bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: state of the art on clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Sulli Alberto , Talarico Rosaria , Scirè Carlo Alberto , Avcin Tadej , Castori Marco , Ferraris Alessandro , Frank Charissa , Grunert Jürgen , Paolino Sabrina , Bombardieri Stefano , Schneider Matthias , Smith Vanessa , Cutolo Maurizio , Mosca Marta , Malfait Fransiska
Published: October 2018

Objective

To report the effort of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex CONnective tissue and musculoskeletal diseases NETwork working group on Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) and related disorders to assess current available clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) specifically addressed to EDS, in order to identify potential clinician and patient unmet needs.

Methods

Systematic literature search in PUBMED and EMBASE based on controlled terms (MeSH and Emtree) and keywords of the disease and publication type (CPGs). All the published articles were revised in order to identify existing CPGs on diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of EDS.

Results

Literature revision detected the absence of papers reporting good quality CPGs to optimise EDS patient care. The current evidence-based literature regarding clinical guidelines for the EDS was limited in size and quality, and there is insufficient research exploring the clinical features and interventions, and clinical decision-making are currently based on theoretical and limited research evidences.

Conclusions

Many clinician and patient unmet needs have been identified.
The contribution of viruses and bacteria to community-acquired pneumonia in vaccinated children: a case–control study
Authors: Bhuiyan Mejbah Uddin , Snelling Thomas L , West Rachel , Lang Jurissa , Rahman Tasmina , Granland Caitlyn , de Gier Camilla , Borland Meredith L , Thornton Ruth B , Kirkham Lea-Ann S , Sikazwe Chisha , Martin Andrew C , Richmond Peter C , Smith David W , Jaffe Adam , Blyth Christopher C
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Respiratory pathogens associated with childhood pneumonia are often detected in the upper respiratory tract of healthy children, making their contribution to pneumonia difficult to determine. We aimed to determine the contribution of common pathogens to pneumonia adjusting for rates of asymptomatic detection to inform future diagnosis, treatment and preventive strategies.

Methods

A case–control study was conducted among children <18 years in Perth, Western Australia. Cases were children hospitalised with radiologically confirmed pneumonia; controls were healthy children identified from outpatient and local immunisation clinics. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for 14 respiratory viruses and 6 bacterial species by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For each pathogen, adjusted odds ratio (aOR; 95% CI) was calculated using multivariate logistic regression and population-attributable fraction (95% CI) for pneumonia was estimated.

Results

From May 2015 to October 2017, 230 cases and 230 controls were enrolled. At least one respiratory virus was identified in 57% of cases and 29% of controls (aOR: 4.7; 95% CI: 2.8 to 7.8). At least one bacterial species was detected in 72% of cases and 80% of controls (aOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.4 to 1.2). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection was most strongly associated with pneumonia (aOR: 58.4; 95% CI: 15.6 to 217.5). Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the only bacteria associated with pneumonia (aOR: 14.5; 95% CI: 2.2 to 94.8). We estimated that RSV, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza, adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were responsible for 20.2% (95% CI: 14.6 to 25.5), 9.8% (5.6% to 13.7%), 6.2% (2.5% to 9.7%), 4% (1.1% to 7.1%) and 7.2% (3.5% to 10.8%) of hospitalisations for childhood pneumonia, respectively.

Conclusions

Respiratory viruses, particularly RSV and HMPV, are major contributors to pneumonia in Australian children.
Mixed-methods evaluation of a ban on tobacco advertising and promotion in Banyuwangi District, Indonesia
Authors: Sebayang Susy K , Dewi Desak Made Sintha Kurnia , Lailiyah Syifa’ul , Ahsan Abdillah
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Tobacco advertisement bans in Indonesia are rare and seldom evaluated. The recent introduction of an outdoor tobacco advertisement (OTA) ban in Banyuwangi District, East Java, Indonesia provided an opportunity to evaluate such policy.

Methods

Using a mixed-methods approach, we undertook an observational study of OTA in 15 locations where such advertising had been prohibited. We also interviewed a sample of 114 store-owners/storekeepers and 131 community members, and conducted indepth interviews with government officials and the Public Order Agency (POA), the designated enforcement agency.

Results

In phase 1 we found only one location was free of advertisements. We identified 667 advertisement points and 1283 advertisement materials in the study location; of these, 7% and 7.8% were within 25 m of schools and religious sites, respectively. Phase 2 showed that 68% of the respondents were unaware of the regulation, but many supported an OTA ban. Indepth interviews revealed that not all members of the POA were familiar with the regulation. POA members believed they will enforce the regulation better if higher level regulation for ban on tobacco advertisements, promotions and sponsorships was made and digital application is available to support surveillance.

Conclusion

Policy violations were evident 1 year after the launch of OTA ban in Banyuwangi. Tobacco advertisements are still visible, including near schools and religious sites, potentially stimulating adolescents to smoke. Regional regulation and setting specific violation reductions as a performance indicator for POA could improve compliance. App-based technology could assist violation surveillance and reporting, as could awareness-raising campaigns that encouraged community support to report violation through the apps.
Economic costs of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India, 2017
Authors: John Rijo M
Published: October 2018

Objective

To estimate the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India for persons aged 30–69 years.

Methods

The National Sample Survey data on healthcare expenditures, data on bidi smoking prevalence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey and relative risks of all-cause mortality from bidi smoking are used to estimate the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India using a prevalence-based attributable-risk approach. Costs are estimated under the following heads: (1) direct medical expenditure of treating diseases; (2) indirect morbidity costs and (3) indirect mortality costs of premature deaths.

Findings

The total economic costs attributable to bidi smoking from all diseases and deaths in India in the year 2017 for persons aged 30–69 years amount to INR805.5 billion (US$12.4 billion), of which 20.9% is direct and 79.1% is indirect cost. Men bear 93.7% of the total costs.

Conclusion

The total annual economic costs of bidi smoking amount to approximately 0.5% of India’s gross domestic product, while the excise tax revenue from bidi is only half a per cent of its economic costs. The direct medical costs of bidi smoking amount to 2.24% of total health expenditure. Since the poor bear a disproportionately large share of the economic costs of bidi smoking, the unregulated use of bidi would potentially push more households in India, which incur heavy out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare, into poverty.
Aortic chemodectoma causing a lymphocyte‐rich effusion in a cat
Authors: del Busto I. , Stiborova K. , Villiers E. , Ferreira A.J. , Bode E.F.
Published: October 2018

A 13‐year‐old neutered male domestic shorthaired cat presented to a primary care practice with a few days history of dyspnoea. Pleural effusion was diagnosed radiographically. Thoracocentesis was performed and analysis of the effusion was consistent with a lymphocyte‐rich effusion (presumed chylothorax). The cat was referred for further investigations to determine the cause of the effusion. Subsequent CT and echocardiography revealed a heart base mass that was seen to infiltrate the interventricular septum. Fine needle aspiration of the mass was performed. Cytological evaluation revealed it to be neuroendocrine in origin, consistent with a chemodectoma. There was no evidence of metastatic disease. The cat was discharged for palliative care only and survived symptom free for a further six weeks at which time it was euthanased due to recurrence of pleural effusion. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first reported case of lymphocyte‐rich effusion due to a chemodectoma in a cat.
Utility of radiopaque urinary catheter placement before computed tomographic examination in two dogs with multiple pelvic fractures
Authors: Davies Daniel , Martin Stephen , Hoey Séamus Edward
Published: October 2018

Pelvic fractures are a common sequel to traumatic injuries in dogs, often caused by vehicular collisions. Urethral injury is a recognised complication of pelvic trauma. Retrograde positive contrast urethrography is frequently used to evaluate the urethra, which can easily be performed in a primary care setting during initial diagnostic investigation. Patients with complex pelvic fractures are regularly referred for specialist surgical treatment where they may undergo preoperative CT examination. The authors describe the utility of preplacing a radiopaque urinary catheter in two patients with multiple pelvic fractures before CT examination in order to aid clear delineation of urethral location. The placement of a hyperattenuating indwelling urinary catheter before CT examination in both dogs with multiple pelvic fractures significantly aided identification of urethral location, which influenced surgical planning and aided patient management.
Evaluation of sample quality from different sampling methods in Finnish soft sensitive clays
Authors: Di Buò Bruno , Selänpää Juha , Länsivaara Tim Tapani , D’Ignazio Marco
Published: October 2018

The determination of reliable geotechnical parameters from laboratory testing is highly dependent on sample quality. Over the past decades, undisturbed sampling of soft sensitive clays has been performed using various apparatuses and procedures. This paper outlines details of the design and performance of a new Laval-type tube sampler employed for the investigation of five soft clay sites located in Finland. The investigation was conducted using the new tube sampler and two different piston samplers. The sample quality was evaluated based on the recompression volume during reconsolidation to the in situ effective stress in constant-rate-of-strain oedometer tests. Test results show that tube samples are generally characterized by higher quality, especially in low-plasticity clays. In particular, the quality of piston samples is highly affected by the apparatus condition and sampling operations. Furthermore, the influence of storage time on tube samples was investigated. To guarantee a proper confinement, and thus reduce swelling, a pressurized system was applied to the tube samples obtained in two soft clay sites. Results demonstrate that the sample quality is not significantly affected by storage time as long as the soil is properly stored in the tube.
Optimization for white organic light-emitting diode based on DCJTB as color conversion layer
Authors: Wang Pei , Wang Zhen , Chen Ai , Xie Jia-Feng , Zheng Xin
Published: October 2018

In this paper, combining phosphorescence and fluorescence to form white light was realized based on DCJTB:PMMA/ITO/NPB/TCTA/FIrpic:TCTA/TPBi/Ir(ppy)3:TPBi/TPBi/Cs2CO3/Al. The effects of red fluorescence on this white light device was studied by adjusting the concentration of DCJTB. The study shows that the device with a DCJTB concentration of 0.7% in the color conversion layer (CCL) generates a peak current efficiency and power efficiency of 23.4 cd ⋅ A[Formula: see text] and 7.5 lm ⋅ W[Formula: see text], respectively. And it is closest to the equal-energy white point of (0.33, 0.33) which shows a CIE (Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage) coordinate of (0.35, 0.43) and a color rendering index (CRI) of 70 at current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm[Formula: see text]. In order to improve the efficiency, we design and fabricate both high efficient and pure white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) by replacing the single blue emission layer (EML) with double EMLs of FIrpic:TCTA and FIrpic:TPBi. The further study shows that, when the layers of EML is three and the concentration of DCJTB at 0.7%, the device exhibits good performance specifically, at current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm[Formula: see text], the current efficiency of 28.2 cd ⋅ A[Formula: see text] (power efficiency of 10.3 lm ⋅ W[Formula: see text]), and the CIE coordinate of (0.33, 0.31) (CRI of 80.38).
Peculiarities of linear wave interaction with nonlinear media interface
Authors: Savotchenko S. E.
Published: October 2018

We analyze guided waves in the linear media separated nonlinear interface. The mathematical formulation of the model is a one-dimensional boundary value problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The Kerr type nonlinearity in the equation is taken into account only inside the waveguide. We show that the existence of nonlinear stationary waves of three types is possible in defined frequency ranges. We derive the frequency of obtained stationary states in explicit form and find the conditions of its existence. We show that it is possible to obtain the total wave transition through a plane defect. We determine the condition for realizing of such a resonance. We obtain the reflection and transition coefficients in the vicinity of the resonance. We establish that complete wave propagation with nonzero defect parameters can occur only when the nonlinear properties of the defect are taken into account.
Automated Computation of One-Loop Amplitudes
Authors: Degrande Celine , Hirschi Valentin , Mattelaer Olivier
Published: October 2018

The automation of one-loop amplitudes plays a key role in addressing several computational challenges for hadron collider phenomenology: They are needed for simulations including next-to-leading-order corrections, which can be large at hadron colliders. They also allow the exact computation of loop-induced processes. A high degree of automation has now been achieved in public codes that do not require expert knowledge and can be widely used in the high-energy physics community. In this article, we review many of the methods and tools used for the different steps of automated one-loop amplitude calculations: renormalization of the Lagrangian, derivation and evaluation of the amplitude, its decomposition onto a basis of scalar integrals and their subsequent evaluation, as well as computation of the rational terms.
Particle Acceleration by Supernova Shocks and Spallogenic Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements
Authors: Tatischeff Vincent , Gabici Stefano
Published: October 2018

In this review, we first reassess the supernova remnant paradigm for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays in the light of recent cosmic-ray data acquired by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. We then describe the theory of light-element nucleosynthesis by nuclear interaction of cosmic rays with the interstellar medium and outline the problem of explaining the measured beryllium abundances in old halo stars of low metallicity with the standard model of the Galactic cosmic-ray origin. We then discuss the various cosmic-ray models proposed in the literature to account for the measured evolution of the light elements in the Milky Way, and point out the difficulties that they all encounter. It seems to us that, among all possibilities, the superbubble model provides the most satisfactory explanation for these observations.
Genetic deletion of the alamandine receptor MRGD leads to dilated cardiomyopathy in mice
Authors: Oliveira Aline Cristina , Melo Marcos Barrouin , Motta-Santos Daisy , Peluso A. Augusto , Souza-Neto Fernando , da Silva Rafaela F. , Almeida Jonathas F. Q. , Canta Giovanni , Reis Adelina M. , Goncalves Gleisy , Cerri Gabriela , Coutinho Danielle , Guedes de Jesus Itamar Couto , Guatimosim Silvia , Linhares Natalia D. , Alenina Natalia , Bader Michael , Campagnole-Santos Maria José , Santos Robson A. Souza
Published: October 2018

We have recently described a new peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, alamandine, a derivative of angiotensin-(1–7). Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D (MrgD) was identified as its receptor. Although similar cardioprotective effects of alamandine to those of angiotensin-(1–7) have been described, the significance of this peptide in heart function is still elusive. We aimed to evaluate the functional role of the alamandine receptor MrgD in the heart using MrgD-deficient mice. MrgD was localized in cardiomyocytes by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. High-resolution echocardiography was performed in wild-type and MrgD-deficient mice (2 and 12 wk old) under isoflurane anesthesia. Standard B-mode images were obtained in the right and left parasternal long and short axes for morphological and functional assessment and evaluation of cardiac deformation. Additional heart function evaluation was performed using Langendorff isolated heart preparations and inotropic measurements of isolated cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence indicated that the MrgD receptor is expressed in cardiomyocytes, mainly in the membrane and perinuclear and nuclear regions. Echocardiography showed left ventricular remodeling and severe dysfunction in MrgD-deficient mice. Strikingly, MrgD-deficient mice presented a pronounced dilated cardiomyopathy with a marked decrease in systolic function. Echocardiographic changes were supported by the data obtained in isolated hearts and inotropic measurements in cardiomyocytes. Our data add new evidence for a major role for alamandine/MrgD in the heart. Furthermore, our results indicate that we have identified a new gene implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy, unveiling a new target for translational approaches aimed to treat heart diseases.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The renin-angiotensin system is a key target for cardiovascular therapy. We have recently identified a new vasodepressor/cardioprotective angiotensin, alamandine. Here, we unmasked a key role for its receptor, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D (MrgD), in heart function. The severe dilated cardiomyopathy observed in MrgD-deficient mice warrants clinical and preclinical studies to unveil its potential use in cardiovascular therapy.

Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/mrgd-deficiency-leads-to-dilated-cardiomyopathy/ .
Information theory to tachycardia therapy: electrogram entropy predicts diastolic microstructure of reentrant ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Nayyar Sachin , Downar Eugene , Beheshti Mohammadali , Liang Timothy , Massé Stéphane , Magtibay Karl , Bhaskaran Abhishek , Saeed Yawer , Vigmond Edward , Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy
Published: October 2018

There is no known strategy to differentiate which multicomponent electrograms in sinus rhythm maintain reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT). Low entropy in the voltage breakdown of a multicomponent electrogram can localize conditions suitable for reentry but has not been validated against the classic VT activation mapping. We examined whether low entropy in a late and diversely activated ventricular scar region characterizes and differentiates the diastolic path of VT and represents protected tissue channels devoid of side branches. Intraoperative bipolar electrogram (BiEGM) activation and entropy maps were obtained during sinus rhythm in 17 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and compared with diastolic activation paths of VT (total of 39 VTs). Mathematical modeling of a zigzag main channel with side branches was also used to further validate structural representation of low entropy in the ventricular scar. A median of one region per patient (range: 1–2 regions) was identified in sinus rhythm, in which BiEGMwith the latest mean activation time and adjacent minimum entropy were assembled together in a high-activation dispersion region. These regions accurately recognized diastolic paths of 34 VTs, often to multiple inducible VTs within a single individual arrhythmogenic region. In mathematical modeling, side branching from the main channel had a strong influence on the BiEGMcomposition along the main channel. The BiEGMobtained from a long unbranched channel had the lowest entropy compared with those with multiple side branches. In conclusion, among a population of multicomponent sinus electrograms, those that demonstrate low entropy and are delayed colocalize to critical long-protected channels of VT. This information is pertinent for planning VT ablation in sinus rhythm.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Entropy is a measure to quantify breakdown in information. Electrograms from a protected tissue channel can only possess a few states in their voltage and thus less information. In contrast, current-load interactions from side branches in unprotected channels introduce a number of dissimilar voltage deflections and thus high information. We compare here a mapping approach based on entropy against a rigorous reference standard of activation mapping during VT and entropy was assessed in sinus rhythm.
Alterations in Intra- and Interregional Intrinsic Brain Connectivity Are Differentially Associated with Memory Performance in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Kang Dong Woo , Lim Hyun Kook , Joo Soo-Hyun , Lee Na Rae , Lee Chang-Uk
Published: October 2018

Background: Previous research has separated spatial patterns of intra- and interregional intrinsic brain connectivity, as evaluated by regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC), respectively, in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, the intra- and interregional intrinsic brain connectivities have been demonstrated to have a significant relationship with each other. Objective: To explore FCs from brain regions which display a difference in ReHo between an amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) group and healthy controls (HC) and to examine the relationship of intra- and interregional intrinsic brain connectivity to cognitive function in both groups. Methods: Thirty-four subjects with aMCI and 38 HC underwent 3T MRI scanning and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results: The aMCI group exhibited significantly higher ReHo in the left putamen and lower ReHo in the left inferior temporal gyrus than the HC. Furthermore, both groups showed a distinctive functional connectivity pattern seeded from 2 regions of interest which exhibited significant ReHo differences between the groups. In the HC group, only ReHo exhibited significant associations with memory performance, but in the aMCI group, only FC seeded from the left inferior temporal gyrus showed significant correlations with memory performance. Conclusions: By approaching both intra- and interregional intrinsic brain activities in the early stages of AD, the findings of this research provide insights into the early pathogenesis of AD as related to memory performance.
Adherent Perinephric Fat in Asian Patients: Predictors and Impact on Perioperative Outcomes of Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Kawamura Naoko , Saito Kazutaka , Inoue Masaharu , Ito Masaya , Kijima Toshiki , Yoshida Soichiro , Yokoyama Minato , Ishioka Junichiro , Matsuoka Yoh , Kihara Kazunori , Fujii Yasuhisa
Published: October 2018

Introduction: This study is aimed at evaluating the incidence and predictors of adherent perinephric fat (APF) in Asians during partial nephrectomy (PN), and determining the impact of APF on perioperative outcomes. Materials and Methods: A total of 231 Asian patients with renal tumors underwent PN, and their Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) score was calculated. APF was intraoperatively determined, and the perioperative data were compared according to the presence of APF. The predictors of APF were examined using logistic regression analyses. Results: APF was observed in 40 (17%) patients. In multivariate analysis, male gender and higher MAP score were the independent predictors of APF. The estimated blood loss was higher in patients with APF, however, the complication rates did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusions: The MAP score can predict APF in an Asian population. The presence of APF was associated with greater blood loss; however it did not increase the postoperative complications in PN.
Pinguicula zamudioana (Lentibulariaceae) a new species endemic to western Mexico
Authors: JUÁREZ-GUTIÉRREZ HÉCTOR DAVID , MUÑIZ-CASTRO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , HERNÁNDEZ-RENDÓN JULIÁN , NUÑO-RUBIO ANA TERESA
Published: October 2018

Pinguicula zamudioana (Lentibulariaceae), a new species endemic to western Mexico, is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Pinguicula section Orcheosanthus and is morphologically close to Pinguicula oblongiloba and P. michoacana, but differs in having a homophyllous rosette with a single type of leaves (summer leaves), light green leaves with glabrous petioles, short peduncles, a calyx with triangular-lanceolate to lanceolate lobes, a pink corolla with oblong to suborbiculate lobes and the fact that it only inhabits calcium concretions. Pinguicula zamudioana is easily distinguished from the other two taxa, due to the lack of a winter rosette, i.e. isomorphic leaves during the entire year, and to the fact that it is in constant growth and blooms all year round.
An annotated checklist of the marine brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of India
Authors: TRIVEDI JIGNESHKUMAR N. , TRIVEDI DHRUVA J. , VACHHRAJANI KAURESH D. , NG PETER K. L.
Published: October 2018

An annotated checklist of the marine brachyuran crabs occurring in India is compiled from published literature and augmented by collections between 2005 and 2015. A total of 910 species belonging to 361 genera and 62 families are herein listed from Indian waters. Specimens representing 130 species were obtained from Gujarat state during 2005 and 2015, of which 23 are new records to Gujarat state and two species are reported for the first time from the west coast of India. The highest number of species were recorded from the Andaman and Nicobar islands (588 species) while the smallest number were from Goa and Karnataka state (82 species). The records indicate that the east coast of India, with 803 species, is more diverse than the west coast, which has 446 species.
The genus Leucophenga (Diptera, Drosophilidae), part VIII: twenty-one species from the Oriental region, with morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: HUANG JIA , WANG YALIAN , O’GRADY PATRICK MICHAEL , SU YIRUI , CHEN HONGWEI
Published: October 2018

Twenty-one (six known and 15 new) species of the genus Leucophenga from the Oriental region are described or redescribed: L. jacobsoni Duda, 1926; L. kurahashii Okada, 1987; L. setipalpis Duda, 1923; L. sorii Kang, Lee & Bhang, 1965; L. spinifera Okada, 1987; L. varinervis Duda, 1923; L. acantha Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. alafumosa Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. brevipenis Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. brevitabulata Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. delta Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. forcipula Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. fuscipalpula Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. glabtabulata Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. helvipecta Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. hyaloptera Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. oxyptera Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. platypyga Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. serrateiceps Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. valvata Huang & Chen, sp. nov.; L. zebrina Huang & Chen, sp. nov. A key and a morphological summary table to all these Leucophenga species are provided. Phylogenetic relationships among these 21 Leucophenga species, another 14 congeneric, known species from seven groups, and two representative outgroup taxa are reconstructed using 169 DNA sequences of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene. In sum, 13 of the 21 Leucophenga species, which possess the only diagnostic character of the proxima species group (abdominal third tergite shortened, anteriorly discolored in males), are not monophyletic. Therefore, all the Leucophenga species described or redescribed in this study are temporarily classified as unplaced species (except for L. sorii, which has been assigned to the sorii species group) to avoid further confusion.
Summer Cooling Driven by Large Volcanic Eruptions over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Duan Jianping , Li Lun , Ma Zhuguo , Esper Jan , Büntgen Ulf , Xoplaki Elena , Zhang Dujuan , Wang Lily , Yin Hong , Luterbacher Jürg
Published: October 2018

Large volcanic eruptions may cause abrupt summer cooling over large parts of the globe. However, no comparable imprint has been found on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Here, we introduce a 400-yr-long temperature-sensitive network of 17 tree-ring maximum latewood density sites from the TP that demonstrates that the effects of tropical eruptions on the TP are generally greater than those of extratropical eruptions. Moreover, we found that large tropical eruptions accompanied by subsequent El Niño events caused less summer cooling than those that occurred without El Niño association. Superposed epoch analysis (SEA) based on 27 events, including 14 tropical eruptions and 13 extratropical eruptions, shows that the summer cooling driven by extratropical eruptions is insignificant on the TP, while significant summer temperature decreases occur subsequent to tropical eruptions. Further analysis of the TP August–September temperature responses reveals a significant postvolcanic cooling only when no El Niño event occurred. However, there is no such cooling for all other situations, that is, tropical eruptions together with a subsequent El Niño event, as well as extratropical eruptions regardless of the occurrence of an El Niño event. The averaged August–September temperature deviation (Tdev) following 10 large tropical eruptions without a subsequent El Niño event is up to −0.48° ± 0.19°C (with respect to the preceding 5-yr mean), whereas the temperature deviation following 4 large tropical eruptions with an El Niño association is approximately 0.23° ± 0.16°C. These results indicate a mitigation effect of El Niño events on the TP temperature response to large tropical eruptions. The possible mechanism is that El Niño events can weaken the Indian summer monsoon with a subsequent decrease in rainfall and cooling effect, which may lead to a relatively high temperature on the TP, one of the regions affected by the Indian summer monsoon.
Characterization of Suicide and Deliberate Self-Harm Among Children in the United States
Authors: McCluskey Casey K. , Allareddy Veerajalandhar , Rampa Sankeerth , Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Rotta Alexandre T.
Published: October 2018

We analyzed data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database for the years 2008 to 2013 to characterize deliberate self-harm among children and adolescents presenting to an emergency department (ED) in the United States. All ED visits for patients aged 19 years or younger involving any self-inflicted injuries were selected. We identified 594 658 ED visits involving self-harm. The majority of patients were female (65.8%), and between ages 16 and 19 years (62.6%). Most were treated and released from the ED (44.9%). The most common mechanisms involved injury by cutting/piercing instruments (26.4%) or poisoning by analgesics or antipyretics (21.5%). There was decrease in ED visits involving 16 to 19 year olds (−8%), and an increase in visits involving 13 to 15 year olds (+45%), 11 to 12 year olds (+94%), and 10 year olds or younger (16%). Our findings highlight a new vulnerable younger population at risk for self-inflicted injuries.
Estimating Risks of Arrest and Criminal Populations: Regression Adjustments to Capture–Recapture Models
Authors: Bouchard Martin , Morselli Carlo , Macdonald Mitch , Gallupe Owen , Zhang Sheldon , Farabee David
Published: October 2018

The size of criminal populations is unknown, and policy decisions are typically based only on the number of offenses and offenders that come to the attention of the criminal justice system. However, the size of criminal populations may follow different trends than what is observed in official data. We use a regression-adjusted capture–recapture model to estimate the number of people at risk of arrest for offenses involving amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) from arrests and rearrests occurring in Quebec, Canada, controlling for year of first arrest, age, and gender. The 4,989 individuals arrested were the visible part of an estimated 42,541 [36,936, 48,145] individuals otherwise at risk of arrest (12%). Additional results show that trends in criminal populations and risks of arrest vary across offense type and drug classifications.
Distribution and motor ability of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland: a registry analysis
Authors: Bugler Kate E , Gaston Mark S , Robb James E
Published: October 2018

Background and aims

Cerebral palsy is the commonest long-term physical disability in children with a prevalence of between 1.77 and 2.11/1000 live births. In 2013, the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland (CPIPS) surveillance programme was introduced in all 14 Health Boards in Scotland and provides a standardised musculoskeletal examination of the spine and lower limbs. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence, subtypes, motor classification and motor ability of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland.

Methods and results

The family/carer’s postal address, the child’s neurological classification, motor subtypes, Gross Motor Functional Classification (GMFCS) Level and Functional Mobility Scale of 1972 children at first registration in CPIPS 2013–2018 were analysed. Their mean age at first assessment was 7.6 years. There was an overall prevalence of cerebral palsy in Scotland of 2.02/1000. GMFCS levels and Functional Mobility Scale data and prevalence were reported by Health Board and were comparable to that reported elsewhere.

Conclusion

For the first time, data are available on the motor abilities of the total population of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland. This information will be highly relevant to resource management of current and future motor needs of these children.
Development in Africa
Authors: Pelizzo Riccardo , Kinyondo Abel , Nwokora Zim
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this article is to analyze Africa's progress along the developmental path in the past few decades, to understand what factors were responsible for such success and to identify the risk factors that may compromise further development in the region in the years to come. We advance three basic claims: that Africa has experienced an almost unprecedented (by its standards) level of economic success in the first 15 years of the new millennium, that this success was made possible by a combination of domestic and supranational conditions, and that some of the enabling conditions that supported Africa's growth and development in the new millennium may be disappearing. The study also suggests that while African countries may not be able to influence the global conditions on which their economic success depends, they do have the ability to influence the domestic conditions. This is why, we suggest, in addition to ensuring longer and healthier lives for their citizens, African countries should consolidate democracy and promote good governance.
Multiple Imputation Using Gaussian Copulas
Authors: Hollenbach Florian M. , Bojinov Iavor , Minhas Shahryar , Metternich Nils W. , Ward Michael D. , Volfovsky Alexander
Published: October 2018

Missing observations are pervasive throughout empirical research, especially in the social sciences. Despite multiple approaches to dealing adequately with missing data, many scholars still fail to address this vital issue. In this article, we present a simple-to-use method for generating multiple imputations (MIs) using a Gaussian copula. The Gaussian copula for MI allows scholars to attain estimation results that have good coverage and small bias. The use of copulas to model the dependence among variables will enable researchers to construct valid joint distributions of the data, even without knowledge of the actual underlying marginal distributions. MIs are then generated by drawing observations from the resulting posterior joint distribution and replacing the missing values. Using simulated and observational data from published social science research, we compare imputation via Gaussian copulas with two other widely used imputation methods: multiple imputation via chained equations and Amelia II. Our results suggest that the Gaussian copula approach has a slightly smaller bias, higher coverage rates, and narrower confidence intervals compared to the other methods. This is especially true when the variables with missing data are not normally distributed. These results, combined with theoretical guarantees and ease of use, suggest that the approach examined provides an attractive alternative for applied researchers undertaking MIs.
Parenting Satisfaction Among Homeless Caregivers
Authors: Alleyne-Green Binta , Kulick Alex , DeLoach McCutcheon Kendra P.
Published: October 2018

This study explored the impact of parenting satisfaction and shelter comfort on depression and parenting stress among an urban sample of homeless caregivers residing in New York City. This research provides a new understanding of the impact that parenting satisfaction and shelter comfort has on depression and stress on homeless parents ( n = 201). Linear regression results indicated that parenting satisfaction and shelter environment were the biggest influencers of homeless families experiencing more or less parenting stress. Black parents reported significantly lower rates of parenting stress than their non-Black counterparts. Results also indicated that, as parents become more satisfied with their parenting and feel more comfortable at the shelter, they experienced fewer depressive symptoms. We also found that when parents were satisfied with their parenting, they experienced less parenting stress. Study limitations and future research are also discussed.
Sex, Gender Dynamics, Differential Exposure, and Work–Family Conflict
Authors: Haines Victor Y. , Bilodeau Jaunathan , Demers Andrée , Marchand Alain , Beauregard Nancy , Durand Pierre , Blanc Marie-Eve
Published: October 2018

This study tested a differential exposure explanation of the association between sex categories and work–family conflict. It addresses the question of why men and women may experience similar or dissimilar levels of work–family conflict and tests whether differences are due to their different gendered demands and resources. Drawing from a sample of 1,751 employed adults from 63 workplaces, the results suggest that women spend less time in paid employment than do men; a gendered response that is associated with lower work-to-family conflict, but higher family-to-work conflict. Women were also found to be less involved in irregular work schedules, which is associated with lower work-to-family conflict. The differential exposure explanation was also supported by indirect effects involving commute time, family income, and social support outside work.
Revisiting Hit-and-Run Crashes: A Geo-Spatial Modeling Method
Authors: Liu Jun , Khattak Asad J. , Chen Cong , Wan Dan , Ma Jiaqi , Hu Jia
Published: October 2018

Hit-and-run crashes often delay emergency response and may result in increasing/secondary harms/damages to the victims in the crash. This study revisited hit-and-run crashes using a geo-spatial modeling approach, specifically, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), to explore geo-referenced crash data. The data cover motor vehicle crashes ( N = 138,529) in Southeast Michigan including 20,813 hit-and-run crashes in 2015. This study presented the results from both traditional regression and GWR models. GWR model results can be mapped in space, and the maps offer visual insights about the spatially varying correlates of hit-and-run crashes that are not available from previous studies. Results from traditional binary logit model are generally consistent with findings in previous studies. For example, hit-and-run is more likely to occur on weekends or during nighttime (especially without street lights on). Driving under impairment (DUI) seems to increase the likelihood of hit-and-run. GWR models also uncovered spatially varying correlates of hit-and-run. For example, DUI crashes in the northwest of the Detroit metropolitan area are associated with an even greater hit-and-run likelihood than those in other parts in this area. In addition, the local socio-economic factors are included in the analysis. Results show that hit-and-run is more likely to occur in census tracts with a higher unemployment rate, a lower household income, a smaller portion of college-educated population, and a greater population density. The study demonstrates a way of making sense of geo-referenced traffic safety data. The geo-spatial modeling method is useful for prioritizing specific geographic regions/corridors for safety improvement countermeasures, and outperforms traditional modeling techniques.
Understanding Emerging Motorcyclist Segments in Crashes using Florida Crash Data and Statewide Survey
Authors: Lee Chanyoung , Karimi Behzad , Jang Siwon , Salow Victoria
Published: October 2018

The United States experienced a continued sharp increase in motorcycle fatalities between 1997 and 2008, with a 9% average annual increase, which resulted in a rapid doubling of motorcycle fatalities within a decade. After a major decline in both the number of fatalities and the fatality rate between 2008 and 2009, motorcycle fatalities and fatality rates have been fluctuating. It was discovered that the demographics of motorcyclists involved in fatal motorcycle crashes have changed because of an increase in the number of motorcyclists under age 30 and over age 50 during the past 10 years. As a result, motorcyclists in the United States can be clustered into three distinct segments by age in crash experiences. This study used motorcycle crash data in Florida that observed similar demographic changes and explored characteristics of the three segments. Descriptive analyses including Chi-square tests showed that each segment had different crash outcomes and different levels of exposure to common risk factors. Crash injury models were developed to understand variables that increase the level of injury severity in each segment. A statewide survey was completed to explore the sociodemographic characteristics of the three motorcyclist segments in Florida, which often are not available through crash data. Overall, the three motorcycle segments identified in this study have unique riding characteristics and crash outcomes. This is essential information for developing and managing motorcycle safety programs in an effective and efficient manner.
Getting Business People on the Coach: A Stated Preference Experiment for Intercity Long Distance Coach Travel
Authors: Lannoo Steven , Van Acker Veronique , Kessels Roselinde , Cuervo Daniel Palhazi , Witlox Frank
Published: October 2018

From the middle of the 1990s, the traditional coach industry in Western Europe has been in decline. However, recent regulatory changes have created new opportunities in the sector of scheduled intercity services, resulting in fast growth of both coach lines and passengers traveling on these lines. Until now, operators have persuaded a public consisting mainly of students and people traveling for leisure purposes. In this paper we analyze whether business travelers could also be an interesting target group and what service characteristics are most convincing for them. For this purpose, we organized a stated preference experiment in which we gathered data from 63 Belgian business travelers. Analysis of the data revealed that for business travelers, price is the dominant factor in seducing customers. However, journey length, higher commercial travel speeds, ample leg space, on-board Wi-Fi and the entertainment system also play a role. Moreover, business travelers are prepared to pay for extra services. We conclude that when an adjusted service is offered, business travelers form an interesting (additional) target group for the intercity coach business. Our findings could be used by coach operators for product development and help to understand travel market segmentation, and eventually also have impact on developing a more sustainable travel policy.
Identifying the main physical and socioeconomic drivers of illegal landfills in the Canary Islands
Authors: Quesada-Ruiz L , Rodriguez-Galiano V , Jordá-Borrell R
Published: October 2018

The management of disposed waste in illegal landfills (ILs) is a significant problem in contemporary societies due to respective hazards for the environment and human health. This paper presents a characterisation of ILs on the islands of La Palma (LP) and Gran Canaria (GC) based on multivariable statistical analysis. Inspection of numerous sites on both islands revealed a total of 153 and 286 ILs on LP and GC, respectively. A geospatial database was created composed of different potentially explanatory features of different typology (177): waste type, control and vigilance, socioeconomic, accessibility, distance to elements of interest, visibility and physical. The degree of association between the explanatory features and the occurrence of ILs was analysed with the support of exploratory statistics and the multivariable analysis techniques of principal component analysis (PCA) and binary logistic regression (LR). PCA explained 82.34% and 81.83% of total data variance in LP and GC, respectively, considering 7 and 6 components (Kaiser–Mayer–Olkin; LP: 0.715; GC: 0.711). The LR models for LP and GC had an overall accuracy of 93.5% and 92.5%. In LP and GC, 6 of 23 features and 9 of 21 features were, respectively, selected. The features most associated with the occurrence of ILs were: in LP, building density, distance to agricultural spaces and distance to green zones; in GC, the industrial activity indicator, density of ground use transition to artificial covers, density of greenhouses and distance to communication routes.
The effects of N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol on the flame retardancy and physical–mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Jia Daikun , Tong Yi , Hu Jin
Published: October 2018

Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams incorporating N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol have been prepared. After adding N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol, the density and compressive strength of the polyurethane foams were seen to decrease. The flame retardancy of the polyurethane foams has been characterized by limiting oxygen index, upper limit–94, and cone calorimeter tests. The polyurethane foam with 2.27 wt% N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol gave a highest limiting oxygen index of 33.4%, and the peak heat release rate of polyurethane foam reduced to 19.5 kW/m2 from 47.6 kW/m2 of PU-0 without N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol. Upper limit–94 revealed N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol did not change the burning rating, and all polyurethane foams had passed V-0 rating. The thermal stability of polyurethane foams has been investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer. N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol significantly increased the initial decomposition temperature of polyurethane foams and their residues. In addition, the morphology of residual char from the flame-retarded polyurethane foams after cone calorimeter tests has also been characterized by digital photographs. The results indicated that N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol significantly enhanced the strength and compatibility of the char layer formed by the polyurethane foams. These results indicate that N,N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol can improve both the quality and quantity of the char, which has a significant effect on the flame-retardant properties of the foam.