bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maturation of pre‐40S particles in yeast and humans
Authors: Cerezo Emilie , Plisson‐Chastang Célia , Henras Anthony K. , Lebaron Simon , Gleizes Pierre‐Emmanuel , O'Donohue Marie‐Françoise , Romeo Yves , Henry Yves
Published: November 2018

The synthesis of ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes requires the interplay of numerous maturation and assembly factors (AFs) that intervene in the insertion of ribosomal proteins within pre‐ribosomal particles, the ribosomal subunit precursors, as well as in pre‐ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and folding. Here, we review the intricate nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation steps of pre‐40S particles, the precursors to the small ribosomal subunits, in both yeast and human cells, with particular emphasis on the timing and mechanisms of AF association with and dissociation from pre‐40S particles and the roles of these AFs in the maturation process. We highlight the particularly complex pre‐rRNA processing pathway in human cells, compared to yeast, to generate the mature 18S rRNA. We discuss the information gained from the recently published cryo‐electron microscopy atomic models of yeast and human pre‐40S particles, as well as the checkpoint/quality control systems that seem to operate to probe functional sites within yeast cytoplasmic pre‐40S particles.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > rRNA Processing

Translation > Ribosome Biogenesis
Chemoselectivity of Pinacol Rearrangement Originate by Different Hexafluoroantimonate Oxidant
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Wu Chunlei , Li Jia , Li Yue
Published: November 2018

Using 1,1,2‐triphenylethane‐1,2‐diol, AgSbF6, and NOSbF6, two different carbonyl products of rearrangement were synthesized: neutral ketone compound 1,2,2‐triphenylethanone (1) from NOSbF6 and coordination complex of Ag ion and aldehyde product ([Ag·22]+SbF6–) from AgSbF6. Single crystal X‐ray analyses reveal the different structure generated by different salt. UV/Vis absorption spectra and calculation demonstrate the formation of both compounds. It provides an example of chemoselectivity of Wagner–Meerwein 1,2‐shifts in pinacol rearrangement that depends upon different oxidant.
Phenomenological study of heavy hadron lifetimes
Authors: Cheng Hai-Yang
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The lifetimes of bottom and charmed hadrons are analyzed within the framework of the heavy quark expansion (HQE). Lifetime differences arise from the spectator effects such as weak W-annihilation and Pauli interference. Spectator effects originating from dimension-7 four-quark operators are derived. Hadronic matrix elements of four-quark operators are parameterized in a model-independent way. Using the dimension-6 bag parameters recently determined from HQET sum rules and the vacuum insertion approximation for meson matrix elements of dimension-7 operators, the calculated B meson lifetime ratios τ(B
+)/τ(B

d

0
) = 1.074
− 0.016
+ 0.017
and τ(B

s

0
)/τ(B

d

0
) = 0.9962 ± 0.0024 are in excellent agreement with experiment. Likewise, based on the quark model evaluation of baryon matrix elements, the resulting baryon lifetime ratios τ(Ξ

b

−
)/τ(Λ

b

0
), τ(Ξ

b

−
)/τ(Ξ

b

0
), τ(Ω

b

−
)/τ(Ξ

b

−
) and the Λ
b
− B
0 lifetime ratio τ(Λ

b

0
)/τ(B

d

0
) = 0.953 also agree well with the data. Contrary to the bottom hadron sector where the HQE in 1/m

b
works well, the HQE to 1/m

c

3
fails to give a satisfactory description of the lifetimes of both charmed mesons and charmed baryons. This calls for the subleading 1/m

Q
corrections to spectator effects. The relevant dimension-7 spectator effects are in the right direction for explaining the large lifetime ratio of τ(Ξ

c

+
)/τ(Λ

c

+
). However, the destructive 1/m

c
corrections to Γ(Ω

c

0
) are too large to justify the validity of the HQE, namely, the predicted Pauli interference and semileptonic rates for Ω

c

0
become negative. Demanding these rates to be positive for a sensible HQE, we find the lifetime pattern τ(Ξ

c

+
) > τ(Ω

c

0
) > τ(Λ

c

+
) > τ(Ξ

c

0
), contrary to the current hierarchy τ(Ξ

c

+
) > τ(Λ

c

+
) > τ(Ξ

c

0
) > τ(Ω

c

0
). We conclude that the Ω

c

0
, which is naively expected to be shortest-lived in the charmed baryon system owing to the large constructive Pauli interference, could live longer than the Λ

c

+
due to the suppression from 1/m

c
corrections arising from dimension-7 four-quark operators. The new charmed baryon lifetime pattern needs to be tested in forthcoming experiments.
Yang-Baxter deformations of the AdS4 × ℂℙ3 superstring sigma model
Authors: Negrón René , Rivelles Victor O.
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The gravity dual of β-deformed ABJM theory can be obtained by a TsT transformation of AdS4 × ℂℙ3. We present a supercoset construction of ℂℙ3 to obtain this gravity dual theory as a Yang-Baxter deformation. This is done by selecting a convenient combination of Cartan generators in order to get an Abelian r-matrix satisfying the classical Yang-Baxter equation. Our results provide another illustration of the relation between Abelian r-matrices and TsT transformations.
Holographic complexity and volume
Authors: Couch Josiah , Eccles Stefan , Jacobson Ted , Nguyen Phuc
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The previously proposed “Complexity=Volume” or CV-duality is probed and developed in several directions. We show that the apparent lack of universality for large and small black holes is removed if the volume is measured in units of the maximal time from the horizon to the “final slice” (times Planck area). This also works for spinning black holes. We make use of the conserved “volume current”, associated with a foliation of spacetime by maximal volume slices, whose flux measures their volume. This flux picture suggests that there is a transfer of the complexity from the UV to the IR in holographic CFTs, which is reminiscent of thermalization behavior deduced using holography. It also naturally gives a second law for the complexity when applied at a black hole horizon. We further establish a result supporting the conjecture that a boundary foliation determines a bulk maximal foliation without gaps, establish a global inequality on maximal volumes that can be used to deduce the monotonicity of the complexification rate on a boost-invariant background, and probe CV duality in the settings of multiple quenches, spinning black holes, and Rindler-AdS.
Do black holes create polyamory?
Authors: Grudka Andrzej , Hall Michael J. W. , Horodecki Michał , Horodecki Ryszard , Oppenheim Jonathan , Smolin John A.
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Of course not, but if one believes that information cannot be destroyed in a theory of quantum gravity, then we run into apparent contradictions with quantum theory when we consider evaporating black holes. Namely that the no-cloning theorem or the principle of entanglement monogamy is violated. Here, we show that neither violation need hold, since, in arguing that black holes lead to cloning or non-monogamy, one needs to assume a tensor product structure between two points in space-time that could instead be viewed as causally connected. In the latter case, one is violating the semi-classical causal structure of space, which is a strictly weaker implication than cloning or non-monogamy. This is because both cloning and non-monogamy also lead to a break-down of the semi-classical causal structure. We show that the lack of monogamy that can emerge in evaporating space times is one that is allowed in quantum mechanics, and is very naturally related to a lack of monogamy of correlations of outputs of measurements performed at subsequent instances of time of a single system. This is due to an interesting duality between temporal correlations and entanglement. A particular example of this is the Horowitz-Maldacena proposal, and we argue that it needn’t lead to cloning or violations of entanglement monogamy. For measurements on systems which appear to be leaving a black hole, we introduce the notion of the temporal product, and argue that it is just as natural a choice for measurements as the tensor product. For black holes, the tensor and temporal products have the same measurement statistics, but result in different type of non-monogamy of correlations, with the former being forbidden in quantum theory while the latter is allowed. In the case of the AMPS firewall experiment we find that the entanglement structure is modified, and one must have entanglement between the infalling Hawking partners and early time outgoing Hawking radiation which surprisingly tames the violation of entanglement monogamy.
Earth Observations based Conservation Prioritization in Western Ghats, India
Authors: Reddy C. Sudhakar , Jha C. S. , Dadhwal V. K.
Published: November 2018

Earth Observation with large suite of sensors and with capabilities to address natural resources at multiple scales has proven to be a critical resource in setting conservation priorities of a region. The role of earth observation data was recognized towards achieving international biodiversity targets by 2020. Ecosystem irreplaceability and ecosystem vulnerability are two concepts key to understanding and preparing conservation priority maps. This study presents spatial conservation prioritization analysis for forests of ‘Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot’. Earth observation data products have been used for prioritization of areas of irreplaceability and vulnerability that are significant for conservation planning. The spatial surrogates of biodiversity in terms of very dense forest, biological richness, intactness and rarity of habitat are analyzed for evaluation of ecosystem irreplaceability. Fragmentation, forest fires, plant invasion and disturbance index are surrogates included for spatial analysis of ecosystem vulnerability. Vegetation type wise analysis indicates dry deciduous forests are under high vulnerability, followed by moist deciduous forests. The high concentration of irreplaceability is observed in Shola followed by wet evergreen forests and semi-evergreen forests. Spatial prioritization approach has identified about 18% of the forest area as irreplaceable which represents overlapped area of very dense forest, shola, intact forest and high biological richness. We observed that the overlap of forest areas of irreplaceability with vulnerability in southern Western Ghats, which needs high priority of conservation. This study is the first of its kind wherein multi-source earth observation data has been analysed to examine the quantitative criteria at regional level in Western Ghats.
River Discharge, Major Ion Chemistry and Sediment Transport of the Bharathapuzha River, Southwest India: Implications on Catchment Erosion
Authors: Padmalal D. , Sreelash K. , Raj Vipin T. , Sajan K.
Published: November 2018

The present study deals with the discharge characteristics, major ion chemistry as well as particulate and dissolved sediment transport of the Bharathapuzha river flowing across the Western Ghats through the Palghat gap - a prominent break in the Western Ghats that acts as a climate corridor in the region. While the western part of the basin in Kerala exhibits a wetter/humid climate, the eastern part in Tamil Nadu experiences a semi-arid climate. This peculiar climatic condition together with human interventions has a decisive role on the discharge characteristics as well as catchment erosion of the river basin. The dissolved and particulate contents of the river waters were found to be directly related to the geo-environmental settings of the river catchments. An inter-comparison of elemental loading in the river waters in different seasons reveals notable decrease in monsoon compared to non-monsoon seasons, which is attributed mainly to dilution of the solute contents by monsoon precipitation. The bivariate plots of Na/ (Na+Ca) vs Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Cl/(Cl+HCO3) vs TDS spread generally in the rock dominance sector of Gibb’s model indicating the role of chemical weathering in contributing to the major ion chemistry of the Bharathapuzha river. The intensity of weathering varied significantly among the different sub-basins of the Bharathapuzha river basin. The higher particulate load by dissolved load ratio of the Thuthapuzha and Gayathripuzha tributaries draining the humid areas compared to the Chitturpuzha tributary draining the semi-arid zones of the basin indicates the predominance of physical weathering in the former two sub-basins than the latter.
Water and Organic Carbon Cycles in Monsoon-driven Humid Tropics of the Western Ghats Mountain Belt, India: Insights from Stable Isotope Approach
Authors: Tripti M. , Gurumurthy G. P. , Lambs L. , Riotte J. , Balakrishna K.
Published: November 2018

The Western Ghats form a major mountain belt, next to the Himalayas, in controlling the flux of water and carbon to the northern Indian Ocean. This study attempts to understand the water and carbon cycles in two humid tropical river basins with its streams originating at higher altitudes of the Western Ghats, India. Water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were collected on a monthly scale during summer monsoon season (June-September) from Swarna and Nethravati rivers draining into the Arabian Sea. For the source apportionment, samples have been measured for stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) in water and stable isotopes of carbon (δ13CPOC) in particulate organic matter (POM) at spatial scale from tributaries and main channel of rivers, and runoff water from agricultural land (dominant paddy field) and forest in the downstream region. The association between δ18O and deuterium-excess in river water and rain water shows that water in these tropical basins depicts rain-out effect of marine source moisture during the onset of summer monsoon. As the monsoon intensifies, the fresher rain water replenishes older water stored previously in sub surface soil layer leading to its flushing into the river during summer monsoon season. Stable carbon isotope ratio and elemental ratio of POM (δ13CPOC = -27.1 ± 0.4 ‰ and C/N = 8.1 ± 1.7) in two humid tropical river water during summer monsoon season is an admixture of suspended particulates from runoff water of forest (δ13CPOC = - 27.82 ± 0.4 ‰) and agricultural land (δ13CPOC = -26.29 ± 0.4 ‰). It is found that δ13CPOC shows minimal variability with SPM content and C/N ratio within the same organic carbon pool. The study emphasizes the need to consider the agricultural runoff contribution to the rivers while establishing the global elemental budget and observing the global climate change.
Coastal Morphology and Long-term Shoreline Changes along the Southwest Coast of India
Authors: Nair L. Sheela , Prasad R. , Rafeeque M. K. , Prakash T. N.
Published: November 2018

The part of southwest coast of India extending from Poovar in the south to Kasaragod in the north is considered as one of the highly dynamic coastal areas of Indian peninsula. Over the years due to rapid urbanization as well as other natural and anthropogenic activities, the coast is under severe pressure which in turn has reduced the percentage status of healthy / stable coast. Unscientific shoreline protection methods adopted without conducting appropriate studies to assess the suitability of the said method to a particular coastal stretch has often led to negative impacts. As a result, many areas that were once stable have turned eroding and in certain cases, the observed extent of erosion is severe warranting immediate protection measures. In this context, a study was carried out to assess the long-term shoreline changes along the southwest coast and to decipher the causative factors responsible for these changes. Accordingly, a 46 year period from 1968 to 2014 was studied using multi-dated shoreline images and Survey of India (SOI) topographic charts. The DSAS software (USGS) is used to compute the rate of shoreline changes along different sectors of the coast and accordingly the entire coastal stretch is classified into 7 classes depicting the present status (stable / dynamically stable / unstable) of the coast. The analysis revealed that almost 60 % of the coastline is eroding with about 29 % showing an accreting trend.
Hydroclimatological Perspective of the Kerala Flood of 2018
Authors: Mishra Vimal , Shah Harsh L.
Published: November 2018

Flood is among the deadliest disasters in India, and the frequency of floods and extreme precipitation events is projected to increase under the warming climate. The frequency of floods in India varies geographically as some regions are more prone to floods than the others. The Kerala flood of 2018 caused enormous economic damage, affected millions of people, and resulted in the death of more than 400 people. Here we provide a hydro-climatological perspective on the Kerala flood of 2018. Using the observations and model simulations from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, we show that the 2018 extreme precipitation and runoff conditions that caused flooding were unprecedented in the record of the past 66 years (1951-2017). Our results show that mean monsoon precipitation has significantly declined while air temperature has significantly increased during 1951-2017 in Kerala. The drying and warming trends during the monsoon season resulted in a declined total runoff in large part of the state in the last 66 years. Apart from the mean hydroclimatic conditions, extreme precipitation, and extreme total runoff have also declined from 1951 to 2017. However, 1 and 2-day extreme precipitation and extreme runoff conditions in August 2018 exceeded substantially from the long-term 95th percentiles recorded during 1951-2017. Since there is no increase in mean and extreme precipitation in Kerala over the last six decades, the extreme event during August 2018 is likely to be driven by anomalous atmospheric conditions due to climate variability rather anthropogenic climate warming. The severity of the Kerala flood of 2018 and the damage caused might be affected by several factors including land use/land cover change, antecedent hydrologic conditions, reservoir storage and operations, encroachment of flood plains, and other natural factors. The impacts of key drivers (anthropogenic and natural) on flood severity need to be established to improve our understanding of floods and associated damage.
Skin Color and Social Mobility: Evidence From Mexico
Authors: Campos-Vazquez Raymundo M. , Medina-Cortina Eduardo M.
Published: November 2018

In many Latin American countries, census data on race and skin color are scarce or nonexistent. In this study, we contribute to understanding how skin color affects intergenerational social mobility in Mexico. Using a novel data set, we provide evidence of profound social stratification by skin color, even after controlling for specific individual characteristics that previous work has not been able to include, such as individual cognitive and noncognitive abilities, parental education and wealth, and measures of stress and parenting style in the home of origin. Results indicate that people in the lightest skin color category have an average of 1.4 additional years of schooling and 53 % more in hourly earnings than their darkest-skinned counterparts. Social mobility is also related to skin color. Individuals in the darkest category are 20 percentile ranks lower in the current wealth distribution than those in the lightest category, conditional on parental wealth. In addition, results of a quantile regression indicate that the darkest group shows higher downward mobility.
Mass transportation on sub-Riemannian structures of rank two in dimension four
Authors: Badreddine Z.
Published: November 2018

This paper is concerned with the study of the Monge optimal transport problem in sub-Riemannian manifolds where the cost is given by the square of the sub-Riemannian distance. Our aim is to extend previous results on existence and uniqueness of optimal transport maps to cases of sub-Riemannian structures which admit many singular minimizing geodesics. We treat here the case of sub-Riemannian structures of rank two in dimension four.
Military‐related risk factors for dementia
Authors: Snyder Heather M. , Carare Roxana O. , DeKosky Steven T. , de Leon Mony J. , Dykxhoorn Derek , Gan Li , Gardner Raquel , Hinds Sidney R. , Jaffee Michael , Lamb Bruce T. , Landau Susan , Manley Geoff , McKee Ann , Perl Daniel , Schneider Julie A. , Weiner Michael , Wellington Cheryl , Yaffe Kristine , Bain Lisa , Pacifico Anthony M. , Carrillo Maria C.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

In recent years, there has been growing discussion to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and post‐traumatic stress disorder and how they may be linked to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease in veterans.

Methods

Building on that discussion, and subsequent to a special issue of Alzheimer's & Dementia published in June 2014, which focused on military risk factors, the Alzheimer's Association convened a continued discussion of the scientific community on December 1, 2016.

Results

During this meeting, participants presented and evaluated progress made since 2012 and identified outstanding knowledge gaps regarding factors that may impact veterans' risk for later life dementia.

Discussion

The following is a summary of the invited presentations and moderated discussions of both the review of scientific understanding and identification of gaps to inform further investigations.
Blood on board: The development of a prehospital blood transfusion program in a Canadian helicopter emergency medical service
Authors: Krook Chase , O’Dochartaigh Domhnall , Martin Doug , Piggott Zoë , Deedo Ryan , Painter Sarah , van Werkhoven Gennifer , McKay Darcy , Nesdoly Dennis , Armstrong JN
Published: November 2018

Objective

Prehospital blood transfusion has been adopted by many civilian helicopter emergency medical services agencies, and early outcomes are positive. The Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society operates six bases in Western Canada and started a blood on board process in 2013 in Regina that has expanded to all bases. Two units of O negative packed red blood cells are carried on every mission. We describe the processes and standard work ensuring safe storage, administration, and stewardship of this important resource.

Methods

The packed red blood cells are stored in an inexpensive, reusable temperature controlled cooler at 1°C–6°C. Close collaboration with local transfusion services and adherence to Canadian transfusion standards contributes to safety and sustainability.

Results

From October 1, 2013 to October 10, 2017, the Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society administered blood to 431 patients. Of this total, 62.9% received blood carried on our aircraft. A total of 463 blood box units were administered, and the majority of patients (69.0%) received both units. Blood used in Calgary, Alberta was 100% traceable, and only 1.2% of total units dispensed was wasted. The vast majority of unused units were returned to circulation.

Conclusion

We describe the process to set up and monitor a prehospital blood transfusion program. Our standard work and stewardship processes minimize wastage of blood while keeping it readily available for our critically ill and injured patients.
Land of Opportunity? The Assimilation of Scottish Migrants in England, 1603–ca. 1762
Authors: Brown Keith M. , Kennedy Allan
Published: November 2018

Immigration and its consequences is one of the most contentious issues in the contemporary world, and historians are engaged in this debate by offering a longer-term perspective. In recent years, research on the United Kingdom's population has placed greater emphasis on population movement in shaping Britain's story, identifying waves of migrants from elsewhere alongside migration within Britain. One neglected aspect of this narrative, however, is the migration of Scots to England, particularly in the age of the regal and parliamentary union, when the changing political relationship between the two kingdoms had an impact on the scale, geographic spread, and opportunities and obstacles of that migration. While a minority of Scottish migrants were unwelcome, or chose to return home, the overwhelming weight of evidence is for those migrants who remained in England. The focus in this article is on that majority group for whom migration was a positive experience, thus raising questions about why these Scots were so successful and why they faced so little native opposition. That process of segmented assimilation offers an insight into the formation of Britain and the shifting ground of national identity associated with the emerging British state. The Scots, moreover, provide a model for “successful” migration, suggesting that a range of factors—principally, an educated, culturally malleable, and economically responsive migrant population, alongside an institutionally and attitudinally flexible host community—need to be in place in order to optimize the chances of migrant assimilation.
“The Penguins Are Coming”: Brand Mascots and Utopian Mass Consumption in Interwar Britain
Authors: Hornsey Richard
Published: November 2018

This article explores the cultural dynamics of branding and mass consumption in Britain during the 1920s and 1930s. It focuses on Penguin Books’ cartoon mascot, which appeared on all of the firm's paperback covers and in-store promotional material from 1935. A familiar but critically ignored cultural icon, Penguin's mascot followed a wave of prominent advertising characters that energetically burst onto Britain's commercial scene in the early 1920s. Highly visible on packaging, poster hoardings, and advertisements within the press, brand mascots became popular media stars in the 1920s, seeming to herald a dawning age of material parity and collective consumer sovereignty. A decade later, Penguin's mascot used this utopianism around branded mass consumption to forge a leftist vision of social-democratic progress. Augmented by certain in-store display techniques and modes of purchase, Penguin Books appeared to constitute an enlightened public sphere. The cartoon bird became a lucrative mechanism through which browsers were invited to contribute to this progressive cultural project.
Against Ethnicity: Democracy, Equality, and the Northern Irish Conflict
Authors: Prince Simon
Published: November 2018

The study of the Northern Irish Troubles is dominated by ethnic readings of conflict and violence. Drawing on new scholarship from a range of different disciplines and on fresh archival sources, this article questions these explanations. General theories that tie together ethnicity with conflict and violence are shown to be based on definitions that fail to distinguish ethnic identities from other ones. Their claims cannot be taken as being uniquely or even disproportionately associated with ethnicity. Explanatory models specifically developed for the case of modern Ireland do address that weakness. Yet, this article contends, they rest upon the fallacy that the Catholic and Protestant peoples are transhistorical entities. Political ideas, organizations, and actions cannot be reduced to fixed group identities. This article argues instead that the Troubles centered on a political conflict—one over rival visions of modern democracy. The pursuit of equality, the core value of democracy, led not only to conflicts but also to some of those conflicts becoming violent. Focusing on Belfast in the summer and autumn of 1969, this article sets out how the main political actors asserted competing claims to popular sovereignty and traces how multiple dynamic and intersecting conflicts became arrayed around the central one.
Britain and the World: A New Field?
Authors: Sasson Tehila , Vernon James , Ogborn Miles , Satia Priya , Hall Catherine
Published: November 2018

Over the past decade, historians, journals, conferences, and even job advertisements have devoted attention to a new field of inquiry, “Britain and the world.” This emergent category is far from coherent but, despite a variety of approaches, shares a common assumption that Britain's interactions with the world beyond its shores enable us to better understand the histories of both Britain and the globe. Writing the history of Britain from a comparative, imperial, or transnational perspective is not wholly new. British historians have long worked comparatively in a predominantly European frame, while historians of empire and internationalism have also highlighted the importance of transnational and global frameworks. What, then, is signified by the articulation of “Britain and the world” as a new field? What do historians of Britain, and indeed historians of its empire and the world, stand to gain or lose from the promotion of Britain and the world as a field? What new skills, methodologies, and archives are required to become a historian of Britain and the world? We invited historians from different generations and national academies as well as with different ways of approaching the history of Britain in an extranational frame. Our hope is that these essays will open up debate and stimulate broader discussions about the changing nature of the field and our work as historians of Britain.
Shear-induced diffusion in cohesive granular flows: effect of enduring clusters
Authors: Macaulay Matthew , Rognon Pierre
Published: November 2018

We investigate the effect of intergranular cohesive forces on the properties of self-diffusion in dense granular flows. The study is based on a series of simulated plane shear flows at different inertial and cohesion numbers, in which transverse diffusivities are measured. Results evidence an increase in diffusivity by up to two orders of magnitude when introducing cohesion. This strong effect is analysed using the Green–Kubo framework, expressing the diffusivity in terms of instantaneous grain velocity fluctuations and their time correlation. This analysis shows that cohesion, by forming enduring clusters in the flow, enhances the velocity fluctuations and their time persistence, which both contribute to enhancing grain mixing and self-diffusion.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition increases noise burst-induced unconditioned and context-conditioned freezing
Authors: Hagsäter S. Melker , Thorén Johan , Pettersson Robert , Eriksson Elias
Published: November 2018

Objective

Whereas long-term administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders, acute administration of these drugs may exert a paradoxical anxiogenic effect. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible effect of an SSRI in situations of unconditioned or limited conditioned fear.

Methods

Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered a single dose of an SSRI, escitalopram, before acquisition or expression of context conditioned fear, where noise bursts were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Freezing was assessed as a measure of unconditioned fear (=the acute response to noise bursts) or conditioned fear (=the response to the context), respectively.

Results

Noise bursts elicited an acute increase in freezing but no robust conditioned response 7 days after exposure. Administration of escitalopram before testing exacerbated the freezing response during presentation of the unconditioned stimulus and also unmasked a conditioned response; in contrast, administration of escitalopram prior to acquisition did not influence the conditioned response.

Conclusion

The data suggest that freezing in rats exposed to a stimulus inducing relatively mild fear may be enhanced by acute pretreatment with an SSRI regardless of whether the freezing displayed by the animals is an acute unconditioned response to the stimulus in question or a conditioned response to the same stimulus.
A Regression-with-Residuals Method for Estimating Controlled Direct Effects
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Wodtke Geoffrey T.
Published: November 2018

Political scientists are increasingly interested in causal mediation, and to this end, recent studies focus on estimating a quantity called the controlled direct effect (CDE). The CDE measures the strength of the causal relationship between a treatment and outcome when a mediator is fixed at a given value. To estimate the CDE, Joffe and Greene (2009) and Vansteelandt (2009) developed the method of sequential g-estimation, which was introduced to political science by Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen (2016). In this letter, we propose an alternative method called “regression-with-residuals” (RWR) for estimating the CDE. In special cases, we show that these two methods are algebraically equivalent. Yet, unlike sequential g-estimation, RWR can easily accommodate several types of effect moderation, including cases in which the effect of the mediator on the outcome is moderated by a posttreatment confounder. Although common in the social sciences, this type of effect moderation is typically assumed away in applications of sequential g-estimation, which may lead to bias if effect moderation is in fact present. We illustrate RWR by estimating the CDE of negative media framing on public support for immigration, controlling for respondent anxiety.
Leadership for the Christian Empire: Emperors and Bishops in theEcclesiastical Historyof Philostorgius
Authors: Lankina Anna
Published: November 2018

The fifth-centuryEcclesiastical Historyof Philostorgius is an unusual example of a surviving minority source. Although scholars have mined his work for raw data on events between 320 and 425c.e., in contrast to other contemporary ecclesiastical historians, Philostorgius has received little attention. His work has suffered derision, being seen as nothing more than “Arian” polemic and thus as more partisan than its pro-Nicene counterparts. This essay analyzes Philostorgius's role as one of many competitive voices participating in the composition of historical works for the elite readership of Constantinople in the fifth century. Philostorgius'sEcclesiastical Historyconstituted an integral part of the historiography of late antiquity and early Christianity. His representation of the relationship between bishops and emperors reveals a distinctive theory of history which informs his entire work.
“A More Powerful Effect upon the Body”: Early Mormonism's Theory of Racial Redemption and American Religious Theories of Race
Authors: Stuart Joseph R.
Published: November 2018

This paper examines Joseph Smith's construction of a racialized theology, which drew upon conceptions of Abrahamic lineage and the possibility of “racial redemption” for peoples of African descent through conversion to Mormonism. This ran against the grain of his Protestant and Catholic contemporaries’ religious understandings of race. He expanded upon earlier iterations of his ideas with the introduction of new rituals and liturgy related to LDS temples. Smith's wife may have invited a person of African descent to participate in this new liturgy before his murder in June 1844. The views he expressed about peoples of African descent before his death are inchoate, although high-ranking Mormons related to Smith seemed to have agreed with the possibility of racial redemption. After Smith's death, Brigham Young and other Mormon leaders framed the LDS temple and priesthood restriction in terms of Smith's liturgy rather than any of Smith's varied teachings on race. This paper also argues that Mormonism's racial restriction arose from its roots in the sealing ritual rather than ecclesiological power structures. Mormonism's racial doctrine has often been described as a “priesthood ban,” referring to ecclesiastical authority. However, this discounts the religious contexts in which it arose and excludes the experiences of women and children, who were not allowed to participate in the endowment or sealing ordinances. This paper places Mormonism's temple liturgy at the front and center of the LDS Church's priesthood and temple restriction.
WHEN ENOUGH IS ENOUGH: AN UNNOTICED TELESTICH IN HORACE (SATIRES 1.4.14–18)
Authors: Fredericksen Erik
Published: November 2018

In these lines from the fourth poem of his first collection of satires (1.4.9–18), Horace defines his poetic identity against the figures of his satiric predecessor Lucilius and his contemporary Stoic rival Crispinus. Horace emerges as the poet of Callimachean restraint and well-crafted writing in contrast to the chatty, unpolished prolixity of both Lucilius and Crispinus. A proponent of the highly wrought miniature over the sprawling scale of Lucilius, Horace knows when enough is enough. And, owing to a playful link between what is satis (‘enough’) and satura (‘satire’), this makes Horace not only a skilful poet but also the consummate satirist. I suggest that this programmatic message is both emphasized and illustrated by a piece of wordplay beginning in line 14. In a previously unnoticed telestich, the last letters of lines 14–18 spell out the word satis (‘enough’). Moreover, this hidden word—made possible only by the particular arrangement of words in all five of its lines—anticipates and deepens the poem's later interest in the matter of compositio, or artful word-arrangement. While this may be unique as an example of a Horatian telestich, Horace does engage in various forms of wordplay elsewhere, and could look not only to Hellenistic poets but also to Lucretius as a predecessor in this regard. In the Satires, a collection in which problems of libertas make forms of implication and veiled speech especially significant, a wide range of hidden words and wordplay has been detected and suggested. The instance observed here reaffirms Horace's interest in wordplay, while its uniqueness as a telestich is, as I hope to show, particularly suited to its context in this poem.
NOTE ON THEOXFORD LATIN DICTIONARYDEFINITION OFIRRVMO
Authors: McMaster Aven
Published: November 2018

In the second edition of theOxford Latin Dictionary(2012) an otherwise laudable attempt to be more forthright in defining obscene terms seems to have introduced an error. The wordirrumowas defined in the first edition of the dictionary as ‘to practiseirrumatioon’, which is correct but unilluminating, especially sinceirrumatiowas defined as ‘the action of anirrumator’.Irrumatorwas then defined as ‘one who submits tofellatio’, which is technically correct, though it suggests a passivity in the action that is not found in the lines from Catullus given as an example of its usage:praesertim quibus esset irrumator | praetor, nec faceret pili cohortem(‘not least when said praetor was a fuckface| anddidn't give a shit for his poor staffers’, Catull. 10.11–12). In this poem Catullus is using the wordirrumatoras a term of abuse, suggesting that hispraetor(in Bithynia) took advantage of his staff members rather than taking care that they too should reap some rewards from the province. Although the literal meaning is secondary to a more metaphorical use here, the charge is repeated with more direct reference to its sexual usage in Catull. 28.9–10:o Memmi, bene me ac diu supinum | tota ista trabe lentus irrumasti(‘Memmius, man, you really reamed me over,|force-fed me slowly with that giant whanger!’). In both cases it is clear that Catullus is an unwilling recipient of the praetor's attentions, and the action is aggressive and demonstrates the latter's ability to dominate his victim. It would not therefore be correct to say that Memmius is ‘submitting tofellatio’ at the hands, or rather mouth, of Catullus, even metaphorically. The termfellatio, by the way, was not defined in the originalOLDat all, and the verbfellohad, as its second sense, only ‘transf., as a sexual perversion’. The definitions as given therefore seem deliberately obscure, as well as misleading about the roles and intent of the people involved.
Attitudes to usage vs. actual language use: The case ofliterallyin American English
Authors: Kostadinova Viktorija
Published: November 2018

From a descriptive point of view,literallyis seen as ‘a case of semantic change in progress’ (Israel, 2002: 424), exemplified through the shift from uses such asThis word literally means ‘water’toThis book literally blew my mind. This process of change has been noticed and commented on by language commentators and usage guide writers. In other words, apart from being a case of change in progress,literallyis also a usage problem. Usage problems are ‘features of divided usage’, or ‘instances of usage that have attracted sociolinguistic controversy’ (Tieken–Boon van Ostade, 2015: 57; cf. Kostadinova, 2018). The case of the wordliterally, then, lends itself to an investigation of the relationship between prescriptive approaches to language use typically found in usage guides, and processes of language variation and change, as I will do in this paper. As a crucial aspect to this discussion, I will also address some of the attitudes speakers hold towards the newer uses ofliterally, as attitudes of speakers can help us better understand why prescriptivism may or may not influence language variation and change. In what follows, I will first discuss the variant uses ofliterallyfound in present-day English, and then consider findings on three perspectives on the variation in the use ofliterally, viz. the ‘usage guide’ perspective, the ‘actual use’ perspective and the ‘speakers’ attitudes’ perspective.
The composition and formation of effective teams: computer science meets organizational psychology
Authors: Andrejczuk Ewa , Berger Rita , Rodriguez-Aguilar Juan A. , Sierra Carles , Marín-Puchades Víctor
Published: November 2018

Nowadays the composition and formation of effective teams is highly important for both companies to assure their competitiveness and for a wide range of emerging applications exploiting multiagent collaboration (e.g. crowdsourcing, human-agent collaborations). The aim of this article is to provide an integrative perspective on team composition, team formation, and their relationship with team performance. Thus, we review the contributions in both the computer science literature and the organizational psychology literature dealing with these topics. Our purpose is twofold. First, we aim at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the contributions made by these two diverse bodies of research. Second, we aim at identifying cross-fertilization opportunities that help both disciplines benefit from one another. Given the volume of existing literature, our review is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, we have preferred to focus on the most significant contributions in both fields together with recent contributions that break new ground to spur innovative research.
Manoeuvring within a Fragmented Bureaucracy: Policy Entrepreneurship in China's Local Healthcare Reform
Authors: He Alex Jingwei
Published: November 2018

Policy entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in policy changes in both electoral democracies and authoritarian systems. By investigating the case of healthcare reform in Sanming City, this article illustrates how the fragmented bureaucracy in China enables and constrains local policy entrepreneurs, and how entrepreneurial manoeuvring succeeds in realigning the old institutional structures while attacking the vested interests. Both structural conditions and individual attributes are of critical importance to the success of policy entrepreneurship. Four factors and their dynamic interactions are central to local policy entrepreneurship: behavioural traits, political capital, network position and institutional framework. This study furthers theoretical discussion on policy entrepreneurship by elucidating the fluidity of interactional patterns between agent and structure in authoritarian China. The malleability of rigid institutions can be considerably increased by the active manoeuvring of entrepreneurial agents.
Changing Beliefs About Emotions in IBS: A Single Case Design
Authors: Bowers H.M. , Wroe A.L.
Published: November 2018

Background:Previous research suggests benefits of targeting beliefs about the unacceptability of emotions in treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Aims:The current study developed and tested an intervention focusing on beliefs and behaviours around emotional expression.Method:Four participants with IBS attended five group sessions using cognitive behavioural techniques focusing on beliefs about the unacceptability of expressing emotions. Bi-weekly questionnaires were completed and a group interview was conducted. This study used an AB design with four participants.Results:Averages indicate that participants showed decreases in beliefs about unacceptability of emotions and emotional suppression during the intervention, although this was not reflected in any of the individual trends in Beliefs about Emotions Scale scores and was significant in only one individual case for Courtauld Emotional Control Scale scores. Affective distress and quality of life improved during follow-up, with only one participant not improving with regard to distress. Qualitative data suggest that participants felt that the intervention was beneficial, referencing the value in sharing their emotions.Conclusions:This study suggests the potential for beliefs about emotions and emotional suppression to be addressed in cognitive behavioural interventions in IBS. That beliefs and behaviours improved before outcomes suggests they may be important processes to investigate in treatment for IBS.
‘Sogdian Christianity’: Evidence from architecture and material culture
Authors: ASHUROV BARAKATULLO
Published: November 2018

This article aims to discuss the question of the inculturation of Syriac Christianity in Central Asia, based on archaeological examples including architectural evidence from a particular ethnocultural area: Sogdiana. It questions to what extent the Eastern Syriac Church has become rooted in local culture, thus enabling Christian communities to express their faith in both material and artistic ways. This article is divided into two sections which present a comprehensive study of the medieval sources relevant to the spread and establishment of Christianity in the Central Asian landmass by considering and analyzing existing tangible evidence. In doing so, it provides assessment of comparable evidence, which demonstrates both the “extended” and an “immediate” context in which Eastern Syriac Christianity was accepted, adapted and transformed into a localised expression of Christian faith.
War, State-Building, and International Connections in Nationalist China
Authors: Lopes Helena F. S.
Published: November 2018

In a recent survey of modern China, historian Rana Mitter noted: “The war between China and Japan may have been the single most important event to shape twentieth-century China”. This perspective hasn't been around for very long. The relevance of China's War of Resistance against Japan (KangRi zhanzheng) has been revaluated by historians in recent years, a prime example of this being Mitter's book on the subject and the work of Hans van de Ven. For years, the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949 was crystallised into a crucial turning point and the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party/KMT) was seen as corrupt and ineffective, as epitomised by Lloyd Eastman's studies. Eastman's verdict is not entirely contradicted by some of the new scholarship, although important revisionist works have led to a reassessment of the KMT state-building efforts, in particular during their pre-war decade in power, the so-called Nanjing decade (1927–1937). Although the ‘rediscovery’ of the war came later in the English-language than it did in Chinese, it is undeniable that recent years have seen a growing interest in the period, both in academia and in popular culture. The three monographs under review here are, in many ways, illustrative of the best new research on the conflict. They provide comprehensive insight on the impact of the war on the Nationalists' state-building efforts in fiscal policy, propaganda, and justice. All are first monographs, springing from meticulous doctoral and post-doctoral research anchored on a plethora of new primary sources. They make important contributions to our understanding of the impact of the war in China, as well as to economic history, media studies, and legal history more broadly.