bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel phenylcyclohex‐1‐enecarbothioamide derivative inhibits CXCL8‐mediated chemotaxis through selective regulation of CXCR2‐mediated signalling
Authors: Ha Helen , Bensman Tim , Ho Henry , Beringer Paul M , Neamati Nouri
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose

Since the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its cognate ligand CXCL8 (IL‐8) critically regulate neutrophil trafficking during inflammation, they have been implicated in a number of inflammatory lung diseases. Several CXCR2 antagonists have been described and the blockade of CXCR2 has shown promise in pre‐clinical disease models and early clinical trials. However, given its potential, there are fewer distinct classes of antagonists of CXCR2 than of other clinically relevant molecular targets. Thus, we sought to identify additional classes of compounds that alter CXCR2 function.

Experimental Approach

We used the CXCR2 TangoTM assay to screen an in‐house library of highly diverse chemical compounds. CX4338 [2‐(benzylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxo‐N‐phenylcyclohex‐1‐enecarbothioamide] was identified from our screen and additional studies to characterize the compound were performed. Receptor internalization and second‐messenger assays were used to assess the effects of CX4338 on CXCR2‐mediated signalling. Wound healing, transwell cell migration and LPS‐induced lung inflammation in mice were used to determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of CX4338.

Key Results

CX4338 selectively inhibited CXCR2‐mediated recruitment of β‐arrestin‐2 and receptor internalization, while enhancing CXCR2‐mediated MAPK activation. Additionally, CX4338 inhibited CXCL8‐induced chemotaxis in CXCR2‐overexpressing cells and human neutrophils. In vivo, CX4338 significantly reduced neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage induced by LPS in mice.

Conclusions and Implications

A novel compound CX4338 inhibited CXCR2‐mediated cell migration with a mechanism of action not previously reported. Also, selective inhibition of CXCR2‐mediated β‐arrestin‐2 activation is sufficient to inhibit CXCL8‐mediated chemotaxis.
Altitudinal Patterns in Two Syntopic Species of Sturnira (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the Montane Rain Forests of Argentina
Authors: Sánchez Mariano S. , Giannini Norberto P.
Published: December 2013

We evaluated altitudinal segregation in two Sturnira species as a mechanism allowing their coexistence. Tests were devised to discern between interspecific interactions and regional responses to geographic and environmental variables, using extensive capture data from 18 montane rain forest sites. No significant correlation between captures was found. Additionally and according to the hypothesis of historical occupation of highland versus lowland forests, each species has shown specificity in their response to the geographical and environmental variables. Our results indicated that abundance patterns in these bats likely result from the regional distribution of each species rather than local interactions between them, a pattern that may have ancient roots within the group.
Differing Life History Characteristics Support Coexistence of Tree Soil Generalist and Specialist Species in Tropical Rain Forests
Authors: Born Julia , Pluess Andrea R. , Burslem David F.R.P. , Nilus Reuben , Maycock Colin R. , Ghazoul Jaboury
Published: December 2013

Niche differentiation is a prominent mechanism for explaining tree species coexistence in tropical rain forests. Theory predicts that species that are specialized on a set of environmental conditions should competitively exclude generalists in those conditions, and that environmental heterogeneity allows the coexistence of many different species based on niche specialization. Yet, many tropical tree species of the family Dipterocarpaceae have broadly similar habitat preferences, with some occurring widely across several soil types. These soil generalists clearly persist despite the presence of other dipterocarp species that show clear soil specialization. We evaluate comparative seedling performance (growth and survival) of six Shorea species (Dipterocarpaceae) which differ in their adult tree habitat associations within the Sepilok Forest Reserve (Borneo, Malaysia). We tested the hypothesis that seedlings of species associated with a particular soil type perform better on that soil type than seedlings of soil generalist species, with generalists in turn performing better than specialists on a different soil type. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment including two soil types (alluvial and mudstone) and two light treatments (gap and understory). The soils differed in soil acidity, Al and P concentration. Observed species‐specific differences in seedling responses to soil, light, and occasional flooding events could partially explain observed adult distribution, although not all species could be fully differentiated along these axes. Other trade‐offs, such as investment in defense against herbivores and tolerance to soil waterlogging, may play additional roles in explaining coexistence of these species.
Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor‐21 are increased in chronic and acute renal dysfunction
Authors: Hindricks Janka , Ebert Thomas , Bachmann Anette , Kralisch Susan , Lössner Ulrike , Kratzsch Jürgen , Stolzenburg Jens‐Uwe , Dietel Anja , Beige Joachim , Anders Matthias , Bast Ingolf , Blüher Matthias , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias
Published: December 2013

Objective

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐21 has recently been introduced as a circulating adipokine which reverses insulin resistance and obesity in rodents. In this study, regulation of FGF‐21 in renal dysfunction was elucidated in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney dysfunction (AKD).

Study design and methods

Serum concentrations of total FGF‐21 were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 499 patients with CKD stages 1–5 (study population 1). Furthermore, total FGF‐21 was determined before and within 30 h after unilateral nephrectomy, a model of AKD, in 32 patients (study population 2). FGF‐21 levels were correlated to anthropometric and biochemical parameters of renal function, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation, in both studies.

Results

In study population 1, median [interquartile range] circulating FGF‐21 adjusted for age, gender and body mass index was significantly different between CKD stages with highest values detectable in stage 5 (stage 1: 86·4 [132·9]; 2: 206·4 [223·1]; 3: 289·8 [409·3]; 4: 591·3 [789·0]; 5: 1918·1 [4157·0] ng/l). Furthermore, estimated glomerular filtration rate remained a strong independent and negative predictor of FGF‐21. In study population 2, FGF‐21 increased significantly postsurgically (325·0 [984·0] ng/l) as compared to presurgical values (255·5 [243·0] ng/l). Furthermore, relative changes of FGF‐21 were independently and positively predicted by relative changes of creatinine.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that circulating FGF‐21 is increased in both CKD and AKD. Our results suggest renal excretion as a major route for FGF‐21 elimination. The pathophysiological significance of these findings needs to be elucidated in more detail.
Interactive Simulation of Rigid Body Dynamics in Computer Graphics
Authors: Bender Jan , Erleben Kenny , Trinkle Jeff
Published: December 2013

Interactive rigid body simulation is an important part of many modern computer tools, which no authoring tool nor game engine can do without. Such high‐performance computer tools open up new possibilities for changing how designers, engineers, modelers and animators work with their design problems. This paper is a self contained state‐of‐the‐art report on the physics, the models, the numerical methods and the algorithms used in interactive rigid body simulation all of which have evolved and matured over the past 20 years. Furthermore, the paper communicates the mathematical and theoretical details in a pedagogical manner. This paper is not only a stake in the sand on what has been done, it also seeks to give the reader deeper insights to help guide their future research.
Diagnosis of famine: a discursive contribution
Authors: Rubin Olivier
Published: December 2013

This paper recommends the incorporation of an additional discursive dimension in famine diagnosis that draws on the number of reports referring to famine in the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)'s ReliefWeb database. Present‐day diagnostic tools already apply the principle of triangulation with multiple indicators; the addition of a discursive diagnostic dimension would enable even more refined analysis, allowing more forcefully for the incorporation of the aspect of change. The newly devised discursive famine indices are used both to identify famines—in Ethiopia (2000), Malawi (2002), and Somalia (2011)—and to analyse key socioeconomic determinants of famine. The study finds that income (or poverty) together with state fragility appear to be the major determinants of cross‐country variations in famine reporting, while political regimes do not appear to have any independent effect. The indices appear largely robust with regard to concerns about cross‐country, semantic, and temporal biases.
Constructing a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction: the significance of focusing on vulnerability reduction
Authors: Palliyaguru Roshani , Amaratunga Dilanthi , Baldry David
Published: December 2013

As a result of the increase in natural disaster losses, policy‐makers, practitioners, and members of the research community around the world are seeking effective and efficient means of overcoming or minimising them. Although various theoretical constructs are beneficial to understanding the disaster phenomenon and the means of minimising losses, the disaster risk management process becomes less effective if theory and practice are set apart from one another. Consequently, this paper seeks to establish a relationship between two theoretical constructs, ‘disaster risk reduction (DRR)’ and ‘vulnerability reduction’, and to develop a holistic approach to DRR with particular reference to improving its applicability in practical settings. It is based on a literature review and on an overall understanding gained through two case studies of post‐disaster infrastructure reconstruction projects in Sri Lanka and three expert interviews in Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom.
The feasibility of concentrated rural settlement in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction: a study of China
Authors: Peng Yi , Shen Liyin , Zhang Xiaoling , Ochoa J. Jorge
Published: December 2013

There is growing appreciation of the use of concentrated rural settlement as an effective means of implementing infrastructure projects and helping to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. This occurs in China through the exchange of rural residential land for urban construction. However, this policy has not been effective under normal circumstances (called development‐driven conditions) as frequently farmers are reluctant to accept such an exchange. By contrast, in a time of disaster, such as after the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, rural victims have accepted this policy of rural residential land exchange. Employing game theory, this paper identifies the reasons for the different outcomes and it contends that the implementation of concentrated rural settlement practice under disaster‐induced conditions is more effective than its introduction under development‐driven conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that, in China, concentrated rural settlement is feasible in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction.
Collaborative modelling‐based shelter planning analysis: a case study of the Nagata Elementary School Community in Kobe City, Japan
Authors: Xu Wei , Li Ying , Okada Norio , Takeuchi Yukiko , Kajitani Yoshio , Shi Peijun
Published: December 2013

This study, based on a questionnaire survey and workshops, and with a focus on the impact of an earthquake on the Nagata Elementary School Community in Kobe City, Japan, develops a collaborative model to assess the allocation of residents to shelters. The current official allocation plan is compared with three alternative allocations developed within the framework of this model. The collaborative model identifies accessibility, amenity, capacity, connectivity, continuity, security, and stability as the basic, necessary criteria for shelter planning. The three alternative allocations are very similar to the local residents’ own choice of shelters, but they are quite different from the current official allocation plan, which is supposed to be followed but has achieved relatively low satisfaction among households. The proposed collaborative approach provides an effective tool to assess the officially determined allocation plan by taking into account the viewpoints of local residents, and the results are useful for enhancing community evacuation planning.
Decision‐making behaviour during urban search and rescue: a case study of Germany
Authors: Hamp Quirin , Reindl Leonhard , Güthlin Denise
Published: December 2013

The objective of assisting with tasks and decisions during incident response is to reduce the risks to victims and rescue personnel while increasing the efficiency of the rescue operation. Handling uncertain information during urban search and rescue (USAR) missions represents additional stress to the decision‐maker. The aim of this study is to identify the decision‐making behaviour of rescuers during USAR missions to pinpoint trapped or buried victims in debris in order to design assistance technologies and decision‐support systems that meet their needs. In 2010, a survey was conducted among 10–15 per cent of all German rescue personnel specialised in search tasks. One of the major results of this survey is that a subjective assessment of the reliability of information available from heterogeneous sources influences the rescuers’ actions and that there is no methodology for decision‐making involving uncertain information. In addition, the study found that compliance with procedures does not require assistance.
Organisational resilience following the Darfield earthquake of 2010
Authors: Whitman Zachary , Stevenson Joanne , Kachali Hlekiwe , Seville Erica , Vargo John , Wilson Thomas
Published: December 2013

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a study on the resilience and recovery of organisations following the Darfield earthquake in New Zealand on 4 September 2010. Sampling included organisations proximal and distal to the fault trace, organisations located within central business districts, and organisations from seven diverse industry sectors. The research captured information on the challenges to, the impacts on, and the reflections of the organisations in the first months of recovery. Organisations in central business districts and in the hospitality sector were most likely to close, while organisations that had perishable stock and livestock were more heavily reliant on critical services. Staff well‐being, cash flow, and customer loss were major concerns for organisations across all sectors. For all organisations, the most helpful factors in mitigating the effects of the earthquake were their relationship with staff members, the design and type of buildings, and critical service continuity or swift reinstatement of services.
Classification of residential areas according to physical vulnerability to natural hazards: a case study of Çanakkale, Turkey
Authors: Başaran‐Uysal Arzu , Sezen Funda , Özden Süha , Karaca Öznur
Published: December 2013

The selection of new settlement areas and the construction of safe buildings, as well as rendering built‐up areas safe, are of great importance in mitigating the damage caused by natural disasters. Most cities in Turkey are unprepared for natural hazards. In this paper, Çanakkale, located in a first‐degree seismic zone and sprawled around the Sartçay Delta, is examined in terms of its physical vulnerability to natural hazards. Residential areas are analysed using GIS (geographic information system) and remote‐sensing technologies in relation to selected indicators. Residential areas of the city are divided into zones according to an evaluation of geological characteristics, the built‐up area's features, and urban infrastructure, and four risk zones are determined. The results of the analysis show that the areas of the city suitable for housing are very limited. In addition, the historical centre and the housing areas near Sartçay stream are shown to be most problematic in terms of natural disasters and sustainability.
Effects of near‐bed turbulence on the suspension and settlement of freshwater dreissenid mussel larvae
Authors: Quinn Noel P. , Ackerman Josef D.
Published: December 2013

Larval transport and settlement in benthic invertebrates is theorised to be influenced by bottom roughness and the hydrodynamic forces that roughness generates near the bed. This study of freshwater Dreissena spp. bivalves examined the transport and suspension of pediveliger larvae and larval models in a laboratory flow chamber and larval settlement in Lake Erie.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in the laboratory, and acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) measurements in the field, were used to estimate small‐scale turbulence in the near‐bed environment over differing roughness. Quadrant analysis was used to determine the frequency of turbulent sweeps and ejections, and the extent of roughness flow regime (skimming versus wake interference flow) was noted to understand the determinants of larval transport and settlement.

Skimming flow generated above bottoms with high mussel densities had significantly lower suspended transport (i.e. suspension off the bottom in the flow chamber; 3.31 ± 1.14%) and lower larval settlement in the field (1526 ± 80 larvae m−2 per day) compared to low mussel densities (6.63 ± 1.54% and 1853 ± 47 larvae m−2 per day). Conversely, wake interference flow indicated by high frequencies of turbulent sweeps and ejections generated by the roughness due to mussel patches resulted in high suspended transport in the flow chamber (i.e. via ejections) and the highest larval settlement in the field (i.e. via sweeps; 1943 ± 59 larvae m−2 per day).

The spatial configuration of mussel roughness influenced the creation and magnitude of skimming versus wake interference flow, which can inhibit or enhance larval settlement, respectively.
Scale criticality in estimating ecosystem carbon dynamics
Authors: Zhao Shuqing , Liu Shuguang
Published: December 2013

Scaling is central to ecology and Earth system sciences. However, the importance of scale (i.e. resolution and extent) for understanding carbon dynamics across scales is poorly understood and quantified. We simulated carbon dynamics under a wide range of combinations of resolution (nine spatial resolutions of 250 m, 500 m, 1 km, 2 km, 5 km, 10 km, 20 km, 50 km, and 100 km) and extent (57 geospatial extents ranging from 108 to 1 247 034 km2) in the southeastern United States to explore the existence of scale dependence of the simulated regional carbon balance. Results clearly show the existence of a critical threshold resolution for estimating carbon sequestration within a given extent and an error limit. Furthermore, an invariant power law scaling relationship was found between the critical resolution and the spatial extent as the critical resolution is proportional toAn(nis a constant, andAis the extent). Scale criticality and the power law relationship might be driven by the power law probability distributions of land surface and ecological quantities including disturbances at landscape to regional scales. The current overwhelming practices without considering scale criticality might have largely contributed to difficulties in balancing carbon budgets at regional and global scales.
Lignin decomposition along an Alpine elevation gradient in relation to physicochemical and soil microbial parameters
Authors: Duboc Olivier , Dignac Marie‐France , Djukic Ika , Zehetner Franz , Gerzabek Martin H. , Rumpel Cornelia
Published: December 2013

Lignin is an aromatic plant compound that decomposes more slowly than other organic matter compounds; however, it was recently shown that lignin could decompose as fast as litter bulk carbon in minerals soils. In alpine Histosols, where organic matter dynamics is largely unaffected by mineral constituents, lignin may be an important part of soil organic matter (SOM). These soils are expected to experience alterations in temperature and/or physicochemical parameters as a result of global climate change. The effect of these changes on lignin dynamics remains to be examined and the importance of lignin as SOM compound in these soils evaluated. Here, we investigated the decomposition of individual lignin phenols of maize litter incubated for 2 years in‐situ in Histosols on an Alpine elevation gradient (900, 1300, and 1900 m above sea level); to this end, we used the cupric oxide oxidation method and determined the phenols’ 13C signature. Maize lignin decomposed faster than bulk maize carbon in the first year (86 vs. 78% decomposed); however, after the second year, lignin and bulk C decomposition did not differ significantly. Lignin mass loss did not correlate with soil temperature after the first year, and even correlated negatively at the end of the second year. Lignin mass loss also correlated negatively with the remaining maize N at the end of the second year, and we interpreted this result as a possible negative influence of nitrogen on lignin degradation, although other factors (notably the depletion of easily degradable carbon sources) may also have played a role at this stage of decomposition. Microbial community composition did not correlate with lignin mass loss, but it did so with the lignin degradation indicators (Ac/Al)s and S/V after 2 years of decomposition. Progressing substrate decomposition toward the final stages thus appears to be linked with microbial community differentiation.
The State as Investment Market: A Framework for Interpreting the Post‐Soviet State in Eurasia
Authors: Engvall Johan
Published: December 2013

What type of state has emerged in post‐Soviet Eurasia, and what kind of theoretical framework can help us understand its behavior and performance? This article argues that we can usefully understand the logic of political and administrative organization in terms of a kind of “investment market.” Access to the state is frequently determined by actual financial payment. Would‐be officials invest in offices to obtain access to a stream of income associated with an office. This framework represents a novel perspective on the post‐Soviet state, which has hitherto either been premised on modernization theory or emphasized a robustly personalistic logic of political organization.
Role of FGF10 on tumorigenesis by MS‐K
Authors: Sugimoto Kenkichi , Yoshida Suzuka , Mashio Yuka , Toyota Naoka , Xing Yanjiang , Xu Henan , Fujita Yuki , Huang Zhijun , Touma Maki , Wu Qiong
Published: December 2013

Murine MS‐K and NFSA cell lines formed tumor after inoculation into mouse and both cell lines expressed high level of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (vegf‐A) and produced same level of VEGF‐A. However, poor blood vessel formation, and necrosis was significantly observed in NFSA‐tumor, contrary to well‐developed blood vessel formation in MS‐K tumor. The microarray analysis showed high expression of fibroblast growth factor‐10 (fgf‐10) in MS‐K than NFSA. In this report, the role of fgf‐10 on tumor growth was studied. MS‐K enhanced more proliferation of endothelial cells by direct co‐culture than NFSA, and rFGF10 supported the proliferation of HUVEC in combination with VEGF‐A. fgf‐10‐knocked down MS‐K, MS‐K (fgf‐10‐KD), proliferated slower in vitro and the tumorigenicity of them was also slower than control. The blood vessel formation in these MS‐K (fgf‐10‐KD) clones was reduced compared with the MS‐K (normal). qPCR analysis showed the suppression of vegf‐A, vegf‐C and fgfr‐1‐expression in the MS‐K (fgf‐10‐KD) clones. Taken together, these results indicated that FGF10, which was produced from tumor cells, was essential for the proliferation of tumor cell itself and also supports proliferation of endothelial cells. Thus, FGF10 plays an important role for tumor growth by both paracrine and autocrine manner.
Toward green dialysis: Focus on water savings
Authors: Ponson Laurent , Arkouche Walid , Laville Maurice
Published: December 2013

Hemodialysis is one of the most water and energy‐hungry medical procedures, and thus represents a clear opportunity where improvements should be made concerning the consumption and wastage of water. Three levels were investigated on which there are potential savings: the precise adjustment of water production according to specific needs, the reuse of reverse osmosis rejected water, and finally the huge volumes of post‐patient dialysate effluent. The “AURAL” (Association pour l′Utilisation du Rein Artificiel à Lyon), main unit in Lyon, was the site of investigation for this study, which cares for 173 chronic hemodialysis patients. Evaluation of the 3 levels described earlier was undertaken on this particular building, and on the water treatment currently used. Volumes of produced water can be improved by different hydraulic systems or by adjusting the pure water conductivity used for dialysis. Concerning the reject water, reuse for building sanitation became the focus of further attention. The technical feasibility, volume of saved water, and applicable work costs were considered. The results suggest that out of a possible 2834 m3/year of reject water, 1200 m3/year may be reused and return on investment recovered within 5.8 years. Finally, the reprocessing and feasibility of reuse of dialysate effluent were investigated. Initial calculations show that although technical solutions are available, such processing of the wastewater production is not profitable in the short term. Regarding the significant prior authorization and risk management analysis necessary for such a project, this avenue was pursued no further. From the perspective of a “green dialysis,” the reuse of reject water into sanitation is both viable and profitable in our unit, and must be the next step of our project. More widely, improvements can be made by defining a more precise range of pure water conductivity for dialysis and by applying reuse water project to new or to be renovated units.
The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway: Expansion in the Face of Failure?
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe
Published: December 2013

In 2011, the current government announced plans to overhaul the Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) programme, renaming it the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP). This article questions the government's dedication to continuing, and potentially expanding, a costly and controversial initiative in the face of its apparent failure to treat the offenders in its care effectively and facilitate their progress through the prison system. It suggests that these unfulfilled promises are ancillary to another aim: preventively detaining troublesome prisoners. The plans are of particular concern for prisoners on indeterminate sentences for public protection (IPP), whose release may be further impeded.
Clinical considerations on Buruli ulcer employing two molecular tests for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in 100 skin biopsies
Authors: Leigheb Giorgio , Zavattaro Elisa , Molicotti Paola , Cannas Sara , Zanetti Stephania , Clemente Claudio , Johnson Roch C. , Sopoh Ghislain E. , Dossou Ange D. , Colombo Enrico
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infected cutaneous lesion, the etiological agent of which is Mycobacterium ulcerans. Diagnosis is confirmed by the identification of acid‐fast bacilli and culture. In clinically suspicious forms with negative bacteriological or Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) findings, molecular tests are used. This study compared the concordance of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (targeting IS2404) and PCR (targeting IS2606) in different clinical situations.

Methods

A total of 57 samples were sourced from 39 BU patients. Control samples (n = 43) were obtained from non‐BU ulcers in 38 patients. Samples were divided into two pieces and submitted to, respectively, histological examination and ZN staining, and PCR. Subsamples submitted to PCR were divided and submitted to nested PCR IS2404 and PCR IS2606, respectively.

Results

Of the 57 BU biopsies, positive results were obtained by nested PCR in 18 (31.6%) and by IS2606 PCR in 37 (64.9%) cases. Sequencing of the positive samples confirmed the specificity of amplicons in all nested PCR samples and in 26 of 37 (70.2%) samples positive to IS2606. Hence, nested PCR was more specific (100% vs. 93%) and less sensitive (32% vs. 46%) than IS2606 PCR. In the BU samples, nested PCR was negative in 15 instances, and IS2606 PCR was negative in 11 instances in which ZN histology had been positive (false negatives). Both PCRs were positive in six ZN‐negative smears.

Conclusions

We considered 57 samples from 39 BU patients in various clinical stages and at different times after the beginning of therapy. These provided positive results in 18 cases with IS2404 nested PCR and in 37 cases with PCR IS2606; only 26 of the latter remained positive subsequent to sequencing. Hence, even if IS2404 PCR is considered more specific, in subjects who appear to fail to respond to therapy, it is advisable to also carry out IS2606 PCR. A possible interpretation of the discordance between the two techniques due to unavoidable technical errors as well as to different sensitivity of the two tests at M. ulcerans DNA low concentration (i.e. in recent infection and in well‐treated cases) is discussed.
Association between IL16 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to alopecia areata in the Korean population
Authors: Lew Bark‐Lynn , Chung Joo‐Ho , Sim Woo‐Young
Published: December 2013

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic disease that presents as non‐scarring hair loss. It is thought to be an organ‐specific autoimmune disease characterized by T cell infiltrates and cytokine production around anagen‐stage hair follicles. Interleukin‐16 (IL‐16) is a T cell‐specific chemoattractant known to be associated with autoimmune disease.

Objectives

This study was conducted to determine whether variation in the IL16 gene contributes to risk for AA in the Korean population.

Methods

A total of 270 control subjects and 229 AA patients were enrolled. Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs17875486 [promoter], rs17875491 [promoter], rs11073001 [exon], rs1803275 [exon]) of the IL16 gene were selected. Genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. Sequence data were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were calculated.

Results

A significant difference emerged between the AA group and the control group for one SNP (rs17875491) of IL16. A further significant difference was found between patients with and without a family history of AA for a second SNP (rs11073001).

Conclusions

The present study found significant differences pertaining to two SNPs of the IL16 gene between, respectively, AA patients and controls (rs17875491) and AA patients with and without a family history of AA (rs11073001). Thus, IL16 polymorphisms may play a role in the pathophysiology of AA or in the expression of AA phenotypes. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of IL‐16 in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of AA.
Demographic, clinical, and radiologic signs and treatment responses of lipoid proteinosis patients: a 10‐case series from Şanlıurfa
Authors: Dertlioğlu Selma B. , Çalık Mustafa , Çiçek Demet
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by mucocutaneous lesions and hoarseness that develop in early childhood. This paper presents the clinical and radiologic characteristics and treatment responses of 10 LP patients from five different families.

Methods

Ten LP patients followed in our university clinic in Şanlıurfa, Turkey, were evaluated. Clinical features, as well as histopathologic and radiologic findings, were analyzed. Diagnoses were established based on clinical features, with histopathologic confirmation in nine cases. The patients were started on acitretin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for six months.

Results

Typical cutaneous signs of LP and hoarseness of the voice were observed in all patients. No side effects associated with the drug were found during treatment. At the end of the sixth month, the cutaneous papules and plaques were diminished in seven patients. Hoarseness receded in seven patients (particularly in three), vesiculobullous lesions were reduced in three patients, and the frequency of oral ulcers decreased in three patients. In a patient with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, lesions were found to disappear completely.

Conclusions

We believe acitretin is quite effective and reliable in the treatment of cutaneous lesions and hoarseness in patients with LP.
Smoking and inflammation: evidence for a synergistic role in chronic disease
Authors: Johannsen Annsofi , Susin Cristiano , Gustafsson Anders
Published: December 2013

Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable risk factor for periodontitis; however, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal health remain largely unclear. It is also well established that smoking has a negative impact on several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this paper was to review smoking‐related changes in local and systemic host responses with a focus on cellular and molecular effects that could explain a hyperinflammatory response leading to periodontal destruction. Biological mechanisms that may be common to periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases were also explored, together with gene–smoking interactions. An epidemiologic perspective on the burden of smoking on periodontal health and the potential for smoking cessation is also presented. Tobacco smoking seems to induce changes ranging from decreased leukocyte chemotaxis to decreased production of immunoglobulins. Smoking also seems to cause a stronger inflammatory reaction with an increased release of potentially tissue‐destructive substances (e.g. reactive oxygen species, collagenase, serine proteases and proinflammatory cytokines). These findings support a hypothesis that periodontitis is a hyperinflammatory condition rather than a hypo‐inflammatory condition.
Smells like cooperation? Unpleasant body odor and people's perceptions and helping behaviors
Authors: Camps Jeroen , Stouten Jeroen , Tuteleers Chloé , van Son Kirsten
Published: December 2013

Scents are omnipresent in our daily world and they are of great importance as represented by the use of perfumes or fragrances in the work environment. Even though it has been argued that bad scents invoke negative judgments, we argued and demonstrated that a bad body odor elicits feelings of pity in others (Experiment 1) and increases prosocial behavior (Experiment 2). Further, we showed that only if a person is not held accountable for his own body odor this elevated other's prosocial behavior (Experiment 3). These findings provide a novel perspective on the way human body odor affects our perceptions and consequent behaviors.
Predictors of Postpartum Sexual Activity and Function in a Diverse Population of Women
Authors: Yee Lynn M. , Kaimal Anjali J. , Nakagawa Sanae , Houston Kathryn , Kuppermann Miriam
Published: December 2013

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of postpartum sexual activity and functioning in a diverse population of women using the Sexual Health Outcomes in Women Questionnaire (SHOW‐Q).

Methods

This was a prospective study of 160 postpartum women assessing relationships between demographic factors, mode of birth, depression, breastfeeding, and sexual activity and function. Questionnaires were administered over the telephone 8 to 10 weeks postpartum and in person 6 to 8 months postpartum. Primary outcomes were sexual activity at 8 to 10 weeks postpartum and global and subscale SHOW‐Q scores at 6 to 8 months postpartum; the primary predictor was mode of birth. Associations were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses.

Results

Seventy‐five percent of this population (n = 140 at 8‐10 weeks, n = 129 at 6‐8 months) gave birth vaginally, and 60.7% resumed sexual activity by 8 to 10 weeks postpartum. Only multiparity was associated with increased odds of having resumed sexual activity by 8 to 10 weeks postpartum (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.44; P = .03), whereas older age was associated with decreased odds (aOR, 0.92; P = .02) of having resumed sexual activity. Women who were depressed (effect estimate, −13.3; P = .01), older (−1.1, P = .01), or exclusively breastfeeding (−16.5, P < .001) had significantly poorer sexual satisfaction, whereas multiparous women reported better sexual satisfaction (11.1, P = .03). A significant relationship between mode of birth and SHOW‐Q scores did not emerge, although we did observe a trend toward lower SHOW‐Q scores among women who underwent cesarean compared with those giving birth vaginally.

Discussion

Multiparity and younger age predict early resumption of sexual activity, whereas depression and breastfeeding are associated with poorer postpartum sexual functioning. The relationship between mode of birth and resumed sexual activity or postpartum sexual function remains uncertain.
Extragonadal sclerosing stromal tumor: A rare case report
Authors: Mokhtari Maral , Akbarzadeh‐Jahromi Mojgan , Sari‐Aslani Fatemeh , Hamedi Bahareh , Bagheri Mandana , Torfehnezhad Parnia
Published: December 2013

Sclerosing stromal tumor is a rare, benign, sex cord stromal tumor of the ovary. We report a case of extragonadal sclerosing stromal tumor in a 45‐year‐old woman who presented with menstrual irregularity and vague pelvic pain. Imaging studies showed a well‐defined mass between the posterior wall of the bladder and uterus, suspected of being a pedunculated leiomyoma. The histopathological and immunohistochemical study was consistent with sclerosing stromal tumor. No ovarian tissue was found on representative sectioning. This is the first case of sclerosing stromal tumor in an extragonadal location.
Genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling for androgen‐insensitivity syndrome: A report of three cases
Authors: Yamaguchi Masatoshi , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikenoue Tyuyomu
Published: December 2013

Aim

In order to verify androgen‐insensitivity syndrome (AIS) for three individuals and their mothers, genetic diagnosis was performed after genetic counseling.

Methods

Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used for each exon of the androgen receptor (AR Xq11‐q12) gene. The amplified DNA fragments were detected by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments were sequenced and their sequences were compared with those in a database (The Androgen Receptor Gene Mutations Database World Wide Web Server).

Results

A missense mutation was identified in exon 7 in case 1, deletions of exons 1 and 2 were identified in case 2, and a nonsense mutation was identified in the triplet repeat region of exon 1 in case 3. The mothers of the patients were also verified to be carriers of the mutations.

Conclusion

Genetic diagnosis is a very useful method for diagnosing AIS. However, genetic counseling, including emotional support for the mother, is an essential component of genetic diagnosis.
Resveratrol suppresses inflammatory responses in endometrial stromal cells derived from endometriosis: A possible role of the sirtuin 1 pathway
Authors: Taguchi Ayumi , Wada‐Hiraike Osamu , Kawana Kei , Koga Kaori , Yamashita Aki , Shirane Akira , Urata Yoko , Kozuma Shiro , Osuga Yutaka , Fujii Tomoyuki
Published: December 2013

Aim

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a role in regulation of inflammation. The role of SIRT1 in endometriosis remains unknown. We here addressed the anti‐inflammatory effects of SIRT1 on endometriosis.

Methods

The expression of SIRT1 in human ovarian endometriomas and eutopic endometria were examined using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Endometriotic stromal cells (ESC) obtained from endometriomas were exposed to either resveratrol or sirtinol, an activator or inhibitor of sirtuins, respectively, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐induced interleukin (IL)‐8 release from the ESC was assessed at mRNA and protein levels.

Results

Both immunochemistry and RT–PCR demonstrated that SIRT1 was expressed in ESC and normal endometrial stromal cells. Resveratrol suppressed TNF‐α‐induced IL‐8 release from the ESC in a dose‐dependent manner while sirtinol increased IL‐8 release.

Conclusion

These opposing effects of SIRT1‐related agents suggest that IL‐8 release from the ESC is modulated through the SIRT1 pathway. Resveratrol may have the potential to ameliorate local inflammation in endometriomas.
Assessment of sublingual misoprostol as first‐line treatment for primary post‐partum hemorrhage: Results of a multicenter trial
Authors: Okonofua Friday Ebhodaghe , Ogu Rosemary Nkemdilim , Akuse James Terkura , Ujah Innocent Achaya Otobo , Galadanci Hadiza Shehu , Fabamwo Adetokunbo Olusegun
Published: December 2013

Aim

The study investigated the effectiveness of sublingual misoprostol when used as primary treatment of primary post‐partum hemorrhage (PPH) in a low‐income country.

Methods

Maternity care providers in three Nigerian hospitals administrated 800 μm sublingual misoprostol to women experiencing PPH. The outcome variables were estimated blood loss and the need for additional uterotonic drugs after initial treatment with misoprostol. Entry criteria included women in term spontaneous labor, while exclusion criteria were women with operative delivery and those experiencing PPH not due to atonic uterus.

Results

One hundred and thirty‐one women with PPH were treated over 6 months. Estimated blood loss ranged 500–2500 mL. Twenty women (15.3%) required additional uterotonic drugs to control continuing blood loss. There were no maternal deaths, while seven perinatal deaths were recorded.

Conclusion

We conclude that although sublingual misoprostol is effective in reducing blood loss due to PPH, it does not effectively treat all forms of PPH. Additional uterotonics and other ancillary treatments would be required.
Hysteroscopy and suction evacuation of cesarean scar pregnancies: A case report and review
Authors: Fylstra Donald L.
Published: December 2013

Implantation of a pregnancy into the scar of a prior cesarean is an uncommon type of ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of cesarean scar pregnancy is thought to be one in 1800–2216 pregnancies. The increase in the incidence of cesarean scar pregnancy is thought to be a consequence of the increasing rates of cesarean delivery. The natural history of cesarean scar pregnancy is unknown. However, if such a pregnancy is allowed to continue, uterine scar rupture with hemorrhage and possible hysterectomy seem likely. Two early diagnosed cesarean scar pregnancies were treated with hysteroscopy and suction curettage removal. One required intramuscular methotrexate to resolve a persistent cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. It would seem reasonable that simple suction evacuation would frequently leave chorionic villi imbedded within the cesarean scar, as the pregnancy is not within the endometrial cavity.
Are there any differences in psychiatric symptoms and eating attitudes between pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum and healthy pregnant women?
Authors: Annagür Bilge Burçak , Kerimoğlu Özlem Seçilmiş , Gündüz Şule , Tazegül Aybike
Published: December 2013

Aim

We aimed to determine the relationship between eating attitudes and psychiatric symptoms in women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and to compare these women with healthy control subjects.

Methods

The study sample included 48 women with HG, and the control group had 44 pregnant women. The patients were selected from women with HG hospitalized in the obstetric inpatient clinic. All of the participants were in the first trimester of pregnancy. The participants' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were recorded in the obstetric clinic. All of the participants completed a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and Body Image Scale (BIS).

Results

Women with HG were more likely to have had a history of HG during their previous pregnancy (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the study and control groups regarding obstetric history. Women with HG were more influenced by food that induced nausea. There was no significant difference between the study and control groups for pre‐pregnancy nausea, food craving and the initial BMI (P > 0.05). Depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher in women with HG (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the study and control groups for body image score and eating attitude test scores (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

We suggest that HG appears to be associated with depression and anxiety symptoms rather than deterioration of eating attitudes and body image. However, these results should be confirmed by prospective and clinical studies.
Predictor of mortality in patients with amniotic fluid embolism
Authors: Oi Hidekazu , Naruse Katsuhiko , Koike Natsuki , Tsunemi Taihei , Shigetomi Hiroshi , Kanayama Naohiro , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: December 2013

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of establishing predictors of mortality in women with amniotic fluid embolism.

Methods

Our previous report identified eight factors associated with amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) fatality: dyspnea, cardiac arrest, loss of consciousness, serum sialyl Tn greater than 47 U/mL, serum interleukin‐8 greater than 100 pg/mL, vaginal delivery, multiparity and term delivery. The ratio of the number of positive fatal factors to the number of possible fatal factors in the same case was calculated as the abundance ratio, which was used because information regarding all eight factors was not retrievable for all the patients at the time of registration. The patient group was divided into four quartiles based on this abundance ratio, and the mortality rate in each quartile was compared with the overall mortality rate among the 130 patients with AFE enrolled between 1992 and 2006. The validity of this approach was confirmed in another dataset from a cohort of 38 patients with AFE in 2007.

Results

A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the abundance ratio and the mortality in each quartile (P < 0.01) for the patients with AFE enrolled between 1992 and 2006. This result was also found in the AFE patients enrolled in 2007 (P < 0.05). Thus, an increased in the abundance ratio of the eight fatal factors resulted in an increased case fatality rate.

Conclusion

These data suggested that the abundance ratio of fatal factors may be a useful predictor of mortality and therefore may be expected to improve prognostic accuracy in the future.