bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties and Roles of γδT Cells in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM Infected C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Xie Hongyan , Xie Shihao , Wang Mei , Wei Haixia , Huang He , Xie Anqi , Li Jiajie , Fang Chao , Shi Feihu , Yang Quan , Qi Yanwei , Yin Zhinan , Wang Xinhua , Huang Jun
Published: January 2022

Background

Many kinds of immune cells are involved in malaria infection. γδT cells represent a special type of immune cell between natural and adaptive immune cells that play critical roles in anti-parasite infection.

Methods

In this study, malaria infection model was constructed. Distribution of γδT cells in various immune organs and dynamic changes of γδT cells in the spleens of C57BL/6 mice after infection were detected by flow cytometry. And activation status of γδT cells was detected by flow cytometry. Then γδT cells in naive and infected mice were sorted and performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Finally, γδTCR KO mice model was constructed and the effect of γδT cell depletion on mouse T and B cell immunity against Plasmodium infection was explored.

Results

Here, splenic γδT cells were found to increase significantly on day 14 after Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM infection in C57BL/6 mice. Higher level of CD69, ICOS and PD-1, lower level of CD62L, and decreased IFN-γ producing after stimulation by PMA and ionomycin were found in γδT cells from infected mice, compared with naive mice. Moreover, 11 clusters were identified in γδT cells by scRNA-seq based t-SNE analysis. Cluster 4, 5, and 7 in γδT cells from infected mice were found the expression of numerous genes involved in immune response. In the same time, the GO enrichment analysis revealed that the marker genes in the infection group were involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pathway enrichment analysis identified the marker genes in the infected group shared many key signalling molecules with other cells or against pathogen infection. Furthermore, increased parasitaemia, decreased numbers of RBC and PLT, and increased numbers of WBC were found in the peripheral blood from γδTCR KO mice. Finally, lower IFN-γ and CD69 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, lower B cell percentage and numbers, and less CD69 expressing B cells were found in the spleen from γδTCR KO infected mice, and lower levels of IgG and IgM antibodies in the serum were also observed than WT mice.

Conclusions

Overall, this study demonstrates the diversity of γδT cells in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM infected C57BL/6 mice at both the protein and RNA levels, and suggests that the expansion of γδT cells in cluster 4, 5 and 7 could promote both cellular and humoral immune responses.
Identification of a New Pathogenicity Island Within the Large pAH187_270 Plasmid Involved in Bacillus cereus Virulence
Authors: Dervyn Rozenn , Kavanaugh Devon W. , Cormontagne Delphine , Glasset Benjamin , Ramarao Nalini
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Bacillus cereus is responsible for food poisoning and rare but severe clinical infections. The pathogenicity of B. cereus strains varies from harmless to lethal strains. The objective of this study was to characterize three B. cereus isolates isolated from the same patient and identify their virulence potentials.

Methods

Three isolates of B. cereus were isolated from various blood samples from a patient who developed sepsis following a central venous catheter infection. The three isolates were compared by WGS, genotyping and SNP analysis. Furthermore, the isolates were compared by phenotypical analysis including bacterial growth, morphology, germination efficacy, toxin production, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence in an insect model of infection.

Results

According to WGS and genotyping, the 3 isolates were shown to be identical strains. However, the last recovered strain had lost the mega pAH187_270 plasmid. This last strain showed different phenotypes compared to the first isolated strain, such as germination delay, different antibiotic susceptibility and a decreased virulence capacity towards insects. A 50- kbp region of pAH187_270 plasmid was involved in the virulence potential and could thus be defined as a new pathogenicity island of B. cereus.

Conclusions

These new findings help in the understanding of B. cereus pathogenic potential and complexity and provide further hints into the role of large plasmids in the virulence of B. cereus strains. This may provide tools for a better assessment of the risks associated with B. cereus hospital contamination to improve hygiene procedure and patient health.
Role of Fasciola hepatica Small RNAs in the Interaction With the Mammalian Host
Authors: Fontenla Santiago , Langleib Mauricio , de la Torre-Escudero Eduardo , Domínguez Maria Fernanda , Robinson Mark W. , Tort José
Published: January 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression being involved in many different biological processes and play a key role in developmental timing. Additionally, recent studies have shown that miRNAs released from parasites are capable of regulating the expression of host genes. In the present work, we studied the expression patterns of ncRNAs of various intra-mammalian life-cycle stages of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, as well as those packaged into extracellular vesicles and shed by the adult fluke. The miRNA expression profile of the intra-mammalian stages shows important variations, despite a set of predominant miRNAs that are highly expressed across all stages. No substantial variations in miRNA expression between dormant and activated metacercariae were detected, suggesting that they might not be central players in regulating fluke gene expression during this crucial step in the invasion of the definitive host. We generated a curated pipeline for the prediction of putative target genes that reports only sites conserved between three different prediction approaches. This pipeline was tested against an iso-seq curated database of the 3’ UTR regions of F. hepatica genes to detect miRNA regulation networks within liver fluke. Several functions related to the host immune response or modulation were enriched among the targets of the most highly expressed parasite miRNAs, stressing that they might be key players during the establishment and maintenance of infection. Additionally, we detected fragments derived from the processing of tRNAs, in all developmental stages analyzed, and documented the presence of novel long tRNA fragments enriched in vesicles. We confirmed the presence of at least 5 putative vault RNAs (vtRNAs), that are expressed across different stages and enriched in vesicles. The presence of tRNA fragments and vtRNAs in vesicles raise the possibility that they could be involved in the host-parasite interaction.
Case Report: Experience and Lesson From Postpartum Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Wang Yumei , Tian Di , Yang Liu , Zhang Qian , Qin Guangyao , Liu Xinghui
Published: January 2022

With rapid progression and extremely high mortality brought by the ruptured aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm is one of the most dangerous diseases in the field of vascular surgery. The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in pregnant women is low. Because of the insidious nature of the disease, it is not easily recognized and can be easily misdiagnosed by obstetricians, which can lead to serious adverse outcomes. In this study, we aim to draw attention to this disease and raise awareness among obstetricians about this disease in pregnant women by retrospectively analyzing a rescue case of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm after delivery. By reporting the experience and lessons learned from this case, we aim to improve preoperative diagnosis and treatment rates, reduce missed diagnosis, and improve the prognostic outcome of patients.
The Added Value of Patient Engagement in Early Dialogue at EMA: Scientific Advice as a Case Study
Authors: Murphy Aisling , Bere Nathalie , Vamvakas Spiros , Mavris Maria
Published: January 2022

The European Medicines Agency provides Scientific Advice to medicines developers and patient input has been an integral part of this process for many years. As end users of medicines, patients bring their perspectives to many different processes along EMA's regulatory pathway, complementing the scientific expertise. While the value of including patients has been well-demonstrated over the years, requests for evidence of their impact continue. Using Scientific Advice as a case study, data was collected over a four-year period to assess the number of patients involved, where they contributed, as well as the impact and added value of their input. In this paper, we show that patients' contributions have a tangible impact on the recommendations provided to developers and in over half of the cases, this led to further discussion on relevant patient perspectives. These data provide quantitative evidence of the value of patient input in medicines development and supports EMA's continued inclusion of their voice throughout the medicine's lifecycle.
Challenges on Diagnoses and Assessments Related to Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brazil: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sukiennik Ricardo , Marchezan Josemar , Scornavacca Francisco
Published: January 2022

Being a continental country, with over 210 million citizens, Brazil is similar to all of those who are part of the LAMIC (Low and middle income countries). It shows a big concentration of wealth, mainly in its south and southeast regions, as well as areas with immense poverty. In that sense, the health system also faces a huge amount of contrast. Inside University hospitals and facilities there are sophisticated tools and trained doctors prepared to assist in any kind of medical subject, including autism. But, unfortunately, at other times, the access to a good health system is made much harder. This results in many issues in the medical community, e.g., looking at the data regarding autism, there is a high average of the age of diagnosis. Another issue is the low number of professionals trained in ASD diagnosis and the few tools translated to Portuguese.
Case Report: Multisystem Autoimmune and Overlapping GAD65-Antibody-Associated Neurological Disorders With Beneficial Effect of Epilepsy Surgery and Rituximab Treatment
Authors: Dimova Petia , Minkin Krassimir
Published: January 2022

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies are associated with disabling conditions such as stiff person syndrome, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), limbic encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia (CA), and ocular movement disorders, which are usually chronic and difficult to treat. GAD-related TLE has poor response to anti-seizure medications and immune therapies, and epilepsy surgery is rarely successful. We report on a 47-year-old female with history of migraine, autoimmune thyroid disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and drug-resistant TLE. A video electroencephalography recorded frequent seizures with temporo-insular semiology, correlating to left temporal epileptiform activity and left mesiotemporal hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging. GAD autoimmunity was confirmed by very high GAD antibody titers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Steroids, immunoglobulins, and cyclophosphamide had no effect, and selective left amygdalectomy was performed based on very restricted hypermetabolism on positron-emission tomography. After transient seizure freedom, significant epilepsy improvement was observed in spite of memory decline. Transient worsening was noted 1 year later during diabetes mellitus manifestation and 5 years later during presentation of progressive CA, which stabilized on rituximab treatment. We believe this case illustrates the diversity and the frequent overlap of GAD-associated disorders, the need of early and aggressive immunotherapy in severe patients, as well as the possible benefit from epilepsy surgery in some GAD-TLE.
A Robust Metabolic Enzyme-Based Prognostic Signature for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mai Zizhao , Chen Huan , Huang Mingshu , Zhao Xinyuan , Cui Li
Published: January 2022

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is still a menace to public wellbeing globally. However, the underlying molecular events influencing the carcinogenesis and prognosis of HNSCC are poorly known.

Methods

Gene expression profiles of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC dataset and GSE37991 were downloaded from the TCGA database and gene expression omnibus, respectively. The common differentially expressed metabolic enzymes (DEMEs) between HNSCC tissues and normal controls were screened out. Then a DEME-based molecular signature and a clinically practical nomogram model were constructed and validated.

Results

A total of 23 commonly upregulated and 9 commonly downregulated DEMEs were identified in TCGA HNSCC and GSE37991. Gene ontology analyses of the common DEMEs revealed that alpha-amino acid metabolic process, glycosyl compound metabolic process, and cellular amino acid metabolic process were enriched. Based on the TCGA HNSCC cohort, we have built up a robust DEME-based prognostic signature including HPRT1, PLOD2, ASNS, TXNRD1, CYP27B1, and FUT6 for predicting the clinical outcome of HNSCC. Furthermore, this prognosis signature was successfully validated in another independent cohort GSE65858. Moreover, a potent prognostic signature-based nomogram model was constructed to provide personalized therapeutic guidance for treating HNSCC. In vitro experiment revealed that the knockdown of TXNRD1 suppressed malignant activities of HNSCC cells.

Conclusion

Our study has successfully developed a robust DEME-based signature for predicting the prognosis of HNSCC. Moreover, the nomogram model might provide useful guidance for the precision treatment of HNSCC.
Organic Liquid Fertilizer Coupled With Single Application of Chemical Fertilization Improves Growth, Biomass, and Yield Components of Cotton Under Mulch Drip Irrigation
Authors: Shi Xiao-juan , Hao Xian-zhe , Li Nan-nan , Li Jun-hong , Shi Feng , Han Huan-yong , Tian Yu , Chen Yun , Wang Jun , Luo Hong-hai
Published: January 2022

Excessive fertilization, low nutrient utilization rate, and continuous deterioration of cotton field environment have adversely affected the sustainable development of cotton in Xinjiang province of China. To overcome these issues, we hypothesized that an appropriate combination of liquid organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (CF) would effectively reduce the input of CF without sacrificing the quality and yield of cotton. A 2-year field experiment explores the effects of three fertilization treatments on the growth, biomass accumulation, and yield of cotton. The three fertilization treatments, namely, no application of fertilizer (CK), the single application of CF, and the combined application of organic liquid fertilizer and CF (F0.6–F1.4), were set up in five ratios. Compared with CF treatment, the combined application of organic liquid fertilizer and CF treatments (F0.6–F1.2) speeded the growth period of cotton by 2–7 days with increased plant height, stem diameter, functional leaf width, and more number of branches, with 9.7–23.5 and 8.4–28.5% higher total plant biomass (TPB) and reproductive organs biomass (ROB), respectively. Compared with CF treatment, the rapid growth duration and maximum accumulation rate of reproductive organs were the highest in F0.8 treatment, with an average increase of 4.6 days and 20.3%. Increment in biomass accumulation contributed to an average increase of 21.8 and 18.9% in cotton boll number and yield, respectively, under F0.8 treatment. Principal component analysis shows that the total biomass, ROB, and total bolls per unit area were positively correlated with the yield, while stem diameter and vegetative organ biomass are negatively correlated with the yield. In conclusion, under film mulching with drip irrigation, organic liquid fertilizer combined with CF reduced by 20% (F0.8 treatment: N, P2O5, and K2O were 182, 104, and 76 kg hm–2, respectively) can sustain the normal growth, promote the accumulation rate of ROB, and lead to efficient cotton production.
TALE Transcription Factors in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis): Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Peng Weiye , Yang Yang , Xu Jing , Peng Erping , Dai Suming , Dai Liangying , Wang Yunsheng , Yi Tuyong , Wang Bing , Li Dazhi , Song Na
Published: January 2022

Three-amino-acid-loop-extension (TALE) transcription factors comprise one of the largest gene families in plants, in which they contribute to regulation of a wide variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development, as well as governing stress responses. Although sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is among the most commercially important fruit crops cultivated worldwide, there have been relatively few functional studies on TALE genes in this species. In this study, we investigated 18 CsTALE gene family members with respect to their phylogeny, physicochemical properties, conserved motif/domain sequences, gene structures, chromosomal location, cis-acting regulatory elements, and protein–protein interactions (PPIs). These CsTALE genes were classified into two subfamilies based on sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses, and the classification was equally strongly supported by the highly conserved gene structures and motif/domain compositions. CsTALEs were found to be unevenly distributed on the chromosomes, and duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplication and purifying selection have been major driving force in the evolution of these genes. Expression profile analysis indicated that CsTALE genes exhibit a discernible spatial expression pattern in different tissues and differing expression patterns in response to different biotic/abiotic stresses. Of the 18 CsTALE genes examined, 10 were found to be responsive to high temperature, four to low temperature, eight to salt, and four to wounding. Moreover, the expression of CsTALE3/8/12/16 was induced in response to infection with the fungal pathogen Diaporthe citri and bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, whereas the expression of CsTALE15/17 was strongly suppressed. The transcriptional activity of CsTALE proteins was also verified in yeast, with yeast two-hybrid assays indicating that CsTALE3/CsTALE8, CsTALE3/CsTALE11, CsTALE10/CsTALE12, CsTALE14/CsTALE8, CsTALE14/CsTALE11 can form respective heterodimers. The findings of this study could lay the foundations for elucidating the biological functions of the TALE family genes in sweet orange and contribute to the breeding of stress-tolerant plants.
Efficacy of Two Toothpaste in Preventing Tooth Erosive Lesions Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Ludovichetti Francesco Saverio , Zambon Giulia , Cimolai Matteo , Gallo Matteo , Signoriello Anna Giulia , Pezzato Luca , Bertolini Rachele , Mazzoleni Sergio
Published: January 2022

Patients suffering from acid reflux due to endogenous causes are often affected by gastroesophageal reflux disease which, in the oral environment, causes lingual and palatal enamel erosion. As enamel does not have the intrinsic ability to repair itself, the application of alloplastic materials, such as toothpastes is suggestable. The aim of this “in vitro” study was to compare the effectiveness of two different toothpastes in preventing erosion due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Six tooth elements from bovine jaws were prepared using a high-speed diamond bur and water irrigation. Acid attack simulation was carried out using a 15% HCl hydrochloric acid solution. After that, two different toothpastes with or without fluoride, were brushed at the sample surface using an electric toothbrush at standard position and force. SEM and profilometer analysis were performed. Statistically significant difference was found in average tooth surface roughness after using toothpaste with or without fluoride after the acid attack, as the former offered a greater remineralization. No difference was found in long-term prevention. Fluoridated toothpastes offer a greater degree of remineralization at a first acid attack, however, there is no difference in long-term prevention independently from the toothpaste type.
Visual Sentiment Analysis Using Deep Learning Models with Social Media Data
Authors: Chandrasekaran Ganesh , Antoanela Naaji , Andrei Gabor , Monica Ciobanu , Hemanth Jude
Published: January 2022

Analyzing the sentiments of people from social media content through text, speech, and images is becoming vital in a variety of applications. Many existing research studies on sentiment analysis rely on textual data, and similar to the sharing of text, users of social media share more photographs and videos. Compared to text, images are said to exhibit the sentiments in a much better way. So, there is an urge to build a sentiment analysis model based on images from social media. In our work, we employed different transfer learning models, including the VGG-19, ResNet50V2, and DenseNet-121 models, to perform sentiment analysis based on images. They were fine-tuned by freezing and unfreezing some of the layers, and their performance was boosted by applying regularization techniques. We used the Twitter-based images available in the Crowdflower dataset, which contains URLs of images with their sentiment polarities. Our work also presents a comparative analysis of these pre-trained models in the prediction of image sentiments on our dataset. The accuracies of our fine-tuned transfer learning models involving VGG-19, ResNet50V2, and DenseNet-121 are 0.73, 0.75, and 0.89, respectively. When compared to previous attempts at visual sentiment analysis, which used a variety of machine and deep learning techniques, our model had an improved accuracy by about 5% to 10%. According to the findings, the fine-tuned DenseNet-121 model outperformed the VGG-19 and ResNet50V2 models in image sentiment prediction.
Refractive Outcomes after Cataract Surgery
Authors: Khoramnia Ramin , Auffarth Gerd , Łabuz Grzegorz , Pettit George , Suryakumar Rajaraman
Published: January 2022

A post-operative manifest refractive error as close as possible to target is key when performing cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, given that residual astigmatism and refractive errors negatively impact patients’ vision and satisfaction. This review explores refractive outcomes prior to modern biometry; advances in biometry and its impact on patients’ vision and refractive outcomes after cataract surgery; key factors that affect prediction accuracy; and residual refractive errors and the impact on visual outcomes. There are numerous pre-, intra-, and post-operative factors that can influence refractive outcomes after cataract surgery, leaving surgeons with a small “error budget” (i.e., the source and sum of all influencing factors). To mitigate these factors, precise measurement and correct application of ocular biometric data are required. With advances in optical biometry, prediction of patient post-operative refractory status has become more accurate, leading to an increased proportion of patients achieving their target refraction. Alongside improvements in biometry, advancements in microsurgical techniques, new IOL technologies, and enhancements to IOL power calculations have also positively impacted patients’ refractory status after cataract surgery.
A Class-F Based Power Amplifier with Optimized Efficiency in Triple-Band
Authors: Yang Fei , Yu Hongxi , Li Jun , Guo Chao , Yan Sen , Chen Xiaoming , Zhang Anxue , Jin Zhonghe
Published: January 2022

A Class-F mode-based power amplifier (PA) with optimized efficiency in triple-band was designed using a simple and systematic approach. By considering the second and third harmonic terminations of the PA, the relationship between the output impedance design space and the drain efficiency (DE) is extracted by large-signal model simulation. Then, a low-pass matching topology is utilized for the triple-band efficiency optimization. The method is justified by both simulation and measurement of a triple-band PA to integrate three functions into one hardware, i.e., 1518–1525 MHz for mobile communication, 2.1 GHz for telemetry and control, and 2.492 GHz for navigation signal transport. The proposed PA achieves a measured result of high DE (63% at 1.52 GHz, 71% at 2.1 GHz, 59% at 2.492 GHz) in the three bands with an output power of at least 40 dBm.
Differential Evolution of Farmers’ Livelihood Strategies since the 1980s on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Wu Kongsen , Yang Xinjun , Zhang Jian , Wang Ziqiao
Published: January 2022

Understanding the evolution of farmers’ livelihood strategies (FLS) is crucial for maintaining the sustainable development of farmers’ livelihoods, especially on the arid Loess Plateau, China. This study constructed a novel analytical framework for analyzing the evolution of FLS and the critical influencing factors. Changwu County, an apple cultivation region, was selected as a case study. The results suggest that four types of livelihood strategies (crop-planting, apple-planting, work-oriented, and part-time comprehensive) have emerged since the 1980s. The evolutionary process of leading FLS varies across geographic location. In the loess tableland region and economic fringe region, this evolution followed a progressive path from the crop-planting type to the apple-planting type to the work-oriented type, while in the loess gully region, loess ridge region, and economic core region, FLS jumped directly from the crop-planting type to the work-oriented type. The geographic location, training opportunities, garden area, cultivated land area, production and living materials, loan opportunities, and education level were found to be the critical factors influencing the differentiation and development of FLS. The analytical framework proposed here is also applicable for studying the evolution of FLS in other counties on the Loess Plateau, considering the representativeness of the selected case.
ARIMA-FEM Method with Prediction Function to Solve the Stress–Strain of Perforated Elastic Metal Plates
Authors: Chen Wenxing , Dai Shuyang , Zheng Baojuan
Published: January 2022

Stress analysis and deformation prediction have always been the focuses of the field of mechanics. The accurate force prediction in plate deformation plays important role in the production, processing and performance analysis of materials. In this paper, we propose an ARIMA-FEM method, which can be used to solve some mechanical problems of 2D porous elastic plate. We have given a detailed theory and solving steps of ARIMA-FEM. In addition, three numerical examples are given to predict the stress–strain of thin porous elastic metal plates. This article uses CST, LST and Q4 elements to discrete the rectangular plates, square plates and circle plates with holes. As for variable force prediction, this paper compared with linear regression, nonlinear regression and neural network prediction, and the results show that the ARIMA method has a higher prediction accuracy. Furthermore, we calculate the numerical solution at four mesh scales, and the numerical convergence is consistent with the theoretical convergence, which also shows the effectiveness of our method. The image smoothing algorithm is applied to keep edge information with high resolution, which can more concisely describe the plate internal changes. Finally, the application scope of ARIMA-FEM, model expansion, superconvergence analysis and other issues have been given enlightening views in the discussion section. In fact, this algorithm combined statistics and mechanics. It also reflects the knowledge integration of interdisciplinary and uses it better to serve practical applications.
Sequence Diversity of Tp1 and Tp2 Antigens and Population Genetic Analysis of Theileria parva in Unvaccinated Cattle in Zambia’s Chongwe and Chisamba Districts
Authors: Muleya Walter , Atuhaire David Kalenzi , Mupila Zachariah , Mbao Victor , Mayembe Purity , Kalenga Sydney , Fandamu Paul , Namangala Boniface , Salt Jeremy , Musoke Antony Jim
Published: January 2022

East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva, is a major constraint to improved livestock keeping in east and central Africa, including Zambia. To understand the dynamics and determine the candidates for immunization in Zambia’s Chongwe and Chisamba districts, a combination of Tp1 and Tp2 gene sequencing and microsatellite analysis using nine markers was conducted from which an abundance of Muguga, Kiambu, Serengeti and Katete epitopes in the field samples was obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed six (Tp1) and three (Tp2) clusters with an absence of geographical origin clustering. The majority of haplotypes were related to Muguga, Kiambu, Serengeti and Katete, and only a few were related to Chitongo. Both antigens showed purifying selection with an absence of positive selection sites. Furthermore, low to moderate genetic differentiation was observed among and within the populations, and when vaccine stocks were compared with field samples, Chongwe samples showed more similarity to Katete and less to Chitongo, while Chisamba samples showed similarity to both Katete and Chitongo and not to Muguga, Kiambu or Serengeti. We conclude that the use of Katete stock for immunization trials in both Chongwe and Chisamba districts might produce desirable protection against ECF.
The Effect of PGC-1alpha-SIRT3 Pathway Activation on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection
Authors: Maurice Nicholas M. , Bedi Brahmchetna , Yuan Zhihong , Lin Kuo-Chuan , Goldberg Joanna B. , Hart C. Michael , Bailey Kristina L. , Sadikot Ruxana T.
Published: January 2022

The innate immune response to P. aeruginosa pulmonary infections relies on a network of pattern recognition receptors, including intracellular inflammasome complexes, which can recognize both pathogen- and host-derived signals and subsequently promote downstream inflammatory signaling. Current evidence suggests that the inflammasome does not contribute to bacterial clearance and, in fact, that dysregulated inflammasome activation is harmful in acute and chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection. Given the role of mitochondrial damage signals in recruiting inflammasome signaling, we investigated whether mitochondrial-targeted therapies could attenuate inflammasome signaling in response to P. aeruginosa and decrease pathogenicity of infection. In particular, we investigated the small molecule, ZLN005, which transcriptionally activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defense, and cellular respiration. We demonstrate that P. aeruginosa infection promotes the expression of inflammasome components and attenuates several components of mitochondrial repair pathways in vitro in lung epithelial cells and in vivo in an acute pneumonia model. ZLN005 activates PGC-1α and its downstream effector, Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial-localized deacetylase important for cellular metabolic processes and for reactive oxygen species homeostasis. ZLN005 also attenuates inflammasome signaling induced by P. aeruginosa in bronchial epithelial cells and this action is dependent on ZLN005 activation of SIRT3. ZLN005 treatment reduces epithelial-barrier dysfunction caused by P. aeruginosa and decreases pathogenicity in an in vivo pneumonia model. Therapies that activate the PGC-1α—SIRT3 axis may provide a complementary approach in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection.
Identification of Viruses Infecting Oats in Korea by Metatranscriptomics
Authors: Kim Na-Kyeong , Lee Hyo-Jeong , Kim Sang-Min , Jeong Rae-Dong
Published: January 2022

Controlling infectious plant viruses presents a constant challenge in agriculture. As a source of valuable nutrients for human health, the cultivation of oats (Avena sativa L.) has recently been increased in Korea. To date, however, few studies have been undertaken to identify the viruses infecting oats in this country. In this study, we carried out RNA-sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses to understand the virosphere in six different geographical locations in Korea where oats are cultivated. We identified three different virus species, namely, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) (BYDV-PAV and BYDV-PAS), cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) (CYDV-RPS and CYDV-RPV), and rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Based on the number of virus-associated reads and contigs, BYDV-PAV was a dominant virus infecting winter oats in Korea. Interestingly, RBSDV was identified in only a single region, and this is the first report of this virus infecting oats in Korea. Single nucleotide polymorphisms analyses indicated that most BYDV, CYDV, and RBSDV isolates show considerable genetic variations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that BYDVs and CYDVs were largely grouped in isolates from Asia and USA, whereas RBSDV was genetically similar to isolates from China. Overall, the findings of this study provide a preliminary characterization of the types of plant viruses infecting oats in six geographical regions of Korea.
Three Chemically Distinct Floral Ecotypes in Drakaea livida, an Orchid Pollinated by Sexual Deception of Thynnine Wasps
Authors: Weinstein Alyssa M. , Bohman Björn , Flematti Gavin R. , Phillips Ryan D.
Published: January 2022

Sexually deceptive orchids are unusual among plants in that closely related species typically attract different pollinator species using contrasting blends of floral volatiles. Therefore, intraspecific variation in pollinator attraction may also be underpinned by differences in floral volatiles. Here, we tested for the presence of floral ecotypes in the sexually deceptive orchid Drakaea livida and investigated if the geographic range of floral ecotypes corresponded to variation in pollinator availability. Pollinator choice trials revealed the presence of three floral ecotypes within D. livida that each attracts a different species of thynnine wasp as a pollinator. Surveys of pollinator distribution revealed that the distribution of one of the ecotypes was strongly correlated with that of its pollinator, while another pollinator species was present throughout the range of all three ecotypes, demonstrating that pollinator availability does not always correlate with ecotype distribution. Floral ecotypes differed in chemical volatile composition, with a high degree of separation evident in principal coordinate analysis. Some compounds that differed between ecotypes, including pyrazines and (methylthio)phenols, are known to be electrophysiologically active in thynnine wasp antennae. Based on differences in pollinator response and floral volatile profile, the ecotypes represent distinct entities and should be treated as such in conservation management.
Application of Moringa Leaf Extract as a Seed Priming Agent Enhances Growth and Physiological Attributes of Rice Seedlings Cultivated under Water Deficit Regime
Authors: Khan Shahbaz , Ibrar Danish , Bashir Saqib , Rashid Nabila , Hasnain Zuhair , Nawaz Muhammad , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah Ahmed , Elshikh Mohamed S. , Dvořáčková Helena , Dvořáček Jan
Published: January 2022

Population growth, food shortages, climate change and water scarcity are some of the frightening challenges being confronted in today’s world. Water deficit or drought stress has been considered a severe limitation for the productivity of rice, a widely popular nutritive cereal crop and the staple food of a large portion of the population. A key stage in crop growth is seed emergence, which is mostly constrained by abiotic elements such as high temperatures, soil crusting and low water potential, which are responsible for poor stand establishment. Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment of seeds that primes them to a physiological state that allows them to emerge more proficiently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of leaf extracts from local and exotic moringa landraces as seed priming agents in rice cultivated under water deficit (75% field capacity) and control conditions (100% field capacity). Rice seeds were placed in an aerated solution of moringa leaf extract (MLE) at 3% from three obtained landraces (Faisalabad, Multan and an exotic landrace of India). The results obtained from the experimentation show that the water deficit regime adversely affected the studied indicators including emergence and growth attributes as well as physiological parameters. Among the priming agents, MLE from the Faisalabad landrace significantly improved the speed and spread of emergence of rice seedlings (time to start emergence at 23%, emergence index at 75%, mean emergence time at 3.58% and final emergence percentage at 46%). All the priming agents enhanced the growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters and antioxidant activities, particularly under the water deficit regime, but the maximum improvement was recorded by the MLE from the Faisalabad landrace. Therefore, the MLE of the Faisalabad landrace can be productively used to boost the seedling establishment and growth of rice grown under normal and water deficit conditions.
Landscape-ecological land management of the Central Black Earth Region and its implementation in modern conditions
Authors:   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I, Voronezh, Nedikova E.V. , Postolov V.D. ,   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I, Voronezh, Chechin D.I. ,   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I, Voronezh, Kalyugin P.B. ,   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I, Voronezh
Published: January 2022

One of the main conditions for the successful development of adaptive farming is the landscape - ecological arrangement of arable territories of agricultural enterprises, which lays the foundation for the preservation and reproduction of soil fertility. The modern paradigm of agricultural nature management requires the improvement and development of new methods in the field of management of arable land on a landscape-ecological basis.
Recursos culturales y naturales potencial de una ruta turística gastronómica
Authors: Pita Lino Alexandra , Santos Moreira Vanessa , Pibaque Pionce Maritza , Toala Baque Gema
Published: January 2022

Los recursos naturales son elementos de la naturaleza que el ser humano aprovecha para satisfacer sus necesidades en concordancia con los recursos culturales en donde si ha intervenido la mano del hombre desde lo histórico, contemporáneo comercial y no  comercial,  que  complementan el potencial de una ruta turística gastronómica,    como    herramienta de planificación y desarrollo  en función de un producto  o  de  un rasgo característico que es capaz de interesar e incentivar el consumo de un elemento que se da en abundancia. El objetivo de este proyecto es identificar estos recursos mediante un inventario y determinación de las actividades a desarrollar para el diseño de la ruta turística gastronómica de  la  ciudad de Jipijapa. Su  metodología  desde  un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo permitió reforzar la recolección de datos y generalizar los resultados encontrados en cuanto a los recursos naturales y culturales apoyada en la técnica de observación para percibir de manera directa el estado actual del lugar investigado.
СВІТОВИЙ РИНОК ЯК СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ РОЗВИТКУ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СФЕРИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА
Authors: О. Г. ТКАЧЕНКО , Л. А. МАЛІЧ
Published: January 2022

В статті обґрунтовано необхідність знання сучасної ситуації, що склалася на світовому ринку, проаналізовано поточний стан і визначено основні траєкторії змін, виділено періоди порушення основної тенденції зростання і надано їм характеристику. Виділено основні тенденції і особливості змін світового ринку, що мають визначальне значення для розвитку зовнішньоекономічної сфери національного господарства України.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ФАКТОРНИХ СИСТЕМ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОГО ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ МОРСЬКОГО ПОРТУ
Authors: М. В. МАКАРЕНКО , І. М. БАРСЬКИЙ
Published: January 2022

Доведено важливість діяльності порту для країни та забезпечення міжнародної торгівлі. Сформовано множину чинників, які визначають рівень ефективності морського порту. Вони були систематизовані щодо вимірювання ефективної діяльності підприємства. Сформовані групи у відповідності до визначення ефективності та отриманих результатів. Підкреслена багатовимірність ефективності морського порту і зростання складності підходів до її визначення.
Analisis Penyebab Kegagalan Deballasting Pada Kapal Bernotasi Ice Class Super 1A: LNG/C Coral Energice Saat Musim Dingin
Authors: Chalid Pasyah A. , Melinasari  , Tarigan Wina
Published: January 2022

Pembentukan es di kapal pada musim dingin merupakan bahaya yang serius, pembentukan es pada dek, bangunan bagian atas kapal dan perlengkapan kapal dapat mengganggu pergerakan dan stabilitas kapal serta membahayakan keselamatan, penambahan berat akibat es dapat mengurangi lambung bebas dan mengganggu stabilitas kapal, lebih bahaya lagi jika es terbentuk pada tiang- tiang, tali-tali dan bangunan dibagian atas kapal, hal ini dapat memperbesar sudut kemiringan kapal jika kapal oleng karena mendapat pengaruh dari luar, titik berat kapal akan beralih keatas sehingga keseimbangannya berkurang dan kapal dapat terbalik, pembentukan es ini juga dapat menambah pengaruh angin karena luasnya permukaan yang terkena hembusan angin, kapal juga mengalami perubahan trim akibat tidak ratanya pembagian es sehingga daya olah gerak kapal dapat dipengaruhi dan merugikan. LNG/c Coral EnergICE melakukan proses memuat di pelabuhan Tornio, yang berada di region Lapland pada lintang 65°51′N 024°09′E pada musim dingin. Kapal melakukan proses deballasting yang bertujuan agar kapal tetap berada pada sarat maksimum yang diperbolehkan saat berlayar dan menghindari list atau kemiringan kapal yang dapat terjadi. Pada saat melakukan proses deballasting, kapal mengalami list lebih dari satu derajat yang menyebabkan kapal miring kesebelah kiri dan membuat pergeseran pada posisi loading arm darat yang dapat berakibat terputusnya koneksi terhadap manifold sehingga dapat menyebabkan kebocoran liquid LNG yang sedang dimuat dalam rate maksimum, 1800 m³/jam.
Optimalisasi Persiapan Ruang Muat Dalam mencapai Keberhasilan Pemuatan Diatas Kapal MV. Ocean Hiryu
Authors: Rochman Abdul , Fachruddin Imam , Bundayana Arandika
Published: January 2022

Bagi industri pelayaran distribusi muatan yang efisien dan efektif juga aman dan terhindar dari kerusakan adalah tujuan utama dari setiap perusahaan. Sehingga manajemen persiapan ruang muat untuk menghindari kerusakan muatan harus terkonsep dari tahap perencanaan hingga pelaksanaan kegiatan pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan diatas kapal. Maka dari itu penulis membuat beberapa rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana manajemen persiapan ruang muat di MV. OCEAN HIRYU, bagaimana kendala yang dihadapi dalam persiapan ruang muat, bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala dalam persiapan ruang muat. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Persiapan ruang muat merupakan suatu proses mempersiapkan ruang muat muatan di kapal untuk diisi kembali dengan muatan yang baru, dengan demikian proses persiapan ruang muat muatan yang dikerjakan haruslah sesuai dengan prosedur yang ada guna mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Dengan melaksanakan tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pengecekan kembalioleh perwira kapal sebelum ruang muat di cek oleh surveyor yang ada di darat. Dalam penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan upaya pencegahan yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala-kendala dalam persiapan ruang muat di MV. OCEAN HIRYU adalah dengan mengadakan safety meeting, yang membahas persiapan untuk hold cleaning, peralatan yang dibutuhkan, pengumpulan cargo residue, pembersihan bilge, pembersihan palka menggunakan air laut, pengeringan ruang muat, dan pemeriksaan ruang muatan.
针对初级汉语学习者的汉字书写偏误 Analisis Kesalahan Penulisan Aksara Mandarin Pada Pembelajar Bahasa Mandarin Pemula
Authors: Silvia Silvia
Published: January 2022

摘要听说读写是汉语教学中的四大技能，“写”之所以排在第四，就代表了在四个技能中，把握好“写”是最难的。考虑以上因素，文章从学生的书写情况出发，对学生的作业和练习进行分析和统计，发现学生在笔画，笔顺，和笔向偏误最高，其次在部件及部首及字形和字音等方面，最后，为了减少偏误，笔者认为学生首先必须重视汉字的教学，对传统的笔画笔顺有扎实的认识，同时，学生也需要反复练习和操练，才能减少和避免汉字的偏误。关键词: 汉字书写；偏误分析；笔画笔顺；结构。AbstrakMendengar, berbicara, membaca dan menulis adalah empat keterampilan utama dalampengajaran bahasa Mandarin. Alasan “menulis” menempati urutan keempat, dikarenakan diantara keempat keterampilan tersebut, menguasai “menulis” adalah yang paling sulit.Mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor di atas, karya tulis ini dimulai dari kondisi menulis siswa,menganalisis tugas dan latihan, serta menemukan kesalahan terbanyak dalam urutan guratandan arah goresan, kemudian komponen, radikal dan pengucapan. Untuk mengurangi kesalahantersebut, penulis mempercayai bahwa pembelajar terlebih dahulu harus memperhatikanpengajaran aksara Mandarin dan memiliki pemahaman yang kuat tentang urutan guratantradisional. Pada saat yang sama, siswa juga perlu berlatih berulang kali untuk mengurangi danmenghindari kesalahan dalam penulisan aksara Mandarin.Kata kunci: Penulisan aksara Mandarin; Analisis kesalahan; Urutan guratan; Struktur
The structure of the microbiome of the southern chernozem of rhizosphere of winter wheat under the conditions of the use of associative strains of microorganisms
Authors: Egovtseva A. Yu. , Melnichuk T. N. , Abdurashitov S. F. , Radchenko L. A.
Published: January 2022

The results of the analysis of data on the taxonomic structure of the microbial community of the rhizosphere of three cultivars of winter wheat under the conditions of the use of microorganisms strains with high associative potential are presented. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the introduction of associative bacterial strains into the rhizosphere community of winter wheat on changes in the taxonomic structure of the microbiome.312 and 422 OTUs were determined at the genus level as a result of studies of the rhizosphere of winter wheat in the conditions of 2019 and 2020, respectively. The share of unclassified Chitinophagaceae was the highest among all representatives of the genera attributed to the family. The greatest positive effect of the use of associative strains on the representation of their share was observed on ‘Ermak’ cultivar under the conditions of 2019 by 14.9-22.1% in comparison with the variant without treatment (6.8%). Principal Coordinate Analysis made it possible to reveal significant differences between the majority of variants with inoculation by associative strains and control.
Tuberculosis transverse myelitis in a pediatric patient
Authors: Sinurat Robert
Published: January 2022

Tuberculosis myelitis usually impacts adult patients and is associated with tuberculous meningitis, miliary tuberculosis, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatric tuberculosis myelitis cases without any associated diseases have never been reported. The author reported a case of a pediatric patient with tuberculosis myelitis without any other organ involvement and the outcome after treatment. Girl 13 years old suffered from paraplegia of her lower extremities. Two months before paraplegia she felt weakness in her left leg and followed by the right side. The legs were spastic and ankle clonus was positive. She lost sensation from epigastrium level to her both legs and bowel difficulty. Laboratories result was normal but spinal magnetic resonance imaging showed a hyperintense lesion of spinal cord thoracic vertebrae 5-8. During the laminectomy procedure, there was no tumor, abscess, or tuberculoma, but the spinal cord looked brown. A biopsy was performed, and the histopathology results showed the granuloma containing lymphocytes, epithelioid macrophages, and Datia Langhans cells. The patient was treated with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy for twelve months. Clinical symptoms improved gradually and the patient was able to walk slowly. Tuberculosis myelitis is an inflammatory spinal cord disease and it can cause paralyzed and also sensory and autonomic disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging can differentiate between spinal tuberculosis and spinal tumors, but it will be difficult if there are no signs of vertebral body and discs inflammation. Tuberculosis myelitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis of spinal cord lesions in children and its response to anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy is excellent..