bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Microgrid and Mobile Power Transfer System interaction using Distributed Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Dunn Andrew G. , Mange Jeremy B. , Skowronska Annette G. , Gorsich David J. , Pandey Vijitashwa , Mourelatos Zissimos P.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Optimization of a microgrid interacting with mobile power transfer systems is a
multiobjective problem that grows to be computationally expensive as components
and fidelity are added to the simulation. In previous work [17] we proposed an optimization strategy relying on
evolutionary computing. With an evolutionary computing approach, seeking a
well-distributed set of solutions on the entire optimal frontier necessitates a
large population and frequent evaluation of the aforementioned simulation. With
these challenges, and inspiration from Roy et al. [14] distributed pool architecture, we propose an
architecture for distributed pool evolutionary computing that differs from the
Roy et al. design. We use this strategy with a microgrid and mobile power
transfer system simulation to optimize for cost and relaibility. We find that
the distributed approach achieves increased performance in raw system execution
time, and in some cases converges faster than a non distributed version of the
same evolutionary strategy.
ENABLING SEMI-AUTONOMOUS BEHAVIORS WITH A SINGLE
CAMERA
Authors: Monnier Camille , Ost Andrey , German Stan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Semi-autonomous behaviors, such as leader-following and
“point-and-go” navigation, have the potential to significantly
increase the value of squad-level UGVs by freeing operators to perform other
tasks. A variety of technologies have been designed in recent years to enable
such semi-autonomous behaviors on board mobile robots; however, most current
solutions use custom payloads comprising sensors such as stereo cameras, LIDAR,
GPS, or active transmitters. While effective, these approaches tend to be
restricted to UGV platforms capable of supporting the payload’s space,
weight, and power (SWaP), and may be cost-prohibitive to large-scale deployment.
Charles River has developed a system that enables both leader-following and
“point-and-go” navigation behaviors using only a single
monocular camera. The system allows a user to control a mobile robot by leading
the way and issuing commands through arm/hand gestures, and is capable of
following an operator both on foot and aboard a vehicle. The operator may
equally direct the robot via a lightweight interface, by simply indicating an
object of interest or destination in the robot’s camera view.
DISMOUNTED SOLDIER AUTONOMY TOOLS (DSAT) – FROM CONCEPTION TO
DEPLOYMENT
Authors: Kania Robert , Frederick Phil , Pritchett William , Wood Brian , Mentzer Chris , Johnson Elliot
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The Dismounted Soldier Autonomy Tools (DSAT) program is the result of the
evolution and reuse of work from multiple industry Internal Research &
Development (IR&D) programs, as well as work stemming from various
multi-service investments made over the past several years. The DSAT program is
a direct offshoot of MARTI (Mobile Autonomous Robotics Technology Initiative) -
a 5 year IR&D program at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) from 2006-2011
that created a foundation for autonomy and on road capability. The MARTI work
was subsequently leveraged into the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Code 30 SUMET
(Small Unit Mobility Enhancement Technologies) program starting in 2009. The
DSAT program builds off of these SwRI efforts, as well as previous work by
TARDEC and DCS Corp in the areas of vehicle architectures and warrior-machine
interfaces to build a consolidated, coordinated program. Working together, the
team has made several improvements to the collective code base, resulting in new
capabilities and increased modularity for new development. Through this
Government/Industry collaboration, the DSAT program is able to maximize
multi-service DoD spending by leveraging these previous investments and sharing
technologies and capabilities among the ongoing TARDEC and ONR Code 30
multi-team development activities..
IMPLEMENTING THE VICTORY ACCESS CONTROL FRAMEWORK IN A MILITARY
GROUND VEHICLE
Authors: Elliott Leonard , Woodward Kim , LaBerge Alex
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Vehicular Integration for Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Intelligence, and Surveillance/Electronic Warfare (C4ISR/EW) Interoperability
(VICTORY) Standard provides an open architecture and technical specifications to
promote sharing and reuse of resources within the military ground vehicle (MGV).
The VICTORY Access Control Framework (VACF) provides services and mechanisms for
protecting many of these shared-resources through the adoption of standards such
as Security Attribute Markup Language (SAML) and eXtensible Access Control
Markup Language (XACML). These technologies are typically used for securing an
Enterprise Architecture and no fundamental issues appear to preclude their
successful use within a MGV. However, despite consistent demand and pressure
from Program Managers, and the successful deployment of many other VICTORY
components, there has been no successful demonstration of these security
components in an integrated vehicular environment. This paper presents a brief
overview of the VACF and possible solutions for overcoming the practical
challenges associated with implementing it in a MGV.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENERAL PURPOSE INTERFACE UNIT
Authors: Petty Millard E. , Wilson Chad J. , Wong Michael C. , Smith Michael R. , Wright Ronnie L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Integrated Bridge currently fielded in the MRAP FoV is a capabilities
insertion that provides data integration and visualization services to the
vehicle crew. The Integrated Bridge combines displays, data buses, video
sensors, switches/routers, radio interfaces, power management components, etc.
to provide a unified view as well as a vehicle system control means to its crew
members. The Integrated Bridge provides a flexible and modular architecture that
can readily be adapted to the variety of Government Furnished Mission Equipment
found in the MRAP FoV utilizing developmental hardware and software augmented
with VICTORY technology to provide additional standardization and capabilities.
This paper describes the continuation and capability extension of the VICTORY
Radio Adapter, now called the Integrated Bridge GPIU (General Purpose Interface
Unit). Details of the work leading to the fielding of a significantly enhanced
version of the GPIU are discussed. GPIU software and hardware enhancements,
VICTORY compliance improvements along with test event data results will be
presented.
Using Model-based Product Line Engineering for Decision Making and to
Guide Product Development
Authors: Hause Matthew , Korff Andreas , Apperly Hedley
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Product Line Engineering (PLE) is the engineering and management of a group of
related products using a shared set of assets and a means of design and
manufacturing. PLE can include system and software, assets and involves all
aspects of engineering including electrical, electronic, mechanical, chemical,
etc. PLE is normally considered after the product has evolved and complexity
becomes too much to manage. Leveraging PLE from the very beginning will identify
cost savings and commonality and provide a natural means for product evolution.
Orthogonal Variability Modeling (OVM) provides a natural decision set allowing
engineers to perform trade-offs for specific customers and guide system
development along the most effective route. Using automotive examples, this
paper will describe Model-based Product Line Engineering, the process for
creating product lines, and the benefits of this approach as applicable to the
military ground vehicle domain. Finally, it will show how the adoption of MB-PLE
early on in the development lifecycle provides more benefits without the
potential disruption and re-engineering that can be involved when it is adopted
later on in the lifecycle.
Developing Requirements and Performing Early Workspace Analysis of
Army Systems and Platforms
Authors: Burns Cheryl , Kozycki Richard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Application of human figure modeling tools and techniques has proven to be a
valuable asset in the effort to examine man-machine interface problems through
the evaluation of 3D CAD models of workspace designs. Digital human figure
modeling has also become a key tool to help ensure that Human Systems
Integration (HSI) requirements are met for US Army weapon systems and platforms.
However, challenges still exist to the effective application of human figure
modeling especially with regard to military platforms. For example, any
accommodation analysis of these systems must not only account for the physical
dimensions of the target Soldier population but also the specialized mission
clothing and equipment such as body armor, hydration packs, extreme cold weather
gear and chemical protective equipment to name just a few. Other design aspects
such as seating, blast mitigation components, controls and communication
equipment are often unique to military platforms and present special challenges
to implementing an effective design that maximizes Soldier performance. However,
with regard to military acquisition programs, without HSI work and
specifications integrated into the program in the Statement of Work and contract
attachments, it becomes difficult to require the contractor to redesign or
mitigate issues found when performing human figure modeling. Effective
techniques for developing HSI contract language to appropriately incorporate
human figure modeling and apply it early in the acquisition process are detailed
in this paper.
3D-PRINTING IMPACTS ON SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN DEFENSE INDUSTRY
Authors: Deters Jason
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Today’s combat vehicle designs are largely constrained by traditional
manufacturing processes, such as machining, welding, casting, and forging.
Recent advancements in 3D-Printing technology offer tremendous potential to
provide economical, optimized components by eliminating fundamental process
limitations. The ability to re-design suitable components for 3D-printing has
potential to significantly reduce cost, weight, and lead-time in a variety of
Defense & Aerospace applications. 3D-printing will not completely replace
traditional processes, but instead represents a new tool in our toolbox - from
both a design and a manufacturing standpoint.
TACTICAL VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G) AND VEHICLE TO VEHICLE (V2V)
DEMONSTRATION
Authors: Hancock Janie , McGrew Dean , Kolhoff Steven , Skowronska Annette G.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The roll-up roll-away Tactical Vehicle-to-Grid / Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2G/V2V)
system provides a plug-and-play, very fast forming, smart, aggregated, and
efficient power system for an emerging (including austere) contingency base. The
V2G/V2V system gives the Soldier a capability they currently lack: The ability
to generate up to 240kW of 120/208 VAC 3-phase power anywhere, anytime using
Transmission-Integrated Generators (TIGs) to produce 600VDC for use by vehicle
hotel loads (electrification), transfer of power from V2V, and export power
off-vehicle in a Forward Operating Base (FOB) environment, V2G. The system is
designed to provide grid services (peak shaving, Volt/VAR control, power
regulation, and current source mode) beneficial to emerging and mature grids
(CONUS or OCONUS). Data collected during the FY 14 Tactical Enabled Contingency
Basing Demonstration (TECD 4a) of a single vehicle with V2G capability showed
that variable speed engine power management can provide up to 50 percent fuel
reduction. This multivehicle based power system utilizes variable engine speeds
for efficient power generation. The demonstration project includes the
sub-system development, communications systems development, system integration,
testing, and demonstration. The system supports host-grid connectivity to reduce
deployed fuel consumption for power generation by 20 percent. The system
capability will be first demonstrated at TARDEC and then with the Warfighter at
Fort Devens, Sustainability Logistics Basing (SLB) Science and Technology
Objective Demonstration (STO/D), in FY16.
STUDY OF THE STRYKER VEHICLE WITH APOP (ADVANCED PROPULSION WITH
ON-BOARD POWER) USING MODELING AND SIMULATION TOOLS
Authors: Masrur M. Abul , Boice Kevin J. , Rizzo Denise M. , Monroe John W. , Tylenda Joshua S. , McGrew Dean Z.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Military ground vehicles need greater electrical power generation to address
continually increasing power demands due to various loads, e.g. advanced
communications equipment, jamming equipment, electronic armor, and electronic
weapons system. More electrical power is also required for electrification of
auxiliary systems (steering, cooling fans, HVAC, and pumps) to improve system
efficiency - currently driven mechanically. Electrical equipment can be powered
from the 600 volt DC bus power supply or from the conventional 28 volt DC bus
depending on size, cost, weight, cooling, performance, and cooling impact.
Appropriate power electronics converters (dc to dc, ac to dc, dc to ac) are used
to manipulate the DC source to drive equipment on the Stryker APOP electrical
system. These devices are highly efficient and should lead to the reduction of
parasitic losses. With the above in perspective, the US Army RDECOM-TARDEC, GVPM
(Ground Vehicle Power and Mobility) has been pursuing the APOP (Advanced
Propulsion with On-Board Power) project which is being implemented in the
Stryker vehicle. This paper describes the effort related to modeling and
simulation (M&S) in order to study the effect of having the higher power
generator and the engine, together with the newly introduced electrical loads in
the APOP vehicle and how the overall vehicle behavior is impacted.
ROAD BREAKAWAY ROLLOVER MITIGATION WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
Authors: Beno Joseph , Bryant Adam , Singh Amandeep , Kovnat Alexander , Hayes Richard , Weeks Damon
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

There have been several hundred rollovers in military vehicles in the last decade
of deployment, of which approximately fifty percent are fall-based that occur
during off-road operations. Off-road fall-based rollovers occur at lower speeds
during road breakaway when the soft road gives way underneath the vehicle on one
side as the soil is unable to support the vehicle load (Figure 1). A simulation-based study was conducted to
explore potential off-road rollover mitigation benefits for the heavy vehicles
with higher center of gravity such as MRAPs, MATV, and JLTV through the use of
high performance active suspension systems. The study developed a system
architecture based on the ElectroMechanical Suspension (EMS) technology and
developed a medium fidelity MATLAB-Simulink-DADS model. Simulation results
indicated substantial rollover mitigation benefits for MRAP/JLTV class vehicles,
especially in road breakaway scenarios. Potential DoD beneficiaries include the
Army and Marines, who rely on tactical and combat wheeled vehicles in off-road
and on-road environments, potentially with unstable roadways/terrains. This
paper describes fall-based rollover problem; active EMS technology based
approach; and the simulation results.
INTEGRATED PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR OPTIMIZATION OF
PERFORMACE AND COST
Authors: Sarkar Sohini , Soltisz Jim
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In development of next generation products, 80% or more of the downstream costs
associated are committed during design phase. If we could predict, with
reasonable confidence, the long-term impact of design decisions, it would open
opportunities to develop better designs that result in tremendous future cost
savings, often with no compromise in key performance objectives. Systems
engineering is, by its nature, multi-disciplinary. The aim of Integrated Product
and Process Development is to bring these disciplines together in order to
assess various downstream implications of early design decisions, creating
better designs, avoiding dead-end designs that are costly in terms of design
cycle-time, and realizing designs that are manufacturable while achieving the
performance objectives. The goal is to build a downstream value analysis tool
that links all the conceptual design activities. This capability allows a
designer to realize the long-range impacts of key up-front design decisions.
Effect of Occupant Position Variations in Physical Tests on the
Prediction and Validation of Computational Models
Authors: Ramalingam Jaisankar , Prall Nancy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Computational models are widely used in the prediction of occupant injury
responses and vehicle structural performance of ground vehicles subjected to
underbody blasts. Although these physics based computational models incorporate
all the material and environment data, the classic models are typically
deterministic and do not capture the potential variations in the design, testing
and operating parameters. This paper investigates the effect of one such
variation in physical tests, namely, variations in the position of occupant
setup on the occupant injury responses. To study the effects of occupant
position, a series of vertical drop tower tests were performed in a controlled
setup. A vertical drop tower test involves an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD)
dummy positioned on a seat and the setup is dropped on an energy attenuating
surface, thus producing a desired shock pulse on the seat structure. The
experimental data was analyzed for sensitivity of occupant position and ATD
joint friction variations. Results from this work reiterate the need to include
the stochastic variability of test setup and design parameters in the modeling
and simulation and pre-test prediction of any physical test including live fire
tests. This project work was performed under TARDEC’s NTUBB (Near Term
Under-Body Blast) Modeling and Simulation enhancement program.
DISCRETE PARTICLE METHOD IS A PREDICTIVE TOOL FOR SIMULATION OF MINE BLAST – A PARAMETER STUDY OF THE PROCESS AND APPROACH
Authors: Jensen Morten Rikard , Smith Wilford
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The modeling of a buried charge is a very complex engineering task since many
Design Variables need to be considered. The variables in question are directly
related to the method chosen to perform the analysis and the process modeled. In
order to have a Predictive Tool two main objectives have to be carried out, the
first is a verification of the numerical approach with experimental data, the
second objective is a sensitivity study of the numerical and process parameters.
The emphasis of the present study covers the second objective. To perform this
task a comprehensive sensitivity study of fourteen Design Variables was
completed which required 1000+ computational hours. The modeling approach that
was chosen was the Discrete Particle Method (DPM) to model the Soil and HE and
the Finite Element Method for the Structure. The basis for the study was a blast
event applied to a model of the TARDEC Generic Vehicle Hull. The Response
Parameter was chosen to be the Total Blast Impulse on the structure. The
non-linear transient dynamic explicit Finite Element solver used for the
analysis was the IMPETUS Afea Solver® which has implemented
the DPM for blast simulations. The study includes soil characteristics, charge
related parameters, such as size, type, geometry and location. Also the DOB,
number of Discrete Particles etc. were considered. The results provide guide
lines and in depth understanding of modeling buried charges with a coupled FEM
and DPM approach.
AMAS JCTD OPERATIONAL DEMONSTRATION LESSONS LEARNED
Authors: Theisen Bernard , Schoenherr Edward , Simon David , Schulteis Tim
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will describe the operational demonstration that the Autonomous
Mobility Appliqué System (AMAS) Joint Capability Technology
Demonstration (JCTD) held to prove military utility of the system. First it
provides a high level technical overview of the system to assist in
understanding how the system and its subsystems work. The paper will then
describe the demonstration and provide a summary of the results from the
Military Utility Assessment (MUA).
XEN ON THE ZYNQ ULTRASCALE+ MPSOC
Authors: VanVossen Robert
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

One of the best ways to achieve full hardware utilization while maintaining a
strict level of security and safety in a single System on a Chip (SoC) is
through the use of virtualization. In this paper, we will explain the
capabilities of the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MultiProcessor SoC (MPSoC) and how
they relate to target technology areas such as ARM processors and multi-core
technology. We will also explain the features of Xen that aid in improving the
safety and security of a virtualized system. We will provide examples of how to
utilize these features, identify benefits, and explain how they can be used to
implement several technology features including: SWAP-C reductions via
consolidations, modular software architectures, and integration of multiple
real-time operating systems.
INCORPORATING CYBERSECURITY INTO THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
LIFECYCLE
Authors: Dorny Jonathan , Ingenthron Susan , Erian Joe , Tarka Matt , Hansen Kurt
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The proliferation of information technology adds expanded capabilities and
exposes new vulnerabilities through cyber warfare. To combat new threats
software quality must go beyond CMMI maturity levels and embrace a software
development lifecycle (SDLC) with measurable cybersecurity assurance. Standard
cybersecurity artifacts throughout the SDLC should be expected and available for
inspection. Integrated software applications can confidently and rapidly reduce
their threat exposure by incorporating reusable data management components with
a pedigree of cybersecurity SDLC assurance evidence.
DESIGN OF A LOW-COST ORIENTATION MEASUREMENT UNIT FOR MILITARY VEHICLES
Authors: Wright Ronnie L. , Wilson Chad J. , Petty Millard E. , Wong Michael C. , Smith Michael R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The OMU (orientation measurement unit), a combination of inertial (accelerometer,
gyroscope), magnetometer and GPS/GNSS sensors, can play a significant role in
the stabilization, orientation, navigation and munitions guidance applications
performed in ground-based military vehicles. The raw data measured by the
OMU’s sensor array includes angular rate, acceleration, magnetic field
strength as well as position. By blending these sensor measurements with the use
of software algorithms (a.k.a. sensor fusion), the data can be transformed into
orientation data (pitch, roll & yaw), commonly referred to as Euler Angles.
OMUs have a wide range of price that depends on the quality of its individual
device sensors, environmental packaging, standards met and the sophistication of
the device firmware used to filter, correct and smooth the inertial inputs used
in the computation of application output data. In the ground-based military
vehicle industry, applications supported by the OMU could range from a simple
rollover warning/prevention system to a sophisticated slew-to-cue director. The
success of these applications depends greatly on the OMU’s individual
sensor quality/grade, which are tightly coupled with the sensor’s
technology type, cost and size. This paper focuses on how the OMU can be
designed to achieve/approach the operational performance of the more costly and
well-known Strategic/Navigation –grade military navigation sensor
product offerings, for a fraction of the price. The OMU’s expected
applications, operational objectives and the resulting performance requirements,
which lead to component selection, will be explained. The paper will also
highlight the results of the effort to develop an OMU and provide a discussion
of recent work related to device testing and integration.
EVOLVING PRODUCT SUPPORT WITH PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Posadas Sergio
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Defense programs require accurate estimates of future asset performance and cost
to manage the life cycles of both new and aging platforms. Traditional
forecasting techniques and business intelligence applications typically fall
short. Simulation-driven predictive analysis can deliver detailed insights that
extend well beyond traditional methods. Advances in computing power and data
management technologies now unshackle asset managers from the limitations of
traditional forecasting. Clockwork’s simulation platform and predictive
analysis approach leverages experience developed through serving defense
programs. A case study on the allocation of maintenance resources illustrates
this technique. Balancing manpower levels across multiple echelons and multiple
geographic locations is accomplished after running nearly one thousand
simulation scenarios—each spanning the full life cycle of the complete
set of weapons systems. Historical data is merely a starting point—the
distinctive, compelling value emerges from volumes of data about the
future—not just the past. Powerful predictive solutions are driven by
accurate representation of future performance and a structured approach that
generates meaningful insights about the future. The simulation-driven predictive
analysis platform applied by Clockwork Solutions illustrates the power available
to asset managers that seek accuracy and detail that exceed traditional
predictive methods.
CREATION OF THE DRIVER FIXED HEEL POINT (FHP) CAD ACCOMMODATION MODEL
FOR MILITARY GROUND VEHICLE DESIGN
Authors: Huston Frank J. , Zielinski Gale L. , Reed Matthew P.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective of this effort is to create a parametric Computer-Aided Design
(CAD) accommodation model for the Fixed Heel Point (FHP) driver and crew
workstations with specific tasks. The FHP model is a statistical model that was
created utilizing data from the Seated Soldier Study (Reed and Ebert, 2013). The final product is a
stand-alone CAD model that provides geometric boundaries indicating the required
space and adjustments needed for the equipped Soldiers’ helmet, eyes,
torso, knees, and seat travel. Clearances between the Soldier and surrounding
interior surfaces and direct field of view have been added per MIL-STD-1472G.
This CAD model can be applied early in the vehicle design process to ensure
accommodation requirements are met and help explore possible design tradeoffs
when conflicts with other design parameters exist. The CAD model will be
available once it has undergone Verification, Validation, and Accreditation
(VV&A) and a user guide has been written.
BRIDGING RELIABILITY ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
Authors: Agaram Venkatesh
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The increasing application of sensors, actuators, and complex algorithms for
delivering artificial intelligence and connectivity in products and
product-systems will drive an unprecedented growth in design complexity and
software content, making it increasingly more difficult to ensure dependability
in an economical manner. Much learning about the dependability of such new and
innovative products is likely to happen as they are conceived and designed.
Consequently, accelerated verification and validation iterations supported by
easy and rapid storage and retrieval of failure knowledge must be enabled. No
single software solutions provider effectively covers all three critical areas
required for developing and delivering dependable smart connected products,
namely, reliability engineering, systems engineering, and failure knowledge
management. This paper mainly presents a potential map of the commonly used
reliability engineering tools overlaid on the systems engineering technical
processes. The paper recommends including a formal knowledge storage and
retrieval system in the closed-loop between systems engineering and reliability
engineering so that the details observed in past failures are not missed in
future design iterations.
Lessons Learned in UXO Range Remediation with Robotic Applique Kits
Installed on Leased Heavy Equipment
Authors: Selfridge Bob , Hewitt Gregory
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Converting vehicles from conventional manned operations to unmanned supervised
operations has been slow to adoption in many industries due to cost, complexity
(requiring more highly skilled personnel) and perceived lower productivity.
Indeed, hazardous operations (military, nuclear cleanup, etc.) have seen the
most significant implementations of robotics based solely on personnel
safety.

Starting in 2005, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has assumed a leading
role in promoting the use of robotics in unexploded ordnance (UXO) range
remediation. Although personnel safety is the primary component of the USACE
mission, increasing productivity while reducing overall cost is an extremely
important driver behind their program. To achieve this goal demands that robotic
range clearance equipment be affordable, easy to install on rental equipment,
durable and reliable (to minimize down-time), low or no maintenance, and easy to
learn / operate by the same individuals who would normally be performing these
operations manually.

This paper concentrates on one of the important developments of this
multi-faceted program. The implementation of Applied Research Associates (ARA)
Modular-Robotic Applique Kits (MRAKs) on CAT 521b Tracked Feller Bunchers and
their deployment on a USACE range clearance project at Fort Bragg, NC over the
past year. The discussion focuses on the challenges and practical lessons
learned when remotely operating forestry equipment for extended periods with
changing operators, including implementing user feedback to improve the M-RAK
technology. Included is a discussion of the challenges encountered when remoting
forestry equipment, including the potential for damaging components of the
system, the operation of complex jaws, saws, and grinders, and RF communication
issues when working behind trees. The paper also considers the impact of
robotics on meeting objectives for improved productivity from the perspective of
the USACE. Finally, we present future plans for expanding the application of
robotics in UXO range clearance and remediation operations.
AN APPROACH TO OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS: DOCTRINAL TASK
DECOMPOSITION
Authors: Horning Matthew A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Army Acquisition community has a significant deficiency in the amount of
operational expertise to influence a particular S&T technology or
acquisition program. As a result, emerging materiel solutions often fall short
of their desired utility in the eyes of the warfighter. In a fiscally
constrained environment, the product development team must use all available
resources in the most efficient manner to produce the highest quality product in
the shortest time possible for the end user. By repurposing the information
contained in the Combined Arms Training Strategies (CATS) task database, an
engineering team can gain the operational knowledge and environment from the
training tools the Army uses, requiring less burden on the few operational
experts that exist within the Acquisition Corps. A process to accomplish this is
being developed at TARDEC and has had early success in characterizing vehicle
operator behaviors beyond what occurs within structure of a vehicle.
SOUCY COMPOSITE RUBBER TRACK TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Marcotte Tommy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Rubber tracks are now extremely competitive for vehicles up to 50 tons and fully
fielded on 39 ton vehicles. They represent the best of what technology can offer
for tracked vehicles, in terms of high durability, performance and low life
cycle cost. This is mainly attributed to the optimization through the five (5)
technological tools described in this paper. Better from its numerous
distinctive advantages, rubber tracks can be adapted to suit virtually any
specific need. This ductile rubber track technology can be shaped to match
today’s requirements, with the help of advanced rubber compounding and
computer simulations.
INCREASING POWER DENSITY BY ADVANCED MANUFACTURING, MATERIALS, AND
SURFACE TREATMENTS
Authors: Militello Anthony , Fowlkes Edward
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Track vehicle Final Drive torque transferring capacity is constrained by the
availability of packaging space, weight constraints, and material / heat treat
properties. These constraints create a paradigm where as the increase in load
due to weight growth is inversely related to life due to fatigue. Funded under
Phase II SBIR contract W56HZV-13-C-0056, Loc Performance Products, Inc. (Loc)
developed manufacturing processes aligned to key selected materials and surface
treatments to break through this paradigm. The results of the SBIR efforts
produced an optimized Final Drive design that addressed the increasing Gross
Vehicle Weight (GVW) of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle while maintaining the
current Final Drive packaging space, reducing lifecycle cost and maximizing
performance in terms of power density and extending the life of the product.
HIGH POWER SUPERCAPACITORS FOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR SOLDIERS AND VEHICLES
Authors: Alexander Leslie , Choi Saemin , Siegel Jason , Thompson Levi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Rechargeable Li-ion batteries such as BB-2590 are critical energy storage devices
used for military applications. While these devices can have energy densities
exceeding 150 Wh/kg, this energy is difficult to fully access in pulsed and high
power applications due to the relatively slow kinetics associated with their
redox processes1. As the demands for power and energy increase in the
battlefield soldiers to access to new power and energy sources rapidly. Energy
efficiency and recharge rates are critical for maintaining and sustaining
equipment and communications. Supercapacitors are a class of electrochemical
energy-storage device that could complement batteries in hybrid energy storage
systems for applications in military and transportation, and load-leveling or
uninterruptible power supply. In terms of their specific energy and specific
power, supercapacitors partially fill the gap between conventional capacitors
and batteries. Accordingly, these devices can improve the performance of
electronic power sources in applications where multiple cycles and high-power
performance are required. Noticeably, supercapacitors can be included in a
hybrid configuration to manage short, high power pulses, thereby minimizing
stresses on the primary energy-storage device.
EFFICIENT PTO FAN DRIVE SYSTEM
Authors: Marquardt Brent , Brown Michael , Goryca Mary , Stempnik Joe , Pesys Tomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ker-Train Research Inc. (KTR) in collaboration with Southwest Research Institute
(SwRI), Control Point Corporation (CPC) and the Tank Automotive Research
Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Ground Vehicle Power and Mobility
(GVPM) has completed the design and fabrication of an efficient Bradley Fighting
Vehicle (BFV) power take-off (PTO) fan drive system with electronic controls to
demonstrate performance gains in top speed and speed on grade as well as provide
fuel savings. This paper provides information on the 8-speed fan drive design,
technology, and binary logic architecture. The history of the fan drive
development is also discussed.
ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING MOBILITY AND MANEUVERABILITY
FOR TACTICAL WHEELED VEHICLES
Authors: Tackett Wendell , Lovell Jeffrey , Brown Chris
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the semi-active suspension system developed by A.M. General
to provide mobility and maneuverability for tactical, wheeled vehicles.
STATISTICAL CALIBRATION: A BETTER APPROACH TO INTEGRATING SIMULATION
AND TESTING IN GROUND VEHICLE SYSTEMS.
Authors: Aguilar David , Andrews Mark , Leyde Brian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Computer models and simulations have become an indispensable tool for solving
complex problems in many parts of vehicle development including powertrain
engineering, mobility assessment, survivability analysis, and manufacturing and
life cycle assessment. As computational power has increased and model accuracy
has improved, engineers have come to depend on simulations to investigate and
characterize systems. This raises the importance of model calibration and
validation. Calibration is the process of tuning model parameters which are not
directly measured in physical tests. These parameters maybe physical properties
(material and soil properties, manufactured dimensions, engine operating points)
which are difficult to measure or entirely non-physical model parameters.
Calibration is necessary to ensure that models and simulation results are as
close to physical reality as possible given modeling limitations and
assumptions. This paper presents a calibration framework which implements
automated statistical calibration using kriging emulators. Through a combination
of advanced experimental designs and numerical techniques, this framework
greatly reduces the computation required to fit emulators. The utility of this
framework is demonstrated with examples including the calibration of turbo
machinery simulations. Several different methods within the framework are also
demonstrated: agreement and linkage based calibration, and automated sensitivity
analyses.
PREDICTIVE DISPLAYS FOR HIGH LATENCY TELEOPERATION
Authors: Brudnak Mark J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a method to mitigate high latency in the teleoperation of
unmanned ground systems through display prediction and state estimation.
Specifically, it presents a simulation environment which models both sides of
the teleoperation system in the laboratory. The simulation includes a
teleoperated vehicle model to represent the dynamics in high fidelity. The
sensors and actuators are modeled as well as the communication channel. The
latency mitigation approach is implemented in this simulation environment, which
consists of a feed-forward vehicle model as a state estimator which drives a
predictive display algorithm. These components work together to help the
operator receive immediate feedback regarding his/her control actions. The paper
contains a technical discussion of the design as well as specific
implementation. It concludes with the presentation of some experimental data
which demonstrate significant improvement over the unmitigated case.
OPTIMIZING OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR TACTICAL VEHICLES IN
FRONTAL CRASHES
Authors: Hu Jingwen , Orton Nichole , Chen Cong , Rupp Jonathan D. , Reed Matthew P. , Gruber Rebekah , Scherer Risa
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to optimize the occupant restraint systems
(including both seatbelt and airbag) in a light tactical vehicle under frontal
crash conditions through a combination of sled testing and computational
modeling. Two iterations of computational modeling and sled testing were
performed to find the optimal restraint design solutions for protecting
occupants represented by three size of ATDs (namely Hybrid-III 5th
percentile female ATD, 50th percentile male ATD, and 95th
male ATD) and two military gear configurations, namely improved outer tactical
vest (IOTV) and SAW Gunner configuration using a tactical assault panel (TAP).
The sled tests with the optimized seatbelt and airbag designs provided
significant improvement on the head, neck, chest, and femur injury risks
compared to the baseline tests. This study demonstrated the benefit of adding a
properly designed airbag and advanced seatbelt to improve the occupant
protection in frontal crashes for a light tactical vehicle.
KER-TRAIN HIGH EFFICIENCY DRIVE-BY-WIRE TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS
Authors: Brown Mike , Marquardt Brent
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ker-Train Research Inc. has designed and manufactured a 32-speed tracked-vehicle
transmission and an 8-speed efficient power take-off fan drive that have been
shown through testing to not only increase vehicle performance and overall
system efficiency, but also have the ability to be controlled fully
drive-by-wire making them excellent candidates for integration into autonomous
vehicles.
DIGITAL TWIN FOR TANK TRACK ELASTOMERS: PREDICTING SELF-HEATING AND
DURABILITY
Authors: Mars William V. , Castanier Matthew , Ostberg David , Bradford William
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this work, Abrams tank track system T-158LL backer pad elastomer self-heating
and fatigue behavior was characterized experimentally, and the backer pad design
was digitally twinned to show how complex in-service conditions can be evaluated
virtually.

The material characterization included measurement of the thermal properties and
dissipative characteristics of the rubber compound, as well as its fatigue crack
growth rate curve and crack precursor size. The analysis included 1) a
structural finite element analysis of the backer pad in operation to obtain the
load history, 2) a thermal finite element analysis to obtain steady-state
operating temperature distribution within the backer pad, and 3) a
thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis using the Endurica CL fatigue solver to
estimate the expected service life and failure mode of the backer pad.

As validation, experiments were conducted on the backer pad to measure operating
temperature, fatigue life, and failure mode over a matrix of loads and
frequencies typical of service. Operating temperatures in a range from 125
°F to 350 °F were observed. Several failure modes occurred in
backer pad tests, depending on the load and frequency. In cases where thermal
runaway occurred, a thermal degradation mechanism was observed internally in the
pad. Under less severe conditions, fatigue crack growth initiating near the
“binocular” tubes was observed. Fatigue life was found in almost
all cases to fall between 103 and 107 cycles. Thermal
runaway predictions for the T-158LL backer pad were also validated against tests
in cases where debonding of the rubber from the metal core occurred.

The digital twin of the backer pad yielded failure modes quite similar to those
observed in experiments, and gave realistic estimates of operating temperature
and fatigue life. The fatigue analysis methods developed under this project have
since been applied commercially, and have proven effective in a wide range of
elastomer applications. Future applications of the tools will include durability
improvement initiatives, light-weighting efforts, and remaining life tracking
for reliability programs.
ACCURATE LAND MINE MODELING USING FEM & SPH WITH MODIFIED
SMOOTHING LENGTH
Authors: Barsotti Matt , O’Hare Eddie , Sammarco Eric , Rasico James G. , Gerst David , Newman Craig A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Accurate land mine modeling has been the subject of substantial research over the
past 15 years. Many methods have been investigated using various computational
codes, and LS-DYNA remains a popular choice because of its capabilities for
modeling full armored vehicles. Prior research discloses a range of strategies
that have been utilized, including various numerical methods such as FEM, ALE,
SPH, and DEM. This paper discusses a hybrid FEM-SPH land mine modeling approach
using LS-DYNA that provides high accuracy at reasonable computational expense.
While stable and phenomenologically correct, accuracy issues persisted with this
approach, which tended to produce the typical SPH under-prediction of impulse.
However, adjusting two key parameters– smoothing length and coefficient
of restitution– were found to resolve the impulse under-prediction. The
final land mine modeling strategy provided an accurate all-Lagrangian approach
for application to full-scale vehicle models in LS-DYNA, whose predictive
accuracy rivals that of the ALE.
GESTURE RECOGNITION FOR ROBOTIC CONTROL USING DEEP
LEARNING
Authors: Kawatsu Chris , Koss Frank , Gillies Andy , Zhao Aaron , Crossman Jacob , Purman Ben , Stone Dave , Dahn Dawn
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Can convolutional neural networks (CNNs) recognize gestures from a camera for
robotic control? We examine this question using a small set of vehicle control
gestures (move forward, grab control, no gesture, release control, stop, turn
left, and turn right). Deep learning methods typically require large amounts of
training data. For image recognition, the ImageNet data set is a widely used
data set that consists of millions of labeled images. We do not expect to be
able to collect a similar volume of training data for vehicle control gestures.
Our method applies transfer learning to initialize the weights of the
convolutional layers of the CNN to values obtained through training on the
ImageNet data set. The fully connected layers of our network are then trained on
a smaller set of gesture data that we collected and labeled. Our data set
consists of about 50,000 images recorded at ten frames per second, collected and
labeled in less than 15 man-hours. Images contain multiple people in a variety
of indoor and outdoor settings. Approximately 4,000 images are held out for
testing and contain a person not present in any of the training images. After
training, greater than 99% of the images in the test set are correctly
recognized. Additionally, we use the system to control a small unmanned ground
vehicle. We also investigate using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layer for
recognizing gestures that require analyzing sequences of images. On this more
difficult set of gestures, we achieve a recognition rate of approximately 80%
using a smaller data set of approximately 26,000 images.
TARDEC’S Highly Robust and Accurate Vehicle Time
[Synchronization] Platform
Authors: Russell Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Today’s warfighter relies on Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies
for precise positioning and time synchronization. Reliance upon this technology
can significantly handicap vehicles in a GPS-denied environment. Given the
challenges of urban terrain, heavily-wooded areas, and electronic
counter-measures from the United States’ adversaries, there is a strong
need to create redundant systems that can operate in lieu of an absent GPS
signal. TARDEC VEA created an embedded platform called the “VICTORY PNT
Hub”, to help address this GPS-related problem as well as the lack of
Assured Position, Navigation, and Time (A-PNT) products and solutions. One of
the strengths of the VICTORY PNT Hub lies in the “Time” portion
of PNT. This paper describes the architecture of the system that is designed to
provide highly-accurate and robust vehicle-wide time synchronization with or
without a GPS signal. Additionally, a goal of this research will provide
quantitative measurements of time accuracy and how this may help existing
subsystems integrate with existing time-based protocols.
UTILIZATION OF MODEL-BASED APPROACHES IN CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE
PROGRAMS
Authors: Nelson David , Banghart Marc
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

All CBM+ solutions must establish a business case considering cost of
implementation and sustainment of value with a quantifiable return on
investment. The business case must be traceable to specific failure modes,
associated failure effects, criticality, and risk. Risk is not limited to safety
and operational risks. Predictive systems by definition return both true and
false predictions representing operational and financial risk from high false
positive rates. There is also risk of losing operator confidence in predictive
systems when there is a high false positive rate. All of these risks must be
quantified and considered in the design and development of CBM+ systems. Model
based approaches are effective in accelerating development, defining advanced
functional characteristics, and efficiently testing dynamic effects of complex
systems. CBM+ maintenance strategies rely on performance of complex systems.