bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulated (Un)Binding of Arachidonic Acid in the Cyclooxygenase site of Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-1
Authors: Molnar Ferenc , Norris Lawrence S. , Schulten Klaus
Published: April 2012

Molecular dynamics simulations with external forces are employed to study the unbinding and binding of arachidonic acid (AA) in the cyclooxygenase (COX) site of prostaglandin H2 synthase-1. Simulations with AA inside the COX binding channel reveal sequences of concerted bond rotations in the fatty acid alkyl chain which obviate the need for gross conformational changes in the protein and substrate during unbinding and binding. The all-cis structure of AA, with double bonds separated by two single bonds, facilitates easy access to the COX channel and correct positioning inside the active site for the COX chemistry to occur. Two derivatives of AA, one with a cis double bond changed to a trans configuration and the other with a double bond reduced to a single bond, are also studied. In both cases the concertedness of bond rotations in the fatty acid chain is diminished and larger forces are required to move the fatty acid inside the COX channel. Important motions of residues near the mouth of the COX channel are found and analyzed. In particular, a conformational “switch” involving Arg83, Glu524 and Arg120 is seen to mediate the movement of the substrate from the membrane to the channel.
Electron Transfer Reactions in Micellar Systems
Authors: Prado-Gotor R. , Jiménez R. , Pérez-Tejeda P. , López-Cornejo P. , López-López M. , Sánchez A. , Muriel-Delgado F. , Sánchez F.
Published: April 2012

The influence of micelles on electron transfer processes is reviewed. The micelles modify the rate of electron transfer reactions by producing changes in all the relevant parameters controlling this rate; that is, through modification of the reorganization free energy, the reaction free energy, the nuclear dynamics and the strength of the coupling between the donor and the acceptor. Applications of studies on electron transfer reactions in micellar systems in different fields are presented.
Aqueous Phase Kinetic Studies Involving Intermediates of Environmental Interest: Phosphate Radicals and Their Reactions with Substituted Benzenes
Authors: Mártire Daniel O. , Gonzalez Mónica C.
Published: April 2012

This manuscript describes our research work devoted to the understanding of the aqueous phase reactions of phosphate and polyphosphate radicals. Inorganic phosphate and polyphosphate radicals were generated after photolysis of peroxo-diphosphate, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate ions. The reactions of SO4•-radicals with P2O74- and P3O105- are also discussed.

The logarithm of the bimolecular rate constants for the reactions of the three phosphate radicals (H2PO4• HPO4•- PO4•2-) with substituted benzenes are discussed in terms of Hammett correlations and a reaction mechanism is proposed. Phenoxyl type radical formation from the reactions of H2PO4• and HPO4•- radicals with phenol, chlorobenzene, and α, α, α-trifluorotoluene (TFT) supports the contribution of an addition pathway yielding a phosphate adduct with the substituted benzene. Additional information on the absorption spectra and decay kinetics of the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals of chlorobenzene and TFT is also given.
Photochemistry of Petroleum
Authors: Nicodem David E. , Guedes Carmen L.B. , Conceição M. , Fernandes Z. , Severino Divinomar , Correa Rodrigo J. , Coutinho Margareth Carvalho , Silva Jaciara
Published: April 2012

The current knowledge of photochemical weathering of petroleum and its fractions in the environment is reviewed, mostly in relation to petroleum films over water. Literature results are compared with the authors’ work. The effects of photochemical oxidation of petroleum on the physical and biological properties of petroleum are examined as well as suggested mechanisms for the observed transformations.
Spectroscopic studies of the hydrogen-oxygen explosion initiated by the flash photolysis of nitrogen dioxide
Authors: Norrish R. G. W. , Porter G.
Published: April 2012

The method of flash photolysis has been used to initiate the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, using a small amount of nitrogen dioxide as sensitizer. The dependence of the ignition limits on total pressure, capacity and the pressure of nitrogen dioxide have been studied, as well as the flash photochemical decomposition of nitrogen dioxide alone. The explosive reaction is complete in a few milliseconds, and very short induction periods are found whose duration can be explained in terms of the initial temperature rise. It is shown that the initiation of the explosion in this way is reproducible to less than 10−4 s and flash spectroscopy is used to study the development of the reactions with time. The spectra obtained are described and the reactions of the OH radical are investigated by means of its absorption spectrum, whose intensity variations with partial pressure of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and water vapour over time intervals of 0.2 ms throughout the reaction are given. Addition of hydrogen accelerates the reaction, but oxygen in excess has the same effect as an inert gas which is to decrease the rate. It is shown that the important propagation steps are exclusively bimolecular and the main reactions of the OH radical are identified. The mechanism of the overall explosion reaction is discussed and a reaction scheme is given which is in accordance with the results.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Mammalian Heme Peroxidase Reactions
Authors: Dunford H. Brian
Published: April 2012

The kinetics and mechanism of action of the most intensively studied mammalian peroxidases, myeloperoxidase and prostaglandin H synthase are critically reviewed. Evidence against currently favored mechanisms is presented. It is shown that myeloperoxidase has a strong defence mechanism against free hypochlorous acid, commonly thought to be its principal product in its bactericidal activity. Rather, after its two-electron oxidation of chloride ion, myeloperoxidase rapidly converts it into an enzyme-bound chlorinating intermediate, most likely a chlorinated distal imidazole ring. This species chlorinates taurine which may either be a transfer agent of Cl+ to other species or may act directly in attack on invading microorganisms. The currently favored mechanism of action of prostaglandin H synthase-1 is a branching chain mechanism in which Compound I is converted into a species containing a tyrosyl radical on the opposite side of the enzyme. Once the tyrosyl radical is formed it converts arachidonic acid into a peroxide in a cyclooxygenase reaction, independent of the peroxidase activity. This mechanism cannot explain the enhancing effect of small free radical scavengers, nor the fact that peroxidase activity continues unabated while the cyclooxygenase reaction is proceeding, nor the 2: 1 ratio of small free radical scavenger to arachidonic acid consumption. A tightly coupling of peroxidase and cycloxygenase reactions appears to be the steady state mechanism, and the branching chain mechanism, if it occurs, is confined to a burst transient state phase.
Registration of Pea Germplasm Lines Partially Resistant to Aphanomyces Root Rot for Breeding Fresh or Freezer Pea and Dry Pea Types
Authors: McGee Rebecca J. , Coyne Clarice J. , Pilet-Nayel Marie-Laure , Moussart Anne , Tivoli Bernard , Baranger Alain , Hamon Céline , Vandemark George , McPhee Kevin
Published: April 2012

Eight germplasm lines of green pea (Pisum sativum L.)—RIL 846‐07 (Reg. No. GP‐99, PI 660729), RIL 847‐08 (Reg. No. GP‐100, PI 660730), RIL 847‐22 (Reg. No. GP‐101, PI 660731), RIL 847‐28 (Reg. No. GP‐102, PI 660732), RIL 847‐45 (Reg. No. GP‐103, PI 660733), RIL 847‐50 (Reg. No. GP‐104, PI 660734), RIL 847‐53 (Reg. No. GP‐105, PI 660735), and RIL 847‐68 (Reg. No. GP‐106, PI 660736)—were developed and released jointly by the USDA‐ARS, the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), and North Dakota State University. They were selected from an F8–derived recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from a cross between ‘Dark Skin Perfection’ and 90‐2131. These lines all have high levels of partial resistance to root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs. f. sp. pisi when screened in 12 environments of 10 infested field nurseries across 4 yr and four locations in the USA and France and with two reference isolates in controlled conditions. On the basis of a disease index derived from the 12 environments (location‐years), these lines had improved partial resistance compared with either parent. RIL 847‐028, RIL 847‐050, RIL 847‐053, and RIL 847‐068 performed better in U.S. field nurseries than in the French nurseries. Conversely, RIL 846‐007, RIL 847‐008, RIL 847‐022, and RIL 847‐045 performed better in the French field nurseries than in the U.S. nurseries. The eight lines also have acceptable agronomic characteristics: they have white flowers, straight blunt green pods, and green cotyledons; are clear seeded and semidwarf; and flower at the 14th–16th node in 57–61 d. The release of these germplasms will assist the breeding and development of either smooth‐ or wrinkle‐seeded cultivars for the fresh or freezer pea and dry pea markets, respectively, with improved partial resistance to Aphanomyces root rot.
The Biology of Autoimmune Response in the Scurfy Mice that Lack the CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T-Cells
Authors: Ju Shyr-Te , Sharma Rahul , Gaskin Felicia , Kung John T. , Fu Shu Man
Published: April 2012

Due to a mutation in the Foxp3 transcription factor, Scurfy mice lack regulatory T-cells that maintain self-tolerance of the immune system. They develop multi-organ inflammation (MOI) and die around four weeks old. The affected organs are skin, tail, lungs and liver. In humans, endocrine and gastrointestinal inflammation are also observed, hence the disease is termed IPEX (Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome. The three week period of fatal MOI offers a useful autoimmune model in which the controls by genetics, T-cell subsets, cytokines, and effector mechanisms could be efficiently investigated. In this report, we will review published work, summarize our recent studies of Scurfy double mutants lacking specific autoimmune-related genes, discuss the cellular and cytokine controls by these genes on MOI, the organ-specificities of the MOI controlled by environments, and the effector mechanisms regulated by specific Th cytokines, including several newly identified control mechanisms for organ-specific autoimmune response.
One Health, One World—The Intersecting Legal Regimes of Trade, Climate Change, Food Security, Humanitarian Crises, and Migration
Authors: Garcia Kelli K. , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: April 2012

Today’s global health challenges require a multi-sectoral approach in which health is a fundamental value within global governance and international law. “One Health, One World” provides a unified, harmonious vision of global health governance that supports the wellbeing of humans and animals living in a clean and temperate environment. This article focuses on five legal regimes—trade law, food security law, environmental law, humanitarian law, and refugee law—that play a pivotal role in influencing health outcomes and are integral to achieving the One Health, One World vision. International trade, for example, opens markets not only to life-saving products such as vaccines, medicines, and medical equipment, but also to life-threatening products such as tobacco and asbestos. If strengthened and enforced, environmental law can decrease air and water pollution, major causes of death and disability. World hunger has been exacerbated by the global economic crisis and climate change, increasing the urgency for international law to enhance food security. Humanitarian law must similarly be strengthened to protect civilians adequately as the nature of warfare continues to change. Refugee law plays a pivotal role in protecting the health of deeply vulnerable people who lack food, shelter, and social stability. Higher standards and more effective compliance are necessary for international law to realize its full potential to safeguard the world's population.
Effects of Donor Characteristics and Ex Vivo Expansion on Canine Mesenchymal Stem Cell Properties: Implications for MSC-Based Therapies
Authors: Volk Susan W. , Wang Yanjian , Hankenson Kurt D.
Published: April 2012

Clinical trials utilizing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) therapies show promise for treating a variety of pathologic conditions. Paramount to optimization of such cell-based therapies is a thorough understanding of MSC biology. Despite the tremendous potential that exists for the clinical use of canine BM-MSCs in veterinary medicine, as well as in preclinical studies for human medicine, relatively little information exists regarding basic biological properties of the cells. In this study, we compared the importance of donor characteristics (age and harvest site) and ex vivo expansion on canine BM-MSC frequency (CFU-f) and differentiation potential. Advancing age was found to have a negative effect on CFU-f as well as osteogenic potential. Site of harvest was also found to have significant effects on MSC properties. MSCs obtained from the humerus were found at the lowest frequency and were least osteogenic compared to those harvested from the tibia, femur, and ilium. Osteogenic potential diminished significantly by the third passage. These results suggest important donor parameters and culture effects to consider in translational studies examining MSC-based regenerative medical strategies.
La fièvre de l'Euro
Authors: Roussel Josse
Published: April 2012

Les nations du sud de la zone Euro ont connu la prospérité dans les années qui ont suivi la création de la monnaie unique. Le bond de la consommation et l’élévation du niveau de vie se sont hélas révélés être des mirages. En favorisant un endettement massif, l’Euro a encouragé un mirage économique qui, aujourd’hui disparu, ne laisse plus entrevoir qu’un mur de dettes et sa promesse d’austérité perpétuelle. Comment en est-on arrivé là ? Comment en sortir ?
La rigueur et après ?
Authors: Jolly Cécile
Published: April 2012

Cet article tente une prospective économique des pays méditerranéens de l’UE. Il propose notamment trois scénarios, en s’inspirant d’une étude du Centre d’Analyse Stratégique (CAS) consacrée à la France. Et force est d’admettre que toutes les perspectives ne sont pas obscures, loin s’en faut, pour les pays méditerranéens.
Comprendre la crise espagnole Une inflexion entre deux époques ?
Authors: Pellistrandi Benoît
Published: April 2012

La crise économique espagnole, bousculant ce que certains avaient pris pour un modèle de croissance et de développement en Europe, invite à dépasser la simple explication conjoncturelle. La thèse centrale de cette contribution est que cette crise massive constitue une charnière entre deux époques. La première (1976- 2008) serait celle de la croissance, de la métamorphose heureuse et du rayonnement culturel, tandis que depuis trois ans se serait ouverte une nouvelle séquence de l’histoire espagnole, marquée par l’entrée dans l’ère du pessimisme. La redéfinition d’acquis de la période précédente accentue le caractère de tournant que constituerait ainsi l’année 2011, marquée par des mouvements sociaux et une alternance politique d’importance.
Chypre, victime de la spéculation financière
Authors: Chiclet Christophe
Published: April 2012

Chypre est une île divisée depuis 1974. Depuis lors, la république de Chypre a connu un essor économique certain. Malgré tout, l’île a fait l’objet d’avertissements de la part des agences de notations qui semblent à tout le moins excessifs.
La question Queer au Maroc Identités sexuées et transgenre au sein de la littérature marocaine de langue française
Authors: Zaganiaris Jean
Published: April 2012

Peut-on penser les pratiques sexuelles au sein des sociétés arabo-musulmanes en relation avec des problématiques de la Queer Theory ? À partir des discours écrits et oraux des écrivains marocains de langue française, nous avons voulu regarder de quelle façon les pratiques sexuelles et les identités sexuées sont représentées au sein de leurs œuvres. En travaillant sur ces discours, nous nous sommes aperçus que des questions relatives à la lutte contre l’hétéronormativité à tendance patriarcale ou bien au transgenre sont évoquées par un certain nombre d’auteurs. Toutefois, est-ce que cela suffit pour parler de Queer au Maroc ?
De l'Auvergnat au Kabyle Le recyclage d'un stéréotype dans l'Algérie coloniale
Authors: Martel Philippe
Published: April 2012

Les conquérants de l’Algérie au XIX e siècle se trouvent confrontés à des populations diverses et hostiles, Arabes ou Berbères, qu’il leur faut essayer de comprendre et d’opposer, pour mieux les dominer. Pour cela, ils s’appuient sur les ressemblances qu’ils peuvent trouver entre leurs nouveaux sujets et des populations plus familières sur lesquelles pèsent des stéréotypes. Il est assez curieux de ce point de vue de voir comment certains établissent des parallèles, explicites ou implicites, entre les Algériens et des populations du Midi de la France, montagnards ou habitants des plaines. On étudiera ici la façon dont fonctionne dans les textes ce parallèle, et ce qu’il signifie.
Ci-gît l'État
Authors: Ribault Nadine , Ribault Thierry
Published: April 2012

Résumé Alors qu’avant Fukushima les mouvements japonais naissants s’affirmaient soucieux de définir de nouveaux modes de vie, de nouvelles communautés, depuis Fukushima le constat de l’incapacité de l’État à protéger la population fait germer un désir de soulèvement. Cependant les manifestations sont récupérées par les vedettes médiatiques, et les organisations mafieuses s’occupent de recruter et contrôler les « liquidateurs ». L’austérité produite tant par la crise économique que par la fermeture de nombreuses centrales nucléaires présage d’un avenir « sombre ». Thierry Ribault a réalisé la plupart des interviews qui suivent.
Ne vous inquiétez pas, ce ne sont pas de mauvais types
Authors: Matsumoto Hajime , Higuchi Takuro
Published: April 2012

Résumé Hijame Matsumoto a fondé en 2005 un mouvement intitulé « La fronde des amateurs » dans le quartier Koenji où on trouve les puces de Tokyo. Takuro Higuchi est sociologue et membre de la Fronde. Ils gèrent quelques boutiques et un bar. Malgré les liens qu’ils ont établis avec d’autres mouvements dans le monde, ils sont relativement pessimistes sur les perspectives d’activisme au Japon. Ils ont pris l’initiative d’organiser les manifestations après Fukushima, mais sont très conscients de leurs limites, du savoir-faire d’une police qui n’a pas peur d’eux.
Life History Traits of Adult Broad Whitefish and Humpback Whitefish
Authors: Harper Ken C. , Harris Frank , Miller Steve J. , Thalhauser John M. , Ayers Scott D.
Published: April 2012

Broad whitefish Coregonus nasus and humpback whitefish C. pidschian are important to the regional subsistence economy of the Kuskokwim River watershed, Alaska, where they and other whitefish constitute greater than half of the nonsalmon fish harvests. Harvest occurs year-round from lakes, ponds, and the mainstem by subsistence fishermen and through a limited number of commercial permits. Little is known about the life history (e.g., migration patterns) of these species, and subsistence fishers have raised concerns about declining body size and abundance. Project objectives were to 1) characterize annual movement patterns of mature broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, 2) verify suspected spawning locations and locate new spawning locations for broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, 3) describe overwintering locations for broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, 4) characterize age and length at maturity for broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, and 5) characterize the habitat of at least one humpback whitefish spawning area. During 2006–2009, we implanted radiotransmitters in 135 mature broad whitefish and 83 humpback whitefish and tracked movements in the Kuskokwim River drainage. We identified two mainstem spawning areas used by broad whitefish and three tributary spawning areas and one mainstem spawning area used by humpback whitefish. Broad whitefish continued to move into spawning areas under the ice and spawned in late October or early November. Humpback whitefish spawned in early October before the river froze over. Individuals of each species migrated as far as 800 river kilometers to spawning areas. Both species migrated downstream after spawning, overwintered in the mainstem Kuskokwim River, and exhibited fidelity to oxbow and tundra lake feeding areas in the summer. Consecutive year spawning was exhibited by individuals of both species and occurred more frequently in males than females for broad whitefish. The median age (5 y) of broad whitefish captured for radiotagging was younger than ages observed in samples collected from other broad whitefish populations in Alaska and Canada. Only mature humpback whitefish in spawning condition were found during October in suspected spawning areas in the Holitna and Swift rivers.
Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Survival, Blood-Feeding Success, and Fecundity of Aedes aegypti in Laboratory and Semi-Field Conditions
Authors: Darbro Jonathan M. , Johnson Petrina H. , Thomas Matthew B. , Ritchie Scott A. , Kay Brian H. , Ryan Peter A.
Published: April 2012

The fungus Beauveria bassiana reduces Aedes aegypti longevity in laboratory conditions, but effects on survival, blood-feeding behavior, and fecundity in realistic environmental conditions have not been tested. Adult, female Ae. aegypti infected with B. bassiana (FI-277) were monitored for blood-feeding success and fecundity in the laboratory. Fungal infection reduced mosquito-human contact by 30%. Fecundity was reduced by (mean ± SD) 29.3 ± 8.6 eggs per female per lifetime in the laboratory; egg batch size and viability were unaffected. Mosquito survival, blood-feeding behavior, and fecundity were also tested in 5 meter×7 meter×4 meter semi-field cages in northern Queensland, Australia. Fungal infection reduced mosquito survival in semi-field conditions by 59–95% in large cages compared with 61–69% in small cages. One semi-field cage trial demonstrated 80% reduction in blood-feeding; a second trial showed no significant effect. Infection did not affect fecundity in large cages. Beauveria bassiana can kill and may reduce biting of Ae. aegypti in semi-field conditions and in the laboratory. These results further support the use of B. bassiana as a potential biocontrol agent against Ae. aegypti.
The archive and library of the former Italian Central Office for Meteorology and Climatology
Authors: Beltrano M. C. , Esposito S. , Iafrate L.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The Paper Archive and Library of CRA-CMA (Agricultural Research Council – Research Unit for Climatology and Meteorology applied to Agriculture) are an important source of meteorological data for climate research. CRA-CMA's Paper Archive gathers a collection of about 850 historical meteorological datasets. Among them, 40 are nowadays still in progress, 260 are more than thirty years long and 20 exceed one century. Moreover, the specialized Library of CRA-CMA gathers several publications containing meteorological data from many Italian and foreign observatories and an important collection of scientific journals and historical books on Atmospheric Sciences, Geophysics and Agrometeorology published both in Italy and abroad and dating from the second half of the sixteenth century. Even if input data for climate models are generally based on 30 yr long datasets, nevertheless longer observational series (up to 50 or 100 yr) are a key element to better understand the climate system behavior. Until today, the library described in this paper is a CRA-CMA heritage almost unknown to the international scientific community.
Mathematical modelling of positive carbon-climate feedback: permafrost lake methane emission case
Authors: Sudakov I. A. , Vakulenko S. A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. The permafrost methane emission problem is in the focus of attention of different climate models. We present new approach to the permafrost methane emission modeling. The tundra permafrost lakes is potential source of methane emission. Typically, tundra landscape contains a number of small lakes and warming leads to lake extension. We are making use of this process by the nonlinear theory of phase transitions. We find that climate catastrophe possibility depends on a feedback coefficient connecting the methane concentration in atmosphere and temperature, and on the tundra permafrost methane pool.
Osteosarcoma of the Tibia 6 Years After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: Atherton Matthew J. , Arthurs Gareth
Published: April 2012

A 7 yr old spayed female mastiff presented for examination of a left pelvic limb lameness of 3 mo duration. Six years previously, the dog had undergone tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery of the left pelvic limb for the treatment of cranial cruciate disease. On presentation, the dog had a painful and swollen proximal tibia. Following investigation, a diagnosis of osteosarcoma of the proximal left tibia at the site of the previous TPLO surgery was made. This is the first reported case of osteosarcoma following TPLO using an implant other than the Slocum plate.
Surgical Management of a Subepiglottic Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in a Dog
Authors: McCally Ryan E. , Kim Stanley E. , Bacon Nicholas J. , Winter Matthew D. , Cords Alan A. , Conway Julia A.
Published: April 2012

A 2 yr old dog presented for dysphagia and coughing secondary to a 4 cm × 4 cm turgid subepiglottic mass. Cervical radiographs, an esophagram, and computed tomography confirmed the presence of a cystic mass that was not intimately associated with any surrounding structures. An incisional biopsy confirmed the cystic nature of the mass and helped to rule out a malignancy. A marginal surgical excision was performed via a ventral approach. Histopathology of the mass was consistent with a thyroglossal duct cyst. This is the first report of a thyroglossal duct cyst in this location in a dog. There was no recurrence of clinical signs 14 mo after surgery.
Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial DNAs of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1(COI) Regions in Slow Lorises (Genus Nycticebus) May Contribute to Improved Identification of
Confiscated Specimens
Authors: Somura Hiroko , Hori Hiroshi , Manome Yoshinobu
Published: April 2012

The slow loris (Nycticebus) is a prosimian that is popular among exotic pet lovers. In Japan, many slow lorises have been imported illegally. Prosimians that have been confiscated in raids are protected in Japanese zoos, and the number of such animals has increased. In most cases, the country of origin remains unknown and even the species can be difficult to identify from the animal’s physical appearance alone. We have attempted to resolve this problem by using DNA analysis. DNA samples of five species, consisting of the Pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus), and Bornean slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis), were extracted, amplified, and the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1(COI) regions were compared. Differences of nucleic acid sequences of representative individuals were demonstrated.
Livret et partition pour un opéra fantôme : le débat entre Claude Gauvreau et Pierre Mercure autour du Vampire et la nymphomane
Authors: Lapointe Gilles
Published: April 2012

« Refus d’un cantonnement dans la seule bourgade plastique », écrivait Borduas dans Refus global. En 1948, la quête de l’abstraction s’imposait en effet comme la voie à suivre pour marquer la rupture avec la tradition artistique. Depuis les années 1980, une grande attention critique a été accordée à la dimension multidisciplinaire des activités du groupe automatiste. Auteur du livret de l’opéra Le Vampire et la nymphomane — une oeuvre faisant appel à l’étroite collaboration de Pierre Mercure —, le poète Claude Gauvreau aura été celui qui aura défendu avec le plus d’ardeur la place de la musique au sein du groupe montréalais. Cette étude tente, dans un premier temps, de mettre en lumière les aspects les plus significatifs de cette contribution. Elle examine ensuite, à partir de l’idéal surréaliste, les causes de la mésentente qui opposa publiquement en 1949 Claude Gauvreau et Pierre Mercure au sujet de l’opéra Le Vampire et la nymphomane. À travers la présentation d’une lettre inédite de Claude Gauvreau à André Breton, elle interroge enfin quelques-unes des idées source au fondement du rapport de fascination et de rejet qui a marqué les échanges entre l’automatisme et le surréalisme.
Fabrikplanung im Fokus
Authors: Loos Manuel Norbert , Ovtcharova Jivka , Heinz Stefanie
Published: April 2012

Fabrikplanung ist seit jeher eine Disziplin, bei der Belange des Maschinen‐ und Anlagenbaus auf die Belange des Bauwesens und der Architektur treffen. Dieses Querschnittsthema ist demnach geprägt von diversen Einflüssen aus verschiedenen Fachbereichen. Was genau Fabrikplanung beinhaltet und wie der Begriff definiert ist, soll im folgenden Beitrag geklärt werden; außerdem ist es ein Anliegen, die Einteilung dieser Disziplin zu klären und die Aufgabenbereiche abzugrenzen. Dabei spielt es auch eine wesentliche Rolle, die Elemente und die Bedeutung von Fabrikstrukturen zu diskutieren. Aufgrund sich verändernder Einflüsse im Bereich der Produktion und weiterer übergeordneter Entwicklungen in Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft ergeben sich neue Herausforderungen für die Fabrikplanung, die von den Fabrikplanern in produzierenden Unternehmen zu bewältigen sind. Wie sich die Rolle des Fabrikplaners im Berufsalltag darstellt, wird abschließend dargestellt und anhand einiger Projekt‐ auf Aufgabenbeispiele erläutert.

Factory planning in focus – Between machines and structural works

Factory planning has always been a discipline that is between the topics of mechanical engineering and plant construction on the one side and civil engineering and architecture on the other side. This cross‐sectional topic is therefore affected by influences of these different departments. This paper is to explain the tasks of factory planning and to define the term; furthermore this discipline shall be subdivided and the tasks shall be separated. Moreover it plays an important role to discuss the elements and the importance of production facilities. Because of changing influences in production and other global developments in society and economy there are new challenges for the factory planning to be handled by the factory planners of manufacturing companies. What duties and responsibilities factory planners have in their daily work is finally explained by means of some examples.
Bioökonomie und der Mensch
Authors: Müller Klaus , Knierim Andrea
Published: April 2012

Ein auf breiter Basis akzeptiertes Leitbild ist Voraussetzung für die weitgehende Vermeidung bzw. die erfolgreiche Überwindung von unvermeidbaren Akzeptanzproblemen bei der Implementierung einer Bioökonomiestrategie.

Die beste biotechnologische/bioökonomische Innovation lässt sich nicht gesellschaftlich Wohlfahrt bringend implementieren, wenn nicht bereits im Vorfeld oder während der Innovationsentwicklung relevante normative Fragen auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene diskutiert werden, zugehörige Chancen und Risiken identifiziert und kommuniziert sowie Strategien zur Vermeidung dieser Risiken entwickelt werden. All dies setzt eine Partizipation der tangierten gesellschaftlichen Gruppen sowie effektive Kommunikationsstrategien voraus.
Gründer haben kurze Beine
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: April 2012

Wenn nur wenige Individuen einer Art eine neue, zumindest teilweise isolierte Population aufbauen, ist die genetische Vielfalt ihrer Nachkommen sehr gering. Bestimmte anatomische oder sonstige Merkmale treten bei ihnen häufiger auf als in anderen Populationen, was sie letztlich auszeichnet und gegenüber anderen hervorhebt. Diesen “Gründereffekt” konnte man nicht nur zu Darwins Zeiten beobachten – er ist auch heutzutage nachweisbar, wie Forscher am Beispiel der Reptilienart Anolis sagrei zeigen konnten.
Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Leukocyte Antigen Heterologous Expression Systems: a Cell's “Chemical Odor Fingerprint”
Authors: Aksenov Alexander A. , Gojova Andrea , Zhao Weixiang , Morgan Joshua T. , Sankaran Shankar , Sandrock Christian E. , Davis Cristina E.
Published: April 2012

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene‐coding region in humans, plays a significant role in infectious disease response, autoimmunity, and cellular recognition. This super locus is essential in mate selection and kin recognition because of the organism‐specific odor which can be perceived by other individuals. However, how the unique MHC genetic combination of an organism correlates with generation of the organism‐specific odor is not well understood. In the present work, we have shown that human B‐cells produce a set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be measured by GC‐MS. More importantly, our results show that specific HLA alleles are related to production of selected VOCs, and that this leads to a cell‐specific odor “fingerprint”. We used a C1R HLA class I A and B locus negative cell line, along with C1R cell lines that were stably transfected with specific A and B alleles. Our work demonstrates for the first time that HLA alleles can directly influence production of specific odor compounds at the cellular level. Given that the resulting odor fingerprint depends on expression of specific HLA sequences, it may yield information on unique human scent profiles, composition of exhaled breath, as well as immune response states in future studies.
Control over the Chemoselectivity of Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions of (2‐Iodoanilino)carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Solé Daniel , Fernández Israel , Sierra Miguel A.
Published: April 2012

The factors that control the chemoselectivity of palladium‐catalyzed cyclization reactions of (2‐iodoanilino)carbonyl compounds have been explored by an extensive experimental computational (DFT) study. It was found that the selectivity of the process, that is, the formation of fused six‐ versus five‐membered rings, can be controlled by the proper selection of the initial reactant, reaction conditions, and additives. Thus, esters or amides produce ketones by a nucleophilic addition process, whereas the addition of PhO− ions leads to the formation of indolines by an α‐arylation reaction. In contrast, the corresponding ketone reactants yield a mixture of both reaction products, the ratio of which depends on the base used, in the presence of phenol. The outcome of the processes can be explained by the formation of a common four‐membered palladacycle intermediate from which the competitive nucleophilic addition and α‐arylation reactions occur. The remarkable effect of phenol in the process, which makes the α‐arylation reaction easier, favored the formation of enol complexes, which are stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group of the enol moiety and the oxygen atom of the phenoxy ligand. Moreover, the chemoselectivy of the process can be also controlled by the addition of bidendate ligands that lead to the almost exclusive formation of indoles at expenses of the corresponding alcohols.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potent Azadipeptide Nitrile Inhibitors and Activity‐Based Probes as Promising Anti‐Trypanosoma brucei Agents
Authors: Yang Peng‐Yu , Wang Min , Li Lin , Wu Hao , He Cynthia Y. , Yao Shao Q.
Published: April 2012

Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei are parasites that cause Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness, respectively. There is an urgent need for the development of new drugs against both diseases due to the lack of adequate cures and emerging drug resistance. One promising strategy for the discovery of small‐molecule therapeutics against parasitic diseases has been to target the major cysteine proteases such as cruzain for T. cruzi, and rhodesain/TbCatB for T. brucei. Azadipeptide nitriles belong to a novel class of extremely potent cysteine protease inhibitors against papain‐like proteases. We herein report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of azanitrile‐containing compounds, most of which were shown to potently inhibit both recombinant cruzain and rhodesain at low nanomolar/picomolar ranges. A strong correlation between the potency of rhodesain inhibition (i.e., target‐based screening) and trypanocidal activity (i.e., whole‐organism‐based screening) of the compounds was observed. To facilitate detailed studies of this important class of inhibitors, selected hit compounds from our screenings were chemically converted into activity‐based probes (ABPs), which were subsequently used for in situ proteome profiling and cellular localization studies to further elucidate potential cellular targets (on and off) in both the disease‐relevant bloodstream form (BSF) and the insect‐residing procyclic form (PCF) of Trypanosoma brucei. Overall, the inhibitors presented herein show great promise as a new class of anti‐trypanosome agents, which possess better activities than existing drugs. The activity‐based probes generated from this study could also serve as valuable tools for parasite‐based proteome profiling studies, as well as bioimaging agents for studies of cellular uptake and distribution of these drug candidates. Our studies therefore provide a good starting point for further development of these azanitrile‐containing compounds as potential anti‐parasitic agents.
Enantiomerically Pure Phosphaalkene–Oxazolines (PhAk‐Ox): Synthesis, Scope and Copolymerization with Styrene
Authors: Dugal‐Tessier Julien , Serin Spencer C. , Castillo‐Contreras Emmanuel B. , Conrad Eamonn D. , Dake Gregory R. , Gates Derek P.
Published: April 2012

The design of a synthetic route to a class of enantiomerically pure phosphaalkene–oxazolines (PhAk‐Ox) is presented. The condensation of a lithium silylphosphide and a ketone (the phospha‐Peterson reaction) was used as the PC bond‐forming step. Attempted condensation of PhC(O)Ox (Ox=CNOCH(iPr)CH2) and MesP(SiMe3)Li gave the unusual heterocycle (MesP)2C(Ph)CN‐(S)‐CH(iPr)CH2O (3). However, PhAk‐Ox (S,E)‐MesPC(Ph)CMe2Ox (1 a) was successfully prepared by treating MesP(SiMe3)Li with PhC(O)CMe2Ox (52 %). To demonstrate the modularity and tunability of the phospha‐Peterson synthesis several other phosphaalkene–oxazolines were prepared in an analogous manner to 1 a: TripPC(Ph)CMe2Ox (1 b; Trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl), 2‐iPrC6H4PC(Ph)CMe2Ox (1 c), 2‐tBuC6H4PC(Ph)CMe2Ox (1 d), MesPC(4‐MeOC6H4)CMe2Ox (1 e), MesPC(Ph)C(CH2)4Ox (1 f), and MesPC(3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3)C(CH2)4Ox (1 g). To evaluate the PhAk‐Ox compounds as prospective precursors to chiral phosphine polymers, monomer 1 a and styrene were subjected to radical‐initiated copolymerization conditions to afford [{MesPC(Ph)(CMe2Ox)}x{CH2CHPh}y]n (9 a: x=0.13n, y=0.87n; GPC: Mw=7400 g mol−1, PDI=1.15).
Risk Management in Mega Projects
Authors: Meier Peter
Published: April 2012

Industrielle Großprojekte sind mit beträchtlichen technischen und unternehmerischen Risiken verknüpft. Das Projektmanagement schließt ein Risikomanagement mit ein. Die Beurteilung der Risiken ist Teil der Entscheidungen in allen Phasen des Projekts. Das Risikomanagement in Projekten ist weitgehend standardisiert und bedient sich stochastischer Planungsmodelle, die mit Monte‐Carlo‐Rechnungen simuliert werden.
Optimization in Energy: Locally vs Globally Optimal Solutions
Authors: Martin Alexander , Pokutta Sebastian , Schewe Lars
Published: April 2012

Die Anwendung von Optimierungsmethoden ist in den letzten Jahren zu einem zentralen Bestandteil eines effizienten Energiemanagements geworden. Kraftwerke müssen beispielsweise optimal gesteuert werden und die Energieproduktion auf variierende Lastprofile angepasst werden. Die Optimierung gewinnt daher in Ergänzung zur Simulation immer mehr an Bedeutung, gerade in Zusammenhang mit ingenieurwissenschaftlichen und energiewirtschaftlichen Fragestellungen. Die wichtigsten Optimierungsmethoden werden aus mathematischer Sicht vorgestellt. An zwei ausgewählten Beispielen wird der Mehrwert moderner mathematischer Verfahren zur Bestimmung von nachweislich guten bzw. global optimalen Lösungen gezeigt.
Der menschlichen Duftchemie auf der Spur
Authors: Natsch Andreas
Published: April 2012

Körpergerüche haben im modernen Alltag möglicherweise keine Funktion und werden deshalb mit Deodorants und Antitranspirantien gezielt bekämpft. Die Duftproduktion basiert allerdings auf einem faszinierenden Zusammenspiel zwischen spezifischen Drüsensekreten und einer spezialisierten Flora von Hautbakterien. Die beteiligten chemischen und biochemischen Vorgänge wurden in Forschungsarbeiten der letzten zehn Jahre erstmals im Detail beschrieben: Die Struktur neuer Duftmoleküle und deren Konjugate mit Aminosäuren wurde aufgeklärt und die an der Duftfreisetzung beteiligten Enzyme isoliert. Diese Resultate werfen Fragen nach der evolutionären Bedeutung der menschlichen Körpergerüche auf, eröffnen aber auch neue Wege, gezielt wirkende Deodorants zu entwickeln.
Comparative Molecular Profiling of the PPARα/γ Activator Aleglitazar: PPAR Selectivity, Activity and Interaction with Cofactors
Authors: Dietz Michel , Mohr Peter , Kuhn Bernd , Maerki Hans Peter , Hartman Peter , Ruf Armin , Benz Jörg , Grether Uwe , Wright Matthew B.
Published: April 2012

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that control the expression of genes involved in a variety of physiologic processes, through heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor and complex formation with various cofactors. Drugs or treatment regimens that combine the beneficial effects of PPARα and γ agonism present an attractive therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Aleglitazar is a dual PPARα/γ agonist currently in phase III clinical development for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who recently experienced an acute coronary event. The potency and efficacy of aleglitazar was evaluated in a head‐to‐head comparison with other PPARα, γ and δ ligands. A comprehensive, 12‐concentration dose–response analysis using a cell‐based assay showed aleglitazar to be highly potent, with EC50 values of 5 nM and 9 nM for PPARα and PPARγ, respectively. Cofactor recruitment profiles confirmed that aleglitazar is a potent and balanced activator of PPARα and γ. The efficacy and potency of aleglitazar are discussed in relation to other dual PPARα/γ agonists, in context with the published X‐ray crystal structures of both PPARα and γ.
Synthesis, Characterization, and CO2 Adsorptive Behavior of Mesoporous AlOOH‐Supported Layered Hydroxides
Authors: Chang Yen‐Po , Chen Yu‐Chun , Chang Po‐Hsueh , Chen San‐Yuan
Published: April 2012

A novel CO2 solid sorbent was prepared by synthesizing and modifying AlOOH‐supported CaAl layered double hydroxides (CaAl LDHs), which were prepared by using mesoporous alumina (γ‐Al2O3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) in a hydrothermal urea reaction. The nanostructured CaAl LDHs with nanosized platelets (3–30 nm) formed and dispersed inside the crystalline framework of mesoporous AlOOH (boehmite). By calcination of AlOOH‐supported LDHs at 700 °C, the mesoporous CaAl metal oxides exhibited ordered hexagonal mesoporous arrays or uniform nanotubes with a large surface area of 273 m2 g−1, a narrow pore size distribution of 6.2 nm, and highly crystalline frameworks. The crystal structure of the calcined mesoporous CaAl metal oxides was multiphasic, consisting of CaO/Ca(OH)2, Al2O3, and CaAlO mixed oxides. The mesoporous metal oxides were used as a solid sorbent for CO2 adsorption at high temperatures and displayed a maximum CO2 capture capacity (≈45 wt %) of the sorbent at 650 °C. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the mesoporous CaAl oxides showed a more rapid adsorption rate (for 1–2 min) and longer cycle life (weight change retention: 80 % for 30 cycles) of the sorbent because of the greater surface area and increased number of activated sites in the mesostructures. A simple model for the formation mechanism of mesoporous metal oxides is tentatively proposed to account for the synergetic effect of CaAl LDHs on the adsorption of CO2 at high temperature.
Bemessung von unbewehrtem Mauerwerk nach EC 6 mit Nationalem Anhang
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Schmitt Michael
Published: April 2012

Die bauaufsichtliche Einführung der neuen europäischen Normengeneration stellt gerade im Mauerwerksbau Planer und Bauausführende vor neue Herausforderungen. Gegenüber der bisher gültigen DIN 1053‐1 müssen sich Planer und Bauausführende auf teilweise grundlegende Änderungen und Neuerungen im Sicherheitskonzept und in der Nachweisführung einstellen und Erfahrungen sammeln. Gerade bei der Bemessung und für die Ausführung von Mauerwerk waren die Unterschiede in den einzelnen europäischen Staaten groß, sodass gewisse Kompromisse erforderlich wurden. An wichtigen Stellen konnten jedoch die bisher in Deutschland üblichen Regelungen durchgesetzt werden. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den wichtigsten Änderungen von DIN EN 1996 gegenüber DIN 1053‐1 und soll den praxisorientierten Einstieg in den Eurocode 6 ermöglichen.

Design of unreinforced Masonry structures according EC 6 including the National Annex. Concerning masonry structures the introduction of the Eurocodes is a major challenge for civil engineers and building contractors especially. In comparison with the current DIN 1053‐1 civil engineers and building contractors have to get used to essential innovations and modifications as well as to gather experience with the new regulations. Especially in design of masonry structures and execution significant differences between the European countries exist and compromises for the harmonization had to be found. Nevertheless important German positions could be inforced. This article points out the most important modifications and provides an easy access to the regulations of Eurocode 6.
Von der Bauproduktenrichtlinie zur Bauproduktenverordnung
Authors: Schneider Bernhard
Published: April 2012

Im Juli 2013 wird die neue europäische Bauproduktenverordnung in Kraft treten. Sie löst die Bauproduktenrichtlinie ab, die bislang die rechtliche Grundlage der CE‐Kennzeichnung von Bauprodukten ist. Im Gegensatz zur bisherigen Richtlinie, die eine Umsetzung durch nationale Gesetze erforderte, sichert nun die Rechtsform der Verordnung die unmittelbare und gleiche Wirksamkeit der rechtlichen Regelungen in allen Mitgliedstaaten. Damit erfolgt die CE‐Kennzeichnung europaweit nach einheitlichen Vorgaben. Im deutschen Bauproduktengesetz ist damit im Wesentlichen nur noch zu regeln, welche Stellen die im europäischen Recht vorgesehenen Aufgaben zu erfüllen haben.

From Construction Products Directive to Construction Products Regulation – the new European legal framework for construction products. In July 2013 the European Construction Products Regulation will enter into force. The new regulation will replace the Construction Products Directive, which is the legal basis for CE marking of construction products today. In contrast to the current situation the legal form of a regulation ensures the direct and equal applicability of the legal provisions in all Member States. On this basis CE marking will follow uniform rules in the European Union. The German construction products law, the Bauproduktengesetz, remains mainly necessary to define which bodies are competent for the tasks foreseen in the European law.