bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Physical Condition and Mental Health of Chinese College Students 3 Months After COVID-19 Recovery
Authors: Wu Yue-yang , Wang Na , Tang Qian , Shen Wen-bin , Xiao Wei , Li Jian-wei , Huang Fen
Published: November 2024

Purpose: The study was to evaluate the physical condition and mental health of Chinese college student COVID-19 survivors, and to perform severity clustering of physical symptoms. Participants: The study finally included 1912 Chinese college students. Methods: A total of 33 symptoms including general physical symptoms, cardiopulmonary system, digestive system, neurological system, mental health and other symptoms were investigated three months after recovery from COVID-19, and these symptoms are identified using latent class analysis. Results: Three clusters were identified through latent class analysis: 13.2% with severe impairment (cluster 1), 27.2% with mild physical symptoms (cluster 2), and 59.5% with no or mild symptoms (cluster 3). The students who smoked, drank alcohol, did not exercise, or had a history of underlying medical conditions were more likely to have moderate to severe symptoms. Conclusions: Young COVID-19 survivors with a history of underlying diseases and unhealthy habits are more likely to have moderate to severe COVID-19 sequelae. Varying degrees of symptoms should be treated with different rehabilitation plans.
Detecting irregularities in randomized controlled trials using machine learning
Authors: Nelson Walter , Petch Jeremy , Ranisau Jonathan , Zhao Robin , Balasubramanian Kumar , Bangdiwala Shrikant I
Published: November 2024

Background:

Over the course of a clinical trial, irregularities may arise in the data. Trialists implement human-intensive, expensive central statistical monitoring procedures to identify and correct these irregularities before the results of the trial are analyzed and disseminated. Machine learning algorithms have shown promise for identifying center-level irregularities in multi-center clinical trials with minimal human intervention. We aimed to characterize the form-level data irregularities in several historical clinical trials and evaluate the ability of a machine learning-based outlier detection algorithm to identify them.

Methods:

Data irregularities previously identified by humans in historical clinical trials were ascertained by comparing preliminary snapshots of the trial databases to the final, locked databases. We measured the ability of a machine learning based outlier detection algorithm to identify form-level irregularities using concordance (area under the receiver operator characteristic), positive predictive value (precision), and sensitivity (recall).

Results:

We examined preliminary snapshots of seven historical clinical trials which randomized a total of 77,001 participants. We extracted a total of 1,267,484 completed entries from 358 case report forms containing irregularities from all snapshots across all trials, containing a total of 24,850 form-wide irregularities (median per-form form-level irregularity rate: 1.81%). Our proposed machine learning algorithm detects form-level irregularities with a median concordance of 0.74 (interquartile range = 0.57–0.89), slightly exceeding the performance of a previously proposed machine learning approach with a median area under the receiver operator characteristic of 0.73 (interquartile range = 0.54–0.88).

Conclusion:

Data irregularities in historical clinical trials were ascertained by comparing preliminary snapshots of the trial database to the final database. These irregularities can be categorized according to their scope. Irregularities can be successfully detected by a machine learning algorithm as early or earlier than a human can, without human intervention. Such an approach may complement existing techniques for central statistical monitoring in large multi-center randomized controlled trials and possibly improve the efficiency of costly data verification processes.
Cooperation or conquest: A case study of school takeover
Authors: Osworth David
Published: November 2024

School takeover has become an increasingly popular policy strategy to improve schools despite a lack of evidence that points toward its success in increasing student academic achievement. This case study focuses on the takeover of a rural school district in the Southeastern United States and utilizes the work of Paulo Freire to examine if the state’s actions are dialogic or antidialogic action. This qualitative explanatory case study leverages data from State press releases, policy documents, community meetings, and interviews with parent participants to conceptualize takeover as dialogic or antidialogic action. The findings of this study are organized around the domains of the theoretical framework: cooperation or conquest, divide and rule or unity for liberation, manipulation or organization, and cultural invasion or cultural synthesis.
Sex Differences in Youth and Young Adult Sport Training Patterns, Specialization, and Return to Sport Durations
Authors: Buser Anna , Schley Stacey , Render Ally , Ramirez Mario E. , Truong Caleb , Easley Kirk A. , Shenvi Neeta , Jayanthi Neeru
Published: November 2024

Background:

Young female athletes may have higher rates of overuse injuries and sport specialization than male athletes. The association of sports specialization and return to sport (RTS) timeframe is also unknown.

Hypothesis:

Specialized female athletes will have more intense, year-round training patterns, more overuse injuries, and longer RTS times than male athletes.

Study Design:

Cohort study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Methods:

Injured athletes aged 10 to 23 years presenting to a sports medicine clinic reported their degree of sport specialization and training patterns. Skeletal maturity was estimated using the Khamis-Roche method. Injury type and RTS timeframes were categorized from electronic medical records. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis assessed associations between variables.

Results:

A total of 485 athletes (40.2% female) were enrolled. Higher degrees of sport specialization were associated strongly with overuse injuries ( P < 0.01). After adjusting for specialization, female athletes were more likely to sustain an overuse injury (adjusted odds ratio, 1.49; P = 0.04). Female athletes participated in fewer total physical activity hours per week ( P < 0.01), fewer free play hours per week ( P < 0.01), and participated in their main sport for more months of the year than their male counterparts ( P = 0.02). Female athletes were more likely to be at a higher developmental stage than male athletes ( P < 0.01). RTS timeframes were increased in athletes with serious overuse injury; however, no association was found between degree of specialization and RTS time regardless of sex.

Conclusion:

Female athletes are more likely to sustain overuse injuries with more organized, year-round, training and less free play compared with their male counterparts.

Clinical Relevance:

Female sex may be an independent risk factor of overuse injury. Future strategies to mitigate these risks may include increased free play hours and limiting year-round training through seasonal rest.
Neurohospitalist Core Competencies
Authors: Wold Jana J. , Robertson Jetter , Jeevarajan Jerome A. , Knox Molly G. , Thatikunta Prateek , Solorzano Guillermo E. , Galetta Kristin , Dujari Shefali , Goyal Tarini , Ehrlich Matthew E. , Donnelly Jonathan P. , Marriott Elizabeth , Mandge Vishal A. , Dhoot Roshni S. , Luedke Matthew W. , Maas Matthew B. , Yu Margaret Y. , Toledano Michel , Mustafa Rafid , Palaganas Jamie L. , Kvam Kathryn , Dugue Rachelle , Meltzer Ethan , Touma Lahoud , Shah Maulik P. , Douglas Vanja C. , Orjuela Karen , Scott Brian J. , Klein Joshua P. , Likosky David J. , Simpson Jennifer R. , Richie Megan B. , Dohle Carolin , Morris Jane G. , Gold Carl A.
Published: November 2024

The Neurohospitalist Core Competencies comprise a set of competency-based learning objectives that encapsulate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of neurohospitalitists who specialize in the care of hospitalized patients with neurologic conditions. These competencies serve to characterize the rapidly expanding field of neurohospitalist medicine. The 27 chapters are divided into 3 sections entitled: neurological conditions, clinical interventions and interpretation of ancillary studies, and neurohospitalist role in the healthcare system. Each individual learning objective in the chapters describes a specific concept with an action verb to illustrate the behavior that the neurohospitalist exhibits. The individual neurohospitalist may not exhibit mastery in each of the topics included as individual practices vary in scope and practice pattern. A few examples of how the complete set of competencies may be used include in the creation of curricula for neurohospitalist fellowships, to assist in defining the scope of practice of neurohospitalists for administrative leaders of hospitals and departments, and in influencing the direction of further research and quality improvement in the field.
Hemodynamic changes of arteriovenous malformation and endovascular embolization
Authors: Kong Weiming , Liang Shikai , Abel Sene Kevin , Lv Xianli
Published: November 2024

Objective: To analyze the hemodynamic changes caused by arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and AVM embolization through a meta-analysis of the existing literature. Method: Search for relevant studies on PubMed/Medline until November 7, 2023, and further screen the bibliographies of relevant studies to ensure comprehensive search. According to the PRISMA guidelines, manuscripts were selected to provide local hemodynamic information on AVM arterial feeders and drainage veins. Result: A total of 13 studies were included in the final analysis. The diameter of the supplying artery (y = 0.002x + 2.24, R2 = 0.99) and flow velocity (y = 0.09x + 54.55, R2 = 0.92) had a positive linear relationship with cerebral blood flow. The pressure difference through the small AVM nidus was higher than that in the large AVM, with values of (y = −12.23x + 101.39, R2 = 0.96). There was a negative linear correlation between the sessions of AVM embolization and blood flow (1 session: y = −150.7x + 564.97, R2 = 0.98 and 4 sessions: y = −118.81x + 750.07, R2 = 0.99). There was a positive linear relationship between the increase in arterial pressure, peri-AVM parenchymal perfusion, and the percentage of occlusion in the medium-sized AVMs. However, this correlation was a nonlinear relationship between elevated arterial pressure, peri-AVM parenchymal perfusion, and the percentage of large AVM occlusion. Conclusion: The hemodynamic changes of AVM (in the feeding arteries, compartments of AVM, and draining veins) follow a linear relationship. The impact of embolization on hemodynamics in medium and small AVMs follows a linear relationship. The impact of embolization of large AVMs on hemodynamics follows a nonlinear relationship.
The use of assistive technology to promote practical skills in persons with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities: A systematic review
Authors: Klavina Aija , Pérez-Fuster Patricia , Daems Jo , Lyhne Cecilie Nørby , Dervishi Eglantina , Pajalic Zada , Øderud Tone , Fuglerud Kristin S , Markovska-Simoska Silvana , Przybyla Tomasz , Klichowski Michal , Stiglic Gregor , Laganovska Egija , Alarcão Soraia M , Tkaczyk Alan H , Sousa Carla
Published: November 2024

Persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or intellectual disability (ID) have difficulties in planning, organising and coping with change, which impedes the learning of daily living skills (DLSs), social participation and self-management across different environmental settings. Assistive technologies (ATs) is a broad term encompassing devices and services designed to support individuals with disabilities, and if used in a self-controlled manner, they may contribute inclusion in all domains of participation. This comprehensive literature review aims to critically assess and unify existing research that investigates the use of assistive technology within the practical domain for individuals with ASD and/or ID. The 18 relevant studies included in this review highlighted the benefits of AT for social participation and independence in daily activities of individuals with ASD and/or ID. Professionals working with this target group should be knowledgeable of the speedy progress of AT products and the potential of persons with ASD and/or ID to use mainstream devices to meet their individual needs. This awareness provides an opportunity to advocate for the universal benefits of AT for everyone. Technologies such as virtual reality, mobile applications and interactive software have been shown to improve DLSs, communication and social interaction. These tools offer engaging, user-friendly platforms that address the specific needs of these individuals, enhancing their learning and independence.
Decoding anxiety: A scoping review of observable cues
Authors: Smrke Urška , Mlakar Izidor , Rehberger Ana , Žužek Leon , Plohl Nejc
Published: November 2024

Background

While anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mental diseases, they are often overlooked due to shortcomings of the existing diagnostic procedures, which predominantly rely on self-reporting. Due to recent technological advances, this source of information could be complemented by the so-called observable cues – indicators that are displayed spontaneously through individuals’ physiological responses or behaviour and can be detected by modern devices. However, while there are several individual studies on such cues, this research area lacks a synthesis. In line with this, our scoping review aimed to identify observable cues that offer meaningful insight into individuals’ anxiety and to determine how these cues can be measured.

Methods

We followed the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. The search string containing terms related to anxiety and observable cues was entered into four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, ERIC, IEEE). While the search – limited to English peer-reviewed records published from 2012 onwards – initially yielded 2311 records, only 33 articles fit our selection criteria and were included in the final synthesis.

Results

The scoping review unravelled various categories of observable cues of anxiety, specifically those related to facial expressions, speech and language, breathing, skin, heart, cognitive control, sleep, activity and motion, location data and smartphone use. Moreover, we identified various approaches for measuring these cues, including wearable devices, and analysing smartphone usage and social media activity.

Conclusions

Our scoping review points to several physiological and behavioural cues associated with anxiety and highlights how these can be measured. These novel insights may be helpful for healthcare practitioners and fuel future research and technology development. However, as many cues were investigated only in a single study, more evidence is needed to generalise these findings and implement them into practice with greater confidence.
Mobile health application (WeFit) among community-dwelling older adults: Development, validation, acceptance, and usability study
Authors: Ahmad Nurul Asilah , Mat Ludin Arimi Fitri , Vanoh Divya , Tohit Noorlaili Mohd , Manaf Zahara Abdul , Mohd Noah Shahrul Azman , Shahar Suzana
Published: November 2024

Background

Technology advancement along with the increase in the older adults’ population leads to the creation of health applications. The combination of exercise, nutrition, and cognition should be studied carefully in improving older adults’ health.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to develop a health application, WeFit contains these three components and to determine its content validity, acceptability, and usability.

Methodology

This study is a design and development study involving three phases. The first phase is the need analysis involving a review on 16 mobile applications available in Google play and iTunes App store as well as a review of six articles for identifying the perception of older adults in using mobile applications. Second phase is mobile application development and content validity. The content validity was determined using the Content Validity Index for Individual Items (I-CVI). Phase 3 evaluated the acceptance of the WeFit mobile application among older adults and health practitioners.

Results

Phase 1 indicated that half of the applications reviewed (50.0%) had physical activity component and the other half (50.0%) had a cognitive component, and none on nutrition. No application is reported to have all three components. In Phase 2, WeFit health application containing the three components was developed where users can view exercise and food recommendations and play cognitive games. WeFit had an I-CVI value of 0.98. With respect to acceptability, majority of the study participants (93.3%) understood the WeFit's content and the graphics used were appropriate. The usability study found that the majority of the older adults were satisfied with the interface and content. All health practitioners (100%) agreed WeFit is easy to use and agreed that it can guide them in giving medical advices.

Conclusion

WeFit mobile app has been successfully developed, validated, and tested for acceptance among the older adults and health practitioners.
Who Can Say What? Testing the Impact of Interpersonal Mechanisms and Gender on Fairness Evaluations of Content Moderation
Authors: Weber Ina , Gonçalves João , Masullo Gina M. , Torres da Silva Marisa , Hofhuis Joep
Published: November 2024

Content moderation is commonly used by social media platforms to curb the spread of hateful content. Yet, little is known about how users perceive this practice and which factors may influence their perceptions. Publicly denouncing content moderation—for example, portraying it as a limitation to free speech or as a form of political targeting—may play an important role in this context. Evaluations of moderation may also depend on interpersonal mechanisms triggered by perceived user characteristics. In this study, we disentangle these different factors by examining how the gender, perceived similarity, and social influence of a user publicly complaining about a content-removal decision influence evaluations of moderation. In an experiment ( n = 1,586) conducted in the United States, the Netherlands, and Portugal, participants witnessed the moderation of a hateful post, followed by a publicly posted complaint about moderation by the affected user. Evaluations of the fairness, legitimacy, and bias of the moderation decision were measured, as well as perceived similarity and social influence as mediators. The results indicate that arguments about freedom of speech significantly lower the perceived fairness of content moderation. Factors such as social influence of the moderated user impacted outcomes differently depending on the moderated user’s gender. We discuss implications of these findings for content-moderation practices.
Turn It on! Turn It on? Privacy Management of Pupils and Teachers in Online Learning During COVID-19 Lockdowns in Germany and Israel
Authors: Dogruel Leyla , Epstein Dmitri , Joeckel Sven , John Nicholas
Published: November 2024

The transition to emergency remote teaching (ERT) through the use of video conferencing software during the COVID-19 lockdowns posed significant challenges to privacy management for both pupils and teachers across the world. One question became pivotal: Must I turn my camera on? While the question of turning on one’s camera has pedagogical consequences, our study sets out to examine the implications for pupils’ and teachers’ privacy. Focusing on a comparative approach, and drawing on communication privacy management and contextual integrity theories, we examine the negotiations over privacy during ERT in high schools in two distinct privacy cultures (Israel and Germany). Based on semi-structured interviews with pupils and teachers ( n = 35) we found that despite substantively different cultural predispositions, legal environments, and rhetorical rationales, the established norms and privacy management strategies related to camera use were strikingly similar among both teachers and students in the two countries.
The Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms on Depressive Symptoms and Health-Promoting Behaviors Among Korean Coast Guards: The Mediating Role of Social Support
Authors: Seo Hyung-Eun , Yeom Mijung , Kim Hye-Jin
Published: November 2024

Background:

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can result in severe depression. Yet, it is not clear how to improve health-promoting behavior and reduce depressive symptoms. This study aimed to examine whether social support mediates the link between PTSD, depression, and health-promoting behaviors.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 308 Korean Coast Guards in Gangwon-do, South Korea, in October and November 2020. The variables of PTSD and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean versions of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Scale-Revised. Health-promoting behaviors and social support were assessed using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II and the Korean version of the Personal Resource Questionnaire 85-Part 2. Multiple regression analysis and Sobel tests were performed.

Findings:

Higher levels of PTSD symptoms and lower levels of social support were significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Social support had a significant partial mediating effect on the association between PTSD and depressive symptoms. In addition, lower levels of PTSD symptoms and higher levels of social support were significantly associated with higher levels of health-promoting behaviors. Social support has a full mediating effect on the association between PTSD symptoms and health-promoting behaviors.

Conclusions/Application to Practice:

Our findings indicate that social support may mediate the association between PTSD symptoms and health outcomes. Occupational health nurses can use these findings to proactively develop interventions which improve social support for coast guard workers who are at risk of developing PTSD due to exposure to traumatic events on their job.
Amateur Adult, House Husband, or Very Late Teenager? Lay Theories of Emerging Adulthood Among Rural- and Urban-Reared Thai Youth
Authors: McKenzie Jessica , Benson Caleb , Brazier Victoria , Castellanos Melissa , Castillo Savannah G. , Pilavian Natalia , Yang Barbara P. , Yang Patricia , Zamora Kate C. , Penrach Sangsupa
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the existence and experience of emerging adulthood among two groups of Millennial Thai youth: those who grew up in an urban Thai city and those who grew up in a nearby rural village. Thirty-two participants ( Mage = 27.4 years), evenly divided by early socialization context (i.e., rural/urban), took part in semi-structured interviews in which they discussed their current life stage and shared their views of key markers of adulthood. Inductive thematic analysis of interview data reveals both the influence of indigenous Thai values and of early socialization context in shaping perspectives of emerging adulthood. Whereas rural-reared youth relied primarily on indigenous perspectives, urban-reared youth integrated Western narratives of adulthood, which at times contradicted indigenous views of the life course. This study speaks to the cultural shaping of conceptions of adulthood, and to the influence of modern globalization in (re)shaping young people’s views of the life course.
Platelet-rich fibrin in dentistry
Authors: Song Ping , He Dawei , Ren Song , Fan Lin , Sun Jiang
Published: November 2024

Objectives:

To review the progress of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) as a biomaterial in dentistry and to highlight its promising application as a safe and biocompatible autologous platelet concentrate. Publications were searched in GeenMedical, X-mol, GoogleScholar, and PubMed from October 2024 with no language restrictions. The literature was searched for relevant databases and journals on the use of PRFs in dentistry up to October 2024, and the inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, case series, and systematic reviews.

Conclusion:

PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate that is sourced from oneself, has fewer adverse effects, and is simple and safe to prepare. These materials include growth factors and fibrin scaffolds, which are extensively utilized in regenerative medicine. By outlining PRF, we found that good results can be achieved when PRF is used to treat these conditions.

Clinical significance:

The application of PRF in dentistry is widespread, particularly in periodontal soft and hard tissue regeneration, oral lichen planus, and pulpal regeneration. This article reviews the background, classification, and preparation methods of PRFs, along with their dental applications. We anticipate further research on various PRF derivatives in the future, which will significantly improve the utilization of PRF in oral applications and offer fresh insights for diagnosing and treating oral diseases.
Controlling Owners and Firm Performance: Empirical investigation from India
Authors: Goswami Rishabh , Gopalaswamy Arun Kumar , Sahu Santosh Kumar
Published: November 2024

This study aims to examine the impact of controlling owners on firm performance. The novelty of this study stems primarily from its focus on multiple shareholder identities and the impact of their respective shareholding on financial and market performance. We use a sample of 1,072 NSE-listed non-financial firms from 2010-11 to 2021-22, a balanced panel of 12,864 firm-year observations. Panel Corrected Standard Error Model (PCSE) is used to test the hypothesis of this research. Three findings emerge from this study. Firstly, a non-linear relationship (cubic) exists between the largest owner’s ownership concentration and the firm’s market performance. Secondly, it was observed that the identity of the controlling owner influences firm performance, and firms with individuals as the controlling owners report adverse influence on firm performance compared to the other ownership identities. Thirdly, the results indicate that compared to non-individual owners, increasing shareholding concentration by individuals is associated with adverse effects on a firm’s market performance.
Prevalence of Undernutrition Among Children and Adolescents with Cancer Living in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Mengistu Berhanu , Belew Aysheshim Kassahun , Baffa Lemlem Daniel , Fentie Elsa Awoke , Agimas Muluken Chanie , Shewarega Ever Siyoum , Muhammed Esmael Ali , Aweke Mekuriaw Nibret
Published: November 2024

Objective. To systematically review studies to provide the pooled estimate of undernutrition among children and adolescents with cancer living in sub-Saharan African countries. Methods. The review followed the recommendations outlined in the PRISMA statement. Online searches were performed on electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Hinari; gray literature sources: such as Google, Google Scholar, and university repositories were also searched. A random effect model was used to drive the pooled prevalence, and was reported at a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using subgroup analysis and univariable meta-regression. The effect of each study on the overall prevalence was assessed using leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. In all the models, statistical significance was set at P-value <.05. Result. A total of 623 articles were identified, and 21 articles were retrieved for the final analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of undernutrition was 41.34% (95% CI: 31.64%, 51.04%). The highest prevalence of undernutrition was observed from studies that used Arm Muscle Area (AMC) for age to assess undernutrition: 61.66% (95% CI: 47.59%, 75.72%). The protocol for this review has been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42024510052). Conclusion. The prevalence of undernutrition in sub-Saharan African countries was considerably high. Therefore, policy directions and cost-effective approaches that sustainably address undernutrition among pediatric patients with cancers are needed.
The Comedy of Measurement Errors: Standard Error of Measurement and Standard Error of Estimation
Authors: Stanley David J. , Spence Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2024

Testing is used to inform a range of critical decisions that help structure much of contemporary society. An unavoidable aspect of testing is that test scores are not infallible. As a result, individual test scores should be accompanied by an interval that indicates the uncertainty surrounding the score. There are a number of different test-score intervals that can be created from different error terms. Unfortunately, there are pervasive misinterpretations of these errors and their intervals. Many of these interpretations can be found in authoritative sources on psychological measurement, which has resulted in stubborn and persistent confusion about what these intervals mean. In the current article, we clarify two important error terms and their intervals: (a) the Standard Error of Estimation and (b) the Standard Error of Measurement. We explicate the meaning and interpretation of these errors by examining their statistical foundations. Specifically, we detail how these terms are formulated from different statistical models and the implications of these models for their different interpretations. We use classical test theory, bivariate linear regression, R activities, and algebra to illustrate the key concepts and differences.
Enacting community cultural wealth: Exploring Mexican American college students’ persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Vang Houa
Published: November 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted students in a variety of ways, especially marginalized students. Using the community cultural wealth framework, this study examines how low-income Mexican American students in the United States navigated college during the pandemic and era of remote learning. Data was derived from 27 in-depth interviews with students at two public research universities in California. The study found that students stayed academically resilient in school and learned to adjust to the new school norms. Although their opportunities and social networks were affected, students took the initiative to create their own networks and look for opportunities. Some students also benefitted from the remote learning environment because of its flexibility with their schedules. In thinking about their futures, many students remained optimistic and did not change much about their goals. A few students were uncertain about their futures but were determined to finish their college degrees. These students activated their community cultural wealth in ways to help them be academically persistent in college during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Changes in students’ confidence calibration across a sequence of low-stakes confidence assessments
Authors: Foster Colin , Renie Paul
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we explore changes in secondary school mathematics students’ (age 12–13, N = 203) confidence calibration (i.e., the correlation between accuracy and confidence) across a sequence of six low-stakes (i.e., not-for-credit) formative assessments administered over 2 months during normal classroom teaching. For each item in each of the assessments, students were asked to state on a 0–5 scale how sure they were that the answer that they had given was correct. Afterwards, they calculated their total score in a manner intended to incentivize improved calibration: the sum of the confidence ratings on the items that they answered correctly, minus the sum of the confidence ratings on the items that they answered incorrectly. Students broadly improved their calibration across the assessments, and a qualitative analysis of their views on the practice of confidence assessment was overwhelmingly positive.
How ‘net zero’ sidelines equity when it comes to flying
Authors: Larkin Alice
Published: November 2024

The catastrophic impacts from storm Boris in 2024 remind us that emissions from our energy use remain too high. Updating a climate science lecture, I added 3 ppm to the CO2 concentration graph reflecting last year's data and will again talk about record-breaking temperatures. Yet in 2015 the Paris Climate Agreement signified a hopeful breakthrough, reinforcing the importance of equity, and strengthening ambition for urgent climate action. It recognised the scale of the challenge and led to declarations of a climate emergency. So where did we go wrong? There are many responses to this question, and I’m not attempting to claim this commentary has the answers. Nevertheless, having followed the debate around two ‘difficult to decarbonise’ sectors, I illustrate how sidelining ‘equity’, combined with a techno-centric approach to deliver ‘net zero 2050’ targets, leaves the global majority facing a bleak future; but one that we have the wherewithal to turn around.
Interfacial Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of TiC Reinforced GH 3230 Superalloy Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition
Authors: Wang Yan , Li Neng , Liu Wei , Jia Chonglin , Wu Yu , Gao Chao , Xiong Huaping
Published: November 2024

GH 3230 superalloy is a solution strengthening nickel-based superalloy and it is commonly used for fabricating hot components with the service temperature of above 900 ℃. In order to further improve high-temperature performance, nickel-based alloy matrix composites (NMCs) were proposed. Meanwhile, it is known that laser additive manufacturing is an optional method for fabricating nickel-based composites. However, the research on ceramic-reinforced GH 3230 fabricated by laser metal deposition (LMD) are highly lacking. The aim of this study is to develop TiC ceramic particle reinforced GH 3230 composites using laser metal deposition (LMD) method and study the effect of TiC content on their microstructure and tensile properties. The results showed that TiC particles not only changed the intensity and position of the X-ray diffraction peaks of the alloy matrix but also had a significant effect on the refinement of the cellular dendrites. Meanwhile, it was found that an interfacial layer with sub-micrometer thickness was formed between the TiC ceramic particle and the superalloy matrix, which was identified to be (W, Ti)C1-x phase by the TEM. In terms of the as-built composites, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) gradually increased, but elongation (EL) decreased with the increase of TiC content. For the as-LMDed 10 vol.% TiC/GH3230 composites, UTS and EL reached 1077.0 MPa and 12.4%, respectively. The enhancement of the tensile strength for composites was attributed to the combined effect of grain refinement strengthening, Orowan strengthening, dislocation strengthening and loading-bearing strengthening.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization Design of Gradient Conformal Chiral Metamaterials and 3D Printing Verification for Morphing Wings
Authors: Zheng Qian , Zhu Weijun , Zhi Quan , Sun Henglun , Li Dongsheng , Ding Xilun
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a gradient conformal design technique to modify the multi-directional stiffness characteristics of 3D printed chiral metamaterials, using various airfoil shapes. The method ensures the integrity of chiral cell nodal circles while improving load transmission efficiency and enhancing manufacturing precision for 3D printing applications. A parametric design framework, integrating finite element analysis and optimization modules, is developed to enhance the wing’s multidirectional stiffness. The optimization process demonstrates that the distribution of chiral structural ligaments and nodal circles significantly affects wing deformation. The stiffness gradient optimization results reveal a variation of over 78% in tail stiffness performance between the best and worst parameter combinations. Experimental outcomes suggest that this strategy can develop metamaterials with enhanced deformability, offering a promising approach for designing morphing wings.
Effects of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) small-molecule peptide mimetic in an in vitro and in vivo model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder
Authors: Mottolese Nicola , Loi Manuela , Trazzi Stefania , Tassinari Marianna , Uguagliati Beatrice , Candini Giulia , Iqbal Khalid , Medici Giorgio , Ciani Elisabetta
Published: November 2024

Background

Mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 gene underlie a severe epileptic encephalopathy, CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), characterized by gross motor impairment, autistic features and intellectual disability. Absence of Cdkl5 negatively impacts neuronal proliferation, survival, and maturation in in vitro and in vivo models, resulting in behavioral deficits in the Cdkl5 KO mouse. While there is no targeted therapy for CDD, several studies showed that treatments enabling an increase in brain BDNF levels give rise to structural and behavioral improvements in Cdkl5 KO mice. P021, a tetra-peptide derived from the biologically active region of the human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), was found to enhance neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity by promoting an increase in BDNF expression in preclinical models of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome, resulting in a beneficial therapeutic effect. Considering the positive actions of P021 on brain development and cognition associated with increased BDNF expression, the present study aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of treatment with P021 in an in vitro and in vivo model of CDD.

Methods

We used SH-CDKL5-KO cells as an in vitro model of CDD to test the efficacy of P021 on neuronal proliferation, survival, and maturation. In addition, both young and adult Cdkl5 KO mice were used to evaluate the in vivo effects of P021, on neuroanatomical and behavioral defects.

Results

We found that P021 treatment was effective in restoring neuronal proliferation, survival, and maturation deficits, as well as alterations in the GSK3β signaling pathway, features that characterize a human neuronal model of CDKL5 deficiency. Unexpectedly, chronic in vivo P021 treatment failed to increase BDNF levels and did not improve neuroanatomical defects in Cdkl5 KO mice, resulting in limited behavioral benefit.

Conclusions

At present, it remains to be understood whether initiating the treatment prenatally, or prolonging the duration of treatment will be necessary in order to achieve similar results in vivo in CDD mice to those obtained in vitro.
Penile fracture in a child presenting at teaching hospital in South-Western Uganda: a case report
Authors: Atwine Oscar , Mucunguzi Denis , Ainomugisha Racheal , Muhumuza Joshua , Mwesigwa Marvin Mutakooha
Published: November 2024

Introduction and importance

Penile fracture refers to the traumatic rupture of tunica albuginea in an erect penis. It is relatively uncommon and represents a urological emergency once it happens, necessitating immediate surgical intervention to prevent long-term complications. This condition presents a surgical challenge in both diagnosis and treatment due to the few urology specialists in our setting. We present a case of penile fracture surgically managed in a resource-limited setting with an excellent outcome.

Case presentation

We present a 15-year-old male admitted to our teaching hospital with a 12-h history of onset of pain, progressive swelling, and an audible pop sound that preceded turning in bed on an erect penis. He, however, denied a history of masturbation. A penile ultrasound scan was done, which confirmed a tear of Tunica albuginea. Penile exploration was done, which revealed a tear in tunica albuginea that was repaired successfully. The patient recovered well with no complications.

Clinical discussion

A penile fracture is a rare surgical emergency. Successful outcomes hinge on timely diagnosis, proficient surgical repair, and comprehensive postoperative care. A penile fracture is a clinical diagnosis in the hands of an experienced surgeon.

Conclusions

Findings of this case report highlight the importance of raising awareness among health workers and the general public about this rare condition, and the treatment options available in our less resourced setting.
Flexible ureteroscopy with and without ureteral access sheath in treatment of large renal stones: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Abdelrasol Waheed Fawzy , Assem Ahmed
Published: November 2024

Background

In flexible ureteroscopy (FURS), the ureteral access sheath (UAS) is extensively used due to its superior stone-free rates and reduced intrarenal pressure. However, it may cause damage to the ureteral wall and increase surgery costs. Therefore, we aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of FURS with and without UAS in treating renal stones.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial included 84 patients with upper ureteric and kidney stones undergoing FURS. Patients were randomized into two equal groups: Group I FURS treated with UAS and Group II FURS treated without UAS as a control group.

Results

Operative time was significantly delayed in Group I 69.52 ± 14.52 min as opposed to Group II 63.1 ± 9.69 min (p = 0.019). Cumulative stone size exhibited significantly greater values in Group I than Group II (p value < 0.001). The need for ancillary procedures was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II (p value = 0.047). Preoperative and postoperative stent, complications, renal colic pain, urinary tract infection, and length of stay were insignificantly different among the two groups.

Conclusions

Performing FURS without utilizing UAS appears safe and requires fewer additional procedures. Another benefit is the reduction in surgical duration and avoiding ureteral complications.
Pertussis vaccination in adults: a behavioral study of physicians from the US, France, and Germany
Authors: Middleton Donald , Clark Liana , Mosnier Anne , Heininger Ulrich
Published: November 2024

Background

Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection that affects all ages, though it is most severe in young infants. Adults, especially those with respiratory conditions or other chronic illnesses can also suffer serious consequences of pertussis. Pertussis vaccination is the best method of disease prevention in a lifetime. This behavioral study aimed to assess physicians’ attitudes towards pertussis vaccination in adults and the importance of pertussis vaccination for disease prevention, especially in those with chronic illnesses, and to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult vaccination behaviors.

Methods

Between November 2022 and January 2023, physicians from the US, France, and Germany registered in an independent online database were contacted to participate in this study. After eligibility screening, participating physicians completed an online questionnaire addressing topics related to physician recommendations and vaccination behavior around pertussis in adults.

Results

Eight hundred physicians participated in the study (US: 400; France: 200; Germany: 200). Physicians’ attitudes towards pertussis vaccination in adults were broadly similar between the countries. Overall, 65% of physicians believed in the importance of vaccination against pertussis, a lower proportion than for COVID-19 (82%), influenza (81%), pneumococcal disease (76%), and tetanus (73%). Physicians considered immunocompromised adults or those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other respiratory conditions to be at greatest risk from pertussis. Physicians estimated that two-thirds of the adult patients to whom they recommended pertussis vaccination agreed to receive it. The top reason why they felt patients did not receive pertussis vaccination as recommended was low perception of personal risk for pertussis. Physicians’ pertussis vaccination behavior was found to be similar before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions

While physicians in the surveyed countries recognized the value of pertussis vaccination in adults, they ranked its importance lower than that of other adult vaccines. Physicians recognized the need to immunize vulnerable adults who are at risk of severe pertussis, such as those with asthma and/or COPD, but this awareness frequently did not result in vaccination of these priority groups, especially without official recommendations to support such vaccination in these groups.
A cross-sectional study exploring general practitioners’ views on dietary supplements
Authors: Wagner Sophia , Eickmann Sascha , Baurecht Hansjörg , Herrmann Anne
Published: November 2024

Background

Dietary supplements (DS) are often used by patients to enhance their health and well-being. General practitioners (GPs) are commonly the first point of contact for patients who enquire about DS. The aim of this study was to explore GPs’ views on DS.

Methods

A cross-sectional purposeful recruitment online survey of 162 general practitioners (GPs) in Germany was conducted between May and August 2021. The questionnaire assessed GPs’ views on dietary supplements (DS), including perceptions of safety, efficacy, and importance in medical practice. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics and logistic regression analyses to explore associations between GPs’ views and demographic factors.

Results

Response rate could not be determined because multipliers were included here by means of personal networks, consent rate was 100%. Many respondents considered DS to be an important topic in their daily practice (64,8%, n = 99). Almost two thirds were convinced of their efficacy and considered DS to be safe for use (61,2%, n = 93). However, the majority of respondents were in favor of more standardized guidelines (86.8%, n = 132) and improved medical education on the handling of DS in routine care (89,5%, n = 136). Physicians who self-administered DS were statistically significantly more likely to perceive them as safe to use, with an OR of 4.25 (95% CI: 1.74–10.40). Self-administration [OR 4.52 (1.67–12.22)] and participation in continuous medical education (CME) [OR 3.52 (1.133–9.38)] were positively associated with perceiving them as an important topic.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess German GPs’ perceptions regarding DS. The majority of physicians recognized the importance of DS in routine care but wished for improved regulation and more standardized guidelines regarding their use. The findings could be used to develop targeted educational interventions and improve handling of DS in daily general practice.