bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Cortical Cerebral Microinfarcts Slow Down Cognitive Recovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Sagnier Sharmila , Okubo Gosuke , Catheline Gwenaëlle , Munsch Fanny , Bigourdan Antoine , Debruxelles Sabrina , Poli Mathilde , Olindo Stéphane , Renou Pauline , Rouanet François , Dousset Vincent , Tourdias Thomas , Sibon Igor
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose—

Cortical cerebral microinfarcts (CMIs) have been associated with vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of cortical CMI detected on 3T magnetic resonance imaging, on the evolution of cognition during the year following an acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

We conducted a prospective and monocentric study, including patients diagnosed for a supratentorial ischemic stroke with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥1, without prestroke dementia or neurological disability. Cortical CMIs were assessed on a brain 3T magnetic resonance imaging realized at baseline, as well as markers of small vessel disease, stroke characteristics, and hippocampal atrophy. Cognitive assessment was performed at 3 time points (baseline, 3 months, and 1 year) using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Isaacs set test, and the Zazzo’s cancellation task. Generalized linear mixed models were performed to evaluate the relationships between the number of cortical CMI and changes in cognitive scores over 1 year.

Results—

Among 199 patients (65±13 years old, 68% men), 88 (44%) had at least one cortical CMI. Hypertension was the main predictor of a higher cortical CMI load (B=0.58,
P
=0.005). The number of cortical CMI was associated with an increase time at the Zazzo’s cancellation task over 1 year (B=3.84,
P
=0.01), regardless of the other magnetic resonance imaging markers, stroke severity, and demographic factors.

Conclusions—

Cortical CMIs are additional magnetic resonance imaging markers of poorer processing speed after ischemic stroke. These results indicate that a high load of cortical CMI in patients with stroke can be considered as a cerebral frailty condition which counteracts to the recovery process, suggesting a reduced brain plasticity among these patients.
Peeling Back the Layers of Jesus
Authors: Myles Robert J.
Published: May 2019

Employing the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan, this article peels back the various layers of Jesus to reveal … nothing.
Church Action for Fair Trade as Public Theology: Learning from the Experience of the Mainstreaming of Fair Trade in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dawson Mark
Published: May 2019

Church action for Fair Trade in the United Kingdom serves as an example of an activity, inspired and guided by theology, which has grown to involve the active participation of large numbers of churchgoers. Public recognition of Fair Trade is high, embracing a wide, secular society. The expansion of Fair Trade has come at a price, however, with the increasing involvement of large commercial organisations threatening diminution of the original theological insight. In learning from the experience of the mainstreaming of Fair Trade in the United Kingdom, it could be argued that the theological reflection that gave rise to the Fair Trade movement was the beginning of a public theology. It needs to be acknowledged and now taken further, to respond to the changing context. A public theology involving congregations should be nurtured, so that the public theological insight can be disseminated and its guidance put into practice.
Ethical Dimensions of Arbitrator Resignations: General Duties, Specific Quandaries, and Sanctions for Suspect Withdrawals
Authors: Levine Judith
Published: May 2019

This article deals with the ethical implications of arbitrator resignations. When an arbitrator resigns it can severely disrupt proceedings. Arbitrators have a positive duty to complete the mandate for which they have been appointed, and a corollary duty not to resign without justification. This article considers steps that can be taken at the outset of proceedings to minimise the likelihood of resignation. It then discusses ethical dilemmas associated with five common circumstances that can arise during the course of arbitral proceedings which might justify resignation. The article then recalls rare but disturbing instances when a resignation itself may be ethically dubious and sets out measures available to discourage such conduct. Ethical issues connected with resignation have traditionally been given less prominence than discussion of conflicts and challenges, but should not be overlooked in any new endeavors aimed at developing a code of conduct for international arbitration.
Unsung Heroes? The Rhodesian Defence Regiment and Counterinsurgency, 1973–80
Authors: Tsigo Evans B. , Ndawana Enock
Published: May 2019

This article examines the Rhodesian Defence Regiment’s role in the Rhodesian Security Forces’ counterinsurgency efforts against the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army and Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army guerrillas. It argues that the two guerrilla armies successfully used sabotage targeting installations of strategic and economic significance to Rhodesia. This compelled the Rhodesian regime to change its policy of restricting the conscription of Coloured and Asian minorities into the Rhodesian Security Forces to undertake combat duties beyond defensive roles. However, the Rhodesian Defence Regiment largely failed to serve its key duty of countering the guerrilla tactic of sabotage against all major installations and centres of strategic and economic importance. The article concludes that the failure was due to the many challenges the majority members, Coloureds and Asians, that constituted the Rhodesian Defence Regiment faced, including discrimination and mistrust. These challenges derailed the Rhodesian Defence Regiment operations and partly contributed to the overall end of the Ian Smith regime.
A new species of Eutropis (Squamata: Scincidae) from Sri Lanka
Authors: DAS INDRANEIL , DE SILVA ANSLEM , AUSTIN CHRISTOPHER C.
Published: May 2019

A new species of lygosomine scincid lizard of the genus Eutropis is described from the dry and intermediate zones of the lowlands (0–190 m asl) of Sri Lanka. Eutropis tammanna sp. nov. is compared with congeners from Sri Lanka and those from southern Peninsular India, and is diagnosable by molecular data and by the following combination of morphological characters: body size small, up to 52.3 mm; transparent window-like disk absent on lower eyelids; prefrontals in broad contact; a single pair of nuchals; postnasal absent; ear opening larger than adjacent scales; dorsal scales with 6–7 keels; midbody scale rows 28–29; paravertebral scale rows 37–40; ventral scales 41–48; lamellae under fourth toe 15– 16; dark labial bars present in both sexes, which are more distinct in males; dark postocular stripe absent; males brown on dorsum, with dark flanks speckled with cream; females similar to males, the pattern less contrasting, lacking paired series of black markings, pale vertebral stripes or dark longitudinal stripes on dorsum. In addition, the rostral, labials, and gular region of presumed breeding males are bright flame scarlet.
A new Petracola and re-description of P. ventrimaculatus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)
Authors: KIZIRIAN DAVID , Bayefsky-Anand SARAH , ERIKSSON APRIL , LE MINH , DONNELLY MAUREEN A.
Published: May 2019

We describe Petracola waka sp. nov. and re-describe the poorly known P. ventrimaculatus, both high-Andean gymnophthalmids from northern Peru. The new species is diagnosed by gracile habitus, smooth dorsal scales, an anterior superciliary that extends onto the dorsum, absence of loreal, three genials, 36–49 transverse dorsal scale rows, 23–28 transverse ventral scale rows, 0–7 femoral pores, absence of subocular-labial fusion, and a color pattern consisting of dark spots or fine lines or bands on a pale brown background. Petracola waka is known from the middle Río Marañon and CajamaraCajabamba basin (Río Crisnejos drainage) from small isolated syngamic systems at 2650–2900 m and is parapatrically distributed with respect to P. ventrimaculatus, which occurs at higher elevations.
A new species of Sciadicleithrum (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae), gill parasite of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from reservoirs in the State of Parana Brazil
Authors: BELLAY SYBELLE , TAKEMOTO RICARDO MASSATO , YAMADA FABIO HIDEKI , PAVANELLI GILBERTO CEZAR
Published: May 2019

Sciadicleithrum frequens n. sp. is described from the gills of the acará, Geophagus brasiliensis (Cichlidae), from nine reservoirs in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The new species differs from the others members of Sciadicleithrum in the following features: dorsal anchors more than twice as long as the ventral anchors and hook pair 5 reduced in size. Sciadicleithrum frequens n. sp. is similar to species of this parasite genus from South America by having the male copulatory organ comprising less than 2 rings, and to species of Sciadicleithrum from Central America and southeast Mexico by the presence of longitudinal lateral grooves on the shafts and points of the ventral and dorsal anchors. This new species is the first species of Sciadicleithrum in South America with longitudinal lateral grooves on shafts and point of the ventral and dorsal anchors. It is the first dactylogyrid described from G. brasiliensis, and it is the first species of Sciadicleithrum described from Southern Brazil.
New polychaete species collected during the expeditions ANDEEP I, II, and III to the deep Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summers 2002 and 2005 - Ampharetidae, Opheliidae, and Scalibregmatidae
Authors: SCHÜLLER MYRIAM
Published: May 2019

Seven new species of polychaetes are presented from the Southern Ocean deep sea. The ampharetid species Anobothrus pseudoampharete sp. nov. is the third species of its genus reported for the Southern Ocean, the same applies to the scalibregmatid species Pseudoscalibregma papilia sp. nov. Five new opheliid species are described — two belong to the genus Ophelina Örsted, 1843, namely O. ammotrypanella sp. nov. and O. robusta sp. nov. The remaining three species, Ammotrypanella cirrosa sp. nov., A. mcintoshi sp. nov., and A. princessa sp. nov., belong to the formerly monospecific genus Ammotrypanella McIntosh, 1879. Based on these new findings the genus is revised, its type species A. arctica McIntosh, 1879 is redescribed.
Deepwater crabs from seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats off eastern New Zealand (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)
Authors: AHYONG SHANE T.
Published: May 2019

Deepwater crabs from seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats off eastern New Zealand are reported. Of the 30 species reported, eight are new to science: Cymonomus clarki sp. nov. (Cymonomidae), Dicranodromia delli sp. nov. (Homolodromiidae), Ethusina castro sp. nov. and E. rowdeni sp. nov. (Dorippidae), Trichopeltarion janetae sp. nov. (Atelecyclidae), Mathildella mclayi (Mathildellidae), Neopilumnoplax nieli sp. nov. (Mathildellidae), and Garthambrus tani sp. nov. (Parthenopidae). The dorippids, parthenopids and mathidellids reported here are the first members of these families to be described from New Zealand. Three previously described species are recorded for the first time from New Zealand waters: Dicranodromia spinulata Guinot, 1995 (Homolodromiidae), Intesius richeri Crosnier & Ng, 2004 (Mathildellidae) and Miersiograpsus australiensis Türkay, 1978 (Plagusiidae). The majority of brachyurans from New Zealand seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats are ‘typical’ deepwater forms of which thirteen species are presently unique to New Zealand. At species level, 43% of the seamount and cold-seep brachyurans are apparent New Zealand endemics, with strongest affinities with the eastern Australian fauna (37%). At the generic level, however, congeners of most species reported herein occur widely in the Indo-West Pacific (including eastern Australia and New Caledonia), suggesting that the New Zealand seamount and cold-seep brachyuran fauna is an extension of the tropical Indo-West Pacific fauna. Thirty-three percent (10 of 30 species) of the known New Zealand seamount and cold-seep brachyurans have only been recently discovered indicating that species richness is probably strongly underestimated. A key to the Brachyura known from New Zealand seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats is given.
Systematics of New Guinea treefrogs (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) with erectile rostral spikes: an extended description of Litoria pronimia and a new species from the Foja Mountains
Authors: OLIVER PAUL M. , GÜNTHER RAINER , MUMPUNI MUMPUNI , RICHARDS STEPHEN J.
Published: May 2019

A small number of treefrog species (Litoria) from Melanesia are unusual amongst Anura in having distinctive fleshy rostral spikes. Here, we first present an extended description for Litoria pronimia Menzies, a small species that is widespread along the southern edge of the Central Cordillera of New Guinea, and in which males have a long and erectile rostral spike. Second, we describe Litoria pinocchio sp. nov. a new, morphologically similar, yet geographically disjunct species from the Foja Mountains in northern Papua Province, Indonesia. The new species differs from Litoria pronimia in aspects of body shape, proportions and colouration. A review of variation in the size, structure and degree of sexual dimorphism of the rostral spike across different species of Litoria suggests varying function including mate selection and camouflage.
Thermal Effects of the Surface Heat Flux on Cloud Systems over the Tibetan Plateau in Boreal Summer
Authors: Chen Jinghua , Wu Xiaoqing , Yin Yan , Lu Chunsong , Xiao Hui , Huang Qian , Deng Liping
Published: May 2019

The influence of surface heat fluxes on the generation and development of cloud and precipitation and its relative importance to the large-scale circulation patterns are investigated via cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during boreal summer. Over the lowland (e.g., along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River), the dynamical and thermal properties of the atmosphere take more responsibility than the surface heat fluxes for the triggering of heavy rainfall events. However, the surface thermal driving force is a necessary criterion for the triggering of heavy rainfall in the eastern and western TP (ETP and WTP). Strong surface heat fluxes can trigger shallow convections in the TP. Furthermore, moisture that is mainly transported from the southern tropical ocean has a greater influence on the heavy rainfall events of the WTP than those of the ETP. Cloud microphysical processes are substantially less active and heavy rainfall cannot be produced when surface heat fluxes are weakened by half in magnitude over the TP. In addition, surface heating effects are largely responsible for the high occurrence frequency of convection during the afternoon, and the cloud tops of convective systems show a positive relationship with the intensity of surface heat fluxes.
Downstream Propagation and Remote Dissipation of Internal Waves in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Zheng Kaiwen , Nikurashin Maxim
Published: May 2019

Recent microstructure observations in the Southern Ocean report enhanced internal gravity waves and turbulence in the frontal regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current extending a kilometer above rough bottom topography. Idealized numerical simulations and linear theory show that geostrophic flows impinging on rough small-scale topography are very effective generators of internal waves and estimate vigorous wave radiation, breaking, and turbulence within a kilometer above bottom. However, both idealized simulations and linear theory assume periodic and spatially uniform topography and tend to overestimate the observed levels of turbulent energy dissipation locally at the generation sites. In this study, we explore the downstream evolution and remote dissipation of internal waves generated by geostrophic flows using a series of numerical, realistic topography simulations and parameters typical of Drake Passage. The results show that significant levels of internal wave kinetic energy and energy dissipation are present downstream of the rough topography, internal wave generation site. About 30%–40% of the energy dissipation occurs locally over the rough topography region, where internal waves are generated. The rest of the energy dissipation takes place remotely and decays downstream of the generation site with ane-folding length scale of up to 20–30 km. The model we use is two-dimensional with enhanced viscosity coefficients, and hence it can result in the underestimation of the remote wave dissipation and its decay length scale. The implications of our results for turbulent energy dissipation observations and mixing parameterizations are discussed.
Comparison of Eight Detection Algorithms for the Quantification and Characterization of Mesoscale Eddies in the South China Sea
Authors: Lian Zhan , Sun Baonan , Wei Zexun , Wang Yonggang , Wang Xinyi
Published: May 2019

Numerous oceanic mesoscale eddies occur in the South China Sea (SCS). The present study employs eight automatic eddy detection algorithms to identify these mesoscale eddies and compares the results. Eddy probabilities and areas detected by various algorithms differ substantially. Most regions of the SCS with a high discrepancy of eddy probabilities are those with few mesoscale eddies, except for the area west of the Luzon Strait, the area west of Luzon Island between 12° and 17°N, and the southernmost end of the SCS basin. They are primarily caused by strong interference, noncircular eddy shapes, and gentle sea level anomaly (SLA) gradients, respectively. The SLA, winding angle, and hybrid methods can easily detect the mesoscale eddies with wavelike features. The Okubo–Weiss (OW) and the spatially smoothed OW methods better identify grouping phenomena of mesoscale eddies in the SCS. Suggestions are presented on choosing suitable algorithms for studying mesoscale eddies in the SCS. No single algorithm is perfect for all research purposes. For different studies, the most suitable algorithm is different.
The Authoritarian Wager: Political Action and the Sudden Collapse of Repression
Authors: Slantchev Branislav L. , Matush Kelly S.
Published: May 2019

Authoritarian rulers tend to prevent political action, but sometimes allow it even if it leads to social conflict. The collapse of preventive repression is especially puzzling when rulers have reliable security forces capable of preventing protests. We develop a game-theoretic model that explores the incentives of authoritarians to repress or permit political contestation. We show that rulers with the capacity to fully repress political action create despotic regimes, but rulers with more moderate capacity might opt to allow open contestation. The status quo bias that favors regime supporters weakens their incentive to defend it. Rulers take the authoritarian wager by abandoning preventive repression and allowing opposition that threatens the status quo. The resulting risk gives incentives to the supporters to defend the regime, increasing the rulers’ chances of political survival. Even moderate changes in the structural capacity to repress might result in drastic policy reversals involving repression.
Can the Use of Turn-Assist Surfaces Reduce the Physical Burden on Caregivers When Performing Patient Turning?
Authors: Budarick Aleksandra R. , Lad Uma , Fischer Steven L.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To quantify differences in physical workload afforded by turn-assist surfaces relative to manual patient turns, and between nursing caregivers (turn-away vs. turn-toward) while performing partnered patient turning.

Background:

Nurse caregivers experience an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries at the back or shoulders when performing patient-handling activities. Use of turn-assist surfaces can reduce the physical burden and risk on caregivers.

Method:

Whole-body motion capture and hand force measures were collected from 25 caregivers (17 female) while performing partnered manual and technology-facilitated turns. Shoulder and low back angles and L4/L5 joint contact forces were calculated at the instant of peak hand force application for both caregivers.

Results:

Hand force requirements for the turn-away caregiver were 93% of the estimated maximum acceptable force when performing a manual turn. Use of a turn-assist surface eliminated hand forces required to initiate the patient turn for the turn-away caregiver, where their role was reduced to inserting appropriate wedging behind the patient once the facilitated turn was complete. This reduced shoulder moments by 21.3 Nm for the turn-away caregiver, a reduction in exposure from 70% of maximum shoulder strength capacity to 15%. Spine compression exposures were reduced by 302.1 N for the turn-toward caregiver when using a turn-assist surface.

Conclusion:

Use of a turn-assist surface reduced peak hand force and shoulder-related exposures for turning away and reduced spine-related exposures for turning toward.

Application:

Turn-assist devices should be recommended to decrease the risk of musculoskeletal disorder hazards for both caregivers when performing a partnered patient turn.
Flexure and pressure-loading effects on the performance of structure–battery composite beams
Authors: Thomas James P , Pogue William R , Pham Giang T , Qidwai Siddiq M
Published: May 2019

The effects of sustained three-point bend loading and hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical and energy-storage performance of three structure–battery beam prototypes were experimentally investigated. The SB beams, designed for unmanned underwater vehicle applications, were fabricated using marine-grade structural composite constituents and commercial rechargeable lithium-ion “pouch” cells. Low-temperature cure materials and multistep processing were used in fabrication to avoid exposing the cells to temperatures above 60℃. The results showed load relaxation (up to 6–18%) under constant displacement three-point bending within the elastic regime due to viscoelastic shear in adhesive bond layers between components and lamina. Concurrent cell charge–discharge during sustained load bending had a small effect on the load (∼1% change or less). Energy storage capacity under hydrostatic pressures up to 2 MPa, equivalent to 200 m ocean depth, showed a 6–8% decrease in capacity. The results highlighted the need for some design changes to improve structure–battery component performance including: exclusive use of high-temperature cure resins (epoxy or vinyl ester) to improve structural performance and enable single-step fabrication, and transverse (fiber) reinforcement to strengthen the interlayer bonds and embedded cell pockets to minimize load relaxation effects and maximize component bending strength.
Territorial Contenders in World Politics
Authors: Lemke Douglas , Crabtree Charles
Published: May 2019

Territorial contenders are political entities that control territory but differ from sovereign states in that they lack diplomatic recognition as legal members of the international system. One consequence of this difference is that international relations data sets have historically excluded information about them. And yet, as evidenced by the Islamic State’s impact on politics in the Middle East and beyond, territorial contenders are important actors in the international system. In this article, we introduce a new data set of territorial contenders, compare territorial contenders to other categories of territorial nonstate actors, explore how the presence of territorial contenders affects the probabilities of civil war and state failure, illustrate the conditions under which territorial contenders are more likely to emerge, and discuss a series of studies now possible given the existence of this new data set.
Volunteer Veterans and Entangled Cultures of Victory in Interwar Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
Authors: Newman John Paul
Published: May 2019

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were two successor states of the Austro-Hungarian empire at great pains in the interwar period to portray themselves, both domestically and internationally, as ‘victor states’ of the First World War, even though both states inherited societies that were deeply fractured by the experience of war. The symbol of the pro-Entente war volunteer was an important part of both states’ interwar cultures of victory. Such volunteers represented just a fraction of war veterans in both countries, but they were given great prominence in their respective state-forming cultures. This article is a study of the origins and the nature of this important entanglement. It begins by defining the problematic nature of the ‘culture of victory’ in the region, before going on to explore the common origins of the volunteer movements in the wartime pro-Entente émigré groups. It then moves on to a discussion of consequences of the privileging of volunteer veterans in the institutional, political, and commemorative cultures of the two states.
Emotional Aperture Across East and West: How Culture Shapes the Perception of Collective Affect
Authors: Yang Ying , Hong Ying-yi , Sanchez-Burks Jeffrey
Published: May 2019

Quickly and accurately recognizing emotional cues in a collective, referred to as emotional aperture, has been posited to be important for navigating social contexts. This ability, therefore, may be particularly strong among those who live within culturally situated collectivist contexts. In this research, we examined evidence for this variability in recognizing collective emotions across cultures by comparing Chinese and Americans’ performance on an emotional aperture task. We found that Chinese were indeed more accurate in recognizing collective emotions as compared with Americans. This was mediated by cultural variability in global (vs. local) processing. We discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of culture and collective emotion perception.
How May Placebo Mechanisms Influence Orofacial Neuropathic Pain?
Authors: Vase L. , Baad-Hansen L. , Pigg M.
Published: May 2019

The conceptualization of placebo has changed from inactive pills to a detailed understanding of how patients’ perception of receiving a treatment influences pain processing and overall treatment outcome. Large placebo effects were recently demonstrated in chronic neuropathic pain, thereby opening the question of whether placebo effects also apply to orofacial neuropathic pain. In this article, we review the new definitions, magnitude, and social, psychological, neurobiologic, and genetic mechanisms of placebo effects in pain, especially neuropathic pain, to illustrate that placebo effects are not simply response bias but psychoneurobiological phenomena that can be measured at many levels of the neuroaxis. We use this knowledge to carefully illustrate how patients’ perceptions of the treatment, the relationship with the health care provider, and the expectations and emotions toward a treatment can influence test and treatment outcome and potentially skew the results if they are not taken into consideration. Orofacial neuropathic pain is a new research area, and we review the status on definition, diagnosis, mechanisms, and pharmacologic treatment of neuropathic pain after trigeminal nerve injury, as this condition may be especially influenced by placebo factors. Finally, we have a detailed discussion of how knowledge of placebo mechanisms may help improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of orofacial neuropathic pain, and we illustrate pitfalls and opportunities of applying this knowledge to the test of dental treatments.
Introducing the Historical Varieties of Democracy dataset: Political institutions in the long 19th century
Authors: Knutsen Carl Henrik , Teorell Jan , Wig Tore , Cornell Agnes , Gerring John , Gjerløw Haakon , Skaaning Svend-Erik , Ziblatt Daniel , Marquardt Kyle L , Pemstein Daniel , Seim Brigitte
Published: May 2019

The Historical Varieties of Democracy dataset (Historical V-Dem) contains about 260 indicators, both factual and evaluative, describing various aspects of political regimes and state institutions. The dataset covers 91 polities globally – including most large, sovereign states, as well as some semi-sovereign entities and large colonies – from 1789 to 1920 for many cases. The majority of the indicators come from the Varieties of Democracy dataset, which covers 1900 to the present – together these two datasets cover the bulk of ‘modern history’. Historical V-Dem also includes several new indicators, covering features that are pertinent for 19th-century polities. We describe the data, coding process, and different strategies employed in Historical V-Dem to cope with issues of reliability and validity and ensure intertemporal and cross-country comparability. To illustrate the potential uses of the dataset we describe patterns of democratization in the ‘long 19th century’. Finally, we investigate how interstate war relates to subsequent democratization.
Another Piece of the Puzzle: The Importance of Officer Characteristics and Group Processes in Understanding Post-stop Outcomes
Authors: Tillyer Rob , Smith Michael , Lloyd Caleb D.
Published: May 2019

Objectives:

Investigate the potential relationship between officer characteristics and poststop outcomes during police–citizen encounters.

Methods:

Data on police-initiated contacts were drawn from a large, racially/ethnically mixed urban environment. Cross-classified, multilevel models were estimated to identify correlates of five poststop outcomes.

Results:

Officer gender, race/ethnicity, and length of service exerted a direct and/or moderating effect on the likelihood of a traffic citation, criminal citation, and a search.

Conclusions:

Officer characteristics are a key, yet understudied, component to understanding the complexities of police officer decision-making in police–citizen encounters. The results indicate a noticeable component of the variation in poststop outcomes rests at the officer level thereby substantiating the continued exploration of these relationships. Moreover, the moderating effect of officer characteristics on the relationship between minority citizens and poststop outcomes presents new potential directions for expanding the social conditioning model and offers evidence regarding the in-group versus out-group perspectives within the context of police–citizen interactions. Limitations include omitted variable bias and inexact measurement of some variables.
Analysis of body proportions of Croatian basketball players and the untrained population and their influence on garment fit
Authors: Brlobašić Šajatović Blaženka , Petrak Slavenka , Naglić Maja Mahnić
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to determine differences in body proportions and measurements of basketball players and an untrained group of the general population, as well as the impact of physical differences on garment fit through the Croatian sizing system for labeling men's clothing based on the European standard EN 13402. It was hypothesized that clothes made according to the system for labeling men's clothing are not appropriate for the population of basketball players. Differences in morphological properties of the basketball players, as a result of many years of active sport playing, were found both by conventional anthropometric measurement method and three-dimensional (3D) body scanning. Anthropometric measurements were taken for the needs of the clothing industry according to ISO 3635, ISO 8559 and ISO 20685. The study was conducted on a sample of 189 male test subjects, aged between 15 and 25 years, who are professional basketball players and sample of a 189 test subjects for the untrained group of the general population of the same age. Statistical data results included factor and discriminate analysis. Differences in the body measurements of basketball players and the untrained group of the general population were analyzed through an independent samples t-test.

Considering that differences in the upper body part have a large impact on garment fit, compared to the average body measurements, that is, the existing clothing sizing system, a proposal for the amendment of the sizing system for basketball players, with average body measurements by size, was made. In addition, for the purposes of the study, 20 anthropometric variables related to the upper body part and required for the clothing construction were analyzed. In order to test the garment fit, two men's shirt prototypes of the same garment size, one based on the existing sizing systems and one based on the proposed amendment for basketball players, were developed using a two-dimensional/3D computer-aided design system. Computer simulations performed on the average basketball player body model showed the unsuitable fit of a men's shirt constructed according to the existing sizing system and the satisfying fit of a men's shirt constructed according to measurements of the proposed amendment for basketball players, confirming the possible application of the conducted research results and the proposed sizing amendment.
Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing
Authors: Das Diganta , Skelton Tracey
Published: May 2019

The city of Hyderabad plays a significant role in urban transition processes at play in India. Cyberabad, a section of the city of Hyderabad, developed through the rapid urbanisation of rural villages and land, becoming a high-tech, state of the art, globally connected enclave. On weekday mornings in the neighbourhood of Madhapur, smartly dressed HITEC City workers, with ID tags, emerge from hostel accommodation and walk alongside large, black buffalo being herded into rundown dairies. This paradoxical use of space is replicated in the urban fabric of Cyberabad and surrounding Madhapur. Cheek-by-jowl urbanisation has created two very different types of urban locale: Cyberabad – air-conditioned, gardened, watered – a space of hydration and flourishing; and Madhapur – hot, dusty and desiccated – a space of dryness and water struggles. This paper explores whether aspects of urban flourishing and resilience are possible in the newly formed Telangana state and its capital, Hyderabad, through an examination of the past, present and future of the city’s water.
Urban resilience through progressive governance: The case of the ‘One Less Nuclear Power Plant’ policy, Seoul, Korea
Authors: Cho Myung-Rae
Published: May 2019

This article aims to examine how a metropolis like Seoul could be resilient to imminent environmental crisis in the era of climate change. To do so, it conducts a case review of the ‘One Less Nuclear Power Plant’ (OLNPP) policy adopted under the progressive leadership of Mayor Park Won-soon (2011–). The policy was launched in April 2012, with a target of cutting energy use by 2 million tons of oil equivalent (TOE), which is equivalent to the capacity of one nuclear power plant. The target was accomplished in June 2014, six months ahead of schedule. The second phase of OLNPP has been in progress since August 2014 (and is due to complete in 2020). Focusing on its first phase (2012–2014), the article looks into the OLNPP as an experiment for the city’s transition to a resilient energy regime. Following the Introduction, the article reviews the conceptual relationships between risk, resilience and governance in an urban context. This is followed by examination of the background of the OLNPP policy, which was adopted by a progressive leader, and of how the OLNPP as an energy transition project is formulated as geared to enhancing resilience in the city’s energy regime. The next section addresses the progressive mode of governing the implementation of the OLNPP, which leads to resilient energy life, giving rise to a progressive form of city. The conclusion characterises the relationship between the progressivity and resiliency of a new energy system by locating it in a framework of conceptualising a progressive city, while outlining the future of the OLNPP.
Formal versus Bounded Norms in the Psychology of Rationality: Toward a Multilevel Analysis of Their Relationship
Authors: Sturm Thomas
Published: May 2019

It is often claimed that formal and optimizing norms of the standard conception of rationality and the heuristics of the bounded rationality approach are at odds with one another. This claim, I argue, is an overly complex one. In order to discuss it adequately, I introduce two sets of distinctions: (a) a system of different kinds of relations between conceptions of rationality, namely relations of elimination, compatibility, and complementarity, and (b) three different levels of possible relations between rules of different theories of rationality—the levels of empirical explanation, normative justification, and normative prescription. I argue that formal and bounded rules are compatible and complementary at the levels of explanation and justification, but probably not so at the level of prescription.
Listeria meningitis in an immunocompetent child
Authors: Gulla Krishna Mohan , Gupta Dhiren , Sachdev Anil
Published: May 2019

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, motile bacillus widely spread in the environment. However, clinical infection in humans is uncommon. The route of infection is often through ingestion of raw vegetables, meat and unpasteurised dairy products. Listeria is an uncommon cause of meningitis in immunocompetent individuals, but it should be considered strongly in neonates and the elderly, and it should also be considered in those with impaired cell-mediated immunity. 1 , 2 Only a few case reports of invasive listeriosis in humans have been reported from India. 3 – 8 In our case, a 13-year-old previously healthy boy was thus diagnosed.
Longus Capitis Reconstruction of the Soft Palate
Authors: Gross Jennifer H. , Zenga Joseph , Sharon Jeffrey D. , Jackson Ryan S. , Pipkorn Patrik
Published: May 2019

Soft palate (SP) reconstruction remains a challenge for the head and neck reconstructive surgeon. One favorable local flap option is the longus capitis muscle (LCM), a deep neck flexor with redundant muscle function, appropriate bulk, and a relatively straightforward surgical harvest. A retrospective review of 3 patients with T2 to T4 tonsil squamous cell carcinoma requiring SP resection and LCM reconstruction at a single institution was performed. Three patients underwent primary transoral resection, all resulting in at least 50% full‐thickness SP defects. Reconstruction comprised a superiorly based LCM local flap. Patients underwent adjuvant (chemo)radiation therapy as indicated. Within 3 to 8 months, each patient was tolerating a full oral diet with no dysphagia, nasal regurgitation, or velopharyngeal insufficiency. For select patients with SP defects, a superiorly based LCM flap may provide a functionally acceptable reconstruction with minimal donor site morbidity.
Essential Alternatives to Contemporary Missionary Training: For the Sake of Vulnerability to the Majority World (Africa)
Authors: Harries Jim
Published: May 2019

When the only advice on offer is unhelpful, a potential missionary might need to be advised to seek an alternative. Jesus, we take it, was not building a worldly empire (John 18:36). Christian mission has become associated with colonialism. Dominant advice often pushes Western missionaries to positions of strength. In order to be vulnerable, one needs an alternative to such advice. Economic domination of Africa by the West makes it hard to know when Africa’s people, long engrossed in patron/client relationships, are not talking for power. Use of English to describe Africa leads to massive false imputing of Western histories onto African societies. A little linguistic wisdom exposes the naivety of many contemporary understandings of the acumen of translation.
The effect of antidementia drugs on mortality in patients with Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Lin Wei-Hao , Lin Ching-Herng , Hou Po-Hsun , Lan Tsuo-Hung
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a higher mortality rate after the diagnosis. We hypothesized that patients with Alzheimer’s disease who received antidementia drugs may have a lower mortality rate than those without such treatment.

Methods:

Patients with newly diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease aged ⩾65 years during 2001–2006 were identified in the National Health Institute Research Database, Taiwan. We included patients with Alzheimer’s disease who received antidementia drugs as the exposure group (ADD group), and compared them with a non-exposure group who did not receive any antidementia drugs (non-ADD group) matched for age at the index date, gender and Charlson Comorbidity Index score before the index date. All-cause mortality rates and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores at one and two years after the index date were compared between the ADD and non-ADD groups.

Results:

There were 529 patients in non-ADD group and 529 in the ADD group. The mortality rate was significantly lower in the ADD group compared with the non-ADD group (42% versus 58.6%; p<0.0001).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that antidementia drugs may have a protective effect against mortality in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Clinical and imaging assessment and treatment of hallux valgus
Authors: Heineman Nathan , Liu George , Pacicco Thomas , Dessouky Riham , Wukich Dane K , Chhabra Avneesh
Published: May 2019

Hallux valgus is a common condition estimated to affect as many as 23% of adults. The condition is associated with a variety of debilitating symptoms leading to significant morbidity and quality of life issues. Proper evaluation of this deformity and the timely management of its symptoms can improve hallux valgus-related symptomatology and quality of life. The most commonly used and readily reproduced measurements for assessing hallux valgus are the inter-metatarsal angle and the hallux valgus angle. These angles are helpful for choosing and planning surgical intervention for patients who fail initial conservative measures with distal osteotomies reserved for mild or moderate hallux valgus and proximal osteotomies indicated for more moderate to severe deformities. After reading this review article, readers will gain knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of hallux valgus, measurement parameters, and treatment strategies with representative case examples.
National-Level Safety Evaluation of Diverging Diamond Interchanges
Authors: Nye Timothy S. , Cunningham Christopher M. , Byrom Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

A national-level safety evaluation of Diverging Diamond Interchanges (DDIs) in the United States was completed. This study aimed to update previous evaluations and to expand the treatment group size of previous studies to provide a more robust and reliable safety assessment of DDI deployments. For this particular treatment, it was determined that, of the observational before-and-after evaluation methodologies, the comparison group approach yields the best evaluation results. The naïve method can be influenced by outside factors that cannot be accounted for (weather, crash reporting tendencies, etc.). The empirical Bayes method is unnecessary as DDIs are installed for operational benefits, meaning that risk of selection bias and regression-to-the-mean is minimal. This study recommends a total crashes crash modification factor (CMF) of 0.633 based on the comparison group analysis of 26 DDIs in 11 states. The comparison group method was also applied to a variety of crash variables for this study. Angle, rear-end, and sideswipe crashes were found to have CMFs of 0.441, 0.549, and 1.139, respectively. Fatal-and-injury crashes provided a CMF of 0.461. Daytime and nighttime crashes provided CMFs of 0.648 and 0.638, respectively.
David Roberts: Images of aesthetic modernity
Authors: Rundell John
Published: May 2019

David Roberts has always had a keen, sharp and even mischievous eye for paradox, for pointing to what used to be termed in Hegelianese, ‘contradictions’ or ‘dialectics’ of modern society and its forms. Roberts’ keen eye has focused on the paradoxes (rather than negative dialectics) of aesthetic modernity and the forms that these paradoxes have taken within the historical time consciousness and self-understanding of modernity. This paper will suggest – although only sketchily and in outline – that Roberts’ keen eye notices and reconstructs three paradoxical models or forms of aesthetic modernity: 1. The total work of art of aesthetic modernism; 2. the contemporary postmodern plurality of the present which is captured as musealization; 3. interpretation, play and humour as the open acceptance of the contingency and paradoxes of the present.
Reducing Obesity by Taxing Soft Drinks: Tax Salience and Firms’ Strategic Responses
Authors: Zheng Hualu , Huang Lu , Ross William
Published: May 2019

In the fight against obesity, governments have pursued various policies to increase soda prices in the hope of discouraging consumption. Previous studies examining the efficacy of taxing sodas have generalized sales taxes to other taxes and assumed that imposing a tax is as salient as imposing a direct price hike. In this research, the authors recognize that most consumers do not pay much attention to how taxes differ in application. Thus, the authors disassociate the effects of sales taxes from the effects of direct price increases on soda demand, estimate pass-through rates of excise taxes in the soda market, and compare the efficacy of the two types of tax at three tax levels. They find that, for all three tax levels, imposing an excise tax on sodas drives much steeper declines in overall demand than a sales tax does. The findings suggest that failing to distinguish between tax types leads to a biased estimation of the effect of taxes on soda consumption. This research provides important implications to help policy makers adopt the most applicable tax instrument to battle obesity.
How Much Does Attendance Impact Weight Loss and Health Care Spending in a Diabetes Prevention Program Serving Older Adults?
Authors: Alva Maria L.
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

Measure attendance to the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) of the USA (Y-USA) diabetes prevention program (DPP) and show how attendance impacts weight loss and medical spending in a population of Medicare beneficiaries.

Design:

Observational study using a pre- and post-specification.

Setting:

A total of 17 participating YMCAs nationwide.

Participants:

3317 Medicare beneficiaries with prediabetes.

Intervention:

Community-based trainings of lifestyle intervention (National DPP).

Measures:

We used weight measurements from the Y-USA DPP participants, and Medicare fee-for-service part A and B claims data (January 2011–December 2016) from Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse.

Analysis:

We used multivariate regression models to test the impact of class attendance on weight loss and Medicare expenditures.

Results:

From a maximum of 24 classes, participants on average attended 14 (standard deviation: 6). The relationship between attendance and both weight loss and savings were approximately linear. During each weekly class, participants lost an average of 0.72 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.77) pounds and saved on average $58 (CI: $38-78) in medical expenses per class attended.

Conclusions:

Attendance to diabetes prevention programs is often challenging. To obtain both clinically relevant changes (weight loss greater than 5% of one’s initial body weight) and economically relevant savings, completing at least 14 core sessions is essential. Steps to increase attendance and motivation across vulnerable groups may be an essential consideration for policymakers.