bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VALID EDGEWORTH EXPANSION FOR THE SAMPLE AUTOCORRELATION
FUNCTION UNDER LONG RANGE DEPENDENCE
Authors: Lieberman Offer , Rousseau Judith , Zucker David M.
Published: July 2002

We prove in this paper the validity of an Edgeworth expansion
to the joint distribution of the sample autocorrelations of a
stationary Gaussian long memory process. The method of proof
relies on a verification of the suitably modified conditions for
the validity of a multivariate Edgeworth expansion of Durbin (1980,
Biometrika 67, 311–333). A simulation study proves
the expansion to be useful and accurate.
FINANCIAL CALCULUS: AN INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVE PRICING
Authors: Sørenson Bent E.
Published: July 2002

“Notoriously, works on mathematical finance
can be precise, and they can be comprehensible. Sadly,
as Dr. Johnson might have put it, the ones which are precise
are not necessarily comprehensible, and those comprehensible
are not necessarily precise.” So starts the preface
to Baxter and Rennie's recent treatise on financial
calculus. The book attempts to give an introduction to
modern continuous time finance in a precise and comprehensible
fashion. Does it succeed? Yes, it is a very clear and precise
little (233 pages) book, although the claim that the book
is accessible to a reader with only “some knowledge
of (classical) differential calculus and experience with
symbolic notation” is exaggerated. Such a reader
would find the material hard going indeed.
Seed-dispersal and seedling recruitment patterns by the last Neotropical megafaunal element in Amazonia, the tapir
Authors: Fragoso José M. V. , Huffman Jean M.
Published: July 2002

Tapirs (Tapiridae) are the last representatives of the Pleistocene megafauna of South and Central America. How they affect the ecology of plants was examined by studying the diversity, abundance, and condition of seeds defecated by the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in Amazonian Brazil. Additionally, the spatio-temporal pattern of the seed-rain and seed-shadows generated by tapirs was recorded. Three hundred and fifty-six tapir faeces were examined. Eleven per cent were found in water (n = 41), while 88% were located on dry land (n = 315). Of those found on dry land, 84% were located at sites that flood seasonally, while 14% of the total were encountered at forest sites that do not flood. In 127 faeces checked in the laboratory over 12 906 seeds of at least 39 species were found. Seed viability ranged from 65% for Maximiliana maripa to 98% for Enterolobium schomburgkii. Of nine seed species planted in the laboratory, seven germinated within 4 wk, with one species achieving an 89% germination rate. For many species recruitment to the seedling stage was also high under natural conditions, with 13 plant species occurring as seedlings in older faeces. Tapir generated seed-rain occurred throughout the year, with seeds defecated in all months. Two temporal patterns in species seed rain occurred: (1) contiguous monthly occurrence with peaks in abundance, and (2) discontinuous occurrence (time clumped) with small (a few months) to large (many months to more than a year) temporal gaps. The highest diversity of seeds appeared in April, at the end of the dry season. As the last of the Pleistocene megafauna of the region, tapirs may have particular importance as dispersers of large seeds and generators of unique seed dispersion patterns.
SIMULATION OF PROCESSES WITH MULTIPLE REGENERATION SEQUENCES
Authors: Calvin James M. , Nakayama Marvin K.
Published: July 2002

The classical regenerative method of simulation
output analysis exploits the regenerative structure of
a stochastic process to break up a path into independent
and identically distributed cycles based on a single sequence
of regeneration times. If a process is regenerative with
respect to more than one sequence of regeneration times,
the classical regenerative method does not exploit the
additional structure, and the variance of the resulting
estimator for certain performance measures (e.g., the time-average
variance constant) can vary greatly, depending on the particular
regeneration sequence chosen. In a previous article, we
introduced an efficiency-improvement technique for regenerative
simulation of processes having two sequences of regeneration
times based on permuting regenerative cycles associated
with the second sequence of regeneration points. In this
article, we show how to exploit more than two regeneration
sequences. In particular, for birth–death Markov
chains, the regenerations associated with hitting times
to each state can all be exploited. We present empirical
results that show significant variance reductions in some
cases, and the results seem to indicate that the permuted
estimator for the time-average variance constant can have
a variance that is independent of the primary regeneration
sequence used to run the simulation.
NONHOMOGENEOUS POISSON PROCESSES AND LOGCONCAVITY
Authors: Pellerey Franco , Shaked Moshe , Zinn Joel
Published: July 2002

In this article, we identify conditions under which
the epoch times and the interepoch intervals of a nonhomogeneous
Poisson process have logconcave densities. The results
are extended to relevation counting processes. We also
study discrete-time counting processes and find conditions
under which the epoch times and the interepoch intervals
of these discrete-time processes have logconcave discrete
probability densities. The results are interpreted in terms
of minimal repair and record values. Several examples illustrate
the theory.
INPUT, INTERACTION, AND THE SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNER.Susan M. Gass. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. xi + 189. $45.00 cloth, $22.50
paper.
Authors: Lee James F.
Published: July 2002

Input, interaction, and the second language learner is, as the title suggests, a view
of the relationship among input, interaction, and second language development. Susan M. Gass
has written an extremely readable book that explicates many of the most discussed issues in
second language learning in the 1990s. Her intention, successfully achieved, is to demonstrate
where theories and frameworks coincide, not just collide.
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: AN INTRODUCTION.Lyle
Campbell. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. Pp. xx + 396. $30.00 paper.
Authors: Reindl Donald F.
Published: July 2002

In his introduction, Campbell makes a case for the broader relevance of historical linguistics
by noting that observing what does and does not change in language contributes to “the
understanding of universal grammar, language typology, and human cognition in general”
(p. 2). The generativist perspective that phonological and syntactic changes are linked to
language acquisition, cited on page 236, illustrates one interface between historical linguistics
and general linguistic theory.
PSYCHOLOGY FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS: A SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH.Marion Williams & Robert L. Burden.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. ix + 240. $18.95 paper.
Authors: Crookes Graham
Published: July 2002

This is an excellent and stimulating book, if like me you have been disturbed at how little
material can be found relating the broader psychological processes of learning a second or
foreign language to the field of psychology. Narrow cognitive or psycholinguistic treatments of
the area are about all that is to be found, and even they are very few in number. (A very distant
predecessor of this book would be Steven McDonough's no longer viable Psychology
in foreign language teaching.)
Flight Planning Before Computers
Authors: Steele Philip , Bulstra Dries
Published: July 2002

The original paper, entitled Flight Planning Before Computers 1946–1959, was written by
Mr D. Bulstra in 1995. Written from a civilian operator's point of view, it includes very full
explanations of the principles upon which the flight planning techniques were based,
including mathematical derivations, examples of meteorological charts, and tables and
graphs of aircraft performance. The abridging author has aimed to produce a short and
accessible paper that explains the concepts without necessarily involving the reader in further
complexities, while departing as little as possible from Mr Bulstra's framework and wording.
For those who wish to look more deeply into the subject, the original paper can be seen in
the Cundall Library of the Royal Institute of Navigation (Ref. 400.01.14).
Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in
England and Wales, 1992–5
Authors: FURTADO C. , ADAK G. K. , STUART J. M. , WALL P. G. , EVANS H. S. , CASEMORE D. P.
Published: July 2002

Following the introduction of an improved surveillance
system for infectious intestinal disease
outbreaks in England and Wales, the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable
Disease
Surveillance Centre received reports of 26 outbreaks between 1 January
1992 and 31 December
1995 in which there was evidence for waterborne transmission of infection.
In these 26
outbreaks, 1756 laboratory confirmed cases were identified of whom 69 (4%) were admitted to
hospital. In 19 outbreaks, illness was associated with the consumption
of drinking water from
public supplies (10 outbreaks) or private supplies (9 outbreaks). The largest
outbreak consisted
of 575 cases. In 4 of the remaining 7 outbreaks, illness was associated
with exposure to
swimming pool water. Cryptosporidium was identified as the probable causative
organism in
all 14 outbreaks associated with public water supplies and swimming pools.
Campylobacter
was responsible for most outbreaks associated with private water supplies.
This review confirms
a continuing risk of cryptosporidiosis from chlorinated water supplies
in England and Wales,
and reinforces governmental advice to water utilities that water treatment
processes should be
rigorously applied to ensure effective particle removal. High standards
of surveillance are
important for prompt recognition of outbreaks and institution of control
measures. As
microbiological evidence of water contamination may be absent or insufficient
to implicate a
particular water supply, a high standard of epidemiological investigation
is recommended in all
outbreaks of suspected waterborne disease.
Prospective survey of colonization and infection caused by
SHV-4 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neurosurgical
intensive care unit
Authors: ARPIN C. , ROGUES A. M. , KABOUCHE S. , BOULARD G. , QUESNEL C. , GACHIE J. P. , QUENTIN C.
Published: July 2002

The occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing enterobacteria (ESBLE) has been
prospectively surveyed in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU). Of the 47 patients
examined, 8 were identified as faecal carriers, and 2 of them developed a subsequent urinary
tract infection. ESBLE were also detected in the immediate environment of five colonized
and/or infected patients. All isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae of a particular biotype which
exhibited a similar antibiotype and produced an SHV-4 type β-lactamase. However, plasmid
profiling and ribotyping revealed that strains isolated from seven patients of hall A were a
single epidemic clone, whereas strains isolated from the eighth patient of hall B were different.
Comparison between the characteristics of patients who carried an ESBLE during the
surveillance period, and control patients who did not, showed that a recent surgery, and the
length of ICU stay were significantly associated with the acquisition of ESBLE.
Genetic and morphometric evidence of introgression between two species of moles (Insectivora: Talpa europaea and Talpa romana) in central Italy
Authors: Loy Anna , Capula Massimo , Palombi Antonella , Capanna Ernesto
Published: July 2002

Allozyme and morphometric variation was studied in two populations of moles, Talpa europaea and T. romana, in an area of sympatric occurrence (Palazzo, near Assisi, central Italy) located along the known parapatric contact boundary. The electrophoretic analysis revealed 36 moles characterized by a genome of T. europaea, and 29 moles with a genome of T. romana. The extension of the overlap zone was c. 2 km along the north–south direction. Fourteen specimens recognized as T. europaea had an Ada allele typical of T. romana, while two specimens identified as T. romana were characterized by two alleles (at the Adh and Sdh loci) previously found only in T. europaea. The skulls of the specimens with introgressed alleles showed features intermediate between those typical of T. romana and T. europaea. However, the intermediate skull shape of the introgressed specimens did not correspond to an intermediate size between T. romana and T. europaea. The occurrence of individuals with introgressed alleles, and the lack of F1 hybrids or backcrossed individuals suggest that at present free interbreeding between the two species is unlikely, but that hybridization and backcrossing has occurred, probably when the species first came into contact.
Uniqueness and solvability in the linearized
two-dimensional problem of a body in a finite
depth subcritical stream
Authors: MOTYGIN O.
Published: July 2002

Uniqueness and solvability theorems are proved for the two-dimensional Neumann–Kelvin
problem in the case when a body is totally submerged in a subcritical stream of finite depth
fluid. A version of source method is developed to find a solution. The Green's identity
coupling the solution with a solution of the problem with opposite stream direction is used
to prove that the solution is unique.
Syncope in older patients
Authors: Davies Andrew J , Kenny Rose Ann
Published: July 2002

The term syncope has been used to describe collapse of any nature but this is not the appropriate use of the word. Syncope originates from the Greek and means ‘cessation’ or ‘interruption’. The specific application of the word syncope is a temporary loss of cerebral blood flow, resulting in loss of consciousness and postural tone, thus leading to collapse. Although other conditions resulting in collapse may be difficult to disentangle from a syncopal event, it is the broad spectrum of diagnoses resulting in syncope to which this article is dedicated.
Local knowledge of the Bornean Peacock-pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri: a critique of O'Brien et al. (1998a)
Authors: Sözer R. , Setiawan I. , Setiadi A. P.
Published: July 2002

In a recent study, O'Brien et al. (1998a) sought to provide a better understanding of the distribution and status of the Bornean Peacock-pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, based on an analysis of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with local inhabitants. This was the first scientific contribution concerning this species after the launch of the Conservation Action Plan for Pheasants (McGowan and Garson 1995). Although the authors of this study acknowledged and discussed the limitations of the questionnaire approach and some of the anomalies in the replies they received, we still feel that the questions posed in this survey may have been phrased in such a way as to invite slight biases in the answers, and that some of the analyses of the replies may have created further biases. We therefore feel it may be helpful to review these uncertain areas in order to help improve questionnaire surveys in future fieldwork. Two of us (I.S. and A.P.S.) helped conduct the surveys in question, and all of us have experience of galliforms in Kalimantan.

We occasionally refer to additional information concerning the survey which was presented in another publication (O'Brien et al. 1998b).
On lists and other abstract data types in the calculus of constructions
Authors: SELDIN JONATHAN P.
Published: July 2002

The representation of the inductively defined abstract data type for lists was left incomplete
in Seldin (1997, Section 9). Here that representation is completed, and it is proved that all
extra axioms needed are consistent. Among the innovations of this paper is a definition of
cdr, whose definition was left for future work in Seldin (1997, Section 9). The results are
then extended to other abstract data types – those of Berardi (1993). The method used to
define cdr for lists is extended to obtain the definition of an inverse for each argument of
each constructor of an abstract data type. These inverses are used to prove the injective
property for the constructors. Also, Dedekind's method of defining the natural numbers is
used to define a predicate associated with each abstract data type, and the use of this
predicate makes it unnecessary to postulate the induction principle. The only axioms left to
be proved are those asserting the disjointness of the co-domains of different constructors,
and it is shown that those axioms can be proved consistent.
Beyond the Multinational States: the Revival of Nations and Nationalism
Authors: Frandsen Steen Bo
Published: July 2002

Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 202 pp., ISBN 0-521-57649-0. Michael Forman, Nationalism and the International Labor Movement. The Idea of the Nation in Socialist and Anarchist Theory (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 212 pp., cloth $35.00, paper $17.95, ISBN 0-271-01727-9. Ilya Prizel, National Identity and Foreign Policy. Nationalism and leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 443 pp., hardback £50.00, paperback £16.95 ($54.95 / $24.95), ISBN 0-521-57697-0. Andrew Baruch Wachtel, Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation. Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 302 pp., cloth $55.00, paper $18.95, ISBN 0-804-73181-0. Yitzhak M. Brudny, Reinventing Russia. Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State 1953–1991, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 352 pp., ISBN 0-674-75408-5. Catherine Wanner, Burden of Dreams. History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 255 pp., cloth $50.00, paper $18.95, ISBN 0-271-01793-7.
Notes on Sum-Free and Related Sets
Authors: CAMERON PETER J. , ERDŐS PAUL
Published: July 2002

Our main topic is the number of subsets of [1, n]
which are maximal with respect to
some condition such as being sum-free, having no number dividing another, etc. We also
investigate some related questions.
Inequalities for Means of Restricted
First-Passage Times in Percolation Theory
Authors: ALM SVEN ERICK , WIERMAN JOHN C.
Published: July 2002

A simple geometric argument establishes an inequality between the sums of two pairs
of first-passage times. This result is used to prove monotonicity, convexity and concavity
results for first-passage times with cylinder and half-space restrictions.
Oligohydramnios at term and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Magann Everett F , Chauhan Suneet P , Martin Jr. James N
Published: July 2002

An assessment of amniotic fluid volume has become an important component of antenatal testing for the at-risk pregnancy. The presence of normal amniotic fluid volume, either in association with a reactive nonstress test or as a component of the biophysical profile is considered to reflect current fetal well being and probable absence of chronic stress. The chronically stressed fetus is likely to have low amniotic fluid volume because of the shunting of blood preferentially to the brain, heart and adrenal glands at the expense of other body systems during the period of chronic stress. Decreased renal blood flow leads to decreased urinary output. Because the primary component of amniotic fluid in the third trimester of pregnancy is fetal urine, ongoing chronic stress can be recognised as oligohydramnios.

Precise amniotic fluid volume (AFV) measurement is accomplished either by use of a dye-dilution technique or by direct measurement of the fluid volume at the time of caesarean delivery. The need for laboratory support and the inherent invasiveness of dye-dilution procedures limits their application to study protocols. Direct measurement of AFV at caesarean delivery is reflective only of fluid volume at the time of delivery and cannot be used to serially evaluate fluid volume as a component of antenatal testing.
Quantification of mtDNA in single oocytes, polar bodies and subcellular components by real-time rapid cycle fluorescence monitored PCR
Authors: Steuerwald Nury , Barritt Jason A. , Adler Rick , Malter Henry , Schimmel Timothy , Cohen Jacques , Brenner Carol A.
Published: July 2002

Oocytes, in general, are greatly enriched in mitochondria to support higher rates of macromolecular synthesis and critical physiological processes characteristic of early development. An inability of these organelles to amplify and/or to accumulate ATP has been linked to developmental abnormality or arrest. The number of mitochondrial genomes present in mature mouse and human metaphase II oocytes was estimated by fluorescent rapid cycle DNA amplification, which is a highly sensitive technique ideally suited to quantitative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis in individual cells. A considerable degree of variability was observed between individual samples. An overall average of 1.59 × 105 and 3.14 × 105 mtDNA molecules were detected per mouse and human oocyte, respectively. Furthermore, the mtDNA copy number was examined in polar bodies and contrasted with the concentration in their corresponding oocytes. In addition, the density of mtDNA in a cytoplasmic sample was estimated in an attempt to determine the approximate number of mitochondria transferred during clinical cytoplasmic donation procedures as well as to develop a clinical tool for the assessment and selection of oocytes during in vitro fertilisation procedures. However, no correlation was identified between the mtDNA concentration in either polar bodies or cytoplasmic samples and their corresponding oocyte.
THE END(S) OF MASCULINITY STUDIES
Authors: Hall Donald E.
Published: July 2002

IN THE NEAR DECADE SINCE Herbert Sussman published this journal’s last review essay on the study of masculinities (in VLC 20 from 1992), we in the U.S. have engaged in a heated national debate over “gays in the military,” have participated in a wonderfully perverse (to my mind) public discussion on whether or not oral sex is really “sex,” have seen a muscle-bound ex-wrestler elected governor of Minnesota and a cross-dressing “bisexual” basketball player make national sports headlines for his skills on the court and in front of the makeup mirror. Issues of masculinity — specifically, issues of self-control, proper and improper forms of male self-expression, and the importance (or lack thereof) of traditional adult male “role models” for youth — have been raised by or figured in all of these controversies. Frankly, I have loved the 1990s, have found it a time of enormously entertaining and productive social, cultural, and, yes, scholarly confusion and dynamism. At its best, the decade saw the tackling of some of the most profound issues imaginable regarding the intertwined nature of identity, performance, and politics. At its worst, of course, it simply saw the rehashing of dreary, formulaic answers to some of the toughest questions it dared to pose (a media-encouraged policy of “Oh, ask, please ask, . . . but first let’s promise not to tell each other anything that we don’t particularly want to hear”).
Development and mechanisms of the nocturnal jet
Authors: Davies P A
Published: July 2002

Forecasting the occurrence and strength of the nocturnal jet is important to aviation, especially to balloonists and small aircraft. Jets also have implications for pollution transportation and the clearance of low cloud and fog. A one‐dimensional model showed that the main mechanism for the development of the nocturnal jet was a hybrid between an inertial oscillation in a layer within and above the jet core and a quasi‐steady jet within the inversion. The model, supported by observations, suggests that a nocturnal inversion is required to produce a jet and that the strength of the jet maximum is approximately 1.3 times the geostrophic wind. A wind profile minimum is also predicted to occur when the inertial oscillation reaches a minimum in the stress‐free layer and this was observed using a tethered balloon flown at Cardington. Copyright © 2000 Crown copyright
Real-time automatic insertion of accents in French text
Authors: SIMARD MICHEL , DESLAURIERS ALEXANDRE
Published: July 2002

Automatic Accent Insertion (AAI) is the problem of re-inserting accents (diacritics) into a text
where they are missing. Unaccented French texts are still quite common in electronic media,
as a result of a long history of character encoding problems and the lack of well-established
conventions for typing accented characters on computer keyboards. An AAI method for
French is presented, based on a statistical language model. Next, it is shown how this AAI
method can be used to do real-time accent insertions within a word processing environment,
making it possible to type in French without having to type accents. Various mechanisms
are proposed to improve the performance of real-time AAI, by exploiting online corrections
made by the user. Experiments show that, on average, such a system produces less than one
accentuation error for every 200 words typed.
A parser from antiquity
Authors: JOSHI ARAVIND K. , HOPELY PHIL
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the key aspects of a parser developed at
the University of Pennsylvania
from 1958 to 1959. The parser is essentially a cascade of finite
state transducers. To the best
of our knowledge, this is the first application of finite state
transducers to parsing. This parser
was recently faithfully reconstructed from the original documentation.
Many aspects of this
program have a close relationship to some of the recent work on finite
state transducers.
The grammar of sense:
Using part-of-speech tags as a first step in
semantic disambiguation
Authors: WILKS YORICK , STEVENSON MARK
Published: July 2002

This paper describes two experiments: one exploring the
amount of information relevant to
sense disambiguation contained in the part-of-speech field of entries in
a Machine Readable
Dictionary (MRD); the other, more practical, experiment attempts sense
disambiguation of
all content words in a text assigning MRD homographs as sense tags using
only
part-of-speech information. We have implemented a simple
sense tagger which successfully tags 94%
of words using this method. A plan to extend this work and implement an
improved sense
tagger is included.
JINS Turns Five
Authors: GRANT IGOR
Published: July 2002

In 1999 JINS is celebrating its fifth
birthday. It was in July, 1994 that I had the honor of
being appointed Editor-in-Chief of our Society's fledgling
Journal by the INS Governing Board; and it was with some
pride that all of us received the inaugural issue of the
Journal in January, 1995. It has been a busy 5 years. At
this juncture, it seems appropriate to reflect briefly
on what has been, and comment on future directions.
Mini-Mental State Examination and Mattis Dementia Rating
Scale performance differs in Hispanic and non-Hispanic
Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: HOHL URSULA , GRUNDMAN MICHAEL , SALMON DAVID P. , THOMAS RONALD G. , THAL LEON J.
Published: July 2002

Little information exists regarding the performance
of Spanish-speaking versus English-speaking patients
with Alzheimer's disease (AD) on the Mini-Mental State
Examination and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. In an
attempt to identify culturally biased MMSE items or DRS
subscales, we matched Spanish-speaking Hispanic and English-speaking
non-Hispanic White community-dwelling AD patients by their
MMSE scores and examined specific items within each scale.
Our findings indicate that Hispanic AD patients perform
significantly worse than non-Hispanics in terms of total
DRS score, scores on the DRS subscales for Conceptualization
and Memory, and on serial subtraction (or backward spelling
item) of the MMSE. While mildly to moderately demented
Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients obtained comparable
scores on the DRS, severely impaired Spanish-speaking participants
obtained considerably lower DRS scores than their English-speaking
counterparts. The discrepancy in the DRS scores of the
severely impaired Hispanic and non-Hispanic examinees might
reflect a cultural bias in the test or educational differences
between the groups. Alternatively, the DRS may be more
sensitive than the MMSE for detecting severe cognitive
impairment in Hispanic patients. (JINS, 1999,
5, 301–307.)
Implicit and explicit memory functioning in children with
heavy prenatal alcohol exposure
Authors: MATTSON SARAH N. , RILEY EDWARD P.
Published: July 2002

Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with widespread
and devastating neurodevelopmental deficits. Numerous reports
have suggested memory deficits in both humans and animals
exposed prenatally to alcohol. However, the nature of these
memory deficits remains to be characterized. Recently children
with fetal alcohol syndrome were shown to have learning
and memory deficits on a verbal learning and memory measure
that involved free recall and recognition memory. The current
study seeks to further characterize memory functioning
in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure by evaluating
priming performance. The choice of task is also relevant
given previous studies of memory performance in patient
groups with and without involvement of the basal ganglia,
a group of structures known to be affected in fetal alcohol
syndrome. Three groups were evaluated for lexical priming,
free recall, recognition memory, and verbal fluency: (1)
children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure; (2) children
with Down syndrome; and (3) nonexposed controls. The children
with Down syndrome showed significantly less priming than
alcohol-exposed children, who did not differ from controls.
In addition, the alcohol-exposed children were impaired
on the free recall task but not on the recognition memory
task, whereas the children with Down syndrome performed
significantly worse than the alcohol-exposed group on both
tasks. Finally, on the verbal fluency task, children with
heavy prenatal alcohol exposure were impaired on both category
and letter fluency, but the degree of impairment was greater
for letter fluency. These results further characterize
the memory deficits in children with heavy prenatal alcohol
exposure suggesting that in spite of learning and memory
deficits, they are able to benefit from priming of verbal
information. (JINS, 1999, 5, 462–471.)
The island and small-country effects on fertility
Authors: Horowitz John K. , Whittington Leslie A.
Published: July 2002

The total fertility rate is lower in island nations than non-island nations, and in small land-area nations than large land-area nations. Because islands tend to be much smaller than non-islands, these phenomena raise the question of whether there are two distinct effects or two manifestations of a single effect. This paper uses 1990 cross-sectional data on 198 countries to estimate the independent effects of islands and land-area on fertility. We find evidence that there are two separate effects. One possible explanation for the island and small-country fertility effects can be drawn from the theory of the commons, but another possible explanation is offered by the new theory of economic growth. We explore each of these possible explanations and conclude that the small-country effect is consistent with new theories of economic growth while the island effect is likely the result of a ‘commons effect’.
Development policies, resource constraints, and agricultural expansion on the Philippine land frontier
Authors: Coxhead Ian , Shively Gerald , Shuai Xiaobing
Published: July 2002

This paper examines ways in which development policies interact and influence incentives for agricultural expansion in frontier areas. We develop a model of household response to economic and technical stimuli, conditional on agronomic and household characteristics. We evaluate the model empirically using survey data gathered from low-income corn and vegetable farms near a national park in the southern Philippines. We find that within farms, land allocation is responsive to relative crop prices and yields. However, different crops elicit different responses. In particular, some crop expansion takes place primarily through land substitution and intensified input use, while changes in prices or yields of other crops induce an expansion of total farm area. Land and family labor constraint bind at different points for different crops. These results suggest that because multiple policies interact, environmental policies must have multiple strands in order to replace incentives to further land expansion.

JEL codes: Q12, Q24, O13.
AN INTERVIEW WITH ELHANAN HELPMAN
Authors: Trefler Daniel
Published: July 2002

Elhanan Helpman
is on a quest for knowledge. He is a researcher in transition, constantly redefining
his fields of interest by altering the questions asked and the techniques used. Like
many of the great economists, Elhanan has worked in many areas: open economy macro,
trade under uncertainty, the new international economics, growth theory, and
political economy, to list the most famous. However, this interview is not intended as a
review of his contributions. Rather, it is about what drives Elhanan's creative
process: his wide-ranging reading, his characteristic stubbornness in tackling
problems, the conceptualization of his larger research agenda, and his recollections
of how he initiated transitions between fields. It is a very personal interview for
those in search of creative inspiration.
Japan's Grand Strategy on the Korean Peninsula: Optimistic Realism
Authors: Cha Victor D.
Published: July 2002

Korea is one of the most complex, critical, and yet understudied of Japan's foreign policy relationships. While much attention in US policy and academic circles has focused on Japan's future relations with China as the key variable for regional stability in the twenty first century, an integral part of the security dynamic in East Asia has been driven by the Japan–Korea axis. In the late-nineteenth century and early twentieth century, two major power wars in Asia (i.e., Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese) had this relationship as a proximate cause. During the cold war, the Japan–Republic of Korea (ROK) axis facilitated the American presence as an Asia-Pacific power and security guarantor. And in the post-cold war era, outcomes in the Japan–Korea (united or still divided) relationship are critical to the shape of future balance of power dynamics in the region and with it, the future American security presence. How then should we be thinking about future Japanese relations with the Korean peninsula? What are Tokyo's hopes and concerns with regard to Korea? How do they view the prospect of a united Korea? Is there a Japanese ‘grand strategy’ regarding the peninsula?
Fatty Acid and Lipid Biosynthetic Genes Are Expressed at Constant Molar Ratios But Different Absolute Levels during Embryogenesis
Authors: O'Hara Paul , Slabas Antoni R. , Fawcett Tony
Published: July 2002

In plants, fatty acid and complex lipid synthesis requires the correct spatial and temporal activity of many gene products. Quantitative northern analysis showed that mRNA for the biotin carboxylase subunit of heteromeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, fatty acid synthase components (3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein [ACP] reductase, enoyl-ACP reductase, and acyl-ACP thioesterase), and stearoyl-ACP desaturase accumulate in a coordinate manner duringBrassica napus embryogenesis. The mRNAs were present in a constant molar stoichiometric ratio. Transcript abundance of mRNAs for the catalytic proteins was found to be similar, whereas the number of ACP transcripts was approximately 7-fold higher. The peak of mRNA accumulation of all products was between 20 and 29 d after flowering; by 42 d after flowering, the steady-state levels of all transcripts fell to about 5% of their peak levels, which suggests that the mRNAs have similar stability and kinetics of synthesis. Biotin carboxylase was found to accumulate to a maximum of 59 fmol mg−1 total RNA in embryos, which is in general agreement with the value of 170 fmol mg−1 determined for Arabidopsis siliques (J.S. Ke, T.N. Wen, B.J. Nikolau, E.S. Wurtele [2000] Plant Physiol 122: 1057–1071). Embryos accumulated between 3- and 15-fold more transcripts per unit total RNA than young leaf tissue; the lower quantity of leaf 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase mRNA was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. This is in conflict with analysis of B. napus transcripts using an Arabidopsis microarray (T. Girke, J. Todd, S. Ruuska, J. White, C. Benning, J. Ohlrogge [2000] Plant Physiol 124: 1570–1581) where similar leaf to seed levels of fatty acid synthase component mRNAs were reported.
Differential Induction of Pyruvate Decarboxylase Subunits and Transcripts in Anoxic Rice Seedlings
Authors: Rivoal J. , Thind S. , Pradet A. , Ricard B.
Published: July 2002

In 2-d-old rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings subjected to anoxic stress, pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activity increased 9-fold during a 168-h period. A polyclonal PDC antiserum that recognized α-- and β-subunits was used to quantify PDC protein by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and showed a 5.6-fold increase, suggesting that the anoxically induced enzyme has a higher specific activity than the PDC isoform present under normoxia. Immunoblot analysis showed that levels of both PDC subunits were induced by anoxia. Immunoprecipitation of proteins labeled in vivo during anoxic treatment demonstrated that the α--subunit was preferentially synthesized at the onset of anoxia Two partial cDNAs, including a novel sequence, were cloned from a cDNA library made from seedlings subjected to anoxia for 6 h. Gene-specific probes used to quantify northern blots showed that two or three PDC mRNAs are differentially induced by anoxia in rice seedlings. Immunoprecipitation of in vitro translation products of mRNAs isolated at different times of anoxic treatment confirmed this finding. Our results suggest that anoxic induction of rice PDC involves transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression as well as differences in enzyme characteristics.
The future use of gamma titanium aluminides by Rolls‐Royce
Authors: Voice Wayne
Published: July 2002

Gamma titanium aluminide is a material essential for meeting military and civil engine performance targets in the future and potentially it could be used throughout the engine from compressor to combustor to turbine. The current alloy being used within Rolls‐Royce is the established Ti‐45‐2‐2‐XD. This is competing for lower temperature applications such as stators and structural components which take advantage of the lower costs arising from the casting route. Rigorous design criteria are required to compensate for the risks in using these relatively new materials in components and this requires investigation into the effects of manufactured surface conditions, of microstructures local to load bearing regions and of compositional variations. For the future, Rolls‐Royce has patented a next generation gamma titanium resulting from alloy development programmes undertaken by the University of Birmingham. The aim is to optimise castability with strength and creep resistance and their potential for commercial use within the aero‐engine is discussed.
Situational determinants of fish consumption
Authors: Leek Sheena , Maddock Sarah , Foxall Gordon
Published: July 2002

Despite having properties well‐suited to “healthy‐eating”, fish is a declining product. Consumers’ evaluations of fish are known to differ between consumers and non‐consumers, but the precise differences, which might be of use in the development of a marketing campaign, are vague. Analyses suggest that the factors that influence consumer choice are predominantly environmental, and a model of situational determinants of consumption (the behavioural perspective model or BPM) is proposed as a theoretical framework. A random sample of UK consumers (n = 311) provided information on their past and intended purchasing of three types of fish product – fresh, frozen and canned – and on their beliefs regarding the consequences of fish consumption. Factor analysis reveals that such beliefs regarding fish fall into one of five components: versatility, situational relevance, negative properties, economy, and convenience. Multiple regression analysis indicates that these are differentially related to fish consumption. In general, fish consumers differed on all five factors from non‐consumers, but important deviations from this generalisation were identified for fresh, frozen and canned fish. Suggestions for marketing action and further research are derived from the practical applicability of the results and the support they provide for components of the BPM.
Frank H. George Research Award Winning Paper
Authors: Dutta Majumder D. , Bhattacharya M.
Published: July 2002

The cybernetic approach differs significantly from the conventional reductionist methods of natural and biological sciences. Norbert Wiener established the theory of cybernetics as a science of control and communication process in living beings (human and animals) and machines. Dutta Majumder in his Norbert Wiener Award winning paper extended the approach to include integrated complex human machine systems and functions with general systems theory as a unitary science laying the mathematical foundation for unifying observing systems, observed systems and the act of observing as indicated in von Foerster’s concept of second‐order cybernetics. Both from the point of view of ontology and that of epistemology the cybernetic approach now enables computer technology to incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) and expert system (ES) for knowledge based instrumentation for diagnostics and therapy planning. Presents the results of a project for development of a knowledge based framework for combining different modalities of medical image processing such as CT, MR(T1), MR(T2), SPECT, PET, USG etc. whichever is relevant for particular pathological investigation for diagnostics and therapeutic planning. Experiments were conducted with (a) Alzheimer’s patient data and (b) detection and grading of malignancy with oncological data for the cancer screening system.
Parallel adaptive finite element analysis of viscous flows based on a combined compressible‐incompressible formulation
Authors: Givoli Dan , Flaherty Joseph E. , Shephard Mark S.
Published: July 2002

Describes a new finite element scheme for the large‐scale analysis of compressible and incompressible viscous flows. The scheme is based on a combined compressible‐ incompressible Galerkin least‐squares (GLS) space‐time variational formulation. Three‐ dimensional unstructured meshes are employed, with piecewise‐constant temporal interpolation, local time‐stepping for steady flows, and linear continuous spatial interpolation in all the variables. The scheme incorporates automatic adaptive mesh refinement, with a choice of various error indicators. It is implemented on a distributed‐memory parallel computer, and includes an automatic load‐balancing procedure. Demonstrates the ability to solve both compressible and incompressible viscous flow problems using the parallel adaptive framework via numerical examples. These include Mach 3 flow over a flat plate, and a divergence‐free buoyancy‐driven flow in a cavity. The latter is a model for the steady melt flow in a Czochralski crystal growth process.
Assessment of the ability to model proteins with leucine‐rich repeats in light of the latest structural information
Authors: Kajava Andrey V. , Kobe Bostjan
Published: July 2002

The three‐dimensional structures of leucine‐rich repeat (LRR)‐containing proteins from five different families were previously predicted based on the crystal structure of the ribonuclease inhibitor, using an approach that combined homology‐based modeling, structure‐based sequence alignment of LRRs, and several rational assumptions. The structural models have been produced based on very limited sequence similarity, which, in general, cannot yield trustworthy predictions. Recently, the protein structures from three of these five families have been determined. In this report we estimate the quality of the modeling approach by comparing the models with the experimentally determined structures. The comparison suggests that the general architecture, curvature, “interior/exterior” orientations of side chains, and backbone conformation of the LRR structures can be predicted correctly. On the other hand, the analysis revealed that, in some cases, it is difficult to predict correctly the twist of the overall super‐helical structure. Taking into consideration the conclusions from these comparisons, we identified a new family of bacterial LRR proteins and present its structural model. The reliability of the LRR protein modeling suggests that it would be informative to apply similar modeling approaches to other classes of solenoid proteins.
Functional differences between α subunit isoforms of the rat Na,K‐ATPase expressed in Xenopus oocytes
Authors: Horisberger Jean‐Daniel , Kharoubi‐Hess Solange
Published: July 2002

The functional properties of the three most widely distributed α subunit isoforms of the Na,K‐ATPase are not well known, particularly concerning the voltage dependence of their activity and cation binding kinetics. We measured the electrogenic activity generated by Na,K‐ATPases resulting from co‐expression of the rat α1, α2* or α3* subunits with the rat β1 subunit in Xenopus oocytes; α2* and α3* are ouabain‐resistant mutants of the α2 and α3 isoform, which allowed selective inhibition of the endogenous Na+,K+‐pump of the oocyte. In oocytes expressing the three isoforms of the α subunit, K+ induced robust outward currents that were largely ouabain‐sensitive. In addition, ouabain‐sensitive inward currents were recorded for all three isoforms in sodium‐free and potassium‐free acid solutions. The very similar voltage dependence of the Na+,K+‐pump activity observed in the absence of extracellular Na+ indicated a similar stoichiometry of the transported cations by the three isoforms. The affinity for extracellular K+ was slightly lower for the α2* and α3* than for the α1 isoform. The α2* isoform was, however, more sensitive to voltage‐dependent inhibition by extracellular Na+, indicating a higher affinity of the extracellular Na+ site in this isoform. We measured and controlled [Na+]i using a co‐expressed amiloride‐sensitive Na+ channel. The intracellular affinity for Na+ was slightly higher in the α2* than in the α1 or α3* isoforms. These results suggest that the α2 isoform could have an activity that is strongly dependent upon [Na+]o and [K+]o. These concentrations could selectively modulate its activity when large variations are present, for instance in the narrow intercellular spaces of brain or muscle tissues.