bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulated photovoltaic response in a flexoelectric device using microscopic indentation
Authors: Coy E. , Załęski K. , Budziałowski M. , Zou J. , Dix N. , Sánchez F. , Fina I.
Published: January 2025

The use of ferroelectric materials in photovoltaics has garnered significant attention due to the presence of a giant open circuit voltage response. In addition, while flexoelectric effects are known to contribute to the magnitude and direction of internal electric fields, they have yet to be exploited in a controllable and permanent way in devices. In this study, we employ microscopic indentation in photovoltaic capacitor devices based on an archetypal ferroelectric material, that is, BaTiO3. Our findings reveal that the applied indentation force can modulate the internal electric fields via flexoelectric effects. However, this comes with increased device conductivity, which indicates the unavoidable presence of an increased number of defects. Importantly, this modulation is accompanied by a tunable photovoltaic response. These results suggest that indentation offers a novel approach to engineer devices with an enhanced photoresponse.
Views of speech pathology educators on a learning resource for cognitive-communication disorders: a user survey of TBIBank Grand Rounds
Authors: Bogart Elise , Steel Joanne , Power Emma , Brunner Melissa , Tran Sarah , Fromm Davida , MacWhinney Brian , Togher Leanne
Published: January 2025

Background Cognitive-communication disorders are highly prevalent after traumatic brain injury and have significant impacts on rehabilitation outcomes. TBIBank Grand Rounds was developed as an online multimedia resource to support clinical education about cognitive-communication disorders. The objective of this study was to survey speech pathology educators to establish their views towards TBIBank Grand Rounds. Method An online survey with 37 items was distributed internationally to obtain a cross-section of international educators. The survey consisted of five sections covering (1) participant details; (2) awareness, interest, and use; (3) interface design and delivery; (4) content; and (5) overall impressions. The question formats included yes/no questions, multiple choice options, rating scales, and free text questions. Survey responses were analysed descriptively, with free text supporting interpretation. Results Twenty-five participants completed the online survey. Overall, most users agreed that the design and content of TBIBank Grand Rounds met their needs for supporting education about cognitive-communication disorders. The survey identified high interest but limited prior awareness of the resource. Survey respondents identified useful directions for updates, future enhancements, and dissemination of TBIBank Grand Rounds. Conclusions Incorporating feedback from educators has identified priorities for future enhancements, such as improving cultural diversity. High interest and positive feedback indicate that the TBIBank Grand Rounds is a valuable resource for education about cognitive-communication disorders. However, limited awareness internationally suggests the need for improved dissemination. Enhancing speech pathologists’ knowledge about cognitive-communication disorders after TBI may lead to improved clinical care and outcomes.
SIV monoclonal antibody administration spanning treatment interruption in macaques delays viral rebound and selects escape variants
Authors: King Hannah A. D. , Brammer Daniel , Lewitus Eric , Fennessey Christine M. , Manalang Kimberly M. , Shrader Hannah R. , Andrew Shayne , Kuri Phillip , Lind Matthew , Pham Phuc , Sanders-Buell Eric , Bai Hongjun , Mason Rosemarie , Song Kaimei , McCarthy Elizabeth , Helmold Hait Sabrina , Todd John-Paul , Pegu Amarendra , Foulds Kathryn E. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Keele Brandon F. , Rolland Morgane , Roederer Mario , Bolton Diane L.
Published: January 2025

HIV-1 envelope broadly neutralizing antibodies represent a promising component of HIV-1 cure strategies. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of combination monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in a rigorous nonhuman primate model, we tested different combinations of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) neutralizing mAbs in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. Antiretroviral therapy-suppressed animals received anti-SIV mAbs targeting multiple Env epitopes spanning analytical treatment interruption (ATI) in 3 groups (n = 7 each): i) no mAb; ii) 4-mAb combination; and iii) 2-mAb combination. Each mAb was administered at 15 mg/kg, and both mAb-treated groups received ITS103.01, a highly potent CD4-binding site targeting antibody. mAb treatment delayed viral rebound, lowered rebound viremia setpoint and viral diversity, and extended animal lifespan. Compared to controls, for which viremia rebounded 2 wk following ATI, mAb infusion delayed rebound for both groups (
P
= 0.0003). Animals that received the 4-mAb regimen rebounded 3 to 6 wk post-ATI while the 2-mAb regimen rebounded 5 to 22 wk post-ATI. Envelope escape mutations emerged in rebound virus of mAb-treated animals that abrogated neutralization by ITS103.01, the most potent in the cocktail. These data demonstrate in vivo antiviral activity of SIV mAbs in the context of ATI via immune pressure dominated by the most potent mAb and highlight their potential in adjunctive therapeutic studies.
Tracing the development of the perfect alternation in Early Modern English
Authors: Hundt Marianne , Iyieri Yoko
Published: January 2025

On the basis of just under 5,050 examples of perfect constructions, this paper traces the development of the
be:have perfect alternation in English between the 1620s and 1750s. For a core group of 18 verbs, the study
investigates the role that language-internal and language-external predictor variables played in the choice of auxiliary.
Multifactorial modelling reveals that language-internal factors such as modality, negation, clause-type and tense are among the
most important predictors favouring the choice of have as auxiliary; there is also some indication of diachronic, lexical
and idiosyncratic variation within Early Modern English. A close investigation of perfects that combine both auxiliaries
strengthens the view that ambiguity-avoidance did not play a major role in the loss of the be-perfect. The results of the
multifactorial model suggest greater independence of negation and counterfactuality as factors than previously claimed. The study
thus contributes a novel perspective on the demise of the be-perfect, with paradigmatic variability taking centre
stage.
Researching the role of interaction in young learners’ acquisition of English
Authors: Shintani Natsuko , del Pilar García Mayo María
Published: January 2025

In this interview, Natsuko Shintani, the Review Editor of Language Teaching for Young Learners,
invites Dr. María del Pilar García Mayo to share her expertise as a teacher and researcher. Dr. García Mayo is a Full Professor of
English Language and Linguistics at the Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU). She is highly regarded for her extensive research on
language teaching and learning for young learners in EFL contexts, with a particular emphasis on the L2/L3 acquisition of English
morphosyntax and, more recently, the role of conversational interaction in young learners’ acquisition of English. She has led
numerous research projects focused on young learners and has supervised many Ph. D. and Master’s theses, several of which centre
on this area of study. See her webpage (https://laslab.org/staff/pilar/)
for more information.
Reply to the Comment on ‘Klein–Gordon particles in a quasi-pointlike global monopole spacetime and a Wu-Yang magnetic monopole: invariance and isospectrality’
Authors: Mustafa Omar
Published: January 2025

In his Comment the author claims that we have modified the boundary conditions at the origin for the shifted harmonic oscillator and consequently solved a completely different problem in section 7 of J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 51 (2024) 055201. In the current reply, we shall show that the Fernandez claims are incorrect.
Invasiveness of pico- and nanosecond E-FISH on plasma bullets in nitrogen
Authors: Limburg Anne , Keur Thijs , Pleijers Ramón , Nijdam Sander
Published: January 2025

The electric field is the driving force behind every plasma. Electric field induced second harmonic generation (E-FISH) is a diagnostic able to obtain the electric field with high temporal and spatial resolution, is considered non-invasive and can be applied to almost any type of plasma with high sensitivity. However, the high fluence laser beam used as a probe in this technique, can interact with the gas and induce charges, which can subsequenly influence the plasma. In this work, E-FISH is applied on non-thermal pulsed plasma jets in N2 flowing into atmospheric air. In these jets, ionization fronts propagate along the axis of the jet, which are highly reproducible and periodic. This allows for phase resolved measurements. A nanosecond and a picosecond pulsed laser, both operating at 1064 nm, are used as a source. For the first time, the obtained E-FISH signals measured with both lasers are compared to each other. The results deviate significantly between the two lasers, which can be explained by induced laser guiding. This is observed by taking ICCD images of the plasma trajectory. At the position where the plasma crosses the laser beam path, the plasma branches. This reveals that E-FISH is also invasive under some conditions. The profiles obtained with the picosecond laser are in good qualitative agreement with previous CRS-based FWM results on the same plasma source and therefore the picosecond laser is considered non-invasive. In future E-FISH measurements, the influence of the laser beam on the E-FISH signal should be taken into account to prevent changing the plasma behavior. By decreasing the laser power or using a shorter laser pulse, succesfull measurements can be performed.
Vlasov-Poisson simulation study of phase-space hole coalescence in a cylindrically wave-guided plasma
Authors: Lobo Allen , Kumar Sayal Vinod
Published: January 2025

In this work, coalescence of phase-space holes of collision-less, one-dimensional plasmas is studied using kinetic simulation techniques. Phase-space holes, which are well-known Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal waves known for exhibiting coalescence, are numerically simulated and their coalescence is observed. Relations between the hole speed, potential, phase-space vorticity and phase-space depth are then obtained using the simulation data. This study involves the study of electron phase-space hole coalescence in a cylindrically wave-guided plasma. Using the recently developed phase-space hydrodynamic analogy, it is shown that the coalescence phenomena can be explored in terms of the fluid-analogous vortical nature of the phase-space holes. Coalescence occurs due to the interaction of the phase-space velocity fields associated with these phase-space vortices. Results obtained from the study describes various parametric relations between the coalesced hole characteristics and the characteristics of the colliding holes.
ELG spectroscopic systematics analysis of the DESI Data Release 1
Authors: Yu J. , Ross A.J. , Rocher A. , Alves O. , de Mattia A. , Forero-Sánchez D. , Kneib J. , Krolewski A. , Lan T.-W. , Rashkovetskyi M. , Aguilar J. , Ahlen S. , Bailey S. , Brooks D. , Chaussidon E. , Claybaugh T. , de la Macorra A. , Dey Arjun , Dey Biprateep , Doel P. , Fanning K. , Forero-Romero J.E. , Gaztañaga E. , Gontcho S.Gontcho A. , Honscheid K. , Howlett C. , Juneau S. , Kisner T. , Kremin A. , Lambert A. , Landriau M. , Le Guillou L. , Levi M.E. , Manera M. , Martini P. , Meisner A. , Miquel R. , Moustakas J. , Mueller E. , Muñoz-Gutiérrez A. , Myers A.D. , Nie J. , Niz G. , Palanque-Delabrouille N. , Percival W.J. , Poppett C. , Prada F. , Rezaie M. , Rossi G. , Sanchez E. , Schlafly E.F. , Schlegel D. , Schubnell M. , Seo H. , Sprayberry D. , Tarlé G. , Weaver B.A. , Zarrouk P. , Zhao C. , Zhou R. , Zou H.
Published: January 2025

Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) uses more than 2.4 million Emission Line Galaxies (ELGs) for 3D large-scale structure (LSS) analyses in its Data Release 1 (DR1). Such large statistics enable thorough research on systematic uncertainties. In this study, we focus on spectroscopic systematics of ELGs. The redshift success rate (f
goodz) is the relative fraction of secure redshifts among all measurements. It depends on observing conditions, thus introduces non-cosmological variations to the LSS. We, therefore, develop the redshift failure weight (w
zfail) and a per-fibre correction (η
zfail) to mitigate these dependences. They have minor influences on the galaxy clustering. For ELGs with a secure redshift, there are two subtypes of systematics: 1) catastrophics (large) that only occur in a few samples; 2) redshift uncertainty (small) that exists for all samples. The catastrophics represent 0.26% of the total DR1 ELGs, composed of the confusion between [O ii] and sky residuals, double objects, total catastrophics and others. We simulate the realistic 0.26% catastrophics of DR1 ELGs, the hypothetical 1% catastrophics, and the truncation of the contaminated 1.31 < z < 1.33 in the AbacusSummit ELG mocks. Their P
ℓ
show non-negligible bias from the uncontaminated mocks. But their influences on the redshift space distortions (RSD) parameters are smaller than 0.2σ. The redshift uncertainty of DR1 ELGs is 8.5km s-1 with a Lorentzian profile. The code for implementing the catastrophics and redshift uncertainty on mocks can be found in https://github.com/Jiaxi-Yu/modelling_spectro_sys.
Blinding scheme for the scale-dependence bias signature of local primordial non-Gaussianity for DESI 2024
Authors: Chaussidon E. , de Mattia A. , Yèche C. , Aguilar J. , Ahlen S. , Brooks D. , Claybaugh T. , Cole S. , de la Macorra A. , Doel P. , Fanning K. , Gaztañaga E. , Gontcho S.Gontcho A. , Howlett C. , Kisner T. , Lambert A. , Le Guillou L. , Manera M. , Meisner A. , Miquel R. , Niz G. , Palanque-Delabrouille N. , Percival W.J. , Prada F. , Ross A.J. , Rossi G. , Sanchez E. , Schlegel D. , Schubnell M. , Seo H. , Sprayberry D. , Tarlé G. , Vargas-Magaña M. , Weaver B.A. , Zou H.
Published: January 2025

The next generation of spectroscopic surveys is expected to achieve an unprecedented level of accuracy in the measurement of cosmological parameters. To avoid confirmation bias and thereby improve the reliability of these results, blinding procedures become a standard practice in the cosmological analyses of such surveys. Blinding is especially crucial when the impact of observational systematics is important relative to the cosmological signal, and a detection of that signal would have significant implications. This is the case for local primordial non-gaussianity, as probed by the scale-dependent bias of the galaxy power spectrum at large scales that are heavily sensitive to the dependence of the target selection on the imaging quality, known as imaging systematics. We propose a blinding method for the scale-dependent bias signature of local primordial non-gaussianity at the density field level which consists in generating a set of weights for the data that replicate the scale-dependent bias. The applied blinding is predictable, and can be straightforwardly combined with other catalog-level blinding procedures that have been designed for the baryon acoustic oscillation and redshift space distortion signals. The procedure is validated through simulations that replicate data from the first year of observation of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, but may find applications to other upcoming spectroscopic surveys.
Characterization of contaminants in the Lyman-alpha forest auto-correlation with DESI
Authors: Guy J. , Gontcho S.Gontcho A. , Armengaud E. , Brodzeller A. , Cuceu A. , Font-Ribera A. , Herrera-Alcantar H.K. , Karaçaylı N.G. , Muñoz-Gutiérrez A. , Pieri M.M. , Pérez-Ràfols I. , Ramírez-Pérez C. , Ravoux C. , Rich J. , Walther M. , Abdul Karim M. , Aguilar J. , Ahlen S. , Bault A. , Brooks D. , Claybaugh T. , de la Cruz R. , de la Macorra A. , Doel P. , Fanning K. , Forero-Romero J.E. , Gaztañaga E. , Gonzalez-Morales A.X. , Gutierrez G. , Hahn C. , Honscheid K. , Juneau S. , Kehoe R. , Kirkby D. , Kisner T. , Kremin A. , Lambert A. , Landriau M. , Le Guillou L. , Manera M. , Martini P. , Meisner A. , Miquel R. , Montero-Camacho P. , Moustakas J. , Mueller E. , Myers A.D. , Nie J. , Niz G. , Palanque-Delabrouille N. , Percival W.J. , Poppett C. , Rezaie M. , Rossi G. , Sanchez E. , Schlegel D. , Schubnell M. , Seo H. , Silber J. , Sprayberry D. , Tan T. , Tarlé G. , Vargas-Magaña M. , Zou H.
Published: January 2025

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations can be measured with sub-percent precision above redshift two with the Lyman-α (Lyα) forest auto-correlation and its cross-correlation with quasar positions. This is one of the key goals of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) which started its main survey in May 2021. We present in this paper a study of the contaminants to the Lyα forest which are mainly caused by correlated signals introduced by the spectroscopic data processing pipeline as well as astrophysical contaminants due to foreground absorption in the intergalactic medium. Notably, an excess signal caused by the sky background subtraction noise is present in the Lyα auto-correlation in the first line-of-sight separation bin. We use synthetic data to isolate this contribution, we also characterize the effect of spectro-photometric calibration noise, and propose a simple model to account for both effects in the analysis of the Lyα forest. We then measure the auto-correlation of the quasar flux transmission fraction of low redshift quasars, where there is no Lyα forest absorption but only its contaminants. We demonstrate that we can interpret the data with a two-component model: data processing noise and triply ionized Silicon and Carbon auto-correlations. This result can be used to improve the modeling of the Lyα auto-correlation function measured with DESI.
Fiducial-cosmology-dependent systematics for the DESI 2024 BAO analysis
Authors: Pérez-Fernández A. , Medina-Varela L. , Ruggeri R. , Vargas-Magaña M. , Seo H. , Padmanabhan N. , Ishak M. , Aguilar J. , Ahlen S. , Alam S. , Alves O. , Andrade U. , Brieden S. , Brooks D. , Carnero Rosell A. , Chen X. , Claybaugh T. , Cole S. , Dawson K. , de la Macorra A. , de Mattia A. , Dey Arjun , Ding Z. , Doel P. , Fanning K. , Garcia-Quintero C. , Gaztañaga E. , Gontcho S.Gontcho A. , Gutierrez G. , Honscheid K. , Juneau S. , Kirkby D. , Kisner T. , Lambert A. , Landriau M. , Lasker J. , Le Guillou L. , Manera M. , Martini P. , Meisner A. , Mena-Fernández J. , Miquel R. , Moustakas J. , Myers A.D. , Nadathur S. , Newman J.A. , Niz G. , Paillas E. , Palanque-Delabrouille N. , Percival W.J. , Poppett C. , Prada F. , Rashkovetskyi M. , Rocher A. , Rossi G. , Sanchez A. , Sanchez E. , Schubnell M. , Sprayberry D. , Tarlé G. , Valcin D. , Weaver B.A. , Yu J. , Zou H.
Published: January 2025

When measuring the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) scale from galaxy surveys, one typically assumes a fiducial cosmology when converting redshift measurements into comoving distances and also when defining input parameters for the reconstruction algorithm. A parameterised template for the model to be fitted is also created based on a (possibly different) fiducial cosmology. This model reliance can be considered a form of data compression, and the data is then analysed allowing that the true answer is different from the fiducial cosmology assumed. In this study, we evaluate the impact of the fiducial cosmology assumed in the BAO analysis of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey Data Release 1 (DR1) on the final measurements in DESI 2024 III. We utilise a suite of mock galaxy catalogues with survey realism that mirrors the DESI DR1 tracers: the bright galaxy sample (BGS), the luminous red galaxies (LRG), the emission line galaxies (ELG) and the quasars (QSO), spanning a redshift range from 0.1 to 2.1. We compare the four secondary AbacusSummit cosmologies against DESI's fiducial cosmology (Planck 2018). The secondary cosmologies explored include a lower cold dark matter density, a thawing dark energy universe, a higher number of effective species, and a lower amplitude of matter clustering. The mocks are processed through the BAO pipeline by consistently iterating the grid, template, and reconstruction reference cosmologies. We determine a conservative systematic contribution to the error of 0.1% for both the isotropic and anisotropic dilation parameters α
iso and α
AP. We then directly test the impact of the fiducial cosmology on DESI DR1 data.
Characterization of pre-production petals for the ATLAS Inner Tracker strip detector
Authors: Basso M.J. ,   the ATLAS ITk collaboration
Published: January 2025

For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, the ATLAS experiment will replace its current Inner Detector with an all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk), consisting of pixel and strip systems. In the end-cap, silicon sensor modules of the strip system are mounted onto support structures called “petals”. To facilitate the assembly of petals, an automated system has been developed which streamlines the production process and ensures uniformity. This paper presents the latest results from the assembly of the first ITk pre-production petals, including characterization of their electrical performance and studies of their robustness at temperatures ≤ -35 ∘C.
Pileup mitigation in Hadron Forward calorimeter at the Level-1 trigger of the CMS experiment for the HL-LHC
Authors: Ghodgaonkar Abhijeet , Sugunan Aravind Thachayath , Govekar Pranav Keshav , Patil Mandakini Ravindra , Mazumdar Kajari ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: January 2025

The high luminosity operation of the LHC will deliver collisions with a luminosity about 10 times the original design value. This poses a big challenge for trigger and data acquisition due to nearly 200 overlapping collisions, called pile up, within the same bunch crossing. Disentanglement of the pileup particles from those of interesting physics processes is achieved by implementing the Pile-Up Per Particle Identification (PUPPI) algorithm. We present the strategy for implementation of PUPPI at the Level-1 (L1) trigger, focusing on the Hadron Forward (HF) Calorimeter detector of the CMS experiment. The main features of the custom firmware developed for this purpose is discussed.
Edge detection and depth evaluation of CFRP internal delamination defects based on differential image frequency domain preprocessing
Authors: Zhou Guangyu , Fu Yu , Zhang Zhijie , Yin Wuliang
Published: January 2025

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are widely used in
fields such as aviation and aerospace. However, subtle defects can
significantly impact the material's service life, making defect
detection a critical priority. This paper presents a method for
detecting delamination defects in carbon fiber reinforced composites
(CFRP) using line laser infrared thermography. A preprocessing
approach combining differential thermography and frequency-domain
filtering is proposed to effectively eliminate the trailing
artifacts caused by line laser scanning, resulting in defect feature
images with an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Utilizing the
preprocessed frequency-domain magnitude image data, an improved
Fuzzy C-Means clustering segmentation algorithm is developed,
achieving high-precision edge detection of layered defects with an
average accuracy of 95.0%. Furthermore, defect depth classification
based on the frequency-domain magnitude data is performed using the
K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm, yielding an average accuracy of
98.8%. These results validate the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithms for defect edge detection and depth assessment.
Optimized design of gamma detectors based on scintillator and wavelength-shifting fiber for arrayed radiation portal monitors
Authors: Su Hengyi , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Zhenyu , Xi Shanxue , Li Jiaming , Liu Qingyang , Wang Zungang
Published: January 2025

This paper describes the GEANT4 simulation results of a
wavelength shifting (WLS) fiber-based γ detector, which is
the fundamental detection unit within arrayed radiation portal
monitors. The structure of the detector unit consists of a plastic
scintillator, a wavelength shifting fiber, and a silicon
photomultipliers (SiPM), which is low cost and miniaturization. The
WLS fiber is spirally coiled at the plastic scintillator's backside,
which can be used for photon collection and transmission. Besides
SiPMs are attached to both ends of WLS fiber for photons detection
and photoelectric conversion. To further optimize the detector
performance, the simulations of scintillation photon generation and
transport within the detector were conducted using GEANT4
software. The investigation focused on the effects of the bending
radius, pitch, and length of the WLS fibers on photon collection and
transport efficiency. Furthermore, the study has examined the impact
of plastic scintillator size on photon output and the uniformity of
detector response. The results demonstrate that when the plastic
scintillator is 25 cm× 25 cm× 5 cm
and the WLS fibers are coiled with a minimum radius of 35 mm and a
pitch of 10 mm, the detector exhibits a high photon output and good
response uniformity. Moreover, embedding the fibers within the
plastic scintillator yields a higher light output than coupling them
on the surface of the plastic scintillator.
Non-commutative resolutions for Segre products and Cohen-Macaulay rings of hereditary representation type
Authors: Hanihara Norihiro
Published: January 2025

We study commutative Cohen-Macaulay rings whose CohenMacaulay representation theory is controlled by representations of quivers, which we call hereditary representation type. Based on tilting theory and cluster tilting theory, we construct some commutative Cohen-Macaulay rings of hereditary representation type. First, we give a general existence theorem of cluster tilting modules or non-commutative crepant resolutions on the Segre product of two commutative Gorenstein rings whenever each factor has such an object. As an application, we obtain three examples of Gorenstein rings of hereditary representation type coming from Segre products of polynomial rings. Next, we introduce extended numerical semigroup rings which generalize numerical semigroup rings and form a class of one-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay non-domains, and among them we provide one family of Gorenstein rings of hereditary representation type. Furthermore, we discuss a

4
4

-dimensional non-Gorenstein Cohen-Macaulay ring whose representations are still controlled by a finite dimensional hereditary algebra. We show that it has a unique

2
2

-cluster tilting object, and give a complete classification of rigid Cohen-Macaulay modules, which turns out to be only finitely many.
Introduction
Authors: Loporcaro Laura
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the main contention of the present work: Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria is a work that is artfully crafted and intrinsically persuasive, aiming to convince readers of the validity of its teachings through a coherent didactic framework. An overview is provided of the structure of the book: the book’s first chapter analyses how Quintilian first introduces his authorial persona and his project and outlines the construction of the Institutio. The following three chapters ground their analysis of the didactic framework in the discussion of central themes: Quintilian’s reception of Cicero, his conception of the ideal orator, and his polemic against stylistic corruption and Seneca the Younger. As this introductory chapter highlights, the four chapters together aim to give a sense of the construction, goals, and models of the Institutio, and to show how didactic authority is created.
The Ideal Orator
Authors: Loporcaro Laura
Published: January 2025

Chapter 3 focuses on Quintilian’s conception of the ideal orator. First, it examines how Quintilian claims to follow Cicero and indeed does so to some extent, but substantially differs from him. Like Cicero, he requires broad knowledge from the orator to counteract Platonic criticism of rhetoric. However, he integrates Stoic elements and attacks contemporary philosophers, claiming philosophy should be appropriated by orators. Using Stoic notions, Quintilian may be said to perform the appropriation he advocates. He builds a dichotomy between philosophers who ‘talk’ and orators who ‘act’, which he may adopt from Seneca the Younger, polemically overturning it. Second, this chapter argues that through his persistent use of imagery, Quintilian may be said to ‘do things with metaphors’. Metaphors of masculinity substantially contribute to the picture of the orator as someone who ‘does things with words’, coherently with the notion, also recalling Seneca, that a man’s speech reflects his character.
Cool Fuel
Authors: Leachman Jacob W , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Matveev Konstantin I
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen, the first and most abundant element in our universe, is an essential zero-carbon fuel in humanity’s race against catastrophic climate change. However, very few have access to cryogenic systems for energy-dense hydrogen to gain the necessary experience to contribute to this race. This textbook is written as an invitation for scientists and engineers with experience in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to engage in this race for the future via cryogenic hydrogen research and development. We begin with the history of hydrogen and cryogenics, to create a context for current needs. In Chapter 2, we build a foundation for hydrogen’s unique quantum-mechanical effects on bulk thermophysical properties, and how to choose from and utilize available property models. Practical methods are presented in Chapter 3 for sensing and converting between the quantum-mechanical forms. Chapter 4 presents foundational aspects of hydrogen liquefaction and cooling in recuperative and regenerative cycles. Elements of hydrogen-transfer phenomena including heat-exchanger optimization and recently developed two-phase flow correlations and thermoacoustic instabilities are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is an extensive analysis of liquid hydrogen storage-system options. The final chapter overviews the Cool Fuel School, a hands-on cryogenic hydrogen training course that helps readers develop a new system design and associated cryogenic hydrogen safety plan. Readers of this book should gain confidence in the foundational aspects of cryogenic hydrogen science and engineering.
Liquefaction
Authors: Leachman Jacob W , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Matveev Konstantin I
Published: January 2025

The primary challenge for cryogenic hydrogen technologies is the need for more efficient cooling and liquefaction cycles. This chapter begins with the fundamentals of refrigeration cycles, and how the efficiency is connected directly to thermophysical properties, particularly the exergy and associated exergy destruction of the hydrogen during cooling. The most common recuperator cycles for hydrogen liquefaction are discussed and exergy analysis reveals the causes of the major losses of energy efficiency. Next, regenerative and novel refrigeration cycles for hydrogen liquefaction are presented.
Elements of transfer
Authors: Leachman Jacob W , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Matveev Konstantin I
Published: January 2025

Transferring liquid hydrogen in a manner that allows little to no boil-off losses is a primary challenge affecting the safety and widespread adoption of the fuel. This chapter begins building a foundation for this challenging topic via three difficult and essential elements of this process: hydrogen heat exchanger optimization, two-phase heat-transfer and pressure-drop correlations, and spontaneous thermoacoustic oscillations that increase heat leakage into cryogenic tanks. By the end of this chapter, a reader should be familiar with the techniques involved in basic single-phase heat-exchanger optimization, able to utilize two-phase heat-transfer and pressure-drop correlations for hydrogen flow, and know when thermoacoustic instabilities could become significant.
2473 Improving inpatient frailty identification and its impact on advance care planning
Authors: Usman T , Coffey J , Benafif A , Stapleton L
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Clinical frailty scale (CFS) is used to generate a score ranging from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill) for people aged ≥65 years. A CFS of ≥7 correlates with a one-year mortality rate of ~50%, making it useful for identifying individuals potentially approaching last year of life. NICE recommend this patient group are offered Advance care planning (ACP). ACP is paramount to ensuring individuals receive high-quality, personalised end of life care. We aimed to investigate CFS documentation and frequency of ACP discussions following educational interventions.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all inpatients admitted to an Elderly Medicine department on a given day. Data for demographics, documented CFS score, and ACP discussions was collected. CFS scores were recalculated to assess accuracy. Following formal education sessions on CFS documentation and ACP delivered to the MDT, data was recollected. Subsequently, CFS scores were recorded within electronic ‘flowsheets’ to ensure scores could automatically populate future clinical notes and be extracted for research purposes.

Results

The initial sample included 61 patients with 52 in the repeat sample. 36% of patients had CFS recorded in the initial sample compared to 77% in the repeat. In the initial sample, there was an 18.1% difference in documented and recalculated CFS for patients with a CFS ≥ 7 compared to 7.7% in the repeat, showing improved identification of advanced frailty. In the initial cohort, 18% had pre-existing ACP and 16.4% had inpatient ACP discussions, compared to 21.2% in the repeat with pre-existing ACP and 15.4% having inpatient ACP discussions; demonstrating minimal difference.

Conclusions

CFS documentation improved highlighting effectiveness of education involving the whole MDT to better identify frailty within the inpatient setting. Despite this, ACP discussion rates remained low. Potential barriers include time–pressure and lack of confidence approaching ACP demonstrating a need for further awareness and training.
2645 Delivering safe admission avoidance via comprehensive geriatric assessment under an emergency department frailty service
Authors: Galbraith M , Irvine L , Stevenson J , Barugh A , Reynish E , Armstrong C , Armstrong A , Clancy U
Published: January 2025

Background

Older people account for >40% of acute hospital admissions. Delivering alternatives to hospital admission and community-integrated care closer to home are increasing priorities. We aimed to develop an Emergency Department (ED) Frailty MDT to provide rapid assessment, early Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), and reduce inpatient admission rates for frail older people.

Methods

From November 2023 to April 2024, a newly formed Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh ED Frailty team delivered CGA for older adults aged ≥75 (≥65 if care home resident) with Clinical Frailty Scores ≥5 in the ED. The ED Frailty Team consists of an Emergency Medicine Consultant with an interest in Frailty, a Consultant Geriatrician, two Frailty Advanced Nurse Practitioners, an Occupational Therapy Advanced Practitioner, Occupational Therapists and a HomeFirst Social worker. We prioritised patients who were most likely to achieve same-day discharge. We built on strong integrated community pathways including Hospital @ Home, Rapid Access Day Hospital, and Discharge2Assess. We evaluated efficacy and safety using readmission and mortality rates.

Results

We reviewed 344 patients and discharged 209/344 (60.7%) of frail older patients who were awaiting medical beds. We discharged 114/209 (54.5%) with Hospital @ Home; 49/209 (23.4%) with rapid access Day Hospital; 21/209 (10%) home with GP follow-up; 18/209 (8.6%) home with no follow-up; 5/209 (2.3%) home with other community follow-up; and 2/209 (1%) home with ambulatory care. Discharged patients had a 19.4% 30-day representation rate and a 5.8% 30-day mortality rate. Admissions from ED among Edinburgh city residents reduced from 60% to 43% in 75–85 year olds and from 52% to 46% in the 85+ age group.

Conclusion

ED Frailty MDTs can effectively deliver CGA in an Emergency Department setting, facilitating admission avoidance and delivery of integrated care closer to home that is effective and safe.
2694 Improving the quality of discharge summaries in the geriatric wards
Authors: Roy A , Samaranayake HDNM , Kyi WW , Chand K , ElMustafa A , Sivagnanam T , Sheriff SP
Published: January 2025

Introduction

A good discharge summary for a patient is an important clinical record that narrates and communicates clinical information about the patient’s entire hospitalisation. Discharge communications between healthcare facilities play a pivotal role in the coordination of patient care. As geriatric patients’ physical health is intricately woven into their social circumstances, mobility, and available care facilities, the mention of these parameters becomes quite important as it informs the community medical team of the patient’s condition more comprehensively. Crafting a good summary is challenging and we noted insufficient documentation of geriatric domains.

Methods

A discharge summary QIP was run in the geriatric wards at the Royal Gwent Hospital for 5 cycles. In these 5 cycles, we introduced a poster, electronic MDT, teaching sessions, and discharge summary checklist respectively as our chosen intervention. We collected data prospectively and calculated the percentages of presenting complaints, diagnosis, comorbidities, history, examination findings, investigations, management, mobility, care needs, discharge destination, cognition, resuscitation and escalation plan, whether were documented or not in the summaries.

Results

A total of 20–30 patients’ discharges were included in each cycle. Overall, there was good documentation in general medical domains (95–100%). A remarkable rise in the documentation of care needs (65%), mobility (80%), and discharge destination (50%) among other parameters was noted. However, there is a comparatively small improvement in cognition, resuscitation and escalation plans as some of them do not apply to all patients. The improvement is progressing as the physicians are now frequently referring to the checklist for writing the summaries.

Conclusion

These interventional measures showed the quality of discharge summaries has improved dramatically. Hence, we uploaded the discharge checklist to our health board intranet and included it in the induction booklet. We hope to include it in our yearly induction sessions to maintain the level of improvement.
2751 Improving identification and Management of Sarcopenia by physiotherapists in older People’s medicine
Authors: Buckland C , Campbell N , Callender J , Bennison S
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Sarcopenia is common in hospitalised older people and is associated with unfavourable health consequences. Identification of sarcopenia risk with the offer of resistance exercise are key to improving outcomes and recommended in clinical practice guidelines. Previously, there was no sarcopenia testing on Older People’s Medicine (OPM) wards highlighting a need for local improvement. This project seeks to translate and implement best practice to determine the possibility for physiotherapy staff working in OPM to offer a sarcopenia intervention as part of discharge planning. Improving sarcopenia care can help an ageing population maintain health and independence, bringing benefits for patients and the healthcare system.

Project aim

Within 3 months, to achieve a 50% increase in the number of patients offered a sarcopenia intervention.

Methods

Using the ‘Plan-Do-Study-Act’ approach, a sarcopenia assessment and therapy intervention was developed and introduced as part of the discharge process on an OPM ward. Measures: The weekly number of patients with a documented offer of the sarcopenia intervention was collected over 13 weeks and evaluated on a run chart. Cohort data were also recorded and described using descriptive statistics.

Results

At baseline, 0 patients were offered the sarcopenia intervention, this improved to 59/87 (68%). The mean age was 83 years (range 66–97) and 53 (90%) consented to be tested for sarcopenia; grip strength was measured in 51 (96%) and standardised 5*sit-to-stand in 5 (9%), with the latter typically not measured without upper limb support. There was a high prevalence of probable sarcopenia, (49 [92%]); 41 (84%) of those accepted the therapy intervention.

Conclusions

Physiotherapy staff can offer a sarcopenia assessment and therapy intervention as part of discharge planning of older people from hospital. Implementation may help to support older people to recondition after hospitalisation and achieve better health outcomes. Resources are necessary for sustainable and scalable application.
2755 The use of serum procalcitonin testing in hospital inpatients over the age of 80 years old
Authors: Clarke G , Green S , Ragunathan J , Subudhi P , Patel R
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Serum procalcitonin levels increase in response to bacterial infections and decrease with successful treatment. Procalcitonin can, therefore, inform decisions around antibiotic use. For adults with suspected infection, using procalcitonin to start antimicrobials is not advocated but serial testing is suggested to aid with the decision to discontinue therapy.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed of adults over the age of 80 years admitted on a medical ward who had a serum procalcitonin completed between November 2022 and April 2023. Their electronic patient records were reviewed, with data collated and analysed using Microsoft Excel.

Results

Of 160 patients studied, median age was 85 with a median clinical frailty score of 6. The suspected sources of infection for the patients were chest (65%), unknown source (22.5%), urine (5%), cellulitis (3%), biliary (1.3%), osteomyelitis (1.25%), abdomen (0.63%) and infected haematoma (0.63%). Confirmed viral respiratory infection was present in 76 (47.5%) patients. Of all patients, only 62% were taking antibiotics at the time the procalcitonin was taken. Only 4 patients (2.5%) had serial procalcitonin testing (24–48 hours apart).

Conclusion

Procalcitonin was more likely to be used for suspected respiratory tract infection than other suspected infections. The majority of patient were taking antibiotics at the time the test was performed, which would indicate the tests being used to support a diagnosis of bacterial infection. Only a minority of patients (2.5%) had more than one procalcitonin result indicating that the clinical utility of this blood test to aid decision making in altering antimicrobial therapy was not occurring. Therefore, procalcitonin testing within an older adult population is being used in an inappropriate manner in the context of infection. Given a cost of £39.50 per test we anticipate that in its current use procalcitonin testing is not being used in a cost effective or clinically effective manner.
2761 Proactive care in independent living facilities—reducing unplanned demand on the health economy
Authors: Coleman-Jones EJ , Evans P
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh and Southern Parishes Frailty Support Team (FST) identified pockets of high referral rates within independent living facilities. It was hypothesised that this may be because independent living facilities do not have a contractual arrangement for proactive intervention, unlike care homes and nursing homes. This leaves individuals and carers unsure how, when and where to seek support. In turn, this potentially has a high healthcare burden through unplanned access to GP’s, 999, 111 or admissions to hospital.

Methods

An independent living facility was identified, and participants were invited to have a proactive, holistic review. Medical notes were reviewed for 12 calendar months prior the project and all unplanned contacts recorded. Each participant then received a face-to-face review which identified, addressed and rectified any findings/concerns. A follow-up review of medical notes and a telephone call to participants was completed 3 months later.

Results

This project has decreased unplanned medical contacts by an average of 85% in all participants which equates to an average saving of £453.67 per person.

Conclusions

The project suggests that in independent living facilities switching from a reactive to a proactive model may allow for better holistic care, in turn reducing the burden on the local health services. It is acknowledged that this is a small sample and therefore may not be representative or generalisable and a larger study is recommended.
2782 Don’t panic! How acute kidney injury and hyponatraemia can be safely managed on a frailty virtual Ward
Authors: Gibbons C , Alexander H
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyponatraemia are common causes for hospital admission for frail, elderly people. Some patients could be managed at home using the Virtual Ward model, reducing risk of healthcare related adverse events. We aimed to show plausibility for this treatment model.

Method

We produced guidance for managing patients with AKI/hyponatraemia on the Frailty Virtual Ward (FVW). We then collected data from patients treated for AKI (N = 12) and hyponatraemia (sodium <126 mmol/L) (N = 9) and compared with a similar inpatient cohort (AKI N = 14, hyponatraemia N = 16). FVW patients received remote vital signs monitoring, telephone consultations and blood tests.

Results

AKI: FVW patients had creatinine rise 30–101%, and pre-renal AKI. They had fewer adverse events and none died. None required intravenous therapy or Renal input. Most fully recovered by discharge, whilst some established a new creatinine baseline, and had community follow-up. Inpatients had more severe AKI and frailty contributing to higher mortality and adverse events. Hyponatraemia: FVW patients had asymptomatic/chronic moderately-severe hyponatraemia (sodium 120-126 mmol/L). The most common cause was SIADH. They were less likely to undergo hyponatraemia investigations, but more likely to receive an explanation for hyponatraemia. They had fewer healthcare associated adverse events, readmissions, or deaths. Inpatients were more severely unwell. Three FVW patients received Endocrine opinions. Most FWV patients recovered (sodium >125 mmol/L), except one who was admitted (sodium 120 mmol/L) and one who had a follow-up plan for sodium 124 mmol/L.

Conclusion

Mild AKI and moderately severe chronic/asymptomatic hyponatraemia can be managed under the Frailty Virtual Ward model with few adverse events compared with inpatient care. Underlying causes often require minimal medical intervention, such as medication review or fluid restriction. Specialist input is still possible. Work is needed to ensure FVW patients receive the same level of investigation as inpatients, and that they have a clear follow-up plan.