bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent effect of a low dose of preadministered diethylnitrosamine on the induction of enzyme-altered foci in rat liver
Authors: Takahashi Seiichi , Tsutsumi Masahiro , Nakae Dai , Denda Ayumi , Kinugasa Tetsuo , Konishi Yoichi
Published: January 2007

The effect of a low dose of preadministered diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the induction of enzyme-altered foci in the livers of male full-grown Fischer 344 rats was studied. As a pretreatment, DEN at a dose of 10 mg/kg body wt was injected i.p. At various times after DEN pretreatment a complete initiation, consisting of administration of the same dose of DEN by the same route in rats subjected to partial hepatectomy (PH), was performed, followed by application of selection pressure. Enzyme-altered foci stained with γ-glutamyltrans-peptidase (γ-GTP) and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) were then assayed. Decreases in the numbers and areas of foci in the rats which received saline + PH 14 or 28 days after DEN pretreatment were observed in comparison with rats which received saline + PH immediately after DEN. On the other hand, the numbers and areas of foci were not decreased in rats which received the complete initiation, consisting of DEN + PH, at various times after DEN pretreatment when compared with rats which received these at the same time as the DEN pretreatment. This persistent effect of DEN pretreatment on the complete initiation lasted up to 182 days after the time of DEN pretreatment. In this experiment, GST-P was found to be a more sensitive marker for the detection of putative preneoplastic liver-cell foci than γ-GTP.
Metaphase and anaphase analysis of V79 cells exposed to erionite, UICC chrysotile and UICC crocidolite
Authors: Palekar Lalita D. , Eyre John F. , Most Bernard M. , Coffin David
Published: January 2007

The cytogenetic effects of erionite treatment of V79 cells were compared with those of UICC crocidolite and UICC chrysotile treatment. A significant reduction in diploid cells with an accompanying increase in aneuploid and polyploid cells was observed with all three treatments. In the erionite-treated cultures, an increase in aneuploid was observedy at all dose levels ranging from 10 to 100 μg/ml, whereas in the crocidolite- and chrysotile-treated cultures, significant increases in aneuploidy were observed at all dose levels except the low dose, 10 μg/ml. Chromatid aberrations were observed in cultures treated with crocidolite and chrysotile and were especially pronounced at dose 100 μg/ml of chrysotile. The clastogenic effect of erionite was weaker but statistically significant at dose 100 μg/ml. An extrapolation of these cytogenetic changes over dose in number of fibers suggests that erionite was more reactive than the other two minerals in producing aneuploidy. The number of fibers required to produce a similar degree of cytogenetic effects was several orders of magnitude higher for chrysotile and crocidolite than erionite. These results correlate with the higher tumorigenic potency of erionite. In general, fewer cells treated with erionite entered anaphase than those treated with the other two minerals. As a result, abnormal anaphases representing chromosomal mis-segregation were observed only in the chrysotile- and crocidolite-treated cultures. To our knowledge, this is the first report on cytogenetic effects of erionite.
Effect of a long-acting analogue of somatostatin, SMS 201-995, on the development of intestinal tumours in azoxymethane-treated rats
Authors: Savage A.P. , Matthews J.L. , Adrian T.E. , Ghatei M.A. , Cooke T. , Bloom S.R.
Published: January 2007

The effect of daily parenteral administration of a long-acting analogue of somatostatin (SMS 201-995) on the development of intestinal tumours and the rate of crypt cell proliferation in azoxymethane-treated rats has been studied. SMS 201-995 had no significant effect on the number of colonic tumours induced. In the duodenum, SMS 201-995 administration was associated with a change in the number of tumours from 1.4/rat in saline-treated animals to 2.4/rat in animals treated for the last third of the study and 2.8/rat in animals treated with SMS for the entire duration of the study ( P < 0.02). SMS had no significant effect on the rate of cell proliferation in the duodenum, ileum or colon. The inhibition of release of gastrointestinal trophic hormones by this analogue of somatostatin thus does not appear to reduce the number of tumours in the intestine of azoxymethane-treated rats.
Autoradiographic studies on
in vivo
covalent binding of
N
-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in rat liver containing γ-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci. The effect of the sulfation-inhibitor pentachlorophenol
Authors: Kroese E.Dinant , Tijdens Roeline B. , Mulder Gerard J. , Meerman H.N.
Published: January 2007

The role of sulfation in the covalent binding of [ring- 3 H]- N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) in rat liver containing γ-glutamyltranspeptldase-positive (GGT + ) foci was studied in vivo by autoradiography. GGT + foci were induced by initiation with diethylnitrosamine, followed by a selection protocol consisting of a 2-week exposure to 2-aminofluorene in the drinking water and a single administration of CCl 4 . Both surrounding (‘normal’) liver tissue and, to a lesser extent, GGT + foci covalently bound N-OH-AAF, administered 10 days after selection. The sulfation inhibitor, pentachlorophenol (PCP), reduced the covalent binding of N-OH-AAF in cells surrounding the foci. However, PCP had no effect on binding of radiolabel in GGT + foci. Thus, reduced sulfotransferase activity may contribute to the resistance of GGT + preneoplastic lesions to carcinogen cytotoxicity. The results suggest also, that cells in GGT + foci are able to bind N-OH-AAF covalently by a sulfotransferase-independent pathway.
R-Goitrin- and BHA-induced modulation of aflatoxin B
1
, binding to DNA and biliary excretion of thiol conjugates in rats
Authors: Chang Yih , Bjeldanes Leonard F.
Published: January 2007

Previous studies have shown that dietary R-goitrin is a potent inducer of hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) and epoxide hydrolase activities but has no effect on components of the mixed function oxidase system (ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase and cytochrome P-450). In the present work effects of dietary R-goitrin (200 p.p.m.) or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (7500 p.p.m.) on GST activity, binding of aflatoxin B 1 , (AFB]) to DNA, in vivo , and biliary excretion of thiol conjugates of AFB 1 in rats were studied. Increases of GST activities (1.9- and 2.1-fold) were accompanied by reductions in AFB 1 -DNA binding (43% and 85%) and increases (1.7-and 2.2-fold) in biliary excretion of AFB 1 -thiol conjugates in R-goitrin and BHA groups, respectively. Microsomal aflatoxin 8,9-epoxidase activities were not increased in either treatment group. The role of GST induction in the carcinogenesis of AFB 1 and the anticarcinogenic potential of R-goitrin are discussed.
Isolation of alkylating agent-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell lines
Authors: Robson Craig N. , Hickson Ian D.
Published: January 2007

Six derivatives of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line have been isolated by selection for hypersensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of the monofunctional alkylating agent methyl methane sulphonate (MMS). These cells are up to 6-fold more sensitive to MMS than the parental line, as estimated from D 37 values, and are cross-sensitive to methyl nitrosourea, as well as to the ethyl derivatives of these drugs. Comparisons of their sensitivities to the bifunctional alkylating agents cis -platinum (II) diammine dichloride, mitomycin C and melphalan reveals marked phenotypic diversity, with only one mutant, designated MMS-2, exhibiting appreciable hypersensitivity to all of these agents. No striking hypersensitivity to radiation or to the purine analogue caffeine is apparent in any of the mutant lines. Based on their profiles of sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, it would appear that these mutants are phenotypically unlike any previously described mammalian cell mutants and probably represent a number of different genetic complementation groups. These mutants may facilitate an investigation into the mechanisms of repair of alkylation damage in mammalian cells and could prove to be suitable hosts for the cloning of human DNA repair genes.
Chemical stability of oligonucleotides containing the acetylated and deacetylated adducts of the carcinogen
N
-2-acetylaminofluorene
Authors: Johnson Dana L. , Reid Thomas M. , Lee Mei-Sie , King Charles M. , Romano Louis J.
Published: January 2007

We have prepared and characterized the single-stranded oligonucleotide heptamer 5'-ATCCGTC-3' in which the lone guanine of the oligonucleotide is modified at the C8 position with either the acetylated or deacetylated form of the carcinogenic adduct 2-aminofluorene. These two lesions represent the two major adducts formed upon the in vivo administration of the potent experimental carcinogen N -2-acetylaminofluorene. The stability of the adducts was compared by analyzing the oligonucleotide for strand scission or depurination by polyacrylamide gel etectrophoresis following treatment under either neutral, acidic or basic conditions or incubation in the presence of piperidine. The results show that both adducts are stable near neutral pH but that the deacetylated adduct is less stable than the acetylated adduct to either bask or acidic conditions. Both adducts are equally susceptible to piperidine. The method of analysis described here could prove useful for characterizing other adduct structures, thus providing a general procedure to determine the stability of a variety of lesions in DNA.
Epidermal growth factor induces cytogenetic damage in mammalian cells
Authors: Kelsey Karl T. , Nagasawa Hatsumi , Umans Robert S. , Little John B.
Published: January 2007

It has been previously shown that potent tumor promoters, such as the phorbol ester 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), can induce both chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in mammalian cells. We show here that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is also capable of inducing SCE. EGF and TPA did not enhance the frequency of SCE in an additive fashion, suggesting these agents do not act by completely independent mechanisms.
The International Criminal Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Close Encounter?
Authors: Bekou Olympia , Cryer Robert
Published: January 2007

The fact that the International Criminal Court has not been granted universal jurisdiction exercisableproprio motuhas often been criticized on the basis that it will leave some offences beyond its power to prosecute. This article investigates whether the drafters of the Rome Statute were necessarily wrong in deciding not to grant the court such jurisdiction. It concludes that to have given the Court universal jurisdiction would have been lawful under current international law, and would have provided a welcome reaffirmation of the concept. Still, the nature of the cooperation regime and of the Prosecutor's investigatory remit, would mean that such jurisdiction would be difficult, if not impossible, for the Court to use. As the Court has to operate in a world of sovereign States, not all of whom are sympathetic to it, the drafters' choice was a prudent one.
Total and HDL-Cholesterol in The Netherlands: 1987–1992. Levels and Changes over Time in Relation to Age, Gender and Educational Level
Authors: VERSCHUREN W M MONIQUE , BOERMA GEERT J M , KROMHOUT DAAN
Published: January 2007

Background

To gain insight into the prevalence of and trends in plasma cholesterol levels in the general population of the Netherlands, a monitoring project was carried out from 1987 to 1992.

Methods

Each year a random sample of men and women aged 20–59 years in three towns in the Netherlands was invited to participate in the study. The overall response rate was 50% for men and 57% for women and a total of almost 42 000 men and women participated. Total (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was measured and the non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio was computed. Data were age-standardized to the Dutch population distribution aged 20–59 years.

Results

The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (TC >605 mmol/l) in men ranged from 5% in the youngest (20–29 years) to 29% in the oldest age group (50–59 years), and from 4% to 38% in women Low HDL-C levels (≤0.9 mmol/l) in men ranged from 15% in the youngest to 26% in the oldest age group, and in women from 4% in the youngest to 7% in the oldest age group. The lipid profile of those with a higher educational level was more favourable than that of the less educated. From 1987 to 1992, in men, TC decreased by 0.12 mmol/l, HDL-C decreased by 0.07 mmol/l and the non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio increased by 0.22. In women no statistically significant changes were observed. Changes over time did not differ according to age and educational level.

Conclusions

The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemla is still high in the Netherlands During the period 1987–1992 the lipid profile worsened in men and remained stable in women.
Role of Surgical Salvage for Regional Recurrence in Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Jeong Woo‐Jin , Jung Young Ho , Kwon Seong Keun , Hah J Hun , Kwon Tack‐Kyun , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Kwang Hyun
Published: January 2007

Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the pattern of regional recurrence in laryngeal cancer, evaluate the role of surgical salvage, and identify factors affecting salvage outcome.

Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records from a 16‐year period. Of 463 patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, 25 patients with regional recurrence managed with salvage neck dissection were identified and subject to study. Isolated local recurrences and all distant metastases were excluded.

Results: All patients were male with a median age of 61 years. The overall rate of regional recurrence was 5.4%. Median time to regional recurrence was 13 months. Isolated regional recurrence occurred in 76% of cases, whereas locoregional recurrence occurred in 24%. A 5‐year survival rate for patients undergoing neck dissection as salvage management was 61.2%. Patients with recurrence in the contralateral neck were definitely associated with poor prognosis. Although standard statistical significance was not met, trends for poorer salvage result were identified in patients with a history of local recurrence before regional recurrence, recurrence in a previously dissected neck, and recurred node size of 3 cm or above.

Conclusions: Our study shows that salvage neck dissection for regional recurrence in laryngeal cancer is an acceptable approach. Surgical eradication of disease should be warranted whenever possible. Prudent planning of management is mandatory in the presence of history of local recurrence before regional recurrence, previously dissected neck, large size of recurrent node, and contralateral neck recurrence.
Blue Nevi of the Sinonasal Mucosa: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chuang Wen‐Yu , Hao Sheng‐Po , Yeh Chi‐Ju , Jung Shih‐Ming
Published: January 2007

Blue nevi are uncommon melanocytic proliferations. They occur mostly in the skin and occasionally in mucosae. Blue nevi of the sinonasal mucosa are extremely rare with only two cases reported to date. We report two more cases and review the literature. Compared with sinonasal malignant melanomas, which usually present as symptomatic tumors, sinonasal blue nevi are asymptomatic lesions found incidentally. A biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis. Although none of the four cases had recurrence, given a rare but possible occurrence of malignant transformation in cutaneous blue nevi, complete excision with follow up should be the treatment of choice.
First‐Bite Syndrome After Resection of the Styloid Process
Authors: Cernea Claudio R. , Hojaij Flávio C. , De Carlucci Dorival , Plopper Caio , Vanderley Felipe , Guerreiro Carlos A. M. , Viana Mônica S. V. P.
Published: January 2007

Background: First‐bite syndrome (FBS) may occur after operations on parapharyngeal space. The main symptom is excruciating pain only after the first one or two bites of meals.

Objective: The objective of this article is to report a case of FBS after resection of the styloid process (SP).

Case Report: This 51‐year‐old woman had a 4‐month history of pain on her left neck. Computed tomography scan showed a left hypertrophic SP. A diagnosis of Eagle syndrome (ES) was then established. She underwent excision of the left SP through a lateral cervicotomy. Postoperative recovery was uneventful with pain relief. However, 2 months postoperatively, intense pain appeared related to the first bite in every meal. She received 800 mg carbamazepine per day with good pain control. Medication was discontinued after 2 years with no further relapse.

Conclusions: This is the first report on FBS after surgical treatment of ES. It is important to remember the possibility of the diagnosis and to maintain the patient under heavy specific medication, sometimes for longer periods.
Interleukin‐12 Expression Enhances Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Oncolytic Therapy in Murine Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Shin Edward J. , Wanna Georges B. , Choi Bryan , Aguila Demetrio , Ebert Oliver , Genden Eric M. , Woo Savio L.
Published: January 2007

Objectives: Replication‐competent, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been demonstrated to be an effective oncolytic agent in a variety of malignant tumors. Cytokine gene transfer has also been used as immunomodulatory therapy for cancer. To test the use of combining these two approaches, an oncolytic VSV vector (rVSV‐IL12) was designed to express the murine interleukin 12 (IL12) gene. This cytokine‐carrying oncolytic virus was compared with an analogous noncytokine‐carrying fusogenic virus (rVSV‐F) in the treatment of murine SCC VII squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Study Design and Setting: The authors performed in vitro testing of recombinant VSV‐F and recombinant VSV‐IL12 in SCC cell lines. In vivo testing of multiple direct intratumoral injections of rVSV‐F or rVSV‐IL12 in an orthotopic floor of mouth murine model was performed. Each cell line was tested using rVSV‐F or rVSV‐IL12 at multiplicity of infection of 0.01. The ability of each virus to replicate was tested by real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction over 48 hours to determine viral copies of RNA. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay over 72 hours. IL12 expression by rVSV‐IL12‐treated cells was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Both viruses demonstrated similar infection efficiency, viral replication, and cytotoxicity in vitro. In an SCC VII orthotopic floor of mouth model in immunocompetent C3H/HeJ mice, multiple intratumoral injections with each virus caused a significant reduction in tumor volume when compared with saline injections alone. The rVSV‐IL12‐treated tumors showed a striking reduction in tumor volume when compared with rVSV‐F and saline‐treated tumors (P < .005). This striking reduction in tumor volume translated into a substantial survival benefit in rVSV‐IL12‐treated animals. No treatment‐related toxicity was observed in either group.

Conclusion/Significance: rVSV‐IL12 is a novel oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus that effectively expresses IL12 and significantly enhances the treatment of head and neck murine carcinoma. Such combined oncolytic and immunomodulatory strategies hold promise in the treatment of head and neck cancers.
Activated Mucosal Mast Cells Differentiate Eosinophilic (Allergic) Esophagitis From Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Kirsch Richard , Bokhary Rana , Marcon Margaret A , Cutz Ernest
Published: January 2007

Objectives:

To evaluate the utility of activated mucosal mast cells (MC) in the differential diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Methods:

Intraepithelial eosinophils and MC were quantified in esophageal biopsies from 25 children with EE, 22 children with GERD and 22 controls. MCs were identified by immunohistochemistry for MC tryptase, whereas MC activation status was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for immunoglobulin E (IgE) and by electron microscopy.

Results:

Esophageal biopsies from patients with EE showed higher intraepithelial eosinophil counts (55 ± 27.5 vs 6.9 ± 9.7, P < 0.0001) and MC counts (26.3 ± 12.7 vs 7.8 ± 8.9, P < 0.0001) than those from patients with GERD. Almost all EE biopsies (24 of 25 patients; 96%) contained IgE‐bearing cells compared with 9 of 22 (41%) GERD biopsies (P < 0.001). GERD biopsies with intraepithelial eosinophil counts >7/high‐power field (suggesting an allergic component) contained IgE‐bearing cells in 6 of 7 (86%) cases compared to 3 of 15 (20%) cases with eosinophil counts <7/h.p.f (P < 0.01). No intraepithelial eosinophils, MC or IgE‐positive cells were present in controls. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of intraepithelial MC and changes in cytoplasmic granules indicative of MC and eosinophil activation.

Conclusions:

Intraepithelial MC counts and IgE‐bearing cells may help to differentiate EE and GERD and to define a subset of GERD patients in which an allergic component is present. The findings support a role for a MC‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction in the pathogenesis of EE.
Management of postoperative pain in children following extractions of primary teeth under general anaesthesia: a comparison of paracetamol, Voltarol and no analgesia
Authors: O'DONNELL AMANDA , HENDERSON MARY , FEARNE JANICE , O'DONNELL DAVID
Published: January 2007

Objective.  The aim of this study was to compare three different pain relief regimes and the respective levels of pain recorded by children undergoing extractions of primary teeth under general anaesthesia.

Methods.  This was a tri‐sited study carried out in three similar hospital settings, each with a different pain relief protocol. The subjects were 70 children from each site who were aged between 3 and 12 years, and were undergoing routine extractions of primary teeth. All children from the three centres used a self‐report visual analogue scale to record pain preoperatively and postoperatively (15 min after recovery), and relevant pain‐relief medication was noted. The efficacy of the three different pain relief regimes was then compared.

Results.  Children reported significantly less pain when rectal Voltarol was provided prior to the extractions, as compared to paracetamol or no analgesia. The greatest amount of pain was reported by the group who had received no analgesia.

Conclusions.  Voltarol appears to be the better pre‐emptive analgesic for dental extractions under general anaesthesia when compared with paracetamol and no analgesia.
Oestrogen receptor antagonist and hair regrowth in dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X)
Authors: Frank Linda A.
Published: January 2007

An oestrogen receptor pathway that regulates the telogen–anagen hair follicle transition in mice has been described. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fulvestrant, a pure oestrogen receptor antagonist, would cause hair regrowth in Pomeranian dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X). Eleven Pomeranian dogs with hair cycle arrest were randomly assigned to receive two intramuscular injections of either 10 mg kg−1 fulvestrant (n = 6) or an equal volume of saline (n = 5) 1 month apart. Complete blood count, chemistry panel, and urinalysis were monitored prior to the first injection and monthly for 2 months. Dogs were evaluated each month for degree of hair growth, percentage of body affected, and quality of new hair growth. Three control dogs received fulvestrant after the completion of the study. In addition, one control dog and one treatment dog received two subcutaneous injections of 20 mg kg−1 fulvestrant 1 month apart. No dogs that received 10 mg kg−1 fulvestrant had any evidence of hair regrowth. The control dog that received 20 mg kg−1 fulvestrant had substantial hair regrowth 1 month after the first injection. No adverse effects from the treatment were noted. Fulvestrant does not appear to be a feasible treatment for dogs with hair cycle arrest (alopecia X) when administered intramuscularly at 10 mg kg−1. A higher dose of fulvestrant requires more investigation but may be cost‐prohibitive.
Familial ichthyosiform keratoderma in newly out‐of‐pouch Bennett's wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) and report of two cases
Authors: Hazen Paul G. , Jeromin Alice , Lesh Anthony , Lewandowski Albert , Dunstan Robert W. , Petrelli Mary , Davis Bryan , Jaworsky Christine
Published: January 2007

Primary inherited disorders of cornification in veterinary medicine are uncommon and rarely reported. Herein described is a unique syndrome associated with keratoderma that occurred in two Bennett's wallaby siblings (Macropus rufogriseus), and was characterized by profound thickening of the pad skin of all feet, generalized scaling of haired skin, and death within 7 weeks of out‐of‐pouch experience. The male also had depressed serum zinc levels. In addition, the male had, on electron microscopic exam of his skin, the presence of abnormal lipid deposits within the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. The combination of clinical features and electron microscopic findings strongly suggests a syndrome analogous to harlequin ichthyosis or lamellar ichthyosis in humans.
Equine sweating and anhidrosis Part 2: anhidrosis
Authors: Jenkinson David McEwan , Elder Hugh Y. , Bovell Douglas L.
Published: January 2007

The condition of anhidrosis is described in this review, and the latest theories on the causal factors are explored. The evidence supports the hypothesis that anhidrosis is an inappropriate response to prolonged climatic stress (generally combined heat and high humidity), which can be evoked in a small (∼10 ± 5%) proportion of the equine population. It is caused by gradual failure of the glandular secretory cell processes, initiated by desensitization and subsequent down‐regulation of the cell receptors as a result of continued adrenaline‐driven hyperactivity. It progresses through secretory failure and culminates in gradual, probably irreversible, glandular dedifferentiation and ultimate degeneration. There is a need for considerably more research on the secretory and transcriptional processes to document the changes arising within the glandular secretory mechanism as a prelude to development of a corrective treatment.
Liver transplant recipient with concomitant cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Özcan Deren , Seçkin Deniz , Allahverdiyev Adil M. , Weina Peter J. , Aydin Hakan , Özçay Figen , Haberal Mehmet
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Diagnosis of leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed patients may be a serious challenge for physicians because of the major clinical and laboratory differences with immunocompetent patients. In immunosuppressed patients, the disease is characterized usually by disseminated visceral involvement, atypical cutaneous lesions and persistent negativity of diagnostic tests. Here, we report an eight‐yr‐old liver transplant recipient with concomitant cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in whom the cutaneous lesion led to the diagnosis of systemic involvement.
A review of weight loss interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hamilton S. , Hankey C. R. , Miller S. , Boyle S. , Melville C. A.
Published: January 2007

Obesity is more prevalent in adults with intellectual disabilities than in the general population, and has been shown to contribute to their reduced life expectancy, and increased health needs. Relatively few studies have examined the effectiveness of weight loss interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities. However, there is evidence to support interventions that take account of the context of the lives of adults with intellectual disabilities, including carer involvement in interventions. To reduce the health inequalities experienced by adults with intellectual disabilities, there is a clear need to develop accessible, evidence‐based clinical weight management services.
Japanese Corporate Governance and the Principle of “Internalism”
Authors: Buchanan John
Published: January 2007

Japanese corporate governance can be analysed in terms of a defining characteristic of “internalism”: the belief that companies should be controlled by internally appointed managers who are integrated into their firms. Examples are offered from recent contacts with corporate management and other sources to illustrate how this determines the response of management to specific developments. Internalism depends on a socio‐corporate environment created by specific historical and economic circumstances. Potentially disruptive elements exist which could alter this environment and undermine the foundations on which internalism rests. However, major change seems unlikely in the near future.
Hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinarians
Authors: Bulcke DM , Devos SA
Published: January 2007

Background  Infectious and non‐infectious hand and forearm dermatoses are frequent in daily veterinary medicine. In this specific occupation there is a serious impact of skin disease on the lives and careers of veterinarians.

Objective  In this study we clarify the different occupational dermatoses on hands and forearms among veterinarians, using data collected in different dermatological patch‐test expert centres in Belgium and the Netherlands.

Methods  Instead of questioning veterinarians themselves, which has been done in different studies in the past, we contacted dermatologists in Belgium and the Netherlands, questioning them about their experiences with dermatoses among veterinarians.

Results  Seven dermatologists described a total of 58 veterinarians. Infectious dermatoses were described in 12 cases (20.7%). The non‐infectious dermatoses (46 cases, 79.3%) can be classified as contact urticaria and as irritant or allergic contact dermatitis.

Conclusion  While irritant contact dermatitis accounts for the vast majority of hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinarians, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis also significantly contribute to the occupational morbidity. Repeated hand washing, occlusion under rubber gloves, contact with animal protein fluids during obstetric procedures and contact with antiseptic agents, systemic and topical corticosteroids and antibiotics are the most likely causes of hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinarians.
Cannabis arteritis: a new case report and a review of literature
Authors: Peyrot I , Garsaud A‐M , Saint‐Cyr I , Quitman O , Sanchez B , Quist D
Published: January 2007

Cannabis arteritis manifests in cannabis users, independently of tobacco consumption. Around 50 cases were reported in the literature since the first description of this entity in 1960. We report the case of a 36‐year‐old man, cannabis user, without vascular risk factor who developed digital necrosis on the right foot. The pedal pulses were not palpable. He had no abnormal laboratory findings. Arteriography revealed distal segmental lesions and occlusion of popliteal artery. This arteritis was linked to cannabis use, but the patient did not stop cannabis consumption. His symptoms became even worse and he eventually developed sub‐acute ischaemia in his left leg despite vascular treatments. Amputation of the right second toe and of the left leg finally became necessary. Cannabis arteritis is relatively similar to thromboangiitis obliterans in its clinical and arteriographical presentation. A parallelism can be made between the role of tobacco in thromboangiitis obliterans pathogenesis and the role of cannabis in cannabis arteritis. Cannabis use must be searched in young patients presenting with arteriopathy. Cannabis arteritis may indeed represent a frequent cause of juvenile peripheral obstructive arterial disease, but is probably under‐diagnosed.
The Future of Cash and Counseling: The Framers' View
Authors: Mahoney Kevin J. , Fishman Nancy Wieler , Doty Pamela , Squillace Marie R.
Published: January 2007

Objective. This paper reflects on the progress of the original Cash and Counseling states, and shows how this model has spread, how it has evolved over time, and what is left to improve. It then discusses the generalizability of the Cash and Counseling approach beyond long‐term care and ventures some thoughts on what still needs to be learned. Finally, this paper suggests some of the contingencies that could affect the diffusion of this innovation.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Drawing from ten years of experiences with the fifteen Cash and Counseling states, plus their analyses of current trends and future opportunities and threats, the framers of the Cash and Counseling model reflect on future directions.

Study Design. This paper is essentially a policy‐driven analysis of how the Cash and Counseling model has been sustained and disseminated, how it is likely to develop, and what still needs to be learned.

Principal Findings. The basic Cash and Counseling model appears adaptable to different state environments and populations, but that hypothesis will be severely tested as more and more states seek to replicate. As one step to promote flexibility while capturing and preserving the essence of the model that led to such promising research results, the Cash & Counseling National Program Office developed a “Vision Statement”.

Conclusions. The Cash and Counseling approach is not for everyone, but it is clearly a choice many participants desire. Its development merits monitoring.
What Should Historians Do With Heroes? Reflections on Nineteenth‐ and Twentieth‐Century Britain
Authors: Jones Max
Published: January 2007

This article reviews research on modern British heroes (in particular Henry Havelock, Florence Nightingale, Amy Johnson and Robert Falcon Scott) to argue that heroes should be analysed as sites within which we can find evidence of the cultural beliefs, social practices, political structures and economic systems of the past. Much early work interpreted modern heroes as instruments of nationalist and imperialist ideologies, but instrumental interpretations have been superseded within the New Cultural History by broader analyses of the range of gendered meanings encoded in heroic reputations. Studies of heroic icons have generated important insights for historians of masculinity and femininity. More research, however, is needed on the reception rather than the representation of heroic icons, on visual and material sources, and on the changing forms and functions of national heroes after 1945.
On the Correlation Coefficient Between the TD50 and the MTD
Authors: Razzaghi Mehdi , Gaylor David W.
Published: January 2007

The existence of correlation between the carcinogenic potency and the maximum tolerated dose has been the subject of many investigations in recent years. Several attempts have been made to quantify this correlation in different bioassay experiments. By using some distributional assumptions, Krewski et al.(1) derive an analytic expression for the coefficient of correlation between the carcinogenic potency TD50 and the maximum tolerated dose. Here, we discuss the deviation that may result in using their analytical expression. By taking a more general approach we derive an expression for the correlation coefficient which includes the result of Krewski et al.(1) as a special case, and show that their expression may overestimate the correlation in some instances and yet underestimate the correlation in other instances. The proposed method is illustrated by application to a real dataset.
Potential Solutions to Public Deliberation Problems: Structured Deliberations and Polarization Cascades
Authors: Hamlett Patrick W. , Cobb Michael D.
Published: January 2007

Some deliberative theorists advocate for increased public participation to improve the health and vitality of democracy, but skeptics warn that public deliberation may fall prey to multiple decision‐making pathologies. We describe a research program based on structured public deliberations about science and technology policies that was designed to explore the validity of critics' worst fears. In this research, we specifically test the complaint that group deliberations often bias toward the original majority preferences because of cognitive and affective errors in decision making, such as deference to the numerical majority opinion held within a group. Our results, based on data collected from a set of small‐group public deliberations about nanotechnology, offer weak support to the polarization hypothesis. We explain this finding as the likely consequence of manipulating two key variables of deliberations: task facilitation and the quality of the argument pool. As a result, we argue that it is possible to structure public deliberations about policy to mitigate known decision‐making problems. We conclude by also warning scholars of the dangers in assuming that opinion change consistent with polarization effects is inherently the result of undesirable decision‐making qualities.
Multiple rRNA Variants in a Single Spore of the Microsporidian Nosema bombi
Authors: O'MAHONY ELAINE M. , TAY WEE TEK , PAXTON ROBERT J.
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT. To understand the source of the multiple DNA sequence variants of Nosema bombi ribosomal RNA (rRNA) found in a single bumble bee host, we PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced the partial rRNA gene from 125 clones, which were derived from four out of 46 spores individually isolated from a single host by laser microdissection. At least two rRNA variants, characterized by either (GTTT)2 or (GTTT)3 repeat units within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, were found per spore in approximately equal proportions, variants which were also found in approximately equal proportions in 55 clones of the two DNA extracts of multiple spores from the same host. Firstly, we demonstrate for the first time that DNA sequences can be obtained from single‐binucleate microsporidia. Secondly, it appears that concerted evolution has not homogenized the sequences of all rRNA copies within a single N. bombi spore or even within a single nucleus. We thereby demonstrate unequivocally that two or more rRNA sequence variants exist per N. bombi spore, and urge caution in the use of multicopy rRNA genes for population genetic and phylogenetic analysis of this and other Microsporidia unless homologous copies can be reliably typed.
Morphological adaptation in host races of Tephritis conura
Authors: Diegisser Thorsten , Seitz Alfred , Johannesen Jes
Published: January 2007

The present study investigates morphological differentiation among host races of the fruit fly Tephritis conura Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) for two fitness‐related traits and whether these traits are host induced or genetically determined. Flies were analyzed from independent sympatric regions, and from one syntopic site where parental host plants [Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill. and Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. (Cardueae)] and hybrid plants (C. heterophyllum×C. oleraceum) co‐occur. As both host races may oviposit on hybrid plants and hybrid plants provide an identical environment for larvae of both host races, flies emerging from C. heterophyllum×C. oleraceum hybrids were used to assess whether host‐race morphological differences are genetically determined or due to phenotypic plasticity. No significant size (wing length) differences were found among host races, whereas flies emerging from C. heterophyllum had on average 8.4% longer ovipositors than flies emerging from C. oleraceum. The mean size‐corrected ovipositor length (i.e., the ratio ovipositor/wing length) was 10.3% longer. These proportions were repeated among host races emerging from hybrid plants. Although flies of the C. heterophyllum host race from hybrid plants were smaller than on parental host plants, the ratio ovipositor/wing length was constant. Hybrid flies (which emerged only on hybrid plants) were intermediate in relative and absolute ovipositor length. Thus, ovipositor‐length differences among T. conura host races most likely have a genetic basis. This suggests that host‐related differences in ovipositor length reflect adaptations to the respective host‐plant species, most likely to the host's flower‐head size, whereas both host races experience similar selection regimes on body size.
Pros and cons of group living in the forest tent caterpillar: separating the roles of silk and of grouping
Authors: Despland Emma , Le Huu Alice
Published: January 2007

Group living can incur both benefits and costs, mediated by different mechanisms. In many gregarious caterpillars, collective use of a network of silk trails is thought to improve foraging. Grouping, i.e., close contact with conspecifics, has been postulated to have both positive (thermoregulation and predator defense) and negative (competition and pathogen transmission) effects. The present experiment distinguishes between silk produced by group members and grouping per se in their effects on growth and development of both early and late larval stadia of the forest tent caterpillar [Malacosoma disstriaHübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)] in a laboratory context. For both developmental stadia tested, pre‐established silk trails decreased latency to food finding and hence increased food consumption and growth rate. For younger larvae, pre‐established silk also decreased investment in silk production. Grouping young caterpillars accelerated development at the expense of growth, possibly as a mechanism to avoid intraspecific competition in later larval stadia. In older caterpillars, grouping decreased meal duration, suggesting that competition can indeed occur towards the end of larval development, even in the presence of surplus food. This led to a decrease in growth without any effect on instar duration. The benefits of exogenous silk thus decreased during larval development, whereas the costs associated with crowding increased. Ontogenetic shifts in grouping are common in many taxa: the present study is among the first to provide empirical evidence for an adaptive explanation of observed ontogenetic changes in aggregative behavior.
Staphylococcus aureus‐derived enterotoxins enhance house dust mite‐induced patch test reactions in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Langer Katja , Breuer Kristine , Kapp Alexander , Werfel Thomas
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Up to 65% of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) produce exotoxins with superantigenic properties that may also act as allergens leading to an induction of exotoxin‐specific IgE antibodies. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) applied epicutaneously in a concentration of 10 μg/cm2, i.e. 200 μg/ml, under occlusion induces cutaneous inflammation in patients with AD and healthy individuals.

Methods:  We performed patch tests in 32 adult patients with AD using different concentrations (i.e. 2–200 μg/ml) of SEA, SEB and house dust mite (HDM) extract (500 μg/ml). Furthermore, the respective enterotoxins and HDM extract were applied simultaneously to the same patch test site. Specific IgE levels to SEA, SEB and HDM were measured with the CAP FEIA.

Results:  The rates of patch test reactions to SEA and SEB increased with rising enterotoxin concentrations. There were no differences in the rates of patch test reactions to SEA and SEB between patients sensitized to the corresponding enterotoxin and non‐IgE‐sensitized patients. The number of patch test reactions to the mixture of enterotoxin and HDM extract was higher than the number of patch test reactions to either the enterotoxins or HDM extract. We identified 11 patients with AD who reacted neither to the enterotoxins nor to HDM extract, but who showed patch test reactions to the mixture. These reactions were not predicted by the presence of enterotoxin‐ or HDM‐specific IgE.

Conclusions:  Colonization with exotoxin‐producing S. aureus may influence the outcome of patch tests in patients with AD.
Chronic urticaria – which clinical parameters are pathogenetically relevant? A retrospective investigation of 339 patients
Authors: Buss Yiling Andrea , Garrelfs Ute Christine , Sticherling Michael
Published: January 2007

Background: Urticaria is a clinical reaction pattern triggered by many factors causing liberation of vasoactive substances such as histamine, prostaglandins and kinins. It presents as transient itching wheals which are either limited to the local stimulus area or more widespread. Urticaria is classified according to its duration into acute (duration ≥ 6 weeks) and chronic (duration 6 weeks) forms. Various clinical investigations may be initiated to diagnose the cause. This study critically evaluates the relevance of frequently performed laboratory investigations and searches for infectious foci, as well as the results of physical provocation testing and oral provocation with food additives.

Patients and Methods: The laboratory and clinical data of 339 patients who had been treated for urticaria at the Christian‐Albrechts‐University in Kiel over a period of four years were collected in a data entry form and statistically evaluated. Nominal values were analyzed by their relative and absolute quantities, quantitative parameters with the help of statistical data such as minimum, maximum, median and 25th and 75th percentiles.

Results: Chronic recurrent urticaria was most common, accounting for 52% of cases. Women were affected 1.8 times more often than men. One‐third of the patients also had angioedema. The medians of all laboratory parameters evaluated were within normal values. Only rarely were elevated antinuclear antibody titers, abnormal thyroid function tests or active infections such as hepatitis B or borreliosis detected. The search for infectious foci identified tonsillitis or sinusitis in almost 50% of analyzed patients. Positive reactions to physical testing occurred in 30% of patients and in 11% to oral provocation with various food additives.

Conclusions: This study of a large patient group stresses the relevance of individually‐ tailored evaluations in patients affected with urticaria rather than an expensive initial broad diagnostic testing. More specific searches should be based on individual clues.
Measurement of Penile Curvature in Peyronie’s Disease Patients: Comparison of Three Methods
Authors: Ohebshalom Michael , Mulhall John , Guhring Patricia , Parker Marilyn
Published: January 2007

Aim

Peyronie’s disease (PD) may be treated in a medical or surgical fashion. Factors involved in the decision of which treatment to choose include duration of disease and magnitude of penile deformity. Curvature can be measured using at-home photography (AHP), vacuum erection device (VED), or intracavernosal injection (ICI). This study was undertaken to determine the concordance between the three methods of deformity assessment. Patients were also questioned regarding the presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) based on self-report and the International Index of Erectile Function.

Materials and Methods

A total of 68 men presented to their urologist after taking penile photographs from three angles during maximal erectile rigidity. In the office, a VED was used to induce erection, and a goniometer was utilized to measure degree of curvature. ICI with trimix was then used to induce artificial erection, which was measured with a goniometer as well.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference in self-report curvature magnitude compared with measured ICI-assisted curvature. Curvature profiles included dorsal plaques in 50 patients (73.5%), ventral plaques in 10 (15%), and lateral in eight (11%). Using ICI, the mean curvature measured was 42 degrees. Mean degree of curvature using VED was 33 degrees, while that of photography was 34 degrees. Photographic measurements differed most from ICI in men with concurrent ED (P <0.01), while vacuum device measurements were most inaccurate in men with curvatures of >60 degrees.

Conclusion

Our results show that the degree of curvature measured using vacuum-assisted device and AHP is underestimated as compared with the gold standard ICI. We therefore recommend that ICI be used to most accurately determine degree of deformity. If ICI is not available, it is imperative that the same manner of measurement be used between all patients in a study group, as well as during serial evaluation in a trial.