bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criteria for the Design of Converters and Breakers in Low Voltage DC Distribution Systems
Authors: Meng Da Wei , Lu Yu Feng , Xu Yong Ming , Wang Xi Feng
Published: September 2013

Recently, the shortage in fossil fuel causes the inflation around the world. Every nation is aware of the energy dependence on the imported oil and starts to invest on the replaceable energy such as fuel cell, solar cell and wind power. Besides of exploring more energy, cutting off the energy waste is another solution. However, for nearly all distribution system is AC-powered at present, the feasibility of DC distribution system should be discussed. Moreover, AC/DC converters and DC breakers which are two important components in DC distribution system are also the issues to be discussed. Therefore, in this thesis, the feasibility of DC distribution will be investigated. In addition, the feasible topologies and design rules of converter and breakers are proposed with the verification by simulation results.
The Diamond Wire Saw Test Bench Design and Loading Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yong Rui , Wang Li Quan , Guo Li Bin , Liu Ding Yuan
Published: September 2013

The structure design of the underwater diamond wire saw test bench system was conducted for the research of the diamond wire saw cutting mechanism. Through the kinematic analysis of the test-bed parallel lever mechanism, parallel loading mechanism equation was derived, which provided a basis for the cutting force distribution of the loading bow.Software ANSYS was used for the modal analysis of the test bench mechanism. As the theoretical analysis and calculation result showed, the test bench design in this paper realizedthe validation of the diamond abrasive cutting principle, which can serve as guidance for theprocessing and manufacturing of the test bench.
The Application of BESO in Vibration Damping of Ship Plate
Authors: Teng Xiao Yan , Han Jia Shan , Peng Liang
Published: September 2013

Based on the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO), the method of determining the adhesion position of the damping material is proposed in this paper, which is applicable to the vibration damping of ship plate. In this method, the needed amount of damping material is taken as the constraint condition, and the maximization of one natural vibration frequency of the structure is taken as the target function. A thin plate structure with both ends constraints has been taken as an example to get the best topology structure of its adhesion damper by taking the BESO method. The result of optimization shows that it still meets the damping requirements when the needed amount of damping material decreases by about 50% of the original amount. The reasonable result demonstrates the effectiveness and engineering value of the method.
State of the Art and Analysis of Design for Assembly of Large and Heavy Parts
Authors: García-Guerra Hanna Leslye , Dorador-González Jesús Manuel
Published: September 2013

Design For Assembly (DFA) is a tool to evaluate the design of parts and the products assemblability. Additionally, DFA is a key tool to reduce both cost and assembly time. DFA includes a set of techniques and procedures that, when applied properly, makes the product assembly more efficient. Assembly takes between 20% and 60% of production time, and represents between 25% and 75% of the total cost of the manufactured products. Existing techniques consider weight and size restrictions to assess the design features of the products. All those components not considered within the weight and size constraints are qualified in equal way. For the scope of this research large and heavy parts are defined as parts that measure above one meter and weight from five kilograms to five tons. Most products of large size have assemblies and subassemblies. Additionally there are a number of processes for handling an assembly of large and heavy components. Despite the information identified, further research focused to improve the knowledge in assembly methods is needed. This paper presents the state of-the-art in the assembly of large and heavy components analysis and to be a reference for future research.
Research on Measuring Accuracy Improvement for Tool Presetter
Authors: Liu Jiang Sheng , Qian Juan
Published: September 2013

Tool presetter is a type of precision measuring instrument that associates to CNC machine tools and machining centers, which integrates the technologies of optics, mechanics and electrics all together, and its measuring accuracy gives direct influence on machining accuracy of CNC machines. The main factors that influence measuring accuracy of tool presetter include: image edge detection, image positioning and accuracy of its mechanical system. This paper gives analysis on these main factors and puts forward three newly developed algorithms for improving measuring accuracy of tool presetter. First algorithm is image edge detection algorithm based on subpixel that increases the edge positioning accuracy by more than 10 times. Second one is uniformity compensation algorithm for whole view measurement that is able to capture accurate real pixel size so that image movement is more precise, which further increases the measuring accuracy. The third one is linear compensation algorithm in the measuring space that makes effective compensation to the mechanical system errors, which can compensate any position in measurement space so that system accuracy increases significantly. These algorithms are tested in CoVis software and the results show that the total measuring accuracy of tool presetter is improved dramtically to 2 μm.
Electrodeposition and Tribological Properties of Self-Lubricating Sn-Ni-PTFE Composite Coating
Authors: Ying Li Xia , Yang Jun Tao , Liu Ying , Yang Zhi Kun , Wang Gui Xiang
Published: September 2013

In order to improve the self-lubricating and anti-wear performances of metal surfaces in the extreme conditions, Sn-Ni-PTFE composite coating was electrodeposited on metal surfaces from the electrolyte containing PTFE emulsion. Microstructure, microhardness and tribological properties of the Sn-NiPTFE composite coatings were investigated. Results show that Sn-Ni-PTFE composite coating has smooth surface and fine microstructure. PTFE particles disperse uniformly in the composite coatings. Simultaneously, the incorporation of PTFE particles significantly improves the tribological performance of Sn-Ni coatings. SnNiPTFE composite coatings exhibits lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance in contrast with Sn-Ni coating.
Glass Fibre Reinforced Composites from Recycled Polymers
Authors: Ianakiev Anton , Cheah Hooi
Published: September 2013

The paper analyses the development and market potential of composite structure boards for the construction and built environment. The composite material is based on using recycled plastic reinforced with glass fibres. For some plastic materials, the Young modulus is relatively low and a sandwich structure built from plastic skin and foam core has to be used in order to achieve the required stiffness. The structural boards will be formed by a single one or two step moulding process instead of fabricated in a number of processes. The contens of the board has been optimised to reduce its weight and to enable it to be moulded from compounds using a high percentage of recycled plastics. Test samples have been tested at Nottingham Trent University (NTU) Civil Engineering laboratory to evaluate the influences of the type of plastic, the skin foam ratio and the percentage of glass fibres into the composite material mechanical properties.
Accelerated Production of White Pepper Using Integrated Mechanical and Enzymatic Solutions in an Automated Machine
Authors: Ashari Muhamad Fadzli , Ibrahim Mohd Danial , Husaini Awang , Zulkharnain Azham
Published: September 2013

The enzyme from Aspergillus versicolor A6 under solid state fermentation using agricultural waste as substrates were successfully produced by our group. Laboratory scale enzymatic retting for white pepper production was conducted using crude pectinase enzyme preparation found that decortications of green matured pepper berries were achieved after five days which is comparable to other commercial enzymes. Microbial specification and quality analyses found that retted berries meet the standards set by the International Pepper Community. This study presents a design and development of a machine which integrated mechanical and enzymatic solutions in the decortications of pepper pericarp to improve efficiency the production of white pepper berries as compared to conventional water retting method.
Transactional Model of Graph Transformations in Computer Aided Design
Authors: Kotulski Leszek , Strug Barbara
Published: September 2013

Different types of graphs have successfully been used to represent different objects in design problems. Graph transformations are often used as a way to generate, update and modify such graphs. Typical use of graph productions assumes that change of a graph is done by applying a single transformation or a sequence of independent productions. Yet, in many real life design tasks the application of a production may depend on the possibility of applying other productions. Moreover the productions required to be applied usually only depend on the current graph so the set of productions cannot be defined apriori. In this paper we present a novel approach, called a transactional model, where a set of productions is dynamically chosen in a way that it is possible to fulfill a common goal.. Only if all of the productions can be applied the whole transaction is carried out. The approach is illustrated with the problem from the domain of architectural design.
Numerical Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Steam Turbine Valve Disc
Authors: Qu Dong Yue , Guo Zhong Yuan , Liu Chong
Published: September 2013

The instability flow in the control valve often lead to abnormal vibration, the valve wear and the valve stem destruction, also lead to pressure loss. The flow in the control valve show complex flow regime distribution and variation, it is a typical unsteady flow. Therefore, it is necessary to theoretical calculation and qualitative analyses the flow field of valve by the numerical simulation method. In this paper, we study on the axial force of valve stem that caused by the fluid pulsation pressure. Establishing the flow field model of the control valve, generating the computational grid through the pre-processor, using the CFD software to do discretized and solved, getting visualization graphics of the internal flow field. Study the changes of the flow characteristics according to different pressure ratio, getting the variation characteristic of axial force. Provide the basis for subsequent optimization and design of the low vibration control valve.
Study on the Model of the Torch Tracks of CNC Flame Cutting of Rectangular Steel Pipes
Authors: Xue Kai , Li Yu Qiang , Wang Hai Feng
Published: September 2013

t is high in efficiency to cut rectangular steel pipes with flame cutting mode compared with milling mode, and it is simple in processing equipment. When cutting the four arc angles of steel pipe, the steel pipe carries out the uniform rotational motion while cutting torch carries out plane two-dimensional motion, in order to achieve uniform motion in a straight line relative to the round arc angle of steel pipe. The rotation speed of steel pipe is proportional to the cutting speed. And the X component and Z component for the speed of cutting torch will respectively change according to the sine and cosine curves. The space geometrical relationship and motion relationship of round corner torch track and steel pipe corner are described by means of parametric equations. And the correctness of the algorithm in CNC rectangle pipe cutting machine has been verified.
Dynamic Synthesis of Adaptive-Mechanical CVT
Authors: Ivanov Konstantin Samson , Ualiev Gakhip , Tultaev Baurjan
Published: September 2013

Adaptive-mechanical CVT differs from existing CVT by absence of the hydraulic converter. The transfer mechanism contains the toothed wheels closed contour which provides definability of motion at presence only one entry. Such transfer possesses effect of power adaptation. Change of a moment of resistance leads to change of target angular speed. Dynamics problem consists in definition of parameters of transition from one power regime to another. The work purpose consists in definition of dynamic parameters adaptive-mechanical CVT and in definition of parameters of transition from start power regime to operation regime.
Analysis and Simulation of Deployable Modularized Truss Mechanisms
Authors: Li Gang , Deng Zong Quan , Qi Xiao Zhi , Li Bing , Liu Rong Qiang
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a deployable modularized truss mechanism which can have different number of module units. Some necessary analysis for mechanism design will be done such as mechanism analysis, kinematic, dynamic and thermodynamic analysis. For the purpose of gaining the fundamental frequency maximum and the minimum of structural weight, some optimizations are carried out. In order to simplify the design process of the mechanisms, a simulation-design platform is developed, which has the function of analysis, simulation and optimization about mechanisms.
Mechanism Design and Modal Analysis of Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbine
Authors: Zhao Wen De , Li Yi , Li Yan Tao
Published: September 2013

A vertical-axis tidal turbine was designed in the paper. Modal analysis of the vertical-axis tidal turbine was investigated based finite element software analysis method. Finite element simulation model for modal analysis of the accelerator and the whole tidal turbine were built by appropriate structure simplification. And, the anterior 10 ranks of natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were calculated. Modal analysis results show that the natural frequency of the turbine away from the frequencies of tidal current incentive, impeller incentive and generator rotor incentive, so the resonance phenomenon does not exist in the turbine of the paper. Also, the modal analysis results show that the input of the accelerator and leaves of impeller have a large deformation, and the stiffness of the input shaft and spokes and leaves of impeller should be increased.
Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of Friction Plate Based on Rigid-Flexible Coupling Model
Authors: Li Shen Long , Pan Jiang Li , Yin Hua Bing
Published: September 2013

The stability and reliability of the shift friction plate are the main condition to guarantee the normal working for the planetary gearbox. But the failures of the friction plate, such as fracture or broken plastic deformation, often appear during the real vehicle testing process. Currently, most studies focus on chemical composition analysis and fracture analysis for the fractured friction plate, but less study for shock damage. In this paper, we develop a multi-body dynamic model, a finite element model and a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model to analyze and compare the vibration characteristics of the friction plate with three different support forms. The variation law of the impact force and frequency can be obtained for the tooth portion of the friction plate with different support forms. Finally, it can provide theoretical guidance for studying the failure of friction plate at high speed.
Keywords: Friction Plate; Rigid-flexible Coupling; Vibration Characteristics
A Method of Chatter Marks Identification Based on Autocorrelation-Threshold
Authors: Wang Li Ming , Yuan Yi Lin , Shao Yi Min
Published: September 2013

Mill chattering is frequently observed in the strip rolling process which causes dark and bright fringes on the strip surface. Due to the complex vibration sources and the characteristic signals usually masked by the heavy noise signals, how to identify and control the mill chattering are always difficult problems. This paper proposes an autocorrelation-threshold method to extract the periodical components associated with mill chattering and to evaluate the occurrence of chattering vibration. This method is proved to be effective using experimental vibration signals of different rolling speeds.
An Exact Series Solution for the Vibration of Mindlin Rectangular Plates with Elastically Restrained Edges
Authors: Xue Kai , Wang Jiu Fa , Li Qiu Hong , Wang Wei Yuan , Wang Ping
Published: September 2013

An analysis method has been proposed for the vibration analysis of the Mindlin rectangular plates with general elastically boundary supports, in which the vibration displacements and the cross-sectional rotations of the mid-plane are sought as the linear combination of a double Fourier cosine series and auxiliary series functions. The use of these supplementary functions is to solve the potential discontinuity associated with the x-derivative and y-derivative of the original function along the four edges, so this method can be applied to get the exact solution. Finally the numerical results are presented to validate the correct of the method.
Strength Analysis of the Static Load Test Frame Based on ANSYS Workbench
Authors: Li Guang Jun , Yan Chun Ming , Luo Ani
Published: September 2013

Based on the static load model of UG platform for the test frame, ANSYS software is used to conduct the finite element method. The stress and the displacement were calculated under five different conditions. The stress distributions and deformation situations of test frame were analyzed and these results provided important basis for the optimal design of the frame.
Recognition and Extraction of Debris Parameters in Traffic Accident Picture
Authors: Du Xue Jing , Guo Huan Huan
Published: September 2013

In order to obtain characteristic parameters of the debris from accident pictures for traffic accident reconstruction, MATLAB image processing technology was applied to deal with accident pictures such as grayscale transformation, binarization, noise reduction and segmentation. According to the proportional relationship obtained by camera calibration between pixel and the actual size, the diameter of sphere debris, the length and width of rectangular debris were achieved. The error calculated by comparing extraction parameters of accident picture with real size is within 5%.
New Virtual Application for Improving the Students' Understanding of Ternary Phase Diagrams
Authors: Vergara Diego , Rubio Manuel Pablo , Lorenzo Miguel
Published: September 2013

Students consider spatial visualization as one of the major difficulties at which they had to face in engineering studies. Most of them think that any effort leading to improve the understanding of such problem is welcomed. Taking this into account, an interactive application is developed in this paper in order to overcome the difficulties that engineering students traditionally find with regard to the visualization of ternary phase diagrams. To develop the didactic application diverse commercial software were used: (i) 3DStudioMax for designing the ternary equilibrium diagram and (ii) Quest3D for giving the tool a more intuitive and easy to use character. The result is a 3D virtual application which students can use for interacting in real time with a ternary diagram, e.g. changing point of view, rotating view, observing hidden zones of the diagram by applying transparency option, exploding view phases, cutting the diagram revealing isothermal sections and so on.
Interactive Virtual Platform for Simulating a Concrete Compression Test
Authors: Vergara Diego , Rubio Manuel Pablo , Lorenzo Miguel
Published: September 2013

Laboratory practices in technical degrees are usually crowed, what makes that many students waste the opportunity of putting into practice the knowledge acquired in theoretical classes. Taking this into account, an interactive virtual platform (IVP) is presented in this paper for enhancing students´ self-learning of one of the most commonly material tests used in engineering: the compression test for concrete samples. In order to carry out such innovative teaching approach, a computational modeling of a virtual materials laboratory was developed by authors including an interactive compression test machine. This way, by using this IVP, students can freely interact with the virtual compression machine during out of class study time. According to this approach, the aim of this computational application is essentially didactic, since (i) this tool allows students to get familiar with concrete compression test and, in this way, (ii) the knowledge acquired by means of such tool can be really useful to improve the performance in students´ learning during their later pressential laboratory practices.
Locator Layout Optimization for Checking Fixture Design of Thin-Walled Parts
Authors: Zhou Xiong Hui , Liu Wei , Niu Qiang , Wang Peng , Jiang Kun
Published: September 2013

The location of a checked part is one of the most critical and complicated problems in the checking fixture design (CFD) for thin-walled parts with less stiffness. The unreasonable layout of locators will give rise to the high deflection of the checked part and affect measure accuracy. Based on the “N-2-1” locating principle, an optimization method is presented to determine the locator layout, where the finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the maximal deformation of the work piece which is used to be an objective function of optimization, and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with fine performance of global convergence is adopted as an optimization solver to seek for the optima. Finally, a case study is presented to verify the proposed method.
A Sugeno-Type Fuzzy Expert System for Rough Turning
Authors: Ratava Juho , Luukka Pasi , Lohtander Mika , Varis Juha
Published: September 2013

This work describes a fuzzy expert system for rough turning. In order to automate unmanned turning, safety of the process must be ensured. In addition, any quality requirements should be fulfilled and, within these constraints, productivity maximized. The traditional approach in adaptive control of machining is to keep a measured quantity, such as power, within acceptable limits. However, there have been some studies measuring distinct phenomena in machining and identifying “cutting states” based on the phenomena. By identifying cutting states corresponding to phenomena monitored by human experts, it is possible to construct an intelligent machining system emulating the decision making of a human expert. This paper concentrates on defining the requirements for the inference part of such of an intelligent machining system. This work concentrates on both functional requirements, such as capability to take into account specific cutting states. The existence of process monitoring subsystems which detect and measure the cutting phenomena is assumed. As a result, a Sugeno-type fuzzy control is suggested, and feasibility and the level of completeness of such a system are discussed and issues requiring further study are identified.
Façade Optimisation Using a Point Equilibrium Methodology
Authors: Cheshire David , Edmondson Robert , Savidge Paul
Published: September 2013

Modern, organic shaped, building façades are often created by joining together hundreds of flat panels, resulting in high production complexity. To reduce cost it is important to design the façade using the fewest possible unique panels. Each unique panel increases design and production times so using many repeated panels enables batch production, lowering cost. To optimise the panel layout with the fewest unique panels a ‘point equilibrium’ algorithm has been developed to position the corners of the panels (nodes) on a parametric surface. In the developed theory a set of hypothetical, electrically charged particles is randomly placed upon the façade surface and allowed to repel each other. They eventually settle into an equilibrium position, with similar distances between adjacent nodes and hence produce a large number of similar triangles. An example of a façade demonstrating the practicability of this technique for constructing panel layouts is given.
Assessment of Low Cost, Sustainable, Reflective Layers for Optical Mixing
Authors: Peels Wil , Cheng Kevin , Hu Jonathan , Jiao Joe , Jin Ding , Rebergen Hans , Sun Pauline , van Wijk Rob
Published: September 2013

The reflective properties of white solder masks are subject to this investigation. Selected materials were used to fabricate test boards with increasing solder resist thickness, ranging from 1 to 4 layers. Reflectivity and reflectivity loss were measured, and some visual and mechanical properties. Our main conclusion is that high reflective white solder masks appear suitable for optical mixing design-in for lighting systems. The main route seems to be to print a first layer of a white photosensitive solder resist, which will define the component footprint for soldering; followed by multiple layers of a screen printed, thermal curable white resist, with slightly bigger opening, which will give the needed reflectivity and stability. Reflectivity increases with increasing layer thickness from 87-90% for one layer of 20µm to 95% for four layers or 80µm. Reflectivity loss up to 10% is observed in the blue spectrum after heat treatment for 1000hrs at 100°C.
A New Design of Climbing Robot with TRIZ Theory
Authors: Huang Yu Xuan , Kong Ling Cheng , Liu Wen Tao
Published: September 2013

Aiming at the existing problems and shortcomings of current climbing robots which are short of migratory climbing, the climbing forms of robots are analyzed by means of theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ). The contradictions of mobility and structural complexity are established and solved by combining with the TRIZ contradiction matrix. According to dynamic inventive theory, a new type of turnover climbing form is established. The new type of turnover climbing robot consists of the scalable body, the turnover arm installed on the body, the clamping claws and the controller installed on the turnover arm.
Longitudinal Associated Stability Analysis of Mobile Robot in Rough Terrain
Authors: Bai Ming , Xu He , He Long , Guo Wei Xing , Qiu Chang Hua
Published: September 2013

Focusing on the longitudinal adaptability of a three-fuselage articulated with separated differential mechanism in rough terrain, the associated factor which could be a criterion for the judgment of longitudinal associated stability of mobile robot has been proposed, and the analysis results of the longitudinal associated stability under different situation have been obtained based on static stability theory of mobile robot.
Integrated Approach for Multi-Robot Spot-Welding Cell Design and Welding-Point Allocation
Authors: Pellegrinelli Stefania , Pedrocchi Nicola , Molinari Tosatti Lorenzo , Tolio Tullio
Published: September 2013

The design of multi-robot cells for spot welding strictly influences the feasibility and complexity of the multi-robot motion planning. In comparison to existing literature, the proposed approach simultaneously addresses: (i) the design of multi-robot cells for spot welding; (ii) the allocation of the welding points to the robots on the basis of required cell cycle time. First, the algorithm selects one robot model and one robot fixturing structure. Second, the approach identifies free trajectories among welding points for each couple gun/position of the robot in the fixturing structure through probabilistic roadmaps (PRMs). Third, on the basis of the previous results, an innovative mathematical model selects and allocates the resources taking into account cell investment costs. Finally, the solutions that differ on robot model and robot fixturing structure are compared and the best solution is selected. A test case is provided to show the applicability of the approach.
Product Innovations and Eco-Sustainability: An Approach to Evaluate the Relationships
Authors: Papetti Alessandra , Germani Michele , Mandolini Marco
Published: September 2013

The academic and industrial literature presents a lot of innovations to improve the energy efficiency of the home appliances around the world. However, few methodologies are able to combine innovations and eco-sustainability, during the design phase of green products.In this context, the paper defines an approach to analyse the relationships between different types of innovation and the relative environmental impacts, during the product lifecycle. The analysis has been performed by defining innovations categories and comparing the product Life Cycle Assessment before and after their implementation. This approach represents the preliminary phase of the innovation process, required to support the product manager.The approach has been experimented within a household appliances company, highlighting that there are innovations able to reduce the energy and water consumption respectively of 25% and 30%.
Forming the Nucleus of a Novel Ecological Accounting System: The myEcoCost Approach
Authors: von Geibler Justus , Wiesen Klaus , Mostyn Robert Stewart , Werner Markus , Riera Nuria , Su Dai Zhong , Björling Sten Erik , Domen Tom , Smith Jonathan , Jenkins Andrew , Kresse Stefanie
Published: September 2013

The limited data availability, transparency and harmonisation in environmental assessments of products are bottlenecks for improved environmental and sustainability governance. Despite the progressive developments of information and communication systems, reliable, accurate, up-to-date data for assessing the resource use of products and services is still lacking. Resource accounting systems often have limited scope on single companies, processes or products. This paper presents an approach for an automated bottom-up accounting system for measuring resource efficiency at product and service level. It is based on a global collaborative network of resource accounting nodes connected for the accounting of natural resources use for products and services. Using an Internet-based service-oriented architecture, relevant and timely data is passed from supplier to customer recursively through the whole value chain to produce an “ecoCost” for each product or service. This conceptual paper reflects first experiences from partners of the myEcoCost project funded by European Commission (www.myecocost.com).
Intake and Urinary Amounts of Biotin in Japanese Elementary School Children, College Students, and Elderly Persons
Authors: Shibata Katsumi , Tsuji Tomiko , Fukuwatari Tsutomu
Published: September 2013

Biotin enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase are involved with the most basic metabolism. Thus, it is very important to monitor the biotin nutritional status for maintaining good health. We examined urinary excretion and the intake of biotin in a Japanese sample population of 60 boys and 36 girls (10-12 y), 37 male and 135 female college students (18-27 y), and 35 female elderly persons (70-84 y) living freely. All food consumed, and the corresponding weighing, for 4 consecutive days were recorded. A 24-hour urine sample was collected on the fourth day, and the urine biotin was measured. The urine biotin at the fourth day was 57.8, 50.9, 81.0, 66.2, and 82.3 nmol/day in boys, girls, male students, female students, and elderly persons, respectively. The average intake of biotin for 4 consecutive days was 35, 31, 28, 26, and 32 μg/day in boys, girls, male students, female students, and elderly persons, respectively.
El ser humano como portal de comunicación: La construcción del perfil en el teléfono móvil
Authors: Fidalgo Antonio , Serrano Tellería Ana , Ricardo Carvalheiro José , Canavilhas João , Correia João Carlos
Published: September 2013

La incorporación del teléfono móvil en la vida diaria del ser humano no sólo altera las dimensiones de tiempo y espacio, sino que también modifica su percepción y manera de relacionarse con el ecosistema. Metodología. A partir del concepto de intimidad tecnológica, que describe los niveles de interacción entre el hombre y la tecnología, empleado por Boyce y Hancock, se analiza el estado de arte y se propone una metodología que permita explorar cuestiones, cada vez más acuciantes, principalmente respecto a la delimitación de las esferas pública y privada así como de la interacción en el espacio común. Resultados y conclusiones. Siguiendo, en particular, las teorías de Castells, Heidegger, Meyrowitz y Habermas, se articulan un conjunto de categorías que permiten profundizar en los conceptos de espacialización, voluntariedad y perfil, identificados en esta primera etapa del proyecto como elementos clave para el análisis del ser humano como portal de comunicación.
Non-wood Forest Products Based on Extractives- A New Opportunity for Canadian Forest Industry Part 2- Softwood Forest Species
Authors: Royer Mariana , Houde Robert , Stevanovic Tatjana
Published: September 2013

Forest resources are among the most important of Canada (in the case of Quebec, nearly 90% of the territory). Innovation represents an essential challenge for the Canadian forest industry, which is presently undergoing major changes towards finding new solutions for recovery. The processing of forest biomass has become increasingly relevant along with the popular concept of biorefineries. This concept should include the development of novel technologies based on forest extractives. Bioactive molecules are readily available through eco-friendly extraction processes using various types of forest residues including barks which are generated in significant quantities by the industry. This literature review offers a glimpse into the softwood boreal forest with a particular focus on industrial species. We are adopting an ethno-pharmacological approach prior to presenting existing data on bioactive molecules from various sources, along with results from our own laboratory. In conclusion, this paper clearly demonstrates the need for further research on bioactive molecules from Canadian forest species since there remains an important lack of reliable data.
Changing Neighborhood Income Deprivation Over Time, Moving in Childhood, and Adult Risk of Depression
Authors: Sabel Clive E. , Pedersen Carsten Bøcker , Antonsen Sussie , Webb Roger T. , Horsdal Henriette Thisted
Published: July 2024

Importance

Complex biological, socioeconomic, and psychological variables combine to cause mental illnesses, with mounting evidence that early-life experiences are associated with adulthood mental health.

Objective

To evaluate whether changing neighborhood income deprivation and residential moves during childhood are associated with the risk of receiving a diagnosis of depression in adulthood.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included the whole population of 1 096 916 people born in Denmark from January 1, 1982, to December 31, 2003, who resided in the country during their first 15 years of life. Individuals were followed up from 15 years of age until either death, emigration, depression diagnosis, or December 31, 2018. Longitudinal data on residential location was obtained by linking all individuals to the Danish longitudinal population register. Statistical analysis was performed from June 2022 to January 2024.

Exposures

Exposures included a neighborhood income deprivation index at place of residence for each year from birth to 15 years of age and a mean income deprivation index for the entire childhood (aged ≤15 years). Residential moves were considered by defining “stayers” as individuals who lived in the same data zone during their entire childhood and “movers” as those who did not.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Multilevel survival analysis determined associations between neighborhood-level income deprivation and depression incidence rates after adjustment for individual factors. Results were reported as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs). The hypotheses were formulated before data collection.

Results

A total of 1 096 916 individuals (563 864 male participants [51.4%]) were followed up from 15 years of age. During follow-up, 35 098 individuals (23 728 female participants [67.6%]) received a diagnosis of depression. People living in deprived areas during childhood had an increased risk of depression (IRR, 1.10 [95% CrI, 1.08-1.12]). After full individual-level adjustment, the risk was attenuated (IRR, 1.02 [95% CrI, 1.01-1.04]), indicating an increase of 2% in depression incidence for each 1-SD increase in income deprivation. Moving during childhood, independent of neighborhood deprivation status, was associated with significantly higher rates of depression in adulthood compared with not moving (IRR, 1.61 [95% CrI, 1.52-1.70] for 2 or more moves after full adjustment).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study suggests that, rather than just high or changing neighborhood income deprivation trajectories in childhood being associated with adulthood depression, a settled home environment in childhood may have a protective association against depression. Policies that enable and support settled childhoods should be promoted.
Methyllithium Complex with Lithium Bromide (MeLi–LiBr)
Authors: Castoldi Laura , Miele Margherita , Pace Vittorio
Published: July 2024

CH
3
Li · LiBr

[332360‐06‐2]

CH
3
Li
·
LiBr or Br
·
CH
3
Li
·
Li

(MW 108.821)

InChI = 
1S/CH3.BrH.2Li/h1H3;1H;;/q;;;+1/p‐1

InChIKey = 
XLIKYFMMLMHLKL‐UHFFFAOYSA‐M

(metalating agent, preparation of organolithium species, including carbenoids)

Solubility
: methyllithium lithium bromide complex shows comparable solubility to methyllithium in ethereal solvents in which both are usually supplied. Toluene exhibits sufficient solubility properties, but it can slowly undergo decomposition due to the activation of lithiation processes. MeLi–LiBr reacts exothermically with water and protic solvents.

Form Supplied in
: methyllithium lithium bromide is supplied as a complex solution (1.5 or 2.2 M) in diethyl ether; density 0.85 g mL
−1
at 25 °C.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions
: it is advised to store MeLi–LiBr in an explosion‐proof refrigerator at temperatures <10 °C in order to minimize major hazards (corrosivity, pyrophoricity, and flammability) also because of the presence of flammable solvents. Due to air and moisture sensitivity, the reagent should be stored under an inert atmosphere.

1

Preparative Methods
: a method reported by Parkins deal with the preparation of MeLi
·
LiBr starting from MeBr and Li metal.

2

Lithium lumps are flattened with a hammer to 1.5 mm thickness and cut into chips (2 × 10 × 1.5 mm) and then placed in a flask containing 800 mL of dry diethyl ether. Thereafter, the mixture is cooled at −25 °C and the flask is purged with dry nitrogen or argon (2 L min
−1
during 1–2 min). Through a cooled dropping funnel, MeBr (104.4 g, 1.1 mol) is added and the appearance of turbidity and the increase of internal temperature are diagnostic for the beginning of the reaction. After the addition is complete, the reaction is kept at −15 °C under stirring for an additional hour and subsequently the temperature is slowly increased to 0 °C. The obtained solution is poured into the storage flask, which previously has been filled with inert gas. During the filtration, a fast stream of inert gas is passed through the reaction flask to preserve the solution from oxidative phenomena. After solvent filling and gentle swirling, the titration of the solution indicates approximately 1 M, which corresponds to a chemical yield of 90%.
Fission yeast Pib2 localizes to vacuolar membranes and regulates TOR complex 1 through evolutionarily conserved domains
Authors: Morozumi Yuichi , Hayashi Yumi , Chu Cuong Minh , Sofyantoro Fajar , Akikusa Yutaka , Fukuda Tomoyuki , Shiozaki Kazuhiro
Published: July 2024

TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is a multi‐protein kinase complex that coordinates cellular growth with environmental cues. Recent studies have identified Pib2 as a critical activator of TORC1 in budding yeast. Here, we show that loss of Pib2 causes severe growth defects in fission yeast cells, particularly when basal TORC1 activity is diminished by hypomorphic mutations in tor2, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of TORC1. Consistently, TORC1 activity is significantly compromised in the tor2 hypomorphic mutants lacking Pib2. Moreover, as in budding yeast, fission yeast Pib2 localizes to vacuolar membranes via its FYVE domain, with its tail motif indispensable for TORC1 activation. These results strongly suggest that Pib2‐mediated positive regulation of TORC1 is evolutionarily conserved between the two yeast species.
Pluralistic Approaches to Refugees or Asylum Seekers in Europe—Language and Identity
Authors: Smetanová Eva
Published: July 2024

Over past decades, millions of refugees and asylum seekers have entered Europe, leaving their homes in haste and in fear. They wish to make a better and safer life outside their country and provide themselves and their children with quality education. As strong linguistic and communicative skills are essential for the future life of newcomers, learning the language of the host community may thus become a priority. The foreign language acquisition, however, may not always be easy either for the refugees and asylum seekers or for their teachers, lecturers, and educators. The summary introduces learning difficulties migrant students may be met with and suggests one possible solution to overcome them by implementing the plurilingual approach to education. The model assumes the integration of all of the languages of the learners' linguistic repertoire and may serve as a guide to those who teach or assist in multilingual and multiethnic classes.
Using Concept Circles to Foster Deeper Understanding of Critical Vocabulary and Concepts
Authors: Mallette Barbara
Published: July 2024

Vocabulary inherent in content areas continues to challenge English learners. This vocabulary is critical to understanding key concepts. As grade level increases so does the quantity and complexity of content vocabulary and concepts. English learners can become overwhelmed by the number and complexity of vocabulary in required courses. To assist students in learning vocabulary and content concepts, teachers can utilize graphic organizers, one of which will be discussed in this entry. Concept Circles foster deeper understanding of critical content vocabulary and concepts. The characteristics of Concept Circles that enhance English learners' understanding of content vocabulary and content are also described.
Typologies of Written Corrective Feedback
Authors: Comajoan‐Colomé Llorenç , Salguero Tania
Published: July 2024

Written corrective feedback (WCF) aims to enhance students' writing skills by providing feedback on their texts, which can be done using a variety of strategies. This entry reviews different typologies of WCF focusing on the characterization of feedback types (direct, indirect, and metalinguistic). Updated classifications are provided to address terminological inconsistencies and a more detailed categorization. The importance of understanding WCF typologies for both teachers and researchers is emphasized, and insights offered into how feedback strategies are defined and may be implemented in the classroom.
Dual‐Targeted Engineered Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Yongchao , Zhu Tianchuan , Chen Jian , Liu Kecheng , Wei Chunren , Fang Qiongyan , Huang Xi , Shan Hong
Published: July 2024

Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is an important innate immune checkpoint that empowers tumors to send “don't eat me” signals, leading to immune escape. CD47 monoclonal antibodies have achieved remarkable therapeutic success in hematological malignancies. However, their efficacy in solid tumors is limited, mainly because of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, hematotoxicity severely hinders the clinical translation of CD47 antibodies. Here, a novel genetically programmed nanovesicle, OMV‐CD47/GPC3, is generated for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immunotherapy by fusing anti‐CD47 nanobodies and anti‐GPC3 scFv onto bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Following intravenous administration, dual‐targeted OMV‐CD47/GPC3 specifically recognized tumor cells expressing both CD47 and GPC3, thereby actively targeting and accumulating at the orthotopic HCC tumor site without hematotoxicity. OMV‐CD47/GPC3 potently blocked tumor CD47 and promoted macrophage phagocytosis. More importantly, immunogenic OMV‐CD47/GPC3 can effectively remodel the tumor immune microenvironment of orthotopic HCC, especially reprogram tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) to the M1‐phenotype and promote dendritic cell maturation, synergistically inducing a robust CD8+ T cell‐mediated anti‐tumor immune response. With the two‐pronged approach of immune checkpoint inhibition and immune activation, engineered OMV‐CD47/GPC3 significantly suppressed orthotopic HCC growth and prevented tumor recurrence and metastasis, thus providing a promising strategy for HCC immunotherapy.
Ligand‐Pinning Induced Size Modulation of CsPbI3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for Red Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Qi Ziwei , Mei Xinyi , Wang Jianxun , Qiu Junming , Zheng Wei , He Kege , Zhang Mingxu , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Xiaoliang
Published: July 2024

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) show high potential for new‐generation light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties. Even though the red PQD‐LEDs can be realized through mixing halide in the PQDs to tune their spectroscopies, the PQDs may suffer from phase separation under a high electric field, predominantly affecting LED applications. Herein, a ligand‐pinning‐assisted approach is reported to tune the spectroscopies of CsPbI3 PQDs, in which vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) is applied as function ligands to regulate the nucleation and growth of PQDs during the synthesis. Systematically experimental studies and theoretical calculations are conducted to comprehensively understand the functions of the VPA ligands during the PQD synthesis, which reveals that the VPA ligands with high binding energy with Pb2+ cations could firmly anchor on the surface matrix of PQDs without desorption, regulating the growth of PQDs and thus resulting in tunable spectroscopies being realized. Meanwhile, VPA could also renovate the defective surface matrix of PQDs, substantially diminishing trap‐induced nonradiative recombination. Consequently, red PQD‐LEDs deliver a high external quantum efficiency of 22.83%, which is significantly improved compared with the control devices. This work provides a new avenue to tune the spectroscopies of PQDs toward high‐performing LEDs.
Suppressing Fluoride Segregation for High Efficiency Tin Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ma Mingyu , Jiang Xianyuan , Zang Zihao , Wen Xin , Zhou Wei , Wu Haobo , Peng Si , Liu Yunlong , Li Hansheng , Yu Danni , Liang Hao , Wang Hao , Zhou Wenjia , Su Zhenhuang , Zheng Fan , Gao Xingyu , Emeline Alexei V. , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Ning Zhijun
Published: July 2024

Phase segregation can bring low crystallinity and orientation, giving rise to poor carrier transport and high defect density, leading to poor device performance. In order to reduce oxidation and defect density and regulate film growth, lots of reductive additives such as SnF2 are explored as additives in tin perovskite film growth. Despite the oxidation is effectively reduced, it induces phase segregation. Herein, a reductive molecule NH5F2 with a bi‐fluoride anion is explored to address this challenge for tin perovskite solar cells. This bi‐fluoride anion reduces coordination energy with Sn2+ compared to SnF2, hence the byproduct of [F─H─F]− can be eliminated during the film annealing process, effectively preventing fluoride segregation. As a result, a highly oriented perovskite film with reduced oxidation is fabricated. The film shows reduced defect density and carrier recombination, leading to improved current density. Consequently, a tin‐based perovskite solar cell with an efficiency of 15.04% is fabricated, ranking as one of the highest efficiencies reported up to now.