bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord: A case report
Authors: Sambel Murat , Demirbas Murat , Yalcin Omer , Guzelsoy Muhammet , Erdogan Abdullah , Oner Sedat , Kilic Metin , Aydos Murat
Published: July 2015

Spermatic cord liposarcoma is very rare and characterized by a painless inguinal or scrotal mass. This is a case report of a 66-yearold man presenting with a mass in his left scrotum. Inguinal orchiectomy was performed and the histopathological examination revealed a liposarcoma of the spermatic cord.
Prone split-leg position to manage encrusted ureteral stents in a single-stage procedure in women: Step-by-step surgical technique
Authors: Marchini Giovanni Scala , Torricelli Fábio Cesar Miranda , Mazzucchi Eduardo , Srougi Miguel , Monga Manoj
Published: July 2015

The management of encrusted ureteral stents is costly, time consuming and may be risky for the patient and challenging for the urologist. Treatment modalities for encrusted stents include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, cystolithopaxy, rigid or flexible ureteroscopy with intracorporeal lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, open surgery, and a combination of those methods. In this study we describe the management of severe forgotten encrusted ureteral stents in 3 female patients using a prone splitleg position. This position allows us to effectively treat any site and degree of stent encrustation in a single-session approach with the patient in the same position during the whole procedure. All patients were rendered stent and stone free. No complications occurred.
Localized prostate cancer presenting as a renal pseudo-tumour
Authors: Poonja Zia , So Alan , Eigl Bernhard J.
Published: July 2015

Malignant obstructive uropathy can be a result of common genitourinary malignancies (i.e., ureter, prostate, bladder, or kidney) or extrinsic processes, such as colon and ovarian tumours. We present a case of uropathy caused by prostatic obstruction, which initially presented as a renal psuedo-tumour. We also review the relevant literature.
Wounds as probes of electrical properties of skin
Authors: Wahlsten O. , Apell P.
Published: July 2015

We have built a model where we use a wound as a probe of the dielectric properties of skin. In this way one is able to infer information about skin dielectric properties in situ. We introduce the notion of a skin electrochemical capacitor. This gives good agreement with recent measurements for the electric potential landscape around a wound. Possible diagnostic consequences are briefly touched upon.
Magnetic induction pneumography: a planar coil system for continuous monitoring of lung function via contactless measurements
Authors: Gürsoy Doğa , Scharfetter Hermann
Published: July 2015

Continuous monitoring of lung function is of particular interest to the mechanically ventilated patients during critical care. Recent studies have shown that magnetic induction measurements with single coils provide signals which are correlated with the lung dynamics and this idea is extended here by using a 5 by 5 planar coil matrix for data acquisition in order to image the regional thoracic conductivity changes. The coil matrix can easily be mounted onto the patient bed, and thus, the problems faced in methods that use contacting sensors can readily be eliminated and the patient comfort can be improved. In the proposed technique, the data are acquired by successively exciting each coil in order to induce an eddy-current density within the dorsal tissues and measuring the corresponding response magnetic field strength by the remaining coils. The recorded set of data is then used to reconstruct the internal conductivity distribution by means of algorithms that minimize the residual norm between the estimated and measured data. To investigate the feasibility of the technique, the sensitivity maps and the point spread functions at different locations and depths were studied. To simulate a realistic scenario, a chest model was generated by segmenting the tissue boundaries from NMR images. The reconstructions of the ventilation distribution and the development of an edematous lung injury were presented. The imaging artifacts caused by either the incorrect positioning of the patient or the expansion of the chest wall due to breathing were illustrated by simulations.
Reaching New Heights With Community Involvement
Authors: Nagle Thomas E.
Published: July 2015

When professional engineers offer hands‐on, project‐based learning to students, the collaboration is beneficial for both groups, as well as the community in which they live. The connection is especially valuable to students who are made aware of the diverse opportunities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers through this process.
Utility Analysis and Integration Model
Authors: Vitasovic Zdenko Cello , Olsson Gustaf , Liner Barry , Sweeney Michael , Abkian Varouj
Published: July 2015

The utility analysis and integration model is a proposed business reference model that offers a structured framework to help utilities succeed on the enterprise level by facilitating the coordination and integration of people, process, and technology.
Distribution System Residuals—Is “Detectable” Still Acceptable for Chloramines?
Authors: Wahman David G. , Pressman Jonathan G.
Published: July 2015

Taking into account what is now known about organic chloramines and distribution system nitrification, it is important to discuss the value of measuring “detectable” chloramines and to define best management practices for maintaining the distribution system when the disinfectant also provides a food source for biological growth.
Neuron hemilineages provide the functional ground plan for the Drosophila ventral nervous system
Authors: Harris Robin M , Pfeiffer Barret D , Rubin Gerald M , Truman James W
Published: July 2015

Drosophila central neurons arise from neuroblasts that generate neurons in a pair-wise fashion, with the two daughters providing the basis for distinct A and B hemilineage groups. 33 postembryonically-born hemilineages contribute over 90% of the neurons in each thoracic hemisegment. We devised genetic approaches to define the anatomy of most of these hemilineages and to assessed their functional roles using the heat-sensitive channel dTRPA1. The simplest hemilineages contained local interneurons and their activation caused tonic or phasic leg movements lacking interlimb coordination. The next level was hemilineages of similar projection cells that drove intersegmentally coordinated behaviors such as walking. The highest level involved hemilineages whose activation elicited complex behaviors such as takeoff. These activation phenotypes indicate that the hemilineages vary in their behavioral roles with some contributing to local networks for sensorimotor processing and others having higher order functions of coordinating these local networks into complex behavior.
Surfzone to inner‐shelf exchange estimated from dye tracer balances
Authors: Hally‐Rosendahl Kai , Feddersen Falk , Clark David B. , Guza R. T.
Published: July 2015

Surfzone and inner‐shelf tracer dispersion are observed at an approximately alongshore‐uniform beach. Fluorescent Rhodamine WT dye, released near the shoreline continuously for 6.5 h, is advected alongshore by breaking‐wave‐ and wind‐driven currents, and ejected offshore from the surfzone to the inner‐shelf by transient rip currents. Novel aerial‐based multispectral dye concentration images and in situ measurements of dye, waves, and currents provide tracer transport and dilution observations spanning about 350 m cross‐shore and 3 km alongshore. Downstream dilution of near‐shoreline dye follows power law decay with exponent −0.33, implying that a tenfold increase in alongshore distance reduces the concentration about 50%. Coupled surfzone and inner‐shelf dye mass balances close, and in 5 h, roughly half of the surfzone‐released dye is transported offshore to the inner‐shelf. Observed cross‐shore transports are parameterized well (
, best fit slope
) using a bulk exchange velocity and mean surfzone to inner‐shelf dye concentration difference. The best fit cross‐shore exchange velocity
is similar to a temperature‐derived exchange velocity on another day with similar wave conditions. The
magnitude and observed inner‐shelf dye length scales, time scales, and vertical structure indicate the dominance of transient rip currents in surfzone to inner‐shelf cross‐shore exchange during moderate waves at this alongshore‐uniform beach.
Review of wave‐turbulence interactions in the stable atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Sun Jielun , Nappo Carmen J. , Mahrt Larry , Belušić Danijel , Grisogono Branko , Stauffer David R. , Pulido Manuel , Staquet Chantal , Jiang Qingfang , Pouquet Annick , Yagüe Carlos , Galperin Boris , Smith Ronald B. , Finnigan John J. , Mayor Shane D. , Svensson Gunilla , Grachev Andrey A. , Neff William D.
Published: July 2015

Flow in a stably stratified environment is characterized by anisotropic and intermittent turbulence and wavelike motions of varying amplitudes and periods. Understanding turbulence intermittency and wave‐turbulence interactions in a stably stratified flow remains a challenging issue in geosciences including planetary atmospheres and oceans. The stable atmospheric boundary layer (SABL) commonly occurs when the ground surface is cooled by longwave radiation emission such as at night over land surfaces, or even daytime over snow and ice surfaces, and when warm air is advected over cold surfaces. Intermittent turbulence intensification in the SABL impacts human activities and weather variability, yet it cannot be generated in state‐of‐the‐art numerical forecast models. This failure is mainly due to a lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms for seemingly random turbulence generation in a stably stratified flow, in which wave‐turbulence interaction is a potential mechanism for turbulence intermittency. A workshop on wave‐turbulence interactions in the SABL addressed the current understanding and challenges of wave‐turbulence interactions and the role of wavelike motions in contributing to anisotropic and intermittent turbulence from the perspectives of theory, observations, and numerical parameterization. There have been a number of reviews on waves, and a few on turbulence in stably stratified flows, but not much on wave‐turbulence interactions. This review focuses on the nocturnal SABL; however, the discussions here on intermittent turbulence and wave‐turbulence interactions in stably stratified flows underscore important issues in stably stratified geophysical dynamics in general.
Addendum zu 1,2‐Epoxypropan [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2015]
Authors: Bader M.
Published: July 2015

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW)
, 22. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2015

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung

Belastung und Beanspruchung

Beziehung zwischen äußerer und innerer Belastung

Evaluierung des BAT‐Wertes
Complement: The Alternative Pathway
Authors: Zipfel Peter F , Skerka Christine
Published: July 2015

The alternative pathway of complement is a powerful and evolutionarily old defence system of innate immunity that recognises and destroys invading infectious microbes and also targets and eliminates modified self cells. For survival in an immunocompetent host, pathogenic microbes provide strategies to interfere with alternative pathway activation at their surface and they evade complement immune recognition. Recent evidence shows that mutations and sequence variations of important regulators of the alternative pathway cause a variety of autoimmune diseases, including age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) of the retina and kidney diseases in the form of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). On the basis of its central relevance in immunity targeting, the complement system by specific therapeutic agents is a promising approach to treat autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders.

Key Concepts

Alternative pathway is a spontaneous self‐amplifying initiator of complement

AP is activated by default in blocked by inhibitors

Defective AP regulation results in serve autoimmune disease

Mutations in regulators and autoimmune forms cause diseases

Pathogenic infectious microbes block AP action by mimicking intact host surfaces

The C3 convertase of the AP is the central hub for complement activation

AP is controlled in fluid phase and on biological surfaces

Targeting AP action is a promising option to treat inflammatory autoimmune disorders

Animal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity

Lipid bilayers provide the fundamental architecture of biological membranes.
Haematopoietic Growth Factors
Authors: Thomas Daniel , Lopez Angel F
Published: July 2015

Haematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) regulate the production of all the cellular elements of blood by stimulating the proliferation, survival and differentiation of haematopoietic cells in various stages of maturation and also enhancing mature cell functions. Certain factors are critical for haematopoiesis in normal health (erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐7 and stem cell factor) while other growth factors (interleukin‐3, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐11 and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor) exert their effects principally in inflammatory states as a response to infection or trauma. Similar to immune cytokines, many HGFs exhibit overlapping roles (redundancy) and dramatic synergy when acting in combination. HGFs transduce their potent biological effects through growth factor receptors which bind HGFs with high affinity and signal through JAK family tyrosine kinases. Recombinant HGFs are used in a wide variety of clinical settings including the treatment for anaemia in kidney disease (erythropoietin), chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia (granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor) and immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (thrombopoietin) and to aid in the collection of bone marrow stem cells (G‐CSF).

Key Concepts

Haematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are small, secreted extracellular glycoproteins that bind to receptors on the surface of haematopoietic cells

Growth factors that are critical for maintenance of blood cell production in normal health are erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, interleukin‐7 and stem cell factor

Interleukin‐3, interleukin‐5, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐11 and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor exert their effects principally in inflammatory states as a response to infection or trauma

HGFs are heavily glycosylated proteins that adopt an antiparallel 4‐α helical bundle structure

Clinical uses of HGFs continue to increase and include anaemia of renal disease, chemotherapy‐ and drug‐induced neutropenia‐, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia and anti‐tumour vaccination therapies

HGFs exert their effects through specific binding to unique or shared receptor subunits

In the case of heterodimeric receptors, the initial sequence of events involves the binding of cytokine to the major binding subunit of the receptor, the alpha subunit, followed by recruitment of the signalling subunit which then undergoes further oligomerisation to bring together two JAK‐2 molecules
Mitosis
Authors: Tanaka Kozo
Published: July 2015

Mitosis is the process by which duplicated chromosomes are divided between the two daughter cells, thus transmitting genetic information to the next cell cycle. Mitosis comprises nuclear division (karyokinesis), which is followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis), together forming the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. Mitosis is a dynamic process that mechanically segregates chromosomes using the spindle apparatus, a microtubule (MT)‐based structure. Mitotic events, such as chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, chromosome segregation, nuclear envelope reformation, chromosome decondensation and cytokinesis must occur in a precise order. This is governed by the protein phosphorylation by cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 1 and other mitotic kinases, and also ubiquitylation by the anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). For high‐fidelity chromosome segregation, proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores is ensured by numbers of mechanisms. Failure in these mechanisms results in cell death or aneuploidy; the latter often leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression.

Key Concepts

CDK1 (cyclin‐dependent kinase 1) activity drives mitotic progression.

Spindle bipolarity is maintained by the balance of forces acting on microtubules.

Centrosomes act as spindle poles, but spindles can be formed without centrosomes.

Proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores is essential for faithful chromosome segregation.

Spindle‐assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures the proper attachment of kinetochores to microtubules for all the chromosomes.

APC/C (anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome) triggers chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. Most cancer cells show aneuploidy, which is mainly caused by chromosomal instability.
Bandwagon Effect
Authors: Schmitt‐Beck Rüdiger
Published: July 2015

The term “bandwagon effect” denotes a phenomenon of public opinion impinging upon itself: In their political preferences and positions people tend to join what they perceive to be existing or expected majorities or dominant positions in society. It has been most intensely discussed with regard to elections and issue attitudes. Only in recent years have carefully designed studies succeeded in demonstrating that bandwagon effects really exist. However, the observed bandwagon effects have usually been rather weak, and contingent on specific conditions.
Infotainment
Authors: Thussu Daya Kishan
Published: July 2015

This entry focuses on the growth of infotainment as a result of the worldwide commercialization of broadcast journalism, arising from the combined processes of digitization and the opening up of new markets through privatization and deregulation. With the proliferation of ratings‐conscious, 24/7 news channels and an increasingly heterogeneous and globalized audience, one can detect a tendency among broadcasters to privilege a “soft” version of news, with an emphasis on celebrities, sports, and entertainment. The entry discusses the key implications of such trends for news agendas and editorial priorities.
Introduction: Renewable Energy
Authors: Boehm Robert F. , Yang Hongxing , Yan Jinyue
Published: July 2015

In this introductory article to the Renewable Energy volume, a brief summary of the various topics covered in the volume is given. These topics include overviews of bioenergy, solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, and tidal energy technologies. The authors of the articles have included state of the art summaries, new advances in the fields of these renewable technologies, as well some possibilities for systems yet to be developed.
A Two‐Phase Anaerobic Digestion Process for Biogas Production for Combined Heat and Power Generation for Remote Communities
Authors: Zhang Dongke , Zhu Mingming , Zhou Wenxu , Yani Setyawati , Zhang Zhezi , Wu Jinhu
Published: July 2015

In a conventional anaerobic digestion (AD) process, a feedstock rich in organic matters is converted to a combustible gas, known asbiogas, containing mainly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide, under the action of microorganisms such as methanogenic microbes in the absence of oxygen. However, the conventionalADprocess is slow and difficult to control for optimal biogas production. A two‐phase anaerobic digestion (T‐PAD) process is a sequential anaerobic process, in which hydrogen andCO2are produced in the first phase and methane andCO2are produced in the second phase. The two streams are then combined to form a hydrogen‐enriched biogas, which has a much improved ignition quality if used in gas engines for combined heat and power (CHP) generation, an emerging technology especially for off‐the‐grid remote energy services. This article describes the principles of the T‐PADprocess, provides a sound technical procedure and engineering protocol for designing and integrating the T‐PADinto aCHPsystem, and completes with an illustration of the working of a case study of a pilot‐scale process demonstration unit.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generation Using Gas Engines Fueled with Pyrolysis Gases
Authors: Zhang Dongke , Zhu Mingming , Zhang Zhezi , Wu Jinhu
Published: July 2015

This article describes the technology for combined heat and power (CHP) generation using gas engines fueled with synthetic gaseous fuels from pyrolysis of biomass and municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The main pyrolysis gases of biomass and MSWs are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and an appropriate amount of hydrogen to improve the ignition quality. The yield of these gaseous products can be controlled by adjusting the operating parameters such as solid retention time, pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and vapor phase residence time. Biochar, a by‐product of pyrolysis, is an effective catalyst to crack tar to increase the yield of the pyrolysis gas. After cleaning and conditioning, the pyrolysis gas can be directly used in the gas engines for CHP generation with high efficiency, flexibility, and low investment, particularly in the low‐power output range, typically less than 5 MW.
Stand‐Alone Wind Power and Hybrid Solar–Wind Power
Authors: Lu Lin
Published: July 2015

In the remote areas without utility grid but with abundant wind resources, stand‐alone wind power system is a good option to provide power for rural homes, farms, or even entire communities. Wind power can be considered as a clean and cost effective alternative source of electricity. However, to provide a more reliable power supply, stand‐alone hybrid solar–wind power system with storage is expected considering the good complementary characteristics between solar energy and wind energy. Hybrid system configurations can be achieved by dynamically modeling the system in terms of system power supply reliability requirement and local weather conditions. For the required
LPSP
(loss of power supply probability), the configuration with the lowest levelised cost of energy (
LCE
) is considered as the optimal one.
Steam Power Generation
Authors: Mirandola Alberto , Stoppato Anna , Benato Alberto
Published: July 2015

The steam turbine fossil‐fueled plants have been the principal systems used to generate electricity in the twentieth century. Starting from the first decades of the century, the configurations and the thermodynamic parameters of these plants were progressively modified and improved: so, the overall efficiency gradually increased, and the environmental impact per energy unit, which was really huge at the beginning, decreased to quite low values in the recent years. The evolution of these plants was closely connected with the improvement of (i) the thermodynamic cycles, (ii) the design, manufacture, and maintenance of the single components, (iii) the use of materials having suitable mechanical performance, (iv) the treatment of water, fuels, and flue gases, and (v) the operation modes and strategies.

Coal, in pulverized form, has been and still is the main fuel used in these plants; but, because of the environmental concern about greenhouse gas emissions, in recent years, there have been increasing acceptance problems of coal‐fired plants by the public opinion in the industrial countries. So, because large coal resources are still available, it is very important to further improve these plants in order to meet more and more severe environmental standards.

In fact, the coal‐fired plants technology has shown very important and progressive improvements; for example, the overall efficiency, which was about 15% in the first decades of the twentieth century, is expected to reach 55% by 2020. This article will retrace the history and the evolution of the coal‐fired plants over the past century, outline the present state of the art, and show the perspectives for the next years.
Post‐Combustion Carbon Capture
Authors: Fan Xianfeng
Published: July 2015

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been seen as a promising means for reducingCO2emission from point sources. This article first reviews the typical post‐combustion carbon capture techniques, such as temperature swing, pressure swing, electrical swing processes, membrane separation, and the recent developments on adsorbents, adsorption, and absorption processes, and then focuses on opportunities and challenges in post‐combustionCO2capture. In the section on absorption processes, attention has been given to Kerr‐McGee/ABBLummus Crest technology, the Fluor EconamineFG PlusSMprocess, the Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide Recovery Process, aqueous ammonia (NH3) process, chilled ammonia process, dual‐alkali absorption, and strong alkali absorption. In the section on adsorption processes, discussions start from fixed‐bed configuration, circulating fluidized beds, and counter‐current‐bed configurations, and then the focus will turn to various adsorbents, such as zeolites adsorbents, carbon adsorbents, amine‐functionalized adsorbents, wet impregnation, amine‐functionalizedTiO2nanotubes, amines covalently tethered to oxide supports, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and alkali metal‐promoted metal oxides.
Reduction ofCO2Emissions Through Waste Materials Recycling by Mineral Carbonation
Authors: Sanna Aimaro
Published: July 2015

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) by mineral carbonation is one of the proposed technologies for the reduction ofCO2emission from power and industrial plants. Mineral carbonation occurs when metal oxides in inorganic wastes and silicate rocks react withCO2forming stable carbonates. Waste materials are of particular interest as mineral carbonation resource, as they are cheap, often colocated toCO2emitters and rich in metal oxides. Unfortunately, the reaction in nature requires geological times due to kinetics limitations and different direct and indirect mineral carbonation approaches have been proposed to overcome these limitations. The technical limits of the mineral carbonation technology, the reuse of inorganic wastes as mineral carbonation resource, and the potential application of the reaction products toward the reduction of the technology costs have been discussed. In addition, the postprocessing required to obtain the final sellable materials have been summarized.
Introduction: Intelligent Energy Systems
Authors: Conejo Antonio J. , Dahlquist Erik , Yan Jinyue
Published: July 2015

How energy can be effectively and efficiently utilized is the main focus of the volume of Intelligent Energy System. New electrical transmission systems, smart grid and modern electrical systems, smart houses and homes, and other energy efficiency improvement are included. An in‐depth overview of current research trends in electric energy systems is provided. Such systems are increasingly penetrated by renewable sources and subject to increasingly stringent carbon limits. This overview includes investment in generation facilities, economic operation problems involving both generation and demand, control and stability issues, transmission security, and integration of electrical vehicles.
Market Design for Future Clean Electricity Systems: Advances Based on Optimization Under Uncertainty
Authors: Morales Juan M. , Pineda Salvador , Zugno Marco
Published: July 2015

Renewable energy is rapidly penetrating power systems worldwide, particularly in the form of wind and solar power. These sources of clean energy, however, have two features that complicate the operation of an electricity system: they arestochasticand as such can be forecast only with a certain degree of accuracy, andnondispatchableor only partly dispatchable, that is, they cannot increase their production whenever requested by the system operator. In this article, we first outline the impact of these renewable energy sources on power system operations and briefly describe potential market solutions being explored to facilitate their integration. We then place emphasis on those solutions based on upgrading current market‐clearing tools using techniques of optimization under uncertainty, in particular, stochastic programming and robust optimization. The application of stochastic programming to electricity markets is illustrated through a series of friendly examples, while the robust optimization approach is briefly described. The article concludes with a summary of its content, an overview of the main conclusions drawn therein, and a discussion on future prospects in the field of renewable energy sources in electricity markets.
Robust Corrective Topology Control
Authors: Korad Akshay S. , Balasubramanian Pranavamoorthy , Hedman Kory W.
Published: July 2015

The electric power grid is one of the most complex engineered systems to date. The challenge to maintain a continuous supply of electric power, at least cost, will increase in difficulty owing to the growth in the amount of intermittent, nondispatchable renewable resources. Transmission limitations within the bulk power grid frequently inhibit the transportation of electric power across the high voltage electric grid. Such transmission bottlenecks increase costs and limit the ability to utilize ancillary services that are required to balance out resource uncertainties and contingencies. Even though specific transmission paths may not be fully utilized, due to Kirchhoff's laws, it may not be possible to transport additional electric power across these underutilized paths. This work proposes a robust corrective transmission topology control methodology, which models the flexibility in transmission paths, through transmission switching, in order to improve the transfer capability of electric power in key bottleneck areas of the bulk power grid. Intermittent resources, for example, wind, are modeled within anIEEEtest case in order to demonstrate that robust corrective topology control can improve transfer capability, reduce operating costs, improve reliability, and increase the maximum amount of intermittent resources that a system can reliably absorb.
Control of Electricity Loads in Future Electric Energy Systems
Authors: Madsen Henrik , Parvizi Jacopo , Halvgaard Rasmus , Sokoler Leo E. , Jørgensen John B. , Hansen Lars H. , Hilger Klaus B.
Published: July 2015

Traditionally, electricity power production has been adjusted to balance the time‐varying electricity load. However, a transition to a system based on an increasing, fluctuating, and nondispatchable renewable power implies that the control of electricity loads becomes crucial. This article describes methods for control of electricity loads in future energy systems and methods for handling stochasticity of, for example, wind and solar power production. Hierarchies of aggregators and predictive controllers, for electricity loads in flexible demand‐side response, are implemented to achieve a balance with the nondispatchable energy production. Two distinct approaches are described: direct control of the load consumption of individual DERs and indirect control by broadcasting an electricity price. The advantages and challenges of these two approaches are discussed, and examples of the suggested techniques are provided.
Energy and Socioeconomic Systems to Realize Low Carbon Society (LCS)
Authors: Kainuma Mikiko , Pandey Rahul
Published: July 2015

Low carbon society (LCS) and low carbon economy have become a common part of the phraseology of the global community of researchers, policymakers, and citizens engaged with the concerns of climate change and sustainable development. These terms gained currency when it was realized that on one hand, drasticGHGemission cuts necessitating major changes in energy systems and socioeconomic structures are essential to prevent dangerous climate change and, on the other hand, every country's domestic developmental goals must not be compromised. The debates aimed to achieve a convergence among the multiple goals of global climate change mitigation, national economic development, poverty elimination, sustainable development, and environmental protection have led to the importance ofLCSand related paradigms.

This article offers an introduction to the concept ofLCS; the results of myriad analytical efforts to projectLCSscenarios at the levels of the world, countries, and cities; the actual efforts underway in the realms of policy, institutions, industries, and communities as concrete steps towardLCS; and finally, the numerous barriers to be overcome as part of the challenge to transition towardLCS.
Introduction: Concentrating Solar Power Systems
Authors: Mancini Thomas R.
Published: July 2015

Concentrating solar power (CSP) is one way of producing electricity using solar energy. Also known assolar thermal electric power, this class of solar technologies utilizes concentrating solar collectors to focus the direct component of sunlight on a receiver where it is absorbed and heats a working fluid. The solar‐generated heat replaces the burning of fossil fuels, coal, and natural gas, in conventional heat‐engine generators to produce utility‐scale electric power. The concept of concentrating solar energy to drive a thermal‐engine generator was first demonstrated in the nineteenth century.

CSPtechnologies comprise two basic architectures, point‐focus and line‐focus systems, with two types of concentrator utilized for each architecture. Parabolic troughs and linear Fresnel are line‐focus systems and central receivers (also known aspower towers) and dish engines are point‐focus ones. Each of these power generation systems has its own unique set of characteristics such as concentration ratio (ability to concentrate sunlight), operating temperature, power cycle compatibility, and of course cost. One of the “key” characteristics ofCSPsystems, addressed in a separate topic‐area article, is their ability to integrate cost‐effective thermal energy storage using molten sodium‐potassium nitrate salts. In this article, we introduce some of the optical considerations of solar concentrators, describe the fourCSPtechnologies, and provide a brief description of the current status of worldwide project development.
Energy Security and Sustainable Development Opportunities in Pacific Island Countries
Authors: Yao Xianbin , Guild Robert , Trainor J. Michael
Published: July 2015

Energy sector development in Pacific Island countries varies widely in terms of access, energy mix, and policy environments; however, it is also characterized by a number of features common to most. These include a legacy of diesel‐dominant generation, lack of mandate or policy priority to pursue universal coverage, institutional and human capacity constraints, historic underinvestment, distortionary tariff policies, financially unsustainable utilities dominated by state‐owned enterprises, and various political factors. The changing global energy paradigm has exacerbated these challenges while simultaneously offering opportunities to mitigate or overcome them entirely. Rising oil prices have put severe strains on diesel‐dominated systems, while the global focus on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions has seen great advances in renewable energy technologies and commitment by the developed world of resources to help developing countries adjust their growth trajectories to emphasize low carbon energy solutions. The Pacific Island countries could be well positioned to benefit from the changed paradigm through carefully conceived sets of policies and investment priorities.
Advanced Heat Exchangers for Clean and Sustainable Technology
Authors: Sundén Bengt , Wu Zan
Published: July 2015

This article presents two types of advanced heat exchangers: high‐temperature heat exchangers (HTHEs) and compact heat exchangers (CHEs). Design materials selection and coolants for high temperatures are described. As a promisingHTHEand aCHE, printed circuit heat exchanger has been outlined. Micro/mini‐channel heat exchanger and foam heat exchanger, as two types ofCHEs, are also described. Various heat‐transfer enhancement techniques for heat exchangers, especially the most recent enhancement methods, are emphasized, with a special focus on the enhancement techniques with relatively low pressure drop penalty. The development on these advanced heat exchangers will contribute to achieve a clean and sustainable environment.
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine Technology
Authors: Korakianitis Theodosios , Rezaienia M. A. , Shen X. , Avital E. J. , Munjiza A. , Wen P. H. , Williams J. J. R.
Published: July 2015

This article presents a general up‐to‐date review of the aerodynamics of wind turbine technology. The article kicks off with the history of wind energy applications, then the current status of worldwide wind energy capacity is reviewed. The principles of rapid techniques used in aerodynamic and acoustic wind turbine design, such as blade element/momentum (BEM) and dynamic wake effect, are provided. Insight into more advanced methods such as vortex wake theory and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also given. The article then moves on to analysis of the structure of a wind turbine, with focus on the more common horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). This is followed by discussion of some hot research topics such as fluid–structure interaction (FSI) and unsteady aerodynamic factors. Recent studies on wind turbine control systems and wind farms are briefly reviewed. To summarize in one sentence, wind power has a bright future, but in order to fulfill its potential as a substantial source of renewable energy, it still has some way to go.
Internal Combustion Engine Performance and Emissions Aspects When Fueled by Conventional and Sustainable Fuels
Authors: Korakianitis Theodosios , Imran Shahid , Emberson David R. , Namasivayam Ashand M. , Crookes Roy J.
Published: July 2015

Internal combustion (IC) engines continue to maintain their position as principle prime mover for energy transformation especially in transportation and power sectors. Research on IC engines has many frontiers: optimum engine design to get better fuel utilization and mitigate spefici emissions; development of alternate fuels to reduce the dependence on fast depleting fossil fuels; use of oxygenated hydrocarbons in conventional compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI) engines; development of reaction kinetics and thermal databases for different hydrocarbons to simulate combustion process in IC engines. This study reviews the status of the current research on all of the above mentioned frontiers. It lays down various parameters and their mutual dependencies and how they affect engine' performance and emissions characteristics. Various strategies that are employed to control these performance and emissions characteristics have been discussed. The application of different liquid (Alcohols and biofuels) and gaseous (natural gas and hydrogen) fuels as alternatives to the fossil fuels has been detailed. It also provides an insight into the development of various surrogates for gasoline and diesel fuels. Numerical modelling of the internal combustion engines and the application of emulsified nano‐fuels have also been discussed in detail.
The Role of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) for Climate Policy
Authors: Kraxner Florian , Fuss Sabine , Krey Volker , Best Dennis , Leduc Sylvain , Kindermann Georg , Yamagata Yoshiki , Schepaschenko Dmitry , Shvidenko Anatoly , Aoki Kentaro , Yan Jinyue
Published: July 2015

Combining carbon‐neutral bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and thereby reducing CO2while providing energy is an attractive concept used in model projections meeting the 2°C target. However, it is questionable whether the necessary scale can be achieved in time and many other uncertainties remain ranging from technological issues and feedstock potentials to socioeconomic challenges and lack of certainty about the mechanisms in the climate system. In this article, a review of the status quo of knowledge onBECCSis given and its role for meeting ambitious climate stabilization goals is discussed. With the help of a techno‐economic engineering model, we provide examples ofBECCSpotentials in Korea, Japan, and Russia.
The General Development of Energy Law and Climate Policy in the World
Authors: Gong Xiangqian , Cai Yidie
Published: July 2015

This article is an introductory analysis focusing on energy law, climate policy, and their interactive and coordinative regulatory framework. It begins with a brief introduction of the relationship between energy utilization and climate change to illustrate how to achieve sustainable development with a proper legislative and policy framework. Then, it summarizes the existing energy law and climate policy of different countries, as well as related important events held by international organizations in order to explore the general trends in the future. Finally, this article explains the problems appearing in the decision‐making process of energy law and climate policy, makes a necessary fundamental summary, and gives some suggestions on how to deal with the relationship among energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic growth.
Energy Efficiencies in ASEAN Region
Authors: Shi Xunpeng
Published: July 2015

With the continuous growth of economy and population, electrification, industrialization, and urbanization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (
ASEAN
) energy demand will be more than tripled during 2010–2035, which will create huge pressure on energy supply, energy security, and the environment. Energy efficiency, which offers a possible measure to mitigate the demand shock, is particularly important in
ASEAN
because of the dramatic energy demand growth and vast energy saving potential. Many
ASEAN
countries have implemented various measures to promote energy efficiencies, with Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines being the leaders. The development of energy efficiencies in
ASEAN
members, in terms of sectoral goals, action plan, policy measures, activities, and achievements, however, is unbalanced, which offer opportunities for regional cooperation. Good practice in some
ASEAN
members in the areas of goals, policy instruments, standards, labeling, and financing offer lessons for the others. Regional cooperation has been present in the past few decades fueled by
ASEAN
dialog countries and is further boosted by the building of
ASEAN
Economic Community. The considerable economic benefits from the cooperation will further sustain the energy cooperation.
Pre‐Combustion Carbon Capture
Authors: Pardemann Robert , Meyer Bernd
Published: July 2015

Pre‐combustion carbon capture based on integrated gasification combined cycle (
IGCC
) technology represents one approach to fossil fueled power generation with carbon capture and storage (
CCS
) in the short run. It is based on the generation of a syngas often from coal followed by a complex syngas treatment before combustion in a combined cycle power block. Because of the gas treatment and the higher combined cycle efficiency,
IGCC
power plants are regarded as highly efficient and low emission power plants. If designed for
CCS
,

CO
2

will be separated from the fuel gas before combustion in the gas turbine. The

CO
2

is captured at advantageous conditions with liquid solvents and obtained at a high quality. All major process units forming an
IGCC
power plant are well demonstrated in the electricity generation sector or the chemical industry. However,
IGCC
plants feature higher complexity and significantly higher capital investment than conventional power plants. Despite some demonstration plants, the technology has not reached full maturity or availabilities as they are achieved by competing coal power plants. Consequently, it is still yielding high costs of electricity. A new approach to overcome economic drawbacks and with the potential to integrate renewable with fossil power generation is given by polygeneration concepts. It often relies on the combination of
IGCC
with coal‐to‐liquids routes allowing for the coproduction of electricity and synthesis products. Polygeneration allows for a significant reduction of

CO
2

emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. However, conceptual and technological development is required for both,
IGCC
and polygeneration plants, for wider future application.
Basic Photovoltaic Theory
Authors: Baghzouz Yahia
Published: July 2015

Electric power generation by means of photovoltaics (PVs) has seen an explosive growth worldwide over the past decade. This growth is driven in part by a global concern about climate change, the adoption of renewable portfolio standards, government rebates and tax incentives, and reduction in PV system cost. This article presents the basic theory on how a silicon‐based PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Silicon material and sunlight properties are reviewed with emphasis on the amount of energy that is needed to free valence electrons (i.e., bandgap) and energy content of sunlight throughout the solar spectrum. The need to add impurities to form n‐type and p‐type materials, for the purpose of separating the free electrons from the holes left behind, is clearly addressed. The electrical characteristics of a p–n junction solar cell are described in terms of drift and diffusion currents and the strength of the electric field that appears across the depletion region. Owing to their similarities, the equivalent circuit model of the cell when exposed to sunlight is derived from that of a p–n junction diode. The impact of changes in the numerous variables that appear in the circuit model, on the cell current–voltage (I–V) curve and power conversion efficiency, are reviewed, along with the building blocks that make up a solar PV module.
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
Authors: Chiasson Andrew
Published: July 2015

Direct utilization of geothermal energy refers to its use for a thermal purpose, rather than to its conversion to some other form of energy such as electrical energy. In theory, then, geothermal energy can be directly used for any process or application that relies on heat, but in practice, actual applications are limited to the geothermal resource temperature and the useful quantity of heat that can be extracted. The most popular direct uses of geothermal energy (excluding geothermal heat pump applications) include spas and swimming pools, space heating (including district applications), greenhouse heating, aquaculture, industrial uses, snow melting, and agricultural drying. On a worldwide basis, on the order 80 countries directly use geothermal energy for a thermal purpose, with spas and recreation being the most popular at approximately 50% of the total worldwide use, followed by space heating on the order of 30% of the total worldwide use. Direct‐use geothermal projects are intensely driven by economics, and there are a number of factors that dictate their viability. These factors include the resource access and regulatory hurdles, level of effort needed for exploration, depth to the resource, distance between resource location and application site, well yield, allowable geothermal fluid temperature drop, resource temperature, thermal load and load factor, geothermal fluid chemical composition, and ease of geothermal fluid disposal.