bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Cutting Fluids in Drilling Various Metals: Progress Report No. 4 of the Sub-committee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on the Cutting of Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Oxford C. J.
Published: April 2023

This paper gives the results of a series of drilling tests on nine different metals using eleven different cutting fluids. Modern twist drills having 30-deg helices, ranging from ½ in. to 1½ in. in diameter, were used. The materials consisted of a cast aluminum alloy, free-cutting brass, cast iron, malleable cast iron, S.A.E. 1020 steel, S.A.E. 1035 steel, carbon tool steel, S.A.E. 3150 steel, and S.A.E. 1112 steel. The eleven cutting fluids consisted of dry cutting, borax water, two soluble oils, lard oil, two straight mineral oils, two compounded oils, and two sulphurized oils.

For each material a formula for torque and thrust was developed as a function of variable diameter and variable feed. Constants for these formulas for dry cutting and each of the eleven cutting fluids are determined. The influence of the different cutting fluids on each metal is shown. With the net output power for drilling dry expressed as 100 per cent, the savings made are as follows:

33.3 per cent for S.A.E. 1020 steel when using a sulphurized oil

31.7 per cent for aluminum alloy when using a 90 per cent mineral-10 per cent lard oil

26.0 per cent for S.A.E. 1035 steel when using a sulphurized lard-mineral oil

23.0 per cent for S.A.E. 3150 steel when using a sulphurized mineral oil

21.0 per cent for carbon tool steel when using sulphurized mineral oil

17.2 per cent for cast iron when using a mineral oil containing 5 per cent oleic acid

10.5 per cent for malleable cast iron when using any kind of an oil, such as lard, mineral, compounded, or sulphurized

6.8 per cent for S.A.E. 1112 steel when using a sulphurized lard-mineral oil.

No appreciable difference is made whether free-cutting brass is cut dry or with any kind of a cutting fluid.

In the development of the formulas for torque and thrust, it was found that the same results of the exponents for drill diameter and feed would be obtained regardless of the diameter of the drill used in the variable feed tests and regardless of the feed used in the variable drill diameter tests. The values of these exponents are not influenced by the type of cutting fluid used. The torque and thrust lines as a function of feed or diameter as the variable are merely displaced vertically, if affected at all. The constants of the torque and thrust formulas, however, indicate the cutting characteristics of the cutting fluids.

The torque and thrust formulas for all kinds of steels as covered in the paper are found to be identical except for different values of the constant. Other metals, however, produce formulas apparently characteristic of that metal. In other words, different formulas as summarized in Table 4 are developed for the aluminum alloy, the free-cutting brass, cast iron, malleable iron, and steel.
Canadian Pacific Railway’s Multi-Pressure Locomotive 8000: Its Steam-Generating System
Authors: Schaff F. A.
Published: April 2023

The conventional type of locomotive boiler with stayed surfaces is generally considered as not suitable for pressures above approximately 300 lb per sq in. Therefore some sort of water-tube construction is essential for pressures materially higher. On the Canadian Pacific locomotive 8000 the Elesco multi-pressure system seems to adequately meet the high-pressure requirements, but offers corollary advantages contributing to ease of maintenance. The system consists of three units: (1) the closed circuit, (2) the high-pressure boiler, (3) the low-pressure boiler. An outstanding feature of the water-tube construction is the use of distilled water in the closed circuit, so that no scale can be formed in the water tubes which are in contact with the fire.
Commercial Aircraft Radiophone Communication
Authors: Freeman Robert H.
Published: April 2023

The need of dependable two-way aircraft communication has emphasized the service requirements as they are presented to the pilot. The equipment must be light and yet rugged, and as the essential parts are placed at a distance from the pilot, they must be simple of operation. The paper, without stressing the electrical-engineering side of the air-communication problem, covers the actual mechanical set-up. The mechanical and electrical difficulties encountered in shielding the ignition system and the complete bonding of the ship are discussed in detail. The placement of the component parts for ease of operation is taken up and the subsequent maintenance of the equipment is briefly outlined.
Influence of Damping in the Elastic Mounting of Vibrating Machines
Authors: Hull E. H.
Published: April 2023

This paper considers the elastic material for, and design of, elastic mountings intended for the prevention of transmission of vibration from electrical apparatus into the structure of buildings in which comparative quiet is desired. The effectiveness of such a support depends on the square of the ratio of the frequency of the impressed disturbance to the natural frequency of the machine on its mounting. Thus the natural frequency of the machine on its mounting must be made low in comparison with the impressed frequency. It is shown analytically that damping, or internal friction, in an elastic mounting causes additional transmission through the mounting. An apparatus was built to compare directly the effectiveness of materials proposed for elastic support. The detrimental effect of damping is clearly shown at high ratios of impressed frequency to natural frequency, causing the transmission to be doubled in the case of some samples. Therefore when choosing the elastic material for a support it is necessary to consider the damping present in the substance. Drift tests were also made to aid in determining the best material for this work. In several ways rubber appears to be well suited to use as an elastic support material. As an example, its incorporation in a mounting for a 15-hp. induction motor is described.
Stresses in Curved Bars
Authors: Perkins H. C.
Published: April 2023

Because of the difficulty of computing accurately the stresses in curved bars by the ordinary method, the author has derived simple formulas which give sufficiently reliable results with the use of a slide rule. The paper sets forth these derivations and gives several examples of the application of the formulas.
Frictional Resistance and Flexibility of Seamless-Tube Fittings Used in Pipe Welding
Authors: Crocker Sabin , McCutchan Arthur
Published: April 2023

The trend toward the use of welded piping has led to the development of seamless-tube fittings. These fittings are a decided departure from both the cast fittings and long-radius pipe bends heretofore used, and their introduction has occasioned considerable speculation as to their relative merits and correct application. This paper is confined to a discussion of: (a) the relative friction loss in elbows and bends of different radii, and (b) the relative flexibility of pipe lines made up with long-radius bends as distinguished from cast fittings and from seamless-tube fittings having a radius of 1½ pipe diameters. The authors have compiled and analyzed the available data on friction loss in elbows and bends, and present a detailed comparison of the flexibility of piping made up with seamless-tube fittings, long-radius bends, and cast fittings. Seamless-tube fittings (R/d − 1½) are found to compare to advantage with the older types of construction in both phases considered.
Operation of the Holland Station
Authors: Gilbert E. M.
Published: April 2023

The Holland Station, being among the first plants designed exclusively for high-pressure steam, is now in operation, and the experiences obtained during operation will be of interest. The main features of the plant are a 55,000-kw. cross-compound turbo-generator unit designed for variable-load operation; two similar boilers, each with its reheater built integral, designed for generating 250,000 lb. of steam per hr. each; elimination of the wall between turbine and boiler room, and control centralized on the operating floor. The operating experiences with the different elements of the plant are given, together with data showing the operating results for the six-month period. Operating results, while of short duration, show justification of the use of higher pressures from an economic standpoint.
Federal Relations to Water-Power Development
Authors: Bonner Frank E.
Published: April 2023

With the amazing advances made in the production and distribution of electrical energy during the past decade, it is of interest to examine the part played by the Federal Government. This is particularly true of the water-power field where, through vast land holdings and constitutional authority in respect to navigation, the National Government exercises control over a large portion of the country’s potential resources. During this period the administration of the law regulating the utilization of power sites involving Government interest has reposed with the Federal Power Commission. Although developments of many of the large rivers have been delayed by legislative embargoes and political controversy, the Commission has authorized the construction of many important projects, and about 2,600,000 horsepower of capacity is now operating under license from the Commission. The proper division of authority between the Government and the states has raised some complex problems which are pressing for solution.
Symposium on the Stability of Employment in Industry: Unemployment—Causes, Palliatives, and Preventives
Authors: Meeker Royal
Published: April 2023

The causes of unemployment are manifold, but come under the single head of maladjustment between production and consumption. The chief contributing causes are: Lack of planning of production to meet and not to exceed consumption requirements. Faulty distribution and utilization of the national income, causing alternating periods of over-saving and over-investment in production or intermediate goods, accompanied by under-spending and under-consumption of immediate or final consumption goods, followed by over-spending and under-saving. Wide variations in the general price level, which mean changes in the purchasing power of money. Unforeseen calamities, including marked overproduction of some commodities, as well as destruction of lives and goods by earthquakes, floods, storms, droughts, famines, etc. Technological improvements due to new machines, methods, management, and organization.

Until recently little was known about the underlying causes of unemployment, and that little was known by very few. Hence the methods of treating this social-industrial disease, or accident, are for the most part merely palliatives, not cures or preventives. The palliatives which are most invoked to help us out of depression are: Soup and bread lines; odd jobs; “buy it now” slogan; wage maintenance; public works; regularization of individual plants; unemployment reserves in individual plants. The only cure for unemployment is employment. There are, however, three major policies which may be inaugurated at once for the amelioration and prevention of unemployment: Planning a consumption-production program in all industries for several years in the future. Stabilizing the general price level, through credit and monetary control. Providing carefully planned, all-inclusive unemployment insurance. To make a start on any of the measures proposed requires a degree of knowledge, of cooperative spirit, and of authority which are at present largely lacking. But the evil of continually recurring unemployment demands bold and drastic action.
Arc-Welded Jigs, Fixtures, and Machine Tools
Authors: Weaver J. R.
Published: April 2023

Among the advantages of jigs and fixtures welded up from structural-steel shapes over those of cast construction, the author cites production on short notice, strength combined with comparative lightness in weight, ease of alteration, etc. He outlines the methods used in their manufacture, and gives examples of a wide variety of jigs and fixtures and of special machine tools embodying this form of construction.
The Uses of 16-Mm. Movies in Industry
Authors: Sandell Maynard L.
Published: April 2023

Industrial motion pictures may be readily divided into two distinct classes, namely, institutional and internal. Institutional pictures include productions employed for sales promotion and advertising purposes, or for any other use involving public exhibition. Such films should be made by the professional producer of motion pictures on standard-size 35-mm. film. Internal uses include instructing employees in safety, in machine-shop practice, in plant housekeeping, and in fire prevention, as well as making records of construction and research findings, and of testing, assembling, sorting, and packing operations.

This paper deals only with the latter class, describing briefly some of the many internal uses of industrial motion pictures, and showing how members of the plant engineering staff can make such movies on amateur standard 16-mm. film with inexpensive amateur equipment.
Metallurgy in the Railroad Field
Authors: White A. E.
Published: April 2023

The alleged conservatism of the railroads toward changes in the materials going into equipment is explained by their strict adherence to a safety-first policy. The subject matter of the paper is discussed under three main headings of manufacturing methods, materials, and specifications. It is pointed out that, in order to improve a given part, changes in design should be considered which would minimize the chances for defects due to improper or improperly controlled manufacturing practices. Next, a plea is made for better steel-mill practice, closer control, and better inspection. After all these points have been considered, further increases in strength and ductility can be obtained through the use of alloying elements. Attention is given to the steps taken in improving some parts which have previously been a source of serious concern to the railroads.
Types of Materials Used in Materials-Handling Equipment
Authors: Skinner Hervey J.
Published: April 2023

Materials-handling equipment means to most people a conveyor for carrying solids, but the author defines it also as a pump for handling liquids or a steel cylinder for tranporting gases. The material used in the construction of such equipment must meet a wide variety of conditions. The author discusses wood, concrete, glass, rubber, copper, lead, nickel, aluminum, and iron and steel. The fundamental research initiated within the last ten years by the large steel companies furnishes a foundation which few other industries possess for the production of many new alloys.
A Simple Method for the Calculation of Natural Frequencies of Torsional Vibration
Authors: Porter Frederic P.
Published: April 2023

The calculation of the torsional-vibration characteristics of the shafting of reciprocating-engine installations is generally considered a laborious undertaking. This paper presents a method for calculating the natural frequencies of the shafting that is relatively simple in its application and yet retains the accuracy of the longer methods. This simplification is obtained by the proper choice of the equivalent system for mathematical treatment and by the use of tables and charts. The accuracy of the results has been compared with that of the results of other investigators.
Dispersion of Sprays in Solid-Injection Oil Engines
Authors: De Juhasz Kalman J.
Published: April 2023

In investigating the problem of how to improve atomization and dispersion in the solid-injection oil engine, the knowledge of the mechanism of spray formation was found to be scant. In the researches covered by this paper, it was not attempted to develop a spray theory. A few experiments were made for the purpose of clearing up which physical forces do or do not participate in the atomization and distribution process. A large number of charts have been made representing sprays under various conditions, these seeming to point to the following general conclusions: Dispersion becomes more even when injection pressure is increased, when the oil viscosity is decreased, and when the air density is increased; the cone angle increases with increasing oil pressure, increasing air density, and decreasing viscosity of oil; a larger percentage of oil reaches a given distance in a spray having a slenderer spray cone; no definite influence of orifice dimensions was noticeable in using cylindrical orifices of the dimensions employed in the tests discussed.
New Pipe-Still Design
Authors: de Florez Luis
Published: April 2023

Methods and apparatus for applying heat to oil constitute the essential features of modern refinery practice. The tabular oil heater has developed rapidly since adequate turbulence can be obtained in the tubes by high velocity and the surface can be arranged to give comparatively even distribution of heat.

The author describes a new design of still which does away with the conventional brick-lined combustion space and permits absorption of heat to begin immediately after its generation. This has led to an arrangement of heating surface where the flame from the burner is exposed directly to what may be considered as an excess of heating surface. With this arrangement the flame heats the tubes by radiance, and the tubes cool the flame.
Evaluation of Steam-Turbine Oil Stability
Authors: Larson C. M.
Published: April 2023

The Navy work-factor method, although sufficient in itself to indicate the rate of decomposition, loss through evaporation, and the corrosive tendencies in steam-turbine oils, fails to measure definitely the resistance to emulsion. Considering demulsibility at 130 deg. fahr. of samples taken every 25 hr. during the 100-hr. Navy work-factor run, however, the emulsion tendencies are recorded, and this demulsibility change is a measure of the stability of steam-turbine oils.
Stresses in Dished Heads of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Rhys Cyril O.
Published: April 2023

The paper develops the problem of the proper profile for the dished heads of pressure vessels. The author’s company uses large drums for high internal pressures. The results are given of tests made over a period of several years on these drums in which strain-gage readings were taken. The bending stresses therein are more critical than the meridional-loop stresses.
Dust Explosions, With Special Reference to Woodworking Industries
Authors: Brown Hylton R.
Published: April 2023

Explosions in flour mills have been common, but now the hazard is recognized in grain elevators, starch factories, sugar refineries, woodworking plants, textile mills, and other factories in which materials in the form of dust are manufactured. The woodworking industry is considered susceptible to this danger, especially since there is created a great quantity of dust from saws, planers, and sanders, and the recent manufacture of wood flour. More than thirty explosions in woodworking plants have been investigated. These indicate that wood dust is more easily ignited than some of the grain dusts. Precautionary measures are suggested, and regulations have been tentatively adopted for the prevention of dust explosions in wood-flour manufacturing establishments.
Study in Present-Day Wood Finishing
Authors: Derr H. A.
Published: April 2023

A specific case of wood finishing is described in detail, a type of plywood floor covering that is completely finished by the manufacturer, the operations being carried out while the flooring is continuously conveyed. The finish (a water-resisting coating applied to the under side of the flooring and a filler, two coats of lacquer, and a coat of wax applied to the face of the flooring) is completed in approximately two hours.
Research in Wood Products
Authors: Lawrie James W.
Published: April 2023

Wood has widely different characteristics, and species may be chosen for a wide range of industrial and construction purposes possessing either high strength-weight ratios or qualities that permit cutting thin veneers, also possessing great ultimate strength or low specific gravity. It varies widely in color, grain structure, and beauty. Wood also has faults and limitations which can be largely corrected through intensive research. Wood expands when wet. Research with the X-ray has shown the reason, and has pointed to a way of rendering wood nearly non-expansive. Wood can be made fire-resistant, but tests must be conducted under both heat and strain conditions to be of practical value. Preventive measures can be taken to lengthen the life of wood by toxic-chemical treatments to eliminate decay. Wood-finishing methods can be greatly improved by scientific adaption of the right principles. There are many other wood qualities that can be improved by modern research methods.
A Study on Airplane Ceiling
Authors: Breguet Louis , Roy Maurice
Published: April 2023

The useful torque exerted on the propeller shaft depends principally on the altitude, on the throttle setting, and on the r.p.m. of the engine. While the French Section Technique d’Aeronautique postulates that the variation of torque with altitude depends mainly on the density, the authors believe that, given good altitude adjustment and a carburetor heated to a constant temperature, the variation of torque depends directly on the relative pressure at altitude.

Having established formulas for power variation with altitude, it is possible to calculate the ceiling theoretically, provided the characteristics of the plane have been determined by tests in horizontal flight at any altitude and at any load whatsoever.

To obtain the greatest possible ceiling it is essential that:

1 The engine should turn at full throttle the greatest possible r.p.m.

2 The weight of the machine per horsepower at the ground should be as low as possible.

3 The span loading should be as low as possible.

4 The propeller should be designed to have maximum efficiency at the condition of minimum power.

With a specially designed plane and an unsupercharged engine the authors estimate that an altitude of 13,000 meters can be reached, beating previous records by some 2000 meters.

A few simple tests at one altitude with a careful record of all the elements involved can be made to give all the plans and propulsive group characteristics. The theory and practice of such experiments are fully developed in the paper.

To make full use of supercharging it is apparently necessary to change not only the pitch but also the diameter of the propeller. An alternative proposition would be to employ a variable-speed gear between engine and propeller. This fascinating idea is in some respects easier to realize than the propeller of variable pitch and diameter.

Both supercharging with altitude and undercharging at the ground offer possibilities of increasing ceiling.
Some Economical Aspects of Airplane Design
Authors: Kleinhans Schuyler
Published: April 2023

Airplane design requires a very clear idea of the duties to be performed. Specifications should include full information as to engine power, load, top speed, landing speed, climb, range of operation, restrictions of dimensions, special arrangements for docking or storing, and factors of safety desired. The paper contains computations and graphs for planes with one, two, or three engines. It shows gains in pay load with reduction of top speed and increase in power loading. The three-engined plane suffers in comparison due to greater resistance from the greater division of power.
The Radially Tapered Disk Spring
Authors: Brecht W. A. , Wahl A. M.
Published: April 2023

In this paper disk springs, both flat and dished, having radially tapered cross-sections are considered. The advantages of such springs are discussed. Equations are developed by approximate and more exact methods for calculating the strength and flexibility of such springs. The theoretical work is checked up by numerous tests, including both strain and deflection measurements. It is concluded that springs of this type may be of advantage in certain applications.
Torsional-Vibration Dampers
Authors: Den Hartog J. P. , Ormondroyd J.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the authors present a theory of the action of friction dampers on systems in torsional resonance, with special application to gas- and Diesel-engine installations. Model tests carried out to check this theory are described. The effect of introducing springs in the Lanchester damper is also discussed.
Steady Forced Vibration as Influenced by Damping: An Approximate Solution of the Steady Forced Vibration of a System of One Degree of Freedom Under the Influence of Various Types of Damping
Authors: Jacobsen Lydik S.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author presents a general method of obtaining approximate solutions of the steady forced vibration of a damped system of one degree of freedom for the case of sinusoidally varying disturbing forces.

The approximation consists in expressing all the damping terms of the original differential equation by a single equivalent damping term, proportional to the first power of the velocity of motion.

In the case of a system influenced by a centrifugal disturbing force and damped by constant friction and by friction proportional to the first power of the velocity, experimental evidence is in good agreement with the approximate solution.

While the paper deals solely with a system of one degree of freedom, there is no reason aside from complexity why the approximate solution cannot be applied to systems of several degrees of freedom.
Atmospheric Pollution and Sunlight
Authors: Drinker Philip , Thomson Robert M. , Choate Sarah P.
Published: April 2023

Records of daylight taken in Boston over a period of 16 months are correlated with dust counts, wind velocity, and per cent relative humidity. Results indicate a slight inverse relationship between dust counts and daylight (coefficient = −0.1861) and dust counts and wind velocity (coefficient = −0.1501). At the recording station on the southern edge of the city 68 per cent of the maximum daylight possible was received. Although conclusive proofs are lacking it seems probable that natural causes more than smoke pollution account for this transmission figure. Measurements of solar ultraviolet light by the acetone-methylene-blue method are plotted for six stations in Massachusetts. The degree of atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of the Boston recording station is not sufficient to destroy the therapeutic value of sunshine, even during the winter months.
A Study of Electric House Heating
Authors: Stevenson A. R. , Faust F. H.
Published: April 2023

The use of oil and gas as fuels for domestic heating furnaces has been developed to avoid the inconvenient features of coal. Electricity as a source of heat has been given little consideration, particularly because of the idea that it is too expensive, although otherwise it is an ideal heat source. Two principal ways of using it are described—the direct conversion of electricity to heat, and the use of electricity as a source of energy to drive a heat pump. A plan is described based on using electric energy off peak in order to obtain low power rates and of storing the heat generated to be used as required.
Carbonization-Plant “Lurgi” Process of Lehigh (N. D.) Briquetting Company
Authors: Toltz Max
Published: April 2023

The first operating installation of the German “Lurgi” process for treating low-grade fuel is described. The process is particularly adapted to North Dakota lignite; and the carbonized-coal residue, with pitch by-product as a binder, is pressed into merchantable briquets, which burn as a smokeless fuel with high recoverable heat value.
The Bin System of Pulverized Coal
Authors: Kreisinger Henry
Published: April 2023

The advantages of the bin system for handling pulverized coal are given as follows: Dependable feed of coal to furnace within a wide range of rating of the boiler. Easy adjustment of primary and secondary air. Coal can be pulverized in the off-peak period. Mills can always be operated at full rating. Uniform fineness of coal. Breakdown of mill does not interfere with boiler operation. Increased moisture or ash content does not affect maximum steam output of boilers. Wear on mill does not affect fineness of coal nor capacity of boiler. Clean and noiseless boiler room. High thermal efficiency of boiler plant.
Recent Instances of Embrittlement in Steam Boilers
Authors: Straub Frederick G.
Published: April 2023

The author discusses briefly the cause of the recent boiler explosion at Crossed, Arkansas, attributing the failure to embrittlement produced as a result of using soda-ash treatment on a water too low in sulphate content. Other instances of cracking of seams in steam boilers are also described. Emphasis is placed upon the regular inspection of leaky seams in steam boilers, particularly when the boiler water does not meet the A.S.M.E. recommendation.
Use of Alloy Steels in Iron- and Steel-Mill Equipment
Authors: Johnson E. R. , Bamberger O.
Published: April 2023

Substituting alloy steels for the ordinary carbon steels in its mill equipment is the practice of the Central Alloy Steel Corporation when occasion arises to make a change. Elimination of breakdowns and costly repairs is claimed to be furthered by certain uses of the alloys. A gradual building up of the alloy-steel equipment is taking place. Producing alloy steel itself, the initial cost is low. There are three requirements which permit the substitution of alloy steels: (1) Increase of the physical properties of strength, ductility, and toughness. (2) The ability to withstand wear and abrasion. (3) Resistance to corrosion.
Manufacture of Large Weldless Forged-Steel Pressure Vessels
Authors: Cox John L.
Published: April 2023

This paper describes in detail the various steps taken in the manufacture of large weldless forged-steel cylinders for high-pressure boiler drums and for various uses in the oil-refining and chemical industries. It covers the melting, casting, and heating of the ingot; cutting-off, piercing, and expanding the billet; forging, treating, and machining the cylinder; and illustrates a number of ways in which the ends of the cylinder can be closed.
Design and Construction of Hot Saws for Cutting Heavy Sections
Authors: Pearson A. B.
Published: April 2023

Sawing is an ancient art and it may be said without fear of contradiction that its origin dates from primeval times. A stone or a shell with a ragged edge may have served as the implement, and the pressure or feed, as well as the speed, were then, as now, very important factors in the undertaking. Other methods of cutting have been found, but the abrasion process is still the one that is most generally employed for cutting heavy material to length. In the use of this process, as in sawing, the cutting tool is generally harder than the material being sawed. The author describes saws for cutting hot and cold metals and gives results of tests on a variety of saws.
Management of the Small Manufacturing Plant: Its Characteristics and Advantages
Authors: Field Crosby
Published: April 2023

Having ascertained by the four standards of comparison of size of plant that small plants greatly predominate this paper suggests two reasons for this large proportion: first, that constantly changing needs are being fulfilled by new products, requiring plants in the pioneer and expansion phases of industrial life, which plants must be relatively small; and, second, the higher efficiency that small plants seem to possess.

In order to arrive at a basis of measurement by which plants may be compared, their differences in each of their activities are evaluated in an approximate fashion, and these form a composite figure which has great influence on the plant’s chances of success. Although this factor has been quite generally understood, no name has yet been given to it; hence the name “degree of uniquity” is suggested, and the effect of volume and other operating influences on this factor are discussed.

In discussing the personnel of a small plant relative versatility is stressed and also the tremendous advantage enjoyed by the small plant in having the higher incentive of part ownership for the higher executives and the immediate and concrete interrelation between effort and resulting bonuses among the subordinate keymen. General organization, research, retaining of consultants, etc., are mentioned.
Management of a Large Plant: How to Retain the Advantages of the Small Plant
Authors: Reynders A. B.
Published: April 2023

Experience shows that one man cannot efficiently supervise more than ten others. Each assistant should have definite duties and responsibilities in order to become a regular superintendent or foreman. A carefully planned organization with clearly defined duties for each position will accomplish much, but the selection of proper men is of great importance. The success of a small concern depends almost entirely upon its personnel. As the organization grows its functioning consumes more time, and a large corporation must function through written instructions. A large plant has the advantage of quantity production and can also obtain the advantages of the small plant by careful attention to details. The advantages usually considered as resulting from a small plant are quick action, low-production cost of small quantities, and close relationship of employee and employer. The paper discusses each of these advantages and outlines methods of obtaining them in large organizations.
The Application of Aerial Tramways to Long and Short Hauls
Authors: Morrison M. P.
Published: April 2023

Aerial tramways are of value where no other means of transportation is possible and also in competition with other methods of transportation. The difficulties of an engineering nature are easily overcome. The advantages over other methods are independence of weather conditions, independence of ground conditions such as crossing streams, roads, ravines, and mountains, thus avoiding expensive tunneling or trestle work, and the easy protection of property by guard screens over railroads, highways, and buildings. With aerial tramways, the length and capacity are unlimited from an engineering standpoint. Tramways have been built up to 54 miles. An extremely long tramway can be built in several sections. There are tramways with a capacity up to 300 tons per hour in successful operation. Extreme length and capacity are sometimes limited from a commercial standpoint, where long railroad hauls are more economical. In the handling of material a small amount of labor is required. A tramway of 200 tons per hour can be operated by one man and a helper, with no rehandling of material. The aerial tramway is applicable for large construction jobs. There is a 220-tons-per-hour tramway for dam construction running 24 hours per day. Among tramways of special design are the tramway at Alabaster, Mich., which carries 300 tons per hour of gypsum rock from a shore bin to a lake dock 6600 ft. out; a tramway at Gerlach, Nev., which carries 100 tons per hour of gypsum rock 5¼ miles to a discharge terminal with the special feature of discharging into a bin or of forming a big stock pile outside of the station. Passenger tramways have not been built in this country to any extent on account of the opposition to this means of transportation.
Automatic Control of Oil-Pipe-Line Stations: First Report of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Automatic Pipe-Line Pumping Stations
Authors: Ford J. B. , McMahon J. B. , Williamson T. D.
Published: April 2023

This paper describes a fully automatic oil-pipe-line pumping station built by the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Automatic Pipe-Line Pumping Stations. The station is in operation at the grounds of the International Petroleum Exposition at Tulsa, Okla., and is being used as an experimental laboratory to complete the development of automatic pumping and to fully test out and coordinate the equipment units used in its construction. When this development is completed, the committee will make a final report indicating all changes, and will give a description of the piping and electrical circuits finally resulting from this research.
Economic Design of Oil-Pipe-Line Transportation Systems
Authors: Wolf Oscar
Published: April 2023

Carriers of energy and transportation systems for gas or oil should be so designed that the sum of their total yearly charges (fixed charges plus all operating expenses) is a minimum. This paper presents the basic cost data entering into the design of an oil-pipe-line system as a function of the known quantites, usually given in the form of:

(1) The permissible maximum working fiber stress of the steel in pipe

(2) The physical characteristics of the oil to be transported

(3) The length of the prospective line

(4) Elevation of initial and terminal points of the system

(5) Daily capacity for which the system is to be designed

(6) Period of years during which all non-salvageable investments are to be retired by a proper depreciation reserve

(7) Interest, depreciation, and tax, and insurance rates.

It is possible to express the total pressure heads to be overcome, and consequently the power requirements of such a system, as a function of these given terms. The resulting equation, representing the sum of the fixed charges and operating expenses Y + X, can then be differentiated, and by making the first differential coefficient equal to zero, the most economical pipe diameter, pipe-wall thickness, and station spacing can be determined.

It will be found that a system designed according to these principles, but without regard for the requirements of mechanical strength of the pipe, will result in a layout calling for pipe diameter, pipe-wall thickness, and station working pressure considerably at variance with established practicability. It is therefore necessary to base such computations not merely upon hydraulic considerations, but the question of sufficient wall thickness to insure mechanical strength must be introduced in a manner so as to reflect requirements which, in the past, have been found satisfactory in fulfilling these conditions.

Illustration by means of an actual example reveals the very striking fact that a difference of one commercial size in the pipe diameter of such a system may affect the total yearly cost by sums of such magnitude that the carrying out of such basic calculations is amply justified.
Printing-Plant Operation Without Alibis; Is It Possible?
Authors: Ortman Hadar
Published: April 2023

The author describes printing-plant operation as “the industry of alibis,” and he asserts that it is easy to designate duties and to prepare specifications and instructions so that responsibility may be placed where it belongs and mistakes may be properly traced and their repetition prevented. He summarizes the principles of successful management and operation under eight heads.
Heat Transfer in the Locomotive Superheater
Authors: Fry Lawford H.
Published: April 2023

The author’s method for calculating heat transfer in locomotive flues is applied to determine the heat transfer in the superheater flues and tubes. It is applied to three sets of experimental data obtained from two locomotives on the Altoona locomotive test plant. In each case the firebox temperature and the rate of flow of the gases of combustion through the flues are taken as points of departure. The Fry method is used to calculate the temperature drop along the evaporative flues and along the superheater flues, and the transfer of heat to the evaporative surface of the flues containing the superheater pipes and to the superheater pipes. The results of the calculations indicated are shown in tabular form in comparison with the observed results.
Modern Method of Manufacturing Classical Furniture
Authors: Kimp Harry
Published: April 2023

Modern methods of manufacturing classical furniture eliminate nearly all hand operations. They are simplified by the use of the “rod” drawn on basswood to full size, from which measurements are taken by workmen for the construction of each piece of a suit. In this paper the author describes a process for preparing and drying lumber through various machine operations from the start to the completed furniture, preparatory to shipment.
Measuring Fire Resistance of Wood
Authors: Truax T. R. , Harrison C. A.
Published: April 2023

The Forest Products Laboratory has devised the fire-tube test to accurately measure in definite terms the property of wood to resist the spread of flame. As an acceptance test, the fire-tube method promises to be useful in evaluating the factors and conditions which affect the fire resistance of wood, as well as a means of working out the problems of those in the business of treating wood with fire retardants.
Mass Production of Radio Cabinets
Authors: Richards Archer W.
Published: April 2023

The great demand for radio cabinets made it necessary for manufacturers to arrange their methods and machinery on a highly productive basis. The author in this paper tells of the production methods and machinery used by the Grigsby-Grunow Company. Lumber is purchased already dried and cut to exact dimensions for standard designs of cabinets. The material is received in matched sets, so parts are started through the mill immediately upon receipt and much storage space is saved and several handlings are eliminated. More rigid inspection is necessary with this method than with others so specifications for material were given careful attention. The paper describes the plant equipment, inspection methods, plant layout, and handling methods.
Comparative Analysis Optimal Designs for Passive, Electrified, and Net Zero Energy Residential Buildings
Authors: Schwartz Emily , Krarti Moncef
Published: April 2023

In this paper, a life cycle cost-based optimization analysis is carried out to compare the energy and cost performance of diverse sustainable designs of a residential building. These designs include code optimal, net zero energy building, and passive house. It is found that in the case where natural gas is employed, a total energy savings of 77% is optimal. The cost optimal design for electrification achieves 100.12% of energy savings relative to the baseline design but results slightly high life cycle cost than that of the gas cost optimal design. In addition, the results indicate that due to the additional capital costs for the required energy efficient measures, the passive house case is less economically optimal than NZEB design options. Overall, the most cost-optimal designs are found to be for natural gas heated homes with marginally better energy performance than the applicable currently energy efficiency code with 10 kW solar panels.
Complete Genome Sequence of an Endemic Mycobacterium bovis Strain from Wood Bison in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
Authors: Andrievskaia Olga , Shury Todd , Garceac Amalia , Lloyd Dara , Arnold Kristin , Duceppe Marc-Olivier
Published: April 2023

Mycobacterium bovis
is the primary causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic infectious disease of concern for human health, livestock, and wildlife conservation. We report a complete genome sequence of an endemic
Mycobacterium bovis
strain affiliated with a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis found in wood bison in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada.
Long-Read- and Short-Read-Based Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals the Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Hu Limiao , Zeng Xi , Ai Qi , Liu Caijuan , Zhang Xiaotuan , Chen Yajun , Liu Logen , Li Guo-Qing
Published: April 2023

Helicobacter pylori
resistance has been increasing in recent years. The resistance profile, which is important for empirical treatment, is region and population specific.
On Stationary Flow of Dense Plasma under Localized Energy Deposition
Authors: Abramov I. S. , Gospodchikov E. D. , Shalashov A. G.
Published: April 2023

The paper presents a one-dimensional gas-dynamic model that gives an opportunity to establish the necessary conditions for the emergence and determine characteristics of a stationary flow of a compressible continuous medium with nonlinear thermal conductivity, an example of which is a fully or partially ionized plasma, in the presence of a localized heat source with a given power.
Defining measures of emergency care access in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Hirner Sarah , Dhakal Jyotshila , Broccoli Morgan Carol , Ross Madeline , Calvello Hynes Emilie J , Bills Corey B
Published: April 2023

Background

Over 50% of annual deaths in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) could be averted through access to high-quality emergency care.

Objectives

We performed a scoping review of the literature that described at least one measure of emergency care access in LMICs in order to understand relevant barriers to emergency care systems.

Eligibility criteria

English language studies published between 1 January 1990 and 30 December 2020, with one or more discrete measure(s) of access to emergency health services in LMICs described.

Source of evidence

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and the grey literature.

Charting methods

A structured data extraction tool was used to identify and classify the number of ‘unique’ measures, and the number of times each unique measure was studied in the literature (‘total’ measures). Measures of access were categorised by access type, defined by Thomas and Penchansky, with further categorisation according to the ‘Three Delay’ model of seeking, reaching and receiving care, and the WHO’s Emergency Care Systems Framework (ECSF).

Results

A total of 3103 articles were screened. 75 met full study inclusion. Articles were uniformly descriptive (n=75, 100%). 137 discrete measures of access were reported. Unique measures of accommodation (n=42, 30.7%) and availability (n=40, 29.2%) were most common. Measures of seeking, reaching and receiving care were 22 (16.0%), 46 (33.6%) and 69 (50.4%), respectively. According to the ECSF slightly more measures focused on prehospital care—inclusive of care at the scene and through transport to a facility (n=76, 55.4%) as compared with facility-based care (n=57, 41.6%).

Conclusions

Numerous measures of emergency care access are described in the literature, but many measures are overaddressed. Development of a core set of access measures with associated minimum standards are necessary to aid in ensuring universal access to high-quality emergency care in all settings.