bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multifarious microbial biostimulants promote growth in Arachis hypogaea L.
Authors: Eswaran Sakthi Uma Devi , Sundaram Lalitha , Siang Tan Ching , Alharbi Sulaiman Ali , Alahmadi Tahani Awad , Kadam Suhas Kishor
Published: May 2023

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), a microbial biostimulant has been widely studied to stimulate plant growth through induction of natural biological processes. However, lack of successful validation under open field remains a barrier to mark their standard in agriculture. Therefore, the aim of the research was to highlight the potential of PGPR biostimulants via in vitro studies and subsequently to demonstrate the in planta evaluation in oilseed crop, Arachis hypogaea L. (Groundnut) under pot and field trials. The two rhizobacterial strain was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis by 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis. Both the strains were functionally screened for plant growth promoting traits. Pot and field trials were conducted where seeds were inoculated with PGPR biostimulants and harvested at 30 and 90 days. Biostimulant treatments were applied as single and co-inoculation in groundnut and the growth factors, biochemical parameters, yield, and seed quality were analyzed. The study inferred that the consortium of PGPR biostimulants significantly (p < 0.05) showed highest growth, photosynthetic pigments, nodulation status, leghaemoglobin content, yield attributes, and also biofortification of seed nutrients in oilseed crop under both pot and field conditions than un-inoculated control. This study supports the idea of the application of PGPR as microbial biostimulants through successful open field trial to facilitate its implementation as a feasible and potential agricultural product to synthetic fertilizers thereby influencing sustainable and stable crop production.
Neuroimaging findings in preclinical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models—How well do they mimic the clinical phenotype? A systematic review
Authors: Cannon Amelia Elaine , Zürrer Wolfgang Emanuel , Zejlon Charlotte , Kulcsar Zsolt , Lewandowski Sebastian , Piehl Fredrik , Granberg Tobias , Ineichen Benjamin Victor
Published: May 2023

Background and objectives

Animal models for motor neuron diseases (MND) such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are commonly used in preclinical research. However, it is insufficiently understood how much findings from these model systems can be translated to humans. Thus, we aimed at systematically assessing the translational value of MND animal models to probe their external validity with regards to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features.

Methods

In a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Embase, we retrieved 201 unique publications of which 34 were deemed eligible for qualitative synthesis including risk of bias assessment.

Results

ALS animal models can indeed present with human ALS neuroimaging features: Similar to the human paradigm, (regional) brain and spinal cord atrophy as well as signal changes in motor systems are commonly observed in ALS animal models. Blood-brain barrier breakdown seems to be more specific to ALS models, at least in the imaging domain. It is noteworthy that the G93A-SOD1 model, mimicking a rare clinical genotype, was the most frequently used ALS proxy.

Conclusions

Our systematic review provides high-grade evidence that preclinical ALS models indeed show imaging features highly reminiscent of human ALS assigning them a high external validity in this domain. This opposes the high attrition of drugs during bench-to-bedside translation and thus raises concerns that phenotypic reproducibility does not necessarily render an animal model appropriate for drug development. These findings emphasize a careful application of these model systems for ALS therapy development thereby benefiting refinement of animal experiments.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022373146.
Some Physiological Responses of Native Sheep Breeds to Environmental Conditions during Grazing in Natura 2000 Habitats
Authors: Greguła-Kania Monika , Nazar Paulina , Kulik Mariusz , Patkowski Krzysztof , Hahaj-Siembida Agata , Junkuszew Andrzej
Published: May 2023

The calcareous xerothermic grasslands of the Festuco-Brometea class are among the most endangered Natura 2000 sites in Europe. The greatest threats include a lack of grazing, secondary succession, and invasive alien and expansive native species. The abandonment of such grasslands is caused by the low nutritional value of biomass, as well as by difficult habitat conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological responses of native sheep breeds to hard environmental conditions when grazing in Natura 2000 habitats and to confirm the hypothesis that native sheep of the Świniarka and Uhruska breeds can be used to protect valuable natural habitats. The analysed grasslands were characterised by very difficult climatic and edaphic conditions and a low fodder value for sheep. Grazing in environmentally valuable areas, sometimes poor in fodder, did not adversely affect the welfare of grazed sheep. In both the Uhruska and Świniarka breeds, there were no indicators for heat or nutritional stress, but physiological changes were observed in the animals’ adaptation to new environmental conditions. Despite poor fodder positions, Świniarka sheep improved their condition and body weight. Fluctuations in indicators showing an adaptation process were also visible.
Shape Optimization of Concave Crossbars to Increase Threshing Performance of Moist Corn Ears
Authors: Steponavičius Dainius , Kemzūraitė Aurelija , Pužauskas Edvinas , Domeika Rolandas , Grigas Andrius , Karalius Deividas
Published: May 2023

Harvesting of high-moisture corn ears poses a challenge due to the high level of grain damage. In the present study, a series of concaves adapted to moist corn ears threshing was developed and evaluated. The key improvements include a concave arc shape and oblique crossbars to reduce corn grain damage and threshing losses. Results show that the geometrical shape of the concave arc and its crossbars have a significant influence on the grain detachment from the ears, grain separation through the concave, and grain damage during the threshing process of moist ears of corn. Studies show that replacing the concave rounded crossbars with oblique ones can increase threshing performance of moist corn ears. A concave with an Archimedes’ spiral arc and oblique concave crossbars is an effective approach to improve corn grain quality and reduce harvest losses due to grain damage. We identify the optimal design for threshing corn ears as an experimental concave with an Archimedes’ spiral arc of 8 mm height, with 19 mm wide crossbars of the concave with an oblique working plane (tilt angle 25°). This design achieves minimal threshing grain losses (0.03%) when threshing moist ears (grain moisture content ~35%), and damaged grain in the threshing apparatus does not exceed the permissible limit of 3% at an ear feed rate of 16.8 kg s−1.
Assessment of Cytomorphological Differences in Sorghum Fertility Restoration
Authors: Ingle Krishnananda , Moharil Mangesh , Gahukar Santosh , Jadhav Praveen , Ghorade Rameshwar , Thakur Niranjan , Kasanaboina Krishna , Ceasar Stanislaus Antony
Published: May 2023

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is ranked fifth as a cereal crop after maize, rice, wheat, and barley based on global cultivation area. However, heat and drought stresses cause improper fertility restoration and inefficient pollination, severely affecting sorghum productivity. The discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a milestone for commercializing hybrids. This study assessed the pollen fertility and in vitro pollen germination percentage of male and female lines and F1 hybrids of sorghum using two years of pooled data with multivariate analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA) of female and male lines showed that PC1 represented 82.8% of the variation, whereas PCA of hybrids revealed a significant genetic divergence of 97.1%. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering marked that cluster II genotypes have a high pollen fertility contribution, which can generate superior and high-yielding hybrids. Three male-sterile lines exhibited 100% pollen sterility, with morphological attributes, viz., pinpointed, flattened, low anther extrusion, and starch-digested pollens. Pollen fertility restoration behavior revealed that nine hybrids were fully fertile, eighteen were partially fertile, and three were completely sterile amongst thirty hybrids. The findings of this study will facilitate the identification of potential restorers for the exploitation of high-yielding hybrids in sorghum breeding programs.
Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Rural Infrastructure in China
Authors: Zhou Fang , Guo Xinran , Liu Chengye , Ma Qiaoyun , Guo Sandang
Published: May 2023

Nowadays, the development of the world shows that building a new countryside is the only way for all countries to move towards industrialization and urbanization. Whether from the perspective of world development or from the perspective of China’s century-old villages, the development of rural agriculture is very important. Rural infrastructure construction is the key measure to promote all aspects of rural development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation of China’s rural infrastructure construction, study the factors affecting the development of rural infrastructure construction and find out the key reasons, so as to put forward suggestions on rural infrastructure construction and promote rural development. Therefore, this article uses the relevant data of China Rural Statistical Yearbook 2020 to analyze the influencing factors of China’s rural infrastructure. The article divides rural infrastructure into three levels: agricultural production infrastructure, peasant living infrastructure and rural social undertakings infrastructure, and eight indicators are selected for each level. The article analyzes the new indicators system constructed from 24 original indicators using factor analysis. According to the analysis results, the article comprehensively analyzes rural infrastructure construction situation of 31 provincial administrative regions from three levels and comprehensive indicators. Finally, the articled reaches the following conclusions: the overall development of rural infrastructure construction in Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan provinces is the best, while the rural infrastructure construction in Hainan and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai and other provinces is the worst compared with other provinces.
Research on the Assessment Method of Sugarcane Cultivation Suitability in Guangxi Province, China, Based on Multi-Source Data
Authors: Chen Senzheng , Ye Huichun , Nie Chaojia , Wang Hongye , Wang Jingjing
Published: May 2023

Conducting suitability assessment for sugarcane cultivation is of great significance for optimizing the sugarcane cultivation structure and industrial layout. In this paper, based on the requirements of sugarcane growth and development on climate, terrain, and other environmental conditions, as well as the influence of natural disasters, a total of 11 specific indicators in terms of climate factor, terrain factor, and disaster factor were selected to construct a sugarcane cultivation suitability assessment system based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Then, using Guangxi Province, China, as an example, a suitability assessment for sugarcane cultivation was conducted using multi-source data on climate, terrain, and hazards over the past 30 years. The results showed that among 11 indicators, including annual average temperature, elevation had the largest contribution rate, followed by precipitation during the period of ≥20 °C, slope, and the autumn drought frequency. From the spatial distribution, 37% of the provincial regions were suitable for sugarcane cultivation, mainly distributed in Chongzuo City, Nanning City, Qinzhou City, and Beihai City. In total, 44% of the provincial regions were moderately suitable for sugarcane cultivation, mainly distributed in Hezhou City, Laibin City, and Liuzhou City. Additionally, only 19% of the provincial regions were unsuitable for sugarcane cultivation, mainly distributed in Baise City, Hechi City, and Guilin City, with the terrain factor being the main influencing factor of sugarcane suitability assessment. In order to make reasonable use of land resources and increase sugarcane yield, it is suggested that sugarcane cultivation areas should be adjusted to the central and southern regions such as Chongzuo City, Nanning City, Beihai City, and Qinzhou City, and other industries should be developed in the northern regions which are not suitable for sugarcane cultivation.
Distribution of Mercury in Drained Peatlands as the Effect of Secondary Transformation of Soil Organic Matter
Authors: Becher Marcin , Kobierski Mirosław , Pakuła Krzysztof , Jaremko Dawid
Published: May 2023

Peat organic soils play a major role in the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM) and the mercury (Hg) cycle. Large mercury resources in peatlands can be a source of methylmercury for many decades and centuries, even if deposition is significantly reduced. The organic matter of peatland soils drained for agricultural use is subject to secondary transformation, which may affect the accumulation and resources of mercury. The aim of our work is to assess the secondary transformation of organic matter in the soils of drained peatlands of the temperate climate zone and to examine whether it affects mercury resources and profile distribution in organic soils. Field research was conducted in peatlands located in eastern Poland. In the present study, evaluation of secondary transformations occurring after drainage was based on observations of soil morphological characteristics, physical and chemical properties as well as fractional composition of organic matter of the identified soil horizons (to depth 70 cm). Standard cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) was used to measure the total mercury content. In our research, we found a significant effect of the secondary transformation of organic matter occurring in drained peatlands of the temperate climate zone on the total mercury content and stock in soils. The highest content and differentiation of mercury occurred in murshic horizons (up to a maximum depth of 43 cm). The average mercury content of the distinguished soil horizons is grouped in the following series (in μg kg−1): M1 (212.0) > M2 (182.8) > M3 (126.3) > Pt (84.9). The mercury stock, up to a depth of 70 cm in the tested soils, ranged from 17.5 to 39.6 mg m−2. As much as 82.2% of soil mercury was found in the upper murshic horizons. We found strong correlations between soil properties characteristically variable in the secondary transformation process and total mercury content. The increased content of humic substances in murshic horizons caused a significant increase in the total mercury content. Our research is of great importance for soil monitoring, as the amount of determined mercury was greatly influenced by the depth of sampling (up to 25 cm). The results of the research should be taken into account when planning the restoration of peatlands of the temperate climate zone. There is a potential risk that elevated mercury concentrations in the upper murshic horizons may be a source of methylmercury for a long period of time. In peat soils with a high concentration of mercury, the risk of contamination with this toxic metal should be determined before re-irrigation.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Identified within Exon 2 of Fertility-Associated Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP15) Gene in Three Romanian Sheep Breeds
Authors: Deac Alexandru Marius , Musca Adriana Sebastiana , Mesesan Stefania Dana , Aipatioaie Marius Gavril , Ionascu Adrian , Cosier Viorica , Ratiu Attila Cristian , Miclea Ileana , Ladosi Ioan , Zahan Marius
Published: May 2023

The improvement of the reproductive traits of animals is of great interest for livestock production. Due to its positive impact on the sheep industry’s profitability, prolificacy is one of the most economically significant biological traits, showing variation between and within breeds of domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Different mutations in BMPR-1B, BMP15 and GDF9 genes coding for the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily have been shown to influence the ovulation rate and litter size. Numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) gene have been linked to ewe fecundity. Using targeted PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing, we were able to identify heterozygous SNPs in exon 2 of BMP15 in three sheep breeds reared in Romania: Tsigai, Cluj Merino and Tsurcana. The sequence analysis revealed three previously documented mutations, namely the missense mutation c.755T>C (L252P), which is predicted to change the tertiary structure of the BMP15 protein, and two silent mutations, c.747T>C (P249P) and c.1047G>A (V349V). In addition, we also identified one novel silent mutation, c.825G>A (S275S). Based on our findings and publicly available data, we indicate four putative mutational hotspots within exon 2 of BMP15 that could be considered for improving the indigenous sheep breeds through targeted gene editing and SNP genotyping strategies.
Multiple Sentinels in a Cooperative Breeder Synchronize Rather Than Coordinate Gazing
Authors: Beauchamp Guy , Barve Sahas
Published: May 2023

Sentinels can detect predators and rivals early by monitoring their surroundings from vantage points. Multiple sentinels in a group may reduce the perceived predation risk by diluting the risk and increasing collective detection, especially if sentinels monitor different areas at the same time. We investigated sentinel behavior in groups of the Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma caerulescens). Sentinels in this species turn their heads frequently to monitor different areas for threats. As predicted, we found that sentinels turned their heads less frequently in the presence of other sentinels. Multiple sentinels, however, tended to gaze in the same direction at the same time more often than predicted by chance alone. Gaze synchronization reduces the efficiency of collective detection by reducing visual coverage at any one time at the group level. Despite the benefits of the presence of other sentinels, our results highlight the limits to collective detection when multiple individuals are vigilant at the same time.
Dual-Mode Stretchable Sensor Array with Integrated Capacitive and Mechanoluminescent Sensor Unit for Static and Dynamic Strain Mapping
Authors: Wang Song , Yi Xiaohui , Zhang Ye , Gao Zhiyi , Xiang Ziyin , Wang Yuwei , Wu Yuanzhao , Liu Yiwei , Shang Jie , Li Run-Wei
Published: May 2023

Electronic skin (e-skin) has the potential to detect large-scale strain, which is typically achieved by integrating multiple strain sensors into an array. However, the latency and limited resolution of sensing have hindered its large-scale sensing applications. Here, we have developed a high-resolution detection sensing system capable of detecting static and dynamic strain with a simple fabrication process by combining capacitive and mechanoluminescent (ML) sensor units. An elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite film doped with ZnS:Cu and BaTiO3(BT) particles are fabricated as the functional film of the capacitive sensor. In contrast, the transparent electrode was fabricated on the surface of the as-prepared film. By incorporating BT nanoparticles into the elastic substrate, the ML intensity of the ZnS:Cu was improved up to 2.89 times that without BT addition, and the sensitivity of the capacitive sensor was increased as well. The capacitive part of the sensor presented a GF of 0.9 and good stability, while the ML part exhibited excellent performance, making it suitable for both static and dynamic sensing. Furthermore, the strain sensor integrated by 10 × 10 sensing units is demonstrated to detect large-scale strain with high resolution. Moreover, finger joint strain distribution tracking is achieved by attaching the strain sensor unit to the finger joint. With these characteristics, the e-skin may have great potential for bio-motion monitoring and human-computer interaction applications.
Sleep Disturbances in At-Risk Mental States and First Episode of Psychosis: A Narrative Review on Interventions
Authors: Marin Lorena , Guàrdia Armand , González-Rodríguez Alexandre , Haba-Rubio José , Natividad Mentxu , Bosch Elena , Domínguez Noelia , Monreal José Antonio
Published: May 2023

Sleep disturbances are a common yet often overlooked symptom of psychosis that can drastically affect the quality of life and well-being of those living with the condition. Sleep disorders are common in people diagnosed with schizophrenia and have significant negative effects on the clinical course of the illness and the functional outcomes and quality of life of patients. There is a limited number of studies addressing this question in first-episode psychosis (FEP). In this narrative review, we aimed to provide an overview of sleep disorders in populations with FEP and at-risk mental states (ARMS). The review was focused on the various treatments currently used for sleep disorders, including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments. A total of 48 studies were included. We found that sleep disturbances are associated with attenuated psychotic symptoms and other psychopathological symptoms in ARMSs. The association of sleep disturbances with the transition to psychosis has been poorly investigated. Sleep disturbances have an impact on the quality of life and the psychopathological symptoms of people suffering from FEP. The non-pharmacological treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, bright light therapy, cognitive restructuring techniques, sleep restriction therapy, basic sleep hygiene education, and the provision of portable sleep trackers. Other treatments include antipsychotics in acute phases and melatonin. The early intervention in sleep disturbances may improve overall prognosis in emerging psychosis populations.
Abstract Entity Patterns for Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Thapa Bijayita , Fernandez Eduardo B. , Cardei Ionut , Larrondo-Petrie Maria M.
Published: May 2023

Sensors and actuators are fundamental units in Cyber–Physical and Internet of Things systems. Because they are included in a variety of systems, using many technologies, it is very useful to characterize their functions abstractly by describing them as Abstract Entity Patterns (AEPs), which are patterns that describe abstract conceptual entities. From AEPs, we can derive concrete patterns; a structure combining related AEPs is an Entity Solution Frame (ESF). This paper concentrates on the functional aspects of these devices and defines conceptual units that can be used to design any system that requires sensors and actuators; that is, almost any Cyber–Physical system. For concreteness, we explore them in this study in the context of autonomous cars. An autonomous car is a complex system because, in addition to its own complex design, it interacts with other vehicles and with the surrounding infrastructure. To handle these functions, it must incorporate various technologies from different sources. An autonomous car is an example of a Cyber–Physical System, where some of its functions are performed via Internet of Things units. Sensors are extensively used in autonomous cars to measure physical quantities; actuators are commanded by controllers to perform appropriate physical actions. Both sensors and actuators are susceptible to malicious attacks due to the large attack surface of the system in which they are used. Our work is intended to make autonomous cars more secure, which also increases their safety. Our final objective is to build a Security Solution Frame for sensors and actuators of autonomous cars that will facilitate their secure design. A Security Solution Frame is a solution structure that groups together and organizes related security patterns.
Disparity of Density in the Age of Mobility: Analysis by Opinion Formation Model
Authors: Horiuchi Shiro
Published: May 2023

High mobility has promoted the concentration of people’s aggregation in urban areas. As people pursue areas with higher density, gentrification and sprawl become more serious. Disadvantaged people are then pushed out of urban centers. Conversely, as mobility increases, the disadvantaged may also migrate in pursuit of their desired density. As a result, disparities relative to density and housing may shrink. Hence, migration is a complex system. Understanding the effects of migration on disparities intuitively is difficult. This study explored the effects of mobility on disparity using an agent-based model of opinion formation. We find that as mobility increases, disparities between agents in density and diversity widen, but as mobility increases further, the disparities shrink, and then widen again. Our results present possibilities for a just city in the age of mobility.
Rethinking Densely Connected Convolutional Networks for Diagnosing Infectious Diseases
Authors: Podder Prajoy , Alam Fatema Binte , Mondal M. Rubaiyat Hossain , Hasan Md Junayed , Rohan Ali , Bharati Subrato
Published: May 2023

Due to its high transmissibility, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed an unprecedented burden on healthcare systems worldwide. X-ray imaging of the chest has emerged as a valuable and cost-effective tool for detecting and diagnosing COVID-19 patients. In this study, we developed a deep learning model using transfer learning with optimized DenseNet-169 and DenseNet-201 models for three-class classification, utilizing the Nadam optimizer. We modified the traditional DenseNet architecture and tuned the hyperparameters to improve the model’s performance. The model was evaluated on a novel dataset of 3312 X-ray images from publicly available datasets, using metrics such as accuracy, recall, precision, F1-score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve. Our results showed impressive detection rate accuracy and recall for COVID-19 patients, with 95.98% and 96% achieved using DenseNet-169 and 96.18% and 99% using DenseNet-201. Unique layer configurations and the Nadam optimization algorithm enabled our deep learning model to achieve high rates of accuracy not only for detecting COVID-19 patients but also for identifying normal and pneumonia-affected patients. The model’s ability to detect lung problems early on, as well as its low false-positive and false-negative rates, suggest that it has the potential to serve as a reliable diagnostic tool for a variety of lung diseases.
Features of Light-Matter Coupling in Non-Ideal Lattice of Coupled Microcavities Containing Quantum Dots
Authors: Rumyantsev Vladimir V. , Fedorov Stanislav A. , Gumennyk Konstantin V. , Rybalka Alexey Ye.
Published: May 2023

In this paper, within the framework of virtual crystal approximation, the mathematical modeling of the dependence of the density of states of polariton excitations in a 1D photonic crystal—a system of pores (tunnel-coupled microresonators) containing quantum dots—on the concentration of structural defects is performed.
Natural Forests or Cultural Forests? Forest Changes within Italian Protected Areas in the Last 85 Years
Authors: Santoro Antonio , Piras Francesco
Published: May 2023

The cultural dimension of many forests is not adequately considered by current forest definitions, policies, inventories, and management. Moreover, the concept of “protected area” as a synonym of “natural area” ignores that many forests today included in protected areas (PAs) have been managed and exploited for centuries. The abandonment of rural areas that occurred in the last 60 years in EU countries caused the expansion of forests, with the risk of a homogenization of forest typologies, the loss of cultural features, and the loss of biodiversity at the landscape scale. The aim of this study is to investigate the origin and evolution of forests within Italian PAs in the last 85 years through GIS-based spatial analyses. In 1936, only a minority of the surface included in current PAs was covered by forests, ranging from 32% in Natura 2000 sites to 35% in regional PAs. Forest surface in Italian PAs increased in the last 85 years (from +33.1% in regional PAs to +45.2% in national PAs), mainly due to secondary successions, with a growth rate in Natura 2000 sites equal to 8709 ha/year. In regional PAs, 40.1% of the current forest cover originated after 1936, and this percentage increases to 43% in Natura 2000 sites and to 44.7% in national PAs. The altitudinal range of 500–1000 m a.s.l. is the one most affected by forest spread. In addition, most of the forests in 1936 were regularly managed as coppice: 44% in national PAs, 56% in Natura 2000 sites, and 62% in regional PAs. The study confirms that most of the forest surface included in Italian PAs has a clear cultural origin and is the consequence of the abandonment of pastures and/or cultivations that occurred in the last 85 years. PA management should take into consideration that open areas are shrinking and that the diversity of habitats and forest communities is strongly linked to the persistence of traditional human activities. The current forest characteristics (species composition, vertical and horizontal structure) are also the result of past management, and only active management of forest resources can counteract the homogenization of forest communities and landscape structure.
Effect of Geometry Precision and Load Distribution on Branch Mechanical Response
Authors: Vojáčková Barbora , Tippner Jan , Mařík Robert , Vand Mojtaba Hassan , Constant Thiéry , Dlouhá Jana
Published: May 2023

Tree risk assessment requires mechanical response studies, but simplification of the shape, material, or boundary conditions is necessary when dealing with such complex structures. To observe overall tree response, sub-structuring to several levels of detail can be used, enabled by recent developments in numerical methods and three-dimensional laser scanning (3D scan). This study aimed to determine an appropriate level of geometry and loading simplification allowed for high-order branches at the crown border, which is useful for the mechanical analysis of structured tree models. Four higher-order branches were pruned and experimentally tested by single-point loading. Beam and solid finite-element models (FEMs) were created based on measured geometric parameters and detailed 3D scans, respectively. The FEMs were used to analyze seven loading scenarios with force applied at (a) the center of gravity, (b) the top of side branches, (c) key discrete points, and (d) uniformly to the whole volume (to each finite element). Force was distributed by ratios weighted according to the mass, area, and diameter of side branches; or according to the mass of each finite element. The results showed no significant difference between the beam model and 3D scan-based model. The scenarios with finite elements’ mass-based force distribution deviated significantly from those of the other scenarios. The most simplified single-point loading caused a deviation in the deflection curve. The deviation of single-point loading in the case of the bending moment was related to force distribution ratios given by the branches architecture. Therefore, such loading simplification is not considered always appropriate. Consistency between the bending moment and branch deflection provided a representative mechanical response, recommended for further modeling of trees by sub-structuring.
Experimental Analysis of the Performance of Doweled Connections Reinforced with Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) in Wood Pinus spp.
Authors: Camargo Marcos Vinício de , Christoforo André Luis , Barcarolo Laisa Rebeca do Vale , Moura Jorge Daniel de Melo
Published: May 2023

In line with technological advancements, the construction industry worldwide has sought more efficient building systems in relation to aspects such as increased productivity, reduced material waste and meeting the growing demand. The objective of this research was to use structural joints composed of composite dowels in laminated wood beams as an alternative to connect pieces of wood. Composite materials are composed of a matrix phase and a reinforcement phase and, in civil engineering, are generally applied as reinforcements in concrete structures. This article presents the structural performance of laminated pine timber with composite dowels made of fiber-reinforced polymeric resin (epoxy resin, hardener and glass fiber) (glass-fiber-reinforced polymer, GFRP) with a diameter of 12.5 mm, which was subjected to tensile force in the direction of the connection. For this, an experimental program was carried out that included characterization of the GFRP dowel, characterization of the woods used to make the connection and a tensile test of the connections with the dowels reinforced with fiberglass through a prototype designed specifically for the test. Subsequently, the results were compared with those observed in the literature. In the comparisons, it was possible to conclude that the joints with FRP pins exhibited better performance in terms of shear strength per section than those such as common nails, helical nails (Ardox) and composite structural pins (half-lap, 90°), which were 3.8 mm, 3.4 mm and 6 mm in diameter, respectively. This indicates that this composite material has potential for application in these types of connections. As an original contribution, it proves the feasibility of using this material in dowel joints for wooden structures.
Site Index Estimation Using Airborne Laser Scanner Data in Eucalyptus dunnii Maide Stands in Uruguay
Authors: Rizzo-Martín Iván , Hirigoyen-Domínguez Andrés , Arthus-Bacovich Rodrigo , Varo-Martínez Mª Ángeles , Navarro-Cerrillo Rafael
Published: May 2023

Intensive silviculture demands new inventory tools for better forest management and planning. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) was shown to be one of the best alternatives for high-precision inventories applied to productive plantations. The aim of this study was to generate multiple stand-scale maps of the site index (SI) using ALS data in the intensive silviculture of Eucalyptus dunnii Maide plantations in Uruguay. Forty-three plots (314.16 m3) were established in intensive E. dunnii plantations in the departments of Río Negro and Paysandú (Uruguay). ALS data were obtained for an area of 1995 ha. Linear and Random Forest models were fitted to estimate the height and site index, and OrpheoToolBox (OTB) software was used for stand segmentation. Linear models for dominant height (DH) estimation had a better fit (R2 = 0.84, RMSE = 0.94 m, MAPE = 0.04, Bias = 0.002) than the Random Forest (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 1.27 m, MAPE = 7.20, Bias=−0.173) model when including only the 99th percentile metric. The coefficient between RMSE values of the cross-validation and RMSE of the model had a higher value for the linear model (0.93) than the Random Forest (0.75). The SI was estimated by applying the RF model, which included the ALS metrics corresponding to the 99th height percentile and the 80th height bicentile (R2 = 0.65; RMSE = 1.62 m). OTB segmentation made it possible to define a minimum segment size of 2.03 ha (spatial radius = 30, range radius = 1 and minimum region size = 64). This study provides a new tool for better forest management and promotes the need for further progress in the application of ALS data in the intensive silviculture of Eucalyptus spp. plantations in Uruguay.
Tolerability and Efficacy of Multiple Series of Intravitreal Methotrexate Injections for Complex Retinal Detachment Associated with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Ahmad Tessnim R. , Stewart Jay M.
Published: May 2023

In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of patients treated with one or more series of intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) injections as a surgical adjunct for the prevention of recurrent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) related to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). The study subjects were patients with primary or recurrent RRD associated with grade C PVR, who received one or more series of 9 intravitreal MTX injections. Each series consisted of a single intraoperative MTX injection and then 8 weekly postoperative MTX injections as an off-label surgical adjunct for the prevention of PVR. The primary outcome was the retinal reattachment rate. The secondary outcome was the incidence of treatment-limiting side effects. A total of 14 eyes of 14 patients were identified. The median age was 61 years (range: 9–83), and 43% of the patients were female. Most patients (64%) had a prior primary surgical failure. After one MTX series, 10 eyes (72%) were attached, and 8 (57%) were free of PVR at a median follow-up of 11 months (range: 2–14). All failures after a single MTX series were successfully treated with repeat surgery and a second (n = 4) or third (n = 1) MTX series, for the final reattachment and PVR-free rates of 100%. None of the patients experienced treatment-limiting side effects. Therefore, multiple series of MTX injections can be tolerated if indicated in cases of aggressive PVR threatening the retina.
Development of a Signal-Free Intersection Control System for CAVs and Corridor Level Impact Assessment
Authors: Mirbakhsh Ardeshir , Lee Joyoung , Besenski Dejan
Published: May 2023

Assuming a full market penetration rate of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) would provide an opportunity to remove costly and inefficient traffic lights from intersections, this paper presents a signal-free intersection control system relying on CAVs’ communicability. This method deploys a deep reinforcement learning algorithm and pixel reservation logic to avoid potential collisions and minimize the overall delay at the intersection. To facilitate a traffic-oriented assessment of the model, the proposed model’s application is coupled with VISSIM traffic microsimulation software, and its performance is compared with other intersection control systems, including fixed traffic lights, actuated traffic lights, and the Longest Queue First (LQF) control system. The simulation result revealed that the proposed model reduces delay by 50%, 29%, and 23% in moderate, high, and extreme volume regimes, respectively, compared to another signal-free control system. Noticeable improvements are also gained in travel time, fuel consumption, emission, and Surrogate Safety Measures.
Initial Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Middle Adolescents in Portugal
Authors: Brites Rute , Paulino Mauro , Brissos Sofia , Gabriel Sofia , Alho Laura , Simões Mário R. , Silva Carlos F.
Published: May 2023

In its early stage, the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent public health measures brought several challenges to people in general, with adolescents being one of the most affected groups. To assess the psychological reactions of Portuguese adolescents in that early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted an online survey that was filled by a sample of 340 (67.6% female and 32.4% male) middle adolescents (aged 16 and 17 years). Using the Impact Event Scale-Revised and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, we found that most participants reported a normal score for depression, anxiety, and stress. However, 47.1% reported some level of pandemic-related traumatic distress, and 25.6% reported high severity values. The girls’ levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and traumatic distress were significantly higher than those of the boys. Regression models showed that gender, number of symptoms experienced in the past days, self-reported health status, and concern with family were significant predictors of these mental health indicators. Our findings underscore the need for future research on the long-term traumatic psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents, and on the gender differences in this group. This will allow the development of strategies to identify and address at-risk adolescents, since the promotion of mental health and the prevention of pathology are imperative for the health of current and future generations.
Nonhost Resistance of Thinopyrum ponticum to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and the Effects of the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 Genes Introgressed to Wheat
Authors: Plotnikova Lyudmila , Knaub Valeria , Pozherukova Violetta
Published: May 2023

The damage to wheat crops by stem rust poses a threat to the food security of the world’s population. The species Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpěra, 1902) (Z.-W. Liu and R.-C. Wang, 1993) is a non-host for the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. and Henn. (Pgt). The Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes, transferred from the Th. ponticum to the wheat gene pool, protect cultivars from the disease in different regions of the world. The study of the non-host resistance (NHR) of Th. ponticum and the effects of the introgressed Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes in wheat is important for breeding cultivars with durable resistance to stem rust. The aim of the research is to study the interaction of Pgt with Th. ponticum and common wheat lines with the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes, in addition to determining the role of ROS in resistance. Wheat lines with Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 were resistant to the West Siberian Pgt population. Using cytological methods, it was found that the NHR of Th. ponticum and Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 led to inhibition of the most inoculumdevelopment on the plant surface. This was mainly due to the suppression of the appressoria development and their death at the stage of penetration into the stomata. Upon contact of Pgt appressoria with stomatal guard cells, the generation of the superoxide anion O2•− was revealed. This interaction is similar to the stomatal immunity of Arabidopsis thaliana to non-pathogenic bacteria. The results of our studies show that the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes reproduce the action of some NHR mechanisms in wheat.
Medicinal Plant Enriched Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoemulsion for Inflammation Treatment: A Narrative Review on Current Status and Future Perspective
Authors: Puja Aditi Mitra , Rupa Eshrat Jahan , Kim Yeon Ju , Yang Deok-Chun
Published: May 2023

Inflammation is considered a natural reaction of the immune system that can be caused by several factors such as pathogens, chemical substances, and damaged cells. Since the classical era, therapeutic substances have been made from medicinal plants. According to recent studies, nanotechnology provides a fresh approach to maintaining the standard quality, distribution, and bioactivity of therapeutic compounds. This review emphasizes the anti-inflammatory effects of green, synthetic, plant-based nanoparticles and nanoemulsions. A reduction of the dosage of anti-inflammatory medications and an improved therapeutic impact is highly desirable with an efficient drug delivery method. Along with the discussion of nanotechnology of medicinal plant-based anti-inflammatory effects, this review also offers a perspective view of the use of nanoparticles and nanoemulsions in inflammatory diseases in the future.
Liquid Biopsy in EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC from T790M to MET Amplification: Clinical Implications and Possibilities in the Resistance Setting
Authors: Della Gravara Luigi , Battiloro Ciro , Avellino Aniello , Caputo Francesca , D’Aniello Carmine , Rocco Danilo
Published: May 2023

According to the ESMO and ASCO clinical guidelines, the main role of liquid biopsy in EGFR+ advanced NSCLC patients is represented by T790M detection after erlotinib/gefitinib/afatinib progression. However, the general international expert consensus regards osimertinib as the preferred upfront treatment in this setting; therefore, this role has been scaled back in recent years. As of today, liquid biopsy has no ASCO or ESMO recommendation following first-line osimertinib; in the same vein, no targeted therapy has received ASCO or ESMO recommendation following post upfront Osimertinib progression. However, this standard could change in the near future. Therefore, adopting a clinical point of view, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on the previous, the current and the possible future role of liquid biopsy in the framework of the diagnostic–therapeutic algorithm of EGFR+ advanced NSCLC.
A Study on a Novel Inverted Ultra-Short Baseline Positioning System and Phase Difference Estimation
Authors: Liu Shuai , Guo Haoran , Qian Zhiwen , Li Jie , Wang Xiaojian , Sun Wanzhong , Zhang Lihua , Zhang Anmin
Published: May 2023

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are important tools for exploring and studying the ocean. To improve the stealthiness of AUV positioning, a new type of inverted ultra-short baseline (i-USBL) positioning system is proposed in this paper. The system uses a surface GPS buoy as a positioning base station to transmit positioning signals to the AUV, which receives the signals through the i-USBL and calculates its own coordinates. In this way, the power consumption of the AUV will be lower, improving its endurance. In addition, azimuth observation is one of the key observation quantities in ultra-short baseline positioning systems. Therefore, this paper derives two phase difference estimation algorithms for azimuth measurement, which are the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm and the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm. Simulation results show that when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is less than or equal to 0 dB, the DFT algorithm has higher accuracy; when SNR is greater than or equal to 10 dB, LMS has slightly higher accuracy than DFT; however, DFT is more stable than LMS at all SNRs. When SNR is 20 dB, the maximum azimuth measurement error of LMS and DFT is 0.3301° and 0.2204°, respectively, which can meet the positioning accuracy requirements. The average running times of LMS and DFT are 0.085 s and 0.011 s, respectively, and LMS has a faster running speed. In summary, the LMS algorithm can be used for azimuth observation when the SNR is good, and DFT can be applied when the SNR is poor.
Design of Multi-Modal Ship Mobile Ad Hoc Network under the Guidance of an Autonomous Ship
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Zhang Yingjun , Liu Zhaoda , Wang Shaobo , Zou Yiyang
Published: May 2023

To solve the multi-ship interaction problem under the scenario of multi-modal ships, this paper designed a ship Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) dominated by an autonomous ship. Foremost, we discussed the development and status of autonomous ships, proposed the inevitability of multi-modal ship scenarios, and analyzed the applicability of ad hoc networks in maritime communication. After that, a ship MANET under the guidance of an autonomous ship was designed, including the system composition, network mode, and network management method. We built the ship MANET connectivity model and analyzed its attributes. In addition, the transmission capacity of the ship as a network node is also analyzed. In conclusion, we believe that the ship MANET is feasible and effective in the scenario of multi-modal ships.
Landscape Value in the Spanish Costa del Sol’s Real Estate Market: The Case of Marbella
Authors: Castro Noblejas Hugo , De Paola Pierfrancesco , Vías Martínez Jesús
Published: May 2023

Housing prices are influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. This study aims to highlight the economic impact of the perceived landscape on single-family houses prices in a Spanish Mediterranean urban area (Marbella). Considering the landscape an important added value in real estate markets, this study also explores the landscape elements that contribute the most to the value of housing. A particularly positive influence of mixed views (urban elements and Mediterranean scrub) and sea views is detected in the analysis. Sea views are highly requested in the local housing market, but due to the graded topographical layout of Marbella, it is not very difficult to have sea views for houses. The low importance of views on natural land areas is worth noting when one of the attractions of this municipality is that of a highly valued Mediterranean natural environment. Views on the old town centre are somewhere in between: although the old town centre is highly regarded, with a generally good state of preservation, the sampled properties have poorer quality perspectives, with reduced visual basins and views centred on the foreground, usually the houses opposite.