bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF CONTRACT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
Authors: MWENDWA MICHAEL MWINZI , OCHIRI Dr. GEORGE
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The study helped unearth the influence of contract management practices on performance of state corporations in Kenya.Methodology: This study employed descriptive research design. The study reviewed both theoretical and empirical literature and then proposed the research methodology that addressed the gaps identified in literature as well as to validate the statistical hypotheses. The study preferred this method because it allows an in-depth study of the subject. The target population was all the 187 state corporations in Kenya. Questionnaires were administered to collect qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 127 heads of procurement, who were selected using simple random sampling, from the four strata. After data collection, quantitative data was coded using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistical methods such as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentage. Inferential analyses was used in relation to correlation analysis and regression analysis to test the relationship between the four explanatory variables and the explained variable.Results: The response rate of the study was 82%. The findings of the study indicated that administration strategy, monitoring and evaluation, stakeholder management and conflict management have a positive relationship with performance of state corporations in Kenya.Conclusion: Based on the study findings, the study concludes that performance of state corporations can be improved by administration strategy, monitoring and evaluation, stakeholder management and conflict management. First, in regard to administration strategy, the regression coefficients of the study show that it has a significant influence on performance of state corporations.Policy recommendation: the study recommended that public institutions should embrace contract management practices so as to improve performance and further researches should to be carried out in other public institutions to find out if the same results can be obtained.
INFLUENCE OF PROCUREMENT PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
Authors: Nganu Dennis Muli , Mwangangi Dr. Patrick
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish how procurement practices influence performance of state corporations in Kenya. This study specifically sought to establish the influence of relationship management, strategic sourcing, adoption of information technology, and procurement methods on performance of state corporations.Methodology: The study employed descriptive research design with target population of 146 State Corporations in Kenya and using census. The study used primary data which was collected using a comprehensive questionnaire. Quantitative data collected was analysed by the use of descriptive statistics using SPSS (version 23). Multiple regression analysis was used to establish the relation among the variables.Results: The study concludes that the set of independent variables are very significant and they therefore need to be considered in any effort to enhance perfomance of the state corporations in Kenya. From the study findings there is need for the organization to enhance supplier appraisal to improve performance of its suppliers. The organization should focus on building long lasting relationships with suppliers.There is need for the top management in the organization to emphasize the strategic role of the strategic functions. Sourcing long-range plan includes developing relationship with the key suppliers. It was concluded that supplier relationship management, adoption of IT, strategic sourcing and procurement methods had a significant  positive relationship with the perfomance of state corporations in Kenya.Recommendations: The study recommends that there is need for the adoption of the IT to enhance performance of the state corporation. The study recommends for the organization to ensure that there is adequate IT infrastructure; adequate level of automation for the procurement staff in the organization, enhanced e-procurement to facilitate reduction of costs and the organization should have adequate procurement usage to enhance implementation of rules and regulations.The study recommends that the organization need to adopt the appropriate procurement methods to reduce in average inventory held. Procurement methods can lead to improved quality for goods, works and services. Effective procurement methods  can match the demand and supply for goods and lead to the reduction of complaints from the users. The competitive procurement methods can reduce the overpriced bids and reduce unethical behaviour among the procurement staff.
INFLUENCE OF RISK MANAGEMENT ON SUPPLY CHAIN PROJECTS IN KENYA - A CASE OF DELOITTE KENYA
Authors: Ngaji Omuombo Arthur , Achuora Dr. John
Published: October 2020

Purpose:This study examined the Influence of Risk Management on Supply Chain Projects in Kenya. Risk Management is a critical issue in the industry. The study sought to assess Influence of Risk Management on Supply Chain Projects in Kenya.Methodology:The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population of the study was all the completed (566) Supply Chain Projects in Deloitte within the 2013 to 2017 strategic year period. The study used self-structured questionnaires to collect primary data from respondents and the data collected was cleaned, pretested, validated, coded, summarized and analysed using statistical package of SPSS V23.  The study findings were presented using bar charts and pie charts.  . Results:The study found that the project managers had conceptual skills, technical skills, cost management skills, which positively influence Risk Management of supply chain projects. In addition, the study established that technological literacy and awareness, projects tools and equipment, skilled manpower, manpower training capacity, technological innovation, analytical and computational capacity and project team’s knowledge on ICT influence Risk Management in supply chain projects. Further, the study found that schedule development, schedule crashing, schedule compression, sequence of activities and schedule fast tracking influence Risk Management in supply chain projects. Also, the study found that factors such as the GDP cost of relocation of public utilities, inflation rates, variation of cost of labor, equipment hire rates, government debt service ratio, competing demands for government funds and unemployment rates influence Risk Management in supply chain projects.Contribution to policy and practice:Based on the study findings, the study concludes that risk planning influences Supply Chain Projects.The study also recommends that the government of Kenya should revise the current monitory policy governing inflation rates and foreign exchange rates so as to ensure the stability of foreign exchange rates and reduction in inflation rate.
STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND THE GROWTH OF MICROFINANCE SECTOR IN KENYA
Authors: Njuguna Dr. James Rurigi , Gakure Prof. Roselyn , Waititu Dr. Anthony Gichuhi , Katuse Dr. Paul
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish how strategic risk management strategies contribute to growth of MFI sector in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted a correlation survey research design. The population of this study was fifty seven (57) MFIs. The sampling frame was the list of MFIs provided in the AMFI website www.amfikenya.com. A sample of thirteen (17) MFIs was selected using the random sampling approach. A questionnaire and an interview schedule were the main data collection tools. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis whereas the quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) where descriptive and regression analysis were conducted to determine the relationship between enterprise risk management strategies and growth of MFIs.Findings: The findings indicated that there were several strategic management measures that had been put in place by MFI to promote growth. These included the existence of a board with the skills and ability to lead the MFI strategically. In addition, the board members roles extended beyond governance and into management of the MFI and the board had policies stipulating term limits and rotation for its members. Results further indicated that the board had adequate independent directors who agreed on the MFIs mission and strategic direction. The results revealed that the MFI had guidelines for preventing conflicts of interest among board members and the MFI guidelines prohibited related-party (insider) lending, required full disclosure of all conflicts of interest, and required arm’s length business transactions. Findings further indicated that the MFI’s organizational structure ensured staff accountability and enhanced MFI’s efficiency and productivity. Overall, regression results indicated that there was a positive relationship between strategic risk management strategies and MFI growth.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Following the study results, it was recommended that the MFIs need to enhance effectiveness of strategic risk management practices such as adherence to best practices on corporate governance. In addition, the MFIs need to enhance the skills of the board members as doing so would improve the level of strategic risk management practice. The study recommended that those MFIs that had not implemented the guidelines for preventing conflicts of interest among board members are advised to do so as this may have an impact on the level of growth. It is recommended that MFIs need to put in place guidelines prohibiting related party (insider trading) and also require full disclosure of all conflicts of interest as doing so would improve the growth of the MFI.  Furthermore, MFIs need to increase the number of independent directors in their boards as doing so would improve the growth of the MFIs.
EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ON MICRO-PENSION UPTAKE AMONG INFORMAL EMPLOYEES OF KENYA PORTS AUTHORITY
Authors: Agravat Deepali Rajendra , Kaplelach Mr. Samson
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of demographic characteristics on micro-pension uptake among informal employees of Kenya Ports Authority.Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of the informal employees of Kenya Ports Authority. There are 2500 informal employees at Kenya Ports Authority. A sample size of 96 informal employees was selected through simple random sampling. The study used primary data which was collected through questionnaires which comprised of both open ended and close ended questions. Quantitative data was  analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics such as  percentages, mean, frequency distribution and standard deviation were computed to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest whilst with inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis was used to establish the nature and magnitude of the relationships between the variables. All the analysis was done using SPSS statistical package version 20. Content analysis was also used for qualitative data. The results of data analysis were presented using figures and tables for easy understanding and interpretation.Findings: The study findings indicated that financial literacy; income level and socio demographic characteristics influence the micro pension uptake. The study found that despite the above average literacy level among Kenyans; effort should be done to increase their participation in the management of their pension schemes. Based on findings it was possible to conclude that there was a positive and significant relationship between level of income and micro-pension schemes, similarly higher income level is strongly related to higher willingness. The findings also indicate that social demographic is a key factor in explaining micro-pension schemes.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: With a majority of the informal sector getting most of their information on pension through the media, the study recommends that there is need to strengthen and repackage the information being aired to the masses on the importance of pension savings. These packages should be designed in a way that they can yield to eventual participation. It is recommended that there is a need for young people to begin saving for retirement as early as possible, and that starting early gives the total savings ‘pot’ longer to benefit from interest or investment growth. Further, it recommends that the government should also design a special program of reaching the informal sector workers through seminars and workshops on pension matters. It is recommended that future studies should be carried out to find the factors leading to a low uptake of the Micro-Pension schemes in the informal sector and what needs to be done to improve the uptake.
FIRM ORIENTATIONS AND PERFORMANCE OF HOTELS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Nzioka Peter Ngwae , Njuguna Dr. Reuben
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The study sought to assess the effect of firm orientation on the performance of hotels in Nairobi, Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 232 consisting of 174 employees in three cadres of staff and 58 hotel owners from the 58 hotels in Nairobi region that are registered with Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers. Since this number was small and easily manageable, the study adopted a census. The study used primary data collected through the administration of questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to aid the processing and analysis of the data collected. Multiple linear regressions were conducted. The statistics that generated included descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.Results: The study findings revealed that market structure in terms of industry competition and market power, organizational structure, strategic orientation and market orientation had a positive effect on the performance of hotels in this county.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that sufficient regulation and supervision within the hotel industry was needed to ensure healthy competition among the businesses especially due to the competitive nature of the industry. Hotel businesses had to develop positioning strategies such as quality customer service, physical attractiveness, and range of product offerings, unique product features, and safety and security systems, information technologies which would enable them to perform and survive the stiff competition within the industry. The study also recommended that a blend of organization structure that allowed greater organization of the functions of the hotels and ensured efficient and easier way of corporation and coordination among different stakeholders should be adopted. Since strategic orientation comprised of all the other firm orientations and was one of the most important tools in a firm, the study recommended that it was crucial for the hotels to set aside resources that would support the implementation of various strategies to deal with every challenge in the businesses. The study further recommended that it was necessary for the hotels to advance their competitor orientation by keeping up with and constantly monitoring the strategies employed by their competitors.
EFFECT OF INITIAL LOAN APPRAISAL ON THE NON-PERFORMING LOANS IN AGRICULTURAL FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Barasa Kizito Wekesa , Njuguna Dr. Reuben
Published: October 2020

Purpose: In the recent past Agricultural Finance Corporation has experienced huge non-performing loan portfolio. This has been to the tune of 5 billion comprising of 2500 clients. The purpose of this study was therefore to establish the contributors of non-performing loan to agricultural finance institution. The study sought to determine the effect of initial loan appraisal, the extent to which loanees’ level of financial management skill affect NPL, and effect of credit policies and loan recovery strategies on nonperformance of loans at AFC.Methodology: The study adopted a case study research design. Data was collected by using questionnaires administered by the researcher. The research targeted a single unit AFC. A total of 4 heads of department from credit, debt collection and recovery, Finance and Audit were targeted to respond to the questionnaire. The selection of the 4 heads was based on purposive sampling method. In addition 36 credit officers and 16 branch managers were selected using stratified and random sampling method as respondent to the study. This gave a total of 54 respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics utilizing SPSS.Results: The research findings showed that there was a significant positive relationship between loan appraisal and ratio of non-performing loan to total advances. This implies that as the process of loan appraisal is improved and done properly, the loan performance also improves similarly. Therefore, if initial loan appraisal is not done properly it will lead to more non-performing loanUnique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that AFC top management should create a working relationship with other lending institutions to ensure that farmers do not abuse the well-kept farming financial records to acquire more loans from the other financial institutions whose recovery could create huge NPL on the part of AFC loans advanced to them.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ON PERFORMANCE OF MATATU SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES IN KENYA
Authors: Mang’ana Robert Okwoyo , Rotich Dr. Gladys , Hassan Dr. Gamaliel , Orwa Prof. George
Published: October 2020

Purpose: This study aimed at determining the influence of environmental scanning on performance of Matatu Savings and Credit Cooperatives in Kenya.Materials and methods: This study adopted cross-sectional survey research design. The target population for this study was all Matatu Saccos in Kenya. The questionnaire was pilot tested to determine its validity and reliability. The study used primary data gathered from Matatu savings and credit co-operatives from the Ministry of Industrialization and Enterprise Development. Primary data was obtained through use of structured and semi structured questionnaire. A total of 635 Matatu Saccos was selected. Sample size of 245 Matatu Saccos was selected for the study. Quantitative data was analyzed by multiple regressions, Factor analysis, Chi-square and Anova. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis to generate thematic topic for discussion in line with research objectiveResults: The results of the analysis indicated that environmental scanning has a positive relationship with performance of Matatu Saccos. The extent of environmental scanning was found to have a 0.113 influence on performance of Matatu Saccos which was relatively low but significant.Recommendations: The government should ensure that Matatu Saccos conduct SWOTanalysis to evaluate internal and external environment which affect performance. In addition Saccos should do strategic plan in line with vision and mission.
TOURISM PRODUCT PACKAGING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TOUR OPERATING COMPANIES IN NAIROBI
Authors: Waithira Joan Wanjiku , Wasike Dr. Susan , Mungai Ms. Caroline
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between tourism product packaging and the financial performance of selected tour operating companies in Nairobi. The specific objectives of the study were to determine, attraction, amenities, accessibility and innovation on the financial performance of tour operating companies in Nairobi.Methodology: This was a descriptive type of research design that was conducted through the study of a population consisting of 291 tour operating companies that are members of Kenya Association of Tour Operators (KATO). The sample consisted of 7 tour operating companies who have been placed in the Category B membership, under the Kenya Association of Tour Operators listing. The study employed the purposive sampling technique to select the sample. The researcher intended to conduct a census on the sample. Questionnaires were the main tools of collecting data. The research used semi - structured instruments so as to ensure that the data collected possessed both quantity and quality attributes. Further, that data collected offered additional information pertaining to the study. The researcher used the SPSS data editor as a tool to facilitate the analysis and presentation of the quantitative data, and a content analysis to check for anomalies in the qualitative data. To estimate the relationships among the independent and dependent variables the researcher used regression analysis.Results: The findings showed that fifty-two-point seven percent (52.7%) of the financial performance of the tour operating companies is explained by the tourism product packaging. There is a significant relationship between tourism product packaging and financial performance of the tour operating firms (p Value= .041). The Beta value for attractions (Beta=.165), amenities (Beta=.329), accessibility (Beta=.292) and innovation (Beta=.353) are positively related to the financial performance of tour operating companies. With regards to their statistical significance, attractions (t=.764, p=.005), accessibility (t=1.767, p=.003) and innovation (t=1.909, p=.040) is significant. However, amenities (t=1.429, p=.156) was not significant.Contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommended that there is need for aggressive marketing to be made both to the local and international markets. There is also a need for the government to put efforts in improving the road networks which are leading to the attraction sites. The government needs to review the policies which have been provided to guide the tourism sector. The policies should be strict and implemented in a way that it eliminates the rogue operators who have been in the long time affecting the financial performance of legally registered touring companies. There is also need for awareness creation and training on innovative ideas for improving the tourism industry.
ENHANCING SECURITY CONTROL IN SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE IN ADDRESSING KCPE AND KCSE EXAMINATION IRREGULARITIES IN KENYA
Authors: Barus Jane J. , Marigat Samuel K. , Njathi Samuel N.
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance security control in sustaining the gains made in addressing KCPE and KCSE examination irregularities in KenyaMethodology: To address the problem of examination irregularities, a situational analysis was conducted so as to identify the possible causes of the problem and measures to take in order to mitigate the challenge of cheating. Results: Positive changes have been observed in the education sector in Kenya since the new cabinet secretary instituted measures to curb cheating in national examination and synergy has been felt within the state.  The Ministry of Education, ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government and the Ministry of Information, Communications and Technology should continue collaborating to ensure that the gains already made are improved and sustained.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Examination is both security and also a reputation concern of any nation. School and national examination should always be credible. Gains already made must be safeguarded. To this end every stakeholder has a role to play. Security control system should be continuity monitored and improved.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PREVALENCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN DAGORETTI DISTRICT IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Njihia Dr. Rose Wambui
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The study sought to investigate the prevalence of sexual harassment of female students in public secondary schools in Dagoretti District in Nairobi County, the possible causes of sexual harassment on female students, the mechanisms which exist to handle sexual harassment issues and the strategies which can be put in place to curb sexual harassment of female students in public secondary schools in Dagoretti District.Methodology: The study adopted mixed paradigms (qualitative and quantitative research paradigms) in order to present a more comprehensive view of the prevalence of sexual harassment of female students in Dagoretti District. Therefore, the study used descriptive survey and phenomenology research design.Results: The study found out that sexual harassment of female students in schools under study by male teachers and male students exist. The study also established that both perpetrators and victims are accountable for the harassment, that is, causes of sexual harassment of female students were attributed to both victims and perpetrators. It was also revealed that the major ways of combating sexual harassment were empowering young women to report, stiff punishment for offenders and awareness campaigns, adequate security and decent dressing of female students. Strategies for curbing sexual harassment included students’ education about harassment, development of sexual harassment policy in schools, establishing workshops and meetings, empowering students and creating a harassment-free school environment.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: In order to curb sexual harassment of female students in schools the Ministry of Education should mainstreams policies that address sexual harassment at all educational levels. Teachers Service Commission on the other hand should offer stiff punishment to offenders such as teachers by excluding them from the service.
Escuelas especiales de Chile: ¿Responsables del desarrollo de la condición física-funcional para la inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual?
Authors: Farias Valenzuela Claudio Italo Ariel , De Moraes Ferrari Gerson Luis , Espoz Lazo Sebastian Ignacio , Jofré Saldía Emilio Eduardo , Ferrero Hernández Paloma Andrea , Valdivia Moral Pedro Ángel
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: Comentar sobre la importancia que tienen las Escuelas Especiales en Chile para desarrollo de la condición física-funcional para la inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad intelectual.Puntos destacables:En el año 2018 entró en vigencia la ley No 21.015 que incentiva a las empresas a la contratación e inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad.No existen programas de ejercicio físico impulsados por las autoridades chilenas, que promuevan el cuidado de la salud y la capacidad físico-funcional de personas con discapacidad intelectual para el mundo laboral.
Mixing states of Amazon basin aerosol particles transported over long distances using transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Adachi Kouji , Oshima Naga , Gong Zhaoheng , de Sá Suzane , Bateman Adam P. , Martin Scot T. , de Brito Joel F. , Artaxo Paulo , Cirino Glauber G. , Sedlacek III Arthur J. , Buseck Peter R.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Amazon basin is important for understanding the
global climate because of its carbon cycle and as a laboratory for
obtaining basic knowledge of the continental background atmosphere. Aerosol
particles play an important role in the climate and weather, and knowledge
of their compositions and mixing states is necessary to understand their
influence on the climate. For this study, we collected aerosol particles
from the Amazon basin during the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)
campaign (February to March 2014) at the T3 site, which is located about 70 km
from Manaus, and analyzed them using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM
has better spatial resolution than other instruments, which enables us to
analyze the occurrences of components that attach to or are embedded within
other particles. Based on the TEM results of more than 10 000 particles from
several transport events, this study shows the occurrences of individual
particles including compositions, size distributions, number fractions, and
possible sources of materials that mix with other particles. Aerosol
particles during the wet season were from both natural sources such as the
Amazon forest, Saharan desert, Atlantic Ocean, and African biomass burning
and anthropogenic sources such as Manaus and local emissions. These
particles mix together at an individual particle scale. The number fractions
of mineral dust and sea-salt particles increased almost 3-fold when
long-range transport (LRT) from the African continent occurred. Nearly
20 % of mineral dust and primary biological aerosol particles had attached sea
salts on their surfaces. Sulfates were also internally mixed with sea-salt
and mineral dust particles. The TEM element mapping images showed that
several components with sizes of hundreds of nanometers from different
sources commonly occur within individual LRT aerosol particles. We conclude
that many aerosol particles from natural sources change their compositions
by mixing during transport. The compositions and mixing states of these
particles after emission result in changes in their hygroscopic and optical
properties and should be considered when assessing their effects on climate.
Aerosol particle depolarization ratio at 1565 nm measured with a
Halo Doppler lidar
Authors: Vakkari Ville , Baars Holger , Bohlmann Stephanie , Bühl Johannes , Komppula Mika , Mamouri Rodanthi-Elisavet , O'Connor Ewan James
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Depolarization ratio is a valuable parameter for lidar-based aerosol categorization. Usually, aerosol particle depolarization ratio is determined at relatively short wavelengths of 355 nm and/or 532 nm, but some multi-wavelength studies including longer wavelengths indicate strong spectral dependency. Here, we investigate the capabilities of Halo Photonics Stream Line Doppler lidars to retrieve the particle linear depolarization ratio at 1565 nm wavelength. We utilize collocated measurements with another lidar system, PollyXT at Limassol, Cyprus, and at Kuopio, Finland, to compare the depolarization ratio observed by the two systems. For mineral dust-dominated cases we find typically a little lower depolarization ratio at 1565 nm than at 355 nm and 532 nm. However, for dust mixed with other aerosol we find higher depolarization ratio at 1565 nm. For polluted marine aerosol we find marginally lower depolarization ratio at 1565 nm compared to 355 nm and 532 nm. For mixed spruce and birch pollen we find a little higher depolarization ratio at 1565 nm compared to 532 nm. Overall, we conclude that Halo Doppler lidars can provide particle linear depolarization ratio at 1565 nm wavelength at least in the lowest 2–3 km above ground.
Nitrogen cycling in CMIP6 land surface models: progress and limitations
Authors: Davies-Barnard Taraka , Meyerholt Johannes , Zaehle Sönke , Friedlingstein Pierre , Brovkin Victor , Fan Yuanchao , Fisher Rosie A. , Jones Chris D. , Lee Hanna , Peano Daniele , Smith Benjamin , Wårlind David , Wiltshire Andy J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The nitrogen cycle and its effect on carbon uptake in the
terrestrial biosphere is a recent progression in earth system models. As
with any new component of a model, it is important to understand the
behaviour, strengths, and limitations of the various process
representations. Here we assess and compare five land surface models with
nitrogen cycles that are used as the terrestrial components of some of the
earth system models in CMIP6. The land surface models were run offline with
a common spin-up and forcing protocol. We use a historical control
simulation and two perturbations to assess the model nitrogen-related
performances: a simulation with atmospheric carbon dioxide increased by 200 ppm and one with nitrogen deposition increased by 50 kgN ha−1 yr−1. There is generally greater variability in productivity response
between models to increased nitrogen than to carbon dioxide. Across the five
models the response to carbon dioxide globally was 5 % to 20 % and the
response to nitrogen was 2 % to 24 %. The models are not evenly distributed
within the ensemble range, with two of the models having low productivity
response to nitrogen and another one with low response to elevated atmospheric
carbon dioxide, compared to the other models. In all five models individual
grid cells tend to exhibit bimodality, with either a strong response to
increased nitrogen or atmospheric carbon dioxide but rarely to both to an
equal extent. However, this local effect does not scale to either the
regional or global level. The global and tropical responses are generally
more accurately modelled than boreal, tundra, or other high-latitude areas
compared to observations. These results are due to divergent choices in the
representation of key nitrogen cycle processes. They show the need for more
observational studies to enhance understanding of nitrogen cycle processes,
especially nitrogen-use efficiency and biological nitrogen fixation.
Ice sheet and palaeoclimate controls on drainage network evolution: an example from Dogger Bank, North Sea
Authors: Emery Andy R. , Hodgson David M. , Barlow Natasha L. M. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Cotterill Carol J. , Richardson Janet C. , Ivanovic Ruza F. , Mellett Claire L.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Submerged landscapes on continental shelves archive drainage networks formed during periods of sea-level lowstand. The evolution of these postglacial drainage networks also reveals how past climate changes affected the landscape. Ice-marginal and paraglacial drainage networks on
low-relief topography are susceptible to reorganisation of water supply,
forced by ice-marginal rearrangement, precipitation and temperature
variations, and marine inundation. A rare geological archive of
climate-driven landscape evolution during the transition from ice-marginal
(ca. 23 ka) to a fully submerged marine environment (ca. 8 ka) is preserved at Dogger Bank, in the southern North Sea. In this study, our analysis of high-resolution seismic reflection and cone
penetration test data reveal a channel network over a 1330 km2 area
that incised glacial and proglacial lake-fill sediments. The channel network sits below coastal and shallow marine sediments and is therefore
interpreted to represent a terrestrial drainage network. When mapped out,
the channel form morphology reveals two distinct sets. The first set
comprises two low-sinuosity, wide (>400 m) channels that contain
macroforms of braid and side bars. These channels are interpreted to have originated as proglacial rivers, which drained the ice-sheet margin to the
north. The second set of channels (75–200 m wide, with one larger,
∼400 m wide) has higher sinuosity and forms a subdendritic network of tributaries to the proglacial channels. The timing of channel formation lacks chronostratigraphic control. However,
the proglacial rivers must have formed as the ice sheet was still on Dogger
Bank, before 23 ka, to supply meltwater to the rivers. Ice-sheet retreat from Dogger Bank led to reorganisation of meltwater drainage and abandonment of the proglacial rivers. Palaeoclimate simulations show a cold and dry period at Dogger Bank between 23 and 17 ka. After 17 ka, precipitation increased, and drainage of precipitation formed the second set of channels. The second set of rivers remained active until marine transgression of Dogger Bank at ca. 8.5–8 ka. Overall, this study provides a detailed insight into the evolution of river networks across Dogger Bank and highlights the interplay between external (climate) and internal (local) forcings in drainage network evolution.
Water storage and drainage of short-lived lakes in the Teskey Range,
Central Asia
Authors: Daiyrov Mirlan , Narama Chiyuki
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In the Teskey Range of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyz Republic), four outburst flood disasters from short-lived glacial lakes caused severe damages in the downstream part in 2006, 2008, 2013, and 2014. The short-lived lake grows rapidly and drain within a few months, due to closure and opening of an outlet ice-tunnel in moraine complex at glacier front. The outburst flood of this lake type is a major hazard in this region, it differs from many cases of moraine-dam failure in the eastern Himalaya. To clarify how short-lived lakes store and drain water for short period, we examined its recent changes in water level, area, volume, and discharge with a field survey and satellite data analysis. Korumdu lake appeared and drained within about one month during all summers during 2014–2019 except that in 2016. Water-level data recorded by a data logger and time-lapse camera images show that the lake appeared and expanded suddenly from July to August in 2017–2019. The timing indicates that the lake formed when an outlet ice-tunnel (subsurface channel) drain was blocked by deposition of debris and ice due to ice melting, not by freezing of stored water. Based on calculation of UAV DSMs and water level in 2017, the lake's water volume reached 234,000 m3 within 29 days, and then the water discharged for 17 days at a maximum rate of 0.66 m3/s. The small discharge indicates that the diameter of the outlet ice-tunnel was much smaller than those of four short-lived lakes in the same range that caused large drainages (12–27 m3/s) in 2006, 2008, 2013, and 2014. As the results, the dimensions of the outlet ice-tunnel of short-lived glacial lakes presently are related to the flooding scale. Recent warming temperatures may increase both the size of the tunnels and the basin volumes leading to greater hazard from such lakes in the future. In addition, we investigated the timing of appearance of 160 short-lived glacial lakes in this region using Landsat-7/8, Sentinel-2, and PlanetScope satellite images (2013–2018). We conclude that tunnel closure of 117 lakes was due to deposition of debris and ice during summer. The appearance of a short-lived glacial lake is inevitable in summer when the melting rate is high. The characteristics of this lake type might be shown in another Asian mountain permafrost regions.
Properties and dynamics of mesoscale eddies in Fram Strait from a comparison between two high-resolution ocean–sea ice models
Authors: Wekerle Claudia , Hattermann Tore , Wang Qiang , Crews Laura , von Appen Wilken-Jon , Danilov Sergey
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Fram Strait, the deepest gateway to the Arctic Ocean, is strongly influenced by eddy dynamics. Here we analyse the output from two eddy-resolving models (ROMS – Regional Ocean Modeling System; FESOM – Finite-Element Sea-ice Ocean Model) with around 1 km mesh resolution in Fram Strait, with a focus on their representation of eddy properties and dynamics. A comparison with mooring observations shows that both models reasonably simulate hydrography and eddy kinetic energy. Despite differences in model formulation, they show relatively similar eddy properties. The eddies have a mean radius of 4.9 and 5.6 km in ROMS and FESOM, respectively, with slightly more cyclones (ROMS: 54 %, FESOM: 55 %) than anticyclones. The mean lifetime of detected eddies is relatively short in both simulations (ROMS: 10 d, FESOM: 11 d), and the mean travel distance is 35 km in both models. More anticyclones are trapped in deep depressions or move toward deep locations. The two models show comparable spatial patterns of baroclinic and barotropic instability. ROMS has relatively stronger eddy intensity and baroclinic instability, possibly due to its smaller grid size, while FESOM has stronger eddy kinetic energy in the West Spitsbergen Current. Overall, the relatively good agreement between the two models strengthens our confidence in their ability to realistically represent the Fram Strait ocean dynamics and also highlights the need for very high mesh resolution.
Construction and negotiation of voter-friendly identities in electoral debates
Authors: Díez-Prados Mercedes , Cabrejas-Peñuelas Ana Belén
Published: October 2020

In this article we examine the identity construction of two politicians in the 2011 Spanish pre-electoral debate, following four of Bucholtz & Hall’s (2005) linguistic means: evaluation, implicatures, interactional negotiation, and complementary identity relations. For the analysis, Martin & White’s (2005) evaluation model and Corpus Linguistics are adopted. The Socialist candidate’s positive identity positions him as a defendant of laymen’s interests (i.e. Nurturant Parent identity), while he contributes to Rajoy’s emergent identity as a dishonest politician. However, the Conservative politician plays down the other candidate’s identity inferences, casts his identity as a Nurturant Parent to attract the audience’s sympathy and embodies an identity of change. This positive identity contributed to his ethos in the debate and resulted in an overwhelming win.
Igusa-Todorov function on path rings
Authors: Mata Gustavo
Published: October 2020

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between the Igusa-Todorov functions for $A$, a finite dimensional algebra, and the algebra $AQ$. In particular it is proved that $\fidim (AQ) = \fidim (A) + 1$ when $A$ is a Gorenstein algebra. As a consequence of the previous result, it is exhibited an example of a family of algebras $\{A_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ such that $\fidim (A_n) = n$ and each $A_n$ is of $\Omega^{\infty}$-infinite representation type.
Irrigation Depth and Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) Straw Increase Water Use Efficiency in the Cherry Tomato in a Semi-Arid Region
Authors: Rabelo Janiquelle Da Silva , Guimarães Marcelo De Almeida , Da Silva Valsergio Barros , Costa Raimundo Nonato Távora , Lemos Neto Hozano De Souza , Mesquita Rosilene Oliveira
Published: October 2020

This research addresses irrigation strategies for saving water, including the use of irrigation depths of 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and a ground cover of carnauba straw, in evaluating the response of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var cerasiforme L) submitted to different levels of water availability in soil with and without ground cover, in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. The physiological components showed higher values under ground cover and when submitted to 100% ETc. The greatest number of total and commercial fruit was obtained when the soil was covered, and irrigated with depths of 75 and 100%. Carnauba straw with irrigation depths of 100 and 125% resulted in the greatest fresh fruit weight. The highest values for fruit diameter and length were achieved in the soil under cover. Maximum productivity, 11,404.20 kg ha-1, was obtained at 107.5%, while for the soil with no ground cover, maximum productivity was 7,778.86 kg ha-1, obtained with an irrigation depth of 140%. Based on the results, soil productivity is possible without a cover of carnauba straw, at an irrigation depth of 50.5%, which can generate savings of 3400 m³ water-cycle-1 ha-1. In addition, water use efficiency in the cherry tomato was 3.06 kg m-3 and 1.95 kg m-3, with and without ground cover respectively. It can be concluded that the use of carnauba straw makes it possible to reduce water consumption in the 'red' cherry tomato under conditions of water scarcity.
Evaluation of shear and flexural deformations of flexural type shear walls
Authors: Hiraishi Hisahiro
Published: October 2020

In order to predict the inelastic response of reinforced concrete structures under dynamic earthquake loading, hysteretic behaviour of their structural components must be evaluated appropriately. Though various restoring force models have already been proposed for beams and columns, hysteretic behaviour of flexural type shear walls remains unclear in many respects. In this paper, an evaluation method of distributing the total deformation of a shear wall into the flexural and shear deformation is mentioned and an analytical one of evaluating these deformations is proposed. The comparison of analytical results with test results of shear walls is carried out.
Obesity incidence is related to month of birth
Authors: CECEN Serpil
Published: October 2020

Objective: The relationship between the month of birth and obesity status of individuals has been claimed but not proven convincingly.
We aim to provide more evidence towards the presumed relationship between month of birth and physical characteristics of
individuals.
Materials and Methods: We used a Bio-impedance device to determine physical characteristics of 3,000 informed volunteers who
attended our clinic.
Results: We found that the individuals who were born in the first three months of the year were heavier, taller and older than the
applicants who were born in later months of the year.
Conclusion: We can conclude that the month of birth was significantly related to obesity incidence. We believe that this information
will add to the knowledge on the importance of the relationship between birth month and physical and health characteristics of
individuals living in a country with extreme seasonal temperatures.
Institutional Variables and Student’s Employability Skills Development in Public Universities in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States, Nigeria
Authors: Sule Mary Anike , Odigwe Francisca Nonyelum , Okpa Ovat Egbe , Essien Emmanuel Sunday , Ushie Mary Ibene
Published: October 2020

This study addresses institutional variables as determinants of employability skills acquisition among undergraduates in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States, Nigeria. Three research hypotheses were posed to guide the study. A descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The population comprised of final year students in Faculty of Education at the University of Calabar numbered 904 and University of Uyo 939 respectively. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select data and a sample of 108 was drawn from University of Calabar and 112 drawn from the University of Uyo. A self-structured rating scale titled “Students’ Employability Skills Acquisition Scale (SEASAS). Face and content validity of the instrument was done by supervisor and experts, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient range were .73-.92. Hypotheses were analyzed using t-test (population and independent t-tests) and one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA), hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study revealed among others: institutional variables on the levels of employability skills after their years in various programmes were not significantly low. Based on the findings, it was however recommended among others that; employability skills studies should be embedded in the university curriculum, university authority should make programmes of study more elaborate and rich in content to equip students with skills. Academic programmes in the universities irrespective of the school-age and terms of conditions should also be given basic priorities.