bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking wastes and climate change: Bandwagoning, contention, and global governance
Authors: O'Neill Kate
Published: December 2018

In the light of long‐standing waste activist involvement in global climate negotiations, and the waste industry's condemnation of the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, this review examines the links between wastes and climate change as global problems. It describes the main technological and policy responses in utilizing waste and waste management to combat climate change—and the main sources of contention. Next, it scales up to the global level, demonstrating how waste‐climate linkages have entered the broader arena of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and associated agreements and organizations. This review incorporates the theoretical literature in the field of global environmental politics that can be brought to bear on this complex case. It focuses on the literature on linkages across issues and governance regimes, and work on climate “bandwagoning” (Jinnah, 2011)—strategic linkages whereby actors expand their mission to include climate‐oriented goals that might further their own agendas, looking at variants of this behavior that might explain the emerging relationships between global climate and global waste governance and politics.

This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Glutamine synthetase structure‐catalysis relationship—Recent advances and applications
Authors: dos Santos Moreira Cátia Daniela , Ramos Maria João Ribeiro Nunes , Fernandes Pedro Manuel Azevedo Alexandrino
Published: December 2018

Glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme that exists in every living organism. It is responsible for incorporating ammonium into glutamate, generating glutamine. Research on this enzyme has grown substantially over the last decades. The recent advances in the determination of its structure, through the crystallization of novel classes of glutamine synthetase with increased resolution, greatly contributed to a shift in the glutamine synthetase research from fundamental to more applied. Here, we explore the active sites of glutamine synthetases, review the structural and catalytic roles of their active sites' ions Mg2+s, combine the information gathered from recent computational studies dedicated to unravel their catalytic mechanisms with the hypothesis raised at the beginning of the XXI century based on experimental studies, glance at the development of competitive glutamine synthetase inhibitors, and highlight the high value of these enzymes to industry, namely in the fields of agriculture and medicine.

This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Mechanics

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Self‐cleansing design of sewers: Definition of the optimum deposited bed thickness
Authors: Safari Mir Jafar Sadegh , Shirzad Akbar
Published: December 2018

Sediment deposits may influence the performance of the sewer systems. Sediments are the main store of pollutants which causes sewer systems overflows. In order to prevent the deposition of sediment in sewer systems, self‐cleansing design criteria are used. Among various criteria, “self‐cleansing with deposited bed” criterion is found appropriate for designing of large sewers. Allowing small thickness of deposited bed in large sewers decreases the required channel bed slope and construction costs. This study presents a bed load self‐cleansing model established on wide ranges of experimental data. Comparison of developed model with the existing models in the literature shows its higher performance on variety of data sources. Examples for the application of the model are presented, and design graphs and charts for different pipe sizes are proposed. As a result, the optimum deposited bed thickness is found 1%–5% of the pipe diameter; however, 1% is recommended for sewer pipes design.

Practitioner points

Nondeposition sediment transport condition with a bed deposit criterion is found appropriate for large sewer pipe design.

The precision of a model is linked to the ranges of experimental data and parameters used for the models development.

The optimum range of deposited bed thickness can be adopted in the range of 1% to 5% of the pipe diameter.
Power Struggles and Social Positioning: Culinary Appropriation and Anxiety in Colonial Vietnam
Authors: Peters Erica J.
Published: December 2018

Peters demonstrates that during the French colonial period in Vietnam, language about food revealed people’s anxieties about the changing social hierarchy. Contemporary advertisements, travel narratives, administrative reports, ethnographies, folktales, missionary correspondence, and newspaper editorials help illustrate how new food practices disrupted rigid social hierarchies, whether those hierarchies pre-dated the French arrival in Southeast Asia or emerged during the colonial period. Peters argues from this textual evidence that French people bore the most anxiety in the colonial environment: the French developed a cultural norm against eating local dishes, while other groups such as Chinese immigrants or the Vietnamese urban middle class appreciated opportunities to try previously unfamiliar foods. Generally, Peters argues that those aspiring to rise in society expressed more openness toward trying new ingredients and new dishes than those fearful of losing their social position.
Between Food Safety Concerns and Responsibilisation: Organic Food Consumption in Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Faltmann Nora Katharina
Published: December 2018

This chapter analyses the motives behind emerging organic food consumption in urban Vietnam. By outlining the influences on Vietnam’s organic sector through corporate and foreign aid actors and a governmental emphasis on productivity-oriented agriculture and overall food security, it provides a wider frame to understand the space in which consumers of organic food manoeuvre. Contemporary concerns over the health implications of food safety, regarded as the externalities of a modernising local agri-food system, appear as a strong motivator for buying organic food. Moreover, organic food consumption proved to be telling of wider insecurities regarding the responsibility between individuals, state and market in providing safe food. With organic food being a high-priced niche, eating safe becomes an issue of widening social inequality.
Urban Gardening and Rural-Urban Supply Chains: Reassessing Images of the Urban and the Rural in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Kurfürst Sandra
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the sites of production of what consumers in Vietnam perceive to be clean and safe vegetables, that is, urban gardens in Hanoi and rural areas. Adhering to the historical continuity of home gardens, the chapter identifies a semantic shift of gardens from aesthetics to utility in the light of food anxiety. Furthermore, the chapter examines the terms of access to and social control over public and sacred spaces used for gardening. Apart from urban gardening, urbanites draw on personal networks of rural-urban food supply to ensure food safety. The chapter suggests that the rural emerges as a signifier of safe foods based on the prevailing image of the countryside in Vietnam as the place of intimate social relations and contact with nature.
Resummed transverse momentum distribution of pseudo-scalar Higgs boson at NNLOA+NNLL
Authors: Agarwal Neelima , Banerjee Pulak , Das Goutam , Dhani Prasanna K. , Mukhopadhyay Ayan , Ravindran V. , Tripathi Anurag
Published: December 2018

Abstract

In this article we have studied the transverse momentum distribution of the pseudo-scalar Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The small p

T
region which provides the bulk of the cross section is not accessible to fixed order perturbation theory due to the presence of large logarithms in the series. Using the universal infrared behaviour of the QCD we resum these large logarithms up to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy. We observe a significant reduction in theoretical uncertainties due to the unphysical scales at NNLL level compared to the previous order. We present the p

T
distribution matched to NNLO
A
+NNLL, valid for the whole p

T
region and provide a detailed phenomenological study in the context of both 14 TeV and 13 TeV LHC using different choices of masses, scales and parton distribution functions which will be useful for the search of such particle at the LHC in near future.
A nonrelativistic limit for AdS perturbations
Authors: Bizoń Piotr , Evnin Oleg , Ficek Filip
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The familiar c → ∞ nonrelativistic limit converts the Klein-Gordon equation in Minkowski spacetime to the free Schrödinger equation, and the Einstein-massive-scalar system without a cosmological constant to the Schrödinger-Newton (SN) equation. In this paper, motivated by the problem of stability of Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime, we examine how this limit is affected by the presence of a negative cosmological constant Λ. Assuming for consistency that the product Λc
2 tends to a negative constant as c → ∞, we show that the corresponding nonrelativistic limit is given by the SN system with an external harmonic potential which we call the Schrödinger-Newton-Hooke (SNH) system. We then derive the resonant approximation which captures the dynamics of small amplitude spherically symmetric solutions of the SNH system. This resonant system turns out to be much simpler than its general-relativistic version, which makes it amenable to analytic methods. Specifically, in four spatial dimensions, we show that the resonant system possesses a three-dimensional invariant subspace on which the dynamics is completely integrable and hence can be solved exactly. The evolution of the two-lowest-mode initial data (an extensively studied case for the original general-relativistic system), in particular, is described by this family of solutions.
Kongenitale Anomalien der Nieren und ableitenden Harnwege (CA KUT)
Authors: Kosfeld Anne , Martens Helge , Hennies Imke , Haffner Dieter , Weber Ruthild G.
Published: December 2018

Der Begriff CAKUT (Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract) bezeichnet diverse angeborene Fehlbildungen der Nieren und ableitenden Harnwege. Da alle CAKUT-Phänotypen zusammengenommen etwa 15–30 % aller pränatal diagnostizierten Fehlbildungen ausmachen und etwa 40 % der Fälle mit terminalem Nierenversagen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen verursachen, sind diese Anomalien epidemiologisch hochrelevant. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt mit radiologischen Verfahren, insbesondere mit Ultraschall, wobei bei vielen Patienten eine Kombination verschiedener CAKUT-Phänotypen nachgewiesen wird. CAKUT tritt zu etwa 85 % sporadisch auf, zu etwa 15 % familiär. Das Vererbungsmuster ist häufig dominant, kann aber auch rezessiv sein. CAKUT kann isoliert auftreten, aber auch als Teil einer syndromalen Erkrankung. Variable Expressivität und inkomplette Penetranz sind bei CAKUT häufig. CAKUT ist genetisch sehr heterogen. Im Mausmodell wurden bislang über 180 CAKUT-assoziierte Gene beschrieben. Da Mutationen in den etwa 50 bisher bekannten humanen CAKUT-Genen nur ca. 20 % der CAKUT-Fälle erklären und sich verschiedene chromosomale Aberrationen wie Mikrodeletionen in weiteren ca. 15 % der Patienten insbesondere mit syndromalen CAKUT finden, sind exom-/genomweite Screeningverfahren für die Aufklärung genetischer CAKUT-Ursachen besonders geeignet. Bei sporadischen Fällen ist eine Trio-basierte Analyse der Exome/Genome von Patienten-Eltern-Trios zur Identifizierung von De-novo-Aberrationen und biallelischen Varianten vielversprechend. Eine Abklärung der genetischen Ursache ist für die Präzisierung von Wiederholungsrisiken sowie eine gezielte Untersuchung von CAKUT-Patienten im Hinblick auf extrarenale Phänotypen von klinischer Bedeutung.
Influence of Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncoprotein on Maturation and Function of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells In Vitro
Authors: Han Rui , Song Yin-Jing , Sun Si-Yuan , Zhou Qiang , Chen Xian-Zhen , Zheng Qiao-Li , Cheng Hao
Published: December 2018

The major difficulties of human papillomavirus (HPV) treatment are its persistence and recurrence. The HPV E7 oncoprotein-loaded dendritic cells have been evaluated as cellular vaccine in previous reports. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an essential role of connecting the innate immune response and adaptive immune response in the immune system. But they function in HPV E7 loading is unclear. To investigate whether loading of the HPV type 6b, 11, and 16 E7 proteins affects the activity of pDCs, human peripheral blood-separated pDCs and mouse bone marrow-derived pDCs were pulsed with the HPV E7 proteins. The expression levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II were significantly upregulated in pDCs upon HPV 6b/11 E7 protein pulse. The secretion and gene expression of type I IFN and IL-6 were both upregulated by HPV 6b/11 E7 proteins, more significant than HPV 16 E7 protein. The expression of essential factors of TLR signaling pathway and JNK/p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway were all increased in HPV 6b/11 E7 proteins pulsed pDCs. Our results suggest that HPV E7 proteins could promote the differentiation and maturation of pDCs and activate the TLR and MAPK pathway to induce host innate immune response. It might be conducive to explore novel immunotherapy targeting HPV infection with HPV E7 loaded pDC.
Divergent Primary Immune Responses Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Determine Antibody Recall Responses
Authors: Yuan Li , Chen Wen-Jiang , Wang Jia-Ye , Li Yan , Tian Dan , Wang Ming-Xia , Yu Hao-Tong , Xu Ying-Chu , Li Di , Zhuang Min , Ling Hong
Published: December 2018

The development of a vaccine based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) that elicits potent protective antibodies against infection has been challenging. Recently, we compared the antibody production patterns of HIV-1 Env gp120 and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) to provide insights into how we may improve the protective efficacy of Env-based immunogens. Our previous study showed that HIV Env and HBsAg display different mechanisms of antibody elicitation and that T cells facilitate the responses to repeated immunizations. Here, to elucidate the detailed roles of primary immunization in immune memory response formation and antibody production, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with each antigen and evaluated the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal centers, and the memory responses involved in prime and boost immunizations. We found that after prime immunization, compared with HBsAg, gp120 induced higher frequencies of Tfh cells and programmed death (PD)-1+T cells, greater major histocompatibility complex II expression on B cells, comparable activated B cells, but weaker germinal center (GC) reactions and memory B cell responses in the draining lymph nodes, accompanied by slower antibody recall responses and poor immune memory responses. The above results suggested that more PD-1+T cells arising in primary immunization may serve as major contributors to the slow antibody recall response elicited by HIV-1 Env.
Pharmacodynamics simulation of HOEC by a computational model of arachidonic acid metabolic network
Authors: Yang Wen , Wang Xia , Li Kenan , Liu Yuanru , Liu Ying , Wang Rui , Li Honglin
Published: December 2018

Background

Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic network is activated in the most inflammatory related diseases, and small‐molecular drugs targeting AA network are increasingly available. However, side effects of above mentioned drugs have always been the biggest obstacle. (+)‐2‐(1‐hydroxyl‐4‐oxocyclohexyl) ethyl caffeate (HOEC), a natural product acted as an inhibitor of 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) and 15‐LOX in vitro, exhibited weaker therapeutic effect in high dose than that in low dose to collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rats. In this study, we tried to elucidate the potential regulatory mechanism by using quantitative pharmacology.

Methods

First, we generated an experimental data set by monitoring the dynamics of AA metabolites’ concentration in A23187 stimulated and different doses of HOEC co‐incubated RAW264.7. Then we constructed a dynamic model of A23187‐stimulated AA metabolic model to evaluate how a model‐based simulation of AA metabolic data assists to find the most suitable treatment dose by predicting the pharmacodynamics of HOEC.

Results

Compared to the experimental data, the model could simulate the inhibitory effect of HOEC on 5‐LOX and 15‐LOX, and reproduced the increase of the metabolic flux in the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. However, a concomitant, early‐stage of stimulation‐related decrease of prostaglandins (PGs) production in HOEC incubated RAW264.7 cells was not simulated in the model.

Conclusion

Using the model, we predict that higher dose of HOEC disrupts the flux balance in COX and LOX of the AA network, and increased COX flux can interfere the curative effects of LOX inhibitor on resolution of inflammation which is crucial for the efficient and safe drug design.
Methylphenidate alters Akt‐mTOR signaling in rat pheochromocytoma cells
Authors: Schmitz Felipe , Chao Moses V. , Wyse Angela T.S.
Published: December 2018

The exponential increase in methylphenidate (MPH) prescriptions in recent years has worried researchers about its misuse among individuals who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) such as young children and students in search of cognitive improvement or for recreational reasons. The action of MPH is based mainly on inhibition of dopamine transporter, but the complete cellular effects are still unknown. Based upon prior studies, we attempted to determine whether the treatment with MPH (1μM) influences protein kinase B‐mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathways (Akt‐mTOR), including translation repressor protein (4E‐BP1) and mitogen activated protein kinase (S6K), in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), a well characterized cellular model, in a long or short term. MPH effects on the Akt substrates [cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK‐3β)] were also evaluated. Whereas short term MPH treatment decreased the pAkt/Akt, pmTOR/mTOR and pS6K/S6K ratios, as well as pFoxO1 immunocontent in PC12 cells, long term treatment increased pAkt/Akt, pmTOR/mTOR and pGSK‐3β/GSK‐3β ratio. Phosphorylation levels of 4E‐BP1 were decreased at 15 and 30 min and increased at 1 and 6 h by MPH. pCREB/CREB ratio was decreased. This study shows that the Akt‐mTOR pathway, as well as other important Akt substrates which have been described as important regulators of protein synthesis, as well as being implicated in cellular survival, synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation, was affected by MPH in PC12 cells, representing an important step in exploring the MPH effects.
The many dimensions of successful IoT deployment
Authors: Raghu RV
Published: December 2018

The Internet of Things (IoT) has caught the fancy of enterprises and customers like never before. Every day some enterprise or other takes steps to get into the IoT game. A quick search throws up some mind-boggling data about IoT and its various upsides and downsides.
Valuing Changes in Time Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Whittington Dale , Cook Joseph
Published: December 2018

Valuing changes in time use is often a critical element of economic analyses of development projects. In this paper we review the literature on the monetary value of time in low- and middle-income countries and find support for a commonly used benchmark of 50% of after-tax wages for time changes in activities in the informal sector, such as collecting water or traveling to health clinics. We offer recommendations to analysts who are conducting benefit-cost analyses in these settings about what methods they can use to estimate the value of time. These include a benefits transfer approach and also a relatively simple stated preference approach that might be deployed in a specific context if the project recommendation is sensitive to the assumption of the value of time or if the distribution of the benefits of time savings is especially important.
Retrospective Evaluation of the Costs of Complying with Light-Duty Vehicle Surface Coating Requirements
Authors: Wolverton Ann , Ferris Ann E. , Simon Nathalie B.
Published: December 2018

This paper compares the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ex ante compliance cost estimates for the 2004 Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Surface Coating National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants to ex post evidence on the actual costs of compliance based on ex post cost data gathered from a subset of the industry via pilot survey and follow-up interviews. Unlike many prior retrospective studies on the cost of regulatory compliance, we use this newly gathered information to identify the key drivers of any differences between the ex ante and ex post estimates. We find that the U.S. EPA overestimated the cost of compliance for the plants in our sample and that overestimation was driven primarily by differences in the method of compliance rather than differences in the per-unit cost associated with a given compliance approach. In particular, the U.S. EPA expected facilities to install pollution abatement control technologies in their paint shops to reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants, but instead these plants complied by reformulating coatings.
An Inclusive Ethical Design Perspective for a Flourishing Future with Artificial Intelligent Systems
Authors: GERDES Anne
Published: December 2018

Abstracts

The article provides an inclusive outlook on artificial intelligence by introducing a three-legged design perspective that includes, but also moves beyond, ethical artificial systems design to stress the role of moral habituation of professionals and the general public. It is held that an inclusive ethical design perspective is essential for a flourishing future with artificial intelligence.
The Economic Institutions of Construction in London after the Great Fire
Authors: STEPHENSON JUDY Z.
Published: December 2018

This article contributes to literature on the role of “firms” in the early modern English economy by exploring contracts for works between the Crown, the City of London, and large construction firms that built the Greenwich Hospital, City churches, and St. Paul’s Cathedral from 1670 to 1712. Primary sources show varying arrangements to pricing, mitigating risk, and securing finance occurred without the costs of intermediaries. Clients pushed financial and operating risks onto contractors through complex contracting systems that enabled and supported a number of coordination mechanisms in the market. The article argues that contracts rather than firms should be the unit of analysis for those wishing to examine productivity and changes in early modern business.
On the Reynolds number dependence of velocity-gradient structure and dynamics
Authors: Das Rishita , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: December 2018

We seek to examine the changes in velocity-gradient structure (local streamline topology) and related dynamics as a function of Reynolds number ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$). The analysis factorizes the velocity gradient ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D608}_{ij}$) into the magnitude ($A^{2}$) and normalized-gradient tensor ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D623}_{ij}\equiv \unicode[STIX]{x1D608}_{ij}/\sqrt{A^{2}}$). The focus is on bounded $\unicode[STIX]{x1D623}_{ij}$ as (i) it describes small-scale structure and local streamline topology, and (ii) its dynamics is shown to determine magnitude evolution. Using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data, the moments and probability distributions of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D623}_{ij}$ and its scalar invariants are shown to attain $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ independence. The critical values beyond which each feature attains $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ independence are established. We proceed to characterize the $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ dependence of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D623}_{ij}$-conditioned statistics of key non-local pressure and viscous processes. Overall, the analysis provides further insight into velocity-gradient dynamics and offers an alternative framework for investigating intermittency, multifractal behaviour and for developing closure models.
Oblique liquid curtains with a large Froude number
Authors: Benilov E. S.
Published: December 2018

This paper examines two-dimensional liquid curtains ejected at an angle to the horizontal and affected by gravity and surface tension. The flow in the curtain is, generally, sheared. The Froude number based on the injection velocity and the outlet’s width is assumed large; as a result, the streamwise scale of the curtain exceeds its thickness. A set of asymptotic equations for such (slender) curtains is derived and its steady solutions are examined. It is shown that, if the surface tension exceeds a certain threshold, the curtain – quite paradoxically – bends upwards, i.e. against gravity. Once the flow reaches the height where its initial supply of kinetic energy can take it, the curtain presumably breaks up and splashes down.
High-speed impacts of slender bodies into non-smooth, complex fluids
Authors: Sharma Ishan
Published: December 2018

We present a simple hydrodynamical model for the high-speed impact of slender bodies into frictional geomaterials such as soils and clays. We model these materials as non-smooth, complex fluids. Our model predicts the evolution of the impactor’s speed and the final penetration depth given the initial impact speed, and the material and geometric parameters of the impactor and the impacted material. As an application, we investigate the impact of deep-penetrating anchors into seabeds. Our theoretical predictions are found to match field and laboratory data very well.
Wars and wonders: the inter-island information networks of Georg Everhard Rumphius
Authors: YOO GENIE
Published: December 2018

How did one man living on an island come to acquire information about the rest of the vast archipelago? This article traces the inter-island information networks of Georg Everhard Rumphius (1627–1702), an employee of the Dutch East India Company, who was able to explore the natural world of the wider archipelago without ever leaving the Moluccan island of Ambon. This article demonstrates the complexities of Rumphius's inter-island networks, as he collected information about plants and objects from islands near and far. Using his administrative, commercial and household networks, Rumphius was able to interact with local actors from across the social spectrum, whose own active collection, mediation and circulation of objects and information overlapped with imperial activities in the archipelago. This article examines Rumphius as both a collector and a mediator, who negotiated between multiple economies of exchange and translated information from different islands for his distant European readership. Such practices of localized translation demonstrate how knowledge produced on one island was the product of criss-crossing inter-island networks, as the information concerned underwent its own complicated processes of transmission and transformation within the archipelago before reaching its intended audience in Europe.
The ‘genie of the storm’: cyclonic reasoning and the spaces of weather observation in the southern Indian Ocean, 1851–1925
Authors: MAHONY MARTIN
Published: December 2018

This article engages with debates about the status and geographies of colonial science by arguing for the significance of meteorological knowledge making in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Mauritius. The article focuses on how tropical storms were imagined, theorized and anticipated by an isolated – but by no means peripheral – cast of meteorologists who positioned Mauritius as an important centre of calculation in an expanding infrastructure of maritime meteorology. Charles Meldrum in particular earned renown in the mid-nineteenth century for theoretical insights into cyclone behaviour and for achieving an unprecedented spatial reach in synoptic meteorology. But as the influx of weather data dried up towards the end of the century, attention turned to developing practices of ‘single-station forecasting’, by which cyclones might be foreseen and predicted not through extended observational networks, but by careful study of the behaviour of one set of instruments in one place. These practices created new moral economies of risk and responsibility, as well as a ‘poetry’, as one meteorologist described it, in the instrumental, sensory and imaginative engagement with a violent atmospheric environment. Colonial Indian Ocean ‘cyclonology’ offers an opportunity to reflect on how the physical, economic and cultural geographies of an island colony combined to produce spaces of weather observation defined by both connection and disconnection, the latter to be overcome not only by infrastructure, but also by the imagination.
Imperial vernacular: phytonymy, philology and disciplinarity in the Indo-Pacific, 1800–1900
Authors: BIL GEOFF
Published: December 2018

This essay examines how Indo-Pacific indigenous plant names went from being viewed as instruments of botanical fieldwork, to being seen primarily as currency in anthropological studies. I trace this attitude to Alexander von Humboldt, who differentiated between indigenous phytonyms with merely local relevance to be used as philological data, and universally applicable Latin plant names. This way of using indigenous plant names underwrote a chauvinistic reading of cultural difference, and was therefore especially attractive to commentators lacking acquaintance with any indigenous language or culture. When New Zealand anthropologists embraced this role for Māori phytonyms in the 1890s, however, they did so possessed of a relatively in-depth understanding of Māori culture and the Māori language. This discussion has three primary aims: to illuminate nineteenth-century scholarly engagements with Indo-Pacific plant classifications, in contrast to a prevailing historiographical emphasis on European disregard for this subject; to analyse how indigenous phytonyms acted as ‘boundary objects’ interfacing between cultures and disciplines; and to illustrate the politics of scientific disciplinarity in a colonial context.
Synbiotic combination of prebiotic grape pomace extract and probioticLactobacillussp. reduced important intestinal inflammatory markers and in-depth signalling mediators in lipopolysaccharide-treated Caco-2 cells
Authors: Pistol Gina Cecilia , Marin Daniela Eliza , Dragomir Catalin , Taranu Ionelia
Published: December 2018

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a major problem for public health, with an increased incidence and impact on life quality. The effect of pre- and probiotic combination has been less studied in IBD. Using genomic and proteomic array technologies, this study examined the efficacy of a new combination of natural alternatives: prebiotics (grape pomace extract, GP) and probiotics (lactobacilli mixture, Lb mix) on inflammation and intracellular signalling routes in a cellular model of inflammation. Caco-2 cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 4 h were treated with GP extract (50 μg/ml gallic acid equivalent) and Lb combination (3 × 108colony-forming units/ml total Lb) for 24 h. The profile expressions of forty key inflammatory markers and twenty-six signalling kinases were analysed. Other markers involved in inflammation were also investigated (NF-κB/RELA, Nrf2, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Cyp1A1, Cyp1B1); 57·5 and 60 % of investigated genes and proteins, respectively, were down-regulated by the synbiotic combination. Relevant cytokines and chemokines involved in response to microbial infection and inflammation were reduced under the level induced by LPS treatment and toward the unchallenged control. As expected, the reduction effect seems to imply mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathway. Most of the signalling molecules activated by LPS were decreased by GP extract and Lb mix. Our study indicates that the synbiotic combination of GP extract andLactobacillussp. mixture exerted anti-inflammatory properties, which are able to decrease the majority of inflammatory genes, their proteins and associated signalling markers. Due to protective role of GP compounds on lactobacilli probiotic, this synbiotic combination might serve as a promising adjunctive therapy in intestinal inflammations.
Oral processing in elderly: understanding eating capability to drive future food texture modifications
Authors: Sarkar Anwesha
Published: December 2018

Ageing population suffer from increased risk of malnutrition which is a major determinant of accelerated loss of autonomy, adverse health outcomes and substantial health-care costs. Malnutrition is largely attributed to reduced nutrient intake which may be associated with several endogenous factors, such as decline of muscle mass, oral functions and coordination that can make the eating process difficult. From an exogenous viewpoint, nutritionally dense foods with limited innovations in food texture have been traditionally offered to elderly population that negatively affected pleasure of eating and ultimately, nutrient intake. Recent research has recognised that older adults within the same age group are not homogenous in terms of their preferences, nutritional needs, capabilities and impediments in skill-sets. Hence, a new term eating capability (EC) has been coined to describe various quantifiable endogenous factors in the well-coordinated eating process that may permit characterisation of the capabilities of elderly individuals in food handling and oral processing. This review covers current knowledge on EC focusing on parameters, such as hand and oro-facial muscle forces. Although limited in literature, EC score measured using a comprehensive toolkit has shown promise to predict eating difficulty perception and oral processing behaviour. Further systematic studies are required to explore relationships between individual/multiple constituents of EC and oral comfort. Such knowledge base is needed to underpin the creation of next generation personalised texture-modified foods for elderly population using sophisticated technologies, such as 3D printing to enhance eating pleasure, increase nutrient intake that will ultimately contribute to tackling malnutrition.
Editorial note
Authors: TAIT JOHN
Published: December 2018

Natural Language Engineering really came about from a meeting between Roberto Garigliano (then of Durham University) and myself in his office in late 1992 or early 1993. I had returned to academia the previous year after a spell doing a variety of jobs in industry, and had become aware of Roberto and the Natural Language Group at Durham (just about 15 miles from the University of Sunderland where I was working). Roberto and I discussed several possible avenues of cooperation, including sponsorship by Durham of students on existing Sunderland masters degrees, a joint Durham/Sunderland specialist Masters in Language Engineering (which came to nothing) and a new journal focused on practical, engineering work in the language domain. Incidentally, one of the sponsored master’s students was Siobhan Devlin, now Head of Computing at Sunderland.
CULTIVATING A PROFESSIONAL POSE:
Authors: Jackson Brandon A.
Published: December 2018

In this article I investigate how a group of Black men in college worked together to learn and practice the professional pose—professional styles and behaviors meant to navigate professional settings. I argue that these behaviors were adopted to preempt any potential discriminatory acts and would ideally disassociate them from the negative labels associated with Black men. Specifically, I examine how leaders of the group Uplift and Progress (UP) prepared other members and recruits by teaching them how to present themselves as professional Black men who were familiar with White middle-class practices. To further encourage their success, group members sought out opportunities to practice these styles in public. By cultivating this professional pose, they were able to claim their place at a White institution and distance themselves from the unfavorable stereotypes of Black men. This strategy also bolstered their reputation on campus and would ideally prepare them for the predominantly White workplace.
Identification and Utility of a Short Form of the Pediatric Symptom	Checklist-Youth Self-Report (PSC-17-Y)
Authors: Bergmann Paul , Lucke Cara , Nguyen Theresa , Jellinek Michael , Murphy John Michael
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth self-report (PSC-Y) is a 35-item measure of adolescent psychosocial functioning that uses the same items as the original parent report version of the PSC. Since a briefer (17-item) version of the parent PSC has been validated, this paper explored whether a subset of items could be used to create a brief form of the PSC-Y. Data were collected on more than 19,000 youth who completed the PSC-Y online as a self-screen offered by Mental Health America. Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were first conducted to identify and evaluate candidate solutions and their factor structures. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were then conducted to determine how well the data fit the candidate models. Tests of measurement invariance across gender were conducted on the selected solution. The EFAs and CFAs suggested that a three-factor short form with 17 items is a viable and most parsimonious solution and met criteria for scalar invariance across gender. Since the 17 items used on the parent PSC short form were close to the best fit found for any subsets of items on the PSC-Y, the same items used on the parent PSC-17 are recommended for the PSC-Y short form.
Degrees of Freedom in Multigroup Confirmatory Factor	Analyses
Authors: Schroeders Ulrich , Gnambs Timo
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Measurement invaraiance is a key concept in psychological assessment and a fundamental prerequisite for meaningful comparisons across groups. In the prevalent approach, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), specific measurement parameters are constrained to equality across groups. The degrees of freedom ( df) for these models readily follow from the hypothesized measurement model and the invariance constraints. In light of research questioning the soundness of statistical reporting in psychology, we examined how often reported df match with the df recalcualted based on information given in the publications. More specifically, we reviewed 128 studies from six leading peer-reviewed journals focusing on psychological assessment and recalculated the df for 302 measurement invariance testing procedures. Overall, about a quarter of all articles included at least one discrepancy with metric and scalar invariance being more frequently affected. We discuss moderators of these discrepancies and identify typical pitfalls in measurement invariance testing. Moreover, we provide example syntax for different methods of scaling latent variables and introduce a tool that allows for the recalculation of df in common MGCFA models to improve the statistical soundness of invariance testing in psychological research.
Validation of the Network of Relationship Inventory in Female and	Male Adolescents
Authors: Ackermann Katharina , Martinelli Anne , Bernhard Anka , Ueno Kathrin , Freitag Christine M. , Büttner Gerhard , Schmiedek Florian , Schwenck Christina
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Friendships and their different qualities have been shown to be important for adolescents’ socio-emotional development and psychological adjustment. In empirical research on such friendship qualities, the Network of Relationship Inventory – Relationship Quality Version (NRI-RQV) is a widely used questionnaire. Here, we conduct an extensive validation of a German version of the NRI-RQV, investigating its factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity, in a sample of N = 679 adolescents aged 13–18 years. Applying multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, we further test whether the factor structure of the friendship quality construct holds across groups of males and females. Results showed that a structure with nine correlated first-order factors fit the data well, indicating nine distinct friendship qualities in males and females. Measurement invariance testing suggested the same underlying friendship quality construct, albeit differences in mean scores per gender. As evidence for concurrent validity, closeness and discordant friendship qualities showed expected correlations with empathy and social problems, respectively, but not with aggressive behavior. Overall, results indicate good psychometric properties for the German version of the NRI-RQV as a measure of friendship qualities in both males and females.
Multiple Speed Assessments
Authors: Herde Christoph Nils , Lievens Filip
Published: December 2018

Abstract. This paper presents Multiple Speed Assessments as an umbrella term to encompass a variety of approaches that include multiple (e.g., 20), short (e.g., 3 min), and often integrated interpersonal simulations to elicit overt behavior in a standardized way across participants. Multiple Speed Assessments can be used to get insight into the behavioral repertoire of a target person in situations sampled from a predefined target domain and their intraindividual variability across these situations. This paper outlines the characteristics and theoretical basis of Multiple Speed Assessments. We also discuss various already existing examples of Multiple Speed Assessments (Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, Multiple Mini-Interviews, and constructed response multimedia tests) and provide an overview of design variations. Finally, we present current research evidence and future research directions related to Multiple Speed Assessments. Although we present Multiple Speed Assessments in the context of personnel selection, it can also be used for assessment in the educational, personality, or clinical psychology field.
How Perceived Processing Fluency Influences the Illusion of Knowing	in Learning From TV Reports
Authors: Ryffel Fabian A. , Wirth Werner
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The present two-study work aims to contribute to an understanding of the causes and consequences of perceived processing fluency. Regarding its causes, the experimental studies ( N1 = 399; N2 = 337) found that features of television reports (e.g., footage used, background music) can heighten perceptions of processing fluency. Regarding its consequences, it was found that heightened perceived fluency biases metacognitive judgments. Specifically, considering perceived knowledge in relation to actual knowledge, recipients experiencing fluency have been found to overestimate their knowledge about the issue depicted in the experimental stimuli. The resulting illusion of knowing was particularly pronounced under conditions of low involvement, indicating that the so-called ease-of-processing heuristic underlies the effect.
Bioeconomy and SDGs: Does the Bioeconomy Support the Achievement of the SDGs?
Authors: Heimann Tobias
Published: December 2018

This paper evaluates how bioeconomy activities, stated in the concepts of the European Union, Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, and the German government, potentially affect the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The aim of the bioeconomy is to substitute the use of fossil resources by renewable resources, while the SDGs set targets for a holistic sustainable global development. A literature‐based influence analysis on empirical studies is employed to derive three bioeconomy scenarios (business as usual, bioeconomy, and sustainable bioeconomy) and to quantify their effects on the individual SDG targets. It is shown that the bioeconomy scenario has positive as well as negative effects on the SDG targets. While targets for cleaner industrial production are strongly supported, socioeconomic targets are subject to mixed effects and environmental targets significantly hurt. This paper outlines which SDGs need special attention when implementing a bioeconomy according to the above‐mentioned concepts. The results add to the debate on SDG trade‐offs and on the substitutability of SDG targets. Without regulations, policies, and investments ensuring sustainability, or in case the substitutability of SDG targets is not allowed, the bioeconomy concepts have the potential to jeopardize the achievement of several SDGs. In contrast, the sustainable bioeconomy scenario assumes strong sustainability measures that reveal the extensive potential of the bioeconomy to support the achievement of the SDGs.
Daniel N. Baker Receives 2018 William Bowie Medal
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2018

Daniel N. Baker was awarded the 2018 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 12 December 2018 in Washington, D. C. The medal is for “outstanding contributions for fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.”
Forrest S. Mozer Receives 2018 John Adam Fleming Medal
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2018

Forrest S. Mozer was awarded the 2018 John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 12 December 2018 in Washington, D. C. The medal is for “original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and/or related sciences.”
Late Oligocene Tibetan Plateau Warming and Humidity: Evidence From a Sporopollen Record
Authors: Wu Fuli , Miao Yunfa , Meng Qingquan , Fang Xiaomin , Sun Jimin
Published: December 2018

Dramatic warming in the late Oligocene occurred after 8 Ma, characterized by ocean warming and a collapse of the Antarctic ice sheet (the late Oligocene warming event [LOWE]); however, few terrestrial records have yet been employed to verify the LOWE and investigate its associated driving forces. The Nima Basin, located in the central Tibetan Plateau contains thick Oligocene sediments, allowing its ecological record to be used as verification of the LOWE. Here we used the reconstructed vegetation record from the Nima Basin in the 1,100‐m‐thick DZC section, aided with zircon U‐Pb dating of the interbedded tuffite layers. Two tuffite layers yielded ages of about 23.4 and 24.8 Ma; thus, the sedimentary age of the whole section is predicted to be 27.5–22.4 Ma. Sporopollen analysis revealed that the dominant taxa throughout the whole section were conifers (over 85%), including Piceapollis, Pinuspollenites, and Abietpollenites. One notable feature is that the broad‐leaved trees (e.g., Quercoidites and Meliaceoidites) increased obviously (averaging from 0.9% to 6.6%, max 41.2%) after 25.6 Ma. This change could be interpreted as a response to late Oligocene global warming, which changed the forest line and corresponding plant species composition. The mean average precipitation of 400–850 and 800–1,000 mm, respectively, inferred from the above vegetation types in the Nima Basin, both exceed the present 150 mm. This indicates that the south Asian monsoon had already developed in the Oligocene and that the LOW event accompanied the global warming.