bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orbitofrontal neurons acquire responses to ‘valueless’ Pavlovian cues during unblocking
Authors: McDannald Michael A , Esber Guillem R , Wegener Meredyth A , Wied Heather M , Liu Tzu-Lan , Stalnaker Thomas A , Jones Joshua L , Trageser Jason , Schoenbaum Geoffrey
Published: July 2014

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been described as signaling outcome expectancies or value. Evidence for the latter comes from the studies showing that neural signals in the OFC correlate with value across features. Yet features can co-vary with value, and individual units may participate in multiple ensembles coding different features. Here we used unblocking to test whether OFC neurons would respond to a predictive cue signaling a ‘valueless’ change in outcome flavor. Neurons were recorded as the rats learned about cues that signaled either an increase in reward number or a valueless change in flavor. We found that OFC neurons acquired responses to both predictive cues. This activity exceeded that exhibited to a ‘blocked’ cue and was correlated with activity to the actual outcome. These results show that OFC neurons fire to cues with no value independent of what can be inferred through features of the predicted outcome.
Deaktivasi Katalis Konverter-Hidrogen Di Pabrik Urea Kaltim-3
Authors: Subekti Agus , Arief Achmad Syamsul , Praharso Praharso , Subagjo Subagjo
Published: July 2014

Di pabrik urea, konverter-hidrogen adalah satu reaktor yang berfungsi untuk mengkonversi hidrogen yang terikut dalam karbondioksida dengan cara mengoksidasi dengan udara, sehingga karbondioksida umpan reaktor urea itu hanya mengandung tidak lebih dari 100 ppm hidrogen. Konversi dilangsungkan pada tekanan 145 kg/cm2 dan suhu umpan reaktor 130°C, menggunakan katalis platinum berpenyangga alumina (0,3%Pt/Al2O3). Dalam dua tahun terakhir, terjadi kenaikan kandungan hidrogen dalam karbondioksida umpan konverter-hidrogen Kaltim-3 yang menyebabkan peningkatan temperatur keluaran konverter dari biasanya sekitar 152oC menjadi sekitar 190°C. Hasil analisis kadar Pt, luas permukaan katalis dan dispersi Pt terhadap katalis-baru dan katalis-terpakai menunjukkan bahwa katalis konverter-hidrogen Kaltim-3 telah terdeaktivasi. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan perbaikan-tahunan Juli 2006 yang lalu, katalis tersebut telah diganti dengan yang baru. Selain itu telah dilakukan pula perbaikan kondisi operasi di pabrik amoniak Kaltim-3, sehingga kadar H2 dalam aliran CO2 umpan pabrik urea Kaltim-3 menjadi normal kembali (0,4%). Dengan tindakan-tindakan tersebut, sejak Agustus 2006 yang lalu konverter hidrogen Kaltim-3 dapat beroperasi secara normal kembali. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Studi Reaksi Konversi Katalisis 2-Propanol Menggunakan Katalis dan Pendukung Katalis γ-Al2O3
Authors: Wibowo Widajanti , Sunardi Sunardi , Yulia Indra
Published: July 2014

Katalis padatan basa belum digunakan secara luas bila dibandingkan dengan penggunaan katalis padatan asam, meskipun katalis padatan basa secara efisien juga mampu berperan dalam reaksi-reaksi seperti alkilasi, kondensasi, isomerisasi dan lain-lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi reaksi konversi katalisis 2-propanol menggunakan katalis padatan basa Mg-Al-Hidrotalsit dan katalis padatan superbasa g-Al2O3-NaOH-Na yang dibandingkan dengan katalis γ-Al2O3. Reaksi katalisis dilakukan dalam fase gas dengan variasi suhu dari 175oC sampai suhu 300oC, menggunakan katalis seberat 3 gram. Produk reaksi katalisis dianalisis dengan kromatografi gas, yang dirangkai secara on-line dengan reaktor katalisis. Propilen dan aseton merupakan produk-produk primer reaksi konversi yang mudah bereaksi lebih lanjut menghasilkan produk-produk sekunder yang stabil. Katalis γ-Al2O3 hanya mengkonversi 2-propanol menjadi propilen, karena sifat basanya tidak cukup kuat untuk mendorong reaksi dehidrogenasi 2-propanol menjadi aseton. Katalis Mg-Al-hidrotalsit mengkonversi hampir 100% 2-propanol menjadi propilen pada suhu 175oC dan menghasilkan aseton paling banyak pada 225oC dengan konversi produk sebesar 53,36 %, sedangkan dengan katalis superbasa γ-Al2O3-NaOH-Na diperoleh konversi aseton sebesar 66,0% pada 225oC. Produ-produk sekunder hasil konversi 2-propanol dengan katalis Mg-Al-hidrotalsit secara batch diidentifikasi dengan GC-MS dan diperoleh senyawa yang dominan adalah 4-metil-2-pentanol dan 3,3,5-trimetil sikloheksanol.
Comparison of marine boundary layer cloud properties from CERES‐MODIS Edition 4 and DOE ARM AMF measurements at the Azores
Authors: Xi Baike , Dong Xiquan , Minnis Patrick , Sun‐Mack Sunny
Published: July 2014

Marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud properties derived from the NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) project using Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are compared with observations taken at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility at the Azores (AMF‐Azores) site from June 2009 through December 2010. Cloud properties derived from ARM ground‐based observations were averaged over a 1 h interval centered at the satellite overpass time, while the CERES‐MODIS (CM) results were averaged within a 30 km × 30 km grid box centered over the Azores site. A total of 63 daytime and 92 nighttime single‐layered overcast MBL cloud cases were selected from 19 months of ARM radar‐lidar and satellite observations. The CM cloud top/base heights (Htop/Hbase) were determined from cloud top/base temperatures (Ttop/Tbase) using a regional boundary layer lapse rate method. For daytime comparisons, the CM‐derived Htop (Hbase), on average, is 0.063 km (0.068 km) higher (lower) than its ARM radar‐lidar‐observed counterpart, and the CM‐derived Ttop and Tbase are 0.9 K less and 2.5 K greater than the surface values with high correlations (R2 = 0.82 and 0.84, respectively). In general, the cloud top comparisons agree better than the cloud base comparisons, because the CM cloud base temperatures and heights are secondary products determined from cloud top temperatures and heights. No significant day‐night difference was found in the analyses. The comparisons of MBL cloud microphysical properties reveal that when averaged over a 30 km × 30 km area, the CM‐retrieved cloud droplet effective radius (re) at 3.7 µm is 1.3 µm larger than that from the ARM retrievals (12.8 µm), while the CM‐retrieved cloud liquid water path (LWP) is 13.5 gm−2 less than its ARM counterpart (114.2 gm−2) due to its small optical depth (9.6 versus 13.7). The differences are reduced by 50% when the CM averages are computed only using the MODIS pixel nearest the AMF site. Using the effective radius retrieved using 2.1  µm channel to calculate LWP can reduce the difference between the CM and ARM microwave radiometer retrievals from −13.7 to 2.1 gm−2. The 10% differences between the ARM and CERES‐MODIS LWP and re retrievals are within the uncertainties of the ARM LWP (~20 gm−2) and re (~10%) retrievals; however, the 30% difference in optical depth is significant. Possible reasons contributing to this discrepancy are increased sensitivities in optical depth from both surface retrievals when τ~10 and topography. The τ differences vary with wind direction and are consistent with the island orography. Much better agreement in τ is obtained when using only those data taken when the wind is from the northeast, where topographical effects on the sampled clouds are minimal.
Seismotectonics of the Pamir
Authors: Schurr Bernd , Ratschbacher Lothar , Sippl Christian , Gloaguen Richard , Yuan Xiaohui , Mechie James
Published: July 2014

Based on a 2 year seismic record from a local network, we characterize the deformation of the seismogenic crust of the Pamir in the northwestern part of the India‐Asia collision zone. We located more than 6000 upper crustal earthquakes in a regional 3‐D velocity model. For 132 of these events, we determined source mechanisms, mostly through full waveform moment tensor inversion of locally and regionally recorded seismograms. We also produced a new and comprehensive neotectonic map of the Pamir, which we relate to the seismic deformation. Along Pamir's northern margin, where GPS measurements show significant shortening, we find thrust and dextral strike‐slip faulting along west to northwest trending planes, indicating slip partitioning between northward thrusting and westward extrusion. An active, north‐northeast trending, sinistral transtensional fault system dissects the Pamir's interior, connecting the lakes Karakul and Sarez, and extends by distributed faulting into the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan. East of this lineament, the Pamir moves northward en bloc, showing little seismicity and internal deformation. The western Pamir exhibits a higher amount of seismic deformation; sinistral strike‐slip faulting on northeast trending or conjugate planes and normal faulting indicate east‐west extension and north‐south shortening. We explain this deformation pattern by the gravitational collapse of the western Pamir Plateau margin and the lateral extrusion of Pamir rocks into the Tajik‐Afghan depression, where it causes thin‐skinned shortening of basin sediments above an evaporitic décollement. Superposition of Pamir's bulk northward movement and collapse and westward extrusion of its western flank causes the gradual change of surface velocity orientations from north‐northwest to due west observed by GPS geodesy. The distributed shear deformation of the western Pamir and the activation of the Sarez‐Karakul fault system may ultimately be caused by the northeastward propagation of India's western transform margin into Asia, thereby linking deformation in the Pamir all the way to the Chaman fault in the south in Afghanistan.
Lymphoid Development
Authors: Collazo Michelle M , Gumbleton Matthew , Kerr William G
Published: July 2014

Lymphocytes, which are white blood cells, comprise a fundamentally important compartment of the immune system since they are key players in controlling how specific and effective an immune response is to infectious microbes or foreign agents. Lymphocytes exist as three distinct cell lineages, namely Bursa‐derived lymphocytes (B cells), thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). While B cells and T cells mediate antigen‐specific or adaptive immunity, ILCs mediate preformed or innate immunity. This review discusses the development of B cells, T cells and specifically NK cells, a type of ILC. It details the localisation of development, the selection process these cells face and modifications they may undergo throughout their maturation and localisation to other tissues. The modifications described include functional changes as well as changes in the expression of intracellular and surface molecular markers.

Key Concepts:

As proponents of the adaptive immune response, each B cell and T cell express a single unique antigen‐specific receptor providing the host with a large spectrum of specificities, also known as a repertoire.

B and T cells must be eliminated during their selection process or selected to develop further into a more specialized immune regulatory cell to avoid autoreactivity.

B cell lymphopoiesis is largely confined to the bone marrow and is defined cell size, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement status, activity of transcription factors and expression of cell surface molecules.

Peripheral tolerance mechanisms ensure that B cells which survived central tolerance mechanisms become anergic or unresponsive upon encounter of self‐antigen in the periphery.

T cell development in the thymus is highly regulated as the developing T cell progenitor moves through the specialized thymic niches and interacts with resident thymic stromal cells, including cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs), medullary TECs (mTECs), fibroblasts, dendritic cells and other haematopoietically derived stroma cells.

During development in the thymus, T cells undergo both positive and negative selection to eliminate potentially self‐reactive cells.

The thymus also promotes the selection of naturally occurring regulatory T cells, namely NK T cells, CD8aa
+
intraepithelial (nIEL) T cells, regulatory T (nTreg) cells and IL‐17 producing T (nTh17) cells, which can actively suppress self‐reactive T cells.

NK cells are important for host defence against malignantly transformed and virally infected cells and against some bacterial and parasitic infections.

NK cells are regulated by signalling downstream of activating and inhibitory germline encoded receptors.

NK cells undergo an education process to insure self‐tolerance.
Macromolecular Structure Determination by X‐ray Crystallography
Authors: Jaeger Joachim
Published: July 2014

For more than 50 years, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction has remained at the forefront of structural studies of biological macromolecules and complex molecular machines. Diffraction occurs when X‐rays interact with the electrons in the crystallised macromolecule or a complex. Importantly, only amplitudes, not phases, are recorded during an X‐ray diffraction experiment. This ‘phase’ problem is resolved by incorporating electron‐dense, anomalous scatterers into the protein or nucleic acid molecules. Major technical advances in crystal handling, synchrotron beamlines, free‐electron lasers, detector technology, software development and computer hardware have allowed X‐ray crystallography to become essentially a routine method for obtaining high‐resolution images of biomolecules. Much of our insights into macromolecular structure/function relationships are, in fact, based on single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography.

Key Concepts:

X‐ray crystallography is one of the fundamental methods of structural biology and remains the most widely used technique to study the structure/function relationships of macromolecules.

X‐ray diffraction is not an imaging technique as the scattered X‐ray intensities need to be associated with phases to assemble an image.

The phase problem in X‐ray crystallography can be overcome by determining the anomalous scattering generated by suitable heavy atoms.

Crystallisation of biological macromolecules remains a bottleneck in X‐ray crystallography.
Molecular Genetics of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Longoni Mauro , Russell Meaghan K , Pober Barbara R
Published: July 2014

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common, phenotypically as well as genetically heterogeneous birth defect associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although CDH usually occurs sporadically, several familial clusters have been reported with different types of inheritance. Single gene disorders and microdeletions/microduplications are known causes of CDH, but the largest fraction of cases remain without explanation. Mouse knock‐outs and human studies demonstrate the importance of retinoic acid signalling in normal diaphragm development and CDH pathogenesis, though other pathways, such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c‐MET, sonic hedgehog (SHH) and slit homolog (SLIT)/roundabout homolog (ROBO) signalling, are also important. Advancement in genomic technology and insights from animal models have advanced significantly our understanding of CDH genetics, with the ultimate goal of generating more effective therapies for this severe condition.

Key Concepts:

CDH is a genetically heterogeneous condition, due to single gene disorders, microdeletions/microduplications and polygenic/multifactorial inheritance.

Deletion syndromes frequently associated with CDH are 1q41‐q42, 8p23, 8q23 and 15q26.

Syndromic conditions frequently associated with CDH are Cornelia de Lange; Craniofrontonasal, Denys–Drash, Donnai‐Barrow, Fryns and Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndromes, as well as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO) and syndromic microphthalmia/anophthalmia.

Familial clustering of CDH is uncommon, because of the high mortality and morbidity, but extremely informative to unravel the genetics of this condition.

Nutritional, teratogenic, surgical and genetic animal models are used to study CDH. Over 40 genetic mouse models are currently known to have diaphragmatic defects.

The diaphragm is formed by a mesenchymal substratum and by pre‐muscle hypaxial cells migrating from the cervical somites. Defects in the formation of the mesenchymal substratum, or in the migration, proliferation and differentiation of pre‐muscle cells results in diaphragmatic defects.

Retinoic signalling is a crucial mechanism of CDH pathogenesis. Additional important pathways are SHH, HGF/c‐MET (pre‐muscle cell migration) and SLIT/ROBO (vascular development).
Evolution of X‐Linked Male‐Biased Genes in
Drosophila
Authors: Herrig Danielle K , Llopart Ana
Published: July 2014

Sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome, play a unique role in evolution due to several distinct features. In
Drosophila
, the X chromosome has been proposed to constitute an undesirable environment for genes expressed at higher levels in males than in females (i.e. male‐biased genes) and, as a result, is partially demasculinized. However, male‐biased genes remaining on the X chromosome do not seem to be at a disadvantage relative to their autosomal counterparts. Population genetic models predict that under certain conditions X‐linked genes will experience more bouts of positive selection than autosomal genes, leading to faster‐X evolution, particularly for male‐biased genes. As theory posits,
Drosophila
X‐linked male‐biased genes show evidence of adaptive evolution at both protein and expression levels. This faster‐X evolution has broad implications. In speciation, it may contribute to explain why the X chromosome is a hotspot for the genetic factors underlying hybrid male sterility (i.e. the large X‐effect).

Key Concepts:

Underrepresentation of X‐linked male‐biased genes due to unfavorable features of the X chromosome.

Faster‐X evolution of male‐biased genes at both the protein and expression levels.

Consequences of faster‐X evolution include the disproportionally large effect of the X chromosome in hybrid male sterility.
Subtyping of triple‐negative breast cancer: Implications for therapy
Authors: Abramson Vandana G. , Lehmann Brian D. , Ballinger Tarah J. , Pietenpol Jennifer A.
Published: July 2014

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease; gene expression analyses recently identified 6 distinct TNBC subtypes, each of which displays a unique biology. Exploring novel approaches for the treatment of these subtypes is critical, especially because the median survival for women with metastatic TNBC is less than 12 months, and virtually all women with metastatic TNBC ultimately will die of their disease despite systemic therapy. To date, not a single targeted therapy has been approved for the treatment of TNBC, and cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the standard treatment. In this review, the authors discuss recent developments in subtyping TNBC and the current and upcoming therapeutic strategies being explored in an attempt to target TNBC. Cancer 2015;121:8–16. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Pantoea agglomerans lipopolysaccharide maintains bone density in premenopausal women: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Nakata Kazue , Nakata Yoko , Inagawa Hiroyuki , Nakamoto Takeru , Yoshimura Hiroshi , Soma Gen‐Ichiro
Published: July 2014

Lipopolysaccharide from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSp) facilitates Ca and P turnover in chicken calvaria and femurs. This study investigated osteoporosis prevention by the oral administration of LPSp in mice and in double‐blind clinical tests. Using ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis mice model, we investigated the effects of LPSp on the bone density and Ca concentration after ingesting LPSp‐containing water for 4 weeks. Oral administration of LPSp tended to suppress the decline in the bone density and the cortical bone thickness in the OVX mice. Moreover, the Ca concentrations were maintained in the OVX‐LPSp mice. The effects of LPSp on bone turnover were tested in randomized and double‐blind clinical test subjects, who were healthy women aged 40–79 years. The subjects ingested either soy milk without LPSp (control group) or with LPSp (LPSp group) for 3 months. The results showed that the LPSp group on premenopause maintained their bone density compared with the control group pre‐ and postmenopause. Moreover, these effects were maintained for 2 months postobservation. LPSp maintains bone volume and density in vivo. Thus, a combination of soy milk and LPSp may be useful for osteoporosis prevention.
STATs profiling reveals predominantly‐activated STAT3 in cholangiocarcinoma genesis and progression
Authors: Dokduang Hasaya , Techasen Anchalee , Namwat Nisana , Khuntikeo Narong , Pairojkul Chawalit , Murakami Yoshinori , Loilome Watcharin , Yongvanit Puangrat
Published: July 2014

Background

We investigated the aberrant expression of the STAT family in humans and liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini, Ov)‐induced hamster cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues.

Methods

The expression and phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5a, STAT5b and STAT6 in human hamster CCA tissues were immunohistochemistry‐profiled. Localizations of STAT5 in macrophages and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced macrophage‐conditioned media mediated STAT3 activation in CCA cells were demonstrated.

Results

The expressions of STAT 1–4 and 6 were detected in the cytoplasm of hyperplastic bile ducts and tumor cells, whereas STAT5a and STAT5b were observed in macrophages and connective tissues surrounding tumor, respectively. The expressions of STAT3 and STAT5b were significantly observed in tumors with a poorer histological differentiation. STAT3 expression was significantly associated with shorter survival of CCA patients and was predominately activated in CCA cell lines. In the CCA‐hamsters, STATs expression was gradually increased along the carcinogenesis, especially at 30 days post‐infection in which the inflammatory response was markedly observed, showing the correlation between the inflammation and STATs activation. Moreover, LPS‐induced macrophage‐conditioned media could mediate STAT3 activation in CCA cells.

Conclusions

STAT3 is the major STAT, which plays roles in the inflammation that contributes to CCA carcinogenesis and progression and may serve as a marker for a poor prognosis of CCA.
Chondrocytes expressing intracellular collagen type II enter the cell cycle and co‐express collagen type I in monolayer culture
Authors: Tekari Adel , Luginbuehl Reto , Hofstetter Willy , Egli Rainer J.
Published: July 2014

For autologous chondrocyte transplantation, articular chondrocytes are harvested from cartilage tissue and expanded in vitro in monolayer culture. We aimed to characterize with a cellular resolution the synthesis of collagen type II (COL2) and collagen type I (COL1) during expansion in order to further understand why these cells lose the potential to form cartilage tissue when re‐introduced into a microenvironment that supports chondrogenesis. During expansion for six passages, levels of transcripts encoding COL2 decreased to <0.1%, whereas transcript levels encoding COL1 increased 370‐fold as compared to primary chondrocytes. Flow cytometry for intracellular proteins revealed that chondrocytes acquired a COL2/COL1‐double positive phenotype during expansion, and the COL2 positive cells were able to enter the cell cycle. While the fraction of COL2 positive cells decreased from 70% to <2% in primary chondrocytes to passage six cells, the fraction of COL1 positive cells increased from <1% to >95%. In parallel to the decrease of the fraction of COL2 positive cells, the cells' potential to form cartilage‐like tissue in pellet cultures steadily decreased. Intracellular staining for COL2 enables for characterization of chondrocyte lineage cells in more detail with a cellular resolution, and it may allow predicting the effectiveness of expanded chondrocytes to form cartilage‐like tissue. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1503–1511, 2014.
Boveri at 100: cancer evolution, from preneoplasia to malignancy
Authors: Wright Nicholas A
Published: July 2014

In the 100 years since the publication of Boveri's manuscript, ‘Concerning the origin of human tumours’, we have seen many advances in our understanding of how tumours originate, develop and progress. However, reading this article now, it is possible to find conclusions, or more often predictions, of what we now consider basic tenets of tumour biology. These include predicting the stochastic nature of the malignant change and that all tumours are necessarily of clonal origin, perhaps the basis of the modern concepts of field cancerization, of tumour heterogeneity and the clonal evolution of tumours. Modern researchers rarely refer to this paper, yet as a source of ideas it must rank amongst the landmarks in tumour biology of the last 100 years. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Role of Oxalic Acid in Promoting Ignition and Combustion of Boron: an Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Xi Jianfei , Liu Jianzhong , Wang Yang , Liang Daolun , Li Heping , Zhou Junhu
Published: July 2014

Boron is an attractive fuel for propellants and explosives because of its high energy density. However, its combustion is inhibited by the oxide layer that covers the particles. The use of oxalic acid as an additive was shown to promote boron oxidation. In this study, the thermodynamic model FactSage 6.2 and a laser ignition facility were used to investigate the effect of oxalic acid on the burning characteristics of boron particles. The results of the thermodynamic analyses show that oxalic acid can reduce B2O3(l) production during boron combustion. This enables removal of the the oxide film and promotes the burning of boron. However, only at high temperatures (>1500 K) H2O(g) (produced from H2C2O4) can react with B2O3 and remove the oxide film. The evolution of boron combustion flame takes place in three stages: ignition, stable combustion, and extinction; the bright yellow color in the flame indicates boron ignition, the bright white color indicates boron combustion, and the bright green color is interpreted as BO2 emission. Addition of oxalic acid into boron powders can significantly promote boron ignition and combustion. The ignition delay time of the resulting mixture is reduced by 42.4 %, the combustion intensity is raised by 16.7 %, and the combustion efficiency of boron is increased by 21.5 percentage points. The mechanism of action of oxalic acid on enhancing the combustion of boron was studied by scanning electron microscopy.
Inclined dislocations in plates
Authors: Bonnet Roland , Neily Salem , Youssef Sami
Published: July 2014

We derive the elastic field of a periodic series of straight, inclined, dislocations in a plate using isotropic elasticity for the three components of their common Burgers vector. Explicit expressions are obtained and lead to an easy formulation of spatial derivatives. The displacement field of an isolated dislocation is described asymptotically when the dislocations are distant from each other. A few numerical applications illustrate the stress fields around screw and edge dislocations. In addition, for tungsten, calculations of elastic stored energy give the equilibrium direction of the inclined dislocation as a function of the orientation of its Burgers vector.
Beyond preparation: Identity, cultural capital, and readiness for graduate school in the biomedical sciences
Authors: Gazley J. Lynn , Remich Robin , Naffziger‐Hirsch Michelle E. , Keller Jill , Campbell Patricia B. , McGee Richard
Published: July 2014

In this study, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 52 college graduates as they entered a Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP). Our goal was to investigate what it means for these aspiring scientists, most of whom are from groups underrepresented in the sciences, to feel ready to apply to a doctoral program in the biomedical sciences. For our analysis, we developed and used a theoretical framework which integrates concepts from identity‐in‐practice literature with Bourdieu's formulation of cultural capital and also examined the impact of racial, ethnic, and gender identities on education and career trajectories. Five patterns of identity work for expected engagement with PREP grew out of our analysis: Credential Seekers, PI Aspirants, Path Builders, Discipline Changers, and Interest Testers. These patterns illuminate differences in perceptions of doing, being, and becoming within science; external and internal foci of identity work; and expectations for institutional and embodied cultural capital. Our findings show that preparing for graduate education is more complex than acquiring a set of credentials as it is infused with identity work which facilitates readiness beyond preparation. This deeper understanding of individual agency and perceptions allows us to shift the focus away from a deficit model where institutions and programs attempt to “fix” students, and to offer implications for programs designed to support college graduates aspiring to become scientists. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1021–1048, 2014
Minor habituation to repeated experimental approaches in Scandinavian wolves
Authors: Wam H. K. , Eldegard K. , Hjeljord O.
Published: July 2014

Large carnivores may become dangerous if they habituate to humans. We repeatedly approached wild wolves Canis lupus throughout a year to test their individual response to human encounters (N = 141 trials). None of the at least 25 wolves present during the study visually or vocally exposed themselves. The wolves fled at a mean distance of 248 ± SE 11 m (range, 35–488 m). Their tolerance was most strongly influenced by the presence of site-dependent pups, while the distance at which they were initially alerted was most strongly influenced by detectability of human (wind and noise). The mean alert distance was 324 ± 19 m in the first and 264 ± 17 m in subsequent within-day trials, while tolerance distances showed no such trend, neither within a day nor throughout the year. The study indicates a high level of individual plasticity, making habituation difficult to predict.
Parenting practices and adolescent smoking in mainland China: The mediating effect of smoking‐related cognitions
Authors: Wang Yan , Krishnakumar Ambika , Narine Lutchmie
Published: July 2014

This study examined the direct and indirect associations of general and smoking‐specific parenting practices with Chinese adolescents' smoking behaviors. Adolescents aged 14–17 years (N = 658) and their parents were recruited from three high schools in mainland China. Adolescents completed an anonymous online survey on their smoking behaviors, perceptions of parenting behaviors, and smoking‐related cognitions including attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Parents completed a paper‐and‐pencil questionnaire on their parenting behaviors. Results indicated that psychological control and frequency of communication about smoking were positively linked to adolescent smoking through the mediation of two smoking‐related cognitions–attitude and subjective norm. Parental knowledge of adolescent activities, disapproval of adolescent smoking, and home rules were negatively linked to adolescent smoking through the mediation of attitude and subjective norm. Results suggest that parenting practices and smoking‐related cognitions are critical components to be incorporated in prevention and intervention programs for adolescent smoking in China.
Accuracy of immunochemical fecal occult blood test for detecting colorectal neoplasms in individuals undergoing health check‐ups
Authors: Chen Yi‐Yuan , Chen Tsung‐Hsing , Su Ming‐Yao , Ning Hsiao‐Chen , Kuo Chia‐Jung , Lin Wei‐Pin , Ho Yu‐Pin , Lin Chun‐Jung , Hsu Chen‐Ming , Chiu Cheng‐Tang , Chen Pang‐Chi
Published: July 2014

Background

In Taiwan, the prevalence of colorectal cancer has been increasing in recent decades. As a result, the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) has been advocated and widely used for colorectal cancer screening in areas with limited colonoscopy capacity. The goal of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of a single immunochemical FOBT (I‐FOBT) and correlate it with the results of colonoscopy for detecting colorectal neoplasia in the asymptomatic Taiwanese population.

Methods

Data were collected from the results of health examinations conducted on asymptomatic adults older than 40 years and who simultaneously underwent one‐time I‐FOBT and colonoscopy examinations between January 01, 2008 and June 30, 2009. The sensitivity and specificity of the I‐FOBT were calculated in correlation to age, size, and pathologic result.

Results

A total of 6096 patients were analyzed, including 3418 men and 2678 women, aged 40–87 years. I‐FOBT result was positive in 229 patients (3.8%); the sensitivity of detection of total colorectal neoplasia and advanced neoplasia were 6.98% and 22.1%, respectively. A total of 13 participants were found to have invasive cancer in this study, and the sensitivity and specificity of the I‐FOBT in this group were 69.2% and 96.4%, respectively. Besides, the positive rate of I‐FOBT increased with age, with 40–49 years (2.89%), 50–75 years (4.21%), and >75 years (5.68%). In addition, the sensitivity for detecting total neoplasia and advanced neoplasia was similar in patients ≥50 years and ≥40 years of age.

Conclusion

The I‐FOBT has better sensitivity for detecting invasive cancer and advanced neoplasia than for detecting nonadvanced neoplasia. Repeated I‐FOBT examinations with good adherence to the screening program may improve the detection rate and sensitivity of the I‐FOBT.
Acute hepatitis with nontyphoidal salmonella and hepatitis E virus coinfection
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Ting , Chang Chi‐Yang , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Mo Lein‐Ray
Published: July 2014

A 65‐year‐old Taiwanese man presented with dark urine for 5 days before admission to hospital and with fever on the 2nd day of admission to hospital. Laboratory studies showed acute hepatitis with hyperbilirubinemia. Acute hepatitis with nontyphoidal salmonella and hepatitis E virus coinfection was diagnosed. The fever subsided after treatment with ceftriaxone and cefepime. His serum bilirubin reached its peak value on the 3rd week after admission to hospital and then gradually returned to the normal range. To the best of our knowledge, acute hepatitis E coinfection with nontyphoidal salmonella has not been reported previously.
The effects of cognitive impairment on nursing home residents' emergency department visits and hospitalizations
Authors: Stephens Caroline E. , Newcomer Robert , Blegen Mary , Miller Bruce , Harrington Charlene
Published: July 2014

Background

Little is known about the relationship of cognitive impairment (CI) in nursing home (NH) residents and their use of emergency department (ED) and subsequent hospital services.

Methods

We analyzed 2006 Medicare claims and resident assessment data for 112,412 Medicare beneficiaries aged >65 years residing in US nursing facilities. We estimated the effect of resident characteristics and severity of CI on rates of total ED visits per year, then estimated the odds of hospitalization after ED evaluation.

Results

Mild CI predicted higher rates of ED visits relative to no CI, and ED visit rates decreased as severity of CI increased. In unadjusted models, mild CI and very severe CI predicted higher odds of hospitalization after ED evaluation; however, after adjusting for other factors, severity of CI was not significant.

Conclusions

Higher rates of ED visits among those with mild CI may represent a unique marker in the presentation of acute illness and warrant further investigation.
The influence of supply network structure on firm innovation
Authors: Bellamy Marcus A. , Ghosh Soumen , Hora Manpreet
Published: July 2014

In this study, we examine the structural characteristics of supply networks and investigate the relationship between a firm's supply network accessibility and interconnectedness and its innovation output. We also examine potential moderating effects of absorptive capacity and supply network partner innovativeness on innovation output. We hypothesize that firms will experience greater innovation output from (1) higher levels of supply network accessibility and supply network interconnectedness, (2) the interaction between the levels of these two structural characteristics, (3) the moderating role of absorptive capacity on supply network accessibility and the moderating role of supply network partner innovativeness on supply network interconnectedness. Supply network partner relationships are drawn in the context of the electronics industry using data from multiple sources. We use social network analysis to create measures for each supply network structural characteristic. Using regression techniques to test the relationship between these structural characteristics and firm innovation for a sample of 390 firms, our findings suggest that supply network accessibility has a significant association with a firm's innovation output. The results also indicate that interconnected supply networks strengthen the association between supply network accessibility and innovation output. Moreover, the influence of the two structural characteristics on innovation output can be enhanced by a firm's absorptive capacity and level of supply network partner innovativeness. By addressing the need for deeper structural analysis, this study contributes to supply chain research by accounting for the embedded nature of ties in supply networks, and showing how these structural characteristics influence the knowledge and information flows residing within a firm's supply network.
Screening and identification of small molecule inhibitors of ErbB2‐induced invasion
Authors: Brix D.M. , Rafn B. , Bundgaard Clemmensen K. , Andersen S.H. , Ambartsumian N. , Jäättelä M. , Kallunki T.
Published: July 2014

ERBB2 amplification and overexpression are strongly associated with invasive cancer with high recurrence and poor prognosis. Enhanced ErbB2 signaling induces cysteine cathepsin B and L expression leading to their higher proteolytic activity (zFRase activity), which is crucial for the invasion of ErbB2‐positive breast cancer cells in vitro. Here we introduce a simple screening system based on zFRase activity as a primary readout and a following robust invasion assay and lysosomal distribution analysis for the identification of compounds that can inhibit ErbB2‐induced invasion. With an unbiased kinase inhibitor screen, we identified Bohemine/Roscovitine, Gö6979 and JAK3 inhibitor VI as compounds that can efficiently decrease cysteine cathepsin activity. Using the well‐established and clinically relevant ErbB1 and ErbB2 inhibitor lapatinib as a positive control, we studied their ability to inhibit ErbB2‐induced invasion in 3‐dimensional Matrigel cultures. We found one of them, JAK3 inhibitor VI, capable of inhibiting invasion of highly invasive ErbB2‐positive ovarian cancer cells as efficiently as lapatinib, whereas Gö6979 and Roscovitine displayed more modest inhibition. All compounds reversed the malignant, ErbB2‐induced and invasion‐supporting peripheral distribution of lysosomes. This effect was most evident for lapatinib and JAK3 inhibitor VI and milder for Gö6979 and Roscovitine. Our results further showed that JAK3 inhibitor VI function was independent of JAK kinases but involved downregulation of cathepsin L. We postulate that the screening method and the verification experiments that are based on oncogene‐induced changes in lysosomal hydrolase activity and lysosomal distribution could be used for identification of novel inhibitors of ErbB2‐induced invasiveness. Additionally, we introduce a novel function for lapatinib in controlling malignant lysosomal distribution, that may also be involved in its capability to inhibit ErbB2‐induced invasion in vivo.
miR‐206 inhibits cell migration through direct targeting of the actin‐binding protein Coronin 1C in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Wang Jun , Tsouko Efrosini , Jonsson Philip , Bergh Jonas , Hartman Johan , Aydogdu Eylem , Williams Cecilia
Published: July 2014

Patients with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) have an overall poor prognosis, which is primarily due to a high metastatic capacity of these tumors. Novel therapeutic approaches to target the signaling pathways that promote metastasis are desirable, in order to improve the outcome for these patients. A loss of function of a microRNA, miR‐206, is related to increased metastasis potential in breast cancers but the mechanism is not known. In this study, we show that miR‐206 was decreased in TNBC clinical tumor samples and cell lines whereas one of its predicted targets, actin‐binding protein CORO1C, was increased. Expression of miR‐206 significantly reduced proliferation and migration while repressing CORO1C mRNA and protein levels. We demonstrate that miR‐206 interacts with the 3'‐untranslated region (3'‐UTR) of CORO1C and regulates this gene post‐transcriptionally. This post‐transcriptional regulation was dependent on two miR‐206‐binding sites within the 3'‐UTR of CORO1C and was relieved by mutations of corresponding sites. Further, silencing of CORO1C reduced tumor cell migration and affected the actin skeleton and cell morphology, similar to miR‐206 expression, but did not reduce proliferation. In accordance with this, overexpression of CORO1C rescued the inhibitory effect of miR‐206 on cell migration. Our findings suggest that miR‐206 represses tumor cell migration through direct targeting of CORO1C in TNBC cells which modulates the actin filaments. This pathway is a novel mechanism that offers a mechanistic basis through which the metastatic potential of TNBC tumors could be targeted.
Ilkhanid Buddhism: Traces of a Passage in Eurasian History
Authors: Prazniak Roxann
Published: July 2014

Buddhism contributed to the culture and politics of thirteenth-century Eurasian intellectual exchange, depositing literary, artistic, and architectural traces subsequently eclipsed by layers of Islamic and Eurocentric history. Within extensive cross-continental networks of diplomatic and commercial activity, Ilkhanid Buddhism and the Buddhist revival of which it was a part drew serious attention among contemporary travelers, scholars, and statesmen including Ibn Taymiyah, Roger Bacon, and Rashid al-Din. This article argues that awareness of a Buddhist scholarly and political elite in the Muslim heartland, with its center at Tabriz, generated a historically significant Eurasian Buddhist discourse during a critical passage in the turn to modernity.
Genotypic variation of gene expression during the soybean innate immunity response
Authors: Valdés-López Oswaldo , Khan Saad M. , Schmitz Robert J. , Cui Shiqi , Qiu Jing , Joshi Trupti , Xu Dong , Diers Brian , Ecker Joseph R. , Stacey Gary
Published: July 2014

Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) is an important component of the plant innate immunity response to invading pathogens. Although several MTI responses can be measured in different plant species, their magnitude is probably plant species specific and even cultivar specific. In this study, a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of two soybean parental lines and two progeny lines treated for 30 min with the MAMPs flg22 and chitin was carried out. This analysis revealed a clear variation in gene expression, under both untreated and flg22+chitin-treated conditions. In addition, genes with potential additive and non-additive effects were identified in the two progeny lines, with several of these genes having a potential function in the control of innate immunity. The data presented herein represent the basis for further functional analysis that can lead to a better understanding of the soybean innate immunity response.
Characterization of genomic variation in Indonesian soybean (Glycine max) varieties using next-generation sequencing
Authors: Satyawan Dani , Rijzaani Habib , Tasma I. Made
Published: July 2014

Soybean is an important crop in Indonesia and its consumption has consistently surpassed local production in recent times. As the average yield is relatively low, a more efficient breeding programme that utilizes the latest technological developments in DNA analysis is required. To provide a genomic data resource for future breeding programmes, in this study, whole-genome sequencing was performed for five Indonesian soybean varieties, with an average sequencing depth of 34 reads. Comparison of these sequences with the Williams 82 reference sequence revealed 3,150,869 DNA variations, which averages to one variation in every 308 bases. Comparison of these variations with known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SoyKB database revealed that approximately 29% of them were novel SNPs unique to the Indonesian cultivars. Variations found within exons totalled 95,154. Of these, 57,171 were capable of causing mutations that would modify the amino-acid composition of the encoded proteins (nonsynonymous mutations). Phylogenetic analysis using a subset of these SNP data indicated that the cultivars had genetic similarities to landraces from China and Japan, which could provide clues to the origin of soybeans that were introduced into Indonesia.
Genetic diversity in agronomic traits associated with the biomass production of Miscanthus species collected in Northeast Asia
Authors: Lim Soo-Hyun , Yook Min Jung , Kim Jin-Won , Song Jong-Seok , Zhang Chuan-Jie , Nah Gyoungju , Kim Do-Soon
Published: July 2014

Miscanthus is a promising bioenergy crop due to its high productivity and broad environmental adaptability to tropical and temperate climates. As important Miscanthus species such as M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus are native to East Asia, implying more diverse Miscanthus genetic resources in this region, in this study, we collected about 300 Miscanthus accessions from East Asia, mainly in Korea. From the whole collections, 66 Miscanthus accessions representing geographical location and latitude were selected and tested through a 3-year field trial to investigate genetic diversity in their agronomic traits. Five agronomic traits associated with biomass production were assessed to investigate the relationships of agronomic traits with biomass yield and latitudes of locations where Miscanthus accessions were collected. Plant height, stem diameter, stem dry weight and heading date exhibited a significantly positive correlation with biomass yield with r= 0.465, 0.780, 0.817 and 0.450, respectively. Stem diameter (r= − 0.495), stem dry weight (r= − 0.393), heading date (r= − 0.914) and estimated yield (r= − 0.425) exhibited a significantly negative correlation with latitudes of the collection sites. The results of the study revealed the existence of considerable genetic diversity in agronomic traits in the Miscanthus accessions collected. The presence of a significant relationship between latitudes and agronomic traits suggests that accessions collected from different geographical latitudes will provide more genetically diverse materials for breeding. Therefore, the results of the present study can provide useful information and materials for Miscanthus breeding programmes.