bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decomposition and nutrient release from four epiphytic lichen litters in sub-boreal spruce forests
Authors: Campbell Jocelyn , Fredeen Arthur L. , Prescott Cindy E.
Published: July 2010

Epiphytic lichens are highly abundant in many sub-boreal forests and may be important components of nutrient cycling. Decomposition of, and nutrient release from, two cyanolichens (with N2-fixing cyanobacterial partners) and two chlorolichens (with green-algal partners) were quantified to estimate N inputs from epiphytic lichen litter in late-seral forests. Initial decay rates were strongly correlated with initial %N; the high-N cyanolichen litters ( Nephroma helveticum Ach. and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.) lost 26% more mass than the lower-N chlorolichen litters ( Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. and Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) over the first 4 months. Morphological characteristics also influenced decay, as decomposition of the hair chlorolichen (A. sarmentosa) was similar to that of the foliose cyanolichens, despite an N concentration that was 87% lower. N was immediately released from cyanolichen litters and retained in chlorolichen litters. After 24 months of decay, N concentrations remained highly divergent with 22–27 and 7–8 mg N·g–1in cyanolichen and chlorolichen litter, respectively. Cyanolichen litter represents 0.1%–2.3% of the total aboveground litter biomass and 0.5%–11.5% of the total N input from aboveground litterfall. Decomposition of cyanolichen litter is estimated to release up to 2.1 kg N·ha–1·year–1of newly fixed N that would otherwise be unavailable in mature sub-boreal forests.
A dendrochronological analysis of a disturbance–succession model for oak–pine forests of the Appalachian Mountains, USA
Authors: Brose Patrick H. , Waldrop Thomas A.
Published: July 2010

Disturbance–succession models describe the relationship between the disturbance regime and the dominant tree species of a forest type. Such models are useful tools in ecosystem management and restoration, provided they are accurate. We tested a disturbance–succession model for the oak–pine ( Quercus spp. – Pinus spp.) forests of the Appalachian Mountains region using dendrochronological techniques. In this model, fire promotes pines, while fire suppression, bark beetle outbreaks, and ice storms encourage oaks. We analyzed nine Appalachian oak–pine stands for species establishment dates and the occurrence of fires and canopy disturbances. We found no evidence that fire preferentially promoted the establishment of pine more than oak, nor did we find any evidence that canopy disturbances or periods of no disturbance facilitated the establishment of oak more than pine. Rather, we found that both species groups originated primarily after combined canopy and fire disturbances, and reduction of fire frequency and scope coincided with the cessation of successful oak and pine regeneration. Currently, heath shrubs are slowly dominating these stands, so we present a revised disturbance–succession model for land managers struggling to manage or restore oak–pine forests containing a dense ericaceous understory.
Intervention analysis of the antidumping investigation on wooden bedroom furniture imports from China
Authors: Wan Yang , Sun Changyou , Grebner Donald L.
Published: July 2010

In recent years, the annual imports of wooden bedroom furniture by the United States have been over five billion dollars, with more than two billion dollars of that coming from China. This trend led to an antidumping action against China in October 2003. Since January 2005, antidumping duties of 0.83% to 198.08% have been imposed on individual Chinese firms. To assess the impact of this antidumping action, intervention analysis was employed to examine the import values of four furniture commodities and the prices of two of them over 1997–2008. China and six other major competing countries were included in the analysis. With regard to import values from China, significant trade investigation effects were identified: the petition announcement generated a positive impact in March 2004; the preliminary less-than-fair-value (LTFV) determination had a negative impact from July to December 2004. However, the final implementation did not show any expected trade duty effect. The aggregate impact of the antidumping action on import values from China over 2003–2008 was approximately equivalent to a 1-month import reduction. The impact on the unit prices for China was insignificant. For the six competing countries, intervention analyses revealed that the antidumping action generated a positive trade diversion effect, with the magnitude smaller than the trade depression effect on China.
Structure and resilience of fungal communities in Alaskan boreal forest soilsThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.
Authors: Taylor D. Lee , Herriott Ian C. , Stone Kelsie E. , McFarland Jack W. , Booth Michael G. , Leigh Mary Beth
Published: July 2010

This paper outlines molecular analyses of soil fungi within the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research program. We examined community structure in three studies in mixed upland, black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) forests and examined taxa involved in cellulose degradation at one upland site. We found that soil horizon was the factor by which fungal communities were most strongly structured and that predictable turnover in upland fungal species occurred through succession. Communities from consecutive summers were not significantly different, indicating that interannual variation was small in relation to differences between forest types and soil horizons, yet the community at a seasonal study site underwent significant changes within a year. In each study, mycorrhizal fungi dominated the community. Fungi rather than bacteria appeared to dominate [13C]cellulose degradation, with strongest growth in taxa that were not dominant members of the untreated community, including members of the genus Sebacina . Overall, our results point to considerable interannual resilience juxtaposed with narrow niche partitioning and the capacity of individual taxa in these hyperdiverse communities to respond strongly to resource inputs and changes in other abiotic environmental parameters such as temperature. Our data double the cumulative total of fungal sequences in GenBank and together achieve a better picture of fungal communities here than for any other ecosystem on earth at this time.
Twenty-five years of vegetation change along a putative successional chronosequence on the Tanana River, AlaskaThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.
Authors: Hollingsworth Teresa N. , Lloyd Andrea H. , Nossov Dana R. , Ruess Roger W. , Charlton Brian A. , Kielland Knut
Published: July 2010

Along the Tanana River floodplain, several turning points have been suggested to characterize the changes in ecosystem structure and function that accompany plant community changes through primary succession. In the past, much of this research focused on a presumed chronosequence that uses space for time substitutions. Within this chronosequence, permanent vegetation plots repeatedly measured over time provide an excellent test of the turning points model. We analyzed both canopy and understory vegetation data collected since 1987 in the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest at the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research site to address the following questions: (i) Do long-term changes in the densities of seedling, sapling, and mature trees and shrubs of the dominant woody taxa at each successional stage support the turning points model? (ii) How does the entire plant community change with time at each hypothesized turning point? (iii) Do we see evidence of directional and synchronous shifts in species composition across successional stages? We conclude that some aspects of vegetation change during the last 25 years were consistent with the turning points model; however, many changes were not consistent, indicating the potential roles of biological, environmental, landscape, and climate controls in vegetation patterns.
Alaska’s changing fire regime — implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forestsThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.
Authors: Kasischke Eric S. , Verbyla David L. , Rupp T. Scott , McGuire A. David , Murphy Karen A. , Jandt Randi , Barnes Jennifer L. , Hoy Elizabeth E. , Duffy Paul A. , Calef Monika , Turetsky Merritt R.
Published: July 2010

A synthesis was carried out to examine Alaska’s boreal forest fire regime. During the 2000s, an average of 767 000 ha·year–1 burned, 50% higher than in any previous decade since the 1940s. Over the past 60 years, there was a decrease in the number of lightning-ignited fires, an increase in extreme lightning-ignited fire events, an increase in human-ignited fires, and a decrease in the number of extreme human-ignited fire events. The fraction of area burned from human-ignited fires fell from 26% for the 1950s and 1960s to 5% for the 1990s and 2000s, a result from the change in fire policy that gave the highest suppression priorities to fire events that occurred near human settlements. The amount of area burned during late-season fires increased over the past two decades. Deeper burning of surface organic layers in black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests occurred during late-growing-season fires and on more well-drained sites. These trends all point to black spruce forests becoming increasingly vulnerable to the combined changes of key characteristics of Alaska’s fire regime, except on poorly drained sites, which are resistant to deep burning. The implications of these fire regime changes to the vulnerability and resilience of Alaska’s boreal forests and land and fire management are discussed.
SCREENING DECISIONS CONCERNING THE LIKELY IMPACTS OF PLANS AND PROJECTS ON NATURA 2000 SITES
Authors: PETERSON KAJA , KOSE MATI , UUSTAL MEELIS
Published: July 2010

Screening is a crucial stage in the environmental assessment process, because by this process a decision is made whether or not further assessment of a plan or project is required, and by doing so, the likelihood of implementing plans and projects harming the environment is to be decreased. In the Habitats Directive, it is explicitly stated that the competent authority should ascertain that no harm will be done to EU sites belonging to the Natura 2000 network before authorisation for further action is granted. A review of some of the national guidance documents concerning the Natura Assessment developed by EU Member States showed diversity in the scope and depth prescribed for the assessment. A five-year review of screening decisions in Estonia demonstrated that the Habitats Directive and the respective EU guidelines are poorly applied. The majority of the EIA and SEA screening decisions in 2004–2009 did not consider the impacts on Natura 2000 sites. Those decisions that did consider them addressed primarily the location-induced aspects of the proposed plan or project, with respect to the location of the relevant Natura 2000 site. Less than one third of decisions considered location, likely effects and their significance together. In the rest of the cases, the reasoning was missing or unclear. Since the study demonstrated important deficiencies in the screening stage of the Natura Assessment, the Estonian EIA Act urgently needs to be modified to comply fully with the requirements of the Habitats Directive and to ensure that the conservation objectives of nearly 600 Estonian Natura 200 sites are not compromised.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANK INTERMEDIARY LENDING
Authors: FAUBERT KELLY , BOUCHARD MICHEL A. , CURTIS MARK A. , HICKEY GORDON M.
Published: July 2010

A substantial portion of private sector investments in emerging market economies internationally is routed through the use of Financial Intermediaries (FIs). FIs act as important gateways for channeling the resources from large Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), to micro, small and medium-sized (SME) projects and enterprises whose comparatively limited business portfolios would otherwise make them ineligible for funding. During a MDB's scoping, FI clients are classified into a unique Category FI, whereby the onus for Environmental Assessment (EA) is transferred from the MDB to the FI. Although EA guidelines exist, FI institutions often fail to adequately incorporate them in their sub-project review. This increases the potential for environmentally and socially harmful development decisions being made by the FI with financial resources originating from MDBs. This paper identifies the factors limiting the successful incorporation of EA in FI subproject financing, in an attempt to develop tools to assist MDB's and their FIs to attain compliance with local, national and international EA laws and regulations.
PROCESS IN THE HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE (HCV) CONCEPT WITHIN COMMUNITY-MANAGED FORESTS: CASE STUDY OF COPAL AND BB COMMUNITY FORESTS IN CAMEROON
Authors: AHIMIN ADJÉ OLIVIER , MBOLO MARIE
Published: July 2010

The concept of "High Conservation Value" which was initially used by the Forest Stewardship Council, now plays an increasingly important role in several areas, and most significantly in the design and implementation of development projects. Within the framework of certification of community forests in Cameroon, this concept has been implemented in close collaboration with interested communities. Based on the activities conducted, it is worth noting that the consideration of informal management methods appear to result in better protection of biodiversity. Several categories of High Conservation Values were identified in 2 community-managed forests (Coopérative des Paysans de la Lékié & Bimbia Bonadikombo Community Forests) in Cameroon. Rare or endangered ecosystems, more than 300 plant species and more than 20 wildlife species, including endemic, rare, threatened or endangered species were found. Traditional conservation methods based on culture, as well as some ancestral practices and beliefs help to achieve this protection. Decision-makers and academics should learn from this empirical knowledge for protection programmes and projects of biodiversity.
The Monte Maggiore peridotite (Corsica, France): a case study of mantle evolution in the Ligurian Tethys
Authors: Piccardo Giovanni B. , Guarnieri Luisa
Published: July 2010

The Monte Maggiore peridotite represents subcontinental mantle that underwent tectonic and magmatic evolution during the rifting stage of the Jurassic Ligurian Tethys oceanic basin. Pristine garnet peridotites were first equilibrated under spinel-facies conditions. During continental extension they were diffusely infiltrated by asthenospheric melts that consisted of single fractional melt increments (6% melting degree) showing depleted MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) signature. Diffuse melt migration of undersaturated melts at spinel-facies conditions formed reactive spinel peridotites, and melt impregnation at plagioclase-facies conditions formed impregnated plagioclase peridotites. Further focused melt migration occurred within high-porosity dunite channels.

Subsequently, the single melt fractions underwent coalescence to form aggregate MORB melts that were intruded into shallow magma chambers. They underwent fractional crystallization and formation of variably evolved Mg-rich and Fe–Ti-rich magmas. Mg- and Fe–Ti-gabbroic dykes were formed by intrusion along fractures of these magmas. Melt-percolated peridotites and gabbroic rocks are isotopically homogeneous, suggesting that melts which percolated and intruded the mantle lithosphere derived from isotopically homogeneous asthenospheric mantle sources.

The magmatic cycle, that is, asthenosphere partial melting, lithosphere diffuse melt percolation and dyke intrusion, occurred during Late Jurassic times (163–150 Ma) and represents the youngest events of lithosphere–asthenosphere interaction so far documented in ophiolitic peridotites from the Ligurian Tethys. The Ligurian Tethys basin never reached a mature oceanic stage, that is, the genetic link between exposed oceanic crustal rocks and refractory mantle peridotites.
Composite xenoliths from Spitsbergen: evidence of the circulation of MORB-related melts within the upper mantle
Authors: Grégoire Michel , Chevet June , Maaloe Sven
Published: July 2010

The Sverrefjell Quaternary volcano in Spitsbergen contains composite xenoliths showing lherzolite rocks cross-cut by websterite veins. These two rock types are characterized by similar major element compositions of olivines, orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes and spinels, as well as similar trace element composition for clinopyroxene. The clinopyroxenes of both rock types mostly display upwards convex or spoon-shaped REE (rare earth elements) patterns with a systematic enrichment in La over Ce (Ce
N
/Yb
N
0.72–1.32; Sm
N
/Yb
N
0.86–1.93 and La
N
/Ce
N
1.27–1.93), except for one sample (SV-69) in which clinopyroxenes show a pattern characterized by low LREE compare to HREE (Ce
N
/Yb
N
0.33–0.35). Metasomatic processes appear to be the most reasonable origin to form the lherzolite–websterite associations. We therefore propose that the Spitsbergen mantle has undergone at least two events: (1) a sub-alkaline (tholeiitic) metasomatism followed by (2) an alkaline metasomatic event.
Insights into the origin of mantle graphite and sulphides in garnet pyroxenites from the External Liguride peridotites (Northern Apennine, Italy)
Authors: Montanini Alessandra , Tribuzio Riccardo , Bersani Danilo
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a rare occurrence of graphite in non-cratonic mantle rocks. Graphite has been found in garnet clinopyroxenite layers from the External Liguride peridotites that represent slices of subcontinental lithospheric mantle exhumed at the ocean floor in Mesozoic times. The high-pressure assemblage of the pyroxenites is characterized by garnet+Al–Na-rich clinopyroxene, and testifies to an early stage of equilibration at approximately 2.8 GPa and 1100 °C. Graphite occurs as small dispersed euhedral flakes and stacks of flakes. Structural characterization by microRaman spectrometry indicates a highly ordered structure, compatible with a high-temperature mantle origin. C isotope composition of graphite has a typical mantle signature. Fe–Ni–Cu sulphides occur as accessory phases, both as blebs enclosed in silicates (E-Type) and interstitial grains (I-Type). The sulphide assemblage (Ni-free pyrrhotite, pentlandite, Cu–Fe sulphides) mainly reflects subsolidus exsolution from high-temperature Fe–Ni–Cu monosulphide solid solutions with variable Ni (up to 18 wt%) and Cu content (up to 7 wt%). The origin of E- and I-Type sulphides requires the existence of an immiscible Fe–Ni–Cu sulphide liquid, which segregated from the partial melt of the garnet pyroxenite. Graphite precipitation in the pyroxenite was presumably related to the reduction of a more oxidized carbon species interacting with the sulphide liquid as a reducing agent.
Composition and evolution of the lithospheric mantle in central Spain: inferences from peridotite xenoliths from the Cenozoic Calatrava volcanic field
Authors: Villaseca C. , Ancochea E. , Orejana D. , Jeffries T. E.
Published: July 2010

Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Cenozoic Calatrava volcanic field provide a sampling of the lithospheric mantle of central Spain. The xenoliths are estimated to originate from depths of 35–50 km. Trace element content of clinopyroxene and Cr-number in spinel indicate low degrees of partial melting (≤ 5%) of the xenoliths. Although a major element whole-rock model suggests wider degrees of melting, the Calatrava peridotite chemistry indicates a moderately fertile mantle beneath central Spain. Calatrava peridotite xenoliths bear evidence for interaction with two different metasomatic agents. The enrichment in LREE(light rare earth element), Th, U and Pb, and the negative anomalies in Nb–Ta in clinopyroxene and amphibole from xenoliths of El Aprisco, indicate that the metasomatic agent was probably a subduction-related melt, whereas the enrichment in MREE in clinopyroxene from xenoliths of the Cerro Pelado centre suggests an alkaline melt similar to the host undersaturated magmas. These metasomatic agents are also consistent with the chemistry of interstitial glasses found in xenoliths of the two volcanic centres. Differences in metasomatism but also in mantle composition is supported by Sr–Nd whole-rock data which show a more radiogenic nature for Sr isotopes of samples from the El Aprisco centre (
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios of 0.7035–0.7044 instead of 0.7032–0.7037 for samples from Cerro Pelado). The timing of the subduction-related metasomatic stage is unconstrained, although the Calatrava intraplate volcanism intrudes an old Variscan lithospheric section reworked during the converging plate system affecting SE Iberia in the Tertiary. The presence of wehrlite types within the Calatrava peridotite xenoliths is here interpreted as a reaction of host lherzolites with silica-undersaturated silicate melts that could be related to the Calatrava alkaline magmatism. The Sr–Nd isotopic composition of Calatrava peridotites plot within the European athenospheric reservoir(EAR) mantle, these values represent more enriched signatures than those found in the other Spanish Cenozoic alkaline province of Olot.
Cryptic metasomatism in clino- and orthopyroxene in the upper mantle beneath the Pannonian region
Authors: Dobosi G. , Jenner G. A. , Embey-Isztin A. , Downes H.
Published: July 2010

Clino- and orthopyroxenes in anhydrous spinel peridotite xenoliths from Pliocene alkali basalts of the western Pannonian Basin have been analysed for trace elements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Clinopyroxenes show highly variable mantle normalized REE (rare earth elements) patterns but basically can be classified into three major groups: LREE-depleted, LREE-enriched and U-shaped patterns. As the REE patterns of clinopyroxenes usually reflect the REE patterns of the host peridotite, the three major REE patterns define three geochemically different groups of xenoliths. LREE-depleted xenoliths generally have undeformed protogranular textures, while the more deformed xenoliths with porphyroclastic and equigranular textures have LREE-enriched trace element patterns. The U-shaped pattern is very distinctive and is generally associated with poikilitic textures. The HREE content of the clinopyroxenes suggest that most of the xenoliths experienced less than15% partial melting, with the lowest degree occurring in the LREE-depleted xenoliths, and the highest degree in LREE-enriched xenoliths. Cryptic metasomatism frequently accompanies deformation. Metasomatic enrichment of incompatible trace elements can be observed not only in clinopyroxenes but also in coexisting orthopyroxenes. The metasomatic agents were probably alkaline mafic melts of asthenospheric origin and some may relate to upper Cretaceous alkali lamprophyre magmatism. Geochemical signatures of subduction-related melts or fluids have not been found in the anhydrous LREE-enriched xenoliths, although poikilitic xenoliths with U-shaped normalized REE patterns may indicate the influence of subduction-related melts.
Bursting and calcium oscillations in pancreatic β-cells: specific pacemakers for specific mechanisms
Authors: Fridlyand L. E. , Tamarina N. , Philipson L. H.
Published: July 2010

Oscillatory phenomenon in electrical activity and cytoplasmic calcium concentration in response to glucose are intimately connected to multiple key aspects of pancreatic β-cell physiology. However, there is no single model for oscillatory mechanisms in these cells. We set out to identify possible pacemaker candidates for burst activity and cytoplasmic Ca2+oscillations in these cells by analyzing published hypotheses, their corresponding mathematical models, and relevant experimental data. We found that although no single pacemaker can account for the variety of oscillatory phenomena in β-cells, at least several separate mechanisms can underlie specific kinds of oscillations. According to our analysis, slowly activating Ca2+-sensitive K+channels can be responsible for very fast Ca2+oscillations; changes in the ATP/ADP ratio and in the endoplasmic reticulum calcium concentration can be pacemakers for both fast bursts and cytoplasmic calcium oscillations, and cyclical cytoplasmic Na+changes may underlie patterning of slow calcium oscillations. However, these mechanisms still lack direct confirmation, and their potential interactions raises new issues. Further studies supported by improved mathematical models are necessary to understand oscillatory phenomena in β-cell physiology.
Posttranslational mechanisms associated with reduced NHE3 activity in adult vs. young prehypertensive SHR
Authors: Crajoinas Renato O. , Lessa Lucília M. A. , Carraro-Lacroix Luciene R. , Davel Ana Paula C. , Pacheco Bruna P. M. , Rossoni Luciana V. , Malnic Gerhard , Girardi Adriana C. C.
Published: July 2010

Abnormalities in renal proximal tubular (PT) sodium transport play an important role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) represents the major route for sodium entry across the apical membrane of renal PT cells. We therefore aimed to assess in vivo NHE3 transport activity and to define the molecular mechanisms underlying NHE3 regulation before and after development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). NHE3 function was measured as the rate of bicarbonate reabsorption by means of in vivo stationary microperfusion in PT from young prehypertensive SHR (Y-SHR; 5-wk-old), adult SHR (A-SHR; 14-wk-old), and age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. We found that NHE3-mediated PT bicarbonate reabsorption was reduced with age in the SHR (1.08 ± 0.10 vs. 0.41 ± 0.04 nmol/cm2×s), while it was increased in the transition from youth to adulthood in the WKY rat (0.59 ± 0.05 vs. 1.26 ± 0.11 nmol/cm2×s). Higher NHE3 activity in the Y-SHR compared with A-SHR was associated with a predominant microvilli confinement and a lower ratio of phosphorylated NHE3 at serine-552 to total NHE3 (P-NHE3/total). After development of hypertension, P-NHE3/total increased and NHE3 was retracted out of the microvillar microdomain along with the regulator dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). Collectively, our data suggest that the PT is playing a role in adapting to the hypertension in the SHR. The molecular mechanisms of this adaptation possibly include an increase of P-NHE3/total and a redistribution of the NHE3-DPPIV complex from the body to the base of the PT microvilli, both predicted to decrease sodium reabsorption.
Learning to Discriminate Face Views
Authors: Bi Taiyong , Chen Nihong , Weng Qiujie , He Dongjun , Fang Fang
Published: July 2010

Although perceptual learning of simple visual features has been studied extensively and intensively for many years, we still know little about the mechanisms of perceptual learning of complex object recognition. In a series of seven experiments, human perceptual learning in discrimination of in-depth orientation of face view was studied using psychophysical methods. We trained subjects to discriminate face orientations around a face view (i.e., 30°) over eight daily sessions, which resulted in a significant improvement in sensitivity to the face view orientation. This improved sensitivity was highly specific to the trained orientation and persisted up to 6 mo. Different from perceptual learning of simple visual features, this orientation-specific learning effect could completely transfer across changes in face size, visual field, and face identity. A complete transfer also occurred between two partial face images that were mutually exclusive but constituted a complete face. However, the transfer of the learning effect between upright and inverted faces and between a face and a paperclip object was very weak. These results shed light on the mechanisms of the perceptual learning of face view discrimination. They suggest that the visual system had learned how to compute face orientation from face configural information more accurately and that a large amount of plastic changes took place at a level of higher visual processing where size-, location-, and identity-invariant face views are represented.
Fine-mapping of muscle weight QTL in LG/J and SM/J intercrosses
Authors: Lionikas A. , Cheng R. , Lim J. E. , Palmer A. A. , Blizard D. A.
Published: July 2010

Genetic variation plays a substantial role in variation in strength, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to examine the mechanisms underlying variation in muscle mass, a predictor of strength, between LG/J and SM/J strains, which are the inbred progeny of mice selected, respectively, for high and low body weight. We measured weight of five hindlimb muscles in LG/J and SM/J males and females, in F1and F2intercrosses, and in an advanced intercross (AI), F34, between the two. F2mice were genotyped using 162 SNPs throughout the genome; F34mice were genotyped at 3,015 SNPs. A twofold difference in muscle mass between the LG/J and SM/J mouse strains was observed. Integrated genome-wide association analysis in the combined population of F2and AI identified 22 quantitative trait loci (QTL; genome-wide P < 0.05) affecting muscle weight on Chr 2 (2 QTL), 4, 5, 6 (7 QTL), 7 (4 QTL), 8 (4 QTL), and 11 (3 QTL). The LG/J allele conferred greater muscle weight in all cases. The 1.5-LOD QTL support intervals ranged between 0.3 and 13.4 Mb (median 3.7 Mb) restricting the list of candidates to between 5 and 97 genes. Selection for body weight segregated the alleles affecting skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue in the body. Combination of analyses in an F2and AI was an effective strategy to detect and refine the QTL in a genome-wide manner. The achieved resolution facilitates further elucidation of the underlying genetic mechanisms affecting muscle mass.
Upregulation of Endogenous HMOX1 Expression by a Computer-Designed Artificial Transcription Factor
Authors: Guo Hongfeng , Tian Yi , Lu Hai , Wei Yong , Ying Dajun
Published: July 2010

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is well known as a cytoprotective factor. Research has revealed that it is a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, an HMOX1 (HO-1 gene) enhancer-specific artificial zinc-finger protein (AZP) was designed using bioinformatical methods. Then, an artificial transcription factor (ATF) was constructed based on the AZP. In the ATF, the p65 functional domain was used as the effector domain (ED), and a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) was also included. We next analyzed the affinity of the ATF to the HMOX1 enhancer and the effect of the ATF on endogenous HMOX1 expression. The results suggest that the ATF could effectively upregulate endogenous HMOX1 expression in ECV304 cells. With further research, the ATF could be developed as a potential drug for cardiovascular diseases.
Intravitreal Ampicillin Sodium for Antibiotic-Resistant Endophthalmitis:Streptococcus uberisFirst Human Intraocular Infection Report
Authors: Velez-Montoya Raul , Rascón-Vargas Dulce , Mieler William F. , Fromow-Guerra Jans , Morales-Cantón Virgilio
Published: July 2010

Purpose. To describe the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment with intravitreal ampicillin sodium of a postoperative endophthalmitis case due toStreptococcus uberis; an environmental pathogen commonly seen in mastitis cases of lactating cows.Methods. Case Report. A 52-year-old, Hispanic diabetic patient who suddenly developed severe pain and severe loss of vision, following vitrectomy.Results. The patient was diagnosed with postoperative endophthalmitis secondary to a highly resistant strain ofStreptococcus uberisthat did not respond to intravitreal antibiotics. He was treated with an air-fluid interchange, anterior chamber washout, intravitreal ampicillin sodium (5 mg/0.1 mL), and silicon oil tamponade (5000 ck). The eye was anatomically stabilized, though there was no functional recovery.Conclusion.Streptococcus uberisis an uncommon pathogen to the human eye, which has unique features that help the strain in developing resistance to antibiotics. While treatment with intravitreal ampicillin is feasible, there are still concerns about its possible toxicity.
An Ishikawa-Hybrid Proximal Point Algorithm for Nonlinear Set-Valued Inclusions Problem Based on "Equation missing" -Accretive Framework
Authors: Li HongGang , Xu AnJian , Jin MaoMing
Published: July 2010

A general nonlinear framework for an Ishikawa-hybrid proximal point algorithm using the notion of "Equation missing"-accretive is developed. Convergence analysis for the algorithm of solving a nonlinear set-valued inclusions problem and existence analysis of solution for the nonlinear set-valued inclusions problem are explored along with some results on the resolvent operator corresponding to "Equation missing"-accretive mapping due to Lan-Cho-Verma in Banach space. The result that sequence "Equation missing" generated by the algorithm converges linearly to a solution of the nonlinear set-valued inclusions problem with the convergence rate "Equation missing" is proved.
A Case Report Exploring Activity Intensity in Inpatient Rehabilitation after Stroke
Authors: Zalewski Kathryn , Kerk Julie , Laundre Kristina , Wacek Amber , Wiedmeyer Melissa
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose. Inpatient rehabilitation in countries other than the United States (US) has been described as a time where patients are often not engaged in intensive physical activity. The purpose of this case report is to explore the amount and intensity of physical activity provided in inpatient rehabilitation after stroke in the US.Methods. This study presents a case report of a person admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit after sustaining a first stroke. A customized data collection tracked type of activity, activity intensity and social interaction every 5 minutes during the rehabilitation day.Results. 74 percent of the day was spent in low intensity, often seated, physical activity; 14% of the day was spent resting or sleeping. Only 2.91% the day was spent in moderate or high intensity activity with a mobility focus.Conclusions. Consistent with other studies, this case report suggests a relatively low physical demand to rehabilitation delivered in inpatient stroke rehabilitation. This case begins to raise questions about optimized rehabilitation parameters for acute stroke rehabilitation.
Securing the Border from Invasives: Robust Inspections under Severe Uncertainty
Authors: Moffitt L. Joe , Stranlund John K. , Osteen Craig D.
Published: July 2010

Two important features of agricultural quarantine inspections of shipping containers for invasive species at U.S. ports of entry are the general absence of economic considerations and the severe uncertainty that surrounds invasive species introductions. In this article, we propose and illustrate a method for determining an inspection monitoring protocol that addresses both issues. An inspection monitoring protocol is developed that is robust in maximizing the set of uncertain outcomes over which an economic performance criterion is achieved. The framework is applied to derive an alternative to Agricultural Quarantine Inspection (AQI) for shipments of fruits and vegetables as currently practiced at ports of entry in the United States.
Analysis of HorseMyostatinGene and Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Breeds of Different Morphological Types
Authors: Dall'Olio Stefania , Fontanesi Luca , Nanni Costa Leonardo , Tassinari Marco , Minieri Laura , Falaschini Adalberto
Published: July 2010

Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative modulator of muscle mass. We characterized the horse (Equus caballus)MSTNgene and identified and analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in breeds of different morphological types. Sequencing of coding, untranslated, intronic, and regulatory regions ofMSTNgene in 12 horses from 10 breeds revealed seven SNPs: two in the promoter, four in intron 1, and one in intron 2. The SNPs of the promoter (GQ183900:g.26TC and GQ183900:g.156TC, the latter located within a conserved TATA-box like motif) were screened in 396 horses from 16 breeds. The g.26C and the g.156C alleles presented higher frequency in heavy (brachymorphic type) than in light breeds (dolichomorphic type such as Italian Trotter breed). The significant difference of allele frequencies for the SNPs at the promoter and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) on haplotypes indicates that these polymorphisms could be associated with variability of morphology traits in horse breeds.
Towards the Optimum Light Source Spectrum
Authors: Chalmers Andrew , Soltic Snjezana
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with designing light source spectra for optimum luminous efficacy and colour rendering. We demonstrate that it is possible to design light sources that can provide both good colour rendering and high luminous efficacy by combining the outputs of a number of narrowband spectral constituents. Also, the achievable results depend on the numbers and wavelengths of the different spectral bands utilized in the mixture. Practical realization of these concepts has been demonstrated in this pilot study which combines a number of simulations with tests using real LEDs (light emitting diodes). Such sources are capable of providing highly efficient lighting systems with good energy conservation potential. Further research is underway to investigate the practicalities of our proposals in relation to large-scale light source production.
Sleep Health Issues for Children with FASD: Clinical Considerations
Authors: Jan James E. , Asante Kwadwo O. , Conry Julianne L. , Fast Diane K. , Bax Martin C. O. , Ipsiroglu Osman S. , Bredberg Elizabeth , Loock Christine A. , Wasdell Michael B.
Published: July 2010

This article describes the combined clinical experience of a multidisciplinary group of professionals on the sleep disturbances of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) focusing on sleep hygiene interventions. Such practical and comprehensive information is not available in the literature. Severe, persistent sleep difficulties are frequently associated with this condition but few health professionals are familiar with both FASD and sleep disorders. The sleep promotion techniques used for typical children are less suitable for children with FASD who need individually designed interventions. The types, causes, and adverse effects of sleep disorders, the modification of environment, scheduling and preparation for sleep, and sleep health for their caregivers are discussed. It is our hope that parents and also researchers, who are interested in the sleep disorders of children with FASD, will benefit from this presentation and that this discussion will stimulate much needed evidence-based research.
A Phenomenological Study on the Synergistic Role of Precious Metals and the Support in the Steam Reforming of Logistic Fuels on Monometal Supported Catalysts
Authors: Azad Abdul-Majeed , Sundararajan Desikan
Published: July 2010

Clean power source utilizing vast logistic fuel reserves (jet fuels, diesel, and coal) would be the main driver in the 21st century for high efficiency. Fuel processors are required to convert these fuels into hydrogen-rich reformate for extended periods in the presence of sulfur, and deliver hydrogen with little or no sulfur to the fuel cell stack. However, the jet and other logistic fuels are invariably sulfur-laden. Sulfur poisons and deactivates the reforming catalyst and therefore, to facilitate continuous uninterrupted operation of logistic fuel processors, robust sulfur-tolerant catalysts ought to be developed. New noble metal-supported ceria-based sulfur-tolerant nanocatalysts were developed and thoroughly characterized. In this paper, the performance of single metal-supported catalysts in the steam-reforming of kerosene, with 260 ppm sulfur is highlighted. It was found that ruthenium-based formulation provided an excellent balance between hydrogen production and stability towards sulfur, while palladium-based catalyst exhibited rapid and steady deactivation due to the highest propensity to sulfur poisoning. The rhodium supported system was found to be most attractive in terms of high hydrogen yield and long-term stability. A mechanistic correlation between the role of the nature of the precious metal and the support for generating clean desulfurized -rich reformate is discussed.
Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium
Authors: Putignani Lorenza , Menichella Donato
Published: July 2010

Cryptosporidiumspp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a plethora of detection systems still inadequate or only partially applied for worldwide surveillance. In children, cryptosporidiosis encumber is even less recorded and often misidentified due to physiological reasons such as early-age unpaired immunological response. Furthermore, malnutrition in underdeveloped countries or clinical underestimation of protozoan etiology in developed countries contribute to the underestimation of the worldwide burden. Principal key indicators of the parasite distribution were associated to environmental (e.g., geographic and temporal clusters, etc.) and host determinants of the infection (e.g., age, immunological status, travels, community behaviours). The distribution was geographically mapped to provide an updated picture of the global parasite ecosystems. The present paper aims to provide, by a critical analysis of existing literature, a link between observational epidemiological records and new insights on public health, and diagnostic and clinical impact of cryptosporidiosis.
An Insight into the Interactions between α‐Tocopherol and Chitosan in Ultrasound‐Prepared Nanoparticles
Authors: Naghibzadeh Majid , Amani Amir , Amini Mohsen , Esmaeilzadeh Elina , Mottaghi-Dastjerdi Negar , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between α‐tocopherol and chitosan molecules prepared subsequent to preparation of α‐tocopherol‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles using ultrasonication. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed semispherical particles with an average size of approximately 350 nm. Also from reconstitution test, α‐tocopherol was suggested as stabilizing agent during lyophilization/reconstitution process. The zeta potentials of chitosan and α‐tocopherol nanoparticles were larger than ±30 mV, representing suitable stability. Data obtained from FTIR showed possibility of chemical interaction between chitosan and α‐tocopherol. Furthermore, the results from FTIR, NMR, and XRD spectroscopy confirmed electrostatic interactions between the two molecules. Overall, this procedure could be considered as a facile method to prepare α‐tocopherol‐loaded nanoparticles.
Integration of Services for Victims of Child Sexual Abuse at the University Teaching Hospital One-Stop Centre
Authors: Chomba Elwyn , Murray Laura , Kautzman Michele , Haworth Alan , Kasese-Bota Mwaba , Kankasa Chipepo , Mwansa Kaunda , Amaya Mia , Thea Don , Semrau Katherine
Published: July 2010

Objective. To improve care of sexually abused children by establishment of a “One Stop Centre” at the University Teaching Hospital.Methodology. Prior to opening of the One Stop Centre, a management team comprising of clinical departmental heads and a technical group of professionals (health workers, police, psychosocial counselors lawyers and media) were put in place. The team evaluated and identified gaps and weaknesses on the management of sexually abused children prevailing in Zambia. A manual was produced which would be used to train all professionals manning a One Stop Centre. A team of consultants from abroad were identified to offer need based training activities and a database was developed.Results. A multidisciplinary team comprising of health workers, police and psychosocial counselors now man the centre. The centre is assisted by lawyers as and when required. UTH is offering training to other areas of the country to establish similar services by using a Trainer of Trainers model. A comprehensive database has been established for Lusaka province.Conclusion. For establishment of a One Stop Centre, there needs to be a core group comprising of managers as well as a technical team committed to the management and protection of sexually abused children.
Ten Common Genetic Variants Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk Are Not Associated with Survival after Diagnosis
Authors: Tenesa Albert , Theodoratou Evropi , Din Farhat V.N. , Farrington Susan M. , Cetnarskyj Roseanne , Barnetson Rebecca A. , Porteous Mary E. , Campbell Harry , Dunlop Malcolm G.
Published: July 2010

Purpose: To date, genomewide association studies have identified 10 genetic loci associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility. We hypothesized that these loci might also affect cancer survival.

Experimental Design: To determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms tagging these 10 loci influenced all-cause and CRC-specific mortality, we prospectively followed survival outcomes for 2,838 Scottish patients recruited soon after a diagnosis of CRC. Survival analysis was conducted using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, age, and sex.

Results: None of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be statistically significantly associated with all-cause or CRC-specific mortality.

Conclusions: We conclude that none of the 10 common genetic variants thus far shown to be associated with CRC risk are associated with survival from CRC. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3754–9. ©2010 AACR.
Green Tea Polyphenols and Metabolites in Prostatectomy Tissue: Implications for Cancer Prevention
Authors: Wang Piwen , Aronson William J. , Huang Min , Zhang Yanjun , Lee Ru-Po , Heber David , Henning Susanne M.
Published: July 2010

Epidemiologic, preclinical, and clinical trials suggest that green tea consumption may prevent prostate cancer through the action of green tea polyphenols including (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). To study the metabolism and bioactivity of green tea polyphenols in human prostate tissue, men with clinically localized prostate cancer consumed six cups of green tea (n = 8) daily or water (n = 9) for 3 to 6 weeks before undergoing radical prostatectomy. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, 4″-O-methyl EGCG (4″-MeEGCG) and EGCG were identified in comparable amounts, and (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate was identified in lower amounts in prostatectomy tissue from men consuming green tea (38.9 ± 19.5, 42.1 ± 32.4, and 17.8 ± 10.1 pmol/g tissue, respectively). The majority of EGCG and other green tea polyphenols were not conjugated. Green tea polyphenols were not detected in prostate tissue or urine from men consuming water preoperatively. In the urine of men consuming green tea, 50% to 60% of both (−)-epigallocatechin and (−)-epicatechin were present in methylated form with 4′-O-MeEGC being the major methylated form of (−)-epigallocatechin. When incubated with EGCG, LNCaP prostate cancer cells were able to methylate EGCG to 4″-MeEGCG. The capacity of 4″-MeEGCG to inhibit proliferation and NF-κB activation and induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells was decreased significantly compared with EGCG. In summary, methylated and nonmethylated forms of EGCG are detectable in prostate tissue following a short-term green tea intervention, and the methylation status of EGCG may potentially modulate its preventive effect on prostate cancer, possibly based on genetic polymorphisms of catechol O-methyltransferase. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 985–93. ©2010 AACR.