bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Relativity Contradicts Presentism
Authors: Saunders Simon
Published: April 2010

But this picture of a ‘block universe’, composed of a timeless web of ‘world-lines’ in a four-dimensional space, however strongly suggested by the theory of relativity, is a piece of gratuitous metaphysics. Since the concept of change, of something happening, is an inseparable component of the common-sense concept of time and a necessary component of the scientist's view of reality, it is quite out of the question that theoretical physics should require us to hold the Eleatic view that nothing happens in ‘the objective world’. Here, as so often in the philosophy of science, a useful limitation in the form of representation is mistaken for a deficiency of the universe (Black, 1962).
Orthodoxy, Islam, and the Desecularization of Russia's State Schools
Authors: Lisovskaya Elena , Karpov Vyacheslav
Published: April 2010

This article explores the social origins and consequences of Orthodox-Muslim tensions surrounding the attempts to find a place for religion in Russia's state schools. It demonstrates that the Orthodox-Muslim tensions are an inevitable outcome of what we define as Russia's pattern of “desecularization from above.” The attempts to restore religious education are carried out by alliances of top religious and political elites, which almost by default focus on the state-run schools. These attempts run into serious social and institutional constraints, and generate considerable Orthodox-Muslim tensions and controversies spilling over to public opinion. On the surface, the Orthodox-Muslim tensions often appear in the form ironically resembling “culture wars” between religious traditionalists and secularists in the West. Our survey data indicate that public support for religious instruction in state-run schools has reached high levels and is infused with a noticeable element of religious intolerance. We predict that further attempts to desecularize Russia's state schools “from above” may have destabilizing effects in society and fuel ethno-religious tensions.
From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality of women's experiences in armed conflict
Authors: Haeri Medina , Puechguirbal Nadine
Published: April 2010

Although women routinely display remarkable resilience and fortitude by adopting new roles and taking on new responsibilities when confronted by the ravages of war, they continue to be depicted by many humanitarian actors as being intrinsically weak and vulnerable – a depiction that results in the perceptible absence of women from decision-making bodies both during and in the wake of conflict. This article argues for the need to consider the plurality of women's experiences in war, including as female heads of households, as victims (and survivors) of sexual violence, as community leaders, and as armed combatants.
Women, armed conflict and language – Gender, violence and discourse
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: April 2010

Facilitating critical reflection on the words and concepts used to write policy enables practitioners to avoid unconsciously reproducing the different forms of oppression and exclusion that their policies seek to overcome. In this article, the author provides an analysis of Chapter 5.10 of the United Nations Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards, arguing that policy makers, scholars, students and practitioners cannot avoid making and/or changing meaning through their well-meaning interventions, but that this need not lead to political or practical inertia.
What occurs in K process of cloud flashes?
Authors: Akita Manabu , Nakamura Yoshitaka , Yoshida Satoru , Morimoto Takeshi , Ushio Tomoo , Kawasaki Zen , Wang Daohong
Published: April 2010

The Lightning Research Group of Osaka University has been developing and improving the VHF broadband digital interferometer, which locates the impulsive VHF radiation sources caused by lightning discharges with extremely high time resolution in three dimensions. As a result of the VHF observations during the 2006–2007 monsoon season in Darwin, Australia, cloud flashes accompanied by K processes are clearly visualized in three dimensions with high time resolution. In the late stage of the cloud flashes, negative recoil streamers accompanied by K changes propagate along the same channels as that of preceding negative breakdowns in the early stage. The speeds of the negative recoil streamers are 2 orders of magnitude faster than the preceding negative breakdown. The negative recoil streamers are supposed to initiate from the tips of positive breakdowns that have progressed along the same path as previous negative breakdowns in the opposite direction.
Atmospheric chemistry results from the ANTCI 2005 Antarctic plateau airborne study
Authors: Slusher D. L. , Neff W. D. , Kim S. , Huey L. G. , Wang Y. , Zeng T. , Tanner D. J. , Blake D. R. , Beyersdorf A. , Lefer B. L. , Crawford J. H. , Eisele F. L. , Mauldin R. L. , Kosciuch E. , Buhr M. P. , Wallace H. W. , Davis D. D.
Published: April 2010

One of the major goals of the 2005 Antarctic Tropospheric Chemistry Investigation (ANTCI) was to bridge the information gap between current knowledge of South Pole (SP) chemistry and that of the plateau. The former has been extensively studied, but its geographical position on the edge of the plateau makes extrapolating these findings across the plateau problematic. The airborne observations reported here demonstrate that, as at SP, elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) are a common summertime feature of the plateau. As in earlier studies, planetary boundary layer (PBL) variations were a contributing factor leading to NO fluctuations. Thus, extensive use was made of in situ measurements and models to characterize PBL depths along each flight path and over broader areas of the plateau. Consistent with earlier SP studies that revealed photolysis of nitrate in surface snow as the source of NOx, large vertical gradients in NO were observed over most plateau areas sampled. Similar gradients were also found for the nitrogen species HNO3 and HO2NO2 and for O3. Thus, a common meteorological‐chemical feature found was shallow PBLs associated with nitrogen species concentrations that exceeded free tropospheric levels. Collectively, these new results greatly extend the geographical sampling footprint defined by earlier SP studies. In particular, they suggest that previous assessments of the plateau as simply a chemical depository need updating. Although the evidence supporting this position comes in many forms, the fact that net photochemical production of ozone occurs during summer months over extensive areas of the plateau is pivotal.
Magnetic behavior of rapidly quenched submicron amorphous wires
Authors: Chiriac H. , Corodeanu S. , Lostun M. , Ababei G. , Óvári T.-A.
Published: April 2010

Results on the magnetic behavior of glass-coated amorphous wires with metallic nucleus diameters in the submicron range are reported for the first time. The magnetic behavior of nearly zero magnetostrictive submicron amorphous wires is different from that observed in amorphous microwires with typical dimensions and similar composition. Submicron wires are bistable, whereas typical microwires show an almost anhysteretic loop. Bistability of submicron wires is maintained even in a very thin surface layer, which was shown to display a helical magnetic anisotropy. The origin of this specific behavior is the shape anisotropy which becomes dominant at lower dimensions of the metallic nucleus. The study of submicron amorphous wires opens up the way for new applications of amorphous wires.
Mobile system for on-road measurements of air pollutants
Authors: Katulski Ryszard J. , Namieśnik Jacek , Sadowski Jarosław , Stefański Jacek , Szymańska Krystyna , Wardencki Waldemar
Published: April 2010

The paper presents a prototype of a mobile monitoring system for measuring the levels of the main traffic air pollutants (C6H6, NO2, NOx, CO, and CO2,) in cities. The novelty of the proposed system lies in the fact that it can be utilized to monitor emissions from urban traffic along roads and areas where traditional monitoring stations cannot be placed. In the proposed system, the monitoring device can be mounted on any moving vehicle (such as a car, bus, or truck) rather than be attached to a dedicated van, as most systems of this kind found in literature are. Analyzers used in this system are small portable structures that contain an electronic instrument to measure, record, and transmit relevant data on concentrations of the pollutants to a website. The model outcome for carbon monoxide obtained in functional tests in real conditions is also presented here. Data on temporal changes of carbon monoxide concentration are compared against meteorological parameters and speed of the vehicle. Spatial interpolation techniques are applied to obtain a nonplanar visualization of carbon monoxide and benzene concentrations in the main arteries of a city.
Synthesis of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and polyaniline nanocomposite with its electrical and magneto-transport properties
Authors: Gupta K. , Jana P. C. , Meikap A. K. , Nath T. K.
Published: April 2010

We have synthesized composite of polyaniline nanotubes with lanthanum strontium manganite (La0.67Sr0.33MnO3) (LSMO) nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and thermogravimetric analysis scans are done for morphological, structural, and thermal characterization of polyaniline-LSMO nanocomposite. Room temperature hysteresis loop shows ferromagnetic behavior of polyaniline-LSMO nanocomposite but with very low saturation magnetization. Overall pattern of temperature dependence of resistivity for polyaniline has been best-fitted with the form ln[ρ(T)]∝T−1/2. This may be attributed to quasi-one dimensional hopping and also tunneling between mesoscopic ferromagnetic metallic islands. Total resistivity due to grain and grain boundary reduces by application of magnetic field. Remarkable increase (∼73%) in magnetoresistance (MR) is obtained in these polymer coated LSMO compared to the without coated counterpart (16%). The MR% is found to increase with the increase in percentage of LSMO nanoparticles content in the composite. Temperature and magnetic field dependence of MR is observed. This nanocomposite can be used as a sensitive giant MR sensor.
Stochastic diffusion model of multistep activation in a voltage-dependent K channel
Authors: Vaccaro S. R.
Published: April 2010

The energy barrier to the activated state for the S4 voltage sensor of a K channel is dependent on the electrostatic force between positively charged S4 residues and negatively charged groups on neighboring segments, the potential difference across the membrane, and the dielectric boundary force on the charged residues near the interface between the solvent and the low dielectric region of the membrane gating pore. The variation of the potential function with transverse displacement and rotation of the S4 sensor across the membrane may be derived from a solution of Poisson’s equation for the electrostatic potential. By approximating the energy of an S4 sensor along a path between stationary states by a piecewise linear function of the transverse displacement, the dynamics of slow activation, in the millisecond range, may be described by the lowest frequency component of an analytical solution of interacting diffusion equations of Fokker–Planck type for resting and barrier regions. The solution of the Smoluchowski equations for an S4 sensor in an energy landscape with several barriers is in accord with an empirical master equation for multistep activation in a voltage-dependent K channel.
Crystalline ripples at the surface of ion eroded strained Si0.8Ge0.2 epilayers
Authors: Kanjilal A. , Prucnal S. , Minniti M. , Skorupa W. , Helm M. , Facsko S.
Published: April 2010

Surface erosion of a strained Si0.8Ge0.2 epilayer by 500 eV Ar+ ions with a fluence of 4×1017 ions/cm2 and the transformation from crystalline ripples to elongated Ge islands are reported by aligning the beam from 69° to 50° from the surface normal. Crystalline nature and the near surface Ge enrichment in such ripple structures are revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, ion beam induced decomposition of the SiGe network and the appearance of dislocation bands by suppressing the near-bandgap emission are manifested by μ-Raman and photoluminescence studies, respectively.
Magnetoviscosity of dilute magnetic fluids in oscillating and rotating magnetic fields
Authors: Sánchez Jorge H. , Rinaldi Carlos
Published: April 2010

The magnetic field dependent viscosity (magnetoviscosity) of dilute suspensions of spherical magnetic particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid subjected to both magnetic and shear flow fields was studied through Brownian dynamics simulations. Results are presented for the response of these suspensions to oscillating magnetic fields and magnetic fields that are corotating or counter-rotating with respect to the fluid vorticity. A decrease in negative values in the intrinsic magnetoviscosity is observed for oscillating and corotating magnetic fields, whereas an increase is observed for counter-rotating magnetic fields. The frequency corresponding to zero viscosity and the minimum value in the negative viscosity are lower for corotating magnetic fields than for oscillating magnetic fields. In the negative magnetoviscosity regions the particles in a corotating magnetic field rotate faster than in an oscillating magnetic field. It is estimated that the flow due to corotating particles could be strong enough to obtain a negative effective viscosity in dilute suspension. Moreover, it is shown that the commonly accepted constitutive equation for the antisymmetric stress describes well the intrinsic magnetoviscosity of the suspension.
Diffusion of drag-reducing polymer solutions within a rough-walled turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Elbing Brian R. , Dowling David R. , Perlin Marc , Ceccio Steven L.
Published: April 2010

The influence of surface roughness on diffusion of wall-injected, drag-reducing polymer solutions within a turbulent boundary layer was studied with a 0.94 m long flat-plate test model at speeds of up to 10.6 m s−1 and Reynolds numbers of up to 9×106. The surface was hydraulically smooth, transitionally rough, or fully rough. Mean concentration profiles were acquired with planar laser induced fluorescence, which was the primary flow diagnostic. Polymer concentration profiles with high injection concentrations (≥1000 wppm) had the peak concentration shifted away from the wall, which was partially attributed to a lifting phenomenon. The diffusion process was divided into three zones—initial, intermediate, and final. Studies of polymer injection into a polymer ocean at concentrations sufficient for maximum drag reduction indicated that the maximum initial zone length is of the order of 100 boundary layer thicknesses. The intermediate zone results indicate that friction velocity and roughness height are important scaling parameters in addition to flow and injection conditions. Lastly, the current results were combined with those in Petrie et al. [“Polymer drag reduction with surface roughness in flat-plate turbulent boundary layer flow,” Exp. Fluids 35, 8 (2003)] to demonstrate that the influence of polymer degradation increases with increased surface roughness.
Eu
3
+
and Yb3+ codoped Gd2O3 single phase nanophosphor: An enhanced monochromatic red emission through cooperative upconversion and downconversion
Authors: Kaur Gagandeep , Singh S. K. , Rai S. B.
Published: April 2010

Single phase cubic Gd2O3 nanophosphor codoped with Eu3+ and Yb3+ ions has been synthesized through solution combustion route. Structural properties have been investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The as-synthesized Gd2O3 phosphor shows amorphous nature which changes to crystalline single cubic phase on annealing. Optical properties have been investigated through absorption, photoluminescence, and lifetime measurements. Intense red emission (D50→F72) is observed both from cooperative upconversion (Yb3++Yb3+→Eu3+ on 976 nm excitation) as well as through downconversion process (on 355 nm excitation). The unusual and rarely reported emissions from the higher lying D5J (J=2, 3, and 4) to F7J (J=0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) levels are also observed with 976 nm excitation. Nearly twenty two times enhancement in the intensity of the hypersensitive transition (D50→F72) along with an increase in the decay time (770 μs) is observed for the sample annealed at 1200 °C on 355 nm excitation. These observations have been explained satisfactorily.
Hydrophobic fluoroalkylsilane nanolayers for inhibiting copper diffusion into silica
Authors: Garg Saurabh , Singh Binay , Teki Ranganath , Lane Michael W. , Ramanath Ganpati
Published: April 2010

Molecular nanolayers (MNLs) are attractive for suppressing chemical transport and mixing at copper-silica interfaces. Here, we demonstrate that hydrophobic fluoroalkyl moieties enhance the effectiveness of organosilane MNLs to inhibit copper diffusion. Bias thermal annealing of copper-MNL-silica capacitors with MNLs having different fluoroalkyl contents, combined with electron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements, show that the enhanced barrier properties are due to diminished water uptake and curtailed copper ionization. Our results suggest that controlling interface moisture content using hydrophobic moieties can complement copper ion immobilization by hydrophilic groups in MNL barriers.
A heterodyne interferometer for angle metrology
Authors: Hahn Inseob , Weilert M. , Wang X. , Goullioud R.
Published: April 2010

We have developed a compact, high-resolution, angle measurement instrument based on a heterodyne interferometer. Common-path heterodyne interferometer metrology is used to measure displacements of a reflective target surface. In the interferometer set up, an optical mask is used to sample the laser beam reflecting back from four areas on a target surface. From the relative displacement measurements of the target surface areas, we can simultaneously determine angular rotations around two orthogonal axes in a plane perpendicular to the measurement beam propagation direction. The device is used in a testbed for a tracking telescope system where pitch and yaw angle measurements of a flat mirror are performed. Angle noise measurement of the device shows 0.1 nrad/Hz at 1 Hz, at a working distance of 1 m. The operation range and nonlinearity of the device when used with a flat mirror is approximately ±0.15 mrad, and 3 μrad rms, respectively.
Simultaneous nickel silicidation and silicon crystallization induced by excimer laser annealing on plastic substrate
Authors: Alberti A. , La Magna A. , Cuscunà M. , Fortunato G. , Privitera V.
Published: April 2010

Ni–Si reaction and α-Si crystallization on polyimide were simultaneously induced by excimer laser annealing. A ∼8 nm Ni film was deposited on Si in such a way that Ni atoms were also distributed within the α-Si layer. The role of Ni atoms during crystallization and surface silicidation was studied in the submelting regime and modeled by diffusion-reaction equations. It has been found that the starting Ni distribution in α-Si and the thermal gradient due to the plastic were crucial to induce Si crystallization. At a threshold of ∼0.2 J/cm2 melting is induced in the polycrystalline silicon layer and in the residual α-Si.
Nanofluidic control of coupled photonic crystal resonators
Authors: Vignolini Silvia , Riboli Francesco , Wiersma Diederik Sybolt , Balet Laurent , Li Lianhe H. , Francardi Marco , Gerardino Annamaria , Fiore Andrea , Gurioli Massimo , Intonti Francesca
Published: April 2010

A fine control of a photonic molecule is obtained by nanofluidic techniques. The coupling condition between the modes of two photonic crystal nanocavities is modified by spectrally tuning each single resonator. Clear mode anticrossing and transition from localized to delocalized states are observed. The detuning induced by disorder, always present in real device, is experimentally compensated by locally modifying the photonic environment of the cavity.
Austenite–martensite interface in shape memory alloys
Authors: Lei C. H. , Li L. J. , Shu Y. C. , Li J. Y.
Published: April 2010

A two-scale phase field simulation is developed for austenite–martensite interface to understand the effects of crystalline symmetry and geometric compatibilities on the reversibility of structural phase transformations in shape memory alloys. It is observed that when the middle eigenvalue of martensite transformation strain is equal to zero, an exact austenite–martensite interface is formed with negligible elastic energy. On the other hand, when the middle eigenvalue is different from 0, an inexact interface between austenite and martensitic twin is formed, and the corresponding elastic energy increases with the increased magnitude of the middle eigenvalue, resulting in substantially higher energy barrier for austenite–martensite transformation, and thus higher thermal hysteresis in shape memory alloys.
Influence of Sn Migration on phase transition in GeTe and Ge2Se3 thin films
Authors: Devasia Archana , Kurinec Santosh , Campbell Kristy A. , Raoux Simone
Published: April 2010

Phase transitions in GeTe/SnSe and Ge2Se3/SnTe are investigated using time resolved x-ray diffraction. GeTe exhibits a structural transition from rhombohedral to the cubic phase at 300 °C, which is ∼100 °C lower than that of pure GeTe. This is facilitated by incorporation of Sn from SnSe. Sn migration is observed explicitly in Ge2Se3/SnTe by separation of SnSe phase. Amorphous Ge2Se3 is also found to crystallize at a lower temperature of 300 °C resulting in orthorhombic GeSe and monoclinic GeSe2. Thus, inclusion of a Sn containing layer may offer a means to tailor phase transition in Ge-chalcogenide thin films for phase change memory applications.
Polyelectrolyte junction field effect transistor based on microfluidic chip
Authors: Kim Kwang Bok , Han Ji-Hyung , Kim Hee Chan , Chung Taek Dong
Published: April 2010

This study developed the first polyelectrolyte junction field effect transistor capable of operating in an aqueous microfluidic network on a chip. In this system, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride and poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid are used for the elaborate control of the ion flow by selective extraction of anions and cations from the microchannel. The rate of ion extraction can be regulated by simply adjusting the gate voltage, and it results in ion depletion in the vicinity of the polyelectrolyte plugs. The extent of ion depletion between the polyelectrolyte plugs is a sensitive function of the ion resistance of the microchannel; therefore, the current between the source and the drain can be controlled by regulating the gate voltage.
The Thermal Conductivity of Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide in the Limit of Zero Density
Authors: Millat J. , Wakeham W. A.
Published: April 2010

The paper presents accurate representations for the thermal conductivity of the diatomic gases nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density. These gases were studied because they have nearly the same molecular mass and viscosities. In contrast, the new analysis confirms that the thermal conductivities of the two gases differ remarkably, especially at low temperatures. The theoretically-based correlations provided are valid for the temperature range 220–2100 K and have associated uncertainties of ±1% between 300 and about 500 K, rising to ±2.5% at the low- and high-temperature extremes. A comparison with some empirical and semiempirical correlations is given.
Thermodynamic Properties of Argon from the Triple Point to 1200 K with Pressures to 1000 MPa
Authors: Stewart Richard B. , Jacobsen Richard T.
Published: April 2010

A new thermodynamic property formulation for argon is presented. The formulation includes a fundamental equation explicit in Helmholtz energy, a vapor pressure equation, and estimating functions for the densities of saturated liquid and vapor states. The coefficients of the fundamental equation and ancillary functions were determined by a weighted least-squares fit of selected experimental data using a statistical procedure to select the terms for the equation most appropriate for the representation of the data. In determining the coefficients of the fundamental equation, multi-property fitting methods were used to represent pressure-density-temperature data, saturated liquid and saturated vapor densities, and velocity of sound measurements. The fundamental equation is valid for liquid and vapor phases except near the critical point. The equation has been developed to conform to the Maxwell criterion for two-phase liquid–vapor equilibrium states. Comparisons between the data used to determine the fundamental equation and values calculated from the formulation are given to verify the accuracy of the fundamental equation. The formulation given here may be used to calculate pressures and densities generally with an accuracy of ±0.1%, heat capacities within ±3%, and velocity of sound within ±2% except near the critical point. Tables of thermodynamic properties of argon calculated with the formulation presented here are given for fluid states within the range of validity of the correlation.
Thermodynamic Properties of Dioxygen Difluoride (O2F2) and Dioxygen Fluoride (O2F)
Authors: Lyman John L.
Published: April 2010

Recent spectroscopic and chemical kinetic studies have provided sufficient data for construction of reliable thermodynamic tables for both dioxygen difluoride (O2F2; Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, 7783-44-0) and dioxygen fluoride (O2F; Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, 15499-23-7). This paper contains those tables for these species in both SI units (0.1 MPa standard state) and cal K mol units (1.0 atm standard state). The experimental basis includes three recent assignments of the fundamental vibrational frequencies for O2F2, a new set of rotational constants for O2F, an enthalpy change for dissociation of O2F, and an updated standard enthalpy of formation for O2F2.
Effects of sowing date and cultivar on spike weight and kernel number in durum wheat
Authors: Bassu Simona , Giunta Francesco , Motzo Rosella
Published: April 2010

In wheat, spike weight is associated with kernel number. The response of spike weight to photoperiod and the amount of radiation available during the period of spike growth and the associated changes in spike : stem ratio were investigated through field trials involving three durum wheat cultivars with different flowering time over two seasons and three sowing dates. Across the three cultivars spike and stem weight differed in response to the photoperiod and to the photothermal quotient, i.e. the ratio between intercepted radiation and temperature; this reflected the sensitivity of the spike : stem ratio to the environmental conditions induced by sowing date, which affected the allometry of the ratio. The photothermal quotient (0.14–1.70 MJ m–2 day–1 °C–1) explained most of the variation in both spike weight (83–270 g m–2) and kernel number per m2 (2638–13 993), across all the environments sampled. The phenology explained a significant portion of the variation in spike weight, but its influence was minor compared with the combined effects of the quantity of intercepted radiation and the temperature. Therefore, the correlation between kernel number and the photothermal quotient before anthesis was more sensible to the environmental variation induced by sowing date beyond its conventional window.
Effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin allele, Glu-B1d, from synthetic hexaploid wheat on wheat quality parameters and dry, white Chinese noodle-making quality
Authors: Tang Yonglu , Yang Wuyun , Wu Yuanqi , Li Chaosu , Li Jun , Zou Yuchun , Chen Fang , Mares Daryl
Published: April 2010

Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) represents a valuable source of new resistances to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Exploitation of these resistances in bread wheat breeding programs, however, is not necessarily straightforward and requires an assessment of potential negative effects on quality particularly from the genomes contributed by the durum parents used in the development of SHW. In particular, high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) 6+8 that are common in durum and SHW but, in bread wheat, are present at only a very low frequency in Chinese wheat cultivars and landraces and as a result there is only limited data on the effects of HMW-GS 6+8 on wheat processing quality and especially on dry, white Chinese noodles (DWCN). In this study, 131 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) were developed from a cross between a CIMMYT SHW ‘Syn-CD780’ and an elite Sichuan common wheat cultivar ‘ChuanYu12’.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the HMW glutenin allele, Glu-B1d (6+8), from SHW on quality-related characteristics and DWCN making quality compared with the alternate allele Glu-B1u (7*+8). The RIL and parents were grown in three environments and analysed for 21 quality and noodle test parameters. Results showed the effect of Glu-B1d depended on both the parameters tested and glutenin subunit background contributed by alleles at the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci. RIL with the Glu-B1d allele v. those with the Glu-B1u had significantly higher Zeleny sedimentation volume and falling number in the subunit backgrounds Glu-A1c/Glu-D1a and Glu-A1c/Glu-D1ah, significantly higher L* of dry flour in the background Glu-A1a/Glu-D1a; significantly higher dough development time, dough stability time, breakdown time and lower softness in both backgrounds Glu-A1c/Glu-D1a and Glu-A1c/Glu-D1ah; significantly higher values of most rapid visco analysis parameters, especially pronounced in the background Glu-A1c/Glu-D1a. The RIL with the Glu-B1d allele also showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) noodle total score (NTS) in the Glu-A1a/Glu-D1a background and significantly higher (P < 0.01) NTS and most components of sensory assessment in the Glu-A1c/Glu-D1a background. Overall, the results indicate that the allele Glu-B1d, 6+8, from synthetic hexaploids could, in general, have a positive influence on most bread wheat quality parameters and DWCN noodle-making, particularly when combined with particular glutenin subunits at Glu-A1 and Glu-D1.
Metabolism and the leukemic stem cell
Authors: Abdel-Wahab Omar , Levine Ross L.
Published: April 2010

Acute leukemias are clonal disorders of hematopoiesis wherein a leukemic stem cell (LSC) acquires mutations that confer the capacity for unlimited self-renewal, impaired hematopoietic differentiation, and enhanced proliferation to the leukemic clone. Many recent advances in understanding the biology of leukemia have come from studies defining specific genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in leukemic cells. Three recent articles, however, further our understanding of leukemia biology by elucidating specific abnormalities in metabolic pathways in leukemic hematopoiesis. These studies potentially converge on the concept that modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance may influence the pathogenesis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
One Nation, Underprivileged
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

Despite its enormous wealth, the United States leads the industrialized world in poverty. One Nation, Underprivileged unravels this disturbing paradox by offering a different understanding of American poverty. It debunks many of Americans' most common myths about the poor, while at the same time providing a new framework for addressing this enormous social and economic problem. The author shows that the fundamental causes of poverty are to be found in America's economic structure and political policy failures, rather than individual shortcomings or attitudes. He establishes for the first time that a significant percentage of Americans will experience poverty during their adult lifetimes, and firmly demonstrates that poverty is an issue of vital national concern. Ultimately, the author provides the reader with a new paradigm for understanding poverty, and outlines a set of strategies that will reduce the phenomenon in America. One Nation, Underprivileged represents a starting point for rekindling a national focus upon America's most vexing social and economic problem.
Making Hay Out of Straw? Real and Imagined Controversies in Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Kurzban Robert , Haselton Martie G.
Published: April 2010

Debates should move past mischaracterizations and toward a discussion of genuine issues of contention. In order for fruitful debates to occur, all parties will need to agree that evolutionary psychologists already argue the following: (i) the environment is extremely important to any organism's development; (ii) organisms have parts that are not adaptations, but by-products or noise; (iii) hypotheses that do not yield new insights are not useful; (iv) there are multiple levels of explanation for any given phenomenon; and that (v) claims for adaptation require support, usually in the form of evidence of special design.
Evolutionary Psychology and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Walsh Anthony
Published: April 2010

Criminological theories may be complemented and extended by incorporating biosocial concepts into them. Evolutionary psychology emphasizes that individuals pursue their self-interest in a variety of ways that are dependent upon environmental contingencies. It agrees with mainstream sociology that we are social beings who desire to follow social rules, but it does not romanticize us as inherently good beings who only commit bad acts when forced into them by evil social institutions. We are nepotistic reciprocal altruists who know that we can realize our self-interests more often by cooperating (following rules) than by not cooperating, but our very desire to cooperate generates deviance by providing opportunities for non-cooperators. For both evolutionary psychologists and most mainstream criminological theories, the individuals most likely to commit antisocial acts are those who are disadvantaged in the competition for wealth, power, and status, the evolutionary precursors of reproductive success.
The Welfare of Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

According to the United Nations' latest data, the United States has more children living in poverty than any other industrialized nation in the world. More than a fifth of all children grow up in poverty. The poverty rates for African American and Latino children often exceed 40 percent. Furthermore, the United States — a country that once pioneered strategies to prevent child abuse and which now spends more money fighting child abuse than any other industrialized country — also has the highest rate of child abuse in the industrialized world. Against this background, the author, an authority on child welfare, takes a critical look at the current welfare system. He traces the transformation of child welfare into child protective services, arguing that the current focus on abuse has produced a system which is designed to protect children from physical and sexual abuse, and therefore functions as a last resort for only the worst and most dramatic cases in child welfare. In a close analysis of the process of investigating child abuse, the author finds that there is no evidence that the transformation into protective services has reduced child abuse fatalities or that it has provided a safer environment for children. He makes an argument for the criminal justice system to assume responsibility for the problem of child abuse in order for the child welfare system to be able to adequately address the wellbeing of a much larger number of children now growing up in poverty. This new edition of The Welfare of Children takes into account a major legislative change since the publication of the first edition: the welfare reform legislation of 1996. This legislation has fundamentally altered the public child welfare system as broadly understood, and the author of this book examines its implications on policy and practice, refuting the claim that welfare reform has actually reduced child poverty. The Welfare of Children, 2nd Edition is a blueprint for the comprehensive reform of the current child welfare system to one that administers to the economic security of the larger number of disadvantaged and impoverished children.
3 Child Welfare Reform through Demonstration Research: Permanency Planning
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

The previous chapter examined the effectiveness of casework intervention to bring about change by reforming the individual client using case management, counseling, and therapeutic approaches. Although these approaches have failed to produce evidence of systematic change among clients, this should not lead to the conclusion that research has failed to identify effective methods of intervention. This chapter reviews demonstration research that examines the operation of the child welfare system from an organizational level. The interventions of this research were meant to change the operation of the system altogether in order to meet the needs of clients and to achieve policy goals.
10 The Fading Promise of Welfare Reform to End Child Poverty
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines the effects of the most important event affecting poor children in the last several decades: the welfare reform of 1996. It is now possible to examine the consequences of this reform for children. Proponents of the reform herald the dramatic drop in the welfare caseload. In most states, the number of children receiving welfare has been cut in half. Several states have achieved a more than three-quarters reduction. What has been the consequence of this dramatic end of welfare as we know it? The chapter looks at the economic circumstance of poor children post-welfare reform.
A Red Bird in a Brown Bag
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter introduces the House Finch as a study bird. A bird that was introduced to the eastern U.S. in the mid-20th century, it is most abundant in urbanized areas where it nests in nooks on buildings and can be attracted to nest boxes. It can be captured in traps and kept in captivity, making it an ideal study bird.
Studs, Duds, and Studly Duds
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter explores the relationship between male plumage color and social status. Experiments show that red feather coloration does not function as a signal of status in either the breeding or non-breeding season. Drabber males are actually socially dominant to brighter red males. Testosterone implants increase male dominance but reduce male feather coloration, perhaps explaining why drabber males are socially dominant.
The Shape of a Discipline
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter discusses the use of the case study approach in the investigation into flying fantasies. One of the premises of a case study approach is that if one is to understand the inner workings of personality and the various ways they manifest themselves, in-depth studies of individuals, one at a time, from multiple perspectives, is the most prudent path to follow. The antithesis to that position is that case studies, by their very nature, delve into the subjective qualities of a person's life and questions are posed to which no objective answers can be given.
Henry Murray’s Personology
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Hermeneutics is defined as the art and science of interpreting texts. It is used, for example, to describe the activities of priests, rabbis, and others in ministerial professions, whose jobs require them to decipher the meaning of religious texts. Normally, when one thinks about texts, the thought of words written on a page comes to mind. But there is a branch of hermeneutics that, taken to its extreme, considers the person to be a text. We all tell stories and in doing so provide bits and pieces, paragraphs and even chapters of our life sagas in progress. In some respects, one can say that we are our stories. Dan McAdams suggests we are carriers of a grand text that, as Bertram Cohler has convincingly shown, is periodically revised and updated. The application of hermeneutics to that text (read person) involves a subjective dialogue between the author and the interpreter who seeks to gain insight into the multilayered meanings of the text. This strategy for studying lives was featured in the work of Henry Murray, who promoted the idea that there are no more fertile grounds than in-depth case studies for making progress in meeting the challenge of understanding the operation of the human psyche. This chapter describes how Murray became an early spokesman for person-centered, idiographic research and presents some of the premises and guidelines for case study work.
Poor Peter
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. It credits Barrie with discovering the third reason why it is necessary to weigh an infant as soon as possible, aside from weight providing medical information and giving parents the answer to the question often asked by friends and family about the newborn. The third reason why babies are weighed at birth is because they have ability to fly until they have been weighed. The law of gravity does not kick in until the moment that it is physically demonstrated that the dial on a weighing instrument moves when the infant is placed on it.
Dumbo
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter continues the author's habit of illustrating a set of ideas by applying them to a story: a modern fairy tale called Dumbo, the Flying Elephant. The notations on some of the main elements in this well-known story reiterate observations made earlier about the coincidence of imaginary flight and maternal separation. This analysis of the story is not offered as “proof” of anything that has been said. Instead, is should be regarded as an exercise, a way to consolidate some gains, or as a vehicle of transition from the realm of theory to the realm of application.
A Lawn Chair and a Phantom Flying Saucer
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes two men — Larry Walters and Marshall Herff Applewhite — who took elaborate steps in efforts to fly. Little is known about the childhoods of either of them, and that places us in the precarious position that Freud was in when he transformed his speculations about Leonardo's early experiences into facts and proceeded to use these “facts” to support his “looking for sex” theory of flying. The total absence of early childhood information about Walters and Applewhite precludes any opportunity to play a connect-the-dots game. However, by now, there is a premise about flying fantasies that can be informed and elaborated on by considering the actions of Walters and Applewhite. That premise is that the ambition to rise into the air is a product of latent desires to restore ineffable body sensations that once, a long time ago, before the dawn of consciousness, had been associated with the pleasures of intersubjective union with the mother.
Ideas of Self and Community
Authors: Swenson Carol R.
Published: April 2010

This chapter discusses some of the traditional ways that “selfhood” has been conceptualized and some of the critiques of those views. It addresses various ideas about community. Drawing on expanded notions of the meanings of self and community, it suggests new possibilities for practice.
A Communal Perspective for the Relational Therapies
Authors: Hoffman Lynn
Published: April 2010

This chapter proposes a framework for the relational therapies that focus on the communal creation of meaning. The therapist is both the knitter and the yarns: singular, yet one of many. Just as family therapists took advantage of a newly seen unit, and the family, to enlarge their range of choices, so can postmodern therapists take advantage of the shift to the nonessentialist position of social construction theory. However, even that theory takes a backseat to a heightened interest in practice. Instead of asking, “What are the philosophical underpinnings of our work?”, we now ask “What is the knit one, purl two, of the kind of social knitting preferred by effective therapists of any school?” The nature of these more communal practices is considered within the historical context of the family therapy field.
Pathways to Reforming Children’s Mental Health Service Systems
Authors: Meyers Judith C.
Published: April 2010

This chapter weaves together reflections on two journeys, one quite public and the other more private. The public journey is the evolution of services for children with serious mental health problems in America over the past century and how the experience of one state — Connecticut — provides a more in-depth look at what has and has not occurred. The private journey is the evolution of the author's own thinking about children's mental health service systems, informed by her education as a clinical and community psychologist, her training in the world of public policy, her experience working in leadership positions in federal, state, and local settings over the past 20 years, and her most recent work in Connecticut. The chapter explores how these journeys have intertwined and what might be learned from each.
The Development of a Community-Based System of Care
Authors: Ayers Susan C. , Lyman D. Russell
Published: April 2010

Shirley, a 33-year-old African-American mother of seven children, became involved with agency clinicians in 1988, after all the children had been removed from her care multiple times by the state's child protective agency. Shirley, who had become a mother at 16, was about to lose them permanently. More than a decade later, in 2003, Shirley remains involved with the Guidance Center, Inc., a community agency serving the comprehensive developmental, mental health, and family support needs of children and families in Somerville and Cambridge, Massachusetts. Today, Shirley is a psychologically stronger woman who has developed more effective parenting skills. The Guidance Center's community-based clinical practice model evolved in response to the needs of parents like Shirley. The model and practice were crafted through the creative mix of visionary leadership and active, experienced, flexible staff, who worked with Shirley and other courageous families and children needing mental health intervention. This chapter uses Shirley's story throughout to put the Guidance Center's model and the development of its integrated service continuum into a historical context. It also illustrates how a combination of descriptive clinical research, knowledge of best practice, and dynamic advocacy can be used to secure resources, facilitate change, and ultimately create a comprehensive continuum of care for troubled children and families.
School-Based Clinical Practice and School Reform
Authors: Corbin Joanne
Published: April 2010

School settings offer a wealth of opportunities for social workers to learn, practice, and enhance their social work knowledge and skills. Clinical practice in schools has generally focused on providing services to individual students related to behavioral, social, and academic issues, often involving collaboration with parents, caregivers, and teaching staff. Clinical social work practice may also involve group sessions with students around behavioral and social interaction issues. Working with site-based decision-making teams, taking an active role in leadership activities, or engaging in school reform are areas that generally have not been attended to by social workers. This chapter looks at the role of social work in the context of school leadership and systemic reform through the involvement of one school reform program. Recommendations are offered to support those desiring to work in this manner.