bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Lack of Relationship between Hypnotizability and Response to Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Clarke John R. , Long Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

A positive correlation was found between classical conditioning and hypnotizability by Das (1958) and between operant verbal conditioning and an indirect measure of hypnotizability by Weiss, et al. (1960). The present study utilized a direct measure of hypnotizability and related it to operant verbal conditioning. The obtained correlation was essentially zero, a finding which failed to confirm the earlier results. It was speculated that by virtue of the procedures employed, hypnosis might well be more closely related to classical than to operant conditioning.
A Multilateral, Multi-Interaction Approach to Rumor Analysis
Authors: Murphey Robert M. , Nolan Edward G.
Published: September 2011

Novel communications networks were employed in an attempt to minimize some objections to the Allport and Postman (1946) method of rumor analysis and to test their construct regarding the intensity of rumor, R ~ i × a. The first phase involved the rotation of one of two concentric circles; a sliding parallel Lines technique was used in the second phase. Segments of the information to be exchanged originated from a number of different Ss and were passed on in a multilateral rather than unilateral fashion. Three levels of i and five levels of a were manipulated Scores for both leveling and extraneous details were derived. Extraneous detail scores were found to be unreliable. Obtained leveling score for curves were U-shaped rather than ascending monotonic functions as would be expected from the model. Results were discussed in terms of the possible effects of difficulty and attentional factors.
Three-Dimensional Structure of Ratings of Exploratory Responses Shown by a Semantic Differential
Authors: Howe Edmund S.
Published: September 2011

Ten exploratory responses systematically varying in rated Activity Level were judged by 38 psychotherapists against a 21-scale Semantic Differential. Factorization of the matrix of rs among scales by the Multiple Grouping Method yielded three factors. Factor 1, properly labeled as Precision/Potency, accounts for 44% of the total variance. Factors 2 and 3, respectively interpreted as Professional Evaluation and Objectivity, together explain 44% of the total variance. All three factors are similar in structure to those observed in an earlier study using a heterogeneous group of therapist's responses; but the evaluative factor, as anticipated, is no longer the major source of variance. The implications of the findings for quantification of the therapist's verbal behavior are discussed. It is suggested that at bottom Ptecision/Potency defines a major variable studied under various guises by others; that an independent Objectivity factor will inevitably occur for exploratory statements but not for interpretive statements; and that Professional Evaluation is not necessarily the primary concern of the rater when confronted by therapist's statements in a rating situation. A three-dimensional model of the 10 responses is presented.
Deviant Responses as Indicators of Depression and Character Disorder
Authors: Bradford June T. , Adams Henry E.
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to determine if scales for measuring depression and character disorder could be constructed using deviant response as measured by the Perceptual Reaction Test (PRT). Scale development and validation employed 1000 normal individuals and 113 abnormal individuals. Groups of individuals psychiatrically identified as depressive individuals and character disorders were compared with groups from the general population on the PRT. The results indicated that reliable scales for measuring depression and character disorder could be developed ultilizing deviant responses. It is concluded that deviant responses as measured by the PRT are related to personality factors, and they can be used to assess depression and character disorder.
Adolescents' Social Mobility Orientations in Relation to F-Scale Behavior
Authors: Bachelis Warren D. , Pierce-Jones John
Published: September 2011

The California F-scale (Forms 40 and 45), Gough's MMPI St scale, Gough's Home Index socio-economic sratus scale, and questions to elicit Ss' expressions of occupational choice and data about parents' occupations were administered to 201 twelfth grade pupils. Ss' social mobility orientations were determined (a) by differences between paternal occupational levels and levels of Ss' occupational choices and (b) by differences between Home Index and St T scores. Mean F-scale scores for groups classified as having upward and downward social mobility orientations, respectively, were compared by t test within sexes. The hypothesis that those showing the upward mobility orientation would obtain lower mean F-scale scores was confirmed for both sexes. It was proposed that the results might be interpreted in terms of the scapegoat theory of prejudice or, more simply, in terms of the concept of anticipatory socialization.
Social Consensus in Persuasive Communication
Authors: Weiss Robert Frank , Buchanan William , Pasamanick Benjamin
Published: September 2011

A communicator consensus technique for quantitative variation of communicator credibility was developed. 80 Ss were exposed to persuasive arguments advocated by “all the experts” (high-consensus) and “somewhat less than half the experts” (low-consensus). High consensus resulted in greater opinion formation than did low consensus ( p < .0001). Implications of the communicator consensus variable for several research problems were briefly discussed, including parametric studies of communicator credibility and a communication approach to consensus problems in other areas of social influence research.
Frustration Effect as a Function of Drive
Authors: McHose James H. , Ludvigson H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

27 female rats received 96 acquisition and 16 post-shift trials in an L-shaped double runway. In acquisition food was present both in the first (G1) and the second (G2) goal boxes, but was omitted from G1 on half the post-shift trials. The usual frustration effect (FE), in which response speeds in the second alley are faster following absence as compared with presence of reward in G1, appeared in each of 2 drive (D) groups. However, the magnitude of the FE was greater in the high D group (weights maintained at 80% of initial ad lib. level) than in the low D group (weights at 90%).
Effect of a Randomized Intermittent Stimulus on Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Acquisition Training
Authors: Capehart Jack , Viney Wayne , James Mary , Mankinen Richard
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that with increasing degrees of acquisition training a response might become increasingly independent of an intermittent cue. Thirty-six albino rats were assigned to two levels of acquisition training and two extinction conditions. It was found that with limited training the intermittent cue operated as a secondary reinforcer; with increased training, however, the secondary reinforcing effect of the cue diminished.
Relation between Rate of Acquisition and Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Cautela Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Classical conditioning studies have usually indicated a negative relation between the rates of acquisition and extinction. In this study a positive significant correlation was found between the rate of acquisition and the rate of extinction of a task which involved a choice.
Alternation and Repetition in a Multiple-Choice Situation
Authors: Thompson Merrell E. , Thompson Jean P.
Published: September 2011

Alternation and repetition of both stimulus and response components were investigated in a multiple-choice situation, using a 2 × 2 factorial design (12 Ss per cell) under 0 and 100% reinforcement conditions and with 20-sec. and 20-min. intertrial intervals. The results replicate those of a previous study in that nonreinforced Ss exhibit little change in behavior over the 12 days while reinforced Ss show an increase in response repetition and a decrease in response alternation. In addition, it was found that in every case there is more repetition and less alternation of responses with distribution of trials. It appears that the stimulus component plays a minor role in this situation and also that the reinforcement variable exerts a more potent influence than the distribution variable.
Experimental Extinction as a Function of Number of Reinforcements
Authors: Madison Harry L.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 12 rats had either 15, 45, or 125 acquisition trials in a straight runway with 100% small (74 mg.) food reinforcement, followed by a minimum of 40 extinction trials, all at 10 trials per day. A negative relationship between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements was found, supporting results of North and Stimmel (1960) and Ison (1962), and indicating that differences between these and previous Skinner box results are not due simply to differences in magnitude of reward. The high reinforcement groups made significantly more avoidance responses, supporting a frustration theory of extinction (Amsel, 1958).
Activity during Delay Interval and Delayed Response Errors in Monkeys
Authors: Fletcher Harold J.
Published: September 2011

Six naive rhesus monkeys were tested on a standard delayed response problem. For the 0-, 5-, and 20-sec. delay intervals employed, 100, 91, and 84% correct responses, respectively, were obtained. Activity scores, defined by photobeam interruptions during the actual delay interval, for all 5- and 20-sec. delay trials correlated .975 with errors on those trials. These data were interpreted as supporting the position that in the adapted S on any given trial an orienting response to the baited foodwell is completely and accurately elicited, and that errors reflect interference with orientation by competing response tendencies, in this case the idiosyncratic tendency for generalized activity.
Effect on Achievement of Written Responses to Programmed Learning Material for Students of Differing Academic Ability
Authors: Ashbaugh William Hatch
Published: September 2011

A review of the relevant literature suggests the hypothesis that (1) the requirement of overt (written) responses to the program interferes with learning for students of high ability and (2) facilitates learning for students of low ability. The hypothesis was tested in two different experiments which followed the same procedures but which utilized two different programs. Analyses of variance were made for the scores on a posttest and for the scores on a Σ Criterion Frames Test. All F values for interactions were nonsignificant, the main effect of response mode was nonsignificant except in one analysis which favored the covert response mode; finally, the main effect of ability was highly significant. In terms of immediate achievement students who responded covertly performed at least as well as students who responded overtly, and students who responded covertly spent significantly less time in reaching the same level of achievement. This conclusion appears to apply at both ends of the ability continuum.
Construct Validation of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children: By Converging Analyses
Authors: Dunn James A.
Published: September 2011

Two different analysis procedures were used to ascertain the response dimensionality inherent in Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC) in order that inferences regarding the functional construct validity of the scale could be made. The analysis procedures were factor analysis and McQuitty's elementary linkage analysis. The four factors obtained were: test anxiety, generalized school anxiety, recitation anxiety, and physiological arousal in anticipated recitation situations. Linkage analysis clusters closely paralleled the factors. It was felt the results were compatable with the theoretical constructs on which the scale was constructed. However, because of the clear-cut multi-dimensionality of the scale, the utilization of single TASC scores was questioned.
Control of Communication in Dyads by Reinforcement
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined effects of reinforcement on speaker vs listener role-taking in a dyad. Given the task of describing TAT cards, Ss obtained points, exchangeable for money, for talking or listening in a dyad. One S had control over the distribution of talk time, with the partner talking only upon request. The partner, E's confederate, was reinforced at a higher rate than S for talking (Group CH), an equal rate (Group HH), or a lower rate (Group SH). In all groups Ss increased talking over trials. This increase was greater in Group SH, next in HH, lowest in CH. Interactional pattern changes were due mainly to duration of utterances rather than the tempo in the verbal interchange.
Prediction of College Success from Measures of Anxiety, Achievement Motivation, and Scholastic Aptitude
Authors: Reiter Henry H.
Published: September 2011

The nonintellectual predictors of college grades were studied by means of the EPPS, the 16 PF, the IPIT, a multiple-choice variation of the TAT, the Page Fantasy Scale, the Taylor MAS, and the Sarason TAQ. For 76 male and female college freshmen and sophomores measures of high school grade point average and EPPS n-Ach were significant predictors of college grades but measures of scholastic aptitude and anxiety were not. It was implied that high school achievement is a superior criterion for predicting college success. Adequate measures of nonintellectual variables which may contribute to that prediction are lacking.
Predicting Small Group Behavior with the Self-Disclosure Inventory
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Harrison Roger L.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to predict self-disclosure behavior in small groups from a previously administered Self-disclosure Inventory, 68 participants were rated at the end of 20 group sessions on a 9-point scale of self-disclosure (reliability = .69). Inventory score did not predict rated behavior ( r = .13, p < .05). Additional attempts at validation of the inventory are described.
What Additional Information can be of Assistance in Use of Significance Levels in Various Areas of Research?
Authors: Keil H. H. J.
Published: September 2011

The difficulties in providing additional information which assists in the interpretation of significance levels are discussed. The possibility of providing empirical data is suggested by investigating the probable occurrence and actual detection of Type I and Type II errors in a survey of past research activities. Dealing with exceptions, initial small scale results cannot be easily provided but a suitable large scale inquiry conducted for other purposes, may provide a starting point.
Differences in Social Desirability, Anxiety, and Introversion-Extraversion with Varying Lengths of Hospitalization
Authors: Leipold William D. , Knutson Clifford S.
Published: September 2011

114 male and female patients were assigned on the basis of length of hospitalization and given measures of introversion-extraversion, social desirability, and anxiety in order to compare the personality characteristics shown by patients having various durations of hospitalization. Need for social approval increased with increased length of hospitalization. Anxiety diminished with increase in duration of hospitalization while no significant difference was noted on the basis of introversion-extraversion. The implication of these results was discussed in terms of effect of long-term hospitalization upon the patients personality, with the caution that the variable of length of stay may be confounded with degree of illness.
Motivation in Schizophrenic Performance: A Review
Authors: Johannsen Walter J.
Published: September 2011

A review is presented dealing with factors other than purely cognitive or perceptual which affect (usually deleteriously) schizophrenics' performance on laboratory tasks. Physiological and psychological responsiveness, stimulus factors, response predispositions and reinforcement classes are discussed. It is concluded that the literature currently provides few clear conclusions but points to problem areas requiring immediate attention.
Survey of Test Score Data with Respect to Curvilinear Relationships
Authors: Keats J. A.
Published: September 2011

Eleven psychological tests are examined for curvilinear regression of true score on raw score using samples of at least 1,000 cases. Of these 11, the linearity assumption is rejected in at least 7, 2 are doubtful, and for the remaining 2 the linearity assumption seems adequate. The assumption of quadratic regression seems adequate for three tests for which the linearity assumption is rejected.
Computer Analysis of Interview Content
Authors: Starkweather John A. , Decker J. Barry
Published: September 2011

A text-handling computer program provides a method of analyzing verbatim transcript records, allowing measurement of significant regularities and structure in the verbal content of interviews. Factor analysis of data from successive sections of the script is used to describe meaningful concerns of the speaker as shown in his verbal productions, and factor scores indicate shifts in these concerns across time.
Relationship between Social Distance and Psychology Grades
Authors: Desroches Harry F. , Kaiman Bernard D.
Published: September 2011

A social distance scale and an IQ test were administered to 39 males and 40 females enrolled in general psychology courses. The following results were obtained: (1) females scored higher on social distance than males and (2) males or females with low social distance obtained better grades than males or females with high social distance.
Problem Solving: Response Competition and the Influence of Drive
Authors: Glucksberg Sam
Published: September 2011

A functional fixedness problem was constructed which consisted of two sub-tasks. The initial sub-task, termed problem perception, was designed to involve minimal response competition. The second, a functional fixedness sub-task, involved both high and low response competition. Drive level did not influence problem perception time. High drive impaired problem-solving performance by increasing functional fixedness strength when response competition was high. When response competition was low, drive did not influence functional fixedness strength. The obtained interactive effect of drive level with problem difficulty, predicted by Spence's drive theory, was attributed to the interactive effects of drive upon functional fixedness strength.
Effect of a Successive Conditioning-Extinction Procedure on Light Contingent Bar-Pressing
Authors: Hurwitz H. M. B.
Published: September 2011

The experiment tests conflicting implications of the conditioning and the facilitation hypothesis of the increase in bar pressing observed under light-onset contingency conditions. Female hooded rats were first given 5 operant test sessions. These were followed by 10 sessions under a successive conditioning-extinction procedure; thereafter, after each light-onset session two successive extinction sessions were given (12 sessions); Ss were then trained under a fixed ratio procedure (6 sessions) and finally were placed under a successive fixed ratio conditioning-extinction procedure. The prediction from a conditioning hypothesis that extinction rates would be consistently higher than during the operant test sessions was confirmed.
Transposition of Probability Matching in Pigeons
Authors: Angermeier W. F. , Higgins J. , Locke D.
Published: September 2011

Four pigeons were trained to match reinforcement probability of two discs illumined with different degrees of brightness. After Ss had reached the prescribed experimental criterion, the dimmer of the two discs was now made the brighter of the two. In this way, transposition of the probability matching response was investigated. All animals showed this transposition. It was concluded that the probability matching response in pigeons was a fairly stable response, and that it could be transposed to other levels of discrimination, especially when degrees of brightness were used as the discrimination problem.
Alternate Forms of a Semantic Differential for Measurement of Changes in Self-Description
Authors: Aiken Edwin G.
Published: September 2011

Development of a simple paper-and-pencil measure of change in self-description is described.
Effect of Frustrative Blocking on Motivation
Authors: Uyeno Edward T.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was conducted to test the energizing effects of frustration by blocking a learned instrumental response. 20 albino rats deprived of food, ran 4 trials a day for 24 days in an apparatus having 2 runways in series separated by a blocking door. During 2 of the 4 daily trials, the animals were momentarily blocked from running into the second runway. An analysis of their second runway performance indicated that their running time on the frustrative blocked trials was significantly less than on the non-blocked trials. The results are considered as substantiating the frustrative interruption hypothesis deduced from Brown and Farber's theory of frustration.
Multidimensional Stimulus Differences in Discrimination Learning and Verbalization of the Reinforcement Contingency
Authors: Martin Randall B. , Dean Sanford J.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the effects of the number of dimensional differences on discrimination learning in a verbal conditioning task. The stimulus dimensions were degree of hostile connotation and color disparity. Ss were presented pairs of neutral and hostile words and were reinforced for using hostile words. In one group, the hostile group, the hostile words were printed in different colors from the neutral words; in the other group, both were printed in the same color. In one group, the hostile words were of mild intensity; in the other group they were of intense hostility. Color disparity was the only variable consistently to affect use of the reinforced hostile word and post-experimental report of the response reinforcement contingency.
Conditioned Change in Discharge Pattern for Single Neurons of the Medial Thalamic Nuclei of the Cat
Authors: Hori Yasuo , Yoshii Naosaburo
Published: September 2011

By presenting in combination two intracerebral stimuli, change in discharge pattern could be conditioned in the single neurons of the medial thalamic nuclei of encephale isole cat.
Emotional Behavior and Adrenal Function in the Rat
Authors: Pare William P. , Cullen Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of open-field behaviors (latency, ambulation, rearing, and defecation) and adrenal weight and adrenal ascorbic acid (AAA) was investigated. 38 male Sprague-Dawley rats received one daily trial in the open field for 4 days. Measures of adrenal weight and AAA were subsequently obtained. Correlations between variables indicated no meaningful relationship between emotional defecation and adrenal responses. Rearing correlated significantly with AAA. Latency was significantly related with adrenal weight. These results are consistent with recent studies investigating performance of emotional Ss on escape-avoidance conditioning and CER behavior.
Effect of Illumination and D-Amphetamine on the Activity of the Rhesus Macaque
Authors: Alexander Margery , Isaac Walter
Published: September 2011

The activity of the Rhesus macaque was measured under three levels of ambient illumination and three dosages of d-amphetamine. Analysis of variance indicated that activity increases as a function of increasing level of illumination and decreases as a function of increasing dosages of amphetamine. The interaction effect was nonsignificant.
Rapidity of Test Completion and Level of Score Attained
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren S. , Berry Richard N.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of 4 rapidity indices, an achievement test score, and 2 personality measures indicated that rapidity was a stylistic and reliable response set not significantly related to score level. Personality measures were not related to rapidity, but were slightly related to score level.
Homogeneity of Single Trial Response Tendencies and Spontaneous Alternation in the T-Maze
Authors: Douglas Robert J. , Isaacson Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The variability of individual response tendencies within groups of rats with similar genetic background was investigated. Two groups were used: one group without a turning bias and another group with an empirically determined 2:1 right-turn tendency. These rats were tested in uniformly colored T-mazes and in T-mazes which contained differential stimuli in the two cross arms. In all cases the group response tendency was found to be an accurate indicator of the behavior of each of the individuals in that group. Short-term individual response sequences were not as useful in predicting future behavior as was the total group performance. Methods of using this information in calculating expected “chance behavior” in the T-maze were discussed.
Updating the Internal Criterion of Item Analysis
Authors: Guertin Wilson H.
Published: September 2011

The adequacy of total score as the internal criterion for item analysis is reviewed and criticized. An iterative computation of the internal criterion based upon items retained at the end of each cycle is proposed and illustrated with a computer program. Items rejected in the first analysis constituted the pool for a second dimensional analysis.
Effect of Instructions on a Two-Choice Probability Learning Task
Authors: Cautela Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the differential effects of instructions on a two-choice probability task. One set of instructions emphasized the number correct on each side. Another set of instructions emphasized neither of the above. The results indicated that differences in instructions did not lead to differences in subjective probability for the three groups. All groups tended toward matching behavior.
System Support for Hypothesis Generation
Authors: Merrifield P. R. , Erickson E. B.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted on the usefulness of a statistical summary in judging enemy intentions, in the context of a nuclear attack. The statistical summary was based on applications of correlation, factor groupings, and variance ratios. Thirty ROTC students served as Ss, playing the role of intelligence analysts in a simulated command post. Analyses of variance of scores based on analysts' judgments support two major inferences: use of the summary tends to increase the over-all goodness of judgment; and, use of the summary tends to enhance the assimilation of experience as measured by improvement in judgment scores from early to late trials.
Brainstorming and Orneriness as Facilitators of Creativity
Authors: Lindgren Henry Clay , Lindgren Fredrica
Published: September 2011

When 173 Ss were assigned the task of writing captions for cartoons in a three-stage experiment in which they brainstormed alone, then in small groups, and finally alone, the level of creativity of responses was higher in the third phase, as contrasted with the first phase. The number of responses produced in the third phase was significantly higher for women, but not for men. Level of creativity, but not the number of responses, was positively correlated with scores made on a forced-choice questionnaire consisting of pairs of self-evaluative adjectives scored in terms of choices made by persons preferring asymmetrical to symmetrical art. Such choices were generally consistent with what may be described as asocial or ornery attitudes.
Meaningfulness of Self, Ideal and other as Related to Own vs Therapist's Personal Construct Dimensions
Authors: Landfield A. W.
Published: September 2011

Starting from Kelly's Psychology of Personal Constructs and a study by Cromwell and Caldwell (1962), the meaningfulness of self, ideal and other was investigated within the contexts of the client's vs the therapist's personal language dimensions. It was hypothesized that: (1) clients at the beginning of therapy will find their own personal language dimensions more meaningful than those of the therapist, as judged by two criteria of meaning—one internal and one external to Kelly's theory; (2) a positive relationship will be found between the two measures of meaningfulness. Findings give added support to Kelly's notions, and, in particular, to an approach to the assessment of meaningfulness suggested by this theory.
Effect of Morphine Sulfate on Spontaneous Activity Level of the Albino Rat
Authors: Collins L. Glenn
Published: September 2011

In two experiments involving 40 albino rats and two dosage levels of morphine sulfate it was found that relatively high analgesic dosages of morphine significantly depressed general activity level in the revolving drum. Also, there was a significant interaction between drug effect and hunger drive. In the case of moderate analgesic doses (7 mg/kg) no systematic effect of morphine on activity-wheel performance was noted.
Scales for Measuring Compulsion, Hostility, Neuroticism, and Shyness
Authors: Comrey Andrew L.
Published: September 2011

A personality inventory consisting of 51 factored homogeneous item dimensions (FHIDs) of 4 items each and 2 validation scales was administered to 305 volunteer students and community persons. Preliminary analysis resulted in the refinement of some dimensions and the elimination of others, leaving a total of 51 variables for the final analysis, including 4 biographical data variables. These 51 selected variables were factor analyzed and rotated to approximate oblique simple structure. Factors Compulsion, Hostility, Neuroticism, and Shyness, identified in previous studies, were confirmed here. Scales are given for the measurement of these personality factors and 4 others of less prominence.
Scoring Orthogonally Rotated Factors
Authors: Ryder Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Appropriate factor scoring procedure depends in part upon whether or not factors are rotated. A simplification which may be applied to unrotated factors leads in the case of orthogonal rotation to inaccurate scores which may be substantially intercorrelated.
Awareness versus Consciousness
Authors: Fromm Erika
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to differentiate between awareness and consciousness. The author proposes to conceive of awareness as a cathexis that, depending upon the state of the organism, is attached in varying degrees to the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious processes. In the waking state, what is conscious is in awareness. In sleep or narcosis a person is unconscious, but when he dreams he perceives with awareness the imagery he produces. In deep hypnotic trance, consciousness is minimal and unconscious ego and id functions drift into the light of awareness.
Relationship between Epps and Marlowe-Crowne SD Scale
Authors: Stollak Gary E.
Published: September 2011

The EPPS and M-C SD scale were administered to 72 male Ss. A correlation was computed between each S's EPPS profile and (1) the mean need scores of Edwards' college male norms and (2) the mean need scores of Stollak's SD male norms, compiled in a previous study by administering the EPPS under social desirability instructions. These correlations were considered Ss' CN and SD scores, respectively, and 2 further correlations were computed between each of these scores and the M-C scale scores. The CN – M-C correlation was –.05 but the SD – M-C correlation was a significant .44. The results provided support for the validity of the SD and M-C scale scores as indicators of need for social approval.
Some Experimental Support of Psychopathic Theory: A Critique
Authors: Persons Roy W. , Persons Carol E.
Published: September 2011

Two recent experiments, which claim to support Cleckley's semantic dementia concept, were reviewed. It was found that both of these experiments had many methodological difficulties, and their support for psychopaths' lack of amenability to conditioning was seriously questioned.
Effect of Food Deprivation on Running-Wheel Activity in Naive Rats
Authors: Finger Frank W.
Published: September 2011

The activity of 90 recently-weaned rats was recorded during their initial experience in the wheel, immediately following 0-, 24-, or 48-hr. food deprivation. Both deprived groups were significantly more active than the non-deprived group, but there was no clear difference between the effect of 24- and of 48-hr. deprivation. The results are compatible with the position that food deprivation exerts a directly energizing influence upon behavior.
Associative Learning: All-or-None or Incremental?
Authors: Hinrichs Grace B.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to test implications of all-or-none vs incremental positions on associative learning. These contrasting implications were viewed in terms of the original acquisition of the association, further learning of the association, and acquisition of a new response to the original stimulus. At acquisition an all-or-none theory was favored by (1) chance Pr of correct on Test 2 given incorrect on Test 1, with latencies similar to those of incorrect rather than correct responses, (2) the large decrease in latency during acquisition rather than prior to or after acquisition, (3) latencies on acquisition consistent regardless of trial, (4) similarity of acquisition of reversal Rs to original learning. An incremental theory was supported by (1) proportion of CRs acquired per trial and (2) latency decreases after acquisition. Estes' concept of chance CRs was supported, but the “neutral” test trials were not.
Measuring “Hypnotic-Like” Suggestibility with and without “Hypnotic Induction”; Psychometric Properties, Norms, and Variables Influencing Response to the Barber Suggestibility Scale (BSS)
Authors: Barber Theodore Xenophon
Published: September 2011

The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, and other extant instruments, designed to measure response to test-suggestions of the type traditionally associated with the word “hypnosis,” are not conducive to experimental manipulation of antecedent variables. To isolate the instrumental factors which affect response to test-suggestions, a suggestibility scale is needed that can be administered with prior experimental manipulation of all potentially important antecedent variables, e.g., with and without a “hypnotic induction.” The present monograph presents three sets of data related to an instrument, the Barber Suggestibility Scale (BSS), that was constructed to fulfill this aim. One set of data pertains to the characteristics of the BSS (reliability, norms, intercorrelations of items, factor analyses, etc.). A second set derives from an experimental program designed to delineate the critical variables which affect response to the BSS. A third set of data indicates that findings obtained with the BSS can be generalized to other types of test-suggestions.
Body Image and Site of Psychosomatic Symptoms
Authors: Cleveland Sidney E. , Snyder Rebecca , Williams Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach was used to compare patients with psychosomatic symptoms affecting the body exterior (dermatitis and arthritis) with a group whose somatic symptoms were confined to the body interior (ulcerative colitis and peptic ulcer). Protocols were scored for the body image indices of barrier and penetration developed by Fisher and Cleveland. Supporting their earlier findings, the present results revealed that the exterior group scored significantly higher on the barrier and lower on the penetration scales than did the interior group. These results support the authors' contention that persons with exterior psychosomatic symptoms can be differentiated from those with interior symptoms on the basis of body-image fantasies.
Shipley-Hartford and Wechsler-Bellevue Intellectual Functioning: A Selection Screening Approach
Authors: Prado William M. , Cannon Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Shipley-Hartford (SH) and Wechsler-Bellevue (WB) scores were compared for a random group of psychiatric patients. It was found that the SH serves as an extremely accurate screening test for selection decisions (rather than classification decisions) since all subjects obtaining at least an Average SH IQ achieved the same or a higher level on the WB. The importance of the SH as a rapid and accurate intellectual screening instrument is discussed with reference to military, industrial, trade school, and hospital settings.
Verbal Reinforcement Combinations and Examiner-Subject Interaction in the Verbal Learning of Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Wiener Morton , Nidorf Louis , Jones Austin , Karras Athan
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that the schizophrenic's over-responsiveness to social censure accounts for the schizophrenic's impairment in learning in a generalization paradigm. The hypothesis was investigated in two studies eliminating stress, task complexity, and the effects of subject-examiner interactions. The results support the original hypothesis, but suggest that the effects are subtle and somewhat transitory. The data are difficult to explain in terms of Garmezy's later reformulation.
Communication, Ideas, and Meaning
Authors: Stewart Daniel K.
Published: September 2011

Communication research cannot be done in the absence of some epistemological system whose primitive propositions are relevant to basic factors of the mind. The metalanguage of such a system entails the comprehension of systems-of-thought, systems-of-explanation, explanation, and understanding as being explicative of the communicative process. Such comprehension requires knowledge of the ontological disposition of ideas and their meanings. The present paper provides an explanation sketch of such an epistemological system and refers to some implied consequences on which research has already been completed. A critique is presented on the nature of ideas and meaning.
Additional Comment on the Stimulus Train Adjusting Behavior of Rats Controlled by ICSS
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Work Murray S.
Published: September 2011

Data from nine rats, which could regulate total energy input by adjusting response rate and/or duration, indicate that Ss do not tend to regulate response rate or response duration in a manner that would keep energy input per unit time or per response constant.
Effect of Multiple Stress and Thorazine on Amsel's Frustration Effect
Authors: Greenbaum Marvin , Levy Nissim
Published: September 2011

42 rats were subjected to cold stress, start box noise, and a combination of both. These stressors, alone or in combination, did not alter the frustration effect. Thorazine prolonged locomotion time but did not alter the basic frustration effect.
Experience of Freedom to Choose in Mental Health, Neurosis and Psychosis
Authors: Baumgold John , Temerlin Maurice K. , Ragland Robert
Published: September 2011

To test the theory that the subjective experience of free choice varies with the integrity of the personality as a whole, concepts implying either fate or the self as the determinant of behavior, and control concepts neutral with respect to causation, were evaluated on the Semantic Differential by neurotic, psychotic, and normal Ss ( Ns = 20). Psychotics consistently evaluated fate concepts as the most meaningful and potent determinants of behavior, while normals and neurotics typically described the self as the active agent in behavior. No differences were found between normals and neurotics, perhaps because there is no operational definition of mental health.
Psychoanalysis Twenty-Five Years after the Death of Sigmund Freud
Authors: Grotjahn Martin
Published: September 2011

Twenty-five years after the death of Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis has proven its value as a method of investigating the unconscious. The body of knowledge as represented by psychoanalysis has grown mostly with the application of psychoanalysis to neighboring fields. Psychoanalysis as a tool of medical treatment has not lived up to the expectations, while psychoanalysis as a technique of training therapists is considered of greatest practical importance. The American societies and institutes have become the centers of international psychoanalytic training. The past twenty-five years have given much valuable insight into the life and work, the genius and creativity of Sigmund Freud and the pioneers of psychoanalysis.
Need for Social Approval and Dyadic Verbal Behavior
Authors: Buckhout Robert
Published: September 2011

High and low need-for-social-approval Ss were brought together in dyads in a 2 × 2 design. One S played the role of communicator attempting to persuade a receiver to change his attitude. High need-for-social-approval receivers showed more attitude change than low need-for-social-approval and control Ss. High need-for-social-approval communicators produced more conformity to immediate situational demands. Low need-for-social-approval communicators produced more of a change in affect towards the attitude object.
Self-Esteem: Clinical Assessment and Measurement Validation
Authors: Silber Earle , Tippett Jean S.
Published: September 2011

In this study, self-esteem refers to feelings of satisfaction a person has about himself which reflect the relationship between his self-image and his ideal self-image. Different measures of self-esteem, related to this definition, were studied in a sample of 44 late adolescent Ss. Test measures and interview assessment of self-esteem met certain criteria of validity as outlined by Campbell and Fiske. Clinical configurations of self-esteem, including defensive aspects, are described and related to the test measures.
Relative Errors with Three Lengths of Serial List
Authors: McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

45 retarded Ss were required to learn serial word lists of three lengths (4, 8, and 12 words). The percentages of errors in the middle half of each list length were compared to test the McCrary-Hunter invariance hypothesis, with list length as the dimension of task difficulty. An analysis of variance revealed a list-length effect that approached, but did not attain, the .05 level of significance. Orthogonal comparisons of the treatment sums, however, revealed a significant linear regression ( P < .05) of error percentages in the middle position as a function of list length. The hypothesis of invariance in relative serial position error was not supported for different lengths of list.
Methodological Note on Factor Analysis as an Experimental Technique
Authors: Walsh James A.
Published: September 2011

It is not incorrect to think of factor analysis as predominantly a correlational tool. It is wrong to think of factor analysis only in this way, for it can be and is properly used as an experimental technique.
Personality and Cognitive Learning among Alcoholics with Different Intervals of Sobriety
Authors: White William F.
Published: September 2011

This study was directed toward two select populations of Alcoholics Anonymous: 25 members with a verified sobriety interval of 1 to 3 mo., and 25 members with a verified sobriety interval of more than 3 yr. The 50 Ss were given Cattell's 16 PF and the Gelb-Goldstein-Weigl-Scheerer Object Sorting Test. A significant difference ( P < .05) was reported on 9 of 16 personality factors; a marked difference ( P < .001) was apparent when the groups were examined for a capacity to make any abstract-volitional shifts. Results support the hypothesis of heterogeneity of personality structure and divergent concept formation among male alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous and point to the meaningfulness of the length of sobriety in evaluating psychological characteristics of these Ss.
Effect of Extraneous Cognitive Activity on Dissonance Reduction
Authors: Allen Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was rested that cognitive work in the form of reevaluation of alternatives is necessary for post-decision dissonance reduction. It was predicted that magnitude of dissonance reduction would be less when the relevant cognitive work was prevented by keeping the person cognitively occupied with an irrelevant task. Female Ss rated the attractiveness of art prints and were given a choice between two of them. During the post-decision period, Ss either were kept cognitively occupied with an extraneous task or did nothing. A second rating of attractiveness of the prints was then obtained. As predicted, less dissonance reduction occurred when the post-decision period was occupied with extraneous cognitive activity.
Retention of an Avoidance Response Learned under Bilateral Spreading Depression
Authors: Hjelle Larry A. , Thompson Richard W.
Published: September 2011

An experiment investigated the effect of recovery or no recovery from bilateral spreading depression (BSD) during the retention interval on an avoidance response learned and tested for retention under BSD. One group experienced BSD throughout the retention interval, another had cortical recovery. A third group had a sham BSD treatment before each training session and between sessions. A fourth group was treated like Group 1 except it was given no original training. Only Group 3 showed significant retention between training sessions. Group 1 showed negative transfer and did not differ from Group 4 in Session 2. Group 4 was significantly inferior to Groups 1 and 2 in original learning. Prolonged BSD treatment appears to interfere with the learning and/or retention of an avoidance response.
Degree of Affect Expression in Psychotherapy and Degree of Psychopathy
Authors: Persons Roy W.
Published: September 2011

In an effort to test psychopaths' affect in an interpersonal relationship, approximately 300 hr. of psychotherapy were conducted with 12 empirically defined psychopaths who were incarcerated in a federal reformatory. Highly significant correlations were obtained among all measures of psychopathy. Degree of psychopathy and degree of affect expression were not significantly related, but there was a moderate negative correlation in every comparison.
Further Evaluation of an Abbreviated form of the WAIS
Authors: Holmes Douglas S. , Armstrong Hubert E. , Johnson Monty H. , Ries Harold A.
Published: September 2011

WAIS protocols of 30 hospitalized psychiatric patients were rescored according to an abbreviated form introduced by Satz and Mogel. IQ estimates obtained from administration of the full WAIS were comparable. These results agree with the Satz and Mogel findings despite differences in age, sex distribution, and IQ range of the two samples. Unlike other short forms of the WAIS, the Satz and Mogel abbreviated version samples items from all 11 sub-scales and thus provides a wide range of qualitative material. It was concluded that this abbreviated WAIS may be preferable in a clinical setting to other short forms.
Enthusiasm vs Effectiveness in Group and Individual Problem-Solving
Authors: Milton G. A.
Published: September 2011

Problem-solving productivity and enthusiasm of four-man groups were compared with those of equal numbers of individuals working alone. Forty-eight undergraduates participated, half of these worked independently and half worked as group members. Although the group participants produced fewer ideas than an equal number of individuals working alone, the group members were more enthusiastic. Enthusiasm appeared to be a function of the number of ideas produced. Group members felt that they shared all the ideas produced in a group, and, therefore, were more enthusiastic than individuals working alone. The correlation between productivity and enthusiasm was positive.
Cognitive Complexity as a Function of the Significance of the Stimulus Objects being Judged
Authors: Miller Henry , Bieri James
Published: September 2011

The question was raised as to whether cognitive complexity (CC) would vary as a function of the stimulus objects being judged. REP Test protocols of 126 Ss were analyzed in terms of two clusters of role models that differed in regard to their social distance from the judge. A significant difference in CC was found; socially distant people were differentiated more complexly than socially close people. The results were interpreted within the context of a “vigilance” hypothesis wherein complex differentiation serves an adaptive function in terms of anticipating the behavior of more remote and possibly more threatening persons.