bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presterilized Liquid‐Liquid Transfer Loops in Water Bacteriology
Authors: Connors Joseph J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the relative advantages of a newly designed transfer loop which tends to obviate defects inherent in the traditional wire loop. Characteristics of the new transfer loop are discussed and compared to the traditional wire loop. The article discusses a series of transfers that were made to determine the range of inoculum delivered by the loops under both conditions of use: in the first series, twenty transfers were made with a commercial, prefabricated loop, submerging only the loop end and not its shank in the broth; in the second series, twenty transfers were made with the new stainless steel loop, submerging only the loop end and not its shank in the broth; and, in the third series, twenty transfers were made with the new stainless steel loop, inserting the loop to the bottom of the broth tube, and withdrawing it with the loop end held perpendicular to, and in contact with, the side of the tube. The loop was similarly inserted to the bottom of the distilled water tube to remove the entire amount carried by the loop.
Spectrochemical Method for Silver
Authors: Uman George A.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a method for the determination of silver in potable water in the concentration range 0.01‐0.50 mg/l. The method is designed for routine analysis of potable water for purposes of evaluating its quality with respect to silver concentration. A sample of potable water is diluted with Li2SO4 matrix solution, and a palladium solution is added as an internal standard. Standards are made by adding appropriate amounts of silver to a potable water blank with less than 0.0005 mg/l silver and diluting this with the Li2SO4 matrix solution and the palladium internal‐standard solution. Experimental apparatus is discussed, along with reagents, standard samples, standard working curve, procedure, and accuracy.
Closed‐Loop Automatic Control of Water System Operations
Authors: Brock Dan A.
Published: February 2018

This article covers several topics relevant to a proposed control system that include the three principal components of a system: information assembly; logical application; and, remote control. The Dallas (Texas) City Water Works has had several years of experience in applying digital computers in the solution of water network design problems. This experience has been built up to the extent that concepts for computer control of water system operations have naturally developed. The effectiveness of the computer‐programed logic, which enables the engineer to analyze network operations, has also increased.
Cost Factors Related to the Use of the Membrane Filter in the Illinois Public Health Laboratories
Authors: McCaffrey Joseph C.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes the results of the use of the membrane filter (MF) and MPN procedures in Illinois during the fiscal year 1960‐61 by comparing the costs and production time involved in each procedure. The data was provided by the six laboratories of the department, which are located in different areas of the state. The sources of the samples tested included wells (dug, drilled, and driven), surface supplies, swimming pools, bathing beaches, and stream samples. Experimental apparatus is discussed, along with costs for media, labor and materials.
Salmonella and Shigella Organisms in Untreated Farm Pond Water
Authors: Tompkin R. B. , Weiser H. H. , Malaney G. W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the results of a cultural biochemical and serologic study of 235 suspect cultures isolated from thirteen farm ponds in eight Ohio counties that was made during 1960 and 1961. The study failed to establish any of the isolates as typical Salmonella or Shigella species. These results suggest that the farm pond waters are only lightly polluted and indicate that farm ponds, properly maintained, are a source of raw water of good bacteriologic quality.
Effects of a Polyelectrolyte as a Filter Aid
Authors: Garnell Michael A.
Published: February 2018

This study discusses a supplementary treatment method or procedure of using synthetic polymers called polyelectrolytes to compensate for the pretreatment deficiencies of an old plant. The polymer is slightly anionic due to the hydrolysis of a small proportion of the amide groups to the carboxylate. The white granular material will dissolve in water with about one hour of mild agitation, forming a rather viscous solution. Concentrations in excess of one per cent become impractical because of the high viscosity produced. The procedure followed was to select two adjacent filters, one for dosing and the other for comparison purposes. A solution of the polyelectrolyte was diluted to a 0.05 per cent concentration in a 50‐gal drum equipped with a needle valve to regulate the rate of feed. The solution was fed directly to the applied water as it entered the filter. Study results are discussed in detail.
Significance of Trace Elements in Public, Finished Water Supplies
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

This article is a digest of known facts about the health effects of certain trace elements. This water quality information is being developed from a 2‐year survey of 194 public, finished, water supply sources serving 139 municipalities. These are more than 16 per cent of the interstate‐carrier water supplies, and about 0.7 per cent of the nation's public supplies. Analyses for radiochemicals, organic chemicals, trace elements, and chemicals of routine sanitary significance are being done twice on each source. Analyses for the trace elements was done by the U.S. Public Health Service National Water Quality Laboratory, R.A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Minerals in Water
Authors: Lishka R. J. , Kelso F. S. , Kramer H. P.
Published: February 2018

This study provided data for the evaluation of some of the methods currently in use for the determination of minerals in water. The study also indicated the degree of accuracy and precision obtainable when many laboratories participate and a variety of methods are used. Nitrate determinations were the least accurate, and the nitrite measurement was only slightly better than the nitrate. Other determinations showed substantial improvement over the results of earlier studies. With the exception of the nitrogen measurements, overall precision and accuracy are excellent, especially for so large a number of participants working with so wide a choice of methods.
Precautionary Measures in Laboratory Work With Liquid Chlorine
Authors: DeVries Thomas
Published: February 2018

This article suggests some additions to the proper handling of liquid chlorine, as stated in the article titled, “Determination of Hydrogen Chloride and Nitrogen Trichloride in Liquid Chlorine,” by Thomas Devries et al, published in the July 1962 issue of the Journal AWWA.
Discussion of the NBFU Standard Schedule for Grading Cities and Towns
Authors: Rutter Joseph W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) system for the evaluation of water supply for fire protection purposes.
Taste and Odor Problems of a Maumee River Supply
Authors: DuByne Frank T.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing causes of taste and odor problems in both the raw and finished water of the Maumee River that include: seasonal effects; chemical contamination; algae; low stream flow; fertilizers and insecticides; and overtreatment. Treatment practices for control of tastes and odors are discussed, specifically: powdered carbon; granular activated carbon; potassium permanganate; ozone; and, chlorine dioxide. Operational procedures and design features that were instituted at the author's plant to cope with the raw water off flavors commonly encountered there are summarized in the article.
Iron and Manganese Removal With Potassium Permanganate
Authors: Willey Benjamin F. , Jennings Harry
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method for iron and manganese removal from the water supply by continuously feeding potassium permanganate to the water before it passes through a manganese greensand filter. This method has been found effective on iron‐ and manganese‐bearing waters, some of which had been unsuccessfully treated by other conventional iron removal systems.
Potassium Permanganate in Water Treatment
Authors: Welch W. Arthur
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief discussion of the history of the use of potassium permanganate in water treatment. Through the use of potassium permanganate in pretreatment, the substances which cause taste and odor as well as soluble manganese and iron, are oxidized. The insoluble manganese and iron are removed by flocculation and filtration. This oxidation process also destroys bacteria and viruses in much the same manner as oxidation with chlorine. The oxidation and bactericidal effect of permanganate does not, however, continue through the filters. Pre‐oxidation with potassium permanganate produces a conditioned water in which the addition of chlorine in post‐treatment accomplishes its job without producing chlorinous odors and tastes.
Review of the Bactericidal Effectiveness of Silver
Authors: Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

This report briefly summarizes the status of present knowledge on the properties of silver as a water disinfectant. However, the results of various investigators are not entirely in agreement with one another. This fact is commented on by Chambers and Proctor and is illustrated in their report. The need for a better analytic method for silver in the microgram‐per‐ liter range is mentioned. In addition, the need for more comprehensive information on interfering substances is evident, as is the need for some information on the effect of silver on viruses.
Integration of a Privately Owned System With a Municipally Owned System
Authors: Conaway Ross K.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the acquisition by the water department of Tampa, Florida, of the Purity Springs Water Company, a privately owned water company with the city of Tampa's service area. The conversion of the Purity Springs system was effected with a minimum of difficulty and inconvenience to the new customers. The procedures described in this article are applicable to the same type of operations in any water utility.
Special Features of Water Supplies for New Jersey Turnpike Service Areas
Authors: Moore Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the issues associated with water supply for the New Jersey Turnpike service areas, which are not only completely different from the problems of municipal and industrial supplies, but the requirements of each particular location are unique. The wide variations among the several service areas with regard to raw water quality, consumption, and site requirements make the separate study of each service area necessary. Nine years of experience with these water supplies have shown that the requirements of the system are peculiar to the New Jersey Turnpike and that few general rules apply.
Public Water Supplies of Queensland, Australia
Authors: Simmonds Millice A.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a comprehensive discussion of public water supplies of Queensland, Australia. It begins by classifying Queensland's sources of water supplies into six categories, followed by a discussion of the number of supply systems, population served, and per capita consumption. Treatment practices are discussed, along with treatment plant design, filter backwashing methods, and disinfection. The Brisbane River system, the only major river system in Queensland, is described in detail with specific focus on the town of Miles water supply, Bribie Island water supply, and the Helidon water supply.
San Francisco's Program of Long‐Range Planning
Authors: Burr George D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the planning behind a proposed (and passed) 1961 bond issue to finance an increase to the water supply available to the San Francisco water department's service area, which includes most of San Mateo County, northern Santa Clara County, and much of southern Alameda County, as well as the city and county of San Francisco. The supply problem is discussed, along with the components of overall water resource planning, estimation of requirements, and specific elements of the San Francisco project.
Chemical Aspects of Actinomycete Metabolites as Contributors of Taste and Odor
Authors: Morris Robert L. , Dougherty John D. , Ronald Gene W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an episode of mustiness that was extremely resistant to treatment processes, which occurred on the Cedar River in Iowa during June through July, 1961. A study was done on the chemical characteristics of the metabolic products of actinomycetes isolated and cultured from the Cedar River during the 1961 period of musty taste. The difficulty of analysis, effect of cultural conditions, isolation procedures and actinomycete‐produced substances are all discussed, along with neutral‐fraction characteristics, further purification, constituents of eluate, and infrared analysis. An illustration of the similarity between organic materials of river water and extracted actinomycete metabolites is provided in a comparison of the infrared spectra of an extract of musty Cedar River water, and an extract of the laboratory‐cultured actinomycetes.
Retardation of ABS in Different Aquifers
Authors: Suess Michael J.
Published: February 2018

This study demonstrates that ground disposal of wastewater containing ABS results in ASS penetration into groundwater and, subsequently, into drinking water, as only a small and limited amount of ABS can be adsorbed on permeable soil strata; however, the traveling velocities of ABS are far lower than those of the water front, and many months or several years will be required for ABS to reach the nearest downstream well, as practice has shown.
Reduction of Unaccounted‐for Water
Authors: Hudson W. D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the causes of unaccounted‐for water, including: inaccurate master meters; inaccurate domestic meters; inaccurate industrial and commerical meters; unauthorized use through fire lines or otherwise; underground leakage of mains and services; use of water from hydrants; and, leakage which would be uneconomical to repair.
Reevaluation of Granular‐Carbon Filters for Taste and Odor Control
Authors: Flentje Martin E. , Hager Donald G.
Published: February 2018

The availability of regenerable granular activated carbon makes it possible to convert this laboratory technique for producing superior quality water into an economic, practical plant‐scale procedure for processing drinking water in public systems. A “regenerable” activated carbon is capable of being reactivated to restore its adsorptive capacity lost during use. Such regenerable activated carbons can be used over and over again.
Zeta Potential Measurements in the Control of Coagulation Chemical Doses
Authors: Bean Elwood L. , Campbell Sylvester J. , Anspach Frederick R.
Published: February 2018

The Philadelphia Water Department, through its water quality and research division and its operations divisions, conducts studies to develop better methods of control of chemical doses, and greater efficiency in the use of chemicals. In previous laboratory, pilot plant, and full‐plant scale tests on coagulation, the laboratory jar stirring test has been used as a control method, and research has been directed to the effectiveness of various coagulants‐alum, ferrous and ferric salts, and sodium aluminate and of numerous coagulant aids. In this continuing work, the use of a zeta potential (ZP) microscope and cell was investigated. Some of the preliminary study results obtained with this equipment are presented, along with a brief discussion of the published findings of other writers and of the purpose and possible future use of ZP.
Reliability of Measurements of Gross Beta Radioactivity in Water
Authors: Setter Lloyd R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Analytical Reference Service Test for evaluation of gross beta radiation analysis methods with a sample consisting of cesium‐137. The participating laboratories that used internal proportional counters obtained counting rates that, when converted to activity in picocuries per liter, usually were within 20 per cent of the best estimate. Even when self‐absorption factors for mixed fission products were used, the estimates averaged less than 15 per cent higher than the best estimate.
Selected Data on Public Supplies of the 100 Largest Cities in the United States, 1962
Authors: Durfor Charles N. , Becker Edith
Published: February 2018

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been recording the changes that have occurred in municipal water utility practices for the last four decades. The scope of the latest study was limited to the 100 largest cities in the United States, as determined by the 1960 census, in order that comprehensive spectrographic and radiochemical analyses could be included. This article presents a summary of the study, including the following information for each of the 100 cities: suburban towns supplied by the city system; population of the city; total population served; sources of supply; auxiliary and emergency sources of supply; if available, the lowest 30‐day mean discharge of streams used for public water supply; treatment; rated capacity of each treatment plant; and, raw‐water and finished water storage capacity. Diagrams have been prepared for 58 cities showing the sources, treatment plants, and areas served by the municipal system. This article provides a list of the 100 largest cities in the U.S., according to the 1960 census, showing population served, sources of public water supply, treatment, and type of raw‐ and treated‐water analyses reported.
Loose Plastic Film Wrap as Cast‐Iron Pipe Protection
Authors: Wagner Ernest F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses field tests made on polyethylene‐wrapped, operating pipelines with results showing that the wrapping material is still in excellent condition after 8 years of exposure underground. The method of applying wrap is discussed, along with the cost of the wrap.
Function of a Water Utility Purchasing Agent
Authors: Bond James T.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the job responsibilities of a purchasing agent, and offers several examples of a properly run purchasing department. Value analysis is presented as an organized creative approach for efficiently identifying unnecessary expense that results in neither greater quality nor quantity of product or service. It is a method for focusing attention on one objective, equivalent or improved performance for lower cost.
Use of Peak Demands in Determination of Residential Rates
Authors: Linaweaver F. Pierce , Geyer John C.
Published: February 2018

The two major steps in a study of water rates are to investigate demands for various users, and to allocate fixed and operating costs of system facilities on an equitable basis. In this article, the allocation of plant investment for residential customers according to their domestic and sprinkling uses is discussed. Commercial, industrial, and special uses such as fire protection and air conditioning are not discussed. Data on residential demands in Baltimore are presented to illustrate the principles involved. Various alternatives for the development of equitable water rate schedules for residential customers are outlined.
Dissolved Oxygen and Survival of Coliform Organisms and Enterococci
Authors: Hanes N. B. , Sarles W. B. , Rohlich G. A.
Published: February 2018

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study to measure and compare the survival of the coliform and enterococcus groups in waters containing different concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Three separate experiments were performed. Nine 4‐liter flasks were used in each. Each flask contained a 1 per cent dilution of sewage in BOD dilution water. Three replicate flasks had a low DO level, obtained by stripping the oxygen with nitrogen gas at the time of each sampling. Three other replicate flasks had a high DO level, obtained by diffusing oxygen through the contents at the time of each sampling. The last three replicate flasks had a normal DO (near saturation). The temperature of the contents of all the flasks was controlled at 20°C. The contents of each flask were mixed uniformly at the time of each sampling. All flasks were kept dark at all times, thereby removing light as a variable. Determination of the number of coliform organisms and enterococci was made daily on the contents of each flask, using the membrane filter technique.
Contamination of Water by Viruses
Authors: McLean Donald M.
Published: February 2018

Information regarding the possible virus content of drinking water, swimming pools, and bathing areas is discussed in this article. Extensive surveys of chemical, bacteria, and virus content of water in recreational bathing areas in southern Ontario have been conducted, and the chemical and microbiologic characteristics of these bathing areas are provided.
Identification of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in River Water
Authors: Goodenkauf Alley , Erdei Joseph
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method now in use at the laboratory of the Omaha, Nebraska, Metropolitan Utilities District for isolating and identifying many of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in Missouri River water. By combining the carbon filter technique for concentration with the paper chromatographic methods of Mills and Mitchell, pesticide concentrations of 2 ppb or less can be identified. The solubility and column chromatographic separation of the carbon‐chloroform extract (CCE) practiced by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) National Water Quality Network takes the place of other cleanup procedures, leaving fractions that can be chromatographed without further purification.
Fixed‐Position Device for Sampling Soil Solution in Depth
Authors: Haskell E. E. , Bianchi W. C.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a device that allows frequent field sampling of the soil solution from profile depths below the theoretical lift limit of 32 ft. The device consists of a porous ceramic bottle which, under vacuum, will extract moisture from the soil it contacts. Sampler design and operation are discussed.
Sediment Movement and Deposition Patterns in Illinois Impounding Reservoirs
Authors: Stall John B.
Published: February 2018

This study demonstrates a pattern of consistency governing the movement of sediment‐laden water into and through reservoirs in Illinois. The pattern revealed by several earlier studies seems to explain the distribution of sediment within a reservoir, the physical nature of the sediment, and the general chemical character of the sediment. This pattern is broadly supported by 85 reservoir surveys in Illinois and by detailed observations of Lake Decatur over a period of about 50 years.
Three‐Dimensional Type Representation of Hydrologic Data
Authors: Hirsch A. Adler
Published: February 2018

This article describes how to solve the problem of presenting time‐related values over extended periods by mounting individual daily plots, covering a full year, in proper order in slots on a baseboard. This assembly furnishes an easily comprehensible volume of data in compressed form.
System for Evaluation of Contamination Potential of Some Waste Disposal Sites
Authors: LeGrand Harry E.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a relatively simple system for evaluating the contamination potential of areas where wastes are released in loose granular earth at or near ground surface. The system is based on characterizing a “problem site” in terms of the probable effect of five environmental factors on contaminants released near the site. The system is especially suitable for a quick initial appraisal of sites where geologic and hydrologic data are scarce. Use of the system requires some knowledge of the kinds of wastes involved, the methods of disposal, the general behavior of contaminants in the ground, and the geologic factors that control the movement.
New Techniques for the Evaluation of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Ryckman D. W. , Burbank N. C. , Edgerley E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses methods of detection and characterization that are the most effective currently available for the complete identification of many of the compounds occurring in water supplies. They include: carbon adsorption method; liquid‐liquid extraction; paper chromatography; fluorescent spectroscopy; gas chromatography; thin‐layer chromatography; and, radioactivity.
The Animal Farm: A Mathematical Model for the Discussion of Social Standards for Control of the Environment
Authors: Thomas Harold A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses scenarios/criteria that represent socioeconomic decisions and reflect in each case the inherent tension between human desires and human capability. In a general way, using more elaborate and realistic mathematical models, it may be shown that without exception every quality criterion or rule, whether it pertains to health, to aesthetics, or to property damage, is always equal to a function of a cost‐benefit ratio.
Progress in Plastic Materials for Water Meter Casings
Authors: Barrett Herbert F.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a progress report on a study to determine the best available plastic materials for water meter casings. The optimum content of filler and fiber in the resin was also studied. Various amounts of different types have been evaluated in combination with each of the plastic materials. All materials have been exposed for several weeks to live steam, to determine the resistance of the compounds to heat and moisture, their dimensional stability, and their resistance to decomposition. Both thermosetting and thermoplastic materials have been tested.
Essential Qualifications of a Good Manager
Authors: Trester R. H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the managerial qualities a good manager should have. The two most important requirements for managers are the ability to work with people and the ability to look at his company as a unified picture, rather than as a series of separate events. No particular profession has an inside track on management. The individual, as he gathers managerial qualities, is the one who determines whether he will become a good manager.
Some Chemical Aspects of Rapid Sand Filtration
Authors: O'Melia Charles R. , Crapps David K.
Published: February 2018

This article considers past efforts and present knowledge concerning the filtration process, with particular emphasis on particle removal mechanisms, and presents the results of research demonstrating chemical effects in the filtration of ferric floc suspensions. The results of this research provide experimental evidence that the surface properties of ferric floc particles markedly affect their filtrability, and that these properties depend on the chemical composition of the aqueous phase. These chemical effects in the filtration process are considered to result from interactions between the surfaces of the filter medium and the suspended floc particles; this conclusion lends strong experimental support to adsorption as a predominant removal mechanism in rapid sand filters. The data presented in this article indicate to the authors that rapid sand filtration can be chemically controlled through the influence of selected chemicals on the adsorption of suspended particles to the filter media.
A Tribute to Norman Joseph Howard
Authors: Berry A. E.
Published: February 2018

This article pays tribute to Norman Joseph Howard and reviews some of his accomplishments. He started working for the City of Toronto in 1911 as a bacteriologist in charge of the Center Island filtration plant, later to become Director of Water Purification. His accomplishments in the field of laboratory control and research on chlorination are discussed, along with the many positions in which he served as an officer of AWWA, including president. He was a recipient of the Fuller Award and an Honorary Member of AWWA, president of the Canadian Institute on Sewage and Sanitation, and a member of the Canadian Public Health Association. Norman Howard retired from the Toronto City Water Works Laboratory in 1954.
Operation of a Distillation Plant in the Virgin Islands
Authors: Knapp Russell V.
Published: February 2018

This article relates the author's experience in helping operate the St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, first combined electric power and water distilling plant for 2 years. Topics covered include: initial costs; plant description; design; start of operations; performance; problems; materials; and, operating costs.
Coliform Bacteria in Redwood Storage Tanks
Authors: Jones Frank E. , Greenberg Arnold E.
Published: February 2018

During the past few years, several water systems operating under permits from the California State Department of Public Health have shown unsatisfactory bacteriologic results in their finished product despite the absence of any significant sanitary defects in the treatment process. The systems all included new or relatively new redwood storage tanks. Re‐evaluation of the data already collected and re‐examination of some systems with the supposition that redwood tanks might somehow be associated with the development of coliform bacteria in the water showed that water of good bacteriologic quality entered the tanks, yet bacteriologically degraded water left them. With attention clearly focused on the tank and its effects on water quality, systematic control programs were undertaken to correct the condition and to examine the role of redwood in the problem. These attempts at control also demonstrated that control was possible and that the use of redwood as a tank construction material need not be discontinued.
Utility Liability for Injuries
Authors: Murdoch John H.
Published: February 2018

This article advises water utility management and personnel on how to reduce the possibilities for liability or to lessen the amount of damages in liability cases. This general advice is based on a study of legal principles, knowledge of the operation and management of water utilities, and judgment of human nature as it manifests itself in juries and and courts.
Trace Elements in Six Water Systems of the United States
Authors: Kroner Robert C. , Kopp John F.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by describing the U.S. Public Health Service Water Pollution Surveillance System that was established in 1957 for the collection and dissemination of basic data on water quality. The article lists the materials that fall into the trace metal category that may be measured spectrographically, along with the significance of each metal. This article discusses the sample preparation and the spectrographic method used in the analyses and summarizes the results of analyses of samples from six major water systems of the U.S. since the beginning of the program. The six major water systems include the Ohio River, Colorado River, Missouri River, Columbia River, Mississippi River, and the Great Lakes.
Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes in Pesticide Removal
Authors: Robeck Gordon G. , Dostal Kenneth A. , Cohen Jesse M. , Kreissl James F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effectiveness of water treatment processes in coping with relatively small concentrations of pesticides in raw water. Duplicate pilot water treatment plants at the Taft Center were used to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional and auxiliary treatment processes. The methods and procedures used included: the chromatographic method; solubility and incidental loss; coagulation and filtration; chlorine; potassium permanganate; ozone; powdered activated carbon; and, granular activated carbon.
Dissolved Oxygen and Iron in Shallow Wells at Salisbury, Md.
Authors: Heidel Sumner G.
Published: February 2018

In September 1962, the U.S. Geological Survey was asked to appraise the water resources of the Salisbury, Maryland, area. The first phase of the study was concerned with an apparent iron problem in the city well field. It was theorized that the rusty water could have been the result of corrosion products. The corrosion process in natural waters is accelerated by increasing concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Field determinations of DO and careful measurements for ferrous and ferric iron concentrations were made on all Salisbury production wells and on seven new test wells. Chemical analysis for major constituents in the water was also made on samples from selected sources. The measurements of DO and ferrous iron revealed that an unstable condition existed in the well field. Dissolved oxygen was present in all of the city wells and shallow test wells. Only the deep test wells contained no DO. Ferrous iron was found in ten of the city wells and in all of the test wells.
Relationship Between Water Use and Population in the Embarras River Basin, Illinois
Authors: Csallany Sandor C.
Published: February 2018

Before water resources planning for a particular region can be undertaken, it is necessary to know how much water the region is likely to use. Water consumption from public utilities is determined partly from measured data. When the pumpage is not metered at the plant, an estimate must be made of the water used. The study reported in this article considers the principal factors affecting per capita consumption and relates the size of communities to their metered water consumption. If there is a correlation between population and plant‐metered water use, it may be possible to estimate unmetered public water consumption with reasonable accuracy.
Kuwait's Water Supply
Authors: Temperley Tom Groome
Published: February 2018

This article provides a brief chronological history of Kuwait's water supply, including surface and groundwater resources and the construction of a distillation plant to convert brackish water to potable water.
Cross‐Connection Control and Backflow Prevention in San Diego, Calif.
Authors: Bott Roderick F.
Published: February 2018

The growing use of water‐using appliances in homes and water‐using equipment in industry, has increased the need for effective cross connection control and backflow prevention. This article presents the cross connection and backflow prevention program of the San Diego County Department of Public Health as an example of the development of a program for the correction of these conditions.
Decontamination of Membrane Filter Holders by Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Rhines C. E. , Cheevers W. P.
Published: February 2018

Ultraviolet (UV) light has provided an outstandingly superior decontamination procedure for membrane filter funnels. Carryover contamination trouble has been eliminated and the speed of operation more than doubled. The UV treatment requires no extra operation time and permits operation with much less time‐consuming rinsing. One quick rinse has been adopted to assist in decontamination.
Comparison of Elements Affecting Rates in Water and Other Utilities
Authors: Patterson W. L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses some of the pertinent elements that may cause utility rates to change, with some demonstration of the differences in utility growth, investment, and revenues. Specific factors affecting utility rates are discussed, including the amount of cost to be recovered from rates, system load factors, technologic improvements, load growth, and quality of product.
Removal of Manganese by Controlled Precipitation and Filtration
Authors: Bell George R.
Published: February 2018

The work on manganese (Mn) removal on which this article is based is a logical outgrowth of the work on iron (Fe) removal described in an article published in the April 1965 JOURNAL (“Removal of Soluble Iron by Filtration,” George R. Bell, p.458‐471.) The work described in the present article was conducted under a jointly sponsored research and development contract with the Massachusetts Health Research Institute, Inc. (MHRI). The initial work under the MHRI contract was undertaken by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, with George Coogan as principal investigator. Coogan's published report contains little reference to Mn removal, as such treatment was not originally an objective of the project. The MHRI pilot plant, however, was designed with sufficient flexibility to permit some Mn removal studies when this contaminant was found in the water supplies studied. These preliminary studies have since been improved upon in connection with other water supplies outside the scope of the original project.
Carbon Bed Design Criteria Study at Nitro, W.Va.
Authors: Dostal Kenneth A. , Pierson Rex C. , Hager Donald G. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a series of small‐scale experiments and a full‐scale test conducted to obtain granular carbon consumption data for removal of odorous and non‐odorous organic material from Kanawha River water at the Nitro, West Virginia, water plant. The treatment at this plant included double aeration, chlorination, conventional coagulation, and sand filtration followed by two full‐scale granular carbon beds (housed in rebuilt gravity sand filter structures). Criteria were developed for use in the design of a granular carbon system for Nitro.
Durability of Cement‐Mortar Linings in Cast‐Iron Pipe
Authors: Miller Wallace T.
Published: February 2018

Since the first installation of cement‐lined cast‐iron pipe in 1922, many improvements have been made in the processing of cement‐lined pipe. Today, well‐cured linings, free of surface imperfection, offer very little frictional resistance to the flow of water and are used in approximately 80 per cent of the cast‐iron pipe installed in water systems. This article discusses the development of standards for cast iron pipe and cement‐mortar linings, along with field service testing .
Evaluation of the Carbon Adsorption Method
Authors: Greenberg Arnold E. , Maehler Claude Z. , Cornelius James
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a project to study the validity and significance of the carbon adsorption method (CAM). Specific objectives of the study were to: determine the reproducibility of results; measure the efficiency of the method; evaluate the carbon blank and the blank correction; arrive at an optimum sampling technique; and, reach general conclusions on the applicability of the CAM. A commercial activated carbon was used exclusively as the packing, with the flow rate at 1 gpm. Samples were collected from a raw‐water holding reservoir (900‐mil gal capacity), which is indirectly filled with Sacramento River water. Two types of sampling arrangements were set up – five carbon columns were connected in series, the other columns were arranged in parallel.
Physical Aspects of Flocculation
Authors: Hudson Herbert E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a mathematical relation that describes the kinetics of flocculation. It takes into account flocculating time and intensity, coagulant dose, and volume and solids content of the floc. This relation indicates that the entrapment of suspended matter by floc is influenced by the volume of floc produced rather than by the size or appearance of floc particles. Jar test data confirm the hypothesis that floc volume is proportional to the coagulant dosage used and further indicate that floc can be made ten times more compact by extended agitation dose, and volume and solids content of the floc. This relation indicates that the entrapment of suspended matter by floc is influenced by the volume of floc produced rather than by the size or appearance of floc particles. Jar test data confirm the hypothesis that floc volume is proportional to the coagulant dosage used and further indicate that floc can be made ten times more compact by extended agitation (Gt = 200,000) than by limited agitation (Gt = 10,000), without impairing its settling characteristics.
Chemical Methods for the Detection of Aquatic Herbicides
Authors: Faust Samuel D. , Hunter Nancy E.
Published: February 2018

This study presents quantitative analytic techniques that have been developed primarily for phenoxyl alkyl acids, Diquat, and Paraquat in water. Interferences, cleanup and concentration procedures, and detection techniques are considered. Reference is made to other residue methods whenever necessary.
Use of Distilled Sea Water at San Diego
Authors: Dodson Roy E. , Mulford Stewart F.
Published: February 2018

In 1958, Congress passed the appropriation of $10,000,000 to build five distillation plants, each using a different process. These installations were designated as demonstration plants and were intended for the purposes of: demonstrating the practicability of conversion processes; developing information on how to utilize the processes effectively; and, providing a firm basis for developing and estimating costs for large plants that could be used for municipal water supply. One of the plants built under the provisions of this act was located in San Diego, California, and was designated as Sea Water Conversion Demonstration Plant No. 2, or the Point Loma plant, and had 1 mgd of capacity and employed the multistage flash distillation process. The article discusses this process, along with distribution problems, effects of the site, city operation of the plant, analytic findings, consumer reactions, and sewage treatment.
Similarities in Economic Theory and Sound Extension Policy
Authors: Woods Charles E.
Published: February 2018

This article does not attempt to demonstrate how economic theory and principles should be applied. The author indicates, while discussing the 1949 report of the AWWA Committee on Water Main Extension Policy, that he personally feels that the principles that underlie a sound extension should be uniform, but that methods designed to implement these principles must, of necessity, vary with such things as past practices, institutional arrangements, legal constraints, regulatory requirements, and community preferences. Thus, guarantee or special rates may be used if they are designed to insure that those who receive the benefit from the extension pay the cost. Contributions toward the capital costs are another effective way of handling these incremental costs. California has an effective procedure for refunding over a period of time the net investment the utility can make, based on revenues received and costs involved.
Physiologic Effects of Pesticide Use
Authors: Durham William F.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews some of the data available on the toxic hazard to man from the use of the modern synthetic pesticides. The chlorinated‐hydrocarbon group of pesticides is considered almost exclusively, because the persistence of these chemicals as residues in food and water makes them of greater general importance than the more labile organic phosphorus and carbamate compounds. DDT storage in body fat is examined, along with trends in storage levels, ingestion of DDT, total‐diet studies, volunteer experiments, occupation exposure, pesticides in water, and ingestion with water.
Nitrates in the Environment
Authors: Nichols M. Starr
Published: February 2018

The increased use of nitrogen fertilizers added to soil in the production of food and fiber during the past quarter century has stimulated interest in the effect of nitrates on the surface and groundwater of the United States. Use of ammonia alone, as the immediate precursor of nitrates, added to the soil as a fertilizer, increased from 1,800,000 tons in 1951 to 5,600,000 tons in 1963. When these amounts and other types of nitrogen fertilizers are added to a similar amount of natural soil nitrogen, there is not only a doubling of crop production but also an added opportunity for loss of this nitrate and other forms of nitrogen to streams, lakes, and groundwater. This is especially true if the fertilizers are not properly used and if those used are not completely utilized by plants.
Development of Flow Computers for Network Analysis in Japan
Authors: Kiyose Jiro
Published: February 2018

Although flow computers are now widely available, their use is not recommended for all water networks. One should not always rely upon flow computers for calculation of water piping networks. There is a general tendency in practice, however, to assume that there is no need for calculation if a sufficiently large pipeline network is provided. The computers are not only disadvantageous economically, but they are not necessarily logical for all of the networks. It is hoped that, in the future, flow computers can save the time and trouble that has been required for manual calculation. It is also hoped that computers can be set up to simulate field conditions in pipeline networks by using voltage booster devices to represent pumping stations, or by adding supply means to the instruments for water tanks, reservoirs, and the like, in accordance with the discharge rates of the latter. In addition, the conditions and quantity of water supply required to meet the future increase in population and the need for water in case of fires are most important matters that ought to be estimated so as to determine the latent capacity of water supply for the next 10‐50 years. The calculation method on piping networks in such programs will most fully be realized by the present computer, which features instant adaptability to the conversion of piping networks.
Industry Developments in Plastic Pipe for Water Systems
Authors: Look Edward H.
Published: February 2018

Low cost, ease of installation, long life, and dependability, together with resistance to corrosion in aggressive soils have prompted many engineering firms to specify plastic pipe as the standard piping material for water distribution districts. This article discusses standards and specification work for plastic materials and pipe that are being developed by a number of professional organizations.
Experiences With Microstraining at Ilion
Authors: Lynch William O. , Baker Charles R. , Haberer James H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effectiveness of a microstrainer installed in 1960 at the Ilion, New York, water treatment plant. Actual operation of the microstrainer began in February 1962. The microstrainer was installed to pretreat water before slow sand filtration, and results showed a reduction in the frequency of cleaning the filters.
Determination of Free Chlorine by Methyl Orange
Authors: Sollo Frank W. , Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the methyl orange test as a satisfactory laboratory and field procedure for determining free and combined chlorine in water samples. All reagents used in the test are stable at room temperature and may be prepared from readily available chemicals. The test may theoretically be used to measure chlorine of any concentration; curves have been prepared for concentrations of up to 5.0 mg/l, although precision deteriorates slightly at the higher concentrations. The only serious interference is from manganese and this can be corrected through the use of an arsenite modification.
Northeast Water Crisis and Its Solution
Authors: Faust Raymond J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses drought and water shortages in the northeastern U.S., including a review of the current water situations in each of four metropolitan centers of the northeast – Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. The article refutes the federal viewpoint that ensuring an adequate water supply for the area has become a problem of such magnitude that it requires the assistance of the federal government. The article stresses that careful planning and qualified management is needed, instead of government intervention, to ensure adequate water supply during drought conditions in this area of the country.
Evaluation of a Utility's Public Image
Authors: Longman William M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of public image to the operation of a utility, and the need for frequent and continuing evaluation of this public image. The article discusses several informal methods of evaluating a utility's public image.