bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normatizações federais e a oferta de matrículas em creches no Brasil
Authors: Cruz Maria do Carmo Meirelles Toledo , Farah Marta Ferreira Santos , Sugiyama Natasha Borges
Published: June 2015

Este artigo analisa os efeitos dos atos normativos da União para apoiar municípios na oferta de vagas em creches. Mostra evoluções incrementais, impacto nas matrículas (2001-2013) e variação considerável entre os estados. Identifica que parte da regulamentação federal é uma forma de coordenação federativa, como o Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação (Fundeb), e que parte são programas que contribuem na ampliação de vagas, como a Ação Brasil Carinhoso. Esse artigo também aponta que a meta estabelecida pelo Plano Nacional de Educação, de atendimento de 50% das crianças em creches, está longe de ser cumprida.
Relations between groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer and seepage patterns in a closed-basin lake in glacial terrain
Authors: Vainu Marko , Terasmaa Jaanus , Häelm Marko
Published: June 2015

Groundwater dynamics affect lake water budgets, but its major factors and mechanisms still need clarification. This study evaluates the effects of surrounding groundwater flow on seepage direction and assesses factors that affect seepage flux in a closed-basin lake in northeastern Estonia – Lake Martiska. A piezometric map was used to determine directions of groundwater flow around the lake. Seepage meters were applied for measuring flux at 44 locations along eight transects in the lake in relation to water depth, distance from the shore, sediment type and thickness of organic sediment. Additionally nearshore ice-free areas were mapped in winter. Seepage patterns followed the estimated directions of groundwater flow in nearshore areas. Outseepage records showed the impacts of nearby groundwater-abstraction wells on groundwater flow. However, the within-lake seepage direction and flux differed from the expected at 6–15 m from the shore and water depth of 1–2 m. Seepage flux and physical factors of the lake were uncorrelated. Even with a 3.2 m thick layer of gyttja, seepage influx was 13 ml m−2 min−1; therefore thick lacustrine sediments do not necessarily prevent inseepage. The results suggest that a local confined aquifer around and underneath the lake may cause the observed inseepage pattern.
High Pb concentration stress on Typha latifolia growth and Pb removal in microcosm wetlands
Authors: Han Jianqiu , Chen Fengzhen , Zhou Yumei , Wang Chaohua
Published: June 2015

When constructed wetlands are used to treat high-Pb wastewater, Pb may become a stress to wetland plants, which subsequently reduces treatment performance and the other ecosystem services. To facilitate the design and operation of constructed wetlands for treatment of Pb-rich wastewater, we investigated the irreversible inhibitory level of Pb for Typha latifolia through experiments in microcosm wetlands. Seven horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were built with rectangular plastic tanks and packed with marble chips and sand. All wetlands were transplanted with nine stems of Typha latifolia each. The wetlands were batch operated in a greenhouse with artificial wastewater (10 L each) for 12 days. Influent to the seven wetlands had different concentrations of Pb: 0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and 500 mg/L, respectively. The results suggested that leaf chlorophyll relative content, relative growth rate, photosynthetic characteristics, activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and content of malondialdehyde were not affected when initial Pb concentration was at 100 mg/L and below. But when initial Pb concentration was above 100 mg/L, all of them were seriously affected. We conclude that high Pb concentrations wastewater could inhibit the growth of Typha latifolia and decrease the removal rate of wetlands.
Facebook Users' Motivation for Clicking the “Like” Button
Authors: Chin Chih-Yu , Lu Hsi-Peng , Wu Chao-Ming
Published: June 2015

To explore the motivation and behavior of Facebook users when clicking the “Like” button, we analyzed the behaviors of 743 university student Facebook users using motivational theory and the theory of reasoned action. The main study findings were as follows: (a) hedonic
motivation, utilitarian motivation, compliance motivation, conformity motivation, and affiliation motivation all had a positive impact on attitudes toward “Like”-clicking behaviors; (b) subjective norms and attitudes toward “Like”-clicking behaviors all had a positive
impact on behavioral intention, and (c) behavioral intention had a positive impact on actual behaviors. These findings provide a valuable basis for constructing an explanatory model for “Like”-clicking behaviors of Facebook community platform users, as well as making significant
practical contributions to enhance social and commercial benefits for businesses and individuals.
Constructs, Concept Mapping, and Psychometric Assessment of the Concise Scale of Individualism–Collectivism
Authors: Chen Xinguang , Gong Jie , Yu Bin , Li Shiyue , Striley Catherine , Yang Niannian , Li Fang
Published: June 2015

We developed and psychometrically evaluated the Concise Scale of Individualism–Collectivism (CSIC) to support the growing need for cross-cultural research to better understand the relationship between culture and health. To construct the scale, we used the concept mapping technique.
The CSIC contains 18 paired items, 9 of which are used to assess respondents' level of individualism and 9 to assess collectivism, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. We evaluated the instrument using a diverse sample (N = 249, Mage = 29.64, SD = 7.81) consisting
of rural-to-urban migrants and nonmigrant rural and urban residents in the city of Wuhan, China. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .91, .83, and .86 for the total CSIC scale, and for the collectivism and individualism subscales, respectively. A 2-factor model fit the data well, showing that
both individualism and collectivism scores significantly differed according to level of education and area of residence, and significantly predicted levels of social capital, social support, resilience, and stress of respondents. We determined that the CSIC has adequate reliability and validity
for use in research to quantify cultural beliefs about individualism and collectivism among Chinese adults.
Cosmetics Advertisements in Women's Magazines: a Cross-Cultural Analysis of China and Korea
Authors: Yu Seung Yeob , Park Eun-A , Sung Minjung
Published: June 2015

We analyzed the content of cosmetics advertisements in women's magazines published in China and Korea and compared the Chinese ideal of beauty and psychosocial values to those of Korea. Our analysis of 341 advertisements showed that 62% of Korean advertisements were for domestic brands,
and 46.2% depicted Korean models, with 19.3% depicting white models, whereas 75% of the Chinese cosmetics advertisements were for international brands, and 26.5% of them featured Chinese models, with 32.7% depicting white models. The results indicate that advertisers in the Chinese magazines
more strongly presented Western images as ideals of beauty than did advertisers in Korean magazines. We also found that a high number of cosmetics advertisements in the Chinese magazines contained price information and emphasized psychosocial values, such as activeness and self-confidence,
which were less common in advertisements in the Korean magazines. The results imply that Chinese consumers expect concrete product benefits and are more likely to aspire to Western-type beauty than are Korean consumers.
The Strategic Effects of Auditing Standard No. 5 in a Multi-Location Setting
Authors: Patterson Evelyn R. , Smith J. Reed
Published: June 2015

Auditing Standard No. (AS) 5 provides guidance in the required audit of internal control over financial reporting and its integration into the financial statement audit. AS 5 advocates a “top-down” approach, in which control testing helps the auditor assess the risk of financial misstatement across multiple locations. We consider a manager who oversees two locations and who has private information about internal control strength in each location. Only when controls are weak can the manager commit fraud. We show how the manager's opportunity to commit fraud and informational characteristics of internal control tests impact the manager's probability choice of fraud and the auditor's choice of substantive test effort.
Logistics Costs Behavior and Management in the Auto Industry
Authors: Porporato Marcela M.
Published: June 2015

This case, based on a real-life situation of how logistics costs function in daily operations, aims to provide students with the opportunity to understand how logistics costs are calculated and how the inter-organizational nature of these costs affects the profitability of two companies. The case hinges on understanding cost behavior (fixed and variable) and on management control systems design. Although logistics costs represent a small fraction of total costs in manufacturing companies, they can negatively affect the bottom line if left unattended. Students are presented with data relating to a three-year project in the automotive industry that shows that the project has been experiencing a sustained increase in costs that has eroded its profit margin. While it appears that logistics costs are the problem, it cannot be verified until the contracts are studied. In addition, the financial- and contract-related data provided are sufficient to extend the profitability analysis to the provider of logistics services. This case is suitable for management accounting courses at the master's or advanced undergraduate level; it has been tested and well received by students who want to gain a greater understanding of logistics costs—their nature, behavior, possible containment strategies, and inter-organizational effects.

Data Availability: Some of the data are from public sources, but the logistics contracts and cost schedules are private; the confidentiality agreement with the two companies requires masking certain details and modifying the numeric data.
Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on Recurrent Major Cardiovascular Events for Patients With Symptomatic Vascular Disease at Different Locations
Authors: Stam-Slob Manon C. , van der Graaf Yolanda , de Borst Gert Jan , Cramer Maarten J. , Kappelle L.J. , Westerink Jan , Visseren Frank L. ,   on behalf of the SMART Study Group
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

Our aim is to compare the effect of type 2 diabetes on recurrent major cardiovascular events (MCVE) for patients with symptomatic vascular disease at different locations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 6,841 patients from the single-center, prospective Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) cohort study from Utrecht, the Netherlands, with clinically manifest vascular disease with (n = 1,155) and without (n = 5,686) type 2 diabetes were monitored between 1996 and 2013. The effect of type 2 diabetes on recurrent MCVE was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified for disease location (cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease, or polyvascular disease, defined as ≥2 vascular locations).

RESULTS

Five-year risks for recurrent MCVE were 9% in cerebrovascular disease, 9% in peripheral artery disease, 20% in those with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, 7% in coronary artery disease, and 21% in polyvascular disease. Type 2 diabetes increased the risk of recurrent MCVE in coronary artery disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.67; 95% CI 1.25–2.21) and seemed to increase the risk in cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.36; 95% CI 0.90–2.07), while being no risk factor in polyvascular disease (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.83–1.50). Results for patients with peripheral artery disease (HR 1.42; 95% CI 0.79–2.56) or an abdominal aortic aneurysm (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.23–3.68) were inconclusive.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetes increased the risk of recurrent MCVE in patients with coronary artery disease, but there is no convincing evidence that it is a major risk factor for subsequent MCVE in all patients with symptomatic vascular disease.
Effects of synthesis conditions on the synthesis of carbon nanofibers by ethanol catalytic combustion
Authors: Cheng J. , Zou X.P. , Zhu G. , Wang M. F. , Su Y. , Yang G.Q. , M. Lü X.
Published: June 2015

In this paper, the effects of position of substrates in flames, preparation time, stability of flames and catalyst precursors on the synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by ethanol catalytic combustion (ECC) were investigated. For investigating the effects of these influence factors on the synthesis of CNFs, several sets of controlled experiments were performed, such as preparation experiments with different position of substrates in flames, different preparation time, stable and unstable flames, and different catalyst precursors. In our experiments, the catalyst precursors were iron nitrate, cobalt nitrate, nickel nitrate, and iron chloride, cobalt chloride, nickel chloride. The as-synthesized products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Our results indicate that the optimal position of substrates in flames is more than 1cm and less than 2.5cm, the optimal preparation time is more than 5min and less than 30min for massive yield, stable flames would be tent to synthesize CNFs with mainly single-type morphology and could improve the graphitization of CNFs, and the catalyst precursors obviously have effects on the synthesis of CNFs.
Beta-titanium biomedical alloy: effect of thermal processing on mechanical properties
Authors: Sudhakar K.V. , Konen K. , Floreen K.
Published: June 2015

A new β-titanium alloy (Ti-3Al-5V-6Cr-3Mo-3Zr) was investigated as a function of heat treatment to evaluate its mechanical properties. The cold drawn beta-titanium alloy was subjected to β-annealing as well as solution treatment and aging treatments. The mechanical properties were evaluated using MTS Landmark-servo hydraulic Universal Testing Machine. The beta-titanium alloy demonstrated an excellent combination of strength and ductility for both β-annealing and solution treatment and aging conditions. The influence of thermal treatments on microstructure was studied with HiRox digital microscope. The fracture morphology investigated revealed predominantly cup and cone/dimpled fracture surface features demonstrating excellent toughness in addition to high strength and low stiffness that are suitable for biomedical applications.
Ferrite content measurements in S32101 lean duplex stainless steel and its welded joints
Authors: Niagaj J. , Mazur Ł.
Published: June 2015

Due to their mechanical and plastic properties as well as unique corrosion resistance, two-phase lean duplex steels are increasingly popular in industrial applications e.g. for building waterside fixtures, ships, pipelines or containers. A critical factor of welded joints made of such steels is the balance between austenite and ferrite; the latter being measured by a special device called ferritoscope. The article contains the results of tests focused on measurements of ferrite content in S32101 lean duplex steel and its welded joints. The text also presents the impact of such factors as test sample thickness or shape and condition of measurement surface etc. on test results. In addition, this paper discusses the use of correction factors, describes problems arising during measurements of ferrite in welded joints and presents manners of the elimination of the latter. The conducted tests revealed that MAG method welding parameters affect the content of ferrite in butt welded joints produced with S32101 lean duplex steel.
Feature selection of the armature winding broken coils in synchronous motor using genetic algorithm and mahalanobis distance
Authors: Głowacz Z. , Kozik J.
Published: June 2015

The paper describes a procedure for automatic selection of symptoms accompanying the break in the synchronous motor armature winding coils. This procedure, called the feature selection, leads to choosing from a full set of features describing the problem, such a subset that would allow the best distinguishing between healthy and damaged states. As the features the spectra components amplitudes of the motor current signals were used. The full spectra of current signals are considered as the multidimensional feature spaces and their subspaces are tested. Particular subspaces are chosen with the aid of genetic algorithm and their goodness is tested using Mahalanobis distance measure. The algorithm searches for such a subspaces for which this distance is the greatest. The algorithm is very efficient and, as it was confirmed by research, leads to good results. The proposed technique is successfully applied in many other fields of science and technology, including medical diagnostics.
Investigations of Microstructure of Resistance Spot-Welded Joints Made of HSLA340 and DP600 Steels / Badanie Mikrostruktury Złączy Zgrzewanych Punktowo Ze Stali HSLA340 I DP600
Authors: Ignasiak A. , Korzeniowski M. , Ambroziak A.
Published: June 2015

The paper presents results of metallographic investigations of spot welds made of high-strength steel HSLA340 and dual-phase DP600 steel. Low-carbon martensite microstructure was found in the weld nugget of HSLA steel. The DP600 steel shows martensite and bainite microstructure. For both steels, no carbides of microadditives were found because they dissolved in liquid nugget and could not precipitate again because of rapid heat abstraction. Moreover, no transcrystallisation was found in both steels, which proves good mixing of the materials within the weld.
Engraftment of Prevascularized, Tissue Engineered Constructs in a Novel Rabbit Segmental Bone Defect Model
Authors: Kaempfen Alexandre , Todorov Atanas , Güven Sinan , Largo René , Jaquiéry Claude , Scherberich Arnaud , Martin Ivan , Schaefer Dirk
Published: June 2015

The gold standard treatment of large segmental bone defects is autologous bone transfer, which suffers from low availability and additional morbidity. Tissue engineered bone able to engraft orthotopically and a suitable animal model for pre-clinical testing are direly needed. This study aimed to evaluate engraftment of tissue-engineered bone with different prevascularization strategies in a novel segmental defect model in the rabbit humerus. Decellularized bone matrix (Tutobone) seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells was used directly orthotopically or combined with a vessel and inserted immediately (1-step) or only after six weeks of subcutaneous “incubation” (2-step). After 12 weeks, histological and radiological assessment was performed. Variable callus formation was observed. No bone formation or remodeling of the graft through TRAP positive osteoclasts could be detected. Instead, a variable amount of necrotic tissue formed. Although necrotic area correlated significantly with amount of vessels and the 2-step strategy had significantly more vessels than the 1-step strategy, no significant reduction of necrotic area was found. In conclusion, the animal model developed here represents a highly challenging situation, for which a suitable engineered bone graft with better prevascularization, better resorbability and higher osteogenicity has yet to be developed.
The Stable Level of Glutamine synthetase 2 Plays an Important Role in Rice Growth and in Carbon-Nitrogen Metabolic Balance
Authors: Bao Aili , Zhao Zhuqing , Ding Guangda , Shi Lei , Xu Fangsen , Cai Hongmei
Published: June 2015

Glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2) is a key enzyme involved in the ammonium metabolism in plant leaves. In our previous study, we obtained GS2-cosuppressed plants, which displayed a normal growth phenotype at the seedling stage, while at the tillering stage they showed a chlorosis phenotype. In this study, to investigate the chlorosis mechanism, we systematically analyzed the plant growth, carbon-nitrogen metabolism and gene expressions between the GS2-cosuppressed rice and wild-type plants. The results revealed that the GS2-cosuppressed plants exhibited a poor plant growth phenotype and a poor nitrogen transport ability, which led to nitrogen accumulation and a decline in the carbon/nitrogen ratio in the stems. Interestingly, there was a higher concentration of soluble proteins and a lower concentration of carbohydrates in the GS2-cosuppressed plants at the seedling stage, while a contrasting result was displayed at the tillering stage. The analysis of the metabolic profile showed a significant increase of sugars and organic acids. Additionally, gene expression patterns were different in root and leaf of GS2-cosuppressed plants between the seedling and tillering stage. These results indicated the important role of a stable level of GS2 transcription during normal rice development and the importance of the carbon-nitrogen metabolic balance in rice growth.
Grain Boundary Evolution of Cold-Rolled FePd Alloy during Recrystallization at Disordering Temperature
Authors: Lin Hung-Pin , Chen Delphic , Kuo Jui-Chao
Published: June 2015

In this study, the grain boundary character and texture of 50% and 90% cold-rolled FePd alloy was investigated during recrystallization at 700 °C. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were performed on the rolling direction to normal direction section. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) calculated from EBSD measurements was employed to determine the recrystallization fraction. The Avrami exponent n of recrystallization is 1.9 and 4.9 for 50% and 90% cold rolling, respectively. The new formation of texture reveals random texture during the recrystallization process. As annealing time increased, the number of high angle boundary (HAGB) and coincidence site lattice (CSL) increased with consumption of low angle boundary (LAGB). In addition, possible transformations between different grain boundaries are observed here.
On Thermal Expansion and Density of CGI and SGI Cast Irons
Authors: Matsushita Taishi , Ghassemali Ehsan , Saro Albano , Elmquist Lennart , Jarfors Anders
Published: June 2015

The thermal expansion and density of Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) and Spheroidal Graphite Iron (SGI) were measured in the temperature range of 25–500 °C using push-rod type dilatometer. The coefficient of the thermal expansion (CTE) of cast iron can be expressed by the following equation: CTE = 1.38 × 10−5 + 5.38 × 10−8 N − 5.85 × 10−7 G + 1.85 × 10−8 T − 2.41 × 10−6 RP/F − 1.28 × 10−8 NG − 2.97 × 10−7 GRP/F + 4.65 × 10−9 TRP/F + 1.08 × 10−7 G2 − 4.80 × 10−11 T2 (N: Nodularity, G: Area fraction of graphite (%), T: Temperature (°C), RP/F: Pearlite/Ferrite ratio in the matrix).
Developments in Synthetic Application of Selenium(IV) Oxide and Organoselenium Compounds as Oxygen Donors and Oxygen-Transfer Agents
Authors: Młochowski Jacek , Wójtowicz-Młochowska Halina
Published: June 2015

A variety of selenium compounds were proven to be useful reagents and catalysts for organic synthesis over the past several decades. The most interesting aspect, which emerged in recent years, concerns application of hydroperoxide/selenium(IV) oxide and hydroperoxide/organoselenium catalyst systems, as “green reagents” for the oxidation of different organic functional groups. The topic of oxidations catalyzed by organoselenium derivatives has rapidly expanded in the last fifteen years This paper is devoted to the synthetic applications of the oxidation reactions mediated by selenium compounds such as selenium(IV) oxide, areneseleninic acids, their anhydrides, selenides, diselenides, benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones and other less often used other organoselenium compounds. All these compounds have been successfully applied for various oxidations useful in practical organic syntheses such as epoxidation, 1,2-dihydroxylation, and α-oxyfunctionalization of alkenes, as well as for ring contraction of cycloalkanones, conversion of halomethyl, hydroxymethyl or active methylene groups into formyl groups, oxidation of carbonyl compounds into carboxylic acids and/or lactones, sulfides into sulfoxides, and secondary amines into nitrones and regeneration of parent carbonyl compounds from their azomethine derivatives. Other reactions such as dehydrogenation and aromatization, active carbon-carbon bond cleavage, oxidative amidation, bromolactonization and oxidation of bromide for subsequent reactions with alkenes are also successfully mediated by selenium (IV) oxide or organoselenium compounds. The oxidation mechanisms of ionic or free radical character depending on the substrate and oxidant are discussed. Coverage of the literature up to early 2015 is provided. Links have been made to reviews that summarize earlier literature and to the methods of preparation of organoselenium reagents and catalysts.
Prebiotics Modulate the Effects of Antibiotics on Gut Microbial Diversity and Functioning in Vitro
Authors: Johnson Laura , Walton Gemma , Psichas Arianna , Frost Gary , Gibson Glenn , Barraclough Timothy
Published: June 2015

Intestinal bacteria carry out many fundamental roles, such as the fermentation of non-digestible dietary carbohydrates to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can affect host energy levels and gut hormone regulation. Understanding how to manage this ecosystem to improve human health is an important but challenging goal. Antibiotics are the front line of defence against pathogens, but in turn they have adverse effects on indigenous microbial diversity and function. Here, we have investigated whether dietary supplementation—another method used to modulate gut composition and function—could be used to ameliorate the side effects of antibiotics. We perturbed gut bacterial communities with gentamicin and ampicillin in anaerobic batch cultures in vitro. Cultures were supplemented with either pectin (a non-fermentable fibre), inulin (a commonly used prebiotic that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria) or neither. Although antibiotics often negated the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation, in some treatment combinations, notably ampicillin and inulin, dietary supplementation ameliorated the effects of antibiotics. There is therefore potential for using supplements to lessen the adverse effects of antibiotics. Further knowledge of such mechanisms could lead to better therapeutic manipulation of the human gut microbiota.
A Protein Extract from Chicken Reduces Plasma Homocysteine in Rats
Authors: Lysne Vegard , Bjørndal Bodil , Vik Rita , Nordrehaug Jan , Skorve Jon , Nygård Ottar , Berge Rolf
Published: June 2015

The present study aimed to evaluate effects of a water-soluble protein fraction of chicken (CP), with a low methionine/glycine ratio, on plasma homocysteine and metabolites related to homocysteine metabolism. Male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet with 20% w/w casein as the protein source, or an experimental diet where 6, 14 or 20% w/w of the casein was replaced with the same amount of CP for four weeks. Rats fed CP had reduced plasma total homocysteine level and markedly increased levels of the choline pathway metabolites betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine, glycine and serine, as well as the transsulfuration pathway metabolites cystathionine and cysteine. Hepatic mRNA level of enzymes involved in homocysteine remethylation, methionine synthase and betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, were unchanged, whereas cystathionine gamma-lyase of the transsulfuration pathway was increased in the CP treated rats. Plasma concentrations of vitamin B2, folate, cobalamin, and the B-6 catabolite pyridoxic acid were increased in the 20% CP-treated rats. In conclusion, the CP diet was associated with lower plasma homocysteine concentration and higher levels of serine, choline oxidation and transsulfuration metabolites compared to a casein diet. The status of related B-vitamins was also affected by CP.
GTRF: A Game Theory Approach for Regulating Node Behavior in Real-Time Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Lin Chi , Wu Guowei , Pirozmand Poria
Published: June 2015

The selfish behaviors of nodes (or selfish nodes) cause packet loss, network congestion or even void regions in real-time wireless sensor networks, which greatly decrease the network performance. Previous methods have focused on detecting selfish nodes or avoiding selfish behavior, but little attention has been paid to regulating selfish behavior. In this paper, a Game Theory-based Real-time & Fault-tolerant (GTRF) routing protocol is proposed. GTRF is composed of two stages. In the first stage, a game theory model named VA is developed to regulate nodes’ behaviors and meanwhile balance energy cost. In the second stage, a jumping transmission method is adopted, which ensures that real-time packets can be successfully delivered to the sink before a specific deadline. We prove that GTRF theoretically meets real-time requirements with low energy cost. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of our scheme. Simulation results show that GTRF not only balances the energy cost of the network, but also prolongs network lifetime.
Using K-Nearest Neighbor Classification to Diagnose Abnormal Lung Sounds
Authors: Chen Chin-Hsing , Huang Wen-Tzeng , Tan Tan-Hsu , Chang Cheng-Chun , Chang Yuan-Jen
Published: June 2015

A reported 30% of people worldwide have abnormal lung sounds, including crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes. To date, the traditional stethoscope remains the most popular tool used by physicians to diagnose such abnormal lung sounds, however, many problems arise with the use of a stethoscope, including the effects of environmental noise, the inability to record and store lung sounds for follow-up or tracking, and the physician’s subjective diagnostic experience. This study has developed a digital stethoscope to help physicians overcome these problems when diagnosing abnormal lung sounds. In this digital system, mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) were used to extract the features of lung sounds, and then the K-means algorithm was used for feature clustering, to reduce the amount of data for computation. Finally, the K-nearest neighbor method was used to classify the lung sounds. The proposed system can also be used for home care: if the percentage of abnormal lung sound frames is > 30% of the whole test signal, the system can automatically warn the user to visit a physician for diagnosis. We also used bend sensors together with an amplification circuit, Bluetooth, and a microcontroller to implement a respiration detector. The respiratory signal extracted by the bend sensors can be transmitted to the computer via Bluetooth to calculate the respiratory cycle, for real-time assessment. If an abnormal status is detected, the device will warn the user automatically. Experimental results indicated that the error in respiratory cycles between measured and actual values was only 6.8%, illustrating the potential of our detector for home care applications.
Réalités et perspectives géopolitiques de l'Océanie insulaire (Geopolitics in Oceanian islands : facts and perspectives)
Authors: Doumenge Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les îles sont traditionnellement des ponts culturels, mais aussi des lieux de confrontations. C'est le cas de l'Océanie insulaire. Ceci provient de déséquilibres internes d'ordre à la fois géographique, ethno-démographique, économique et culturel. C'est aussi le produit de l'histoire contemporaine : d'abord le résultat d'une compétition entre catholiques et protestants, Français et Anglais, au dix-neuvième siècle et au début du vingtième, puis celui de l'affrontement américano-japonais, lors de la 2e guerre mondiale. Actuellement, les confrontations majeures se situent dans la remise en cause de la société internationale, urbaine et industrielle, par les sociétés autochtones, et dans l'essai d'expulsion des puissances extérieures (française et américaine), par les micro-Etats insulaires et les puissances régionales (Australie et Nouvelle-Zélande). L'affiliation non contraignante à une solidarité transcontinentale reste un facteur de modération des sociétés insulaires.
Géographie du commerce et stratégie des entreprises de distribution dans l'ouest (Commercial geography and the strategies of the distributing firms in the west of France)
Authors: Vergneau Gustave
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Après avoir présenté des courbes de l'équipement commercial selon la population des communes, l'auteur critique les sources et suggère l'emploi de critères plus significatifs de l'importance de l'activité des points de vente. Il met ensuite en évidence l'organisation économique et commerciale des réseaux de distribution et leur rôle dans l'édification de la géographie du commerce. Il évoque enfin les incidences sur l'artisanat de l'alimentation et les transformations à venir.
Les adaptations spatiales d'une grande entreprise commerciale : la Coopérative régionale de Saintes (Spatial adaptations of a great commercial firm : the «Coopérative régionale de Saintes»)
Authors: Soumagne Jean
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La coopérative régionale de Saintes a survécu à la débâcle du secteur commercial coopératif grâce à une modernisation engagée tôt. En dix ans la Coop passe d'une phase d'expansion à un redéploiement, puis, depuis deux ans, à une concentration des efforts : coupes sévères dans le réseau commercial marginal, sans abandonner la campagne, desserrement en privilégiant la mobilité de la clientèle plutôt que la proximité des magasins.
A propos d'un retour de l'usine dans la ville (About the coming back of the factory into the city)
Authors: Tomas François , Crétin Claude
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - In contrast with the dynamism of the industrial areas in the uban peripheries during the sixties and the seventies, the recent evolution may be interpreted as the sign that the factories are coming back into the town. Comparing what is said about that subject with the location of the planning permissions, the authors put forward that the «center-periphery » duality is losing its interest, and that it is now the whole urban space which has to be taken in account.
Introduction à l'étude des confluences (Introduction to the study of river channel confluences)
Authors: Bomer Bernard
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Se fondant sur un bilan des travaux, assez peu nombreux, consacrés aux confluences, l'auteur essaie de dégager l'intérêt et les principales directions d'interprétation de ces points nodaux du réseau hydrographique.
Simulation expérimentale de laves de ruissellement mouvement et sédimentation(Experimental study of debris flows)
Authors: Van Steijn Henk , Coutard Jean-Pierre , Filippo Henk , Mandersloot Corien
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La présence de sédiments de nature différente dans les dépôts de pente stratifiés indique que plusieurs mécanismes de transport ont pu contribuer à leur mise en place. Nous avons suggéré que la mise en place de laves de ruissellement était un des processus amenant la formation des lits gras. Dans les expériences décrites, de petites laves étaient créées sous conditions diverses, et la relation entre les propriétés physiques des coulées et l'orientation des pierres dans les accumulations obtenues est assez étroite. Les résultats indiquent une similitude entre les propriétés sédimentologiques des lits gras des dépôts naturels et celles des dépôts artificiels.
Altérabilité expérimentale d'une granodiorite et de son arène en conditions périglaciaire, tempérée et chaude (Experimental alterability of a granodiorite and of its arena under periglacial, temperate and hot conditions)
Authors: Vérague Jean
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Une granodiorite et son arène ont été altérées expérimentalement en reproduisant les conditions thermohydriques des climats périglaciaires, tempérés et chauds. Si la granodiorite, peu gélive, ne cède pas plus d'éléments chimiques sous climat froid que chaud, en revanche les éléments extraits de l'arène granodioritique, gélive, sont 10 fois plus importants. On explique ces résultats par l'accroissement de l'échange chimique dû à l'augmentation de l'interface arène/solution, provoquée par les alternances thermiques des climats périglaciaires.
Forêts ou plantations d'arbres ? (Forests or plantations of trees ?)
Authors: Couderc Jean-Marie
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The author shows that the evolution of forestry practice comes to share the french forestland into 3 parts : some protected forests, some forests devoted to leisure and plantations of trees with a high yield in wood. He thinks that only the nature-like forests can preserve the genetic potential and the capacity of production.
Vidal de la Blache et la géographie politique (Vidal de la Blache and political geography)
Authors: Sanguin André-Louis
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Cet article passe en revue les diverses contributions de Vidal à la géographie politique, sur le plan des concepts et des idées (face à Ratzel), de la réforme de la carte administrative française, de la géographie des frontières, et face à l'expansion coloniale en Afrique.
ON SOME GENERALIZATION OF SMOOTHING PROBLEMS
Authors: Asmuss Svetlana , Budkina Natalja
Published: June 2015

The paper deals with the generalized smoothing problem in abstract Hilbert spaces. This generalized problem involves particular cases such as the interpolating problem, the smoothing problem with weights, the smoothing problem with obstacles, the problem on splines in convex sets and others. The theorem on the existence and characterization of a solution of the generalized problem is proved. It is shown how the theorem gives already known theorems in special cases as well as some new results.
Effect of HIV Infection and Menopause Status on Raltegravir Pharmacokinetics in the Blood and Genital Tract
Authors: Cottrell Mackenzie L , Patterson Kristine B , Prince Heather MA , Jones Amanda , White Nicole , Wang Ruili , Kashuba Angela DM
Published: June 2015

Background

This study describes first dose and steady state pharmacokinetics of raltegravir (RAL) in cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) and blood plasma (BP).

Methods

Three cohorts of women were enrolled sequentially in a single-site, open-label pharmacokinetic study of oral raltegravir 400 mg twice daily: HIV-negative premenopausal, HIV-infected premenopausal and HIV-infected post-menopausal women. BP and CVF were collected over 12 h after a single observed dose and at steady state. RAL concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS methods. Data are expressed as median (IQR). The ANOVA rank-sum test was used to evaluate between-group differences in steady state raltegravir exposure (area under the concentration-time curve over the 12-h dosing interval [AUC0–12h]).

Results

First dose pharmacokinetics were obtained in HIV-negative premenopausal women and HIV-infected post-menopausal women only. The median (IQR) BP AUC0–12h was 3,099 (985–5,959) and 4,239 (2,781–13,695) ng•h/ml and the median (IQR) CVF AUC0–12h was 1,720 (305–5,288) and 13,797 (11,066–19,563) ng•h/ml for HIV-negative pre-menopausal and HIV-infected post-menopausal women, respectively. All cohorts contributed to steady-state pharmacokinetic profiles. Median (IQR) BP AUC0–12h did not differ between the groups: 8,436 (3,080–10,111), 5,761 (1,801–10,095) and 6,180 (5,295–8,282) ng•h/ml in HIV-negative premenopausal, HIV-infected premenopausal and HIV-infected post-menopausal women, respectively. There was a trend for lower CVF AUC0–12h among HIV-negative women 3,164 (1,156–9,540) compared to 11,465 (9,725– 17,138) and 9,568 (4,271–24,306) ng•h/ml HIV-infected premenopausal and HIV-infected post-menopausal women, respectively, but this was not statistically significant ( P=0.08). HIV-negative premenopausal women had a median (IQR) CVF:BP AUC0–12h ratio of 0.46 (0.2–1.1), whereas HIV-infected premenopausal and post-menopausal women had median (IQR) CVF:BP AUC0–12h ratio of 3.9 (1.2–6.7) and 1.4 (0.7–4.3), respectively.

Conclusions

This is the first study to investigate RAL exposure in BP and CVF in premenopausal HIV-negative and pre- and post-menopausal HIV-infected women. These data indicate HIV and menopausal status may influence antiretroviral distribution into the female genital tract.
Homo-sociabilité et (auto)exclusion en prison pour hommes. Usages sociaux du sport et divisions de l’espace
Authors: Sempé Gaëlle , Bodin Dominique
Published: June 2015

Cette étude sociologique, construite dans le cadre d’enquêtes sur les usages sociaux du corps et du sport en prison, s’attache à comprendre, et par conséquent expliquer, à travers l’exemple des représentations et de la position des détenus (auto)déclarés comme homosexuels, la construction et la naturalisation des rapports sociaux de sexes, leur hiérarchie, leurs mécanismes et leurs violences dans l’espace sportif de prisons pour hommes. Investi par certains détenus comme un espace de reconstruction d’une identité masculine écorchée par la détention, l’espace sportif peut également être appréhendé par d’autres détenus comme un espace hiérarchisé et violent corroborant une mécanique d’(auto)exclusion des plus vulnérables d’entre eux, parmi lesquels les homosexuels. En tant qu’espace de socialisation important dans la prison et à travers sa dimension ambivalente, l’espace sportif se révèle dans ce travail comme un véritable laboratoire d’analyse de l’espace carcéral, des rapports sociaux et des tensions qui s’y nouent.
Les jésuites et la Chine : le temps des mal-aimés (1842-1949)
Authors: Vermander Benoît
Published: June 2015

Bien que souvent éclipsée par la première, incarnée par la figure de Matteo Ricci, la seconde mission jésuite en Chine (1842-1949) mérite d’être étudiée, car les échanges culturels et l’héritage intellectuel qu’elle a produits demeurent aujourd’hui.
Tous semblables et différents… Le cas des parents ayant une déficience intellectuelle
Authors: Scelles Régine , Chatroussat Sabine
Published: June 2015

À partir d’une pratique clinique et de recherche, cet article évoque la manière de penser, de construire la relation parents-enfants lorsque l’un ou les deux parents ont une déficience cognitive. Les auteurs montrent l’importance de mieux connaître ce que vivent ces parents et la nécessité de créer avec eux les conditions d’une coconstruction permettant que les liens se tissent le plus favorablement possible. Cette coconstruction doit passer par un soutien aux parents, afin qu’ils comprennent les sens et fonctions des aides apportées et puissent ainsi se les approprier activement.
Petit enfant deviendra grand, si ses parents…
Authors: Golse Bernard
Published: June 2015

La croissance et la maturation psychiques de l’enfant, de même que les troubles de son développement psycho-affectif, sont de nature fondamentalement interactive et dynamique. Il ne s’agit en rien d’incriminer les parents dans la genèse de ses difficultés, mais seulement d’insister sur les caractéristiques de leur propre fonctionnement psychique qui peuvent toutefois aider à un développement harmonieux de celui-ci. Ainsi, à titre d’exemples, l’auteur souligne l’intérêt pour l’enfant d’avoir des parents suffisamment heureux, des parents dont la bisexualité psychique s’avère suffisamment bien intégrée, des parents qui laissent à leur bébé le temps suffisant pour être bébé, enfin, des parents qui aient véritablement confiance dans les compétences de leur enfant.
Reflective classroom networks. Thérapie réflective en réseau, dans la salle de classe pour les enfants souffrant de troubles du spectre autistique
Authors: Kliman Gilbert
Published: June 2015

La méthode de la thérapie réflective en réseau utilise la classe en âge préscolaire et permet de renforcer les effets de courtes séances individuelles de psychothérapie en classe (15 à 20 min) menées avec les jeunes patients plusieurs fois par semaine. Les proches du patient, les enseignants et les thérapeutes sont à la fois témoins, participants et bénéficiaires. Des principes simples et des techniques de thérapie réflective en réseau sont montrés ici, tout comme leurs résultats, ainsi qu’une transcription d’une session de thérapie en classe. Des études effectuées sur plusieurs classes montrent l’efficacité sur l’augmentation du QI et l’intérêt de l’évaluation à un âge précoce chez des enfants victimes d’anorexie, de troubles autistiques et de syndrome de stress.
Messages énigmatiques du côté de chez Swann
Authors: Drossart Francis
Published: June 2015

Dans la théorie dite de la « Séduction généralisée », Jean Laplanche met l’accent sur les messages énigmatiques de nature sexuelle, adressés inconsciemment à l’enfant par l’adulte et tout particulièrement par sa mère. À partir de deux scènes de La Recherche du Temps Perdu , nous essaierons de montrer comment ces messages peuvent être décrits puis élaborés par le Narrateur, d’abord enfant, puis jeune adulte.
Use of T-RFLP and seven restriction enzymes to compare the faecal microbiota of obese and lean Japanese healthy men
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Osaki T. , Oikawa S.
Published: June 2015

The composition of the intestinal microbiota of 92 healthy Japanese men was measured following consumption of identical meals for 3 days; terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms were then used to analyse the DNA content of their faeces. The obtained operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were further analysed using seven restriction enzymes: 516f-BslI and -HaeIII, 27f-MspI and -AluI, and 35f-HhaI, -MspI and -AluI. Subjects were classified by their body mass index (BMI) as lean (<18.5) or obese (>25.0). OTUs were then analysed using data mining software. Pearson correlation coefficients on data mining results indicated only a weak relationship between BMI and OTU diversity. Specific OTUs attributed to lean and obese subjects were further examined by data mining with six groups of enzymes and closely related accession numbers for lean and obese subjects were successfully narrowed down. 16S rRNA sequences showed Bacillus spp., Erysipelothrix spp. and Holdemania spp. to be present among 30 bacterial candidates related to the lean group. Fifteen candidates were classified Firmicutes, one was classified as Chloroflexi, and the others were not classified. 45 Microbacteriaceae, 11 uncultured Actinobacterium, and 3 other families were present among the 119 candidate OTUs related to obesity. We conclude that the presence of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria may be related to the BMI of the subject.
Personality, Relationships, and Decision Making with Relational Dynamics
Authors: Bathory David S.
Published: June 2015

Within the field of Economics there is great interest in predicting the future. In creating Economic Models the rationale has been to create fixed equations that can account for all variables associated with the issues of capital, labor, wages, prices, tariffs and taxes but few models explored the human variable. Probability Statistics bases decision making models upon mathematical predictions. Game Theory is an economic model that begins to explain the rationale of human decision making, but fails to account for flawed thinking and pathology. Relational Dynamics attempts to provide a means of understanding the strategies used in communication and decision making. Within humanity, not all decisions are made rationally and to account for illogical choices, psychology has provided theories of pathology to explain human idiosyncrasies. This paper will explore personality disorders as described by the DSM V and Relational Dynamics in an attempt to understand how pathology influences relationships, decision making and behavioral economics.
From Preservice to Inservice
Authors: Wang Congcong
Published: June 2015

Wang (2012) suggested that preservice teachers perceived that their initial experiences as online language learners increased their linguistic, cultural and technological awareness, which would further benefit them when working with diverse students. However, that study was unclear about whether teachers perceived that they could transfer their awareness into teaching practice. Therefore, extending the pilot study, this follow-up study explored inservice teachers' perceptions of linguistic, cultural and technological awareness transfer in teaching English Language Learners by asking them to engage with an online language course and reflect on their experience. This study proposes a model for language teacher linguistic, cultural and technological awareness development and transfer, as well as discusses issues related to language teacher awareness transfer.