bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The hydrolysis and polymerization of hydrogen cyanide in alkaline solutions
Authors: Marsh J. D. F. , Martin Margaret J.
Published: July 2010

Solutions of hydrogen cyanide were heated in the presence of ammonia, ammonia and carbon dioxide, and ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, to temperatures between 60° and 110°. At high pH, the hydrogen cyanide was hydrolysed completely to ammonium formate; in less alkaline solutions some ammonium formate was formed, the remaining hydrogen cyanide polymerizing. The apparent energy of activation was about 20 kcal. per mole. Experiments in sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate solutions gave reaction rates similar to those in ammoniacal solutions.
Microsampling method of determining gases and vapours, particularly halogenated hydrocarbons, in AIR
Authors: Call F.
Published: July 2010

The apparatus permits the rapid determination of halogenated hydrocarbon vapours in air by withdrawing an accurately measured volume of air of the order of one or two millilitres and passing this first through a silica combustion tube and then through a reagent solution where the combustion products produce a colour change capable of being accurately measured. The standard error of replicates is about 0·5% and concentrations of methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide can be estimated over the range 0·5 to 170 μg./ml. Each determination takes about two minutes.
Aluminium cladding of buildings
Authors: Laithwaite E. H. , Skerrey E. W.
Published: July 2010

The use of aluminium as a cladding material for buildings is discussed from the point of view of its great resistance to corrosion under a variety of atmospheric conditions. Installation and service precautions are reviewed, the importance of avoiding bimetallic contacts being emphasized. Finishes available for aluminium cladding are described.

Laboratory and field tests as well as service experience covering periods up to about 50 years have shown that the external surface of aluminium cladding can be left without maintenance or protection if the recommended precautions are observed.
The analytical examination of mixtures of adipic, sebacic and phthalic acids
Authors: Clasper M. , Haslam J.
Published: July 2010

A chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and determination of adipic and sebacic acids in mixtures of phthalic, adipic and sebacic acids. The separation is effected on a silicic acid column buffered to pH 4·30 and the appropriate n‐butanol/chloroform eluates are titrated with standard alkali. The behaviour of other dicarboxylic acids under the same conditions is briefly considered.
Evaporation at low pressures
Authors: Burrows G.
Published: July 2010

The well‐known equations, based on simple kinetic theory, that represent evaporation at low pressures, are examined, and it is concluded that they apply only in certain limiting circumstances. The process of evaporation at low pressures is discussed and some semi‐empirical equations, based on the probability of molecular collisions, are developed to suit various conditions of operation. It is suggested that disregard of the effect of molecular collisions may frequently be the cause of failure to reconcile theory with the experimental results of evaporation at low pressures.
Potentiometric titrations of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. I. Benzoic acid, ϵ‐cyclohexylcaproic acid, p‐cresol and α‐naphthol
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Welch T. R.
Published: July 2010

A potentiometric technique is described which is suitable for the estimation of carboxylic acids in a ‘neutral’ solvent, such as a mixture of benzene and methanol, and for the estimation of weaker acids, such as phenols, in basic solvents such as n‐butylamine or a mixture of benzene and ethylene‐diamine.

The repeatability of titrations in non‐aqueous media has been briefly examined and is shown to be about ±1.25% of the titration volume for a neutral solvent and rather more for a basic solvent owing to interference by carbon dioxide. Where comparison with an indicator technique was possible, the repeatability of the potentiometric method was not quite so good as that of the indicator method.
Potentiometric titrations of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. II Hydroxybenzoic acids and dihydric phenols in n‐butylamine
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Welch T. R.
Published: July 2010

Four hydroxyl‐substituted benzoic acids and six dihydric phenols have been titrated potentio‐metrically in n‐butylamine solution using potassium methoxide as the titrant.

The results are discussed in terms of the electron‐attracting and electron‐repelling properties of the substituent groups in an aromatic ring and of the resultant effects on the acidic strength of the carboryl and hydroxyl groups.
Catalytic vapour‐phase oxidation of benzene to maleic acid
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Venkataraman N.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the production of maleic acid by oxidation of benzene using various catalyst combinations supported on different materials with addition of various amounts of cobalt oxides as promoter. Best yields of maleic acid (50% conversion of benzene) were obtained with a vanadium pentoxide‐molybdenum trioxide (1–2.3:1) catalyst supported on kieselguhr with 5% of cobalt oxide as promoter. The method of preparation of the metal oxides and of pretreatment of the support affected the results.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins VI: Rational synthesis of a ‘cyclic’ tetranuclear p‐cresol novolak
Authors: Hayes B. T. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

The rational synthesis of the ‘cyclic’ tetranuclear p‐cresol novolak (VIII) from the corresponding resole (VII) which was synthesized from 3‐bromo‐2:2′‐dihydroxy‐5:5′‐dimethyldiphenylmethane (I) has been accomplished in accordance with the scheme given below. A molecular model of the resole (VII) indicated that intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups would assist the formation of a configuration which could undergo facile cyclization to give the required novolak (VIII). The infrared absorption spectrum of the ‘cyclic’ tetranuclear novolak showed only the band corresponding to 1:2:4:6‐tetra‐substitution and absence of that due to 1:2:4‐tri‐substitution which was present in the resole (VII). Confirmation of structure was obtained by conversion into a tetra‐acetate which gave a molecular weight determination of the correct order and whose infra‐red absorption spectrum also showed only 1:2:4:6‐tetra‐substitution.
The spreading of oil on wet coal
Authors: Brown D. J. , Gray V. R. , Jackson A. W.
Published: July 2010

The spreading of oil on wet coal is shown, theoretically, to depend on two factors: the water/oil/coal contact angle and the oil/water interfacial tension. From these factors two criteria of spreading can be derived: the ‘spreading coefficient’ and the ‘adhesion tension’ relating to spreading on flat surfaces and spreading into capillaries respectively.

These criteria were calculated from measurements with pure oils, and with impure oils containing varying amounts of surface‐active agent, to find the conditions most conducive to good spreading.

Spreading was not spontaneous under any of the conditions tested, and was assisted by surface‐active substances and flotation frothing agents. The best pure flotation reagents were the worst spreaders, but this is not true of impure reagents. Poor flotation reagents are not poor because of adsorption of the reagent within the coal, since values of adhesion tension obtained were such that spontaneous spreading into cracks could not occur. Oils spread more readily on polished surfaces than on rough surfaces and more easily on high‐rank than on low‐rank coal.
Catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide at low concentrations
Authors: Napier D. H. , Stone M. H.
Published: July 2010

A suggested process for removing sulphur oxides from boiler flue gases requires as a first stage the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide, followed by the removal of sulphur trioxide as ammonium sulphate or sulphuric acid. Only work on the first stage is reported in this paper. As little attention has been given previously to the catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide in flue gases, bench‐scale experiments with simple apparatus were made to examine the reaction under these conditions. Four vanadium pentoxide catalysts of differing composition were compared, and the best was then used in a brief study of the following variables: contact time, sulphur dioxide concentration, and oxygen concentration.

The results suggest that it might be technically feasible to oxidise the sulphur dioxide in flue gases, and that normal variations in flue gas composition would have little effect on the reaction.
Bulk polymerization in natural rubber swollen by methyl methacrylate
Authors: Mcl. Swift P.
Published: July 2010

Methods are described for the preparation of polymer‐modified rubbers by bulk polymerization in natural rubber swollen by methyl methacrylate. The course of the reaction, using different catalyst systems, is followed by recording the temperature rise under conditions of low heat loss, and some suggestions are made as to the molecular weight of polymer formed at different stages of the reaction.

The polymer‐modified rubbers are characterized by separation into their ‘free’ and ‘graft’ components, and their physical properties are described. A large‐scale preparation is described where initiation of polymerization is sustained under conditions of low heat loss by the use of a mixed catalyst system.
Studies of the electrochemical potential of moving ships
Authors: Juchniewicz R.
Published: July 2010

Studies made on both stationary and moving ships have shown that the potential is independent of the position on the hull and of the speed of the ship. Some tests were made on the amount of current required for cathodic protection of the hull of a ship.
Nitric acid corrosion of austenitic stainless steels
Authors: West J. M.
Published: July 2010

A recent paper by Heeley & Little5is examined in the light of some experiments on the corrosion resistance of some Ti‐stabilised 18Cr‐8Ni steels in hot 30% nitric acid. It is inferred that the corrosion rate after prior sensitisation at 650° is determined by the thickness of a layer of exfoliated material dissolving at its outer surface as fast as it is formed and that equilibrium is not reached until the third week of test. The relevance of different types of laboratory tests to plant conditions is discussed.
The composition of ammoniacal liquors. II. Analysis of the phenolic content by chromatography
Authors: Barker L. , Hollingworth N. W.
Published: July 2010

The procedure adopted consists in placing 1 ml. of an acidified amnioniacal liquor on an acidified Celite column and elution with cyclohexane to obtain all the monohydric phenols in one band, except phenol which follows as a separate band. The dihydric phenols are then eluted separately or in groups of isomers by the addition of butanol in successively increasing amounts to the cyclohexane eluent. The monohydric phenols are separated on a second Celite column impregnated with sodium silicate solution by elution with cyclohexane. Amounts of all the compounds are determined directly in the eluates by ultra‐violet spectrophotometry.
Observations on the corrosion of aluminium and its alloys in relation to chemical examination of the corrosion products
Authors: Hine R. A.
Published: July 2010

The contribution which analysis of the products of corrosion can make to the methods of investigating the causes of corrosion of aluminium alloys in service, is described and illustrated with analyses of actual samples. The prevalence of corrosion involving either chloride or heavy metal ions is indicated by a summary of the results of 130 cases investigated.
Studies on the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate solutions. XVII. Effect of the addition of some carbohydrates on the particles precipitated by the decomposition of sodium aluminate solutions with seeding
Authors: Sato Taighi
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the sedimentation behaviour, sedimentation volume and bulk density of the precipitates obtained by seeding sodium aluminate solutions with hydrargillite in presence of glucose, sugar and starch.

With glucose and sugar, sedimentation is free and sedimentation volume small, but with starch, aggregated sedimentation occurs and sedimentation volume is large.

To explain the results, it is postulated that glucose and sugar combine with Al3+ or Al(OH)3 molecules and that starch is chemisorbed on the particles of seed material.
A study of the reactions of graphite with carbon dioxide with reference to gas‐cooled nuclear reactors
Authors: Copestake T. B. , Davidson H. W. , Tonge B. L.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of graphite and carbon dioxide is discussed in relation to the performance and safety of gas‐cooled graphite‐moderated nuclear reactors. Reaction is promoted by reactor radiation but this radiation‐induced process is unlikely to be temperature dependent. The limiting temperature for operating the system graphite‐carbon dioxide is, therefore, probably set by the thermal reaction. A wide variety of experimental means has been used to examine the thermal reaction and it is concluded that gasification of carbon by carbon dioxide is unlikely below temperatures of 600°. This conclusion appears valid even if applied to graphite which has undergone heavy neutron damage. Accelerated life tests covering several thousand hours have been used to confirm these observations. These same tests show that gasification of graphite occurs at temperatures above 600° but is strongly inhibited by the presence of carbon monoxide. This provides an additional factor of safety from the reactor point of view. The most pessimistic estimate for the rate of gasification of graphite in carbon dioxide by purely thermal means at 500° is calculated to be 0.1% (by weight) in 20 years.

The carbon monoxide observed after exposing graphite to carbon dioxide at temperatures below 600° arises from the formation of a stable oxide on the carbon surface.

Carbon monoxide can reduce this surface oxide at 500° and the clean surface produced will adsorb carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide in contact with ungraphitised carbon may decompose and deposit carbon. This deposition reaction is not self‐propagating and leads to an inert carbon surface.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. III. Solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols and certain esters at low temperatures
Authors: Gerrard W. , Mincer A. M. A. , Wyvill P. L.
Published: July 2010

Solubility of hydrogen chloride in organic compounds containing oxygen depends primarily on the electron density on the oxygen atom, which in turn is governed by the structure of the solvent molecule. Values of the solubility are given for a number of solvents. Remarkably large values were observed at low temperatures. A linear relationship is found to exist for some compounds between the molar fraction of hydrogen chloride and the logarithm of the absolute temperature.
The reactions of α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazine with certain free radicals
Authors: McGowan J. C. , Powell T.
Published: July 2010

A number of free radicals have been found to convert αα‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride into the deeply coloured radical, αα‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl which also reacts with the free radicals. The rates of appearance and disappearance of αα‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydraryl can be used to determine rate constants for reactions in which free radicals are produced.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XI. The alkaline hydrolysis of organo‐tin esters and nitriles
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. G.
Published: July 2010

In contra‐distinction to cyanomethyl‐ or ethoxycarbonylmethyl‐tin compounds, which by reaction with alkali undergo tin‐carbon bond cleavage, organo‐tin compounds containing an ester or cyano group in the β‐position or beyond with respect to the tin atom are readily converted into the corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives. 2‐Carboxyethyltin compounds spontaneously undergo a secondary reaction with formation of an inner salt.

The preparation of several organotin‐carboxylic acids or their sodium salts (which show marked solubility in water) is reported.

The stability of the tin‐carbon bond in relation to the position of the ester and cyano groups with respect to the tin atom is briefly discussed.
High‐pressure syntheses of acetic and propionic acids from alcohols and carbon monoxide in presence of nickel, cobalt and iron catalysts
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Sourirajan S.
Published: July 2010

Optimum yields of acids and esters are obtained with a nickel iodide catalyst supported on an equal weight of silica at about 230° and 3000 Ib./sq. in. pressure, the residence time being about 2 hours. The presence of about 5% of water in the alcohol is advantageous and increased yields of acid and ester are obtained when the bomb is cooled to ∼60° before release of gaseous pressure. The catalyst is reactivated after one use by addition of 0.5 ml. of water per 10 g. of catalyst. The decomposition of the alcohols and acids to gascous products (CO, H2 and saturated lower paraffins) is discussed.
The polymerisation of acetylene derivatives. I. The polymerisation of some monomers derived from vinylacetylene
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

The polymerisation of p‐[1‐(3′‐buten‐1′‐ynyl)cyclohexyl]phenyl acetate (I, R=Ac) and of the corresponding anisole (I, R=Me) by benzoyl peroxide has been investigated. In further polymerisation experiments with different initiators, the highest degree of polymerisation (∼ 30 monomer units) was achieved with diazoaminobenzene. The copolymerisation of the butenynylcyclohexylanisole with styrene which was also investigated, gave resins with physical properties intermediate between the homopolymers and polystyrene.

The polymerisation of allyl isopropenyl ketone, derived from 3‐buten‐1‐ynyldimethylcarbinol by way of vinylisopropenylacetylene, and its copolymerisation with styrene was also investigated.

4‐Penten‐2‐ynyl acetate and benzoate underwent polymerisation on heating with benzoyl peroxide giving soft gels, but attempts to copolymerise these esters with styrene proved unsuccessful.
Physico‐chemical studies on dusts. X. A comparative study of the solubility and adsorptive properties of finely divided silica and titania
Authors: Brown J. , Jaap W. J. , Ritchie P. D.
Published: July 2010

Titania (crystalline or amorphous) has a negligibly small water‐solubility over the pH range approx. 3–12; silica (crystalline or amorphous) has a low but quite measurable solubility, with a minimum at pH about 2.5–3.

Rutile, lightly etched with hydrofluoric acid, shows an enhanced solubility, but quartz, similarly treated, shows a reduced solubility.

The rate of solution in aqueous media provides no evidence for the existence on rutile of a highlysoluble disturbed surface layer such as exists on quartz.

Adsorption of basic dyestuffs by titania broadly resembles that shown by silica, although the extent of adsorption is greater.
An improved brittle point test for tars
Authors: Pickles S.
Published: July 2010

Whilst it is very desirable to have some measure of the ability of tars and bitumens to resist brittle fracture at low temperatures, one of the few tests which has hitherto been available, that due to Fraass, has found little favour due to difficulty of operation and poor repeatability. A new test for tars is described which, whilst embodying the same principles as the Fraass test, is much easier to perform, and has greatly improved repeatability. A linear relationship has been shown to exist between the brittle points and equiviscous temperatures of normal tars which, over the road tar range of viscosities, approximates to a simple numerical difference of 64°.
The oxidation of monoethenoid fatty acids and esters. The preparation and catalytic autoxidation of ricinoleic acid
Authors: Gulbekian E. V. , Skellon J. H.
Published: July 2010

A solvent extraction process using light petroleum has been adopted for preparation of pure ricinoleic acid from castor oil.

The non‐catalytic and catalytic autoxidation of ricinoleic acid by gaseous oxygen at 120° has been studied in relation to the type and concentration of catalyst, and complex changes occurring have been investigated.

The products of autoxidation at 120° using uranium and cobalt soap catalysts have been examined and the mechanism of the reaction is discussed in relation to the end products.

Ricinoleic acid forms hydroperoxides which yield scisson products on decomposition. At 120° degradation of the molecule occurs with evolution of carbon dioxide and water and it is probable that rupture occurs at the ethenoid linkage and at hydroperoxide groups. Complex, oily components of high molecular weight are formed by recombination of scisson products. In the absence of oxygen, ricinoleic acid esterifies but does not dehydrate at 120°.
Solubility and heat of wetting of silica powders
Authors: Paterson M. S. , Wheatley K.
Published: July 2010

Measurements have been made of the silica solubility of quartz samples in the size range 0.5–500μ, prepared from different sources. The solubility of all fractions between 0.5 and 70μ of quartz from a Belgian glass sand (‘Snowit’) was found to be proportional to the surface area available for solution; with quartz from Madagascar the same proportionality was found for samples with sizes between 4 and 50μ, but particles below 2μ in diameter had a much higher solubility per unit area. No colloidal polymerised silicic acid was found in the extracts of the quartz samples of sizes from 0.5 to 500μ, and its alleged occurrence could be explained by quartz and kaolin of small particle size.

The solubility characteristics of quartz, tridymite, cristobalite and fused silica were found to be very similar.

The heat of wetting by water of unetched and etched samples of quartz and tridymite was found to be of the order of 260 ergs./cm.2, which was attributed to the presence of silanol groups on the surface.
Poly‐N‐vinylcarbazole. I. Preparation of N‐vinyl‐carbazole
Authors: Davidge H.
Published: July 2010

N‐Vinylcarbazole, when prepared from carbazole separated from coal‐tar fractions, did not show satisfactory polymerisation behaviour. This is due to sulphur‐containing impurities, and purification of the carbazole or of the vinylcarbazole has been only inadequate or unreproducible. The synthesis of carbazole from cyclohexanone and phenylhydrazine has been improved, and the vinylcarbazole obtained from such carbazole is low in sulphur and polymerises satisfactorily.
The pyrolysis of acetylene
Authors: Minkoff G. J. , Newitt D. M. , Rutledge P.
Published: July 2010

The evidence for the presence of benzene in the low‐temperature pyrolysis of acetylene is reviewed in the light of recent communications.1,2.
Treatment of spent pickle liquors by electrodialysis
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Tye F. L.
Published: July 2010

The disposal of spent liquors from the pickling of iron by an electrodialytic process is described, sulphuric acid of a concentration suitable for re‐use and metallic iron being recovered. The power cost of the treatment is a function of the current efficiency and the voltage across the cell. Current efficiencies for various concentrations of recovered acid are experimentally obtained and shown to apply to all pickle liquor compositions. Experiments on one synthetic pickle liquor have established a basis for calculating the cell voltage. It is then possible to deduce the quantitative effect on the power cost of the treatment, of operating procedure, electrode‐membrane distances, the iron content of the treated liquor, the proportion of iron in the spent pickle liquor and the total concentration of the spent liquor.
Sulphidation of copper by hydrogen sulphide at 225°–600°c
Authors: Evans J. W. , Fearnehough G. D.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of copper with H2S in the range of 225°–600° has been studied by means of a thermobalance. Above 400° the reaction is erratic and the product is cuprous sulphide only; below 400° the reaction behaviour is regular and the weight gain‐time curves are smooth and show rather unusual behaviour in that the sulphidation rate steadily increases with time. This is attributed tentatively to the nucleation and lateral growth of cupric sulphide on the surface of the lower sulphide.
The dehydration of alumina trihydrate
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

Thermobalance examination, differential thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction studies were made of the various alumina trihydrates prepared by seeding decomposition, auto‐precipitation and decomposition by passage of carbon dioxide into alkali aluminate solutions. It was observed that thermal decomposition of both hydrargillite and bayerite was of two types. The effect of the amount of hydrargillite and bayerite contained in the sample for dehydration and the effect of the particle size were investigated. It was concluded that dehydration of hydrargillite at about 300° is different from that of bayerite, and that the particle size of the samples affects the type of thermal decomposition.

It is suggested that dehydration of alumina trihydrates proceeds by the following process:.

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Syntheses of metal complexing polymers. IV. Polymers containing miscellaneous functional groups
Authors: Davies R. V. , Kennedy J. , Lane E. S. , Willans J. L.
Published: July 2010

A number of metal‐complexing polymers with 8‐hydroxyquinoline, kojic acid, o‐hydroxyphenyl‐arsonic acid and salicylic acid functionality have been synthesised. Preliminary experiments demonstrated appreciable metal‐complexing properties.
Some studies on silica dust and silicic acid.: I. The influence of selected polyhydroxy compounds and amino‐acids on the polymerisation of silicic acid and the solubility of silica
Authors: Richardson E.
Published: July 2010

The effect of selected polyhydroxy compounds and amino‐acids on the rate of polymerisation of silicic acid and the equilibrium concentration of ammonium molybdate‐reactive silicic acid (i.e., those acids which react completely with ammonium molybdate solution at optimum pH within 10 min.) has been examined at various pH values. The effect of the same materials on the solubility of various forms of silica has also been studied. The solubility of pure rock crystal is little affected by polyhydroxy compounds but the solubility of Loch Aline sand is depressed. Amino‐acids depress the solubility of both materials. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.
The comparison of detectors for gas chromatography
Authors: McWilliam I. G.
Published: July 2010

The properties of gas chromatography detectors are considered under the main headings (1) detector sensitivity, (2) response time, (3) the relationship of detector output to molecular parameters and (4) the ease of construction and operation of detectors. In particular, the use of gas concentration units (μg./ml.) for the specification of detector sensitivity is advocated. Detector response time is considered in some detail because of its importance for work with high efficiency gas chromatography columns, and the detector properties which are of importance for qualitative and quantitative analysis are discussed.
Rǒle of rate of decomposition of nitric oxide in the use of nitromethane as a monopropellant
Authors: Hermoni A.
Published: July 2010

The high value of L* necessary for stable combustion of nitromethane in a rocket motor is attributed to the rate of reaction of nitric oxide with fuel molecules. Addition of metallic cations which catalyse the oxidation reactions or decomposition of nitric oxide reduce the L* necessary for sustained combustion.
The mechanism of detergency. II.Rǒle of poly‐phosphate builder in detergency
Authors: Jayson G. G.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of 32P‐labelled sodium pyrophosphate with soiled cotton cloth in the wash solution is studied and the function of the polyphosphate builder in the soil removal mechanism established. An explanation of its synergistic effect on the detergent is now put forward.
Pyrolysis of metal alkoxides. I. Thermal stability of some zirconium alkoxides
Authors: Bradley D. C. , Faktor M. M.
Published: July 2010

The thermal stabilities of Zr(OEt)4, Zr(OPrf)4, Zr(OBut)4 and Zr(OC5H11‐tert.)4 have been studied in an all‐glass apparatus under constant pressure at various temperatures and pressures. Most work was carried out on the tertiary alkoxides and these exhibited an induction period which was very sensitive to traces of oxygen or the products of decomposition. The latter were always a mixture of olefin and tert.‐alcohol and a solid of composition in the range Zr2O3(OR)2,‐ZrO2. It is concluded that under appropriate conditions the tert.‐butoxide or tert.‐pentyl oxide are stable enough to be fractionally distilled at 250°c under 760 mm. or 175 mm, pressure, respectively.
the stress‐corrosion cracking of mild steel in coal gas liquors
Authors: Parkins R. N. , Usher R.
Published: July 2010

A field survey and laboratory experiments using synthetic liquors, have indicated the chemical conditions under which cracking is likely to be observed in coal‐gas cleaning plant. The incidence of failure in the various items of a typical plant can be related to the chances of these conditions arising at that point in the cleaning train. The conditions are not particularly critical with respect to composition. It is tentatively suggested that cyanides permit the grain boundaries of the mild steel to be corroded and cracks to propagate, by forming soluble complexes with iron in alkaline solutions.
Determination of the total capacities of strongly basic anion‐exchange resins
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: July 2010

The method of Fischer & Kunin for the determination of the total weakly and strongly basic capacities of strongly basic anion‐exchange resins has been investigated; some modification has been found to be necessary. When resins from de‐ionisation plant are examined, very large errors are possible unless effects caused resin fouling are overcome. Some suggestions are made to explain effects observed in de‐ionisation plant with resins which are fouled by organic matter.
Determination of organic matter in water by oxidation with potassium permanganate
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: July 2010

A method has been investigated for determining organic matter in moorland‐type waters based on oxidation with potassium permanganate. Results show that fulvic acids account for the bulk of the oxygen demand of the sample, and the method may therefore be used for determining the approximate concentration of these acids in such waters.
Equilibria, at moderate pressures, in the system CO2, H2S, N2‐sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrosulphide and water
Authors: Garner F. H. , Long R. , Miller D. G.
Published: July 2010

The equilibria between CO2 and sodium carbonate solutions have been studied at moderate pressures by means of a partition cell, and using chemical methods of analysis.

In the case of the absorption of CO2 alone, total conversion of the carbonate to bicarbonate takes place and in addition considerable amounts of ‘free’ CO2 are found in solution.

The equilibria involving CO2 and H2S have been studied at 20 atmospheres pressure and at temperatures from 30° to 60°, using nitrogen as an inert gas. The amounts of ‘free’ CO2 and H2S in solution, calculated using published data on the chemical equilibrium, decrease with increase in temperature and solution concentration.

The influence of ‘free’ molecular species on absorption is briefly discussed.
Further advances in dissolved oxygen micro analysis. I. Small‐scale water sampling vessels and amperometric titrations
Authors: Potter E. C. , Everitt G. E.
Published: July 2010

The development is described of 12 1/2 ml. water‐sampling vessels and amperometric titrations of iodine in 15 ml. total volume. Application of these techniques to dissolved oxygen analysis enables a precision of ± 0.002 p.p.m. to be achieved with a total water sample of 25 ml.
Corrosion tests with experimental chromate‐pigmented jointing compounds
Authors: Savage E. G. , Cole H. G.
Published: July 2010

Sea water spray tests on lap joints of aluminium alloy coupled with brass, steel and magnesium alloy assembled with a variety of experimental jointing compounds, have shown that a jointing compound giving protection appreciably greater than that of the standard D.T.D.369A can be formulated from a slightly soluble chromate and a medium which remains soft in a joint over a prolonged period. A very high degree of protection was obtained with water‐resistant self‐adhesive barrier tapes used in conjunction with jointing compound.
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in a reciprocating compressor
Authors: Smith R. D.
Published: July 2010

Equations are set down for the formation of nitric oxide by the adiabatic heating and cooling of air in an idealised reciprocating compressor without heat loss. The equations are integrated numerically to find the effect of engine speed, compression ratio and starting temperature on the yield. Experiments with preheated air in an engine run as a compressor show that nitric oxide can be formed in this way, but in much less than the theoretical amount, owing to heat losses. The maximum proportion of nitric oxide obtained in pure air is 0·6%; in air containing 50% of argon, it is 2·7% (relative to air). The nature of the discrepancy between theory and experiment indicates that there are important temperature gradients in the cylinder charge of gas.
Hydrothermal reactions in lime‐quartz pastes
Authors: Aitken A. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: July 2010

The hydrothermal reactions in lime‐quartz pastes of varying lime/silica ratios have been studied at temperatures from 90 to 200° in periods not normally exceeding 5 days. The compounds present were identified by X‐ray powder photography. Reaction is seldom complete and mixtures of two or more hydrated calcium silicates are frequent. The use of different samples of lime and quartz gives differing results. A hitherto unreported compound, provisionally called phase F, of possible formula C5S3H2

Cement chemical nomenclature will be employed where applicable; C=CaO, S=SiO2, H=H2O. However, the abbreviations CSH(I) and CSH(II) are used to mean ‘calcium silicate hydrate (I)’ and ‘calcium silicate hydrate (II)’, and do not imply monocalcium silicate monohydrate compositions.

has been prepared at temperatures near 165°. Thermobalance runs have shown that synthetic xonotlite and tobermorite differ in water content from the naturally‐occurring compounds.
Solute adsorption during the corrosion of tin in solutions of sodium alkyl sulphate
Authors: Ross T. K. , Harris W.
Published: July 2010

Earlier work had suggested that the adsorption of sodium alkyl sulphates upon tin surfaces was instrumental in initiating corrosion. A compound of this class labelled with 35S has now been used in a study of the adsorptive process.

Adsorption was greater on rough surfaces than on smooth and increased with concentration. Solutions of 0·1 g.‐mole per litre were found to behave irregularly and to form multilayers, thus explaining the reduced corrosivity at this concentration. Desorption of sodium alkyl sulphate was found to be slow but almost complete, indicating little chemisorption on the tin surface.
Influence of some additives on the hydration reactions of portland cement. II. Electrolytes
Authors: Stein H. N.
Published: July 2010

Electrolytes with monomer and polymer organic cations act predominantly like the corresponding sodium salts in the same concentration. Electrolytes with organic anions vary in action from a retardation of ettringite crystallisation only (sodium oleate) to a complete inhibition of all hydration reactions during the first days polymer anions especially have a very strong effect.

The results are in accordance with the concept of a positive surface charge on hydrating cement particles as well as on the hydration products.
The thermal transformation of alumina monohydrate, boehmite
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

The thermal transformation of boehmite (alumina monohydrate) prepared hydrothermally from alumina trihydrate (hydrargillite or bayerite) to α‐alumina has been studied by X‐ray diffraction and infra‐red spectra.

As a result, it is seen that the thermal transformation of boehmite proceeds in the following sequence.

Boehmite → γ‐alumina → δ‐alumina → θ‐alumina → α‐alumina.
Measurement of drainage rates of high‐expansion foams
Authors: Thompson W.
Published: July 2010

A method for measuring the drainage rates of single liquid films by the movement of interference fringes is described. It is shown that the cross‐section of a fast draining film is wedge‐shaped and so its average thickness equals the thickness at its mid‐height. Various degrees of water hardness produced changes in the drainage rate of a single film that were consistent with the changes produced in the drainage rate of high‐expansion foam.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XVI Alkylation of stannic chloride with tri‐isobutylaluminium
Authors: van Egmond J. C. , Janssen M. J. , Luijten J. G. A. , van der Kerk G. J. M. , van der Want G. M.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of the transfer of isobutyl groups from aluminium to tin, which appears to be reversible. An equilibrium is reached in each case, the position of which is determined by the total number of isobutyl groups present and the ratio Al/Sn. The results are presented in one single graph.

Special attention was given to the alkylation of stannic chloride with tri‐isobutylaluminium and the influence of alkali chlorides on this reaction. Addition of alkali chlorides in various amounts leads to a more complete transfer of isobutyl groups to the tin atom.
Inert diluents for use in nuclear energy extraction plants. I. Vapour‐phase chromatography of selected solvents
Authors: Landsman D. A. , Lane E. S.
Published: July 2010

The conversion of a commercial vapour fractometer to operate with capillary columns is described.

This apparatus was used with a squalane stationary phase p at 100°, to examine several kerosene‐type solvents which have already been used, or which might be used in the future, as inert diluents for TBP extraction systems.

Several chromatograms are presented and discussed and these serve to demonstrate the remarkable potentialities of capillary columns and ionisation detectors for work of this nature.
A convenient preparation of pyridine‐3, 4‐dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Armarego W. L. F. , Evans R. F.
Published: July 2010

Dimethyl pyridine‐3,4‐dicarboxylate was conveniently prepared in 44% yield by the oxidation of isoquinoline with concentrated nitric acid. On acid hydrolysis, the dicarboxylic acid was quantitatively obtained.
Effect of calcium carbonate on corrosion of aluminium in waters containing chloride and copper
Authors: Bell Winifred A.
Published: July 2010

In view of some discrepancies between results published by Davies1 on the corrosion of aluminium in synthetic supply waters and of similar tests carried out by this Association, additional tests have been carried out on waters having the same compositions as those used by Davies.

The relative severity of attack in solutions of different calcium carbonate contents is shown to depend upon the period of immersion. These differences are related to differences in the type of attack taking place, according to whether the temporary hardness of the water is less than equal to or greater than the chloride content.
Oriented layers of cellulose fibres for deuteration and infra‐red dichroism studies
Authors: Cumberbirch R. J. E. , Spedding H.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for the preparation of an oriented sample of regenerated cellulose fibres thin enough to permit examination, after deuteration in situ, of the infra‐red dichroism of the important hydroxyl stretching region. Relevant spectra are given in the region 2150–3650 cm.−1 The extension of this method to cotton is discussed.
One‐step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the fixed bed. I. Single‐oxide catalysts
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Ganguly N. D.
Published: July 2010

An exhaustive investigation has been carried out on the one‐step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the presence of a large number of single‐oxide catalyst systems.

The oxides of aluminium, magnesium, iron (III), zirconium and thorium, prepared by calcining the precipitate obtained on addition of aqueous ammonia or ammonium carbonate to a solution of the appropriate nitrate, had good catalytic activity, the process yield of butadiene from ethanol being 24.0, 27.4, 29.8, 35.5 and 31.1%, respectively, under optimum conditions, which were: temperature 400–500°; ethanol feed rate 1.256–1.875 ml./h./g. of catalyst.

The process yield of butadiene decreased with the water content of the feed.
Spectrophotometric analysis of long‐chain amines by a dye‐extraction method
Authors: Mukerjee Ashoka , Mukerjee Pasupati
Published: July 2010

The dye‐extraction method for amines and substituted amines is capable of quantitative determination of pure amines and their mixtures in microgram quantities, determination of approximate equivalent weights, and detection of the nature of the amine species.
Spontaneous ignition in carbon adsorption beds
Authors: Boden N. , Cullis C. F. , Fish A.
Published: July 2010

Some laboratory experiments are described which were designed to elucidate the cause of spontaneous ignition phenomena occurring when air is admitted to solvent‐impregnated carbon adsorption beds. Four types of carbon have been used, together with two organic solvents, ethanol and benzene. The experimental results show no evidence of heterogeneous catalysis by elementary carbon of the oxidation of these substrates. They suggest, on the other hand, that the phenomenon is generally due to exothermic reaction between carbon and oxygen which is strongly catalysed by any metal oxide impurities present; the resulting rapid and considerable increases of temperature enable homogeneous reaction to occur between the solvent and oxygen, leading to spontaneous ignition.
Rheology and structure of mixtures of road tar and bitumen
Authors: Berneis K. , Wood L. J.
Published: July 2010

Discontinuities previously observed in the softening point and insoluble matter curves of tar‐bitumen systems have been investigated by carrying out a number of flow tests and viscosity measurements over a wide temperature range. The results provide evidence that stable mixtures comprising up to 60% bitumen are thixotropic at and below the softening temperature, due possibly to a marked association of certain tar components. With bitumen in greater excess the higher‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbons and oxygen‐containing compounds of the tar are pepsised by the bitumen. It is suggested that phase inversion occurs at a composition of about 50% by volume of each component.
Cathodic protection against dezincification
Authors: Crennell J. T. , Sawyer L. J. E.
Published: July 2010

(1) Naval Brass or H.T. Brass may be protected against dezincification in sea‐water by cathodic protection at a potential of −0.60V (relative to silver‐silver chloride).

(2) The progress of dezincification beneath an already dezincified layer of metal can be arrested at the same potential.
Reactions between solids. III. Uncatalysed, catalysed and inhibited reaction of potassium perchlorate with polydivinylbenzene
Authors: Patai S. , Albeck M. , Cross H.
Published: July 2010

The solid‐solid reaction between potassium perchlorate and a crosslinked divinylbenzene–ethylstyrene copolymer was studied under various conditions of temperature, compounding pressure, grain size and reactant ratio. The same reaction was also investigated in the presence of a large variety of added substances, some of which acted as catalysts and others as inhibitors. An empirical rate equation is proposed, which fits the experimental curves. The mechanism of the reaction and the action of catalysts and inhibitors is discussed.
Hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. I. Kinetics of the reaction
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H.
Published: July 2010

The hydration of finely divided calcium sulphate hemihydrate in concentrated aqueous suspensions was studied under isothermal and adiabatic conditions. The reactions in both cases were strongly self‐accelerating and followed similar courses either when accelerated or unmodified. The kinetics approximated to those of an ideal system proposed previously to explain the kinetics of setting of calcined gypsum. With the inhibited reaction, agreement with the behaviour of the ideal system was not so close. The relationship between the kinetics of the isothermal and adiabatic hydrations is discussed.
Hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. II. Acceleration by neutral salts
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H. , Lardner K. I.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the effects of accelerating salts on the hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. Univalent cations could be arranged in the following order of effectiveness Li+ < Na+, NH, < K+ > Rb+ > Cs+. Anions tested showed the following order of effectiveness. CI−, Br−, I−, CNS−, NO < F− < SO.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria: Systems benzene‐methyl isobutyl carbinol and cyclohexane‐methyl isobutyl carbinol
Authors: Rao G. Jayarama , Dakshinamurty P. , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Isobaric vapour liquid equilibria of the binary systems benzene‐methyl isobutyl carbinol and cyclohexane‐methyl isobutyl carbinol at 760 mm. total pressure have been determined with a modified Colburn still. The vapour‐liquid equilibrium results of both the systems are satisfactorily correlated with Wohl's three‐suffix Margules equations.
Solubility of strontium sulphate in water and aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, sodium chloride, sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate by the radiotracer method
Authors: Lucchesi P. J. , Whitney E. D.
Published: July 2010

Values are given for the solubility of strontium sulphate in a number of electrolyte solutions, as determined by a radiotracer method with the salt labelled with 89Sr or 35S.
Rapid method for detecting the presence of deleterious organic matter in soil‐cement
Authors: Sherwood P. T.
Published: July 2010

The use of cement‐stabilised soils for constructing road bases is dependent upon the availability of soils which are free from organic matter. This organic matter can prevent the normal hardening of the cement. A simple, reliable test for detecting the presence of organic matter is described, which is based on the measurement of the pH of the soil‐cement mixture 1 h. after being mixed.

A study was made of the factors that required control so that only the type of soil would affect the pH results under the conditions of the test. Under these standardised conditions it was found that the pH of the soil‐cement in the early stages of hydration was related to its later compressive strength. It was concluded that the measurement of the pH of soil‐cement could be used to find the presence of deleterious organic matter in soils.
Effect of glass on corrosion reactions in fused chlorides
Authors: Edeleanu C. , Gibson J. G. , Littlewood R.
Published: July 2010

Corrosion testing frequently requires the use of an inert container material and, for tests in fused chlorides, glass or silica containers have commonly been used. The present work shows that such containers can have a marked effect on corrosion reactions in fused chlorides, and this has two important implications: (1) test results obtained in glass apparatus may not be directly applicable to plant where an all‐metal system is in contact with a fused chloride; (2) test results obtained in all‐metal apparatus may not be directly applicable to plant containing glass or ceramic components as well as metal.
Stepwise coalescence of a single droplet at an oil‐water interface
Authors: Jeffreys G. V. , Hawksley J. L.
Published: July 2010

An experimental investigation of the behaviour of a single droplet at an oil water interface has shown that coalescence takes place stepwise. The number of steps appears to depend on the ratio of the viscosity of the phases and the experimental distribution of coalescence times has been correlated by an equation of the type In (N/No) = — K(t—to)n as proposed by Gillespie & Rideal and not by In(N/No)= — αtn as suggested by Elton & Picknett.