bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of end‐point continuum‐solvation methods for the calculation of protein–ligand binding free energies
Authors: Genheden Samuel , Ryde Ulf
Published: January 2012

We have compared the predictions of ligand‐binding affinities from several methods based on end‐point molecular dynamics simulations and continuum solvation, that is, methods related to MM/PBSA (molecular mechanics combined with Poisson–Boltzmann and surface area solvation). Two continuum‐solvation models were considered, viz., the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) and generalised Born (GB) approaches. The nonelectrostatic energies were also obtained in two different ways, viz., either from the sum of the bonded, van der Waals, nonpolar solvation energies, and entropy terms (as in MM/PBSA), or from the scaled protein–ligand van der Waals interaction energy (as in the linear interaction energy approach, LIE). Three different approaches to calculate electrostatic energies were tested, viz., the sum of electrostatic interaction energies and polar solvation energies, obtained either from a single simulation of the complex or from three independent simulations of the complex, the free protein, and the free ligand, or the linear‐response approximation (LRA). Moreover, we investigated the effect of scaling the electrostatic interactions by an effective internal dielectric constant of the protein (ϵint). All these methods were tested on the binding of seven biotin analogues to avidin and nine 3‐amidinobenzyl‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxamide inhibitors to factor Xa. For avidin, the best results were obtained with a combination of the LIE nonelectrostatic energies with the MM+GB electrostatic energies from a single simulation, using ϵint = 4. For fXa, standard MM/GBSA, based on one simulation and using ϵint = 4–10 gave the best result. The optimum internal dielectric constant seems to be slightly higher with PB than with GB solvation. © Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermodynamic stability, unfolding kinetics, and aggregation of the N‐terminal actin‐binding domains of utrophin and dystrophin
Authors: Singh Surinder M. , Molas Justine F. , Kongari Narsimulu , Bandi Swati , Armstrong Geoffrey S. , Winder Steve J. , Mallela Krishna M. G.
Published: January 2012

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is the most common genetic lethal disorder in children. Mutations in dystrophin trigger the most common form of MD, Duchenne, and its allelic variant Becker MD. Utrophin is the closest homologue and has been shown to compensate for the loss of dystrophin in human disease animal models. However, the structural and functional similarities and differences between utrophin and dystrophin are less understood. Both proteins interact with actin through their N‐terminal actin‐binding domain (N‐ABD). In this study, we examined the thermodynamic stability and aggregation of utrophin N‐ABD and compared with that of dystrophin. Our results show that utrophin N‐ABD has spectroscopic properties similar to dystrophin N‐ABD. However, utrophin N‐ABD has decreased denaturant and thermal stability, unfolds faster, and is correspondingly more susceptible to proteolysis, which might account for its decreased in vivo half‐life compared to dystrophin. In addition, utrophin N‐ABD aggregates to a lesser extent compared with dystrophin N‐ABD, contrary to the general behavior of proteins in which decreased stability enhances protein aggregation. Despite these differences in stability and aggregation, both proteins exhibit deleterious effects of mutations. When utrophin N‐ABD mutations analogous in position to the dystrophin disease‐causing mutations were generated, they behaved similarly to dystrophin mutants in terms of decreased stability and the formation of cross‐β aggregates, indicating a possible role for utrophin mutations in disease mechanisms. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designing the ideal habitat for entomopathogen use in nursery production
Authors: Nielsen Anne L , Lewis Edwin E
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse and nursery producers use entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) to control soil pests. Although it is known that the physical and chemical properties of mineral soil significantly impact upon soil pathogens, the influence of soilless media used for plant production on entomopathogen performance is poorly understood.

RESULTS: Survival and foraging distance were differently affected by sand:peat, bark and sawdust media for entomopathogenic nematodes, but not for the immobile fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Redwood sawdust medium consistently had a negative impact upon entomopathogenic nematodes. Dividing media into individual components supported the hypothesis that redwood sawdust reduced foraging and infection abilities of S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora. Physically altering the components by adding sand significantly improved foraging and infection success for S. riobrave in media not optimum for foraging.

CONCLUSION: This study is the first to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate soilless media and pathogen species combinations to increase efficacy of biological control. H. bacteriophora was able to find hosts in a wider diversity of medium components than S. riobrave, although both nematode species performed well in peat moss and recycled plant material. These results suggest that peat moss, recycled plant material and hardwood bark are components amenable to EPN biological control programs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of oxygen‐functional groups on carbon replicas for hydrogen adsorption
Authors: Lee Seul‐Yi , Park Soo‐Jin
Published: January 2012

In this work, we prepared the ordered nanoporous carbon replicas (CR) by templating method using organized nanoporous silica SBA‐15 as a template. The prepared CR samples were chemically modified with H3PO4 concentrates in order to investigate the hydrogen storage behaviors. From the results, the H3PO4 treatments were proven to introduce oxygen‐functional groups to carbon surfaces and change the textural properties of the samples. Moreover, the amount of hydrogen adsorption for H3PO4 treated samples was all enhanced except for the excessively treated sample (above 10 M H3PO4). Consequently, it could be concluded that hydrogen storage is greatly governed by the acidity of the carbon surfaces, resulting in enhancing electron acceptor–donor interactions at the interfaces (carbon surfaces‐hydrogen molecules) due to the H3PO4 treatments.
Pressure‐induced incompressibility and point singularity of mechanical properties of TaC in NiAs‐type structure
Authors: Yang Jun , Gao Faming
Published: January 2012

The structural and elastic properties of TaC in NiAs‐type structure under high pressure have been investigated using first principles calculations based on density functional theory. Results indicate that the incompressibility along the c‐axis of TaC exceeds that of diamond under higher pressure. Particularly, an interesting point singularity exists in its mechanical properties as the pressure increases from 20 GPa to 40 GPa. The minimal shear modulus, Young's modulus, Debye temperature, and maximum Poisson ratio of TaC are simultaneously obtained at 28 GPa. The calculations of hardness indicate that the NiAs‐type TaC crystal possesses excellent mechanical properties. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kinematic design considerations for minimally invasive surgical robots: an overview
Authors: Kuo Chin‐Hsing , Dai Jian S. , Dasgupta Prokar
Published: January 2012

Background

Kinematic design is a predominant phase in the design of robotic manipulators for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). However, an extensive overview of the kinematic design issues for MIS robots is not yet available to both mechanisms and robotics communities.

Methods

Hundreds of archival reports and articles on robotic systems for MIS are reviewed and studied. In particular, the kinematic design considerations and mechanism development described in the literature for existing robots are focused on.

Results

The general kinematic design goals, design requirements, and design preferences for MIS robots are defined. An MIS‐specialized mechanism, namely the remote center‐of‐motion (RCM) mechanism, is revisited and studied. Accordingly, based on the RCM mechanism types, a classification for MIS robots is provided. A comparison between eight different RCM types is given. Finally, several open challenges for the kinematic design of MIS robotic manipulators are discussed.

Conclusions

This work provides a detailed survey of the kinematic design of MIS robots, addresses the research opportunity in MIS robots for kinematicians, and clarifies the kinematic point of view to MIS robots as a reference for the medical community. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standing Arrays of Gold Nanorods End‐Tethered with Polymer Ligands
Authors: Petukhova Alla , Greener Jesse , Liu Kun , Nykypanchuk Dmytro , Nicolaÿ Renaud , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Kumacheva Eugenia
Published: January 2012

Nanomaterials with vectoral electromagnetic properties have potential applications in solar cells, plasmonic cavity resonators, light polarizers, and biosensing. Here a new, simple, solution‐based method for producing nanomaterials comprising vertically aligned standing arrays of gold nanorods (NRs) end‐functionalized with polymer ligands is reported. The method utilizes the side‐by‐side assembly of the NRs into large 2D superlattices, followed by the precipitation of the lattices on a solid substrate. The critical design rules for the self‐assembly of superlattices are demonstrated, and they show the generality of the method by forming standing arrays from the NRs end‐tethered with poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) or with polystyrene molecules.
Recent advances in stealth coating of nanoparticle drug delivery systems
Authors: Amoozgar Zohreh , Yeo Yoon
Published: January 2012

Modifying surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the so‐called PEGylation, is the most commonly used method for reducing premature clearance of NPs from the circulation. However, several reports point out that PEGylation may negatively influence the performance of NPs as a drug carrier. Alternative surface modification strategies, including substitute polymers, conditional removal of PEG, and biomimetic surface modification, may provide solutions for the limitations of PEG. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:219–233. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1157

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics: qualitative identification to activity‐based protein profiling
Authors: Cardoza Job D. , Parikh Jignesh R. , Ficarro Scott B. , Marto Jarrod A.
Published: January 2012

Mass spectrometry has become the method of choice for proteome characterization, including multicomponent protein complexes (typically tens to hundreds of proteins) and total protein expression (up to tens of thousands of proteins), in biological samples. Qualitative sequence assignment based on MS/MS spectra is relatively well‐defined, while statistical metrics for relative quantification have not completely stabilized. Nonetheless, proteomics studies have progressed to the point whereby various gene‐, pathway‐, or network‐oriented computational frameworks may be used to place mass spectrometry data into biological context. Despite this progress, the dynamic range of protein expression remains a significant hurdle, and impedes comprehensive proteome analysis. Methods designed to enrich specific protein classes have emerged as an effective means to characterize enzymes or other catalytically active proteins that are otherwise difficult to detect in typical discovery mode proteomics experiments. Collectively, these approaches will facilitate identification of biomarkers and pathways relevant to diagnosis and treatment of human disease. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2012, 4:141–162. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.166

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Proteomics Methods
Investigation of Polybromide Monoanions of the Series [NAlk4][Br9] (Alk = Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl)
Authors: Haller Heike , Ellwanger Mathias , Higelin Alexander , Riedel Sebastian
Published: January 2012

Polybromide monoanions of the series [NAlk4][Br9] (Alk = methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) have been investigated. The corresponding salts were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and state‐of‐the‐art quantum‐chemical calculations. Comparisons between their crystal structures and the gas‐phase calculations have been made whereas the latter shows regular tetrahedral arrangement. Usually the nonabromides contain one central Br– anion at which all other four Br2 molecules are coordinated. The only exception is [NBu4][Br9] where also a [Br3]– unit is found.Quantum‐chemical calculations show that dispersion as well as spin‐orbit corrections alter the results only marginally and can be neglected. Conductivity measurements show a surprisingly high conductivity of these polybromide monoanions. It is found that the tetraalkylammonium nonabromide salts (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) show decreasing conductivity as the size of the cation increases. Making thesepolybromide monoanions possible electrolytes in batteries or dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Neonatal onset of mitochondrial disorders in 129 patients: clinical and laboratory characteristics and a new approach to diagnosis
Authors: Honzik Tomas , Tesarova Marketa , Magner Martin , Mayr Johannes , Jesina Pavel , Vesela Katerina , Wenchich Laszlo , Szentivanyi Karol , Hansikova Hana , Sperl Wolfgang , Zeman Jiri
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Mitochondrial disorders (MD) may manifest in neonates, but early diagnosis is difficult. In this study, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed in 129 patients with neonatal onset of MD to identify any association between specific mitochondrial diseases and their symptoms with the aim of optimizing diagnosis.

Materials and methods

Retrospective clinical and laboratory data were evaluated in 461 patients (331 families) with confirmed MD.

Results

The neonatal onset of MD was reported in 28% of the patients. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation and hypotonia necessitating ventilatory support were present in one‐third, cardiomyopathy in 40%, neonatal seizures in 16%, Leigh syndrome in 15%, and elevated lactate level in 87%. Hyperammonemia was observed in 22 out of 52 neonates. Complex I deficiency was identified in 15, complex III in one, complex IV in 23, complex V in 31, combined deficiency of several complexes in 53, and PDH complex deficiency was identified in six patients. Molecular diagnosis was confirmed in 49 cases, including a newborn with a 9134A>G mutation in the MTATP6 gene, which has not been described previously.

Conclusion

The most significant finding is the high incidence of neonatal cardiomyopathy and hyperammonemia. Based on our experience, we propose a diagnostic flowchart applicable to critically ill neonates suspicious for MD. This tool will allow for the use of direct molecular genetic analyses without the need for muscle biopsies in neonates with Alpers, Barth, MILS and Pearson syndromes, SCO1, SCO2, TMEM70,ATP5E, SUCLG1 gene mutations and PDH complex deficiency.
Mentoring in der Raum- und Umweltplanung – eine Zwischenbilanz des Mentoring-Programms von ARL und FRU
Authors: Weiland Ulrike , Klee Andreas , Knieling Jörg , Scholich Dietmar
Published: January 2012

For several years, the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning (ARL) and the Support Group for Spatial and Environmental Research (FRU) have jointly offered a mentoring-programme. The programme aims to increase the proportion of women in senior positions in the field of spatial and environmental planning through supporting young women pursuing careers in both research and practice. The mentoring programme thus serves as a means for the promotion of young talent and gender equality within the ARL. A one-year partnership between a mentee and an experienced mentor serves as the programme’s centrepiece.

This article introduces the main targets and contents of the mentoring-programme and, in addition, discusses the results of a survey of mentees and mentors from the last five years. The survey examined motivations for participating in the programme, assessed expectations with regard to the partnership and asked participants to provide an overall evaluation of the programme. The article concludes by offering proposals for the future configuration of mentoring-programmes in research institutions. The authors form the managing committee of the FRU and jointly take the responsibility for the programme.
Applying principles from “Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians” to teaching chemistry in the department of medicine at Chang Gung University
Authors: Lou Bih‐Show
Published: January 2012

Similar to the current trends in America that were recognized by the Association of American Medical College and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in their 2009 report titled “Scientific Foundations for Future Physicians,” Taiwanese medical students are lacking in their ability to apply their knowledge of basic sciences to real‐life situations. The report recommended developing a competency‐based approach to learning and also called for an increase in integrated and interdisciplinary courses in the education of medical students. Such a class, which would encourage students to look at biological concepts through chemical and physical principles, has been developed at Chang Gung University, and it strives to develop the medical student's ability to work in groups, think critically, and clearly and convincingly present ideas. The course requires students to present biological topics in groups after working closely with a teacher, and it trains the students to identify useful and trustworthy sources, to constructively criticize each other, and work together to present a cohesive and informative presentation for their peers. From my teaching experience, classes such as this have led me to conclude that the teacher's role does not simply encompass that of the informant, but also the facilitator of the academic success of the students, and this has led me to create certain class policies for teachers that help students of any field success in class.
Palaeolithic implements found in Sweden
Authors: Montelius Oscar
Published: January 2012

The ingenious and persistent researches of the Swedish geologist, Baron Gerard de Geer, have taught us when the last Ice Period came to an end here in the north. The ice began to melt and retire from the southern coast of Scania 15,000 years before our time. There cannot be more than an error of a few centuries in this calculation.

But the southern border of the enormous ice-masses covering the north of Europe in the last Ice Period was not on the south coast of Scania; it lay farther south, in Brandenburg. It is uncertain what length of time was necessary for the ice to retire from Brandenburg to Scania. However, if we consider how slowly the melting was going on in the first millenniums, and how long it took for the ice to melt in the southern part of Sweden, it is highly probable that about 5,000 years were required to transfer the ice border from its most southerly point to Scania. Consequently, the beginning of the melting period in our northern region, i.e. the end of the last Ice Period in northern Europe, must fall about 20,000 years before our time.
Irish Gold Crescents
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: January 2012

Since their first publication in 1757 (Archaeologia, ii, 32, pl. ii), the gold crescents characteristic of the Early Bronze Age of Ireland have remained in part unexplained; and the various names suggested for them reflect the prevailing uncertainty as to their use and significance. In his recently published Catalogue of Irish Gold Ornaments, our Fellow Mr. Armstrong has brought together all the existing material, and on consideration adopts the view that these gold crescents were worn as collars. They at first went under the name of lunulae or little moons, and a favourite term in later years has been lunette, which is generally used in French for ‘telescope’, and though more manageable than lunula, is not so fitted for international use as ‘crescent’.
Notes on some English Alabaster Carvings
Authors: Hildburgh W. L.
Published: January 2012

Most of the carvings herein to be described came into their late owners' hands from private collections, and—as unfortunately is generally the case in similar circumstances—in almost every instance unaccompanied by records of their earlier histories. All but three of them—the Crucifixion, the Ascension, and the one with two saints—came lately from Paris.
Second Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge
Authors: Hawley W.
Published: January 2012

When I presented my Report last year, work was about to begin upon some stones on the north-east of the outer circle of Stonehenge. These formed a group of four monoliths, numbered from west to east, 29, 30, 1, and 2. They carried lintels, survivors of the series which once capped the stones of the outer circle. Nos. 1 and 2 had moved out of position, leaning badly outwards, and had drawn with them the three lintels from their seatings to the danger of these and themselves. They would have fallen long ago had they not been supported by props which were beginning to decay, so it was necessary to attend to them at once.
Four Suffolk Flint Implements
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: January 2012

The four flint implements described and illustrated in this article have been found at the following places in the county of Suffolk, viz. Southwold, Charsfield, Hoxne, and Nacton. The Southwold specimen (figs, 1, 1A, and 1B) was found lying at the foot of a low cliff bordering the beach at this place by Mrs. Edgar Turner of Walberswick, who has been so good as to lend the implement to the Ipswich Museum. The specimen exhibits the unchanged black colour of the original flint, carries very little ‘gloss’, and is unabraded and unworn. Unfortunately the implement has had, at some time, a piece broken from it and replaced, but the drawings show clearly where this fracturing occurred.
The Seal of Robert Fitz Meldred
Authors: Littledale W. A.
Published: January 2012

Among some old family deeds in my possession is a quitclaim by Robert Fitz Meldred to Henry Spring of four marks of silver being the annual rent of the town of ‘Hoctun’, probably Houghton le Spring in the bishopric of Durham. The date is about 1230. Attached to the deed is the seal in white wax of Robert Fitz Meldred (fig. 1). The seal is circular, and when perfect was about 2½ in. in diameter ; it bears a saltire which it will be noticed is very narrow, and the legend, now partly broken away, that originally read

The exact date of the matrix of a seal such as this cannot, of course, be given with certainty, but I venture to think it may be placed before the year 1200. Although Sir William St. John Hope in his paper on the Seals of English Bishops gives useful approximate dates for the various kinds of lettering, his remarks relate to episcopal seals only, and he guards himself against necessarily applying them to other classes. The lettering of the seal now under discussion is rough and of an earlier type than the ordinary Lombardic which is met with in the thirteenth century; we may perhaps place it between the Roman capitals which ceased about the last quarter of the twelfth century and the Lombardic capitals.
A Rare Form of Bookmarker, circa 1400
Authors: Brewis W. Parker
Published: January 2012

The history of this specimen is unknown. I found it among some old documents. It consists of a disc of parchment 1⅜ in. in diameter, having the Arabic numerals 1 to 4 inclusive on either side, the 4 being of early looped form. This disc is pivoted between two semicircular leaves of a folded piece of parchment which cover three figures on either side of the disc, but leave the fourth exposed. These semicircular pieces of parchment have on one side the symbols of the sun, moon, and stars (fig. 1), and on the other side the sun only with the words ‘Rota versatil(is)’ in a cursive hand of the fifteenth century (fig. 2); the last two letters (is) are represented by a general sign of contraction. There is also a loop at the back through which a strip of parchment about ½ in. wide and 11½ in. long is threaded. The whole forms such a bookmarker as a skilful penman might make out of a few scraps of parchment in his leisure hours as an aid to his work.
The Greek Trade at Al Mina: A Footnote to Oriental History
Authors: Smith Sidney
Published: January 2012

The excavation conducted by Sir Leonard Woolley in 1936 and 1937 at the site near al Mina, at the mouth of the Orontes, produced material of interest not only for archaeological study but also for Oriental history. The eighth to the fourth centuries of the pre-Christian era, to which the material remains belong, are also represented at other sites in Syria and Palestine that have been excavated by scientific expeditions. But the Phoenician cities, Byblos and Sidon, the north Syrian cities, Carchemish and Sinčirli, the sites on the plain of Aleppo reported on by the Syrian expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, and Palestinian sites, have not yielded the same material of one special kind as al Mina, or only stray examples of it. There Cycladic and proto-Corinthian sherds and later developments of early Greek vases show conclusively that there was trade between the little Syrian port on the one side and the Aegean islands and the Greek mainland on the other, between the beginning of the eighth century and the end of the seventh. Similarly Attic pottery and coins are a proof of the encouragement given to Athenian trade at the same port from the time of Darius I to that of Artaxerxes III. In this respect new knowledge is to be gained from the finds at al Mina as to the history of the north Syrian coast during five centuries. The conclusions that may be drawn form an interesting footnote to what is known, and to some of the assumptions, about general Oriental history.
St. Radegund's Reliquary at Poitiers
Authors: Conway Martin
Published: January 2012

The Reliquary of the True Cross which is preserved at Poitiers in the convent of Sainte-Croix is the earliest existing authentically dated object decorated with enamel in a Byzantine workshop. It has never before been reproduced in any accurate form, and no living expert has had the opportunity of examining it. Its history is complete and fully authenticated. The tale is worth brief recapitulation. It involves the doings of two eminent personages, St. Radegund and St. Fortunatus, the one distinguished as the first civilized and refined queen of France, the other still memorable as the last of the Roman poets.
The Baron de Baye's Antiquities from North-east Russia and Siberia
Authors: Minns Ellis H.
Published: January 2012

The archaeology of the Black Sea coast quickly attracted attention when the Russians conquered the Crimea at the end of the eighteenth century, and the Scythic barrows of the Steppes began to be carefully excavated almost as soon; but it was not till the fifties and sixties that the less imposing antiquities of northern Russia found any one to study them even among Russians. West European interest naturally came later, the pioneers were first the Finn Aspelin in the seventies and next the Baron de Baye, who about 1890 sought to throw light from the East upon the Merovingian and other Teutonic styles which were his special province.
An Undescribed Early Christian Ivory Diptych
Authors: Maclagan Eric
Published: January 2012

The Early Christian ivory diptych which, by the permission of the owner, Mr. Andrews, it is my privilege to bring before the Society is almost entirely unknown. I have called it ‘undescribed’, and I might almost have called it ‘unpublished’. But some twenty years ago a rather inadequate photographic reproduction of it did appear in the first volume of Professor Venturi's invaluableStoria dell' Arte Italiana. Since that date a number of archaeologists have tried to get a sight of the diptych, but in vain. And the few brief notices of it that have been published by Professor Goldschmidt, Dom Leclercq, and others, have been based entirely on the small and not very clear half-tone block given without comment by Professor Venturi.
The Source of the Stones of Stonehenge
Authors: Thomas Herbert H.
Published: January 2012

About three years ago it was suggested to me by Dr. Tapp that I should investigate further the stones of Stonehenge in the hope that additional light might be shed on the vexed question of their origin.
Sculptured Cornices in Churches near Banbury, and their connexion with William of Wykeham
Authors: Keyser Charles E.
Published: January 2012

There are few districts which can compete with north Oxfordshire in respect to the number of beautiful churches rich in architectural details, and still retaining much of the ornate work so lavishly bestowed upon them during the middle ages; and Banbury, once itself possessing a magnificent church, may well be selected as a convenient centre for the student of our ecclesiastical architecture.
The Sacro Catino at Genoa
Authors: Conway Martin
Published: January 2012

On the 15th July, 1099, Jerusalem was captured from the infidels by the knights and soldiers of the First Crusade. The decisive attack was delivered from a remarkable wooden tower, designed and constructed by Guglielmo Embriaco, commander of the Genoese. There were days and I dare say weeks of rejoicing by the victorious host, and then it began to melt away. The object of the crusade seemed to have been attained; in batches large or small the crusaders returned to their homes by sea or by land. Thus when Baldwin became king of Jerusalem he had only three hundred horse and as many foot soldiers left to defend the city, and it must have fallen if the Saracens had delivered an attack. Just at this time, in the spring of 1101, a Genoese fleet of thirty-six galleys, six ships, and eight thousand fighting men, under the aforesaid Admiral Guglielmo Embriaco arrived at Jaffa. It will easily be understood that the crusade itself and the consequent settlement of parts of Palestine and Syria by European immigrants had created a considerable opportunity for trade between the Levant and Italy. Venice had already a strong position at Constantinople, and practically controlled the trade from that capital. The Pisans had made good their position at Antioch and thereabouts. The Genoese realized that, if a share of this lucrative trade was to be theirs, it behoved them to bestir themselves and obtain privileges for the South.
An Anglo-Saxon Cremation-burial of the Seventh Century in Asthall Barrow, Oxfordshire
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: January 2012

Four and a half miles west of Witney on the south side of the high road from that town to Burford, and immediately opposite the point at which the by-road to the villages of Asthall and Swinbrook descends steeply into the valley of the Windrush from the high ridge along which the main road passes, stands Asthall Barrow (fig. 1), one of the most prominent landmarks in the whole county. It commands an unrivalled view of the Thames valley from Lechlade to Wytham Hill. Northwards across the Windrush valley Leafield Barrow stands out on the sky-line; southwards appear Faringdon Hill and beyond it the Berkshire Downs at White Horse Hill, while to the south-east across the high ridge on the right bank of the Thames at Tubney, Sinodun Hill near Dorchester comes into view with the Chilterns in the distant background.
Medieval Tiles in the Church of Llangattock-nigh-Usk
Authors: Rushforth G. McN.
Published: January 2012

Mr. A. Wright, in a letter to our Secretary of 8th November 1923, called attention to a number of medieval tiles found in the church of Llangattock-nigh-Usk, a few miles from Abergavenny. With one exception they belong to the well-known Great Malvern series, made there and at Droitwich about the middle of the fifteenth century, as we know from the discovery of kilns at those places in 1833 and 1837 respectively, still containing some of the tiles. The Malvern tiles have been described in the past by two Fellows of this Society: Mr. Albert Way in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1844, pt. ii pp. 25–31 (reprinted in Nott's Malvern Priory Church), and Canon A. S. Porter in the Antiquary, vol. xxi (1890), pp. 71, in, 155. But a good deal remains to be said about them, and it may be worth while to take this opportunity of adding some notes about the types which occur at Llangattock.
Notes on Two Medieval Objects
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: January 2012

The beautiful gold ring here illustrated (fig. I) was dug up in 1924 at Cannington, near Bridgwater.

The high bezel contains a dark cabochon sapphire held by claws, the sides being ornamented with birds in pierced work. The hoop is engraved with the Angelic Salutation in capitals which include uncial forms ; it is flat sided, the surfaces sloping away to the outer edge, which is enriched by a pearled band and a raised quatrefoil at the back. The shoulders have monsters' heads in relief.
Some Welsh Early Christian Monuments
Authors: Nash-Williams V. E.
Published: January 2012

The Early Christian monuments of Wales are of special interest as the principal material remains of the centuries that elapsed between the end of the Roman occupation and the coming of the Normans.
The Palaeolithic Contents of the Gravels at East Burnham, Bucks
Authors: Lacaille A. D.
Published: January 2012

As far back as 1880 the late Mr. W. Whitaker noted signs of several terraces on the left bank of the Thames, down-valley from Maidenhead, but he did not specifically mention the locality east and north-east of Taplow, Buckinghamshire (fig. 1). In this district, which includes the parishes of Burnham and Farnham Royal, terrace features resemble those discernible between Cookham and Bray Wick, Berkshire, where Messrs. Ll. Treacher and N. J. Osborne White believed that the Boyn Hill Terrace consisted of two divisions, the lower separated from the higher by a step of about 20 ft. According to them also, two pre-existing benches were buried by the aggradation.
A Medieval Spoon in the Guildhall Museum, London
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: January 2012

Early medieval spoons are sufficiently rare to make any addition to their number a matter of interest. The specimen illustrated on pl. lxi, a and fig. I was found in London and is now in the Guildhall Museum, to the authorities of which I am indebted for permission to publish it. Dr. P. Nørland, whose publication of the double spoon from Ribe underlies much of what follows, provided the original of pl. LXII; and Dr. S. Grieg has allowed me to reproduce pl. LXV from his invaluable work, Middelalderske Byfunde fra Bergen og Oslo (figs. 52 and 53). I have also to thank Mr. T. D. Kendrick, Mr. R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford, and Mr.G. C. Dunning for several helpful suggestions.
A Fifteenth-Century Description of the Brass of Sir Hugh Hastings at Elsing, Norfolk
Authors: Wagner Anthony R. , Mann James G.
Published: January 2012

It has been often stated that the early records of the Court of Chivalry or Court of the Constable and Marshal are lost, and this is in the main true. More, however, by accident than care, as it seems, full records of proceedings in three great medieval ‘Pleas of Arms’ tried in the Court have been preserved. Those of two of the three, namely, Scrope versus Grosvenor, 1385–90, and Lovell versus Morley, 1386–95, are among the Chancery Miscellanea in the Public Record Office and are contemporary if not official records. For the third case, Grey versus Hastings, 1407–17, we have to rely on two relatively modern transcripts of an ancient register of which the present whereabouts, if indeed it still exists, is not now known. Both these two transcripts are at the College of Arms. The older, made in 1582 and 1583 by Robert Glover, Somerset Herald, from the original then in the hands of Henry, earl of Kent, the heir of Lord Grey of Ruthin, plaintiff in the suit, is contained in a volume labelled ‘Philpot, P.e. No. 1’. This was printed privately in 1841, at the expense of Lord Hastings, by Charles George Young, York Herald (afterwards Garter) with some illustrative matter as ‘An account of the controversy between Reginald Lord Grey of Ruthyn and Sir Edward Hastings, in the Court of Chivalry, in the reign of King Henry IIII’. This transcript, however, on its own showing (cf. p. 29 of Young's edition) omits many of the depositions, while upon comparison with the other it proves to contain only quite a small proportion of the whole contents of the original.
Romano-British Derbyshire Ware
Authors: Gillam J. P.
Published: January 2012

On a number of occasions recently cooking-pots of the type here considered have been discovered at or near Roman sites, and have been taken for medieval by the finders. In the present paper, besides giving drawings of sufficient rims to show the range of variety in the main type, I have collected the evidence for the distribution and date of Derbyshire ware, first distinguished by Professor Collingwood, though it will appear presently that it is to be given a considerably shorter period than he suggested. It is hoped that this will make it easier for the ware to be recognized as Roman in the future.
The Roman Occupation of Britain: its Early Phase
Authors: Pryce T. Davies
Published: January 2012

In this paper an endeavour is made to elucidate certain aspects of the early phase of the Roman occupation. The period under consideration is that of the governorships of Aulus Plautius and Ostorius Scapula, A.D. 43–52. The evidence that is germane to the question is both historical and archaeological, and some fresh material, more particularly relating to ‘detail-find’, is embodied in the text and appendixes.
A Gun-flint Factory Site in South Wilts.
Authors: Clay R. C. C.
Published: January 2012

In a newly-cultivated field south of Knighton Wood in the parish of Broadchalk are immense quantities of flint artifacts similar to those described in the Antiquaries Journal, v, 158. They were brought to my notice by Col. A. D. Troup, who told me that until recently this piece of land had lain idle probably for centuries. He stated that when the ground was broken up large masses of chipped flints, lying almost in heaps, were conspicuous even from a distance. Even now, after much ‘cleaning’ of the soil, they are so thick over an area of approximately 400 yards by 100 that it is impossible to walk there without treading on four or five with each step. A few years ago I was told that somewhere in the woods near by there were pits the bottoms of which were covered by broken flints, and I had made a note to that effect on my map.
The Church of Worcester from the Eighth to the Twelfth Century, Part II
Authors: Atkins Ivor
Published: January 2012

Throughout his episcopate Wulstan maintained intimate relations with the monastery, and the evidence of his charters makes it clear that he surrounded himself with his monks. The Alveston and Tapenhall charters of 1089, and the Westbury of 1093, for example, include amongst the officials of the bishop, Ailric his archdeacon, Colman his chancellor, Fretheric his chaplain, Maurice and Frewen his clerks, Ailwin and Ordricus his stewards, and, in an unnamed capacity, Ailwin the priest. All these we can identify from various records as members of the monastic household. We shall see later that their names occur in a list of monks of the Worcester house which is found in the Durham Liber Vitae, and dates about the beginning of the twelfth century.
The Mortaria of Margidunum and their Development from A.D. 50 to 400
Authors: Oswald Felix
Published: January 2012

The difficulty of accurately dating the vessels known as ‘mortaria’ has often been felt by excavators, and Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox has done a great service in his classification of mortaria rims, admirably illustrated in his First Report of the Wroxeter excavations in 1912 (Soc.Ant. Lond. 1913, figs. 19 and 20); but he himself stated (p. 76) that ‘one of the chief difficulties has been the lack of any publication in which a sufficient number of specimens has been brought together showing clearly the different types and their variations’. Even his series did not begin earlier than Vespasian; at Margidunum, however, I found examples from the Claudian occupation (A.D. 48) down to the end of the fourth century, and this site therefore has furnished a continuous series of a large number of examples from datable layers, many of them stamped with potters' names, illustrating the changes in development of this vessel during a period of 350 years.
A Hoard of Gold Rings and Silver Groats found near Thame, Oxfordshire
Authors: Evans Joan , Leeds E. T. , Thompson Anthony
Published: January 2012

On 21st April 1940 Willcocks McKenzie, lorry-driver of Thame, while walking along the left bank of the river Thame, about one mile north of the town and a short distance upstream from a pool known as Jemmett's Hole, had his eye attracted by the gleam of metal. This, on investigation, proved to come from the parcel of rings and coins which are the subject of this account.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Kenyon Frederic
Published: January 2012

In the course of the twelve months of the year 1936 our Society had three Royal Patrons. The signatures of King Edward VIII and King George VI have been added to our Roll of Fellows, separated by that of H.R.H. the Crown Prince of Sweden, who honoured us by accepting election as a Royal Fellow. To each of the two Sovereigns who have followed one another at so short an interval the Society offered an assurance of its loyal devotion to the Royal House under whose patronage it was born, has grown and prospered, and its prayers that it may be permitted to continue the studies of the antiquities and history of this kingdom and nation amid the blessings of a tranquil and prosperous reign, and with the encouragement of the Sovereign on whom all these national traditions are now centred.
An Adulterine Castle on Faringdon Clump, Berkshire (Second Report)
Authors: Leeds E. T.
Published: January 2012

Investigation of this site in July 1935, reported in the Antiq. Journ. xvi, 165, was severely limited by time, and, since certain problems still remained unsolved, advantage was taken of the presence of the University Camp for Unemployed at Eynsham in July 1936 to endeavour to clear up some of these problems. For this purpose additional radial trenches were driven at various points of the compass and the ground immediately south of the tower was also examined. Although the weather was less favourable than in 1935, nevertheless a fair amount of work was done, resulting in an appreciable addition to our knowledge of the construction of the fortification.
A Theodosian Silver Hoard from Rams Hill
Authors: Sutherland C. H. V.
Published: January 2012

A small but interesting find of Roman coins was made recently by Mr. Stuart Piggott during his examination of the site at Rams Hill, near Uffington, described in the preceding paper; and I may here recapitulate his description of the discovery. Two adult skeletons were found, buried one above the other, in a ditch which appeared to belong to an enclosure of the Ditchley–Wootton–Fawler–Kiddington type, and of which three sides were defined, suggesting a square 260 ft. across. There had evidently been occupation within this (although a trench encountered no foundations)—probably a wooden building on analogy with Ditchley; and the pottery in the ditch was first-century, with abundant Belgic types. Into the filling of this ditch, or rather in a cleared-out portion of it (since no grave dug through the filling could be detected in the section), the two burials had been deposited, the upper on his back with no grave-goods, the lower on his left side with the coins. Two coins, one silver and one bronze, were enclosed between two thin silver-foil discs folded over each other in the mouth; the other coins (seven) were all together in a compact mass high up against the ribs, a fact which suggests the previous existence of a bag or purse slung round the neck. Thus there is no doubt of the strict contemporaneity of the whole group. There was nothing else to suggest late Roman occupation of the site.
Clarendon Palace: An Interim Report
Authors: Borenius Tancred , Charlton John
Published: January 2012

Every schoolboy knows the name of Clarendon in connexion with the Constitutions of Clarendon 1164; but as regards the importance, historically as well as archaeologically, of Clarendon Palace, as regards its gradual growth to great splendour and magnificence in Plantagenet days, and as regards its subsequent vicissitudes—on all these points I think it may be said without exaggeration that the world at large knows next to nothing; nor have such inquiries as have sporadically taken place into the history and archaeology of Clarendon Palace ever penetrated very deeply into the subject. Having through a variety of circumstances come to give a good deal of thought to these questions, I have developed the conviction that Clarendon Palace offers a field of study which is of prime importance, and indeed, from certain points of view, of unique importance for the medieval archaeology not only of England but of the whole of Europe. I venture to hope that the present paper, though necessarily in the nature of a preliminary summary, may afford grounds for conceding that this is not too large a claim to make.
Prehistoric and Romano-British objects from England in the University Museum of Archaeology and of Ethnology, Cambridge
Authors: Clarke L. C. G.
Published: January 2012

So many of the local specimens in the Museum collections have been figured recently by our Fellow Dr. Cyril Fox in his book, The Archaeology of the Cambridge Region, that it is unnecessary in most cases to republish them; but a few have been received by the Museum since his book was published, and there are also in the collections a considerable number of specimens from districts outside East Anglia.
An Early Hall at Chilham Castle, Kent
Authors: Clapham A. W.
Published: January 2012

The castle of Chilham stands immediately to the west of the Jacobean mansion built by Sir Dudley Digges in 1616. Traditions of remote antiquity have long been associated with the site, but the record of discoveries of Roman remains during the building of the mansion is not circumstantial, and a tunnel driven through the mound under the ancient keep by a recent owner failed to reveal any trace of Roman age. Chilham was held under Edward the Confessor by Sired and was granted by the Conqueror to Odo bishop of Bayeux. It was held, under him, by Fulbert de Dover, and on Odo's disgrace in 1084 it was granted to Fulbert in chief and became the head of his barony. The subsequent descent of the property need not detain us, as it has no bearing on the architectural history of the castle.
The Maltese Rock-Tombs
Authors: Zammit T.
Published: January 2012

The numerous tombs cut on the rocky ground at Malta have been considered, up to the present, to be of Phoenician origin. An attempt was made by later students to classify these rock-cut tombs in three periods, corresponding to the shape of the burial chambers and to the approach to them, mostly a more or less regular shaft.
Anglo-Saxon Sundials
Authors: Green Arthur Robert
Published: January 2012

Sundials belonging to the Anglo-Saxon period have not received much attention from archaeologists, and a complete list of all existing specimens should be of some value; indeed, Professor Baldwin Brown in The Arts in Early England, vol. ii, 1925, says ‘a full list of existing Saxon sundials…is a desideratum’.