bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melancholia Becomes Electric: The Dead Mother as Prophetess of Revolution in Blok’s “Шаги Командора”
Authors: Williams Timothy
Published: November 2020

Aleksandr Blok's 1912 poem “The Commander's Footsteps” is a response to personal trauma and loss that points towards a collective catharsis in history, namely, the end of the feudal social order, signaled by the approach of an automobile in the night. A unique modernist re-imagining of the Don Juan legend's occult finale (the confrontation between Don Juan and the statue of the Commander he killed), written at the nadir of Blok’s personal happiness, the poem removes the elements of passion and desire to focus exclusively on the subject’s anxiety and guilt. Yet though the title of the poem famously heralds the retribution to be visited on Don Juan, the work notably omits any resolution-- beyond a cryptic prophecy that Donna Anna, Don Juan’s nemesis, victim and (within the poem’s anagrammatic structure, analyzed by V. V. Ivanov in a seminal 1982 paper) twin, will rise from the dead. The silent, ambivalent, un-dead ‘Dead Mother’ later theorized by André Green thus replaces the Phallic Mother and pre-Oedipal mother of Blok’s previous periods (preceding and immediately succeeding the failed 1905 Revolution) as the embodiment of hopes for a revolutionary cataclysm, likewise superseding the phallogocentric Law represented by the punishing patriarchal Commander.
Re-framing the Spanish Civil War as ‘Cultural Trauma’: When Responsibilities Get Blurred After Violence
Authors: Pérez Baquero Rafael
Published: November 2020

The aim of this article is to address to what extent some institutional form of remembering the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a collective trauma could be considered an instance of Jeffrey Alexander and Neil Smelzer´s notion of ’cultural trauma‘. Or to put it in other words, in which sense the notion of cultural trauma may cast a new light on one of the different ways in which the Spanish Civil War was remembered and retold during the transition to democracy (1977-83). Spanish society remembered the war as a collective trauma, so painful that it encouraged society to promote a ‘pact of oblivion’ toward victims of Francoist repression. According to this traumatic memory, the Spanish Civil War was a ‘fratricidal struggle’, whose outbreak was a consequence of the tensions that underlie Spanish history. It led to the blurring of distinctions between victims and culprits because both sides were considered equally responsible. Therefore, everyone could claim the ownership of suffering. However, this representation did not fit in with the historical records; it was a consequence of the social influence of some ‘memory makers’ that developed new narratives and re-defined the ownership of suffering. Because of this divergence between the historical record of the war and society’s traumatic memory of it during the transition to democracy, I would like to analyse the possibility of studying the nature of the latter by means of the concept of cultural trauma. After all, Alexander´s critique of psychoanalytical insight into collective trauma could be useful when analysing traumatic historical experiences where it is not clear whether the traumatic nature of those memories come from the events themselves or from the cultural frames that attributed significance to those events.
Trauma as Social Vaccine in Walter Scott’s Guy Mannering
Authors: Vîjea Cristian
Published: November 2020

This article looks into Scott’s use of trauma as a fictional construct. Despite Scott’s indebtedness to the Scottish Enlightenment Weltanschauung, his descriptions of trauma in Guy Mannering come incredibly close to the distinctions analyzed in trauma studies today. Very sensitive to the elements of absence and loss, Scott mirrors traumatic memory in his narrative strategy as well. Young Bertram and the readers are able to process the traumatic experience into a narrative and recover the lost ‘historical’ narrative only after a long process in which Bertram’s ‘acting out’ memories trigger responses in his former community which help him recover a narrative of the traumatic events. Scott fulfills the task of the ‘historian’ to detraumatize events (White 87). Trauma and the element of absence have a social cause and a deeper ripple. They function as a social vaccine, strengthening the weakened social structure against radical impulses. These impulses are at loggerheads with Scott’s conservative view, which unites Whig principles with a Torry perspective (Trumpener 715). Being at the center of a social imbalance caused by radical measures, trauma can be healed only with the help of the community whose immune mechanisms expel and neutralize the pathological development, of a society in which enlightened official forces cooperate with the marginal social strata and outcasts.
A gene expression signature of epithelial ovarian cancer in the blood.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: November 2020

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer in the developed world (1). A major factor contributing to the fatality rate associated with epithelial ovarian cancer is late diagnosis (2) resulting from the lack of suitable diagnostic and screening measures, like the mammogram in breast cancer (3) and the prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test for human prostate cancer (4, 5). Radiologic screening can be cost-prohibitive (6). We mined published microarray data (7) to discover genes expressed in the blood that could distinguish patients with epithelial ovarian cancer from those without. We identified a core set of 31 genes, 10 of which independently adequately distinguished control patients from patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. 7 out of 10 of these genes were also differentially expressed in tumor tissue from epithelial ovarian cancer (8, 9). These data can serve as a basis for the development of a blood-based, quantitative PCR diagnostic screening tool for the detection of epithelial ovarian cancer at the population level.
MONITORING EVALUASI PROGRAM KERJA SEKECAMATAN TURATEA
Authors: Risnawati
Published: November 2020

Kuliah Kerja Lapang Plus (KKLP) merupakan suatu kegiatan perkuliahan yang bersifat intrakurikuler dalam bentuk pengabdian pada masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam waktu tertentu. oleh karena, sifatnya intraku rikuler sehingga setiap mahasiswa yang akan menyelesaikan studi di perguruan tinggi pada suatu program strata satu (SI) harus mengikuti KKLP.
SEMINAR KECAMATAN TURATEA KABUPATEN JENEPONTO
Authors: ASTUTI
Published: November 2020

Kuliah Kerja Lapang Plus (KKLP) merupakan suatu kegiatan perkuliahan yang bersifat intrakurikuler dalam bentuk pengabdian pada masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam waktu tertentu. oleh karena, sifatnya intraku rikuler sehingga setiap mahasiswa yang akan menyelesaikan studi di perguruan tinggi pada suatu program strata satu (SI) harus mengikuti KKLP.
MONITORING EVALUASI PROGRAM KERJA SEKECAMATAN TURATEA
Authors: ASTUTI
Published: November 2020

Kuliah Kerja Lapang Plus (KKLP) merupakan suatu kegiatan perkuliahan yang bersifat intrakurikuler dalam bentuk pengabdian pada masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam waktu tertentu. oleh karena, sifatnya intraku rikuler sehingga setiap mahasiswa yang akan menyelesaikan studi di perguruan tinggi pada suatu program strata satu (SI) harus mengikuti KKLP.
Impact of Alluvial Diamond Mining on Macroinvertebrate Community Structure in the Lower Vaal River, Northern Cape Province in South Africa
Authors: P Ramollo Phetole
Published: November 2020

The study aimed to assess the impact of alluvial diamond mining on macroinvertebrate community composition at four selected sites in lower Vaal River in 2016 with the application of the South African Scoring System 5 (SASS5). Macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical water parameters such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were measured seasonally. Turbidity levels were high 5.98.0±0.63 NTU but never exceeded the water quality guidelines of aquaculture, whilst pH values did not vary much and were generally alkaline throughout the study. The macroinvertebrate community structure varied at all sites during the study period. Site 4 was the most impacted site dominated by the more tolerant macroinvertebrates such as Simuliidae, Baetidae and Gyrinidae. The study concludes that although alluvial diamond mining had a negative impact on macroinvertebrate community in the short-term period, they appeared to re-establish quickly once the mining operations stopped.
Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes in the Terai Region of Nepal
Authors: Prasad Gotame Tek , Poudel Sujata , Lal Shrestha Surendra , Shrestha Jiban
Published: November 2020

The productivity of eggplant in Nepal is very low due to lack of high yielding, disease and pests resistant varieties. Eight eggplant genotypes [Parwanipur Selection -1 (PS-1), Pusa Purple Long (PPL), Pokhara Lurki, Lalgulab, Pusa Kranti, Arka Keshav, HRDBRI-012 and HRDBRI-013] were evaluated at on-station research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur, Bara, and PS -1, PPL, Pokhara Lurki, Lalgulab, Pusa Kranti, and Arka Keshav were evaluated at farmers’ field, Bara and Parsa  districts from 2018 to 2019. Results of the on-station experiment showed that genotype PS-1 was the earliest maturing genotype and was harvested at 56 days after transplanting. The number of fruits per plot (9 m2 area) was 189 in Arka Keshav followed by HRDBRI012 (180) and PS-1 (179). The number of marketable fruits per plot (9 m2)  was highest in Lalgulab (166) followed by PS-1 (152). The biggest fruit size was recorded in PS-1 (130 g) followed by Pusa Kranti (121 g) and PPL (108 g). The fruit yield was recorded the highest in PS-1 (25.8 mt/ha). The genotype PS-1 was found more resistant to Fusarium wilt and shoot and fruit borer  followed by PPL. In farmers field, the highest marketable fruits per plot were produced from PPL followed by Pusa Kranti and PS-1. Similarly, the highest yield and marketable yield were also recorded in PS-1 followed by Pusa Kranti. The genotypes PS-1 and PPL were superior in terms of yield and resistance to disease and pests. Therefore, they could be a promising genotypes for central Terai region of Nepal.
Vulnerability Assessment of Peoples Exposed to Landslides in Panchase of Nepal using Analytical Hierarchy Process
Authors: Bahadur Budha Padam , Rai Pawan , Katel Prem , Khadka Anu
Published: November 2020

The occurrence of landslides in mountainous areas of Nepal is recurrent phenomena and this can be disastrous if occurred within human settlements. Proper research is required to manage and reduce the risks of the disaster in places where landslides had occurred frequently. In risk assessment estimation of vulnerability is one major component. This research was aimed to generate information on the vulnerability of people in the Panchase area of central Nepal. The method of analytical hierarchy process was used to define the weightage to be assigned for 4 factors and 26 indicators used in the research. 377 households were surveyed with a questionnaire designed to collect information on those indicators. The households sampled for the survey were made sure that they were near or around the landslide affected area. The response for each indicator was converted into scores which when summed up yielded the vulnerability score. This score for each household was used to categorize households into five levels of vulnerability from very low, low, moderate, high, to very high. The numbers of households in each category were 16, 92, 191, 75, and 3 respectively. Environmental and economic indicators were inflicting higher vulnerability in this research location. Remoteness and lesser number of facilities and/or services, lower numbers of governmental offices, absence of banking and financial institutions, lesser preferences for insurances and savings, degraded natural water sources were major determinants of higher vulnerability in Panchase. These indicators should be prioritized during disaster risk management in Panchase.
The Unusual Reddish-Bloom Appearance in a Freshwater Fishpond at Kingolwira National Fish Farming Center, Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: N. Kimambo Offoro , R. Gumbo Jabulani , A.M Msagati Titus , Chikoore Hector
Published: November 2020

The study aimed to examines a case of what constituted the uncommonly reddish-bloom appearance in the fishponds during the dry season (September 2018) at Kingolwira National Fish Farming Center located in Morogoro, Tanzania. The study used a benchtop FlowCAM® to investigate species' morphology. One-time assessment of physico-chemical characteristics during the event was performed from the reddish and non-reddish fishponds. Images were compared with the available literature, but also t-test statistics were performed to examine the difference between the fishponds. The results show that the fishponds were significantly (p<0.05) different from each other in terms of physico-chemical parameters except for water temperatures. Furthermore, Microcystis species dominated the non-reddish fishpond whereas Euglenophytes species were pervasive in the reddish fishpond. The two species have the potential to produce secondary metabolites (toxins) or to produce a hypoxia condition that is harmful to the fishery, aquatic ecology, and human. To confirm toxicity nature and dynamics further,  future studies should consider extensive and regular diurnal and long-term monitoring.
Human-Wildlife Conflict and its Implication for Conservation at Sundarpur, Udayapur, Eastern Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Manoj , Aryal Chandramani
Published: November 2020

Local people are the major stakeholders of biodiversity conservation. Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) could result in a negative attitude of the general public towards wildlife adding challenges for conservation. This is more applicable in the landscapes which are outside the protected area (PA) coverage. But, the majority of HWC related studies in Nepal have centered on PAs and their peripheries. This study documents the prevailing situation of HWC in Sundarpur of Udayapur district that shelters some HWC prone wildlife species, while situating outside PA. Data about conflict and people's perception of wildlife conservation was collected using household surveys supplemented by key informant interviews and direct observation. Monkeys (93%, n=93) and elephants (86%, n=86) were found to be the major animals involved in the conflict, mostly resulting in crop raiding, the major form of conflict as reported by (95%, n=95) of respondents. Livestock depredation cases were mostly by common leopard (84%, n=21) and sloth bear was involved in the majority of human attack cases (90%, n=9). The results showed increasing trend of conflicts for elephants (63%, n=63) and monkeys (73%, n=73), while declining trend for sloth bear (64%, n=64), wild boar (85%, n=85), and leopard (46%, n=46). People believed the natural attraction of wildlife towards crops and livestock to be the major driving factor of conflict. Majority of respondents had a positive attitude towards wildlife conservation. However, implementation of community based conflict management strategies, robust compensation schemes along with conservation education programs are highly essential to achieve desired conservation success.
Diversity, Distribution and Morphology of Wild Mushrooms Collected from Gajni Forest of Bangladesh
Authors: Afrin Joty Arifa , Aminuzzaman F. M. , Sultana Nazneen , Tanjina Akter , Sonchita Debosri Rani Biswas , Islam Md. Nurul
Published: November 2020

A survey was carried out in Gajni forest from June to August of 2017 and 2018 to document the diversity, distribution and morphological characterization of wild mushrooms. A total of 32 mushroom samples were collected and identified to 28 species belonging to 11 genera, under 8 families. Ganoderma sp. was found abundantly in the survey area among the other collected species and it exhibited the maximum frequency of occurrence (75%), whereas the maximum density (20.50%) was recorded for Agaricus bitorquis and the dominant host was Shal tree (Shorea robusta). The dominant genera were Ganoderma, Agaricus, Trametes, Volvariella and Amanita. The dominant family of collected wild mushrooms was Ganodermataceae followed by Polyporaceae, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Rusullaceae, Pluteaceae, Marasmiaceae and  Strophariaceae. Among collected species, 5 species were found edible, 12 species had medicinal value and 11 species were inedible, poisonous or of unknown importance. The specimens were deposited to the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Herbarium of Macro Fungi (SHMF). This is a report of wild mushrooms diversity and their distribution in the Gajni forest region of Bangladesh. This study was asserted that a wide range of mushroom plays an important role in the ecosystem of Gajni forest and might be useful in food and industry sector in future.
Acknowledgement of Reviewers’ Contribution
Authors: KUSOED Journal
Published: November 2020

The Editorial Board and the publisher of the Journal of Education and Research would like to express their appreciation to the following colleagues for their time and effort in reviewing manuscripts submitted to the JER. Their contribution helped us bring out Vols. 8-9 (issues 1-2).
Burden of Care Among Mothers Having Children with Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: Sharma Nita , Sharma Pratima , Mishra Tulashi Adhikari
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a problem with structure and function of the heart that is present at birth.  Children with CHD require special care, treatment and follow up for a number of common conditions which may be quite straining to the care givers. The objective of the study was to find out the burden of care among mothers having children with CHD.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a cardiac centre of Nepal. A total of 95 mothers having children with CHD attending outpatient department of our institute were selected as the sample for the study using non-probability purposive sampling technique. A semi structured interview questionnaire consisting of the Modified Caregiver Strain Index was used to assess the burden of care among mothers having children with CHD. Frequency and percent were used to describe the variables and chi- square test at 0.05 significance level was used to analyse associations.

Results: Most (77.9%) of the mothers were regularly strained to find that their children’s health condition was deteriorating due to CHD. Nearly half (44.2%) of the mothers always had financial constrain while giving care to the child, nearly half (40%) of the mothers had done emotional adjustments to take care of their children with CHD, another two-fifths (28.4%) of the mothers sometimes had disturbed sleep and almost half (46.3%) of the mothers were always upset due to some behaviour of their child with CHD. Half (50.5%) of the mothers had high level of burden of care. Statistically significant association were found between age of the mother and level of burden of care (p value = 0.05). Similarly, the type of family (p value = 0.005), age of the children (p value = 0.000) and type of CHD (p value = 0.002) were significantly associated with the level of burden of care among the mothers.

Conclusion: The study concluded that mothers tend to feel less burden of care as the child grows older, mothers having children with cyanotic heart disease tend to experience more burden of care. Mothers of less than thirty years of age and living in a joint family also experience more burden of care.
Comparative Study about Impact of Inadequate Psychomotor Stimulation on Neuro-Development in Pre-School Children in Rural India
Authors: Chatterjee Nandita , Basu Swati
Published: November 2020

Introduction: In a rural, underprivileged community, multiple factors including poverty, non-stimulating home environment and lack of parental awareness about early childhood development and early intervention lead to inadequate ‘nurturing care’ for young children, who with genetic predisposition for typical brain development may not reach their developmental potential. The present study attempts to compare and study the developmental differences between children who had adequate stimulation and those who did not during preschool period.

Methods: Developmental assessment of 51 healthy children, aged    3.5 - 4.5 years with poor psychomotor stimulation (study group) and an age-matched group of 27 children attending pre-school (control group) from the same community was conducted and compared.  Developmental screening was done using the DDST II screening tool.

Results: The incidence of developmental delay in the study group was significantly higher; deficits were most marked in personal-social and language domain. Concept of colours, counting objects and drawing were conspicuously absent in most children.

Conclusion: Improving home environment, provision of learning opportunity with available resources, and generation of awareness  among parents regarding early child development and early intervention are simple, low-cost measures to improve the developmental trajectory in these children.
Morbidity Pattern and Hospital Outcome of Neonates Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Nepal Deepeshwara , Agrawal Sumit , Shrestha Sushan , Rayamajhi Ajit
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The first 28 days of life, neonatal period is crucial as neonates are susceptible to sepsis, birth asphyxia, hypoxic injuries and its consequences which may lead to lifelong morbidity. Knowing the causes of morbidity and mortality is an essential step to improve neonatal health. The aim of this study is to describe the pattern and causes of neonatal admission, immediate hospital outcome in the form of improved, died or left against medical advice  and factors associated with its outcome.

Methods: This was a retrospective hospital based study carried out in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of six months (February 2019 to July 2019 AD). Neonatal details including age, sex, gestational age, birth weight, and maternal age and parity, mode of delivery, place of delivery, neonatal morbidities and neonatal outcomes were recorded in a predesigned performa. Results were expressed as mean, percentage and p value. P- value was calculated by using chi-square test.

Results: A total of 163 neonates were admitted during the study period, among which 106 (65%) were males. The mean birth weight was 2483.96 ± 812.63 gm. Among admitted newborns 130 (79.8%) had good outcome, babies born to young mothers (< 20 years of age) had poor outcome which is statistically significant with p value of 0.002. Neonates whose birth weight were < 1000 gram had significantly poor outcome (0.001).

Conclusion: Common causes of NICU admission were neonatal sepsis, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, prematurity and perinatal asphyxia. Babies born to young primipara mothers, extremely low birth weight, extremely premature babies and babies undergoing mechanical ventilation had poor outcome.
Recurrent Pneumonias and Bronchiectasis - Is it an Immunodeficiency Disorder? - A Case Report
Authors: Agrawal Sumit , Shreeram S , Jha A , Prajapati B
Published: November 2020

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a form of primary immunodeficiency disorder characterised by hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent sino-pulmonary infections. Its diagnosis is based on the presence of low serum IgG (< 2 SD below normal for age) with or without low IgA/ IgM levels and presentation beyond two years of age. These children also have disorders of autoimmunity with majority of them presenting as autoimmune cytopenias, predominantly thrombocytopenia and some having anaemia and neutropenias. Here we report a nine years old boy with past history of recurrent pneumonia, presenting this episode with fungal pneumonia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia eventually diagnosed as CVID.
Good Clinical Practice – Need of the Hour
Authors: Manohar Balaji
Published: November 2020

No abstract available.
Effect of Local Anaesthesia with and without Adrenaline on Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate and Oxygen Saturation - A Comparative Study
Authors: Yadav Deepak , Bali Harleen , Mishra Ravish , Kandel Laxmi , Khanduri Nitin , Tripathi Shashank , Singh Sunil Kumar
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Most of the minor oral surgical procedures are performed under local anaesthesia (LA). Vasoconstrictor present in LA decreases the rapid absorption of LA, decreases systemic toxicity, increases duration of LA and provides local hemostasis which favor clinicians for better work performance. But it is also known to increase heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP).

Objective: To evaluate the effect of vasoconstrictor adrenaline 1:80,000 in 1.8 ml of 2% Lidocaine on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation of normotensive patients.

Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted on 70 patients who were divided randomly into 2 parallel groups according to the LA received. Group 1 (G1): lidocaine 2% without adrenaline and Group 2 (G2): lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1:80,000. Blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation were measured before and 10 minutes after LA administration for each patient.

Results: Statistically significant rise in blood pressure and pulse rate was seen in group receiving LA with adrenaline (G2) 10 minutes after administration.

Conclusion: Though adrenaline amount in 1.8ml causes significant rise of parameters assessed under the study, the rise is not clinically relevant for a normotensive, medically fit patient.
Fighting Governmental Corruption in Pakistan
Authors: Ulain Noor , Hussain Fiaz
Published: November 2020

Corruption remains a persistent problem in both developed and developing countries. Statistics provide evidence that Pakistan faces the menace of corruption. The recently released Corruption Perception Index (CPI) for 2019 by Transparency International (TI) ranks Pakistan as the 120th country out of a total of 180. In 1995 Pakistan used to be the second most corrupt country in the world. Moreover, TI’s Global Corruption Barometer for 2017 shows that 40–50 per cent of the respondents have given a bribe to get a public service in Pakistan. The Global Competitiveness Reports (2016, 2017, and 2018) released by the World Economic Forum in Switzerland have declared corruption to be the topmost problematic factor when doing business in Pakistan. Corruption is a public problem and relevant academic literature holds the dominant view that it obstructs economic development. It increases the direct costs of firms through bribery. It encourages bureaucratic red tape and corrupts the institutions of contract enforcement and property rights protection. Although corruption and anti-corruption have long been research topics in the social sciences, little has been done about the evaluation of anti-corruption strategies. Anti-corruption efforts are required where corruption prevails. With this in view, the study aims to ascertain the opinion of policy professionals regarding different anti-corruption strategies. Data on 26 anti-corruption strategies were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from 100 policy professionals working in 12 different policy institutes. The results have found slight differences between the mean scores for anti-corruption strategies, depicting a certain level of effectiveness for each strategy. Harsher punishments for corrupt persons and legal protection for whistleblowers informing about persons involved in corruption are the strategies that had the highest mean scores of 4.07 and 4.04 respectively. Policy professionals rated the category of “Political, legal and judicial strategies” with the highest mean value of 3.90 as the most effective anti-corruption typology. A holistic approach is required in Pakistan to eradicate corruption from governmental offices.
Meddah – turecki teatr jednego aktora. Spotkanie tradycji kultury ustnej z kulturą widowiskową
Authors: Aysen Kaim Agnieszka
Published: November 2020

The monograph explores performative potential of narrative art in oral traditions of Altai and Middle Eastern culture. Turkish meddah inspires contemporary artists, offering an active model, equal for both the artist and the audience. As an artistic form it developed between the 11th and 19th century. It unites epic theatre of one actor with the elements of tradition of a nomadic narrator, Central Asian shaman, epic singer ozan, Arabic maddah and the Persian tradition of the narrator of The Shahnameh.
Toward an understanding of sexual harassment in neurosurgery
Authors: Benzil Deborah L. , Muraszko Karin M. , Soni Pranay , Air Ellen L. , Orrico Katie O. , Rutka James T.
Published: November 2020

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was the creation and administration of a survey to assess the depth and breadth of sexual harassment across neurosurgery.

METHODS

A survey was created to 1) assess perceived attitudes toward systemic issues that might be permissive of sexual harassment; 2) measure the reported prevalence and severity of sexual harassment; and 3) determine the populations at highest risk and those most likely to perpetrate sexual harassment. Demographic information was also included to facilitate further analysis. The SurveyMonkey platform was used, and a request to complete the survey was sent to all Society of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) active and resident members as well as CNS transitional, emeritus, and inactive members. Data were analyzed using RStudio version 1.2.5019.

RESULTS

Nearly two-thirds of responders indicated having witnessed sexual harassment in some form (62%, n = 382). Males were overwhelmingly identified as the offenders in allegations of sexual harassment (72%), with individuals in a “superior position” identified as offenders in 86%. Less than one-third of responders addressed the incidents of sexual harassment when they happened (yes 31%, no 62%, unsure 7%). Of those who did report, most felt there was either no impact or a negative one (negative: 34%, no impact: 38%). Almost all (85%) cited barriers to taking action about sexual harassment, including retaliation/retribution (87%), impact on future career (85%), reputation concerns (72%), and associated stress (50%). Female neurosurgeons were statistically more likely than male neurosurgeons to report witnessing or experiencing sexual harassment, as well as assessing it as a problem.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that neurosurgeons report significant sexual harassment across all ages and practice settings. Sexual harassment impacts both men and women, with more than half personally subjected to this behavior and two-thirds having witnessed it. Male dominance, a hierarchical environment, and a permissive environment remain prevalent within the neurosurgical community. This is not just a historical problem, but it continues today. A change of culture will be required for neurosurgery to shed this mantle, which must include zero tolerance of this behavior, new policies, awareness of unconscious bias, and commitment to best practices to enhance diversity. Above all, it will require that all neurosurgeons and neurosurgical leaders develop an awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace and establish consistent mechanisms to mitigate against its highly deleterious effects in the specialty.
Does double-blind peer review impact gender authorship trends? An evaluation of two leading neurosurgical journals from 2010 to 2019
Authors: Mahajan Uma V. , Wadhwa Harsh , Fatemi Parastou , Xu Samantha , Shan Judy , Benzil Deborah L. , Zygourakis Corinna C.
Published: November 2020

OBJECTIVE

Publications are key for advancement within academia. Although women are underrepresented in academic neurosurgery, the rates of women entering residency, achieving board certification, and publishing papers are increasing. The goal of this study was to assess the current status of women in academic neurosurgery publications. Specifically, this study sought to 1) survey female authorship rates in the Journal of Neurosurgery (JNS [not including JNS: Spine or JNS: Pediatrics]) and Neurosurgery from 2010 to 2019; 2) analyze whether double-blind peer review (started in Neurosurgery in 2011) altered female authorship rates relative to single-blind review (JNS); and 3) evaluate how female authorship rates compared with the number of women entering neurosurgery residency and obtaining neurosurgery board certification.

METHODS

Genders of the first and last authors for JNS and Neurosurgery articles from 2010 to 2019 were obtained. Data were also gathered on the number and percentage of women entering neurosurgery residency and women obtaining American Board of Neurological Surgeons (ABNS) certification between 2010 and 2019.

RESULTS

Women accounted for 13.4% (n = 570) of first authors and 6.8% (n = 240) of last authors in JNS and Neurosurgery publications. No difference in rates of women publishing existed between the two journals (first authors: 13.0% JNS vs 13.9% Neurosurgery, p = 0.29; last authors: 7.3% JNS vs 6.0% Neurosurgery, p = 0.25). No difference existed between women first or last authors in Neurosurgery before and after initiation of double-blind review (p = 0.066). Significant concordance existed between the gender of first and last authors: in publications with a woman last author, the odds of the first author being a woman was increased by twofold (OR 2.14 [95% CI 1.43–3.13], p = 0.0001). Women represented a lower proportion of authors of invited papers (8.6% of first authors and 3.1% of last authors were women) compared with noninvited papers (14.1% of first authors and 7.4% of last authors were women) (first authors: OR 0.576 [95% CI 0.410–0.794], p = 0.0004; last authors: OR 0.407 [95% CI 0.198–0.751], p = 0.001). The proportion of women US last authors (7.4%) mirrors the percentage of board-certified women neurosurgeons (5.4% in 2010 and 6.8% in 2019), while the percentage of women US first authors (14.3%) is less than that for women entering neurosurgical residency (11.2% in 2009 and 23.6% in 2018).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report of female authorship in the neurosurgical literature. The authors found that single- versus double-blind peer review did not impact female authorship rates at two top neurosurgical journals.
Biblia o ludziach starszych
Authors: Tronina Antoni
Published: November 2020

The author formulates the topic in a synthetical way, elaborating on it in three parts: Hebrew Bible, deuterocanonical books and message of the New Testament. The fake di­lemma (gerontocracy or gerontophobia) is overcome in the light of Revelation: Bible presents the wisdom as a source of truth and goodness, and as a solidarity with the elderly, because only the truth can set people free (J 8, 23). The truth revealed in Christ can also overcome the modern forms of discrimination in the world.
Wady ludzi starych w ocenie Jana Chryzostoma
Authors: Szczur Piotr
Published: November 2020

From John Chrysostom’s writings – and especially his homilies – quite a picturesque portrait of old people emerges. Generally speaking, in this instance the golden-mouth preacher talks as a representative of early-Christian writers, who gave old people the privi­leged status. However, along with some praises for the elderly and old age we can also find his comments concerning faults of people of advanced age. Chrysostom talks about these faults especially while speaking about the great responsibility of the elderly for the upbring­ing of the young. Trying to stress their responsibility the Antiochene exaggerates their faults in order to motivate them to become models and to set an example to the young generation. In this context he judges old people’s disgraceful behaviour that involves surrendering to weaknesses typical of young age, frequenting hippodromes and theatres, giving bad exam­ple, lack of proper care about children’s upbringing, or even teaching the young some wrong ways. The consequence of such behaviour is that the old themselves contribute to the process of diminishing the value of ‘silver hair’ and lack of esteem the old demand from the young because of their advanced age.
Starość w żywotach mnichów palestyńskich Cyryla ze Scytopolis
Authors: Twardowska Kamilla
Published: November 2020

The problem of went by time is very often in The Lives of the Monks of Palestine written about by Cyril of Scythopolis, famous monk and writer, who lived during first part of VIth century. His main heroes lived very long e.g. Cyriacos died when he was 107, Eutymios – 97, Saba – 94, John Hesychast – 104, Teodosius – 99, – such age was a sign of God’s mercy. Cyril used to write about old monk who was a teacher to young ones, and he created a topos: old means wise, experience; youth – impatience, and to be open for eve­rything which come from laic world. Cyril wrote we shouldn’t be afraid of old age, on the contrary we should wait for this. Old men did wonderful things by founding monasteries, working miracles, playing active in religion and politics. They were paragon of virtue to everyone. What monks at the Judean Desert did to live so long. The first thing was God’s mercy, but the secondo one – very special diet – almost vegetarian.
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. by Robert E. Bjork, vol. 1-4, Oxford – New York 2010, Oxford University Press.
Authors: Groń Ryszard
Published: November 2020

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Hieronim ze Strydonu, Listy, t. 1-4, wstęp i oprac. Monika Ożóg na podstawie tłumaczenia ks. Jana Czuja, tekst łaciński przygotował Henryk Pietras SJ, Kraków 2010-2011, Wydawnictwo WAM, ss. 227 + 506 + 436 + 211.
Authors: Figiel Józef
Published: November 2020

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Starość w starożytności klasycznej i chrześcijańskiej. Materiały bibliograficzne
Authors: Longosz Stanisław
Published: November 2020

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Polska bibliografia antyku chrześcijańskiego 2009-2010
Authors: Longosz Stanisław , Naumowicz Józef
Published: November 2020

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Ks. Franciszek Szulc (23 VII 1947 - 14 VI 2011)
Authors: Zmorzanka Anna Z.
Published: November 2020

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Ks. Roman Ryszard Piętka MIC (7 XI 1937 - 26 III 2011)
Authors: Longosz Stanisław
Published: November 2020

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Kilka uwag na temat początków urzędu biskupiego w ujęciu historycznym
Authors: Bielak Włodzimierz
Published: November 2020

Pursuant to the contemporary teaching of the Catholic Church bishops are deemed the successors of Apostles – and the only continuation in their offices. This thesis, posed by the dogmatic theology, should not be questioned. From the perspective of history, however, the issue is not that straightforward. The oldest monumental Christian scripts would rather suggest the separation of bishops from the presbyters.
Wysokie krzyże iryjskie a grobowce Edessy
Authors: Bulas Ryszarda M.
Published: November 2020

The author in the article refers to a broad discussion on the origin of ideas and artistic inspiration for Celtic crosses. She refers to a Hilary Richardson of the Armenian and Georgian origin of the concept of the Celtic cross, also to the results of her book The symbols of pagan Celtic crosses. Myths, symbols, images. In this book she indicates a cultural affinity of Ireland and the Syria. She points to the compositional and iconographic parallels between the Early Medieval Irish crosses and tombs mosaics of Edessa, dated to the III century. Reinforcing the thesis of H. Richardson, indicates the possibility of the existence an artistic tradition, in Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Syria, which is able to reach Ireland. She indicates the Celtic crosses, which have the most parallels with Syrian decoration (monasteries from Arboe, Monasterboice, Kells, Clones). The author concludes that they are grouped only in the Middle East of Ireland, in several counties (Louth, Meath, Monaghan, Tyron).
Zwycięstwo Chrystusa nad grzechem i szatanem w ujęciu św. Leona Wielkiego
Authors: Częsz Bogdan
Published: November 2020

Nach dem Leo der Große ist die Herrschaft des Satans über die Menschheit durch Adam’s Sünde begonnen. Der Satan war es Urheber der dramatischen Entscheidung des Menschen, weil er den Menschen in die Sklaverei unterjochen wollte. Ihm ist das gelungen. Seit dem ist der Mensch in Satan’s Gefangenschaft geraten. Leo sagt auch über Mitverantwortlichkeit des Menschen, obwohl er den Satan als Schuldiger des Todes nennt. Gott hat nicht zugelassen, dass Sieg des Satan’s für immer war. Gott hat Seinen Sohn gesandt, der durch seine menschliche Natur die Schlau des Satans verführt hat. Christus hat ihn auf dem Kreuz besiegt und die Herrschaft über die Menschen ihm abgenommen hat. Der erlöster Mensch ist noch immer durch Satan verführt und musst mit den Versuchungen kämpfen, aber der Christi triumph ist sicher und wird in der Parusie volkommen erscheinen.
Kult męczenników afrykańskich w pismach św. Augustyna
Authors: Eckmann Augustyn
Published: November 2020

Augustinus enumerat: Cyprianum, Perpetuam et Felicitam, martyres Scyllitanorum, episcopum Hipponensem Theogenem, Castum et Aemilium, diaconum Marianum et lectorem Iacobum, episcopi Uticae Quadratum, Fabiam Salsam et Crispinam, viginti martyres, octo martyres, sanctum Felicem et Gennadium. Celebrabantur etiam martyres Italici: Laurentius, Protasius et Gervasius et episcopus Xystus atque pauci martyres Hispanici: Laurentius a Saragossa, sancta Eulalia, episcopus Fructuosus cum sociis – propter Christum facti sunt martyres. Christiani – catholici celebrant sollemnitates martyrum ad exhortationem fidelium. Colunt Deum, quem colunt et martyres. Templa et sacrificia non martyribus, sed Deo soli exhibentur. Martyres loco meliore recitantur ad altare. In diebus martyrum cogitandum de ipsorum sequendis vestigiis. Martyres laudandi et amandi, Deus martyrum colendus.
Beatus qui erat, antequam nasceretur
Authors: Myszor Wincenty
Published: November 2020

Beatus qui erat antequam nasceretur bei Laktanz, Divinae Institutiones IV, 8, 1-3 wurde als Zitat von Jeremia angeführt. Das Zitat als solche war im 2. Jahnundert bekannt und wahrscheinlich in irgendeiner Sammlung biblischer behilflicher Fragmente im Unterricht aufbewahrt. So kannten es sowohl Gnostiker wie auch Irenäus von Lyon. Das Zitat wurde im Thomas Evangelium und Philippus Evangelium aus der Bibliothek von Nag Hammadi bezeugt. In der Demonstratio von Irenäus und in Divine Institutiones diente zum Hinweis auf die Präexistenz des Gottes Sohnes, in den gnostischen Texten deutete auch auf die göttlicher Herkunft der Gnostiker.
Relational Values: A Unifying Idea in Environmental Ethics and Evaluation?
Authors: Norton Bryan , Sanbeg Daniel
Published: November 2020

There has been a recent spate of publications on how we should evaluate change to ecological systems, some of which have introduced the concept of ‘relational values’. Environmental ethicists have, with a few exceptions, not engaged with this debate. We survey the literature on relational values, noting that most advocates of the concept introduce relational values as an additional type of value, in addition to ‘instrumental’ and ‘intrinsic’ values. In this paper, we explore the idea that all environmental values are ultimately relational. We explore how such an approach can be articulated, and discuss the implications of this concept for the future of environmental ethics and value studies. One key implication is to suggest a stronger role for empirical ethnography.
Approaching Change: Exploring Cracks in the Eco-Modern Sustainability Paradigm
Authors: Hagbert Pernilla , Nyblom ÅSa , Isaksson Karolina
Published: November 2020

Sustainability discourse offers a plethora of perspectives on the type of change needed to ensure a just development within planetary boundaries, and how that change could come about. Calls for radical transformations nonetheless underline the need to examine prevalent discursive structures in society, including challenging the ‘ideology of growth’, in order to formulate new and transformative policy approaches. Based on empirical insights as to how different actors – including grassroots, planners, officials and politicians – in Sweden perceive the transformations needed to reach sustainability goals, this paper explores how narratives of change reproduce, make use of or show cracks in the eco-modern sustainability paradigm.
Association of Low Systolic Blood Pressure with Postmortem Amyloid-β and Tau
Authors: Oveisgharan Shahram , Capuano Ana W. , Kapasi Alifiya , Buchman Aron S. , Schneider Julie A. , Bennett David A. , Arvanitakis Zoe
Published: November 2020

Background: Vascular mechanisms may contribute to the accumulation of AD pathology. Objective: We examined whether the burden of vascular risk factors proximate to death is associated with amyloid-β and tau levels or modified their known association. Methods: We examined the brains of 1, 585 participants from two longitudinal community-based studies of older adults. Amyloid-β and tau were quantified by postmortem examination. The burden of vascular risk factors was summarized by calculating the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score (FRS) proximate to death. Using linear regressions, we examined the association of the FRS with the amyloid-β and tau levels and examined if the FRS modified the association of the amyloid-β with tau. Results: On average, participants were nearly 90 years old and two-thirds were women. The FRS was not associated with amyloid-β (Spearman r  = –0.00, p  = 0.918) or tau (r = 0.01, p = 0.701). However, the FRS as a whole (estimate = –0.022, SE = 0.008, p = 0.009), and specifically the systolic blood pressure (SBP) component (estimate = –0.033, SE = 0.012, p = 0.009), modified the association of the amyloid-β with tau. Further analysis showed that the association between amyloid-β and tau was stronger at lower levels of SBP. Conclusion: Late-life vascular risk scores were not related to postmortem levels of amyloid-β or tau. However, lower levels of vascular risk scores and SBP were associated with a stronger association between amyloid-β and tau. These data suggest that vascular risk factors may modify the relation of AD pathology markers to one another.
Functional Integrity of Synapses in the Central Nervous System of Cognitively Intact Individuals with High Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropathology Is Associated with Absence of Synaptic Tau Oligomers
Authors: Singh Ayush , Allen Dyron , Fracassi Anna , Tumurbaatar Batbayar , Natarajan Chandramouli , Scaduto Pietro , Woltjer Randy , Kayed Rakez , Limon Agenor , Krishnan Balaji , Taglialatela Giulio
Published: November 2020

Background: Certain individuals, here referred to as Non-Demented with Alzheimer Neuropathology (NDAN), do not show overt neurodegeneration (N-) and remain cognitively intact despite the presence of plaques (A+) and tangles (T+) that would normally be consistent with fully symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: The existence of NDAN (A + T+N-) subjects suggests that the human brain utilizes intrinsic mechanisms that can naturally evade cognitive decline normally associated with the symptomatic stages of AD (A + T+N+). Deciphering the underlying mechanisms would prove relevant to develop complementing therapeutics to prevent progression of AD-related cognitive decline. Methods: Previously, we have reported that NDAN present with preserved neurogenesis and synaptic integrity paralleled by absence of amyloid oligomers at synapses. Using postmortem brain samples from age-matched control subjects, demented AD patients and NDAN individuals, we performed immunofluorescence, western blots, micro transplantation of synaptic membranes in Xenopus oocytes followed by twin electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology and fluorescence assisted single synaptosome-long term potentiation studies. Results: We report decreased tau oligomers at synapses in the brains of NDAN subjects. Furthermore, using novel approaches we report, for the first time, that such absence of tau oligomers at synapses is associated with synaptic functional integrity in NDAN subjects as compared to demented AD patients. Conclusion: Overall, these results give further credence to tau oligomers as primary actors of synaptic destruction underscoring cognitive demise in AD and support their targeting as a viable therapeutic strategy for AD and related tauopathies.