bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photogrammetry of the Muscles of Facial Expression
Authors: Balogh Brigitta , Wessig M. , Waldhäusl P. , Millesi W. , Millesi H. , Firbas W. , Frühwald F.
Published: July 2008

The present study has attempted to determine the volume, square measure as well as length, width and thickness of the individual muscles of facial expression by photogrammetry. 15 fresh male head specimens were employed for a careful dissection of muscle layers. The volume was measured using the immersion procedure. The mean values of each parameter together with the standard deviation were summarized. The results suggest that this novelty in the representation of the mimetic muscles will facilitate the planning of corrective interventions in plastic surgery. Moreover, photogrammetry offers additional information on the required size and measurements of donor muscles.
The Morphological Basis for the Polster Theory of Penile Vascular Regulation
Authors: Conti G. , Virag R. , von Niederhäusern W.
Published: July 2008

The discovery of the papaverine erection test by Virag in 1982 stimulated the interest of research workers in the physiology of the penis. Since then, the scheme of functioning proposed by Conti [Acta anat. 14:217–262,1952] in 1952 has been frequently cited in the literature, although its finalism is evident. It is based upon the presence of regulatory mechanisms along penile arteries, veins and arteriovenous anastomoses. In spite of the fact that these anastomoses were unanimously admitted, recently the presence of arterial and venous cushions has been controverted or even denied. Before attempting any functional explanation using nerves and chemical mediators, we made sure first of the concrete material reality of these anatomical structures.Thirty-five years after the main study, the present observations confirm the morphologic descriptions made in 1952.The contrary would have been astonishing. In fact, arterial and venous cushions were demonstrated by the School of Anatomy of Padova, the most ancient and venerable of all (Fallope, 1550), then by other institutes of morphology that dealt with these cushions in practically all the organs of the human body. It remains to establish their role in erection – whether it is null, complementary or primordial: that is the question.
Analysis of the Open-Closing Movement of the Human Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Jinbao Wu , Xiaoming Xu , Jingen Sheng
Published: July 2008

By using X-ray cinemographic techniques and biomechanical methods, the open-closing movement of the human temporomandibular joint was investigated in 14 living subjects. The theory of the instantaneous center of rotation (IRC) of the mandibular movement is strongly recommended and the position and the tendency of the IRC are also roughly determined. Moreover, a two-step model of the joint is put forward.
Seasonal Ultrastructural Changes of the Hypophyseal Pars tuberalis in the Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.)
Authors: Rüttern A. , Hewing M. , Wittkowski W.
Published: July 2008

The comparison of the hypophyseal pars tuberalis in active and in hibernating hedgehogs reveals different cytological characteristics in the specific secretory cells. In active animals, these cells show oval nuclei and the cytoplasm contains numerous secretory granules near or attached to the cell membrane, suggesting exocytotic release. In hibernating animals, the specific secretory cells are characterized by irregularly shaped and often invaginated nuclei. Clusters of secretory granules lying within the cytoplasm are often joined by lysosomes. These areas are observed to be encircled by cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum. Degenerative processes in the structures sequestered in this way are interpreted as signs of crinophagy which has no equivalent in the cell types of the pars distalis.
Ureteric Ganglia in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Beatty Julia , Gabella Giorgio
Published: July 2008

We studied the ureter of guinea pigs to ascertain whether there are ganglia and ganglion neurons directly associated with this structure. We consistently observed ureteric ganglia and individual neurons in the adventitia of the ureter or very close to it. There were on average 87 neurons per ureter, and they were scattered over the entire length of the tube.
Optic Nerves in Cyclopic and Synophthalmic Embryos of Gallus domesticus
Authors: de Jager Linda
Published: July 2008

The optic nerves of experimentally produced cyclopic and synophthalmic embryos of Gallus domesticus were studied to evaluate the course of the optic nerves in these abnormal circumstances. From this study it can be concluded that the course of the optic nerves appears largely to be a result of directional growth and that when decussation does occur in the optic chiasma, it results not from specificity as to side but from a tendency of outgrowing nerve processes to retain the direction of growth as fixed by axial orientation.
Responses of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of the Mouse after Acute Loss of Blood
Authors: Li W.W.Y. , Yew D.T.
Published: July 2008

Albino mice were bled through the hearts by cardiac puncture and ½, 1/3 and ¼ mis of blood were taken out from 3 groups of animals, respectively. Half of the experimental animals were reinfused with 5% dextrose 1 h after bleeding. All were killed either 2, 5, 9, 24, 48 or 72 h after bleeding, and the phagosome numbers per 5 pigment cells counted and compared with control retinae. A severe decrease was evident after bleeding and the decrease leveled off 48 h afterwards. Reinfusion with dextrose had a positive beneficial effect.
Ultrastructure and Synaptic Architecture of Spinal Motoneurons in the Frog (Rana catesbeiana)
Authors: Wang Chan Li , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Saito Kiichiro
Published: July 2008

An electron-microscopic analysis of spinal motoneurons and their synapses was carried out in a frog (Rana catesbeiana). Six different types of boutons (S, F, M, P, C and GS) have been identified. Their distribution on spinal motoneuron somata and proximal dendrites is described. The mean linear percentage of the surface area covered by boutons is 26.1 ± 1.9%. S-type boutons are preferentially concentrated on the soma and proximal dendrites. The relative number of S-type boutons (58.7%) was greater (p < 0.01) than that of F-type boutons (41.3%).This is in contrast to mammalian spinal motoneurons where F-type boutons are much more numerous on the soma than S-type boutons. F-type boutons are randomly distributed and the average ratio of S:F-type boutons is 20:14 (S:Fratio = 1.4). In contrast, M-type boutons synapse exclusively on the distal part of the dorsal dendrites and are restricted to the intermediate zone or to the dorsal horn. P-type boutons form synapses upon the large M-type boutons.The polarity of these axoaxonic synapses is always from P to M. Similarities and differences between the synaptology of frog and mammalian spinal motoneurons are discussed.
Survival and Weight Increase in the Fetal Rat after Selective Hypophysectomy in utero
Authors: Enemar A. , Lewkowicz B. , Mussawir M. , Smålander A.
Published: July 2008

Rat fetuses were subjected to selective hypophysectomy in utero on day 16,17 or 18 of gestation and inspected on day 22 (the day before birth) .The survival rate of fetuses operated on day 17 and 18 was about 20 and 50% respectively. Losses were mostly caused by the surgery preceding the removal of the pituitary, and no significant survival-promoting activity of the gland could be demonstrated. The surgical injuries, as such, also reduced the weight increase substantially. Still, the loss of the pituitary was followed by a further reduction in weight gain, which on day 22 was about 10% lower than that of the sham-operated fetuses.
Innervation of the Incisors and Periodontal Ligament in Several Rodents: an Immunohistochemical Study of Neurofílament Protein and Glia-Specifîc S-100 Protein
Authors: Sato Osamu , Maeda Takeyasu , Iwanaga Toshihiko , Kobayashi Shigeo
Published: July 2008

The present immunohistochemical study by use of antisera against neurofilament protein (NFP) and S-100 protein dealt with the innervation of the upper incisors and periodontal ligament in five species of rodents including the guinea pig, hamster, Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicularis), mouse and squirrel (Tamias sibiricus). The innervation pattern of the periodontal ligament and dental pulp in the incisors of five rodents was fundamentally identical to that in the rat, which we have previously demonstrated by the same method. The NFP-positive Ruf-fini-like corpuscles were concentrated in the middle region of the lingual periodontal ligament in all the species examined, suggesting that this particular arrangement of Ruffini-like corpuscles, possibly stretch receptors, was essential to the rodent incisor. The labial periodontal ligament, on the other hand, contained less numerous NFP-positive nerves, these terminating among collagen fibers as free endings.The gerbil and squirrel in particular possessed only a few nerve fibers in the labial periodontal ligament. It was thus presumed that the labial periodontal ligament might be less significant as a mechanoreceptive site than the lingual periodontal ligament. The NFP-positive pulpal nerves, beaded or smooth in shape, ran parallel to the tooth axis, but never extended to the odontoblastic layer; no subodontoblastic plexus was found in the incisors of any of the rodents. S- 100-immunoposi-tive nervous elements were distributed in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp of all the rodent species examined, showing a distribution pattern similar to the NFP-positive nerves. Only in the squirrel did odontoblasts show an intense S-100 immunoreactivity.
Morphological Evidence of the Formation of Intracellular Collagen Fibrils in the Embryonic Mouse Molar Odontoblasts Induced by Colchicine Administration
Authors: Ishizeki Kiyoto , Sakakura Yasunori , Nawa Tokio , Harada Yorio
Published: July 2008

The effects of colchicine on collagen formation were examined ultrastructurally using secretory odontoblasts in mouse molar tooth germs isografted to the spleen for 1 week. Colchicine in concentrations of 0.025 or 0.05 mg/0.1 ml was injected intravenously 12–24 h prior to harvesting. Colchicine induced the disruption of the Golgi apparatus and caused the accumulation of various types of Golgi-associated vacuoles containing collagenous fibrillar structures. Many vacuoles containing fine particles, nonstriated parallel filaments, banding patterns with a periodicity of approximately 63-nm intervals, and occasionally segment-long-spacing-like assemblies were aggregated in the cytoplasm during the experimental period. These morphological changes in vacuole contents may reflect the initial steps for polymerization of the intracellular collagen fibrils.The majority of the aggregated vacuoles were degraded by fusion with lysosomes but banded filamentous material in some vacuoles appeared to polymerize into the collagen fibrils with native structures. These results suggested that in unsecreted vacuoles accumulated in the odontoblasts as a result of colchicine administration the polymerization of collagen fibrils with native structures can occur.
Light- and Electron-Microscopic Observations of the Spinal Ganglion Cells of Mice
Authors: Yen William W.C. , Li Yun-sheng , Cui Zhi-tan
Published: July 2008

Under the light microscope, large and small types of spinal ganglion cells can be seen in the mouse. Among those of the small type bipolar cells are observed. By electron microscopy, the cells of the large type have a low electron density and those of the small type a high electron density. Bipolar cells continue to be observed anong the latter. The cells of the spinal ganglia contain different cellular apparatus in enormous quantity. There are four kinds of lysosomes in the GERL, i.e. the coated vesicles, dense bodies, multivesicular bodies and autophagic vacuoles.
Proximal Communication between the Glossopharyngeal and Facial Nerves
Authors: Kawai Katsushi , Kodama Kodo , Okamoto Keishi
Published: July 2008

The facial nerve branch termed Ramus communicans cum nervo glossopharyngeo in the current Nomina anatomica was investigated in 245 Japanese, especially as regards the frequency and pertinence as an approved definition. The communication was found in only 18.8%. It runs if present either medially, 1 aterally or through the digastric posterior muscle. Teasing examination reveals that it always originates from the ninth nerve instead of the seventh and that it is destined to the back of the pinna. Its terminal bundle leaves the seventh nerve somewhat distally than the posterior auricular nerve in many examples, but the communication is likely to represent the auricular branch of the ninth nerve. As an offshoot of the seventh nerve, it is ill-defined, and should be affiliated to the ninth nerve in the Nomina anatomica. If it pierces the digastric muscle, half examples certainly give additional innervation to this muscle, but the fundamental disposition of the communication itself is not affected.
Effects of Hypergravity Environment on the Parathyroid Gland of the Isoproterenol-Treated Hamster
Authors: Shoumura Shizuko , Emura Shoichi , Ishizaki Noriko , Yamahira Tomo , Chen Huayue , Ito Masaki , Isono Hideo
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of hamsters subjected to 5 g environment after an intra-peritoneal injection of isoproterenol was studied. In the isoproterenol-treated hamsters exposed to hypergravity environment, the Golgi complexes, cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets were significantly increased and secretory granules were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group. In addition, many chief cells contained numerous prosecretory granules in the Golgi areas and several secretory granules were situated close to the plasma membrane of the chief cells. These results suggest that the synthesis and release of parathyroid hormone may be markedly stimulated in the parathyroid glands of the isoproterenol-treated hamsters exposed to hypergravity environment.
Classifications of Somatotropes, Lactotropes and Corticotropes in the Mouse Adenohypophysis with Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Iwama Yoshie , Sasaki Fumihiko
Published: July 2008

Somatotropes, lactotropes and corticotropes of adult male mice were identified with immunohistochemistry in the adenohypophysis fixed by Os04 alone. Somatotropes were classified into type I somatotropes that contain large (350 nm in diameter) round secretory granules and type II somatotropes that contain small (100–200 nm in diameter) round secretory granules. Most somatotropes were type I somatotropes. Lactotropes were also classified into type I lactotropes that contain irregularly shaped secretory granules and type II lactotropes containing small (100–200 nm in diameter) round secretory granules. Corticotropes are irregular stellate or slender cells with little cytoplasm. They contain round solid secretory granules in various densities along the cell periphery. Most of these are low-density granules (200–300 nm in diameter) and a few are high-density granules (200–250 nm in diameter).These data were compared with the classical data of mouse adenohypophysial cells that were fixed in Os04 alone and identified only by conventional electron microscopy.
Arterial Blood Supply of the Mesocolic Areas
Authors: Bertelli E. , Guidotti A. , Mancini S.
Published: July 2008

The authors report on first observations on the vascularization of the areae mesocolicae which resulted from radioanatomical studies made in collaboration with the Institute of General Clinical Surgery of the University of Siena.Three areae can be distinguished: colocolica (Treitz), sigmoidea or intersigmoidea, and intercolica.The investigations were carried out using selective preoperative angiography and the injection of anatomical preparations.
Sympathetic Innervation of the Reproductive Organs of the Male Opossum, Didelphis albiventris (Lund, 1841)
Authors: Maruch Sandra M.G. , Alves Humberto J. , Machado Conceição R.S.
Published: July 2008

The dissection of nerves and ganglia anatomically related to the pelvic organs revealed one inferior mesenteric ganglion, two testicular ganglia, two hypogastric nerves, two pelvic ganglia and two pelvic nerves.The histochemical demonstration of catecholamines by a glyoxylic acid fluorescence method revealed a rich sympathetic innervation in the ductus deferens, in the three segments of the prostate and in the convoluted ductuli efferentes. The testis, epididymis and all three pairs of bulbourethral glands presented fluorescent nerve fibers only around blood vessels. Removal of the inferior mesenteric and testicular ganglia, and hypogastric neurectomy with our without ligature and sectioning of testicular arteries, had no effect on the density of the nonvascular fluorescent fibers. Removal of the periprostatic tissue caused complete denervation of the prostate and marked denervation of the ductuli efferentes and ductus deferens. Small ganglia containing fluorescent nerve cell bodies were found close to the capsule of the prostate. The results indicate that short adrenergic neurons are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the reproductive organs of the male opossum.
In utero Exposure of Mice to Diethylstilbestrol Alters Neonatal Ovarian Follicle Growth and Development
Authors: Wordinger Robert J. , Derrenbacker James
Published: July 2008

The prenatal exposure of mice to diethylstilbestrol (DES, 10 µg/kg on day 15 of gestation) caused both quantitative and structural alterations in ovarian follicles within the neonatal ovary. At birth, control ovaries consisted of small type 1 and 2 ovarian follicles located in the ovarian cortex. By postnatal day 7, ovarian follicle development had advanced to the type 4 stage with larger follicles located within the ovarian medulla. In DES-exposed animals, ovarian follicle maturation was advanced with type 3b and 4 follicles appearing 24 h prior to their appearance in control animals. Also, type 5 ovarian follicles were present on postnatal day 6 in experimental animals but were never seen in control animals. In addition to an alteration in ovarian follicle dynamics, the diameter of individual ovarian follicles was increased in experimental animals. Our results indicate that the prenatal exposure of mice to DES may decrease the transit time between the various stages of follicular development which results in a greater number of developmentally advanced ovarian follicles being present during neonatal ovarian development.The mechanism by which prenatal exposure to DES alters ovarian follicle dynamics during neonatal development is not known.
Erythrophagocytosis in the Caprine Hemal Node
Authors: Ezeasor D.N. , Singh A. , Sims D.E.
Published: July 2008

Caprine hemal nodes were studied by transmission electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde fixation and epoxy resin embedding. Hemal node macrophages were observed to be engaged in erythrophagocytosis. In the early stages of endocytosis, intact erythrocytes were contained in some of the heterophagic vacuoles of macrophages. Later, granular, electron-dense material appeared on erythrocytes, presumably as a result of lysosomal degradation of their matrices. Subsequently, the matrix fragmented and probably formed ‘myelin-like figures’ and residual bodies that dominated the macrophage cytoplasm. In addition, images of sinusoidal endothelium, reticular cells, lymphocytes and, rarely, eosinophils were observed that depicted structures resembling various stages of lysosomal digestion of erythrocyte matrix noted in macrophages. Our study provides evidence to support the fact that effete erythrocytes are filtered, besides known organs, also in caprine hemal nodes. The morphology and location of hemal nodes suggest that the organ can be an efficient blood filter.
Electron-Immunocytochemical Localization of Calcitonin and Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide in Human C Cells of the Thyroid
Authors: Kakudo Kennichi , Itoh Yoshiko , Osamura Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Keiichi
Published: July 2008

Apreembedding immunocytochemical technique enabled us to demonstrate normal human parafollicular (C) cells at the electron-microscopic level. The normal human C cells had numerous large secretory granules with a diameter of approximately 200 nm, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in their cytoplasm. Calcitonin immunoreactivity and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity were present only in the C cells whose secretory granules were heavily labeled. Both calcitonin and CGRP immunoreaction deposits were seen in the cytosol but not in the cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondrial matrix. The two peptides produced from a single calcitonin gene were stored in the secretory granules of the C cells.
Innervation and Cholinesterase Activity in the Skin of Albino and Desert Rats
Authors: Moustafa Fatma A.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of nerves and cholinesterase activity in the skin of the desert and albino rats has been studied using both histological and histochemical techniques. Inthe desert rat, the skin was richly innervated. Specific cholinesterase was concentrated in the nervous network of the dermis and around the hair follicles, in the nerve bundles of the dermis in perivascular nerves in fine intra-epithelial nerves and in sensory end organs in the junctional area between the dermis and epidermis. In the albino rat, specific cholinesterase was concentrated in the sebaceous glands. The positive cholinesterase activity that was seen in the desert rat in intra-epithelial nerves, and in dermal and hair follicle networks could not be demonstrated.
Effect of Dietary Consistency and Incisor Trimming on the Morphology of the Craniofacial Complex in the Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Grauer Stewart , Hurov Jack
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to examine histological changes in nasal septal cartilage due to alteration of dietary consistency and loss of incisor function. Sixteen female, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus), were subjected to one of the following feeding treatments: control rats (n = 7) received a standard pelleted chow; experimental rats (n = 9) received meal sufficient in calories and nutrients to sustain increases in body weight. The maxillary incisors of experimental rats were trimmed to the level of the gingiva on alternate days to minimize anterior occlusal loading associated with nonfeeding behaviors. Rats were killed at 13 weeks, the nasal septa prepared for histology and the dimensions of septal cartilage and mucoperichondrium were measured. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons between control and experimental rats revealed a lack of significant differences in size, shape and thickness of septal cartilage and mucoperichondrium. The results of this study provide support for the concept that postnatal growth of primary cranial cartilages is largely independent of extrinsic biomechanical forces.
Comparative Mucosal Microvasculature of the Mammalian Stomach
Authors: Marais J. , Anderson B.G. , Anderson W.D.
Published: July 2008

The comparative morphology of the gastric mucosal microvasculature was investigated using the corrosion casting technique.The vascular pattern consisted of a hexagonally arranged capillary plexus surrounding the gastric glands and terminating in venules running perpendicular to the mucosal axis. Vessels of the pyloric antrum demonstrated an acute angle between capillaries and venules, whereas vessels of the gastroduodenal junction changed from a honeycomb pattern to a leaf-like arrangement.
Ultrastructural Changes Associated with Weaning in the Man tubular Condyle of the Rat
Authors: Copray Jef C.V.M. , Liem Robert S.B.
Published: July 2008

To determine the postnatal structural changes due to increasing articular activity, we have compared the development of the posterior and posterosuperior superficial layers of the rat mandibular condylar cartilage by electron microscopy. In contrast to the uniform development posteriorly, the posterosuperior articular zone showed an extensive remodelling process with collagen breakdown and replacement between the ages of 21 and 28 days, i.e. during weaning. Enlarged spheroid fibroblasts contained numerous micropynocytotic vesicles, collagen debris enclosing vacuoles and a nuclear fibrous lamina enveloping the nucleus; abundant electron-dense amorphous material was present in the matrix as well as covering the surface. An increased number of metabohcally active fibroblasts was supplied by the mesenchymal stem cells of the underlying chondrogenic zone.The adaptation process resulted in the replacement of small randomly oriented collagen fibers by large compact bundles running parallel to the glenoid fossa, providing protection to the condyle against excessive wear and tear during incisal biting and grinding. The direct local relationship between (ultra) structure and functional load can be utilized in experimental research on the role of biomechanical forces in mandibular condylar growth and development.
Intra- and Extracellular Lysosomes in Tendon Tissue of the Mouse after Treatment with an Anabolic Steroid Hormone
Authors: Michna H.
Published: July 2008

Ultrastructural observations of fibroblasts from 6-week-old mouse tendons were carried out at different times after treatment with an anabolic steroid. The characteristic response of the fibroblasts involves the appearance of great numbers of intracellular lysosomes and the emergence of matrix vesicles, some of which could be identified ultrastructurally by their positive reaction for acid phosphatase as extracellular lysosomes. It is suggested that this fine structural gradient after treatment with the anabolic steroid results from, and may be directly the cause of, an increased level of cyclic AMP. The experimental design and the discussion of the findings consider, on the one hand, the use of anabolic steroid hormones in clinical practice and, on the other hand, the appearance of a collagen dysplasia in competitive sports.
Ontogeny of Relationship of Middle Ear and Temporomandibular (Squamomandibular) Joint in Mammals
Authors: Smeele L.E.
Published: July 2008

The ontogeny of the mandibular joint and the middle ear region was studied in Erinaceus europaeus, Sorex araneus, Talpa europaea and Elephantulus rozeti. During development, a passage connection was found between the mandibular condyle and MeckeΓs cartilage that is produced by the primordium of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The articular disk is formed apart and it appears later in development.
Drainage of the Prelymphatics of the Brain via the Adventitia of the Vertebral Artery
Authors: Wang Huai-jing , Casley-Smith J.R.
Published: July 2008

Carbon particles injected into the cortex of the cerebellum of the rat were found in the Virchow-Robin spaces of the adjacent capillaries, and in the adventitia of the cerebellar artery, basilar artery and vertebral artery -both inside and outside the skull. They were also found in some portions of the deeper cervical lymph nodes. However, while tracers injected into the cerebral hemispheres are drained via the tissue channels in the adventitia of the internal carotid arteries, tracers injected into the cerebellar hemispheres are drained via those of the vertebral arteries.
Ultrastructural and Immunoelectron-Microscopic Study of the Human Pharyngeal Hypophysis
Authors: Puy L.A. , Ciocca D.R.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructural characterization of seven cell types in the pharyngeal hypophysis from adult subjects is described. By immunoelectron microscopy, two of the granular cell types were identified as growth-hormone- and prolactin-producing cells. The vascular supply of this gland was mainly composed of capillaries without fenestrations. Review of the literature allows a comparison with the ultrastructure of the sellar adenohypophysis and with the pharyngeal hypophysis of children.
Ultrastructural Analyses of Acellular Glomerular Basement Membranes and Mesangial Matrix in a Spontaneously Diabetic Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Marion Susan , Carlson Edward C.
Published: July 2008

Renal changes similar to those considered diagnostic for diabetes in humans are infrequently observed in spontaneous noninsulin-dependent (NID) diabetic monkeys. In the current study, renal cortical tissue blocks are rendered acellular to demonstrate glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and mesangial matrix (MM) changes in a naturally occurring NID diabetic rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Transmission electron micrographs of these specimens show axial MM accumulations with numerous striated collagen fibrils that frequently extend onto internal (endothelial) surfaces of peripheral GBM. The outer (epithelial) component, although compact, appears bilaminar due to folded external surfaces not coinciding with similar irregularities on internal surfaces. By scanning electron microscopy, external surfaces of sclerotic GBMs are extensively wrinkled and, following cryofracture, show congestion and expanded MM. Afenestrated meshwork of MM, which appears less dense and compact than epithelial BM, extends from axial regions onto GBM internal surfaces. The true thickness of randomly sampled peripheral GBM thickness (∼ 400 nm) is approximately double that of normal rhesus GBM. Diabetic GBMs exhibit ruthenium red positivity for surface polyanions with linear site densities not significantly different from normal. These observations indicate that sclerotic GBMs in diabetic rhesus monkeys closely resemble those seen in human endsfage diabetic glomerulopathy and suggest that this nonhuman primate may offer an excellent model for studies of chronic diabetic BM disease.
Ultrastructural and Functional Characteristics of Anterior Pituitary Cells in the Indian Fruit Bat, Rousettus leschenaulti (Desmarest)
Authors: Bhiwgade D.A. , Akolkar V.V. , Menon S.N. , Manekar A.P. , Senad D.G.
Published: July 2008

The pituitary glands of normal and experimental male and female bats were examined by light and electron microscopy. Six cell types were identified in the anterior pituitary by differential staining techniques, ultrastructural characteristics and changes brought about during the different phases of the sexual cycle. Conventional methods like removal of thyroids, testes and adrenals, and animals in lactation withdrawal and treatment with propylthio-uracil, cyproterone acetate and metyrapone were employed. A marked predominance of somatotrophin and luteotrophin (LTH) cells were present in the intact adult female bat pituitary gland. LTH cells were also observed in milk retention experiments. The two gonadotrophic cell types were randomly distributed throughout the gland. Hypertrophy of two gonadotroph cells was observed in response to the physiological conditions of the animals, gonadectomy and administration of the male antifertility drug cyproterone acetate.Thyrotrophin and adrenocorticotrophin cells were identified by ablation of the respective target organs, thyroids and adrenals, and after treatment with propylthio-uracil and metyrapone. On the basis of the pathological conditions of the bats, the possible functional significance of the different cell types is also discussed.
Palatine Bone in Human Cyclopia
Authors: McGrath Philomena
Published: July 2008

In human cyclopia, a maxillopalatine mass separates the median orbit from the oral cavity.The palatine component of this bony mass has been studied in serial sections through the median third of the head in three perinatal human specimens presenting with a median orbit and proboscis. One head was sectioned in the sagittal plane and two in the coronal plane. The course of each neurovascular bundle arising from the maxillary artery and nerve was used to facilitate the identification of the various parts of the palatine bone. The data obtained were used to outline the palatine component of the maxillopalatine mass as it presented on the inferior aspect of a dried cyclops skull. The suggestion is made that the abnormalities of the palatine bone in human cyclopia are secondary to the absence of the presphenoid and of the nasal cavity.
Ultrastructure of the Parathyroid Gland of the Mouse Fetus after Calcium Chloride or Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Administration
Authors: Ishizak Noriko , Shoumura Shizuko , Emura Shoichi , Yamahira Tomo , Ito Masaki , Chen Huayue , Kanbara Kenjiro , Arakawa Michio , Isono Hideo
Published: July 2008

Ultrastructural changes of the parathyroid glands of 18-day-old mouse fetuses after administration of calcium chloride (calcium) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were examined. Many chief cells in the parathyroid glands of the calcium-treated mouse fetuses contained poorly developed Golgi complexes and cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and many secretory granules as compared with those of the control fetuses. Many chief cells in the glands of the EDTA-treated mouse fetuses contained well-developed Golgi complexes and cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and many prosecretory granules as compared with those of the control fetuses. These findings suggest that calcium or EDTA affects the secretory activity of the parathyroid gland of the mouse fetus.
Haversian Bone Remodelling in Human Fetus
Authors: Burton P. , Nyssen-Behets C. , Dhem A.
Published: July 2008

Haversian bone remodelling used to be considered an attribute of adult bone. In the present paper, typical haversian remodelling was observed in the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula and 6th and 7th ribs as soon as the 24th week. Its aspect suggests an already ancient occurrence. Remodelling was found in the same bone pieces of the neonate as well as in the clavicle and the other ribs. Mechanical factors may be responsible for starting the remodelling but their effects could be modulated by metabolic needs. Other still unknown factors might play a role too.
Maternal and Fetal Chromosomal Aberrations in Mice following Prenatal Exposure to Subembryotoxic Doses of Lead Nitrate
Authors: Nayak B.N. , Ray M. , Persaud T.V.N.
Published: July 2008

Maternal exposure to low levels of lead nitrate (12.5 25 50 mg/kg body weight) administered on the 9th day of gestation, did not cause embryonic resorption and fetal lethality, but induced chromosomal deletions and other forms of aberrations in fetal liver and maternal bone marrow cells.
Microradiographic and Histological Study of the Styloid Process of the Temporal Bone
Authors: Lengele B. , Dhem A.
Published: July 2008

In order to establish the mechanisms underlying the morphogenesis of the so-called ‘elongated styloid process’, a comparative microradiographic and histological study was performed on 19 long and short processes. Some morphological differences between short and long processes are noticed. Numerous partially calcified cartilaginous islets are observed within the trabecular bone of very long styloid processes or covering their tip. Calcified fibrous tissue or calcified fibrocartilage sometimes contributes to the thickening of enlarged styloid processes. But the growth of the process does not seem to be due either to calcification or to ossification of the stylohyoid ligament, as thought in the past. Mechanical stresses stretching the second branchial arch during the fetal development probably induce a variable involvement of the different parts of Reichert’s cartilage in the morphogenesis of the styloid process. The so-called ‘elongated styloid process’ should thus be congenital. However, a further growth is still possible through the activity of the cartilaginous cap of the tip.
Crystalloid Inclusions in Folliculostellate Cells of Adenohypophysis following Estrogen Withdrawal from Primed Male Rats
Authors: Reifel Conrad W. , Stokreef John C. , Shin Seon H.
Published: July 2008

Crystalloid inclusions were observed within nongranulated, folliculostellate pituitary cells 72 h after estrogen was withdrawn from primed male rats. Like crystalloid inclusions in macrophages reported by others, those observed in this study were associated with structures that appeared to be lysosomes. We suggest that crystalloid inclusions may be the result of phagocytosis, a function of folliculostellate cells proposed by us in a previous study.
Three-Dimensional Arrangement of Dense Connective Tissue Around the Human Major Duodenal Papilla
Authors: Dziwisch L. , Lierse W.
Published: July 2008

Directionally arranged dense connective tissue fibres were investigated in 21 specimens of the major duodenal papilla. Specimens were examined using a stereoscope, polarization microscopy and serial histological sections at three different planes. Directionally arranged dense connective tissue fibres spread in a deltoid pattern from the orifice of the major duodenal papilla and its intraduodenal part to the circular duodenal musculature. Connective tissue fibres crossing at different angles form a texture from the orifice of the major duodenal papilla to the distal choledochal duct. The functional significance of the dense connective tissue fibres, e.g. for the muscular system in the investigated area, is discussed as well as possible reasons for gallstone impactions.
Variations in the Extracranial Origin of the Human Vertebral Artery
Authors: Çavdar Safiye , Arisan Erdal
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study is to demonstrate a case of a cadaver in which both left and right vertebral arteries had an abnormal origin. On the left, the artery arose directly from the arch of the aorta. On the right, a double-originating vertebral artery was seen. The literature on the variations of the artery is reviewed and a detailed morphometric study of the artery was carried out because of its importance for neurosurgeons.
Distribution of Putative Elastic Fibers in Rabbit Temporomandibular Joint Tissues
Authors: O’Dell Norris L. , Sharawy Mohamed , Pennington Catherine B. , Marlow° Richard K.
Published: July 2008

This study describes the general distribution of putative elastic fibers in the connective tissues that comprise the articular disk and some of the adnexal tissues of the rabbit temporomandibular joint. Joints were removed en bloc and processed for light-microscopic study. The fibroelastic tissues of the bilaminar zone of the articular disk and the various attachments of the disk to the mandibular condyle contained numerous elastic fibers. Since these morphologic data indicate the presence of many elastic fibers, we suggest that the rabbit temporomandibular joint may serve as a model system to study the functional consequences of selectively altering the quality or quantity of elastic fibers in these tissues.
A Reevaluation of the Distribution of 3H-Proline in the Transseptal Ligament of the Mouse in Radioautography
Authors: Johnson Roger B.
Published: July 2008

It is generally accepted that there is uniform collagen metabolism within the periodontal and transseptal ligaments. The present study suggested regional variations in the incorporation and removal of 3H-proline within the transseptal ligament in radioautography, suggesting variable rates of collagenous protein remodeling coincident with physiological tooth movements. Highest numbers of silver grains were over the middle third of the ligament during both incorporation and removal phases (p < 0.001). Rates of grain removal were greater in the middle than in mesial or distal thirds (p < 0.001). The half-life of labeled proteins was significantly less in the middle than in mesial or distal thirds (p < 0.005). Because there were no significant regional differences in cell numbers, regional variability in grain incorporation and removal within the transseptal ligament likely indicates regional differences in cellular synthetic or degradative activity coincident with remodeling of the transseptal ligament during physiological drift and suggests that the center of this ligament may experience more stress and, thus, remodels more rapidly.
Morphology of the Release of Vitamin A-Containing Lipid Droplets by Perisinusoidal Lipocytes in the Rat Liver
Authors: Kudo Shigeharu
Published: July 2008

Vitamin A-containing lipid droplets in perisinusoidal lipocytes (or fat-storing cells) of rat liver were found to be exocytotically released from the cells in the form of a ‘lipid droplet-protein complex’ following intraportal injection of retinol (17,33, 67 or 100 µg). Intraportal injection of retinol produced varied numbers and sizes of vacuoles with a limiting membrane in perisinusoidal lipocytes. The substance within the vacuoles exhibited a meshwork-like configuration in sections from slices incubated in a medium for revealing acid phosphatase activity or the corresponding control medium, and was immunoreactive to retinol-binding protein and proteinaceous in nature.The occurrence and number of the vacuoles depended on the dosage of injected retinol, being greatest at a dosage of 100 µg of retinol and becoming progressively less at dosages of 67, 33 and 17 µg. The vacuoles appeared to be formed by vacuolization of cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Little or no esterase activity was found in lipid droplets in perisinusoidal lipocytes before the intraportal injection of retinol, but after the injection lipid droplets which had fused with the vacuoles became strongly positive for this enzyme activity. This suggests that hydrolysis of retinyl esters may occur in the process of complex formation in perisinusoidal lipocytes.
Co-Existence of Gametic and Agametic Seminiferous Tubules in a Chimeric Mouse
Authors: Hrudka F. , Hagele W.C. , Latshaw W.K. , Schmutz S.M. , Caldwell S.J.
Published: July 2008

Six chimeras, including 4 phenotypic males and 2 females, were produced by aggregation of F¶ (C57BL × BALB/c) and Swiss white embryos. All were fertile, except 1 male, whose deviation in testicular structure prompted this light- and electron-microscopic study. This chimera had a well-developed sperm-conducting system, sperm in the epididymis and active accessory sex glands.The testes displayed typical parenchymal and stromal components with the important exception of co-existence of gametic and agametic seminiferous tubules. These tubules were organized in territories of quasi-lobular configurations which appeared to open separately into rete testis.The former corresponded to normally developed and active seminiferous tubules, while the latter were solid testicular cords devoid of any germ cells and embedded in solid masses of interstitial (Leydig) cells. Special mitochondrial transformations were identified in sustentacular (Sertoli) cells of both types of tubules, in maturing spermatids and sperm. These and other submicroscopic sperm defects might be the cause of infertility.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of the Brain of the Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
Authors: Anderson Wesley D. , Anderson Bettina G. , Seguin Randolph .J.
Published: July 2008

A morphological study of the intracranial vessels of the Black bear (Ursus americanus) was undertaken. The object was to provide basic information related to the vascular pattern in these animals as compared with other carnivores and with the human. Vascular casts were prepared from 6 animals. The vasculature of the brain disclosed patterns comparable to other species previously studied.
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of the Brain of the Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
Authors: Anderson Bettina G. , Anderson Wesley D. , Seguin Randolph J.
Published: July 2008

A morphological study of the intracranial microvasculature of the Black bear (Ursus americanus) using vascular casts was undertaken. The object was to provide basic information regarding structural modifications of the microvasculature that might provide insight into the ability to cope with low blood flow states that occur during winter sleep. Vascular casts were prepared from 6 animals.The microvasculature of the brain disclosed characteristic features of the small vessels in mammals, including vascular sphincters of two types and numerous arterial and arteriolar anastomoses.
Harderianization Is Another Sexual Dimorphism of Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland
Authors: Sashima Mieko , Hatakeyama Setsuko , Satoh Masanobu , Suzuki Atsumi
Published: July 2008

The exorbital lacrimal glands (ELG) of rats were examined for both sexes to determine what degree of harderianization occurred as a function of age and after castration, and to investigate its time course and origin in ELG. Light microscopically, very small Harderian foci were seen in the ELG of both sexes at 3 weeks of age. As the male rats became older, the relative volume of the Harderian gland (HG) cells in the ELG increased. At age 6 months, the value was 1.25 ± 0.31% in males and 0.13 + 0.05% in females (p < 0.05). After castration, a significant decrease (0.21 ± 0.01% p < 0.05) was observed in that of male ELG. In contrast, in female ELG, HG cells were inconspicuous and the relative volume of those did not vary during this experimental period or after castration. It appeared that the HG cells had developed from undifferentiated basal cells of the acini and the intercalated ducts in the ELG at age 2–6 months. Then, at age 22 months, they also probably developed from those of the excretory ducts of the ELG.
Prolonged Degeneration of Muscle Spindles in the Masseter Muscle after Treatment of Developing Mice with the Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Hydrochloride
Authors: Maeda Norihiko , Osawa Koichi , Masuda Tamuro , Suwd Tsunayoshi , Kumegawa Masayoshi
Published: July 2008

The effect of lidocaine-HCl on muscle spindles in the masseter muscle of developing mice was investigated. Repeated injections of mice with anesthetic in the short term decreased the diameters of primary endings, intrafusal muscle fibers and outer capsules in the equatorial regions of muscle spindles, and caused a drop in the succinic dehydrogenase activity in intrafusal muscle fibers of the muscle spindles. In addition, the diameters did not recover to the control value even after about 10 weeks following cessation of anesthetic treatment. Thus, the present results suggest that repeated use of lidocaine-HCl in developing animals may cause dysfunction of the skeletal muscles.
Endocytosis in the Rat Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Authors: Perlman Jay I. , Piltz Jody , Korte Gary , Tsai Clark
Published: July 2008

Endocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of rats was studied using horseradish peroxidase, microperoxidase and ferritin tracers. Tracer uptake was mediated by coated pits and coated vesicles. Coated pits formed at two discrete regions at the RPE plasma membrane: that portion of basal membrane directly opposing Bruch’s membrane and at the bases of the apical lamellae and villi. Two populations of coated vesicles were identified and distinguished by size, location and function. Large coated vesicles (91.8 ± 14.7 nm in diameter) were located near the cell surface and incorporated tracer. Small coated vesicles (64.5 ± 15.7 nm diameter) located more deeply within the cell were not tracer-labeled, and were often fused with the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus. Observations of the endocytic pathway in rat RPE cells are presented. Tracer was also found in organelles of the lysosomal system, e.g. the multivesicular body, but was not identified in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus.
Compositional Changes in the Rat Femur following Ovariectomy
Authors: Devlin H. , Ferguson M.W.J.
Published: July 2008

Ovariectomy has been shown to produce osteoporosis in the femur of the rat. 11-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized or given a sham operation.The loss of calcium in the femur of the rats was compared with two indices of osteoporosis, the ponderal index and the femur score. The calcium content was more closely associated with the femur score (r = 0.5, p = 0.0064) than with the ponderal index (r = –0.367, p = 0.05). An accelerated rate of fat deposition in the ovariectomized rat femur reduced the femur weight loss, which resulted in a barely significant association of calcium content with the ponderal index.