bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detonation wave diffraction in stoichiometric C2H4/O2 mixtures using a global four-step combustion model
Authors: Peswani Mohnish , Maxwell Brian
Published: September 2022

In this study, we revisit the problem of detonation diffraction in mildly irregular ethylene–oxygen mixtures using high resolution numerical simulations. In particular, we focus on the re-initiation of diffracted waves in the critical regime and the role of transverse detonations on the re-establishment of the detonation. This problem is significant for characterizing detonation wave propagation as well as for the development of next-generation detonation engines. A thermochemically derived four-step combustion model that responds appropriately to the thermodynamic state behind the complex shock wave dynamics was adopted in an Euler framework. While past attempts using simplified combustion models have largely failed to predict the onset of transverse detonations near the critical limit, our simulations demonstrate that the four-step model can capture these features. Our results reveal that transverse triple point collisions are fundamental for triggering the re-initiation of the detonation and multiple modes of re-initiation exist in the critical regime. The transverse detonation initiation distance and wall reflection lengths are then compared with experimental measurements and found to be in agreement. We also demonstrate that the incident wave re-establishes at the Chapman–Jouguet speed when re-initiation occurs through the diffraction process. However, if re-initiation of a quenched detonation occurs by a transverse detonation following the reflection of the expanding wave at the boundary, the re-initiated detonation becomes overdriven along the Mach wave. Finally, it was found that the transverse detonations are Chapman–Jouguet detonations that travel in the shocked but unreacted gas.
Foster care leads to sustained cognitive gains following severe early deprivation
Authors: Humphreys Kathryn L. , King Lucy S. , Guyon-Harris Katherine L. , Sheridan Margaret A. , McLaughlin Katie A. , Radulescu Anca , Nelson Charles A. , Fox Nathan A. , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: September 2022

This study examined longitudinal data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care following exposure to severe psychosocial deprivation. We report data from 135 participants assessed in early adulthood (age 18 y). We find that 16 y after randomization occurred, those who had been randomized to high-quality foster care had significantly higher IQ scores (9 points, 0.6 SD) than those randomized to care as usual. Mediation analyses provide evidence that the causal effect of the intervention on cognitive ability in early adulthood could be explained, in part, by higher-quality caregiving and attachment security. These findings indicate that early investment in family care as an alternative to institutional care leads to sustained gains in cognitive ability. Fostering caregiving relationships is a likely mechanism of the intervention. In addition, exploratory analyses indicate that stable placements throughout childhood are associated with the greatest long-term gains in cognitive ability. Whether early interventions for infants and young children lead to lasting change has significant implications for decisions to invest in programs aimed at improving children’s developmental outcomes.
A TRPM7 mutation linked to familial trigeminal neuralgia: Omega current and hyperexcitability of trigeminal ganglion neurons
Authors: Gualdani Roberta , Gailly Philippe , Yuan Jun-Hui , Yerna Xavier , Di Stefano Giulia , Truini Andrea , Cruccu Giorgio , Dib-Hajj Sulayman D. , Waxman Stephen G.
Published: September 2022

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a unique pain disorder characterized by intense paroxysmal facial pain within areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve. Although most cases of TN are sporadic, familial clusters of TN suggest that genetic factors may contribute to this disorder. Whole-exome sequencing in patients with TN reporting positive family history demonstrated a spectrum of variants of ion channels including TRP channels. Here, we used patch-clamp analysis and Ca
2+
and Na
+
imaging to assess a rare variant in the TRPM7 channel, p.Ala931Thr, within transmembrane domain 3, identified in a man suffering from unilateral TN. We showed that A931T produced an abnormal inward current carried by Na
+
and insensitive to the pore blocker Gd
3+
. Hypothesizing that replacement of the hydrophobic alanine at position 931 with the more polar threonine destabilizes a hydrophobic ring, near the voltage sensor domain, we performed alanine substitutions of F971 and W972 and obtained results suggesting a role of A931-W972 hydrophobic interaction in S3-S4 hydrophobic cleft stability. Finally, we transfected trigeminal ganglion neurons with A931T channels and observed that expression of this TRPM7 variant lowers current threshold and resting membrane potential, and increases evoked firing activity in TG neurons. Our results support the notion that the TRPM7-A931T mutation located in the S3 segment at the interface with the transmembrane region S4, generates an omega current that carries Na
+
influx in physiological conditions. A931T produces hyperexcitability and a sustained Na
+
influx in trigeminal ganglion neurons that may underlie pain in this kindred with trigeminal neuralgia.
Naturalistic speech supports distributional learning across contexts
Authors: Hitczenko Kasia , Feldman Naomi H.
Published: September 2022

At birth, infants discriminate most of the sounds of the world’s languages, but by age 1, infants become language-specific listeners. This has generally been taken as evidence that infants have learned which acoustic dimensions are contrastive, or useful for distinguishing among the sounds of their language(s), and have begun focusing primarily on those dimensions when perceiving speech. However, speech is highly variable, with different sounds overlapping substantially in their acoustics, and after decades of research, we still do not know what aspects of the speech signal allow infants to differentiate contrastive from noncontrastive dimensions. Here we show that infants could learn which acoustic dimensions of their language are contrastive, despite the high acoustic variability. Our account is based on the cross-linguistic fact that even sounds that overlap in their acoustics differ in the contexts they occur in. We predict that this should leave a signal that infants can pick up on and show that acoustic distributions indeed vary more by context along contrastive dimensions compared with noncontrastive dimensions. By establishing this difference, we provide a potential answer to how infants learn about sound contrasts, a question whose answer in natural learning environments has remained elusive.
Rate of atmospheric brown carbon whitening governed by environmental conditions
Authors: Schnitzler Elijah G. , Gerrebos Nealan G. A. , Carter Therese S. , Huang Yuanzhou , Heald Colette L. , Bertram Allan K. , Abbatt Jonathan P. D.
Published: September 2022

Biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) in the atmosphere contains many compounds that absorb solar radiation, called brown carbon (BrC). While BBOA is in the atmosphere, BrC can undergo reactions with oxidants such as ozone which decrease absorbance, or whiten. The effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on whitening has not been well constrained, leading to uncertainties when predicting the direct radiative effect of BrC on climate. Using an aerosol flow-tube reactor, we show that the whitening of BBOA by oxidation with ozone is strongly dependent on RH and temperature. Using a poke-flow technique, we show that the viscosity of BBOA also depends strongly on these conditions. The measured whitening rate of BrC is described well with the viscosity data, assuming that the whitening is due to oxidation occurring in the bulk of the BBOA, within a thin shell beneath the surface. Using our combined datasets, we developed a kinetic model of this whitening process, and we show that the lifetime of BrC is 1 d or less below ∼1 km in altitude in the atmosphere but is often much longer than 1 d above this altitude. Including this altitude dependence of the whitening rate in a chemical transport model causes a large change in the predicted warming effect of BBOA on climate. Overall, the results illustrate that RH and temperature need to be considered to understand the role of BBOA in the atmosphere.
Compensatory recruitment allows amphibian population persistence in anthropogenic habitats
Authors: Cayuela Hugo , Monod-Broca Benjamin , Lemaître Jean-François , Besnard Aurélien , Gippet Jérôme M. W. , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Romano Antonio , Hertach Thomas , Angelini Claudio , Canessa Stefano , Rosa Giacomo , Vignoli Leonardo , Venchi Alberto , Carafa Marco , Giachi Filippo , Tiberi Andrea , Hantzschmann Alena M. , Sinsch Ulrich , Tournier Emilie , Bonnaire Eric , Gollmann Günter , Gollmann Birgit , Spitzen-van der Sluijs Annemarieke , Buschmann Holger , Kinet Thierry , Laudelout Arnaud , Fonters Remi , Bunz Yoann , Corail Marc , Biancardi Carlo , Di Cerbo Anna R. , Langlois Dominique , Thirion Jean-Marc , Bernard Laurent , Boussiquault Elodie , Doré Florian , Leclerc Titouan , Enderlin Nadine , Laurenceau Florian , Morin Lucy , Skrzyniarz Mégane , Barrioz Mickael , Morizet Yohan , Cruickshank Sam S. , Pichenot Julian , Maletzky Andreas , Delsinne Thibaut , Henseler Dominik , Aumaître Damien , Gailledrat Miguel , Moquet Julien , Veen Robert , Krijnen Peter , Rivière Laurent , Trenti Matteo , Endrizzi Sonia , Pedrini Paolo , Biaggini Marta , Vanni Stefano , Dudgeon David , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Léna Jean-Paul
Published: September 2022

Habitat anthropization is a major driver of global biodiversity decline. Although most species are negatively affected, some benefit from anthropogenic habitat modifications by showing intriguing life-history responses. For instance, increased recruitment through higher allocation to reproduction or improved performance during early-life stages could compensate for reduced adult survival, corresponding to “compensatory recruitment”. To date, evidence of compensatory recruitment in response to habitat modification is restricted to plants, limiting understanding of its importance as a response to global change. We used the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata), an amphibian occupying a broad range of natural and anthropogenic habitats, as a model species to test for and to quantify compensatory recruitment. Using an exceptional capture–recapture dataset composed of 21,714 individuals from 67 populations across Europe, we showed that adult survival was lower, lifespan was shorter, and actuarial senescence was higher in anthropogenic habitats, especially those affected by intense human activities. Increased recruitment in anthropogenic habitats fully offset reductions in adult survival, with the consequence that population growth rate in both habitat types was similar. Our findings indicate that compensatory recruitment allows toad populations to remain viable in human-dominated habitats and might facilitate the persistence of other animal populations in such environments.
Sequential Lonsdaleite to Diamond Formation in Ureilite Meteorites via
In Situ
Chemical Fluid/Vapor Deposition
Authors: Tomkins Andrew G. , Wilson Nicholas C. , MacRae Colin , Salek Alan , Field Matthew R. , Brand Helen E. A. , Langendam Andrew D. , Stephen Natasha R. , Torpy Aaron , Pintér Zsanett , Jennings Lauren A. , McCulloch Dougal G.
Published: September 2022

Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distribution of coexisting lonsdaleite, diamond, and graphite in ureilites. These maps show that lonsdaleite tends to occur as polycrystalline grains, sometimes with distinctive fold morphologies, partially replaced by diamond + graphite in rims and cross-cutting veins. These observations provide strong evidence for how the carbon phases formed in ureilites, which, despite much conjecture and seemingly conflicting observations, has not been resolved. We suggest that lonsdaleite formed by pseudomorphic replacement of primary graphite shapes, facilitated by a supercritical C-H-O-S fluid during rapid decompression and cooling. Diamond + graphite formed after lonsdaleite via ongoing reaction with C-H-O-S gas. This graphite > lonsdaleite > diamond + graphite formation process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1–100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. It also provides a unique model for ureilites that can reconcile all conflicting observations relating to diamond formation.
A three-layered typology for the subtitling of taboo
Authors: Xavier Catarina
Published: September 2022

The translation of taboo words has attracted scholars’ interest in studying it in the audiovisual context over the
last decades. The surge of research on this predominant form of translation in everyday life has brought to light the
communicative, pragmatic, and semiotic aspects as well as the technical constraints for subtitling taboo words. Previous research
has primarily taken a quantitative method, discussed issues that justify their results, and suggested possible outcomes from a
potential receiver’s point of view. While contributing to existing related literature, this paper argues that there is a need for
a thorough, detailed examination of translation options in subtitling taboo words. The paper presents a three-layered typology of
methods, strategies, and techniques, which provides a comprehensive description of audiovisual translators’ options. Following a
bottom-up/top-down approach, the proposed typography is then put to the test in a corpus-based case study comprising six movies
and their professional subtitles broadcast on Portuguese televisions.
Task-modality effects on young learners’ language-related episodes in collaborative dialogue
Authors: Gallardo-del-Puerto Francisco , Martínez-Adrián María
Published: September 2022

In adult learners’ collaborative dialogue, oral+written tasks have been found to promote a greater incidence and
resolution of language-related episodes and to demand higher levels of accuracy than oral tasks thanks to the extra time learners
have to reflect on their written outcome. No previous studies have tested whether asking learners to attend to accuracy in both
modalities would yield similar results. The present study with 23 dyads of young English learners supports the superiority of the
oral+written modality in the promotion of learning opportunities, even if learners are encouraged to focus on form in the oral
modality, a result reinforced by the incorporation of target-like resolved episodes in the written product. However, the
intragroup analysis reveals that young learners focus on meaning in equal terms, present low rates of target-likeness, and do not
elaborate their resolutions, all of which can be ascribed to their younger age and developing metalinguistic awareness.
The SrS doped with Cl and K: a promising ambipolar semiconductor for transparent electronics application
Authors: Chen Yu , Fan S W , Gao G Y
Published: September 2022

Wide-gap semiconductors are essential for current optoelectronics due to the good conductivity and transparency. Although the significant successes have been achieved for n-type transparent conducting materials (TCMs), the p-type TCMs seriously lag behind the n-type counterparts, which severely hinder the developments of the high-performance transparent electronic devices. In present work, we predict the transparent ambipolar conducting can be obtained in SrS by utilizing the hybrid functional method. The Cl substituting S and K substituting Sr (labeled as ClS and KSr) are typical shallow donor and acceptor defects. Compared to conduction band minimum (valence band maximum), the ionization energies for ClS (KSr) would converge to 0.02 (0.14) eV. Using the equilibrium fabricate method, the free electrons (holes) density can reach 1.24 × 1019 cm−3 (1.23 × 1018 cm−3) at room temperature. The effective masses for electron and hole are 0.32 and 0.87 m
0 (m
0 is the mass of a free electron). In the visible light regions, the high transparency can be kept due to its weak inter-band and intra-band absorptions as well as the negligible plasmonic effect. High density of carriers, smaller effective mass and high transparency show SrS doped with Cl and K is a promising ambipolar transparent semiconductor. This work provides insights to realize the high performance ambipolar TCMs. Once the excellent ambipolar TCMs is explored, the high-performance transparent devices are expected in the future.
The role of interfacial intermixing on HAMR dynamics in bilayer media
Authors: Meo A , Chureemart P , Chantrell R W , Chureemart J
Published: September 2022

We use an atomistic spin model to simulate FePt-based bilayers for heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) devices and investigate the effect of various degrees intermixing that might arise throughout the fabrication, growth and annealing processes, as well as different interlayer exchange couplings, on HAMR magnetisation dynamics. Intermixing can impact the device functionality, but interestingly does not deteriorate the properties of the system. Our results suggest that modest intermixing can prove beneficial and yield an improvement in the magnetisation dynamics for HAMR processes, also relaxing the requirement for weak exchange coupling between the layers. Therefore, we propose that a certain intermixing across the interface could be engineered in the fabrication process to improve HAMR technology further.
Determining the complex refractive index from two discrete angles in the specular reflectance profile of p polarized light
Authors: Koutsoumpos Spyridon , Giannios Panagiotis , Moutzouris Konstantinos
Published: September 2022

Upon illumination with p polarized light, the reflectance profile at an interface between a front transparent and a rear attenuating medium contains two characteristic angles that can be measured with sufficient accuracy by use of common laser refractometers. We propose a simple method to determine the complex optical constants of attenuating samples from these two discrete angles, namely, the critical angle of attenuated total reflection and the pseudo-Brewster angle.
Digital twin based condition monitoring approach for rolling bearings
Authors: Guo Liang , Zong Zhuyuxiu , Zhang Ruiqi , Gao Hongli , Li Guihao , Cheng Zhe
Published: September 2022

Digital twin is an important technology for grasping states of mechanical systems in real time. However, there are few studies on how to establish life-cycle digital twin models of bearings. In order to accurately estimate the condition of bearings, a digital twin model of bearing life cycle (BLDT) is proposed to achieve equivalent information on the virtual entity (VE) model and physical entity (PE) model. First, a dynamic model of rolling bearings and defect evolution model are established to simulate the dynamic response of the bearing performance degradation process. Then, the physical characteristics and degradation information of the PE model are exchanged with the VE model to evaluate the time-varying defect size and the equivalent comprehensive stiffness. The evolution law of the life-cycle is obtained through a neural network. Finally, the network parameters are introduced into the VE model to obtain dynamic response results of the life-cycle bearing dynamic model of other datasets under the same working conditions. By comparing the obtained digital twin results with experiment signals in the time and frequency domains, the accuracy and effectiveness of the BLDT model are verified.
The Power of Visualization – Instilling Safety Excellence in Multinational Workforces at Wind Farm Construction Sites
Authors: Nienhaus A , Widdes J
Published: September 2022

The construction of wind farms involves a mixture of – often centrally deployed – highly specialized experts and local resources depending on the type of activity. The common denominator is that crews are increasingly multinational. For the prevention of accidents and adverse impacts, safety requirements have to be communicated to the workforce in a form which is adequate to the workforce composition and easy to deploy to remote worksites. Field work performed by the authors indicates that visual and/or digital tools for effective safety communication are not yet widely employed, and many field safety trainings and toolbox talks rely on written communication of rules with often repetitive content and no checks of effectiveness. Ways of effective field safety communication are analysed and an approach is presented for enhancing in-the-field conversations and toolbox talks for field sites with limited access to digital learning tools. Simple and easy-to-deploy visuals will remain to be important in-the-field aids for safety communication in remote areas, even as advanced immersive training methods become increasingly available. Any tools should be designed for or should be adaptable to the composition of workforces in terms of language skills, workers qualifications and demographic aspects such as age or diversity. Lastly, field safety communication and training should always be accompanied by personal interactions between workers and supervisors and/or peer multipliers to highlight the “why” behind safety, i.e. the role of every single individual for providing a sound and healthy operating environment and ultimately protecting human lives.
The new Italian Wind Atlas - Atlante EOLico ItaliANo (AEOLIAN)
Authors: Sperati Simone , Alessandrini Stefano , Cheng Will , Airoldi Davide , Amaranto Alessandro , Bonanno Riccardo , Lacavalla Matteo
Published: September 2022

Recent developments in terms of meteorological models and wind generation technologies call for an improved representation of the spatiotemporal variability of the wind conditions, in order to efficiently support strategic planning at the national scale.

To do so, we have developed the new Italian Wind Atlas – Atlante EOLico ItaliANo (AEOLIAN), building upon its previous release at the beginning of the century, with the main goal of supporting the operators in planning the future wind generation, in accordance with the ambitious targets set for 2030 by the EU Green Deal (over 20 GW of installed onshore wind power, plus about 3 GW offshore).

The new database is the results of a collaboration effort between Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE) SpA and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which jointly developed a novel approach combining Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) based numerical weather modeling with the Analog Ensemble (AnEn) statistical technique.

To create the atlas, model simulations have been initially carried out at hourly time-step over the 1990-2019 period with a horizontal resolution of 4 km, nesting a 1.33 km inner grid only for the 2015-2019 period. AnEn is then employed to extend in the past the 5 high-resolution years, creating a 30-year dataset which embeds the whole country, including the marine areas.

Compared to similar products currently available, the new Atlas provides higher horizontal resolution and enhanced accuracy, thanks to the assimilation of the observational wind data of the Italian regional weather network in the simulations.

Preliminary results are shown here by comparing AEOLIAN with other atlases recently developed at international level such as the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA), and by highlighting the differences with respect to the original Italian Wind Atlas. Some derived parameters of particular interest for the operators are also featured and shown, such as wind power density.
Digital Twin solutions to historical building stock maintenance cycles
Authors: Rosa F
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this work is to provide a framework for the vulnerability of traditional historical buildings. Buildings that are not constrained and do not have a design obligation for minor energy retrofit interventions. The digitization of the construction sector can help to design interventions with Digital Twin methodologies that can be integrated into a single document that collects them as the Digital Building Logbook. We propose a definition of an innovative workflow that defines integrations and technological innovations in the historical building stock. In this work are presented operational proposals to ensure and increase the protection and conservation of the Italian historical building stock, trying to strengthen the activities of designers and companies for the reduction of seismic vulnerability in case of maintenance or energy retrofit.
Smart Storage the Key factor of Energy Transition
Authors: Zingales Antonio
Published: September 2022

When it comes to evaluate the next-gen Energy Transition, it turns out there are so many new elements in the power grid that it’s hard to pick one as the k-factor. There is, however, one grid element that has been getting a great deal of next-gen interest: energy storage because it is the critical element for making wind and solar more grid friendly.

Storage can be managed with smart characteristics (Digitally Smart EMS) able to solve problems of the grid, but to become profitable for investors, the local regulatory frame is to be considered.

Today in the path to net zero emission, Storage is applied in the range of 1 to 4 h duration, but for the next step (to 70%, 100% RES) Energy Intensive Storage will become more relevant and LDES (Long Duration Energy Storage) will be necessary for the System. Because of this, we can say that Energy Storage System: digitally smart (for managing grid and revenues requirements), with proactive Regulatory frame (transparent for anticipating investment), with LDES option (Long Duration Energy Storage) technologically available – It can really be the key factor of Energy Transition and to drive the Net Zero agenda, see Fig.1.
Physical compatibility of remimazolam with opioid analgesics, sedatives, and muscle relaxants during simulated Y-site administration
Authors: Kondo Masayoshi , Yoshida Naoki , Yoshida Mariko , Tanaka Chie , Tagami Takashi , Horikawa Kazumi , Sugaya Kazutoshi , Takase Hisamitsu
Published: September 2022

Purpose

There is a lack of information on the compatibility of remimazolam with opioid analgesics, muscle relaxants, and other sedatives. This study aimed to evaluate the physical compatibility of remimazolam with these drug classes.

Methods

Remimazolam was combined with 1 or 2 target drugs (remifentanil, fentanyl, rocuronium, vecuronium, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam). Ten physical compatibility tests were conducted, including four 3-drug compatibility tests. Remimazolam was dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride injection to a final concentration of 5 mg/mL. Other medications were diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection to obtain clinically relevant concentrations. Compatibility tests were conducted with 3 test solutions, wherein remimazolam and the target drugs were compounded at equal volume ratios (1:1 or 1:1:1). Visual appearance was assessed and testing of Tyndall effect, turbidity, and pH was performed immediately after mixing and then again 1 hour and 4 hours after mixing. Appearance and turbidity were evaluated by comparison with the control solution of each target drug diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection to the same concentration as the test solution.

Results

All drugs tested were determined to be compatible with remimazolam. The drug combination with the highest change of turbidity was remimazolam and vecuronium (a mean increase of 0.16 NTU relative to the remimazolam control solution), 4 hours after mixing. The combination with the highest pH was remimazolam, fentanyl, and vecuronium (mean [SD], 3.76 [0.01]), 4 hours after mixing. The combination of remimazolam and fentanyl showed a larger change in pH at 4 hours after mixing (a mean increase of 2.6%) than immediately after mixing.

Conclusion

Remifentanil, fentanyl, rocuronium, vecuronium, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam are physically compatible with remimazolam during simulated Y-site administration.
Impact of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection on Brow Position and Frontalis Muscle Activity Following Treatment of Glabellar Lines
Authors: Solish Nowell , Kane Michael A C , Biesman Brian S , Brown Jessica , Gallagher Conor J
Published: September 2022

Background

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) injections for the treatment of facial lines may lead to pleasant or undesirable changes in eyebrow height and position.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of glabellar injection of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI), a novel BoNTA formulation, on eyebrow position and frontalis activity.

Methods

This study involved the post hoc analysis of adult patients from the Phase 2a forehead lines (FHL, N = 60) and open-label safety (OLS, N = 175) studies who received a single dose of DAXI 40 U to the glabella and for whom facial photographs were taken at rest and at maximum eyebrow elevation. Median vertical and horizontal displacement of the brows and median forehead strain (an objective quantitative assessment of frontalis activity) from baseline to 2 weeks after glabellar DAXI injection were measured.

Results

Two weeks after glabellar DAXI injection, vertical eyebrow movement (at rest) of the lateral brow was observed. In both studies, vertical movement was greatest in the lateral (0.6-0.9 mm) and mid (0.5-0.7 mm) brow regions; movement in the medial brow was negligible (0-0.23 mm). In both studies, a graded reduction in forehead strain was observed 2 weeks post glabellar DAXI injection, with the greatest reduction being in the lower segment (FHL, –73%; OLS, –82%). Treatment with DAXI showed improvements in FHL wrinkle severity.

Conclusions

Glabellar injection of DAXI showed a positive reduction in dynamic frontalis activity that maintained or had a positive effect on eyebrow position. Vertical movement of the brow was suggestive of an improved eyebrow shape with a mild lateral arch.

Level of Evidence: 4
MODIG: integrating multi-omics and multi-dimensional gene network for cancer driver gene identification based on graph attention network model
Authors: Zhao Wenyi , Gu Xun , Chen Shuqing , Wu Jian , Zhou Zhan
Published: September 2022

Motivation

Identifying genes that play a causal role in cancer evolution remains one of the biggest challenges in cancer biology. With the accumulation of high-throughput multi-omics data over decades, it becomes a great challenge to effectively integrate these data into the identification of cancer driver genes.

Results

Here, we propose MODIG, a graph attention network (GAT)-based framework to identify cancer driver genes by combining multi-omics pan-cancer data (mutations, copy number variants, gene expression and methylation levels) with multi-dimensional gene networks. First, we established diverse types of gene relationship maps based on protein–protein interactions, gene sequence similarity, KEGG pathway co-occurrence, gene co-expression patterns and gene ontology. Then, we constructed a multi-dimensional gene network consisting of approximately 20 000 genes as nodes and five types of gene associations as multiplex edges. We applied a GAT to model within-dimension interactions to generate a gene representation for each dimension based on this graph. Moreover, we introduced a joint learning module to fuse multiple dimension-specific representations to generate general gene representations. Finally, we used the obtained gene representation to perform a semi-supervised driver gene identification task. The experiment results show that MODIG outperforms the baseline models in terms of area under precision-recall curves and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves.

Availability and implementation

The MODIG program is available at https://github.com/zjupgx/modig. The code and data underlying this article are also available on Zenodo, at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7057241.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell recruitment and remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the more, the merrier?
Authors: Tepavčević Vanja , Lubetzki Catherine
Published: September 2022

Promoting remyelination to prevent/reduce neurodegeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major therapeutic goal. The longstanding view that the block of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation in MS lesions is the leading cause of remyelination failure has inspired the scientific community to focus primarily on OPC differentiation-promoting compounds as pro-remyelinating agents. Yet, these strategies have been challenged by findings that active MS lesions contain surviving oligodendrocytes that may contribute to remyelination, while many chronic lesions contain low numbers of oligodendroglial cells. In addition, clinical trials using differentiation-stimulating drugs have shown limited efficacy. Thus, a strategic shift in the design of potential remyelination-promoting therapies may be required to achieve significant clinical benefits, which calls for a careful reconsideration of the mechanisms underlying remyelination failure in MS. Here, we argue that both the rate and the efficacy of OPC recruitment are fundamental determinants of remyelination, and that stimulating this process in MS may be crucial to achieve myelin regeneration.

We first review different types of MS lesions in early and chronic MS, with a particular focus on OPCs and surviving oligodendrocytes. Based on the neuropathological findings and results obtained using models of demyelination, we make the case that OPC differentiation block in chronic MS is likely the consequence of defective OPC recruitment during earlier phases of the disease, because (i) if the recruitment is too slow, OPCs reach the axons after what we define as ‘remyelination-permissive window’, and thus remain undifferentiated; and (ii) if the recruitment is inefficient, OPC density in the lesions remains below the threshold required for differentiation.

Importantly, we highlight that OPC proliferation in MS lesions is scarce, which strongly suggests that repeated episodes of demyelination/remyelination (OPC differentiation) will deplete the lesional OPC pool unless perilesional OPCs are recruited. We also point out that surviving mature oligodendrocytes in a subtype of early MS lesions may actually prevent the recruitment of OPCs. Because it has been suggested that OPC-mediated remyelination may be more efficient than that by surviving oligodendrocytes, we suggest that stimulating OPC recruitment during active disease should benefit remyelination in multiple types of lesions, including those with spared oligodendrocytes. Finally, we review molecular determinants of OPC recruitment and suggest a potential therapeutically-relevant strategy to increase this process in patients with MS.
Association between cause of kidney failure and fracture incidence in a national US dialysis population cohort study
Authors: Ziolkowski Susan , Liu Sai , Montez-Rath Maria E , Denburg Michelle , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C , Chertow Glenn M , O'Shaughnessy Michelle M
Published: September 2022

Background

Whether fracture rates, overall and by fracture site, vary by cause of kidney failure in patients receiving dialysis is unknown.

Methods

Using the US Renal Data System, we compared fracture rates across seven causes of kidney failure in patients who started dialysis between 1997 and 2014. We computed unadjusted and multivariable adjusted proportional sub-distribution hazard models, with fracture events (overall, and by site) as the outcome and immunoglobulin A nephropathy as the reference group. Kidney transplantation and death were competing events.

Results

Among 491 496 individuals, with a median follow-up of 2.0 (25%, 75% range 0.9–3.9) years, 62 954 (12.8%) experienced at least one fracture. Patients with diabetic nephropathy, vasculitis or autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) had the highest (50, 46 and 40 per 1000 person-years, respectively), and patient with lupus nephritis had the lowest (20 per 1000 person-years) fracture rates. After multivariable adjustment, diabetic nephropathy [hazard ratio (HR) 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.33–1.53], ADPKD (HR 1.37, 1.26–1.48), vasculitis (HR 1.22, 1.09–1.34), membranous nephropathy (HR 1.16, 1.02–1.30) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (HR 1.13, 1.02–1.24) were associated with a significantly higher, and lupus nephritis with a significantly lower (HR 0.85, 0.71–0.98) fracture hazard. The hazards for upper extremity and lower leg fractures were significantly higher in diabetic nephropathy, ADPKD, FSGS and membranous nephropathy, while the hazard for vertebral fracture was significantly higher in vasculitis. Our findings were limited by the lack of data on medication use and whether fractures were traumatic or non-traumatic, among other factors.

Conclusions

Fracture risk, overall and by fracture site, varies by cause of end-stage kidney disease. Future work to determine underlying pathogenic mechanisms contributing to differential risks might inform more tailored treatment strategies. Our study was limited by lack of data regarding numerous potential confounders or mediators including medications and measures or bone biomarkers.
COTTONOMICS: a comprehensive cotton multi-omics database
Authors: Dai Fan , Chen Jiedan , Zhang Ziqian , Liu Fengjun , Li Jun , Zhao Ting , Hu Yan , Zhang Tianzhen , Fang Lei
Published: September 2022

The rapid advancement of sequencing technology, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), has greatly improved sequencing efficiency and decreased cost. Consequently, huge amounts of genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data concerning cotton species have been generated and released. These large-scale data provide immense opportunities for the study of cotton genomic structure and evolution, population genetic diversity and genome-wide mining of excellent genes for important traits. However, the complexity of NGS data also causes distress, as it cannot be utilized easily. Here, we presented the cotton omics data platform COTTONOMICS (http://cotton.zju.edu.cn/), an easily accessible web database that integrates 32.5 TB of omics data including seven assembled genomes, resequencing data from 1180 allotetraploid cotton accessions and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), small RNA-sequencing (smRNA-seq), Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), DNase hypersensitive sites sequencing (DNase-seq) and Bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq). COTTONOMICS allows users to employ various search scenarios and retrieve information concerning the cotton genomes, genomic variation (Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertion and Deletion (InDels)), gene expression, smRNA expression, epigenetic regulation and quantitative trait locus (QTLs). The user-friendly web interface offers a variety of modules for storing, retrieving, analyzing and visualizing cotton multi-omics data to diverse ends, thereby enabling users to decipher cotton population genetics and identify potential novel genes that influence agronomically beneficial traits.

Database URL: http://cotton.zju.edu.cn
Hybrid nanofluids flow and heat transfer in cavities: a technological review
Authors: Scott Temiloluwa O , Ewim Daniel R E , Eloka-Eboka Andrew C
Published: September 2022

The urgent and indispensable need to develop new methods of enhancing heat transfer efficiency to improve energy devices’ performance cannot be overlooked in this era of green energy and sustainable technologies. Nanofluids research has proliferated in the past decade, and reports indicate that nanofluids can be used for heat transfer applications in engineering and in general and/or commercial industries. Nanofluid is the dispersion of nanoparticles with high thermal conductivity in common working fluids. Nevertheless, a growing area of research in recent years has involved using two or more nanoparticles in a base fluid, known as hybrid nanofluids. Studies show that hybrid nanofluids exhibited better thermal and rheological characteristics than mono nanofluids. In addition, many researchers have reported on the thermal-fluid behaviors of nanofluids in comparison with hybrid nanofluids on natural convection in cavity flows. This review discusses hybrid nanofluids preparation, stability analysis and characterization, thermal properties and heat transfer characteristics in cavities. Furthermore, hybrid nanofluids demonstrated better heat transfer characteristics than mono nanofluids or conventional fluids even if more research is needed in terms of hybrid nanofluids preparation, stability, characterization and applications.
Combined Use of Flubromazepam and Stimulants: Blood and Oral Fluid Concentrations and Impact on Driving Ability
Authors: Wille Sarah M R , Bouazzati Malika , Rubbens Jari , Di Fazio Vincent , Samyn Nele
Published: September 2022

“Designer” benzodiazepines (DBZDs) are becoming increasingly available in Europe, with the European Monitoring Centre of Drugs and Drug Addiction currently monitoring ∼30 new benzodiazepines. The following driving under the influence of drug (DUID) case describes the oral fluid (OF) and blood concentrations, as well as the observed effects after the combined use of stimulants and flubromazepam. Both OF, collected via the Intercept i2 collector (Immunalysis, Pomona, CA, USA), and blood (collected in containers with various stabilizers) were screened using a liquid chromatographic (LC) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometric (MS-MS) method. In addition, various LC–MS-MS methods in multi-reaction monitoring mode were applied for confirmation and quantification. The OF and blood samples were taken 2 h 25 min and 9 h 19 min after the accident, respectively. OF contained 789 ng/mL amphetamine, 5,173 ng/mL MDMA, 168 ng/mL benzoylecgonine, 492 ng/mL cocaine, 134 ng/mL 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) and traces of flubromazepam (less than limit of quantification (LLOQ); 2 ng/mL). The sodium-fluoride blood samples contained 19 ng/mL amphetamine, 284 ng/mL MDMA, 20 ng/mL MDA, 38 ng/mL benzoylecgonine, 4 ng/mL methylecgonine, 161 ng/mL flubromazepam and traces of 4-MMC (<LLOQ; 2.5 ng/mL). The driver was observed to have an irregular speed driving pattern and could not keep his lane. He demonstrated the following effects after the accident: bloodshot eyes, red face, sweating, fatigue, disorientation in time and space and mental confusion. Even 24 h after the accident, the driver was confused, disoriented, had red spots on his face and could not keep his balance. The effects of flubromazepam combined with several stimulants are demonstrated. Moreover, this case illustrates well the pros and cons of the different biological matrices applied in a DUID context. Differences between the biological matrices are not only observed concerning the ease/practicality of (on-site) collection, but also in the final drug detectability due to the large variations in OF/blood drug concentration ratios and metabolism/elimination rates as a result of the different chemical entities of the compounds.
The family pictures of our neighbours: investigating the mass function and dynamical parameters of nearby open clusters
Authors: Ebrahimi H , Sollima A , Haghi H
Published: September 2022

We determine the mass functions (MFs) and the dynamical parameters of 15 nearby open clusters (OCs), using the unprecedented data set of the Gaia Early Data Release 3. We select the members of each cluster by combining the photometric (colour and magnitude) and astrometric (parallax and proper motions) parameters of stars, minimizing the contamination from Galactic field interlopers. By comparing the observed distribution of stars along the cluster main sequence with the best-fitting synthetic population, we find the present-day MF and the binary fraction of the OCs, along with their dynamical parameters like mass, half-mass radius, and half-mass relaxation time. We found that the global present-day MF of OCs are consistent with a single power-law function, F(m) ∝ mα, with slopes −3 < α < −0.6 including both subsolar, 0.2 < m/M⊙ < 1, and supersolar mass regimes. A significant correlation between the MF slope and the ratio of age to half-mass relaxation time is evidenced, similarly to the same conclusion already observed among Galactic globular clusters. However, OCs evolve along different tracks in comparison with the globular clusters, possibly indicating primordial differences in their initial mass function (IMF). The comparison with Monte Carlo simulations suggests that all the analysed OCs could be born with an IMF with slope αIMF < −2.3. We also show that the less evolved OCs have an MF consistent with that of the solar neighbourhood, indicating a possible connection between the dissolution of OCs and the formation of the Galactic disc.
Evaluating the efficacy of sonification for signal detection in univariate, evenly sampled light curves using astronify
Authors: Tucker Brown J , Harrison C M , Zanella A , Trayford J
Published: September 2022

Sonification is the technique of representing data with sound, with potential applications in astronomy research for aiding discovery and accessibility. Several astronomy-focused sonification tools have been developed; however, efficacy testing is extremely limited. We performed testing of astronify, a prototype tool for sonification functionality within the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. We created synthetic light curves containing zero, one, or two transit-like signals with a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs = 3–100) and applied the default mapping of brightness to pitch. We performed remote testing, asking participants to count signals when presented with light curves as a sonification, visual plot, or combination of both. We obtained 192 responses, of which 118 self-classified as experts in astronomy and data analysis. For high SNRs (=30 and 100), experts and non-experts performed well with sonified data (85–100 per cent successful signal counting). At low SNRs (=3 and 5), both groups were consistent with guessing with sonifications. At medium SNRs (=7 and 10), experts performed no better than non-experts with sonifications but significantly better (factor of ∼2–3) with visuals. We infer that sonification training, like that experienced by experts for visual data inspection, will be important if this sonification method is to be useful for moderate SNR signal detection within astronomical archives and broader research. None the less, we show that even a very simple, and non-optimized, sonification approach allows users to identify high SNR signals. A more optimized approach, for which we present ideas, would likely yield higher success for lower SNR signals.