bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision of the genus Onychiuroides Bagnall, 1948 (Collembola: Onychiuridae: Onychiurinae)
Authors: Pomorski Romuald
Published: March 2011

The European genus Onychiuroides Bagnall, 1948 is revised. The genus is defined within the subfamily Onychiurinae on the basis of the arrangement of the dorsal posterior cephalic pseudocelli (set in a triangle), presence of 11 setae in the distal whorl of tibiotarsi and the structure of the reduced furca (finely granulated area with 1+1 setulae posteriorly, in contact with the border between abdominal sterna III and IV). Seven new species are described (O. igori sp. n., O. pirinensis sp. n., O. paoloi sp. n., O. cerberus sp. n., O. bojani sp. n., O. peteri sp. n. and O. occultus sp. n.). Nine previously known species are redescribed on the basis of types and new specimens [O. anelli (Denis, 1938), O. bureschi (Handschin, 1928) comb. nov., O. canzianus (Stach, 1934) comb. nov., O. hrabei (Rusek, 1963) comb. nov., O. papillaeferus (Stach, 1946) comb. nov., O. postumicus (Bonet, 1931) comb. nov., O. pseudogranulosus (Gisin, 1951), O. quadripapillatus (Rusek, 1965) comb. nov., O. subgranulosus (Gama, 1964) comb. nov., O. vornatscheri (Stach, 1946) comb. nov.]. Lectotypes are designated for O. anelli and O. vornatscheri. O. paucituberculatus (Stach, 1934) comb. nov., O. beroni (Gruia, 1972) comb. nov. and O. multisetis (Gruia, 1971) stat. & comb. nov. are transferred to the genus Onychiuroides after analysis of the original description. Onychiurus granulosus denticulatus Salmon, 1964 is junior synonym of O. granulosus (Stach, 1930). O. longisetosus (Stach, 1954) comb. nov. is regarded as “species inquirenda”. An identification key to all Onychiuroides species is provided.
Description of a new species of Dicyphus Fieber (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) from Portugal based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Cassis Gerasimos , Martinez-Cascales Jose Isidro , Sanchez Juan Antonio
Published: March 2011

A new species of the plantbug genus Dicyphus (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae), D. umbertae Sanchez & Cassis sp. n., from Portugal is described and the closely related species, Dicyphus cerastii Wagner is redescribed. Several body measurements were taken. Male and female genitalia of both species are illustrated. D. umbertae was found in several localities in Central and South of Portugal on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and Hyosciamus albus L. D. cerastii was found in southeast Spain on squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne), L. esculentum, Ononis natrix L., Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy and H. albus. The external morphology of the two species is very alike and measurements overlap. In the two species the aedeagus has a similar pair of prominent slightly arcuate sclerites, but the shape and setae on the left paramere are different. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using 381 bp fragments of Cytochrome b. Other dicyphine species were used as outgroups in the analyses: Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner, D. rubicundus Blöte, D. escalerae Lindberg, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter), Cyrtopeltis geniculata Fieber and Macrolophus sp. Several evolutionary models were explored under a maximum likelihood framework. The molecular analyses provided strong support for the species identity of the two sister species D. umbertae and D. cerastii.
The Patagonian species of the genus Atrichopogon Kieffer, with a biogeographic analysis based on Forcipomyiinae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Spinelli Gustavo , Marino Pablo , Posadas Paula
Published: March 2011

The following five new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer from southern Argentina and Chile are described and illustrated: A. aridus Spinelli & Marino, A. comechingon S. & M., A. endemicus S. & M., A. inacayali S. & M. and A. similis S. & M. A. aridus and A. comechingon also occur north of Patagonia. The previously known species A. obfuscatus Ingram & Macfie is redescribed, and notes on its type are provided. A key to recognition of males and females of the seven species inhabiting Patagonia is included. A biogeographic parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) interprets the relationships among the provinces of the southern South America. It is based on seven areas of endemism and distributional data of 30 species of the subfamily Forcipomyiinae. The analysis results in two most parsimonious cladograms and their strict consensus depicts the following relationships: ((Monte, Patagonian steppe) (Central Chile, Magellanic Moorland (Magellanic Forest, Maule, Valdivian Forest))).
Phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian centipede Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined morphological and molecular approach
Authors: Colgan Donald , Edgecombe Gregory , Sharkey Deirdre
Published: March 2011

The lithobiomorph centipede Henicops is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, with five described species, as well as two species in New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ca. 800 aligned bases of sequence data from 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA were conducted on a dataset including multiple individuals of Henicops species from populations sampled from different parts of species' geographic ranges, together with the allied henicopines Lamyctes and Easonobius. Morphological characters are included in parsimony analyses. Molecular and combined datasets unite species from eastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of species from Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. The molecular data favour these two geographic groupings as clades, whereas inclusion of morphology resolves New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, southwest Western Australia and Queensland as successive sisters to southeastern Australia and New Zealand. The basal position of the Lord Howe Island species in the phylogeny favours a diversification of Australasian Henicops since the late Miocene unless the Lord Howe species originated in a biota that pre-dates the island. The molecular and combined data resolve the widespread morphospecies H. maculatus as paraphyletic, with its populations contributing to the geographic groupings New South Wales + New Zealand and Tasmania + Victoria.
The phylogeny of the Hydroporinae and classification of the genus Peschetius Guignot, 1942 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Wolfe William , Miller Kelly , Biström Olof
Published: March 2011

The phylogeny of the Hydroporinae is investigated in a cladistic analysis emphasizing placement of the genus Peschetius Guignot, historically placed in the tribe Hydroporini. Sixty-nine adult and larval morphological characters were coded for 61 species of Hydroporinae representing eight of the nine tribes. Cladistic analysis of the data resulted in 396 most parsimonious cladograms (length = 176, CI = 46, RI = 80). The results indicate that the genus Peschetius is the sister group to the tribe Bidessini based mainly on an unambiguous character, the presence of a prominent internal spermathecal spine, and several other more ambiguous or homoplasious characters. The tribe Bidessini is expanded to include the genus Peschetius, and it is formally transferred from the tribe Hydroporini. Other results indicating interesting relationships of tribes and genera within Hydroporinae are also discussed. Results include; 1) a dramatically paraphyletic Hydroporini with Laccornellus Roughley and Wolfe, Canthyporus Zimmermann and Hydrocolus Roughley and Larson in basal positions within the phylogeny, 2) Hydrovatus Motschulsky and Queda Sharp resolved as sister groups and not closely related to Methlini van den Branden, 3) support for close relationship of Pachydrus Sharp (Pachydrini Biström, Nilsson and Wewalka) with Hyphydrini Sharp, 4) paraphyly of Hygrotus Stephens sensu lato with the relationship H. (Coelambus) Thomson + (Hygrotus sensus stricto + Hydrovatini)) suggesting recognition of Coelambus and Hygrotus as separate genera, 5) close relationship between the Australian genera of Hydroporini and Hyphydrini and 6) the nesting of Vatellini within a group of Hydroporini.
Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Dossenus (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae)
Authors: Cruz da Silva Estevam Luís , Lise Arno Antonio , Carico James Edwin
Published: March 2011

The spider genus Dossenus Simon, 1898, with six species, is revised. The types of Dossenus marginatus Simon, 1898 are redescribed. One new species, D. guapore from Mato Grosso, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The types of D. fluminensis (Mello-Leitão), D. marginellus Badcock, D. longipes Mello-Leitão and D. fidelis Mello-Leitão are juveniles and those names are therefore considered species inquirendae.
Nevaniinae subfam. n., a new fossil taxon (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Praeaulacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Rasnitsyn Alexandr , Zhang Haichun
Published: March 2011

A new subfamily, Nevaniinae Zhang & Rasnitsyn, subfam. n., is established and assigned to Praeaulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea). It only comprises one genus, the type Nevania Zhang & Rasnitsyn, gen. n., consisting of six species: N. robusta Zhang & Rasnitsyn, sp. n., N. exquisita Zhang & Rasnitsyn, sp. n., N. malleata Zhang & Rasnitsyn, sp. n., N. ferocula Zhang & Rasnitsyn, sp. n., N. retenta Zhang & Rasnitsyn, sp. n., and N. delicata Zhang & Rasnitsyn, sp. n., from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Analyses show that Nevaniinae has a combination of ancestral and derived characters and additionally a few autapomorphies, and probably represents an early clade of the Praeaulacidae, and that the Evanioidea has an ancestor at least as venationally plesiomorphic as basal Ephialtitidae. N. delicata, possessing many more putatively plesiomorphic characters than its congeners, probably occupies the most basal position of the Nevania clade. Characteristics shown by Nevania suggest that these wasps were parasitoids of wood-boring insects.
Mitochondrial DNA divergence and phylogeography in western Palaearctic Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): How many species are there?
Authors: Sperling Felix , Nazari Vazrick
Published: March 2011

We inferred the phylogeny and historical biogeography of Parnassiinae species from the western Palaearctic using 825 bp DNA sequence from the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome oxidase I. Investigation of genetic variation revealed several cases of overlap in extent of divergence between traditionally applied taxonomic ranks. In particular, we found deep divergences between populations of Archon apollinus (Herbst) from Turkey and Israel, Zerynthia rumina (Linnaeus) from Spain and North Africa, Zerynthia polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller) from Italy and other parts of its range, and Hypermnestra helios (Nickerl) from Iran and Central Asia. Due to incomplete sampling and weak morphological support, we only report the possibility of more than one species within each of these four taxa. The origin of ancestral Archon and Allancastria/Zerynthia is found to lie in the Iranian region. Diversification within genera is postulated to be the result of complex tectonic interactions between Eurasia and Africa during the past 20 million years, involving multiple dispersal and vicariance events.
Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Melolonthinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Coca-Abia Ma Milagro
Published: March 2011

A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Melolonthinae was undertaken using 48 taxa and 47 external morphology and male and female genitalia characters. Serica brunna and Pachydema hirticollis were chosen as outgroups. The aim of the present study is to assess supraspecific relationships and to test the monophyly of Melolonthinae and included tribes, genera and subgenera. A general parsimony heuristic search was used to find the most parsimonious trees. Successive character weighting was used to assess the internal consistency of the data. The robustness of the clades was assessed with Bootstrap and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Melolonthinae is found to be a non-monophyletic group, whereas the monophyly of Holotrichia, Trichesthes, Phyllophaga and its subgenera, is here questioned.
Redescription of the genus Tarne Simon, 1886 (Araneae: Salticidae)
Authors: Szűts Tamás , Rollard Christine
Published: March 2011

The monotypic jumping spider genus Tarne Simon, 1886 is redescribed from both sexes, based on material identified by its author, Éugene Simon. Type material is lost, but no neotype has been designated. New data on the distribution are given, along with drawings, digital images and scanning electron micrographs.
Taxonomy, distribution and host specificity of the termitophile tribe Trichopseniini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in New Guinea and adjacent islands
Authors: Pasteels Jacques , Roisin Yves , Bourguignon Thomas
Published: March 2011

Only one species of the termitophile staphylinid tribe Trichopseniini, Prorhinopsenius neotermitis, associated with Neotermes spp. (Kalotermitidae), was previously known from New Guinea and adjacent islands. Further collections from colonies of the Rhinotermitidae genera Schedorhinotermes and Parrhinotermes yielded 11 species, all new to science, in the genera Schizelythron (1), Schedolimulus (5), Parrhinopsenius (4), and Papuapsenius, new genus (1). The guest-host relationships are probably specific at the genus level. The New Guinean fauna appears in continuity with that of southeast Asia, where these Rhinotermitidae were already known to be hosts of many Trichopseniini. Our results however contrast with the absence of records of Trichopseniini from Australian Schedorhinotermes, while the tribe is represented there by two species associated with Mastotermes (Mastotermitidae). Multiple host transfer events are hypothesized to explain the occurrence of Trichopseniini with unrelated termite lineages. Although the absence of Trichopseniini from Australian Rhinotermitidae might be the result of insufficient sampling, we suggest that it might also be genuine and result from competitive exclusion by other termitophiles.
Hypogastrura hargrovei sp. n., a new species of the family Hypogastruridae (Collembola) with highly modified mouthparts
Authors: Skarżyński Dariusz
Published: March 2011

Hypogastrura hargrovei sp. n. from South Carolina, USA is described. The exceptional structure of the mouthparts (labrum, maxillae, mandibles, labial palp) place the new species in an isolated position within the trybomi group and in the whole genus. The most similar species Hypogastrura maxillosa Babenko, 1994 has modified head of maxilla, but differs in the typical structure of the labrum, the mandibles and the labial palp and rich chaetotaxy. Evolutive significance of mouthparts modifications in Hypogastruridae is discussed.
Revision of the family Omalisidae (Coleoptera, Elateroidea)
Authors: Brlik Milan , Bocak Ladislav
Published: March 2011

The taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic beetle family Omalisidae is presented. The morphology of the family is described in detail and the relationships of genera are discussed. The genus Thilmanus Gemminger, 1869 is classified in Omalisidae and the subfamily Thilmaninae Kazantsev, 2005 described in Lycidae for Thilmanus is considered redundant in Omalisidae. The subgenus Phaeopterus Costa, 1857 is elevated to the genus level. Omalisus (Phaeopterus) minutus Pic, 1938 is proposed to be a junior subjective synonym of Phaeopterus unicolor Costa, 1857. Thilmanus longicollis var. laticeps Pic, 1913 from Southern France is elevated to the full species status, Thilmanus longicollis Pic, 1912 from Sardinia is proposed to be a junior subjective synonym of T. obscurus Baudi, 1872. Omalisus (Phaeopterus) nigricornis Reitter, 1881 is excluded from Omalisidae and placed in Euanoma Reitter, 1889 in Drilidae. Omalisus (Phaeopterus) flavangulus Späth, 1898 is proposed to be a junior subjective synonym of E. nigricornis Reitter, 1881. In total, eight species classified in three genera are recognized in Omalisidae. Redescriptions of all Omalisidae genera are provided. Each species of the family is presented with a diagnosis, full description, illustrations of male genitalia and a comprehensive bibliography. Extensive data on distribution of all species is provided and the distributions of genera and the species groups are discussed. A key to all Omalisidae species and genera is included and fully illustrated.
A revision of Pegadomyia Kertész with descriptions of a new genus and four new species (Diptera, Stratiomyidae)
Authors: Kovac Damir , Rozkošný Rudolf
Published: March 2011

All Oriental and Australasian/Oceanic species of Pegadomyia are re-examined. A detailed study of the generic characters shows that Pegadomyia actually contains two easily diagnosed genera: Pegadomyia Kertész, 1916 and Pseudopegadomyia gen. n. Pegadomyia now includes the type species P. pruinosa Kertész, 1916 (occurring in Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand) and three new species: P. ceylonica sp.n. (from Sri Lanka), P. nana sp.n. (from Laos) and P. nasuta sp.n. (from Malaysia). Pseudopegadomyia contains Ps. jamesi sp.n. (based on a type series from the Philippines) and two species originally belonging to Pegadomyia: Ps. glabra (Bezzi, 1928), comb.n. (Fiji Is.) and Ps. nuda (James, 1948), comb.n. (Australasian Region and Philippine Is.). Figures of the diagnostic characters of all treated species are included. Identification keys and a map showing the distribution of all species of both genera are presented.
A supertree analysis and literature review of the genus Drosophila and closely related genera (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
Authors: van der Linde Kim , Houle David
Published: March 2011

In the 17 years since the last familywide taxonomic analysis of the Drosophilidae, many studies dealing with a limited number of species or groups have been published. Most of these studies were based on molecular data, but morphological and chromosomal data also continue to be accumulated. Here, we review more than 120 recent studies and use many of those in a supertree analysis to construct a new phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Drosophila and related genera. Our knowledge about the phylogeny of the genus Drosophila and related genera has greatly improved over the past two decades, and many clades are now firmly supported by many independent studies. The genus Drosophila is paraphyletic and comprises four major clades interspersed with at least five other genera, warranting a revision of the genus. Despite this progress, many relationships remain unresolved. Much phylogenetic work on this important family remains to be done.
Review of the genus Chaetosiphella Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 (Hemiptera, Aphididae: Chaitophorinae)
Authors: Wieczorek Karina
Published: March 2011

The genus Chaetosiphella Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 is discussed. Chaetosiphella stipae Hille Ris Lambers, 1947 is redescribed (apterous viviparous female) and its subspecies C. stipae setosa subsp. nov., (apterous viviparous female, oviparous female and apterous male) is described and figured in detail on the basis of specimens collected from Calamagrostis argentea, Calamagrostis arundinacea and Stipa sp. in France. A new species, Chaetosiphella longirostris sp. nov., is described and figured in detail on the basis of specimens collected from Ammophila arenaria in Portugal. A key to the identification of the species of the genus Chaetosiphella as well as differences from related species are given. Notes about distribution and host plants are shown.
The Solenobiinae species of Finland (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), with a description of a new species
Authors: Suomalainen Esko
Published: March 2011

The Finnish Solenobiinae are revised. This subfamily is represented in Finland by two genera and seven species of which three are parthenogenetic: Solenobia triquetrella (Hübner) (also reported from Denmark, Norway and Sweden), Solenobia lichenella (Lin.) and Solenohia fennicella n. sp., which is described here. Of the remaining species, Solenobia charlottae Meier (also recorded from S) and Siederia rupicolella Sauter (also recorded from S) are eartier known only from the mountains of Central Europe. Solenobia furnosella Heinemann (recorded also from D, N and S) and Siederia pineti (Zeller) (also from D and S) are bisexuals earlier known from Finland. – Notes for identifying each species and their distribution are given.
Three West African taxa of Meza Hemming (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Authors: Usher
Published: March 2011

Confusion exists in the literature about the identity of two taxa of the genus Meza, M. mabea (Holland, 1894) and M. bassa Lindsey & Miller, 1965, although the third taxon of this complex, M. leucophaea (Holland, 1894), is easily distinguished. Numerical analysis failed to indicate any distinct clusters which could be associated with species or subspecies. Examination of male genitalia indicates that bassa, occurring from Nigeria to Sierra Leone, is a subspecies of leucophuea, the nominate subspecies of which occurs in Cameroon and Gabon. M. mabea, which is sympatric with M. l. leucophaea, is apparently a very rare species.
Taxonomy, natural history and immature stages of the bone-skipper, Centrophlebomyia furcata (Fabricius) (Diptera: Piophilidae, Thyreophorina)
Authors: Freidberg Amnon
Published: March 2011

Centrophlebomyia furcata (Fabricius) is rediscovered (in Israel) after not being found for about 100 years. Thyreolepida cinerea Sack from Israel is found to be congeneric and conspecific (new synonym). Field and laboratory observations on this species are reported. The egg, third instar larva and puparium are described for the first time in the Thyreophorina. Relationships of the Thyreophorina within the Piophilidae are discussed in view of the new information.
A new genus of Veliinae and descriptions of new Oriental species of the subfamily (Hemiptera: Veliidae).
Authors: Andersen N. Møller
Published: March 2011

Angilovelia n.gen. is described with Velia y-alba Paiva, 1918, from Burma as type-species and only included species. It has stridulatory devices similar to those found in species of the Neotropical genus Stridulivelia Hungerford. Three new species of Angilia Stål subgenus Adriennella Poisson are described, A. orientalis n.sp. (Thailand, Hong Kong), A. bispinosa n.sp. (Thailand), and A. trispinosa n.sp. (Malayan Peninsula?). The Palaearctic genus Velia Latreille reaches the border zone between this region and the Oriental region. V. (Plesiovelia) affinis Kolenati ssp. marussii Tamanini, described from Hindukush (Afghanistan, Pakistan), is here recorded from Kashmir (India) and the first species of the genus is described from China, V. (Haldwania) sinensis n.sp. A key is given to the genera and subgenera of Veliinae of the world.
Notes on West African Acridomorpha Dirsh, 1966 (Orthoptera)
Authors: Johnsen Palle
Published: March 2011

Notes are provided on 57 species from Cameroun, Cape Verde Islands, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone. The male of Cyphocerastis pulcherrima Ramme is described and figured. There are several first records: two from Guinea, one from Ghana, and five from Liberia. Eurysternacris brevipes Chopard, ♂ and Gastrimargus procerus (Gerstaecker), ♂ ♀ are depicted, also nymphs of Zonocerus variegatus (Linn.).
Three new Protura from Alaska with key to known Alaskan species (Insecta: Protura)
Authors: Nosek Josef
Published: March 2011

Alaskaentomon condei n.sp., Verrucoentomon mixtum n.sp. and Tuxenentulus boedvarssoni n.sp. are described from Fairbanks, Chena Ridge in Alaska.
Chironomus paulfreemani n.nom. for Ch. brunneus Freeman, 1954 (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Säwedal Lars
Published: March 2011

Chironomus paulfreemani n.nom. is proposed as a replacement name for Chironomus brunneus Freeman, 1954 which is preoccupied by Chironomus brunneus Walker, 1848.
A wing of Phasmida from the Cretaceous Period (Insecta)
Authors: Birket-Smith
Published: March 2011

A fossil wing from the Coniacean, Upper Cretaceous, of Greenland is referred to Phasmida (Cheleutoptera), and based on this, the phylogeny of the order is discussed. Phasmida appears to be more closely related Acridoidea than to any other orthopteroid group.
Kesselimyia chandleri n.gen., n.sp. from Czechoslovakia (Diptera: Platypezidae)
Authors: Vaňhara Jaromír
Published: March 2011

Kesselimyia chandleri n.gen., n.sp. is described from material collected in southern Moravia (Havraníky near Znojmo, Czechoslovakia). The larvae and puparia were found in a rotting mushroom of Lepiota sp., 2♂ and 17 ♀ emerged under laboratory conditions. The description of the new species was based mainly on the structure of the male genitalia. Figures of the most important diagnostic characters of the male, female and larvae are provided.
Revision of the European species of the genus Hadrodactylus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Part 2
Authors: Idar Mattias
Published: March 2011

My revision of the European Hadrodactylus is hereby concluded with notes on nomenclature, diagnostical characters, variation, bionomy, phenology and distribution of the following species: H. tiphae (Geoffr.), H. flavifrontator (Thunb.), H. spiraculator Idar, H. graminicola Idar, H. faciator (Thunb.), H. vulneratus (Zett.), H. gracilis (Steph.), H. semirufus (Holmgren) and H. rectinervis Roman. Lectotypes are hereby designated for tiphae, flavifrontator, faciator, gracilis, and rectinervis.
Taxonomy of the sylvestris group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Dolichovespula) with the introduction of a new name and notes on distribution
Authors: Archer
Published: March 2011

Dolichovespula asiatica nom.nov. (Junior primary homonym Vespula sylvestris intermedia Birula), D. sylvestris (Scopoli) s.str., D. sylvestris sumptuosa (Buysson) are dealt with in this paper. A key to the sylvestris group (Metavespula Blüthgen) is also given.
Pauropodidae and Eurypauropodidae (Myriapoda, Pauropoda) from the USSR
Authors: Scheller Ulf
Published: March 2011

Pauropoda have been collected in the Ukraine, the Caucasus, Uzbekistan and the Soviet Far East—in the latter two areas for the first time. Five species were found all new to the USSR. They belong to two genera in Pauropodidae and one genus in Eurypauropodidae. Three species were new to science and are described and figured: Stylopauropus (Stylopauropus) ushekistanicus, S. (Donzelotauropus) golovatchi and Eurypauropus tetrastichus.
Circulating American Higher Education: The Case of Lingnan University, 1888.1951
Authors: Wang Dong
Published: March 2011

In December 1987, the Chinese Ministry of Education approved the establishment of Lingnan College under Zhongshan University in Guangzhou (Canton) on the site where the old Lingnan had been located. The ministry's decision came on the eve of the grand celebration of the centennial anniversary of Lingnan University, and it also came at the strong request of overseas and domestic Lingnan (Canton) alumni. Since then, Lingnan's loyal alumni all over the world, particularly those in Hong Kong and the United States, have contributed nearly U.S. 20 million to the institution. In addition, Lingnan College's tax-free teaching and research development fund, registered with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government since 1997, has gone up to U.S. 1.28 million. Although the Lingnan that existed from 1888 to 1951 is long gone as an institution, its memory has continued to command so much loyalty that a careful examination of the Lingnan experience is useful for understanding the dynamics of the American and Chinese educational interaction from the late-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century.
Patterns of Chinese Policies on Technology Transfer
Authors: Feigenbaum Evan A.
Published: March 2011

High-technology issues have dominated U.S.-China relations in the last years of the twentieth century. In sectors related to national security, allegations of compromising transactions and thefts of proprietary American commercial and military technology plagued bilateral ties in the late 1990s. The apparent transfer of sophisticated space-launch information prompted a congressional investigation of two major U.S. multinationals, Hughes Electronics and Loral Space and Communications. Then, allegations of Chinese espionage at U.S. nuclear weapons laboratories produced a bipartisan Select Committee, chaired by Representative Christopher Cox (R-Calif.), charged with scrutinizing all aspects of U.S.-China technology relations, from corporate technology transfers to academic exchanges of scientific personnel between the two countries.
Introduction
Authors: Iriye Akira
Published: March 2011

History, writes Malcolm Bradbury, the British novelist and critic, “is the lies the present tells in order to make sense of the past.” While exaggerated, there is little doubt that the present is constantly seeking to relate itself to the past—or to a past that it creates. It will be just as plausible, however, to assert that history is the lies the past tells in order to make sense of the present. As we try to understand contemporary issues, we often go back to the past and try to find events, themes, roots, lessons, and the like that may have some relevance to the present. The task of a historian is to carry out such an enterprise as openly and dispassionately as possible so as not to let the past tell “lies.”
Development Delayed: U.S. Economic Policy in Occupied Korea, 1945–1948
Authors: Matray James I.
Published: March 2011

On 9 September 1945, U.S. military forces landed at Inchon to begin American occupation of southern Korea. For almost three years thereafter, a U.S. military government under the command of Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was responsible for civil affairs south of the 38th parallel. Its policies resulted in delaying Korea's economic development. Early in World War II, the U.S. government had begun preparations for the postwar administration of military government and civil affairs. At first, the focus was on Germany and its occupied territories, but during 1944, training began for 1,500 army and navy officers to serve in occupied Japan. The program ignored Korea, with the exception of a one-hour lecture in some classes near the end of the war. Plans to prepare civil affairs handbooks summarizing conditions in target areas for over thirty nations did not include Korea. Not surprisingly, many civil affairs officers who served in postwar Korea had trained for duty in Japan. They knew nothing about the country they were to govern and of course did not speak the language. Historians have argued that this lack of preparation was largely responsible for the failures of the American occupation. But other factors were more important in explaining the lack,
Reflections on My Wartime Letters
Authors: Keene Donald
Published: March 2011

It was some time in August 1945 that I received a letter from my friend and fellow language officer, Ted de Bary, reporting that he had a marvelous idea. It was to exchange letters from wherever we were sent when the war was officially over. Such letters, written by people who knew Japanese, would surely be more perceptive in describing the postwar scene than the usual journalism. I at once replied with enthusiasm. Soon afterwards, we learned that he would be sent to Japan and I to China. I wanted badly to go to Japan, having spent three years as a translator and interpreter of Japanese, but my superior officer, who decided our destinations, knowing how badly I wanted to go to Japan, sent me to China. I told myself that I should have been nicer to the superior, laughed at his jokes, and shared his various prejudices. But, although the war would soon be over, this was a military unit and orders had to be obeyed. I resigned myself to going to China. As it turned out, I was very lucky. My experiences in China were probably more varied than if I had been sent, like most of the language personnel, to a base in Japan. It also meant that Ted and I would have a real correspondence describing life in two quite different societies.
Protestantism in Twentieth-Century Chinese America: The Impact of Transnationalism on the Chinese Diaspora
Authors: Tseng Timothy
Published: March 2011

This article examines how an indigenous form of evangelicalism became the predominant form of Chinese Protestantism in the United States since 1949. Chinese-American Protestantism was so thoroughly reconstructed by separatist immigrants from the Diaspora and American-born (or American-raised) evangelicals that affiliation with mainline Protestant denominations and organizations is no longer desired. This development has revitalized Chinese-American Protestantism. Indeed, Chinese evangelicalism is one of the fastest-growing religions in China, the Chinese Diaspora, and among Chinese in America. Though the percentage of Chinese Americans affiliated with Christianity is not nearly as high as that of Korean Americans, Chinese-American Protestantism has achieved impressive numeric growth over the past fifty years. Much of this growth can be attributed to the large number of Chinese who have migrated to North America since World War II.
Beyond Gentility: The Mission of Women Educators at Yenching
Authors: Wakeman Carolyn
Published: March 2011

American missionaries in the early years of the twentieth century viewed China’s women as a vast resource for conversion and for leadership.“The only college for women in the northern half of China,”proclaims the brochure North China Union Women’s College in 1919.“The only chance of 200,000,000 people to secure a higher education for their daughters; the only institution to which an ancient but newly awakening people can look for highly trained leadership for its womanhood just now in the throes of confusion because of the passing of the old and the imperfect understanding of the new.” Such inspirational rhetoric, reiterated in pamphlets and circular letters intended to open the minds and purses of donors in the United States, hardly hints at the problems faced, during the May Fourth movement and its aftermath, by two dedicated American administrators who struggled to establish, expand, and maintain higher education for China’s women.
Intellectual Group under the Influence of Two Cultures: A Historical Analysis of the Yenching Graduates in China
Authors: Liu Haiyan
Published: March 2011

Yenching is the most renowned of the Christian colleges in China. Whether in regard to the scale of the university, the atmosphere of the campus, or the quality of the faculty, Yenching’s reputation was comparable to China’s most well known national universities. However, the founder of Yenching, John Leighton Stuart, served as the American ambassador to China at a very sensitive period in Sino-American relations. Mao Zedong’s condemnation of Stuart’s actions as ambassador placed a shadow over Yenching that made it difficult for historians to evaluate Yenching University’s contributions to China.
Befriending the “Yellow Peril”: Chinese Students and Intellectuals and the Liberalization of U.S. Immigration Laws, 1950–1965
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: March 2011

The extensive literature concerning America's exclusion of Asians has emphasized primarily the domestic contexts for restricting trans-Pacific migrations. Fears of a “Yellow Peril” invasion and conquest were used to justify the earliest American attempts to limit the entry of races and nationalities deemed too different and incompatible to integrate and participate on equal terms in a republic dominated by European arrivals and their descendants. Asian American Studies scholars in particular have mined the rich vein of documents delineating the formative legacy of anti-Asian laws, ideologies, and institutions shaping the still deeply troubled patrolling of American borders today. Less attention has turned to the influence of foreign policy considerations and their role in carving out categories of migrants exempted from exclusionary laws. For example, the Chinese Exclusion Law of 1882 made exceptions for merchants, merchant family members, students and teachers, diplomats, and tourists.
China and Other Colonial Empires
Authors: Perdue Peter C.
Published: March 2011

Empire is back. Once upon a time, in the era of decolonization, empires seemed like remnants of a past that would soon disappear. No more. Now, both as a reality of modern geopolitics and as a subject of academic study, empires are flourishing as never before. Although the current global power with the greatest imperial pretensions is now facing increasing difficulties in subduing resistance in one of its remote frontiers, and the American public at home would just as soon forget about this adventure in delusion, the question of the suitability of the United States for an imperial role will not soon disappear. Furthermore, China's sustained rise to the ranks of a great world power has begun to raise questions about whether China, too, will take on an imperial role, as it needs to guarantee supplies of energy for its booming economy and engage in geopolitical competition with its rivals. Like many other empires, China has also had difficulty in gaining the allegiance of the peoples on its frontiers.
Some Things We Used to Know about China's Past and Present (But Now, Not So Much)
Authors: Miller Alice Lyman
Published: March 2011

American public discourse today about the rise of China and its implications for the United States frequently draws on broad themes and parallels from Chinese history, both to explicate China's present and to project its future. These themes and parallels draw on a picture of the Chinese past that, as recently as twenty-five years ago, was embraced by many (though by no means all) professional historians and propagated by some of them as the best means to understand contemporary China. But since the 1970s, the community of historians of China has produced work that severely undermines longstanding conventional judgments of China's past. As a consequence, the historical themes and parallels that once were thought useful in illuminating interpretation of contemporary China have been stood on their head.
The Policy Analyst and Historical Perspectives: Notes of a Practitioner
Authors: Swaine Michael D.
Published: March 2011

In these remarks I offer some tentative observations based largely on my experience as a policy analyst on China security-related issues for nearly twenty years, at RAND and now at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. My focus during this time has been mainly on national security and military/defense issues, but also has included attempts to interpret the impact of both domestic and external factors on Chinese foreign/defense policies and military-security behavior. This has included analysis of the impact of domestic change on the People's Republic of China's (PRC) foreign policy and of Chinese grand strategy from a historical perspective. My uses of theory and of history, both premodern and modern, have been largely as needed to support my analysis of Chinese perceptions and motivations in the security arena. What I am most familiar with is the way in which policy analysts and policy practitioners look at China, including their use (or non-use) of studies from history and political science.
Introduction to “From ‘Tribute System’ to ‘Peaceful Rise’: American Historians, Political Scientists, and Policy Analysts Discuss China's Foreign Relations”
Authors: Wills John E.
Published: March 2011

The papers in this special issue are the products of a conference, “History and China's Foreign Relations: The Achievements and Contradictions of American Scholarship, ” held at the University of Southern California in February 2008. All of us, professors, policy advisors and policy-makers, think it would be helpful if there was more informed discussion among the general public of the challenges of China's rise in the world and our responses to it, but we all acknowledge that the American public sphere is a big mess, fragmented by the apparent riches of the Internet, dumbed down to the vanishing point in the major media. Can we as scholars make some beginnings in drawing on China's long and complex history of relations with other peoples to find generalizations and patterns that help to illuminate the present for the policy elite and for the concerned public?
Paradise or Hell Hole?: U.S. Marines in Post–World War II China
Authors: Guo Xixiao
Published: March 2011

Among the many U.S. servicemen stationed in China after World War II were the marines of the U.S. Third Amphibious Corps (IIIAC), sailors from the U.S. Seventh Fleet, and U.S. army personnel.1 Transported to the seaports of coastal China like Shanghai, as well as placed on the main communication lines between the major cities of the interior, these Americans encountered Chinese of all kinds—students, soldiers, merchants, bandits, politicians, and prostitutes. But whereas the Americans were done with their fighting in 1945, China was quickly convulsed into civil war between the Nationalist government of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The fighting between the two dated to the 1920s. There was a brief period of uneasy unity before fighting erupted again, leading to Kuomintang successes and the Communists’ Long March of 1934–36. Japan’s brutal aggression after 1937 put an end to most of the fighting between the KMT and CCP, but once it became clear after 1941 that the United States would defeat Japan, it was only a question of time before the two started at each other. Given the longevity, magnitude, intensity, and complexity of the Chinese Civil War, the interaction between American soldiers and the Chinese people during this critical period in history was bound to be calamatous for all those involved.
The NIMA Method for Improved Moment Estimation from Doppler Spectra
Authors: Morse Corinne S. , Goodrich Robert K. , Cornman Larry B.
Published: March 2011

The NCAR Improved Moments Algorithm (NIMA) for estimating moments from wind measurement devices that measure Doppler spectra as a function of range is described in some detail. Although NIMA's main application has been for real-time processing of wind profiler data, it has also been successfully applied to Doppler lidar and weather radar data. Profiler spectra are often contaminated by a variety of sources including aircraft, birds, velocities exceeding the Nyquist velocity, radio frequency interference, and ground clutter. The NIMA method uses mathematical analysis, fuzzy logic synthesis, and global image processing algorithms to mimic human experts' ability to identify atmospheric signals in the presence of such contaminants. NIMA is configurable and its processing can be tuned to optimize performance for a given profiler site. Once configured, NIMA is a fully automated algorithm that runs in real time to produce Doppler moments and a confidence assessment of those moments. These confidence values are useful in the generation and assessment of wind and turbulence estimates and are important when these quantities are used in critical situations such as airport operations. A simulation study is used to compare NIMA performance with that of a simple peak picking algorithm in the presence of ground clutter, RFI, and point targets. Some performance results for the NIMA confidence algorithm are also given.
Evaluation of a 45° Slant Quasi-Linear Radar Polarization State for Distinguishing Drizzle Droplets, Pristine Ice Crystals, and Less Regular Ice Particles
Authors: Reinking Roger F. , Matrosov Sergey Y. , Kropfli Robert A. , Bartram Bruce W.
Published: March 2011

A remote sensing capability is needed to detect clouds of supercooled, drizzle-sized droplets, which are a major aircraft icing hazard. Discrimination among clouds of differing ice particle types is also important because both the presence and type of ice influence the survival of liquid in a cloud and the chances for occurrence of these large, most hazardous droplets. This work shows how millimeter-wavelength dual-polarization radar can be used to identify these differing hydrometeors. It also shows that by measuring the depolarization ratio (DR), the estimation of the hydrometeor type can be accomplished deterministically for drizzle droplets; ice particles of regular shapes; and to a considerable extent, the more irregular ice particles, and that discrimination is strongly influenced by the polarization state of the transmitted microwave radiation. Thus, appropriate selection of the polarization state is emphasized.

The selection of an optimal polarization state involves trade-offs in competing factors such as the functional dynamic range of DR, sensitivity to low-reflectivity clouds, and insensitivity to oscillations in the settling orientations of ice crystals. A 45° slant, quasi-linear polarization state, one in which only slight ellipticity is introduced, was found to offer a very good compromise, providing considerable advantages over standard horizontal and substantially elliptical polarizations. This was determined by theoretical scattering calculations that were verified experimentally in field measurements conducted during the Mount Washington Icing Sensors Project (MWISP). A selectable-dual-polarization Ka-band (8.66-mm wavelength) radar was used. A wide variety of hydrometeor types was sampled. Clear differentiation among planar crystals, columnar crystals, and drizzle droplets was achieved. Also, differentiation among crystals of fundamentally different shapes (aspect ratios) within each of the planar and columnar families was found possible. These distinctions matched calculations of DR, usually to within 1 or 2 dB. The results from MWISP and from previous experiments with other polarizations have demonstrated that the agreement between theory and measurements by this method is repeatable. Additionally, although less rigorously predicted by theory, the field measurements demonstrated substantial differentiation among the more irregular and more spherical ice particles, including aggregates, elongated aggregates, heavily rimed dendrites, and graupel. Measurable separation between these various irregular ice particle types and drizzle droplets was also verified.
Procedures to Improve the Accuracy of Airborne Doppler Radar Data
Authors: Bosart Brian L. , Lee Wen-Chau , Wakimoto Roger M.
Published: March 2011

The navigation correction method proposed in Testud et al. (referred to as the THL method) systematically identifies uncertainties in the aircraft Inertial Navigation System and errors in the radar-pointing angles by analyzing the radar returns from a flat and stationary earth surface. This paper extends the THL study to address 1) error characteristics on the radar display, 2) sensitivity of the dual-Doppler analyses to navigation errors, 3) fine-tuning the navigation corrections for individual flight legs, and 4) identifying navigation corrections over a flat and nonstationary earth surface (e.g., ocean).

The results show that the errors in each of the parameters affect the dual-Doppler wind analyses and the first-order derivatives in different manners. The tilt error is the most difficult parameter to determine and has the greatest impact on the dual-Doppler analysis. The extended THL method can further reduce the drift, ground speed, and tilt errors in all flight legs over land by analyzing the residual velocities of the earth surface using the corrections obtained in the calibration legs.

When reliable dual-Doppler winds can be deduced at flight level, the Bosart–Lee–Wakimoto method presented here can identify all eight errors by satisfying three criteria: 1) the flight-level dual-Doppler winds near the aircraft are statistically consistent with the in situ winds, 2) the flight-level dual-Doppler winds are continuous across the flight track, and 3) the surface velocities of the left (right) fore radar have the same magnitude but opposite sign as their counterparts of right (left) aft radar. This procedure is able to correct airborne Doppler radar data over the ocean and has been evaluated using datasets collected during past experiments. Consistent calibration factors are obtained in multiple legs. The dual-Doppler analyses using the corrected data are statistically superior to those using uncorrected data.