bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport properties of Z-shaped phosphorene nanoribbon devices
Authors: Song M. R. , Shi H. L. , Jiang Z. T. , Ren Y. H. , Han Q. Z.
Published: April 2020

By using first-principles calculations and the non-equilibrium Green’s function, we theoretically study the electronic transport properties of a [Formula: see text]-shaped phosphorene nanoribbon (PNR) device, which is called ZSZ-PNR because it is composed of a left zigzag PNR electrode, an intermediate skewed armchair PNR (saPNR), and a right zigzag PNR electrode. First, we investigate the influences of the length and the width of the central saPNR on the ZSZ-PNR transport. The results show that the negative differential conductance (NDC) always appears in the case of the short central saPNR, and is independent of its width, while the NDC is inclined to vanish with the increase of the length. Also, an anomaly on the current–voltage ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) curves is observed for the ZSZ-PNR with a short saPNR. Next, the transport properties are analyzed according to the evolution of the energy bands of the electrodes, the molecular energy levels (MELs) of the central saPNR, as well as the transmission coefficients, the transmission eigenstates, and the eigenstates of the self-consistent Hamiltonian of the saPNR. Finally, we use a top gate and two parallel gates to manipulate the transport of the ZSZ-PNR, and find that all these gates can strengthen or suppress the ZSZ-PNR transport.
Breathers, rogue waves and their dynamics in a (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Chen Yong , Wang Xiu-Bin , Han Bo
Published: April 2020

Under investigation in this paper is a (2[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which is a generalization of the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation. By means of the modified Darboux transformation, the hierarchies of rational solutions and breather solutions are generated from the plane wave solution. Furthermore, the main characteristics of the nonlinear waves including the Akhmediev breathers, Kuznetsov–Ma solitons, and their combined structures are graphically discussed. Our results would be of much importance in enriching and explaining rogue wave phenomena in nonlinear wave fields.
Integrated Fault Seal Analysis: An Introduction
Authors: Ogilvie Steven R. , Dee Steve J. , Wilson Robert W. , Bailey Wayne R.
Published: April 2020

Faults commonly trap and impact the flow of fluids such as hydrocarbons and water over a range of timescales and therefore are of economic significance. During hydrocarbon exploration, analysis of the sealing capacity of faults can impact both the assessment of the probability of finding hydrocarbons and also the estimate of the likely resource range. During hydrocarbon field development, smaller faults can provide seals, baffles and/or conduits to flow. There are relatively simple, well-established workflows to carry out a fault seal analysis for siliciclastic rocks based primarily on clay content. There are, however, outstanding challenges related to other rock types, to calibrating fault seal models (with static and dynamic data) and to handling uncertainty. The variety of studies presented here demonstrate the types of data required and workflows followed in today's environment in order to understand the uncertainties, risks and upsides associated with fault-related fluid flow. These studies span all parts of the hydrocarbon value chain from exploration to production but are also of relevance for other industries such as radioactive waste and CO
2
containment.
RPS5-Mediated Disease Resistance: Fundamental Insights and Translational Applications
Authors: Pottinger Sarah E. , Innes Roger W.
Published: April 2020

Focusing on the discovery and characterization of the Arabidopsis disease resistance protein RPS5 and its guardee PBS1, this review discusses work done in the Innes laboratory from the initial identification of the RPS5 gene in 1995 to the recent deployment of the PBS1 decoy system in crops. This is done through discussion of the structure, function, and signaling environment of RPS5 and PBS1, highlighting collaborations and influential ideas along the way. RPS5, a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein, is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of PBS1. We have shown that the cleavage site within PBS1 can be altered to contain cleavage sites for other proteases, enabling RPS5 activation by these proteases, thereby conferring resistance to different pathogens. This decoy approach has since been translated into crop species using endogenous PBS1 orthologs and holds strong potential for GMO-free development of new genetic resistance against important crop pathogens.
Relational Work in the Economy
Authors: Bandelj Nina
Published: April 2020

In her groundbreaking scholarship on intimacy and economy, Viviana Zelizer coined the concept of relational work, or efforts in matching social relations with economic transactions and media of exchange. This article reviews the conceptual advances and empirical applications of relational work over the past two decades. I first trace the origins of the concept and discuss how it is distinct from the idea of embeddedness. I then identify variants of relational work proposed in economic sociology, including relational accounting, obfuscated exchange, clarifying and blurring practices, and emotions and power in relational work. The second part of the review discusses research on relational work in five areas: earmarking money, walking the terrain of morally problematic exchange, configuring social relations through economic activity, using social relations to negotiate economic interactions, and scaling up to relational work of organizations and institutions. I end by proposing areas of future research to examine the determinants and consequences of relational work for (dis)trust, (in)equality, and relational (mis)matches.
LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/CA Cathode Materials with Carbon Aerogel as Additive Synthesized by Wet Ball-Milling Combined with Spray Drying
Authors: Li Zhenfei , Ren Xin , Tian Weichao , Zheng Yi , An Liwei , Sun Jiachen , Ding Ruqian , Wen Lizhi , Wang Li , Liang Guangchuan
Published: April 2020

A LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/CA composite with a high tap density and superior electronic conductivity is synthesized by a combination of wet ball-milling, spray drying, and carbothermal reduction with Carbon aerogel (CA) as a carbon additive. CA is a porous nanomaterial with a very large specific surface area. There are 3D network structure between the primary particles of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 when CA is used for carbon coating. This 3D network structure not only is beneficial for the improvement of electronic conductivity but also can absorb a large amount of electrolyte, which helps to improve the Li+ exchange rate between the electrode and electrolyte. More attention, we found that the primary particles of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 coated with CA were more compact than those coated without CA, which greatly improved the tap density of the material. Thus the LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/CA composite with appropriate amount of CA exhibits a high tap density of 1.6 g cm−3 and excellent electronic conductivity of 8.5 × 10−2 S cm−1 simultaneously. Resulting in a high volumetric energy density of 856.1 Wh L−1 at 1 C rate, and discharge capacity of 159.1 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C.
Editors’ Choice—The Effect of Anchor Group and Alkyl Backbone Chain on Performance of Organic Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum Investigated Using an Integrative Experimental-Modeling Approach
Authors: Milošev I. , Zimerl D. , Carriére Ch. , Zanna S. , Seyeux A. , Iskra J. , Stavber S. , Chiter F. , Poberžnik M. , Costa D. , Kokalj A. , Marcus P.
Published: April 2020

An alkaline etched, superhydrophilic aluminum surface was modified using functionalized alkyl compounds selected to study the effect of their properties on adsorption on the metal surface. The thirteen organic compounds differed in alkyl chain length (eight and eighteen carbon atoms) and anchor group (azide, imidazole, thiocyanate, amino, disulfide, thiol, phosphonic, carboxylic, and benzoic). The methodology of the study integrated a complete chain of steps incorporating synthesis, electrochemical and surface analyses, and computational modeling. The corrosion resistant and superhydrophobic properties depend on the anchor group, which governs adhesion to the surface, and backbone, which is responsible for lateral cohesive interactions. The morphology and chemical composition of modified layers were studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Electrochemical and long-term immersion properties were investigated in 0.5 M NaCl. Calculations based on density functional theory were performed as to model the adsorption of selected anchor groups on the hydroxylated oxidized aluminum surface. Integrated results allowed the identification of the anchor groups that are able to form inhibitive adsorbed layers on Al surface regardless the alkyl chain length, and those that are not able to form adsorbed layers at all and are thus not efficient corrosion inhibitors.
HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 wk of exercise training in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Whyte Martin B. , Shojaee-Moradie Fariba , Sharaf Sharaf E. , Cuthbertson Daniel J. , Kemp Graham J. , Barrett Mark , Jackson Nicola C. , Herring Roselle A. , Wright John , Thomas E. Louise , Bell Jimmy , Umpleby A. Margot
Published: April 2020

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by low-circulating concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and raised triacylglycerol (TAG). Exercise reduces hepatic fat content, improves insulin resistance and increases clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein-1 (VLDL1). However, the effect of exercise on TAG and HDL-C metabolism is unknown. We randomized male participants to 16 wk of supervised, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise ( n = 15), or conventional lifestyle advice ( n = 12). Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and VLDL-TAG and apolipoprotein B (apoB) kinetics were investigated using stable isotopes (1-[13C]-leucine and 1,1,2,3,3-2H5 glycerol) pre- and postintervention. Participants underwent MRI/spectroscopy to assess changes in visceral fat. Results are means ± SD. At baseline, there were no differences between exercise and control groups for age (52.4 ± 7.5 vs. 52.8 ± 10.3 yr), body mass index (BMI: 31.6 ± 3.2 vs. 31.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2), and waist circumference (109.3 ± 7.5 vs. 110.0 ± 13.6 cm). Percentage of liver fat was 23.8 (interquartile range 9.8–32.5%). Exercise reduced body weight (101.3 ± 10.2 to 97.9 ± 12.2 kg; P < 0.001) and hepatic fat content [from 19.6%, interquartile range (IQR) 14.6–36.1% to 8.9% (4.4–17.8%); P = 0.001] and increased the fraction HDL-C concentration (measured following ultracentrifugation) and apoA-I pool size with no change in the control group. However, plasma and VLDL1-TAG concentrations and HDL-apoA-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production rate (PR) did not change significantly with exercise. Both at baseline (all participants) and after exercise there was an inverse correlation between apoA-I pool size and VLDL-TAG and -apoB pool size. The modest effect of exercise on HDL metabolism may be explained by the lack of effect on plasma and VLDL1-TAG.
A New Genetic Algorithm Encoding for Coalition Structure Generation Problems
Authors: Contreras Juan Pablo , Bosch Paul , Varas Mauricio , Basso Franco
Published: April 2020

Genetic algorithms have proved to be a useful improvement heuristic for tackling several combinatorial problems, including the coalition structure generation problem. In this case, the focus lies on selecting the best partition from a discrete set. A relevant issue when designing a Genetic algorithm for coalition structure generation problems is to choose a proper genetic encoding that enables an efficient computational implementation. In this paper, we present a novel hybrid encoding, and we compare its performance against several genetic encoding proposed in the literature. We show that even in difficult instances of the coalition structure generation problem, the proposed approach is a competitive alternative to obtaining good quality solutions in reasonable computing times. Furthermore, we also show that the encoding relevance increases as the number of players increases.
Effect of Combined Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Therapies on Cognitive Function: A New Treatment Strategy?
Authors: Kuang Ze-Min
Published: April 2020

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia are associated with cognitive decline. However, there is still no clear evidence that the use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapy can prevent or delay cognitive decline or development of dementia. To provide a reference for clinical treatment, we analyzed the potential mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction induced by hypertension and hyperlipidemia, the clinical research and controversy of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapies on cognitive function, and the clinical value of combined antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy. It is currently believed that hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol levels in middle-aged people may be related to cognitive impairment or dementia in the elderly. Some studies suggest that intensive antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapies are better than standard antihypertensive or lipid-lowering therapy, yet further tests are needed to confirm their effects on cognitive function. Actively controlling potential risk factors from middle age may be important for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention.
Separating and Characterizing Functional Nitrogen Degraders via Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Isolation
Authors: Sun Yujiao , Yin Meng , Zheng Danyang , Wang Lei , Zhao Xiaohui , Li Jie
Published: April 2020

Magnetic nanoparticle-mediated isolation (MMI) is a new method for isolating active functional microbes from complex microorganisms without substrate labeling. In this study, the composition and properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized by a number of techniques, indicating that MNPs have characteristics such as microinterfaces and can be efficiently fixed on the surface of microbial cells. It also introduced the MMI technology in activated sludge after stable long-term treatment. With further addition of promotor carbon sources, the enrichment of the functional nitrogen degraders in MMI was significantly higher than in samples without MNPs, showing the advantages of MMI in identifying the active degraders. Redundancy analysis (RDA) also showed that the functional nitrogen degraders such as Comamonadaceae_unclassified and Thiobacillus absolutely dominated in situ ammonia degradation, and the change in dominant genera had the same trend as the degradation rate of ammonia nitrogen. In the magnetically functionalized system, the separated functional nitrogen degraders significantly improved ammonia nitrogen degradation efficiency, making it basically stable at more than 80%, up to 91.6%. These results prove that the complex flora created after the addition of MNPs is more adaptable to newly introduced pollutants, and MMI is a powerful tool for studying pollutant-degrading microorganisms under in situ conditions.
Detection of Weak Signal Based on Parameter Identification of Delay Differential System with Noise Disturbance
Authors: Wang QiuBao , Yang Yuejuan , Zhang Xing
Published: April 2020

Extraction of the weak signals is crucial for fault prognostics in which case features are often very weak and masked by noise. In the time domain, the detection of weak signals depends on the identification of nonlinear parameters. A new signal detection and estimation method based on the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) is developed from the stochastic Van der Pol–Duffing equation with delayed feedback under parametric excitation. This is the first time that the IHB has been applied for the identification of parameters in stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs). Compared to the method of intermittency transition between order and chaos to detect weak signals, this new method is more direct and the calculation result is what we want to obtain. This new method is suitable for the generalization and application of SDDEs.
Bearing Fault Dominant Symptom Parameters Selection Based on Canonical Discriminant Analysis and False Nearest Neighbor Using GA Filtering Signal
Authors: Zuo Shilun , Liao Zhiqiang
Published: April 2020

Symptom parameter is a popular method for bearing fault diagnosis, and it plays a crucial role in the process of building a diagnosis model. Many symptom parameters have been performed to extract signal fault features in time and frequency domains, and the improper selection of parameter will significantly influence the diagnosis result. For dealing with the problem, this paper proposes a novel dominant symptom parameters selection scheme for bearing fault diagnosis based on canonical discriminant analysis and false nearest neighbor using GA filtered signal. The original signal was filtered by a genetic algorithm (GA) at first and then mapped to the new characteristic subspace through the canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) algorithm. The map distance in the new characteristic subspace is calculated by the false nearest neighbor (FNN) method to interpret the dominance of symptom parameters. The dominant symptom parameters brought to the bearing diagnosis system can improve the diagnosis result. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated by the diagnosis model and by comparison with other methods.
Assessing Redox Properties of Natural Organic Matters with regard to Electron Exchange Capacity and Redox-Active Functional Groups
Authors: Xu Zhiyuan , Yang Zhen , Wang Hongping , Jiang Jie
Published: April 2020

Redox processes in groundwater play an important role in bioavailability, toxicity, and mobility of redox-active elements and contaminants. A recent study has demonstrated that low-molecular-weight fraction (LMWF) of humic substances with great number of redox-active functional groups (RAFGs) exhibits great reducing capacity. However, whether LMWF of natural organic matter (NOM) exhibits high redox capacity still remains unclear. Therefore, this study extracted Pahokee peat NOM (PPNOM) and Leonardite NOM (LNOM) from soils, and then LMWFs in these NOMs were collected using a dialysis method. Electron exchange capacities (EEC) and RAFGs of LMWF NOMs at different Eh were analyzed using a novel electrochemical method and a three-dimensional excitation emission fluorescence (3DEEM) spectroscopy. We found that the reducing capacity in LMWF PPNOM was approximately 5-6 times higher than the bulk NOM, while only 7.8% LMWF PPNOM was accounted for in the bulk NOM. An increasing in EEC (EAC + EDC, where EAC is the electron accepting capacity and EDC is the electron donating capacity) of LMWF PPNOM and LNOM with Eh reduced from −0.49 V to −0.69 V. Additionally, an obvious increase in fluorescent intensities of quinone-like fluorophores before and after being reduced LMWF LNOM is responsible for high EAC of LMWF LNOM. These findings provide a better understanding of relationship between RAFGs Eh in LMWF of NOM, further helping in predicting and protection of groundwater environment and fate of transformation and transport for redox-active contaminants in groundwater.
Agro-Morphological Characterization of Kenyan Slender Leaf (Crotalaria brevidensandC. ochroleuca) Accessions
Authors: Mwakha Fridah A. , Gichimu Bernard M. , Neondo Johnstone O. , Kamau Peter K. , Odari Eddy O. , Muli Joshua K. , Budambula Nancy L. M.
Published: April 2020

Slender leaf (Crotalaria spp) is among the indigenous and underutilized vegetables in Kenya whose production is limited to the Western and Coastal regions of the country. For a long time, this crop has been neglected in terms of research and genetic improvement. There is therefore scanty information on its morphological diversity and agronomic performance, hence the need for this study. Field experiments were carried out for two seasons in October to December 2018 and March to May 2019. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 29 accessions and replicated three times. Both qualitative and quantitative data were recorded from the accessions based on theCrotalariadescriptors. Quantitative data were subjected to analysis of variance using XLSTAT Version 2019, and accession means were separated using Student’s Newman Keuls test at 95% level of confidence. Both qualitative and quantitative data were subjected to multivariate cluster analysis, and a dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average. The principal component analysis was conducted to obtain information on the importance of the characters. Significant variation in agro-morphological traits was found within and between the two species. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into seven major classes with a between-classes diversity of 75.13% and a within-classes diversity of 24.87%. This study sets the basis for genetic improvement of slender leaf in Kenya since the observed diversity can be exploited in selection for intraspecific and interspecific hybridization.
Targeting Inflammatory-Mitochondrial Response in Major Depression: Current Evidence and Further Challenges
Authors: Visentin Ana Paula Vargas , Colombo Rafael , Scotton Ellen , Fracasso Débora Soligo , da Rosa Adriane Ribeiro , Branco Catia Santos , Salvador Mirian
Published: April 2020

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders has increased in recent years. Among existing mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) has emerged as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, affecting individuals throughout their lives. Currently, MDD affects 15% of adults in the Americas. Over the past 50 years, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and brain stimulation have been used to treat MDD. The most common approach is still pharmacotherapy; however, studies show that about 40% of patients are refractory to existing treatments. Although the monoamine hypothesis has been widely accepted as a molecular mechanism to explain the etiology of depression, its relationship with other biochemical phenomena remains only partially understood. This is the case of the link between MDD and inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Studies have found that depressive patients usually exhibit altered inflammatory markers, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidized mitochondrial DNA, and thus high levels of both central and peripheral reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effect of antidepressants on these events remains unclear. Nevertheless, the effects of ROS on the brain are well known, including lipid peroxidation of neuronal membranes, accumulation of peroxidation products in neurons, protein and DNA damage, reduced antioxidant defenses, apoptosis induction, and neuroinflammation. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and coenzyme Q have shown promise in some depressive patients, but without consensus on their efficacy. Hence, this paper provides a review of MDD and its association with inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and is aimed at thoroughly discussing the putative links between these events, which may contribute to the design and development of new therapeutic approaches for patients.
The Coexistence of Colorectal Polyps in the Right Colon Increases the Malignant Risk of Laterally Spreading Tumors
Authors: Shen Xiaonan , Zhang Yao , Zhao Yunjia , Li Xiaobo , Ge Zhizheng , Xiong Hua , Sun Danfeng , Gao Qinyan , Cui Yun , Chen Xiaoyu , Chen Yingxuan , Fang Jingyuan
Published: April 2020

Background. The coexistence of colorectal polyps with laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) is commonly observed during colonoscopy. However, there are rare studies that assess the malignant risks for LSTs with colorectal polyps, which might largely contribute to further strategies of treatment and follow-up plans in LSTs. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study that enrolled 206 patients with LSTs in the Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. The subjects with LSTs were divided into two groups: the nonpolyp group with 89 patients and the polyp group with 117 patients. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictors of outcomes of interest. Results. The risk of the polyps’ coexistence phenomenon increased in males compared with females (OR=2.138, p=0.047), especially in those between 50 and 75 years old (OR=7.074, p=0.036). Tumor size (3–4 cm), LSTs with tubulovillous types, and history of polyps statistically increased the risk of the polyp coexistence phenomenon (OR=5.768, p=0.003; OR=36.345, p=0.024; OR=13.245, p<0.0001, respectively). LST-NG-PD (OR=20.982, p=0.017) and LSTs≥5 cm (OR=37.604, p=0.038) notably increased the malignant risk of LSTs. When the simultaneous polyps are located in the right colon, the risk of malignant LSTs (OR=58.540, p=0.013) positively increased. Conclusion. The simultaneous colorectal polyps in the right colon were the most important risk factor to predict the malignant risk of LSTs.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions Decrease Diarrhea Rate by Relieving Colonic Inflammation and Ameliorating Caecum Microbiota in Piglets
Authors: Chen Jian , Mao Yaqing , Xing Chenghong , Hu Ruiming , Xu Zheng , Cao Huabin , Luo Junrong
Published: April 2020

Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in piglets. XiaoJianZhong (XJZ) and Jingsananli‐sepsis (JSS) were two traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions to prevent and treat intestinal diseases, including diarrhea and inflammatory disease. Here, we investigated the effects of XJZ and JSS on diarrhea rate, growth performance, colonic inflammation, and caecum microbiota in piglets. A total of 18 piglets were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Control group was supplied with basal diets, while TCM1 and TCM2 groups were, respectively, supplied with XJZ and JSS in basal diets. Decreased diarrhea rate, colonic or caecal pH, and elevated apparent nutrient digestibility were observed in both TCM groups. Meanwhile, both prescriptions alleviated colonic inflammation by decreasing mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and suppressing the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB signaling pathway. Additionally, TCM1 and TCM2 prescriptions ameliorated caecum microbiota composition and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, together with regulations on several genes that are responsible for signaling pathways involved in cancers and metabolic diseases. Importantly, both TCM1 and TCM2 significantly promoted the average daily gain (ADG) and reduced the feed : gain (F : G) ratio. In conclusion, both TCM prescriptions effectively decreased diarrhea rate and increased growth performance by elevating apparent nutrient digestibility and gut health, via relieving colonic inflammation and ameliorating gut microbiota composition of piglets.
Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors: Results from Baseline Survey of SWADES Family Cohort Study
Authors: Saju M. D. , Allagh Komal Preet , Scaria Lorane , Joseph Shinto , Thiyagarajan Jotheeswaran Amuthavalli
Published: April 2020

Introduction. Hypertension is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and its associated risk factors in Ernakulam district, Kerala. Methods. In this prospective family-based cohort study, 573 families were included with a total of 997 participants aged 30 years and above. Baseline interviews were conducted in participant’s homes using a combination of self-structured and standardized questionnaire. Blood pressure and plasma glucose were assessed for each participant. Results. The prevalence of hypertension was 43%. It was slightly higher in women than men (43.7% vs. 41.4%). The mean systolic blood pressure in the hypertensive population was 141.9 mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure was 85.3 mmHg. In total, 78% (86.2% in women, 62.9% in men) of the participants were aware of their hypertension. Among those aware, 60.4% (63.5% in women, 52.6% in men) of the participants were on treatment, and hypertension was controlled in 75.1% (77.5% women, 68% in men) of the participants on treatment. The prevalence of hypertension was higher among persons with comorbidities (diabetes 64.5%, transient ischemic attack 54.7%, and heart disease 64.4%). Prevalence was lower among persons who did regular vigorous intensity exercise versus those who did moderate intensity exercise (32% vs. 45.7%) and among nonsmokers versus smokers (42.2% vs. 46.6%). Conclusion. The prevalence of hypertension in Kerala is high. Although awareness is quite high, there is a need to improve the number of persons with hypertension taking treatment.
Analytical Method for Evaluating the Impact Response of Stiffeners in a Ship Side Shell Subjected to Bulbous Bow Collision
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhu Zhijie , Zeng Yang , Liu Jingxi , Hu Zhiqiang
Published: April 2020

This paper addresses a simplified analytical method for evaluating the impact responses of the stiffeners in a ship side shell subjected to head-on collision by a bulbous bow. The stiffeners are classified as the “central stiffener” and the “lateral stiffener” according to their relative position to the bulbous bow. In analytical predictions, it is assumed that the flexural bending of the central stiffener and plate occurs simultaneously. However, the deformation mode of the central stiffener outside the indenter contact region is simplified as linear to derive its deformation resistance. The curved deformation mode of the lateral stiffener is proposed to calculate the deformation resistance and to consider the interaction effect with the plate, which can cause the plate to fracture earlier. Model tests with three specimens (one unstiffened plate for reference and two stiffened plates) quasistatically punched by a conical indenter are performed to validate the proposed analytical method. Resistance-penetration curves and damage shapes for the three specimens are obtained. The experimental results illustrate the effects of the stiffeners on the deformation resistance and fracture initiation of the stiffened plate and the influence of stiffener tripping on the lateral resistance. Moreover, the experimental and analytical predicted results correspond well, suggesting that the proposed analytical method can accurately predict the crashworthiness of a ship side shell subjected to bulbous bow collision.
Pinning Synchronization of Complex Dynamical Networks with Variable-Delayed Coupling by Periodically Intermittent Control
Authors: Cheng Ranran , Tian Xiaoyong , Peng Mingshu , Yu Jinchen
Published: April 2020

This paper studied the adaptive pinning synchronization in complex networks with variable-delay coupling via periodically intermittent control. Theoretical analysis is included by means of Lyapunov functions and linear matrix inequalities (LMI) to make all nodes reach complete synchronization. Moreover, the synchronization criteria do not impose any restriction on the size of time delay. Numerical examples including the regular, Watts–Strogatz and scale-free BA random topological architecture are provided to illustrate the importance of our theoretical analysis.
Pattern Synthesis of Time-Modulated Sparse Array by an OPM-CVX Algorithm
Authors: Liang Lei , Jiang Yachao , Liu Jialing , Li Hailin , Zhou Jianjiang
Published: April 2020

This paper addresses the constrained multiobjective optimization problem of time-modulated sparse arrays. The synthesis objective is to find an optimal element arrangement and associated excitation strategy of sparse arrays, which realize the balance of radiation power and sideband suppression performance with minimum number of elements, and suppress side lobe level simultaneously. A novel hybrid algorithm based on orthogonal perturbation method and convex optimization (OPM-CVX) for the synthesis of time-modulated sparse antenna array is presented in this paper. In order to satisfy the main lobe beamforming and side lobe suppression of sparse arrays, the proposed method optimizes element positions with minimum array numbers by orthogonal perturbation method and optimizes excitations of array element with dynamic range ratio constraint by convex optimization. Furthermore, a trapezoidal pulse time-modulated switching function is proposed to find the balance of radiation power and sideband suppression performance. The numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithm can be an effective approach for synthesis problems of time-modulated sparse arrays.
Ethnopharmacological Survey on Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Central and Kara Regions of Togo for Antitumor and Chronic Wound Healing Effects
Authors: Kola Poyodi , Metowogo Kossi , Kantati Yendubé T. , Lawson-Evi Povi , Kpemissi Mabozou , El-Hallouty Salwa M. , Mouzou Aklesso P. , Eklu-Gadegbeku Kwashie , Aklikokou Kodjo A.
Published: April 2020

Cancer is an emerging public health problem in sub‐Saharan Africa. Several medicinal plants are used by traditional healers to treat tumors. In Togo, there are no recorded data for these plants but traditional healers claim to cure tumors with some success. So, information on medicinal plants used to cure human tumors and cancer could be of great importance for their widespread use and scientific validation. The present ethnopharmacological survey aims to record information on antitumor plants in central and Kara regions of Togo. Semistructured validated questionnaires were administered to fifty‐seven traditional healers specialized in tumor management in 7 prefectures of Togo. Good practices and know‐how were recorded. Quantitative ethnobotanical tools were used to analyze and summarize the data collected. 85 recipes of medicinal plants for tumors management are provided. In the local dialect, 78.95% of traditional healers do not have a clear tumor designation and 29.90% find that the causes of tumors remain unknown. According to 48.78% of traditional healers, the diagnosis of tumors in patients is made in the hospital. The types of tumors frequently treated are those of the breast (43.75%) and the lung (16.67%). The seventy listed medicinal plants belong to thirty‐nine families, the most represented being Rubiaceae (17.95%), Caesalpiniaceae (12.82%), Fabaceae (10.26%), and Annonaceae (7.69%). The ten most cited species were Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum melegueta, Khaya senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, Piliostigma thonningii, Blighia sapida, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata, Annona muricata, and Parinari curatellifolia. Most of the recipes are prepared as decoction (40%) and administered orally (54.12%). Both regions of our study have a wealth of medicinal plants, and traditional healers would use their local knowledge in the management of various tumors and chronic wounds.
Knowledge of Preconception Care and Associated Factors among Healthcare Providers Working in Public Health Institutions in Awi Zone, North West Ethiopia, 2019: Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bekele Mahlet Million , Gebeyehu Natnael Atnafu , Kefale Mezgebu Mihret , Bante Simachew Animen
Published: April 2020

Background. Preconception care is a set of interventional care for the better maternal and childbirth outcome. Nevertheless, this area still faces implementation problems in most of the developing countries including Ethiopia. Objective. To assess the knowledge of preconception care and associated factors among healthcare providers working in public health institutions in Awi zone, North West Ethiopia. Method. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 660 healthcare providers working in public health institutions in Awi zone, North West Ethiopia. A pretested structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from individual healthcare providers who were selected randomly using a multistage sampling technique. The data entry and analysis were conducted using SPSS version 25 software. Frequency, proportions, means, and standard deviations were used to describe the data. Candidate variables at bivariate logistic regression with a p value > 0.2 were moved to multivariable logistic regression models, and statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval. Result. Among the total of 660 healthcare providers, 344 (52%) had good knowledge of preconception care. The odds ratio of having good knowledge of preconception care was high among healthcare providers working at hospitals [AOR=2.316, 95% CI: 1.900-5.528], using smartphones [AOR=3.177, 95% CI: 1.945-5.167], presence of preconception care guidelines at health institutions [AOR=3.166, 95% CI: 1.872-5.299], taking training on preconception care education and counseling [AOR=3.812, 95% CI: 2.241-6.581], taking training about human immune virus [AOR=4.911, 95% CI: 3.008-8.123], and attending training on increasing public awareness of preconception health and care [AOR=2.345, 95% CI: 3.922-5.488] which were independent predictors associated with knowledge of preconception care among healthcare providers. Conclusion. Healthcare providers’ knowledge of preconception care was low. Study participants working at hospitals, using smartphones, presence of preconception guidelines at health institutions, taking training on preconception education and counseling, taking training about human immune virus testing and management, and increasing public awareness of preconception care affect knowledge of health providers positively. The provision of updated training on preconception and linkage of internet service with health service should be enhanced among healthcare providers.
A New Stability Criterion for Systems with Distributed Time-Varying Delays via Mixed Inequalities Method
Authors: Tian Jun-kang , Liu Yan-min
Published: April 2020

This paper is concerned with the delay-dependent stability of systems with distributed time-varying delays. The novelty relies on the use of some new inequalities which are less conservative than some existing inequalities. A less conservative stability criterion is obtained by constructing some new augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, which are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness of the presented criterion is demonstrated by two numerical examples.
Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma in a Patient on Apixaban for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: El Alayli Ahmad , Neelakandan Logeswari , Krayem Hicham
Published: April 2020

Background. With the rise in the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), more hemorrhagic complications are being encountered. Since the first description of a case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) related to the utilization of DOACs in 2012, there have been few reports describing a similar association. However, no cases so far have reported an association between SSEHs and apixaban.Case Description: A 76-year-old lady, with a history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, presented with a new onset of progressive left lower and upper extremity weakness. She reported back pain and numbness in the left leg up to the knee along with numbness in the left arm up to the shoulder. A CT scan of the neck was suggestive of an epidural hematoma extending from C2-C3 level to C6-C7. As the patient was on apixaban at the time, surgical treatment was delayed for two days to decrease the risk of intraoperative bleeding. Nine days later, she was discharged. Her physical exam was almost unchanged from that on presentation, except for resolution of pain and minimal improvement in motor power in her left lower extremity from 1/5 to 2/5 distally.Conclusions. Spinal hematomas represent surgical emergencies with earlier intervention portending better outcome. Based on the few case reports that point to DOACs as a potential culprit, it appears that a high suspicion index resulting in earlier SSEH diagnosis and intervention is crucial for improved neurological outcome and recovery. Prompt diagnosis remains a challenge, especially that SSEH can mimic cerebrovascular accidents.
Current Progress on Assessing the Prognosis for Anti‐N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis
Authors: Wang Hao , Xiao Zheng
Published: April 2020

Anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common antineuronal antibody encephalitis in autoimmune encephalitis found at present. It has complex clinical manifestations such as psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities, seizures, movement disorders, consciousness, and autonomic dysfunction. The relationship between those manifestations and prognosis is unclear. Electroencephalography (EEG) is gradually becoming useful in the evaluation of the prognosis of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis patients, while imaging and antibody testing have a limited prognostic value. Starting the patients on adequate treatments (such as immunotherapy) in a timely fashion has a positive impact on their prognosis. Nevertheless, research on the prognosis of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis remains scarce. Here, we review the current advances of prognosis‐related research from the clinical manifestations of the disease and auxiliary examinations such as EEG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), and antibody measurement. In addition, we also discuss the impact of different treatment options on prognosis. In‐depth research on the prognosis of patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis will contribute to a better understanding of this disease, leading to better treatments options and, ultimately, a better prognosis.
Protective Effect of Potential Probiotic Strains from Fermented Ethiopian Food against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Mice
Authors: Mulaw Guesh , Muleta Diriba , Tesfaye Anteneh , Sisay Tesfaye
Published: April 2020

Salmonella is one of the most harmful pathogens responsible for foodborne outbreaks, illnesses and deaths. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of potentially probiotic strains against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in mice. The compatibility test among the selected potential probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum K132, Lactobacillus paracasei K114 and Lactococcus lactis E124) using the cross-streaking method showed the absence of antagonism. The anti-Salmonella activities of coculture of the isolated potential probiotics in the form of mixed or single culture showed a remarkable anti-Salmonella activity with 96.50 to 100% growth inhibition. The combination of strains, which showed the highest growth inhibition rates against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, was used to test their effect on the colonization of mice by Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. White albino male mice were pretreated with the mixed potential probiotics for 7 days and infected with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 for 1 day. A total of 3 treatments were applied, during which the negative control group was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); a positive control group (typ) was challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 alone. The treated group (pro-typ) was pretreated with mixed potential probiotic culture and then infected with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. The survival rate of mice and counts of Salmonella in feces were recorded. The survival rate of mice on day 21 after the oral challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was significantly p<0.05 higher in the experimental pro-typ group (100% survival) compared with the positive control group (20% survival). The counts (colony-forming unit per ml) of Salmonella in feces were significantly lower p<0.05 for the pro-typ group compared to the typ group. The combination of potential probiotic strains was able to protect mice against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 infection that demonstrates their potential to be used as probiotic cultures for the production of functional fermented products.
Optimization Design of Actuator Parameters in Multistage Reciprocating Compressor Stepless Capacity Control System Based on NSGA-II
Authors: Jiang Zhinong , Zhou Chao , Wang Yao , Zhang Jinjie , Liu Wenhua , Sun Xu
Published: April 2020

The capacity control system of reciprocating compressor has great significance for the contribution of energy conservation and emission reduction. The parameters of the actuator and hydraulic system within a reciprocating compressor stepless capacity control system play a decisive role in its control accuracy, mechanical reliability, and mechanical security. The actuators and hydraulic system parameters of the same stage are in conflict with each other. Therefore, the actuator and the multistage reciprocating compressor are studied here, specifically through multiobjective optimization using the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA)-II. The multiobjective optimization design was performed on a two-dimensional (2D) reciprocating compressor test bench. When the spring stiffness of the first stage spring was 27358 N m−1, the spring stiffness of the second stage spring was 23315 N m−1, the inlet oil pressure was 296.62 N, the impact velocity of ejection was 0.4215 m s−1, and the total indicated power deviation was 12.05 kW; the objective functions were optimized. Compared with traditional parameters, the inlet oil pressure, spring stiffness, and impact velocity were all reduced. This parameter optimization design lays the foundations for global optimization designs for stepless capacity control systems.
Comparison of Conventional Keratometry and Total Keratometry in Normal Eyes
Authors: Hoshikawa Rie , Kamiya Kazutaka , Fujimura Fusako , Shoji Nobuyuki
Published: April 2020

Purpose. The relationship between conventional keratometry and total keratometry has not been fully investigated. This study was aimed at conventional keratometry measured with the automated keratometer and total keratometry with the corneal tomographer in ophthalmologically normal subjects. Methods. We enrolled fifty eyes of 50 consecutive subjects (mean age ± standard deviation, 34.9 ± 8.0 years) who have no ophthalmologic diseases, other than refractive errors, with no history of ocular surgery. Conventional keratometry was measured with the automated keratometer. The total keratometry, the true net power (TNP), and the total corneal refractive power (TCRP) were measured with the Scheimpflug camera, and the real power (RP) was measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (As‐OCT). Anterior keratometries (Km and AvgK) were also measured with the Scheimpflug camera and the As‐OCT, respectively. Results. Conventional keratometry was 43.64 ± 1.48 D, which was significantly higher than the TCRP (42.94 ± 1.45 D, p = 0.042), the TNP (42.13 ± 1.37 D, p < 0.001), and the RP (42.62 ± 1.39 D, p = 0.001, Dunnett’s test). We found significant correlations between conventional keratometry and each total corneal power (the TCRP (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.986, p < 0.001), the TNP (r = 0.986, p < 0.001), the RP (r = 0.987, p < 0.001), the Km (r = 0.990, p < 0.001), and the AvgK (r = 0.991, p < 0.001)). The intraclass correlations of conventional keratometry with the TCRP, the TNP, the RP, the Km, and the AvgK were 0.986, 0.983, 0.985, 0.990, and 0.990, respectively. We found no significant differences in the keratometric data measured with the automated keratometer, the Scheimpflug camera, and the As‐OCT (ANOVA, p = 0.729). Conclusions. Conventional keratometry was significantly larger than total keratometry, by approximately 0.70 to 1.52 D, in ophthalmologically normal subjects. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the keratometric data among the three devices. It is suggested that conventional keratometry overestimates the total corneal power in daily practice.