bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Australian Terminalia Species Extracts Inhibit β-Lactam Drug-Resistant Bacteria Growth and Potentiate the Activity of Conventional Antibiotics: Bioactivities and Phytochemistry
Authors: Zai Muhammad Jawad , Cheesman Matthew James , Cock Ian Edwin
Published: February 2024

Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell, Terminalia grandiflora Benth., Terminalia microcarpa Decne., and Terminalia muelleri Benth. (family: Combretaceae) belong to the genus Terminalia. Plants of this genus have been extensively used as traditional medicines to treat a variety of illnesses, including pathogen infections. However, we were unable to find any studies that have investigated the antibacterial activity of T. microcarpa. Similarly, whilst some preliminary studies have examined the antimicrobial properties of T. muelleri and T. grandiflora, they did not test the extracts against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study screens the antimicrobial activity of T. grandiflora, T. microcarpa, and T. muelleri and compares it to that of T. ferdinandiana extracts prepared from both the fruit and leaves against a range of pathogens, including multi-antibiotic-resistant strains. Solvents with varying polarities were used to extract different phytochemical constituents from the leaves of T. grandiflora, T. microcarpa, and T. muelleri and from the fruit and leaves of T. ferdinandiana. The aqueous and methanolic extracts each displayed significant antimicrobial activity when tested against the bacterial pathogens, including against the multidrug-resistant strains. When these extracts were tested in combination with selected antibiotics, some extracts potentiated the antimicrobial activity. This study identifies twelve synergistic, fifty-eight additive, and sixty non-interactive combinations, as well as thirty antagonistic effects. The extracts were evaluated for toxicity using the Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality assay (ALA) and were each classified as non-toxic, with the exception of the methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit extracts and the aqueous and ethyl acetate T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts. Metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) highlighted several flavonoids and tannins that may contribute to the antimicrobial activities reported herein. The potential antibacterial mechanism(s) of the T. ferdinandiana extracts are discussed in this study.
A Pseudovirus-Based Neutralization Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Rapid, Cost-Effective, BSL-2–Based High-Throughput Assay Useful for Vaccine Immunogenicity Evaluation
Authors: Cai Zhaohui , Kalkeri Raj , Zhu Mingzhu , Cloney-Clark Shane , Haner Benjamin , Wang Mi , Osman Bahar , Dent Dominic , Feng Sheau-Line , Longacre Zach , Glenn Greg , Plested Joyce S.
Published: February 2024

Neutralizing antibody responses from COVID-19 vaccines are pivotal in conferring protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Effective COVID-19 vaccines and assays measuring neutralizing antibodies against emerging variants (i.e., XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, and XBB.2.3) are needed. The use of biosafety level (BSL)-3 laboratories for live virus assays results in higher costs and a longer turnaround time; therefore, a BSL-2–based pseudovirus neutralization assay (PNT) was developed. The pseudoviruses were produced by cotransfecting cells with plasmids encoding a lentiviral backbone-expressing luciferase reporter; non-surface proteins for lentiviral production; and ancestral or Omicron (BA.1 and BA.5) SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) proteins. The PNT was developed and optimized in dose and kinetics experiments. The representative serum samples (COVID-19–convalescent or NVX-CoV2373–vaccinated participants enrolled in the 2019nCoV-101 trial) demonstrated a wide dynamic range. The neutralization data showed robust correlation with validated anti-recombinant spike IgG levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibition titers (ancestral). This assay is suitable for measurement of the neutralization ability in clinical samples from individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 or immunized with a COVID-19 vaccine. The results suggest that this PNT provides a lower cost, high-throughput, rapid turnaround alternative to BSL-3–based microneutralization assays and enables the discovery and development of effective vaccines against emerging variants.
Developmental and Nutritional Changes in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition Provided with n-3 Fatty Acids Improved Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food and Psychosocial Support: A Pilot Study in Tanzania
Authors: Mwita Fredrick Cyprian , PrayGod George , Sanga Erica , Setebe Theresia , Joseph Gaudensia , Kunzi Happyness , Webster Jayne , Gladstone Melissa , Searle Rebecca , Ahmed Maimuna , Hokororo Adolfine , Filteau Suzanne , Friis Henrik , Briend André , Olsen Mette Frahm
Published: February 2024

Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are at high risk of impaired development. Contributing causes include the inadequate intake of specific nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a lack of adequate stimulation. We conducted a pilot study assessing developmental and nutritional changes in children with SAM provided with a modified ready-to-use therapeutic food and context-specific psychosocial intervention in Mwanza, Tanzania. We recruited 82 children with SAM (6–36 months) and 88 sex- and age-matched non-malnourished children. We measured child development, using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT), measures of family and maternal care for children, and whole-blood PUFA levels. At baseline, the mean total MDAT z-score of children with SAM was lower than non-malnourished children; −2.37 (95% confidence interval: −2.92; −1.82), as were their total n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. After 8 weeks of intervention, MDAT z-scores improved in all domains, especially fine motor, among children with SAM. Total n-3 and EPA levels increased, total n-6 fatty acids decreased, and DHA remained unchanged. Family and maternal care also improved. The suggested benefits of the combined interventions on the developmental and nutritional status of children with SAM will be tested in a future trial.
Vegetable Extracts as Therapeutic Agents: A Comprehensive Exploration of Anti-Allergic Effects
Authors: Takemoto Kazuhito , Ganlin Tian , Iji Masaki , Narukawa Takahiro , Koyama Tomohisa , Hao Luo , Watanabe Hiroyuki
Published: February 2024

Food allergies are common worldwide and have become a major public health concern; more than 220 million people are estimated to suffer from food allergies worldwide. On the other hand, polyphenols, phenolic substances found in plants, have attracted attention for their health-promoting functions, including their anti-allergic effects. In this study, we examined the potential inhibitory effects of 80% ethanol extracts from 22 different vegetables on the degranulation process in RBL-2H3 cells. Our aim was to identify vegetables that could prevent and treat type I allergic diseases. We found strong inhibition of degranulation by extracts of perilla and chives. Furthermore, we verified the respective efficacy via animal experiments, which revealed that the anaphylactic symptoms caused by ovalbumin (OVA) load were alleviated in OVA allergy model mice that ingested vegetable extracts of perilla and chives. These phenomena were suggested to be caused by induction of suppression in the expression of subunits that constitute the high-affinity IgE receptor, particularly the α-chain of FcεR I. Notably, the anti-allergic effects of vegetables that can be consumed daily are expected to result in the discovery of new anti-immediate allergenic drugs based on the components of these vegetables.
Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Injury via Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Mice
Authors: Zhu Lingfeng , Cao Fuliang , Hu Zuomin , Zhou Yaping , Guo Tianyi , Yan Sisi , Xie Qiutao , Xia Xinxin , Yuan Hongyan , Li Gaoyang , Luo Feijun , Lin Qinlu
Published: February 2024

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is primarily caused by long-term excessive alcohol consumption. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a widely occurring natural anthocyanin with multiple biological activities. This study aims to investigate the effects of C3G isolated from black rice on ALD and explore the potential mechanism. C57BL/6J mice (male) were fed with standard diet (CON) and Lieber-DeCarli liquid-fed (Eth) or supplemented with a 100 mg/kg/d C3G Diet (Eth-C3G), respectively. Our results showed that C3G could effectively ameliorate the pathological structure and liver function, and also inhibited the accumulation of liver lipids. C3G supplementation could partially alleviate the injury of intestinal barrier in the alcohol-induced mice. C3G supplementation could increase the abundance of Norank_f_Muribaculaceae, meanwhile, the abundances of Bacteroides, Blautia, Collinsella, Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Prevotella, [Ruminococcus]_gnavus_group, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Romboutsia, Streptococcus, Bilophila, were decreased. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that 12 distinct genera were correlated with blood lipid levels. Non-targeted metabolic analyses of cecal contents showed that C3G supplementation could affect the composition of intestinal metabolites, particularly bile acids. In conclusion, C3G can attenuate alcohol-induced liver injury by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites, suggesting its potential as a functional food ingredient against alcoholic liver disease.
Relative Body Mass Index Improves the BMI Percentile Performance for Detection and Monitoring of Excess Adiposity in Adolescents
Authors: Velasquez-Mieyer Pedro A. , Nieto-Martinez Ramfis , Neira Claudia P. , De Oliveira-Gomes Diana , Velasquez Rodriguez Andres E. , Ugel Eunice , Cowan Patricia A.
Published: February 2024

Obesity is defined as excess adipose tissue; however, commonly used methods may under-detect adiposity in adolescents. This study compared the performance of body mass index percentile (BMI%) and relative body mass index (RBMI) in identifying excess body fat percentage (BF%) and estimated RBMI cut points to better stratify severity of adiposity. In 567 adolescents ages 11–19 year, BF% measured by DXA was used to compare BMI% and RBMI performance at different degrees of adiposity. RBMI cut points for adiposity detection were derived via ROC curve analysis. BF% was strongly correlated with BMI% (r = 0.889, p < 0.001) and RBMI (r = 0.901, p < 0.001). However, RBMI exhibited less dispersion and better discriminated the relationship with BF% independent of age, race, and gender. Both BMI% and RBMI performed similarly for detecting high BF% (≥25 BF% in males; ≥30 BF% in females). Nonetheless, the relationship of BMI% with BF% was diminished among leaner adolescents. RBMI detected overweight in 21.3% more females and 14.2% more males. RBMI improved the detection of excess adiposity in individuals otherwise classified as having normal weight or overweight by BMI%. RBMI is a valuable and accessible tool for earlier detection, intervention, and effective follow-up of excess adiposity in youth at higher risk for complications.
The Natural Product Parthenolide Inhibits Both Angiogenesis and Invasiveness and Improves Gemcitabine Resistance by Suppressing Nuclear Factor κB Activation in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Denda Yuki , Matsuo Yoichi , Sugita Saburo , Eguchi Yuki , Nonoyama Keisuke , Murase Hiromichi , Kato Tomokatsu , Imafuji Hiroyuki , Saito Kenta , Morimoto Mamoru , Ogawa Ryo , Takahashi Hiroki , Mitsui Akira , Kimura Masahiro , Takiguchi Shuji
Published: February 2024

We previously established pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cell lines resistant to gemcitabine and found that the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was enhanced upon the acquisition of gemcitabine resistance. Parthenolide, the main active ingredient in feverfew, has been reported to exhibit antitumor activity by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway in several types of cancers. However, the antitumor effect of parthenolide on gemcitabine-resistant PaCa has not been elucidated. Here, we confirmed that parthenolide significantly inhibits the proliferation of both gemcitabine-resistant and normal PaCa cells at concentrations of 10 µM and higher, and that the NF-κB activity is significantly inhibited, even by 1 µM parthenolide. In Matrigel invasion assays and angiogenesis assays, the invasive and angiogenic potentials were higher in gemcitabine-resistant than normal PaCa cells and were inhibited by a low concentration of parthenolide. Furthermore, Western blotting showed suppressed MRP1 expression in gemcitabine-resistant PaCa treated with a low parthenolide concentration. In a colony formation assay, the addition of 1 µM parthenolide improved the sensitivity of gemcitabine-resistant PaCa cell lines to gemcitabine. These results suggest that parthenolide may be used as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of gemcitabine-resistant PaCa.
Response Time of III-V Multistage Detectors Based on the “Ga-Free” InAs/InAsSb Type-II Superlattice
Authors: Dąbrowski Karol , Gawron Waldemar , Martyniuk Piotr
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a response time/time constant of III-V material-based interband long wavelength multistage infrared detector optimized for a wavelength of 10.6 µm at 200 K. The device is based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice with highly doped p+/n+ tunneling junctions among the stages. The detector exhibits a response time of 9.87 ns under zero voltage condition, while for 0.15 V reverse bias, that time decreases to approximately 350 ps. The presented device shows a significant increase in response time, especially for low bias, and for a voltage of −0.2 V, the decrease in the detector’s response time by an order of magnitude was estimated. Higher voltage slightly affects the time constant, and between −0.3 V and −1 V, it varies between 300 and 400 ps. The significant change in the detector’s response time between −0.1 V and −0.2 V probably results from electric field drop over entire absorber region. The optimal operating condition can be reached for −0.15 V, where the time constant reaches approximately 350 ns with peak detectivity at a level of ~3 × 109 Jones.
COF-Based Photocatalysts for Enhanced Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Tan Deming , Fan Xuelin
Published: February 2024

Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), with their intrinsic structural regularity and modifiable chemical functionality, have burgeoned as a pivotal material in the realm of photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis. This article reviews the recent advancements and multifaceted approaches employed in using the unique properties of COFs for high-efficient photocatalytic H2O2 production. We first introduced COFs and their advantages in the photocatalytic synthesis of H2O2. Subsequently, we spotlight the principles and evaluation of photocatalytic H2O2 generation, followed by various strategies for the incorporation of active sites aiming to optimize the separation and transfer of photoinduced charge carriers. Finally, we explore the challenges and future prospects, emphasizing the necessity for a deeper mechanistic understanding and the development of scalable and economically viable COF-based photocatalysts for sustainable H2O2 production.
Marine Heatwave and Terrestrial Drought Reduced CO2 Uptake in the East China Sea in 2022
Authors: Yu Shujie , Wang Zhixuan , Jiang Zhiting , Li Teng , Ding Xiaosong , Wei Xiaodao , Liu Dong
Published: February 2024

Against the background of climate warming, marine heatwaves (MHWs) and terrestrial drought events have become increasingly frequent in recent decades. However, the combined effects of MHWs and terrestrial drought on CO2 uptake in marginal seas are still unclear. The East China Sea (ECS) experienced an intense and long-lasting MHW accompanied by an extreme terrestrial drought in the Changjiang basin in the summer of 2022. In this study, we employed multi-source satellite remote sensing products to reveal the patterns, magnitude, and potential drivers of CO2 flux changes in the ECS resulting from the compounding MHW and terrestrial drought extremes. The CO2 uptake of the ECS reduced by 17.0% (1.06 Tg C) in the latter half of 2022 and the Changjiang River plume region shifted from a CO2 sink to a source (releasing 0.11 Tg C) in July-September. In the majority of the ECS, the positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly during the MHW diminished the solubility of CO2 in seawater, thereby reducing CO2 uptake. Moreover, the reduction in nutrient input associated with terrestrial drought, which is unfavorable to phytoplankton growth, further reduced the capacity of CO2 uptake. Meanwhile, the CO2 sink doubled for the offshore waters of the ECS continental shelf in July-September 2022, indicating the complexity and heterogeneity of the impacts of extreme climatic events in marginal seas. This study is of great significance in improving the estimation results of CO2 fluxes in marginal seas and understanding sea–air CO2 exchanges against the background of global climate change.
Integrating Dendrochronological and LiDAR Data to Improve Management of Pinus canariensis Forests under Different Thinning and Climatic Scenarios
Authors: Navarro-Cerrillo Rafael M. , Padrón Cedrés Eva , Cachinero-Vivar Antonio M. , Valeriano Cristina , Camarero Jesús Julio
Published: February 2024

Thinning focused on achieving growth and diameter management objectives has typically led to stands with reduced climate sensitivity compared to unthinned stands. We integrated dendrochronological with Airborne Laser Scanner (LiDAR) data and growth models to assess the long-term impact of thinning intensity on Canary pine (Pinus canariensis) radial growth. In 1988, 18 permanent treatment units were established in 73-year-old Canary pine plantations and three thinning treatments were applied (C–control-unthinned; 0% basal area removal; MT–moderate thinning: 10% and 15% basal area removal, and HT–heavy thinning: 46% and 45% basal area removal on the windward and leeward slopes, respectively). Dendrochronological data were measured in 2022 and expressed as basal area increment (BAI). The impact of climate on growth was examined by fitting linear regression models considering two different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) climate scenarios, RCP 2.6 and RCP 4.5. Finally, LiDAR data were used for standing segmentation to evaluate changes in overall growth under different climatic scenarios. The LiDAR–stand attributes differed between aspects. The BAI of the most recent 20 years (BAI20) after thinning was significantly higher for the moderate and heavy treatments on the leeward plots (F = 47.31, p < 0.001). On the windward plots, BAI decreased after moderate thinning. Considerable thinning treatments resulted in stronger changes in growth when compared to RCP climatic scenarios. From a silviculture perspective, the mapping of canopy structure and growth response to thinning under different climatic scenarios provides managers with opportunities to conduct thinning strategies for forest adaptation. Combining dendrochronological and LiDAR data at a landscape scale substantially improves the value of the separate datasets as forecasted growth response maps allow improving thinning management plans.
Hydrologic Consistency of Multi-Sensor Drought Observations in Forested Environments
Authors: Andreadis Konstantinos M. , Meason Dean , Corbett-Lad Priscilla , Höck Barbara , Das Narendra
Published: February 2024

Drought can have significant impacts on forests, with long periods of water scarcity leading to water stress in trees and possible damages to their eco-physiological functions. Satellite-based remote sensing offers a valuable tool for monitoring and assessing drought conditions over large and remote forested regions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrological consistency in the context of drought of precipitation, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and land surface temperature observations against in situ measurements in a number of well-monitored sites in New Zealand. Results showed that drought indicators were better captured from soil moisture observations compared to precipitation satellite observations. Nevertheless, we found statistically significant causality relationships between the multi-sensor satellite observations (median p-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.019), with spatial resolution appearing to be an important aspect for the adequate estimation of drought characteristics. Understanding the limitations and capabilities of satellite observations is crucial for improving the accuracy of forest drought monitoring, which, in turn, will aid in sustainable forest management and the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies in the face of changing climate conditions.
Community-Based Monitoring for Rapid Assessment of Nearshore Coral Reefs Amid Disturbances in Teahupo’o, Tahiti
Authors: Burns John H. R. , Pascoe Kailey H. , Kane Haunani H. , Nakoa Joseph W. P. , Pascoe Makoa , Pierucci Sophia R. , Sokol Riley E. , Golgotiu Krista A. , Cortes Manuela , Hacker Aralyn , Villela Lorenzo , Ninomoto Brianna K. , Steward Kainalu , Otcenasek Cindy , Kapono Clifford
Published: February 2024

Nearshore coral reefs at Teahupo’o, Tahiti, are currently threatened by destruction from proposed plans to build a new judging tower in the reef lagoon for the 2024 Olympic surfing event. Local community members were trained to utilize 3D photogrammetry techniques to create high-resolution habitat maps of three sites that will be impacted by dredging and tower construction. The resulting orthomosaics were analyzed to quantify and characterize the coral community structure at each study site. Species diversity, coral colony count, coral colony size, and percent cover of live coral and living benthos were extracted from all survey plots. The resulting data show these sites support healthy and diverse coral communities that contribute to the ecological function of the larger reef system at Teahupo’o. The Hawai’i State Division of Aquatic Resources Penalty Matrix was used to estimate the USD value of the live corals and algae identified among the study sites and the total area that will be impacted by the planned development project. This study highlights the utility of 3D photogrammetry for effective citizen science as well as the large economic and ecological impacts that may occur if this proposed construction occurs.
Sea Ice Detection Method Using the Dependence of the Radar Cross-Section on the Incidence Angle
Authors: Panfilova Maria , Karaev Vladimir
Published: February 2024

The method for sea ice detection using the data from the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite data is suggested. The approach is based on the analysis of the shape of normalized radar cross-section dependence on the incidence angle. The coefficient of kurtosis of surface slopes probability density function is introduced as a parameter to distinguish between open water and ice cover. The approach was validated using the data on sea ice concentration from the AMSR-2 radiometer in the Antarctic region.
STNet: A Time-Frequency Analysis-Based Intrusion Detection Network for Distributed Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing Systems
Authors: Zeng Yiming , Zhang Jianwei , Zhong Yuzhong , Deng Lin , Wang Maoning
Published: February 2024

Distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing (DAS) is promising for long-distance intrusion-anomaly detection tasks. However, realistic settings suffer from high-intensity interference noise, compromising the detection performance of DAS systems. To address this issue, we propose STNet, an intrusion detection network based on the Stockwell transform (S-transform), for DAS systems, considering the advantages of the S-transform in terms of noise resistance and ability to detect disturbances. Specifically, the signal detected by a DAS system is divided into space–time data matrices using a sliding window. Subsequently, the S-transform extracts the time-frequency features channel by channel. The extracted features are combined into a multi-channel time-frequency feature matrix and presented to STNet. Finally, a non-maximum suppression algorithm (NMS), suitable for locating intrusions, is used for the post-processing of the detection results. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments were conducted using a realistic high-speed railway environment with high-intensity noise. The experimental results validated the satisfactory performance of the proposed method. Thus, the proposed method offers an effective solution for achieving high intrusion detection rates and low false alarm rates in complex environments.
Metrology of Short-Length Measurers—Development of a Comparator for the Calibration of Measurers Based on Image Processing and Interferometric Measurements
Authors: Kajánek Pavol , Kopáčik Alojz , Kyrinovič Peter , Erdélyi Ján , Marčiš Marián , Fraštia Marek
Published: February 2024

For the calibration of linear scales, comparators are generally used. Comparators are devices that enable the movement of an evaluation apparatus over a calibrated scale along a linear base with high precision. The construction of a comparator includes a movable carriage that carries the device for the evaluation of the position of the given edge of the line scale relative to the beginning of the scale. In principle, it involves a camera capturing the scale of the measurer, where the position of the camera’s projection center is measured using an interferometer. This article addresses the development of a comparator assembled from low-cost components, as well as the description of systematic influences related to the movement of individual parts of the system, such as the inclination and rotation of the camera and directional and height deviations during the carriage’s movement. This article also includes an evaluation of the edge of the given scale with subpixel accuracy, addressing distortion elimination and excluding the influences of impurities or imperfections on the scale. The proposed solution was applied to linear-scale measurers, such as leveling rods with coded and conventional scales and measuring tapes. The entire process of measurement and evaluation was automated.
Microbial Interactions as a Sustainable Tool for Enhancing PGPR Antagonism against Phytopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Santos Ana M. , Soares Ana , Luz João , Cordeiro Carlos , Sousa Silva Marta , Dias Teresa , Melo Juliana , Cruz Cristina , Carvalho Luís
Published: February 2024

Microbial interactions, which regulate the dynamics of eco- and agrosystems, can be harnessed to enhance antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture. This study tests the hypothesis that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can also be potential biological control agents (BCAs). Antifungal activity assays against potentially phytopathogenic fungi were caried out using cultures and cell-free filtrates of nine PGPR strains previously isolated from agricultural soils. Cultures of Bacillus sp. BS36 inhibited the growth of Alternaria sp. AF12 and Fusarium sp. AF68 by 74 and 65%, respectively. Cell-free filtrates of the same strain also inhibited the growth of both fungi by 54 and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the co-cultivation of Bacillus sp. BS36 with Pseudomonas sp. BS95 and the target fungi improved their antifungal activity. A subsequent metabolomic analysis using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) identified fengycin- and surfactin-like lipopeptides (LPs) in the Bacillus sp. BS36 cell-free filtrates, which could explain their antifungal activity. The co-production of multiple families of LPs by Bacillus sp. BS36 is an interesting feature with potential practical applications. These results highlight the potential of the PGPR strain Bacillus sp. BS36 to work as a BCA and the need for more integrative approaches to develop biocontrol tools more accessible and adoptable by farmers.
Is Poverty Concentrated in Shanghai? Spatial Patterns in Social Housing and Their Implications for Social Equality in Chinese Cities
Authors: Li Yuan , Feng Xin
Published: February 2024

It is of general concern how poverty concentrates in cities, due to its close association with social equality issues. This research explores this topic at a citywide level. Spatial data of social housing regarding 2008 to 2020 in Shanghai are utilized to examine how the concentration patterns for low-to-moderate-income groups have changed. Multiple methods including spatial autocorrelation analysis, location quotient (LQ), and Mann–Whitney U test were employed to assess the spatial distribution of, and concentration patterns in, social housing, as well as investigating whether the spatial distribution of urban resources was equitable for residents in social housing. We found that the low-to-moderate-income groups were previously concentrated at the boundary of central city and then gradually deconcentrated into a relatively even pattern. However, it is important to note that this process has not effectively facilitated social equality due to the unequitable distribution of urban resources. Consequently, we recommend that policy makers in developing countries pay particular attention to site selection for social housing and the distribution of urban amenities in the future.
Evaluating Students’ Acceptance Intention of Augmented Reality in Automation Systems Using the Technology Acceptance Model
Authors: Shyr Wen-Jye , Wei Bo-Lin , Liang Yu-Chuan
Published: February 2024

This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the acceptance of augmented reality among students within an automation system. The researchers of this study adopted the technology acceptance model (TAM) and gathered data to examine the path relationships among key variables: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and behavioral intention to use, all of which impact system acceptance. A survey was administered to students to gauge their perspectives on integrating augmented reality into the automation system. The study sample consisted of 41 students enrolled in the automation system course where augmented reality was utilized in teaching. Utilizing the partial least square approach, the hypothesis model was analyzed. The results revealed a lack of significant correlation between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in relation to augmented reality usage. However, perceived ease of use positively influences students’ behavioral intention to use, while perceived usefulness significantly affects behavioral intention to use through augmented reality. Notably, perceived usefulness exhibits a significant relationship with both behavioral intention to use and attitude toward use in the context of augmented reality usage. Moreover, perceived ease of use positively affects attitude toward use for students within the context of automation systems with augmented reality. Furthermore, no significant relationships were observed between attitude toward use and behavioral intention to use, nor between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness regarding augmented reality usage. This study offers valuable insights for educators in the field of engineering and technology who are engaged in training and sustainability development programs.
Optimizing Nitrogen Application for Enhanced Barley Resilience: A Comprehensive Study on Drought Stress and Nitrogen Supply for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Olšovská Katarína , Sytar Oksana , Kováčik Peter
Published: February 2024

Soil water scarcity hinders crop productivity globally, emphasizing the imperative for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the role of nitrogen in alleviating drought stress in barley. Parameters such as relative water content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, mesophyll concentration of CO2, total leaf nitrogen, grain yield, total organic nitrogen content, starch content, and macronutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were examined. The optimal grain yield (3.73 t·ha−1) was achieved with 1 g of nitrogen per container (near 200 kg N hectare−1) under ideal moisture conditions. However, under drought stress, nitrogen supply variants (1 g and 2 g per container) exhibited a significant decrease in photosynthetic rate (Pn), NRA activities, and a notable increase in Ci values. Stomatal conductance exhibited a substantial decrease by 84% in the early growth phase, especially with a 2 g dose of nitrogen supply. Nitrogen enhanced crude protein levels, yet both drought stress and nitrogen application reduced grain weight and starch content. Nitrogen effectively improved metabolic processes under drought, particularly in earlier growth stages (e.g., tillering). This research highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural practices related to the growth stage of barley, emphasizing nitrogen optimization to enhance crop resilience in water-scarce environments. The results underscore the intricate interplay between nitrogen fertilization, drought stress, and crop yield, indicating benefits during initial stress exposure but detrimental effects in subsequent growth stages.
Multi-Objective Battery Coordination in Distribution Networks to Simultaneously Minimize CO2 Emissions and Energy Losses
Authors: Montoya Oscar Danilo , Grisales-Noreña Luis Fernando , Gil-González Walter
Published: February 2024

The techno–environmental analysis of distributed energy resources in electrical distribution networks is a complex optimization task due to the non-convexities of its nonlinear programming formulation. This research employs convex optimization to address this issue while minimizing the expected carbon dioxide emissions and daily energy losses of a distribution grid via the optimal dispatch of battery energy storage units (BESUs) and renewable energy units (REUs). The exact non-convex model is approximated via semi-definite programming in the complex variable domain. The optimal Pareto front is constructed using a weighting-based optimization approach. Numerical results using an IEEE 69-bus grid confirm the effectiveness of our proposal when considering unitary and variable power factor operation for the BESUs and the REUs. All numerical simulations were carried out using MATLAB software (version 2022b), a convex disciplined tool (CVX), and the semi-definite programming solvers SEDEUMI and SDPT3.
Environmental Prediction Model of Solar Greenhouse Based on Improved Harris Hawks Optimization-CatBoost
Authors: Yang Jie , Ren Guihong , Wang Yaxin , Liu Qi , Zhang Jiamin , Wang Wenqi , Li Lingzhi , Zhang Wuping
Published: February 2024

Solar greenhouses provide a favorable climate environment for the production of counter-seasonal crops in northern China. The greenhouse environment is a key factor affecting crop growth, so accurate prediction of greenhouse environment changes helps to precisely regulate the crop growth environment and helps to promote the growth of fruits and vegetables. In this study, an environmental prediction model based on the combination of a gradient boosting tree and the Harris hawk optimization algorithm (IHHO-Catboost) is constructed, and in response to the problems of the HHO algorithm, such as the fact that the adjustment of the search process is not flexible enough, it cannot be targeted to carry out a stage search, and sometimes it will fall into the local optimum to make the algorithm’s search accuracy relatively poor, an algorithm based on the improved Harris hawk optimization (IHHO) algorithm-based parameter identification method is constructed. The model considers the internal and external environmental and regulatory factors affecting crop growth, which include indoor temperature and humidity, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, soil temperature and humidity, outdoor temperature and humidity, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, wind direction, wind speed, and opening and closing of upper and lower air openings of the cotton quilt, and is input into a prediction model with a time series for training and testing. The experimental results show that the MAE (mean absolute error) values of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and light intensity of the model are reduced to 49.8%, 35.3%, 72.7%, and 32.1%, respectively, compared with LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), which is a significant decrease in error. It shows that the proposed multi-parameter prediction model for solar greenhouse environments presents an effective method for accurate prediction of environmental data in solar greenhouses. The model not only improves prediction accuracy but also reduces dependence on large data volumes, reduces computational costs, and improves the transparency and interpretability of the model. Through this approach, an effective tool for greenhouse agriculture is provided to help farmers optimize the use of resources, reduce waste, and improve crop yield and quality, ultimately leading to a more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural production system.
Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Three Excavated Soil and Rock (ESR) Treatment Methods: A Case Study in Shenzhen City
Authors: Bai Jing , Ma Yi , Song Qingbin , Hu Zhijun , Li Yanqiu , Duan Huabo
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to quantitatively assess the environmental impacts of different methods used for treating excavated soil and rock (ESR) in Shenzhen, namely landfilling, sintering, and non-sintering, using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The findings indicate that recycling ESR through sintering or non-sintering processes offers more sustainable alternatives than landfilling. The recycled products derived from ESR can effectively replace traditional building materials, thereby reducing their environmental impacts. However, when comparing the environmental impacts of sintering and non-sintering processes, the latter demonstrated more significant impacts, particularly in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the environmental impacts of the sintering processes are influenced by fuel type and exhaust gas emissions, with natural gas combustion yielding more substantial overall environmental benefits. Moreover, ESR landfilling poses constraints on sustainable development and land resource occupation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impacts associated with ESR landfilling and recycling, provides management departments with optimal ESR management suggestions, and alleviates environmental pressure from urban development.
Vegetation Type Mapping in Southern Patagonia and Its Relationship with Ecosystem Services, Soil Carbon Stock, and Biodiversity
Authors: Peri Pablo L. , Gaitán Juan , Díaz Boris , Almonacid Leandro , Morales Cristian , Ferrer Francisco , Lasagno Romina , Rodríguez-Souilla Julián , Martínez Pastur Guillermo
Published: February 2024

Vegetation Type (VT) mapping using Optical Earth observation data is essential for the management and conservation of natural resources, as well as for the evaluation of the supply of provisioning ecosystem services (ESs), the maintenance of ecosystem functions, and the conservation of biodiversity in anthropized environments. The main objective of the present work was to determine the spatial patterns of VTs related to climatic, topographic, and spectral variables across Santa Cruz province (Southern Patagonia, Argentina) in order to improve our understanding of land use cover at the regional scale. Also, we examined the spatial relationship between VTs and potential biodiversity (PB), ESs, and soil organic content (SOC) across our study region. We sampled 59,285 sites sorted into 19 major categories of land cover with a reliable discrimination level from field measurements. We selected 31 potential predictive environmental dataset covariates, which represent key factors for the spatial distribution of land cover such as climate (four), topography (three), and spectral (24) factors. All covariate maps were generated or uploaded to the Google Earth Engine cloud-based computing platform for subsequent modeling. A total of 270,292 sampling points were used for validation of the obtained classification map. The main land cover area estimates extracted from the map at the regional level identified about 142,085 km2 of grasslands (representing 58.1% of the total area), 38,355 km2 of Mata Negra Matorral thicket (15.7%), and about 25,189 km2 of bare soil (10.3%). From validation, the Overall Accuracy and the Kappa coefficient values for the classification map were 90.40% and 0.87, respectively. Pure and mixed forests presented the maximum SOC (11.3–11.8 kg m−2), followed by peatlands (10.6 kg m−2) and deciduous Nothofagus forests (10.5 kg m−2). The potential biodiversity was higher in some shrublands (64.1% in Mata Verde shrublands and 63.7% in mixed shrublands) and was comparable to those values found for open deciduous forests (Nothofagus antarctica forest with 60.4%). The provision of ESs presented maximum values at pure evergreen forests (56.7%) and minimum values at some shrubland types (Mata Negra Matorral thicket and mixed shrubland) and steppe grasslands (29.7–30.9%). This study has provided an accurate land cover and VT map that provides crucial information for ecological studies, biodiversity conservation, vegetation management and restoration, and regional strategic decision-making.
Detection of Hyperdense Arterial Sign in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: Optimal Combination with X-ray Energy and Slice Thickness
Authors: Noguchi Kyo , Kido Aki , Naruto Norihito , Doai Mariko , Itoh Toshihide , Kashiwazaki Daina , Akioka Naoki , Kuroda Satoshi
Published: February 2024

Background: The hyperdense artery sign (HAS) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is considered an important marker of a thrombus on computed tomography (CT). An advantage of scanning with dual-energy CT (DECT) is its ability to reconstruct CT images with various energies using the virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI) technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal combination of X-ray energy and slice thickness to detect HASs on DECT. Methods: A total of 32 patients with confirmed occlusion of the horizontal (M1) portion of the middle cerebral artery were included in this study. Modified contrast-to-noise ratio (modified CNR) analysis was used as a method for evaluating HASs in AIS. A region of interest (ROI) was set as an HAS, the M1 portion, and an approximately 2 cm diameter ROI was set as the background including the HAS and measured. CT images with X-ray energies from 40 to 190 keV, with increments of 10 keV, were reconstructed based on VMI with 1, 2, and 3 mm slice thicknesses. Results: The top five combinations of X-ray energy and slice thickness in descending order of the mean HAS-modified CNR were as follows: Rank 1, 60 keV-1 mm; Rank 2, 70 keV-1 mm; Rank 3, 60 keV-2 mm; Rank 4, 80 keV-2 mm; Rank 5, 60 keV-3 mm. Conclusions: Our study showed that the optimal combination to detect an HAS was 60 keV and a 1 mm slice thickness on DECT.
Sensitive Detection of Ciguatoxins Using a Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay with Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Inhibitors
Authors: Yokozeki Toshiaki , Kawabata Madoka , Fujita Kazuhiro , Hirama Masahiro , Tsumuraya Takeshi
Published: February 2024

Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are neurotoxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP), which affects more than 50,000 people worldwide annually. The development of analytical methods to prevent CP is a pressing global issue, and the N2a assay is one of the most promising methods for detecting CTXs. CTXs are highly toxic, and an action level of 0.01 μg CTX1B equivalent (eq)/kg in fish has been proposed. It is desirable to further increase the detection sensitivity of CTXs in the N2a assay to detect such low concentrations reliably. The opening of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV channels) and blocking of voltage-gated potassium channels (KV channels) are thought to be involved in the toxicity of CTXs. Therefore, in this study, we developed an assay that could detect CTXs with higher sensitivity than conventional N2a assays, using KV channel inhibitors as sensitizing reagents for N2a cells. The addition of the KV channel inhibitors 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium chloride to N2a cells, in addition to the traditional sensitizing reagents ouabain and veratridine, increased the sensitivity of N2a cells to CTXs by up to approximately 4-fold. This is also the first study to demonstrate the influence of KV channels on the toxicity of CTXs in a cell-based assay.
Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Okonofua Friday Ebhodaghe , Ntoimo Lorretta Favour Chizomam , Unuabonah Emmanuel Iyayi , Msagati Titus Afred Makudali , Ayodeji Oladiran , Aziken Michael , Omonkhua Akhere , Ohenhen Victor , Olafusi Celestina , Alfred Moses O.
Published: February 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the association between mycotoxins and the quality of spermatozoa in Nigeria. We designed a prospective case-control study involving 136 men diagnosed with reduced sperm count and quality in five infertility clinics in southwest Nigeria and 154 normal fertile controls. Sperm analysis was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health OrganizationWHO, while Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used to assay three metabolites of mycotoxins (zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and deoxyvinelol) in the urine samples of cases and controls. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics and non-parametric linear regression. The results showed no overall significant difference in levels of these metabolites between the cases and control groups. In contrast, higher levels of zearalenone and ochratoxin A significantly decreased sperm motility in the cases. Similarly, an increase in the level of ochratoxin A decreased sperm morphology in the unadjusted model in the cases. We conclude that exposure to mycotoxins reduces the quality of spermatozoa (motility and morphology) in Nigerian men but may have no effect on sperm count. Efforts to reduce the exposure of men to mycotoxins are important interventions to improve sperm quality and reduce the prevalence of male infertility in the country.
Deciphering the Role of Post-Translational Modifications and Cellular Location of Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) Antigens in HDV-Mediated Liver Damage in Mice
Authors: Maestro Sheila , Gomez-Echarte Nahia , Camps Gracian , Usai Carla , Olagüe Cristina , Vales Africa , Aldabe Rafael , Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza Gloria
Published: February 2024

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection represents the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. We have shown that the delivery of HDV replication-competent genomes to the hepatocytes using adeno-associated virus (AAV-HDV) as gene delivery vehicles offers a unique platform to investigate the molecular aspects of HDV and associated liver damage. For the purpose of this study, we generated HDV genomes modified by site-directed mutagenesis aimed to (i) prevent some post-translational modifications of HDV antigens (HDAgs) such as large-HDAg (L-HDAg) isoprenylation or short-HDAg (S-HDAg) phosphorylation; (ii) alter the localization of HDAgs within the subcellular compartments; and (iii) inhibit the right conformation of the delta ribozyme. First, the different HDV mutants were tested in vitro using plasmid-transfected Huh-7 cells and then in vivo in C57BL/6 mice using AAV vectors. We found that Ser177 phosphorylation and ribozymal activity are essential for HDV replication and HDAg expression. Mutations of the isoprenylation domain prevented the formation of infectious particles and increased cellular toxicity and liver damage. Furthermore, altering HDAg intracellular localization notably decreased viral replication, though liver damage remained unchanged versus normal HDAg distribution. In addition, a mutation in the nuclear export signal impaired the formation of infectious viral particles. These findings contribute valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms of HDV biology and have implications for therapeutic considerations.