bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and investigation of Ce : YIG thin films with a high magneto-optical figure of merit
Authors: Shahrokhvand S M , Rozatian A S H , Mozaffari M , Hamidi S M , Tehranchi M M
Published: May 2012

Cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce
x
Y3−x
Fe5O12 or Ce : YIG) thin films with a high Ce content are very hard to achieve because of the solubility limit of Ce in the yttrium iron garnet (YIG) structure. In this work a Ce : YIG target with nominal formula of CeY2Fe5O12 was fabricated by the conventional ceramic method. Phase formation and crystal structure of the samples were investigated by the x-ray diffraction (XRD) method and the results showed that the minimum temperature to get a single phase CeY2Fe5O12 is 1400 °C. CeY2Fe5O12 thin film was deposited on a GGG (4 4 4) single crystal substrate, using the pulsed laser deposition method and its microstructure and magneto-optical (MO) properties were studied. Trying different conditions, a preferred (4 4 4) oriented CeY2Fe5O12 thin film was fabricated under an optimum condition. The results showed that a crystalline CeY2Fe5O12/GGG thin film can be obtained by annealing of the as-deposited film at 600 °C. XRD measurements on the annealed thin film showed that the mean grain size was 38 nm, using Scherrer's formula. Scanning electron microscopy image of the annealed thin film showed that the mean grain size was 35 nm, which is in good agreement with XRD measurements. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of the annealed sample showed that the thin film had a smooth surface. Faraday rotation provided by the thin film at wavelength λ = 635 nm was measured to be 2.4° µm−1 in a magnetic field of 600 mT. Transmission spectrum of the thin film was recorded in the visible and near-infrared regions, from 400 to 1000 nm, and it showed good transparency, more than 78%, in the near-infrared region. These measurements resulted in an MO figure of merit of 0.146, which is one of the highest values reported up to now. It is expected that CeY2Fe5O12 thin films could be used as new Faraday rotator materials, applicable in optical isolators and circulators.
2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infectionsa
Authors: Lipsky Benjamin A. , Berendt Anthony R. , Cornia Paul B. , Pile James C. , Peters Edgar J. G. , Armstrong David G. , Deery H. Gunner , Embil John M. , Joseph Warren S. , Karchmer Adolf W. , Pinzur Michael S. , Senneville Eric
Published: May 2012

Foot infections are a common and serious problem in persons with diabetes. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) typically begin in a wound, most often a neuropathic ulceration. While all wounds are colonized with microorganisms, the presence of infection is defined by ≥2 classic findings of inflammation or purulence. Infections are then classified into mild (superficial and limited in size and depth), moderate (deeper or more extensive), or severe (accompanied by systemic signs or metabolic perturbations). This classification system, along with a vascular assessment, helps determine which patients should be hospitalized, which may require special imaging procedures or surgical interventions, and which will require amputation. Most DFIs are polymicrobial, with aerobic gram-positive cocci (GPC), and especially staphylococci, the most common causative organisms. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli are frequently copathogens in infections that are chronic or follow antibiotic treatment, and obligate anaerobes may be copathogens in ischemic or necrotic wounds.

Wounds without evidence of soft tissue or bone infection do not require antibiotic therapy. For infected wounds, obtain a post-debridement specimen (preferably of tissue) for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Empiric antibiotic therapy can be narrowly targeted at GPC in many acutely infected patients, but those at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms or with chronic, previously treated, or severe infections usually require broader spectrum regimens. Imaging is helpful in most DFIs; plain radiographs may be sufficient, but magnetic resonance imaging is far more sensitive and specific. Osteomyelitis occurs in many diabetic patients with a foot wound and can be difficult to diagnose (optimally defined by bone culture and histology) and treat (often requiring surgical debridement or resection, and/or prolonged antibiotic therapy). Most DFIs require some surgical intervention, ranging from minor (debridement) to major (resection, amputation). Wounds must also be properly dressed and off-loaded of pressure, and patients need regular follow-up. An ischemic foot may require revascularization, and some nonresponding patients may benefit from selected adjunctive measures. Employing multidisciplinary foot teams improves outcomes. Clinicians and healthcare organizations should attempt to monitor, and thereby improve, their outcomes and processes in caring for DFIs.
(4Z)-4-[(2-Chloroanilino)(phenyl)methylidene]-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Xu Li-Ying , Li Ning , Li Jia-Min , Zhang Heng-Qiang , Sun Zhen-Hai
Published: May 2012

The title compound, C23H18ClN3O, exists in an enamine–keto form with the amino group involved in an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. The five-membered ring is nearly planar, the largest deviation being 0.0004 (7) Å, and makes dihedral angles of 16.62 (6), 41.89 (5) and 71.27 (4)° with the phenyl rings. In the crystal, weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into supramolecular chains along the b axis.
3-Ethyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine
Authors: Jeyaseelan S. , Devarajegowda H. C. , Sathishkumar R. , D'souza Agnes Sylvia , D'souza Alphonsus
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C12H11FN4S, the thiadiazine ring adopts a twist-boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the triazolothiadiazine system and the benzene ring is 10.54 (9)°. The crystal structure is characterized by C—H...N hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing also exhibits π–π interactions, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6348 (15) Å.
(E)-4-Hydroxy-N′-(2-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide
Authors: Rassem Hesham Hussein , Salhin Abdussalam , Bin Salleh Baharuddin , Rosli Mohd Mustaqim , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C15H14N2O3, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 66.56 (5)°. In the crystal, N—H...O, O—H...O and C—H...O interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional network. A π–π interaction, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.628 (6) Å, helps to establish the packing.
DL-Alaninium iodide
Authors: Lamberts Kevin , Englert Ulli
Published: May 2012

The crystal structure of DL-alanine hydroiodide (1-carboxyethanaminium iodide), C3H8NO2
+·I−, is that of an organic salt consisting of N-protonated cations and iodide anions. The compound features homochiral helices of N—H...O hydrogen-bonded cations in the [010] direction; neighbouring chains are related by crystallographic inversion centers and hence show opposite chirality. The iodide counter-anions act as hydrogen-bond acceptors towards H atoms of the ammonium and carboxy groups, and cross-link the chains along [100]. Thus, an overall two-dimensional network is formed in the ab plane. No short contacts occur between iodide anions.
Ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Yoon Yeong Keng , Manogaran Elumalai , Choon Tan Soo , Arshad Suhana , Razak Ibrahim Abdul
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C22H17ClN2O2, the essentially planar benzimidazole ring system [maximum deviation = 0.012 (2) Å] forms dihedral angles of 28.69 (6) and 63.65 (7)°, respectively, with the phenyl and chloro-substituted benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 64.23 (8)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a zigzag chain along the a axis by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds. C—H...π interactions are also present.
Ethyl 1-phenyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Yoon Yeong Keng , Ali Mohamed Ashraf , Choon Tan Soo , Arshad Suhana , Razak Ibrahim Abdul
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C23H17F3N2O2, contains two molecules. In one of the molecules, the phenyl and triflouromethyl-substituted benzene rings form dihedral angles of 52.05 (8) and 33.70 (8)°, respectively, with the benzimidazole ring system, while the dihedral angle between them is 58.24 (10)°. The corresponding values in the other molecule are 58.40 (8), 25.90 (8) and 60.83 (10)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains along [100] by C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds. Aromatic π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6700 (12) Å] also occur.
1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide dichloromethane disolvate
Authors: Berger Matthias , Auner Norbert , Sinke Tanja , Bolte Michael
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C27H37N2
+·Br−·2CH2Cl2, both the cation and the anion are located on a crystallographic mirror plane. Both of the dichloromethane solvent molecules show a disorder across a mirror plane over two equally occupied positions. In the crystal, the cations are connnected to the bromide ions via C—H...Br hydrogen bonds.
Methyl 2-{6-[(1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl)aminocarbonyl]pyridine-2-carboxamido}propanoate
Authors: Al-Omar Mohamed A. , Amr Abdel-Galil E. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Chia Tze Shyang , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C15H19N3O6, the amide planes are inclined at dihedral angles of 0.8 (6) and 12.1 (3)° with respect to the central pyridine ring. The mean planes of the corresponding methyl acetate groups form dihedral angles of 41.76 (13) and 86.48 (15)°, respectively with the mean plane of pyridine ring. A pair of weak intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds generate an S(5)S(5) ring motif in the molecule. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into [001] chains. The chains are cross-linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds into layers lying parallel to bc plane. The crystal packing also features a C—H...π interaction.
2-Amino-N′-phenylbenzohydrazide
Authors: Kesternich Víctor , Gahona Paulo , Pérez-Fehrmann Marcia , Brito Iván , López-Rodríguez Matías
Published: May 2012

In the title compound, C13H13N3O, the NNCO unit forms dihedral angles of 35.8 (1) and 84.0 (1)° with the benzene and phenyl rings, respectively. The dihedral angles between the aromatic rings is 61.2 (1)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak N—H...O hydrogen bonds into C(4) chains parallel to the c axis. Neighbouring chains are linked by weak N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming R
4
4(20) rings, and resulting in the formation of a two-dimensional network lying parallel to (010). The packing also features π–π stacking interactions between phenyl rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.803 (2) Å].
(1E,4E)-1-(2-Nitrophenyl)-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one
Authors: Zou Peng , Jin Yi-Jun , Xiang Liu-Fang , Sun Dong-Ping , Yang Shu-Lin
Published: May 2012

In the title curcumin–ionone derivative, C20H23NO3, the dihedral angle between the cyclohexene and benzene rings is 21.03 (8)°, with both double bonds in the interlinking olefinic chain adopting E conformations. Two of the methylene groups of the β-ionone ring are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancy ratios of 0.50:0.50 and 0.60:0.40. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains extending along the b axis.
(1E,4E)-1-(Thiophen-2-yl)-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one
Authors: Zhang Ya-Li , Xiang Liu-Fang , Zou Peng , Jin Yi-Jun , Yang Shu-Lin
Published: May 2012

In the title curcumin–ionone derivative, C18H22OS, the dihedral angle between the thiazole ring and the mean plane through the cyclohexene ring is 5.16 (10)°. The molecule has an E conformation for each of the olefinic bonds.
N
1,N
4,3,6-Tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboxamide
Authors: Sun Na-Bo , Rao Guo-Wu , Shen Qun
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H14N6O2, contains two independent molecules. In one molecule, the amide-substituted N atoms of the tetrazine ring deviate from the plane [maximum deviation = 0.028 (1) Å] through the four other atoms in the ring by 0.350 (2) and 0.344 (2) Å, forming a boat conformation, and the mean planes of the two carboxamide groups form dihedral angles of 10.46 (13) and 20.41 (12)° with the four approximtely planar atoms in the tetrazine ring. In the other molecule, the amide-substituted N atoms of the tetrazine ring deviate from the plane [maximum deviation = 0.033 (1) Å] through the four other atoms in the ring by 0.324 (2) and 0.307 (2) Å, forming a boat conformation, and the mean planes of the two carboxamide groups form dihedral angles of 14.66 (11) and 17.08 (10)° with the four approximately planar atoms of the tetrazine ring. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds connect molecules to form a two-dimensional network parallel to (1-1-1). Intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds are observed.
4-[(E)-2-(2-Chlorobenzylidene)hydrazin-1-yl]quinolin-1-ium chloride dihydrate
Authors: Tiekink Edward R. T. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. , Wardell James L. , Ferreira Marcelle de Lima , Souza Marcus V. N. de , Kaiser Carlos R.
Published: May 2012

In the title hydrated salt, C16H13ClN3
+·Cl−·2H2O, a small twist is evident in the cation so that the chlorobenzene ring is not coplanar with the central hydrazinyl group [the N—C—C—C torsion angle = −4.8 (12)°]. The conformation about the imine N=C bond [1.284 (10) Å] is E. The components of the structure are connected into a three-dimensional architecture via O—H...O, O—H...Cl and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. One water H atom is disposed over two sites of equal occupancy.
Effectiveness of TaqMan probes for detection of fish eggs and larvae in the stomach contents of a teleost predator
Authors: Hunter E. , Taylor N. , Fox C. J. , Maillard M. , Taylor M. I.
Published: May 2012

Experiments were conducted on the ability of TaqMan molecular probes to detect plaice Pleuronectes platessa DNA from eggs, and cod Gadus morhua DNA from eggs and larvae following ingestion by a teleost predator, whiting Merlangius merlangus. Estimated half‐life detection rate (T50) for eggs was 31 h, and 26 h for larvae, with some positive detections occurring even after visual inspection indicated complete gut clearance. Because TaqMan probes are taxon specific, the results presented demonstrate that this technique can provide a means of rapid and unambiguous detection of predation by teleosts on fish eggs and larvae.
Walleye Sander vitreus and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu interactions: an historic stable‐isotope analysis approach
Authors: Galster B. J. , Wuellner M. R. , Graeb B. D. S.
Published: May 2012

The carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) values of Sander vitreus scales differed pre and post‐introduction in treatment lakes among years following the introduction of Micropterus dolomieu. No difference of δ13C and δ15N in S. vitreus scales was found in control lakes where M. dolomieu were not introduced. In treatment lakes, S. vitreus δ15N increased and δ13C decreased. No relationship was found between S. vitreus and M. dolomieu abundance in the two treatment lakes. Size structure of S. vitreus and M. dolomieu was negatively correlated and condition of the two species was positively correlated. Although S. vitreus feeding habits may have changed in the treatment lakes after M. dolomieu introductions, evidence suggests that fitness‐related factors (i.e. abundance and condition) of S. vitreus remained unchanged, indicating S. vitreus and M. dolomieu may coexist where M. dolomieu have been introduced.
Molecular signature of the D‐loop in the brown pencilfish Nannostomus eques (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae) reveals at least two evolutionary units in the Rio Negro basin, Brazil
Authors: Terencio M. L. , Schneider C. H. , Porto J. I. R.
Published: May 2012

The genetic variability of the brown pencilfish Nannostomus eques was studied, based on an analysis of sequences from the control region (1084 bp) of mitochondrial (mt)DNA in 125 individuals collected from eight tributaries along the upper (Açaituba, Miuá, Jaradi and Arixanã), middle (Demini), and lower (Jacundá, Maguari and Catalão) Rio Negro (Brazil). Phylogenetic inferences using mtDNA data from N. eques revealed two evolutionary units. Genetic distance between them ranged from 5·5 to 8·3% and differed by 8·5–11·8% from the sister species pencilfish Nannostomus unifasciatus. The time of divergence between the two evolutionary units was estimated to be the Middle Pliocene (c. 2·99 million years before present). Population genetic analysis (DNA polymorphism, AMOVA and Mantel test) showed high haplotype diversity (HD, >0·90) in each evolutionary unit, a strong population genetic structure in the Demini River that formed a monophyletic group and a correlation between genetic divergence and geographical distance in only one of these units (evolutionary unit 1). On the basis of molecular data, the rapids and waterfalls near São Gabriel da Cachoeira (Upper Rio Negro) were the main barriers to gene flow within evolutionary unit 1 in some localities. The emergences of the Branco River and the Anavilhanas Archipelago were apparently responsible for the discrepancy in distribution of the two evolutionary units, except at Jacundá, where the evolutionary units were sympatric. In view of the differences between the evolutionary units, N. eques cannot be treated as a single stock in the Rio Negro basin. These results may have important implications for the fishery management of this ornamental fish.
Identification and expression analysis of major histocompatibility complex IIB gene in orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides
Authors: Lu D. Q. , Yi S. B. , Yao M. , Li Y. W. , Liu X. C. , Zhang Y. , Lin H. R.
Published: May 2012

In this study, complementary DNA (cDNA) and DNA sequences of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB genes (mhcIIB) were cloned from orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. The gene structure of E. coioides mhcIIB consists of five exons and four introns, and its deduced amino acid sequence length is 249 amino acids, including a signal peptide, a peptide‐binding region, an IGC1 domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. A phylogenetic study showed that E. coioides mhcIIB shared 32·0–79·1% identity with those of other teleosts and mammals. Real‐time reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR was performed to detect the class IIB gene expression in eight different tissues. To characterize the relationship between E. coioides mhcIIB gene and pathogens, in vivo and in vitro studies were performed. Challenge of Cryptocaryon irritans revealed that class IIB genes were down‐regulated after 24 and 48 h of challenge, and their expression was later restored at 72 h. Stimulation of isolated E. coioides leukocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) significantly increased peripheral blood and spleen mhcIIB expression, while head kidney mhcIIB expression remained constant.
Impact of allergy treatment on the association between allergies and mood and anxiety in a population sample
Authors: Goodwin R. D. , Galea S. , Perzanowski M. , Jacobi F.
Published: May 2012

Background

Previous studies have suggested an association between allergy and mood and anxiety disorders. Yet, extant work suffers from methodological limitations.

Objective

To investigate the association between physician‐diagnosed allergy and DSM‐IV mood and anxiety disorders in the general population, and to examine the role of allergy treatment in this relationship.

Methods

Data were drawn from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey, a population‐based, representative sample of 4,181 adults aged 18‐65 in Germany. Allergy was diagnosed by physicians during medical examination and mental disorders were diagnosed using the CIDI.

Results

Allergy was associated with an increased prevalence of any anxiety disorder [OR = 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)], panic attacks [OR = 1.6 (1.1, 2.1)], panic disorder [OR = 1.6 (1.01, 2.3)], GAD [OR = 1.8 (1.1, 3.0)], any mood disorder [OR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.7)], depression [OR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.7)] and bipolar disorder [OR = 2.0, (1.0, 3.8)]. After adjusting for desensitization treatment status, these relationships were no longer significant. Those treated for allergy were significantly less likely to have any mood or anxiety disorder [OR = 0.65 (0.4, 0.96)], compared to those untreated. All relationships were adjusted for age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES).

Conclusions & Clinical Relevance

These findings provide the first evidence of a link between physician‐diagnosed allergy and DSM‐IV mood and anxiety disorders in a representative sample. Treatment for allergy may mitigate much of this relationship.
FcRn‐mediated intestinal absorption of IgG anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes in mice
Authors: Paveglio S. , Puddington L. , Rafti E. , Matson A. P.
Published: May 2012

Background

The mechanism(s) responsible for the acquisition of maternal antibody isotypes other than IgG are not fully understood.

Objective

To define the ability of the neonatal Fc receptor for IgG uptake (FcRn) to mediate intestinal absorption of IgG1 anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes.

Methods

C57BL/6 allergic ovalbumin (OVA)‐immune foster mothers were generated to nurse naïve FcRn+/− or FcRn−/− progeny. At the time of weaning, serum levels of OVA‐specific antibodies and IgG1 anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes were determined in allergic foster mothers and FcRn+/+, FcRn+/−, or FcRn−/− breastfed offspring. In separate experiments, FcRn+/− or FcRn−/− neonatal mice were gavage fed TNP‐specific IgE as IgG1 anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes, IgG1 isotype control and IgE, or IgE alone. Mice were killed 2 h after feeding to determine serum levels and biological activity of absorbed TNP‐specific IgE.

Results

As expected, the absorption of maternal OVA‐specific IgG1 in FcRn−/− offspring was at levels 103‐104 less than observed in FcRn+/+ or FcRn+/− offspring. Surprisingly, FcRn expression also influenced the absorption of maternal IgE. OVA‐specific IgE was detected in FcRn+/+ and FcRn+/−offspring, but not in FcRn−/− offspring. IgG1 anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes were detected in allergic foster mothers and correlated strongly with levels in FcRn+/+ and FcRn+/− offspring (ρ = 0.88, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, FcRn expression was required for neonatal mice to absorb TNP‐specific IgE when fed as IgG1 anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes. When immune complexes were generated with IgG1 anti‐IgE directed against the Cε4 domain, the absorbed IgE was able to function in antigen‐dependent basophil degranulation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

These data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which FcRn may facilitate absorption of maternal antibodies other than IgG. These findings are clinically relevant because FcRn mediates the transplacental passage of maternal IgG to the fetus. This raises the possibility that FcRn could mediate the transplacental passage of maternal IgE as IgG anti‐IgE/IgE immune complexes.
Reduced high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular lesions in hypercholesterolaemic patients
Authors: Wang Wenqing , Xing Wenjuan , Zhang Haifeng , Ding Mingge , Shang Lei , Lau Wayne Bond , Wang Xiaoming , Li Rong
Published: May 2012

Background

The hormone adiponectin (APN) circulates in plasma as various multimeric complexes. The high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) isoform has been reported to exert the most favourable metabolic regulatory and vasculoprotective effects. This study determined the circulatory distribution of APN multimers and their relationships with cardiovascular disease (CVD)‐related biochemical indicators in patients with hypercholesterolaemia (HC).

Methods

A total of 148 male age‐ and BMI‐matched patients with HC (80 with CVD and 68 without CVD) and 84 male healthy controls were enrolled. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nephropathy and cigarette use constituted exclusion criteria.

Results

Both HMW and medium‐molecular‐weight (MMW) forms of APN were significantly increased in HC without CVD (HMW: 4·98 ± 0·87 vs 2·51 ± 0·33 in control, P < 0·01; MMW: 2·20 ± 0·36 vs 1·01 ± 0·15 in control, P < 0·01) and were comparable to control in patients with hypercholesterolaemia with CVD (HCVD). In comparison with other APN oligomers, HMW is most closely associated with the HCVD‐related biochemical factors, total cholesterol (r = 0·345, P < 0·05), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc, r = 0·325, P < 0·05) and uric acid (UA, r = −0·472, P < 0·01). Additional analysis via binary logistic regression suggests that HMW is an independent predictor of risk of HCVD (OR, 8·434; P = 0·018).

Conclusion

These results suggest that reduced HMW isoform concentrations might be considered as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications in patients with HC.
Familial pituitary adenomas – who should be tested for AIP mutations?
Authors: Korbonits Márta , Storr Helen , Kumar Ajith V.
Published: May 2012

Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenomas (FIPA), an autosomal dominant disease with low penetrance is being increasingly recognized. FIPA families can be divided into two distinct groups based on genetic and phenotypic features. Patients with mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor‐interacting protein (AIP) gene are characterized by young‐onset somatotroph or lactotroph macroadenomas, while in the other, larger group of FIPA patients with typically adult‐onset disease and more varied adenoma types, no causative gene(s) has been identified. Young‐onset macroadenoma patients can also be identified with germline AIP mutation without an apparent family history. Further data and longer follow‐up are necessary to establish formal guidelines, but the current data suggest genetic screening of the AIP gene in patients with a pituitary adenoma and no other associated features who have (i) a family history of pituitary adenoma, (ii) childhood‐onset pituitary adenoma or (iii) a pituitary somatotroph or lactotroph macroadenoma diagnosed before the age of 30 years.
Modelling defined mixtures of environmental oestrogens found in domestic animal and sewage treatment effluents using an in vitro oestrogen‐mediated transcriptional activation assay (T47D‐KBluc)
Authors: Bermudez Dieldrich S. , Gray L. Earl , Wilson Vickie S.
Published: May 2012

There is growing concern of exposure of fish, wildlife and humans to water sources contaminated with oestrogens and the potential impact on reproductive health. Environmental oestrogens can come from various sources including concentrated animal feedlot operations (CAFO), municipal waste, agricultural and industrial effluents. US EPA’s drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL3) includes several oestrogenic compounds. Although these contaminants are currently not subject to any proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulations, they are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems and may require future regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Using an in vitro transcriptional activation assay, this study evaluated oestrogens from CCL3 both individually and as a seven oestrogen mixture (fixed ray design) over a broad range of concentrations, including environmentally relevant concentrations. Log EC50 and Hillslope values for individual oestrogens were as follows: estrone, −11.92, 1.283; estradiol‐17α, −9.61, 1.486; estradiol‐17β, 11.77, 1.494; estriol, −11.14, 1.074; ethinyl estradiol‐17α, −12.63, 1.562; Mestranol, −11.08, 0.809 and Equilin, −11.48, 0.946. In addition, mixtures that mirrored the primary oestrogens found in swine, poultry and dairy CAFO effluent (fixed‐ratio ray design), and a ternary mixture (4 × 4 × 4 factorial design) of oestrogens found in hormone replacement therapy and/or oral contraceptives were tested. Mixtures were evaluated for additivity using both the concentration addition (CA) model and oestrogen equivalence (EEQ) model. For each of the mixture studies, a broad range of concentrations were tested, both above and below environmentally relevant concentrations. Results show that the observed data did not vary consistently from either the CA or EEQ predictions for any mixture. Therefore, either the CA or EEQ model should be useful predictors for modelling oestrogen mixtures.
Evaluation of aflatoxin decontaminating by two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG in pistachio nuts
Authors: Rahaie Somaieh , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Razavi Sayed Hadi , Mazaheri Mansoureh
Published: May 2012

In this study, the surface binding ability of Saccharomayces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LBGG) to aflatoxin in pistachio nuts was compared. Results showed that Saccharomayces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains had aflatoxin binding ability of 40% and 35% with initial concentration of 10 ppb and 70% and 60% with initial concentration of 20 ppb aflatoxin, respectively. Acid treatment increased this ability for yeast and bacterium to 60% and 85% in first concentration and 73% and 90% for second concentration of aflatoxin, respectively. Also, heat treatment could raise surface binding of yeast to 55% and 75% for two concentrations. In addition, heat condition for Lactobacillus improved binding to 85% and 90% for two concentrations of aflatoxin. Experiments showed that microorganism’s immobilisation on contaminated pistachio had no effect on qualitative characteristics of pistachio such as colour, texture and peroxide value.
Frying of potato chips in a blend of canola oil and palm olein: changes in levels of individual fatty acids and tocols
Authors: Al‐Khusaibi Mohammed , Gordon Michael H. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Niranjan Keshavan
Published: May 2012

The changes occurring in the levels of nutritionally relevant oil components were assessed during repeated frying of potato chips in a blend of palm olein and canola oil (1:1 w/w). The blend suffered minimal reductions in omega‐3 and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was no significant difference between the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the product and that of the frying medium, in all three cases. The blend also contained a significant amount of tocols which add a nutritional value to the oil. The concentration of the tocols was satisfactorily retained over the period of oil usage, in contrast to the significant loses observed in the case of the individual oils. The blend also performed well when assessed by changes in total polar compounds, free fatty acids, p‐anisidine value. When fried in used oil, the product oil content increased progressively with oil usage time. This study shows that blended frying oils can combine good stability and nutritional quality.
Effects of roasting and boiling on the chemical composition, amino acids and oil stability of safflower seeds
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit Adam , Ahmed Sara Yousif , Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim , Cheng Sit Foon , Eltom Ahmed Mohamedain , Yagoub Samia Osman , Gouk Shiou Wah
Published: May 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of roasting and boiling on compositional and oil stability of safflower seeds. The moisture, carbohydrate and fibre contents decreased because of roasting and boiling treatments while fat and protein contents increased. The fatty acid compositions of treated samples changed slightly compared with control. The total amount of amino acids in control sample was 151.29, and this amount increased to 158.8 and 186.9 mg g−1 N by roasting and boiling, respectively. The peroxide value of the oil increased because of roasting and boiling, and it reaches above the accepted value to consumer. Concentrations of major elements such as Na, K and Cu in raw safflower seeds were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than roasted and boiled seeds. The effects of roasting and boiling with regard to loss and retention of the nutrients differed significantly (P > 0.05), with only the roasting retaining more of the nutrients than boiling. The peak intensities of control oil using FTIR spectroscopy were changed in comparison with treated oils.
Shrinking core model for extraction of phenylpropanoid amides of 5‐hydroxytriptamine from safflower seed meal
Authors: Jin Qingzhe , Zhou Li , Li Jinwei , Wang Xingguo , Liu Ruijie
Published: May 2012

A shrinking core model for extraction of phenylpropanoid amides of 5‐hydroxytriptamine (PAHAs) from safflower seed meal by 60% ethanol solution is established based on Fick’s first law. The kinetic equation for extraction is obtained and proved to fit the data very well. The internal diffusion of dissolving PAHAs from extracted layer to the particle external surface through particle channels is determined to be the rate‐limiting step. The shrinking core model was proved applicable to the meal which reduction ratio of particles is from 35 to 80 meshes and suitable for applying to the prediction and analysis on the process of PAHAs extraction from safflower seed by ethanol. The effects of size of raw material on the extraction efficiency are evaluated by the mathematical model, which could be used to predict and analyse extraction process of PAHAs from safflower seed meal by ethanol and provide a basis for process design and choice of operating conditions.
Gas‐producing and spoilage potential of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria isolated from chilled vacuum‐packaged beef
Authors: Chaves Rafael D. , Silva Alessandra R. , Sant’Ana Anderson S. , Campana Felippe B. , Massaguer Pilar R.
Published: May 2012

This study aimed to enumerate and identify lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae from spoiled and nonspoiled chilled vacuum‐packaged beef and determine their potential to cause blown pack spoilage. These microbial groups were also enumerated in nonspoiled samples and detected in abattoir samples. The potential of isolates to cause ‘blown pack’ spoilage of vacuum‐packaged beef stored at chilled temperature (4 °C) and abuse temperature (15 °C) was investigated. Populations of lactic acid bacteria in exudate of spoiled and nonspoiled samples were not significantly different (P > 0.05), whereas the number of lactic acid bacteria on the surface was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in spoiled samples as compared to nonspoiled samples. The population of Enterobacteriaceae species in exudate and on the surface of samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in spoiled packs in comparison with nonspoiled packs. Results of the deterioration potential showed that ‘blown pack’ spoilage was noticeable after 7 days at 15 °C and after 6 weeks at 4 °C for samples inoculated with Hafnia alvei.
Who benefits from clinical supervision and how? The association between clinical supervision and the work‐related well‐being of female hospital nurses
Authors: Koivu Aija , Saarinen Pirjo Irmeli , Hyrkas Kristiina
Published: May 2012

Aim and objectives.  The aims of this study were (1) to identify which nurses benefitted most from clinical supervision and (2) to explore whether they were healthier and more satisfied with their work than their peers who did not attend clinical supervision.

Background.  To maintain quality nursing, there is currently a social call to improve the well‐being of nurses at work. Restoring nurses’ well‐being is one of the main purposes of clinical supervision. However, research evidence on the effects of clinical supervision is scarce.

Design.  Survey.

Methods.  Questionnaires were distributed to female hospital nurses (n = 304), about a half of whom (48·7%) had attended clinical supervision. Perceptions of work and health among the nurses who gave the best evaluations of clinical supervision (n = 74) were compared with those of their peers who gave the worst evaluations (n = 74) or who had not attended clinical supervision (n = 156).

Results.  The nurses who received efficient clinical supervision reported more job and personal resources and were more motivated and committed to the organisation than their peers. However, professional inefficacy was the only burnout dimension on which they scored lower than other nurses.

Conclusions.  Clinical supervision can be conceptualised as an additional job resource associated with other job and personal resources, which mutually reinforce each other, promoting well‐being at work. Efficient clinical supervision is probably both an antecedent as well as a consequence of well‐being at work.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The results of this study advocate management planning to provide formal support for health care providers. Medical–surgical nurses are interested in clinical supervision. Reflecting on practice in clinical supervision generates new ideas about how to improve the quality of care and the psychosocial work environment. However, clinical supervision may be viewed as a preventive method rather than a treatment for burnout.
The Absence of Somatotroph Proliferation During Continuous Stress is a Result of the Lack of Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinase 1/2 Activation
Authors: Ogawa T. , Sei H. , Konishi H. , Shishioh‐Ikejima N. , Kiyama H.
Published: May 2012

The integrity of homeostasis can be affected by chronic stress, and hyposomatotropism is evident in chronic stress‐associated illnesses. In the present study, we demonstrated that a continuous stress (CS) severely affected somatotrophs among hormone‐secreting cells in the anterior lobe (AL) of the pituitary by using a rat CS model. Among AL cells, the proliferation of somatotrophs was almost entirely suppressed in rats that had 3–5 days of CS (5dCS), although other hormone‐secreting cells continued to proliferate. The cell size of somatotrophs was reduced at 5dCS (P < 0.01), the number of secretory granules was increased at 3dCS (P < 0.01) and serum growth hormone (GH) was on declining trend during 1 to 5dCS, suggesting that GH release was inhibited. GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA level in the arcuate nucleus was transiently decreased, whereas its receptor expression in the AL was significantly increased in CS rats. When 5dCS rats were injected with GHRH, transient GH secretion was observed, whereas proliferation of somatotrophs did not occur. The GHRH administration failed to stimulate extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of ERK in somatotrophs. These results suggest that somatotrophs of 5dCS rats expressed sufficient GHRH receptor, which could transfer a signal for GH release. However, the GHRH‐induced proliferation signal was blocked somewhere between the receptor and ERK1/2. Because significant increase of corticosterone in the initial stage (the 1–3dCS) was observed in this model, the corticosterone may affect the signalling. Although the mechanism underlying the blockage of the proliferation signal in somatotrophs under CS remains unclear, these somatotrophic disorder, suggesting that the present animal model may be useful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of chronic stress‐associated illnesses.
Phylogeography and species biogeography of montane Great Basin stoneflies
Authors: SCHULTHEIS ALICIA S. , BOOTH JACKIE Y. , PERLMUTTER LISA R. , BOND JASON E. , SHELDON ANDREW L.
Published: May 2012

Sky islands are ideal systems for determining the effects of climatic oscillations on species distributions and genetic structure. Our study focused on montane stonefly populations in the Great Basin of western North America. We used niche‐based distribution modelling, phylogeography and traditional species‐based biogeography to test several hypotheses as follows: (i) genetic differentiation among Doroneuria baumanni populations will be independent of hydrologic connectivity (headwater model); (ii) Sky islands were colonized when habitat was more continuous and populations likely experienced multiple expansions and contractions; (iii) Colonization events were coincident with the late Pleistocene and Holocene; and (iv) Shared topography and climate history will result in concordant patterns of genetic differentiation in D. baumanni and occurrences of 32 stonefly species across the region. Overall, ΦST’s and coalescent‐based estimates of migration were consistent with the headwater model. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian gene trees identified three major nonoverlapping east‐west clades. Distribution modelling indicated more suitable habitat in the Great Basin during the Last Glacial Maximum than at present, but none during the last interglacial period. Demographic analyses showed evidence of population expansion in one of the three major east–west clades. Intra‐clade divergence times (60 000–183 000 ybp) were well within the late Pleistocene while among‐clade divergence times (499 000–719 000 ybp) were deeper. Genetic differentiation in D. baumanni and distributions of stonefly species were significantly concordant. These results imply that climatic oscillations have played major roles in shaping the genetic structure and distributions of Great Basin stoneflies, but that divergence among clades occurred much earlier than our late Pleistocence/early Holocene predictions.
Cost of standard indoor ultra‐low‐volume space spraying as a method to control adult dengue vectors
Authors: Ditsuwan Thanittha , Liabsuetrakul Tippawan , Ditsuwan Vallop , Thammapalo Suwich
Published: May 2012

Objectives To access the costs of standard indoor ultra‐low‐volume (SID‐ULV) space spraying for controlling dengue vectors in Thailand.

Methods Resources related to SID‐ULV space spraying as a method to control dengue vectors between July and December 2009 were identified, measured and valued taking a societal perspective into consideration. Information on costs was collected from direct observations, interviews and bookkeeping records. Uncertainty of unit costs was investigated using a bootstrap technique.

Results Costs of SID‐ULV were calculated from 18 new dengue cases that covered 1492 surrounding houses. The average coverage of the SID‐ULV was 64.4%. In the first round of spraying, 53% of target houses were sprayed and 44.6% in the second round, of which 69.2% and 54.7% received entire indoor space spraying. Unit costs per case, per 10 houses and per 100 m2were USD 705 (95% Confidence Interval CI, 539–888), 180 (95% CI, 150–212) and USD 23 (95% CI, 17–30). The majority of SID‐ULV unit cost per case was attributed to productivity loss (83.9%) and recurrent costs (15.2%). The unit cost of the SID‐ULV per case and per house in rural was 2.8 and 1.6 times lower than municipal area. The estimated annual cost of SID‐ULV space spraying from 2005 to 2009 using healthcare perspective ranged from USD 5.3 to 10.3 million.

Conclusions The majority of the cost of SID‐ULV space spraying was attributed to productivity loss. Potential productivity loss influences the achievement of high coverage, so well‐planned SID‐ULV space spraying strategies are needed to reduce costs.
Wood anatomical responses of oak saplings exposed to air warming and soil drought
Authors: Fonti P. , Heller O. , Cherubini P. , Rigling A. , Arend M.
Published: May 2012

Water is vital for plant performance and survival. Its scarcity, induced by a seasonal decline in soil water availability or an increase of evaporative demand, can cause failures of the water conducting system. An adequate tolerance to drought and the ability to acclimate to changing hydraulic conditions are important features for the survival of long‐lived woody plants in dry environments. In this study we examine secondary growth and xylem anatomical acclimation of 6 year old saplings of three European oak species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens) during the third consecutive year of exposure to soil drought and/or air warming (from 2007 to 2009). Intra‐annual pinning was applied to mark the development of the formation of the annual ring 2009. Vessel size, parenchyma cell density and fiber size produced at different time of the growing season 2009 were compared between drought and warming treatments and species. Drought reduced secondary growth and induced changes in xylem structure while air warming had little effect on wood anatomical traits. Results indicate that drought‐exposed saplings adjust their xylem structure to improve resistance and repairing abilities after cavitation. All species show a significant radial growth reduction, a reduced vessel size with diminished conductivity and a slightly increased density of parenchyma cells. Comparisons between species fostered our understanding of the relationship between the inter‐specific xylem hydraulic plasticity and the ecological response to drought. The stronger changes observed for Q. robur and Q. petraea indicate a lower drought tolerance than Q. pubescens.
454 Sequencing for the Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in Avocado Fruit (cv. Fuerte) Infected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Djami‐Tchatchou Arnaud Thierry , Straker Colin John , Allie Farhahna
Published: May 2012

The anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., is a major cause of disease in the avocado industry, causing significant economic losses, and infects all cultivars. In South Africa, cvs Fuerte and Hass are the most widely grown. Identification of genes differentially expressed in avocado during infection with the fungus represents an important step towards understanding the plants defence responses and would assist in designing appropriate intervention strategies. In this study, 454 sequencing and analysis of the transcriptome of infected cv. Fuerte avocado fruits were performed using the Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium platform. cDNA libraries enriched for differentially expressed genes were constructed from unharvested and harvested avocado fruit tissues collected after 1, 4 and 24 h postinfection (early response) and after 3, 4, 5 and 7 days postinfection (late response), then sequenced. RT‐PCR was used to validate the sequencing results. The single sequencing run produced 215 781 reads from the transcriptome with an average sequence length of 252–300 nucleotides. A total of 70.6 megabases of sequence data were generated and subjected to BLAST searches from which 639 genes encoding proteins functioning in metabolism, signal transduction, transcriptional control, defence, stress, transportation processes and some genes with unknown functions were identified. Avocado is able to respond to C. gloeosporioides infection by exhibiting a sophisticated molecular system for pathogen recognition and by activating structural and biochemical defence mechanisms. This study represents the first transcriptome analysis of avocado fruit following infection with C. gloeosporioides, and the findings are discussed in relation to the known or putative functions of the gene products.