bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalytic study of Pd supported on CeO2 doped on N, S-rGO towards Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Woldetinsay Mengistu , Soreta Tesfaye , Palani Krishnamurthy , Maiyalagan Thandavarayan , Olu Femi Emmanuel
Published: February 2021

The sustainable production of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis of water requires the development of an efficient electrocatalyst. Herein, we synthesized Pd nanoparticles dispersed on CeO2/N, S-rGO by hydrothermal method followed by chemical reduction of Pd nanoparticles. Electrochemical measurements towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) show a high electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst. Among the synthesized electrocatalysts Pd/CeO2/N, S-rGO exhibits lower overpotential (75 mV and 240 mV) at 10 mAcm− 2 and lower Tafel slope value (44 mV dec− 1 and 42 mV dec− 1) for HER and OER, respectively. The chronoamperometric and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) of the electrocatalyst shows a negligible decrease in the current density for twelve hours and a minor change in the polarization curve after 10,000 cycles, respectively. The high electrocatalytic activity and superior stability of the synthesized electrocatalyst could be attributed to the synergetic effect between Pd nanoparticles and CeO2/N, S-rGO support. This work demonstrates a facile way to develop effective and stable electrocatalysts by exploiting the Pd/Metal oxide interface.
A novel multi-image cryptosystem based on weighted plain images and using combined chaotic maps
Authors: Kari Ahmad Pourjabbar , Navin Ahmad Habibizad , Bidgoli Amir Massoud , Mirnia Mirkamal
Published: February 2021

This paper introduces a new multi-image cryptosystem based on modified Henon map and nonlinear combination of chaotic seed maps. Based on the degree of correlation between the adjacent pixels of the plain image, a unique weight is assigned to the plain image. First, the coordinates of plain images are disrupted by modified Henon map as confusion phase. In the first step of diffusion phase, the pixels content of images are changed separately by XOR operation between confused images and matrices with suitable nonlinear combination of seed maps sequences. These combination of seed maps are selected depending on the weight of plain images as well as bifurcation properties of mentioned chaotic maps. After concatenating the matrices obtained from the first step of diffusion phase, the bitwise XOR operation is applied between newly developed matrix and the other produced matrix from the chaotic sequences of the Logistic-Tent-Sine hybrid system, as second step of diffusion phase. The encrypted image is obtained after applying shift and exchange operations. The results of the implementation using graphs and histograms show that the proposed scheme, compared to some existing methods, can effectively resist common attacks and can be used as a secure method for encrypting digital images.
Correlation of SOX4, SOX17, VE-cadherin and vasculogenic mimicry with the development and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Qin Yanzi , Zhao Wenjun , Cai Zhaogeng , Wang Qi , Gao Jin , Yang Ningning , Ci Hongfei , Feng Zhenzhong , Ma Li
Published: February 2021

Background: We previously reported high SOX4 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which participates in the mechanism of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) by mediating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism. In this study, the relationships between SOX4, SOX17, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and VM were analyzed to explore the mechanisms of the occurrence and development of ESCC. Methods: SOX4, SOX17, and VE-cadherin expression as well as VM in 210 ESCC tissues and 60 normal esophageal mucosal tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and correlations with clinicopathological parameters were explored. The invasion, migration, and proliferation of EC9706 and Eca109 cells were determined after silencing of VE-cadherin with siRNA interference technology. SOX4, SOX17, and VE-cadherin protein and mRNA expression were quantified by Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses, respectively.Results: Low SOX17 expression, high SOX4 expression, and high VE-cadherin expression were observed in ESCC tissues and were significantly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis (LNM), depth of invasion, and pathological tumor node metastasis (pTNM) stage. They also were independent poor prognostic factors in ESCC patients. After VE-cadherin silencing, the invasion, migration, and proliferation of EC9706 and Eca109 cells in vitro were decreased, while SOX17 protein and mRNA levels were increased and SOX4 protein and mRNA levels were decreased.Conclusions: SOX17, SOX4, and VE-cadherin are involved in the development of ESCC. Low expression of SOX17 and high expression of SOX4 may promote VM in ESCC by enhancing VE-cadherin transcription.
Main Crops’ Yield Risks of the Belt and Road Terrestrial Countries Under 1.5°C and 2°C Global Warming Scenarios
Authors: Tong Miao , Dai Erfu
Published: February 2021

According to the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report, climate change poses severe risks to the Belt and Road region. To promote regional food security, this study examined yield risks in four staple crops (rice, wheat, maize, and soybeans) under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming scenarios. Yield data was derived from simulations of multiple climate-crop model ensembles from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. A threshold was defined as the 10th percentile of the reference period distribution (1986–2005) of crop yields. Then, adverse consequences on yield were assumed to arise once future crop yields were lower than the threshold. To quantify the likelihood of crop yield loss, the agreement of model combinations at which the threshold was crossed was calculated for each crop on a grid scale. Conclusions about crop loss and its risks were as follows: (1) Impacts of warming on yields differ between crop types and regions. The likelihood of yield loss in low-latitude regions was higher than that in mid-latitude regions for maize, rice, and soybeans. (2) Under a higher warming scenario, the mean yield loss likelihood would increase 0.16%–3.06% at low-latitude subregions but dropped by no more than 2% for subregions with higher latitudes. (3) Under 1.5°C global warming, the “risk zone” accounted for 37%, 35%, 25%, and 13% of growing areas for maize, wheat, rice, and soybeans, respectively. (4) The higher the warming, the larger the “risk zone”. When warming increased from 1.5°C to 2°C, the four crops’ calculated “newly added risk zones” would increase by 1.8%–3.5%. This study revealed patterns of yield loss risks for major crops in the Belt and Road in different warming scenarios and subregions and could provide some references for regional responses or adaptions to climate change in the agricultural system.
High soil phosphorus application significantly increased grain yield, phosphorus content but not zinc content of cowpea grains
Authors: Mohammed Saba Baba , Dzidzienyo Daniel K. , Yahaya Adama , Umar Muhammad L. , Ishiyaku Muhammad F. , Tongoona Pangirayi B. , Gracen Vernon
Published: February 2021

Background and aims Phosphorus (P) is limiting in many soils of cowpea producing areas. To ameliorate the impact of soil P deficiency, the use of P-based fertilizers is highly recommended. However, a negative association between zinc (Zn) content and high P application has been reported in some crops. There are few reports about P-Zn interaction on cowpea. Thus, in this study, the response of cowpea to the varying amounts of P and their effect on plant P and Zn content, and yield were investigated.Methods Thirty genotypes were grown at three P rates in screenhouse and field environments. In the screenhouse, shoot biomass, P and Zn content were measured at 55 days after sowing. In the field, grain yield, P, and Zn content were determined in the harvested tissues when plants reached full maturity.Results Higher rates of P in the growth media led to significantly increased shoot biomass, and grain yield but were not associated with a significant change in shoot or grain Zn content. There was not a significant correlation between grain yield and Zn content in high soil P (p < 0.05). The site regression analysis revealed that the first two principal components explained 69.76%, and 22.30% of total variance for grain yield, and 69.01% & 24.66% of total variance for Zn content.Conclusions The effect of higher P application on reduced shoot and grain Zn content may be genotype-dependent and could be circumvented if genotypes with high Zn content under higher P supply are identified and cultivated.
Utilisation of Cover Crops: Implications for Conservation Agriculture Systems in a Mediterranean Climate Region of South Africa
Authors: Smit Ernst H. , Strauss Johann A. , Swanepoel Pieter Andreas
Published: February 2021

PurposeCover crops can provide multiple agroecosystem services to crops produced in conservation agriculture systems. South African grain producers in the Mediterranean climate region are reluctant to integrate cover crops in rainfed systems since cover crops replace cash crops leading to financial losses. Using cover crops as fodder can help cover input costs, while providing a range of advantageous services to the cropping system. The aim of this study was to investigate how cover crop mixtures and the utilisation of cover crops affect soil quality, the quality and quantity of the mulch as well as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) produced in the subsequent year.MethodsA two-year study was conducted in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In Year 1, diverse legume and cereal-based cover crop mixtures were partially grazed, cut and material removed for haymaking, or left unutilised as a mulch. In Year 2, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted to investigate the effects of cover crop mixtures and utilisation method on subsequent spring wheat yield. ResultsCover crops used as hay or for grazing did not affect (P < 0.05) grain yield of wheat that followed in rotation. Legume-based cover crop mixtures increased (P < 0.05) wheat grain protein content regardless of utilisation method. Soil quality and nitrogen content improved (P < 0.05) when cover crops were grazed. ConclusionsCover cropping can be used by South African grain producers as an important agronomic tactic to improve system productivity and support sustainable intensification of rainfed cropping systems.
Behaviour Change Practices in Exercise Referral Schemes: Developing Realist Programme Theory of Implementation.
Authors: Downey John , Shearn Katie , Brown Nicola , Wadey Ross , Breckon Jeff
Published: February 2021

Background: Exercise Referral Schemes have been delivered worldwide to augment physical activity levels in sedentary patients with a range of health issues, despite their utility being questioned. Understanding the implementation mechanisms of behaviour change practices is important to avoid inappropriate decommissioning and support future service planning. The aim of this study was to develop initial theories to understand what influences the behaviour change practices of Exercise Referral practitioners within the United Kingdom.Methods: An eight-month focused ethnography was undertaken, to carry out the first phase of a realist evaluation, which included participant observation, interviews, document analysis, and reflexive journaling. A comprehensive implementation framework (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) was adopted providing an extensive menu of determinants. Mechanisms were categorised based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (within the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour model) providing an explanatory tool linking the levels of the framework. Results: Three programme theories are proposed. Firstly, motivation and capability are influenced when behaviour change oriented planning and training are in place. Secondly, motivation is influenced if leadership is supportive of behaviour change practice. Lastly, integration between health professionals and practitioners will influence motivation and capability. The conditions necessary to influence motivation and capability include a person-centred climate, cognizant practitioners, and established communities of practice.Conclusions: The findings are the first to articulate the necessary elements for the implementation of behaviour change practices in Exercise Referral services. These results outline emerging theories about the conditions, resources, and explanations of behaviour change implementation that can inform service development.
Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score in Patients with Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Adhitya I Putu Gde Surya , Yu Wen-Yu , Saraswati Putu Ayu Sita , Winaya I Made Niko , Lin Mau-Roung
Published: February 2021

Background: This study aimed to examine the psychometric performance of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) used in Indonesian patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI).Methods: The FAOS was translated into Indonesian through standardized procedures. Among 224 patients with unilateral CLAI recruited from 14 physical therapy clinics during a 1-year period, reliabilities, construct validities, and responsiveness levels of the FAOS were examined. Active and passive range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion or plantiflexion, figure-of-eight, numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), and Short Form (SF)-36 were used to test the construct validities.Results: The five subscales indicated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, 0.74~0.96) and interrater test-retest reliabilities (interclass correlation coefficients, 0.80~0.94). Subscales of the FAOS moderately converged with those selected measures with similar constructs (r values, 0.32~0.53), with the exception of the correlation of pain with the NPRS (r, -0.06). Results of the principal component analysis showed that the five-factor structure of the FAOS was appropriate for the Indonesian data, although six items (four in the pain and two in the other symptoms (OSs) subscales) did not perfectly fit their original subscales. Guyatt’s responsiveness index for the FAOS’s subscales changed in the SF-36’s physical function over a 1-month period and ranged 0.37 to 1.27.Conclusions: The Indonesian version of the FAOS demonstrated acceptable reliabilities and responsiveness, and fair construct validities among CLAI patients, although certain items in the pain and OSs subscales may need to be further explored and improved.
Seismic response of a small-scale masonry cross vault: Experimental investigation by performing quasi-static and shake table tests
Authors: Bianchini Nicoletta , Mendes Nuno , Calderini Chiara , Candeias Paulo XAVIER , Rossi Michela , Lourenço Paulo
Published: February 2021

The seismic safety assessment of 3D complex structural elements of historic buildings, such as cross vaults, is a challenge and experimental tests can provide relevant data for this purpose. This paper presents the results of two experimental campaigns in a reduced scale 3D printed vault characterized by asymmetric boundary conditions. The specimen adopted the typical geometry of groin vault (without ribs) and was made of polymeric bricks placed in an orthogonal bond disposition. The seismic behaviour of the vault was studied through quasi-static and dynamic tests using the shake table. In particular, an incremental dynamic analysis up to the collapse of the vault was carried out. The results obtained experimentally were analysed in terms of damage, collapse mechanisms, displacements, in-plane distortion and response spectrum-based analysis.
The first awake simultaneous PET-MR study of an adult with fragile X syndrome: A case report
Authors: Gade Soujanya , Hjørnevik Trine , Park Jun Hyung , Shen Bin , Gu Meng , Tseng Jessica , Barbosa Daniel , Leuze Christoph , Pitteri Sharon , Jung Jaeho , Lee Byung Chul , Kim Sang Eun , McNab Jennifer , Spielman Daniel , Hall Scott S. , Fung Lawrence K. , Chin Frederick T.
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a debilitating neurogenetic disorder that can result in a multitude of impairments in cognition, memory, and learning. Case Presentation: a 25-year-old male with FXS participated in this study. The participant obtained scores in the non-spectrum range on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale and obtained an full scale IQ score of 57 (Verbal IQ = 23 and Nonverbal IQ = 34) on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5). On the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd Edition (VABS-2) he obtained a composite score of 66. Pre-scan serum cortisol reactivity was 16.45 mcg/dL. Following a [18F]flumazenil (5mCi) intravenous bolus injection, the participant was scanned without sedation on a hybrid PET-MR system (Signa, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) for 60 mins. List mode PET data, structural and diffusion MRI (DWI), and MR spectroscopy (MRS) were acquired simultaneously. Quantitative PET and DWI measures were extracted from 83 pre-defined regions of interest. MRS data was collected from two 20 cc voxels (thalamus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate neuromolecular behavior in FXS without the use of sedation using PET-MR. Mapping the neuromolecular differences in FXS can lead to targeted treatments that can significantly improve quality of life for families and individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Extensive study on the impact of joint inclinations on the earth pressure in rock ground
Authors: Adedokun Solomon , Son M.
Published: February 2021

The impact of different joint inclinations on the earth pressure was extensively carried out in this study, using Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) which is based on discrete element method. Numerical parametric investigations, which considered varying joint inclinations and rock types, were conducted after the numerical method had been verified through a physical model test. The joint angles considered ranged from 0º to 90º in the interval of 5º and the rock types are hard, slightly and moderately weathered rocks. The results of the analyses were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance, and compared with empirical earth pressure envelope for sand ground. The comparisons showed that earth pressures in rock ground are substantially varied from those in sand ground. The result of ANOVA revealed that joint inclinations have statistically significant effect on magnitude of the earth pressure, and practitioners should consider this factor while designing retaining structure in rock masses.
Advanced glycation end-products associate with podocytopathy in type II diabetic patients
Authors: Nishad Rajkishor , Syed Tahaseen V , Motrapu Manga , Kavvuri Rajesh , Kodali Kiranmayi , Pasupulati Anil Kumar
Published: February 2021

Background The prevalence of diabetes reaches epidemic proportions, affecting the incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and associated end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Diabetes is the leading cause of ESKD since 30–40% of diabetic patients develop DN. Albuminuria and eGFR have been considered a surrogate outcome of chronic kidney disease, and the search for a biomarker that predicts progression to diabetic kidney disease is intense.Methods We analyzed the association of serum advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) index (AGI) with impaired kidney function in uncontrolled diabetic patients (type II, n = 130) with albuminuria ranging from (150 to 450 mg/day). The kidney biopsy specimens were also examined for the association of AGEs, particularly carboxymethyl lysine (CML) with kidney function. Further, we also assessed the effect of carboxymethyl lysine on glomerular injury and podocytopathy in experimental animals.Results We observed a strong correlation between AGI and impaired kidney function in miroalbuminuric patients with hyperglycemia. A significant association between CML levels and impaired kidney function was noticed. Administration of CML in mice showed heavy proteinuria and glomerular abnormalities. Reduced podocyte number observed in mice administered with CML could be attributed to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocytes. Conclusion Serum AGEs could be independently related to the podocyte injury vis-a-vis the risk of DN progression to ESKD in patients with microalbuminuria. AGEs or CML could be considered a prognostic marker to assess microalbuminuria progression to ESKD in diabetic patients.
Covid-19 on Twitter: an analysis of risk communication with visuals
Authors: Sleigh Joanna , Amann Julia , Schneider Manuel , Vayena Effy
Published: February 2021

Background: In a pandemic, when timely and clear communication is important, visuals on social media can help citizens quickly find and understand health risk information. In recognition of visuality and social media’s value during a crisis, we investigated popular Covid-19 risk communication with visuals posted on the platform Twitter. Looking at tweet authors, their use of graphics, the preventative messages, and risk framing, our objective was to determine how visual communication on Twitter promoted WHO Covid-19 health recommendations.Methods: We sourced Twitter’s 500 most retweeted Covid-19 messages for each month from January - October 2020 using Crowdbreaks. Included tweets had to have visuals, be in English, come from verified accounts, and contain at least one of the keywords ‘covid19', 'coronavirus', 'corona', or 'covid’. Following a retrospective approach, we then performed a qualitative content analysis of the tweets’ text and visuals. Results: Most of the tweets analysed came from influencers - individuals with many followers (51%), followed by media companies (30%), and health and government institutions (15%). At the start of the pandemic, the latter two were most prevalent. Analysis of visual formats showed that photographs were most common, and the majority of tweets combined them with other graphic types (55%). 68% of tweets had text in their visual, 42% of all visuals were animated, and 26% included a URL. ‘Stay home’ and ‘wear a mask’ were the most frequently communicated Covid-19 preventative measures. 70% of tweets used risk framing (emphasising health gains or loss), and 32% had tones of critique.Conclusion: This study found that the most retweeted Covid-19 preventative measures with visuals mostly came from individuals, showing that health and government organisations were not alone in promoting preventative measures on Twitter. This stresses the important role individuals play in the dissemination of information using social media during a health crisis. The finding that more tweets used health loss framing, often combined with the emotive medium of photographs, raises concerns about persuasive tactics feeding on fear. Future research is needed to better understand this approach's consequences and its impact on public perceptions and behaviours.
Improved Site-dependent Statistical Relationships of Vs, Vp, and Resonant Frequency versus Bedrock Depth in Japan
Authors: Mohammed Mostafa Thabet
Published: February 2021

Combining both processing techniques of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) and surface-to-borehole spectral ratio (SBR), using the KiK-net and K-NET database in Japan, could be used in the present study to establish relationships of Vs, Vp, and resonant frequency (f) versus depth to bedrock half-space (h) based on the site-dependent variability in different lithologies. Remarkable correlations of the average Vs and Vp of layers overlying the bedrock half-space (i.e. Vs and Vp) versus h are inversely resembling the relationships of f versus h and their maxima of ≤ 1000 m/s and ≤ 3000 m/s, respectively. Moreover, their ranges are decreasing gradually through site class of B, C, D and E resembling the ranges of the Vs30 according to NEHRP Provision (2000). Underestimation in the correlation coefficients resulted from HVSR at K-NET sites due to shallow and limited ranges of h whenever compared with those resulted from HVSR and SBR at KiK-net sites. Rebuilding the f versus h based on site-dependent variability in different lithologies could strongly decrease scattering and deviations of data points. Although such relationships are site-specific and highly dependent on each region’s geologic conditions, fair comparisons based on site information and site-dependent variability of different bedrock lithologies between previous relationships of f versus h in the literature and the present study relationships are showing remarkable and reasonable similarities. This indicates significant importance of introducing the seismic site classification of different lithologies as a crucial controlling factor in establishing the previous and the present nonlinear regression relationships.
Nucleation of Ga Droplets Self-Assembly on GaAs(111)A Substrates
Authors: Tuktamyshev Artur , Fedorov Alexey , Bietti Sergio , Vichi Stefano , Tambone Riccardo , Tsukamoto Shiro , Sanguinetti Stefano
Published: February 2021

We investigated the nucleation of Ga droplets on exact GaAs(111)A substrates in the view of their use as the seeds for the self-assembly droplet epitaxial quantum dots. A small critical cluster size of 1-2 atoms characterizes the droplet nucleation. Low values of the Hopkins-Skellam index (as low as 0.35) demonstrate a high degree of a spatial order of the droplet ensemble. Around 350 °C the droplet size distribution becomes bimodal. We attribute this observation to the interplay between the local environment and the limitation to the adatom surface diffusion introduced by the Ehrlich-Schwöbel barrier at the terrace edges.
Positive feedback regulation between USP15 and ERK2 inhibits osteoarthritis progression through TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling
Authors: Wang Wenjuan , Zhu Yanhui , Sun Zhenyu , Jin Chen , Wang Xiang
Published: February 2021

Background: The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis in joints affected by osteoarthritis (OA). However, the specific mechanism of non-SMAD and classical SMAD signaling interactions is still unclear, which needs to be further explored.Methods: In ATDC5 cells, USP15 overexpression and knockout were performed using the transfected lentivirus USP15 and Crispr/Cas9. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to test p-SMAD2 and cartilage phenotype-related molecular markers. In rat OA models, immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin (HE)/Safranin-O fast green staining, and histology were used to examine the regulatory activity of USP15 in TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling and the cartilage phenotype. Then, ERK2 overexpression and knockout were performed. The expressions of USP15, p-SMAD2, and the cartilage phenotype were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. To address whether USP15 is required for ERK2 and TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling, we performed rescue experiments in vitro and in vivo. Immunoprecipitation and deubiquitination assays were used to examine whether USP15 could bind to ERK2 and affect the deubiquitination of ERK2. Finally, whether USP15 regulates the level of p-ERK1/2 was evaluated by western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemistry in vitro and in vivo.Results: Our results indicated that USP15 stimulated TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling and the cartilage phenotype. Moreover, ERK2 required USP15 to influence TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling for regulating the cartilage phenotype in vivo and in vitro. And, USP15 can form a complex with ERK2 to regulate ubiquitination of ERK2. Interestingly, USP15 did not regulate the stability of ERK2 but increased the level of p-ERK1/2 to further enhance the TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling pathway.Conclusions: Taken together, our study revealed positive feedback regulation between USP15 and ERK2, which played a critical role in TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling to inhibit OA progression. Therefore, this specific mechanism can guide the clinical treatment of OA.
Suppression of hydraulic transients for desalination plants based on active control synthesis
Authors: Phuc Bui Duc Hong , You Sam-Sang , Kim Hwan-Seong , Lee Sang-Do
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes a control strategy to stabilize a reverse osmosis desalination system against hydraulic shocks with enhancing productivity and sustainability. First, the effects of hydraulic transients on water quality have been reviewed. The transient waves are approximated by sinusoidal functions so that their effects are incorporated into the controlled system as external disturbances. Next, the active control is implemented based on the adaptive super-twisting (STW) sliding mode control (SMC) algorithms. Then, the robust performance is guaranteed whenever the sliding variables reach the sliding surfaces in finite time despite disturbances. The STW SMC scheme is to eliminate the chattering problems for protecting the valves and to improve the convergence precision for water production. The control gains are adaptable to enable formation of an effective controller for dealing with large disturbances such as water hammer during desalination process. The simulation results reveal the superior performances on controlling water product, while eliminating shock waves. Especially, the effect of hydraulic shocks has been dramatically attenuated, hence the plant components are protected to avoid fracture. Finally, the robust stability and performance of the desalination plants are guaranteed against large disturbances to ensure the population with quality water as well as system sustainability.
Effect and mechanism of reduced membrane bioreactor fouling by powdered activated carbon
Authors: Zhang Yongji , Wang Xiaotong , Ye Hexiu , Zhou Lingling , Zhao Zhiling
Published: February 2021

Powered Activated Carbon – Membrane Bioreactors (PAC-MBRs) have been used with good results for slightly polluted water treatment. Our batch experiments showed that the transmembrane pressure of a PAC-MBR was 25% less than that of a MBR in one period of test, which indicated that PAC did help control the fouling in MBRs. Based on this observation, several mechanisms of membrane fouling of MBRs and PAC-MBRs were investigated to have some insight into how PAC brought a positive impact. The total resistances decreased by 60% and different resistances were redistributed after adding PAC. The dominant one changed from filtration resistance to cake resistance. These smaller cake resistances resulted from the PAC because, showing in the scanning electron microscopy pictures, it made the cake layer looser and rougher than that on a normal membrane. Meanwhile, the analysis of the membrane eluent showed that the addition of PAC changed the microbial species and its metabolites on the membrane and effectively reduced the adsorption of hydrophilic organic molecules on the membrane surface. Additionally, PAC prevented polypeptide compounds from being trapped inside the pores of membranes, so the cake on the PAC-MBR contaminated membrane surface was easier to scrape off. In the test of cleaning methods, alkaline cleaning removed the most organics from contaminated membranes to restore membrane performance.
Desenvolvimento de cerveja no estilo witbier adicionada de gengibre (Zingiber officinalis) e sua influência na fermentação
Authors: Reis Selvati Costa Barbara , Da Silva Gomes Yasmin , Costa Cazuza Celestina Alexandrina , Tashima Luana , Marcondes Rodrigues dos Santos Lígia
Published: February 2021

A cerveja é composta por água, malte, lúpulo e levedura e passa pelos principais processos que são: moagem do malte, mosturação, fervura do mosto, fermentação e carbonatação. A witbier, estilo belga de alta fermentação, se caracteriza por ter aroma e sabor refrescante, que também é característica do gengibre. Essa especiaria possui benefícios terapêuticos antimicrobianos que pode afetar o crescimento celular das leveduras. O objetivo do trabalho foi produzir uma cerveja do estilo witbier adicionada de gengibre na Cervejaria Escola da Universidade de Vassouras (Vassouras, RJ) e analisar o crescimento de células de levedura, o teor alcóolico, o extrato. Também foi aplicado um teste sensorial de aceitação e intenção de compra. Para a produção da cerveja, o gengibre foi adicionado na etapa de fervura. A fermentação foi conduzida em fermentadores de 15 L com as concentrações de gengibre iguais a 0,0, 1,5 e 3,0 g/L. A fermentação terminou ao atingir 1,5°P. O teor alcóolico obtido foi entre 5 e 6,7 % para todas as amostras e o crescimento celular ficou entre 2,09 x106 e 4,4x106  células/mL. Além disso, foi observado que a adição de gengibre na cerveja, em especial na concentração de 3,0 g/L, retardou o crescimento celular, mas não o suficiente para impedir que todas fermentações chegassem ao mesmo patamar de extrato final, demonstrando que apesar das características antimicrobianas do gengibre, ele se mostrou uma matéria-prima capaz de ser utilizada para o estilo de cerveja produzido neste estudo.
In Vivo Evaluation of Inorganic Nanoparticle Complexes against CCL4 Induced Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Tabbasam Rabia , Khursid Sana , Ishaq Yasmeen , Malik Arif
Published: February 2021

Background:

Combination of different chemotherapy drugs and nanoparticles as a carrier
has shown promising delivery system in cancer treatment. Doxorubicin is considered a potent anticancer
drug. However, its off-target activities and possible side effects make its use limited. Recently,
in the field of nanomedicine, different nanoconjugates have been developed as a unique platform
for the delivery of therapeutic drugs.

Objective:

The aim of present study was to evaluate the best possible combination for efficient delivery of DOX with combination of gold, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles to target site against carbon tetrachloride induced rat hepatotoxicity.

Methods:

Effect of different conjugates administrated for 14 consecutive days was evaluated.

Results:

In comparison to DOX, Au:DOX, ZnoO:DOX and Ag:DOX showed less sign of liver fibrosis
as evaluated by serum enzymes and histopathological analysis. However, among all the conjugates,
Ag: DOX conjugate showed the most significant results. The serum alanine aminotransferase,
aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase values were (111.2 ± 38.21, 323.2 ± 46.88
and 303.6 ± 73.80 respectively) very close to control group (72.2 ± 19.41, 368 ± 59.78 and 259.4 ±
61.54 respectively).

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrated that Ag: DOX may exhibit hepato-protective activity
against CCl4 induced liver damage.
Functional Neuroproteomics: An Imperative Approach for Unravelling Protein Implicated Complexities of Brain
Authors: Husain Ibraheem , Ahmad Wasim , Ali Abuzer , Anwar Laiba , Nuruddin Sheikh Md , Ashraf Kamran , Kamal Mohammad Amjad
Published: February 2021

A proteome is defined as a comprehensive protein set either of an organ or an organism
at a given time and under specific physiological conditions. Accordingly, the study of the nervous
system’s proteomes is called neuroproteomics. In the neuroproteomics process, various pieces of
the nervous system are “fragmented” to understand the dynamics of each given sub-proteome in a
much better way. Functional proteomics addresses the organisation of proteins into complexes and
the formation of organelles from these multiprotein complexes that control various physiological
processes. Current functional studies of neuroproteomics mainly talk about the synapse structure
and its organisation, the major building site of the neuronal communication channel. The proteomes
of synaptic vesicle, presynaptic terminal, and postsynaptic density, have been examined by
various proteomics techniques. The objectives of functional neuroproteomics are: to solve the proteome
of single neurons or astrocytes grown in cell cultures or from the primary brain cells isolated
from tissues under various conditions, to identify the set of proteins that characterize specific pathogenesis,
or to determine the group of proteins making up postsynaptic or presynaptic densities. It is
usual to solve a particular sub-proteome like the heat-shock response proteome or the proteome responding
to inflammation. Post-translational protein modifications alter their functions and interactions.
The techniques to detect synapse phosphoproteome are available. However, techniques for
the analysis of ubiquitination and sumoylation are under development.
Recent Progress in Small Molecular Inhibitors of DNA Gyrase
Authors: Man Ruo-Jun , Zhang Xu-Ping , Yang Yu-Shun , Jiang Ai-Qin , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: February 2021

Background:

In the past few decades, with the abuse of antibiotics, bacterial
resistance has enhanced constantly. More and more super species of bacteria, which are
seriously threatening human health, have been discovered. Developing novel antibacterial
agents to overcome the drug-resistance is an urgent duty. We all know that blocking
the information-transfer of bacterial DNA and RNA is one of the effective ways to inhibit
bacterial growth. Therefore, as the indispensable enzyme for DNA replication and transcription,
DNA gyrase is one of the important targets for bacterial inhibitors. Accordingly,
many inhibitors of DNA gyrase have also been developed.

Methods:

In this review, to highlight the recent progress in DNA gyrase inhibitors, the
study in this field over the past three years (2017-2019) was summarized and organized
based on their backbones or core moieties. Both of the subunits of DNA gyrase were taken
into consideration.

Results:

These DNA gyrase inhibitors have been classified based on their backbones or
core moieties. After the comparison of the divided 14 categories, we could achieve some
clues for future modification. In particular, we found that benzodiazepines and naphthalene
heterocycles were the most common structures in the drug design. On the other
hand, isopropyl and cyclopropyl have also been used in drug design, which provides
more inspiration for the investigations. Except for GSK2140944, which has entered the
phase III clinical trial stage, other compounds here were not fully promulgated with their
optimal pharmacokinetic activity.

Conclusion:

We briefly summed up the current situation and future challenges on this
topic. Through the discussion of the design strategies and drug effect, we hope that this
review can provide a focused direction for future researches.
Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in
Adult Patients with β- Thalassemia Major: A Real-Life Study
Authors: Elbedewy Tamer A. , Abd-Elsalam Sherief , Mostafa Sahar Mohamed , Abdellatif Raghda Samir , Fouad Amina , Youssef Mona , Abo-Amer Yousry Esam-Eldin , Elsebaey Mohamed A.
Published: February 2021

Background & Aims:

Patients with thalassemia have a lifelong need for blood transfusion,
which makes them more risky to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Iron overload and chronic HCV are
considered risk factors for patients with thalassemia to develop liver insults. The aim of the present
study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir in the treatment of chronic
HCV infection in Egyptian adult patients with β- thalassemia major.

Methods:

A retrospective study included 53 patients with β-thalassemia major with chronic HCV
treated with sofosbuvir (400 mg) and ledipasvir (90 mg) as a single pill fixed-dose combination
once daily for 12 weeks. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed by the sustained virologic
response (SVR) at 12 weeks after the end of the treatment.

Results:

SVR was achieved in 96.23% of patients. 47.17% of patients had minor side effects.
There was a significant reduction in ALT, AST, and serum ferritin 12 weeks post-therapy. There
was an insignificant change in hemoglobin level or blood transfusion requirement 12 weeks posttherapy.
There was no change in iron chelators doses throughout the study period.

Conclusion:

Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir regimen seems to be safe and highly effective in the treatment
of chronic HCV in patients with β-thalassemia major.
Extraction and Characterization of Fatty Acids from the Leaves and
Stems of Clinacanthus nutans Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and
Soxhlet Method
Authors: Ferdosh Sahena , Yunus Kamaruzzaman , Rashid Mohammad A. , Sarker Zaidul Islam
Published: February 2021

Background:

The composition and bioactivity of natural plant extract strongly depend
on the extraction technique employed. Clinacanthus nutans Lindau (C. nutans) is a well-known
medicinal plant in South-East Asia that has been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases.
Several conventional methods have been using for the extraction of bioactive compounds
from C. nutans. However, extraction of fatty acids using supercritical carbon dioxide was not reported
yet from this medicinal herbs.

Objective:

The main objective of the study is to examine the potential of supercritical carbon
dioxide (scCO2) extraction of fatty acids from leaves and stems of C. nutans.

Method:

Fatty acid compositions were determined from leaves and stems of C. nutans oil extracted
by scCO2 (temperature 45-65 °C, pressure 25-35 MPa) and compared to the results of Soxhlet extraction.

Results:

Supercritical CO2 extraction shows the highest oil recovery in both leaves (3.7%) and
stems (1.6%) at pressure 35 MPa, temperature 65°C and 2 ml/min flow rate, which was closer to
the yield of Soxhlet. The scCO2 yields presented a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA), especially linoleic acid (C18:2n-6). Palmitic acid ranging from 42%- 47% in leaves and
stems of C. nutans was found dominant saturated fatty acids (SFA) in both scCO2 and Soxhlet
method.

Conclusion:

The current results indicate that leaves and stems of C. nutans could be a potential
source of fatty acids, especially biologically active compounds.
Promiscuous Biological Features of Newly Emerged SARS-CoV-2 Facilitate its Unrestrained Outbreak: An Update
Authors: Azhar Asim , Al-hosaini Khaled , Khan Parvez Anwar , Oanz Abdul M , Zia Qamar , Banawas Saeed , Dong Jae-Jung , Kamal Mohammad Amjad , Owais Mohammad
Published: February 2021

The unrelenting protraction of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), inflicted by Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is tending to craft havoc all over
the world for the past few months. Considering the looming repercussions due to this deadly virus
worldwide, there is an impending necessity to comprehend this newfangled contagion. To develop
an effective eradication measure and preventive strategy, knowledge about the virus structure, life
cycle, and metabolism is imperative. Better insight into the virus life cycle helps us to identify and
design drugs that can hit crucial targets of this dreadful virus. The close genetic similarity between
SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which triggered an outbreak in the year 2003, could be of great
strategic importance in designing effective drug formulations. This will also help in the development
of leveraging immunological measures to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
This eventually will help us to progress our strategies related to the virus. Not on the positive side,
there is some misinformation going all around the world despite the strict regulations from the
WHO and other government agencies to inform the citizens to abstain from the rumour-mongering
regarding COVID-19. Further, evidence needs to be gathered on vaccine strategies to cure the patients
suffering from COVID-19. This information will also help us in designing both drug inhibitors
as well as prophylactic measures against SARS-CoV-2.
Fostering intercultural competence through videoconference exchange: using an external provider to match learners with trained native speakers and administer video calls
Authors: Varo Varo Alonso
Published: February 2021

This practical case presents the use of an External Provider (EP) as an alternative approach to the traditional telecollaboration setting where a partnership with a foreign higher education institution is established. Usually, these partnerships involve language exchanges between learning partners who mutually practice each other’s native language. Instead, an eight-week cross-cultural Virtual Exchange (VE) in Spanish between US college students studying Spanish and trained Colombian university students was organized through an external language platform to foster the US students’ Intercultural Competence (IC). It is concluded that the use of an EP brings an undeniable level of flexibility to the organization of the VE, and makes manageable the integration of this type of program in higher education language classes. Additionally, this article assesses the value of this approach by looking at the effect of VE on the US students’ self- assessment of IC after the videoconference exchanges. Data from quantitative surveys and student blogs show a significant increase in the students’ IC after the program.
Фазовый переход alpha-beta в примесной фазе монокристалла кремния SiO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-
Authors: Каланов М.У. , Хугаев А.В.
Published: February 2021

Thermal oxidation of a silicon single crystal in the temperature range of 293 – 1293 K was studied using high – temperature X – ray diffraction directly on the beam. An anomaly in the intensity and angular position of diffuse scattering from the surface of the single crystal was found. The anomaly is explained by the oxidation of the silicon surface according to the Dill Grove model, including the process of thermal oxidation and sublimation of the oxide layer depending on temperature. It was found that in the bulk of a single crystal (silicon medium) in this temperature range, there is a - b phase transition in the crystalline phase of silicon dioxide, similar to the a - b transition of quartz in the atmosphere.