bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microcrystalline Si nanorods by glancing angle hot wire CVD and application in organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells
Authors: Guo Wanwu , Liu Fengzhen , Zhu Meifang , Zhou Yuqin , Liu Jinlong
Published: April 2011

Aligned microcrystalline Si nanorods (SiNRs) were prepared by glancing angle hot wire chemical vapour deposition (GLAD‐HWCVD). SiNRs with uniform diameter in the growth direction were obtained on the Si substrate patterned with silica nanospheres. The crystallization character of SiNRs was discussed. The organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells consisted of SiNRs array as the electron acceptor and 3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) as the electron donor were fabricated by spin coating P3HT solution into the SiNRs array. The effects of ITO or Au as the anode on the performances of the solar cells were compared. The conversion efficiency of 1% was obtained for SiNRs / P3HT hybrid solar cell. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A distributed architecture for a robotic platform with aerial sensor transportation and self‐deployment capabilities
Authors: Maza Ivan , Caballero Fernando , Capitan Jesus , Martinez‐de‐Dios J.R. , Ollero Anibal
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the architecture developed in the framework of the AWARE project for the autonomous distributed cooperation between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), wireless sensor/actuator networks, and ground camera networks. One of the main goals was the demonstration of useful actuation capabilities involving multiple ground and aerial robots in the context of civil applications. A novel characteristic is the demonstration in field experiments of the transportation and deployment of the same load with single/multiple autonomous aerial vehicles. The architecture is endowed with different modules that solve the usual problems that arise during the execution of multipurpose missions, such as task allocation, conflict resolution, task decomposition, and sensor data fusion. The approach had to satisfy two main requirements: robustness for operation in disaster management scenarios and easy integration of different autonomous vehicles. The former specification led to a distributed design, and the latter was tackled by imposing several requirements on the execution capabilities of the vehicles to be integrated in the platform. The full approach was validated in field experiments with different autonomous helicopters equipped with heterogeneous devices onboard, such as visual/infrared cameras and instruments to transport loads and to deploy sensors. Four different missions are presented in this paper: sensor deployment and fire confirmation with UAVs, surveillance with multiple UAVs, tracking of firemen with ground and aerial sensors/cameras, and load transportation with multiple UAVs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A min–max combination of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Liu Chunling , Liu Aiyi , Halabi Susan
Published: April 2011

Diagnostic accuracy can be improved considerably by combining multiple biomarkers. Although the likelihood ratio provides optimal solution to combination of biomarkers, the method is sensitive to distributional assumptions which are often difficult to justify. Alternatively simple linear combinations can be considered whose empirical solution may encounter intensive computation when the number of biomarkers is relatively large. Moreover, the optimal linear combinations derived under multivariate normality may suffer substantial loss of efficiency if the distributions are apart from normality. In this paper, we propose a new approach that linearly combines the minimum and maximum values of the biomarkers. Such combination only involves searching for a single combination coefficient that maximizes the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and is thus computation‐effective. Simulation results show that the min–max combination may yield larger partial or full area under the ROC curves and is more robust against distributional assumptions. The methods are illustrated using the growth‐related hormones data from the Growth and Maturation in Children with Autism or Autistic Spectrum Disorder Study (Autism/ASD Study). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bringing Scheme programming to the iPhone—Experience
Authors: Bainomugisha Engineer , Vallejos Jorge , Boix Elisa Gonzalez , Costanza Pascal , D'Hondt Theo , De Meuter Wolfgang
Published: April 2011

The iPhone SDK provides a powerful platform for the development of applications that make use of iPhone capabilities, such as sensors, GPS, Wi‐Fi, or Bluetooth connectivity. We observe that so far the development of iPhone applications has mostly been restricted to using Objective‐C. However, developing applications in plain Objective‐C on the iPhone OS suffers from limitations, such as the need for explicit memory management and lack of syntactic extension mechanism. Moreover, when developing distributed applications in Objective‐C, programmers have to manually deal with distribution concerns, such as service discovery, remote communication, and failure handling. In this paper, we discuss our experience in porting the Scheme programming language to the iPhone OS and how it can be used together with Objective‐C to develop iPhone applications. To support the interaction between Scheme programs and the underlying iPhone APIs, we have implemented a language symbiosis layer that enables programmers to access the iPhone SDK libraries from Scheme. In addition, we have designed high‐level distribution constructs to ease the development of distributed iPhone applications in an event‐driven style. We validate and discuss these constructs with a series of examples, including an iPod controller, a maps application, and a distributed multiplayer Scrabble‐like game. We discuss the lessons learned from this experience for other programming language ports to mobile platforms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time Dependent Effects in Surface Tension Measurements of an Industrial Fe‐alloy
Authors: Wunderlich R. K. , Fecht H.‐J. , Schick M. , Egry I.
Published: April 2011

The surface tension of an industrial FeC‐alloy containing Si, Mn and S in the few atomic per cent range was measured by the oscillating drop method in ground based electromagnetic levitation and under reduced gravity conditions on board a parabolic flight. The results from the parabolic flight exhibited a large variation between different heating cycles and a discrepancy with the ground based experiments with regard to the value of the surface tension at the liquidus temperature and the temperature coefficient. The variation of the surface tension temperature coefficient is interpreted as resulting from the loss of volatile surface active components such as S and Si in subsequent heating cycles. The results demonstrate the importance of the time scale of the measurement and ambient atmosphere for surface tension measurements of industrial alloys containing volatile surface active components. For comparison with the experimental values the surface tension and segregation were modelled using different models. As a result of the analysis, the surface tension as a function of temperature best representing the starting industrial alloy is obtained as σ(T) = 1.52–1.53 10‐4 (T–1752K) Nm‐1.
Recycling Rubber Tyres and Waste Plastics in EAF Steelmaking
Authors: Sahajwalla V. , Zaharia M. , Rahman M. , Khanna R. , Saha‐Chaudhury N. , O'Kane P. , Dicker J. , Skidmore C. , Knights D.
Published: April 2011

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking uses different carbon based materials as foaming agents. Depending on cost and availability, anthracite and metallurgical coke are among the conventional injecting materials. Considering the energy and green house gas emissions requirements, alternative carbon sources are put on the spot to replace, at least partially, the conventional materials, i.e. waste materials such as rubber and high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics may react with gas and slag phases resulting in devolatilization, combustion and iron oxide reduction reactions. The addition of waste tyres and waste plastics in EAF steelmaking has been studied in detail by our groups at UNSW and OneSteel is developing a method for EAFs to use blends of different proportions of rubber/HDPE plastics and coke as a slag foaming agent. Initially, laboratory investigations were carried out to establish the feasibility of carbon and polymer blends as foaming agents. The enhanced slag foaming performance compared to coke was found to be in good accordance with the results obtained in the laboratory indicating an increased slag volume when using polymeric blends. Following the successful installation of materials handling systems at both plants, the use of a rubber and coke blend is no longer considered a trial and is instead standard practice.
Isolation and characterization of Mexican jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L) seeds starch in two mature stages
Authors: Madrigal‐Aldana Deyanira L. , Tovar‐Gómez Beatriz , de Oca Miguel Mata‐Montes , Sáyago‐Ayerdi Sonia G. , Gutierrez‐Meraz Felipe , Bello‐Pérez Luis A.
Published: April 2011

Starch was isolated from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L) seeds grown in México at different stages of fruit maturity and ripeness. Seeds represent about 8–15% from the fruit that can weigh around 2–36 kg. Proximate composition of seeds showed a high protein content (ca. 22%). Starch yield was 14% with a purity of 81% in both ripeness stages and AM content was lower (12.27%) than other non‐common starch sources. The starch granules in physiological mature (PM) and consumption ripeness (CR) jackfruit showed birefringence with diverse shapes such as semi‐oval or bell shapes. The size of starch granules for PM ranged between 3 and 9.5 µm and for CR between 3 and 12 µm. A‐type XRD pattern was similar to cereal starches. PM starch had higher peak viscosity than CR, but CR did not show breakdown; both starches presented setback during cooling. Thermal properties of gelatinization and retrogradation in PM and CR starches were similar. Characterization performed on this non‐common starch showed that it could be an alternative to use in food systems.
Zwei Dodekahydro‐closo‐Dodekaborate mit Lone‐Pair‐Kationen der 6. Periode im Vergleich: Tl2[B12H12] und Pb(H2O)3[B12H12]·3H2O
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis , Van Nguyen‐Duc , Schleid Thomas
Published: April 2011

During the reaction of an aqueous solution of (H3O)2[B12H12] with Tl2CO3 anhydrous thallium(I) dodecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborate Tl2[B12H12] is obtained as colorless, spherical single crystals. It crystallizes in the cubic system with the centrosymmetric space group Fm$\bar{3}$ (a = 1074.23(8) pm, Z = 4) in an anti‐CaF2 type structure. Four quasi‐icosahedral [B12H12]2– anions (d(B–B) = 180–181 pm, d(B–H) = 111 pm) exhibit coordinative influence on each Tl+ cation and provide a twelvefold coordination in the shape of a cuboctahedron (d(Tl–H) = 296 pm). There is no observable stereochemical activity of the non‐bonding electron pairs (6s2 lone pairs) at the Tl+ cations. By neutralization of an aqueous solution of the acid (H3O)2[B12H12] with PbCO3 and after isothermic evaporation colorless, plate‐like single crystals of lead(II) dodecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborate hexahydrate Pb(H2O)3[B12H12]·3H2O can be isolated. This compound crystallizes orthorhombically with the non‐centrosymmetric space group Pna21 (a = 1839.08(9), b = 1166.52(6), c = 717.27(4) pm, Z = 4). The crystal structure of Pb(H2O)3[B12H12]·3H2O is characterized as a layer‐like arrangement. The Pb2+ cations are coordinated in first sphere by only three oxygen atoms from water molecules (d(Pb–O) = 247–248 pm). But a coordinative influence of the [B12H12]2– anions (d(B–B) = 173–181 pm, d(B–H) = 93–122 pm) on lead has to be stated, too, as three hydrogen atoms from three different hydroborate anions are attached to the Pb2+ cations (d(Pb–H) = 258–270 pm) completing their first‐sphere coordination number to six. These three oxygen and three hydrogen ligands are arranged as quite irregular polyhedron leaving enough space for a stereochemical lone‐pair activity (6sp) at each Pb2+ cation. Since additional intercalating water of hydration is present as well, both classical H–Oδ–···+δH–O‐ and unconventional B–Hδ–···+δH–O hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the stabilization of the entire crystal structure.
Morphometric sex determination of Milky and Painted storks in captivity
Authors: Ong H.K.A. , Chinna K. , Khoo S.K. , Ng W.L. , Wong B.Y. , Chow K.L. , Chong L.K. , Pillai K. , Vellayan S.
Published: April 2011

Logistic regression was applied to develop a morphometric sexing method of two closely related stork species that were previously sexed through amplification of the CHD gene. Tarsus length (TL) and bill length (BL) measurements were recorded from captive populations of adult Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea) (n = 60) and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) (n = 58) at Zoo Negara Malaysia. Despite having monomorphic plumages, both stork species exhibited normal sexual size dimorphism in which males were significantly larger than females in the tested variables. Based on logistic regression analysis, BL correctly classified the sex of sampled individuals from Painted and Milky stork with an overall predicted accuracy of 94.8 and 90.0%, respectively. However, TL measurements generated a lower predicted accuracy level of 86.2% and a same accuracy level of 90% on the sex classification of individuals from Painted and Milky stork, respectively. By comparing the measurements of both species, only the average BL measurements of the Milky storks were significantly lower than that of Painted storks (t‐test, P80.001). The logistic regression equation in this study may serve as a simple and more practical option for sexing Milky and Painted storks for their breeding and conservation progrmmes. Zoo Biol 31: 219–228, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Symbolic predictive analysis for concurrent programs
Authors: Wang Chao , Kundu Sudipta , Limaye Rhishikesh , Ganai Malay , Gupta Aarti
Published: April 2011

Predictive analysis aims at detecting concurrency errors during runtime by monitoring a concrete execution trace of a concurrent program. In recent years, various models based on the happens-before causality relations have been proposed for predictive analysis. However, these models often rely on only the observed runtime events and typically do not utilize the program source code. Furthermore, the enumerative algorithms they use for verifying safety properties in the predicted traces often suffer from the interleaving explosion problem. In this paper, we introduce a precise predictive model based on both the program source code and the observed execution events, and propose a symbolic algorithm to check whether a safety property holds in all feasible permutations of events of the given trace. Rather than explicitly enumerating and checking the interleavings, our method conducts the search using a novel encoding and symbolic reasoning with a satisfiability modulo theory solver. We also propose a technique to bound the number of context switches allowed in the interleavings during the symbolic search, to further improve the scalability of the algorithm.
Defining Decision Making: A Qualitative Study of International Experts’ Views on Surgical Trainee Decision Making
Authors: Rennie Sarah C. , van Rij Andre M. , Jaye Chrystal , Hall Katherine H.
Published: April 2011

Background

Decision making is a key competency of surgeons; however, how best to assess decisions and decision makers is not clearly established. The aim of the present study was to identify criteria that inform judgments about surgical trainees’ decision‐making skills.

Methods

A qualitative free text web‐based survey was distributed to recognized international experts in Surgery, Medical Education, and Cognitive Research. Half the participants were asked to identify features of good decisions, characteristics of good decision makers, and essential factors for developing good decision‐making skills. The other half were asked to consider these areas in relation to poor decision making. Template analysis of free text responses was performed.

Results

Twenty‐nine (52%) experts responded to the survey, identifying 13 categories for judging a decision and 14 for judging a decision maker. Twelve features/characteristics overlapped (considered, informed, well timed, aware of limitations, communicated, knowledgeable, collaborative, patient‐focused, flexible, able to act on the decision, evidence‐based, and coherent). Fifteen categories were generated for essential factors leading to development of decision‐making skills that fall into three major themes (personal qualities, training, and culture). The categories compiled from the perspectives of good/poor were predominantly the inverse of each other; however, the weighting given to some categories varied.

Conclusions

This study provides criteria described by experts when considering surgical decisions, decision makers, and development of decision‐making skills. It proposes a working definition of a good decision maker. Understanding these criteria will enable clinical teachers to better recognize and encourage good decision‐making skills and identify poor decision‐making skills for remediation.
Pancreas‐preserving total duodenectomy: a 10‐year experience
Authors: Penninga Luit , Svendsen Lars Bo
Published: April 2011

Background

Traditionally, severe pathology of the duodenum has been treated by a pancreaticoduodenectomy using Whipple's operation. Pancreas‐preserving total duodenectomy (PPTD) was introduced in the late 1990s as an alternative to Whipple's operation for selected diseases of the duodenum. We report our 10 years’ experience with this operation.

Methods

In the period from 1999 to 2010 13 patients (mean age 50 years) underwent PPTD. Ten patients had duodenal adenomatosis (Spigelman stage IV). Two patients had large solitary tubulovillous adenomas, and one patient had multiple duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor lesions.

Results

No mortality was observed. Six patients (46%) had a total of ten postoperative complications. Three patients (23%) had leakage of the ampullo‐jejunostomy anastomosis, and one patient (8%) had leakage of the duodeno‐jejunostomy anastomosis; all were treated conservatively with good results. One patient had recurrent episodes of pancreatitis, which disappeared spontaneously 3 months after operation. Three patients suffered from wound dehiscence, and two patients had postoperative pneumonia. Mean hospital admittance was 19 days (range 9–50 days). All patients were well at a mean follow‐up of 56 months (range 2–134 months).

Conclusion

Pancreas‐preserving total duodenectomy appears to be a safe and valuable treatment option for patients with selected diseases of the duodenum.
Morphological abnormalities of embryonic cranial nerves after in utero exposure to valproic acid: implications for the pathogenesis of autism with multiple developmental anomalies
Authors: Tashiro Yasura , Oyabu Akiko , Imura Yoshio , Uchida Atsuko , Narita Naoko , Narita Masaaki
Published: April 2011

Autism is often associated with multiple developmental anomalies including asymmetric facial palsy. In order to establish the etiology of autism with facial palsy, research into developmental abnormalities of the peripheral facial nerves is necessary. In the present study, to investigate the development of peripheral cranial nerves for use in an animal model of autism, rat embryos were treated with valproic acid (VPA) in utero and their cranial nerves were visualized by immunostaining. Treatment with VPA after embryonic day 9 had a significant effect on the peripheral fibers of several cranial nerves. Following VPA treatment, immunoreactivity within the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves was significantly reduced. Additionally, abnormal axonal pathways were observed in the peripheral facial nerves. Thus, the morphology of several cranial nerves, including the facial nerve, can be affected by prenatal VPA exposure as early as E13. Our findings indicate that disruption of early facial nerve development is involved in the etiology of asymmetric facial palsy, and may suggest a link to the etiology of autism.
On the centre of a triangulated category
Authors: Krause Henning , Ye Yu
Published: April 2011

We discuss some basic properties of the graded centre of a triangulated category and compute examples arising in representation theory of finite-dimensional algebras.
Westminster Abbey and the Monarchy between the Reigns of William I and John (1066–1216)
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: April 2011

The lavish patronage bestowed on Westminster Abbey by Edward the Confessor, and later by Henry III, ensured its status as the church which pre-eminently enjoyed royal favour and was designated by each as his mausoleum. During the intervening reigns the prestige of the abbey was less assured. The present paper seeks to examine the extent to which the genuine charters issued from, or for, Westminster between 1066 and 1216 testify to any special relationship with the monarchy.
Constantinople over Antioch, 1516—1724: Patriarchal Politics in the Ottoman Era
Authors: Haddad Robert M.
Published: April 2011

In January 1454 Sultan Mehmet II (1451–81), ruler of much of the Orthodox Christian Balkans and lately conqueror of Byzantium, vested the patriarch of Constantinople, George Scholarius, with full ecclesiastical authority over all the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman empire.

This ‘donation’ of Mehmet, long accepted by the scholarly consensus, now stands revealed as a ‘foundation myth’, concocted long after 1454 by the Great Church to justify the over-arching authority it wielded or aspired to wield under the Ottoman imperium.
Possible Theological Perspectives in Thomas Reid's Common Sense Philosophy
Authors: Griffin Nicholas J.
Published: April 2011

It is well known that Thomas Reid, premier exponent of the Common Sense school of Scottish philosophy, was an ordained and active minister. Less clear is the role played by theology in the deve opment ofthat philosophy as it matured slowly under his pen, particularly in me most prominent of his works, the Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785) and the Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind (1788), works which range widely over the field of human experience and the nature of reality. When philosophy and theology assumed more distinct and separate identities in the generations which succeeded Reid, it became common for critics of the Common Sense school to base their analyses solely on philosophical foundations and to neglect the theological underpinning which is essential to a fuller and clearer grasp of Keid s position. It would be a useful contribution to more than one discipline were Thomas Reid's philosophy linked more closely to the development and extent of his theological thinking. While his philosophical writings are strewn with theological references in the way typical of the eighteenth century, there is more substance in these references than is usually the case, when divines ofthat age wrote philosophy. That they are much more than casual, conventional embellishments becomes apparent from a careful reading of his works.
Mastoid infection caused by entomophthorales: a rare fungal disease
Authors: Arya A A , Naik C , Desmukh S , Babanagare S V , Muntode P
Published: April 2011

Objective:

To report an unusual case of fungal mastoiditis caused by entomophthorales in an immunocompetent patient, and its management.

Method:

Case report with a review of the literature.

Case report:

A 13-year-old girl presented to us with a mastoid abscess. Entomophthoromycotic infection of the mastoid was diagnosed on histopathological examination, and subsequently treated with surgical debridement and amphotericin B injection.

Conclusion:

This is the first reported case of mastoid abscess secondary to entomophthoromycosis. Early detection and treatment contributed to this patient's good outcome.
“An Empire Gem”: British Wartime Planning for Post-War Burma, 1943–44
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: April 2011

British planning for post-war Burma had been set back by the Cabinet's decision in April 1943 not to adopt the proposals put forward by Leopold Amery, the Secretary of State. Designed also to meet the need for wartime propaganda, the proposals had envisaged a programme of reconstruction aided by the British, carried forward during a period of direct rule, to be followed by advance towards self-government. There were doubts about the amount of aid Britain could promise. There were also doubts as to the wisdom of the concept of direct rule, though in fact the Cabinet accepted the principle without setting a limit to the period. Above all, the Prime Minister opposed further policy declarations on Burma. The war, Churchill believed, was not the time for them. Amery and Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, the Governor, thought that he really believed that no time would be right for them. They were not without hope that he would “come round”. Meanwhile, it was decided that the Burma Government, in exile in Simla, would remain in existence. “I can not help thinking that it would be a bad thing politically actually to do away with the office of Governor of Burma, if only because it would [be] a welcome propaganda point for the Japanese who would doubtless use it to demonstrate either that we have given up all hopes of retaking Burma or that we visualise setting up a Military Government in Burma.…”
Consistency is the Hobgoblin: Manuel L. Quezon and Japan, 1899–1934
Authors: Goodman Grant K.
Published: April 2011

During the period of American colonial rule in the Philippines prior to the Pacific War, the attitude of most thoughtful Filipinos toward Japan seemed to waver as though tantalized between fear and fascination. For while there was often a genuine concern, principally as a result of Japanese-American tensions, that a predatory Japan was literally counting the moments to an invasion and conquest of the Islands, there was also the tremendous admiration of one Asian people for another and an almost awe-struck eagerness to emulate the startling successes of Japan in achieving modern nationhood in its fullest sense. To this generalization Manuel Luis Quezon (1878–1944) was no exception.
The Plantation in Malaysian Economic Development
Authors: Courtenay P. P.
Published: April 2011

Plantations, which originated as agricultural enterprises within colonial economic systems and which came to be established particularly in tropical dependencies, have occupied an equivocal position in the economic development philosophies and plans of less developed countries. Their colonial origin and their traditionally export-oriented and often mono-cultural characteristics have subjected them to a wide range of adverse criticism, despite their undoubted earning capacity.
The Employment of Chinese Nationalist Troops in the First Burma Campaign
Authors: Lathrop Alan K.
Published: April 2011

The Japanese attack on Burma in 1942 was a result of strategic plans prepared in Tokyo the year before by the high commands of the Army and Navy. The war plans were aimed at the seizure of critical areas in Asia and the Pacific and the formation of an unbreachable defensive perimeter around Japan, stretching from the Kuriles in the north to the Burma-India border in the southwest.
Development and Equality: Themes in Economic Thought about Indonesia
Authors: Arndt H. W.
Published: April 2011

The history of thought, as of everything else, in or about Indonesia naturally falls into two parts: before and after independence. The first half of this paper, therefore, will deal with thought, mainly Dutch thought, in the colonial period, the second with thought, mainly Indonesian thought, since independence.
“Japanese Time” and the Mica Mine: Occupation Experiences in the Central Sulawesi Highlands
Authors: Aragon Lorraine V.
Published: April 2011

During World War II, Japanese soldiers forced highlanders in western Central Sulawesi to operate a mica mine. Questions about the mine's purpose are clarified by examining mica's strategic uses for wartime electronics. Accounts of the occupation by highlanders contribute to understanding changes in their post-war religious and ethnic identities.
Life in the Occupied Zone: One Negros Planter's Experience of War
Authors: Hofileña Josefina Dalupan
Published: April 2011

Throughout the Japanese occupation of the Visayan island of Negros in the central Philippines, two armed groups — the Japanese and the Negros guerrillas — sought to win the support and cooperation of the civilian population. The wartime experiences of Negros sugar planter Jose Gaston reveal, however, that this need to cultivate civilian support did not shield civilians from abuses by both sides.
Social Discipline in Singapore: An Alternative for the Resolution of Social Problems
Authors: Quah Stella R.
Published: April 2011

This paper aims to discuss the issue of problem-solving at the national level by focusing on the concept of social discipline. The development of a new nation-state, i.e. contemporary Singapore, will provide the empirical basis for the analysis.

The paper is divided into three sections. The first section deals briefly with relevant conceptual approaches to the solution of social problems, and the definition of social discipline. The second section presents an illustration of social discipline in action. The final section attempts a critical assessment of the approach used in Singapore for the solution of social problems.
A Brunei Sultan in the Early 14th Century: Study of an Arabic Gravestone
Authors: Da-Sheng Chen
Published: April 2011

I joined the Maritime Silk Route Expedition organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a member of the International Team of Scholars. We sailed on the Fulk-al-Salamah, the expedition ship, from Oman to China, stopping in the following countries: Oman, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines. International seminars were held in each one of these countries during the expedition.
‘Ah-Ah’: Britain and the Bandung Conference of 1955
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: April 2011

To historians of Southeast Asia, the Bandung conference of 1955 presents itself as one of the most striking international initiatives undertaken by newly-independent Indonesia. For historians of Indonesia, it marks the emphasis on foreign as against domestic policy that was associated with Sukarno's growing dominance. To biographers of Sukarno it appears to be both a strategic device in domestic politics and a farsighted perception of a shift in international relations. Internationally it was both to demonstrate the influence of India and to show its limits. Even more it was to mark some kind of success for the People's Republic of China and for Chou En-lai in developing the foreign policy line associated already with Geneva and the five principles of co-existence.
“Southeast Asia”: What's in a Name?
Authors: Emmerson Donald K.
Published: April 2011

Some names, like “rose”, acknowledge what exists. Others, like “unicorn”, create what otherwise would not exist. In between lie names that simultaneously describe and invent reality. “Southeast Asia” is one of these.

Some who study the region treat it as if it were Shakespeare's rose: a reality existing independently of its name. Others would agree with Waddell that an observer of “Southeast Asia” who uses the name incautiously risks hallucinating unicorns: projecting homogeneity, unity, and boundedness onto a part of the world that is in fact heterogeneous, disunited, and hard to delimit.
The Growth of the Population of the World's Pre-eminent “Primate City”: Bangkok at its Bicentenary
Authors: Sternstein Larry
Published: April 2011

When Bangkok was named the capital of Siam it held an inconsiderable population of some fifty thousand. Now, two hundred years later, this capital city boasts some five million residents. A prodigious population increase, indeed: a hundredfold gain generated by an ever-increasing rate of growth, which, after gathering momentum only gradually during the greater part of the nineteenth century, rose rapidly around the turn of this century and has since soared. The foregoing compendious description is shown on Figure I as the curve which charts the march of the population of the built-up area of the city. I have calculated this particular population by reworking the numbers reported at particular times by certain “eyewitnesses”. Since the turn of this century, the “eyewitnesses” have been censuses and registration counts for administrative areas; earlier “witnesses” are the postal census of 1882 and the considered estimate of the population of the city proper in 1822 by the “very trustworthy” Dr John Crawfurd, Head-of-Mission to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China deputised by the Governor-General of India. I have forsaken all the many other pre-twentieth century eyewitness estimates of the population of Bangkok. Why?
Resistance and Collaboration in the Philippine-American War: The Case of Batangas
Authors: May Glenn A.
Published: April 2011

For more than two decades, the standard account of the Filipino side of the Philippine-American War has been Teodoro Agoncillo's Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. Agoncillo's book is, by the author's own admission, a celebration of the role of the Filipino “masses” in the second phase of the Philippine Revolution. “If I appear inclined to sympathize with the masses”, he writes, “it is because their faith in the cause of the Republic was unshaken and their patriotism and self-sacrifice unsullied by selfish motives.” The villains of his story are the “Haves” (Agoncillo also refers to them as the “plutocrats” and the “middle class”) who, in his view, betrayed their countrymen by collaborating with the Americans and undermining the war effort. He directs his harshest criticism at Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, Cayetano Arellano, and other Manila-based men of means. Agoncillo repeats this story, albeit in briefer form, in a popular college-level text, which he coauthored with Milagros Guerrero.
The Inquilinos of Cavite: A Social Class in Nineteenth-Century Philippines
Authors: Borromeo-Buehler Soledad
Published: April 2011

Studies about Philippine colonial class structure are singularly scant. With the exception of Scott's work on the sixteenth century, no effort has yet been made to shed light upon the problem of how Philippine society had been stratified during the long span of the Spanish and American regimes. This paper tries to describe and analyze the manner in which a segment of nineteenth-century Philippine society was structured, and offers a conceptualization of what constituted a provincial “social class” at the time by looking at the role of the inquilino (leaseholders of agricultural land) in Caviteño society. Specifically, it (a) rejects the idea that native Filipino society was composed of only two social strata: a tiny upper stratum and a mass of uniformly poor population; (b) and implies that the native class structure was far from having been static during the Spanish regime. Due to limitations in the sources, no attempt has been made to trace in an evolutionary manner the development of the inquilinos as a social class. The study deals mainly with the Dominican hacienda town of Naic, although less detailed information on other municipalities like Imus, Bacoor, Kawit, Santa Cruz de Malabon, and San Francisco de Malabon suggest the existence of similar conditions that could have fostered the development of an intermediate social class composed largely of inquilinos.
Borneo and British Intervention in Malaya
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: April 2011

The controversy that has surrounded the question of British intervention in Malaya has turned upon a number of issues. What was the importance of economic factors? What was the significance of imperialism? What was the role of local initiative? Was the British Government bringing order to troubled native states? Was it responding to commercial pressures? Was it protecting its established interests in the Straits? In a well-known book, C.D. Cowan added to a careful analysis of such issues the suggestion that fear of foreign intervention was decisive. It affected Kimberley, the Colonial Secretary, and he impressed it on Gladstone himself.
Swettenham and British Residential Rule in West Malaya
Authors: Chew Ernest
Published: April 2011

Within the last two decades, and particularly after the Federation of Malaya achieved its independence (1957), most historical writings on Malaya (now called Peninsular Malaysia) have been inspired or influenced by a marked revisionist tendency. Such revisionism, abetted by nationalism, has led to (a) a critical reappraisal of British personalities and policies in Malaya, and (b) a relative reduction of historical interest, both professional and popular, in the ‘imperial theme’ as compared with indigenous topics. While some of these revisionist writings may be self-conscious and tendentious, they do provide a corrective to earlier colonial historiography and have encouraged a more balanced estimate of the British element in Malaysian history.
Malay Society, 1874–1920s
Authors: Kim Khoo Kay
Published: April 2011

It is, to say the least, highly unsatisfactory to begin a discussion of developments in Malay society within the last century by using 1874 as the take-off point. But, in Malaysian historiography, it has been so common to accept 1874 as the all important watershed between what is generally believed to be a period of negligible advancement and a period of rapid development that any discussion which makes a sudden departure from conventional practice, without appropriate comments, may confuse more than enlighten.
Siam and the Gold Standard, 1902–1908
Authors: Brown Ian
Published: April 2011

In the final three decades of the nineteenth century, the world price of silver fell dramatically. On the London silver market, the price dropped almost without check, from an average of 60d. per ounce in 1870 to 28d. per ounce in 1900. For those countries on the silver standard (and at the beginning of the period this included all the states of Southeast Asia), the result was a substantial, continuous depreciation of their currencies against gold-based currencies, most notably sterling. In turn this threatened to disturb severely the foreign trade and capital inflows of those states at a time when they were becoming more closely integrated into the international economy. For example, frequent changes in the exchange rate introduced an element of speculation into trade with gold-standard countries, with the result that merchants' calculations of profit margins were frequently thrown into confusion by sudden fluctuations in the exchange. Moreover, with the exchange value of their currency falling, these states found themselves paying increasingly more in terms of the local currency to secure the same sterling value of imports. This was a particularly important consideration for those countries dependent upon imports of capital goods, for example, mining machinery or railway equipment, as these were obtained almost solely from the gold-standard states of western Europe.
Peasant Economic Behaviour in Thailand
Authors: Mabry Bevars D.
Published: April 2011

Thailand is primarily a peasant society. In 1974, about 65 per cent of the labour force earned their livelihood from agriculture, although 87 per cent of the population lived in rural areas. Because land has been relatively abundant until recent years, most farmers are landowners, with noted exceptions of tenant farming in areas contiguous to Bangkok. Their simple occupational skills have been transmitted from one generation to another within the village and family, supplemented only by up to four years of compulsory elementary education, acquired intermittently and sporadically between the ages of seven and fourteen. The basic necessities of life historically have been easily satisfied in a hospitable, tropical climate.
Some Aspects of the Interregnum in Malaya (14 August–3 September 1945)
Authors: Kheng Cheah Boon
Published: April 2011

Following Japan's announcement of unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers on 14 August 1945, almost three crucial weeks elapsed in Malaya before the landing of the British Royal Marines at Penang on 3 September. A day before the Marines landed, Vice-Admiral Walker had arrived off Penang aboard H.M.S. Nelson, and received the surrender of the local Japanese commanders. What happened in Malaya during the Interregnum still awaits a comprehensive study. The Interregnum is an important period in Malaya's social and political history which saw, on the one hand, the dramatic and cataclysmic collapse of the Japanese order and, on the other, the eruption of local political and social forces which were involved in a relentless and deadly struggle for power. True, there was no social revolution, as in Indonesia. What took place were conflicts along mainly communal rather than class lines. No class conflicts took place among the Malays, as in Sumatra between the traditional and religious groups, or among the Chinese and Indians. The social structures of the various communities in Malaya emerged relatively intact throughout the Interregnum and in the period thereafter. But there were bloody racial clashes, between Malays and Chinese. There were also bloody political feuds amongst the Chinese themselves. But, on the whole, the Malay-Chinese conflicts had far more serious repercussions on Malaya's post-war society and political development.
Paradise in Peril: The Netherlands, Great Britain and the Defence of the Netherlands East Indies, 1940–41
Authors: Bussemaker Herman Theodore
Published: April 2011

The military side of British-Dutch diplomatic relations in the Far East at the end of the 1930s has received little attention. The issue is examined here on the basis of original source materials, with particular attention to the way the Netherlands abandoned its policy of diplomatic “aloofness”.
Chang Pi-shih and Nanyang Chinese Involvement in South China's Railroads, 1896–1911
Authors: Godley Michael R.
Published: April 2011

Around the turn of the century, railroads seemed to have a special attraction for the overseas Chinese. In that era, the iron horse was, indeed, the very symbol of the industrial age brought to Asia. Chinese modernizers had long advocated the construction of railroads as a crucial step toward self-strengthening. Many coolies had worked on the great American, Canadian and South African railways and shorter lines had been built in colonial Southeast Asia. Peasants in South China may still have feared the disruptive introduction of Western technology, but more worldly Chinese at home and abroad understood the significance of railroads not only as an improved means of transportation but as a symbol of Wealth and power.
Post-War Malayan Rubber Policy: A Comment
Authors: Bauer P.T.
Published: April 2011

In a prominently placed article in the March 1970 issue of the Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Dr. Martin Rudner discusses certain aspects of Malayan rubber policy in 1945-48. The article calls for comment for the sake of historical accuracy and thus of scholarship. Dr. Rudner has written repeatedly on Southeast Asian affairs, and the biographical note in the same issue of the Journal refers to a forthcoming book by him on the subject of this article. Moreover, examination of Dr. Rudner's paper is of more than academic interest in the conventional sense of the term because the writings of academic economists and economic historians are even more likely to influence opinion and thus policy than those of most other academics. Thus even delayed comment on his discussion is in order.
The Integrity of Southeast Asian History
Authors: Hall D. G. E.
Published: April 2011

At the end of a Cornell seminar a few weeks ago, a student remarked that the great difficulty in studying Southeast Asian history lay in the immense size of the area, and in the fact that it contained so many different countries. I agreed, but commented that they all belonged to Southeast Asia, and I went on, “If you were. to take indigenes from the different countries and dress them all exactly alike, it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to identify the country of origin of each and all.”
Fiscal Policy and Political Transition: The Case of Malaya, 1948–1960
Authors: Ann Lee Soo
Published: April 2011

British rule in the Malay peninsula and the island at its southern tip—Singapore—took a new form after the defeat of the Japanese in 1945. Previously Singapore had been only part of the Straits Settlements which also included Penang and Malacca. In 1946 Britain chose to run Singapore separately as a Crown Colony and grouped the mainland Malay states and British settlements into what was first a Malayan Union and later, from 1948, the Federation of Malaya. In so doing, the seeds were laid for what was to be the independent nation of Malaya in 1957. At that time the White Paper explained:

A stage has now been reached when the system of government should be simplified and reformed. International relations as well as security and other interests of the British Commonwealth require that Malaya should be able to exercise an influence as a united and enlightened country appropriate to her economic and strategic importance.
The Ming shi-lu as a Source for Thai History — Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Wade Geoff
Published: April 2011

By examining the references to the Ayudhyan polity contained in the Ming imperial annals, and comparing them with the local chronicular accounts of that polity, this article suggests a greater consonance between what is contained in the Ming texts and the van Vliet version of the chronicles (based on the Sangitiyavan). Other suggestions about the early history of Ayudhya are made on the basis of the Chinese texts. A precis of the Chinese references is included as an appendix to the article.
Leadership and Power within the Chinese Community of Sarawak: A Historical Survey
Authors: Lockard Craig A.
Published: April 2011

During the 130 years since Chinese settlers first began coming to Sarawak, the pattern of leadership and power within the Chinese community has changed in a number of important respects. The purpose of this essay is to examine the nature of the changes manifested within the Chinese elite, and to analyze the ways in which the criteria for the selection of leaders and the exercise of power have changed from the establishment of Chinese settlement in the 1830's to the contemporary situation as part of the Malaysian Federation. The emphasis is on leadership and power within the Chinese community itself. At the same time the history of the Chinese elite is treated as a problem in local history.
Australia and Southeast Asia: National Interests in the 1970s
Authors: Miller J.D.B.
Published: April 2011

Australian policies are usually formulated in terms of specific national interests related to Asia. These may be grouped in three categories, which I shall call security, economy, and identification. The three are separate, but point in much the same direction: in whichever of these categories an Australian views his country's future in Southeast Asia, he sees its interests as involving preservation and enlargement of Australia's present character. There is room for argument about details and interpretation, between the intellectual and the man in the street, and between one political party and another. At times these arguments are heated, especially when the question of security is being debated. But, basically, Australians want to go on being as they are in the place where they are. Although they recognize the actual and symbolic importance of Southeast Asia, their national interests demand that they be not submerged or impoverished by influences from that direction. Their position is, in essence, a defensive one, but capable of a good deal of initiative. While it is often expressed as a position involving only Southeast Asia – because that is the closest part of Asia, the one which Australians know best, and is often used as a synonym for Asia at large — the Australian position towards Asia as a whole is much the same.