bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(CSM2-RA-R2-TI): Cyber Security Maturity Model for Risk Assessment Using Risk Register for Threat Intelligence
Authors: Lakshmi Prasanna B , SaidiReddy M
Published: October 2021

Because of the growing frequency sophistication, and severity of cyber security attacks, all businesses should ensure that cyber security risk is properly addressed in their enterprise risk management (ERM) programs. Risk Management, agreeing with the NIST Guide 8286 is the arrangement of “composed exercises to direct and control an association concerning risk”. NISTIR 8286 characterizes a system and framework for hazard the executives. In any case, executing this norm without an in-depth plan can turn into a risk on associations. This paper provides a capability maturity model for risk assessment for threat intelligence using a risk register. This model helps the organization as reference and set clear path to survey risk assessments in accordance with latest threats.
Study on Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam With Effective Openings
Authors: Sathiyapriya D. , Suganya Devi K. , Sattainathan Sharma A.
Published: October 2021

Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams are essential structural elements that transfer loads from the slabs to the columns through flexure and shear. Openings in Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams are required for a variety of architectural and mechanical reasons. The purpose of this article is to investigate the flexural behaviour of an RC beam with circular openings running the length of it. The three-dimensional nonlinear finite element method was used to investigate a supported RC beam with circular web openings of varying diameters using ANSYS, a finite element software package. The study’s primary characteristic is the variation in diameter and location of reinforcement around the openings. Five RC beams with simple supports were constructed, and tested were conducted under two-point loads. Beams were constructed with one conventional specimen without any openings in beams and two beams with unstrengthen circular openings located in the flexure zone with varying diameters such as 80mm and 100mm considered as a control beam. In contrast, the remaining two beams provided effective diagonal reinforcement around the openings. The load-bearing capacity and load-deflection behaviour of such openings in beams were studied and analysed in detail. To increase the ultimate strength of the beam, effective diagonal reinforcement and short stirrups at the top and bottom of openings are used to prevent the beam from collapsing prematurely.
Solar power based positive output super-lift Luo converter using fuzzy logic controller
Authors: Pavithra K , Pooja H , Tamilselvan D , Sudhakar T D
Published: October 2021

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is employed to meet the increasing demand for energy and of cleaner form. Though renewable and high energy using PV can be produced, they have certain disadvantages. PV cells have a low voltage (approx. 0.5V) rating and they have to be connected in series when higher voltage is required. These cells when connected in series should have identical electrical characteristics to avoid ripples in the output voltage and current, but it is not possible practically. To avoid this miss-match, converter circuits are employed. The major drawbacks in most power converters are reduced voltage gain and their tendency to generate harmonics in the supply system and the load circuit. To overcome these limitations, a positive output super-lift Luo converter is designed. A Positive Output Super Lift Luo converter (POSLC) is a powerful DC-DC converter where the voltage is converted from positive source voltage to positive load voltage as it produces positive voltages of comparatively higher ranges than those of conventional types. The super-lift technique also overcomes the effect of parasitic elements and thus minimizing the ripples in the output voltage and current. In addition to this, the voltage build-up can be achieved by implementing the super-lift technique where the output voltage rises in geometric progression with increased voltage transfer gain and high power density. In this paper fuzzy control is used to produce better-controlled voltage and a more refined output. The performance of POSLC with and without implementation of fuzzy control has been successfully simulated and verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK as well simulation model also developed and analyzed with Proteus package.
Voice controlled shopping trolley navigation with RFID scanner and live billing using IoT
Authors: Praveen S , Pugalenthiran V , Jaraline Kirubavathy K.
Published: October 2021

The current process of shopping in a mall involves figuring out and navigating to required sections and either carrying a shopping basket or pushing around a trolley. Although it might not feel so but this is a time consuming and for some people, a physically demanding task. The other main disadvantage is having to wait in queues at the cashier and have the items billed in one by one. The proposed system is a Raspberry Pi based device integrated to traditional shopping trolleys. The desired section of the mall is given to it as voice input. Necessary signals are provided to a driver IC which drives the wheels of the trolley through motors towards the required section. The very moment an item is dropped into the trolley, it is scanned by an RFID reader module. The item details and total bill amount to the customer and live update is provided at the checkout through IoT.
Study of Self Depuration Capability of River Pamba
Authors: Aravind Raj P S , Divahar R , Nair Arun R , Aswin S , Bipeesh B
Published: October 2021

The natural waterbody such as rivers and lakes are able to do the purification process themselves, which has the primary dependant of absorption capacity and dissolution capacity of atmospheric oxygen from the surface of the water body. The various pollutants such as biological pollutants and chemical pollutants are broken-down into insignificant strength over a period of time by the growth of certain bacteria. This bacterial growth in the water is possible only with the absorbed and dissolved oxygen content in the water. This absorbed and dissolved oxygen content in the water bodies are based on the velocity of the stream, depth, discharge rate and temperature of the water, thus the self-depuration capacity of the water bodies are depended on the natural profiles and environmental factors of the waterbody and its location. This explains that the turbulent water will get purified by itself in much higher rate than the stagnant water, which tends to become septic because of the oxygen scarcity. The degree of self-depuration of a natural water body is based on the physiochemical and biological activities occurring in the system. Various parameters like basic physical properties, chemical properties such as pH, hardness, dissolved solids, mineral content, BOD, dissolved oxygen for the samples were taken along the Pamba River. The samples are taken from three zones of the Rivers viz. 1) Forest zone, 2) Residential zone and 3) Industrial zone. The water quality factors from the samples are validated against the desirable values as per IS 10500: 2012 and justifies the current status of the River and recommendations for its wellbeing.
Design and Analysis of Zigzag Classifier in Food Industry Applications
Authors: Reddy Yella Harshavardhan , Purushothaman K , Sreenivasan M , Sivakumar E R
Published: October 2021

In a zigzag classifier the material is being entertained utilizing varied channel velocities and mass load of the air. Specialty of zigzag classifier is it is being used in separation of particles having about the same size, but differing specific gravity, Separation of bulk materials which cause challenges and expensive costs if sieved. In this Zigzag classifier, sugar, salt, flour and grain, starch, milk products; spices; tea, gelatin, and vegetables are included in a typical application for the food sector. Zigzag classifiers are usually maintenance free, wear-resistant, overload-resistant and not sensitive to changes in the composition of the feed material. Due to these properties, the classification system can be operated without any oversight for lengthy durations. Even under overload situations, the goal output is clean particles or lightweight material.
A Survey on Automatic Text Summarization Techniques
Authors: Hima Bindu Sri S , Dutta Sushma Rani
Published: October 2021

In recent years, there is a tremendous explosion in the amount of text data on the internet and in the archives of news articles, scientific papers, legal documents and even in online product reviews. Text summarization is playing an important role in automatic content creation, minutes of meeting generation, helping disabled people and also for quick online document reading. To achieve these, several automation techniques have been proposed in various researches. In this regard, performing an exclusive survey on different methods, approaches of automatic text summarization which are published in different articles in most recent three years.
Influence of Nozzle Hole Geometry of CI Engines Performance and Emission Parameters Fuelled by Diesel and Biodiesel-A Review
Authors: Imthiyas A. , Saravanan M. , Sanjaykumar B M , Sujith Raj P , Udhaya Kumar M
Published: October 2021

In the quest to reduce hazardous pollutant emissions and environmental impact, various renewable alternative fuels derived from bio-based sources have entered the market. Biodiesel, a vegetable oil ester, has gained a lot of popularity and attention for diesel engine applications. The performance of diesel engine and emission characteristics are closely linked with fuel atomization and spray pattern of fuel injection nozzles. In modern engines various orifices with different designs are used. In a diesel engine, the shape of the diesel fuel injection nozzle and the fuel flow parameters in the nozzle have a considerable impact on the processes of fuel atomization, combustion, and exhaust emissions. The main focus of this study is to explore how number of nozzle hole and shape affects the performance of diesel engine, combustion, and emissions for both Biodiesel and diesel fuels.
Improving the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Sponge Gourd Fiber Composites
Authors: Selva Babu B , Bubesh Kumar D , Arjun K , Arshad A , Joy Athul M
Published: October 2021

Natural fibers have emerged as a mainstay in the creation of Polymer Composites in recent years. Using a woven mat constructed from sponge fiber gourd (luffa), almond shell, and layered in an epoxy matrix, this work demonstrates the possibility of generating hybrid reinforced polymer composites using varied stacking sequences of composite layers. Natural fibers in an epoxy matrix were applied using hand-layup. The tests examined the possible influence of natural fiber reinforcement on the natural fiber hybrid composites.
Decolorization of Textile Wastewater with Activated Carbon made of Coconut Shell
Authors: Sangeetha S P , Bhowmick Susmita , Md Nawas Khan , Akash M
Published: October 2021

This study focus on the removal of textile dyeing effluent by analyzing the physio-chemical parameters such as color, turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Activated carbon is used for removing color from the wastewater collected from silkworm textile industry, Bishnupur, West Bengal. We have used activated carbon made with coconut shell which is ecofriendly and low in cost. The results of the analysis were compared with the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) for further application of the treated water in agricultural field. Also, this paper included the case study on textile dyeing industry in Bankura district, West Bengal, India and its impacts of pollution load in the environment.
Water entry simulation analysis of a truncated projectile
Authors: Cao M M , Wu S Y , Shao Z Y
Published: October 2021

In order to explore the influence of the bevel angle of the projectile on the vertical velocity attenuation characteristics and cavitation of the projectile after it enters the water vertically, this paper uses numerical simulation to analyze the bevel angles of 45°, 30°, 25° and 20°. At the same time, the high-speed camera is used to study the vertical penetration of the projectile with a 45° bevel angle to verify the simulation model. The research results show that the vertical velocity decays exponentially, and the trajectory of the truncated projectile is bent after entering the water so that an asymmetric open cavitation occurs. The bevel angle will affect the degree of trajectory curvature, velocity attenuation and the shape of the cavity. The larger the bevel angle, the greater the degree of trajectory curvature; the smaller the bevel angle, the slenderer the cavity and the smaller the asymmetry.
Effect of the kinetic energy conservation error on unsteady/steady isotropic turbulence: a numerical simulation study
Authors: Nakamura Shinnosuke , Suzuki Hiroki , Mochizuki Shinsuke
Published: October 2021

This study presents the effects of the conservation error of turbulent kinetic energy on the isotropic turbulence field. Here, the present research focuses on the effects on the unsteady turbulence field in addition to the steady field. This unsteady turbulence field is given by changing the magnitude of the external forcing term using a linear forcing scheme with a sinusoidal function. The conservation error is caused by using the Crank-Nicolson method, which is an implicit time integration method. This result is examined by comparing those with the results with negligible conservation error using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. For this unsteady turbulence, the period and amplitude of the external forcing term are changed as computational conditions. In contrast to steady turbulence, unsteady turbulence is shown to be affected by turbulent kinetic energy conservation error. These effects are significant when the period is short and the amplitude is large.
Wind turbine blade failure case analysis and control measures
Authors: Zhang R G , Wang B J , Wang J B , Lei H , Xia S C
Published: October 2021

In this paper, combined with the wind farm blade failure cases, the blade failure reasons are analyzed from the aspects of blade design, material performance, manufacturing quality, transportation and hoisting, online monitoring, wind farm operation, and maintenance. In order to prevent blade operation failure, measures and suggestions based on blade selection, supplier selection, operation and maintenance management are proposed, which provide methods for blade design, manufacturing, and production maintenance.
Germanium arsenide nanosheets applied as two-dimensional field emitters
Authors: Giubileo F , Grillo A , Pelella A , Faella E , Camilli L , Sun J B , Capista D , Passacantando M , Di Bartolomeo A
Published: October 2021

The IV–V groups binary compound germanium arsenide (GeAs) is a semiconductor that can be easily exfoliated in very thin nanosheets and is characterized by a band gap ranging from 0.6 eV (bulk form) up to 2.1 eV (monolayer). We investigate the field emission characteristics of exfoliated multilayer GeAs nanosheets by means of a tip-anode setup, where a nanomanipulated W-tip is positioned in front of the GeAs emitting layer at nanometric distance, all controlled inside a scanning electron microscope. We demonstrate that GeAs multilayers are suitable to develop electron sources, with turn-on field of the order of 102Vµm-1, and field enhancement factor of about 70.
Universitas Riau International Conference on Science and Environment 2021 (URICSE-2021)
Authors: Islami Nur , Linda Roza , Hermita Neni , Novitri  , Syah Dahnil , Wahibah Ninik Nihayatul , Alfuzanni
Published: October 2021

The Universitas Riau Internationa Conference on Science and Environment 2021 (URICSE-2021) was successfully held 11 September 2021 at the Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia. The events brought together academia, professional and researcher and students with interests on Science and Environment, thus offering them the opportunity to share and discuss their last research and findings, as well as to facilitate and encourage their mutual cooperation. This Proceedings issue compiles oral presentations that were submitted by the authors and rigorously reviewed by a special committee.

List of Organizing Committee, International Scientific Board and Cover Page are available in this pdf.
Effect of Magnesium Hydroxide on Flame Retardant Properties for Adhesive Materials by Solution Mixing Process
Authors: Dasaesamoh Abedeen , Adair Ajaman , Matchawet Suradet
Published: October 2021

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of magnesium hydroxide on the flame retardant properties of adhesive materials. The amount of magnesium hydroxide was varied from 2.5 to 10 phr. The adhesive preparation was performed by means of an aqueous filler dispersion technique. The dispersion of magnesium hydroxide in adhesive was observed by SEM images. The mechanical property of the adhesive joint was conducted by shear stress according to the ASTM D1002 standard. The flame retardant property of adhesives was measured in the horizontal burning testing method. The results revealed that the magnesium hydroxide formed agglomeration. For mechanical test, incorporation of magnesium hydroxide caused a cohesive failure in the substrate. The amount of magnesium hydroxide at 7.5 phr. possessed a maximum adhesive shear stress of 1,140 N. This was due to the magnesium hydroxide acting as reinforcing filler. The flame retardant properties of magnesium hydroxide increased with increasing magnesium hydroxide content. However, only adhesive with 10 phr was lower than 75 mm/min. The results can finally be concluded that the incorporated of magnesium hydroxide at 10.0 phr. remarkable improved the flame retardant properties of adhesive materials.
Understanding the Evolutionary Track of Tau Sco
Authors: Putra Singgih Prana , Butar-Butar Arwin Juli Rakhmadi , Putraga Hariyadi , Hidayat Muhammad
Published: October 2021

The τ Scorpii (τ Sco) star, was known as Al-Niyat in medieval Islamic period, is a B0V single star with mass of 15 solar mass (M⊙). It means that τ Sco is a massive star that has properties like B-type star such as has 31,440 K temperature effective and so on. The evolution simulation using MESA simulation software was conducted from pre-main sequence phase to red supergiant phase for τ Sco. We obtain that the age of τ Sco currently is 5.22 million years and it’s in main sequence phase. The τ Sco will reach the red supergiant phase at the age of 11.6 million years after formation.
Effect of Temperature on Lignin Isolation by Using Organosolv Method from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Authors: Pramana A , Zalfiatri Y , Sari E O
Published: October 2021

Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on the earth as promising raw material for various valuable products. In terms of biorefinery, the organosolv method promotes elevate satisfy isolation due to its ease of purification and environmental friendliness. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature on lignin isolation from palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) obtained through the organosolv method. The isolation was using acetic acid, formic acid, and water (30:60:10( v/v/v)) as the solvent and 0,1% of HCl as a catalyst at various temperatures (60°C, 85°C, 100°C, and 121°C). The heating temperature had significant effect on the yield, purity and pH of lignin. The lignin yield roses when the temperature increase from 60°C to 85°C but starts to decrease at 100°C. The highest yield of 15.87% was obtained at 85°C. However, the purity is inversely proportional to the yield. The higher the yield, the lower the purity correspond to condensation reaction at temperature above 85°C. The highest purity of 94.49% was obtained at the lowest yield at temperature 121°C. The heating temperature also affected pH. The pH is increase with increasing temperature. Functional groups analysis using FT-IR indicated that lignin isolates obtained at a temperature of 60°C, 85°C, 100°C, and 121°C had similar functional groups, consist of ether linkage, aromatic rings, C-H methyl linkage, guaiacyl rings, and syringyl rings indicated that the lignin of oil palm empty fruit bunch classified as SGH-type lignin.
Fabrication of Carbon Electrodes from Sago Midrib Biomass with Chemical Variation for Supercapacitor Cell Application
Authors: Farma Rakhmawati , Maurani Syarifah Famela , Apriyani Irma , Awitdrus  , Yanuar  , Rini Ari Sulistyo
Published: October 2021

Activated carbon with high porosity and controlled pores structure are widely applied as supercapacitor electrodes biomass derived from sago midrib (PS). Activated carbon based on sago midrib without chemical agent and using chemical agent ZnCl2 and NaOH by a concentration 0,5 M has been fabricated with a purpose to produce distribution of mesopores and micropores. Samples were carbonized at temperature 600°C using N2 gas followed by a physical activation process using CO2 gas at temperature of 700°C. The highest mass loss percentage of carbon electrode PS-ZnCl2 was 51,6% Microstructure analysis shows that amorphous structure for the activated carbon electrodes is shown by the presence of the peaks of 2θ around 240 and 440 with the highest Lc presented by ZnCl2. SEM characterization showed the domination of mesopores and a few of micropores presented by ZnCl2. EDX characterization showed the highest atomic carbon percentage is 90,27%. Specific capacitance was determined by cyclic voltammetry method and found the highest in PS-ZnCl2 was 138 F/g. The result from the physical and chemical properties, ZnCl2 is the best chemical agent from biomass-derived sago midrib for the best performance of supercapacitor cells.
Influencing Parameters for degradation of Methylene Blue using the catalyst bentonite supported manganosite MnO synthesized via facile, one-pot Sol-Gel Route
Authors: Erda Zulvi , Nurhayati  , Amirudin Erwin , Anggraini Riska , Siregar Siti Saidah , Awaluddin Amir
Published: October 2021

Textile industries consume considerable amounts of water in dyeing process, thus generating the enormous quantities of wastewater. The wastewater is a highly harmful to environment if discharged untreated or partially treated since it contains wide range of hazardous compounds and is also very difficult to treat. The structure of dye residues in wastewater is mostly complex polymeric structures, which is highly resistant to bio-degradation. The Fenton-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) was widely studied to treat recalcitrant organic contaminant and based on the production of OH following H2O2 activation by a catalyst. Manganese oxides are reported to be an active catalyst for degradation of a dye via Fenton process. Herein, bentonite supported MnO (MnO/bentonite) was synthesized via one-pot sol-gel synthesis and its catalytic activity was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) using Fenton process. The X-ray diffraction results revealed the formation of the rock–salt MnO manganosite as crystalline phase of manganese oxide. The MnO/bentonite composite displayed higher performance for the degradation of MB than pure MnO. The maximum degradation of MB by MnO/bentonite composite was achieved by evaluating the process variables and compared to MnO (manganosite) as a control. In the optimum condition, the MnO/bentonite composite was able to degrade 92.97 % MB using 15 ml H2O2, 50 mg of catalyst and 25 ml MB (75 ppm) in 100 mL solution of initial MB concentration. Both catalyst concentration and H2O2 concentration seem to play a significant role for the degradation of MB using the composite MnO/bentonite.
The Utilization Silica from Oil Fly Ash as a Raw material for Paper Filler
Authors: Satriawan Alsep , Muhdarina  , Awaluddin Amir
Published: October 2021

Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) has been considered as a potential source of silica for paper filler. The objective of this work is to prepare a filler from the Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) to reduce disposal and waste problem. The extraction of silica from POFA can be carried out using solution of 5 M NaOH with ratio 1:5 (w/w, with respect to POFA), stirring speed of 600 rpm for 4 hours, resulting the 0.8770 M silica in Na2SiO3. The product is then reacted with Ca(OH)2 to produce paper filler (CaSiO3). The filler was characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Disperse X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). FTIR spectrum showed the formation of OH, C = O, Si-O-Ca and Si-O-Si functional groups, whereas the SEM-EDX analysis revealed the porous surface with the aggregation of needle-like morphology and contained five elements such as O (45,14%), Mg (0,85%), Si (15,65%), Ca (36,77%) and Al (1,59%). Meanwhile, XRD spectroscopy showed the presence of calcium silicate, calcite, vaterite, calcium hydroxide and quartz. Data from PSA analysis indicated that the filler has narrow particle size distribution compared with commercial fillers (GCC & PCC) and has small average particle size compared with PCC. The filler and the commercial counterparts were then applied as a paper simulation (hand sheet). Analysis of hand sheet showed that the presence of the synthetic filler in the hand sheet can improve brightness, opacity and bulk values, but slightly reduced in tensile and tearing index compared to that of PCC & GCC.
Development of Digital Simple Pendulum Learning Media
Authors: Azizahwati Azizahwati , Rahmad M. , Zamri Rifki
Published: October 2021

This study aims to produce a digital simple pendulum prototype. ADDIE model has been used in this study. This research was carried out up to the develop stage. The developed digital simple pendulum consists of mechanical and electronic devices. The processor used is the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The resulting prototype is declared to be functional if it meets the period and frequency equations on the pendulum. The results obtained show that: (1) the frequency and period are affected by the length of the string, (2) the period and frequency are not affected by the mass of the object. The prototype that has been produced can be an alternative learning media that leads to STEM.
Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management as Ecosystem Services Provider for Reducing CO2 Emissions with Carbon Credit System in Bengkalis District, Riau, Indonesia
Authors: Nawari  , Syahza Almasdi , Siregar Yusni Ikhwan
Published: October 2021

The rapid economic development in Bengkalis District has reported disrupted environmental balance. Such as mangrove forest damage, due to the intensification of wetland conversion, which is based on the emergence of industrialization. Implementing community-based mangrove forest management (CBMFM) with a carbon credit system is potential way to reduce the degradation. This management model also inline to support the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study objective is aims to formulate a CBMFM strategy for CO2 emission reduction which registered as carbon offset project. The research design was descriptive qualitative, focusing to identify current and best management aspect of mangrove ecosystem which meet carbon project standard. The information used was secondary data that collected from relevant literatures. The formulation of sustainable CBMFM strategy was established based on the gap analysis between existing management versus expected sustainable ones. The analysis results showed that the current management was yet optimal, due to the lack of sustainable management dimensional practices, include: human, natural, and financial resources. The strategy to reduce current management gap as follows: (1) Increasing the capacity of human resources for managers and institutions; (2) Application of collaborative management; (3) Accountable budgeting; (4) Preparation of an integrated management plan; and (5) Technology management. The research result recommended as one of a reference for policymakers, in order to formulate sustainable mangrove forest management.
Flexural Capacity of Concrete Beam Reinforced with GFRP Bars
Authors: Ridwan  , Putri Dhea Triviananda
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes an analytical study to predict the flexural capacity of structure elements reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. A nonlinear stress-strain curve of concrete is employed to consider the contribution of concrete under compression. The analytical calculation is validated against a published experiment, and the results are also compared to the ACI 440.1R-15 code. The results showed that the rupture modes predicted in the analytical study were comparable to those of the experiment, and the average ratio of flexural capacity calculated using Todeschini’s nonlinear curve to the experiment ranged from 0.78 to 0.86. Furthermore, flexural capacity obtained using nonlinear stress-strain curve of Todeschini for specimens with reinforcement ratios higher than the balanced reinforcement ratio performed better than that obtained using the ACI code.
Condition and Stability of Plantations in the Zonal Ecotone of the Forest and Steppe of the Southern Urals
Authors: Simonenkova Victoria A. , Simonenkov Vladislav S. , Kulagin Alexey Yu.
Published: October 2021

In the conditions of the zonal ecotone of the forest and steppe of the Southern Cis-Urals, the current state of forest ecosystems is characterized, the radial growth of Scots pine is considered as an indicator of the sustainability of plantations. Forest phytocenoses of the Southern Cis-Urals have class 2 and 3 of biological resistance, unfavorable in sanitary terms, which leads to the appearance of permanent foci of mass reproduction of insect pests of leaves and needles. These pests are actually indicators of the sustainability of the forest ecosystem. The plantations are especially strongly weakened in the zone of medium, strong and maximum anthropogenic impact on the environment. Differences in the radial growth of Scots pine are observed in the zonal ecotone of the forest and steppe. The dynamics of the radial growth of Scots pine in the Orenburg forestry indicates a decrease in the indicator over the years, which is interconnected with the dry climate of the steppe zone and partly the technogenic influence of industrial enterprises in Orenburg. The dynamics of the radial growth of Scots pine crops in the national park "Buzuluksky bor", on the contrary, increases over the years, which, in our opinion, is associated with more humid growing conditions in recent years. Comparing the average radial growth of Scots pine in the zonal ecotone of the forest and steppe, one can note higher rates in the forest zone of the national park "Buzuluksky bor" and lower rates in the steppe zone. The main method of collecting information on the state of forest cenoses was a field survey on temporary test areas, which were laid according to standard methods.
Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability of Reinforced Concrete Building Frames Based on European Macroseismic Scale (Case Study of Siak Regency Government Building)
Authors: Akbara Emiral , Djauhari Zulfikar , Kurniawandy Alex
Published: October 2021

Earthquake disasters in Indonesia are currently not only experienced in areas that often occur earthquakes, in areas that were once relatively safer also experienced earthquakes. The greater the strength of the earthquake in one area the greater the scope of the area affected by the earthquake. Riau Province, especially the Siak Regency, is one of the areas that are in a relatively safe zone. However, it can still experience an earthquake if the point of the earthquake is near the area itself or because the earthquake point has a very large area achievement due to the magnitude of the strength of the earthquake itself. Lately to evaluate buildings that have been standing, rapid assessment of vulnerability or rapid screening. One of the commonly used rapid vulnerability assessment procedures is that issued by FEMA. However, often the assessment of buildings provided by regulations, such as FEMA is less applicable to parties or communities not of civil engineering background, the procedures are complicated or cannot be underestimated for various disaster cases. So that academics in some countries develop vulnerability assessments that do not involve much mathematical analysis, simple, can be used by parties who are not of technical background, can be used in many countries, and can also be used for disasters other than seismic disasters/earthquakes. One such method of vulnerability assessment is the assessment procedures that are founded by the European Seismic Scale. Test results showed that vulnerability assessments could quickly be carried out by researchers with no civilian background. So that this calculation can be done by even ordinary people. This is very helpful for the assessment of the building against the damage caused by the earthquake.
The Effect of Technical Natural Rubber Mastication with Wet Process Mixing on the Characteristics of Asphalt-Rubber Blend
Authors: Bahruddin  , Wiranata Arya , Malik Alfian
Published: October 2021

The modification of asphalt with natural rubber is believed to enhance asphalt penetration grade (Pen Grade) 60/70. Natural rubber-type technical natural rubber with standard Indonesian rubber (SIR) 20 was chosen as an asphalt additive. However, SIR 20 as an asphalt additive directly has the rubber distribution problem in asphalt, which tends to accumulate in certain parts of the asphalt mixture. Also, the use of SIR 20 requires a very long time in the mixing process to reach homogeneity. This study aims to determine the effect of adding technical natural rubber, Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20, both with and without mastication, on the characteristics of asphalt-rubber blends. The asphalt-rubber blend was developed by melting the SIR 20 at 200 °C before mixing it with asphalt under the melting point (170 °C). Evaluation of asphalt-rubber performance is measured using tests on penetration, softening point, and Marshall stability. While the asphalt rheological characteristics reviewed are complex modulus (G*), phase angle (δ), rutting factor (G* / Sin δ) before and after short-term aging. The results showed that the mastication process of SIR 20 could accelerate the asphalt-rubber mixture's homogenization process and produce asphalt with increased performance at high temperatures. The results show the addition of 10% MSIR has the best performance with a penetration value of 58.5 dmm, a softening point of 59.1 °C, Marshall stability of 1710 kg, and rutting factor of 5.46 kPa.
Simulation Modelling of Traffic Flows in the Central Business District Using PTV Vissim in Pekanbaru, Indonesia
Authors: Sandhyavitri Ari , Maulana Agru , Ikhsan Muhammad , Putra Agus Ika , Husaini Rizki Ramadhan , Restuhadi Fajar
Published: October 2021

The state of art simulation modelling in managing traffic flow within a busy central business district (CBD) is demonstrated in this article. The objectives of this article were to; identify the existing condition of the street V/C ratios within the CBD area, and to develop various simulations modelling. The development of microscopic traffic simulations encompassing 5 streets within the CBD area in Pekanbaru, Indonesia using the PTV Vissim application was performed as a case study. The existing conditions of these 5 streets were very busy (Level of Service C and D) with on-street parking and on-street traders (vendors) along the streets. Several simulations model based on 4 traffic management approaches were applied; (i) controlling on street traders (vendors) activity, (ii) controlling parking lots, and (iii) changing the on-street parking angle and (iv) combination of these approaches. The simulation results have indicated that the optimum simulation modelling in managing CBD traffic flow within these 5 streets was conducted by managing the on-street parking angle at the position of 300 as well as controlling on street traders activity. Hence, by conducting simulations using this application improved the streets Level of services (LOS) within this CBD area from D (0,75<VC<0,84) to C (0.45<VC<0.74).
Swelling Behaviors of Composite film with Alternating Fibre Reinforcement and Aqueous Media.
Authors: Tuan Rohadi T.N. , Ridzuan M.J.M. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Cheng E.M. , Norasni M.J. , Marsi Noraini
Published: October 2021

The swelling behaviour can affect the mechanical properties of the composite film and altering their ability to recover adsorbed substances. These problems are particularly important in the case of porous polymers. Therefore, several researchers have tried to improve the swelling properties by reducing the hydrophilic properties of gelatine and chitosan with adding reinforcing fillers. In this paper, the addition of the hydrophobic properties of pith and cortex of Napier grass in the chitosan/gelatin composite film will be investigated. The composite films were prepared via solution casting method will be evaluated based on the swelling behaviour in the alkali, neutral and acid solution. The result shows that type of reinforcement material and aqueous media used would affect the swelling behaviour of composite film. The results also suggest that the chitosan/gelatin composite films with incorporated cortex of Napier grass are the most water-resistant in neutral followed with acid and alkali.
Effect of sintering temperature on composite hollow fibre membrane derived from hydroxyapatite cow bone and kaolin
Authors: Kamarudin Suraya Najieha , Jamalludin Mohd Riduan , Suhaida Rasman Siti Nor , Hubadillah Siti Khadijah , Budiman Pauzan Mohammad Arif , Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz
Published: October 2021

A modern application of composite hollow fibre membrane derived from hydroxyapatite cow bone and kaolin has been developed in wastewater treatment. The common fabrication method, a process that combined both phase inversion and sintering technique was used to fabricate the membranes. The hollow fibers membrane were developed using the spinning process by using a dope that have ratio of 20:20 (kaolin:cow bone hydroxyapatite). The sintering temperature that used in this study are 1000 °C, 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C. The effect of sintering temperature on hollow fiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3-point bending and pure water flux. The results showed that the hollow fibre membrane sintered at 1200 °C showed a unique membrane’s morphology, the highest mechanical strength (13.33 Mpa) and a stable pure water flux (140.6 L/m2h).
Numerical Evaluation of Aluminium 6026-T9 Fracture Toughness
Authors: Zulkifli A.N. , Muhamad Azmi M.S. , Ibrahim I. , Hashim M.S.M. , Ismail A.H. , Ayob M.N.
Published: October 2021

Fracture is the separation of an object into two or more pieces caused by crack growth under the action of applied stress. There are many different methods for fracture evaluation has been made but still lacks information on properties of Aluminium 6026-T9. Aluminium 6026 is non-toxic since it does not contain Tin (Sn) and features a great corrosion resistance. This study focuses on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of Aluminium 6026-T9. The material is cut and shaped into dog-bone specimens by referring the ASTM E8 and was eventually undergoing a tensile test to evaluate the mechanical properties. A linear elastic analysis of three different crack characteristics which are single edge crack, double edge crack and center crack were performed in Mode I analysis to evaluate its fracture toughness. The stress intensity factor (SIF) value near the crack tip obtained from the simulation process were then compared with analytical value and had been discussed. The percentage of error found that the numerical and analytical values are closed to each other.
Analysis of tailor-rolled blanks having thickness distribution by finite element analysis
Authors: Tajul L. , Hassan A. , Jaafar H. , Sulaiman M.H.
Published: October 2021

Tailored blanks have been widely applied in car body-in-white parts due to its ability to optimise weight for the purpose of reducing global emission. Tailor welded blanks are produced by joining sheets having different thicknesses by welding. However, stress concentration is induced due to sharp change in thickness and the heat affected zone has its microstructural and properties changed. Tailor rolled blanks on the other hand are semi-finished parts produced by rolling process where no joining is required. The continuous thickness transition reduces the sharp change in thickness. In this paper, the deformation behaviour of stainless-steel workpiece produced by rolling is being investigated under two different conditions using finite element analysis. Narrow profiled and grooved rolls were utilized for the production of tailored blanks with profile in width direction. The material flow and the thickness distribution were investigated during the rolling process for both sets of rolls.
An experimental study of tool wear during end milling of carbon fibre reinforced polymer in cutting fluid condition.
Authors: Shahruddin Najlah Sakinah , Syazwina Mustaffa Nur Haifa , Mustafa Aisyah Madihah , Abd Halim Nor Farah Huda
Published: October 2021

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is replacing metallic components and become a valuable material that has been used in many industrial applications including biomedical, marine and automobile. This is due to their excellent performance in term of reliability, high strength and light weight. However, the machining of CFRP is challenging because the abrasiveness of their reinforcement component often resulted in high tool wear rate. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of cutting parameters (cutting speed and cutting condition) on tool wear of uncoated tungsten carbide end mill tool, and to observe the wear mechanism of the carbide tool mill during milling of CFRP. In this study, machining test was carried out with the presence of coolant to aid in removing the cutting heat during machining. The effect of cutting speed of 132 m/min, 151 m/min and 170 m/min with a constant feed rate of 2100 mm/min during milling process of CFRP by using uncoated tungsten carbide end mill tool were discussed. Based on the result obtained, it was found out that the value of tool wear at cutting speed of 170 m/min is higher compared to the wear value at cutting speed of 132 m/min due to the high frequency friction of tool against machined surface. Analysis of tool wear using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) found out that the primary wear observed is abrasive wear due to the rubbing action between the tool and the surface of workpiece. The cutting tool is observed to have the lowest tool wear when low cutting speed is implemented along with the presence of coolant.
Process layout evaluation in the production of ethanol fuel
Authors: Md Salleh Mohd Fahmi , Sharudin Hazim , Abu Othman Nor Liawati , Arifin Muhamad Ridzuan , Noordin Noor Hafiz , Hashim Adam Harith
Published: October 2021

Due to depletion of petroleum reserves and environmental impact of fossil fuels, an alternative solution is introduced in form of ethanol fuels. Ethanol fuels have promising potential in the transport sector and in the generation of electricity. In addition, very few researches highlighted the production electricity cost of ethanol fuel for the transportation sector. Therefore, this study will focuses on finding the effective process layout in the production of ethanol fuel. The first main objective of this research is to simulate the layout of ethanol fuel plant using DELMIA QUEST software. The second objective is to determine the most efficient process layout in the production of ethanol fuel. The layout of ethanol fuel plant was simulated and the most efficient layout in terms of ethanol production was suggested from the simulation. At the end of this research, the efficient process layout is highlighted between the dry mill and wet mill process layout. It was found that dry mill layout offers lower electricity cost for ethanol production.
The influence of tidal turbine arrangement on the wake interaction in shallow water
Authors: Suhri G E , Rahman A , Dass L , Rajendran K
Published: October 2021

The arrangement of tidal turbines in the tidal farm is known to be complicated due to the resistance to the tidal flow which causes the flow to be channeled around the individual devices. To successfully implement the tidal turbine, the wake interaction between the device and its implication needs to be fully understood. Typically, the wake interaction in the array depends on the arrangement and spacing between the device in the array. In this study, a numerical analysis is conducted through the use of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) approach to investigate the influence of the array setup in shallow water application and to propose a suitable array layout for possible application in Malaysia. The numerical analysis is carried out with 2 combination sets of lateral and longitudinal spacing covering 15 turbines in staggered and squared array layout. Hypothetical ‘actuator’ disk and ‘actuator’ cylinder model are used to represent the Horizontal axis turbine (HATT) and Vertical axis turbine (VATT) respectively. The results showed that the VATT model has faster wake recovery and obeys the definition of the far wake. Staggered arrays with bigger spacing are preferable for application in shallow water due to the low probability of wake merging between the rows.
Numerical study on the wake characteristics of the Savonius turbine for shallow water application in Malaysia
Authors: Rajendran K , Rahman A , Suhri G E , Dass L
Published: October 2021

Since Malaysia is a country surrounded by bodies of water, tidal energy is one of the prospects that can be explored for energy extraction potential. While there are several turbine designs and technologies that have been used for tidal energy extraction, information on the use of Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine (VATT) for shallow water applications is very limited, while the implementation of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine (HATT) is not suitable due to Malaysia’s ocean depth. Therefore, this paper attempts to address this gap by analyzing the flow characteristics of the VATT in the working environment of shallow water in Malaysia. The first analysis compared the wake characteristics of the Savonius turbine model against a hypothetical ‘actuator’ cylinder, which is a representation of VATT. Next, the second study analyzed the wake characteristics between static and dynamic simulations of a Savonius turbine model. The outputs from this study were validated against previous work in order to gain a better understanding of the wake characteristics of a Savonius turbine.
Wake analysis between nested design and cylindrical representation of a low current speed vertical tidal turbine
Authors: Dass L , Rahman A , Rajendran K , Suhri G E
Published: October 2021

Over the past years, electrical energy demand has increased dramatically worldwide. Malaysia being a developing country, the need for electrical energy is expected to rise yearly. Therefore, to prevent the energy crisis and global warming, the Malaysian Government has started to switch focus to renewable energy technologies. This paper will analyse the wake characteristics produced by the vertical axis tidal turbine design. Malaysian waters have shallow depth and low water current speed, contributing to an ideal solution to implement a nested turbine. The numerical analysis compares the wake generated from the actual turbine design and a hypothetical ‘actuator’ cylinder which represents vertical axis tidal turbine. The simulation result has been validated with other studies which brings about the understanding of the wake generated from nested turbine and ‘actuator’ cylinder.