bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of interleukin-1β in the digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis
Authors: Fontaine Genevieve L. , Belknap James K. , Allen Douglas , Moore James N. , Kroll Dan L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To study expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in the digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis.

Animals—8 healthy adult horses with no signs of laminitis.

Procedure—Black walnut extract was administered via nasogastric tube to 4 horses, and water was administered to the remaining 4 (controls). Complete blood counts and physical examinations were performed every 30 minutes after administration of black walnut extract or water. General anesthesia was induced when total WBC count decreased by 30% in horses given the black walnut extract and 3 hours after water administration in control horses. The left forefoot was perfusion fixed with neutral-buffered 10% formalin, and paraffin-embedded sections of the digit were used for in situ hybridization with an equine-specific IL-1β probe.

Results—IL-1β mRNA expression was observed in perivascular cells of the small laminar venules and capillaries in all 4 horses given black walnut extract and in interstitial cells remote from the microvasculature in 1 of the 4. Other cellular components of the laminar tissue and cellular components of the digital arterioles and veins did not exhibit IL-1β mRNA expression. Expression of IL-1β mRNA was not detected in laminae from control horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that IL-1β mRNA is expressed by perivascular cells in the laminar tissues of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis. This provides evidence of an inflammatory process during the prodromal stage of laminitis, indicating that local digital proinflammatory cytokine expression may be an initiating factor in laminitis.(Am J Vet Res2001;62: 714–720)
Biomechanical analysis of suture anchors and suture materials used for toggle pin stabilization of hip joint luxation in dogs
Authors: Baltzer Wendy I. , Schulz Kurt S. , Stover Susan M. , Taylor Ken T. , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare in vitro mechanical properties
of toggle pins and toggle rods used as suture
anchors and of 3 suture materials (50-lb monofilament
polybutester, No. 5 braided polyester, and 5-mm
woven polyester) commonly used as prosthetic ligaments
in the repair of hip joint luxation in dogs.

Sample Population—Femoropelvic specimens from
the cadavers of 18 dogs.

Procedure—Suture anchors were compared by use
of pullout tests. Suture materials were compared by
use of monotonic and cyclic tensile tests; cyclic tensile
tests were performed with the suture placed over
the edge of an aluminum bar to simulate the edge of
the femoral bone tunnel. In vitro mechanical properties
of the ligament of the femoral head were determined
by use of monotonic tensile tests, using boneligament-bone cadaveric specimens. The in vitro
mechanical properties of the acetabulum-ligamentfemur
complex and of this complex following rupture
of the ligament and stabilization with a toggle rod and
5-mm woven polyester were determined by use of
compression tests that simulated weight-bearing.

Results—Mechanical properties of the toggle rod
were not significantly different from those of the toggle
pin. Woven polyester had the longest fatigue life
in cyclic testing. Hip joints stabilized with a toggle rod
and woven polyester had less than half the strength
in vitro of intact joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested
that a toggle rod or toggle pin can be used for
stabilization of hip joint luxations in dogs. Of the
materials tested, braided polyester had the best in
vitro mechanical properties. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:
721–728)
Effects of ground surface deformability, trimming, and shoeing on quasistatic hoof loading patterns in horses
Authors: Hood David M. , Taylor Danny , Wagner Ilka P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether solar load distribution pattern on a solid nondeformable ground surface is the product of contact erosion and is the mirror image of load distribution on a deformable surface in horses.

Animals—30 clinically normal horses.

Procedures—Solar load distribution was compared among 25 clinically normal horses during quasistatic loading on a solid nondeformable surface and on a highly deformable surface. Changes in solar load distribution patterns were evaluated in 5 previously pasture- maintained horses housed on a flat nondeformable surface. Changes in solar load distribution created by traditional trimming and shoeing were recorded.

Results—Unshod untrimmed horses had a 4-point (12/25, 48%) or a 3-point (13/25, 52%) wall load distribution pattern on a flat solid surface. Load distribution on a deformable ground surface was principally solar and located transversely across the central region of the foot. Ground surface contact areas on solid (24.2 ± 8.62 cm2) and deformable (69.4 ± 22.55 cm2) surfaces were significantly different. Maintaining unshod horses on a flat nondeformable surface resulted in a loss of the 3- and 4-point loading pattern and an increase in ground surface contact area (17.9 ± 2.77 to 39.9 ± 12.77 cm2). Trimming increased ground surface contact area (24.2 ± 8.60 to 45.7 ± 14.89 cm2).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In horses, the solar surface is the primary weight-loading surface, and deformability of ground surface may have a role in foot expansion during loading. Increased surface area induced by loading on deformable surfaces, trimming, and shoeing protects the foot. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:895–900)
Effects of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber on glycemic control in dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kimmel Susan E. , Michel Kathryn E. , Hess Rebecka S. , Ward Cynthia R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of diets differing in type and quantity of fiber on glycemic control in dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Design—Prospective randomized crossover controlled trial.

Animals—7 dogs with well-regulated naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Procedure—Dogs were fed 1 of 3 diets for 1 month each in 1 of 6 randomized diet sequences. Diets included a low-fiber diet (LF) and 2 high-fiber diets; 1 contained only insoluble fiber (HIF), and 1 contained soluble fiber in addition to insoluble fiber (HSF). Caloric intake was unchanged throughout the study. Glycemic control was assessed after each feeding trial by measuring serum fructosamine concentration and performing 5 serial measurements of blood glucose concentration every 2 hours after the morning feeding and insulin injection.

Results—Significant differences were not detected in body weight, required insulin dosage, or albumin concentration among dogs fed the HIF, HSF, and LF diets. Mean and maximum blood glucose concentrations and area under the blood glucose curve were significantly lower in dogs fed the HIF diet, compared with values in the same dogs fed the HSF or LF diet. Fructosamine concentration was significantly lower in dogs fed the HIF or HSF diet, compared with values in the same dogs fed the LF diet.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with naturally occurring insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a dry, high insoluble-fiber diet may aid in glycemic control. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1076–1081)
Bufo marinus intoxication in dogs: 94 cases (1997–1998)
Authors: Roberts Brian K. , Aronsohn Michael G. , Moses Bradley L. , Burk Ronald L. , Toll Jeffrey , Weeren F. Robert
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine history, clinical and electrocardiographic
abnormalities, treatment, and outcome
of dogs exposed to toxins produced by the Bufo marinus
toad.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—94 dogs.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs examined
between July 1997 and July 1998 for which a diagnosis
of toad intoxication had been made on the basis of
history and physical examination findings were
reviewed.

Results—Most (66) dogs were treated during the
spring and summer. For 54 dogs, exposure to toads
had been witnessed. For the remaining 40, toad intoxication
was diagnosed on the basis of history and clinical
signs. The most common clinical signs were neurologic
abnormalities, hyperemic mucous membranes,
ptyalism, recumbency or collapse, tachypnea,
and vomiting. The oral cavity was lavaged with tap
water in all dogs. Fifty-two dogs were hospitalized for
treatment. Body weight of dogs hospitalized > 2
hours was significantly less than that of dogs treated
as outpatients. The most common electrocardiographic
findings were sinus arrhythmia, sinus tachycardia,
and normal sinus rhythm. Eighty-nine dogs
recovered fully, 4 died, and 1 was euthanatized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In areas in
which B marinus toads are endemic, toad intoxication
should be considered in the differential diagnosis for
dogs with an acute onset of neurologic abnormalities,
hyperemic mucous membranes, and ptyalism, especially
during the spring and summer months. The
prognosis is good for dogs with toad intoxication that
receive appropriate treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;216:1941–1944)
Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Smith David D. , Rathbun Stephen L. , Pickus Cynthia W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize ambulatory electrocardiographic results of overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers and determine associations between those results and development of dilated cardiomyopathy.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—114 (58 male, 56 female) overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers without echocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease on initial examination.

Procedure—Echocardiograms and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms (Holter recordings) were obtained initially and at variable intervals. The status (live vs dead) of all dogs was known at least 2 years and as long as 10 years after initial examination (mean [± SD] follow-up time, 4.33 ± 1.84 years). Associations between development of dilated cardiomyopathy and number of ventricular premature contractions (VPC), age, and sex were determined.

Results—55 dogs (48%) did not have VPC on initial Holter recordings, and only 8 dogs had > 50 VPC/24 hours. The likelihood that a dog would have VPC was associated with increasing age and being male. At least 1 VPC/24 hours, and in particular, > 50 VPC/24 hours or ≥ 1 couplet or triplet of VPC/24 hours, were predictive of subsequent development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Fifty-four dogs (47%) developed dilated cardiomyopathy; 12 were still alive at the end of the study, and 42 had died. Twenty-five of these 42 dogs died after the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF), 15 died suddenly before the onset of overt CHF, and 2 died of noncardiac causes. More males developed dilated cardiomyopathy than females, and dogs that died suddenly were approximately 1 year younger than those that developed CHF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of high-quality Holter recordings may be used to identify overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers that are at a high risk for dilated cardiomyopathy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:34–39)
Hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves: 30 cases (1988–1998)
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Baptiste Keith E. , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize hypernatremia in neonatal
elk calves, including clinical signs, incidence, physical
examination findings, and possible causes.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—26 neonatal elk calves were examined; 4
calves were evaluated twice, for a total of 30 examinations.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for signalment,
history, physical examination findings,
results of diagnostic tests, and response to treatment.
Hypernatremia was defined as serum sodium
concentration > 153 mEq/L.

Results—Hypernatremia was diagnosed in 14 calves
and was significantly associated with diarrhea, high
WBC count, high anion gap, and high serum concentrations
of albumin, chloride, creatinine, and urea.
Hypernatremia was not significantly associated with
survival, but high serum albumin concentration and
rectal temperature were significantly associated with
survival of calves. Animals given antibiotics and electrolyte
solutions orally prior to evaluation were significantly
more likely to die than those untreated.
Dehydration was a common reason for evaluation but
was not significantly associated with survival.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypernatremia
was significantly associated with diarrhea.
Treatment of diarrheic elk calves is often the same as
that used in bovine calves with diarrhea; however,
bovine calves are commonly hypo- or normonatremic.
Our experience suggests that treatment protocols
used in bovine calves are unsatisfactory for elk calves.
The rate at which serum sodium concentration is
reduced should be < 1.7 mEq Na/L/h to avoid development
of neurologic signs associated with iatrogenically
induced cerebral edema. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:68–70)
Evaluation of an in-house centrifugal hematology analyzer for use in veterinary practice
Authors: Bienzle Dorothee , Stanton James B. , Embry Jennifer M. , Bush Sharon E. , Mahaffey Edward A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare CBC results obtained by use
of an in-house centrifugal analyzer with results of a
reference method.

Design—Prospective study.

Sample Population—Blood samples from 147 dogs,
42 cats, and 60 horses admitted to a veterinary teaching
hospital and from 24 cows in a commercial dairy
herd.

Procedure—Results obtained with the centrifugal
analyzer were compared with results obtained with
an electrical-impedance light-scatter hematology analyzer
and manual differential cell counting (reference
method).

Results—The centrifugal analyzer yielded error messages
for 50 of 273 (18%) samples. Error messages
were most common for samples with values outside
established reference ranges. Correlation coefficients
ranged from 0.80 to 0.99 for Hct, 0.55 to 0.90 for
platelet count, 0.76 to 0.95 for total WBC count, and
0.63 (cattle) to 0.82 (cats) to 0.95 (dogs and horses)
for granulocyte count. Coefficients for mononuclear
cell (combined lymphocyte and monocyte) counts
were 0.56, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.92 for cats, horses, dogs,
and cattle, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested
that there was an excellent correlation
between results of the centrifugal analyzer and
results of the reference method only for Hct in feline,
canine, and equine samples; WBC count in canine
and equine samples; granulocyte count in canine and
equine samples; and reticulocyte count in canine
samples. However, an inability to identify abnormal
cells, the high percentage of error messages, particularly
for samples with abnormal WBC counts, and the
wide confidence intervals precluded reliance on differential
cell counts obtained with the centrifugal
analyzer. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1195–1200)
Evaluation of treatments for separation anxiety in dogs
Authors: Takeuchi Yukari , Houpt Katherine A. , Scarlett Janet M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate treatment outcome in dogs
with separation anxiety and owner compliance with
and perception of effectiveness of discharge instructions.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—52 dogs with separation anxiety.

Procedure—Sex, age at which the owner obtained
the dog, age at which separation anxiety was first
noticed, age at behavioral examination, and discharge
instructions were obtained from medical records of
each dog. Between 6 and 64 months after the behavioral
examination, owners were contacted by telephone
and questioned about the outcome of treatment,
their compliance with discharge instructions,
and their perception of the effectiveness of each
instruction.

Results—Thirty-two (62%) dogs had improved,
whereas 20 were the same, were worse, or had been
euthanatized or given away. Mixed-breed dogs were
significantly less likely to improve than purebred
dogs. Compliance varied according to discharge
instruction. Significantly fewer dogs with owners that
were given > 5 instructions improved or were cured,
compared with those with owners given fewer
instructions. Twenty-seven dogs were also treated
with amitriptyline or other medication; 15 (56%)
improved.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Owners complied
with instructions that involved little time such as
omitting punishment and providing a chew toy at the
time of departure. Owners were also willing to
increase the dog's exercise but were not willing to
uncouple the cues of departure from real departures
or desensitize the dog to impending departure.
Administration of psychoactive medication may be
necessary to augment behavior modification techniques
designed to reduce separation anxiety in dogs.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:342–345)
Evaluation of serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats
Authors: Swift Nigel C. , Marks Stanley L. , MacLachlan N. James , Norris Carol R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) concentration and results of abdominal ultrasonography, CBC, and serum biochemical analyses for diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—28 cats with clinical signs compatible with pancreatitis.

Procedure—Serum fTLI concentrations were determined, and abdominal ultrasonography, CBC, and serum biochemical analyses were performed prior to histologic evaluation of pancreatic, hepatic, and intestinal specimens. On the basis of histologic results, cats were categorized as having a normal pancreas (n = 10), pancreatic fibrosis with ongoing inflammation (9), pancreatic fibrosis without inflammation (4), and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (5). Serum fTLI concentrations and results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and histologic evaluation of hepatic and intestinal specimens were compared among groups.

Results—Significant differences in serum fTLI concentrations or any hematologic or biochemical variable were not detected among the 4 groups of cats. Median serum fTLI concentrations were 51 µg/L (range, 18 to 200 µg/L) in cats with a normal pancreas, 32 µg/L (range, 12 to > 200 µg/L) in cats with pancreatic fibrosis and ongoing inflammation, 124 µg/L (range, 36 to > 200 µg/L) in cats with pancreatic fibrosis without ongoing inflammation, and 30 µg/L (range, 24 to 84 µg/L) in cats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. We detected a high prevalence of concurrent hepatic and intestinal tract disease in cats with pancreatitis.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In cats with clinical signs of pancreatitis, serum fTLI concentration is poorly associated with histopathologic diagnosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:37–42)
Continuing education needs assessment for on-farm food safety services
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Sischo William M. , Wilson Dennis J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify the perceived market or client demand for dairy on-farm food safety services by veterinarians, the need for a food safety continuing education program, and the educational issues that might be addressed in an on-farm food safety curriculum.

Design—Survey.

Study Population—Consulting dairy veterinarians, government veterinarians located in California, and meat packers slaughtering cull dairy cows in California.

Procedure—Results of a questionnaire supplied to veterinarians and telephone interviews with meat packer representatives were analyzed by use of univariate and multivariate logistic regression procedures.

Results—Some meat packers considered the quality of incoming cull dairy cattle as a control point for food safety hazards. More than 50% of dairy and government- employed veterinarians believed that a current market for on-farm food safety services exists; > 85% believed that a potential market exists. Duration since graduation was negatively correlated with belief in a current market. Government-employed veterinarians were more likely to believe in a current market. Veterinarians were more likely to express a strong interest in offering on-farm food safety services if they believed a current market exists, indicated that they already offer such services, or listed residues and pathogens as the most important issues facing the dairy industry.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although a potential market for on-farm food safety services is perceived, veterinarians are unsure of their role in this area. New demands of meat packers slaughtering cull dairy cows may be the motivation practitioners need to broach the subject of food safety with clients. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:479–484)
Patient and environmental factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs
Authors: Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Pusoonthornthum Rosama , Allen Timothy A. , Koehler Lori A. , Urlich Lisa K. , Carpenter Kathleen A. , Swanson Laurie L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—1,074 dogs that formed calcium oxalate uroliths and 1,724 control dogs that did not have uroliths.

Procedure—A validated multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to collect information from veterinarians and owners within 1 year of the date of urolith detection concerning signalment and environment of the dogs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios to assess whether breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment were risk factors for calcium oxalate urolith formation.

Results—Middle-aged (8- to 12-year-old) castrated male dogs had increased risk for formation of calcium oxalate uroliths. Urolith formation was also associated with increasing age. Dogs of certain breeds, including Miniature and Standard Schnauzer, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Miniature and Toy Poodle, had increased risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths. Overweight dogs also had increased risk.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Knowledge of patient and environmental risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of this disease. Modification of environmental factors and body weight may minimize calcium oxalate urolith formation and recurrence. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:515–519)
Hepatotoxicity of stanozolol in cats
Authors: Harkin Kenneth R. , Cowan Laine A. , Andrews Gordon A. , Basaraba Randall J. , Fischer Julie R. , DeBowes Linda J. , Roush James K. , Guglielmino Maria L. , Kirk Claudia A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine hepatotoxicity of stanozolol in cats and to identify clinicopathologic and histopathologic abnormalities in cats with stanozololinduced hepatotoxicosis.

Design—Clinical trial and case series.

Animals—12 healthy cats, 6 cats with chronic renal failure, and 3 cats with gingivitis and stomatitis.

Procedures—Healthy cats and cats with renal failure were treated with stanozolol (25 mg, IM, on the first day, then 2 mg, PO, q 12 h) for 4 weeks. Cats with gingivitis were treated with stanozolol at a dosage of 1 mg, PO, every 24 hours.

Results—Most healthy cats and cats with renal failure developed marked inappetence, groomed less, and were less active within 7 to 10 days after initiation of stanozolol administration. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was significantly increased in 14 of 18 cats after stanozolol administration, but serum alkaline phosphatase activity was mildly increased in only 3. Four cats with serum ALT activity > 1,000 U/L after only 2 weeks of stanozolol administration had coagulopathies; administration of vitamin K resolved the coagulopathy in 3 of the 4 within 48 hours. All 18 cats survived, and hepatic enzyme activities were normal in all cats tested more than 4 weeks after stanozolol administration was discontinued. Two of the 3 cats with gingivitis developed evidence of severe hepatic failure 2 to 3 months after initiation of stanozolol treatment; both cats developed coagulopathies. Histologic evaluation of hepatic biopsy specimens from 5 cats revealed diffuse hepatic lipidosis and cholestasis without evidence of hepatocellular necrosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that stanozolol is hepatotoxic in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:681–684)
Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia associated with protein-losing enteropathy in Yorkshire Terriers: five cases (1992–1998)
Authors: Kimmel Susan E. , Waddell Lori S. , Michel Kathryn E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical and laboratory findings
associated with protein-losing enteropathy, hypomagnesemia,
and hypocalcemia in Yorkshire Terriers.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—5 purebred or crossbred Yorkshire Terriers
with protein-losing enteropathy, hypomagnesemia,
and hypocalcemia.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for dogs
with protein-losing enteropathy, hypomagnesemia,
and hypocalcemia.

Results—Of 8 dogs with these signs, 5 had Yorkshire
Terrier breeding. Common findings were diarrhea,
abdominal effusion, leukocytosis, neutrophilia,
hypocalcemia (ionized calcium), hypomagnesemia,
hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia,
and increased serum activity of aspartate
aminotransferase.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Yorkshire
Terriers are at increased risk for development of protein-losing enteropathy with hypomagnesemia and
decreased ionized calcium concentration. Hypomagnesemia
and hypocalcemia may have a related
pathogenesis involving intestinal loss, malabsorption,
and abnormalities of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
metabolism. Serum electrolyte replacement
may be required to avoid neurologic and metabolic
problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:
703–706)
Synthesis and Third-harmonic Generation in Thin Films of Tetrapyridinoporphyrazines: Effect of Molecular Aggregation
Authors: NICOLAU M. , ROJO G. , TORRES T. , AGULLÓ-LÓPEZ F.
Published: December 2005

Soluble metal-free and Cu -, Ni - and Co -substituted 3,4-tetrapyridinoporphyrazines ( Tpps )5–8 have been synthesized. Poly(methyl methacrylate) ( PMMA ) spin coated and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films containing these compounds have been prepared. Third-harmonic generation (THG) was used to measure the third-order-non-linear optical susceptibility of both types of films at 1.064 μm. For the spin-coated samples a strong enhancement of the THG response was found on increasing the Tpp concentration of the chlorobenzene solution used to prepare the samples. The enhancement was associated with the formation of molecular aggregates in the solution which were ‘frozen’ into the films. In order to facilitate comparison, the final Tpp concentration in the PMMA films was kept approximately constant in all cases. Metal incorporation (particularly Co ) in the macrocycle strongly enhances the THG susceptibility of the films prepared using concentrated solutions, whereas the effect is efficiently inhibited in those obtained from less concentrated solutions. We conclude that the enhancement in the THG response occurs via the influence of the metal on the Tpp aggregation process in the solution. For the LB films the THG results are more comparable with those of the spin-coated samples prepared using low-concentration solutions. This indicates that dimers, previously identified in the LB films, and possibly other small-size oligomers are formed in the low-concentration Tpp solutions. On the other hand, larger aggregates should be formed in the spin-coated samples prepared from high-concentration solutions.
Cover Picture: Metallodielectric Two‐Dimensional Photonic Structures Made by Electric‐Field Microstructuring of Nanocomposite Glasses (Adv. Mater. 24/2005)
Authors: Abdolvand A. , Podlipensky A. , Matthias S. , Syrowatka F. , Gösele U. , Seifert G. , Graener H.
Published: December 2005

Nanocomposite glasses containing metallic nanoparticles can be microstructured by electric‐field assisted dissolution of the embedded particles. As reported by Graener and co‐workers on p. 2983, any pattern of the electrode—down to the nanoscale—can be transferred onto the nanocomposite glass, giving 2D metallodielectric microstructures. The cover image shows as the background a regular array of squares with 2 μm periodicity produced using macroporous silicon as an electrode. The insets show the base material, the electrode, a representation of the dissolution process, and an enlarged view of the remaining silver nanoparticles.
Spatial near‐infrared imaging of hydroxyl band coverage on ceria‐based catalysts
Authors: Aiouache Farid , Oyama Hiro , Kitagawa Kuniyuki
Published: December 2005

High‐throughput near‐infrared imaging was used to distinguish catalyst activity for low‐temperature methane steam‐reforming. Geminal hydroxyls of reduced ceria were depicted during methane reforming at 673 K. The changes in absorbance maps under various water partial pressures showed evidence of formate intermediate formations without redox exchanges. Higher resolution was observed in absorbance change images than that of thermal images obtained from catalyst surface self‐emissions. The experimental results illustrated higher activity of pure rhodium catalyst than that of bimetallic ones, likely because of the high dispersion of rhodium on the catalyst support. Moreover, the reaction was accelerated when high surface area silica was added because more reduced sites were exposed. Our filter bandwidths limited our interest in band‐shift distribution of geminal hydroxyl band during the reduction process. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Investigation of confined placental mosaicism (CPM) at multiple sites in post‐delivery placentas derived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Authors: Minor Agata , Harmer Karynn , Peters Nicole , Yuen Basil Ho , Ma Sai
Published: December 2005

Although earlier studies on pregnancies derived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) reported increased non‐mosaic aneuploidy among ICSI children, undetected mosaicism, such as confined placental mosaicism (CPM) has not been evaluated. We investigated the incidence of CPM in post‐delivery placentas derived from ICSI, evaluated whether CPM was increased and whether it was a contributing factor to negative pregnancy outcome. [Fifty‐one post‐delivery placentas were collected from patients who underwent ICSI with a normal or negative pregnancy outcome]. Trophoblast and chorionic stroma from three sites were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and flow cytometry. Detected abnormalities were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The incidence of CPM in the ICSI population was compared to the general population from published data. We detected three cases of CPM in our study. One abnormality was found by CGH analysis; partial trisomy 7q and a partial monosomy Xp limited to the trophoblast at two sites. The abnormality was associated with a child affected by spina bifida. Two cases of mosaic tetraploidy were observed by flow cytometry in pregnancies with a normal outcome. All three abnormalities were confirmed by FISH analysis. The incidence of CPM in the ICSI study population was 5.88% (3/51), which was not statistically different from published reports in the general population (5.88% (42/714), Chi square, P > 0.05). The post‐ICSI population was not at risk for CPM in this study. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse reproductive outcomes among pregnancies of aunts and (spouses of) uncles in Irish families with neural tube defects
Authors: Byrne Julianne , Carolan Susan
Published: December 2005

Adverse pregnancy outcomes may be more frequent among sibs of individuals with neural tube defects (NTDs), and transmission of risk in families with an NTD may be more frequent among maternal relatives. In a study designed to evaluate matrilineal risk for NTDs, we compared adverse pregnancy outcomes among maternal and paternal first cousin pregnancies. Pregnancy histories were obtained by interview with 288 uncles and aunts (parents of the first cousin pregnancies) in 48 Irish NTD families. We analyzed pregnancy outcomes (preterm deliveries, stillbirths, and miscarriages) among 1,033 singleton first cousin pregnancies and compared risk among maternal versus paternal relatives. Maternal first cousin pregnancies were more likely to end adversely when compared to paternal first cousin pregnancies (17.4% vs. 11.7%, P = 0.01). In a logistic regression analysis of pregnancies unaffected by birth defects, maternal line remained independently associated with adverse outcomes (odds ratio (OR) = 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06, 2.27) after controlling for NTD type, maternal age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, first cousin pregnancy's year of birth. The excess risk with maternal line related mainly to spina bifida occulta families (OR = 42.4; CI 2.64, 681; P = 0.008); risk in open spina bifida families was 1.24 (CI 0.82, 1.87; P = 0.3). These results support the hypothesis of excess risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes among maternal relatives in NTD families. Further work is needed, epidemiological as well as clinical and molecular, not only to confirm these findings, but also to define the underlying biological mechanisms linking adverse reproductive outcomes, excess maternal risk and occurrence of NTDs. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supported hybrid catalysts based on zirconocene and tris(pyrazolyl)borate titanium derivatives
Authors: Pires Gilvan P. , Gil Marcelo P. , Rohrman Juliana A. , Stedile Fernanda C. , Casagrande Osvaldo L. , dos Santos João H. Z. , Sano Tsuneji
Published: December 2005

A series of hybrid supported catalysts were prepared by combining (iBuCp)2ZrCl2 and {TpMs*}TiCl3 complex (TpMs* = HB(3‐mesityl‐pyrazolyl)2(5‐mesityl‐pyrazolyl)−) sequentially grafted onto MAO (methylaluminoxane)‐modified silica according to a Plackett Burmann 23 design. Supported catalysts were prepared taking into account the immobilization order, silica pretreatment temperature, and grafting temperature. Grafted metal content was comparatively determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X‐ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES). The resulting catalysts were evaluated in terms of catalyst activity and polymer properties. According to RBS measurements, grafted metal content remained comprised between 0.1 and 0.5 wt % Zr/SiO2 and 0.1 and 0.3 wt % Ti/SiO2 depending on the immobilization order and on silica pretreatment temperature. All the systems were shown to be active in ethylene polymerization having external MAO as cocatalyst. Catalyst activity seemed to be governed by the zirconocene species, influenced slightly by Ti ones. Resulting polymers were characterized by DSC and GPC. The polyethylenes mostly presented higher molecular weight than those produced by homogeneous catalysts or by zirconocene grafted on bare or on MAO‐modified silica. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Mechanical, thermomechanical, and morphology of PVC/PBMA blends and full IPNs
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rupa , Roy Neelanjan , Chakraborty Debabrata
Published: December 2005

Blends and full IPNs' of poly(vinyl chloride) and polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA) have been synthesized and characterized with respect to their mechanical, thermomechanical, and morphological properties. Both the systems displayed a rise in the modulus and ultimate tensile strength and a consequent decreasing tendency of elongation at break and toughness are exhibited. The influence of crosslinking of the two polymers as has been done in case of full IPNs over the ordinary blends is quite well understood from these properties. The thermomechanical analysis revealed a substantial rise in stability with increasing methacrylate concentration in the system and this is quite apparent from the softening characteristics of the different samples under study. The biphasic cocontinuous systems as explicit from the morphological studies support phase mixing at the initial stages, with subsequent phasing out tendency with increasing percentage of PBMA incorporation. The thermomechanical parameters are in conformity to their mechanicals which have been further supported by their morphological studies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis of chelate resins derived from furfural and their adsorption properties for metal ions
Authors: Zhou Lin‐Cheng , Li Yan‐Feng , Zhang Shu‐Jiang , Chang Xi‐Jun , Hou Ying‐Feng , Yang Hai‐Xia
Published: December 2005

A series of new chelate resins were synthesized by ring‐opening polycondensation of the reaction mixture of furfural with diethanolamine, using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, and the resulting chelate resins were employed in the adsorption for metal ions Bi, In, Sn, V, Ga, Y, Ti, and Pb. The composition, structure, and properties of the resulting chelate resin were studied by means of fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum (EPR), and elemental analysis methods. Meanwhile, the adsorption properties of the resulting chelate resins for the above metal ions were investigated by inductively‐coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) procedures. The results show that the resulting chelate resins hold the structure consisting of hydroxyl groups, amine groups, and conjugated π bonds, as well as more crosslinkages, and so they exhibit a good reactivity and chemical stability. The adsorption experiments show that the chelate resins could well adsorb V, Ga, Y, Ti, and Pb in a wider acidity range and exhibit a good adsorption selectivity. Particularly, the chelate resins could adsorb and desorb for Pb, Bi, In, V, Y, and Ti, quantitatively, in the given conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1620–1626, 2006
Rheological properties of polypropylene modified by high‐intensity ultrasonic waves
Authors: Kim K. Y. , Nam G. J. , Lee S. M. , Lee J. W.
Published: December 2005

A new method using high‐intensity ultrasonic waves, instead of peroxide‐aided reactive extrusion, was applied to modify a linear polypropylene into a branched structure. The ultrasonic waves induced chain scission and created reactive macromolecules of polypropylene successfully in the melt state without any peroxide. To enhance and control the recombination reaction during sonication, a multifunctional agent and an antioxidant were used. The rheological property measurements clearly confirmed that the modified polypropylene had a nonlinear branched structure. It showed shear‐thinning behaviors in its viscosities at low frequencies, high elastic behaviors in Cole–Cole plots, and a high rheological polydispersity index in comparison with a linear polypropylene. The degradation or recombination of polypropylene was adequately controlled by an antioxidant, which stabilized the structure during sonication. Also, the use of an antioxidant was quite effective in improving the extrusion processability by delaying the instability of the extrudate to a higher shear rate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Comparison of the guarded‐heat‐flow and transient‐plane‐source methods for carbon‐filled nylon 6,6 composites: Experiments and modeling
Authors: Miller Michael G. , Keith Jason M. , King Julia A. , Hauser Rebecca A. , Moran Angela M.
Published: December 2005

In this study, two different carbons (synthetic graphite particles and carbon fiber) were added to nylon 6,6, and the resulting composites were tested for thermal conductivity. The first goal of this work was to compare through‐plane thermal conductivity results from the guarded‐heat‐flow method and the transient‐plane‐source method. The results showed that both test methods gave similar through‐plane thermal conductivity results for composites containing 10–40 wt % synthetic graphite and for composites containing 5–40 wt % carbon fiber. The advantages of using the transient‐plane‐source method were that the in‐plane thermal conductivity was also measured and the experimental time was shorter than that of the guarded‐heat‐flow method. The second goal of this work was to develop and use a detailed finite‐element analysis to model heat transfer within a carbon‐filled nylon 6,6 composite sample for the transient‐plane‐source method and compare these results to actual experimental results. The results showed that the finite‐element model compared well with the actual experimental data. The finite‐element model could be used in the future as a design tool to predict the dynamic thermal response of different composite materials for many applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
A “Grapple Hook” technique using a deflectable tip catheter to facilitate complex proximal circumflex interventions
Authors: McNulty Edward , Cohen Joshua , Chou Tony , Shunk Kendrick
Published: December 2005

We present two patients with angulated, proximal left circumflex lesions, one a chronic total occlusion and one an acute subtotal occlusion. In both cases, use of the deflectable tip Venture Catheter (Velocimed, Minneapolis, MN) facilitated guide wire passage and successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after prior attempts at guide wire passage with standard wires were unsuccessful. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Heat of Formation of the Uranyl Dication: Theoretical Evaluation Based on Relativistic Density Functional Calculations
Authors: Moskaleva Lyudmila V. , Matveev Alexei V. , Krüger Sven , Rösch Notker
Published: December 2005

By using a set of model reactions, we estimated the heat of formation of gaseous UO22+ from quantum‐chemical reaction enthalpies and experimental heats of formation of reference species. For this purpose, we performed relativistic density functional calculations for the molecules UO22+, UO2, UF6, and UF5. We used two gradient‐corrected exchange‐correlation functionals (revised Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBEN) and Becke–Perdew (BP)) and we accounted for spin‐orbit interaction in a self‐consistent fashion. Indeed, spin‐orbit interaction notably affects the energies of the model reactions, especially if compounds of UIV are involved. Our resulting theoretical estimates for Δf${H{{^{o}\hfill \atop 0\hfill}}}$(UO22+), 365±10 kcal mol−1 (PBEN) and 370±12 kcal mol−1 (BP), are in quantitative agreement with a recent experimental result, 364±15 kcal mol−1. Agreement between the results of the two different exchange‐correlation functionals PBEN and BP supports the reliability of our approach. The procedure applied offers a general means to derive unknown enthalpies of formation of actinide species based on the available well‐established data for other compounds of the element in question.
Ba2[Ni3N2]: A Low‐Valent Nitridonickelate—Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physical Properties
Authors: Mehta Akash , Höhn Peter , Schnelle Walter , Petzold Vivien , Rosner Helge , Burkhardt Ulrich , Kniep Rüdiger
Published: December 2005

The ternary alkaline‐earth nitridonickelate Ba2[Ni3N2] (Ba2[NiI2Ni0N2]) was prepared by the reaction of mixtures of Ba2N and Ni in nitrogen gas of ambient back‐pressure at 1173 K. The crystal structure determined by X‐ray single‐crystal and powder diffraction methods as well as from neutron diffraction data at various temperatures between 2 and 298 K is orthorhombic (Cmca (no. 64), 298 K: a=715.27(18) pm, b=1032.99(21) pm, c=740.12(20) pm) and provides the first example of a nitridonickelate with a two‐dimensional complex anion. The Ni(2) atom is described with a split position and the corresponding superstructure variants are investigated by theoretical full‐potential nonorthogonal local‐orbital calculations (FPLO). The average oxidation state of Ni in Ba2[Ni3N2] is +0.67, the lowest average value observed in nitridonickelates so far. Investigations of the physical properties demonstrate that Ba2[Ni3N2] acts as a “poor” metal with a large resistivity of ≈2.7 mΩ cm at 300 K and exhibits low‐dimensional magnetism with antiferromagnetic ordering at T≈90 K. XAS spectra correspond with low‐valent Ni states.
A Two‐State Computational Investigation of Methane CH and Ethane CC Oxidative Addition to [CpM(PH3)]n+ (M=Co, Rh, Ir; n=0, 1)
Authors: Petit Alban , Richard Philippe , Cacelli Ivo , Poli Rinaldo
Published: December 2005

Reductive elimination of methane from methyl hydride half‐sandwich phosphane complexes of the Group 9 metals has been investigated by DFT calculations on the model system [CpM(PH3)(CH3)(H)] (M=Co, Rh, Ir). For each metal, the unsaturated product has a triplet ground state; thus, spin crossover occurs during the reaction. All relevant stationary points on the two potential energy surfaces (PES) and the minimum energy crossing point (MECP) were optimized. Spin crossover occurs very near the σ‐CH4 complex local minimum for the Co system, whereas the heavier Rh and Ir systems remain in the singlet state until the CH4 molecule is almost completely expelled from the metal coordination sphere. No local σ‐CH4 minimum was found for the Ir system. The energetic profiles agree with the nonexistence of the CoIII methyl hydride complex and with the greater thermal stability of the Ir complex relative to the Rh complex. Reductive elimination of methane from the related oxidized complexes [CpM(PH3)(CH3)(H)]+ (M=Rh, Ir) proceeds entirely on the spin doublet PES, because the 15‐electron [CpM(PH3)]+ products have a doublet ground state. This process is thermodynamically favored by about 25 kcal mol−1 relative to the corresponding neutral system. It is essentially barrierless for the Rh system and has a relatively small barrier (ca. 7.5 kcal mol−1) for the Ir system. In both cases, the reaction involves a σ‐CH4 intermediate. Reductive elimination of ethane from [CpM(PH3)(CH3)2]+ (M=Rh, Ir) shows a similar thermodynamic profile, but is kinetically quite different from methane elimination from [CpM(PH3)(CH3)(H)]+: the reductive elimination barrier is much greater and does not involve a σ‐complex intermediate. The large difference in the calculated activation barriers (ca. 12.0 and ca. 30.5 kcal mol−1 for the Rh and Ir systems, respectively) agrees with the experimental observation, for related systems, of oxidatively induced ethane elimination when M=Rh, whereas the related Ir systems prefer to decompose by alternative pathways.
Total Synthesis of Gambierol: The Generation of the A–C and F–H Subunits by Using a C‐Glycoside Centered Strategy
Authors: Majumder Utpal , Cox Jason M. , Johnson Henry W. B. , Rainier Jon D.
Published: December 2005

Gambierol, a representative of the marine ladder toxin family, consists of eight ether rings, 18 stereocenters, and two challenging pyranyl rings having methyl groups that are in a 1,3‐diaxial orientation to one another. Herein we describe the generation of gambierol's A–C and F–H ring systems and demonstrate the versatility of the glycosyl anhydride, enol ether–olefin RCM strategy to fused polycyclic ethers. This work has both enabled us to generate sufficient quantities of the gambierol precursors and has enabled us to better understand the chemical transformations that were key to these efforts. Fundamental work included efforts to C‐glycosides and C‐ketosides, Claisen rearrangements, and enol ether–olefin RCM reactions.
Total Synthesis of Gambierol: Subunit Coupling and Completion
Authors: Johnson Henry W. B. , Majumder Utpal , Rainier Jon D.
Published: December 2005

The preceding manuscript detailed our synthesis of the gambierol A–C and F–H ring precursors. Reported herein is a description of the coupling of the two precursors and the conversion of the coupled material into gambierol. Coupling of the subunits involved ester formation, enol ether RCM, and mixed thioketal formation and reduction. By employing this strategy we were able to bring highly advanced subunits into the coupling and, as a result, we were able to minimize the number of post‐coupling transformations required to complete gambierol. At the completion of the synthesis, we generated 7.5 mg (1.5 % overall yield) of (−)‐gambierol in 44 steps (longest linear sequence).