bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sold Down the River
Authors: Fossett Judith Jackson
Published: April 2007

in that city foreign and paradoxical, with its atmosphere at once fatal and languorous, at once feminine and steel-hard

—William Faulkner,Absalom, Absalom!(1936)

Do you know what it means to miss New Orleans

And miss it each night and day

I know I'm not wrong, the feeling's getting stronger

The longer I stay away

Do you know what it means to miss New Orleans

Since that's where you left your heart

(And there's something more)

I miss the one I care for more than I miss New Orleans

—Louis Alter (music) and Eddie DeLange (lyrics),

“Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans” (1946)

BOMBARDED BY THE DISCOURSE OF “TRAGEDY” FROM MAINSTREAM MEDIA AND GOVERNMENTAL OFFICIALS TRYING TO CHARACTERIZE post-Katrina New Orleans, I decided to reread William Faulkner. Ungluing myself from the computer screen, I hoped to distract myself with a literary version of another tragedy of the South. Faulkner's sense of the city's “paradox” and “foreign”-ness—in the case of this hurricane, the fury of climatic events that inexorably led to incomprehensible effects: much of its citizenry's forced migration, dispossession of property, and denial of the right of return as well as ecological catastrophe—was geographically and culturally resonant.
No Natural Disaster: New Orleans, Katrina, and War
Authors: McPherson Tara
Published: April 2007

It has always been difficult to talk about new orleans without resorting to cliché. Long positioned as “America's most European city” or “the city that care forgot,” the locale looms large in the national—and the literary—imagination, triggering vivid fantasies of excess and decadence but also of old–world gentility and grandeur. New Orleans, especially in its juicy Gothic flavorings, has often performed as a stand–in for the South at large, while also exhibiting a certain unique cosmopolitanism or hybridity. We might even think of it as an early manifestation of a networked global hub, the routes of the slave trade mapping our first virtual navigation system. New Orleans and indeed the entire South perform powerful ideological work for the nation, functioning throughout the twentieth century as a convenient repository and origin story for much that ails the country: poverty, racism, rigid fundamentalism, decadence, and crime.
The Tribulations of a Postcolonial Writer in New York
Authors: Condé Maryse , Scharfman Ronnie
Published: April 2007

I belong to a region of the world where there are efforts to dictate to writers their choice of language, the material they should treat, and the way in which they should approach it. Where I come from, the writer is constantly summoned, called on, to put forth edifying, uplifting opinions on everything, so as to raise the morale of the people. For example, after the victory of the Antillean athlete Marie-José Pérec at the Olympic games, when I declared to France-Antilles that I considered it an individual success and not a victory for Caribbean woman and a celebration of her power, I was vilified, dragged through the mud for months.
Letter from Ramallah
Authors: Shehadeh Raja
Published: April 2007

Only someone living in the historically burdened holy land can understand what good fortune it is to live in a city free from holy weight. I have long thought how auspicious it was for Ramallah, a city founded only in the fifteenth century, to have escaped mention in the Holy Scriptures.
Letter from (the Myth of) Saint Petersburg
Authors: Romano Carlin
Published: April 2007

In modern Russia, Petersburg has been the text in which intellectuals have sought to read the past as an index to the future. The city has functioned in their imaginations as more than a mere city: it has been a mythopoeic space.

—Katerina Clark, Petersburg: Crucible of Cultural Revolution

Petersburg has not yet been treated, however, as I propose to do, in terms of a cultural network that cannot be reduced to a single textual structure, as a body of texts that collectively provides a structural analogue for the material city, and not merely an artistic refraction of it.

—Julie A. Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape

AS I WALKED DOWN ULITSA RUBINSTEINA ONE MORNING, A DECREPIT DOOR OPENED, AND A PORTLY MIDDLE-AGED WOMAN STUCK HERSELF out halfway, as if unwilling to make a commitment to the outside world. She held a tray full of cigarette butts, wrappers, and other garbage. She quickly turned it upside down, dumping everything onto the sidewalk, and disappeared inside.
Waste in Sydney: Unwelcome Returns
Authors: Hawkins Gay
Published: April 2007

I've just published a book about waste, so when i think about cities, i see grimy fast-food packaging in gutters, abandoned mattresses on vacant lots, and trash bins full of rotting lettuces. Shades of T. S. Eliot's Prufrock here but also a particular analytic problem: how do we make sense of the role of waste in the formation of an urban sensibility?
Playing the Tourist in Early Modern London: Selling the Liberties Onstage
Authors: Bly Mary
Published: April 2007

This article attempts to reconstruct a mental cartography of early modern London, the ensemble of material, social, and symbolic codes that made up the social architecture of the city. The article extends Steven Mullaney's work by giving scholars a more accurate understanding of the geography of London and its liberties, especially those that housed private theaters, such as Shakespeare's Blackfriars. I look in particular at the liberty of the Whitefriars, arguing that between 1600 and 1615, two theaters used the liberty's reputation to draw visitors to both the theater and the neighborhood in an early modern version of cultural tourism. The theater thrived on a symbolic economy, a commodification of local color that drew people to the district, from in and outside London. I bring theories of space and tourism into play when considering the complexities of how a theater commodifies its neighborhood in this manner.
Sounding the Space between Men: Choric and Choral Cities in Ben Jonson'sEpicoene; or, The Silent Woman
Authors: Yiu Mimi
Published: April 2007

In Ben Jonson'sEpicoene, the misanthropic Morose pathologically seals his home against the “common noises” of London, “turning Turk” against his neighbors. What opens up the queer space of Morose's home, ironically, is his equally queer marriage to a cross-dressed boy, a travesty of marital domesticity that parallels the urban travesty of spatial isolation. While the eventual breaching of architectural and gender facades seems to reinscribe social norms, Jonson's play profoundly questions how we construct the space of home, the space of self. Indeed, by settingEpicoenenear the Whitefriars theater, where the play was first performed, Jonson adopts chorographic techniques to represent “home” to viewers drawn from that social and spatial milieu. Through a reconsideration of Plato's chora, this essay explores how a vengeful community wrenches open Morose's closet-cum-home, forcing him to renounce his manhood and reducing him to a nonsubject.
Metropolitan Modernism and Its West Indian Interlocutors: 1950s London and the Emergence of Postcolonial Literature
Authors: Kalliney Peter
Published: April 2007

Using archival sources, interviews, and memoirs, this essay documents the surprisingly extensive connections between London's extant modernists and West Indian writers during the 1950s. With the support of Stephen Spender, John Lehmann, T. S. Eliot, and other luminaries, a vibrant group of Caribbean artists quickly established themselves as known literary commodities. Such forms of collaboration between metropolitan intellectuals and their colonial counterparts were structured by shared interests in high culture. London's modernists feared English culture was faced with terminal decline; West Indian writers exploited that fear by insisting that the metropolitan culture industry badly needed an infusion of colonial talent. The brevity and fragility of these bonds, however, led to the emergence of postcolonial literature as a distinct but marginal cultural niche. London's postwar identity as center of global cultural production, I suggest, was intimately connected with the recruitment and assimilation of colonial intellectuals.
Introduction: Dreaming of Infrastructure
Authors: Yaeger Patricia
Published: April 2007

Baghdad, Banda Aceh, Beirut, Detroit, Dhaka, Harare, New Orleans. In these times chronicling the devastation and annihilation of cities—through capital flight, natural disaster, slum eviction, and war—I gravitate to stories about restoring ruined cities. Halfway throughSlaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut's novel about the firebombing of Dresden, we find an eccentric scene. After surviving Dresden's conflagration, Billy Pilgrim, optician and ex-GI, escapes traumatic memories by becoming “unstuck in time” (93). He journeys with the Tralfamadorians, creatures from outer space who teach him to time-switch so that he can move fluidly through his own private and public histories. Finding a war movie intolerable, Pilgrim imagines it in reverse: “American planes, full of holes and wounded men and corpses took off backwards from an airfield in England. Over France, a few German fighter planes flew at them backwards, sucked bullets and shell fragments from some of the planes and crewmen.” Pilgrim changes space by changing time. German guns suck bomb fragments from wounded American airmen as “the formation flew backwards over a German city that was in flames. The bombers opened their bomb bay doors, exerted a miraculous magnetism which shrunk the fires, gathered them into cylindrical steel containers, and lifted the containers into the bellies of the planes” (93–94). How can we shelter or care for, how can we nurture, the ruined city in the belly of the text?
Energy efficiency with natural ventilation: a case study
Authors: Fitzgerald S. D. , Woods A. W.
Published: April 2007

Application of laboratory analogue modelling of air flow in a naturally ventilated shopping mall is reviewed in this paper. A detailed study of the ventilation was undertaken to establish the principles and to explore how natural ventilation might interact with a localised mechanical ventilation system designed to enhance the cooling of a high density food court area. The case study is used to show how the combination of laboratory modelling and simplified mathematical modelling enables one to rapidly identify the various flow regimes which can occur, to quantify the resultant flows and mean temperatures and to thereby develop appropriate ventilation strategies for the different external conditions which occur through the year.
Enzymatic Treatment of Sulfonated Aromatic Amines Generated from Reductive Degradation of Reactive Azo Dyes
Authors: Biswas Mousumi Mani , Taylor Keith E. , Bewtra Jatinder K. , Biswas Nihar
Published: April 2007

Anaerobic degradation, an effective treatment process of textile industry effluent, generates sulfonated aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and resistant to microbial degradation. These aromatic amines can be effectively removed by oxidative polymerization catalyzed by peroxidase enzyme. The amines, generated in this study from the anaerobic reduction by zero‐valent iron of two reactive azo dyes (Reactive Red 2 [RR2] and Reactive Black 5 [RB5]), were successfully removed (90%) by Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP). For better understanding of the process, enzymatic treatment of two model compounds, diphenylamine (DPA) and 2‐amino‐8‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulfonic acid (ANDSA), were also studied. Diphenylamine has a similar diarylamine bond as RR2. The ANDSA has a similar structure as the dye reduction products. The secondary amine bond in DPA and RR2 were oxidized by ARP. Enzymatic reaction of sulfonated aromatic amines generated soluble colored compounds, which were removed by coagulant. Optimum reaction parameters were also determined.
Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water by Chemical Precipitation – A Modeling and Simulation Study of the Physical‐Chemical Processes
Authors: Pal Parimal , Ahammad Sk. Ziauddin , Pattanayak Abhinandan , Bhattacharya Pinaki
Published: April 2007

A dynamic mathematical model was developed for removal of arsenic from drinking water by chemical coagulation‐precipitation and was validated experimentally in a bench‐scale set‐up. While examining arsenic removal efficiency of the scheme under different operating conditions, coagulant dose, pH and degree of oxidation were foun d to have pronounced impact. Removal efficiency of 91–92% was achieved for synthetic feed water spiked with 1 mg/L arsenic and pre‐oxidized by potassium permanganate at optimum pH and coagulant dose. Model predictions corroborated well with the experimental findings (the overall correlation coefficient being 0.9895) indicating the capability of the model in predicting performance of such a treatment plant under different operating conditions. Menu‐driven, user‐friendly Visual Basic software developed in the study will be very handy in quick performance analysis. The simulation is expected to be very useful in full‐scale design and operation of the treatment plants for removal of arsenic from drinking water.
Maximum Nitrogen Removal in the Step‐Feed Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Tang Chi‐Chung , Kuo Jeff , Weiss Jeffery S.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a mathematical framework that can be used to determine the flow distributions for a step‐feed activated sludge process that result in maximum nitrogen removal. The model indicates that nitrogen removal efficiency in a step‐feed activated sludge process is highly dependent on the ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (BOD L)‐to‐total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ratio of the wastewater. For typical domestic wastewater, which has a relatively high BOD L‐to‐TKN ratio, the step‐feed process will outperform the Modified Ludzack‐Ettinger process for nitrogen removal, when the flow to each step is optimally distributed. Using plant‐specific water quality data and operating conditions from a 1‐year period, nitrogen removal performance for four step‐feed activated sludge plants operated by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (California) was calculated using the developed model. The calculated nitrogen removal efficiencies match well with the actual plant performance data. These results validate the model as a useful tool for predicting nitrogen removal in a step‐feed activated sludge process. Other analyses revealed that improvements in nitrogen removal at existing facilities are achievable by adjusting the split of primary effluent flow to each anoxic zone several times during the day. The timing of the adjustments and the optimal flow splits can be determined from data on diurnal fluctuations in BOD L and TKN concentrations. An example is provided to illustrate the application of such an operating strategy and the potential enhancement of nitrogen removal.
Diffusion of Oxygen Through Activated Sludge Flocs: Experimental Measurement, Modeling, and Implications for Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification
Authors: Daigger Glen T. , Adams Craig D. , Steller Holley Kaempfer
Published: April 2007

Diffusion of dissolved oxygen through activated sludge flocs was studied, as it represents a potential mechanism for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge systems. Dissolved oxygen profiles through six floc particles collected at different times from a full‐scale activated sludge plant demonstrated that that the dissolved oxygen concentration declines through all floc particles. For larger floc particles (2‐mm diameter and greater), the dissolved oxygen concentration reached near‐zero values at depths depending on process operating conditions. A mathematical model based on diffusion of dissolved oxygen, organic substrate (methanol), ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate through a spherical floc and consumption of dissolved oxygen by heterotrophs and autotrophs accurately predicted the dissolved oxygen profile and required adjustment of only one model parameter—the concentration of heterotrophs. A different dissolved oxygen decline pattern was exhibited for the smaller floc particles characterized, with the dissolved oxygen reaching a non‐zero plateau toward the center of the floc. This pattern was not reproduced with the mathematical model developed and suggests that additional mechanisms are responsible for the transport of dissolved oxygen into the center of these flocs. Implications of these results regarding the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification include consideration of the factors that affect floc size and distribution (simultaneous nitrification and denitrification is maximized with larger floc particles), coupling of the International Water Association (London) activated models to predict activated sludge composition with diffusion models to consider intrafloc effects, and the effects of substrate diffusion on the apparent half‐saturation constant for various substrates in activated sludge systems.
Effects of Oxygen Exposure on Anaerobic Digester Sludge
Authors: Conklin Anne , Bucher Robert , Stensel H. David , Ferguson John
Published: April 2007

Recuperative thickening of anaerobic digester sludge (thickening with solids return) yields increased digester capacity. Common thickening methods cause oxygen exposure to the digester sludge. This study evaluated the effects of various levels of oxygen exposure on the acetoclastic methanogens. Gravity belt thickening had no detrimental effect on the acetoclastic activity. From a 7‐day batch test with continuous oxygen exposure of digester sludge, a 12% loss in acetoclastic activity was predicted for a digester with a 20‐day solids retention time (SRT) and 100% recycle with recuperative thickening via dissolved air flotation thickening. However, a greater loss (27%) was found from a long‐term, bench‐scale digester operated under similar conditions. This loss did not affect the digester performance, as measured by volatile solids destruction. This research suggests that recuperative thickening may not affect digester performance at a long SRT with constant operation, but may change the reserve capacity of the anaerobic community.
Decrease of Time for Pathogen Inactivation in Alkaline Disinfection Systems Using Pressure
Authors: Fitzmorris Kari B. , Reimers Robert S. , Oleszkiewicz Jan A. , Little M. Dale
Published: April 2007

From field studies conducted by Tulane University (New Orleans, Louisiana), efficiency of advanced alkaline disinfection in closed systems was found to depend on ammonia concentration, pH, exposure time, temperature, total solids content, pretreatment storage time, and mixing effectiveness. In this study of a closed alkaline system, an additional pathogen stressor pressure was tested. The effect of the alkaline dosing has been assessed for dewatered raw and aerobically and anaerobically digested municipal sludge cake that produce un‐ionized ammonia at concentrations of 0.05 to 2% on a dry‐weight basis. Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs increased from 50 to 99% as the temperature was increased from 40 to 55°C, thus achieving Class A levels. The systems studied were compared with an alkaline process operated under open conditions, which limited the concentrations of ammonia available because of Henry's Law. Under a closed pressurized system, the effect of un‐ionized ammonia was greatly increased, and the resulting time required for inactivation was reduced from hours or days to minutes. In the next few years, it is expected that alkaline disinfection of biosolids will be optimized in relation to the factors stated above, at much lower doses of the alkaline agents. The closed‐system alkaline processes that will be developed will be more energy‐efficient, cost‐effective, and have full control of potential odorous emissions.
Wastewater Analysis for Volatile Organic Sulfides Using Purge‐and‐Trap with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Xianhao , Peterkin Earl , Narangajavana Kanthaka
Published: April 2007

This paper presented a modified method for the analysis of volatile organic sulfides (VOS) simultaneously with volatile organic compounds (VOC) in wastewater using purge‐and‐trap with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Calibration standards were prepared using filtered and nitrogen‐purged VOS‐free wastewater, acidified to pH 1.4. Samples were also acidified to pH 1.4. This approach minimized the oxidation of methanethiol to dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), which hampered the liquid‐phase analysis of VOS. Compounds were concentrated from the liquid phase, and automated analyses were performed without additional equipment, other than that required for routine wastewater VOC analysis. The linear range was 5 to 500 μg/L, with r 2 ≥ 0.99. The average recovery from replicate analyses of spiked samples was 81 ± 0.5% for methanethiol, 100 ± 1.5% for dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and 92 ± 1.5% for DMDS. Method detection limits were 4.8, 2.8, and 1.2 μg/L for methanethiol, DMS, and DMDS, respectively. The relative percent differences were between 0 and 8%.
Use of a Seeder Reactor to Manage Crystal Growth in the Fluidized Bed Reactor for Phosphorus Recovery
Authors: Shimamura Kazuaki , Ishikawa Hideyuki , Tanaka Toshihiro , Hirasawa Izumi
Published: April 2007

The authors have been engaged in the development of a phosphorus recovery system capable of maintaining high recovery efficiencies, with the chemical cost suppressed. This time, they conducted demonstration tests of a fluidized bed magnesium ammonium phosphate reactor provided with a seeder reactor for the supernatant from anaerobic digestion using a pilot experimental plant with a wastewater treatment capacity of 20 m 3/d. For the digestion supernatant with a phosphorus concentration of approximately 300 mg/L, the treated water phosphorus concentration was 10 to 25 mg/L, and the phosphorus recovery efficiency was more than 90%. Relative to the chemical cost in the case of magnesium chloride, the chemical cost in the case of magnesium hydroxide is approximately 40%. Thus, with the new system, it was possible to reduce the running cost while maintaining high recovery efficiencies.
Complete Dechlorination of DDE/DDD Using Magnesium/Palladium System
Authors: Gautam Sumit Kumar , Suresh Sumathi
Published: April 2007

Kinetic studies on the dechlorination of 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2 bis (4,‐chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1,dichloro‐2,2 bis (4,‐chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) in 0.05% biosurfactant revealed that the reaction follows second‐order kinetics. The rate of reaction was dependent on the presence of acid, initial concentrations of the target compound, and zerovalent magnesium/tetravalent palladium. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses of DDE dechlorination revealed the formation of a completely dechlorinated hydrocarbon skeleton, with diphenylethane as the end product, thereby implying the removal of all four chlorine atoms of DDE. In the case of DDD, we identified two partially dechlorinated intermediates [namely, 1, 1‐dichloro‐2, 2 bis (phenyl) ethane and 1, chloro‐2, 2 bis (phenyl) ethane] and diphenylethane as the end product. On the basis of products formed from DDD dehalogenation, we propose the removal of aryl chlorine atoms as a first step. Our investigation reveals that biosurfactant may be an attractive solubilizing agent for DDT and its residues. The magnesium/palladium system is a promising option because of its high reactivity and ability to achieve complete dechlorination of DDE and DDD.
Membrane Filtration of Olive Mill Wastewater and Exploitation of Its Fractions
Authors: Paraskeva C. A. , Papadakis V. G. , Kanellopoulou D. G. , Koutsoukos P. G. , Angelopoulos K. C.
Published: April 2007

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) produced from small units scattered in rural areas of Southern Europe is a major source of pollution of surface and subsurface water. In the present work, a treatment scheme based on physical separation methods is presented. The investigation was carried out using a pilot‐plant unit equipped with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis membranes. Approximately 80% of the total volume of wastewater treated by the membrane units was sufficiently cleaned to meet the standards for irrigation water. The concentrated fractions collected in the treatment concentrates were characterized by high organic load and high content of phenolic compounds. The concentrates were tested in hydroponic systems to examine their toxicity towards undesired herbs. The calculations of the cost of the overall process showed that fixed and operational costs could be recovered from the exploitation of OMW byproducts as water for irrigation and/or as bioherbicides.
Biomechanics of Submaximal Recumbent Cycling in Adolescents With and Without Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Johnston Therese E , Barr Ann E , Lee Samuel CK
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanics of recumbent cycling between adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III and IV and adolescents with typical development (TD).

Subjects

Twenty subjects, ages (X̄±SD) 15.2±1.6 years (10 with TD, 10 with CP), participated.

Methods

Lower-extremity kinematics and muscle activity were measured at 30 and 60 rpm while subjects pedaled on a recumbent cycle. Energy expenditure and perceived exertion were measured during a 5-minute test, and efficiency was calculated. Noncircular data were analyzed with analyses of variance. Circular data were analyzed using circular t tests.

Results

Differences were found between groups for joint kinematics for all motions. Subjects with CP displayed earlier onsets and later offsets of muscle activity, increased co-contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles, and decreased efficiency compared with subjects with TD. There were no differences in perceived exertion.

Discussion and Conclusion

Differences in cycling biomechanics between children with CP and children with TD may be due to decreased strength and motor control in the children with CP.
Sensory-Specific Balance Training in Older Adults: Effect on Position, Movement, and Velocity Sense at the Ankle
Authors: Westlake Kelly P , Wu Yushiao , Culham Elsie G
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose

Age-related changes in proprioception contribute to impairments in postural control and increased fall risk in older adults. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of balance exercises on proprioception.

Subjects

The participants were 36 older people and 24 younger people who were healthy.

Methods

Older participants were randomly assigned to a balance exercise group (n=17) or a falls prevention education group (n=19). Baseline, postintervention, and 8-week follow-up measurements of 3 proprioceptive measures (threshold to perception of passive movement, passive joint position sense, and velocity discrimination) were obtained at the ankle. For comparative purposes, younger participants underwent a one-time assessment of the 3 proprioceptive measures.

Results

Postintervention improvements in velocity discrimination were found in the balance exercise group when compared with values at baseline and in the falls prevention education group. Age-related differences found at baseline were reduced in the balance exercise group after intervention. Improvements were not maintained at the 8-week follow-up. Threshold to perception of passive movement and passive joint position sense did not change as a function of the exercise intervention.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results suggest that short-term improvements in velocity sense, but not movement and position sense, may be achieved following a balance exercise intervention.
An Early Map and the Cadastral Survey of St. Croix, Danish West Indies 1734-41 / A Cartographic Cul-de-sac
Authors: Hopkins Daniel
Published: April 2007

In 1733, the Danish West India and Guinea Company, in which the upper levels of Danish politics and commerce were involved, purchased the Caribbean island of St. Croix. The Company was for a surprising time unable to marshall the cartographic and organizational expertise and resources needed to make satisfactory maps of its important new colonial acquisition. One result was a drastic discrepancy between the actual area of the island and calculated returns from land revenues. The communication between colony and metropolis reached a cartographic impasse when the Danish colonial authorities ordered the superimposition of the emerging cadastral pattern on a quite materially inaccurate 17th-century base map - an impossible undertaking.
HISTORIC DUTCH ATLASES IN THE NATIONAL MAP COLLECTION
Authors: LOU SEBOEK
Published: April 2007

The author, in his capacity as Head of the Atlas Collection in the Public Archives of Canada, has been conducting research on the Archives' holdings of rare atlases. This paper presents the results of this research insofar as Dutch atlases published between 1570 and 1827 are concerned.
PRESSANTS BESOINS D'UN PROGRAMME DE CARTOGRAPHIE A GRANDE ECHELLE
Authors: ST-ARNAUD ROBERT
Published: April 2007

The needs of our moden urban world for more large-scale maps have become obvious. At the same time, the observer is always surprised to note the vastness of our needs in new large-scale mapping and the still relative slowness of current medium- and small-scale map production. Equally surprising are the difficulties encountered by those who are mapping our towns and cities and the sometimes questionable quality of the finished product. Where would be the problem? We have acquired habits, during the last 50 years, in producing medium- and small-scale maps. We must now realize that the new large-scale document we need so badly is a totally different type of map which must correspond to new needs, and we must reconsider the whole aspect of planning and design.
Colour Detection on Bivariate Choropleth Maps: The Visual Search Process
Authors: Nelson Elisabeth S.
Published: April 2007

Searching is a fundamental but complex task in the map-reading process. Several psychologists have explored the role of visual search in cognition, and have proposed a number of models that may offer cartographers a basis for understanding how people search for specific map information. The purpose of this research was to examine the visual search process used by map readers when interacting with bivariate choropleth maps, and to assess the potential of one of psychology's models, Attentional Engagement Theory, for explaining that process. The study employed a standard search task that determined the efficiency of the search process by having subjects search for target colours among non-target colours across a map. An analysis of reaction times showed that the following variables affected search efficiency: target colour, the total number of objects on the map, and similarity of the target colour to all other non-target colours on the map. Keywords: visual search, cartography-colour, bivariate map.
CARTOGRAPHIC GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF MOIRE PATTERNS PRODUCED BY DOT TINT SCREENS
Authors: Kimerling A Jon
Published: April 2007

The physical attributes of moire patterns produced by tint screens, their arrangement, gray tone, orientation and size, may be mathematically defined in terms of their screen separation angle. In this paper equations for moires produced by dot tint screens with a square dot arrangement are theoretically derived and empirically verified. These equations provide a physical foundation for perceptual research into the visual effectiveness of moire patterns as area symbols on maps. Les propriétés matérielles du moirage produit par les écrans teintés, par leur disposition, par leur grisé, par leur orientation et leurs dimensions peuvent être définies mathématiquement en fonction de l'angle de séparation de leur écran. Dans le présent document, on a calculé théoriquement et vérifié empiriquement les équations du moirage produit par les écrans teintés par points disposés en carré. Ces équations donnent une base matérielle aux recherches en matière de perception sur l'efficacité visuelle du moirage qui sert à représenter des régions sur les cartes.
THE VINLAND MAP / A COMMENTARY
Authors: MOWAT FARLEY
Published: April 2007

The accurate orientation and location of the portion of North America on the Vinland Map postulates that the map-maker had a clear understanding of the locations of Vinland and the other early Norse discoveries to the westward. It is the writer's theory that the name 'Vinland' originally referred to Leif Erikssen's landfall at Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, but that after succeeding Norse settlement voyages from Greenland, the name became a generic for the whole of the then known new world. The sources used for the Vinland Map are in excellent agreement with those used by Sigurd Stefansson for his 1570 map, which also derived from ancient Icelandic sources, except that the scribe chose to refer to Vinland as an island. An examination of the ancient Norse sagas reveals that both Helluland and Vinland were considered as an area quite distinct from the coastal linear territory known to the ancient Norse as Greenland, and, separated from it by Hudson Strait, was in fact part of a new world. It is probable that the irregularities of the coastline delineated on the 'Island of Vinland' were drawn from the imagination of the cartographer, but some of the main features such as Kaumajet Peninsula were certainly known to the Norse voyagers. The writer identifies the geographic locations of the main features indicated on the map, and postulates that the 'Island of Vinland' was based on sea charts made and used by the ancient Norse. L'orientation et l'emplacement exacts de la partie de l'Amérique du Nord sur la Carte Vinland accepte que le cartographe comprenait bien l'emplacement de Vinland et des autres découvertes nordiques vers l'ouest. La théorie de l'auteur est que le nom 'Vinland' se rapporte originairement à la défaite terrestre à Trinity Bay de Leif Erikssen, la Terre- Neuve, mais que, après une suite de voyages du Groenland à l'établissement nordique, le nom est devenu générique pour le monde entier, connu jusque là. Les sources dont on se servait pour établir la carte 'Vinland' sont en plein accord avec celles dont se servait Sigurd Stefansson pour sa carte de 1570 qui tirait aussi ses origines d'anciennes sources islandaises avec la seule exception que le scribe a choisi mentionner 'Vinland' comme île. Un examen des anciennes sagas nordiques révèle que Helluland aussi bien que 'Vinland' étaient considérés une zône bien distincte du territoire du côtier linéaire, connu aux anciens Norvégiens sous le nom de Groenland, et séparé du lui par le détroit de Hudson, mais que c'était, en réalité, partie du nouveau monde. Il est probable que les irréguliarités du littoral qui esquissaient l'Ile de Vinland étaient de l'imagination du cartographe, cependant, quelques-uns des traits saillants, tels que celui de la péninsule Kaumajet, était sûrement connu aux voyageurs nordiques. L'auteur identifie les emplacements géographiques des particuliarités principales, tracées sur la carte et prétend que I' "Ile de Vinland" était indiquée sur des cartes-marines dont se servaient les anciens Norvégiens.
I A STRELBITSKY – THE FOREMOST RUSSIAN CARTOGRAPHER OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Authors: CHERNYAYEVA F A
Published: April 2007

The author highlights the career of Ivan Strelbitsky (1828–1900), whom she rates as the dominant figure of Russian cartography of the 19th century on the basis of his fundamental and voluminous work in surveying, mapping, and statistics. His greatest achievements were the "Special Map of European Russia," which went through several editions, and his cartometric work in the form of measurements of the surface areas of Russia and Europe.
Deteriorated External Work Environment, Heavy Workload and Nurses' Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention
Authors: Zeytinoglu Isik U. , Denton Margaret , Davies Sharon , Baumann Andrea , Blythe Jennifer , Boos Linda
Published: April 2007

Health system reform experienced in Canada since the 1990s profoundly affected health-care workplaces and workers' attitudes. In this paper we examine associations between deteriorated external work environment, heavy workload and nurses' job satisfaction and turnover intention. Data are from our 2002 survey responses of 1,396 nurses employed in three teaching hospitals in southern Ontario. Data are analyzed first for all nurses and then separately for full-time, part-time, and casual nurses. External work environment refers to nurses' perceptions of important decisions being made outside the hospital, limited resources, and budget cuts. Results show that when nurses perceive a deteriorated external work environment and consider their workload to be heavy, they also report low job satisfaction. Low job satisfaction and heavy workload, in turn, are associated with nurses' turnover intention. However, when nurses perceive a deteriorated external work environment they are more inclined to stay. When data are examined separately for each employment status group, the effect of external work environment and workload are different on turnover intentions for full-time, part-time, and casual nurses. We suggest managers and policymakers pay attention to the impact of deteriorated external work environment and heavy workload in developing strategies for nurses' job satisfaction and retention. More importantly, the different impact of these factors according to employment contracts should be considered in developing human resources policies for nurses' job satisfaction and retention.
Central Asia On Russian Maps Of The 17th Century
Authors: FEDCHINA V N
Published: April 2007

The author, one of the most prolific Soviet specialists on the history of Russian cartography, discusses the representation of Central Asia on the lost "Great Map" (late 1500s), the Book of the Great Map (1627), Nicholas Spafary's map and accompanying description (1678), Semyon Remezov's duplicate map of Siberia (1684), Andrey Vinius' map (1670s- 1680s), and Remezov's new map of Siberia (1697), all of whose information reflected increasing knowledge of Central Asia supplied by Russian travellers and emissaries trying to develop trade with the region and to find shorter routes to the Orient. She concludes that the "Great Map" was the first Russian map to depict Central Asia, that Spafary's map of 1678 borrowed heavily from he "Great Map" and Remezov's map of 1684 virtually reproduced it, that Vinius' map was the first one to show both the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya entering the Aral Sea, and that Remezov's detailed and accurate map of 1697 was a composite map that summarized Russian information on Central Asia at the end of the 17th century. L'auteur qui est un des spécialistes soviétiques les plus prolifiques de l'histoire de la cartographie russe, traite de la représentation de l'Asie centrale sur la "Grande Carte" égarée (fin du 16 siècle), du Livre de la Grande Carte (1627), de la carte de Nicholas Spafary et de la description qui l'accompagne (1678), de la carte double de Sibérie de Semyon Remezov (1684), de la carte d'Andrey Vinius ( 1670–1680) et de la nouvelle carte de Sibérie de Remezov (1697), dont tous les renseignements reflètent la connaissance croissante de l'Asie centrale provenant des voyageurs et des émissaires russes qui essayent de développer le commerce avec la région et de trouver des routes moins longues vers l'Orient. Elle arrive à la conclusion que la "Grande Carte" a été la première carte russe à dépeindre l'Asie centrale, que la carte de Spafary de 1678 a surtout été faite d'emprunts à la "Grande Carte" et que la carte de Remezov de 1684 ne fait, somme toute, que la reproduire, que la carte de Vinius a été la première à montrer que l'Amu-Darya et le Syr-Darya se jettent dans la mer d'Aral, et que la carte détaillée et précise de Remezov de 1697 est une maquette qui résume les connaissances des Russes sur l'Asie centrale à la fin du 17e siècle.
THE STRUCTURE OF REGIONAL ATLASES/ AN ESSAY ON COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: DEAN W G
Published: April 2007

"The purpose of this essay is to critically assess the general topical organization of recent regional atlases and to elaborate on an attempt to facilitate the evolution of such atlases through the creation of an integrated structural framework as used for the Economic Atlas of Ontario. After tracing in briefest outline the principal concepts leading to the production of regional atlases as known today, a critical appraisal of the outmoded structure of such atlases is given. As a replacement for the late 19th century structural design of most regional atlases, it is suggested that a matrix system based on a semantic algebra permits a more logical arrangement of the contents of thematic or regional atlases. With minor adjustments, the distribution, analysis, synthesis matrix can be readily adapted to the computer-programmed atlases of the future. Meanwhile, the system provides a sound, logically-based integrated structure for regional geographical research and its cartographic representation."
Line Generalisation In A Global Cartographic Database
Authors: JONES CHRISTOPHER B , ABRAHAM IAN M
Published: April 2007

A major issue in the design of a scale-independent cartographic database is the question of how linear features should be stored so that efficiency is maintained in terms of both generalisation and spatial access. A strategy is described here for classifying the internal points of digitised lines into hierarchies of scale-specific levels which are themselves spatially segmented in a data-adaptive manner, using quadtree cells, based on latitude and longitude coordinates. It is proposed that feature classification and identification of lines stored in these hierarchies should be maintained by designating specific internal line points as topological nodes. The advantages of quadtree and related methods of locational access can thus be combined with data structures oriented towards retrievals at different levels of cartographic generalisation. The problem of selecting appropriate tolerance values in a generalisation algorithm, in order to predetermine the scale significance of the resulting generalised lines, is discussed and an approach to its solution is introduced.
UNITED KINGDOM ORDNANCE SURVEY TOURIST MAPS AT ONE-INCH SCALE: A REVIEW/SOME CANADIAN IMPLICATIONS
Authors: MCGRATH GERALD
Published: April 2007

Within recent years the Ordnance Survey has published a number of sheets for tourist purposes covering areas of special interest in the United Kingdom. The maps are compiled from standard one-inch sheets but have been re-designed to show features of particular interest to walkers, climbers, skiers and others. The writer details the principal characteristics of these maps and discusses their format, the representation of relief, vegetation, settlements and communications, the symbolization of tourist information, and type styles. In conclusion, the writer presents a plea to the Canadian federal mapping agency to re-assess existing maps of the National Parks and to extend this type of map to other tourist areas in Canada.
Do we really know our map users?
Authors: DYMON UTE J
Published: April 2007

Maps can be produced for many kinds of map users with varying expertise and experiences. Therefore, it would be useful to know who are the users of our maps. This research identified and profiled users of the groundwater maps within the Hydrological Atlas Series of the United States Geological Survey and examined whether differences in users' backgrounds influenced their understanding of the maps. It was found that the principal differences amongst map user backgrounds could be captured by broadly classifying users into two major groups â€“ public and private sector employees. Private sector employees have a technical orientation that enables them to respond well to the technical information presented on these maps while the public sector employees lack such an orientation and thus may experience problems when using the maps.
Art as Maps: Influence of Cartography on Two Chinese Landscape Paintings of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
Authors: Hu Bangbo
Published: April 2007

In this article I examine the influence of cartography on two Chinese Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) landscape paintings: the Changjiang wan li tu (panoramic view of the Changjiang) and the Shu chuan shenggai (beautiful scenery along the Changjiang in Sichuan). Western readers may be more familiar with the Changjiang as the Yangtze River. In addition to discussion of their artists, dates, and nature, the cartographic elements depicted in these two paintings have also been examined in detail. Although there are still some uncertainties about the artists and dates of the two paintings, the evidence provided by the place names inscribed on these two scrolls indicates that the Changjiang wan li tu could not have been created before 1196 and that the Shu chuan shenggai could not have been painted earlier than 1208. The theme, content, and artistic style of these two Chinese landscape paintings and the history of the collections in which they were treasured through the centuries suggest that they would be more appropriately regarded as artistic masterpieces than as maps. However, both paintings include significant cartographic elements, reflecting the influence of traditional Chinese cartography. That influence is evident in the inscription of place names according to their relative locations, the use of geographical texts as sources, the indication of distance between the sites, and the identification of the locations and changes of historical place names.
Part 2: Distortion-Spectrum Applications Projection Cross-breeding
Authors: Laskowski Peter
Published: April 2007

The applications of the distortion spectrum are extended to the domain of minimum-error projections. Several new concepts in analytic cartography are introduced, the most prominent being the Minimum-Constraint Minimum-Error (MCME) representation of the distortion measure, the MCME Atlas, and projection cross-breeding.

The concept of projection cross-breeding is introduced as a technique of mixing two or more 'parent' MCME projections selected from the MCME Atlas in order to produce an 'offspring' projection that minimizes cartographic distortions and inherits the most desirable cartographic characteristics for the specific data-mapping task. A step-by-step demonstration of the application of projection cross-breeding technology to the design of minimum-error projections is provided, using the example of the Tri-Optimal projection.

Each MCME projection provides a visual characterization of a map-distortion measure. The MCME and its distortion spectrum together provide a cartographic insight into the nature of map-distortion measures. A practical methodology for creating a visual dictionary (called the MCME Atlas) of map distortion measures is presented, and its use in projection cross-breeding explained. An explanation of the use of the Atlas to study map-distortion measures by means of the scientific classification of measures is also included.
Size of Map Labels Used in GIS and Loss of Literal Information
Authors: SADAHIRO YUKIO
Published: April 2007

The size of letters used in GIS greatly affects legibility of map labels. To provide a criterion for the size of letters to keep legibility at a certain level, this paper analyzes the relationship between the size of letters and the loss of literal information. The amount of information loss is measured by two different indices: a visibility ratio that indicates the ratio of visible letters to total letters, and a legibility ratio that represents the ratio of legible letters to total letters. The expectations of these indices are represented as functions of the size of letters, and it is possible to estimate the loss of literal information when the size of letters is determined. To test the validity of this analysis, it is applied to the labelling of station names in Yokohama City, Japan. Some empirical findings are shown.