bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the rate of successful search of red foxes during population control
Authors: Porteus Tom A. , Reynolds Jonathan C. , McAllister Murdoch K.
Published: May 2019

Context Relative abundance indices of wildlife can be scaled to give estimates of absolute abundance. Choice of scaling parameter depends on the data available and assumptions made about the relationship between the index and absolute abundance. Predation-mechanics theory suggests that a parameterisation involving the rate of successful search, s, will be useful where the area searched is unknown. An example arises during fox culling on shooting estates in Britain, where detection and cull data from gamekeepers using a spotlight and rifle are available, and can potentially be used to understand the population dynamics of the local population. Aims We aimed to develop an informative prior for s for use within a Bayesian framework to fit a fox population-dynamics model to detection data. Methods We developed a mechanistic model with a rate of successful search parameter for the gamekeeper–fox system. We established a mechanistic prior for s, using Monte Carlo simulation to combine relevant information on its component factors (detection probability, observer field of view and speed of travel). We obtained empirical estimates of s from a distance-sampling study of fox populations using similar survey methods, and used these as data in a Bayesian model to develop a mechanistic–empirical prior. We then applied this informative prior within a state–space model to estimate fox density from fox-detection rate on four estates. Key results The mechanistic–empirical prior for the rate of successful search was lognormally distributed with a median of 2.01 km2 h–1 (CV = 0.56). Underlying assumptions of the parameterisation were met. Local fox-density estimates obtained using informative priors closely reflected regional density. Conclusions A mechanistic understanding of the search process leading to fox detections by gamekeepers, and the use of Bayesian models, allowed the use of diverse sources of information to develop an informative prior for s that was useful in estimating fox density from detection data. Implications Careful use of prior knowledge within a Bayesian modelling framework can reduce uncertainty in population estimates derived from index data, and lead to improved management decisions. The mechanistic approach we have used will have parallel applications in many other contexts.
A baseline survey of birds in native vegetation on cotton farms in inland eastern Australia
Authors: Smith Rhiannon , Reid Julian , Scott-Morales Laura , Green Stuart , Reid Nick
Published: May 2019

Context
The Australian cotton industry has committed to (1) understanding the biodiversity value of remnant native vegetation on cotton farms, (2) funding independent, evidence-based assessments of the industry’s sustainability and environmental performance, and (3) investing in research that reports against recognised sustainability indicators.

Aims
The present study reports the results of an industry-wide survey to benchmark bird diversity in native vegetation on cotton farms spanning a 1260-km north–south subcontinental gradient from Central Queensland (Qld) to Southern New South Wales (NSW).

Methods
Between September and November 2014, birds were sampled twice on separate days in 2-ha quadrats (20 min per census) in eight remnant vegetation types as well as in native revegetation at 197 sites on 60 cotton farms spread across the principal cotton-growing zones (Central Qld, Border Rivers, Macquarie and Southern NSW) in inland eastern Australia.

Key results
We recorded 185 bird species in remnant and planted native vegetation on cotton farms. Species richness of bird communities declined from north to south. Bird community composition was similar in the three southern zones, differing somewhat in the north. The most frequent species were large (>60 g), readily detected landbirds common in agricultural districts, but 26 of the 53 extant species of conservation concern in the study region were also recorded, including 16 species of declining woodland birds. Bird composition, abundance, richness and diversity differed among the nine native vegetation types, with maximal and minimal bird abundance and diversity metrics recorded in river red gum-dominated riparian vegetation and grassland respectively.

Conclusions
Each remnant vegetation community had a generally distinct bird assemblage, indicating that all vegetation types contribute to regional biodiversity in cotton-growing zones in inland eastern Australia. Appropriate on-farm management of all remnant and planted native vegetation will assist regional biodiversity conservation.

Implications
For the Australian cotton industry to meet its stated environmental responsibilities, growers should be encouraged to prioritise the conservation management of remnant, riparian and planted native vegetation on cotton farms and the monitoring of bird species as an indicator of regional biodiversity response.
Electronic properties study of reaction mechanism of C-N bonding formation in Ac-DT-NH2and Ac-TD-NH2peptide by ab initio computational on HF/6-31g** level
Authors: Siahaan Parsaoran , Sipangkar Marta J , Milatus Salimah Siti Nur , Aminin Agustina L N , Asyari Mukhammad , Laksitorini Marlyn Dian
Published: May 2019

The peptide has many functions, which one of the function is delivering the drug to overcome some diseases in the brain. However, drug delivery to the brain is hindered by the paracellular pathway of Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). This pathway has a tight junction or a tight intersection which is the result of naturally intercellular cadherin-cell interactions. One approach to increase delivering of drug to the brain is by increasing the porosity of the paracellular pathway of tight junction which was already done by modulating the intercellular cadherin-cell interactions using the synthesized ADTC-1 (Ac-ADTPPVC-NH2) peptide which derived from natural cadherin. One the sequence of two amino acids in ADTC-1 peptide is Ac-DT-NH2between aspartate (D) and threonine (T) amino acids which is similar within natural cadherin and is not Ac-TD-NH2. So that, the purpose of this reseach is to prove and determine the most preferred reaction mechanism between Ac-DT-NH2and Ac-TD-NH2peptide which occurred in natural cadherin. In this study, the computational approach on the level of theory and basis set HF/SCF 6-31g ** was used to calculate the electronic properties of all molecules involved in Ac-DT-NH2and Ac-TD-NH2peptide synthesis to prove and determine the most preferred reaction mechanism. The results show that the I reaction mechanism which produced Ac-DT-NH2peptide formed with the activation energy Ea was 1329.23 kJmol−1. While the IV reaction mechanism which produced Ac-TD-NH2peptide had Ea 2470.19 kJmol−1. The study concluded that the I reaction mechanism produced Ac-DT-NH2which is similar within natural cadherin synthesis was proved more easily and preferred than the IV reaction mechanism. Both the I and IV reaction mechanisms were exothermic with ΔH reaction enthalpy -6.075 kJmol−1and -6.092 kJmol−1respectively.
The effect of various heating rate and final temperature towards heating value and activation energy on rice husk pyrolysis
Authors: Pranoto  , Himawanto Dwi Aries , Fawazeni Faisal Atif
Published: May 2019

Rice husk was residual waste which had content such other biomass, however it was still classified low in utilizing, thus it was needed efforts to improve the using values from the rice, the one of those was pyrolysis process The determination of kinetic parameter was also studied to get the proper conditions where the pyrolysis became easier to occur. The heating rate variations of pyrolysis were 10°C/min, 30°C/min and 60°C/min while the final temperatures were 350°C, 450°C, 500°C and 600°C. The highest heating value of the char product was obtained with 3348.78 cal/g at the final temperature of 550°C and heating rate of 30°C/minute. The highest activation energy was shown at the final temperature of 550°C and heating rate of 60°C/minute. However, as heating value of char product was still under National Indonesian Standard minimal 5000.00 cal/g, thus char was not suitable to be used as an alternative fuel. Conversely, the tar produced has the highest heating value obtained which reached 7340.53 cal/g therefore tar of rice husk was more suitable to be utilized as bio oil.
ZnO based nanowire network for gas sensing applications
Authors: Morisot Fanny , Zuliani Claudio , Luque Joaquim , Ali Zeeshan , Mouis Mireille , Nguyen Viet Huong , Muñoz-Rojas David , Lourhzal Oumayma , Texier Michael , Cornelius Thomas W , Ternon Celine
Published: May 2019

This work reports on the transfer of randomly oriented nanowire networks based on ZnO and Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO) encapsulated ZnO nanowires onto a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) platform. The substrate consists of an embedded tungsten micro-heater with gold interdigitated electrodes on top of the membrane. The presence of the micro-heater allows to control the operating temperature of the metal oxide material whilst electrodes are used to measure the resistance across the sensing layer. These networks, also called nanonets, are prepared using simple technological steps: (i) nanowire growth, (ii) nanowire dispersion and (iii) nanowire filtration. The characterization of the resulting devices demonstrated for the first time that the transfer of the nanonets on the suspended membrane devices is feasible and does not cause any mechanical failure. Bench testing showed that the resistance of the nanonets responds to the modulation of the operational temperature in line with the semiconductor behaviour of the film. An operational temperature of 370 °C was chosen thus to tune to the resistance in the range of the M Ω and carry out further gas testing which demonstrated that the sensors resistance changed upon exposure to 1.5 ppm of acetone. These tests showed that ZnO and AZO-passivated ZnO nanonets have sensitivity of [1.2–1.3] and [1.1–1.2], respectively, as measured by the ratio between the resistance in air and gas. It was also observed that the sensitivity of the devices prepared using the encapsuled nanonets is more stable than the bare ZnO nanonets.
Alleviating Social Pain: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Forgiveness and Acetaminophen
Authors: Slavich George M , Shields Grant S , Deal Bailey D , Gregory Amy , Toussaint Loren L
Published: May 2019

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we found that daily acetaminophen administration significantly reduced experiences of social pain over 21 days, but only for individuals exhibiting high levels of forgiveness.
Daily Intake of Sodium and Potassium Among Diverse US Hispanics/Latinos, the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Authors: Elfassy Tali , Sotres-Alvarez Daniela , Van Horn Linda , Angell Sonia , Schneiderman Neil , Rundek Tatjana , Raij Leopoldo , Smoller Sylvia W , Mossavar-Rahmani Yasmin , Daviglus Martha L , Hanna David B , Zeki Al Hazzouri Adina
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

High sodium and low potassium consumption are risk factors for hypertension. The objectives of this study were to describe usual daily intake of sodium and potassium among US Hispanics/Latinos of diverse background groups and estimate the proportion meeting guidelines for dietary sodium and potassium intake.

METHODS

We studied 16,171 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a diverse group of self-identified Hispanics/Latinos aged 18–74 years from 4 US communities. In 2008–2011, all HCHS/SOL participants underwent a standardized examination. Median usual daily intake of dietary sodium and potassium were derived from two 24-hour diet recalls; standard errors and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using boot strap methods. Meeting 2015 US Department of Agriculture guidelines was defined as an intake of <2,300 mg/day of sodium and ≥4,700 mg/day of potassium.

RESULTS

Among US Hispanics/Latinos, median usual daily intake of sodium was 2,574 mg (95% CI: 2,547, 2,600) among women and 3,747 mg (95% CI: 3,697, 3,796) among men. Median usual daily intake of potassium was 2,069 mg (95% CI: 2,046, 2,092) among women and 2,649 mg (95% CI: 2,615, 2,683) among men. Overall, only 21.3% (95% CI: 20.2%, 22.4%) of the US Hispanic/Latino population met 2015 recommendations for sodium and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4%, 0.8%) for potassium.

CONCLUSIONS

Among US Hispanics/Latinos intake of sodium is too high and potassium too low. Strategies to reduce sodium intake while simultaneously increasing intake of potassium in this US population are warranted.
Conserving wildlife in a changing world: Understanding capture myopathy—a malignant outcome of stress during capture and translocation
Authors: Breed Dorothy , Meyer Leith C R , Steyl Johan C A , Goddard Amelia , Burroughs Richard , Kohn Tertius A
Published: May 2019

The number of species that merit conservation interventions is increasing daily with ongoing habitat destruction, increased fragmentation and loss of population connectivity. Desertification and climate change reduce suitable conservation areas. Physiological stress is an inevitable part of the capture and translocation process of wild animals. Globally, capture myopathy—a malignant outcome of stress during capture operations—accounts for the highest number of deaths associated with wildlife translocation. These deaths may not only have considerable impacts on conservation efforts but also have direct and indirect financial implications. Such deaths usually are indicative of how well animal welfare was considered and addressed during a translocation exercise. Importantly, devastating consequences on the continued existence of threatened and endangered species succumbing to this known risk during capture and movement may result. Since first recorded in 1964 in Kenya, many cases of capture myopathy have been described, but the exact causes, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment for this condition remain to be adequately studied and fully elucidated. Capture myopathy is a condition with marked morbidity and mortality that occur predominantly in wild animals around the globe. It arises from inflicted stress and physical exertion that would typically occur with prolonged or short intense pursuit, capture, restraint or transportation of wild animals. The condition carries a grave prognosis, and despite intensive extended and largely non-specific supportive treatment, the success rate is poor. Although not as common as in wildlife, domestic animals and humans are also affected by conditions with similar pathophysiology. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge related to the clinical and pathophysiological presentation, potential treatments, preventative measures and, importantly, the hypothetical causes and proposed pathomechanisms by comparing conditions found in domestic animals and humans. Future comparative strategies and research directions are proposed to help better understand the pathophysiology of capture myopathy.
Psychological and Social Factors Associated with Pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Literature Review of the Evidence in Adult and Pediatric Studies
Authors: Robertson Noelle , Gunn Sarah , Piper Rebecca
Published: May 2019

Background

Pain is commonly experienced in both active and dormant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Psychological and social factors, which can be key to pain experience, have been relatively neglected; the only prior comprehensive review focused solely on studies of adults. The present review, therefore, sought to systematically examine relationships between pediatric and adult experience of pain and psychosocial variables.

Method

Systematic searches of 5 databases were conducted to identify studies including measures of pain and psychosocial variables, in pediatric or adult IBD populations. Quality appraisal of studies was undertaken using a qualified assessment tool.

Results

Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Ten examined relationships between pain and psychosocial variables in adults, and 13 examined in pediatric populations. Inverse relationships were identified between pain and quality of life (QOL) in both populations, with potential differences in pain localization between the two populations. Psychological distress, notably depression, was also important in both populations, with inconsistent evidence for a role for anxiety in pediatric samples. Specific coping styles, and familial responses to communications, also appeared relevant, but with weaker evidence. There was substantial heterogeneity in measures, statistical analyses and sample characteristics, and quality appraisal revealed methodological weaknesses.

Conclusions

Significant relationships were found between pain and various psychological indices, notably QOL and depression. However, most studies were underpowered, did not sufficiently control for key confounds, and almost exclusively reported on Western participants. Adequately powered, statistically sound studies encompassing diverse populations are required to further clarify relationships between pain and psychosocial variables in IBD.
The complexity of alternative splicing and landscape of tissue-specific expression in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) unveiled by Illumina- and single-molecule real-time-based RNA-sequencing
Authors: Zhang Yue , Nyong'A Tonny Maraga , Shi Tao , Yang Pingfang
Published: May 2019

Alternative splicing (AS) plays a critical role in regulating different physiological and developmental processes in eukaryotes, by dramatically increasing the diversity of the transcriptome and the proteome. However, the saturation and complexity of AS remain unclear in lotus due to its limitation of rare obtainment of full-length multiple-splice isoforms. In this study, we apply a hybrid assembly strategy by combining single-molecule real-time sequencing and Illumina RNA-seq to get a comprehensive insight into the lotus transcriptomic landscape. We identified 211,802 high-quality full-length non-chimeric reads, with 192,690 non-redundant isoforms, and updated the lotus reference gene model. Moreover, our analysis identified a total of 104,288 AS events from 16,543 genes, with alternative 3ʹ splice-site being the predominant model, following by intron retention. By exploring tissue datasets, 370 tissue-specific AS events were identified among 12 tissues. Both the tissue-specific genes and isoforms might play important roles in tissue or organ development, and are suitable for ‘ABCE’ model partly in floral tissues. A large number of AS events and isoform variants identified in our study enhance the understanding of transcriptional diversity in lotus, and provide valuable resource for further functional genomic studies.
Endo-sponge Assisted Early Surgical Closure of Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomotic Leakage Preserves Long-term Function: A Cohort Study
Authors: Wasmann Karin A , Reijntjes Maud A , Stellingwerf Merel E , Ponsioen Cyriel Y , Buskens Christianne J , Hompes Roel , Tanis Pieter J , Bemelman Willem A
Published: May 2019

Background and Aims

Endo-sponge [Braun Medical] assisted early surgical closure [ESC] is an effective treatment to control pelvic sepsis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA] leakage, and became standard treatment in our centre from 2010 onwards. The aim of this cohort study was to assess the long-term pouch function of ulcerative colitis [UC] patients treated with ESC or conventional management [CM] for anastomotic leakage after IPAA.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent an IPAA for UC between 2002 and 2017 were included. Patients treated with ESC [2010–2017] or CM [2002–2009] for anastomotic leakage were compared with control patients without anastomotic leakage of the corresponding time period. Main endpoints were long-term pouch function on a 3-point scale and pouch failure, as measured with the validated pouch dysfunction score questionnaire.

Results

Some 280 of 334 patients [84%] returned the pouch dysfunction questionnaire, of whom 18 were treated with ESC and 22 with CM for anastomotic leakage. Control cohorts included 133 [2010–2017] and 107 patients [2002–2009]. Between ESC-treated patients and control patients, pouch function [p = 0.647] and pouch failure rates [0/18 versus 5/133, p >0.99] were similar. CM resulted in worse pouch function [p = 0.016] and a higher pouch failure rate [5/22 versus 5/107, p = 0.013] compared with control patients.

Conclusions

ESC, in contrast to CM, for IPAA leakage in UC patients is associated with preservation of pouch function and preclusion of pouch failure, probably due to early and effective treatment of pelvic sepsis.
The Survival of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Over Winter in Western Australia
Authors: Rahman Touhidur , Broughton Sonya
Published: May 2019

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most economically important pest insects of fruit crops worldwide. Mediterranean fruit fly can cause up to 100% crop loss in susceptible fruit. In order to formulate best management practices, it is critical to understand how Mediterranean fruit fly overwinters in a given geographical location and bridge the gap between autumn and spring populations. In this study, we evaluated the overwintering potential of Mediterranean fruit fly immature and adult stages in two locations in Perth Hills, Western Australia. We also monitored wild adult Mediterranean fruit fly populations for 2 yr. Adults were present year-round with captures very low in winter to early spring relative to summer and autumn. Field experiments revealed that immature stages in apples (eggs/first instar) and soil (pupae) remained viable in winter, emerging as adults at the onset of warmer weather in spring. In field cages, adults survived 72–110 d, and female laid viable eggs when offered citrus fruit, though only 1–6% eggs survived to emerge as adults. Adults survived longer in field cages when offered live citrus branch. The findings suggest that all Mediterranean fruit fly life stages can survive through mild winter, and surviving adults, eggs in the fruit and/or pupae in the soil are the sources of new population that affect the deciduous fruit crops in Perth. We recommend that Mediterranean fruit fly monitoring is required year-round and control strategies be deployed in spring. Furthermore, we recommend removal of fallen fruit particularly apple and other winter fruit such as citrus.
A case report: X-linked dystrophin gene mutation causing severe isolated dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lester Geoffrey , Femia Giuseppe , Ayer Julian , Puranik Rajesh
Published: May 2019

Background 

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLDCM) is a rare but rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy caused by dystrophin gene mutation. Mutations are more often associated with Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy, which are characterized by skeletal muscle weakness or limb girdle dystrophy. However, patients with isolated XLDCM have normal skeletal muscle but complete dystrophin loss in cardiac muscle resulting in isolated myocardial involvement without overt signs of skeletal myopathy.

Case summary 

A previously well 16-year-old boy developed sudden onset dense left-sided weakness and facial droop. Computed tomography (CT) angiography and CT brain showed an occluded right internal carotid artery extending to the right middle cerebral artery. He underwent successful endovascular clot retrieval but developed frank pulmonary oedema and cardiogenic shock requiring inotropic support and intubation. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated severe left ventricular (LV) cardiomyopathy and an apical thrombus. Subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging confirmed the LV parameters and diffuse late gadolinium enhancement. Despite absence of skeletal manifestations, subsequent genetic testing revealed an X-linked dystrophin gene mutation [c.31+G>T (IVS1G>T)]. He was commenced on empirical heart failure therapy and underwent successful cardiac transplantation.

Discussion 

X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy is a rare, rapidly progressing cardiomyopathy. Patients show normal skeletal muscle dystrophin but absent expression in cardiac muscle, resulting fibrosis, and atrophy. About 20% of affected young males have significantly reduced survival and thus the diagnosis must be considered in cases of idiopathic cardiomyopathy with CMR and genetic testing key to the diagnosis. Whilst evidence exists for empirical heart failure medications, cardiac transplantation remains the definitive treatment.
Stress-Buffering Effects of Volunteering on Daily Well-Being: Evidence From the National Study of Daily Experiences
Authors: Han Sae Hwang , Kim Kyungmin , Burr Jeffrey A
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Building on theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence linking volunteering and well-being in later life, we investigated the associations between daily engagement in formal volunteering, stressors, and negative and positive affect, focusing on the stress-buffering effect of volunteering.

Methods

We used 8 days of daily diary data from the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE II), a national survey of middle-aged and older adults (participant N = 1,320; participant-day observation N = 8,277). A series of multilevel models were estimated to assess the within-person associations between daily volunteering, stressors, and affect.

Results

A direct link between daily volunteering and affect was not discovered. However, we found that the association between daily stressors and negative affect (but not positive affect) was weaker on days when volunteering was performed compared to days volunteering was not performed.

Discussion

Our findings suggested that the stress-buffering effect of volunteering contributes to improved emotional well-being for participants who volunteered on a daily basis. Future studies should investigate whether such stress-buffering effects are present for other forms of helping behaviors.
Inappropriate use of medicines and associated factors in Brazil: an approach from a national household survey
Authors: Luiza Vera Lucia , Mendes Luiz Villarinho Pereira , Tavares Noemia Urruth Leão , Bertoldi Andrea Damaso , Fontanella Andréia Turmina , Oliveira Maria Auxiliadora , Campos Mônica Rodrigues ,   PNAUM Group, Arrais Paulo Sergio Dourado , Ramos Luiz Roberto , da Silva Dal Pizzol Tatiane , Mengue Sotero Serrate , Farias Mareni Rocha
Published: May 2019

This article aims to describe the inappropriate use of medicines in the Brazilian urban population and to identify associated factors. We conducted a data analysis of a household survey carried out in Brazil in 2013–14. The sampling plan was done by clusters with representativeness of the urban population and large regions of the country, according to gender and age domains. For this analysis, we considered a sample of adults (≥20 years) who reported having chronic non-communicable diseases, medical indication for drug treatment and medicine use (n = 12 283). We evaluated the prevalence of inappropriate use in the domains: non-adherence, inappropriate use behaviour and inadequate care with medicines, all verified in the following groups of independent variables: demographic and socio-economic characteristics, health and pharmaceutical care, health status and use of medicines. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained using robust Poisson regression. It was found 46.1% of people having at least one behaviour of inappropriate use of medicines. The worst results were found for the domain of inappropriate use behaviour, a situation of 36.6% of the users, which included unauthorized prescriber, inadequate source of information and indication of the medicines by non-authorized prescribers. The best result was found for the lack of medicines care, informed by only 4.6% of users who kept expired drugs at home. The inappropriate use of medicines was associated with gender (female), region of residence (Northeast), not visiting the doctor regularly or visiting more than one doctor, not having free access to medicines and using of five or more medicines. There was a high prevalence of inappropriate use, which was associated with both individual and health system characteristics pointing out the need to set priorities as for health education and public interventions.
Development of an Objective Model to Define Near-Term Risk of Ileocecal Resection in Patients with Terminal Ileal Crohn Disease
Authors: Grass Fabian , Fletcher Joel G , Alsughayer Ahmad , Petersen Molly , Bruining David H , Bartlett David J , Mathis Kellie L , Lightner Amy L
Published: May 2019

Background

The decision to either escalate medical therapy or proceed to ileocecal resection (ICR) in patients with terminal ileal Crohn disease (CD) remains largely subjective. We sought to develop a risk score for predicting ICR at 1 year from computed tomography or magnetic resonance enterography (CTE/MRE).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all consecutive adult (> 18 years) patients with imaging findings of terminal ileal CD (Montreal classification: B1, inflammatory predominant; B2, stricturing; or B3, penetrating) on CTE/MRE between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. The risk for ICR at 6 months and at 1 year of CTE/MRE and risk factors associated with ICR, including demographics, CD-specific immunosuppressive therapeutics, and disease presentation at the time of imaging, were determined.

Results

Of 559 patients, 121 (21.6%) underwent ICR during follow-up (1.4 years [IQR 0.21–1.64 years]); the risk for ICR at 6 months and at 1 year was 18.2% (95% CI 14.7%–21.6%) and 20.5% (95% CI 16.8%–24.1%), respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed Montreal classification (B2, hazard ratio [HR] 2.73, and B3, HR 6.80, both P < 0.0001), upstream bowel dilation (HR 3.06, P < 0.0001), and younger age (19–29 years reference, 30–44 years, HR 0.83 [P = 0.40]; 45–59 years, HR 0.58 [P = 0.04], and 60+ years, HR 0.45 [P = 0.01]) to significantly increase the likelihood of ICR. A predictive nomogram for interval ICR was developed based on these significant variables.

Conclusions

The presence of CD strictures, penetrating complications, and upstream bowel dilation on CTE/MRE, combined with young age, significantly predict ICR. The suggested risk model may facilitate objective therapeutic decision-making.
Inoculum effect of β-lactam antibiotics
Authors: Lenhard Justin R , Bulman Zackery P
Published: May 2019

The phenomenon of attenuated antibacterial activity at inocula above those utilized for susceptibility testing is referred to as the inoculum effect. Although the inoculum effect has been reported for several decades, it is currently debatable whether the inoculum effect is clinically significant. The aim of the present review was to consolidate currently available evidence to summarize which β-lactam drug classes demonstrate an inoculum effect against specific bacterial pathogens. Review of the literature showed that the majority of studies that evaluated the inoculum effect of β-lactams were in vitro investigations of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. Across all five pathogens, cephalosporins consistently displayed observable inoculum effects in vitro, whereas carbapenems were less susceptible to an inoculum effect. A handful of animal studies were available that validated that the in vitro inoculum effect translates into attenuated pharmacodynamics of β-lactams in vivo. Only a few clinical investigations were available and suggested that an in vitro inoculum effect of cefazolin against MSSA may correspond to an increased likeliness of adverse clinical outcomes in patients receiving cefazolin for bacteraemia. The presence of β-lactamase enzymes was the primary mechanism responsible for an inoculum effect, but the observation of an inoculum effect in multiple pathogens lacking β-lactamase enzymes indicates that there are likely multiple mechanisms that may result in an inoculum effect. Further clinical studies are needed to better define whether interventions made in the clinic in response to organisms displaying an in vitro inoculum effect will optimize clinical outcomes.
Teaching Communication Skills in Breast Imaging
Authors: DeBenedectis Carolynn M
Published: May 2019

Breast radiologists communicate life-changing results to patients every day. It is critical for breast radiologists to be effective communicators and to deliver difficult and good news effectively and empathetically. Communication skills can be just as important as image interpretation and procedural skills in breast imaging. Breast radiologists can learn effective communication through practice. In addition, simulation-based communication skills training can help our trainees practice their communication skills in a low-stakes environment and become more comfortable with communicating difficult results. This manuscript sets out to familiarize breast radiologists with what effective communication skills are, as well as how to learn and teach them.
Extensive regional endemism and cryptic diversity in the Tennessee and Kentucky, USA populations of the burrowing crayfish Cambarus deweesae (Bouchard & Etnier, 1979) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae) as revealed by molecular genetics
Authors: Hurt Carla R , Thoma Roger F , Withers David I , Williams Carl E , Paine Robert T R
Published: May 2019

The southeastern United States is a global hotspot for crayfish biodiversity, with more than 300 described species in the region. Some of this diversity is unfortunately being threatened by anthropogenic activities and nearly one fifth of the North American crayfish species are currently threatened with extinction. Efforts to protect crayfish species have been hindered by a lack of information regarding their taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status. Here we target populations of the burrowing valley flame crayfish, Cambarus deweesae (Bouchard & Etnier 1979) for molecular taxonomy investigation. This species was originally known from the Clinch and Emory subdrainages in eastern Tennessee but it is currently listed as state endangered. The reporting of additional populations in Tennessee and Kentucky, however, has led to uncertainty about its conservation status. We analyzed sequence data from three mitochondrial genes (COI, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) and from one nuclear gene (GAPDH) to decipher taxonomic questions regarding 15 crayfish populations, including 13 populations that are morphologically similar to C. deweesae (type locality sensu stricto). Combined analysis of all four genes demonstrated reciprocal monophyly for 14 out of 15 populations surveyed. Species delimitation methods, including GMYC and ABGD, identified between 11 and 13 new distinct genetic entities based on sequence divergence at the mitochondrial COI gene. Molecular results are combined with information on morphology and distribution in order to resolve taxonomic uncertainties within C. deweesae and its close relatives. The study highlights the need for fine-scale investigations into the phylogeography of North American burrowing crayfishes.
Relative growth in the Mediterranean endemic shore crab Brachynotus foresti Zariquiey Álvarez, 1968 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Varunidae)
Authors: Sanz-Brau Antonio , Mesquita-Joanes Francesc
Published: May 2019

The relative growth of crustaceans has become a solid field of study since the early allometric studies undertaken during the first decades of the 20th century. The type of relative growth of brachyuran crabs mainly depends on the number of critical moults and growth phases, as well as on differences in the slopes of the relative growth of secondary sexual characters. We analysed for the first time the allometric growth of the brachyuran Brachynotus forestiZariquiey Álvarez, 1968 (Varunidae), a small Mediterranean endemic species, testing whether its small size might impede the manifestation of large allometries through ontogeny. We obtained 13 body measurements from 370 females and 269 males collected from the eastern Iberian Peninsula. Carapace width ranged between 2.9 and 13.9 mm. Despite the small size, large differences between males and females were observed in the relative growth of the pleon and chelipeds, as previously seen in many other Brachyura. Females followed a two-phase growth pattern, with a clear pubertal moult separating them, approximately matching an estimated size at maturity of 6.8 mm. Males also showed a pattern of development in two phases, with an increased slope in the relative growth of chelipeds during the second phase, the shift corresponding to a size at maturity of 8.0 mm. The main effect of small size in Brachynotus foresti is that immature and mature growth phases overlap so that both males and females reach maturity over a wide size range.
Collaborative-Tick Surveillance Works: An Academic and Government Partnership for Tick Surveillance in the Southeastern United States (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Trout Fryxell R T , Vogt J T
Published: May 2019

Tick surveillance provides essential information on distributions and encounter frequencies; it is a component of operational activities in public health practice. Our research objectives were a proof-of-concept for collaborative surveillance, which involved establishing an academic and government partnership to enhance tick surveillance efforts. The University of Tennessee (UT) collaborated with United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) in an Occupational Health and Safety partnership. UT provided FIA crews in the southeastern United States with vials containing 80% ethanol (July 2014–November 2017). Crew members were instructed to put all encountered ticks into the vials and return them to FIA headquarters. UT identified all submitted ticks to species and life stage, and screened Amblyomma americanum (L.) for Ehrlichia bacteria using a nested-PCR assay. From the 198 returned vials, 1,180 ticks were submitted, including A. americanum (90.51%; 202 larvae, 503 nymphs, and 363 adults), Dermacentor variabilis Say (7.12%; 1 nymph, 83 adults), Ixodes scapularis (Say) (1.61%; 19 adults), Amblyomma maculatum Koch (0.59%; 1 nymph, 6 adults), and Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (0.17%; 1 nymph, 1 adult). FIA crews encountered A. americanum with Ehrlichia and collection information was used to generate baseline occurrence data of tick encounters. Results indicate that this collaborative-tick surveillance can be improved and used to generate useful data including pathogen detection, and because crews revisit these sites, changes in tick encounters can be monitored.
Intravenous Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children: Evaluation of a Pharmacy-Driven Protocol and Collaborative Practice Agreement
Authors: Olson Jared , Hersh Adam L , Sorensen Jeffrey , Zobell Jeffrey , Anderson Collin , Thorell Emily A
Published: May 2019

Background

Vancomycin optimization is challenging, requiring careful therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to avoid toxicity and ensure an efficacious concentration. Most prescriptions are empiric and often discontinued within 72 hours, which makes early TDM unnecessary. Although TDM using trough levels is common, the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) is the preferred pharmacodynamic target. We studied the effect of a pharmacy-driven vancomycin collaborative practice agreement (CPA) at a children’s hospital that delayed TDM up to 72 hours and targeted a 2-point 24-hour AUC of ≥400 mg × h/L.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed vancomycin courses in patients aged ≥30 days who received vancomycin between April 1, 2011, and August 30, 2017. We implemented the CPA on June 1, 2014. Outcomes included CPA use, use of TDM, dosage adjustments, and development of acute kidney injury; we compared courses given while monitoring only trough levels (TO-TDM) with those given while using the CPA (AUC-TDM). We performed interrupted time series analyses to account for preintervention trends.

Results

We included 2379 courses in the TO-TDM period and 2155 in the AUC-TDM period. During AUC-TDM, 87% of the courses were managed by the CPA. In adjusted interrupted time series analyses, CPA implementation was associated with an initial change in level of −0.265 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.336 to −0.189) TDM and an initial change in level of −0.332 (95% CI, −0.506 to −0.163) dosage adjustments. The 1-year risk of acute kidney injury decreased after CPA implementation (odds ratio, 0.695 [95% CI, 0.539–0.91]).

Conclusion

The pharmacy-driven vancomycin CPA resulted in less monitoring and fewer dose adjustments without increasing AKI.
Viability of pathogenic dermatophytes during a 4-week treatment with 1% topical luliconazole for tinea pedis
Authors: Iwanaga Tomoyuki , Ushigami Tsuyoshi , Anzawa Kazushi , Mochizuki Takashi
Published: May 2019

The viability of pathogenic fungi in the scale was investigated during topical administration of 1% luliconazole (LLCZ). Thirteen tinea pedis patients found to be positive on KOH examination were assessed by mycological examinations and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in ribosomal RNA gene at the initial visit and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Assays showed that the average copy number of ITS DNA had significantly decreased to 22.9% at 2 weeks and 4.8% at 4 weeks compared with the initial visit. LLCZ topical treatment could defeat almost pathogenic dermatophytes in the scales within 4 weeks.
Immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors: past and present
Authors: Foster Jessica B , Madsen Peter J , Hegde Meenakshi , Ahmed Nabil , Cole Kristina A , Maris John M , Resnick Adam C , Storm Phillip B , Waanders Angela J
Published: May 2019

The field of cancer immunotherapy has progressed at an accelerated rate over the past decade. Pediatric brain tumors thus far have presented a formidable challenge for immunotherapy development, given their typically low mutational burden, location behind the blood–brain barrier in a unique tumor microenvironment, and intratumoral heterogeneity. Despite these challenges, recent developments in the field have resulted in exciting preclinical evidence for various immunotherapies and multiple clinical trials. This work reviews the history and advances in active immunotherapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapy for pediatric brain tumors, including ongoing clinical trials.
Role of tumor gene mutations in treatment response to immune checkpoint blockades
Authors: Wang Manni , Yu Liu , Wei Xiawei , Wei Yuquan
Published: May 2019

Early studies shed light on the immune suppression of immune checkpoint molecules in the cancer microenvironment, with later studies applying immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in treatment of various malignancies. Despite the encouraging efficacy of ICBs in a substantial subset of cancer patients, the treatment response varies. Gene mutations of both tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have recently been identified as potential predictors of the ICB response. Recent developments in gene expression profiling of tumors have allowed identification of a panel of mutated genes that may affect tumor cell response to ICB treatment. In this review, we discuss the association of the ICB response with gene expression and mutation profiles in tumor cells, which it is hoped will help to optimize the clinical application of ICBs in cancer patients.
Implementing a Police Foundation Degree—Insights from South Wales
Authors: Rogers Colin , Gravelle James
Published: May 2019

The recent announcement by the College of Policing in England and Wales that policing is soon to become a degree entry profession should come as no surprise. For the past decade or so, a professionalization agenda has slowly pushed police forces in England and Wales to recognize that policing is irrevocably changing. Police officers now need to be equipped with higher educational skills, abilities, and knowledge to allow them to function in a complex landscape. However, attempts have been made in the past to establish degree or similar-type programmes involving partnerships between police forces and different universities, with varying levels of success. This article explores a foundation degree programme in a partnership between a local police organization and the University of Glamorgan. It explores the rationale behind the implementation of the programme, its content, and its aims and objectives. It also critically examines the positive and negative aspects of such a programme, and will have resonance for the future.
STRATEGY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE OPTIMISATION IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE AND NECK SOFT TISSUE IN EMERGENCY PATIENTS
Authors: Davoudi Mohammad , Khoramian Daryoush , Abedi-Firouzjah Razzagh , Ataei Gholamreza
Published: May 2019

Introduction

With regards to the use of ionisation radiation in the computed tomography (CT), optimal parameters should be used to reduce the risk of incidence of secondary cancers in patients who are constantly exposed to X-rays. The aim of this study was to optimise the parameters used in CT scan of cervical vertebrae and neck soft tissue with minimal loss of image quality in emergency patients.

Materials and methods

In this study, the patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of patients scanned with default parameters and the second group scanned with optimised parameters. All the study has been implemented in emergency settings. The cases included cervical vertebrae and soft tissue protocols. Common CT dose descriptors including weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw), volumetric CTDI (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), effective dose (ED) and image noise were measured for each group. The ImpactDose program was used to estimate the organs doses. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS software.

Results

There was no significant quality reduction in the optimised images. Decreasing in radiation dose parameters for the soft tissue was: kVp=16.7%, mAs=64.3% and pitch=24.1%, and for the cervical vertebrae was: kVp=16.7%, mAs=54.2% and pitch=48.3%. Consequently, decreasing these parameters reduced CTDIw=81.0%, CTDIvol=90.0% and DLP = 90.2% in the cervical vertebral protocol, as well as CTDIw=75.5%, CTDIvol=81.3% and DLP = 81.4% in the soft tissue protocol.

Conclusion

Regarding the results, the optimised parameters in the mentioned organ scan reduce the radiation dose in the target area and the organs surrounding. Therefore, these protocols can be used for reducing the risk of cancer.
A Novel QTL for Root-Knot Nematode Resistance is Identified from a South African Sweet Sorghum Line
Authors: Harris-Shultz Karen R. , Davis Richard F. , Wallace Jason , Knoll Joseph E. , Wang Hongliang
Published: May 2019

Southern root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, feed on the underground portions of hundreds of plant species and affect nutrient partitioning and water uptake of the host plants. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is often not significantly damaged by southern root-knot nematodes (RKN) but some sorghum genotypes support greater population densities of RKN than other genotypes. These higher nematode populations increase the risk of damage to subsequently planted susceptible crops. A previous study identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for RKN resistance on sorghum chromosome (chr.) 3. To maintain long-term resistance, multiple resistance genes should be pyramided in a cultivar. In this study, we identified a new source of RKN resistance, created a mapping population, and identified single-nucleotide polymorphism markers using genotyping-by-sequencing of the segregating population. Use of single-marker analysis and composite interval mapping identified a single QTL on chr. 5 that was associated with egg number and egg number per gram of root from the resistant sweet sorghum line PI 144134. This region on chr. 5 and the prior QTL on chr. 3 can be potentially moved from PI 144134 and Honey Drip, respectively, into elite sorghum germplasm via marker-assisted selection for more durable resistance.