bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of ten antiepileptic drugs in human plasma by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with positive/negative ion‐switching electrospray ionization and its application in therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Yin Lei , Wang Tingting , Shi Meiyun , Zhang Ying , Zhao Xiaojun , Yang Yan , Gu Jingkai
Published: December 2015

A simple, rapid, and high‐throughput liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of ten antiepileptic drugs in human plasma has been developed and validated. The method required only 10 μL of plasma. After simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, the analytes and internal standard diphenhydramine were separated on a Zorbax SB‐C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) using acetonitrile/water as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The total run time was 6 min for each sample. The validation results of specificity, matrix effects, recovery, linearity, precision, and accuracy were satisfactory. The lower limit of quantification was 0.04 μg/mL for carbamazepine, 0.02 μg/mL for lamotrigine, 0.01 μg/mL for oxcarbazepine, 0.4 μg/mL for 10‐hydroxycarbazepine, 0.1 μg/mL for carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide, 0.15 μg/mL for levetiracetam, 0.06 μg/mL for phenytoin, 0.3 μg/mL for valproic acid, 0.03 μg/mL for topiramate, and 0.15 μg/mL for phenobarbital. The intraday precision and interday precision were less than 7.6%, with the accuracy ranging between –8.1 and 7.9%. The method was successfully applied to therapeutic drug monitoring of 1237 patients with epilepsy after administration of standard antiepileptic drugs. The method has been proved to meet the high‐throughput requirements in therapeutic drug monitoring.
Monolithic metal–organic framework MIL‐53(Al)‐polymethacrylate composite column for the reversed‐phase capillary liquid chromatography separation of small aromatics
Authors: Yusuf Kareem , Badjah‐Hadj‐Ahmed Ahmed Yacine , Aqel Ahmad , ALOthman Zeid Abdullah
Published: December 2015

A monolithic capillary column containing a composite of metal–organic framework MIL‐53(Al) incorporated into hexyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate was prepared to enhance the separation of mixtures of small aromatic compounds by using capillary liquid chromatography. The addition of 10 mg/mL MIL‐53(Al) microparticles increased the micropore content in the monolithic matrix and increased the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area from 26.92 to 85.12 m2/g. The presence of 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate moieties within the structure of MIL‐53(Al) as an organic linker greatly influenced the separation of aromatic mixtures through π–π interactions. High‐resolution separation was obtained for a series of alkylbenzenes (with resolution factors in the range 0.96–1.75) in less than 8 min, with 14 710 plates/m efficiency for propylbenzene, using a binary polar mobile phase of water/acetonitrile in isocratic mode. A reversed‐phase separation mechanism was indicated by the increased retention factor and resolution as the water percentage in the mobile phase increased. A stability study on the composite column showed excellent mechanical stability under various conditions. The higher resolution and faster separation observed at increased temperature indicated an exothermic separation, whereas the negative values for the free energy change of transfer indicated a spontaneous process.
Dairy Cattle Manure Effects on Soil Quality: Porosity, Earthworms, Aggregates and Soil Organic Carbon Fractions
Authors: Yagüe María Rosa , Domingo‐Olivé Francesc , Bosch‐Serra Àngela Dolores , Poch Rosa Maria , Boixadera Jaume
Published: December 2015

In the European Union, the maintenance of soil quality is a key point in agricultural policy. The effect of additions of dairy cattle (Bos taurus) manure (DCM) during a period of 11 years were evaluated in a soil under irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture. DCM was applied at sowing, at wet‐weight rates of 30 or 60 Mg ha−1yr−1 (30DCM or 60DCM). These were compared with a mineral‐N treatment (300 kg N ha−1, MNF), applied at six to eight emerged leaves and with a control (no N, no manure). Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design. Factors analysed were stability against wetting stress disaggregation, porosity, soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and earthworm abundance, studied eight months after the last manure application. The application rate of 30DCM increased aggregate stability and the light SOC fraction, but not the pore volume, nor the earthworm abundance, compared with MNF. The DCM rates did not result in unbalanced agronomic advantages versus MNF, as high yields (12–16 Mg ha−1 yr−1) were obtained. In Mediterranean environments, the use of DCM should be encouraged mainly because of its contribution to the light SOC fraction which protects dry macro‐aggregates from implosion (slaking) during the wetting process. Thus, in intensive agricultural systems, it protects soil from physical degradation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lake ice measurements from soil water content reflectometer sensors
Authors: Whitaker Emily C. , Reed David E. , Desai Ankur R.
Published: December 2015

Lake ice depth provides important information about local and regional climate change, weather patterns, and recreational safety, as well as impacting in situ ecology and carbon cycling. However, it is challenging to measure ice depth continuously from a remote location, as existing methods are too large, expensive, and/or time‐intensive. Therefore, we present a novel application that resolves size, cost, and automation issues using commercially‐available soil water content reflectometer sensors from multiple manufactures. Analysis of sensors deployed in an environmental chamber using a scale model of a lake demonstrated accurate measure of the change in ice depth over any time period to within 1 cm, through sensor response of liquid‐to‐solid phase change. A robust correlation exists between volumetric water content in time as a function of environmental temperature and ice growth. This relationship allows us to convert volumetric water content into ice depth. An array of these sensors can be used in lake or river settings to create a temporally high‐resolution ice depth record, which fills in a needed gap for ecological or climatological studies as well as increasing public recreational safety.
Violet 405 nm light: A novel therapeutic agent against β‐lactam‐resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Rhodes Nathaniel L.R. , de la Presa Martin , Barneck Mitchell D. , Poursaid Ahrash , Firpo Matthew A. , Langell John T.
Published: December 2015

Background and Objective

Approximately 1.7 million patients are affected by hospital‐acquired infections every year in the United States. The increasing prevalence of multidrug‐resistant bacteria associated with these infections prompts the investigation of alternative sterilization and antibacterial therapies. One method currently under investigation is the antibacterial properties of visible light. This study examines the effect of a visible light therapy (VLT) on β‐lactam‐resistant Escherichia coli, a common non‐skin flora pathogen responsible for a large percentage of indwelling medical device‐associated clinical infection.

Materials and Methods

405 nm light‐emitting diodes were used to treat varying concentrations of a common laboratory E. coli K‐12 strain transformed with the pCIG mammalian expression vector. This conferred ampicillin resistance via expression of the β‐lactamase gene. Bacteria were grown on sterile polystyrene Petri dishes plated with Luria‐Bertani broth. Images of bacterial growth colonies on plates were processed and analyzed using ImageJ. Irradiance levels between 2.89 ± 0.19 and 9.45 ± 0.63 mW cm−2 and radiant exposure levels between 5.60 ± 0.39 and 136.91 ± 4.06 J cm−2 were tested.

Results

VLT with variable irradiance and constant treatment time (120 minutes) demonstrated significant reduction (P < 0.001) in E. coli between an irradiance of 2.89 mW cm−2 (81.70%) and 9.37 mW cm−2 (100.00%). Similar results were found with variable treatment time with constant irradiance. Log10 reduction analysis produced between 1.98 ± 0.53 (60 minute treatment) and 6.27 ± 0.54 (250 minute treatment) log10 reduction in bacterial concentration (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We have successfully demonstrated a significant bacterial reduction using high intensity 405 nm light. Illustrating the efficacy of this technology against a β‐lactam‐resistant E. coli is especially relevant to the need for novel methods of sterilization in healthcare settings. These results suggest that VLT using 405 nm light could be a suitable clinical option for eradication of β‐lactam‐resistant E. coli. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:311–317, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Visible light kills statistically significant concentrations of E. coli.

Antibiotic‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria exhibits sensitivity to 405 nm light.

Greater than 6 log10 reduction in β‐lactam‐resistant E. coli when treated with visible light therapy.
A Zbtb7a proto‐oncogene as a novel target for miR‐125a
Authors: Hojo Nozomi , Tatsumi Naoya , Moriguchi Nahoko , Matsumura Akihide , Morimoto Soyoko , Nakata Jun , Fujiki Fumihiro , Nishida Sumiyuki , Nakajima Hiroko , Tsuboi Akihiro , Oka Yoshihiro , Hosen Naoki , Hayashi Seiji , Sugiyama Haruo , Oji Yusuke
Published: December 2015

In our previous study, we showed that miR‐125a directly targeted a WT1 oncogene, which was overexpressed in leukemia and various kinds of solid tumors including lung, breast, gastric, and colon cancers, and brain tumors and was deeply involved in leukemogenesis and tumorigenesis and that miR‐125a knockout mice overexpressed WT1 and developed myeloproliferative disease. It had been also reported that miR‐125a is downregulated in leukemia and various types of solid tumors such as lung cancers, suggesting its tumor suppressor function. Therefore, it is important to elucidate what is target(s) of miR‐125a for understandings of such functions although few target genes for it are known. In the present study, Zbtb7a oncogene was identified as a potential target for miR‐125a by gene expression profiling in miR‐125a knockout mice combined with bioinformatics target prediction. EGFP‐3′UTR reporter assay showed that miR‐125a suppressed Zbtb7a expression through its direct binding to the Zbtb7a‐3′UTR. Zbtb7a knockdown by siRNA suppressed cell proliferation and induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, miR‐125a expression showed a negative correlation with Zbtb7a expression in non‐small cell lung cancer tissues. The present study showed for the first time that Zbtb7a was a direct target for miR‐125a and was involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis of lung cancer cells. These results also demonstrated that deregulation of miR‐125a‐Zbtb7a signaling was associated with the development and progression of lung cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective diffusion spectroscopy using excitation sculpting
Authors: Howe Peter W. A.
Published: December 2015

Diffusion spectroscopy NMR provides a sensitive and fast way of determining diffusion coefficient. The coefficient is measured by fitting attenuation of resonance intensities to the Stejskal–Tanner equation, but, because it is an exponential equation, this fitting is quite sensitive to experimental artefacts. Intense resonances in NMR spectra, such as solvent signals, are a particular problem because small fractions of intensity of the intense resonances can significantly change the intensities of minor resonances and distort their calculated diffusion coefficients. This problem can be overcome by selective excitation of only the minor resonances, and the method of choice for this is excitation sculpting. This paper shows that the conventional excitation sculpting pulse sequence can be used directly for DOSY spectroscopy with minimal modification. The sequence suppresses intense resonances very effectively, allowing the reproducible measurement of diffusion coefficients of minor solutes in a solvent containing five separate resonances. It is sensitive and robust to convection. Excitation sculpting will allow the application of diffusion spectroscopy to samples which include multiple intense resonances, such as polymeric solvents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining phase images from array coils using a short echo time reference scan (COMPOSER)
Authors: Robinson Simon Daniel , Dymerska Barbara , Bogner Wolfgang , Barth Markus , Zaric Olgica , Goluch Sigrun , Grabner Günther , Deligianni Xeni , Bieri Oliver , Trattnig Siegfried
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To develop a simple method for combining phase images from multichannel coils that does not require a reference coil and does not entail phase unwrapping, fitting or iterative procedures.

Theory and Methods

At very short echo time, the phase measured with each coil of an array approximates to the phase offset to which the image from that coil is subject. Subtracting this information from the phase of the scan of interest matches the phases from the coils, allowing them to be combined. The effectiveness of this approach is quantified in the brain, calf and breast with coils of diverse designs.

Results

The quality of phase matching between coil elements was close to 100% with all coils assessed even in regions of low signal. This method of phase combination was similar in effectiveness to the Roemer method (which needs a reference coil) and was superior to the rival reference‐coil‐free approaches tested.

Conclusion

The proposed approach—COMbining Phase data using a Short Echo‐time Reference scan (COMPOSER)—is a simple and effective approach to reconstructing phase images from multichannel coils. It requires little additional scan time, is compatible with parallel imaging and is applicable to all coils, independent of configuration. Magn Reson Med 77:318–327, 2017. © 2015 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Stability of the Crank–Nicolson–Adams–Bashforth scheme for the 2D Leray‐alpha model
Authors: Morales Hernandez Monica , Rebholz Leo G. , Tone Cristina , Tone Florentina
Published: December 2015

We consider the stability of an efficient Crank–Nicolson–Adams–Bashforth method in time, finite element in space, discretization of the Leray‐αmodel. We prove finite‐time stability of the scheme inL2,H1, andH2, as well as the long‐timeL‐stability of the scheme under a Courant‐Freidrichs‐Lewy (CFL)‐type condition. Numerical experiments are given that are in agreement with the theoretical results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 1155–1183, 2016
Mechanical, flammability, and thermal properties of polyvinyl chloride‐wood composites with carbide slag
Authors: Tian Shenghui , He Hui , Chen Hanjiang
Published: December 2015

Carbide slag, an industrial waste produced by calcium carbide hydrolysis to prepare C2H2 gas, was successfully used as inorganic filler in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)‐wood composites. carbide slag had an average diameter of 8.1 μm which thermally decomposed at about 450°C, and its main component was Ca(OH)2. Incorporating carbide slag into PVC‐wood composites substantially decreased the flexural, tensile, and impact strength of the composites as a result of the poor interfacial adhesion between carbide slag and PVC matrix, which could be evidently observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. To give carbide slag better use, silane coupling agent KH570 were chose to modify carbide slag. The results indicated that adding carbide slag modified by KH570 (MCS) into PVC‐wood composites could significantly improve its notched impact strength and flexural modulus. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data showed that with the addition of MCS, composite had better thermal stability. It also turned out that with the addition of MCS, its smoke suppression property and flammability were enhanced effectively. To ensure sufficient properties of PVC‐wood composites, the optimal adding content of MCS was 20 phr and it leaded to remarkable performance (its flexural modulus was 3.4 GPa, notched impact strength was 3.87 KJ/m2, limiting oxygen index value was 41.5% and smoke density ranting was 55.1%), all of which endowed PVC‐wood composites better utilization. All the results indicated that the preparation of PVC‐wood composites with carbide slag could resolve environmental pollution, reuse carbide slag in different fields, and provide a new method for resource utilization of carbide slag. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2898–2906, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Outcome of a right aortic arch diagnosed in utero
Authors: Bronshtein Moshe , Blumenfeld Zeev , Naroditsky Inna , Gover Ayala
Published: December 2015

What's Already Known About This Topic?

RAA may be associated with other anomalies, with double aortic arch, or be asymptomatic.

RAA is associated with DiGeorge syndrome.

There is scarce information regarding the incidence of each of these presentations.

What Does This Study Add?

The probability of prenatal diagnosis of a RAA is 1:615.

Seventy‐three percent are isolated.

Surgery is required in 4.6%.

The probability of DiGeorge syndrome with an isolated RAA is 4.6%.
Differences between Clients’ and Vendors’ Perceptions of IT Outsourcing Risks: Project Partnering as the Mitigation Approach
Authors: Liu Julie Yu-Chih , Yuliani Asri Rizki
Published: December 2015

Information technology (IT) outsourcing has been a business practice for more than two decades. Researchers have suggested successful risk management as a key factor in successful IT outsourcing projects implementation. The documented investigations, however, have mainly addressed risk management only from a single perspective of either clients or IT vendors. Considering only one perspective allows for an omission of possible risks considered critical by the other party, as suggested by agency theory. This study explored the potential perception inconsistency regarding the risks between the client and the vendor for IT outsourcing projects by using a quasi- Delphi approach. The analysis results indicated some inconsistencies in the risks perceived by the two parties: (1) the clients regarded (a) lack of vendor commitment to the project and (b) poor vendor selection criteria and process as top critical risks but the vendors didn't; and (2) on the other hand, the vendors perceived (a) unclear requirements and (b) lack of experience and expertise with project activities as significant risks but the clients didn't. Insights into how the client and the vendor perceive risks may help both parties determine how to partner and manage project risks collaboratively to succeed in outsourcing.
The electronic structure of iridium and its oxides
Authors: Pfeifer Verena , Jones Travis E. , Velasco Vélez Juan J. , Massué Cyriac , Arrigo Rosa , Teschner Detre , Girgsdies Frank , Scherzer Michael , Greiner Mark T. , Allan Jasmin , Hashagen Maike , Weinberg Gisela , Piccinin Simone , Hävecker Michael , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Schlögl Robert
Published: December 2015

Iridium‐based materials are among the most active and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Amorphous iridium oxide structures are found to be more active than their crystalline counterparts. Herein, we combine synchrotron‐based X‐ray photoemission and absorption spectroscopies with theoretical calculations to investigate the electronic structure of Ir metal, rutile‐type IrO2, and an amorphous IrOx. Theory and experiment show that while the Ir 4f line shape of Ir metal is well described by a simple Doniach–Šunjić function, the peculiar line shape of rutile‐type IrO2 requires the addition of a shake‐up satellite 1 eV above the main line. In the catalytically more active amorphous IrOx, we find that additional intensity appears in the Ir 4f spectrum at higher binding energy when compared with rutile‐type IrO2 along with a pre‐edge feature in the O K‐edge. We identify these additional features as electronic defects in the anionic and cationic frameworks, namely, formally OI− and IrIII, which may explain the increased activity of amorphous IrOx electrocatalysts. We corroborate our findings by in situ X‐ray diffraction as well as in situ X‐ray photoemission and absorption spectroscopies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diazonium interface chemistry and click polymerization: A novel route for carbon nanotube‐polytriazole nanocomposites
Authors: Bensghaïer Asma , Salmi Zakaria , Le Droumaguet Benjamin , Mekki Ahmed , Mohamed Ahmed A. , Beji Mohamed , Chehimi Mohamed M.
Published: December 2015

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified with azidophenyl groups from the in situ generated 4‐azidobenzenediazonium salt to provide a nanoscale platform for the surface‐confined polyaddition of α‐ω‐bis (O‐propargyl) diethylene glycol and 1,3‐diazidopropane. The polyaddition in the presence of the azido‐functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNT‐N3) provided robust polytriazole‐grafted MWCNTs (MWCNT‐PTAz) that withstood ultrasonication. The end MWCNT‐PTAz nanocomposite and the reference materials pristine MWCNTs and MWCNT‐N3 were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses, XPS, IR, and Raman. Particularly, N1s XPS spectra aided the detection of azide and triazole rings at the surface of MWCNT‐N3 and PTAz, respectively. The high resolution C1s region from MWCNT‐PTAz clearly exhibits C‐N and C‐O components assigned to the triazole and diethylene glycol repeat units in the PTAz grafts. Examination of the ID/IG peak intensity ratio from Raman spectra indicate true covalent modification of the MWCNTs with diazonium salts. IR spectroscopy tracked the azide to triazole transformation. Thermal analysis indicates a substantial mass loading of the organic grafts levelling off at 37 wt/wt%. This works brings strong supporting evidence for the versatility of diazonium salts in constructing MWCNT‐polymer nanocomposites through polyaddition of clickable diazido and diethynyl dimers at the surface of clickable MWCNTs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of tartary buckwheat and sorghum starches induced by annealing
Authors: Liu Hang , Wang Lijing , Shen Meirong , Guo Xudan , lv Manman , Wang Min
Published: December 2015

Annealing (ANN) was applied in this study to investigate its effects on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of tartary buckwheat starch (TBS) and sorghum starch (SS). In practice, ANN did not change the typical “A” type X‐ray diffraction pattern of TBS and SS. However, it induced increases in amylose content, relative crystallinity, water absorption capacity, gelatinization temperature, and the enthalpy of the two starches. Both solubility and swelling power were temperature dependent and progressively decreased after ANN. Meanwhile, marked reductions were observed in peak viscosity and oil absorption capacity of annealed TBS and SS. Except for these properties, both the slowly digested starch and resistant starch contents significantly increased. Decreases in rapidly digested starch content and total hydrolysis also occurred simultaneously. The results clearly indicate that ANN efficiently altered the properties of TBS and SS to improve their thermal stability and health benefits potential.
Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Watson N. , Janota M.S.
Published: December 2015

The Turbocharger was invented a surprisingly long time ago but only relatively recently has it been an accepted component on all but very small diesel engines. Turbocharging technology for single cylinder engines is applicable to a variety of current and prospective single cylinder diesel engine markets, including tractors, generators, water pumps, rickshaws, motorcycles, lawn mowers, and landscaping equipment.
The Irish Question and British Politics, 1868-1996
Authors: Boyce George
Published: December 2015

The problems of modern Ireland have attracted the attention of many British political leaders from Gladstone to Major. Attempts to formulate a 'solution' have been governed by the British perception of what the problem is, and by the structures, as well as the ideas of British party politics and British political life: Ireland was never a laboratory in which dispassionate political experiments could be conducted. Modern Ireland has been shaped by British policy, and this has itself been influenced by British political habits and traditions, social and economic reforms, and new governmental institutions have been applied by politicians both of the left and the right. The 'Framework Documents' represent the latest attempt to achieve what Gladstone, David Lloyd George and Neville Chamberlain sought, and failed to achieve: a lasting settlement of the political divisions within Ireland, and between Ireland the Great Britain. This book places the Irish question in the wider context of the history of the British Isles, and thus seeks to explain its special place in British history as the 'Oldest Question', and as a question for contemporary Britain. Fully revised and with a new chapter to bring the analysis up to 1996, this new edition of Professor Boyce's work will be widely acclaimed.
On statistical energy functions for biomolecular modeling and design
Authors: Liu Haiyan
Published: December 2015

Statistical energy functions are general models about atomic or residue‐level interactions in biomolecules, derived from existing experimental data. They provide quantitative foundations for structural modeling as well as for structure‐based protein sequence design. Statistical energy functions can be derived computationally either based on statistical distributions or based on variational assumptions. We present overviews on the theoretical assumptions underlying the various types of approaches. Theoretical considerations underlying important pragmatic choices are discussed.
Prediction of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology based on cortical thickness patterns
Authors: Hwang Jihye , Kim Chan Mi , Jeon Seun , Lee Jong Min , Hong Yun Jeong , Roh Jee Hoon , Lee Jae‐Hong , Koh Jae‐Young , Na Duk L. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Recent studies have shown that pathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent distinctive atrophy patterns and clinical characteristics. We investigated whether a cortical thickness–based clustering method can reflect such findings.

Methods

A total of 77 AD subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 data set who underwent 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging, [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (PET), [18F]‐Florbetapir PET, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests were enrolled. After clustering based on cortical thickness, diverse imaging and biofluid biomarkers were compared between these groups.

Results

Three cortical thinning patterns were noted: medial temporal (MT; 19.5%), diffuse (55.8%), and parietal dominant (P; 24.7%) atrophy subtypes. The P subtype was the youngest and represented more glucose hypometabolism in the parietal and occipital cortices and marked amyloid‐beta accumulation in most brain regions. The MT subtype revealed more glucose hypometabolism in the left hippocampus and bilateral frontal cortices and less performance in memory tests. CSF test results did not differ between the groups.

Discussion

Cortical thickness patterns can reflect pathophysiological and clinical changes in AD.
Repeated systemic inflammation was associated with cognitive deficits in older Britons
Authors: Tampubolon Gindo
Published: December 2015

Introduction

The relationship of C‐reactive protein (CRP) to cognition in the older old group (≥75 years) has recently been found positive on both sides of the Atlantic. We hypothesized that higher levels of CRP and fibrinogen are related to worse episodic memory throughout later life (≥50 years).

Methods

Data are drawn from older Britons free of dementias in the English Longitudinal Study of Aging 2004–2013. We applied growth trajectory models to repeated observations of episodic memory, CRP, and fibrinogen levels (and sociodemographic confounders). We accounted for practice effects in repeated tests of cognition.

Results

Higher levels of both inflammatory markers were associated with worse episodic memory, where a fibrinogen effect is evident throughout later life (coefficient −0.154; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.254 to −0.054). Most importantly, the CRP effect is strongly negative among the older old group (coefficient −0.179; CI −0.320 to −0.038).

Discussion

Higher levels of fibrinogen are detrimental to older people's cognition, and among the older old, raised CRP levels are comparably deleterious. Repeated measures of inflammation can be considered in clinical practice as part of a response to the challenge of dementias.
Well-Being Policy: What Standard of Well-Being?
Authors: HAYBRON DANIEL M. , TIBERIUS VALERIE
Published: December 2015

This paper examines the norms that should guide policies aimed at promoting happiness or, more broadly, well-being. In particular, we take up the question of which conception of well-being should govern well-being policy (WBP), assuming some such policies to be legitimate. In answer, we lay out a case for ‘pragmatic subjectivism’: given widely accepted principles of respect for persons, well-being policy may not assume any view of well-being, subjectivist or objectivist. Rather, it should promote what its intended beneficiaries see as good for them: pleasure for hedonists, excellence for Aristotelians, etc. Specifically, well-being policy should promote citizens’ ‘personal welfare values’: those values—and not mere preferences—that individuals see as bearing on their well-being. Finally, we briefly consider how pragmatic subjectivism works in practice. While our discussion takes for granted the legitimacy of well-being policy, we suggest that pragmatic subjectivism strengthens the case for such policy.
An Ontology of Ideas
Authors: CRAY WESLEY D. , SCHROEDER TIMOTHY
Published: December 2015

Philosophers often talk about and engage with ideas. Scientists, artists, and historians do, too. But what is an idea? In this paper, we first motivate the desire for an ontology of ideas before discussing what conditions a candidate ontology would have to satisfy to be minimally adequate. We then offer our own account of the ontology of ideas and consider various strategies for specifying the underlying metaphysics of the account. We conclude with a discussion of potential future work to be done on the ontology of ideas.
Necessary Moral Principles
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: December 2015

Moral realism entails that there are metaphysically necessary moral principles of the form ‘all actions of nonmoral kind Z are morally good’; being discoverable a priori, these must be (in a wide sense) logically necessary. This article seeks to justify this apparently puzzling consequence. A sentence expresses a logically necessary proposition iff its negation entails a contradiction. The method of reflective equilibrium assumes that the simplest account of the apparently correct use of sentences of some type in paradigm examples is probably logically necessary. An account is simple insofar as it uses few predicates designating properties easily recognizable in many different kinds of paradigm examples. I illustrate how reflective equilibrium uses these criteria to discover logically necessary nonmoral propositions such as ‘if S remembers doing X, S believes that he did X’ and ‘if it is scarlet, it is red’. I then illustrate how exactly the same procedures can lead us from paradigm examples of apparently true sentences asserting that actions of some kind are good to discovering moral principles. I advance the contingent hypothesis that most contemporary humans, although they initially disagree about moral issues, have derived from different paradigm examples the same concept of moral goodness, which will ensure that the use of reflective equilibrium will lead to eventual agreement about moral issues. That strongly suggests that the moral principles eventually reached by reflective equilibrium are logically necessary ones.
The Hungarian rootes-in language and cognition
Authors: KÖVECSES ZOLTÁN
Published: December 2015

abstract

My goal in the paper is to examine the significance of a root morpheme in language and cognition in three interconnected areas; in the creation of words; in meaning making; and in conceptual structure. I use the Hungarian rootes-, meaning ‘fall’, for demonstration – a root that occurs in over 100 Hungarian words. First, I examine the issue of the conceptual–semantic relationship between the various word meanings in which this root can be found. Second, I explore the potential cognitive status of the root in Hungarian, and possibly in other languages (such as English). Third, I compare the meanings in whiches-occurs in Hungarian to the nearest counterparts of these words in English. Fourth, I investigate the potential role of the rootes-in organizing conceptual structure.
X. Observations on the Sanctuary at Westminster; by Dr. Stukeley
Authors: Stukeley
Published: December 2015

On November 14, 1750, I went to survey the old church at Westminster, called The Sanctuary, which they were then pulling down, to make a new market-house. The building itself is as extraordinary in its kind, as that we have no clear account concerning it in the history of Westminster abbey, to which it manifestly belongs.
XXXI. A Letter from Mr. John Talman at Florence, to the Dean of Christ Church, relating to Monsigr. Marchetti's Collection of Drawings
Authors: Talman John
Published: December 2015

I have lately seen a collection of Drawings, without doubt, the finest in Europe, for the method and number of rare designs; nor is the price, considering the true value, at all too much. Mr. Envoy is of the same opinion, and has desired me to let an abstract of my catalogue, which I am making with all exactness, be copied out, to send to my Lord President. I send an abstract with this post, as I have done to Mr. Topham.
XXXIII. Extract of a Letter from the Reverend Dr. Tovey, Principal of New-Inn-Hall, Oxford, to R. Rawlinson, LL. D. relating to a Roman Brick found in London
Authors: Tovey
Published: December 2015

—— And now, Sir, let me thank you for putting me upon looking into my history, “Anglia Judaica,” as I am so vain to call it. It gave me an opportunity of making, what I think a curious discovery, relating to a piece of Roman antiquity found in London. I happened to cast my eye on page the 4th, where mention is made of the Roman brick that was found about seventy years since in Mark Lane. You know very well that the Basso Relievo that is upon it has been thought, by all Antiquaries, to represent the story of “Sampson, and the foxes with firebrands.” Mr. Waller and others are of that opinion; and, to salve the matter, suppose the Jews were in Britain in the time of the Romans, and that they brought them acquainted with the story. As Mr. Waller was a man of note, I was obliged to take notice of his fancy, to prove the antiquity of the Jews in England; but declared I could not build much upon it at the time of my composing that page, but that the Basso Relievo related to Sampson.
XXXVII. Observations on an antique Marble of the Earl of Pembroke; by the Rev. Mr. Pegge
Authors: Pegge
Published: December 2015

At Lord Pembroke's seat at Wilton, there is a very antient altar of Bacchus, of more consequence than vulgarly imagined. The inscription, which ends in a circle round it (for so Mr. Cowdry describes it, p. 116.) runs thus
XLI. Of the Courts of Pypowder; by John Pettingall, D.D.
Authors: Pettingall John
Published: December 2015

By the statute 17 Edward IV, 1477, lt was provided, “ That “ whereas divers fairs be holden and kept in this realm, some “ by prescription, allowed before justices in Eyre, and some by “ the grant of our Lord the King that now is, and some by the “ grants of his predecessors; and to every of the same fairs, is of “ right pertaining a court of Pypowders, to minister in the same “ due justice in this behalf, in which court it hath been at all “ times accustomed that every person coming to the said fairs “ should have lawful remedy of all manner of contracts, trespasses, covenants, debts and other deeds, made or done within “ any of the same fairs, during the time of the same fair, and “ within the jurisdiction of the same, and to be tried by merchants “ being of the same fair; which courts at this day be misused By “ the stewards, under-stewards, bailiffs, commissioners and other ministers, holding and governing the said courts of the said “ fairs, for their private profit, holding pleas by plaints, as well “ of contracts, debts, trespasses, and other feats, done and com- “ mitted out of the time of the said fair, or jurisdiction of the “ same, whereof, in truth, they have no jurisdiction surmising the “ same debts, trespasses, &c. to be done within the time of the “ said fair, and within the jurisdiction of the same: where, of “ truth, they were not so; and some time by the device of evil- “ disposed people, several suits be feigned, and trouble them to “ whom they bear evil will, to the intent that they for lucre “ may have favourable inquests of those that came to the said fairs “ where they take their actions: And whereas divers persons “ coming to the said fairs be grievously vexed and troubled by “ feigned actions, and also by actions of debt, trespass, deeds, and “ contracts, made and committed out of the time of the said fair, “ or the jurisdiction of the same, contrary to equity and good “ conference; whereby the Lords of the fairs do lose great profit “ by the not coming of divers merchants to fairs, which by this “ occasion do abstain, and also the commons be unserved of such “ stuff and merchandise, which otherwise would come to the “ said fairs,” &c.—Then comes the enacting clause, that the plaintiff shall swear, that the cause in declaration happened in the time of the fair, &c.
XLII. An ancient Indenture, containing a Composition for Wages Between the Bailliffs of Dunwich, and their Representative in Parliament, temp. Regis Edw. IV. Communicated by Brown Willis, LL.D. from the Original in his Possession
Authors: Willis Brown
Published: December 2015

Thys bylle intentyd mead the viii day of Aprille in the thridde yer of Kyng Edward the fowrte betwyn Thomas Peers and John Scheelyng Ballyffs of Donewych and John Strawnge of Brampton Esquyer, Wetnessyth that the sayd John Strawnge grauntyth be these presents to been oon of the Burgeys for Donewych at the P'lement to been holdyn at Westmr the xxix day of the sayd monyth of Aprille ffor the qwhech qwehdyr it holde longe tyme or schortt or gwhedye it fortune to been p'rogott the sayd John Strawnge grauntyth no more to takyn for hys wagys then a Cade of full Heryng tho’ to been dyliv˜id be Xitenmasse next comyng In Wetnysse heroff eythyr partt to others Indentur interchawngubilly her selys han sett day and yer above sayd.
LI. Observations on the Welsh Castles: By the Honourable Daines Barrington: In a Letter to the late Lord Bishop of Carlisle
Authors: Barrington Daines
Published: December 2015

Having had some conversation with your Lordship last summer with regard to Caerphyli (or Sengenneth Castle), and having afterwards travelled very much, at my leisure, round the sea coast of Wales, I take the liberty of troubling you with such observations as have occurred to me in relation to these venerable ruins, of which there is such a profusion in the principality.
LVII. A Letter relating to an antient Greek Inscription; from Mr. Thomas Blackwell, Greek-Professor in Marishall College, Aberdeen, to Mr. J. Ames
Authors: Blackwell Thomas
Published: December 2015

Yours of the 11th of July, inclosing an antient Greek inscription, and honouring me with a request of its explication, came not to my hands till the other week in the country; and as it is now vacation, I am just about setting out on a tour through the west of Scotland. This hurry allows not the leisure requisite to investigate the dark parts of the inscription; but I will chearfully give you my conjecture at first sight.
LIX. The Manner of burienge great Persons in ancient Tymes: From a MS. in the Possession of Sir William Dolben, Baronet
Authors: Dolben William
Published: December 2015

This is the ordinaunce and guyding that perteyneth unto the worshipfull beryyng of ony astate to be done in manner and fourme ensewing.
LX. Ceremonial of the Funeral of K. Edward IV. From a MS. of the late Mr. Anstis, now in the Possession of Thomas Astle, Esq.
Authors: Astle Thomas
Published: December 2015

When that a King annoynted is deceffed, aft' his body is fp'ged, it must be washed and clensed by a bishop for his holy annoyntem, than the body must be bamed, wrapped in laun, or reynez yf it may be gotyn, an hosyn, cherte, & a perer of shone of rede lether, & do on his surcote of cloth, his cap of estate on his hed, and then ley hym on a fair borde cou'ed with cloth of gold, his own hande on his bely & a fep'r in the toder hande, & oon his face a kerchief, & so shewed to his noblez by the space of ii dayez & more yef the weder will it suffre.
III. Account of New Years Gifts presented to Queen Elizabeth, 1584-5, communicated by Bishop Lyttelton
Authors: Lyttelton
Published: December 2015

The dean of Exeter (now bishop of Carlisle) shewed the Society a large parchment roll containing a list of new years gifts presented to queen Elizabeth at Greenwich on the 1st January, 1584–5, signed by the queen, and countersigned by John Astley Esq; master and treasurer of the jewels; by which it appears, that the greatest part, if not all the peers and peeresses of the realm, all the bishops, the chief officers of state, and several of the queen's houshold servants, even down to her apothecaries, master-cook, serjeant of the pastry, &c. gave new years gifts to her majesty.
VIII. An Extract of a Letter from the same to William Bogdani Esq; October 7, 1741, concerning an extraordinary Interment
Authors: Johnson Maurice
Published: December 2015

In a letter to me from Mr. Symson, master of the works of the cathedral at Lincoln, dated 28 September last, I was informed, that, in digging a grave at the west end of that church, they opened the foot of an ancient sepuichre.—The corpse was sewed up in a strong tanned leather hide, the seam running up the middle of the breast.—I should suppose it to be some great lay lord, before the custom prevailed of laying them within the church itself.
IX. A Dissertation on the Monument of Edward the Confessor. By Mr. Vertue, 1736
Authors: Vertue
Published: December 2015

As Rapin has made mention of an old inscription on the shrine of K. Edward the Confessor, in Westminster abby, when first erected; it is to be observed, that that which now is there differeth from it, having, as it is said, been wrote, and put in lieu of the former in the reign of K. Richard II, or later. The inscription, as printed in several books, and particularly to be seen in the print of that monument, engraved for the Society of Antiquaries, from a drawing by the late Mr. Talman, is as follows,

Omnibus insignis virtutum laudibus heros,

Sanctus Edwardus Confessor; rex venerandus,

Quinto die Januarii moriens super aethera scandit.

Sursum corda.

Moritur anno Domini mlxv.
XIII. Part of a Letter from Browne Willis, Esq; relating to the same
Authors: Willis Browne
Published: December 2015

I Beg the gentlemen of the Society, and Dr. Stukely in particular, would observe the Diverticulum Mr. Taylor has shewn, in his map or accurate survey of Hampshire, of the Ikeneld-street, running from the north east corner of Sir Philip Meadows' park, to a little house to the S. W. called Scots Poor. This Diverticulum is called Chute-causeway.
XV. Part of a Letter from Mr. Thomas Percival, dated Royston, July 8, 1760, relating to the same
Authors: Percival Thomas
Published: December 2015

I have traced the Roman roads from Manchester wth the utmost care, and find that the Condate of the Romans was Kinderton in Cheshire; the road is visible almost all the way, and the camp yet visible at Kinderton where the Dane and Weaver join: There is a Roman way from thence to Chester, another to Chesterton near Newcastle Underline, and another by Nantwich and Whitchurch to Wroxeter.
XVIII. Part of a Letter from Smart Lethieullier, to Dr. Charles Lyttelton, relating to some Antiquities found in the County of Essex
Authors: Lethieullier Smart
Published: December 2015

In a letter I wrote some years ago to my worthy and learned friend, Mr. Roger Gale, I acquainted him that, in the year one thousand seven hundred and fifteen, a Roman pavement was discovered in Wansted Park; that it was immediately destroyed by digging holes through it, for planting an avenue of Trees, the owner of it having no great taste for things of that nature. But, from the account I got from Mr. Holt, the then surveyor of the works, I found that there was the figure of a man on horseback, plainly to be seen, in the center, and with several borders of wreathed work and ornaments, as are usual in these kinds of pavements.
XXI. A Letter from William Milborne, Esq; of Arniathwaite Castle, Cumberland
Authors: Milborne William
Published: December 2015

Mr. Camden speaking of Wetheral, in the county of Cumberland, says, “Here you see a sort of houses dug out of “a rock, that seem to have been designed for an absconding place.” To which his learned annotator adds, “If not for some hermite to “lodge in, being near the Monastery.” These caves are in a rock of difficult access, and are two rooms one within another, each about five or six yards square.
XXVI. An Inscription to Lucius Aurelius Verus, explained by Mr. Bowman
Authors: Bowman
Published: December 2015

About the end of July, 1732, in looking at the reparations of the cathedral of Narbonne, I observed an inscription to L. Aurelius Verus, on a great marble, whose back had been wrought into the ornaments of Gothic architecture, for the portal of the church; while the characters themselves stood inwards upon the mortar of the wall; But when the portal was taken down in order to be re-built, the Roman Letters, by purging off the lime, appeared distinctly in the following inscription, never yet published:
XXVII. An Intaglio of Antinous, under the Figure of Mercury, upon a Cornelian, explained by Mr. Bowman
Authors: Bowman
Published: December 2015

In the Strozzi collection at Rome, there is an Intaglio upon a Cornelian, of a Mercury, with his Caduceus in his left hand, while his right is raised towards his mouth in a very pensive attitude. Lord Essex bought the stone from the present D. Strozzi, the Pope's nephew, and Captain of his Guards, who is so extravagant and and expensive in his pleasures, that he is thought to have sold some of the real antiques, and substituted copies by Costranza in their room, for which reason the Duchess his mother shews them in person. This stone was given to Sir Hugh Smithson (now his Grace the Duke of Northumberland) by Lord Essex; and from various circumstances appears to be the original itself, for which it was bought, upon the opinion of the best connoisseurs in Rome at that time. It must be owned, that Costranza copies antiques with great accuracy, as may be judged from one of his Medusa's; but here the workmanship, considering the sweetness of the original, has a very different air from our Mercury, which is upon a stone round in the back, without much transparency, such as he never chuses for shewing his work; nor does the Greek word behind the figure look to be modern: It is antinooc, which shews the Mercury to be intended for Adrian's favourite.
XXVIII. On the Trajan and Antonine Pillars at Rome, by Martin Folkes, Esquire
Authors: Folkes Martin
Published: December 2015

The Trajan column at Rome, is all of white marble, and consists of 30 stones, whereof 8 make the pedestal, 19 the pillar, and 3 the basis of the statue that stands on the top.

The side of the lowest plinth of the pedestal contains 20 English feet and three inches.