bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Travelling East as Walter Kurtz: Identity, Performance, and Collaboration in Goa, India
Authors: Routledge Paul
Published: August 2002

There has been a renewed intellectual concern with the politics of geographical research in recent years, which has expressed, at times, the need for an engagement between the often separate worlds of academia and activism. Interventions by critical geographers such as Ian Maxey, and feminist geographers, including Cindi Kate, Heidi Nast, Gillian Rose, and J-K Gibson-Graham, have provided important insights into the political commitment geographers bring to their research, critical and reflexive forms of engagement, and the politics of fieldwork, representational strategies, and collaborative research. This paper examines the author's collaborative critical engagement with two organizations—the Goa Foundation and the Jagrut Goenkaranchi Fouz (Vigilant Goan Army)—involved in resisting tourism development in Goa, India. Collaboration took several forms, particularly the author masquerading as a tour operator, Walter Kurtz, in order to elicit information concerning the contravention of Goan environmental laws by hotel developers. Drawing, in particular, upon the insights of the aforementioned feminist geographers concerning identity, difference, and power in the conducting of fieldwork, I examine the problematic ethical and power relations that were encountered during the performance of collaborative research. In so doing, I argue for a relational and reflexive ethics of research that is attentive to difference in seeking a common ground with resisting others.
Variations on the Hermann Grid: An Extinction Illusion
Authors: Ninio Jacques , Stevens Kent A
Published: August 2002

When the white disks in a scintillating grid are reduced in size, and outlined in black, they tend to disappear. One sees only a few of them at a time, in clusters which move erratically on the page. Where they are not seen, the grey alleys seem to be continuous, generating grey crossings that are not actually present. Some black sparkling can be seen at those crossings where no disk is seen. The illusion also works in reverse contrast.
Testing a Two-Component Model of Face Identification: Effects of Inversion, Contrast Reversal, and Direction of Lighting
Authors: McMullen Patricia A , Shore David I , Henderson Randall B
Published: August 2002

Enns and Shore (1997 Perception & Psychophysics 59 23 – 31) found additive effects of test orientation (upright or inverted) and direction of lighting (brow or chin lit) when they studied the inversion effect on face identification. A two-stage model was inferred in which inversion was processed by an orientation-sensitive component after which chin-lighting was processed by a lighting-sensitive component. Face identification is also strongly influenced by contrast reversal. A study is reported which aimed to (i) determine if contrast reversal interacts with lighting direction or orientation, findings that would support Enns and Shore's model; and (ii) to test their assumption that holistic encoding is prerequisite for their model by inducing featural encoding through training names to inverted faces. Names for unfamiliar brow-lit positive-contrast faces were trained with the faces upright or inverted. Identification accuracy was measured with combinations of orientation, lighting, and contrast. Consistent with their model, test orientation and direction of lighting were additive after training on upright faces and lighting and contrast reversal interacted. When holistic encoding was prevented following training on inverted faces, test orientation and lighting direction interacted for positive-contrast faces. Negative faces showed only an effect of direction of lighting. These results support Enns and Shore's two-stage model and their interpretation that orientation and direction of lighting interact following featural encoding of faces.
The Role of Junctions in Surface Completion and Contour Matching
Authors: Rubin Nava
Published: August 2002

It has been suggested that contour junctions may be used as cues for occlusion. Ecologically, T-junctions and L-junctions are concurrent with situations of occlusion: they arise when the bounding contour of the occluding surface intersects with that of the occluded surface. However, there are other image properties that can be used as cues for occlusion. Here the role of junctions is directly compared with other occlusion cues—specifically, relatability and surface-similarity—in the emergence of amodal completion and illusory contour perception. Stimuli have been constructed that differ only in the junction structure, with the other occlusion cues kept unchanged. L-junctions and T-junctions were eliminated from the image or manipulated so as to be locally inconsistent with the (still valid) global occlusion interpretation. Although the other occlusion cues of relatability and surface similarity still existed in the image, subjects reported not perceiving illusory contours or amodal completion in junction-manipulated images. Junction manipulation also affected the perceived stereoscopic depth and motion of image regions, depending on whether they were perceived to amodally complete with a disjoint region in the image. These results are interpreted in terms of the role of junctions in the processes of surface completion and contour matching. It is proposed that junctions, being a local cue for occlusion, are used to launch completion processes. Other, more global occlusion cues, such as relatability, play a part at a later stage, once completion processes have been launched.
Thirst Modulates a Perception
Authors: Changizi Mark A , Hall Warren G
Published: August 2002

Does thirst make you more likely to think you see water? Tales of thirsty desert travelers and oasis mirages are consistent with our intuitions that appetitive state can influence what we see in the world. Yet there has been surprisingly little scrutiny of this appetitive modulation of perception. We tested whether dehydrated subjects would be biased towards perceptions of transparency, a common property of water. We found that thirsty subjects have a greater tendency to perceive transparency in ambiguous stimuli, revealing an ecologically appropriate modulation of the visual system by a basic appetitive motive.
The response of vacuolar phenolic content of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Bergamo) to a chronic ozone exposure: questions and hypotheses
Authors: Biolley Jean-Philippe , Kanoun Myriam , Goulas Philippe
Published: August 2002

Using open-top chamber technology, we investigated the foliar phenolic
response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv.
Bergamo) to a chronic, moderate ozone stress. Three atmospheric concentrations
of ozone were tested: non-filtered air (NF) prevailing at the experimental
site, and non-filtered air supplied with 40 (NF+40) and 60 nL
L–1 ozone (NF+60), respectively. Both
constitutive and ozone-induced non-polymerized phenolics were considered with
regards to pollutant concentration, exposure time, leaf type (primary or
trifoliate), and leaf growth. The biomass of primary leaves was unaffected by
the tested ozone concentrations, whereas dry mass of first and second
trifoliate leaves significantly decreased as atmospheric ozone increased.
Characteristic symptoms were observed on the upper surface of leaves from the
two ozone-supplied treatments. Their severity reflected both leaf exposure
time and ozone concentration. As a whole, the total content of foliar soluble
constitutive phenolics remained unchanged as the ozone increased, even for
leaves almost totally covered with dark-brown discolourations. Nonetheless,
among the three main detected phenolics, the accumulation of the kaempferol
derivative could be significantly stimulated by ozone. Also, six ozone-induced
phenolics could be synthesized by leaves exposed to the two pollutant-enriched
atmospheres, and their elicitation and amount were closely connected with both
exposure time and ozone concentration.
Oxidative stress and altered prostanoid production in the placenta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: White Verónica , Jawerbaum Alicia , Sinner Débora , Pustovrh Carolina , Capobianco Evangelina , González Elida
Published: August 2002

The oxidative stress in placental tissues during late pregnancy, as well as
the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the arachidonic
acid (AA) pathway was evaluated in a neonatal streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
diabetic rat model. Lipoperoxide levels are increased in diabetic tissues
compared with control tissues (P<0.001) and they seem
to increase throughout the development of gestation both in control
(P<0.05) and STZ-induced diabetic
(P<0.001) rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
is not modified on different days of pregnancy, but enzymatic activity is
lower in diabetic tissues than in control tissues
(P<0.01). Labour is preceded by an increase in
placental 14C-prostaglandin conversion from
14C-AA in control and diabetic animals
(P<0.05) and the thromboxane B2
(TXB2)/6-keto-prostaglandin
F1α (PGF1α) ratio is
higher in diabetic placental tissues than in controls. The addition of SOD and
glutathione to the incubation medium does not modify prostanoid levels in
control rats, but does decrease the AA conversion to
PGF2α, PGE2 and
TXB2 (P<0.05) in diabetic
placenta. Superoxide radical generation (hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase or
hydrogen peroxide added to the incubation medium) produces a decrease in
6-keto-PGF1α (P<0.05) in
control and diabetic tissues, whereas PGF2α,
PGE2 and TXB2 levels, and
PGF2α and TXB2 production
are increased in control and diabetic animals respectively
(P<0.05). Diabetic pregnant rats supplemented with a
diet containing 400 mg day-1of α-tocopherol
(vitamin E) have diminished placental PGF2α and
TXB2 production and lipoperoxide levels. The results
show a higher TXB2 and a decreased
6-keto-PGF1α placental production that may be
linked to increased oxidative stress and to a reduced antioxidant capacity in
STZ-induced diabetic rats. These imbalances, probably involved in abnormal
placental structure and function, may potentially be corrected with dietary
supplementation of α-tocopherol in diabetic pregnancies.
Technical report: In vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic and cloned embryos: comparison of oocyte-activating techniques, various culture systems and nuclear transfer methods
Authors: Roh Sangho , Hwang Woo-suk
Published: August 2002

The present study compares the development of porcine embryos following
several oocyte activation techniques and culture systems using
in-vitro-matured porcine oocytes. Two different nuclear
transfer techniques (electrofusion and nuclear injection) were also tested
using adult somatic cell (nucleus) and enucleated cytoplasm. In Experiment 1,
oocytes activated by electric pulse, electric pulse +
6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP), or ionomycin + 6-DMAP showed higher
pronuclear formation rates (P<0.01) than those in the
other groups (negative control and ionomycin treatment). Of these three
groups, oocytes activated by electric pulse + 6-DMAP showed greater
developmental rate to the blastocyst stage and higher cell numbers in
blastocysts than those activated by electric pulse or ionomycin + 6-DMAP
(P<0.05). In Experiment 2, activated oocytes were
grouped and cultured as follows: (i) NCSU-PVA for 6 days
(PVA-PVA); (ii) NCSU-BSA for 6 days (BSA-BSA);
(iii) NCSU-FBS for 6 days (FBS-FBS);
(iv) NCSU-PVA for 4 days followed by NCSU-BSA for 2 days
(PVA-BSA); (v) NCSU-PVA for 4 days followed by NCSU-FBS
for 2 days (PVA-FBS); and (vi) NCSU-BSA for 4 days
followed by NCSU-FBS for 2 days (BSA-FBS). Cleavage rates in all experimental
groups were not significantly different, but the embryos cultured in PVA-BSA
or BSA-BSA showed higher blastocyst formation rates than those in other groups
(P<0.05). In Experiment 3, the pseudo-pronuclear
formation rate tended to be higher in the electrofusion group than in
piezo-driven nuclear injection group, but the difference was not statistically
significant (P=0.12). In addition, there was no
significant difference between groups in cleavage, blastocyst formation, or
the number of cells in blastocysts. The results indicate that porcine adult
somatic cell nuclear transfer can be performed by the nuclear injection
technique with a piezo-driven micromanipulator. In addition, activation by
electrical pulse followed by 6-DMAP and in vitro culture
in BSA-supplemented medium throughout the culture period was found to be the
most efficient system for the production of porcine parthenogenetic embryos
in vitro.
Investigation of factors affecting pregnancy rate after embryo transfer in the dromedary camel
Authors: Skidmore Julian A. , Billah M. , Allen W. R.
Published: August 2002

The uteri of 36 adult dromedary camels were flushed non-surgically three times
each with 90–120 mL of embryo flushing medium 7 days after ovulation. A
total of 242 embryos were recovered, of which 139 were transferred
non-surgically to recipient camels that were either at different levels of
synchrony with respect to the Day 7 donor (+1 to –3 days;
n = 58), or were at Day 6 after ovulation, but
received one of the following treatments: (i) none
(controls, n = 15); (ii)
150 mg progesterone-in-oil injected intramuscularly once daily during Days
5–20 after ovulation inclusive (n = 16);
(iii) 500 mg flunixin meglumine given intravenously 15
min before transfer of the embryo (n = 6);
(iv) 20 μg of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) analogue buserelin given on Day 5 after ovulation
(n = 12); or (v) the embryo
was cooled to 4˚C and held at this temperature in an insulated container
for 24 h before being transferred (n = 32).
Jugular vein blood samples, taken daily from all the recipient camels during
Days 0–20 after ovulation, were assayed for progesterone concentration
and closely timed serial samples taken from the camels receiving flunixin
meglumine or GnRH were assayed for 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin
F2α (PGFM) or oestradiol concentrations. The
pregnancy rate increased to a maximum of 67% when ovulation in the
recipient was negatively synchronized to have occurred 1 day behind that in
the donor, and it fell dramatically when the level of asynchrony between
recipient and donor increased to +1 (9%) or –3 (10%)
days. It was not improved by daily injections of progesterone (44%),
flunixin meglumine given before transfer (16%), or GnRH given on Day 5
(33%). Of the 32 embryos that were cooled to 4˚C before being
transferred to Day 6 recipients, 20 resulted in pregnancies (63%) to
give a success rate similar to that attained with the control fresh embryos
(67%). Serum progesterone concentrations in the recipients increased to
a mean ± SEM of 2.6 ± 0.8 ng mL–1 by
Day 8 after ovulation and, in those that were pregnant, levels remained
elevated at 3–5 ng mL–1 for the remainder of
the sampling period; in non-pregnant recipients the concentrations declined to
<1 ng mL–1 by Day 11. Plasma PGFM
concentrations in the flunixin meglumine-treated camels remained low
(40–90 pg mL–1) compared with those in the
untreated control camels, in which peak values of around 180 pg
mL–1 were reached within 10 min after transfer
after which a steady decline occurred until resting concentrations of
90–100 pg mL–1 were reached by 110 min after
transfer. Treatment with GnRH on Day 5 after ovulation produced a transitory
increase in serum oestradiol-17β concentrations for 24 h. However, from
Day 8, oestradiol concentrations in both the GnRH-treated and the untreated
camels increased steadily to reach 2.5–3.5 pg
mL–1 by Day 12.
Human Sensitivity to Phase Perturbations in Natural Images: A Statistical Framework
Authors: Thomson Mitchell G A , Foster David H , Summers Robert J
Published: August 2002

Fourier-phase information is important in determining the appearance of natural scenes, but the structure of natural-image phase spectra is highly complex and difficult to relate directly to human perceptual processes. This problem is addressed by extending previous investigations of human visual sensitivity to the randomisation and quantisation of Fourier phase in natural images. The salience of the image changes induced by these physical processes is shown to depend critically on the nature of the original phase spectrum of each image, and the processes of randomisation and quantisation are shown to be perceptually equivalent provided that they shift image phase components by the same average amount. These results are explained by assuming that the visual system is sensitive to those phase-domain image changes which also alter certain global higher-order image statistics. This assumption may be used to place constraints on the likely nature of cortical processing: mechanisms which correlate the outputs of a bank of relative-phase-sensitive units are found to be consistent with the patterns of sensitivity reported here.
Discrimination of Spectrally Blended Natural Images: Optimisation of the Human Visual System for Encoding Natural Images
Authors: Tolhurst David J , Tadmor Yoav
Published: August 2002

We have developed a protocol for testing experimentally the hypothesis that the human visual system is optimised for making visual discriminations amongst natural scenes. Visual stimuli were made by gradual blending of the Fourier spectra of digitised photographs of natural scenes. The statistics of the stimuli were made unnatural to varying degrees by changing the overall slopes of the amplitude spectra of the stimuli. Thresholds were measured for discriminating small amounts of spectral blending at different spectral slopes. We found that thresholds were lowest when the spectral slope was natural; thresholds were increased when the slopes were either shallower or steeper than natural. A number of spurious cues were considered, such as differences in mean luminance or overall spectral power or contrast between test and reference stimuli. Control experiments were performed to remove such spurious cues, and the discrimination thresholds were still lowest for stimuli that were most natural. Thus, these experiments do provide experimental support for the idea that human vision and the human visual system are optimised for processing natural visual information.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS AND CONNECTIONS ON A QUANTUM PLANE AT A CUBIC ROOT OF UNITY
Authors: COQUEREAUX R. , GARCÍA A. O. , TRINCHERO R.
Published: August 2002

We consider the algebra of N×N matrices as a reduced quantum plane on which a finite-dimensional quantum group ℋ acts. This quantum group is a quotient of [Formula: see text], q being an Nth root of unity. Most of the time we shall take N=3; in that case dim(ℋ)=27. We recall the properties of this action and introduce a differential calculus for this algebra: it is a quotient of the Wess–Zumino complex. The quantum group ℋ also acts on the corresponding differential algebra and we study its decomposition in terms of the representation theory of ℋ. We also investigate the properties of connections, in the sense of non commutative geometry, that are taken as 1-forms belonging to this differential algebra. By tensoring this differential calculus with usual forms over space-time, one can construct generalized connections with covariance properties with respect to the usual Lorentz group and with respect to a finite-dimensional quantum group.
THE TREATMENT OF UNSTABLE DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES WITH VOLAR FIXATION
Authors: Orbay Jorge L.
Published: August 2002

Stable internal fixation and early motion has not been routinely available for distal radius fractures. Difficulties with the dorsal approach discourage surgeons from internally fixing the most common fracture types. The introduction of a new volar plate with subchondral support fixation allows the treatment of most distal radius fractures with stable internal fixation and early motion while avoiding the complications inherent in the dorsal approach.
EVALUATION OF THE FLEXIBLE INFORMATION SHARING CAPABILITIES OF VIEW MEDIA
Authors: YOKOTA YUSUKE , SUGIYAMA KEIJI , TARUMI HIROYUKI , KAMBAYASHI YAHIKO
Published: August 2002

Since it is necessary to realize virtual organizations in networks, to develop systems to be used for realizing various kinds of cooperation support among users is very important as a basis of virtual organizations. VIEW Media has been developed for such a purpose, utilizing CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) and database technologies. By introducing the concept of environment, VIEW Media supports flexible information sharing mechanisms. The major purpose of this paper is to show the advantages of the environment model for flexible sharing. Several well-known models are compared and then a representative model, the room model, is selected for comparison to develop the same application. Since the environment model is more general than the room model, we decided to develop "debate systems" which are rather complicated yet can be realized by both models. Debate systems can be regarded as generalization of conference systems and thus we believe the comparison is appropriate. By real usage of debate systems developed by VIEW Media (the environment model) and TeamWave (the room model), the environment model is shown to be suitable for such applications.
The effects of probenecid on the disposition of risperidone and olanzapine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Markowitz John S. , DeVane C. Lindsay , Liston Heidi L. , Boulton David W. , Risch S. Craig
Published: August 2002

Study Design

The metabolic pathways of most xenobiotics and endogenous compounds can be divided into phase 1 (oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic) and phase 2 (glucuronidation, sulfate conjugation, glycine and glutathione conjugation, and acetylation and methylation) processes. Oxidative metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system has been intensively investigated compared with glucuronidation and other conjugation pathways. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the disposition of olanzapine or risperidone in healthy volunteers with and without coadministration of the uridine diphosphoglucuronate–glucuronosyltransferase inhibitor probenecid. We hypothesized that olanzapine disposition would be altered as a result of decreased glucuronidation, whereas risperidone disposition would be relatively unaffected.

Methods

Our objective was to investigate whether this interaction would occur in 12 healthy volunteers, aged 22 to 42 years, who participated in a single‐dose, randomized, 4‐period, double‐blind, crossover study receiving a single dose of either 5 mg olanzapine or 1 mg risperidone with and without 500 mg probenecid (8 doses over 4 days). Multiple blood samples were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry or HPLC to assess the 48‐hour time course of risperidone and olanzapine. Urine was assayed for free and glucuronidated drugs.

Results

When olanzapine was administered with probenecid, statistically significant differences were observed between plasma pharmacokinetic parameters compared with olanzapine administered alone (maximum concentration, P < .05; area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to 24 hours, P < .01). Clearance was not significantly different between the treatment phases. Risperidone pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different (all parameters, P > .05).

Conclusion

Inhibition of uridine diphosphoglucuronate–glucuronosyltransferase appeared to influence the disposition of olanzapine but not risperidone. Phase 2 metabolism may significantly influence the disposition of antipsychotic drugs and may be an important aspect of the variability in metabolism, participation in drug‐drug interactions, and clinical response to some antipsychotic agents.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 30–38; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.119815
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of saquinavir in pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Grub Sibylle , DeLora Patricia , Lüdin Eric , Duff Frank , Fletcher Courtney V. , Brundage Richard C. , Kline Mark W. , Calles Nancy R. , Schwarzwald Heidi , Jorga Karin
Published: August 2002

Objective

Our objective was to investigate the clinical pharmacologic characteristics of saquinavir given as a soft gelatin capsule, either alone or in combination with nelfinavir, to children and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Methods

The pharmacokinetics of 50 mg/kg saquinavir 3 times a day (tid) alone versus 33 mg/kg saquinavir tid plus 30 mg/kg nelfinavir tid was assessed after single‐dose administration and after short‐ and long‐term administration. The single‐dose pharmacokinetics of fixed (1200 mg) versus unrestricted weight‐adjusted dosing (50 mg/kg) was also investigated.

Results

Saquinavir as the sole protease inhibitor resulted in lower saquinavir exposure in children (steady‐state geometric mean area under the concentration–time curve from time zero to 24 hours [AUC (0–24 h)], 5790 ng · h/ml; steady‐state concentration 8 hours after drug administration [C8h,SS], 65 ng/ml) and adolescents [steady‐state geometric mean AUC(0–24 h), 5914 ng · h/ml] than that reported in adults treated with 1200 mg tid [steady‐state geometric mean AUC(0–24 h), 21,700 ng · h/ml; C8h,SS, 223 ng/ml]. This finding appeared to be attributable to markedly higher apparent oral clearance, potentially as a result of increased systemic clearance and reduced oral bioavailability. Nelfinavir combined with saquinavir reduced apparent oral clearance, increasing saquinavir exposure in children [steady‐state geometric mean AUC(0–24 h), 11,070 ng · h/ml; C8h,SS, 380 ng/ml] to levels that approach those observed in adults. A significant correlation between average trough concentration and sustained viral load suppression was observed in children. The apparent threshold for maintaining viral load suppression was a mean trough saquinavir concentration above 200 ng/ml.

Conclusions

The pharmacokinetics of saquinavir in children is different from that of adults, and administration of saquinavir alone will not give consistently efficacious plasma levels. The best way of improving saquinavir exposure in children is through combination therapy with other protease inhibitors that inhibit saquinavir metabolism.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 122–130; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121423
Relationships Between Psychiatric Clinical Assessment Scores and Patients’ Daily Activities
Authors: Cronin Joan , Nash Virginia , Ray-Mihm Rita , Tucker Sharon
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Because of the increasing demands in the mental health care environment, providers are called upon to demonstrate the efficacy of treatment. Few studies have examined the relationship between symptoms at admission and level of functioning, involvement in treatment, and rehospitalization rates.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the relationship between symptoms at admission, level of functioning, and exposure to activities for inpatients with depression and anxiety disorders; and (b) examine the association between inpatient exposure to activities and rehospitalization rates.

DESIGN: This study was a secondary analysis of a nonprobability convenience sampling of 67 patients, ages 18 to 80 years, who were admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit. The Global Assessment Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess functioning and symptoms. The Nursing Record of Patient Daily Activities was used to record patient activities.

RESULTS: Global Assessment Scores at time of admission were positively related to independent patient activities. Readmitted patients were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression and be taking anxiolytics at the time of admission.

CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to examine the relationship between admission and posthospitalization symptoms, level of functioning in patients, and treatment components to ascertain which aspects of treatment are most effective for patients with specific symptoms, levels of functioning, and diagnoses. Patients’ symptoms and level of functioning at the time of admission should help guide the development of appropriate treatment plans.
Modernity's Abject Space: The Rise and Fall of Durban's Cato Manor
Authors: Popke E Jeffrey
Published: August 2002

Recent work on the history of urbanization in South Africa suggests that the development of urban apartheid policy was influenced by the broader discourses of modernization and planning which guided the morphology of urban areas in the industrial West. Less attention, however, has been given to the ways in which these discourses of modernization served to define and control certain forms of subjectivity within the urban order. Accordingly, in this paper I examine the relationship between urban policy and public discourses about race and space in the city of Durban in the 1940s. In the first part of the paper I argue that the development of urban apartheid was marked by a modernist impulse to define and control the subjects and spaces of the city. This control was fostered by new circuits of power designed to produce racialized working subjects and the orderly and efficient management of urban space. Despite these attempts, however, Indian and African residents created informal spaces on the outskirts of the city, spaces which posed a challenge to the political and economic hegemony of the white settler population. In the second part of the paper, I draw upon Julia Kristeva's notion of abjection to argue that one such space—an area known as Cato Manor—became a repository of larger fears about the changing nature of identity and alterity within the city. These abject fears burst into public consciousness in 1949, after an Indian–African ‘riot’ in Cato Manor called into question the efficacy of the city's attempts to manage the social and spatial contours of urbanization. In response, the city set about enacting policies of formal residential segregation, policies which can be read as attempts to manage the troubling presence of racialized ‘others’ through spatial control.
Gamekeepers and Gamekeeping: Assuring Bristol's Place within Life Underwriting
Authors: French Shaun
Published: August 2002

In this paper I report on research which traces out the fields-of-learning of underwriters working in the life assurance industry in Bristol. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s, the financial services sector in Bristol, like that of many regional financial centres in the United Kingdom, grew significantly. Of particular note has been the local expansion, through relocation and new firm formation, of the life assurance industry. I argue that underwriting, concerned as it is with the management and production of risk, plays a central role in defining and distinguishing life assurance as a distinctive form of economic activity. By placing underwriting in Bristol within the wider configurations of the life underwriting community-of-practice I seek to determine the role of local actants in constituting insurantial practices. I argue that the city of Bristol is a significant space within the geography of life underwriting and, in turn, the manufacture of life assurance risk. However, in attempting to assess exactly how significant, some of the limitations of thinking about financial space in terms of regional and network topologies become apparent. In taking seriously the anthropology of financial communities-of-practice, institutions, and ‘network(ing)s’ I conclude that we may therefore need to think about financial centres and financial space in new ways.
Between Physical and Electronic Spaces: The Implications for Organisations in the Networked Economy
Authors: Li Feng , Whalley Jason , Williams Howard
Published: August 2002

With the rapid development of computing and telecommunications infrastructure, a new electronic space has emerged which coexists, and sometimes intertwines, with the physical space and place of our world. This has greatly increased the complexity and flexibility of the new space economy for organisations and individuals, and increasingly we have to live in ‘two spaces’. Since the late 1980s researchers have successfully dismissed the misconception about the ‘death of distance’ in the information economy. However, the dissemination of this progress has been slow and fragmented. Utopian views about the ‘end of geography’ remain very influential in current business thinking and in research on information systems and organisational innovations. Numerous failed business applications of information systems have resulted from a lack of geographical considerations. This situation has been significantly exacerbated in the last few years by the rapid developments of the Internet and new applications based on it, such as e-commerce and e-business. Researchers have a duty not only to understand the new geography of the information economy, but also to inform the public about the key features of the ‘two spaces’ that all organisations and individuals have to live in. In this paper, some case studies and emerging business phenomena are used to illustrate the importance of introducing a geographical dimension into research on information systems and organisational innovations. Several new themes for further research are also highlighted.
Contact between Adult Children and Their Parents in Great Britain 1986–99
Authors: Grundy Emily , Shelton Nicola
Published: August 2002

Three nationally representative British data sets have been used to analyse trends and differentials in contact between adult children aged 22–54 years and their non-coresident mothers and fathers. The results show that having at-least-weekly contact is positively associated with children being female, lower levels of education, and living in the North, and negatively associated with age, number of siblings, and being a tenant in the privately rented sector. Daughters had more contact with mothers than with fathers, and children were less likely to see their fathers at least weekly if their mother was no longer alive, indicating a strong gender dimension to intergenerational contact. These associations were observed whether or not proximity, which was very strongly associated with contact, was controlled for in the analysis. Odds of at-least-weekly contact with parents were significantly lower in 1995 than in 1986, but there was no significant difference between 1999 and 1986, and so no clear indication of a trend towards reduced contact.
Planning Style and Agency Properties
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: August 2002

It is assumed here that planning style and the organisational properties of the agency are loosely coupled. A number of such properties are discussed in order to construct four agency profiles corresponding to the values and basic ideas of synoptic, incremental, communicative, and advocacy planning. The four identified configurations of style and structure can (1) be theoretical reference points when analysing constellations of planning style and agency characteristics found in practice, and (2) be used for forming hypotheses about such empirical constellations. The analysis responds to the critique raised against procedural planning theories for being abstract and context free and thus unfit to guide planning in real societies where public planning is embedded in particular organisations and institutions. Most of the organisational features dealt with here have been studied in the economic theory of organisation, and this facilitates the construction of consistent and coherent agency profiles.
Gender, Hukou, and the Occupational Attainment of Female Migrants in China (1985–1990)
Authors: Huang Youqin
Published: August 2002

In this paper, I argue that the occupational attainment of female migrants in China has to be understood in its unique sociocultural and institutional contexts. In addition to the constraints of human capital, the patriarchal culture and the Household Registration (hukou) System greatly constrain the occupational attainment of female migrants. An empirical study based on a 1% sample of China's 1990 Census shows that female migrants are at a disadvantage in the labour market not only because of their gender but also because of their rural identities and outsider status, as defined by the hukou system. They can only attain jobs with lower prestige than their male counterparts, such as agricultural work and a few gender-stereotyped, family-related urban jobs.
Regulating Regional Spaces: State Agencies and the Production of Governance in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: MacKinnon Danny
Published: August 2002

In recent years, regulationist research has increasingly focused on questions of subnational governance and regulation. Whilst there has been a shift towards new forms of local governance across the United Kingdom, in this paper I contend that the interaction between new mechanisms of (national) regulation and preexisting local conditions has produced considerable spatial variation in the precise forms of governance that have emerged at the local level. Following Peck, I suggest that this can be seen in terms of the interaction of distinct institutional ‘layers’. This insight is developed by adapting Offe's notion of ‘institutional filters’ to emphasise the role of regional agencies in mediating and ‘filtering’ the effects of wider (national) regulatory mechanisms. In the second half of the paper, I apply these ideas to a particular regional case study, assessing how the national-level shift towards neoliberalism has shaped the practice of economic governance in the Scottish Highlands in the 1990s. As mid-level metaphors, ideas of institutional ‘layers’ and ‘filters’ help to open up a space for the consideration of agency and strategy at regional level, thereby addressing what has been termed the ‘regulationist enigma’, defined in terms of the need to avoid ‘reading off’ regional transformations from the posited logic of broader macrostructural shifts.
Restructuring the Bulgarian Wood-Processing Sector: Linkages between Resource Exploitation, Capital Accumulation, and Redevelopment in a Postcommunist Locality
Authors: Staddon Caedmon
Published: August 2002

Based on recent primary research, in this paper I explore the emerging contours of the postcommunist forest-products sector in Bulgaria and, in particular, the ramifications for community-level restructuring in a small, mountainous region located in the southwestern part of the country. After ten years of postcommunist transformation, the current government has only very recently initiated the task of wholesale reform of communist-era structures extant within the forestry and forest-products sectors. This is an unavoidably complex process, involving reorganising tenure over forest resources (with some measure of restitution of formerly private forest resources to precommunist era owners), privatising and decentralising logging and related activities in the woods, redefining the role of the state in oversight, management, and planning, and the development of a supportive institutional context for the growth of, in particular, small and medium-sized private enterprises throughout the forest-products chain. Restructuring of the wood-products sector in one Bulgarian mountain locality is the primary focus of the paper, with a five-fold descriptive typology of wood-processing enterprises proposed. Based in part on manifest differentiations in corporate governance and institutional network orientation (including markets), this typology assists with the analysis of challenges to sustainable local restructuring in resource dependent communities. These models are discussed in turn in terms of both the theoretical implications for Bulgaria's ‘transition model of development’ and the empirical ramifications for regional development and well-being.
GIS Use in Community Planning: A Multidimensional Analysis of Empowerment
Authors: Elwood Sarah A
Published: August 2002

A growing body of research examining the social and political implications of geographic information systems (GIS) considers the extent to which the use of this technology may empower or disempower different actors and institutions. However, these studies have tended not to articulate a clear conceptualization of empowerment. Thus, in this paper, I develop a multidimensional conceptual framework for assessing empowerment (and disempowerment), and employ it in examining the impacts of GIS use by community-based organizations engaged in urban planning and neighborhood revitalization. Drawing on a case study conducted with a Minneapolis, Minnesota, neighborhood organization, I show how this multidimensional framework fosters a more complete analysis of empowerment, and therefore, development of a more detailed explanation of the impacts of this new technology.
State, Capital, and Resistance to Globalisation in the Vietnamese Transitional Economy
Authors: Dixon Chris , Kilgour Andrea
Published: August 2002

The debate over the changing role and nature of the national state during the current period of volatile economic globalisation has increasingly centred on the extent to which the nation-state can control the forces of economic globalisation through domestic regulation and internationalising its activities while at the same time experiencing increasing challenges to its authority from the rise of various localised forms of state power. In general these debates have taken place within the context of states that are dominantly market economies and are highly integrated into the international system. In this paper we examine the issues of resistance to globalisation and the decomposition of the central state in the context of Vietnam. It is argued that here, as in the PRC (Peoples Republic of China), the development of elements of the market economy and integration into the global system are taking place under the auspices of a still centrally planned, single-party state, which continues to affirm its commitment to state control over the economy. It is proposed that although this has enabled a considerable measure of control to be exerted over the forces of economic globalisation, the processes of reform and related economic growth and participation in the global economy are undermining the authority of the central state. This is increasingly reducing the effectiveness of the central Vietnamese state as power shifts to more local structures.
Social Housing and Planning Gain: Is This an Appropriate Way of Providing Affordable Housing?
Authors: Crook Anthony (Tony) D H , Whitehead Christine M E
Published: August 2002

The current mechanism for providing affordable housing through the planning system in England is based on negotiation within the framework of Planning Policy Guidance Note 3 and Circular 6/98. In this paper the authors examine three groups of questions. First, on the development of the policy, they look at how the need for affordable housing is assessed, how the policy evolved, and how it is currently operated. Second, on the principles and potential outputs of the policy they look at how the approach fits into the principles of betterment taxation, what the results are likely to be ‘on the ground’ in terms of price and output of housing, and whether these are consistent with taxation principles. Third, they examine what the evidence is so far on the impact of planning obligations on affordable housing provision. Finally, the authors develop a typology of likely outcomes, particularly regarding who pays for affordable housing.
Modelling Environmental Equity: Access to Air Quality in Birmingham, England
Authors: Brainard Julii S , Jones Andrew P , Bateman Ian J , Lovett Andrew A , Fallon Peter J
Published: August 2002

Many studies in the USA have noted inequities with regard to the socioeconomic status or racial character of communities and their relative exposure to environmental disamenities. In this paper the authors focus particularly on the environmental equity of air pollution in the English city of Birmingham. Using statistical methodologies they examine the pattern of exposure to two key air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) across certain population groups in the city. Estimated emission levels of CO and NO2 were mapped by using modelled associations between vehicle densities and measured emissions at existing monitoring stations. These data were input to a geographical information system (GIS) for subsequent comparisons with population maps. Three types of variables were considered to distinguish possibly disadvantaged populations: age profile, ethnic make-up, and poverty indicators. From the 1991 Census, relevant statistics were derived for each enumeration district in the city. No relationship could be established on the age variable (that is, neither children nor pensioners appear to differ from the general population in their likely exposure patterns). However, there was a striking relationship between modelled emissions and poverty indicators and ethnicity. The effects are difficult to separate out but there is strong evidence to suggest that the two factors (poverty and ethnicity) operate in an independent manner. The implications of these findings, with regard to the causes of the disparities and the likely impacts of possible efforts to improve air quality in Birmingham, are discussed.
An Exploratory Method for Analyzing a Spatial Tessellation in Relation to a Set of other Spatial Tessellations
Authors: Sadahiro Yukio
Published: August 2002

Spatial tessellation is one of the most important spatial structures in geography. There are various types of spatial tessellations such as administrative units, school districts, and census tracts. Spatial tessellations are often closely related to each other; school districts are determined by, say, administrative units and land uses; electoral districts are related to administrative units, local communities, census tracts, and so forth. Such relationships among spatial tessellations have drawn the attention of geographers; to what extent is the development of a spatial tessellation affected by a set of other tessellations? To give a clue to the answer to this question, in this paper I propose three methods for analyzing a spatial tessellation in relation to a set of other tessellations: the region-based method, the boundary-based method, and the hybrid method. They are all designed for exploratory spatial analysis rather than confirmatory analysis. The methods are evaluated through an empirical study, analysis of the administrative system in Ponneri, India, in the late 18th century.
Market Making: Internationalisation and Global Water Markets
Authors: Haughton Graham
Published: August 2002

The author examines the rapidly expanding market for private sector management of water systems. He explores the ways in which markets are being constructed, focusing on the role of international bodies—especially multilateral bodies such as the World Bank—in promoting various forms of private sector engagement. Arguing that market making is not politically neutral, he examines how the World Bank sets out to influence national governments in how they run their water-management systems, in the process highlighting alternative visions for community-based systems.
Italian Regional Evolutions
Authors: Dunford Michael
Published: August 2002

The aim of this paper is to examine the evolution of Italy's territorial inequalities from 1952 to 1996 and to consider what the Italian record tells us about the utility of theories of convergence and divergence. After outlining the scale and nature of contemporary development gaps in Italy, the author explores the way these inequalities have changed, showing that convergence in the 1960s and early 1970s gave way to divergence, and identifying the respective roles of productivity, employment, and demographic growth in shaping the overall trend in inequality. To examine what underlay the aggregate trends attention is paid to the comparative evolution of twenty Italian regions, indicating clearly the changing relative fortunes of the metropolitan northwest, the Mezzogiorno, the Third Italy, and the Adriatic coastal regions. In the final sections several decompositions are employed to identify the contribution of productivity and employment growth across a range of sectors to the comparative performance of Italy's regional economies.