bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetable Soybean and Its Seedling Emergence in the United States
Authors: Li Xiaoying , E. Welbaum Gregory , L. Rideout Steven , Singer William , Zhang Bo
Published: February 2022

Vegetable soybean or edamame is a specialty soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Unlike grain-type soybean (mainly for oil and source of protein in animal feeds), edamame pods are harvested at a green and immature stage, and beans are consumed by humans as a vegetable. While originally from China, edamame has recently gained much-increased popularity and expanded market needs in the US. However, domestic edamame production is limited in the US because at least 70% of the edamame consumed is imported. Poor seed germination and seedling emergence are one of the major problems in US edamame production. This review focuses on the introduction of edamame, a high-value niche crop, and its low emergence issue in production. Here, we provide a comprehensive exploration of the factors that influence edamame germination and emergence, including the intrinsic factors related to seeds (seed and seedling characteristics), and extrinsic factors related to the biotic (soil/seed-borne diseases) and abiotic (seedbed physical components as well as their interaction with climate) stresses. This information will help farmers and plant breeders to better understand the causes of the poor edamame emergence and may provide a foundation for improved field management of edamame, to increase production of this valuable specialty crop.
Diagnostic Approaches of Dysfunctional Anorectum and Pelvic Floor Disorders
Authors: Andromanakos Nikolaos , Filippou Dimitrios , Kostakis Alkiviadis
Published: February 2022

Various causes of neuromuscular disorders of the pelvic floor muscles may affect the functional integrity of the pelvic floor and anorectum leading to the different pathological conditions such as anorectal incontinence, urinary incontinence and constipation of obstructed defecation, sexual dysfunction, and perineal pain syndromes. Diagnosis of the dysfunctional anorectum and pelvic floor disorders is an integrated approach that includes a thorough history, a careful physical examination, and selected specialized tests as well as the exclusion of organic disease (anorectal or endopelvic) which complement the patient’s evaluation contributing to objective and accurate diagnosis of their pathological cause leading to the optimal treatment.
Toxic Effects of Bisphenols: A Special Focus on Bisphenol A and Its Regulations
Authors: Erkekoğlu Pınar , Yirün Anil , Balci Özyurt Aylin
Published: February 2022

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an abundant chemical in the environment, is suggested to cause different toxic effects, including endocrine disruption, reprotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Due to these effects, regulatory authorities have restricted the use of BPA in different consumer products, particularly in products used by children. These restrictions have led to researchers and plastic industry to find new and safer alternatives. Today, bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are highly used although their toxic effects are less known. In the past years, several studies showed that these derivatives might also act as endocrine disruptors and cause toxic effects. BPA is a substance that is carefully monitored by regulatory agencies, and toxicological data are evaluated regularly. The alternatives, such as BPF and BPS, should also be monitored, and the regulations concerning their use in consumer products must be implemented soon. The increase in the number of studies on BPA and different bisphenols is very important in terms of obtaining new toxicological data and guiding regulatory institutions. This chapter will mainly focus on BPA, its toxicity, BPA alternatives, and regulations implemented by different American and European authorities.
Internal Microchannel Manufacturing Using Stereolithographic 3D Printing
Authors: Carnero Bastián , Bao-Varela Carmen , Isabel Gómez-Varela Ana , Teresa Flores-Arias María
Published: February 2022

Internal channels are one of the most interesting structures to implement in microfluidics devices. Unfortunately, the optical technologies typically used in microfluidics, such as photolithography or reactive ion etching, are unable to generate these structures by only allowing surface structuring. Stereolithographic 3D printing has emerged as a very promising technology in internal microchannel manufacturing, by allowing a layer-by-layer structuring in volume performed by a laser that photopolymerises a liquid resin. Recent advances in laser technologies have reached resolutions of tens of micrometres. The high resolution of this type of printer, which a priori would allow the fabrication of channels of the same dimensions, may pose a problem by impeding the evacuation of uncured resin. In this chapter, the compromise between size and resin evacuation will be evaluated to find the optimal diameter range in which unobstructed and accurate microchannels can be obtained.
On the Unity of Revelation and True Philosophy
Authors: Solger Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand , Crist Alexander ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2022

In this text, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780–1819), an influential but often overlooked figure in German Idealism and German Romanticism, offers an account on the relationship between revelation and philosophical thought. For Solger, the being of the eternal reveals itself in and to existence as a “creation out of nothing.” Similarly, existence seen from the position of the being of the eternal is the “nothing of being.” For the being of the eternal to enter into existence requires the sacrifice of existence, that is, the annihilation of the nothing of being. For Solger, the task of philosophy is to think these oppositions of the eternal and existence as a complete “passing over” movement, one which is comprised of creation and annihilation. Ultimately, “true philosophy” should attempt to think the “absolute fact” of revelation, namely, revelation as both thought in consciousness and experienced in its actuality in existence.
Historical Definitions and Synonyms for “Copt” and “Coptic”
Authors: Mikhail Maged S. A.
Published: February 2022

This study scrutinizes the meaning and use of “Copt” and “Coptic” in the middle ages, when three interrelated—yet distinct and, at times, contradictory—“sets” of definitions circulated among Christians and Muslims. The first set comes from linguistic etymologies and mythical histories. In that context, this study contests the historicity of “Copt” in the earliest versions of the written Talmud. A second set of definitions emerged from Arabic historical and ethnogenetic narratives, while a third set reflects religious communal identity. Here, the evidence suggests that “Copt” and “Jacobite” were not only used interchangeably, but that “Jacobite” was often preferred and, at times, exclusive to the Copts. Significantly, the communal boundaries of the third set of definitions blatantly transgress those of the second, and even the first. In addition, this study demonstrates that pre-modern texts switched from one definition to the other without pause, which places a greater burden on scholars to clearly discern the contexts of any attestation for “Copt[-ic].” The three sets of definitions parsed here challenge contemporary usage among the Coptic community, church, and academics, which largely depend on the paradigm of the nation state.
Coptic Orthodox Cleric’s Perspective on the Formation of Coptic Identity in the Diaspora
Authors: Guirgis Paul
Published: February 2022

Through its multi-decade existence, the Coptic diaspora continues to grapple with identity formation issues, both at the individual and collective levels. Efforts reflect a wide range of attitudes toward the identity of origin, ranging from retention and maintenance to rejection and formation of a new identity. Additionally, the Coptic diasporic identity is influenced by how the identity of origin is perceived. For this factor, the choice is usually made between two positions, victimhood or triumphalism. Some can step outside this false dichotomy, embracing an empowered identity of action, which is neither ignorant of the past nor subjugated by it. Furthermore, the process of identity formation is influenced by an array of moderating factors, operating in a complex web of interactions. The complex process of identity formation can be observed in the Coptic diaspora. A look at this complex issue from a Coptic Orthodox cleric’s perspective, serving the largest Coptic Orthodox congregation in Canada established in the early 1980s, is presented in this paper within the timeframe of 2007–2021. Unless otherwise stated, views presented in this paper reflect the author’s observations over the stated timeline and within the stated geographical area.
Liquisolid systems: Evaluation of the influence of formulation variables on the optimum liquid load
Authors: Aleksić Ivana , Glišić Teodora , Cvijić Sandra , Parojčić Jelena
Published: February 2022

Liquisolid systems represent an emerging approach in the preparation of solid dosage forms with liquid lipophilic drug or poorly water-soluble drug solution/suspension in suitable liquid vehicle. This study addresses the lack of data regarding the compaction behavior of liquisolid systems, with the aim to investigate the influence of liquid load, carrier to coating ratio, carrier type (microcrystalline cellulose vs. spray dried calcium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous (Fujicalin®)) on flowability and compaction properties of liquisolid systems and to determine the optimum liquid loads. Liquisolid admixtures with Fujicalin® showed notably better flowability than those with microcrystalline cellulose. An increase in carrier to coating ratio led to enhanced flowability of the admixtures. Compacts with Fujicalin® had good mechanical properties up to 24.7% liquid, while those with microcrystalline cellulose had acceptable mechanical strength up to 16.2% liquid. Liquisolid systems with Fujicalin® showed similar tabletability profiles as those with microcrystalline cellulose, despite having higher liquid content. The ejection stress values indicated that the addition of lubricant might be needed in the case of liquisolid systems with Fujicalin®. Superior properties of Fujicalin® as a carrier for liquisolid tablets were revealed, and dynamic compaction analysis was found to be a valuable tool for the assessment of compaction behavior of liquisolid systems.
Treatment-resistant hypertension
Authors: Milošević Maja , Otašević Petar
Published: February 2022

Treatment-resistant hypertension is one of the most significant causes of poor blood pressure regulation. Patients with resistant hypertension are at a higher risk of developing comorbidities compared to the general hypertensive population. As a result, these patients have an increased incidence of disability and premature death, as well as increased treatment costs. Due to the above-mentioned, in the last decade, there has been an increase in researchers' interest in elucidating the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of resistant hypertension. However, recent data indicate that 20% of female and 24% of male patients with arterial hypertension still have uncontrolled blood pressure, despite maximum doses of three antihypertensive drugs (including a diuretic) and appropriate lifestyle measures. New treatment modalities (i.e. devicebased interventions - catheter-based renal denervation and baroreceptor stimulation) offer hope for achieving adequate blood pressure regulation in these patients. In this paper, we have summarized previous knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of resistant hypertension, as well as optimal diagnostic methods to differentiate true from pseudo-resistant hypertension. We have also given an overview of the current therapeutic approach, including optimal medical therapy and new treatment modalities (i.e. device-based interventions) and their role in the treatment of resistant hypertension.
Influence of spray-drying process on properties of chitosan/xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complexes as carriers for oral delivery of ibuprofen
Authors: Ćirić Ana , Milinković-Budinčić Jelena , Medarević Đorđe , Dobričić Vladimir , Rmandić Milena , Barudžija Tanja , Malenović Anđelija , Petrović Lidija , Đekić Ljiljana
Published: February 2022

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are attractive carriers with recognized potential to enhance oral delivery of poorly soluble high-dosed low-molecular-weight drugs. The formulation of solid oral dosage forms requires the drying of PECs, which may affect their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spraydrying on the properties of ibuprofen-loaded chitosan/xanthan gum PECs and to assess the drug release kinetics from such PECs filled into hard capsules in comparison with corresponding PECs which are dried under ambient conditions. The yield, ibuprofen content, entrapment efficiency, and residual moisture content of spray-dried PECs were lower than those of ambient-dried PECs. Better flowability of spray-dried PECs was attributed to the almost spherical particle shape, shown by scanning electron microscopy. DSC and PXRD analysis confirmed the amorphization of ibuprofen during spray-drying. All the investigated PECs, obtained by drying under ambient conditions as well as by spray-drying, had high rehydration capacity both in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer pH 7.4. In vitro ibuprofen release from dried PECs was controlled during 12 h with the release of approximately 30% of entrapped ibuprofen. Spray-dried PECs provided better control of ibuprofen diffusion from the carrier compared to the ambientdried ones.
CONSTRUÇÃO DE VÍDEOS EDUCATIVOS SOBRE O USO DE QUESTIONÁRIO ON-LINE NA PESQUISA COM SERES HUMANOS
Authors: Arduini Raphael Ilidio
Published: February 2022

Este estudo descreve o processo de criação de três vídeos educativos sobre o uso de questionários online na pesquisa com seres humanos. Esse estudo foi realizado no contexto de um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa como forma de desenvolvimento de instruções a pesquisadores que intentam utilizar questionários on-line como instrumento de coleta de dados na pesquisa com seres humanos. Inicialmente foi realizada uma introdução sobre a ética em pesquisa e o questionário como instrumento de pesquisa. O processo de criação do vídeo foi desenvolvido por meio da metodologia de pesquisa-ação, conforme proposto por Michel Thiollent, com um grupo de membros de um comitê de ética em pesquisa. A pesquisa respeitou o ciclo de investigação-ação, cumprindo as etapas de identificação do problema, planejamento, ação, descrição e avaliação. O problema identificado era a ausência de orientações para o uso de questionário on-line. A elaboração do vídeo foi estruturada em etapas, sendo essas a elaboração e aprovação do roteiro, gravação e edição do vídeo e avaliação do vídeo pelos participantes da pesquisa, sendo essas etapas realizadas nas fases de planejamento, ação e avaliação respectivamente. O primeiro vídeo apresenta a ética em pesquisa e o sistema CEP-CONEP; o segundo vídeo aborda o processo de consentimento/assentimento; e o terceiro vídeo, orienta a elaboração de um questionário on-line com o registro do consentimento/assentimento. Os resultados mostraram que os vídeos possuem adequação quanto ao o objetivo proposto, forma e conteúdo, e aptidão suficiente para serem utilizados, apontando um caminho para novas produções educativas referentes à ética em pesquisa no futuro.
Gestión curricular y desarrollo de la competencia digital docente en la formación inicial del profesorado
Authors: Pinto Santos Alba Ruth , Pérez Garcias Adolfina
Published: February 2022

This paper analyzes the impact of the curricular management of Initial Teacher Training (ITT) curriculum has on the development of the Teaching Digital Competence (TDC) of future teachers. For this purpose, at the methodological level, an evaluative research approach was implemented. The sample was made up of students (n: 153) from the bachelor of early childhood education program at the University of La Guajira. The data collection instruments used were an observation sheet of indicators of curricular management, and a rubric to evaluate the teaching digital competence. The results show that there are at the curricular level, objectives and subjects that guide pedagogical training in the educational use of digital technology. However, in the assessment of TDC in students, they are located at the lowest levels of the rubric, with 37.3% at the Lower level, and 30.7% at the Low level. It is concluded that trends in educational innovation and integrative processes of the TDC are not reflected, and that there is a need to strengthen the training processes in the ITT so that future teachers develop the competencies that allow an effective use of digital technology to professional level.

El presente artículo analiza la incidencia que tiene la gestión curricular de la Formación Inicial Docente (FID) en el desarrollo de la Competencia Digital Docente (CDD) de los futuros profesores. Para tal efecto, a nivel metodológico se implementó un enfoque de investigación evaluativa. La muestra fue conformada por los estudiantes (n: 153) del programa licenciatura en educación infantil de la Universidad de La Guajira. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos usados fueron una ficha de observación de indicadores de la gestión curricular, y una rúbrica para evaluar la competencia digital docente. Los resultados evidencian que existen a nivel curricular, objetivos y asignaturas que orientan la formación pedagógica en el uso educativo de la tecnología digital. No obstante, en la valoración de la CDD en los estudiantes se ubicaron en los niveles más bajos de la rúbrica, con 37,3% en el nivel Inferior, y 30,7% en el nivel de Bajo. Se concluye que no se refleja tendencias de innovación educativa y procesos integradores de la CDD, y que existe la necesidad de fortalecer los procesos de formación en la FID para que los futuros docentes desarrollen las competencias que le permita una utilización eficaz de la tecnología digital a nivel profesional.
Competencia digital de los docentes Canarios para atender a la diversidad funcional
Authors: Carrillo-Lopez Pedro José , Hernández-Gutiérrez Ana Adela
Published: February 2022

Background: the study of teacher training is of utmost importance to achieve quality education. Objective: to analyse the level of digital competence of teachers in the Canary Islands with regard to the application of ICT for people with different types of disabilities. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was designed with a sample of 678 teachers. The questionnaire used was called Diagnosis and teacher training for the incorporation of ICT in students with functional diversity. Results: Global ICT knowledge scored substantially below the average (20,48 vs. 30,00). According to gender, significant differences were found in the Auditory and Cognitive dimensions in favour of females (p < 0,05). Those aged 26-35 years scored higher on all dimensions (p < 0,05). Conclusion: Teachers in the Canary Islands show a low level of training with regard to the application of ICT with students with disabilities. These results may be of special interest for the health and educational context in order to create and develop teacher training itineraries that can contribute to improving the quality of the teaching-learning process.

Antecedentes: el estudio de la formación de los docentes es de suma importancia para alcanzar una educación de calidad. Objetivo: analizar el nivel de competencia digital de los docentes de las Islas Canarias respecto a la aplicación de las TIC para personas que presentan diferentes tipos de discapacidades. Método: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo transversal compuesto con una muestra de 678 docentes. El cuestionario utilizado se denomina Diagnóstico y formación del profesorado para la incorporación de las TIC en alumnado con diversidad funcional. Resultados: el conocimiento Global TIC alcanza una puntuación sustancialmente inferior a la media del cuestionario (20,48 vs. 30,00). Según el sexo, se han hallado diferencias significativas en la dimensión Auditiva y Cognitiva a favor de las mujeres (p < 0,05). Aquellos que tienen entre 26-35 años obtienen una mayor puntuación en todas las dimensiones (p < 0,05). Conclusión: el profesorado de las Islas Canarias muestra una baja capacitación con respecto a la aplicación de las TIC con alumnado que presenta discapacidad. Estos resultados pueden ser de especial interés para el contexto sanitario y educativo con el fin de desarrollar itinerarios de formación docente que permitan contribuir a la mejora de la calidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Blowup phenomena for some fourth-order strain wave equations at arbitrary positive initial energy level
Authors: Lin Qiang , Luo Yongbing
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study a series of fourth-order strain wave equations involving dissipative structure, which appears in elasto-plastic-microstructure models. By some differential inequalities, we derive the finite time blow up results and the estimates of the upper bound blowup time with arbitrary positive initial energy. We also discuss the influence mechanism of the linear weak damping and strong damping on blowup time, respectively.
Densification and heterogeneity enhancement of Fe-based metallic glass under local plastic flow
Authors: Jiang Shuang-Shuang , Zhu Li , Liu Si-Nan , Yang Zhan-Zhan , Lan Si , Wang Yin-Gang ,   College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China,   Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Published: February 2022

The atomic-scale structure and concomitant mechanical property evolution of a ribbon-shaped Fe78Si9B13 metallic glass after local plastic flow are investigated. By using abrasive papers as a medium to transport the pressure, the equivalent pressure on the ribbon surface is sufficiently magnified. Multiple shear bands pervading along their surface are generated simultaneously after deformation. The densification processes triggered by the cooperative atomic rearrangements in the short and medium-range are revealed by analyzing the synchrotron diffraction patterns in reciprocal space and real space. Meanwhile, the local plastic flow enhances the structural heterogeneity. In contrast to the strain-softening under uniaxial loading, these structural changes contribute to the improvement of resistance to subsequent deformation. As a result, the Vickers hardness of the deformed Fe78Si9B13 metallic glass increases compared with the undeformed sample, manifesting a local strain-hardening behavior.
Effects of long-term nitrogen & phosphorus fertilization on soil microbial, bacterial and fungi respiration and their temperature sensitivity on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Chen Kelu , Zhou Huakun , Wu Yang , Zhao Ziwen , Li Yuanze , Qiao Leilei , Liu Guobin , Xue Sha
Published: February 2022

Background

The microbial decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major source of carbon loss, especially in ecologically fragile regions (e.g.,the Tibetan Plateau), which are also affected by global warming and anthropogenic activities (e.g.,fertilization). The inherent differences between bacteria and fungi indicate that they are likely to play distinct roles in the above processes. However, there still have been no reports on that, which is restricting our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying SOC decomposition.

Methods

A long-term nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition field experiment was conducted to assess their effects on soil microbial, fungal, and bacterial respiration (RM, RF, and RB, respectively) and temperature sensitivity (Q10; at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) using cycloheximide and streptomycin to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria.

Results

We found that N suppressed RM and RF at all temperatures, but RB was only suppressed at 15 °C, regardless of the addition of P. The addition of N significantly decreased the ratio of RF/RM at 35 °C, and the combined NP treatment increased the Q10 of RB but not that of RF. Results of the redundancy analysis showed that variations in soil respiration were linked with NO3−-N formation, while the variations in Q10 were linked with SOC complexity. Long-term N addition suppressed RM by the formation of NO3−-N, and this was mediated by fungi rather than bacteria. The contribution of fungi toward SOC decomposition was weakened by N addition and increasing temperatures. Combined NP addition increased the Q10 of RB due to increased SOC complexity. The present study emphasizes the importance of fungi and the soil environment in SOC decomposition. It also highlights that the role of bacteria and SOC quality will be important in the future due to global warming and increasing N deposition.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Threat of a Multidrug Resistant Infection in Hosts with Co-morbidities- A Case Series
Authors: Patro Shubhransu , Panda Sudhansu Sekhar , Mishra Siddharth , Jena Payod Kumar , Patnaik Abhilash
Published: February 2022

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S.maltophilia) was first identified in the year 1943. Since the discovery, the organism has been classified into multiple genus. Finally, Stenotrophomonas genus was created in 1993 and has steadily been growing in prevalence since then. S.maltophilia is an organism of low virulence but owing to its inherent resistance to commonly used antibiotics and some peculiar resistance mechanism, the organism is poising challenge as a nosocomial infection, hence high index of suspicion is essential in part of physicians for early intervention and better prognosis. Five cases (35 years old male, 18 years old female,55 years old female,82 years old male and 60 years old male patients) of S. maltophilia infection, diagnosed by various diagnostic modalities like chest x-ray and relevant blood investigations, in hosts with co-morbidities (like diabetes, hypertension, sickel cell disease, psychiatric illness etc.) are presented here along with a brief review. The patients were treated by antibiotic therapy according to culture sensitivity report and were discharged at time range of 10-21 days of hospitalisation after improvement of clinical condition and laboratory reports of the patients.
Migraine-Associated Otalgia: An Underappreciated Entity
Authors: Sussman Sarah , Zimmerman Zachary , Chishom Taylor , Reid Lauren , Seyyedi Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Background and Objectives: Otalgia can be primary/otogenic or secondary as a referred pain from another site, which can be difficult to establish owing to various causes and the complex innervation of the ear. In our center, we observed a large group of patients with unexplained otalgia that had a higher prevalence of migraine. We hypothesized that migraine may cause secondary otalgia. This study then aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine-associated otalgia and evaluate the efficacy of migraine treatment.Subjects and Methods: This 2-year retrospective study was conducted at a busy otology clinic. Patients were identified using diagnostic codes corresponding to otalgia. The prevalence of migraine-associated otalgia was determined, and the efficacy of migraine treatment was evaluated in these patients. The interventions included prophylactic and abortive migraine treatments. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare between the pre- and post-treatment symptoms.Results: A total of 208 patients with otalgia were identified. Sixty-four out of ninety patients with unexplained otalgia met the criteria for migraine; of them, 30 patients had an adequate follow-up and were thus included in the evaluation of treatment efficacy. Otalgia improved in 87% of the patients who received migraine treatment. After treatment, the mean pain score and headache frequency significantly decreased from 7 to 2 and from 27 to 9 days per month, respectively (p<0.001).Conclusions: Migraine should be considered as a source of secondary otalgia, and patients should receive treatment as they often respond to migraine treatment.
A REVIEW ON SHADANGA GHRITA: AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION FOR COMMON DIARRHOEA CAUSING ENTEROPATHOGENS
Authors: Sharma Usha , . Laxmi , Yadav Yadevendra , Sharma Khemchand
Published: February 2022

Atisaar is a very commonly found disease in all age groups. It is colloquially called diarrhoea, a prevalent clinical feature of acute and chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The line of treatment depends on the type and stage of the disease. In Ayurveda, Atisaar is classified based on the vitiation of Dosha, while in modern medical science, it is based on the type of causative organism. There are so many formulations used to treat diarrhoea in Ayurvedic texts. Lipid-based formulations of Shadanga Ghrita include ingredients such as Kutaj (Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall), Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC), Pippali (Piper longum Linn), Shunthi (Zingiber officinale Rosc), Katuka (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth), Laksha (Laccifer lacca Kerr.) and Go-ghrita. Different fractions of extracts of each drug and isolated phytochemicals have potent anti-bacterial and anti-diarrhoeal activities, as proven by many studies. Thus, a literary survey helps to understand the mode of action of this formulation and might be helpful in the calculation of dose for pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY: A REVIEW
Authors: Gholap Seema , Doke Reshma
Published: February 2022

India’s high prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia is primarily due to the vegetarian diet in women. Malnutrition is due to low economic condition, generally poor nutrition, insufficient protein & iron diet, inadequate iron absorption, and expanded requirements. Adopting this lower level, anemia in pregnancy ranges widely from 40 to 80% in the tropics compared to 10 to 20% in developed countries. Anaemia is responsible for 20% of maternal deaths in third world countries. Approximately 51% of pregnant women are anaemic. Of all anemias diagnosed during pregnancy, 75% are due to iron deficiency.
INEVITABILITY OF VAJIKARANA IN WOMEN: A REVIEW
Authors: Mohite Swati S , Bhoskar Mayuri H
Published: February 2022

Vajikarana is one of the eight specialities of Ashtang Ayurveda. The word Vajikarana is made up of two words, Vaji and Karana. Vaji means horse, and Karana implies power. This branch of Ayurveda deals with maintaining health and treating the disease. As per classical texts of Ayurveda, Vajikarana is advised to males. The preservation of health and disease-free life is equally essential in males and female to keep herself healthy and free from illness.
Reports on COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination in Nigeria
Authors: Anthonia Azike, Chidimma , Eedee Konne Felix , Tamunonengiye-Ofori Orudukobipi, , Adline Erinma Ben-Chioma, , Albert Lesere Nwibani,
Published: February 2022

A biological material intentionally prepared by scientists to provide active acquired immunity against a specific infectious disease is called a vaccine. It is engineered with either a portion of the pathogen that is harmless, or a whole pathogen but which has been killed or rendered harmless in the laboratory through radiation, chemical, or high temperature. The idea is to cause the body’s immune system to recognize the pathogen and to build immunity against it, should the body be exposed to it at any time. Categories of vaccines exists such as; prophylactics (which acts by preventing the effect of future infection by either natural or wild pathogen), and/or therapeutic (developed to fight a disease that has already occurred). This review is focused at understudying the various brands of vaccines approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for covid, their mechanism of actions and the outcomes of these vaccines (benefits and adverse effects). The vaccines approved by WHO includes: the Oxford AstraZeneca, Pfizer BioNTech, Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac, Moderna and Convidecia each having its mode of action. Few mild adverse reactions have been noted so far from the administration of the vaccine and they include: pain at the site of injection, fever, dizziness, headache, and body aches which lasted from few hours of receiving the vaccines to about 24 hours. Some severe adverse reactions have also been observed. The benefits of taking the vaccine however far exceed these adverse effects. Finally, this study went further to examine the effectiveness of these vaccines against the Alpha, Gamma, Beta, and Delta variants of COVID-19 and was found to be able to offer immunity against them.
On a Class of Curvature Properties of Projectively ﬂat Finsler (α,β) -Metric
Authors: Kavyashree A. R. , Y. Kumbar Mallikarjun , Narasimhamurthy S. K. , Kumar H. Anjan
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study a class of Finsler metric in the form \(F=\alpha+\beta+\frac{2 \beta^{2}}{\alpha}-\frac{\beta^{4}}{3 \alpha^{3}}\) where \(\alpha= \sqrt{a_{i j} y^{i} y^{j}}\) is a Riemannian metric, \(\beta=b_{i} y^{i}\) is a 1−form. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for \(F\) to be locally projectively flat. Further, we prove that such projectively flat Finsler metrics with the constant flag curvature must be locally Minkowskian.
The Need for Digital Transformation in the Education Sector in Nigeria
Authors: Jummai Bldr. Agidani
Published: February 2022

Digital technologies are being utilized in higher institutions of learning but there is a gap that is yet to be filled. Today’s University leaders and faculties especially in Nigeria must reconsider higher education in a digital-dominated new world. The benefit of this is so that learning in public higher institutions of learning is not halted when environmental challenges such as that presented by the Corona Virus pandemic occur. When the Corona virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, there was a global shutdown worldwide to curtail the spread of the Corona virus and the educational sector was not an exception. It then became apparent that the educational models and traditional approaches to teaching/learning in the educational sector has to be redesigned as soon as possible. This opinion article thus contributes to existing discussions on the application of digital transformation within the context of education in the public sector in Nigeria by adopting a multidisciplinary focus. As the governments around the world imposed lockdowns in their respective nations in a bid to stem the spread of the Corona virus, traditional mode of education which took place in physical settings in institutions of learning, had to change as well in Nigeria. This research reviewed existing literature on digital transformation as a multidisciplinary tool for facilitating learning. The reviewed literature revealed that more needs to be done in the public educational sector if learning is to continue irrespective of environmental disruptions. Significant challenges in integrating mobile learning in higher education institutions within Africa: poor technological infrastructure, lack of access to modern mobile devices, lack of mobile learning pedagogical skills among lecturers, poor attitudes among students and lecturers, and incompatibility of mobile devices with the university online management systems. Policies to guide the implementation of mobile learning were also lacking. Therefore, for sustainable education in Nigeria there is a need for the adoption of digital technological solutions particularly in public higher institutions of learning.
Production Efficiency, Water Productivity and Monetary Efficiency of Okra Under Organic Manure and Biofertilzers Application
Authors: Singh Bamboriya Jitendra , Naga S. R. , Devi Bamboriya Sumitra , Doodhwal Kiran , Meena Ajit Kumar
Published: February 2022

Field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2017 at Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner (Jaipur) to assess the effect of biofertilizers and organic manures on production efficiency, water productivity and monetary efficiency of okra. The study had four organic manures and four biofertilizer treatments that were replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design. Vermicompost application @ 6 t ha-1 resulted into the maximum production efficiency (201 kg ha-1day-1) and water productivity (54 kg ha-1mm-1) whereas poultry manure (@ 8 t ha-1) reported greatest monetary efficiency (Rs. 3013 ha-1day-1). Among the biofertilizers, dual seed treatment with both Azosprillum + PSB recorded 39%, 40% and 55% higher production efficiency, water productivity and monetary efficiency than control. Fourth picking yielded the greatest tonnes of fruit and yield declines after it. Application of organic manures and biofertilizer enhanced okra yield up to 5.9 and 3.8 t ha-1, respectively. Therefore, poultry manure and double inoculation with biofertilizer is advisable for okra production under poorly fertile soils.
Relationship between Fasting Blood Sugar and Some Haematological Parameters in Diabetic Patients Attending Nigerian Navy Reference Hospital Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Dorathy C. Okpokam, , Beauty E. Echonwere- Uwikor, , Chukwuka O. Opara, , Anthony O. Emeribe
Published: February 2022

Background of Study: Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Lack of insulin, whether absolute or relative, affects the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, fat, water and electrolytes (Sacks, 2013). Gestational Diabetes develops usually in the second or third trimester, as a result of hormones secreted by the placenta, which inhibit the action of insulin. A survey in Cross River State (CRS) gave a prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) at 6.5% in the age group 20 and above. This translates to an estimated 97,500 Diabetics within the population of 3 million.

Aim of Study: This study evaluated fasting blood sugar and some haematological parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus visiting Nigeria Navy Reference Hospital Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study evaluated a total of one hundred (100) subjects (males and females) comprising of diabetic and non-diabetic (controls) subjects using glucose oxidase peroxidase method, and sysmex KX-21N haematology CBC auto analyzer. Patients were aged between 20-55 years of age.

Results: It showed that diabetes patients exhibited significant (p<0.05) decrease in the following parameters compared with the control group:Lymphocyte, Eosinophil and Platelets count. The Total White Blood Cells, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Basophil and FBS did not vary between the diabetes patients and the control group and only platelet established significant relationship in terms of age compared with other parameters. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant increases (P<0.05) in platelet in the males compared with the females. Also, diabetic patients showed no significant in PCV and Hb value than the control subject.

Conclusion: It is important that haematological profile should be included as a routine screening investigation to diagnose diabetic patient and treat accordingly. Full blood count as one of the routine laboratory tests is required in the management of diabetic patients.
Antioxidant Activity from Cymodocea serrulata Seagrass Crude Extract
Authors: Divyashri S. , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Sivaperumal Pitchiah , Thangavelu Lakshmi
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Cymodocea can be found in clear water and in the high intertidal areas.The antioxidant study of the extract of C. serrulata  shows the highest free radical scavenging property on ethanol extract. This may be due to the presence of high phenolic compounds. The study brings out the medicinal value of C. serrulata which can be used as a nutraceutical compound in various food and pharmaceutical industries.Antioxidants are defending your body cell from damage caused by free radicals when they accumulated may cause oxidative stress. The synthetic antioxidants are producing more side effects, while natural antioxidants play a major role in scavenging free radicals without side-effects.

Aim: To analyse the  antioxidant activity from cymodocea serrulata sea grass from crude extract.

Materials and Methodology: The fresh leaves of Cymodocea serrulata were collected from parangipettai coastal area, Tamil Nadu. The seagrass are washed thoroughly with tap water then shade dried on table tissue paper for 2-3 weeks and turn into a fine power. And 10g of dried powdered seagrass samples were mixed with 100ml of methanol/Ethanol.

Using DPPH assay, to extract 0.1ml  add equal volume of DPPH 0.1 ml . After 20 min, absorb at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid is used as a standard concentration and DPPH was calculated.

Results:  The result concludes that Cymodocea serrulata showed good antioxidant activity. when concentration increases the percentage of the zone of inhibition is also increased, which shows that it shows a good antioxidant activity.

Conclusion:  In this study antioxidant activity was checked by using Cymodocea serrulata. Using DPPH assay, it has concluded that it has strong antioxidant activity from crude extract. In the future it can be used for medication and further studies can be done by using individual components for various particles.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Boerhavia diffusa Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
Authors: Jalan R. Shradha , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Rajeshkumar S. , Thangavelu Lakshmi
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Boerhaavia diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family which is commonly known as punarnava, red spiderling, spreading hogweed, or tarvine. It is taken in herbal medicine for pain relief and other uses.  Zinc oxide is used to treat or prevent minor skin irritations such as burns, cuts, and diaper rash. Some products may be used as sunscreen.

Materials and Methods: Bovine serum albumin was used for the assay. 2ml of bovine albumin was mixed with 400micro microliter of hyaluronic acid mediated zinc nanoparticles in different concentrations. Diclofenac sodium in different concentrations was used as standard and then incubated for 55 c for 20 min and then the result was analysed spectrometrically.

Results: According to the results, at 10μl, 20μl ,30μl , 40μl and 50μl concentration the percentage of inhibition  is 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, when compared to standard concentration and its percentage of inhibition is 95% . As the concentration increases, the percentage of inhibition also increases.

Conclusion: From the above study, it is evident that zinc sulphate nanoparticles synthesised by Boerhevia diffusa based showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect.
Exploration of Antioxidant Effects of Crude Extract of Mangrove Plant - Avicennia marina
Authors: Lakshme P. S. Thana , Roy Anitha , Sivaperumal Pitchiah , Lakshmi T.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Antioxidants are efficient in the prevention of human diseases. Mangroves are high bioactive compounds with good holistic bioactivities including insecticides. Avicennia marina, a mangrove plant which has its origin in South Africa included in the family Acanthaceae.

Aim: To explore the antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of mangrove plants, Avicennia marina.

Materials and Methods: The fresh leaves of Avicennia marina were collected from Pichavaram mangrove forest area. The leaves were washed and then shade dried for 2-3weeks and turned into a fine powder. ​Crude methanolic extract of Avicenna marina was prepared. Total antioxidant activity, DPPH Assay and scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide were performed and antioxidant potential was assessed using ascorbic acid as standard.

Results: The scavenging activity increased with increase in concentration of the extract and thus antioxidant activity was dose dependent. The total antioxidant activity was more close to the ascorbic acid equivalence.

Conclusion: This study concludes that the methanolic extract of Avicenna marina is capable of scavenging a wide range  of  free radicals for which it can be exploited for the treatment of various free radical mediated diseases. It is evident that mangrove species as a collective are rich sources of antioxidants, phenolics and antimicrobial compounds.
Evaluation of Morphology and Prevalence of Palatogingival Grooves on Affected Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Sathawane Ramhari , Sukhadeve Vidyarjan , Gaikwad Romita , Talatule Dhiran , Deshmukh Pranada , Tayade Charwak
Published: February 2022

Background: Palatogingival groove (PG), a developmental anomaly, originates in cingulum and extends to varying distances apically. It is an ideal pathway for oral bacteria to invade periodontal tissues causing periodontal damage, pulp necrosis, apical periodontitis and endo-periodontal deformity which is not easily perceived until sinus tract infection appears in mouth. It presents a challenge to most clinicians as it requires an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment planning.

Aim and Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of palatogingival grooves (PGs) in maxillary anterior teeth on CBCT.

Materials and Methods: CBCT examinations of 707 teeth in 120 patients (Female-41, Male-79) were evaluated retrospectively. Maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors and canine were investigated for the presence or absence of PGs and PG type using the Gu classification (type I, II, or III). 3D CBCT images were used for evaluation of PGs. Radiographic features of PGs were noted and differences were evaluated and results were obtained. Differences was considered significant for p ≤ 0.05.

Results: The PGs were observed in 61 teeth. Type 1 PG is found more prevalent in males (30.37%) than in females (12.19%) followed by type 2(male-12.65%, females-4.87%) and type 3 (male-3.75%). Higher prevalence for Type 1 PG was seen in the lateral incisor followed by central incisor and canine and had a male predominance. Type 2 PG showed equal prevalence for lateral & central incisor and male predominance. Type 3 PG showed higher prevalence for lateral incisors and male predominance.

Conclusion: Prevalence of PGs was found to be 8.62%. PG facilitate bacterial colonization leading to periodontitis, pulp necrosis and endo-periodontal lesion in an apparently normal tooth which pose challenges in its diagnosis and management for survival of tooth.