bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain Metastases from Genito-Urinary Cancers in the Canton of Geneva (Switzerland): Study of Incidence, Management and Outcomes
Authors: Gonnet Philippe , Marinari Eliana , Achard Vérane , Schaffar Robin , Neyroud-Caspar Isabelle , May Adrien , Goga Cristina , Dietrich Pierre-Yves , Schaller Karl , Patrikidou Anna
Published: October 2024

Background: Incidence of brain metastases is precisely unknown and there is no clear consensus on their management. We aimed to determine the incidence of brain metastases among patients with genito-urinary primaries, present patients’ characteristics and identify prognostic factors. Method: We identified 51 patients treated in Geneva University Hospitals between January 1992 and December 2019. We retrospectively correlated their overall survival with 23 variables. We repeated a multivariate analysis with significant variables. Results: Overall incidence of Brain Metastases (BMs) among Genito-Urinary (GU) patients is estimated to be 1.76% (range per primary GU tumour type: 0.00–6.65%). BMs originate from germ cell tumours in two cases (3.92%), from urothelial cell carcinoma in 15 cases (29.41%), from prostate cancer in 13 cases (25.49%), and from renal cell carcinoma in 21 cases (41.18%); there are no BMs from penile cancer in our cohort. The median age at BM diagnosis is 67 years old (range: 25–92). Most patients (54%) have a stage IV disease at initial diagnosis and 11 patients (22%) have BM at initial diagnosis. Only six patients (12%) are asymptomatic at BM diagnosis. The median Overall Survival (OS) from BM diagnosis is 3 months (range: 0–127). Five patients (10%) are long survivors (OS > 24 months). OS is significantly influenced by patient performance status and administration of systemic treatment. In the absence of meningeal carcinomatosis, OS is influenced by systemic treatment and stereotactic radiosurgery. We also apply the Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) score to our cohort and note significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Brain metastases from solid tumours is not a uniform disease, with a prognosis varying a lot among patients. The optimal management for patients with genito-urinary malignancies with brain metastases remain unclear and further research is needed.
Regulation of β-Adrenergic Receptors in the Heart: A Review on Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Heart Failure
Authors: Parichatikanond Warisara , Duangrat Ratchanee , Kurose Hitoshi , Mangmool Supachoke
Published: October 2024

The prolonged overstimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, causes abnormalities in the density and functionality of the receptor and contributes to cardiac dysfunctions, leading to the development and progression of heart diseases, especially heart failure (HF). Despite recent advancements in HF therapy, mortality and morbidity rates continue to be high. Treatment with β-AR antagonists (β-blockers) has improved clinical outcomes and reduced overall hospitalization and mortality rates. However, several barriers in the management of HF remain, providing opportunities to develop new strategies that focus on the functions and signal transduction of β-ARs involved in the pathogenesis of HF. As β-AR can signal through multiple pathways influenced by different receptor subtypes, expression levels, and signaling components such as G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), β-arrestins, and downstream effectors, it presents a complex mechanism that could be targeted in HF management. In this narrative review, we focus on the regulation of β-ARs at the receptor, G protein, and effector loci, as well as their signal transductions in the physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. The discovery of potential ligands for β-AR that activate cardioprotective pathways while limiting off-target signaling is promising for the treatment of HF. However, applying findings from preclinical animal models to human patients faces several challenges, including species differences, the genetic variability of β-ARs, and the complexity and heterogeneity of humans. In this review, we also summarize recent updates and future research on the regulation of β-ARs in the molecular basis of HF and highlight potential therapeutic strategies for HF.
First-Principles Study on the Influence of Crystal Structures on the Interface Properties of Graphene/Titanium Composites
Authors: Han Xiuli , Wang Rui , Kang Pengchao , Li Wanying , Wu Gaohui
Published: October 2024

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the fabrication and application of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites. The remarkable mechanical properties of graphene have led to a substantial enhancement in the strength of titanium-based composites reinforced with graphene nanosheets. However, the occurrence of severe interfacial reactions remains one of the most challenging issues in graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites. This study, grounded in first principles, investigates the interfacial bonding between pure titanium and graphene across two distinct crystal structures, as well as the impact of vacancy defects on the composite’s interfacial structure. The bond strength between beta titanium and graphene is found to be relatively weaker, which may facilitate a reduction in the reactivity between graphene and titanium. Furthermore, the presence of vacancy defects is identified as a crucial factor influencing the formation of titanium carbide. This study presents a novel approach to enhance the interfacial adhesion between graphene and titanium.
Maintenance Therapy Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Canichella Martina , Molica Matteo , Mazzone Carla , de Fabritiis Paolo
Published: October 2024

High-risk acute myeloid leukemia has been associated with a poor outcome. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents the only curative option for eligible patients. Relapse after HSCT is a dramatic event with poor chances of survival. With the aim of reducing the rate of post-HSCT relapse, maintenance treatment has been investigated in this setting. Results from clinical trials suggest an advantage in the use of a maintenance strategy; however, standardized guidelines are not yet available due to the lack of prospective clinical trials. In this review, we have reported the most important strategies adopted as post-HSCT maintenance, highlighting their efficacy, but the current research also opens questions.
Appetite Loss in Patients with Advanced Cancer Treated at an Acute Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Helgesen Elisabeth Hagen , Ulevåg Ragnhild , Solheim Tora Skeidsvoll , Thronæs Morten , Jakobsen Gunnhild , Løhre Erik Torbjørn , Balstad Trude Rakel , Vagnildhaug Ola Magne
Published: October 2024

Appetite loss is prevalent in patients with advanced cancer and negatively affects their quality of life. However, understanding of the factors associated with appetite loss is limited. The current study aims to explore characteristics and therapeutic interventions used for patients with and without appetite loss admitted to an acute palliative care unit. Patient characteristics and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), using the 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS 0–10), were registered. Descriptive statistics, independent samples T-tests and chi-square tests were utilized for data analysis. Of the 167 patients included in the analysis, 62% (104) had moderate to severe appetite loss at admission, whereof 63% (66) improved their appetite during their hospital stay. At admission, there was a significant association between appetite loss and having gastrointestinal cancer, living alone, poor performance status and withdrawn anticancer treatment. Patients with appetite loss also experienced more nausea, depression, fatigue, dyspnea and anxiety. In patients with improved appetite during hospitalization, mean decrease in NRS was 3.4 (standard error (SE) 0.27). Additionally, patients living alone were more likely to improve their appetite. Appetite improvement frequently coincided with alleviation of fatigue. Understanding these associations may help in developing better interventions for managing appetite loss in patients with advanced cancer.
The Radiation of Landhoppers (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in New Zealand
Authors: Ball Olivier J.-P. , Myers Alan A. , Pohe Stephen R. , Shepherd Lara D.
Published: October 2024

A synopsis of current knowledge of the diversity of the New Zealand landhopper fauna is provided. A combination of morphological and molecular analysis was employed on material from across New Zealand. Thirteen new endemic genera soon to be formally described have been discovered, including four belonging to the widespread families Talitridae and Arcitalitridae. These are families that had not been previously reported from New Zealand. We document the existence of at least 48 new provisional native species. This number far exceeds the 28 species currently described. Some described species are now shown to be species complexes, and a few of these are very diverse with numerous cryptic species. Six changes to the existing taxonomy are proposed. Dallwitzia simularis (Hurley, 1957) is transferred from Makawidae Myers & Lowry, 2020 to Talitridae Rafinesque, 1815; Kellyduncania hauturu (Duncan, 1994) is reinstated as a member of Dana Lowry, 2011; Kellyduncania (Lowry & Myers, 2019) is relegated to a synonym of Dana Lowry, 2011; Kanikania Duncan, 1994 is transferred from Makawidae Myers & Lowry, 2020 to Arcitalitridae Myers & Lowry, 2020; Parorchestia longicornis is transferred to Kanikania Duncan, 1994; Waematau kaitaia (Duncan, 1994) is transferred to Kohuroa Lowry, Myers & Nakano, 2019; and Waematau unuwhao (Duncan, 1994) is transferred to Omaiorchestia Lowry & Myers, 2019. This reduces the number of described New Zealand genera from 17 to 16.
Alternative DNA Markers to Detect Guam-Specific CRB-G (Clade I) Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Indicate That the Beetle Did Not Disperse from Guam to the Solomon Islands or Palau
Authors: Tay Wee Tek , Marshall Sean D. G. , Popa-Baez Angel David , Dulla Glenn F. J. , Blas Andrea L. , Sambiran Juniaty W. , Hosang Meldy , Millado Justine Bennette H. , Melzer Michael , Rane Rahul V. , Hogarty Tim , Cho Demi Yi-Chun , Alouw Jelfina C. , Faheem Muhammad , Hoffmann Benjamin D.
Published: October 2024

A partial mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene haplotype variant of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB) Oryctes rhinoceros, classed as ‘CRB-G (clade I)’, has been the focus of much research since 2007, with reports of invasions into new Pacific Island locations (e.g., Guam, Hawaii, Solomons Islands). For numerous invasive species, inference of invasion biology via whole genome is superior to assessments via the partial mtCOI gene. Here, we explore CRB draft mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from historical and recent collections, with assessment focused on individuals associated within the CRB-G (clade I) classification. We found that all Guam CRB individuals possessed the same mitogenome across all 13 protein-coding genes and differed from individuals collected elsewhere, including ‘non-Guam’ individuals designated as CRB-G (clade I) by partial mtCOI assessment. Two alternative ATP6 and COIII partial gene primer sets were developed to enable distinction between CRB individuals from Guam that classed within the CRB-G (clade I) haplotype grouping and CRB-G (Clade I) individuals collected elsewhere. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated ATP6–COIII genes showed that only Guam CRB-G (clade I) individuals clustered together, and therefore Guam was not the source of the CRB that invaded the other locations in the Pacific assessed in this study. The use of the mtCOI and/or mtCOIII genes for initial molecular diagnosis of CRB remained crucial, and assessment of more native CRB populations will further advance our ability to identify the provenance of CRB invasions being reported within the Pacific and elsewhere.
RBFNN-PSO Intelligent Synchronisation Method for Sprott B Chaotic Systems with External Noise and Its Application in an Image Encryption System
Authors: Zhang Yanpeng , Zeng Jian , Yan Wenhao , Ding Qun
Published: October 2024

In the past two decades, research in the field of chaotic synchronization has attracted extensive attention from scholars, and at the same time, more synchronization methods, such as chaotic master–slave synchronization, projection synchronization, sliding film synchronization, fractional-order synchronization and so on, have been proposed and applied to chaotic secure communication. In this paper, based on radial basis function neural network theory and the particle swarm optimisation algorithm, the RBFNN-PSO synchronisation method is proposed for the Sprott B chaotic system with external noise. The RBFNN controller is constructed, and its parameters are used as the particle swarm particle optimisation parameters, and the optimal values of the controller parameters are obtained by the PSO training method, which overcomes the influence of external noise and achieves the synchronisation of the master–slave system. Then, it is shown by numerical simulation and analysis that the scheme has a good performance against external noise. Because the Sprott B system has multiple chaotic attractors with richer dynamics, the synchronization system based on Sprott B chaos is applied to the image encryption system. In particular, the Zigzag disambiguation method for top corner rotation and RGB channel selection is proposed, and the master–slave chaotic system synchronisation sequences are diffused to the disambiguated data streams, respectively. Therefore, the encryption and decryption of image transmission are implemented and the numerical simulation results are given, the random distribution characteristics of encrypted images are analysed using histogram and Shannon entropy methods, and the final results achieve the expected results.
Design of a Dual-Band Filter Based on the Band Gap Waveguide
Authors: Li Shaohang , Yao Yuan , Cheng Xiaohe , Yu Junsheng
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the design of a dual-band filter based on the band gap waveguide (BGW) is presented. In the low-frequency band, the TE201 mode rectangular waveguide cavity resonator was used to design the bandpass filter, which significantly reduces the impact of the high-frequency transmission line (TL). In the high-frequency band, a TE101 mode cavity resonator based on the gap waveguide (GW) structure was used to design the high-frequency band filter. A lower insertion loss can be achieved with the use of all-metal structure. A dual-band filter prototype was fabricated to verify its performance. According to the measurement results, the insertion loss is less than 1.3 dB and the return loss is better than 14 dB in the frequency range of 5.92–6.06 GHz; and the insertion loss is less than 1.77 dB and the return loss is better than 15 dB in the frequency range of 80.6–86.2 GHz. The frequency ratio is as large as 13.9, and because the high-frequency band filter is embedded in the cavity resonator of the low-frequency band filter, it saves space to a certain extent and realizes the integrated design of the dual-band filter, which is of great significance for the improvement of the performance of the dual-band communication system in higher-frequency bands.
A Post-Disaster Fault Recovery Model for Distribution Networks Considering Road Damage and Dual Repair Teams
Authors: Liu Wei , Xu Qingshan , Qin Minglei , Yang Yongbiao
Published: October 2024

Extreme weather, such as rainstorms, often triggers faults in the distribution network, and power outages occur. Some serious faults cannot be repaired by one team alone and may require equipment replacement or engineering construction crews to work together. Rainstorms can also lead to road damage or severe waterlogging, making some road sections impassable. Based on this, this paper first establishes a road network model to describe the dynamic changes in access performance and road damage. It provides the shortest time-consuming route suggestions for the traffic access of mobile class resources in the post-disaster recovery task of power distribution networks. Then, the model proposes a joint repair model with general repair crew (GRC) and senior repair crew (SRC) collaboration. Different types of faults match different functions of repair crews (RCs). Finally, the proposed scheme is simulated and analyzed in a road network and power grid extreme post-disaster recovery model, including a mobile energy storage system (MESS) and distributed power sources. The simulation finds that considering road damage and severe failures produces a significant difference in the progress and load loss of the recovery task. The model proposed in this paper is more suitable for the actual scenario requirements, and the simulation results and loss assessment obtained are more accurate and informative.
Asymmetric Operation of Power Networks, State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Berdygozhin Ansar , Campos-Gaona David
Published: October 2024

The asymmetric operation is a method that allows High and Extra-High Voltage (HV, EHV) power lines to function with one or two phases open. With the increasing share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in National Power Systems (NPS), they are becoming more volatile and less reliable due to decreasing inertia and other issues related to the integration and exploitation of the Inverter-Based Resources (IBR) (decreasing short-circuit ratio, different types of interactions, etc.). On the other hand, phase-to-ground faults are a common cause of tripping off power lines which affects the overall reliability of the power system. Thus, for power systems experiencing a decreasing trend in reliability and robustness, the asymmetrical operation of the power lines may enhance them. In this way, this article reviews the state of the art and new developments in the academic landscape regarding asymmetrical operation. The review is not, however, limited to HV and EHV systems, so it examines cases of asymmetric operation in Low and Medium Voltages (LV, MV) as well. The challenges and opportunities that this unique mode of operation imposes on power networks are also presented, providing a fresh reference for researchers looking to enter this topic.
Gas Flow Blockage Treatment in Shale Gas: Case Study of Qusaiba Hot Shale, Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlQuraishi Abdulrahman A. , AlMansour Abdullah O. , AlAwfi Khalid A. , Alonaizi Faisal A. , AlYami Hamdan Q. , Ali Ali M. AlGhamdi
Published: October 2024

Organic-rich hot Qusaiba shale is the primary source rock of most of the Paleozoic hydrocarbon reservoirs of eastern and central Arabia. Representative near-surface Qusaiba shale samples were collected and characterized from one of its outcrop sections at the Tayma quadrangle in northwest Saudi Arabia. The petrophysical and geochemical characterization indicated porosity and permeability of 8.2% and 2.05 nD, respectively, with good total organic carbon (TOC) of 2.2 mg/g and mature kerogen of gas-prone type III. The tight characteristics of the formation can lead to high capillary pressure and extensive post-fracking water retention, leading to flow blockage and a reduction in gas productivity. Three different surfactants and one ionic liquid, namely, Triton X-100, Triton X-405 and Zonyle FSO surfactants and Ammoeng 102 ionic liquid, were tested as additives to fracking fluid to investigate their effectiveness in optimizing its performance. The chemical solutions exhibited no sign of instability when exposed to solution salinity and temperatures up to 70 °C. The investigated chemicals’ performance was examined by measuring methane/chemical solutions’ surface tension and their ability to alter shale’s wettability. The results indicate that Zonyl FSO is the most effective chemical, as it is able to significantly reduce surface tension and, hence, capillary pressure by 66% when added at critical micelle concentration (CMC). Using Zonyl FSO surfactant at a maximum tested concentration of 0.2% induced a relatively smaller capillary pressure drop (54%) due to the drastic drop in the contact angle rendering shale very strongly water-wet. Such a drop in capillary pressure can lower the fracking fluid invasion depth and therefore ease the liquid blockage removal during the flowback stage, enhancing gas recovery during the extended production stage. Triton X-100 at CMC was the second most effective surfactant and was able to induce a quite significant 47% drop in capillary pressure when added at the maximum tested concentration of 0.05%. This was sufficient to remove any liquid blockage but was less likely to alter the wettability of the shale. Based on the findings obtained, it is suggested to reduce the blockage tendency during the fracking process and elevate any existing blockage during the flowback stage by using Zonyl FSO at CMC where IFT is at its minimum with a higher contact angle.
A Digital Iterative Learning Based Peak Current Mode Control for Interleaved Totem Pole PFC Circuit
Authors: Dudak Ahmet Talha , Bakan Ahmet Faruk
Published: October 2024

Iterative learning based digital peak current mode control (PCMC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed control method provides excellent current reference tracking against variations in input voltage, load, and circuit parameters. Compared to other current control methods, the proposed digital PCMC has a high dynamic response, a simple structure and a low computational burden. It is suitable for power factor correction (PFC) converters operating at high frequency. Thanks to the iterative learning control (ILC), the peak current value in PCMC is successfully compensated against disturbances. The proposed new current control method is applied to an interleaved totem pole PFC (ITPPFC) circuit. The ITPPFC circuit prototype is implemented with 250 W output power and 100 kHz switching frequency. The circuit prototype is tested under various load conditions and parametric disturbances. Theoretical and experimental results are found to be consistent.
Multi-Temperature State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Spatial Transformer Network
Authors: Cao Yu , Wen Xin , Liang Hongyu
Published: October 2024

Accurately estimating the state of charge of a lithium-ion battery plays an important role in managing the health of a battery and estimating its charging state. Traditional state-of-charge estimation methods encounter difficulties in processing the diverse temporal data sequences and predicting adaptive results. To address these problems, we propose a spatial transformer network (STN) for multi-temperature state-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries. The proposed STN consists of a convolutional neural network with a temporal–spatial module and a long short-term memory transformer network, which together are able to efficiently capture the spatiotemporal features. To train the STN under multi-temperature conditions, denoising augmentation and attention prediction are proposed to enhance the model’s generalizability within a unified framework. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the mean absolute error and root mean square error by 41% and 43%, respectively, compared with existing methods; in the semi-supervised setting, the respective reductions are 23% and 38%, indicating that effective extraction of the spatiotemporal features along with denoising augmentation is beneficial for estimating the state of charge and can promote the development of battery management systems using semi-supervised learning methods.
Proposal for the Implementation of Solar Chimneys near Urban Environments with Variable Collector Area According to Demand and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Tarrillo Jorge Luis Mírez , Hernandez Jesús C.
Published: October 2024

This article reports the proposal for the use of towers solar (solar chimneys) in urban environments in order to take advantage of landfills, unpopulated or wild hills within or near cities, clearing landfills, artificial hills; considering that the solar tower can maintain the mechanical power of its wind turbine constant. To this end, a mathematical model has been developed to determine the collector area based on solar radiation and the mechanical power of the turbine. The present proposal has the potential that at a technical level there is the possibility of producing electrical energy, production of water intended to create/maintain green environments or for the population, hydrogen production, capture of atmospheric pollutants, measurement of air quality and elimination of cloud cover.
Diversity in the Herpetobiont Ground Beetle Assemblage (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the Val Grande National Park, Italy
Authors: Busato Enrico , Gallizia Serena , Angeli Matteo , D’Amico Michele E. , Ferracini Chiara
Published: October 2024

We evaluated the richness, diversity, and assemblage of Carabidae in the Val Grande National Park. Monitoring, by pitfall-trapping, was performed in 2021–2022 in two sites (S1 and S2), and considering six vegetation habitats (“Terraced ferns”, “Terraced grassland”, “Wood”, “Chestnut grove”, “Ecotone”, and “Grassland”). A total of 2707 carabids consisting of 34 species were collected. The assemblage displayed the dominance of Calathus fuscipes graecus (27%), followed by Carabus glabratus latior (15%), and Carabus problematicus problematicus (15%). Besides the species already known for the Park, seven further species have been recorded. While in S1 the carabid assemblage was unexpectedly poor, a rich biodiversity with an excellent balance among the numerous brachypterous, macropterous, and pteropolymorphous species was recorded in S2. The species recorded in the habitat “Terraced ferns” and in “Ecotone” constituted the dominant groups and they accounted for 51% and 41%, in S1 and S2, respectively. The awareness of the species composition, richness, and ecology can be a useful tool for the Park to address the management of the surfaces in order to avoid disturbing the carabid fauna, especially for carabids of conservation concern, to mitigate their potential decline.
Satellites Reveal Global Migration Patterns of Natural Mountain Treelines during Periods of Rapid Warming
Authors: Zhang Yong , An Chengbang
Published: October 2024

Profound global transformations in the Anthropocene epoch are hastening shifts in species ranges, with natural mountain treeline migration playing a crucial role in this overarching species movement. The varied reactions of mountain treelines to climatic conditions across diverse climatic zones, when compounded by local disturbances, result in distinct migration patterns. Usually, warming encourages mountain treelines to migrate to higher elevations. Nevertheless, in a period of rapid warming, it remains unclear whether the natural mountain treeline in global thermal climatic zones and subclimatic zones has expedited its upward movement. Here, we employed remote sensing observations and the random forest algorithm to investigate the natural treeline dynamics across 24 major mountain ranges worldwide amidst a period of rapid warming (1990–2020). Our research shows substantial disparities in the migration patterns of natural mountain treelines across the global thermal zone. The natural mountain treeline in tropical and subtropical zones descends by an average of 1.1 and 0.8 m per year, respectively. Only 18.8 and 35.5% of the natural mountain treelines in these regions had undergone upward migration, respectively. The average migration rates of natural mountain treelines in temperate and boreal zones were 0.7 m per year. Correspondingly, 47 and 33.2% of the natural mountain treelines in these zones had already shifted to higher elevations. The highest average migration rate of natural mountain treelines occurs in temperate continental climates (1.7 m per year). The loss or degradation of alpine species habitats, a direct consequence of the upward movement of the treeline, highlights the necessity for increased monitoring and protection of alpine species in temperate and boreal zones in the future.
A Comparative Overview of the Role of Human Ribonucleases in Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay
Authors: da Costa Paulo J. , Menezes Juliane , Guedes Raquel , Reis Filipa P. , Teixeira Alexandre , Saramago Margarida , Viegas Sandra C. , Arraiano Cecília M. , Romão Luísa
Published: October 2024

Eukaryotic cells possess surveillance mechanisms that detect and degrade defective transcripts. Aberrant transcripts include mRNAs with a premature termination codon (PTC), targeted by the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway, and mRNAs lacking a termination codon, targeted by the nonstop decay (NSD) pathway. The eukaryotic exosome, a ribonucleolytic complex, plays a crucial role in mRNA processing and turnover through its catalytic subunits PM/Scl100 (Rrp6 in yeast), DIS3 (Rrp44 in yeast), and DIS3L1. Additionally, eukaryotic cells have other ribonucleases, such as SMG6 and XRN1, that participate in RNA surveillance. However, the specific pathways through which ribonucleases recognize and degrade mRNAs remain elusive. In this study, we characterized the involvement of human ribonucleases, both nuclear and cytoplasmic, in the mRNA surveillance mechanisms of NMD and NSD. We performed knockdowns of SMG6, PM/Scl100, XRN1, DIS3, and DIS3L1, analyzing the resulting changes in mRNA levels of selected natural NMD targets by RT-qPCR. Additionally, we examined the levels of different human β-globin variants under the same conditions: wild-type, NMD-resistant, NMD-sensitive, and NSD-sensitive. Our results demonstrate that all the studied ribonucleases are involved in the decay of certain endogenous NMD targets. Furthermore, we observed that the ribonucleases SMG6 and DIS3 contribute to the degradation of all β-globin variants, with an exception for βNS in the former case. This is also the case for PM/Scl100, which affects all β-globin variants except the NMD-sensitive variants. In contrast, DIS3L1 and XRN1 show specificity for β-globin WT and NMD-resistant variants. These findings suggest that eukaryotic ribonucleases are target-specific rather than pathway-specific. In addition, our data suggest that ribonucleases play broader roles in mRNA surveillance and degradation mechanisms beyond just NMD and NSD.
Genetics of Calcific Aortic Stenosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vassiliou Vassilios S. , Johnson Nicholas , Langlands Kenneth , Tsampasian Vasiliki
Published: October 2024

Background: Calcific aortic stenosis is the most prevalent valvular abnormality in the Western world. Factors commonly associated with calcific aortic stenosis include advanced age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes and impaired renal function. This review synthesises the existing literature on genetic associations with calcific aortic stenosis. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Ovid and Cochrane libraries from inception to 21 July 2024 to identify human studies investigating the genetic factors involved in calcific aortic stenosis. From an initial pool of 1392 articles, 78 were selected for full-text review and 31 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The risk of bias in these studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results: Multiple genes have been associated with calcific aortic stenosis. These genes are involved in different biological pathways, including the lipid metabolism pathway (PLA, LDL, APO, PCSK9, Lp-PLA2, PONS1), the inflammatory pathway (IL-6, IL-10), the calcification pathway (PALMD, TEX41) and the endocrine pathway (PTH, VIT D, RUNX2, CACNA1C, ALPL). Additional genes such as NOTCH1, NAV1 and FADS1/2 influence different pathways. Mechanistically, these genes may promote a pro-inflammatory and pro-calcific environment in the aortic valve itself, leading to increased osteoblastic activity and subsequent calcific degeneration of the valve. Conclusions: Numerous genetic associations contribute to calcific aortic stenosis. Recognition of these associations can enhance risk stratification for individuals and their first-degree relatives, facilitate family screening, and importantly, pave the way for targeted therapeutic interventions focusing on the identified genetic factors. Understanding these genetic factors can also lead to gene therapy to prevent calcific aortic stenosis in the future.
Use of Computerised X-ray Tomography in the Study of the Fabrication Methods and Conservation of Ceramics, Glass and Stone Building Materials
Authors: Rigby Sean P.
Published: October 2024

This work will review and discuss the use of computerised X-ray tomography (CXT) for analysing ancient, manufactured items, like stone building materials, glass and ceramics. It will consider particular techniques required, and/or of benefit, for CXT of heritage materials, such as special precautions during the experimentation to ensure there is no damage to the materials, special imaging methods such as elemental-specific imaging, and sample-specific image analysis requirements. This study shows how the knowledge of internal features, particularly pores, discerned from CXT can be used to reverse engineer the artefact fabrication process. CXT can be used to obtain information on both the raw materials (such as types and impurities) and fabrication techniques used. These abilities can then be used to establish technological evolution and the incidence of ancient behaviours like recycling and allow the linking of particular items to specific production sites. It will also be seen how CXT can aid the development of effective conservation techniques. This work will also consider how conclusions drawn from CXT data can be amended or augmented by the use of complementary non-destructive characterisation methods, such as gas overcondensation.
Emerging Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System in the Past Decade: A Literature Review
Authors: Lino Rita , Guimarães André Rodrigues , Sousa Estela , Azevedo Mariana , Santos Lurdes
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Invasive fungal infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are a major health concern worldwide associated with high mortality rates. Their increased incidence is largely due to an increase in the vulnerable immunocompromised population, changing environmental factors, and development of more accurate diagnostic methods. The aim of this article is to identify fungal causes of CNS infections that are recently emerging or have the potential to become emerging pathogens in the near future, as well as their clinical characteristics, including: Candida auris, Trichosporon spp., Blastomyces spp., Sporothrix spp., Talaromyces marneffei, Lomentospora prolificans, and Scedosporium spp. Methods: A review of the literature in PubMed in the last ten years was conducted to identify central nervous system infections caused by each of these fungi. Results: The review identified 10 cases caused by C. auris, 5 cases by Trichosporon spp., 82 cases by Blastomyces spp., 36 cases by Sporothrix spp., 21 cases by T. marneffei, 22 cases by Lomentospora prolificans, and 42 cases by Scedosporium spp. Discussion: The exact burden of these diseases remains difficult to ascertain, but their apparent rise underscores the urgent need for improved diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies against CNS fungal pathogens to improve outcomes against these life-threatening infections.
Gallbladder Burkitt’s Lymphoma: A Literature Review Including a Case Report in a Child Living with HIV
Authors: Duarte Nathalia Lopez , Bueno Ana Paula Silva , Sanches Bárbara Sarni , Ramos Gabriella Alves , Batista Layanara Albino , de Abreu Thalita Fernandes , Land Marcelo Gerardin Poirot , Milito Cristiane Bedran
Published: October 2024

Malignant lymphoma is an unusual form of gallbladder neoplasm. Almost all these tumors are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas. Herein, we present a literature review of gallbladder Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cases that includes also an unpublished case in an HIV-infected child, observed by our center. The patient (a five-year-old black female child) attended the Federal Hospital of Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, underwent cholecystectomy, and the postoperative pathological analysis of the gallbladder revealed a diagnosis of BL (EBV-positive). Also, HIV serology was performed and returned positive. She was transferred to the Martagão Gesteira Institute of Pediatrics and Childcare for oncological treatment, dying from sepsis and disease progression about 18 months later. The patient did not undergo ART/cART. Previous cases of gallbladder BL were herein described and analyzed to characterize the clinicopathological features and possible similarities. BL can occur in the gallbladder both in the context of HIV infection and in the pediatric population. A biopsy is mandatory in cases with suggestive findings of lymphoma, and an early diagnosis can change the course of the disease. Furthermore, the case highlights the importance of an early initiation of ART/cART in people living with HIV (PLWH), especially in children.
British South Asian and Muslim Community’s Perceptions and Experiences of Addiction and Traditional Drug and Alcohol Treatment Services
Authors: Sattar Zeibeda , Lochhead Lydia , Alderson Hayley , Lhussier Monique , McGovern Ruth , McGovern William
Published: October 2024

Within traditional drug and alcohol (D&A) treatment services, the majority of those accessing support are of white ethnicity, with only a small percentage of people from the British South Asian (BSA) and Muslim community engaging in treatment services. This paper aims to explore perceived barriers to accessing traditional D&A services within the British South Asian and Muslim communities, based on qualitative data from interviews with family members and a practitioner. Qualitative data were obtained via 11 semi-structured interviews involving a practitioner (n = 1), and family and friends (n = 10) of those with historic and current D&A use in the community. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed four themes: (1) awareness of drug and alcohol use in the community, (2) drug and alcohol use as a taboo topic and the impact of admitting use, (3) knowledge of services for treatment, (4) how to increase awareness and accessibility of treatment. There was an increasing awareness of D&A use in the BSA and Muslim community. Despite this, limited conversations and misconceptions around D&A use and recovery led to those using D&A and their family members feeling stigmatised within their community and unable to seek support. This paper concludes by recommending increased communication between the BSA and Muslim communities and D&A treatment services to ensure accessibility of treatment by improving cultural competency.
Autoimmune Health Crisis: An Inclusive Approach to Addressing Disparities in Women in the United States
Authors: Goulmamine Syreen , Chew Sarah , Aninye Irene O.
Published: October 2024

Autoimmune diseases are identified by the chronic inflammation and tissue damage resulting from unregulated immune responses throughout the body. Systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are among the 80+ characterized conditions, 80% of which are diagnosed in women. The compounded effects of biological sex and hormones; social identities, such as age, race, and gender; and other determinants on health highlight a pressing need for an inclusive approach to address disparities for women living with autoimmune diseases. Such an approach must recognize and incorporate intersectional experiences of diverse populations of women into biomedical research, clinical practice, and policy solutions. Research must prioritize inclusive designs, data collection, and representation of women in clinical studies. Clinical care must focus on developing guidelines and promoting patient–provider interactions that meet a range of demographic needs. Health care policies must support financial investments in research and equitable access to care. This review provides an overview of the impacts of autoimmune diseases on women’s health through an intersectional lens, identifies persistent gaps in addressing the unique needs of women, and proposes recommendations for a comprehensive, equity-focused approach to mitigate disparities and better serve all women at risk for or living with autoimmune diseases.
Impact of Weight Status on Hemodynamic Parameters and Aerobic Fitness in School-Aged Children: A Study in a Rural School Community
Authors: Lukhele Ncomi Primrose , Millard Lourens , Breukelman Gerrit Jan
Published: October 2024

Maintaining a high level of physical activity provides significant health benefits for children, particularly in enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness and maintaining a healthy weight. This study aimed to investigate the impact of weight status on children’s hemodynamic parameters and aerobic fitness levels. This cross-sectional study included 350 rural primary school children (146 boys and 204 girls) aged 11–13 years, randomly selected from two schools in the King Cetshwayo District, KwaDlangezwa area of KwaZulu-Natal. The anthropometric measurements recorded included height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, with percentiles calculated using Cole’s Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Additionally, skinfold measurements were obtained at four sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac). Hemodynamic measurements included systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the 20 m shuttle run test, which evaluated speed, level, and age. The healthy group demonstrated significantly lower ratios in several measurements compared to those of the overweight group, i.e., the VO2max was 6% higher (<0.001), the waist-to-hip ratio was 6% lower (<0.001), the body fat percentage was 16% lower (<0.001), the waist circumference was 12% lower (<0.001), and the resting heart rate was 3% lower (p ≤ 0.055). Differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also observed, with the systolic pressure 2% lower (p ≤ 0.116) and the diastolic pressure 3% lower (p ≤ 0.086) in the healthy group. The study revealed a significant association between body weight status, aerobic fitness, and blood pressure parameters. Conducted in rural primary schools in KwaDlangezwa, KwaZulu-Natal, the research highlights notable correlations among weight status, aerobic competence, and blood pressure (BP) in children aged 11 to 13 years. The findings indicate that children with a healthy body weight showed higher VO2max levels and a reduced risk of developing childhood obesity and hypertension, unlike their overweight or obese peers, who displayed lower aerobic fitness and higher blood pressure.
Shaping Public Servant Well-Being: Lessons from Brazil’s SIASS Program
Authors: Imamura Marcos Massaki , de Queiroz Pereira Gabrielly , Cantorani José Roberto Herrera , Pilatti Luiz Alberto
Published: October 2024

This study aims to identify how the health and well-being of public servants are promoted and managed at the Federal University of Technology—Paraná (UTFPR). The Integrated Subsystem for Attention to the Health of Public Servants (SIASS), established by the federal government in 2009, is an initiative that integrates health actions, work safety, and social assistance. This qualitative study utilized the analysis of institutional documents and semi-structured interviews with managers involved in SIASS implementation at the UTFPR. The analysis reveals that, despite the creation of the SIASS, the UTFPR faces challenges such as resource scarcity, reliance on procurement processes, and a reactive rather than preventive approach to occupational health issues. The structural diversity across campuses and the lack of systematic evaluation of working conditions further limit the effectiveness of policies. It is recommended that the UTFPR adopt a more integrated, data-driven, and proactive approach to occupational health management. Strengthening interinstitutional partnerships, optimizing resource allocation, and developing continuous evaluation systems are essential steps to ensure a work environment that effectively promotes the health and well-being of its employees.
Food Insecurity and Women’s Choice of Reversible Contraceptives: Differential Effects by Maternal Age
Authors: Ujah Otobo I. , Olaore Pelumi , Kirby Russell S.
Published: October 2024

We investigated the relationships between food insecurity (FI) and women’s choice of reversible contraceptives, overall and according to the level of method effectiveness, among partnered women of reproductive age in Nigeria. This population-based cross-sectional analysis used nationally representative data from Round 6 of the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in Nigeria. The sample included married or in-union women aged 15–49 years who reported a live birth in the last 2 years preceding the survey (unweighted N = 8496). Survey-weighted multivariable binomial and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to generate estimates of the association between FI (none, moderate, and severe) and reversible contraceptive use (overall and by method effectiveness). A Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing. We stratified the models by maternal age to describe the experiences of women aged 15–24 years, 25–34 years, and 35–49 years. Overall, 6438 (74.1%) of the women in the sample experienced food insecurity (moderate, n = 2559, 30.7%; severe, n = 3879, 43.4%). In the adjusted model, we observed no statistically significant association between experiencing MFI and SFI and the use of reversible contraceptives (overall and specific) after adjustment for multiple testing. The stratified analyses showed that among women aged 25–34 years in the sample, those experiencing SFI in the past 12 months, compared to their food-secure counterparts, had significantly lower odds of reporting the use of a least effective contraceptive method (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34–0.83; p = 0.0052). However, this failed to reach the significance threshold upon adjustment for multiple testing. We found no significant association between the FI levels and use of reversible contraceptives (overall and specific) among partnered women (15–49 years) in Nigeria who were 2 years postpartum following a live birth and who were at risk of pregnancy.
Persistent Activation of the P2X7 Receptor Underlies Chronic Inflammation and Carcinogenic Changes in the Intestine
Authors: Santana Patricia Teixeira , de Lima Isadora Schmukler , Silva e Souza Karen Cristina da , Barbosa Pedro Henrique Sales , de Souza Heitor Siffert Pereira
Published: October 2024

Aberrant signaling through damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) has been linked to several health disorders, attracting considerable research interest over the last decade. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a key extracellular DAMP, activates the purinergic receptor P2X7, which acts as a danger sensor in immune cells and is implicated in distinct biological functions, including cell death, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and defense against microorganisms. In addition to driving inflammation mediated by immune and non-immune cells, the persistent release of endogenous DAMPs, including ATP, has been shown to result in epigenetic modifications. In intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC), consequent amplification of the inflammatory response and the resulting epigenetic reprogramming may impact the development of pathological changes associated with specific disease phenotypes. P2X7 is overexpressed in the gut mucosa of patients with IBD, whereas the P2X7 blockade prevents the development of chemically induced experimental colitis. Recent data suggest a role for P2X7 in determining gut microbiota composition. Regulatory mechanisms downstream of the P2X7 receptor, combined with signals from dysbiotic microbiota, trigger intracellular signaling pathways and inflammasomes, intensify inflammation, and foster colitis-associated CRC development. Preliminary studies targeting the ATP−P2X7 pathway have shown favorable therapeutic effects in human IBD and experimental colitis.