bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of Social Science Research in India
Authors: Ray Amit Shovon , Parameswaran M. , Agarwal Manmohan , Ghosh Sunandan , Mishra Udaya S. , Das Upasak , Abraham Vinoj
Published: May 2017

The chapter analyses the quality of research in terms of quality of articles and of journals by using a quality index. It uses two-dimension indicators to judge the quality of articles, that is, citations (scholarly) and readership, which is the number of hits an article receives in a simple Google keyword search. The quality of a journal is measured in terms of three dimensions: its presence over time, its presence across space, and its depth. The study took 21351 journal articles from 1006 journals (902 journals from Scopus and 104 journals from ISID for five-year period, 2010–14. It emerged that India’s social science research (SSR) contributes more to public debates and policy formulations and relatively less in pushing the frontiers of knowledge for further research.
Policy Impact: Evidence on Central Government Policies
Authors: Joe William , Kalra Aakshi , Panda Manoj
Published: May 2017

The chapter explores the impact of social science research (SSR) on central government policy. Overall, the study finds that there is considerable presence of SSR studies and references in various policy documents of the ministries and the Five Year Plans of the Planning Commission. Interviews with government officials and members of policy groups reveal that policy decisions are often political in nature and researchers are mostly involved at a later stage where focus is on issues such as programme evaluations and policy calibration. Nevertheless, in these spheres there has been significant role and contribution of SSR and researchers. The results hinted that there has been less room for the unsolicited research in the policymaking process whereas solicited evidence is more reliable and thus preferred.
Council, court, and parliament
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

The new men served Henry in all the key institutions of his government. They were regular attenders at the king’s council, though its activities are hard to reconstruct in detail. They often sat in parliament and helped to process business there. They held a string of important offices in the royal household: treasurer, comptroller, captain of the guard, master of the horse, master of the jewel house, and keeper of the great wardrobe. They played central roles in court events, such as the wedding of Prince Arthur and Katherine of Aragon. Through all these activities they brokered the relationship between the king and his subjects in a multiplicity of institutional contexts.
Church and churchmen
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

The new men exercised considerable patronage within the church: in appointments to parish churches and dealings with universities and religious houses. While some of their actions matched the high ideals of Dudley’s Tree of Commonwealth, promoting educated clergymen or at least those committed to pastoral care, others were less high-minded as they used the church to reward their servants and relatives. Some were generous supporters of university study, especially in theology, but in general their relations with monasteries had more to do with local power than piety.
The land market
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

The new men bought land at a rapid rate. Nonetheless, they chose lands for purchase carefully, bargained hard, and sought to assemble concentrated estates, if needs be by selling off outlying lands to buy those nearer their homes. Their political influence often helped them to buy land on favourable terms from those out of favour with the king or in trouble with the law, as Dudley did most flagrantly. So did their access to liquid cash, as shown by detailed reconstruction of the purchases of Sir Henry Wyatt, with his exploitation of mortgages and frequent small purchases over a long period.
Landlordship
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: May 2017

The new men maximized the income from their lands by attention to detail and a variety of strategies. They increased entry fines and rents, leasing demesne lands to substantial farmers. They pursued enclosure and farmed sheep and cattle. They exploited woodlands and rented out mills, urban tenements, and inns. They manumitted serfs and claimed private wardships. Not content with intensified exploitation of their own lands, they also leased estates from other landowners and applied their techniques to them.
Introduction
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

It is possible to be both an artistic musician and an effective educator. Becoming both is a process that requires relentless effort to comprehend and apply basic understandings of how music works and how students learn. The core concepts of both fields can be organized into frameworks of understanding, from which details can be derived and on which musical and instructional decisions can be based. During the process of becoming a musician-educator, the student must make wise decisions about what needs to be learned, how it will be learned, and how the knowledge and skills will be used or engaged. Above all, the student needs to be curious.
Designing Meaningful Instruction
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

The chapter outlines and discusses many steps in instructional design as well as assessing its effectiveness. The role of knowledge of subject matter, pedagogy, how students learn, and instructional context is stressed. The six challenging questions relating to pedagogical content knowledge are presented and discussed. Designing instruction is a temporally backward process, in that the first step is to determine the desired outcomes. The reader is taken through the three major stages of planning instruction: defining outcomes, planning assessment, and designing the learning plan. The importance of timely and relevant feedback is stressed. Teacher self-assessment is key as well. The author states that the height of professionalism is the consistent willingness to evolve for the students’ benefit.The chapter concludes with a detailed sample lesson project.
From Student to Teacher Revisited
Authors: Browning Birch P.
Published: May 2017

Various topics discussed in previous chaptersare revisited in light of subsequent information. Motivation for becoming a teacher is examined more fully in terms of self, identity, and role in developing a vision for the teacher-self and the relation between self, context, and instructional practice. Next, the process of developing or evolving from pre-serivce teacher to experienced pedagogue and leader is examined. Finally, the dispositions and certification process required to become a practicing music teacher are covered.
The Neuroendocrine System and General Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption
Authors: Patisaul Heather B. , Belcher Scott M.
Published: May 2017

The neuroendocrine system is the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems. This chapter presents an overview of the neuroendocrine system and endogenous hormones, with a primary focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). The importance of impacts of exogenous compounds, both natural and man-made, on the neuroendocrine system is discussed, with a focus on endocrine-disruptive actions of plant-derived phytoestrogens and the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an environmental sensor. The impacts of EDCs on feed-forward and negative feedback regulation of neuroendocrine functions, including those mediated by estrogen, androgen, and thyroid pathways, as well as other less studied pathways of hormonal signaling that involve disruption of neurosteroids, peptide hormones, and adrenal hormone signaling are also presented.
Risk Assessment and Chemical Regulatory Policy in the United States and Abroad
Authors: Patisaul Heather B. , Belcher Scott M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an overview of the risk assessment process with an in-depth description of the related terminology. Critical study features that should be included to maximize utility of data for risk assessment for any experimental study are presented as an aid for academic scientists interested in designing studies with utility in the risk assessment process. The second half of this chapter summarizes the current state of regulatory policy regarding EDCs in the United States and abroad. Topics addressed include the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and a detailed accounting of the changes enacted by the recent 2016 revisions to TSCA. These policies are compared to the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) laws that govern chemical safety assessment in the European Union. The Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) and current efforts toward developing high-throughput methods for screening chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activity are also summarized.
The British Welfare State
Authors: Klosko George
Published: May 2017

Development of the British welfare state, in regard to three main episodes: the Liberal reforms early in the twentieth century; the Beveridge Report; and the National Health Service, with concentration on the role played by justificatory arguments, and the evolution of British political culture during this period.
FDR’s Original Sin
Authors: Klosko George
Published: May 2017

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s political ideas before and during his presidency. His justification of the Social Security Act, and what made it distinctive. Discussion of alternatives that Roosevelt had available and did not take, especially what I call “moderate liberalism,” centering on a strong sense of community and a weakened sense of property rights.
Social Insurance and Welfare
Authors: Klosko George
Published: May 2017

Distinctive nature of social insurance and how American welfare programs were justified in these terms. Programs discussed are Social Security, “welfare” (AFDC/TANF), Supplemental Security Income, Earned Income Tax Credit, and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society. Emphasis on basic distinction in American political culture between “deserving” and “undeserving” citizens.
Migration patterns and putative spawning habitats of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence revealed by geolocation of pop-up satellite archival tags
Authors: Le Bris Arnault , Fisher Jonathan A D , Murphy Hannah M , Galbraith Peter S , Castonguay Martin , Loher Timothy , Robert Dominique
Published: May 2017

Characterizing migratory behaviours contributes to the sustainable management of marine fishes by resolving stock structure and identifying the timing and locations of events within fish life cycles. The migratory behaviour of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), Canada was characterized over an annual cycle using pop-up satellite archival tags (n = 15). Daily probability density functions of individual halibut positions were estimated using a geolocation model specifically developed to track demersal fish species in the GSL. Reconstructed migration routes (n = 8) revealed that Atlantic halibut displayed seasonal migrations, moving from deeper offshore waters in the winter to shallower nearshore waters in the summer. Variability in migratory behaviours was observed among individuals tagged at the same location and time. One individual resided year round in the vicinity of the tagging site, three individuals displayed homing behaviour, and four individuals did not return to the tagging site. The identification of presumed spawning rises for two individuals suggested that spawning of Atlantic halibut occurred in the GSL. Although based on a limited number of individuals, these results suggest that Atlantic halibut in the GSL forms a philopatric population, supporting the current separate management of this stock from the adjacent Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks stock.
The potential for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to conduct marine fauna surveys in place of manned aircraft
Authors: Colefax Andrew P , Butcher Paul A , Kelaher Brendan P
Published: May 2017

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in marine wildlife research. As technological developments rapidly advance the versatility and functionality of affordable UAVs, their potential as a marine aerial survey tool is quickly gaining attention. Currently, there is significant interest in whether cost-effective UAVs can outperform manned aircraft in aerial surveys of marine fauna at sea, although few empirical studies have compared relative sampling efficiency, accuracy and precision. Civil aviation restrictions, and subsequent available civilian technologies, make it unlikely that UAVs will currently be more effective than manned aircraft for large area marine surveys. UAVs do, however, have the capacity to fill a niche for intensive smaller spatial scale sampling and for undertaking aerial surveys in isolated locations. Improvements in UAV sensor resolutions and alternative sensor types, such as multispectral cameras, may increase area coverage, reduce perception error, and increase water penetration for sightability. Additionally, the further development of auto-detection software will rapidly improve image processing and further reduce human observer error inherent in manned aerial surveys. As UAV technologies and associated methodology is further developed and becomes more affordable, these aircraft will be increasingly adopted as a marine aerial survey tool in place of traditional methods using manned aircraft.
Microsurgical Resection of a Common Peroneal Nerve Schwannoma: A 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Budohoski Karol  P , Guilfoyle Mathew R , Kenyon Olivia , Barone Damiano G , Santarius Thomas , Trivedi Rikin A
Published: May 2017

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are benign entities that manifest with pain or neurological deficits from mass effect. Treatment is mostly surgical, however, the aggressiveness of treatment needs to be carefully considered with respect to preserving function. We present a case of a 62-year-old male with a 2-year history of left lower extremity pain radiating toward the dorsolateral foot. There was a tender and palpable mass in the lateral popliteal fossa with imaging consistent with Schwannoma of the common peroneal nerve. The patient was counseled for surgery and informed consent was obtained. Microsurgical resection was undertaken and gross total resection was achieved without compromise of function. We demonstrate the placement of neurophysiological monitoring electrodes in all 3 compartment of the calf as well as the use of stimulation to identify a nonfunctioning area for entering the nerve sheath. Anatomy of the popliteal fossa and microsurgical technique for resection of nerve sheath tumors are discussed. When dealing with these pathologies, it is important to use intraoperative neurophysiology as well as careful technique in order to achieve maximal resection without compromising neurological function.
Construct Validity
Authors: McCleary Richard , McDowall David , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 focuses on threats to construct validity arising from the left-hand side time series and the right-hand side intervention model. Construct validity is limited to questions of whether an observed effect can be generalized to alternative cause and effect measures. The “talking out” self-injurious behavior time series, shown in Chapter 5, are examples of primary data. Researchers often have no choice but to use secondary data that were collected by third parties for purposes unrelated to any hypothesis test. Even in those less-than-ideal instances, however, an optimal time series can be constructed by limiting the time frame and otherwise paying attention to regime changes. Threats to construct validity that arise from the right-hand side intervention model, such as fuzzy or unclear onset and responses, are controlled by paying close attention to the underlying theory. Even a minimal theory should specify the onset and duration of an impact.
Poisoned Earth
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: May 2017

The chapter examines green business during the 1960s and 1970, decades of new environmental awareness. In organic food natural beauty, a number of commercially viable green businesses and brands began to be built, and distribution channels created. There was significant innovation in wind and solar energy in the wake of the first oil crises although they remained marginal in the energy industry. Green entrepreneurs still faced huge obstacles finding both capital and consumers. In the case of the capital-intensive solar energy business, the main solution was to sell start-ups to cash-rich oil companies. Green businesses clustered in hubs of environmental and social activism, such as Berkeley and Boulder in the United States, Allgäu in Germany, and rural areas of Denmark. These clusters enabled small firms to build skills and competences which could eventually be used to expand into more mainstream locations.
Accidental Sustainability
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the scaling and diffusion of green entrepreneurship between 1980 and the present. It explores how entrepreneurs and business leaders promoted the idea that business and sustainability were compatible. It then examines the rapid growth of organic foods, natural beauty, ecological architecture, and eco-tourism. Green firms sometimes grew to a large scale, such as the retailer Whole Foods Market in the United States. The chapter explores how greater mainstreaming of these businesses resulted in a new set of challenges arising from scaling. Organic food was now transported across large distances causing a negative impact on carbon emissions. More eco-tourism resulted in more air travel and bigger airports. In other industries scaling had a more positive impact. Towns were major polluters, so more ecological buildings had a positive impact.
Soft constraints: exponential random graph models
Authors: Coolen A.C.C. , Annibale A. , Roberts E.S.
Published: May 2017

Exponential random graph models (ERGMs) provide conceptually elegant recipes for generating soft-constrained random graphs. This chapter begins by explaining the theory and describing how to properly specify an ERGM, including demonstrating Lagrange’s method to derive the values of the model parameters that correspond to the desired constraints. Three ERGMs, all with constraints depending linearly on the adjacency matrix, are solved exactly: the targeted total number of links, targeted individual node degrees and targeted number of two-way links in a directed graph. However, when the controlled features become more complicated, ERGMs have a tendency to produce graphs in extreme phases (very dense or very sparse). The two-star model and the Strauss model are worked through in detail using advanced techniques from statistical mechanics in order to analyze the phase transitions. The chapter closes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of ERGMs as null models.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling of graphs
Authors: Coolen A.C.C. , Annibale A. , Roberts E.S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques to generate hard- and soft-constrained exponential random graph ensembles. The essence is to define a Markov chain based on ergodic randomization moves acting on a network with transition probabilities which satisfy detailed balance. This is sufficient to ensure that the Markov chain will sample from the ensemble with the desired probabilities. This chapter studies several commonly seen randomization move sets and carefully defines acceptance probabilities for a range of different ensembles using both the Metropolis–Hastings and the Glauber prescription. Particular care is paid to describe and avoid the pitfalls that can occur in defining randomization moves for hard-constrained ensembles, and applying them without introducing inadvertent bias (i.e. defining and comparing protocols including switch-and-hold and mobility).
Specific constructions
Authors: Coolen A.C.C. , Annibale A. , Roberts E.S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents network-generating models which cannot be neatly categorized as growing, nor as defined primarily through a target degree distribution. They are best understood as mechanistic constructions designed to elucidate a particular feature of the network. In the first sub-section, the Watts–Strogatz model is introduced and motivated as a construction to achieve both a high degree of clustering and a low average path length. Geometric graphs, in their Euclidian flavour, are shown to be a natural choice for broadcast networks. The Hyperbolic variant is informally described, because it is known to be a natural space in which to embed hierarchical graphs. Planar graphs have very specific real-world applications, but are extraordinarily challenging to analyze mathematically. Finally, weighted graphs allow for concepts such as traffic to be incorporated into the random graph model.
Processes in Human Evolution
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Cela-Conde Camilo J.
Published: May 2017

Processes in Human Evolution is a fully reconsidered treatment of Human Evolution, the previous book by the same authors published by OUP in 2007. The major discoveries of the last decade have necessitated a completely revised view of how to understand human evolution, incorporating the advances in genetics, paleontology, ecology, archaeology, geography, and climate science. The genera Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Orrorin, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo are analyzed in detail. Particular attention is given to the population migrations necessary to understand the origin and dispersion of the different genera and species in each continent. It becomes apparent that some of the accepted species may be just isolated populations and that the distinctive features of Homo sapiens may have been shared by other ancestors. The evolutionary process takes into account the features of the lithic cultures and their impact on the evolution of the cognitive capacities. The outcome is a new model about the evolution of symbolism. Processes in Human Evolution is intended as a primary textbook for university courses on human evolution. It may be used, as well, as supplementary reading in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses. It is also eminently suited for general-interest readers seeking a readable but up-to-date and fairly inclusive treatment of human origins and evolution.
Middle and Upper Pliocene hominins
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Cela-Conde Camilo J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the hominins of the Middle and Upper Pliocene, encompassing a considerable diversification of the genus Australopithecus, which is polyphyletic; it brings also into consideration the exemplars from South Africa and Chad. The contrast between “gracile” and “robust” exemplars among the South African fossils brings about the description of the Paranthropus genus, with African (P. robustus) and Rift species (P. boisei and P. aethiopicus). Later, the chapter explores the consistency between the gracile and robust evolutionary patterns of the australopithecines, examining the extent of monophyly in Australopithecus, as well as Paranthropus, concluding with an examination of their phylogenetic relationships. Attributing to P. robustus and P. boisei an increase in robustness with the passage of time allows these two taxa to be included in the same clade or lineage.
Neanderthals and modern humans
Authors: Ayala Francisco J. , Cela-Conde Camilo J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with the similarities and differences between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens, by considering genetic, brain, and cognitive evidence. The genetic differentiation emerges from fossil genetic evidence obtained first from mtDNA and later from nuclear DNA. With high throughput whole genome sequencing, sequences have been obtained from the Denisova Cave (Siberia) fossils. Nuclear DNA of a third species (“Denisovans”) has been obtained from the same cave and used to define the phylogenetic relationships among the three species during the Upper Palaeolithic. Archaeological comparisons make it possible to advance a four-mode model of the evolution of symbolism. Neanderthals and modern humans would share a “modern mind” as defined up to Symbolic Mode 3. Whether the Neanderthals reached symbolic Mode 4 remains unsettled.
Why Italian Nuclear Energy Policy Failed Twice
Authors: Franchino Fabio
Published: May 2017

The history of nuclear energy policy in Italy is characterized by major shifts. After being a world leader in nuclear energy production in the 1960s, the country stopped its programme in the 1980s. An attempt at rejuvenating and expanding nuclear energy in the early 2000s came to an end after the Fukushima disaster. In both instances a referendum was held. Party competition, coalition politics, changes in government, and Italy’s institutional features, in particular the provisions for holding referendums, are the main factors explaining these policy reversals. The chapter concludes that a relaunch of the nuclear energy programme does not seem impossible, but is unlikely for the foreseeable future.
Tragedy outside Attica c.450–400 BC
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 demonstrates how the works of Euripides, like those of Aeschylus, served to create or highlight connections between different elements within the broader Hellenic race. It examines three sets of plays that were probably or certainly performed outside Athens. Firstly, the Archelaus, Temenus and Temenidae celebrate the Argive ancestry of the Macedonian kings and were almost certainly produced for Euripides’ patron, Archelaus of Macedon. Secondly, the Andomache is a travel play that ends with the establishment of Neoptolemus’ descendants in Molossia. Finally, the Melanippe Bound and Aeolus tell the story of the founding heroes of the Western Greek cities of Metapontum and Lipari.
Tragedy outside Attica c.400–300 BC
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 seeks to counter the common assumption that tragedy was exported from Athens to the Greek world over the course of the fourth century. In the fourth century we have strong evidence for an increase in numbers of dramatic competitions across the Greek world as the area traversed by tragedians expanded. However, it is argued that this expansion is the direct result of the efforts of travelling poets and actors in the previous generations. The dissemination of tragedy is thus a continuous process that begins simultaneously with the genre’s development. By the fourth century, tragedy had become an integral and canonical part of a vibrant Panhellenic festival culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Stewart Edmund
Published: May 2017

Tragedy’s dissemination may be said to be, in its nature, a complex and continuous process brought about through performance and re-performance at Panhellenic gatherings. Tragedy as a genre emerged from, and was part of, a Panhellenic song culture shaped by frequent travel, competition, and exchange. By the time something that could be termed tragedy appeared at the end of the sixth century, the Greeks were already connected by a complex system of overlapping networks. Despite the prominence of particular cities, such as Athens and Sparta, the Greeks possessed no one political or cultural centre. Festivals, at Athens and elsewhere, were important places for Greeks to gather and compete. From the beginning, individual tragic poets and actors worked hard to make their plays and performances known everywhere and known forever.
Morphological Length and Prosodically Defective Morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

This book investigates the phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation: processes of segment lengthening, shortening, deletion, and insertion that cannot be explained by phonological means but crucially rely on morpho-syntactic information. A unified theoretical account of these phenomena is presented and it is argued that Morphological Length-Manipulation is best analysed inside the framework termed ‘Prosodically Defective Morphemes’: if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects for the resulting surface structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The argumentation in this book is hence in line with the general claim that all morphology results from combination and that non-concatenative exponents are epiphenomenal and arise from affixation of autosegmental elements. Although this position has been defended various times for specific phenomena, it has rarely been discussed against the background of a broad typological survey. In contrast to most existing claims, the argumentation in this book is based on a representative data set for attested morphological length-manipulating patterns in the languages of the world that serves as basis for the theoretical arguments. It is argued that alternative accounts suffer from severe under- and overgeneration problems if they are tested against the full range of attested phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Zimmermann Eva
Published: May 2017

The phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation is introduced and defined and it is discussed why an investigation of this phenomenon is challenging and interesting for both morphological and phonological theory. For example, the existence of subtractive MLM—instances where the shortening or deletion of segments marks a morpheme—is the most obvious challenge that MLM poses for any theory of morphology that wants to maintain the theorem that morphology is additive. The chapter defines the empirical scope of this book and discusses why, for example, reduplication is disregarded for most parts and only morphological changes that add or subtract segmental length or segments are taken into account. The variety of attested MLM patterns is then illustrated with a range of examples.
Church Government
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 focuses on English debates on church government and its connections with both civil government and theology. Grotius overtly praised English episcopacy and its consistency with a monarchical form of government, and he saw it compatible with non-iure divino Presbyterianism (more convenient to countries like the United Provinces, ruled by aristocratic magistracies). However, from Barksdale, Harrington, and Baxter to the early eighteenth century, Grotius’ ideas on church government were used in support of divine right and non-divine right episcopacy, Presbyterianism, and Congregationalism. Along with examining the impact of Grotius on English ecclesiological debates, this chapter will also look at the ways in which Grotius’ ‘minimal religion’ (as exposed mainly in De Veritate) was used to sponsor (latitudinarians) or undermine (Presbyterians, Independents, and, from the 1660s, Nonconformists) the religious policy of Anglican Church and the related claims to divine-right authority.
The theory
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents stratified reference as an answer to the question how to capture the difference between boundedness and unboundedness. The parallelism between the telic/atelic, collective/distributive, singular/plural, and count/mass oppositions is captured in a unified framework. After a brief overview over the empirical phenomena that have been discussed under the rubric of distributivity, the notion of stratified reference is gradually developed as a generalized notion of distributivity. It is then used to formulate a single constraint that explains the behavior of the three constructions (for-adverbials, pseudopartitives, and adverbial each) discussed in the book, and to predict distributive entailments of lexical predicates via meaning postulates.
Overt distributivity
Authors: Champollion Lucas
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains the crosslinguistic semantic differences between distance-distributive items such as English each and German jeweils by treating them as overt versions of the atomic distributivity operator D and the nonatomic distributivity operator Part respectively. The proposed analysis explains why jeweils can distribute over salient occasions and why this is never possible for each (Zimmermann 2002). It also accounts for the fact that distributive determiners can take part in cumulative readings with items outside of their syntactic scope, and for their ability to interact with nondistributive event modifiers (Schein 1993, Kratzer 2000, Champollion 2010).
Punishment in the executive suite: Moral responsibility, causal responsibility, and financial crime
Authors: Reiff Mark R.
Published: May 2017

Despite the enormity of the financial losses flowing from the 2008 financial crisis and the outrageousness of the conduct that led up to it, almost no individual involved has been prosecuted for criminal conduct, much less actually gone to prison. This chapter argues that the failure to punish those in management for their role in this misconduct stems from a misunderstanding of the need to prove that they personally knew of this wrongdoing and harbored an intent to defraud. Not only would negligence be a sufficient legal and moral basis for imposing terms of imprisonment in these cases, mere causal responsibility would also be enough, for causal responsibility has embedded in it all we need to find those causally responsible morally responsible too, and once some basis for moral responsibility is established, the imposition of terms of imprisonment is both legally possible and morally just.
Moneys’ legal hierarchy
Authors: Pistor Katharina
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the way in which money is legally constructed and hierarchically structured. In financial markets, participants trade different forms of money, some of which is state-issued and some privately issued. A form of money is closer to the “apex” of the system the closer it is to entities that can issue liquid means or determine acceptable forms of payment, such as central banks and governments. During financial crises, market participants close to the “apex” are systematically advantaged. Various legal devices, e.g. property rights, collateral rights, or trust law, contribute to hierarchically structuring the financial system, by granting preferential treatment to some moneys over others. As the historical development of money shows, public and private entities have been closely intertwined in its creation. These legal constructions reveal questions of justice at the very core of the financial system, with regard to both unchecked hierarchies and unjustified distributions of losses.
Normative dimensions of central banking: How the guardians of financial markets affect justice
Authors: Dietsch Peter
Published: May 2017

Monetary policy, and the response it elicits from financial markets, raises normative questions. This chapter, building on an introductory section on the objectives and instruments of monetary policy, analyzes two such questions. First, it assesses the impact of monetary policy on inequality and argues that the unconventional policies adopted in the wake of the financial crisis exacerbate inequalities in income and wealth. Depending on the theory of justice one holds, this impact is problematic. Should monetary policy be sensitive to inequalities and, if so, how? Second, the chapter argues that the leverage that financial markets have today over the monetary policy agenda undermines democratic legitimacy.
Information as a condition of justice in financial markets: The regulation of credit-rating agencies
Authors: Bruin Boudewijn de
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues for deregulation of the credit-rating market. Credit-rating agencies are supposed to contribute to the informational needs of investors trading bonds. They provide ratings of debt issued by corporations and governments, as well as of structured debt instruments (e.g. mortgage-backed securities). As many academics, regulators, and commentators have pointed out, the ratings of structured instruments turned out to be highly inaccurate, and, as a result, they have argued for tighter regulation of the industry. This chapter shows, however, that the role of credit-rating agencies in achieving justice in finance is not as great as these commentators believe. It therefore argues instead for deregulation. Since the 1930s, lawgivers have unjustifiably elevated the rating agencies into official, legally binding sources of information concerning credit risk, thereby unjustifiably causing many institutional investors to outsource their epistemic responsibilities, that is, their responsibility to investigate credit risk themselves.
The “bundling” hypothesis and the disparate functions of little v
Authors: Harley Heidi
Published: May 2017

Following Pylkkänen (2002), among others, many of the functions of the vP have been distributed between two independent projections: VoiceP and vP. Pylkkänen proposed a “bundling” parameter: some languages project a single bundled Voice/vP, and all functions depend on that single projection, and others project VoiceP and vP separately, and functions are distributed. The chapter first reviews the roles ascribed to these projections: (i) external argument introduction, (ii) event argument introduction, (iii) accusative case checking, (iv) introduction of causative or inchoative semantics, (v) verbalizing of nonverbal material, and (vi) demarcating a cycle. The chapter then reviews support for Pylkkänen’s parametric view of Voice-bundling from, e.g., Hiaki, Turkish, Korean, and English. Results on causatives from Key (2013) and Jung (2014) suggest that the projection sequence dominating v may form part of a predetermined projection hierarchy. The constraint against stacking productive morphological causatives may thus be attributed to the extended verbal projection.
Agreement between arguments? Not really
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Radkevich Nina , Chumakina Marina
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents novel data from the Nakh-Dagestanian language Archi illustrating a typologically unusual phenomenon of apparent agreement between first person pronouns and absolutive-marked arguments. Apart from their typological significance, these facts challenge current approaches to agreement, which hold that Agree relations can be established only between heads and phrases. The chapter shows that Archi agreeing pronouns do not constitute a uniform class, but subdivide into simple weak pronouns and complex forms composed of a pronoun and a focus marker. Weak pronouns lack [CL] feature specification ([øCL]), and must therefore copy a class feature from the closest v to avoid violating the constraint that all DPs must be specified for [CL]. As a result, the apparent agreement between arguments can be reduced to the unsurprising agreement between the absolutive DP and a series of verbal heads, some of them morphologically null.
The articulated v layer: evidence from Tamil
Authors: Sundaresan Sandhya , McFadden Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues for a particular articulation of the functional domain immediately above the verb, what is called the “v layer.” The crucial evidence comes primarily from the Dravidian language Tamil, in comparison with relevant phenomena in other languages. Tamil has a series of agglutinative verbal suffixes, each related to a different aspect of the syntax and semantics of voice (broadly construed), which can combine flexibly with one another, but only in one particular order. This leads to a breakdown of Kratzer’s (1996) Voice or Chomsky’s (1995) v into a layer consisting of at least four distinct functional heads in a rigid sequence above the root: Pass(ive) > Mid(dle) > Voice > vcause.
The features of the voice domain: actives, passives, and restructuring
Authors: Wurmbrand Susi , Shimamura Koji
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an in-depth characterization of the organization and featural make-up of the voice domain. Using restructuring as a probe into the composition of the voice domain, several properties are revealed which provide new or additional support for a number of voice-related assumptions, such as a split voice domain consisting of VoiceP and vP. It is suggested that the heads of the voice domain come with two sets of features, v/Voice-features and ϕ‎-features, where the former encode differences such as active and passive, as well as specific flavors of the argument or event introducing heads, and the latter identify a DP (the DP valuing the ϕ‎-features) as an argument of the particular voice head. The chapter proposes detailed structures for passive and restructuring, including morphological spell-out rules for the heads of the voice domain in several languages (Acehnese, Chamorro, Isbukun Bunun, German, Japanese, Mayrinax Atayal, Norwegian, and Takibakha Bunun).
The event domain
Authors: Ramchand Gillian
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the phrase structural representation of the most embedded portion of a natural language sentence. It is argued that this corresponds to the core event building domain, and that it has both syntactic and semantic integrity within the sentence. However, the little v label across frameworks and research programs has also been used as the locus for the external argument, as well as for the first cyclic domain for syntactic locality. However, empirical evidence points clearly to a separation of the different functions often ascribed to “little v.” Specifically, it is argued that event structure decomposition head (roughly, Cause) must be clearly separated from, and hierarchically lower than, the head providing the choice of external argument. However, it will be shown from the evidence of the English progressive that this external argument locus is much more abstract and cannot be identified with the traditional category of Voice.
Liberalism with Excellence
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: May 2017

During the past several decades, political philosophers have frequently debated whether governments are morally required to remain neutral among reasonable conceptions of excellence and human flourishing. Whereas the numerous followers of John Rawls (and kindred philosophers such as Ronald Dworkin) have maintained that a requirement of neutrality is indeed incumbent on every system of governance, other philosophers—often designated as “perfectionists”—have argued against such a requirement. Liberalism with Excellence enters these debates not by plighting itself unequivocally to one side or the other, but instead by reconceiving each of the sides and thus by redirecting the disputes between them. On the one hand, the book rejects the requirement of neutrality by contending that certain governmental subsidies for the promotion of excellence in sundry areas of human endeavor can be proper and vital. Advocating such departures from the constraint of neutrality, the book presents a version of liberalism that can rightly be classified as “perfectionist.” On the other hand, the species of perfectionism espoused in Liberalism with Excellence diverges markedly from the theories that have usually been so classified. Indeed, much of the book assails various aspects of those theories. What is more, the aspirational perfectionism elaborated in the closing chapters of the volume is reconcilable in most key respects with a suitably amplified version of Rawlsianism. Hence, by reconceiving both the perfectionist side and the neutralist side of the prevailing disputation, Liberalism with Excellence combines and transforms their respective insights.
Cube Complexes, Subgroups of Mapping Class Groups and Nilpotent Genus
Authors: Bridson Martin R.
Published: May 2017

Based on a lecture at PCMI this chapter is structured around two sets of results, one concerning groups of automorphisms of surfaces and the other concerning the nilpotent genus of groups. The first set of results exemplifies the theme that even the nicest of groups can harbour a diverse array of complicated finitely presented subgroups: we shall see that the finitely presented subgroups of the mapping class groups of surfaces of finite type can be much wilder than had been previously recognised. The second set of results fits into the quest to understand which properties of a finitely generated group can be detected by examining the group’s finite and nilpotent quotients and which cannot.
Conclusion
Authors: Forrestal Alison
Published: May 2017

This book undertakes a close analysis of de Paul’s wide-ranging activities during the principal decades of Catholic reform in France, offering unprecedented insights into the ways in which de Paul engaged with it, and influenced its direction. The conclusion confirms that de Paul stands out amongst a host of distinguished peers in the dévot environment, because he succeeded in articulating and applying traditional teachings and existing practices in new, enterprising, and systematic ways. It also concludes that he exploited the potential for association and collaboration that lay amongst a cross-section of his contemporaries to realize his goals to carve out a particularly distinctive and popular manifestation of religious activism. The Lazarist Congregation was endowed with multifaceted features of pastoral care, and stood at the heart of an enterprise geared towards the reform of contemporary religious practices.
General Relativity: A Field Theory of Gravitation
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

General relativity. The equivalence principle and the derivation of the Einstein–Hilbert equations. The geometrical notions of curvature and affine connection are introduced. Geodesics and the bending of light by a gravitational field. General relativity as a gauge invariant classical field theory.
The Physical States
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The necessity of introducing particle states. The representations of the Poincar’e group and the one-particle states. The Fock space of non-interacting particles.
Functional Integrals and Probabilistic Amplitudes
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Functional integrals and probabilistic amplitudes. Brief historical notes. The reconstruction of quantum mechanics from path integrals. The Feynman formulation. Definition and properties of the coherent states and the Bargmann representation.
Functional Integrals and Quantum Mechanics: Formal Developments
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Time-ordered products and connection with the path integral. Applications in quantum mechanical problems. T-products and the scattering matrix. The perturbation expansion. The scalar field.
Relativistic Quantum Fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

The general formulation of quantum field theory. The Wightman axioms. The PCT and spin-statistics theorems. The assumption for the existence of asymptotic states. The reduction formulae and scattering theory. The Feynman rules for the S-matrix. Discussion for spin-12 and spin-1 particles. Applications to quantum electrodynamics. A formal expression for the S-matrix.
Geometry and Quantum Dynamics
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

A geometrical derivation of Abelian and non- Abelian gauge theories. The Faddeev–Popov quantisation. BRST invariance and ghost fields. General discussion of BRST symmetry. Application to Yang–Mills theories and general relativity. A brief history of gauge theories.
Broken Symmetries
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland
Published: May 2017

Exlicitly and spontaneously broken symmetries in classical and quantum physics. The linear and non-linear σ-model. The Goldstone theorem and the appearance of massless particles. The extension to Abelian and non-Abelian gauge symmetries and the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism.