bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin disorders among children living in orphanage centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Amiri Mwanaidi , Furia Francis F. , Bakari Muhammad
Published: April 2020

Background

Skin conditions contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases and are among the leading causes of non-fatal disease burden. Children living in orphanage centres are vulnerable to several conditions including dermatological disorders, and there is limited data on the burden of these conditions among orphans in Tanzania. This study was carried out to determine the pattern of dermatological conditions and contributing factors among orphans in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 420 children aged less than 18 years from 12 orphanage centres in Dar es Salaam. Guided interviews using structured questionnaires were carried out to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data from participants. Clinical examination was performed for each participant and whenever indicated skin scrapings and biopsy were obtained.

Results

Four hundred and twenty participants were recruited out of which 281 (66.9%) were male, mean and median ages of participants were 11 ± 3.7 and 12 years, respectively. Two hundred and twenty-five (53.6%) participants were aged between 6 and12 years. Proportion of children with dermatological manifestations among participants was 57.4%. Two hundred and ninety-six diagnoses were made comprising of 192 (64.9%) infections and 104 (35.1%) non-infectious conditions. Tinea capitis was the commonest infection while acne vulgaris was the most common non-infectious condition. Proportionately more male children were affected as compared to female ones, p = 0.006.

Conclusion

Skin conditions are common among children living in orphanage centres in Dar es Salaam. Infectious conditions were predominant conditions and male children were more affected than female children. Reducing crowding and improving hygienic practices in these centres will be important in reducing the burden of these conditions.
Defining and conceptualizing outcomes for de-implementation: key distinctions from implementation outcomes
Authors: Prusaczyk Beth , Swindle Taren , Curran Geoffrey
Published: April 2020

Background

Increasingly, scholars argue that de-implementation is a distinct concept from implementation; factors contributing to stopping a current practice might be distinct from those that encourage adoption of a new one. One such distinction is related to de-implementation outcomes. We offer preliminary analysis and guidance on de-implementation outcomes, including how they may differ from or overlap with implementation outcomes, how they may be conceptualized and measured, and how they could be measured in different settings such as clinical care vs. community programs.

Conceptualization of outcomes

We conceptualize each of the outcomes from Proctor and colleagues’ taxonomy of implementation outcomes for de-implementation research. First, we suggest key considerations for researchers assessing de-implementation outcomes, such as considering how the cultural or historical significance to the practice may impact de-implementation success and, as others have stated, the importance of the patient in driving healthcare overuse. Second, we conceptualize de-implementation outcomes, paying attention to a number of factors such as the importance of measuring outcomes not only of the targeted practice but of the de-implementation process as well. Also, the degree to which a practice should be de-implemented must be distinguished, as well as if there are thresholds that certain outcomes must reach before action is taken. We include a number of examples across all outcomes, both from clinical and community settings, to demonstrate the importance of these considerations. We also discuss how the concepts of health disparities, cultural or community relevance, and altruism impact the assessment of de-implementation outcomes.

Conclusion

We conceptualized existing implementation outcomes within the context of de-implementation, noted where there are similarities and differences to implementation research, and recommended a clear distinction between the target for de-implementation and the strategies used to promote de-implementation. This critical analysis can serve as a building block for others working to understand de-implementation processes and de-implement practices in real-world settings.
Challenges to welcoming people with mental illnesses into faith communities
Authors: Corrigan Patrick W.
Published: April 2020

Faith communities are important to the psychiatric care of people with mental illness. I distinguish the effects of two principles of becoming welcoming communities: compassion, in which the community accommodates members with mental illnesses so they are fully included, and dignity, which rests on the essential worth of everyone.
Conical diffraction from type-II Dirac point at metasurfaces
Authors: Li Haitao , Hu Chuandeng , Zhou Xiaoxi , Lu Weixin , Hou Bo , Wen Weijia
Published: April 2020

Type-II Dirac point degeneracy can be realized at two-dimensional metasurfaces, where a pair of tilted cones is formed in the dispersion relation

whose equal-frequency contour at the degeneracy frequency presents an X-shaped cross in k-space. Consequently, two group velocities are obtained at the Dirac point, due to the peculiar shape of the spatial dispersion, and point to the different directions with the intersection angle dependent on the cone's geometry. Therefore, a conical-diffraction phenomenon takes place. We observe the conical diffraction through launching into the metasurface a Gaussian-like beam at the Dirac frequency and mapping the propagation of the wave field. Both experimental and simulating results demonstrate the conical diffraction at the type-II Dirac point.
The Relationship of Lean Body Mass With Aging to the Development of Diabetes
Authors: Kalyani Rita R , Metter E Jeffrey , Xue Qian-Li , Egan Josephine M , Chia Chee W , Studenski Stephanie , Shaffer Nancy Chiles , Golden Sherita , Al-Sofiani Mohammed , Florez Hermes , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: April 2020

Context

Older adults have the greatest burden of diabetes; however, the contribution of age-related muscle loss to its development remains unclear.

Objective

We assessed the relationship of lean body mass with aging to incident diabetes in community-dwelling adults.

Design and Setting

We studied participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with median follow-up of 7 years (range 1-16). Cox proportional hazard models with age as the time scale were used. Time-dependent lean body mass measures were updated at each follow-up visit available.

Participants

Participants included 871 men and 984 women without diabetes who had  ≥ 1 assessment of body composition using dual x-ray absorptiometry.

Main Outcomes

Incident diabetes, defined as self-reported history and use of glucose-lowering medications; or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL either at the same visit or 2 consecutive visits.

Results

The baseline mean [standard deviation] age was 58.9  [17.3] years. Men and women with a higher percentage of total lean body mass had lower fasting and 2-hour glucose levels, and less prediabetes (all P < 0.01). Among men, comparing highest versus lowest quartiles, percentage of total lean body mass (hazard ratio [HR],  0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.97), percentage leg lean mass (HR, 0.38; 0.15-0.96), and lean-to-fat mass ratio (HR, 0.39; 0.17-0.89) were inversely associated with incident diabetes after accounting for race and attenuated after adjustment for height and weight. Conversely, absolute total lean body mass was positively associated with incident diabetes among women, with similar trends in men. No associations were observed with muscle strength or quality.

Conclusions

Relatively lower lean body mass with aging is associated with incident diabetes in men and partially related to anthropometrics, but not so in women.
Plasma Soluble αKlotho, Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, and Mobility Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Shardell Michelle , Drew David A , Semba Richard D , Harris Tamara B , Cawthon Peggy M , Simonsick Eleanor M , Kalyani Rita R , Schwartz Ann V , Kritchevsky Stephen B , Newman Anne B
Published: April 2020

Context

αKlotho is a hormone and co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone that downregulates active vitamin D synthesis and promotes phosphate excretion. Low αKlotho and high FGF23 occur in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Objective

We aimed to assess the relationships of αKlotho and FGF23 with mobility disability in community-dwelling older adults.

Design and Setting

We estimated associations of plasma-soluble αKlotho and serum FGF23 concentrations with mobility disability over 6 years. Additional analyses was stratified by CKD.

Participants

Participants included 2751 adults (25.0% with CKD), aged 71 to 80 years, from the 1998 to 1999 Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study visit.

Main Outcome Measures

Walking disability and stair climb disability were defined as self-reported “a lot of difficulty” or an inability to walk a quarter mile and climb 10 stairs, respectively.

Results

Median (interquartile range [IQR]) serum FGF23 and plasma soluble αKlotho concentrations were 46.6 (36.7, 60.2) pg/mL and 630.4 (478.4, 816.0) pg/mL, respectively. After adjustment, higher αKlotho concentrations were associated with lower walking disability rates (Rate Ratio [RR] highest vs. lowest tertile = 0.74; 95% confidence interval l [CI] = 0.62, 0.89; P = 0.003). Higher FGF23 concentrations were associated with higher walking disability rates (RR highest vs. lowest tertile = 1.24; 95%CI = 1.03, 1.50; P = 0.005). Overall, higher αKlotho combined with lower FGF23 was associated with the lowest walking disability rates (P for interaction = 0.023). Stair climb disability findings were inconsistent. No interactions with CKD were statistically significant (P for interaction > 0.10).

Conclusions

Higher plasma soluble αKlotho and lower serum FGF23 concentrations were associated with lower walking disability rates in community-dwelling older adults, particularly those without CKD.
Application of Lung Ultrasound During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
Authors: Convissar David L. , Gibson Lauren E. , Berra Lorenzo , Bittner Edward A. , Chang Marvin G.
Published: April 2020

This review highlights the ultrasound findings reported from a number of studies and case reports and discusses the unifying findings from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients and from the avian (H7N9) and H1N1 influenza epidemics. We discuss the potential role for portable point-of-care ultrasound (PPOCUS) as a safe and effective bedside option in the initial evaluation, management, and monitoring of disease progression in patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection.
Membrane trafficking in health and disease
Authors: Yarwood Rebecca , Hellicar John , Woodman Philip G. , Lowe Martin
Published: April 2020

Membrane trafficking pathways are essential for the viability and growth of cells, and play a major role in the interaction of cells with their environment. In this At a Glance article and accompanying poster, we outline the major cellular trafficking pathways and discuss how defects in the function of the molecular machinery that mediates this transport lead to various diseases in humans. We also briefly discuss possible therapeutic approaches that may be used in the future treatment of trafficking-based disorders.
Optimal Climate Policy When Damages are Unknown
Authors: Rudik Ivan
Published: April 2020

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are economists’ primary tool for analyzing the optimal carbon tax. Damage functions, which link temperature to economic impacts, have come under fire because of their assumptions that may be incorrect in significant but a priori unknowable ways. Here I develop recursive IAM frameworks to model uncertainty, learning, and concern for misspecification about damages. I decompose the carbon tax into channels capturing state uncertainty, insurance motives, and precautionary saving. Damage learning improves ex ante welfare by $750 billion. If damage functions are misspecified and omit the potential for catastrophic damages, robust control may be beneficial ex post. (JEL H23, Q54, Q58)
Does School Desegregation Promote Diverse Interactions? An Equilibrium Model of Segregation within Schools
Authors: Mele Angelo
Published: April 2020

This paper studies racial segregation in schools using data on student friendships from Add Health. I estimate an equilibrium model of friendship formation, with preferences allowing both homophily and heterophily in direct and indirect ties. I find that homophily goes beyond direct links: students also prefer racially homogeneous indirect friends, while there is heterophily in income. I simulate policies reallocating students across schools. Race-based policies have nonlinear effects on within-school segregation and other network features such as clustering and centrality. Policies increasing diversity through reallocations based on income have less impact on racial segregation. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15)
Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Hina , Hussain Sadiq , Zahra Samar , Hussain Talib
Published: April 2020

Objective: To assess the prevalence of domestic violence, associated risk factors, and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan.

Methods: This is a sequential explanatory strategy that is a mixed-method research design was conducted at Department of Behavioral Sciences, Karakoram International University Gilgit from January 2017 to June 2018 on 160 married women. Quantitative data were collected using Karachi domestic violence screening scale and mental health inventory and qualitative data were collected through interview guides. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results: Married women in GB reported higher levels of domestic violence (88.8%; psychological (69.4%), physical (37.5%) & sexual (21.2%)). Abused women reported lower levels of mental health (t=3.19, p=0.00); psychological wellbeing (t=2.03, p=0.04), general positive affect (t=2.09, p=0.03), and life satisfaction (t=2.39, p=0.01) and higher levels of psychological distress (t=3.27, p=0.00), anxiety (t=3.06, p=0.00), depression (t=2.60, p=0.01), and loss of emotional/behavioral control (t=3.05, p=0.00) as compared to non-abused women. Risk factors behind domestic violence were identified as; poverty, the influence of in-laws, second marriage, stepchildren, forceful intimate relationships, husband’s irresponsibility, and addiction, and handicapped children.

Conclusions: We found higher level of domestic violence, associated risk factors, and poor mental health of abused women in GB.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1530

How to cite this:Hussain H, Hussain S, Zahra S, Hussain T. Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):627-631. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1530

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Perioperative hypothermia in pediatric patients operated in a tertiary care center: Incidence and correlates
Authors: ESEN Osman , YILMAZ Gülseren , AYDIN Nevin
Published: April 2020

Background & Objectives: Hypothermia, described as temperature < 35°C, is a frequent condition encountered in patients operated under general anesthesia. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to estimate its incidence and to investigate the conditions associated with hypothermia in pediatric patients.

Methods: This prospective clinical study was carried out in the operating theatre of a tertiary care center between August 2015 and September 2015. A total of 108 pediatric patients who underwent various surgical procedures that lasted for more than 30 minutes were enrolled. Baseline demographic data, types of surgical procedures, duration of operations, preoperative and perioperative body temperatures were recorded. The incidence of hypothermia and its possible correlates were sought.

Results: Our series consisted of 108 children (77 males, 71.3%; 31 females, 28.7%) with an average age of 6.08±5.09 years were included in the study. There was no case diagnosed with hypothermia in the preoperative, perioperative and postoperative periods. Patients in American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (ASA) three group had significantly higher preoperative body temperatures compared to those in ASA-1 and ASA-2 groups (p = 0.027). The postoperative body temperature in patients receiving intravenous fluid replacement was significantly lower (p=0.017).

Conclusion: For pediatric patients scheduled for surgical interventions, we recommend close monitorization and follow-up of body temperature, implementation of preventive measures to avoid hypothermia and routine perioperative heating. Avoidance of hypothermia may prevent hazardous consequences of postoperative hypothermia.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.456

How to cite this:Esen O, Yilmaz G, Aydin N. Perioperative hypothermia in pediatric patients operated in a tertiary care center: Incidence and correlates. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):793-798. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.456

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Augmented ustekinumab dosing is needed to achieve clinical response in patients with anti-TNF refractory pediatric Crohn’s disease: a retrospective chart review
Authors: Do Phinga , Andersen John , Patel Ashish , Semrin Gaith , Sifuentes-Dominguez Luis , Luu Phuong , Gurram Bhaskar
Published: April 2020

Background: Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits interleukins 12 and 23. It is approved for treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD) in adults; however, there is a paucity of data regarding its use in pediatric CD. We describe our experience using ustekinumab in anti-TNF refractory CD pediatric patients.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review on pediatric patients with CD who were started on ustekinumab from January 2016 to November 2018. We collected patient’s clinical history, previous treatment history, surgeries related to CD, disease severity, as measured by abbrPCDAI, and endoscopic severity as recorded by SES-CD before and after ustekinumab.

Results: We identified 10 patients with CD who were started on ustekinumab due to non-response to currently approved agents. Seven patients needed augmented maintenance dosing every 4-6 weeks to achieve clinical response or remission. Six of these seven patients had therapeutic drug monitoring during the course of treatment, with five patients showing subtherapeutic drug levels of <4.5 μg/mL while on standard maintenance dosing every 8 weeks, and four patients showing therapeutic drug levels of >4.5 μg/mL on augmented dosing interval. The remaining three patients were on standard maintenance dosing for the duration of treatment.

Conclusion: In this retrospective chart review, 7 out of 10 patients with anti-TNF refractory pediatric-onset CD required augmented maintenance doses of ustekinumab to achieve clinical response or remission. A prospective study is needed to define appropriate ustekinumab dosing and interval in management of pediatric CD.
SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in India: epidemiological features and in silico analysis of the effect of interventions
Authors: Mazumder Archisman , Arora Mehak , Bharadiya Vishwesh , Berry Parul , Agarwal Mudit , Behera Priyamadhaba , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Lohiya Ayush , Gupta Mohak , Rao Aditi , Parameswaran Giridara Gopal
Published: April 2020

Background: After SARS-CoV-2 set foot in India, the Government took a number of steps to limit the spread of the virus in the country. This included restricted testing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine, and enforcement of a nation-wide lockdown starting 25 March 2020. The objectives of this study were to i) describe the age,gender distribution and mortality among COVID-19 patients identified till 14 April 2020 and predict the range of contact rate; and ii) predict the number of active COVID-19 patients after 40 days of lockdown.

Methods: We used a cross-sectional descriptive design for first objective and a susceptible-infected-removed model for in silico predictions. We collected data from government-controlled and crowdsourced websites.

Results: Studying age and gender parameters of 1161 Indian COVID-19 patients, the median age was 38 years (IQR, 27-52) with 20-39 year-old males being the most affected group. The number of affected patients were 854 (73.6%) men and 307 (26.4%) women. If the current contact rate continues (0.25-27), India may have 110460 to 220575 infected persons at the end of 40 days lockdown.

Conclusion: The disease is majorly affecting a younger age group in India. Interventions have been helpful in preventing the worst-case scenario in India, but will be unable to prevent the spike in number of cases.
Mapping population mental health concerns related to COVID-19 and the consequences of physical distancing: a Google trends analysis
Authors: Knipe Duleeka , Evans Hannah , Marchant Amanda , Gunnell David , John Ann
Published: April 2020

Background: The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic is a major international public health challenge.  Governments have taken public health protection measures to reduce the spread of the virus through non-pharmalogical measures. The impact of the pandemic and the public health response on individual and population mental health is unknown. 

Methods: We used Google Trends data (1 Jan 2020 - 1 Apr 2020) to investigate the impact of the pandemic and government measures to curb it on people’s concerns, as indexed by changes in search frequency for topics indicating mental distress, social and economic stressors and mental health treatment-seeking. We explored the changes of key topics in Google trends in Italy, Spain, USA, UK, and Worldwide in relation to sentinel events during the pandemic.

Results: Globally there appears to be significant concerns over the financial and work-related consequences of the pandemic, with some evidence that levels of fear are rising. Conversely searching for topics related to depression and suicide fell after the pandemic was announced, with some evidence that searches for the latter have risen recently. Concerns over education and access to medication appear to be particular social stressors. Whilst searches for face-to-face treatments have declined, those for self-care have risen.

Conclusions: Monitoring Google trends shows promise as a means of tracking changing public concerns. In weeks to come it may enable policy makers to assess the impact of their interventions including those aiming to limit negative consequences, such as government funded financial safety nets.
Organization of educational activities in the OED. Approximate planning. The second youngest group (3-4 years)
Authors: Timofeeva Liliya , Korneicheva Elena , Gracheva Natal'ya
Published: April 2020

Submitted effective forms of organization of various types of children's activities during the actual educational activities; educational activities carried out in sensitive moments; interaction with the families of the pupils for the implementation of the basic educational program of preschool education.
Planning tailored specifically to the laws of development of children of the fourth year of life, the need to address the program objectives, maintain partner relationships with preschoolers and their families, on the basis of modern ideas about the fluctuations in the health of younger preschoolers, on the rules of alternation activities.
Prepared in accordance with the Federal state educational standard of preschool education.
Addressed to students of institutions of secondary professional education.
Post-fire recovery of arthropod assemblage in an area of Brazilian savanna
Authors: Cunha Hélida Ferreira da , Ramalho Werther Pereira , Dias Amanda Martins , Peixoto Brenda Romeiro , Jesus Gabriel Sampaio , Oliveira Jennifer de Paula , Silva Thamara Missel Pereira da
Published: April 2020

Fire is a frequent agent of disturbance in tropical savannas (e.g., Brazilian Cerrado), but relatively few studies have analyzed how the arthropod community responds to fire disturbance. Following the incursion of an accidental fire into a Cerrado fragment in Central Brazil, we investigated whether the arthropod community is structured by abiotic (climate or fire) or biotic (succession) factors. Our study commenced one week after fire and during the six months afterward. We found 22 arthropod orders, of which Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Blattaria and Coleoptera were the most representative. More than 40% of the arthropod abundance was recorded 40 days after the fire event. The overall arthropod abundance and richness fluctuated in the six months following the fire and does not seem to be related to climatic variables. Temporal beta diversity was explained by a reduction in richness differences along the intervals of time, but the community recovery needs to be treated with caution. The increase in replacement in the last intervals in relation to the fire event indicates that biotic interactions may occur with the arrival of late colonizers and suggest that arthropod communities need a long time to be restructured. These results indicate that the processes of restructuring of the arthropod communities after human-induced fire events are temporally complex, involving loss, gain and taxon replacement, but long-term studies are still needed to understand the dynamics of communities.
Steering in Online Markets: The Role of Platform Incentives and Credibility
Authors: Barach Moshe A. , Golden Joseph M. , Horton John J.
Published: April 2020

Platform marketplaces can potentially steer buyers to certain sellers by recommending or guaranteeing those sellers. Money-back guarantees—which create a direct financial stake for the platform in seller performance—might be particularly effective at steering as they align buyer and platform interests in creating a good match. We report the results of an experiment in which a platform marketplace—an online labor market—guaranteed select sellers for treated buyers. The presence of a guarantee strongly steered buyers to these guaranteed sellers, but offering guarantees did not increase sales overall, suggesting financial risk was not determinative for the marginal buyer. This preference for guaranteed sellers was not the result of their lower financial risk, but rather because buyers viewed the platform’s decision to guarantee as informative about relative seller quality. Indeed, a follow-up experiment showed that simply recommending the sellers that the platform would have guaranteed was equally effective at steering buyers.

This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
A ESTÉTICA DA EXISTÊNCIA NOS ROMANCES DE FORMAÇÃO: A CONSTRUÇÃO DA VIDA BELA NOS ROMANCES LITERÁRIOS / The aesthetics of existence in the formation novels: the construction of beautiful life in literary novels
Authors: Corrêa Jordana Da Silva , Oliveira Neiva Afonso
Published: April 2020

Este artigo objetiva evidenciar a integração existente entre o conceito de estética da existência e os romances de formação. Tomamos o conceito foucaultiano de estética da existência, entendido como uma maneira bela de construir a própria vida, originado do conceito de cuidado de si, compreendido como a transformação do indivíduo, para compor e integrar o conceito de romance de formação, que são romances que descrevem e relatam o percurso de formação de um personagem, expondo a sua evolução em um determinado período de sua vida. A condução e construção do sujeito refletem-se nos seus hábitos, no seu comportamento e no modo de encarar a vida, que deve ser construída de forma bela. As características dessa vida bela, como a transformação do indivíduo e a construção autônoma de sua própria vida, estão explicitadas nos romances de formação. A transformação desse personagem é visível no desfecho das narrativas, evidenciando um indivíduo que, cada vez mais, se constitui eticamente e vai se construindo de modo belo, a partir de um cuidado de si mesmo, quando o indivíduo está preocupado com sua própria espiritualidade e com a compreensão de si mesmo, caminhando em direção a certo grau de perfectibilidade, a qual não tem fim e acaba por ser uma tarefa infinita.
LEITURA DO TEXTO LITERÁRIO NA ESCOLA: EXPERIÊNCIAS LEITORAS NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE SENTIDOS / Reading the literary text at school: reading experiences in the construction of meaning
Authors: Pinto Maria Isaura Rodrigues , Godoy Christianne Teixeira da Matta
Published: April 2020

A concepção de leitura adotada nesta pesquisa é a de leitura como espaço de construção de sentido, em que interagem autor-texto-leitor por meio de estratégias discursivas (KOCH, 2002). Tendo em vista essa premissa e visando contemplar a natureza humanizadora da literatura (CANDIDO, 2017), o estudo buscou, em favor da ampliação da competência leitora dos alunos, promover na turma 901, do CIEP Brizolão 239 Professora Elza Vianna Fialho, um ensino de leitura literária que, assentado numa proposta dialógica, levasse o leitor a adotar uma atitude responsiva (BAKHTIN, 2011) em face do texto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, inserida no âmbito da pesquisa-ação, em que a atitude interativa do aluno-leitor em relação à leitura literária constituiu o foco central nas ações desenvolvidas no processo investigativo. O trabalho elegeu, como percurso didático para alcançar o objetivo a que se propõe, o modelo de sequência didática elaborado pelos pesquisadores de Genebra, Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004, p. 81), adaptando-o para atender às especificidades da pesquisa. Ao longo da sequência didática, foram desenvolvidas oficinas, a partir de leituras compartilhadas, que buscaram aprimorar o conhecimento do aluno quanto ao gênero conto, seu conhecimento enciclopédico e sua competência leitora. O resultado obtido demonstra que o procedimento teórico-metodológico adotado proporciona um ensino mais significativo, transformando os leitores em sujeitos de sua própria leitura.
LITERATURA E ENSINO: CAMINHOS ENTRE PESQUISA E FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE / Literature and teaching: paths between research and teacher education
Authors: Sales Germana Maria Araújo , Zappone Mirian Hisae Yaegashi , Alves Maria da Penha Casado , DIAS Ana Crélia Penha , Silva Luiza Helena De Oliveira
Published: April 2020

Entrevista realizada por Ana Crélia Penha Dias (UFRJ) e Luiza Helena Oliveira da Silva (UFT), com as Professoras Germana Maria Araújo Sales (coordenadora da área e Linguística e Literatura na CAPES), Mirian Hisae Yaegashi Zappone (Coordenadora Adjunta de Programas Profissionais – CAPES) e Maria da Penha Casado Alves (Coordenadora geral do PROFLETRAS).O objetivo da entrevista foi pensar as relações entre a pesquisa e a formação docente no país, seus avanços e desafios nos últimos anos. Para isso, foram escolhidas três professoras a serem entrevistadas: do ponto de vista da CAPES, a representante da área de Linguística e Literatura, Professora Germana Salles, e a coordenadora adjunta de Programas Profissionais, Mirian Zappone; do ponto de vista específico de um Mestrado Profissional em Letras, o nome da Professora Penha Casado Alves representa o maior programa profissional em rede da área, o PROFLETRAS.
Evolution of concentricity after closed reduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Zhou Weizheng , Sankar Wudbhav N. , Zhang Fangfang , Li Lianyong , Zhang Lijun , Zhao Qun
Published: April 2020

Aims

The goal of closed reduction (CR) in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is to achieve and maintain concentricity of the femoral head in the acetabulum. However, concentric reduction is not immediately attainable in all hips and it remains controversial to what degree a non-concentric reduction is acceptable. This prospective study is aimed at investigating the dynamic evolution of the hip joint space after CR in DDH using MRI.

Methods

A consecutive series of patients with DDH who underwent CR since March 2014 were studied. Once the safety and stability were deemed adequate intraoperatively, reduction was accepted regardless of concentricity. Concentricity was defined when the superior joint space (SJS) and medial joint space (MJS) were both less than 2 mm, based on MRI. A total of 30 children, six boys and 24 girls, involving 35 hips, were recruited for the study. The mean age at CR was 13.7 months (3.5 to 27.6) and the mean follow-up was 49.5 months (approximately four years) (37 to 60). The joint space was evaluated along with the interval between the inverted and everted limbus.

Results

Only three hips (8.6%) were fully concentric immediately after CR. During follow-up, 24 hips (68.6%) and 27 hips (77.1%) became concentric at six months and one year, respectively. Immediate SJS after CR decreased from 3.51 mm to 0.79 mm at six months follow-up (p = 0.001). SJS in the inverted group decreased from 3.75 mm to 0.97 mm at six months follow-up. SJS or MJS in the everted group were less than those in the inverted group at each time of follow-up (p = 0.008, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

A stable, safe but non-concentric reduction achieved before the age of two years appears to improve over time with nearly 80% of hips becoming fully concentric by one year. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):618–626.
The cost of consent: why healthcare providers must be compliant with the Montgomery principles
Authors: Birch Nick , Todd Nick V.
Published: April 2020

The cost of clinical negligence in the UK has continued to rise despite no increase in claims numbers from 2016 to 2019. In the US, medical malpractice claim rates have fallen each year since 2001 and the payout rate has stabilized. In Germany, malpractice claim rates for spinal surgery fell yearly from 2012 to 2017, despite the number of spinal operations increasing. In Australia, public healthcare claim rates were largely static from 2008 to 2013, but private claims rose marginally. The cost of claims rose during the period. UK and Australian trends are therefore out of alignment with other international comparisons. Many of the claims in orthopaedics occur as a result of “failure to warn”, i.e. lack of adequately documented and appropriate consent. The UK and USA have similar rates (26% and 24% respectively), but in Germany the rate is 14% and in Australia only 2%. This paper considers the drivers for the increased cost of clinical negligence claims in the UK compared to the USA, Germany and Australia, from a spinal and orthopaedic point of view, with a focus on “failure to warn” and lack of compliance with the principles established in February 2015 in the Supreme Court in the case of Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board. The article provides a description of the prevailing medicolegal situation in the UK and also calculates, from publicly available data, the cost to the public purse of the failure to comply with the principles established. It shows that compliance with the Montgomery principles would have an immediate and lasting positive impact on the sums paid by NHS Resolution to settle negligence cases in a way that has already been established in the USA.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):550–555.
Reaction of Stock Volatility to Data Breach: an Event Study
Authors: Tweneboah-Koduah Samuel , Atsu Francis , Prasad Ramjee
Published: April 2020

The paper assesses how stock market volatility reacts to data breach disclosure. The paper applies Volatility Event Analysis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to analyse how equity risk (stock volatility) of 96 firms listed on the S&P 500 index reacted to the announcement of a data breach using records from Breach Level Index (BLI ) over the period between January 2013 and December 2018. Two levels of empirical analysis were performed: cross-section level and industry level. We employ statistical tests that adjust for the effects of cross-section firm-specific mean and volatility. The analysis delivers the following results: Firstly, cross-sectional analysis shows that there is evidence of significant abnormal across the firms and significant difference between before and after cyberattacks announcements. Secondly, the industry level analysis reveals that the firms in the financial industry exhibit more abnormal volatility and returns than firms in other sectors. Additionally, there is significant evidence of the difference in pre and post cyberattacks or data breach announcements, however, this effect tends to be more pronounced after the announcement of a data breach. Implying that data breach announcements can significantly influence equity volatility. In conclusion, the paper posits, equity investors and other stakeholders should reconsider their approach to cybersecurity events when updating the risk measures of their stocks and portfolios.
Emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: what you need to know for practice
Authors: De Simone B , Chouillard E , Di Saverio S , Pagani L , Sartelli M , Biffl WL , Coccolini F , Pieri A , Khan M , Borzellino G , Campanile FC , Ansaloni L , Catena F
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Several articles have been published about the reorganisation of surgical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic but few, if any, have focused on the impact that this has had on emergency and trauma surgery. Our aim was to review the most current data on COVID-19 to provide essential suggestions on how to manage the acute abdomen during the pandemic.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted of the most relevant English language articles on COVID-19 and surgery published between 15 December 2019 and 30 March 2020.

Findings

Access to the operating theatre is almost exclusively restricted to emergencies and oncological procedures. The use of laparoscopy in COVID-19 positive patients should be cautiously considered. The main risk lies in the presence of the virus in the pneumoperitoneum: the aerosol released in the operating theatre could contaminate both staff and the environment.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 pandemic, all efforts should be deployed in order to evaluate the feasibility of postponing surgery until the patient is no longer considered potentially infectious or at risk of perioperative complications. If surgery is deemed necessary, the emergency surgeon must minimise the risk of exposure to the virus by involving a minimal number of healthcare staff and shortening the occupation of the operating theatre. In case of a lack of security measures to enable safe laparoscopy, open surgery should be considered.
Analysis of Crystallinity and Physical Properties of the Bio-solar Gemstone
Authors: Ismail Ismail , NIzar Akmal , . Murzal , Jalil Zulkarnain
Published: April 2020

Abstract – Bio-solar is one of the natural gemstones found in the province of Aceh in Indonesia. A recent study suggested that this gemstone could be considered as a vesuvianite type of gemstone. Nevertheless, detail information of this bio-solar gemstone is still unknown. We do not know whether the bio-solar gemstone is crystalline or amorphous. The specific gravity and the hardness of this gemstone are also still unknown. This information is essential to determine the quality of a gem. To answer those questions, we have used x-ray diffraction to study the bio-solar gemstone from the province of Aceh in Indonesia. The physical properties (specific gravity and hardness) of this gemstone have also been measured. We found that the bio-solar gemstone is composed by CaO, SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and TiO2 phases. Our results revealed that the bio-solar gem is a crystalline material, not amorphous. The average crystallite size of this gemstone is found to be 353 Å (35 nm). Moreover, the specific gravity of bio-solar gemstone is found to be 3.09 – 3.34. Its hardness is 3 to 4 mohs. Thus, the bio-solar is a good quality gemstone. Our finding confirmed that the bio-solar could be classified as a vesuvianite gemstone.
Study on the optimization of mercury ion (II) adsorption with activated carbon from a biomass combination of palm bunches and rice husk
Authors: Suhendrayatna Suhendrayatna , Abdurrahman Abdurrahman , Elvitriana Elvitriana
Published: April 2020

This research deals with the adsorption of mercury ions [Hg (II)] using a combination of natural biomass between oil palm bunches and rice husks (PB-RH). After drying at 40oC, PB-RH biomass was carbonized by using a tube furnace for 2 hours at 500 °C and followed chemical activation with citric acid. Activated carbon formed was contacted with an aqueous solution containing Hg (II) ion and stirred at a constant rate of 150 rpm. The concentration of Hg (II) ions in the aqueous phase were analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and the Central Composite Design (CCD) method with Design-Expert software version 6.0.8 was conducted to calculate the optimization of adsorption capacity for mercury ion. The Hg ion adsorption capacity was estimated to observe the performance of the PB-RH biomass combination on the adsorption of Hg (II) ions with some variables, such as contact time, biomass weight, and activator concentration. Results showed that all variable response, contact time, biomass weight, and activator concentration influenced the mercury (II) ion adsorption capacity. The optimum condition of Hg (II) ion adsorption occurred at 30 g of activated PB-RH biomass with 0.6 mole/L concentration of activator during 99.88 minutes with 99.42 mg/L initial concentration of Hg (II). The adsorption capacity occurred at 10.1 mg/g as the optimum condition for the adsorption of Hg (II) ions by PB-RH.
Zernike coefficients from wavefront curvature data
Authors: Mahajan Virendra N. , Acosta Eva
Published: April 2020

The concept of curvature sensing is reviewed, and a comprehensive
derivation of the curvature polynomials is given, whose inner products
with the wavefront curvature data yield the Zernike aberration
coefficients of an aberrated circular wavefront. The data consist of
the Laplacian of the wavefront across its interior and its outward
normal slope at its circular boundary. However, we show that the
radial part of the curvature polynomials and their slopes at the
boundary of the wavefront have a value of zero, except when the
angular frequency of the corresponding Zernike polynomial is equal to
its radial degree. As a result, the effect of noise on the
corresponding Zernike coefficients is lower because the noisy data at
the boundary of the wavefront is not used to determine their values.
The use of the curvature polynomials to determine the Zernike
coefficients is demonstrated with simulated noisy curvature data of an
aberration function consisting of 10 Zernike coefficients, namely
defocus, primary, secondary, and tertiary astigmatism, coma, and
spherical aberrations.
Binary sinusoidal single-order multilayer gratings for tender x-ray region
Authors: Chen Jihui , Wei Lai , Yang Zuhua , Fan Quanping , Zhang Qiangqiang , Chen Yong , Liu Dongxiao , Zhou Weimin , Xie Changqing , Cao Leifeng
Published: April 2020

We propose and theoretically analyze a single-order diffractive optical element, termed binary sinusoidal multilayer grating (BSMG), to effectively suppress high-order diffractions while retaining high diffraction efficiency in the first order. The key idea is to integrate sinusoidal-shaped microstructures with high-reflectivity multilayer coatings. The dependence of the high-order diffraction property on the microstructure shape and multilayer coatings is investigated. Theoretical calculation reveals that the second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-order diffraction efficiencies are as low as 0.01%. Strikingly, we show that first-order relative diffraction efficiency (the ratio between the intensity of the first diffraction order versus that of the reflected light) as high as 97.7% can be achieved. Thus, the proposed BSMG should be highly advantageous in future development and application of tender x-ray spectroscopy.
Subspace wavefront estimation using image sharpening and predictive dynamic digital holography
Authors: Sulaiman Sennan , Gibson Steve , Spencer Mark
Published: April 2020

Image sharpening algorithms used for phase retrieval to reconstruct images in digital holography are computationally intensive, requiring iterative virtual wavefront propagation and hill-climbing algorithms to optimize sharpness criteria. Recently, it was shown that minimum-variance wavefront prediction can be integrated with digital holography and image sharpening to significantly reduce the large number of costly sharpening iterations normally required to achieve near-optimal wavefront estimation [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 35, 923 (2018)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.35.000923]. This paper demonstrates further gains in computational efficiency with a new subspace sharpening method in conjunction with predictive dynamic digital holography for real-time applications. The method sharpens local regions of interest in an image plane by parallel independent wavefront estimation on reduced-dimension subspaces of the complex field in a pupil plane. Through wave-optics simulations, this paper shows that the new subspace method produces results comparable to those of conventional global and local sharpening, and that subspace wavefront estimation and sharpening coupled with wavefront prediction achieve orders-of-magnitude increases in processing speed.
Optical Kerr nonlinearity of arrays of all-dielectric high-index nanodisks in the vicinity of the anapole state
Authors: Panov Andrey V.
Published: April 2020

The nonlinear optical properties of the high-index nanoparticles are boosted at the anapole state. Researchers intensively study this phenomenon as being promising for various applications. In this Letter, the nonlinear optical Kerr effect of disordered and square lattice metasurfaces of GaP nanodisks is investigated as a function of the disk size in the vicinity of the anapole state at the wavelength of 532 nm. When the sizes of the nanodisks are close to the anapole state, the effective second-order refractive index of the metasurface increases exponentially. On approaching the anapole state, the sign of the effective second-order refractive index is inverted. The absolute value of the effective nonlinear Kerr coefficient of the square lattice metasurface is higher than that of the disordered array of nanodisks. The absolute value of the effective second-order refractive index in proximity to the anapole state is an order of magnitude higher than that at non-anapole resonances of the disordered metasurfaces consisting of the nanodisks or spheres.