bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EEG‐based outcome prediction after cardiac arrest with convolutional neural networks: Performance and visualization of discriminative features
Authors: Jonas Stefan , Rossetti Andrea O. , Oddo Mauro , Jenni Simon , Favaro Paolo , Zubler Frederic
Published: July 2019

Prognostication for comatose patients after cardiac arrest is a difficult but essential task. Currently, visual interpretation of electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the main modality used in outcome prediction. There is a growing interest in computer‐assisted EEG interpretation, either to overcome the possible subjectivity of visual interpretation, or to identify complex features of the EEG signal. We used a one‐dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict functional outcome based on 19‐channel‐EEG recorded from 267 adult comatose patients during targeted temperature management after CA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) on the test set was 0.885. Interestingly, model architecture and fine‐tuning only played a marginal role in classification performance. We then used gradient‐weighted class activation mapping (Grad‐CAM) as visualization technique to identify which EEG features were used by the network to classify an EEG epoch as favorable or unfavorable outcome, and also to understand failures of the network. Grad‐CAM showed that the network relied on similar features than classical visual analysis for predicting unfavorable outcome (suppressed background, epileptiform transients). This study confirms that CNNs are promising models for EEG‐based prognostication in comatose patients, and that Grad‐CAM can provide explanation for the models' decision‐making, which is of utmost importance for future use of deep learning models in a clinical setting.
Risks of Light and Moderate Alcohol Use in Fatty Liver Disease: Follow‐Up of Population Cohorts
Authors: Åberg Fredrik , Puukka Pauli , Salomaa Veikko , Männistö Satu , Lundqvist Annamari , Valsta Liisa , Perola Markus , Färkkilä Martti , Jula Antti
Published: July 2019

Background and Aims

The effects of alcohol use in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are unclear. We investigated the impact of alcohol use in fatty liver disease on incident liver, cardiovascular, and malignant disease, as well as death.

Approach and Results

Our study comprised 8,345 persons with hepatic steatosis (fatty liver index >60) who participated in health‐examination surveys (FINRISK 1992‐2012 or Health 2000), with available data on baseline alcohol intake. Main exclusions were baseline clinical liver disease, viral hepatitis, ethanol intake >50 g/day, and current abstainers. Data were linked with national registers for hospital admissions, malignancies, and death regarding liver, cardiovascular, and malignant disease, as well as all‐cause death. Adjustment were for multiple confounders. Alcohol consumption showed a dose‐dependent risk increase for incident advanced liver disease and malignancies. Consuming 10‐19 g/day of alcohol in general or 0‐9 g/day as nonwine beverages doubled the risk for advanced liver disease compared to lifetime abstainers. In contrast, alcohol intake up to 49 g/day was associated with a 22%‐40% reduction of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). We observed a J‐shaped association between alcohol intake and all‐cause death with a maximal risk reduction of 21% (95% confidence interval, 5%‐34%) at alcohol intake of 0‐9 g/day compared to lifetime abstainers. However, these benefits on CVD and mortality were only observed in never smokers. Alcohol intake >30 g/day yielded increased risk estimates for mortality compared to lifetime abstainers. In a subpopulation with longitudinal data, alcohol intake remained stable over time in >80% of subjects.

Conclusions

Even low alcohol intake in fatty liver disease is associated with increased risks for advanced liver disease and cancer. Low to moderate alcohol use is associated with reduced mortality and CVD risk but only among never smokers.
Reproductive justice for incarcerated mothers and advocacy for their infants and young children
Authors: Shlafer Rebecca J. , Hardeman Rachel R. , Carlson Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2019

The United States has seen unprecedented growth in the number of incarcerated women, most of whom are mothers with minor children. Major public health concerns relate to the reproductive health of women in prisons and jails and the well‐being of their infants and young children. In the current article, we use a reproductive justice framework to examine the intersection of incarceration and maternal and child health. We review (a) current research on the reproductive health of incarcerated women, (b) characteristics and experiences of pregnant incarcerated women, (c) outcomes of infants and young children with incarcerated parents, (d) implications of research findings for policy and practice, and (e) the need for increased research, public education, and advocacy. We strongly recommend that correctional policies and practices be updated to address the common misconceptions and biases as well as the unique vulnerabilities and health needs of incarcerated women and their young children.
PHY‐layer Security of MIMO‐NOMA with SWIPT
Authors: Zamanipour Makan
Published: July 2019

A flexible and secure artificial noise (AN)‐aided framework is proposed for multi‐input multioutput (MIMO) nonorthogonal multiple‐access (NOMA) systems. We guarantee resource allocation in a multicluster paradigm with simultaneous wireless power and information transfer (SWIPT) exploiting the power‐splitting technique. This recourse allocation is fulfilled where: (a) the energy‐harvesting receivers do not intercept the nonrelative data; while (b) decoding the relative cell‐edge user in the same cluster. We provide closed‐form solutions, as well as proposition of the controller π ∈{πα − πκ} for the case of imperfect channel estate information (CSI). Simulation results show that our proposed framework is superior to the existing work in terms of rate enhancement and energy efficiency maximization, experiencing the acceptable complexity .
Chemerin induced by Treponema pallidum predicted membrane protein Tp0965 mediates the activation of endothelial cell via MAPK signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Li , Wang Qian‐Qiu , Yang Li‐Jia
Published: July 2019

Chemerin, a chemoattractant protein, is involved in endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in pathological conditions. In a recent study, we observed the upregulation of chemerin in endothelial cells following in vitro treatment with Treponema pallidum. Here, we investigated the role of chemerin in endothelial cells activation induced by the T. pallidum predicted membrane protein Tp0965. Following stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Tp0965, chemerin and its receptor chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) were upregulated, companied with elevated expression of Toll‐like receptor 2. Furthermore, chemerin from HUVECs activated endothelial cells via chemerin/ChemR23 signaling in an autocrine/paracrine manner, characterized by upregulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, E‐selectin, and matrix metalloproteinase‐2. Activation of endothelial cells depended on the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In addition, Tp0965‐induced chemerin promoted THP‐1‐derived macrophages migration to endothelial cells, also via the chemerin/ChemR23 pathway. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was also involved in THP‐1‐derived macrophages migration in response to chemerin/ChemR23. Our results highlight the role of Tp0965‐induced chemerin in endothelial cells dysfunction, which contributes to the immunopathogenesis of vascular inflammation of syphilis.
Morphological analysis of sensilla on different organs in Pachyneuron aphidis, a hyperparasitoid of Myzus persicae
Authors: Shen Sifan , Wu Wei , Zhang Zhen , Wang Yuming , Kong Xiang‐Bo , Liu Fu , Zhang Sufang
Published: July 2019

Aphidius gifuensis is the main enemy of Myzus persieae. While its parasitic rate can be influenced by the hyperparasitoid, Pachyneuron aphidis. As important parts of insects to sense odors from various environments, study of sensilla can lay the foundation of the further study about the parasitic mechanisms, reduce the hyperparasitic rate, and make the most effect usage of A. gifuensis. Here, we give a fundamental study about the morphology of the sensilla on the whole body of male and female P. aphidis. We observed seven main types of sensilla on them totally by using scanning electron microscopy. Including Böhm bristle (BB), chaetica sensilla (ChS), basiconic sensilla (BS), trichoid sensilla (TS), and placodea sensilla (PS), coeleoconica sensilla (CoS), basiconic capitate peg sensilla (BCPS). In addition, TS on antennae can be divided into four subtypes, on wings can be divided into two subtypes. Sensilla were most abundant on the antennae. We observed all types of sensilla on antennae. TS4 was uniporous and PS was multiporous. The other sensilla were nonporous. We did not find sexual dimorphism with regards to sensilla on the antennae except for the location of CoS. In male, CoS situated on the fourth subsegment of flagellum, but on the eighth subsegment in female. In other organs, TS has the largest number. We also found BS on compound eyes and ovipositor, BB on thoracic legs. The possible roles of these sensilla played in life activities are discussed. Our study makes a contribution of the parasitic mechanism of hyperparasitoids.
Index participant characteristics and HIV assisted partner services efficacy in Kenya: results of a cluster randomized trial
Authors: Masyuko Sarah J , Cherutich Peter K , Contesse Marielle G , Maingi Peter M , Wamuti Beatrice M , Macharia Paul M , Bukusi David E , Otieno Felix A , Spiegel Hans ML , Dunbar Matthew D , Golden Matthew R , Richardson Barbra A , Farquhar Carey
Published: July 2019

Introduction

We have previously demonstrated that assisted partner services (aPS) increases HIV testing and case finding among partners of persons living with HIV (PLHIV) in a cluster randomized trial in Kenya. However, the efficacy of aPS may vary across populations. In this analysis, we explore differences in aPS efficacy by characteristics of index participants.

Methods

Eighteen HIV testing sites were randomized to immediate versus 6‐week delayed aPS. Participants were PLHIV (or index participants) and their sexual partners. Partners of index participants were contacted for HIV testing and linked to care if HIV positive. Primary outcomes were the number of partners per index participant who: 1) tested for HIV, 2) tested HIV positive and 3) enrolled in HIV care. We used generalized estimating equations to assess differences in aPS efficacy by region, testing location, gender, age and knowledge of HIV status.

Results

From 2013 to 2015, the study enrolled 1119 index participants, 625 of whom were in the immediate group. These index participants named 1286 sexual partners. Immediate aPS was more efficacious than delayed aPS in promoting HIV testing among partners in high compared to low HIV prevalence regions (Nyanza incidence rate ratio (IRR) 7.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4, 9.6 vs. Nairobi/Central IRR 3.4 95% CI 2.3, 4.8). Higher rates of partner HIV testing were also observed for index participants in rural/peri‐urban compared to urban sites (IRR 6.6; 95% CI 4.5, 9.6 vs. IRR 3.5 95% CI 2.5, 5.0 respectively), for female versus male index participants (IRR 5.8 95% CI 4.2, 7.9 vs. IRR 3.7; 95% CI 2.4, 5.8 respectively) and for newly diagnosed versus known HIV‐positive index participants (IRR 6.0 95% CI 4.2, 8.7 vs. IRR 3.3; 95% CI 2.0, 7.7 respectively). Providing aPS to female versus male index participants also had a significantly higher HIV case finding rate (IRR 9.1; 95% CI 4.0, 20.9 vs. IRR 3.2 95% CI 1.7, 6.0 respectively.)

Conclusions

While it is known that aPS promotes increases in HIV testing and case finding, this is the first study to demonstrate significant differences in aPS efficacy across characteristics of the index participant. Understanding these differences and their drivers will be critical as aPS is brought to scale in order to ensure all PLHIV have access to these services.
The practice of crime linkage: A review of the literature
Authors: Davies Kari , Woodhams Jessica
Published: July 2019

Crime linkage has been the subject of increasing attention in academic research. Research has found support for the principles of behavioural consistency and distinctiveness, which underpin crime linkage, but this does not provide direct evidence as to whether crime linkage is useful in practice. This literature review draws together documentation that refers to the practice of crime linkage, from assessing analysts' efficacy, to discussing the usage of computerised tools to assist with the linkage process, to providing a comprehensive outline of the process itself. The implications of the amount and type of information currently available are discussed, including the variations in practice and terminology that were explored. Avenues for future investigation and the manner in which future research could be conducted are set out in a research agenda.
Identification of Clausine E as an inhibitor of fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) demethylase activity
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Junya , Han Xinxin , Wang Ning , Song Chuanjun , Wang Ruiyong , Chang Junbiao
Published: July 2019

The alkaloids containing a carbazole nucleus are an established class of natural products with wide range of biological activities. A combination of thermodynamic and enzymatic activity studies provides an insight into the recognition of Clausine E by the fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO). The binding of Clausine E to FTO was driven by positive entropy and negative enthalpy changes. Results also indicated that the hydroxyl group was crucial for the binding of small molecules with FTO. The structural and thermodynamic information provides the basis for the design of more effective inhibitors for FTO demethylase activity.
The effects of hesperidin or naringin dietary supplementation on the milk properties of dairy ewes
Authors: Simitzis Panagiotis , Massouras Theofilos , Goliomytis Michael , Charismiadou Maria , Moschou Katerina , Economou Christina , Papadedes Vagelis , Lepesioti Sofia , Deligeorgis Stelios
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Fortification of animal products with natural bioactive compounds appears to improve their quality and protects consumers against oxidation effects. An experiment was therefore conducted to examine the effects of hesperidin or naringin on milk oxidative stability, yield, composition, coagulation properties, and the fatty acid profile in dairy sheep. Thirty‐six Chios ewes were assigned to four groups. A control group was fed a concentrate diet without supplementation. The other three groups were provided with the same diet further supplemented with hesperidin (6000 mg kg−1), naringin (6000 mg kg−1), or α‐tocopheryl acetate (200 mg kg−1). The efficacy of flavonoids after a change in diet composition that lowered milk oxidation values by itself was also tested. The duration of the experiment was 28 days with alfalfa hay being the only forage source for the first 14 days, whereas after the 15th day a mixture of alfalfa hay and wheat straw (65:35) was provided.

RESULTS

The oxidative stability of milk was improved after 14 days of addition of the examined flavonoids (P < 0.05). Milk malondialdehyde (MDA) values were also decreased as a result of flavonoid dietary supplementation, 14 days after the modification of the forage source. On the other hand, no significant differences in yield, chemical composition, coagulation properties, and fatty acid profile of ewe milk were observed among the treatments throughout the experiment.

CONCLUSION

Enrichment of dairy ewes' diets with hesperidin and naringin might be effective in improving milk's oxidative stability without any effects on the milk's chemical composition, coagulation properties, and fatty acid profile. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The Use of a 1,540 nm Fractional Erbium‐Glass Laser in Treatment of Alopecia Areata
Authors: Al‐Dhalimi Muhsin A. , Al‐Janabi Murtadha H. , Abd Al Hussein Ruqeya A.
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives

Varieties of laser and light sources have been tried for treatment of alopecia areata (AA) and some success has been reported. To assess the effectiveness of 1,540  nm fractional erbium‐glass laser in treatment of AA.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The patches of AA were divided into two groups, the study group (I) underwent six sessions of laser therapy at weekly interval with topical minoxidil solution applied twice daily for 6 weeks, while group (II), the control group was received only topical minoxidil solution. The patches were evaluated objectively (hair count and percentage of regrowth) and subjectively (patient satisfaction) at the end of follow‐up period (another 6 weeks).

Results

The percentage of hair increment between pre‐treatment and follow‐up period was 30% for study patches versus 6.45% for control patches. Regarding the percentage of growth, the response rate for study patches was 60% versus 16% for the control.

Conclusions

Erbium‐glass laser seems to be effective in regrowing hair in AA. The durability of the response is unknown. Possible mechanisms of improvement include the induction of a thermal effect on papillary dermis, which stimulates hair regrowth, or an immunological effect on the follicle. In addition, the erbium‐glass laser may enhance the delivery of minoxidil solution. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photofunctionalizable Hydrogel for Fabricating Volume Optical Diffractive Sensors
Authors: Pal Anil Kumar , Labella Elisabetta , Goddard Nicholas J. , Gupta Ruchi
Published: July 2019

Volume amplitude gratings made of mesoporous hydrogels are beneficial for sensing, but are difficult to fabricate because they involve creating high aspect ratio features in soft materials. A novel photofunctionalizable hydrogel is reported and its suitability for fabricating grating sensors is demonstrated comprising of features with an aspect ratio of ≈3.2. To make a photofunctionalizable hydrogel with high optical quality that can be patterned using widely available light sources, a water‐soluble photoactive monomer and sensitizer are synthesized. A transmission amplitude grating is subsequently fabricated in a ≈100 µm thick photofunctionalizable hydrogel film by reaction of the free amines generated in the photoexposed regions with pH‐responsive fluorescein isothiocyanate. The volume hydrogel grating described herein is shown to be suitable for real‐time sensing of pH as an exemplar analyte. This work will have a significant impact on the fabrication of diffractive optical structures in thick films of hydrogels that are highly promising for biomolecular sensing in disease diagnosis and healthcare monitoring.
Design of self‐quadruplexing antenna using substrate‐integrated waveguide technique
Authors: Kumar Arvind
Published: July 2019

A low‐profile cavity‐based self‐quadruplexing antenna (SQA) is projected by using substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for multiband wireless communications. Four quarter‐mode‐like SIW‐based cavity resonators are used for radiation and each resonator is fed individually by four distinct printed feed lines. The proposed antenna topology offers four resonant frequencies around 3.5, 5.2, 5.5, and 5.8 GHz band when excited by the corresponding feed. By appropriately adjusting the design essentials, an isolation around 23.6 dB is realized between any two input ports. Thus, four separate signals can coexist on a single antenna assembly without interfering each other, which help to realize the self‐quadruplexing phenomenon. Finally, the antenna is prototyped and experimentally verified. The experimental results show good agreement with simulated counterparts. Moreover, the proposed design retains the advantages of a small footprint, compact size, low cost, and ease of manufacturing, which makes it a promising candidate for highly integrated handheld transceivers.
Bulking for stress urinary incontinence in men: A systematic review
Authors: Toia B. , Gresty H. , Pakzad M. , Hamid R. , Ockrim J. , Greenwell T.
Published: July 2019

Aims

An updated literature review on outcomes in men treated with currently commercially available bulking agents was performed to determine whether this is a reasonable option in selected patients.

Methods

The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses framework of systematic reviews. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase was undertaken. Abstracts were independently screened by two investigators to include men with stress urinary incontinence treated with a peri‐urethral injection of bulking agents currently available in the market.

Results

Only eight original articles met the inclusion criteria. The bulking agents used were Macroplastique in five studies (total 123 patients), Opsys, Durasphere, and Urolastic in one study each (10, 7, and 2 patients, respectively). Only one study was randomized; Macroplastique vs AUS in men with mild or total incontinence. The included populations were heterogeneous and encompassed endoscopic, perineal, abdominal and laparoscopic prostate surgery as well as spinal cord injuries and urethral sphincter insufficiency. Significant dissimilarity was evident for the duration of incontinence (9‐108 months), mean volume of bulking agent used (2.3–13.5 mL), number of cushions (1‐5), depth and position of the cushions. The outcomes varied significantly, with reported dry rates between 0% and 83%. Outcomes were limited by relatively short follow‐up in most studies.

Conclusion

Following initial enthusiasm and then dismay with collagen‐based compounds, sparse and heterogeneous literature data were produced on newer non‐migrating and nonabsorbable bulking agents. Some studies have suggested encouraging, if short term outcomes, however, future studies are needed in this field to support recommendations for widespread use.
Assessing quality of life in obstetric fistula patients: Validation of the urogenital distress inventory (UDI‐6) and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7) in Lingala and Kikongo in DR Congo
Authors: Loposso Matthieu Nkumu , Ndundu Jean , Mbunzu Dolores , Matala Tala , Punga Augustin Maole , De Ridder Dirk
Published: July 2019

Aims: The Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI‐6) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7) are both well‐known. In obstetric fistula (OF) repair outcome is usually assessed by the surgical team. The patient perspective is often neglected. Therefore we translated both questionnaires in Lingala and Kikongo, official languages in DR Congo. Secondly used the questionnaires in an OF population to assess the real life continence status and the impact of fistula repair surgery.

Methods: UDI‐6 and IIQ‐7 were translated and underwent content validity checks using focus groups. The final versions were tested in a normal population and in an OF population (33 for Kikongo, 35 for Lingala) for internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. The responsiveness was tested in an OF population and effect sizes were calculated.

Results: Both questionnaires showed good internal consistency and reliability. The Cronbach's α for UDI‐6 in both languages was 0.47 for the IIQ‐7, 0.96 for Lingala and 0.94 for Kikongo in an OF population. The test‐retest reliability was high in all cohorts. Both questionnaire scores improved significantly after fistula repair. The effect size for UDI‐6 was −1.09 and −1.6 for IIQ‐7.

Conclusion: Both IIQ‐7 and UDI‐6 questionnaires have been translated in Lingala and Kikongo, two languages of DR Congo. The questionnaires have been validated in an obstetrical fistula population, showing good content validity and test‐retest reliability. The questionnaires show a highly significant effect size, demonstrating the dramatic positive effect of fistula surgery on urogenital symptoms and on the quality of live in an obstetric fistula population.
Nutrition Management in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders
Authors: Krasaelap Amornluck , Kovacic Katja , Goday Praveen S.
Published: July 2019

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders are associated with suboptimal nutrition in children, mainly because of malabsorption and symptoms limiting dietary intake. Apart from medical therapy, nutrition support has a crucial role in maintaining growth and improving clinical outcomes in children. Based on recent data and guidelines, this review provides an overview of nutrition assessment and specific interventions for common pediatric GI disorders including gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophageal motility disorders, gastroparesis, chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction, and constipation. Several approaches including diet modification, enteral nutrition (gastric vs post‐pyloric, temporary vs permanent access, bolus vs continuous), and parenteral nutrition need to be tailored based on patient's nutrition and clinical assessment.
Creating through Deviancy or Adjustment? The Link between Personality Profile Normativeness and Creativity
Authors: Sutu Andreea , Serrano Surizaday , Schultz Leah H. , Jackson Joshua J. , Damian Rodica Ioana
Published: July 2019

Does deviancy or adjustment predict creativity? To address this question, we tested the association between personality profile normativeness (similarity between one's personality profile and the average profile—a proxy for the deviancy–adjustment continuum) and creativity across four different samples (total N = 348 768). We used a wide range of creativity measures, including self–reported, informant–reported, behavioural, and occupational creativity, as well as several essential statistical controls (i.e., demographics, socio–economic background, intelligence, and life satisfaction). Furthermore, we employed both cross–sectional and longitudinal designs, including samples of college students and representative adult populations. We found that people who had more normative personality profiles were more creative. However, this association only held within modality (i.e. when both personality and creativity were either self–reported or informant–reported). We did not find robust associations between personality profile normativeness and laboratory–based behavioural measures of creativity, occupational creativity, or creative achievements. We discuss alternative explanations for the observed adjustment–creativity link, specifically, implicit theories of creativity and person perception biases (halo effects). Notably, the findings did not support the idea that deviancy breeds creativity, suggesting that the famed ‘mad genius’ hypothesis might not hold among the general population. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
Protective effects induced by alcoholic Phlomis fruticosa and Phlomis herba‐venti extracts in isolated rat colon: Focus on antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities in vitro
Authors: Ferrante Claudio , Recinella Lucia , Ronci Maurizio , Orlando Giustino , Di Simone Simonetta , Brunetti Luigi , Chiavaroli Annalisa , Leone Sheila , Politi Matteo , Tirillini Bruno , Angelini Paola , Covino Stefano , Venanzoni Roberto , Vladimir‐Knežević Sanda , Menghini Luigi
Published: July 2019

Phlomis fruticosa L. and P. herba‐venti are species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which have been traditionally used to prepare tonic and digestive drinks. Multiple studies also demonstrated the inhibitory effects of P. fruticosa extracts and essential oil against oxidative/proinflammatory pathways and bacterial strains deeply involved in ulcerative colitis. Considering these findings, the present study evaluated the effects of alcoholic P. fruticosa and P. herba‐venti leaf extracts in isolated rat colon challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an ex vivo experimental paradigm of ulcerative colitis. In this context, we assayed colon levels of pro‐oxidant and proinflammatory biomarkers, including nitrites, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and serotonin (5‐HT). Additionally, the extracts have been tested in order to evaluate possible inhibitory effects on specific bacterial and fungal strains involved in ulcerative colitis. Alcoholic P. fruticosa and P. herba‐venti extracts were able to blunt LPS‐induced nitrite, MDA, 5‐HT, and LDH levels in isolated rat colon. The same extracts also inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. In conclusion, our findings show a potential role exerted by alcoholic P. fruticosa and P. herba‐venti in managing the clinical symptoms related to ulcerative colitis.
Impact of land surface stochastic physics in ALADIN‐LAEF
Authors: Wang Yong , Belluš Martin , Weidle Florian , Wittmann Christoph , Tang Jian , Meier Florian , Xia Fan , Keresturi Endi
Published: July 2019

To deal with the land surface physics uncertainties, a stochastic scheme based on stochastic perturbation of physics tendencies is implemented and tested. The impact of land surface physics uncertainties and their relative importance to land surface initial uncertainties are investigated in the regional ensemble forecasting system ALADIN‐LAEF (Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement InterNational – Limited Area Ensemble Forecasting). The land surface initial perturbation is generated by using an ensemble of land surface data assimilation; and the land surface physics uncertainties by applying the idea of stochastically perturbed parametrization tendencies (SPPT) scheme. Three experiments are conducted and compared with the reference ensemble over a 2‐month period. The results show the introduction of land surface stochastic physics increases the ensemble spread, reduces the ensemble bias, and keeps neutral in deterministic forecast skill of the ensemble, its impact strongly depending on the quality of ensemble initial conditions. The ensemble land surface data assimilation has stronger positive impact on the ALADIN‐LAEF than the land surface stochastic physics for screen‐level temperature and humidity. There is not much impact on 10 m wind and precipitation. Best results are obtained when both the ensemble land surface data assimilation and land surface stochastic physics are used simultaneously; it gives a more reliable and statistically consistent forecast, which is contributed mainly by ensemble land surface data assimilation in the first forecast hours and largely by land surface stochastic physics in the later forecast hours.
Dynamics of wet‐season turbidity in relation to precipitation, discharge, and land cover in three urbanizing watersheds, Oregon
Authors: Chen Junjie , Chang Heejun
Published: July 2019

Frequent intense precipitation events can mobilize and carry sediment and pollutants into rivers, degrading water quality. However, how seasonal rainfall and land cover affect the complex relationship between discharge and turbidity in urban watersheds is still under investigation. Using hourly discharge, rainfall, and turbidity data collected from six stations in three adjacent watersheds between 2008 and 2017, we examined the temporal variability of the discharge–turbidity relationship along an urban–rural gradient. We quantified hysteresis between normalized discharge and turbidity by a hysteresis index and classified hysteresis loops during 377 storm events in early, mid, and late wet season. Hysteresis loop index and direction varied by site land cover type and season. Turbidity values peaked quicker in the watersheds with higher degrees of urban development than in a less urbanized watershed. The positive relation between discharge and turbidity was highest in two downstream stations in the mid wet season, whereas it was highest in two upstream stations in the early wet season. Correlation and regression analysis showed that maximum turbidity was best explained by discharge range, and the sensitivity of turbidity to discharge change was higher in the larger downstream watershed than in the small upstream watersheds. A flashiness index was negatively associated with the slope of turbidity versus discharge, suggesting that turbidity is difficult to predict solely on the basis of discharge in flashy urban streams. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the spatial and temporal variation of discharge–concentration relationship in urbanizing watersheds, which can help water managers increase the resiliency of water‐related ecosystem services to impacts of climate change.
Long‐term (37 years) impacts of low‐head dams on freshwater shrimp habitat connectivity in northeastern Puerto Rico
Authors: Chappell Jessica , McKay S. Kyle , Freeman Mary C. , Pringle Catherine M.
Published: July 2019

Freshwater migratory shrimp in Puerto Rico depend on watershed connectivity, from stream headwaters to the ocean, to complete their life cycle. Moreover, shrimp populations in different watersheds are known to be connected in an island‐wide metapopulation. However, low‐head dams paired with water intakes on streams draining the El Yunque National Forest (EYNF) reduce streamflow. Here, we examine the cumulative effects of low‐head dams on shrimp habitat connectivity over 37 years across seven EYNF watersheds. We calculate total and refugia habitat connectivity (where refugia habitat is defined as predator‐free upstream reaches above waterfalls >5 m in height) at a monthly time step using a habitat‐weighted index of longitudinal riverine connectivity, which incorporates location and operation of water intakes and streamflow variability. Findings indicate total and refugia habitat connectivity declined over 37 years (by 27% and 16%, respectively) as additional water intakes have been placed in lower reaches of watersheds. On a monthly time step, the proportion of streamflow withdrawn has the largest effect on habitat connectivity, with the result that connectivity is ~17% lower during drought years than in nondrought years and ~7% lower in dry compared with wet seasons. Our analysis of this long‐term dataset highlights how cumulative effects of low‐head dams paired with water intakes have reduced shrimp habitat connectivity. These results underscore the importance of reducing existing withdrawal rates in EYNF, and locating intakes where effects on connectivity are minimal, if conserving shrimp habitat is a management objective.
Sulfonated Caspian Sea Sand: A Promising Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst in Comparison with –SO3H Functionalized NiFe2O4@SiO2@KIT‐6
Authors: Mardani Fatemeh , Khorshidi Alireza , Gholampoor Sajad
Published: July 2019

In this study, mesoporous NiFe2O4@SiO2@KIT‐6 core‐shell nanoparticles with magnetic properties were synthesized. Functionalization of the KIT‐6 shell with chlorosulfonic acid afforded the NiFe2O4@SiO2@KIT‐6‐SO3H hybrid material. Sulfonated Caspian Sea sand, on the other hand, was obtained by silica enrichment with hydrochloric acid followed by –SO3H functionalization with chlorosulfonic acid. Efficiency of these –SO3H functionalized solid acids were compared in the synthesis of biologically important 1,4‐dihydropyridines and 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones via corresponding multicomponent reactions and both resulted in good to excellent yields of the desired products under very mild conditions. It was found that the amount of acidic groups (12.58 mmol SO3H g−1 of NiFe2O4@SiO2@KIT‐6‐SO3H vs. 1.02 mmol SO3H g−1 of the sulfonated sand) can be related to BET surface area of the catalysts (160 m2/g vs. 12 m2/g). Although much higher amounts of the sulfonated sand was necessary in comparison with NiFe2O4@SiO2@KIT‐6‐SO3H to obtain satisfactory yields of the organic products, the easy procurement method and the abundance of raw materials needed to make sulfonated Caspian Sea sand was an indisputable advantage. Both catalysts showed good recyclability along with negligible decrease in their efficiency over five periods.
Triphenylcarbenium Tetrafluoroborate as an Efficient Catalyst in the Regioselective Reductive Ring Opening of Benzylidene Acetals of Carbohydrates
Authors: Thota Niranjan , Björkling Fredrik , Kankala Shravankumar
Published: July 2019

Triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate was found to be an efficient catalyst for the highly regioselective reductive ring opening of 4,6‐benzylidene acetals of hexopyranosides using DIBAL−H as the reducing agents to furnish the primary 6‐OH alcohols in good to excellent yield.
Atomic‐Layer Deposition‐Assisted Double‐Side Interfacial Engineering for High‐Performance Flexible and Stable CsPbBr3 Perovskite Photodetectors toward Visible Light Communication Applications
Authors: Cen Guobiao , Liu Yujin , Zhao Chuanxi , Wang Gai , Fu Yong , Yan Genghua , Yuan Ye , Su Chunhua , Zhao Zhijuan , Mai Wenjie
Published: July 2019

Self‐powered photodetectors (PDs) based on inorganic metal halide perovskites are regarded as promising alternatives for the next generation of photodetectors. However, uncontrollable film growth and sluggish charge extraction at interfaces directly limit the sensitivity and response speed of perovskite‐based photodetectors. Herein, by assistance of an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, CsPbBr3 perovskite thin films with preferred orientation and enlarged grain size are obtained on predeposited interfacial modification layers. Thanks to improved film quality and double side interfacial engineering, the optimized CsPbBr3 (Al2O3/CsPbBr3/TiO2, ACT) perovskite PDs exhibit outstanding performance with ultralow dark current of 10−11 A, high detectivity of 1.88 × 1013 Jones and broad linear dynamic range (LDR) of 172.7 dB. Significantly, excellent long‐term environmental stability (ambient conditions >100 d) and flexibility stability (>3000 cycles) are also achieved. The remarkable performance is credited to the synergistic effects of high carrier conductivity and collection efficiency, which is assisted by ALD modification layers. Finally, the ACT PDs are successfully integrated into a visible light communication system as a light receiver on transmitting texts, showing a bit rate as high as 100 kbps. These results open the window of high performance all‐inorganic halide perovskite photodetectors and extends to rational applications for optical communication.
Creating Professionalism in the Field
Authors: Hawkins Ernest
Published: July 2019

Election administration has and is changing as the process becomes more transparent and challenging. This case traces efforts made by a core group of individuals to professionalize election administration and create a professional curriculum for election administration. Also discussed is the connection between enhancing professionalism in the field and ensuring the necessary resources are provided to insure the integrity of elections in the United States.
State Considerations in Understanding the Costs of Elections
Authors: Vander Roest Virginia
Published: July 2019

Effective training is critical for election administrators with limited resources. The State can be valuable in providing these services. Care should be taken to ensure the training and associated materials are available in a variety of formats and materials as the needs of election administrators vary across local jurisdictions and counties.
Technology Procurement in Election Systems
Authors: Bennett David A.
Published: July 2019

Election administrators have a variety of responsibilities that extend beyond the management of election day. They are also responsible for the procurement of the voting systems that will be used by the public. There are a variety of approaches that can be utilized to make this process more efficient. Focusing on Florida, the author discusses the process that was utilized to innovate technology procurement and provides recommendations for the profession to close the information gap that exists between procurement experts, election officials, and vendors.
Operational Solutions That Help Voting Work for Everyone
Authors: Terry Jim , Dunlap Kaylan , Flickinger Steve , Woosley Dan
Published: July 2019

This case study presents the election monitoring best practices that Evan Terry Associates (ETA) has observed and developed to be shared with polling locations across the country. There are numerous details to observe and many distractions that can divert Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) monitors and poll workers during an actual election, especially relating to little or lesser known issues of accessibility for voters with disabilities. The best practices presented can help to consolidate, expedite, and focus accessibility monitors throughout the country as it relates to barriers to accessibility issues at polling places.
Local Engagement with the Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS)
Authors: Gill Susan
Published: July 2019

The introduction of new data collection tools in election administration can create unique challenges for local election officials. This case presents one local election official’s experience with the Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS) from its inception following the passage of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) in 2002; also discussed is the important role that vendors play in ensuring that local jurisdictions provide the type of data required by the EAVS and other election administration data collection tools.
Improving Voting for Overseas Citizens, Military Personnel and Their Dependents
Authors: Kalisa Kamanzi
Published: July 2019

US citizens living overseas as well as active duty military personnel have unique and long-standing challenges in exercising their right to register and cast their vote by absentee in US elections—lack of physical mobility, residing in remote areas, varying laws and policies, as well as limited access to voting information and the actual voting process. The complex US overseas election system is further complicated by the administrative role played by all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories. This case study will explore the work of The Council of State Government’s Overseas Voting Initiative from 2014 to 2018 and the initiative’s efforts to improve the voting process for American military personnel, their families, and civilian citizens residing overseas.
NICE and Fair? Health Technology Assessment Policy Under the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 1999–2018
Authors: Charlton Victoria
Published: July 2019

The UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is responsible for conducting health technology assessment (HTA) on behalf of the National Health Service (NHS). In seeking to justify its recommendations to the NHS about which technologies to fund, NICE claims to adopt two complementary ethical frameworks, one procedural—accountability for reasonableness (AfR)—and one substantive—an ‘ethics of opportunity costs’ (EOC) that rests primarily on the notion of allocative efficiency. This study is the first to empirically examine normative changes to NICE’s approach and to analyse whether these enhance or diminish the fairness of its decision-making, as judged against these frameworks. It finds that increasing formalisation of NICE’s approach and a weakening of the burden of proof laid on technologies undergoing HTA have together undermined its commitment to EOC. This implies a loss of allocative efficiency and a shift in the balance of how the interests of different NHS users are served, in favour of those who benefit directly from NICE’s recommendations. These changes also weaken NICE’s commitment to AfR by diminishing the publicity of its decision-making and by encouraging the adoption of rationales that cannot easily be shown to meet the relevance condition. This signals a need for either substantial reform of NICE’s approach, or more accurate communication of the ethical reasoning on which it is based. The study also highlights the need for further empirical work to explore the impact of these policy changes on NICE’s practice of HTA and to better understand how and why they have come about.
Management of Failed SLAP Repair: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nadeem Ibrahim M. , Vancolen Seline , Horner Nolan S. , Leroux Tim , Alolabi Bashar , Khan Moin
Published: July 2019

Background

Superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) tears are a very common shoulder injury. The success rate of SLAP repair, particularly in the throwing athlete, has been variable in the literature.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the reported post-operative outcomes of management techniques for failed SLAP repair.

Methods

The electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed were searched for relevant studies, and pertinent data was abstracted. Only studies reporting outcomes of management techniques for failed SLAP repairs were included.

Results

A total of 10 studies (levels III to IV) evaluating 176 patients were included in this systematic review. Most subjects were male (86.6%), with a mean age at surgery of 36.3 years (range, 17 to 67 years). The most commonly reported reason for failed SLAP repair was persistent post-operative mechanical symptoms after index SLAP repair. Common techniques used in the management of failed SLAP repair include biceps tenodesis and revision SLAP repair. Return to activity was significantly higher after biceps tenodesis than after arthroscopic revision SLAP repair. However, compared to primary SLAP repair, biceps tenodesis demonstrated no statistically significant differences in return to work rates. Complications reported in one case were resolved post-operatively, and there was no reported revision failure or reoperation after revision surgery.

Conclusion

The most common reason for failed SLAP repair is persistent post-operative mechanical symptoms. Revision surgery for failed SLAP repair has a high success rate. The rate of return to activity after biceps tenodesis was significantly higher than the rate after revision SLAP repair. Large high-quality randomized trials are required to provide definitive evidence to support the optimal treatment for failed SLAP repair.
Introduction: The Power of Global Performance Indicators
Authors: Kelley Judith G. , Simmons Beth A.
Published: July 2019

In recent decades, IGOs, NGOs, private firms and even states have begun to regularly package and distribute information on the relative performance of states. From the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index to the Financial Action Task Force blacklist, global performance indicators (GPIs) are increasingly deployed to influence governance globally. We argue that GPIs derive influence from their ability to frame issues, extend the authority of the creator, and — most importantly — to invoke recurrent comparison that stimulates governments' concerns for their own and their country's reputation. Their public and ongoing ratings and rankings of states are particularly adept at capturing attention not only at elite policy levels but also among other domestic and transnational actors. GPIs thus raise new questions for research on politics and governance globally. What are the social and political effects of this form of information on discourse, policies and behavior? What types of actors can effectively wield GPIs and on what types of issues? In this symposium introduction, we define GPIs, describe their rise, and theorize and discuss these questions in light of the findings of the symposium contributions.