bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF pH ON ALGAL CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UPTAKE OF LIPOPHILIC METAL COMPLEXES1
Authors: Lavoie Michel , Le Faucheur Séverine , Boullemant Amiel , Fortin Claude , Campbell Peter G. C.
Published: February 2012

Uptake of lipophilic metal complexes by freshwater algae has recently been shown to be pH dependent. Here we look at different physiological aspects that could influence the diffusion of the lipophilic Cd complex, Cd(diethyldithiocarbamate)20 (Cd(DDC)20), into algal cells at different exposure pH values. Changes in cell membrane permeability were assessed as a function of pH for three species of green algae [Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang., Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindák, and Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata Shihira et R. W. Kraus] using two neutral, nonionic probes, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and D‐sorbitol. In parallel experiments, we exposed algae to inorganic Cd or to Cd(DDC)20 and monitored Cd intracellular metal distribution, together with phytochelatin synthesis. For the three algal species acclimated at pH 5.5 (w/wo DDC 1 μM) and exposed at this pH, their permeability to FDA and D‐sorbitol was consistently lower than for algae growing at pH 7.0 and exposed at this pH (P < 0.001). The ratio of the FDA hydrolysis rate measured at pH 7.0 with respect to the rate measured at pH 5.5 (both in the presence of DDC) correlated with the ratio of the Cd(DDC)20 initial internalization rate constant obtained at pH 7.0 versus that obtained at pH 5.5 (three algae species, n = 9, r = 0.85, P = 0.004). Our results strongly suggest that acidification affects metal availability to algae not only by proton inhibition of facilitated metal uptake but also by affecting membrane permeability.
THE IMPACT OF NONPHOTOCHEMICAL QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE ON THE PHOTON BALANCE IN DIATOMS UNDER DYNAMIC LIGHT CONDITIONS1
Authors: Su Wanwen , Jakob Torsten , Wilhelm Christian
Published: February 2012

The nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of fluorescence is an important photoprotective mechanism in particular under dynamic light conditions. Its photoprotective potential was suggested to be a functional trait of algal diversity. In the present study, the influence of the photoprotective capacity on the growth balance was investigated in two diatoms, which possess different NPQ characteristics. It was hypothesized that under fluctuating light conditions Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. would benefit from its large and flexible NPQ potential, whereas the comparably small NPQ capacity in Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve should exert an unfavorable impact on growth. The results of the study clearly falsify this hypothesis. Although C. meneghiniana possesses a fast NPQ component, this diatom was not able to recover its full NPQ capacity under fluctuating light. On the other hand, the induction of NPQ at relatively low irradiance in S. costatum resulted in rather small differences in the fraction of energy dissipation by the NPQ mechanism in the comparison of both diatoms. Larger differences were found in the metabolic characteristics. Both diatoms differed in their biomass composition, with a higher content of lipids in C. meneghiniana but higher amounts of carbohydrates in S. costatum. Finally, the lower degree of reduction in the biomass compensated for the higher respiration rates in S. costatum and resulted in a higher quantum efficiency of biomass production. An indirect correlation between the photoprotective and the metabolic capacity is discussed.
In Vitro Evidence for Chronic Alcohol and High Glucose Mediated Increased Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Chandrasekaran Karthikeyan , Swaminathan Kavitha , Mathan Kumar S. , Clemens Dahn L. , Dey Aparajita
Published: February 2012

Background

Hyperglycemia or alcoholism can lead to impaired liver functions. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is elevated in hyperglycemia or alcoholism and plays a critical role in generating oxidative stress in the cell.

Methods

In the present study, we have used VL‐17A cells that overexpress the alcohol metabolizing enzymes [alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and CYP2E1] to investigate the toxicity due to ethanol (EtOH) plus high glucose. Toxicity was assessed through viability assay and amount of acetaldehyde adduct formation. Oxidative stress parameters included measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde adduct formation. Apoptosis was determined through caspase‐3 activity, Annexin V‐ Propidium iodide staining, and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. The effects of antioxidants and specific inhibitors of ADH and CYP2E1 on cell viability and ROS levels were also studied.

Results

When present together, EtOH plus high glucose‐treated VL‐17A cells exhibited greater oxidative stress and toxicity than other groups. Apoptosis was observed in liver cells treated with the toxins, and the EtOH plus high glucose‐treated VL‐17A cells exhibited apoptosis to the largest extent. A distinct and graded increase in CYP2E1 level occurred in the different groups of VL‐17A cells. Further, antioxidants or inhibitors of ADH and CYP2E1 were effective in decreasing the observed oxidative stress and toxicity.

Conclusions

The combined oxidative insult due to alcohol plus high glucose leads to greater liver injury, which may prove to be a timely warning for the injurious effects of alcohol consumption in diabetics.
Competing Ontologies: A Primer for Public Administration
Authors: Stout Margaret
Published: February 2012

A growing number of public administration theorists are taking up the question of ontology—the nature of existence. This primer on the topic provides a basic explanation of ontology, describes the fundamental debates in the competing ontologies of Western philosophy, and discusses why ontology is important to social and political theory, as well as to public administration theory and practice. Using an ideal‐type approach, the author analyzes how different ontologies imply particular political forms that undergird public administration theories and practices. This ideal‐type model can be used to identify the ontological assumptions in these theories and practices. The article concludes with an invitation for personal reflection on the part of scholars and practitioners in regard to which ontology best fits their experience and beliefs and the alternatives that we might pursue for a better future.
Depression and Severe Heart Failure: Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: PLOUX SYLVAIN , VERDOUX HELENE , WHINNETT ZACHARY , RITTER PHILIPPE , SANTOS PIERRE DOS , PICARD FRANÇOIS , CLEMENTY JACQUES , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL , BORDACHAR PIERRE
Published: February 2012

Depression and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

Background: The relationship between depression and heart failure is neither coincidental nor trivial, since depression is a powerful predictor of re‐hospitalization and mortality. We prospectively studied the prevalence and impact of depression on the clinical outcomes of patients attending for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We specifically examined whether patients with depression have a different rate of response to CRT and whether CRT has an effect on depressive symptoms.

Methods:  Sixty‐eight recipients of CRT systems were included. The depressive status was evaluated before implant and after 6 months by a structured diagnostic interview measuring Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV) criteria of major depression and by a self‐report questionnaire (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES‐D). The CRT response was assessed at 6 months by a clinical composite score.

Results: At inclusion, DSM‐IV criteria of major depression were identified in 41% of the population, while using the self‐report questionnaire 65% were observed to have mild to major depressive symptoms (CES‐D ≥ 16). Only 4 patients were taking antidepressants. At 6 months, 75% were considered responders to CRT. Response to CRT did not differ between those with and without depression at baseline. The rate of patients with depression at 6 months was significantly lower in responders to CRT compared with nonresponders.

Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving CRT systems. Patients with depression should not be excluded from CRT, because they demonstrate a similar rate of response than the persons without depression and the responders are less likely to be depressed at 6 months. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 631–636, June 2012)
Incidence of Asymptomatic Cerebral Microthromboembolism After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Guided by Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrogram
Authors: ICHIKI HITOSHI , OKETANI NAOYA , ISHIDA SANEMASA , IRIKI YASUHISA , OKUI HIDEKI , MAENOSONO RYUICHI , NINOMIYA YUICHI , MATSUSHITA TAKEHIKO , MIYATA MASAAKI , HAMASAKI SHUICHI , TEI CHUWA
Published: February 2012

Cerebral Microthromboembolism After CFAE Ablation.

Background:
  The incidence of cerebral thromboembolism after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) ranges from 2% to 14%. This study investigated the incidence of cerebral thromboembolism after complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) ablation with or without PVI.

Methods:
One hundred consecutive atrial fibrillation (AF) patients (50 paroxysmal and 50 persistent, including 10 longstanding) who underwent CFAE ablation combined with (n = 41, PVI+CFAE group) or without (n = 59, CFAE group) PVI were studied. Coronary angiography (CAG) was conducted with AF ablation in 5 cases in which coronary artery stenosis was suspected on 3D‐computed tomography. PVI was performed before CFAE ablation without circular catheter during AF. After termination of AF, additional ablation was performed to complete PVI with a circular catheter. All patients underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion‐weighted MRI and T2‐weighted MRI the day after ablation.

Results:
New thromboembolism was detected in 7.0%, and there was no significant difference between the 2 strategies (7.3% in PVI+CFAE group, 6.8% in CFAE group). CHADS2 score (1.6 ± 1.0 vs 0.8 ± 0.9, P < 0.05), left atrial volume (LAV; 83.8 ± 27.1 vs 67.8 ± 21.8, P < 0.05), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, 53.1 ± 9.2 vs 65.1 ± 9.7, P < 0.01) were significantly different when comparing patients with or without thromboembolism. In multivariate analysis, LVEF (odds ratio [OR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84–0.99; P < 0.05) and concomitant CAG (OR 18.82; 95% CI, 1.77–200.00; P < 0.05) were important predictors of new cerebral thromboembolism.

Conclusions:
The incidence of cerebral microthromboembolism after CFAE ablation was not greater than previous reports in PVI. Cautious management is required during AF ablation, especially in the patients with low LVEF. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 567–573, June 2012)
Sterol Composition and Biosynthetic Genes of the Recently Discovered Photosynthetic Alveolate, Chromera velia (Chromerida), a Close Relative of Apicomplexans
Authors: Leblond Jeffrey D. , Dodson Joshua , Khadka Manoj , Holder Sabrina , Seipelt Rebecca L.
Published: February 2012

Chromera velia is a recently discovered, photosynthetic, marine alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites, and more distantly to perkinsids and dinoflagellates. To date, there are no published studies on the sterols of C. velia. Because apicomplexans and perkinsids are not known to synthesize sterols de novo, but rather obtain them from their host organisms, our objective was to examine the composition of the sterols of C. velia to assess whether or not there is any commonality with dinoflagellates as the closest taxonomic group capable of synthesizing sterols de novo. Furthermore, knowledge of the sterols of C. velia may provide insight into the sterol biosynthetic capabilities of apicomplexans prior to loss of sterol biosynthesis. We have found that C. velia possesses two primary sterols, 24‐ethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol, and 24‐ethylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol, not common to dinoflagellates, but rather commonly found in other classes of algae and plants. In addition, we have identified computationally three genes, SMT1 (sterol‐24C‐methyltransferase), FDFT1 (farnesyl diphosphate farnesyl transferase, squalene synthase), and IDI1 (isopentenyl diphosphate Δ‐isomerase), predicted to be involved in sterol biosynthesis by their similarity to analogous genes in other sterol‐producing eukaryotes, including a number of algae.
Finite Element Simulation of Mass Transport During Sintering of a Granular Packing. Part I. Surface and Lattice Diffusions
Authors: Bruchon Julien , Pino‐Muñoz Daniel , Valdivieso François , Drapier Sylvain
Published: February 2012

This article proposes a numerical strategy to simulate the mass transport by surface and lattice diffusion into a granular packing. This strategy is based on two cornerstones. First, the developed approach is based on a Eulerian description of the problem: the grains are described by using a Level‐Set function, and can evolve through a fixed mesh, with respect to the physical laws. In this way, the mesh does not experience large distortions and topological changes, such as the formation of necks or of closed porosity, are implicitly taken into account by the Level‐Set method. Second, the computation of the mechanical state into the grains is directly performed when considering the lattice diffusion route. Hence, a mechanical problem, coupling the grain elastic behavior to the fluid behavior of the surrounding phase, is established and solved by finite element. The diffusion flux is then related to the gradient of the pressure field. The results obtained with this numerical strategy are compared with success to the usual geometrical models for two spherical grains. The possibilities of the numerical approach are shown by presenting the changes occurring by lattice diffusion into a granular packing.
Circumstances of Death and Diagnostic Difficulties in Brushfire Fatalities
Authors: Byard Roger W. , Gilbert John D. , Kostakis Chris , Heath Karen J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  The deaths of 10 bushfire (brushfire) victims (aged 2–59 years; M/F 1:1) from the files of Forensic Science SA in Adelaide, South Australia, over an 8‐year period (January 2002 to December 2009) are reported. Nine of the victims were found in or near motor vehicles. Death was attributed to incineration (N = 5), trauma from bushfire‐related vehicle crashes (N = 2), inhalation of products of combustion with hyperthermia (N = 1), inhalation of products of combustion (N = 1), and undetermined (N = 1). Death scenes covered large areas and involved many victims. Loss of infrastructure and closure of local roads owing to debris limited access and made the finding of bodies difficult. Bodies in such fires may be exposed to the damaging effects of weather and animal predation. Heat damage hindered pathological assessment with resultant delays in identification. Assessment of antemortem injuries and determination of causes of death were also complicated by the condition of some of the bodies.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes of grand multiparas over two decades in Mali
Authors: TEGUETE IBRAHIMA , MAIGA AMELIA W. , LEPPERT PHYLLIS C.
Published: February 2012

Objective. To analyze the association between grand multiparity and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Design. Retrospective cross‐sectional study. Setting. Point G National Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Bamako, Mali. Population. All singleton births from 1985 to 2003. Methods. Cross‐sectional study of 13 340 singleton births at a tertiary care hospital in Mali (1985–2003) compared outcomes between 3617 grand multiparas (para ≥5) and 9723 pauciparas (para 1–4). Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for maternal age, prenatal care utilization, socioeconomic status, and region of origin. Main outcome measures. Maternal mortality, perinatal mortality, placental abnormalities (previa and abruption), uterine rupture, postpartum infection, postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, cesarean delivery, mean birthweight, low birthweight, high birthweight. Results. Grand multiparas were older, poorer, and less likely to have accessed prenatal care. Grand multiparas had a lower adjusted odds of maternal death (adjusted OR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.45–0.97), but higher adjusted odds of perinatal death (adjusted OR, 1.33; 95%CI, 1.12–1.59), placental abnormalities (adjusted OR, 1.57; 95%CI, 1.21–2.05), and high birthweight (adjusted OR, 1.42; 95%CI, 1.05–1.92). Conclusions. The healthy person effect may explain grand multiparas’ lower odds of maternal death. Reducing grand multiparity and improving grand multiparas’ access to prenatal care may improve population‐level perinatal outcomes.
Contrasting extreme long‐distance migration patterns in bar‐tailed godwitsLimosa lapponica
Authors: Battley Phil F. , Warnock Nils , Tibbitts T. Lee , Gill Robert E. , Piersma Theunis , Hassell Chris J. , Douglas David C. , Mulcahy Daniel M. , Gartrell Brett D. , Schuckard Rob , Melville David S. , Riegen Adrian C.
Published: February 2012

Migrating birds make the longest non‐stop endurance flights in the animal kingdom. Satellite technology is now providing direct evidence on the lengths and durations of these flights and associated staging episodes for individual birds. Using this technology, we compared the migration performance of two subspecies of bar‐tailed godwitLimosa lapponicatravelling between non‐breeding grounds in New Zealand (subspeciesbaueri) and northwest Australia (subspeciesmenzbieri) and breeding grounds in Alaska and eastern Russia, respectively. Individuals of both subspecies made long, usually non‐stop, flights from non‐breeding grounds to coastal staging grounds in the Yellow Sea region of East Asia (average 10 060 ± SD 290 km forbaueriand 5860 ± 240 km formenzbieri). After an average stay of 41.2 ± 4.8 d,baueriflew over the North Pacific Ocean before heading northeast to the Alaskan breeding grounds (6770 ± 800 km).Menzbieristaged for 38.4 ± 2.5 d, and flew over land and sea northeast to high arctic Russia (4170 ± 370 km). The post‐breeding journey forbaueriinvolved several weeks of staging in southwest Alaska followed by non‐stop flights across the Pacific Ocean to New Zealand (11 690 km in a complete track) or stopovers on islands in the southwestern Pacific en route to New Zealand and eastern Australia. By contrast,menzbierireturned to Australia via stopovers in the New Siberian Islands, Russia, and back at the Yellow Sea; birds travelled on average 4510 ± 360 km from Russia to the Yellow Sea, staged there for 40.8 ± 5.6 d, and then flew another 5680–7180 km to Australia (10 820 ± 300 km in total). Overall, the entire migration of the singlebauerigodwit with a fully completed return track totalled 29 280 km and involved 20 d of major migratory flight over a round‐trip journey of 174 d. The entire migrations ofmenzbieriaveraged 21 940 ± 570 km, including 14 d of major migratory flights out of 154 d total. Godwits of both populations exhibit extreme flight performance, andbauerimakes the longest (southbound) and second‐longest (northbound) non‐stop migratory flights documented for any bird. Both subspecies essentially make single stops when moving between non‐breeding and breeding sites in opposite hemispheres. This reinforces the critical importance of the intertidal habitats used by fuelling godwits in Australasia, the Yellow Sea, and Alaska.
Are urban habitats ecological traps for a native songbird? Season‐long productivity, apparent survival, and site fidelity in urban and rural habitats
Authors: Stracey Christine M. , Robinson Scott K.
Published: February 2012

The northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos is a native species that is more abundant in urban than non‐urban habitats (i.e. an urban‐positive species). Abundance alone, however, is not an accurate index of habitat quality because urban habitats could represent ecological traps (attractive sink habitat) for urban‐positive species. We compared mockingbird nesting productivity, apparent survival, and decision rules governing site fidelity in urban and rural habitats. If the higher abundance of mockingbirds in urban habitats is driven by higher quality urban habitat, then we predicted that productivity of urban mockingbirds would exceed the estimated source‐sink threshold and productivity of non‐urban mockingbirds. If, on the other hand, urban habitats act as ecological traps, productivity would be lower in urban habitats and would fall below the estimated source‐sink threshold. Productivity of urban pairs exceeded that of non‐urban pairs and more than offset estimated adult mortality, which makes urban habitat a likely source habitat. Apparent adult survival was higher in urban habitats than in non‐urban habitats, although this could be driven by dispersal more than mortality. Decision rules also appeared to differ between urban and non‐urban populations. Females in urban habitats with successful nests were more likely to return than those with unsuccessful nests, whereas return rates of females in nonurban habitats were unrelated to nesting success and may be more related to nesting habitat availability. We conclude that urban habitats do not act as ecological traps that lure mockingbirds into sink habitat and that increased breeding productivity contributes to their success in urban habitats.
Interactive effects of insects and ungulates on root growth in a native grassland
Authors: Clark Michael R. , Coupe Malcolm D. , Bork Edward W. , Cahill James F.
Published: February 2012

Insects and ungulates co‐occur in grasslands, often feeding on the same plants at the same time and potentially having interactive effects on plant growth. Further, ungulate–insect interactions may differ between native ungulate guilds and domesticated cattle. Despite the prevalence of insects and ungulates in native grasslands, experiments simultaneously manipulating the densities of both these groups are rare. Using large, replicated paddocks, as well as insecticide application, we restricted access to vegetation by each group of herbivores. We also manipulated the species identity of the ungulate assemblage, allowing us to determine whether there are differential effects between native ungulate guilds (bison, elk and deer) and cattle on plant biomass. We found interactive effects of insect and ungulate herbivores on root growth. When insects were suppressed, both native ungulates and cattle caused an approximate doubling of root biomass. However, this stimulatory effect of ungulate grazing was eliminated when insects were also present. In contrast, neither insects nor ungulates had significant effects on shoot biomass at these densities. As a result, the dominant effects of above‐ground herbivory was on belowground plant growth. We suggest the effects of insect and ungulate assemblages on root biomass appear important in regulating primary production in this grassland and may account for some of the contradictory plant responses to ungulate herbivory in the literature.
Multi‐directional in vivo tensile skin stiffness measurement for the design of a reproducible tensile strain elastography protocol
Authors: Coutts Louise , Bamber Jeffrey , Miller Naomi
Published: February 2012

Background/Aims

Elastography is a promising new medical imaging modality, displaying spatial distribution of biomechanical properties such as local tissue strain response to an applied stress. To develop a reproducible test protocol for skin elastography, the effect of various parameters on skin stiffness measurements was investigated.

Methods

The parameters investigated were: history of skin loading before test loading (preconditioning), direction of test loading (anisotropy) and posture (pre‐stress). If a sample of skin is loaded, its stiffness will temporarily change. Finally, the reproducibility of skin stiffness and anisotropy measurements, using the developed techniques, was investigated.

Results

By measuring how the stiffness changed with different time delays between loading cycles, the time required for healthy skin to return to its original pre‐loaded state was in the region of 125 s. A second finding, which supports and extends previous work, was that skin stiffness varied with direction, by an approximate factor of 2, and that anisotropy was less apparent with preconditioned skin than non‐preconditioned skin. Study of the effect of posture showed that care needs to be taken over which stiffness measure is used. For example, measurement of the load at a given displacement was found to be highly dependent on posture, whereas measurement of the phase III stiffness was independent of posture.

Conclusion

It was shown that when the measurement variables and methods of analysis were standardised, skin stiffness could be measured reproducibly enough to distinguish

between the stiffest and softest directions, and that these methods allowed formation of skin elastograms free from confounding influences.
Early and Selective Impairments in Axonal Transport Kinetics of Synaptic Cargoes Induced by Soluble Amyloid β‐Protein Oligomers
Authors: Tang Yong , Scott David A. , Das Utpal , Edland Steven D. , Radomski Kryslaine , Koo Edward H. , Roy Subhojit
Published: February 2012

The downstream targets of amyloid β (Aβ)‐oligomers remain elusive. One hypothesis is that Aβ‐oligomers interrupt axonal transport. Although previous studies have demonstrated Aβ‐induced transport blockade, early effects of low‐n soluble Aβ‐oligomers on axonal transport remain unclear. Furthermore, the cargo selectivity for such deficits (if any) or the specific effects of Aβ on the motility kinetics of transported cargoes are also unknown. Toward this, we visualized axonal transport of vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons treated with picomolar (pm) levels of cell‐derived soluble Aβ‐oligomers. We examined select cargoes thought to move as distinct organelles and established imaging parameters that allow organelle tracking with consistency and high fidelity – analyzing all data in a blinded fashion. Aβ‐oligomers induced early and selective diminutions in velocities of synaptic cargoes but had no effect on mitochondrial motility, contrary to previous reports. These changes were N‐methyl d‐aspartate receptor/glycogen synthase kinase‐3β dependent and reversible upon washout of the oligomers. Cluster‐mode analyses reveal selective attenuations in faster‐moving synaptic vesicles, suggesting possible decreases in cargo/motor associations, and biochemical experiments implicate tau phosphorylation in the process. Collectively, the data provide a biological basis for Aβ‐induced axonal transport deficits.
The initial cancer pathway for children – one‐fourth wait more than 3 months
Authors: Ahrensberg Jette Møller , Schrøder Henrik , Hansen Rikke Pilegaard , Olesen Frede , Vedsted Peter
Published: February 2012

Aim:  To determine the time intervals from symptom to treatment for childhood cancer patients.

Methods:  Danish national population‐based study. Children (<15 years) with an incident cancer diagnosed from January 2007 to December 2010 were sampled. A total of 376 (68%) parents and 315 (87%) general practitioners (GPs) completed questionnaires on the diagnostic pathway. The time interval was categorized into, patient‐, GP‐, system‐, diagnostic‐ and total intervals, and as short or long intervals. Factors associated with long time intervals were assessed in a logistic regression model using prevalence ratios (PRs).

Results:  Girls were almost twice as likely as boys to experience long patient intervals (adjusted PR: 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.8). The oldest children were more likely than the youngest to experience long total intervals (adjusted PR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.3). Cancer type was associated with all time intervals, except GP intervals. Children with bone‐ and CNS tumours had the longest total intervals (median: 88 days, interquartile interval (IQI): 57–132) vs. (median: 76, IQI: 28–191). Parental education showed a possible association with patient‐ and GP intervals.

Conclusion:  Time intervals varied by gender, age and cancer type. Parental education may possibly affect the patient‐ and GP intervals.
Single course of antenatal steroids did not alter cortisol in preterm infants up to 18 months
Authors: Gover Ayala , Brummelte Susanne , Synnes Anne R , Miller Steven P , Brant Rollin , Weinberg Joanne , Grunau Ruth E
Published: February 2012

Aims:  To determine whether a single course of antenatal dexamethasone alters resting cortisol at 3, 8 and 18 months corrected age in preterm infants.

Methods:  Preterm infants born ≤32 weeks gestational age were recruited during 2001–2004 from a single neonatal intensive care unit. Resting salivary cortisol was collected at least once at 3, 8 and 18 months corrected age in a longitudinal cohort. A mixed‐effects repeated measures analysis was used to accommodate cases with less than complete follow‐up.

Results:  One hundred and thirty three infants were included in the present study, contributing 266 cortisol samples. Of these, 107 infants had been exposed to a single course of antenatal dexamethasone and 26 not exposed to antenatal steroids. There was no significant main effect of antenatal steroids on resting cortisol at any age. This result was not altered after adjusting for gestational age at birth, neonatal cumulative pain, morphine exposure, mechanical ventilation days and post‐natal steroid exposure.

Conclusions:  No effect of a single course of dexamethasone on resting salivary cortisol, an indicator of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function, was found in infancy up to 18 months corrected age in infants born very preterm.
Serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐dependent kinase‐1‐induced cell migration is dependent on vinculin and regulated by the membrane androgen receptor
Authors: Schmidt Eva‐Maria , Gu Shuchen , Anagnostopoulou Vasileia , Alevizopoulos Konstantinos , Föller Michael , Lang Florian , Stournaras Christos
Published: February 2012

The serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐dependent kinases 1–3 (SGK1–3) are downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinases, implicated in various cell responses including colon cancer tumorigenesis in mice. Here, we investigated the role of SGK1 in the regulation of cell motility. Using Caco‐2 colon tumor and HEK293 embryonic kidney cells, we report that transfection with the constitutively active SGK1 mutant (SGK1‐SD) significantly enhanced cell motility. The cell‐adhesion protein vinculin was effectively dephosphorylated in SGK1‐SD‐transfected cells. Treatment of the cells with phosphatase inhibitors restored vinculin phosphorylation and inhibited cell migration, indicating a significant role for vinculin phosphorylation in SGK1‐induced motility. SGK1‐SD‐enhanced cell motility was inhibited by activation of membrane androgen‐binding sites (mAR) via testosterone‐conjugates in both cell lines, whereas intracellular androgen receptor (iAR)‐silencing and flutamide treatment revealed that these effects were clearly independent of the interaction of SGK1 with the classical androgen receptors (iAR). More importantly, mAR activation restored vinculin phosphorylation in SGK1‐SD‐transfected cells, whereas silencing of vinculin fully reversed the mAR‐induced inhibition of the migratory capacity, implying that this protein is directly involved in cell motility regulation by SGK1 and mAR. This study indicates for the first time that SGK1 regulates cell migration via vinculin dephosphorylation, a mechanism that is controlled by mAR function.
Cellular models to investigate biochemical pathways in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Alberio Tiziana , Lopiano Leonardo , Fasano Mauro
Published: February 2012

Cellular models are instrumental in dissecting a complex pathological process into simpler molecular events. Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous; the aetiology of the sporadic (and most common) form is still unclear and only a few molecular mechanisms have been clarified so far in the neurodegenerative cascade. In such a multifaceted picture, it is particularly important to identify experimental models that simplify the study of the different networks of proteins/genes involved. Cellular models that reproduce some of the features of the neurons that degenerate in Parkinson’s disease have contributed to many advances in our comprehension of the pathogenic flow of the disease. In particular, the pivotal biochemical pathways (i.e. apoptosis and oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and dysfunctional mitophagy, unfolded protein stress and improper removal of misfolded proteins) have been widely explored in cell lines, challenged with toxic insults or genetically modified. The central role of α‐synuclein has generated many models aiming to elucidate its contribution to the dysregulation of various cellular processes. In conclusion, classical cellular models appear to be the correct choice for preliminary studies on the molecular action of new drugs or potential toxins and for understanding the role of single genetic factors. Moreover, the availability of novel cellular systems, such as cybrids or induced pluripotent stem cells, offers the chance to exploit the advantages of an in vitro investigation, although mirroring more closely the cell population being affected.
Healing process of venous ulcers: the role of microcirculation
Authors: Ambrózy Ewald , Waczulíková Iveta , Willfort Andrea , Böhler Kornelia , Cauza Karla , Ehringer Herbert , Heinz Gottfried , Koppensteiner Renate , Marić Snezana , Gschwandtner Michael E
Published: February 2012

In order to describe adequately the process of healing in the intermediate degrees, we investigated microcirculatory changes in the venous ulcers at well‐defined stages of wound repair. We investigated dynamic changes in microcirculation during the healing process of venous ulcers. Ten venous ulcers were investigated in three consecutive clinical stages of wound healing: non granulation tissue (NGTA), GTA and scar. Subpapillary microcirculation was measured by laser Doppler perfusion (LDP) imaging and expressed using LDP values in arbitrary units. Nutritive perfusion by capillary microscopy and expressed as capillary density (CD) – the number of capillaries per square millimetre. Before the development of GTA the LDP was low (median 1·35; lower–upper quartiles 0·71–1·83) accompanied with zero CD in all but one patient who had a density of 1. With the first appearance of GTA in the same area, the LDP was improved (2·22; 1·12–2·33; P = 0·0024) when compared with NGTA, in combination with a significant increase in CD (1·75; 0–3; P = 0·0054). In scar, the LDP was similar to that in the NGTA (1·03; 0·77–1·83; P = 0·278), combined with the highest CD (5·75; 4·5–8) in comparison with the previous stages of the area (for both pairs, P < 0·0001). Venous ulcers are caused by poor nutritive and subpapillary perfusion. Subpapillary perfusion plays a major role in the formation of GTA. In a scar, the increased nutritive perfusion is sufficient to cover the blood supply and keep skin viable while subpapillary perfusion is low.
Identify the association between polymorphisms of BLK and systemic lupus erythematosus through unlabelled probe‐based high‐resolution melting analysis
Authors: Chen Y. , Wu Q. , Shao Y. , Zhang J. , Guan M. , Wan J. , Yu B. , Zhang W.
Published: February 2012

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disease. The genetic variation in the B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) gene was found to associate with SLE in Caucasian population. However, the association of rs13277113 and rs4840568 with SLE was not extensively studied in Chinese population. In this study, we aim to test the association of SNP rs13277113 and rs4840568 with the disease risk of SLE in Chinese mainland population. A total of 532 patients with SLE and 576 controls were recruited. Unlabelled probe‐based high‐resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was used in genotyping. HRMA with unlabelled probe successfully distinguished all genotypes. Significant differences were observed in both genotype and allele frequencies for rs13277113 and rs4840568. Minor alleles of rs13277113 (P = 4.2E‐05, odds ratio [OR] 0.66, [95% CI 0.54–0.81]) and rs4840568 (P = 7.1E‐05, OR 0.67, [95% CI 0.55–0.82]) were found to be protective against SLE. Polymorphisms of rs13277113 and rs4840568 in BLK gene were associated with SLE in Chinese population.
Movement of insect pests in agricultural landscapes
Authors: Mazzi D. , Dorn S.
Published: February 2012

Insect pests continue to exact a high toll on agricultural production, in spite of intense agrochemical input. The movement of insect pests from one place to another underlies their abundance and distribution in space and time, hence, ultimately, the extent of the inflicted crop damage. An improved understanding of dispersal mechanisms assists the deployment of sustainable pest management practices. Here, we review the latest advances in the study of the dispersal of herbivore insect pests in contemporary agro‐ecosystems. We address the factors triggering dispersal in typical agricultural landscapes, the contribution of agro‐ecosystem design and management to dispersal patterns, and the wider implications of natural and human‐mediated dispersal. Integrating practical knowledge with evolutionary theory holds the potential to improve predictions on how insect pests respond to present and future challenges imposed by changes of climate and land use.
Fabrication of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Antenna in Low Temperature Co‐Fired Ceramic
Authors: Taff Jesse , Yates Mallory , Lee Carl , Shawver Sonya , Browning Jim , Plumlee Don
Published: February 2012

A miniature electrostatic thruster is being developed in Low Temperature Co‐fired Ceramic (LTCC) at Boise State University. The thruster is composed of an antenna to create the plasma, a cylinder to contain the plasma, and grids to extract the plasma beam at high velocity. In this work, the development of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) antenna in LTCC will be presented. This antenna is fabricated using DuPont 951 LTCC tape. A Direct Write dispenser is used to apply silver paste for the spiral ICP antenna. Using LTCC allows for the antenna to be embedded in the device under a thin sheet of LTCC dielectric, which protects the antenna from ion back bombardment during operation. This thin sheet is the seventh layer of the total device, with the ICP antenna one layer below the top. The design of the antenna is based on the research done by J. Hopwood. This article discusses the fabrication and performance of the ICP antennas in LTCC. These ICP antennas are operated at pressures from 10 mTorr to 1 Torr with radio frequencies (RF) of 500 MHz to 1 GHz to inductively couple with low‐pressure argon to produce plasma. The performance of the antennas will be verified with data showing the start and stop power of the plasma at various pressures and an electric field map of the RF field above the antenna.
Probing the neutron star spin evolution in the young Small Magellanic Cloud Be/X-ray binary SXP 1062
Authors: Popov S. B. , Turolla R.
Published: February 2012

The newly discovered Be/X-ray binary in the Small Magellanic Cloud, SXP 1062, provides the first example of a robust association with a supernova remnant (SNR). The short age estimated for the SNR qualifies SXP 1062 as the youngest known source in its class, . As such, it allows us to test current models of magnetorotational evolution of neutron stars in a still unexplored regime. Here we discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for SXP 1062 in an attempt to reconcile its long spin period, , and short age. Although several options can be considered, like an anomalously long initial period or the presence of a fossil disc, our results indicate that SXP 1062 may host a neutron star born with a large initial magnetic field, typically in excess of ∼ 1014 G, which then decayed to ∼ 1013 G.
Older people’s perception of their readiness for discharge and postdischarge use of community support and services
Authors: Coffey Alice , McCarthy Geraldine M.
Published: February 2012

coffey a. & mccarthy g.m. (2013) Older people’s perception of their readiness for discharge and postdischarge use of community support and services. International Journal of Older People Nursing 8, 104–115  doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2012.00316.x

Aim.  To examine older patients perception of their readiness for discharge from hospital to home and use of community supports postdischarge, including readmission.

Background.  Early discharge leaves little time for older people, families and professionals to prepare. The perspectives of patients are essential to therapeutic caring; however, few studies have examined patient’s perception of their readiness for discharge.

Design.  A quantitative, descriptive and correlational design was used. Data were collected from older patients (n = 335) at discharge and postdischarge using the Readiness for Discharge Scale (Weiss & Piacentine; Journal of Nursing Measurement, 14, 2006, 163) and a Demographic and Community Resource Questionnaire.

Findings.  At 6 weeks postdischarge, almost one‐quarter had been readmitted. Family support had increased, yet a minimal increase in formal services was found. At discharge, differences in readiness existed between the younger and older old. Significant relationships existed between lower perception of readiness at discharge and increased use of informal and formal support post‐discharge. Lower perception of readiness had a significant relationship with readmission in the older old.

Conclusions.  Perceptions of readiness reflect the patient’s reality and may be significant to discharge preparation and arrangements for support.

Implications for practice.  Older patients’ perspectives should be included in discharge decisions and in individualised approaches by nurses to discharge preparation.
Correlation of the BRAF V600E mutation in hairy cell leukaemia with morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotype
Authors: LANGABEER S. E. , O’BRIEN D. , LIPTROT S. , FLYNN C. M. , HAYDEN P. J. , CONNEALLY E. , BROWNE P. V. , VANDENBERGHE E.
Published: February 2012

Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) has distinct clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic features with no recurrent cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities reported until the recent description of the BRAF V600E mutation in patients with classical HCL. The incidence of this mutation was sought in 27 patients with either classical HCL or HCL variant by an allele‐specific PCR approach and findings related to morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotype. A high degree of correlation was noted between the presence of BRAF V600E and established diagnostic criteria in 26/27 patients with HCL/HCL variant. Detection of the BRAF V600E mutation is therefore a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of HCL and HCL variant and highlights the value of a multifaceted approach to the diagnosis of this malignancy.
Catabolism and biotechnological applications of cholesterol degrading bacteria
Authors: García J. L. , Uhía I. , Galán B.
Published: February 2012

Cholesterol is a steroid commonly found in nature with a great relevance in biology, medicine and chemistry, playing an essential role as a structural component of animal cell membranes. The ubiquity of cholesterol in the environment has made it a reference biomarker for environmental pollution analysis and a common carbon source for different microorganisms, some of them being important pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This work revises the accumulated biochemical and genetic knowledge on the bacterial pathways that degrade or transform this molecule, given that the characterization of cholesterol metabolism would contribute not only to understand its role in tuberculosis but also to develop new biotechnological processes that use this and other related molecules as starting or target materials.
Examiner reliability of fluorosis scoring: a comparison of photographic and clinical examination findings
Authors: Cruz‐Orcutt Noemi , Warren John J. , Broffitt Barbara , Levy Steven M. , Weber‐Gasparoni Karin
Published: February 2012

Objective: To assess and compare examiner reliability of clinical and photographic fluorosis examinations using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) among children in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS).

Methods: The IFS examined 538 children for fluorosis and dental caries at age 13 and obtained intraoral photographs from nearly all of them. To assess examiner reliability, duplicate clinical examinations were conducted for 40 of the subjects. In addition, 200 of the photographs were scored independently for fluorosis by two examiners in a standardized manner. Fluorosis data were compared between examiners for the clinical exams and separately for the photographic exams, and a comparison was made between clinical and photographic exams. For all three comparisons, examiner reliability was assessed using kappa statistics at the tooth level.

Results: Interexaminer reliability for the duplicate clinical exams on the sample of 40 subjects as measured by kappa was 0.59, while the repeat exams of the 200 photographs yielded a kappa of 0.64. For the comparison of photographic and clinical exams, interexaminer reliability, as measured by weighted kappa, was 0.46. FRI scores obtained using the photographs were higher on average than those obtained from the clinical exams. Fluorosis prevalence was higher for photographs (33 percent) than found for clinical exam (18 percent).

Conclusion: Results suggest that interexaminer reliability is greater and fluorosis scores are higher when using photographic compared with clinical examinations.
A multicentre prospective study of post‐traumatic endophthalmitis
Authors: Cornut Pierre‐Loïc , Youssef El Bichara , Bron Alain , Thuret Gilles , Gain Philippe , Burillon Carole , Romanet Jean‐Paul , Vandenesch François , Maurin Max , Creuzot‐Garcher Catherine , Chiquet Christophe ,   for the French Institutional Endophthalmitis Study (FRIENDS) Group
Published: February 2012

Purpose:  Study the clinical and microbiological characteristics and the prognostic factors of post‐traumatic endophthalmitis.

Methods:  Seventeen eyes were included between 2004 and 2010, with clinical and microbiological data collected prospectively. Conventional cultures and panbacterial PCR were performed on aqueous and vitreous samples.

Results:  Clinical signs of endophthalmitis were observed soon after trauma (1.5 ± 2.5 days). Laceration with an intraocular foreign body (IOFB) was noted in 53% of the patients. At admission, all patients had aqueous humour (71%) and/or vitreous (53%) samples. Fifteen patients (88%) underwent a pars plana vitrectomy. Bacteria were identified in 77% of the cases: Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 5), Streptococcus (n = 4), Bacillus (n = 2), Pseudomonas stuzeri (n = 1), and Streptococcus salivarius and Gemella haemolysans (multibacterial infection, n = 1). Progression toward phthisis was observed in 35% of the cases; 41% of the patients recuperated visual acuity (VA) ≥20/40. A good final visual prognosis (≥20/40) was significantly associated with initial VA better than light perception (0% versus 70%, p = 0.01) and absence of pupillary fibrin membrane (80% versus 20%, p = 0.05). There was no correlation between visual prognosis and age, the type of laceration (corneal or scleral) or presence of an IOFB. We found a statistical trend toward an association between bacterial virulence and poor final VA.

Conclusion:  This series showed that better final VA outcomes were associated with initial VA better than light perception, S. epidermidis or culture‐negative cases and absence of retinal detachment during the clinical course.