bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence–Powered Prediction of ALK Gene Rearrangement in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Terada Yukihiro , Takahashi Toshihiro , Hayakawa Takamitsu , Ono Akira , Kawata Takuya , Isaka Mitsuhiro , Muramatsu Koji , Tone Kiyoshi , Kodama Hiroaki , Imai Toru , Notsu Akifumi , Mori Keita , Ohde Yasuhisa , Nakajima Takashi , Sugino Takashi , Takahashi Toshiaki
Published: September 2022

PURPOSE

Several studies reported the possibility of predicting genetic abnormalities in non–small-cell lung cancer by deep learning (DL). However, there are no data of predicting ALK gene rearrangement ( ALKr) using DL. We evaluated the ALKr predictability using the DL platform.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We selected 66 ALKr-positive cases and 142 ALKr-negative cases, which were diagnosed by ALKr immunohistochemical staining in our institution from January 2009 to March 2019. We generated virtual slide of 300 slides (150 ALKr-positive slides and 150 ALKr-negative slides) using NanoZoomer. HALO-AI was used to analyze the whole-slide imaging data, and the DenseNet network was used to build the learning model. Of the 300 slides, we randomly assigned 172 slides to the training cohort and 128 slides to the test cohort to ensure no duplication of cases. In four resolutions (16.0/4.0/1.0/0.25 μm/pix), ALKr prediction models were built in the training cohort and ALKr prediction performance was evaluated in the test cohort. We evaluated the diagnostic probability of ALKr by receiver operating characteristic analysis in each ALKr probability threshold (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95%). We expected the area under the curve to be 0.64-0.85 in the model of a previous study. Furthermore, in the test cohort data, an expert pathologist also evaluated the presence of ALKr by hematoxylin and eosin staining on whole-slide imaging.

RESULTS

The maximum area under the curve was 0.73 (50% threshold: 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.82) in the resolution of 1.0 μm/pix. In this resolution, with an ALKr probability of 50% threshold, the sensitivity and specificity were 73% and 73%, respectively. The expert pathologist's sensitivity and specificity in the same test cohort were 13% and 94%.

CONCLUSION

The ALKr prediction by DL was feasible. Further study should be addressed to improve accuracy of ALKr prediction.
Incidence, Outcomes, and Risk Factors for Preincision Cardiac Arrest in Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Geube Mariya A. , Hsu Albert , Skubas Nikolaos J. , Liang Chen , Mi Junhui , Knuf Kayla M. , Marciniak Donn , Tong Michael Zhen-Yu , Duncan Andra E.
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND:

We examined the incidence, postoperative outcomes, and patient-related factors associated with preincision cardiac arrest in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

METHODS:

We retrospectively examined adult patients undergoing elective or urgent cardiac surgery at the Cleveland Clinic between 2008 and 2019. The incidence of preincision cardiac arrest, defined as arrest between induction of general anesthesia and surgical incision, was reported. In a secondary analysis, we assessed the association between preincision cardiac arrest and major postoperative outcomes. In a tertiary analysis, we used adjusted linear regression models to explore the association between preincision cardiac arrest and prespecified patient risk factors, including severe left main coronary artery stenosis, left ventricular ejection fraction, moderate/severe right ventricular dysfunction, low-flow low-gradient aortic stenosis, and moderate/severe pulmonary hypertension.

RESULTS:

Preincision cardiac arrests occurred in 75 of 41,238 (incidence of 0.18%; 95% CI, 0.17–0.26) patients who had elective or urgent cardiac surgery. Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation with return of spontaneous circulation or bridge to cardiopulmonary bypass occurred in 74 of 75 (98.6%) patients. Patients who experienced preincision cardiac arrest had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than those who did not (11% vs 2%; odds ratio [OR] (95% CI), 4.14 (1.94–8.84); P < .001). They were also more likely to suffer postoperative respiratory failure (46% vs 13%; OR [95% CI], 3.94 [2.40–6.47]; P < .001), requirement for renal replacement therapy (11% vs 2%; OR [95% CI], 3.90 [1.82–8.35]; P < .001), neurologic deficit (7% vs 2%; OR [95% CI], 2.49 (1.00–6.21); P = .05), and longer median hospital stay (15 vs 8 days; hazard ratio (HR) [95% CI], 0.68 [0.55–0.85]; P < .001). Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (per 5% decrease) (OR [95% CI], 1.13 [1.03–1.22]; P = .006) and moderate/severe pulmonary hypertension (OR [95% CI], 3.40 [1.95–5.90]; P < .001) were identified as independent risk factors for cardiac arrest.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cardiac arrest after anesthetic induction is rare in cardiac surgical patients in our investigation. Though most patients are rescued, morbidity and mortality remain higher. Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and moderate/severe pulmonary hypertension are associated with greater risk for preincision cardiac arrest.
Alone in a crowd: effect of a nonfunctional lateral line on expression of the social hormone parathyroid hormone 2
Authors: Venuto Alexandra , Smith Cameron P. , Cameron-Pack Marybelle , Erickson Timothy
Published: September 2022

Parathyroid hormone 2 (Pth2) is a vertebrate-specific neuropeptide for which thalamic expression is upregulated by social contact with conspecifics. However, social interactions fail to stimulate pth2 expression in isolated zebrafish in which lateral line hair cells have been chemically ablated. These results suggest that modulation of pth2 by social context is acutely dependent on mechanosensory information from the lateral line. However, it is unclear how a congenital loss of lateral line function influences the ability of zebrafish to interpret their social environment. In this study, we measure pth2 levels in zebrafish mutants lacking hair cell function in either the lateral line only, or in both the inner ear and lateral line. Socially raised lateral line mutants express lower levels of pth2 relative to wild-type siblings, but there is no further reduction when all sensory hair cells are nonfunctional. However, social isolation of hair cell mutants causes a further reduction in pth2 expression, pointing to additional unidentified sensory cues that influence pth2 production. Lastly, we report that social context modulates fluorescent transgenes driven by the pth2 promoter. Altogether, these data suggest that lateral line mutants experience a form of isolation, even when raised in a social environment.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
The Phase Behavior of a Mixture of the Ionic Liquids [C8mim][AzoO] and [C8mim][PF6]
Authors: Miura Chihiro , Sanada Yusuke , Katsumoto Yukiteru , Watanabe Keisuke
Published: September 2022

Mixtures of the ionic liquids 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium phenylazophenolate, abbreviated as [C8mim][AzoO] and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, abbreviated as [C8mim][PF6], have been known as smart materials with high moldability, electric conductivity, and self-healing properties. However, the structure and the phase behavior at low temperature are not well known in detail, which may change depending on the composition. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that a tiny amount of water is required for the crystallization of neat [C8mim][AzoO]. X-ray diffraction profiles indicate the coexistence of the crystalline phase and the liquid state for the one-component ionic liquid. Polarized optical microscopy indicates that the crystalline phase comprises needle-like microcrystals and coarse crystals. As a result, the phase diagram of the mixture [C8mim][AzoO]n[PF6]1−n is established. The mixture undergoes a complex phase behavior containing glass transition and crystallization, which drastically changes depending on the composition. Noteworthy, it is indicated that [C8mim][PF6] promotes the formation of microcrystals of [C8mim][AzoO], but not coarse crystals. On the other hand, [C8mim][AzoO] facilitates the supercooling of the liquid [C8mim][PF6]. These asymmetric effects enable [C8mim][AzoO]n[PF6]1−n to display moldable but electroconductive features.
Can enhancement and suppression concurrently guide attention? An assessment at the individual level
Authors: Kawashima Tomoya , Amano Kaoru
Published: September 2022

Background: Although people can pay attention to targets while ignoring distractors, previous research suggests that target enhancement and distractor suppression work separately and independently. Here, we sought to replicate previous findings and re-establish their independence. Methods: We employed an internet-based psychological experiment. We presented participants with a visual search task in which they searched for a specified shape with or without a singleton. We replicated the singleton-presence benefit in search performance, but this effect was limited to cases where the target color was fixed across all trials. In a randomly intermixed probe task (30% of all trials), the participants searched for a letter among colored probes; we used this task to assess how far attention was separately allocated toward the target or distractor dimensions. Results: We found a negative correlation between target enhancement and distractor suppression, indicating that the participants who paid closer attention to target features ignored distractor features less effectively and vice versa. Averaged data showed no benefit from target color or cost from distractor color, possibly because of the substantial differences in strategy across participants. Conclusions: These results suggest that target enhancement and distractor suppression guide attention in mutually dependent ways and that the relative contribution of these components depends on the participants’ search strategy.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Bulyga Elizaveta S. , Vasyukova Lyudmila K. , Grigoryeva Valeriya I. , Dimov Roman P.
Published: September 2022

The introduction of modern digital technologies into the practice of financial market entities contributes to the resolution of contradictions in economic relations between suppliers and consumers of financial products by forming a local compromise. The digitalization of financial services helps to increase the physical and tariff accessibility of financial services, reduces the costs of a financial company to expand its client portfolio. However, it should be noted that the production, sale and consumption of digital financial services and the digitalization of business processes of financial companies are associated with additional risks for all participants in economic relations.

Purpose. Study of opportunities and risks of forming an effective financial strategy for a consumer of financial services in the context of digital transformation of the financial market.

Methods and methodology. The article used the methodology of conflict-compromise management of economic relations, the general theory of risk, as well as content analysis of the literature on the research problem.

Results. Results were obtained that confirm the hypothesis that the digitalization of various business processes in financial companies will lead to an increase in the process of disintermediation, which will inevitably lead to the transformation of traditional business models of companies, a revision of the factors affecting the formation of profits of financial companies, and for consumers of financial services to the need to form patterns of responsible financial behavior in the context of financial market transformation.

Practical implications it is advisable to apply the results obtained by economic entities involved in the formation of functional strategies of companies.
NEURAL NETWORK “PERSEPTRON” AND A SEMANTIC MODEL OF KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION FOR STUDYING THE DYNAMICS OF THE RF GDP
Authors: Lomakin Nikolay I. , Peskova Olga S. , Yurova Olga V. , Kabina Viktoriya V. , Fedorovskaya Evelina O.
Published: September 2022

Theoretical foundations of GDP dynamics under conditions of market uncertainty and the formation of a digital economy are studied. Forecasting GDP is important because it allows to ensure balance, sustainability in the development of various sectors of the national economy, and its economic security, which determines the practical significance of the study.

Purpose. To put forward and prove the hypothesis that with the help of the neural network model “perceptron” and the semantic model of knowledge representation, it is possible to obtain a forecast of Russia’s GDP for the next year.

The scientific novelty lies in the fact that forecasts of the RF GDP were generated using a semantic knowledge representation model and the Perceptron AI system.

Method or methodology of the work. The work used such methods as monographic, analytical, artificial intelligence system - perceptron, Mind histogram, as well as comparative analysis. Calculations were performed in tables XL perceptron was formed on the Deductor platform. We used a semantic knowledge representation model developed in the DOT language using the Graphviz 2.38 program.

Results. Theoretical foundations of the use of neural networks in economic forecasts have been studied. A semantic model of knowledge representation has been formed regarding forecasting the GDP of the Russian Federation by a neural network. The developed AI-system “perceptron” is presented, designed to forecast Russia’s GDP based on input parameters representing a set of data reflecting the development of the real sector of the economy and the financial sector of Russia for 2011–2021.

The scope of the results: economics, the financial sector, forecasting and planning of economic and financial activities.
Free Riding and Workplace Democracy—Heterogeneous Task Preferences and Sorting
Authors: Kamei Kenju , Markussen Thomas
Published: September 2022

A novel laboratory experiment is used to show that mismatching between task preferences and task assignment strongly undermines worker performance and leads to free riding in teams. Unlike prior experiments using real effort tasks, task preferences are elicited from all workers. Under team-based remuneration (revenue sharing), free riding is significant, but this effect is largely driven by those working on undesired tasks. Workers’ endogenous sorting into tasks improves productivity as it mitigates task mismatching although workers’ task selection per se has only small effects on work performance and effort provisions beyond the positive sorting effects.

This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.

Funding: This work was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark [Grant 4182-00163].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4556 .
Individualized Dynamic Patient Monitoring Under Alarm Fatigue
Authors: Piri Hossein , Huh Woonghee Tim , Shechter Steven M. , Hudson Darren
Published: September 2022

Individualized Patient Monitoring Under Alarm Fatigue

Hospitals are rife with alarms, many of which are false. This leads to alarm fatigue, in which clinicians become desensitized and may inadvertently ignore real threats. “Individualized Dynamic Patient Monitoring Under Alarm Fatigue” by Piri, Huh, Shechter, and Hudson studies the problem of personalizing alarm thresholds for vital signs at a hospital while considering the ”boy who cried wolf” effect of false alarms. The authors create a model that learns patients’ personal alarm thresholds during their hospital stay and updates their alarm settings dynamically. They formulate the problem as a partially observable Markov decision process. They provide structural properties of the optimal policy and perform a numerical case study based on clinical data from an intensive care unit. They show that dynamic methods of alarm settings that explicitly consider the feedback loop of false positives can significantly reduce patient harm when compared with current methods of alarm settings.
Sample and Computationally Efficient Stochastic Kriging in High Dimensions
Authors: Ding Liang , Zhang Xiaowei
Published: September 2022

High-dimensional Simulation Metamodeling

Stochastic kriging has been widely employed for simulation metamodeling to predict the response surface of complex simulation models. However, its use is limited to cases where the design space is low-dimensional because the sample complexity (i.e., the number of design points required to produce an accurate prediction) grows exponentially in the dimensionality of the design space. The large sample size results in both a prohibitive sample cost for running the simulation model and a severe computational challenge due to the need to invert large covariance matrices. To address this long-standing challenge, Liang Ding and Xiaowei Zhang, in their recent paper “Sample and Computationally Efficient Stochastic Kriging in High Dimensions”, develop a novel methodology — based on tensor Markov kernels and sparse grid experimental designs — that dramatically alleviates the curse of dimensionality. The proposed methodology has theoretical guarantees on both sample complexity and computational complexity and shows outstanding performance in numerical problems of as high as 16,675 dimensions.
REPRESENTAÇÕES DO RELEVO BRASILEIRO A PARTIR DA REALIDADE AUMENTADA: O uso da caixa de areia no ensino de geografia física
Authors: Brizzi Raphael Rodrigues , Gomes Francisco Carlos Moreira , Lobato Rodrigo Batista , Souza Andréa Paula De , Costa Alexander Josef Sá Tobias da , Costa Kelly Souza
Published: September 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar como que o uso da sandbox, auxiliada por produtos cartográficos, pode contribuir para o ensino da geografia física como uma ferramenta pedagógica. Para tal, considerou-se a representação das formas de relevo como ponto de partida para a compreensão dos fenômenos e processos geológicos, geomorfológicos e climatobotânicos em diferentes escalas, ratificando a importância da análise espacial a partir dos domínios morfoclimáticos proposto por Ab’Saber (1967, 2003). A metodologia utilizada segue a classificação de relevo proposta por Ross (2008), que apresenta seis níveis taxonômicos a partir da planialtimetria do relevo e que foi representada a partir de diferentes linguagens cartográficas, como mapas temáticos, perfis topográficos, MDTs, fotografias, e, por fim, o uso da sandbox para a representação dessas formas, contextualizadas em diferentes escalas.  Os resultados foram satisfatórios, de modo que foi possível representar cinco dos seis níveis taxonômicos na sandbox, pelos os alunos do ensino médio. A pesquisa concluiu que os alunos mostraram maior facilidade e interesse nos conteúdos abordados, quando estes foram apresentados a partir da sandbox, em relação aos mapeamentos temáticos previamente apresentados. Por outro lado, salientaram que sem a introdução/apresentação dos mapas, perfis topográficos e fotografias não seria possível a compreensão de todas as formas de relevo e sua relação com as questões socioambientais relacionadas ao domínio de mares de morros.
Da janela lateral... construções etnográficas em um currículo escolar
Authors: Unger Lynna Gabriella Silva , Cardoso Lívia De Rezende
Published: September 2022

Neste artigo apresentamos as tessituras da produção de saberes a partir do escopo de possibilidades que a etnografia pós-crítica nos oferece. Transitar pelo campo epistemológico da pesquisa que se propõe metodologicamente a interseccionar currículos escolares e culturas implica considerar os diferentes significados torrencialmente produzidos em uma instância que é puro movimento. É ver-se como pesquisador/a do múltiplo, do mutável, do inconstante, do não-fixo, do ficcional. É estar atento/a às brechas, aos escapes, às rasuras, e aí aproveitá-los como única possibilidade de pensar o não pensado.
Currículo em disputa: o debate sobre o Ensino Religioso em escolas públicas
Authors: Andrade Fernanda Batista Moreira de , Dos Santos Erisvaldo Pereira
Published: September 2022

Em escolas públicas, a disciplina Ensino Religioso constitui uma área de tensões e disputas nos campos jurídico e teórico. No entendimento deste trabalho, as pesquisas no campo da Educação são relevantes nesse debate, pois elas não só descrevem e analisam dados e objetos, como também os constroem. Assim, como objeto de pesquisa, o Ensino Religioso e seu currículo são construídos pelos discursos do campo teórico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, a partir do conceito regimes de verdade proposto por Michel Foucault, de que modo os discursos utilizados nas pesquisas dos Programas de Pós-graduação em Educação, desde 1997 até 2016, constroem o Ensino Religioso e seu currículo. Compreende-se que os diferentes discursos presentes nas pesquisas analisadas estabelecem uma disputa no campo teórico acerca dessa disciplina.
The Political Wars, 1646–48 Part II: From the Occupation of London to the Second Civil War
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: September 2022

This chapter investigates how the crowd's assault on Parliament vindicated the agitators' repeated call for a march on London. It recounts the bloodless occupation of London, helped by the cooperation of the Southwark trained bands (militia). The chapter then shifts to show the fiery spirits in the army which were crying for vengeance against its political enemies. What incensed them was the eleven impeached members, most still sitting in the House, and manipulating Commons business against the agenda of the army. The chapter reveals how the agitators, boiling with indignation, insisted that the army expel all MPs who had continued to sit. Having brought the Commons to heel, the chapter turns its attention to the City of London. The royalist mayor and three high-ranking aldermen were charged with high treason and thrown in the Tower. Most dramatic of all was the destruction of the lines of communication. The chapter explicates the disbandment of January and February 1648 to safeguard the military effectiveness and restore the political unity of the New Model Army. It then reviews the reasons for restructuring the army.
The Second Civil War
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the time when Charles I fled from Hampton Court to Carisbrooke Castle. It looks at how Cromwell and Henry Ireton redirected their energies to unifying the army and turning it once more into an effective fighting instrument. The chapter argues that the New Model Army's intelligence activities were stepped up to uncover the schemes that the king and his new allies were concocting. Responding to a growing sympathy for the king in London and in Parliament, the chapter peeks at how the army shifted several regiments closer to the capital. The grandees were worried that Charles might escape from Carisbrooke Castle and become the rallying point of popular antagonism towards the army. The chapter delves into a much graver incident that culminated in a violent attack on the army-nominated City magistrates. The political and military situation in the metropolis was highly volatile. It then assesses the conflict that occurred in the north: the Battle of Preston.
Immigration
Authors: Bon Tempo Carl J. , Diner Hasia R.
Published: September 2022

Immigration has been a constant force shaping American life, both before and after national independence. Millions of individuals from around the world, with some degree of volition, decided that they could benefit from making the move to the United States or before that the British colonies of North America. Obviously, the lack of choice involved in the forcible enslavement of women and men from Africa renders their story different. But for the millions who calculated the advantages of emigration to America, economic concerns loomed large and linked those who arrived in the seventeenth century with those in the twenty-first. Changes in the technology of transportation and communication impacted their experiences as did evolving systems of law. But despite these differences those who participated in this massive human movement at the beginning of this history and those migrating today share much.
New Divestment Policies Sow Seeds of a Backlash
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines effects of the Civil War on public land policy. The war expanded the authority of the national government and fundamentally changed the relationship between the states and the national government. Furthermore, the departure of southern secessionists from Congress broke a logjam that for more than a decade had stymied significant legislation regarding public lands. On May 20, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the Homestead Act; on June 2, a major change in the Preemption Act; on July 1, the Pacific Railroad Act; and on July 2, the so-called Morrill Land-Grant College Act. These laws resulted in privatizing hundreds of millions of acres of public land. They also accelerated westward expansion, laid the basis for admitting more than a dozen new states to the union, and set in motion currents of change that eventually persuaded Congress to alter the primary thrust of the nation's public land policy.
National Authority over Public Lands Expanded and Confirmed
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter recounts developments regarding the forest reserves at the turn of the century. During the eventful 1890s, as the legislative and executive branches were making more and larger reservations of public land, the head of the third branch of the national government, the U.S. Supreme Court, issued a series of unanimous decisions that found no obstacles in the U.S. Constitution to this policy. The Court's readiness to defer to acquiring and holding public land to serve noneconomic objectives was in decided contrast to its more skeptical attitude toward many of Congress's decisions regarding regulation of the economy. By the late summer of 1901, nearly 50 million acres of public land had been reserved more or less permanently in U.S. ownership, not including public lands in Indian and military reservations. Most of these were in forest reserves. In addition, many millions of acres had been provisionally withdrawn by the General Land Office in anticipation of Congress or the president making new permanent reservations.
Public Lands in the Handoff from Roosevelt to Taft
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter turns to public lands in the transition period between Theodore Roosevelt's presidency and that of William Howard Taft's. Because Roosevelt had long been a friend and political ally of his anointed successor, it was generally expected that Taft would continue along the same path. As the end of his term approached, Roosevelt accelerated his drive to reserve more public lands from divestiture laws. Between Election Day and Taft's inauguration, he issued forty proclamations establishing or enlarging national forests in fifteen states, including more than doubling the size of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in Alaska. He also issued twenty-six executive orders creating bird reservations in thirteen states and proclaimed two new national monuments. On March 2, 1909, his next-to-last full day in office, he established the Mount Olympus National Monument in Washington and enlarged thirteen national forests in California, Nevada, and the Arizona and New Mexico Territories.
Taft’s Undervalued Record on Public Land Conservation
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter details William Howard Taft's accomplishments in public land conservation. Although his record on public lands was marred by the Ballinger–Pinchot controversy and paled overall in comparison with his predecessor's, his term was not without some notable accomplishments, including a few bold actions that surpassed even Theodore Roosevelt's. Taft established only one national forest during his tenure—the 300,000-acre Santa Rosa National Forest in Nevada, in April 1911—and the next year he added nearly 400,000 acres to the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota. Generally more comfortable with fine-tuning than taking bold action, Taft adjusted the boundaries of a number of national forests that Roosevelt had created. Mostly this was done to exclude areas with agricultural potential. He also reversed all the additions to national forests that Roosevelt had made from Indian reservations in 1909. As a result of these and other actions, the total area of national forests actually shrank by a few million acres while Taft was in office.
Wildlife Protection Gains Prominence
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes a look at how wildlife habitat protection became a significant concern of public land policy via multiple developments between 1913 and 1933. It focuses in particular on the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) of 1918. Giving sweeping effect to the treaty's simple ban on “hunting” migratory birds during closed seasons, the act made it unlawful to “hunt, take, capture, kill,” or attempt to do the same, or to possess, transport, buy, sell, or offer to buy or sell, any bird protected by the treaty, or “any part or nest or egg” thereof. The MBTA also authorized the Agriculture secretary to adopt regulations providing details about the extent to which hunting, selling, transporting, and carrying out other activities regarding migratory birds were “compatible” with the terms of the treaty. This idea of “compatibility” with wildlife conservation eventually ripened into a generic test for determining what could be permitted on public lands set aside as refuges for wildlife.
The Wilderness Act Reshapes Public Land Policy
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the history, functions, and impact of the Wilderness Act. The first version of the bill that became the Wilderness Act was introduced by Senator Hubert Humphrey in June 1956. Its journey to enactment took more than eight years and involved five Congresses, nine committee hearings, more than six thousand pages of testimony, and several dozen legislative drafts. The Wilderness Act established the national wilderness preservation system (NWPS). Any public lands meeting its definition of “wilderness”—regardless of which agency manages them—are eligible for inclusion. Once lands are in the system, the act's legal protections overlie and limit the operation of other laws that apply to particular agencies. The amount of land in the NWPS is hardly the only measure of the act's enormous influence on public land policy. Nearly the same amount of public land outside the system is being managed as if it were part of the system.
New Labels and New Means of Protecting Public Values in Public Lands
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes a look at the various ways in which public values in public lands are being protected. After the Wilderness Act, more public land legislation that significantly limited how certain public lands could be used regardless of which agency was managing them soon followed. Indeed, within a month, Congress established the first of what has become a significant and growing collection of “national recreation areas” on public lands. During this time, environmentalism also became a growing trend in public land legislation. Shortly after the Nixon administration took office in 1969, Congress produced a series of comprehensive environmental laws, an outpouring of environmental regulatory lawmaking unmatched before or since. In 1966, Congress enacted the first version of the Endangered Species Act, as part of a larger bill focused on public lands managed primarily for wildlife. Congress also took numerous steps to promote collaboration between federal land-management agencies and state and local governments and the private sector.
Charting the Future of Public Lands in Alaska
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses public land policy in Alaska. The legislation that Congress approved in 1958 to admit Alaska into the union gave the state the right to select and own more than 100 million acres of public lands. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, or ANCSA, gave Alaska Native corporations the right to select and own more than 40 million acres of public lands. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, or ANILCA, set the course for most of the remaining public lands in the state. Most important, it put more than 100 million acres of formerly Bureau of Land Management-managed public lands into the national park and national wildlife refuge systems, and more than 56 million acres in the national wilderness preservation system. The chapter also explores the history behind the efforts to safeguard Alaska's public lands, as well as the issue of native rights.
Public Lands and Native Americans in the Modern Era
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines Native Americans in the public land discourse. Beginning in the 1960s, Indian tribes across the nation stepped up efforts to reclaim their sovereignty and revitalize their cultures. As part of this renaissance, some tribes sought to regain title to, or at least control or influence over, those of their ancestral lands that remained in public ownership. Here, the chapter turns to the Havasupai tribe in the late 1960s, which fought proposals to enlarge the Grand Canyon National Park. Eventually, the tribe won a substantial victory. Encouraged by these successes, more tribes began to seek title to, or more influence over, public lands from which they had been dispossessed. This in turn led to numerous efforts by both Congress and the executive to accommodate Indian interests in how public lands are managed. The chapter also presents several modern examples of tribes working cooperatively with public land management agencies on measures of cultural importance to tribes.
Before Jurassic Park
Authors: Jones Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses how, starting in the late 1970s and continuing throughout the 1980s, a number of characters from futurists and enthusiasts to scientists and science-fiction writers contributed to the early intellectual history of the search for DNA from fossils. At this time, three ideas—the theoretical preservation and potential extraction of DNA from fossils and the hypothetical resurrection of extinct organisms from DNA in ancient material—inspired a new way of thinking about fossils. These ideas appeared to have arisen independently among different individuals from four distinct perspectives. Charles Pellegrino was a scientist and futurist who approached these ideas as a visionary, so much so that scientific colleagues were hesitant or sometimes downright dismissive of his resurrection hypothesis. Science enthusiast John Tkach was similarly speculative but ultimately successful in enlisting experts to investigate his hypothesis, while George Poinar and Roberta Hess appeared to have arrived at these ideas through more conventional means in the lab and publication of research results in the high-profile journal Science. Michael Crichton's fictional work in progress, Jurassic Park, was also a part of this early history. These storylines suggest that scientific innovation can originate from ideas and individuals outside the traditional confines of the research laboratory.
Dinosaur DNA
Authors: Jones Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains that although the science and technology of ancient DNA research initially inspired Jurassic Park, the practice was in turn influenced by the celebrity that surrounded this blockbuster phenomenon. The interplay between scientists and the media, specifically around the idea of discovering dinosaur DNA, influenced research agendas, publication decisions, grant funding, professional recruitment, visibility, and public perceptions of ancient DNA research. By the mid-1990s, ancient DNA research had become much more than a public-facing science; it had become a celebrity science. Celebrity facilitated ancient DNA's disciplinary formation in terms of community cohesion and identity. Under the name of “ancient DNA research” and in the wave of hype around it, researchers were unified in their investigation of DNA from fossils even at a time when the practice lacked clear and consistent financial or institutional support.
Introduction
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

The early twenty-first century is shaping up to be a new age of empire in Eurasia, characterized by the willingness of the region’s major powers—Russia, Turkey, Iran, and China—to intervene in the affairs of their smaller neighbors using military force, local proxies, economic dependence, and other tools of statecraft. Governments in Moscow, Ankara, Tehran, and Beijing project power and influence across their borders and into territories with which they are tied by bonds of history, culture, language, and religion. Because they were once empires, Russia, Turkey, Iran, and China are not—and are unlikely to ever become—nation-states inhabiting a sharply delineated territory and with a population sharing a common ethnic or linguistic identity. Seeking new sources of legitimacy as the post–Cold War lure of liberal democracy fades, contemporary politicians turn more to the imperial era as a reference point and source of inspiration. Most important, the recovery or reemergence of imperial legacies is one of the principal reasons China, Iran, Russia, and Turkey are all to varying degrees revisionist powers relative to a post–World War II global order that regards empire and imperialism as illegitimate.
The Geopolitics of the Post-Ottoman Space
Authors: Mankoff Jeffrey
Published: September 2022

With few exceptions, the Turkish Republic adopted an inward-looking strategic orientation, turning its back on formerly Ottoman territories outside Turkey’s Anatolian heartland. Atatürk’s aspiration to build a modern, secular state entailed downplaying Turkey’s Islamic heritage, and with it, its historical links to the Arabian Peninsula, the Caucasus, and the Balkans. Under the AKP, Turkish foreign policy became less Western-centric, with Ankara aspiring to the role of regional leader and pivot state, encapsulated in the notion of “strategic depth,” popularized by former Foreign Minister and Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu. During Davutoğu’s tenure as foreign minister, Ankara attempted to mediate regional conflicts while building direct ties with (especially Sunni) populations in neighboring states. Since the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011, Turkey has also attempted to export aspects of its own political model, while intervening militarily in Syria, Libya, and the South Caucasus. With unstable politics, a heavily indebted economy, and tetchy neighbors, intervention in these conflicts forced Ankara to confront questions about the limits of its capabilities and the risks of imperial overstretch in a region where imperial rivals Iran and, especially, Russia are pursuing their own ambitions.
Introducing the Georgians
Authors: Corfield Penelope J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on eighteenth-century Britain. It highlights that the ‘Georgian’ era and the ‘Georgians’ population has no ‘foreign’ connotations, noting that it simply acknowledges the unusual sequence of four successive monarchs of the same name between 1714 and 1830. The chapter then argues that eighteenth-century Britons were great innovators and travellers, both mentally and physically. It looks at the notable diaspora of population from all quarters of the British Isles in which there were plenty of ‘stayers’ as well as ‘movers’. The chapter also discusses the individual pioneers who helped to develop future-projected actuarial calculations of risk, as well as accurate astronomical predictions, and the new and entertaining genre of science fiction. The chapter then glances at how the imperial glory of Britain would be seen many millennia into the future. It emphasizes that the passage of time has considerably changed many aspects of Britain's role. But, as the chapter reveals, the resulting legacies—for both good and ill—are much more substantial than mere brick-dust.
The Questionable Effectiveness of Bibliography
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the interpretation of the politics and utopianism of a bibliography, which requires a careful reading of its pedestrian genre as it is easily overlooked as a tool of making myths and destroying memories. The chapter recounts how the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) began collecting a library and issuing bibliographies, becoming a publisher of pamphlets, books, and maps of increasing number and ambition. Beginning in 1952, the organization began issuing a monthly bulletin of agricultural statistics that surveyed the agricultural production of the nations of the world. The chapter highlights how the FAO's commitments to supporting bibliography mirrored the mood of the time, but they would also help to create and drive a culture marked by the relentless production of research. FAO came to oversee the development of bibliographies that attempted to provide an overview of new research related to land redistribution and modern farming.
China and the Battle over Memory
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses China and its grand schemes of the twentieth century, wherein land redistribution had a bipolar nature. Sun Yat-sen's promises of land redistribution were fated never to pass, but the early land redistribution projects begun by the Chinese Communist Party in the 1940s were voluntary and were successful by almost any measure. The chapter examines how Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward committed the nation to a rapid program of industrialization and urbanization, resulting in one of the worst famines in human history and marked by 12–38 million deaths. It looks at stories that circulated about China that would shape how the leadership of world powers interpreted the course of contemporary events. In the United States, anti-communist campaigners would be increasingly mobilized by reports of Chinese violence, fearing that the violent phase of land reform presaged an epoch of anarchy and slaughter around the world.
The Technique of the Map
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the origins of the paper partitions that lay in the failure of a coordinated, mapped, and planned scheme to turn India's land over to the poor. Families able to hire lawyers found that they could entrust their land to children or cousins, officially escaping the ceiling, even while the family as a network retained its holdings. The chapter discusses how the process was mocked as an exercise in making paper partitions, because the rich were able to game the legislation through dealings done on paper. The chapter considers paper as the heart of the tangled reasons that land reforms were failing. The process eventually created a map that frequently supported legal claims about whose ancestors had worked the land, who should take responsibility for the well, or what factory was responsible for poisoning the fish.
Epilogue
Authors: Guldi Jo
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the entire slow-motion collapse of the movement for occupancy rights, frame after frame, from a contemporary perspective. It explains how the great dream of redistribution of the earth's soil on a global scale was never realized during the optimistic decades although there were many piecemeal reallocations. Naive accounts of land reform generally attribute its failures to an inviolable right to property or to the disappearance of communism, including an increasing attitude of unconditional skepticism directed at centralized administration of all kinds. The chapter talks about how skepticism paralyzed national and international initiatives for redistributive justice that had been decades in the making. It proposes the causal dimensions of how climate change and land redistribution are bound up.
The Art of Merchandising
Authors: Smith Edmond
Published: September 2022

This chapter covers the art of merchandising. In the sixteenth century, the English experience of trading beyond the borders of Europe was deemed to be dangerous, experimental, and dependent on foreign experts and brokers to have any chances of success. Merchants could only operate under the premise of local conditions and economic practices of their international trading partners. The chapter expounds on apprenticeships being a vital route for young merchants to enter the industry. Writing, accounting, communication, and trading expertise were sought-after skills that employees should have competency with. Moreover, the changing dynamics of trade resulted in sudden shifts in the acceptable certification of international authorities.
The City and The Court
Authors: Smith Edmond
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on merchant influence and state policy. The local or overseas operation of early modern merchants relies on the tacit or practical support of the state. However, there is an apparent power imbalance between parties as the state could indicate the fate of renewing privileges and introducing new regulations. Additionally, early modern states operate with the commercial community as a source of direct and immediate funding via loans. The chapter includes the possibility of how state support could become its negotiating power to impose its policy objectives. It expounds on the fractures between the court and the commercial community as the court's influence on trade continued to change.
Students as Producers, Not Consumers?
Authors: Auerbach Jess
Published: September 2022

This paper reflects on lessons learned about contemporary teaching at two very different universities located in Mauritius and South Africa. Thinking with digital capabilities as a crucial dimension of transformation, it traces the evolution of a series of commitments to pedagogy first written up in a Conversation article in 2017, which emphasised the need for undergraduate students to actively contribute to global discourses through both academic and non-academic knowledge production. This paper reflects on insights gained through assignments based on knowledge production, which included social media interactions, academic writing practice and contributions to an ongoing project entitled the Archive of Kindness. These insights call for the development of new curricula-based interventions pertaining to digital capabilities. The paper elaborates upon these digital literacies in light of Sushona Zuboff’s work on the paradigm of surveillance capitalism, expanding this to explore its implications for students located in the global south. It develops the notion of “digital capabilities” as a missing component of transformational discourse and practice, arguing that, without the conscious development of digital capabilities, ontological transformation will be critically stymied.
The role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms in two Canadian provinces
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Germain Sabrina , Régis Catherine , Veronesi Gianluca
Published: September 2022

This Chapter provides a case narrative the role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms in the two most populated Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. While healthcare systems across Canada share some similarities, they remain mostly independent and thus need to be studied as such. The narrative tracks the evolution of the system from its inception up until the latest period of reforms (2014-2018 for Quebec and 2010-19 for Ontario). On the basis of this narrative, the authors offer an analysis of reforms focusing on three aspects: 1) The drivers and shapers of medical politics; 2) the strategies used by the medical doctors and governments to deal with evolving context and 3) the implications for medical politics and healthcare reforms.