bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of in vivo single and multiple isoproterenol injections on subsequently explanted submandibular glands
Authors: O’Dell Norris L. , Sharawy Mohamed H. , Schuster George S.
Published: February 2009

The present study reports on the effects of in vivo single and multiple isoproterenol (ISP) injections on the proliferative response of subsequently explanted mouse submandibular glands. Explants were cultured in Waymouth’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and were harvested after 1 2,4 or 6 days in culture. 24 h prior to harvest, the explants were fed medium containing [3H] thymidine. At the time of harvest, the explants were fixed in situ and processed for light-microscopic radioautography. The number of labeled nuclei and the total number of nuclei were counted, and labeling indices were calculated for the control and ISP-treated explant sections. The results show that the ISP-treated explants had more cells actively synthesizing DNA than did the corresponding control explants after 1 day in culture. In addition, after 2 days in culture, the explants from mice that had received a single dose of ISP incorporated more [3H] thymidine than the corresponding control explants. These results suggest that the in vivo ISP stimulus initiated a hyperplastic response in vivo that was completed during the 1 st or 2nd day in vitro.
Growth of the skull in the mutant dwarf mouse
Authors: Williams J.P.G. , Hughes S.M.
Published: February 2009

By following the development of individual mice from birth to 200 days of age, it was found that the skull of the homozygous mutant (dwdw) was 5% shorter than that of the normal phenotype at birth and some 30% shorter at 200 days of age. During post-natal growth of the skull, the cranium was least altered but the facial skeleton was greatly affected. The differences seen in different parts of the skull are attributed to the peak growth velocities of the various parts occurring at different times.
Incidence of the metopic suture in adult Indian crania
Authors: Agarwal S.K. , Malhotra V.K. , Tewari S.P.
Published: February 2009

1,276 adult Indian skulls were examined for the incidence of the metopic suture. It was observed that metopism was present in 2.66% of the skulls and metopic sutures were present in 38.17% of the skulls. The metopic suture was present in the lower part of the frontal bone in various shapes in 35.27% of cases. The incidence in the upper, upper middle and lower middle parts of the frontal bone is 0.8% in each type. Besides the above-mentioned findings a peculiar type of shape was seen in 0.63 (inverted y) and a radiating type in 0.31 % of the skulls.
Histochemistry of carbohydrates in the epithelium lining the bulbourethral gland of the rat
Authors: Tsukise Azuma , Sugawa Yukio , Yamada Kazuyorí
Published: February 2009

The histochemistry of carbohydrates has been studied in the epithelium lining the bulbourethral gland of the rat by means of light- and electron-microscopic methods. The results obtained show that the cytoplasms of the epithelial cells contain neutral and acidic carbohydrates. The neutral carbohydrates exhibited positive reactions with periodic acid-Schiff and periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, whereas the acidic carbohydrates reacted positively with alcian blue (AB; pH 1.0 and 2.5) and dialyzed iron. Most neutral carbohydrates were found to be glycoproteins localized within the secretory granules. The acidic carbohydrates consist of at least two types, AB (pH 1.0)-reactive sulfated and AB (pH 2.5)-reactive nonsulfated carbohydrates; most nonsulfated carbohydrates were determined to be sialic acid. The acidic carbohydrates were also localized within the secretory granules.
Fluorescence microscopy of the avian (Gallus domesticus) carotid body
Authors: Dreyer Maria V. , de Boom H.P.A. , De Wet P.D. , Eloff F.
Published: February 2009

Sterba’s technique to detect neurosecretory substances was applied to carotid body tissue, surrounding branchial derivatives, ganglion nodosum and the carotid arterial wall. Mainly a yellowish-green, a yellowish-red and a bright yellow fluorescence was observed as well as greenish-yellow fibres with varicosities and terminal knobs. The metachromatic reaction of the technique was briefly discussed.
Effect of indomethacin on the histological structure and cholinesterase activity of taste buds
Authors: State F.A. , Siraffy A. , Hamed M.S. , El-Sherbini G.
Published: February 2009

The present work was undertaken to study the effect of indomethacin on the histological structure and cholinesterase activity of taste buds. 16 adult rabbits were divided into four groups; 2 animals of each group were given a daily oral dose of indomethacin and the other 2 animals were used as controls. The animals were sacrificed at 7, 12,17 and 30 days, respectively. The areas containing circumvallate and foliate papillae were excised for the study of their histological structure and cholinesterase activity. Administration of indomethacin was followed by a decrease in cholinesterase activity and a shrinkage of the reactive zones of the perigemmal, intragemmal and subgemmal plexuses; the cholinesterase activity eventually disappeared on the 17th day. On the 30th day, it reappeared in the above-mentioned sites. The taste buds did not show any degenerative changes and were similar to those of the controls. The significance of these findings is discussed.
A rapid method for the isolation and culture of endometrial epithelial cells responsive to estradiol
Authors: Echeverría Olga M. , Vázquez-Nin Gerardo H. , Pedron Jacqueline
Published: February 2009

Epithelial endometrial cells were isolated from normal and ovariectomized adult rats. The procedure involves successively (1) perfusion of the uterine vasculature with calciumfree Hanks’ solution, (2) perfusion with 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase in calciumfree Hanks’ solution, (3) scraping with a rubber instrument, (4) suspension of detached cells in Eagle’s MEM and plating in small plastic containers. 95% of freshly isolated cells show typical epithelial morphology. After the 1st day of incubation, epithelial cells present two different forms, flat polygonal cells with dispersed chromatin in the nuclei and large nucleoli, and polyhedral cells grouped in spherical masses whose nuclei are denser and the nucleoli smaller. Both forms possess the typical cytology of epithelial cells in situ. At the 4th day of incubation, mitosis occurs frequently in flat cells, whereas the masses disappear progressively. Proliferating flat cells were cultivated for 15 days without signs of degeneration. Both forms of cells remain metabolically very active as demonstrated by increased 3H-uridine incorporation in response to estradiol-17β.
Quantitative and histomorphological studies on the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve in man
Authors: Nawar N.N.Y. , Mikhai Y. , Ibrahim K.A.
Published: February 2009

The human geniculate ganglion was studied histologically and quantitatively. It appeared pyramidal in shape. The mean diameter of the side of the triangle constituting its base was 1,050 µm and its mean height 1,800 µm; the volume of the ganglion was 26 × 107/¿m3. The ganglionic cells were arranged in clusters with longitudinally extending bundles of nerve fibres in between. At the apex of the ganglion compact neurons were delineated from those in the rest of the ganglion by a bundle of nerve fibres. Moreover, scattered solitary nerve cells were met with between fibres of the greater petrosal and the chorda tympani nerves. The mean neuronal population was 1,070, the mean cell volume 11,913 µm3, the cell territory 242,990 µm3 and the volume of the intercellular space 231,077 µm3. Extraganglionic vessels approximated the ganglion perpendicular to its long axis, while further intraganglionic vessels extended in a direction parallel to the long axis of the ganglion and vertical terminal ramifications formed dense vascular channels around the capsule of the nerve cells. The significance of that pattern of blood supply was discussed.
Ultrastructure of baroreceptors in the carotid sinus of the rabbit
Authors: Knoche H. , Wiesner-Menzel L. , Addicks K.
Published: February 2009

In the rabbit, baroreceptive intercalated and terminal receptor segments of the sinus nerve extend in the border region of adventitia and media of the carotid sinus wall. These receptors measuring 600–6,500 nm harbour a great number of mitochondria. They are either round, ovoid or elongated. Round receptors are present over the whole area of the carotid sinus. Large receptors appear to be missing in the upper region, where only very elongated receptors are present, which are arranged in circular array in relation to the vascular axis. The baroreceptors are enveloped by special organelle-rich terminal cells of Schwann cell origin. The receptors have a special orientation in regard to the muscle-elastic system and to collagen. Receptors contain osmiophilic and laminated bodies, signs of degeneration and vesicles of different sizes. Many tubuli as well as glycogen granules are apparent. Some of these axoplasmatic changes appear to be related to metabolic processes (turnover) occurring in young and old animals.
Die Verteilung und Aktivität von Enzymen in der Humerusepiphyse von Albinoratten bestimmten Alters
Authors: Fischer G.
Published: February 2009

In the cartilage epiphysis of newborn, 8-, 30-, and 60-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, 5’-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were found. The main centre of activity of nearly all enzyme reactions is situated, with only small temporal differences in animals of all age groups in the middle and distal cells of the column cartilage, the proximal hypertrophic cells and the chondrocytes of the opening zone. The cells of the tangential layer in the articular cartilage of newborn and 8-day-old rats demonstrate 5’-nucleotidase activity.
Clinical topography of the proctodeum
Authors: Henrich M.
Published: February 2009

Textbooks do not provide sufficient descriptions of the proctodeal anatomy and its clinical significance. For example, operation on anal or anorectal fistulas demands detailed knowledge of the continence organ. Proctologic diseases such as haemorrhoids, abscesses and fistulas clarify the situation as they show the natural spaces and leading structures. We studied the proctodeal region in autopsy specimens and also carried out microscopic work on slices of the continence organ. Clinical (rectoscopic, operative) and autopsy findings were thus combined, and morphology is seen under the aspect of proctologic diseases and their treatment.
Experimental studies on the afferent innervation of the cricothyroid muscle in dogs
Authors: Ibrahim M.K. , Abd El Rahman Sawsan , Mahran Z.Y.
Published: February 2009

The cricothyroid muscle in dogs received branches from two independent nerves, namely the external ramus of the cranial laryngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus. Classical spindles are infrequent in the muscle. Atypical forms of sensory endings were identified. Two end-plates were frequently met with on a single extrafusal fibre. Sectioning of the external ramus of the cranial laryngeal nerve was followed by degeneration of spindles. Intact axons detected up to 6 months after operation are probably derived from the pharyngeal branch of the vagus. Chromatolytic changes occurred in the ipsilateral dorsal vagal nucleus and the capsulated ganglion at the entry of the nerve into the muscle. Chromatolysis occurred in the intramuscular ganglion cell rows and in neurons of the ipsilateral nodose ganglion. Morphological alterations were more pronounced in the ipsilateral medial column of the nucleus ambiguus. No changes were observed in the somata of the mesencephalic nucleus.
Some aspects of the modern concept of neurosecretion
Authors: Rai Bhuwa Prakash
Published: February 2009

Certain glandular nerve cells communicate with effector cells by means of hormonal mediators (neurohormones). The production of neurohormones is restricted to this specialized group of glandular neurones, which possess glandular attributes as well as attributes of conventional neurons. These glandular neurons, because of their dual nature, are called ‘neurosecretory cells’ and their secretion is termed ‘neurosecretory material’. The identification of neurosecretion based upon the occurrence of apparent secretory inclusions in the neuron is not very reliable. The classical staining techniques of Gomori as well as newer Alcian blue and pseudocyanin methods are only suggestive rather than conclusive. Ultra structurally, the ‘classical’ neurosecretory neurons may be distinguished as having neurosecretory materials as prominent content of membrane-bound granules of varying size ranges and of varying, usually high, electron density. Intermingled with typical proteinaceous granules are small electron-lucent vesicles in dense aggregate. These are considered as packets of acetylcholine, helping in the release of neurohormones. The secretory material contains active principles regulating multiple and diverse target cells via a circular channel exemplified by polypeptides, e.g., vasopressin and oxytocin, bound to carrier proteins (neurophysins). Various physiologic traits, e.g. colour change in crustaceans, tanning of the integument of insects, water balance in vertebrates, growth and regeneration in annelids, liberation of the ‘tropic hormones’ from the adenohypophysis by the so-called ‘releasing factors’ are regulated by the neurohormones from the central nervous system.
Glycogen in the epithelium of the bovine fetal rumen
Authors: Arias José L. , Fernández Soledad , Cabrera Raúl
Published: February 2009

Electron-microscopic observation of bovine fetal rumen reveals that the distribution and structure of glycogen are modified during fetal development. Both basal and superficial cells increase their glycogen content in fetuses up to 6 months of age. In older fetuses, the epithelial”glycogen content diminishes. These morphological changes resemble the perinatal metabolic changes occurring in other organs.
The cheek teeth of the rabbit: morphology, histology and development
Authors: Michaeli Y. , Hirschfeld Z. , Weinreb M.M.
Published: February 2009

A detailed anatomic and histologic description of the cheek teeth of the rabbit, both deciduous and permanent, is presented, together with the chronology of their pre- and postnatal development. The deciduous teeth are of limited growth, while the permanent ones grow continuously. Certain aspects of cementogenesis in these teeth are discussed.
Structure of the membranous trachea in children
Authors: Wailoo M. , Emery J.L.
Published: February 2009

The structure of the membranous wall of the trachea was studied in 560 tracheas from children aged 24 weeks of gestation to 10 years. The transverse muscle fibres are uniformly arranged. This is in marked contrast to the longitudinal smooth muscle which varies throughout the entire tracheal length. In 16% of tracheas, the longitudinal muscle was absent, while in the other 84% its distribution was variable with the muscle being present in the lower half of the trachea in approximately 70 % of cases. It is suggested that the longitudinal muscle may be active in preserving the stability of the tracheal wall, preventing tracheal collapse and obliteration of the lumen, particularly in the intrathoracic part of the trachea.
Comparative morphometric study of cerebellar neurons
Authors: Paula-Barbosa M.M. , Sobrinho-Simões M.A. , Ruela C.
Published: February 2009

Several differences concerning granule cell characteristics have been reported iaphylogenetic studies. In this work, the granule cell features of 4 frogs, 4 pigeons, 4 rats, 4 cats and 6 human subjects were determined using morphometric methods. Frog granule cells showed a significantly greater volume and a significantly lower numerical density in comparison with the other species; nevertheless no significant differences were found concerning their organelles. The volume of granule cells was significantly smaller in man than in the other two mammal species but no significant differences were observed in their numerical densities. A significant negative correlation was found between the mean cellular volume and the numerical density of granule cells in every species. These results support the assumption that the biological development of the human cerebellar granular layer is accompanied by a miniaturization of the granule cells, in a way similar to that previously suggested for cerebral neurons.
Histochemical activity of acid phosphatase in rat liver after perfusion fixation
Authors: Khan M.A. , Angus B.M.
Published: February 2009

Acid phosphatase activity was studied histochemically in rat livers after perfusion fixation. The three different perfusates used were: (1) 2% of paraformaldehyde; (2) 1.25% of glutaraldehyde, and (3) 1.25% of each of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. Unfixed fresh frozen sections showed high enzymatic activity in both centrilobular (CL) and periportal (PP) areas. A similar localization pattern resulted after perfusate 1 indicating a lack of reduction in the enzymatic activity in either of the two areas. After perfusate 2, PP areas remained intensely stained while slight reduction of the enzymatic activity was exhibited by the CL regions. Perfusion (3) resulted in higher activity in PP areas but maximal inhibition in the CL region. The inhibition of acid phosphatase activity in the CL areas correlates with regional differences of Kupffer cell population as well as the existence of metabolic heterogeneity between the two hepatic regions.
Microscopic study of the mucification of vaginal epithelium in immature and prepuberal rats
Authors: Parlanti Iris A. , Monis Benito
Published: February 2009

In the upper third of the vagina of the immature rat, the innermost epithelial layer was formed by secretory cells in which mucus appeared at day 14 of postnatal life and increased thereafter until day 30. Histochemical examination showed that the mucus was a glycoprotein material rich in sialic acid and containing some sulfate. The luminal glycocalyx of the mucous cells, barely recognizable at day 10 with the periodic acid-Schiff procedure (PAS), was distinctly shown with Alcian blue and increased with age. The glycocalyx contained a glycoprotein rich in sulfate with little sialic acid. Castration at day 25 reduced the mucous content as well as the glycocalyx components. Castrated 10-day-old rats which received estrogens showed keratinization but no mucif ication at day 16, whereas estrogens plus progesterone induced mucification and glycocalyx development. 10-day-old rats injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin hormone (PMSG) revealed mucification and glycocalyx development at day 16, whereas PMSG plus human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) inhibited mucification but notably increased the glycocalyx components. HCG alone had no effect on mucification or on the glycocalyx. Our observations indicated that certain constituents of the glycocalyx of the mucous cells of the vagina of the immature rat are synthesized before these cells become capable of producing the glycoprotein(s) of the intracellular mucous material.
Histophysiological effects of an antiandrogen (cyproterone acetate) on the testis of the frog Rana temporaria
Authors: Haider Sye G.
Published: February 2009

An attempt was made to study the effects of cyproterone acetate (CA), an antiandrogen, on the testicular activity of the frog Rana temporaria, employing histological and histochemical methods. Each treated frog received a total dose of 4 mg during the period of 4 weeks. Light-microscopic examinations revealed that CA blocked the formation of spermatids and mature sperms; however, the early stages of spermatogenesis, i.e. proliferation and development of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, remained unaffected. CA caused interstitial tissue disruption and degeneration, and led to the shrinkage of Leydig cells; the drug stopped the production of lipoidal material in the interstitial tissues. Also, a loss of testicular weight was documented in the frogs treated with CA.
Die Arterien der Stirn als Grundlage des Nasenersatzes mit Stirnlappen
Authors: Mangold U. , Lierse W. , Pfeifer G.
Published: February 2009

For the -reconstruction of nasal defects, paramedian forehead flaps with a small pedicel are used. The nutrition of these flaps depends on the presence of an arterial blood vessel in the pedicel. In constructing the flap it is absolutely necessary to know the position and the course of the vessels in the forehead. The branches of the ophthalmic artery – dorsal nasal artery, supratrochlear artery, and supraorbital artery – are responsible for the nutrition of the forehead. These arteries are connected with those lying next to them. Additionally, they all anastomose with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery. The branches of the ophthalmic artery, lying in a more lateral position, follow a diagonal course compared with those lying more medially. Considering all forehead vessels, the forehead branch of the dorsal nasal artery is widely unknown, although it is very important for the supply of the central part of the forehead. Together with the supratrochlear artery, which lies on a paramedian line passing through the medial angle of the eye, it represents the nutrition vessels of the forehead flap. In case of injury of the ophthalmic artery, the anastomosis of the angular artery with the dorsal nasal artery can be of great importance for the supply of the flap.
Ultrastructural studies on the lymphocyte subpopulations of disaggregated mouse spleens
Authors: Djaldetti M. , Bessler H. , Komlos L. , Halbrecht I.
Published: February 2009

The lymphocyte subpopulations of disaggregated spleens of adult C57B1/6J mice were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as by rosette formation. The results showed that most lymphocyte subpopulations are constituted of cells with relatively smooth surfaces. Rosette formation showed that the proportion of E rosettes, compatible with the presence of T cells, was of 25%, whereas that of erythrocyte antibody complement (EAC) rosettes, indicating B cells, was 9%.
Comparative morphological study of the epicardial ventricular lymphatics in the dog before and after ligature of the superficial veins
Authors: Esperança Pina J.A. , Tavares Sampaio
Published: February 2009

Studies performed in dogs showed that the caliber of the lymphatic vessels increased in the first week after ligature of the superficial veins and decreased thereafter. We noticed that this progressive adjustment of the heart venous backflow is due to the Thebesian veins which were able to replace the ligated superficial veins only after some time. When these veins were not yet performing their function, the transudate was drained by the lymphatics, thus explaining their increase in caliber 1 week after ligature of the superficial veins.
Degeneration analysis of the efferent nerves to the urinary bladder in the cat
Authors: Fehér Erzsébet , Csányi K. , Vajda J.
Published: February 2009

The extrinsic efferent nerve fibres to the urinary bladder in the cat were studied by secondary degeneration after transection of the seventh lumbar, all three sacral and the first coccygeal ventral roots of spinal nerves and after extirpation of both hypogastric ganglia. Under the electron microscope, degenerated nerve fibres of spinal origin could be observed in the trigone region among the ganglion cells and all layers and in the different areas of the urinary bladder wall. These degenerated nerve fibres containing mainly clear vesicles, 30–60 nm in diameter, and a few 80- to 120-nm granular vesicles were situated in synapsing contacts on the surface of the local nerve cells and in synapsing with other probably local nerve processes. After extirpation of the hypogastric ganglia several degenerated nerve fibres could be found along the blood vessels and lymph vessels in all layers. However, occasionally on the surface of the local nerve cells degenerated nerve fibres could also be found. 2 months after both interferences most of the nerve fibres and synapses remained unaffected. According to these observations the extrinsic efferent nerve fibres and synapse seem to have a modulatory effect on the local ganglia. The large amount of the local intact synapses suggests that the micturition reflex is not a spinal but a local peripheral reflex.
The pineal body and pinealectomy in the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus
Authors: Petterborg L.J. , Philo R.C. , Reiter R.J.
Published: February 2009

The pineal body is known to be an important component in the regulation of seasonal reproduction. The gross morphology of the rodent pineal gland is highly variable and this variability may be related to the degree of its involvement in regulating reproduction. The size and complexity of the pineal gland of the cotton rat appear to be well correlated with the known reproductive responses of this species to photoperiod. The cotton rat pineal is a large (2,500 µm × 500 µm) mass originating from the dorsal diencephalon and extending dorsally to the superior sagittal sinus. The cotton rat pineal is solid and cannot be divided into deep and superficial portions as in some rodents. Animals obtained from the field were found to survive conventional pinealectomy when it was carried out under methoxyflurane anesthesia. These results indicate that the cotton rat could be used as a wild animal model for pineal gland-seasonal reproduction research.
The fine structure of the boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubule of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Moniem K.A. , Tingari M.D. , Künzel E.
Published: February 2009

An ultrastructural study of the boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubule of the camel reveals that it consists of three lamellae; inner fibrous, inner cellular and outer cellular. The inner lamella is subdivided into two homogeneous layers enclosing a third one that contains collagenous fibres and fine filaments. The inner cellular lamella consists of several layers of myoid cells; each layer is separated from the adjacent layer by homogeneous material and varying amounts of collagen. The outer cellular lamella consists predominantly of fibrocytes together with some fibroblasts and scattered collagen.
Relationships between excessive blood cell proliferation and neural crest cells in suckling mice
Authors: Nozue Tetuo
Published: February 2009

In suckling mice injected intraperitoneally with mitomycin C, endotoxin, hydrocortisone and androgen, excessive proliferation of blood cells was found in the blood vessels and in the sites where neural crest cells and non-staining spindle shaped neural crest cells may be present. It is speculated that these phenomena may be related with the cell surface properties of neural crest cells in the G lphase of the cell cycle through the system mediated by cyclic AMP, and that the non-staining spindle-shaped neural crest cells in the blood vessels may be the hemopoietic stem cells.
Lymphatic drainage of the ventricular conduction system in man and in the dog
Authors: Eliška O. , Elišková M.
Published: February 2009

The lymphatic vessels of the ventricular conduction system, i. e. the atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle and bundle branches, were studied after injecting a series of 34 human and 50 canine hearts with India ink suspended in gelatin. In man, the lymphatic vessels of the AV node and the upper part of the AV bundle open into the subendocardial lymphatic network at the point of insertion of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve; from there, the lymph is drained in part into the posterior branch of the left lymphatic trunk under the coronary sinus and in part across the membranous septum through the right atrial wall upwards into the inferior tracheobronchial nodes. The lymphatic network of the bundle branches is represented by a subendocardial network whose draining lymphatic vessels run ventrally and dorsally through the interventricular septum opening into the anterior and posterior branches of the left cardiac lymphatic collector. Anastomoses between the lymphatic vessels of the branches and those of the AV node through the AV bundle are rare. The lymphatic drainage of the conduction system of the canine ventricles is essentially similar to the lymphatic drainage encountered in man. The only difference between the two species is that in man the lymphatic vessels draining the AV node run ventrally towards the inferior tracheobronchial nodes, whereas in the dog these vessels open into the right cardiac lymphatic collector.
Size and positioning of the teeth and infratemporal fossa relative to taxonomic and dietary variation in primates
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: February 2009

The infratemporal fossa grows allomorphically in primates at a faster rate than general cranial and inferred body size. The coefficient of allometry approximates 1.5 across most primate groups, suggesting direct scaling of the musculus temporalis cross-sectional area to body mass. This coefficient is larger than 1.5 in Lorisoidea and Ceboidea. Medio-lateral relative growth of the infratemporal passage that accommodates m. temporalis rather than antero-posterior growth absorbs a disproportionate amount of this expansion. Likewise, infratemporal fossa breatdh is positively allometric to tooth size, especially in insectivorous, frugivorous and folivorous primate samples that are homogeneous with respect to diet. The seemingly growth-related positive relation between tooth size and distal placement of the zygomatic root that is consistent over the cumulative sample is erased by controlling for diet. Increased relative amounts of m. temporalis per unit of dental occlusal area is indicated in larger-bodied forms; increasing crown height may be a mechanism to adjust for this.
Morphological changes in the coronal suture after replantation
Authors: Markens I.S. , Oudhof H.A.J.
Published: February 2009

The coronal suture with the adnexa was excised in 1-week-old rats and replanted onto the exposed dura mater of the same rat. After replantation, the original internal part of the suture (= pars interna) was located on the external surface of the cranial vault, while the original external part (= pars externa) was located on the dura mater. The animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks after operation. The microscopic observations, done 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks after replantations, reveal that gradually such alterations occur in the replanted suture that the pars interna transforms into a pars externa and vice versa. These modifications are discussed in the light of the general articulations of the cranial bones. In the observed alterations of the replanted coronal suture we see a confirmation of the hinge hypothesis proposed by Oudhof.
Effect of heat and cold stressors on skin thickness and wound outline retention 24 h after excision
Authors: Cohen Irene E.
Published: February 2009

This is a follow-up study to an experiment on stress and wound healing which suggested a possible relationship between exposure to heat or cold stressors prior to wounding and reduced ability of the skin to retain the outline of an excised square cutout. The apparent gaping of wounds in stressed subjects seemed to be due to thinning and reduced firmness or elasticity of the skin. This study confirms that prior exposure to heat and cold stressors results in significantly thinner skin and, in the case of heat exposure, in significantly larger wounds 1 day after excision than in nonexposed controls.
Synaptic specialization of pulmonary parasympathetic ganglia: a three-dimensional study
Authors: El-Bermani Al-Walid I. , McCarthy Lawrence F.
Published: February 2009

The pulmonary parasympathetic ganglia of rhesus monkeys were studied histochemically and by using ultrastructural reconstruction. Neuropil tissue containing axosomal synapses, isolated by satellite cells surrounding the ganglion cell soma, were analyzed. Serial tri-dimensional reconstruction of axosomal specializations show that they consist of the following: (1) ‘butte’-like processes of the ganglion cell surface which receive axons bilaterally at the stalk portion of the butte and have symmetric-type synaptic contacts and (2) invaginating axons which send twisted processes tunneling deep into the soma of the ganglion cell and which have characteristically asymmetric synaptic contacts and clear vesicles. The areas of synaptic contact of the pulmonary parasympathetic ganglia are thus relatively isolated from the extracellular space.
Effect of endoxan (cyclophosphamide) on the post-natal growth of long bones in the white mouse
Authors: Abd-El-Rehim M. , Zaafarani R. , Kamal A.M. , Ebada M.
Published: February 2009

12 new-born mice were used in this work (6 controls). One group of mice was injected with endoxan (cyclophosphamide) diluted in saline at a daily dose of 0.003 µg/g body weight for 30 days; control animals were injected with saline. After a survival period of 45 days, the animals were sacrificed and the thigh was dissected to extract the femur. It was found that the epiphyseal cartilage was greatly thinned after post-natal administration of endoxan. The cartilage cells became smaller, irregular and lost their regular palisade arrangement. The matrix was increased and stained deeply with HE. A dense layer of bone was deposited under the epiphyseal cartilage, a condition known as epiphyseodesis. This means that endoxan not only caused retardation of growth of long bones, but it also caused premature closure of the epiphysis.
The interglobular spaces in the endochondral layer of the osseous labyrinth
Authors: Rauchfuss A.
Published: February 2009

The endochondral layer of the osseous labyrinth in the rat, golden hamster, mouse, guingea pig, pig, rabbit, cat, dog and monkey was studied and compared with that of man. (1) With the exception of the mouse and golden hamster, interglobular spaces were found. (2) In all species but the rat, the interglobular spaces contain acid mucopolysaccharides. An analogy between these structures and the ‘basophilic islands’ (basophile Inseln) is discussed. (3) Extension, arrangement, direction, occurrence and frequency of interglobular spaces vary within each species so that no constant relations could be found, which are also lacking in man. Possible reasons for the persistence throughout life of interglobular spaces in the osseous labyrinth of man and some mammals are discussed.
Studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of light on rat retina
Authors: Lai Yin-Lok , Lug Raymond , Yao Patricia C. , Hayasaka Seiji , Hayasaka Itsuko
Published: February 2009

The effects of low-intensity light on the rat retina was investigated by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The earliest signs of light damage were observed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of albino rats after 24 h of exposure to 35 footcandles of fluorescent light at room temparature (24 °C). These changes included an increase in the electron density of the cytoplasmic matrix, modifications of the endoplasmic reticulum, changes in the number and distribution of lysosomes and changes in the number and size of apical processes and their population of inclusions. Newly phagocytized outer segments were not seen in the RPE whereas large numbers of condensed lamellated inclusions had accumulated. This suggested that damaged RPE is unable to phagocytize outer segments and to digest previously phagocytized outer segments as a result of changes in the endoplasmic reticulum and the phagolysosomal system. Pigmented rats were more resistant to light damage than albino rats; when exposed to the same continuous low-intensity light of 35 footcandles for 4 weeks, pigmented rats developed remarkable alterations in the RPE without any morphological changes in the photoreceptor cells or their outer segments. The initial site of light damage was apparently in the RPE. The early extensive changes in RPE indicated the disruption of normal metabolic activities in the RPE; the subsequent alterations of the RPE-photoreceptor metabolic equilibrium is probably the initial step of photic retinal damage induced by low-intensity light.
Immune Ontogeny and Engraftment Receptivity in the Sheep Fetus
Authors: Skopal-Chase Jessica L. , Pixley John S. , Torabi Alireza , Cenariu Mihai C. , Bhat Anupama , Thain David S. , Frederick Nicole M. , Groza Daria M. , Zanjani Esmail D.
Published: February 2009

Objective: The biologic explanation for fetal receptivity to donor engraftment and subsequent long-term tolerance following transplantation early in gestation is not known. We investigated the role fetal immune ontogeny might play in fetal transplantation tolerance in sheep. Methods: Engraftmentof allogeneic and xenogeneicHSC was determined 60 days following transplantation at different time points in sheep fetal gestation. Parallel analysis of surface differentiation antigen expression on cells from lymphoid organs of timed gestational age fetal sheep was determined by flow cytometry using available reagents. Results: An engraftment window was identified after day 52 gestation lasting until day 71 (term gestation: 145 days). This period was associated with the expression of the leukocyte common antigen CD45 on all cells in the thymus. Double-positive and single-positive CD4 and CD8 cells began appearing in the thymus just prior (day 45 gestation) to the beginning of the engraftment window, while single-positive CD4 or CD8 cells do not begin appearing in peripheral organs until late in the engraftment period, suggesting deletional mechanisms may be operative. In concert, surface IgM-positive cells express CD45 in the thymus at day 45, with a comparable delay in the appearance of IgM/CD45 cells in the periphery until late in the engraftment window. Conclusions: These findings support a central role for the thymus in multilineage immune cell maturation during the period of fetal transplantation receptivity. Further, they suggest that fetal engraftment receptivity is due to gestational age-dependent deletional tolerance.
Partial Chromosome Deletion: A New Trisomy Rescue Mechanism?
Authors: Vialard F. , Molina-Gomes D. , Quarello E. , Leroy B. , Ville Y. , Selva J.
Published: February 2009

Objective: We described a first case of a fetus with multiple congenital malformations associated with full trisomy 5 on direct CVS analysis and a partial trisomy 5 after cell culture. Methods: CVS karyotype (direct examination and culture) was performed after ultrasound examination and genetic counseling. Results: Direct CVS preparation showed a female karyotype with a homogeneous entire chromosome 5 trisomy, and karyotype of cultured CVS showed partial chromosome 5 trisomy, with an extra chromosome resulting from a deleted chromosome 5: 47,XX,del(5q31),+5. Only macroscopic examination could be performed because parents decided against postmortem examination and further analysis. Conclusion: After a brief literature review, we argue that all de novolargechromosome deletions need to be considered as potentially associated with a trisomy rescue and uniparental disomy.
Translocation t(2;8)(p12;q24) in Two Patients with B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Dai Hai-Ping , Xue Yong-Quan , Zhang Jun , Wu Ya-Fang , Pan Jin-Lan , Wang Yong , Shen Juan
Published: February 2009

It is well known that translocation between chromosomes 2 and 8, t(2;8)(p12;q24), has a strong association with Burkitt’s lymphoma. It has rarely been seen in indolent lymphoproliferative disorders. In this study, we report for the first time on 2 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with t(2;8). They were diagnosed as having typical CLL (case 1) and CLL/prolymphocytic leukemia (case 2), respectively, based on morphology and immunophenotyping. Karyotypic analysis of the bone marrow cells using the R-banding technique revealed a karyotype of 47,XY, t(2;8)(p12;q24), +4,[17]/46, XY[9] in case 1 and a karyotype of 45,X, t(Y;7)(q12;q21),t(2;8)(p12; q24),del(12)(p12),–17[5]/46,XY[9] in case 2. T(2;8) translocation was confirmed by whole chromosome painting. Rearrangement of the MYC gene and loss of one p53 allele were detected by FISH only in case 2. Both cases had negative ZAP70 and CD38 expressions; however, only case 1 showed good response to therapy. We consider that MYC rearrangement, loss of one p53 allele as well as other factors, such as more prolymphocytes in the blood and bone marrow and complex chromosome abnormalities, also had adverse effects on the poorer prognosis of case 2.
ATG plus Cyclosporine Reduces All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Severe Aplastic Anemia – Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gafter-Gvili Anat , Ram Ron , Gurion Ronit , Paul Mical , Yeshurun Moshe , Raanani Pia , Shpilberg Ofer
Published: February 2009

Background: Immunosuppression is the therapeutic alternative for patients with aplastic anemia who are ineligible for allogeneic transplant. We aimed to assess the benefit of the combination of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine (CsA). Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials that compared ATG and CsA to ATG alone as first-line treatment for patients with severe and nonsevere aplastic anemia. The Cochrane Library, Medline, conference proceedings and references were searched until 2008. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each trial and pooled. Results: Our search yielded 4 trials. For patients with severe aplastic anemia, there was a significant reduction in mortality in the ATG and CsA arm, which began at 3 months (RR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.29–0.85) and was maintained over a long follow-up of 5 years (RR = 0.58, 95 % CI 0.36–0.93). Conversely, in patients with nonsevere aplastic anemia, there was no difference in mortality. Conclusions: The combination of both drugs should be considered the gold standard only for patients with severe aplastic anemia.
The Long-Term Use of Statins Is Associated with a Decreased Incidence of Adenomatous Colon Polyps
Authors: Siddiqui Ali A. , Nazario Hector , Mahgoub Amar , Pandove Sandeep , Cipher Daisha , Spechler Stuart J.
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: Studies have suggested that statins may protect against colorectal cancer (CRC), but it is not clear whether that protection results from effects on established adenomatous polyps (APs) or from preventing the development of new APs. We have conducted a retrospective, cohort study to explore how the long-term use of statins influences the development of new APs. Methods: We reviewed endoscopy and pathology databases to identify patients with histologically verified APs, all of which were removed during an index colonoscopy, and who had a follow-up colonoscopy 3–5 years later. Patients were categorized as users or nonusers of statins by review of their medical and pharmacy records, and the characteristics of APs found on follow-up colonoscopy in the 2 groups was compared. Results: We identified 2,626 patients (84% men, mean age 62.2 years) with APs removed during an index colonoscopy. Of 1,688 patients (35%) who used statins continuously, 583 had an AP found on follow-up colonoscopy, compared to 477 of 938 patients (51%) who did not use statins continuously [odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–0.60; p < 0.01]. Statin use was associated with a smaller mean number of polyps (2.6 vs. 3.1; p = 0.002), a smaller mean polyp size (7.1 vs. 7.9 mm; p = 0.03) and a significant reduction in the incidence of advanced APs (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.52–0.96; p = 0.03). Conclusions: In patients with APs removed colonoscopically, long-term statin usage is associated with a decreased incidence of new and advanced APs. This suggests that statins may protect against CRC by reducing the development of new APs.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Patients with Severe Alzheimer’s Disease: Results from a 52-Week, Open-Label, Multicenter, Extension Study in Japan
Authors: Homma Akira , Imai Yukimichi , Tago Hisao , Asada Takashi , Shigeta Masahiro , Iwamoto Toshihiko , Takita Masashi , Arimoto Itaru , Koma Hiroshi , Takase Takao , Ohbayashi Toshio
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was extended to evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in community-dwelling Japanese patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: 189 patients were enrolled from the double-blind study into a 52-week, open-label extension study. After a 2- to 8-week washout, donepezil was escalated within 6 weeks to 10 mg/day. Main outcomes were Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living scale for severe AD (ADCS-ADL-sev) and Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD). Safety parameters were monitored throughout. Results: Overall, mean change from extension study baseline in SIB scores improved until week 24; however, scores were influenced by prior treatment during the double-blind study and by length of washout. Patients treated with donepezil retained some treatment benefits after a washout of 2–4 weeks but lost all treatment benefits after a washout of 4–8 weeks. There was no change in ADCS-ADL-sev or BEHAVE-AD scores. Adverse events were consistent with the known donepezil safety profile. Conclusion: Donepezil is effective and safe for symptomatic treatment of severe AD for at least 1 year. Patients who receive donepezil 10 mg daily with little or no interruption achieve the best long-term outcome.
Validation Study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in a Malay-Speaking Elderly Population in Malaysia
Authors: Ibrahim Norlinah M. , Shohaimi Shamarina , Chong Heng-Thay , Rahman Abdul Hamid Abdul , Razali Rosdinom , Esther Ebernezer , Basri Hamidon B.
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: In view of the differing sensitivity and specificity of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the non-English-speaking populations, we conducted the first validation study of the Malay version (M-MMSE) in Malaysia among 300 subjects (from the community and outpatient clinics). Methods: Three versions were used: M-MMSE-7 (serial 7), M-MMSE-3 (serial 3) and M-MMSE-S (spell ‘dunia’ backwards). Dementia was assessed using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. The optimal cutoff scores were obtained from the receiver operating characteristics curves. Results: Seventy-three patients (24.3%) had dementia and 227 (75.7%) were controls. Three hundred patients completed the M-MMSE-7, 160 the M-MMSE-3 and 145 the M-MMSE-S. All 3 versions were valid and reliable in the diagnosis of dementia. The optimal cutoff scores varied with each version and gender. In the control group, significant gender differences were observed in the patients with the lowest educational status. Increasing educational levels significantly improved the M-MMSE performance in both genders. Conclusion: All 3 versions of the M-MMSE are valid and reliable as a screening tool for dementia in the Malaysian population, but at different cutoff scores. In those with the lowest educational background, gender-adjusted cutoff scores should be applied.