bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Strategic Emergency Response Training on an OLIVE Platform
Authors: Chen Yung-Fang
Published: July 2013

Virtual worlds provide a new methodological framework for conducting emergency response exercises. The research attempts to evaluate whether the use of virtual worlds avoids recognized weaknesses of traditional emergency response exercises and facilitates further learning outcomes. The objectives of the article include, first, to examine whether the virtual worlds contribute to learning experiences for the emergency response exercises; second, to use a case study to evaluate and synthesize preliminary findings of the strategic flood response exercise; and third, to make recommendations for conducting a larger scale emergency response in an online Virtual Learning Environment. The preliminary findings suggest that the use of virtual worlds could potentially facilitate better learning outcomes and provide as an effective training methodology to the emergency communities. It also identifies the challenges of developing virtual world exercises, for instance, the need for better collaboration and communication between developers, academics, and end users.
The Influence of “Quiet Time” for Patients in Critical Care
Authors: Maidl Carolyn A. , Leske Jane S. , Garcia Annette E.
Published: July 2013

The primary aim was to examine the influence of “quiet time” in critical care. A dual-unit, nonrandomized, uncontrolled trial of a quiet time (QT) protocol was completed. A sample of adult patients from the Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU) participated. Environmental stressors were reduced and patient rest promoted prior to QT. One hundred twenty-nine patients participated in 205 QTs. A one-way, repeated measure analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was calculated comparing Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire scores, pain and anxiety over three consecutive QTs. No significant statistical effect was found. However, patients rated sleep higher and anxiety levels decreased over consecutive QTs. Ninety-three percent of patients reported QT mattered to them. The combined efforts of nursing, medicine, and ancillary staff are necessary to foster periods of uninterrupted rest, thereby optimizing patient care. Further research is needed to determine if successive QTs positively influence patient outcomes.
Top Management Team Diversity
Authors: Homberg Fabian , Bui Hong T. M.
Published: July 2013

Empirical research investigating the impact of top management team (TMT) diversity on executives’ decision making has produced inconclusive results. To synthesize and aggregate the results on the diversity-performance link, a meta-regression analysis (MRA) is conducted. It integrates more than 200 estimates from 53 empirical studies investigating TMT diversity and its impact on the quality of executives’ decision making as reflected in corporate performance. The analysis contributes to the literature by theoretically discussing and empirically examining the effects of TMT diversity on corporate performance. Our results do not show a link between TMT diversity and performance but provide evidence for publication bias. Thus, the findings raise doubts on the impact of TMT diversity on performance.
Multi-modal convergence maps: from body schema and self-representation to mental imagery
Authors: Lallee Stephane , Dominey Peter Ford
Published: July 2013

Understanding the world involves extracting the regularities that define the interaction of the behaving organism within this world, and computing the statistical structure characterizing these regularities. This can be based on contingencies of phenomena at various scales ranging from correlations between sensory signals (e.g., motor-proprioceptive loops) to high-level conceptual links (e.g., vocabulary grounding). Multiple cortical areas contain neurons whose receptive fields are tuned for signals co-occurring in multiple modalities. Moreover, the hierarchical organization of the cortex, described within the Convergence Divergence Zone framework, defines an ideal architecture to extract and make use of contingency at increasing levels of complexity. We present an artificial neural network model of the early cortical amodal computations, which we have demonstrated on the humanoid robot iCub. This model explains and predicts findings in neurophysiology and neuropsychology along with being an efficient tool to control the robot. In particular, through exploratory use of the body, the system learns a form of body schema in terms of specific modalities (e.g., arm proprioception, gaze proprioception, vision) and their multimodal contingencies. Once multimodal contingencies have been learned, the system is capable of generating and exploiting internal representations or mental images based on inputs in one of these multiple dimensions. The system thus provides insight on a possible neural substrate for mental imagery within the context of multimodal convergence.
A state-of-the-art review of structural control systems
Authors: Saaed Tarek Edrees , Nikolakopoulos George , Jonasson Jan-Erik , Hedlund Hans
Published: July 2013

The utilization of structural control systems for alleviating the responses of civil engineering structures, under the effects of different kinds of dynamics loadings, has become a standard technology, although there are still numerous research approaches for advancing the effectiveness of these methodologies. The aim of this article is to review the state-of-the-art technologies in structural control systems by introducing a general literature review for all types of vibrations control systems that have appeared up to now. These systems can be classified into four main groups: (a) passive; (b) semi-active; (c) active; and (d) hybrid systems, based on their operational mechanisms. A brief description of each of these main groups and their subgroups, with their corresponding advantages and disadvantages, is also given. This article will conclude by providing an overview of some innovative practical implementations of devices that are able to demonstrate the potential and future direction of structural control systems in civil engineering.
Business Perceptions of Access Management Techniques
Authors: Cunningham Christopher M. , Katz Donald , Smith Sarah , Carter Daniel , Miller Mike , Findley Daniel J. , Schroeder Bastian , Foyle Robert S.
Published: July 2013

Transportation agencies have made significant strides to reduce collisions and increase capacity along strategic highway corridors. Efforts have led to the implementation of many different access management techniques along corridors, such as installing medians versus two-way left-turn lanes and closing median openings. Businesses along these corridors have indicated their concern that these new designs will have a negative economic impact on their business because of the lack of direct access to their properties. The objective of this study was to quantify the business perceptions of median treatments on businesses adjacent to multilane highways. Owners of businesses along treatment corridors viewed median installations with a more positive outlook following implementation of the median than they did prior to the installation. The performance of treatment sites in terms of reported impacts on business revenues indicates that there is no direct evidence of negative economic impacts due to median installations.
Deliberative Democratic Evaluation
Authors: McNamara Madeleine W. , Morris John C.
Published: July 2013

The issue of citizen and stakeholder engagement is a topic of growing importance in the academic literature. Although there has been an effort to examine this phenomenon in the arena of highway transportation, little attention has been given to how stakeholder engagement can be applied to the maritime transportation industry. By employing a deliberative democratic model of participation drawn from the evaluation literature, we report on efforts to engage maritime industry stakeholders on the Ohio River in policy implementation discussions. We find that, in addition to the benefits of deliberation noted elsewhere in the literature, such engagement can result in the identification of workable, low-cost solutions to seemingly expensive infrastructure issues.
Performance analysis of asynchronous Jacobi’s method implemented in MPI, SHMEM and OpenMP
Authors: Bethune Iain , Bull J Mark , Dingle Nicholas J , Higham Nicholas J
Published: July 2013

Ever-increasing core counts create the need to develop parallel algorithms that avoid closely coupled execution across all cores. We present performance analysis of several parallel asynchronous implementations of Jacobi’s method for solving systems of linear equations, using MPI, SHMEM and OpenMP. In particular we have solved systems of over 4 billion unknowns using up to 32,768 processes on a Cray XE6 supercomputer. We show that the precise implementation details of asynchronous algorithms can strongly affect the resulting performance and convergence behaviour of our solvers in unexpected ways, discuss how our specific implementations could be generalised to other classes of problem, and suggest how existing parallel programming models might be extended to allow asynchronous algorithms to be expressed more easily.
An optimization framework for adjoint-based climate simulations
Authors: Yuan Shijin , Wen Shicheng , Li Hongyu , Zhang Xinfeng , Liu Qin
Published: July 2013

Conventional adjoint-based climate simulations are generally time-consuming because they require the frequent reading of historical data from hard disks, adopt a calculate-all implementation strategy, and work in a serial way. To improve the computational efficiency of these simulations, this paper proposes a framework with a series of optimizations, including an I/O optimization, several implementation improvements, and two parallelizing schemes. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed framework, a Zebiak-Cane (ZC) case model is studied and presented in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can greatly improve the computational efficiency of climate simulations.
Computed tomographic signs of acromegaly in 68 diabetic cats with hypersomatotropism
Authors: Lamb Christopher R , Ciasca Taízha C , Mantis Panagiotis , Forcada Yaiza , Potter Maegan , Church David B , Niessen Stijn J
Published: July 2013

In order to describe the signs of acromegaly in cats, a case-control study was done based on computed tomography (CT) scans of the heads of 68 cats with hypersomatotropism and 36 control cats. All cats with a diagnosis of hypersomatotropism had diabetes mellitus, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 >1000 ng/ml and a pituitary mass. Measurements of bones and soft tissues were done by two independent observers without knowledge of the diagnosis. Pituitary masses were identified in CT images of 64 (94%) cats with hypersomatotropism. Analysis of variance found a moderate effect of gender on the size of bones and a large effect of hypersomatotropism on the size of bones and thickness of soft tissues. In cats with hypersomatotropism the frontal and parietal bones were, on average, 0.8 mm thicker ( P <0.001); the distance between the zygomatic arches was, on average, 5.4 mm greater ( P <0.001); and the mandibular rami were, on average, 1.1 mm thicker ( P <0.001) than in control cats. The skin and subcutis dorsal to the frontal bone were, on average, 0.4 mm thicker ( P = 0.001); lateral to the zygomatic arch were, on average, 0.7 mm thicker ( P <0.001); and ventral to the mandibular rami were, on average, 1.1 mm thicker ( P = 0.002) in cats with hypersomatotropism than in control cats. The cross-sectional area of the nasopharynx was, on average, 11.1 mm2 smaller in cats with hypersomatotropism than in control cats ( P = 0.02). Prognathia inferior and signs of temporomandibular joint malformation were both observed more frequently in cats with hypersomatotropism than in control cats ( P = 0.03). Overall, differences between affected and unaffected cats were small. Recognising feline acromegaly on the basis of facial features is difficult.
Myocarditis and diffuse skeletal muscle oedema: new features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder? A case report
Authors: Cosgrove Jeremy , Alli Saira , Ramadan Hawraman , Ford Helen L
Published: July 2013

We present a case report of newly diagnosed neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with associated myocarditis and diffuse oedema of the pelvic and anterior compartment thigh muscles on magnetic resonance imaging. Aquaporin 4 antibodies are expressed in skeletal myofibres but involvement of skeletal muscle is rarely reported in NMOSD and myocarditis has not previously been described in this context. This case highlights the need for further research into the involvement of cardiac and skeletal muscle in NMOSD.
Interpersonal relationships influence ethnic identification among Asian-American women
Authors: Cheng Karen , Conley Terri , Ziegler Ali
Published: July 2013

We sought to examine the fluidity of ethnic identification and test shared reality’s hypothesis concerning the effects of interpersonal relationships on ethnic identification. To investigate the effects of ethnicity of spouse on ethnic identification, Asian-American women (66 from same-ethnicity marriages, 46 from mixed-ethnicity marriages) completed several measures of ethnic identification after thinking about positive aspects of their relationship with either their spouse or their mother. Women in same-ethnicity marriages reported equivalent levels of ethnic identification whether they thought about their mother or their spouse. Women in mixed-ethnicity marriages reported lower ethnic identification when they thought about their different-ethnicity spouse; but when thinking about their mother, they reported high ethnic identification equivalent to the levels reported by women in same-ethnicity marriages. Mediational analyses revealed that, consistent with shared reality theory, shared understanding of one’s ethnic identity with one’s spouse partially mediated the relationship between same- and different-ethnicity spouses and ethnic identification. Implications for theories of ethnic identity and for individuals in mixed-ethnicity romantic relationships are discussed.
AGT M235T variant is not associated with risk of cancer
Authors: Lin Jianjun , Chen Jiayu , Liu Chibo
Published: July 2013

Objective

The angiotensinogen ( AGT) gene has been considered to be implicated in the development of cancer. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify the association of AGT M235T variant with cancer risk.

Methods

Published literature from PubMed and Embase were retrieved. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using a fixed- or random-effects model.

Results

A total of seven articles including eight studies (3639 cancer cases and 6684 controls) for AGT M235T variant were included. The present meta-analysis showed that AGT M235T variant was marginally associated with cancer risk under dominant model (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.02–1.24). However, the positive association was not stable after sensitivity analysis. Further subgroup analysis by cancer type did not suggest any association of AGT M235T variant with various cancers (all p>0.05).

Conclusion

The present meta-analysis demonstrated that AGT M235T variant was not associated with risk of all cancer or various cancers. Further well-designed studies with large sample size should be conducted to confirm or refute the non-significant association.
Gradually losing one’s foothold – A fragmented existence when living alone with dementia
Authors: Svanström Rune , Sundler Annelie Johansson
Published: July 2013

The number of persons with dementia who lives at home for a longer period of time after diagnosis is increasing. Even if the literature in the dementia field is growing, there is a need for more knowledge about everyday life of persons with a dementia disease; particularly the lived perspective of persons who live alone. The aim of this study was to elucidate the phenomenon of living alone with dementia and having a manifest care need. This phenomenological study was carried out from a reflective lifeworld approach. The data material in the study consisted of field notes from 32 visits and transcriptions from 11 tape-recorded conversations with six participants. The results reveal that the person with dementia who lives alone ends up in a vague existence where they cannot survive alone. The person’s level of activity comes to a halt and body movement becomes slower. Daily life becomes more difficult to manage and the person’s earlier natural way of relating to the world and the people around them is gradually lost. This is followed by a loneliness and forgetfulness that cloud the meaning of life. This study highlights the importance of the patient’s perspective needed to better understand the inner life of a person who suffers from dementia. This understanding is important in the organization of help and care as well as for caregivers to better understand these individuals and their needs.
Light field modelling and interpolation using Kriging techniques
Authors: Huang Z , Sanderson A
Published: July 2013

This paper describes the application of Kriging techniques to the interpolation of light field models that include both three-dimensional spatial variation as well as angular directional information. In general illumination applications, this representation of the light field raises the challenges of high-dimensionality and anisotropic estimation. Discrete sampling of the light field based on simulation or physical measurements is not sufficient to support analysis and design studies. In this paper, Kriging techniques, which are widely used in spatial estimation, are introduced to address these problems. The principle of universal Kriging with dynamic trend is presented and incorporates the method of correction for negative Kriging weights. The results of this approach are described for a five-dimensional light field based on examples using both ray-tracing simulation as well as physical measurements in an experimental room with colour-controlled LED illumination sources. Using the weight-corrected universal Kriging technique, the overall light field in space is estimated and details may be explored by interpolation at specified positions and viewing angles. The proposed method provides a consistent and computationally convenient approach to analysis and design of the five-dimensional light field in space.
Peer effects in offending behaviour across contexts: Disentangling selection, opportunity and learning processes
Authors: Beier Harald
Published: July 2013

Selection, opportunity and learning have been proposed as possible mechanisms linking adolescents’ offending to that of their peers. This study tests competing hypotheses derived from these theoretical accounts, focusing on the so far unresolved question of the context specificity of peer effects. I investigate whether offending behaviour by the peer group of adolescents shown in one context is related only to adolescents’ own offending in the same context or also to offending in other contexts. Using data from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime and applying random intercepts logistic regression models, I find evidence for context-specific peer effects of theft in different contexts. Peers’ self-reported theft in any context is related to adolescents’ self-reported theft in the same context but, with one exception, not to adolescents’ theft in other contexts. These results support learning as an important mechanism explaining peer similarity in offending, possibly alongside opportunity, while contradicting selection as an alternative explanation. Theoretically, the article argues for complementing learning theories with situational theories of action to obtain a more comprehensive picture of what adolescents learn from their peer group.
Why do ‘the law’ comply? Procedural justice, group identification and officer motivation in police organizations
Authors: Bradford Ben , Quinton Paul , Myhill Andy , Porter Gillian
Published: July 2013

How can police officers be encouraged to commit to changing organizational and personal practice? In this paper we test organizational justice theories that suggest that fair processes and procedures enhance rule compliance and commitment to the organization and its goals. We pay particular attention to (a) tensions between the role of group identity in organizational justice models and classic concerns about ‘cop culture’; and (b) the danger of over-identification with the organization and the counterproductive types of compliance this may engender. Results suggest that organizational justice enhances identification with the police organization, encourages officers to take on new roles, increases positive views of community policing, and is associated with greater self-reported compliance. Identification with the organization has generally positive implications; however, there is some danger that process fairness may encourage unthinking compliance with orders and instructions.
Compensation Discrimination for Defensive Players
Authors: Burnett Nancy J. , Van Scyoc Lee James
Published: July 2013

Keefer’s recent article in the Journal of Sports Economics, “Compensation discrimination for defensive players: applying quantile regression to the National Football League market for linebackers,” finds wage discrimination in the National Football League market for linebackers. Following Keefer, we examine both ordinary least squares and quantile analysis, as well as Oaxaca and quantile treatment effects decompositions though we explore the market not only for linebackers but also for offensive linemen and limit our study to rookie players. We would expect to find stronger evidence of discrimination, as rookies are captured sellers. However, we find no pattern of discrimination against Blacks.
Complications to Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage and Predictors of Spinal Cord Ischemia in Patients With Aortic Disease Undergoing Advanced Endovascular Therapy
Authors: Mehmedagic Irma , Resch Timothy , Acosta Stefan
Published: July 2013

Objective:

To study the complications after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage and predictors of spinal cord ischemia (SCI) after advanced endovascular therapy with CSF drainage for complex aortic disease.

Methods:

Between 2009 and 2012, 88 attempts of CSF drainage insertions/84 operations/83 patients, of the 658 operations for aortoiliac diseases, were performed.

Results:

Indications for therapy were aortic dissection (n = 13) and aortic aneurysm (n = 70), of whom 38 had thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). In all, 10 had ruptured aorta. The CSF drainages were inserted preoperatively (n = 75) and postoperatively (n = 9). In all, 14 CSF drainages were nonfunctioning. The SCI was present in 29 patients, transient/permanent in 12/17. Intraoperative circulatory instability ( P = .001) and operation for TAAA, type II ( P = .036), were associated with SCI. Meningitis (n = 1), epidural (n = 1), and subdural (n = 2) hematoma and needle-mediated paresis in 1 leg (n = 1) occurred after CSF drainage.

Conclusions:

Complication to CSF drainage occurred too frequently in this selected group of patients with high rate of SCI.
Using Restorative Justice for Gendered Violence
Authors: Miller Susan L. , Iovanni LeeAnn
Published: July 2013

Criticisms of restorative justice (RJ) for gendered violence conceptualize RJ as diversion. A case study of a therapeutic postconviction RJ model for a severe case of intimate partner violence (IPV) shows that benefits manifest postconviction primarily due to the lengthy amount of time between the crime and the RJ proceeding in that victims are ready to participate and offenders have had time to develop empathy and accept responsibility. While diversionary RJ may risk more harm and fail to accommodate victims’ needs, lessons learned from postconviction RJ can contribute to the quest for more satisfying justice responses to crimes of gendered violence.
The Impact of Multiple Traumatic Victimization on Disclosure and Coping Mechanisms for Black Women
Authors: Long LaDonna , Ullman Sarah E.
Published: July 2013

The experiences and impact of sexual victimization are often complex, with recent research suggesting the need for deeper consideration of how sexual assault coupled with additional stressors may affect Black women’s disclosure of sexual assault and their coping strategies. Utilizing Black feminist criminology as a theoretical framework, we conducted a narrative case analysis of qualitative interviews with nine Black women to understand how multiple traumatic events impact their disclosure and coping patterns. The findings of this study show the need for scholars and policy makers to address these unique issues faced by Black women.
Contesting ubicomp visions through ICT practices
Authors: Ylipulli Johanna , Suopajärvi Tiina
Published: July 2013

This article discusses the case of the Finnish city of Oulu which is designed and constructed as a prototype of an intelligent city equipped with ubiquitous computing technology. By analysing ethnographic materials, the authors explore how the strategies, i.e. the conceptions and goals of urban development by the designers and decision-makers, meet the tactics (i.e. the everyday practices of the ageing and young adult city dwellers. By looking at this specific urban space as a meshwork, the authors argue that the design visions are based on the assumption that this high-tech city is full of competent and enthusiastic ubicomp users. The stories of the urbanites, however, show that though they utilise and appreciate the ubiquitous technology to a certain extent, they also resist the new enabled practices by refusing to attend to personal matters in public places. The study also unravels the notion that age as a singular category can explain people’s relations with information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Rosacea
Authors: Elsey Alison
Published: July 2013

Rosacea is a chronic relapsing condition that affects the facial skin. Facial flushing is the predominant feature but erythema, papules, pustules and telangiectasia often develop. Swelling of the soft tissues of the nose may occur, this is known as rhinophyma. The eyes can also be affected causing a sensation of a foreign body. The cause of rosacea is unknown. It usually affects those with fair skin, blue eyes and those of Celtic origin. It is more common in women; though rhinophyma occurs more frequently in men. The condition usually manifests in the 30–40 age group and 30% of patients report a family history. General practice has a key role to play in managing rosacea effectively.
Movement disorders and tremors
Authors: Khalil Asma , Mallik Shahrukh
Published: July 2013

Movement disorders are common, and can be difficult to categorise correctly. In this article, we present the common movement disorders seen by GPs and provide an overview of their classification. Most movement disorders presenting in primary care will need referral to a neurologist for full diagnosis and management. However, essential tremor is usually managed in primary care, and being able to differentiate it from other forms of tremor, especially Parkinson's disease, as well as being familiar with its initial management, is important. For all patients, being aware of the potential impact on daily function is paramount, and adopting a multidisciplinary approach to management should always be considered.
Complementary therapies
Authors: Barnett Adam G.N. , Greszczuk Claire A.
Published: July 2013

Complementary therapies have long had a fractious relationship with mainstream medicine. Proponents criticise their detractors for being closed-minded, and inappropriately applying scientific method to their therapeutic systems. Critics claim that the theories on which these systems are based are unsound, and that the efficacy of the therapies themselves is not supported by good quality evidence. Irrespective of that debate, complementary therapies are popular. A systematic review performed in 2000 found that the prevalence of complementary therapy use ranged from 9–65% in ‘western’ countries. Thus, it is an important topic for GPs to have a sound knowledge of since they will often come across it in their practice.
Neurological assessment
Authors: Izumi-Richards Nadine , Simon Chantal
Published: July 2013

The neurological examination is often thought of as a difficult examination that can be both time-consuming and complicated. Using a systematic approach and a guided framework can help eliminate a lot of the difficulty. This article aims to provide a tool for neurological assessment for adults in the GP surgery.
Psoriasis
Authors: Kangesan Babu
Published: July 2013

Psoriasis is a common and debilitating illness with long-term psychological and physical consequences. It is caused by a chronic autoimmune inflammatory process with a link to cardiovascular and other inflammatory conditions. Although commonly diagnosed within primary care, management is challenging with new emphasis being placed on addressing the psychological impact of the disease. This article covers the diagnosis and management of this condition in adults.
Life Satisfaction of U.S. Counties Predicts Population Growth
Authors: Lucas Richard E.
Published: July 2013

Subjective well-being (SWB) reflects an overall evaluation of the quality of a person’s life from his or her perspective. Although SWB is typically studied at the individual level, social scientists have become increasingly interested in the well-being of broader regions like cities, states, or nations. The current study examines the association between aggregate well-being and an important behavioral indicator of regional success: migration and population growth. Using life satisfaction data from over 2 million respondents, along with population data from 2000 to 2010, I show that U.S. counties with higher levels of life satisfaction grew at substantially faster rates than did counties with low life satisfaction. Supplemental analyses showed that this association was not due to regional differences in birth or death rates. Instead, counties with high life satisfaction experienced high levels of domestic migration. These results show the validity and utility of life satisfaction measures at the regional level.
Eagle's syndrome
Authors: Bouzaïdi K , Daghfous A , Fourati E , Kechaou I , Jabnoun F , Chtioui I
Published: July 2013

Eagle's syndrome is a rare entity, which is not commonly suspected in clinical practice. The occurrence of similar signs in diseases other than Eagle's syndrome may make a precise diagnosis difficult and time-consuming for many clinicians. Radiological examinations are useful to make the accurate diagnosis. Three-dimensional volume-rendering CT scan is the most valuable diagnostic tool.
Surface CD107a/LAMP-1 protects natural killer cells from degranulation-associated damage
Authors: Cohnen André , Chiang Samuel C. , Stojanovic Ana , Schmidt Hendrik , Claus Maren , Saftig Paul , Janßen Ottmar , Cerwenka Adelheid , Bryceson Yenan T. , Watzl Carsten
Published: July 2013

Key Points

CD107a protects cytotoxic lymphocytes from damage during degranulation. Interference with CD107a expression can cause the death of cytotoxic lymphocytes during degranulation.
RARα2 expression confers myeloma stem cell features
Authors: Yang Ye , Shi Jumei , Tolomelli Giulia , Xu Hongwei , Xia Jiliang , Wang He , Zhou Wen , Zhou Yi , Das Satyabrata , Gu Zhimin , Levasseur Dana , Zhan Fenghuang , Tricot Guido
Published: July 2013

Key Points

RARα2 activates Wnt and hedgehog pathways in maintaining myeloma stem cell features and drug resistance.
Significance of minimal residual disease before myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for AML in first and second complete remission
Authors: Walter Roland B. , Buckley Sarah A. , Pagel John M. , Wood Brent L. , Storer Barry E. , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Fang Min , Gyurkocza Boglarka , Delaney Colleen , Radich Jerald P. , Estey Elihu H. , Appelbaum Frederick R.
Published: July 2013

Key Points

The negative impact of pre-HCT flow cytometrically determined MRD is similar for AML in CR1 and CR2. Even minute levels of MRD (≤0.1%) are associated with adverse outcome.
Metabolic syndrome and incidence of asthma in adults: the HUNT study
Authors: Brumpton Ben Michael , Camargo Carlos Arturo , Romundstad Pål Richard , Langhammer Arnulf , Chen Yue , Mai Xiao-Mei
Published: July 2013

Obesity is a risk factor for incident asthma in adults, and obesity is a major component of metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to explore the associations of metabolic syndrome and its components with the cumulative incidence of asthma in adults.

We conducted a prospective cohort study of participants who were asthma-free at baseline (n = 23 191) in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study from 1995 to 2008. Baseline metabolic syndrome was categorised using the definition of the Joint Interim Statement from several international organisations. Incident asthma was self-reported at follow-up, which averaged 11 years.

Metabolic syndrome was a risk factor for incident asthma (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.31–1.87). This association was consistent in sensitivity analyses using a stricter asthma definition (adjusted OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13–1.79). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, two remained associated with incident asthma after mutual adjustment for the other metabolic components: high waist circumference (adjusted OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.36–1.94) and elevated glucose or diabetes (adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01–2.04).

Metabolic syndrome and two of its components (high waist circumference and elevated glucose or diabetes) were associated with an increased risk of incident asthma in adults.
Risk factors for respiratory failure in pneumococcal pneumonia: the importance of pneumococcal serotypes
Authors: Burgos Joaquín , Luján Manel , Larrosa Maria Nieves , Fontanals Dionísia , Bermudo Guadalupe , Planes Ana Maria , Puig Mireia , Rello Jordi , Falcó Vicenç , Pahissa Albert
Published: July 2013

Pneumococcal serotypes are one of the main determinants of pneumococcal disease severity; however, data about their implication in respiratory failure are scarce.

We conducted an observational study of adults hospitalised with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia to describe the host- and pathogen-related factors associated with respiratory failure.

Of 1258 adults with invasive pneumococcal disease, 615 (48.9%) had respiratory failure at presentation. Patients with respiratory failure were older (62.1 yearsversus55.4 years, p<0.001) and had a greater proportion of comorbid conditions. They also had a greater proportion of septic shock (41.7%versus6.1%, p<0.001), required admission to the intensive care unit more often (38.4%versus4.2%, p<0.001) and had a higher mortality (25.5%versus3.5%, p<0.001). After adjustment, independent risk factors for respiratory failure were: age >50 years (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.15–2.3), chronic lung disease (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.1–2.15), chronic heart disease (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01–2.22) and infection caused by serotypes 3 (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.23–3.16), 19A (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.14–4.42) and 19F (OR 3.55, 95% CI 1.22–10.28).

In conclusion, respiratory failure is a frequent complication of pneumococcal pneumonia and causes high morbidity and mortality. Pneumococcal serotypes 3, 19A and 19F are the main risk factors for this complication.
It’s the adherence, stupid (that determines asthma control in preschool children)!
Authors: Klok Ted , Kaptein Adrian A. , Duiverman Eric J. , Brand Paul L.
Published: July 2013

Although guideline-based asthma care and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids are predictors of asthma control, the role of adherence in maintaining long-term asthma control is largely unknown. This study was designed to explore the relationship between adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and long-term asthma control in young children with asthma.

In this observational study, 81 2–6-year-old asthmatic children, using inhaled corticosteroids, closely followed-up in a programme with extensive self-management training, were enrolled. Adherence was measured daily for 12 months using Smartinhaler (Nexus6 Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) devices. Long-term asthma control was assessed by parents and physicians and included clinical assessment, an asthma control questionnaire and lung function measurement. We examined the association of adherence to asthma control, adjusting for seasonal influences and clinical characteristics.

Median (interquartile range) adherence was 87% (70–94%), and 64 (79%) children had well-controlled asthma throughout follow-up. Adherence >80% was associated with better asthma control, and we found no important confounders of this association. Children with persistent mild symptoms had lower adherence rates (p=0.028).

Guideline-based asthma care was associated with good asthma control in most children. Adherence to inhaled corticosteroids was an independent strong predictor of long-term asthma control, with highest levels of asthma control found in children with adherence >80% of doses prescribed.
Volumetric computed tomography screening for lung cancer: three rounds of the NELSON trial
Authors: Horeweg Nanda , van der Aalst Carlijn M. , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Zhao Yingru , Xie Xueqian , Scholten Ernst Th. , Mali Willem , Thunnissen Erik , Weenink Carla , Groen Harry J.M. , Lammers Jan-Willem J. , Nackaerts Kristiaan , van Rosmalen Joost , Oudkerk Matthijs , de Koning Harry J.
Published: July 2013

Several medical associations recommended lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography scanning for high-risk groups. Counselling of the candidates on the potential harms and benefits and their lung cancer risk is a prerequisite for screening.

In the NELSON trial, screenings are considered positive for (part) solid lung nodules with a volume >500 mm3and for (part) solid or nonsolid nodules with a volume-doubling time <400 days. For this study, the performance of the NELSON strategy in three screening rounds was evaluated and risk calculations were made for a follow-up period of 5.5 years.

458 (6%) of the 7582 participants screened had a positive screen result and 200 (2.6%) were diagnosed with lung cancer. The positive screenings had a predictive value of 40.6% and only 1.2% of all scan results were false-positive. In a period of 5.5 years, the risk of screen-detected lung cancer strongly depends on the result of the first scan: 1.0% after a negative baseline result, 5.7% after an indeterminate baseline and 48.3% after a positive baseline.

The screening strategy yielded few positive and false-positive scans with a reasonable positive predictive value. The 5.5-year lung cancer risk calculations aid clinicians in counselling candidates for lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography.
Oxidative stress disruption of receptor-mediated calcium signaling mechanisms
Authors: Tang Tso-Hao , Chang Chiung-Tan , Wang Hsiu-Jen , Erickson Joshua D , Reichard Rhett A , Martin Alexis G , Shannon Erica K , Martin Adam L , Huang Yue-Wern , Aronstam Robert S
Published: July 2013

Background

Oxidative stress increases the cytosolic content of calcium in the cytoplasm through a combination of effects on calcium pumps, exchangers, channels and binding proteins. In this study, oxidative stress was produced by exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP); cell viability was assessed using a dye reduction assay; receptor binding was characterized using [3H]N-methylscopolamine ([3H]MS); and cytosolic and luminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i and [Ca2+]L, respectively) were measured by fluorescent imaging.

Results

Activation of M3 muscarinic receptors induced a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i: an initial, inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores followed by a sustained phase of Ca2+ entry (i.e., store-operated calcium entry; SOCE). Under non-cytotoxic conditions, tBHP increased resting [Ca2+]i; a 90 minute exposure to tBHP (0.5-10 mM ) increased [Ca2+]i from 26 to up to 127 nM and decreased [Ca2+]L by 55%. The initial response to 10 μM carbamylcholine was depressed by tBHP in the absence, but not the presence, of extracellular calcium. SOCE, however, was depressed in both the presence and absence of extracellular calcium. Acute exposure to tBHP did not block calcium influx through open SOCE channels. Activation of SOCE following thapsigargin-induced depletion of ER calcium was depressed by tBHP exposure. In calcium-free media, tBHP depressed both SOCE and the extent of thapsigargin-induced release of Ca2+ from the ER. M3 receptor binding parameters (ligand affinity, guanine nucleotide sensitivity, allosteric modulation) were not affected by exposure to tBHP.

Conclusions

Oxidative stress induced by tBHP affected several aspects of M3 receptor signaling pathway in CHO cells, including resting [Ca2+]i, [Ca2+]L, IP3 receptor mediated release of calcium from the ER, and calcium entry through the SOCE. tBHP had little effect on M3 receptor binding or G protein coupling. Thus, oxidative stress affects multiple aspects of calcium homeostasis and calcium dependent signaling.
Isoform-specific effects of ApoE on neurite outgrowth in Olfactory Epithelium culture
Authors: Hussain Aseem , Luong Minh , Pooley Apryl , Nathan Britto P
Published: July 2013

Background

The apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) genotype is a major risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inheritance of apoE4 is also associated with impairments in olfactory function in early stages of AD. In this project we examined the effects of the three common isoforms of human apoE (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) on neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth in explant cultures of mouse olfactory epithelium (OE).

Results

The OE cultures derived from apoE-deficient/knockout (KO) mice have significantly fewer neurons with shorter neurite outgrowth than cultures from wild-type (WT) mice. Treatment of the apoE KO culture with either purified human apoE2 or with human apoE3 significantly increased neurite outgrowth. In contrast, treatment with apoE4 did not have an effect on neurite outgrowth. The differential effects of human apoE isoforms on neurite outgrowth were abolished by blocking the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) with lactoferrin and receptor-associated protein (RAP).

Conclusion

ApoE2 and apoE3 stimulate neurite outgrowth in OE cultures by interacting with the lipoprotein receptor, LRP. ApoE4, the isoform associated with AD, failed to promote neurite outgrowth, suggesting a potential mechanism whereby apoE4 may lead to olfactory dysfunction in AD patients.
An ancient process in a modern mollusc: early development of the shell in Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Hohagen Jennifer , Jackson Daniel J
Published: July 2013

Background

The morphological variety displayed by the molluscan shell underlies much of the evolutionary success of this phylum. However, the broad diversity of shell forms, sizes, ornamentations and functions contrasts with a deep conservation of early cell movements associated with the initiation of shell construction. This process begins during early embryogenesis with a thickening of an ectodermal, ‘dorsal’ (opposite the blastopore) population of cells, which then invaginates into the blastocoel to form the shell gland. The shell gland evaginates to form the shell field, which then expands and further differentiates to eventually become the adult shell-secreting organ commonly known as the mantle. Despite the deep conservation of the early shell forming developmental program across molluscan classes, little is known about the fine-scale cellular or molecular processes that underlie molluscan shell development.

Results

Using modern imaging techniques we provide here a description of the morphogenesis of a gastropod shell gland and shell field using the pulmonate gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis as a model. We find supporting evidence for a hypothesis of molluscan shell gland specification proposed over 60 years ago, and present histochemical assays that can be used to identify a variety of larval shell stages and distinct cell populations in whole mounts.

Conclusions

By providing a detailed spatial and temporal map of cell movements and differentiation events during early shell development in L. stagnalis we have established a platform for future work aimed at elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks that underlie the evo-devo of the molluscan shell.
Exploring signatures of positive selection in pigmentation candidate genes in populations of East Asian ancestry
Authors: Hider Jessica L , Gittelman Rachel M , Shah Tapan , Edwards Melissa , Rosenbloom Arnold , Akey Joshua M , Parra Esteban J
Published: July 2013

Background

Currently, there is very limited knowledge about the genes involved in normal pigmentation variation in East Asian populations. We carried out a genome-wide scan of signatures of positive selection using the 1000 Genomes Phase I dataset, in order to identify pigmentation genes showing putative signatures of selective sweeps in East Asia. We applied a broad range of methods to detect signatures of selection including: 1) Tests designed to identify deviations of the Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS) from neutral expectations (Tajima’s D, Fay and Wu’s H and Fu and Li’s D* and F*), 2) Tests focused on the identification of high-frequency haplotypes with extended linkage disequilibrium (iHS and Rsb) and 3) Tests based on genetic differentiation between populations (LSBL). Based on the results obtained from a genome wide analysis of 25 kb windows, we constructed an empirical distribution for each statistic across all windows, and identified pigmentation genes that are outliers in the distribution.

Results

Our tests identified twenty genes that are relevant for pigmentation biology. Of these, eight genes (ATRN, EDAR, KLHL7, MITF, OCA2, TH, TMEM33 and TRPM1,) were extreme outliers (top 0.1% of the empirical distribution) for at least one statistic, and twelve genes (ADAM17, BNC2, CTSD, DCT, EGFR, LYST, MC1R, MLPH, OPRM1, PDIA6, PMEL (SILV) and TYRP1) were in the top 1% of the empirical distribution for at least one statistic. Additionally, eight of these genes (BNC2, EGFR, LYST, MC1R, OCA2, OPRM1, PMEL (SILV) and TYRP1) have been associated with pigmentary traits in association studies.

Conclusions

We identified a number of putative pigmentation genes showing extremely unusual patterns of genetic variation in East Asia. Most of these genes are outliers for different tests and/or different populations, and have already been described in previous scans for positive selection, providing strong support to the hypothesis that recent selective sweeps left a signature in these regions. However, it will be necessary to carry out association and functional studies to demonstrate the implication of these genes in normal pigmentation variation.