bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutamate Clearance Is Locally Modulated by Presynaptic Neuronal Activity in the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Armbruster Moritz , Hanson Elizabeth , Dulla Chris G.
Published: October 2016

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are abundantly expressed by astrocytes, rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular environment, and restrict the temporal and spatial extent of glutamate signaling. Studies probing EAAT function suggest that their capacity to remove glutamate is large and does not saturate, even with substantial glutamate challenges. In contrast, we report that neuronal activity rapidly and reversibly modulates EAAT-dependent glutamate transport. To date, no physiological manipulation has shown changes in functional glutamate uptake in a nonpathological state. Using iGluSnFr-based glutamate imaging and electrophysiology in the adult mouse cortex, we show that glutamate uptake is slowed up to threefold following bursts of neuronal activity. The slowing of glutamate uptake depends on the frequency and duration of presynaptic neuronal activity but is independent of the amount of glutamate released. The modulation of glutamate uptake is brief, returning to normal within 50 ms after stimulation ceases. Interestingly, the slowing of glutamate uptake is specific to activated synapses, even within the domain of an individual astrocyte. Activity-induced slowing of glutamate uptake, and the increased persistence of glutamate in the extracellular space, is reflected by increased decay times of neuronal NR2A-mediated NMDA currents. These results show that astrocytic clearance of extracellular glutamate is slowed in a temporally and spatially specific manner following bursts of neuronal activity ≥30 Hz and that these changes affect the neuronal response to released glutamate. This suggests a previously unreported form of neuron–astrocyte interaction.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report the first fast, physiological modulation of astrocyte glutamate clearance kinetics. We show that presynaptic activity in the cerebral cortex increases the persistence of glutamate in the extracellular space by slowing its clearance by astrocytes. Because of abundant EAAT expression, glutamate clearance from the extracellular space has been thought to have invariant kinetics. While multiple studies report experimental manipulations resulting in altered EAAT expression, our findings show that astrocytic glutamate uptake is dynamic on a fast time-scale. This shows rapid plasticity of glutamate clearance, which locally modulates synaptic signaling in the cortex. As astrocytic glutamate uptake is a fundamental and essential mechanism for neurotransmission, this work has implications for neurotransmission, extrasynaptic receptor activation, and synaptic plasticity.
TAXONOMY AND GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PANGASIIDAE, ASIAN CATFISHES, BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES
Authors: Gustiano Rudhy , Pouyaud Laurent
Published: October 2016

Pangasiids are economically important riverine catfishes generally residing in freshwater from the Indian subcontinent to the Indonesian Archipelago. The systematics of this family are still poorly known. Consequently, lack of such basic information impedes the understanding of the biology of the Pangasiids and the study of their aquaculture potential as well as improvement of seed production and growth performance. The objectives of the present study are to clarify phylogeny of this family based on a biometric analysis and molecular evidence using 12S ribosomal mtDNA on the total of 1070 specimens. The study revealed that 28 species are recognised as valid in Pangasiidae. Four genera are also recognized as Helicophagus Bleeker 1858, Pangasianodon Chevey 1930, Pteropangasius Fowler 1937, and Pangasius Valenciennes 1840 instead of two as reported by previous workers. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the recognised genera, and genetic relationships among taxa. Overall, trees from the different analyses show similar topologies and confirm the hypothesis derived from geological history, palaeontology, and similar models in other taxa of fishes from the same area. The oldest genus may already have existed when the Asian mainland was still connected to the islands in the southern part about 20 million years ago.
ESTIMASI HERITABILITAS DAN RESPONS SELEKSI PERSILANGAN IKAN GURAMI (Osphronemus goramy Lac.)
Authors: Sularto Sularto , Febrianti Rita , Suharyanto Suharyanto
Published: October 2016

Ikan gurami (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) dikenal sebagai ikan yang lambat tumbuh. Perbaikan mutu genetik dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut, salah satunya adalah melalui program seleksi. Pembentukan populasi dasar dengan menggabungkan persilangan empat populasi Kalimantan, Jambi, Majalengka (M), dan Tasikmalaya dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keragaman genetik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengestimasi nilai heritabilitas dan respons seleksi karakter pertumbuhan bobot ikan gurami hasil persilangan empat populasi gurami sebagai populasi dasar. Persilangan dilakukan dengan rasio jantan: betina (1:1) dan terbentuk 12 famili. Seleksi dilakukan menggunakan metode seleksi famili berdasarkan karakter bobot. Parameter yang diamati adalah karakter pertumbuhan bobot. Data yang digunakan untuk perhitungan etimasi heritabilitas dan respons seleksi adalah data bobot pada umur 11 bulan. Dari data tersebut digunakan untuk menghitung koefisien keragaman (CV), diferensial seleksi (S), estimasi nilai heritabilitas (h2), estimasi respons seleksi (R), dan standard error (SE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi dasar yang terbentuk memiliki nilai estimasi heritabilitas 0,4991 yang termasuk kategori tinggi, diferensial seleksi sebesar 124,22 g; sehingga mendapatkan nilai estimasi respons seleksi sebesar 62 g atau (18,2%).Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lac.) is known as a slow growing fish. Genetic improvement can be done to overcome this obstacle; one way is through the selection program. Formation of base population by combining cross four populations can increase genetic diversity. The crosses four populations were: Kalimantan (Borneo), Jambi, Majalengka, and Tasikmalaya. The purpose of this study was to estimate the heritability and response to selection of characters in length and weights of giant gourami from four crosses population as the base population of synthetic material. Crossings were made with the ratio of male: female (1:1) to form 12 families. Selection was made after 11 months old fish. Selection was done using the family selection method based on the body weight character. Observations were conducted on parameter the body weight (BW). The data was used to calculate the coefficient of variance (CV), the selection differential (S), the estimated heritability (h2), the estimated selection response (R), and standard error (SE). The result showed an estimated heritability value was 0.4991 and categorized as high level, amounting to 124.22 g of selection differential, so the estimated selection response value was 62 g (18.2%).
ABNORMALITAS MORFOLOGIS BENIH IKAN LELE AFRIKA (Clarias gariepinus) STRAIN MUTIARA
Authors: Iswanto Bambang , Suprapto Rommy
Published: October 2016

Ikan lele Mutiara merupakan strain baru ikan lele Afrika (Clarias gariepinus) hasil pemuliaan yang memiliki keunggulan-keunggulan karakteristik budidaya, terutama pertumbuhan. Selain karakteristik budidayanya, karakteristik morfologis ikan lele Mutiara juga perlu dieksplorasi. Salah satu aspek morfologi yang perlu dieksplorasi tersebut adalah abnormalitas morfologis benihnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui abnormalitas morfologis benih ikan lele Mutiara dibandingkan dengan benih strain-strain ikan lele Afrika lain yang digunakan dalam kegiatan budidaya di Indonesia, yakni ikan lele Sangkuriang, Dumbo, Sukhoi, Burma, Paiton, Phyton dan Masamo. Karakteristik yang diamati adalah abnormalitas bentuk morfologis (deformitas) dan fluktuasi asimetri sirip dada dan sirip perut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat deformitas (4,00%) dan fluktuasi asimetri (sirip dada 0,14 dan sirip perut 0,02) benih ikan lele Mutiara lebih rendah daripada benih-benih ikan lele Sangkuriang, Dumbo, Sukhoi, Burma, Paiton, Phyton dan Masamo (deformitas berkisar 6,00-42,00%, fluktuasi asimetri sirip dada berkisar 0,30-0,68 dan sirip perut berkisar 0,12-0,62). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa bentuk morfologis benih ikan lele Mutiara lebih normal daripada benih-benih ikan lele Sangkuriang, Dumbo, Sukhoi, Burma, Paiton, Phyton dan Masamo. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa mutu dan keragaman genetis ikan lele Mutiara lebih tinggi daripada strain-strain ikan lele Afrika lain yang digunakan dalam kegiatan budidaya di Indonesia tersebut.
IKAN PARI AIR TAWAR DAN SEJENISNYA SEBAGAI IKAN HIAS YANG POTENSIAL
Authors: Sudarto Sudarto
Published: October 2016

Ikan pari air tawar Himantura signifer termasuk genus Himantura yang terdiri atas 40 spesies. Ikan ini banyak diburu orang untuk dijadikan ikan hias. Akibat perburuan tersebut maka ikan ini menjadi langka di beberapa habitatnya antara lain di Jambi, Kalimantan, dan Papua. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya untuk merehabilitasi habitat maupun populasinya di alam melalui restocking dan konservasi habitat. Uji coba pembiakan sedang dilakukan dan diharapkan keberhasilan pengembangbiakannya dapat memperbaiki populasi ikan ini di alam.
On the Reclassification and Implementation of Strategies for Teaching CSL/CFL in the Context of Globalization
Authors: Sun Peijian , Zhang Lawrence (Jun)
Published: October 2016

A good design and implementation of teaching strategies is pivotal to the success of classroom teaching. Given the international promotion of the Chinese language and culture, we offer a critical review of the literature on classroom teaching strategies to address the necessity of reclassification of teaching strategies in the wider CSL/CFL context. We categorize these strategies broadly into three: Direct, indirect, and cooperative teaching strategies and propose that the design and implementation of these teaching strategies be based on Bloom’s taxonomy. Accordingly, we have also provided a sample lesson plan to embody the essence of the taxonomy. We hope that such reclassification and implementation of these teaching strategies in the promotion of CSL/CFL would enrich and diversify CSL/CFL teachers’ classroom teaching repertoire in non-target language environments.
A Systemic Functional Framework for Chinese Analysis
Authors: Yanning Yang
Published: October 2016

This paper attempts to develop a framework for the functional analysis of Chinese within the theoretical background of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It focuses its discussion on the controversial issues emerged from previous Chinese studies, aiming to provide new insights into these uncertainties. Given that the terminology in SFG is originally created for the analysis of English, the key terms in the framework are defined by examining their functions in the linguistic environment of Chinese to prevent any distortion of the characteristics in the language. The framework consists of the systematic descriptions of Chinese clauses in experiential, interpersonal, and textual dimensions. The descriptions end up by proposing the realization statements for Transitivity, Theme and Mood systems in Chinese. The framework also includes the descriptions of grammatical categories above and below clause in Chinese. In particular, the grammatical structures of clause complex and various types of group/phrase are examined for this purpose.
The Effects of First Language in the Learning of Target Language Knowledge
Authors: Poh 胡月宝 韩月芳 Aw Guat
Published: October 2016

Scholars have been showing great interest in the Thinking Mode, Cognition Mechanism and Information Processing during the process of second language learning. Efforts have been exerted on the figuring out of the relationship between mother tongue and target language, and the major role mother tongue plays in the whole process of cognition operation. This paper, on the basis of ‘Knowledge-Cognition-Meta cognition’ theory, conducts an investigation of 130 junior high students from four middle schools in Singapore on how mother tongue thinking monitors Chinese (L2) learning through the stimulus of textbook English notes. This survey, consisting of three parts including vocabulary, sentence and discourse learning, aims to explore the deep operation mechanism of mother tongue thinking monitoring, and they are autonomous learning intention monitoring, independent understanding monitoring, quick understanding monitoring, rapid memorizing monitoring, and quick application of learned knowledge monitoring. The result indicates: (1)the way English thinking monitoring Chinese learning appears to be obvious and apparent; (2)the students have strong intention of autonomous learning; (3)the learning effects of target language have been largely improved.
An advanced second year fellowship in pediatric pain medicine: development, implementation, and challenges
Authors: Matava Clyde , Naser Basem , Wong Gail , Crawford Mark
Published: October 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. BackgroundThere is a growing need for advanced fellowship training in pediatric pain medicine and other subspecialties of pediatric anesthesia. Increasing clinical and educational demands have necessitated the development of a novel pediatric anesthesia pain fellowship at our institution. Principal findingsFollowing an iterative process with a workgroup, we have developed and implemented a novel one-year advanced fellowship program in pediatric pain medicine. We describe our experience developing and challenges faced implementing the program. The fellowship has clinical, education, research and administration components. Elective periods are offered for additional specialized training. To date four fellows have been recruited to the fellowship program.Conclusion We present an overview of a novel pediatric medicine pain fellowship. Initial feedback and reviews suggest the fellowship is meeting the needs of fellows and patients in various pediatric settings. It is hoped that continued work to improve the fellowship will enhance patient care by educating physicians in effective methods of pain management in an increasingly complex subspecialty. By enhancing clinical care, education, research and leadership in pain the ultimate aim of the fellowship program is to alleviate pain and improve outcomes in children.
Addiction care in Mexico: a challenge for non-specialized health professionals
Authors: Marín-Navarrete Rodrigo ,   Unidad de Ensayos Clínicos en Adicciones y Salud Mental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz., Medina-Mora María Elena , Tena-Suck Antonio ,   Dirección General. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz.,   Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México.
Published: October 2016

International epidemiological studies report that substance use disorders (SUDs) and other psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) are among the first ten conditions that contribute to the global burden of disease. Together they account for 7.4% of the disability-adjusted life years of the total global burden, 0.5% of the total years of life lost to premature mortality, and 22.9% of the years lived with  disability. These data place SUDs as a serious public health problem in the world.
El tiempo pasado como única realidad posible: caracterización de los personajes en "A place I've never been", de David Leavitt
Authors: Mora González Lucía
Published: October 2016

David Leavitt, escritor norteamericano, reúne en 1990 diez relatos, escritos entre 1984 y 1990, bajo el título común A Place I've Never Been, obra que supone una variante en la temática narrativa. Las claustrofóbicas situaciones familiares presentes en sus anteriores libros "Family Dancing" (1983). The Lost Language of Cranes (1986) y "Equal Affections" (1988) dejan paso ala descripción de vivencias de jóvenes pertenecientes a la generación del escritor, que viajan por Europa en su intento de huir de un pasado americano. Por lo general, las vivencias de los personajes están condicionadas por el tiempo pasado, remoto o inmediato; recuerdos infantiles y juveniles, así como determinados hechos recientes de vital importancia configuan la caracterización de los diferentes jóvenes, desde Celia hasta Jeffrey, sin olvidar a los seres enfermos u obsesionados por el SIDA, jóvenes desarraigados en busca siempre de su propia identidad.

In 1990 David Leavitt collects ten short-stories written between 1984 and 1990 and entitled A Place I've Never Been which provide a new variant in his narrative theme. The overwhelming familiar situations present thoroughout his previous works "Family Dancing" (1983), "The Lost Language of Cranes" (1986) and "Equal Affections" (1988) are replaced by the clepiction of young people experiences who travel through Europe in their attempt to get rid of their American past. In general, these people are caught within their own past; childhood and adolescent memories. But, at the same time, specific and recent happenings shape the characterization of these different young people who suffer from illness or are simply obsessed by the onset of AIDS. In fact, these characters are beaten down by life or defeated by their own defeatedness, in their search for identity.
Increase of PlGF (Placental Growth Factor) Level After Administration of Dydrogesterone in Pregnancy
Authors: Rusly Dewi Karlina
Published: October 2016

Aim: To observe the effect of Dydrogesterone administration in pregnancy on PlGF level

Methods: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial. Study population has been divided into two groups. Group A consists of 20 women who receive only Folic acid 5 mg a day for 4 weeks time. Group B consists of 20 women who receive Dydrogesterone 2x10 mg a day and Folic acid 5 mg a day for 4 weeks. PlGF has been measured twice. First measurement was done before drug administration, while the second measurement has been done during 18th weeks of pregnancy. The changes on PlGF level before and after treatment from each group has been analyzed using SPSS 17.

Results: 40 pregnant women have been recruited for this study. There are no differences based on the patient’s age, number of pregnancy and parity, gestational age and body weight between each group.  The mean levels of PlGF in both groups before intervention shows no significant difference (p = 0091 or p> 0.05), 40.80 pg/mL vs.  25.95 pg / mL. The mean levels of PlGF in group A after 4 weeks administration of Folic acid is 89.60 pg / mL. It shows the escalation of 48.8 pg / mL. The elevation of PlGF level in group A shows significant difference (p = 0.000 or p <0.05) after 4 weeks Folic acid treatment.The mean levels of PlGF in group B after 4 weeks administration of Dydrogesterone and Folic acid is 212.15 pg / mL. It shows the escalation of 186.20 pg / mL. The elevation of PlGF level in group B shows significant difference (p = 0.000 or p <0.05) after 4 weeks Dydrogesterone and Folic acid treatment.

Conclusion: Dydrogesterone treatment can increase the level of PlGF.
The Association Between Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Idiopathic Early Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Halim Binarwan
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Various etiologies of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) have been extensively studied, but more than half of them still remain unknown. Male factor may play a role in incidence of idiopathic early recurrent pregnancy loss. Sperm DNA fragmentation as one of sperm test for male factor can be measured and expressed by a DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI). The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between sperm DNA fragmentation and the incidence of idiopathic early recurrent pregnancy loss.

Material & Methods

A prospective study was done by recruiting 40 cases of  male couple from patients with a history of idiopathic early recurrent pregnancy loss and 40 cases of control from normal fertile population from May 2010 to September 2011 in Halim Fertility Center. Sperm DNA fragmentation was detected by halosperm kit.

Results
Both of groups were comparable in terms of the age of male patients, body mass index, duration of infertility, history of miscarriage and sperm parameters. Sperm DFI in the case group was 34.12%. and in the control group was 16.02%. There was significantly higher sperm DFI in the case group than in the control group. Sperm DFI <30 was increased in control group (95%) compared with case group (40%). Sperm DFI ≥30 was increased in case group (60%) compared with control group (5%). There was a significant association between sperm DFI ≥30 and idiopathic early recurrent pregnancy loss (p<0,05).

Conclusion

There is an association between higher sperm DNA fragmentation and incidence of idiopathic early recurrent pregnancy loss.
Outcome and Risk of Obstetric Complication in Teenage Pregnancy in Tertiary Center Hospital In Indonesia
Authors: Andriyana Huthia
Published: October 2016

Background : Teenage pregnancy is a worldwide problem bearing serious social and medical implications relating to maternal and child health. Teenage pregnancy can have serious physical consequences and they are likely to be unmarried and uneducated. The objective of the study was to evaluate risk factors associated with teenage pregnancy and compare the obstetric and fetal outcome.

Methods : This is a retrospective study performed over a period of 2 years (January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014) in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital as tertiary center and teaching hospital in Indonesia where data was retrieved from the hospital records. Three hundred and fifty randomly selected teenage mothers (aged 12-18) who had delivery within the period were compared with 350 randomly selected deliveries in older primigravid mother (19-39 years) over the same period. Variables of interest were the demographic characteristics of the women, their obstetric complications and the outcome.

Results : There were a total of 5449 deliveries during the study period, out which 372 (6.8%) were teenages. We compared 350 randomly selected teenage mothers (aged 12-18 years) with 350 randomly selected primigravid mothers (aged 19-39) over the same period. In teenage group, the mean of age was 17,3 years old, most of the teenage mother latest education were junior high school (78,3%), unemployed (55,1%), married < 6 month (40,8%), unintended pregnancy (56,6%), labor husband occupation (56%).

The obstetrical complications of teenage mother were premature rupture of membrane (27,3%), preterm labor (20,9%), gestational hypertension, mild-severe preeclampsia (12,3%), intrauterine infection (10,3%), postterm pregnancy (5,7%), eclampsia (3,7%), fetal malpresentation (3,7%), labor dystocia (3,4%), HIV (0,9%) and condyloma (1,7%). Most of babies were delivered vaginally (61,3%) in gestational age under 36 weeks (57,7%) with  babies birth weight under 2500 grams (51,7%). Most of teenage mother were having IUD as contraception (78,9%).
Conclusion : Teenage pregnancy in Indonesia is concentrated among women with less education, who are unemployed, unmarried and with inadequate antenatal care and obstetric risks for poor pregnancy outcome.
Postpartum Contraception in Indonesian Teenager
Authors: Amelya Merry
Published: October 2016

Background : Teenage pregnancy is a worldwide problem bearing serious social and medical implications relating to maternal and child health. Postpartum contraception in Indonesia teenager still being controversy issue in  Indonesia, some opinion said contraception using in teenager will increase risk of sexual transmitted disease and against sociocultural. However, contraception is still important to prevent another unintended pregnancies. We aimed to evaluate the postpartum contraception preferences of teenagers.

Methods : This is a cross sectional study performed over a period of 2 Years (January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014) in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital as tertiary center and teaching hospital in Indonesia, 350 randomly selected teenage mothers (aged 12-19) were compared with 350 randomly adult primigravida mothers (20-39 years). Variables of interest were the demographic characteristics of the women, their obstetric complications and the outcome compare with contraception preferences.

Results : There were a total of 5449 deliveries during the study period, out which 372 (6.8%) were teenagers. In teenage group, the mean of age was 17,3 years old, most of the teenage mother latest education were junior high school (78,3%), unemployed (55,1%), married < 6 month (40,8%), unintended pregnancy (56,6%), labor husband occupation (56%). The most commonly used postpartum contraceptive method was IUD (78,9%), DMPA injection (10%), implant (0,3%), and some of adolescent mothers did not use contraception (10,9%). There is significantly different contraception preferences between teenage mothers and adult primigravida mothers (p=0.009). Post partum contraception preferences in teenage mothers were significantly correlate with mother occupation (p=0.002), marital status (p=0.000), marriage age (p=0.000), unintended pregnancy (p=0.004), husband occupation (p=0.000), complications during pregnancy and delivery (p=0.000), gestational age (p=0.000), and babies birth weight (p=0.000). Teenage mother were given information about contraception by doctor after she came at delivery room. The doctor offered several postpartum contraception that can be used after delivery. Teenagers select a contraceptive method with consider the benefits and risks.

Conclusion : Providing adequate postpartum contraceptive education is therefore important for teenage mother.
Estradiol Serum Levels in Menopausal Women With and Without Vasomotor Syndrome in Medan
Authors: Ganis Siregar Fidel
Published: October 2016

Vasomotor syndrome is the most commonly complained syndrome in menopause women. The main mechanism is the decrease in estrogen which causes increasing of body's core temperature and overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Estradiol is the most abdudant and most potent estrogen derivate that works in major receptors throughout the body. This study aimed to determine difference of estradiol serum levels between women with and without vasomotor syndromes and among the symptoms severity. This study was conducted in 50 menopausal women in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. Vasomotor symptoms was assessed by interview using three options of answers. Estradiol serum was analyezed using chemiluminescent principle in Prodia Laboratory. Data were tabulated and analyzed by SPSS. This study showed significant difference of mean estradiol serum levels between women with and without vasomotor syndromes (17.5 and 47.5 pg/ml, respectively; p=0.0001). Women with mild vasomotor syndromes had higher estradiol serum levels (23.9-29 pg/ml) than those with moderate (12-19.7 pg/ml) and severe (11.8 pg/ml) degree of syndromes. By using estradiol level as a marker, the presence vasomotor symptoms even its severeity should have been predicted earlier. Therefore, women can prepare to overcome those debilitating symptoms. Further and larger reseach is needed to make this study applicable in all clinical settings.
The Relationship Between Ramadan Fasting with Menstrual Cycle Pattern Changes in Teenagers
Authors: Ikhsan Muhammad
Published: October 2016

Objective

This study was to assess the relation between Ramadan fasting and menstrual cycle changes among teenagers

Methods

This is an observational study with cohort prospective approach. The target population was teenagers between 15-19 years old. 85 female students of 1 Senior High School in Manyak Payed District were enrolled in this study that fulfilled the inclusions criteria and failed exclusion criteria. Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaires regarding menstrual cycle for 4 consecutive months to assess their menstrual cycle. Parameter observed was changes in menstrual cycle which could be in duration, frequency, and menstrual blood volume. For menstrual blood volume, the quantification was using menstrual pictogram questionnaire.

Results

among 85 female students enrolled, 14 students were menorrhagia and 6 students were oligomenorrhea during Ramadan fasting. There was no difference in menstrual cycle abnormalities during Ramadan fasting between the respondents who started fasting in follicular phase or luteal phase (p > 0.05). However, for menstrual blood quantification, there was a significant difference between menstrual blood volume before and during Ramadan fasting. This was marked by the increased mean in menstrual blood volume as much as 13.84 mL (SD 18.69 mL; 9.8-17.87 mL 95% CI) with p value < 0.0001.

Conclusion

During Ramadan  fasting, there were changes in teenagers’  menstrual cycle especially in menstrual blood volume. There was significant difference (p < 0.0001) in menstrual blood volume before and during Ramadan fasting. But, there was no difference in menstrual cycle abnormalities (menorrhagia and oligomenorrhea) between respondents who started fasting in follicular phase or luteal phase (p > 0.05).
Cut-off Value of Testosterone and FSH Level In Patient With Azoospermia
Authors: Basukarno Ari
Published: October 2016

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and Testosterone are important for spermatogenesis. Increased serum FSH and decreased testosterone are related to abnormal spermatogenesis. Azoospermia can be classified as obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. This study aims to discover cut-off value of Testosterone and FSH in predicting obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. From 1064 patients, 120 fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria.  There were 66.7% in obstructive with 33.3% in non-obstructive group. No difference in terms of age (36,83 vs 36,62 y.o). Testosterone were 405.54 + 186.14 ng/dL vs 298.84 + 161.45 ng/dL (p=0.002) while FSH was 8,53 + 8,43 mIU/mL vs 20,12 + 11,89 mIU/mL (p<0.001) for obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia respectively. Average testicular were 17.74 + 4.03 cc and 17.50 + 4.23 cc while in non-obstructive group are 12.97 + 5.18 cc and 13.37 + 5.31 cc for right and left testis respectively. FSH value above 10.36 mIU/mL has sensitivity 82.1% and specificity 79.5% for predicting non-obstructive azoospermia. Unfortunately, Testosterone could not be used in predicting azoospermia classification. Obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia could be predicted using FSH but not testosterone serum level. Higher testosterone population should be used for further study.
Quranic Features of Healing and Treatment: an Indexing of Quranic (Medical Instructions) Verses
Authors: Hussein Abdul Rahman Obeid , Yusof Adnan Mohamed , Tarmizi Syed Ahmad , Omar Syed , Mohd Amin Mohd Zohdi
Published: October 2016

This paper deals with an important issue in religious thought (religion and modern sciences), which was a great challenge to the eternal validity of the text. Quran, as a revealed book, proved its power in term of legal system, and theological and philosophical presence. However, there has been a controversy on this subject. This paper used the descriptive method in presenting this topic. The researchers found that the major works on this issue have been done by Tantawi Jawhari, Maurice Bucalle, and Zaglul al-Najjar. Additionally, this context has a crucial role to play in classifying some verses as miracles of the Quran.
Impacts Sociaux Et Environnementaux De L’orpaillage Sur Les Populations De La Region Du Bounkani (Cote D’ivoire)
Authors: Adon Simon AFFESSI , Gnamien  Jean-Claude KOFFI Koffi , Moussa SANGARE
Published: October 2016

This work highlights the effects of the practice of rural panning. This activity is considered a factor in promoting better condition of life of the miners. Its implementation modifies the relations of individuals with nature. The action of the miners, in their quest for wellness, causes social, economic and relationship with adverse environmental consequences. The study method was to collect information from resource persons and the use of functionalist theories and structural-functionalist. The results indicate that gold mining activity, although revenue generating negatively affect the environment, food safety and the health of populations in the Region Bounkani.
El empaste y el grumo. Narración y pintura en Juan José Saer
Authors: Dalmaroni Miguel
Published: October 2016

Los modos de la escritura de Saer persiguen efectos como los que el escritor identifica en la pintura que prefirió, entre Van Gogh y Pollock, entre Estrada y Espino. Conceptualizamos esos modos mediante la figura de un trabajo que busca pasar del plano al “empaste”, al “grumo”, a la pictorización en relieve; y analizamos sus relaciones con el método narrativo de Saer.
DOES USING NAIRU IN THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION INFLUENCE ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL OUTPUT AND OUTPUT GAP?
Authors: Kloudová Dana
Published: October 2016

Although there are more sophisticated methods of estimation of output gap and potential output, a production function still remains among the most used methods of estimation of these unobservable variables. To gain the most reliable data, several versions of the production function have been developed. This paper analyses if there is some difference between using a version of production with HP filter applied during the estimation and NAIRU. Results will show that there are not very significant differences but because NAIRU can explain changes at the labour market better it will be recommended to use this version of production function.
The contribution of education to economic growth: Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Nowak A. Z. , Dahal Gangadhar
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the long run relationship between education and economic growth in Nepal between 1995 and 2013 through application of Johansen Cointegration technique and OLS. The results from OLS show that secondary and higher education contributes significantly to the Real GDP Per Capita in Nepal. The elementary education also positively influences economic growth but the results are statistically less significant. The cointegration test results confirmed the existence of long run relationship in education (a well-educated human capital) and Real GDP Per Capita. It is therefore, suggested to keep education on top priority in public policies, make serious efforts for Universalization of Primary Education and discourage the drop-out rate at all levels of education to achieve sustained economic growth.
A longitudinal analysis of the effect of unemployment on health
Authors: Stroukal Dominik
Published: October 2016

This paper examines the relationship between health and unemployment on individual panel data for the Czech Republic between 2008 and 2011. Foreign research comes up with two possible directions: that unemployment worsens health and that for people with poor health it is more difficult to find jobs, the healthy worker effect. In many models based on representative data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, it has been verified that unemployment actually worsens health. Conversely, healthy worker effect could not be verified. Finally, it was found that the relationship from unemployment to poorer health is greater among men than women.
Mediation in causal log-linear models
Authors: Gheno Gloria
Published: October 2016

The analysis of the causality is important in many fields of research. To obtain the causal effects in a causal log-linear model I propose a theory, using the odds ratio and the concepts proposed by Pearl, whenever possible. I start calculating the effects in a simple mediation model where I analyze a new interaction effect, which I call cell. After I calculate the effects in a mediation model with two parallel mediators. If they are correlated, Pearl's theory cannot be used and no alternative theory has been proposed so far. To resolve this issue I present a new concept of causality. The mediation models are essential in the marketing, then to it, for a more complex analysis, I apply my causal theory.
Justification of Hard-to-Recovery Reserves Using Integrated Geological Parameters
Authors: Shandrygin A. , Dubrovky D.
Published: October 2016

The method of determine hard-to-recover reserves (HTRR) with using complex of geological and physical parameters of reservoirs for taken economic conditions is presented. This method is based on the construction of the multifunctional relations recoverable reserves of hydrocarbons with geological and physical parameters of deposits. The technique is realized in the form of the estimation of "index of reserves complexity" on the basis of the calculation of "coefficients of formation parameters complexity" for flow and capacity parameters of reservoir and fluid properties. "Index of reserves complexity" is used as criteria of assignment of reserves to HTRR category.

We demonstrated the need of integrating geological and physical parameters of formations to determine their critical values for assignment to HTRR. The examples of HTRR definition with using the proposed method are shown.
Experimental and Computational Complex for Determination of the Effectiveness of Cyclic Carbon Dioxide Injection for Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Popov Evgeny , Myasnkov Artem , Cheremisin Alexey , Miftakov Ruslan , Stukachev Vladimir , Mukhametdinova Aliya
Published: October 2016

The problems of numerical and experimental modeling of cyclic carbon dioxide injection in a supercritical state for low-permeability reservoirs were considered in this study. Sensitivity analysis of the cumulative oil production from a number of physical - chemical parameters of the reservoir was performed. The experimental and numerical simulation of cyclic injection of carbon dioxide (huff-n-puff) on core samples of low permeability reservoirs was carried out. Calculations of phase equilibrium pumping supercritical fluid were conducted. Two-dimensional model was proposed for huff-n-puff technology of cyclic injection of CO2, which is a periodic pumping in and pumping out of the solvent into the formation.
A Comprehensive Approach to Achieve Record Performance on Uvat Project
Authors: Moroz Pavel , Dorokhin Pavel , Nabiullin Salavat , Kustarev Dmitry , Vasilyev Alexander , Sigarev Sergey
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the successful implementation of a new drilling optimization process applied during the West Siberia Uvat project. The optimization process produced outstanding results in daily drilling rate, mean rate of penetration (ROP), and overall drilling rate. This paper describes the planning and drilling process used during operations and the record-breaking results. Solutions and technologies were successfully replicated during the project. Drilling optimization combined with new technologies, such as the combined measurement-while-drilling (MWD) system and new generation of downhole drilling motors, significantly reduced drilling time. This paper discusses the collaborative effort that helped provide better understanding of the project's capabilities. It also describes the optimization of advanced technologies, which helped identify and eliminate risks. The practices described in this paper provide significant value to local operators and service companies that perform operations at high drilling rates.
Well Drilling Process Optimization in the Verkhnechonskoye Oil, Gas and Condensate Field
Authors: Dubrovin Andrey , Klabukov Andrey , Abaltusov Nikolay , Shulga Vladimir
Published: October 2016

Verkhnechonskoye oil and gas field is characterized by complicated geological structure, which places restrictions on well profile, selection of BHA and the time required for hole conditioning prior to casing running and cementing. The objective of this paper was to run a number of experiments aimed at drilling process optimization and reduction of horizontal well construction time at Verkhnechonskoye field thanks to drilling 178-mm production casing section in one run.

The testing consisted of two phases.

In the first phase 178-mm section was drilled in two runs. At first, maximum rate of penetration was maintained before the first complicated interval – the Middle Motskaya sub-suite – was encountered. Then the assembly was pulled out of hole, and LWD tools were included in the BHA. Upon completion of drilling and during POOH standard procedures were followed, and production casing was immediately run in hole.

Then the experiment was run to drill the production casing section in one run using BHA which initially included a set of logging tools.

Both experiments were used to successfully test the downhole motor with a specially designed oil-resistant elastomer.

During the first series of experiments the time of 178-mm section drilling reduced by 12 to 30 hours, depending on the depth of production casing running.

Then, the interval was drilled in one run using LWD tools, and about two days were saved. Also, the mudstone interval remained exposed for a much shorter period (almost 2 days), which reduced the risk of caving.

Using logging tools while drilling enabled the Customer’s geology department to receive the data in real time, which gave them a better understanding TVD depth of production casing running.

The practice of drilling ahead with similar BHA including full LWD suite in other wells showed that significant depth and rigidity of the assembly made it impossible to use it, if the azimuth of the well changed by over 60°. At the casing setting depth exceeding 2700 m even without changes in azimuth, in lower intervals issues were encountered with transferring weight on bit while slide drilling, which resulted in significantly lower rate of penetration.

Another result of the experiment refers to the downhole motor with the oil-resistant elastomer. It worked throughout its warranty operating life – 147 hours of circulation – which allows recommending the motor for using with oil-based mud systems.

The experience obtained at Verkhnechonskoye field may be used at other fields with similar geology, primarily in Irkutsk region.
Installation of Longest Openhole Solid Expandable Tubular Technology on a Deepening Well in Western Kazakhstan
Authors: Aidoo Ato , Berto Pier Paolo , Gabdullina Mira , Amanov Bauyrzhan , Park Martin , Connell Sean , Orlandini Stefano , Andonovski Goran
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses the use of Solid Expandable Technology that allowed well deepening to reach Pre-Tula reservoir while maximising production liner size. The planning and execution of the first Kazakhstan installation and world record expandable open hole liner (OHL) application are examined.

KPO b.v, operator of the Karachaganak field, planned to re-enter an old well, drilled in the former Soviet Union (FSU), abandon the existing openhole reservoir section, and sidetrack by kicking off directionally from cement plug, below the existing 7" production casing shoe. Due to the different pressure regimes (Permian - 1.03SG; Carboniferous reservoir - 0.83SG, and Tula bed formation 1.17SG) and the potential of taking losses and not reaching planned total depth of 5,267m with 5-7/8" hole, an expandable OHL was selected as a contingency option to isolate the high pressure Permian zone that transitions into a low pressure carboniferous zone with potential for loss of circulation. If needed, this would allow the Permian and Carboniferous to be isolated at top Tula, mud weight increased and reservoir drilled with 5" bit. This is larger than traditional well construction options maximising reservoir drainage.

After drilling to top Tula, the 5-7/8" section was under-reamed to 7", drift run was conducted and the 5-1/2" × 1,403m liner was deployed to 5,167m with no open hole challenges encountered. The expandable OHL was expanded leaving a 5.2" internal diameter, after the cementing job. The system was drilled out and the reservoir section drilled with 5" bit to planned TD; the 3-1/2" × 4-1/2" tapered production liner was then set across the reservoir.

This is believed to be the first installation in Kazakhstan and the longest 5-1/2" expandable OHL globally. The main objective of isolating the open hole section was achieved with no operational or safety incidents. The secondary objective of isolating a hydrocarbon bearing zone in the Carboniferous was achieved and verified by USIT that concluded that cement bond was of excellent quality across the section where future perforating may occur.

This paper provides well construction teams information on an alternative solution that could be used in many other wells across the Eurasia region. Understanding the benefits achieved by KPO b. v. on the Karachaganak field may open up opportunities to extend field life where traditional technology has been uneconomical.
Cement for temperature range 160-300 °C
Authors: Bakirov D. L. , Burdyga V. A. , Svyatukhova S. S. , Melekhov A. V. , Kafarova I. V. , Sledkov V. V. , Shadchnev A. N. , Shtyfel A. P , Yakunin S. A. , Chudinov V. A
Published: October 2016

The study is concerned with thermal resistant cements designed for cementing the casing strings with thermal gas treatment of the formation drilled in the Sredne-Nazymskoe Field of the JSC RITEK.

Investigated were various cements compositions for thermal resistance at 160 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C. Methods were studied to increase thermal resistance of plant-manufactured cements and methods to augment the strength of the cement stone formed at hardening temperatures of up 90 °C.

Developed as a result of the study were: –a methodology and technology for assessing the thermal resistance of cements;–technological requirements to thermal resistant cements for cementing the wells, drilled in the Sredne-Nazymskoe Oilfield, according to which recipes for thermal-resistant cements were developed, both ultra-low density 1400 kg/m3 and normal density (1900 kg/m3), using plant-manufactured cement.

Field tests of the developed compositions were performed.
Improving the Quality of Cementing Lines and Conductors in the Conditions of Permafrost in the Fields in Eastern Siberia
Authors: Bykov V. V. , Paleev S. A. , Medvedev Y. V.
Published: October 2016

Well construction mates with many circumstances related to the quality of borehole sinking and cementing. Casing string cementing is one of the most important stages in well construction, summarizing drilling of certain well interval and prviding a further long-term correct operation of the whole well. In order to perform a correct cementing of well casing strings in the presence of permafrost formations (PFF), lost circulation zones of drilling fluid and reduced static temperatures it is required to apply an effective and reliable cementing formulaes, which allow to perform the well cementing in a qualitative manner, relatively cheap and without big labour costs and change of existing technologies.

The work represents the results of performance of laboratory investigations on selction of optimum recipe of grouting mixture of oil-well cement and high-test gypsum. As a result of development laboratory works the gypsum-cement recipe for casing strings cementing (324 mm conductors and 245 mm surface casings) in Eastern Siberia was developed. The differentia of this formulae from cements applied today, are optimum strength characteristics of cement stone and heightened setting time along with acceptable time of grouting mixture thickening.

The work represents the results of pilot testing on conductors cementing with application of the developed gypsum-cement formulae at twenty wells of three fields (Central area of Talakan field, Alinskoe and Eastern-Alinskoe field). As a result of practical application of grouting material with addition of gypsum cementing high-test separated one the following was achieved: improvement of casing string cementing quality and substantial effect on reduction of time of waiting on cement (WOC) two times less in comparison with the traditional cementing technology in PFF gross intervals.