bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analgesic properties of S100A9 C‐terminal domain: a mechanism dependent on calcium channel inhibition
Authors: Dale Camila Squarzoni , Altier Christophe , Cenac Nicolas , Giorgi Renata , Juliano Maria Aparecida , Juliano Luiz , Zamponi Gerald W. , Vergnolle Nathalie
Published: June 2009

Calcium‐binding protein S100A9 and its C‐terminus peptide (mS100A9p) are anti‐inflammatory and induce antinociception in rodents. We investigated the mechanisms involved in this effect, and whether they depend or not on the anti‐inflammatory properties of mS100A9p. In mice, mS100A9p inhibited thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by either carrageenan or formalin, without interfering with paw edema. mS100A9p also inhibited myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), a marker of granulocyte infiltration, induced by carrageenan, but increased MPO after formalin intraplantar injection. The in vivo analgesic properties of mS100A9p were independent of opioid receptor activation. Calcium flux into dorsal root ganglia neurons induced by KCl was inhibited by mS100A9p, suggesting that this protein is able to inhibit signaling, in sensory neurons. The inhibitory effects of mS100A9p on primary afferent signaling were neither due to intracellular calcium store inhibition nor to calcium chelating properties. However, mS100A9p was able to inhibit calcium currents carried by transiently expressed N‐type, but not L‐type calcium channels, as demonstrated both by gene transfection techniques and electrophysiology. These data demonstrate that mS100A9p interferes with mechanisms involved in nociception, hyperalgesia and calcium signaling in sensory neurons, modulating primary afferent nociceptive signal by inhibiting activation of N‐type voltage operated calcium channels.
PALAEOBIOLOGY OF THE CLIMACTICHNITES TRACEMAKER
Authors: GETTY PATRICK R. , HAGADORN JAMES W.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Trace fossils such as Climactichnites offer rare insights into the palaeobiology of Cambrian soft‐bodied animals, especially those that inhabited emergent sand flats and are not known from body fossils. Analysis of field and museum Climactichnites, together with experiments on the preservation of similar modern trails, indicates that the tracemaker was an elongate, bilaterally symmetrical, dorsoventrally flattened, soft‐bodied animal with a muscular foot. These characteristics are consistent with the tracemaker being a primitive mollusc or mollusc‐like animal. Unlike most Neoproterozoic and Cambrian molluscs, the tracemaker could reach considerable size; at up to c. 69 cm long, it was one of the largest Cambrian animals of its time. When moving on the sediment surface, locomotion resulted from muscular waves generated along the sole of its flexible foot; the foot was extended and then clamped onto the substrate. Contraction of pedal muscles then pulled the body forward. Sedimentary structures associated with Climactichnites  wilsoni, such as polygonal desiccation cracks, raindrop impressions, adhesion structures and gas escape structures demonstrate that the animal inhabited intermittently subaerially exposed environments. The tracemaker’s method of locomotion is similar to that employed by modern intertidal gastropods, which make Climactichnites‐like trails on exposed sand flats. However, these modern trails are not preserved because of erosion by wind, waves, tides and subsequent bioturbation. Abundant microbial sedimentary structures are associated with C. wilsoni, and together with low levels of vertical bioturbation, intimate that microbial binding may have mediated the preservation of these early mollusc trails.
The Demand and Supply of Parliamentary Policy Advocacy: Evidence from UK Health Policy, 1997–2005
Authors: Bertelli Anthony M. , Dolan Rachel M.
Published: June 2009

Fundamental to democratic politics is the quality of representation of constituents' interests by elected officials. This article statistically examines a case of substantive policy advocacy in Great Britain: the issues of wait times and health rationing by the National Health Service (NHS), salient throughout the Blair years. An increase in constituent need for care implies an increase in demand for parliamentary representation, yet representation will not necessarily be supplied, because legislators juggle conflicting interests. We measure representative action using parliamentary questions from 1997–2005. Party and parliamentary status and a set of indicators of the health of British citizens provide measures of political supply and constituent demand. Employing count-regression techniques, we find increased parliamentary questions as the proportion of individuals with some high health risks rises, but opposite results for other health risks. Evidence of political supply is much more consistent, suggesting that political careerism goes a long way towards explaining whether MPs table any questions at all in this policy area.
Political-Elite Formation and Transition to Democracy in Pre-State Conditions: Comparing Israel and the Palestinian Authority
Authors: Rubin Aviad
Published: June 2009

This article's main argument complements the literature on transitions to democracy by focusing on the long-term process of political- elite formation and its influence on the ability of political elites to lead a peaceful and stable transition to democracy. By comparing the case of Israel before independence and the case of Palestine before the establishment of the Palestinian Authority, this article suggests that gradual political-elite formation from within the domestic population is likely to achieve better democratic results than a political- elite formation in exile, without close ties to the domestic population, that is ‘parachuted’ on the population when the political entity is formed.
Expression of liver‐specific markers in naïve adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Zemel Romy , Bachmetov Larisa , Ad‐El Dean , Abraham Amir , Tur‐Kaspa Ran
Published: June 2009

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that adipose tissue contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that possess the ability to transdifferentiate into other cell types including hepatocytes, similar to bone marrow‐derived stem cells. The existence of precommitted cells in the MSC population may explain transdifferentiation.

Aims: Our aim was to identify a population of putative hepatocyte‐like precursor cells in human adipose tissue.

Methods: We analysed the ‘basal’ hepatic potential of undifferentiated, naïve human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC). hADMSC were isolated from human adipose tissue and characterized for cell surface markers and for liver‐specific gene expression.

Results: The isolated undifferentiated naïve hADMSCs expressed MSC surface markers. They also expressed α‐fetoprotein, CK18, CK19 and HNF4, which are known as early liver expressing genes. Interestingly, the undifferentiated naïve hADMSC were also positive for albumin, G‐6‐P and α‐1‐antitrypsin (AAT), which are all known to be predominantly expressed in adult liver cells. These cells acquired a hepatocyte‐specific phenotype and function upon treatment with a differentiation medium, resulting in the upregulation of albumin, G‐6‐P and AAT. Moreover, urea production, glycogen storage ability and cellular uptake of indocyanine green, which were absent in the basal state, were evident in the treated cells.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest the presence of cells with hepatocyte‐like properties that are isolated from human adipose tissue and that can readily acquire hepatocyte‐like functions. Adipose tissue could thus be an exciting alternative means for repopulating the liver after various injuries, and might serve as a source for the transplantation of liver cells.
Carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 is extremely elevated in polycystic liver disease
Authors: Waanders Esmé , Van Keimpema Loes , Brouwer Johannes T. , Van Oijen Martijn G. H. , Aerts Raymond , Sweep Fred C. G. J. , Nevens Frederik , Drenth Joost P. H.
Published: June 2009

Background/Aims: Carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) is used as a biomarker to differentiate benign from malignant gastrointestinal disorders. We examined the value of CA19‐9 measurement in polycystic livers after observing high CA19‐9 cyst fluid levels in a benign polycystic liver case.

Methods: We determined CA19‐9 levels in serum (n=120) and hepatic cyst fluid (n=81), from patients with polycystic livers (n=109) and simple hepatic cysts (n=24). Further, we analysed CA19‐9 expression in normal and polycystic liver tissue (n=17).

Results: Cyst fluid CA19‐9 levels from both polycystic livers and simple hepatic cysts were extremely high (median 91 000 U/ml, range 14–15 870 000 U/ml; median 85 000 U/ml, range 332–1 744 000 U/ml respectively). Serum CA19‐9 levels were significantly higher in polycystic liver patients (median 30 U/ml, range 0–1200 U/ml) compared with patients with simple hepatic cysts (median 10 U/ml, range 3–200 U/ml, P=0.0011). Serum CA19‐9 levels correlated with those in cyst fluid (r=0.3979, P=0.0399), polycystic liver volume (r=0.3870, P=0.0025) and the size of the largest cyst (simple cysts group; r=0.5319, P=0.0280). Cyst epithelia showed strong CA19‐9 expression. Evacuation of cyst fluid in four patients resulted in a dramatic decrease in the serum CA19‐9 levels (60–95%).

Conclusions: CA19‐9 levels are high in the cyst fluid and serum of polycystic liver disease patients due to production and secretion by cyst epithelia. It does not reflect malignancy in these patients and may be of value as a biomarker for intervention efficiency assessment.
Gene expression profile associated with superimposed non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Afendy Arian , Stepanova Maria , Hossain Noreen , Younossi Issah , Ankrah Kathy , Gramlich Terry , Baranova Ancha
Published: June 2009

Background: Hepatic steatosis occurs in 40–70% of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus [chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C)]. Hepatic steatosis in CH‐C is associated with progressive liver disease and a low response rate to antiviral therapy.

Aim: Gene expression profiles were examined in CH‐C patients with and without hepatic steatosis, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis.

Methods: This study included 65 CH‐C patients who were not receiving antiviral treatment. Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, quantified and used for one‐step reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction to profile 153 mRNAs that were normalized with six ‘housekeeping’ genes and a reference RNA. Multiple regression and stepwise selection assessed differences in gene expression and the models' performances were evaluated.

Results: Models predicting the grade of hepatic steatosis in patients with CH‐C genotype 3 involved two genes: SOCS1 and IFITM1, which progressively changed their expression level with the increasing grade of steatosis. On the other hand, models predicting hepatic steatosis in non‐genotype 3 patients highlighted MIP‐1 cytokine encoding genes: CCL3 and CCL4 as well as IFNAR and PRKRIR. Expression levels of PRKRIR and SMAD3 differentiated patients with and without superimposed NASH only in the non‐genotype 3 cohort (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.822, P‐value 0.006]. Gene expression signatures related to hepatic fibrosis were not genotype specific.

Conclusions: Gene expression might predict moderate to severe hepatic steatosis, NASH and fibrosis in patients with CH‐C, providing potential insights into the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in these patients.
Saddlepoint Approximations to the Moments of Multitype Age‐Dependent Branching Processes, with Applications
Authors: Hyrien O. , Chen R. , Mayer‐Pröschel M. , Noble M.
Published: June 2009

SummaryThis article proposes saddlepoint approximations to the expectation and variance–covariance function of multitype age‐dependent branching processes. The proposed approximations are found accurate, easy to implement, and much faster to compute than by simulating the process. Multiple applications are presented, including the analyses of clonal data on the generation of oligodendrocytes from their immediate progenitor cells, and on the proliferation of Hela cells. New estimators are also constructed to analyze clonal data. The proposed methods are finally used to approximate the distribution of the generation, which has recently found several applications in cell biology.
A Generalized Estimator of the Attributable Benefit of an Optimal Treatment Regime
Authors: Brinkley Jason , Tsiatis Anastasios , Anstrom Kevin J.
Published: June 2009

Summary For many diseases where there are several treatment options often there is no consensus on the best treatment to give individual patients. In such cases, it may be necessary to define a strategy for treatment assignment; that is, an algorithm that dictates the treatment an individual should receive based on their measured characteristics. Such a strategy or algorithm is also referred to as a treatment regime. The optimal treatment regime is the strategy that would provide the most public health benefit by minimizing as many poor outcomes as possible. Using a measure that is a generalization of attributable risk (AR) and notions of potential outcomes, we derive an estimator for the proportion of events that could have been prevented had the optimal treatment regime been implemented. Traditional AR studies look at the added risk that can be attributed to exposure of some contaminant; here we will instead study the benefit that can be attributed to using the optimal treatment strategy. We will show how regression models can be used to estimate the optimal treatment strategy and the attributable benefit of that strategy. We also derive the large sample properties of this estimator. As a motivating example, we will apply our methods to an observational study of 3856 patients treated at the Duke University Medical Center with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery and further heart‐related problems requiring a catheterization. The patients may be treated with either medical therapy alone or a combination of medical therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention without a general consensus on which is the best treatment for individual patients.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Classification with Selection of Functional Predictors
Authors: Zhu Hongxiao , Vannucci Marina , Cox Dennis D.
Published: June 2009

SummaryIn functional data classification, functional observations are often contaminated by various systematic effects, such as random batch effects caused by device artifacts, or fixed effects caused by sample‐related factors. These effects may lead to classification bias and thus should not be neglected. Another issue of concern is the selection of functions when predictors consist of multiple functions, some of which may be redundant. The above issues arise in a real data application where we use fluorescence spectroscopy to detect cervical precancer. In this article, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model that takes into account random batch effects and selects effective functions among multiple functional predictors. Fixed effects or predictors in nonfunctional form are also included in the model. The dimension of the functional data is reduced through orthonormal basis expansion or functional principal components. For posterior sampling, we use a hybrid Metropolis–Hastings/Gibbs sampler, which suffers slow mixing. An evolutionary Monte Carlo algorithm is applied to improve the mixing. Simulation and real data application show that the proposed model provides accurate selection of functional predictors as well as good classification.
The GAP Domain and the SNARE, Coatomer and Cargo Interaction Region of the ArfGAP2/3 Glo3 are Sufficient for Glo3 Function
Authors: Schindler Christina , Rodriguez Fernanda , Poon Pak P. , Singer Richard A. , Johnston Gerald C. , Spang Anne
Published: June 2009

The ArfGAP Glo3 is required for coat protein I vesicle generation in the Golgi–endoplasmic reticulum (ER) shuttle. The best‐understood role of Glo3 is the stimulation of the GTPase activity of Arf1. In this study, we characterized functional domains of the ArfGAP Glo3 and identified an interaction interface for coatomer, SNAREs and cargo in the central region of Glo3 (BoCCS region). The GAP domain together with the BoCCS region is necessary and sufficient for all vital Glo3 functions. Expression of a truncated Glo3 lacking the GAP domain results in a dominant negative growth phenotype in glo3Δ cells at 37°C. This phenotype was alleviated by mutating either the BoCCS region or the Glo3 regulatory motif (GRM), or by overexpression of ER–Golgi SNAREs or the ArfGAP Gcs1. The GRM is not essential for Glo3 function; it may act as an intrinsic sensor coupling GAP activity to SNARE binding to avoid dead‐end complex formation at the Golgi membrane. Our data suggest that membrane‐interaction modules and cargo‐sensing regions have evolved independently in ArfGAP1s versus ArfGAP2/3s.
Applications of cone‐beam computed tomography in fractures of the maxillofacial complex
Authors: Shintaku Werner H. , Venturin Jaqueline S. , Azevedo Bruno , Noujeim Marcel
Published: June 2009

Abstract –  Imaging plays an essential role in the evaluation of maxillofacial fractures both pre‐ and postoperatively. Several studies support the use of conventional two‐dimensional imaging for traumas involving mainly the mandible, but for more complex situations advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging have higher indication. Nowadays, besides CT, cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) has appeared as a reasonable and reliable alternative considering radiation dosage, image quality and comfort for the patient. The purpose of this study was to review the fracture patterns involving the maxillofacial complex, provide a technical and practical comparison between CT and CBCT, and finally present the potential applications of CBCT illustrated with clinical examples.
Impact of educational posters on the lay knowledge of school teachers regarding emergency management of dental injuries
Authors: Lieger Olivier , Graf Christoph , El‐Maaytah Mohammed , Von Arx Thomas
Published: June 2009

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge of school teachers about the emergency management of dental trauma, after an educational poster campaign. A total of 1000 questionnaires were sent to 100 schools in the area where the poster had been distributed. This was compared to another 100 schools (1000 questionnaires) in an area, Where the poster had not been distributed. The questionnaire surveyed demographic data, basic knowledge of emergency management of tooth fracture, luxation and avulsion injuries. A total of 511 questionnaires were returned (25.5%) and analyzed. Results showed differences between the two assessed areas. Teachers, who worked in the area with poster distribution, had better knowledge in handling tooth injuries. For the management of tooth fractures the portion of teachers, who knew the correct handling procedure, was 78.9% (area with poster campaign) vs 72.1% (area with no poster campaign), for the management of tooth luxation it was 87% vs 84% and for the management of tooth avulsion it was 71% vs 54%. In the area with the poster campaign 49% (n = 90 out of 185) of the teachers stated to have gained some knowledge about this topic beforehand. Out of these, 75 teachers (75/90 = 83%), had gained their information from the educational poster. Out of the 75 teachers, who had seen a poster on this topic, 68 (68/75 = 91%) would have managed such an emergency correctly. The present study shows the positive effect of educational poster campaigns. It therefore should encourage professionals in this field to embark on similar projects.
The use of beta‐tricalcium phosphate, white MTA, white Portland cement and calcium hydroxide for direct pulp capping of primary pig teeth
Authors: Shayegan Amir , Petein Michel , Vanden Abbeele Astrid
Published: June 2009

Abstract –  Aim:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the response of the pulp of primary pig teeth after capping with beta‐tricalcium phosphate (ß‐TCP), white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), white Portland cement (WPC) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. Material and Methods:  Forty teeth of two 3‐month old pigs were capped with these materials. Three weeks later, the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared for histological examination and evaluation of inflammatory cell response, tissue disorganization, hard tissue formation and bacteria presence was performed. The data collected from the histological examinations were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison tests. Results:  There was no significant difference between ß‐TCP, WMTA, WPC and CH in terms of primary pulp response, hard tissue formation and normal pulp tissue preservation. Conclusion:  Beta‐tricalcium phosphate, WMTA and WPC in primary pig teeth are as effective as Ca(OH)2 in primary pig teeth capping.
Toward a Multidimensional Measure of Pregnancy Intentions: Evidence from the United States
Authors: Santelli John S. , Lindberg Laura Duberstein , Orr Mark G. , Finer Lawrence B. , Speizer Ilene
Published: June 2009

Widely used dichotomous categorical measures of pregnancy intentions do not represent well the complexity of factors involved in women's intentions. We used a variety of exploratory statistical methods to examine measures of pregnancy intention in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (N = 3,032 pregnancies). Factor analyses identified two key dimensions of pregnancy intentions (desire and mistiming) and two smaller nondimensional categories (overdue and don't care). Desire included both affective and cognitive variables, as well as partner‐specific factors. Similar pregnancy‐intention dimensions were found for adolescent and adult women, across socioeconomic status, and among racial and ethnic groups. Both desire and mistiming were highly predictive of the decision to abort or continue the pregnancy. These analyses strongly support prior demographic thinking about the importance of both the timing of pregnancy and wanting a baby, but suggest that multidimensional rather than simple categorical measures of pregnancy intentions should be used.
The Influence of Changes in Women's Religious Affiliation on Contraceptive Use and Fertility Among the Kassena‐Nankana of Northern Ghana
Authors: Doctor Henry V. , Phillips James F. , Sakeah Evelyn
Published: June 2009

Religious affiliation is undergoing major changes in rural Sahelian Africa, with profound consequences for customs that are grounded in traditional belief systems. This study examines the influence of women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena‐Nankana of northern Ghana. Analysis of longitudinal data for women in 1995 and 2003 shows that 61 percent of women changed their religion, with shifts from traditional beliefs to Christianity being dominant. Moreover, women were more likely than men to make such a change. Regression results show that, compared with those who did not change, switching from traditional religion to Christianity or Islam is associated with increased contraceptive use and decreased fertility. The more rapid change in religious affiliation among women than men may have social consequences for the status of women, signaling a trend toward greater autonomy in the family and new aspirations, values, and behavior as evidenced by the proportion of people adopting contraceptives.
The Role of Hedgehog-Interacting Protein in Maintaining Cavernous Nerve Integrity and Adult Penile Morphology
Authors: Angeloni Nicholas L. , Bond Christopher W. , Monsivais Diana , Tang Yi , Podlasek Carol A.
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is an essential regulator of smooth muscle apoptosis in the penis that has significant clinical potential as a therapy to suppress post-prostatectomy apoptosis, an underlying cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). Thus an understanding of how SHH signaling is regulated in the adult penis is essential to move the field of ED research forward and to develop new treatment strategies. We propose that hedgehog-interacting protein (HIP), which has been shown to bind SHH protein and to play a role in SHH regulation during embryogenesis of other organs, is a critical regulator of SHH signaling, penile morphology, and apoptosis induction.

Aims

We have examined HIP signaling in the penis and cavernous nerve (CN) during postnatal differentiation of the penis, in CN-injured, and a diabetic model of ED.

Methods

HIP localization/abundance and RNA abundance were examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in Sprague-Dawley rats between the ages of 7 and 92 days old, in CN-injured Sprague-Dawley rats and in BioBreeding/Worcester diabetic rats. HIP signaling was perturbed in the pelvic ganglia and in the penis and TUNEL assay was performed in the penis. CN tie, lidocaine, and anti-kinesin experiments were performed to examine HIP signaling in the CN and penis.

Results

In this study we are the first to demonstrate that HIP undergoes anterograde transport to the penis via the CN, that HIP perturbation in the pelvic ganglia or the penis induces apoptosis, and that HIP plays a role in maintaining CN integrity, penile morphology, and SHH abundance.

Conclusions

These studies are significant because they show HIP involvement in cross-talk (signaling) between the pelvic ganglia and penis, which is integral for maintenance of penile morphology and they suggest a mechanism of how nerves may regulate target organ morphology and function.
Impairment of Couple Relationship in Male Patients with Sexual Dysfunction is Associated with Overt Hypogonadism
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Mannucci Edoardo , Lotti Francesco , Boddi Valentina , Jannini Emmanuele A. , Fisher Alessandra D. , Monami Matteo , Sforza Alessandra , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Couple sexual dysfunction is a common, but not often studied, problem.

Aim

We have previously reported that disturbance in the relational domain, as measured by SIEDY Scale 2 (exploring, as reported by the patient, menopausal symptoms, partner’s medical illness interfering with sexual activity, and reduced partner desire and climax), is associated with different sexual dysfunctions, such as hypoactive sexual desire, erectile dysfunction (ED), delayed ejaculation, and psychological disturbances. As all of these symptoms could be associated with hypogonadism, we have investigated the possible relationship between androgen levels and an unhappy couple relationship.

Methods

A consecutive series of 2,302 (mean age 53.2 ± 12.5 years) male patients with ED was studied.

Main Outcome Measures

Several hormonal parameters were investigated, along with penile Doppler ultrasound (PDU) and the Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction (SIEDY) and ANDROTEST. Higher ANDROTEST score identifies a higher prevalence of hypogonadism-related symptoms and signs.

Results

SIEDY Scale 2 score was associated with decreased intercourse frequency, severe ED, lower dynamic peak systolic velocity at PDU, and clinical (ANDROTEST score) and biochemical (low total and free testosterone) hypogonadism, even after adjusting for cofounders, such as patient’s and partner’s age, waist circumference, and smoking habit. Alternative models were explored using these different factors as dependent variables in order to evaluate the specific relationship among the parameters studied. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that low penile blood flow and decreased intercourse frequency are bi-directionally coupled to poor relational domain, while the association with hypogonadism was mediated through sexual hypoactivity or inertia.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that, in subjects consulting for sexual dysfunction, a deterioration of the couple’s relationship is associated with impairment in sexual activities, which, in turn, can lead to a mild hypogonadism. Any speculation on pathogenetic relationships should be confirmed through prospective studies or intervention trials.
Buddhism and Thai Art
Authors: Chirapravati Pattaratorn
Published: June 2009

The last few years have been exciting for the field of Thai art history because of new archaeological discoveries and publications that have shed new light on several periods and subjects. New art history books range from highly technical books written for specialists like Hiram Woodward to less technical books, written by specialists, but for general readers, such as Betty Gosling's book The Origins of Thai Art, guidebooks written by specialists for a wide audience that includes scholars and educated tourists such as Dawn Rooney's book, Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage, and art exhibition catalogues written by specialists for museum goers and scholars such as Forrest McGill's catalogue, The Kingdom of Siam: The Art of Central Thailand, 1350–1800. New light has also been shed on the field of Buddhism in Thailand, scholars such as Peter Skilling, Steve Collions, Donald Swearer, Justin McDaniel, Leedom Lefferts, and Bonnie Brereton published new translations of texts, compiled dictionaries, and studied ritual practices in relations to texts and objects. At the same time, Buddhist scholars and anthropologists have incorporated Buddhist art and architecture in their studies of texts and rituals. This article will offer a critical overview of the relation between the study of art and Buddhism in Thailand.
Touch and American Religions
Authors: Brown Candy Gunther
Published: June 2009

The sense of touch plays an important role in many American religious practices. Yet dismissals of touch as an inferior mode of perception and reliance on textual sources that ignore touch have shaped research agendas. This essay identifies theories articulated by philosophical phenomenologists, students of ritual and performance studies, historians and anthropologists of art and architecture, neuroscientists, and feminist scholars that envision touch as a unique mode of gaining knowledge about the world and oneself and stimulating ethical behavior by working directly on the emotions to motivate empathetic, compassionate concern for others. The essay suggests how touch‐oriented theories can aid the development of research areas in American religions where scholars have already begun fruitful explorations of tactility: studies of religious embodiment and ritual and of pain and its alleviation through divine healing or Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM).
African Christians in a Secularizing Europe
Authors: Adogame Afe
Published: June 2009

African immigrants are contributing to the shape of Christianity in Europe by establishing independent church groups. This paper examines some of the historical and sociological factors behind the growth of such African Churches in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and other European countries. It is suggested that the African immigrant communities from which African churches are growing in postcolonial Europe contribute to the continued presence of Christianity in the global village.
PET of Brain Prion Protein Amyloid in Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Disease
Authors: Kepe Vladimir , Ghetti Bernardino , Farlow Martin R. , Bresjanac Mara , Miller Karen , Huang Sung‐Cheng , Wong Koon‐Pong , Murrell Jill R. , Piccardo Pedro , Epperson Francine , Repovš Grega , Smid Lojze M. , Petrič Andrej , Siddarth Prabha , Liu Jie , Satyamurthy Nagichettiar , Small Gary W. , Barrio Jorge R.
Published: June 2009

In vivoamyloid PET imaging was carried out on six symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers ofPRNPmutations associated with the Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS) disease, a rare familial neurodegenerative brain disorder demonstrating prion amyloid neuropathology, using 2‐(1‐{6‐[(2‐[F‐18]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]‐2‐naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile ([F‐18]FDDNP). 2‐Deoxy‐2‐[F‐18]fluoro‐d‐glucose PET ([F‐18]FDG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were also performed in each subject.

Increased [F‐18]FDDNP binding was detectable in cerebellum, neocortex and subcortical areas of all symptomatic gene carriers in close association with the experienced clinical symptoms. Parallel glucose metabolism ([F‐18]FDG) reduction was observed in neocortex, basal ganglia and/or thalamus, which supports the close relationship between [F‐18]FDDNP binding and neuronal dysfunction. Two asymptomatic gene carriers displayed no cortical [F‐18]FDDNP binding, yet progressive [F‐18]FDDNP retention in caudate nucleus and thalamus was seen at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up in the older asymptomatic subject.In vitroFDDNP labeling experiments on brain tissue specimens from deceased GSS subjects not participating in thein vivostudies indicated thatin vivoaccumulation of [F‐18]FDDNP in subcortical structures, neocortices and cerebellum closely related to the distribution of prion protein pathology. These results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting prion protein accumulation in living patients with [F‐18]FDDNP PET, and suggest an opportunity for its application to follow disease progression and monitor therapeutic interventions.
The 29°N latitudinal line: an important division in the Hengduan Mountains, a biodiversity hotspot in southwest China
Authors: Zhang Da‐Cai , Boufford David E. , Ree Richard H. , Sun Hang
Published: June 2009

This paper aimed to explore the division of the southern and northern Hengduan Mountains based on gradients in species similarity and richness, and to analyze species richness in each sub‐region. The Hengduan Mountain region was divided into nine latitudinal belts using one degree of latitude to define the belt after which distribution of seed plants within each latitudinal belt was recorded. Latitudinal patterns of species similarity were measured using the Jaccard similarity index for each pair of adjacent latitudinal belts. Non‐metric multidimentional scaling (NMDS) was also used to analyze the similarity in species composition among the nine latitudinal belts. The latitudinal pattern of species similarity and the NMDS ordination both showed a great change in species composition across the 29°N latitudinal line, essentially dividing the Hengduan Mountain region into southern and northern sub‐regions. Species richness, shown by the c‐value of the species–area power function, and species–area ratio along a latitudinal gradient both showed a sharp decrease across the latitudinal belt from 29°0′ to 29°59′N. The southern sub‐region occupied 40% of the total area of the Hengduan Mountain region, but contained more than 80% of all the seed plants in the region. The higher species richness and endemism in the southern sub‐region showed it to be the core of the Hengduan biodiversity hotspot, a result not unexpected because of the greater extremes of topography and wider diversity of habitats in the southern portion.
Initial experience in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for Japanese morbid obesity
Authors: Ohta M , Kai S , Iwashita Y , Endo Y , Hirashita T , Eguchi H , Kitano S
Published: June 2009

Introduction: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in Japanese patients with morbid obesity.

Materials and Methods: Between June 2006 and March 2009, seven morbidly obese Japanese patients (four women, three men; mean age 36±12 years; mean body mass index (BMI) 51±3 kg/m2) underwent LSG at our institute. The inclusion criteria were morbid obesity (BMI>35 kg/m2), the presence of obesity‐related disorders, and failure to lose weight while using other medical therapies for at least 6 months. The criteria also included contraindications for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or super‐obesity (BMI>50 kg/m2). LSG was carried out using endoscopic linear staplers from the greater curvature of the antrum 6–7 cm proximal to the pyloric ring to the angle of His alongside a 32‐Fr endoscope or a 45‐Fr overtube of the endoscope.

Results: In all of the patients, LSG was successfully performed without open conversion. There were no serious postoperative complications and there was no mortality. The mean weight loss and percent excess weight loss after LSG were 33±8 kg and 47±16% at 6 months, and then 44±16 kg and 63±30% at 12 months. Due to the weight loss, the resolution and improvement rates of comorbidities in the five patients followed up for >3 months were 100% and 100% in type 2 diabetes, 67% and 100% in hypertension, 60% and 100% in dyslipidemia, and 100% and 100% in metabolic syndrome.

Discussion: Although further long‐term studies are necessary with regard to weight maintenance, LSG is a feasible and safe treatment for Japanese patients with morbid obesity.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in treadmill‐running mice: role of vascular signalling kinases
Authors: Zhang Quan‐Jiang , McMillin Shawna L. , Tanner Jason M. , Palionyte Milda , Abel E. Dale , Symons J. David
Published: June 2009

The intracellular signalling kinases Akt/protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase A (PKA) and adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) are phosphorylated in response to increased mechanical force or perfusion rate in cultured endothelial cells or isolated blood vessels. All three kinases phosphorylate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) on serine (S) 1177, while Akt and PKA additionally phosphorylate eNOS on S617 and S635 respectively. Although these kinases might contribute to subsequent activation of eNOS during dynamic exercise, the specific mediators of exercise‐induced eNOS phosphorylation and activation in vivo are unknown. We determined the impact of 50 min of treadmill running on the phosphorylation of Akt, AMPK, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB – a target of PKA) and eNOS (S 1177, 635 and 617 and threonine (T) 495) in the presence or absence of pharmacological inhibition of PI3 kinase (PI3K) and Akt signalling using wortmannin. Compared to arteries from sedentary mice, eNOS enzyme activity was greater in vessels from treadmill‐running animals and was associated with increased phosphorylation of Akt (S473), CREB (S133), AMPK (T172), and eNOS at S1177 and S617 but not at S635 or T495. These data suggest that Akt signalling is a major mediator of eNOS activation. To confirm this, treadmill‐running was performed in the presence of vehicle (DMSO) or PI3K inhibition. Compared to results from sedentary mice, vascular Akt phosphorylation and eNOS phosphorylation at S617 during treadmill‐running were prevented by wortmannin but not vehicle treatment, whereas exercise‐related increases in AMPK and CREB phosphorylation were similar between groups. Arterial eNOS phosphorylation at S1177 increased during exercise after wortmannin treatment relative to values obtained from sedentary animals, but the elevation was blunted by ∼50% compared to results from vehicle‐treated mice. These findings indicate that Akt and AMPK contribute importantly to vascular eNOS S1177 phosphorylation during treadmill‐running, and that AMPK is sufficient to activate p‐eNOS S1177 in the presence of PI3K inhibition.
Cardiac anti‐remodelling effect of aerobic training is associated with a reduction in the calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway in heart failure mice
Authors: Oliveira R. S. F. , Ferreira J. C. B. , Gomes E. R. M. , Paixão N. A. , Rolim N. P. L. , Medeiros A. , Guatimosim S. , Brum P. C.
Published: June 2009

Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy occurs in response to a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli. While pathological hypertrophy in heart failure is usually coupled with depressed contractile function, physiological hypertrophy associates with increased contractility. In the present study, we explored whether 8 weeks of moderate intensity exercise training would lead to a cardiac anti‐remodelling effect in an experimental model of heart failure associated with a deactivation of a pathological (calcineurin/NFAT, CaMKII/HDAC) or activation of a physiological (Akt–mTOR) hypertrophy signalling pathway. The cardiac dysfunction, exercise intolerance, left ventricle dilatation, increased heart weight and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy from mice lacking α2A and α2C adrenoceptors (α2A/α2CARKO mice) were associated with sympathetic hyperactivity induced heart failure. The relative contribution of Ca2+–calmodulin high‐affinity (calcineurin/NFAT) and low‐affinity (CaMKII/HDAC) targets to pathological hypertrophy of α2A/α2CARKO mice was verified. While nuclear calcineurin B, NFATc3 and GATA‐4 translocation were significantly increased in α2A/α2CARKO mice, no changes were observed in CaMKII/HDAC activation. As expected, cyclosporine treatment decreased nuclear translocation of calcineurin/NFAT in α2A/α2CARKO mice, which was associated with improved ventricular function and a pronounced anti‐remodelling effect. The Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was not activated in α2A/α2CARKO mice. Exercise training improved cardiac function and exercise capacity in α2A/α2CARKO mice and decreased heart weight and cardiomyocyte width paralleled by diminished nuclear NFATc3 and GATA‐4 translocation as well as GATA‐4 expression levels. When combined, these findings support the notion that deactivation of calcineurin/NFAT pathway‐induced pathological hypertrophy is a preferential mechanism by which exercise training leads to the cardiac anti‐remodelling effect in heart failure.
Forced Unsteady-State Variable Volume Membrane Reactor: New Scalable Technology for Distributed Hydrogen Production
Authors: Damm David L. , Fedorov Andrei G.
Published: June 2009

Technology for large scale catalytic hydrogen generation from hydrocarbons is quite mature and most reactors are of the fixed catalyst bed-type operated in a steady-state, continuous-flow (CF) regime. However, simple miniaturization of these reactors for portable and distributed applications has proven difficult because of 1) the poor process scale-down, 2) sequential uni-functional design not suitable for miniaturization and system integration, and 3) poor reaction yields due to fundamental mismatch between the time scales of the catalytic chemistry and the transport processes. To address these concerns, we have developed a novel reactor concept which is well suited to be an integral part of onboard fuel processing for the next generation of automobile power plants (or any other small-scale distributed application).
Modeling the Thermoelectric Properties of Nanocomposites
Authors: Minnich Austin , Chen Gang
Published: June 2009

Modeling the thermoelectric properties of nanocomposites is difficult due to the complex grain boundary scattering processes which scatter both electrons and phonons. In this work we describe a code we developed which numerically calculates the electrical and thermal properties of bulk and nanocomposite thermoelectric materials using the Boltzmann equation under the relaxation time approximation. The code is capable of calculating all the relevant thermoelectric properties over a wide range of temperatures, doping concentrations, and compositions, allowing for a full characterization of the material. We model nanocomposites by incorporating a grain boundary scattering rate based on a simple model we developed and models in the literature. The code and grain boundary scattering models are validated on bulk data and data from nano-SiGe, and are then applied to other candidate thermoelectric materials to see if they would be good candidates for nanocomposites. The analysis shows that GaAs might be promising as a nanocomposite thermoelectric material.
Thermal Conductivity of Polyethylene Chains Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Henry Asegun , Chen Gang
Published: June 2009

We used molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the thermal conductivity of polyethylene chains, by employing the widely used Green-Kubo formula. The simulations use the AIREBO potential and employ periodic boundary conditions to mimic the dynamics of an infinite chain. In this limiting case, we observed that when the simulation domain is large enough the thermal conductivity diverges. The results suggest that single polymer chains intrinsically have high thermal conductivity. Although polymers are generally known to have low thermal conductivity, our observation of divergent thermal conductivity in a single chain suggests that high thermal conductivity polymer materials can be engineered, which would be of interest to a wide range of applications.
Self-Healing in an Aluminum Alloy Reinforces With Microtubes
Authors: Martinez Lucci Jose , Amano R. S. , Rohatgi Pradeep , Schultz Benjamin
Published: June 2009

For the last decade, many researchers have been working to develop self-healing materials, and have obtained good results in the field of polymers. The research described in this paper applies the concept of self healing to fabricate self healing metal matrix composites, with the aid of models developed by the authors for the manufacturing processes and self-healing behavior. The development of self-healing metals is a novel idea that has not been explored in great detail yet. The concept of self-healing described in this paper consists of controlling a low temperature melting alloy imbedded within a higher temperature alloy to create a self healing composite (SHC). When the SHC is damaged or cracked, heat may be applied to the affected area whereupon the low melting alloy will melt and flow into the crack healing the damage and sealing the crack. This study consists of theoretical analysis, metallurgical design, experimental synthesis and Computational Fluid Dynamics of a self-healing aluminum alloy designed by the authors. The aluminum alloy matrix is reinforced with microtubes of alumina (Al2O3) that are filled with a low melting point solder alloy. The objective of the study reported here was to find the influence and efficiency of the solder in healing an aluminum matrix. To check this effect a crack was created in the metal surface, piercing the microtube(s) filled with solder, and then the SHC was heated above the melting point of the solder alloy.
Monte Carlo Modeling of Phonon Transport Using Scattering Phase Functions
Authors: Zuckerman Neil , Lukes Jennifer R.
Published: June 2009

The calculation of heat transport in nonmetallic materials at small length scales is important in the design of thermoelectric and electronic materials. New designs with quantum dot superlattices (QDS) and other nanometer-scale structures can change the thermal conductivity in ways that are difficult to model and predict. The Boltzmann Transport Equation can describe the propagation of energy via mechanical vibrations in an analytical fashion but remains difficult to solve for the problems of interest. Numerical methods for simulation of propagation and scattering of high frequency vibrational quanta (phonons) in nanometer-scale structures have been developed but are either impractical at micron length scales, or cannot truly capture the details of interactions with nanometer-scale inclusions. Monte Carlo (MC) models of phonon transport have been developed and demonstrated based on similar numerical methods used for description of electron transport [1-4]. This simulation method allows computation of thermal conductivity in materials with length scales LX in the range of 10 nm to 10 μm. At low temperatures the model approaches a ballistic transport simulation and may function for even larger length scales.