bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pakhtun Women And The Creative Expression: A Means Of Quotidian Agency
Authors: Khan Anoosh W.
Published: June 2020

It is human nature that we tend to stereotype certain individuals and groups based on their ethnicity, race, religion, and even looks, among other attributes. That is the case with Pakhtuns as well. Non-Pakhtuns, within and outside Pakistan, do not have a very positive notion about them; more so about their treatment of women. In this paper, I demonstrate that there is no doubt that the Pakhtuns are restricted, in some cases, by their cultural boundaries but then everyone, irrespective of their ethnic, racial, and/or religious backgrounds have their limitations. In order to prove my stance I have first of all interviewed some native Pashto speakers to get a general understanding about and usage of Pashto tappa and contemporary poetry composed by women. Using Althusser’s framework of ideology and Ideological State Apparatus, as the theoretical foundation, I argue that Pakhtun women are culturally interpellated but they have their own ways of practicing their agency. These women may not be able to totally challenge structural and cultural norms but they definitely know how to use their quotidian agency. Finally, I conclude that agency should not be understood in the narrow sense; it can have different meanings for different people in different contexts.
Exposition Of Gender Awareness In Primary Textbooks Of Punjab: Gendered Content Analysis
Authors: Adil Farah , Yasin Shehla A.
Published: June 2020

Gender is a socially constructed phenomenon through which a society assigns certain roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes to men and women. Usually children develop their gender identities and learn what being male or female meant, between the ages of 3 to 7years. These concepts been taught by society through socialization which includes various agents of socialization and learning. After parents schools are most influential agents of socialization where students learn from peers, teachers and books. Text books have a long-lasting impact on students’ interpersonal development and provide role models for children in defining standards for feminine and masculine behaviors. Considering the impact of textbooks on child development; this study was designed to review how gender is represented in the texts and how the themes of stories and pictures in text books are presenting gender awareness? The sample of the research was Urdu textbooks of primary level (1-5) being taught in schools of the Punjab. We used content analysis to find out the concepts about gender awareness and also calculated the frequencies of pictures presenting gender ratio in concepts of the textbooks. The results showed gender biases in the content of the textbooks and lack of the content that promote gender awareness among primary level students. Male gender is over represented and stereotypical beliefs prevail in pictorial representation as males being shown as doctors and females as housewives. It is suggested to involve gender specialists, school psychologists and educators in developing curriculum to integrate gender perspective and gender awareness at all levels and to eliminate gender biases in textbooks so that to develop an equitable society.
Negotiating The Cultural Barriers: A Study Of Organizational Commitment Of Pakhtun Female Employees In Pakistani Banking Sector
Authors: Abbas Sammar , Khattak Zeeshan Zaib , Khushnood Muhammad
Published: June 2020

This exploratory study has been carried out in different branches of a larger bank within two cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province viz Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan. The culture of province is dominantly based on ‘Pakhtunwali’ that refers to the ‘unwritten code of life that governs and negotiates the everyday life of Pakhtuns. Pakhtunwali imposes certain cultural barriers on female employment. Among others, ‘Namos’ (protection of honor) is a foremost tenant of Pakhtunwali, which does not allow females to participate in public life. However, a recent trend reveals that more females, especially young ones, are getting engaged in paid work. These female employees demonstrate their organizational commitment through negotiating the cultural barriers at workplace. Grounded Theory techniques have been used to collect and analyze field data. This study makes important contributions in terms of understanding the work life of Pakhtuns female employees in a novel context. It will also contribute in policy formulation towards gender equity and equality in the context of Pakhtun region.
Prevalence Of Sexual Harassment Among Sportswomen In Pakistan
Authors: Jahangir Shagufta , Manzoor Asma
Published: June 2020

Sexual harassment (SH) in sports is present in all over the world due to socially constructed values, myths and norms. Harassment is faced by large number of women in sports and it is present in all individual and team sports. The ratio is less in South Asian region as compared to western countries and it is also present in Pakistan. The objective of the research is to explore the social behaviors with the victimized sports women of SH in the Pakistani society. The researcher has used non-probability method in which purposive sampling method is used to collect data through interview schedule from 210 sports women residing in different places of Pakistan. Findings of the study highlights that sport women face SH. According to sports women they are harassed or abused by their male counterparts, i.e. which are their trainers, coaches and lower staff even during travelling for their sports seasons. The results of SH showed that women left sports due to the social norms of the society. Women hide such incidents due to the sake of self-respect, self-esteem and family honor. It is observed that women who faced SH usually attempt suicide to protect their honor. As a result, these women fear and hate men and they face psychological issues. This article aims to describe that SH is present in sports in Pakistan like other countries and females are aware about it, because usually in Pakistani society such cases are kept hidden. The importance of this study is to aware women about SH so that they can safeguard themselves.
A Study On Psycho-Social; Physical Hazards And Society’s Attitude Towards Eunuchs
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Aslam , Shah Nasreen Aslam
Published: June 2020

The research is focusing mainly the lives of eunuchs; society’s attitudes and behaviors; socio-psycho issues and physical hazards on eunuchs. It is investigated in the study that eunuchs’ identity is still not recognized by the society; they have been deprived of basic rights; even families are not accepting eunuchs; do not have opportunities to work in the economy; as they have been abused and harassed by the people. They are engaged in begging; dancing; and sex work due to absence of legal framework in providing employment opportunities. The research topic on eunuchs is chosen to highlight the problems of the third gender, and total sample of about 200 of eunuchs has been selected from Karachi, Pakistan. The survey research is using quantitative data through a questionnaire and used convenient sampling for collecting data. It is found in the research that eunuchs get separated from family and live in eunuchs’ communities; as family and relatives feel ashamed and guilty in living with them. Respondents informed that people gazes are hateful and also taunt them because of their mix-gender behaviors. However, they have been deprived of education; employment opportunities; and not acceptable in the society. Similarly eunuchs’ source of income is mainly through begging and dancing in events; and few also involved in sex work. Eunuchs do not have inheritance rights; due to the reason they have no financial stability. Though Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) has announced national identity cards for the third gender; but eunuchs are reluctant in making their cards; according to them documentation creates hurdles while applying for CNICs and therefore unable to take part in elections.
Gender Responsive Budgeting In Education: A Case Of Punjab Budget (2013-14)
Authors: Malik Ra’ana , Javed Nayab , Rafique Memona
Published: June 2020

The aim of present research study is to analyze the differences in budget allocations of education sector “through gender lens”. In order to find out whether the resource allocations in Punjab budget FY 2013-2014 are in line with the different priorities and needs of girls/women and boys/men or vice versa. The research is exploratory in nature and study is based on Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) and divides public expenditures into two main categories as gender specific budgetary allocations and mainstream (non-gender targeted) budgetary allocations. The study is based upon secondary sources of data. Findings show that spending on education was low in Punjab Province as it is only 18.8 percent under the head development further budgetary allocations targeted women and girls are low only 6.7 percent while budget targeting both gender allocations are 92 percent which widens the gap between both genders. Therefore, it is the high time to realize that budget is not a gender blind instrument hence needs to spend more on development side for gender parity. Gender responsive analysis of Punjab budget shows that province is needed to take steps towards improvement in literacy rates of women and girls through appropriate approach.
Educational Barriers For Females: A Case Study Of Karachi
Authors: Mustafa Sadaf , Khan M. Sadiq Ali
Published: June 2020

In the world, many under developing countries are continuously trying to improve their economic growth. Economic growth depends on the quality of education provided in the country throughout the different educational level. Without consideration of gender, it is important to provide equal standard of education for both. In many developed countries. Different genders are treated equally. Education is the important part for both genders of life. But in Pakistan, females are facing many difficulties in getting education. The females’ Education play an important role in building the overall socio-cultural and the human Capital and also bring economic prosperity in the country. In this research paper, authors have examined the different barriers faced by females in education. Sample size of 125 has taken while 113 was respondent. To examine the hypothesis, survey based descriptive analysis technique was used to determine the relation between dependent and independent variables. Analysis showed that females’ education was positively related with the financial status of parents. This Study also proved that parents’ qualification and the Islamic culture are also the main causes in throwing back the females’ education.
Socio-Cultural Constraints To Women's Participation In Rural Support Programs In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Hussain Basharat
Published: June 2020

The current paper aims to inquire about the socio-cultural constraints to women’s participation in National Rural Support Program (NRSP) operating in four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa namely Charsada, Mardan, Nowshehra and Sawabi. Such restrictions to women participation in the Project Cycle i.e. formation of women community organization, needs assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation process in NRSP projects have been identified through collection of data from staff members of NRSP and president /manager and ordinary members of women community organizations through convenient sampling procedure through in-depth interviewing. The information obtained has been analyzed qualitatively under themes. The results show that NRSP carries out various physical infrastructure schemes through women community organizations (WCOs). The study concludes that NRSP staff members mobilize WCOs through social mobilization and social organization process; but there are various socio-cultural practices, which do not allow women to participate in developmental process. The study also identifies that these sociocultural constraints include male domination, Purdah (veil), conventional leaders and target oriented approach of NRSP. The study suggest that for sustainability of NRSP, widespread activities of gender equality is important to overcome these constraints.
Cultural Constraints To Female Higher Education In Malakand Division, Pakistan
Authors: Jan Sameer Ul Khaliq , Ali Ahmad , Niqab Muhammad
Published: June 2020

The current study was aimed to analyze the Pakhtun cultural constraints in the way of female higher education. For this purpose, the data was collected through a survey instrument by snowball sampling and selected 384 respondents from Malakand division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS. A Chi-Square test was applied in order to find out the association between independent (Pakhtun culture) and a dependent variable (low female higher education). The results show that there is a high and significant relationship between the low ratio of female higher education and sub-dimensions of Pakhtun culture i.e. early puberty, conservatism, Pardah, home related factors, Son preference, male dominancy, lack of freedom of expression for female, early/child marriage, noninvolvement of female in decision making, spending money of parents but benefits goes to husband family, non-acceptance of co-education, living in hostel of female and cultural interpretation of religion are various risk factors for low female higher education in Pakhtun society. The study recommends that the government should focus on women education, create awareness regarding female education and provide better educational facilities and incentives for women. Besides, more employment opportunities should be created to enhance female higher education.
Gender Representation In E-Discourse Of Banks In Pakistan: A Corpus-Based Study
Authors: Sahar Abdul Qayyum , Shehzad Wasima
Published: June 2020

Electronic discourse emerged, as a new genre, in the last few decades. Like other fields of life, the internet also shifted business from traditional to virtual domains i.e. electronic commerce. Similarly, the banks in Pakistan launched their websites and online services for the purpose of running more effective business. Like other linguistic aspects, the choice of pronouns plays a significant role in making corporate communication more effective. In this regard, inclusion of certain pronouns and exclusion of other pronouns influence the effectiveness of the financial message. This newly emerged discourse needs to be gender balanced in order to be more effective for corporate communication. The current study examined the representation of gender in the e-discourse from feminist perspective. It looked at the occurrences of third person singular pronouns used for representation of men and women on web pages of banks in Pakistan. Corpus analysis tool AntConc (Anthony, 2014) was used to find out the occurrences of pronouns used for female gender and male gender in ‘About us’ section of the banks in Pakistan. Texts were copied from the websites of banks. In order to make these texts machine-readable, they were converted into plain texts. Both quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were used for better understanding of the research study. Quantitative representation of gender focusingon occurrences of pronouns was complemented with the in-depth presentation of the data. The study revealed gender-based disparities in the banking discourse. Female gender is underrepresented (12.74%) and male gender is overrepresented (87.26%). This low depiction of female gender in the discourse of banks indicates gender biasness; putting female gender in periphery and highlighting male gender by assigning greater number of occurrences.
The Maternal Dilemma And Nuptial Ordeals In Jodi Picoult’s Fiction: The Lens Of Maternal Feminism
Authors: Akram Ayesha , Jajja Muhammad Ayub
Published: June 2020

Choice is an illusion non-existent in the lives of mothers; and selflessness to them, is not a decision but an encumbrance. This case is proficiently presented by Jodi Picoult in her novel Handle With Care (2009). Dealing with the issues of motherhood and nuptial ties, the novel raises a few important questions in the backdrop of mothering children with special needs. The novel introduces us to a helpless mother fighting for the survival of her dying daughter and gradually moving towards a troubled marriage and dissatisfied relationships. She is committed to saving her daughter’s life by whatever fair or foul means she can think of. This study examines why motherhood, is still the least valued and what are the factors that make motherhood suffer in the hands of other familial roles a mother plays. Another supplementary source My Sister’s Keeper (2008), by the same author, has also been taken into account since it also deals with an identical maternal crisis. Under the theoretical canopy of maternal feminism put forth by Andrea O’Reilly(2007, 2010), an exhaustive critical analysis of Picoult’s plea in question is done.
Perception Of Female Teachers In Transferring Peace Concepts Among Adult Students
Authors: Nisa Aziz -Un- , Parveen Sajida
Published: June 2020

Peace education attempts to promote awareness of non-violent and positive means of production with conflicts and violent concepts, and to endorse necessary capabilities, knowledge, attitudes and values. This purpose of this empirical study was to examine the Perceptions of Female Teachers in Transferring Peace Concepts among adult Students of public and private schools in Pakistan. However, Mix method, sequential explanatory method was used to attain the objectives of the study. Data of the main study was drawn from students of secondary level of the public and private sector of district Korangi of Karachi, Pakistan. Random sampling technique was employed to select participants of the study. Data was collected equally from both genders. Quantitative data gathered through questionnaire from female teachers and analyzed by using SPSS qualitative data was analyzed with themes. The results of this empirical study revealed that education, schools and teachers are playing influential role in transferring peace concepts and behaviors among adult students it is very vital part of peace building in students and also for their character building. This study concludes that teachers are basic pillar for the building knowledge and behaviors, teachers and educational institution can develop peace concepts and behavior through teaching and developing needs of our violently ill society through mainstreaming peace concepts in education system. Research findings also exposed that Teachers are aware to the meaning and understanding of peace concept to some extent. It was recommended that School atmosphere, teachers, classroom environment, curriculum, activities and concerned school setting should be transformed in such a way to reduce violent actions and conflicted situations in school that will lead to better future citizens.
Gender Discrimination in Media as Workplace: A Study of Media Environment in Sindh
Authors: Hussain Fazal
Published: June 2020

This study explores media industry in the province of Sindh, Pakistan for gender discrimination. It is generally believed that gender discrimination is based on patriarchal conception of society and is greatly rooted in culture whereas the economical and social models are also responsible for inculcating discrimination based on gender. But the changing patterns of social institutions and the transforming trends in financial designs are determining new standards and definitions. Although the feminist theorists and feminist’s movements have played magnificent role for the eradication of gender discrimination but the mindsets are still to be changed because they are hardened by socialization and cemented by customs, culture and religion for centuries. This research attempts to consult working journalists for whether they have faced, or facing, or observed, or observing discrimination within the media theatre, or the field is free of these curses. This study employs survey technique using a close ended questionnaire constructed under Guttmann Scale. It also conducts face-to- face interviews with senior journalists in Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana implanting snowball method to deeply explore the media environment in Sindh for gender discrimination. On the basis of its findings, this research offers some implications and suggestions for policy framing and future research.
Gender Differentials In Educated People’s Perceptions Regarding Anti Women Social Practices In Pakistan
Authors: Tabassum Naima , Afzal Tabassum , Tabassum Huma
Published: June 2020

This research aims to explore gender differentials in perceptions regarding several social and cultural practices causing harm to the status of women in Pakistan. The six social practices focused in this research include Dowry, Watta Satta, Walwar, Swara, Vani and Marriage with Quran. The research is designed as exploratory cross sectional quantitative research. The data has been collected through survey of a randomly selected sample of 347 educated men and women in Sindh with the help of a six items, five point Likert scale, to explore people’s perceptions regarding different socio-cultural practices. The scale has two sub scales, each including three items, to assess perceptions regarding social practices perceived as crime and their potential for causing victimization of women in Pakistan. It is inferred from the t-test results that there is statistically significant difference exists between educated men and women’s mean scores acquired on one main scale and two sub scales used to assess perception regarding social practices, their criminal nature, and potential for victimization of women in Pakistan.
Women Participation In Community Development Programs In Urban Area In Balochistan
Authors: Bashir Siraj
Published: June 2020

The aim of research study was to examine the participation of women in community development programs in urban area in Balochistan. This research study tried to know the influencing motives women to participate in community development programs. From a past viewpoint, women have experienced and survived many hard conditions. These have included deprivation, poverty and injustice, all of which have led to their poor socio-economic status. The study used quantitative methods. The purposive sampling method was used. Data were collected using the interview schedule for quantitative data. The total number of respondents were 100 from various Non- Governmental Organizations (BRSP, IDO, Mercy Corps). According to the study findings the participation of women in community development programs had a very positive and result oriented effect because though these various programs they ensure livelihood for their families and women resources were also developed. The study recommended that women participation should be ensured towards sustainable development in Balochistan.
An Analytical Study On Women Working Conditions In Health And Local Government Department Of Karachi
Authors: Jabeen Mussarat , Shah Nasreen Aslam , Wajidi Faraz Ahmed
Published: June 2020

This research has examined the existing status of working women, their problems while performing jobs, working condition and measuring the decision making status at workplace and in their household economy. The study is also analyzed the awareness about pro- women laws, rules, Acts, commitments and conventions signed by Government of Pakistan for empowering women. This research has taken sample of about 117 working women from two public sector departments including health department and local government department in Karachi. The study revealed that most of working women were found in small grade jobs such as nurses, however few were doctors and surgeon. Similarly, majority of them are working in small grade jobs where they earned less as compared to women working at higher posts. It is also observed that women who are educated want to become independent economically, and want to increase their standard of living. It is concluded that they all have been working according to choice and even they do not have any hindrance while performing job, even families are supporting women to work in such departments. In addition, there are very few women who have little knowledge regarding “Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act-2010”. Whereas the problems such as lower wage, harassment at work place, supremacy of men do not observed in such governmental departments. The study suggested that there must be provision of facilities to the lower staff or lower grade working women to ensure equality at all levels.
Sociological Analysis Of Domestic Child Labor
Authors: Barrech Sadia , Din Muhammad , Allauddin Allauddin
Published: June 2020

A large number of children are engaged in child labour as domestic worker and this trend is common in developing countries. Child domestic labor is usually practiced in rural and urban areas across Pakistan. Even educated and well-to-do people frequently engage young children to work in their homes as domestics, kitchen assistants or baby-sitters. In worse forms, child domestic labor takes place over very unfair tools, counting child trafficking and bonded labor. The aim of the present study is to examine the Socio-economic characteristics of respondent’s causes of child domestic labor. Universe of the study was Quetta city and 120 respondents were selected through snow ball sampling. According to findings of the study the child laborers work for longer hours on low wages. They often face physical abuse and some time sexual abuse by their employers. The need is to implement the labour laws so that children can be protected from domestic labour.
Nikah: A Contract in Sharia Law
Authors: Firdos Rehana
Published: June 2020

In this study we have tried to conduct a rather detailed research on "does according to Quran only a man has the right to Nikkah? Does the man has the right to Nikkah only because he is the breadwinner? Is woman actually subordinate to man in case of Nikkah according to Quran? Quran has set Nikkah as a contract between a man and a woman according to which the man and the woman will live together having sexual relations while respecting some conditions and limits set by Shari'ah. The topic under review explains that according to Quran man and woman both have equal right to Nikkah and also The Quran puts the responsibility of protecting the Nikkah on both the man and the woman. That is why the status of woman, rights and position do not lessen after her marriage. In the matter of Nikkah independent consent of both parties is a must. Both shall be bound to the limits set by Allah. Since Nikkah, according to Quran is an agreement, which is undertaken by the two parties, hence it cannot be a one-sided matter. The woman has the right to engage in the agreement of Nikkah and to be broken it. The religion of God and Shari'ah is not only for men but it addresses all in general. Both men and women means both shall spread the religion of Allah and act upon it. Denial of women's freedom and rejection of her right to chose neither fulfills Allah's will nor it could establish a healthy society.
Resilience and Aggression of Adolescents, Early and Middle-Aged Adults: Analyzing Gender Differences
Authors: Naseem Sabahat , Munaf Seema
Published: June 2020

The present study aimed to analyze gender difference in resilience and aggression of three developmental stages (adolescence, early adulthood, and middle adulthood). For this, comparative research design was utilized. Through purposive sampling, 600 participants (Mage = 28.24 years, SD = 12.12) with males and females equal in number; were selected from different regions of Karachi, Pakistan. Participants’ demographic information was collected through Respondent Information Form. Resilience and aggression were measured using The Brief Resilience Scale and Short Form of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, respectively. Data was analyzed through independent samples t-test using SPSS. Results indicated that overall, resilience was significantly higher in males. In adolescence and early adulthood, resilience was higher in males than females, however, in middle adulthood, insignificant gender difference was noted in resilience. Further, overall non-significant gender difference was found in aggression; nevertheless, physical aggression was significantly higher in males, whereas, anger was higher in females. Moreover, insignificant gender difference was also found in aggression concerning the three age groups. This study would help in understanding the role of gender in resilience and aggression in different developmental stages. Additionally, it would assist in developing gender and age specific programs for fostering resilience and managing aggression.

Keywords: Gender, Resilience, Aggression, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood
Women Entrepreneurship In Developed And Emerging Market: Evidence From The Literature In Multidimensional Way
Authors: Siddiqui Dr Saima Tabassum , Samo Asif Hussain , Meraj Kainat
Published: June 2020

The concept of entrepreneurship is widely studied and acknowledged. Over the past three decades, scholarly interest in the field of women entrepreneurship has been expanded. The phenomena of women entrepreneurship are moving towards being more specific for researcher. The purpose of this study is to collate and present a detailed analysis of literature on women entrepreneurs. The paper uses qualitative methodology that is systematic literature review SLR approach in order to critically determine and explore women entrepreneurs for both emerging and developed market from January 2009 to December 2018 based on five dimensions, i.e. challenges, skills, stereotypes, motivations, and financial stability. This review paper concentrates on studies published in master journal list. The study summarizes the findings of 73 articles out of these all articles, 36 articles were on emerging market and remaining 37 articles were on developed market. Findings of the study suggest that women in developing countries should focus more on consistency in their efforts when they embark on the journey of business, as the challenges and stereotypes are usually manageable. The study provides comparative overview of women entrepreneurship. It brings together coherent research literature on women entrepreneurship from multiple dimensions and thus creates a concise body to knowledge.
Status of Women in Arab society in Pre and Post Islamic period
Authors: Haroon Zeenat
Published: June 2020

Before the advent of Islam, world was filled with darkness and humanity was dislocated. Under these circumstances in the Arab world no one can comprehend each other. By hook or by crook wealthy people ruled the poor. The Poor were weak and considered rightful for punishment. They were subservience to the ruling class. Inspite of her frailty women situation was awful and being treated badly in all her relationship as mothers, sister, daughter and wives. In this article I have written about the situation of women before the advent of Islam and depict the status and value of women after Islam that how Islam raises women's position as a mother, sister, daughter and wife and as a human. Islam declared women's rights, her respect and her importance.
Knowledge Of And Attitude Towards Reproductive Health Among Female Adolescence (Aged 15-19 Years): A Study Of Lower Hunza
Authors: Mamdani Kaneez Fatima , Madani Munazza , Shaheen Sultana
Published: June 2020

The reproductive health of adolescents is of growing concern all over the world. At the global level, many young people get involved in sexual activities and risk sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV or involvement in unintended pregnancy. Young people every where reach puberty earlier and marry later than in the past. As a result, youth are sexually mature for a longer period of time prior marriage. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing is a major concern and is associated with a range of outcomes detrimental to teen’s health, including complications of pregnancy, illegal and unsafe abortions and death, especially in less developed nations. Fifteen million women age 15-19, give birth every year, 13 million belonging to less developed countries. Over all, 33 percent women from less developed countries give birth before the age of 20 -varying from 8 percent in East Asia to 55 percent in West Africa- (UNFPA; 2000). Adolescent girls in many South Asian settings are unlikely to have much exposure or physical access to outside world. Few services cater to their needs for health care, nutrition, vocational skills, economic opportunities or information. Sizeable proportions of women in south Asia marry well before 18, and early pregnancy further exacerbates their poor reproductive health. This paper examines the knowledge and attitude of female adolescence aged 15-19 years about their reproductive health in Lower Hunza, Northern Areas of Pakistan. First part of this paper comprises introduction of adolescence and reproductive health, its worldwide and Pakistani situation. The second part of the paper consists of hypotheses and key concepts of the study and the third comprises methodology and statistical analysis of the hypotheses. The last section consists of conclusions and recommendation for the improvement of knowledge and awareness programmes for female adolescents as they are more vulnerable than male.
The Stigma And Discrimination Faced By The People Living With HIV And Aids
Authors: Ali Manna Ghazanfar
Published: June 2020

Gender equality is central to realizing the country's agenda, which risks failure without the full involvement of all members of society. But as it fails in many countries all over the world, the peril in different targeted areas have been increased. So is the case of sexually transmitted infections. The major risks are seen in the field of HIV/Aids. At present South Asia is combating a battle against HIV/Aids. Pakistan is the second largest country in South Asia and it stands only a few steps behind India and Nepal in terms of HIV epidemic. The aim of this paper is to give the people living with HIV and AIDS a platform to raise a common voice for their rights and to contribute to the national response by spreading awareness. The paper also intends the participation of the people, through encouragement, policy education and prevention, which can strive to minimize the adverse personal and social effects of stigma and discrimination towards Positive people.
Feminist Discourse In The Muslim Societies
Authors: Haque Riffat
Published: June 2020

The present commentary is an attempt to trace the history of feminism in the Muslims countries and see how far the western feminist frameworks has influenced or provided impetus to the benchmarks, debates and struggles. Women rights agenda any where in the world can not be decontextualized from its history, politics, economy, customs, religion, traditions and geographical location. In the Muslim countries the discourse of women activism against the societal oppression and exploitation has been linked with colonization and state power as well as. Any Study of feminism shows that its meaning changes overtime and place and therefore, diverse nature of feminism in Muslim countries. Muslim women in pursuit of their rights have distanced themselves from many aspects of western feminism. They have faced fieree opposition within their societies. As in Muslim societies feminist agendas are considered as a challenge to Islam and Islamic culture. As elaborated in the article it is seen there is not one "Islamic" position in cultural practices and the contradictory practices are the issue not the Sharia Laws in itself. The women rights agenda are not against Islam rather un- Islamic practices in the societies such as basic rights to health, education, property rights, polygamy, marital status etc.
Bringing Women Entrepreneurs In Policy Focus For SME Development In Bangladesh
Authors: Afsar Rita
Published: June 2020

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often considered as panacea for generating labour-intensive employment opportunities needed to absorb expanding labour force, providing much needed flexibility and innovations in the economy as a whole, diversifying economic activities and making significant contribution to export and poverty alleviation. There is disproportionately high concentration of women in the low-productive, low-income generating micro-enterprises and subsequent low representation of women entrepreneurs in the SME sector due to some of the inherent problems of this sector compounded with systematic gender based inequality. Data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics show that in Bangladesh, only about 7.4 per cent of the establishments in manufacturing and services as of 2001-2003 are owned by women. This compares with about 20 per cent in India as of 2000 and that of nearly 39 per cent in the South-East Asian region. Clearly it suggests the need for policy push to increase women’s participation and enhance their capacity. Based on a thorough literature review including research and other policy as well as programme related documents, this paper highlights the major constraints faced by women entrepreneurs and suggest appropriate policy measures to address those gaps and challenges from a review of the existing SME policies. It argues that the whole process of SME development should have a clear structure and a vision for enhancing capability of the entrepreneurs to compete in the global and domestic markets which demand special focus on women entrepreneurs who are often marginalized in the existing women unfriendly environment. A broad and comprehensive focus on information and capital accessibility, skill development and marketing linkage is essential to increase women’s participation in SME.
Causes Of Delinquency Among Children Living In Juvenile Jail (Karachi) & Its Effects On Their Personalities
Authors: Nasreen Shagufta , Ali Aliyah
Published: June 2020

Behaviour of children and adolescents is a growing concern all over the world. Children are future of any country but unfortunately they are the most neglected group in Pakistan. According to statistics, young people (15-24 years) living in Pakistan numbered 36 million in 2004. One of the major problems is children’s involvement in crimes and this issue is becoming very grave. There are different reasons for children’s commitment of crimes. These include poverty, joblessness, as well as thrill and action. In jail, they face difficult time and most of them come out with the stigma of “criminal” which continues to haunt them in their life and affect their personality, family and society at large. The need is to implement the existing laws and identify the reasons of increase in crime and take actions to decrease the rate of crime in this age group.
Social Aspect Of Globalization And Internationalization Of Socio-Economic Development
Authors: Brohi Ahmed Ali , Sheikh Saima
Published: June 2020

Globalization is characterized with multi-faceted aspects. Sometimes it helps in social and economic development. On the contrary, it hampers social and economic development on the whole. Globalization increases interdependency; therefore, it is the main cause of changes in the international system. Before the advent of globalization within the international spectra, the individual’s role and status were considered important. With the introduction of globalization, individual activities regarding the interdependency between the nations have become collective efforts. Therefore, the concepts of social and economic development have changed entirely. These concepts, directly or indirectly, reshaped or sometimes totally converted into the lobbies and whims of multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and global actors. This paper will review the process of globalization and its impact on international relations which is a factor in socio-economic development.
Universal Declaration Of Human Rights VS. Human Rights In Islam
Authors: Manzoor Asma , Ali Saba Imran , Nadeemullah Muhammad
Published: June 2020

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) came into existence after World War II when the Nazi violence perpetrated upon the Jews came to light, the world community realized that the UN Charter was not sufficiently specific to protect human rights. In response, the Declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on December 10, 1948. General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It consists of 30 articles which cover a broad range including social, political, economic and religious rights. Though not legally binding, the UDHR is considered a foundational document in international human right laws. It has inspired the development of 50 human rights instruments around the world including international treaties, national constitutions, and regional human right laws. Whereas Islamic law or Shari’ah, has been used in countries throughout the world for more than 1,400 years and remains the ideal legal system for more than a billion people worldwide. During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, the nations under its rule flourished in such diverse fields of medicine, education, social sciences and arts. While Shari’ah has been examined in great detail, religious scholars and groups for implementation in Islamic countries mostly completed the research. However, by comparing the rulings and methodology of Shari’ah to current systems around the world, it is possible to gain both a better understanding and also provides an alternative current system of laws.
Impact Of Self Help Groups On Women Empowerment: A Study With Reference To Women Self Help Groups In Aurangabad District
Authors: Saraf Aparna Bhonde
Published: June 2020

Microfinance is the most experimented philosophy in today’s era. It has infact become a strategic tool for financial inclusion as well. The quantitative growth of microfinance in India mainly through Self Help Groups (SHG) is quiet evident from various studies and reports. Self Help Groups are emerging as a popular vehicle of microfinance. Substantial majority of these groups are women SHGs. In India of more than 61 lakhs of SHGs formed under the NABARD’s SHG-Bank Linkage programme, almost 83% are women SHGs. They are used largely for poverty alleviation. However, various studies reveal that SHGs can supplement empowerment equally. SHGs are providing financial orientation and benefits to the participants. Obviously, this leads to economic empowerment of the members. In addition the group mechanism is assumed to be useful for social empowerment also. The dynamics of this philosophy is studied recently with some positive results. An attempt is made to understand the impact of SHGs on women empowerment. The study also focuses on examining the role of certain factors (influencers) in affecting empowerment.
Socio-Environmental Condition Of Women At Prison: A Case Study Of Karachi Central Jail
Authors: Baloch Dur-e-Shehwar , Shah Parveen , Qureshi Misbah B
Published: June 2020

This paper proposed to discuss the socio-environmental conditions of women at prison in Karachi.1 Prison is kind of punishment in which people are physically restricted of a range of personal freedom. Besides this, in jail manual, women have been protected by different rules and regulations. This paper is an explanatory study based on quantitative and qualitative research methodology. The questionnaire method was used for the purpose of data collection. The study shows that the situation on ground and the conditions of women prisoners is not good. In Pakistan rules and laws are available however, they are not implemented. This paper also suggests measures and recommendations in order to overcome the unhealthy and unhygienic condition faced by women prisoners at Karachi Central Jail.
Economic Globalization And Women’s Employment: Study Of Industrial Sector Of Karachi
Authors: Nasreen Shagufta , Shah Nasreen Aslam
Published: June 2020

Globalization is a term which has different meanings for different people and the reason is its multidimensional connection with economic, political, social, cultural, environmental and many other aspects shaping the lives of people around the world. Although it has vast meaning but one of its important aspects is economic this has appeared to be the major factor of influence for its other dimensions as well. This study explores the impacts of these policies on women working in industrial sector of Karachi. The impacts are not on employment but their health, safety, working conditions and decision making. It shows that formal jobs for women was already low and informal, contract based jobs are increasing. In some sectors more women are hired because of their perceived docile, tolerant and satisfied with substandard wages. Majority of women are hired in garments. Analysis of secondary data from the year 1990-2009 shows that the perceived idea of growth, increase in employment and development was not successful. Economic globalization in the form of economic policies of trade liberalization, privatization and fiscal austerity could not improve the macroeconomic indicators of Pakistan thereby increasing burden on poor, salaried class and women.
Women’s Role In Combating Population Explosion; Public Sector Efforts In Pakistan
Authors: Salahuddin Jugnoo
Published: June 2020

This article is an extract from a much larger study with broader objectives. In this specific article the detailed background of the Government efforts for nipping the bud of population explosion is explored. The actual study was based on the “performance evaluation” of 607 lady health workers from 5 districts of Karachi division, using quantitative method of data collection. This article informs the readers the strategies adopted by the Government of Pakistan in combating population growth between the years 1955–1998. It reveals factors responsible for the failure of family planning programme in Pakistan and also those, which have played a positive role in its propagation.
Situation Of Infant Mortality And Mother’s Health-Seeking Behaviour In Selected Area Of Karachi
Authors: Iqbal Musarrat , Siddiqui Naila Usman
Published: June 2020

Pakistan has one of the highest Infant mortality rates in the world. Most death takes place as a result of Health seeking behavior of mothers or rather lack of it. This study was aimed at finding out situation of Infant mortalityin low-income areas in Karachi, the capital of Sindh, Pakistan. Due to limited resources this study is restricted to only one locality, Shershah, Karachi. The data was collected from the ever-married women aged 15-49 in sample locality. Detailed information on women’s socio-economic background, birth histories and health status was obtained for analysis.
A Comparative Study Of The Efficacy Of Intervention Program On Girl Children With Mental Retardation
Authors: Naz Shaista , Sulman Nasir
Published: June 2020

This study was an attempt to compare self-concept and adjustment state of mentally retarded girls who were attending the special school (with intervention program), who are not attending the special school (without intervention program) and normal healthy girls attending regular school. The investigator hypothesized that the mentally retarded girls with an intervention program would differ socially and emotionally from the mentally retarded girls without an intervention program. For the nature of the design of the study, participants for this study were divided into three groups. With the help of purposive sampling (non-probability method), the participant girls were selected in such a manner that ten girls in each group were matched in age and severity with girls in each of the three groups. For the purpose of data collection, Piers Harris Children’s Self Concept Scale and The AML Rating Scale were used by the investigators. The findings of the study thus did confirm on the whole the assumption that mentally retarded girls with an intervention program would differ emotionally and socially from mentally retarded girls without intervention program.