bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Protocols for Illumina Sequencing
Authors: Bronner Iraad F. , Quail Michael A. , Turner Daniel J. , Swerdlow Harold
Published: October 2013

In this unit, we describe a set of improvements that have been made to the standard Illumina protocols to make the sequencing process more reliable in a high‐throughput environment, reduce amplification bias, narrow the distribution of insert sizes, and reliably obtain high yields of data. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 79:18.2.1‐18.2.42. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantifying present and projected future atmospheric moisture transports onto land
Authors: Zahn Matthias , Allan Richard P.
Published: October 2013

Changing properties of the landward moisture transports play a key role in assessing water availability in a warmed future world. Here the ocean‐land moisture transports and their projected changes in a warmed atmosphere are investigated using high space and time resolution ECHAM5‐model data representative for the current and future atmosphere. The water budgets are estimated from four‐times daily instantaneous moisture transports across the shore‐lines marking the boundaries of the land areas and from accumulated precipitation‐evaporation over land. The transports are presented in very high detail with vertical profiles for each boundary segment. The results indicate land‐ and seaward moisture transports to intensify with warming. Generally, the landward transports increase stronger than the seaward transports resulting in increased moisture budgets too. This means a higher future average availability of water for land areas. Comparison of the budgets from moisture transports and precipitation‐evaporation reveals a systematic bias. This has been linked to numerical issues in previous studies, but we here show that it is connected to the high variability over the diurnal cycle and the maxima of landward transports are likely not considered for many of the regions.
On the Field‐Aligned Beam Thermal Energy
Authors: Meziane K. , Hamza A. M. , Wilber M. , Mazelle C. , Lee M. A.
Published: October 2013

The parallel and perpendicular reduced distribution functions of field‐aligned beams (FABs) observed upstream of the Earth's bow shock using the Cluster spacecrafts are examined. A previous study revealed that FABs, observed in oblique shock geometries, exhibit reduced distribution functions with high‐energy tails. A selection of FABs with weak‐energy tails are considered, and the associated reduced distributions are fit with Maxwellians. First, we have found that the FABs full width at half maximum (FWHM), σ∥ and σ⊥ derived from the fit, are linearly correlated with the solar wind speed (or equivalently to solar wind temperature). Moreover, the parallel beam σ∥ has a very weak dependence upon the beam parallel speed which reflects the shock geometry; we have found that σ∥∼0.23Vsw. In contrast, we have found that the perpendicular beam σ⊥, in the range of beam speeds investigated, depends on the shock geometry. These new results indicate that the parallel σ∥ is essentially controlled by the solar wind while the shock geometry plays, along with the solar wind, a role in the perpendicular σ⊥. These results also put some strong constraints on theoretical models as far as field‐aligned beam production mechanisms are concerned. One potential explanation for the significant perpendicular broadening of the FAB distribution reported in this study could be the presence of kinetic Alfvèn (or/and whistler) turbulence at the shock.
High‐resolution inventory of mercury emissions from biomass burning in China for 2000–2010 and a projection for 2020
Authors: Chen Cen , Wang Huanhuan , Zhang Wei , Hu Dan , Chen Long , Wang Xuejun
Published: October 2013

Biomass burning is an important contributor of atmospheric mercury emissions. An inventory of mercury emissions from biomass burning with a high resolution and long time span is necessary for mercury transport modeling and emission reduction. In this study, an inventory of mercury emissions from biomass burning in China, with high spatial resolution and decade period (2000–2010), is presented, and the emission in 2020 is projected. Results showed that during 2000–2010, the annual average mercury emission from crop residues burning as fuel in household, crop residues burning as waste in fields, fuelwood burning in households, fuelwood burning for production, forest fires, and grassland fires was 2.30, 0.97, 1.66, 0.49, 0.78, and 0.01 Mg, respectively. The total emission was 6.20 Mg yr−1, lower than the results of previous studies. The majority of mercury species is in the form of Hg0, accounting for 78.9%, followed by Hgp (15.5%) and Hg2+ (5.6%). During 2000–2010, mercury emission from biomass burning decreased from 6.08 Mg in 2000 to 5.12 Mg in 2010. For spatial distribution, the mercury emissions were high in the eastern and central regions of China. Results from scenario analysis showed that mercury emission in 2020 is projected to be 6.18 Mg under the growth condition following the trend in 2005–2010 and 3.00 Mg under the condition of the anticipated new development mode. The results of this inventory study could provide useful information for further assessment of global mercury source attribution and mercury transport modeling.
Evaluation of TMPA 3B42 daily precipitation estimates of tropical cyclone rainfall over Australia
Authors: Chen Yingjun , Ebert Elizabeth E. , Walsh Kevin J. E. , Davidson Noel E.
Published: October 2013

Heavy rain from tropical cyclone (TC) landfall has extensive impacts on human life and society. Its estimation is subject to considerable uncertainty, especially in Australian tropical regions. In this study we evaluate the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 rainfall estimates in landfalling TCs over Australia. A high‐quality gauge‐based gridded rainfall product from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP) is utilized as reference data. The overall characteristics of TMPA 3B42 estimates are measured by mean rain rate, correlation coefficient, relative bias, relative root‐mean‐square error, and empirical orthogonal function analysis on both AWAP and TMPA 3B42. These comparisons show good correspondence over space and time between TMPA 3B42 and AWAP analysis for rainfall at TC landfall over Australia. The results also show that TMPA 3B42 generally overestimates TC rain for low rain rate but underestimates TC rain at high rain rate. TC intensity, location, terrain, and TC seasons all have impacts on TMPA 3B42's detection skill. For TC heavy rain, TMPA 3B42 shows better agreement with AWAP during more intense TCs (CAT3–5), in the eyewall as opposed to the rain bands, in the tropics as opposed to the subtropics, and in late TC seasons as opposed to early and peak TC seasons. Finally, a case study for TC Yasi (2011) is chosen to illustrate TMPA 3B42's ability to estimate TC landfall rainfall over Australia. Even though the performance of TMPA 3B42 can vary from case to case, TMPA 3B42 has a high correlation coefficient with AWAP and achieves good skill scores in most cases.
Biogeography of Freshwater Algae
Authors: Sheath Robert G , Vis Morgan L
Published: October 2013

Freshwater algae belong to numerous evolutionary lineages and the flora of any aquatic system has many species from some or all of these lineages. These algae have a range in morphology from single cells, flagellates, colonies and unbranched or branched filaments. They inhabit flowing and still waters in the regions where they can be attached (periphyton) or free‐floating (phytoplankton). In terms of biogeography, some algae are generalists having a cosmopolitan distribution; others are specialists either restricted to a particular habitat or geographic region and a third category are invaders from either marine or other freshwater habitats. Typically, the physiology of the alga will determine to which category an alga belongs. Freshwater algae may be distributed by wind, terrestrial and aquatic animals, and humans either intentionally or unintentionally. Our understanding of the biogeography of freshwater algae is somewhat limited and further research is needed.

Key Concepts:

Freshwater algae are diverse in their evolutionary relationships, their morphology (shape and size) and habitats they occupy.

Freshwater algae can be ‘generalists’ having a more cosmopolitan distribution, ‘specialists’ being restricted either in geography or habitat or ‘invaders’ from either the marine system or from freshwater typically outside their historic range.

Generalists tend to be able to tolerate a broad range in physical and chemical environments.

Specialists tend to have more specific physiological requirements or are not as readily dispersed.

Invaders from the marine system are able to survive in moderately low salinity environments.

The invasiveness of some freshwater algae has been attributed to nutrient pollution and potential climate change.

Freshwater algae can be dispersed via animals (aquatic and terrestrial), water, wind and human vectors such as ship ballast and fishing waders.
Construction Grammar
Authors: Fischer Kerstin
Published: October 2013

Construction Grammar is a perspective on language deeply rooted in cognitive linguistics. Its main idea is that linguistic knowledge can be exhaustively described as a structured inventory of form–meaning pairs. While this perspective has proven extremely useful for the description of a large array of linguistic phenomena, a factor of considerable influence on the development of construction grammar has been the way in which it was embraced by a broad range of areas of applied linguistics, such as language acquisition, language emergence, interactional linguistics, language change, language typology, and last but not least second language acquisition.
Describing and Illustrating Data in Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Wesely Pamela M.
Published: October 2013

Describing and illustrating the data in mixed methods research involves crafting coherent reports on results and inferences from the analysis of those data. Because mixed methods research has both qualitative and quantitative aspects, this can be a difficult process. This entry first addresses the common techniques for illustrating the results from data analysis in mixed methods reports. It continues with a more comprehensive analysis of the recommended ways to structure findings and discussion sections in those reports.
Proficiency Scales
Authors: Shin Sun‐Young
Published: October 2013

Understanding the nature and extent of second language (
L2
) learners' knowledge of the target language (
TL
) has been a major issue in the field of
L2
acquisition, assessment, and teaching. It is critical for
L2
researchers and teachers to have a means of defining and describing what it means to know a language and to use it for communicative purposes. Therefore, the concept of proficiency and development of proficiency scales has been the subject of ongoing and intense debate over many years. This entry introduces various views of the nature of proficiency along with three important proficiency guidelines. It includes limitations of current proficiency scales and suggestions for possible future directions for proficiency scale development and use.
Vocabulary and Speaking
Authors: Koizumi Rie
Published: October 2013

Vocabulary plays an essential role in oral production. In theoretical models of first and second language (
L1
and
L2
, respectively) speaking processes vocabulary is indispensable in producing speech with appropriate meanings as well as in generating syntactic, morphological, and phonological structures.

Empirical studies on vocabulary and speaking proficiency are limited in scope and smaller in number than those on vocabulary and reading proficiency. However, some studies have shown the greater importance of vocabulary in speaking proficiency compared to other linguistic elements such as pronunciation and grammar. Adams examined factors that separated groups of
L2
learners belonging to neighboring levels (e.g., Levels 1 vs. 1+) of speaking proficiency assessed on a holistic scale. She found that out of five factors (i.e., accent, comprehension, fluency, grammar, and vocabulary), vocabulary was the only one that affected level differences between learners at novice and intermediate levels. For learners at intermediate levels and above, all the five factors affected level differences, but vocabulary frequently appeared as the discriminatory factor.
Vocabulary and Writing
Authors: Laufer Batia
Published: October 2013

We cannot communicate in speech or writing without knowing and using words that convey the ideas that we want to express. This is true for all languages, native and foreign. In the native language, lexical growth is concomitant with our cognitive development and education so that by the time we need to express complex ideas we have acquired the necessary lexis. In foreign languages, however, we usually experience a gap between what we want to convey in terms of content and what we can convey with the limited vocabulary we have. This is particularly true for writing, which is a more formal mode of expression than speech, and which is often characterized by more low‐frequent as well as academic vocabulary and requires, therefore, a more carefully chosen vocabulary. Learners are conscious of the importance of vocabulary and often report that their major problem in expression is lack of adequate lexis. In an interview that Coxhead conducted with learners of English as an additional language in New Zealand, learners reported the need for technical, academic, or professional words to express their ideas in writing.
Global exponential stability of a class of impulsive cellular neural networks with supremums
Authors: Stamova Ivanka , Stamov Trayan , Li Xiaodi
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we study the problem of global exponential stability for impulsive cellular neural networks with time‐varying delays and supremums. Using Young's inequality and Lyapunov‐like functions, new stability criteria are proved. Because supremums and impulses are relevant in various contexts, including problems in the theory of automatic control, our results can be applied in the qualitative investigations of many practical problems of diverse interest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Price Transmission of Soaring Milk Prices From Global to Domestic Markets
Authors: Acosta Alejandro , Ihle Rico , Robles Miguel
Published: October 2013

Milk has become one of the most volatile agricultural commodities in the international market. High volatility of commodity prices and their implications for food security are clearly among the most important issues facing policy makers today. Thus, a deeper understanding of the magnitude, speed, and symmetry to which global milk prices are being transmitted to domestic prices at the farm gate level is a fundamental factor in the design of appropriate policy measures oriented to reduce not only the level of milk price volatility, but also poverty and food insecurity. The purpose of this article is therefore to assess the dynamics of the relationship between global and domestic milk prices. [Econ Lit Classifications: Q11, Q13, Q17].
A quality relevant non‐Gaussian latent subspace projection method for chemical process monitoring and fault detection
Authors: Mori Junichi , Yu Jie
Published: October 2013

Partial least‐squares (PLS) method has been widely used in multivariate statistical process monitoring field. The goal of traditional PLS is to find the multidimensional directions in the measurement‐variable and quality‐variable spaces that have the maximum covariances. Therefore, PLS method relies on the second‐order statistics of covariance only but does not takes into account the higher‐order statistics that may involve certain key features of non‐Gaussian processes. Moreover, the derivations of control limits for T2 and squared prediction error (SPE) indices in PLS‐based monitoring method are based on the assumption that the process data follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution approximately. Meanwhile, independent component analysis (ICA) approach has recently been developed for process monitoring, where the goal is to find the independent components (ICs) that are assumed to be non‐Gaussian and mutually independent by means of maximizing the high‐order statistics such as negentropy instead of the second‐order statistics including variance and covariance. Nevertheless, the IC directions do not take into account the contributions from quality variables and, thus, ICA may not work well for process monitoring in the situations when the quality variables have strong influence on process operations. To capture the non‐Gaussian relationships between process measurement and quality variables, a novel projection‐based monitoring method termed as quality relevant non‐Gaussian latent subspace projection (QNGLSP) approach is proposed in this article. This new technique searches for the feature directions within the measurement‐variable and quality‐variable spaces concurrently so that the two sets of feature directions or subspaces have the maximized multidimensional mutual information. Further, the new monitoring indices including I2 and SPE statistics are developed for quality relevant fault detection of non‐Gaussian processes. The proposed QNGLSP approach is applied to the Tennessee Eastman Chemical process and the process monitoring results of the present method are demonstrated to be superior to those of the PLS‐based monitoring method. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 485–499, 2014
Perspectives and challenges in advancing research into craniofacial anomalies
Authors: Cox Timothy C. , Luquetti Daniela V. , Cunningham Michael L.
Published: October 2013

Development of the craniofacial region is a remarkably complex and tightly orchestrated process. It is therefore not surprising that genetic and environmental insults frequently result in craniofacial anomalies. Nonetheless, our knowledge of their etiology and pathogenesis is still scarce, limiting our efforts at prevention. Furthermore, few standardized protocols have been developed to guide clinical and surgical interventions. In this Issue of the Seminars, reviews on the most recent research advances on craniofacial conditions, from genomics and epigenetics to ontology and medical care are discussed with emphasis on the most common anomalies of the craniofacial region: orofacial clefts, craniosynostosis, craniofacial microsomia, facial dysostosis, Robin sequence, jaw and dentition anomalies, and anterior neural tube defects. Phenotypic variability and the importance of detailed characterization using standardized terminology to better distinguish between phenotypes, new technologies (and their limitations) for genetic diagnosis, and the use of mouse models to study these conditions in both their complex phenotypic and genetic aspects are highlighted. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superconductivity, diamagnetism, and the mean inner potential of solids
Authors: Hirsch J. E.
Published: October 2013

The mean inner potential of a solid is known to be proportional to its diamagnetic susceptibility. Superconductors exhibit giant diamagnetism. What does this say about the connection between superconductivity and mean inner potential? Nothing, according to the conventional theory of superconductivity. Instead, it is proposed that a deep connection exists between the mean inner potential, diamagnetism, and superconductivity: that they are all intimately linked to the fundamental charge asymmetry of matter. It is discussed how this physics can be probed experimentally and what the implications of different experimental findings would be for the understanding of superconductivity.
Facile Regioselective Synthesis of Novel bis‐Thiazole Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Mahmoodi Nosrat O. , Parvizi Jafar , Sharifzadeh Bahman , Rassa Mehdi
Published: October 2013

The design and synthesis of several new bis‐thiazoles 4a–h serving as bis‐drugs in comparison with mono‐heterocyclic analogs are described. These bis‐drugs present superior medicinal and pharmacological activities against both gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and gram‐positive (Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria, which are in general more sensitive to compounds with higher hydrophobicity. Compounds with higher hydrophobicity (4d and 4h) exhibited some activity against the gram‐negative bacteria.
Racial/ethnic disparities in timing of death during childhood among children with congenital heart defects
Authors: Nembhard Wendy N. , Xu Ping , Ethen Mary K. , Fixler David E. , Salemi Jason L. , Canfield Mark A.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Infants with congenital heart defects (CHD) have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Little is known about racial/ethnic differences in timing of death during childhood. Our intent was to investigate racial/ethnic differences in mortality for CHDs during specific time periods in childhood.

METHODS

Texas Birth Defect Registry data were used for a retrospective cohort study with 30,015 singleton infants with a CHD, born January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2007, to non‐Hispanic (NH) white, NH‐black, or Hispanic women. Texas Birth Defect Registry data were linked to Texas death records to ascertain death. Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities and multivariable Cox‐proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

NH‐blacks and Hispanics with specific CHDs had increased mortality during the postneonatal period and early childhood. NH‐blacks had increased postneonatal mortality compared with NH‐whites for transposition of the great arteries (HR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5–4.0), pulmonary valve atresia without ventricular septal defect (HR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.7–9.7), Ebstein's anomaly (HR = 8.6; 95 CI, 1.2–61.1), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7), coarctation of the aorta (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.5), ventricular septal defect (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6−2.8), and atrial septal defect (HR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1−1.8). Hispanics had increased postneonatal mortality risk for tetralogy of Fallot (HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.5). Racial/ethnic increases in mortality risk were also observed during infancy and childhood.

CONCLUSION

Racial/ethnic differences in mortality were most notably observed during the postneonatal period and early childhood. Future studies should assess factors associated with this disparity in mortality risk for infants with CHDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:628–640, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rapid and sensitive method based on magnetic beads for the detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in human serum
Authors: Ren Zhi‐Qi , Liu Tian‐Cai , Hou Jing‐Yuan , Chen Mei‐Jun , Chen Zhen‐Hua , Lin Guan‐Feng , Wu Ying‐Song
Published: October 2013

Current clinically assays, such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and chemiluminescence immunoassay, for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are inferior in terms of either sensitivity and accuracy or rapid and high‐throughput analysis. A novel assay based on magnetic beads and time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay was developed for the quantitative determination of HBsAg in human serum. HBsAg was captured using two types of anti‐HBsAg monoclonal antibodies (B028, S015) immobilized on to magnetic beads and detected using europium‐labeled anti‐HBsAg polyclonal detection antibody. Finally, the assay yielded a high sensitivity (0.02 IU/mL) and a wide dynamic range (0.02–700 IU/mL) for HBsAg when performed under optimal conditions. Satisfactory accuracy, recovery and specificity were also demonstrated. The intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation were 4.7–8.7% and 3.8–7.5%, respectively. The performance of this assay was further assessed against a well‐established commercial chemiluminescence immunoassay kit with 399 clinical serum samples. It was revealed that the test results for the two methods were in good correlation (Y = 1.182X – 0.017, R = 0.989). In the current study, we demonstrated that this novel time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay could be used: as a highly sensitive, automated and high‐throughput immunoassay for the diagnosis of acute or chronic hepatitis B virus infection; for the screening of blood or organ donors; and for the surveillance of persons at risk of acquiring or transmitting hepatitis B virus. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three versus five micrometer chlorinated polysaccharide‐based packings in chiral capillary electrochromatography: efficiency and precision evaluation
Authors: Hendrickx Ans , Klerck Katrijn De , Mangelings Debby , Clincke Lies , Heyden Yvan Vander
Published: October 2013

In an earlier part of this study (performance evaluation) it was observed, for home‐made capillary electrochromatography (CEC) columns, that smaller particle diameters do not always generate higher efficiencies. This phenomenon was further examined in this study, evaluating Van Deemter curves. Naphthalene and trans‐stilbene oxide were analyzed on four 3 µm and four 5 µm chlorinated polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) applying voltages ranging from 5 to 30 kV. Neither the 3 nor the 5 µm packings generated systematically the highest efficiencies. The varying column efficiencies were optimized by evaluating nine packing procedures for both 3 and 5 µm CSPs. Again it was observed that smaller particle‐size packings were not necessarily beneficial for the efficiency of the CEC analysis. This observation was statistically evaluated. A variability study evaluated different precision estimates related to column packing and replicate measurement conditions. The best columns with the highest efficiencies (for chiral separations) and good precision, that is, the lowest RSD values, were generated by the packing procedure in which an MeOH‐slurry and a water rinsing step of 8 h were applied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed Evolution by Using Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis Based on Multiresidue Sites
Authors: Parra Loreto P. , Agudo Rubén , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: October 2013

Iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) in combination with reduced amino acid alphabets has been shown to be an efficient method for directed evolution. In order to minimize the screening effort, the number of residues in a given randomization site has thus far been restricted to two or three; this prevents oversampling from reaching astronomical numbers when 95 % library coverage is aimed for. In this study, ISM is applied for the first time by using randomization sites composed of five amino acid positions. The use of just two such sites (A and B) results in two different ISM pathways, A→B and B→A. A severely reduced amino acid alphabet (only five members) was employed for the building blocks—a minimal set of structurally representative amino acids. The Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase PAMO was chosen as the enzyme for this proof‐of‐principle study. The test system employed tuning of activity and diastereoselectivity in the oxidation of 4‐(bromomethylidene)cyclohexanone, which is not accepted by wild‐type PAMO. Although only 8–9 % library coverage was ensured (as calculated by traditional statistics), notable activity and 99 % diastereoselectivity were obtained, thus indicating that such an ISM strategy is viable in protein engineering.
Unzipping Nucleoside Channels by Means of Alcohol Disassembly
Authors: Vanegas Julie P. , Peisino Lucas E. , Pocoví‐Martínez Salvador , Zaragozá Ramón J. , Zaballos‐García Elena , Pérez‐Prieto Julia
Published: October 2013

Gold nanoparticles capped with simple adenosine derivatives can form colloidal aggregates in nonpolar solvents. Theoretical calculations indicate the formation of organic channels by the supramolecular assembly of the nanoparticles by means of hydrogen bonds between the adenine moieties. The aggregates were only negligibly sensitive to nPrOH, iPrOH, and tBuOH, whereas some showed a similar response to MeOH and EtOH, and others showed high selectivity toward MeOH. DNA nucleoside derivatives (1‐(2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐5‐methyluracil and 2′,3′‐O‐isopropylideneadenosine) as well as thymine and other aromatic compounds such as pyrene derivatives (pyrene, 1‐chloropyrene, 1‐hydroxypyrene, (1‐pyrenyl)methanol, and 2‐hydroxynapthalene) did not induce disassembly of the nanoparticle aggregates. Data suggest that the nucleoside channels allow access to alcohols according to their size, and an efficient interaction between the alcohol and the adenine units destabilizes the hydrogen bonds, which eventually leads to nanoparticle disassembly.
Water‐Dependent Optical Activity Inversion of Chiral DNA–Silica Assemblies
Authors: Liu Ben , Cao Yuanyuan , Duan Yingying , Che Shunai
Published: October 2013

Chirality is widely found in nature and is expressed hierarchically in many organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Optical activity (OA) is the most fundamental attribute of these chiral materials. In this study, we found that the OA of impeller‐like chiral DNA–silica assemblies (CDSAs) was inverted with the addition of water. The state of DNA under dry and wet conditions, and the dual chirality of chiral DNA layers and twisted helical arrays of opposite handedness in CDSAs were considered to exert predominant effects on the OAs. The circular dichroism (CD) responses for the dry CDSAs were mostly attributed to the chiral arrangement of DNA layers, whereas the opposite CD responses for the wet CDSAs primarily originated from twisted helical arrays of DNA molecules. The observed CD signals were a super‐position of the two opposing OA responses. The increase in the longitudinal relation of DNA molecules due to the recovery of a double‐helical structure of DNA in the presence of water was considered to be the reason for the increase in intensity of the CD signals that originated from the twisted helical array, which led to the inversion of OA of the CDSAs. The inversion of the plasmon‐resonance‐based OAs for the chiral‐arranged achiral Ag nanoparticles (NPs) located in the channels of the CDSAs in dry and wet states further confirmed the dual chirality of DNA packing. Such research on DNA assemblies and metal NPs with dual, opposite chirality assists in the understanding of DNA hierarchical chirality in living systems and the creation of macroscopic ordered helical materials and biosensors.
Improvement of Fluid Phase Resonance Mixing with OpenFOAM
Authors: Schmalfuß Silvio , Säuberlich Ralph , Sommerfeld Martin
Published: October 2013

Das Fluidphasenresonanzmischen soll hinsichtlich zweier Anwendungsfälle verbessert werden: scherungsarmes Umwälzen und intensives Mischen. Dazu werden aus früheren Arbeiten gewonnene Kenntnisse und CFD‐Simulationen mit OpenFOAM genutzt. Die zwei neu gestalteten Varianten werden als instationäre Strömung zweier getrennt vorliegender Phasen mit 2D‐ und 3D‐Modellen simuliert. Zur Verifizierung der 3D‐Simulation werden die Geschwindigkeiten zusätzlich mittels Laser‐Doppler‐Anemometrie gemessen.
Drug Discovery Alliances in India—Indications, Targets, and New Chemical Entities
Authors: Differding Edmond
Published: October 2013

Global pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have been building increasingly on the skills and services offered by Indian biotech companies through strategic collaborative partnerships and alliances to fuel their in‐house discovery and development pipelines. With the exception of generic press releases, however, very little has been published on the process and progress of drug discovery itself, such as the targets or modes of action involved, nor on the scientific output of such collaborations, and therefore on new chemical entities coming out of India through research collaborations. This Essay provides an analytical review of recent patents, patent applications, and peer‐reviewed publications of major research alliances. It aims at highlighting their scientific output as well as the considerable bandwidth of targets and therapeutic areas involved.
Development and Characterization of An Unshielded PatLoc Gradient Coil for Human Head Imaging
Authors: Welz Anna , Cocosco Chris , Dewdney Andrew , Gallichan Daniel , Jia Feng , Lehr Heinrich , Liu Zhenyu , Post Hans , Schmidt Hartmut , Schultz Gerrit , Testud Frederik , Weber Hans , Witschey Walter , Korvink Jan , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: October 2013

A cylindrical head gradient insert for human imaging with non‐linear spatial encoding magnetic fields (SEMs) has been designed, optimized and successfully integrated with a modified 3T clinical MR system. This PatLoc (parallel acquisition technique using localized gradients) SEM coil uses SEMs that resemble second‐order magnetic shim fields, but with much higher amplitude as well as the possibility for rapid switching. This work describes the optimization of a coil design and measurement methods to characterize its SEMs, induced self‐eddy currents and concomitant fields. Magnetic field maps of the SEMs are measured and it is demonstrated that the induced self‐eddy current magnetic fields are small and can be compensated. A method to measure concomitant fields is presented and those fields are compared to simulated data. Finally, in vivo human images acquired using the PatLoc system are presented and discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 43B: 111–125, 2013
The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in the local management of desmoplastic melanoma
Authors: Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh , Prieto Victor , Weber Randal , Ross Merrick I. , Zagars Gunar K.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

In the current study, the authors sought to evaluate outcomes, specifically with respect to adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), for patients with desmoplastic melanoma.

METHODS

The records of 130 consecutive patients who presented between 1985 and 2009 with nonmetastatic desmoplastic melanoma and were treated curatively with either surgery alone (59 patients; 45%) or surgery and postoperative RT (71 patients; 55%) were retrospectively reviewed. Ages ranged from 21 years to 97 years (median age, 66 years). The location of the primary tumor was in the head and neck region in 62% of patients. Only 5 patients (4%) had lymph node involvement at the time of presentation.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 6.6 years (range, 11 months‐24 years). Overall survival rates at 5 years and 10 years were 69% and 53%, respectively. Disease‐specific survival rates were 84% and 80%, respectively, at 5 years and 10 years. The actuarial rate of local recurrence was 17% at 5 years and beyond. Of the patients who underwent surgery without receiving postoperative RT, 14 (24%) experienced local recurrence. Of the 71 patients treated with surgery and postoperative RT, 5 (7%) experienced local recurrence. In a Cox multivariate regression model, improved local control was significantly associated with the receipt of postoperative RT (P = .009).

CONCLUSIONS

Surgery followed by postoperative RT appears to provide superior local control compared with surgery alone for patients with desmoplastic melanoma. Cancer 2014;120:1361–1368. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
WKB Analysis of Bohmian Dynamics
Authors: Figalli A. , Klein C. , Markowich P. , Sparber C.
Published: October 2013

We consider a semiclassically scaled Schrödinger equation with WKB initial data. We prove that in the classical limit the corresponding Bohmian trajectories converge (locally in measure) to the classical trajectories before the appearance of the first caustic. In a second step we show that after caustic onset this convergence in general no longer holds. In addition, we provide numerical simulations of the Bohmian trajectories in the semiclassical regime that illustrate the above results.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multidimensional resource model for dynamic resource matching in internet of things
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Zhang Yang , Yu Le , Cheng Bo , Ji Yang , Chen Junliang
Published: October 2013

With the development of Internet of Things (IoT), many middleware solutions have been proposed for the integration of physical world with the Web. However, most leading middleware solutions provide only limited resource matching and selection functionality. When significant amounts of resources are available, selecting the appropriate resources becomes challenging and time‐consuming. This paper addresses the growing issues of resource matching and selection in IoT solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel resource model to describe the IoT resources in a multidimensional manner. Based on the resource model, a resource matching algorithm that selects the well‐matched resources by matching the similarity between resources is proposed. Moreover, we constructed a combined resource set and used it and OWLS‐TC to evaluate our work comprehensively. Experimental results show that the proposed resource matching approach is more effective and efficient than existing approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathological motivations for exercise and eating disorder specific health‐related quality of life
Authors: Cook Brian , Engel Scott , Crosby Ross , Hausenblas Heather , Wonderlich Stephen , Mitchell James
Published: October 2013

Objective

To examine associations among pathological motivations for exercise with eating disorder (ED) specific health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Method

Survey data assessing ED severity (i.e., Eating Disorder Diagnostic Survey), ED specific HRQOL (i.e., Eating Disorders Quality of Life Instrument), and pathological motivations for exercise (i.e., Exercise Dependence Scale) were collected from female students (N = 387) at seven universities throughout the United States. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations among exercise dependence, ED‐specific HRQOL and ED severity, and the interaction of exercise dependence and ED severity on HRQOL scores.

Results

The overall model examining the impact of ED severity and exercise dependence (independent variables) on HRQOL (dependent variable) was significant and explained 16.1% of the variance in HRQOL scores. Additionally, the main effects for ED severity and exercise dependence and the interaction among ED severity and exercise dependence were significant, suggesting that the combined effects of ED severity and exercise dependence significantly impacts HRQOL.

Discussion

Our results suggest that pathological motivations for exercise may exacerbate ED's detrimental impact on HRQOL. Our results offer one possible insight into why exercise may be associated with deleterious effects on ED HRQOL. Future research is needed to elucidate the relationship among psychological aspects of exercise, ED, and HRQOL. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:268–272)
Cytokine‐dependent regulation of dendritic cell differentiation in the splenic microenvironment
Authors: Globisch Theresa , Steiner Nancy , Fülle Lorenz , Lukacs‐Kornek Veronika , Degrandi Daniel , Dresing Philipp , Alferink Judith , Lang Roland , Pfeffer Klaus , Beyer Marc , Weighardt Heike , Kurts Christian , Ulas Thomas , Schultze Joachim L. , Förster Irmgard
Published: October 2013

The DC‐derived chemokine CCL17, a ligand of CCR4, has been shown to promote various inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Under steady‐state conditions, and even after systemic stimulation with LPS, CCL17 is not expressed in resident splenic DCs as opposed to CD8α−CD11b+ LN DCs, which produce large amounts of CCL17 in particular after maturation. Upon systemic NKT cell activation through α‐galactosylceramide stimulation however, CCL17 can be upregulated in both CD8α− and CD8α+ splenic DC subsets and enhances cross‐presentation of exogenous antigens. Based on genome‐wide expression profiling, we now show that splenic CD11b+ DCs are susceptible to IFN‐γ‐mediated suppression of CCL17, whereas LN CD11b+CCL17+ DCs downregulate the IFN‐γR and are much less responsive to IFN‐γ. Under inflammatory conditions, particularly in the absence of IFN‐γ signaling in IFN‐γRKO mice, CCL17 expression is strongly induced in a major proportion of splenic DCs by the action of GM‐CSF in concert with IL‐4. Our findings demonstrate that the local cytokine milieu and differential cytokine responsiveness of DC subsets regulate lymphoid organ specific immune responses at the level of chemokine expression.
How Do Proximal Hydroxy or Methoxy Groups on the Bidentate Ligand Affect [(2,2′;6′,2"‐Terpyridine)Ru(N,N)X] Water‐Oxidation Catalysts? Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity at Acidic and Near‐Neutral pH
Authors: Marelius David C. , Bhagan Salome , Charboneau David J. , Schroeder Kristine M. , Kamdar Jayneil M. , McGettigan Amanda R. , Freeman Benjamin J. , Moore Curtis E. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Cooksy Andrew L. , Smith Diane K. , Paul Jared J. , Papish Elizabeth T. , Grotjahn Douglas B.
Published: October 2013

Water‐oxidation catalysts (WOCs) can potentially be improved by installing pendant electron‐donor groups that may also be proton donors or acceptors. We have modified one of the most well‐studied WOCs with alkoxy or hydroxy substituents on the bidentate bipyridine ligand (N,N), thereby forming [(terpy)RuII(N,N)X] (X = Cl, H2O; terpy = 2,2′;6′,2"‐terpyridine). A combination of NMR spectroscopy (particularly 15N chemical‐shift data), UV/Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and oxygen evolution data point to interesting and beneficial effects of an oxygenated group proximal to X. A methoxy group on the 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bipy) ring cis to X = Cl is shown to facilitate ionization of the chloride ligand in aqueous acetone, perhaps by acceptance of a hydrogen bond from the aquo ligand. Hydrogen‐bond donation of a proximal hydroxy group to a bound aquo ligand is shown by X‐ray diffraction. Distinct differences in pKa values for the 4,4′‐ and 6,6′‐dihydroxy bipy complexes are seen. In water oxidation driven by ceric ammonium nitrate, the 6,6′‐dimethoxy species is somewhat faster and longer‐lived than the analogue that lacks the oxygenated groups [a turnover number (TON) of 215 instead of 138 in 10 h, and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.36 min–1 instead of 0.23 over the same time period]. Taken together, oxygenated groups near the WOC active site are promising electron or proton donors and/or hydrogen‐bond acceptors, and are the subject of further scrutiny.
Kinetic Analysis of the Living Ring‐Opening Polymerisation of L‐Lactide with Tin(II) Initiators
Authors: Wang Lingfang , Bochmann Manfred , Cannon Roderick D. , Carpentier Jean‐François , Roisnel Thierry , Sarazin Yann
Published: October 2013

A general kinetic model to describe the initiation and monomer depletion phases of the metal‐catalysed living ring‐opening polymerisation (ROP) of cyclic esters is presented. The model allows the description of ROP reactions in terms of rates of initiation (ki) and propagation (kp) and is in principle applicable to all metal‐mediated ROP reactions. The model was validated by curve‐fitting of data obtained for the living ROP of L‐lactide catalysed by a variety of tin(II) catalysts. The catalyst was chosen from tin(II) diisopropoxide or from heteroleptic complexes of the type (LOx)Sn(OR), in which (LOx) is an amino or aminoether phenolate ancillary ligand and OR is isopropoxide or O‐tert‐butyl lactate. All tested catalysts promote the controlled, living polymerisation of L‐lactide. No initiation phase was discerned for any of the considered catalysts in polymerisations performed at 60 °C, whereas at 25 °C initiation is an order of magnitude slower than propagation and, therefore, the inclusion of ki is required for an accurate kinetic description. Tin diisopropoxide is polymeric in the solid state, but it is dimeric in toluene solution. [Sn(OiPr)2]2 is an excellent example of an aggregated catalyst precursor and is catalytically more active than the heteroleptic (LOx)Sn(OR). As dissociation of the inactive dimer into a catalytically active monomeric complex is required, half‐order dependence on [metal] is to be expected and was indeed found. A method to estimate the related monomer–dimer equilibrium constant KD under polymerisation conditions is also provided.
Tris(3‐phenylpyrazolyl)methanide Complex of Calcium – Unprecedented Coordination Chemistry and Degradation Reaction
Authors: Müller Christoph , Görls Helmar , Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: October 2013

Calciation of tris(3‐phenylpyrazolyl)methane in tetrahydrofuran and recrystallization from a mixture of toluene and 1,2‐dimethoxyethane yielded [(dme)Ca{C(PzPh)3}2] (1). The molecular structure of this complex resembles a typical dialkylcalcium complex stabilized by long Ca–N contacts to two pyrazolyl fragments. The addition of 1,2‐bis(dimethylamino)ethane (tmeda) to 1 initiated the degradation of the latter and the formation of the dinuclear tmeda adduct [(tmeda)Ca(PzPh)2]2 (2), which is also accessible by calciation of 3‐phenylpyrazole in the presence of tmeda. The liberated bis(3‐phenylpyrazolyl)carbene dimerized, as revealed by mass spectrometric methods.
Interference versus filtering distortion trade‐offs in OFDM‐based cognitive radios
Authors: Maliatsos Konstantinos , Adamis Athanasios , Kanatas Athanasios G.
Published: October 2013

Cognitive radio (CR) and opportunistic radio access came as a solution for the underutilisation of radio resources. An expected consequence is that the interference management procedures obtain high priority in CR research. While the vast majority of studies focus on interference phenomena towards the licensed primary system (PS), this paper analyses the effects of adjacent primary user (PU) signals to a CR system that uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. The lack of orthogonality in OFDM receivers increases out of band interference. The ‘near PU–far CR’ scenario is introduced, an inverse equivalent to the ‘hidden terminal’ problem that may cause serious degradation in the receiver operation. An analytical interference model is developed, and direct filtering of the conventional OFDM waveform is investigated as a means to control interference from PU signals. Closed‐form expressions of the induced distortion are extracted. The results are used to evaluate a filtered‐based OFDM receiver via simulation and to prove that high‐rank filters at CR receivers may be quite beneficial even though OFDM modulation generally avoids their use. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid anycast network architecture and intelligent server selection strategy for multimedia services
Authors: Yuan Sha , Lin Tao , Zhang Guoqiang , An Wei , Li Yang , Song Ci
Published: October 2013

Multimedia services, which are experiencing an enormous popularity nowadays, have been regarded as one of the main applications of Future Internet. A key supporting technology behind these services is a scalable, intelligent and effective anycast service. Present anycast solutions are either based on route‐by‐name or lookup‐by‐name, which cannot fulfill the requirements of today's services. In this paper, we first propose an anycast network architecture that combines the merits of both the route‐by‐name and lookup‐by‐name schemes, which achieves good balance between routing scalability and forwarding efficiency, allows flexible server selection, quickly adapts to network changes and maintains flow affinity. Based on this architecture, practical anycast‐based server selection algorithms are presented with joint considerations of both network condition and server load condition. The proposed algorithms are evaluated through the discrete event network simulations using OMNET++ and the INET framework. Experiment results show that efficient server selection can be achieved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural Gas Matters: State of Play in the Natural Gas Generation Market
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: October 2013

A couple of months ago in this space, I explored the fit that the most likely level of LNG exports should have within the US supply‐demand balance for natural gas, concluding that the range of easily achievable shale development deliverabilities can certainly accommodate both exports and growth in power generation and industrial loads. I summarized the Energy Information Administration's forecast of the natural gas demand for generation and industrial use, and then layered on top of that a rough estimate of the industry's general expectation of additional growth.