bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of News Browsing: The Relationship of News Consumption Style to Social and Political Efficacy
Authors: Tewksbury David , Hals Michelle L. , Bibart Allyson
Published: December 2011

Research on audience uses of news media points to the presence of two basic types of audience news gathering processes: information browsing—choosing a range of news topics when using the media—and information selecting—limiting news consumption to a few specific topics. This study examines antecedents and normatively important consequences of these behavior patterns. The study shows that news browsing is associated with relative emphasis on a medium for news. Newspaper browsing predicts the variety of topics about which people feel they are informed, their social self-efficacy, and their internal political efficacy.
Antecedents to Support for Content Restrictions
Authors: Paek Hye-Jin , Lambe Jennifer L. , McLeod Douglas M.
Published: December 2011

This study investigates the roles of multiple factors, including audience factors, content factors, and third-person perceptions, in predicting support for content restrictions on mass-mediated information, entertainment, and propaganda. Survey data collected from student and non-student adult groups show that both groups support more extreme forms of content restrictions for propaganda than for information or entertainment content. However, closer examination reveals that students and adults differ on factors predicting their support for content restrictions.
Activist Group Attributes and Their Influences on News Portrayal
Authors: McCluskey Michael R.
Published: December 2011

Scholars have identified numerous influences on news coverage but paid little attention to the influence of attributes of news seekers on the tone of news coverage. This study combined surveys from thirty-seven environmental groups with 716 newspaper articles mentioning groups. Analysis showed that groups pursuing conservation goals received more positive coverage, and groups communicating more with government or possessing more resources received less positive coverage.
Unlikely Warriors: How Four U.S. News Sources Explained Female Suicide Bombers
Authors: Friedman Barbara
Published: December 2011

With their post-9/11 emphasis on international conflict, the U.S. news media have noted women's involvement with terrorism and tried to explain the motives of female suicide bombers. This qualitative study examined the motive explanations in broadcast and print news from 2002, when a woman detonated a suicide bomb in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, through October 2004, after Chechen women participated in the Beslan school siege. The study found five motive explanations: strategic desirability, the influence of men, revenge, desperation, and liberation. The study considers how news coverage of suicide bombers reinforces or challenges popular beliefs about women and war.
The Contingency of Intermedia Agenda Setting: A Longitudinal Study in Belgium
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens , Walgrave Stefaan
Published: December 2011

This large-scale study investigates how intermedia agenda-setting effects are moderated by five factors: (1) lag length; (2) medium type; (3) language/institutional barriers; (4) issue type; and (5) election or non-election context. Longitudinal analyses of daily attention to twenty-five issues in nine Belgian media across eight years demonstrate that (1) intermedia agenda setting is mainly a short-term process; (2) newspapers have stronger influence on television than vice versa; (3) language/institutional barriers suppress influence; (4) size of influence differs across types of issues; and (5) intermedia agenda setting is largely absent during election times.
Conventional Wisdom: Putting National Party Convention Ratings in Context
Authors: Edy Jill A. , Daradanova Miglena
Published: December 2011

This paper places broadcast major party convention ratings in the broader context of the changing media environment from 1976 until 2008 in order to explore the decline in audience for the convention. Broadcast convention ratings are contrasted with convention ratings for cable news networks, ratings for broadcast entertainment programming, and ratings for “event” programming. Relative to audiences for other kinds of programming, convention audiences remain large, suggesting that profit-making criteria may have distorted representations of the convention audience and views of whether airing the convention remains worthwhile.
Political Interest, Political Knowledge, and Evaluations of Political News Sources: Their Interplay in Producing Context Effects
Authors: Lasorsa Dominic L.
Published: December 2011

In a survey experiment, political interest reports declined when preceded by political knowledge questions. The effect was stronger among women and those of less education, income, and age. The effect was lessened when buffering knowledge from interest items were questions evaluating how well politicians and media keep one informed, where they could serve as excuses for cognitive dissonance. Placed before the knowledge items, however, the evaluations exacerbated rather than alleviated the effect. Findings point both to priming as a general explanation for context effects and to the limitation of priming as an explanation for specific effects.
Good Mothers with Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther, 1968–1980
Authors: Lumsden Linda
Published: December 2011

This article examines the Black Panther Party newspaper's frames of black womanhood to explore larger questions about how social movement media construct social reality, create and maintain group identity, and counter hegemonic media. It uses framing and social movement theory to analyze the Black Panther's reframing of black womanhood from restrictive essentialist stereotypes to empowering portrayals of female resistance. The newspaper's evolving frame of black women makes it an important artifact of the culture of resistance regarded as the foundation of black feminist thought. Its discussions of the interlocking oppressions of race, class, and gender were a major contribution to feminism.
Modeling Perceived Influences on Journalism: Evidence from a Cross-National Survey of Journalists
Authors: Hanitzsch Thomas , Anikina Maria , Berganza Rosa , Cangoz Incilay , Coman Mihai , Hamada Basyouni , Hanusch Folker , Karadjov Christopher D. , Mellado Claudia , Moreira Sonia Virginia , Mwesige Peter G. , Plaisance Patrick Lee , Reich Zvi , Seethaler Josef , Skewes Elizabeth A. , Noor Dani Vardiansyah , Yuen Kee Wang
Published: December 2011

Surveying 1,700 journalists from seventeen countries, this study investigates perceived influences on news work. Analysis reveals a dimensional structure of six distinct domains—political, economic, organizational, professional, and procedural influences, as well as reference groups. Across countries, these six dimensions build up a hierarchical structure where organizational, professional, and procedural influences are perceived as more powerful limits to journalists' work than political and economic influences.
The News Organization in Uncertain Times: Business or Institution?
Authors: Lowrey Wilson , Woo Chang Wan
Published: December 2011

This study compares rational-choice economics approaches with institutional theory in assessing the ways news organizations respond to uncertainty. Rational-choice approaches suggest newsroom managers facing uncertainty will pursue “tight coupling” by monitoring audiences and collaborating with the newspaper's business side, while institutionalism suggests uncertainty will lead organizations to buffer themselves from their market environments and to mimic other news organizations. Findings from a national survey of editors and a content analysis of interactive features from newspaper Web sites reveal both institutional-ist and rational-choice tendencies. News managers are monitoring audiences, but monitoring is not strongly affecting decisions about content and online features.
The Public Nuisance Paradigm: Changes in Mass Media Coverage of Political Protest since the 1960s
Authors: Di Cicco Damon T.
Published: December 2011

This study examined coverage of protests in five major newspapers in the United States between 1967 and 2007, and found that during that time period, protests were depicted as a nuisance. Such depictions are attributed to the rise of a “public nuisance” paradigm in coverage of protests, theorized to be linked to an increased conservatism in America, and driven by the notion that protests are a bothersome interruption of everyday activities, as well as ineffective and unpatriotic. Discussion of protests as nuisances increased substantially across time, and ideologically liberal protests were treated as nuisances more often than were conservative ones.
The Spy Case of AP Correspondent William Oatis: A Muddled Victim/Hero Myth of the Cold War
Authors: Alwood Edward
Published: December 2011

Associated Press reporter William Oatis was sentenced to prison in Czechoslovakia after an espionage conviction in 1951. Though he became a Cold War hero and his plight triggered a national outcry, he is a shadow figure in journalism history. This study examines the muddled myth surrounding his trial and imprisonment; the reasons that his legacy has been obscured; and how everyday journalistic practices, particularly close cooperation with officials, can place foreign correspondents and others at risk.
Toothless Tinker: The Continued Erosion of Student Speech Rights
Authors: Kozlowski Dan V.
Published: December 2011

This article analyzes four primary ways in which federal courts have weakened Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the US Supreme Court's landmark student speech case. The study focuses particularly on recent circuit court interpretations of Tinker. Analysis shows that even when Tinker provides the controlling precedent in a case, students are losing their First Amendment claims with alarming frequency, leaving student speech advocates to wonder what rights students actually have left.
Magazines and Books, 1975: A Merging of Two Fields
Authors: Mott Frank Luther
Published: December 2011

The next decade or two may see the obliteration of the distinction between the general literary monthly and the low-priced book. Dr. Mott is dean emeritus of the University of Missouri School of Journalism and winner of a Pulitzer prize for his work on the history of American magazines.
What They Read in I30 Daily Newspapers
Authors: Swanson Charles E.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of readership data in 130 U.S. dailies surveyed by The Continuing Study of Newspaper Reading offers a large body of evidence as to what Americans read in their newspapers. The data emphasize the importance of visual appeal, but leave unanswered the question of intensity of reader interest
The Content of Non-Competitive vs. Competitive Newspapers
Authors: Nixon Raymond B. , Jones Robert L
Published: December 2011

Are there any major differences in the news and editorial content of “monopoly” dailies growing out of a lack of local competition? An analysis of 97 Continuing Study papers and 260 issues of matched-pair dailies indicates not. Only in the size of the “news hole” do competitive papers show an advantage.
Across the Desk: A Study of 16 Telegraph Editors
Authors: Gieber Walter
Published: December 2011

A study of 16 daily newspaper telegraph editors in Wisconsin reveals that the average desk-man is “caught in a strait jacket of mechanical details,” with the press association playing the major role as a selector of news. The author is assistant professor of journalism at the University of California.
Analyzing News: Some Questions for Research
Authors: Breed Warren
Published: December 2011

What is news? The author, a former newspaper man who is now associate professor of sociology at Tulane University, seeks to stimulate discussion of the subject and suggests new departure points for research. He emphasizes the need for closer study of “associational news” supplied by interested parties.
Reporting the Civil War: Union Army Press Relations
Authors: Goldsmith Adolph O.
Published: December 2011

Reporters and generals clashed often during the Civil War as the Army and the press attempted to work out ways to keep the public in the North fully informed, without disclosing military secrets. The author, a member of the journalism faculty at Louisiana State University, reviews the dramatic episodes.
Segregation and the News: A Regional Content Study
Authors: Carter Roy E.
Published: December 2011

An analysis of the content of selected newspapers tends to support charges that the Southern press has been inattentive to the “big story” of desegregation, yet furnishes evidence of balance in covering a controversial issue. Also tested were hypotheses concerning news sources, stereotypes and “treatment” variables.
Gauging the Mental Health Content of the Mass Media
Authors: Taylor Wilson L.
Published: December 2011

Content categories were developed and used to explore what mass media are saying about mental health problems. Radio and TV samples were found to carry larger percentages of relevant material than newspaper and magazine samples, and certain kinds of attitudes seemed to dominate in all media.
The Right to Report by Television
Authors: Siebert Fred S.
Published: December 2011

The author, an authority on press law, discusses the right of access of the TV cameraman and newsman, and the right to report by television in the areas of straight news, features and entertainment. He also applies the law of privacy to those areas of TV program content, and to advertising.
Effects of Newspaper Competition on Press Service Resources
Authors: Kearl Bryant
Published: December 2011

Do monopoly situations result in better or poorer service to readers? This study shows that in smaller cities, decline of competition often means less availability of non-local news services. Only in larger cities do non-competing dailies tend to have better press service resources than competing ones.
Report on Current Research in Schools of Journalism
Authors: Price Warren C.
Published: December 2011

This report includes current research projects by staff members and doctoral candidates in schools and departments of journalism of the U.S.A., together with theses accepted from candidates for the master's degree in journalism. Professor Price is a member of the journalism faculty at the University of Oregon.
The Chicago Newspaper Hoax in the '36 Election Campaign
Authors: Meyers W. Cameron
Published: December 2011

A battle raged between the Chicago Tribune and the Daily Times after the Tribune claimed that Russia's Communist party had ordered U.S. Communists to support Roosevelt. Actually, says Dr. Meyers, the claim was based on a Chicago speech by Earl Browder, quoted out of context from a Soviet journal.
Newspaper Advertising in the Kennedy-Nixon Campaign
Authors: Mullen James J.
Published: December 2011

In this comprehensive study of a representative sample of 1960 presidential election newspaper advertising, some interesting points emerge: Republicans spent twice as much money as Democrats, but hoarded 37% of it until the final day; Democrats used pictures more effectively; “Madison Avenue” was ignored.
Science on Television: A Challenge to Creativity
Authors: Sherburne E. G.
Published: December 2011

What science can today's viewer see on television? One study indicates that 6% of prime time programming is devoted to science, with three-fourths of that time focusing on medicine and psychology. The challenge is to involve television in more of the drama of science.
Analyzing the Impact of Science Reporting
Authors: Robinson Edward J.
Published: December 2011

Despite the efforts made by the mass media, only modest progress has been made in affecting human behavior through information about science. More research is needed, especially in communicating new concepts and ideas.
Dimensions of Judgment of Science News Stories
Authors: Johnson Kenneth G.
Published: December 2011

In this research study, a group of editors evaluated science news stories primarily on the basis of color and excitement—while groups of science writers, scientists, and readers and non-readers of science news all emphasized accuracy and significance.
Socio-Psychological Perspectives on the Mass Media and Public Anxiety
Authors: Mendelsohn Harold
Published: December 2011

The mass media, by simply reporting the news, produce public anxiety. They must also exercise a standard-of-judgment function and provide an entertainment relief from pressures of anxiety for readers and listeners, the author argues.
Magazines in the United States: Dying or Thriving?
Authors: Root Robert , Root Christine V.
Published: December 2011

Comparisons of U.S. magazine circulations for 1938 and 1963 show that many have been growing faster than the 25-year population increase. General magazines have had their troubles, but specialized magazines reveal great strength.
Numbers and the News: Graph, Table or Text?
Authors: Wilcox Walter
Published: December 2011

This report on an experiment with the use of graphic devices in communicating information points to the superiority of the bar graph in enhancing understanding of a news story based primarily upon statistics.
The Press in Mexico: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Erlandson Erling H.
Published: December 2011

The Mexican press is handicapped by lack of professionalism, government pressures, meager circulation and advertising and poor equipment. The author reviews its history and present status in this summary.
Local Government Referenda and Paid Advertising
Authors: Rebcook Gene
Published: December 2011

A survey of 11 5 American and Canadian cities' oficials assesses the attitudes toward and uses of paid advertising campaigns in local referenda issues. Many governments have deprived themselves of the tool.
Avenues for Reducing Tension Produced by Attack on Belief
Authors: Lynch Mervin D.
Published: December 2011

Such tension may be reduced by changing the belief—either in the direction of conversion or reversion—or by communication activity, but encoding has greater effect than decoding activity.
Kansas “Border Town” Newspapers and the Pike's Peak Gold Rush
Authors: Gower Calvin W.
Published: December 2011

Did pioneer Kansas papers display opportunism in reporting the rush? An analysis shows most editors told both positive and negative news, although they too had “gold fever.”
The Western Printer and His Publications, 1850–90
Authors: Katz William A.
Published: December 2011

Far from being a reckless heller of the frontier, the western printer grubbed out his living with the federal government LIP his best customer, this study of Washington Territory shows.
The German Magazine: Its Origin and Development
Authors: Haacke Wilmont
Published: December 2011

Among German periodicals, the “magazine” in its classic form first succeeded in addressing the individual as well as the masses with a balanced compound of entertainment and information.
“Marse Henry” and the Negro: A New Perspective
Authors: Thorp Robert K.
Published: December 2011

Courier-Journal editorials, 1868–72, do not show Henry Watterson as he remembered himself. The editorial voice was sometimes paternalistic, but it was clear. He was a Southerner, and he knew the Negro was inferior.
An Evaluation of Programed Instruction in Journalism
Authors: Griffith John L.
Published: December 2011

This department is a forum for AEJ members, who are invited to submit succinct articles dealing with educational trends, fields of study, laboratory techniques and student problems in journalism and mass communications.
A Probabilistic Model for Predicting News Diffusion
Authors: Funkhouser G. Ray
Published: December 2011

A mathematical model of information diffusion is derived from several theoretical assumptions. When corrected for variation in audience interest it predicts actual diffusion of news with reasonable success.
Prestige Newspapers and the Assessment of Elite Opinions
Authors: Namenwirth J. Zvi
Published: December 2011

The idea that each modern nation has one and only one paramount newspaper and that this paper reflects the major elite position of its country is not supported.
Rebirth of Facsimile: Its Nature and Consequences
Authors: Webb Joseph M.
Published: December 2011

Not only does business domination of facsimile remove the medium from the search for solutions to public problems, but facsimile, as it is being developed, will increasingly worsen these basic problems.
Mass Media Variables Related to Urbanization and Modernization in Developing Areas
Authors: Markham James W. , Mishra Vishwa M.
Published: December 2011

In this conceptual article the author, who has studied mass communication factors in urban slums, advances four propositions concerning media roles as intervening variables.
International Persuasion Variables Are Tested Across Three Cultures
Authors: Hayes Harold B.
Published: December 2011

Strong support is found for high source credibility, but a non-documented message is significantly more effective than a documented, attributed rational appeal.
The Impact of Adventure Fiction on Readers: The Nice-Guy Type
Authors: Harless James D.
Published: December 2011

Data from both novel types suggest that attitudes do not change as a direct result of reading but is a consequence of readers' distinctive involvement in (cathexis for) content.
Effects of Attack and Commitment on Belief and Stress
Authors: Thomson Joan S.
Published: December 2011

Experiment gets results supporting a Sherif-like social judgment hypothesis, rather than Festinger and cognitive dissonance; and it finds merit in measuring stress, not inferring it.
Deciding First Amendment Cases: Part II, Evidence
Authors: Robbins J. C.
Published: December 2011

Few laws incorporate scientific terminology directly, hence few allow straightforward application of scientific evidence.
Untwisting The News Twisters: A Replication of Efron's Study
Authors: Stevenson Robert L. , Eisinger Richard A. , Feinberg Barry M. , Kotok Alan B.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of CBS coverage of 1968 campaign finds coverage of each candidate was positive and sees no advantage for any one presidential candidate.
Differences Between Daily Newspaper Subscribers and Nonsubscribers
Authors: Rarick Galen R.
Published: December 2011

Characteristics of household rather than those of its members prove best predictors of newspaper subscribing. Income, length of residence, home ownership key factors.
Race Relations in Television News: A Content Analysis of the Networks
Authors: Pride Richard A. , Clarke Daniel H.
Published: December 2011

Study shows three networks did not operate uniformly in racial coverage from 1968 to 1970. NBC put more emphasis on race issue than the other two networks.
The Effects of Emotion-Arousing Events on Children's Learning from TV News
Authors: Cohen Akiba A. , Wigand Rolf T. , Harrison Randall P.
Published: December 2011

Seventh graders recall emotion arousing events better than neutral events. No effects found from proximity or repetition.
Privacy and the Public's Right to Know
Authors: Lashner Marilyn A.
Published: December 2011

Recent decisions have rejected Times' doctrine as appropriate for privacy cases, involving private citizens, thus diminishing First Amendment protection.
News Reading, Knowledge About, and Attitudes toward Foreign Countries
Authors: Perry David K.
Published: December 2011

Based on a 1984, 1986 panel design, this study finds that a sample of adults in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, found that consumption of news about five countries generally leads to greater knowledge and more favorable attitudes toward those countries. The author suggests the mass media may have an important role in reducing ethnocentrism.
Geographic Coverage by Local Television News
Authors: Bernstein James M. , Lacy Stephen , Cassara Catherine , Lau Tuen-Yu
Published: December 2011

Larger as compared with smaller television stations devote a smaller percentage of news space to local news while giving more attention to national and world events. A content analysis of tapes or scripts from 14 stations located in Michigan and Oregon also reveals more emphasis on state and regional news by smaller stations. These findings are compared with similar findings from studies of newspapers.
Comparing Predictors of the Likelihood of Voting in a Primary and a General Election
Authors: Kennamer J. David
Published: December 2011

A before-after telephone interview design at the time of the “super Tuesday” primary in March 1988 finds that political interest accounts for 17% of the variance in predicting a primary vote, while reading newspapers predicts a similar amount of variance in the general election vote. A total of 451 randomly-selected voters in the Richmond, Virginia, area were interviewed. Primary election voters tend to have more political interest and education than do voters in a general election; primary voters are an important subset of American voters.
Dying (and Being Killed) on the Job: A Case Study of World Journalists, 1982–1989
Authors: Sussman Leonard R.
Published: December 2011

A total of 273 journalists around the world died in accidents, were murdered, or died from other causes on the job from 1982 through 1989, this study shows. Latin America proved most dangerous, with high numbers of deaths reported in Colombia and Peru. Covering drug-related crimes proved particular, hazardous to the health of reporters. But a large number of journalists (41) also died in the Philippines in the period. About 12% of the journalist died in accidents, but an estimated 69% died in an act of revenge, this study concludes. The study provides totals for other world regions.
Trying to Harness Atomic Energy, 1946–1951: Albert Einstein's Publicity Campaign for World Government
Authors: Caudill Susan
Published: December 2011

Albert Einstein led a fund-raising and publicity campaign conducted by the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists (ECAS) immediately following World War II. Einstein and other prominent ECAS scientists used direct mail, mass media, conferences and radio broadcasts to argue that a world government distinct from the United Nations represented the only solution to potential misuse of atomic energy. This study looks at the print aspect of the ECAS activities, and concludes that Einstein's unwillingness to compromise on the issue of UN versus a separate world government undermined favorable public sentiment for an international approach to atomic energy control.
No Taste for Fluff: Ethel L. Payne, African-American Journalist
Authors: Streitmatter Rodger
Published: December 2011

African-American Ethel L. Payne in 1951 began a journalism career that stretched for decades when she became a reporter for the Chicago Defender. She covered many topics, including the civil rights struggles of the 1950s and 1960s, in Washington, the South and around the world. Her persistent questions on one occasion earned her the anger of President Dwight Eisenhower. Coverage of news about the emerging nations took her to Asia, Africa and elsewhere. She covered wars of the period. News dominated her interests and she avoided “women's stories.” She worked as a free-lance writer in the final years of her career.
First Amendment Theories and Press Responsibility: The Work of Zechariah Chafee, Thomas Emerson, Vincent Blasi and Edwin Baker
Authors: Hindman Elizabeth Blanks
Published: December 2011

Legal theorists have been interpreting First Amendment rights and protections for years, and most scholars interested in these theoretical presentations have been pleased with liberal interpretations because these interpretations allegedly offer expansive protections for freedom of the press. The work of the four major theorists examined here, however, offers something else as well: an underlying assumption of press responsibility, which could, if adopted by the court system, result in restrictions on freedom of the press. For the press, much is given in the First Amendment, but, apparently, much is also expected.
State Constitutions and the Press: Historical Context and Resurgence of a Libertarian Tradition
Authors: Parramore James R.
Published: December 2011

The first section of this essay is a textual analysis of 18th century state press clauses. Section 2 is a speculative discussion of the contemporary significance of these first state constitutional attempts to protect press freedom in the new republic, the United States. Section 3 briefly examines the legal doctrines and conceptual frameworks developed and shaped over the past 200 years, which have led to increased reliance recently by state courts on state constitutional press clauses. In section 4, specific issues of press freedom affected by these modern state court decisions are discussed, with examples. This analysis reveals the relevance of continued historical and neoteric research on state constitutions and state press provisions, and how we, perhaps, have not lost our early libertarian roots.
Journalists and Novelists: A Study of Diverging Styles
Authors: Danielson Wayne A. , Lasorsa Dominic L. , Im Dae S.
Published: December 2011

Readability of news stories sampled for each year for more than a century, from 1885 to 1989, from the New York Times and Los Angeles Times reveals a gradual drop in readability, mainly due to journalistic use of longer words but not to the use of longer sentences. A matched sample of sentences from novels published in the same years show an increase in readability, mainly because novelists used even shorter sentences and continued to use simple words.
Channel One and Commercials in Classrooms: Advertising Content Aimed at Students
Authors: Wulfemeyer K. Tim , Mueller Barbara
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of a sample of advertisements on Whittle Communication's commercially sponsored daily 12-minute television program for high school students shows that 86% of the commercials were for products and 14% were public service announcements. Values stressed in commercials were those emphasizing leisure/pleasure, appearance/sexuality, wisdom and independence. Dominant themes were being popular, having friends, having fun and being attractive. The commercials were the same as those on regular television and emphasized whites as characters. Public service ads stressed staying away from drugs and driving safely.
Beyond Agenda-Setting: The Influence of Partisanship and Television Reporting on the Electorate's Voting Intentions
Authors: Brosius Hans-Bernd , Kepplinger Hans Mathias
Published: December 2011

This study explores the effects of the media agenda on partisanship of (former) West German voters using time series analyses, data from major television news programs were compared with data from representative surveys that asked about vote intentions. Results show that media — by putting issues in the public spotlight, as described by Walter Lippmann in the 1920s — can influence party preferences. Issue salience in the media seems to have a positive influence on preferences for small parties, but a negative influence on major party preferences.
Sins of Omission and Commission in Mass Communication Quantitative Research
Authors: Lacy Stephen R. , Riffe Daniel
Published: December 2011

These authors explore how to achieve rigor in applying methodology to research questions requiring quantitative approaches.
Communication Law and Justice: Brennan's Structural-Functional Theory
Authors: Leeper Roy V.
Published: December 2011

This study analyzes Justice William J. Brennan's approach to Supreme Court Decisions within a structural-functionalist framework.
Filling Out the Racing Form: How the Media Covered the Horse Race in the 1988 Primaries
Authors: Johnson Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

How the media covered the horse race changed during the course of the 1988 presidential primaries. A content analysis of newspaper and network coverage revealed that the press initially focused on general indicators of candidate strength, then concentrated on event-specific horse-race measures. After the New Hampshire primary, coverage began to center on the candidates' general momentum in the campaign. Also, different measures of horse-race coverage provided different perceptions of how each candidate was performing in the primaries. Finally, while the newspapers' coverage differed from the networks', there were few differences within each medium.
The News Media's Failure to Facilitate Citizen Participation in the Congressional Policymaking Process
Authors: Keefer Joseph D.
Published: December 2011

The news media can provide information that makes it easier for citizens to express their views to members of Congress who are considering a public policy issue. This study examined coverage of eight major issues in the House of Representatives by nine news media organizations, and it found that the news media serve to hinder - rather than facilitate - citizen participation in the congressional policymaking process. The news media rarely explained the implications of a pending issue, rarely alerted the public to a forthcoming vote on an issue and never described the views of a local congressman on an issue.
The Evil Empire Revisited: New York Times Coverage of the Soviet Intervention in and Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Authors: Krishnaiah Jothik , Signorielli Nancy , McLeod Douglas M.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the New York Times coverage of the Soviet intervention and withdrawal from Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989. Changes in coverage are examined in the context of easing tensions between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union. Findings indicate that the treatment of major story elements was consistent with Herman and Chomsky's propaganda framework. However, changes in the tone of coverage may imply a slight weakening in the explanatory power of the propaganda framework as anti-Soviet ideology diminished.
“Cave Man” Meets “Student Champion:” Sports Page Storytelling for a Nervous Generation during America's Jazz Age
Authors: Evensen Bruce J.
Published: December 2011

This study shows that coverage of the Jack Dempsey-Gene Tunney prize fight appealed to publishers of all stripes. Although defenders of journalistic respectability charged the tabloids with sensational coverage, they participated in telling tales of heroism, hokum, and cultural spectacle.
The Libel Climate of the Late Nineteenth Century: A Survey of Libel Litigation, 1884–1899
Authors: Gleason Timothy W.
Published: December 2011

This study examines libel litigation in the late nineteenth century and compares it to the libel climate in the late twentieth century. Libel reports in trade journals from 1884 to 1899 were surveyed and catalogued. The strongest similarity found is the frequent use of libel law by public figures and public officials. In both periods public persons sued over articles concerning public performance even though the likelihood of winning large damage awards was minimal. This finding suggests that minor changes in modern libel doctrine will not resolve current conflicts in libel law.
Legally Enforceable Reporter-Source Agreements: Chilling News Gathering at the Source?
Authors: Bunker Matthew D. , Splichal Sigman L.
Published: December 2011

The promise of confidentiality between a reporter and source has long been considered a vital ethical obligation of the press. The U.S. Supreme Court, in Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., has recast that promise as one which state courts may enforce under contract law. The Court's opinion, which downplayed important First Amendment considerations, may have created a dangerous new ground of liability for media organizations.
Communication Styles and Female Candidates: A Study of the Political Advertising during the 1986 Senate Elections
Authors: Johnston Anne , White Anne Barton
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore communication strategies and styles used by female politicians in television advertising. Ads from five 1986 Senate campaigns featuring women candidates were looked at in terms of commercial format, style of language, inclusion of negative attacks, and issue appeals. Findings indicate that these female candidates focused on issues and stayed away from negative advertising in their ads. Their ads also tended to highlight their competency as political officials and their past accomplishments.
Press Support for the U.S. Administration during the Panama Invasion: Analyses of Strategic and Tactical Critique in the Domestic Press
Authors: Gutierrez-Villalobos Sonia , Hertog James K. , Rush Ramona R.
Published: December 2011

In this study of Time, Newsweek, and The Nation, the authors found that the mainstream news magazines offer little strategic opposition to fundamental administration policies in foreign affairs, but that The Nation offers substantial oppositional critiques. They conclude that audiences must consult alternative as well as mainstream publications in order to experience rich debate in foreign policy relations.
Time of Voting Decision and Use of Political Advertising: The Slade Gorton-Brock Adams Senatorial Campaign
Authors: Bowen Lawrence
Published: December 2011

The impact of political advertising is much debated. Those studies that have attempted to assess its role in the mix of information available to the voter have clouded the question with contradictory results. This research suggests that the issue may not only be how the voter decides, but also when the voter decides. For those voters with strong partisan leanings, campaign information usually reinforces preference. Those who decide during the campaign typically make use of available information from a variety of sources, including political advertising. However, it is the undecided, those who come to decision during the waning hours of the campaign, who may be most affecteded by the candidate's last-minute advertising blitz. In an exit-poll survey of 414 Seattle area voters, 102 were identified as “late deciders.” As a group they were more likely to mention political advertising as helping them decide, better able to recall and identify specific political ads than those who decided either early or during the campaign. While “attack” advertising was the best recalled political advertising, it worked against its sponsors, galvanizing the “against” vote among late deciders.
Alternative Things Considered: A Comparison of National Public Radio and Pacifica Radio News Coverage
Authors: Stavitsky Alan G. , Gleason Timothy W.
Published: December 2011

This study indicates that National Public Radio and Pacifica, despite their “alternative” origins, produce news programming that is largely grounded in the same journalistic values and routines as “mainstream” commercial broadcast journalism. A content analysis of NPR's All Things Considered and Pacifica Radio News, however, found several significant differences between these two producers of public radio news in the United States. Pacifica broadcast a higher percentage of stories dealing with governance and stories with an international focus, and presented a higher percentage of officials and activists as sources than did NPR.
Women Who Succeed in Broadcast Communications Academe: A Feminist Success Story
Authors: Egan Kathryn S.
Published: December 2011

This study evaluates women as constructivists – viewing knowledge as contextual and experiencing themselves as creators of knowledge – and as proceduralists – seeking gratification in pleasing others and applying objective procedures to obtain knowledge – in relationship to success as academics in broadcast communications. How these women define success, how their epistemology influences self-defined success, and what factors prevent success are the study questions.
The Sound Bites, the Biters, and the Bitten: An Analysis of Network TV News Bias in Campaign ′92
Authors: Lowry Dennis T. , Shidler Jon A.
Published: December 2011

This study pulls together two separate lines of research — sound bite research and news bias research — within a single Campaign ′92 network TV news study. Presidential and vice presidential campaign stories that appeared on network television were analyzed in terms of categories of biters and types of bites. Results indicated that the twenty-year trend of shrinking sound bites has stopped. Contrary to statements made by some members of the working press, there was no evidence of liberal news bias in the network selection of bites by the candidates themselves. However, the analysis of bites by noncandidates did produce results consistent with a hypothesis of liberal news bias. The Bush-Quayle ticket was negatively bitten almost twice as much as the Clinton-Gore ticket and more than three times as much as the Perot-Stockdale ticket.
Multiple Newspapers and Electoral Competition: A County-Level Analysis
Authors: Vermeer Jan P.
Published: December 2011

Although recent research has explored the impact of newspaper competition on public awareness and public opinion diversity, the effect on electoral competition has not been examined. This study hypothesizes that the presence of multiple newspapers in a county increases the competitiveness of election results in that county. That relationship is established after controlling for socioeconomic diversity and for political factors that affect election outcomes. The effects in gubernatorial and U.S. Senate races and in re-election and open-seat contests are compared. The study also discusses the possibility that the effect of newspaper competition on electoral outcomes works through an impact on public discourse.
The Louisville Courier-Journal's News Content after Purchase by Gannett
Authors: Coulson David C. , Hansen Anne
Published: December 2011

Analysis of the news content of the Louisville Courier-Journal showed a mixed commitment by Gannett to the editorial quality of the previously family-owned newspaper. Under Gannett, the Courier-Journal substantially increased the size of its news hole, but the average length of stories dropped, hard news coverage declined, and the number of wire-written stories exceeded staff-written pieces.
New Technology and the Writer/Editor Relationship: Shifting Electronic Realities
Authors: Endres Kathleen L. , Schierhorn Ann B.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the role new technology is playing in the writer/editor relationship. The study is based on responses to a mail questionnaire sent to a sample of consumer and specialized business editors. Editors reported that the new technology is affecting their relationship with writers and that free-lancers are less apt to use expensive new technology than staff writers. The magazine industry - especially the consumer segment - is moving toward the “virtual workplace.” Authors speculate about the possibility of free-lancers becoming a “technological underclass.”
Political Reality and Editorial Cartoons in Japan: How the National Dailies Illustrate the Japanese Prime Minister
Authors: Feldman Ofer
Published: December 2011

This report of a content analysis details how editorial cartoons in two Japanese national dailies illustrated six recent Japanese prime ministers during their first three months in office. The findings reveal the growing importance the media allocate to the national political leader as a source of political information and coverage. Nevertheless, the prime minister appears as a passive man who lacks leadership qualities, reflecting to a certain extent the weak position the prime minister has in Japanese politics.
Hard Times and the News Hole
Authors: Blankenburg William B.
Published: December 2011

The recession of the late 1980s created an opportunity to review managerial behavior in the newspaper industry and to compare forms of ownership — chain and independent - on their responses to hard times. Of particular interest are costs and benefits to readers. The benefits, derived from the notion of “financial commitment,” include news-editorial pages and budgets. Costs are revenues from readers. Inland Press Association data for twenty-nine dailies, from 1985 through 1992, are employed. The results show mixed effects due to chain ownership and a consistent shift of revenue burdens to readers.
State and Media in the English-Speaking Caribbean: The Case of Antigua
Authors: Rhodes Leara , Henry Paget
Published: December 2011

These authors examine the rise of the political resource model and the fall of the commodity model of the press in the Caribbean, concluding that a more equitable balance of power is needed between the public and private sectors of some Caribbean societies.
Perception of Interviewees with Less-Than-Perfect English: Implications for Newspaper Citations
Authors: Isom Paul , Johnson Edward , McCollum James , Zillmann Dolf
Published: December 2011

This study explored how people perceive the intelligence of a source in relationship to the style of English used. Male and female research participants read a newspaper article that cited a private or public, male or female source on a political issue. Citations were (a) in correct English, (b) in regional dialect, or (c) in incorrect, flawed English. Readers assigned higher intelligence to those individuals cited in correct English. The authors discuss the implications for verbatim or corrected citing of sources.
The Supreme Court Defines the Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Hopkins W. Wat
Published: December 2011

The marketplace of ideas metaphor is the model most called upon by the U.S. Supreme Court in the resolution of free-expression cases. Justices have used the theory in the adjudication of virtually every area of First Amendment law, despite increasing attacks on the theory. For the most part, however, the Court does not recognize a single, universal marketplace of ideas, but numerous mini-marketplaces, each with its own dynamics, parameters, regulatory scheme, and audience.
How Public Ownership Affects Publisher Autonomy
Authors: Matthews Martha N.
Published: December 2011

Publishers employed by privately owned newspaper chains were found to have more autonomy than publishers employed by publicly owned newspaper chains, especially on matters relating to staffing and major content changes. Publishers of publicly owned newspapers reported their chains placed more emphasis on generating revenue than publishers of privately owned newspapers.
Turning the Spotlight Inward: How Five Leading News Organizations Covered the Media in the 1992 Presidential Election
Authors: Johnson Thomas J. , Boudreau Timothy , Glowaki Chris
Published: December 2011

This study examined how two leading newspapers and three television networks covered the media in the 1992 presidential campaign. The main topic of media coverage was general media stories, although considerable attention was also given to candidates' use of media. Tone of coverage was different for different media themes with coverage of media performance being the most negative. How the press covered the media changed as the campaign progressed; coverage became more positive after the primaries. Newspapers tended to cover different media themes than the networks, and newspaper coverage was also more positive.
Tabloid and Traditional Television News Magazine Crime Stories: Crime Lessons and Reaffirmation of Social Class Distinctions
Authors: Grabe Maria Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

In recent times, critics have charged that tabloid news emphasizes and sensationalizes criminal behavior - thereby violating the journalistic ideal of providing objective information to the citizens of a democratic society. Yet, these claims have not been subjected to systematic investigation. This study compares tabloid and traditional broadcast news magazine programs in terms of their emphasis on crime and the content of their crime narratives. Results indicate that tabloid shows are more likely than traditional shows to feature crime stories. Both types of programs give crime stories similar prominence, and the content is relatively similar. However, tabloid shows are more likely than traditional shows to present the criminal as belonging to the middle or upper class. By contrast, traditional shows are more likely to present the criminal as belonging to the working class.