bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploration research on the fusion of multimodal spectrum technology to improve performance of rapid diagnosis scheme for thyroid dysfunction
Authors: Chen Cheng , Du Guoli , Tong Dongni , Lv Guodong , Lv Xiaoyi , Si Rumeng , Tang Jun , Li Hongyi , Ma Hongbing , Mo Jiaqing
Published: October 2019

The spectral fusion by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition algorithms is utilized to diagnose thyroid dysfunction serum, and finds the spectral segment with the highest sensitivity to further advance diagnosis speed. Compared with the single infrared spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy, the proposal can improve the detection accuracy, and can obtain more spectral features, indicating greater differences between thyroid dysfunction and normal serum samples. For discriminating different samples, principal component analysis (PCA) was first used for feature extraction to reduce the dimension of high‐dimension spectral data and spectral fusion. Then, support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network, extreme learning machine and learning vector quantization algorithms were employed to establish the discriminant diagnostic models. The accuracy of spectral fusion of the best analytical model PCA‐SVM, single Raman spectral accuracy and single infrared spectral accuracy is 83.48%, 78.26% and 80%, respectively. The accuracy of spectral fusion is higher than the accuracy of single spectrum in five classifiers. And the diagnostic accuracy of spectral fusion in the range of 2000 to 2500 cm−1 is 81.74%, which greatly improves the sample measure speed and data analysis speed than analysis of full spectra. The results from our study demonstrate that the serum spectral fusion technique combined with multivariate statistical methods have great potential for the screening of thyroid dysfunction.
Hepatoprotective effect of boldine against diethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats
Authors: Subramaniam Nirmala , Kannan Pugazhendhi , K Ashokkumar , Thiruvengadam Devaki
Published: October 2019

Discovering the utmost effective and targeted chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma is still a significant challenge. In the present study, diethylnitrosamine was used as a liver carcinogen and boldine a compound of boldo. We anticipated the hypothesis that boldine endow antiproliferative and promote apoptosis on hepatocarcinoma rats. We analyzed that boldine alters the tumor biomarkers and liver markers enzyme levels. Also, we determined boldine modulate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities, as well as messenger RNA and protein expressions of Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. It was also manifested by histopathology studies in liver tissues of HCC rats. Our finding suggested that boldine has antioxidant activity, and moreover, also contributes apoptotic nature by upregulating the protein expression of Bax, and cleaved caspase 3. Our data accomplishes that boldine a candidate drug has dynamic therapeutic activity and suitable for the treatment of HCC.
Lack of health insurance is associated with delays in PrEP initiation among young black men who have sex with men in Atlanta, US: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Serota David P , Rosenberg Eli S , Thorne Annie L , Sullivan Patrick S , Kelley Colleen F
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Delays between receiving a PrEP prescription and taking a first dose increase the risk of HIV infection. This is especially relevant in populations with high HIV incidence, such as young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) in the United States. Additionally, YBMSM have relatively low levels of health insurance. We investigated whether lack of health insurance and reliance on PrEP funding through the manufacturer assistance programme (MAP) leads to delays in initiation of PrEP.

Methods

HIV‐negative YBMSM were offered PrEP as part of a prospective cohort. Enrolment began in June 2015 with follow‐up through February 2019. Interested participants attended a PrEP clinician visit and received a prescription. Those with health insurance received a copay assistance card; those without insurance accessed PrEP using the MAP. The primary outcome was the days between prescription and initiation. The effect of insurance status on this delay was modelled using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results and Discussion

The median delay between receipt of a PrEP prescription and taking a first dose was 12 days (IQR 3 to 32). Compared to uninsured participants, the adjusted hazard ratio for PrEP initiation for those with insurance was 2.72 (95% CI 1.82 to 4.06). The adjusted median time to initiation for insured participants was 5 days versus 21 days for those without insurance (p < 0.0001). Older age and STI diagnosis were also associated with faster PrEP initiation. Despite equivalent access to PrEP provided by the study, YBMSM without insurance had longer delays in initiation after receipt of a prescription. Overall, the observed delay in PrEP initiation increases the chances of HIV infection and the possibility of PrEP initiation after undetected seroconversion.

Conclusions

The extended time period between PrEP prescription and taking a first dose increases the risk of HIV transmission. Younger YBMSM and those without health insurance had longer delays in PrEP initiation. Immediate PrEP initiation programmes could decrease the likelihood of this occurrence and mitigate the disparity in initiation between those with and without health insurance. Clinical Trial Number: NCT02503618.
Altered Ascending Aorta Hemodynamics in Patients After Arterial Switch Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: van der Palen Roel L.F. , Deurvorst Quirine S. , Kroft Lucia J.M. , van den Boogaard Pieter J. , Hazekamp Mark G. , Blom Nico A. , Lamb Hildo J. , Westenberg Jos J.M. , Roest Arno A.W.
Published: October 2019

Background

Patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) have an altered aortic geometry after an arterial switch operation (ASO), with neo‐aortic root dilatation as an important complication. Geometry‐related aortic hemodynamics have been assumed to contribute to pathology of the ascending aorta (AAo).

Purpose

To evaluate aortic flow displacement (FD) and regional wall shear stress (WSS) in relation to ascending neo‐aortic geometry in children after ASO.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Twenty‐eight TGA patients after ASO and 10 healthy volunteers.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T/4D flow (segmented fast‐spoiled echo pulse), noncontrast‐enhanced MR angiography (Dixon), and anatomic images (SSFP).

Assessment

Aortic diameters and body surface area‐indexed aortic dimensions (Z‐scores), normalized FD and planar ascending aortic WSS.

Statistical Tests

Mann–Whitney and chi‐square tests for differences in FD magnitude, WSS, and FD directionality between groups, respectively. Spearman rank correlation to assess the degree of association between aortic geometry, FD and WSS parameters. Shapiro–Wilk test to evaluate distribution normality on the absolute differences in octant location between FD and WSS.

Results

TGA patients showed a significantly dilated proximal AAo and relatively small mid‐AAo dimensions at the level of the pulmonary arteries (Z‐scores neo‐aortic root: 4.38 ± 1.96 vs. 1.52 ± 0.70, P < 0.001; sinotubular junction: 3.48 ± 2.67 vs. 1.38 ± 1.30, P = 0.010; mid‐AAo: 0.32 ± 3.06 vs. 1.69 ± 1.24, P = 0.001). FD magnitude was higher in TGA patients (neo‐aortic root: 0.048 ± 0.027 vs. 0.021 ± 0.006, P < 0.001; sinotubular junction: 0.054 ± 0.037 vs. 0.029 ± 0.013, P < 0.05) and was related to the neo‐aortic Z‐score. Clear areas of higher WSS at the right and anterior aortic wall regions along the distal AAo were detected in TGA patients, most pronounced in those with relatively smaller mid‐AAo diameters.

Data Conclusion

TGA‐specific geometry related to the ASO, evidenced by neo‐aortic root dilatation and a sudden change in vessel diameter at mid‐AAo level, leads to more aortic flow asymmetry in the proximal AAo and WSS distribution with higher WSS at the right and anterior aortic wall regions along the distal AAo.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1105–1116.
Low‐Toxic and Nonirritant Biosurfactant Surfactin and its Performances in Detergent Formulations
Authors: Fei Dan , Zhou Guang‐Wei , Yu Zhou‐Qiang , Gang Hong‐Ze , Liu Jin‐Feng , Yang Shi‐Zhong , Ye Ru‐Qiang , Mu Bo‐Zhong
Published: October 2019

Developing eco‐friendly, nonirritant, low‐toxic, and high‐efficient surface active ingredients for detergents is an ongoing challenge in the detergent field. Surfactin is one of the representative lipopeptides produced by microorganisms. In this article, we report the surfactin isolated from cell‐free broth of Bacillus subtilis HSO121 and purified by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography for detergent formulations. The biodegradability, acute dermal irritation, acute oral toxicity (LD50 and LC50), surface activity, washing efficiency, and compatibility with hard water of the purified biosurfactant surfactin have been studied to explore the feasibility for applications of the surfactin in detergents. Acute oral toxicity tests (LD50 > 5000 mg kg−1, LC50 > 1000 mg kg−1) and skin irritation tests (PII = 0) indicate that the surfactin is a low‐toxic and nonirritant ingredient for detergent formulation. Moreover, the surfactin shows excellent surface and interfacial properties of emulsification and wettability, high compatibility, and stability in a wide range of temperatures, pH, and hard water and acceptable properties in biodegradability and foaming ability, which suggests that the biosurfactant surfactin is a promising ingredient for detergent formations in our daily life and for industrial applications.
Microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum as an alternative to fish oil in enriching table eggs with n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Kralik Zlata , Kralik Gordana , Grčević Manuela , Hanžek Danica , Margeta Polonca
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

The research deals with the addition of microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum as an alternative to fish oil in a feed‐mixture for laying‐hens and its effect on the deposition of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3‐PUFAs) [α‐linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in the lipids of egg yolks. In the study, 240 Tetra SL laying hens housed in enriched cages were used, divided into six groups, each in five repetitions. Groups E1, E3 and E5 were given 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% microalgae and groups E2, E4 and E6 were given feed mixtures with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% fish oil. The mixtures were modified on the basis of 17% of the crude protein and 11.7 MJ ME kg‐1.

RESULTS

The results showed satisfactory disposal of n‐3 PUFA in egg yolks of laying‐hens fed mixtures with the addition of either fish oil or microalgae. Eggs of E1, E3 and E5 groups contained in 100 g: 321.07 mg, 361.60 mg and 399.34 mg n‐3 PUFA, respectively (P < 0.001). Eggs of E2, E4 and E6 groups contained in 100 g: 346.25 mg, 346.17 mg and 369.02 mg n‐3 PUFA, respectively (P < 0.001). By increasing the content of fish oil or microalgae in feed‐mixtures for laying hens, the ratio of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA in egg yolk lipids (P < 0.001) was decreased.

CONCLUSION

Our results justified the usage of the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum in the enrichment of table eggs with n‐3 fatty acids as an alternative feed to fish oil. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement and stabilization of rice production by delaying sowing date in irrigated rice system in central China
Authors: Tu Debao , Jiang Yang , Liu Min , Zhang Lijuan , Chen Linlin , Cai Mingli , Ling Xiaoxia , Zhan Ming , Li Chengfang , Wang Jinping , Cao Cougui
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Climate change has posed great challenges to rice production. Temperature and solar radiation show significant variations in central China. This study aims to analyze the responses of different rice genotypes to the variations of temperature and solar radiation in central China, and to find the way of identifying the optimal sowing date to improve and stabilize rice production. For this end, four rice genotypes (two Indica and two Japonica cultivars) were cultivated at two locations under irrigation conditions in 2 years with six sowing dates.

RESULTS

We investigated variations of rice grain yield, resource use efficiency, average daily temperature and solar radiation during different phenological stages.

Rice grain yield could increase by about 2–17% in central China. Compared with solar radiation, temperature was a more important factor affecting rice grain yield in central China. The grain yield showed great correlation with the means temperature during different phenological stages, especially during the first 20 days after heading (GT20). Besides our results demonstrated that the grain yield displayed slender variations when the GT20 was within 24.9–26.4 °C. However, GT20 was higher than 26.4 °C in most cases, which became more frequent due to climate changes. Analysis of climate change during the last 25 years revealed that the frequency of GT20 within 24.9–26.4 °C was increased by the delay of sowing date.

CONCLUSION

We propose that delaying sowing date to achieve the optimal GT20 (24.9 °C–26.4 °C) can be an effective strategy to stabilize and improve rice grain yield and resource use efficiency in central China. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Accuracy of the minimal leak test for endotracheal cuff pressure monitoring
Authors: Selman Yamil , Arciniegas Rafael , Sabra Joseph M. , Ferreira Tanira D. , Arnold David J.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To determine the accuracy of the minimum leak test as a surrogate for target endotracheal cuff pressure of 20–30 cm H2O in intubated patients.

Methods

Cuff pressures were measured at the University of Miami Hospital using the minimum leak test on every intubated patient once per shift, then cuff pressure was reevaluated using handheld numerical manometers and recorded pressures above or below the target range, readjusting the pressure as needed. This assessment was repeated throughout each patient's intubation for up to 6 days. The readjustment rate of the test and the probability of a patient needing at least one adjustment were determined.

Results

One hundred twenty‐two patients were evaluated. Median age was 67 years (range 29–95), 52% were male, 48% were female. Patients were followed for an average of 4.7 days. Seven hundred twenty‐two minimum leak tests were performed. Of these, 170 required readjustment into the target range (24% readjustment rate). Of the tests outside target range, 66% of cuffs were overinflated and 34% were underinflated. Fifty‐five percent of patients required at least one adjustment.

Conclusion

Despite ubiquitous use of the minimum leak test for endotracheal cuff pressure adjustment, the test has an unacceptably high error rate resulting in cuff pressures above or below the target range. Most patients will require at least one adjustment throughout an intubation, putting them at risk for tracheal injury, stenosis, or leak and aspiration. The minimum leak test is not sufficiently accurate for endotracheal cuff pressure monitoring. Formal manometry is superior and should be used to optimize patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:1646–1650, 2020
Ten‐Year Reflections on the Neurophysiological Abnormalities of Focal Dystonias in Humans
Authors: Conte Antonella , Rocchi Lorenzo , Latorre Anna , Belvisi Daniele , Rothwell John C. , Berardelli Alfredo
Published: October 2019

The physiological landscape of dystonia has changed considerably over the past 10 years. Initial ideas that dystonic motor symptoms could be explained by a combination of loss of inhibition and increased plasticity, together with subtle deficits in sensory processing, have been questioned, whereas the possible role of the cerebellum has risen in importance. In addition, it has been recognized that symptoms affect more than just the motor and sensory systems and encompass independent cognitive and psychological changes. Finally, it has become clear that, despite similarities in symptoms, there may be pathophysiological differences between idiopathic, inherited, and acquired forms of dystonia. In other words, progress in the pathophysiology of dystonia has followed the usual pattern from an initial phase in which core deficits are readily explained by highly simplified models to a realization that within a highly interconnected network, effects are more nuanced with widespread changes that might either compensate or contribute to the clinical symptoms to different degrees in different individuals. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Use of the transverse branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery as a landmark facilitating identification and dissection of the deep branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery for free flap pedicle: Anatomical study and clinical applications
Authors: Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Yamamoto Takumi , Hayashi Akitatsu , Fuse Yuma , Karakawa Ryo , Iida Takuya , Narushima Mitsunaga , Tanakura Kenta , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Tzou Chieh Han John
Published: October 2019

Background

The deep branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) should be included when a large superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap is necessary, or when anatomical structures perfused by the deep branch are procured. The aim of this study was first to describe the anatomical features of the “transverse branch” of the deep branch of the SCIA in cadavers, and then to assess the efficacy of its use as a landmark for identification and dissection of the deep branch of the SCIA through clinical applications.

Methods

Twenty groin regions from 10 cadavers were dissected. The course and the takeoff point of the transverse branch were documented. With the transverse branch used as a landmark for pedicle dissection, 27 patients (16 males and 11 females) with an average age of 51.7 years underwent reconstructions that used vascularized structures nourished by the deep branch of the SCIA. Aside from the skin paddle, an iliac bone flap was used in 10 cases, a lateral femoral cutaneous nerve flap in four cases, and a sartorius muscle flap in three cases. The defect locations included the head (seven cases), the foot (six cases), the hand (six cases), the arm (five cases), and the leg (three cases). The causes of reconstruction were tumors in 13 patients, trauma in six patients, infection in four patients, surgical procedures in three patients, and refractory ulcer in one patient.

Results

In all specimens, the transverse branch was found underneath the deep fascia caudal to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). The average distance from the ASIS to the transverse branch was 25.5 ± 13.0 mm (range, 5–50 mm). The average dimension of the flap was 13.1 × 5.9 cm2. All the flaps survived completely after the surgery; lymphorrhea was seen in one patient at the donor site. The average follow‐up period was 12.9 months (range, from 2 to 42 months), and all patients had good functional recovery with satisfactory esthetic results.

Conclusions

The transverse branch was found in all specimens, branching from the deep branch of the SCIA. Successful results were achieved by using it as the landmark for identification and dissection of the deep branch of the SCIA. This method allows safe elevation of a large SCIP flap or a chimeric SCIP flap.
An MIP formulation for the open location‐routing problem considering the topological characteristic of the solution‐paths
Authors: Granada Mauricio , Toro Eliana M. , Gallego Ramón
Published: October 2019

In the open location‐routing problem (OLRP), one has a set of candidate depots to be installed and the vehicles start from the depot, visit all customers, and are not required to return to the depot after completing their service. Thus, the OLRP involves the problems of facility location and open vehicle routing. In this paper, a new mixed integer programming formulation for the OLRP is presented by proposing a set of constraints to obtain valid solutions formed by a graph consisting of a spanning tree in each connected component of the graph. This approach results in an alternative way of avoiding generating subtours, which significantly simplifies the set of constraints associated with the connectivity of the solution and the vehicle capacity requirements. The computational results show that the proposed formulation is competitive against state of‐the‐art methods for this type of problems.
Stationary single waves in turbulent free‐surface flows
Authors: Stojanovic Mario , Schneider Wilhelm , Murschenhofer Dominik
Published: October 2019

Stationary near‐critical turbulent open‐channel flow is considered. Allowing for locally enlarged roughness of the inclined bottom leads to the development of a stationary single wave. The waveform of the free surface is the key interest of this work. The flow is assumed to be fully developed far upstream and far downstream. In order to obtain the shape of the surface elevation as a result of the full equations of motion, an iteration procedure is used, which was successfully applied to the related problem of the undular hydraulic jump [1]. In addition to the classical solitary wave, the so‐called single wave of the second kind is studied numerically. The numerical results are compared with theoretical predictions and experimental data.
Modeling of hydraulically induced fractures in elastic‐plastic solids
Authors: Kienle Daniel , Keip Marc-André
Published: October 2019

Fracking, i.e. inducing fractures by hydraulic means, is a technique used for extraction of gas and petroleum from rock formations in the subsurface. Thereby a well is stimulated via fractures induced by a pressurized fluid which is injected into the wellbore. This leads to an increased permeability within the deep‐rock formations and finally to an increased flow of petroleum and natural gas out of the well. Because of its risks due to environmental issues, such as increased seismic activity or drinking water contamination, this technique is highly controversial in many countries. Numerical simulations can be used to gain a profound understanding of the involved physical processes leading to more precise estimates of associated risks and potentials. Of course, reliable numerical simulations must be based on accurate models and stable algorithms.

Many of the existing models for hydraulically induced fractures are based on the assumption that the solid skeleton undergoes only non‐dissipative elastic deformations. However, there is experimental evidence that field measurements (e.g. net pressure) cannot be described with an elastic material law [1]. Hence we propose a framework that accounts also for dissipative plastic deformations within the solid skeleton. The elastic‐plastic material behavior is described by a Drucker–Prager‐type plasticity model based on [2,3]. It is linked to an elastic‐plastic failure criterion that drives the fractures. The fractures in turn are modeled by a phase‐field approach characterizing a regularization of a crack surface that converges for vanishing length‐scale parameter to a sharp crack [4]. Fluid contribution and interaction are incorporated by a Darcy–Biot‐type constitutive formulation [5]. By means of a representative numerical example the model capabilities are demonstrated.
Experimental investigation on the thermal length expansion of direct laser writing material
Authors: Huang Wenjie , de Payrebrune Kristin M.
Published: October 2019

The interest in micro applications increases in recent years due to new methods of fabrication. One fabrication process is direct laser writing, which can fabricate high‐precision structures in the micrometer range. The material properties of the micro structures are related to the writing parameters, such as laser power, scan speed, distance between written lines and writing direction. This work presents investigations of the thermal length expansion coefficients of a laser‐written polymer in regard to laser power. To this end cantilever structures are fabricated. The small cantilevers are heated and their length expansions observed using a microscope. Images of the cantilevers at different temperatures are taken and by image post processing, the change in length and their coefficients of thermal expansion is determined.
The reaction paths of CH2O decomposition on CuO(111) surface: A DFT study
Authors: Cao Zheliang , Zhang Wei , Ding Ruiqin , Wang Ju , Pu Min , Yang Zuoyin , Lei Ming
Published: October 2019

The dehydrogenation of formaldehyde (CH2O) on the clean CuO(111) surface and O/OH preadsorbed CuO(111) surface is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) method. The adsorption structures and energies of stationary points in this reaction are explored to map the whole reaction network. The calculated results indicate that the primary intermediates CH2O, CH2O2, and CHO2 prefer to adsorb at the Cusub sites and HCO prefers to adsorb at the Osuf sites. CH2O directly dehydrogenates through the pathway of CH2O → HCO → CO on the CuO(111) surface. In the presence of adsorbed oxygen or hydroxyl species, CH2O directly combines with O or OH on CuO(111) surface, leading to another pathway via CH2O → CH2O2 → CHO2 → CO2. And the preadsorbed O and OH could promote the C–H bond activation of CH2O, HCO, CH2O2, and CHO2 species.
Rheological Considerations for Binder Development in Direct Ink Writing of Energetic Materials
Authors: Woods Hannah , Boddorff Andrew , Ewaldz Elena , Adams Zachary , Ketcham Mitchell , Jang Dong June , Sinner Elizabeth , Thadhani Naresh , Brettmann Blair
Published: October 2019

Additive manufacturing is a promising approach to prepare highly specifically defined materials with unique dimensions, gradients in material attributes and on‐demand properties. For energetic materials applications, it is particularly exciting for its potential to create lattice and cellular structures and gradient solids to focus or dissipate energy. However, there are significant challenges to overcome, particularly in obtaining the very high particle content (>80 vol % particles), while still being manufacturable. This work focuses on the polymer binder used in an energetic materials system and aims to understand how its characteristics affect the viscosity and printability of the suspension. Two different types of polymer binders are examined: (a) high molecular weight polymer in a solvent and (b) polymerizable smaller molecules that were cured via UV light. We show that the suspension viscosity is primarily controlled by the particle volume fraction for the UV curable binder, while both the particle volume fraction and polymer molecular weight influence the response in the case of the polymer/solvent binder. Both binder types can be tuned to provide printable suspensions that result in lines of consistent width and 3D disc‐shaped objects, indicating that both paths are good potential directions for future formulations for polymer bonded explosives prepared via additive manufacturing.
A Fuel‐Driven Chemical Reaction Network Based on Conjugate Addition and Elimination Chemistry
Authors: Fan Bowen , Men Yongjun , van Rossum Susan A. P. , Li Guotai , Eelkema Rienk
Published: October 2019

Fuel‐driven chemical reaction networks provide an opportunity to develop chemical systems that operate out‐of‐equilibrium. There remains a need to design and develop new fuel‐driven chemical reaction networks capable of repeated operation using simple and benign chemistry. Herein, we propose a new chemical reaction network for fuel‐driven transient formation of covalent bonds, based on redox‐controlled conjugate addition and elimination chemistry. By investigating the separate reactions making up the cycle, we find that the bond formation, breaking and regeneration processes can be realized. At present, substantial side reactivity prevents achieving repeated operation of a full cycle in a single system. If such obstacles would be overcome, this chemical reaction network could be a valuable addition to the toolbox for out‐of‐equilibrium systems chemistry.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of saliva for the diagnosis of oral cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Calado Genecy , Behl Isha , Daniel Amuthachelvi , Byrne Hugh J. , Lyng Fiona M.
Published: October 2019

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and new protocols for routine and early detection are required. Raman spectroscopy is an optical based method that can provide sensitive and non‐invasive real time detailed information on the biochemical content of a sample like saliva, through the unique vibrations of its constituent molecules and this is sensitive to changes associated with disease. A comprehensive systematic review of the available scientific literature related to Raman spectroscopy of human saliva for diagnosis of OSCC was performed. The 785 nm laser line was most applied wavelength along with principal components analysis associated with linear discriminant analysis. The main salivary components possibly associated with the presence of OSCC were proteins and lipids. Measurement in the liquid physical state, and with no addition of nanoparticles for signal enhancement, seemed to best conserve the salivary integrity. However, in terms of sampling protocols, no differentiation was generally made between stimulated and non‐stimulated saliva. Raman spectroscopy of saliva holds a promising future for clinical applications such as early detection of OSCC. However, more systematic analyses are still required for a better elucidation regarding sampling procedure, storage and degradation.
Reducing the prior‐knowledge achievement gap by using technology‐assisted guided learning in an undergraduate chemistry course
Authors: Lou Anna J. , Jaeggi Susanne M.
Published: October 2019

There have been many practical obstacles for teachers to implement evidence‐based educational technology, especially in STEM classrooms. By implementing learning principles related to Cognitive Load Theory, we developed an innovative Technology‐Assisted Guided Learning (TAGL) approach and its web‐based instructional tool, combining expertise from educational research and best teaching practices to enhance guided student‐centered learning in chemistry. A total of 185 community college students were randomly assigned to learn stoichiometry through either TAGL or one of two active control interventions, traditional direct instruction and Khan Academy, a widely used web learning platform. We found that the TAGL group significantly outperformed both active control groups immediately after instruction, and furthermore, despite the fact that all groups received additional instruction in stoichiometry, the beneficial effects of TAGL compared to the control groups were maintained a month later. Notably, TAGL was able to eliminate the achievement gap between students with low prior knowledge and students with high prior knowledge. Furthermore, prior‐knowledge activation was found to be especially beneficial for students with low prior knowledge. Our work contributes to existing research in learning theories and provides new insight toward the development of more effective and adaptive instructional designs. By translating research into practice, this study demonstrates the great potential of using innovative computer‐based technology to improve student learning for all.
A comprehensive study of terrain‐disrupted airflow at Hong Kong International Airport – observations and numerical simulations
Authors: Chan P.W. , Hon K.K. , Li Q.S.
Published: October 2019

Complex terrain near the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is likely to bring about low‐level windshear and turbulence to the aircraft, which could result in aviation hazards. In the past, some isolated case studies have been presented on the complicated airflow at the airport region in Hong Kong. This paper presents a more comprehensive discussion of the terrain‐induced airflow disturbances at the HKIA, including extensive mountain wake, transient low‐level jet stream, elongated mountain wake, reverse flow and mountain wave. The performance of a super high‐resolution numerical weather prediction model in the forecasting of these weather phenomena is also discussed. The model turns out to be capable of forecasting most of the terrain‐disrupted airflow, and it may be possible to obtain an earlier indication of the occurrence of low‐level windshear for airports with complex terrain. However, some mesoscale weather phenomena, such as low‐level jet stream, may not be captured by the models, and the associated windshear events would be difficult to forecast. This paper could hopefully be a useful reference to the aviation weather forecasters in the prediction of wind and windshear at airports with similar complex terrain in other parts of the world.
A randomized placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of lactolycopene on semen quality in healthy males
Authors: Williams Elizabeth A. , Parker Madeleine , Robinson Aisling , Pitt Sophie , Pacey Allan A.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Poor sperm quality is a major contributor to infertility in heterosexual couples, but at present there are few empirical therapies. Several studies have examined the role of dietary factors and data from randomized controlled trials suggest that oral antioxidant therapy can improve some sperm parameters. Health benefits of lycopene supplementation have been proposed for a variety of health conditions and here we examine whether it can help improve sperm quality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 14 mg daily lactolycopene for 12 weeks on semen quality in healthy men.

Methods

Sixty healthy male participants were recruited and randomized to this double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study and received either 14 mg/d lactolycopene or a placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was a change in motile sperm concentration. Secondary endpoints were all other aspects of sperm quality, including the level of sperm DNA damage.

Results

Fifty-six men completed the intervention and the level of plasma lycopene was significantly increased in the men randomized to receive lycopene supplementation. There was no significant change in the primary endpoint (motile sperm concentration) post-intervention (p = 0.058). However, the proportion of fast progressive sperm (p = 0.006) and sperm with normal morphology (p < 0.001) did improve significantly in response to lactolycopene intervention.

Conclusions

Supplementation with 14 mg/d lactolycopene improves sperm motility and morphology in young healthy men.

Clinical Trial Registry number and website

ISRCTN33248724http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN33248724
Olfactory and gustatory functioning and food preferences of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment compared to controls: the NUDAD project
Authors: Doorduijn A. S. , de van der Schueren M. A. E. , van de Rest O. , de Leeuw F. A. , Fieldhouse J. L. P. , Kester M. I. , Teunissen C. E. , Scheltens P. , van der Flier W. M. , Visser M. , Boesveldt S.
Published: October 2019

Our aim is to compare olfactory and gustatory function and food preferences of patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with controls. We included 22 patients with MCI, 30 patients with AD and 40 controls and assessed olfactory threshold, odor discrimination and odor identification (Sniffin’ Sticks), gustatory functioning (Taste Strips), and food preferences (Macronutrient and Taste Preference Ranking Task). Linear regression analyses were used to study associations of five cognitive domains or AD biomarkers with olfactory functioning. Groups did not differ in olfactory threshold, gustatory function and food preferences. Patients with MCI and AD scored lower on odor discrimination and identification than controls. Poorer memory, but no other cognitive domain, was associated with poorer odor discrimination and odor identification, but not with odor threshold. No associations with AD biomarkers were found. In conclusion, patients with MCI and AD have poorer odor discrimination and identification ability than controls, but similar detection thresholds. This is likely a consequence of poorer memory rather than directly caused by AD pathology.
Serum neurofilament light chain is a discriminative biomarker between frontotemporal lobar degeneration and primary psychiatric disorders
Authors: Katisko Kasper , Cajanus Antti , Jääskeläinen Olli , Kontkanen Aleksi , Hartikainen Päivi , Korhonen Ville E. , Helisalmi Seppo , Haapasalo Annakaisa , Koivumaa-Honkanen Heli , Herukka Sanna-Kaisa , Remes Anne M. , Solje Eino
Published: October 2019

Due to the significant clinical overlap between frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum disorders and late-onset primary psychiatric disorders (PPD), diagnostic biomarkers reflecting the different underlying pathophysiologies are urgently needed. Thus far, elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) have been reported in various neurological conditions. Furthermore, recent advancements in ultrasensitive analytical methods (e.g., single molecule array, Simoa) have enabled sensitive and less invasive NfL detection also from blood samples. In this study, we evaluated the potential of serum NfL (sNfL) as a diagnostic tool between FTLD and PPD. We analyzed sNfL levels with Simoa from 125 participants including patients from FTLD (n = 91) and PPD (n = 34) spectra. Our results show that sNfL levels are higher in the FTLD group compared to the PPD group as well as in separate clinical subtypes of FTLD compared to different psychiatric manifestations (i.e., mood or psychotic disorders). At single-subject level, discrimination between FTLD and PPD was possible with 80% sensitivity and 85% specificity (AUC = 0.850, 95% CI 0.776–0.923), and between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and PPD with 79% sensitivity and 85% specificity (AUC = 0.830, 95% CI 0.732–0.908). These findings highlight the potential of sNfL as a discriminating biomarker for FTLD over PPD in patients with wide-ranging behavioral, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms.
Impact of the landfill of ashes from the smelter on the soil environment: case study from the South Poland, Europe
Authors: Twaróg Anna , Mamak Magdalena , Sechman Henryk , Rusiniak Piotr , Kasprzak Ewelina , Stanek Krzysztof
Published: October 2019

The following research describes the influence of a metallurgical ash dump on both the soil environment and the atmosphere. Soil samples were collected along a line positioned on an unprotected, hazardous ash dump and extended into the adjacent, arable land. Three soil depths were sampled at 0–20-, 20–40- and 40–60-cm depth intervals, and in each sample, pseudo-total concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, Zn, Li, Sr and V were analyzed. Additionally, emissions of CH4 and CO2 were measured at each sampling site. All emission measurements were taken in the same day, and the duration of gas measurements in each place was six minutes. The results demonstrate elevated concentrations of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on dump surface and along its margins, where the maximum concentrations of these elements are, respectively, 82, 23, 1144 and 8349 mg kg−1. Obtained results exceed several times both the natural background values and the values typical of local soils in the southern Poland. Moreover, natural background values for Fe, Mn, Ni, Li, Sr and V were exceeded, as well. Along the sampling line, no methane emission was detected, whereas the carbon dioxide flux varied from 7 to 42 g m−2 d−1. The reconnaissance study of the ash dump revealed a high contamination level of soils with heavy metals, which, together with the changes of soil environment, may cause migration of pollutants into the adjacent areas and, consequently, may generate hazard to the environment and, particularly, to the living organisms. Hence, further studies are necessary in order to evaluate the soil quality and the leaching of heavy metals from the dump.
Nitrogen balance in paddy fields under flowing-irrigation condition
Authors: Saiki Makoto , Nguyen Thi Phuong Mai , Shindo Junko , Nishida Kei
Published: October 2019

Flowing irrigation which drains a large volume of water is one of agricultural techniques for ensuring rice quality. In this study, the nitrogen input and output were characterised in paddy fields under flowing irrigation based on observation in Central Japan, and the estimated nitrogen loadings were compared to the reported values in traditional paddy fields under stagnant irrigation by using budget analysis. The annual water fluxes in the studied fields were calculated to be more than ten times larger than those in traditional fields. The concentrations of most nitrogen forms in surface drainage and subsurface drainage were detected at highest level during paddling periods, while those of nitrate and nitrite in subsurface drainage increased during non-irrigation periods. The total nitrogen inputs were at upper level (236–332 kg N ha−1) of or larger (490–581 kg N ha−1) than the reported values under both flowing irrigation and stagnant irrigation, and the larger contribution of irrigation pathway was observed. Surface drainage (78.3–163.5 kg N ha−1) and transport to underground system (73.1–210.4 kg N ha−1) were significantly higher than reported values obtained from stagnant-irrigation paddy fields. The differences between input and output were thereby estimated and the large negative balance was attributed to the soil accumulation, which was distinctly detected in the field with presumably higher adsorption capacity. Therefore, assessing the effect of water flow on soil nitrogen accumulation as well as discharge is recommended by evaluating nitrogen balance in paddy field.
Enhancing the Taxonomies Relating to Academic Integrity and Misconduct
Authors: Tauginienė Loreta , Gaižauskaitė Inga , Razi Salim , Glendinning Irene , Sivasubramaniam Shivadas , Marino Franca , Cosentino Marco , Anohina-Naumeca Alla , Kravjar Julius
Published: October 2019

A clear understanding of terminology is crucial in any academic field. When it is clear that complex interdisciplinary concepts are interpreted differently depending on the academic field, geographical setting or cultural values, it is time to take action. Given this, the Glossary for Academic Integrity, newly developed by the European Network for Academic Integrity project, served as the basis for compiling a comprehensive taxonomy of terms related to academic integrity. Following a rigorous coding exercise, the taxonomy was partitioned into three constituent components – Integrity, Misconduct and Neutral terms. A review of relevant literature sources is included, and the strengths and weaknesses of existing taxonomies are discussed in relation to this new offering. During the creation of these artefacts the authors identified and resolved many differences between their individual interpretative understandings of concepts/terms and the viewpoints of others. It is anticipated that the freely-available glossary and taxonomy will be explored and valued by researchers, teachers, students and the general public alike.
Complex response of an oscillating vertical cantilever with clearance
Authors: Łygas Krystian , Wolszczak Piotr , Litak Grzegorz , Sta̧czek Paweł
Published: October 2019

We study the dynamics of an elastic inverted pendulum with amplitude limiters excited horizontally. This particular model corresponds to a class of systems where a clearance is present naturally as an effect of imperfect clamping or it is included to tailor the response. We explore the complex responses of the system for a fixed value of amplitude clearance. The simulation and experimental results are analysed by a 0–1 test, Fourier, and wavelet transforms. The results show that the system can vibrate with subharmonic solution where the main response frequency of a flexible beam is 3 times lower than the excitaion frequency. We claim that an inverted pendulum with imperfect clamping of mechanical resonator can be used in broad frequency band energy harvesting.
Learning on the Edge: Investigating Boundary Filters in CNNs
Authors: Innamorati Carlo , Ritschel Tobias , Weyrich Tim , Mitra Niloy J.
Published: October 2019

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) handle the case where filters extend beyond the image boundary using several heuristics, such as , or padding. These schemes are applied in an ad-hoc fashion and, being weakly related to the image content and oblivious of the target task, result in low output quality at the boundary. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective improvement that learns the boundary handling itself. At training-time, the network is provided with a separate set of boundary filters. At testing-time, we use these filters which have learned to extrapolate features at the boundary in an optimal way for the specific task. Our extensive evaluation, over a wide range of architectural changes (variations of layers, feature channels, or both), shows how the filters result in improved boundary handling. Furthermore, we investigate the efficacy of variations of such boundary filters with respect to convergence speed and accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate an improvement of 5–20% across the board of typical CNN applications (colorization, de-Bayering, optical flow, disparity estimation, and super-resolution). Supplementary material and code can be downloaded from the project page: http://geometry.cs.ucl.ac.uk/projects/2019/investigating-edge/.
Return-to-Play Practices Following Hamstring Injury: A Worldwide Survey of 131 Premier League Football Teams
Authors: Dunlop Gordon , Ardern Clare L. , Andersen Thor Einar , Lewin Colin , Dupont Gregory , Ashworth Ben , O’Driscoll Gary , Rolls Andrew , Brown Susan , McCall Alan
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Return-to-play (RTP) is an on-going challenge in professional football. Return-to-play related research is increasing. However, it is unknown to what extent the recommendations presented within research are being implemented by professional football teams, and where there are gaps between research and practice. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine if premier-league football teams worldwide follow a RTP continuum, (2) to identify RTP criteria used and (3) to understand how RTP decision-making occurs in applied practice.

Methods

We sent a structured online survey to practitioners responsible for the RTP programme in 310 professional teams from 34 premier-leagues worldwide. The survey comprised four sections, based on hamstring muscle injury: (1) criteria used throughout RTP phases, (2) the frequency with which progression criteria were achieved, (3) RTP decision-making process and (4) challenges to decision-making.

Results

One-hundred and thirty-one teams responded with a completed survey (42%). One-hundred and twenty-four teams (95%) used a continuum to guide RTP, assessing a combination of clinical, functional and psychological criteria to inform decisions to progress. One-hundred and five (80%) teams reported using a shared decision-making approach considering the input of multiple stakeholders. Team hierarchy, match- and player-related factors were common challenges perceived to influence decision-making.

Conclusions

General research recommendations for RTP and the beliefs and practices of practitioners appear to match with, the majority of teams assessing functional, clinical and psychological criteria throughout a RTP continuum to inform decision-making which is also shared among key stakeholders. However, specific criteria, metrics and thresholds used, and the specific involvement, dynamics and interactions of staff during decision-making are not clear.