bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Odour assessment: determining the optimum temperature and time for Tedlar sampling bag pre-conditioning
Authors: Bokowa A. H.
Published: August 2012

Odours present in new Tedlar bags can impact the assessment of emissions from sewer collection systems and wastewater treatment plants. Conditioning protocols are needed to minimise the impact of background materials emissions on the sampling and assessment of odourous emissions. Olfactometry analysis has shown that background odour concentrations for new Tedlar bags can be as high as 130 OUE/m3. Experimental studies were undertaken to investigate the impact of different conditioning temperatures in order to determine the optimum temperature for cleaning new Tedlar bags to a level when no detectable odours were present in the sampling bags via dilution olfactometry. For the purpose of this study, new Tedlar bags were cleaned in a temperature-controlled oven that had a constant filtered air flow-rate. From the analysis of odour and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations found in new Tedlar bags during the cleaning process, it was observed that odour and VOCs concentrations decreased with time. It was also found that the temperature setting plays a significant role in the cleaning of the Tedlar bags as large concentrations of phenols and acetamide, N,N-dimethyl were found in new Tedlar bags and their concentrations decreased following the temperature pre-conditioning.
Comparison of different thickening methods for active biomass recycle for anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge
Authors: Vanyushina A. Ya. , Agarev A. M. , Moyzhes S. I. , Nikolaev Yu. A. , Kevbrina M. V. , Kozlov M. N.
Published: August 2012

The effect of returning solids to the digester, after one of three thickening processes, on volatile solids reduction (VSR) and gas production was investigated. Three different thickening methods were compared: centrifugation, flotation and gravitational sedimentation. The amount and activity of retained biomass in thickened recycled sludge affected the efficiency of digestion. Semi-continuous laboratory digesters were used to study the influence of thickening processes on thermophilic sludge digestion efficiency. Centrifugation was the most effective method used and caused an increase of VSR from 43% (control) up to 70% and gas generation from 0.40 to 0.44 L g−1 VS. Flotation and gravitational sedimentation ways of thickening appeared to be less effective if compared with centrifugation. These methods increased VSR only by up to 65 and 51%, respectively and showed no significant increase of gas production. The dewatering capacity of digested sludge, as measured by its specific resistance to filtration, was essentially better for the sludge digested in the reactors with centrifugated and settled recycle. The VS concentration of recycle (g L−1), as reflecting the amount of retained biomass, appeared to be one of the most important factors influencing the efficiency of sludge digestion in the recycling technology.
Do Auditor-Provided Tax Services Enhance or Impair the Value Relevance of Earnings?
Authors: Krishnan Gopal V. , Visvanathan Gnanakumar , Yu Wei
Published: August 2012

Recently, some firms have decoupled their audit and tax service providers in an effort to improve the perceived credibility of their financial statements. Many firms, however, continue to rely on their current auditor for tax services. Therefore, we examine whether investors assign a lower valuation to firms that continue to use their auditor for tax services. We find that the value-relevance of earnings is increasing in the ratio of tax fees over total fees paid to the auditor. Further, for a sample of firms that switched to other providers of tax services, we find that the value-relevance of earnings is lower in the year of the switch. These findings support the notion that on average, investors perceive the benefits of auditor-provided tax services; i.e., enhanced financial reporting quality due to knowledge spillover to be greater than the costs of auditor-provided tax services; i.e., threat to auditor independence. Our findings have important implications for audit committee chairs, managers, and regulators.
How Strategic Reasoning and Brainstorming Can Help Auditors Detect Fraud
Authors: Hoffman Vicky B. , Zimbelman Mark F.
Published: August 2012

Auditors often fail to effectively modify their standard audit procedures in response to fraud risk. Two audit interventions, strategic reasoning (i.e., considering how the audit client may be concealing a fraud from the auditor) and brainstorming in groups, have been suggested to help auditors design better fraud detection procedures. This paper summarizes a recent study (“Do Strategic Reasoning and Brainstorming Help Auditors Change Their Standard Audit Procedures in Response to Fraud Risk?” [Hoffman and Zimbelman 2009], The Accounting Review) in which an experiment was conducted in a high-fraud-risk setting to see whether these interventions helped audit managers design better fraud procedures. The study found that both interventions improved auditors' planning judgments, but that combining them was not more effective than either one alone. That is, once individual audit managers reasoned strategically, adding more audit managers to the process in a brainstorming group did not result in better judgments, and brainstorming groups did not obtain additional benefits from reasoning strategically together.
Recent progress in laser surface treatment: II. Adopted processing for high efficiency and quality
Authors: Bloehs W. , Grünenwald B. , Dausinger F. , Hügel H.
Published: August 2012

In Part I of this contribution, energy coupling and transport mechanisms were considered in detail. The second part concentrates on the effect of the spatial distribution of the energy in the laser beam, which will be discussed in connection with applications of laser surface technologies. Along these lines, a variety of beam shaping facilities is presented for laser hardening and cladding. Their purpose is to adapt the irradiated area to the workpiece geometry in order to achieve optimum energy coupling and processing quality. As an example, the use of beam combining optics permits of pre- and postheating, thereby offering interesting variations in the process. Means and techniques to enhance quality by controlling the process are also demonstrated. The principles discussed are practically independent of the laser wavelength, so that this aspect will not be treated explicitly.
Low power laser heat treatment to improve fatigue life of low carbon steel
Authors: Fly David E. , Black J. T. , Singleton Ben
Published: August 2012

An industrial laser cutting machine tool was used to harden 1117 and 1144 steel to examine effects on fatigue life. Transformation hardening leaves residual compressive stresses at the surface, which greatly enhance fatigue life in addition to increasing the hardness. The laser, which creates localized heating, allows faster cooling rates than conventional heat treatment methods. As a result, the application of the laser facilitates the hardening of low carbon steel which is not hardenable by conventional methods.
Excimer laser interactions with an aluminum alloy
Authors: Koutsomichalis Angelos , Kefalidou Anastasia
Published: August 2012

An AlCuMg alloy was irradiated using a KrF pulsed excimer laser. A microstructural study showed the presence of a laser treated zone having a uniform depth of approximately 20 μm. The surface layer of the laser treated aluminum alloy exhibited a wavy topography and its surface roughness was found to depend on the number of laser pulses per step. A X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of aluminum oxides and nitrides on the surface of the laser irradiated specimens. Corrosion measurements showed that the laser treated aluminum alloy exhibited a higher corrosion resistance. The corrosion behavior of the irradiated specimens is related to the energy density of the incident laser pulses.
Neurochemical Analysis of Primary Motor Cortex in Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Sharma Neena K. , Brooks William M. , Popescu Anda E. , VanDillen Linda , George Steven Z. , McCarson Kenneth E. , Gajewski Byron J. , Gorman Patrick , Cirstea Carmen M.
Published: August 2012

The involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in chronic low back pain (LBP) is a relatively new concept. Decreased M1 excitability and an analgesic effect after M1 stimulation have been recently reported. However, the neurochemical changes underlying these functional M1 changes are unknown. The current study investigated whether neurochemicals specific to neurons and glial cells in both right and left M1 are altered. N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol (mI) were measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 19 subjects with chronic LBP and 14 healthy controls. We also examined correlations among neurochemicals within and between M1 and relationships between neurochemical concentrations and clinical features of pain. Right M1 NAA was lower in subjects with LBP compared to controls (p = 0.008). Left M1 NAA and mI were not significantly different between LBP and control groups. Correlations between neurochemical concentrations across M1s were different between groups (p = 0.008). There were no significant correlations between M1 neurochemicals and pain characteristics. These findings provide preliminary evidence of neuronal depression and altered neuronal-glial interactions across M1 in chronic LBP.
Site Index Curves for Young Hybrid Larch Growing on Former Farmland in Sweden
Authors: Johansson Tord
Published: August 2012

Site index (SI) curves for H20 (dominant height at 20 years total age) were constructed for hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry) growing in 26 stands on former farmland in southern and central Sweden (Latitude 56–60° N.). The mean total age of the stands was 23 ± 10 (range 17–49) years; the mean diameter at breast height (ob) was 16 (7–34) cm; the mean height was 14 (8–29) m; and the stands had a mean density of 993 (266–2195) stems ha−1. A model derived by Cieszewski (2001) performed best for the data. The model explained 99% of the observed variation in height development. No apparent bias across the range of predicted site indices was found. SI was examined in relation to soil types. Multiple samples were available for three soil types: light clay, medium clay and till. There were no significant differences between these soil types with respect to the choice of SI curve.
Identification of Tillering Node Proteins Differentially Accumulated in Barley Recombinant Inbred Lines with Different Juvenile Growth Habits
Authors: Kuczyńska Anetta , Kosmala Arkadiusz , Surma Maria , Adamski Tadeusz
Published: August 2012

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop grown for both the feed and malting industries. The allelic dwarfing gene sdw1/denso has been used throughout the world to develop commercial barley varieties. Proteomic analysis offers a new approach to identify a broad spectrum of genes that are expressed in the living system. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were applied to investigate changes in protein abundance associated with different juvenile growth habit as effect of the denso locus in barley homozygous lines derived from a Maresi × Pomo cross combination. A total of 31 protein spots were revealed that demonstrate quantitative differences in protein abundance between the analyzed plants with different juvenile growth habit, and these protein spots were selected to be identified by mass spectrometry. Identification was successful for 27 spots, and functional annotations of proteins revealed that most of them are involved in metabolism and disease/defense-related processes. Functions of the identified proteins and their probable influence on the growth habit in barley are discussed.
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-Induced Protein (TGFBI)/(βig-H3): A Matrix Protein with Dual Functions in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ween Miranda P. , Oehler Martin K. , Ricciardelli Carmela
Published: August 2012

Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI, also known as βig-H3 and keratoepithelin) is an extracellular matrix protein that plays a role in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions including diabetes, corneal dystrophy and tumorigenesis. Many reports indicate that βig-H3 functions as a tumor suppressor. Loss of βig-H3 expression has been described in several cancers including ovarian cancer and promoter hypermethylation has been identified as an important mechanism for the silencing of the TGFBI gene. Our recent findings that βig-H3 is down-regulated in ovarian cancer and that high concentrations of βig-H3 can induce ovarian cancer cell death support a tumor suppressor role. However, there is also convincing data in the literature reporting a tumor-promoting role for βig-H3. We have shown βig-H3 to be abundantly expressed by peritoneal cells and increase the metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells by promoting cell motility, invasion, and adhesion to peritoneal cells. Our findings suggest that βig-H3 has dual functions and can act both as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter depending on the tumor microenvironment. This article reviews the current understanding of βig-H3 function in cancer cells with particular focus on ovarian cancer.
Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Disease
Authors: Brown Kirsty , DeCoffe Daniella , Molcan Erin , Gibson Deanna L.
Published: August 2012

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is the collection of microbes which reside in the GI tract and represents the largest source of non-self antigens in the human body. The GI tract functions as a major immunological organ as it must maintain tolerance to commensal and dietary antigens while remaining responsive to pathogenic stimuli. If this balance is disrupted, inappropriate inflammatory processes can result, leading to host cell damage and/or autoimmunity. Evidence suggests that the composition of the intestinal microbiota can influence susceptibility to chronic disease of the intestinal tract including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome, as well as more systemic diseases such as obesity, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, a considerable shift in diet has coincided with increased incidence of many of these inflammatory diseases. It was originally believed that the composition of the intestinal microbiota was relatively stable from early childhood; however, recent evidence suggests that diet can cause dysbiosis, an alteration in the composition of the microbiota, which could lead to aberrant immune responses. The role of the microbiota and the potential for diet-induced dysbiosis in inflammatory conditions of the GI tract and systemic diseases will be discussed.
An Analysis of Waste Management Policies on Utilizing Biosludge as Material Resources in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Wen-Tien
Published: August 2012

Biosludge is a by-product of secondary wastewater treatment processes. Due to its high contents of organic carbon and plant nutrients, this bioresource can be practically reused as raw feedstock for making organic fertilizers and building materials. The objective of this paper was to provide a preliminary analysis of biosludge utilization in Taiwan, including food processing sludge, wine brewery sludge, textile sludge, pulp sludge and agricultural sludge. The discussion focused on the status of biosludge generation in recent years (2004–2010), and its sustainable management principle. This paper also presents updated information about the governmental regulations and policies for promoting these biosolids as material resources, as well as validating the regulatory levels of toxic constituents in the biosludge and its derived product (e.g., organic fertilizer). Based on the preliminary benefit analysis of utilizing biosludge as raw material for organic fertilizer, reusing biosludge, being a beneficial resource, should be superior to those by traditional treatments (i.e., incineration and sanitary landfill).
A macrolactonization approach to the total synthesis of the antimicrobial cyclic depsipeptide LI-F04a and diastereoisomeric analogues
Authors: Cochrane James R , Yoon Dong Hee , McErlean Christopher S P , Jolliffe Katrina A
Published: August 2012

The cyclic peptide core of the antifungal and antibiotic cyclic depsipeptide LI-F04a was synthesised by using a modified Yamaguchi macrolactonization approach. Alternative methods of macrolactonization (e.g., Corey–Nicolaou) resulted in significant epimerization of the C-terminal amino acid during the cyclization reaction. The D-stereochemistry of the alanine residue in the naturally occurring cyclic peptide may be required for the antifungal activity of this natural product.
Skin biopsy: a pillar in the identification of cutaneous Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Solis Alejandro Hernández , González Norma Estela Herrera , Cazarez Fernando , Pérez Patricia Mercadillo , Diaz Hiram Olivera , Escobar-Gutierrez Alejandro , Ortíz Ileana Cortés , González Heleodora González , Reding-Bernal Arturo , Sabido Raúl Cícero
Published: August 2012

Introduction: The present study aimed to establish the frequency and clinical characteristics of cutaneous tuberculosis among Mexican adult patients. Methodology: Ninety-five patients with clinically compatible lesions to cutaneous tuberculosis participated in the study. All patients were HIV negative and none of them had previous anti-TB treatment. A skin biopsy was taken from every patient suspected of having tuberculosis, and a histopathologic examination was performed as follows: Ziehl-Neelsen staining; culturing of mycobacteria by Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium; Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube detection via BACTEC (MGIT-360); and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the sequence of insertion IS6110 for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Results: Tuberculosis was confirmed in 65 out of 95cases (68.4%). Identified lesions were scrofuloderma (42 cases, 64.6%); lupus vulgaris (12 cases, 18.4%); warty tuberculosis (six cases, 9.2%); and papulonecrotic tuberculoid (five cases; 7.7%). The Ziehl-Neelsen staining was positive for acid fast bacilli in nine cases (13.8%) and 48 patients were positive for the PCR amplification (73.8%). All skin biopsies resulted positive for tuberculosis. A positive clinical response to the specific treatment was considered a confirmation for tuberculosis. The noninfectious etiology corresponded to 30 cases (31.6%). Conclusions: Tuberculosis in developing countries is still an important cause of skin lesions which must be studied via histopathological examination and culture due to their low bacillary load. A PCR test is necessary to obtain faster confirmation of the disease and to establish an early, specific and effective treatment.
L'identification inconsciente au fantôme
Authors: Le Poulichet Sylvie
Published: August 2012

Avec la notion d’identification inconsciente au fantôme, il devient possible d’éclairer les processus à l’œuvre dans une clinique où l’identification à l’objet mort n’engendre pas un tableau mélancolique classique, mais un renversement de l’ordre des générations mettant en jeu un déni et un clivage. À partir de la clinique analytique, l’auteure montre qu’il faut souvent au moins deux morts de générations différentes pour produire une véritable identification inconsciente au fantôme, dans un contexte où la triangulation œdipienne demeure défaillante. Des épisodes délirants passagers révèlent souvent cette identification qui pourra donner lieu dans la cure à une excorporation des morts impliquant parfois un moment de fragmentation corporelle préalable au travail de deuil.
Fantômes et fantasmes de transmission
Authors: Ciccone Albert
Published: August 2012

Le développement psychique d’un enfant est tributaire, entre autres, du poids de l’héritage, constitué des attentes narcissiques des parents, adressées à l’enfant, au bébé, ainsi que des fantasmes que mobilise la parentalité et qui seront projetés sur l’enfant, transmis à l’enfant. L’enfant, le bébé, participe d’une certaine manière à la transmission, dans la mesure où il attracte les projections, les transmissions. Dans ces fantasmes ou ces mythes parentaux, familiaux, œuvreront éventuellement un certain nombre de « fantômes » ou de figures fantomatiques. Conjointement à l’étude de la transmission psychique, de la transmission des « fantômes », et de leurs effets, il convient aussi de se demander à quoi cela peut servir de croire à la transmission, de croire aux « fantômes », de croire qu’un sujet peut être habité ou hanté par une figure étrangère, transmise, et qui capture son identité ou produit des symptômes. Il convient ainsi d’étudier ce qu’on peut appeler les « fantasmes de transmission », leurs enjeux, leurs fonctions, dans la parentalité ordinaire comme dans les filiations traumatiques.
Le fantôme de l'Atlantide intime. Réduction embryonnaire et deuil périnatal
Authors: Missonnier Sylvain
Published: August 2012

Une biographie qui débute le jour de l’accouchement est-elle sérieuse ? Non, pas plus qu’une anamnèse qui fait l’impasse sur l’histoire du sujet avant sa naissance. Après plusieurs décennies consacrées à la découverte des relations parents-bébé, le temps d’une psycho(patho)logie psychanalytique authentiquement périnatale est enfin venu. Dans cette voie, la période prénatale mérite d’être considérée comme une double métamorphose progressive et interactive : celle du devenir parent et celle du devenir humain. On ne naît pas parent à la naissance du bébé, on le devient (processus de parentalité anténatal). Le fœtus ne naît pas humain, il le devient durant la grossesse (premières étapes de l’ontogenèse). L’espace utéro-placentaire est l’interface entre le fœtus et son environnement. Cet entrecroisement de la nidification parentale et de la nidation fœtale est périlleux car il confronte à une inévitable incertitude sur l’issue oscillant entre le rien, la chose innommable informe, le monstrueux et le virtuellement humain. Ces métamorphoses du premier chapitre habitent-elles l’humain toute sa vie durant ? Pour esquisser une réponse, l’hypothèse psychanalytique d’une « relation d’objet virtuelle utérine » est ici cliniquement explorée à partir du récit clinique du deuil familial d’un fantôme de l’Atlantide intime.
Quoi l'éternité ? La fabrique des fantômes
Authors: Laufer Laurie
Published: August 2012

Qu’est-ce que souhaiter l’éternité ? Que serait un corps qui vit, malgré les altérations, les blessures, grâce à une technologie élaborée, – une science deus ex machina –, mais un corps qui vieillit, malgré tout ? Qu’interroge le geste de réanimation, de maintien en vie d’un corps au seuil de la mort ? Les techniques médicales modernes de réanimation posent de nouveaux questionnements autour du corps et du temps, du désir d’éternité. En cela elles croisent les thématiques de l’inquiétante étrangeté d’un temps et d’un corps qui ne passent pas et celles des théories sexuelles infantiles d’éternité et d’immortalité. Si, lors de cet événement médical, la science rencontre l’inquiétant, elle épouse aussi les normes de son temps. En cela elle contribue à la fabrique des idéaux de son époque : la vie immortelle et la jeunesse éternelle. D’une certaine manière, la science médicale actuelle contribue à la fabrique des nouveaux fantômes.
D'une dimension vociférante du transfert
Authors: Vinot Frédéric
Published: August 2012

À partir du récit du traitement d’Anna O. tel qu’écrit par J. Breuer (1895), l’auteur propose de repérer ce qui dans les phénomènes de transfert peut induire des temps de sidération du clinicien. Cette sidération, en lien avec la voix comme objet a , indique l’existence d’une dimension vociférante du transfert, porteuse d’enseignements tant sur le plan clinique que sur le plan de la transmission de la psychanalyse.
De l'écriture en psychanalyse
Authors: Nioche Claire
Published: August 2012

Cet article aborde, à travers la confrontation de Derrida et de Lacan, la spécificité du concept d’écriture dans la psychanalyse, afin de définir les conditions propres d’une écriture de la clinique qui serait adéquate à la logique de l’inconscient. Il est nécessaire de réfléchir sur les notions de traces, d’inscription, d’énonciation, de style. Si l’écriture n’est qu’une métaphore, une formalisation de la psychanalyse est-elle pensable ? Et s’il n’y a pas de métalangage, l’analyste n’aura-t-il pas à se forger sa propre langue ?
Ce que nous apprend Él de Buñuel sur l'économie de la jouissance dans la paranoïa
Authors: Trichet Yohan , Marion Élisabeth
Published: August 2012

Les auteurs se proposent de dégager ce que le film Él de Luis Buñuel enseigne sur l’économie de la jouissance dans la paranoïa. Dans une église, un échange de regards préside à la rencontre entre le personnage principal, Francisco, et La femme incarnée par Gloria. Cela bouleverse son rapport à la jouissance jusque-là stabilisé grâce à la fonction de régulation imaginaire de la père-version religieuse. Les auteurs en examineront les conséquences : bascule vers le délire de jalousie, recours défensif à la perversion avec l’élection d’un fétiche lui permettant d’approcher La femme. Le film montre avec finesse la montée du regard sur la scène du monde au cours du procès délirant à thématique passionnelle, développé par ce sujet. Il enseigne de manière convaincante que cet objet regard se corrèle avec l’objet voix. Les surgissements hallucinatoires du regard et de la voix participent à la réification du sujet comme objet de moqueries. Ils visent l’être de jouissance du sujet qui dès lors se défend de cette position insoutenable en passant à l’acte.
Vivre seul ou en couple : quelle influence sur la satisfaction de la vie des hommes et des femmes âgés en Europe ?
Authors: Gaymu Joëlle , Springer Sabine
Published: August 2012

Cet article étudie l’influence des conditions de vie sur la satisfaction de la vie des hommes et des femmes de plus de 60 ans dans une dizaine de pays européens à partir des données de l’enquête européenne SHARE 2004 (vague 1). Qu’elles vivent seules ou en couple, les femmes se déclarent un peu moins souvent satisfaites de la vie que les hommes. Des analyses multivariées montrent que, selon la situation résidentielle, les différences ne sont pas de même nature. Toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les femmes en couple continuent à être moins souvent satisfaites de la vie que les hommes, mais les facteurs déterminants de leur bien-être sont proches. En cas d’isolement résidentiel, le constat est inverse : le sexe n’a plus d’incidence sur le degré de satisfaction de la vie mais il influence ses déterminants ; le fait d’être propriétaire et, dans une moindre mesure, le niveau de revenu et la qualité de l’environnement, jouent sur le bien-être subjectif des femmes, l’existence d’un enfant sur celui des hommes. La satisfaction de la vie des femmes âgées est plus fortement modelée par le contexte socioculturel que celle des hommes. Celles qui vivent seules ont des sources de bien-être différentes selon qu’elles habitent au Nord ou au Sud de l’Europe. Les contrastes apparaissent, pour l’essentiel, dans l’articulation entre rôles familiaux et situation économique.
La prise en compte du couple par le système de retraite : réversion et partage des droits
Authors: Bonnet Carole , Hourriez Jean-Michel
Published: August 2012

Cette note de recherche examine les propriétés de deux dispositifs de droits conjugaux en matière de retraite : la réversion et le partage des droits. En cas de décès, la réversion assure plus ou moins bien le maintien du niveau de vie du conjoint survivant : dans un système sans condition de ressource, plus la pension propre du survivant est élevée par rapport à celle du défunt, plus le niveau de vie augmente (ou moins il diminue) suite au décès. Les veufs ont ainsi en général des revenus supérieurs aux veuves. Au contraire, un dispositif de partage des droits garantit les mêmes revenus aux veufs et aux veuves. En cas de divorce, le partage des droits offre à chaque ex-conjoint une retraite propre indépendante du parcours ultérieur de chacun, et égalise partiellement les revenus des hommes et des femmes. Mais ce dispositif est désavantageux pour le conjoint ayant les revenus les plus élevés. En cas de décès comme en cas de divorce, le partage simple des droits est moins coûteux que la réversion sans condition de ressources pour le régime de retraite. En contrepartie, il apparaît rarement avantageux pour les assurés, y compris pour les femmes. Un partage des droits à taux majoré, dont le coût global pour le régime serait équivalent à la réversion, constituerait par contre une alternative intéressante à la réversion.
Rocking the Boat: Challenges Ahead for Continuing Education Providers
Authors: Dickerson Pamela S.
Published: August 2012

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Read the article, “Rocking the Boat: Challenges Ahead for Continuing Education Providers,” on pages 443–448, carefully noting the tables and other illustrative materials that are provided to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content.

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Describe the evidence supporting the need for change in teaching/learning strategies in continuing nursing education.

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Recent evidence has provided a clear mandate for change in the way that registered nurses are educated—in both academic and continuing nursing education environments. This article explores strategies for changing the usual and customary approaches to better meet the needs of learners and prepare them to function effectively in a complex and challenging health care environment.
Learning Opportunities in Case Studies for Becoming a Reflective Nurse Practitioner
Authors: ter Maten-Speksnijder Ada J. , Grypdonck Mieke H.F. , Pool Aart , Streumer Jan N.
Published: August 2012

The transition from RN to nurse practitioner presents challenges. Because nurse practitioners require deeper critical decision-making abilities to provide safe and quality health care, the Master in Advanced Nursing Practice curriculum implemented reflective case studies to facilitate active and reflective learning. To identify the learning opportunities, we performed a qualitative interpretative study of 77 reflective case studies written by students enrolled in the program. Analysis revealed two categories of learning opportunities—(a) Direct Care, with subcategories of focusing on patients’ needs, exploring one’s own values, and providing comprehensive care; and (b) Increased Performance Demands, with subcategories of handling independence and dependence, and dealing with emotions. The reflective case study is a powerful educational tool to create and guide a new professional with increased responsibilities for a comprehensive and compassionate response to patients’ needs.
Mixing of Asian mineral dust with anthropogenic pollutants over East Asia: a model case study of a super-duststorm in March 2010
Authors: Li J. , Wang Z. , Zhuang G. , Luo G. , Sun Y. , Wang Q.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Mixing of Asian mineral dust with anthropogenic pollutants allows pollutants (e.g. sulfate and nitrate) to be transported over longer distances (e.g. to the northern Pacific, even to North America) along with dust particles. This mixing therefore affects the atmospheric and oceanic environment at local, regional and even continental scales. In this study, we used a three-dimensional regional chemical transport model (Nested Air Quality Predicting Modeling System, NAQPMS) to examine the degree of mixing between Asian mineral dust and anthropogenic pollutants in a super-duststorm event during 19–22 March 2010. Influences of the mixing processes on regional atmospheric environmental and oceanic biogeochemical cycles were also investigated. A comparison with measurements showed that the model reproduced well the trajectory of long-range dust transport, the vertical dust profile, and the chemical evolution of dust particles. We found that along-path mixing processes during the long-range transport of Asian dust led to increasingly polluted particles. As a result, ~60% of the sulfate and 70–95% of the nitrate in the downwind regions was derived from active mixing processes of minerals with pollutants sourced from the North China Plain and enhanced by transport over South China. This mixing had a significant impact on the regional-scale atmospheric composition and oceanic biogeochemical cycle. Surface HNO3, SO2 and O3 were decreased by up to 90%, 40% and 30%, respectively, due to the heterogeneous reactions on dust particles. Fe solubility rose from ~0.5% in the Gobi region to ~3–5% in the northwestern Pacific, resulting from oxidization of SO2 on dust particles. Total Fe(II) deposition in the ocean region of East Asia reached 327 tons during the 4-day dust event, and created a calculated primary productivity of ~520 mgC m−2 d−1 in the Kuril Islands, which can support almost 100% of the observed mean marine primary productivity in spring in this region (526 mgC m−2 d−1).
Relationship between level of neutral buoyancy and dual-Doppler observed mass detrainment levels in deep convection
Authors: Mullendore G. L. , Homann A. J. , Jorgenson S. T. , Lang T. J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Although it is generally accepted that the level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) is only a coarse estimate of updraft depth, the LNB is still used to understand and predict storm structure in both observations and modeling. This study uses case studies to quantify the variability associated with using environmental soundings to predict detrainment levels. Nine dual-Doppler convective cases were used to determine the observed level of maximum detrainment (LMD) to compare with the LNB. The LNB for each case was calculated with a variety of methods and with a variety of sources (including both observed and simulated soundings). The most representative LNB was chosen as the proximity sounding from NARR using the most unstable parcel and including ice processes. The observed cases were a mix of storm morphologies, including both supercell and multicell storms. As expected, the LMD was generally below the LNB, the mean offset for all cases being 2.2 km. However, there was a marked difference between the supercell and non-supercell cases. The two supercell cases had LMDs of 0.3 km and 0.0 km below the LNB. The remaining cases had LMDs that ranged from 4.0 km below to 1.6 km below the LNB, with a mean offset of 2.8 km below. Observations also showed that evolution of the LMD over the lifetime of the storm can be significant (e.g., >2 km altitude change in 30 min), and this time evolution is lacking from models with coarse time steps, missing significant changes in detrainment levels that may strongly impact the amount of boundary layer mass transported to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
Influence of biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions on ozone, carbon monoxide and black carbon concentrations at the Mt. Cimone GAW-WMO global station (Italy, 2165 m a.s.l.)
Authors: Cristofanelli P. , Fierli F. , Marinoni A. , Duchi R. , Burkhart J. , Stohl A. , Maione M. , Arduini J. , Bonasoni P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This work investigates the variability of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO) and equivalent black carbon (BC) concentrations at the Italian Climate Observatory "O. Vittori" (ICO-OV), part of the Mt. Cimone global GAW-WMO station (Italy). For this purpose, ICO-OV observations carried out in the period January 2007–June 2009, have been analysed and correlated with the output of the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model to specifically evaluate the influence of biomass burning (BB) and anthropogenic emissions younger than 20 days. During the investigation period, the average O3, CO and BC concentrations at ICO-OV were 54 ± 3 ppbv, 122 ± 7 ppbv and 213 ± 34 ng m−3 (mean ± expanded uncertainty with p<95%), with clear seasonal cycles characterized by summer maxima and winter minima for O3 and BC and spring maximum and summer minimum for CO. According to FLEXPART output, BB impact is maximized during the warm months from July to September but appeared to have a significant contribution to the observed tracer concentrations only during specific transport events. We characterised in detail five major events with respect to transport scales (i.e. global, regional and local), source regions and O3, CO and BC variations. For these events, very large variability of enhancement ratios O3/CO (from −0.22 to 0.71) and BC/CO (from 2.69 to 29.83 ng m−3 ppbv−1) were observed. CO related with anthropogenic emissions (COant) contributed to 17.4% of the mean CO value observed at ICO-OV, with the warm months appearing particularly affected by transport events of air-masses rich in anthropogenic pollution. The proportion of tracer variability that is described by FLEXPART COant peaked to 37% (in May–September) for CO, 19% (in May–September) for O3 and 32% (in January–April) for BC. During May–September, the analysis of the correlation among CO, O3 and BC as a function of the COant indicated that ICO-OV was influenced by air-masses rich in anthropogenic pollution transported from the regional to the global scale. On the other side, CO and O3 were negatively correlated during October–December, when FLEXPART does not show significant presence of recent anthropogenic emissions and only a few observations are characterized by enhanced BC. Such behaviour may be attributed to an ensemble of processes concurrent in enhancing O3 with low CO (upper troposphere/lower stratosphere intrusions) and O3 titration by NO in polluted air-masses along with lower photochemical activity. An intermediate situation occurs in January–April when CO and O3 were almost uncorrelated and BC enhancements were associated to relatively old (10 days) anthropogenic emissions.
Airborne intercomparison of HOx measurements using laser-induced fluorescence and chemical ionization mass spectrometry during ARCTAS
Authors: Ren X. , Mao J. , Brune W. H. , Cantrell C. A. , Mauldin III R. L. , Hornbrook R. S. , Kosciuch E. , Olson J. R. , Crawford J. H. , Chen G. , Singh H. B.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals, collectively called HOx, play central roles in tropospheric chemistry. Accurate measurements of OH and HO2 are critical to examine our understanding of atmospheric chemistry. Intercomparisons of different techniques for detecting OH and HO2 are vital to evaluate their measurement capabilities. Three instruments that measured OH and/or HO2 radicals were deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft throughout Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) in the spring and summer of 2008. One instrument was the Penn State Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) for OH and HO2 measurements based on Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. A second instrument was the NCAR Selected-Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (SI-CIMS) for OH measurement. A third instrument was the NCAR Peroxy Radical Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (PeRCIMS) for HO2 measurement. Formal intercomparison of LIF and CIMS was conducted for the first time on a same aircraft platform. The three instruments were calibrated by quantitative photolysis of water vapor by ultraviolet (UV) light at 184.9 nm with three different calibration systems. The absolute accuracies were ±32% (2σ) for the LIF instrument, ±65% (2σ) for the SI-CIMS instrument, and ±50% (2σ) for the PeRCIMS instrument. In general, good agreement was obtained between the CIMS and LIF measurements of both OH and HO2 measurements. Linear regression of the entire data set yields [OH]CIMS = 0.89 × [OH]LIF + 2.8 × 104 cm−3 with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.72 for OH, and [HO2]CIMS = 0.86 × [HO2]LIF + 3.9 parts per trillion by volume (pptv, equivalent to pmol mol−1) with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.72 for HO2. In general, the difference between CIMS and LIF instruments for OH and HO2 measurements can be explained by their combined measurement uncertainties. Comparison with box model results shows some similarities for both the CIMS and LIF measurements. First, the observed-to-modeled HO2 ratio increases greatly for higher NO mixing ratios, indicating that the model may not properly account for HOx sources that correlate with NO. Second, the observed-to-modeled OH ratio increases with increasing isoprene mixing ratios, suggesting either incomplete understanding of isoprene chemistry in the model or interferences in the measurements in environments where biogenic emissions dominate ambient volatile organic compounds.
Modeling the vertical soil organic matter profile using Bayesian parameter estimation
Authors: Braakhekke M. C. , Wutzler T. , Beer C. , Kattge J. , Schrumpf M. , Schöning I. , Hoosbeek M. R. , Kruijt B. , Kabat P. , Reichstein M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) in the profile may constitute a significant factor for soil carbon cycling. However, the formation of the SOM profile is currently poorly understood due to equifinality, caused by the entanglement of several processes: input from roots, mixing due to bioturbation, and organic matter leaching. In this study we quantified the contribution of these three processes using Bayesian parameter estimation for the mechanistic SOM profile model SOMPROF. Based on organic carbon measurements, 13 parameters related to decomposition and transport of organic matter were estimated for two temperature forest soils: an Arenosol with a mor humus form (Loobos, The Netherlands), and a Cambisol with mull type humus (Hainich, Germany). Furthermore, the use of the radioisotope 210Pbex as tracer for vertical SOM transport was studied. For Loobos the calibration results demonstrate the importance of liquid phase transport for shaping the vertical SOM profile, while the effects of bioturbation are generally negligible. These results are in good agreement with expectations given in situ conditions. For Hainich the calibration offered three distinct explanations for the observations (three modes in the posterior distribution). With the addition of 210Pbex data and prior knowledge, as well as additional information about in situ conditions, we were able to identify the most likely explanation, which identified root litter input as the dominant process for the SOM profile. For both sites the organic matter appears to comprise mainly adsorbed but potentially leachable material, pointing to the importance of organo-mineral interactions. Furthermore, organic matter in the mineral soil appears to be mainly derived from root litter, supporting previous studies that highlighted the importance of root input for soil carbon sequestration. The 210Pbex measurements added only slight additional constraint on the estimated parameters. However, with sufficient replicate measurements and possibly in combination with other tracers, this isotope may still hold value as tracer for a SOM transport.
Evaluation of positioning and density profiling accuracy of muon radiography by utilizing a 15-ton steel block
Authors: Tanaka H. K. M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A model experiment was performed in order to evaluate the spatial resolution and accuracy of determining density by utilizing steel blocks whose density (7.8 g cm−3) and geometrical structure (5 m in length and 40 cm in width) were both well known. By comparing the experimental result with simulations, a density and a width of the steel block were measured as 7.3 ± 1.0 g cm−3 and 37 ± 15 cm, respectively.
Omar d´León, la pureza angelical del color
Authors: Sicre José Gómez
Published: August 2012

En carta de Gómez Sicre de 1978 al Maestro Omar d´León, le dice de los múltiples y controversiales sentimientos que le producen su obra, ubicándola en el linaje de Morandi y Piero Della Francesca. “La ternura, la gracia, el reposo y sobre todo, esa pureza angelical del color me hacen verte en el pináculo de tu trabajo y me tienes, así como suena, rendido a tus pies (…)”.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.770 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 52-53
Electrochemical Tailoring of Honeycomb-Structured ZnO Thin Films by Interfacial Surfactant Templating
Authors: Pawar B. G. , Salvi P. P. , Kolekar S. S.
Published: August 2012

Zinc oxide thin films with honeycomb structures can be electrochemically produced by interfacial surfactant templating. Newly synthesized 4-amino-1-(2,3-dihydroxy propyl) pyridinium hydroxide ionic liquid exhibiting the hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids (HFILs) was used in electrodeposition. This method utilizes amphiphile assemblies at the solid-liquid interface (i.e., the surface of a working electrode) as a template to gain the precisely tailor zinc oxide nanostructures. The results described here will provide a useful foundation to design and optimize greener protocol for the electrochemical construction of inorganic nanostructures thin films for possible application of films in nanotechnology field. Moreover, it is believed that this electrochemical tailoring approach can be extended to fabricate other porous metal oxide materials with a unique morphology or shape.
La durée de l’isolement conjugal et de la vie en couple chez les personnes âgées en France : quelles évolutions entre hommes et femmes au fil des générations ?
Authors: Pennec Sophie , Gaymu Joëlle
Published: August 2012

L’objectif essentiel de cet article est de quantifier l’évolution de la durée de l’isolement matrimonial (années vécues dans le célibat, le veuvage ou le divorce), période durant laquelle les personnes âgées sont plus vulnérables surtout en cas de dépendance. Nos analyses s’appuient sur un modèle de microsimulation qui a permis d’évaluer l’évolution des durées de vie dans les différents états matrimoniaux pour les générations de personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus nées entre 1900 à 1950. Au fil des générations, les durées passées dans le mariage des hommes et des femmes se sont allongées et rapprochées. Toutefois, ce sont, pour l’essentiel, les générations passées et présentes d’aînés qui ont bénéficié de cette tendance. À partir de la génération 1930, le temps passé dans le mariage devrait davantage s’allonger chez les femmes que chez les hommes, l’inverse valant pour l’isolement matrimonial.