bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metodología del diseño arquitectónico y urbano : aplicaciones ante el cambio climático en El Salvador. Esta temática fue ampliada en el conversatorio con el Arq. Jorge Luis Hernández
Authors: Escobar Salmerón Jaime Eduardo
Published: July 2018

No hay resúmenes disponiblesAKADEMOS, Año 11, Vol. 2, No 29, Julio-Diciembre 2017: 101-112
Management of Upper Extremities in Tetraplegia: Current Concepts
Authors: Bednar Michael S. , Woodside Julie C.
Published: July 2018

Individuals with tetraplegia face many obstacles with activities of daily living. Although approximately 65% to 75% of individuals with tetraplegia would benefit from upper extremity surgery that could make many of their activities of daily living more spontaneous, only 14% of patients who are surgical candidates undergo tendon transfer procedures. A good surgical candidate has an injury at one of the cervical spine levels and an International Classification for Surgery of the Hand in Tetraplegia group of 1 or better, has functional goals, and is committed to the postoperative rehabilitation process. Surgery primarily consists of tendon transfers, tenodesis, and arthrodesis to restore elbow extension and hand pinch, grasp, and release. Nerve transfers and functional electrical stimulation are also options for treatment.
The Effects on Financial Leverage and Performance: The IFRS 16
Authors: Magli Francesca , Nobolo Alberto , Ogliari Matteo
Published: July 2018

This paper analyses the potential impacts of the introduction of a new accounting standard, International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16) – Leases, on financial leverage and performance of entities. This new accounting standard was introduced on 13 January 2016, and will become effective on 1 January 2019; it will have material impacts on the financial statements of listed companies adopting IFRS and change the basic principles of the current accounting system. Our aim is to estimate the impacts of the application of IFRS 16 on listed issuers of financial statements and the different impacts that the new standard could have in different activity sectors. This research estimates the effects of IFRS 16 on the ratios of debt/total assets, EBITDA/revenues and debt/equity. The conclusions summarize the effects on entity performance and net financial position. The research shows that in the financial statements of the lessee, there will be important changes. In particular, in the balance sheet, there will be an increase in lease assets, an increase in financial liabilities and a decrease in equity, while in the income statement, there will be an increase in EBITDA and an increase in finance costs. The impact of the application of IFRS 16 will be different depending on the use of operating lease contracts among the different business sectors. Leases are an important and flexible source of financing; listed companies, using IFRS and U.S. GAAP, are estimated to have around US$ 3.3 trillion in lease commitments. Finally, this study aims to analyse the possible impacts of communication of entities, focusing on alternative performance measures.
Agricultural Mechanization as an Expansion Factor of Cropland in Benin: The Case of Tractors
Authors: Mounirou Ichaou
Published: July 2018

We propose in this paper a methodology based on the vector error correction (VCE) model. This modeling approach makes it possible to use a large database to model the impact of agricultural mechanization on cropland in Benin. The results of the VEC model estimates confirm a positive relationship between agricultural mechanization and the areas planted of paddy rice, millet and yams. Moreover, the findings suggest that agricultural mechanization is still far to boost the land uses of cotton, maize and cassava, despite the importance of cotton in the Beninese economy on the one hand, and the key roles of maize and cassava in diet in Benin, on the other hand. Agricultural mechanization is far from being a reality in Benin's agricultural sector to the extent that public agricultural investments are below the Maputo agreements (Note 1). An effective agricultural mechanization must opt for cereals whose investments in agricultural machinery are less expensive compared to cotton. This strategy of agricultural mechanization makes it possible to better ensure food security, unlike the intensive cotton production, whose terms of trade are always unfavorable and dependent on subsidies from the North.
Bodily-Social Copresence Androgyny
Authors: Hall Joshua M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2018

Historically, the concept of androgyny has been as problematic as it has been appealing to (especially white) Western progressives. The appeal clearly includes, inter alia, the opportunity to abandon or ameliorate certain identities (including essentialized femininity and toxic masculinity). As for the problematic dimension, the central problem seems to be the reduction of otherness (often unconscious and unwitting) to the norms of straight white middle/upper-class Western cismen, particularly because of the consequent worsening of actual others’ marginalization and exclusion from social institutions. Despite these problems, I wish to suggest that androgyny—as evidenced by the enthusiasm felt for it by many Westerners—bespeaks something larger and more important than the concept itself, and that modified conception of it might be helpful in pursuit of social justice.
Camptodactyly: An unsolved area of plastic surgery
Authors: Singh Veena , Haq Ansarul , Priyadarshini Puja , Kumar Purshottam
Published: July 2018

Background Camptodactyly refers to permanent flexion contracture at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Most cases are limited to fifth-finger involvement. Although common, the treatment of camptodactyly is controversial. Many published studies have emphasized conservative treatment, while others have described surgical procedures. The problem with this deformity is that it presents in several forms, which means that there is no single model for effective treatment. The aim of this paper is to present the difficulties encountered with this condition and the management thereof on an individual basis.

Methods This is a case series of 14 patients (nine males, five females) who underwent surgical treatment. The results were classified using the method from Mayo Clinic as excellent, good, fair, and poor.

Results Fourteen patients with 15 fingers underwent surgery, and the results achieved were as follows: excellent, 0; good, 1; fair, 6; poor, 8. The treatment of camptodactyly still remains controversial, and hence proper planning individualized to each patient is needed to achieve the maximal improvement with realistic goals.

Conclusions Although we performed individualised surgery, our careful follow-up was not able to identify any method as superior over another with respect to gain in extension and loss of flexion. We therefore propose that the extensor mechanism should not be disturbed during surgery to treat camptodactyly cases.
A simple calculation for the preoperative estimation of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap volume in 2-stage breast reconstruction using a tissue expander
Authors: Kono Hikaru , Ishii Naohiro , Takayama Masayoshi , Takemaru Masashi , Kishi Kazuo
Published: July 2018

Background Flap volume is an important factor for obtaining satisfactory symmetry in breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) free flap. We aimed to develop an easy and simple method to estimate flap volume.

Methods We performed a preoperative estimation of the TRAM flap volume in five patients with breast cancer who underwent 2-stage breast reconstruction following an immediate tissue expander operation after a simple mastectomy. We measured the height and width of each flap zone using a ruler and measured the tissue thickness by ultrasound. The volume of each zone, approximated as a triangular or square prism, was then calculated. The zone volumes were summed to obtain the total calculated volume of the TRAM flap. We then determined the width of zone II, so that the calculated flap volume was equal to the required flap volume (1.2×1.05×the weight of the resected mastectomy tissue). The TRAM flap was transferred vertically so that zone III was located on the upper side, and zone II was trimmed in the sitting position after vascular anastomosis. We compared the estimated flap width of zone II (=X) with the actual flap width of zone II.

Results X was similar to the actual measured width. Accurate volume replacement with the TRAM flap resulted in good symmetry in all cases.

Conclusions The volume of a free TRAM flap can be straightforwardly estimated preoperatively using the method presented here, with ultrasound, ruler, and simple calculations, and this technique may help reduced the time required for precise flap tailoring.
Anatomic basis for flap thinning
Authors: Park Seong Oh , Chang Hak , Imanishi Nobuaki
Published: July 2018

Flap thinning is a procedure for making a thick flap thinner. This procedure does more than simply fill in the defected area, and it is better for reconstructing the area both functionally and aesthetically. However, because flap thinning is a rather blind procedure, it may have harmful effects on flap vascularity. Therefore, the vasculature of a flap must be understood before performing flap thinning. This paper analyzes the basic anatomy underlying flap thinning based on the previous anatomic study that categorized flaps into 6 types by their vascular structures. This paper also reviews specific studies of frequently practiced flap procedures (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, thoracodorsal artery perforator flap, and anterolateral thigh flap) and presents important precautions for flap thinning procedures. Finally, this paper briefly examines the axiality of the subdermal plexus, which needs to be taken into account when performing flap thinning.
The efficacy of elongated axillary incision on extended latissimus dorsi flap for immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Park Tae Seo , Nam Su Bong , Choi Jae Yeon , Bae Sung Hwan , Lee Jae Woo , Kim Hyun Yul
Published: July 2018

Background In performing extended latissimus dorsi (ELD) flap procedures, a skin paddle design on the bra line helps reduce visible scarring. This improves the patient’s satisfaction with the outcome. However, such a design leads to a longer operation time and increased fatigue of the surgeon due to the narrow operative field. In this study, the authors propose a method that elongates the axillary incision line posteriorly by 1.5 cm from the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle. We examined whether this method could shorten the operation time and compared the incidence of complications between patients who underwent this novel procedure and patients who underwent the traditional procedure.

Methods In this study of patients who underwent ELD flap procedures for immediate breast reconstruction, 89 underwent surgery with the elongated axillary incision and 45 underwent surgery without the elongated incision. The total operation time and complications were retrospectively examined based on the patients’ medical records, and we examined whether there was any statistically significant difference in the total operation time.

Results In the experimental group with the elongated axillary incision, the operation time ranged from 125 to 255 minutes (median, 175 minutes). In contrast, in the control group without the elongated axillary incision, the operation time ranged from 142 and 340 minutes (median, 205 minutes). The operation time was statistically significantly different between the two groups, and no significant complications were observed in the experimental group.

Conclusions Elongation of the axillary incision alone may shorten the operation time of the ELD flap procedure without causing additional complications.
Open reduction of zygoma fractures with the extended transconjunctival approach and T-bar screw reduction
Authors: Song Seung Han , Kwon Hyeokjae , Oh Sang-Ha , Kim Sun-Je , Park Jaebeom , Kim Su Il
Published: July 2018

Background Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures mostly occur in the form of tripod fractures. The surgical field is accessed using a combination of three classic approaches. However, the subciliary incision may have unfavorable aesthetic results. Herein, the authors report the advantages of the extended transconjunctival approach (ETA) combined with T-bar screw reduction in minimizing scarring and complications for the treatment of ZMC fractures.

Methods A total of 26 patients underwent ZMC reduction through the ETA and intraoral approach. A skin incision measuring roughly 5 to 8 mm in length was placed following the lateral canthal skin crease. After releasing the inferior crus of the lateral canthal tendon for canthotomy, the medial periosteum of the lateral orbital rim was preserved for canthal reattachment. A limited subperiosteal dissection and partial relaxing incision of the orbicularis oculi were performed to expose the fracture line of the inferior orbital rim and zygomaticofrontal suture. Reduction was performed using a T-bar screw through the transconjunctivalincision and an elevator through the intraoral incision.

Results The aesthetic and functional results were excellent. Successful reduction was achieved and the skin incision was less than 8 mm in 20 cases (76.9%). Only six patients had an additional skin incision (less than 5 mm) to achieve reduction. No cases of ectropion, entropion, or excessive scarring were noted.

Conclusions The ETA using a T-bar screw is a useful method for maximizing aesthetic results in ZMC fractures, with the advantages of minimal scarring, faster recovery, and maintenance of pretarsal fullness.
Drawing Planar Graphs with Few Geometric Primitives
Authors: Hültenschmidt Gregor , Kindermann Philipp , Meulemans Wouter , Schulz André
Published: July 2018

We define the visual complexity of a plane graph drawing to be the number of basic geometric objects needed to represent all its edges.
In particular, one object may represent multiple edges (e.g., one needs only one line segment
to draw a path with an arbitrary number of edges). Let $n$ denote the number of vertices of a graph.
We show that trees can be drawn with $3n/4$ straight-line segments on a polynomial grid, and with $n/2$ straight-line segments on a quasi-polynomial grid. Further, we present an algorithm for drawing planar 3-trees with $(8n-17)/3$ segments on
an $O(n)\times O(n^2)$ grid. This algorithm can also be used with a small modification to draw maximal outerplanar
graphs with $3n/2$ edges on an $O(n)\times O(n^2)$ grid.
We also study the problem of drawing maximal planar graphs with circular arcs and provide an algorithm to draw such graphs using only $(5n - 11)/3$ arcs.
This is significantly smaller than the lower bound of $2n$ for line segments for a nontrivial graph class.
Phylogeography of a rare and endemic tree of Western Ghats reveals its ice age dynamics
Authors: Ray Rajasri , Ramachandra T V , Ray Avik
Published: July 2018

The climatic shifts in the Quaternary Period acted as an important driving force for evolution of the world's biodiversity. In this study, responses to the ice age of a rare and endangered tree of Indian Western Ghats, Syzygium travancoricum, was investigated through a combination of molecular data and ecological niche modeling.Results indicate the moderate (nrDNA) to high (cpDNA) population structure, presence of private alleles, and absence of phylogeographic structure. Spatial distribution of diversity does not signifi- cantly support southern colonisation, nor the Palghat Gap as a geographical barrier based on the genetic structure. Combined insights from Ecological Niche Modelling and population history de- picts a probable colonisation of the Western Ghats in the late Miocene or later followed by a split into separate southern and northern populations from the middle to late Pleistocene. The prevalence of favourable conditions in the post-Last interglacial period stimulated rapid population expansion and a very recent decline. The absence of phylogeographic structure and overall climatic stability from Last Interglacial do not offer support to an existence of refugia in the Western Ghats. We con- clude by discussing appropriate conservation measures for this rare and endangered tree based on our findings.
The major β-catenin/E-cadherin junctional binding site is a primary molecular mechano-transductor of differentiation in vivo
Authors: Röper Jens-Christian , Mitrossilis Démosthène , Stirnemann Guillaume , Waharte François , Brito Isabel , Fernandez-Sanchez Maria-Elena , Baaden Marc , Salamero Jean , Farge Emmanuel
Published: July 2018

In vivo, the primary molecular mechanotransductive events mechanically initiating cell differentiation remain unknown. Here we find the molecular stretching of the highly conserved Y654-β-catenin-D665-E-cadherin binding site as mechanically induced by tissue strain. It triggers the increase of accessibility of the Y654 site, target of the Src42A kinase phosphorylation leading to irreversible unbinding. Molecular dynamics simulations of the β-catenin/E-cadherin complex under a force mimicking a 6 pN physiological mechanical strain predict a local 45% stretching between the two α-helices linked by the site and a 15% increase in accessibility of the phosphorylation site. Both are quantitatively observed using FRET lifetime imaging and non-phospho Y654 specific antibody labelling, in response to the mechanical strains developed by endogenous and magnetically mimicked early mesoderm invagination of gastrulating Drosophila embryos. This is followed by the predicted release of 16% of β-catenin from junctions, observed in FRAP, which initiates the mechanical activation of the β-catenin pathway process.
Coevolution-based inference of amino acid interactions underlying protein function
Authors: Salinas Victor H , Ranganathan Rama
Published: July 2018

Protein function arises from a poorly understood pattern of energetic interactions between amino acid residues. Sequence-based strategies for deducing this pattern have been proposed, but lack of benchmark data has limited experimental verification. Here, we extend deep-mutation technologies to enable measurement of many thousands of pairwise amino acid couplings in several homologs of a protein family – a deep coupling scan (DCS). The data show that cooperative interactions between residues are loaded in a sparse, evolutionarily conserved, spatially contiguous network of amino acids. The pattern of amino acid coupling is quantitatively captured in the coevolution of amino acid positions, especially as indicated by the statistical coupling analysis (SCA), providing experimental confirmation of the key tenets of this method. This work exposes the collective nature of physical constraints on protein function and clarifies its link with sequence analysis, enabling a general practical approach for understanding the structural basis for protein function.
PDF-1 neuropeptide signaling regulates sexually dimorphic gene expression in shared sensory neurons of C. elegans
Authors: Hilbert Zoë A , Kim Dennis H
Published: July 2018

Sexually dimorphic behaviors are a feature common to species across the animal kingdom, however how such behaviors are generated from mostly sex-shared nervous systems is not well understood. Building on our previous work which described the sexually dimorphic expression of a neuroendocrine ligand, DAF-7, and its role in behavioral decision-making in C. elegans (Hilbert and Kim, 2017), we show here that sex-specific expression of daf-7 is regulated by another neuroendocrine ligand, Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF-1), which has previously been implicated in regulating male-specific behavior (Barrios et al., 2012). Our analysis revealed that PDF-1 signaling acts sex- and cell-specifically in the ASJ neurons to regulate the expression of daf-7, and we show that differences in PDFR-1 receptor activity account for the sex-specific effects of this pathway. Our data suggest that modulation of the sex-shared nervous system by a cascade of neuroendocrine signals can shape sexually dimorphic behaviors.
A review of age estimation methods in marine mammals with special reference to monodontids
Authors: Read Fiona L. , Hohn Aleta A. , Lockyer Christina H.
Published: July 2018

This paper presents a critical review of methods for estimating absolute or relative age in marine mammals. Absolute age is achieved by counting growth layer groups (GLGs) in hard structures such as teeth, ear plugs, baleen, bones and claws. Relative age can be obtained by methods such as aspartic acid racemisation, genetic telomeres, bone mineral density, fatty acid signatures and other methods. Each method is discussed in detail. Accuracy and precision, including inter-reader calibration and anomalies, as well as methods of validating GLG deposition rates are also addressed. Each section concludes with methods of age estimation applicable to monodontids, and suggestions on the focus of future age-estimation research.
Dimension of Experience: Metadiscourse in the Texts of Novice Non-Native, Novice Native and Expert Native Speaker
Authors: Yüksel H. Gülru , Kavanoz Suzan
Published: July 2018

Metadiscourse is essential in establishing pragmatically effective academic written communication. However, little is known about how metadiscourse is used in written texts produced by tertiary level second language learners. This corpus-based linguistic research study aims to explore the frequencies and usages of metadiscourse markers in student essays written by Turkish learners of English and investigate the divergences from native speaker norms. As reference corpora, British Academic Written English (BAWE) and British National Corpus (BNC) were used. We found that in academic discourse, regardless of experience in writing (novice or expert) and L1 language background, interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more frequently than textual metadiscourse markers. The commonalities between novice non-native and expert native writers together with differences between two native speaker groups suggest that pragmatic competence, particularly metadiscourse use, develops by experience regardless of L1 background.
Exploring Saudi English Departments’ Beliefs on Language Use at Department Level: When and Why?
Authors: Nasser Alnasser Suliman Mohammed
Published: July 2018

In Saudi Arabia, staff members in higher educational English departments communicate with one another and with students outside the domain of the classroom on a daily basis using English (L2) and/or Arabic (L1) languages in different departmental encounters. The existence of English Language Policies (henceforth ELPs) in Saudi English departments is expected because of the nature of the work and the likelihood of the presence of non-Arabic-speaking members. The literature does not offer any account of the existing beliefs of staff members in Saudi English departments regarding the reasons for the timing and contexts in which English and/or Arabic should be used. This serves as the purpose of the current study. This study adopted a mixed method approach. The total number of participants comprised 216 staff members affiliated to the Saudi higher educational English departments. They were of different specialties, ranks, genders, ages, and from different regions. A total of 208 participants responded to an online survey, which was composed of a background section and five questions. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews comprising two questions were conducted with eight interviewees (seven male department chairpersons and one female vice chair). The main conclusions of the study include that majority of staff members prefer to use English on every possible occasion. However, they also believe Arabic should not be banned from use at department level. Other findings, implications, and recommendations for future research are provided.
Observing “Myself” in the Video: Fostering Reflective Practice in Oral Presentation Training
Authors: Li Aiping , Peng Tianxiao
Published: July 2018

This paper proposes using video-supported reflection to facilitate EFL students’ reflective practice of oral presentations. Based on reflective learning theory, four teaching stages are designed and used in an intensive oral presentation training project: creating reflection scenarios, providing reflection scaffolds, guiding collaborative reflection, and summarizing learning gains. Data are collected through students’ reflective journals and focus group interviews. Findings indicate that the project has a positive impact on students’ reflective abilities and their perceived learning gains. Problems encountered by the students are identified and discussed in light of research and practice on how to support and enhance reflective learning.
Retranslations of Faulkner’s Sanctuary in Turkish Literature
Authors: Canlı Gülsüm , Karadağ Ayşe Banu
Published: July 2018

This study is based on a comparative analysis of Turkish translations of Sanctuary (1931) by William Faulkner and aims to review the assumptions of literary translation by Antoine Berman’s “retranslation hypothesis” and “deforming tendencies”. The novel was exposed to an obligatory rewriting process by the editor and was reworded by Faulkner who acted as a self-translator to make the original version acceptable. The rewritten version, which can be regarded as an intralingual translation, became the source text for interlingual translations. The novel was first translated by Ender Gürol as Kutsal Sığınak (1961); then by Özar Sunar as Lekeli Günler (1967) and finally by Necla Aytür as Tapınak (2007). Among Faulkner’s fifteen books which have been translated into Turkish thus far, Sanctuary is the only one with three translations in total. The translational process will be described to understand the rationale behind translators’ decisions within the context of translation studies.
The Effect of Work Experience and Educational Level on Official Translators’ Familiarity with Ethics in Translation and their Commitment to the Principles; an Iranian survey
Authors: Ghasemi Nejad Rosa
Published: July 2018

Although ethics in translation is not a new realm of study, it is almost intact for official translators in Iran. This study aims to evaluate translators’ familiarity and commitment to universally accepted ethical issues. Moreover the present study attempts to shed light on the relationship between translators’ educational levels and work experience and their familiarity and commitment to universally accepted translation ethical issues. The Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT) has published a code of ethics for the members and obliges them to observe the principles. The first five principles are related to “Professional Conduct”, “Confidentiality”, “Competence”, “Impartiality” and “Accuracy”, which were obtained to conduct the present research. The instrument utilized in this study was a questionnaire containing 35 items presented to official translators in three populated cities in Iran, Tehran, Mashhad and Kerman. The multiple-choice researcher-made questionnaire was constructed in Persian to reduce any possible ambiguity. The present study conducted in 2016 on certified official translators and interpreters, either male or female, aged between 25 to about 52. However, it does not take age and gender into account. The study findings reveal that work experience and level of education have significant relationship with commitment and familiarity. SPSS and One-Way ANOVA were utilized to analyze the data.1.INTRODUCTIONEthics in translation is such a new subject in Iran that most of the official translators cannot avoid expressing their shock as they hear the term ethics in translation. Although ethics has been already introduced in many translation centers in many countries such as Australia and the USA, It is still new in Iran and degree of official translators’ familiarity with the principles and their commitment to them is unknown. Not observing the principles equals maximizing ethical challenges faced by translators and interpreters since they have a crucial role in many different situations related to human interactions (Baker, 2016). A study seemed necessary to evaluate their performance that can lead to an improvement per se since observing ethics is so important that philosophy believes it is a main source of making decisions arbitrarily unless the actions would be “aimless”, (Rupani, 2015). Such a study can introduce the necessity of ethics to translators, if it is then determined unknown and required. Afterwards, a comprehensive and culturally appropriate code of ethics will be proposed to Iranian Association of Certified Translators and Interpreters.AUSIT (Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators) published one of the most accredited codes of ethPublishedby Australian
A new southern Laramidian ankylosaurid, Akainacephalus johnsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA
Authors: Wiersma Jelle P. , Irmis Randall B.
Published: July 2018

A partial ankylosaurid skeleton from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah is recognized as a new taxon, Akainacephalus johnsoni, gen. et sp. nov. The new taxon documents the first record of an associated ankylosaurid skull and postcranial skeleton from the Kaiparowits Formation. Preserved material includes a complete skull, much of the vertebral column, including a complete tail club, a nearly complete synsacrum, several fore- and hind limb elements, and a suite of postcranial osteoderms, making Akainacephalus johnsoni the most complete ankylosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of southern Laramidia. Arrangement and morphology of cranial ornamentation in Akainacephalus johnsoni is strikingly similar to Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis and some Asian ankylosaurids (e.g., Saichania chulsanensis, Pinacosaurus grangeri, and Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani); the cranium is densely ornamented with symmetrically arranged and distinctly raised ossified caputegulae which are predominantly distributed across the dorsal and dorsolateral regions of the nasals, frontals, and orbitals. Cranial caputegulae display smooth surface textures with minor pitting and possess a distinct conical to pyramidal morphology which terminates in a sharp apex. Character analysis suggests a close phylogenetic relationship with N. kirtlandensis, M. ramachandrani, Tarchia teresae, and S. chulsanensis, rather than with Late Cretaceous northern Laramidian ankylosaurids (e.g., Euoplocephalus tutus, Anodontosaurus lambei, and Ankylosaurus magniventris). These new data are consistent with evidence for distinct northern and southern biogeographic provinces in Laramidia during the late Campanian. The addition of this new ankylosaurid taxon from southern Utah enhances our understanding of ankylosaurid diversity and evolutionary relationships. Potential implications for the geographical distribution of Late Cretaceous ankylosaurid dinosaurs throughout the Western Interior suggest multiple time-transgressive biogeographic dispersal events from Asia into Laramidia.
A novel approach to study the morphology and chemistry of pollen in a phylogenetic context, applied to the halophytic taxon Nitraria L.(Nitrariaceae)
Authors: Woutersen Amber , Jardine Phillip E. , Bogotá-Angel Raul Giovanni , Zhang Hong-Xiang , Silvestro Daniele , Antonelli Alexandre , Gogna Elena , Erkens Roy H.J. , Gosling William D. , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume , Hoorn Carina
Published: July 2018

Nitraria is a halophytic taxon (i.e., adapted to saline environments) that belongs to the plant family Nitrariaceae and is distributed from the Mediterranean, across Asia into the south-eastern tip of Australia. This taxon is thought to have originated in Asia during the Paleogene (66–23 Ma), alongside the proto-Paratethys epicontinental sea. The evolutionary history of Nitraria might hold important clues on the links between climatic and biotic evolution but limited taxonomic documentation of this taxon has thus far hindered this line of research. Here we investigate if the pollen morphology and the chemical composition of the pollen wall are informative of the evolutionary history of Nitraria and could explain if origination along the proto-Paratethys and dispersal to the Tibetan Plateau was simultaneous or a secondary process. To answer these questions, we applied a novel approach consisting of a combination of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to determine the chemical composition of the pollen wall, and pollen morphological analyses using Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We analysed our data using ordinations (principal components analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling), and directly mapped it on the Nitrariaceae phylogeny to produce a phylomorphospace and a phylochemospace. Our LM, SEM and FTIR analyses show clear morphological and chemical differences between the sister groups Peganum and Nitraria. Differences in the morphological and chemical characteristics of highland species (Nitraria schoberi, N. sphaerocarpa, N. sibirica and N. tangutorum) and lowland species (Nitraria billardierei and N. retusa) are very subtle, with phylogenetic history appearing to be a more important control on Nitraria pollen than local environmental conditions. Our approach shows a compelling consistency between the chemical and morphological characteristics of the eight studied Nitrariaceae species, and these traits are in agreement with the phylogenetic tree. Taken together, this demonstrates how novel methods for studying fossil pollen can facilitate the evolutionary investigation of living and extinct taxa, and the environments they represent.
The importance of dung beetles and arthropod communities on degradation of cattle dung pats in eastern South Dakota
Authors: Pecenka Jacob R. , Lundgren Jonathan G.
Published: July 2018

Background

Dung accumulation in rangelands can suppress plant growth, foul pastures, and increase pest pressure. Here, we describe the arthropod community of dung in eastern South Dakota, and quantify their contributions to dung degradation using an exclusion cage design.

Methods

Various arthropod community and degradation characteristics were measured in caged and uncaged dung pats over time in early and late summer.

Results

A total of 86,969 specimens were collected across 109 morphospecies (13 orders) of arthropods, and cages effectively reduced arthropod abundance, species richness, and diversity. Uncaged dung pats degraded significantly faster than the caged pats, with the largest difference occurring within 2 d of pat deposition. Dung organic matter was degraded more slowly (by 33–38 d) in the caged pats than where insects had free access to the pats. Although dung beetles only represented 1.5–3% of total arthropod abundance, they were significantly correlated to more abundant and complex total arthropod communities.

Discussion

A diverse community contributes to dung degradation in rangelands, and their early colonization is key to maximizing this ecosystem service.
Rapid rise in toxic load for bees revealed by analysis of pesticide use in Great Britain
Authors: Goulson Dave , Thompson Jack , Croombs Amy
Published: July 2018

A strong argument can be made that the European Union has the most rigorous regulatory system for pesticides in the world, and that modern pesticide use poses fewer environmental threats than older regimes. Nevertheless, the impacts of pesticides on bees and other non-target organisms are much debated in Europe as elsewhere. Here we document changing patterns of pesticide use in arable and horticultural crops in Great Britain from 1990 to 2015. The weight of pesticides used has approximately halved over this period, but in contrast the number of applications per field nearly doubled. The total potential kill of honeybees (the total number of LD50 doses applied to the 4.6 million hectares of arable farmland in Great Britain each year) increased six-fold to approximately 3 × 1016 bees, the result of the increasing use of neonicotinoids from 1994 onwards which more than offset the effect of declining organophosphate use. It is important to stress that this does not mean that this number of bees will be killed, and also to acknowledge that our simple analysis does not take into account many factors such as differences in persistence, and timing and mode of application of pesticides, which will affect actual exposure of non-target organisms. Nonetheless, all else being equal, these data suggest that the risk posed by pesticides to non-target insects such as bees, other pollinators and natural enemies of pests, has increased considerably in the last 26 years.
Size matters but hunger prevails—begging and provisioning rules in blue tit families
Authors: Fresneau Nolwenn , Iserbyt Arne , Lucass Carsten , Müller Wendt
Published: July 2018

It is commonly observed in many bird species that dependent offspring vigorously solicit for food transfers provided by their parents. However, the likelihood of receiving food does not only depend on the parental response, but also on the degree of sibling competition, at least in species where parents raise several offspring simultaneously. To date, little is known about whether and how individual offspring adjusts its begging strategy according to the entwined effects of need, state and competitive ability of itself and its siblings. We here manipulated the hunger levels of either the two heaviest or the two lightest blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings in a short-term food deprivation experiment. Our results showed that the lightest nestlings consistently begged more than the heaviest nestlings, an effect that was overruled by the tremendous increase in begging behaviour after food deprivation. Meanwhile, the amplified begging signals after food deprivation were the only cue for providing parents in their decision process. Furthermore, we observed flexible but state-independent begging behaviour in response to changes in sibling need. As opposed to our expectations, nestlings consistently increased their begging behaviour when confronted with food deprived siblings. Overall, our study highlights that individual begging primarily aims at increasing direct benefits, but nevertheless reflects the complexity of a young birds’ family life, in addition to aspects of intrinsic need and state.
The hurdle of rhetoric: An analytical study of Omani students’ translation of political speech
Authors:   Yarmouk University (Jordania), Ramadan Shunnaq Susanne , Shuqair Hassan ,   Sultan Qaboos University (Omán), Abu Radwan Adel ,   Sultan Qaboos University (Omán)
Published: July 2018

The present study explores the challenges Omani translation students at Sultan Qaboos University encounter in identifying schemes in American political discourse and rendering them accurately into Arabic. The research used data that was collected over two semesters between 2014-2016 and qualitatively analyses it. The study categorizes problem areas of incorrect or inaccurate student translations of rhetorical constructions and lists important findings which may encourage instructors of translation courses to reconsider their teaching methodologies.
Communitarianism
Authors: Vujnovic Marina , Kruckeberg Dean
Published: July 2018

An understanding and consideration of communitarianism are essential for scholars and practitioners attempting to address contemporary strategic communication issues and problems. Many scholars, over the course of several decades, have noted communitarianism's significance for public relations. Although communitarianism's philosophical tradition extends back to Aristotle and had emerged as a concept in the mid‐nineteenth century, scholars first began to theorize communitarianism as a social, political, and moral philosophy in the early 1980s in response to a liberalism that was emphasizing individual rights over a responsibility for the common good. These early communitarians engaged in a major debate with those espousing radical liberalism. Later, a “responsive communitarianism” movement, led by Amitai Etzioni, advocated a more balanced approach between the earlier perspective on the common good and individuals' rights, responsibilities, and good.
Strategy as Practice
Authors: Asmuß Birte
Published: July 2018

Strategy as practice is an approach to strategy that focuses on the organizational activities related to strategy. Instead of the outcome of strategy, it emphasizes the processual and social aspects of core strategic elements like strategic planning, strategy development, and strategy implementation. Strategy as practice acknowledges many different organizational levels and a variety of organizational activities as being potentially strategically relevant. Its overall aim is to move away from a traditional understanding of strategy as something an organization possesses toward a more dynamic understanding of strategy as something an organization and its members do as part of their everyday organizational activities. Consequently, strategy as practice highlights strategy as dynamic, processual, and communicatively grounded.
Primary resistance of human patients to botulinum neurotoxins A and B
Authors: Pirazzini Marco , Carle Stefan , Barth Holger , Rossetto Ornella , Montecucco Cesare
Published: July 2018

Botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B are successfully used to treat a variety of human diseases characterized by hyperactive peripheral nerve terminals. However, a number of patients are primary resistant to these pharmaceuticals, without having antitoxin‐neutralizing antibodies. A straightforward explanation of this phenomenon posits that mutations of the toxin sites of interaction with their receptors or protein substrates prevent their neuroparalytic action. After a careful investigation of available human genomic databases, we conclude that it is very unlikely that humans are resistant to these two therapeutic neurotoxins because of mutations that would affect their binding or intracellular proteolytic actions.
Synaptic Barristor Based on Phase‐Engineered 2D Heterostructures
Authors: Huh Woong , Jang Seonghoon , Lee Jae Yoon , Lee Donghun , Lee Donghun , Lee Jung Min , Park Hong‐Gyu , Kim Jong Chan , Jeong Hu Young , Wang Gunuk , Lee Chul‐Ho
Published: July 2018

The development of energy‐efficient artificial synapses capable of manifoldly tuning synaptic activities can provide a significant breakthrough toward novel neuromorphic computing technology. Here, a new class of artificial synaptic architecture, a three‐terminal device consisting of a vertically integrated monolithic tungsten oxide memristor, and a variable‐barrier tungsten selenide/graphene Schottky diode, termed as a ‘synaptic barrister,’ are reported. The device can implement essential synaptic characteristics, such as short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, and paired‐pulse facilitation. Owing to the electrostatically controlled barrier height in the ultrathin van der Waals heterostructure, the device exhibits gate‐controlled memristive switching characteristics with tunable programming voltages of 0.2−0.5 V. Notably, by electrostatic tuning with a gate terminal, it can additionally regulate the degree and tuning rate of the synaptic weight independent of the programming impulses from source and drain terminals. Such gate tunability cannot be accomplished by previously reported synaptic devices such as memristors and synaptic transistors only mimicking the two‐neuronal‐based synapse. These capabilities eventually enable the accelerated consolidation and conversion of synaptic plasticity, functionally analogous to the synapse with an additional neuromodulator in biological neural networks.
Spectrally Selective Nanocomposite Textile for Outdoor Personal Cooling
Authors: Cai Lili , Song Alex Y. , Li Wei , Hsu Po‐Chun , Lin Dingchang , Catrysse Peter B. , Liu Yayuan , Peng Yucan , Chen Jun , Wang Hongxia , Xu Jinwei , Yang Ankun , Fan Shanhui , Cui Yi
Published: July 2018

Outdoor heat stress poses a serious public health threat and curtails industrial labor supply and productivity, thus adversely impacting the wellness and economy of the entire society. With climate change, there will be more intense and frequent heat waves that further present a grand challenge for sustainability. However, an efficient and economical method that can provide localized outdoor cooling of the human body without intensive energy input is lacking. Here, a novel spectrally selective nanocomposite textile for radiative outdoor cooling using zinc oxide nanoparticle–embedded polyethylene is demonstrated. By reflecting more than 90% solar irradiance and selectively transmitting out human body thermal radiation, this textile can enable simulated skin to avoid overheating by 5–13 °C compared to normal textile like cotton under peak daylight condition. Owing to its superior passive cooling capability and compatibility with large‐scale production, this radiative outdoor cooling textile is promising to widely benefit the sustainability of society in many aspects spanning from health to economy.
Charge‐Transfer Complex Promoted Regiospecific C−N Bond Cleavage of Vicinal Tertiary Diamines
Authors: Fu Ying , Xu Qin‐Shan , Shi Chun‐Zhao , Du Zhengyin , Xiao Caiqin
Published: July 2018

A catalyst‐free, charge‐transfer complex promoted coupling of sulfonyl chlorides with vicinal tertiary diamines to generate sulfonamides is presented. Mechanistic studies showed that these reactions are proceeded via charge transfer of vicinal tertiary diamines to sulfonyl chlorides, forming the unstable sulfonyl quaternary ammonium like complexes which induced the regiospecific intramolecular C−N bond cleavage of vicinal tertiary diamines.

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Regiospecific Hydroamination of Unsymmetrical Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Poor Alkynes with Anilines Catalyzed by Gold(I) Immobilized in MCM‐41
Authors: Liu Dayi , Nie Quan , Zhang Rongli , Cai Mingzhong
Published: July 2018

The first heterogeneous gold(I)‐catalyzed regiospecific hydroamination of ynamides and propiolic acid derivatives with anilines has been achieved by using a diphenylphosphine‐functionalized MCM‐41‐supported gold (I) complex and AgNTf2 as catalysts under mild conditions, yielding the corresponding (E)‐N‐arylimines and (Z)‐enamines in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope. The new heterogeneous gold(I) complex can easily be prepared via a two‐step procedure from commercially available reagents and recovered by simple filtration of the reaction mixture. The recovered catalyst (Ph2P‐MCM‐41‐AuNTf2) can be reused at least seven times without addition of AgNTf2 as a co‐catalyst and its catalytic efficiency remains unaltered.

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Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Cycloisomerization and Fluorination of 1,3(4)‐Enyne Esters with NFSI: One‐Pot Assembly of 5‐Fluoro‐ Cyclopentenones
Authors: Chen Xianxiao , Zhou Yuanyuan , Hong Mei , Ling Yuan , Yin Dongliang , Wang Shifa , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Rao Weidong
Published: July 2018

An efficient synthetic approach for the synthesis of 5‐fluoro‐cyclopentenones containing a fluorine‐substituted carbon stereocenter that relies on gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization and fluorination sequence of 1,3(4)‐enyne esters with N‐fluorbenzensulfonimide (NFSI) is described. This tandem transformation exhibited a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility, providing a novel protocol for rapid assembly 5‐fluoro‐cyclopentenones in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The mechanistic studies revealed that the transformation involves a gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization and electrophilic fluorination cascade to give the 5‐fluoro‐cyclopentenones.

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