bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication-Competent Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Encoding Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Proteins
Authors: Tani Hideki , Komoda Yasumasa , Matsuo Eiko , Suzuki Kensuke , Hamamoto Itsuki , Yamashita Tetsuo , Moriishi Kohji , Fujiyama Kazuhito , Kanto Tatsuya , Hayashi Norio , Owsianka Ania , Patel Arvind H. , Whitt Michael A. , Matsuura Yoshiharu
Published: June 2007

Although in vitro replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) JFH1 clone of genotype 2a (HCVcc) has been developed, a robust cell culture system for the 1a and 1b genotypes, which are the most prevalent viruses in the world and resistant to interferon therapy, has not yet been established. As a surrogate virus system, pseudotype viruses transiently bearing HCV envelope proteins based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and retrovirus have been developed. Here, we have developed a replication-competent recombinant VSV with a genome encoding unmodified HCV E1 and E2 proteins in place of the VSV envelope protein (HCVrv) in human cell lines. HCVrv and a pseudotype VSV bearing the unmodified HCV envelope proteins (HCVpv) generated in 293T or Huh7 cells exhibited high infectivity in Huh7 cells. Generation of infectious HCVrv was limited in some cell lines examined. Furthermore, HCVrv but not HCVpv was able to propagate and form foci in Huh7 cells. The infection of Huh7 cells with HCVpv and HCVrv was neutralized by anti-hCD81 and anti-E2 antibodies and by sera from chronic HCV patients. The infectivity of HCVrv was inhibited by an endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase inhibitor,
N
-(
n
-nonyl) deoxynojirimycin (Nn-DNJ), but not by a Golgi mannosidase inhibitor, deoxymannojirimycin. Focus formation of HCVrv in Huh7 cells was impaired by Nn-DNJ treatment. These results indicate that the HCVrv developed in this study can be used to study HCV envelope proteins with respect to not only the biological functions in the entry process but also their maturation step.
Twenty-year trends in diagnosis of life-threatening neonatal cardiovascular malformations
Authors: Wren C , Reinhardt Z , Khawaja K
Published: June 2007

Background:

Infants with cardiovascular malformations are usually asymptomatic at birth. Earlier diagnosis is likely to improve outcome.

Objective:

To examine trends in the diagnosis of potentially life-threatening cardiovascular malformations.

Methods:

Ascertainment of all cardiovascular malformations diagnosed in infancy in the resident population of one English health region between 1985 and 2004. Infants with life-threatening cardiovascular malformations were all with hypoplastic left heart, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, transposition of the great arteries or interruption of the aortic arch; and those dying or undergoing operation within 28 days with coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect or total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Results:

Cardiovascular malformations were diagnosed in infancy in 4444 of 690 215 live births (6.4 per 1000) and were potentially life threatening in 669 (15%). Overall, 55 (8%) were recognised prenatally, 416 (62%) postnatally before discharge from hospital, 168 (25%) in living infants after discharge and 30 (5%) after death. Antenatal diagnoses increased from 0 to around 20% and no case was first diagnosed after death in the past 6 years. However, the proportion going home without a diagnosis remains around 25%. Malformations most likely to remain undiagnosed at discharge were coarctation of the aorta (54%), interruption of the aortic arch (44%), aortic valve stenosis (40%) and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (37%).

Conclusions:

One in three infants with a potentially life-threatening cardiovascular malformation left hospital undiagnosed. Better early diagnosis is likely to be achieved by further improvements in antenatal diagnosis and more widespread use of routine pulse oximetry.
Microsatellite instability in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum: relationship to clinicopathological features
Authors: Kazama Yoshihiro , Watanabe Toshiaki , Kanazawa Takamitsu , Tanaka Junichiro , Tanaka Toshiaki , Nagawa Hirokazu
Published: June 2007

Background:Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum (Por) feature the worst prognosis among the various types of colorectal carcinomas. Por is highly associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), although MSI is associated with an improved prognosis in colorectal cancers.

Aim:To investigate the influence of MSI on clinicopathological features and survival of patients affected by Por.

Methods:53 patients affected by Por were investigated. DNA extracted from tumour sections and the corresponding normal tissue was analysed by PCR at five microsatellite loci: BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346 and D17S250. Tumours with alterations at two or more loci were classified as MSI-Por. The others were classified as microsatellite stability (MSS)-Por. The clinicopathological features and survival of patients with MSI-Por and MSS-Por were investigated.

Results:Of the 53 patients who were examined, 12 (22.6%) were MSI-Por, whereas 41 (77.4%) were MSS-Por. Significant differences were found between MSI-Por and MSS-Por regarding the following clinicopathological features: age, gender, lymph-node metastasis (MSI-Por: 4/12; MSS-Por: 33/41), TNM stage (MSI-Por: T1/T2/T3/T4 = 2/6/2/2; MSS-Por: 3/3/19/16) and lymphatic invasion (MSI-Por: 4/10; MSS-Por: 27/35). Kaplan–Meier survival curves and log-rank analysis showed that MSI-Por was associated with better prognosis than MSS-Por, although no significant difference was found.

Conclusions:Compared with MSS-Por, MSI-Por is significantly associated with a low incidence of lymph-node metastases and a low stage. This indicates that MSI-Por is a less aggressive subtype.
Specific testing for “isolated” anti-52 kDa SSA/Ro antibodies during standard anti-extractable nuclear antigen testing is of limited clinical value
Authors: Langguth Daman M , Morris Samantha , Clifford Lynette , Wilson Robert J , Neil John , Hogan Patrick G , Wong Richard C W
Published: June 2007

Aim:To ascertain whether specific testing for “isolated” anti-52 kDa SSA/Ro antibodies (a-SSA/Ro52) during standard anti-extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) testing is clinically useful.

Methods:1438 consecutive sera submitted for anti-ENA testing over 1 year were evaluated for a-SSA/Ro52 using various assays.

Results:7 of 1438 (0.48%) patients were found to have a-SSA/Ro52 without SSA/Ro60 antibodies. Subsequent testing detected a further five patients. Clinical follow-up was possible in 10/12 patients. 2 of these 10 patients had evidence of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and one had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with sicca symptoms and abnormal Schirmer’s tests. Five other patients had sicca symptoms, of which four had abnormal Schirmer’s tests.

Conclusions:“Isolated” anti-52 kDa SSA/Ro antibodies were detected in approximately 0.5% of standard anti-ENA requests, in which their presence was generally not associated with underlying SS or SLE. In view of the increased testing complexity and costs in detecting and confirming these antibodies, specific testing for isolated a-SSA Ro52 antibodies during standard anti-ENA testing seems to be of limited clinical value in a non-obstetric population.
ELEMENTAL DIFFUSION IN Ni–Cr FILMS FABRICATED BY DOUBLE-TARGETS MAGNETRON SPUTTERING
Authors: YAN JIANWU , ZHOU JICHENG
Published: June 2007

By controlling the sputtering power, rotated speed of substrate and sputtering time, Ni – Cr films with appropriate composition were fabricated by double-target magnetron co-sputtering techniques. The cross-sectional micrograph and element diffusion of Ni – Cr films deposited on stainless steel substrates by magnetron sputtering have been analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). The results indicate that the according compositions of Ni – Cr films are 58 wt.% Ni and 42 wt.% Cr when the sputtering powers of Ni and Cr targets are 288 W and 280 W, respectively. In the same time, the diffusions of Ni , Fe and Cr were revealed and the diffusion distances of Ni and Cr are calculated by Fick's second law with a Pile-Up law model. The largest diffusion distance is about 885 nm, beyond which the content of Ni and Cr detected by EDS is the same as the substrate.
OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN AMORPHOUS THIN FILMS OF SnO2 DEPOSITED BY THERMAL EVAPORATION
Authors: ANWAR M. , SIDDIQI S. A. , GHAURI I. M.
Published: June 2007

The fundamental absorption edge of SnO 2 amorphous thin films has been investigated. It has been observed that the optical energy gap decreases with the increase in film thickness, substrate temperature and post deposition annealing. The results are analysed by assuming optical absorption by non-direct transition. The decrease in optical band gap with increase in film thickness may be interpreted in terms of the incorporation of oxygen vacancies in the SnO 2 lattice. The decrease in optical energy due to the increase in substrate temperature may be ascribed to the release of trapped electrons by thermal energy or by the outward diffusion of the oxygen-ion vacancies, which are quite mobile even at low temperatures. The decrease in optical band gap due to annealing may be due to the formation of tin species of lower oxidation state.
SPATIALLY INHOMOGENEOUS SUPERCONDUCTING AND BOSONIC NETWORKS WITH EMERGENT COMPLEX BEHAVIORS
Authors: MANCINI F. P. , SODANO P. , TROMBETTONI A.
Published: June 2007

The spontaneous emergence of enhanced responses and local orders are properties often associated with complex matter where nonlinearities and spatial inhomogeneities dominate. We discuss these phenomena in quantum devices realized with superconducting Josephson junction networks and cold atoms in optical lattices. We evidence how the pertinent engineering of the network's shape induces the enhancement of the zero-voltage Josephson critical currents in superconducting arrays as well as the emergence of spatially localized condensates for cold atoms in inhomogeneous optical lattices.
Using a preprocessor to implement a data manipulation language for a minicomputer data base system
Authors: Polster F. J.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports on the implementation of a powerful data manipulation language (DML) of a data base system for minicomputers. The technique of language preprocessing is employed:

The preprocessor translates each DML-statement into an internal form; however, in addition to a mere translation of statements the preprocessor has the function of executing so called 'compile-time tasks', i.e. those subtasks of the evaluation of a DML-statement, which can be done at compile-time already. This processing takes place in the course of program compilation and thus the size of the run-time module as well as execution-times can be reduced. The data base system FADABS is used to illustrate this approach.
Accessibility of Internet websites through time
Authors: Hackett Stephanie , Parmanto Bambang , Zeng Xiaoming
Published: June 2007

Using Internet Archive's Wayback Machine, a random sample of websites from 1997-2002 were retrospectively analyzed for effects that technology has on accessibility for persons with disabilities and compared to government websites. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD were used to determine differences among years. Random websites become progressively inaccessible through the years (p<0.0001) [as shown by increasing Web Accessibility Barrier (WAB) scores], while complexity of the websites increased through the years (p<0.0001). Pearson's correlation (r) was performed to correlate accessibility and complexity: r=0.463 (p<0.01). Government websites remain accessible while increasing in complexity: r=0.14 (p<0.041). It is concluded that increasing complexity, oftentimes caused by adding new technology to a Web page, inadvertently contributes to increasing barriers to accessibility for persons with disabilities.
Mouse movements of motion-impaired users: a submovement analysis
Authors: Hwang Faustina , Keates Simeon , Langdon Patrick , Clarkson John
Published: June 2007

Understanding human movement is key to improving input devices and interaction techniques. This paper presents a study of mouse movements of motion-impaired users, with an aim to gaining a better understanding of impaired movement. The cursor trajectories of six motion-impaired users and three able-bodied users are studied according to their submovement structure. Several aspects of the movement are studied, including the frequency and duration of pauses between submovements, verification times, the number of submovements, the peak speed of submovements and the accuracy of submovements in two-dimensions. Results include findings that some motion-impaired users pause more often and for longer than able-bodied users, require up to five times more submovements to complete the same task, and exhibit a correlation between error and peak submovement speed that does not exist for able-bodied users.
Strategic design for users with diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Edwards Paula J. , Barnard Leon , Emery V. Kathlene , Yi Ji Soo , Moloney Kevin P. , Kongnakorn Thitima , Jacko Julie A. , Sainfort François , Oliver Pamela R. , Pizzimenti Joseph , Bade Annette , Fecho Greg , Shallo-Hoffmann Josephine
Published: June 2007

This paper examines factors that affect performance of a basic menu selection task by users who are visually healthy and users with Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in order to inform better interface design. Interface characteristics such as multimodal feedback, Windows® accessibility settings, and menu item location were investigated. Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to examine the effects of interface features on task performance. Linear regression was used to further examine and model various contextual factors that influenced task performance. Results indicated that Windows® accessibility settings significantly improved performance of participants with more progressed DR. Additionally, other factors, including age, computer experience, visual acuity, and menu location were significant predictors of the time required for subjects to complete the task.
A (nearly) machine independent software system for micro and mini computers
Authors: Bowles Kenneth L.
Published: June 2007

UCSD PASCAL is a complete interactive software system for small computers, yet it offers many features normally found only on medium and large scale machines. It is designed to operate, with minimal adaptation, on most micro or mini computers based on 8-bit bytes and/or 16-bit words. Supported versions are available for use on machines based on the Digital Equipment LSI-11 or other PDP-11 processors, and on the 8080 and Z80 microprocessors. Having first been sent to users in August, 1977, the system is now in use on approximately 60 mainframes using these processors, and the list of users has started to grow rapidly.
If "small is beautiful," is micro marvellous?
Authors: Clement Andrew
Published: June 2007

E. F. Schumacher, in Small is Beautiful and his more recent work, has drawn attention to the role that technology plays in the shaping of our present society and to the need for technologies of smaller scale in the growth of a more humane society. He identifies the criteria of smallness, simplicity, capital cheapness, and non-violence as being particularly important. Micro-computer technology, which is the basis of computing systems for home and personal use, seems to satisfy these criteria in many respects, and so it potentially represents a technology appropriate for future general use.
Microprocessor-based approach to industrial devices quality control
Authors: Ruz José J. , Bautista Alfredo
Published: June 2007

An industrial devices quality control inspection system based on a general purpose microprocessor is proposed. The system employs a microprocessor CPU, timer, ROM and peripheral interfaces in the hardware portion. Software includes an algorithm incorporating data acquisition, statistical computation and command interpreting functions, plus arithmetic and conversion subroutines. Two applications have been developed and are briefly described.
Personal computers demand new perspectives
Authors: Wiersba R. K.
Published: June 2007

The arrival of the inexpensive personal microcomputer system now makes it necessary to change traditional views of the computer - programmer - user relationship and to approach software design in concert with this new relationship. The new consumer market for the personal computer system must also be considered as an opportunity to provide a medium for creative expression for the individual and in light of its potential for long-range educational benefits for society as a whole.
Application of microcomputers to superconducting magnet experiments
Authors: Yeh H. T. , Shen S. S.
Published: June 2007

Three types of microcomputer applications have been implemented for superconducting magnet experiments: (1) a dedicated programmable waveform generator, (2) a dedicated remote data acquisition terminal, and (3) a stand-alone data processing unit for experiments. We report here our experiences with these implementations and the rationale behind the choice of hardware/software in each type of application. In particular, details are given on implementing an Intel SBC 80/10 microcomputer system as a remote data acquisition terminal of a PDP-10 and as an on-line signal conditioning device.
Design of the PEN video editor display module
Authors: Barach David R. , Taenzer David H. , Wells Robert E.
Published: June 2007

PEN, a new portable video editor, uses a number of simple but effective techniques. Most are not new, but are unavailable in the literature. We will describe our goals for PEN's display module, discuss implementation alternatives and describe in detail the techniques used in the editor.
A multiple computer system for reliable transaction processing
Authors: Levy John V.
Published: June 2007

The Tandem 16 system is a novel solution to the problem of providing a cost-effective and reliable computer system for commercial transaction processing. The system design goal is to continue operation in spite of any single component failure.This paper presents an overview of the hardware structure of the system. It is a multiple computer system, with no shared main memory. The software structure that implements "NonStop" (or fault-tolerant) computing is then described. The key concept is "paired processes". For every software module that is to run "NonStop", there is a backup copy sleeping in an alternate processor module. On detection of a failure, the backup copy is activated, and it takes over processing at the last checkpoint. All system processes are fault-tolerant, and considerable care is taken to avoid duplication of I/O operations during recovery.
Personalized and adaptive navigation based on multimodal annotation
Authors: Völkel Thorsten
Published: June 2007

Although much effort is spent in developing navigation systems for pedestrians, many users with special needs are mostly excluded due to a lack of appropriate geographical data such as landmarks, waypoints, or obstacles. Such data is necessary for computing suitable routes because the best route might not be the shortest or fastest one. In this paper, the concept of multimodal annotation of geographical data for adaptive and personalized navigation is described. Direct input by the user is combined with data derived from the observation of the user's LOM-Modality (Location, Orientation, Movement) to annotate geographical data. Based on this data and data åderived from other users of the same user group, suitable routes even in unknown territory can be calculated.
Synchronizing the presentation of multimedia objects-ODA extensions-
Authors: Hoepner Petra
Published: June 2007

The presentation of Multimedia Objects requires simultaneous and/or sequential presentation of several representation types (text, graphics, images, audio and video sequences). Therefore the presentation has to he structured and the temporal relations of different actions have to be described. The temporal relations are realized by applying synchronization mechanisms. In this paper a general synchronization model for the description of presentation sequences of Multimedia Objects is introduced. This model is applied to the Open Document Architecture (ODA) Standard and ODA Extensions are defined to integrate temporal relationships into ODA.
The comparative effectiveness of sponsored and nonsponsored links for Web e-commerce queries
Authors: Jansen Bernard J.
Published: June 2007

The predominant business model for Web search engines is sponsored search, which generates billions in yearly revenue. But are sponsored links providing online consumers with relevant choices for products and services? We address this and related issues by investigating the relevance of sponsored and nonsponsored links for e-commerce queries on the major search engines. The results show that average relevance ratings for sponsored and nonsponsored links are practically the same, although the relevance ratings for sponsored links are statistically higher. We used 108 ecommerce queries and 8,256 retrieved links for these queries from three major Web search engines: Yahoo!, Google, and MSN. In addition to relevance measures, we qualitatively analyzed the e-commerce queries, deriving five categorizations of underlying information needs. Product-specific queries are the most prevalent (48%). Title (62%) and summary (33%) are the primary basis for evaluating sponsored links with URL a distant third (2%). To gauge the effectiveness of sponsored search campaigns, we analyzed the sponsored links from various viewpoints. It appears that links from organizations with large sponsored search campaigns are more relevant than the average sponsored link. We discuss the implications for Web search engines and sponsored search as a long-term business model and as a mechanism for finding relevant information for searchers.
API: Design Matters
Authors: Henning Michi
Published: June 2007

After more than 25 years as a software engineer, I still find myself underestimating the time it will take to complete a particular programming task. Sometimes, the resulting schedule slip is caused by my own shortcomings: as I dig into a problem, I simply discover that it is a lot harder than I initially thought, so the problem takes longer to solve—such is life as a programmer. Just as often I know exactly what I want to achieve and how to achieve it, but it still takes far longer than anticipated. When that happens, it is usually because I am struggling with an API that seems to do its level best to throw rocks in my path and make my life difficult. What I find telling is that, after 25 years of progress in software engineering, this still happens. Worse, recent APIs implemented in modern programming languages make the same mistakes as their two-decade-old counterparts written in C. There seems to be something elusive about API design that, despite many years of progress, we have yet to master.
Encryption
Authors: Neugent Bill
Published: June 2007

As we place more trust in our computer systems, we must continue to find more ways to make our systems deserving of that trust. Encryption is one of those ways.
A look at multipolicy research today and some proposed directions for tomorrow
Authors: Leighninger Eric V.
Published: June 2007

Most information systems which we try to model from a security perspective are implicitly governed by multiple security policies, hereafter called multipolicies. This stems from the fact that these systems generally support people-oriented activities which have different security relevant characteristics and are regulated by varying rules depending upon the roles and functions of individuals as well as the contexts of tasks performed by them. Such systems are evident in a variety of commercial and government enterprises. Examples of multipolicy environments include trusted software programming support environments, banking systems, interservice military programs such as SDI, international military organizations such as NATO, medical information systems, and multinational corporations to mention a few.
Object-oriented software for auditing information systems security
Authors: Guinier Daniel
Published: June 2007

Information systems
(IS)
need permanent attention. Auditors must have effective tools to estimate their level of security and make recommendations to the management, according coherence and optimisation of the resources affected to maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability.Most of the time, risks have various and complex origins.
A methodology is needed
to analyse the coherence of the factors applied to the security and to suggest appropriate countermeasures, making part of a security policy regarding the objectives of the organization. There is a high demand for improved methodologies supported by software.
A methodology for IS risk analysis and optimisation per level named MARION is presented.
It has been developed in France from 1984 by APSAD, an association grouping together French insurance companies, and CLUSIF, an association in the area of computer security, MARION works in different contexts: mainframe mono-sites, networks and distributed systems, industrial computing, small and middle sized companies or systems, and microcomputing: involving technical tables, actualized and delivered by APSAD every year.
The audit part of the methodology has been implemented in MacMARION
, an object-oriented software working on a Macintosh platform, under MacOS operating system and programmed in the C++ language, making adaptation and reusability very easy. Input represents a personal appreciation provided by answer to questions. Output is quantitative and graphical, in the form of tables, roses and differential diagrams, which suggest coherence and relative seriousness with effort to accomplish regarding factors, categories of risks and losses. MacMARION offers an opportunity for
self-assessment
and a
better productivity
for auditors who can spend more time for details investigation and higher tasks, detailed investigation of higher or hidden risks.
The role of representation in interaction (abstract)
Authors: Kraus Sarit , Rosenschein Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2007

In multiagent planning an agent sometimes needs to collaborate with others to construct complex plans, or to accomplish large organizational tasks which he cannot do alone. Since each agent in a group may have incorrect beliefs about the world, and because agent's abilities differ, construction of a coordinated plan can be confounded. In this paper we propose a scheme for constructing plans for collaborating agents from their, possibly incorrect, beliefs and partial knowledge of the world. In the proposed scheme, when agents want to accomplish a goal together, each agent first proposes a possibly incomplete individual plan based on his own beliefs and skills. Then the agents use their individual plans to mutually construct a collaborative plan to accomplish the goal. A collaborative activity can be a composite action involving parts to be done by one agent, parts to be done concurrently by agents, and parts to be done jointly. The proposed method makes it possible for each agent to decide, without excessive communication, what actions he should take in collaboration.
Collaborative plan construction for multiagent mutual planning (abstract)
Authors: Osawa Ei-Ichi , Tokoro Mario
Published: June 2007

Representation can be critical in enabling agents to interact effectively. Alternative methods for representing and reasoning about the world can radically affect the ability of agents to reach cooperative solutions.
Focal points
are examined as a particularly compelling example of the importance of representation. We consider the algorithms that might be used by resource-constrained agents in discovering prominent solutions of their interaction. The primary tool for our investigation is step logic [5].
Document recognition
Authors: Marovac Nenad
Published: June 2007

Document recognition is a task in which a document in its physical presentation format is transformed into a structured author-oriented model of the document. The presentation format can be bitmaps of document pages, a description of the document in a Page Description Language (PDL), or encoding of the document in a printer or graphics language. The structured model is a format allowing for addition to the document, manipulation of the document, and reformating the layout and the output appearance of the document.Fully automatic document recognition is not possible, in general, for the same reason that it is not possible to de-translate computer programs automatically. However, it is possible to develop a man-assisted semi-automatic document recognition method. This method uses two passes. The first pass is completely automatic; it produces a document format called
Interactive Document Model.
The Interactive Document Model comprises recognized typesetting and descriptive structures together with derived ODA logical and layout structures for the document. The model generated in the first pass is enough for most purposes and applications. However, if it is not acceptable, the user can then enter the second pass and interactively edit the logical structure.This paper has three objectives. The first is to formalize the concept of document recognition. The second is to subdivide the problem of document recognition and classify it into a number of subproblems, each dealing with different aspects of the problem. The third objective is to introduce a problem which we wish to solve, and then to present a High Level Document Recognition method and the experience in developing and using a number of implementations of the method.
Design considerations in choosing operations for building groupware systems (abstract)
Authors: Prakash Atul , Knister Michael J.
Published: June 2007

We report our experiences from building a prototype toolkit, called DistEdit, for building interactive group editors in distributed environments. Based on our experience in building the toolkit, we found that some design solutions that are commonly used in single-user editors are not necessarily appropriate in group editors. Furthermore, design of group editors requires a better understanding of the semantics of editing operations than in the corresponding single-user editors. These semantics are useful for providing a variety of services, such as undo, concurrency control, and selective replay. This position paper is presented in the context of text editors; however, many of the ideas presented here also apply to other types of group editors.
Access to inter-organization computer networks
Authors: Estrin Deborah
Published: June 2007

When two or more organizations interconnect their internal computer networks they form an
Inter-Organization Network (ION)
. This paper analyzes how this new medium changes the economics of inter-organization communication and interchange and can thereby support communications of greater intensity and scope. Furthermore, in the spirit of transaction cost theory [15], we analyze how the new communication patterns can in turn support changes in the organization of work and industrial activities; in particular, by allowing participants to carry out greater numbers of activities across their organization boundaries, and to do so with greater numbers of interchange partners. However, at the same time ION communications may be more penetrating and segmented and thereby encourage participants to impose restrictions on cross-boundary flows and interchange partners. To benefit from ION use organizations will have to balance these opportunities and risks. We demonstrate our model with examples of commercial buyer-supplier relationships and an investigation of peer relationships among research and development (R&D) laboratories. The model and study demonstrate that technical analysis can inform organizational analysis of new technologies without being technologically deterministic. Moreover, our organizational analysis has implications for the technical design of IONs as described in [4].
Graphical database browsing
Authors: Caplinger Michael
Published: June 2007

The knowledge stored in the information networks of the near future will not resemble that in today's conventional database systems. Instead, systems will look more like electronic libraries, with millions of items in many different media and with widely varying formats and levels of detail. Using foreseeable searching mechanisms, the results of queries will often be very coarse, containing a large fraction of all the items in storage. To make up for this coarseness, users must be able to
browse
the database, discarding unneeded items rapidly—but the sheer size of the result sets will make textual presentation useless. As an alternative, we have investigated ways to arrange the data into
information spaces
that can be presented graphically. Users browse the space simply by moving their viewpoints within it, selecting interesting features of the “information landscape” for closer examination.
What a task—establishing user requirements!
Authors: Norman Mike
Published: June 2007

Providing added value to organizations through the use of IT is still difficult, too frequently resulting in a poor return on a considerable investment. Since it is believed that we can competently undertake most areas of design and implementation of such systems, the area that is frequently cited as being the source of such shortcomings is that of establishing user requirements. Approaches from a variety of disciplines can give new insights into the way that designers and users
actually
go about their tasks. Working from this stand-point a software tool (TACT) to support a task oriented approach to defining user requirements has been developed. The principal features of the system are described and an account given of its development & evaluation. It provides a user oriented approach to defining IT systems, supports the way that designers work while enabling direct user involvement in the relevant part of the design process and may be further developed to provide "documentary" evidence of the design process.
Oriented-scenario dynamics in information systems safety
Authors: Guinier Daniel
Published: June 2007

A holistic and dynamic approach
is necessary to understand complex systems behaviour, where a single structural approch is too reductionist. Because Information systems present multiple interactions between hardware, software, and users,
risk is inside systems
, in the form of faults, and
outside systems
, when exposed to agents, directly or interconnected with networks. Thus, very few systems are completely free of risk; most of them are close to the limit, regarding certain risks.
CMW Introduction
Authors: Huber Gary
Published: June 2007

The Compartmented Mode Workstation (CMW) Program has significantly increased the number of trusted products in the commercial marketplace, and has provided increased functionality and interoperability to the Defense Intelligence and other communities. This paper will provide a historical discussion of the CMW Program, an overview of the CMW Requirements, and give examples where CMW technology is applied.
The Cafe ConstructionKit
Authors: Ackerman Mark S.
Published: June 2007

Many user communities have a problem of delivering help and general assistance. Unfortunately, the user is often left to sift through reams of documentation, find his way through mail archives, or pursue answers through trial and error. Normally, one attempts to examine the documentation or other help sources, and then wanders out into a hallway in search of friendly colleagues.The problem becomes acute, however, in distributed communities. I take for my example the astrophysics community, although this problem exists in most scientific communities. In the astrophysics community, the users may be spread across the world, they may work in isolation, and they may have need of relatively specialized help. What I would like is to build is a surrogate for this hallway talk. Such a solution must avoid the broadcast problem of flooding everyone's electronic mail basket with thousands of questions. Instead, this research proposes building a system to narrow-cast a question to the appropriate others, whether those others are experts or colleagues.My thesis work consisted of building a Computer-Supported Cooperative Work system called Answer Garden [1] [4]. Answer Garden allows organizations to develop databases of commonly asked questions that grow "organically" as new questions arise and are answered. Answer Garden 2, the current project, attempts to solve the problems encountered in field studies of the original system [2]. A new architecture provides a customizable and adaptable set of software components that allow a variety of organizational and informational configurations.In order to construct Answer Garden 2, however, it has been necessary to develop an underlying communications infrastructure called the Cafe ConstructionKit. Cafe has turned out to be a generalized and quite useful system in its own right.
Network security in a client/server environment
Authors: Guynes Carl Stephen , Thorn Ron G.
Published: June 2007

There are numerous network security and access control issues to be considered when implementing a client/server system. As the server is usually the central location for critical data, adequate physical security and operational security measures need to be taken to insure the safety of the data. Although there are a large number of tools available to perform security and control functions on mainframe systems, there are significantly less tools available that are designed specifically for client/server systems. Until these tools are developed, companies must exercise extreme caution when placing mission critical applications on a client/server system. The end-user computing evolution provided computing power at the workplace, and resulted in end-user demand for access to corporate data with little regard for the security of that data. (Adam, 1992).
MultiSIX
Authors: Scudamore Scott
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe how MultiSIX, Digital's Trusted Network Architecture, improves interoperability within multi-vendor trusted networking environments. I will describe the Interoperability Challenges, the basic facets of the MultiSIX Architecture, the main points of the DNSIX 3.0, and how this together improves interoperability.
BPMS
Authors: Karagiannis Dimitris
Published: June 2007

In the last years a lot of research has been done in different domains concerning information system applications. Recent research is characterized by the effort of applying information systems to heterogeneous and distributed environments. Information systems dealing with the definition, administration, customization and evaluation of tasks evolving from business processes as well as from organizational structures are called Business Process Management Systems (BPMS).Recognizing the need of such systems a lot of software companies are entering the markets with first innovative products, based on workflow-based technology, called Workflow Management Systems (WMS). These products have the ability to define and control the workflow in an organization, transfer data, and integrate legacy information systems, existing programs and program modules with the goal of facilitating a vendor's transformation to a "professional services" focus [Sil 95].The main idea of WMS can be described in one simple sentence: Existing Workflow Management Systems are the 1st Generation of BPMS and have the ability to delegate business tasks to the right people at the right time using the right information resources.A BPMS can achieve such a goal only if it offers various task management services. Among these services, the appropriate modeling of the business processes and underlying organizations is the most essential. Support for analysis in order to verify, evaluate and modify processes and organizational structures is also of great importance. Furthermore, a BPMS should support the use of knowledge concerning the awareness/unawareness of integrated software.
On the complementarity of workflow management and business process modeling
Authors: Jablonski Stefan
Published: June 2007

The way business processes are implemented currently is out-of-date. It cannot keep pace with the rapid changes of today's business behavior. Thus, new ways to structure business processes have to be investigated. Business process reengineering is the upcoming discipline that is able to cope with the requirements posted by today's way of conducting business. However, models of business processes defined through business process reengineering still lack a suitable execution environment. Conventional infrastructures are too static and inflexible to adequately reflect rapid changes in business processes. Workflow management promises to cope with this requirement by providing a highly dynamic execution platform for multi-faceted business processes. In this research paper we discuss the interrelationship between business process modeling and workflow management and show how they can mutually benefit from each other.
Exotica
Authors: Mohan C. , Agrawal D. , Alonso G. , El Abbadi A. , Guenthoer R. , Kamath M.
Published: June 2007

This paper is an overview of the Exotica project, currently in progress at the IBM Almaden Research Center. The project aims at exploring several research areas from advanced transaction management concepts to client/server architectures and mobile computing within the context of business processes and workflow management. The ultimate goal is to incorporate these ideas into IBM's products and prototypes. The project involves IBM groups in Almaden (U.S.A.), Hursley (U.K.), Boeblingen (Germany), and Vienna (Austria). In this paper we briefly describe two IBM products, FlowMark, a workflow management system, and MQSeries, a messaging system, as the environments in which we are focusing our research. We also discuss some of our results in the areas of availability, replication, distribution, and advanced transaction models, as well as describe our future research directions. 10
Workshop summary
Authors: Wærn Yvonne , Jones Patricia
Published: June 2007

Several situations in modern working life imply that people have to cooperate in order to handle dynamic systems. The work is distributed in several respects; people work with different tasks and have different expertise, they are often geographically distributed and they work at different times or cover different time scales. The activities are often time critical and cooperation has to be efficient. The problems involved in these situations have great economical and societal impacts. Approaches to the problems require expertise in several domains.The objectives of the workshop was to identify key features of collaborative process management and to identify critical needs in the domain of collaborative process management.
Socially grounded engineering for digital libraries
Authors: Anderson William L. , Anderson Susan L.
Published: June 2007

Our work embodies one approach to developing theories of use that can be embedded in programs and new ways of working. We argue that building digital libraries that work will require that systems design, development and deployment be grounded in use and done collaboratively with users, and we will describe our approach to accomplishing this as well as the issues and questions it raises.
How to avoid designing digital libraries
Authors: Carroll John M.
Published: June 2007

Digital libraries are a rapidly evolving and diverse technology. From the history of technology, we know that there are no guarantees that "best" solutions prevail, even in the long-term (e.g., Basalla, 1988). The indeterminacies of technology evolution are probably increased when the pace of evolution is rapid and its scope and trajectory are uncertain. In such circumstances, we should avoid clinging to traditional niche concepts (which are necessarily, but often subtly, anchored in prior technology). We should instead attempt to manage and define new technology by analyzing and designing core user activities.
Digital Library use in social context
Authors: Kling Rob
Published: June 2007

This paper was presented at the 1995 Allerton Conference on Methodologies for the User-centered Design and Evaluation of Digital Libraries and was revised January 1996.
Bringing all the “users” to the centre
Authors: Clement Andrew
Published: June 2007

The theme of this forum lies at the intersection of two long-standing but so far only loosely connected strands of my research interests--namely broad public access to information and user-centered systems design.
CSCW as form of organizational memory
Authors: Brooks JoAnn
Published: June 2007

Organizational memory is a topic currently receiving attention from a variety of disciplines including organizational studies, communication, and information systems. As a concept, it focuses attention on the organizational processes through which organizational knowledge is stored and retrieved, and the material bases in which this occurs. Consequently, it offers a useful approach to understanding how organizational learning works, particularly with respect to the form(s) it takes.Much of the recent work on organizational memory is focused on one or another form of organizational memory. For example, economists Nelson and Winter (1982) identify organizational memory as the performance of routines. Yates (1990) discusses documents, while Ackerman and Malone (1990) concentrate on a variety of information technology. Walsh and Ungson (1991), in their oft-cited review of organizational memory literature, develop five different types of "retention facilities", but do not include information systems. Stein (1995) makes an effort to integrate information systems with other forms of organizational memory from a content and process perspective, but does not systematically address differences in form.One theoretical approach which offers a comprehensive framework for different forms of organizational memory was developed by Klaus Krippendorff. Writing from a general systems perspective before the proliferation of personal computing, Krippendorff (1975) focused on the information processes and the material basis of social memory. He also noted how the development of computers would be relevant to this framework. Now that computers are common, his work can be extended to include the role of CSCW technology in organizational memory. This paper will develop that focus and then discuss its implications for organizational learning.
Organizational knowledge propagation support based on a user behavior model
Authors: Kadowaki Chie
Published: June 2007

My view in this position paper is based on results of a joint study with group members of Network Integration Laboratory at NTT Telecommunication Networks Laboratories (NTT Multimedia Networks Laboratories at the present time). These members have focus issues on organizational knowledge propagation in an organization for many years. To cope with these issues they developed a prototype know-how management system FISH in early 1991. FISH stands for Flexible Information Sharing and Handling system. Later GoldFISH which stands for Group Oriented Long-term Distribution with FISH, was developed in 1994.The joint study focused analysis on user behavior and content flux through FISH and GoldFISH. We recognize the importance of promoting organizational knowledge sharing based on these analytical results. This position paper describes a summary of the results from the joint study and my view about how organizational knowledge sharing should be promoted.
Integrating system design and organizational learning
Authors: Lindstaedt Stefanie N.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a cycle in which organizational learning and work serve each other. Experience in a real-world software development project has led us to identify several key challenges for informing software design through organizational learning. The Group Interactive Memory Manager (GIMMe) system is presented along with early results from use of the system in software design projects.