bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting First Year Student Transfer Intentions: Do Relationships Matter?
Authors: Raciti Maria M.
Published: November 2011

Stemming first year student attrition is the subject of extensive research. The novelty of this study is that it seeks to identify relationship marketing constructs that can significantly differentiate between three types of transfer intentions of first year students—those intending to stay at their current university, those intending to transfer to another university and those who are undecided. Many regional universities in Australia employ relationship marketing tactics in an attempt to avert the loss of first year students. Of interest to this research is the role of relationship benefits, relationship strength and switching barriers as predictors of students transfer intentions. A qualitative study preceded a quantitative main study ( n=334) that was conducted across three regional universities in Australia. Logistic regression revealed that the strength of the relationship formed between students and teaching staff and perceived switching barriers can secure students’ continuance of study at their current university.
Long-Term Recall of Sponsorship Sources
Authors: Bettina Cornwell T. , Maignan Isabelle , Irwin Richard
Published: November 2011

This paper examines the long-term unaided recall and aided recognition of a collegiate basketball team's sponsors. Based on a sample of 222 individuals, it was found that respondents had trouble recalling sponsorship sources, and confounded sponsors and advertisers. Individuals who were involved in basketball were the most likely to recognise sponsors.
Tobacco-Control Legislation, Public Health and Sport Sponsorship
Authors: Sparks Robert
Published: November 2011

This paper examines the international development of regulations restricting tobacco sponsorship and assesses their effects on tobacco marketing and public health. Several factors are found to compromise the effectiveness of sponsorship regulations, including the transnational structure of the tobacco industry, growing opportunities for tobacco marketing and sponsorship internationally, and the development of new media technologies – such as virtual billboards, Direct Broadcast television and the World Wide Web – that facilitate regulatory compliance at the same time that they enable global reach for sponsorship programs. An alternative regulatory approach is proposed that requires ‘equal time’ for anti-smoking advertisements as for tobacco-sponsorship advertisements.
Argan oil improves surrogate markers of CVD in humans
Authors: Sour Souad , Belarbi Meriem , Khaldi Darine , Benmansour Nassima , Sari Nassima , Nani Abdelhafid , Chemat Farid , Visioli Francesco
Published: November 2011

Limited – though increasing – evidence suggests that argan oil might be endowed with potential healthful properties, mostly in the areas of CVD and prostate cancer. We sought to comprehensively determine the effects of argan oil supplementation on the plasma lipid profile and antioxidant status of a group of healthy Algerian subjects, compared with matched controls. A total of twenty healthy subjects consumed 15 g/d of argan oil – with toasted bread – for breakfast, during 4 weeks (intervention group), whereas twenty matched controls followed their habitual diet, but did not consume argan oil. The study lasted 30 d. At the end of the study, argan oil-supplemented subjects exhibited higher plasma vitamin E concentrations, lower total and LDL-cholesterol, lower TAG and improved plasma and cellular antioxidant profile, when compared with controls. In conclusion, we showed that Algerian argan oil is able to positively modulate some surrogate markers of CVD, through mechanisms which warrant further investigation.
Character in Sophocles
Authors: Easterling P. E.
Published: November 2011

Critics are always reminding us that character-drawing in Greek tragedy was a very different thing from what we meet in the modern theatre, different and (it is implied) perhaps more limited or rudimentary. But this contrast between ancient and modern is too vague to be illuminating: we need to define exactly what kind of difference it is before we can decide whether it is important. In drama meant for live performance it can hardly be a difference of technique, since every playwright is limited to two basic means of character-drawing, what his figures say and do and what other people say and do to them and about them. Nor can there be much significance in differences of convention. Of course convention counts for something: a dramatist writing for three masked male actors, who must take all the speaking roles in his play, male or female indiscriminately, using a highly formal and declamatory style of acting in a large open-air theatre, will create characters which can be rendered in these circumstances. But there is no reason why the particular conventions of his time should limit his portrayal of character in any serious way: Lady Macbeth, after all, was written to be played by a teenage boy. Surely the differences that really demand attention are those of attitude.
Compromised Critique: A Meta-critical Analysis of American Studies after 9/11
Authors: BOND LUCY
Published: November 2011

This paper contends that 9/11 remains subject to a crisis in criticism, resulting from the failure of certain strains within American studies to sufficiently separate their modes of critique from the ideological means of 9/11's manipulation. An overreliance upon themes of trauma, and a failure to observe the means by which these discourses have been compromised by their mobilization in political rhetoric, has led to the development of an interpretative void unable to produce a much-needed counternarrative. Whilst the explicit politicization of 11 September has been widely criticized, far less remarked upon is the extent to which the tropes in which 9/11 is represented have been standardized across popular, political, critical and artistic narratives. Failure to challenge the basic terms of this movement has engendered a compromised interpretative field, in which frames of reference slip too easily between the public and the personal, simultaneously militarizing mourning and sentimentalizing politics. This compromises counterhegemonic narratives, neutering the force of their thrust by presenting them as echoing, and even reinforcing, the discourses of the public–political realm. I will contend that this crisis of representation has arisen, at least in part, from the ubiquity of traumatic narratives, which have been transferred across discursive realms, disguising crucial authorial and critical differences, and seeming to validate the perspective of the state by testifying to an apparent unity of interpretation and response.
9/11 Digitally Remastered? Internet Archives, Vernacular Memories and WhereWereYou.org
Authors: JARVIS LEE
Published: November 2011

This article explores competing efforts to make sense of the 9/11 attacks within entries posted on the “Where Were You … September 11th, Two Thousand One” Internet archive. Open to written contributions for one year from 15 September 2001, the archive amassed more than 2,500 responses, with posters writing from over twenty different countries. The article begins by arguing that this repository of vernacular memories has potential to significantly broaden our understanding of how the events of 9/11 were interpreted beyond the dominant discourses of political and other elites. It then attempts to do this via a discursive analysis of three key themes traversing contributions to WhereWereYou. These relate, first, to efforts to position 9/11 within particular temporal horizons; second, to accounts of 9/11's essence and causes; and third, to articulated hopes, fears, and expectations around the attacks' future impacts. The article concludes by locating WhereWereYou within debates over the archive's status in contemporary social and political life. It argues that this specific archive's refusal to foreclose 9/11's meaning renders WhereWereYou a particularly interesting memory project for exploring the events of 11 September 2001, and for thinking through contemporary mnemonic practices more broadly.
XII.—An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery in Ipswich
Authors: Layard Nina Frances
Published: November 2011

On January 4th of this year (1906) when visiting some works that had been started for the relief of the unemployed at Hadleigh Road, Ipswich, I was fortunate enough to discover that the high land which was being levelled was the site of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery. The slope overlooks the river Gipping, and is on the west side of the town, near the railway. (See plan, Fig. 1.) Already over 150 men had been at work for two months, little dreaming that treasures of antiquity were being thrown away at nearly every stroke of the pick. Five skeletons had been found, but these had been pronounced quite recent, and were re-interred without further notice being taken of them.
XV.—The Treasury of God and the Birthright of the Poor; or Facts illustrating the origin of “Parsons” and “Vicars” in England
Authors: Reichel Oswald J.
Published: November 2011

The treasury or portion of Grod is a convenient term, based on the language of the seventeenth canon of the Council of Chelsea in 787 and other authorities, to express that portion of a Christian man's income and property which is or ought to be devoted to religious and charitable purposes, the maintenance of the bishop and clergy, the support of the sick and the poor, and the upkeep of the fabric and the necessaries of public worship. The birthright (patrimonium) of the poor, another convenient phrase which comes to us from the thirteenth century, consists of one portion only of the treasury of Grod, the part devoted to the support of the sick and the poor.
XXI.—The Cistercian Abbey of Stanley, Wiltshire
Authors: Brakspear Harold
Published: November 2011

The site of the abbey of Stanley is a wide valley two and a half miles east of Chippenham, in Wiltshire. It is upon the south bank of a little river called the Marden, which rises on Calston Down some five miles to the east, and joins the Avon just above Oliippenham. Stanley owes its origin to one Drogo, a chamberlain of the Empress Maud, at whose instigation her son Henry, then Earl of Anjou, gave a place called Locwell (now Lockswell) in the manor of Chippenham in perpetual alms to Grod and St. Mary of Quarr, in the Isle of Wight, for the purpose of there founding a monastery.
VI.—The Hal-Tarxien Neolithic Temple, Malta
Authors: Zammit T.
Published: November 2011

The discovery of this important neolithic temple enriches the unique series of Maltese monuments and, besides demonstrating afresh the importance of the Maltese Islands in prehistoric times, sheds a flood of light on the other monuments so far discovered.

The site on which the monument was raised is not very far from the Hal-Saflieni Hypogeum and the Cordin stations, which may well be considered to be upon the same plateau.
XII.—On the Stone Bridge at Hampton Court
Authors: Peers C. R.
Published: November 2011

The Palace of Hampton Court is a building to which even the most unimaginative person cannot be indifferent. Built by one of the greatest and most splendid of English statesmen, and completed by one of the most magnificent of our kings, it has always been a royal pleasure-house, recalling rather the intimate private life of our sovereigns than their formal acts of state. In four years' time it will complete its fourth century of existence, and though much of its first splendour has long perished, it remains essentially a royal building; no one could take it for anything but a palace. This being so, its careful preservation is a matter of public interest, and needs no urging in this room, but for this very reason it has been thought well to lay before the Society an account of an important piece of work now being carried out there, namely, the excavation and repair of the moat and the stone bridge which spans it at the west or entrance front of the palace
XXII.—A Wardrobe Account of 16–17 Richard II, 1393–4
Authors: Baildon W. Paley
Published: November 2011

The royal officer known as the Keeper of the Wardrobe was, we may suppose, first appointed to look after the royal clothes, but at an early date his functions were enlarged until he became one of the most important officers of the Household.
XXVI.—A Late-Celtic and Romano-British Cave-dwelling at Wookey-Hole, near Wells, Somerset
Authors: Balch H. E. , Troup R. D. R.
Published: November 2011

The great cavern of Wookey-Hole is situated two miles to the north-west of the city of Wells, in the centre of Somerset, and immediately adjacent to the thriving- village which has taken the name of the cavern, and has depended for its prosperity on the existence of the copious and usually pellucid stream, which here bursts forth from Mendip's hidden reservoirs. This is the source of the Axe, which winds its way through the lower lands, and after uniting with the sister stream of Cheddar, flows into the sea near Weston-super-mare. From Wookey-Hole the southern slope of Mendip rises in an unbroken sweep till it reaches a thousand feet above the sea, commanding a magnificent view to the east, south, and west. It is not a limestone cave in the ordinary sense of the word, since every known cavity in the immediate vicinity is not in the Carboniferous Limestone, but in the Dolomitic Conglomerate, which here attains enormous thickness. To the north, the great mass of Carboniferous Limestone, receiving the water of innumerable springs from the Old Red Sandstone and Shales and from a generous rainfall, engulfs it in a countless number of swallets, many of which are insignificant, whilst some of the larger have been opened by our exploring parties during the past few years, and followed through unimagined beauties to profound depths.
III.—The Abbey of Saint-Denis and its Ancient Treasures
Authors: Conway W. Martin
Published: November 2011

The authorities relied upon for the following account of the Abbey Church and treasures of St.-Denis are in the first instance the three well-known published volumes:—

Jacques Doublet: Histoire de … S. Denys. Paris, 1625. 4to.

S. G. Millet: Le Tresor Sacré … de Sainct-Denis (4me éd.). Paris, 1645. 12mo.

Michel Félibien: Histoire de … Saint-Denys. Paris, 1706. fol.

I shall cite these frequently by the initial letters, D, M, and F.
XI.—On the Contracts for the Tomb of the Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of King Henry VII, and Foundress of the Colleges of Christ and St. John in Cambridge; with some illustrative documents
Authors: Scott Robert Forsyth
Published: November 2011

The design and execution of the tomb of the Lady Margaret, with its recumbent figure, in the south aisle of the chapel of King Henry VII at Westminster, have long been attributed to Pietro Torrigiano, a Florentine artist. Until the documents here printed came to light in the Treasury, or Muniment Room, of St. John's College this seems to have been a matter of inference or tradition rather than a fact based on documentary evidence.
XV.—Late-Celtic Dagger, Fibula, and Jet Cameo
Authors: Evans Arthur
Published: November 2011

The iron dagger in its bronze sheath shown in fig. 1, which I am able to illustrate, thanks to the kindness of Mr. Guy Maynard, the Keeper of the Saffron Walden Museum, was found in a rabbit-hole in Hertford Warren.
XX.—Recent discoveries in the Cloister of Durham Abbey.
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John , Fowler J.T.
Published: November 2011

The custom of washing the hands before the principal meal of the day, based, as it is, upon common decency and convenience, has at all times been observed by civilised people. The Greeks and Romans, or at any rate the more leisured and luxurious among them, not only took their baths before the chief meal, but had water for their hands brought round repeatedly during the meal, which would be the more necessary when the fingers were used in eating much more than they are now. The disciples of Christ were accused by the Pharisees and certain of the Scribes of transgressing the tradition of the elders by not washing their hands when they ate bread. The “tradition of the elders” is abundantly illustrated in the literature of the Jews, and similar traditions prevail among the Mohammedans and other Orientals. In religious minds the act of washing the hands has naturally acquired a symbolical meaning. Hence the Lavabo in the Eucharistic rite which i s described by Cyril of Jerusalem (A.D. 348-386) as not merely for the sake of personal cleanliness, but as a symbolic act, connected with the words of Psalm xxvi. 6, “I will wash my hands in innocency, O Lord, and so will I go to thine altar.”
III.—The Chronology of the British Bronze Age
Authors: Montelius Oscar
Published: November 2011

In 1900 I was invited by the University College of London to deliver a series of lectures on prehistoric chronology. I then put forward my chronological system for the Bronze Age in different parts of Europe.

The chronology of the Bronze Age in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the northern part of Germany had been treated by me already in 1885; the first period of the Bronze Age in these countries I examined more especially in 1899.
XII.—Cup-and-Ring Carvings: Some Remarks on their Classification, and a new Suggestion as to their Origin and Meaning
Authors: Baildon W. Paley
Published: November 2011

The curious carvings to which the name “Cup-and-Ring” has been applied are very widely distributed over the globe. They are found in the British Islands, France, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe, and have been noted in India and in Fiji. They occur on natural rock surfaces, on boulders in situ, on standing stones, on cromlechs, on detached stones forming parts of chambered cairns, cist or urn covers, or built into Pictish weems or brochs; and also on grave-stones in Christian churchyards, and on the walls of churches themselves.
V.—The Roman House at Keynsham, Somerset
Authors: Bulleid Arthur , Horne Dom Ethelbert
Published: November 2011

Keynsham is a village on the high road that runs between Bath and Bristol, and is distant from the latter city about four miles. In the year 1877 the then vicar and churchwardens of Keynsham, rinding the graveyard round the parish church incapable of either receiving any more burials or of being enlarged, purchased two and a half acres of ground to make a public cemetery. This was situated a quarter of a mile beyond the village, on the Bristol side, and was part of the fine stretch of meadow-land that borders the river Avon, being known as the Hams. Two mortuary chapels were built, adjoining one another, in the centre of the new cemetery, and the ground was thickly planted with trees. After the purchase of the land, the owner of a property adjoining it on its western side managed to get an embargo or restriction placed upon the use of the upper part for burials. The part so restricted was about a third of the original purchase. In 1908 the Parish Council, by the payment of a sum of money, had the restriction removed, but it was not until twelve years afterwards that the site was used for interments.
II.—Some Fourteenth-Century Accounts of Ironworks at Tudeley, Kent
Authors: Giuseppi M. S.
Published: November 2011

I have ventured to bring the documents which form the subject-matter of this paper to the notice of the Society because they seem to suggest a possible source of material to any one who may have a mind to be the future historian of the iron industry of the Weald. Due attention has already been paid to the later and more distinguished period of the history of that industry, and we are now able to form a fair idea of its extent and the processes in use, after the discovery of the art of casting and the subsequent employment of the works, in the production of the iron ordnance of the kingdom, had made it something more than of mere local importance. For the earlier period, when casting was not, our knowledge of the industry must probably remain imperfect, but that it may possibly be a little less vague than it is at present will, I hope, appear from the evidence which I now produce.
V.—The Weapons of the Iberians
Authors: Sandars Horace
Published: November 2011

It would be foreign to the purpose of my paper to enter upon the much debated and still unsolved question as to who were the Iberians and from whence they came, nor, indeed, has that question any direct bearing upon the subject-matter with which I deal. A few words as to the state of the country during the period under review, the organization of the peoples who inhabited it, their physical and moral conditions, and the influence of their surroundings upon their practice and methods in war and in strife may, however, not be out of place.
XII.—On a Wall-painting till recently at Hardham Priory, Sussex
Authors: Praetorius C. J.
Published: November 2011

Hardham Priory, Pulborough, Sussex, the property of Lord Charles Beresford, was destroyed by fire on May 16, 1912. A wooden beam in the brickwork of a modern chimney was the cause of the outbreak, by which the farmhouse was entirely destroyed.
II.—Effigies of Saxon Bishops at Wells
Authors: Robinson Joseph Armitage
Published: November 2011

In the choir aisles of the Cathedral Church of Wells there is a series of recumbent effigies of Saxon bishops, which have not received the attention they deserve. Solemn figures, boldly sculptured, with a rich variety of dress and pose, they are the equals in grace and dignity of the famous statues on the west front. They are far better preserved, for they have not been worn by the weather, and apart from some accidental breakages they are in excellent condition. If they do not come from the great sculptors who wrought the figures outside, they are the work of their fathers before them, and they have something to tell us of the development of English carving in the west. Not less interesting than their art i s the history of the successive changes of name and of position which they have undergone in the course of seven centuries.
VIII.—On some ancient Deeds and Seals belonging to Lord De L'Isle and Dudley
Authors: Kingsford C. L.
Published: November 2011

Before proceeding to a description of the Deeds and Seals, it will be convenient to give a short account of the early history of the Sydney family and of the means by which the lands to which these deeds relate came into their possession. The original home of the Sydneys was a farm, which still bears their name, in the parish of Alfold, on the borders of Surrey and Sussex, about ten miles south of Guildford. The first member of the family of whom we have any knowledge is a John de Sydenie, who occurs as acquiring land on the south of Chiddingfold wood (a few miles west of Alfold) sometime in the reign of Edward I. He may be the John atte Sydney who occurs as witness to a deed in 1313. This John was probably the father or grandfather of a John atte Sydenye, son of John and Isabella, who with Gunnilda his wife held lands in Surrey and Sussex, part of which had come to him through his mother. His home is described as La Sydenye, and one of the deeds in which he is mentioned was executed there: these deeds are dated between 1331 and 1345. Nearly eighty years later, in 1420, a Nicholas Sedenye of Alfold gave to his daughter Alice lands in Cranlegh called ‘le Thondurslaghus’, which came to him at the death of Gunnilda, his mother. Though the interval is a little long, one may conjecture that he was a son of the John atte Sydenye of 1331 to 1345, and younger brother of the first William Sedenye, who in 1393 acquired a tenement called ‘le Rotlond’ in Shalford, near Guildford, and ten years later a share in the manor of Loseley. In 1408 there is mention of William, and his son William, in connexion with Rudgwick, just over the Sussex border. This second William is probably the father of William Sydenye, the younger, who appears in 1427, for in the next year Alice, daughter of William Sydeneye, the elder, married Arnold, son of Thomas Brocas. In 1435 we meet with William Sydeney, the elder, of Cranlegh, and William Sydeney, his son, of Sussex, who in 1445 is styled William Sydeney of Kingsham, a house on the south side of Chichester. William Sydeney of Cranlegh died on October 8, 1449. On August 15, 1451, William Sydeney of Kingsham executed at Baynards a deed providing for the descent of certain of his lands. He died about a year later, but certainly before October 1452. This William Sydney of Kingsham is the first person of any importance in the genealogy. Though the family had gradually acquired considerable estates in Surrey and Sussex, they were till about this time at the best but small country gentlemen. William Sydney of Cranlegh used a seal with a simple capital W.; his son was the first to use an armorial seal, showing the Sydney pheon, on the deed of August 15, 1451. As the heads of the Kingsham and Cranlegh family of Sydneys had been for fifty years named William, it is possible that the long-continued use of a seal with a capital W may have been the origin of the pheon.
VIII.—The Dolmens and Megalithic Tombs of Spain and Portugal
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: November 2011

The work done by archaeologists in Spain, particularly within the last decade, in recording and exploring megalithic graves in that country has begun a new era in the study of the megalithic problem in Western Europe, since it is now at last possible to collate this new material with the evidence accumulated over a longer period in Portugal and thus to rewrite in a measure the history of the megalithic period in the peninsula.1 It is self-evident that in any investigation of the megaliths of Europe those of the peninsula must take an important place. For, if the theory of a diffusion of the megalithic idea from oriental sources is to hold good, those of the peninsula constitute, as it were, the half-way house, where the stream begins to bend round from the North African series on its northerly course towards its limit in Scandinavia. The present paper is an attempt to present certain points which seem to emerge from the evidence at present available, and for that purpose it is proposed to treat first of the forms, secondly of their distribution, and thirdly of the grave-finds, followed by some conclusions and suggestions.
IV.—A Defence of the Liberties of Chester, 1450
Authors: Harrod Henry Dawes
Published: November 2011

The defence of the liberties of Chester, which I am introducing to your notice to-night, is a defence by what we should call to-day constitutional methods. Herein it is exceptional for those times, which were used rather to the rough-and-ready defensive operations of the sword. For when William the Conqueror granted the earldom of Chester to his nephew Hugh Lupus, he granted it to him “to hold by the sword as freely as he held all England by the crown.” And if there is in this grant an allusion to the right of the Earl of Chester to carry the curtana (or sword of justice) at the Royal Coronation, there is most assuredly a further and fuller reference to the unceasing vigilance and activity which the earls had to exercise in the defence of their city against the depredations of the Welsh and the protection of the West of England from the incursions of those turbulent people.
V.—The Ancient Paintings in the Hastings and Oxenbridge Chantry Chapels, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John , Newman P.H.
Published: November 2011

The great chapel of Saint George within the royal Castle of Windsor, founded by King Edward IV for the most honourable and noble Order of the Garter, stands immediately to the west of the original chapel of the Order, formed by King Edward III within the older building of King Henry III.
II.—The Armourers' Company of London and the Greenwich School of Armourers
Authors: Ffoulkes Charles
Published: November 2011

In making researches into the early history of the Armourers' Company, we are faced with the question what kind of craftsman was the armourer or ‘armorarius’ up to the middle of the fourteenth century. On consulting the recognized reference books on the subject, up to the present I have found no word used to denote the maker of defensive armour and offensive weapons as distinct from any other craft till the end of the thirteenth century. Smith translates armourer as ‘faber armorum’, and Riddle and White do not even give this qualification under the word ‘faber’. Du Cange gives 1412 as the earliest use of the term, Murray 1386, and Gay 1351. The nearest approach to the word is ‘armarium’ from which we get ‘armoir’, a closet or cupboard to keep arms, clothing, and possibly, but not necessarily, armour.
XXI.—The Early Metallurgy of Silver and Lead: Part I., Lead
Authors: Gowland William
Published: November 2011

The sources whence our knowledge of the early metallurgy of silver and lead, as of the other metals known to antiquity, is derived are two, distinct in character and differing greatly in the value and amount of their contributions. The first, and by far the most important, is the débris and other remains of the operations of the ancient metal workers which, from time to time, have been unearthed in many localities in Europe and "Western Asia, and in Egypt. The second lies in the records, more or less fanciful, given by classical authors of the technological processes and products of their times. It is needless to say that the information afforded by neither source is always definite in character or free from obscurity. As regards the remains, they are unfortunately too often fragmentary and incomplete, whilst the records are those of men not conversant with technical processes, and hence are full of errors of observation. The remains are, however, as a rule, more to be trusted than the records, and although no single find may admit of complete interpretation, yet, when several are collated the difficulties which they present individually disappear and their meaning is evident. They present us, moreover, with concrete evidence about which there can be no dispute, although there may be differences of opinion as to the deductions to be drawn from it.
XI. —Note on a Gold Standing Cup in the possession of the Duke of Portland, K.G.
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: November 2011

Gold plate is of such rare occurrence that I have thought it would be agreeable to the Society to see the very handsome example that the Duke of Portland has been good enough to send up at my request from Welbeck for exhibition. (Plate LXIV.) The metal is evidently of high quality, and the form is by no means inelegant for the period at which it was made. The bowl is beaten into a shell-like form, with elaborate projecting scroll-work enamelled and set with jewels, and having at the back a figure of Pan with Cupid seated astride of his neck all modelled in the round; the stem is formed of a pair of lovers embracing, and the foot is of a lozenge form made up of a number of enamelled scrolls alternating with jewelled bands. The whole of the work is of the most minute finish, not only as regards the chasing and engraving of the gold, but the figures that form so important a feature of the design are modelled with unusual vigour and artistic perfection, and there can be no reasonable doubt that they are the work of a master. I have not, however, been able to trace the artist during the short time the cup has been in my custody. The enamelled work is of interest in the history of the craft, for it well illustrates the transition from the method that characterised the jewellery of the sixteenth century to that prevalent in the seventeenth. The former is commonly found during the last three quarters of the sixteenth century, and consists in cutting away the ground of the design down to a certain depth, and the engraved portions are then filled in with enamel, leaving the design itself in the metal. This style of work required great dexterity on the part of the engraver, for the dividing lines of gold were often of great thinness, and the slightest deviation of the graver would instantly catch the eye and destroy the quality of the work. This class of enamelled decoration for jewellery was succeeded in the seventeenth century by another of a similar effect, but not requiring anything like the same care.
XVIII.—On the Wall Paintings in All Saints' Church, Friskney, Lincolnshire..
Authors: Cheales Henry John
Published: November 2011

The wall paintings in Friskney church, upon which this is a concluding paper, have already formed the subject of former communications to the Society in 1881, 1883, 1884, 1886, and 1891, which have been duly printed in Archaeologia. The subjects of the paintings have now all been ascertained, and appear to be as follows:

North clerestory (from west to east):

1. King David and the Prophets;

2. The Annunciation;

3. The Nativity;

4. The Resurrection;

5. The Ascension;

6. The Assumption.

South clerestory (from west to east):

1. The Pope and the Doctors of the Church;

2. The Gathering of the Manna;

3. The Last Supper;

4. The King doing homage to the Host;

5. The Irreverent Woman;

6. The Jews stabbing the Host.
Transient elasticity imaging and time reversal
Authors: Ammari Habib , Bustos Lili Guadarrama , Kang Hyeonbae , Lee Hyundae
Published: November 2011

We consider a purely quasi-incompressible elasticity model. We rigorously establish asymptotic expansions of near- and far-field measurements of the transient elastic wave induced by a small elastic anomaly. Our proof uses layer potential techniques for the modified Stokes system. Based on these formulae, we design asymptotic imaging methods leading to a quantitative estimation of elastic and geometrical parameters of the anomaly.
Molecular characterization of ancient algal mats from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Antibus Doug E. , Leff Laura G. , Hall Brenda L. , Baeseman Jenny L. , Blackwood Christopher B.
Published: November 2011

The McMurdo Dry Valleys possess a cold and dry climate which favours biomolecular preservation, and present the possibility for preservation of biological materials over long timescales. We examined patterns of bacterial DNA abundance and diversity in algal mats from 8–26 539 years of age. Bacterial DNA abundance was inferred from extractable DNA quantity and quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Because damage to bacterial DNA could limit its availability for polymerase chain reaction, the efficacy of DNA repair by a commercially available kit was also examined. Polymerase chain reaction amplicons of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were obtained from seven of eight samples. Bulk DNA abundance and bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number of template DNA declined with increasing sample age consistent with expectations of accumulation of DNA damage in ancient materials. Clone libraries revealed age related patterns of abundance for some bacterial phylogenetic groups. For example, Firmicutes and several other lineages were abundant in ancient samples, but Cyanobacteria were absent. This points to a biased persistence of bacterial lineages that change over time since photosynthesis was active.
Ultraviolet radiation tolerance of the Antarctic springtail,Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni
Authors: Hawes T.C. , Marshall C.J. , Wharton D.A.
Published: November 2011

This is the first study to examine the tolerance of Antarctic springtails (Collembola) to ultraviolet radiation (UV). Survival of extended attenuated exposure to sunlight was examined for both individuals and aggregations of the speciesGomphiocephalus hodgsoniCarpenter over a 10 day period. Both individuals and aggregations demonstrated significantly higher survival and moult rates from control treatments kept in the dark to those exposed to UV. A photo-inhibitive element to moulting is indicated that may function to protect post-ecdysial springtails when their emergent cuticles are more sensitive to the external environment. DNA damage was measured in springtails directly exposed to sunlight for 5 h on a clear sunny day. Significant differences were found between treated animals and controls kept in the dark. There was some reduction of damage 12 and 24 h after exposure, when springtails had been placed in the dark to recover. This indicates the up-regulation of DNA repair mechanisms, with the 12 h treatment in particular showing no significant difference with controls. In addition to providing a first look at UV tolerance in these soil arthropods, these findings recommend employing strict protocols for collections of sample material for subsequent biological analysis in order to minimize the interactive effects of photo-damage.
Uncanny Soundscapes: Towards an inoperative acoustic community
Authors: Foreman Iain
Published: November 2011

Drawing on field research carried out in the abandoned villages of the Ara Valley, this article seeks to readdress notions of acoustic community and communication in terms of a ‘haptic aurality’ in which listening, as a mode of touch, approximates a figure of spacing, fragmentation and withdrawal in contrast to more conventional communicational models of intimacy, presence and exchange. Arguing that soundscape compositions present an ‘acoustic ontology’, the article explores a form of belonging and being that is, following Jean-Luc Nancy, singular plural in which sound signals ‘unwork’ collectivities through the processes of ‘sharing’ and ‘splitting’ (partage) characteristic of listening and recording. Referring to the work of writer W.G. Sebald (1944–2001), whose hybrid ‘literary ethnography’ was the impetus for my own soundwalks and fieldwork, and considering the role of soundscape composition within the discipline of Trauma Studies, the article scopes out to consider the possibilities of soundscape composition as a form of testimony in light of Agamben's (1999) insistence that testimony is necessarily incomplete. As a form of ‘myopic witnessing’ (Jenckes 2010), the sonic memories of ruined soundscapes are presented as spacings and absences, fragments and lacunae, that are themselves characteristic of both the ontology of ruins and those of testimony.
Soundscape Composition and Field Recording as a Platform for Collaborative Creativity
Authors: Freeman Jason , DiSalvo Carl , Nitsche Michael , Garrett Stephen
Published: November 2011

In this paper, the authors describe and discuss UrbanRemix, a platform consisting of mobile-device applications and web-based tools to facilitate collaborative field recording, sound exploration, and soundscape creation. Reflecting on its use at workshops, festivals and community events, they evaluate the project in terms of its ability to enable participants to engage with their aural environments and to uncover their own creativity in the process.
Variability of primary production and air‐sea CO2 flux in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Wang Shanlin , Moore J. Keith
Published: November 2011

Biogeochemical cycling in the Southern Ocean (SO) plays a key role in the global sea‐air CO2balance and in the ocean anthropogenic carbon inventory (Ito et al., 2010; Khatiwala et al., 2009; Sarmiento et al., 2004). Some previous studies suggest a decreasing trend in the Southern Ocean carbon sink (Le Quéré et al., 2007; Lovenduski et al., 2007; Wetzel et al., 2005). We investigate the interannual and decadal variations in sea‐air CO2flux and phytoplankton production in the SO with hindcast simulations by an ocean biogeochemical model. Decreasing trends in sinking POC and primary production are found from 1979 to 2003, concurrent with a decreasing trend in carbon uptake from the atmosphere. Simulations show substantial interannual and decadal variability in productivity. The sea‐air CO2flux is significantly correlated with sinking POC, especially in high productivity regions of the Southern Ocean. Both mixed layer depths and iron concentrations are important to the long‐term trends in production and phytoplankton community structure. Sea ice cover also plays an important role at high latitudes. Variability in dust deposition in recent decades has little influence on total SO productivity and carbon uptake, however, there are regional impacts near dust source regions. Accurately representing mixed layer depths and their impacts on phytoplankton light stress are critical for understanding how climate change impacts SO ecosystems and biogeochemistry.
Isothermal dynamics of channeled viscoplastic lava flows and new methods for estimating lava rheology
Authors: Robertson J. C. , Kerr R. C.
Published: November 2011

This study analyses the influence of a viscoplastic lava rheology on the dynamics of lava flows. Using a multigrid‐based augmented Lagrangian scheme, we find a numerical solution for the flow of a Bingham fluid in a rectangular channel. The numerical results show that an internal viscoplastic rheology significantly modifies the velocity distribution within a lava flow through the development of plug regions whose size is determined by the magnitude of the yield strength. The flow rate, maximum surface velocity and central plug dimensions are determined as functions of the channel geometry and fluid rheology, and comparisons between these and several limiting analytical solutions confirm the accuracy of the numerical method used. The results are also compared to incorrect models which have been proposed previously in the literature. Several algorithms that extend the results to different sets of measured initial parameters are outlined; these calculate: (1) the flow depth when the fluid rheology (viscosity and yield strength) and downstream flow rate are given, (2) the flow depth when the fluid rheology and maximum downstream surface velocity are given, (3) the flow rate and fluid rheology when the flow depth, maximum surface velocity and surface plug width are given, and (4) the flow depth and rheology when the flow rate, maximum surface velocity and surface plug width are given. The use of these algorithms is demonstrated by considering the dynamics of a typical lava flow on Mount Etna, using measured rheological parameters and field observations.
Permeability evolution during dynamic stressing of dual permeability media
Authors: Faoro Igor , Elsworth Derek , Marone Chris
Published: November 2011

Changes in permeability due to dynamic loading from earthquakes are observed commonly but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study reports fluid flow‐through experiments on fractured rock that reproduce, at laboratory scale, transient changes in permeability that decay to background over extended periods of time. We explore this response as a particular form of poroelastic loading in dual‐porosity and dual‐permeability media subject to zero net strain but with incremented fracture fluid pressures. Initial augmentation of pore fluid pressure dilates the fracture and compacts the surrounding, low permeability matrix, resulting in a step‐like (order of seconds), transient increase in the effective permeability of the rock mass. With time, fluid pressure diffusion into the low permeability matrix then resets the effective permeability to the background magnitude, with the rate controlled by a diffusive timescale. We show that for an increase in fracture pore fluid pressure, the magnitude of the transient increase in fracture permeability scales with the ratios of the pore pressure increase to the intact modulus and the fracture spacing to the initial fracture aperture, for a broad suite of experiments. The duration of the permeability transient, measured via the time to recover background permeability, scales inversely with matrix permeability and modulus of the intact matrix and directly with the square of the spacing between fractures.
Geometry and subsidence history of the Dead Sea basin: A case for fluid‐induced mid‐crustal shear zone?
Authors: ten Brink Uri S. , Flores Claudia H.
Published: November 2011

Pull‐apart basins are narrow zones of crustal extension bounded by strike‐slip faults that can serve as analogs to the early stages of crustal rifting. We use seismic tomography, 2‐D ray tracing, gravity modeling, and subsidence analysis to study crustal extension of the Dead Sea basin (DSB), a large and long‐lived pull‐apart basin along the Dead Sea transform (DST). The basin gradually shallows southward for 50 km from the only significant transverse normal fault. Stratigraphic relationships there indicate basin elongation with time. The basin is deepest (8–8.5 km) and widest (∼15 km) under the Lisan about 40 km north of the transverse fault. Farther north, basin depth is ambiguous, but is 3 km deep immediately north of the lake. The underlying pre‐basin sedimentary layer thickens gradually from 2 to 3 km under the southern edge of the DSB to 3–4 km under the northern end of the lake and 5–6 km farther north. Crystalline basement is ∼11 km deep under the deepest part of the basin. The upper crust under the basin has lowerPwave velocity than in the surrounding regions, which is interpreted to reflect elevated pore fluids there. Within data resolution, the lower crust below ∼18 km and the Moho are not affected by basin development. The subsidence rate was several hundreds of m/m.y. since the development of the DST ∼17 Ma, similar to other basins along the DST, but subsidence rate has accelerated by an order of magnitude during the Pleistocene, which allowed the accumulation of 4 km of sediment. We propose that the rapid subsidence and perhaps elongation of the DSB are due to the development of inter‐connected mid‐crustal ductile shear zones caused by alteration of feldspar to muscovite in the presence of pore fluids. This alteration resulted in a significant strength decrease and viscous creep. We propose a similar cause to the enigmatic rapid subsidence of the North Sea at the onset the North Atlantic mantle plume. Thus, we propose that aqueous fluid flux into a slowly extending continental crust can cause rapid basin subsidence that may be erroneously interpreted as an increased rate of tectonic activity.
Subsynoptic scale spatial variability of sea ice deformation in the western Weddell Sea during early summer
Authors: Hutchings J. K. , Heil P. , Steer A. , Hibler W. D.
Published: November 2011

Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL), deployed in the western Weddell Sea from November 2004 to January 2005, included a study of subsynoptic scale variability in sea ice velocity and deformation using an array of 24 buoys. Upon deployment, the ISPOL buoy array measured 70 km in both zonal and meridional extent and consisted of subarrays that resolved sea ice deformation on scales from 10 to 70 km. Across the ISPOL array, divergence varied and did not show a distinct coherent length scale. Spectral analysis of divergence and shear of subarrays revealed that deformation did not vary smoothly across the array. This indicates variability of internal ice stress on the scale of 10 km. Ice conditions within the ISPOL array encompassed two distinct regimes separated by shear along the continental shelf break. Differences in spectral power of the tidal and inertial bands across the two regions do not mirror expected differences due to spatial variability of tide‐induced deformation on the shelf break. Instead, they indicate that the pack ice's internal stress behaved anisotropically on the scale of the shear zone (across the buoy array, 70 km).
Poly-IC Preconditioning Protects against Cerebral and Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Packard Amy E B , Hedges Jason C , Bahjat Frances R , Stevens Susan L , Conlin Michael J , Salazar Andres M , Stenzel-Poore Mary P
Published: November 2011

Preconditioning induces ischemic tolerance, which confers robust protection against ischemic damage. We show marked protection with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) preconditioning in three models of murine ischemia-reperfusion injury. Poly-IC preconditioning induced protection against ischemia modeled in vitro in brain cortical cells and in vivo in models of brain ischemia and renal ischemia. Further, unlike other Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, which generally induce significant inflammatory responses, poly-IC elicits only modest systemic inflammation. Results show that poly-IC is a new powerful prophylactic treatment that offers promise as a clinical therapeutic strategy to minimize damage in patient populations at risk of ischemic injury.