bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forty years of numerical climate modelling
Authors: McGuffie K. , Henderson‐Sellers A.
Published: January 2005

Climate modelling is now a mature discipline approaching its fortieth birthday. The need for valid climate forecasts has been underlined by the recognition that human activities are now modifying the climate. The complex nature of the climate system has resulted in the development of a surprisingly large array of modelling tools. Some are relatively simple, such as the earth systems and energy balance models (EBMs), while others are highly sophisticated models which challenge the fastest speeds of the most powerful supercomputers. Indeed, this discipline of the latter half of the twentieth century is so critically dependent on the availability of a means of undertaking powerful calculations that its evolution has matched that of the digital computer. The multi‐faceted nature of the climate system demands high quality, and global observations and innovative parameterizations through which processes which cannot be described or calculated explicitly are captured to the extent deemed necessary. Interestingly, results from extremely simple, as well as highly complex and many intermediate model types are drawn upon today for effective formulation and evaluation of climate policies. This paper discusses some of the important developments during the first 40 years of climate modelling from the first models of the global atmosphere to today's models, which typically consist of integrated multi‐component representations of the full climate system. The pressures of policy‐relevant questions more clearly underline the tension between the need for evaluation against quality data and the unending pressure to improve spatial and temporal resolutions of climate models than at any time since the inception of climate modelling. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Satellite rainfall climatology: a review
Authors: Kidd C.
Published: January 2005

The monitoring of the world's climate using conventional means is well established, incorporating numerous historical data sets to ensure a long‐term record. Parameters such as temperature have been quite accurately recorded over the last 200 years or so, but other parameters such as rainfall are less well recorded. This paper introduces satellite rainfall climatology and why it is important, not only from the longer term study of rainfall, but also for the future monitoring and estimation of rainfall. A summary of the range of satellites and their instruments is reviewed to provide a background to the techniques. These are discussed and their relative merits explored. Finally, examples of the techniques are shown, illustrating the applications to which the satellite‐derived data sets may be put. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Investigation of acid cocatalysis in syntheses of tetraphenylporphyrin
Authors: GEIER G. RICHARD , RIGGS JENNIFER A. , LINDSEY JONATHAN S.
Published: January 2005

The condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde has generally been carried out with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)(20-50 mM), BF3-etherate (1 mM), or more recently with BF3-etherate in the presence of a salt. Differences in the reaction course with TFA or BF3-etherate prompted studies of the combined use of BF3-etherate and TFA. We found that the reaction of pyrrole + benzaldehyde (10 mM each) cocatalyzed by TFA (15 mM) and BF3-etherate (0.3 mM) provided tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) in yields of 50–55%, compared with 40% or 26%, respectively, from optimal catalysis by TFA (20 mM) or BF3-etherate (1 mM) individually. Examination of the oligomer composition (LD-MS), yield of TPP (UV-vis), yield of N-confused TPP (HPLC), and level of unreacted aldehyde (TLC) in the cocatalytic reaction indicated a reaction course that contained features of those observed with each acid individually. Cocatalysis also was observed with methanol (50 mM) and BF3-etherate (1.0 mM), which gave TPP in ~40% yield. The beneficial effect of an added salt in BF3-etherate catalyzed reactions was reexamined by comparisons of reactions with NaCl/BF3-etherate versus BF3-etherate alone in terms of the oligomer composition, yield of TPP, yield of N-confused TPP, level of unreacted aldehyde, reversibility of the reaction, inactivation of the acid, and formation of TPP via intermediate oligomers. The studies strongly suggest that the presence of salt facilitates the addition of benzaldehyde to pyrrolic units (which is the limiting step with catalysis by BF3-etherate alone), thereby affording better utilization of the aldehyde and a giving a commensurate increase in the yield of TPP.
Porphyrin self-assembly as template for RNA?
Authors: BISCHOFF GERLINDE , BISCHOFF ROBERT , HOFFMANN SIEGFRIED
Published: January 2005

The self-assembly of chiral porphyrin molecules HpD (hematoporphyrin IX derivative) has been shown to form helical fibers in low salt aqueous conditions. The spectroscopic (UV and circular dichroism (CD)), thermodynamic (Tm, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) and microscopic (light and scanning force microscopy (SFM)) examinations of the HpD properties were performed individually and in the presence of nucleic acid double strands (15–60 °C, 0–50 mM NaCl ). The asymmetric HpD molecules themselves at room temperature show sharp positive or negative CD signals, which increase enormously with HpD concentration. The data show strong evidence for the external self-stacking interaction of HpD , pure and in the presence of polynucleotides. At low salt concentration (<40 mM NaCl , pH 7) the spectra change completely by increasing the temperature. At 35 to 40 °C RNA-similar spectra of the pure HpD self-assemblies (without nucleic acids) occur. At higher temperatures the aggregates become unstable and break off. At room temperature the helical structure of the fibers could be visualized by SFM investigations. Molecular modeling analysis offers dynamic arrangements of the self-assemblies from stacks to spiral-like superstructures with increasing temperature. Hydrogen bonding, electron transferring and electrostatic interactions determine the shape of the proposed highly flexible arrangements. Moreover, the interrelation between the HpD stacks and the helix of the polynucleotides was studied. The calculated low transition energies indicate the importance of these structures as a crossing link. All data are discussed in favor of a hypothetical evolutionary matrix role in porphyrin self-assembly for RNA.
Possible regulatory role of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase in the production of anthocyanins in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L)
Authors: Flores Francisco B , Oosterhaven Jacobus , Martínez‐Madrid María C , Romojaro Félix
Published: January 2005

The regulatory role of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) in the light‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in the epidermis of asparagus spears has been analysed. A correlation between the stimulation of PAL activity and the rise in total anthocyanin content has been observed. Light radiation induced PAL activity, which in turn stimulated anthocyanin accumulation, a hypothesis which has been confirmed by treating asparagus spears with S‐carvone, an inhibitor of PAL activity. A marked delay was observed in the rise in PAL activity and total anthocyanin content in asparagus spears treated with this compound during light irradiation. PAL activity and anthocyanin synthesis continued when the spears were stored in darkness for 5 days after being subjected to light, but the inhibitory effect of S‐carvone remained during this storage. When the asparagus spears were immersed in water for 20 h, no PAL activity could be detected and scarcely any total anthocyanin content was measured. However, after 5 days of storage in darkness a sharp upsurge in PAL activity was found, which was not translated into a parallel increase in total anthocyanin content. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenolics and antioxidative activities in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Authors: Oomah B Dave , Cardador‐Martínez Anaberta , Loarca‐Piña Guadalupe
Published: January 2005

Six bean cultivars grown in southern Manitoba for 2 years were evaluated for variability in yield of millstreams and phenolic constituents. The ethanolic extract of bean cultivars and millstreams was screened for antioxidant activity using the β‐carotene‐linoleate and the 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro model systems. Cultivar was the main source of variation for yield of millstreams, content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Phenolic compounds in cultivars varied from 3.3 to 16.6 mg catechin equivalent and from 0.15 to 0.32 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalent g−1 bean for total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, respectively. The bean cultivars exhibited antioxidant activity (AA) of 10–46% inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the linoleate and 0.4–1.3 trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC) in the DPPH model systems. The hull millstream with maximum concentration of phenolic compounds exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity of 383 µM trolox equivalent g−1 hull. Total phenolic content, alone or in combination with other phenolic constituents, is a potential candidate as a selection criterion for antioxidant activity in beans. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Organic matter digestibility of poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) forage trees and its in vitro prediction
Authors: McWilliam Eileen L , Barry Tom N , López‐Villalobos Nicolas
Published: January 2005

Cuttings from poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) trees are used increasingly as supplementary feed for livestock in summer‐dry and drought‐prone regions of New Zealand. The present experiment aimed to measure in vivo organic matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter in the dry matter in tree fodder and investigated whether the in vitro system of Roughan and Holland can be used to predict in vivo organic matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter in the dry matter in poplar and willow tree fodder, which contains high concentrations of secondary compounds, including condensed tannin. In vivo work showed that the digestibility of tree fodder declined from late spring to autumn (p < 0.05) and that this decline was much smaller than the decline in digestibility of grass‐based pastures in New Zealand over the same time period. Mean metabolizable energy concentrations and digestibilities were generally higher for willow than for poplar. The in vitro enzymatic system of Roughan and Holland can be used to predict in vivo digestibility of tree fodder. A standard curve using in vivo values determined with animals fed tree fodder would be preferable, owing to the very different chemical compositions of pasture and tree fodder, particularly the greater concentration of secondary compounds in willow and poplar. However, the accuracy and the range of prediction need to be improved. Willow and poplar had similar ME concentrations to high‐quality lucerne hay; willow cuttings also had similar ME and CT concentration to vegetative Lotus corniculatus, a high‐quality forage legume. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Et3Al and 9,9‐Bis(methoxymethyl)fluorine on Propylene Polymerization at High Temperature with TiCl4/MgCl2 Catalysts
Authors: Zhong Chifeng , Gao Mingzhi , Mao Bingquan
Published: January 2005

Summary: A study of the effect of Et3Al and a diether, 9,9‐bis(methoxymethyl)fluorine (BMMF), on propylene polymerization at high temperature with the use of MgCl2‐supported catalysts is reported. BMMF could be extracted from a TiCl4/MgCl2/BMMF catalyst by Et3Al at 100 °C, and Et3Al is an efficient chain‐transfer agent in the presence of BMMF at 100 °C. The results obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that the isotactic poly(propylene) (iPPs) produced by the catalysts containing BMMF as an internal or external donor, contained ethylene units. This phenomenon was not found in the iPP chains obtained with donor‐free TiCl4/MgCl2 catalyst in the absence of any external donor at 100 °C. It is suggested that the decomposition of Et3Al did not take place in the absence of any donor and took place in the presence of BMMF at 100 °C.

13C NMR spectrum of an iPP sample.

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13C NMR spectrum of an iPP sample.
Surface Polarity of Dimethylsiloxane‐Grafted Silica Particles
Authors: Prause Silvio , Spange Stefan , Barthel Herbert
Published: January 2005

Summary: The surface polarity of dimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica particles (DMS/silica) has been studied as a function of surface coverage by measuring the UV/Vis spectra of coadsorbed solvatochromic probes. Fe(phen)2(CN)2 [cis‐dicyano‐bis‐(1,10)‐phenanthroline‐iron(II), (1)] Michler's ketone [4,4′‐bis(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐benzophenone, (2)], coumarine 153 (3) and 3‐(4‐amino‐3‐methylphenyl)‐7‐phenylbenzo[1,2b:4,5b′]difuran‐2,6‐dione (4) were used as solvatochromic surface polarity indicators. Kamlet–Taft's α (hydrogen bond acidity), β (hydrogen bond basicity), and π* (dipolarity/polarizability) parameters of the DMS/solid acid interfaces were calculated using different LSE relationships of data sets of the probes 1 and 2 or 3 (for α and π*) as well as 1 and 4 (for β). The values for α decrease significantly with increasing conversion of silanol groups with grafted DMS chains. Then, α asymptotically approachs a constant value when more than about 75% of the residual silanols on the surface are grafted with DMS when measured in 1,2‐dichloroethane slurry. The π* values of DMS/silica solvent interfaces seems unaffected by the degree of surface functionalization. The β values of DMS and grafted DMS/silica are clearly lower than the values for α and π*.

Solvatochromic probes used for the study of the surface polarity of dimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica particles.

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Solvatochromic probes used for the study of the surface polarity of dimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica particles.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties of a Chiral Poly[1,4‐bis(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxythienyl)‐phenylene] Derivative
Authors: Goto Hiromasa , Jeong Yong Soo , Akagi Kazuo
Published: January 2005

Summary: Optically active poly[(R)‐ or (S)‐1,4‐bis(2‐(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxy)thienyl)‐2‐benzoic acid 1‐methylheptyl ester] was prepared by an electrochemical technique and characterized by circular dichroism measurements. It was found that the optical activity and optical rotation of the film could be controlled by adjusting the electronic state of the electrochemical process. Polymer films prepared in the oxidized state exhibit a weak Cotton effect, while the reduced polymer film exhibits the expected mirror‐image bisignate Cotton effect in the region of the π–π* transition of the polymer main chain. These results indicate that the main chain itself is chiral in the film state. This procedure has great potential for the preparation of functional electrochromic devices and the improved preparation of durable electrochromic devices based on the good film‐forming properties of the chiral polymer.

Cyclic voltammogram and CD spectra of the chiral polymer thin film produced here.

image

Cyclic voltammogram and CD spectra of the chiral polymer thin film produced here.
Ordering the alternatives of a strategic plan for Valencia (Spain)
Authors: Aragonés Pablo , Gómez‐Senent Eliseo , Pastor Juan P.
Published: January 2005

In this article we present an evaluation of the initiatives involved in a Strategic Plan for Valencia City (Spain) by applying a method to assist Multi‐Criteria Decision‐Making. The complexity of the case lies in the size of the problem, 47 alternatives and 10 criteria, as well as the need to reach a consensus on the final result. The method followed, which has been named PRES Multi‐expert, can be generalized and applied to other complex cases. Thirteen experts have participated in the process, representing different political and social groups of the City, a group of analysts, formed by three lecturers from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, and a consultant, representing the City Hall of Valencia. The PRES algorithm was used to order the alternatives developed in 1992 by Gómez‐Senent at this University. In this article we highlight the advantages of applying the Multi‐Criteria Decision‐Making Aid techniques and the importance of following a procedure to select the criteria, pondering on them and evaluating the alternatives. This procedure ensures that the parties interested in or affected by the decision take part in deciding what measures to adopt. The Multi‐expert PRES method facilitates this participation and can be adapted to different types of problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survivorship in the US hospital services industry
Authors: Santerre Rexford E. , Pepper Debra
Published: January 2005

Over the last two decades, changing state and federal regulations and increased price competition have dramatically changed the environment in which hospitals compete. This paper uses observations drawn at 5‐year intervals from 1973 to 1993 for each of the 50 states to examine the specific effect of these factors on the size distribution of hospitals. It finds that Certificate of Need (CON) laws and rate review regulations have tended to favor large hospitals. The paper also finds that hospitals have responded to increased payer price sensitivity by seeking a medium bed‐size capacity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T1 relaxation times for viability evaluation of the engrafted and the native liver in a rat model of heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation: a pilot study
Authors: Fan Ye‐Dong , Vanzieleghem Bart , Achten Eric , Deene Yves De , Defreyne Luc , Praet Marleen , Huysse Jacques Van , Kunnen Marc , Hemptinne Bernard de
Published: January 2005

Following a heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation, commonly used measurements are either invasive or non‐indicative of individual viability of the coexisting engrafted and native livers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was therefore tested for its potential to monitor the post‐transplant hepatic viability in a rat model. Thirteen Wistar rats were systematically evaluated with MRI and serum biochemical liver parameters. Post‐transplant complications and the causes of animal death were identified by autopsy and histo‐pathological examinations. The data of the healthy survivors were compared with those of the rats that developed complications. On MRI, the hepatic complications could be depicted in the individual livers. A specific pattern of signal evolution was found in the livers of the healthy survivors: the mean T1 relaxation times of the engrafted livers increased immediately after transplantation (476 ± 64 ms, mean ± standard deviation, pre‐operative; 730 ± 48 ms, week 1) and then declined steadily to a 3 month value of 489 ± 246 ms, while, following a transient first rise (476 ± 64 ms, pre‐operative; 589 ± 28 ms, week 1), the mean T1 value of the native livers increased again 4 weeks after surgery and reached a 3 month value of 859 ± 43 ms. However, in the rats with various complications, the mean T1 relaxation times of the engrafted livers continued to increase throughout the first post‐operative month (760 ± 48 ms, week 1; 922 ± 76 ms, week 4), while that of the native liver only varied mildly (546 ± 25 ms, week 1; 473 ± 25 ms, week 4). After the first post‐transplant week, the healthy engrafted livers could already be distinguished from those with complications by a significant decrease in T1 relaxation times. These data suggest that, besides demonstrating major complications, MRI may allow one to monitor the viability of each liver by analysing the relative signal intensity and T1 relaxation times after a heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basic studies on the equivalent cross‐relaxation rate imaging (equivalent CRI)—phantom studies
Authors: Sogami Masaru , Era Seiichi , Kinosada Yasutomi , Matsushima Shigeru , Kato Kazuo , Tomida Mihoko , Hirabayashi Tadamichi
Published: January 2005

We have studied saturation transfer in hydrophilic, cross‐linked copolymer gels from irradiated polymer protons to observed water protons, using f2 (ppm) profiles of [1 − (I∞/I0)], [(I0/I∞) − 1] or 1/TIS(H2O), where I0 and I∞ are the longitudinal magnetization of the observed water protons before and after long‐time­f2‐irradiation on polymer protons, respectively, and 1/TIS(H2O) is the cross‐relaxation rate. (A) [1 − (I∞/I0)] (magnetization transfer ratio, MTR) was used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the MTR imaging. 1/TIS(H2O) (cross‐relaxation rate) was used in the imaging of the magnetization transfer rate constant. This method was quite time‐consuming compared with MTR imaging. However, f2 (ppm) profiles of [(I0/I∞) − 1] correlated well with corresponding profiles of 1/TIS(H2O), because [(I0/I∞) − 1] is equal to 1/[TIS(H2O)/T1(H2O)]. These results lead us to the conclusion that [(I0/I∞) − 1] might be applicable to cross‐relaxation rate (CR)‐like imaging, i.e. equivalent CRI. (B) W (%) (dry weight) profiles of [(I0/I∞) − 1] and 1/TIS(H2O), obtained by near‐resonance f2‐irradiation, seem to indicate participation of molecular rigidity and an amount of bound water. However, those values, monitored with off‐resonance f2‐irradiation, seem to be independent of monomer composition and to indicate mainly participation of rigidity, i.e. W (%) of copolymer gels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of brain tissue viability in acute ischemic stroke by BOLD MRI
Authors: Gröhn Olli H. J. , Kauppinen Risto A.
Published: January 2005

The introduction of new neuroprotective treatment strategies for acute stroke patients has provided a requirement for neuroimaging methods capable of identifying salvageable tissue in acute stroke patients. Substantial positron emission tomography evidence points to the fact that a peri‐infarct zone with blood flow of 20–45% of normal, metabolic rate of oxygen of >35% of normal and oxygen extraction ratio (OER) of >0.7 are indices of tissue at risk of infarction, yet with potential for recovery. The sensitivity of T2 to blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effects allows the mismatch between oxygen delivery and consumption in the brain to be imaged. Previous evidence from animal models of cerebral hypoperfusion and ischemic stroke strongly suggest that T2 BOLD MRI highlights viable and salvageable brain regions. The Hahn‐echo T2 and diffusion show distinct flow thresholds in the rat brain so that the former parameter probes areas with high OER and the latter genuine ischemia. In the flow‐compromised tissue showing negative T2 BOLD, substantial residual perfusion is evident as revealed by bolus‐tracking perfusion MRI, in agreement with the idea that tissue metabolic viability must be preserved for expression of BOLD. It is concluded that BOLD MRI may have potential for the assessment of tissue viability in acute ischemic stroke. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The previously‐unrecognized posterior deep temporal nerve groove on the cranial base
Authors: Dias G.J. , Dennison K.J. , Premachandra I.M.
Published: January 2005

A groove was observed in the infratemporal fossa region of the cranial base, passing laterally from the foramen ovale onto the squamous temporal bone. We could not find any description of this groove in the literature. It is hypothesized that, due to its location, the groove is formed by the posterior deep temporal nerve. A study of the extent of this groove in 50 precontact New Zealand Maori adults (28 males, 22 females), 41 precontact Chatham Island Moriori adults (27 males, 14 females), and 32 modern Indian adults (12 males, 20 females) showed that there was a very high prevalence of the groove in the Indian crania but much less so in either of the two Polynesian samples. In none of the groups studied was there any evidence of selective preference for the presence of the groove on one or other sides of the cranial base. The evidence that the presence of the groove appears to be strongly dependent on the ethnic group being studied may make it a useful non‐metric trait. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiographic clues to fractures of distal humerus in archaeological remains
Authors: Glencross B , Stuart‐Macadam P
Published: January 2005

Today, distal humeral fractures occur most frequently in children and adolescents, and are usually the result of a fall onto extended arms, or less often on flexed elbows. Trauma to the distal humerus at the physis and epiphyses often produces non‐displaced or mildly displaced fractures that are difficult to recognize radiographically. To help identify these types of injuries, clinicians have developed two measurement techniques that are applied to the X‐rays of the injured bones. In a preliminary attempt to assess the usefulness of these measurement techniques for recognizing trauma in archaeological skeletal remains, 25 humeri from two Ontario ossuary samples were submitted to radiography. Clinical data on distal humeral fractures, their incidence, and mechanisms of injury were also used to interpret the lifestyles and cultural activities of the aboriginal individuals under study. While only one healed fracture was suspected after gross observation, a total of four fractures were ultimately identified using the two measurements, the humerotangential‐angle (HTA) and the anterior hunieral line (AHL). Our results provide indirect, but telling, evidence of accidental childhood injuries to distal humerus in an archaeological population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart gel–glass based on the responsive properties of polymer gels
Authors: Zrínyi Miklós , Szilágyi András , Filipcsei Genovéva , Fehér József , Szalma József , Móczár Gábor
Published: January 2005

Polymer gels are unique smart materials in the sense that they can respond to many different stimuli. In this paper we report how poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (abbreviated as PNIPA) and other polymer hydrogels can be used to construct an intelligent gel‐glass which can moderate the amount of light and radiated heat. This environmental sensitive glass, which is a smart hydrogel layer placed between two glass or plastic sheets, becomes opaque when the temperature exceeds a critical value. It becomes transparent again if it is cooled down. The adaptive properties of gel‐glasses make them a promising materials to protect from strong sunlight and heat radiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of charge hopping between redox center molecules in a polymer membrane based on percolation theory
Authors: Shiroishi Hidenobu , Ishikawa Kazunori , Hirano Kazuhiro , Kaneko Masao
Published: January 2005

Charge propagation in a polymer membrane dispersing redox center molecules was studied using Monte‐Carlo simulation. The charge propagation was visualized using a uniform sphere sites model. The fraction of charge‐transported sites (R
CT) increased above concentration called percolation threshold. The charge transfer in a Nafion® membrane confining [(bpy)2 (H2O)RuORu(H2O)(bpy)2]4+ (abbreviated to Nafion [Ru‐O‐Ru]) as well as in a polymer pendant $\hbox{Ru(bpy)}_{3}^{2+}$ membrane was investigated with a potential‐step chronoamperospectrometry (PSCAS), and the behavior was compared with the simulation The relationship between charge hopping distance and critical percolation concentration (c
p) was obtained from the percolation theory and applied to the actual systems. The charge hopping distance between molecules was estimated as 2.04 nm for Nafion[Ru‐O‐Ru] system and 1.71 nm for polymer pendant $\hbox{\it Ru(bpy)}_{3}^{2+}$. When the charge propagation takes place by charge hopping mechanism, a slow diffusion of the redox centers increases R
CT at the concentration below c
p, but decreases at the concentration above c
p. Although the c
p becomes ambiguous with increasing diffusion coefficient (D
phys), it was suggested that c
p value doesn't change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved procedure for the quality control of Hypericum perforatum L.
Authors: Poutaraud Anne , Lobstein Annelise , Girardin Philippe , Weniger Bernard
Published: January 2005

A new, fast and reliable procedure for the quantification of the major compounds of Hypericum perforatum L. has been developed. Four naphthodianthrones (protopseudohypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin, hypericin) and two phloroglucinols (hyperforin, adhyperforin) were assayed by HPLC using a short (17 min) linear gradient, with hypericin and hyperforin as external standards. Extraction of dried plant material with methanol in the dark at room temperature for 2 h led to a complete recovery of phloroglucinols but only a partial recovery of the naphthodianthrone derivatives. Treatment of plant material with water:ethanol (40:60, v/v) in a water bath shaker at 80°C led to the total extraction of hypericins, but a 10% loss of total hyperforins was also observed. The two extraction methods, applied successively to the same sample, allowed the complete extraction of all compounds of interest. A 5 min exposure of the crude extract of H. perforatum to sunlight (1 E/m2) induced a 96% loss of hyperforins, whereas the dry plant material lost only 20% of hyperforins after 2 h exposure to sunlight (24 E/m2). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A claims data approach to defining an episode of care
Authors: Schulman Kevin A. , Yabroff K. Robin , Kong Janet , Gold Karen F. , Rubenstein L. Elizabeth , Epstein Andrew J. , Glick Henry
Published: January 2005

Objective

To utilize health services research techniques in developing an episode of care using an administrative data set. This method is demonstrated for an episodic clinical condition, migraine.

Data Sources

Medicaid administrative data set of 3,372 patients with a diagnosis of migraine (ICD‐9‐CM 346.0, 346.1) in the state of Pennsylvania between May 1990 and March 1992.

Study Design

The duration of a migraine episode was measured by assessing the magnitude of resource utilization and the proportion of patients with charges in the period after the index migraine as compared to the period before the index migraine. A confidence interval (CI) was developed around each measure using bootstrap techniques.

Data Collection Methods

All charge data were extracted daily for a 113‐day observation period surrounding each index migraine in order to observe the duration of impact of a migraine diagnosis on resource utilization.

Principal Findings

The lower limits of both the 95% and 99% CIs for the difference in charges are greater than 0 for three weeks. The lower limits of both CIs for the difference in the proportion of patients with charges are above 0 for six weeks.

Conclusions

Our analysis demonstrates that a health services research framework can be used to define an episode of care for a chronic disease category such as migraine. This method can be used to evaluate episodes of care for clinical studies of limited or episodic conditions and to complement clinical expertise in developing time horizons for clinical trials. Copyright © 1999 Health Research and Education Trust. Reprinted in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality, gender, and crying
Authors: Peter Mathell , Vingerhoets Ad J. J. M. , Van Heck Guus L.
Published: January 2005

This study examined gender differences in crying as well as associations between basic personality traits and self‐reported indices of crying. Forty‐eight men and 56 women completed the Five‐Factor Personality Inventory and the Adult Crying Inventory. Substantial gender differences were demonstrated in crying frequency and crying proneness, but not with respect to mood changes after crying. As predicted, women reported a higher frequency of crying and more proneness to cry both for negative and positive reasons. For women, all these crying indices were negatively associated with Emotional Stability. For men, only a significant negative relationship between Emotional Stability and crying for negative reasons emerged. No clear links were found between personality and mood changes after crying. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant predictive role of gender for crying proneness, even when controlling for personality differences, but not for crying frequency. Adding personality by gender interaction terms resulted in a disappearance of the main effect of sex, while significant interactions with personality factors showed up for crying frequency and general crying proneness. It is suggested that future research on the relationship between personality and crying should focus more on the underlying mechanisms of observed relationships. Furthermore, it is recommended that future research should examine the role of different emotion regulation strategies. In addition, biological factors, temperament, upbringing measures, and socio‐demographic variables should be taken into account. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Freeman Mark A. , Bordia Prashant
Published: January 2005

Six alternative structural models of individualism–collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N = 340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (1) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors?) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher‐order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they?). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher‐order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference‐group‐specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facing guilt: Role of negative affectivity, need for reparation, and fear of punishment in leading to prosocial behaviour and aggression
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Barbaranelli Claudio , Pastorelli Concetta , Cermak Ivo , Rosza Sandor
Published: January 2005

The present study aims to further corroborate and to extend the scope of previous findings regarding the path of influence between negative affectivity, need for reparation and fear of punishment when examining the determinants and the motivational components of guilt. Data were collected from three different European countries (i.e. Italy, Hungary, and the Czech Republic). About 1100 young adolescents were involved in the research. The generalizability of a nomological network linking individual differences in Negative Affectivity to Need for Reparation, Fear of Punishment, Prosocial Behaviour, and Aggression has been investigated across countries and gender, by means of structural equation modelling. Need for Reparation turns out to be positively related to Prosocial Behaviour and negatively related to Aggression. Fear for Punishment turns out to be positively related to Aggression and negatively related to Prosocial Behaviour, with the exception of Hungary. Alternative paths of influence among considered variables have been examined. Practical implications for prevention and education are underlined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pleasures and subjective well‐being
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Schimmack Ulrich , Diener Ed
Published: January 2005

In two daily diary studies we examined the moderating role of sensation seeking in the patterns of relations between physical pleasure and life satisfaction. In study 1 (a 52‐day daily diary study), daily physical pleasure was a significantly stronger predictor of daily social satisfaction among high sensation seekers than among low sensation seekers. We extended the finding of study 1 to more general daily satisfaction in study 2 (a 23‐day diary study). The present findings indicate that physical pleasure is associated with daily satisfaction to the degree that one seeks for such an experience. In addition, we tested whether the association between physical pleasure and daily satisfaction would be moderated also by other facets of extraversion and extraversion as a whole. With the exception of the positive emotion facet in study 1, no facet or extraversion as a whole moderated the relation between physical pleasure and daily satisfaction. The present studies show specificity and replicability of the role that sensation seeking plays in understanding the link between daily physical pleasure and daily satisfaction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carving personality description at its joints: Confirmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults
Authors: Asendorpf Jens B. , Borkenau Peter , Ostendorf Fritz , Van Aken Marcel A.G.
Published: January 2005

We tested the hypothesis that there are three major prototypic patterns of personality description (resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled) in a series of studies including adults' self‐descriptions on the Big Five and parents' Big Five and Q‐Sort judgments of their children, using both replicated cluster analyses and replicated Q‐factor analyses. The consistency of the prototypes across ages, judges, and methods was quantitatively measured. The results confirmed the hypothesis in all studies. Personality, social relationship, and social interaction correlates of the prototypes indicated externalizing tendencies for undercontrollers and internalizing tendencies for overcontrollers for both children and adults. The studies provide strong evidence for a three‐prototype model of personality description at the highest level of analysis for both childhood and adulthood. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in creativity: personality, story writing, and hobbies
Authors: Wolfradt Uwe , Pretz Jean E.
Published: January 2005

This study investigated the relationship between creativity and personality among college students from a variety of major fields of study. Indicators of creativity were ratings of written stories, lists of personal hobbies, and scores on the Creative Personality Scale (CPS; Gough, 1979). Personality was assessed broadly using the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1985) as well as measures of depersonalization, intolerance of ambiguity, faith in intuition, and problem‐solving styles. The results showed a positive relationship between openness to experience and all creativity measures. Moreover, high scores on intuition and extraversion were the best predictors for creativity as measured by the CPS. Story creativity was predicted by low scores on conscientiousness. Depersonalization was not significantly related to creativity. The results of this investigation confirm and extend previous research in demonstrating a close association between creativity and specific personality traits. Future research should clarify the nature of the creative personality across individuals of differing levels and domains of expertise. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than proselfs: the roles of social responsibility and reciprocity
Authors: De Cremer David , Van Lange Paul A. M.
Published: January 2005

Two studies examined the choice differences between prosocials and proselfs by examining the influence of norms of social responsibility and reciprocity. In line with the integrative model of social value orientation, it was expected that prosocials differ from proselfs in their level of cooperation because they wish to maximize own and other's outcomes (i.e. paralleling the norm of social responsibility) and enhance equality in outcomes (i.e. paralleling the norm of reciprocity). Study 1 revealed that prosocials felt more responsible to further the group's interest than proselfs did and this social responsibility feeling appeared to account for choice differences. Study 2 revealed that prosocials were more likely to reciprocate their partner's actions than were proselfs. Also, feelings of social responsibility did not account for this observation, suggesting that enhancing joint outcomes and equality in outcomes constitute two relatively independent dimensions. The findings are discussed in light of the integrative model of social value orientation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution solid‐state NMR investigation of the filler–rubber interaction: 2. High‐speed [1H] magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopy in carbon‐black‐filled polybutadiene
Authors: Mansencal Rachel , Haidar Bassel , Vidal Alain , Delmotte Luc , Chezeau Jean‐Michel
Published: January 2005

This work investigates the behaviour of elastomeric chains (polybutadienes of identical molecular weight but different microstructures) in the close vicinity of carbon black surfaces in order to attain a better understanding of the structure and properties of interphases. Elastomer–filler interactions are assessed through the study of the thermal properties and NMR relaxation characteristics of the corresponding materials. Three series of samples were compared: pure polymers, raw polymer–filler blends (filler loading ratio: 50 phr) and solvent‐extracted blends (so as to get rid of any polymer which is not under the influence of the solid surface). While differential scanning calorimetry points to the existence of an elastomer fraction which is not detected as undergoing the glass transition, ie is strongly immobilized, [1H] high‐resolution high‐speed magic‐angle spinning solid‐state NMR provides information on the effect exerted by polymer–filler interactions on the mobility of the various constitutive species of the macromolecular backbone. A systematic study of the evolution of the spectral lines yielded by the samples indicates that 1,2‐polybutadiene moieties have a particular affinity towards the carbon black surface which suggests the occurrence of specific interactions at the elastomer–filler interface.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable poly(carbonate‐co‐phosphate)s
Authors: Wang Xu‐Li , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Liu Li‐Jian
Published: January 2005

A series of aliphatic poly(carbonate‐co‐phosphate)s was synthesized in bulk using aluminium isopropoxide as initiator by ring‐opening polymerization with various cyclic carbonates (trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and 5,5‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC)) and cyclic phosphates (ethylene ethyl phosphate (EEP), ethylene isobutyl phosphate (EIBP), ethylene lauryl phosphate (ELP) and ethylene stearyl phosphate (ESP)). The influence of reaction conditions such as polymerization time, polymerization temperature and initiator concentration on the yield and molecular weight were investigated. The substituent effect of the cyclic monomers on the polymerization was also studied, and the results indicate that the substituents exert a marked influence on the molecular weight of the copolymers obtained. The comonomer reactivity ratios were determined (TMC 0.88 and EEP 1.17). The copolymers with backbone chains rich in phosphate content exhibit better hydrophilicity than that of TMC homopolymer, and the degradation rate of the copolymers increases with the increase of phosphate content therein.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of silane coupling agents for performance improvement of poly(vinyl acetate)/tetraethyl orthosilicate hybrid composites prepared by a sol–gel process
Authors: Jang Jyongsik , Bae Joonwon , Kang Doohwan
Published: January 2005

Silica based poly(vinyl acetate)/inorganic hybrid composites were prepared via a sol–gel process under acidic conditions. Because the phase behaviour of the hybrids is greatly affected by weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding between organic polymer and inorganic network, two types of silane coupling agent (vinyl trimethoxysilane and 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) were used to introduce specific interactions and to control phase behaviour in the interface between polymer and silica. The interfacial interactions between polymer and inorganic segment in the presence of silane have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermal stability of organic components in the hybrids is enhanced by addition of silane coupling agents. Scanning electron micrographs reveal that silica particles are homogeneously dispersed in the organic matrix as a result of the specific interactions.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of novel soluble poly(ester imide)s containing a trimellitimide moiety and their use as modifiers for aromatic diamine‐cured epoxy resin
Authors: Iijima Takao , Hamakawa Shuichi , Tomoi Masao
Published: January 2005

Poly(ester imide)s, prepared by the reaction of phthalic anhydride, N‐(4‐carboxyphenyl) trimellitimide and 1,2‐ethanediol, were used to improve the toughness of bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether epoxy resin cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The poly(ester imide)s include poly(ethylene phthalate‐co‐ethylene N‐(1,4‐phenylene) trimellitimide dicarboxylate)s (PESIs) having 10, 20 and 30 mol% trimellitimide (TI) units, respectively. PESIs having 10 and 20 mol% TI units were effective as modifiers for toughening the cured epoxy resin. For example, the inclusion of 20 wt% of PESI (20 mol% TI unit,
M
W 19300 g mol−1) led to a 55% increase in the fracture toughness (KIC) of the cured resin (with an increase in flexural strength and modulus) and the modified resin had a particulate morphology. PESI having 30 mol% TI units was not effective because of degradation of the modifier by DDS. The toughening mechanism is discussed in terms of morphological and dynamic viscoelastic behaviour of the modified epoxy resin system.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Gellan/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: characterization and evaluation as delivery systems
Authors: Cascone Maria Grazia , Barbani Niccoletta , Maltinti Simona , Lazzeri Luigi
Published: January 2005

Bioartificial polymeric materials in the form of hydrogels were prepared starting from blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) with gellan, using a procedure based on freeze–thawing cycles. The effect exerted by gellan on the properties of these materials was investigated. The materials were loaded with human growth hormone (GH) and the release of the drug was evaluated. The results obtained indicated that gellan favours the crystallization process of PVOH allowing the formation of a material with a more homogeneous and stable structure than that of pure PVOH hydrogels. Both the PVOH melting enthalpy and the elastic modulus increased with increasing gellan content in the hydrogels; in addition, the higher the gellan content in the samples, the lower was the amount of PVOH released. Gellan/PVOH hydrogels were able to release GH and the release was affected by the content of the biological component. The amount of GH released was within a physiological range.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization of styrene with a simple rare earth metal initiator
Authors: Hayakawa Toshiyuki , Nakayama Yuusho , Yasuda Hajime
Published: January 2005

The catalytic activity in the polymerization of styrene has been examined using commercially available simple rare earth metal compounds such as Sm(OiPr)3, Sm(acac)3, Sm(OCOMe)3, SmI2(THF)2 or SmCl3 coupled with Et3Al or methylaluminoxane (MAO). Among these compounds, the Sm(OiPr)3/AlEt3 system shows the highest catalytic activity, especially in the presence of a minor amount of toluene at 60 °C. The random copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate suggests that the present polymerization proceeds with a radical polymerization mechanism. (C5Me5)SmCl3Na(THF) and (C5Me5)SmCl3Li(THF) systems exhibit relatively low catalytic activity, even in the presence of AlEt3.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry