bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Death of Jesus in Matthew
Authors: Hamilton Catherine Sider
Published: June 2017

In this book, Catherine Sider Hamilton introduces a new lens through which to view the death of Jesus in Matthew. Using the concept of 'innocent blood', she situates the death of Jesus within a paradigm of purity and pollution, one that was central in the Hebrew Scriptures and early Judaism from the Second Temple to the rabbis. Hamilton traces the theme of innocent blood in Matthew's narrative in relation to two Jewish traditions of interpretation, one (in Second Temple literature) reflecting on the story of Cain and Abel; the other (chiefly in rabbinic literature) on the blood of Zechariah. 'Innocent blood' yields a vision that resists the dichotomies (intra muros vs extra muros, rejection vs redemption) that have characterized the debate, a vision in which both judgment and redemption - an end of exile - may be true. 'Innocent blood' offers a new approach not only to the meaning of Jesus' death in Matthew but also to the vexed question of the Gospel's attitude toward contemporary Judaism.
Valuing Bureaucracy
Authors: Verkuil Paul R.
Published: June 2017

To be effective, government must be run by professional managers. When decisions that should be taken by government officials are delegated to private contractors without adequate oversight, the public interest is jeopardized. Verkuil uses his inside perspectives on government performance and accountability to examine the tendencies at both the federal and state levels to 'deprofessionalize' government. Viewing the turn to contractors and private sector solutions in ideological and functional terms, he acknowledges that the problem cannot be solved without meaningful civil service reforms that make it easier to hire, incent and, where necessary, fire career employees and officials. The indispensable goal is to revitalize bureaucracy so it can continue to competently deliver essential services. By highlighting the leadership that already exists in the career ranks, Verkuil senses a willingness, or even eagerness, to make government, like America, great again.
Self-similarity of fluid residence time statistics in a turbulent round jet
Authors: Shin Dong-hyuk , Sandberg R. D. , Richardson E. S.
Published: June 2017

Fluid residence time is a key concept in the understanding and design of chemically reacting flows. In order to investigate how turbulent mixing affects the residence time distribution within a flow, this study examines statistics of fluid residence time from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a statistically stationary turbulent round jet with a jet Reynolds number of 7290. The residence time distribution in the flow is characterised by solving transport equations for the residence time of the jet fluid and for the jet fluid mass fraction. The product of the jet fluid residence time and the jet fluid mass fraction, referred to as the mass-weighted stream age, gives a quantity that has stationary statistics in the turbulent jet. Based on the observation that the statistics of the mass fraction and velocity are self-similar downstream of an initial development region, the transport equation for the jet fluid residence time is used to derive a model describing a self-similar profile for the mean of the mass-weighted stream age. The self-similar profile predicted is dependent on, but different from, the self-similar profiles for the mass fraction and the axial velocity. The DNS data confirm that the first four moments and the shape of the one-point probability density function of mass-weighted stream age are indeed self-similar, and that the model derived for the mean mass-weighted stream-age profile provides a useful approximation. Using the self-similar form of the moments and probability density functions presented it is therefore possible to estimate the local residence time distribution in a wide range of practical situations in which fluid is introduced by a high-Reynolds-number jet of fluid.
Adults as allies to young people striving for social justice
Authors: Checkoway Barry
Published: June 2017

What are some strategies for preparing adults as allies to young people striving for social justice in metropolitan areas that are becoming more segregated and more diverse? This question is especially important at a time when young people are aware of segregation, and want to communicate and collaborate with others who are different from themselves, across the boundaries that segregate them. Some adults successfully support and engage with youth as adult allies. Many adults are, however, conditioned to position youth in secondary roles, and would benefit from more information about how to successfully engage with young people as allies. This article analyses the efforts of adults like these, drawing upon work in metropolitan Detroit, an area that is among the most segregated in the United States, and that also has small pockets of diversity. It views adults as allies in their broader context, identifies exemplars of practice and discusses the lessons learned from empirically based practice.
Principled action by young people
Authors: Struthers Karen , Williams Grace
Published: June 2017

There is an international movement promoting youth participation models and principles to empower more young people to be active in positive social change. To counter the prevalence of domestic violence, young people are more often targets of change rather than the instigators. Primary prevention of domestic violence is being pursued through gender-based respectful relationships education with young people. Generally, these programs are delivered using conventional adult educator models. In this study, the first year of activity of an emerging youth-led program for delivering respectful relationships education (R4Respect) is evaluated through the views of the young participants, aged from sixteen to twenty-four years, and non-participant adult stakeholders. The development of the model was guided by Good Practice Principles for Youth Development (Seymour 2012). The program is assessed using the Tiffany–Eckenrode Program Participation Scale (TEPPS) (Tiffany et al. 2012). For this article, the major themes of the study were reviewed to identify those most relevant to the Good Practice Principles. The study affirms the importance of these principles to building a participatory model in which young people feel valued and supported. Increased funding, capacity, and greater clarity and fairness in roles and responsibilities among the youth participants are suggested as program improvements.
Jean-Christophe Verstraete and Diane Hafner (eds), 'Land and Language in Cape York Peninsula and the Gulf Country', Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2016, ISBN 9 7890 2726 7603, 492 pp., €110
Authors: Osgarby David
Published: June 2017

Jean-Christophe Verstraete and Diane Hafner (eds), Land and Language in Cape York Peninsula and the Gulf Country, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2016, ISBN 9 7890 2726 7603, 492 pp., €110
Lisa Featherstone and Amanda Kaladelfos, 'Sex Crimes in the Fifties', Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2016, 243 pp., ISBN 9 7805 2286 6551, A$59.99 p/b, $79.99 h/b, 16.99 e-book
Authors: Bongiorno Frank
Published: June 2017

Lisa Featherstone and Amanda Kaladelfos, Sex Crimes in the Fifties, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2016, 243 pp., ISBN 9 7805 2286 6551, A$59.99 p/b, $79.99 h/b, 16.99 e-book
Anthropogenic CO2in the Dakar (Senegal) Urban Area Deduced from14C Concentration in Tree Leaves
Authors: Ndeye Maurice , Sène Matar , Diop Doudou , Saliège Jean-François
Published: June 2017

Radiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric CO2for the Dakar (Senegal) urban area was measured using tree leaves collected by botanists from 1900 to 2003. The aim of our study was to compare the local Suess effect in Dakar to the global one during the 20th century. The ∆14C of atmospheric CO2in this region decreased from 1900 to 1958 during the pre-bomb era (–2±5‰ to –22±4‰). From 1958 to 1964, nuclear bomb tests injected a large amount of artificial14C into the atmosphere, reflected in the rise of ∆14C values. In the Dakar region, the atmospheric ∆14C reached 773±8‰ in 1964, but subsequently decreased to 80±5‰ by 2003, which is consistent with the global exponential decreasing trend. The ∆14C record presented here remains slightly lower than the global record. This result is attributed to the input of anthropogenic fossil carbon into the atmosphere. The amount of carbon input can be evaluated by comparing urban areas to those of clean air sites. The calculation of anthropogenic fossil carbon is deduced from a simple mathematical model.
Diversification and Internationalization in the European Single Market: The British Exception
Authors: Mayer Michael , Hautz Julia , Stadler Christian , Whittington Richard
Published: June 2017

This article examines the long-run impact of the 1992 completion of the European Single Market on the diversification and internationalization of European business. It does so at a particular moment of crisis: the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (“Brexit”). The article finds that completion of the European Single Market is indeed associated with significant and widespread changes in the strategies of European businesses between 1993 and 2010. European business has converged on more focused diversification strategies and followed similar patterns of internationalization. The most significant exception is the consistently low level of British business's commitment to European markets. The distinctiveness of British internationalization is, in a sense, Brexit foretold.
MORAL LEARNING IN THE OPEN SOCIETY: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF NATURAL LIBERTY
Authors: Gaus Gerald , Nichols Shaun
Published: June 2017

When people reason on the basis of moral rules, do they suppose that in the absence of a prohibitory rule they are free to act, or do they suppose that morality always requires a justification establishing a permission to act? In this essay we present a series of learning experiments that indicate when learners tend to close their system on the basis of natural liberty and when on the principle of residual prohibition. Those who are taught prohibitory rules tend to infer natural liberty while those taught permission rules tend to infer residual prohibition. In mixed cases, where learners are taught both types of rules, there is some tendency to suppose that natural liberty is the default. Both natural liberty and its denial can be learned; is there a reason to adopt one system of moral rules or the other? We argue that systems of social morality based on a principle of natural liberty have a striking advantage over their competitors: they are well adapted to effectively exploring the constant novel circumstances that arise in open, dynamic, societies.
THREE CONCEPTS OF POLITICAL STABILITY: AN AGENT-BASED MODEL
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: June 2017

Public reason liberalism includes an ideal of political stability where justified institutions reach a kind of self-enforcing equilibrium. Such an order must be stable for the right reasons — where persons comply with the rules of the order for moral reasons, rather than out of fear or self-interest. John Rawls called a society stable in this way well-ordered.

In this essay, I contend that a more sophisticated model of a well-ordered society, specifically an agent-based model, yields a richer and more attractive understanding of political stability. An agent-based model helps us to distinguish between three concepts of political stability — durability, balance, and immunity. A well-ordered society is one that possesses a high degree of social trust and cooperative behavior among its citizens (durability) with low short-run variability (balance). A well-ordered society also resists destabilization caused by noncompliant agents in or entering the system (immunity).

Distinguishing between these three concepts complicates the necessary reformulation of the idea of a well-ordered society. Going forward, public reason theorists must now distinguish between types of assurance, specify heretofore unknown aspects of reasonable behavior, and reconceive of the nonideal preconditions for forming a stable, ideal social order.
PERSPECTIVES, NORMS, AND AGENCY
Authors: Muldoon Ryan
Published: June 2017

A core set of assumptions in economic modeling is that rational agents, who have a defined preference set, assess their options and determine which best satisfies their preferences. The rational actor model supposes that the world provides us with a menu of options, and we simply choose what’s best for us. Agents are independent of one another, and they can rationally assess which of their options they wish to pursue. This gives special authority to the choices that people make, since they are understood to be the outcomes of the agent’s considered judgments. However, we have come to see that the independence assumption does not always hold in the way that we may have initially thought. Social norms can govern our choices even when we disagree with them. Here we can begin to see how the standard model of choice and agency begins to weaken: no longer are my choices wholly mine, but instead there is a subset of choices that are governed by the broader culture that I live in. Social norms constrain my behavior with informal coercion — my desire to remain a community member in good standing requires me to behave in accordance with the community’s social norms. What I wish to challenge more substantively is the claim that the menu of choices agents “see” is in fact the objective set of options that is transparently provided by the world. Instead, I argue that the options that people perceive and the evidence they use to make choices are mediated by perspectives. Perspectives can importantly interact with social norms to make some norms more resilient to change, and others harder to adopt. This further shapes both our descriptive and normative understanding of agency. Our choices are not over all of the objectively available options, but over the options that we can see. The evidence we marshal to support our choices is not the full set of evidence, but the evidence that we recognize as salient. This is not to deny that individuals have agency, but rather we need a more nuanced understanding of the nature of this agency.
India – Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules (India–Solar Cells), DS456
Authors: Carlson Geoffrey
Published: June 2017

This dispute concerned domestic content requirements (DCR measures) imposed under India's National Solar Mission. These requirements are imposed on solar power developers selling electricity to the government under the National Solar Mission. They concern solar cells and solar modules, which are used to generate solar power.
Complex interventional iliocaval recanalization due to plasmacytoma and cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Stoll Felicitas , Kucher Nils , Vogel Britta , Katus Hugo A. , Müller Oliver J. , Erbel Christian
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Post-thrombotic syndrome is common after iliofemoral vein thrombosis. Conservative therapy, mainly limited to compression and anticoagulation therapy, might not be sufficient in controlling symptoms. Interventional recanalization of the chronically occluded iliac veins is an evolving method, promising rapid relief of symptoms. Here, we present two cases of complex interventions in one patient with preceding pelvic radiotherapy due to a plasmacytoma and in another patient in whom a cava wedge resection had been performed because of cystic echinococcosis in the liver.
Zwischen Angst und Hoffnung – Wie Eltern die Entscheidungsfindung für einen epilepsiechirurgischen Eingriff bei ihrem Kind erleben – Eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Linke Sandra , Mischke Claudia
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung. Epilepsie gehört zu den häufigsten neurologischen Erkrankungen im Kindesalter. Bei therapieresistenten Epilepsien kann durch Epilepsiechirurgie Anfallsfreiheit erreicht werden. Ziel war es, Erkenntnisse über das Erleben der elterlichen Entscheidungsfindung zum epilepsiechirurgischen Eingriff beim eigenen Kind zu gewinnen. Hierzu wurden neun Einzelinterviews geführt und mittels induktiver Inhaltsanalyse analysiert. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln den prozesshaften Charakter der Entscheidungsfindung wider. Der belastenden Zeit der Auseinandersetzung mit der Option, den Chancen und Risiken einer Operation folgt eine weitere belastende Phase nach der Operationseinwilligung: Das Leben mit der Entscheidung bis zum Operationstermin muss bewältigt werden. Der gesamte Entscheidungsprozess bis zum Operationstag ist für die Befragten geprägt durch Unsicherheit und weist darauf hin, dass in der professionellen Begleitung die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Eltern stärkere Berücksichtigung finden sollten.
Neuropsychiatrische Aspekte bei Prader-Willi-Syndrom – eine Übersicht
Authors: Briegel Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung. Das Prader-Willi-Syndrom (PWS) gehört mit einer geschätzten Prävalenzrate von 1/15 000 bis 1/30 000 aller Neugeborenen zu den häufigeren genetischen Syndromen beim Menschen. Ursächlich kommt es dabei zur fehlenden Expression väterlich geprägter Gene in der Region 15q11–q13. Typische körperliche Symptome bei PWS sind muskuläre Hypotonie und Fütterstörungen im Neugeborenenalter, Hypogonadismus, Hyperphagie mit konsekutivem Übergewicht in der späteren Kindheit sowie Kleinwuchs. In der Mehrzahl aller Fälle liegt bei den Betroffenen eine leichte bis mittelgradige geistige Behinderung vor, darüber hinaus sind Stimmungsschwankungen, heftige Wutausbrüche, Skin Picking und zwanghafte Verhaltensweisen typisch. Im Erwachsenenalter treten gehäuft psychotische Störungen auf. Der Artikel gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über Ätiologie, körperliche Symptomatik, Entwicklungsaspekte, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und psychische Störungen bei PWS. Außerdem wird der Kenntnisstand zu psychopharmakologischen bzw. psychotherapeutischen Interventionen dargestellt.
Imaging metal-like monoclinic phase stabilized by surface coordination effect in vanadium dioxide nanobeam
Authors: Li Zejun , Wu Jiajing , Hu Zhenpeng , Lin Yue , Chen Qi , Guo Yuqiao , Liu Yuhua , Zhao Yingcheng , Peng Jing , Chu Wangsheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: June 2017

In correlated systems, intermediate states usually appear transiently across phase transitions even at the femtosecond scale. It therefore remains an open question how to determine these intermediate states—a critical issue for understanding the origin of their correlated behaviour. Here we report a surface coordination route to successfully stabilize and directly image an intermediate state in the metal-insulator transition of vanadium dioxide. As a prototype metal-insulator transition material, we capture an unusual metal-like monoclinic phase at room temperature that has long been predicted. Coordinate bonding of L-ascorbic acid molecules with vanadium dioxide nanobeams induces charge-carrier density reorganization and stabilizes metallic monoclinic vanadium dioxide, unravelling orbital-selective Mott correlation for gap opening of the vanadium dioxide metal–insulator transition. Our study contributes to completing phase-evolution pathways in the metal-insulator transition process, and we anticipate that coordination chemistry may be a powerful tool for engineering properties of low-dimensional correlated solids.
Experimental neutron scattering evidence for proton polaron in hydrated metal oxide proton conductors
Authors: Braun Artur , Chen Qianli
Published: June 2017

Hydration of oxygen-deficient metal oxides causes filling of oxygen vacancies and formation of hydroxyl groups with interstitial structural protons, rotating around the oxygen in localized motion. Thermal activation from 500 to 800 K triggers delocalization of the protons by jumping to adjacent oxygen ions, constituting proton conductivity. We report quantitative analyses of proton and lattice dynamics by neutron-scattering data, which reveal the interaction of protons with the crystal lattice and proton–phonon coupling. The motion for the proton trapped in the elastic crystal field yields Eigen frequencies and coupling constants, which satisfy Holstein’s polaron model for electrons and thus constitutes first experimental evidence for a proton polaron at high temperature. Proton jump rates follow a polaron model for cerium-oxygen and hydroxyl stretching modes, which are thus vehicles for proton conductivity. This confirms that the polaron mechanism is not restricted to electrons, but a universal charge carrier transport process.
Plasmon-induced selective carbon dioxide conversion on earth-abundant aluminum-cuprous oxide antenna-reactor nanoparticles
Authors: Robatjazi Hossein , Zhao Hangqi , Swearer Dayne F. , Hogan Nathaniel J. , Zhou Linan , Alabastri Alessandro , McClain Michael J. , Nordlander Peter , Halas Naomi J.
Published: June 2017

The rational combination of plasmonic nanoantennas with active transition metal-based catalysts, known as ‘antenna-reactor’ nanostructures, holds promise to expand the scope of chemical reactions possible with plasmonic photocatalysis. Here, we report earth-abundant embedded aluminum in cuprous oxide antenna-reactor heterostructures that operate more effectively and selectively for the reverse water-gas shift reaction under milder illumination than in conventional thermal conditions. Through rigorous comparison of the spatial temperature profile, optical absorption, and integrated electric field enhancement of the catalyst, we have been able to distinguish between competing photothermal and hot-carrier driven mechanistic pathways. The antenna-reactor geometry efficiently harnesses the plasmon resonance of aluminum to supply energetic hot-carriers and increases optical absorption in cuprous oxide for selective carbon dioxide conversion to carbon monoxide with visible light. The transition from noble metals to aluminum based antenna-reactor heterostructures in plasmonic photocatalysis provides a sustainable route to high-value chemicals and reaffirms the practical potential of plasmon-mediated chemical transformations.
Unexplored diversity and strain-level structure of the skin microbiome associated with psoriasis
Authors: Tett Adrian , Pasolli Edoardo , Farina Stefania , Truong Duy Tin , Asnicar Francesco , Zolfo Moreno , Beghini Francesco , Armanini Federica , Jousson Olivier , De Sanctis Veronica , Bertorelli Roberto , Girolomoni Giampiero , Cristofolini Mario , Segata Nicola
Published: June 2017

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease that has been associated with cutaneous microbial dysbiosis by culture-dependent investigations and rRNA community profiling. We applied, for the first time, high-resolution shotgun metagenomics to characterise the microbiome of psoriatic and unaffected skin from 28 individuals. We demonstrate psoriatic ear sites have a decreased diversity and psoriasis is associated with an increase in Staphylococcus, but overall the microbiomes of psoriatic and unaffected sites display few discriminative features at the species level. Finer strain-level analysis reveals strain heterogeneity colonisation and functional variability providing the intriguing hypothesis of psoriatic niche-specific strain adaptation or selection. Furthermore, we accessed the poorly characterised, but abundant, clades with limited sequence information in public databases, including uncharacterised Malassezia spp. These results highlight the skins hidden diversity and suggests strain-level variations could be key determinants of the psoriatic microbiome. This illustrates the need for high-resolution analyses, particularly when identifying therapeutic targets. This work provides a baseline for microbiome studies in relation to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Predicting the potential risk area of illegal vaccine trade in China
Authors: Liao Yilan , Lei Yanhui , Ren Zhoupeng , Chen Huiyan , Li Dongyue
Published: June 2017

Since the disclosure of the “Illegal vaccine operation series case in Jinan, Shandong” in March, 2016, this issue has attracted a great deal of attention and has led to public concerns about the safety and efficacy of the vaccines involved in this case. The main purpose of this paper is to scientifically and scrupulously predict the possible geographic distribution of illegal vaccines in China, and provide a foundation to guide future governmental policies and actions. A species distribution model was used because of the advantages of using presence/pseudo-absence or presence-only data, and it performs well with incomplete species distribution data. A series of socioeconomic variables were used to simulate habitat suitability distribution. Maxent (Maximum Entropy Model) and GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Rule set Production) were used to predict the risks of illegal vaccines in China, and define the spatial distribution and significant factors of the area at risk from illegal vaccines. Jackknife tests were used to evaluate the relative importance of socioeconomic variables. It was found that: (1) Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui are the main high-risk areas impacted by the vaccines involved in Jinan case. (2) Population density and industrial structure are the main socioeconomic factors affecting areas which may be at risk from illegal vaccines.
Quantifying non-ergodicity of anomalous diffusion with higher order moments
Authors: Schwarzl Maria , Godec Aljaž , Metzler Ralf
Published: June 2017

Anomalous diffusion is being discovered in a fast growing number of systems. The exact nature of this anomalous diffusion provides important information on the physical laws governing the studied system. One of the central properties analysed for finite particle motion time series is the intrinsic variability of the apparent diffusivity, typically quantified by the ergodicity breaking parameter EB. Here we demonstrate that frequently EB is insufficient to provide a meaningful measure for the observed variability of the data. Instead, important additional information is provided by the higher order moments entering by the skewness and kurtosis. We analyse these quantities for three popular anomalous diffusion models. In particular, we find that even for the Gaussian fractional Brownian motion a significant skewness in the results of physical measurements occurs and needs to be taken into account. Interestingly, the kurtosis and skewness may also provide sensitive estimates of the anomalous diffusion exponent underlying the data. We also derive a new result for the EB parameter of fractional Brownian motion valid for the whole range of the anomalous diffusion parameter. Our results are important for the analysis of anomalous diffusion but also provide new insights into the theory of anomalous stochastic processes.
Structural basis to stabilize the domain motion of BARD1-ARD BRCT by CstF50
Authors: Choudhary Rajan Kumar , Siddiqui Mohd Quadir , Thapa Pankaj S. , Gadewal Nikhil , Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar , Varma Ashok K.
Published: June 2017

BRCA1 associated ring domain protein 1(BARD1) is a tumor suppressor protein having a wide role in cellular processes like cell-cycle checkpoint, DNA damage repair and maintenance of genomic integrity. Germ-line mutation Gln 564 His discovered in linker region of BARD1 leads to loss of binding to Cleavage stimulating factor (CstF50), which in turn instigates the premature mRNA transcript formation and apoptosis. We have studied the dynamics of ARD domain present in the BARD1 wild-type and mutant protein in association with CstF50 using biophysical, biochemical and molecular dynamics simulations. It has been observed that the ARD domain is relatively more flexible than the BRCT domain of BARD1. Further relative orientations of both the ARD and BRCT domains varies due to the highly flexible nature of the connecting linker region present between the domains. It has been observed that mutant ARD domain is more dynamic in nature compared to wild-type protein. Molecular docking studies between BARD1 Gln 564 His mutant and CstF50 shows the loss of interactions. Furthermore, domain motion of ARD present in BARD1 was stabilized when complexed with CstF50.
OhrR of Mycobacterium smegmatis senses and responds to intracellular organic hydroperoxide stress
Authors: Garnica Omar A. , Das Kishore , Dhandayuthapani Subramanian
Published: June 2017

Organic hydroperoxide reductase regulator (OhrR) in bacteria is a sensor for organic hydroperoxide stress and a transcriptional regulator for the enzyme organic hydroperoxide reductase (Ohr). In this study we investigated, using a GFP reporter system, whether Mycobacterium smegmatis OhrR has the ability to sense and respond to intracellular organic hydroperoxide stress. It was observed that M. smegmatis strains bearing the pohr-gfpuv fusion construct were able to express GFP only in the absence of an intact ohrR gene, but not in its presence. However, GFP expression in the strain bearing pohr-gfpuv with an intact ohrR gene could be induced by organic hydroperoxides in vitro and in the intracellular environment upon ingestion of the bacteria by macrophages; indicating that OhrR responds not only to in vitro but also to intracellular organic hydroperoxide stress. Further, the intracellular expression of pohr driven GFP in this strain could be abolished by replacing the intact ohrR gene with a mutant ohrR gene modified for N-terminal Cysteine (Cys) residue, suggesting that OhrR senses intracellular organic hydroperoxides through Cys residue. This is the first report demonstrating the ability of OhrR to sense intracellular organic hydroperoxides.
Multiple magnetoelectric coupling effect in BaTiO3/Sr2CoMoO6 heterostructures
Authors: Liu Chang , Wan Wenhui , Gong Sai , Zhang Hongbin , Guo Wei
Published: June 2017

Due to the demand of controlling magnetism by electric fields for future storage devices, materials with magnetoelectric coupling are of great interests. Based on first-principles calculations, we study the electronic and magnetic properties of a double perovskite Sr2CoMoO6 (SCMO) in a hybrid heterostructure combined with BaTiO3 (BTO) in different polarization states. The calculations show that by introducing ferroelectric state in BTO, SCMO transforms from an antiferromagnetic semiconductor to a half-metal. Specially, altering the polarization direction not only controls the interfacial magnetic moment, but also changes the orbital occupancy of the Co-3d state. This novel multiple magnetoelectric coupling opens possibilities for designing new type of spintronic and microelectronic devices with controllable degree of freedom of interfacial electrons in the heterostructures.
Long days enhance recognition memory and increase insulin-like growth factor 2 in the hippocampus
Authors: Dellapolla Adriano , Kloehn Ian , Pancholi Harshida , Callif Ben , Wertz David , Rohr Kayla E. , Hurley Matthew M. , Baker Kimberly M. , Hattar Samer , Gilmartin Marieke R. , Evans Jennifer A.
Published: June 2017

Light improves cognitive function in humans; however, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying positive effects of light remain unclear. One obstacle is that most rodent models have employed lighting conditions that cause cognitive deficits rather than improvements. Here we have developed a mouse model where light improves cognitive function, which provides insight into mechanisms underlying positive effects of light. To increase light exposure without eliminating daily rhythms, we exposed mice to either a standard photoperiod or a long day photoperiod. Long days enhanced long-term recognition memory, and this effect was abolished by loss of the photopigment melanopsin. Further, long days markedly altered hippocampal clock function and elevated transcription of Insulin-like Growth Factor2 (Igf2). Up-regulation ofIgf2occurred in tandem with suppression of its transcriptional repressor Wilm’s tumor1. Consistent with molecular de-repression ofIgf2, IGF2 expression was increased in the hippocampus before and after memory training. Lastly, long days occluded IGF2-induced improvements in recognition memory. Collectively, these results suggest that light changes hippocampal clock function to alter memory, highlighting novel mechanisms that may contribute to the positive effects of light. Furthermore, this study provides insight into how the circadian clock can regulate hippocampus-dependent learning by controlling molecular processes required for memory consolidation.
In Utero and Lactational Exposure Study in Rats to Identify Replacements for Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Authors: Nardelli Thomas C. , Albert Océane , Lalancette Claudia , Culty Martine , Hales Barbara F. , Robaire Bernard
Published: June 2017

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with endocrine disrupting properties. Two novel plasticizers, 1,4 butanediol dibenzoate (BDB) and dioctyl succinate (DOS), have been proposed as potential replacements. Both have desirable properties as plasticizers and minimalin vitrobiological effects. Herein, we present anin uteroand lactational exposure study comparing DEHP with BDB, DOS, and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), a commercial alternative. Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with vehicle or one of these chemicals at 30 or 300 mg/kg/day from gestational day 8 until postnatal day (PND) 21. The offspring were examined for effects on developmental and endocrine markers until PND 46. DEHP treatment (300 mg/kg) decreased heart weights in dams and induced a significant decrease in anogenital index and an increase in hemorrhagic testes and multinucleated gonocytes in PND 3 male pups. An increase in the incidence of hemorrhagic testes was also observed on PND 8 after exposure to DINCH (30 and 300 mg/kg). The only other effects observed were decreases in serum alanine transaminase and magnesium in BDB 30 exposed dams. These data suggest that both BDB and DOS are viable alternative plasticizers.
A central mechanism enhances pain perception of noxious thermal stimulus changes
Authors: Petre B. , Tetreault P. , Mathur V. A. , Schurgin M. W. , Chiao J. Y. , Huang L. , Apkarian A. V.
Published: June 2017

Pain perception temporarily exaggerates abrupt thermal stimulus changes revealing a mechanism for nociceptive temporal contrast enhancement (TCE). Although the mechanism is unknown, a non-linear model with perceptual feedback accurately simulates the phenomenon. Here we test if a mechanism in the central nervous system underlies thermal TCE. Our model successfully predicted an optimal stimulus, incorporating a transient temperature offset (step-up/step-down), with maximal TCE, resulting in psychophysically verified large decrements in pain response (“offset-analgesia”; mean analgesia: 85%, n = 20 subjects). Next, this stimulus was delivered using two thermodes, one delivering the longer duration baseline temperature pulse and the other superimposing a short higher temperature pulse. The two stimuli were applied simultaneously either near or far on the same arm, or on opposite arms. Spatial separation across multiple peripheral receptive fields ensures the composite stimulus timecourse is first reconstituted in the central nervous system. Following ipsilateral stimulus cessation on the high temperature thermode, but before cessation of the low temperature stimulus properties of TCE were observed both for individual subjects and in group-mean responses. This demonstrates a central integration mechanism is sufficient to evoke painful thermal TCE, an essential step in transforming transient afferent nociceptive signals into a stable pain perception.
The roles of Toll-like receptor 4 in the pathogenesis of pathogen-associated biliary fibrosis caused by Clonorchis sinensis
Authors: Yan Chao , Li Bo , Fan Fang , Du Ying , Ma Rui , Cheng Xiao-Dan , Li Xiang-Yang , Zhang Bo , Yu Qian , Wang Yu-Gang , Tang Ren-Xian , Zheng Kui-Yang
Published: June 2017

Pathogen-associated biliary fibrosis (PABF) is a type of liver fibrosis characterized by injuries of cholangiocytes and extra cellular matrix (ECM) deposition around bile ducts caused by various bacteria, fungi, virus and parasites. Recent studies show that TLR4 plays an important role in several other types of liver fibrosis, but the mechanism of TLR4 in PABF is yet really unclear. In the present study, a PABF mouse model was established by a trematode infection-Clonorchis sinensis which dwells in the bile ducts and causes severe biliary fibrosis of mice. The results showed that the levels of collagen depositions, α-SMA and hydroxyproline (Hyp) contents in TLR4
mut
mice infected by C. sinensis were significantly lower than in those of TLR4
wild
ones. Furthermore, we found that the activation of TGF-β signaling was impaired in the TLR4
mut
mice, compared with wild mice when they were challenged to the same dose of C. sinensis metacercariae. Moreover, the mice with TLR4 mutation showed a decreased activation of hepatic stellate cells indicated by the expression of α-SMA, when compared with TLR4
wild
mice. These data demonstrate that TLR4 contributes to PABF caused by C. sinensis and TLR4 signaling may be a potential medical target for treatment of PABF.
Shedding new light on an old molecule: quinophthalone displays uncommon N-to-O excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) between photobases
Authors: Han Gi Rim , Hwang Doyk , Lee Seunghoon , Lee Jong Woo , Lim Eunhak , Heo Jiyoung , Kim Seong Keun
Published: June 2017

Excited state dynamics of common yellow dye quinophthalone (QPH) was probed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Multi-exponential decay of the excited state and significant change of rate constants upon deuterium substitution indicate that uncommon nitrogen-to-oxygen excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs. By performing density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, we found that adiabatic surface crossing between the S1 and S2 states takes place in the photoreaction. Unlike most cases of ESIPT, QPH does not exhibit tautomer emission, possibly due to internal conversion or back-proton transfer. The ESIPT of QPH presents a highly interesting case also because the moieties participating in ESIPT, quinoline and aromatic carbonyl, are both traditionally considered as photobases.
Ficolins do not alter host immune responses to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vivo
Authors: Genster Ninette , Østrup Olga , Schjalm Camilla , Eirik Mollnes Tom , Cowland Jack B. , Garred Peter
Published: June 2017

Ficolins are a family of pattern recognition molecules that are capable of activating the lectin pathway of complement. A limited number of reports have demonstrated a protective role of ficolins in animal models of infection. In addition, an immune modulatory role of ficolins has been suggested. Yet, the contribution of ficolins to inflammatory disease processes remains elusive. To address this, we investigated ficolin deficient mice during a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of systemic inflammation. Although murine serum ficolin was shown to bind LPS in vitro, there was no difference between wildtype and ficolin deficient mice in morbidity and mortality by LPS-induced inflammation. Moreover, there was no difference between wildtype and ficolin deficient mice in the inflammatory cytokine profiles after LPS challenge. These findings were substantiated by microarray analysis revealing an unaltered spleen transcriptome profile in ficolin deficient mice compared to wildtype mice. Collectively, results from this study demonstrate that ficolins are not involved in host response to LPS-induced systemic inflammation.
Sea-level projections representing the deeply uncertain contribution of the West Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Bakker Alexander M. R. , Wong Tony E. , Ruckert Kelsey L. , Keller Klaus
Published: June 2017

There is a growing awareness that uncertainties surrounding future sea-level projections may be much larger than typically perceived. Recently published projections appear widely divergent and highly sensitive to non-trivial model choices. Moreover, the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) may be much less stable than previous believed, enabling a rapid disintegration. Here, we present a set of probabilistic sea-level projections that approximates the deeply uncertain WAIS contributions. The projections aim to inform robust decisions by clarifying the sensitivity to non-trivial or controversial assumptions. We show that the deeply uncertain WAIS contribution can dominate other uncertainties within decades. These deep uncertainties call for the development of robust adaptive strategies. These decision-making needs, in turn, require mission-oriented basic science, for example about potential signposts and the maximum rate of WAIS-induced sea-level changes.
Seven-Membered Lactam Derivatives of Podophyllotoxins as New Pesticidal Agents
Authors: Zhi Xiaoyan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Huang Jiulin , Xu Hui
Published: June 2017

As a continuation of our efforts to discover and develop natural-product-based insecticidal agents, three novel and unusual 7-membered lactam derivatives of podophyllotoxin were prepared by thionyl chloride-mediated ring-expanded Beckmann rearrangement. The steric configurations of 3a–c were unambiguously identified by X-ray crystallography. It demonstrated that the configuration of the picropodophyllotoxin C4-oximes could also be confirmed by the corresponding C-ring expansion products via Beckmann rearrangement. Moreover, it was obviously further testified that when picropodophyllones reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, only E configuration of picropodophyllotoxin C4-oximes was selectively produced. Compounds 3b and 3c showed more potent pesticidal activity than toosendanin against oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker).
Compact acceleration of energetic neutral atoms using high intensity laser-solid interaction
Authors: Dalui Malay , Trivikram T. Madhu , Colgan James , Pasley John , Krishnamurthy M.
Published: June 2017

Recent advances in high-intensity laser-produced plasmas have demonstrated their potential as compact charge particle accelerators. Unlike conventional accelerators, transient quasi-static charge separation acceleration fields in laser produced plasmas are highly localized and orders of magnitude larger. Manipulating these ion accelerators, to convert the fast ions to neutral atoms with little change in momentum, transform these to a bright source of MeV atoms. The emittance of the neutral atom beam would be similar to that expected for an ion beam. Since intense laser-produced plasmas have been demonstrated to produce high-brightness-low-emittance beams, it is possible to envisage generation of high-flux, low-emittance, high energy neutral atom beams in length scales of less than a millimeter. Here, we show a scheme where more than 80% of the fast ions are reduced to energetic neutral atoms and demonstrate the feasibility of a high energy neutral atom accelerator that could significantly impact applications in neutral atom lithography and diagnostics.
Different levels of blood pressure, different benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy in minor stroke or TIA patients
Authors: Xu Jie , Tao Yongli , Li Hao , Gu Hongqiu , Xie Xuewei , Meng Xia , Xu Yuming , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun
Published: June 2017

The study aimed to evaluate whether the benefits of dual antiplatelet therapy would be influenced by blood pressure (BP) levels, among acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). In CHANCE (Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling cerebrovascular Events) trail, Patients were stratified by systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) level measured on admission, respectively, using the supine position BP within 24 hours after symptoms onset. The primary efficacy outcome was stroke recurrence, bleeding was the safety outcome. Patients with SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, dual antiplatelet treatment could reduce the risk of stroke recurrence significantly (HR 0.654, 95% CI 0.529–0.793, p < 0.001) than mono antiplatelet therapy. And patients with DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, clopidogrel-aspirin significantly reduced the risk of recurrent stroke (HR 0.588, 95% CI 0.463–0.746, p < 0.001), compared with aspirin alone. However, in patients with SBP < 140 mmHg or DBP < 90 mmHg, no significant difference was observed between clopidogrel plus aspirin and aspirin alone. there was no difference in bleeding episodes by treatment assignment across categories of SBP or DBP. Patients with SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg after minor stroke or TIA got more benefits from dual antiplatelet therapy. Bleeding risk from dual antiplatelet treatment did not increase among patients with higher BP level on admission.
LC-MS/MS quantification of sulfotransferases is better than conventional immunogenic methods in determining human liver SULT activities: implication in precision medicine
Authors: Xie Cong , Yan Tong-meng , Chen Jia-mei , Li Xiao-yan , Zou Juan , Zhu Li-jun , Lu Lin-lin , Wang Ying , Zhou Fu-yuan , Liu Zhong-qiu , Hu Ming
Published: June 2017

This study aims to determine whether enzyme activities are correlated with protein amounts and mRNA expression levels of five major human sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes in 10 matched pericarcinomatous and hepatocellular carcinoma liver samples. The MRM UHPLC-MS/MS method, Western blot and RT-PCR were used along with SULT activity measurement using probe substrates. The LC-MS/MS method was specific for all five tested SULTs, whereas Western blot was specific for only two isoforms. The activities of SULT1A1, SULT1B1, SULT1E1 and SULT2A1 in 9 of 10 samples showed a significant decrease in tumor tissues relative to matched pericarcinomatous tissues, whereas the activities of SULT1A3 in 7 of 10 samples increased. The turnover numbers of SULTs did not change, except for SULT1A1. A generally high degree of correlations was observed between SULT activities and protein amounts (r2 ≥ 0.59 except one), whereas a low degree of correlations was observed between SULT activities and mRNA expression levels (r2 ≤ 0.48 except one). HCC reduced the SULT activities via impaired protein amounts. LC-MS/MS quantification of SULTs is highly reliable measurement of SULT activities, and may be adopted for implementing precision medicine with respect to drugs mainly metabolized by SULTs in healthy and HCC patients.
Atomic rearrangement of a sputtered MoS2 film from amorphous to a 2D layered structure by electron beam irradiation
Authors: Kim Bong Ho , Gu Hyun Ho , Yoon Young Joon
Published: June 2017

We synthesised a crystalline MoS2 film from as-sputtered amorphous film by applying an electron beam irradiation (EBI) process. A collimated electron beam (60 mm dia.) with an energy of 1 kV was irradiated for only 1 min to achieve crystallisation without an additional heating process. After the EBI process, we observed a two-dimensional layered structure of MoS2 about 4 nm thick and with a hexagonal atomic arrangement on the surface. A stoichiometric MoS2 film was confirmed to grow well on SiO2/Si substrates and include partial oxidation of Mo. In our experimental configuration, EBI on an atomically thin MoS2 layer stimulated the transformation from a thermodynamically unstable amorphous structure to a stable crystalline nature with a nanometer grain size. We employed a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the penetration depth of electrons into the MoS2 film and investigated the atomic rearrangement of the amorphous MoS2 structure.