bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preface to The Great Fear of Loving
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

“How do other women do it?” This heart-wrenching leitmotiv is repeated all throughout the collection of testimonies given to us today by the honorable Dr. Weill-Hallé. The exhausted, harassed, frightened, and hounded women who come to ask her for help believe themselves to be the victims of some singular and obscure malediction. To them their despair seems too absolute to not be abnormal. Each one imagines that surely other women know of ways to escape the traps into which they have fallen and the insidious danger that incubates in their blood. But alas, this is far from true. Dr. Weill-Hallé recounts individual cases in a deliberately terse style; each one of these stories makes us feel the throbbing of a unique life, and yet the tremendous and painful import of her book comes from the fact that it gives us a sampling of tragedies that are repeated a thousand times each day. Each year in France, there are at least five hundred thousand abortions, but how many unwanted pregnancies are endured in anguish? How many children are born unwanted, unloved, or mistreated? How many households are devastated by excessive burdens and how many couples are torn apart for fear of another pregnancy? How many women’s careers have been shattered and loves been lost? How many women are tortured by obsessive fears or pushed ...
Women and Creativity
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

I am going to speak to you today about the condition of women again, because it seems to me that this is just as burning an issue in Japan as it is in France. I am going to consider it from a particular angle. The question that I would like to examine is this: All throughout the history of humanity, it is clear that women’s achievements [...
The Rebellious Woman—An Interview by Alice Schwartzer
Authors: Simons Margaret A. , Timmermann Marybeth
Published: May 2017

ALICE SCHWARTZER:To this day, the analysis of the situation of women that you put forth in The Second Sex remains the most radical. No other author has gone as far, and it can be said that you have inspired the new women’s movements. But it is only now, twenty-three years later, that you have engaged yourself personally in the concrete and collective struggle of women. So last November you participated in the international women’s march in Paris. Why?...
Introduction
Authors: Simons Margaret A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides a background of Simone de Beauvoir's feminism. As the political opposition hardened and the Women's Liberation Movement (MLF) matured in the 1970s, Beauvoir put “her notoriety and her connections at the service of this movement of young rabble-rousers without ever claiming to lead it in any certain direction.” Beauvoir supported those feminists interested in legal reform through the creation of a League of Women's Rights and those “who preferred to fight sexism by denouncing it with perspicacity and humor.” Moreover, she lent her support to a successful campaign for divorce law reform and an unsuccessful one for a law banning sexism, which won the support of the Secretary for Women's Rights in the new Socialist government in 1981, but failed after vehement opposition from advertisers and the press. In 1979, Beauvoir joined an international campaign—also unsuccessful—to defend the rights of women in the Iranian Revolution.
Power
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C. , Saltzman Joe
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how popular culture portrays journalism's complex entanglements with power. Critics have pointed to the circumstances under which the press may violate the trust of the powerless and also how it can serve as an instrument of those who do hold political or economic power. Many popular culture works graphically depict the damage that the press can inflict on individuals, even if they might finally show journalists trying to do the right thing in the end. The negative effects of state control or censorship of the press are often dramatized, with the implication being that privately owned and commercially subsidized news media are right and just. However, pop culture also shows that corporate pressures stemming from private control can themselves lead to censorship or coercion.
The Bible Speaks to Labor
Authors: Fones-Wolf Elizabeth , Fones-Wolf Ken
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on religious resources that the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) utilized to offer an alternative to Christian free enterprise and bring collective bargaining to the South. In the summer of 1946, the citizens of Danville, Virginia rallied behind a local minister and the local of the Textile Workers Union of America to create a Citizens' Committee to fight for economic justice and defy charges that they were led by outsiders “with Communistic leanings.” There were also allies in the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, at Highlander Folk School, and in the industrial department of the YWCA who sought to fuse Protestantism's social message to the organization of southern workers. These pointed to a reservoir of prophetic Christianity upon which the CIO could draw when it mobilized for its crusade to organize Dixie. Perhaps most important, the CIO had a cadre of men and women with ties to Protestant churches whom it could send to build favorable community relations.
“Musicians Have Got To Eat, Too!”
Authors: Gough Peter , Seeger Peggy
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the importance of the New Deal and the Federal Music Project (FMP). The New Deal stands as the Roosevelt administration's response to the catastrophic events during the Great Depression, and for many Americans, the support of the Music Projects and the other programs were their solitary lifelines to survival. Though immediate relief and rehabilitation were clearly the primary objectives of New Deal efforts, there remained for the four art projects other unstated objectives. Several contemporary scholars have characterized the wider goals of Federal One as pursuit of a “cultural democracy”—and Federal One would provide not only economic relief for the unemployed but artistic uplift as well. Indeed, many involved with the FMP found new inspiration in the varied indigenous and regional musical traditions of their particular localities.
“Ballad for Americans”
Authors: Gough Peter , Seeger Peggy
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that overtly political themes never dominated Federal One productions. Yet, some of the beliefs espoused by the 1930s Left took root and found appeal among subsequent generations of Americans. Much as pre-World War I bohemians saw many of their ideas absorbed into the mass culture of the 1920s, so did the goals and convictions of the 1930s Left enter mainstream social movements of the post-World War II period. These causes found inspiration to varying degrees in musical expression, as well as particular elements of the radical political activism of the 1930s. Though notably less contentious than other WPA cultural productions, the Federal Music programs in the regional West should also be viewed as harbingers of these later social developments.
Like the Ancient Ones
Authors: High Casey
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the gendered dimensions of alterity and Waorani understandings of what it means to be “like the ancient ones” (durani bai). It analyzes the place of violence and memory in contemporary Waorani gender dynamics by elucidating the meanings of the expression durani bai by which young people describe their public warrior performances. Despite a strongly egalitarian ethos, the chapter shows that Waorani women and men experience the generational changes that have come with oil work, urban migration, and other social transformations in different ways. It explains how young men struggling to demonstrate the abilities for which male elders and ancestors are remembered embrace the Amazonian warrior of colonial imagination and violent imagery in popular cinema in expressing a form of masculinity they associate with durani bai. Rather than leading to pronounced gender antagonisms between women and men, these generational changes reflect Waorani understandings of gendered agency that associate women with the production of interiority and men with relations of exteriority.
Victims and Warriors
Authors: High Casey
Published: May 2017

This chapter brings together several strands of the book's argument that memories of violence are not only about establishing a sense of mutual experience and kinship but are also the basis of alterity and revenge. Located at the intersection of indigenous cosmology, intercultural relations, and ongoing social transformations, these memories construe the relationships between past and present in ways that challenge dominant ideas about tradition, modernity, and indigenous peoples as historical objects. Just as shamans, kowori outsiders, and “uncontacted” people become targets of violence, so too are they remembered in certain contexts as kin. For many Waorani, violence not only leads to feelings of loss and anger but also to a certain “mutuality of being” with people whose kin become victims of violence. This chapter also considers recent events that have important consequences for the future of Waorani communities, such as changes in Ecuadorian national politics, proposals to halt oil development in the Yasuní National Park, and the escalation of violence between Waorani and Taromenani people.
Skating before Figures
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

Today, skating on artificial ice in indoor rinks is a year-round recreational activity enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities as well as a sport both amateur and professional that enjoys unprecedented popularity. But throughout most of its history, ice skating has been an activity limited to short seasons and possible only in countries where lakes, ponds, canals, or other bodies of water provide frozen surfaces on which skaters could enjoy the challenge and excitement of gliding across natural ice. In the ancient world, long before skating became a recreational activity or a sport, those same frozen surfaces provided a different kind of challenge. Passage over them was a necessity for survival during harsh winter months. This chapter traces the history of ice skating before the advent of competitive figure skating. It discusses mythology and the earliest skaters; the earliest skates; an early account of recreational skating; skating as a tool of warfare; figure skating's patron saint, the virgin Lydwina of Schiedam.
Play as Sense-Making
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes play as a special pattern of meaning-construction, one way in which people make sense of their qualities and character as they interact with particular elements of situations. In particular, it examines the extent to which behavior and experience are contextualized by environmental, bodily, psychological, social, and cultural patterns. Ultimately, it provides a general theory of play which centers on that behavior as a distinctive strategy of self-realization. The discussion on sense-making and play begins with an overview of a model of the contexts of play as action and play as experience, with particular emphasis on five different kinds of occurrences or patterns, or “fields of relationships,” that are critical contexts for thought, feeling, and action. The chapter also analyzes framing behavior, play as a distinctive way of constructing reality, the functionalism of play, play as self-realization, the concept of situated selves, self concept, and playfulness.
Play’s Nature
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the link between play and nature, or more specifically, the human body. Our feats of thinking, feeling, and acting depend profoundly on structures of the body and the brain. Decisions to play are conditioned by our physical forms. Feelings about what we are doing—registered as sensations and emotions—arise from long-established physical processes. And we move through the world only as our bodies permit. Understanding play means understanding these physical processes. In that context, the chapter focuses on the consequences of play for physiology. It reviews studies of bodily movement, brain activity, consciousness, and affect in both humans and animals. It also explores animal play, classic theories of physical play, the role of the organism in play, play as an expression of surplus resources, and the role of brain in play.
The Endless Postlude
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the Mormon Tabernacle Choir's quest for spectacle throughout its existence. Since 1982, Jerold Ottley had asked the First Presidency for the Choir to have its own orchestra. Gordon Hinckley, now president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. favored Ottley's proposal. The result was the Orchestra at Temple Square, an in-house ensemble whose pretenses mirrored the Choir's huge accomplishments. This chapter first considers the Choir's use of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City as part of its international public relations efforts before discussing its activities under Craig Jessop and later, Mack Wilberg. It also discusses the Choir's branding strategy and the Church's release of a new General Handbook in 2010. It concludes by underscoring the Tabernacle Choir's important role in Mormon missionary work.
The Business of Ameryka-Echo
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the expanding business of Paryski Publishing at the time of significant changes in both American and Polish American press and publishing. As Paryski's empire prospered, its owner found himself torn between his idealism and the principles of American capitalism, which he wholeheartedly embraced. When faced with difficult choices, Paryski acted like a business owner: he crushed his sales agents' attempt at establishing a labor union. He also tried to discredit and break the strike of his typesetters, condemned strikes in general, and irrevocably distanced himself from socialism. In the context of World War I, he also spied on the immigrant workers for the institution that was a precursor of the FBI to protect his own newspaper.
Across This Land and Country
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the emergence of a new era in gospel music during the period 1933–1939, as evidenced by the proliferation of new gospel songs. It first examines the growth of the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses and its presentation of music to promote racial pride and assimilation into the African American church community. It then considers the rise of religious radio in the early gospel era, focusing on the creation of radio shows that featured gospel choruses outside the worship service. It also looks at the American Decca Records Company and its religious recordings as part of the Decca 7000 Series, including those by Mahalia Jackson; Thomas A. Dorsey's presentation of the “Gospel Song Feast,” a collaboration between Pilgrim Gospel Chorus and First Church of Deliverance's voice choir, as his first attempt to move gospel from the altar to the auditorium and sell tickets; and First Church of Deliverance's introduction of the Hammond organ.
Sing a Gospel Song
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses some important developments that enabled gospel music gain a greater foothold in Chicago during the 1940s. Migration from the South continued unabated into the 1940s, leading to increased membership in church congregations. In addition, gospel singers and musicians were popping up on the South and West Sides. This chapter first examines the contributions of the First Church of Deliverance and its stable of soloists, including Myrtle Jackson, Edna Mae Quarles, Elizabeth Hall, and R. L. Knowles, to Chicago gospel music. It then looks at “song battles” between two or more gospel quartets, groups, or singers, along with the First Church of Deliverance's Candle Lighting Service and Gospel Music Festival. It also provides a background on Mahalia Jackson's reputation and career as a gospel singer before concluding with an assessment of three popular Chicago-based gospel groups that plied their singing trade during and immediately after the war years: the Roberta Martin Singers, the Lux Singers, and the Gay Sisters.
“Tell It Like It Is”
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Chicago-based gospel artists used their songs to help advance social causes. Many artists used their singing to support the civil rights movement, such as participating in gospel programs that raised funds for civil rights organizations, writing odes to the movement, or singing songs that expressed displeasure with the way black people were treated everywhere. Gospel songs of the 1960s could be expected to resound with protests against racism and calls for freedom and equality. This chapter takes a look at gospel singers who were involved in the civil rights movement, including Mahalia Jackson, who joined the 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King, Jr., and James Cleveland, Sam Cooke, and the Staple Singers. It also considers other mass marches that became rallying points for the gospel music community, including Freedom Sunday in 1966. Finally, it discusses gospel groups that recorded songs with explicit social messages, such as the Norfleet Brothers and Salem Travelers, along with tribute recordings spawned by King's assassination.
Introduction
Authors: Ng Wing Chung
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to chart the historical formation Cantonese opera. It aims to fill a significant gap in the historical literature that has decidedly favored the kunqu style of local musical drama and Peking opera. The most recent publications on traditional theater, either in Chinese or English, have largely continued this trend. The existing literature remains modest for Cantonese opera, even though its significance as a foundation for this study is self-evident. It is hoped that this book will inspire a reimagination of China's theater scene to become more cognizant of other regional genres and inclusive of their complex and particular histories. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Geopolitics and the Internet
Authors: Powers Shawn M. , Jablonski Michael
Published: May 2017

This book proposes a broader perspective of cyber war, conceptualized as the utilization of digital networks for geopolitical purposes, including covert attacks against another state's electronic systems as well as the myriad ways the Internet is used to further a state's economic and military agendas. In particular, it examines the historical genesis of the “internet freedom” movement and considers the political, economic, and geopolitical factors driving internet-freedom policies, such as the U.S. State Department's freedom-to-connect doctrine. The book argues that efforts to create a singular, universal internet built upon Western legal, political, and social preferences alongside the “freedom to connect” is driven primarily by economic and geopolitical motivations rather than the humanitarian and democratic ideals that typically accompany related policy discourse. This introduction discusses the geopolitics of information and introduces the debates over internet freedom and information sovereignty. It also offers a brief review of the literature, describes a political economy approach to internet freedom, and provides an overview of the book's chapters.
The Marks of Capital
Authors: Rosenow Michael K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the politics of death regarding industrial accidents in the United States during the period 1865–1919. More specifically, it investigates how ideas about the body—and the classed, raced, and gendered meanings mapped to it—facilitated the industrial accident crisis and impacted workers' experiences with death. The chapter first provides an overview of corporeality and the industrial imperative during the Industrial Revolution, along with the triumph of the machine and of individualism that came with industrialization. It then establishes the broader social and cultural contexts that shaped interpretations of workers' deaths resulting from work accidents. It shows that cultures of order and progress, cultures of work, and cultures of reform and protest motivated working people to use the space of death to reflect on the meanings of their lives and deaths.
The Power of the Dead’s Place
Authors: Rosenow Michael K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how workers used the rituals of death to interpret, accommodate, and resist their living and working conditions during the period 1873–1913. It first traces the history of the American cemetery, and especially its rise as a cultural institution, before turning to Chicago's cemeteries as social and cultural spaces on the city's landscape. It then discusses how broader tensions in industrial society were reflected in the processes of death and burial. It also looks at the ways that Chicago's working classes turned to cemeteries to extend the terrain of contemplating the consequences of industrialization; the importance of religion, ethnicity, and race in the establishment and use of Chicago's cemeteries; and how Waldheim Cemetery became a space that linked anarchism, the labor movement, and radicalism in Chicago to similar movements across the globe. Finally, the chapter cites the case of the Haymarket memorial in Waldheim to show how the meanings of life and death came to be expressed in Chicago's cemeteries as the nation marched into the twentieth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosenow Michael K.
Published: May 2017

This book concludes by summarizing developments that made death a contested terrain of political authority and ideology containing elements of class, gender, ethnicity, race, and religion during the period 1865–1920. It begins by focusing on the exhortation by American Federation of Labor's Samuel Gompers at the International Labor Congress in 1893 that “the lives and limbs of the wage-workers shall be regarded as sacred as those of all others of our fellow human beings.” It then discusses the emergence of class-based rituals of death and dying as an undercurrent of industrialization from the end of the Civil War to the close of the Progressive Era as working communities infused their funerals, processions, and memorials with meanings and invented traditions that became customs used by the working class to measure the dignity and respect paid to the deceased. The book also considers how labor conflict such as strikes produced an array of funerary tableaus in the years leading to American participation in World War I.
We Want More Baseball and Football 1959 and 1960
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1959 and 1960 to address the issue of expansion and prospective new leagues. All of the league constitutions contained clauses pertaining to relocating or selling existing franchises and creating new franchises. These clauses typically required a supermajority, in some cases unanimity, of owners to approve franchise relocation or sales and expansion. However, incumbent owners were lukewarm about franchise expansion and hostile towards new leagues. This chapter begins with a discussion of tactics employed by team owners to prevent the entry of a new league, including territorial rights. It then considers the demise of the Continental League due to a number of hurdles, such as getting television contracts, providing pension benefits equivalent to Major League Baseball's (MLB) scheme, and and getting stadiums. It also examines the expansion policies of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Football League (NFL), along with the legal wrangling between the NFL and the American Football League (AFL) over expansion.
Professional Sports Teams Grapple with Radio and Television
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines professional team sports' history with radio and television. Congress played an active role in the marriage of sports and television by passing legislation concerning national television contracts and television blackout rules. Legislators denounced Major League Baseball (MLB) for broadcasting and telecasting their games into minor league territory as well as National Football League (NFL) owners for their blackouts of telecasts of home games. Legislators also worried about the effects of NFL telecasts on college and high school football games, although little evidence was presented regarding these effects. This chapter first considers the early history of television in sports before discussing the effects of televising home games upon attendance and gate receipts, the U.S. Department of Justice's antitrust suit against the NFL regarding its policy of blocking telecasts of home games, and the controversy surrounding the NFL's blackout policy. It also explores the issue of national television contracts and television revenue sharing.
Baseball and Broadcasting 1953
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Congressional hearings conducted in 1953 to address Major League Baseball's (MLB) television policies. In addition to their fears about the adverse effects of broadcasting and televising MLB games upon their gate receipts, baseball owners were concerned over their supply of minor league players. National Football League (NFL) owners were not too concerned about the effects of their telecasts upon college football; they relied on collegiate football to generate well-known, gifted players. Their baseball counterparts did not depend on this source. The issue was complicated by the variety of broadcasts into minor league territories: telecasts, live radio broadcasts, and radio broadcasts of re-created games. This chapter first considers the notion that telecasts of MLB games were responsible for minor league baseball's woes before discussing the issue over MLB owners' right to broadcast or telecast their games. It concludes with an assessment of the reasons behind the demise of minor league baseball teams.
Television Blackout Hearings 1972–1977
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings of 1972–1977 that addressed the National Football League's (NFL) television blackout rules. It first considers the economic and legal aspects of the proposed antiblackout law before discussing the Senate hearings that resulted in a temporary experiment in lifting the blackouts under specified circumstances. It then examines the NFL's defense of blackouts, along with empirical evidence regarding lifting the blackouts and the lawmakers' concern that NFL owners might allow cable and pay television to telecast games after the blackout was lifted. It also assesses the responses of Major League Baseball (MLB), National Hockey League (NHL), and the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the proposed antiblackout legislation, as well as those of network television officials such as ABC Sports president Roone Arledge and CBS president John Schneider. The chapter concludes with an overview of various reports on the effects of the television blackout law and the impact of the antiblackout rule on NFL gate attendance, no-shows, and revenues.
Johanna Beyer
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

Composer Johanna Beyer's fascinating body of music and enigmatic life story constitute an important chapter in American music history. As a hard-working German émigré piano teacher and accompanist living in and around New York City during the New Deal era, she composed plentiful music for piano, percussion ensemble, chamber groups, choir, band, and orchestra. A one-time student of Ruth Crawford, Charles Seeger, and Henry Cowell, Beyer was an ultramodernist, and an active member of a community that included now-better-known composers and musicians. Only one of her works was published and only one recorded during her lifetime. But contemporary musicians who play Beyer's compositions are intrigued by her originality. This book chronicles Beyer's life from her early participation in New York's contemporary music scene through her performances at the Federal Music Project's Composers' Forum-Laboratory concerts to her unfortunate early death in 1944. This book is a portrait of a passionate and creative woman underestimated by her music community even as she tirelessly applied her gifts with compositional rigor. The first book-length study of the composer's life and music, it reclaims a uniquely innovative artist and body of work for a new generation.
Sunnyside, 1927–1933
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Beyer's life in Sunnyside Gardens in the late 1920s. Sunnyside Gardens was the center of Beyer's social life. Friends in Beyer's community during this time included not just social worker Bertha Reynolds and Beyer's niece Frida—who lived with Beyer for some period around 1930—but also the influential piano teacher Abby Whiteside, and Reynolds's cousin Erdix Winslow Capen, who was also a frequent visitor to the community. Her friendship with Reynolds seems to have brought her into a world of political activism and engagement with social and racial issues of the late 1920s and early 1930s. Beyer's political engagement during this period embraced both national and international developments, and she and Reynolds were active in the Town Hall Club, an important cultural and political center in Manhattan.
Having Faith, 1936–1940
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Beyer's music in the late 1930s. During this period, Beyer's life seemed to balance precariously between a private struggle with poverty and being on the brink of public recognition. Beyer received some support from WPA projects around this time. On May 19, 1937, Beyer had her second Composers' Forum-Laboratory event, shared with composer Walter Helfer. She continued to compose prolifically; in 1937 alone she wrote eight works, including two chamber pieces, three pieces for choir, and three works for orchestra. Around 1938, Beyer was included in a small group that would comprise a “Promotion Committee” for the New Music Quarterly Recordings (NMQR), and she communicated regularly about the New Music recordings project with Harrison Kerr, Otto Luening, and Gerald Strang, who had taken over the direction of New Music Society events.
Sonatas, Suites, and String Quartets
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Beyer's instrumental chamber works and pieces for symphony orchestra or large ensemble. Beyer's two suites for solo clarinet, composed in 1932, are landmark works of dissonant counterpoint and modernist formalism. These clarinet suites are compositionally intricate and virtuosic in their demands. These are important in their theoretical implications, and they started Beyer down a path of writing a number of pieces for woodwinds. Meanwhile, Beyer composed only two duos for strings and piano: Movement for Double Bass and Piano (1936) and Suite for Violin and Piano (January 1937). She also composed four works for string quartet: String Quartet (1933–34), String Quartet No. 2 (July 1936), Movement for String Quartet (also called Dance for Strings, 1938), and String Quartet IV (undated).
Status Quo
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Beyer's plan for an opera called Status Quo, for which she decided to apply for a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in the summer of 1937. In her Guggenheim proposal, Beyer explained that she wished for the opera to be significant to the “modern age” and to the “ideas and interests that are vital in our present world.” Not only the ideas but the music would be relevant to Beyer's time. Beyer submitted her Guggenheim application in late 1938; her proposal was rejected in early 1939. At present, a completed, even “short-hand score” of Status Quo has not been found. However, there are detailed descriptions of the two sections of music that were intended to be part of it. Both pieces were apparently completed in or around 1938: Music of the Spheres, a “movement for three electrical instruments”; and Dance, for full orchestra.
Introduction
Authors: Mack Adam
Published: May 2017

This book examines the connection between Chicago's sensory environment—the sights, sound and noise, scent and odor, tastes, and haptic sensations people associated with the city—and its civic health. It explores how members of the urban middle classes used their five senses as barometers of civic health and social distinction. It shows that Chicago's sensory landscape constituted more than mere “background” to urban life; the sensations that people encountered on city streets, workplaces, and leisure spots helped them think through the perils and prospects of the city's growth and the metropolitan age more generally. The book uses the term “civic health” to analyze positive sensory experiences—for instance, a day at Chicago's White City amusement park. It also considers entrepreneurs' argument that rejuvenating the senses promised to enhance the city's civic health as much as regulation.
Smelling Civic Peril
Authors: Mack Adam
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the public debate over the pollution of the Chicago River between the Civil War and the 1871 effort to “reverse” its flow. The Chicago River, which served as the fountainhead of the city's commercial expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century, constituted a potent sensory nuisance; the obnoxious odors forced a raw confrontation with water pollution that sometimes left residents feeling physically ill. The river offended the eyes and tongue too, but the stenches generated the most complaint. The chapter first explores the reasons why the Chicago River's malodors offended the senses of the affluent classes before discussing how the control of odors figured in broader efforts to create a healthy urban order throughout the city. It examines two of Chicago's most substantial public works projects in the context of the stench of the Chicago River: a water tunnel under Lake Michigan for drinking water and the deepening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to change the flow of the river.
Sensory Overload
Authors: Mack Adam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Chicago Fire of 1871 as a multisensory spectacle—an object of curiosity and marvel. More specifically, it considers how the fire destabilized sensory perception and threw up an array of strange sensations that mocked the civic elite's attempts to control Chicago's sensory landscape. After providing a background on the fire and describing its immediate experiential aspects, the chapter discusses the disaster's impact on survivors and how they represented that impact in terms of social difference. It also looks at the relief and rebuilding efforts that followed and suggests that the firestorm of 1871 called into question Chicago's future as a site of modern industrial capitalism. It explains how the fire tested the senses of victims to expose the connections that elites drew between sensory refinement and social distinction. Finally, it shows how the fire lent credence to the notion that social class expressed itself through the senses, a notion used by elites to promote their vision of civic order even while the city burned.
A Revolutionary and a Puritan
Authors: Mack Adam
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle to elucidate his sensory politics and his proposed indictment of industrial capitalism. The Jungle is a fictionalized account of Chicago's meatpacking industry and its appalling working conditions. Sinclair's exposés shocked readers' senses, turning their stomachs with descriptions of rats tossed into sausage hoppers. However, his novel also had much to say about how work in the meat factories dulled the senses of their workers. This chapter examines how Sinclair drew lines of class, ethnicity, and race in sensory terms in order to simultaneously express sympathy and solidarity as well as repulsion and social distance from immigrant workers in Back of the Yards. It also considers how Sinclair described the salvation—socialism—of the characters in The Jungle in non-sensory terms, arguing that he neglects to explain how socialism promised to rejuvenate the senses.
Introduction
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter describes the media hype over LSD and related psychedelic drugs: a grand arrival to a 1950s cultural landscape that had been deliberately scrubbed of alluring descriptions of drug use; the the picturesque drug trips related in mainstream magazines and newspapers; sensational television specials and radio discussions; the contradictory reactions in mass media as the drugs accrued both casualties and countercultural cachet; and, finally, the loss of interest in psychedelic drugs by mainstream media outlets at the end of the 1960s. Ultimately, the book's goal is to not build a general theory but to shed light on a particular case through close examination of the media content and circumstances surrounding it.
Moral Panic and Media Hype, 1966–1968
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how media coverage of LSD changed as recreational use of the drug was increasingly identified as an aspect of the blossoming hippie movement. Horror stories about LSD side effects and tales of nightmarish trips, including several that were demonstrably false, circulated through media. Still, the apparent cultural currency of psychedelic experience encouraged magazines in particular to continue to describe and depict drug experiences for their readers. A number of publications, including Time and Life, defended the importance of LSD and psychedelic experiences even while condemning its reckless use. The significance of LSD experiences was weighed against its harm to users in a number of television specials, radio documentaries, and printed reports.
Postscript
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter explains the dramatic decline in interest in LSD by the news media after about 1968, when the federal government finally prohibited possession of the drug. In the face of growing government activism against drugs, elaborate reenactments of LSD trips faded from the news agenda. However, the psychedelic world introduced by the news media was increasingly enacted by television and film producers emboldened by the decline of the television and motion-picture production codes. As the 1960s faded into history, entertainment programming frequently offered itself as a substitute for the psychedelic drug experience that journalists had taught Americans to seek. Through intensive hype of LSD and psychedelic phenomena, the news media demonstrated the transporting, mind-expanding power not only of drugs, but also of journalism.
“Domesticating” the Foreign in Arrangements of Operas, Folk Songs, and Other Works for Chamber Ensembles
Authors: Lott Marie Sumner
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at string quartet transcriptions and arrangements. These arrangements differ from their piano-oriented counterparts in significant ways, and they reflect the changing role of chamber music—and that of opera and folk song—in musical life over the course of the nineteenth century. In translating an opera or other work for string quartet, arrangers combined seemingly opposed genres and social settings, bringing the opera house into the parlor in some cases and the countryside into the city in others. The chapter then focuses on Berlin-based publisher Adolph Martin Schlesinger. His firm produced dozens of opera transcriptions, collections of folk songs, and arrangements of Classical works for amateur chamber musicians between 1800 and 1900.
Music for Men of Leisure
Authors: Lott Marie Sumner
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates some of the ways that the musical style of string quartets and quintets from the 1830s and 1840s reflects specific social uses of music in middle-class life by examining works of three composers clearly linked to this cultural milieu: Louis Spohr, George Onslow, and Friedrich Kuhlau. These composers belonged to the middle classes, and their music appealed to their neighbors and friends, as well as to a broad audience of sheet music purchasers throughout Europe who shared the composers' middle-class identity. In addition to their professional activities as composers, performers, conductors, and teachers, these three men also engaged in private, recreational music making during their “off-duty” hours that mirrored the activities of their patrons and other consumers of music. Their musical creations for this audience reflect the practice of their social peers—members of the Bildungsbürgertum, or the upper middle classes.
The Rural Ideal
Authors: Birk Megan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the rural ideal, or the beliefs about the prestige of farm homes and families, developed in the United States and how it in turn influenced the placement of dependent children. It first considers how the American mythology that glorified agriculturalists gave rise to the notion that any farm was better for a child than an institution. It then shows how the Midwest came to be seen as a popular place for farm placements onto farms, as well as the best representation of the farm environment that reformers and placers sought to give children. It also explores how the reliance on the Midwest for placement homes began and paved the way for children to be sent to farms in need of laborers. Finally, it discusses the host of problems confronting farming in the Midwest that nonetheless did not deter child welfare workers from believing that farm life still represented the American ideal.
Viewers Reading Photographs
Authors: Finnegan Cara A.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the complex and historically specific relationships that shape viewers' participation in photography. Focusing on the period between the Civil War and the Great Depression, the book analyzes the discourse produced by viewers in response to specific photographs they encountered in public. It considers a number of cases where viewers left evidence of their responses in newspaper and magazine articles, letters to the editor, trial testimony, books, speeches, photographs, and comment cards left at an exhibit. It shows that encounters with photography fostered in viewers a rhetorical consciousness—that is, “a manner of thinking that invents possibilities for persuasion, conviction, action, and judgment”—which they performed not only by describing or evaluating the photographs they encountered but also by mobilizing a sophisticated (though often implicit) rhetorical repertoire that grounded their arguments about war, empire, national identity, child labor, citizenship, and economic depression.
Appropriating the Healthy Child
Authors: Finnegan Cara A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines a type of viewer response to visual narratives about child labor produced by Lewis Hine and others: Thomas Robinson Dawley Jr.'s 1912 book The Child That Toileth Not: The Story of a Government Investigation. Dawley's 490-page polemic, which contains more than 100 photographs, was based on field investigations of child labor that he conducted in Southern cotton mills while working for the U.S. Bureau of Labor. Dawley combines text and image to build a detailed refutation of Albert Beveridge and his ilk. In The Child That Toileth Not Dawley avoids picturing children actually working. Instead, he deploys vivid description to tell a story of the laboring child citizen's good fortune. In addition, Dawley finds in child labor photography, especially in the work of Hine, resources for strategic appropriation. By appropriating the structure, style, and strategies of a decade-old, multimodal anti-child labor narrative, Dawley repositions the working child as the apotheosis of the values of citizenship rather than their denigration.
Lois McMaster Bujold
Authors: James Edward
Published: May 2017

Readers have awarded Lois McMaster Bujold four Hugo Awards for Best Novel, a number matched only by Robert Heinlein. Her Vorkosigan series redefined space opera with its emotional depth and explorations of themes such as bias against the disabled, economic exploitation, and the role of women in society. This book traces Bujold's career, showing how Bujold emerged from fanzine culture to win devoted male and female readers despite working in genres—military science fiction, space opera—perceived as solely by and for males. Devoted to old-school ideas such as faith in humanity and the desire to probe and do good in the universe, Bujold simultaneously subverted genre conventions and experimented with forms that led her in bold creative directions. As the book shows, her iconic hero Miles Vorkosigan—unimposing, physically impaired, self-conscious to a fault—embodied Bujold's thematic concerns. The sheer humanity of her characters, meanwhile, gained her a legion of fans eager to provide her with feedback, expand her vision through fan fiction, and follow her into fantasy. The first full-length study of one of the most popular contemporary writers of science fiction and fantasy, will both enlighten fans and set the foundations for further study of her works.
Character
Authors: James Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the way in which Bujold creates and presents character and personality. It focuses on depth and complexity of Bujold's characterization, with particular discussion of the relationship between Miles and his brother Mark, and between Miles and his cousin Ivan, in the Vorkosigan books. Bujold presents character and personality as created by culture, by nurture, and by experience. Genes, of course, remain at the root; and we are in a universe in which genes can be modified, before and after birth. Bujold creates character in a number of ways, but above all through two means: the choice of focalization and the description of people's interrelationships.
Dancing Becomes Walking
Authors: Fraleigh Sondra
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the author’s personal transformations in developing Shin Somatics through study of several forms of yoga, the Alexander Technique, the Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education, craniosacral therapy, and Zen mindfulness. In particular, it explains how dancing became a form of walking meditation for the author. The author also talks about finding ways to introduce somatic concepts into her teaching of dance and yoga in university and community settings, including a simple method of mindful meditation that attends to the breath, non-judgment, self-care, and forgiveness through the lens of Shin (Oneness). Finally, the chapter discusses how the author’s travels in Japan and India inspire much of the “East” in the Eastwest name, along with her involvement in butoh and the ways it has taught her about its somatic basis.
Embodied Dreams
Authors: Schul Jeanne
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author examines somatic practices with dream images from the perspective of Jungian psychology. A registered somatic movement therapist and depth psychologist, the author reflects on her personal experiences of working two somatic dreams. In particular, she describes her application of the Shin Somatics approach to self-reference touch, teaching through touch, and dance improvisation, as she uses it when working with archetypal dreams. She discusses the relationship between the soma, somatic dreams, the chakra system, and archetypal imagery, and defines these terms in connection with the therapeutic exploration of dreams. She says soma includes the sensations that she experiences—while asleep and awake—that she can identify with her eyes closed. The author concludes by sharing how her work with somatic dreams and dancing the chakras has saved her life on more than one occasion, including her passage through a chaotic midlife crisis.