bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast cancers initially detected by hand-held ultrasound: detection performance of radiologists using automated breast ultrasound data
Authors: Chang Jung Min , Moon Woo Kyung , Cho Nariya , Park Jeong Seon , Kim Seung Ja
Published: May 2011

Background

Ultrasonography (US) has been used as an important adjunct to mammography (MG), and automated breast US (ABUS) scanners were originally designed to effectively examine the breast in its entirety.

Purpose

To retrospectively assess the performance of radiologists in the detection of breast cancers, initially detected by hand-held ultrasound (HHUS), using 3D breast volume data obtained from a commercial ABUS system.

Material and Methods

Bilateral whole breast US was performed using ABUS in 61 consecutive women who were scheduled to undergo US-guided needle biopsy due to suspicious breast masses detected during screening HHUS. Fourteen cancers in 13 women and 48 normal breasts of 48 women with benign disease in the contralateral breast were selected. Three radiologists who had not performed the HHUS examinations independently reviewed the 3D ABUS data for any lesions that required recall for further evaluation. Sensitivities and false-positive rates were calculated.

Results

The sensitivities of the three readers for cancer detection were 78.6% (11/14), 78.6%, and 57.1% (8/14), respectively, with false-positive rates of 20.8% (10/48), 12.5% (6/48) and 8.3% (4/48). Seven cancers were detected by all three readers, four cancers by two readers, and one cancer by one reader. Two invasive cancers were not detected by any reader.

Conclusion

Of HHUS-detected cancers, only 57.1–78.6% were identified with ABUS. A substantial level of experience and training is necessary to improve cancer detection by ABUS.
Muscle hardness measurement by using ultrasound elastography: a feasibility study
Authors: Niitsu Mamoru , Michizaki Akie , Endo Asako , Takei Hitoshi , Yanagisawa Osamu
Published: May 2011

Background

Muscle hardening, including delayed onset muscle soreness, can be found after vigorous exercise. Some techniques for measuring muscle hardness have been proposed. Freehand ultrasound (US) elastography has been developed and applied to breast imaging.

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of US elastography for investigating changes in muscle hardness after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexor muscles.

Material and Methods

Six healthy male volunteers performed eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor muscles of their non-dominant arms. US elastography was performed by using 14-6 MHz linear array transducer combined with a stabilizer and a gel pack of reference agent. Color-coded elasticity images and the relative strain ratio of the biceps brachii muscle to the reference were obtained. To verify the US elastography measurements, a commercially available durometer was also employed. Both measurements were performed before, immediately after, and 1– 4 days after exercise. The mean scores of strain ratios of the US elastography and durometer measurements were examined using repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results

US elastography demonstrated significant muscle hardening and recovery after exercise ( P < 0.01). Muscle hardness increased up immediately after the exercise and continued to increase, peaking on day 2 post-exercise, and then decreased until day 4. The durometer indicated similar changes to US elastography. The control arms did not demonstrate any significant change.

Conclusion

US elastography is feasible to measure muscle hardness and to produce a two-dimensional hardness map of the muscle.
Detection of hemorrhagic hypointense foci in radiation injury region using susceptibility-weighted imaging
Authors: Zeng Qing-Shi , Kang Xiao-Shui , Li Chuan-Fu , Zhou Geng-Yin
Published: May 2011

Background

Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), a novel, highly sensitive 3D gradient echo MR imaging technique, is used to detect hemorrhage.

Purpose

To evaluate SWI at 3.0T for detection and visualization of hemorrhage at radiation injury region after radiotherapy for brain glioma.

Material and Methods

In 16 patients who had radiation injury in the vicinity of the previously resected and irradiated high-grade brain glioma, SWI examinations were performed on a 3T MR scanner. The presence of intralesional hypointense foci on SWI was evaluated by two neuroradiologists. Frequency of these foci on SWI was assessed and the number of these foci was counted. Diagnosis of radiation injury was assigned by means of histopathology or follow-up MR image.

Results

In all 16 cases with cerebral radiation injury, nine were verified by means of histopathologic examination, seven by follow-up image. While in one patient quality of SWI was poor, in all remaining patients diagnostic-quality SWI was obtained. The intralesional hypointense foci were detected in 12 of 15 patients. These hypointense foci were nodular, angular, or tubular regions of low signal intensity on SWI. The distribution of these foci was diffusive ( n = 5) or scattered ( n = 7). Number of these foci per cm2 on SWI was 7.25 ± 3.67.

Conclusion

SWI is a novel and promising technique for evaluation of hemorrhage at radiation injury regions in the vicinity of the previously treated gliomas.
Staging of hip avascular necrosis: is there a need for DWI?
Authors: Öner A Yusuf , Aggunlu Levent , Akpek Sergin , Celik Azim , Le Roux Patrick , Tali Turgut , Gultekin Serap
Published: May 2011

Background

No comprehensive study has been performed to stage avascular necrosis of the hip using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

Purpose

To determine apparent diffusion co-efficient (ADC) alterations in hip avascular necrosis (AVN) and to determine variations of ADC values according to stages of disease.

Material and Methods

The study is approved by our institutional review board and local ethical committee. Written informed consent was present for each subject. Thirty-five femoral heads of 21 cases affected by AVN were included in the study. Control group consisted of both femoral heads of 10 healthy volunteers. The hips affected by AVN were staged according to Ficat and Arlet classification system from I to IV. All cases underwent to routine hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DWI performed with a single-shot fast spin echo sequence at a b value of 600 s/mm2. The ADC values were calculated automatically by placing ROIs on AVN lesions in affected patients and both femoral heads of control group. The median ADC value obtained from femoral heads of control group and that from AVN lesions were compared by Mann-Whitney U test. The median ADC values of AVN lesions at different stages were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results

The median ADC value of normal bone measured in control group was 185.5 ± 133.2 x 10−6 mm2/s. The median ADC value measured in hip avascular necrosis lesions was 988.0 ± 332.7 x 10−6 mm2/s. ADC values in hip AVN lesions were statistically significantly higher than normal bone marrow ( P < 0.01). The median ADC values of hips with avascular necrosis at stage I, II, III, IV were 817.5 ± 172.1 x 10−6 mm2/s, 902.0 ± 181.0 x 10−6 mm2/s, 1200.0 ± 363.2 x 10−6 mm2/s and 1024.0 ± 324.0 x 10−6 mm2/s, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among AVN lesions at stages I, II, III and IV ( P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Although DWI is a promising imaging tool that provides valuable diagnostic information in hip AVN, it fails to distinguish between different stages, and therefore is of limited value.
Feasibility of power contrast injections and bolus triggering during CT scans in oncologic patients with totally implantable venous access ports of the forearm
Authors: Goltz Jan Peter , Machann Wolfram , Noack Claudia , Hahn Dietbert , Kickuth Ralph
Published: May 2011

Background

Conventional totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAPs) are not approved for power contrast injections but often remain the only venous access site in oncologic patients. Therefore, these devices can play an important role if patients with a TIVAP are scheduled for a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (ceCT) as vascular access may become more difficult during the course of chemotherapy.

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of power injections in conventional TIVAPs in the forearm and to analyze the feasibility of bolus triggering during CT scans.

Material and Methods

In this retrospective study we analyzed 177 power injections in 141 patients with TIVAPs in the forearm. Between October 2008 and March 2010 all patients underwent power injections (1.5 mL/s, 150 psi) via the TIVAP for ceCT because conventional vascular access via a peripheral vein had failed. Adequate functioning and catheter's tip location after injection were evaluated. Peak injection pressure and attenuation levels of aorta, liver and spleen were analyzed and compared with results of 50 patients who were injected via classical peripheral cannulas (3 mL/s, 300 psi). Feasibility of automatic scan initiation was evaluated. In vitro the port was stressed with 5 mL/s (300 psi).

Results

One TIVAP showed tip dislocation with catheter rupture. Three (2.1%) devices were explanted owing to assumed infection within 4 weeks after the injection. Mean injection pressure was 121.9 +/−24.1 psi. Triggering with automatic scan initiation succeeded in 13/44 (29.6%) scans. Injection via classical cannulas resulted in significantly higher enhancement (p < 0.05). In vitro the port system tolerated flow rates of up to 5 mL/s, injection pressures of up to 338 psi.

Conclusion

Power injection is a safe alternative for patients with TIVAPs in the forearm if classic vascular access ultimately fails. Triggering was successful in one-third of the attempts. Image quality in the arterial phase scan may be hampered. In vitro results suggest that the device tolerates even higher flow rates.
Sonographically-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy with digital mammography-guided skin marking of suspicious breast microcalcifications: comparison of outcomes with stereotactic biopsy in Asian women
Authors: Hahn Soo Yeon , Shin Jung Hee , Han Boo-Kyung , Ko Eun Young
Published: May 2011

Background

Management of suspicious microcalcifications in very thin breasts is problematic.

Purpose

To evaluate whether sonographically-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy (USVAB) with digital mammography-guided skin marking (DM) for the diagnosis of breast microcalcifications is comparable to stereotactic-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy (SVAB) in Asian women with thin breasts.

Material and Methods

Retrospective review was performed for 263 consecutive suspicious microcalcification lesions in 261 women who underwent USVAB with DM or SVAB using a prone table between January 2004 and December 2007. SVAB was performed for 190 lesions and USVAB for 73 lesions. Biopsy results were correlated with surgical pathology or followed up for at least 12 months. The diagnostic outcomes of SVAB and USVAB to diagnose microcalcifications were compared.

Results

Of 263 lesions, 104 (40%) underwent surgery and 159 (60%) were followed up. SVAB and USVAB groups showed similar final categories or the extent of microcalcifications. US visible lesions were 57 (78%) of 73 at USVAB and 14 (10%) of 140 at SVAB. Of 57 US visible lesions at USVAB, 29 (51%) were not found in initial US but were detectable with the help of DM. Specimen radiographs were negative in 2.1% of lesions at SVAB and in 4.1% at USVAB ( p = 0.4008). The under-estimation rate and false-negative rate were similar in SVAB and USVAB.

Conclusion

US with DM facilitates US visibility of microcalcifications. USVAB with DM can produce acceptable biopsy results, as can SVAB, to diagnose breast microcalcifications in patients with thin breasts.
Localization of pulmonary nodules with lipiodol prior to thoracoscopic surgery
Authors: Kim Yeong Dae , Jeong Yeon Joo , Hoseok I , Cho Jeong Su , Lee Ji Won , Kim Hak Jin , Lee Suk Hong , Kim Dong Hyun
Published: May 2011

Background

Preoperative localization with lipiodol for identifying small or deeply seated pulmonary nodules is simple and useful for thoracoscopic surgery. Although several studies about performance and complication rates of lipiodol localization have been reported, there has been no report about the performance and complication rates of lipiodol localization with regard to the CT appearance of pulmonary nodules.

Purpose

To evaluate the performance and complication rates of localization of pulmonary nodules with lipiodol prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with regard to the CT appearance of nodules.

Material and Methods

After institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained, lipiodol marking was performed in 67 patients (33 men and 34 women; mean age 58 years) with 68 nodules. All nodules were marked with 0.4–0.5 mL lipiodol under CT guidance on the day of surgery. The size of the targeted nodule and the shortest distance to the accessible pleural surface were measured. Lipiodol accumulation of a targeted nodule was scored by use of a four-point scale (0: none, 1: within 1 cm around a nodule, 2: partial accumulation within a nodule, 3: total accumulation within a nodule). Any complications after localization of nodules were noted. We analyzed the score of lipiodol accumulation and the presence of complications for the CT appearance of pulmonary nodules using the Mann Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test and the Kruskall Walis test.

Results

The average nodule size was 11.4 mm (range 3.0–28.3 mm) and the average distance to the pleural surface was 13.7 mm (range 0–51.4 mm). Lipiodol accumulation scores of nodules were as follows: score 3 ( n = 19, 28%), score 2 ( n = 37, 54%), score 1 ( n = 11, 16%), and score 0 ( n = 1, 2%). Lipiodol accumulation scores of nodules were different according to the size of nodules (Kruskal Wallis test, p = 0.023). Pneumothorax after localization occurred in 20 (29%) patients and the incidence was higher in nodules located in the subpleural area (Mann Whitney U test, p = 0.048). Pulmonary hemorrhage along the needle tract occurred in five (7%) patients and was more frequent in patients with deep nodules as compared to shallow nodules (Mann Whitney U test, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Lipiodol marking under CT guidance is a useful and safe procedure for the intraoperative localization of pulmonary nodules. Of variable CT findings, lesion size is important to determine the degree of lipiodol accumulation and the lesion depth is the most important feature for the development of postprocedural complications.
Quantum Dots in Cell Biology
Authors: Barroso Margarida M.
Published: May 2011

Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals that have broad excitation spectra, narrow emission spectra, tunable emission peaks, long fluorescence lifetimes, negligible photobleaching, and ability to be conjugated to proteins, making them excellent probes for bioimaging applications. Here the author reviews the advantages and disadvantages of using quantum dots in bioimaging applications, such as single-particle tracking and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, to study receptor-mediated transport.
Antigen Retrieval Causes Protein Unfolding
Authors: Fowler Carol B. , Evers David L. , O’Leary Timothy J. , Mason Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2011

Antigen retrieval (AR), in which formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections are briefly heated in buffers at high temperature, often greatly improves immunohistochemical staining. An important unresolved question regarding AR is how formalin treatment affects the conformation of protein epitopes and how heating unmasks these epitopes for subsequent antibody binding. The objective of the current study was to use model proteins to determine the effect of formalin treatment on protein conformation and thermal stability in relation to the mechanism of AR. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to identify the presence of protein formaldehyde cross-links, and circular dichroism spectropolarimetry was used to determine the effect of formalin treatment and high-temperature incubation on the secondary and tertiary structure of the model proteins. Results revealed that for some proteins, formalin treatment left the native protein conformation unaltered, whereas for others, formalin denatured tertiary structure, yielding a molten globule protein. In either case, heating to temperatures used in AR methods led to irreversible protein unfolding, which supports a linear epitope model of recovered protein immunoreactivity. Consequently, the core mechanism of AR likely centers on the restoration of normal protein chemical composition coupled with improved accessibility to linear epitopes through protein unfolding.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Expression in Human Umbilical Cord Endothelial Cells
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Liu Yuxuan , Chen Zhengshan , Korteweg Christine , Gu Jiang
Published: May 2011

Traditional views hold that immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the human umbilical cord is internalized by human umbilical endothelial cells for passive immunity. In this study, the protein and mRNA transcripts of IgG were found in the cytoplasm of human umbilical endothelial cells by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The essential enzymes for IgG synthesis and assembling, RAG1 (recombination activating gene 1), RAG2, and variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments for recombination of IgG, were also found in these cells by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. These results indicate that umbilical endothelial cells are capable of synthesizing IgG with properties similar to those of immune cells and that they may play additional roles besides lining the vessels and transporting IgG.
Fluctuation of Aquaporin 1, 5, and 9 Expression in the Pig Oviduct during the Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy
Authors: Skowronski Mariusz T. , Skowronska Agnieszka , Nielsen Soren
Published: May 2011

Thirteen mammalian aquaporin (AQPs) isoforms with a unique tissue-specific pattern of expression have been identified. To date, 11 isoforms of AQP have been reported to be expressed in female and male reproductive systems. The purpose of our study was to determine the localization and quantitative changes in the expression of AQP1, 5 and 9 within the pig oviduct during different stages of the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. The results demonstrated that AQP1, 5, and 9 were clearly detected in all studied stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. AQP1 was localized within oviductal blood vessels. In cyclic gilts, the expression of AQP1 protein did not change significantly between days 10–12 and 14–16 but increased on days 2–4 and 18–20. AQP5 was localized in smooth muscle cells and oviductal epithelial cells. The expression of AQP5 protein did not change significantly between days 10–12 and 14–16 of the estrous cycle but increased on days 2–4 and 18–20. The anti-AQP9 antibody labeled epithelial cells of the oviduct. The expression of AQP9 did not change significantly between days 10–12 and 14–16 of the estrous cycle but increased on days 2–4 and 18–20. In pregnant gilts, expression of AQP1, 5, and 9 did not change significantly in comparison with the estrous cycle. Therefore, a functional and distinctive collaboration seems to exist among diverse AQPs in water handling during the different oviductal phases in the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.
Histochemical Localization of Caldesmon in the CNS and Ganglia of the Mouse
Authors: Köhler Christoph N.
Published: May 2011

The author has recently reported the distribution of the cytoskeleton-associated protein caldesmon in spleen and lymph nodes detected with different antibodies against caldesmon ( J Histochem Cytochem 58:183–193, 2010). Here the author reports the distribution of caldesmon in the CNS and ganglia of the mouse using the same antibodies. Western blot analysis of mouse brain and spinal cord showed the preponderance of l-caldesmon and suggested at least two l-caldesmon isoforms in the brain. Immunostaining revealed the predominant reactivity of smooth muscle cells and cells resembling pericytes of many large and small blood vessels, ependymocytes, and secretory cells of the pineal gland and pituitary gland. Neuronal perikarya and neuropil in general displayed no or weak immunoreactivity, but there was stronger labeling of neuronal perikarya in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. In the brain, staining of the neuropil was stronger in the molecular layers of the dentate gyrus and cerebellum. Results show that caldesmon is expressed in many different cell types in the CNS and ganglia, consistent with the notion that l-caldesmon is ubiquitously expressed, but it appears most concentrated in smooth muscle cells, pericytes, epithelial cells, secretory cells, and neuronal perikarya in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia.
Expression of Calcium Binding Proteins in Mouse Type II Taste Cells
Authors: Rebello Michelle R. , Aktas Adem , Medler Kathryn F.
Published: May 2011

It is well established that calcium is a critical signaling molecule in the transduction of taste stimuli within the peripheral taste system. However, little is known about the regulation and termination of these calcium signals in the taste system. The authors used Western blot, immunocytochemical, and RT-PCR analyses to evaluate the expression of multiple calcium binding proteins in mouse circumvallate taste papillae, including parvalbumin, calbindin D28k, calretinin, neurocalcin, NCS-1 (or frequenin), and CaBP. They found that all of the calcium binding proteins they tested were expressed in mouse circumvallate taste cells with the exception of NCS-1. The authors correlated the expression patterns of these calcium binding proteins with a marker for type II cells and found that neurocalcin was expressed in 80% of type II cells, whereas parvalbumin was found in less than 10% of the type II cells. Calretinin, calbindin, and CaBP were expressed in about half of the type II cells. These data reveal that multiple calcium binding proteins are highly expressed in taste cells and have distinct expression patterns that likely reflect their different roles within taste receptor cells.
The Expression of GM-CSF and Osteopontin in Immunocompetent Cells Precedes the Odontoblast Differentiation Following Allogenic Tooth Transplantation in Mice
Authors: Saito Kotaro , Nakatomi Mitsushiro , Ida-Yonemochi Hiroko , Kenmotsu Shin-ichi , Ohshima Hayato
Published: May 2011

Dental pulp elaborates both bone and dentin under pathological conditions such as tooth replantation/transplantation. This study aims to clarify the expression of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and osteopontin (OPN) in the process of reparative dentin formation by allogenic tooth transplantation using in situ hybridization for OPN and immunohistochemistry for GM-CSF and OPN at both levels of light and electron microscopes. Following the extraction of the mouse molar, the roots and pulp floor were resected and immediately allografted into the sublingual region. On days 1 to 3, immunocompetent cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells expressed both GM-CSF and OPN, and some of them were arranged along the pulp-dentin border and extended their cellular processes into the dentinal tubules. On days 5 to 7, tubular dentin formation commenced next to the preexisting dentin at the pulp horn where nestin-positive odontoblast-like cells were arranged. Until day 14, bone-like tissue formation occurred in the pulp chamber, where OPN-positive osteoblasts surrounded the bone matrix. These results suggest that the secretion of GM-CSF and OPN by immunocompetent cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells plays a role in the maturation of dendritic cells and the differentiation of odontoblasts, respectively, in the regenerated pulp tissue following tooth transplantation.
Effect of Initial Stress Levels on Strength Parameters of Reinforced Concrete Beams Retrofitted Using Ferrocement Jackets
Authors: Bansal Prem Pal , Kumar Maneek , Kaushik S. K.
Published: May 2011

Ferrocement jackets and sheets can be used for local rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures due to their high tensile strength, light weight, overall economy, water tightness, and ease of application. In the present paper the effects of number of layers of wire mesh in the ferrocement jackets, type of section (balanced or under reinforced) and initial stress level on the strength of retrofitted stressed reinforced cement concrete beams have been studied. The results show that there is higher increase in the maximum load, safe load carrying capacity, ductility and toughness for beams with three layers woven wire mesh ferrocement jackets as compared to beams reinforced with two layers of woven wire mesh. It is further seen that the percentage improvement in above properties decreases with increase in initial stress level and change in type of section from under reinforced to balanced. Subsequently an analytical model, based on principles of compatibility of strain and equilibrium of forces, has been presented to predict the safe and maximum load carrying capacity. It is found that predicted safe and maximum load carrying capacities are within 5 % of the experimental one.
CT Image Entropy Analysis Technique for the Determination of Damage to Indirect Tensile Test of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Zhang Qian , Ma Juan , Bai Yan
Published: May 2011

This study identifies how the microstructure system of asphalt mixture is influenced by moisture and the Indirect Tensile Test (IDT) using digital image analysis methods. Concepts such as digital image segmentation technology, CT (Computer Tomography) value, grey scale of the image, edge detection, and entropy are introduced and incorporated to describe the image characteristics. The impact of moisture and the IDT test on the mixture is analyzed on 24 scanning sections of two specimens. Two moisture conditions are designed to treat the specimens separately before the indirect tension test according to the specification. The original internal structures of the specimens and the corresponding internal structures after the IDT test are obtained through CT scanning. An edge detection process is conducted to find the micro point contact between the binder and the aggregate using a Laplacian arithmetic operator. Differences in the destruction degree of different moisture conditions in IDT are shown through image entropy calculation. A statistical hypothesis test method, the Student t-test, is introduced to examine the significance of the calculation results. From the viewpoint of statistics, the test and calculation results of the 24 sections of the two specimens are of representative significance.
Magical and Medical Approaches to the Wandering Womb in the Ancient Greek World
Authors: Faraone Christopher A.
Published: May 2011

The idea that the womb moved freely about a woman's body causing spasmodic disease enjoyed great popularity among the ancient Greeks, beginning in the classical period with Plato and the Hippocratic writers and continuing on into the Roman and Byzantine periods. Armed with sophisticated analyses of the medical tradition and new texts pertaining to the magical, this essay describes how both approaches to the wandering womb develop side by side in mutual influence from the late classical period onwards. Of special interest will be the tendency in both traditions to imagine both demons and errant wombs as wild animals and to use fumigations to control both. It concludes with a discussion of the historical development of and consequences for the idea that women alone possessed an internal organ that was variously interpreted as a mechanically defective body-part, a sentient and passionate animal, and then finally a demon with malicious intent, who bites and poisons the female body. It also argues against the hypothesis or assumption that midwives or wet-nurses were the original source for the idea of the wandering womb, suggesting that the syndrome never fit comfortably into the category of gynecological illness, because the womb was not the site of disease, but rather a cause of spasmodic disease in other areas of the body.
Herennius Pontius: The Construction of a Samnite Philosopher
Authors: Horky Phillip Sidney
Published: May 2011

This article explores the historiographical traditions concerning Herennius Pontius, a Samnite wisdom-practitioner who is said by the Peripatetic Aristoxenus of Tarentum to have been an interlocutor of the philosophers Archytas of Tarentum and Plato of Athens. It argues that extant speeches attributed to Herennius Pontius in the writings of Cassius Dio and Appian preserve a philosophy of “extreme proportional benefaction” among unequals. Such a theory is marked by Peripatetic language and concepts, which suggests that these speeches derive from a single Peripatetic source, probably Aristoxenus. The reception of Aristoxenus' description of Herennius Pontius among Greeks and Romans is sharply divided. Greek theories of ethics among unequals such as those of Aristotle and Archytas, which aim for moderation, can be distinguished from that attributed to Herennius Pontius, which is circumstantial and stipulates extreme responses to extremes. Romans, in particular Appius Claudius Caecus and Sulla, espouse proverbial wisdom strikingly similar to the theory of “extreme proportional benefaction” associated with Herennius Pontius. Such comparisons suggest that starting in the late fourth century bce, Romans and Samnites may have held shared ideological principles, as defined against Greek cultural paradigms. Scholars are thus prompted to consider Herennius Pontius as a starting point for a much larger inquiry into shared ideology among non-Greeks in Italy during the Hellenistic period and beyond.
Phaedra's Defixio: Scripting Sophrosune in Euripides' Hippolytus
Authors: Mueller Melissa
Published: May 2011

While readers of Euripides' Hippolytus have long regarded Phaedra's deltos as a mechanism of punitive revenge, I argue here that the tablet models itself on a judicial curse (defixio) and that its main function is to ensure victory for Phaedra in the upcoming “trial” over her reputation. In support of my thesis I examine three interrelated phenomena: first, Hippolytus' infamous assertion that his tongue swore an oath while his mind remains unsworn (612); second, Phaedra's status as a biaiothanatos; and third, Phaedra's claim that Hippolytus “will learn sophrosune” (731), a speech act that, I conclude, anticipates the silencing effect on Hippolytus of Phaedra's death and her writing.
Identity Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio's Contemporary History
Authors: Gleason Maud
Published: May 2011

The contemporary books of Cassius Dio's Roman History are known (to the extent that they are read) for their anecdotal quality and lack of interpretive sophistication. This paper aims to recuperate another layer of meaning for Dio's anecdotes by examining episodes in his contemporary books that feature masquerades and impersonation. It suggests that these themes owe their prominence to political conditions in Dio's lifetime, particularly the revival, after a hundred-year lapse, of usurpation and damnatio memoriae, practices that rendered personal identity problematic. The central claim is that narratives in Dio's last books use masquerades and impersonation to explore paradoxes of personal identity and signification, issues made salient by abrupt changes of social status at the highest levels of imperial society.
A discussion of ethnographic research methods and their relevance for translation process research
Authors: Hubscher-Davidson Severine
Published: May 2011

In recent years, technologically advanced methodologies such as Translog have gained a lot of ground in translation process research. However, in this paper it will be argued that quantitative research methods can be supplemented by ethnographic qualitative ones so as to enhance our understanding of what underlies the translation process. Although translation studies scholars have sometimes applied an ethnographic approach to the study of translation, this paper offers a different perspective and considers the potential of ethnographic research methods for tapping cognitive and behavioural aspects of the translation process. A number of ethnographic principles are discussed and it is argued that process researchers aiming to understand translators’ perspectives and intentions, how these shape their behaviours, as well as how translators reflect on the situations they face and how they see themselves, would undoubtedly benefit from adopting an ethnographic framework for their studies on translation processes.
Calcium-SANDOZ®-induced erythrocyte exovesiculation and internalization of hemichromic material into rat brown adipocytes
Authors: Markelic Milica , Velickovic Ksenija , Golic I. , Ukropina Mirela , Cakic-Milosevic Maja , Koko Vesna , Korac Aleksandra
Published: May 2011

An ultramicroscopic study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats treated with
Ca-SANDOZ? (480 mg/l) for 3 days, revealed erythrocyte exovesiculation and
migratory erythrocytic complexes from the capillaries to adipocyte cytoplasm
and mitochondria. Two types of erythrocytic material transfer were observed:
(i) numerous exocytic vesicles with electron dense material leaving the
erythrocytes; (ii) furcated complexes with microholes, embedded in amorphous
material. The content of red blood cell (RBC) complexes passed through the
capillaries and transferred to the brown adipocytes where it was detectable
in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Light microscopy confirmed
sphenoechinocytic transformation of the RBCs in the blood smears of the
Ca-SANDOZ? treated rats.
Investigation of the effects of temperature and ions on the interaction between ECG and BSA by the fluorescence quenching method
Authors: Zhao Jinyao , Jiang Xinyu , Liu Xin , Ren Fenglian
Published: May 2011

The effects of temperature and common ions on binding (-)-epicatechin gallate
(ECG) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) are investigated. The binding constants
(Ka) between ECG and BSA are 1.20 ? 106 (17?C), 1.38 ? 106 (27?C), and 5.69 x
106 L mol-1 (37?C), and the number of binding sites (n) were 1.14, 1.15, and
1.26, respectively. These results showed that the increasing temperature
improves the stability of the ECG-BSA system, which results in a higher
binding constant and the number of binding sites of the ECG-BSA system. The
presence of Co2+ and Zn2+ ions decreased the binding constants (Ka) and the
number of binding sites (n) of ECG-BSA complex. However, the presence of Cu2+
and Ni2+ increased the affinity of ECG for BSA largely. The positive ?H and
positive ?S indicated that hydrophobic forces might play a major role in the
binding between ECG and BSA.
The influence of extracellular matrix composition on the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Tanaskovic Irena , Lackovic Vesna , Gluvic Z. , Lackovic Milena , Nesic Vesna , Stankovic Vesna , Labudovic-Borovic Milica , Radovic S. , Asanin B.
Published: May 2011

The modern concept of the development of atherosclerosis implies that the
underlying pathogenesis of this disease is vascular remodeling as a response
of the vessel wall to hypertension associated with hyperlipidemia and
subsequent inflammation. However, even though this disease has been
investigated for decades, both from a basic and clinical research aspect,
there are still many doubts as to what the initial phase of the disease is.
In contemporary literature there are an increasing number of papers that
stress the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the blood vessels
connective tissue, particularly proteoglycans, in the formation of early
atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries.
Biochemical composition of the horse chestnut seed (Aesculus hippocastanum L.)
Authors: Cukanovic Jelena , Ninic-Todorovic Jelena , Ognjanov V. , Mladenovic Emina , Ljubojevic Mirjana , Kurjakov A.
Published: May 2011

This study presents research on the chemical composition of 15 horse chestnut
seed genotypes (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) conducted on three different
sites. The seeds were picked from selected trees in Backa Palanka, Novi Sad
and Sremski Karlovci at the end of September 2010. The statistical parameters
point out the variables of the examined features of the seed. On the basis of
the moisture, starch, fat and protein contents in the horse chestnut seeds,
the genotypes, the reproductive material which would be used for the
intensive production of the high grade seedlings for the greening of the
different area categories in urban areas, are distinguished.
Differentiation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells under the influence of leflunomide
Authors: Stojic-Vukanic Z. , Colic M. , Backovic A. , Antic-Stankovic J. , Bufan B. , Dimitrijevic M.
Published: May 2011

Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive drug effective in experimental models of
transplantation and autoimmune diseases and in the treatment of active
rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Having in mind that it has been shown that some
other immunosuppressive drugs (glucocorticoids, mycophenolate mofetil,
sirolimus etc.) impair dendritic cell (DC) phenotype and function, we
investigated the effect of A77 1726, an active metabolite of leflunomide, on
the differentiation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
(MDDC) in vitro. Immature MDDC were generated by cultivating monocytes in
medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4. To induce maturation, immature MDDC
were cultured for 2 additional days with LPS. A77 1726 (100 ?M) was added at
the beginning of cultivation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that MDDC
differentiated in the presence of A77 1726 exhibited an altered phenotype,
with a down-regulated surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD54 and CD40
molecules. Furthermore, the continuous presence of A77 1726 during
differentiation and maturation prevented successful maturation, judging by
the decreased expression of maturation marker CD83, costimulatory and
adhesive molecules on A77 1726-treated mature MDDC. In addition, A77
1726-pretreated MDDC exhibited a poor stimulatory capacity of the allogeneic
T cells and a low production of IL-10 and IL-18. These data suggest that
leflunomide impairs the differentiation, maturation and function of human
MDDC in vitro, which is an additional mechanism of its immunosuppressive
effect.
A preliminary study of the allozyme variation in the grey hamster, Cricetulus migratorius (Mammalia: Rodentia), from the Asian part of Turkey
Authors: İbiş Osman , Tez Coşkun , Özcan Servet , Kiliç Metin , Telcioğlu Murat
Published: May 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degree of genetic variation
and divergence by cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis between samples of
Cricetulus migratorius, a cricetine rodent distributed in the Asian part
(Anatolia) of Turkey. Out of twenty allozyme loci scored for fifteen enzyme
systems, eleven loci were detected to be polymorphic in at least one locality
of the Turkish C. migratorius. Indices of genetic variability (the percentage
of polymorphic loci, mean number of alleles per locus, and mean observed and
expected heterozygosities) were found to be P(95%) = 28, A = 1.3, Ho = 0.226
and He = 0.218, respectively. Nei?s unbiased genetic distances ranged from
0.000 to 0.153, with an average value of 0.069. The mean gene flow was
calculated to be Nm = 0.7484. This is a preliminary study describing the
allozymic variations of C. migratorius from Turkey. As there are no extensive
data on the allozymic variations of C. migratorius from other regions, our
results could not be compared, in detail with those of other populations of
the species C. migratorius.
Biological adhesion of Parthenocissus tricuspidata
Authors: He Tianxian , Li Zhang , Deng Wenli
Published: May 2011

Parthenocissus tricuspidata is a climbing plant of the grape family. It can
climb with its adhesive discs on different substrates such as stone
mountains, roadside stone banks, exterior walls of buildings, thereby
withstanding strong winds and storms without detachment. The details about
the adhesion process of Parthenocissus tricuspidata are not yet entirely
understood. We studied the component-structure-property relationship of the
adhesive discs in detail and propose a twostage model to describe the
biological adhesion: (i) structural contact and (ii) adhesive action. These
two stages and their variations play an important role for the attaching of
the adhesive disc to different structural surfaces. We believe that in
Parthenocissus tricuspidata different mechanisms work together to allow the
adhesive disc to climb on various vertical substrates and reveal strong
adhesive properties.
Distributional, morphological and karyotypic contributions for the Eurasian water vole, Arvicola amphibius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Mammalia), from Turkey
Authors: Tez Coşkun , İbiş Osman , Tez Rahime , Kiliç Metin , Telcioğlu Murat
Published: May 2011

The present study was focused on both the new distributional records and
karyological data for Arvicola amphibius from the European part of Turkey.
The karyotype of the Eurasian water vole was investigated by examining its
metaphase chromosomes. The diploid number of chromosomes (2n), the
fundamental number of chromosomal arms (FN) and the number of autosomal arms
(FNa) were found to be 36, 64 and 60, respectively, for one female individual
from a single locality in the European part of Turkey. It was determined that
A. amphibius has 2n = 36 chromosomes, consisting of seven metacentric, three
submetacentric, three subtelocentric and four acrocentric chromosome pairs.
The X chromosome was a large submetacentric. The present study confirmed the
previous results with regard to 2n. However, comparison of our findings with
those of other authors indicates that there are karyotypic differences among
the chromosomes. These differences were related to the morphology of
chromosomes. Additionally, we reported external and skull measurements and
new distributional records from six localities for the Turkish water vole.
The measurements presented in this study conform to those of samples examined
by other authors.
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant potential of the stem bark of Spondias mangifera Willd.
Authors: Sachan Nikhil , Arif Muhammad , Zaman K. , Kumar Yatindra
Published: May 2011

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethyl acetate (EAFSM)
and n-butanol (NBFSM) fractions of the alcoholic extract of S. mangifera bark
were evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and by the tail-flick
method in rats. The radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract,
aqueous extract and fractions was determined with the DPPH radical scavenging
capacity assay. Two fractions of the alcoholic extract, EAFSM and NBFSM, at
doses of 75, 150, 300 mg/kg b.w. administered orally, showed a significant
reduction in paw volume when compared with the respective control group
challenged by carrageenan. Different doses of extract fractions also showed a
significant prolongation of the tail-flick latency of the rat (P<0.01).
Different concentrations of alcoholic, aqueous extracts and fractions of
alcoholic extract showed significant free radical scavenging capacity against
DPPH generated free radicals.
Trichobothrial patterns during postembryonic development of Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772) (Araneae, Araneidae)
Authors: Dudic B.D. , Tomic V.T. , Lucic L.R.
Published: May 2011

The trichobothrial pattern was studied during the postembryonic development
of Cyclosa conica. Juvenile and adult specimens have the same trichobothrial
pattern but a different number of setae. The considerable difference in the
number of trichobothria on the tibias of immature specimens allowed
separation into four groups. The distinction in trichobothrial number and
pattern between pedipalps of adult male and female spiders is also noted.
Mature and immature specimens have the same number of trichobothria on
metatarsi I and II.
Predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from Montenegro with new records and description of the female of Hydroporus Macedonicus Fery & Pesic, 2006
Authors: Pavicevic Ana , Pesic V.
Published: May 2011

This paper deals with the aquatic beetle species of the family Dytiscidae
collected from various freshwaters habitats in Montenegro. In total 39 water
beetle species were collected from 56 localities in Montenegro between 2007
and 2010. Twelve species and one subspecies are reported for the first time
for Montenegro: Agabus sturmii (Gyllenhal, 1808), A. paludosus (Fabricius,
1801), Deronectes moestus inconspectus (Leprieur, 1876), D. platynotus
(Germar, 1834), Dytiscus circumcinctus Ahrens, 1811, D. dimidiatus
Bergstr?sser, 1778, Hydroporus macedonicus Fery & Pesic, 2006, H. pubescens
(Gyllenhal, 1808), Ilybius chalconatus (Panzer, 1797), I. fuliginosus
fuliginosus (Fabricius, 1792), I. pseudoneglectus (Franciscolo, 1972),
Liopterus haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1787) and Nebrioporus luctuosus (Aub?,
1838). The female genitalia of Hydroporus macedonicus Fery & Pesic, 2006, a
rare water beetle previously known only from southern Macedonia, are
illustrated. The present state of knowledge of the Montenegrin diving beetle
fauna and its ecological characteristics is discussed.
A checklist of Iranian Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Vespidae)
Authors: Bagriaçik Nil , Samin Najmeh
Published: May 2011

A checklist of Iranian Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is presented. The
list is based on a detailed study of all available published data. Nine
vespine species from three genera (Vespa Linnaeus, Vespula Thomson,
Dolichovespula Rohwer) are currently recognized as occurring in Iran.
The first finding of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszińska) Seenayya et Subba Raju, 1972 (Cyanoprokaryota) in Serbia
Authors: Cvijan M. , Fuzinato Sanja
Published: May 2011

Within the framework of a detailed survey of the algal community in the salt
marshes of the Vojvodina Province (northern Serbia), we found
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszi?ska) Seenayya et Subba Raju in water
samples from Slatina Pond near Opovo. This is, de facto, the first finding of
C. raciborskii in Serbia. It is of particular importance given that C.
raciborskii produces cyanotoxins and that available data show that in Serbia
this alga is expanding its range of distribution, notably in carp ponds. The
present paper is concerned with both the general and specific characteristics
of the alga and the specific characteristics of the habitat in which the alga
was found.
Lemanea fucina Bory, 1808 (Lemaneaceae, Rhodophyta), a rare species with a variable morphology: First record in the Republic of Montenegro
Authors: Simic Snezana , Djordjevic Nevena
Published: May 2011

The genus Lemanea and a species belonging to this genus, Lemanea fucina Bory
1808, are reported for the first time in the Republic of Montenegro
(southeast Europe, in the river Tara, at one locality - ?Splaviste? (N-43?
07? 721?, E 019? 18 ?609?). This is a new finding, and also the southernmost
point of occurrence of this species in Europe. The species is characteristic
mostly for rivers of the countries of northern and western Europe. The
variable morphological characteristics of this species are described and
illustrated in this work.
A Practical Synthesis of (rac)-Muscone and (R)-(–-)-muscone
Authors: Cheng Chuanjie , Ding Wei , Ding Shaomin
Published: May 2011

A practical synthesis of ( rac)-muscone in three steps is described, using commercially available 1,10-dibromodecane as the starting material. In the first step, an aldol reaction of 1,10-dibromodecane with ethyl acetoacetate affords the important intermediate 2,15-hexadecanedione in 70% yield. A cyclisation reaction in the second step aided by propyl zinc iodide gives dehydro-muscone in 84% yield. Hydrogenation of dehydro-muscone with Pd–-C completes the synthesis of ( rac)-muscone. Furthermore, ( R)-(–-)-muscone is enantioselectively prepared via the formation of a ketal intermediate from dehydro-muscone and 1,4-di- O-benzyl- D-threitol.