bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Operator Then & Now— 1936‐1980
Authors: Cavanaugh Jerry , Richardson Phil
Published: June 2018

Clarence Moore began working for the Denver Water Department as a roustabout in 1936. Changes he has witnessed during his 40 years with the Department include the installation of dual cathode ray tubes, an alarm writer, and a scope and distribution schematic which maps 350 points in the system. Other examples of Denver's automation are given.
Official Memos State Facts
Authors: Pluntze James C.
Published: June 2018

Official memos issued by the Water Supply and Waste Section of the State of Washington Department of Social and Health Services following the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens kept water utility operators aware of the effects of the volcanic activity on water supplies as these effects were recognized. In the examples shown, ashfall effects on drinking water, volcano damage to public water systems, increased water usage, ash cleanup, mudflow damage, and additional treatment costs are covered.
Denver's 12‐hr Shift Sample Schedule
Authors: Beer Charles R.
Published: June 2018

The experimental schedule used at Denver's Marston Water Treatment Plant and described in “Good‐by to the Relief, or Jump, Shift With the 12‐hour Shift Schedule” (OpFlow May 1980) is reprinted here.
North Miami Beach Semi‐Automatic, Cost‐Effective, Recyclable Small Glassware Washer
Authors: Miller William H.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a method using an extra chemical reagent jar for cost‐effective, water‐conserving cleaning of small laboratory glassware items such as test tubes, cover glasses, and beakers.
Tracking Energy Usage
Authors: Richardson Phil
Published: June 2018

This article describes the Denver Water Department's approach to energy conservation in its operations. Its supervisory control system is capable of monitoring 470 points of information, such as pressure, flow, reservoir elevation, and valve positions. The Department's contract with the Public Service Company of Colorado, which facilitates peak shaving and load shifting, is described.
Gimmicks and Gadgets
Authors: Klausegger R.B.
Published: June 2018

An idea for a laminated plastic instruction plate posted above the door handle to the chlorine room is submitted along with other notes on chlorine safety by R.B. Klausegger of the Grandwood Park Wastewater Treatment Plant in Gurnee. Illinois.
Cross‐Connection Crossword Puzzle
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

This cross‐word puzzle covering various aspects of cross connection was designed as a training device.
Multiple‐use reservoirs require careful supervision
Authors: Hudson LeVerne D.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the approach of the City Water, Light, and Power Department of Springfield, Illinois to recreational and environmental considerations related to multiple‐use reservoirs for public water supply.
Here's news from Chicago: the water's great
Authors: Corey John B.
Published: June 2018

The Water Quality Surveillance Section of the Chicago Department of Water has a program of monitoring free chlorine residuals in the distribution system and collecting samples to determine and maintain high quality water. Components of the program include daily water sampling at various points, an employee home sampling procedure, a monthly perimeter survey, comprehensive chemical analysis surveys, and interstate carrier terminal surveys.
This gimmick is a real turn‐off to nonpaying customers
Authors: Horstmann John V.
Published: June 2018

A solid rubber washer, a knockout from an electrical box, or any device that will not allow the flow of water through the meter connection is an alternative to removal of a water meter when a customer fails to pay a water bill.
Common customer complaint: “My hot water stinks”
Authors: Hack David J.
Published: June 2018

Non‐pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, such as Desulfuvibrio desulfuricans, form enzymes as a metabolic function that accelerate the sulfate‐reduction reaction. The subsequent production of hydrogen sulfide gas creates a distinctive rotten egg odor which causes many customer complaints. Oxidation by chlorination, maintenance of chlorine residuals in the distribution system, cathodic protection, and ion exchange water softeners are discussed. Remedies for rotten egg odor include maintaining chlorine residuals, flushing distribution lines, killing bacteria with heat, replacing magnesium anode rods, and removing cathodic‐protection anodes.
Sampling and testing: essential for quality control
Authors: Ferguson Susan
Published: June 2018

The total coliform analysis test is an essential part of a water treatment facility's quality control program. This group of bacteria is used as a pollution indicator because of its close association with pathogenic (disease‐causing) organisms. Sampling apparatus, locations, and techniques are covered.
Inspecting and Maintaining Filtration Systems
Authors: Hart D. H.
Published: June 2018

Guidelines are provided to help operators inspect and maintain water filtration systems. Surface wash, filter backwash, troubleshooting, and chemical considerations are covered.
Preventing Moisture Entry by Corking the Flex Line
Authors: Griffin Greg , Farrar Wayne
Published: June 2018

When chlorine cylinders are taken out of service, the flex line should be sealed so that moisture cannot enter and cause corrosion. A procedure using a modified chlorine valve to seal flex lines is described here.
Cross Connection Cross‐Word Puzzle II
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

The clues to this cross‐word puzzle cover many aspects of cross connection.
Keeping Hydrants in Fire‐Fighting Condition
Authors: Seevers Dick
Published: June 2018

Tips for keeping hydrants in good working order to prevent loss of property or life are discussed. Dry‐barrel hydrants, wet‐barrel hydrants, drains and stocking of repair parts are covered.
Electronic Data Processing for Small Systems
Authors: Skeels Jerry
Published: June 2018

The functions and operations of the electronic data processing (EDP) system employed by the Spring Valley Mutual Water Association (SVMWA) near Boulder, Colorado are described. This system electronically prepares water bills and system performance summaries, and can maintain and continually update a list of all equipment and supplies on hand, record the status and location of wells, and prepare and monitor the annual budget.
‘Snell's Meter‐Box Snatcher’ Lightens a Lifter's Load
Authors: Snell C.T.
Published: June 2018

Lifting meter boxes out of the ground can be a difficult task, especially if the ground is wet. One device that makes the job easier is “Snell's Meter‐Box Snatcher.” The device is described and illustrated here.
Lime Sampling Made Easy With Core‐Sampler
Authors: Taflin Charles O.
Published: June 2018

Utilities that use the lime‐soda ash process to soften water frequently receive bulk shipments of granular lime in the form of calcium oxide (CaO) in large rail cars. Not all of the lime product received is usable calcium oxide. To determine the percentage of available CaO in the product, core samples should be taken from at least eight different locations in the rail car in accordance with AWWA Standard B202‐77. This month's Gimmicks and Gadgets describes a core sampling device which provides an effective and inexpensive means of taking lime samples from rail cars. Materials needed and construction specifications are discussed.
Lid‐Lifter Helps to Keep Fingers, Toes, and Back Safe
Authors: Hill Willis A.
Published: June 2018

This month's Gimmicks and Gadgets describes a lid‐lifting device designed to provide a safe and easy way to lift lids off valve boxes and manholes. The device can be built from scrap metal material. A photograph of the device is provided which illustrates the design of the device. The author also manufactures the device under the name of Saf‐T‐Lift.
Water‐Jet Technique Used to Clean Encrusted Pipe
Authors: Beck Robert A. , Buttle James L. , Wolfe Timothy A.
Published: June 2018

When the water filtration plant in Bellevue, Ohio experienced reduced hydraulic capacity, the ensuing investigation revealed large deposits of calcium carbonate in the plant's pipelines. Alternative solutions to the encrustation problem were main replacement and main cleaning. A high pressure, water‐jet technique was chosen for cleaning the encrusted pipelines. This article describes the jet head and other equipment employed in the process, which involved installation and use of a temporary piping and pumping facility between the recarbonation chamber and eight filters so that water service would not be interrupted. Water pressures of 1000 to 10,000 psi were pumped into the jet heads to clean out the pipelines. The work took 40 hours and cost $8800, a significant savings compared to the $40,000 estimate the city received for replacement of the pipeline and associated fittings.
Locking Device Secures Light to Barricade
Authors: Stephens Shelvie
Published: June 2018

For safety reasons it is often important to attach a flasher light onto a barricade. However, utilities often lose flasher lights due to theft. To insure that such lights are not stolen, the author developed a locking device which secures the light to the barricade. The locking device consists of a bolt that extends through both the barricade and the flasher light. The lock is secured with a company lock, which can only be unlocked by department employees.
Selecting A Telemetering System For Your Utility
Authors: Smith Gary R.
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the types of telemetry systems and discusses the factors that must be considered when selecting one of these systems. The three broad types of telemetry systems are owner‐owned cable, leased telephone cable, and radio systems. The three primary factors that must be considered in selecting a telemetering system include: the degree of system complexity required; the personnel who will use the system; and the capital cost and annual operation and maintenance costs.
Extendable Valve Key Saves Embarrassment and Pain
Authors: Hill Willis
Published: June 2018

This month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” describes an extendable valve key. The extendable valve key is 6 feet long and will extend to 10 feet. The device consists of two square steel tubes. The inside tube measures 1 inch and the outside tube measures 1 1/4 inches. The handle is a 3/4 inch galvanized pipe with motorcycle grips. At the end of the key are two Allen head bolts to lock the tube at the required length after proper adjustment. A light at the end of the key enables the operator to see down to the valve and check if the valve is off‐center or if there is an obstruction.
Fluoridation Installation and Operation
Authors: Hansen Ed
Published: June 2018

Fluoridation installation and operation must be considered a complete process, in which various components cannot be chosen without considering their effects on the other parts, including water flow rate, population served, equipment requirements and costs, chemical specifications, handling requirements, feeding point, and hazards. This article focuses on the following factors: method of feeding fluorides; solution feeders; saturators; dry feeders; and dissolving tanks.
Tool to Clean Encrusted Pipe
Authors: Brown John F.
Published: June 2018

This month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” presents a tool for cleaning encrusted pipe. The pipe cleaner consists of 19 mm pipe of any length with a steel scraper welded to one end. The scraper, made from 19 mm thick steel plate, is approximately 120 mm long and 75 mm high. The scraper is angled on the pipe to facilitate cleaning. The pipe cleaner is inserted into the pipe to be cleaned and the scale deposits are broken up with the scraper. The pipe is then flushed to remove the loose deposits.
Collapsible Valve Key Makes Job Easier
Authors: Tillo Joseph J.
Published: June 2018

The collapsible valve key is designed to hold the key straight and rigid while allowing enough flexibility in the joint to maneuver the key to locate a valve, if it is out of line.
Tank Leg Splits from Water Buildup
Authors: Farnsworth Kenneth
Published: June 2018

On January 7, 1979, one of the legs on an elevated water storage tank containing 150,000 gallons (568,000 L) of water split due to ice buildup in the bottom section. This paper describes the action taken by utility officials in Wellington, Ohio to repair the split and prevent a similar occurrence at the town's other storage tank.
Pipe Through Wall Simplifies Filter Changeover
Authors: Hartman Richard D.
Published: June 2018

Following conversion to a mixed‐media filter bed using granular activated carbon for taste and odor control, the Appomattox River Water Authority in Petersburg, Virginia established a 2‐year filter changeover schedule. After trying several physical arrangements of the intake/out‐take eductor hoses and fire hoses used to supply water to the eductors, the final arrangement chosen was a PVC pipe placed through the wall, turned down on the outside of the wall, and run down to within 4 ft (1 m) of the ground. Additional details of the modification are supplied.
Emergency Planning for Water Utilities
Authors: McMaine Ronald C. , Bell Howard K.
Published: June 2018

Every utility should be prepared for emergencies. The first step is to analyze the existing system, the possible emergencies that could occur, and the amount of water needed. The components that would be needed to overcome any shortfalls (critical components) must be determined. Eighteen components of an emergency operations plan are suggested.
Use of Potassium Permanganate in Water Treatment
Authors: Ficek Kenneth J.
Published: June 2018

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a versatile oxidizing agent for solving taste and odor problems. KMnO4 can be extremely useful for treating waters that are contaminated by algae and industrial wastes. Various application points are considered in this article, and a table listing common microorganisms, characteristic tastes and odors, and corrective treatment is provided.
System Contamination in Grand Rapids, Mich.
Authors: Greiner Donald J. , Jr. Rupert A. McGinn
Published: June 2018

During 1983, the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan experienced coliform bacteria contamination in the distribution system for four days in May and for 13 days in June. This article describes the supply and facilities, immediate control measures, the investigation procedure, and follow‐up activities. Four system deficiencies were identified as contributors to the contamination. At the time of publication, the city was continuing daily monitoring of the system and maintaining a chlorine residual of 2 mg/L.
Valves—Some New Ideas on an Old Subject
Authors: Kimball P.
Published: June 2018

A recent innovation in hydraulic valves is the sleeve valve. The sleeve valve has low pressure drop across a fully opened valve, a droptight closure, excellent control characteristics, and simple design with low initial cost and few maintenance requirements. Other basic requirements are met as well. When properly applied, it may offer a lower cost solution to many common valve problems. Design, operation, control features, advantages, and construction materials are described. Use of a hand‐operated three‐way pilot valve in conjunction with a sleeve valve is covered.
Meter Jumper Calms Complaining Customers
Authors: Biter Denzil J.
Published: June 2018

A modified meter jumper can be used to identify corroded or obstructed service lines, resulting in low pressure, on a customer's side of the meter. Instructions for building the device, for which materials cost approximately $20.00, are provided.
Rehabilitating a Potable Water Reservoir.
Authors: Ewing William C. , Weisenberger John , Brown Wm. Elgar
Published: June 2018

During inspections of its oldest reservoir, which was constructed in 1907, the city of Flint, Michigan found serious bacteriological, structural, and maintenance problems with the storage facility. An initial decision to abandon the reservoir was changed in favor of rehabilitation. Infiltration problems were corrected by covering the 85,000 square foot area with a nylon‐reinforced rubber membrane. Other repairs are outlined. The total cost of rehabilitation of the reservoir, which is partially below grade, was $250,000.
Avoiding Problems With Water Meter Retrofitting
Authors: Rogers Todd B.
Published: June 2018

In July 1979, the city council of Loveland, Colorado passed an ordinance requiring all new residential construction and ownership transfers to install water meters. The following June, a subsequent ordinance requiring all water services to be metered was passed. The bidding process was facilitated by dividing the city into six geographic areas. After installation began in February 1981, a variety of problems was encountered, including meter delivery delays, defective materials, existing underground sprinkler systems, failure of old galvanized or lead service lines, check valve difficulties, and problems with conversion to metered water rates, adequate staffing, and revenue estimates following that retrofit program. Effects of water meter installation are summarized.
Air Vent System Prevents Media Upset
Authors: Brown Nancy
Published: June 2018

Air trapped in the underdrain system of a filter can cause severe media upset when the filter is backwashed. This article describes a simple air vent that can be used with most filter systems to prevent upset media. Construction and installation tips are provided.
Labeling Hazardous Materials at Treatment Facilities
Authors: Ainsworth L.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how the Federal Department of Transportation (DOT) hazardous substances identification program can by implemented by a water utility. Through the program, each potentially dangerous chemical is identified by a four‐digit number. This number is listed in an emergency response guidebook, which includes a brief description of emergency measures to be taken in case of an emergency leak or spill. A table listing DOT identification for common water treatment hazardous materials is included.
The Importance of Chlorine Safety and Facility Upkeep
Authors: Grage R.J.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses chlorine safety and presents steps to prevent workers or other individuals from being overcome by chlorine gas. The importance of facilities upkeep is also stressed.
Chlorination Crossword Puzzle
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

Terms related to chlorination are used by the author to create a crossword puzzle. The answers to the puzzle appear in the April 1985 issue of OpFlow.
Filter Scrubber–Inexpensive Aid to Backwashing
Authors: Reaser Bill D.
Published: June 2018

When backwashing filters, agitating the top layer of sand and anthracite with high pressure water helps break up the hard spots and loosen the filtered particles and lime deposits in the media. This produces a more even backwash and a much cleaner filter. The filter scrubber described in this article is used as an inexpensive means of agitating the filter. Materials needed to construct the filter scrubber and a diagram showing construction details are included.
Interim Chlorination for a Small Water System
Authors: Denison Timothy R.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a chlorination system developed by the Antrim, New Hampshire water department to serve as an interim response to new state regulations aimed at improving chlorination system performance and reliability. A temporary solution was sought since longterm changes to the water system were planned, but not yet in place. The new system involved the replacement of a disk meter with a turbo meter equipped with a pulse generator. The new meter runs an electronic metering pump via a pulse‐to‐pulse analog converter, an arrangement that serves as the primary chlorination system. A back‐up system consists of a 12‐V DC electronic pump that operates in the event of mechanical difficulty or loss of normal power. In the event that normal power should fail, a simple switching device automatically starts the back‐up pump, which operates on battery power.
Regulator Holder Simplifies Operator's Job
Authors: Peterka Greg , Smith Tony
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a regulator holder to assist in the changing of empty chlorine containers.
On‐Site Customer Inspected Meter Testing
Authors: Dime Rick
Published: June 2018

This article describes a double meter set invented by the author that can be mounted in the homes of customers who doubt the accuracy of their meters. The original meter is left in place, allowing the customer to compare the residence's daily use as recorded by a brand new meter to that recorded by the original meter.
Eductors Have a Use in Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Herman Lyle
Published: June 2018

A water‐jet eductor is a relatively inexpensive and versatile tool that can be used for a variety of fluid‐ and solids‐moving tasks within a water treatment plant. These uses include: replacing pumps as prime movers of chemical solutions, mixing slurry solutions, moving points of chemical application, adding and dispersing filter media, preventing encrustation of heavy materials or chemicals in delivery pipes, reducing maintenance (the eductor has no moving parts), operating as a sump pump and sludge mover, and operating as a vacuum source in the laboratory. Examples of specific uses eductors have in treatment plants are described.
Garden Hose Used To Cool Pump Motor
Authors: Zimmerman John F.
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the use of a garden hose to cool a pump motor. The hose is connected to the discharge side of the pump, before the check valve. The water is returned to the well through the well vent. No water is wasted with this method, and water for cooling is needed only when the pump is on.
Hydrant Sampling Can Reveal System Problems
Authors: Victoreen Hugo T.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the usefulness of hydrant sampling for obtaining water samples at a flow rate that will simulate high‐demand conditions. Hydrant sampling can also be used to diagnose problems and to keep track of the need for flushing; examples of these uses are presented.
Guidelines for Hiring a Consulting Engineer
Authors: Johnson Peggy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the reasons for hiring a professional engineer as a consultant and presents answers to questions concerning the best way to approach this process.
Testing Leaks Is Easier With Ammonia Sponge Bottle
Authors: Norvelle Norman R.
Published: June 2018

Details are provided for putting together a squeeze bottle for testing for chlorine leaks with ammonia water. Materials needed include a polyethylene squeeze bottle with sealer cap, a cellulose acetate cleaning sponge, and ammonia water.
Preparing for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
Authors: Smith Carl
Published: June 2018

This article discusses community agencies that will become involved in the event of a hazardous materials emergency and how a water utility can work with these agencies to develop a coordinated emergency plan. The roles of the following agencies are discussed: fire department, law enforcement, emergency medical services, hazardous materials response teams, Office of Emergency Preparedness (Disaster Emergency Services), news media, and utility personnel. Legal considerations are addressed.
Copper Sulfate Treatment of a Reservoir
Authors: Moore Robert I.
Published: June 2018

This article gives a history of the systems used to apply copper sulfate to the Tomhannock Reservoir in Troy, N.Y. The various systems used have ranged from rowboats with punctured metal dissolver pails and wooden barrels attached, to motorized wooden scows. After two years of experimentation a new method has been adopted. The entire system is composed of 1 1/2 in. rubber hose, rigid plastic pipe, and plastic fittings. The operation of the system is described as well as problems encountered and results achieved.
How to Take a Certification Exam
Authors: Beer Chuck
Published: June 2018

This article offers some helpful hints and recommends text books helpful in passing the certification exam. To prepare for the test it is a good idea to attend operator‐training classes, which are usually offered by local water utilities, community colleges, and vocational‐technical schools. Traditional test‐taking strategies apply.
Operator Training and Certification Benefits
Authors: Kerri Kenneth D.
Published: June 2018

This article outlines the benefits of operator training and certification. These benefits include customer satisfaction, improved public image, protection of capital investment, compliance with regulations, safety, basis for staff selection and promotion, and improved self‐esteem for operators. Guidelines for selecting a training program and evaluating certification are provided.
Mapping Program Improves Management
Authors: McMaine Ronald C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the benefits of a distribution system mapping program, and provides guidance in developing such a program. Mapping programs for large and small water utilities are described.
Using a Full‐Service Equipment Distributor
Authors: Franz Keith F.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the role of the full‐service distributor in the equipment‐purchasing process. A full‐service distributor will often uncomplicate purchasing by: having a preselection of product lines; offering sales services, support services, parts services, and financing services such as a choice between renting, leasing, or buying equipment.
Evaluation of Chlorine Dioxide in Potable Water
Authors: Williams Larry
Published: June 2018

A problem with trihalomethane (THM) levels in its finished water required the Crawford Country Rural Water District Number 6 (CCRWD), Parsons, Kansas, to investigate methods of oxidizing THM precursors. Testing indicated that chlorine dioxide is a viable alternative for control of THMs at CCRWD. Furthermore, chlorine dioxide satisfactorily addressed the plant's problems with iron and manganese and with taste and odor, while allowing a very significant savings on activated carbon and potassium permanganate.
Meter‐Box‐Cover Lifter Has Storage Compartment
Authors: Deeks Roger L.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a meter‐box‐cover lifter designed by a meter reader in Tucson, Arizona. The lifter features a cushioned handle, made from a foam‐rubber bicycle grip, and a storage container in the handle.
Vacuum Makes Quick Work of Valve‐Box Cleanup
Authors: Hartwell Nelson
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the use of a heavy‐duty industrial vacuum to clean out valve boxes.
Air‐Jet Assembly Simplifies Valve‐Box Cleaning
Authors: Hernandez Jesse G.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the use and construction of a valve box jet which is uses an air‐jet to clean valve boxes easily and inexpensively. The jet works on a vortex principle; air is forced to the top of the jet creating a suction at the bottom that pulls dirt out of the box. The jet has fingers cut into the bottom that aid in loosening dirt.
Thaw Ring Prevents Freezing in Stilling Well
Authors: McDaniel Bud
Published: June 2018

In areas with cold winters, rotating clarifier stilling wells may be stopped by frozen surface water. This can be prevented by installing a thaw ring. This device is a ring of pipe, punctured on the inside circumference, that circles the stilling well. Materials required to build the thaw ring are presented in this article.
Get in the “Do the Right Job, Do It Now” Habit
Authors: Woodward Kent L.
Published: June 2018

Water utility personnel perform many varied activities. At times, these tasks may become overwhelming. The article discusses ways of developing good work habits such as setting priorities and not putting things off.
Converted Fluoride Tank Catches Paint Overspray
Authors: Sturgeon Tom
Published: June 2018

Fire hydrants must be painted to protect them from weather and to make them attractive to the general public. However, overspray can cause property damage when painting near cars or buildings. To remedy this problem, a fluoride storage tank was modified to contain the overspray.
Coupon Display Helps Keep Distribution Operations on Track
Authors: Duffie Clay
Published: June 2018

Saving coupons from wet taps helps track operations and water quality throughout our distribution system. The coupons, displayed on a board, supply a graphic display of the water system. Materials for constructing the board are presented.
Silent Sentinels: Lessons on Pressure‐Relief Valves
Authors: Braun Neil
Published: June 2018

If maintained properly, pressure‐relief valves act as a major deterrent against catastrophic blow‐out. Discussed in the article are the internal parts of a pressure‐relief valve, recognizing genuine parts, conducting production tests, installing valves, and qualified valve repair.
Flows From Reservoir Underdrain Used for Irrigation
Authors: DeBra Jacques
Published: June 2018

Santa Barbara, California, is finding water conservation increasingly important. Many water conservation efforts focus on reducing demand, but reducing waste on the supply side is just as beneficial. The project at Sheffield Reservoir is briefly discussed.
Propeller Meters Prove Economical and Durable
Authors: Huth Eric
Published: June 2018

Because of their rugged design and low maintenance, propeller meters are durable and economical tools for measuring the velocity of raw water flowing through closed pipes. Discussed in the article are how they work, applications, selection, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
Surface Water Treatment: The New Rules
Authors: Von Huben Harry
Published: June 2018

On December 31, 1990, the new Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) will begin to affect the operation of every public US water system that uses surface water as a source‐and some that use groundwater, too. Compliance deadlines for various systems range from December 31, 1990, into 1993. The basic effect of the SWTR is that practically all water systems using surface water will have to use a treatment technique; usually filtration and/or disinfection. This article reviews the purpose of the regulation, treatment required, removal/inactivation goals, and the effect on water systems.
Air, Other Gases Make Powerful Cross Connections
Authors: Pettie Ray
Published: June 2018

An unusual, tragic cross connection with gas occurred at a propane plant in New England in August 1982. Two houses caught fire, a woman was thrown against a wall when her washing machine exploded, and about 500 people had to evacuate their homes. This incident could have been prevented with the installation of an approved double‐check‐valve assembly on the service line. The article describes common cross connections, causes of cross connections, and keeping the air out by installation of backflow preventers.
Plan for Compliance: Test Water, Know Options
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

The first step in complying with SDWA regulations is for small water systems to get information on the responsibilities and the deadlines for meeting them. Steps discussed are having the water tested for both regulated and unregulated contaminants, and planning on how to pay whether by setting new rates or fees to accommodate the changes or getting grants or loans.
Solving Cold Weather Problems for Storage Tanks
Authors: Knoy E. Crone
Published: June 2018

A frozen water storage tank is worse than no tank at all. How does a storage tank freeze, and what happens when it does? The article discusses what makes tanks freeze, temperature, cold weather operations, what happens when the tank freezes, how to thaw a frozen tank, and how to repair freeze damage.
Fixing Chlorine Leaks: Practice Makes Perfect
Authors: Daddario Ray
Published: June 2018

The Helix Water District in La Mesa, California, routinely sets up an emergency chlorine leak exercise. Without warning, two members of the emergency response team are given slips of paper that define an emergency chlorine drill scenario. The exercise generally requires the use of the Chlorine Institute's Chlorine Leak‐Repair Kit A or B. Full protective clothing and equipment are also used during these exercises. The exercise is supervised by the senior plant mechanic, plant operations supervisor, or assistant water quality superintendent to be sure that all safety precautions are taken.
Lock‐out Box Prevents Unauthorized Tampering With Valves
Authors: Janson Ron
Published: June 2018

A lock‐out box has been designed to prevent unauthorized tampering with valves. The lockout box is a modified steel pipe that folds around the valve rod and is locked with a padlock. Materials and instructions are listed.
How to Comply With the Lead and Copper Rule
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

The Lead and Copper Rule regulation sets maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) for lead and copper, monitoring requirements and analytical methods, treatment technique requirements, record‐keeping and reporting requirements, and administrative provisions. This article offers a general overview of this complex rule, beginning with a brief discussion of health effects and MCLGs. Two sets of monitoring requirements are included in the rule, one for lead and copper, the other for other water quality constituents. Start dates for monitoring and requirements for high‐risk homes are given. The new rule replaces the existing interim MCL of 0.0t mg/L with a treatment technique requirement; this could include corrosion control or source water treatment. Systems that exceed the lead action level after installing optimal corrosion control and source water treatment must replace lead service lines. Requirements for public education, record‐keeping and reporting, public notification, and variances and exemptions are given. Compliance schedules are given for various types of water systems.
First Step to Lead Rule Compliance: Monitoring
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

Monitoring for lead, copper, and other water quality constituents is the first action a utility must take to comply with the new Lead and Copper Rule. Results of monitoring determine additional actions the utility must take to comply with the rule, such as corrosion control, source water treatment, public education, and lead service line replacement. This article details monitoring requirements; tables give the monitoring schedule for lead and copper for systems of various size, sampling requirements, targeted sampling site criteria for community water systems, a water quality monitoring schedule for constituents other than lead and copper, tap sampling requirements for constituents other than lead and copper, and approved analytic methods. This is the second in a series of articles on the lead and copper rule; the other articles in the series appeared in the August, October, and November 1991 issues of Opflow.
Complying With the New Lead and Copper Rule
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

Public education is an important element of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) new Lead and Copper Rule. In addition, some systems may be required to replace lead service lines to stop lead from leaching into drinking water. The article discusses public education, including the actual words that EPA dictates must be used in the public notices about lead. The article also discusses lead service line replacement, including the EPA's definition of who “controls” a service line and is therefore responsible for replacing it. This is the fourth in a series of articles about the lead and copper rule; the other articles in the series appeared in the August, September, and October 1991 issues of Opflow.
Learn, Discern — Then Decide Treatment to Meet SWTR
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), which took effect December 30, 1990, may affect small systems. If surface water is used, it must be disinfected (as used here, surface water also includes groundwater under the direct influence of surface water). Also, all surface waters must be filtered unless exacting conditions are met. Depending on the specific situation in a small system, the requirements of the rule took effect January 1992 or will take effect June 1993. This article will focus on the steps a system may take if the utility must treat its water to comply with the SWTR.
Streaming Current Monitor Controls Coagulant Addition
Authors: Peterson Timothy D.
Published: June 2018

Proper coagulation is one of the most critical processes used in water treatment. The efficiency of the entire treatment process is determined within the first few seconds after the coagulant is added. The article discusses how coagulation works and how it affects filters, then goes on to describe a case study of the Marinette Water Utility. The case study explains the problems the utility experienced with coagulation and how the utility solved its problems by installing a streaming current monitor to control coagulant feed and a sludge pump system to empty sludge basins. A technical drawing of the sludge pumping system, which saves the utility $20,000 per year, is included. A sidebar explains how streaming current monitors work.
Plan for the Future — Organize a Safety Program Now
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

To develop a safety mind set, the article describes the simple steps to help prepare for the unexpected. The discussion includes: organizing a safety program; creating a policy statement on safety; duties of the safety officer; maintaining safety records, statistics, and reports; general safety practices; planning for jobs to prevent accidents; and communicating plans with employees. A job‐site inspection checklist is given (the checklist includes such items as condition of equipment, checklist for excavation safety, traffic control, public safety precautions, housekeeping on the job site, and personal protective equipment.
When Your Shift Is Over, Take Safety Home With You
Authors: Lehr Ray
Published: June 2018

This article exhorts waterworks employees to “take safety home” and be cautious off‐the‐job. The author cautions employees be sure power tools are grounded, check home wiring to be sure it is sufficient for the load, adhere to the electric code when installing wiring in the home, avoid accumulating combustible materials, and avoid storing things on or near water heaters or furnaces.
Could Overload Be Causing Your Motor Failures?
Authors: Bos Michael H. , Brown Michael V.
Published: June 2018

The failure of motors due to overload can be eliminated with a program that first ensures all devices are properly applied and sized. Special devices, such as internal protection, may be required for some situations. Overload protection‐device testing is the last component in a managed effort to maximize the design life of a motor. This article explains how motors work and provides several detailed suggestions for extending motor life.
Relay Analyzer Saves Time in Electrical Maintenance
Authors: Howard Thomas B.
Published: June 2018

The old method for testing large banks of 8‐ and 11‐pin relays involved removing the plastic cover of each relay to be tested, clipping meter test leads to the appropriate pins, and then pushing the moving portion of the relay to close one set of contacts. However, with an analyzer, this method became unnecessary, and the time required for testing was reduced from minutes to seconds. The article lists materials and instructions for construction of the analyzer.
Steel Water Tank Maintenance, Not Business as Usual
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Although many questions remain, one absolute fact is that scheduled maintenance of water tanks is necessary to preserve the life of a water tank. Most tanks constructed 10 or more years ago were probably painted with lead‐based paint. Today, systems are facing the challenge of maintaining and repairing these tanks and at the same time protecting workers and the environment from lead contamination. Tips for preventing tank failure are given.
Regulatory Climate Multiplies Questions for Small Utilities
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

This article addresses small water system directors or commissioners, regarding their roles in protecting the environment, providing safe water, working with operators, planning, regulatory compliance, and responsibility.
Catch Net Snags Dirty Stir Bars, Stores Them During Washing
Authors: Stonecipher Gregg D.
Published: June 2018

Some lab tests require constant stirring of the sample. After testing, the samples are dumped out, requiring that the stir bars be retrieved from sinks and drains. Washing the stir bars is a problem because they are small and slip through trays in the labware cleaner. The problem is solved with a net that catches stir bars as the samples are dumped and then holds the stir bars in the tray in the labware cleaner. Instructions for making the net are given.
SDWA Reauthorization — Good Time to Plan for Future
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) has been praised, condemned, defended, and litigated. It's been called a health blessing by some, and by others an expensive, unworkable curse for small and rural water systems. But regardless of how the SDWA is described, the time has come to evaluate its effectiveness. The reauthorization process provides an opportunity to furnish Congress with recently gathered information and feedback about the SDWA. This article outlines some of the problems with SDWA regulations and measures AWWA and other interested parties have taken to become more visible in the regulatory process. A table lists MCLs for Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 5 contaminants; lead and copper; radionuclides; and disinfection byproducts.
Disinfection By‐products — A Regulatory Balancing Act
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

Disinfectants are used in water treatment to kill or inactivate disease‐causing organisms. However, at high concentrations, some disinfectants are suspected or are known to cause harmful effects in humans. Disinfectants added to drinking water can also react with organic material in the water to form disinfection byproducts. Only a relatively small fraction of disinfection byproducts have been identified, and some of these are known to cause cancer in humans at high levels of exposure. In general, however, little is known about the nature and human health effects of most byproducts of disinfection. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) struggled on its own for many years to develop rules for disinfectants and disinfection byproducts (D‐DBPs). This proved to be a difficult job. The task is complicated by the fact that the use of disinfectants results in known benefits. These benefits must be balanced against the possible long‐term health risks of disinfectants and their byproducts.
SSOS Hotline Sleuths Unravel Disinfection Puzzle
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

Whether a call is about compliance with new regulations, delivering adequate pressure to a new remote customer, or the probability of VOC contamination as a result of tank painting, one thing is clear‐‐operators and managers calling AWWA's SSOS line take pride in their work and are committed to protecting the resource under their care. One of the questions answered on the hotline was, “Our system serves 25 customers. We do not disinfect and we have had two positive bacteriological samples in the past year. We take one sample a month. What should we do?”
Controlling Stress Improves Safety on the Job
Authors: Skinner Michael , Wood Wendell
Published: June 2018

Stress‐related safety problems cannot be avoided, but they can be managed. The overall goal of safety should be to develop standards, policies, procedures, and equipment that can be safely and effectively used when an individual is at less than 100 percent. Anyone can work safely when they feel great and can focus on their job with no distractions.
Part 5 — Volume Calculations of Basic Shapes
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

Once area calculations have been mastered, volume calculations become a simple matter. This article explains, in simple step‐by‐step instructions, how to calculate the volume of various shapes (square, cone, trough, etc.).
SWTR — C × T Values Indicate Disinfection Applied
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

This article is the third in a series examining the Surface Water Treatment Rule. This month's column concerns C x T values in general. This is one in a series of five articles about the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Other articles discuss “Surface Water Treatment Rule Targets Microbials” (May 1993); “SWTR Disinfection Standards for Filtered Systems” (June 1993); “Configuration, Operation of System Affects C x T Values” (August 1993); and “SWTR Conditions to Avoid Filtration Are Demanding (September 1993).
Coated Retrofit Wrench Protects Fixtures' Chrome Finish
Authors: Pape Thomas E.
Published: June 2018

When water‐saving devices such as low‐flow showerheads and aerators are installed during retrofit programs, their chrome surfaces can be scratched and marred from contact with the installation tools. The problem was solved by dipping the installation wrench jaws into a plastic coating. The process for applying the protective coating is outlined in the article.
Steel Box Protects Meter Valves From Intruders
Authors: Smuck Roger , Parker James , Graves Bill
Published: June 2018

Vandalism after a shut‐off of service was curbed with a steel box protecting meter valves. Instructions for construction are listed in the article.
Tank Checklist Eases Winter Weather Worries
Authors: Knoy E. Crone
Published: June 2018

Although its impossible to totally prepare for natural disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes, you can prepare for another kind of natural occurrence that can cause equal, if not greater, damage to your water storage tanks–ice. As winter approaches, take a few minutes to review your cold‐weather operating procedures to help prevent tank freezing. This article contains a checklist of items to be aware of.
Minimize Repairs, Maximize Service With O&M Program
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

An effective maintenance program contributes to the efficient operation of a water system by minimizing the cost of system repairs and maximizing service to the consumer. Traditionally, maintenance programs have been directed toward repair of broken equipment. This approach is known as the “emergency repair syndrome” and works well only if there is a rich inventory of spare parts and a large group of friendly suppliers and operators who are willing to jump to the rescue at a moment's notice. This is the first in a series of three articles. Part one covers goals of a maintenance program such as: acting and not reacting; goals of routine maintenance; planned maintenance; preventive maintenance; predictive maintenance; and common sense maintenance.
The Percent Composition Calculation
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

The percent composition calculation has several applications in the water supply field. For example, it can be used to determine the resulting concentration when two solutions are blended. It also can be used to determine the percent solids concentration of sludges that are blended. The percent composition calculation is useful in compost blending calculations, too.
How to Diagnose a Sick Rapid Sand Filter
Authors: Tillman Glenn M.
Published: June 2018

To prevent outbreaks of filter problems in your operation, follow these guidelines: perform checkup procedures regularly; treat problems promptly; follow up problems; and practice preventive maintenance measures. This article discusses each procedure in detail.
Metering Pump Prime Aid Reduces Outages
Authors: Witmeyer Gary
Published: June 2018

Chemical metering pumps can be difficult to prime. This device saves many hours of labor spent in disconnecting tubing and checking pump heads and foot valves for priming problems. The priming device has also improved our customer and employee relations because it reduces outages and downtime due to meter pump priming problems.