bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new approach for pancreatic tissue engineering: human endometrial stem cells encapsulated in fibrin gel can differentiate to pancreatic islet beta‐cell
Authors: Niknamasl Azadeh , Ostad Seyed Nasser , Soleimani Mansoureh , Azami Mahmoud , Salmani Maryam Kabir , Lotfibakhshaiesh Nasrin , Ebrahimi‐Barough Somayeh , Karimi Roya , Roozafzoon Reza , Ai Jafar
Published: June 2014

Metabolic diabetes mellitus as the most serious and prevalent metabolic disease in the world has various complications. The most effective treatment of type I diabetes seems to be islet cell transplantation. Shortage of donors and difficult procedures and high rate of rejection have always restricted this approach. Tissue engineering is a novel effective solution to many medical problems such as diabetes. Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells as a lineage which have the potential to differentiate to mesodermal and endodermal tissues seem to be suitable for this purpose. Fibrin hydrogel with a high degree of biocompatibility and specific properties making it similar to normal pancreas seems to be an ideal scaffold. After successfully isolating stem cells (hEnSCs) from human endometrium, a three‐step protocol was used to differentiate them into pancreatic beta cells. Fibrin was used as 3D scaffold. After 2 weeks, cells formed clusters like islets cells, and secretion of insulin was measured by chemiluminescence. PDX1, proinsulin, and c‐peptide as special markers of β cells were detected by immunofluorescence. Expression of glucagon, PDX1, and insulin genes in mRNA level was detected by Real time PCR and gel electrophoresis. The former showed higher levels of gene expression in 3D cultures. SEM analysis showed good integrity between cells and scaffold. No toxicity was detected with fibrin scaffold by MTT assay.
Coating of electrospun poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanofibers with willemite bioceramic: improvement of bone reconstruction in rat model
Authors: Jamshidi Adegani Fatemeh , Langroudi Lida , Ardeshirylajimi Abdolreza , Dinarvand Peyman , Dodel Masumeh , Doostmohammadi Ali , Rahimian Ali , Zohrabi Parastoo , Seyedjafari Ehsan , Soleimani Masoud
Published: June 2014

We have investigated the combination effects of bioceramics and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) on bone reconstruction in calvarial critical size defects using a rat model. Willemite (Zn2SiO4) ceramics were prepared and coated on the surface of electrospun fabricated scaffolds. After scaffolds and nanoparticles characterization, osteoconductivity of the construct was analyzed using digital mammography, multislice spiral‐computed tomography (MSCT) imaging, and histological analysis. Eight weeks after implantation, no sign of inflammation was observed at the site of the osseous defect. The results showed that the ceramics supported bone regeneration and highest bone reconstruction were observed in willemite‐coated PLGA. This suggests that electrospun PLGA nanofibers coated with BG are potential candidate implants for bone tissue engineering applications.
Transcatheter occlusion of large pulmonary arteriovenous malformations using multiple devices in a neonate
Authors: Devanagondi Rajiv , Tapio Jason B. , Grifka Ronald G.
Published: June 2014

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are usually well‐tolerated hemodynamically. Rarely, they cause severe neonatal cyanosis, requiring urgent treatment. We report the use of multiple transcatheter vascular occlusion devices to reduce right‐to‐left shunting in a neonate with multiple, large PAVMs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous kissing stent in a patient with severe bifurcation pulmonary vein stenosis
Authors: Cubeddu Roberto J. , Gulati Vishal K.
Published: June 2014

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a late and rare complication of pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The ideal approach to the management of PVS has not yet been established, however, corrective procedures may include both surgical and percutaneous techniques. We describe the case of a complex bifurcation lesion involving the left superior pulmonary vein. The condition required percutaneous intervention using a modified kissing stent technique with bare metal stents that resulted in an excellent post‐operative course, sustained symptomatic relief, and uncomplicated 1‐year follow‐up. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary artery stents in the recent era
Authors: Ing Frank F. , Khan Asra , Kobayashi Daisuke , Hagler Donald J. , Forbes Thomas J.
Published: June 2014

Background

Long‐term follow‐up after stent dilation of native and acquired pulmonary artery stenosis is scarce in the pediatric population. Most cohorts include a myriad of anatomies and associated conditions.

Method

In order to establish objective performance criteria, we performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent unilateral pulmonary artery stenting in biventricular physiology at three centers from June 2006 to June 2011.

Results

Fifty‐eight patients received 60 stents with Palmaz Genesis stent used most commonly (78%). Average age at implantation was 10.4 ± 10.3 years and weight 31.6 ± 21.8 kg. The immediate success rate was 98%, with improvement in minimal diameter from 5.1 ± 2 cm to 10.6 ± 3 cm (P < 0.01). There were 10 complications (7 major and 3 minor) and no acute mortality. One‐year follow‐up studies were available in 48 patients (83%), including echocardiogram (60%), catheterization (28%), MRI (29%), and lung perfusion (31%). Follow‐up echocardiogram showed mild increase in stent gradient, from 5.7 ± 6.7 mm Hg post‐procedure to 17.1 ± 11.7 mm Hg. Follow‐up catheterization showed no significant change in minimal stent diameter (8.8 ± 2.6 to 7.8 ± 2.3 mm), gradient (7.7 ± 8.4 to 12.6 ± 12.2 mm Hg), or right ventricular pressures (43.7 ± 9 to 47.7 ± 10.5 mm Hg). Nine patients (16%) underwent scheduled stent redilation over a period of 12 days to 25 months.

Conclusion

In conclusion, stent implantation shows excellent immediate and 1‐year follow‐up results with maintenance of improved caliber of the stented vessel and lowered right ventricular systolic pressures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of deep sedation as compared to general anaesthesia in percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip® system
Authors: Rassaf Tienush , Balzer Jan , Zeus Tobias , Rammos Christos , Shayganfar Sascha , Hall Silke V. , Wagstaff Rabea , Kelm Malte
Published: June 2014

Objective

To characterize the safety and efficacy of deep sedation (DS) as compared to general anaesthesia (GA) in percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) using the MitraClip® system.

Background

PMVR with the MitraClip® system has emerged as a therapeutic alternative to surgical valve repair in high‐risk patients. The PMVR procedure is typically performed under GA. Due to their high surgical risk, avoidance of GA in many of those patients would be desirable. Methods: In an open‐label observational study 21 patients with severe mitral regurgitation were randomized to either GA or DS using propofol. Primary endpoints of this comparison were related to safety with rate of conversion from DS to GA, bleeding, aspiration, and pneumonia. Secondary endpoints were related to efficacy with procedural, in‐hospital, and mid‐term outcome at 1 month.

Results

All clips have been implanted successfully in both groups. No conversion from DS to GA was necessary. Four patients undergoing GA suffered from upper respiratory tract infections and two from peripheral vascular complications during placement of central venous catheter for GA. Short‐ and mid‐term efficacy were comparable in both groups with a reduced hospital stay in the DS group.

Conclusion

PVMR in high‐risk patients performed under DS is as safe and effective as with GA, preventing complications related to GA and shortening hospital stay. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of the Continuous Polycondensation Process for Polyethylene Adipate
Authors: Xi Zhenhao , Chen Like , Sun Wenjun , Zhao Ling , Yuan Weikang
Published: June 2014

A continuous polycondensation process for polyethylene adipate in a bubbling reactive distillation tower with six trays allowed achieving high conversion of carboxyl end groups within short residence times. Influences of different operating conditions including residence time, reaction temperature, pressure, etc. on reactor performance were investigated by experimental and simulation analyses. Optimal conditions for polyethylene adipate continuous polycondensation in the bubbling reactive distillation tower reactor were defined and applied to the process.
Hybrid Reverse Osmosis‐Capacitive Deionization versus Two‐Stage Reverse Osmosis: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Minhas Muhammad B. , Jande Yusufu A. C. , Kim Woo‐Seung
Published: June 2014

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a high‐pressure single‐phase desalination process used to obtain freshwater from seawater/brackish water. The RO system shows high energy consumption for a given unit volume of pure water produced. The reported hybrid system of RO and capacitive deionization (CDI) aims at improving the RO water recovery and minimizing energy consumption. The RO‐CDI system is simulated and compared with two‐stage RO, to determine the effectiveness of the new hybrid system. The energy recovery from RO brine was also studied. The specific energy consumption by two‐stage RO for two different arrangements of the energy recovery device is higher than for RO‐CDI. The hybrid RO‐CDI system is energy efficient for the production of freshwater from brackish water.
Geometric Matching Principle for Adsorption Selectivity of Ionic Liquids: A Simple Method into the Fascinating World of Shape‐Controlled Chemistry
Authors: Qi Kezhen , Qin Qing , Duan Xiaochuan , Wang Guichang , Wu Liyan , Zheng Wenjun
Published: June 2014

Ionic liquids (ILs) possess effective functions in controlling the phase and morphology of nanomaterials. However, it is still unclear how ILs affect the morphology control and what the origin of adsorption selectivity of ILs is on different crystal facets. It is a challenge to develop a simple method to select the suitable kinds of ILs for achieving the controllable synthesis of nanomaterials with designable shape. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were combined with experiment to study the interaction mechanism between ILs and crystal facets. An important relationship is proposed, named as the geometric matching principle, in which the adsorption site of substrate should not only need to meet the space requirement for interionic stacking of ILs, but also needs to maximize the interaction between adsorbed ILs and substrate. This new finding is meaningful for prediction of the adsorption selectivity of ILs and clarification of their shape‐controlled chemistry.
Investigations of Scope and Mechanism of Nickel‐Catalyzed Transformations of Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidates to Glycosyl Trichloroacetamides and Subsequent, Atom‐Economical, One‐Step Conversion to α‐Urea‐Glycosides
Authors: McKay Matthew J. , Park Nathaniel H. , Nguyen Hien M.
Published: June 2014

The development and mechanistic investigation of a highly stereoselective methodology for preparing α‐linked‐urea neo‐glycoconjugates and pseudo‐oligosaccharides is described. This two‐step procedure begins with the selective nickel‐catalyzed conversion of glycosyl trichloroacetimidates to the corresponding α‐trichloroacetamides. The α‐selective nature of the conversion is controlled with a cationic nickel(II) catalyst, [Ni(dppe)(OTf)2] (dppe=1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, OTf=triflate). Mechanistic studies have identified the coordination of the nickel catalyst with the equatorial C2‐ether functionality of the α‐glycosyl trichloroacetimidate to be paramount for achieving an α‐stereoselective transformation. A cross‐over experiment has indicated that the reaction does not proceed in an exclusively intramolecular fashion. The second step in this sequence is the direct conversion of α‐glycosyl trichloroacetamide products into the corresponding α‐urea glycosides by reacting them with a wide variety of amine nucleophiles in presence of cesium carbonate. Only α‐urea‐product formation is observed, as the reaction proceeds with complete retention of stereochemical integrity at the anomeric CN bond.
Isolable Aryl‐Substituted Silyl Radicals: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity
Authors: Taira Kanako , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: June 2014

Isolable aryl‐substituted silyl radicals (tBu2MeSi)2(Ar)Si. (Ar=C6H5, 4‐tBuC6H4, 4‐PhC6H4, 3,5‐tBu2C6H3) were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding iodosilane with an equimolar amount of potassium graphite (KC8) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The crystal structure of 3,5‐tBu2C6H3 derivative, which was determined by X‐ray crystallography, showed a planar geometry around the Si atom for the radical center. EPR studies of all four radicals revealed the lack of the delocalization of the unpaired electron over the aromatic ring. Reactivity and spectroscopic studies of the less‐hindered phenyl‐substituted silyl radical showed that it exists as an equilibrium mixture of the radical and its silene‐type dimer in solution.
Metal‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling Reactions of Organic Halides with Carbonyl‐Type Compounds
Authors: Moragas Toni , Correa Arkaitz , Martin Ruben
Published: June 2014

Metal‐catalyzed reductive coupling reactions of aryl halides and (pseudo)halides with carbonyl‐type compounds have undergone an impressive development within the last years. These methodologies have shown to be a powerful alternate strategy, practicality aside, to the use of stoichiometric, well‐defined, and, in some cases, air‐sensitive organometallic species. In this Minireview, the recent findings in this field are summarized, with particular emphasis on the mechanistic interpretation of the results and future aspects of this area of expertise.
Fully Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted, Functionalized Piperidines and Decahydroquinolines Based on Multicomponent Reactions Catalyzed by Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Suryavanshi Padmakar A. , Sridharan Vellaisamy , Maiti Swarupananda , Menéndez J. Carlos
Published: June 2014

The cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN)‐catalyzed, three‐component reaction between primary amines, β‐dicarbonyl compounds, and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in ethanol heated to reflux, constitutes a general, one‐pot synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines. Their reduction with sodium triacetoxyborohydride furnished piperidine derivatives bearing up to five substituents with full diastereoselectivity in a hitherto inaccessible stereochemical arrangement. The reaction proceeded with no significant loss of enantiomeric purity under mild reduction conditions that are compatible with several functional groups that are normally sensitive to reduction. Octahydroquinolin‐5‐one derivatives, which were prepared by a modified version of the initial multicomponent reaction, were not suitable substrates for the sodium triacetoxyborohydride mediated reduction, but they were transformed into the corresponding decahydroquinolines, including a precursor of the amphibian alkaloid pumiliotoxin C, by catalytic hydrogenation under a variety of conditions.
Uniaxial Movements of a Metal–Cyanide Framework Switched by Weak Interactions through Dehydration and Rehydration
Authors: Wei Bin , Shang Ran , Zhang Xi , Shao Xiu‐Dan , Yao Ye‐Feng , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Xiong Ren‐Gen , Zhang Wen
Published: June 2014

A metal–cyanide framework undergoes a dehydration–rehydration triggered reversible single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation. The resulting accordion‐like contraction–expansion corresponds to a size change along the c axis as much as 24 %. This anisotropic response arises from the cooperativity among the water molecules, K ions, and CN groups between the unique two‐dimensional bimetallic layers through weak interactions of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic (ionic) interactions. The key role of the water molecules in the dehydration–rehydration process is revealed by solid‐state 1H NMR spectroscopy and dielectric measurements.
A Novel Domino Synthesis of Quinazolinediones by Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Carbonylation
Authors: Li Haoquan , Li Wanfang , Spannenberg Anke , Baumann Wolfgang , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: June 2014

Combining commercially available bromoanilines and bromobenzonitriles in a novel double carbonylation process allows for a straightforward synthesis of isoindolo[1,2‐b]quinazoline‐10,12‐diones. At least five different CC and/or CN bonds are selectively formed in this 3‐component reaction, which likely proceeds through sequential carbonylation–cyclization–isomerisation–carbonylation steps. Notably, two molecules of CO are inserted in this highly efficient palladium‐catalyzed process.
Rolle und Bedeutung der Chemie im Terrorismus
Authors: Wöhrle Dieter
Published: June 2014

Terrorismus richtet sich durch Terrororganisationen und auch terroristische Einzeltäter mit Gewaltaktionen als Druckmittel gegen die demokratisch etablierte Ordnung mit dem Ziel eines politischen oder religiösen Wandels. Im Vordergrund steht die auch weiterhin zunehmende Zahl von Anschlägen mit Explosivstoffen, die in diesem Artikel etwas eingehender behandelt werden. Auch Brandbomben bilden einen einfachen Zugang zu Anschlägen. Ein großes Gefahrenpotential wird durch das Ausbringen toxischer Chemikalien (chemische Kampfstoffe, Produkte aus der industriellen Produktion) gesehen. Dies betrifft auch die Freisetzung von radioaktiven Stoffen mit Hilfe von Explosivstoffen. Dann werden Möglichkeiten des Missbrauchs der Chemie zusammenfassend auch unter Berücksichtigung möglicher terroristischer Anschläge durch biologische und nukleare Waffen gegenübergestellt. Damit können wir uns in der Verantwortung für unser Fach besser in die Diskussion um den Terrorismus, Gefahren durch Anschläge und mögliche Vermeidungsstrategien einschalten.
Selective Route to 2‐Propenyl Aryls Directly from Wood by a Tandem Organosolv and Palladium‐Catalysed Transfer Hydrogenolysis
Authors: Galkin Maxim V. , Samec Joseph S. M.
Published: June 2014

A tandem organosolv pulping and Pd‐catalysed transfer hydrogenolysis depolymerisation and deoxygenation has been developed. The tandem process generated 2‐methoxy‐4‐(prop‐1‐enyl)phenol in 23 % yield (92 % theoretical monomer yield) starting from pine wood and 2,6‐dimethoxy‐4‐(prop‐1‐enyl)phenol in 49 % yield (92 % theoretical monomer yield) starting from birch wood. Only endogenous hydrogen from wood was consumed, and the reaction was performed using green solvents.
Direct Amidation of Carboxylic Acids with Tertiary Amines: Amide Formation over Copper Catalysts through C–N Bond Cleavage
Authors: Xiong Biquan , Zhu Longzhi , Feng Xiaofeng , Lei Jian , Chen Tieqiao , Zhou Yongbo , Han Li‐Biao , Au Chak‐Tong , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: June 2014

A copper‐catalyzed system for the amidation of carboxylic acids with tert‐amines through C–N bond cleavage was developed. This protocol is practical and represents a simple way to produce functionalized amides from basic starting materials in moderate to good yields. A plausible mechanism is proposed for the reaction.
Qigong versus exercise therapy for chronic low back pain in adults – A randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Blödt S. , Pach D. , Kaster T. , Lüdtke R. , Icke K. , Reisshauer A. , Witt C.M.
Published: June 2014

Background

The value of qigong in the treatment of chronic low back pain is unclear. In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated whether qigong is non‐inferior to exercise therapy in patients with chronic low back pain.

Methods

German outpatients (aged 46.7 ± 10.4) with chronic low back pain [mean visual analogue scale (VAS), 53.9 ± 12.5 mm] were enrolled and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either qigong (64 patients, 12 sessions with 1 × 90 min/week over 3 months) or exercise therapy (63 patients, 12 sessions 1 × 60 min/week). The primary outcome measure was the average pain intensity over the last 7 days on a VAS (0–100 mm, 0 = no pain, 100 = worst imaginable pain, non‐inferiority margin = 5 mm) after 3 months. Follow‐up was measured after 6 and 12 months.

Results

The mean adjusted low back pain intensity after 3 months was 34.8 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) 29.5; 40.2] in the qigong group and 33.1 mm (95% CI 27.7; 38.4) in the exercise group. Non‐inferiority of the qigong group compared with the exercise group failed to show statistical significance (p = 0.204). In both groups, 10 patients reported suspected adverse reactions (e.g., muscle soreness, dizziness, pain) the total number was comparable in both groups (qigong n = 40, exercise n = 44).

Conclusions

Qigong was not proven to be non‐inferior to exercise therapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Its role in the prevention of chronic low back pain might be addressed in further studies.
The Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) Dataset V1.0
Authors: Montabone L. , Marsh K. , Lewis S. R. , Read P. L. , Smith M. D. , Holmes J. , Spiga A. , Lowe D. , Pamment A.
Published: June 2014

The Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) dataset version 1.0 contains the reanalysis of fundamental atmospheric and surface variables for the planet Mars covering a period of about three Martian years (a Martian year is about 1.88 terrestrial years). This has been produced by data assimilation of observations from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft during its science mapping phase (February 1999–August 2004). In particular, we have used retrieved thermal profiles and total dust optical depths from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on board MGS. Data have been assimilated into a Mars global climate model (MGCM) using the Analysis Correction scheme developed at the UK Meteorological Office. The MGCM used is the UK spectral version of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD, Paris, France) MGCM. MACDA is a joint project of the University of Oxford and The Open University in the UK.
40Ar/39Ar dating, fluid inclusions and S–Pb isotope systematics of the Shabaosi gold deposit, Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Liu Jun , Wu Guang , Qiu Huaning , Li Yuan
Published: June 2014

The Shabaosi deposit is the only large lode gold deposit in the northern Great Xing'an Range. The gold ore bodies are hosted by sandstone and siltstone of the Middle Jurassic Ershi'erzhan Formation, and are controlled by three N–S‐trending altered fracture zones. The gold ore bodies are composed of auriferous quartz veinlets and altered rocks. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the ore‐forming fluids belong to a H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4 system, with salinities between 0.83 and 8.28 wt% NaCl eq., and homogenization temperatures ranging from 180 to 320 °C. The δ34S values of sulphides show a large variation from −16.9‰ to 8.5‰. The Pb isotope compositions of sulphides are characterized by a narrow range of ratios: 18.289 to 18.517 for 206Pb/204Pb, 15.548 to 15.625 for 207Pb/204Pb, and 38.149 to 38.509 for 208Pb/204Pb. The μ values range from 9.36 to 9.51. These results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids/materials were mainly of magmatic hydrothermal origin, derived from magmas produced by partial melting of the lower crust. The 40Ar/39Ar age of auriferous quartz veinlets from the Shabaosi gold deposit is about 130 Ma. The Shabaosi gold deposit has counterparts in similar orogenic gold deposits, and was formed during the post‐collisional setting of the Mongolia–Okhotsk Orogen. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐associated changes in hippocampal‐dependent cognition in Diversity Outbred mice
Authors: Koh Ming Teng , Spiegel Amy M. , Gallagher Michela
Published: June 2014

Episodic memory impairment due to aging has been linked to hippocampal dysfunction. Evidence exists for alterations in specific circuits within the hippocampal system that are closely coupled to individual differences in the presence and severity of such memory loss. Here, we used the newly developed Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse that was designed to model the genetic diversity in human populations. Young and aged DO mice were tested in a hippocampal‐dependent water maze task. Young mice showed higher proficiency and more robust memory compared to the overall performance of aged mice. A substantial number of the older mice, however, performed on par with the normative performance of the younger mice. Stereological quantification of somatostatin‐immunoreactive neurons in the dentate hilus showed that high‐performing young and unimpaired aged mice had similar numbers of somatostatin‐positive interneurons, while aged mice that were impaired in the spatial task had significantly fewer such neurons. These data in the DO model tie loss of hilar inhibitory network integrity to age‐related memory impairment, paralleling data in other rodent models. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ANI inactivation: Unconditioned anxiolytic effects of anisomycin in the ventral hippocampus
Authors: Greenberg Anastasia , Ward‐Flanagan Rachel , Dickson Clayton T. , Treit Dallas
Published: June 2014

Although hippocampal function is typically described in terms of memory, recent evidence suggests a differentiation along its dorsal/ventral axis, with dorsal regions serving memory and ventral regions serving emotion. While long‐term memory is thought to be dependent on de novo protein synthesis because it is blocked by translational inhibitors such as anisomycin (ANI), online (moment‐to‐moment) functions of the hippocampus (such as unconditioned emotional responding) should not be sensitive to such manipulations since they are unlikely to involve neuroplasticity. However, ANI has recently been shown to suppress neural activity which suggests (1) that protein synthesis is critical for neural function and (2) that paradigms using ANI are confounded by its inactivating effects. We tested this idea using a neurobehavioral assay which compared the influence of intrahippocampal infusions of ANI at dorsal and ventral sites on unconditioned emotional behavior of rats. We show that ANI infusions in ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus produced a suppression of anxiety‐related responses in two well‐established rodent tests: the elevated plus maze and shock‐probe burying tests. These results are similar to those previously observed when ventral hippocampal activity is directly suppressed (e.g., by using sodium channel blockers). The present study offers compelling behavioral evidence for the proposal that ANI adversely affects ongoing neural function and therefore its influence is not simply limited to impairing the consolidation of long‐term memories. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Development of Symbolic Uses of Objects in Infants in a Triadic Context: A Pragmatic and Semiotic Perspective
Authors: Palacios Pedro , Rodríguez Cintia
Published: June 2014

In this study, we address the construction of the first symbolic uses of objects in contexts of triadic interaction (adult–child–object). We assume that symbolic productions are based on public rules of the use of objects previously agreed by the community. The first symbols are not rooted in any literal, evident reality, but in shared rules of uses about the material world. We observed six dyads communicating and interacting together with 10 objects in a semi‐structured situation longitudinally from 9 to 15 months of age. We found that the infants gradually constructed symbolic meanings, and we identified five symbolic levels and sublevels. At 9 months, the infants attended and engaged in the symbolic uses produced by an adult even though they themselves were not yet able to produce them. At 12 months, infants began to use objects symbolically to communicate with adults. The highest percentage of these first symbolic uses was of level 1, that is, with a close relation to the conventional use of the object used to perform the symbol. At 15 months, children increased their symbolic uses and performed symbolic uses at all levels, whereas adults reduced such practices. Adult semiotic mediation and the social meanings of objects can be considered important factors in children's symbolic productions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epigenetic Landscape of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia—Moving Toward Personalized Medicine
Authors: Lamba Gurpreet , Zaidi Sayyed Kaleem , Luebbers Kimberly , Verschraegen Claire , Stein Gary S. , Rosmarin Alan
Published: June 2014

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic cancer that is characterized by accumulation of immature myeloid cells in the blood and bone marrow. The malignant cells in AML have reduced capacity to mature fully, and often exhibit chromosomal abnormalities, defects in cell signaling, and abnormal cell cycle control. Genetic and epigenetic changes are implicated in the onset and progression of AML. While progress has been made in using genetic and epigenetic changes as prognostic features of AML, these findings have not yet been effectively translated into novel treatment strategies. Disappointingly, rates of recurrence in AML remain high and overall survival is poor. Research strategies should focus on developing a comprehensive landscape of genetic and epigenetic changes in individual patients with AML to expand the clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium and to individualize and optimize treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1669–1672, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sp1 Is Necessary for Gene Activation of Adamts17 by Estrogen
Authors: Jia Zanhui , Gao Shuping , M'Rabet Nadira , De Geyter Christian , Zhang Hong
Published: June 2014

Adamts17 is a member of a family of secreted metalloproteinases. In this report, we show that knockdown of Adamts17 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits breast cancer cell growth. Adamts17 expression can rapidly be induced by estrogens. siRNA knockdown of Sp1 or Myc demonstrated that Sp1 is required to induce Adamts17 gene expression in response to estrogen. Moreover, reporter assays showed that the proximal promoter and the upstream sequences were not capable of conferring estrogen responsiveness, suggesting that Sp1 elements may be located in the downstream intronic region. We further demonstrated that Sp1 and Myc binding in the proximal promoter region contributed to the Adamts17 basal expression. Furthermore, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and methylase inhibitors also induced Adamts17 expression, indicating that epigenetic alterations, such as aberrant HDAC and/or methylation are associated with dysregulated Adamts17 expression. By meta‐analysis using Oncomine microarray data, we found that higher Adamts17 expression is found in several human cancer cell subtypes, especially in breast ductal carcinoma. Moreover, we found that there is an inverse correlation between higher Adamts17 expression and patients' survival. Our study suggests that Adamts17 may support breast cancer cell growth and survival. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1829–1839, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tension Force‐Induced ATP Promotes Osteogenesis Through P2X7 Receptor in Osteoblasts
Authors: Kariya Taro , Tanabe Natsuko , Shionome Chieko , Manaka Soichiro , Kawato Takayuki , Zhao Ning , Maeno Masao , Suzuki Naoto , Shimizu Noriyoshi
Published: June 2014

Orthodontic tooth movement induces alveolar bone resorption and formation by mechanical stimuli. Force exerted on the traction side promotes bone formation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the key mediators that respond to bone cells by mechanical stimuli. However, the effect of tension force (TF)‐induced ATP on osteogenesis is inadequately understood. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of TF on ATP production and osteogenesis in MC3T3‐E1 cells. Cells were incubated in the presence or absence of P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079, and then stimulated with or without cyclic TF (6% or 18%) for a maximum of 24 h using Flexercell Strain Unit 3000. TF significantly increased extracellular ATP release compared to control. Six percent TF had maximum effect on ATP release compared to 18% TF and control. Six percent TF induced the expression of Runx2 and Osterix. Six percent TF also increased the expression of extracellular matrix proteins (ECMPs), ALP activity, and the calcium content in ECM. A438079 blocked the stimulatory effect of 6% TF on the expression of Runx2, Osterix and ECMPs, ALP activity, and calcium content in ECM. This study indicated that TF‐induced extracellular ATP is released in osteoblasts, suggesting that TF‐induced ATP promotes osteogenesis by autocrine action through P2X7 receptor in osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 12–21, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spindle Microtubule Dysfunction and Cancer Predisposition
Authors: Stumpff Jason , Ghule Prachi N. , Shimamura Akiko , Stein Janet L. , Greenblatt Marc
Published: June 2014

Chromosome segregation and spindle microtubule dynamics are strictly coordinated during cell division in order to preserve genomic integrity. Alterations in the genome that affect microtubule stability and spindle assembly during mitosis may contribute to genomic instability and cancer predisposition, but directly testing this potential link poses a significant challenge. Germ‐line mutations in tumor suppressor genes that predispose patients to cancer and alter spindle microtubule dynamics offer unique opportunities to investigate the relationship between spindle dysfunction and carcinogenesis. Mutations in two such tumor suppressors, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and Shwachman–Bodian–Diamond syndrome (SBDS), affect multifunctional proteins that have been well characterized for their roles in Wnt signaling and interphase ribosome assembly, respectively. Less understood, however, is how their shared involvement in stabilizing the microtubules that comprise the mitotic spindle contributes to cancer predisposition. Here, we briefly discuss the potential for mutations in APC and SBDS as informative tools for studying the impact of mitotic spindle dysfunction on cellular transformation. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1881–1883, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interest Rate Dynamics in Kenya: Commercial Banks' Rates and the 91‐Day Treasury Bill Rate
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Gil‐Alana Luis A.
Published: June 2014

This paper analyses the implicit dynamics underlying the interest rate structure in Kenya. For this purpose, we use data on four interest rates of commercial banks (deposits, savings, lending and overdraft) together with the 91‐day Treasury Bill rate, for the period July 1991 to August 2010, and apply various techniques based on long‐range dependence and, in particular, on fractional integration. The results indicate that all series examined are nonstationary with orders of integration equal to or higher than 1 when using parametric techniques and slightly smaller than 1 when using semiparametric methods. The analysis of various spreads suggests that lending–savings and deposits–savings are also nonstationaryI(1) variables; however, the spreadsvis‐à‐visthe Treasury Bill rate may be mean reverting if the errors are autocorrelated. The high level of dependence observed in some of these series could be the result of an incorrect interest rate policy, implying the desirability of a policy aimed at reducing interest rate volatility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability and relationships between Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations in soil solutions and forest floor leachates at heavily polluted sites
Authors: Kabala Cezary , Karczewska Anna , Medynska‐Juraszek Agnieszka
Published: June 2014

Seasonal variability of Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in litter leachates and soil solutions was examined in an afforested zone surrounding a copper smelter in SW Poland. Litter leachates (with zero‐tension lysimeters) and soil solutions (with MacroRhizon suction‐cup samplers, installed at a depth of 25–30 cm) were collected monthly at three sites differing in contamination levels in the years 2009 and 2010 (total Cu: 2380, 439, and 200 mg kg–1, respectively). Concentrations of Cu in the litter leachate were correlated with dissolved organic C (DOC), whereas Zn and Pb were mainly related to leachate pH. Metal concentrations in the soil solution were weakly influenced by their total content in soils and the monthly fluctuations reached 300, 600, and 700% for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Metal concentrations in soil solutions (Cu 110–460 μg L–1; Zn 20–1190 μg L–1; Pb 0.5–36 μg L–1) were correlated with their contents in the litter leachates. Chemical speciation, using Visual Minteq 3.0, proved organically‐complexed forms even though the correlations between metal concentrations and soil solution pH and DOC were statistically insignificant. The flux of organically‐complexed metals from contaminated forest floors is believed to be a direct and crucial factor affecting the actual heavy metal concentrations and their forms in the soil solutions of the upper mineral soil horizons.
CARS microscopy as a tool for studying the distribution of micronised drugs in adhesive mixtures for inhalation
Authors: Fussell Andrew L. , Grasmeijer Floris , Frijlink Henderik W. , de Boer Anne H. , Offerhaus Herman L.
Published: June 2014

Drug particles can be produced in the proper aerodynamic particle size distribution (PSD) for inhalation by techniques such as micronisation or spray drying (1–5 µm). However, mixing with coarse carrier particles may change the PSD by agglomeration. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the drug particles on the carrier particles in adhesive mixtures is highly relevant to the dispersion performance of inhalation powders. Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is capable of chemically selective imaging, allowing the distribution of drug particles on the surface of carrier particles to be visualised. We used CARS microscopy to image the drug distribution for budesonide and salmeterol on the surface of lactose carrier particles. Image analysis was performed to determine the drug PSD that was then compared with the PSD obtained from laser diffraction. Additionally, comparative CARS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were recorded to allow a direct comparison of the images obtained from CARS microscopy and from SEM. CARS microscopy revealed the drug to be in clusters on the surface of the carrier particles, while the image analysis identified 68% of the particles to have a median area of 0.4 µm2. Image analysis resulted in measurement of larger particles than laser diffraction, which may be caused by agglomeration during mixing. The combined chemical and morphological information from comparative CARS and SEM analysis resulted in unambiguous identification of the spatial drug distribution over the carrier surface. Our results indicate that CARS microscopy is a useful tool to study adhesive mixtures for inhalation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of UV–Vis radiation, and oscillations of temperature and relative humidity, on malachite alteration in the presence of different organic binders and varnishes
Authors: Špec Tanja , Retko Klara , Ropret Polonca , Meden Anton , Bernard Janez
Published: June 2014

The presented study describes the deterioration of a traditional pigment, malachite—[Cu2(CO3)(OH)2] in different binders, as a consequence of environmental effects acting on paint layers which were prepared according to traditional Baroque recipes. Malachite has often been reported to be very permanent in all binding media; however, investigations of aged and non‐aged paint layers by means of Raman microscopy have shown instability of the carbonate part of the molecule, especially when malachite is present in an egg yolk medium. Decomposition of the pigment and the formation of degradation products such as copper oxide (tenorite—CuO) were observed. The possible formation of another copper oxide, paramelaconite—Cu4O3 was also taken into consideration. In order to obtain additional information on the degradation processes which affect malachite paint layers, supporting analytical methods, such as scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction, were used. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of crayfish bio‐based plastic materials processed by small‐scale injection moulding
Authors: Felix Manuel , Romero Alberto , Cordobes Felipe , Guerrero Antonio
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

Protein has been investigated as a source for biodegradable polymeric materials. This work evaluates the development of plastic materials based on crayfish and glycerol blends, processed by injection moulding, as a fully biodegradable alternative to conventional polymer‐based plastics. The effect of different additives, namely sodium sulfite or bisulfite as reducing agents, urea as denaturing agent and l‐cysteine as cross‐linking agent, is also analysed.

RESULTS

The incorporation of any additive always yields an increase in energy efficiency at the mixing stage, but its effect on the mechanical properties of the bioplastics is not so clear, and even dampened. The additive developing a greater effect is l‐cysteine, showing higher Young's modulus values and exhibiting a remnant thermosetting potential. Thus, processing at higher temperature yields a remarkable increase in extensibility.

CONCLUSION

This work illustrates the feasibility of crayfish‐based green biodegradable plastics, thereby contributing to the search for potential value‐added applications for this by‐product. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Company level localization and public affairs officers' educational background in Switzerland
Authors: Schilliger Laura Kristina , Seele Peter
Published: June 2014

As corporate public affairs officers have only rarely been researched in Switzerland, this study contributes a situation analysis of Swiss public affairs officers, their work processes, and biographical background to further fill this empirical gap.

First, the existing public affairs research regarding Switzerland is reviewed, and research questions are derived. The research was conducted by sending out a survey to the members of the Swiss Association for Public Affairs, followed by personal in‐depth interviews with 11 public affairs officers. The findings show that respondents work in organizations that employ 1 to 82,100 people are all Swiss nationals, and their departments are mostly called ‘public affairs’. The responsibility of public affairs is predominantly for senior or top management level, and the majority of public affairs officers report to the director of their department. The respondents are highly educated. Moreover, the paper asks whether public affairs is conducted in a strategic way by taking Fleisher's 10 elements as a conceptual basis. Results show that strategic involvement of their activities is rather low. Recommendations are discussed in order to increase the strategic involvement and advance professionalization of public affairs in Switzerland with specific regard for the political system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro‐biocompatibility of conjugates designed by chemical similarity
Authors: Maione Silvana , Fabregat Georgina , Del Valle Luis J. , Ballano Gema , Cativiela Carlos , Alemán Carlos
Published: June 2014

The roughness and thickness of films formed by hybrid conjugates prepared by coupling poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) and synthetic amino acids bearing a 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene group in the side chain have been significantly increased using a new synthetic approach. This procedure also provoked a more effective incorporation of the amino acid at the end of the polymer chains, as has been reflected by the electronic and electrochemical properties. Although the surface polarity of all these materials is similar to that of formamide, the hydrophilicity of the conjugates is higher than that of the conducting polymer. The surface energy of all the investigated systems is dominated by the dispersive component, even though the role played by the polar contribution is more important for the conjugates than for the conducting polymer. On the other hand, all the prepared materials behave as bioactive matrices. The electrochemical response of the conjugates coated with cells reflects the electro‐compatibility of these two‐component substrates. Thus, the ability to exchange charge reversibly of all conjugates increases considerably when they are coated with cellular monolayers, which has attributed to favorable interactions at the interface formed by the conjugate surface and the cellular monolayer. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cluster impacts in organics: microscopic models and universal sputtering curves
Authors: Delcorte Arnaud , Restrepo Oscar A. , Hamraoui Karim , Czerwinski Bartlomiej
Published: June 2014

This article reviews the results of molecular dynamics simulations of kilo‐electron‐volt projectile (Ga, Au1−400, Bi1−5, C60, Ar60−2000 and organic clusters) impacts with two model hydrocarbon targets, an amorphous solid made of kilodalton molecules and a crystal of polyethylene with ‘infinite’ chain length. The ‘universal’ dependences of the sputtered mass on the projectile energy, when scaled by the projectile mass, with their characteristic transition around 1 eV/amu (or ~14 km/s), are analyzed and explained by the physics of the interaction. We also comment on comparisons with recent experimental sputtering data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution imaging and X‐ray microanalysis in the FE‐SEM
Authors: Brodusch Nicolas , Demers Hendrix , Trudeau Michel , Gauvin Raynald
Published: June 2014

Based on results recorded on real materials with new generation field‐emission scanning electron microscopes (FE‐SEMs), the actual potential of the technique is evaluated. Nanoscale characterization of bulk and nanomaterials using Z‐contrast imaging, X‐rays and Kikuchi diffraction is presented. The advantage of using the full range of accelerating voltages of the FE‐SEM is demonstrated on an energy storage material, and the benefit of using diffraction contrast imaging in bulk crystalline materials to characterize stacking faults, dislocation structures and nanotwins is illustrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
sdf1 Expression Reveals a Source of Perivascular-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Zebrafish
Authors: Lund Troy C. , Patrinostro Xiaobai , Kramer Ashley C. , Stadem Paul , Higgins Lee Ann , Markowski Todd W. , Wroblewski Matt S. , Lidke Diane S. , Tolar Jakub , Blazar Bruce R.
Published: June 2014

There is accumulating evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have their origin as perivascular cells (PVCs) in vivo, but precisely identifying them has been a challenge, as they have no single definitive marker and are rare. We have developed a fluorescent transgenic vertebrate model in which PVC can be visualized in vivo based upon sdf1 expression in the zebrafish. Prospective isolation and culture of sdf1DsRed PVC demonstrated properties consistent with MSC including prototypical cell surface marker expression; mesodermal differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages; and the ability to support hematopoietic cells. Global proteomic studies performed by two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry revealed a high degree of similarity to human MSC (hMSC) and discovery of novel markers (CD99, CD151, and MYOF) that were previously unknown to be expressed by hMSC. Dynamic in vivo imaging during fin regeneration showed that PVC may arise from undifferentiated mesenchyme providing evidence of a PVC-MSC relationship. This is the first model, established in zebrafish, in which MSC can be visualized in vivo and will allow us to better understand their function in a native environment. Stem Cells  2014;32:2767–2779