one aims at quantitatively assessing the technical performance achievable by means of RFID technology, and is carried out through an extensive experimental campaign, considering 14 different common stealing patterns, derived both from the literature and from the suggestions received from a panel of experts belonging to 6 major Italian fashion companies. The same tests were performed exploiting two common EAS technologies, such as acousto-magnetic (AM) and radio frequency (RF), so as to provide a quantitative comparison of outcomes for each theft scenario. The second part of the study examines the economic feasibility of replacing traditional AM or RF technologies by RFID technology for antitheft purpose. The assessment is grounded on a real case example, derived from the analysis of three fashion retail stores. Results of the tests show that RFID and AM perform better than RF in most of the scenarios examined, and that both RFID and AM technologies have some strengths and weaknesses. As regards the economic analysis, the business case shows that the investment required for implementing RFID technology for antitheft purpose in a typical fashion retail store is limited, and can be quickly paid back, thus providing an economic justification to this technology. This study represents a good starting point for the apparel industry to look at RFID as a promising technology for EAS applications.
Systemic delivery of umbilical cord blood cells for stroke	therapy: A review
Authors: Yu Guolong , Borlongan Cesar V. , Stahl Christine E. , Hess David C. , Ou Yali , Kaneko Yuji , Yu Seong Jin , Yang Tianlun , Fang Li , Xie Xiumei
Published: December 2019

Purpose: This review paper summarizes relevant studies, discusses potential mechanisms of transplanted cell-mediated neuroprotection, and builds a case for the need to establish outcome parameters that are critical for transplantation success. In particular, we outline the advantages and disadvantages of systemic delivery of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells in the field of cellular transplantation for treating ischemic stroke.

Methods: A MEDLINE/PubMed systematic search of published articles in peer-reviewed journals over the last 25 years was performed focusing on the theme of HUCB as donor graft source for transplantation therapy in neurological disorders with emphasis on stroke.

Results: Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of human death and disability. Although stroke survivors may gain spontaneous partial functional recovery, they often suffer from sensory-motor dysfunction, behavioral/neurological alterations, and various degrees of paralysis. Currently, limited clinical intervention is available to prevent ischemic damage and restore lost function in stroke victims. Stem cells from fetal tissues, bone marrow, and HUCB has emerged in the last few years as a potential cell transplant cell source for ischemic stroke, because of their capability to differentiate into multiple cell types and the possibility that they may provide trophic support for cell survival, tissue repair, and functional recovery.

Conclusion: A growing number of studies highlight the potential of systemic delivery of HUCB cells as a novel therapeutic approach for stroke. However, additional preclinical studies are warranted to reveal the optimal HUCB transplant regimen that is safe and efficacious prior to proceeding to large-scale clinical application of these cells for stroke therapy.
Long-term course and relapses of vestibular and balance	disorders
Authors: Brandt Thomas , Huppert TDoreen , Hüfner Katharina , Zingler Vera C. , Dieterich Marianne , Strupp Michael
Published: December 2019

The long-term course and the frequency of relapses for various peripheral vestibular disorders and somatoform phobic postural vertigo are discussed with respect to the clinically most important questions for thus afflicted patients. This review is mainly based on our own long-term follow-up studies and takes into consideration the most relevant literature. The following syndromes are discussed in detail. Vestibular neuritis: the recovery rate of peripheral vestibular function lies between 40–63% depending on early-onset treatment with corticosteroids; the recurrence rate within 10 years is 2%. Menière's disease} loss of auditory and vestibular function occurs mainly in the first 5 to 10 years; frequency of vertigo attacks may decline after 5 to 10 years; bilateral involvement increases with increasing duration of the condition in up to 30–50%; vestibular drop attacks may occur early or late within the course, mostly with spontaneous remission; high-dose and long-term treatment with betahistine significantly reduces attack frequency in Menière's disease, Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo: the recurrence rate is 50% within 10 years (in females 58%, in males 39%), most recurrences (80%) being observed within the first year after initial relief; recurrence rate in the seventh decade is half of that in the sixth decade. Vestibular paroxysmia: medical treatment with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine leads to a continuous significant reduction in attack frequency, intensity, and duration of 10–15% of baseline. Bilateral vestibulopathy: recovery of vestibular function is limited to single cases depending on their etiology. Phobic postural vertigo: within 5 to 16 years 27% of the patients are symptom-free, 48% improve, 22% remain unchanged, and 3% worsen; a detailed explanation of the mechanisms that cause and the factors that provoke attacks is imperative, as well as instructions for self-controlled desensitization within the context of behavioral therapy.
Imaging supraspinal locomotor control in balance disorders
Authors: Jahn Klaus , Zwergal Andreas
Published: December 2019

Patients with neurological gait disorders often present to their doctor with the key symptoms of dizziness and gait unsteadiness (e.g. cerebellar ataxia, progressive supranuclear palsy). In vestibular syndromes, on the other hand, the gait disturbance is a leading sign and many aspects of the syndrome can be recognized from the analysis of posture and gait (e.g. direction of falls). For therapy in particular it is important to better understand the physiological control of posture and gait to adapt rehabilitation programs. We recently succeeded in visualizing the hierarchic network for postural control in humans by means of functional imaging techniques. Growing evidence suggests that so-called "locomotor regions", groups of neurons able to initiate or modulate spinal stepping in the cat in response to electrical or chemical stimulation, also exist in humans. The most important locomotor regions are the mesencephalic, the subthalamic, and the cerebellar locomotor regions. Locomotor signals are transmitted from the midbrain to the spinal cord via the ponto-medullary reticular formation and integrate multisensory input at different levels. Functional imaging also demonstrated that the multisensory cortical areas are inhibited during locomotion, which is relevant for physical therapy of vestibular disorders which therefore should include exercises with different gait patterns and different speeds. The supraspinal network for locomotion is just beginning to be recognized as an important factor in the pathophysiology of common gait disorders. In Parkinson's disease, for example, low-frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (pedunculopontine nucleus) is already used to treat freezing and gait disturbance in selected patients. In this review we summarize different attempts to visualize human supraspinal locomotor control using functional neuroimaging techniques, both in healthy subjects and in patients suffering from balance disorders.
Rehabilitation of locomotion after spinal cord injury
Authors: van Hedel Hubertus J.A. , Dietz Volker
Published: December 2019

Advances in our understanding of the control of locomotion enable us to optimize the rehabilitation of patients with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Based on various animal models, it is generally accepted that central pattern generators (CPG) exists for the rhythmic generation of stepping movements, and that this is also the case in humans. However, in humans supraspinal control is also essential for the performance of locomotion. For regaining locomotor function, incomplete SCI subjects strongly depend on visual input to compensate for proprioceptive deficits and impaired balance. In addition, they require additional attentional capacity to stand, walk and handle their walking aids. These factors might contribute to their higher risk of falling. During the last decade, task-specific functional training performed by physiotherapists, combined with manual or robotic assisted bodyweight supported treadmill training have improved the regaining of ambulatory function in patients with incomplete SCI. At present, there is no difference in effectiveness between these three types of training. In the future, rehabilitation programs should be optimized to maximally exploit spontaneous and induced neural plasticity, leading to improved ambulation. To evaluate the efficacy of rehabilitation programs and of experimental treatments that might be translated from bench to bedside within the next few years, several objective assessments such as the 10 meter walk test and Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury have been successfully introduced in the field of SCI rehabilitation.
Safety and feasibility of autologous umbilical cord blood	transfusion in 2 toddlers with cerebral palsy and the role of low dose	granulocyte-colony stimulating factor injections
Authors: Papadopoulos Konstantinos I. , Low Sharon Su Shing , Aw Tar Choon , Chantarojanasiri Teerachai
Published: December 2019

Purpose: Cerebral palsy (CP) with a prevalence of 2.1 per 1,000 live births generates variable degrees of incurable developmental disability. The aim of the present report was to provide insight in the safety and feasibility of autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) transfusion with low dose Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) injections in improving the functional outcome of children with cerebral palsy.

Methods: Two toddlers with diagnosed CP were given autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) transfusion accompanied by low dose subcutaneous granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injections.

Results: Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) improvements were seen in both without any side effects being noted to date.

Conclusion: In this first report, autologous UCB based intervention in tandem with low dose sc G-CSF administration seems to be feasible and safe with encouraging functional outcome improvements in children with CP.
Fracture and strength – from physics to holistic
Authors: Yokobori Takeo
Published: December 2019

To conduct the research of fracture, since it is interdisciplinary research field, its application to various phenomena of fracture is possible. Until now, the terminologies of “Interdisciplinary approach to fracture and strength of solid”, “Fractology” and “Combined micro and macro fracture mechanics” have been proposed, however, in this paper, the terminology of “Holistic” was proposed as the most suitable one to reflect the philosophy of this research field.
Multi-electrodes active and passive electric potential CT methods for crack identification using a smart layer
Authors: Kubo Shiro , Sakagami Takahide , Ioka Seiji , Maeda Takaharu
Published: December 2019

The present authors proposed the passive electric potential CT method using an electric potential distribution appearing due to the direct piezoelectric effect on a piezoelectric film pasted on a structure subjected to mechanical load. By applying an electric pulse on the film for emitting pulse-echo due to the inverse piezoelectric effect, the active pulse-echo method was proposed. In this paper a simultaneous application of the passive and the active methods using the piezoelectric film with multi-electrodes was made for the quantitative identification of through-cracks. The electric potential was measured on the film of a cracked specimen subjected to a varying load. The electric pulse was applied to an electrode on the piezoelectric film and reflection waves were received at several electrodes on the piezoelectric film. Inverse analysis was made to identify the cracks from the observed electric potential distributions and the reflected waves. It was found that the active/passive method was useful for the estimation of the crack depth, for which the passive method was not efficient. The effectiveness of the active/passive method was shown.
The concept of “EBSD strain analysis” and its application to creep and creep-fatigue damage assessment of ferritic and austenitic heat resistant steels
Authors: Fujiyama Kazunari , Kimachi Hirohisa , Watanabe Yuki , Hijikuro Kazuto , Tsuboi Toshiki
Published: December 2019

The concept of EBSD (Electron Back Scattering Diffraction) strain analysis was proposed and applied to investigate the parameter for accumulated permanent strain during creep or creep-fatigue damage process. The EBSD strain analysis was based on the dislocation theory with a simplified model of estimating dislocation density within the EBSD unit pixel and dislocation mobile distance. EBSD analyses were conducted on experimentally creep and creep-fatigue damaged austenitic SUS304HTB boiler tube steel and ferritic Mod.9Cr piping steel. Creep damage was imposed under 650°C, 130 and 100 MPa stress, and creep-fatigue damage was imposed by an electric hydraulic servo testing machine with induction heater under the condition of 650°C, 1% strain range and 10 min tensile strain hold. The longitudinal mid-section of specimen was observed by EBSD equipment with IPF (Inverse Pole Figure) maps, KAM maps, GAM (Grain Average Misorientation) maps and GOS (Grain Orientation Spread) maps. Apparent reduction of misorientation and growth of block size was observed for damaged Mod.9Cr steel, while increase of misorientation was observed for SUS304HTB steel. Among EBSD strain parameters Mε,ΔKAMave, Mε,ΔGAMave and Mε,GOSave, those two contradictory trends were turned to the almost similar linear correlations with accumulated permanent strain both for creep and creep-fatigue by Mε,GOSave.
Creep damage evaluation of IN738LC based on the EBSD method by using a notched specimen
Authors: Kobayashi Daisuke , Miyabe Masamichi , Kagiya Yukio , Nagumo Yoshiko , Sugiura Ruji , Matsuzaki Takashi , Yokobori A. Toshimitsu
Published: December 2019

The Ni-base superalloy IN738LC developed as a heat-resistant material has excellent high temperature strength, but at the same time it has a brittle property. As a result, any evidence of creep degradation such as deformation of components or initiation of creep voids has hardly made an appearance by the end of its available creep life.

This paper investigates the possibility that creep damage can be evaluated by using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method to analyze misorientation which is considered to be caused by creep strain. The use of an in-situ observational testing machine with a notched specimen allowed creep-EBSD round tests which consisted of creep tests in the in-situ observational testing machine and EBSD observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) alternately against an identical specimen.

The outcome of these experiments was that crystal orientation change tendencies corresponding to the creep strain were continuously observed. It has been found that there was a good correlation between the creep strains and the misorientations referenced to the average orientation in the grain, the parameter of Grain Reference Orientation Deviation (GROD) defined by TSL EBSD system. Consequently, this study shows that the creep damage could be estimated by analyzing misorientations using the EBSD system automatically. Also, it has been found that crystal orientation changes appeared around notches in the direction of maximum shearing stress, which implies that the misorientation development was caused by the crystallographic lattice rotation.
Fatigue strength of a paper-based friction material under shear–compressive loading
Authors: Fujii Tomoyuki , Tohgo Keiichiro , Wang Yutao , Shibata Jun , Shimamura Yoshinobu , Katayama Nobuyuki , Ito Yoichi
Published: December 2019

This paper deals with the fatigue strength of a paper-based friction material under the cyclic shear–compressive loading which is regarded as a real loading condition in an automotive automatic transmission. The paper-based friction material are composed of aramid fibers and phenolic resin. Static fracture and fatigue tests are carried out under various shear and compressive stress conditions. The S–N curves of the paper-based friction material under shear–compressive stresses are described by straight lines in a log–log diagram. The static fracture strength and fatigue strength are higher when the compressive stress is more dominant. The pure compressive cyclic deformation tests are also carried out to explain the fatigue strength of the paper-based friction material under compressive-dominant stress condition. From the tests, it is made clear that with increasing compressive stress, the friction materials becomes dense and the Young's modulus or slope of cyclic stress–strain relation becomes high, and as a result the strain range of the cyclic stress–strain relation remains as constant low value. Therefore, it is considered that the fatigue strength of the paper-based friction material is remarkably high under the compressive-dominant stress condition.
Fatigue crack behavior of thin copper sheet and its application for smart stress-memory patch
Authors: Shiraiwa Takayuki , Enoki Manabu
Published: December 2019

A new sensor called “smart stress-memory patch” which can measure the stress amplitude and the number of fatigue cycles and the maximum stress related to a structure subjected to fatigue loading for efficient structural health monitoring has been proposed. However, there are two problems in the real applications of smart patch. Firstly, when the sensor is adhered to the structure, the sensing property of smart patch may change because the restrained condition of the sensor would be intricately changed. Secondly, high-precision crack measurement of smart patch by optical microscope is too cumbersome in the real field. In this study, thin electrodeposited (ED) Cu specimen was prepared and attached to steel bar as a sensor of smart patch. The fatigue test was performed to examine the fatigue crack growth of the sensor attached to the structure. Furthermore, wireless devices using low power wireless modules have been developed for efficient crack measurements, and wireless devices results give close agreement with the results by microscope.
The application of the analysis of potential driven particle diffusion to the strength of materials
Authors: Yokobori A. Toshimitsu , Ohmi Toshihito , Murakawa Tsutomu , Nemoto Takenao , Uesugi Tomoharu , Sugiura Ryuji
Published: December 2019

The problems of diffusion in solid are widely treated as those of numerical analyses such as mechanisms of hydrogen diffusion which causes embrittlement, boundary micro crack initiation and growth under high temperature creep condition and stress and electro-migration due to vacancy diffusion in LSI circuit. In this paper, the significance of α multiplication method which we proposed to analyze the particle diffusion problems under potential gradient and the results obtained from this method were discussed for the problems of hydrogen embrittlement, vacancy diffusion which results in creep crack damage and deformation, and line failure in LSI circuit. Furthermore, temperature characteristic of the sensitivity of particle diffusion and concentration such as hydrogen and vacancy were discussed based on this proposed analysis.
A New Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Method Using Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques
Authors: Niu Aiqun , Han Chia Yung , Wee William G.
Published: December 2019

Three-dimensional image reconstruction plays a very important role in noninvasive diagnosis of biological systems and nondestructive evaluation of manufactured work-pieces. A new direct three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm, called TART (Three-dimensional ART), is presented in this paper. Oblique projection data are used and an ART-based algorithm is introduced to compensate for the limiting constraints of incomplete projection and/or limited angular coverage. The fact that oblique projection gives useful information to the reconstruction algorithm is shown mathematically. The algorithm can be used to solve the reconstruction problem under the conditions of both complete data and incomplete data. The algorithm first maps geometric information and projection data from an oblique plane into a horizontal plane, then calculates the weighting factors for the voxels based on this horizontal plane, and finally performs a 3-D ART reconstruction. Two experimental results illustrate the superiority of the algorithm over the previous reconstruction methods.
A Review of Microfabrication Technologies: Application to X-Ray Optics
Authors: Khan Malek C.
Published: December 2019

We present an outline of various microfabrication techniques and processes, particularly for applications to x-ray optics. Emphasis is placed on both high resolution diffractive components such as gratings and zone plates and multidimensional reflective diffracting structures using multilayer interference mirrors. Some selected examples are also discussed.
Diffraction Effects in Grazing Incidence X-Ray Telescopes
Authors: Harvey James E.
Published: December 2019

There is increasing interest worldwide in the use of tightly nested grazing incidence imaging mirrors for high-throughput x-ray telescopes. Diffraction effects of x-ray optical systems are often (justifiably) ignored due to the small wavelength of the x-ray radiation. However, the extremely large obscuration ratio inherent to grazing incidence optical systems produces profound degradation of the diffraction image over that produced by a moderately obscured aperture of the same diameter. Although many of the intended applications are moderate-resolution spectroscopic instruments, there is always a desire for high-resolution imaging as well. In this paper we show that diffraction effects can dominate other potential error sources at the low-energy (long-wavelength) end of the intended operating spectral range of some existing or planned x-ray telescopes. Parametric performance predictions are presented and compared with x-ray astronomy performance goals.
Structure of Nickel Layers in Ni-C Multilayer Coatings: Influence of Annealing
Authors: van Dorssen G. E. , Puik E. J. , van der Wiel M. J. , Mackle P. , Padmore H. A. , Munro I. H.
Published: December 2019

The structure of Ni-C multilayer and single nickel layer samples has been analyzed before and after annealing, using two techniques: fluorescence EXAFS (F1EXAFS) at the Ni-K. edge and CuKα reflection. Annealing at a temperature of 450°C resulted in a change in the structure of the nickel layers from amorphous like to crystalline like. A reduction of the Bragg reflectivity by a factor of 7 was also found. Comparison between the EXAFS data of the annealed sample and of a nickel foil show a difference in the amplitude of the EXAFS. This is ascribed to a non-Gaussian atomic distribution of the backscattering atoms in the annealed sample around their average positions, whereas the atomic distribution in the (polycrystalline) Ni foil is a Gaussian one. From the annealing experiments we conclude that no irreversible changes take place in the structure of the nickel layers at temperatures below 200°C.
Tungsten/Magnesium Silicide Multilayers for Soft X-Ray Optics
Authors: Boher Pierre , Houdy Philippe , Kühne M. , Müller P. , Barchewitz R. , Delaboudiniere J. P. , Smith David J.
Published: December 2019

W/Mg2Si multilayers for soft x-ray optics above the MgKα and MgLα lines have been deposited by RF sputtering. Their structural characteristics have been deduced from in situ kinetic ellipsometry, ex situ grazing x-ray reflection measurements, and high-resolution electron microscopy. Their soft x-ray performances have been measured by synchrotron radiation around the MgKα and MgLα lines and related to the structural characteristics. For short wavelengths, first Bragg peak reflectivities as high as 31% have been measured for multilayers with double period equal to 84 Å. For samples with smaller layer thicknesses, these performances decrease due to finite interdiffusion at the interfaces. Nevertheless, well-defined Bragg peaks are observed even when the double period is as low as 44 Å. Near the MgLα line, more than 20% reflectivity at the first Bragg peak has been measured at normal incidence. At the same wavelength the selectivity is two times higher than that of conventional systems such as Mo/Si.
Synchrotron Radiation White Beam Topography with an Oscillating Monochromator
Authors: Graeff W. , Wieteska K.
Published: December 2019

Drawbacks of white beam topography with synchrotron radiation, such as intense fluorescence background, thermal strain, and radiation damage, can be avoided by filtering the beam with an oscillating perfect crystal monochromator. The advantage of the white beam technique, namely the imaging of a sample of poor quality, is maintained. The image contrast is even improved due to the suppression of higher harmonics. Topographs of a LiF crystal demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
Characterization of a Si(Li) Detector for PIXE Analysis
Authors: Rodríguez-Fernández L. , Miranda J. , Oliver A.
Published: December 2019

The characterization of a Si(Li) detector used for PIXE analysis is presented. The main detector parameters are indicated, and the different methods of determining them are examined. Also, the detection efficiency has been measured in the 1.4-100 keV photon energy range, using calibrated radioactive sources and PIXE, to obtain and compare the fitted parameters. Finally, the fit of an analytic function to the measured efficiency values and the efficiency in parametric form are compared, and the advantages observed for each are noted.
A Figure of Merit Comparison between Bremsstrahlung and Monoenergetic X-Ray Sources for Angiography
Authors: Boone John M. , Seibert J. Anthony
Published: December 2019

A figure of merit (FOM) has been developed which embodies parameters related to image quality in the numerator and radiation integral dose to the patient in the denominator. In this manner, maximizing image quality and minimizing radiation dose amounts to maximizing the FOM. Furthermore, the FOM is designed to be independent of x-ray exposure (number of photons used), and this eliminates one important parameter in an optimization scenario. Monoenergetic x-ray beams (0% bandwidth) are compared with conventional Bremsstrahlung x-ray sources from a tungsten target, for angiographic imaging systems using 144 mg/cm2 Csl image intensifiers as the detector. Thus the results are applicable to both digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and digital fluoroscopic procedures involving iodine-based contrast (e.g., roadmapping). The results demonstrate improvement factors (the ratio of the best FOM of the monoenergetic beam over the best FOM of the polyenergetic beam) ranging from 2.3 to 1.4. The improvement factors averaged over four iodine contrast thicknesses (50, 100, 500, and 1000 mg/cm2) were 1.61 (σ = 0.159) for the 10 cm thick patient, 1.68 (σ= 0.172) for the 20 cm thick patient, and 1.82 (σ= 0.186) for the 30 cm thick patient. The conclusions are that monoenergetic x-ray beams are capable of delivering the same image quality at about half the radiation dose to the patient compared to conventional X-ray tubes.
X-UV Index of Refraction of Dense and Hot Plasmas
Authors: Benattar R. , Galos C. , Ney P.
Published: December 2019

In a dense and hot plasma the refractive index in the X-UV range takes into account not only the effect of free electrons, but also the effect of electrons bound by atoms. The refractive index is calculated by the Kramer-Kronig relations using the total opacity of the medium including bound-bound, free-bound, and free-free atomic transitions. A simple method of calculation of the emission and absorption coefficients is presented. These parameters are of great interest when one wants to study radiative transfer in a dense and hot material. The computer program used allows one to obtain either in LTE or in NLTE the values of these coefficients for every material and for a wide range of mass density and temperature, using a screened hydrogenic model. Applications are presented first to generate opacity tables and second to generate the index of refraction of aluminum for a wide range of mass density and temperature.
A Crystal Camera for Ultra-Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Using Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Pahl R. , Bonse U.
Published: December 2019

We describe a novel USAXS camera that combines the use of synchrotron radiation with collimation by perfect-crystal optics. The outstanding result is that high measuring intensities and extreme angular resolution are achieved even with a point-focusing geometry. Along the principles of the original design (U. Bonse and M. Hart, Z. Phys. 189, 151 (1966)) which had to be operated at an x-ray tube, we employ two sets of pairs of multiply reflecting channel-cut crystals diffracting in the horizontal and vertical planes. The collimation characteristics thus obtained are equivalent to the point-focusing geometry of conventional SAXS cameras based on slit collimation. We present results from samples of polystyrene spheres which were used for test measurements performed with synchrotron radiation of DORIS at HASYLAB/DESY in Hamburg. Taking into account the number of reflections within the channel-cut crystals, the theoretical resolution was calculated and found to agree well with that derived from measured scattering patterns. Structures as large as about 1.3 μm could easily be identified from the scattering curves. As expected with point-focusing geometry, desmearing of raw data was unnecessary.
Structural Changes Study of Co/C and Ni/C Multilayers upon Annealing
Authors: Chernov V. A. , Chkhalo N. I. , Fedorchenko M. V. , Kruglyakov E. P. , Mytnichenko S. V. , Nikitenko S. G.
Published: December 2019

A detailed study of structural changes occurring in films and on boundaries in multilayers upon annealing with EXAFS, WAXS, and SAXS methods was performed. The optimum temperature of annealing for the Ni/C and Co/C multilayers obtained by the pulsed laser evaporation method was found.
Whispering Gallery Mirrors for the Soft X-Ray Region: Properties and Applications
Authors: Bukreeva I. N. , Kozhevnikov I. V. , Vinogradov A. V.
Published: December 2019

Basic properties of whispering gallery mirrors in the soft x-ray region are considered. The following applications of whispering gallery optics are discussed: increasing the utilization efficiency of point source radiation, deflecting a synchrotron radiation beam to the vertical plane and transporting it to another horizontal level, resonators for soft x-ray lasers, and using the whispering gallery effect to investigate the roughness of concave surfaces.
Two-Period Multilayer Mirrors for the Soft X-Ray Region
Authors: Balakireva L. L. , Kozhevnikov I. V.
Published: December 2019

The problem of multilayer mirrors which are capable of reflecting x-ray radiation at two given wavelengths is discussed. Three kinds of two-period multilayers are considered and a comparison of their properties in the soft x-ray region is presented. The scheme of a soft x-ray scanning microscope based on a Schwarzschild objective with a two-period multilayer coating is proposed for chemical microanalysis of biological samples.
Diagnosis of High-Temperature Implosions Using Low- and High-Opacity Krypton Lines
Authors: Yaakobi B. , Epstein R. , Hooper Jr. C. F. , Haynes Jr. D. A. , Su Q.
Published: December 2019

High-temperature laser target implosions can be achieved by using relatively thin-shell targets, and they can be diagnosed by doping the fuel with krypton and measuring K-shell and L-shell lines. Electron temperatures of up to 5 keV at modest compressed densities (~ 1–5 g/cm3) are predicted for such experiments, with ion temperatures peaking above 10 keV at the center. It is found that the profiles of low-opacity (optically thin) lines in the expected density range are dominated by the Doppler broadening and can provide a measurement of the ion temperature if spectrometers of spectral resolution Δλ/λ ≥ 1000 are used. For high-opacity lines, obtained with a higher krypton fill pressure, the measurement of the escape factor can yield the ρR of the compressed fuel. At higher densities, Stark broadening of low-opacity lines becomes important and can provide a density measurement, whereas lines of higher opacity can be used to estimate the extent of mixing.
A Comparison of the Ball, Wire, Edge, and Bar/Space Pattern Techniques for Modulation Transfer Function Measurements of Linear X-Ray Detectors
Authors: Kaftandjian V. , Zhu Y. M. , Roziere G. , Peix G. , Babot D.
Published: December 2019

Actual assessment of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a physical system requires objective experimental data to be obtained. This paper presents four practical methods for measuring the MTF of a linear x-ray detector. These methods are based on using the ball, wire, edge, and bar/space pattern as stimuli. The measurement procedure and experimental conditions are described in detail. The MTF results obtained with these different techniques are analyzed and compared.
Line Spread Function Study of Kinestatic Charge Detectors Operating at High Gas Pressures
Authors: Giakos G. C. , Ghotra P. , Pillai B. , Chowdhury S. , Vedantham S. , DiBianca F. A. , Jordan L. M. , Devidas S. , Nagarajan S. , Endorf R.J.
Published: December 2019

A systematic study of the line spread function (LSF) in the drift direction of a high-pressure ionization chamber for x-ray detection and imaging is presented. Experimental results, obtained by operating a KCD krypton-filled detector at pressures up to 60 atm and constant electric field-to-gas pressure ratio, indicate that the width of the LSF increases with the drift distance and decreases with increasing pressure, both effects being quite large. The hypothesis of this paper is that, at sufficiently high pressures, formation of clusters of molecular ions with a unique or narrowed mobility distribution take place by means of energy exchange mechanisms. Therefore, the LSF of the ionic signal becomes narrower and the FWHM of the ionic signal improves significantly with increasing gas pressure. This research is aimed at investigating methods to improve the spatial resolution as part of the development of a large field-of-view prototype digital radiographic scanner operating on kinestatic charge detection principles.
Reproduktionskrisen, Sorgeextraktivismus und Sorgekämpfe in Indien
Authors: Wichterich Christa
Published: December 2019

In Indien protestieren seit Jahren hunderttausende Gesundheits- und Sozialarbeiterinnen gegen Geringbewertung und -bezahlung ihrer Arbeit. Wie in Europa kommt es zu einer Feminisierung von Arbeitskämpfen, weil die Ausbeutung der Sorgearbeitenden sich infolge zugespitzter Krisensituationen der sozialen Reproduktion intensiviert. Diese Sorgekämpfe haben im Alltagsverstand einer breiten Öffentlichkeit das Bewusstsein über die ökonomische und soziale Bedeutung von Sorgearbeiten verstärkt, aber die hegemoniale Geringschätzung und Niedrigstentlohnung von Sorgearbeiten nicht wesentlich verbessert. Die leitende Fragestellung dieses Beitrags ist, mit welchen Strategien und Instrumenten diese Abwertung von Sorgearbeiten unter neoliberalen Bedingungen fortgesetzt wird.
Racism in Development and Development Cooperation
Authors: Profant Tomáš
Published: December 2019

Development cooperation or aid is often perceived as a form of charity or agood deed that is being carried out only with the best intentions. Racism,on the other hand, is most often connected with right wing extremism(even though in Slovakia it is connected also with the wider political center).The basic assumption of this theoretical article is the opposite. One can findracism also in development and development cooperation. The article triesto answer the following question: What are the main forms of racism indevelopment and development cooperation? On the basis of the extant andmy own research the article categorizes the forms of racism in developmentand development cooperation and identifies the three main ones:development discourse, structural racism connected with the raciallydi!erentiated global capitalist system and an everyday racism connectedwith racially biased institutions. The conclusion poses a question regardingthe way one may fight these forms of racism and briefly answers it.
The Relationship Between Object Relations and the Severity of Depression Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion
Authors:   MA. in Clinical Psychology, Departmant of Clinical Psychology, School of Behaviour Sciene and Mental Health (Tehran Inistitue of Psychiatry), Iran university of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran., Bagheri Javad , Birashk Behrooz ,   PhD. in Clinical Psychology, Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Departmant of Clinical Psychology, School of Behaviour Sciene and Mental Health (Tehran Inistitue of Psychiatry), Iran university of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran., Dehghani Mahmoud ,   hD in Clinical Psychology, Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology, Departmant of Clinical Psychology, School of Behaviour Sciene and Mental Health (Tehran Inistitue of Psychiatry), Iran university of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran., Asgharnejad Ali Asghar ,   PhD. in Clinical Psychology, Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Departmant of Clinical Psychology, School of Behaviour Sciene and Mental Health (Tehran Inistitue of Psychiatry), Iran university of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Published: December 2019

Objectives The current research investigated the mediating role of self-compassion in the connection between object relations and the severity of depression symptoms. Methods This was a descriptive and correlational study. The study sample consisted of 245 male and female students residing in the dormitories of Iran University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2017-18. They were selected based on the two-step cluster sampling method. The subjects answered the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI), Self Compassion Scale- Long Form (SCS –LF) and Beck’s Depression Inventory-Short form (BDI-S). The gathered data were analyzed in LISREL, SPSS, and Mplus.  Results The structural equation analysis results suggested that self-compassion plays a mediating role in the connection between object relations and the severity of depression symptoms.  Conclusion The study findings revealed that the connection between object relations and the severity of depression symptoms is partly explained by a reduction in self-compassion. These findings help therapists to have a more correct understanding of the etiology of depression.
Analisis Terhadap Komunikasi Pembelajaran di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam: Studi Kasus di MAN Kabupaten Karawang
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim , Mujahidin Endin , Saefudin Didin
Published: December 2019

Quality of learning can be affected by the effectiveness of the communication that was built by the teacher in the learning process. To produce an effective learning process, teachers are required to have good communication skills. Therefore, to know the implementation, effectiveness and communication enabling and inhibiting factors in the learning that takes place in an educational institution conducted a study entitled "Analysis of Communication Learning Institute of Islamic Education (Case Studies in Karawang regency MAN)". This study aims to determine the implementation of learning communication, enabling factors, inhibiting factors and the effectiveness of communication and how learning occurs in MAN Karawang regency. Results of this study are expected to provide solutions to the problems of learning communication especially in MAN Karawang regency. The method used is the case study method, the study design using the communication network analysis of Rogers & Kincaid. In this study developed the concept of the fifth components of learning communication, communication source, message communication, communication channels, message recipient, and feedback. Research instruments developed through questionnaires, interviews and field observations. The study was conducted in 4 Madrasah Aliyah Negeri in Karawang district with a total sample of 120 students and 127 teachers. he results show the communication of the fifth components of learning, which is best done by teachers and students is a component of the message communication with a percentage of 96 %, whereas the lowest was learning media component that is equal to 72 %. Fifth components of learning communication concept which is based on the results of this study suggested to do in madrasah aliyah in Karawang regency.

Keyword: Learning communication, communication variabel, effectivityy
Pendidikan Karakter Bangsa dalam Perspektif Islam (Studi Kritis Terhadap Konsep Pendidikan Karakter Kementerian Pendidikan & Kebudayaan)
Authors: Pawitasari Erma , Mujahidin Endin , Fattah Nanang
Published: December 2019

Character education is a new term intended to replace moral education in national education curricula. Moral education has failed as indicated by rising numbers of crimes committed by students. Indonesian government specifically Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) believes that character education will provide solution to address issues of national moralities. This dissertation intended to understand underlying concepts of MEC character education in terms of its legal sources, backgrounds, aims, expected character, value sources, and practical applications. These concepts were being analyzed and viewed using prism of Islamic education principles. Moreover, historical analyses were performed to understand causes and circumstances leading to emergence of character education. Research method in this dissertation used qualitative approach of in depth literature review. Data were organized and compiled from legal documents legitimizing MEC character education as well as MEC official books serving as guidance for implementation. This study discovered following points. First, �akhlaq� instead of �character� is a term used in UUD 45 (Indonesian State Constitution) and UU No. 20/2003 (State Law stating National Education System), which bears different implications. Second, MEC endorsed value relativism and let teachers or schools to adopt different values. Third, MEC applied indoctrination method for all ages to inculcate character education. In conclusion, this study offers alternative model of character education that is aligned to principles of akhlaq as follows. First, seeking pleasure of Allah being ultimate end. Second, paying attention to thinking maturity. Third, incorporating emotional quotient. Fourth, practicing akhlaq as role model and habits. Five, fulfilling basic needs. Lastly, prioritizing values. This model may serve as input to address character education issues in Indonesia.

Keywords� education concept, education objectives, Islamic education, character education, character, akhlaq, values, morality
Pendidikan Kedewasaan Perspektif Pendidikan Islami menurut Abdullah Nashih Ulwan dan Implementasinya di Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Ponorogo
Authors: Nurhadi Muhammad , Husaini Adian , Sauri Sofyan , Suryadi Bambang
Published: December 2019

Maturity is a universal problem, it is a product of the educational process. Education is essentially aimed at making a slaved of Allah as good and perfect man. According to Naqueb al- Attas, goodness is a condition that is true, accurate and balanced. Relating this, the concept of maturity education is an effort to instill the values and maturity dimensions become better. It means, the dimensions of spirituality, physical, moral, emotional, social and intellectual integrated, true, accurate and balanced. The purpose of this study is analyse Abdullah Nashih Ulwan�s concept of maturity and its implementation in Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Ponorogo (PDMG). The study used a qualitative approach, because of the nature of the data and qualitative analysis. The main data source in this studies is maturity thoughts on various books of Abdullah NashihUlwan , especially �Tarbiyyatul Aulad fil Islam�. The rresearch is continueded by getting the assesment of PMDG documentation, which is reinforced by the results of interviews and field observations . The application of the concept maturity in Islamic education according to Abdullah Nashih Ulwan in PDMG is exactly right. The whole concept of maturity and adulthood educational curriculum has been implemented in PDMG. Although, it was not recognized or declared as an educational curriculum maturity. With all lackness and advantages PDMG has proved its ability in the management of the educational process, to actualize the vision and mission. as an education institutions to create the leader of Ummat, became a place of worship and a source of religion knowledge and public-spirited while still defend the pesantren soul PDMG with all of their action in creating the maturity and independent students is worthly appreciated, that can not be done much better by other educational institutions. The application of Maturity Education curriculum has been implemented in PDMG, it can be observed in the KMI activities and field care . There is no dichotomy of science in Pondok Gontor. General Curriculum is integrated with Islamic education, co-curricular, extra-curricular, sunnah-sunnah of pondok and disciplinary. The things that help the realization of the vision and mission of Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor such as: activities in the dorm 24 hours monitored closely, language training and habituation, prioritizing intellect than the intellect scholars who know the religion, preparations of life skill and self-reliance, preparation as a teacher and or leader, sustainable regeneration system, and others .

Keyword: Darussalam Gontor, Nasih Ulwan, Pendidikan Kedewasaan