bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It's Just a Phase We're Going Through: A Review and Synthesis of OD Phase Analysis
Authors: Bullock R.J. , Batten Donde
Published: March 2007

This article identifies the description of OD phases as one of the fundamental theoretical problems in the field of organization de velopment. Although phase models have been proposed for over 30 years, consensus has not emerged regarding the model most ap propriate for OD. This article articulates seven key criteria for evaluating phase models in OD and uses these criteria to evaluate over 30 past phase models as well as the phase model proposed in this article. Three approaches to OD phase analysis-the theoreti cal approach, the historical approach, and the intervention approach—are identified and specific models and examples are re viewed within each approach. Because no previous phase model satisfies all seven criteria, a phase model is developed that approxi mates as closely as possible the optimal solution to the phase prob lem. This four-phase model of exploration, planning action, and integration satisfies all seven criteria. The validity, generality, and utility of the model are supported by demonstrating that pre vious phase designations can be meaningfully subsumed under this four-phase model. Finally, the article demonstrates that phase analysis has important implications for OD case studies. The four- phase model presented here can be used as a standard yet flexible structure for reporting and integrating case studies of OD. The useof standard phase designations provides a foundation for accumulating knowledge across multiple OD case studies and for testing theories and hypotheses of OD using rigorous statistical methodology.
Managerial Behaviors: Their Relationship to Perceived Organizational Climate in a High-Technology Company
Authors: Daniel Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to assess the relationship between managerial behav ior and subordinate perceptions of organizational climate, subor dinates of three samples of high-technology managers were administered questionnaires concerning the behavior of their im mediate manager and their perceptions of the organization's cli mate. Results across the three samples suggest that within given work settings managerial behavior can be shown to relate signifi cantly to organizational indices without the concern for more com plex contingency variables.
The Effect of Administrative Accounts and Gender on the Perception of Leadership
Authors: Giacalone Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Participants read descriptions of a male or female director who did not distribute funds according to organizational needs and were informed that such distribution had or had not occurred before. Participants were then asked to evaluate 10 possible accounts for the behavior. Results showed that previous history of misappropriation, participant gender, and gender of director affected the acceptability of some of the accounts.
Comparison of Managerial Communication Patterns in Small, Entrepreneurial Organizations and Large, Mature Organizations
Authors: Smeltzer Larry R. , Fann Gail L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports a comparison of managerial communication patterns in small and large organizations. Semistructured interviews were conducted of 23 mid-level managers from 20 large, mature organizations and 19 managers from 19 small, entrepreneurial organizations. The results indicate that communication patterns do vary significantly, both in amount and in type of medium. Consequently, both managerial communication theory and application must integrate organizational differences.
The Impact of Purpose On Rating Quality and User Acceptance
Authors: Farh Jng-Lih , Cannella Albert A. , Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: March 2007

Using a quasi-experimental design, the effects of purpose (evaluative vs. developmental) on both peer-rating quality and user acceptance were examined. Subjects were 65 undergraduates divided into 11 project groups. Six groups conducted peer ratings for evaluative (i.e., grading) purposes, whereas the remaining 5 did so for the purpose of providing developmental feedback. Peer ratings conducted for evaluative purposes tended to contain greater halo and to be more lenient, less differentiating, less reliable, and less valid than those performed for developmental purposes. User acceptance as measured by recommendation for future use was more favorable under the developmental than the evaluative conditions. These results suggest that the quality of peer ratings and user acceptance are highly susceptible to the influence of rating contexts and that peer ratings are more useful for developmental than for evaluative purposes. Implications of these results for future peer-appraisal practices and research are discussed.
Advancing the State of the Art of 360-Degree Feedback
Authors: Church Allan H. , Bracken David W.
Published: March 2007

360-degree feedback and/or multirater or multisource assessment methods have become one of the most popular and yet least understood management and organizational interventions in recent years. The editors of this special issue devoted to the subject provide (a) an introduction to the current usage and efficacy of these feedback systems in organizational settings, (b) a brief overview of the major themes and issues raised in the 6 articles included in the volume, and (c) a set of general comments and reflections about the state of research and practice on multirater assessment methodologies, with directions for future research.
The Relationship between Work-Team Personality Composition and the Job Performance of Teams
Authors: Neuman George A. , Wagner Stephen H. , Christiansen Neil D.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between work team effectiveness and two distinct aspects of the personality composition of teams: (a) the average level of a given trait within a team, referred to as team personality elevation (TPE); and (b) the variability or differences in personality traits found within a team, or team personality diversity (TPD). Retail assistants ( N = 328) working in 82 teams were assessed on a broad range of traits organized around the framework of the Big Five personality factors. Across the set of Big Five traits, TPE and TPD predicted unique variance in ratings of team job performance. For each specific trait of the Big Five, either TPE or TPD predicted team performance. For the traits of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience, TPE was positively related to team performance; TPD of extraversion and emotional stability was positively related to team performance.
Exploration, Navigation and Cognitive Mapping
Authors: Voicu Horatiu , Schmajuk Nestor
Published: March 2007

We present a modified version of Schmajuk and Thieme's (1992) neural network model of spatial navigation. The new model differs from the original in several ways. First, whereas the early model assumed no a priori knowledge of the space to be explored, the present model assumes a repre sentation of the environment as a set of potentially connected locations. Second, whereas in the original model the decision as to what place to move to next is based on the comparison of the predictions of the goal when each of the alternative places is briefly entered; in the present paper this decision is based on the comparison of the activation of each of the alternative places when the goal is activated. Computer simulations show that the present network offers a novel descrip tion of latent learning in terms of the competition between exploration and exploitation.
Adding Temporary Memory to ZCS
Authors: Cliff Dave , Ross Susi
Published: March 2007

In a recent article, Wilson (1994) described a "zeroth-level" classifier system (ZCS). ZCS employs a reinforcement learning technique comparable to Q-learning (Watkins, 1989). This article presents results from the first reconstruction of ZCS. Having replicated Wilson's results, we extend ZCS in a manner suggested by Wilson: The original formulation of ZCS has no memory mechanisms, but Wilson (1994b) suggested how internal "temporary memory" registers could be added. We show results from adding one-bit and two-bit memory registers to ZCS. Our results demonstrate that ZCS can exploit memory facilities efficiently in non-Markov environments. We also show that the memoryless ZCS can converge on near-optimal stochastic solutions in non-Markov environments.

We then present results from trials using ZCS in Markov environments that require increasingly long chains of actions before reward is received. Our results indicate that inaccurate overgeneral classifiers can interact with the classifier-generation mechanisms to cause catastrophic breakdowns in overall system performance. Basing classifier fitness on accuracy may alleviate this problem. We conclude that the memory mechanism in its current form is unlikely to scale well for situations requiring large amounts of temporary memory. Nevertheless, the ability to find stochastic solutions when there is insufficient memory might offset this problem somewhat.
The Learning Barrier: Moving from Innate to Learned Systems of Communication
Authors: Oliphant Michael
Published: March 2007

Human language is a unique ability. It sits apart from other systems of communication in two striking ways: it is syntactic, and it is learned. While most approaches to the evolution of language have focused on the evolution of syntax, this paper explores the computational issues that arise in shifting from a simple innate communication system to an equally simple one that is learned. Associative network learning within an observational learning paradigm is used to explore the computational difficulties involved in establishing and maintaining a simple learned communica tion system. Because Hebbian learning is found to be sufficient for this task, it is proposed that the basic computational demands of learning are unlikely to account for the rarity of even simple learned communication systems. Instead, it is the problem of *observing* that is likely to be cen tral — in particular the problem of determining what meaning a signal is intended to convey.
Design Data Storage and Extraction Using Objects
Authors: LeBlanc Andrew R. , Fadel Georges M.
Published: March 2007

The problems of data and process decomposition and representation in engineering design are the objectives of this paper. In any typical mechanical design, many very complex interdependencies are generated Interdependencies abound in heuristic rules, physical laws, corporate policies, etc Managing and controling these interdependent links is very difficult, especially in the context of concurrent engineering Design data decomposition needs to be investigated to break up the large design while also providing a framework to manage the links

Design decomposition is investigated from a data modeling perspective and an object-oriented paradigm (OOP) perspective A data modeling technique, called object-oriented analysis by Coad and Yourdon, is selected to build a data relationship model of the engineering analysis phase of design and results in an object-oriented product model (OOPM). The OOPM is implemented in Smalltalk A major emphasis of the research is to consider the alternative "views" that the design should possess A "view" can be thought of as a different perspective of the same design: a structural engineer may want a different "view" of the design as opposed to the "view" that a marketing person may want The views may give some insight into how to conduct the decomposition of a complex design for concurrent operation. This concept of views is implemented on top of the OOPM and recommendations are drawn as to the applicability and flexibility of the model.
Interactive Decision Support for Requirements Negotiation
Authors: Robinson William N.
Published: March 2007

The concurrent engineering approach calls for the simultaneous consideration of a variety of concerns from a variety of perspectives When a team is provided proper tools, such multi-faceted analysis can reduce many common oversights early in the design process However, issues common to all group interactions can hinder a concurrent engineering team. We present research which supports concurrent engineering teamwork during the initial, requirement, and specification stages of system design.
Supporting Collaborative Design in a Seamless Environment
Authors: Jones Rachel M. , Edmonds Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

The paper describes an environment that supports the collaboration of designers located at different sites. It argues that a requirement for such an environment is seamlessness, which means there is freedom to move between independent design activity and shared design activity with design artifacts. The collaborative design activity is formally specified, and the transitions between independent and shared activities are identified. Functions that support these transitions are supported by a system architecture composed of software agents. A prototype implemen tation of the architecture is used to illustrate a seamless environment for urban designers.
DREAMS and IMAGE: A Model and Computer Implementation for Concurrent, Life-Cycle Design of Complex Systems
Authors: Hale Mark A. , Craig James I. , Mistree Farrokh , Schrage Daniel P.
Published: March 2007

Computing architectures are being assembled that extend concurrent engineering practices by providing more efficient execution and collaboration on distributed, heterogeneous computing networks Built on the successes of Initial architectures, requirements for a next- generation design computing infrastructure can be developed These requirements concentrate on those needed by a designer in decision mak ing processes from product conception to recycling and can be categorized in two areas design process and design information management A designer both designs and executes design processes throughout design time to achieve better product and process capabilities while ex pending fewer resources In order to accomplish this, information, or more appropriately design knowledge, needs to be adequately managed during product and process decomposition as well as recomposition A foundation has been laid that captures these requirements in a design architecture called DRE AMS (Developing Robust Engineering Analysis Models and Specifications) In addition, a computing infrastructure, called IMAGE (Intelligent Multidisciplinary Aircraft Generation Environment), is being developed that satisfies design requirements defined in DREAMS and incorporates enabling computational technologies
Distributed Synchronous Interaction Examined Closely
Authors: Peters Ralph , Kress Holger
Published: March 2007

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) introduces new technologies which are meant to support people in their need to communicate and to exchange information. We focus on systems which are especially designed to enable distributed synchronous inter action with the point of interest in a cooperative session. We take a closer look at the evolution of these systems which provide a key factor in CSCW technology. The illustration of new architectures especially designed for synchronous cooperation support gives a perspective on how today's systems can be enhanced according to the needs of specific application fields.
Integration of Downstream Actors in the Design Process Using a Dedicated Expert CAD Tool for Forged Parts
Authors: Boujut J.F. , Tichkiewitch S. , Blanco E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a new approach for integrating downstream activities of forged part design in a concurrent engineering con text. We show how a CAD application, integrating specific know-how, can enable co-design between the different actors involved. We develop two dimensions of activity, i.e., a technical aspect and a human aspect. On the technical side, we present the application structure and the un derlying mechanical models. On the human side we draw mainly from our industrial experience in the field of forging. This led us to build two models of the design phase. These models are illustrated by two typical case studies. We then show how the design of closed die parts can be distributed among three main actors. These actors are: the design actor, the manufacturing actor and the forging actor. They can be lo cated in the same company, or in different departments or located in distant companies. From this model, using two scenarios, we show how our tool can improve the design process and facilitate the exchanges between the different actors. We then show how a specific forging ori ented CAD application can function as a coordination tool in the design process of forged parts. It is a mediator of this activity, carrying spe cific information and allowing different actors to access specific knowledge and impose their own constraints on the product.
A Generic Library of Knowledge Components to Manage Conflicts in CE Tasks
Authors: Matta Nada , Corby Olivier , Prasad Biren
Published: March 2007

Concurrent Engineering requires a cooperative work-group of teams in which several multidisciplinary teams of engineers, de signers, process planners collaborate to build a system. Conflicts appear during this collaboration due to differences in the background and experiences of the team members (product engineers, designers, process planners, etc.) in the work-groups. To leverage the product de velopment teams' (PDTs—engineers, designers, managers, and knowledge workers) know-how during product development, a historical trace of their experiences in a particular domain of interest can be captured into a series of digital or virtual models. In this paper the authors present some guidelines to build such library of knowledge components particularly for conflict management How this generic library of knowledge components would model work-group tasks in CE is explained Also the authors describe how to develop methods to manage conflicts in CE tasks, and a methodology to use this library.
A Virtual Environment to Support Software Development Teams
Authors: Tomek Ivan , Giles Rick
Published: March 2007

Work teams face a number of well-known serious obstacles to collaboration. In this paper, we start by reviewing some of the problems, and then describe an attempt to deal with two of these challenges in the context of software development teams—the problem of geographical separation of team members, and the unsatisfactory state of project documentation. Our work addresses physical separation by offering virtual proximity via a virtual collaborative space customized for the project at hand. The documentation problem is addressed by allowing users to capture and access incidental information created informally during the development process, and use it to complement formal artifacts of the development process.
Issues and Techniques for Counseling Long-Term, Later-Life Couples
Authors: Goldin Eugene , Mohr Ruth
Published: March 2007

This article explores important dimensions for family therapists to consider when counseling couples in long-term, later-life marriages. It also describes a variety of interventions that have been used to facilitate changes in the marital relationships of such couples. Clinical vignettes demonstrating the application of related techniques, along with methods of dealing with resistance, consideration of including or excluding offspring, and counterindications are described.
Consideration of Cultural and Relational Issues in Bereavement: The Case of an Italian American Family
Authors: Safonte-Strumolo Nicole , Dunn Adriana Balaguer
Published: March 2007

Recently, the literature on loss and grieving has begun to acknowledge the need to consider both individual and family processes involved in grieving, as well as the social and cultural context within which grieving occurs. The present article provides a discussion of the multiple dimensions of the grieving process. Using an example of an Italian American family, it also shows how to assist bereaved families as they cope with loss in the context of individual, familial, and social/cultural influences.
The Framework for Life Span Family Life Education Revisited and Revised
Authors: Bredehoft David J.
Published: March 2007

The first Framework for Life Span Family Life Education was published by the National Council on Family Relations in 1987. The second edition of the framework continues a long, rich history in family life education by building on the work and contributions of many distinguished individuals and scholars. This article updates practitioners, counselors, and theorists on changes made to the framework. Changes include the addition of a “later adulthood” age group, nine conceptual areas instead of seven, and the inclusion of both systemic and “multicultural, gender-fair, special-needs-aware” viewpoints. Uses of the framework are also addressed.
Imago Theory and the Psychology of Attraction
Authors: Love Pat , Shulkin Sunny
Published: March 2007

There is an unconscious repetitive need to seek partners who offer— for good or for bad—the familiar love of childhood. The attempt to change a partner from one who offers the negative aspects to one who offers affirming love is an attempt to reverse the trauma of misattuned love in childhood. Consciousness of the pattern is the requirement to begin its reversal.
“I’m Just Not Like that”: Investigating the Intergenerational Cycle of Violence
Authors: Harris Steven M. , Dersch Charette A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a study designed to investigate the following question: How do some childhood witnesses of domestic violence make sense of their nonviolence in adult intimate relationships? The results of in-depth semistructured interviews with adults who grew up witnessing violence but who are not violent in their intimate relationships are reported. External factors and the participants’ attention to the punishments associated with the violence they had witnessed played the largest roles in helping these men see alternatives to acting violently in their own intimate relationships.
Values: Family and Other
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

Literature on the issue of values in the therapeutic process is reviewed.
A Comparative Study of Family-of-Origin Perceptions: Counselor Education Students and Business Students
Authors: May Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

The differences in family-of-origin perceptions between counselor education students and business students were investigated. Gender differences also were explored. Participants completed several instruments designed to examine their perceptions of family health, family satisfaction, and family relationships. Counselor education students' perceptions differed from business students' perceptions on a measure of family intimacy and autonomy, but there were no significant differences between the two groups on other dimensions offamily-of-origin perceptions. Similarly, men and women differed from each other only on some of the measures used in this study. The implications for counselor training and supervision are discussed.
Monica MoGoidrick: On the Significance of Cultural Factors and Gender in Family Therapy
Authors: Arnold Mary Smith , Parmer Twinet , Sanders Jo-Ann Lipford
Published: March 2007

Monica McGoldrick is a leading figure in the family thera py field. She has been at the forefront of illuminating the importance of ethnicity, race, gender, and class in under standing families. In this interview she talks about her background and the significance of culturalfactors for the profession.
Assessing Family-of-Origin Issues in Supervision
Authors: Kern Roy M. , Riordan Richard J. , Gay Mary F.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the use of a new instrument, Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success (BASIS-A), within the supervisory setting. The instrument is used to help supervisors quantify and identify how family-of-origin issues might affect how supervisees relate to clients, peers, and the dynamics within the intern site. The article begzns with a description of the status of supervisory strategies and covers application of this instrument within a group supervisory setting.
Political Correctness
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

In this article the use of the "political correctness" concept in the backlash against multiculturalism is explored. Examples of recent newspaper editorials are examined and deconstructed.
Human Sexuality Instruction: Implications for Couple and Family Counselor Educators
Authors: Gray Lizbeth A. , House Reese M. , Eicken Sigrid
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a sexual curricula questionnaire sent to all U.S. counselor education programs. Some concerns are raised and suggestions are made about ways to include sexuality education in couple and family curicula.
Including the Body in Couple Therapy: Bioenergetic Analysis
Authors: Astor Martin
Published: March 2007

This column provides an opportunity for readers to share with their colleagues some of the creative techniques that they have successfully developed or adapted in their work with couples andfamilies. If it works wellfor you, others may also be able to adapt it for their purposes or be stimulated to invent or adapt another technique. Send manuscripts to Robert Sherman, 12 Berkshire Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, or to the Editor indicating that the manuscript is for this column.

Thefollowing article is designed to encourage couple andfamily therapists to recognize that the body is part of the whole when we speak of a holistic approach. Techniques for working with the body can assist in opening up the doors to change by capitalizing on the enormous energy generated by the symptomatology and resistance.
Competence-Focused Approaches to Family Counseling
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

A number of writers in the field of family counseling and therapy have begun to emphasize the positive resources offamilies, moving away from the unfortunate trend toward pathologizing family life. This review summarizes the work of several of these writers and suggests that a focus on client strengths and competencies is especially importantfor therapists working with highly stressedfamilies and communities.
Calming Anxiety: Developmental Interventions for Multigenerational Parent-Child Therapy
Authors: Montgomery Marilyn J. , DeBell Camille , Wilkins Judith
Published: March 2007

When parents bring a child or an adolescent to therapy, they often are anxious and want problems to be resolved as soon as possible. Sometimes, the counselor realizes that targeting interventions toward only the child will lead to limited change and might perpetuate thefamily's view of the child as a "problem." On the other hand, parents might resist suggestionsforfamily therapy, believing as they do that the problem is located in the child. This article presents a method of working with both parents and the child that provides supportive therapy for the child while intervening with the parents to provide developmental information, identify marital issues the child might be mirroring, offer benign interpretations of the child's difficulties to counter often held anxious views of the problem, and model constructive interactions for the family.
Management of Anger: A Guide to Short-Term Treatment of Fears and Other Long-Term Woes
Authors: Weltner John S.
Published: March 2007

Aggression fuels assertiveness and contributes to zesty living, but it also leads to war, physical abuse, and interpersonal bruising. Of all our impulses, it is the most likely to be undervalued and repressed. This article discusses the therapeutic usefulness of undoing this repression.
Family Counseling: Cultural Sensitivity, Relativism, and the Cultural Defense
Authors: May Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Cultural sensitivity, cultural relativism, and the cultural defense are defined and described. Each concept is addressed in terms of its relationship to couple andfamily counseling.
The Role of Temperament in Understanding Couples’ Personality Preferences
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Ford Renea Marie
Published: March 2007

This article is an experiential exploration of basic temperament that couples can take. The four typologies of Artisans, Guardians, Idealists, and Rationals, as defined by Keirsey, are described. After completing a checklist of representative descriptive adjectives, couples compare scores and reflect on specific situations that typify their own preferred style. Implications/applications for the relationship, such as mutual respect and appreciation of different styles, conclude the article.
The Relationship Among Constructs in the Career Thoughts Inventory and the Self-Directed Search
Authors: Wright Laura K. , Reardon Robert C. , Peterson Gary W. , Osborn Debra S.
Published: March 2007

An understanding of vocational interests and Holland's RIASEC theory are helpful ideas for most persons involved in career decision making. Yet, sometimes dysfunctional thinking interferes with this matching process, and persons are unable to make career choices effectively. The relationship between RIASEC typology structure as measured by the Self-Directed Search and dysfunctional thoughts as measured by the Career Thoughts Inventory was investigated in this study. A canonical correlation analysis showed that dysfunctional thinking may effect some RIASEC types more than others. Implications for career counseling are discussed.
Predictors of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
Authors: Gianakos Irene
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined self-reliance and work preference variables as theoretical factors in career decision-making self-efficacy. As expected, each variable was significantly related to career decision- making self-efficacy (CDMSE), with counterdependence and preference for growth needs emerging as the more significant contributors. Counterdependence, a self-reliance strategy in which persons distance themselves from others, was significantly and negatively related to CDMSE, whereas preference for growth needs in one's career was significantly and positively related to CDMSE. Unexpectedly, CDMSE scores were also related to gender, with females reporting greater self- efficacy in gathering occupational information and career planning. Regression models incorporating self-reliance variables, work preferences, and gender to predict CDMSE facet and total scores were significant, accounting for 12.4% to 26.2% of explained variance. Implications for research and career guidance are discussed.
A Study of Holland's Typology in China
Authors: Yu Jiayuan , Alvi Sabir A.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the validity of Holland's theory in China, with particular reference to two key concepts—congruence and calculus. The study involved 409 secondary school students who were administered a Chinese version of the Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland 1985c). The results provided strong support for these two elements of the theory. The types were distributed across six different fields of study consistent with the theory. The relationships among types hypothesized by the hexagonal model were fully supported by the results.
The Assessment of Career Status With the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory
Authors: Gottfredson Gary D.
Published: March 2007

The Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory (CASI; Holland & Gottfredson, 1994) was developed to provide a tool for the assessment of several facets of career status—satisfaction and personal styles and attitudes related to career stability or change, job performance, and career attainment level. The CASI was developed to assess career status directly, rather than by inference from theoretical variables or group membership, by allowing respondents to express their concerns and beliefs in scales that cover a range of personal and situational influences on their lives and their work. The instrument can be scored and interpreted by users, counselor's, or psychologists to provide measures of job satisfaction, work involvement, skill development, dominant style, career worries, interpersonal abuse, family commitment, risk-taking style, and geographical barriers. Counselors use the CASI as a career check-up or screen to identify areas of concern to focus on in counseling, and the instrument has applications in organizational needs assessment and program evaluation and in assessing the outcomes of counseling. Use of the inventory is illustrated, and needed research is recommended.
A Model of Radical Career Change in the Context of Psychosocial Development
Authors: Young Jimmie B. , Rodgers Robert F.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study was to gain an understanding of the process of radical career change as experienced in the context of an individual's life history and personal development. Lifespan interviews were conducted with five men and five women who had undergone a significant change of career. The constant comparative method of data analysis was employed to generate an emerging theory grounded in the data. A preliminary model of psychosocial development emerged, integrating the career change phenomenon with broader patterns of growth and development across the lifespan. Most of the participants utilized career change as an opportunity to integrate emerging and previously excluded aspects of their personalities into their lives. The study, among other things, examines internal and external factors resisting change and adaptive mechanisms empowering it.
Refinement and Further Validation of the Decisional Process Inventory
Authors: Hartung Paul J. , Marco Cynthia D.
Published: March 2007

Research to initially construct and evaluate the Decisional Process Inventory (DPI; Hartung, 1994) revealed its potential use for assessing progress and problems in career decision making (Hartung, 1995). Advancing this preliminary area of instrument research and development, we report on a study that evaluated a revised version of the measure, the DPI-R. Results from a sample of 183 undergraduate college students (82 women, 101 men) supported the DPI-R item content validity, scale construct validity, and concurrent validity. Factor analysis yielded three factors relating to contact and resistance processes described in a Gestalt model of career decision making and career indecision. Future research with the DPI-R should focus on refining the measure to maximally assess these three latent dimensions of the Gestalt Career Decision-Making Cycle. Ultimately, the DPI-R may contribute unique data for career assessment and counseling practice focused on resolving career indecision.
Searching for Tools Versus Asking for Answers: A Taxonomy of Counselee Behavioral Styles During Career Counseling
Authors: Sagiv Lilach
Published: March 2007

This article presents a new taxonomy of decision-making behavioral styles specific to clients in career counseling. It argues that clients differ along a dimension of "searching for tools versus asking for answers," that has three components: activity, independence, and insightfulness. Activity and independence have previously been discussed in the literature as a single component; client's insightfulness has not been treated as a component of behavioral style. The proposed taxonomy was tested on data from 372 clients of 11 vocational counselors using two confirmatory techniques, Similarity Structure Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Analyses confirmed the existence of the three correlated yet distinguishable components of one general dimension. Hypothesized relations of the activity, independence, and insightfulness components with counselors' satisfaction with both the process of counseling and its results were also supported.
An Assessment of the Concurrent Validity and Reliability of the Merkler Style Preference Inventory (MSPI
Authors: Shermis Mark D. , Webb Patrick M. , Mzumara Howard R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines three aspects of a new vocational interest assessment, the Merkler Style Preference Inventory (MSPI). The MSPI is a 60-item computer-administered instrument that makes vocational pursuit recommendations based on an interest profile. It also produces a list of recommended college majors. Seventy-eight undergraduates from a large midwestern university participated in a study in which they took the MSPI and either the Strong Interest Inventory-Strong Vocational Interest Battery (SII-SVIB) or the Kuder Preference Record (Kuder) during one evaluation session. In a follow- up 2 weeks later, the participants took the MSPI once again and the inventory that was not administered during the first session. Order of SII-SVIB and Kuder form completion was randomly assigned. Test-retest reliability across the six subscales of the MSPI ranged from .70 to .86 with a median reliability of .79. Internal consistency coefficients for the six MSPI subscales ranged from .49 to .74 with a median correlation of .72. Concurrent validity correlations of the MSPI with the SII-SVIB ranged from .25 to .52 with a median correlation of .34. The same analysis for the Kuder produced a range of correlations from .31 to .63 with a median correlation of .41. A confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL indicated a stronger empirical alignment of the MSPI on the Kuder than on the SII-SVIB, even though the MSPI was modeled after the dimensions of the SII- SVIB. Recommendations are made for future work on this instrument.
Employees' Perceptions of Career Management Practices: The Development of a New Measure
Authors: Crabtree M. Jane
Published: March 2007

This article introduces a new measure of employees' Perceptions of Career Management Practices (PCMP). Previous career management research has, to a considerable degree, been largely descriptive and theoretical rather than predictive and empirical. Empirical career research has been limited to specific career management practices and has not focused on employees' perceptions of these practices. The first study identified the most prevalent career management practices then utilized employees' perceptions of these practices to develop a new measure. The new measure PCMP was validated in a second study.
Errors in Scoring Objective Personality Tests
Authors: Allard Gregory , Faust David
Published: March 2007

Given the paucity of previous research, we examined the occurrence of scoring error on widely used objective personality tests and examined its possible relation to two factors: scoring procedure complexity (SPC) and commitment to accuracy (CTA). We doublechecked the scoring of three tests (MMPI, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State/Trait Anxiety Inventory) across three settings. Each of the tests were misscored at a surprisingly high rate in at least one setting, and some such errors altered major interpretive implications. Tests of higher SPC showed greater error rates, but high CTA greatly reduced the occurrence of error across levels of SPC. Unexpected sources of error were also uncovered, such as commercial computer scoring errors and disagreement in scoring standards among test publishers. Practical suggestions for improving scoring accuracy are offered.
Estimation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Ill Index Scores with the 7-Subtest Short form in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Axelrod Bradley N. , Dingell John D. , Ryan Joseph J. , Ward L. Charles
Published: March 2007

A 7-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) previously demonstrated good comparability in estimating Full Scale and Verbal IQ summary scores, with adequate comparability in estimating Performance IQ. In a mixed clinical sample of 295 patients, the current study assessed the equivalence of the index scores generated from the full and prorated WAIS-III. The results revealed correlations corrected for redundancy of .90, .86, .87, and .75 for the Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Organization (POI), Working Memory (WMI), and Processing Speed (PSI) indexes, respectively. Although the 7-subtest short form of the WAIS-III was not designed to estimate index scores, adequate estimates are viable for VCI, POI, and WMI when the goal is to obtain group, rather than individual, data points.
Personality at Midlife: Stability, Intrinsic Maturation, and Response to Life Events
Authors: Costa Paul T. , Herbst Jeffrey H. , McCrae Robert R. , Siegler Ilene C.
Published: March 2007

Although developmental theories and popular accounts suggest that midlife is a time of turmoil and change, longitudinal studies of personality traits have generally found stability of rank order and little or no change in mean levels. Using data from 2,274 men and women in their 40s retested after 6 to 9 years, the present study examined two hypotheses: (a) that retest correlations should be no higher than about .60 and (b) that there should be small decreases in Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness, and small increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. The study also explored the effects of recalled life events on subsequent personality scores. Results did not support the first hypothesis; uncorrected retest correlations uniformly exceeded .60. This was true for all personality traits, including facets of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness not previously included in longitudinal studies. The hypothesized decreases in Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness were found, but Conscientiousness showed a small decrease instead of the predicted increase. Life events in general showed very little influence on the levels of personality traits, although some effects were seen for changes in job and marital status that warrant further research.
A Comparison of African American and White American Veteran MMPI-2 Profiles
Authors: Munley Patrick H. , Morris Joseph R. , Murray Darrick A. , Baines Tonita C.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared a matched sample of 180 African American and 180 White American veterans who completed the MMPI-2 as a part of their evaluation while receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment. Findings indicated no significant multivariate or univariate effects associated with race on the basic validity and clinical scales, a significant multivariate effect but no significant univariate effects associated with race across the supplementary scales. Overall the two groups had very similar mean profiles across the basic validity, clinical, and supplementary scales. Comparison of the two groups on the content scales yielded a significant multivariate and significant univariate effects with African Americans scoring higher on the FRS, BIZ, CYN, and ASP scales. Because the two groups differed in terms of frequency and type of drug abuse, follow-up 2 x 2 univariate analyses of variance were conducted for the FRS, BIZ, CYN, and ASP content scales comparing participants classified in terms of presence or absence of a primary or secondary drug abuse diagnosis by race. A significant main effect associated with drug abuse was obtained for ASP. Results are discussed and considered in light of earlier research on the MMPI-2 and race. Content scale differences are also discussed in terms of possible differences in worldview.
Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Worry Domains Questionnaire
Authors: McCarthy-Larzelere Michele , Diefenbach Gretchen J. , Williamson Donald A. , Netemeyer Rick G. , Bentz Bret G. , Manguno-Mire Gina M.
Published: March 2007

The Worry Domains Questionnaire (WDQ) is a content-based measure of nonpathological worry. The current study investigates an adapted WDQ for clinical assessment. The WDQ was completed by 570 participants (286 clinical, 284 nonclinical). Internal consistency of the WDQ domains was found to be adequate. Clinical participants obtained significantly higher WDQ scores than control participants. WDQ scores were moderately correlated with several clinical self-report measures. A seven-factor structure and a higher order worry factor model were separately subjected to structural equation modeling in the clinical sample. The factor groupings originally outlined by the scale's authors (with minor revisions) provided the best description of the clinical data set. Evidence of differences in the worry factor structures of clinical and control samples did emerge. This study provides initial support of the psychometric suitability of the adapted WDQ for use in clinical populations.
Factor Index Score Patterns in the Wais-III Standardization Sample
Authors: Donders Jacobus , Zhu Jianjun , Tulsky David
Published: March 2007

Representative profile subtypes, based on factor index scores, were examined in the standardization sample of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III). Two-stage cluster analysis identified five reliable subtypes. Three clusters were differentiated primarily by level of performance across all factor index scores (ranging from below average, to average, to above average). The other two clusters were characterized by distinct patterns of performance, with relative efficacy on the Processing Speed index being the most prominent distinction (ranging from a relative weakness to a relative strength). The clusters did not differ significantly in age, but ethnicity and income covaried directly with level of WAIS-ILI performance, whereas gender affected differential patterns of performance. Furthermore, education and memory were associated primarily with level and, to a relatively minor degree, pattern of WAIS-ILI performance. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Evading Detection on the MMPI-2: Does Caution Produce More Realistic Patterns of Responding?
Authors: Viglione Donald J. , Wright Danielle Mellin , Dizon Nicole T. , Moynihan Jayne E. , DuPuis Sheila , Pizitz Todd D.
Published: March 2007

Studies on MMPI and MMPI-2 malingering indexes often sacrifice generalizability in an attempt to control internal validity. This study improves external validity while still maintaining internal validity by providing graduate student participants with a realistic context for malingering on the MMPI-2 (n = 94) and MMPI (n = 30). Contextual parameters include a realistic life predicament, psychological knowledge, an incentive, the presence versus absence of a specific diagnosis, and a caution to be realistic. This study found that cautioning participants not to overexaggerate their responses significantly improves their ability to evade detection on the MMPI-2 and MMPI. Standard malingering indexes (Infrequency, F; Back Side, F, Fb; F-Correction, F-K; and Infrequency-Psychopathology, F(p)) were insufficiently sensitive in identifying simulators using common cutoff scores for these cautious simulators.
Test Retest Reliability of the Advanced Psychodiagnostic Interpretation (API) Scoring System for the Bender Gestalt in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Aucone Ernest J. , Wagner Edwin E. , Raphael Alan J. , Golden Charles J. , Espe-Pfeifer Patricia , Dornheim Liane , Seldon Jen , Pospisil Tanya , Proctor-Weber Zoe , Calabria Michael
Published: March 2007

This study assesses the test-retest reliability of the revised Advanced Psychodiagnostic Interpretation (API) scoring system for the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT). The API system identifies 207 possible distortions in a BGT protocol. Test-retest reliability for 40 schizophrenic patients tested twice with a mean interval of 6.4 years (SD = 3.8 years) was good, ranging from .71 to .80. Further reliability and validity studies are needed to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the system.
Validity of Self-Report Measures of Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Mehlman Elizabeth , Slane Steve
Published: March 2007

The Life Style Index (LSI), the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ), the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (DMI), and the FIRO Coping Operations Preferences Enquiry (FIRO) were administered to 187 undergraduates in order to determine convergent and discriminant validity of self-report measures of defense mechanisms. A correlational analysis of the four scales resulted in low correlations among subscales measuring similar defense mechanisms. A factor analysis produced factors based on particular scales rather than identical or similar constructs. Results suggest that self-report measures may not bean effective method for assessing various ego defense strategies.