bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change: How is the Adaptation of Public Health Services? Case Studies in the City of Padang
Authors: Sari Putri Nilam , Djafri Defriman , Gusti Aria
Published: December 2019

Although the implications of climate change for public health continue to be explained, Indonesia still needs a lot of work to guide the development of comprehensive strategies to support health system adaptation. Existing regulations have not been able to increase the participation of Public Health Centers (PHCs) as first-level services to reduce problems that will arise due to the climate. The purpose of this paper is to see the extent of adaptation by PHCs to deal with climate change. This research was carried out by observing the indicators of the adaptation of the PHCs, in-depth interviews and review of related documents in three PHCs. The finding indicates that adaptation activities that need to be improved by PHCs are early warning systems about drought risk, collaboration with institutions concerned with climate change, and participation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by using a pro-environment transportation system. In conclusion, the adaptation systems of PHCs have begun to be good, but there is no special attention to the risk of climate change that will be increasing in the future.
Investigating the Food-Based Domestic Materiality of Nuaulu People, Seram Island: The Multiple Roles of Sago
Authors: Suryantini R , Paramita KD , Yatmo YA
Published: December 2019

This paper employs the perspective of food as the basis of understanding domestic materiality in a vernacular context. Current discourse of domestic materiality tends to perceive understanding of material within a localised and enclosed context. Food demonstrates a potential to expand such arrangement, bridging the connection between domestic and the wider context, arguably demonstrating a better understanding of sustainable materiality Similarly, the study’s focus on vernacular context is also influenced by the multiple roles of food in such a context, demonstrating a tight strong interrelationship of nature and culture.

This paper focuses on the exploration of food-based of domestic materiality of the Nuaulu people, employing data from a field observation in the Sepa and Rohua Village, Seram Island. Sago becomes the particular focus of this study as it is a significant native plant that is used both for the sustenance and social-cultural life of the Nualu people. The study highlights the rituals, social process, and territorialisation aspects happening in sago related activities in the tribes. This paper highlights that the interrelationship of these aspects demonstrates a sense of identity for the Nuaulu people, arguably illustrating the multidimensional and sustainable characteristics of sago as part of the tribe’s domestic materiality.
Visit Results Reporting System from External Parties in Adira Finance Using CodeIgniter
Authors: Azdy Rezania Agramanisti , Suwarno Muji , Sepudin
Published: December 2019

The Palembang branch of Adira Finance has its own procedures in handling its overdue customers, namely customers who do not make installment payments, based on the time of late payment. One of the measures taken is to collaborate with third parties to make visits to overdue customers. This study aims to build a system that can be used by third parties for conveying information in the form of results of visits that have been made to overdue customers. System development is carried out by prototype method to obtain the results of a system that suits the needs of its users. The results of the study are a system that can be used by three types of users, namely admin, external party, and executor. The system can be used to divide the assignment of customer visits to the external, and each external can continue the assignment to the executor. Both external and executor can report the results of their visit to the system.
Embedding the Operating System : a Case Study LMDE 3 on a USB Flash Drive
Authors: Tarigan I J , Sihombing P , Sirait P , Sembiring R W , Simanjuntak H E
Published: December 2019

The Operating system is growing rapidly in the era of information technology and the particular Desktop Operating System, one of the desktop operating system is LMDE 3 “Cindy” Linux-based, this research will discuss 2 techniques for embedding operating system (EOS) LMDE 3 Live-USB and permanent installation on a USB Flash Drive, and test performance.
DEA and Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting for Benchmarking Qualitative Data
Authors: Abdullah Dahlan , Hartono H , Ongko Erianto , Erliana Cut Ita , Irwansyah Defi , Iskandar Akbar , Sari Ayu Esteka , Abdussakir  , Yuniningsih  , Siregar Nurintan Asyiah , Kahar Muhammad Syahrul , Waliulu Raditya Faisal , Amalia Ainna , Kurniasih Nuning , Arifin Muhammad , Muzid Syafiul
Published: December 2019

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is one method that is often used in the benchmarking process. The benchmarking process with DEA is often faced with problems where there is a Decision Making Unit (DMU) both Input and Output which is not in the form of qualitative data but in the form of qualitative data. Qualitative data requires an assessment from the appraiser so that it can become quantitative data. This study will use the Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting method to convert qualitative data into quantitative. The results of this study will produce a model that integrates DEA with Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting.
Expert System Diagnosing Disease of Honey Guava Using Bayes Method
Authors: Abdullah Dahlan , Zarlis Muhammad , Pardede A M H , Anum Apipah , Suryani Rini , Parwito  , Hidayati Permata Ika , Susilo Edi , Sofais Danur Azissah Roesliana , Rosyidah Elsa , Surya Sara , Iskandar Akbar , Darmawansyah  , Aprilatutini Titin , Erliana Cut Ita , Setiyadi Didik
Published: December 2019

Honey Guava Fruit (Green Guava Deli) is one of the fruit that are very popular, liked, and consumed by the people. The pProblems that cause a decline in the quality of guava due to honey guava plants can also be attacked by disease. The limited access information about honey guava disease is one of the obstacles, while the number of agricultural experts is still insufficient. In this study a media system will built with an expert system approach. The application development phase begins with the system analysis stage, namely data analysis and system requirements description, building a knowledge base, Data Flow Diagram, Entity Relationship Diagram, and creating a table structure, table design, and interface menu design. After the design phase is complete, it is continued to the implementation and testing phase of the application. This application uses Visual basic. Net as a programming language and Sql Server as a database. The research was conducted to make Honey Guava Disease Diagnosis System Expert System software that can work like an agricultural expert. The system is able to diagnose as many as 3 diseases using the Bayes Theorem method.
Preventing Routing Loop in Routing Distance Vector Protocol using Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DS-DV) Method)
Authors: Pribadi Octara , Robet  , Tarigan Feriani Astuti , Wijaya Hendri Edi , Hendrik Jackri
Published: December 2019

Count to infinity is a problem that appear in the vector routing protocol. This is because, there is a routing loop caused by the nodes structure in the networking that create loop. The destination sequence – distance vector method can be a solution to prevent the routing loop, so that the count to infinity problem can be solved in the protocol routing distance vector.
Analysis Accuracy Of Forecasting Measurement Technique On Random K-Nearest Neighbor (RKNN) Using MAPE And MSE
Authors: Prayudani S , Hizriadi A , Lase Y Y , Fatmi Y , Al-Khowarizmi
Published: December 2019

Forecasting is apply because of complexity and uncertainty faced by high-dimensional data available in the fields of bioinformatics, chemometrics, banking and other applications. A process for systematically estimating what is most likely to happen in the future based on past and present data requires an appropriate forecasting model, so that the difference between what happens and the estimated results can be minimized. To get the right method, a measuring technique is needed to detect the accuracy of forecasting value. In this paper we discuss the technique of measuring forecasting accuracy with Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) using the Random K-Nearest Neighbor (RKNN) method. With the two measuring technique for the horizontal modeling above, the smallest MSE and MAPE values are chosen (the smallest error value). From the results of the analysis of the calculation of forecasting accuracy measurement values during training with RKNN, the MAPE accuracy value is 0.728427% and MSE is 0.545751, while the smallest accuracy value is achieved using MSE which is 0.545751.
Design of Microstrip Rectangular Circular Array Antenna 1 x 8 at Frequency of 1800 MHz for Increase Power of 4G signal
Authors: Supriyanto Toto , Nurinsani Ridhwan Khairullah , Firmansyah Teguh
Published: December 2019

Technology of 4G is a cellular technology improved from 3G and 2G which provide network with the bandwidth of 75MHz and operated frequency of 1800 MHz. In a process of receiving and sending information signal, 4G system need antenna as the device functioning to send electromagnetic to the air. When information signal is transmitted, there was possibility that the signal weaken which caused by several factors such as air, building wall thickness and weather. Rectangular circular patch array 1x8 microstrip antenna is an antenna functioning as 4G signal strengthens at the frequency of 1800MHz. Antenna was design by using software of CST Studio Suite. From the result of rectangular circular patch array 1x8 microstrip antenna measurement at the frequency of 1800 MHz, it was obtained that the gained was 7.32 dB, VSWR was 1.208, and return loss was -20.3 dB. Performance test of antenna was conducted for 4 Indonesia’s cellular providers namely Telkomsel, Indosat Ooredoo, XL, and 3 in various places. The test result in PNJ telecommunication laboratory showed that the best average value of RSRP from provider of Indosat Ooredoo was-72.9 dBm, the best average value of RSPP from provider of 3 was -70.7 dBm located in Bambon raya, and the best average value of RSPP from provider of XL was -65.2 dBm located in Cibubur.
Designing Guitar Tuning Software Using Karplus Strong Algorithm
Authors: Abdullah Dahlan , Angkasa Kevin , Hartono H , Fithra Herman
Published: December 2019

Tuning is the process of adjusting strings on stringed musical instruments such as guitars. If the instrument is played frequently, the settings will change. For this reason, the tuning process is usually carried out to get the right settings so when the notes are produced the standard becomes. In addition to how to listen, then tuning can also be used in the tuning process. The tuning technique must also be adjusted because there are usually several types of tuning for musical instruments. The implementation of this paper is design tuning program for musical guitar instruments with tuning settings for 7 types along with 36 tuning types. In addition, this program also provides customized tuning inputs for other stringed instruments.
Smart Control Motor Comp ressor Cooling System For Improving The Efficiency Of Energy Usage Method Of Fuzzy-Pid
Authors: Tohazen  , Belyamin  , Kusnadi
Published: December 2019

Research on the cooling system becomes the concentration that will be carried out, more than 60% of the biggest electricity usage of a building is Air Conditioner (AC). Actually the AC performance itself is set when the room temperature matches the target, the performance of the compressor motor will be turned off. The system to be studied is how to make the AC performance always reach its maximum set point temperature for the room.

In this study an automatic temperature measurement system will be created which will read temperature data continuously in real time and read the power on the Compressor to make a control system so that the use of the Compressor becomes efficient. The reading of temperature data can be seen through mobile devices and via Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This system will automatically calculate the setpoint to get the most optimal energy consumption value. The system will read temperature data on a certain time to monitor AC performance. If it never reach the set point, the system will be taken over to make energy efficiency decisions. This system optimizes AC energy so become one of the energy saving models.
Utility Software Design to Comprehend The Cryptography Cast-128 Method
Authors: Nopriadi  , Iskandar Akbar , Utami Listia , Yandri Okma
Published: December 2019

At present, data security techniques known as cryptography are influential and widely used. There are lots of cryptographic algorithms. The main problem faced by a student taking this course is they difficult to understand the procedures of a cryptographic algorithm due to its complexity and involves many calculations. CAST is a block ciphers belonging to the family of DES (Data Encryption System) that uses substitutions and permutations (known as Substitution Permutation Network or SPN) in key calculations and encryption and decryption processes. The CAST algorithm has two versions, namely CAST-128 and CAST-256 where both are distinguished by the length of the used key. The maximum Key length allowed in CAST is 128 bits or 16 characters. In addition CAST-128 allows key sizes to vary from 40 bits to 128 bits with the addition of 8-bits. While the length of plain text that can be encrypted and decrypted is 64 bits (8 characters) and supports all types of plain text. This study describes the procedures of CAST-128, the design of encryption procedures from CAST-128, calculations from the Key Schedule using Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes), how the CAST-128 encryption and decryption algorithms work, the results of the implementation of the CAST-128 algorithm created a program that also functions as a learning program to understand the CAST- 128 algorithm with the process of key formation, CAST-128 algorithm encryption and decryption.
Impact of Adding Sodium Chloride to Change of Turbidity and Iron Concentration on Treatment Waste Water Using Electrocoagulation Process
Authors: Sutanto  , Rohadi Nanang , Hidjan
Published: December 2019

The treatment waste water of electrical industry was investigated through electrocoagulation process. The study was conducted by flowing of 4,5 liters of waste water into the three cells of electrocoagulation process tank. Each cell is filled 1.5 liters of waste water without adding of sodium chloride (NaCl). The electrocoagulation process is carried out at a voltage of 12 V and interval time for observation of electric current, turbidity and iron cocentration in the water is done every 10 minutes. Subsequently, the same procedure was performed and added the sodium chloride with variation of weight of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gram. To determine change value of electrical current, turbidity, metals pollutant was done using Ampere meter, turbidity meter and AAS respectively. The best conditions are recommended for use 0.5 gram of sodium chloride and 110 minutes for processing time. Under these conditions the voltage of 12 V and the current is 1.13 A. In this condition the turbidity can be removal from 44.10 to 2.35 NTU or 94.33 % and iron concentration from 1.21 to 0.29 mg/L or equal to 76.03 %. In conclusion adding of sodium chloride in simultaneous process of electrocoagulation and strerilization can cause increase of the electric current and accelerate the removal of pollutants in the wastewater.
Improvement of Electrical Grounding System Using Bentonite
Authors: Ismujianto  , Isdawimah  , Nadhiroh Nuha
Published: December 2019

Low grounding resistance ensure the proper operation of lightning protection system. The lower Rg value, the easier current flow through the earth without any obstacles. Lightning protection system can easily have mechanical and electrical damage. Mechanical correction can be done by cleaning the junction from corrosion, repairing the loose junction, or creating a new junction. On the other hand, electrical correction can be done by deepen the electrode and widen the area for lowering the grounding resistance. In this case the most influential in determining the value of Rg is ρ factor. Value of ρ affected by soil conditions, the more humid the soil gets smaller ρ. One of the ways to increase the soil moisture by adding bentonite to the soil. Bentonite is a natural clay containing the mineral montmorillonites; this consists of octahedral coordinated aluminium atoms sandwiched between tetrahedral coordinated silicon atoms. Consideration of using bentonite to improve the value of Rg because bentonite has various good properties including: very low and stable resistivity; abilities to absorb and retain large quantities of water; can swell up to 13 times its dry volume; low cost; it will not gradually leach out because it is part of the clay itself. The result show that the decrement of grounding resistance is around 16% - 48% (average 32%) with deviation standard is 8%.
Investigation of Photovoltaic System Parameters Using LabView in Solar Irradiance Peak Condition
Authors: Isdawimah  , Ismujianto  , Oktariza Lingga Ghufira , Frederik Alvin , Phuoc Loc Nguyen
Published: December 2019

The monitoring of electrical and system parameters such as current, voltage, power, intensity of light, battery, and load in photovoltaic panel is shown in this paper. The system was monitored using LabView Virtual Instrument and NI-DAQ 6008 hardware which are both developed by National Instrument. The parameters of photovoltaic was monitored under solar irradiance peak condition in local area. The system of photovoltaic panel with using monocrystalline and polycrystalline material, each PV have 50 Wp maximal output which is installed as parallel. The PV system is using battery charge regulator to reduce and control the over voltage to the battery. The analysist of the monitoring result is very useful to optimize the parameters and the efficiency of the system. Moreover, it could check the charge controller performance to reduce the over cost which is known as environmental protection. This project will be useful for continuos real time monitoring of solar power plant.
Pre-Test Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Beams with Shear Strengthening using GFRP by Finite Element Method
Authors: Shandy Sary , Hermanto Joni
Published: December 2019

Research on the developments of new materials as well as the methods and techniques of retrofitting structures showed that the Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is a promising material for use in strengthening reinforced concrete structures. This research aims to model reinforced concrete beams with shear strengthening using GFRP based finite element method. By using computer program Finite Element Analysis (FEA) the modelling was carried out by 2-dimension models on 3 testing material variations namely: the test normal concrete beams without the shear retrofitting (BGN), beams with shear retro fitting using GFRP are continuous on the shear span (BGPF), beams with retrofiting using 3 strips (BGP3S). The research result indicated that generally, the programused can show the behavior closed to the theoretical design result. The ultimate load of results normal concrete beams without the shear retrofiting (BGN) is 76,393 kN, beams with shear retrofitting using GFRP are continuous on the shear span (BGPF) is 77,798 kN, and beams with retrofiting using 3 strips (BGP3S). The results showed that the percentage increase of normal ultimate load of beam with shear reinforcement using GFRP was 1.4%, 11.01%, for reinforced using 3 strips (BGP3S). This indicated that the material behavior response produced from simulation study can well be described by the program.
Evaluation of Updated Volume-translation Peng-Robinson Model for Estimating Volumetric Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures at High Pressure High Temperature
Authors: Orodu K. B. , Orodu O. D.
Published: December 2019

A volume-translation function by the authors with arguments of reduced pressure and temperature was assessed for binary and multicomponent mixtures. The correlation is not a generalised function and reduced-pressure as an argument. Thereby, ensuring high performance at high pressure and temperature (HPHT) in the class of other volume-translation function for cubic equations of state. The function was compared to non-cubic equations of states (nCEoS) of PC-SAFT, GERG-2004, GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92 for the prediction of molar-volume at HPHT with reasonable results.
Chemical Modification of Urena lobata (Caeser Weed) Fibers for Reinforcement Applications
Authors: Njoku C. E. , Omotoyinbo J. A. , Alaneme K. K. , Daramola M. O.
Published: December 2019

The reinforcements of composites with natural fibers have attracted more concerns than their synthetic counterparts due to the biodegradability, less-expensiveness, CO2 neutrality, ready availability, non-abrasiveness, low weight, renewability and high specific mechanical properties of these fibers. However, the hydrophilicity, reduced interfacial bond, and reduced thermal strength of fibers of natural origin deter their attraction for use in composites reinforced with natural fibers. The treatment of naturally-occurring fibers chemically helps to clean up the fiber surface making them rougher; reduces moisture absorption; and increases fiber-matrix adhesion. In this study, Urena lobata fibers produced by natural water retting for use as composite reinforcements were subjected to alkaline-treatment with sodium hydroxide solutions at varying concentrations. The transformations that occurred in the structures and morphologies of the fibers were checked using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tests were done on several bundles of the Urena lobata fibers so as to understand how the chemical treatments had effects on the tensile behaviours of the fibers. The results obtained reveal enhanced mechanical behaviours of the treated Urena lobata fibers in comparison to the untreated ones. Interestingly, the chemical treatment with 6 wt% NaOH solution yielded the best mechanical behaviours (2.91 ± 0.01%, 53.26 ± 0.01 GPa and 2611.34 ± 0.045 MPa for ductility, elastic modulus and tensile strength, respectively) amongst other alkaline-treated fibers.
Synthesis of Optimal Heat Exchanger Networks with Quantified Uncertainties and Non-isothermal Mixing
Authors: Yoro K.O. , Isafiade A.J. , Daramola M.O.
Published: December 2019

The primary objective of this study is to develop a simultaneous approach for the synthesis of flexible heat exchanger networks (HENs) with non-isothermal mixing assumptions. The HENs synthesis procedure presented in this study took into consideration quantified uncertainties in inlet temperatures and flow rates with an unpredictable time of shift. The proposed multi-period MINLP model was used to generate a HEN with optimized heat exchanger areas and total annualized costs attributed to utility duties. A framework for generating the flexible HEN over a specified range of variations in flow rates and stream temperature was proposed in this study. The framework was based on a two-stage strategy; a HEN design stage was first performed before the testing stage where the energy-saving potential of the synthesized HEN was established. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was tested for energy minimization using a case study in literature with variation in inlet temperature and flow rate. It was observed that the inclusion of non-isothermal parameters in the non-linear model resulted in a HEN that optimally works under fluctuating conditions without losing stream temperature targets while maintaining economically-optimal energy integration.
Production of CNT Yarns from Methane Gas for Use as Filaments in Incandescent Bulbs: Thermodynamic Properties of As-spun CNT Yarns
Authors: Mahagani N. , Igbokwe E. , Aberefa O. , Bodiba V. , Daramola M.O. , Iyuke S. E.
Published: December 2019

Energy efficiency is a minimal cost energy resource. It is critical in bridging the gap via reducing overall demand, allowing electricity supply to be expanded to meet increasing demand in a timely and sustainable way. Incandescent bulbs with tungsten filaments convert only about 10% of the input energy into light with the rest wasted as heat and resultant carbon dioxide gas emissions. This results in high energy and environmental inefficiency. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) yarns as filaments for replacement of tungsten in incandescent bulbs represent an economic option boosting high energy and environmental efficiency. In this study, CNT yarns were produced from methane, an abundant greenhouse gas currently flared in Africa. Synthesis of CNT yarns were carried out in a Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapour Deposition (FCCVD) reactor using ferrocene as the catalyst with direct spinning of CNT into yarn. The quality and morphology of the produced yarns at different temperatures (900 – 1000°C) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Raman Spectroscopy. The optimum temperature to produce CNT yarns was found to be at reactor temperature of 950°C. The thermodynamics associated with the production of the as-spun CNT yarns were determined by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Heat capacity of CNT yarns was calculated based on the measured heat flow at thermal stable state. A polynomial regression of the form: Cp=0.002T2 – 0.4512T+66.099 was proposed for the prediction of the thermodynamic values. Change in thermodynamic quantities of yarn such as entropy and enthalpy were determined based on the heat capacities calculated from fitted polynomial models using relationship of thermodynamic function.
Recycled Aggregate in Pavement Construction: Review of Literatures
Authors: Busari A. , Adeyanju E. , Loto T. , Ademola D.
Published: December 2019

The built environment consumes a lot of energy and material. A huge demand of about 40 billion tonnes of aggregates is demanded for construction purpose. The cost of material accounts for more than 60% of the total project cost. However, 10% of construction material end up as demolition wastes yearly. Aggregate is a beneficial building component in construction. There is much need to develop ways to ensure it is utilized properly as construction and demolition waste contribute a large percent to landfills. This review of literature examined the generation of construction and demolition waste generated in developed countries, waste characterization, and utilization in pavement construction. Additionally, environmental, economic and social benefits of the reuse of this waste was espoused. The result of the review revealed that The initial construction material quality, scale of the project, contract and construction mode used affect the amount and quality of CDW. CDW are bulky and not suitable for composting and incineration. Ultimately, the utilization of this waste would reduce the amount of raw material used in construction leading to conservation. Also, there would be reduction in the energy cost associated with mining (quarrying), extraction and transportation of natural aggregates in track with the conservation of natural resources and the construction of cost-effective pavements.
Computational synthesis of carbon doped BaAl4S7-xCx as a unique solid-state device
Authors: Emetere M.E , Abodunrin J.T , Fayomi O.O , Iroham C.O
Published: December 2019

New solid-state materials are emerging with precise prospect of revolutionizing new electronic device. The BaAl4S7 is originally a non-linear optical material. However, the unique plane analysis suggests that it could be converted into a white light source solid-state device if doped. In this paper, we present a unique doping technique that converts BaAl4S7 to a unique solid-state device by doping the sample with carbon at unique positions.
Soybean Oil Biodiesel Production using Renewable Catalyst Synthesized from Guinea Fowl Eggshells
Authors: Fagbiele O. O. , Ayoola A. A. , Oyekunle T. D. , Yusuf O. E.
Published: December 2019

The need for a sustainable energy has given rise to the search for a renewable source of energy. This research study presents the production of soybean oil biodiesel using synthesized guinea fowl eggshell catalyst (renewable catalyst). The catalyst preparation involves calcination at 850 °C for 3 hours in a muffle furnace. It was characterized using X-Ray Flourescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Biodiesel was produced using 3-8 wt % of calcined catalyst within a time range of 1-2 hour, methanol/oil ratio of 0.25-0.5 w/w%. The highest biodiesel yield was 87.6% at optimum conditions of 8 wt%, 1.5 hours and 0.25 w/w% for catalyst amount, reaction time and methanol/oil ratio respectively. The biodiesel produced validates the successful synthesis of the guinea fowl eggshell into CaO. Biodiesel was then characterized to determine the acid value, flash point, cetane number, specific gravity, density, iodine value and kinematic viscosity. The characterization result of the biodiesel synthesized by using the guinea fowl eggshell catalyst produced showed that the biodiesel produced compares favorably with ASTMD standards.
Endogenous-Switching Regression Modeling of Farmers’ Exposure to Climate Hazards and Reforestation in Selected Villages in Africa
Authors: Oyekale T.O , Oyekale A.S
Published: December 2019

Deforestation remains a serious concern for Africa’s economic development and global climatic stability. This paper analyzed the effect of exposure to climate-related hazards on tree planting among smallholder farmers in nine selected African countries. The data were from baseline surveys which were conducted by the CGIAR’s research programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). The included countries were Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania and Uganda. Data were analyzed with Endogenous Switching regression considering the endogeneity potentials of climate-hazard exposure. The results showed that Uganda and Ethiopia had the highest average numbers of tree planting with 1.082 and 1.000 respectively, while Senegal (89.86%), Kenya (87.77%), Burkina Faso (82.86%) and Ethiopia (82.86%) had the highest exposure to climate-related hazards. Endogenous Switching regression results showed that climate hazard exposure was truly endogenous going by statistical significance of the Wald Chi Square test (p<0.05) and it was significantly influenced by female household headship, perception of more droughts, floods and low ground water. The number of tree that were planted increased significantly (p<0.05) with climate hazard exposure, degraded land areas, asset indices and residence in East Africa, while it reduced with female household headship. In addition, Average Treatment Effect (ATE) result indicated that an average household will plant 0.745 trees more when it had been previously exposed to climate shocks while Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATET) revealed that an average household that was exposed to climate hazards would plant 0.54 more trees than it would if it had not been exposed to hazards. It was concluded that many farmers had been affected by climate-related shocks and efforts to safeguard future climate through tree planting should be gender sensitive and concentrated among previously affected farmers.
Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from plantain peel and coconut shell using biological activators
Authors: Efeovbokhan V.E. , Alagbe E.E , Odika B. , Babalola R. , Oladimeji T.E. , Abatan O.G. , Yusuf E.O.
Published: December 2019

A concern over the toxicity of chemicals used during the activation stage in the preparation of activated carbon is beginning to gain attention. The study therefore looked into the possibility of using bio-activators (lemon juice and potash leached from the peel of unripe plantain) as activating chemicals, for environmentally friendly activated carbon. Coconut shell and the peel from unripe plantain were used as feedstock and pyrolyzed at 400 and 450 °c. An impregnation ratio of 0.25:1 was used while laboratory grade potassium hydroxide was used as a base activating agent as a control setup. Characterization of the activated carbon was carried out using parameters like bulk density and yield which were obtained using standard procedures. Results showed that activating carbon using bio-activators as activating agents had very good characteristics when compared with the control. Bio-activators are therefore recommended for the production of bio based activated carbon especially in the fields of medicine, food and pharmaceuticals. The effect of carbonization temperature on adsorption efficiency and pore structure were investigated using methylene blue as adsorbate and SEM respectively
Assessment of the Performance of Osmotically Driven Polymeric Membrane Processes
Authors: Agboola O. , Sanni S. E. , Oyekunle D. T. , Ayeni A. O. , Oni B. A. , Ayoola A. , Popoola P. , Sadiku R.
Published: December 2019

The universal water scarceness and the extensive ordeals with energy cost in conjunction with the undesirable ecological effects have advanced the improvement of novel osmotically driven membrane processes. Membrane processes which are osmotically driven are developing type of membrane separation procedures that apply concentrated brines to separate liquid streams. They are adaptable in various applications; hence, allow them to be an attractive substitute for drug release, wastewater treatment and the production and recovery of energy. Although, internal concentration polarization (ICP) occurs in membrane practises which are osmotically driven as a consequence of hindered diffusion of solute in a porous stratum, their interest has even increased. Here we review two natural membrane processes that are osmotically driven; Forward osmosis (FO) and Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Thus, the major points are as follows: 1) it was highlighted in this review, that the major developments in FO process, important for the process efficiency is to choose a suitable membrane and draw solution. 2) The recent evaluation, understanding and optimizing the activities of fouling throughout the osmotic dilution of seawater employing FO was discussed. 3) Recent advancements of FO in the application of food processing was reviewed. 4) It was highlighted that the main concept of PRO for power generation is the energy of mixing that offers great assessment of the non-expansion work which could be generated from mixing; nonetheless, the development of effective membranes with appropriate arrangement and performance is needed for the advancement of PRO process for power generation. 5) One major challenge of osmotically driven membrane processes, most recent developments and model development to predict their performances were discussed.
Advancement in the application of alloys and composites in the manufacture of aircraft component: A review
Authors: Kgoete F.M , Popoola A.P.I , Fayomi O. S. I.
Published: December 2019

Failures in aerospace structural components have catastrophic consequences, which results in loss of lives and of the aircraft. Failure occurs when a component or structure is no longer able to withstand the stresses imposed on it during operation. Application requirements of aerospace components involves high durability in order to withstand high temperature and pressure environments (such as leaving the earth’s atmosphere or exposure to burning rocket fuel) and must be light weight for easy lifting and fuel efficiency for rockets. Compressor blades in aero-engines are designed for many distinct functions and are required to withstand high temperatures imposed on them by high rotational speed in the form of large centrifugal load and aerodynamic force applied as a function of pressure rise through each stage of the compressor. The paper reviews the advancement in the application of alloys and composites in the manufacture of aircraft component.
Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of A 5-Ton Capacity Brinell Hardness Testing Machine
Authors: Awe A.A , Adedayo S.M. , Olabamiji T.S.
Published: December 2019

Material testing machines are necessities in structural metal industries and engineering training institutions. Cost of importations had however made acquisition of the equipment difficult in most developing countries. This research aims at developing a hardness testing machine with 100% locally sourced components with a level of accuracy comparable with globally recognized manufacturers of similar equipment. A 5-Ton capacity Brinell-type hardness machine was designed, developed and tested. The machine has dimension specification: Base (602mm × 602mm); Height (1219.2mm). Total weight is 135kg. The cubical frame is made of two structural I-channel of depth (600mm) ×width (65mm) ×web (5mm). The horizontal I-channel that absorbs the bending load is of specification 600mm Depth ×65mm width×5mmWeb. Design indentation load of 50000N transmitted at the centre of I-channel was used resulting in maximum stress of 48.5N/mm2. A 5-Ton hydraulic jack, with attachments for workpiece support is placed rigidly on the lower I-channel. Sperical steel ball from ball bearings was used as indenter ball, positioned in a casing and rigidly fixed to the upper channel of machine in inverted position. Hydraulic jack pressure was monitored through a oil pressure meter connected through an orifice at the base. An upward movement of the ram lifts workpiece against stationary indenter. Indentation diameter on workpiece is measured with a micrometer travelling microscope. Repeated tests carried out on Aluminium, Copper and plastic gave diameters 2.9, 3.2, 7.5mm coressponding to 74.098, 60.56, 9.5BHN. Similar tests carried out on Brinell Hardness Tester Model (EEDB) and serial number (EEDB/13) give 79.6, 69.1, 9.5BHN percentage variation of locally developed machine from the standard machine used were 6.91, 12.36 and 0%. The effect of applied indenter force on hardness value was examined and results showed a maximum range of 1.428 BHN standard deviation. Test results indicated good reliability for use in basic material testing.
A Review of the Compositions, Processing, Materials and Properties of Brake Pad Production
Authors: Lawal S.S. , Ademoh N.A. , Bala K.C. , Abdulrahman A.S.
Published: December 2019

This is a review and overview of the trending researches in automobile brake pad production processes, formulations, materials, and properties. Most of the works attempt mainly on replacing asbestos found to be carcinogenic with base materials with other ingredients in various formulations and particle sizes. Though most of the replacements are non-hazardous with properties such mechanical and tribological cauterizations comparing well with the traditional asbestos based brake pad. The overview of these trends suggests the need to replace not only the asbestos but also the commonly used epoxy resins or phenolic resins or phenol formaldehyde binders that has been found to corrode outside plates of brake assembly. These reviews has thrust a new research direction of replacing the asbestos and inorganic resins with agro based materials of Cashew Nut Shell and Plant Gum binder respectively to obtain a substantially green based brake pads that are non-injurious to human health and does not corrode any parts of the brake pads assembly.
Biopolymer Synthesis and Detection by Soil Bacteria and Yeast
Authors: Nnaji C. F. , Balogun S. A. , Akpor O. B.
Published: December 2019

Biopolymers have emerged as potential alternatives to synthetic plastics over the last decades because they share very similar characteristics, are biodegradable and thus can reduce the global pollution caused by synthetic plastics. The primary focus of this work was to explore PHB synthesizing ability of indigenous soil bacteria and yeast during a single-phase growth condition. Three bacterial (two soil isolates and Bacillus subtilis) and one yeast species were used for the study. PHB synthesis study was carried out under batch experimental setup at incubation temperatures of 25 and 37°C. Evidence of PHB synthesis were confirmed by Sudan Black B staining for bacterial and yeast cells isolates. The highest PHB granules recovered was estimated to be 87 mg/100ml at an optimal temperature of 37°C, with none of the test microbial species showing PHB production at 25°C. Generally, the test isolates showed distinct strategies of PHB accumulation at different incubation periods; some throughout the growth period and others only when growth is at the stationary stage. In the majority of the isolates, growth rate of the test isolates was however directly proportional to the quantity of PHB produced. The PHB synthesizing potential of the test microbial species could be optimized by growing mixed cultures of both exponential and stationary PHB synthesizing organisms in a single fermentation process step, where PHB production is guaranteed to occur throughout the incubation process. This optimization strategy along with its ideal process conditions can lend to the sustainability of this technology.
Review and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welds of High Strength Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Abolusoro Olatunji P , Akinlabi Esther T
Published: December 2019

There have been significant advancements of recent in the studies of friction stir welding of high strength Aluminium alloys. These studies cover developments in the welded joint properties of these alloys. This paper reviews some available literature on evolving mechanical properties of friction stir welding of high strength aluminium alloys especially those of 7075 aluminium alloy which happens to be the most versatile member of the high strength aluminium alloy group. This review is aimed at establishing a correlation between the tensile behavior, plate thickness and temper conditions of the 7075 alloy when joined by friction stir welding (FSW) in both similar and dissimilar joints with other metals. The average values of reported ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and percentage elongation have been calculated and presented. Comparative analysis was made between the tensile properties at different temper designation and plate thickness. The analysis revealed that temper conditions significantly affect the mechanical properties of both the similar and the dissimilar joints and that similar welding at T6 and T651 temper conditions gave higher weld efficiencies than dissimilar welding with other groups in the aluminium series. However plate thickness have little or no influence on the ultimate tensile behaviour, yield strength and elongation of the welds. The review also indicates that there is a range of temperature between which post weld heat treatment (PWHT) could be performed in order to obtain maximum tensile property This paper is a significant approach to enhance high performance joining techniques and the reliability or otherwise of friction stir welding technology to join 7075 aluminium alloys under different heat treatment or temper conditions of the alloys for better industrial applications.
Fuels and Chemicals from lignocelluloses: A Short Overview
Authors: Ayeni Augustine O. , Elehinafe Francis B. , Ejekwu Olayile , Daramola Michael O. , Agboola Oluranti
Published: December 2019

This paper looked at the potential and available alternative conversion paths for fuels and chemicals production away from the conventional conversion processes of fossil based fuels. Lignocellulosic biomasses are abundant, renewable, and domestically available energy resources. Though with its own attendant challenges, there are achievements and prospects that have been made in developing environmentally friendly processes for small and large scale conversion of lignocelluloses to different fuels and chemicals. With the continuous reliance on fossil fuels, there is the ever increasing climate change caused by the increasing greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide. Biomass from marine, trees, plants, animal wastes, food and non- food crops, grains, and wood based can produce fuels such as ethanol, butanol, and other chemicals through some promising technologies. Therefore, identifying ways to improving production efficiency of fuels and chemicals during biomass conversion processes to a sustainable level is very crucial.
Assessment of Regenerative Architecture Principles in Nigeria; A Case Study of Selected Research Institutes in Nigeria
Authors: Chidinma Ukaegbu , Omoyeni Fulani
Published: December 2019

Buildings are an integral part of human existence, as shelter is one of the three basic needs of man. However, the design and construction of buildings, so far, has affected the natural environment negatively. The focus of research is, therefore, shifting towards buildings whose existence have minimum negative effects on the natural environment and even goes a step further to study buildings that positively influence the environment in which they are built. Nigeria, as a developing country, is also shifting towards these trends in building design and construction, however, more studies have to be carried out in order to fit these trends into our local context. This study, therefore, aims at identifying and analyzing the regenerative architecture principles adopted in the design of selected research institutes in Nigeria with a view to promote environmentally sustainable designs in Nigeria. Case studies of selected research institutes were assessed to determine the extent to which they comply with the principles and strategies of regenerative architecture, as proposed by Littman in 2009. Data was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analyses. The findings of this study suggest that the predominant strategies of regenerative architecture employed in Nigeria are those that promote and cater to energy efficiency, whilst other strategies of regenerative architecture were barely acknowledged. This paper concludes that as much as energy supply is a major issue in Nigeria, other strategies of regenerative architecture can also be employed in the design and construction of buildings to ensure a holistic net positive impact of the buildings on the environment.
Comparative analysis of milling time on the particle sizes of coal fly ash and wood fly ash using Otsu Method for thresholding
Authors: Ikumapayi O. M. , Akinlabi E. T. , Adedeji P. A. , Akinlabi S. A.
Published: December 2019

South Africa remains one of the countries with an abundance of coal fly ash (CFA) emerging from her abundant coal deposit. Despite the hazardous and environmental unfriendliness of fly ash, so many benefits can be derived therein. With new policies of waste-to-wealth, the country seeks ways by which this resource could be of value addition. However, CFA in its raw form often requires further milling operation to enhance suitability for the intended use. This study investigated the effect of milling time on the particle size of CFA and wood fly ash (WFA) using image segmentation. Both CFA and WFA received at micro-sized particles were washed with distilled water to remove impurities and dried in the oven at 80°C for 48 hours then sieved using 75µm size. Microstructural images of both CFA and WFA milled at varying times (t = 0, 20, 40, 60 minutes) were morphologically and physiochemically analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). SEM images of CFA and WFA were segmented using Otsu thresholding technique and average particle sizes were estimated. CFA contains a higher composition of Al2O3 (30.93%) and SiO2 (51.43%) compared to WFA, which has 10.70% and 46.31% respectively. However, WFA contains more of Fe2O3 (17.28%) than CFA (2.29%). The number of particle size increased with increases in milling time while the particle area decreased with an increase in milling time. At a 95% confidence interval, there exists a significant difference between results obtained at different milling time. Also, a significant difference exists between the mean particle diameters of the two ash sources.