bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Seaweed-Extract-Based Organic Fertilizers on the Levels of Mineral Elements, Sugar–Acid Components and Hormones in Fuji Apples
Authors: Yang Song , Wang Hairong , Wang Guiping , Wang Jinzheng , Gu Aiguo , Xue Xiaomin , Chen Ru
Published: March 2023

Seaweed extracts, which are naturally degradable and environmentally friendly, have become important components of organic fertilizers for fruit. In this study, the effects of seaweed-extract-based organic fertilizers on the levels of mineral elements, sugar–acid components, and hormones in ‘Fuji’ apples were evaluated. Eleven-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple (‘Yanfu 3’/M9/Malus robusta) trees were sprayed with seaweed-extract-based fertilizers SE1 (contained ≥20 g/L of algal polysaccharides, ≥100 g/L of amino acids, and ≥30 g/L of EDTA-Ca) and SE2 (contained ≥100 g/L of algal polysaccharides, ≥160 g/L of Ca, and ≥10 g/L of Mg) from early May to early October at two-week intervals in 2020. Water spraying was used as a control treatment. The preliminary results showed that SE1 and SE2 significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and Rubisco enzyme activity in ‘Fuji’ apple leaves. SE1 and SE2 improved the quality of ‘Fuji’ apples. Compared to the single-fruit weight, soluble solid content (SSC), soluble sugar content, sugar–acid ratio, vitamin C (VC) content, and free amino acid content of control apples, those of SE1-treated and SE2-treated apples increased by 10.74% and 8.94%, 12.16% and 9.76%, 21.96% and 11.90%, 45.12% and 28.55%, 56.12% and 47.96%, and 17.15% and 13.42%, respectively. SE1 and SE2 significantly improved the levels of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol, but decreased the levels of malic acid, oxalic acid, and tartaric acid in ‘Fuji’ apples. Meanwhile, SE1 and SE2 increased the levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and boron in ‘Fuji’ apples. SE1 and SE2 significantly improved the levels of indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin riboside, and gibberellic acid, but significantly decreased the level of abscisic acid in ‘Fuji’ apples. In conclusion, spraying seaweed-extract-based foliar fertilizer is beneficial to the nutrient accumulation and flavor development in ‘Fuji’ apples.
Drivers of Palatability for Cats and Dogs—What It Means for Pet Food Development
Authors: Watson Pavinee E. , Thomas David G. , Bermingham Emma N. , Schreurs Nicola M. , Parker Michael E.
Published: March 2023

The pet food industry is an important sector of the pet care market that is growing rapidly. Whilst the number of new and innovative products continues to rise, research and development to assess product performance follows traditional palatability methodology. Pet food palatability research focuses on the amount of food consumed through use of one-bowl and two-bowl testing, but little understanding is given to why differences are observed, particularly at a fundamental ingredient level. This review will highlight the key differences in feeding behaviour and nutritional requirements between dogs and cats. The dominant pet food formats currently available and the ingredients commonly included in pet foods are also described. The current methods used for assessing pet food palatability and their limitations are outlined. The opportunities to utilise modern analytical methods to identify complete foods that are more palatable and understand the nutritional factors responsible for driving intake are discussed.
Evaluation of Substance P as a New Stress Parameter in Horses in a Stress Model Involving Four Different Stress Levels
Authors: Scholler Dominik , Zablotski Yury , May Anna
Published: March 2023

Stress has a significant impact on equine welfare. There are some studies on the stress response in horses ridden with tight nosebands, but little is known about other stress parameters than cortisol, which potentially could address an emotional component. In this study, blood samples of a total of 74 warmblood horses were used to establish reference values for plasma substance P (SP) concentrations. Moreover, 16 of these warmblood horses were included in a stress model. Four different stress levels (level 1: horses ridden with loose noseband, level 2: tight noseband, level 3: loose noseband and overground endoscope, level 4: tight noseband and overground endoscope) were applied to evaluate SP as a potential stress parameter in horses. Blood samples were taken at rest (t0) and directly after inducing stress (noseband tightening, insertion of endoscope; t1), as well as after 20 min of riding at all gaits (t2). A ridden horse ethogram was applied and showed that horses in the tight noseband group resorted to other stress-related behavioral issues than horses with loose nosebands. Serum cortisol showed a linear increase concurrent with the increase in stress levels with a significant difference between level 1 and level 4 (p = 0.043), proving that stress factors were adequate to evaluate the stress response, whereas SP did not show a correlation with the stress levels. Furthermore, concentrations of SP differed widely between horses but stayed within more narrow limits in the individual horse. As a conclusion, SP might not be a reliable stress parameter in horses in the applied minor stress model.
About Functional Foods: The Probiotics and Prebiotics State of Art
Authors: Ballini Andrea , Charitos Ioannis Alexandros , Cantore Stefania , Topi Skender , Bottalico Lucrezia , Santacroce Luigi
Published: March 2023

Poor diet, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle have a significant impact on natural microbiota disorders; specifically, the intestinal one. This in turn can lead to a multitude of organ dysfunctions. The gut microbiota contains more than 500 species of bacteria and constitutes 95% of the total number of cells in the human body, thus contributing significantly to the host’s resistance to infectious diseases. Nowadays, consumers have turned to purchased foods, especially those containing probiotic bacteria or prebiotics, that constitute some of the functional food market, which is constantly expanding. Indeed, there are many products available that incorporate probiotics, such as yogurt, cheese, juices, jams, cookies, salami sausages, mayonnaise, nutritional supplements, etc. The probiotics are microorganisms that, when taken in sufficient amounts, contribute positively to the health of the host and are the focus of interest for both scientific studies and commercial companies. Thus, in the last decade, the introduction of DNA sequencing technologies with subsequent bioinformatics processing contributes to the in-depth characterization of the vast biodiversity of the gut microbiota, their composition, their connection with the physiological function—known as homeostasis—of the human organism, and their involvement in several diseases. Therefore, in this study, we highlighted the extensive investigation of current scientific research for the association of those types of functional foods containing probiotics and prebiotics in the diet and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. As a result, this study can form the foundation for a new research path based on reliable data from the literature, acting a guide in the continuous effort to monitor the rapid developments in this field.
Cross-Talking of Pathway-Specific Regulators in Glycopeptide Antibiotics (Teicoplanin and A40926) Production
Authors: Andreo-Vidal Andrés , Yushchuk Oleksandr , Marinelli Flavia , Binda Elisa
Published: March 2023

Teicoplanin and A40926 (natural precursor of dalbavancin) are clinically relevant glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus NRRL B-16726 and Nonomuraea gerenzanensis ATCC 39727. Their biosynthetic enzymes are coded within large biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), named tei for teicoplanin and dbv for A40926, whose expression is strictly regulated by pathway-specific transcriptional regulators (PSRs), coded by cluster-situated regulatory genes (CSRGs). Herein, we investigated the “cross-talk” between the CSRGs from tei and dbv, through the analysis of GPA production levels in A. teichomyceticus and N. gerenzanensis strains, with knockouts of CSRGs cross-complemented by the expression of heterologous CSRGs. We demonstrated that Tei15* and Dbv4 StrR-like PSRs, although orthologous, were not completely interchangeable: tei15* and dbv4 were only partially able or unable to cross-complement N. gerenzanensis knocked out in dbv4 and A. teichomyceticus knocked out in tei15*, implying that the DNA-binding properties of these PSRs are more different in vivo than it was believed before. At the same time, the unrelated LuxR-like PSRs Tei16* and Dbv3 were able to cross-complement corresponding N. gerenzanensis knocked out in dbv3 and A. teichomyceticus knocked out in tei16*. Moreover, the heterologous expression of dbv3 in A. teichomyceticus led to a significant increase in teicoplanin production. Although the molecular background of these events merits further investigations, our results contribute to a deeper understanding of GPA biosynthesis regulation and offer novel biotechnological tools to improve their production.
Phenolic Compounds in Bacterial Inactivation: A Perspective from Brazil
Authors: Kauffmann Angélica Correa , Castro Vinicius Silva
Published: March 2023

Phenolic compounds are natural substances that are produced through the secondary metabolism of plants, fungi, and bacteria, in addition to being produced by chemical synthesis. These compounds have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, among others. In this way, Brazil represents one of the most promising countries regarding phenolic compounds since it has a heterogeneous flora, with the presence of six distinct biomes (Cerrado, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa). Recently, several studies have pointed to an era of antimicrobial resistance due to the unrestricted and large-scale use of antibiotics, which led to the emergence of some survival mechanisms of bacteria to these compounds. Therefore, the use of natural substances with antimicrobial action can help combat these resistant pathogens and represent a natural alternative that may be useful in animal nutrition for direct application in food and can be used in human nutrition to promote health. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) evaluate the phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties isolated from plants present in Brazil, (ii) discuss the compounds across different classes (flavonoids, xanthones, coumarins, phenolic acids, and others), and (iii) address the structure–activity relationship of phenolic compounds that lead to antimicrobial action.
Qualitative Comparison of Lock-in Thermography (LIT) and Pulse Phase Thermography (PPT) in Mid-Wave and Long-Wave Infrared for the Inspection of Paintings
Authors: Hillen Michaël , Sels Seppe , Ribbens Bart , Verspeek Simon , Janssens Koen , Van der Snickt Geert , Steenackers Gunther
Published: March 2023

When studying paintings with active infrared thermography (IRT), minimizing the temperature fluctuations and thermal shock during a measurement becomes important. Under these conditions, it might be beneficial to use lock-in thermography instead of the conventionally used pulse thermography (PT). This study compared the observations made with lock-in thermography (LIT) and pulse phase thermography (PPT) with halogen light excitation. Three distinctly different paintings were examined. The LIT measurements caused smaller temperature fluctuations and, overall, the phase images appeared to have a higher contrast and less noise. However, in the PPT phase images, the upper paint layer was less visible, an aspect which is of particular interest when trying to observe subsurface defects or the structure of the support. The influence of the spectral range of the cameras on the results was also investigated. All measurements were taken with a mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long wave infrared (LWIR) camera. The results show that there is a significant number of direct reflection artifacts, caused by the use of the halogen light sources when using the MWIR camera. Adding a long-pass filter to the MWIR camera eliminated most of these artifacts. All results are presented in a side-by-side comparison.
An Investigation into Audio–Visual Speech Recognition under a Realistic Home–TV Scenario
Authors: Yin Bing , Niu Shutong , Tang Haitao , Sun Lei , Du Jun , Ling Zhenhua , Liu Cong
Published: March 2023

Robust speech recognition in real world situations is still an important problem, especially when it is affected by environmental interference factors and conversational multi-speaker interactions. Supplementing audio information with other modalities, such as audio–visual speech recognition (AVSR), is a promising direction for improving speech recognition. The end-to-end (E2E) framework can learn information between multiple modalities well; however, the model is not easy to train, especially when the amount of data is relatively small. In this paper, we focus on building an encoder–decoder-based end-to-end audio–visual speech recognition system for use under realistic scenarios. First, we discuss different pre-training methods which provide various kinds of initialization for the AVSR framework. Second, we explore different model architectures and audio–visual fusion methods. Finally, we evaluate the performance on the corpus from the first Multi-modal Information based Speech Processing (MISP) challenge, which is recorded in a real home television (TV) room. By system fusion, our final system achieves a 23.98% character error rate (CER), which is better than the champion system of the first MISP challenge (CER = 25.07%).
Structural Improvement of Differential Motion Assembly in In Situ Pressure-Preserved Coring System Using CFD Simulation
Authors: Guo Da , Li Jianan , Wang Dingming , Zhang Yiwei , Fang Xin , Xie Heping
Published: March 2023

In situ pressure-preserved coring (IPP-Coring) is one of the most efficient methods for identifying the scale of the oil and gas content. However, the differential motion assembly of the IPP-Coring system often undergoes ball and ball seat seal failure and sticking due to surface erosion, and a greater pressure drop may unexpectedly trigger the assembly. This paper addresses these issues by improving the hydraulic structure of an assembly based on a deep understanding of the flow characteristics in the assembly, thus increasing the success rate of the IPP-Coring. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to investigate flows in a differential motion assembly. The effects of the diameter and outlet structure of the ball seat on the fluid status, velocity, and pressure distribution were thoroughly analyzed. When the ball seat diameter increased from 30 to 40 mm, the maximum velocity and pressure drop decreased to 0.55 and 0.2 times their original values, respectively. There was a severe vortex area in the differential motion assembly due to the presence of the ball seat, but changing the outlet structure in the ball seat to an arc structure decreased the length of the vortex area and the fluid velocity near the wall to 0.7 and 0.4 times, respectively, compared with those with the original right-angled structure. In addition, the pressure drop decreased to 0.33 times the original value. Thus, the hydraulic structure of the assembly was improved, and a 40 mm diameter ball seat and an arc-shaped ball seat outlet were selected. Particle trajectory and erosion calculation results showed that the improved structure has a lower particle velocity and less impact on the wall, and the average erosion rate is only 0.42 times the value of the original structure. Due to the better erosion resistance and smaller pressure drop, the improved structure shows promise for field performance.
Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD)—The Main Problems and Current Achievements
Authors: El Sabeh Karim , Gaurina-Međimurec Nediljka , Mijić Petar , Medved Igor , Pašić Borivoje
Published: March 2023

With the development of different segments within the drilling technology in the last three decades, well drilling has become possible in harsh downhole conditions. The vertical well provides access to oil and gas reserves located at a certain depth directly below the wellsite, and a large number of vertical wells are required for the exploitation of hydrocarbons from spatially expanded deposits. However, the borehole can deviate from the vertical well, which means that the target zone can be reached by a horizontal directional well. With this type of well, especially in the case of drilling an extended-reach well (ERW), the length of the wellbore in contact with the reservoir and/or several separate reservoirs is significantly increased, therefore, it is a much better option for the later production phase. Unfortunately, the application of extended-reach drilling (ERD technology), with all of its advantages, can cause different drilling problems mostly related to the increased torque, drag, hole cleaning and equivalent circulation density (ECD), as well as to an increase in the well price. Overcoming these problems requires continuous operational change to enable operators to address downhole challenges. Today, the longest well reaches 15,240 m (50,000 ft), which raises the question of the technological and economic feasibility of this type of drilling project, especially with the lower oil price on the energy market. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of extended-reach drilling technology, discusses the main problems and analyzes current achievements.
Business Intelligence Adoption for Small and Medium Enterprises: Conceptual Framework
Authors: Alsibhawi Ibrahim Abdusalam Abubaker , Yahaya Jamaiah Binti , Mohamed Hazura Binti
Published: March 2023

All businesses have many issues, especially small and medium enterprises trying to survive with traditional technology. Therefore, enterprises need to adopt business intelligence by using the management of information technology systems to overcome the issues. This study proposes a conceptual framework that identifies the potential factors that influence the adoption of business intelligence systems in the SME industry in Libya. Therefore, this study was established based on two main theories: the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the unified theory of adopting and using technology (UTAUT). In line with the previous studies that investigated this type of influence, this study recommended a conceptual framework containing several factors: change management, knowledge sharing, information quality, IT project management, the perceived usefulness of a BIS, and the perceived ease of adoption of a BIS. This study did not consider the environmental factors’ effect on adopting a BIS (business intelligence system); this is due to the different characteristics of each small and medium enterprise in terms of the sector or industry type.
New Challenges in Exploring Solar Radiation: Influence, Consequences, Diagnostics, Prediction
Authors: Srećković Vladimir A.
Published: March 2023

The study of solar-influenced space weather and, consequently, extreme weather events, climate change, protection, and preservation are of particular interest in modern science because they are acknowledged as being important for sustainable development [...]
Three-Dimensional Rendezvous Controls of Multiple Robots with Amplitude-Only Measurements in Cluttered Underwater Environments
Authors: Kim Jonghoek
Published: March 2023

This study addresses multi-robot distributed rendezvous controls in cluttered underwater environments with many unknown obstacles. In underwater environments, a Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) cannot localize itself, since a Global Positioning System (GPS) is not available. Assume that each UUV has multiple signal intensity sensors surrounding it. Multiple intensity sensors on a UUV can only measure the amplitude of signals generated from its neighbor UUVs. We prove that multiple UUVs with bounded speed converge to a designated rendezvous point, while maintaining the connectivity of the communication network. This study further discusses a fault detection method, which detects faulty UUVs based on local sensing measurements. In addition, the proposed rendezvous control is adaptive to communication link failure or invisible UUVs. Note that communication link failure or invisible UUVs can happen due to unknown obstacles in the workspace. As far as we know, our study is novel in developing 3D coordinate-free distributed rendezvous control, considering underwater robots that can only measure the amplitude of signals emitted from neighboring robots. The proposed rendezvous algorithms are provably complete, and the effectiveness of the proposed rendezvous algorithms is demonstrated under MATLAB simulations.
Analysis on Bearing Behavior of Single Pile under Combined Action of Vertical Load and Torque in Expansive Soil
Authors: Wang Zhi , Jiang Jie , Wang Shunwei , Fu Chenzhi , Yang Di
Published: March 2023

To reasonably analyze the bearing characteristics of curved beam bridge pile foundation under the combined action of vertical force (V) and torque (T) in expansive soil, a method of determining Tu (limit torque) under the action of V is proposed. Considering the effects of expansive force and ground heave after immersion, the load transfer function at the pile–soil interface with positive and negative friction resistance is established. The nonlinear solution of a single pile under vertical load is achieved by the finite difference method. Subsequently, the circumferential limit friction resistance is modified, and a loop iteration program is compiled through MATLAB. Thus, the bearing capacity of single pile under the loading path of V→T is obtained. The corresponding failure envelope curve is drawn and verified by laboratory model tests. Based on the verified solution, the bearing capacity envelope curve and deformation characteristics of single pile are analyzed. The influence of the expansion rate on the bearing capacity envelope curve is discussed, and reasonable engineering suggestions are put forward.
Evaluating the Impact of 222 nm Far-UVC Radiation on the Aesthetic and Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in Public Bus Interiors
Authors: Drungilas Darius , Kurmis Mindaugas , Tadzijevas Arturas , Lukosius Zydrunas , Martinkenas Arvydas , Didziokas Rimantas , Gruode Jurate , Sapalas Deivydas , Jankunas Valdas
Published: March 2023

The use of 222 nm far-UVC radiation can be an effective means of disinfecting public buses against viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. However, it can cause degradation of the mechanical and visual properties of interior materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of 222 nm far-UVC radiation on the color and mechanical degradation of materials used to construct public bus interiors. This research work involves exposure of samples of materials commonly used in bus interiors to various levels of far-UVC radiation and measuring and evaluating changes in color and mechanical properties. The results of the study showed that far-UVC irradiation causes significant color degradation (∆E00 >5) in all the polymeric materials tested, after 290 J/cm2 radiant exposure. In addition, significant changes in mechanical properties were observed when evaluating elasticity modulus, elongation at ultimate strength, elongation at break, and tensile strength. A particularly large decrease in elongation at break (up to 26%) was observed in fiber-reinforced composite materials. The results of this study can be used as a guide for the development of protocols for the use of far-UVC disinfection in public transportation, which can help limit the transmission of infections while preserving the integrity and visual properties of bus interior materials.
Effects of a Rehabilitation Exercise Program Using Electro Muscle Stimulation following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on the Circumference, Activity, and Function of the Quadriceps Muscle
Authors: Cho Seung-Ik , Kim Jeong-Weon , Nam Sang-Seok , Moon Hwang-Woon , Jung Won-Sang
Published: March 2023

The current study compared the effects of exercise program and a rehabilitation exercise program (REP) with electro muscle stimulation (EMS) on participants who had anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The control group (CONG, n = 12) and the electro muscle stimulation group (EMSG, n = 12) were equally assigned among the 24 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. For 12 weeks, CONG executed the REP, and EMSG executed of added EMS into the REP. Every participant in the rehabilitative exercise program completed two 60 min sessions each week for a total of 12 weeks. Both a pre- and post-evaluation were completed before and after the workout session. IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee) score, Lysholm score, thigh circumference, muscular activity, and isokinetic muscle function were the variables examined. The EMSG exposed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Lysholm score, muscle circumference, muscle activity of vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RM), and vastus lateralis (VL), and isokinetic function (peak torque, total work). However, CONG only showed a significant increase in IKDC score (p < 0.05). This study proved that the REP employing EMS following ACL reconstruction enhanced muscular activation during muscle contraction when compared to REP, and it showed that using EMS in rehabilitation exercise is an effective rehabilitation strategy.
A Scoping Review of Voxel-Model Applications to Enable Multi-Domain Data Integration in Architectural Design and Urban Planning
Authors: Tyc Jakub , Selami Tina , Hensel Defne Sunguroglu , Hensel Michael
Published: March 2023

Although voxel models have been applied to address diverse problems in computer-aided design processes, their role in multi-domain data integration in digital architecture and planning has not been extensively studied. The primary objective of this study is to map the current state of the art and to identify open questions concerning data structuring, integration, and modeling and design of multi-scale objects and systems in architecture. Focus is placed on types of voxel models that are linked with computer-aided design models. This study utilizes a semi-systematic literature review methodology that combines scoping and narrative methodology to examine different types and uses of voxel models. This is done across a range of disciplines, including architecture, spatial planning, computer vision, geomatics, geosciences, manufacturing, and mechanical and civil engineering. Voxel-model applications can be found in studies addressing generative design, geomatics, material science and computational morphogenesis. A targeted convergence of these approaches can lead to integrative, holistic, data-driven design approaches. We present (1) a summary and systematization of the research results reported in the literature in a novel manner, (2) the identification of research gaps concerning voxel-based data structures for multi-domain and trans-scalar data integration in architectural design and urban planning, and (3) any further research questions.
Measurement of Phthalates in Settled Dust in University Dormitories and Its Implications for Exposure Assessment
Authors: Wang Jiahui , Yuan Fangzhou , Ye Haitian , Bu Zhongming
Published: March 2023

Six phthalates: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DOP) in settled dust on different indoor surfaces were measured in 30 university dormitories. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate college students’ exposure via inhalation, non-dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption based on measured concentrations. The detection frequencies for targeted phthalates were more than 80% except for DEP (roughly 70%). DEHP was the most prevalent compound in the dust samples, followed by DnBP, DOP, and BBzP. Statistical analysis suggested that phthalate levels were higher in bedside dust than that collected from table surfaces, indicating a nonuniform distribution of dust-phase phthalates in the sleep environment. The simulation showed that the median DMP daily intake was 0.81 μg/kg/day, which was the greatest of the targeted phthalates. For the total exposures to all phthalates, the mean contribution of exposures during the daytime and sleeping time was 54% and 46%, respectively.
Mechanical Response of a Buried Pipeline to Permafrost Thawing Based on Sequential Coupling Method
Authors: Wang Fei , Wu Gang , Chen Dun , Li Guoyu , Qian Yulong , Xi Feilong , Wang Ling
Published: March 2023

Thawing permafrost has affected the structural integrity of buried warm pipelines in cold regions and poses an ongoing threat in the context of climate change. Therefore, characterizing variation in the engineering properties of pipeline foundation permafrost and its effect on the mechanical behavior of pipeline is important. In this paper, the ground temperature distributions around a buried warm pipeline and mechanical response of the pipeline to differential thaw settlement of foundation permafrost are investigated using thermal–mechanical sequential coupling simulation, based on the observational data collected from a selected monitoring site along the China-Russia crude oil pipelines in northeastern China. The results indicate that the thaw-induced settlement of pipeline foundation permafrost develops quickly with the formation and expansion of the thaw bulb in the first 10 years, and then increases slowly when the thaw bulb extends to the weathered granite. Differential thaw settlement will cause a significant change in the deformation and stress of the pipeline near the interface of strong and weak thaw settlement zones. When the length ratio of strong and weak thaw settlement zones is 1, the maximum stress of the pipeline with a thickness of 16 mm is approximately 45% of the allowable stress of X65 steel, and the pipeline remains safe for 30 years. However, the potential failure of the pipeline should be considered due to the continued ground thawing and warming and pipe material aging. Forthcoming research on this topic is needed to evaluate more carefully the structural integrity of buried pipelines in cold regions.
Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Prediction Based on Photoplethysmography and Modified ResNet
Authors: Qin Caijie , Li Yong , Liu Chibiao , Ma Xibo
Published: March 2023

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a common health problem of mankind, and the prevalence and mortality of CVD are rising on a year-to-year basis. Blood pressure (BP) is an important physiological parameter of the human body and also an important physiological indicator for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Existing intermittent measurement methods do not fully indicate the real BP status of the human body and cannot get rid of the restraining feeling of a cuff. Accordingly, this study proposed a deep learning network based on the ResNet34 framework for continuous prediction of BP using only the promising PPG signal. The high-quality PPG signals were first passed through a multi-scale feature extraction module after a series of pre-processing to expand the perceptive field and enhance the perception ability on features. Subsequently, useful feature information was then extracted by stacking multiple residual modules with channel attention to increase the accuracy of the model. Lastly, in the training stage, the Huber loss function was adopted to stabilize the iterative process and obtain the optimal solution of the model. On a subset of the MIMIC dataset, the errors of both SBP and DBP predicted by the model met the AAMI standards, while the accuracy of DBP reached Grade A of the BHS standard, and the accuracy of SBP almost reached Grade A of the BHS standard. The proposed method verifies the potential and feasibility of PPG signals combined with deep neural networks in the field of continuous BP monitoring. Furthermore, the method is easy to deploy in portable devices, and it is more consistent with the future trend of wearable blood-pressure-monitoring devices (e.g., smartphones and smartwatches).
Osseous Bridges of the Sphenoid Bone: Frequency, Bilateral and Sex Distribution
Authors: Nikolova Silviya , Toneva Diana , Zlatareva Dora , Fileva Nevena
Published: March 2023

Sellar (caroticoclinoid and interclinoid), pterygospinous and pterygoalar bridges are osseous bars of the sphenoid bone, which enclose additional foramina in the skull base and could cause entrapment of nerves, occlusion of vessels and obstruction of surgical corridors. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of sphenoid bone bridges in Bulgarians and to assess the bilateral and sex differences in their distribution. This study was performed on head CT scans of 315 Bulgarians, 148 males and 167 females. The sellar bridges were the most common type of sphenoid bridging; particularly the caroticoclinoid bridge. The pterygospinous bridge was a relatively common finding and the pterygoalar bridge was the most infrequent type of bridging. The total frequency of sellar bridges did not differ significantly between both sides and sexes. The pterygospinous bridge did not indicate significant bilateral differences but showed considerable sex differences concerning the left-side occurrence, which was significantly higher in the male series. There were no considerable bilateral and sex differences in the distribution of the pterygoalar bridging. There were no significant correlations between the different types of sphenoid bone bridges, but each type of bridging showed significant positive correlations between the right and left side co-occurrence in males and females.
Stem Anatomy Confirms Tingia unita Is a Progymnosperm
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Shi-Jun , Wang Jun
Published: March 2023

Tingia Halle, a representative genus of the Cathaysia Flora, has been studied for nearly 100 years, being a small heterosporous tree based on the gross morphology of Tingia unita. However, the systematic affinity of Tingia is uncertain. Now, a number of well-preserved fossils of T. unita from the Taiyuan Formation of Lower Permian in Wuda Coalfield, Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia facilitates an examination of wood anatomy. The stem anatomy of T. unita shows parenchymatous pith, endarch primary xylem, pycnoxylic secondary xylem, and cortex, typically a type of gymnosperm wood, which taken together with pteridophytic reproduction, certainly evidences that Tingia Halle is a progymnosperm. In addition, Tingia together with Paratingia provide strong evidence to link the Noeggerathiales with progymnosperms.
Antimicrobial and Osteogenic Effects of Collagen Membrane Decorated with Chitosan–Nano-Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Lazarevic Milos , Petrovic Sanja , Pierfelice Tania Vanessa , Ignjatovic Nenad , Piattelli Adriano , Vlajic Tovilovic Tamara , Radunovic Milena
Published: March 2023

Collagen membranes are routinely used in oral surgery for bone regeneration. Despite their numerous advantages, such as stimulating bone growth, bacterial contamination still remains one of the disadvantages of membrane use. Thus, we assessed the biocompatibility and osteogenic and antibacterial properties of a collagen membrane (OsteoBiol) modified with chitosan (CHI) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HApNPs). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were performed for membrane characterization. Biocompatibility was assessed on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) by an MTT assay, while the osteogenic effect was assessed by an ALP activity assay and qPCR analysis of osteogenic markers (BMP4, ALP, RUNX2, and OCN). Antimicrobial properties were investigated by counting colony-forming units (CFUs) of Streptococcus mitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobaterium nucleatum on membranes and in the surrounding medium. Membranes showed no cytotoxicity. ALP activity was higher and ALP, BMP4, and OCN genes were up-regulated in DPSCs on modified membranes compared to unmodified membranes. The CFUs were reduced on modified membranes and in the medium. Modified membranes showed great biocompatibility and a high osteoinductive effect. Additionally, they showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against periopathogens. It can be concluded that the incorporation of CHI and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in collagen membranes may be advantageous to promote osteogenesis and reduce bacterial adhesion.
Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Optical Sensors for Detection of Pesticide Residues in Soil
Authors: Zhang Chunhong , Qiu Mingle , Wang Jinglin , Liu Yongchun
Published: March 2023

The excessive and unreasonable use of pesticides has adversely affected the environment and human health. The soil, one of the most critical natural resources supporting human survival and development, accumulates large amounts of pesticide residues. Compared to traditional spectrophotometry analytical methods, nanoparticle-based sensors stand out for their simplicity of operation as well as their high sensitivity and low detection limits. In this review, we focus primarily on the functions that various nanoparticles have and how they can be used to detect various pesticide residues in soil. A detailed discussion was conducted on the properties of nanoparticles, including their color changeability, Raman enhancement, fluorescence enhancement and quenching, and catalysis. We have also systematically reviewed the methodology for detecting insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides in soil by using nanoparticles.
Response of Coccomyxa cimbrica sp.nov. to Increasing Doses of Cu(II) as a Function of Time: Comparison between Exposure in a Microfluidic Device or with Standard Protocols
Authors: Speghini Riccardo , Buscato Carlo , Marcato Stefania , Fortunati Ilaria , Baldan Barbara , Ferrante Camilla
Published: March 2023

In this study, we explore how the in vitro conditions chosen to cultivate and observe the long-term (up to 72 h) toxic effect of Cu(II) on the freshwater microalga Coccomyxa cimbrica sp.nov. can affect the dose response in time. We test three different cultivation protocols: (i) under static conditions in sealed glass cells, (ii) in a microfluidic device, where the sample is constantly circulated with a peristaltic pump, and (iii) under continuous agitation in plastic falcons on an orbital shaker. The advantage and novelty of this study resides in the fact that each condition can mimic different environmental conditions that alga cells can find in nature. The effect of increasing dose of Cu(II) as a function of time (24, 48, and 72 h) is monitored following chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity from single cells. Fluorescence lifetime imaging experiments are also explored to gain information on the changes induced by Cu(II) in the photosynthetic cycle of this microalga.
Neural Processing of Sexist Comments: Associations between Perceptions of Sexism and Prefrontal Activity
Authors: Neoh Michelle Jin Yee , Bizzego Andrea , Teng Jia Hui , Gabrieli Giulio , Esposito Gianluca
Published: March 2023

Sexism is a widespread form of gender discrimination which includes remarks based on gender stereotypes. However, little is known about the neural basis underlying the experience of sexist-related comments and how perceptions of sexism are related to these neural processes. The present study investigated whether perceptions of sexism influence neural processing of receiving sexist-related comments. Participants (N = 67) read experimental vignettes describing scenarios of comments involving gender stereotypes while near-infrared spectroscopy recordings were made to measure the hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex. Results found a significant correlation between participants’ perceptions of sexism and brain activation in a brain cluster including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. There was a significant gender difference where female participants showed a stronger negative correlation compared to male participants. Future research can expand on these initial findings by looking at subcortical structures involved in emotional processing and gender stereotype application as well as examining cultural differences in perceptions of gender stereotypes and sexism.
Cerebellar TMS Induces Motor Responses Mediating Modulation of Spinal Excitability: A Literature Review
Authors: Matsugi Akiyoshi
Published: March 2023

Since individuals with cerebellar lesions often exhibit hypotonia, the cerebellum may contribute to the regulation of muscle tone and spinal motoneuron pool excitability. Neurophysiological methods using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the cerebellum have been recently proposed for testing the role of the cerebellum in spinal excitability. Under specific conditions, single-pulse TMS administered to the cerebellar hemisphere or vermis elicits a long-latency motor response in the upper or lower limb muscles and facilitates the H-reflex of the soleus muscle, indicating increased excitability of the spinal motoneuron pool. This literature review examined the methods and mechanisms by which cerebellar TMS modulates spinal excitability.
Characterizing Touch Discrimination Impairment from Pooled Stroke Samples Using the Tactile Discrimination Test: Updated Criteria for Interpretation and Brief Test Version for Use in Clinical Practice Settings
Authors: Mak-Yuen Yvonne Y. K. , Matyas Thomas A. , Carey Leeanne M.
Published: March 2023

Somatosensory loss post-stroke is common, with touch sensation characteristically impaired. Yet, quantitative, standardized measures of touch discrimination available for clinical use are currently limited. We aimed to characterize touch impairment and re-establish the criterion of abnormality of the Tactile Discrimination Test (TDT) using pooled data and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of briefer test versions. Baseline data from stroke survivors (n = 207) and older neurologically healthy controls (n = 100) assessed on the TDT was extracted. Scores were re-analyzed to determine an updated criterion of impairment and the ability of brief test versions to detect impairment. Updated scoring using an area score was used to calculate the TDT percent maximum area (PMA) score. Touch impairment was common for the contralesional hand (83%) but also present in the ipsilesional hand (42%). The criterion of abnormality was established as 73.1 PMA across older adults and genders. High sensitivity and specificity were found for briefer versions of the TDT (25 vs. 50 trials; 12 or 15 vs. 25 trials), with sensitivity ranging between 91.8 and 96.4% and specificity between 72.5 and 95.0%. Conclusion: Updated criterion of abnormality and the high sensitivity and specificity of brief test versions support the use of the TDT in clinical practice settings.
Dopaminergic System in Promoting Recovery from General Anesthesia
Authors: Wang Jinxu , Miao Xiaolei , Sun Yi , Li Sijie , Wu Anshi , Wei Changwei
Published: March 2023

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a biological role by binding to dopamine receptors. The dopaminergic system regulates neural activities, such as reward and punishment, memory, motor control, emotion, and sleep–wake. Numerous studies have confirmed that the dopaminergic system has the function of maintaining wakefulness in the body. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that the sleep–wake cycle in the brain has similar neurobrain network mechanisms to those associated with the loss and recovery of consciousness induced by general anesthesia. With the continuous development and innovation of neurobiological techniques, the dopaminergic system has now been proved to be involved in the emergence from general anesthesia through the modulation of neuronal activity. This article is an overview of the dopaminergic system and the research progress into its role in wakefulness and general anesthesia recovery. It provides a theoretical basis for interpreting the mechanisms regulating consciousness during general anesthesia.
Feasibility of Using Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash in Partial Replacement of Portland Cement Clinker
Authors: França Sâmara , Sousa Leila Nóbrega , Saraiva Sérgio Luiz Costa , Ferreira Maria Cecília Novaes Firmo , Silva Marcos Vinicio de Moura Solar , Gomes Romero César , Rodrigues Conrado de Souza , Aguilar Maria Teresa Paulino , Bezerra Augusto Cesar da Silva
Published: March 2023

This work presents a technical and economic study using sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) to partially replace Portland cement clinker. To evaluate the technical viability, the replacement rates of 10, 20, and 30% of Portland cement were used in the experiments. The ashes used were in the following conditions: (i) as collected (AC), (ii) ground (G), and (iii) re-burnt and ground (RG). Three composition parameters were used in the mortar mix procedures: (i) mix with water factor/fixed binder in volume, (ii) mix with water factor/fixed binder in weight, and (iii) mix with the fixed flow. After the technical feasibility analysis, the benefit of the substitutions and an analysis of the relationship between cement consumption and the acquired compressive strength, correlating with possible economic costs, were discussed. SCBA AC was not suitable for the partial replacement of Portland cement clinker. SCBA G presented a satisfactory performance and SCBA RG was the ash that presented the best performance in the partial replacement of Portland cement clinker. For the same levels of compressive strength, the consumption of Portland cement per cubic meter of concrete reduced; from this, the cost of concrete and mortar could be reduced by 8%, with the ash having the same value as cement. Furthermore, the use of SCBA RG at 30% inhibited the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in concretes with a reactive basalt and quartzite aggregate. SCBA G (20 and 30%) and SCBA RG (10 and 20%) inhibited the ASR in concretes with a reactive basalt aggregate and reduced the expandability in concretes with a reactive quartzite aggregate. Another point to highlight was the durability shown by the cements with SCBA, which, 900 days after the accelerated test of expansion by the alkali–aggregate reaction, maintained high levels of flexural strength when compared to the results obtained before the accelerated test of expansion. The present work concluded that using sugar cane bagasse ash to replace Portland cement is feasible from a technical, environmental, and economic perspective.
Production of Large-Sized Ceramic Stones Based on Screenings from Waste Heap Processing Using the Technology of Stiff Extrusion for Molding Products
Authors: Yavruyan Khungianos , Gaishun Evgeniy
Published: March 2023

This article discusses the prospects for using large-format ceramic stones in the construction of contemporary homes, as well as an overview of raw materials and technologies for production. The most promising technology is stiff extrusion with the ability to load the raw products on firing trolleys and accelerate the processes of firing and drying. Characteristics of Eastern Donbass waste heaps processing screenings are given, which are coal mining by-products and are considered to be main raw material for the production of large-sized ceramic stone. It is shown that as a result of introduction of waste heaps into the production of ceramic stones with the lowest prime cost, the density of the resulting products will be less than 800 kg/m3, the thermal conductivity will be less than 0.20 m·°C/W, and the strength grade will be M150 and higher. Thus, the use of ceramic stones in total volume of wall products for residential construction will reach the level of 80% and will increase the competitiveness of the material, especially when compared with gas silicate products, as used in Western Europe. High economic feasibility of the production of such materials based on by-products of waste heap processing is shown as well.