bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anarchical Society and Climate Change
Authors: Falkner Robert
Published: June 2017

The Anarchical Society is the first major English School text that addresses the rise of global environmentalism. Based on a close reading of Bull’s classic text, this essay applies his pluralist perspective to the international politics of climate change. Bull’s pluralism offers valuable insights into the scope for, and limitations of, international climate action: it identifies the persistent value and interest differences that prevent deep international cooperation; it highlights the centrality of inter-state bargaining; and it stresses the importance of crafting cooperative solutions that reflect the realities of power asymmetry. However, while Bull acknowledges the need to move towards deeper, solidarist, forms of cooperation, his perspective is found to be wanting when it comes to understanding the modalities of such a shift. Bull has little to say on how to construct a solidarist response and how non-state actors might develop new forms of transnational governance beyond the state-centric climate regime.
The International Society of ‘Civilized States’
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: June 2017

Bull argued that in European international society, the ‘diplomatic culture’, the common stock of ideas and values the representatives of states shared had been strengthened by an ‘international political culture’, the intellectual and moral culture that determined societal attitudes towards the states-system. With the expansion of international society, he contended, the diplomatic culture had lost much of its earlier foundation in the normative commitments specific to European international society. It was conceivable, Bull argued, that a new ‘cosmopolitan culture’ will succeed in binding peoples together in the first universal society of states. To consider those issues further, this essay draws on Elias’s writings to show how conceptions of ‘civilized manners’ and ‘civilized’ statehood linked the international political and diplomatic cultures. The discussion also considers some recent writings on the civilizational dynamics of world politics that have special relevance for Bull’s reflections on how those two cultures might develop in future.
Bull’s Political Vision
Authors: Humphreys Adam
Published: June 2017

Although Bull is often identified as a theorist of international society, this volume has shown that there is more to The Anarchical Society than international society, narrowly construed. The contemporary relevance of Bull’s work is clearest when we recognize the flexibility of his conceptual framework and, in particular, the often overlooked potential of his concept of the ‘world political system’, of which modern international society is only a part. It is also helpful to recognize the provisional nature of Bull’s intellectual priorities and of his empirical and evaluative judgements. Bull’s argument that international society provides the surest route to world order reflected his judgement at ‘present’ and we can revise it today without doing violence to his intellectual project. This concluding essay highlights the flexibility of Bull’s approach and the provisional nature of his judgements while also reviewing the limits of this flexibility and identifying possible future directions of inquiry.
World War I and the 1920s
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes a decade of different types of fiscal squeeze under four different governments: massive tax hikes coupled with cuts in civilian services under the war coalition government in 1916–18 (during World War I); the ‘double hard’ squeeze (the only one over the whole century) immediately after the war, with massive defence cuts combined with retention of high wartime tax rates to fund a programme of post-war reconstruction promised by a coalition government elected in 1918; and an abrupt switch to deep cuts in spending to cut taxes (triggered by an electoral tax revolt in 1921), with spending cuts recommended by an expert committee (the Geddes Committee) in 1922 and broadly continued under three successive governments in the 1920s.
World War II and Post-War Labour Austerity
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores fiscal squeeze under the World War II coalition government, comprising a severe tax squeeze (including the development of mass income taxation and confiscatory top tax rates) with major cuts in civilian services together with soaring defence spending and a command economy, and the fiscal squeeze under the Attlee Labour Government elected by a landslide in 1945. The latter squeeze, taking place against the backdrop of currency crisis, massive overseas debt, and early steps towards a post-war mixed economy, comprised a continuation of high wartime levels of taxation with huge cuts in defence spending and, later, attempts to check the growth of spending in civilian public services (including the fledgling National Health Service) which led to a further split in the Labour Party, and growing electoral challenge from the Conservatives calling for spending cuts to fund lower taxes.
After the 2008 Financial Crash
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes the long 2010–15 fiscal squeeze under the first Conservative–Liberal coalition since the early 1920s, in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and with debt and deficit at levels not seen for four decades or more. It included sharp political debate over timing, depth, and tax/spending balance of fiscal squeeze, with most of the coalition squeeze based on its Labour predecessor’s plans, and the deficit reduction outcome roughly the same as those Labour plans, principally because of shortfall on the revenue side. This episode was marked by a repeat of ‘bear trap’ tactics by the incumbents, and the post-squeeze 2015 election rewarded one party in the coalition, while the other party was heavily punished and so was the Labour Opposition. How far the victory of ‘Vote Leave’ (Brexit) in the 2016 referendum on UK membership of the EU can be attributed to fiscal squeeze is debatable.
Turning Structural Weakness into Personal Strength
Authors: Helms Ludger , Esch Femke van
Published: June 2017

Chancellor Angela Merkel’s exceptional public popularity and persistence as the head of three German governments—two of which were “grand coalitions”—presents a fascinating puzzle. Re-elected twice and half through her third term, Merkel has retained a strikingly high level of leadership capital for at least ten years. This chapter offers a twofold explanation for Merkel’s largely unexpected trajectory as a rock-solid leader. First, she has managed to turn the particular institutional and political constraints of Germany’s compound democracy into opportunities. The need to avoid bold leadership initiatives very much played to her personal strengths, and thus allowed her to increase her personal authenticity. Second, Merkel has been able to keep a high stock of leadership capital simply by not spending it, i.e., by keeping away from unpopular decisions and policies (until the fall of 2015), thereby reducing her political vulnerability.
“No Loans for Ladies”
Authors: Walter James
Published: June 2017

The government of Australian prime minister Julia Gillard (2010–2013) presented attributes conventionally thought to be conducive to the acquisition of political capital—delivery on policy commitments, effective coalition building, competence in government, courage in adversity, approval and loyalty from those most closely engaged with her—but it never gained traction in the quest for electoral capital. What, exactly, was behind this denial of credit? This chapter discusses numerous propositions offered to explain Gillard’s failure in the context of debates about political capital to gauge how “elusive capital” might be explained. Analyzing a paradoxical case underlines the need for caution and nuance. The chapter concludes that standardized registers of leadership attributes/capacities must be carefully related to exogenous factors (country-specific scenarios and the issues of context, political culture, and historical timing they manifest) in attempts to operationalize leadership capital measures.
Jerry Brown and the Triumph of Leadership
Authors: Parker Charles F.
Published: June 2017

In 2010, Jerry Brown completed a remarkable political comeback by winning an overwhelming electoral victory to return to the office of Governor of California, a position he first won in 1974 and again in 1978. Upon embarking on his third term as governor, Brown inherited a broken and broke state, since the outgoing governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, left office with a budget deficit of nearly $27 billion. By 2014, Brown had turned the state’s financial situation around by cutting spending and increasing taxes. The result was a large budget surplus and the restoration of the Golden State’s economic and political health. This chapter utilizes the LCI to make sense of how Jerry Brown has made use of his powers of public persuasion and the powers of his office to master the state’s unwieldy political system and control its public finances while securing an unprecedented fourth gubernatorial term.
Modern Prime-Ministerial Leadership in the Netherlands
Authors: Swinkels Marij , Zuydam Sabine van , Esch Femke Van
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the leadership style of Dutch prime ministers (PMs) and asks the question what type of leadership skills, relations, and reputations are most effective in modern Dutch politics: a consensual or confrontational style. While Dutch politics traditionally favors leaders who employ a consensus-oriented leadership style, prime ministers Balkenende (2002–2010) and Rutte (2010–present) served at a time when socio-cultural changes and mediatization of politics were challenging this political practice. By applying a modified version of the Leadership Capital Index (LCI), the chapter shows that to ensure re-election, both PMs struck a careful balance between the consensual and confrontational leadership styles. Whereas the study indicates that prime ministers have considerable leeway in how to strike that balance, the results suggest that it is essential that they maintain constructive relations with their peers in government and parliament to be electorally successful in the Dutch political system.
Swedish Coalition Governments and the Quest for Re-election
Authors: Bynander Fredrik , Daléus Pär
Published: June 2017

This chapter is a comparison of the leadership capital formation process of two Moderate party prime ministers, Carl Bildt and Fredrik Reinfeldt. Their government formation challenges were similar but their strategies differed and the ultimate outcomes—electoral defeat for Bildt and re-election for Reinfeldt—suggest superior “capital management” in the latter case. The findings, however, show that the ability to maintain support for the entire coalition is core for electoral success, and that this task is paradoxical for a leader of both a government and the senior coalition partner. Also, capitalizing on major events during the term in office is crucial as illustrated by the similar exposure to financial crises by the two governments and the relative success of the Reinfeldt government in exhibiting strength and efficacy under pressure.
Leadership Capital in a Protracted Crisis
Authors: Olmeda José A. , Colino César
Published: June 2017

The last Spanish prime ministers, Zapatero and Rajoy, have had to deal with the effects of the 2007 economic crisis. The Leadership Capital Index is used to analyze their respective leaderships and shows how both leaders used, gained, or lost capital while seeking to deal with the severe disruption it caused. The shape of the two trajectories that emerge are very different: Zapatero, a popular and populist transformative leader, rapidly loses capital in a “cascade” while the right-wing, cautious delegator Rajoy preserves and incrementally increases his. Both leaders failed the ultimate electoral test, respectively ousted by their party in 2011 and winning a pyrrhic electoral majority at the polls in 2015 but unable to form a government. The comparison reveals how both leaders lacked the necessary skills, relations, and reputation for crisis management, failing to build a narrative or communicate, while also beset by distrust, and declining personal and party popularity ratings.
Measuring and Using Leadership Capital
Authors: Blondel Jean
Published: June 2017

This chapter gives an overview of how the LCI has worked and reflects on three different areas of uncertainty around leadership capital. The first concerns the measurement and methodological approach adopted, especially around the attempt to score leadership and the exact means of quantifying the approach. The second examines exactly what aspects of leadership are considered and how they are weighted, arguing that personal values and agency are sacrificed for wider contextual and relational measures. Finally, it challenges the notion that leadership capital (almost) inevitably tends to decline over time and offers a more nuanced set of possibilities, as the curves of capital can be very different according to institutions and context. The chapter ends by looking at whether the LCI can extend beyond the borders of developed democracy with a provisional look at how the LCI may apply to political leaders elsewhere.
From Science as a Vocation to Science as a Game: and the Resulting Loss of Meaning
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

Against a generalized loss of meaning in society, social scientists find it hard to undertake relevant research that addresses problems facing our world. Science has turned from a vocation aimed at improving the lot of humanity to a careerist game dominated by publishing hits in starred journals. Instrumental rewards replace the passion for discovery and the intrinsic quest for knowledge. Competition among academics and academic institutions, such as journals, universities, and professional bodies, is not intrinsically harmful. Competition in the social sciences, however, is currently resulting in large quantities of formulaic publications, increasing specialization, faddishness, opportunism, and a general ironing out of originality and relevance. Academic authorship and the voice of individual scholars is wiped out as most papers are co-authored by several researchers, each a specialist in his or her area. The result is a devaluation of scholarship and a privileging of technical expertise in narrow disciplinary areas.
Researchers Making Sense of Meaningless Research
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

Academics use a variety of rationalizations to make sense of their work and to justify practices that they themselves recognize as having little value to the wider world. These can be ordered along two spectra: the instrumentalism-narcissism-spectrum, referring to whether individual researchers aim at satisfying the needs of their own egos or to meet some external criteria and requirements of their profession; and the religiosity-cynicism-spectrum, referring to whether researchers believe that they are contributing to science as a great and noble enterprise, or whether they dismiss such ambitions as illusory. The resulting rationales include ritualism, incrementalism, instrumentalism, cynicism, esotericism, egocentrism, hedonism, careerism,, and radical despair. These rationales offer researchers ready-made excuses for writing articles or monographs that they themselves recognize—or should recognize—as having limited meaning and value. They are also used to absolve them of any responsibility for the current state of affairs.
Methodologies and Writings that Turn into Black Holes of Meaning
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

The training and socialization of social science researchers encourages a quest of tiny gaps in which to make contributions, membership of academic microtribes, a language full of jargon, and a near total indifference to the wider meaning or purpose of their work. Bad habits are reinforced by the review process which encourages further use of jargon, extensive digressions, esoteric arguments, the splitting of hairs, and a general indifference to social meaning and purpose. Almost any trivial or commonsensical observation can be blown up and made into something significant and impressive through the use of grandiose but often deceptive and meaningless labels. Empirical material, whether qualitative or quantitative, is routinely deployed to reinforce existing assumptions rather than to test them. While these trends are not entirely new in social science publications, they have assumed far greater dominance and significance.
Recovering Meaning by Reforming Academic Identities and Practices
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

Part II offers a number of proposals and suggestions for recovering meaning in social science research at the individual, institutional, and policy levels. These measures offer the prospect of many small ‘wins’ through which the system can be reformed, rather than one sweeping programme for change. This chapter addresses the identities of individual researchers and the research methodologies they use in their work, and encourages a different approach at the level of individual and group research practices and its outcomes. It argues for new scholarly identities and many different ways of fashioning them, in which research is one, but not the only, important practice. Teaching, outreach activities, and academic citizenship, it is argued, are also important aspects of scholarship. So too are thinking and reading in depth and breadth, writing textbooks and book reviews, journalistic pieces and blogs. Chapters 7 and 8 will address institutional and policy issues.
Introduction
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

It is common, if problematic, to refer to the Norwegian model of resource management as a blueprint for developing countries that wish to avoid the Paradox of Plenty. This introductory chapter lays out an argument for why the Norwegian model might provide useful lessons for others. In doing so, it has three objectives. First, it surveys the political territory where the world’s future petroleum resources are found. Most of these reserves lie under non-democratic and economically underdeveloped countries. Second, it introduces the sundry challenges facing petroleum-rich states: they often suffer from a Resource Curse. The chapter then pivots to show how Norway has avoided the Paradox of Plenty, and provides a brief overview of Norway’s relevant institutions and policies (as an outline for the chapters that follow).
The Norwegian Petroleum Administration
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

This chapter establishes the broad parameters for oil management. It considers the threat of the Resource Curse, and what can be done to address the challenges of corruption, and the imbalance of power between states, international oil companies, and domestic interests (including national oil companies). In particular, the chapter begins by discussing the relationship between politics and economics and between states and firms (including the Obsolescing Bargaining Mechanism), and the utility of separating responsibility for policymaking, regulation, and operational or commercial activities. The latter part of the chapter introduces Norway’s unique institutional solutions to these challenges, that is, the three-part division of administrative responsibility that is central to the Norwegian model, and the institutions where they reside (e.g., the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, and Statoil).
Macroeconomic Balance
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

One of the biggest challenges from petroleum wealth comes from a subsequent loss of international competitiveness. Resource wealth can easily inflate the local economy, making it more difficult for other economic sectors to maintain international competitiveness. This chapter introduces the challenge of Dutch Disease and its diverse remedies. The latter part of the chapter describes how Norway has always struggled with the need to maintain international competitiveness, and has developed a highly organized economy (corporatism) as a result. Norwegian incomes policy, responsible budgeting policies, devaluations, and a restricted pace of extraction have all been used, at various times, to limit the threat of a real exchange rate appreciation.
Regulating the Workplace and the Environment
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

One of the biggest challenges for petroleum-rich countries is the need to balance the economic potential of the natural resource with the threat that exploitation brings to the health and safety of workers and the environment. These regulatory challenges are especially difficult in countries that lack a strong state and administrative apparatus. This chapter examines the challenge of balancing these needs, and how Norway increased regulatory supervision and autonomy after a couple of serious offshore accidents. The result was a unique monitoring system based on the principle of internal control, which relies heavily on international standards and the capacity of the labor movement to monitor and check developments.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

It is acknowledged that institutional investors underpin the structure and performance of global financial markets. There is no doubt that the growth of institutional investors over the past fifty years has given global financial markets a remarkable depth of liquidity and scope of activities. At the same time, institutional investors rely on financial markets to frame and implement their investment strategies. Therefore, it is important to understand what is distinctive about this environment compared with those of other industries, especially manufacturing. In Chapter 1, the authors explain the significance of financial risk and uncertainty in the production of investment returns from a viewpoint of what could be termed a map of financial risk and uncertainty. The role and significance of institutional investors, including asset owners, managers and service providers, is highlighted. Concluding Chapter 1 is a summary of key points for the following chapters in the book.
Institutions and Organizations
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

In Chapter 2, the authors set out to explore the status of institutional investors in the global economy. They look at different types of such investors. For instance, these include endowments, family offices, and pension funds on the one hand, while on the other hand they also include the conventional roles and responsibilities of asset owners, asset holders, managers working in banks, and standalone asset companies. In this chapter, they pick up the thread that continues throughout the remainder of the book of the current debate in the social sciences concerning institutions and organizations, as well as the legal status of many institutional investors, which organizations themselves must govern and manage.
Advisers and Consultants
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 8 looks at roles and responsibilities in relation to asset owners and holders and the process of investment management. A framework presents the consultant’s value in the framing of investment strategies and their implementation, emphasizing issues of process as well as substance. The focus is on the role of consultants who advise clients on investment strategy and implementation. An analytical account is provided of the various roles of investment consultants—how and why their roles vary in relation to the size of assets under management (AUM) and the ways in which they can foster or obstruct innovation. The chapter begins with a discussion of the theory of intermediation. This followed by a schematic framework of what investment consultants do in three different types of pension fund—small, medium, and large, a framework that can be applied to endowments, foundations, family offices, and sovereign wealth funds.
Outsourcing and the Principal–Agent Problem
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 9 relates the conventional model of pension-fund governance and management to the theory and practice of investment. It recommends that the search for an alternative is due. Outsourcing is discussed as an alternative to insourcing. Rather than managing providers through service contracts insourcing utilizes employment contracts with terms and conditions reflecting the objectives of the organization and the market premium available to those with skills and expertise. An alternative model of pension-fund governance and management is introduced. This chapter tables the ways in which the outsourced chief investment officer (OCIO) model has emerged and how this model compares with others. The principles and practices associated with best practice are reviewed, as well as the challenges associated with governing relationships with entities charged with responsibility for managing the entire value chain. Nine interdependent principles underpinning best-practice OCIO management are identified and described.
Reframing Finance
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

In the concluding chapter, Chapter 11, we summarize the various methods that asset-owning investors might consider applying when they are endeavouring to catalyse change and innovate prudently. They can achieve this by viewing the world through the lens of those institutional investors who search for organizational innovation and reconfiguration to meet their long-term objectives in a challenging world. The objectives of Chapter 11, and indeed of the whole book, have been to remind investors of their core functions and to show them how they can best take charge of their futures. This chapter lays down plans for how asset owners might mobilize their innovative ideas and, indeed, persuade their boards to resource them appropriately.
Can the Study of Global Governance Be Decentred?
Authors: Hurrell Andrew
Published: June 2017

Western writing on global governance has been all too little aware of the deeply western-centric character of its assumed historical narratives, its allegedly universal theoretical categories, and its political preoccupations. The first section of this chapter reviews the dominant lines of this sort of criticism. The second section asks why this already quite extensive list of critiques is not adequate. The final section looks at how the agenda might move forward, building on the unavoidable imperative to incorporate the power of the global while maintaining a sensitivity to differently situated regional, historian, and cultural contexts.
Democracy and Global Governance
Authors: Archibugi Daniele , Cellini Marco
Published: June 2017

The chapter explores the methods to introduce democratic devices in global governance. The first part makes an attempt to define what a democratic deficit is. The second part provides some benchmark to identify when and how international organizations, the most important and visible part of global governance, correspond to the values of democracy. The third part presents the internal and external levers. The internal lever is defined as the ways in which democratization within countries helps to foster more transparent, accountable, and participatory forms of global governance. The external lever is defined as the ways in which international organizations contribute to promote democratic transition and consolidation in their members. Neither the internal nor the external levers work effectively if they are left to intergovernmental bargaining only. An active participation of non-governmental actors is needed to ensure efficiency. The chapter finally discuss a list of proposals to democratize global governance.
A Perspective from the Middle East
Authors: Alahmad Nida
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that, while we can conceive of a ‘global’ or a ‘regional’ governance structure, a ‘critical regional perspective’ is not possible for three reasons. First, there is a problem of governance as a technology of ordering the world that requires the production of abstracted forms of knowledge; second, the problem of determining what a critical ‘regional’ perspective on global governance might be; and third, a critical perspective that would account for the daily lives of people cannot be produced by regional institutions, which are rarely representative of popular democratic movements. In the Middle East, the Arab League has historically been weak, reflecting turbulent regional power relations. As such, it is difficult to identify a regional perspective based on the League’s governance practices. If a regional political counter-perspective to global governance is not possible (as in the Middle East), one cannot speak of a cultural (counter) perspective on governance.
A ‘Rashomon’ Story
Authors: Sanahuja José Antonio
Published: June 2017

Considering the role of cognitive frameworks in international relations, this chapter uses the so-called ‘Rashomon effect’ as a heuristic device, showing how different views and accounts of effective multilateralism and global governance can coexist as contested discourses and practices, and how they shape expectations, roles, and practices of the actors and policies involved. The chapter presents Latin American perspectives of multilateralism and global governance, analysing its narrative and discursive logics. In a marked contrast with the US ‘hegemonic’ and the EU ‘normative’ approaches, Latin American views respond to the ‘defensive’ and/or ‘revisionist’ approaches, narratives, and discourses of the Global South, with specific regionalist and nationalist features grounded in its particular historical background and political culture. The chapter also examines how these views and narratives are challenged by deep changes in power structures in the international system, demanding a common framework.
Virtue at Work
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

Virtue at Work is about good organizations, good managers, and good people, and how these can contribute to good communities. It is aimed at practitioners—principally managers at all levels and in all kinds of organizations. It provides an integrated and philosophically grounded framework which enables a coherent approach to organizations and organizational ethics from the perspective of practitioners in the workplace, of managers in organizations, as well as of organizations themselves. The philosophical grounding comes from the work of the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre. In line with MacIntyre’s own commitments, the book makes philosophy down to earth and practical. It provides a new way of understanding ethics and organizations which is both realistic and attractive, but also challenging. It also provides tough but realistic suggestions in order to put this approach into practice. Virtue at Work not only applies theory in a readable and compelling manner, but also shows how this has been applied to a wide variety of organizations and occupations. Examples are drawn from architecture, accounting, human resource management, banking, investment advising, open source software, health and beauty retailing, pharmaceuticals, garment manufacturing, Fair Trade, car manufacturing, symphony orchestras, circuses, jazz, the UK’s National Health Service, surgery, nursing, churches, and journalism. If you are entirely happy with the way the world is, including your experience of organizations as an employee or manager, then this book is not for you. If, however, you have even the slightest hesitation when reflecting on life, management, or organizations…read on.
A MacIntyrean Approach to Organizations and Organizational Ethics
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the central concepts of MacIntyrean virtue ethics, and how we might apply these to organizations and, by implication, to management in organizations. It begins with a discussion of different kinds of goods—specifically internal and external goods. Internal goods are to do with the excellence of a product or service and the ‘perfection’ of practitioners in the process, while external goods are such things as fame, reputation, money, profit, and success. It then introduces two key concepts—practices and institutions—and shows how organizations can be characterized as practice-institution combinations. It identifies where management can be located within this framework, before considering organizational purpose and a way of mapping the virtuous organization.
Implications for Individuals
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

The aim of this chapter is to consider the implications of the virtue ethics approach for individuals both in their lives in general and more specifically when they are at work in organizations. It introduces the idea of ends or purposes of an individual life, and the concept of a narrative quest in pursuing it, and links this to concepts already covered in previous chapters—goods, practices, and virtues. It introduces the idea of the unity of an individual life, and shows how this is linked to the idea of practices. It then considers virtue at work in organizations, and introduces the idea of meaningful work including how we may properly order our desires both in general and at work. It ends by considering whether managers, organizations, and governments have a responsibility to provide meaningful work.
Conclusions
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

The purpose of the concluding chapter is to review and draw some conclusions from all that has been covered in previous chapters. To do so, it first summarizes the MacIntyrean virtue ethics approach, particularly at the individual level. It then reconsiders the organizational and managerial implications, drawing out some of the themes which have emerged from the various studies which have been explored particularly in Chapters 8 and 9. In doing so, the chapter considers a question which has been implicit in the discussions to this point: how feasible is all of this, particularly for organizations? In the light of that, it revisits the earlier critique of current approaches to organizational ethics (Corporate Social Responsibility and the stakeholder approach), before concluding.
Typological and theoretical implications
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter briefly considers the evidence for transitive nouns and adjectives in early Indo-Aryan in both a typological and a theoretical perspective. The fact that most transitive nouns and adjectives in early Indo-Aryan fall under the traditional heading of ‘agent nouns’ (subject-oriented formations) is typologically notable, since while action nouns with verbal government are well-known, the possibility of relatively verbal agent nouns has not always been acknowledged. The theoretical analysis is framed within Lexical-Functional Grammar, and makes use of the concept of ‘mixed’ categories to effect a clear formalization of transitive nouns and adjectives which captures their transitivity while allowing them to remain fundamentally nouns and adjectives in categorial terms.
A Rawlsian Defence of Special Treatment for Religion
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2017

Religion, as such, is routinely given special treatment in American law. Many distinguished legal theorists and philosophers have claimed that this special treatment is unfair. Some of the arguments for this claim are adapted from the philosophy of John Rawls. The chapter argues that objections to special treatment of religion find no support in Rawls. The rights established in the original position are vaguely specified. Liberty of conscience cannot be implemented without reliance on more specific and local aspirations. In the later stages of the four-stage sequence, fulfilling the original position’s commitments requires taking account of the values that actual citizens hold, including religious ones where these are salient.
Understanding Religion, Governing Religion
Authors: Rossi Enzo
Published: June 2017

Cécile Laborde has argued that the freedom we think of as ‘freedom of religion’ should be understood as a bundle of separate and relatively independent freedoms. This chapter criticizes that approach by pointing out that it is insufficiently sensitive to facts about the sorts of entities that liberal states are. It argues that states have good reasons to mould phenomena such as religion into easily governable monoliths. If this is a problem from the normative point of view, it is not due to descriptively inadequate accounts of religion, but a problem with a lack of realism about the sort of institutions states are. The chapter’s conclusion is a three-way disjunction: either one must reckon with liberal states’ historically determined limitations in the management of changing social phenomena, or one should direct one’s frustration at the marriage of liberalism and the state, or the very existence of states is normatively problematic.
The Consequences of Disaggregation and the Impossibility of a Third Way
Authors: McCrea Ronan
Published: June 2017

Disaggregating religion shows there are both elements of religion that are not problematic in political terms and some elements of non-religious beliefs that are. However, religion does not exist in disaggregated fashion in the world and predominant forms of religion in the West combine these problematic features in ways other forms of belief do not. Therefore, in the contemporary West a blanket ban on state endorsement of a particular religion is the only sustainable course. Dealing with the problems posed by predominant forms of religion requires a category of ‘religion’ which may also cover religions that are not politically problematic. This overinclusiveness is necessary to permit believers to take political actions that may be inconsistent with their faith while retaining a valued religious identity.
Sovereignty, the Corporate Religious, and Jurisdictional/Political Pluralism
Authors: Cohen Jean L.
Published: June 2017

We typically associate sovereignty with the modern state, and the coincidence of worldly powers of political rule, public authority, legitimacy, and jurisdiction with territorially delimited state authority. We are now also used to referencing liberal principles of justice, social-democratic ideals of fairness, republican conceptions of non-domination, and democratic ideas of popular sovereignty (democratic constitutionalism) for the standards that constitute, guide, limit, and legitimate the sovereign exercise of public power. This chapter addresses an important challenge to these principles: the re-emergence of theories and claims to jurisdictional/political pluralism on behalf of non-state ‘nomos groups’ within well-established liberal democratic polities. The purpose of this chapter is to preserve the key achievements of democratic constitutionalism and apply them to every level on which public power, rule, and/or domination is exercised.
Exemptions for Conscience
Authors: May Simon Căbulea
Published: June 2017

The Moral Conscience principle claims that a conflict between the demands of a law and the demands of an individual’s sincere moral conscience provides her with a defeasible moral entitlement to an exemption. This chapter argues that this principle is vulnerable to an unfairness objection. There is nothing special about moral conscience that would justify granting an exemption, it claims, that is not shared by a variety of non-moral projects. Thus, there is no principled moral reason for a defeasible entitlement to moral conscience-based exemptions that is not an equally good reason for a defeasible entitlement to non-moral project-based exemptions. Since the chapter assumes that people are not defeasibly entitled to such project-based exemptions, it advocates scepticism about the Moral Conscience principle.
Religious Exemptions and Fairness
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: June 2017

The burgeoning literature in political philosophy about religious liberty includes a group of authors who are quite sceptical about exemption claims. The sceptics don’t reject all claims to religious liberty, but they don’t think that a defensible principle of religious freedom would guarantee much beyond neutrality. There is no claim to an exemption in the face of a neutral law that has the incidental effect of burdening somebody’s attempt to follow their religion. The chapter argues that balancing has a legitimate role to play in certain cases of legal justification. Once a role for balancing is carved out, it is only a short step to the conclusion that religious exemptions are sometimes justifiable, even in the case of neutral laws. After developing these points, the chapter considers several of the leading objections made by sceptics and argues that they fall short of ruling out exemptions.
Liberalism and Identity
Authors: Bilgrami Akeel
Published: June 2017

This chapter seeks to steer past familiar criticisms of political liberalism to seek a different source of difficulty located in the notion of identity rather than community. Via a discussion of a form of argument that the chapter establishes to be common to both John Stuart Mill and John Rawls, it locates a tension between what it calls liberal and identitarian ‘mentalities’ which, it argues, cannot be overcome simply by redefining liberalism to be a more capacious doctrine. Rawls is read as providing a contractualist version of Mill’s meta-inductive argument for liberty and this common structure of argument in each is shown to fall afoul—in the case of Mill—of any credible epistemology and—in the case of Rawls—of any credible moral psychology of practical rationality.
Introduction to Symplectic Topology
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

Over the past number of years powerful new methods in analysis and topology have led to the development of the modern global theory of symplectic topology, including several striking and important results. The first edition of Introduction to Symplectic Topology was published in 1995. The book was the first comprehensive introduction to the subject and became a key text in the area. In 1998, a significantly revised second edition contained new sections and updates. This third edition includes both further updates and new material on this fast-developing area. All chapters have been revised to improve the exposition, new material has been added in many places, and various proofs have been tightened up. Copious new references to key papers have been added to the bibliography. In particular, the material on contact geometry has been significantly expanded, many more details on linear complex structures and on the symplectic blowup and blowdown have been added, the section on J-holomorphic curves in Chapter 4 has been thoroughly revised, there are new sections on GIT and on the topology of symplectomorphism groups, and the section on Floer homology has been revised and updated. Chapter 13 has been completely rewritten and has a new title (Questions of Existence and Uniqueness). It now contains an introduction to existence and uniqueness problems in symplectic topology, a section describing various examples, an overview of Taubes–Seiberg–Witten theory and its applications to symplectic topology, and a section on symplectic 4-manifolds. Chapter 14 on open problems has been added.
The group of symplectomorphisms
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the basic properties of the group of symplectomorphisms of a compact connected symplectic manifold and its subgroup of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. It begins by showing that the group of symplectomorphisms is locally path-connected and then moves on to the flux homomorphism. The main result here is a theorem of Banyaga that characterizes the Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms in terms of the flux homomorphism. In the noncompact case there is another interesting homomorphism, called the Calabi homomorphism, that takes values in the reals and may be defined on the universal cover of the group of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. The chapter ends with a brief comparison of the topological properties of the group of symplectomorphisms with those of the group of diffeomorphisms.
The arnold conjecture
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter contains a proof of the Arnold conjecture for the standard torus, which is based on the discrete symplectic action. The symplectic part of this proof is very easy. However, for completeness of the exposition, one section is devoted to a fairly detailed discussion of the relevant Conley index theory and of Ljusternik–Schnirelmann theory. Closely related to the problem of finding symplectic fixed points is the Lagrangian intersection problem. The chapter outlines a proof of Arnold’s conjecture for cotangent bundles that again uses the discrete symplectic action, this time to construct generating functions for Lagrangian submanifolds. The chapter ends with a brief outline of the construction and applications of Floer homology.
Questions of existence and uniqueness
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the fundamental existence and uniqueness questions in symplectic topology: which manifolds admit symplectic structures, and to what extent they are unique. There are partial answers for some classes of manifolds and many related open problems. The chapter begins with a precise formulation of some relevant questions and continues by describing some related examples. Much of what is known is in dimension four, largely because of the existence of the powerful theory developed by Taubes and Seiberg–Witten in the 1990s. The third section outlines this theory, while the last section applies it in various explicit cases.
Ovid in Fiction
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the use of the Ovidian exile persona in the exile writing of the poet Théophile de Viau (1590–1626) and memoirist Bussy-Rabutin (1618–93). It explores how Ovid’s exile work, and particularly Tristia 2 (addressed to Augustus), establishes a paradigm for communication with the perpetrator of one’s disgrace, in what emerges as a complex gesture of plea and aggressive flattery. Both French writers were exiled for—among other things—their writing, and also, like Ovid, used writing to try to restore their reputation or reverse the sentence. In different ways, the gestures of comparison (initiated in Bussy’s case by his friend, Dominique Bouhours) are consolatory and self-aggrandizing; they also pose literary and political questions about censorship, the complex relationship between homme and œuvre and the relative power—in both the present and the future—of a monarch’s actions and writer’s words.
Ovid and Historiography
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the historiographical difficulties entailed in telling Ovid’s story. It analyses the entry on Ovid in Pierre Bayle’s biographical encyclopaedia, Dictionnaire historique et critique. Bayle surveys the historiographical tradition of the Lives of Ovid and, in line with the intentions of the Dictionnaire, which was initially conceived to reveal errors in scholarship, identifies the limitations of many of the sources. Through close reading, this chapter examines how Bayle reads Ovid, situating this within the hermeneutical debates about reading Bayle. Bayle’s analysis of Ovid’s elusive explanations for why he was exiled allows for a paradoxical demonstration of both the need for, and the limitations of, historical enquiry, illustrating the scepticism towards knowledge and authority implicit in the Dictionnaire as a whole.