bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adenylate Gradients and Ar:O2 Effects on Legume Nodules: I. Mathematical Models
Authors: Wei Hui , Atkins Craig A. , Layzell David B.
Published: February 2004

Mathematical models were developed to test the likelihood that large cytosolic adenylate concentration gradients exist across the bacteria-infected cells of legume nodules. Previous studies hypothesized that this may be the case to account for the unusually low adenylate energy charge (AEC; 0.65) measured in the plant fraction of metabolically active nodules (M.M. Kuzma, H. Winter, P. Storer, I. Oresnik, C.A. Atkins, D.B. Layzell [1999] Plant Physiol 119: 399–407). Simulations coupled leghemoglobin-facilitated O2 diffusion into the infected cell, through bacteroid nitrogenase activity, with the ATP demand for transport and ammonia assimilation in the plant fraction of ureide- and amide-producing nodules. Although large cytosolic adenylate gradients were predicted to exist in both nodule types, amide nodules were predicted to have steeper AEC gradients (0.82–0.52) than ureide nodules (0.82–0.61). The differences were attributed to an additional ATP demand for Asn synthesis in the amide nodule. Simulations for nodules transferred to an Ar:O2 atmosphere predicted a major reduction in the magnitude of adenylate gradients and an increase in the AEC of the plant fraction. Results were consistent with a number of experimental studies and were used to propose an experimental test of the models.
Cloning, Characterization, and Immunolocalization of a Mycorrhiza-Inducible 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase in Arbuscule-Containing Cells of Maize
Authors: Hans Joachim , Hause Bettina , Strack Dieter , Walter Michael H.
Published: February 2004

Colonization of plant roots by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi frequently leads to the accumulation of several apocarotenoids. The corresponding carotenoid precursors originate from the plastidial 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway. We have cloned and characterized 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), catalyzing the first committed step of the pathway, from maize (Zea mays). Functional identification was accomplished by heterologous expression of sequences coding for the mature protein in Escherichia coli. DXR is up-regulated in maize roots during mycorrhization as shown at transcript and protein levels, but is also abundant in leaves and young seedlings. Inspection of sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases argue for a single-copy DXR gene. Immunolocalization studies in mycorrhizal roots using affinity-purified antibodies revealed a DXR localization in plastids around the main symbiotic structures, the arbuscules. DXR protein accumulation is tightly correlated with arbuscule development. The highest level of DXR protein is reached around maturity and initial senescence of these structures. We further demonstrate the formation of a DXR-containing plastidial network around arbuscules, which is highly interconnected in the mature, functional state of the arbuscules. Our findings imply a functional role of a still unknown nature for the apocarotenoids or their respective carotenoid precursors in the arbuscular life cycle.
Localization of an Ascorbate-Reducible Cytochrome b561 in the Plant Tonoplast
Authors: Griesen Daniel , Su Dan , Bérczi Alajos , Asard Han
Published: February 2004

As a free radical scavenger, and cofactor, ascorbate (ASC) is a key player in the regulation of cellular redox processes. It is involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and in the control of enzyme activities and metabolic reactions. Cytochromes (Cyts) b561 catalyze ASC-driven trans-membrane electron transport and contribute to ASC-mediated redox reactions in subcellular compartments. Putative Cyts b561 have been identified in Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia) on the basis of sequence similarity to their mammalian counterparts. However, little is known about the function or subcellular localization of this unique class of membrane proteins. We have expressed one of the putative Arabidopsis Cyt b561 genes (CYBASC1) in yeast and we demonstrate that this protein encodes an ASC-reducible b-type Cyt with absorbance characteristics similar to that of other members of this family. Several lines of independent evidence demonstrate that CYBASC1 is localized at the plant tonoplast (TO). Isoform-specific antibodies against CYBASC1 indicate that this protein cosediments with the TO marker on sucrose gradients. Moreover, CYBASC1 is strongly enriched in TO-enriched membrane fractions, and TO fractions contain an ASC-reducible b-type Cyt with α-band absorbance maximum near 561 nm. The TO ASC-reducible Cyt has a high specific activity, suggesting that it is a major constituent of this membrane. These results provide evidence for the presence of trans-membrane redox components in this membrane type, and they suggest the coupling of cytoplasmic and vacuolar metabolic reactions through ASC-mediated redox activity.
Profiling of Arabidopsis Secondary Metabolites by Capillary Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: von Roepenack-Lahaye Edda , Degenkolb Thomas , Zerjeski Michael , Franz Mathias , Roth Udo , Wessjohann Ludger , Schmidt Jürgen , Scheel Dierk , Clemens Stephan
Published: February 2004

Large-scale metabolic profiling is expected to develop into an integral part of functional genomics and systems biology. The metabolome of a cell or an organism is chemically highly complex. Therefore, comprehensive biochemical phenotyping requires a multitude of analytical techniques. Here, we describe a profiling approach that combines separation by capillary liquid chromatography with the high resolution, high sensitivity, and high mass accuracy of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. About 2,000 different mass signals can be detected in extracts of Arabidopsis roots and leaves. Many of these originate from Arabidopsis secondary metabolites. Detection based on retention times and exact masses is robust and reproducible. The dynamic range is sufficient for the quantification of metabolites. Assessment of the reproducibility of the analysis showed that biological variability exceeds technical variability. Tools were optimized or established for the automatic data deconvolution and data processing. Subtle differences between samples can be detected as tested with the chalcone synthase deficient tt4 mutant. The accuracy of time-of-flight mass analysis allows to calculate elemental compositions and to tentatively identify metabolites. In-source fragmentation and tandem mass spectrometry can be used to gain structural information. This approach has the potential to significantly contribute to establishing the metabolome of Arabidopsis and other model systems. The principles of separation and mass analysis of this technique, together with its sensitivity and resolving power, greatly expand the range of metabolic profiling.
Tissue- and Age-Dependent Differences in the Complexation of Cadmium and Zinc in the Cadmium/Zinc Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges Ecotype) Revealed by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Küpper Hendrik , Mijovilovich Ana , Meyer-Klaucke Wolfram , Kroneck Peter M.H.
Published: February 2004

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements were performed on frozen hydrated samples of the cadmium (Cd)/zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges ecotype) after 6 months of Zn2+ treatment with and without addition of Cd2+. Ligands depended on the metal and the function and age of the plant tissue. In mature and senescent leaves, oxygen ligands dominated. This result combined with earlier knowledge about metal compartmentation indicates that the plants prefer to detoxify hyperaccumulated metals by pumping them into vacuoles rather than to synthesize metal specific ligands. In young and mature tissues (leaves, petioles, and stems), a higher percentage of Cd was bound by sulfur (S) ligands (e.g. phytochelatins) than in senescent tissues. This may indicate that young tissues require strong ligands for metal detoxification in addition to the detoxification by sequestration in the epidermal vacuoles. Alternatively, it may reflect the known smaller proportion of epidermal metal sequestration in younger tissues, combined with a constant and high proportion of S ligands in the mesophyll. In stems, a higher proportion of Cd was coordinated by S ligands and of Zn by histidine, compared with leaves of the same age. This may suggest that metals are transported as stable complexes or that the vacuolar oxygen coordination of the metals is, like in leaves, mainly found in the epidermis. The epidermis constitutes a larger percentage of the total volume in leaves than in stems and petioles. Zn-S interaction was never observed, confirming earlier results that S ligands are not involved in Zn resistance of hyperaccumulator plants.
A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Characterization of the Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Protein Import Apparatus and Its Response to Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Lister Ryan , Chew Orinda , Lee May-Nee , Heazlewood Joshua L. , Clifton Rachel , Parker Karen L. , Millar A. Harvey , Whelan James
Published: February 2004

Mitochondria import hundreds of cytosolically synthesized proteins via the mitochondrial protein import apparatus. Expression analysis in various organs of 19 components of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial protein import apparatus encoded by 31 genes showed that although many were present in small multigene families, often only one member was prominently expressed. This was supported by comparison of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and microarray experimental data with expressed sequence tag numbers and massive parallel signature sequence data. Mass spectrometric analysis of purified mitochondria identified 17 import components, their mitochondrial sub-compartment, and verified the presence of TIM8, TIM13, TIM17, TIM23, TIM44, TIM50, and METAXIN proteins for the first time, to our knowledge. Mass spectrometry-detected isoforms correlated with the most abundant gene transcript measured by expression data. Treatment of Arabidopsis cell culture with mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A resulted in a significant increase in transcript levels of import components, with a greater increase observed for the minor isoforms. The increase was observed 12 h after treatment, indicating that it was likely a secondary response. Microarray analysis of rotenone-treated cells indicated the up-regulation of gene sets involved in mitochondrial chaperone activity, protein degradation, respiratory chain assembly, and division. The rate of protein import into isolated mitochondria from rotenone-treated cells was halved, even though rotenone had no direct effect on protein import when added to mitochondria isolated from untreated cells. These findings suggest that transcription of import component genes is induced when mitochondrial function is limited and that minor gene isoforms display a greater response than the predominant isoforms.
Coordinated Regulation of Genes for Secretion in Tobacco at Late Developmental Stages: Association with Resistance against Oomycetes
Authors: Hugot Karine , Rivière Marie-Pierre , Moreilhon Chimène , Dayem Manal A. , Cozzitorto Joseph , Arbiol Gilles , Barbry Pascal , Weiss Catherine , Galiana Eric
Published: February 2004

Besides the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced in response to microbial stimulation, host plants may also acquire resistance to pathogens in response to endogenous stimuli associated with their own development. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the vegetative-to-flowering transition comes along with a susceptibility-to-resistance transition to the causal agent of black shank disease, the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. This resistance affects infection effectiveness and hyphal expansion and is associated with extracellular accumulation of a cytotoxic activity that provokes in vitro cell death of P. parasitica zoospores. As a strategy to determine the extracellular events important for restriction of pathogen growth, we screened the tobacco genome for genes encoding secreted or membrane-bound proteins expressed in leaves of flowering plants. Using a signal sequence trap approach in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 298 clones were selected that appear to encode for apoplastic, cell wall, or membrane-bound proteins involved in stress response, in plant defense, or in cell wall modifications. Microarray and northern-blot analyses revealed that, at late developmental stages, leaves were characterized by the coordinate up-regulation of genes involved in SAR and in peroxidative cross-linking of structural proteins to cell wall. This suggests the potential involvement of these genes in extracellular events that govern the expression of developmental resistance. The analysis of the influence of salicylic acid on mRNA accumulation also indicates a more complex network for regulation of gene expression at a later stage of tobacco development than during SAR. Further characterization of these genes will permit the formulation of hypotheses to explain resistance and to establish the connection with development.
Research that matters: helping organizations integrate spiritual values and practices
Authors: Neal Judi , Biberman Jerry
Published: February 2004

This paper introduces the second issue of the special issue on research issues and research findings in spirituality in organizations. The first issue explored issues of definition and methodology, and included empirical research studies (published asJournal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, 2003). This second issue continues and deepens that exploration, with further refinement of definitions, interdisciplinary approaches to methodology and the selection of constructs, and reports on quantitative and qualitative studies. This introduction contains an overview of the aims and themes of this special issue, summarizes the state of play in the field of organizational research and provides synopses of the papers presented.
Systems thinking's challenge to research in spirituality and religion at work
Authors: Lund Dean Kathy
Published: February 2004

Empirical research in spirituality and religion in work (SRW) offers special challenges in construct conceptualization, operationalization, and data analysis. For this special research methods issue, accomplished researcher and SRW champion Ian I. Mitroff shares his thoughts, criticisms, and models for current research as well as his hopes for SRW's empirical future. Mitroff, co‐author of the most prominent empirical SRW study to date (Mitroff, I.I. and Denton, E.A., A Spiritual Audit of Corporate America: A Hard Look at Spirituality, Religion, and Values in the Workplace, Jossey‐Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1999), holds trans‐disciplinarily grounded views of how SRW researchers need to overcome methodological impasses to stay interesting and relevant. This article contains excerpts from three recent interviews with Mitroff about the current and future states of SRW research, and how such research can move forward with integrity and respect for SRW's special subject matter.
Defining spirit at work: finding common ground
Authors: Kinjerski Val M. , Skrypnek Berna J.
Published: February 2004

Debate over the definition of “spirit at work” continues in both the popular and academic literatures. The lack of a clear, accepted definition has hindered the development of useful measures and has delayed research that would advance our understanding of the conditions/characteristics that influence the experience of spirit at work and the individual and organizational outcomes that result from spirit at work. To obtain a clearer understanding of an individual level construct of spirit at work, an exploratory, qualitative study was conducted. A total of 14 professionals, who not only experienced spirit at work, but whose work also involved researching or promoting spirit at work, participated through face‐to‐face interviews, telephone interviews, or written surveys. Participants were asked about what is spirit at work and then they were asked to describe a personal experience of spirit at work. Although most people had difficulty providing a comprehensive definition for spirit at work, they found it very easy to recall and describe such an experience. These rich descriptions of their personal experiences of spirit at work revealed much consistency in experiences among individuals. Participants’ descriptions revealed that spirit at work is a distinct state that has physical, affective, cognitive, interpersonal, spiritual, and mystical dimensions. This state involves physiological arousal, positive affect, a belief that one's work makes a contribution, a sense of connection to others and common purpose, a sense of connection to something larger than self, and a sense of perfection and transcendence. The usefulness of a clear, comprehensive definition of spirit at work to advancing theory, research, and practice is discussed.
The contemplative organization
Authors: Duerr Maia
Published: February 2004

As part of a qualitative research project to map the use of contemplative practices in secular settings, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 79 people who have founded or lead organizations where contemplative practices play a key role. In a number of interviews, contemplative practices were introduced into the workplace not only as ancillary stress‐reduction techniques for individuals, but as a core part of the organization's structure. As interviewees described how their organizations function, a number of characteristics pointed toward “the contemplative organization” as an emerging model of an organization that infuses a contemplative approach into the workplace. Such an organization strives to incorporate contemplative practices into all aspects of work; embody and explore organizational mission and values; move between cycles of action and reflection; balance product with process; and have an organizational structure that reflects a contemplative philosophy. Interviewees also reported the impact of contemplative practice in the workplace, including improved communication and a greater sense of team and community.
Constructs, methods, and measures for researching spirituality in organizations
Authors: Heaton Dennis P. , Schmidt‐Wilk Jane , Travis Frederick
Published: February 2004

Clarifying constructs, methods, and measures for systematic research can advance knowledge about spirituality in organizations. In this paper, we define constructs of pure spirituality, applied spirituality, and spiritual development. We survey research methods for exploring spirituality in organizations – including not only objective studies but also subjective experience for personal growth. We consider five indications of spirituality – health, happiness, wisdom, success, and fulfillment – and identify research instruments for each based on measures used in prior studies of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation program. Research is seen as valuable for assessing the practical applications of spirituality for the individual, organization, and society.
The measurement of religiosity and spirituality
Authors: King James E. , Crowther Martha R.
Published: February 2004

After a history of mostly ambivalence and neglect, organization‐focused research has shown a steadily growing interest in religiosity and spirituality over the past decade. While organizational scholars have been slower to incorporate religion and spirituality into their research, psychologists have progressed enough to have a well‐developed specialty area, the psychology of religion. This paper delves into the psychology of religion literature by presenting and discussing existing measures, their construction and specific purposes. This paper seeks to encourage, hearten and assist those who are beginning to explore religion and spirituality in the organizational studies.
Productivity gains from flexible manufacturing
Authors: Narain Rakesh , Yadav R.C. , Antony Jiju
Published: February 2004

Over the past two decades, interest in the use of flexible manufacturing as a competitive weapon has increased significantly. Globalization and liberalization have forced Indian organizations to aim for globally competitiveness through the use of advanced technology, technical manpower, and innovative research and development. This paper reports the findings of case studies carried out in two large Indian manufacturing organization, and highlights the status of adoption of FMS. These organizations deal in the manufacture of shoes and railway coaches. The studies pay particular attention to the methods used to justify the investment involved. The experience of these firms’ can provide useful insight to other firms interested in implementing FMS.
Causal evidence on the “productivity paradox” and implications for managers
Authors: Mendes Rei Constantino
Published: February 2004

The relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and productivity has been widely discussed in the past two decades, but little understood. Since the early 1970s productivity growth in almost all of the world economies has slowed, while expenditure on ICT has risen. This raises the so‐called “productivity paradox” with some economists concluding that there is no relationship between spending on ICT and productivity. The study examines this relationship with time series tools in an attempt to identify whether there is a causal relationship in either direction, or whether there is a third factor affecting both ICT growth and productivity growth. Using the Granger causality procedure applied to Portuguese data from the period 1980‐2000, the paper attempts to understand better the paradox in order to recommend to managers how they might make better‐informed and more effective decisions about ICT investments.
A SERVQUAL and QFD approach to total quality education
Authors: Sahney Sangeeta , Banwet D.K. , Karunes S.
Published: February 2004

Educational institutions like other organizations are realizing the significance of customer‐centered philosophies and are turning to approaches such as total quality management to help manage their businesses. This paper starts with the background theory and then outlines the results of a study conducted on students within selected educational institutions in India to obtain a student perspective of the quality of those institutions. The SERVQUAL methodology was applied to identify the gap between customer expectations and perceptions of the actual service received. The quality function deployment technique was then used to identify the set of minimum design characteristics/quality components that meet the requirements of student as customers of the educational system.
“Demographic Futures for Christianity and the World Religions”
Authors: Johnson Todd M.
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Since before 1970 Christian researchers have been tracking the massive demographic shift of Christianity to the Southern Hemisphere and noting the increasingly religious nature of populations around the world. At the same time, writers on the future of religion have been drawn to extreme portrayals of decline or revival of religion. However, the world's religious situation is replete with detailed information, drawn from enormous data collections on religious affiliation and questions about religion in government censuses. Quantitative tools, utilizing this information in the context of demography provide a more nuanced view of humankind's religious future. Demographic trends coupled with conservative estimates of conversions and defections envision over 80% of the world's population will continue to be affiliated with religions 200 years into the future. This religious future will have a profound influence on Christian theology, relations between religions, and the interaction between religion and politics.
What is Happening to Global Christianity?
Authors: Mortensen Viggo
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Following Philip Jenkins's analysis of “the next Christendom” it is argued that when the centre of Christianity is moving southwards Christianity will change. As a translation movement, Christianity is a religion made to travel. The consequences of this development are dramatic. In the West and North the mainline churches are in decline. The diversification within Christianity will continue in a certain tension to a trend towards uniformity. This leads to new priorities in mission. The discipline, theology of religions, will gain in importance as the churches are confronted with the life and death choice between a “clash of civilisations” or a peaceful multicultural and multireligious co‐existence.
Religion in the 21st Century
Authors: Iversen Hans Raun
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  The secular minded element of society is actually the minority. However, this minority are often the ones running our politics. Because of this, Christians, especially in Europe, seem to think it pertinent to ally with them. But Christians in the West—because they forget about being Christians and neglect the great majority of Christians in the less secular‐minded South—run the risk of enforcing the hate many Muslims have for the West. Like the Christians of the Southern Hemisphere, such Muslims are not and will most likely never be as secular minded as European “Christians” tend to be. An interdisciplinary research program at University of Copenhagen (Religion in the 21st Century) hopes to address these crucial issues. As a research area of priority this initiative will contribute to a better understanding of the position of the 90 percent religious‐minded in relation to the 10 percent secular‐minded in the world today.
The Future of the New World that Was Supposed to Be
Authors: Cruz Eduardo R.
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  “North‐South” divides usually overlook the fact that Latin America was also part of the New World. It was only after WW II that these countries were lumped together in a large bunch called “third world.” For the sake of simplicity, this paper restricts itself to the period when Liberation Theology made its appearance until now. Even though the seventies devised an autonomous Christianity, with its own traits and purposes, nowadays the churches are back in the mainstream. Issues that engage Christians there are not unlike their counterparts in “the North,” thanks to globalization. Demographic changes are still more important than cultural ones, and economic prospects are more likely to interfere in the shape of Christianity than the will and emotions of leaders and the faithful alike.
Creating the Future of Faith: Foresighted Pastors and Organic Theologians
Authors: Gary Jay
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  The renewal of eschatological reflection over the past few decades may be a precursor to an organic theology that enlarges faith to cultivate its own forward view through foresight methodologies.
Hearts Set to Obey
Authors: Meilaender Gilbert
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Caught in the tension between the reality of our sin and the reality of God's forgiveness and grace, how are we to obey the commandments of God and strive for a holy life? Many have argued that the Lutheran tradition has undermined the ethical imperative of the Christian walk. While it is true that Lutheran theology in some modes has denied the sort of linear moral progress emphasized by some other traditions, it affirms the reality of genuine transformation in the Christian life, which moves us beyond the static Sisyphean tension in which we are simultaneously sinners and saints. Though emphasizing grace as pardon and righteousness as relational, Lutheran theology also has place for a grace that empowers believers for growth in discipleship. The terms ‘justification’ and ‘sanctification’ point not to different works of God but to two different angles—pardon and power—from which to describe the one work of God in Christ, reconciling the world to himself. In light of this, we need not sever ethics from theology to understand how our hearts may be set to obey the commandments of God.
Etsi Deus Daretur: Lutheranism Faces the World's Religions
Authors: Wollenberg Bruce
Published: February 2004

Abstract:  Interreligious dialogue is to be preferred over a clash of civilizations. One product of dialogue ought to be, not a bland and blended world religion but a global theology clear and sturdy enough to undergird efforts toward peace and justice. Lutherans have resources in their confessional tradition on which to draw and which can equip them to encounter other people of faith unafraid, confident and hopeful.
The Future of Sovereignty in Multilevel Governance Europe ‐ A Constructivist Reading
Authors: Aalberts Tanja E.
Published: February 2004

Multilevel governance presents a depiction of contemporary structures in EU Europe as consisting of overlapping authorities and competing competencies. By focusing on emerging non‐anarchical structures in the international system, hence moving beyond the conventional hierarchy/anarchy dichotomy to distinguish domestic and international arenas, this seems a radical transformation of the familiar Westphalian system and to undermine state sovereignty. Paradoxically, however, the principle of sovereignty proves to be resilient despite its alleged empirical decline. This article argues that social constructivism can explain the paradox, by considering sovereign statehood as a process‐dependent institutional fact, and by showing that multilevel governance can feed into this process.
Indicators and Targets for Social Inclusion in the European Union
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B. , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian
Published: February 2004

In December 2001, the Laeken European Council adopted a set of commonly agreed and defined indicators for social inclusion. These should play a central role in monitoring the performance of Member States in making progress towards the key EU objectives in this area set by the Nice European Council in 2000, and represent a major step forward in the development of EU social policy. This article reviews the scientific and political basis on which the indicators were selected, and the implications for the future development of policy‐making in Europe. It describes the key features of the indicators and some of the ways in which they can be developed. Finally, it investigates some important issues that need to be addressed when setting quantitative targets in the context of the social inclusion process.
A Bridge Too Phare? EU Pre‐Accession Aid and Capacity‐Building in the Candidate Countries
Authors: Bailey David , De Propris Lisa
Published: February 2004

The imminent large‐scale EU enlargement raises important questions regarding the success of Phare as one of the Pre‐Accession Funds in preparing candidate countries' institutions for Structural Funding, the need to reform EU regional policy itself, and to what extent the Commission is using Phare to build regional‐level institutions and shift an enlarged EU towards multi‐level governance. Despite some successes, Phare will not be able to deliver everything it was set up for, and a coherent set of post‐accession transition policies will need to be set up as part of the next reform of the Structural Funds to ensure that the process of learning and adjustment leading to the adoption of the acquis does not stall with the new membership.
The CAP and EU Enlargement: Prospects for an Alternative Strategy to Avoid the Lock‐in of CAP Support
Authors: Daugbjerg Carsten , Swinbank Alan
Published: February 2004

The integration of the central and east European countries (CEECs) into the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) could become a major problem. At the Copenhagen European summit in December 2002, the EU agreed a transitional period with a gradual phasing in of direct payments. However, this strategy will not solve the problems of the CAP: budgetary limits remain problematic, the policy ignores possible developments in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the extension of direct payments to the CEECs will further capitalize, and hence lock‐in, agricultural support. The latter makes future reform even more difficult and, to overcome these problems, we suggest an alternative strategy to integrate the CEECs into the CAP. The EU should phase out direct payments by applying a bond scheme. Finally, we consider whether this option is politically viable.
New Governance in the European Union: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Eberlein Burkard , Kerwer Dieter
Published: February 2004

New modes of governance based on voluntary performance standards, rather than compulsory regulation, have gained salience in the European Union (EU). Can these new modes of governance offer a credible solution to the current challenges faced by EU policy‐making? In this article, we assess the potential of new governance in the light of the theory of democratic experimentalism. This theoretical perspective suggests, first, that co‐ordination by voluntary performance standards can lead to more effective rules and more opportunities for political participation; second, that the scope of this mode of governance in the EU is not confined to cases which are explicitly flagged as new governance; and third, that one of the main problems is how a voluntary mode of governance can coexist with compulsory regulation.
Renationalizing or Regrouping? EU Foreign Policy Since 11 September 2001
Authors: Hill Christopher
Published: February 2004

This article considers whether the most recent phase of European foreign policy‐making, since the atrocity of 11 September, has exposed fatal flaws in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), or whether it is too soon for dismissive judgements. It asks to what extent Member States have fallen back on their own resources, and to what extent there are signs of regrouping, so as to take the CFSP on to the next stage. It examines the main substantive challenges which have preoccupied Europe since 11 September, some of the key foreign policy issues which predated but then became complicated by it, and finally the more structural issues such as the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), the Convention on constitutional reform, and enlargement. It concludes that the current crisis is not rendering European foreign policy redundant, and that there continues to be the will, if not always the capacity, to produce collective action.
EU Enlargement and Immigration
Authors: Kraus Margit , Schwager Robert
Published: February 2004

This article assesses the consequences of EU enlargement for east–west migration. It is argued that expectations on future economic, social and political variables are crucial for immediate immigration. Specifically, if EU membership is refused, fear of future restrictions on immigration will lead to increased current migration. Moreover, EU accession is likely to reduce income gaps between the accession countries and the current Member States reducing the incentives to emigrate. We conclude that granting EU accession to eastern European countries will not necessarily induce massive east–west migration flows.
E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU
Authors: Lord Christopher , Magnette Paul
Published: February 2004

This article considers how a plurality of views on how the EU ought to be legitimated may even contribute to its overall legitimacy and not, as is often assumed, to its contestedness as a polity. It draws lessons for the EU from a recent turn in the literature on legitimacy towards analysing political systems as mechanisms for mediating between several views of legitimacy, rather than articulating any one. It identifies a range of views on how the Union ought to be legitimated. It appraises alternative mechanisms for combining or choosing between those views. It concludes with lessons for the constitutional development of the Union.
A New Decapod Trackway from the Upper Cretaceous, James Ross Island, Antarctica
Authors: Pirrie Duncan , Feldmann Rodney M. , Buatois Luis A.
Published: February 2004

A new trace fossil, Foersterichnus rossensis igen. nov. and isp. nov., is described from the Coniacian Hidden Lake Formation, James Ross Island, Antarctica. The trace fossil is a trackway comprising straight, or slightly curving, paired rows of elongate to tear‐shaped impressions, parallel or slightly inclined to the long axis of the trackway. Foersterichnus is interpreted to be the trackway of a brachyuran decapod crustacean. It occurs in transgressive shallow marine deposits formed above the storm wave base in a shelf setting. Preservation of the trackway may have been linked to a rapid deoxygenation event during drowning that led to cessation of bioturbation allowing preservation of mixed layer trackways.
Surface Laser Scanning of Fossil Insect Wings
Authors: Béthoux Olivier , McBride John , Maul Christian
Published: February 2004

Primary homologization of wing venation is of crucial importance in taxonomic studies of fossil and recent insects, with implications for large‐scale phylogenies. Homologization is usually based on relative relief of veins (with an insect ground plan of alternating concave and convex vein sectors). However, this method has led to divergent interpretations, notably because vein relief can be attenuated in fossil material or because wings were originally flat. In order to interpret better vein relief in fossil insect wings, we tested the application of non‐contact laser scanning. This method enables high resolution three‐dimensional (3‐D) data visualization of a surface, and produces high quality images of fossil insect wings. These images facilitate and improve interpretation of the homologization of wing venation. In addition, because the surface information is digitised in three axes (X, Y, Z), the data may be processed for a wide range of surface characteristics, and may be easily and widely distributed electronically. Finally, this method permits users to reconstruct accurately the fossils and opens the field of biomechanical interpretation using numerical modelling methods.
A New Ichnogenus for Crustacean Trace Fossils from the Upper Miocene Camacho Formation of Uruguay
Authors: Verde Mariano , Martínez Sergio
Published: February 2004

Maiakarichnus currani ichnogen. et isp. nov. is a crustacean trace fossil from the Upper Miocene Camacho Formation of Uruguay. This trace fossil is a subspherical chamber preserved in full relief, with numerous thin shafts radiating in a stratigraphically upward direction mainly from its upper part and from the sides. In the Camacho Formation it can be found intergrading with Ophiomorpha and Thalassinoides. Previous (unnamed) findings of similar material are only from the Pamlico Morphostratigraphic Unit (Pleistocene) of North Carolina; these have been interpreted as callianassid brood structures. In this paper we also interpret Maiakarichnus as a brood structure of callianassid origin based on its association with Thalassinoides and Ophiomorpha.
Asteroid and Ophiuroid Trace Fossils from the Lower Cretaceous of Chile
Authors: Bell C. M.
Published: February 2004

Abundant asterozoan trace fossils in the Lower Cretaceous Apeleg Formation of southern Chile were produced by the infilling of traces made by asteroids and ophiuroids on a muddy surface. Most are preserved as hypichnial ridges formed as casts on the bottom of fine‐grained sandstone laminae. Star‐shaped Asteriacites lumbricalis are interpreted as the infillings of shallow excavations made by asteroids. Hook‐shaped and sinuous ridges of the newly defined ichnogenus and ichnospecies Ophioichnus aysenensis are interpreted as the casts of imprints made by the walking action of the arms of ophiuroids. Deposition probably took place in an offshore tide‐swept marine shelf environment. In life the animals formed an assemblage equivalent to echinoderm aggregations on the modern sea floor.
Redescription of Opsipedon Gracilis Heer (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) from the Middle Jurassic of Northern Switzerland, and the Palaeoenvironmental Significance of Tanaidaceans
Authors: Etter Walter
Published: February 2004

Opsipedon gracilis Heer, 1865, is the oldest valid name for a fossil tanaidacean crustacean. The type material, which was originally described as coming from the Lower Jurassic ‘Insect marls’ (Insektenmergel, Hettangian), is actually of Middle Jurassic age (Opalinum Clay, Aalenian). A redescription of this species is given, and its position within the suborder Apseudomorpha is established. A new model is proposed which relates the occurrence of fossil tanaids with palaeo‐oxygenation, both long‐term average values and intensity of (seasonal) fluctuations. Many tanaidaceans occur in oxygen‐depleted benthic environments, but they cannot tolerate anoxia for more than a few days. Therefore, tanaidaceans are completely wiped out in sedimentary basins that experienced anoxia. After such an event, recolonization proceeds very slowly because tanaidaceans do not possess a planktonic larval stage, and their rate of dispersal as juveniles and adults is exceedingly low. Therefore, fossil tanaidaceans have great potential for aiding distinction between more or less stable dysoxic environments, and environments with recurrent bottom‐water anoxia (poikilaerobic biofacies). In the latter case, no fossil tanaidaceans occur.
A Review of the Mesozoic Ostracod Genus Lophocythere and Its Close Allies
Authors: Whatley R. C. , Ballent S.
Published: February 2004

The progonocytherid cytheracean ostracod genus Lophocythere and its immediate allies in the Jurassic are reviewed. All known species of 16 genera are considered. We consider that only eight of these genera (Acanthocythere, Afrocytheridea, Aulacocythere, Fuhrbergiella, Lophocythere, Neurocythere, Terquemula and Trichordis) remain valid; the eight rejected genera are Crucicythere, Cuvillierella, Dhrumaella, Infacythere, Nophrecythere, Paralophocythere, Pokornya and Tropacythere.
A New Damselfly Family from the Upper Palaeocene of Argentina
Authors: Petrulevičius Julián F. , Nel André
Published: February 2004

A new family of damselflies, based on Latibasalia elongata gen. et sp. nov. and L. quispeae gen. et sp. nov., is erected from the Upper Palaeocene Maíz Gordo Formation, north‐western Argentina. Latibasaliidae fam. nov. can be included in the Zygoptera: Caloptera: Eucaloptera: Amphipterygida: Amphipterygoidea. Its phylogenetic relationships within the clade Eucaloptera Bechly, 1996 are discussed. Within Amphipterygoidea, Latibasaliidae could be closely related to Pseudolestidae or to the ‘thaumatoneurid’ genera Petrolestes and Congqingia because they share the absence of secondary antenodal crossveins of first and second rows and the absence of antesubnodal crossveins. These characters could be potential synapomorphies of these taxa but they are somewhat homoplastic within the Zygoptera.
Solenopora Is A Chaetetid Sponge, Not An Alga
Authors: Riding Robert
Published: February 2004

For over one hundred years the Ordovician fossil Solenopora Dybowski has been widely considered to be a calcified red alga. The type species, Solenopora spongioides, consists of tubes with longitudinally flexuous walls, lobate‐petaloid cross‐sections 30–175 μm across with septal projections, and sporadic cross‐partitions. This internal micromorphology is not characteristic of calcified red algae, but is consistent with the original interpretation of Solenopora as a chaetetid, and with subsequent recognition of chaetetids as sponges. Solenopora is widely misidentified in Silurian and younger rocks. Removal of Solenopora from the algae underscores the need to comprehensively reassess the palaeoecological and phylogenetic significance of numerous disparate Ordovician–Miocene fossils currently classed as solenoporaceans.
The First Stem Tetrapod from the Lower Carboniferous of Gondwana
Authors: Warren Anne , Turner Susan
Published: February 2004

The first stem tetrapod from Gondwana, Ossinodus pueri gen. et sp. nov, is described from fragmentary material that includes a skull table and many important parts from the postcranial skeleton. It was recovered together with a typically non‐marine to marginal (near) marine fish fauna from the Lower Carboniferous (mid Viséan) Ducabrook Formation, Queensland, Australia. Phylogenetic analysis hypothesises that Ossinodus belonged to a clade that includes Whatcheeria and Pederpes, positioned on the stem of the crown tetrapods, one step crownward of Tulerpeton. Hind limb morphology suggests that small specimens of Ossinodus were primarily aquatic but that larger ones were less so.
Representation and Agenda Setting
Authors: Jones Bryan D. , Baumgartner Frank R.
Published: February 2004

We develop a new approach to the study of representation based on agenda setting and attention allocation. We ask the fundamental question: do the policy priorities of the public and of the government correspond across time? To assess the policy priorities of the mass public, we have coded the Most Important Problem data from Gallup polls across the postwar period into the policy content categories developed by the Policy Agendas Project (Baumgartner & Jones, 2002). Congressional priorities were assessed by the proportion of total hearings in a given year focusing on those same policy categories, also from the Agendas Project. We then conducted similar analyses on public laws and most important laws, similarly coded. Finally we analyzed the spatial structure of public and congressional agendas using the Shepard‐Kruskal non‐metric multidimensional scaling algorithm. Findings may be summarized as follows:

First, there is an impressive congruence between the priorities of the public and the priorities of Congress across time. Second, there is substantial evidence of congruence between the priorities of the public and lawmaking in the national government, but the correspondence is attenuated in comparison to agendas. Third, although the priorities of the public and Congress are structurally similar, the location of issues within the structure differs between Congress and the general public. The public “lumps” its evaluation of the nations most important problems into a small number of categories. Congress “splits” issues out, handling multiple issues simultaneously. Finally, the public tends to focus on a very constrained set of issues, but Congress juggles many more issues.

The article has strong implications for the study of positional representation as well, because for traditional representation to occur, there must be correspondence between the issue‐priorities of the public and the government. We find substantial evidence for such attention congruence here.