bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of harvesting age on the chemical and morphological properties of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and its pulpability and bleachability
Authors: Jahan M. Sarwar , Sabina Rawshan , Tasmin B. , Chowdhury D. A. Nasima , Noori Ansara , Al-Maruf Abdullah
Published: July 2023

Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) is one of the annual plants in Bangladesh that has potential as a fiber source. It is a crop generally cultivated for its nutritive value to soil. This paper describes the effect of harvesting age of dhaincha on chemical, morphological, pulp, and papermaking properties and its bleachability. Dhaincha is a short length fiber that can be used as a substitute to hardwood. Fiber length was found to increase slightly with increasing age of the plant. The alpha-cellulose content in dhaincha increased and pentosan decreased with increasing age. Dhaincha pulp was prepared from 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 month old plants under identical cooking conditions. Pulp yield (43-45 %) and kappa number (26-30) did not follow direct correlation with plant age. But physical properties of unbleached pulp increased linearly with the increase of age. Bleachability of dhaincha pulp was quite poor. The bleachability of pulp was improved when the age of dhaincha was increased.
The structure and conformation of lignin as judged by X-ray crystallographic investigations of lignin model compounds: Arylglycerol beta-syringyl ethers
Authors: Lundquist Knut , Langer Vratislav , Parkås Jim
Published: July 2023

Structural elements of the arylglycerol b-syringyl ether type are very frequent in hardwood lignins. A variety of crystalline dimeric lignin models representing different diastereomeric forms of structural elements in lignin of this type have been studied using X-ray crystallography. Bond distances and bond angles in the model compounds are in all probability nearly identical with those of the corresponding structural elements in lignins. Special attention was paid to the geometry of the b-O-syringyl linkage, since the reactivity of this linkage is of particular interest in connection with pulping reactions. The crystal structures of the model compounds suggest that two types of conformations are predominating; in both of them the aromatic rings are separated by ca. 4.5 Å (maximal distance 4.9-5 Å). Based on X-ray crystallographic data from four compounds a sequence of units (5 aromatic rings, 8 chiral C-atoms) attached to each other by b-syringyl ether linkages was constructed. The appearance of the resulting oligomer illustrates that stereoisomerism can be expected to influence the shape of the lignin molecules to a great extent.
The relationship between two methods for evaluating five-carbon sugars in eucalyptus extraction liquor
Authors: Chi Congcong , Zhang Zeng , Ge Weiwei , Jameel Hasan
Published: July 2023

Alkaline pre-extraction and hydrothermal hydrolysis were carried out with eucalyptus chips. Two methods were used to determine and calculate the extraction yield of five-carbon sugars. One is an indirect method, based on the difference of pentosan content between the chips before and after pre-extraction. The other method is to directly measure the content of five-carbon sugars in the extracting solution. The results indicated that there was a defined relationship between the two methods. For alkaline pre-extraction, a good logarithmic relationship was shown. There was a good linear relationship for hot water prehydrolysis. So the pentosan content of the extracted chips could be predicted from the results of the latter method, referring to the two relational expressions. In this study, a simple and rapid method of spectrophotometry was introduced, which will help in the evaluation of extraction yield of five-carbon sugars during biomass processing.
Are the pulp fiber wall surface layers the most resistant ones towards bleaching
Authors: Treimanis Arnis , Grinfelds Uldis , Skute Marite
Published: July 2023

The residues of the wood cell wall compound middle lamella affect the composition of the relevant pulp fiber surface layers and influence the fibers’ bleachability. The objective of the present work was to separate the eucalyptus kraft and birch organosolv pulp fiber wall surface layers by hydromechanical peeling and to proceed with enzyme boosted bleaching of the separated fiber wall layers. The initial content of lignin and heteroaromatic compounds (“false” lignin) was determined by chemical methods and UV-spectra. The separated fiber wall surface layers representing the residues of the primary wall P and outer layer S1 of the secondary wall, as well as the main part of the secondary wall were exposed to the bleaching sequence peroxide-xylanase treatment-alkaline extraction-peroxide (P1-X-E-P2). brightness measurements revealed significant distinctions between the preparations. The final brightness of the main part of eucalyptus kraft pulp fibers reached 67%, while the brightness of the surface layers attained only 50% ISO. Similar results were obtained for birch organosolv pulp. It was concluded that the main reason for the described phenomena is the discordant chemical composition of the different fiber wall layers.
Tensile properties of alkalised jute fibres
Authors: Mwaikambo Leonard Y.
Published: July 2023

The structure of jute fibre has been modified using caustic soda up to a limit in order to improve its performance. The SEM micrographs of untreated jute fibres show a smooth surface, while alkalised jute fibres show rough and void regions between individual fibre cells. The study showed that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of jute fibre bundles depends on the physical characteristics of its internal structure such as the cellulose content, changes in the crystalline region content expressed in terms of crystallinity index, and micro-fibril angle. Results also showed tensile properties optimised at 0.24% NaOH (w/w). Overall, alkalised fibres exhibit brittle fracture. The study demonstrated the dependence of tensile properties on the changes in fibre structure following alkalisation.
Hydrolysis of wheat straw hemicellulose and detoxification of the hydrolysate for xylitol production
Authors: Zhuang Junping , Liu Ying , Wu Zhen , Sun Yong , Lin Lu
Published: July 2023

Xylitol can be obtained from wheat straw hemicellulose containing a high content of xylan. This study describes a new system of hydrolysis, utilizing a mixed solution of formic acid and hydrochloric acid in which xylan can be hydrolyzed effectively. The hydrolysate contains a high content of formic acid, which markedly inhibits the fermentation. One of the most efficient methods for removing inhibiting compounds is treatment of the hydrolysate with ion-exchange resins. Formate can be removed by a factor of 77.78%, and furfural, acetic acid, phenolic compounds can be removed by 90.36%, 96.29%, and 77.44%, respectively after the hydrolysate has been treated with excess Ca(OH)2 and D311 ion-exchange resin. The xylose from the hydrolysis process can be fermented by Candida tropicalis strain (AS2.1776) to produce xylitol with a yield of 41.88 % (xylitol/xylose).
Spectroscopy and chemical studies of cation exchangers prepared from corn cobs
Authors: Abd Allah Nada Abd Allah Mohamed , Mahdy Ahmed Ahmed , El-Gendy Ahmed Ali
Published: July 2023

A series of ion exchangers was prepared from corn cobs. Phos-phate, sulfate, phosphosulfonate, and carboxylic groups were incorporated onto the corn cobs. The magnitude of functional groups incorporated onto corn cobs, as well as of the cross-linking, was taken as a measure of reactivity of the produced ion exchanger. The effect of treatment of corn cobs with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide, volume of used pyridine, and efficiency of the produced resin toward metal ions adsorption was investigated. The effect of cross-linking of corn cobs on the incorporation of phosphate group was studied. Sodium binding capacity as well as the adsorbed efficiency of metal ions efficiency as Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr by produced resin from corn cobs was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It was found that the quantity and the type of incorporated functional groups, as well as the type of metal ions, play an important role in the efficiency of resin toward adsorption of metal ions.
Enhanced production of cellulase-free xylanase by alkalophilic Bacillus subtilis ASH and its application in biobleaching of kraft pulp
Authors: Sanghi Ashwani , Garg Neelam , Kuhar Kalika , Kuhad Ramesh C. , Gupta Vijay K.
Published: July 2023

This paper reports high level production of a cellulase-free xylanase using wheat bran, a cost-effective substrate, under submerged fermentation by alkalophilic Bacillus subtilis ASH. Production of xylanase was observed even at alkaline pH up to 11.0 and temperature 60 °C, although the highest enzyme titer was recorded at neutral pH and 37 °C. The enzyme production under optimized fermentation was 1.5-fold greater than under unoptimized conditions. Pre-treatment of unbleached pulp of 10% consistency with crude xylanase (6 IU/g o.d. pulp) at 60 ºC for 2 h increased the final brightness by 4.9%. The enzyme treatment reduced the chlorine consumption by 28.6% with the same brightness as in the control. A reduction in kappa number and increase in viscosity was observed after enzyme pre-treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed loosening and swelling of pulp fibers. The strength properties viz. grammage, fiber thickness, beating degree, tensile index, breaking length, tear index and double fold of the treated pulp were improved as compared to the control pulp. This study reveals the potentialof B. subtilis ASH xylanase as a biobleaching agent for the paper and pulp industry.
Accessibility and crystallinity of cellulose
Authors: Ioelovich Michael
Published: July 2023

The accessibility of cellulose samples having various degrees of crystallinity was studied with respect to molecules of water, lower primary alcohols, and lower organic acids. It was found that small water molecules have full access to non-crystalline domains of cellulose (accessibility coefficient α = 1). Molecules of the lowest polar organic liquids (methanol, ethanol, and formic acid) have partial access into the non-crystalline domains ( α <1), and with increasing diameter of the organic molecules their accessibility to cellulose structure decreases. Accessibility of cellulose samples to molecules of various substances is a linear function of the coefficient α and the content of non-crystalline domains. The relationship between crystallinity (X) and accessibility (A) of cellulose to molecules of some liquids has been established as A = α (1-X). The water molecules were found to have greater access to cellulose samples than the molecules of the investigated organic liquids. The obtained results permit use of accessibility data to estimate the crystallinity of cellulose, to examine the structural state of non-crystalline domains, and to predict the reactivity of cellulose samples toward some reagents.
Should we be refining first, then discarding fines, then bleaching?
Authors: Treimanis Arnis
Published: July 2023

Pulp fibers’ bleaching technology has been developing mainly by applying increasingly intensive delignification in the cooking department and implementation of elemental-chlorine-free chemicals in the bleaching department. The resulting effluents load is still considerable, and the environmental consequences largely depend on the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. Now it is well established that pulp fibers’ surface layers contain comparatively higher amounts of residual lignin, heteroaromatic compounds, and other lignin-like substances. Based on this knowledge an approach is proposed for consideration. As the pulp fibers’ refining process also includes the peeling of fiber wall surface layers, it could be useful to perform such refining first, followed by appropriate screening techniques before the pulp bleaching. The main objection to this approach is related to efficient utilization of the fines, i.e., fractions of the surface layers.
Optimization of xylanase production from free and immobilized cells of Fusarium solani F7
Authors: Gupta Vijai Kumar , Gaur Rajeeva , Yadava Santosh Kumar , Darmwal Nandan Singh
Published: July 2023

The aim of the present investigation was to characterize a xylanase-producing Fusarium solani isolate and to optimize cultural conditions for xylanase enzyme production from free and immobilized cells. Screening of Fusarium solani isolate was based on the diameter of the clear zone formation in oat spelt xylan agar plates. Fusarium solani isolate F7 was selected and optimized for xylanase enzyme production using cheaper substrates such as wheat straw, rice straw, rice bran, and wood husk. Maximum enzyme activity was observed in wheat straw (78.32 U ml-1 for free cells and 94.68 U ml-1 for immobilized cells). Optimum pH and temperature for xylanase activity were found to be 5.5 and 30°C at 3% substrate concentration for free cells and 5.0 and 30°C at 3% substrate concentration for immobilized cells. In the purification step, 75% ammonium sulphate saturation was found to be suitable, giving maximum xylanase activity. Production of xylanase was greater from immobilized cells than from free cells. Purified xylanase from free cells yielded a single band with a molecular weight of 89kDa, while it was 92.8kDa for immobilized cells. The use of wheat straw as a major carbon source is particularly valuable, because oat spelt xylan is very expensive. The Fusarium solani F7 isolate proved to be a promising microorganism for xylanase production.
Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and some comonomers onto extracted cellulose for use in separation technologies
Authors: Sharma Rajeev Kumar , Chauhan Ghanshyam S.
Published: July 2023

To develop low-cost and environmentally friendly polymeric materials for enrichment, separation, and remediation of metal ions from water, graft copolymers based on cellulose extracted from pine needles were synthesized by grafting of 2-hydroxy methacrylate (HEMA) alone and with comonomers acrylic acid, acrylamide, and acrylonitrile by benzoyl peroxide initiation. The effects of change in concentrations of monomer and initiator, reaction time and temperature; and nature and composition of solvent system on graft yield and grafting efficiency were evaluated. At the optimum reaction conditions evaluated for the grafting of HEMA alone, comonomers as acrylamide, acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile at their five different concentrations were also co-grafted along with HEMA onto cellulose backbone polymer. Graft copolymers were further functionalized by partial hydrolysis, and were characterized by water uptake, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Sorption of Fe2+, Cu2+ and Cr6+ ions on graft copolymers were investigated to define their end-uses in separation technologies.
An exploratory study on the removal of acetic and formic acids from bio-oil
Authors: Sukhbaatar Badmakhand , Steele Philip H. , Ingram Leonard L. , Kima Moon G.
Published: July 2023

Bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of biomass contains various levels of acetic and formic acids derived from breakdown of cellulose and hemi-cellulose components. Removal of these organic acids from bio-oil was investigated for use as industrial chemicals as well as to improve the quality of recovered bio-oil as fuel in various applications. Calcium oxide and a quaternary ammonium anion-exchange resin were used to form acid salts of the organic acids, which were then separated, and the organic acids were generated by reacting with sulfuric acid. Both methods were found to be effective in limited ways and various difficulties encountered in this approach are discussed.
Status of lean manufacturing implementation on secondary wood industries including residential, cabinet, millwork, and panel markets
Authors: Pirraglia Adrian , Saloni Daniel , van Dyk Herman
Published: July 2023

Lean Manufacturing has helped several industries to achieve operational and manufacturing excellence by increasing productivity and enhancing quality, while reducing waste and costs. However, the wood industry has been historically slow in adopting this philosophy and its many tools. In times when overseas competition has taken big portions of the traditional market share for U.S based wood industries, it has become important that companies start to take actions in order to regain competitiveness. In this sense, Lean Manufacturing could provide a competitive advantage. Main findings of this project includes high percentages of Lean Manufacturing implementation among companies from the Wood Component Manufacturing Association, substantial differences in the tools implemented by companies on an early vs. extensive Lean Manufacturing implementation stage, as well as identification of main reasons and advantages derived from its implementation, and how Lean Manufacturing is rated among these companies. Findings lead to the conclusions that many companies are pursuing cost savings strategies without implementing Lean Manufacturing. Training and education on Lean Manufacturing, and well implemented Lean Manufacturing programs would help members of the Wood Component Manufacturing Association to regain competitiveness and achieve substantial cost reductions.
Laccase: Properties and applications
Authors: Madhavia Vernekar , Lele S. S.
Published: July 2023

Laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, and fungi. They have been described in different genera of ascomycetes, some deuteromycetes, and mainly in basidiomycetes. These enzymes catalyze the one-electron oxidation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic substrates, including mono-, di-, and polyphenols, aminophenols, methoxyphenols, aromatic amines, and ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Laccase is currently the focus of much attention because of its diverse applications, such as delignification of lignocellulosics, crosslinking of polysaccha-rides, bioremediation applications, such as waste detoxification, and textile dye transformation, food technologic uses, personal and medical care applications, and biosensor and analytical applications. This review helps to understand the properties of this important enzyme for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications.
The versatility of the Kleinian model. Melanie Klein’s theory and formulations of morality and forgiveness
Authors: Carstea Daniela
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this article is to outline Melanie Klein’s basic concepts through a detailed investigation of her viewpoints on the nature and origins of “objects.” Above all, it will be the burden of argument to document and chronicle how Klein gives powerful insights into notions of morality, forgiveness and love, which are particularly illuminating for ethical or philosophical studies. Famous for having given the death instinct a prominent, centre-stage position, Klein’s real achievement, however, in Emilia Steuerman’s opinion, “is her understanding of love as reparation (caritas),” (The Bounds of Reason 27) intrinsically linked to the reality of the death instinct. The elaboration on the two basic positions of Melanie Klein’s theory will show them to be related to two distinct formulations of morality. The concept of reparation, which represents one of the most interesting nodal points of her theoretical writings, will be construed to overlap, psychoanalytically, the concept of forgiveness put forth by philosophers such as Hannah Arendt or Jacques Derrida. Klein’s astute inclusion of an intolerance towards appreciation and admiration in her theorization of envy will be shown to have rendered the counterbalancing concept of gratitude equally impressive. Closely related to reparation, gratitude possesses the same redemptive quality, serving to mitigate the burden of aggression. It is a measure of the versatility of the Kleinian model that it enables her readers to extrapolate from her theorization of key psychoanalytical concepts to the dynamics of notions pertaining to fields such as ethics or philosophy
(Post)war prospects of growing niche crops in the agricultural sector
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Prokopenko Kateryna , Udova Liudmyla ,   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”
Published: July 2023

The pre-war development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine has taken place according to the model of modernization, based on specialization, intensification and expansion of the scale of production. However, European experience shows that this model is viable only in conditions of stable markets. The economic crisis caused by the hostilities forces agricultural producers to change their specialization in favor of diversified production. One of the ways to raise the economic sustainability of farms is to expand their activities through the production of niche crops. The article reveals the relevance of the production of niche agricultural crops during the (post)war period. The authors outline the main advantages (higher sales price, better adaptability to weather and climate conditions, the possibility of balancing crop rotation, lower competition on the market, etc.) that shape the economic potential of the above mentioned crops, and highlight the risks (the need for special agricultural technologies, high production cost, high price volatility, etc.), which inhibit their cultivation. It is noted that the expansion of crop rotation due to the inclusion of leguminous niche crops should become part of a broader (post)war strategy for the sustainable development of Ukraine’s agricultural sector. Cultivation of niche vegetables is a component of resource-conserving agriculture, because crop rotation in vegetable production supports soil structure, controls soil erosion, and increases biodiversity. Obstacles to the spread of niche vegetable production are highlighted. The authors consider various new vegetables that are currently becoming part of the culture of consumption and have considerable prospects (sweet potato, Jerusalem artichoke, etc.), and point out the possibility of adapting the European experience of growing various vegetables in combination with the installation of solar panels (agrovoltaics). Under the conditions of (post)war recovery, the cultivation of niche energy crops would contribute to the diversification of agricultural production, strengthening the economic stability of agricultural producers, increasing the level of environmental friendliness of the energy sector, and shaping the energy independence of rural areas. The article highlights the European experience of mapping agro-ecological technologies, which will make it easier for agricultural producers to introduce new crops, in particular the niche ones, and technologies.
Serviço Social e Marxismo
Authors: Do Nascimento da Silva Luciana , Teixeira Closs Thaisa
Published: July 2023

O artigo é fruto de pesquisa na área temática dos Fundamentos Históricos e Teórico-Metodológicos do Serviço Social, a qual analisou a influência do marxismo na formação graduada da Faculdade de Serviço Social de Porto Alegre (PUCRS) no período entre 1982 e 1996, a partir de pesquisa documental em acervo histórico e realização de entrevistas. Discute-se o processo sócio histórico de interlocução da profissão com o marxismo, tematizando as particularidades da formação profissional nos marcos do currículo de 1982 na PUCRS, recuperando o debate da literatura especializada e da memória docente e discente. Sistematiza dados dos trabalhos de conclusão de curso da PUCRS entre o período de 1982 a 1996 que dialogam com a teoria social marxista. Por fim, apresenta os principais achados da investigação e desafios para a realização de novos estudos com ênfase histórica sobre o tema.
Modernization by the State and its Ecological Consequences in East-Central Europe
Authors: Pál Viktor
Published: July 2023

During the nineteenth-, and twentieth centuries urbanization and industrialization altered the environment in a dramatic fashion throughout Europe. Much of this change in East‑Central Europe (ECE) was instigated, facilitated and coordinated by the state. The economic-, and technological intervention by the state and its interconnectedness with capitalism and science have had tremendous ecological consequences. Although there have been substantial studies related to the complex interconnectedness of state‑intervention, capitalism, and anthropogenic environmental change, the scientific community still knows little about the environmental aspects of specific modernization attempts in many parts of the world, including East‑Central Europe. To cover this gap, this special issue investigates some of the key historical problems of modernization and subsequent ecological decline in modern ECE via a handful of relevant case studies. This introductory essay summarizes the main theoretical-, and methodological challenges related to the modern environmental history of East‑Central Europe and the role of the state, as well as provides an overview of the case studies included in this special issue.
The Influence of State Policy on the Development of Zinc-, and Lead Metallurgy in the Szopienice settlement (With a Particular Emphasis on the Environmental Impact of the Industry)
Authors: Boroń Piotr , Grudniewski Jakub
Published: July 2023

The article deals with the interrelationship between state policy and the development of metallurgy in the Szopienice settlement and the impact of industry on the environment. The Szopienice settlement was part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526. In 1742 it was annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, and in 1922 to the Second Polish Republic. Back in the Habsburg times, the state granted Georg von Giesche a monopoly to exploit calamine deposits in Upper Silesia (1702). Calamine was initially used to produce brass, but in the late 18th century, zinc production using calamine began in Upper Silesia. Expanding its road and rail infrastructure, the Prussian state contributed to establishing new smelters by private capital in the 19th century. The “Wilhelmine” zinc smelter was established in 1834 by the Giesche concern in Szopienice. In the 1860s, a lead smelter was also established next to the zinc smelter. Both smelters had a disastrous impact on the environment and residents’ health, which went hand in hand with the dramatic housing-, and hygiene standards. At the beginning of the 20th century, a metallurgical hospital was established at the initiative of the Giesche concern. However, the recording of lead poisoning cases did not begin until the 1920s. After World War II, the problem of environmental impact was attempted to be publicized in the 1970s through studies of children who had contracted the disease. The population was resettled from the most endangered zone, and children were treated during months -long stays in sanatoriums.
The Water Histories of Hungary's Major Rivers
Authors: Jankó Ferenc , Hafenscher Priszcilla
Published: July 2023

Taking a biographical approach, two main characters of Hungarian water‑environmental history are explored in this study. Before the global warming era, meteorologist Antal Réthly played a major role in the climatic controversy concerning the water regulation and afforestation of the Great Hungarian Plain arguing that these human activities could not change the climate. In turn, water engineer Emil Mosonyi strove to conceptualize and develop the utilization of Hungarian hydropower potentials and remained a supporter of large hydropower projects even after his emigration and return, when the construction of the Danube barrage system catalyzed the Hungarian environmental movement and the political transition in 1989. Their histories help understanding of the limited capacities of science in solving environmental controversies.
(Post)socialist Meontopolitics
Authors: Filipović Andrija
Published: July 2023

This article deals with the analysis of what has been constructed as a double modernization of Belgrade, during the socialist (1945–1991), and postsocialist periods (1991–), as well as the environmental consequences these processes on the left and right side of the Sava River between the Branko’s ridge and the Gazela Bridge. The area is significant because of the spaces of socialist-, and postsocialist modernizations: the Sava River Park, and the Belgrade Waterfront, which sit directly across each other. In both cases, modernization has entailed meontopolitics – an introduction of non being into the existing relationality through territorial fragmentation, production of conflict zones and intensification of space use. Each period and its kind of modernization assumed destruction of local non-human environments as their condition of possibility leading to (post)socialist necroecologies, a historically produced environmental condition inimical to some human and non -human actors as the defining feature of the environmental condition of both socialist-, and contemporary Belgrade.
Findbuch des Bestandes Abt. 65.1-65.3
Authors: Rathjen Jörg
Published: July 2023

Die Deutsche Kanzlei – seit 1806 Schleswig-Holsteinische Kanzlei, ab 1816 Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgische Kanzlei – entwickelte sich seit dem frühen 16. Jahrhundert und erhielt im 17. Jahrhundert feste institutionelle Formen. Ihre territoriale Zuständigkeit erstreckte sich anfänglich auf die königlichen Anteile, ab 1773 auf die gesamten Herzogtümer Schleswig und Holstein und seit 1816 zusätzlich noch auf das Herzogtum Lauenburg. Von 1667 bis 1773 gehörten zudem die Grafschaften Oldenburg und Delmenhorst zum Ressort der Kanzlei. Als oberste und bedeutendste königliche Behörde für die Herzogtümer mit Sitz in Kopenhagen besaß die Kanzlei einen umfassenden Kompetenzbereich. Sie war zuständig für die gesamte innere Landesverwaltung, sofern nicht einzelne Aufgaben besonderen Verwaltungsbehörden, wie etwa der Rentekammer, übertragen worden waren. Daneben nahm die Kanzlei auch die außenpolitischen Angelegenheiten des dänischen Königreiches wahr, bis hierfür 1770 das Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten eingerichtet wurde. Die Überlieferung der Deutschen Kanzlei ist sowohl für Forschungen zur schleswigholsteinischen als auch zur dänischen Geschichte von herausragender Bedeutung. Dieser besondere Wert des Kanzleiarchivs ist der Grund dafür, dass es zwischen dem Reichsarchiv in Kopenhagen und dem Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein aufgeteilt ist: In Kopenhagen befindet sich vor allem die Hauptmasse der älteren Akten vor 1730, während das Landesarchiv den größten Anteil des Schriftguts ab 1730 verwahrt.Die im vorliegenden Findbuch präsentierte schriftliche Überlieferung der Deutschen Kanzlei im Landesarchiv gehört zu den bedeutendsten Beständen aus dem Zeitraum vom 16. bis Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, die das Landesarchiv für die Forschung bereithält.
Arbustivas y arbóreas del piedemonte amazónico colombiano: potencial nutricional y ambiental en sistemas ganaderos
Authors: Narváez-Herrera Juan Pablo , Angulo-Arizala Joaquín , Barragán-Hernández Wilson , Mahecha-Ledesma Liliana
Published: July 2023

Introducción. Los sistemas ganaderos del piedemonte amazónico se caracterizan por una baja eficiencia en el uso del suelo, predominio de monocultivos de gramíneas y disminución significativa de la cobertura arbórea, que sumado a la contribución de gases de efecto invernadero, relacionan la actividad ganadera con el calentamiento global. Objetivo. Recopilar y analizar resultados de investigaciones sobre las especies Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook, Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard, Piptocoma discolor (Kunth) Pruski y Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Desarrollo. Mediante el uso de Google Scholar, fórmulas de búsqueda y términos claves asociados al objetivo del estudio, se recuperaron y analizaron 97 documentos. Para las especies de interés, se reportó un amplio rango de adaptación ambiental (0 - 1600 m s. n. m. y entre 1000 y 3700 mm precipitación/año), con potencial para desarrollarse en suelos mal drenados y con bajo pH. Su uso se asoció a cercas vivas, bancos forrajeros, consumo en pastoreo, entre otros. Asimismo, se reportaron valores de materia seca entre 23 y 35 %, proteína cruda entre 15 y 21 % y FDN y FDA <60 % y <45 %, respectivamente. También se encontraron reportes de metabolitos secundarios como taninos y saponinas, lo que podría relacionarse con un potencial para mitigar metano entérico. Se analiza la inclusión de estas especies de plantas forrajeras o similares, por tener un impacto positivo en el almacenamiento de carbono y restauración de áreas degradadas, dadas sus implicaciones en el suelo como fijación de nitrógeno (leguminosas) y aporte de nutrientes vía hojarasca. Conclusiones. Por sus características nutricionales, adaptación y perfil fitoquímico, sería pertinente evaluar el comportamiento de las especies E. poeppigiana, C. fairchildiana, P. discolor y G. ulmifolia, como estrategia para mejorar la oferta nutricional y disminuir las emisiones de metano entérico en condiciones de piedemonte amazónico.
Genetic resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in elite genotypes of Gmelina arborea
Authors: Méndez-Álvarez Dawa , Badilla-Valverde Yorleny , Murillo-Gamboa Olman , Ferreira Alfenas Rafael
Published: July 2023

Introduction. In Costa Rica, an incidence of nearly 40 % has been reported for a disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in commercial plantations of Gmelina arborea (melina), which is the second most widely planted forest tree species in the country. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore genetic material that exhibit resistance to this pathogen. Objective. To evaluate two methods of C. fimbriata inoculation and their effect on elite genotypes of melina, for their use within the melina genetic improvement program at the international forest genetic improvement cooperative GENFORES. Materials and methods. A pathogenicity test was established using the CIF 001 isolate of C. fimbriata under greenhouse conditions, in Santa Clara, San Carlos, Costa Rica. Two inoculation methods were evaluated in five elite genotypes from October 2019 to January 2020. The effect of the pathogen was evaluated by measuring total height development, basal diameter, number of leaves, incidence, and internal injury within the plant. The assessment was conducted at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results. Mortality was observed from day 38 and reached an incidence of 26.7 % at 120 days. The treatment using solid medium displayed the highest incidence percentage. Genotypes 15N and 58 exhibited high susceptibility to the CIF 001 isolate, whereas genotypes 1 and 57 exhibited high tolerance. Based on the results, it was determined that the pathogenicity test of C. fimbriata on melina can be evaluated at 90 days. Conclusion. Solid medium was the most effective method for inoculating melina with C. fimbriata (isolate CIF 001). Evaluations showed the need to assess results at least 90 days after inoculation. Based on the analysis of the internal lesion, genotype 1 was identified as highly resistant to the effect of the pathogen. The inclusion of this genotype as an evaluation technique will substantially enhance the protocol for assessing tolerance to the pathogen.
Agricultores del Caribe sur de Costa Rica: Caracterización socioeconómica, productiva y comercial
Authors: Harvey-Chavarría Marianita , Estrada-León Raciel Javier
Published: July 2023

Introducción. En Costa Rica el sector agrícola es uno de los más diversos, este presenta una alta variabilidad socioeconómica. El cantón de Talamanca alberga un fuerte rezago económico y se requiere generar alternativas productivas. Objetivo. Caracterizar a nivel socioeconómico, productivo y comercial, los agricultores del Caribe Sur. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo en los distritos de Cahuita, Bratsi y Sixaola de Talamanca del 2019 al 2021. Se determinó un tamaño de muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado con veintisiete preguntas para los agricultores, y ocho para responsables de instituciones gubernamentales en la zona. Se aplicó encuestas a 155 agricultores y 33 representantes de instituciones y organizaciones. Los agricultores se clasificaron mediante un análisis de conglomerados jerárquico y análisis discriminantes, se utilizaron variables socioeconómicas cuantitativas continuas. Resultados. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de agricultores [agricultores de subsistencia (ATS, 7,10 %), pequeños (ATP, 23,23 %), medios (ATM, 41,29 %) y grandes (ATG, 28,39 %)], con diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05, χ2<0,05) entre sus variables de estudio. Sobre la agroindustria se identificó que el 77,91 % no industrializaron sus productos, por falta de mercado (14,68 %) y falta de recursos (14,37 %) como principales razones. Conclusión. La actividad agrícola se caracteriza por ser una agricultura familiar. Se producen plátano, cacao y banano; no obstante, la diversidad de cultivos y frutales representa un alto potencial para el desarrollo de la agroindustria.
A youth-driven project during crisis schooling
Authors: Rossi Ginette
Published: July 2023

This piece reflects on a secondary teacher’s attempt to empower her students during the Covid Pandemic crisis schooling response in the United States. In this article, the students engage with their hybrid identities and lived experiences to build skills and criticality toward cultivating the changemaker within themselves. Selections of student testimony and the reflexive practices of the teacher are centered in the explanation of a project rooted in Culturally and Historically Responsive literacy.
REMOVAL OF RAIN COMPONENTS FROM SINGLE IMAGES USING A RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Petrov K. E. , Kyrychenko V. V.
Published: July 2023

Context. Removing the undesirable consequences of rain effects from single images is an actual problem in many computer vision tasks, because rain streaks can significantly degrade the visual quality of images and seriously interfere with the operation of various intelligent systems, which are used for their processing and further analysis.

Objective. The goal of the work is to develop a method for detecting and removing undesirable effects of the rain from single images, which is based on the using of a convolutional neural network with a recurrent structure.

Method. The main component of the proposed method is a convolutional neural network, which has a recurrent multi-stage structure. A feature of this network architecture is the use of repeated blocks (layers), at the output of which you can get an intermediate result of «cleaning» the original image. Moreover at the output of each next layer of the network we get an image with less influence of rain components than on the previous one. Each network layer contains two independent sub-networks (branches) for parallel image processing. The main branch is designed to detect and remove the effect of rain from the image and the attention branch is used to improve and speed up the process of detecting undesirable rain components (for rain attention map formation).

Results. An approach has been developed to automatically detect and remove the rain effect from single images. The process of “cleaning” the original image is based on the use of a convolutional neural network with a recurrent structure, which was trained on the Rain100H and Rain100L datasets. The results of computer experiments, which testifies to the effectiveness and expediency of using the proposed method for solving practical tasks of pre-processing “contaminated” images are presented.

Conclusions. The advantage of the developed method for removing undesirable components of rain from images is that the recurrent multi-stage network architecture, on which it is based allows it to be potentially applied to solving tasks under conditions of limited computing resources. The proposed method can be successfully used in the development of intelligent systems for area monitoring with surveillance cameras, autonomous vehicles control, processing aerial photography results, etc. In the future, it should be considered the possibility of forming a separate sub-network to eliminate blurring in the image and train the network on datasets that contain image samples with different components of rain, which will make the method more «resistant» to different forms of the rain effect and increase the quality of image “cleaning”.
METHOD FOR SELECTING A SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Seniv M. M.
Published: July 2023

Context. With the development of the software industry, the number of applied methodologies and hybrid approaches based on them constantly increases, that is why, the choice of the most suitable/optimal methodology for the project is an urgent problem of software engineering, since the selection process is poorly formalized, requires sufficient experience of the person who will make this decision and depends on many related factors.

Objective. The support of decision-making in the process of choosing a methodology for the software project development and increase of the level of adequacy of the above choice.

Method. Based on the previously developed algorithm by the author, a generalized method for selecting the best software development methodology is proposed, which consists of 14 steps and takes into account the characteristics of the project, based on the multi-criteria analysis approaches, taking into consideration the opinions of experts for a more reasonable choice of the most suitable methodology for this project. The method uses the aggregated expert evaluation. It was decided to use the AHP to calculate the criteria weights. Based on the established values of criteria, their weights and expert evaluation, the score is calculated for each methodology using the weighted sum and TOPSIS methods.

Results. The application of the developed method to the data of actual projects showed a match in 83% of cases (in five out of six cases, the application of the method resulted in the selection of methodology that corresponded to the one actually used in an existing project). In cases when the methodology chosen by the proposed method differed from the one that was actually used, the application of the proposed method recommends going to the stage of the initial determination of criteria and their weights, which will allow making a more adequate choice of methodology.

Conclusions. The proposed method can be applied in practice by software project managers to support the decision-making process, and will allow reducing time spent on project management.
Axionormative Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship in View of the Principles of Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Zadroga Adam
Published: July 2023

The role of Catholic social teaching has been attributed to the promotion of moral values and principles that should be considered when establishing or evaluating a given social, economic, or political system. This also applies to smaller structures, specific institutions, concepts, and practical social solutions, which may include social entrepreneurship. The article aims to confirm the hypothesis that, taking into account the principles of Catholic social teaching in the process of discovering the axionormative determinants of social entrepreneurship allows its deeper understanding and more effective implementation of its praxeological goals. At the beginning of the paper, the author emphasises the common source of all general and specific axionormative criteria of the two analysed disciplines – the dignity of a human person. Further deliberations revolve around other values and principles, such as the value of human work and entrepreneurship, the common good, the universal destination of goods, the preferential option for the poor, solidarity, subsidiarity, and participation.
The Role of Trade in Responding to Climate Change and its Policy Implications
Authors:   Korea Association for International Commerce and Information, Yun Sungjong
Published: July 2023

This paper analyzes the impact of climate change on trade through changes in productivity, logistics networks, trade costs, and comparative advantage through a literature review, and then examines the role of trade in responding to climate change and examines policy implications. The expansion of trade allows access to key goods and services such as food and health, as well as the technologies necessary to minimize the negative impacts of climate change, reduce the negative impacts of climate change, and respond appropriately to changes in comparative advantage. Each country should implement comprehensive climate change response measures, such as strengthening its logistics networks, diversifying production, suppliers and customers, and investing in long-term human capital. At the same time, it is necessary to help low-income developing countries respond to climate change and enhance the resilience of the world economy to climate change through cooperation between countries in trade and climate change response policies.
Asymmetric Effects of Uncertainty in Real Oil Price and Real Effective Exchange Rate on Real Exports by Item in Korea's New Renewable Energy Industry
Authors:   Korea Association for International Commerce and Information, Kim Chang-Beom
Published: July 2023

This study analyzes the asymmetric long and short-run effects of real oil price (ROP) and real effective exchange rate (REER) uncertainties on real exports (RX) by items in the Korean new renewable energy (NRE) industry. In this study, the heterogeneous impact on the export size of uncertainty variables from January 2000 to December 2022 are examined using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and quantile regressions (QR) methods. The estimation results of the NARDL model showed that the energy storage system (ESS) was most affected by uncertainty variables in both the short- and long-run, followed by fuel cells, oceans, smart meters, and solar and wind power. Meanwhile, the results of the NARDL asymmetry analysis showed that uncertainty variables in both the short- and long-run had the greatest asymmetric effect on fuel cells and smart meters. Additionally, the QR empirical results according to the RX size show that increasing the ROP, decreasing the REER, and increasing the REER volatility have a significant impact on the small RX size. However, decreasing the ROP and REER have a significant impact on the large RX size. Policy authorities should apply trade and exchange rate policies in an optimal combination to reduce the impact of ROP volatility on the RX in the NRE sector while considering REER volatility. Additionally, exporters in the NRE industry should seek to improve quality competitiveness through high-tech development and hedge strategies using internal and external management techniques to minimize the impact of price volatility on the RX of NRE Industry.