bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole‐tumor apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for preoperative risk stratification in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ma Xiaoliang , Xu Limin , Ma Fenghua , Zhang Jialiang , Zhang Guofu , Qiang Jinwei
Published: November 2023

Objective

To investigate the application of whole‐tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram metrics for preoperative risk stratification in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEA).

Methods

Preoperative MRI of 502 EEA patients were retrospectively analyzed. Whole tumor ADC histogram analysis was performed with regions of interest drawn on all tumor slices of diffusion‐weighted imaging scans. Risk stratification was based on ESMO‐ESTRO‐ESP guidelines: low‐, intermediate‐, high‐intermediate‐, and high‐risk. Univariable analysis was used to compare ADC histogram metrics (tumor volume, minADC, maxADC, and meanADC; 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of ADC [recorded as P10, P25, P50, P75, and P90 ADC, respectively]; skewness; and kurtosis) between different risk EEAs, and multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the optimal metric or combined model for risk stratifications. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) was used for diagnostic performance evaluation.

Results

A decreasing tendency in multiple ADC values was observed from the low‐ to high‐intermediate‐risk EEAs. The (low + intermediate)‐risk EEAs and low‐risk EEAs had significantly smaller tumor volumes and higher minADCs, meanADCs, P10, P25, P50, P75, and P90 ADCs than the (high‐intermediate + high)‐risk EEAs and non‐low‐risk EEAs (all P < 0.05), respectively. The combined models of the (meanADC + volume) and the (P75 ADC + volume) yielded the largest AUCs of 0.775 and 0.780 in identifying the (low + intermediate)‐ and the low‐risk EEAs from the other EEAs, respectively.

Conclusion

Whole‐tumor ADC histogram metrics might be helpful for preoperatively identifying low‐ and (low + intermediate)‐risk EEAs, facilitating personalized therapeutic planning.
Multiplicity of solutions for a singular problem involving the fractional p$p$‐Laplacian in the whole space
Authors: Wu Zijian , Chen Haibo
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we prove the multiplicity of positive solutions for the following singular problem involving the fractional ‐Laplacian:
Here, , , and . Under appropriate assumptions on , , and , two positive entire solutions are obtained by using the Nehari manifold method.
Trudinger‐type inequalities for variable Riesz potentials of functions in Musielak–Orlicz–Morrey spaces over metric measure spaces
Authors: Ohno Takao , Shimomura Tetsu
Published: November 2023

We study Trudinger‐type inequalities for variable Riesz potentials of functions in Musielak–Orlicz–Morrey spaces over bounded metric measure spaces. As a good example, we obtain Trudinger‐type inequalities for double‐phase functionals . As an application, we introduce Musielak–Orlicz–Morrey–Hajłasz–Sobolev spaces and give Trudinger‐type inequalities for Sobolev functions.
Strategic delegation in Nash bargaining
Authors: Kirstein Roland
Published: November 2023

Bargainers can increase their outcome by delegation. This paper analyzes delegation contracts consisting of two components: First, a percentage of the outcome if the delegate concludes an agreement. Second, a bonus payment if the delegate fails to do so. This paper derives the effects of these components on the principal's payoff and shows that the optimal contract is unique. Optimally, the principal offers a small share and a high reward for failure to reach an agreement. Delegate's bargaining skills play no role in the optimal contract. The condition is derived under which the optimal contract benefits the principal.
Head and Neck Cancer Online Support Groups: Disparities in Participation and Impact on Patients
Authors: Tam Benjamin , Lin Matthew , Castellanos Carlos , Ulloa Ruben , Kokot Niels , Hur Kevin
Published: November 2023

Objective

To characterize the users of the head and neck cancer (HNC) online support group (OSG) and describe the perceived benefits of membership.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Online.

Methods

An administered survey with questions asking about demographics, cancer history, treatment choices, and feelings about OSGs was posted on the 5 largest HNC OSGs on Facebook.

Results

A total of 97 participants completed the survey. Mean age was 57.8 years old (standard deviation = 10.7 years). Most participants were female (50.5%) and Caucasian (92.8%). This cohort was well educated with 65.5% holding at least a college degree. Annual income was high with 41.8% reporting annual income of $100,000 or greater. The most common treatment modality was radiation (88.7%). The most common surgery was neck dissection (46.4%). Most participants preferred OSGs (70.8%) over other support group types. OSGs were heavily utilized with our cohort reporting using the OSG at least several times a week (80.0%). The top reasons for joining the OSG were sharing one's experience of HNC (76.3%) and gaining support from others with HNC (85.6%). OSGs were ranked as the #3 source of medical information for HNC behind otolaryngologists and oncologists. Membership in a HNC OSG had a minimal impact on decision‐making.

Conclusion

HNC OSGs appear to provide a beneficial community for HNC patients. Otolaryngologists should consider incorporating HNC OSG as a possible supplemental resource for their HNC patients.
Research Progress on Quercetin's Biological Activity and Structural Modification Based on Its Antitumor Effects
Authors: Guo Mingxin , Zeng Jiaqi , Sun Zhangzhang , Wu Xia , Hu Zhiqiang
Published: November 2023

Quercetin is a naturally existing flavonoid with numerous physiological effects, including antitumor activity. It functions as an antitumor agent by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell development, preventing tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and reversing tumor multidrug resistance. Quercetin has limited therapeutic usefulness due to its low water solubility, poor oral absorption, and low bioavailability. New quercetin derivatives are being developed and manufactured via a variety of methods to address inadequacies and for utilization in disease prevention and therapy. The synthesis and anticancer effects of quercetin derivatives, as well as the structure‐activity relationship of quercetin derivatives, were explored, and the unique dosage forms of these derivatives were summarized to serve as a reference for future quercetin research and development.
Mitophagy Activation by Urolithin A to Target Muscle Aging
Authors: Faitg Julie , D’Amico Davide , Rinsch Chris , Singh Anurag
Published: November 2023

The age-related loss of skeletal muscle function starts from midlife and if left unaddressed can lead to an impaired quality of life. A growing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is causally involved with muscle aging. Muscles are tissues with high metabolic requirements, and contain rich mitochondria supply to support their continual energy needs. Cellular mitochondrial health is maintained by expansing of the mitochondrial pool though mitochondrial biogenesis, by preserving the natural mitochondrial dynamic process, via fusion and fission, and by ensuring the removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. During aging, mitophagy levels decline and negatively impact skeletal muscle performance. Nutritional and pharmacological approaches have been proposed to manage the decline in muscle function due to impaired mitochondria bioenergetics. The natural postbiotic Urolithin A has been shown to promote mitophagy, mitochondrial function and improved muscle function across species in different experimental models and across multiple clinical studies. In this review, we explore the biology of Urolithin A and the clinical evidence of its impact on promoting healthy skeletal muscles during age-associated muscle decline.
Evaluating the potential impact of lifestyle-based behavior change interventions delivered at the time of colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Shah Veeraj , Geller Greta , Xu Diane , Taylor Lily , Griffin Simon , Usher-Smith Juliet A.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

To analyze interventions implemented at the time of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, or among individuals who have previously undergone investigation for CRC, focused on reducing CRC risk through promotion of lifestyle behavior change. Additionally, this review evaluated to what extent such interventions apply behavior change techniques (BCTs) to achieve their objectives.

Methods

Five databases were systematically searched to identify randomized control trials seeking to reduce CRC risk through behavior change. Outcomes were changes in health-related lifestyle behaviors associated with CRC risk, including changes in dietary habits, body mass index, smoking behaviors, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random effects models. BCT’s were coded from a published taxonomy of 93 techniques.

Results

Ten RCT’s met the inclusion criteria. Greater increase in fruit/vegetable consumption in the intervention group were observed with respect to the control (SMD 0.13, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.18; p < 0.001). Across fiber, alcohol, fat, red meat, and multivitamin consumption, and smoking behaviors, similar positive outcomes were observed (SMD 0.09–0.57 for all, p < 0.01). However, among physical activity and body mass index, no difference between the intervention groups compared with controls were observed. A median of 7.5 BCTs were applied across included interventions.

Conclusion

While magnitude of the observed effect sizes varied, they correspond to potentially important changes in lifestyle behaviors when considered on a population scale. Future interventions should identify avenues to maximize long-term engagement to promote sustained lifestyle behavior change.
On the Single Layer Boundary Integral Operator for the Dirac Equation
Authors: Holzmann Markus
Published: November 2023

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the single layer boundary integral operator $$\mathcal {C}_z$$

C
z

for the Dirac equation in the two- and three-dimensional situation. The map $$\mathcal {C}_z$$

C
z

is the strongly singular integral operator having the integral kernel of the resolvent of the free Dirac operator $$A_0$$

A
0

and z belongs to the resolvent set of $$A_0$$

A
0

. In the case of smooth boundaries fine mapping properties and a decomposition of $$\mathcal {C}_z$$

C
z

in a ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ part are analyzed. The obtained results can be applied in the treatment of Dirac operators with singular electrostatic, Lorentz scalar, and anomalous magnetic interactions that are combined in a critical way.
The genes regulating sensitivity of tumor cells to T cell-mediated killing: could they be potential personalized immunotherapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma?
Authors: Hu Shaonan , Duan Heng , Lu Yongtao , Huang Shaohong
Published: November 2023

Objective

To identify the pivotal genes, specifically the STTK genes, that govern the sensitivity of tumor cells to T cell-mediated killing in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC).

Methods

The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HNSC and STTK genes were overlapped to obtain the DE-STTK genes. Univariate and LASSO regression analyses were conducted to identify the pivotal DE-STTK genes that serve as hubs in HNSC (i.e., hub DE-STTK genes). The risk model was established to divide HNSC tumor samples into high- and low-risk groups based on the hub DE-STTK genes. Further investigations were carried out by examing the expression level, prognostic values, diagnostic values, enriched signaling pathways, correlation with tumor mutation burden (TMB), and association with tumor immune infiltration cells (TIICs).

Results

A total of 71 genes were found to be overlapped between DEGs in HNSC and STTK genes. Lasso regression analysis identified 9 hub genes which were MYF6, AATF, AURKA, CXCL9, DPM2, MYO1B, NCBP2, TNFRSF12A, and TRAF1. The network analysis of hub DE-STTK genes-pathway reveals that these 9 hub genes exhibit enrichment in multiple signaling pathways, including toll-like receptor signaling, TNF signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, spliceosome, mRNA surveillance pathway, nucleocytoplasmic transport, GPI-anchor biosynthesis, as well as N-Glycan biosynthesis. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the majority of correlations between 9 hub DE-STTK genes and immune cells were positive.

Conclusion

The 9 identified hub DE-STTK genes (MYF6, AATF, AURKA, CXCL9, DPM2, MYO1B, NCBP2, TNFRSF12A, and TRAF1) are presumptively implicated in the modulation of tumor immunity in HNSC. These genes, along with their enriched pathways, hold promise as potential personalized immunotherapeutic targets for the treatment of HNSC, thereby offering novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in this malignancy.
Industrial waste heat estimation for the manufacturing industry in Chile
Authors: Fernández A. G. , Soler D. , Miró L. , Labidi J. , Cabeza L. F.
Published: November 2023

Chile is one of the countries with most growing industries worldwide due to their mining and manufacturing industries. Nevertheless, at the same time there is a lack on energy generation and processes efficiency. The objectives of this paper are to estimate the amount of available industrial waste heat derived from the manufacturing industry in Chile, to locate these heat sources geographically, to assess the best technologies to be used to take advantage of this heat, and finally, to estimate the environmental savings of its reuse. Results showed that the sectors with the highest potential for the use of residual heat are food and beverages with an average accumulated potential of 62.9 PJ, basic metals with 21.5 PJ, chemical products with 15.1 PJ, paper products with 10.8 PJ, and non-metallic minerals with 10.6 PJ. With these data, the energy generation in Chile could be more efficient as well as the industrial processes could save more energy, reducing costs and raw materials.
Alterations in Per2, Bcl2 gene expression, and oxidative status in aged rats liver after light pulse at night
Authors: El-Hennamy Rehab E. , Elmasry Heba A.
Published: November 2023

The aging process is characterized by circadian rhythm disruption, in physiology and behavior, which could result from weak entrainment. Light is the most potent cue that entrains the central circadian clock, which in turn synchronizes peripheral clocks in animal tissues. Period 2 (Per2) is one of the clock genes that respond to light. Moreover, oxidative stress could entrain the clock. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate the role of light when applied late at night on the Per2, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) gene expression, and oxidative status in aged rats. Aged rats were divided into a control group and a group exposed to a 30-min light pulse applied daily during the subjective night at 5 am (ZT 22) for 4 weeks. Per2 and Bcl2 gene expression were quantified in liver tissue. To evaluate oxidative status, Glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated. The light pulse reduced the expression levels of Per2 and Bcl2 mRNA. Although it diminished the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels were elevated and the glutathione (GSH) levels were declined. In conclusion, the light pulse late at night abolished Per2 mRNA circadian rhythm and reduced its expression in the liver of the aged rat. Similarly, it diminished the anti-apoptotic gene expression, Bcl2. Moreover, it might attenuate oxidative stress through the reduction in MDA levels.
Convection and Convective‐Organization in Hothouse Climates
Authors: Dagan Guy , Seeley Jacob T. , Steiger Nathan
Published: November 2023

In a “hothouse” climate, warm temperatures lead to a high tropospheric water vapor concentration. Sufficiently high water vapor levels lead to the closing of the water vapor infrared window, which prevents radiative cooling of the lower troposphere. Because water vapor also weakly absorbs solar radiation, hothouse climates feature radiative heating of the lower troposphere. In recent work, this radiative heating was shown to trigger a shift into a novel “episodic deluge” precipitation regime, where rainfall occurs in short, intense outbursts separated by multi‐day dry spells. Here, we further examine the role of the lower tropospheric radiative heating (LTRH) in the transition into the “episodic deluge” regime. We demonstrate that under high sea‐surface temperature the “episodic deluge” regime could be formed even before the LTRH turns positive. In addition, we examine whether these oscillations operate on larger scales and how these oscillations, which represent “temporal” convective self‐organization, would manifest in the presence of traditional “spatial” self‐ or forced‐aggregation in large‐domain convection‐permitting simulations. We find that the temporal oscillations become much less synchronized throughout a large domain ( 1,000 km) because gravity waves cannot propagate fast enough to synchronize convection. We also show that temporal oscillations still dominate the rainfall distribution even when there is tropical convective self‐aggregation or a large‐scale overturning circulation. These results could have important implications for extreme precipitation events under a warming climate.
Efficacy and safety of calcipotriol as a potential topical treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, controlled, triple blinded, split-face clinical trial
Authors: Mahran Ayman , Ghazally Alaa , Ali Ali Saleh , Bakr Radwa M
Published: November 2023

Background

Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem that may result in significant scarring and systemic comorbidities. Adverse effects and increasing resistance to available treatments urge the development of new therapeutics. Topical vitamin D analogues have been successfully used in psoriasis; however, the efficacy and safety of calcipotriol as a potential topical treatment of acne is yet to be established.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of calcipotriol in treating acne compared with adapalene and placebo.

Methods

Sixty patients with acne were included and randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group I participants were treated by daily application of calcipotriol 0.005% cream on one facial side vs. placebo (petrolatum) over the other side. Group II were treated by daily application of adapalene 0.1% gel over one facial side vs. calcipotriol on the other. Therapeutic response was evaluated using the Japanese Acne Grading System (JAGS) and through photographic evaluation using Mean Improvement Score by Physician.

Results

Adapalene-treated skin gave the greatest improvement and the highest patient satisfaction compared with skin treated with calcipotriol or placebo (P = 0.001). Nonetheless, the calcipotriol-treated side showed a significantly greater reduction in post-treatment JAGS score and much greater satisfaction than placebo. As treatment continued, improved tolerability to calcipotriol was noted, with comparable side-effects between the three study arms.

Conclusions

Calcipotriol seems to be a promising new safe topical therapeutic option for acne. However, adapalene is still superior in efficacy, tolerability and patient satisfaction.
Do people with eczema and their carers understand topical steroid potency? Results of two surveys
Authors: Moss Celia , Haider Zahra , Proctor Andrew
Published: November 2023

Topical corticosteroids (TCSs) are classified into four potencies: mild, moderate, potent and very potent. Confusion arises from the wide range of products available, none of which have the potency level printed on the tubes or packaging. An online survey of patients and carers of people with eczema showed that only 17% of 984 respondents knew how many potencies there are. In a second survey, 315 respondents provided 1520 assignments of the potency of commonly used TCSs: 55.5% were correct, 21% were underestimates and 23.5% overestimates. Some errors were extreme: 12 (8%) of those using a very potent TCS considered it mild while 9 (27%) using a mild TCS considered it potent or very potent. Other themes expressed in free-text comments included inadequate and conflicting advice about using TCSs and lack of warnings about long-term adverse effects, particularly topical steroid withdrawal. Ninety-five per cent of respondents wanted TCSs to be clearly labelled with potency.
Commonly used Bayesian diversification methods lead to biologically meaningful differences in branch-specific rates on empirical phylogenies
Authors: Martínez-Gómez Jesús , Song Michael J , Tribble Carrie M , Kopperud Bjørn T , Freyman William A , Höhna Sebastian , Specht Chelsea D , Rothfels Carl J
Published: November 2023

Identifying along which lineages shifts in diversification rates occur is a central goal of comparative phylogenetics; these shifts may coincide with key evolutionary events such as the development of novel morphological characters, the acquisition of adaptive traits, polyploidization or other structural genomic changes, or dispersal to a new habitat and subsequent increase in environmental niche space. However, while multiple methods now exist to estimate diversification rates and identify shifts using phylogenetic topologies, the appropriate use and accuracy of these methods are hotly debated. Here we test whether five Bayesian methods—Bayesian Analysis of Macroevolutionary Mixtures (BAMM), two implementations of the Lineage-Specific Birth–Death–Shift model (LSBDS and PESTO), the approximate Multi-Type Birth–Death model (MTBD; implemented in BEAST2), and the Cladogenetic Diversification Rate Shift model (ClaDS2)—produce comparable results. We apply each of these methods to a set of 65 empirical time-calibrated phylogenies and compare inferences of speciation rate, extinction rate, and net diversification rate. We find that the five methods often infer different speciation, extinction, and net-diversification rates. Consequently, these different estimates may lead to different interpretations of the macroevolutionary dynamics. The different estimates can be attributed to fundamental differences among the compared models. Therefore, the inference of shifts in diversification rates is strongly method dependent. We advise biologists to apply multiple methods to test the robustness of the conclusions or to carefully select the method based on the validity of the underlying model assumptions to their particular empirical system.
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 BA.4/5 Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Against Symptomatic COVID-19 Among Immunocompetent Individuals Testing at a Large US Retail Pharmacy
Authors: Rudolph Abby E , Khan Farid L , Shah Amy , Singh Tanya G , Wiemken Timothy L , Puzniak Laura A , Jodar Luis , McLaughlin John M
Published: November 2023

Background

Data on the effectiveness of BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine stratified by age and prior infection are lacking.

Methods

This test-negative study used data from individuals ≥5 years of age testing for SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms (15 September 2022 to 31 January 2023) at a large national retail pharmacy chain. The exposure was receipt of 2–4 wild-type doses and a BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine (>2 months since last wild-type dose). The outcome was a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Absolute (vs unvaccinated) and relative (vs 2–4 wild-type doses) vaccine effectiveness (VE) were calculated as (1 − adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression) × 100. VE was stratified by age and self-reported prior infection.

Results

Overall, 307 885 SARS-CoV-2 tests were included (7916 aged 5–11, 16 329 aged 12–17, and 283 640 aged ≥18 years). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 39%; 21% were unvaccinated, 70% received 2–4 wild-type doses with no bivalent vaccine, and 9% received a BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent dose. At a median of 1–2 months after BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent vaccination, depending on age group, absolute VE was 22%–60% and was significantly higher among those reporting prior infection (range, 55%–79%) than not (range, no protection to 50%). Relative VE was 31%–64%.

Conclusions

BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent showed early additional protection against Omicron-related symptomatic COVID-19, with hybrid immunity offering greater protection.
Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults: A Monocentric Prospective Study Between 2019 and 2022
Authors: Bay Pierre , Loegel Cloé , Ly Arnaud , Soulier Alexandre , N’Debi Mélissa , Seng Sarah , Kassasseya Christian , Rodriguez Christophe , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel , de Prost Nicolas , Fourati Slim
Published: November 2023

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of pneumonia in adults. Little is known on the viral genetic diversity and the associated clinical phenotypes in this population. This single-center prospective cohort study included RSV-infected patients hospitalized between January 2019 and December 2022. Of 100 patients, including 41 with severe infection, 72 were infected with RSV-B. RSV genome sequencing showed no clustering according to severity. Patients infected with RSV-B with risk factors for severe pneumonia had significantly higher fusion protein diversity scores. No amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to nirsevimab were detected.
Psychoeducation and Family Theory
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: November 2023

Many psychoeducational programs are conducted for families, either singly or in groups. In fact, the explosion in psychoeducation as an intervention for schizophrenia during the early 1980s featured family groups more than any other format. For this reason it is important for the practitioner to have an awareness of theories of family functioning, so that he or she can work toward enhancing family life in a proactive manner. It has already been emphasized in this book that psychoeducation is not a simple process of conveying information or facilitating support—the practitioner must have a sound theoretical knowledge of human behavior, including how people can make lasting changes in their lives. An awareness of family systems theory is essential for family work, both for the practitioner’s effective presentation of educational material and for his or her ability to enhance members’ efforts to provide support for one another (and for other families in multifamily groups).
Eating Disorders
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: November 2023

The eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in a person’s eating behaviors and distorted perceptions of body weight and shape (APA, 2000). Fears of becoming overweight lead people with these disorders to engage in drastic, potentially harmful behaviors that are intended to either cause or maintain weight loss (Garfinkel, 1995). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the two primary eating disorders. A third diagnostic category, eating disorder not otherwise specified, is a residual category at present. It is often used to diagnose persons who engage in chronic overeating and seek help for that problem. It may become identified in the future as binge-eating disorder, but the APA has yet to formally sanction the diagnosis.
Afterword
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: November 2023

Psychoeducation seems to be everywhere in the human services today. This book represents an effort to summarize how psychoeducation is used to help people with many problems in living who come to the attention of professionals and consumer organizations. It makes no claims to comprehensiveness, however. From the list of current uses of psychoeducation in chapter 1, for example, the following applications were not covered: women who have experienced sexual assault, human services professionals who experience vicarious trauma, adolescent girls who experience negative social pressures, children of divorce, separation resilience groups for couples who spend much time apart, minority persons who are adjusting to college or are in need of greater psychosocial competence, and school-age children who desire to develop their racial identities. The focus of this book has been on psychoeducation with persons and their significant others who have mental, emotional, and behavioral problems; people with physical health disadvantages; and people experiencing bereavement. The literature includes information about the other applications listed here, and the interested reader is encouraged to search for them. The author’s hope is that the material in this book has stimulated a greater interest among readers in the scope of the modality.
International demographic trends
Authors: Macfadyen David
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century is the century of survival. For the first time men, and especially women, are beginning to live out their lifespans. National efforts and international action to advance health and reduce fertility have produced a world population which, for the first time, includes large numbers of elderly people. Already, the majority of the world’s elderly people are living in developing regions (Fig. 3.1). And when we enter the twenty-first century, the third age will have emerged in the third world.
Compression of morbidity: issues and irrelevancies
Authors: Kane Robert I , RADOSEVICH David M , Vaupel James W
Published: November 2023

In Western countries, living a longer life does not necessarily imply an improvement in the quality of life. For example, Katz and his colleagues have shown that much of the advantage American women enjoy in additional years of life expectancy is lived in a dependent state. (Fig. 4.1 shows this pattern with averages for 5-year age groups based on a small study in Massachusetts.)
Economic factors affecting the health of the elderly
Authors: Ogawa Naohjro
Published: November 2023

The urbanization process, which is both an antecedent and consequence of development, tends to contribute to an increase in new nuclear families and to a decrease in traditional joint families. Urbanization also brings about various lifestyle changes not only among the young but also among the aged. In parallel with such changes in the family structure and lifestyles, development induces a rise in rural—urban mobility. which in turn poses geographical obstacles in the way of family mutual aid. Moreover, in societies experiencing rapid development, the economic value of the aged is diminished as a result of changing production systems and technological requirements. thus leading to a relatively weaker position of the elderly.
Acute pesticide poisoning and developing countries
Authors: Jeyaratnam J
Published: November 2023

Man may be exposed to pesticides in a variety of ways, at different dose levels and for varying periods of time. For instance, the varying types of exposure among the different sectors of the population might be categorized as follows: 1. A single exposure for a short duration of time at a high level could occur among situations such as suicides, homicides, non-occupational accidents, and occupational exposure in the manufacture, formulation, and application of pesticide and in the picking of crops. 2. Long-term exposure to pesticides at a high level could affect those occupationally exposed to pesticides. 3. Long-term exposure to pesticides at a low level might occur among the general population from a variety of sources. The main routes of exposure to the general public are through contaminated food and water-sources, as well as in the air.
Research policies and needs
Authors: Rantanen J , Jeyaratnam J
Published: November 2023

The history of developed countries has clearly shown the crucial role of research in efforts to accelerate overall socio-economic development. This is due to the fact that the impact of new knowledge as a factor of development and growth has increased substantially during the twentieth century (Fig. 24.1) and becomes continuously stronger (Rantanen, in press). Owing to the emphasis, particularly, on technological applications of research, the industrialized countries allocate at the moment 1 to 3 per cent of their gross national product (GNP) to research.
Anthrax
Authors: Turnbull P C B
Published: November 2023

Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous mammals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a Grampositive, aerobic spore-forming bacillus, but few mammals are totally resistant to anthrax. Man generally acquires the disease directly or indirectly from animals by handling meat, hides, wool, hair, bones, etc. from infected animals. Animals are normally thought to contract anthrax by ingestion of spores from contaminated soil, but, in certain countries, fly bites may be involved. Anthrax remains common in various countries of Africa and Asia but, although relatively rare in Europe, America, and Australasia, occasional incidents still occur. Control depends on appropriate animal husbandry. In endemic areas the best approach is routine annual vaccination; in other countries, isolation of an affected area for 3 or more weeks after the last case, combined with vaccination of the remaining members of the affected herd or flock and appropriate clean-up measures, usually proves effective. In all instances, destruction of the carcass by heat treatment (incineration or rendering) is an essential part of effective control.
Erysipeloid
Authors: Smith Robert M M
Published: November 2023

Eiysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the aetiological agent of human erysipeloid, was recognized more than 100 years ago as the cause of swine erysipelas. It is a non- sporulating, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, distributed worldwide and it is found in a variety of domestic animal species, especially pigs.
Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever
Authors: Swanepoel R
Published: November 2023

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute disease of humans, caused by a tick-borne virus which is widely distributed in eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cattle, sheep, and small mammals such as hares undergo inapparent or mild infection with transient viraemia, and serve as hosts from which the tick vectors of the virus can acquire infection. Despite serological evidence that there is widespread infection of livestock in nature, infection of humans is relatively uncommon. Humans acquire infection from tick bite,
Prion Protein-Related Diseases Of Man And Animals
Authors: Hope James
Published: November 2023

Scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann- Straussler-Sheinker (GSS) syndrome and related diseases of mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer, and elk (chronic wasting disease) are the founder members of a group of diseases called the transmissible degenerative (or spongiform) encephalopathies (TSE); the range of species affected by these disorders has grown in recent years to include cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), cats (feline spongiform encephalopathy), and a variety of captive zoo antelope, such as the kudu and African oryx.
Cystic Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Granulosus)
Authors: Gemmell M A , Roberts M G
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the contributions made by natural scientists during the nineteenth century that led workers in zoology, molecular biology, ecology, epidemiology, mathematical modelling, medicine, and veterinary science in the twentieth century to :
Alveolar Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Multilocularis) And Other Forms Of Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Vogeli And Echinococcus Oligarthrus)
Authors: Eckert J
Published: November 2023

At present four species of the genus Echinococcus are recognized as valid, namely Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch 1786), Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing 1863), and Echinococcus vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972 (Thompson 1995). Larval forms, the metacestode stages, of all four species may establish and develop in the human host and cause various forms of echinococcosis (hydatid disease) (Table 53.1). This chapter deals with Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, and E. oligarthrus. In order to reduce the number of references, review articles are preferentially cited.
Capillariosis
Authors: Cross John H
Published: November 2023

The first case of capillariosis philippinensis was in a 29- year-old schoolteacher from Bacarra, a barrio, in the province of Ilocos Norte in northern Luzon in the Philippines. The man had suffered from an intractable diarrhoea for 3 weeks before admission to the Philippine General Hospital in Manila in 1963. He was a chronic alcoholic and manifested symptoms of ascites, emaciation, and cachexia, and died after 1 week in hospital. At autopsy a large number of tiny worms were found in the intestines (Chitwood et al. 1964). The worms were first thought to be C. hepatica but were later correctly classified as a new species (Chitwood et al. 1968). In an interview several years later with the physician who first saw the patient in Bacarra, it was learned that 13 others had similar symptoms and all had died.
France since 1945
Authors: Gildea Robert
Published: November 2023

The last fifty years of French history have seen immense challenges for the French: constructing a new European order, building a modern economy, searching for a stable political system. It has also been a time of anxiety and doubt. The French have had to come to terms with the legacy of the German Occupation, the loss of Empire, the political and social implications of the influx of foreign immigrants, the rise of Islam, the destruction of rural life, and the threat of Anglo-American culture to French language and civilization. Robert Gildea’s account examines the French political system and France’s role in the world from 1945 to 2000. He looks at France’s attempt to recover national greatness after the Second World War, its attempt to deal with the fear of German resurgence by building the European Community, and its struggle to preserve its Empire. He also discusses the Algerian War and its legacy, and the later development of a neo-colonialism to preserve its influence in Africa and the Pacific. Gildea also examines the rise and fall of the two Republics, the rise of and fall of De Gaulle, and the revolution of 1968, along with topics such as the construction of the myth of the Resistance, the painful truths of French involvement in anti-Semitic persecution, and France’s continuing obsession with national identity.
Echoes of the Occupation
Authors: Gildea Robert
Published: November 2023

‘French people, you have short memories,’ said Marshal Pétain in 1941. It was, perhaps, not that they had short memories but that they refused to confront the truth about what had happened in France under the German Occupation and wove a myth of the Resistance of the French nation that enabled them to absorb that past more easily into their conception of French history and French identity.

After the defeat of France in 1940, German forces occupied the northern half of France and set up a military administration to run it. In the southern part of France, which remained unoccupied, those who had long opposed the Republic came to power, set up an authoritarian regime at the spa town of Vichy under Marshal Pétain, abolished the Republic, and implemented a reactionary programme known as the National Revolution.
‘Recovering Rights’: A Crooked Path
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: November 2023

The Confucian Analects describe the exemplary person—the master himself—as ‘the one who keeps trying although he knows that it is in vain’. The thought is not easy to suppress at the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UD).

Regular human rights reports provide sufficient testimony to the dismal story, which continues to the present, as always including the major powers. To mention only one current example, the ‘collateral damage’ of the latest US—UK bombardment of Iraq merits little notice, taking its place alongside the wanton destruction of a major African pharmaceutical plant a few months earlier, and other trivia.
On Liberty, the Right to Know, and Public Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public Life
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E
Published: November 2023

The East Asia crisis has brought to the fore an issue with which I have been concerned for years: transparency. Amnesty International has long been an effective champion of free speech and a free press, two of the basic human rights. Free speech is both an end in itself—an inalienable right that governments cannot strip away from the citizenry—and a means to other equally fundamental goals. Free speech provides a necessary check on government: a free press not only makes abuses of governmental powers less likely, it also augments the likelihood that basic social needs will be met. Amartya Sen, the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in economics, has argued forcefully that famines do not occur in societies in which there is a free press. It is not the lack of food in the aggregate that gives rise to famines, but the lack of access to food by the poor in famine regions. A free press exposes these problems; once exposed, the failure to act is absolutely intolerable.
Citizens of the World
Authors: Appiah K Anthony
Published: November 2023

When my father died, my sisters and I found a draft of the final message he had meant to leave us. It began with a reminder of the history of our two families, in Ghana and in England, his summary account of who we were. But then hewrote: ‘Remember that you are citizens of the world.’ And he went on to tell us that this meant that, wherever we chose to live—and, as citizens of the world, we could surely choose to live anywhere that would have us—we should make sure we left that place ‘better than you found it’. ‘Deep inside of me’, he went on, ‘is a great love for mankind and an abiding desire to see mankind, under God, fulfil its highest destiny.’
Awaiting Execution
Authors: Nazaroff Paul
Published: November 2023

One evening in Tashkend, about the end of August 1918, as I was sitting in my study quietly filling cartridges for an anticipated day’s snipe-shooting, there pulled up at the steps of the house a smart carriage drawn by a splendid pair of bays. Two men alighted, dressed from head to foot in soft black leather. That was the uniform of those who belonged to the reigning party, the Communists. I recognised them. One was M., once my good friend and shooting companion, but now a member of the Bolshevik party, working on behalf of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. The other I did not know so well ; he was President of the local Committee of National Agriculture, and he too had joined the Bolsheviks for the sake of an advantageous position. Neither were Communists at heart, but at that time both held important administrative posts in the Turkestan Republic of Workers and Peasants.
Release
Authors: Nazaroff Paul
Published: November 2023

Life in prison went by monotonously, and the long winter evenings were terribly boring for us. We got a kerosene lamp and used to sit up late, whiling away the time with unending conversation. A Soviet hundred rouble note, at that time the equivalent of about a shilling, given to the warder of our section, was sufficient to divert his attention away from our cell. Voitintseff, head of the Soviet Government in Turkestan, visited the prison, and came into our cell to see the men condemned to be shot. A student of the Electro-Technical Institute in Petrograd., he had not completed bistudies. He was a capable and ambitious man, married to a girl I knew well, and I knew him, too, personally. He had been received in our house, and until he joined the Party was a decent fellow. His ambition drove him into the arms of the Bolsheviks in the hopes of making a rapid career for himself as a leader of the proletariat.
Hiding Among the Sar Ts
Authors: Nazaroff Paul
Published: November 2023

IN the evening after supper, when Akbar went to his own room, his eldest son, wives and children came and sat and wanned themselves round the fire. Then the conversation ran on different lines. Yuldash talked about his hunting adventures and of the interesting places he had seen in the mountains, while the womenfol put questions to me that were very characteristic of their mentality.
Hiding Among The Kirghiz
Authors: Nazaroff Paul
Published: November 2023

IT was obvious that I must leave Akbar’s home as soon as possible. After talking it over with him, I decided to go back to my Kirghiz friend Yakshi Bai, take his advice again and find another refuge. I should have to do the journey at night, of course, but even then it would be very dangerous, as I had to cross the river by the bridge, where there was always a Bolshevik guard on duty to stop and interrogate anyone who crossed over. True, if .I went late he might be asleep; but, on the other hand, if he did happen to be on the look-out, he would be more than ever likely to stop me, as the natives never ride about late at night. If I went. earlier, when there was plenty of traffic on the road, the guard would be all the more alert and I might easily attract his attention. After some hesitation I chose the middle course. About ten one evening I mounted Akbar’s horse, and his youngest son took up his place behind me. His busines.s was to bring the horse back again. Besides, it looked more natural, for the natives often ride two on a horse, though Russians never do, and I intended to pass as a native..
The White Lady
Authors: Nazaroff Paul
Published: November 2023

ONE day B. came to pay me a visit. He brought some letters and papers and the latest information. The news of Kolchak’s advance pleased me enormously. B. and I discussed at length whether it would be better for me to stay where I was or to make over the mountains into Semirechie, where I could spend the winter in less discomfort and danger. We had no doubt whatever that in the spring the efforts of Kolchak and Denikin would set Russia free for ever from the international crooks, degenerates and German agents who bore the resounding title of the ‘Workers’ and Peasants’ Government.’
Pishpek
Authors: Nazaroff Paul
Published: November 2023

BY nightfall I came to Aulie-Ata, which means the Tomb of the Holy Father. Like the majority of the new Russian towns, it sprawls over a disproportionately wide area. One would think it had been designed as a rival to Petrograd or Paris itself. The market-place was bigger than the Place de la Concorde, and very tiring it was, too, walking across it. Of course, there was no attempt at planning. On the other hand, every house was a complete homestead, with a huge farmyard and garden. All the houses are built of raw bricks. There was no pavement nor footpath nor water supply. All buildings of any pretence and the workshops of the postal station were in an abandoned half-ruined condition. Horses and carriages were in a shocking condition of neglect and collapse. The management of the posts for the district had been taken out of the hands of the original contractor and passed into those of the “ Proletariat of Workers and Peasants.” The whole day long there were carriages with pairs and troikas dashing about with halfdrunken workmen and cabbies, cursing and swearing horribly and flogging the poor horses mercilessly. The wretched animals were covered with sweat and foam, all their tormented bodies quivering, with wild looks in their starting eyes, trying to bolt in terror. The air was filled with the din of mad yells and wild cries. “ Why don’t you stop torturing the poor brutes ? “ I asked the manager of the station.