bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Gain‐Enhanced Multiband Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for Wi‐Fi 6E and 5G New Radio Wireless Standards
Authors: Ganesh M. , Raghava N. S. , Sabapathy Thennarasan , Sharma Yashna
Published: October 2024

In this paper, a multiband hybrid reconfigurable antenna with enhanced gain is reported to support Wi‐Fi 6E, indoor WLAN, and 5G new radio (NR) wireless standards. The reported structure consists of a half‐hexagonal‐shaped radiating element along with two symmetrical rectangular single‐split resonators interconnected via two PIN diodes to achieve multiband frequency and pattern reconfigurability of the proposed antenna and a single‐layer frequency selective surface (FSS) to enhance the gain. By configuring these PIN diodes in three distinct modes, the reported antenna allows for independent reconfigurability to support multipurpose sub‐6GHz and Wi‐Fi 6E (3.3, 3.5, 5.1, 5.3, and 6.5 GHz) wireless standards, respectively. The results also showed that the antenna is capable of maintaining a frequency of 6.5 GHz in all modes while reconfiguring its radiation pattern in three different directions, namely, 265°, 13°, and 337° on the xz plane. The gain of the proposed hybrid reconfigurable antenna is enhanced by an FSS‐based reflector placed below the radiating structure at a distance of to the lowest operating frequency (3.3 GHz), and the gain is enhanced by 2–4 dBi as compared without FSS. The reported hybrid reconfigurable antenna is implemented on an FR‐4 substrate with a depth of 1.6 mm and a relative permittivity of 4.4. For validation of the proposed structure, the experimental results are compared with the simulated results.
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Cost–Benefit Effect Between Primary Human Papillomavirus Testing, Primary Liquid‐Based Cytology, and Co‐Testing Algorithms for Cervical Lesions
Authors: Woo Chang Gok , Son Seung‐Myoung , Hwang Hye‐Kyung , Bae Jung‐Sil , Lee Ok‐Jun , Lee Ho‐Chang
Published: October 2024

Background

Cytology has long been a major screening method for cervical cancer prevention. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing has recently been introduced for cervical cancer screening, and HPV tests become a major screening method in some countries. To seek the optimal strategy considering the cost‐effectiveness for cervical cancer screening, we compared the performance of primary LBC, primary HPV test, and LBC plus HPV co‐test in real practice.

Methods

From March 2016 to June 2018, 3742 patients were included in this study. Liquid‐based cytology (LBC), HPV test, and histopathological assessment were performed in 3727, 1063, and 508 cases, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and cost–benefit effects of primary HPV, primary LBC, and co‐test algorithms were simulated for 317 cases with LBC, HPV, and histopathological results.

Results

On the LBC, 13.0% of the cases were diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or higher grade lesions. In the HPV test, high‐risk HPV was found in 43.5%, and 11.9% was positive for HPV type 16 or 18. Among the three simulated algorithms, the co‐test demonstrated the best sensitivity (97.5%) and the lowest specificity (50.3%). The primary LBC demonstrated the best specificity (53.5%) and a slightly better sensitivity, compare with the primary HPV (95.1% vs. 93.8%). Using the primary LBC algorithm, 82.0% can be determined without additional HPV test, whereas 50.1% could be determined without additional LBC using the primary HPV algorithm.

Conclusions

The primary LBC algorithm for uterine cervical cancer (UCC) screening is comparable to the primary HPV algorithm and has the best cost–benefit effect among the three algorithms.
Sustainability assessment of seawater splitting: Prospects, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Meskher Hicham , Woldu Abebe Reda , Chu Paul K. , Lu Fushen , Hu Liangsheng
Published: October 2024

Seawater splitting is one of the desirable techniques for producing green hydrogen from the vast natural resource. Several reports about designing and fabricating efficient electrocatalysts to boost the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction have been published. However, they mainly focus on the electrodes, electrocatalysts, cost, and system stability. This article presents an overview of seawater splitting by highlighting the most challenging issues that complicate seawater electrolysis, such as durability, to guide future research in this important area. The strategy to launch life cycle assessments is described to evaluate the short and long‐term impacts. Finally, the current challenges and prospective solutions are discussed.
Environmental DNA sheds new insight on molecular adaptation of foraminifera to temperature from laboratory‐controlled culture experiment
Authors: Li Haotian , Lei Yanli , Fa Wenlong , Wu Tianzhen , Li Tiegang
Published: October 2024

Foraminifera is the most important temperature proxy of the ocean on long time scales. However, the absence of temperature‐controlled experiments at different water depths hinders the advancement of paleotemperature reconstruction with foraminifera from the continental shelf. For the first time, this study investigated the response of benthic foraminifera to temperature change using microcosm culture and metabarcoding. Foraminiferal communities from three continental stations at varying water depths (6.0, 9.2, and 26.0 m) were cultured under five temperature gradients (6, 12, 18, 24, and 30°C), with each treatment performed in triplicate. The foraminifera were fed with microalgae every 4 days, and the filtered seawater (through 0.22 μm pores), acting as a medium, was changed accordingly. The experiment lasted for 80 days, and 47 DNA samples were obtained and analyzed, including three in situ samples. The results showed that foraminifera adjusted its growth rate within the low‐temperature range and adopted an r‐strategy to cope with high‐temperature stress. In addition, the foraminifera from deeper water stations exhibited a pronounced vulnerability to diminishing read counts. The read counts, operational taxonomic units (OTU) counts and Margalef index of foraminifera and the read counts of Rotaliida exhibited a remarkably positive correlation with temperature. The recommended relationships were described as read counts = 1314.75*T + 44754.51; OTU counts = 1.13*T + 44.26; Margalef index =1.13*T + 44.26. This study established the first quantitative relationship between temperature and foraminifera molecular parameters that holds significant implications for long‐time paleotemperature calibration in climate change.
Assessment of Ecological Status of Streams by Macrophyte Biological Index in Kahramanmaras Province (Turkiye)
Authors: Çelekli Abuzer , Uygun Büşra , Yavuzatmaca Mehmet , Lekesiz Ömer , Dügel Muzaffer
Published: October 2024

Climate change and human‐induced pollution threaten freshwater systems. In the present study, it was aimed to evaluate the macrophytes‐stressor relations and ecological quality status based on the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (Indice Biologique Macrophytique en Rivière [IBMR]) index of 25 streams sampled in the spring (rainy) and autumn (dry) seasons of 2021 in Kahramanmaraş province. A total of 53 macrophyte taxa were identified, and Lycopus europaeus, Mentha longifolia, Mentha aquatica, Juncus sp., Cladophora glomerata and Carex sp. were common taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis results indicated significant effects of total phosphorus, nitrite, dissolvent oxygen, electrical conductivity, bromate and boron on the distribution of macrophytes among streams, which was supported by results of the weighted average regression analysis. The IBMR indicated that the ecological quality status varied from bad to good in the studied streams. Deterioration in the water quality of a few ecosystems in the dry season compared to the rainy season was elucidated by the IBMR, which also distinguished the ecological conditions of streams. Results highlight that macrophyte species are one of the most important bioindicators to evaluate the ecological status of streams in Kahramanmaraş province due to their sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions. All suggest that IBMR can be used to evaluate the ecological health of streams in the Mediterranean region.
Strategy for C−H Functionalization of Cubanes: From Stoichiometric Reaction to Catalytic Methodology
Authors: Hosaka Masaki , Nagasawa Shota , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: October 2024

We summarized a strategy for C−H functionalization of cubanes, highlighting recent progress in the field. Cubane, known as a bioisostere of benzene ring, and its functionalization hold significant potential for future drug development. However, owing to its highly strained and thermodynamically unstable nature, the methodologies are limited and their precise and diverse functionalization is challenging in current organic chemistry. In this Concept, we categorized and explained these methodologies, which represents a majority of current cubane C−H functionalization. In addition, we discussed recent advancements in catalytic C−H functionalization methods, demonstrating their potential to address these challenges effectively.
The higher the fraction of maximal oxygen uptake is during interval training, the greater is the cycling performance gain
Authors: Odden Ingvill , Nymoen Lars , Urianstad Tomas , Kristoffersen Morten , Hammarström Daniel , Hansen Joar , Mølmen Knut Sindre , Rønnestad Bent R.
Published: October 2024

It has been suggested that time at a high fraction (%) of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) plays a decisive role for adaptations to interval training. Yet, no study has, to date, measured the % of VO2max during all interval sessions throughout a prolonged training intervention and subsequently related it to the magnitude of training adaptations. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between % of VO2max achieved during an interval training intervention and changes in endurance performance and its physiological determinants in well‐trained cyclists. Twenty‐two cyclists (VO2max 67.1 (6.4) mL·min−1 ·kg−1; males, n = 19; females, n = 3) underwent a 9‐week interval training intervention, consisting 21 sessions of 5 × 8‐min intervals conducted at their 40‐min highest sustainable mean power output (PO). Oxygen uptake was measured during all interval sessions, and the relationship between % of VO2max during work intervals and training adaptations were investigated using linear regression. A performance index was calculated from several performance measures. With higher % of VO2max during work intervals, greater improvements were observed for maximal PO during the VO2max test (R2adjusted = 0.44, p = 0.009), PO at 4 mmol·L−1 [blood lactate] (R2adjusted = 0.25, p = 0.035), the performance index (R2adjusted = 0.36, p = 0.013), and VO2max (R2adjusted = 0.54, p = 0.029). Other measures, such as % of maximal heart rate, were related to fewer outcome variables and exhibited poorer session‐to‐session repeatability compared to % of VO2max. In conclusion, improvements in endurance measures were positively related to the % of VO2max achieved during interval training. Percentage of VO2max was the measure that best reflected the magnitude of training adaptations.
The association between structural connectivity and anti‐seizure medication response in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Lee Dong Ah , Ko Junghae , Kim Sung‐Tae , Lee Ho‐Joon , Park Kang Min
Published: October 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the differences in structural connectivity and glymphatic system function between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and healthy controls. Additionally, we analyzed the association between structural connectivity, glymphatic system function, and antiseizure medication (ASM) response.

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled patients with TLE and HS and healthy controls who underwent diffusion tensor imaging at our hospital. We assessed structural connectivity in patients with TLE and HS and healthy controls by calculating network measures using graph theory and evaluated glymphatic system function using the diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS) index. Patients with TLE and HS were categorized into two groups: ASM poor and good responders.

Results

We enrolled 55 patients with TLE and HS and 53 healthy controls. Of the 55 patients with TLE and HS, 39 were ASM poor responders, and 16 were ASM good responders. The assortativity coefficient in patients with TLE and HS was higher than that in healthy controls (0.004 vs. −0.007, p = 0.004), and the assortativity coefficient in ASM poor responders was lower than that in ASM good responders (−0.001 vs. −0.197, p = 0.003). The DTI‐ALPS index in patients with TLE and HS was lower than that in healthy controls (1.403 vs. 1.709, p < 0.001); however, the DTI‐ALPS index did not differ between ASM poor and good responders (1.411 vs. 1.385, p = 0.628). The DTI‐ALPS index had a significant negative correlation with age in patients with TLE and HS (r = −0.267, p = 0.049).

Significance

We confirmed increased assortativity coefficient in structural connectivity and decreased DTI‐ALPS index in patients with TLE and HS compared with healthy controls. Additionally, we demonstrated an association between decreased assortativity coefficient in structural connectivity and ASM poor response in patients with TLE patients and HS.

Plain Language Summary

This study investigates the relationship between brain connectivity changes and glymphatic system function with antiseizure medication response in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. The research reveals that these patients show altered brain connectivity and glymphatic function compared to healthy individuals. A key finding is the strong link between a specific connectivity measure (assortativity coefficient) and antiseizure medication response, providing valuable insights that could influence epilepsy treatment and future research directions.
Semen Trigonellae alleviates LPS‐induced depressive behavior via enhancing the abundance of Ligilactobacillus spp.
Authors: Chang Wenhui , Guo Jing , Yang Yanan , Zou Linen , Fu Yu , Li Mingxi , Li Leilei , Li Chenxi , Wang Xinya , Zhao Xiaohui , Wu Chongming
Published: October 2024

The rising incidence rate of depression presents a substantial threat to human well‐being. Semen Trigonellae (ST), the dried mature seeds of Trigonella foenum‐graecum L., has a long‐standing traditional reputation for alleviating anxiety and hopelessness. However, the anti‐depressant mechanism of ST remains poorly understood. This study aimed to assess ST's anti‐depressant, as well as explore its potential mechanism from a gut microbial aspect. The Kunming mice were challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce depression‐like behavior and then orally administrated with aqueous extract of ST. The behavioral test, and hippocampal and serum biochemical indicators were detected to assess anti‐depressant effect of ST. We utilized full‐length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate how ST influences gut microbiota modulation. Administration of ST mitigated LPS‐induced depression‐like behaviors. ST reversed the decrease in hippocampal 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels while reducing serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Microbial analysis revealed that administration of ST markedly shifted the gut microbiota structure, dramatically and dose‐dependently increased the abundance of Ligilactobacillus murinus and Ligilactobacillus animalis. Experimentally, oral administration of live L. murinus and L. animalis to LPS‐challenged mice yielded similar effects to ST in ameliorating depression, elevating 5‐HT and BDNF, and reducing proinflammatory cytokines. These findings provide evidence that ST is a promising medical food for the management of depression, in which modulation of the gut microbiota, particularly enhancing the abundance of Ligilactobacillus plays an important role.
Optimizing Grape Quality Through Tillage and Organic Fertilization: A Comprehensive Analysis of Phenolic and Anthocyanin Variability Over Three Years
Authors: Kaya Ozkan , Ates Fadime , Daler Selda , Canturk Sevil , Turan Metin , Hatterman‐Valenti Harlene
Published: October 2024

Knowing the concentration levels of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in grape berries plays a key role, as these compounds significantly contribute to the nutritional value and quality of grapes, affecting both health benefits and grape quality. The current study was conducted to investigate how different tillage (disc harrow, chisel, no tillage) and organic fertilizer (Antep radish and broccoli chopped residue, olive blackwater) treatments affect the concentration of these valuable compounds in Royal grape berries over three consecutive years (2020–2022), providing insights into optimal agricultural practices for enhancing grape quality. Our results documented significant variations in phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations across different soil tillage, organic fertilizer treatments and years. Among the soil treatments, the disc harrow treatment emerged as the most effective in increasing the levels of most phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, while the broccoli fertilizer treatment was identified as the superior fertilizer application for achieving the same goal. Excluding disc harrow and broccoli fertilizer treatments, other treatments such as no tillage and chisel tillage, and fertilizers like olive blackwater and Antep radish, showed variable effectiveness. These treatments, although less effective overall than the leading treatments, contributed to increased levels of certain compounds such as resveratrol and pterostilbene, indicating their specific benefits. The findings also indicated specific combinations of tillage and fertilizer treatments that maximized the accumulation of certain phenolic compounds, like the combination of no tillage with broccoli fertilizer, which was particularly effective in increasing the levels of vanillic acid and trans‐caffeic acid. To sum up, by adopting practices such as disc harrow tillage and broccoli fertilizer application, viticulturists can enhance the phenolic and anthocyanin profiles of grapes, thus improving their nutritional value and potentially the quality of grape and wine produced from these grapes.
All‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries with commercially available electrolytes: A feasibility review
Authors: Götz Rainer , Streng Raphael , Sterzinger Johannes , Steeger Tim , Kaye Matti M. , Vitort Maksym , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S.
Published: October 2024

The all‐solid‐state battery (ASSB) concept promises increases in energy density and safety; consequently recent research has focused on optimizing each component of an ideal fully solid battery. However, by doing so, one can also lose oversight of how significantly the individual components impact key parameters. Although this review presents a variety of materials, the included studies limit electrolyte‐separator choices to those that are either fully commercial or whose ingredients are readily available; their thicknesses are predefined by the manufacturer or the studies in which they are included. However, we nevertheless discuss both electrode materials. Apart from typical materials, the list of anode materials includes energy‐dense candidates, such as lithium metal, or anode‐free approaches that are already used in Li‐ion batteries. The cathode composition of an ASSB contains a fraction of the solid electrolyte, in addition to the active material and binders/plasticizers, to improve ionic conductivity. Apart from the general screening of reported composites, promising composite cathodes together with constant‐thickness separators and metallic lithium anodes are the basis for studying theoretically achievable gravimetric energy densities. The results suggest that procurable oxide electrolytes in the forms of thick pellets (>300 μm) are unable to surpass the performance of already commercially available Li‐ion batteries. All‐solid‐state cells are already capable of exceeding the performance of current batteries with energy densities of 250 Wh kg−1 by pairing composite cathodes with high mass loadings and using separators that are less than 150 μm thick, with even thinner electrolytes (20 μm) delivering more than 350 Wh kg−1.

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Diagnosis of Lung Abscess and Pancreatic Collection Using Transesophageal and Transgastric Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound in a Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Cheong Issac
Published: October 2024

Effectively managing critically ill septic patients requires careful utilization of imaging techniques. While point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) is invaluable in the ICU, it faces challenges with conventional transcutaneous ultrasound, especially in obese patients. A 22‐year‐old obese female presented with abdominal pain and renal dysfunction. Abdominal CT confirmed acute biliary pancreatitis, progressing to respiratory failure. Transesophageal and transgastric ultrasound revealed a pulmonary abscess and peripancreatic collection. Expectant management of the lung abscess and percutaneous drainage of the pancreatic collection led to successful recovery. This case highlights POCUS's pivotal role in timely diagnosis, particularly in severe pancreatitis, showcasing its versatility in critical care.
Sexual Dimorphism and Divergent Evolutionary Pathways in Primate Cranial Biomechanics: Insights From a Theoretical Morphology Framework
Authors: Tseng Z. Jack , Terhune Claire E.
Published: October 2024

The mammalian order Primates is known for widespread sexual dimorphism in size and phenotype. Despite repeated speculation that primate sexual size dimorphism either facilitates or is in part driven by functional differences in how males and females interact with their environments, few studies have directly assessed the influence of sexual dimorphism on performance traits. Here, we use a theoretical morphology framework to show that sexual dimorphism in primate crania is associated with divergent biomechanical performance traits. The degree of dimorphism is a significant covariate in biomechanical trait divergence between sexes. Males exhibit less efficient but stiffer cranial shapes and significant evolutionary allometry in biomechanical performance, whereas females maintain performance stability across their size spectrum. Evolutionary rates are elevated for efficiency in females whereas males emphasize size‐dependent cranial stiffness. These findings support a hypothesis of sex‐linked bifurcation in masticatory system performance: larger male crania and faster size evolution partially compensate for low efficiency and reflect a de‐emphasis of mechanical leverage, whereas female crania maintain higher mechanical efficiency overall and evolve more rapidly in molar‐based masticatory performance. The evolutionary checks‐and‐balances between size dimorphism and cranial mechanical performance may be a more important driver of primate phenotypic evolution than has been hitherto appreciated.
Secretory Cells in Halla parthenopeia (Oenonidae): Potential Implications for the Feeding and Defence Strategies of a Carnivorous Burrowing Polychaete
Authors: Ferri Anita , Costa Pedro M. , Simonini Roberto
Published: October 2024

Carnivorous polychaetes are known to bear diversified and often unique anatomical and behavioural adaptations for predation and defence. Halla parthenopeia, a species known to be a specialized predator of clams, thrives in the soft bottoms of the Mediterranean Sea, holding potential for polyculture and biotechnology due to the secretion of bioactive compounds. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive description of H. parthenopeia's anatomy and microanatomy, shedding light on the relation between morphology and habitat, chemical defences, and feeding behaviour. The pharynx, housing maxillae and mandibles connected to an extensive mucus gland, occupies a considerable portion of the worm's length, reaching beyond the oesophagus. This unique gland is responsible for secreting the feeding mucus, which immobilizes and aids in the digestion of clams probably acting as a vehicle of bioactive compounds synthesized by specialized serous cells in the mouth. Moreover, H. parthenopeia combines behavioural tactics, such as burrowing, and anatomical defences to evade predators. Examination of its epidermis revealed a thick cuticle layer and abundant mucocytes secreting locomotion mucus, both of which save the worm from mechanical harm during movement. When it is preyed upon, the worm can release a substantial amount of Hallachrome, a toxic anthraquinone produced by specific cells in its distal region. This pigment, with its known antimicrobial properties, likely acts as a chemical shield in case of injury. The results suggest that the ability of H. parthenopeia to prey on bivalves and to provide mechanical protection plus defence against pathogens rely on its ability to secrete distinct types of mucus. The interplay between highly specialized microanatomical features and complex behaviours underscores its adaptation as a predator in marine benthic environments.
Comparison of short‐read and long‐read next‐generation sequencing technologies for determining HIV‐1 drug resistance
Authors: Vellas Camille , Doudou Amira , Mohamed Sofiane , Raymond Stéphanie , Jeanne Nicolas , Latour Justine , Demmou Sofia , Ranger Noémie , Gonzalez Dimitri , Delobel Pierre , Izopet Jacques
Published: October 2024

Accurate HIV‐1 genome sequencing is necessary to identify drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in people with HIV‐1 (PWH). Next‐generation‐sequencing (NGS) allows the detection of minor variants and is now available in many laboratories. Our study aimed to compare two NGS approaches, a “short read” sequencing protocol using DeepChek® Whole Genome HIV‐1 Assay on Illumina, and a “long read” sequencing protocol of HIV‐1 pol and env single‐molecule real‐time sequencing (SMRT) on Pacific Biosciences (PacBio). We analyzed 16 plasma samples and 13 cellular samples from PWH. HIV‐1 whole genome was amplified into five amplicons using DeepChek® Whole Genome HIV‐1 Assay and sequenced on an iSeq. 100. In parallel, HIV‐1 pol and env genes were separately amplified and sequenced using PacBio SMRT system with the circular consensus sequencing mode on a Sequel IIe. Concordance rates for determining DRMs with both approaches varied depending on the HIV‐1 region, with higher concordance in the integrase region compared to the reverse transcriptase and protease regions. DeepChek® Whole Genome HIV‐1 Assay exhibited better sensitivity in HIV‐1 RNA sequencing of plasmas with lower viral loads. In cell HIV‐1 DNA sequencing, the DeepChek® Whole Genome HIV‐1 Assay performed better in pol and env sequencing but detected more APOBEC‐induced DRMs, which can represent defective proviruses. Our findings indicate that both DeepChek® Whole Genome HIV‐1 Assay and PacBio SMRT sequencing exhibit good performance for subtype determination, detection, and quantification of DRMs of the HIV‐1 genome. However, some discrepancies were found in cellular samples, highlighting the challenges of interpreting HIV‐1 DNA DRMs.
Sexual transmission of HTLV‐1 resulting in uveitis with short‐term latency and low proviral load
Authors: Kamoi Koju , Uchimaru Kaoru , Nannya Yasuhito , Tojo Arinobu , Watanabe Toshiki , Ohno‐Matsui Kyoko
Published: October 2024

Human T‐cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV‐1) is traditionally linked to severe conditions such as adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma, HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy, and HTLV‐1 uveitis, with vertical transmission, particularly mother to child thorough breastfeeding, considered the primary route. Despite efforts to reduce vertical transmission through antenatal screening in Japan, horizontal transmission has contributed to the rising prevalence of HTLV‐1 in metropolitan areas. This case reports the youngest documented instance of HTLV‐1 uveitis resulting from horizontal transmission through sexual contact in an 18‐year‐old woman. The patient presented with blurred vision in her right eye, and a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination identified vitreous opacity and retinal vasculitis. Serological tests confirmed HTLV‐1 infection, with a proviral load of 2.66 copies per 100 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, measured by real‐time PCR. A differential diagnosis confirmed HTLV‐1 uveitis. Further family and partner investigations confirmed horizontal transmission, most likely through sexual contact. Over 6 years of follow‐up, the patient experienced multiple recurrences of HTLV‐1 uveitis and developed HTLV‐1‐associated keratopathy. This case highlights the potential for rapid disease progression with relatively low proviral loads and short latency, emphasizing the need for updated public health strategies for sexually active young populations.
High rates of hepatic involvement associated with new epidemic measles strains in Romania
Authors: Niculae Cristian‐Mihail , Matoru Raluca‐Mihaela , Brîndușe Oana , Ioniță Andrei‐Valentin , Gorea Maria‐Evelina , Țîrlescu Laura‐Georgiana , Constantin Rareș‐Alexandru , Moroti Ruxandra , Hristea Adriana
Published: October 2024

Similar to other European countries, a measles epidemic dominated by D8 genotype strains is ongoing since 2022 in our country. Recent reports of liver involvement associated with new measles virus (MeV) strains are scarce. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical characteristics between hospitalized patients with measles from the current epidemic and those from the previous outbreak and to analyze the risk factors associated with hepatic involvement. Data were collected retrospectively for all consecutive adult ( ≥18 years old) patients admitted between October 2022–April 2024 and January 2018–December 2019. A number of 228 patients from the current and 130 from the previous MeV epidemic were included. The main statistically significant differences were those regarding hepatic involvement (77.2% vs. 45.4%, p < 0.001) and significant hepatocellular injury (23.6% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.003). Compared to cases without liver involvement (123), patients with hepatocytolysis (235) had a higher prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis (42.5% vs. 28.4%, p = 0.01), thrombocytopenia (47.6% vs. 34.9%, p = 0.02), severe lymphopenia (51% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.007) and high fibrinogen levels (58.7% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.04). MeV strains from the 2022–2024 epidemic were the strongest predictors of hepatic involvement in the multivariable analysis (odds ratio = 4.3, 95% confidence interval: 2.5–7.4, p < 0.001). The mortality rate of patients with hepatocellular injury was 1.2%. The current measles epidemic is dominated by high rates of hepatic involvement compared to the previous outbreak. Although not associated with a significant mortality, the potential change in MeV hepatotropism could have important clinical implications and warrants further monitoring.
Surgical Approach and Length of Stay in Octogenarians Undergoing Pancreatic Resection for Malignancy
Authors: Leonard Grey , Solsky Ian , Clark Clancy , Shen Perry
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Pancreatic surgery often has a lengthy recovery in the elderly. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) can decrease length of stay (LOS), but it is unknown if this benefit applies to octogenarians (Age > 79).

Methods

The NSQIP database was used to determine if MIS approaches were associated with reduced LOS among octogenarians undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple) or distal pancreatectomy (Distal). Operative approaches were classified as “Open” or “MIS” and propensity score (PS) matching was performed.

Results

For the Whipple, 1665 Open and 101 MIS procedures occurred (median LOS 9, 8 days, p = 0.584). For Distal, 472 Open and 223 MIS procedures occurred (median LOS 6, 5 days, p < 0.01). After PS matching, there were 202 Whipple (101 per group) and 446 Distal (223 per group) patients. There was no difference in LOS by approach in the Whipple group (p = 0.546). The median LOS was 9 (IQR 7–15), Open and 8 (IQR 6–13), MIS. For Distal, there was a difference in LOS in the Open versus MIS approach (p < 0.01) and the median LOS was 6 (IQR 5–8) and 5 (IQR 4–6).

Conclusions

Among octogenarians the MIS approach was associated with decreased LOS in distal pancreatectomies, but not in pancreaticoduodenectomies.
The landscape of Functional Outcome Measures Used in Patients with Bone Sarcoma of the Lower Extremity or Pelvis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tigelaar Leonie G. , Blom Kiki J. , Bekkering Willem P. , Bramer Jos A. M. , Schreuder Hendrik W. B. , Furtado Sherron , Gerrand Craig H. , Palmerini Emanuela , Gaspar Nathalie , Strauss Sandra J. , Van de Sande Michiel A. J. , Merks Johannes H. M. , Haveman Lianne M. ,   FOSTER Consortium and the EuroEwing Consortium
Published: October 2024

This systematic review provides a structured overview of the measurement instruments of functional outcome used in lower extremity and pelvic bone sarcoma patients. We identified 42 unique instruments covering 18 distinct functional outcome constructs with most studies measuring constructs within the activity domain of the International Classification of Functioning, disability, and health. The MusculoSkeletal Tumor Society 1993 and 1987 score, Toronto Extremity Salvage Score, and range of motion instruments were the measurement instruments most commonly used.
Frailty and Malnutrition in Surgical Outcomes of Elderly Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Hanssen Diego , Champion Nicholas , Ngo Jillian , Palfi Stefanie , Whiting Junmin , Sun Weihong , Laronga Christine , Sam Christine , Lee Marie C.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

We evaluate the impact of frailty and malnutrition on breast cancer surgery outcomes in older adults using the ACS 5‐factor modified frailty index (MFI) and Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) definition.

Methods

Single institution retrospective review of a prospective database of the older adult (>60 years old) breast cancer surgery patients (2000–2016); cases stratified into groups as per MFI (0–2) and GLIM. Characteristics, 90‐day post‐op events, and 5‐year follow‐up data were analyzed to report survival and complication outcomes.

Results

Among 436 patients at diagnosis, 213 (48.9%) were >80 years old. 377 (86.5%) were alive at 5 years. 274 (62.8%) had MFI > 0, and 69 (15.8%) had malnutrition. Patients ≥ 80, MFI > 0, and PR‐negative tumors had worse 5‐year survival. There was no survival difference in patients >80 with/without malnutrition (HR = 1.01, p = 0.971), and there was no difference in mastectomy or lumpectomy (p = 0.560) between patients ≥ 80 or patients younger than 80; however, 94% of immediate reconstruction were in pts < 80. On multivariate regression, complications were associated with age < 80, readmission, MFI > 0, and history of HTN; serious complications were associated with age < 80, readmission, anticoagulation, and not receiving endocrine therapy.

Conclusion

MFI showed a significant predictive value for 5‐year survival for patients ≥ 80 and should be part of the preoperative evaluation.
The Usefulness of Portable Echo in the Preoperative Mapping of Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis
Authors: Okura Mayuko , Suzuki Yushi , Nakamura Yukie , Uehira Mai , Kishi Kazuo
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a pocket‐sized ultrasound device in preoperative planning for lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) to enhance lymphedema treatment outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 24 patients who underwent LVA for secondary upper extremity lymphedema between June 2020 and August 2022. Patients were categorized into two groups: the ultrasound group, which used a pocket‐sized device (Vscan Air), for preoperative vein identification, and a control group that did not. Preoperative lymphatic mapping was performed using indocyanine green lymphography, and suitable veins for anastomosis were identified using ultrasound. Upper extremity lymphedema index and incision length were compared.

Results

Participants in the ultrasound group had a shorter average incision length (2.85 ± 0.48 cm) than those in the control group (3.23 ± 0.78 cm, p = 0.038), indicating a more targeted and minimally invasive approach. Although volume reduction rates were not significantly different, the pocket ultrasound device facilitated more precise vein selection, enhancing surgical planning.

Conclusion

Pocket‐sized ultrasound devices provide a cost‐effective and practical solution for vein identification during LVA, particularly in resource‐limited settings. While high‐frequency ultrasound offers superior resolution, portable devices could become standard tools for lymphatic surgery with continued technological advancement.
Determinants Encouraging Tourists to Use Public Transport in Their Vacation Destination
Authors: Bausch Thomas , Peluso Alessandro M. , Bursa Bartosz , Mailer Markus , Amegah Mercy Lorlonyo
Published: October 2024

Implementing the concept of sustainability in tourism needs a significant reduction of vacationists' ecological footprint at destination level. A key aspect there is tourists' travel mode choice on‐site. Based on an online‐panel based survey in Italy and Germany and applying ordinal regression, this study analyzes for the destination South Tyrol, the impact of five blocks of potential factors on public transportation (PT) usage during a vacation: sociodemographics, everyday mobility at residence, attitudes toward climate change and environment, preferences for cars, and PT services at the destination, including the availability of a guest card for free PT use. The results of an ordinal regression analysis show that the availability of a guest card and the level of daily use of PT at home significantly increase PT usage. This is countered by daily use of the car at home and a positive affinity toward cars, having a negative effect on PT use.
Seasonal Evolution of Soil Respiration and Sources of Respirable Carbon in Three Forest Stands on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Guan Xueyu , Zhang Yan , Niu Hongbo , Shi Peng , Cao Manhong , Zu Pengju , Xu Duoxun , Zhao Qianzhuo , Wang Bo , Cui Lingzhou , Gómez José A.
Published: October 2024

The litter and root systems of forest stands can influence soil organic matter content and are subject to the effects of soil temperature and moisture. Through the decomposition activity of soil microorganisms, a portion of the carbon stored in aboveground vegetation is transferred to the underground carbon pool, thereby impacting soil respiration. When we investigated the effects of various components and environmental factors on soil respiration, 13C served as an effective tool for analyzing their contributions. In this study, conducted in a region of the Loess Plateau, three forest stands' soil respiration (Quercus acutissima forest—QAF, Pinus tabuliformis forest—PTF, and mixed forests—MF) was examined. Both soil respiration rate (Rs) and 13C exhibited seasonal fluctuations linked to changes in surface soil temperature and moisture. The soil respiration rate of all forest stands decreased to below 1 μmol m−2 s−1 during winter. The average range of δ13C fell between −22‰ and −17‰. Over the course of four seasons, we monitored soil respiration and identified hydrothermal factors. The correlation between hydrothermal factors and CO2 releases from soil respiration varied significantly across seasons among different forest structures (p < 0.001). Additionally, the contribution of litter to soil respiration was the main source and it was higher in autumn and winter, with a maximum of over 75%. This study holds significant importance for understanding the processes underlying the carbon sources of soil respiration.
Impacts of Land‐Use Change on Past and Future Carbon Stocks in the Tianshan North Slope Economic Belt
Authors: Liu Xin , Yang Han , Li Xiang , Maimaitituersun Aizemaitijiang
Published: October 2024

To study the connection between land use and regional ecological carbon stocks, predicting the future evolution of land use and understanding the trends of changes in carbon stocks are essential to environmental protection and sustainable development. However, the changes in carbon stocks within ecosystems driven by land‐use and land‐cover change (LUCC) are characterized by large uncertainties. This study took the Tianshan North Slope Economic Belt in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China, as an example to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of carbon stocks and their relationship with LUCC, and used 11 variables in a Geo Detector model to analyze the drivers of spatial differentiation in carbon stocks. We trained six variables to predict the changes in carbon stocks under a natural development scenario (NDS) and ecological protection scenario (EPS) in 2030. The following results were obtained: (1) the land use was dominated by unused land in the 20‐year study period (2000–2020). Grassland showed a continuous decrease; unused land decreased and then increased, while others continued to increase. The most drastic change was for cropland, which was 7785 km2 (an increase of 39.76%), while grassland was reduced by 9402 km2 (a decrease of 9.05%). (2) Carbon stocks showed an increasing and then a decreasing trend, with an overall increase of 2.05 × 106 t. The spatial distribution was more centralized in the southwest, showing a continuous distribution with slice‐like bands, while the higher values took an irregular form in the northeastern portion of the region. (3) Carbon stocks under NDS reached 1427.50 × 105 t, an increase of 6.26 × 106 t compared with 2020; while under EPS, they reached 1427.79 × 105 t, an increase of 6.29 × 106 t, mainly due to grassland and unused land conversion. Therefore, the protection and restoration of grassland should continue to be strengthened in the future. (4) NDVI and soil erosion had strong explanatory power for the spatial variability of carbon stocks. There was two‐factor and nonlinear enhancement interaction in different factors, indicating that natural and human factors enhance the explanation of the spatial variation, the results of which can be applied to the ecosystems of the region.
A 7‐yr spatial time series resolves the island mass effect and associated shifts in picocyanobacteria abundances near O'ahu, Hawai'i
Authors: Comfort Christina M. , Ostrander Chris , Nelson Craig E. , Karl David M. , McManus Margaret A.
Published: October 2024

Islands in oligotrophic oceans act as local sources of nutrients. These nutrients originate from land and from deep oceanic nutrients introduced to the photic zone by tides, currents, and internal waves interacting with island bathymetry. These processes create the island mass effect (IME), in which increased chlorophyll a (Chl a) is found near islands compared to oceanic waters. The IME has been described via satellite observations, but the effects on phytoplankton community structure are not well documented. From 2013 to 2020, chlorophyll, nutrient, and picoplankton samples were collected from multiple depths on quarterly cruises at two sites south of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes, and heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated using flow cytometry. We compared nearshore results to Sta. ALOHA, 100 km from O'ahu. Consistent with the expected IME, Chl a concentrations were significantly enhanced at both nearshore sites compared to Sta. ALOHA. Prochlorococcus concentrations increased with greater distance from shore, particularly below 50 m; mixed layer concentrations of Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes significantly decreased with greater distance from shore, as did concentrations of nitrate and phosphate below the mixed layer. Heterotrophic bacteria concentrations did not show a spatial trend. Carbon‐based biomass estimates of the picoplankton population indicated that the IME‐associated Chl a increases near the island are likely driven by larger phytoplankton classes. This study describes the IME‐associated shift in the picophytoplankton community distribution, which has implications for nutrient cycling, food web dynamics and fisheries in oligotrophic island ecosystems, and adds to the understanding of spatial heterogeneity in carbon fixation in the ocean.
Tailoring Arrays of Optical Stokes Skyrmions in Tightly Focused Beams
Authors: Ma Jia , Xie Zhenwei , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: October 2024

Skyrmions, topologically stable quasiparticles with complex vector textures, have been extensively studied across various fields. Their presence in optics has only recently been observed. Optical skyrmions can be generated using various 3D vector fields, including electric fields, spin angular momentum, and Stokes vectors. In this study, a method is proposed for creating customized arrangements of tightly focused optical Stokes skyrmions on the focal plane. Both simulations and experiments confirm that distinct focused fields can be achieved by adjusting the phase of the incident vector beam, resulting in formations of arbitrary arrays of Stokes skyrmions. These tailored fields, characterized by multiple Stokes skyrmions and their topological stability, offer promising potential for applications in information processing, transfer, and storage.
Data‐Driven Discovery for Robust Optimization of Semiconductor Nanowire Lasers
Authors: Church Stephen A. , Vitale Francesco , Gopakumar Aswani , Gagrani Nikita , Zhang Yunyan , Jiang Nian , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Liu Huiyun , Joyce Hannah , Ronning Carsten , Parkinson Patrick
Published: October 2024

Active wavelength‐scale optoelectronic components are widely used in photonic integrated circuitry, however coherent sources of light – namely optical lasers – remain the most challenging component to integrate. Semiconductor nanowire lasers (NWLs) represent a flexible class of light source where each nanowire (NW) is both gain material and cavity; however, strong coupling between these properties and the performance leads to inhomogeneity across the population. While this has been studied and optimized for individual material systems, no architecture‐wide insight is available. Here, nine NWL material systems are studied and compared using 55,516 NWLs to provide statistically robust insight into performance. These results demonstrate that, while it may be important to optimize internal quantum efficiency for certain materials, cavity effects are always critical. The study provides a roadmap to optimize the performance of NWLs made from any material: this can be achieved by ensuring a narrow spread of lengths and end‐facet reflectivities.
Variations in Packing as a Function of Side Chains in Random Copolymers and its Impact on Charge Carrier Mobility
Authors: Swain Gitanjali , Kumar Subramani , Samudre Nikhil S.
Published: October 2024

Homopolymers and alternating copolymers of conjugated molecules exhibit impressive performance in electronic devices. Despite the well‐established procedures, the synthesis of alternating copolymers using three monomers is not as easy as random copolymers. Besides facile synthesis, the random copolymers can match the performance of alternating copolymers in electronic devices. Herein, random copolymers are designed and synthesized comprising thienoisoindigo (TIIG), diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and thiophene. The DPP monomers installed with various side chains including branched alkyl chain, branched alkyl chain with ester functionality, linear oligo ethylene glycol, and siloxane terminated alkyl chain are incorporated into the polymers (P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively). All the thermally stable, low bandgap random copolymers exhibited strong H‐type aggregation in thin film. The relationship between thin film microstructure originating from diverse side chains and the charge transport in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) is investigated. All the random copolymers exhibited predominantly p‐type charge transport and a maximum hole mobility of 2 × 10−2 cm2 V−1s−1 is observed for P3. The packing of all the polymers is examined theoretically by density functional theory (DFT) and compared with experimental values obtained from grazing incident X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD).