bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF SMALL LYMPHOCYTES OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING LIGATION OF THE THORACIC DUCT
Authors: Lee Ferdinand C.
Published: June 2004

This report has attempted to analyze the changes in the absolute number of small lymphocytes in the blood stream of the cat following the intrathoracic ligation of the thoracic duct. Such a ligation produced an immediate decrease in the number of small lymphocytes to the extent of 56 per cent, but it was found that the preoperative level was again reached at about the end of 3 weeks. One is led to believe that the gradual return of the number of small lymphocytes to the preligation level took place pari passu with the establishment of the collateral circulation of the thoracic duct, although there is no absolute proof of this. Yet it is definite that the thoracic duct is an important avenue for the entrance of small lymphocytes into the blood stream, and that it is the pathway through which at least half of the small lymphocytes reach the circulating blood in the cat.
RABBIT SEPTICEMIA BACILLUS, TYPES D AND G, IN NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: De Kruif Paul H.
Published: June 2004

Microbe G, rabbit septicemia bacillus, hitherto found only as a mutant in cultures of the rabbit septicemia bacillus, Type D, has been demonstrated to exist on the nasal mucous membranes of normal rabbits. This organism corresponds in lack of virulence, character of growth, acid agglutination optimum, and immune agglutination reaction, to the mutant G form described in previous papers.

Microbe D has been found to be present on the nasal mucous membranes of normal rabbits. These animals have survived for months with no evidence of infection other than the presence of the organism. These Type D organisms, despite their failure to cause fatal damage in their own host, are shown to possess the typical high virulence characteristic of this type, when injected intrapleurally into young rabbits.

Rabbits which are carriers of Type D or G possess a definite amount of immune agglutinins, as evidenced by test of their serum against Microbe G at pH 7.1.

Rabbits free from infection with these organisms invariably have yielded a serum which fails to agglutinate Type G completely in 1:10 or higher dilutions.
THE SOURCE OF THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE LUNGS OF NORMAL ANIMALS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

It has been possible to show that the lungs of such animals as the calf, rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, and white mouse are readily invaded by organisms. The most frequent types observed in cultures from the border of the lungs have been streptothrix, molds, and bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis group. These forms originate in certain dry food stuffs (hay and straw). By withholding or moistening these materials it has been possible to diminish the number of organisms in the lungs. When these materials have been supplied to mice whose lungs under usual conditions contain only a few organisms, the number of positive cultures increases and is comparable with those of the larger animals. The bronchial lymph glands of all guinea pigs examined developed, in 66⅔ per cent of the tubes, organisms similar to those obtained from the lungs.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Analysis of the records of instances in which non-immune persons contracted yellow fever notwithstanding vaccination shows that the onset of disease occurs soon after vaccination, the longest period being 13 days. Since the average incubation period in yellow fever is 6 days, it seems that infection must have taken place in some instances during the period while protection was developing. These instances led to a study of the possibility of immediate protection by means of the anti-icteroides serum. It had already been shown that the immune serum protects at once against experimental Leptospira icteroides infection, but it remained to determine how long the protection would last.

Guinea pigs were given different quantities of the immune serum and subsequently injected, at various intervals, with a virulent strain of Leptospira icteroides. Complete protection enduring 5 days was obtained with as minute a quantity of serum as 0.002 cc. per 1,000 gm. of body weight. After 5 days, however, the immune substance rapidly diminished, and to keep the animal protected for as long as 10 days it was necessary to give 100 times as much, or 0.2 cc. For a man weighing 80 kilos, 0.16 cc. (0.002 x 80) would theoretically be sufficient to protect for at least 5 days, 1.6 cc. for 7 days, and 16 cc. for 10 days. This temporary protection may be a valuable antecedent to that furnished by vaccination, since the final effect of the latter cannot be expected until at least 9 to 10 days have passed.
PURE CULTURES OF LARGE MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. Pure strains of mononuclear leucocytes were isolated from the blood of adult chickens and keptin active condition for nearly 3 months.

2. The cultures were composed of large mononuclear leucocytes which migrated and proliferated in vitro at a slower rate than fibroblasts. The cells had no tendency to form a tissue, as do fibroblasts and epithelial cells. They were much less resistant than fibroblasts.

3. Differentiation of the large mononuclears into cells assuming the appearance of fibroblasts took place under certain conditions.

4. The activity of the large mononuclears was increased by embryonic tissue juice and inhibited by homologous serum.
A PURE STRAIN OF CARTILAGE CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of cartilage cells, obtained from the pars cartilago scleræ of the eye of chick embryos, has been cultivated for more than 3 months in vitro.

2. The initial growth of the cartilage was possible only on the free surface of the coagulum.

3. The hyaline substance disappeared during cultivation in vitro. The succeeding stages of a transformation from small, lymphocyte-like cells into large, spindle-shaped cells were observed. The cartilage cells were spindle-shaped and grew in close contact, forming thin membranes. In surface-grown cartilage cells, the nucleus, usually containing one large nucleolus, stained less deeply than the cytoplasm.

4. The rate of growth of cartilage was slower than that of fibroblasts and epithelium. After cultivation on the surface of the coagulum, the cartilage cells could multiply even when embedded in the coagulum. But their growth was less extensive and uniform.
THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF JOINT EXUDATES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER AND OTHER FORMS OF ARTHRITIS
Authors: Boots Ralph H. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. The hydrogen ion concentration of joint exudates aspirated from patients ill with acute rheumatic fever, arthritis of undetermined origin, and bacterial arthritis was determined. The hydrogen ion concentrations of the joint exudates from patients with acute rheumatic fever approximated the normal reaction of blood, varying from pH 7.27 to 7.42. Exudates from patients with arthritis of undetermined origin varied in pH from 7.33 to 7.47. The pH of a joint effusion occurring in a patient with myocardial insufficiency was 7.34. Bacteriologically, all of these fluids were sterile by ordinary means of cultivation. An exudate aspirated from a knee infected with Staphylococcus aureus had a pH of 6.69, while that from a patient having an arthritis due to Streptococcus hœmolyticus was also acid, having a pH of 6.19.

2. Since a definitely acid medium is necessary for the liberation of free salicylic acid and since all of the joint fluids from patients with acute rheumatic fever were slightly alkaline, no free salicylic acid could possibly exist in such joint fluids following the administration of salicylates.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Hess Alfred F. , Unger Lester J. , Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

Young rats on a diet low in phosphorus can be protected from rickets by irradiations with sunlight for about 15 minutes daily. In the winter months, however, this degree of light was found insufficient. The effective rays of the sun, in the intensities studied, did not penetrate window glass. They manifested some protective value after reflection from a smooth white surface.

Irradiation of a few minutes with the rays of the mercury vapor lamp suffices to protect rats against rickets. This is true likewise of the rays from the carbon arc lamp. A standard protective dose of radiation can be formulated for rats on a standard diet.

Light is able to prevent the occurrence of rickets in rats fed a rickets-producing diet characterized either by a low phosphorus and high calcium content, or a high phosphorus and low calcium content.

Moderate variations in temperature do not alter the effective action of light rays. Pigmentation of the skin markedly lessens their effect, as demonstrated by the failure of a standard dose to protect black rats.
COW SERUM AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR COLOSTRUM IN NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The serum of a normal lactating cow when injected into calves a few hours after birth saved only two out of five calves so treated. Serum added to the milk of the first two meals saved three out of five. When the two methods were combined and the serum was both injected and fed all five calves so treated survived as normal calves. These figures to be significant should be compared with the controls of both series. Since the beginning of this investigation twelve out of thirteen colostrum-fed calves have survived and only four out of fifteen from which colostrum has been withheld.

In those that died the serum whether fed or injected protected the internal organs against the invasion and multiplication of Bacillus coli and other intestinal types and in this respect its protective action is equivalent to that of colostrum in those calves which die of spontaneous scours.
THE IODINE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Hudson William A.
Published: June 2004

1. After thyroidectomy in dogs the iodine content of the blood is increased.

2. The administration of fresh thyroid gland of sheep by mouth to thyroidectomized dogs causes the iodine content of the blood to fall so that it returns to the normal preoperative level; when the thyroid feeding is discontinued the iodine content of the blood is again increased.
ACTION OF ANTIGEN ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO. II
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

The action of human ascitic fluid and of dog serum on the immunization of fibroblasts in vitro was investigated. The toxic effect of ascitic fluid upon fibroblasts was slight, while that of dog serum was marked. When a small amount of antigen (1.5 to 2 per cent dog serum, or 8 per cent ascitic fluid) was present in the medium, the resistance of the fibroblasts slowly increased, reached its maximum after about 14 days, and gradually decreased. The curve expressing the phenomena closely resembles that of Jörgensen and Madsen showing the production of antibodies in an animal which received daily injections of antigen. When the antigen was present in the medium in a high concentration (from 5 to 8 per cent dog serum), the resistance reached its maximum in 4 days, and decreased rapidly.

It may be concluded that:

1. In the immunization of fibroblasts in vitro against a foreign protein, there is a relation between the amount of antigen, the time of the appearance of immunization, and its duration.

2. When a small amount of antigen is used, immunization slowly reaches its maximum, and slowly decreases.

3. When a large amount of antigen is used, immunization reaches its maximum in a short time, but the protection is of equally short duration.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental cerebral and meningeal tubercles in the rabbit are formed from cells of endothelial origin.

2. These cells are derived apparently from other sources than the neighboring capillary endothelium alone.

3. The circulating macrophages, which, in this case, are capable of multiplying by mitosis while still free in the blood, are drawn upon in the formation of the cerebral tubercle.

4. Splenectomy has not materially decreased the available supply of circulating macrophages in this experiment.

5. While these cells may originate in the endothelium of the liver and bone marrow, the lung appears to play a much more important rôle in this respect than has been hitherto suspected.
SPIROCHÆTA EURYGYRATA
Authors: Hogue Mary Jane
Published: June 2004

1. Pure lines of Spirochœta eurygyrata were isolated and cultured.

2. They lived longest in a medium which was made up of sodium chloride and pig serum water.

3. They stained readily with iron-hematoxylin, Giemsa's stain, Cross' stain, and carbolfuchsin.

4. They did not stain with the vital dyes used.

5. They divide by transverse division.

6. Transverse bars, which are seen in stained spirochetes and in dead ones with dark-field illumination, are considered coagulated protoplasm, due to death.

7. Coccoid bodies were not seen in living individuals nor were they seen free in the culture medium.

8. Cats were fed cultures of Spirochœta eurygyrata but did not become infected with them.

9. Spirochœta eurygyrata is not of frequent occurrence in this part of the United States.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

A series of rabbits was subcutaneously injected with three measured doses of killed cultures of two strains of Bacterium pneumosintes derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of influenza patients. These rabbits were subsequently tested for the development of serum antibodies and for the presence of an induced immunity to the living organisms, with the following results.

The serum of eleven of fifteen rabbits, tested from 10 to 27 days after the final subcutaneous injection, specifically agglutinated Bacterium pneumosintes, whereas normal rabbit serum did not.

Nineteen vaccinated rabbits were subjected to protection experiments. Two of them were unaffected by an intratracheal injection of Bacterium pneumosintes, contained in the lung tissues of previously infected animals, in a dose which typically affected the control rabbits. Fifteen of the other seventeen proved to be completely resistant when tested by intratracheal injections of Bacterium pneumosintes cultures that produced typical infections in the controls. Ten of these fifteen rabbits were injected intravenously with living cultures of pneumococcus, Streptococcus hamolyticus, or Bacillus pfeifferi in doses which were non-infective under normal conditions, but infective, as experience has shown, in the presence of a primary lesion caused by Bacterium pneumosintes. In none of these animals did infection develop. The two remaining rabbits of the seventeen were not protected against Bacterium pneumosintes by the vaccination, and they further developed a secondary pulmonary infection with Bacillus pfeifferi after its intravenous injection. Control rabbits similarly injected intratracheally with Bacterium pneumosintes, and then intravenously with the pneumococcus, streptococcus, or Bacillus pfeifferi in doses that had proved non-infective for normal rabbits, uniformly developed a secondary infection with these organisms.

The mildness of the local reactions and the absence of general signs, following vaccination with Bacterium pneumosintes, indicate that similar injections would be well tolerated in man. There is no evidence that the subcutaneous injection of large doses of the heat-killed organisms reduces the resistance of the animal body to infections with other bacteria. In single rabbit experiments the resistance to intravenously injected pneumococci, streptococci, or Bacillus pfeifferi has been found unreduced immediately after vaccination with Bacterium pneumosintes.
STUDIES ON THE DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS DUE TO BACILLUS ABORTUS
Authors: Hagan William A.
Published: June 2004

1. The infectivity of Bacillus abortus for guinea pigs is extremely great. It is computed that somewhat less than 100 organisms are required to infect most animals.

2. Occasional animals are encountered having much more resistance to Bacillus abortus infection than is possessed by the average. The most resistant animal encountered was infected by a number of organisms computed to be less than 10,000.

3. The principal effect on the character of the Bacillus abortus disease, caused by varying the size of the infecting dose, is a change in the time relations. Very small doses produce an infection of slower course than do larger doses, but the eventual results are practically the same.

4. Judging by the agglutination curves, guinea pigs inoculated with large or medium sized doses of Bacillus abortus generally begin to gain mastery over the disease about the 10th week after inoculation. At this time the agglutination curve begins to decline. As was first shown by Smillie, the numbers of bacteria in the body organs begin to decline at about the 4th week but the change is rather slow until about the 10th or 12th week when a rapid decline begins, coincidently with the fall in the agglutinin titer. When the inoculating dose is small the course of the disease may be much prolonged. The defensive forces of the body would appear to be quite inactive until a certain stage in the disease is reached.

5. The virulence of Bacillus abortus cultures for guinea pigs may be raised or lowered by appropriate passage through these animals.

6. Normal guinea pig blood will not agglutinate Bacillus abortus in a dilution of 1:10. Immune agglutinins are easily produced by inoculations with dead or living organisms. Agglutinins for Bacillus abortus are capable of passing the placental filter.

7. There appears to be little or no danger of normal guinea pigs becoming infected by association with diseased animals of their own sex. One instance is reported, however, of the infection of a male animal that had cohabited with infected females.

8. The susceptibility of guinea pigs to infection through ingestion of Bacillus abortus is relatively slight.
THE ACTION OF SODIUM SALICYLATE UPON THE FORMATION OF IMMUNE BODIES
Authors: Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits treated with sodium salicylate in daily doses of from 0.16 to 0.2 gm. per kilo of body weight and at the same time immunized with intravenous injections of Streptococcus viridans, both living and in the form of vaccines, and also with washed sheep red blood cells, showed diminished complement-fixing antibodies, agglutinins, and hemolysins when compared with controls similarly immunized.

2. If the antigens were treated with sodium salicylate in vitro and subsequently injected intravenously into rabbits, the animals usually showed lower antibody curves than did rabbits that received the untreated antigen intravenously and sodium salicylate by stomach tube.

3. The beneficial effect of sodium salicylate in rheumatic fever patients probably cannot be attributed to an increased production of circulating immune bodies against the infectious agent. This is, however, no contraindication to the administration of salicylates to patients suffering from infectious diseases.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Schmidt Carl F. , Harer W. Benson
Published: June 2004

1. The depressant drugs which have been studied in this series of experiments were found to resemble morphine and heroine in that they depressed expiration more than inspiration, but they acted only in narcotic doses and always depressed inspiration at the same time. Ether caused a sharp expiratory rhythm, persisting until narcosis was very deep, probably a result of irritation of the air passages. Chloroform sometimes caused dyspnea, even in very deep narcosis, probably because of circulatory depression. Hydrated chloral made respiration more rapid, but shallower. Urethane usually made expiration active, often with inspiratory pauses, such as may follow vagotomy. Magnesium seemed to produce the most uniform, uncomplicated depression of all the depressants tried. Luminal resembled morphine and heroine more closely than any of the general depressants, making expiration passive without depressing inspiration, but it acted only in narcotic doses, unlike morphine and heroine.

2. Caffeine and strychnine, whenever they caused acceleration after morphine, brought back active expiration. Atropine never stimulated, and commonly acted as a synergist to morphine.

3. It is suggested that the results outlined in this and the preceding paper point to the existence of a separate central mechanism for the control of each of the phases of respiration, and that, while each responds to the same chemical stimuli, the threshold of the expiratory is higher than that of the inspiratory. Evidence is presented to indicate that if expiration remains passive a marked increase in depth of breathing may slow the rate, and a respiratory mechanism that lacks active expiration may be so inefficient that a CO2 concentration which stimulated when expiration was active may depress when it is passive.
THE SOURCE OF AGGLUTININS IN THE MILK OF COWS
Authors: Smith Theobald , Orcutt Marion L. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The foregoing experimental cases point to a distinct participation of the udder in the production of agglutinins when the gland is invaded by living or flooded by dead bacteria. The quarter injected reacts at first with a heavy influx of polynuclear leucocytes and later with an increase of agglutinins.
CHLORIDE RETENTION IN EXPERIMENTAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Authors: Keith Norman M. , Pulford D. Schuyler
Published: June 2004

1. In acute experimental hydronephrosis chloride retention occurs as well as retention of water, urea, and phenolsulfonephthalein.

2. If both water and chlorides are retained there may be no appreciable rise in the plasma chloride content.

3. When chlorides are retained, but not water, the chloride content of the plasma rises strikingly.

4. After the removal of the ureteral obstruction in acute hydronephrosis all renal functions, water, urea, and chloride excretion, may be rapidly restored in equal degree, or the chlorides may be retained temporarily while there is free excretion of water and urea.

5. In chronic hydronephrosis adequate daily excretion of urea and chlorides may be maintained by a compensatory polyuria.

6. Chloride retention or an abnormal chloride excretion may occur in certain renal lesions when there is no change in the urea, phenolsulfonephthalein, or water excretion.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE MANNER OF SPREAD OF MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported in this paper and in the preceding one indicate that with a given susceptible mouse population and a certain strain of mouse typhoid bacilli the sporadic and epidemic prevalences of mouse typhoid are determined by the spacial and quantitative distribution of the bacilli.

Under circumstances in which the entire mouse population is so exposed as to be in direct contact with an infecting dose of the mouse typhoid bacillus, the nature of the resulting mortality curve depends upon the quality of susceptibility of the individuals composing the population.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

Although Bacterium pneumosintes is a stable organism which agglutinates only in low dilutions of the serum of actively immunized rabbits, the serological reactions of this microorganism have always been found to be consistent and specific. The results of the agglutination and precipitation reactions described in this paper indicate that the serum of normal persons does not contain demonstrable agglutinins or precipitins for Bacterium pneumosintes. By contrast, agglutinins have been demonstrated in the serum of seventeen persons among nineteen who were examined from 10 days to 5 months after recovery from epidemic influenza. The serum of ten persons who had influenza, followed in three instances by pneumonia, 2½ to 3½ years before, proved negative. In one instance the appearance of specific agglutinins against Bacterium pneumosintes was found to be coincident with an attack of uncomplicated influenza. In twelve of fifteen instances in which agglutinins were found, precipitins against Bacterium pneumosintes were demonstrated also. It is noteworthy that these antibodies may persist in the blood at least 5 months after recovery from the disease.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

A study of the non-protein nitrogen, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, sugar, and chlorides of the blood and the CO2-combining power of the plasma in normal dogs, and in dogs after different types of intestinal obstruction, is reported.

Following ligation of the duodenum, ligation of the duodenum with gastroenterostomy, and ligation of the upper half of the ileum, a fall in chlorides and a rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood and in the CO2-combining power of the plasma occur. The uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, and sugar show no significant changes. The fundamental change is a fall in chlorides followed by an alkalosis. The degree of alkalosis depends upon the rate of formation of carbonate, rate of excretion by the kidneys, and extent of neutralization of the carbonate by acid bodies formed during the intoxication.

The fall in chlorides is probably due to a utilization of the chlorine ion in the course of the intoxication. It is suggested that this use of chlorine is a protective measure on the part of the body.

There are indications that high intestinal obstruction should not be treated by the administration of alkalies.

The urea nitrogen is a good index of the protein destruction.

Ligation of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is followed by little increase in nitrogen and no change in the chlorides or CO2-combining power of the plasma.

The close similarity of the blood findings in intestinal obstruction, acute lobar pneumonia, and serum disease suggests that these widely different conditions may have a common chemical basis.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER PYLORIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Chemical studies of the blood and urine of four dogs following pyloric obstruction are reported.

The observations of other workers that a fall in chlorides and a rise in CO2-combining power of the plasma occur, are confirmed.

There is also a marked rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, consisting mainly of urea nitrogen and undetermined nitrogen.

The fall in chlorides is not due to the loss of chlorides in the gastric juice. The chlorine is probably bound somewhere in the process of protein destruction.

There is a close relation between the fall in chlorides and the protein destruction.

A study of tetany should include the protein metabolism as well as that of the inorganic salts, since it seems possible that the tetany is due to protein split-products and not to the alkalosis.

The chemical changes following pyloric obstruction are essentially the same as those following high intestinal obstruction.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Broun G. O. , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Carbohydrate feeding or injection produces often a temporary increase in the rate at which bilirubin is put forth in the bile, but none in the amount of the pigment secreted from day to day. There would appear to be no ground for the supposition that bilirubin is normally derived in part from the carbohydrates of the food.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RICKETTSIA IN THE TISSUES OF INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

In the absence of a satisfactory definition of Rickettsia the observations herein recorded were arbitrarily limited to bacterium-like organisms which are intracellular and Gram-negative.

Rickettsia of this type were found in the following species: Amblyomma americana, Amblyomma hebræum, Boophilus decoloratus, Atomus sp., Casinaria infesta, Chrysopa oculata, Ctenocephalus canis, Dermacentor variabilis, Lepisma saccharina, Lucoppia curviseta, Margaropus annulatus, Margaropus annulatus australis, Ornithodoros turicata, Pulex irritans, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, and Salticus scenicus. Since intracellular, Gram-negative Rickettsia have been recorded in the literature as existing in Cimex lectularius, Dermacentor venustus, Melophagus ovinus, and Pediculus humanus, the occasional occurrence of such bodies must be conceded in the following groups not closely related phylogenetically: Attidæ, Trombidiidæ, Argasidæ, lxodidæ, Cinura, Acanthiidæ, Pediculidæ, Hippoboscidæ, Chrysopidæ, Pulicidæ, and Ichneumonidæ.

The species which harbor Rickettsia differ widely in diet and habitat. One such species is insectivorous throughout life, two are insectivorous in larval stages, becoming vegetarian in the adult condition, one is chiefly vegetarian but partakes of some animal products, and two are usually entirely vegetarian; while the remainder subsist wholly upon a diet of mammalian blood. Rickettsia are associated, in only a few cases, with diseases in mammals.

The evidence at hand does not lead beyond the conclusion that the Rickettsia mentioned above are true Gram-negative microorganisms, easily distinguishable from mitochondria and all other cytoplasmic and nuclear granulations, rather completely adapted to an intracellular existence, exhibiting in some cases a remarkable degree of host specificity, and often inherited through the eggs.
THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE UPON EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM
Authors: Hall Ivan C. , Davis Nelson C.
Published: June 2004

1. Calcium chloride given subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously has been found to have no effect upon the production of botulism following the injection of Bacillus botulinus (Strain 80B) into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs.

2. Treatment of Bacillus botulinus with alcohol has been found markedly to decrease its toxicity for guinea pigs. This is in conformity with the work of Bronfenbrenner and Schlesinger.

3. Toxin-free spores of Bacillus botulinus have been found pathogenic for guinea pigs.

4. No prejudice as to possible results in rabbits should be based upon the above conclusions.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

An attempt was made to apply to the study of immune sera the fact, pointed out in our previous papers, that at a given dilution the serum shows a maximum drop of surface tension in function of time (time-drop). The results of the experiments here reported would seem to indicate that:

1. The time-drop of a serum solution is greater after the animal has been immunized than before immunization (from 50 to 100 per cent).

2. The time-drop is maximum at a dilution of 1:10,000, as had been predicted from the data previously acquired.

3. The size of the molecules or micellæ is probably unchanged after immunization, since the maximum drop is not shifted then.

4. Measurements made during the process of immunization showed that the time-drop increases after the 8th day and second injection, and reaches a maximum toward the 13th day, while the controls undergo no increase.

5. The injection of substances non-productive of antibodies, such as homologous cells or turpentine, does not result in the production of a permanent maximum. This shows that the maximum observed when heterologous cells are used is due to the presence of antibodies, and not to the mere injection of foreign material.

6. The measurement of the refractive index of the sera failed to demonstrate any differences between the sera of the controls and those of the experimental animals.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND THE OUTPUT OF BILE PIGMENT
Authors: Broun G. O. , McMaster Philip D. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

In dogs intubated for the collection of all of the bile, a marked falling off in the yield of bilirubin is regularly to be noted after operation, followed soon by an anemia of secondary character. Though, in the absence of complications, the anemia is mild, it persists despite the excellent general condition of the animal. Intercurrent changes in the hemoglobin percentage take place from time to time, and these are accompanied by very similar fluctuations in the bilirubin quantity. At first inspection the data strongly suggest that blood destruction finds accurate quantitative expression in the yield of bile pigment. But this is not the case. True, the destruction finds expression in terms of bile pigment and practically at once; and the data support the conception that bilirubin has no other sources besides the hemoglobin of destroyed blood. But our experiments show that the amount of it put forth during the development of an anemia from gradual blood destruction, either intercurrent or induced, is far below that derivable from the net quantity of hemoglobin disappearing from the circulation. The discrepancy is referable to a process of pigment conservation which varies in proportion to the body need.

We have shown in a previous paper that bile pigment may on occasion beabsorbed from the intestinal tract. This fact and those reported in the present communication lead one to question the accepted view that bilirubin is mere waste material eliminated by way of the liver. The anemia which develops upon total loss of the bile is not improbably consequent on the pigment loss therewith.

Current methods of computing the rate of normal and pathological blood destruction from the bilirubin (or urobilin) yield are unsound in principle and open to large error in practise. Yet there is no doubt that day-to-day variations in the output of bile pigment result from changes in the blood; and on occasion they provide enlightening evidence of the nature of hemic events.
SEPARATION OF THE TOXINS OF BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ SHIGA
Authors: McCartney James E. , Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

By the suppression, through anaerobiosis, of the exotoxin-producing activity of Bacillus dysenteriæ Shiga a pure endotoxin is produced directly from the culture. The duality of the poison of Shiga bacillus is further substantiated by studies on the diffusion of exotoxin, or neurotoxin, and endotoxin, or enterotoxin, by means of collodion sacs, implanted intraabdominally in rabbits or placed in vitro.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger M. , Avery O. T.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is given for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus.

2. The material obtained by this method is shown to consist mainly of a carbohydrate which appears to be a polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules.

3. Whether the soluble specific substance is actually the polysaccharide, or occurs merely associated with it, is still undecided, although the evidence points in the direction of the former possibility.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. The initial surface tension of serum or serum solutions is not affected systematically by the presence of antibodies in the serum. On the contrary, the time-drop in 2 hours is always increased, from 25 to 100 per cent.

2. It is extremely important, in order to demonstrate these phenomena, that the greatest care be taken regarding the cleanness of the vessels and the purity of water and NaCl.

3. It is equally important to use a device, for example such as is pictured in this paper, capable of preventing the jarring and shaking of the liquid.

4. The value of the time-drop of a normal, healthy serum is never higher than 10 dynes. Should it be higher, the serum must not be used for immunity experiments.
MUTATION AMONG HOG-CHOLERA BACILLI
Authors: Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

1. In the hog-cholera group the mutation from smooth (A) to granular (B) type occurs and a mutant with a moist, opaque colony formation was noted.

2. The B mutant when obtained pure remains a B type without reversion in the stock cultures.

3. The B mutant can be made to assume some of the A characters by rapid successive transplanting in bouillon.

4. The B mutant can usually be found in older transplants of A.

5. The two types may be distinguished by certain cultural characters, by slightly different agglutination reactions, and by different degrees of virulence.
THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE LUNGS OF MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. When mice are exposed to an atmosphere containing cultures of bacteria in the form of a fine mist, the bacteria readily penetrate into the lower respiratory tract.

2. Pneumococci which have reached the lung as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours and give rise to no infection. Hemolytic streptococci, on the other hand, persist in the lung for a considerably longer time and a general septicemia usually follows.

3. Attempts to determine the conditions under which pneumococci which have reached the lung by inhalation may induce a local or general infection have not been successful.
AN INFECTIOUS OPHTHALMIA OF CATTLE
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

Twenty-four cases of an acute ophthalmia of cattle have been observed. The infection is characterized by photophobia, severe congestion of the vessels of the eyeball, conjunctivitis, congestion and edema of the membrana nictitans, edema of the eyelids, accompanied by a thick, yellowish white mucus or mucopurulent exudate. In certain cases corneal ulcers and extensive corneal opacities developed. From all cases a characteristic diplobacillus was obtained. The organism was usually observed in the exudate in large numbers. The morphology, the hemolytic properties, and the proteolytic activities readily assist in its identification. Instillation of a few drops of bouillon suspensions of pure cultures beneath the eyelids of normal cattle gave rise to characteristic inflammations. The organism is not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE TRANSPLANTABILITY OF TISSUES IN THE BRAIN
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

In confirmation of Shirai's observation, we find that transplantable mouse tumors grow actively when inoculated into the brains of rats, guinea pigs, and pigeons, whereas subcutaneous or intramuscular grafts in the same animals fail. This growth of foreign tissue in the brain, however, takes place only when the grafted material lies entirely in the brain tissue; if it comes in contact with the ventricle a cellular reaction takes place with resultant destruction of the graft.

The growth of foreign tissue in the brain may be completely inhibited by simultaneous inoculations of a small bit of autologous but not by a bit of homologous spleen tissue.

Mice highly immune to subcutaneous transplants of mouse cancer show no resistance to such tumors when the inoculation is made into the brain.

Although the brain is without obvious power of resistance to implants of transplantable heteroplastic mouse tumors, yet grafts of spontaneous tumors fail to grow there even, as a rule, when tumor implanted and animal host are of the same species.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci possess an active intracellular enzyme which causes lysis of heat-killed pneumococci of the same and heterologous types and to a less degree of a closely related organism, Streptococcus viridans.

2. The optimum reaction for lysis lies between pH 6 and 8.

3. The bacteriolytic action is proportional to the concentration of the enzyme.

4. Heating the enzyme for 30 minutes at 60°C. destroys its activity.

5. The possible relation of the enzyme to autolysis is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PEPTONE ON THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Simonds J. P. , Ranson S. W.
Published: June 2004

1. Injection of a solution of peptone directly into the artery of the leg of a dog is followed by an abrupt increase in leg volume. This is of short duration and is quickly followed, usually in less than ½ minute, by a decrease in the volume of the limb below that previous to the injection.

2. The phases of the leg volume curve bear a fairly definite relation to the changes in arterial pressure.

3. These results, therefore, indicate that the long continued low arterial pressure in peptone shock, and probably in anaphylactic shock, may be hastened but is not maintained by peripheral dilatation, and suggest that there is an impounding of the blood in some other part of the body.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

As a part of a general investigation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit, the phenomena of metastasis were studied in a group of 191 animals. The results of this investigation are presented from the standpoint of the relation of metastasis to animal resistance. The incidence and distribution of different classes of lesions are given and the peculiarities of the growth in different organs and tissues are described with especial reference to the time and circumstances of their occurrence and the relation of metastases in one organ or tissue to those of another.

It was found that while the picture presented by different animals varied greatly, there was a remarkable degree of uniformity in the character of the lesions in a given organ or tissue and in the circumstances under which metastases occurred in a given location. It was thus possible to establish a relationship between the distribution of metastases and the function of animal resistance.

In brief, the conclusion was reached that the peculiarities of metastatic involvement displayed by individual animals were not entirely attributable to chance distribution of tumor cells but that they were founded very largely upon constitutional differences and that the picture presented in any given instance represented an expression of the interaction between tumor and host, the character and force of which were indicated by the nature and distribution of the lesions or by the organs and tissues affected.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Data bearing on the occurrence and distribution of metastases, as recorded in the preceding papers of the series, are analyzed with reference to the parts played by the tumor cell and by conditions which influence cell distribution and cell growth.

It is shown that, while the tumor cell is an essential element in the production of metastases, its influence is relatively constant, and that the prime factors responsible for variations in the occurrence and distribution of metastatic growths are conditions that influence cell distribution or that affect the viability of the cell during transport, and conditions that affect the nutrition of the cell wherever it may become lodged.

It is further shown that both the presence and the absence of metastases, as well as peculiarities of distribution and of growth, are susceptible of a comparatively simple explanation upon the basis of well recognized principles of pathological action. In brief, it was found that, while the tumor cells might be distributed by either the blood stream or the lymphatics, the mode of distribution and the fate of the cells were determined in accordance with the same general principles that are applicable to the distribution and disposal of foreign cells introduced into the animal body. It was pointed out, however, that in applying these principles to tumor metastasis, it was necessary to recognize the fact that tumor cells bear a definite relation to the tissues of the host and that they are living and agressive agents. Hence, the reaction that they arouse differs in some respects from that produced by inert or unorganized foreign material or by living cells of a foreign species.
A METHOD FOR THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been developed which allows the continuous growth of pure strains of fibroblasts, epithelium, and leucocytes in a medium which undergoes but slight spontaneous deterioration.

2. The principle of the method is to leave the tissues undisturbed while the medium is changed. This was realized by special containers allowing the change of the medium without bacterial contamination and by the simultaneous use of a solid and a fluid medium.

3. The curve of growth of pure cultures of fibroblasts and epithelial cells in a nutrient medium is a parabola; in a non-nutrient medium, it is S-shaped and expresses the residual activity of the tissues. Leucocytes invade the culture medium progressively, as do bacteria, but never aggregate in a tissue.

4. The method is used for the study of the morphological and dynamic changes occurring in tissues under the influence of chemical and physical factors.
ANTAGONISTIC GROWTH PRINCIPLES OF SERUM AND THEIR RELATION TO OLD AGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:

1. The inhibiting action on homologous fibroblasts of the heated serum of a young animal increases relatively more than that of an old animal. After it has been heated, the inhibiting action of the serum of the old animal is still greater than that of the young animal.

2. The CO2 precipitate obtained from the serum of a young animal definitely increases the proliferative activity of homologous fibroblasts, while the CO2 precipitate of the serum of an old animal has practically no activating power. After the removal of the CO2 precipitate, the inhibiting action of the serum of young animals is increased, while that of old animals is not modified.

3. The increased inhibiting action of serum on homologous fibroblasts in old age is partly due to the disappearance of the growth-activating substances and to the enhanced activity of the growth-inhibiting principle.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Reznikoff Paul
Published: June 2004

1. A simple method for determining the specific gravity of red blood cells is described.

2. It is more rapid than and as accurate as pycnometer determinations.

3. The marked chemical and physical interactions between corpuscles and suspension fluids in other methods are avoided.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Ligation of the cardiac end of the stomach or of the esophagus in ten dogs produced a severe toxemia, and rapid death.

In seven of the animals there occurred a marked rise in the total non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood.

The dogs living longest with cardiac obstruction showed a fall in blood chlorides and a rise in the CO2-combining power of the plasma. All the dogs with an obstruction of the esophagus showed a fall in blood chlorides.

Control animals subjected to other types of abdominal operations showed no significant changes in the blood.
ON THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Heidelberger M. , Landsteiner K.
Published: June 2004

Sera produced by immunization with crystalline oxyhemoglobin react species-specifically with hemoglobin solutions.

Evidence is presented that in this reaction the hemoglobin itself is the active substance.

Conversion of oxyhemoglobin into methemoglobin, carbon-monoxy hemoglobin, or cyanhemoglobin does not alter the response to the precipitating immune serum.

Not only the hemoglobin of homologous species, but also that of other species causes inhibition in greater or less degree of the precipitin reaction.
THE QUESTION OF SENSITIZATION OF JOINTS WITH NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Boots Ralph H.
Published: June 2004

It was impossible to demonstrate a condition of specific joint sensitization to non-hemolytic streptococci by first injecting the joints of rabbits with small doses of killed non-hemolytic streptococci, or with extracts of these organisms, and subsequently inoculating the rabbits intravenously with homologous living bacteria. Joints so treated were no more liable to involvement than were other untreated joints of the same animals.