bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The beginnings of jet propulsion
Authors: Norton Lord Kings
Published: July 2016

The chairman: I know that everyone here shares with me our pleasure in welcoming as our lecturer one of the most distinguished and one of the most erudite and delightful people of all those who over the years have made their mark on British aeronautics. Lord Kings Norton has been Chancellor of Cranfield Institute of Technology since 1969. He began his career in aviation sixty-one years ago at Cardington, as a young engineer working on the design and construction of that much maligned major project, the airship R101, and then subsequently as Dr. Harold Roxbee Cox (as many of us still remember him) he was the head of the Air Defence Department of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. Next he was Chief Technical Officer of the newly formed Air Registration Board before he returned to the RAE in 1939 as Superintendent of Scientific Research.
Extract from A Wrack Behind: The Air Registration Board
Authors: Norton Lord Kings
Published: July 2016

In 1936 the Air Registration Board was created by the government and given the task of recommending to the secretary of state for air the granting and renewal of certificates of airworthiness for certain classes of civil aircraft, a duty previously performed by the Air Ministry. It was understood that as time went on and the board gained experience certifying the airworthiness of more and more classes of civil aircraft would become the responsibility of the board.
Lord Kings Norton, the creator and father of Cranfield University
Authors: Hartley Frank
Published: July 2016

Lord Kings Norton’s contribution to Cranfield University was immense. He was quite literally the father of the university, having personally conceived the idea of creating what became the university. His involvement began in early 1943 when, as vice president of the Royal Aeronautical Society, he began to consider how best to create an environment in which to educate the practical young men and women who would be needed to take the aeronautical industry forward in the post-war years. Being barely a year old at this time, I personally find it hard to comprehend the degree of optimism reflected in even considering such issues, for although the Battle of Britain had been won, the Battle of the Atlantic was far from won and D-Day was still a year and a half away. But optimism, realistic achievable optimism, was a hallmark of Lord Kings Norton.
Extract from A Wrack Behind: A resumé
Authors: Norton Lord Kings
Published: July 2016

When I look back, as I occasionally do, on the pattern of my long life, I see it dominated by three great projects — the design and construction of the airship R101, the development of the jet propulsion gas turbine, and Cranfield University. These are, so to speak, the high hills in a plain of diversified scenery.

Of these great projects, I have included essays on R101 and on Cranfield, but I have confined my reference to the jet propulsion story to my opinion, long ago first expressed, of a great man, Frank Whittle. I have not expressed myself at any length on the controversies which mar the Whittle story and those who are interested — and who is not? — should read Whittle’s own book Jet and Mr Folley’s biography. Of the two men who I believe had the greatest influence on my career, Sir Henry Tizard and Sir Harry Jephcott, I will have something to say later on.
Address at St Margaret’s, Westminster, The Lord Kings Norton
Authors: Masefield Sir Peter
Published: July 2016

We, his family and friends, are gathered here today in the heart of London to remember and to give thanks for the life and work of one of the truly great men of our time — the Lord Kings Norton of Wotton Underwood, ‘Roxbee’ to the legion of his friends and colleagues.

Through the many years of his active life, there were hardly any avenues of the aeronautical sciences to which he had not made (and enjoyed the making of) inspired contributions.

He was, indeed, “A Happy Warrior”.

If the question was to be asked — “What, among all Lord Kings Norton’s many achievements, were those most to be acclaimed?”, the answer, among such a galaxy, could, perhaps, be four.
Rethinking Mormonism's Heavenly Mother
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: July 2016

When feminists interrogate the symbolic realm of religion, they often expose much of theological discourse as an idealized projection of a masculine subjectivity. In response to androcentric theological discourse, some feminists’ approaches have reframed religion in support of feminine subjectivity. For example, Luce Irigaray experienced an important, constructive turn to religion in her writings in the 1980s and 1990s following her early criticism of phallogocentric Western philosophy. She argued provocatively:

Monotheistic religions speak to us of God the Father and God made man; nothing is said of a God the Mother or of God made Woman, or even of God as a couple or couples. Not all the transcendental fancies, or ecstasies of every type, not all the quibbling over maternity and the neutrality (neuterness) of God, can succeed in erasing this one reality that determines identities, rights, symbols, and discourse.

Elsewhere, she contends: “as long as woman lacks a divine made in her image she cannot establish her subjectivity or achieve a goal of her own. She lacks an ideal that would be her goal or path in becoming.” For Irigaray, “to become divine” means to become a subject, as opposed to being a term that defines the other. Fertility, motherhood, and female genealogies are central to Irigaray's divine woman as a way to establish female subjectivity.
The Many for One or One for the Many? Reading Mark 10:45 in the Roman Empire
Authors: Thiessen Matthew
Published: July 2016

In his expository remarks on 1 Pet 5:13, Clement of Alexandria portrays Mark as the preserver of the apostle Peter's gospel proclamation to those who not only dwell in Rome, but also belong to the Roman elite. In this regard, Clement's testimony coincides with the near unanimous voice of the Church Fathers, who locate the composition of the Gospel of Mark in the city of Rome (e.g., IrenaeusHaer. 3.1.1; EusebiusHist. eccl.2.15.2).
Christian Faith: Dogmatics in Outline, by B. A. Gerrish
Authors: Nimmo Paul T.
Published: July 2016

These are encouraging days for the discipline of systematic theology. Recent seasons have seen the publication of a number of one-volume accounts of Christian dogmatics, with parts of various multi-volume offerings also appearing with regularity. This exuberance for serious enquiry into the meaning, coherence, and implications of Christian doctrine has been present not only in those areas of theological inquiry which have consistently exhibited a long-standing passion for such endeavor; an important feature of recent trends is a passion for systematic work also becoming evident in confessional domains which on occasion in the past have treated such activity with indifference or even suspicion. The result is an increasingly rich and contoured landscape in contemporary dogmatic theology, hopefully to the benefit not only of the academic scholar but of the churches both challenged and sustained by such work.
Evaluation of the immunodiagnostic potential of a recombinant surface protein domain fromAcanthamoeba castellanii
Authors: SÁNCHEZ ALEMAO G. CARPINTEYRO , VIRGINIO VERIDIANA GOMES , MASCHIO VINICIUS JOSÉ , FERREIRA HENRIQUE BUNSELMEYER , ROTT MARILISE BRITTES
Published: July 2016

Acanthamoebaspp. are free-living protists widely distributed in environment, able to cause keratitis, encephalitis and skin lesions in humans and animals.Acanthamoebaspp. exist in two forms: an infective trophozoite and a dormant cyst. Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis ofAcanthamoebaspp. The parasite adhesion to the host cell is the primary step for infection and is mediated by a mannose binding-protein, expressed in the surface and considered the main pathogenicity factor inAcanthamoebaspp. So far, there was no evidence of another surface protein ofAcanthamoebaspp. relevant for host invasion or infection by these organisms. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize anAcanthamoeba castellaniisurface protein and to evaluate its diagnostic potential.In silicopredictions of surface proteins allowed to identify theA. castellaniicalreticulin as a possible surface antigen. The coding sequence of a predicted extracellular domain ofA. castellaniicalreticulin was cloned byin vivohomologous recombination and the recombinant polypeptide (AcCRT29–130) was produced. Its immunodiagnostic potential was assessed in a recombinant antigen-based ELISA with sera from experimentally infected rats that developed keratitis and encephalitis, and sera from patients with encephalitis. The AcCRT29–130was significantly more recognized by sera from encephalitis infected rats in comparison with the non-infected controls. Human sera from encephalitis patients, however presented no significant response. These results showed the AcCRT29–130potential forA. castellaniiinfection immunodiagnosis in animals, with further studies being required for assessment of its use for human infections.
Chronology of the S'Hospitalet Vell Naveta Village: An Example of Bronze Age Settlement in the Balearic Islands
Authors: Ramis Damià , Salas Magdalena
Published: July 2016

The Balearic Islands provide a good example of late human settlement in the context of the prehistoric Mediterranean. After what could be considered a period of colonization, the earliest autochthonous cultural manifestations occur in the Bronze Age. This study aims to outline a chronology for Balearic Bronze Age villages, based on the case study of S'Hospitalet Vell (Manacor). A wide radiocarbon record has been obtained from three different habitation structures at the site. By combining the available dates with the stratigraphical information, a chronological approach to the occupation dynamics of this site can be established.
14C Dating and Material Analysis of the Lime Burial of Cova de Na Dent (Mallorca, Spain)
Authors: De Mulder Guy , Hayen Roald , Boudin Mathieu , Van den Brande Tess , Decq Louise , Burguera Magdalena Salas , Ramis Damià , Borms Herlinde , Van Strydonck Mark
Published: July 2016

Lime burials are a characteristic phenomenon of the protohistoric funerary tradition on the Balearic Islands. At Cova de Na Dent, a lime burial has been sampled for analysis. The lime burial was made up of lime and fragmented bones. Six layers were sampled and described in the laboratory according to their color, the consistency of the deposition, and the aspect and quantity of the bone fragments. Bone samples and lime were dated. The lime was analyzed by using petrographic analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and simultaneous thermal analysis. The results show that the bones were cremated in the presence of crushed rock carbonate. The14C dates on the lime suggest an earlier chronology for this ritual, starting in the Bronze Age, as generally is accepted.
The Northwest Belgian Bronze Age Barrow in Context: A Review of the 14C Chronology from the Late Neolithic to Bronze Age
Authors: De Reu Jeroen
Published: July 2016

To formulate a solid chronology of the northwest Belgian Bronze Age barrow phenomenon, a critical review of the available radiocarbon dates was necessary. The resulting14C chronology of the barrows was compared with the14C chronologies of the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker graves, the Bronze Age metalwork depositions, the evidence of barrow reuse, and the Bronze Age longhouses. This research revealed interesting patterns concerning the appearance and disappearance of the barrow phenomenon. The earliest14C-dated barrows are dated during the Late Neolithic and coincide with the presence of the Bell Beaker culture in the region. The peak of the barrow-building practice occurred between 1700 and 1500/1400 cal BC, a period of flourishing trade networks in the regions along the North Sea basin. The period around 1500 cal BC is characterized by the disappearance of barrow-building practices and the sudden appearance of ritual depositional practices, reflecting changes in society.
Chronological Model of a Brazilian Holocene Shellmound (Sambaqui da Tarioba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Authors: Macario K D , Souza R C C L , Trindade D C , Decco J , Lima T A , Aguilera O A , Marques A N , Alves E Q , Oliveira F M , Chanca I S , Carvalho C , Anjos R M , Pamplona F C , Silva E P
Published: July 2016

Since the beginning of the Holocene, hunter-gatherers have occupied the central-south Brazilian coast, as it was a very productive estuarine environment. Living as fishers and mollusk gatherers, they built prehistoric shellmounds, known assambaqui, up to 30 m high, which can still be found today from the Espírito Santo (21°S) to Rio Grande do Sul (32°S) states, constituting an important testimony of paleodiversity and Brazilian prehistory. The chronology of the Sambaqui da Tarioba, situated in Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, is discussed herein. Selected well-preserved shells ofIphigenia brasilianaand charcoal from fireplaces in sequential layers were used for radiocarbon dating analysis. Based on a statistical model developed using OxCal software, the results indicate that the settlement occupation begun most probably around 3800 cal BP and lasted for up to 5 centuries.
Radiocarbon Chronology of the Tlatoani Site at Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico
Authors: Cherkinsky Alexander , González Quezada Raúl Francisco
Published: July 2016

The archaeological site of Tlatoani at Tlayacapan is located in the Mexican Highlands, in the present-day state of Morelos. The site is an extant settlement located at the top of the Tepoztlan mountain range, and has been occupied since the Late Preclassic period (AD 150–500). At the height of its occupation in the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (AD 600–1150), Tlayacapan was situated on the top of the hill. The radiocarbon investigations reported herein revealed some further distinct findings, although no clear absolute chronology was demonstrated. A dog skull was found inside the oldest foundation stage, and dated between cal AD 646 and 765, the middle of the Epiclassic period. Human remains found in the first grave belonged to three individuals. A male skeleton was dated to AD 1158–1227. Fragments of an incomplete skeleton of a child and an incomplete skeleton of a second male were placed on top of the first male skeleton and were dated in the range AD 1030–1156. A fourth skeleton found nearby in the second grave gave a similar date of AD 1164–1253. These burials were in accordance with the Middle America cosmovisional system, where bodies were buried beneath the household space. It is evident from the14C dates of the skeletons that the burial sites beneath the household space had been reused by exhuming and reburying skeletons that had been previously buried there. A comparison of dates on fractions of collagen and bioapatite of the same bones was possible. Two of the samples were in good agreement between these fractions, whereas the other three samples are close but just outside the 2σ range.
Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period
Authors: Höflmayer Felix , Dee Michael W , Genz Hermann , Riehl Simone
Published: July 2016

Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first urban cities in the southern and central Levant.
Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: Dating of Neolithic Cemeteries
Authors: Plug H , van der Plicht J , Akkermans P M M G
Published: July 2016

Late Neolithic graves excavated at Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria, have been dated by radiocarbon. This series of 46 human bone dates represents a sequence of cemeteries that is analyzed by Bayesian methodology. The dates show continuous use of the northeastern slope of the mound as a burial ground throughout the Initial Pottery Neolithic to the Halaf period.
Radiocarbon Dating to a Single Year by Means of Rapid Atmospheric 14C Changes
Authors: Wacker L , Güttler D , Goll J , Hurni J P , Synal H-A , Walti N
Published: July 2016

In the best case, radiocarbon measurements allow artificial objects to be dated with a precision of 10 calendar years when conventional wiggle-matching onto the IntCal09 calibration curve is applied. More precise dating can only be achieved by using annually resolved14C calibration data, particularly in timespans when there are rapid changes in atmospheric14C concentration. The recently observed jump in atmospheric14C concentration of 1.5% between AD 774 and 775, though expected to be rare, is a good example for such a rapid change. We demonstrate by example that is possible to precisely14C date the cutting year of a timber in the historically important and well-preserved Holy Cross chapel of the convent St. John the Baptist in Val Müstair, Switzerland.
Este, Padova, Italy: Dating the Iron Age Waterfront
Authors: Meadows John , Martinelli Nicoletta , Nadeau Marie-Josée , Citton Elodia Bianchin
Published: July 2016

Two floating tree-ring chronologies were developed from oak timbers recovered during salvage excavations of a pre-Roman wharf in Este, a prominent center of the Veneti people, who lived in northeastern Italy during the Iron Age. Wiggle-match radiocarbon dating shows that one chronology spans the 10th and 9th centuries cal BC, and that the waterfront was probably built ∼800 cal BC. The second chronology apparently spans most of the 7th century cal BC, and is associated with a phase of construction about 2 centuries after the first. One of the samples gave what appeared to be anomalous14C results that may best be explained as evidence of a short-term fluctuation in atmospheric14C level, which can be seen in short-lived samples but is not apparent in the decadal or bidecadal calibration data. Both chronologies cover periods for which there are no other tree-ring chronologies in this region, and could become key to refining the local Iron Age chronology.
Modeling Spatial Innovation Diffusion from Radiocarbon Dates and Regression Residuals: The Case of Early Old World Pottery
Authors: Silva Fabio , Steele James , Gibbs Kevin , Jordan Peter
Published: July 2016

This article introduces a method of exploratory analysis of the geographical factors influencing large-scale innovation diffusion, and illustrates its application to the case of early pottery dispersal in the Old World. Regression techniques are used to identify broad-scale spatiotemporal trends in the innovation's first occurrence, and regression residuals are then analyzed to identify geographical variation (climate, biomes) that may have influenced local rates of diffusion. The boundaries between the modeled diffusion zones segregate the western half of the map into a Eurasian hunter-gatherer pottery-using zone affiliated by cultural descent to the Siberian center of innovation, and a lower-latitude farming and pastoralist zone affiliated by cultural descent to the north African center of innovation. However, the correlation coefficients suggest that this baseline model has limited explanatory power, with geographical patterning in the residuals indicating that habitat also greatly affected rates of spread of the new technology. Earlier-than-predicted ages for early pottery tend to occur in locations with mean annual temperature in the range approximately 0–15°. This favorable temperature range typically includes Mediterranean, grassland, and temperate forest biome types, but of these, the Mediterranean and the temperate deciduous forest biomes are the only ones on which regression residuals indicate earlier-than-predicted first observed pottery dates.
Direct Radiocarbon Dating of Late Pleistocene Hominids in Eurasia: Current Status, Problems, and Perspectives
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V , Keates Susan G
Published: July 2016

The corpus of radiocarbon dates run directly on Pleistocene-age human remains in Eurasia (∼120 values, with ∼80 of them found to be reliable) is analyzed and interpreted. The latest Neanderthals are dated to ∼34,000–30,500 BP (∼38,800–35,400 cal BP). They probably coexisted with the first modern humans at ∼36,200–30,200 BP (∼42,500–32,800 cal BP) in the western and central parts of Europe. The earliest direct14C dates on modern humans in Eurasia are ∼34,950–33,300 BP (∼40,400–37,800 cal BP). A paucity of14C dates corresponding to the LGM is evident for Europe, but Asia perhaps had larger populations during this timespan. The main criteria for the selection of bone/tooth material for direct14C dating as now widely accepted are (1) the collagen yield (generally, 1% or more) and (2) the C:N ratio (within the 2.9–3.4 range).
Reservoir Effect of Archaeological Samples from Steppe Bronze Age Cultures in Southern Russia
Authors: Shishlina N , Sevastyanov V , Zazovskaya E , van der Plicht J
Published: July 2016

Human and animal bone collagen from different Steppe Bronze Age cultures, including the Yamnaya, East Manych Catacomb, and Lola cultures, show large variations in δ13C and δ15N values. More positive values of δ13C and δ15N are caused by change in diet and/or a more arid climate. Human bones show reservoir effects caused by aquatic diet components. These effects can be quantified by paired dating of human bone and associated terrestrial samples. Previous research showed reservoir corrections for several cultures of the Eurasian steppes Bronze Age, leading to a revision of the local chronologies. Additional investigations showed that some paired dates do not reveal reservoir effects. Recently, our database was extended significantly with new13C,l5N, and14C analyses of the Lola, Krivaya, and Babino cultures. The size of the reservoir offset for the studied cultures is discussed.
Dating Human Remains from the Historical Period in Belgium: Diet Changes and the Impact of Marine and Freshwater Reservoir Effects
Authors: Ervynck Anton , Boudin Mathieu , van den Brande Tess , van Strydonck Mark
Published: July 2016

An overview will be presented of stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) available from animal and human bones from Roman to post-Medieval Belgian sites. The data will be used to assess trends in the human diet and evaluate the possible impact of reservoir effects originating from the consumption of fish derived from marine or freshwater environments. Historical and archaeozoological data demonstrate drastic changes in fish consumption throughout the last 2 millennia and thus suggest that fluctuations through time of the impact of the reservoir effects can be expected. However, the present stable isotope data set does not support this suggestion.
Analyzing Radiocarbon Reservoir Offsets Through Stable Nitrogen Isotopes and Bayesian Modeling: A Case Study Using Paired Human and Faunal Remains from the Cis-Baikal Region, Siberia
Authors: Ramsey Christopher Bronk , Schulting Rick , Goriunova Olga I , Bazaliiskii Vladimir I , Weber Andrzej W
Published: July 2016

Dietary offsets in radiocarbon dates are becoming increasingly interesting to researchers, not only because of their impact on the reliability of chronologies but also because of the possibilities for extracting further dietary information from the14C data itself. This is the case with the cemeteries of the Cis-Baikal region being studied as part of the international Baikal-Hokkaido Archaeology Project set up to examine hunter-gatherer cultural dynamics in eastern Asia. Fortunately, to control for a freshwater reservoir offset, we were able to obtain a number of paired terrestrial herbivore and human material for14C dating. This article tests the correspondence between stable isotope evidence and the offsets seen in14C values and the implications for the analysis of the14C measurements as “chronometric dates.” This is an unusually well-documented example of freshwater reservoir offsets, providing an ideal case study to test different approaches to analyzing such offset information. Here, a purely Bayesian approach is compared with the more frequently applied linear regression analysis.
Potential Freshwater Reservoir Effects in a Neolithic Shell Midden at Riņņkalns, Latvia
Authors: Meadows John , Lübke Harald , Zagorska Ilga , Berziņš Valdis , Ceriņa Aija , Ozola Ilze
Published: July 2016

Riņņukalns is the only known prehistoric shell midden in the eastern Baltic, and is one of the few middens in northern Europe consisting mainly of freshwater mussel shells. Situated on the Salaca River at the outlet of Lake Burtnieks, in northeastern Latvia, the site was originally excavated in the 1870s, and reinvestigated several times over the following decades. A new excavation in 2011 showed that part of the midden remained intact. The new exposure, dated to the later 4th millennium cal BC, yielded rich fishbone and mollusk shell assemblages, herbivore, human and bird bones, and a wide range of artifacts typical of a subsistence economy based on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Human remains from burials excavated in the 1870s were also located in archives. The co-occurrence at Riņņukalns of human remains with a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic food remains provides an ideal setting to study freshwater reservoir effects and other isotopic signals of diet and mobility. The extent of14C depletion in local freshwater resources is an essential parameter for such studies; on the basis of14C ages of modern and paleoenvironmental samples, we estimate that the applicable reservoir age in Lake Burtnieks is in the order of 800–90014C yr.
EUBAR: A Database of 14C Measurements for the European Bronze Age. A Bayesian Analysis of 14C-Dated Archaeological Contexts from Northern Italy and Southern France
Authors: Capuzzo Giacomo , Boaretto Elisabetta , Barceló Juan A
Published: July 2016

The chronological framework of European protohistory is mostly a relative chronology based on typology and stratigraphic data. Synchronization of different time periods suffers from a lack of absolute dates; therefore, disagreements between different chronological schemes are difficult to reconcile. An alternative approach was applied in this study to build a more precise and accurate absolute chronology. To the best of our knowledge, we have collected all the published14C dates for the archaeological sites in the region from the Ebro River (Spain) to the Middle Danube Valley (Austria) for the period 1800–750 BC. The available archaeological information associated with the14C dates was organized in a database that totaled more than 160014C dates. In order to build an accurate and precise chronology, quality selection rules have been applied to the14C dates based on both archaeological context and analytical quality. Using the OxCal software and Bayesian analysis, several14C time sequences were created following the archaeological data and different possible scenarios were tested in northern Italy and southern France.
Chronology of Wetland Hydrological Dynamics and the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition along the Lower Scheldt: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Verhegge Jeroen , Missiaen Tine , van Strydonck Mark , Crombé Philippe
Published: July 2016

The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the wetland margins of the southern North Sea basin occurred well over a millennium after the transition in neighboring loess regions. This article investigates the possible role of hydrological dynamics in the presence of the last hunter-gatherer-fishermen in these wetland regions. A Bayesian modeling approach is used to integrate stratigraphic information and radiocarbon dates both from accurately datable archaeological remains and key horizons in peat sequences in the Scheldt floodplain of northwestern Belgium. This study tests whether the Swifterbant occupation of the study area was contemporaneous with hiatuses in peat growth caused by organic clastic sedimentation due to increased tidal influences and local groundwater rise. The results suggest that the appearance of this culture followed shortly after the emergence of a brackish tidal mudflat landscape replacing a freshwater marsh.
The Interaction of Climate Change and Agency in the Collapse of Civilizations ca. 2300–2000 BC
Authors: Wiener Malcolm H.
Published: July 2016

Human history has been marked by major episodes of climate change and human response, sometimes accompanied by independent innovations. In the Bronze Age, the sequencing of causes and reactions is dependent in part on dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating. This paper explores the interaction of a major, prolonged desiccation event between c. 2300 and 2000 BC and human agency including migrations, the displacement of trading networks, warfare, the appearance of weapons made of bronze, and the first appearance of sailing vessels in the Mediterranean.
An Archaeometric and Archaeological Approach to Hellenistic-Early Roman Ceramic Workshops in Greece: Contribution to Dating
Authors: Kondopoulou Despina , Zananiri Irene , Rathossi Christina , Marco Emanuela De , Spatharas Vasileios , Hasaki Eleni
Published: July 2016

The present article comprises a multidisciplinary archaeometric approach for the study of Hellenistic and Early Roman kilns in Greece. A collection of previously published and new archaeomagnetic data are combined with new results from mineralogical analytical experiments. The sampled material came from four areas, covering different geological contexts: Katerini, Olympiada, and Polymylos in mainland Greece, and the island of Paros. Extensive rock-magnetic experiments, including identification of the dominant ferromagnetic minerals present, their domain state, and mineralogical alterations during laboratory treatments, have been carried out in order to examine the magnetic properties of the studied materials and prove their suitability for reliable archaeomagnetic determinations. Magnetic cleaning provided well-defined archaeomagnetic directions, and archaeointensity measurements were carried out using both the Thellier-Thellier and Triaxe protocols. Information from both magnetic and mineralogical properties referring to firing conditions is further discussed along with archaeological information. Finally, a new dating of the four sites together with other structures of similar age was carried out using the Pavón-Carrasco model.
Potential for a New Multimillennial Tree-Ring Chronology from Subfossil Balkan River Oaks
Authors: Pearson Charlotte L. , Ważny Tomasz , Kuniholm Peter I. , Botić Katarina , Durman Aleksandar , Seufer Katherine
Published: July 2016

A total of 272 oak (Quercussp.) samples have been collected from large subfossil trees dredged from sediment deposited by the Sava and various tributary rivers in the Zagreb region of northwestern Croatia, and in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Measurement series of tree-ring widths from these samples produced 12 groups, totaling 3456 years of floating tree-ring chronologies spread through the last ca. 8000 years. This work represents the first step in creating a new, high-resolution resource for dating and paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Balkan region and potentially a means to bridge between the floating tree-ring chronologies of the wider Mediterranean region and the continuous long chronologies from central Europe.
Dendroclimatology in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Touchan Ramzi , Meko David M. , Anchukaitis Kevin J.
Published: July 2016

Dendroclimatology in the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region has made important contributions to the understanding of climate variability on timescales of decades to centuries. These contributions, beginning in the mid-20th century, have value for resource management, archaeology, and climatology. A gradually expanding tree-ring network developed by the first author over the past 15 years has been the framework for some of the most important recent advances in EM dendroclimatology. The network, now consisting of 79 sites, has been widely applied in large-scale climatic reconstruction and in helping to identify drivers of climatic variation on regional to global spatial scales. This article reviews EM dendroclimatology and highlights contributions on the national and international scale.
A Tree-Ring Based Late Summer Temperature Reconstruction (AD 1675–1980) for the Northeastern Mediterranean
Authors: Trouet Valerie
Published: July 2016

This article presents a late summer temperature reconstruction (AD 1675–1980) for the northeastern Mediterranean (NEMED) that is based on a compilation of maximum latewood density tree-ring data from 21 high-elevation sites. This study applied a novel approach by combining individual series from all sites into one NEMED master chronology. This approach retains only the series with a strong and temporally robust common signal and it improves reconstruction length. It further improved the regional character of the reconstruction by using as a target averaged gridded instrumental temperature data from a broad NEMED region (38–45°N, 15–25°E). Cold (e.g. 1740) and warm (e.g. 1945) extreme years and decades in the reconstruction correspond to regional instrumental and reconstructed temperature records. Some extreme periods (e.g. cold 1810s) reflect European-wide or global-scale climate conditions and can be explained by volcanic and solar forcing. Other extremes are strictly regional in scope. For example, 1976 was the coldest NEMED summer over the last 350 years, but was anomalously dry and hot in northwestern Europe and is a strong manifestation of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (sNAO). The regional NEMED summer reconstruction thus contributes to an improved understanding of regional (e.g. sNAO) vs. global-scale (i.e. external) drivers of past climate variability.
Data Management in Dendroarchaeology Using Tellervo
Authors: Brewer Peter W.
Published: July 2016

The Tellervo dendrochronological software builds upon the Tree-Ring Data Standard (TRiDaS) to provide a tool for recording and managing all manner of dendrochronological data. However, Tellervo is especially useful for dendroarchaeological research. The traditional file formats used in dendrochronology—and by association the applications that use them—have very limited and nonstandard methods for recording rich information about dendro samples and their context. Such information is especially important in dendroarchaeological research to ensure accurate conclusions are made. Tellervo is described here in the context of research carried out as part of the excavations of the Theodosian Harbor at Yenikapı, Istanbul.
Tree Rings and the Chronology of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Creasman Pearce Paul
Published: July 2016

A fundamental aspect of ancient Egyptian history remains unresolved: chronology. Egyptologists (and researchers in related fields that synchronize their studies with Egypt) currently rely on a variety of insufficiently precise methodologies (king lists, radiocarbon dating, etc.) from which to derive seemingly “absolute” dates. The need for genuine precision has been recognized for a century, as has the potential solution: dendrochronology. This manuscript presents a case for further progress toward the construction of a tree-ring chronology for ancient Egypt.
1.3. First stellar iron abundance measurements in the Galactic center
Authors: Sellgren K. , Carr J. S. , Balachandran S. C.
Published: July 2016

The disk of the Milky Way galaxy shows evidence for gas-phase abundances which increase with decreasing radius (Simpson et al. 1995; Afflerbach et al. 1997). Sustained star formation in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy may be fueled by inflow of inner disk gas (Serabyn & Morris 1996), suggesting that Galactic Center (GC) stars may be metal-rich. Measurements of stellar abundances in the GC allow us to explore the chemical evolution of our Galaxy's nucleus and to infer its star formation history.
1.4. Miras as probes of the Galactic bulge
Authors: Hughes S.M.G. , Catchpole R.M. , Whitelock P.A. , Feast M.W.
Published: July 2016

Mira variables span a wide range of stellar populations and have a well-defined K, log P relation (e.g. Feast et al 1989; Hughes & Wood 1990), so can be used to map out the 3-D distribution of the bulge. Using IRAS-selected Miras, Whitelock & Catchpole (1992) showed for the first time from individual stellar distances that the bulge had a bar-like structure, but there is some uncertainty as to whether they obey the same K, log P relation as optically selected Miras. Hence the need for confirmation from an optical Mira survey.
1.11. A photometric study of two galactic bulge globular clusters
Authors: Lee Myung Gyoon , Yang Soung Chul , Yang Jeong Hoon , Geisler Doug
Published: July 2016

We present a comparative study of two metal-rich globular clusters in the Galactic bulge, NGC 6316 and NGC 6624, based on Washington CCD photometry. These two clusters are very close to the Galactic center. NGC 6624 is known to be dynamically in a post-core-collapse stage, while NGC 6316 is not. CMT1T2 CCD images of these clusters were obtained at the CTIO 0.9m telescope. We adopt the reddening values of E(B – V) = 0.61 for NGC 6316 and E(B – V) = 0.26 for NGC 6624 in this study.
1.17. Bulge and bar: a possible way of their formation
Authors: Nuritdinov S.N. , Gaynullia E.R. , Mirtodjieva K.T.
Published: July 2016

Some observational data indicate that galaxy subsystems, including their central areas, first of all are the result of their global nonstationary evolution. That is why we earlier built (Nuritdinov 1992) the exact non-linearly pulsing rotating models of disklike and spherical self-gravitating systems. Unlike other authors we want to research the stability problem of nonlinear nonstationary models. In the present report we want to give only those results of the instability studied, which have a direct attitude to the subject under discussion. We put a certain question: what initial conditions have to exist, for instance, for the value of the virial parameter (2T/|U|)0 and the parameter of anisotropy < Tr > / < T⊥ >, that the collapse of a disk should result in a bar, and the spherical collapse will result in a thick ellipsoidal bulge. To answer the question it is very important to study stability of the solvable nonlinear unequilibrium models. All models discussed below pulsate under the law R = II(ψ)R0, where (Nuritdinov 1985)
1.19. Mass-to-light ratios of spiral bulges in near-infrared
Authors: Ichikawa T. , Itoh N. , Yanagisawa K. , Sofue Y.
Published: July 2016

Sofue (1996, 1997) presented accurate rotation curves of nearby galaxies, which are almost completely sampled from the inner to outer regions. The conspicuous common feature of the rotation curves is a steep rise at the inner bulge. The rise suggests a compact massive concentration near the nucleus (Sofue 1996). The study of the light distribution at the inner bulge demands accurate surface photometry at near-infrared wavelengths, where dust extinction is much less effective than in the optical. Most of Sofue's samples are nearby large galaxies, so that observations with a wide field view is clue to constructing reliable light distribution models.
2.1. ISOCAM CVF observations of the Quintuplet and Object#17 clusters near the galactic center. diffuse components
Authors: Nagata T. , Kawara K. , Onaka T. , Kitamura Y. , Okuda H.
Published: July 2016

There are two star clusters near the Galactic Center which might be similar to the central parsec cluster. One is the Quintuplet cluster at (l = 0.16°, b = −0.06°), and the other is the Object #17 cluster at (l = 0.12°, b = 0.02°). The Quintuplet, first found in a polarimetric survey by Kobayashi et al. (1983), includes five very bright stars whose color temperatures are in the range of 600-900K (Okuda et al. 1990; Nagata et al. 1990). Object #17 is a cluster of emission line stars (Nagata et al. 1993, 1995; Cotera et al. 1996; Morris & Serabyn 1996). Spectral features of these two objects observed with the ISOCAM (Kessler et al. 1996; Cesarsky et al. 1996) have been reported (Nagata et al., 1996); absorption features due to O-H (2.8μm) CO2(4.3μm), and CO (4.7μm) are present. In this paper, we report diffuse emission components detected in these two fields.
2.10. Self-similar viscous growth of the central core of AGN seeds
Authors: Tsuribe T.
Published: July 2016

Dynamical collapse of rotating cloud and subsequent mass supply to the central object is the basic physical process on the formation of the central black holes in the high-z QSO cosmologically. Considering the formation of super massive black holes, the centrifugal barrier plays an important role. In this contribution, I consider the viscous effect to the self-gravitating disk which formed cosmologically. In particular, unsteady growth of the central core is treated consistently with surrounding accreting disks semi-analytically. A new self-similar solution of axisymmetric viscous accretion onto an evolving point mass is obtained. Application to QSO progenitor black hole formation is briefly discussed.
3.32. The broad component of HeIIλ4686 line in NGC4151
Authors: Nazarova L.S. , Gondhalekar P.M. , Bochkarev N.G. , Shapovalova A.I.
Published: July 2016

A series of spectral observations of the nucleus of the Seyfert galaxy NGC4151 were obtained with the TV scanner of the 6-meter telescope of SAO, Russia (Nazarova et al. 1997). The nucleus of the NGC4151 was observed repeatedly between 1986 and 1990 in the spectral range from 3900Å to 4950Å. The emission line fluxes were obtained by fitting multiple Gaussians. We parameterise the asymmetry of the HeII λ4686 and Hγ lines by the peak wavelength of the broad Gaussian fitted to the blend at ≈4686Å and at ≈4340Å. Significant changes have taken place in the asymmetry of the Hell line while there is only a gradual and small change in the asymmetry of Hγ line. However, the change in the integrated line flux is exactly opposite. It seems possible that the asymmetric variations of the broad component of Hell line and nearly stable asymmetry in the broad component of Hγ line during the period 1986-1990 might reflect the long-time variations in broad components emitted from HIL and LIL zones respectively. Work is partially supported by RBRF grant 97-02-17625.
4.9. Molecular abundances in G1.6-0.025
Authors: Hunt M.R. , Whiteoak J.B. , White G.L. , Jones P.A.
Published: July 2016

G1.6-0.025 is a dense molecular cloud, located near the Galactic Centre at l=1.6° and b=−0.025°. Lacking in star-forming or infra-red regions, the cloud was first detected as a prominent 5-GHz H2CO absorption feature (Whiteoak & Gardner 1979). NH3 observations by Gardner et al (1985) revealed a clumpy cloud with a diameter of about 30 parsec, average LSR velocity of 50 km s−1, and a kinetic temperature exceeding 50 K. In addition, a high-velocity component at 160 km s−1 has been detected towards one of the clumps (Gardner & Boes 1987). CH3OH in the cloud gives rise to a 12-GHz 20−3_1 E transition in absorption, representing the best example of rare population ‘anti-inversion’ for this transition (Whiteoak & Peng 1989; Peng & Whiteoak 1993). In contrast, the 36-GHz 4−1−30 E transition shows extended emission with superimposed knots containing maser emission (Haschick & Baan, 1993). Sobolev (1996) has suggested that a collision! has occurred between the main cloud and another cloudlet with relative velocity of 100 km s−1, resulting in high kinetic temperatures and shock waves that create the CH3OH masers.
4.16. A model of the Galactic disk by a central hole
Authors: Lépine J.R.D. , Leroy P.
Published: July 2016

We present a model aimed to reproduce the infrared brigtness distribution of the Galaxy, as observed by the COBE-DIRBE experiment, and by the Japanese balloon flights (eg. Hayakawa et al., 1981). Based on the disk brightness profiles of a sample of spiral galaxies, and on the observed brigthness distribution of bars, we adopted new mathematical expressions to represent each component (bulge, bar, disk, spiral arms).
5.7. The central gas consumption timescale in spirals
Authors: Jogee S. , Kenney J. D. P.
Published: July 2016

It is now widely accepted that a combination of torques and dissipation can drive molecular gas into the circumnuclear (inner kpc) region of spirals. However, the fate of the circumnuclear gas is poorly understood and depends on inflow mechanisms, outflow processes, and on star formation. It is unclear why spiral galaxies convert comparable amount of circumnuclear H2 into stars over a timescale (tsf) that varies by nearly two orders of magnitude between galaxies. The ratio M(H2)/L(RC) can be used to show the range in this timescale, where L(RC) is the 1.49 GHz radio continuum (RC) luminosity (Condon et al. 1990), and M(H2) the hydrogen mass traced by CO observations in the central 45″ (4.5 kpc for D=20 Mpc). A similar range is seen if the central 10 micron luminosity is used. Preliminary results from Jogee's thesis suggest that the circumnuclear gas consumption timescale by star formation (tsf) is correlated with the gas morphology (see Fig. 1) and kinematics. In particular, the value of tsf spans a large range in different kinematic regimes within a given galaxy, and together with inflow, this can lead some galaxies to follow evolutionary paths sketched in Fig. 1.
5.18. Molecular gas in the poststarburst galaxy NGC7331
Authors: Tosaki T. , Shioya Y.
Published: July 2016

To understand the origin and evolution of starburst activity, we must study the full evolution of starburst; i.e., pre-, on-going, and post-starburst phases. It seems reasonable to suppose the numerous A-type stars indicate past starburst and they show strong Balmer absorption. NGC7331, nearby early-type spiral galaxy, is one of the poststarburst galaxies which show strong Balmer absorption. The optical spectra of NGC7331 were dominated by component of intermediate-age (5 × 109 years) stellar populations (Ohyama & Taniguchi 1996). We present the result of the high resolution CO observations of NGC7331 using Nobeyama Milimeter Array.
6.11. Numerical simulations of the formation of AGNs
Authors: Sleath J.P. , Nelson A.H.
Published: July 2016

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Many galaxies are seen to be undergoing a range of activity associated with an active nucleus. Whilst much effort goes into understanding the mechanisms involved, very few authors have considered how such AGNs might form.

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Our group has for many years being studying the formation of galaxies based on the collapse and fragmentation of self-gravitating gas dynamics (e.g. Williams, 1997).

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However, to produce jets (which we are using as a tracer of AGN activity) requires additional physics. Other work (e.g. Matsumoto et al., 1996) has shown that magnetic fields are important in the production of jets from accretion discs.

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Hence we have produced a fully self-gravitating, magnetohydrodynamic code with the aim of studying the formation of an AGN starting from the initial collapse of a primordial overdensity.
6.13. Central NGC 2146 – a bending instability in the disk of newly formed stars?
Authors: Griv E.
Published: July 2016

As the observations of highly flattened galaxies including the Milky Way and many-body (N-body) simulations show, the central parts of these systems, say, at distances r < 0.5–0.7 kpc from the center, rotate slowly and their local circular velocities of regular rotation become less than (or comparable to) the residual (random) velocities. In such a thin, practically nonrotating circumnuclear disk, a typical star moves along the bending, perpendicular to the equatorial plane layer under the action of two forces which act in opposite directions: the destabilizing centrifugal force Fc and the restoring gravitational attraction Fg. Obviously, fierce instabilities of the buckling kind developing perpendicular to the plane may not be avoided if Fc > Fg. The latter condition is none other than the condition of “firehose” electromagnetic instability in collisionless plasmas which is driven by the particle “pressure” anisotropy.