bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cropping Systems Affect Wheat Yields, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Nitrous Oxide Emission
Authors: Mohammed Yesuf Assen , Chen Chengci
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Replacing chemical fallow with dry pea or camelina reduced wheat grain yield.

Nitrogen fertilizer sources and tillage methods did not affect grain yield.

The no‐till method improved grain protein yield in one of the two seasons.

Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency improved with no‐till than sweep till.

Sweep till and super urea tend to reduce the flux of N2O emission.

Cropping systems include mainly cropping sequence, tillage, and fertilizer management practices. Information on the impact of these practices on yields, nutrient use efficiency, and greenhouse gas emission is limited. An experiment was conducted over a 2‐yr period in split‐split plot design to determine the effects of these practices on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and protein yields, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. The cropping sequences were chemical fallow–wheat (F‐W), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.)–wheat (P‐W), and camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz)–wheat (C‐W). Tillage methods were no‐till (NT) and sweep till (ST). Nitrogen fertilizer sources included urea (U) and Super U (SU), each applied at 0, 45, and 90 kg N ha−1. The result showed that the interaction of cropping sequence and tillage methods affected grain yield and ANUE in one of the two growing seasons. Replacing chemical fallow with dry pea or camelina reduced wheat grain yields by at most 15%, but the additional income from dry pea or camelina could offset this yield loss. Application of 45 kg N ha−1 increased grain yield and improved grain protein content compared with 0 kg N ha−1, regardless of N source. The highest protein yields (366 and 475 kg ha−1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively) were recorded at 90 kg N ha−1. The N fertilizer source had no effect on grain and protein yields and ANUE. The ST method and application of SU resulted in a lower flux of N2O emission than NT and U, respectively.
Mowing Height and Cultivation Effects on Tall Fescue Conversion to Buffalograss
Authors: Hoyle Jared A. , Braun Ross C. , Reeves Jacob A. , Keeley Steven J. , Bremer Dale J.
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Turf managers may be hesitant to embrace buffalograss due to its slow germination and establishment rate.

Lowering the mowing height will have minimal impact on buffalograss establishment.

Slit seeding resulted in the quickest conversion from tall fescue to buffalograss.

If slit seeding is not possible, core aerating or verticutting will hasten buffalograss establishment compared with not cultivating at all.
Influence of droplet size of foliar‐applied nitrogen on grain protein content of hard red winter wheat
Authors: Wyatt Ethan C. , Bushong Jacob T. , Macnack Natasha E. , Mullock Jeremiah L. , Taylor Randy , Raun William R.
Published: April 2018

Effectively increasing the grain protein concentration (GPC) of hard red winter (HRW) wheat would allow producers to obtain adequate GPC levels while avoiding costly discounts and potentially obtaining protein premiums. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different droplet sizes and rates of foliar applications of nitrogen made postanthesis to winter wheat grain yield, GPC, and flag‐leaf nitrogen concentrations. Earn 1.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/553.
Soil Carbon Pools in Dryland Agroecosystems as Affected by Several Years of Drought
Authors: Sherrod L. A. , McMaster G. S. , Delgado J. A. , Schipanski M. E. , Fonte S .J. , Montenieri R. L. , Larson K.
Published: April 2018

No‐till and increased cropping intensity (CI) can increase yield and soil organic C (SOC) in the US Great Plains compared with traditional wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)–fallow management. However, gains in SOC and other C pools may not be permanent. Increasing frequency of drought may reduce C inputs and potentially reverse gains accrued during wetter periods. This study examined the effect of drought on the persistence of SOC with two objectives: (i) to determine soil C pools (0–20 cm) after 24 yr in no‐till as influenced by potential evapotranspiration (PET), landscape position (slope), and CI; and (ii) to compare the size of the C pools after the first 12 yr (wet) versus the subsequent 12 yr, notable for frequent droughts. Rotations were wheat–corn (Zea maysL.)–fallow (WCF), continuous cropping (CC), and a grass Conservation Reserve Program mixture planted across slopes at three sites in Colorado with similar precipitation but increasing PET. After 24 yr, water‐soluble organic C increased with CI from WCF to CC to grass with 250, 340, and 440 kg C ha−1, respectively. Soil microbial biomass C also increased with CI–1500, 1660, and 2135 kg C ha−1for WCF, CC, and grass, respectively. The particulate organic matter C pool had a three‐way interaction with PET, slope, and CI. Overall, between Years 12 and 24, SOC increased in grass by 16.9%, with a rate of 425 kg C ha−1yr−1sequestration compared with 10.5 and 1.4% for the WCF and CC systems, respectively.

Core Ideas

Active C pools increased with cropping intensity at the end of both wet and dry years.

Small changes in a large SOC pool are best predicted by measurement of POM‐C.

Cropping system did not significantly influence the P‐MAOC pool after 24 yr.

SOC levels showed resilience by maintaining or increasing during dry years.
QTL Analysis of Fusarium Root Rot Resistance in an Andean × Middle American Common Bean RIL Population
Authors: Wang Weijia , Jacobs Janette L. , Chilvers Martin I. , Mukankusi Clare M. , Kelly James D. , Cichy Karen A.
Published: April 2018

Fusarium root rot (FRR) is a soil‐borne disease that constrains common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production. Its causal pathogens include clade 2 members of the Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. species complex. Here, we characterize common bean reaction to different Fusarium species and identify genomic regions associated with resistance. Four Fusarium species—F. brasiliense T. Aoki & O'Donnell, F. cuneirostrum O'Donnell & T. Aoki, F. solani sensu stricto, and F. oxysporum Schltdl. sensu lato—were tested for virulence on two bean genotypes, ‘CAL96’ (Andean) and ‘MLB‐49‐89A’ (Middle American), and virulence varied from mild to strong. The recombinant inbred line population of CAL96 × MLB‐49‐89A was phenotyped in a greenhouse for FRR resistance with the F. brasiliense isolate and screened in the field under natural FRR disease pressure. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was conducted on a map developed with 822 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Two QTLs associated with disease severity score in the greenhouse and field colocalized on chromosome Pv02 (R2 = 0.09 and 0.1, respectively). Other QTLs associated with root–shoot biomass, taproot diameter, lodging, and seed weight were also identified across nine chromosomes. Root and shoot weight QTLs from field and greenhouse screens also colocalized on Pv07 and Pv11. The FRR‐related QTLs identified in this study, especially on Pv02, are good candidates for marker‐assisted selection.
Development and Comparison of Soil Water Release Curves for Three Soils in the Red River Valley
Authors: Roy Debjit , Jia Xinhua , Steele Dean D. , Lin Dongqing
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Soil water release curve is important but difficult to measure.

HYPROP and WP4 are used to develop the soil water release curves for three soils.

HYPROP and WP4 provided a good and simple way to measure soil water release curves.

A soil water release curve (SWRC) describes the critical and soil‐specific relationship between soil water content and matric potential. In this study, soil moisture and corresponding matric potentials were measured using (1) a new method by HYPROP and WP4 dewpoint potentiometer, and, (2) the traditional method by hanging water column, Tempe cell, and pressure plate. The SWRCs were developed for Fargo silty clay, Glyndon silty loam, and Hecla sandy loam soils by using the van Genuchten model. The goodness of fit between the fitted SWRC and the measured data agreed well with R2 between 0.91 and 0.98. The comparison for the fitted SWRCs showed that the SWRCs for Hecla sandy loam soil provided the best agreement while Glyndon silty loam soil had the best match in terms of slope and shape. The SWRCs for Fargo silty clay soil did not provide a good match between the two methods. The difference in water content between the two fitted SWRCs was less than 2% for Glyndon silty loam and Hecla sandy loam soils. However, Fargo silty clay had a 4.5 to 5% difference for 66% of the measurements, possibly due to the different bulk densities caused by shrinkage and swelling nature of the clay soil. Since the best fitted van Genuchten parameters were within the reference range that was acceptable for the same type of soils, the HYPROP and WP4 can be used to develop SWRCs that are comparable to the traditional laboratory methods for the three soils in the Red River Valley.
The Influence of Soil Moisture on Oxide Determination in Tropical Soils via Portable X‐ray Fluorescence
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno Teixeira , Weindorf David C. , Silva Bruno Montoani , Tassinari Diego , Amarante Larissa Carvalho , Curi Nilton , Guimarães Guilherme Luiz Roberto
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

We verified the effect of soil moisture on portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) results with undisturbed soil samples.

Heavy oxides (Fe and Ti) are much less affected by soil moisture than light oxides (Si and Al).

The power model described the effect of soil moisture on pXRF results for SiO2 and Al2O3 well

A practical correction factor for SiO2 and Al2O3 was proposed for accurate in‐field measurements

Portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) has been used in many countries to assess the total elemental composition of soils and has agronomic, pedological, and environmental applications. This technique is still incipient in tropical developing countries like Brazil but has potential to improve and decrease the costs of research. Soil moisture is one of the most important factors influencing pXRF results. This pilot study evaluated how soil moisture affects elemental concentrations of oxides common in Brazilian soils (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, and P2O5) as assessed by pXRF. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from the surface and subsurface horizons of six representative Brazilian soils (representing ∼40% of the country) with variable texture, weathering, or leaching status. Soil moisture ranged from complete saturation to oven‐dry. During drying, six pXRF measurements were made and oxide contents were recorded. In all soils, the P2O5 content was below the pXRF detection limit, and SiO2 and Al2O3 were strongly influenced by soil water content. As soil moisture increased, SiO2 and Al2O3 contents decreased (described by a power model, y = a – bxc). The TiO2 content was much less affected by soil moisture, whereas Fe2O3 was not significantly affected by soil moisture. Soil texture and weathering status are closely related to variation in the SiO2 and Al2O3 contents determined by the pXRF with soil moisture. These findings are critical to the appropriate application of pXRF in tropical countries featuring oxide‐laden soils. For in‐field measurement of oxides affected by soil moisture (Si and Al), a practical correction factor was determined.
Entre la teoría y la realidad: una revisión reflexiva sobre los procesos de intervención de niños con trastorno negativista desafiante
Authors: Triana Osorio Luz Adriana
Published: April 2018

Si bien es común que en la infancia se presenten conductas de desafío a la norma y a las figuras de autoridad, el que estas se presenten de forma reiterativa e impliquen un deterioro significativo en las relaciones que el niño ha establecido, ocasionó la emergencia de la categoría diagnóstica del “trastorno negativista desafiante” (TND). El presente artículo de reflexión emerge de una experiencia de investigación en rehabilitación neuropsicológica y psicosocial de niños diagnosticados con trastorno negativista desafiante (TND). El texto se desarrolla en un primer momento con la presentación de algunas generalidades sobre el trastorno negativista desafiante (TND). Después se exponen los factores biológicos, sociales y psicológicos que inciden en su etiología, además, el rol que cumplen las funciones ejecutivas y otros procesos, tales como: el apego, la autoestima y el reconocimiento de la norma en este trastorno. Posteriormente, se narra mi percepción sobre el proceso de intervención que se realizó con los niños del colegio Antares y se exponen algunos elementos que se presentan como pertinentes para tener en consideración antes, durante y después del proceso de intervención. Finalmente, se exponen algunas conclusiones fruto de la reflexión en torno a la experiencia de intervención.
Percepciones docentes respecto a la diversidad funcional
Authors: García Vásquez Juan Diego , Piedrahita Callejas Marinela , López Fernández Andres Felipe , Mejia Zapata Sandra Isabel
Published: April 2018

El presente artículo de investigación describe las percepciones de los docentes con respecto a la diversidad funcional y a la participación y permanencia de esta población en el entorno universitario. Para esto se ootó por un estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico, de este modo, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a dieciséis docentes de ocho universidades públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Medellín, así como a algunos miembros de la población estudiantil con diversidad funcional y convencional. Posteriormente, se sistematizaron en el programa Atlas.ti, dando lugar a las categorías de análisis que se desarrollan a continuación.
Sobre la violencia en Walter Benjamin
Authors: Vélez Vélez Marco Antonio
Published: April 2018

El ensayo de Walter Benjamin, Para una crítica de la violencia, fue escrito en una fase temprana de la vida del autor, contaba con 29 años. Su contexto es el de la primera posguerra mundial, el del triunfo de la revolución rusa, la derrota de la revolución alemana en 1919 y la muerte allí de Rosa Luxemburgo y Karl Liebnecht, y de la publicación del texto de Georg Sorel con el título de Reflexiones sobre la violencia, (Sorel, 1978), es decir, un contexto agitado y de ebullición social y política. Una época de transición de las revoluciones burguesas a las revoluciones socialistas con la posibilidad de la concreción de la utopía. Luego, la violencia estaba como tema, al orden del día. Violencia de la guerra, pero también la violencia revolucionaria, aparte de la violencia cotidiana, persistente y permanente entre los seres humanos. Diferente del texto de Sorel, no existían antecedentes de un discurso crítico sobre el tema de la violencia. La violencia revolucionaria se había tematizado, pero en una perspectiva instrumental de derribamiento del Estado burgués por las huestes del proletariado.
Impact of auditor tenure on audit quality: European evidence
Authors: I. Kyriakou Maria , I. Dimitras Augustinos
Published: April 2018

This study examines the relationship of auditor tenure and audit quality in four European countries, namely Germany, France, Italy and Spain, with the innovative GMM (Generalized Methods of Moments) model during the period from 2005 to 2013.Two GMM methods are used with two alternative definitions of crisis – the main and the robustness method. The results agree regardless of the fact that some of the control variables are excluded in the robustness test.The results support the finding that in Spain, there is an impact of auditors’ long-term tenure on discretionary accruals, affecting auditors’ quality and independence indirectly. In addition, the crisis affected Germany and France as far as the change in negative and positive values of GDP is concerned. In this respect, the crisis affected the above two countries when the years before and after the crisis are considered as a robustness check. The results contain important implications for accountant regulators and policy makers.
Tree ring record of annual runoff for Issyk Lake, Central Asia
Authors: Zhang Tongwen , Diushen Mamatkanov , Bakytbek Ermenbaev , Shang Huaming , Gao Yaqi , Huang Liping , Zhang Ruibo , Chen Feng , Yu Shulong , Yin Zifeng , Yuan Yujiang
Published: April 2018

Revealing hydrologic variations in the past is helpful to understand the dynamic changes and evolution of a given water body. The widespread long-lived spruce forests growing in the mountainous area around Issyk Lake in Central Asia provide a good opportunity for dendrohydrologic studies about that lake. A regional tree-ring width chronology developed for Picea schrenkiana was used to reconstruct 345-year annual runoff for Issyk Lake. Based on frequency of the wettest/driest years and decades, the 20th century was identified as having the most frequent hydrologic fluctuations among the last three centuries. After applying a 21-year moving average, seven wet and six dry periods were found in the runoff reconstruction. The 10- and 2.1–5.4-year cycles of this reconstruction revealed that annual runoff variability of Issyk Lake may be influenced by solar activity and the atmosphere–ocean system. Spatial correlation proves that the runoff reconstruction contains climatic signals representative of a large area, including the western Tien Shan Mountains and Junggar Basin. A comparison between the annual runoff reconstruction and other hydroclimatic reconstructions reveals similar variations, particularly in the high-frequency domain. The annual runoff reconstruction also accurately captures some flood/drought events noted in the meteorological records and hydroclimatic reconstructions of Central Asia.
Polyphenols and Microvascular Function in Humans: A Systematic Review
Authors: Woodward Kirsty A. , Draijer Richard , Thijssen Dick H. J. , Low David A.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Polyphenol-rich dietary sources are acknowledged to have potential cardiovascular
health benefits, particularly in reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

Methods:

This systematic review sought to determine the effect of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages upon
microvascular function, which is of considerable importance in its contribution towards the pathophysiology of
microvascular-related complications but also in the future development of (macro-vessel) cardiovascular disease.

Results:

Overall, consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages demonstrate improved microvascular
function, although this is dependent upon the polyphenol source, the dose of the product, the duration of consumption
and the population group studied. Most subgroups reviewed suggest an overall beneficial effect on
microvascular function, particularly grape-derived products, cocoa, tea, pine bark and Rutaceae aurantiae. Other
groups remain equivocal and require further study due to the limited research performed to date.

Conclusion:

Polyphenols are abundant in the human diet and this systematic review demonstrates that they are an
inexpensive, non-pharmacological approach for improving cardiovascular health in currently healthy individuals
and in populations with microvascular dysfunction.
Polyphenols: Anti-Platelet Nutraceutical?
Authors: Ludovici Valeria , Barthelmes Jens , Nagele Matthias P. , Flammer Andreas J. , Sudano Isabella
Published: April 2018

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a disease progressing over many years. Genetic factors,
as well as the exposure to risk factors, are continuously leading to endothelial dysfunction, vascular alterations
and, eventually, organ damage, major cardiovascular events and deaths. Oxidative stress, platelet hyperactivity
and low-grade inflammation are important modulators in this context, contributing to plaque formation.
Since platelet activation plays a critical role in the development and progression of atherothrombotic events, the
inhibition of platelet hyperactivity may contribute to decreased atherothrombotic risk. The consumption of bioactive
foods, and plant-derived polyphenols in particular, might impart anti-thrombotic and cardiovascular protective
effects.

Methods:

Aim of this work is to focus on the potential of dietary derived polyphenols to reduce platelet hyperactivity
or hypercoagulability in addition to discussing their possible complementary anti-platelet therapeutic potential.
All the relevant publications on this topic were systematically reviewed.

Results:

Various studies demonstrated that polyphenol supplementation affects platelet aggregation and function
in vitro and in vivo, mainly neutralizing free radicals, inhibiting platelet activation and related signal transduction
pathways, blocking thromboxane A2 receptors and enhancing nitric oxide production. Experimental data concerning
the effect of dietary polyphenols on platelet aggregation in vivo are poor, and results are often conflicting.
Only flavanols clearly mirrored in vivo showed the efficacy in vitro in modulating platelet function.

Conclusion:

Dietary polyphenols, and above all flavanols contained in cocoa and berries, reduce platelet activation
and aggregation via multiple pathways. However, more controlled interventional studies are required to establish
which doses are required as well as what circulating concentrations are sufficient to induce functional antiplatelet
effects.
Cocoa Polyphenols: Evidence from Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Matsumoto Chisa
Published: April 2018

Background:

Accumulating evidence suggests potential preventive effects of chocolate/cocoa on the
risk of cardio vascular disease (CVD). However, cocoa products also contain high levels of sugar and fat, which
increase CVD risk factors. Even, the identity of the substance in chocolate/cocoa that has a favorable effect on
CVD and CVD risk factors remains unclear, growing evidence from experimental studies suggests that cocoa
polyphenols might be a major contributor to cardiovascular-protective effects. However, epidemiological studies,
which are necessary to evaluate an association between the risk of CVD and cocoa polyphenol, remain sparse.

Methods:

We will discuss recent evidence regarding the association between cocoa polyphenol consumption and
the risks of CVD and its risk factors by reviewing recent epidemiological studies. We shall also provide some
guidance for patient counseling and will discuss the public health implications for recommending cocoa polyphenol
consumption to prevent CVD.

Results:

Epidemiological studies evaluating the association between cocoa polyphenol itself and the risk of CVD
are sparse. However, evidence from limited epidemiological studies suggests that cocoa polyphenol consumption
may lower the risk of CVD.

Conclusion:

Given the potential adverse effects of the consumption of cocoa products with high fat and sugar and
the fact that the most appropriate dose of cocoa polyphenol for cardio-protective effects has not yet been established,
health care providers should remain cautious about recommending cocoa/cocoa polyphenol consumption
to their patients to reduce the risk of CVD, taking the characteristics of individual patients into careful consideration.
An Efficient and Improved Process for the Synthesis of Itopride Hydrochloride and Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride
Authors: Kannan Ponnusamy , Presley Samuel I.D. , Shanmugasundaram Pallikondaperumal , Prakash Nagapillai , Easwaramoorthy Deivanayagam
Published: April 2018

Aim and Objective: Itopride is a prokinetic agent used for treating conditions like non-ulcer dyspepsia.
Itopride is administered as its hydrochloride salt. Trimethobenzamide is used for treating nausea and vomiting
and administered as its hydrochloride salt. The aim is to develop a novel and environmental friendly
method for large-scale production of itopride and trimethobenzamide.

Materials and Methods:

Itopride and trimethobenzamide can be prepared from a common intermediate 4-
(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzyl amine. The intermediate is prepared from one pot synthesis using Phyrdroxybenzaldehye
and zinc dust and further reaction of the intermediate with substituted methoxy benzoic
acid along with boric acid and PEG gives itopride and trimethobenzamide.

Results:

The intermediate 4-(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzylamine is prepared by treating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde
and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The aldehyde formed is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
The intermediate is confirmed by NMR and the purity is analysed by HPLC.

Conclusion:

Both itopride and trimethobenzamide were successfully synthesized by this method. The developed
method is environmental friendly, economical for large-scale production with good yield and purity.
Synthesis, Chemistry and Utilities of Diaminoazoles with Special Reference to 3,5-diaminopyrazoles
Authors: Abdelmoniem Amr M. , Elnagdi Mohamed H. , Elsehemy Mohamed S. , El-Seedi Hesham R. , Abdelhamid Ismail A.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Although the chemistry of heteroaromatic monoamino azoles has been surveyed more
than once in the last decade, the chemistry of the di- and triaminoazoles has not been reviewed. In this article
we will survey the synthesis, chemistry and utility of the diaminoazoles. In this review, the chemistry of the
diaminoazoles as well as their most important utilities will be surveyed.

Objective:

The review focuses on recent progress in diaminoazoles (i.e. diaminopyrazoles, diaminoimidazoles,
diaminotriazoles and diaminothiazole) with especial references to diaminopyrazoles. The synthesis as well as
pharmaceutical utilities are reported. There are several methods for synthesis of diaminopyrazoles. 3,5-
Diaminopyrazole and its derivatives are prepared through the reaction of malononitrile or arylhydrazononitrile
with hydrazine derivatives. 3,4-Diaminopyrazoles are prepared via nitration of 3-aminopyrazole with
subsequent reduction of the produced compound. The diaminopyrazoles have several applications in cosmetic
and pharmaceutical industries. They also have useful utilities as a constituent in oxidative hair dyes.

Conclusion:

We managed to report the common methods for the synthesis of diaminoazoles with especial
reference to aminopyrazoles that are prepared through the reaction of malononitrile or hydrazononitriles with
hydrazine derivatives. Some important applications that include pharmaceutical utilities such as hair dye
constituents are reported.
Modification of Polyfluoro-Containing 3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)flavones by Biogenic Amines and Amino Acids
Authors: Shcherbakov Konstantin V. , Burgart Yanina V. , Saloutin Victor I. , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: April 2018

Aim and Objective: The objective of our work was to study the peculiarities of transformations of
fluorine-containing flavone-3-carboxylates with N-nucleophiles, including biogenic amines and amino acids.

Materials and Methods:

6,7,8-Trifluoro and 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoroflavone-3-carboxylates were involved in interactions
with a number of N-nucleophiles, such as pyrrolidine, morpholine, proline, arginine, gammaaminobutyric
acid, beta-alanine, histamine, dopamine and amantadine under different reaction conditions. All
synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR 1H, 19F, (NMR 13C for some compounds) and IR spectroscopic
data, and elemental analysis.

Results:

3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)polyfluoroflavones react with morpholine, pyrrolidine and L-proline to form 7-
monosubstituted flavone-3-carboxylates. For the reactions of tetrafluoroflavone with pyrrolidine and morpholine,
the formation of 5,7-disubstituted products is also possible. Interaction with gamma-aminobutyric acid
leads to the 4-{[3-ethoxy-2-(2-hydroxypolyfluorobenzoyl)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-enyl]amino}butanoic acids
as a result of the pyrone ring opening. In reactions with dopamine, histamine, L-arginine and β-alanine,
polyfluoroflavone-3-carboxylates underwent a chromone-coumarin rearrangement. 3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)tetrafluoroflavone
forms with amantadine the nucleophilic aromatic substitution product, while trifluoro-substituted
analog gives the chromone-coumarin rearrangement product.

Conclusion:

This work showed possibilities of chemical modification of polyfluorinated flavones in the reactions
with amines depending on the structure of the nucleophilic reagent. Synthesized compounds are of interest
for biological testing.
Synthesis and Applications of Bisheterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Yusuf Mohamad , Thakur Saloni
Published: April 2018

Background:

The synthesis of a variety of bisheterocyclic compounds has received a great attention
not only as main chain polymers but also because many biologically active natural and synthetic products have
molecular symmetry. In the synthesis of bisheterocyclic, researchers tried to extend the existing method by using
a broad range of protocols to improve the various scope and limitations regarding their yield, purity and
mostly on the various biological applications.

Objective: The significance of this review lies in the fact that bisheterocycles reported here display diverse
chemical, structural and biological properties which makes them potential candidates for the further investigations.

Conclusion:

This review article is associated with the study of the synthesis and varied applications of different
bisheterocycles. These compounds have been built around the variety of intermediate chains such aliphatic,
olefinic, alkynic and aromatic linkers. The presence of two heterocyclic moieties together in the same molecule
either symmetrically or non-symmetrically has been found to influence the biological profiles of the resultant
bis organic molecules. So, there is plenty of scope upon the development of the new bisheterocyclic in order to
investigate the effect of the length and flexibility of the linkers upon their biological and other properties.
N-Acetylserotonin vs Melatonin: In-Vitro Controlled Release from Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets
Authors: Vlachou M. , Stavrou G. , Siamidi A. , Flitouri S. , Ioannidou V. , Mavrokordopoulos S.
Published: April 2018

Background: N-Acetylserotonin (NAS, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine) is the immediate
precursor of the neurohormone melatonin (MT, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), which regulates
sleep and wake cycles. NAS is produced by the N-acetylation of serotonin and is converted to melatonin
via the action of Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT). Like melatonin, NAS acts as
an agonist on the melatonin receptors MT1, MT2, and MT3. However, as NAS is abundant in specific
brain areas, separate from serotonin and melatonin, it may also have discrete central effects.
Indicatively, it has been reported that NAS may play a role in the antidepressant effects of Selective
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs).

Objective: To decipher the controlled release characteristics of the active substances (NAS and MT)
in a quick initial pace, aiming at a satisfactory sleep-onset related anti-depressive profile and prolonged
release, thereafter, targeting at coping with poor sleep quality problems.

Methods: A series of hydrophilic matrix tablets involving as excipients, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
(HPMC) K15M, low viscosity sodium alginate, lactose monohydrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
M.W.: 10.000 and 55.000) was developed and tested at two dissolution media (pH 1.2 and 7.4).

Results: The results showed that commonly used excipients with different physicochemical properties
govern the controlled release of NAS and MT from solid matrix systems.

Conclusions: We have demonstrated how broadly used excipients affect the in vitro controlled
release of NAS and MT from solid pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, we extend our studies
on the controlled release of these drugs using various other biopolymers/formulants of different
physicochemical characteristics, which will help to highlight the discrete release profiles of NAS
and MT.
Synthesis of a Series of Chalcones and Related Flavones and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
Authors: Benouda Hind , Bouchal Btissam , Challioui Allal , Oulmidi Abdelkader , Harit Tarik , Malek Fouad , Riahi Abdelkhalek , Bellaoui Mohammed , Bouammali Boufelja
Published: April 2018

Background:

A series of chalcones and flavones were synthesized from
2’-hydroxyacetophenone and substituted aromatic aldehydes via Simmons-Schmidt condensation
followed by oxidative cyclization.

Methods:

Characterization of the obtained structures was established on the basis of their spectroscopic
data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities against five
bacterial strains (Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella
braenderup, Escherichia coli.) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans, Candida krusei).

Results:

The in vitro bioassay results indicated that some target compounds displayed moderate
(4d, 4e) to high (4a) antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi C. albicans and C. krusei.

Conclusion:

For the antibacterial activity, only products 3d and 4d showed a weak antibacterial
activity. These compounds can lead to the design of new drugs with specific antifungal activity.
PS-b-PEG Block Copolymer for the Compatibility of the Electro Spun Fiber of PS/PEG Blend
Authors: You Minghui , Sun Qixiang , Zhang Shuo , Liu Jingsheng
Published: April 2018

Background:

The electrospining of Poly (styrene)/poly(ethylene glycol) blend and prepared
electrospun Poly (styrene)/poly(ethylene glycol) are the composite fibers. The Core-shell
structured PS-PEG fibers were founded by polarized optical microscope after electrospinning,
meanwhile, the mechanism of structure was also discussed.

Methods:

The Electro-spinning is a facile method to fabricate polymer fibers. The single-step process
to fabricate poly (styrene)(PS)/poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) polymer nano-fiber meshes had been
investigated, respectively. The morphology and crystallization behavior of the blend were observed
by polarized optical microscopy.

Results:

The clear phase separation of PEG encapsulating on the PS fiber surface, and the nano-fiber
composed of a core-shell structure, furthermore, the core of PS with the shell of PEG were observed,
respectively. To increase the compatibility of the PS/PEG blend, Poly (styrene)(PS)-b-poly(ethylene
glycol)(PEG), synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was introduced. The
addition of the PS-b-PEG block copolymer has no negative effect on the electro-spinning process.

Conclusion:

When the Block copolymer of PS-b-PEG as a compatibilizer was added into the
PS/PEG blend, the homogeneous electrospun fibers without phase separation was obtained. The effect
of PS-b-PEG block copolymer on electrospinning of PS/PEG blend was analyzed by evaluating
the morphology and crystallization behavior of the electrospun fibers. Under polarized optical microscopy
analyses suggest that, it can be found that the phase separation between PS and PEG disappears
due to the introduction of the compatibilizer. Meanwhile, the core-shell structure of PEG/PS
composite fiber was destroyed and PEG evenly dispersed in PS/PEG blend.
From the Internal Market to the citizenship of rights: the protection of personal data as the jus-fundamental identity question of our times
Authors: Silveira Alessandra , Froufe Pedro
Published: April 2018

Bearing in mind the applicability of the General Data Protection Regulation as of May 25, 2018, the Authors use the teachings of computer engineers to explain the extent to which data (including personal data) is at the basis of the algorithmic revolution that is reconfiguring science, business, and politics. The Authors argue that, in the context of the European Union’s assertion as a Union based on the rule of law, the importance and attention given to the effectiveness of the fundamental right to the protection of personal data is justified not only by the pressure of the technological times we are experiencing and by the gradual emergence of a homo digitalis. At the same time, the increasingly (outspokenly) political sense of deepening integration, as well as the priority placed on building European citizenship and reinforcing a dimension of extraeconomic integration, all contribute to the development of a European fundamental rights culture. The referential paradigm of the Internal Market is, nowadays, a market where, first and foremost, citizens are moving and circulating, who are also circumstantially, economic agents and consumers. In this sense, the Authors seek to demonstrate why the protection of personal data has become the jus-fundamental identity issue of our times, basically so that the project of humanism does not become irrelevant.
Digital Single Market and coordination of social security systems – interoperability solutions at the service of social protection
Authors: Fernandes Sophie Perez
Published: April 2018

One of the fundamental pillars to the full achievement of the Digital Single Market is the development of eGovernment/e-administration. As a key priority of the current moment of the European integration process, the implementation of the Digital Single Market has the potential to lay down the foundations for a public administration capable of providing crossborder mobility in the Single Market of the Union by means of high quality, interoperable and digital public services. To exemplify the characteristics outlined for the configuration of a public administration of the Digital Single Market, we will seek to give concrete form to the model that is emerging in a specific area of EU law which has critical importance for the European integration process – the coordination of social security systems. Its consideration allows us to test the implementation of the Digital Single Market in the public sector through digital, interoperable, and high-quality cross-border public administration.
Social and political challenges of the Digital Single Market and of increasing connectivity: digital literacy and network power
Authors: Silva Elsa Costa e
Published: April 2018

This article seeks to reflect on the construction of a Digital Single Market (DSM) and on initiatives aimed at increasing the connectivity of European citizens. The widespread access to internet has obvious advantages for citizens and businesses, but it also gives rise to challenges for society. There are two principal issues. Firstly, digital literacy and the power of the players. First, the benefits of the availability of a particular technology do not just result from widespread access. They result, to a large extent, from the capacity of people to take advantage of the use and from the practices that are promoted. Thus, policies to promote technology cannot be dissociated from policies to promote media and digital literacy. Secondly, generalizing access to the Internet can further enhance the power of the players who, at this moment, already concentrate a large part of Internet users’ activity. This issue concerns matters of economic competition, but also of social power to provide symbolic frameworks to read the world.
Electronic Identification, Signature and Trust Services
Authors: Andrade Francisco C.P.
Published: April 2018

The generalization of the use of electronic communications in all spheres of human activities brings along a need for a new legal perspective. This need is particularly felt at European Union level with the assumed aim of building a trustable Digital Single Market. Regulation 910/2014 was set as the main European legal framework aimed at harmonizing the understanding of instruments such as electronic identification, electronic authentication, electronic services, and other trust services of information society, such as electronic seals, electronic time stamps, electronic registered delivery services and website authentication. In the whole, Regulation 910/2014 is intended to establish a common legal framework allowing European citizens to take full advantage of digital services in a technically and legally secure environment.
Exploring the Most Visible German Websites on Melanoma Immunotherapy: A Web-Based Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Brütting Julia , Steeb Theresa , Reinhardt Lydia , Berking Carola , Meier Friedegund
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Patients diagnosed with melanoma frequently search the internet for treatment information, including novel and complex immunotherapy. However, health literacy is limited among half of the German population, and no assessment of websites on melanoma treatment has been performed so far.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to identify and assess the most visible websites in German language on melanoma immunotherapy.

METHODS

In accordance with the common Web-based information-seeking behavior of patients with cancer, the first 20 hits on Google, Yahoo, and Bing were searched for combinations of German synonyms for “melanoma” and “immunotherapy” in July 2017. Websites that met our predefined eligibility criteria were considered for assessment. Three reviewers independently assessed their quality by using the established DISCERN tool and by checking the presence of quality certification. Usability and reliability were evaluated by the LIDA tool and understandability by the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) was calculated to estimate the readability. The ALEXA and SISTRIX tools were used to investigate the websites’ popularity and visibility. The interrater agreement was determined by calculating Cronbach alpha. Subgroup differences were identified by t test, U test, or one-way analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Of 480 hits, 45 single websites from 30 domains were assessed. Only 2 website domains displayed a German quality certification. The average assessment scores, mean (SD), were as follows: DISCERN, 48 (7.6); LIDA (usability), 40 (2.0); LIDA (reliability), 10 (1.6); PEMAT, 69% (16%); and FRES, 17 (14), indicating mediocre quality, good usability, and understandability but low reliability and an even very low readability of the included individual websites. SISTRIX scores ranged from 0 to 6872 and ALEXA scores ranged from 17 to 192,675, indicating heterogeneity of the visibility and popularity of German website domains providing information on melanoma immunotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Optimization of the most accessible German websites on melanoma immunotherapy is desirable. Especially, simplification of the readability of information and further adaption to reliability criteria are required to support the education of patients with melanoma and laypersons, and to enhance transparency.
Promising Approaches for Engaging Youth and Young Adults Living with HIV in HIV Primary Care Using Social Media and Mobile Technology Interventions: Protocol for the SPNS Social Media Initiative (Preprint)
Authors: Medich Melissa , Swendeman Dallas T , Comulada W Scott , Kao Uyen H , Myers Janet J , Brooks Ronald A ,   Special Projects Of National Significance Social Media Initiative Study Group
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

In the United States, disparities in the rates of HIV care among youth and young adults result from the intersections of factors that include stigma, substance use, homelessness or marginal housing, institutional neglect, and mental health issues. Novel interventions are needed that are geared to youth and young adults.

OBJECTIVE

In this paper, we aim to describe the interventions used by participating sites for Using Social Media initiative, the process for classifying the intervention components, and the methods for conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the interventions.

METHODS

In 2015, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau, Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) funded the Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center (ETAC) at the University of California, Los Angeles and 10 demonstration projects at sites across the United States that incorporated innovative approaches using a variety of social media and mobile technology strategies designed specifically for youth and young adults living with HIV. The ETAC developed a typology, or a classification system, that systematically summarizes the principal components of the interventions into broader groups and developed a multisite, mixed-methods approach to evaluate them based on the Department of Health and Human Services HIV health outcomes along the HIV care continuum. The mixed-methods approach is key to remove potential biases in assessing the effectiveness of demonstration projects.

RESULTS

This SPNS project was funded in September 2015, and enrollment was completed on May 31, 2018. A total of 984 participants have been enrolled in the multisite evaluation. Data collection will continue until August 2019. However, data analysis is currently underway, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2019.

CONCLUSIONS

This HRSA-funded initiative seeks to increase engagement in HIV medical care, improve health outcomes for people living with HIV, and reduce HIV-related health disparities and health inequities that affect HIV-positive youth and young adults.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

RR1-10.2196/10681
Meeting Sexual Partners Through Internet Sites and Smartphone Apps in Australia: National Representative Study (Preprint)
Authors: Watchirs Smith Lucy , Guy Rebecca , Degenhardt Louisa , Yeung Anna , Rissel Chris , Richters Juliet , Liu Bette
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Studies have reported on the proportion of the population looking for potential sexual partners using internet sites and smartphone apps, but few have investigated those who have sex with these partners, arguably a more important target group for health promotion.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the proportion of people who have had sex with someone they met on an internet site or a smartphone app in the previous year.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the 2012-2013 Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships, a nationally representative telephone survey of Australian residents aged 16-69 years (N=20,091). The participation rate for the telephone survey was 66.22%. The prevalence of looking for a potential partner, physically meeting, and having sex with someone first met through an internet site or a smartphone app was estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used for men and women separately to determine demographic and behavioral factors associated with having had sex with someone met on an internet site or a smartphone app in the last year.

RESULTS

Overall, 12.09% of respondents had looked for potential partners using these technologies and 5.40% had done so in the last year. In the last year, 2.98% had met someone in person and 1.95% reported having had sex with someone first met on an internet site or a smartphone app. The prevalence of all behaviors was greater in men than in women and in younger respondents than in older respondents. Among sexually active men, factors associated with having had sex with someone met using internet sites or smartphone apps included identifying as gay or bisexual (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 15.37, 95% CI 8.34-28.35), having either 2-3 or >3 sexual partners in the last year (AOR: 9.20, 95% CI 9.20-34.68 and AOR: 35.77, 95% CI 18.04-70.94, respectively), having had a sexually transmissible infection (STI) test in the past year (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI 1.21-3.38), or an STI in the last year (AOR: 3.15, 95% CI 1.25-7.97). Among sexually active women, factors associated with having had sex with someone met on an internet site or a smartphone app were as follows: having either 2-3 or >3 sexual partners in the last year (AOR: 32.01, 95% CI 13.17-77.78 and AOR: 71:03, 95 % CI 27.48-183.57, respectively), very low and low income (vs very high AOR: 3.40, 95% CI 1.12-10.35), and identifying as lesbian or bisexual (AOR: 2.27, 95% CI 1.04-4.49).

CONCLUSIONS

More than a third of adults who had looked for potential partners using websites and apps each year had sex with such partners, and those who had done so were more sexually active, suggesting that dating and hookup websites and applications are suitable settings for targeted sexual health interventions.