bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PHILOSOPHICAL ERRORS
Authors: HARSANYI JOHN C.
Published: November 2007

Philosophical errors are errors of a very peculiar nature.

Obviously, errors occur in the different areas of science, as well as in everyday life. But these errors are sooner or later recognized and exposed, and – most importantly – once they are recognized and exposed, they are essentially rendered harmless, at least for those versed in the respective discipline. A false historical datum, an experimental error or a calculation mistake becomes indefensible as soon as it is noticed.
A RESPONSE TO DASGUPTA
Authors: PUTNAM HILARY , WALSH VIVIAN
Published: November 2007

The present note will be concerned only with Sir Partha Dasgupta's recent article in this journal (Dasgupta 2005). What is more, it will concentrate on those parts of the article which contain a serious misreading of Hilary Putnam's position on the entanglement of facts, theories and values. These philosophical matters can perhaps be clarified for economist readers (they should require no clarification for philosophers) by considering, to begin with, Dasgupta's interpretation of the Bergson–Samuelson position. What (Bergson) Burk (1938) and Samuelson (1947) were doing, according to Dasgupta, was to establish ‘the ethical foundations of the subject. . .over five decades ago’ (Dasgupta 2005: 221–2).2 Thus a major theme of the article is heard at once: economics is supposedly based on sound ethical foundations, and these can be traced (it is supposed) to specific work written long ago, and hence needing no augmentation. These ethical foundations, it is claimed, ‘are now regarded to be a settled matter’ (2005: 222).
REPLY TO PUTNAM AND WALSH
Authors: DASGUPTA PARTHA
Published: November 2007

Social thinkers frequently remind us that people differ on what constitutes personal well-being, but that even when they don't differ, they disagree over the extent to which one person's well-being can be permitted to be traded off against another's. They tell us that political differences are to be traced to differences in people's conceptions of personal and social well-being. We are given to understand, in other words, that people's ethics differ.
WEIGHING LIVES – AN APPLIED ECONOMIST'S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: JONES-LEE MICHAEL W.
Published: November 2007

Without doubt, Weighing Lives, like its precursor, Weighing Goods, is an excellent and thought-provoking piece of work. In the first place, it addresses a question of the most fundamental importance, namely: how should we aggregate the well-being of past, present and future members of the human race under the various possible states of the world that may, in the event, prevail? This involves, amongst other things, dealing with questions of aggregation across time, people and different states of the world; the issue of what constitutes a “neutral” state of well-being (i.e., one neither better nor worse than not being alive) and what is, in fact, the value of continuing to survive.
REPLY TO JONES-LEE
Authors: BROOME JOHN
Published: November 2007

It is not the job of philosophy to give direct practical advice either to people or to governments. Nevertheless, moral philosophy is immensely significant in practical matters. It influences the way we think and act, but only slowly as it filters through the process of public debate. I hope Weighing Lives will have a practical influence, but it is not meant to be a directly practical guide.
A Brief History of Clive Barker
Authors: Barker Clive
Published: November 2007

I was born in Middlesbrough in 1931, and it's been uphill all the way since then. To a certain extent my life has been a process of being sold a dream which has never been realized, along with many other people in my generation, from Henry Livings and Harold Pinter through Wesker and Arden to John McGrath. We were the wartime generation, the last generation to remember what life was like before the war and during it.
Theatre Workshop and the Spanish Drama
Authors: Edwards Gwynne
Published: November 2007

In the course of her long career as a director with Theatre Union and Theatre Workshop, Joan Littlewood staged some twenty foreign-language plays, of which three were Spanish: Lope de Vega's Fuente Ovejuna, Lorca's The Love of Don Perlimplín for Belisa in His Garden, and Fernando de Rojas's La Celestina, while there were also plans to perform Lorca's Blood Wedding. Gwynne Edwards argues in this article that Littlewood's attraction to the Spanish plays was sometimes political but always due to a similarity in performance style which, influenced by the methods of leading European theatre practitioners, sought to integrate the elements of speech, stage design, movement, music, and lighting into a harmonious whole. Indeed, even though Lorca and Littlewood worked independently of each other, their ideas on the nature and function of theatre were very similar, while Lorca's touring company, La Barraca, employed methods very close to those of Theatre Union and Theatre Workshop. Gwynne Edwards was until recently Professor of Spanish at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and is a specialist in Spanish theatre. Eleven of his translations of the plays of Lorca have been published by Methuen Drama, as well as translations of seventeenth-century Spanish and modern Latin American plays. Many of these have also had professional productions.
Jazz and Music-Hall Transgressions in Theatre Workshop's Production of A Taste of Honey
Authors: Patton Alec
Published: November 2007

Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey in the Theatre Workshop production of 1959 opened to the sound of a fast twelve-bar blues played on trumpet, saxophone, and guitar by musicians sitting in a box to the right of the stage. Though rarely mentioned by historians, the ‘Apex Jazz Trio’, as they were called, were a lively and unpredictable element in the production. Between the actors' open acknowledgement of the band, and Avis Bunnage's direct comments to the audience, the play shattered the ’realistic‘ conventions that still held sway in the West End, at the same time transgressing the distinction between ‘serious’ theatre and music hall (where the boundary of the proscenium was never respected obsequiously). Alec Patton, a PhD student at the University of Sheffield, draws on original interviews with actors from the cast, a member of the first-night audience, and the leader of the band that accompanied the show to offer a re-assessment of the role of music and music hall in the original production of A Taste of Honey.
Performing in the Wishing Tense: SMARTlab's Evolution on Stage, Online, and in the Sand
Authors: Goodman Lizbeth
Published: November 2007

This paper evaluates the development of performative theories inspired by practice in the evolution of Lizbeth Goodman's research and SMARTlab's fifteen-year oeuvre. In this piece, Goodman outlines the methodology of ‘performing in the wishing tense’, analyzing the development of her own practice from television to live theatre to broadcast and multimedia to telematics and online learning ‘stages’, to radio, and then to web presence. As the subtitle of the article suggests, Goodman has evolved a methodology for her team that has been influenced by the work of one of her academic mentors, the late Clive Barker, author of Theatre Games, and that has been extended in parallel explorations of play, time, space, and voicing in the work of women, people with disabilities and disadvantaged groups worldwide, here discussed from earliest stages to current collaborations. This work has been extrapolated to show how those with disabilities that prevent free movement and speech can benefit from interactive screenic or telematic performance tools that empower a sense of movement and play: a ‘theatre games’ rubric translated into multimedia performance modes, using technology tools created by the team. She discusses the place of the (damaged or fractured) body of the theorist in relation to the bodies of the people she directs and whose words and movements she choreographs. Written specifically as a ‘response’ to Barker's work, this piece maps the journey of SMARTlab's performances around the globe and through the recent history of multimedia, ending with a postscript describing a collaborative game based on the role-play theories of Barker and on the ‘liveness’ of what Goodman calls ‘the wishing tense’ of lost languages, including body languages. Much of the performance material referred to is available online, and DVD versions can be provided upon request.
Playing with Pain: the Need for Guardianship in Group Work
Authors: Poulter Chrissie
Published: November 2007

Chrissie Poulter read Drama and Theatre Arts at Birmingham University from 1973 to 1976, and was taught by Clive Barker during her first year there. Now a Lecturer at Trinity College Dublin, her specialism is theatre games, so their paths continued to cross over the years. As a theatre director, deviser, and trainer her work centres on the use of play within and without the theatre world, with a particular focus on inter- and intra-cultural exchange. Her book Playing the Game (Palgrave-Macmillan, 1987) is a widely used manual of theatre games. Her most recent creative projects have been as one of the directors of The Bus Project – a site-specific project on a moving Dublin bus – for Performance Lab in the Dublin Fringe Festival in September 2007, and Metamorphoses with Prey Trio, a site-specific production with three musicians for the Mermaid Arts Centre in Bray, Co Wicklow, described in the preceding article by Lizbeth Goodman. Here, Chrissie Poulter takes theatre games as a springboard to discuss and define the need for ‘guardianship’ in game playing, online or in the studio workship.
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: can our genes predict clinical outcome?
Authors: Dickinson Anne M. , Harrold Jane L. , Cullup Hannah
Published: November 2007

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is currently the only curative treatment for many patients with malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases. The success of HSCT is greatly reduced by the development of complications, which include graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse and infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching of patients and donors is essential, but does not completely prevent these complications; non-HLA genes may also have an impact upon transplant outcome. Polymorphisms within genes that are associated with an individual's capability to mount an immune response to alloantigen and infectious pathogens and/or response to drugs (pharmacogenomics) are all currently being studied for their association with HSCT outcome. This review summarises the potential role of non-HLA polymorphisms in predicting HSCT outcome, from studies on retrospective transplant cohorts of HLA-identical siblings and matched unrelated donors. The clinical relevance and interpretation of non-HLA genetics, and how these could be used alongside clinical risk factors in HSCT, are also discussed.
Cerebellar Bergmann glia: an important model to study neuron–glia interactions
Authors: López-Bayghen Esther , Rosas Sandra , Castelán Francisco , Ortega Arturo
Published: November 2007

The biochemical effects triggered by the action of glutamate, the main excitatory amino acid, on a specialized type of glia cells, Bergmann glial cells of the cerebellum, are a model system with which to study glia–neuronal interactions. Neuron to Bergmann glia signaling is involved in early stages of development, mainly in cell migration and synaptogenesis. Later, in adulthood, these cells have an important role in the maintenance and proper function of the synapses that they surround. Major molecular targets of this cellular interplay are glial glutamate receptors and transporters, both of which sense synaptic activity. Glutamate receptors trigger a complex network of signaling cascades that involve Ca2+ influx and lead to a differential gene-expression pattern. In contrast, Bergmann glia glutamate transporters participate in the removal of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft and act also as signal transducers that regulate, in the short term, their own activity. These exciting findings strengthen the concept of active participation of glial cells in synaptic transmission and the involvement of neuron–glia circuits in the processing of brain information.
Ornamentation in Irish Fiddling: Eileen Ivers as a Case Study
Authors: SLOTTOW STEPHEN P.
Published: November 2007

This article is a study of ornamentation in the fiddling of Eileen Ivers. Ivers grew up in the Bronx, studied with Limerick-born fiddler Martin Mulvihill, and has since become one of the most well-known of contemporary Irish fiddlers. Although Ivers is known primarily for her Irish fusion playing style, her more traditional core style is reflected in this article, which is based on a series of interview-lessons. The types of ornaments and their placement, combination, function, and effect in Ivers's performance of Irish dance music are discussed.
Permeabilization of Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes Induced by Gas‐Liquid Flow in an Airlift Bubble Column
Authors: Yoshimoto Makoto , Monden Miyuki , Jiang Zhongwei , Nakao Katsumi
Published: November 2007

The permeability of 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein (CF) through the phospholipid bilayer membranes was measured by using the system in which the CF‐containing phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) were suspended in the gas‐liquid flow in an external loop airlift bubble column. The airlift was operated at various superficial gas velocities UG up to 2.4 cm/s at 25 and 40 °C. The CF‐containing liposomes composed of POPC (1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) had the nominal diameters of 50, 100, and 200 nm. The 50– and 100‐nm liposomes were stable at 40 °C for 5 h even at a high UG value of 2.4 cm/s based on the observed turbidity of the liposome suspension in the airlift. On the other hand, the 200‐nm liposomes were stable at a low UG value of 1.4 cm/s, although a progressive decrease in size of the liposomes was implied at the high UG value of 2.4 cm/s. The permeability coefficient PCF of CF through the lipid membrane of the 100‐nm liposomes was significantly increased with increasing UG at a high temperature of 40 °C, while at a low temperature of 25 °C the PCF value was little dependent on UG. As a typical result on the above liposomes, the PCF value (9.2 × 10−11 cm/s) at 40 °C and UG = 2.4 cm/s in the airlift was more than 15 times larger than that at 25 °C in the static liquid corresponding to UG = 0. In addition, the dependence of the PCF value on UG at 40 °C became more significant with increasing the size of liposomes suspended. The results obtained revealed that the permeability of the liposome membranes could be regulated by suspending the liposomes in the gas‐liquid flow in the airlift without modulating the membrane composition of liposomes.
Reflection imaging of deep reservoir structure based on three‐dimensional hodogram analysis of multicomponent microseismic waveforms
Authors: Soma Nobukazu , Niitsuma Hiroaki , Baria Roy
Published: November 2007

We have applied a type of reflection technique, in which natural or induced microseismicity is used as a wave source and is processed in the time‐frequency domain, to data from the Soultz Hot Dry Rock site to image deep structures within the reservoir that may be associated with flow paths among three wells. We selected and analyzed 119 good waveforms observed in 2003. The distribution of these 119 events was not strongly inclined, and although the selected number of events was much smaller than the total microseismic events located, we still succeeded in applying the reflection analysis. The reflection images obtained using waveforms from 2003 are in agreement with those obtained using data from 1993 and 2000. Finally, detailed three‐dimensional reflection images were created by an integration of estimates using all available waveform data. Reflectors appear around the deep geothermal wells, and one of the dipping reflectors seems to be an obstacle to flow connection that shows a clear correlation with a microseismic cloud created during hydraulic stimulation in 2004. From these analyses we succeeded in interpreting the roles of preexisting structures in the development of flow connection among wells, which is an essential factor in a hot dry rock system.
Dissolution of aerosol iron in the surface waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans as determined by a semicontinuous flow‐through reactor method
Authors: Wu Jingfeng , Rember Robert , Cahill Cathy
Published: November 2007

Aerosol iron dissolution in oceanic waters is determined with a semicontinuous batch‐leaching method. In this procedure, aerosol samples that were collected from the marine boundary layer were leached in an all‐Teflon flow‐through reaction chamber by multiple aliquots of ∼40 mL 0.4 μm filtered oceanic surface water collected using ultraclean techniques. Each aliquot of seawater is permitted to leach the aerosol sample in the reaction chamber for a predetermined time before the seawater solution is separated from the aerosol sample by a 0.4 μm Nucleopore filter membrane. A new aliquot of seawater is then added to the leaching chamber to continue leaching the same aerosol particles retained on the filter. The procedure is repeated with progressive increases in leaching time. The method allows the Fe released from the aerosol particles to be continuously removed from the system before saturating the complexation capacity of the seawater‐leaching solution or adsorbing onto the leaching chamber wall. This method results in accurate measurements of seawater‐dissolvable labile aerosol Fe that is independent of the total aerosol Fe concentrations in the sample. The aerosol Fe solubility determined using this method ranges from 3.5 ± 1.5% for the North Atlantic during September 2005 to 5.7 ± 2.0% for the North Pacific during April 2005 and April 2006.
Baroclinic wave drag from two closely spaced sills in a narrow fjord as inferred from basin water mixing
Authors: Johnsson M. , Green J. A. M. , Stigebrandt A.
Published: November 2007

The dynamics of the entrance to the Ringdalsfjord‐Idefjord at the Swedish‐Norwegian border is described for the first time. A 1‐month‐long high‐resolved data set shows that the mixing rate is extremely high in the basin water between the two sills at Bjällvarpet and Svinesund and that the accompanying horizontal mean buoyancy flux is about 25 mW m−2. During two periods in the observations, the density decrease rate, dρ/dt, below 17 m depth was estimated to be −0.90 and −1.20 kg m−3 d−1, respectively. Our observations support the idea that the tide is subjected to baroclinic wave drag due to generation of internal tides at sills when a densimetric Froude number, based on tidal speed and basin stratification, is subcritical. For supercritical values of the Froude number, basin stratification becomes unimportant, and the tide is subjected to large‐scale topographic drag with jets developing on the lee side of the sills. The total energy loss due to baroclinic wave drag and large‐scale topographic drag during the two periods are 268 and 198 kW, respectively. All power supplied to the internal tides and 1/6 of the power supplied to the jets is assumed to sustain the turbulence in the basin water (beneath the depths of the sills). With a flux Richardson number of 0.06, determined from investigations in many fjord basins, we find that a process‐based mixing model explains the observed mixing between the sills to within 90%.
Circulation over the southeastern continental shelf and slope of the Mediterranean Sea: Direct current measurements, winds, and numerical model simulations
Authors: Rosentraub Zvi , Brenner Stephen
Published: November 2007

Results are presented for the first time from an extensive, systematic campaign of direct current measurements that were conducted over the continental shelf and slope of the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean over a 10‐year period. Concurrent cross‐shelf hydrographic transects and coastal wind measurements were also conducted. The results are presented within the context of the general circulation of the Levantine Basin as simulated with a numerical model. The circulation over the shelf is northward throughout the year with strong seasonal variability, and maximum currents in winter and summer. In summer, the strong currents are confined to the upper layer with seaward intensification. Over the slope, a seasonally varying along‐slope baroclinic jet also appears during summer and early winter. The shelf and slope current system is part of the general circulation of the Levantine basin composed of the bifurcating Atlantic Ionian Stream, the Mid‐Mediterranean Jet, and the cyclonic basin‐wide current that follows the coast. During winter storms, the strong southwesterly winds drive the northward flowing current and downwelling over the shelf. At this time the deeper level currents near the shelf break are also intensified. The alongshore synoptic currents are weakly coherent and strongly affected by the alongshore pressure gradient. In late winter the slope jet remains offshore and does not intrude over the narrow shelf. Both the measurements and the simulations confirm the strong seasonality and variability of the shelf and slope current system and hint at the potential for intense shelf‐open sea exchanges in this region.
Topographic and morphologic characteristics of Reull Vallis, Mars: Implications for the history of the Reull Vallis fluvial system
Authors: Kostama V.‐P. , Ivanov M. A. , Polit A. T. , Törmänen T. , Grosfils E. B. , Raitala J. , Neukum G.
Published: November 2007

The eastern rim region of Hellas basin is characterized by the four prominent and quite extensively researched (cf. Crown et al., 2005, and references therein) outflow channels. In this work we focus on the Reull Vallis. On the basis of observations from available data sets, we present a hypothesis for the evolution of Reull Vallis and its complimentary fluvial system. We suggest that this system consists of parts that were formed during several phases rather than being a single continuous channel. Our results show that the fluvial system of Reull Vallis consists of two main parts and likely had independent formation phases and different sources of water. Our results also show that the upper portion of the Reull Vallis was formed by outflow from beneath Hesperia Planum (as proposed already in earlier works), but the suggested segments 1 and 2 (Mest and Crown, 2001) of the Vallis are not directly linked. There seems to have been an on‐surface source for the formation of the segment 2 in the form of a topographic depression that was filled before the subsequent draining and formation of segment 2. Our interpretation of the evolution and formation implies a complex history for the Reull Vallis system.
Physical basis for quasi‐universal relations describing bankfull hydraulic geometry of single‐thread gravel bed rivers
Authors: Parker Gary , Wilcock Peter R. , Paola Chris , Dietrich William E. , Pitlick John
Published: November 2007

We examine relations for hydraulic geometry of alluvial, single‐thread gravel bed rivers with definable bankfull geometries. Four baseline data sets determine relations for bankfull geometry, i.e., bankfull depth, bankfull width, and down‐channel slope as functions of bankfull discharge and bed surface median sediment size. These relations show a considerable degree of universality. This universality applies not only within the four sets used to determine the forms but also to three independent data sets as well. We study the physical basis for this universality in terms of four relations, the coefficients and exponents of which can be back calculated from the data: (1) a Manning‐Strickler‐type relation for channel resistance, (2) a channel‐forming relation expressed in terms of the ratio of bankfull Shields number to critical Shields number, (3) a relation for critical Shields number as a function of dimensionless discharge, and (4) a “gravel yield” relation specifying the (estimated) gravel transport rate at bankfull flow as a function of bankfull discharge and gravel size. We use these underlying relations to explore why the dimensionless bankfull relations are only quasi‐universal and to quantify the degree to which deviation from universality can be expected. The analysis presented here represents an alternative to extremal formulations to predict hydraulic geometry.
Cover effect in bedrock abrasion: A new derivation and its implications for the modeling of bedrock channel morphology
Authors: Turowski Jens M. , Lague Dimitri , Hovius Niels
Published: November 2007

The sediment load of a bedrock river plays an important role in the fluvial incision process by providing tools for abrasion (the tools effect) and by covering and thereby protecting the bed (the cover effect). We derive a new formulation for the cover effect, in which the fraction of exposed bed area falls exponentially with increasing sediment flux or decreasing transport capacity, and explore its consequences for the model of bedrock abrasion by saltating bed load. Erosion rates predicted by the model are higher than those predicted by earlier models. In a closed system, the maximum erosion rate is predicted to occur when sediment supply is equal to transport capacity for a flat bed. By optimizing the channel geometry to minimize the potential energy of the stream and using representative values for both discharge and grain size, we derive equations for the geometry of a bedrock river and explore how predictions for width, slope, and bed cover vary as functions of drainage area, rock uplift rate, and rock strength. The equations predict a dependence of channel width on drainage area similar to the relations using a simple shear stress incision law. The slope‐area relationship is predicted to be concave up in a log‐log regime, with a curvature dependent on uplift rate. However, this curvature does not deviate sufficiently from a straight line to allow discrimination between models using empirical data. Dependence of channel width and slope on rock uplift rate can be separated into two domains: for low uplift rates, channel geometry is largely insensitive to uplift rate due to a threshold effect. At high uplift rates, there is a power law dependence. Bed cover is predicted to increase progressively downstream and to increase with increasing uplift rate. In our model, the width‐to‐depth ratio is a function of both tectonic and climatic forcing. This indicates that the scaling between channel width and bed slope is neither a unique indicator of tectonic forcing at steady state nor a signature of transience or steady state. We conclude that sediment effects need to be taken into account when modeling bedrock channel morphology.
Exact two‐dimensional scattering from a slot in a ground plane backed by a semielliptical cavity and covered with an isorefractive diaphragm
Authors: Valentino M. , Erricolo D.
Published: November 2007

A semielliptical channel flush mounted under a metal plane and slotted along the interfocal distance of its cross section is separated from the half‐space above by a diaphragm. The cavity, the diaphragm, and the half‐space are all isorefractive to each other. Both the cavity and the diaphragm are filled with materials isorefractive to the medium in the half‐space above. This is a two‐dimensional geometry where the source is invariant with respect to the axial variable. The resulting electromagnetic boundary value problem is solved exactly using series expansions containing Mathieu functions, when the excitation source is either a plane wave or a line source. For plane wave incidence, the polarization is with either the electric or the magnetic field parallel to the axis of the structure and the direction of incidence is arbitrary in a plane perpendicular to the axis. For line source excitation, the polarization is with either the electric or the magnetic field parallel to the axis of the structure and the source is arbitrarily located. Numerical results are also provided.
Conditioned backward probability modeling to identify sources of groundwater contaminants subject to sorption and decay
Authors: Neupauer Roseanna M. , Lin Ranhao , O'Shea Heather
Published: November 2007

If contamination is observed in an aquifer, a backward probability model can be used to obtain information about the former position of the observed contamination. A backward location probability density function (PDF) describes the possible former positions of the observed contaminant particle at a specified time in the past. If the source release time is known or can be estimated, the backward location PDF can be used to identify possible source locations. For sorbing solutes, the location PDF depends on the phase (aqueous or sorbed) of the observed contamination and on the phase of the contamination at the source. These PDFs are related to adjoint states of aqueous and sorbed phase concentrations. The adjoint states, however, do not take into account the measured concentrations. Neupauer and Lin (2006) presented an approach for conditioning backward location PDFs on measured concentrations of non‐reactive solutes. In this paper, we present a related conditioning method to identify the location of an instantaneous point source of a solute that exhibits first‐order decay and linear equilibrium or non‐equilibrium sorption. We derive the conditioning equations and present an illustrative example to demonstrate important features of the technique. Finally, we illustrate the use of the conditioned location PDF to identify possible sources of contamination by using data from a trichloroethylene plume at the Massachusetts Military Reservation.
Arsenic transport in groundwater, surface water, and the hyporheic zone of a mine‐influenced stream‐aquifer system
Authors: Brown Brendan V. , Valett H. Maurice , Schreiber Madeline E.
Published: November 2007

We investigated the transport of dissolved arsenic (As) in groundwater, surface water, and the hyporheic zone of a stream‐aquifer system influenced by an abandoned arsenopyrite mine. The weathering of unconsolidated aquifer materials, derived from mine waste piles, consists of As‐bearing minerals including arsenopyrite, scorodite, and iron oxides, providing a continuous source of As to water. Arsenic loads from the stream, springs, and groundwater were quantified at the study reach on nine dates from January to August 2005, and a mass balance approach was used to determine hyporheic storage of As. Loading from groundwater was the dominant source of As to the stream, while loads from springs represented a substantial proportion of the As load during spring. Arsenic loads in surface and groundwater were significantly elevated during summer despite lower discharge; groundwater load was positively correlated to aquifer temperature. The hyporheic zone retained As in the upstream‐most subreach, most likely through the adsorption of As onto hyporheic sediments. In downstream subreaches, hyporheic sediments, derived from mine‐tailing piles of high As content, were sources of As to the stream. Spatial variation in sediment source and composition reflecting flood transport from upstream and mass wasting of mine tailings, along with temporal changes in hydrology, combine to dictate the role of the hyporheic zone in the transport and retention of As.
Temporal stability of climate‐isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino, Switzerland)
Authors: Reynolds‐Henne C. E. , Siegwolf R. T. W. , Treydte K. S. , Esper J. , Henne S. , Saurer M.
Published: November 2007

Climate reconstructions based on stable isotopes in tree rings commonly rely on the assumption that climate‐isotope relations are stable over time. However, studies of tree ring growth have revealed trends thought to result from either physiological changes or changes in the climate‐growth relationship. We investigated whether or not similar trends exist for tree ring stable isotopic ratios using a statistical approach. Correlations between climate (temperature and precipitation amount) and tree ring cellulose δ13C and δ18O of oak and pine from Ticino, Switzerland, were calculated for the period AD 1660–2000. Climate calibration of tree rings was enabled by long‐term monthly resolved temperature and precipitation data sets on the basis of instrumental and documentary proxy data. Overall, five findings have been identified: (1) Isotopic ratios in tree rings most strongly reflect conditions of the current growing season, (2) temporally stable climate signals are found in pine δ13C only, (3) all other correlations between tree ring isotopes and climate are temporally unstable and characterized by shifts in correlation sign and strength, (4) climate signals in oak are strongest in the 20th century, and (5) tree ring δ13C reflects local climatic conditions while δ18O is influenced by large‐scale synoptic circulation. The nonstationary relationships observed could reflect changes in the relationship between the climate variables or a physiological adaptation to warmer conditions. Our results provide a cautionary note for the calibration of long tree ring series with 20th century relationships, at least for trees located at ecologically nonextreme sites.
Cold ionospheric plasma in Titan's magnetotail
Authors: Wei H. Y. , Russell C. T. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Dougherty M. K. , Bertucci C. , Modolo R. , Ma Y. J. , Neubauer F. M.
Published: November 2007

The interaction between Titan and the corotating Saturnian plasma forms an induced magnetosphere with an elongated Alfven‐wing‐style magnetotail. On 26 December 2005, the Cassini spacecraft flew through Titan's magnetotail, providing the first distant tail observation, over 5 Titan radii downstream. We examine measurements observed by the magnetometer and Langmuir probe during this pass. We use the direction of the magnetic field along the trajectory to identify the source regions of plasma reaching the spacecraft. Cold plasma, with a density of about 10 cm−3, is found magnetically connected to the ionosphere. Titan's ionosphere appears to be escaping along field lines down the tail, leading to particle loss from the atmosphere.
Role of solar activity in the troposphere‐stratosphere coupling in the Southern Hemisphere winter
Authors: Kuroda Yuhji , Deushi Makoto , Shibata Kiyotaka
Published: November 2007

The effect of the 11‐year solar cycle on the troposphere‐stratosphere (TS) coupling in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) late winter/spring is examined through the analysis of observations and simulations with a chemistry‐climate model. It is found that the TS coupling in the SH late winter/spring is significantly modified according to the solar cycle; the dynamical coupling between the troposphere and stratosphere becomes stronger with the increasing solar activity. Such modulation of the strength of the TS coupling is found to be the source of the solar‐cycle modulation of the annular mode in late winter/spring. A possible mechanism of the solar‐cycle‐TS‐coupling relationship is also discussed.
European climate‐change oscillation (ECO)
Authors: Giorgi Filippo , Coppola Erika
Published: November 2007

We identify a latitudinal/seasonal oscillation in the 21st century climate change pattern over Europe (the European Climate‐change Oscillation, or ECO) from the CMIP3 ensemble. The ECO is found in the temperature and precipitation mean and variability change fields, suggesting that it might be a fundamental feature of European climate change. It is associated with a north‐south see‐saw in the location of an area of increased anticyclonic circulation over the northeastern Atlantic, which induces a seasonally varying northward displacement of the Atlantic storm track. We also define two ECO Indices to measure the ECO based on latitudinal and seasonal climate change gradients. The ECO carries important information on the characteristics of European climate change. It can also be used for regional climate change detection purposes and we find indications of ECO behavior in the temperature change pattern for the latest decades of the 20th century.
Trophic status impacts both the magnitude and stable carbon isotope composition of methane flux from peatlands
Authors: Hornibrook Edward R. C. , Bowes Helen L.
Published: November 2007

The influence of trophic status on CH4 production, emission and stable carbon isotope composition was investigated in two ombrogenous and two minerotrophic peatlands situated in Wales, UK. Methane production and emission rates were highest in the minerotrophic peatlands and CH4 in both pore water and emissions to the atmosphere were notably 13C‐enriched compared to the ombrogenous bogs. Highly negative δ13C values (−95 to −82‰) for CH4 flux from the acidic rainfed peatlands likely resulted from a combination of CO2/H2 methanogenesis and isotope effects associated with diffusion of CH4 through aerenchymatous tissue of vascular flora. The δ13C values presently attributed to CH4 flux from northern wetlands in isotope‐weighted mass balance budgets of the CH4 cycle may be too positive. Methane flux from northern bogs and fens should be assigned different δ13C values because CH4 is notably more 13C‐depleted in the former, albeit emission strength typically is weaker.
Transition from supercritical to subcritical regime in free surface flow of yield stress fluids
Authors: Ugarelli Rita , Di Federico Vittorio
Published: November 2007

Characteristics of the transition from supercritical to subcritical regime (hydraulic jump) in laminar flow of a Herschel‐Bulkley fluid on an horizontal plane are examined. The set of equations governing the flow is presented, recovering earlier results for a Bingham fluid. The determination of the flow conditions downstream, given those upstream, involves solution of a nonlinear algebraic system in three unknowns; an approximate analytical formula for conjugate depths is derived since no exact solution can be obtained in closed form. The relative error thus introduced is then evaluated numerically; its maximum value is shown to be less than a few percent. The behavior of flow depth, bottom shear stress and critical depth are established and illustrated as function of the flow behavior index; the critical depth and the ratio of conjugate depths increase with the behavior index and until the bottom shear stress exceeds a certain value, and then decrease afterwards.
Considerations for spaceborne 94 GHz radar observations of precipitation
Authors: Kollias Pavlos , Szyrmer Wanda , Zawadzki Isztar , Joe Paul
Published: November 2007

Spaceborne 94 GHz radars offer sufficient sensitivity to observe all types of precipitation and their associated clouds without stretching the instrument requirements. In this study, considerations for precipitation classification and detection from space using 94 GHz radars are presented. First, a technique that uses the path‐integrated attenuation normalized to the depth of the rain layer, the snow‐integrated reflectivity and the reflectivity difference from snow to rain to discriminate convective and stratiform profiles is proposed. Second, we present a critical view of sampling issues for precipitation and Doppler measurements from space at 94 GHz. A new sampling strategy for spaceborne 94 GHz radars with alternating cloud and precipitation modes is discussed that can improve our ability to detect and measure precipitation without losing sight of the main objective of deploying such high frequency radars in space, to map the global distribution of clouds.
Stratospheric control of the extratropical circulation response to surface forcing
Authors: Fletcher Christopher G. , Kushner Paul J. , Cohen Judah
Published: November 2007

The transient atmospheric circulation response to fall season Siberia region snow forcing in an atmospheric general circulation model is investigated. The forcing generates a stratosphere‐troposphere interaction response whose coupling to the surface on multiple week timescales depends on the state of the stratosphere prior to the initiation of the forcing. An initially weak stratospheric polar vortex increases the likelihood of a negative Northern Annular Mode response at the surface. These results may provide useful insight for seasonal prediction of circulation anomalies arising from surface forcing in the extratropics.
Rapid loss of the Ayles Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Copland Luke , Mueller Derek R. , Weir Laurie
Published: November 2007

On August 13, 2005, almost the entire Ayles Ice Shelf (87.1 km2) calved off within an hour and created a new 66.4 km2 ice island in the Arctic Ocean. This loss of one of the six remaining Ellesmere Island ice shelves reduced their overall area by ∼7.5%. The ice shelf was likely weakened prior to calving by a long‐term negative mass balance related to an increase in mean annual temperatures over the past 50+ years. The weakened ice shelf then calved during the warmest summer on record in a period of high winds, record low sea ice conditions and the loss of a semi‐permanent landfast sea ice fringe. Climate reanalysis suggests that a threshold of >200 positive degree days year−1 is important in determining when ice shelf calving events occur on N. Ellesmere Island.
Continuous reconnection line and pressure‐dependent energy conversion on the magnetopause in a global MHD model
Authors: Laitinen T. V. , Palmroth M. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Janhunen P. , Koskinen H. E. J.
Published: November 2007

We present results on magnetopause reconnection processes in the Gumics‐4 global MHD simulation model. The reconnection line on the magnetopause is identified using a topological method, and its behavior as a function of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction is shown to be consistent with the component reconnection hypothesis. Energy conversion associated with reconnection is quantified using integrals of Poynting vector divergence. The efficiency of energy conversion depends on both the IMF direction and the solar wind dynamic pressure. We vary the solar wind speed and density separately and show that while both affect the appearance of magnetopause processes, speed has a much stronger effect on the total reconnection efficiency.
A phase equilibrium model for atmospheric aerosols containing inorganic electrolytes and organic compounds (UHAERO), with application to dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Amundson N. R. , Caboussat A. , He J. W. , Martynenko A. V. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: November 2007

Computation of phase and chemical equilibria of water‐organic‐inorganic mixtures is of significant interest in atmospheric aerosol modeling. A new version of the phase partitioning model, named UHAERO, is presented here, which allows one to compute the phase behavior for atmospheric aerosols containing inorganic electrolytes and organic compounds. The computational implementation of the model is based on standard minimization of the Gibbs free energy using a primal‐dual method, coupled to a Newton iteration. Water uptake and deliquescence properties of mixtures of aqueous solutions of salts and dicarboxylic acids, including oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, maleic, malic, or methyl succinic acids, are based on a hybrid thermodynamic approach for the modeling of activity coefficients (Clegg and Seinfeld, 2006a, 2006b). UHAERO currently considers ammonium salts and the neutralization of dicarboxylic acids and sulfuric acid. Phase diagrams for sulfate/ammonium/water/dicarboxylic acid systems are presented as a function of relative humidity at 298.15 K over the complete space of compositions.
Phenomenological reconstructions of the solar signature in the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature records since 1600
Authors: Scafetta N. , West B. J.
Published: November 2007

A phenomenological thermodynamic model is adopted to estimate the relative contribution of the solar‐induced versus anthropogenic‐added climate forcing during the industrial era. We compare different preindustrial temperature and solar data reconstruction scenarios since 1610. We argue that a realistic climate scenario is the one described by a large preindustrial secular variability (as the one shown by the paleoclimate temperature reconstruction by Moberg et al. (2005)) with the total solar irradiance experiencing low secular variability (as the one shown by Wang et al. (2005)). Under this scenario the Sun might have contributed up to approximately 50% (or more if ACRIM total solar irradiance satellite composite (Willson and Mordvinov, 2003) is implemented) of the observed global warming since 1900.
Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air‐sea interface
Authors: Keene William C. , Maring Hal , Maben John R. , Kieber David J. , Pszenny Alexander A. P. , Dahl Elizabeth E. , Izaguirre Miguel A. , Davis Andrew J. , Long Michael S. , Zhou Xianliang , Smoydzin Linda , Sander Rolf
Published: November 2007

Breaking waves on the ocean surface produce bubbles that, upon bursting, inject seawater constituents into the atmosphere. Nascent aerosols were generated by bubbling zero‐air through flowing seawater within an RH‐controlled chamber deployed at Bermuda and analyzed for major chemical and physical characteristics. The composition of feed seawater was representative of the surrounding ocean. Relative size distributions of inorganic aerosol constituents were similar to those in ambient air. Ca2+ was significantly enriched relative to seawater (median factor = 1.2). If in the form of CaCO3, these enrichments would have important implications for pH‐dependent processes. Other inorganic constituents were present at ratios indistinguishable from those in seawater. Soluble organic carbon (OC) was highly enriched in all size fractions (median factor for all samples = 387). Number size distributions exhibited two lognormal modes. The number production flux of each mode was linearly correlated with bubble rate. At 80% RH, the larger mode exhibited a volume centroid of ∼5‐μm diameter and included ∼95% of the inorganic sea‐salt mass; water comprised 79% to 90% of volume. At 80% RH, the smaller mode exhibited a number centroid of 0.13‐μm diameter; water comprised 87% to 90% of volume. The median mass ratio of organic matter to sea salt in the smallest size fraction (geometric mean diameter = 0.13 μm) was 4:1. These results support the hypothesis that bursting bubbles are an important global source of CN and CCN with climatic implications. Primary marine aerosols also influence radiative transfer via multiphase processing of sulfur and other climate‐relevant species.
Aerosol radiative characteristics at Gosan, Korea, during the Atmospheric Brown Cloud East Asian Regional Experiment 2005
Authors: Takamura Tamio , Sugimoto Nobuo , Shimizu Atsushi , Uchiyama Akihiro , Yamazaki Akihiro , Aoki Kazuma , Nakajima Teruyuki , Sohn B. J. , Takenaka Hideaki
Published: November 2007

The ABC (Atmospheric Brown Cloud project) Gosan campaign 2005 (EAREX2005) was carried out at Gosan on Cheju Island, Korea, in March 2005. The objective of the campaign was to clarify aerosol characteristics as well as to compare each instrument for radiation and chemical observation. From these observations, eleven clear sky cases were selected and analyzed to estimate the aerosol radiative effect (ARE). As a result, the mean ARE during the campaign was −20.8 ± 9.0 W/m2 at the surface, −8.3 ± 5.3 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere and 12.6 ± 6.8 W/m2 in the atmosphere. The ARE efficiency was −81.6 W/m2, −32.5 W/m2 and 49.4 W/m2, respectively. These results suggest that the aerosols during the campaign might consist of more or less yellow sand in comparison with the results simulated using typical aerosol models. On the basis of simultaneous observation of the depolarization ratio by lidar, a common feature of yellow sand is also found in a daily trend of aerosols through the period. A yellow sand index (YSI) is introduced using a column integration of extinction coefficients for spherical and nonspherical particles, separated empirically by the depolarization ratio. This index is equivalent to the fraction of yellow sand (nonspherical) aerosol in the observed aerosol optical thickness. The YSI has a good correlation with the Angstrom index (α) obtained by sky radiometer observations and shows that the increase in YSI corresponds to the decrease in α and the increase in single scattering albedo of aerosol. However, the YSI is poorly correlated with the ARE efficiency.