bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reductive Isopropyl Radical Elimination from (dpp‐bian)Mg‐iPr(Et2O)
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Skatova Alexandra A. , Hummert Markus , Schumann Herbert
Published: April 2005

The reaction of (dpp‐bian)Na(Et2O) with one equiv. of iPrMgCl in hexane affords (dpp‐bian)Mg‐iPr(Et2O) (1) whereas (dpp‐bian)Mg(Et2O)2 (2) is formed when this reaction is carried out in Et2O as a result of isopropyl radical elimination. Compound 1 which is stable in hexane and Et2O also decomposes in THF with elimination of isopropyl radicals yielding (dpp‐bian)Mg(THF)2. The reaction of (dpp‐bian)Na2(Et2O)3 with two equiv. of iPrMgCl in Et2O produces 2 and iPr2Mg, which then interact to give (dpp‐bian)(Mg‐iPr)2(Et2O) (3) when treated with hexane or toluene. Compounds 1–3 were characterized by elemental analysis, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy, as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Impact of node switching capabilities on the performance of wavelength routed networks
Authors: Andriolli Nicola , Valcarenghi Luca , Castoldi Piero
Published: April 2005

Performance of wavelength routed optical networks (WRONs), which consist of circuit switched all‐optical connections, namely lightpaths, heavily depends on network node capabilities. Advanced network node switching capabilities might improve WRON performance but they often imply an increase in node cost. In this paper, we evaluate the performance benefits brought by the introduction of selected capabilities in the WRON node architecture. In particular, we consider the WRON performance dependence on the (i) wavelength selection and (ii) wavelength conversion capabilities and (iii) on the number of available transponders at the tributary side. For this purpose, we propose and utilise a modified version of the shortest path algorithm for the wavelength graph (SPAWG). The modified SPAWG utilises a graph in which ‘virtual hops’ are added for modelling the utilisation and the cost of specific node capabilities. Numerical results show the performance advantages in utilising wavelength selection instead of wavelength conversion, when only one of the two capabilities can be implemented in each network node. When wavelength conversion and wavelength selection utilisation is limited to a subset of network nodes to reduce the overall network cost, results indicate that sparse wavelength selection is not as beneficial as sparse wavelength conversion. In addition, a limitation on the number of transponders at the tributary side slightly affects network performance. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
Performance analysis of TH‐UWB radio systems using proper waveform design in the presence of narrow‐band interference
Authors: Khani Hassan , Azmi Paeiz
Published: April 2005

Ultra‐wide band (UWB) radio systems, because of their huge bandwidth, must coexist with many narrow‐band systems in their frequency band. This coexistence may cause significant degradation in the performance of both kinds of systems. Currently, several methods exist for narrow‐band interference (NBI) suppression in UWB radio systems. One of them is based on mitigating the effects of NBI through proper waveform design. In Reference 1, it has been shown that using properly designed doublet waveform can significantly reduce the effects of NBI on an important kind of UWB radio systems, i.e. BPSK time‐hopping UWB (TH‐UWB) systems. In this paper, the proper waveform design technique is extended to BPPM TH‐UWB systems. It is shown that this method can properly suppress the effects of NBI on the performance of BPPM TH‐UWB systems. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
Neuroprotective role of astrocytes in cerebral ischemia: Focus on ischemic preconditioning
Authors: Trendelenburg George , Dirnagl Ulrich
Published: April 2005

Following focal cerebral ischemia (“stroke”) a complex and dynamic interaction of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons determines the extent of the ensuing lesion. Traditionally, the focus has been on mechanisms of damage, while recently it has become clear that endogenous mechanisms of protection are equally important for the final outcome. Glial cells, in particular astrocytes, have always been viewed as supporters of neuronal function. Only recently a very active role for glial cells has been emerging in physiology and pathophysiology. Not surprisingly, then, specific protective pathways have been identified by which these cells can protect or even help to regenerate brain tissue after acute insults. However, as exemplified by the existence of the glial scar, which forms around lesioned brain tissue, is composed mainly of astrocytes and plays a key role in regeneration failure, it is an oversimplification to assign merely protective functions to astrocytes. The present review will discuss the role of astrocytes in ischemic brain injury with a focus on neuroprotection in general. In this context we will consider particularly the phenomenon of “ischemic tolerance,” which is an experimental paradigm helpful in discriminating destructive from protective mechanisms after cerebral ischemia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of oligodendrocytes in experimental disease models
Authors: Ness Jennifer K. , Valentino Mario , McIver Sally R. , Goldberg Mark P.
Published: April 2005

The ability to identify oligodendrocytes in culture, in fixed tissue, and in vivo using unique markers is a requisite step to understanding their responses in any damage, recovery, or developmental process. Their nuclei are readily seen in histological preparations of healthy white and gray matter, and their cell bodies can be reliably identified with a variety of immunocytochemical markers. However, there is little consensus regarding optimal methods to assess oligodendrocyte survival or morphology under experimental injury conditions. We review common approaches for histological and immunocytochemical identification of these cells. Transgenic and viral methods for cell type‐selective transfer of genes encoding fluorescent proteins offer promising new approaches for manipulating and visualizing oligodendrocytes in models of health and disease. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐back working memory paradigm: A meta‐analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Owen Adrian M. , McMillan Kathryn M. , Laird Angela R. , Bullmore Ed
Published: April 2005

One of the most popular experimental paradigms for functional neuroimaging studies of working memory has been the n‐back task, in which subjects are asked to monitor the identity or location of a series of verbal or nonverbal stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented n trials previously. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis of 668 sets of activation coordinates in Talairach space reported in 24 primary studies of n‐back task variants manipulating process (location vs. identity monitoring) and content (verbal or nonverbal) of working memory. We found the following cortical regions were activated robustly (voxelwise false discovery rate = 1%): lateral premotor cortex; dorsal cingulate and medial premotor cortex; dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; frontal poles; and medial and lateral posterior parietal cortex. Subsidiary meta‐analyses based on appropriate subsets of the primary data demonstrated broadly similar activation patterns for identity monitoring of verbal stimuli and both location and identity monitoring of nonverbal stimuli. There was also some evidence for distinct frontoparietal activation patterns in response to different task variants. The functional specializations of each of the major cortical components in the generic large‐scale frontoparietal system are discussed. We conclude that quantitative meta‐analysis can be a powerful tool for combining results of multiple primary studies reported in Talairach space. Here, it provides evidence both for broadly consistent activation of frontal and parietal cortical regions by various versions of the n‐back working memory paradigm, and for process‐ and content‐specific frontoparietal activation by working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 25:46–59, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated analysis of meta‐analysis networks
Authors: Lancaster Jack L. , Laird Angela R. , Fox P. Mickle , Glahn David E. , Fox Peter T.
Published: April 2005

The high information content in large data sets from voxel‐based meta‐analyses is complex, making it hard to readily resolve details. Using the meta‐analysis network as a standardized data structure, network analysis algorithms can examine complex interrelationships and resolve hidden details. Two new network analysis algorithms have been adapted for use with meta‐analysis networks. The first, called replicator dynamics network analysis (RDNA), analyzes co‐occurrence of activations, whereas the second, called fractional similarity network analysis (FSNA), uses binary pattern matching to form similarity subnets. These two network analysis methods were evaluated using data from activation likelihood estimation (ALE)‐based meta‐analysis of the Stroop paradigm. Two versions of these data were evaluated, one using a more strict ALE threshold (P < 0.01) with a 13‐node meta‐analysis network, and the other a more lax threshold (P < 0.05) with a 22‐node network. Java‐based applications were developed for both RDNA and FSNA. The RDNA algorithm was modified to provide multiple subnets or maximal cliques for meta‐analysis networks. Three different similarity measures were evaluated with FSNA to form subsets of nodes and experiments. RDNA provides a means to gauge importance of metanalysis subnets and complements FSNA, which provides a more comprehensive assessment of node similarity subsets, experiment similarity subsets, and overall node‐to‐factors similarity. The need to use both presence and absence of activations was an important finding in similarity analyses. FSNA revealed details from the pooled Stroop meta‐analysis that would otherwise require separate highly filtered meta‐analyses. These new analysis tools demonstrate how network analysis strategies can simplify greatly and enhance voxel‐based meta‐analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 25:174–184, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Crystal Form, Polymorphism, and Multi‐Morphology in Biodegradable Poly(3‐hydroxypropionate)
Authors: Zhu Bo , He Yong , Asakawa Naoki , Yoshie Naoko , Nishida Haruo , Inoue Yoshio
Published: April 2005

Summary: A new crystal morphology (δ form) of poly(3‐hydroxypropionate) (PHP) is found in cast and melt‐crystallized PHPs with low molecular weight, in which the PHP chains possibly adopt a 21 helix rather than the trans conformation found in the β or γ form. The fusion temperature‐ and the crystallization temperature‐dependent polymorphism are responsible for the dual morphologies and the unique growth kinetics of spherulites in the melt‐crystallized PHPs.

a) A dual‐morphology developed at 70 °C in PHP films after melting at 117 °C and b) that formed during cooling at a rate of 1 °C · min−1 from 130 °C.

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a) A dual‐morphology developed at 70 °C in PHP films after melting at 117 °C and b) that formed during cooling at a rate of 1 °C · min−1 from 130 °C.
Novel Hole‐Transport Material for Efficient Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes by Photoreaction
Authors: Kimoto Atsushi , Cho Jun‐Sang , Ito Kiyoshi , Aoki Daigo , Miyake Tohru , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: April 2005

Summary: The photo‐crosslinking of carbazole dendrimers was analyzed by UV and IR spectroscopic methods. Photoirradiation results in the formation of a film that is insoluble in toluene and benzene. Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry studies revealed that the photoirradiation lead to an oligomerization of the dendrimer through crosslinking. The resulting insoluble dendrimer film could be applied as a hole‐transport layer in efficient polymer electroluminescence devices (PLEDs).

Luminance‐voltage characteristics for PLEDs wherein PEDOT:PSS and CbzG3 complex with SnCl2 were employed as the hole transport layer (ITO/HTL/EML/Ca/Ag).

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Luminance‐voltage characteristics for PLEDs wherein PEDOT:PSS and CbzG3 complex with SnCl2 were employed as the hole transport layer (ITO/HTL/EML/Ca/Ag).
Evidence for lymphangiogenesis and its prognostic implications in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kyzas Panayiotis A , Geleff Silvana , Batistatou Anna , Agnantis Niki J , Stefanou Dimitrios
Published: April 2005

Lymph node metastasis is a frequent reason for adverse clinical outcome in many epithelial neoplasms, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The mechanisms underlying the capability of epithelial neoplasms to metastasize via lymphatic vessels have not yet been fully elucidated. There is great debate about whether cancer cells can metastasize by expansion and invasion of pre‐existing peritumoral lymphatics or by the formation and invasion of new lymphatics within tumours (lymphangiogenesis). In order to investigate this issue, we examined 81 tissue specimens from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, using immunostaining for the specific lymphatic endothelium marker podoplanin, and assessed intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic density. We also quantified lymphatic invasion and examined the possible associations of all the above parameters with clinicopathological features and outcome. Finally, we used double staining with podoplanin and the cell proliferation marker Ki‐67 in order to evaluate lymphangiogenesis. High intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic density were both significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis (χ2 test, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively) and there was a significant correlation between high intratumoral lymphatic density and lymphatic invasion. Patients with higher intratumoral lymphatic density exhibited shorter overall survival (log rank p < 0.001) and this correlation remained significant after multivariate analysis (Cox p = 0.04), indicating that intratumoral lymphatic density is an independent prognostic factor for mortality. Peritumoral lymphatic density had no influence on outcome. Double staining revealed the existence of proliferating intratumoral lymphatics, in which tumour emboli were occasionally observed. These results indicate that lymphangiogenesis indeed occurs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; that newly formed vessels are targets of invasion by cancer cells; and that intratumoral lymphatic density might be used as a criterion to separate patients at higher risk of an adverse clinical outcome. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the Detonation Velocity of CHNO Explosives by a Simple Method
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Pouretedal Hamid Reza
Published: April 2005

A simplified method is shown, based on a semi‐empirical procedure, to estimate the detonation velocities of CHNO explosives at various loading densities. It is assumed that the product composition consists almost of CO, CO2, H2O and N2 for oxygen‐rich explosives. In addition solid carbon and H2 are also counted for an oxygen‐lean explosive. The approximate detonation temperature, as a second needed parameter, can be calculated from the total heat capacity of the detonation products and the heat of formation of the explosive by PM3 procedure. The detonation velocities of some well‐known CHNO explosives, calculated by the simple procedure, fit well with measured detonation velocities and the results from the well‐established BKW‐EOS computer code.
Adaptive admission/congestion control policies for CDMA‐based wireless internet
Authors: Baroudi U. A. , Elhakeem A. K.
Published: April 2005

Radio resource management (RRM) is vital for the next generation wireless networks. RRM comprises many functionalities and this paper focuses on the investigation of the performance of several adaptive call admission/congestion control policies based on a window‐measurement estimation of the status of the buffer at the base station under the hybrid TDMA/CDMA access scheme. In our study, we interrelate the physical limitations of the base stations (i.e. the number of transmission and reception modems), call and burst level traffic, instantaneous buffer conditions and end‐to‐end bit error performance in one queuing problem. Subsequently, a window‐measurement estimator is implemented to estimate the likelihood of buffer congestion at the base station. Accordingly, the traffic loads shall be controlled. We use event‐driven simulation to simulate the multimedia integrated CDMA networks where heterogeneous traffic users are multiplexed into a simple TDMA frames. The simulation results show outstanding performance of the proposed call admission/congestion control policies in guaranteeing QoS requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mobile service platform using proxy technology
Authors: Chen Ming‐Feng , Lin Yi‐Bing , Rao Herman C.‐H. , Wu Quincy
Published: April 2005

This paper proposes iMobile, a proxy‐based platform for developing mobile services for various mobile devices and wireless access technologies. iMobile acts as a message gateway that allows mobile devices to relay messages to each other through various protocols on different access networks. It allows mobile devices to access internet services, corporate databases and to control various network devices. iMobile implements three key abstractions: dev‐let, info‐let and app‐let. An info‐let provides abstract view of information space. An app‐let implements service or application logic by processing information from various info‐lets. A dev‐let receives and sends messages through any particular protocols for mobile devices. The let engine supports user and device profiles for personalization and transcoding, and invokes proper app‐lets and info‐lets to answer requests from a dev‐let. The iMobile modular architecture allows developers to write device drivers, information access methods and application logic independently from each other. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient broadcasting protocols for regular wireless sensor networks
Authors: Sheu Jang‐Ping , Hsu Chih‐Shun , Chang Yen‐Jung
Published: April 2005

The wireless sensor network (WSN) has attracted lots of attention recently. Broadcast is a fundamental operation for all kinds of networks and it has not been addressed seriously in the WSN. Therefore, we propose two types of power and time efficient broadcasting protocols, namely one‐to‐all and all‐to‐all broadcasting protocols, for five different WSN topologies. Our one‐to‐all broadcasting protocols conserve power and time by choosing as few relay nodes as possible to scatter packets to the whole network. Besides, collisions are carefully handled such that our one‐to‐all broadcasting protocols can achieve 100% reachability. By assigning each node a proper channel, our all‐to‐all broadcasting protocols are collision free and efficient. Numerical evaluation results compare the performance of the five topologies and show that our broadcasting protocols are power and time efficient. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the multi‐slot transmission in Bluetooth systems with the estimation of the channel error probability
Authors: Sung Ki Won , Lee Chae Y.
Published: April 2005

Bluetooth is an open specification for a technology to enable short‐range wireless communications that operate in an ad hoc fashion. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping with a slot length of 625 μs. Each slot corresponds to a packet and multi‐slot packets of three or five slots can be transmitted to enhance the transmission efficiency. However, the use of multi‐slot packet may degrade the transmission performance under high channel error probability. Thus, the length of multi‐slot should be adjusted according to the current channel condition. Segmentation and reassembly (SAR) operation of Bluetooth enables the adjustment of the length of multi‐slot. In this paper, we propose an efficient multi‐slot transmission scheme that adaptively determines the optimal length of slots of a packet according to the channel error probability. We first discuss the throughput of a Bluetooth connection as a function of the length of a multi‐slot and the channel error probability. A decision criteria which gives the optimal length of the multi‐slot is presented under the assumption that the channel error probability is known. For the implementation in the real Bluetooth system, the channel error probability is estimated with the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). A simple decision rule for the optimal multi‐slot length is developed to maximize the throughput. Simulation experiment shows that the proposed decision rule for the multi‐slot transmission effectively provides the maximum throughput under any type of channel error correlation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Call admission control in mobile cellular networks: a comprehensive survey
Authors: Ghaderi Majid , Boutaba Raouf
Published: April 2005

Call admission control (CAC) is a key element in the provision of guaranteed quality of service (QoS) in wireless networks. The design of CAC algorithms for mobile cellular networks is especially challenging given the limited and highly variable resources, and the mobility of users encountered in such networks. This article provides a survey of admission control schemes for cellular networks and the research in this area. Our goal is to provide a broad classification and thorough discussion of existing CAC schemes. We classify these schemes based on factors such as deterministic/stochastic guarantees, distributed/local control and adaptivity to traffic conditions. In addition to this, we present some modeling and analysis basics to help in better understanding the performance and efficiency of admission control schemes in cellular networks. We describe several admission control schemes and compare them in terms of performance and complexity. Handoff prioritization is the common characteristic of these schemes. We survey different approaches proposed for achieving handoff prioritization with a focus on reservation schemes. Moreover, optimal and near‐optimal reservation schemes are presented and discussed. Also, we overview other important schemes such as those designed for multi‐service networks and hierarchical systems as well as complete knowledge schemes and those using pricing for CAC. Finally, the paper concludes on the state of current research and points out some of the key issues that need to be addressed in the context of CAC for future cellular networks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Roeher H. D. , Schmidt‐Gayk H.
Published: April 2005

Routine application of multichannel laboratory screening for both inpatients and outpatients has increased detection of hypercalcemia. With these improved diagnostic tools, it has become possible to distinguish true hyperparathyroidism from nonendocrine disorders of calcium metabolism. Typical features of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism are described in relation to their clinical presentation. Diagnosis is based on laboratory findings which include repeated serum calcium and phosphate measurements as the first step, additional specific functional tests for borderline cases, and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements as pathognomonic proof of excess hormone secretion. Significance and reliability of diagnostic procedures are discussed with regard to routine and selective application.
Hyperparathyroidism with asymptomatic hypercalcemia and symptomatic normocalcemia
Authors: Thorén Lars
Published: April 2005

Asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism has been found with increasing frequency as serum calcium determinations have become routine. Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism has been diagnosed in patients who have recurrent urinary tract stones in combination with hypercalciuria.

The indications for surgery in asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism are difficult to evaluate. Three treatment options for dealing with verified asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism are discussed. The option of neck exploration is advocated for the purpose of preventing the complications of renal impairment, persistent hypertension, and skeletal disease.

The presence of urinary tract stones is the main reason for suspecting normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism. Although various tests can be used, the final diagnosis is often made at neck exploration. The recurrence of urinary tract stones and the possibility of kidney damage are the main reasons for surgery. Further study is needed to evaluate fully the results of parathyroid surgery in normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism.
Parathyroid transplantation
Authors: Wells Samuel A. , Stirman Jerry A. , Bolman R. Morton
Published: April 2005

This is a review of our current experience with the technique of parathyroid transplantation in man. We have performed 68 autografts and 2 allografts. The indications for parathyroid autotransplantation include primary and secondary parathyroid hyperplasia, repeat neck exploration for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism, and total thyroidectomy for carcinoma. Indications for allotransplantation include the unsuccessful medical management of hypoparathyroidism and complete DiGeorge's syndrome. Graft function was successful in a high percentage of cases as documented by a normal serum calcium concentration with the grafted parathyroid tissue as the only source of parathyroid hormone, by detecting high concentrations of PTH in the antecubital vein draining the grafted arm and, histologically, by light and electron microscopy of the grafts.
A prospective comparison of the jejunoileal and gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity
Authors: Buckwalter Joseph A.
Published: April 2005

A prospective, randomized clinical trial has been conducted in 38 morbidly obese patients to compare jejunoileal bypass (19 patients) with gastric bypass (19 patients). At this point the patients have been followed up for periods of from 1 month to 2 years, and 12 patients in each surgical group have been observed for 6 months or longer after operation. There was one death among the 38 patients, a woman with a gastric bypass who developed a pulmonary embolus 22 days postoperatively. Gastric bypass resulted in somewhat greater weight loss than jejunoileal bypass. Although the follow‐up period has been short, jejunoileal bypass has resulted in greater morbidity and expense to the patient than gastric bypass. In particular, gastric bypass did not cause progression of liver lesions in any of the 6 patients who had liver biopsies 1 year postoperatively, while jejunoileal bypass was associated with development of fatty metamorphosis in the liver of 3 patients after 1 year. The entry of new patients into the clinical trial has been discontinued because we believe there is sufficient evidence to indicate that gastric bypass is superior to jejunoileal bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity.
Histological, laboratory, and x‐ray findings after repair of the common bile duct with a Teflon® graft
Authors: Hartung Hans , Kirchner Rainer , Baba Nobuo , Waldmann Dieter , Strecker Ernst ‐Peter
Published: April 2005

The common duct was ligated in 25 dogs, 5 of which served as controls. Serum bilirubin, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase were measured pre‐ and postoperatively. Eight days later, in 10 dogs, a longitudinal incision was made across the stenosed segment of the common bile duct, which was then widened with a Teflon® patch. In 10 other dogs, the stenosis was resected and the defect was bridged with a Teflon® prosthesis. A few days later, laboratory parameters returned to normal. Histological examination after 4 weeks showed that the Teflon® patch and Teflon® prosthesis were lined with bile duct epithelium. X‐ray studies 6, 12 and 24 months after repair showed no evidence of stenosis.

We conclude that it is possible to use a Teflon® graft in reconstructive common bile duct surgery.
Hormonal control of parietal cell function
Authors: Soll Andrew H.
Published: April 2005

In order to study the actions of secretagogues and inhibitors of acid secretion, parietal cells have been isolated from canine fundic mucosa. Prepared by the sequential exposure to collagenase and EDTA of mucosa that has been bluntly separated from submucosa, these parietal cells retain responsiveness to stimulation as evidenced by increases in oxygen uptake and aminopyrine accumulation, and by undergoing the morphologic transformation that characterizes the stimulated parietal cell in intact mucosa. Cimetidine and atropine specifically inhibited the effects of histamine and carbachol, respectively, but failed to inhibit the small response to gastrin, which indicates that the parietal cell has separate and specific receptors for each of these two stimulants plus a third receptor for gastrin. Furthermore, potentiating interactions were found between histamine and gastrin, and histamine and carbachol, but not between carbachol and gastrin. However, when parietal cells were treated simultaneously with histamine, gastrin, and carbachol, in concentrations that when acting alone produced threshold stimulation, a three‐way potentiating interaction was found. In the presence of these combinations, atropine and cimetidine retained their respective specificities against carbachol and histamine. The specific actions of these inhibitors may explain their apparent nonspecificity in vivo in that, by blocking the histamine and carbachol components of potentiating interactions, the agents will appear to block the actions of the pharmacologically unrelated components of the interaction. Thus, in vivo, if the parietal cell were under sufficient effects from endogenous histamine and acetylcholine to support potentiating interactions, then the potentiated response to superimposed stimuli such as gastrin would be inhibited by both cimetidine and atropine.
Effect of renal failure on gastrointestinal hormones
Authors: Hansky Jack
Published: April 2005

The development of sensitive, specific radioimmunoassays has enabled study of gastrointestinal hormones in various disease states. Since the findings that the kidney catabolizes gastrin and serum gastrin is elevated in chronic renal failure and in anephric patients, other hormones have been studied in these conditions. Cholecystokinin (CCK), GIP, glucagon, and secretin are all elevated in chronic renal failure and the degree of elevation is correlated with the severity of renal impairment. Hemodialysis leads to a lowering of gastrin and GIP but has no effect on CCK or glucagon. Levels of gastrin return to normal following successful renal transplantation. The role that these elevated hormone levels play in altered gastrointestinal function in renal failure is uncertain.
Catabolism of gastrin and secretin
Authors: Thompson James C. , Llanos Osvaldo L. , Teichmann Reinhard K. , Schafmayer Anton , Rayford Phillip L.
Published: April 2005

In order to determine whether the uptake of gastrin and secretin is limited to specific organ systems (especially the kidney) or whether loss is a nonspecific occurrence across all capillary beds, we have measured the uptake of endogenous and exogenous gastrin and secretin in 32 anesthetized dogs. In 6 dogs, antral irrigation with 0.5% acetylcholine solution produced a brisk increase in gastrin concentrations measured in blood from the aorta. Concentrations in blood from the renal, jugular, and femoral veins were all significantly lower, and there was an integrated uptake of gastrin of 48% by the kidney, 43% by the hind leg, and 36% by the head (the differences were not significant from one another). Exogenous infusion of synthetic human gastrin in 6 dogs at 2 dose levels (0.4μg/kg‐h and 0.8μg/kg‐h) caused a rise in aortic blood concentration of gastrin with significantly lower levels in blood from the renal, femoral, and jugular veins. Calculated as integrated gastrins, the kidney removed 42%, the hind leg 35%, and the head 30% of gastrin at 0.8/μg/kg‐h. Similar percentages were extracted at the lower dose. In 5 dogs, endogenous release of secretin was secured by duodenal irrigation with 0.1 N HCl. This brought about an elevation in the aortic blood concentration of secretin from a basal level of around 60 pg/ml to 217 ±24 pg/ml at 45 minutes. Secretin concentrations in blood from the renal, femoral, and jugular veins were significantly lower, and the kidney removed 39%, the leg 29%, and the head 32% of integrated endogenously released secretin. There was no difference between the 3 sites. During infusion of exogenous secretin at 0.4 U/kg‐h, mean aortic blood levels ranged between 340–420 pg/ml, and levels in the blood from the renal, femoral, and jugular veins ranged between 220–295 pg/ml. When integrated secretin values were determined, the kidney was found to remove 42%, the hind leg 43%, and the head 43%. When secretin was given at 1 U/kg‐h, the kidney removed 46%, the hind leg 31%, and the head 26%. We conclude that extraction of gastrin and secretin occurs on transit of all capillary beds and appears to be a nonspecific process.
Response of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma to combined modality treatment
Authors: Brun J. G. , Barre Y. , Barre T. , Mogenet M. , Reynier J.
Published: April 2005

A case of undifferentiated cancer of thyroid, developing in an elderly female, is presented. This patient was treated by immuno‐chemotherapy and thyroidectomy with a good result. Following emergency treatment and biopsy, the patient received chemotherapy with adriamycin for 6 weeks and immunotherapy with an adjuvant (P40) derived fromCorynebacterium granulosumfor 3 weeks. A near‐total thyroidectomy was then performed.

The authors suggest that, instead of the standard management of this disease—surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, combined modality therapy consisting of chemotherapy, surgery, and immunostimulation should be considered in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
Reoperation for myocardial revascularization
Authors: Loop Floyd D. , Thurer Robert L. , Lytle Bruce W. , Cosgrove Delos M.
Published: April 2005

At The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, reoperations for myocardial revascularization make up 2.7% of all cardiac operations. Major indications for reoperation include: (a) graft failure, (b) progressive atherosclerosis in grafted or ungrafted vessels, (c) previous incomplete revascularization, and (d) combinations of the other 3. Almost one‐half of the candidates satisfy more than 1 of the first 3 indications. Although few in number, late graft closure due to atherosclerosis is seen with increasing frequency. Systemic hypothermia coupled with intermittent cold cardioplegia shortens operating time, enhances myocardial protection, and markedly reduces the occurrence of low cardiac output postoperatively. Recent methods of blood conservation and their potential effect on morbidity are discussed.

In the first 219 patients operated on through mid‐1975, the operative mortality rate was 3.7%, and in subsequent years it was 2%. Although complete relief of angina is achieved less frequently after reoperation, in a follow‐up period of 2.5 years, 87% of the 202 surviving patients improved at least one functional class. Relief of angina is virtually the same for each indication category. Those with progressive atherosclerosis had essentially the same clinical result as those operated on for graft failure. A successful result depends on selection of patients with adequate vessel caliber and runoff. Internal mammary artery (IMA) grafting is the procedure of choice for a failed anterior descending vein graft. Although complete revascularization is ideal, many of those who still have perfusion deficits because of diffuse disease can be improved clinically.
Management of ventricular aneurysms following myocardial infarction
Authors: Gay William A.
Published: April 2005

Aneurysmectomy is the most effective form of therapy for patients with symptomatic aneurysms of the left ventricle following myocardial infarction. Operation should not be undertaken less than 2 months following myocardial infarction unless there is severe hemodynamic derangement. Circulatory assist devices, such as the intra‐aortic balloon pump, have been of particular help in this group of severely ill patients. Results of elective aneurysmectomy performed 2 months or more following myocardial infarction are quite good, with the long‐term outlook for the patient generally depending on the function of the uninvolved myocardium and the status of the remaining coronary circulation. When ventricular irritability results in life‐threatening arrhythmia, aneurysmectomy must often be performed. The results in this group of patients have been somewhat disappointing, but newer techniques of localizing irritable foci may result in the development of more effective surgical procedures.
Results of a randomized study of medical and surgical management of angina pectoris
Authors: Takaro Timothy ,   The Participants in the V.A. Cooperative Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease
Published: April 2005

Of 686 male adults randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups in the 3 years 1972, 1973, and 1974, there were 354 assigned to the medical (control) group and 332 assigned to medical plus surgical treatment (in 95% of cases, to saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass procedure alone). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in any of 35 different clinical, electrocardiographic and arteriographic characteristics at baseline, except for serum cholesterol, so the 2 groups were judged to be comparable. Twelve percent of patients were found to have significant disease of the left main coronary artery, in almost all instances in addition to disease of other vessels. For this subgroup, surgery was associated with increased survival (at 4 years,p<0.001). For the remaining 88% of patients, and for the 6 subgroups into which they could be categorized on the basis of extent of disease and status of left ventricular function, no significant differences in survival could as yet be identified in these preliminary analyses. Another important finding was that inclusion of patients with left main coronary artery disease in the analyses of subgroups with 3‐vessel disease gave results for survival favoring surgically randomized patients, to a statistically significant degree. If patients with left main coronary artery disease were excluded, the difference in survival between medically and surgically treated patients was no longer statistically significant. Medically treated patients had better survival rates than earlier reports in the literature had indicated. Data on morbidity and quality of life are undergoing continuing analysis.
Gastric ulcers following vagotomy in piglets
Authors: Gordon Angus B. , Trow Richard S. , Norton Lawrence W.
Published: April 2005

Acute gastric ulceration occurred within 2 days of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (VP) in 24 of 38 piglets (63%). Twenty‐three control animals with gastric and nongastric sham operations or anesthesia alone had normal stomachs when examined after 2 days. Microspheres labeled with various isotopes were injected sequentially to study a possible hemodynamic etiology of postvagotomy ulceration. At intervals of 1, 3, and 5 hours after vagotomy or a control operation, microspheres were injected into the left atrium. Animals were sacrificed 48 hours later and stomachs excised, inspected, divided into 1–2 cm squares and counted for radioactivity. Blood flow to squares, gastric regions, and total stomach was calculated for each isotope (time interval). Total flow in squares with and without ulcers was similar, but the distribution of flow between mucosa and muscle varied. In HSV piglets, mucosal perfusion decreased 41% in ulcerated squares and 21% in normal areas. Muscle flow was increased 95% in ulcerated squares and 177% in normal areas. In VP piglets, mucosal perfusion was reduced 45% in squares with ulcers and 21% in normal squares, while muscle flow increased 18% in ulcerated samples and 194% in normal areas. Vagotomy appears to cause acute gastric ulceration in piglets by diverting gastric blood flow from mucosa to muscle.
Experience with intra‐aortic balloon pumping and the first clinical application of an ellipsoid left ventricular assist device
Authors: Fasching Wolf , Unger Felix , Deutsch Manfred , Horcher Ernst , Stellwag Fritz , Thoma Herwig , Weisskirchner Robert , Wolner Ernst , Polzer Kurt , Navratil Johann
Published: April 2005

Between December, 1969 and August, 1977, there were 121 patients treated with intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP). Initially, failure of the heart after myocardial infarction was the only indication for IABP. Subsequently, other indications were added, including cardiac failure after cardiac valve replacement or after coronary artery surgery or after general surgery, unstable angina, impending myocardial infarction, and prophylaxis in highrisk patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Mortality rates were high, despite the use of IABP, for cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction (87%) and for postoperative cardiac failure after heart valve replacement (90%), coronary artery surgery (52%), and general surgical operations (66%). The mortality rates were lower when IABP was used for impending reinfarction (17%), intermediate syndrome (19%), and as prophylaxis in highrisk patients prior to coronary artery surgery (18%). Because 47% of patients with cardiogenic shock did not respond to IABP, we have evaluated an implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) in calf experiments since 1972. The first clinical application of an ellipsoid‐LVAD (E‐LVAD) occurred in June, 1977 in a 57‐year‐old patient after aortic valve replacement. After 6 hours of pumping with the E‐LVAD, the heart recovered and was able to maintain good circulation with IABP. The poor results of IABP in patients with heart pump failure might be improved by the use of the more powerful left ventricular assist devices.
NMR structure and regulated expression in APL cell of human SH3BGRL3
Authors: Xu Chao , Zheng Peizheng , Shen Shuhong , Xu Yingqi , Wei Ling , Gao Hengjun , Wang Shengnian , Zhu Chongri , Tang Yajun , Wu Jihui , Zhang Qinghua , Shi Yunyu
Published: April 2005

SH3 domain binding glutamic acid‐rich protein like 3 (SH3BGRL3) is the new member of thioredoxin (TRX) super family, whose posttranslational modified form was identified as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) inhibitory protein, TIP‐B1. In this paper, we determined its solution structure by multi‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The overall structure of human SH3BGRL3 conformed to a TRX‐like fold. To understand its function in vivo, the upregulated expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4 at both mRNA and protein level was elucidated. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining with monoclonal antibody against SH3BGRL3 demonstrated that it was a cytoplasmic protein in both NB4 cell and human tissues. These results, as a whole, indicate that SH3BGRL3 may function as a regulator in all‐trans retinoic acid‐induced pathway.
Anthropomorphism, personification and ethics: a reply to Alexander Wendt
Authors: Lomas Peter
Published: April 2005

In his recent article ‘The State as Person in International Theory’, Alexander Wendt advocates explicitly ‘personifying the state’. In his philosophical argument, he opposes a ‘physicalism’ which would reduce states to their individual members with his own ‘thin version of personhood’ derived from social theory. But this approach, neglecting normative criteria, sets up an opposition between false extremes, as well as being false to the full nature of human beings. It is doubtful whether the state is ever, in practice, the perfect corporate agent of Wendt's prescription, and it would be suspect if it were.
IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 80. Gaseous Fluorides of Boron, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Carbon, and Silicon and Solid Xenon Fluorides in all Solvents
Authors: Clever H. Lawrence , Battino Rubin , Clever H. Lawrence , Jaselskis Bruno , Clever H. Lawrence , Yampol’skii Yuri P. , Jaselskis Bruno , Scharlin Pirketta , Young Colin L.
Published: April 2005

The literature has been searched through 2002 June for solubility data on the gases BF3, NF3, N2F4, SF6, CF4, CHF3, CH2F2, CH3F, C2F6, CHF5, 1,1,1,2-C2H2F4, 1,1,1-C2H3F3, 1,1-C2H4F2, CH5F, C3F8, c-C4F8, C2F4, 1,1-C2H2F2, C2H3F, C3F6, C3F6O, and SiF4 and the solids XeF6, XeF4, and XeF2 in all solvents. The data are compiled here. Where feasible evaluations have been carried out. The evaluations were mostly carried out for water as a solvent as the water systems are the most extensively studied. For other systems there is often only one set of measurement or two sets of measurements, which do not agree well. Evaluation of such systems will have to wait on more experimental measurements.
Intrinsic Wavelength Standard Absorption Bands in Holmium Oxide Solution for UV/visible Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Travis John C. , Acosta Joaquin Campos , Andor György , Bastie Jean , Blattner Peter , Chunnilall Christopher J. , Crosson Steven C. , Duewer David L. , Early Edward A. , Hengstberger Franz , Kim Chang-Soon , Liedquist Leif , Manoocheri Farshid , Mercader Flora , Monard L. A. G. , Nevas Saulius , Mito Akihiro , Nilsson Morgan , Noël Mario , Rodriguez Antonio Corróns , Ruı́z Arquı́medes , Schirmacher Alfred , Smith Melody V. , Valencia Guillermo , van Tonder Natasha , Zwinkels Joanne
Published: April 2005

The transmittance minima of 18 absorption bands of a solution of 40 g/L holmium oxide in 10% (volume fraction) perchloric acid are certified as intrinsic traceable wavelength standards, by means of a multicenter measurement on material from a single source coupled with comparisons of a variety of preparations of the material evaluated on a single instrument. Fit-for-purpose artifact standards for the experimental calibration or validation of wavelength scales of chemical spectrophotometers can be carefully produced by end users themselves or by commercial standards producers. The intrinsic (data) standard confers traceability to the SI unit of length in place of costly transfer artifacts and repetitive calibration procedures. Certified values are provided for instrumental spectral bandwidths of 0.1–3.0 nm in 0.1 nm intervals, and information values are provided to a spectral bandwidth of 10 nm at wider intervals. Expanded uncertainties are typically less than ±0.1 nm for certified band positions.
Fluid and Vlasov models of low-temperature, collisionless, relativistic plasma interactions
Authors: Shadwick B. A. , Tarkenton G. M. , Esarey E. , Schroeder C. B.
Published: April 2005

A warm-fluid model suitable for describing intense laser-plasma interactions is discussed. A momentum-space transformation is developed for the Vlasov–Maxwell system that leads to significant computational savings. Direct numerical solutions of the Vlasov equation are compared to the predictions of the warm-fluid model and excellent agreement is found. In particular, it is found that, as predicted by the warm-fluid model, the bulk fields are largely insensitive to the details of the phase-space distribution. The warm-fluid model is compared to the particle-in-cell model and it is found that the latter model, at typical numerical resolution, predicts a momentum spread in the laser that is unphysically large.