bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERSONALITY, AWARENESS AND AUTONOMIC CONDITIONING
Authors: Morgenson D. F. , Martin Irene
Published: February 2007

The relationship between extraversion and autonomic conditioning was examined in three response systems: skin resistance, pulse rate and pulse volume. A discrimination schedule was employed as suggested by Eysenck (1965), and also as a means of differentiating conditioning effects from pseudoconditioning. Ss were afterwards interviewed to assess whether or not they were aware of the CSUCS contingency. Most of the Ss (93 out of US) could verbalize the contingency, and evidence of conditioning was clearcut in this group and virtually non‐existent in the unaware group. There were no significant correlations between conditioning and personality in any of the response systems, a finding considered in the light of the overwhelming effect of cognitive factors on the acquisition curve.
ELECTROMYOGRAM SUPPRESSION DURING SLEEP, DREAM RECALL, AND ORIENTATION TIME
Authors: Larson James D. , Foulkes David
Published: February 2007

Five subjects had their nocturnal sleep monitored (EEG, EOG, submental EMG) for a total of 42 nights. A total of 196 awakenings to retrieve sleep mentation was distributed among three awakening categories: Non‐Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep before the EMG suppression heralding REM‐sleep onset; NREM sleep immediately following the EMG suppression heralding REM‐sleep onset; and early moments of REM sleep accompanied by EMG suppression. Suppressed‐EMG NREM awakenings tended to be associated with lower dream recall frequency and lower Dreamlike Fantasy Scale ratings than did high‐EMG NREM awakenings. Orientation times upon experimental awakenings were longer on suppressed‐EMG pre‐REM awakenings than on high‐EMG pre‐REM awakenings. A momentary “deepening” of sleep (in terms of less memorable and vivid mental content and of decreased reactivity to the awakening stimulus) thus appears to accompany the pre‐REM suppression of neck and chin EMG potentials.
RESPONSE CONTINGENCY AND HUMAN GASTRIC ACIDITY
Authors: Norman Arthur
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between avoidance behavior of human subjects and gastric acid changes. An intragastric radio transmitter was employed to record stomach acid secretion rates. The subjects were divided into two groups. The members of the Response‐Contingent (RC) group were led to believe that they would be able to avoid a strong electric shock during the Test phase of their session. In the No‐Response (NR) group, subjects were correctly told that they would be without means of avoiding shock. The results demonstrated that (a) subjects could not be differentiated according to gastric acid secretion rate strictly on the basis of whether or not they made an avoidance response to an aversive stimulus; (b) a non‐significant majority of subjects in both groups exhibited decreased gastric acid secretion rates during the Test phase; and (c) both groups showed a significantly faster rate of gastric acid secretion during the Post‐Test phase than during the Test condition.
CARDIAC ACTIVITY DURING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANXIETY
Authors: Deane George E.
Published: February 2007

Three studies are reported in which subjects (Ss) were instructed to watch a sequence of numbers appear on a memory drum and, after base‐level determinations of cardiac and respiratory activity, were told to expect an aversive stimulus at a specific point in the number sequence. Subjects typically showed an acceleration in cardiac rate early in the number series and a deceleration just prior to and during the expected locus of shock. The acceleration was found to be greater for Ss told to expect strong shock than for those told to expect weak shock, greater for those receiving strong shock than those receiving weak shock, and under all conditions the acceleration decreased as a function of the number of shocks received. The deceleration, however, remained essentially constant across both trials and conditions and also occurred in groups told merely to expect a weak tone or a faint click. It appears that the acceleration may be a component of an anxiety response but the deceleration appears to occur under the present conditions in anticipation of any stimulation.
AUTONOMIC RESPONSIVITY AND REACTION TIME UNDER FIXED AND VARIABLE SIGNAL SCHEDULES
Authors: Andreassi J. L. , Rapisardi S. C. , Whalen P. M.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate (HR), palmar skin conductance (PSC), galvanic skin responses (GSRs), and reaction time (RT) were measured while Ss detected critical signals which occurred at either fixed or variable intervals. Ss were required to make responses in order to detect the signals.

The results showed that: (1) RT was significantly faster with a fixed signal schedule; (2) HR was significantly higher with a variable interval (VI) schedule than with the fixed interval (FI); (3) PSC and GSRs were significantly higher with FI than with VI.

It was suggested that the term “improved expectancies” (Adams & Boulter, 1964) he adopted to explain the reason for superior RT performance with FI patterning. The findings concerning HR were interpreted within the framework of the Lacey et al. concept (Lacey, Kagan, Lacey, & Moss, 1963) that acceleration of HR occurs in tasks involving cognitive activities, while deceleration is observed in situations involving primarily perceptual functioning. It was suggested that PSC and GSRs represent physiological correlates of expectancy, and that their elevated level may reflect readiness to respond when critical signals occur at regular intervals.
IDENTIFICATION OF PFRIODIC COMPONENTS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: February 2007

Baseline diastolic blood pressure measurements made on a single subject for 120 consecutive days were utilized to demonstrate the use of autocorrelation techniques for the identification of cycles of one or more periods present in the data. Provided only a single period is present, averaging techniques using this period as the base may be used to smooth the data. However, few physiological variables cycle so simply. Smoothing not only may introduce spurious cycles, but it also eliminates much non‐random (and, therefore, meaningful) variance.
EFFECTS OF STIMULUS ORDER AND NOVELTY ON ORIENTING RESPONSES
Authors: Zimny George H. , Pawlick Gene F. , Saur David P.
Published: February 2007

The effects of stimulus order and novelty upon habituation and dishabituation of the GSR component of the OR were investigated. The numbers 21 to 60 were presented in serial order (Ordered‐Novel group), and in random order (Random‐Novel group), and the number 21 was repeated 40 times (Similar group). The number 600 was occasionally interpolated among each series. No group differences in magnitude of OR to the first stimulus or in habituation of the OR during the series of numbers were found. Dishabituation due to the interpolated stimulus was found primarily in the Similar group. The results were related to Sokolov's concept of neuronal models used in his theory of habituation.
AN ACCURATE ONE CHANNEL BASAL LEVEL/RESPONSE SIGNAL SEPARATOR FOR SKIN RESISTANCE, INCORPORATING PULSE CODING OF THE BASAL LEVEL
Authors: Richard McGraw E. , Kleinman Kenneth M. , Brown Marjorie L. , Korol Bernard
Published: February 2007

We have developed a method for measuring SR which combines the accuracy of DC measurement of basal SR level with the convenience gained from the AC coupling of SR responses for purposes of separating the total signal into basal SR level and SR responses. Our circuitry accomplishes (1) amplification of total DC signal, (2) post‐amplification signal separation and display of SR responses and, on the same display channel, (3) pulse coding of basal SR.
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF INCREASES IN BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Plumlee Lawrence A.
Published: February 2007

Four monkeys were presented with 10 sec tones which terminated with shocks. The tones were immediately terminated without shock if the animal's diastolic blood pressure rose above a criterion level and remained high for 1 sec. Termination of the tone was followed by a 5 sec time out. Trials began whenever the pressure dropped below the criterion level. All subjects learned the avoidance task, showing diastolic elevations of up to 60 mm of mercury in response to the tones. A linear relationship was seen between the minimum pressure required for avoidance and the pressure achieved. No change in blood pressure accompanied a second stimulus which was never paired with shock. A fifth control monkey was yoked to one of the experimental monkeys and simultaneously received all shocks and tones as determined by the blood pressure of the experimental animal. The yoked control showed no pressure changes to the tones, but normal pressure elevations to shock.
THE INFLUENCE OF STIMULUS INTENSITY AND REPETITION ON THE MEAN EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE
Authors: Meyers William J.
Published: February 2007

A sec‐by‐sec analysis was made of heart rate (HR) responses of children receiving an auditory stimulus pattern at either a moderate (70 db) or a loud (95 db) intensity. Only an initial deceleration to the first 70 db stimulus significantly departed from prestimulus level. The first 95 db pattern produced two components which statistically differed from prestimulus level: an initial deceleration and a sustained later deceleration. Differential habituation effects occurred at the two intensities with stimulus repetition. The only significant response to subsequent presentations of the 70 db tones was HR acceleration and this response showed complete habituation, whereas significant HR deceleration occurred with repetition of the 95 db tones. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a nonfamiliar stimulus will produce an orienting reaction (OR) and HR deceleration. Furthermore, the differential stimulus repetition effects indicate that loud tones may disrupt the process of HR habituation seen to moderate intensity tones, and produce a decelerative response which is resistant to habituation.
TO WHAT DOES THE ORIENTING RESPONSE RESPOND?
Authors: Bernstein Alvin S.
Published: February 2007

Forty‐eight Ss received 10 repetitive 1‐sec light presentations at either 5 or 25 foot candles (ft c), followed by a switch on Trial 11. After approximately 2 months the experiment was repeated. Of 34 Ss who correctly described the stimulus change on initial testing, only 18 gave a (GSR) OR. On retest, most Ss retained their characteristic response, but previously responsive 25 → 5 ft c. Ss became non‐responsive on Trial 11. There were no differences between OR‐responders and non‐responders to Trial 1 flash though responders subsequently took longer to habituate and made more ORs overall. There was no difference in base admittance (BAL) increase following initial onset of stimulation, but OR‐responders subsequently showed a continuing BAL rise while nonresponders returned to resting levels. The OR is not an automatic accompaniment to perceptible stimulus novelty. A 2‐stage process was hypothesized in triggering an OR, stressing the role of cognitive‐motivational variables.
PHASIC HEART RATE CHANGES IN REACTION TIME AND TIME ESTIMATION
Authors: Johnson Harold J. , May Jerry R.
Published: February 2007

The phasic cardiac changes of two groups of Ss were compared, with one group performing a reaction time task and the other a time estimation task. The cardiac changes of the two groups were very similar with both groups showing deceleration shortly before they made their motor responses. The reaction time task group showed this to a greater extent than the time estimation group. It was concluded that the anticipatory deceleration observed under reaction time conditions is not wholly attributable to the direction of attention.
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING OF THE GSR: NATURE OF THE RESPONSE
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Grings William W.
Published: February 2007

The effects of avoidance conditioning of the GSR on HR responses were investigated. Seven Ss were allowed to avoid a shock if their GSR during a preceding 5.0 sec light was greater than a criterion magnitude. Each avoidance S had a yoked‐control partner who received exactly the same series of shocked and nonshocked trials, regardless of his own GSR behavior. Sixty trials were given. Avoidance Ss gave significantly larger GSRs and cardiac deceleration took place at a significantly greater rate in the avoidance group. The results were interpreted as supporting the conclusion that when an avoidance paradigm is used to modify a particular autonomic response, the effects extend to other autonomic arousal or anticipatory responses. Each S was questioned in a post‐training interview about his awareness of means of avoiding the shock. No S was able to verbalize any method that could be used to prevent shock from occurring.
AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO AFFECTIVE VISUAL STIMULATION
Authors: Hare Robert , Wood Keith , Britain Sue , Shadman Janice
Published: February 2007

Physiological responses were recorded while 48 male Ss viewed a series of 30 slides of homicide scenes, nude females, or ordinary objects. Half the Ss saw the same slide 30 times while the others saw a different slide on each trial. The physiological responses given by all six groups involved were those generally associated with an OR—increase in skin conductance, cardiac deceleration, and digital vasoconstriction. In addition, a biphasic cephalic vasomotor response, consisting of constriction followed by dilation, was observed. Stimulus presentation was also accompanied by a sharp reduction in eyeblink rate.

The physiological and eyeblink responses given by Ss who saw a different homicide scene on each trial were generally greater and more resistant to habituation than were those given by other Ss. Ss repeatedly shown the same homicide scene gave relatively small cardiac and cephalic vasomotor responses, and showed rapid habituation of the electrodermal response.
A RADIOTELEMETRY STIMULATOR FOR CONDITIONING OF LARGE ANIMALS
Authors: Caldwell W. Morton , Judy Allen B.
Published: February 2007

A radiotelemetry stimulator for the conditioning of large animals by the application of high voltage, short duration pulses to the skin surface is described. The system uses commercial radio control assemblies to simplify construction.
HEART RATE DERIVED FROM BLOOD PRESSURE AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
Authors: Krausman David
Published: February 2007

A device for providing a continuous on‐line output of beat‐by‐beat HR in physiologic studies is described. The circuit eliminates the need for obtaining an EKG signal since it uses other vascular phenomena such as blood pressure, blood flow, or plethysmograph to produce an index of heart action to provide subsequent rate phenomena. Signal conditioning to produce the electrical analog of the vascular change is derived from either a pressure transducer, flow probe, plethysmograph, or other transducing device connected to the input of a Beckman‐Offner, or Grass (Model 6) polygraph recorder. The output is in the form of a relay closure to provide initiating action to such devices as cardiotachometers, integrators, printers, counters, and many other instruments used in physiological studies.
“DREAM DETECTOR” AND AUTOMATIZATION OF REMP‐AWAKENING TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF DREAMING
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Fukuma Etsuo , Hata Naoyuki
Published: February 2007

A device named “dream detector” was constructed to automatize the technique of studying dreams during the REM period of sleep (REMP). The principle of the dream detector is to identify the REMP automatically by counting the number of electrooculographically recorded REMs during the period of relative silence in EMG records. When the count number of EMs reaches a preset value, an alarm buzzer is turned on automatically to awaken the S. In preliminary experiments on 5 Ss, 62 out of 70 REMPs (88.6%) in a total of 16 experimental nights were correctly detected by using this device. In only 5 instances (3.5%) was the buzzer turned on during periods other than REMPs. The rate of correct detection was 56% for the first REMP of the night, 93% for the second REMP, and 100% for the following REMPs.
EVOKED POTENTIAL AVERAGER MADE UP FROM LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Numoto Mitsuo
Published: February 2007

An analog averager made of conventional laboratory instruments has been developed. It accumulates the signals as density changes on photographic film since the signals modulate the brightness of multiple oscilloscopic tracings. The final averaged response is graphically reproduced by a simple photoelectric densitometer made up from two oscilloscopes and a phototube.
A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR ALL STATES
Authors: Johnson Laverne C.
Published: February 2007

The question is asked, can the same visceral changes occur in different states of consciousness. A survey of EEG and autonomic activity found in the awake state and during the various stages of sleep leads to the conclusion that the question must be affirmatively answered. The conclusion is reached that EEG and autonomic activity cannot be used to define states of consciousness. The state of consciousness of the subject must first be known before the physiological significance and possible behavioral meaning of the EEG and autonomic responses can be inferred.
ACOUSTIC VARIATION AND AROUSAL LEVEL IN INFANTS
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne
Published: February 2007

This study compared the effects of three auditory background conditions—no sound, intermittent sound, and continuous sound—on level of arousal in infants. The study also investigated responsiveness to discrete auditory stimuli superimposed upon these background conditions. The results indicated that level of arousal was decreased by continuous sound and increased by intermittent sound, relative to the no sound condition. Measures of level of arousal included state, respiration, heart rate, and motor activity. Responsiveness to discrete auditory stimuli, superimposed upon the background conditions and measured by evoked responses, was not predictable from indices of arousal level.
A CAT RESTRAINING DEVICE FOR THE AWAKE ANIMAL
Authors: Hall Robert A. , Monto Alexander V.
Published: February 2007

A simple, effective, readily constructed, and well tolerated device for restraining cats is described. The torso is held by a harness on an elevated platform which has holes through which the limbs pass. It could be used for a variety of psychophysiological experiments.
SYSTEMATIC CHANGES IN LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY DURING A FOUR‐MONTH PERIOD
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: February 2007

Intraindividual differences over a four‐month period in a number of physiological variables for three subjects are examined. Autocorrelation techniques revealed the presence of systematic changes (cycles and trends). It is concluded that intraindividual differences in these variables may be nearly as large as interindividual differences and that they cannot be explained merely as errors of measurement. Possible sources of variability are discussed.
HEART RATE RESPONSE HABITUATION IN HIGH‐RISK PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Schulman Carol A.
Published: February 2007

The hypothesis suggested by Luria (1963) that infants with central nervous system damage fail to habituate to repeated stimulation was tested using an experimental group whose clinical course suggested a relatively high probability of CNS damage, a control group matched for age in weeks since conception, and a group of normal, fullterm infants. An auditory stimulus at 80 db SPL was presented for 3 sec at 20‐sec intervals. Heart rate change averaged across time on Trials 1–5 and Trials 26–30 were compared. The hypothesis was not confirmed, since significant habituation was found on Trials 26–30 for all groups. However, latency of response was significantly longer in high‐risk Ss. A developmental trend toward decreased latency of response with increasing gestational age was identified.
CARDIAC DECELERATION AND REACTION TIME: AN EVALUATION OF TWO HYPOTHESES
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Webb Roger A. , Sutterer James R. , Howard James L.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate two hypotheses concerning the basis of the association between performance on a simple reaction time (RT) task and the deceleration of heart rate found as the S responds. The RT task consisted of 96 trials in which the foreperiod was randomly varied between 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec. Two groups of 31 Ss each were used, with the cardiac response blocked pharmacologically in one group, in order to determine if the occurrence of the cardiac response facilitated performance through an afferent feedback mechanism. Two aspects of somatic activity, EMG bursts from chin muscles and eye movements and blinks, were also assessed in order to determine if the cardiac response and the associated behavioral facilitative effects were linked to a common mediating process involving cardiac deceleration and the inhibition of ongoing, task‐irrelevant somatic activities. The latter hypothesis was consistently supported. Blocking the cardiac response did not significantly influence performance. However, a within‐S analysis revealed a pronounced direct relationship between RT and the magnitude of the inhibition of somatic effects and the magnitude of the cardiac deceleration when the latter was not blocked pharmacologically. These data along with several other lines of evidence are considered to indicate that heart rate deceleration may not be significantly involved in an afferent mechanism but rather can be best understood as a peripheral manifestation of central processes.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO MOTION PICTURES
Authors: Roessler Robert , Collins Forrest
Published: February 2007

Skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) responses to rest, to a bland and to a stressor motion picture film were examined in 20 student subjects (Ss). Ss were divided equally into a high ego strength (Es) and a low Es group on the basis of their scores on the Barron scale of the MMPI. These groups were balanced for film presentation order and did not differ significantly on trait anxiety as measured by the Taylor manifest anxiety scale. The Zuckerman multiple affect adjective check list was administered before and after both the stressor and the bland film. High Es Ss were more responsive in SC and HR under all three conditions and showed a greater range of SC values than did low Es Ss. Subjective states paralleled physiological states. High Es Ss reported significantly greater state anxiety than did low Es Ss.
EYE MOVEMENT AMPLITUDES IN IMAGINED PURSUIT OF A PENDULUM WITH EYES CLOSED
Authors: Lenox John R. , Lange Arthur F. , Graham Kenneth R.
Published: February 2007

Prior claims that subjects imagining an oscillating pendulum with eyes closed can produce eye movements corresponding to those found when the subject's eyes are actually pursuing the moving pendulum are refuted by showing that the apparently smooth movements under imagination are not truly sinusoidal, and tend greatly to exceed the amplitude of the pendulum's excursion.
A COMPARISON OF GSR AND SUBJECTIVE ADAPTATION TO STRESSFUL STIMULI
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Gaupp Larry , Leonard William C.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare subjective and physiological adaptation, as measured by magnitude of GSRs, to electric shock and auditory noise. In Exp. I, 48 Ss received 15 shocks of constant intensity, one subgroup always receiving low shocks and the other high. Subjects were told that shock intensity would vary and rated the intensity of each shock immediately following its presentation. In Exp. II, the same procedure was followed with 50 different Ss, using noises instead of shocks. Shock Ss showed subjective adaptation but no GSR adaptation. Noise Ss showed GSR adaptation with an increase in subjective intensity reports. The importance of anticipation, in terms of level of arousal at the onset of the session, is discussed.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN: THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND HEART RATE TO WORD ASSOCIATIONS AND TASK REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Kaplan Burt E.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate and skin resistance were recorded from male and female children five to seven years of age during the following conditions: low arousal (rest), high arousal (auditory and visual stimulation), and administration of a Word Association Test (WAT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Children who gave a mature response pattern (paradigmatic) on the WAT tended to have lower conductance levels than immature responders. Heart rate decreased during environmental intake (high arousal), increased during environmental rejection (WAT), and was unchanged during a combined intake and rejection situation (PPVT). The skin conductance data were interpreted as being consistent with recent theories concerning the development of mature cognitive behaviors in children and the psychophysiological correlates of complex and simple behaviors.
INTERACTION OF ELECTRO‐OCULAR POTENTIALS WITH THE CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION
Authors: Wasman Marvin , Morehead Sherrod D. , Lee Ho‐Young , Rowland Vernon
Published: February 2007

The contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded from the vertex in forty‐five subjects during a two‐stimulus expectancy paradigm under varying conditions of eye closure and fixation. Simultaneously averaged electro‐oculograms (EOG) were recorded as a measure of eye movement. The amplitude of both CNV and EOG responses was significantly greater for the eyes closed and eyes open unfixated conditions as compared to the eyes fixated condition. CNV and EOG responses were often highly similar in terms of waveform. For the eyes fixated condition three patterns of CNV–EOG interaction were observed. Eighteen subjects demonstrated a CNV response of low amplitude in the absence of detectable EOG responses. Twenty‐three subjects showed a predominant pattern in which CNV responses of high amplitude and EOG responses were present. Four subjects failed to show either a CNV or EOG response. There was considerable within subject variability in the pattern of response with replicated blocks of trials. Thus contamination of the CNV by EOG potentials is reduced by eye fixation but not eliminated because of subject variability in control of eye movement.
INSTRUMENT FOR DIRECT READOUT OF LOG CONDUCTANCE (LOG 1/R) MEASURES OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Kuechenmeister C. A.
Published: February 2007

An automatic computing instrument is described which continuously measures skin conductance in units of the log of skin conductance (Log 1/R) without ranging or adjustment. Circuit assembly and alignment is described in detail. The instrument is ideally suited to automation in conjunction with computers or pen recorders.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE P–R INTERVAL OF THE NORMAL HUMAN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Authors: Thorne Phillip R. , Engel Bernard T. , Quilter Reginald E.
Published: February 2007

This report describes an instrument which will automatically predict the occurrence of the P–R interval on a beat‐to‐beat basis. Tests have demonstrated an almost perfect accuracy in older subjects whose beat‐to‐beat variations are small. The average accuracy with a group of 23 men, 19 of whom were 20‐30 years old, was 95% correct prediction. In young women with very large beat‐to‐beat variations, the average accuracy achieved was 75% correct prediction.
CONVERGING OPERATIONS IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT
Authors: Hicks Ronald G.
Published: February 2007

The problem of reliability in the behavioral experiment appears to be due to the dynamic nature of the subject matter of the behavioral sciences resulting in interactions between the subjects (Ss), the experimenter (E), and the experimental situation (SIT). Both the E and SIT elicit varying degrees of nonassessable conformity in the Ss' behavior. The S tends to preserve the behavior that the perceives is expected of him—the S's conformity obligation. Just as natural and physical sciences have relied upon inferences built upon many intersecting and overlapping observations (a method called converging operationalism), behavioral science could apply this method to resolve the difficulties of the E effect and the effects of the SIT, since both affect the reliability of the psychological experiment. Empirical factors that determine under what circumstances the E and SIT significantly affect the S's experimental behavior are reviewed.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF THE ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE WITH NOVEL STIMULI
Authors: Corah Norman L. , Tomkiewicz Robert L.
Published: February 2007

Most attempts to classically condition the electrodermal response (GSR) have used aversive stimuli. A series of 20 novel slides were used as unconditional stimuli in a delayed differential conditioning paradigm involving reinforced and unreinforced conditional stimuli. Thirty female Ss were given 10 habituation trials, 40 conditioning trials of which half were reinforced, and 10 extinction trials. Orienting response, anticipatory response, and post‐conditional stimulus response components were analyzed separately for the different series. Differential conditioning was obtained for two of the responses during the conditioning and extinction series. The results indicate that a relatively mild novel stimulus can also effectively condition the GSR.
THE INTERACTION OF EXTRAVERSION AND NEUROTICISM IN ORIENTING RESPONSE HABITUATION
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B. , Houck Robert L.
Published: February 2007

Twenty different consonant trigrams were presented individually to 38 observers in a standard OR habituation paradigm while the GSRs and BSRs were recorded. The observers were later categorized according to extraversion and neuroticism (anxiety) scores. All observers evidenced habituation in varying degrees to these dissimilar stimuli; however, the stable observers responded to more of the stimuli than did the neurotics. This basic neuroticism effect was modified by the extraversion factor as shown by response magnitudes: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts habituated differently than did the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts. This significant extraversion × neuroticism interaction was also present, in the same form, in the BSR data: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts had declining BSR values, while with stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, the BSRs increased (i.e., they became less attentive).
MULTIPLE RESPONSES WITH DIFFERENTIAL PROPERTIES IN DELAYED GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE CONDITIONING: A REVIEW
Authors: Dengerink H. A. , Taylor S. P.
Published: February 2007

Studies of delayed GSR conditioning have shown that when an interstimulus interval (ISI) of sufficient duration is employed, multiple responses may occur within that interval. The studies reviewed in this article indicate that GSRs which occur early in the interval are present by the second conditioning trial. They tend to habituate, appear to be orienting responses, and, under certain circumstances, they are conditional. Those responses which occur during the later portion of the interval are minimal, if at all present, when conditioning is initiated but show a negatively accelerated growth curve across trials. These second responses are conditional and may be protective reflexes which prevent damage to the skin. It is concluded that in GSR conditioning the choice of an ISI and the specification of ISI responses may seriously affect the nature of the behavior observed, and may have serious implications for other areas of psychological investigation.
ONSET AND TERMINAL ORIENTING RESPONSES AS A FUNCTION OF TASK DEMANDS
Authors: Beideman Larky R. , Stern John A.
Published: February 2007

The frequency of response and trials to habituation of the electrodermal onset and terminal orienting response were manipulated as a function of discrimination tasks involving either stimulus content (pitch) or duration. There were no significant differences between the groups on either measure for onset ORs; however, the duration task group demonstrated more TORs and required a greater number of trials to habituate than the content task group. The results, interpreted in terms of the development of cortical models, supported Stern's suggestion that OR and TOR habituation are related to the content and duration of the stimulus respectively.
ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC HEART RATE VARIABILITY
Authors: Varni John G. , Clark R. Ernest , Giddon Donald B.
Published: February 2007

The present paper contrasts the relative efficacies of the traditional mean square or variance, and a time‐series statistic, the mean square successive Werence, as descriptors of cyclic heart rate variability. Estimates of fluctuation in the R‐R in‐ terval during the prestimulus and cold pressor stimulus periods were obtained for two subject samples. The first sample was composed of individuals having bilateral diiterences in the diameter of their pupils, a condition known as anisocoria, while the pupils of the Ss in the second sample were of equal diameter. A group sinu‐ soidal rhythm in the mean square successive difference of R‐R interval variation was observed during the cold pressor stimalus for the anisocoric sample. However, the rhythm was obscured when the traditional mean square statistic was utilized to describe the same R‐R interval variation. No rhythms were identified for the non‐ anisocoric sample. The mean square successive difference statistic would appear to provide a method for detecting cyclic autonomic variability patterns otherwise obscured by traditional analysis.
EYE MOVEMENT RECORDING: A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Peters Jon F.
Published: February 2007

The history of the electro‐oculographic method of recording eye movements is briefly reviewed. Its dependence on the corneo‐retinal potential difference is demonstrated.
CARDIAC REACTIONS AND DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL LEVELS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
Authors: Richard Jennings J.
Published: February 2007

Beat‐by‐beat heart rate was observed during perceptual and cognitive performance in 78 kindergarten to third grade boys. Children at different Piagetian levels of perceptual and cognitive functioning were compared to see if changes in cardiac reactions mirrored different developmental levels of functioning.

The cardiac reactions appeared to be a joint function of attention and cognitive operations. Perceptual tasks produced deceleration in all subjects. In contrast, all cognitive tasks produced cardiac deceleration followed by acceleration. Larger amounts of cardiac acceleration were observed with higher levels of cognitive performance in conservation of length and in a verbal form of class inclusion, but not in class inclusion administered with pictures. Lower amounts of deceleration occurred with higher cognitive levels of performance only in conservation. Skin conductance reactions and rated motoric and motivational involvement were not related to cognitive level of performance.
EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD ON TASK PERFORMANCE UNDER VARIED MOTIVATIONAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Hester Gene A.
Published: February 2007

This investigation represented an effort to apply an activation theory of motivation to analyzing the performance capabilities of spinal‐cord injured patients. The specific hypothesis was that the reduction of peripheral inputs to the brain resulting from functional spinal‐cord transection affects both cognitive and non‐cognitive task performance under specified motivational conditions. A verbal, serial‐coding task was chosen for study since it requires sustained attention, yet its performance is not prejudiced by the specific sensory and motor losses resulting from spinal‐cord injury. The performance of 20 patients with functionally complete transections of the cervical or upper thoracic cord was compared with that of 20 normal Ss matched with the patients for age, educational attainment, and verbal I.Q. All Ss performed the task under low, medium, and high incentive conditions so that the effects of different motivational levels could be assessed. The two groups were also compared on a non‐cognitive, reaction time task involving EMG recordings of the frontalis muscle. Quantitative analysis of the results indicated that functional spinal‐cord transection does not substantially affect serial‐coding performance under varied incentive conditions or the speed of motor responses.
PUPILLARY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC CHANGES DURING AN IMAGERY TASK
Authors: Simpson H. M. , Climan M. H.
Published: February 2007

This study examined the relationship between muscle activity and the increased pupillary dilation observed during cognitive tasks when S is required to indicate task completion. Pupillary and EMG activity were monitored while Ss generated images to words. In two groups, Ss indicated completion of the task either by pressing a key or by releasing it. In two other groups Ss made a key press response that was unrelated to the cognitive task. No key press was required of a fifth group. Results indicated some apparent effect of muscle activity on pupil size during the imagery task and the findings were discussed in relation to other variables affecting pupillary activity.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO EMOTIONAL STIMULI IN THE MENTALLY RETARDED
Authors: Gliddon J. B. , Busk Jytte , Galbraith GaryC.
Published: February 2007

Visual evoked responses (VERs) to slides having different emotional content were recorded in occipital, parietal, motor, and frontal cortex from mental retardates (MRs). Unpleasant stimuli produced the smallest VER amplitudes, neutral stimuli the largest, and pleasant stimuli produced VER amplitudes between unpleasant and neutral values. These results are qualitatively similar to those previously reported for normal subjects, although they occur in later VER components in the MRs.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN STIMULUS INTENSITY RESPONSE
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte , Pfefferbaum Adolf
Published: February 2007

Differences in the rate of increase of average evoked response (AER) amplitude with increasing intensity of light flash stimuli were studied in 80 male and 40 female college student volunteers. AERs to four intensities of light were recorded from the Ss and a measure of the rate of increase of AER amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity was obtained. Results from Ss tested twice, several weeks apart, showed that the slope of the amplitude intensity function was a stable individual characteristic. The observed amplitude intensity slope was greater in women than in men; vertex‐ear leads showed lower slopes than vertex‐occiput leads; subject handedness or hemisphere of lead derivation had little effect. Twenty extreme Ss, 10 individuals with the greatest slopes and 10 individuals with an actual decrease in AER amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity (negative slopes), were studied in greater detail. The amplitude‐intensity slope was more affected by the absolute intensity of the light than the interstimulus interval or habituation effects.
HABITUATION OF THE ORIENTING REFLEX IN BRAIN DAMAGED PATIENTS
Authors: Holloway Frank A. , Parsons Oscar A.
Published: February 2007

Habituation and dishabituation of the heart rate, skin conductance, and alpha blocking components of the orienting reflex to an auditory stimulus were examined for brain‐damaged and non‐brain‐damaged Ss. The non‐brain‐damaged group displayed the expected habituation for all of these response variables but the brain‐damaged group displayed evidence of habituation only for the skin conductance measure. The brain‐damaged group also displayed higher initial skin conductance response amplitudes and smaller initial alpha blocking responses to the auditory stimulus than did the non‐brain‐damaged group. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for mechanisms of habituation and for other psychological deficits in brain‐damaged patients.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF BIPOLAR ABRADED SKIN SURFACE ELECTRODES OVER BIPOLAR INTRAMUSCULAR ELECTRODES FOR SINGLE MOTOR UNIT RECORDING IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Authors: David Kahn S , Bloodworth Donald S. , Woods Robert H.
Published: February 2007

Dual recordings of single motor unit (SMU) biopotentials were made utilizing abraded skin surface and intramuscular (IM) bipolar electrode placements. Time relationships and waveform isomorphy between the recorded potentials suggest that, within limits, surface electrode recording is a useful technique for registering certain muscle action potentials when intramuscular placements are not desirable. Pen records of good resolution were obtained, to supplement oscilloscope photographs, when the physiological signal was initially recorded on magnetic tape at high speed and then played back at low speed through a standard electroencephalograph‐electromyograph oscillograph.
METABOLIC AND CNS CORRELATES OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION WITH RENAL FAILURE
Authors: McDaniel James W.
Published: February 2007

Experimental uremia in primates has been demonstrated to produce severe decrements in psychological functions which are related to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in blood. More recent neurophysiological research has referred uremic encephalopathy to disrupted sodium‐potassium exchange in uremic brain. The present clinical investigations have found decrements in cognitive functioning with repeated testing in patients maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, which were correlated with plasma concentrations of potassium and creatinine. Power Spectral Density analyses of EEG indicated a shift to lower frequencies in these patients as compared to control subjects. No significant departure from normal functioning has been determined in patients receiving renal transplant tested within 60 days post‐surgically.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE GSR FOLLOWING A VARIETY OF CONDITIONING AND PSEUDOCONDITIONING PROCEDURES
Authors: Epstein Seymour , Burstein Kenneth , Smith Barry
Published: February 2007

Seven groups of 12 Ss were exposed to various conditioning and control procedures in a delayed conditioning paradigm. The conditioning groups included a group that labeled the CS before presentation of the UCS, a group that labeled the CS after presentation of the UCS, and a group that did not label at all. The control groups included a backward conditioning group, a CS‐only group, a UCS‐only group, and a random, unpaired CS‐UCS group. All conditioning groups and no control group exhibited the inverted U‐shaped acquisition curve which is typically reported in studies of GSR conditioning. There was evidence that UCRs, ORs, and their interaction can interfere with delayed as well as with non‐delayed CRs. With initial OR reactivity controlled, there was equivocal evidence for a monotonic generalization gradient.
EVOKED RESPONSES AND PERCEPTION: STIMULUS CONTENT VERSUS STIMULUS STRUCTURE
Authors: Sandler Lorna S. , Schwartz Marvin
Published: February 2007

These experiments tested whether waveform changes in evoked responses to visual stimuli could be produced by changes in stimulus content independent of changes in stimulus structure. Ambiguous figures were employed to manipulate content without changing structure. To manipulate structure without changing content, stimuli were presented in original and mirror image versions or versions varying in size. The results indicated that evoked responses can be modified by content differences independent of any structural changes, but it was suggested that content related changes might reflect the operation of more general psychological processes such as attention and emotion.
BASAL PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL AND THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM T‐WAVE
Authors: Christie Margaret J. , Venables Peter H.
Published: February 2007

Palmar skin potential levels (SPLs) and the amplitude of the T‐wave of the electrocardiogram (EKG) were measured in groups of habituated male subjects in conditions of bed rest and while resting in a sitting position. Significant correlations of ‐.70 and ‐.61 between the negativity of SPL and T‐wave amplitude were obtained when there was minimal palmar sudorific activity and skin potential could be designated as ‘basal’ (BSPL). Previous work had suggested that BSPL might be related to extracellular potassium (K+) levels and evidence is presented which relates EKG T‐wave amplitude to palmar K+ levels. The results thus provide support for the hypothesis that measured values of SPL reflect levels of body K+.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of False Heart Rate Feedback: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Botto Ronald W. , Herrick Christine D.
Published: February 2007

Three experiments were conducted to study the behavioral and physiological effects of false heart rate feedback. These experiments were based on a paradigm advanced by Valins (1966) who stressed that the mere belief that one's heart beat is changing, regardless of actual physiological changes, is sufficient to affect behavior. The three experiments involved (1) a replication of Valins' original study with a closer examination of actual physiological responses, (2) examination of the role which subject attention plays, and (3) a substitution of unpleasant stimuli for the pictures of nude females used in the earlier studies. It was concluded that what Valins ascribed to merely the belief that physiological actions were occurring may have, in fact, been due to actual physiological changes precipitated by a general attention factor.
Sources of Information Which Affect Training and Raising of Heart Rate
Authors: Bergman Joel S. , Johnson Harold J.
Published: February 2007

This study was concerned with the effects of cardiac information and reinforcement on raising heart rate (HR). The experiment consisted of a 3 × 2 design with three types of cardiac information and two reinforcement conditions. The cardiac information given to Ss consisted of instructions to control an internal response (no specific HR information), instructions to increase HR (specific HR information), or instructions to increase HR while hearing heart beats through earphones (augmented HR information). External reinforcement was given to one‐half of these Ss, while the remaining Ss received no external reinforcement. Sixty female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of these six experimental groups.

Analyses of these data indicate that Ss in both the augmented and specific HR information groups were able to increase their HR. The no specific HR information groups showed no increases in HR, suggesting that awareness of the criterion response plays an important role in raising HR. No differences were found between the reinforcement conditions.
CNV Correlates of Task Difficulty and Accuracy of Pitch Discrimination
Authors: Delse Frederick C. , Marsh Gail R. , Thompson Larry W.
Published: February 2007

The CNV was measured from 5 female and 5 male Ss during a pitch discrimination task with two levels of difficulty. It was found that females had larger CNVs during easy trials than during difficult trials. They also had larger CNVs for difficult trials in which they made incorrect judgments than for difficult trials in which they made correct judgments. The effect of difficulty and of correctness on the CNV is interpreted as a distraction phenomenon.
Urinary Acid Phosphatase Secretion Under Different Arousal Conditions
Authors: Barclay Andrew M. , Little Douglas M.
Published: February 2007

Seventy‐three undergraduate males were randomly assigned to five different conditions, sexual, anxiety, aggressive, and laughter arousals and a control group, as a test of the hypothesis that urinary acid phosphatase is a specific indicator of sexual arousal. Pre‐ and post‐arousal urine samples were analyzed for the amount of urinary acid phosphatase (AP) present, and significant increases occurred only in the sexual arousal condition. Both general and specific elements of arousal as well as a possible link between sexual arousal and anxiety are discussed. These findings support earlier results of studies in this area.