bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vicious Thoughts
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

According to many virtue ethicists, a wrong act is one that a virtuous person would not perform. Because most virtues involve dispositions to feel and think as well as act, a natural extension of this claim may appear to support the conclusion that it is morally wrong to have vicious thoughts. However, because moral reasons are widely thought to be very strong if not overriding, any such argument must be backed by an explanation of how a thought’s viciousness can give us a suitably strong reason not to have it. This chapter examines the two most promising theories of virtue and vice, eudaemonism and Platonism, and concludes that neither provides the needed explanation.
Don’t Even Think of It
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the claim that there are certain beliefs, attitudes, and fantasies that are impermissible simply in virtue of their content. Although this claim has a recognizably deontological flavor, it has not received much sustained attention from deontologists. However, interesting arguments for it can be extracted from Thomas Scanlon’s contractualism and from Kant’s own theory, and the chapter examines these in some detail. Where Kant’s theory is concerned, the doctrines discussed include the universalizability test, the idea that each rational agent is an end in himself, the idea that all rational agency commands our respect, and the idea that we all have duties of self-perfection. Although there is obviously room for further discussion, the chapter’s conclusion is that no convincing deontological argument for putting any thoughts off limits is yet in sight.
Like Dye in Water
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

The argument of this chapter is that whenever we internalize moral restrictions on what we may feel or think or fantasize about, our freedom of thought is curtailed in a number of important ways. Although the details vary, the unifying idea is that because each thought is associatively and inferentially connected to indefinitely many others, any moral prohibition against any single thought is bound to extend to many of the other thoughts that would lead to it. Satisfying these derivative obligations would often mean preventing our thoughts and feelings from following their natural course and avoiding inquiries or inferences that would lead to forbidden beliefs. Because he must constantly be aware of these restrictions, the moralist cannot operate with a free mind.
Abundance
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

The book examines the experience of living in a society that has more information available to the public than ever before. It focuses on the interpretations, emotions, and practices of dealing with this abundance in everyday life. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork and survey research conducted in Argentina, the book inquiries into the role of cultural and structural factors that mediate between the availability of information and the actual consequences for individuals, media, politics, and society. Providing the first book-length account of the topic in the Global South, it concludes that the experience of information abundance is tied to an overall unsettling of society, a reconstitution of how we understand and perform our relationships with others, and a twin depreciation of facts and appreciation of fictions.
Abundance
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 situates the contemporary focus of this book in historical perspective by summarizing the main findings from studies of previous eras that had a massive surge in the amount of information available. Moreover, it critically examines the key contributions from social and behavioral science scholarship on information overload. In addition, it further articulates the conceptual framework that is initially introduced in the preface and that constitutes the analytical apparatus of the book. It also describes the research design adopted to gather the data necessary to answer the questions posed in the preface. Finally, it provides an outline of the book.
Screens
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on the experience of using three types of personal screens: mobile phones, personal computers, and television sets. The survey shows that age trumps socioeconomic status and gender as the main structural factor in who accesses which devices and how frequently they are used. The interviews reveal the centrality of the meanings interviewees attribute to their different devices, and that orient their experiences of them. Thus, to many interviewees the mobile phone has become a prosthetic, an artificial body part with which they have a difficult time parting; the computer a tool they use primarily for work or study or both; and, the television set a companion, often turned on but in the background. The phone’s prosthetic quality is tied to the significant level of attachment people feel to the device. The chapter ends with a discussion about how the uptake of mobile phones is tied to a reconstitution of sociality.
Platforms
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 is devoted to social media. The survey reveals the role of age over socioeconomic status and gender as the prime determinant of platform access and use. The interviews show that people attribute different meanings to different platforms and act accordingly. Participants view WhatsApp as akin to a coffee place, a communication space affording a distinct public intimacy; Facebook as a mall characterized by its massive and generalist environment—a convenient yet unappealing venue; Twitter as a newsstand, an information-centered context marked by an informal and humorous tone; Instagram as a promenade, or a venue for an idealized and aestheticized visual presentation of the self; and Snapchat as a carnival, an equally visual but more ludic alternative. The analysis shows a high level of attachment to platforms. The chapter concludes by continuing the discussion of a reconstitution of sociality in the experience of information abundance.
News
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 centers on news reception. The survey indicates that broadcast media represent the dominant source of information and that socioeconomic status is more important in predicting patterns of news consumption than age and gender. The interviews highlight the continued centrality of routines that organize reception practices. These routines are ambient and derivative. In addition, there is a widespread assumption of intentionality in the reporting of current events and the perception that bias in the resulting stories is not the exception but the norm. There is also a strongly negative affect that is tied to the experience of consuming news. The chapter concludes that the perception and practice of ambient content, the enactment of derivative routines, the management of what is viewed as systemic bias, and dominance of negative affect combine to generate an experiential devaluation of the news in everyday life.
Scarcity
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 takes stock of the main empirical findings detailed in chapters 2 through 5; reflects on their key implications for media, culture, and society; examines how the distinct analytical and methodological apparatus of this book generates knowledge gains that go beyond the analysis of information abundance; and highlights the need for rebalancing the dynamics of institutional power and individual agency in accounts of the social consequences of digital technologies, and for dealing with the lack of certainty about the structural and cultural basis of contemporary society. To bring the account full circle, the chapter closes with a serendipitous encounter that marks the final destination of this journey, in an Argentine landmark located some twenty blocks away from where the book began.
The extra Calvinisticum from the Marburg Colloquy to the Consensus Tigurinus
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the historical and theological development of the extra Calvinisticum from the Marburg Colloquy (1529) to the Consensus Tigurinus (1549). During this period, the proponents of the emerging Reformed tradition expanded the theological basis for the extra by incorporating additional arguments from Scripture, the church councils, and the church fathers. First, the chapter investigates the debate at the Marburg Colloquy demonstrating that the christological divergence between Zwingli and Luther was rooted not only in theological and hermeneutical method but also in the doctrines of God and anthropology. The chapter analyzes Zwingli’s final works, Fidei Ratio and Fidei Expositio, in which he presents a more robust understanding of the hypostatic union. The final section addresses the Consensus Tigurinus, written by Heinrich Bullinger and John Calvin, which offers the confessionalization of the extra in the Reformed tradition and effectively marks the definitive parting of ways within Protestantism over the Lord’s Supper.
Conclusion
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

The conclusion summarizes the findings of the work and expounds some implications of the extra Calvinisticum in the early modern period. The extra from the thought of Zwingli up to the Consensus Tigurinus is embedded in the debate over the nature of Christ’s eucharistic presence, but after the Consensus, especially motivated by Brenz’s doctrine of ubiquity, the controversy differentiates. The Lutheran and Reformed polemics shift more fully into a christological controversy, which has implications for sacramentology. The conclusion offers three case studies of the broader effects of the extra beyond christology and eucharistic presence: the influence of the extra on the nature of theological knowledge in Francis Junius, on the formation of eucharistic ritual practice in England (the Black Rubric) and Brandenburg (the fractio panis dispute), and on the emergence of confessional physics in early modern universities.
The Future of Catholic Higher Education
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

After many years of scholarship, administrative experience, and leadership in Catholic higher education, the author has written a book that draws upon many academic disciplines to paint a picture of the past and the current situation (challenges, strengths, and weaknesses) of Catholic universities. After identifying the foundational pillars of Catholic higher education, he points the way to a future that is open to modern culture without capitulating to it, embraces Catholic intellectual traditions without fossilizing them, and presents a vision of its relationship to the hierarchy that is respectful, independent, faithful, and dynamic.
John Henry Newman in Context
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

The chapter describes the person and contribution of John Henry Newman (1801–1890) to the idea of a Catholic university. It describes in some detail his life; the challenges he faced in writing his classic, The Idea of a University; why that book is a classic; and his contribution to understanding the significance of liberal education, mentoring students, and student life and community.
A University That Evangelizes?
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

After nearly a decade of consultation and discussion, the Vatican issued in 1990 its major statement on the identity and mission of Catholic colleges and universities, Ex corde ecclesiae. One of its claims was that a Catholic university should evangelize. This chapter explores various meanings of evangelization and asks how a Catholic university with academic freedom might evangelize.
Academic Freedom and the Open Circle
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a historical and epistemological analysis of academic freedom as presented by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) and supports its procedural guidelines but criticizes the way in which it associates reliable knowledge almost exclusively with scientifically based knowledge. It describes three types of universities: the closed circle, the marketplace of ideas, and the open circle, defending the last model as the most valuable for Catholic universities to embrace in the twenty-first century. It argues that even though the open circle model is the most difficult to sustain, it points the best way forward, academically and theologically.
Faculty Recruitment and Formation
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the challenging question of how to sustain a distinctive religious intellectual tradition while hiring people who are diverse in multiple ways. It singles out multiple misunderstandings of what it means to “hire for mission,” defends the intellectual character of the mission of Catholic education, and gives examples of how to run workshops for faculty to hire for the mission of a Catholic university. Once faculty are hired, the next step is to give examples of how the continued formation of faculty in their academic disciplines can contribute with integrity to the Catholic educational mission. Structural elements, including appointments to chaired positions, the building of core curricula, and the importance of interdisciplinary research, can strengthen the mission of a Catholic university.
Humility and Courage
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

Examples of the ways in which Catholic philosopher Charles Taylor interacts with his peers and critics show both humility and courage. Taking the time to understand what other scholars have written, listening carefully to criticism, and responding respectfully and candidly to them are all indications of a humble maturity that too many faculty lack. Given that the academy today is typically more secular in its culture than that of the surrounding local colleges leads many faculty who are religious to censor themselves in ways that indicate a lack of courage—fearing that if a religious tradition influences one’s research, then that research is no longer academically respectable. Given that most Catholic colleges and universities established policies of academic freedom and tenure only in the 1960s, faculty today are quick to defend these policies and practices in ways that make it more difficult to see the value of the Catholic intellectual tradition and a positive and appropriately independent relationship with the global Catholic Church.
Conclusion
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter rehearses the arguments of the book, reaffirms the importance of the open circle model, and sees gains for Catholic higher education through academic freedom (as explained in chapter 8), engaging religious pluralism while teaching and researching Catholicism as an intellectual tradition. The chapter explains why the phrase “Catholic intellectual tradition” is used. It returns to the critical importance of the three north stars: Jesus (existential component of love and justice), Mary his mother (education, formation, and wisdom), and John Henry Newman (the continuing relevance of his Idea of a Catholic University). For Catholic colleges and universities to avoid going secular, as have most of the major mainline Protestant universities in the United States, the chapter underscores the critical importance of leadership, faculty recruitment and formation, and the Catholic intellectual tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

The introduction outlines the two major arguments of The Bible Told Them So. First, the book argues that many southern white evangelicals who resisted the civil rights movement were animated by a Christian faith influenced by biblical exegesis that deemed racial segregation as divinely ordered. A complete understanding of southern white resistance to civil rights requires wrestling with this unique hermeneutic. Second, The Bible Told Them So argues that segregationist theology did not cease with the political achievements of the civil rights movement. Instead, in the years after 1965, segregationist Christianity evolved and persisted in new forms that would become mainstays of southern white evangelicalism by the 1970s: colorblind individualism and a heightened focus on the family.
Not in Our Church
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 explores the tensions that arose in southern evangelicalism between local church congregations and state- and nation-level bodies in the wake of the 1954 Brown decision. Such tensions reveal how Southern Baptists and Methodists negotiated the heightened antagonism emerging between denominational leaders and the people in the pews over civil rights in the mid-1950s. The chapter opens with South Carolina Southern Baptist churches rejecting broader Southern Baptist Convention efforts to advocate for civil rights in religious language and concludes with lay South Carolina Methodists defending the White Citizens’ Councils against criticism from a small number of Methodist clergy. Both these studies reveal the effective authority of local congregations in directing southern white churches’ responses to matters of race in the civil rights years. This chapter highlights that the congregational-level perspective gives the best vantage point for understanding white evangelicalism’s response to the civil rights movement, regardless of church polity.
The Complications of Eating Together
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows why food features so often in Marathi stories to illustrate problems of social cohesion and division: food functions this way in many cultures and time periods. It opens Part II, which examines premodern views as they appear in various renditions of stories about transgressive commensality, following from the three chapters in Part I, which explore the modern formulation of the bhakti-caste question. The chapter highlights interdisciplinary insights from anthropologists and historians about food, especially R. S. Khare’s notion of semantic density. It then surveys food references in various genres of Hindu literature before homing in on meanings of food in bhakti hagiographies—especially ucchiṣṭa, or polluted leftover food.
Memories of Transgressive Commensality
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on two food stories whose retellings changed across various media in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. At the center of both stories are the brahman saint Eknāth and Dalits with whom he interacts. In the śrāddha story, Eknāth serves to Dalits a ritual meal that was intended for brahmans, and his unorthodox action is vindicated miraculously in the face of outraged brahmans. In the double vision story, antagonistic brahmans witness Eknāth in two places at once: simultaneously eating at a Dalit couple’s home and sitting in his own home. Chapter 5 traces renditions of these two stories’ movement through Marathi texts between 1700 and 1800. By approaching hagiographical stories with sensitivity to how they change—hagiography in 4D—we find a story about the story. In this Marathi case, part of that meta-story is that hagiographers strategically employed ambiguity to avoid answering the bhakti-caste question conclusively.
Introduction: Jewish Children in the 20th Century
Authors: Fass Paula S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the book. This book visits five continents and studies Jewish children from the late 19th century until the present. It includes chapters on the demographic patterns of Jewish reproduction; on the evolution of bar and bat mitzvah ceremonies; on the role children played in the project of Hebrew revival; on their immigrant experiences in the United States; on novels for young Jewish readers written in Hebrew and Yiddish; and on Jewish themes in films featuring children. Several chapters focus on child Holocaust survivors or the children of survivors in a variety of settings in Europe, North Africa, Israel, and the United States.
Mapping the History of Child Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Beata Michlic Joanna
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines some key areas of the history of Jewish youth in Europe during and in the aftermath of the Holocaust, paying particular attention to the significant shifts in the field over the last decade. It discusses how the field has been changing and expanding as a result of historians’ recognition of children’s agency with the rise of child-oriented historiography, and the late postwar tsunami of child survivors’ testimonies. It focuses on specific aspects of Jewish children’s history beginning with the ghettoization process, life on the Aryan side in Nazi-occupied Europe, Jewish disabled children, the universe of concentration camps and extermination centers, and the aftermath of the war.
The Children of Kfar Etzion: Resilience and Its Causes
Authors: Lieblich Amia
Published: May 2021

The term resilience is often used to describe children who have sustained stress or trauma, or who have grown up under adverse conditions, who nevertheless become healthy, well-adjusted, and productive adults. This chapter offers a case study of the children of Kfar Etzion, a religious kibbutz that was overrun and destroyed by Arab forces in May 1948. All of the children were uprooted from their home, and most of them lost a father either in the course of defending the kibbutz or in the aftermath of its destruction. However, living together in a commune for several years thereafter, the children grew up in an atmosphere of camaraderie and support; to this day, they regularly meet at commemorations and other communal events. Their experience supports the thesis that collective upbringing, coupled with a well-integrated system of meanings based on religious and patriotic values, fortify the individual against adversity.
Catskills Idyll: Children of Holocaust Survivors and the Bungalow Colony Experience, 1950s–1960s
Authors: Levinsky-Koevary Hannah
Published: May 2021

Since the early part of the 20th century, the Catskill Mountains of New York State (also known as “the Borscht Belt”) was famous for its hotels and resorts. This chapter explores a lesser-known aspect of the Catskills: the bungalow colonies where thousands of working-class New York Jews spent their summers. Focusing on the experiences of children of Holocaust survivors during the 1950s–1960s (the “golden age” of the Catskills’ popularity) it shows how the bungalow colony was not only an enjoyable summer environment, but also an ideal place for children to run free and feel safe, especially those whose parents went through unspeakable horrors during the war. In addition, for survivors whose wartime/Holocaust traumas were still fresh, it was a uniquely relaxing and comfortable setting that served as a means of social and psychological transition to the New World.
The American Jewish Intelligentsia, the Claims of Humor—and the Case of Lenny Bruce
Authors: Whitfield Stephen J.
Published: May 2021

Several major American Jewish scholars and intellectuals have addressed the vitality and the pertinence of Jewish humor, seeing in it an entrée not only into key characteristics of communal life but also into the texture of reality itself. These academicians and critics have exposed the encounter between stand-up comedy and the social and political peculiarities of Jewish life in the United States. No comedian attracted more sustained attention than Lenny Bruce, whose career enlarged the contours of what could explored in night clubs and on long-playing records. Perhaps no satirist took greater risks, or exposed himself to greater legal danger, in both subject matter and in language. No predecessor was more willing to flaunt his own Jewish sensibility, or to present with such cynicism the hypocrisies inherent in the codes of conduct by which respectable America professed to live—which is what made Bruce the object of serious interest.
Research questions
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 of Performing Music Research considers how to develop effective research questions, outlining ways of formulating them so that they are clear and answerable. Different assumptions about the world underlie different research questions, which in turn seek different kinds of knowledge. Therefore, when designing research, it is essential to understand the nature of the knowledge that is to be generated. The chapter explores some of the ways in which this understanding can be framed in a study and shows how it feeds into and shapes the whole process of research design.
Methodological approaches
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 of Performing Music Research reviews three methodological approaches: qualitative, quantitative, and multistrategy. While all three approaches can be used to shed light on musical topics, qualitative approaches tend to elicit an understanding of individuals’ idiosyncratic perspectives and experiences, whereas quantitative approaches tend to focus on larger-scale, more generalizable explanations. The chapter considers the main features of these two approaches and addresses the increasing body of work combining qualitative and quantitative forms of enquiry in multistrategy research. It delves deeper into each of the three methodological approaches to illuminate some of the specific strategies associated with them, ranging from the ethnographic exploration of musical cultures to experimental studies testing the very latest innovations in the field.
Documentation
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 of Performing Music Research focuses on three different types of documents, beginning with pre-existing written, audio, and audiovisual documentation. First, the chapter gives examples of pre-existing documents, such as program notes, which can be used in studies as research data in their own right and as stimuli for research. Second, it considers documentation created specifically for research purposes. This includes recordings of music making, which are a rich source of information in music research, and diaries—whether written, audio, or audiovisual. Third, it considers drawings and other forms of visual representation. Throughout, the chapter highlights the possibilities of obtaining insights from documentary data by using newly developed technologies.
Interviews
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 of Performing Music Research sets out the characteristic features of research interviews, introducing four types of interview: open interviews, which often arise spontaneously or informally and which are largely unstructured or explore an overarching topic of interest; semi-structured interviews, an approach often taken in music research that relies on a predetermined yet flexible set of principal questions; structured interviews, which make use of fixed and unchangeable questions within an entirely predetermined format; and focus group interviews, which take place with groups of participants rather than individuals. The chapter addresses some of the challenges of using different types of interviews, presents ways to design and conduct interviews effectively, and considers ways to write about and report them.
Descriptive statistics
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 10 of Performing Music Research sets out the fundamental principles that underpin all statistics. Statistics must be used with care, and strict conditions govern their deployment, many of which have to be considered in the earliest stages of research. The chapter discusses techniques for organizing, describing, and summarizing data. It introduces the concepts of central tendency and variability, as it is essential for carrying out statistical tests to know the difference between means, medians, and modes, and when and how to use them, and to understand how data vary within, as well as between, samples.
Inferential statistics
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 12 of Performing Music Research considers statistical tests designed for use in experimental, survey, and observational research to compare differences between groups. It describes three kinds of test and their variations: t-tests, which are used to identify differences between two groups on one dependent variable; analyses of variance (ANOVAs), which are used to test effects by identifying differences between two or more groups on one dependent variable; and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs), which are used to test effects by identifying differences between two or more groups on two or more dependent variables. For each test, the chapter sets out an example of the situations in which it can be used, provides guidance on conducting it using standard statistical software, and advises on how best to interpret and report its results.
Communication and dissemination
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 14 of Performing Music Research presents the key features of the final written research report. It considers how to get started, the use of appropriate structure and headings, the importance of identifying limitations and further research, and referencing sources. Acknowledging that music researchers need to communicate in many ways, the chapter also introduces four further means of disseminating research: informal and formal feedback to participants; conference proceedings, which form the basis for spoken, poster, and speed presentations at conferences; peer-reviewed published journal articles; and communication with those outside the academic world such as practitioners and policy-makers. It discusses the use of broadcast, print, and social media, emphasizing the need to engage different target audiences creatively.
Introduction
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

Hippies in the late Soviet Union appeared to many like creatures from a different star. Yet, a closer look reveals that the history of this movement has both short- and long-term precedents, which range from early revolutionary ideals to the generation of beatniks and Beatles fans, who were only slightly older than the wave of hippie youngsters that appeared in the late 1960s all across the Soviet Union. The introduction also situates the topic of Soviet hippies both within the history of the global hippie movement as well as in the context of late Soviet life and reality. A separate discussion is devoted to the methodology of oral history and the role of the subjective authorial voice. The introduction concludes with the overall argument of the book that the worlds of hippies and late socialism were not incompatible but in a bizarre way a good fit to each other that shaped the character of both.
Ritualization
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

The last chapter in the chronological part of the book is devoted to the developments taking place in the hippie movement from the mid-1970s onwards. The sistema intensified through the introduction of a number of rituals and commemorative practices which celebrated its history and identity and fostered community. They adopted the American idea of creating so-called Peoples Books, hippie photo albums, and introduced a kind of hippie calendar celebrating the beginning and end of the travel season. Most importantly, they codified their love for travel into certain hippie routes and established a long-lasting summer camp. Despite severe repressions in the 1980s, the hippie sistema was thus well equipped to survive until the very end of the Soviet Union itself.
Materiality
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

Hippies generally understood themselves as a non-materialistic and anti-materialist movement. This chapter uses a material prism to explore Soviet hippie culture: their things. Ironically material items were of the utmost importance to a community whose ideas included a strong commitment to non-materiality. Yet, as the chapter demonstrates, hippie things were important connectors to both the global counterculture (via symbolic alignment of exterior markers) and the world of late socialism, whose weaknesses hippies used to their advantage. At the same time hippies started to spin around things an elaborate ideology, which as a fashion survived their own existence.
Gerla
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

This chapter is both a discussion of the specific experience of Soviet hippie women and a reflection of my role as a female and Western interviewer vis-à-vis questions relating to Soviet feminism and emancipation. It begins with a female-centred history of Soviet hippie history and proceeds to discuss female narratives as revealing a different picture of hippiedom than male narratives. The chapter continues with a discussion of the physical and ideological difficulty of ageing for Soviet hippie women, who, more than their male counterparts, were forced to decide for or against a countercultural lifestyle, when children appeared. Their earlier withdrawal and higher connectedness to the mainstream diminished their place in hippie collective memory. It concludes with an evaluation of the absence of second wave feminism in the Soviet hippie scene and the difficulty of translating Western expectations of women’s emancipation into a Soviet context.
Epilogue
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

The Epilogue reviews the volume’s main points, outlining how both hippies and the Soviet system changed, and with an outlook to the contemporary world. It concludes with a declaration of the author as an active protagonist in the process of making and writing history.
Conclusion
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter summarizes the central claims of the book. Additionally, it argues that the HPC natural-kind view about free actions has the resources to address various empirical threats to free will. For example, Neil Levy has argued that recent findings about how implicit biases affect actions threatens free will and moral responsibility. However, the natural-kind view defuses this threat, including Levy’s version of it. The chapter also shows how the natural-kind view can shed light on emerging questions about whether artificially intelligent agents might ever act freely or be responsible for their actions, and if so in what sense. Finally, the chapter sketches some findings indicating that folk thinking may actually assume something like the natural-kind view.
Cumulative most
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

In German, Scandinavian, and Basque, proportional most can combine not only with count plural NPs but also with mass NPs, and correlatively allows collective predicates in the nuclear scope. After arguing against Hackl’s and Hoeksema’s superlative-based analyses, we propose that this “cumulative” most (mostcum) is a quantificational determiner, which nevertheless differs from mostdist: whereas mostdist compares the cardinalities of two sets, mostcum compares the measures of two entities. The analysis is extended to the proportional reading of more in Bulgarian. We also examined majority quantifiers that are not morphologically related to the superlative of many/much but nevertheless show the distribution of mostcum: Japanese hotondo and Chinese dabufen. This chapter is theoretically interesting for at least two reasons: it deals with the under-studied area of mass quantification, and attempts an explanation for the correlation between (in)definiteness and the various readings of most (superlative, distributive proportional quantifier, cumulative proportional quantifier).
Majority quantifiers based on nouns
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

Strings of the type the largest/larger part or (the) large part, together with majority nouns, are the most widespread means of expressing majority judgments. We take this to constitute evidence in favor of a compositional analysis, which builds the majority reading by combining the superlative form of the adjective large (or the comparative or positive forms, in some languages) with the functional noun part, which introduces an unspecified binary partition. We propose a possible extension of this analysis to abstract nouns of the majority type. We also discuss a peculiar type of relative superlative reading allowed by majority nouns (in addition to their majority reading), which is identical to the one observed by Kotek et al. (2011) for most of in English. We finally offer three case studies for the majority quantifiers found in Hindi, Latin, and Syrian Arabic.
A Conversive Theory of Respect
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: May 2021

Philip Pettit develops an account of the fundamental nature and basis of respect. Pettit’s “conversive” theory of respect draws on the fact that our unique command of language provides us with a “special means of mutual influence,” making us accessible to each other’s understanding. Cooperative, conversive practice inevitably generates some shared expectations and standards for what you ought to believe and even, allowing for individual variation, for what you ought to desire or intend. We will respect you in the conversive sense when we are robustly guided and constrained by your responsiveness to such standards. We will be guided to the extent that, in conversive exchange, we seek to shape your attitudes of belief and desire only in accordance with those standards. We will be constrained to the extent that in relating to you in other ways, we robustly avoid any behavior that is precluded or prohibited by the standards.
The Phenomenology of Kantian Respect for Persons
Authors: Kriegel Uriah , Timmons Mark
Published: May 2021

In this chapter Uriah Kriegel and Mark Timmons apply to the feeling of respect an approach that has become common in understanding other mental phenomena, such as emotions. They distinguish the functional role of respect in moral philosophy (such as the types of treatment that respect leads to), which is described third-personally, from the phenomenological account of what it feels like to experience respect, which is described first-personally. They argue that since discussions of respect in analytic philosophy have focused almost entirely on its third-person functional role, shifting our attention to the phenomenological experience of respect may provide valuable new insights.
The Peculiar Idea of Respect for a Capacity
Authors: Dean Richard
Published: May 2021

Richard Dean examines the popular strategy of developing a system of moral duties based on respect for some capacity possessed by all persons. Dean argues that not only is there a deep ambiguity in the concept of a “capacity,” as either a mere potential or as a developed and stable ability or characteristic, but that several prominent moral theories based on respect for a capacity trade problematically on this ambiguity. Dean suggests that the prevalence of this mistake, and the apparent absence of theories that avoid it, is evidence that such a strategy for developing moral theories is not viable.
Self-Respect, Arrogance, and Power
Authors: Dillon Robin S.
Published: May 2021

Robin S. Dillon reconsiders her influential previous position, that arrogance involves a failure to recognize the true source of one’s own value, as a rational being with the status to demand equal respect. On this view, arrogance and self-respect are antithetical. In this chapter, Dillon revises her position, taking into account differences in power in societies. For people who are oppressed, arrogance (claiming more than society thinks is appropriate) may be compatible with, or even necessary for, self-respect. Neither people within a society, nor we as observers, can claim an objective perspective in adjudicating the issue of whether these claims are warranted, or excessive. Furthermore, it may be objectively true that, in some circumstances, arrogance is a necessary tool for overcoming oppression.
A Tale of Two Doctrines
Authors: Basu Rima
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Basu argues that morality might bear on belief in at least two conceptually distinct ways. The first is that morality might bear on belief by bearing on questions of justification. The claim that it does is the doctrine of moral encroachment. The second is that morality might bear on belief given the central role belief plays in mediating, and thereby constituting, our relationships with one another. The claim that it does is the doctrine of doxastic wronging. Though conceptually distinct, the two doctrines overlap in important ways. This chapter provides clarification on the relationship between the two, providing reasons throughout that we should accept both.
How Twitter Gamifies Communication
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, C. Thi Nguyen argues that Twitter makes conversation into something like a game. It scores our communication, giving us vivid and quantified feedback, via Likes, Retweets, and Follower counts. But this gamification doesn’t just increase our motivation to communicate; it changes the very nature of the activity. Games are more satisfying than ordinary life precisely because game goals are simpler, cleaner, and easier to apply. Twitter is thrilling precisely because its goals have been artificially clarified and narrowed. When we buy into Twitter’s gamification, then our values shift from the complex and pluralistic values of communication to the narrower quest for popularity and virality. Twitter’s gamification bears some resemblance with the phenomena of echo chambers and moral outrage porn. In all these phenomena, we are instrumentalizing our ends for hedonistic reasons. We have shifted our aims in an activity, not because the new aims are more valuable, but in exchange for extra pleasure.
Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish
Published: May 2021

This book presents an in-depth deliberation on optical networks in four parts, capturing the past, present, and ensuing developments in the field. Part I has two chapters presenting an overview of optical networks and the enabling technologies. Part II has three chapters dealing with the single-wavelength optical networks: optical LANs/MANs, optical access networks using passive optical network architecture, SONET/SDH, optical transport network and resilient packet ring. Part III consists of four chapters on WDM-based optical networks, including WDM-based local/metropolitan networks (LANs/MANs) using single and multihop architectures over passive-star couplers, WDM/TWDM access networks as an extension of PONs with WDM transmission, WDM metro ring networks covering circuit-switched (using point-to-point WDM and wavelength-routed transmission) plus packet-switched architectures and WDM long-haul backbone networks presenting the offline and online design methodologies using wavelength-routed transmission. Part IV deals with some selected topics in six chapters. The first deals with transmission impairments and power-consumption issues in optical networks, while the next three chapters deal with the survivable optical networks, network control and management techniques, including GMPLS, ASON, and SDN/SDON, and datacenter networks using electrical, optical, and hybrid switching techniques. The final two chapters present elastic optical networks using flexible grid for better utilization of the optical-fiber spectrum and optical packet and burst-switched networks. The three appendices present the basics of the linear programming techniques, noise processes encountered in the optical communication systems, and the fundamentals of queuing theory and its applications in telecommunication networks. (238 words)
Social Union
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: May 2021

Unionists have defended the United Kingdom as a social or ‘sharing’ union in which resources are distributed according to need. It is true that income support payments and pensions are largely reserved and distributed across the union according to the same criteria. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are net beneficiaries. On the other hand, welfare has been detached from older understandings of social citizenship and ideas of the deserving and undeserving poor (strivers and skivers) have returned. Spending on devolved matters including health, education and social services is not equalized across the union. Instead, the Barnett Formula, based on historic spending levels and population-based adjustments, is used. Contrary to the claims of many unionists, there is no needs assessment underlying it, apart from a safeguard provision for Wales. The claim that the UK is a sharing union thus needs to be qualified.
Solace or Counsel for Death
Authors: Ritter Bernhard
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents new findings about Maria von Herbert’s life. Building on this, an interpretation is offered of what she means when she calls upon Kant ‘for solace … or for counsel to prepare [her] for death’. It is then argued that Kant’s reply is more satisfactory than is commonly appreciated, as he explicitly defines the roles which he is prepared to adopt—that of a ‘moral physician’ and of a ‘mediator’—and thus the standards by which to judge his reply. Having said that, his letter does not address what has been viewed as a challenge to Kantian ethics. It is a matter of dispute what exactly this challenge consists in. This chapter identifies the challenge and the terms in which it is most productively stated. Finally, it provides sufficient reasons to establish that a portrait that resurfaced in November 2016 does indeed depict Maria von Herbert.
Places of Memory
Authors: Peck Imogen
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the ways in which place, and particularly places of war and wartime destruction, acted as sites of memory during the English republics. It considers three distinct memorial practices: local commemorations; folkloric and descriptive discourses; and monuments and memorials. These drew on existing traditions; but they also transformed them, producing new and, in some cases, controversial ways of remembering the recent past. It argues that, though no physical memorials were erected on England’s Civil War battlefields, sites of conflict nevertheless possessed considerable mnemonic power. It also emphasizes the important role that place played in the formation of distinct, geographically specific communities of memory. In London, the shared military experience of a large number of inhabitants provided the impetus for England’s first veterans’ commemoration, while in towns and cities that had been ravaged by war local authorities sought to enshrine their own particular, partisan version of the recent past.
Singing School
Authors: Arrington Lauren
Published: May 2021

This chapter recovers conversations in Rapallo about the ballad form and how it could be “made new.” It looks closely at the Rapallo poets’ ideas about Robert Burns as a “national poet” and as an important innovator of the ballad form. The chapter considers the political and literary implications of the ballad for the Rapallo poets, looking at the “democratic” ballads of Basil Bunting’s early poems and at the politically complex broadside ballads that W.B. Yeats produced for Cuala Press. The chapter also examines Burns’s emphasis on poetry as a celebration of life, which appealed to the poets of Rapallo in their mobilization against the growing threat of literary censorship in Ireland.