bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Development of Symptoms of Noninfectious Bud-failure in Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)1
Authors: Hellali Rachid , Kester D. E. , Ryugo K.
Published: August 2022

Shoots of ‘Nonpareil’, ‘Jordanolo’ and their hybrid progenies expressing bud-failure symptoms grew more vigorously and longer than those of normal plants. Viability of lateral buds decreased on abnormal shoots during the summer prior to bud failure, whereas those on normal shoots retained their viability. On abnormal shoots there was an increasing trend of bud-failure from the basal portion to the shoot tip. When propagated in a control nursery, buds collected from trees growing in a warmer area exhibited more bud-failure than those from a cooler zone. When shoots collected over the season from the above trees were treated with potassium salt of gibberellic acid, the inhibition of budbreak was proportional to hormone concentration; the treatment resulted in fewer bud breaks in abnormal shoots than normal ones. Bioassays of extracts from shoot apices from normal and abnormal shoots revealed large variation in hormonal levels.
Induction of Textural Changes in Sweet Potato Roots by Chilling1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Sistrunk W. A. , Kasaian A. E.
Published: August 2022

Hardcore was apparent in cooked sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) which had been chilled and transferred to nonchilling temperatures prior to cooking. The severity increased with duration of chilling at 2°C. Hardcore was not observed in roots boiled immediately after chilling, although these roots were firmer than those not chilled. Enhanced levels of pectic substances, soluble in sodium hexametaphosphate, were associated with hardcore tissue, while starch, protopectin, and hemicellulose were related to enhanced firmness of continuously chilled roots. No differences in pectinmethylesterase activity were observed between storage treatments. Reduced levels of alpha amylase activity in continuously chilled roots probably accounted for the enhanced levels of starch after the roots were processed. From data on U.V. absorption, phenolic levels, and electrolyte leakage, we believe that hardcore develops when phenolics or related substances, and possibly cations, bind with cell wall materials.
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. V. Changes in Inhibitor (ABA) Levels in the Seed and Pericarp1
Authors: Davison Ronald M. , Rudnicki Ryszard M. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: August 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) was isolated from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) fruit and identified by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Inhibitor levels in the seed paralleled those in the pericarp and were, in general, directly related to growth rate of the fruit, higher levels being found during the initial rapid growth (Stage I) than during the retarded growth phase (Stage II). The level of the inhibitor increased in Stage III, then decreased in the final stages of maturity. The possible role of endogenous ABA in cherry fruit development is discussed.
Prevention of Winter Sunscald Injury in Michigan Orchards1
Authors: Kesner Charles D. , Hansen Clarence M.
Published: August 2022

Seven types of protective or sun reflecting materials were tested on the trunks of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cvs. Hedelfingen and Napoleon): (Comfort Coat), aluminum foil wraps, 24 gauge aluminum pipe, urethane foam wraps, white latex paint, fiberglass insulation, fiberglass insulation with a plastic covering and heating cables overlain with fiberglass insulation. While all were eficacious to some degree good quality outdoor white latex paint applied to the S and SW sides of tree trunks was shown to be most practical preventing winter sunscald injury. From noon to 3 PM on bright, sunny winter days, white latex paint treated tree trunks maintained an 8-16.7°C (15-30°F) cooler temperature on the S side than unpainted check trees.
Evaluation of Strawberry Parent Clones for Easy Calyx Removal1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H.
Published: August 2022

Subjective capping ease ratings were used to evaluate 27 strawberry clones over a 4-year period. ‘Puget Beauty’, ‘Olympus’, ‘Totem’ and ‘Hood’ were the easiest cultivars to cap while ‘Shuksan’, ‘Rainier’ and ‘Holiday’ were the most difficult. General combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and GCA parent values were estimated from seedlings in 79 families. GCA parent values were positively correlated with parent phenotypic assessment (r = .828). GCA variance was 4 times larger than SCA. Heritability based on parentoffspring regression of 89 families was .84.
Effects of Cloudiness on Interior Diffuse Light in Apple Trees1
Authors: Lakso A. N. , Musselman R. C.
Published: August 2022

Interior diffuse light readings were taken in trees of semi-dwarf ‘Wayne’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on days of varying cloudiness. Interior light to shaded spurs was found to be greatest when the total light outside the tree was 60 to 90% of maximum, due to higher diffuse light with haze or light cloudiness. Diffuse light available to a shaded site within the canopy is a function of exterior diffuse light levels and canopy density as affected by cultivar. Calculations of whole canopy photosynthetic potential from light data and photosynthetic light response, indicate that haze or cloudiness is needed to obtain maximum whole canopy rates.
The Effect of Four Abscission Chemicals on Orange Fruit and Leaf Ethylene Production1
Authors: Davies F. S. , Cooper W. C. , Holm R. E.
Published: August 2022

Four abscission materials were evaluated to determine their effects on ethylene production and abscission of fruit and leaves of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cvs. Hamlin and Valencia): 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release) glyoxal dioxime (Pik-Off), cycloheximide (3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-glutarimide or Acti-Aid) and cycloheximide in combination with chlorothalonil (DS-27914). All chemicals enhanced internal fruit ethylene levels and subsequent fruit loosening. However, the magnitude and timing of the fruit ethylene response varied with each chemical and correlated with fruit loosening and subsequent retightening. The pattern of ethylene production may indicate the optimum fruit harvest period and the degree of leaf abscission for each chemical.
Differential Susceptibility to Fusarium Stub Dieback in Carnation Cultivars1
Authors: Stack R. W. , Horst R. K. , Nelson P. E. , Langhans R. W.
Published: August 2022

Sixty-three cultivars of carnation (Dianthus cary ophyllus L.) including 42 Sim types, 9 non-Sim standards and 12 miniature types, were tested for susceptibility to Fusarium stub dieback caused by Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. All cultivars were assigned a numerical rating by comparing infection rates to ‘Improved White Sim’ (IWS) used as a standard assigned rating of 1.00. Sixteen cultivars had ratings significantly lower than IWS and 3 significantly higher. The range of the ratings was from 0.20 for ‘Maj Britt’ to 2.61 for ‘Orchid Beauty’. The range for Sim types was from 0.25 for ‘Yellow dusty’ to 1.67 for ‘California White’. It is suggested that sufficient variation exists in commercial cultivars for selection for resistance to Fusarium stub dieback.
Pale Green Lethal Gene in Apple Clones1
Authors: Way R. D. , Lamb R. C. , Pratt Charlotte , Cummins J. N.
Published: August 2022

Pale green lethal seedlings of apple (Malus spp.) are characterized by yellowish green color, poor growth of lateral roots, of epicotyl and of leaves, early cessation of apical meristematic activity, and death of the whole plant in about 1 month. Lethal seedlings occur in about 25% of the progeny of 2 heterozygous diploid parents. By this test we determined the homozygosity of 107 diploids (LL) and the heterozygosity of 97 diploids (LI). Among tetraploids 12 were quadriplex (LLLL) and 8 were probably duplex (LLll) or triplex (LLLl), but the expected ratios were not obtained.
Resistance of Strawberry Clones to Botrytis Fruit Rot1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H.
Published: August 2022

Pre- and postharvest fruit rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., were determined during 2 seasons for 48 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars and selections. All had as much or more preharvest rot than ‘Totem’ which was used as the resistant standard. Many, including ‘Belrubi’, ‘Hood’, ‘Linn’, ‘Olympus’, ‘Rainier’ and ‘Sivetta’ had a significantly higher incidence of preharvest rot than ‘Totem’. ‘Totem’, ‘Olympus’, ‘Shuksan’ and ‘Rainier’ were very susceptible to postharvest fruit rot, ‘Hood’ and ‘Linn’ showed intermediate susceptibility and ‘Tago’ and several selections showed some resistance. Pre- and postharvest rot were correlated on several dates but correlation coefficients were all less than 0.585. Fruit firmness was negatively associated with both pre- and postharvest incidence of fruit rot although correlation coefficients were all less than 0.645. Many selections showing postharvest rot resistance were derived from the very firm fruited clones, NY 844 and ‘Linn’. This study demonstrates that it is possible to select firm-fruited clones which have resistance to both preharvest and postharvest Botrytis fruit rot. Clones with these three desirable traits were WSU 1522, 1641, 1647, 1675, 1696 and 1698.
Rust Mite Damage Increases Uptake and Effectiveness of an Abscission-accelerating Chemical on ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B. , Bausher Michael G. , Biggs R. Hilton
Published: August 2022

‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) damaged with rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead) responded to the abscission-accelerating chemical glyoxal dioxime (ethanedial dioxime) with greater ethylene production and greater reduction in bonding force than undamaged fruit. More than 90% of the 14C-glyoxal dioxime taken up by the rind was absorbed during the first 24 hrs. Absorption of 14C-glyoxal dioxime by rind tissue of mite-damaged fruit was more rapid than that of undamaged fruit. The differences in uptake of 14C-glyoxal dioxime due to mite damage were greatest on the first day after treatment, which was also the time of maximum ethylene production in response to glyoxal dioxime. The increased uptake in mite-damaged fruit is partially responsible for the increased effectiveness of glyoxal dioxime. It is likely that mite-damaged fruit are more permeable to many agricultural chemicals than undamaged fruit.
Variation of Thiocyanate Ion Content in Cauliflower and Broccoli Cultivars1
Authors: Ju Hak-Yoon , Bible Bernard B. , Chong Calvin
Published: August 2022

The thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content in leaves and stems of 2 cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group) and 2 broccoli (B. oleracea L. Italica group) cultivars was highest in 15-day seedlings at the cotyledon stage of development, then decreased rapidly and showed little change in 72-day and older plants. The highest quantities of SCN− in cauliflower curds and broccoli heads generally occurred at the premature stage of development, after which it decreased rapidly. Except for ‘Jet Snow’ cauliflower, relatively high quantities of SCN− were found in edible curds of 9 other cauliflower cultivars and heads of 6 broccoli cultivars at the optimum mature stage.
Juvenility and Response Time of Kalanchoe Cultivars1
Authors: Khoury N. , White J. W.
Published: August 2022

With 4 weeks of long nights Kalanchoe ‘Deep Scarlet’, ‘Yellow Darling’ and ‘Exotica’ reached maturity by the 10th week from sowing; ‘Melody’ on the 14th week; with 6 weeks of long nights ‘Morning Sun’ on the 10th week, ‘Ramona’ on the 12th week and ‘Red Glow’ >14 weeks. Response time, defined as days from the beginning of long nights to anthesis, was 13 weeks for ‘Hummel's Hybrid’ and ‘Ramona’; 9 for ‘Deep Scarlet’; 10 for ‘Yellow Darling’, ‘Exotica’, and ‘Morning Sun’; 11 for ‘Melody’; and <12 weeks for ‘Red Glow.’
Assimilate Translocation in Juvenile-adult Grafts of Hedera helix1
Authors: Clark James R. , Hackett Wesley P.
Published: August 2022

Translocation of 14C-labelled assimilates between partners of juvenile–adult grafts of English ivy (Hedera helix L.) was influenced by 14CO2 application technique, stem girdling, selective defoliation, and cytokinin treatment. Applications of the cytokinin, 6 benzylamimo purine (BA), to the shoot tip of the juvenile scion increased the amount of label translocated to the juvenile shoot. The results indicate the importance of precise manipulation of assimilate sources and sinks in order to insure translocation from presumptive donor to receptor in the grafted ivy system.
Postbloom and Preharvest Daylength Effects on the Ripening of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: August 2022

Orchard-grown trees of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica, Borkh) were exposed to shortened daylengths for 30 days after bloom or for 70 days preceding the normal fruit ripening period. Ethylene concentrations in attached apples and ethylene production rates of harvested apples indicated that the ripening of ‘Delicious’ apples is not daylength dependent.
Selecting Economically Optimal Levels of Fertilization and Irrigation for Container Production of Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Miller Marvin N. , Gunter Dan L. , Melton Bryan E. , Johnson Charles R. , Midcap James T.
Published: August 2022

A production function was estimated for Ligustrum japonicum L. A medium comprised of 1 peatmoss: 2 sand: 2 pinebark with 10.8 g of fertilizer and 19.3 liters of water per container provides for the least cost production of a “salable” 70 g (dry weight) plant. The method is outlined for determining economic optimality for salable production.
A Morphological Study of the Development of Reproductive Structures of Phaseolus coccineus Lam.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Ross Ryan M. , Sigourney Mary C.
Published: August 2022

The scarlet runner bean, Phaseolus coccineus, although self-compatible, is primarily cross-pollinated. Morphological characteristics of the reproductive system which facilitate cross-pollination include the relative position of anthers and stigma at the time of pollen deshicence. Pollen is shed primarily onto stylar and stigmatic hairs or the style, rather than onto the stigmatic surface. The long period of stigma receptivity, from the mature bud stage through anthesis, also favors cross-pollination and accounts for the small degree of self-pollination which occurs in mature buds. Movement of stigmatic hairs may result in some transfer of pollen onto the stigma.
Diabroticite Beetle Responses to Cucurbitacin Kairomones in Cucurbita Hybrids1
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Metcalf Robert L. , Metcalf Esther R.
Published: August 2022

Two hybrid cucurbits were produced that combined the genetic production of cucurbitacins as found in the wild bitter gourds, Cucurbita andreana Naud and C. texana Gray, with the high fruit yields characteristic of the domesticated cultivars of C. maxima Duchesne and C. pepo L. Both the C. andreana × C. maxima and C. texana × C. pepo hybrids produced relatively high yields of fruit with high cucurbitacin content. Both hybrids showed promise as attractants for population estimation of corn rootworm beetles (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber and D. virgifera LeConte) or for use in poisoned baits using methomyl or trichlorfon with the bitter cut fruits or fruit homogenates.
Ethylene Evolution from Apple Shoots and Spur Buds1
Authors: Walsh Christopher S. , Kender Walter J.
Published: August 2022

An effective and simple system for studying ethylene evolution from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoots was devised and used to follow seasonal patterns of ethylene evolution, as well as changes in ethylene evolution following ethephon and shoot bending treatments. Field studies using intact two year wood of spur and non-spur strains of ‘Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’ showed similarly high levels of ethylene early in the season which subsequently declined. The large differences in ethylene evolution between sampling dates may have been caused by climatic differences at the time of sampling. No differences in ethylene evolution were detected among strains or cultivars although differences in flowering were observed in the following season.
A Comparison of Tree Size, Productivity, and Fruit Quality of ‘Delicious’ Strains1
Authors: Lord William J. , Damon Richard A. , Anderson James F.
Published: August 2022

A planting was established in 1964 and 1965 to evaluate the following ‘Delicious’ strains: ‘Red Prince’, ‘Jardine Red’, ‘Royal Red’, ‘Turner Red’, ‘Richared’, ‘Rogers Red’, ‘Gardner Red’, ‘Sturdeespur’, and ‘Starkrimson’, the last 2 being spur types. The strains have been evaluated through 1979. Leaf N, K, Ca and Mg levels varied among the strains but none was consistently different from another. The cumulative yield per tree from 1970 to 1979 was higher for all standard strains except ‘Red Prince’ than for the spur strains. Theoretical cumulative yield per hectare was highest for ‘Sturdeespur’ and significantly higher than all other cultivars with the exception of ‘Turner Red’. ‘Sturdeespur’ had the highest production efficiency. Watercore severity at harvest was inconsistent among the strains, but in 3 of 4 years fewer ‘Starkrimson’ fruits were affected.
Effect of Soil Fumigation on the Early Growth and Production of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Koch B. L. , Covey R. P. , Haglund W.
Published: August 2022

Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide showed a significant increase in growth as measured by trunk circumference. The increase in trunk circumference from fumigation varied from 33 to 49% after 6 to 8 years. Fruit production increased from 2- to 4-fold during the same period. Soil pH, soil arsenic and nematode counts were not considered to be major factors in the lack of growth and fruit production for trees grown in unfumigated soil.
In Vitro Flowering of Passiflora suberosa L.1
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

Leaf, stem, and tendril explants of Passiflora suberosa flowered in vitro on a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts plus 3% sucrose, glycine, and vitamins. The most effective flowering treatment was achieved with stem explants from the shoot apex cultured with 0.1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) in light. Flowering occurred in as few as 21 days. Shoot formation required only a 1-day exposure to BA but flowering required a 3-day exposure. Explants of leaves and stems obtained from below node 5 remained vegetative. Combined culture of basal and apical leaf discs did not alter flowering ability. Leaf discs recultured from in vitro flowering shoots formed only vegetative shoots, suggesting exhaustion of a flower-inducing substance in culture. Explants from juvenile plants formed only vegetative shoots.
Factors Associated with Excessive Fruit Drop of Navel Orange1
Authors: de Lima Jose E. O. , Davies Frederick S. , Krezdorn Alfred H.
Published: August 2022

Two distinct periods of fruit drop, summer (mid-June to mid-August) and summer-fall (late August to late October), of navel sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were observed during the period between the end of the June drop (mid-June) and legal maturity (late October) in the 1978-79 and 1979-80 seasons. Summer drop reduced fruit number in 1979 by as much as 16.5% and was mostly caused by a yellowing and subsequent decay of the secondary fruit. A separation zone was found between the central axis and the secondary fruit of those with yellow navels. Summer-fall drop was responsible for an additional 14.5% reduction in fruit number based on catching frame counts. It was caused primarily by stylar-end decay, dieback of branches, splitting and brown rot (Phytophthora spp.). Causes of stylar-end decay, branch dieback and splitting were not identified. Incidence of stylar-end decay and splitting was greatest on fruit with a large (> 12 mm) stylar-end aperture (navel) of irregular shape, and adjacent thinner than usual peel. Stylar-end decay was associated with protrusions of rind-like tissue from the secondary fruit into segments of the primary fruit.
Fire Blight Resistance in the Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding Program1
Authors: Gardner Randolph G. , Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle Herb S.
Published: August 2022

Reactions of 122 apple clones, representing 26 pure and hybrid species of Malus, to Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. were evaluated in the greenhouse, orchard, and field nursery. Vigorously growing shoots, 7 to 9 weeks old, were tip inoculated by injecting a 24-hour broth culture of a highly pathogenic isolate of E. amylovora. Lesion development, measured 5 to 7 weeks after inoculation, was expressed as a percentage of the current season’s shoot length killed by fire blight. Inter- and intraspecific variation in resistance, similar to that reported for Pyrus, was observed. The highest level of resistance, typified by a small necrotic lesion 2-3 mm in diameter around the inoculation point, occurred in small-fruited selections derived from Asiatic species. Few selections of the cultivated apple, Malus pumila Mill., were resistant. Fire blight ratings were assigned the clones based on their potentials as parents for breeding apple rootstocks.
Residue and Efficacy Studies of Alachlor on Cabbage and Soil1
Authors: Hunt T. W. , Monaco T. J. , Sheets T. J.
Published: August 2022

Newly transplanted cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. cv. Market Prize) was treated with alachlor [2 chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at rates of 0, 3.4, and 6.7 kg/ha in 4 tests at 2 locations during 1971, 1972, and 1976. Both rates provided control of all predominant weeds, except ivyleaf morningglory, [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.]. Decreased crop vigor usually occurred with the high rate of alachlor. Cabbage samples from the 1976 tests contained alachlor residues below 0.01 ppm, the low detectable limit. Residue levels in soil samples from plots that received 3.4 kg/ha decreased from 0.72 to to 0.07 ppm at one location and 0.72 to 0.08 ppm at the other location during the 10 and 11 weeks of the experiment. Residues in soils from the 6.7 kg/ha plots decreased from 1.58 to 0.10 ppm and 1.89 to 0.22 ppm for each location, respectively.
Growth Response of ‘Grand Rapids’ Lettuce and ‘First Lady’ Marigold to Increased Far-red and Infrared Radiation under Controlled Environments1
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Ormrod Douglas P.
Published: August 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) and marigold (Tagetes erecta L. cv. First Lady) plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers at equal levels of photosynthetically active radiation but with varying amounts of far-red and infrared radiation. Levels of FR and IR were obtained by varying the incandescent level in each chamber to provide 10, 18, 25, or 31% of the total input wattage for lettuce and 17 or 30% for marigold. In lettuce, increasing INC level from 10 or 18% to 31% of the total input wattage markedly increased stem elongation, node number, and fresh and dry weight of tops. In marigold, increasing INC level from 17 to 30% significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of tops, but had no effect on stem length or node number. Mean relative growth rate was unaffected by INC level in either species.
In Vitro Studies on Ethephon-induced Abscission in Olive. I. The Effect of Application Period and Concentration on Uptake, Ethylene Evolution, and Leaf Abscission1
Authors: Lavee S. , Martin G. C.
Published: August 2022

An in vitro laboratory model for the study of leaf abscission induced by (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was developed. Feeding of ethephon through the base of excised shoots of ‘Manzanillo’ olive (Olea europaea L.) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent sequential increase in ethylene evolution from, and abscission of the leaves along, these shoots. The extent of leaf abscission was correlated with the early rate of ethylene evolution from individual leaves. A minimum induction period of about 50 hr was needed to induce the first leaf abscission. An ethephon pulse of 500 mg/liter for 1 hr or 250 mg/liters for 2 hr was enough to induce about 90% leaf abscission.
Woolly Apple Aphid Colonization on Malus Cultivars1
Authors: Cummins James N. , Forsline P. L. , Mackenzie J. David
Published: August 2022

Susceptibility to woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmn.) was evaluated on 391 Malus clones in a mature cultivar test orchard and on 164 clones in the greenhouse and nursery. A spray program based on Mesurol (4-methylthio-3,5-xylylmethyl-carbamate) resulted in increased aphid populations in the orchard and thereby enhanced identification of susceptible clones. Resistant cultivars included ‘Northern Spy’, several derivatives of ‘Northern Spy’, ‘Ivory’s Double Vigour’, ‘Kola’, Malus halliana Koehne, M. hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd., M. X robusta (Carr.) Rehd. No. 5 (R5), and M. tschonoskii (Maxim.) Schneid. No evidence was seen that a biotype capable of colonizing ‘Northern Spy’ and its derivatives had arisen in New York.
Composted, Digested Sludge as a Medium for Growing Flowering Annuals1
Authors: Wootton R. D. , Gouin F. R. , Stark F. C.
Published: August 2022

Tagetes erecta L. cv. Golden Jubilee, Zinnia elegans Jacq. cv. Fire Cracker, and Petunia hybrida Hort. cv. Sugar Plum were grown in various sludge compost-based media based on fraction size. Growth determined by shoot dry weight was greatest in media containing greater portions of small compost particles. No nutrient deficiency symptoms or toxicity symptoms were observed. Shoot weight was increased by addition of a N-P-K fertilizer.
Genetic Variation for Flowering Response to Photoperiod in Phaseolus lunatus L.1
Authors: Harding James , Tucker C. L. , Barnes Kathleen
Published: August 2022

Twenty-seven pure lines of lima bean collected over a wide geographical area were evaluated for response to photoperiod. The genotypes were grown in 6 chambers with photoperiods of 9, 11, 12.5, 14, 15.5 and 17.5 hours. Response to flowering among the genotypes was characterized by a polynomial regression model. Sixteen of the 27 genotypes were characterized as daylength neutral and 8 reacted sharply to daylength. Three genotypes reacted in a quantitative manner. Linear, quadratic, and cubic responses were observed.
Influence of Tillage, Nitrogen, and Rye Cover Crop on Growth and Yield of Tomatoes1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Turner J. L. , Evans C. E.
Published: August 2022

Field studies were conducted on an Orangeburg sandy loam soil (Typic Paleudults) in central Alabama to determine the effects of tillage methods (complete, strip, and no-tillage), nitrogen rates (100 and 200 kg/ha), and rye (Secale cereale) cover crop on growth and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Marketable tomato yields tended to decrease as amount of tillage decreased. The 3-year average yields for complete-tillage, strip-tillage, and no-tillage treatments were 29.9, 27.0, and 26.0 MT/ha, respectively. There was no consistent effect from N-rate on marketable yields. Average yields from the lower N-rate were greater than the higher N-rate in the two driest years and were similar or higher from the higher N-rate in the year of more average rainfall. Marketable yields tended to be greater on no-rye plots than on rye plots, with yields averaging 2.2 MT/ha higher for no-rye plots.
Development Time of ‘Cara Mia’ Rose Shoots as Influenced by Pruning Position and Parent Shoot Diameter1
Authors: Byrne Thomas G. , Doss Robert P.
Published: August 2022

Shoots of ‘Cara Mia’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) arising from buds higher on the parent shoot become salable more quickly than those arising from lower buds. Those developing above the 10th or below the 6th true leaf are shorter, of smaller diameter and weigh less. Shoot development is also strongly influenced by shoot diameter at the point of origin. Larger parent shoots give rise to shoots that become salable more quickly, are longer, weigh more, and are larger in diameter than those from smaller parent shoots. Buds from larger-diameter shoots are of larger diameter and have more leaf primordia than those from smaller-diameter shoots, but the diameter of their apical dome is not greater.
Importance of Leaf Retention to Rooting of Avocado Cuttings1,2
Authors: Reuveni O. , Raviv M.
Published: August 2022

Cuttings of 10 different clones of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) were rooted under intermittant mist. A wide range in rooting capability was noted. Rooting percentage of clones was found to be correlated with number of leaves retained on the cuttings. Speed of rooting within the same clone was also determined by number of leaves retained. Carbohydrate content in leaves and cutting bases at the beginning was not associated with rooting capability. Starch accumulation at the cutting bases occurred while cuttings were under mist; this was correlated with the rooting capability. Mineral (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, B, Fe, Zn, Mn) content of the leaves at the beginning and after a while under the mist did not show any association with rooting except for Mn, which was negatively correlated with rooting capability.
Effects of Season and Crop Load on Maturity Characteristics of ‘Bing’ Cherry1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H.
Published: August 2022

As ‘Bing’ cherries (Prunus avium L.) matured, the quality characteristics changed rapidly but not consistently from year to year over 9 years. Color increased rapidly and at similar rates in all years. Soluble solids increased rapidly during years when the crop was light, but slowly when the crop was heavy. When crops were light, the fruit was full sized before color reached fresh market standards and there was no further growth as the fruit continued to mature. With heavy crops the fruit increased in size until they began to shrivel. Early in maturation the fruits were very firm, but they softened rapidly during the early fresh market stage, then more slowly.
Inheritance of Several Plant and Floral Characters in Streptocarpus1
Authors: Schmidt Doreen , Erickson H. T.
Published: August 2022

Inbreds (S2) of Streptocarpus spp. ‘Constant Nymph’ were crossed with a related selection, ‘Maassen’s White,’ and a red, large-flowered S. rexii hybrid clone. Progeny analysis showed ‘Constant Nymph’ to be heterozygous for the L gene for striping on the lower corolla petals and Y gene for yellow throat blotch. Anthocyanin striping on the upper corolla was regulated by 2 complementary dominant genes, designated Lu-1 and Lu-2. ‘Maassen’s White’ is homozygous for blue flowers although color is suppressed by a recessive inhibitor. Several quantitative flower and leaf characters showed considerable variability among progenies indicating substantial progress can be expected in breeding for leaf size and form, flower size and number, peduncle length, and earliness. Inbreeding to the S3 led to low fertility and considerable loss of vigor.
Evaluation of Ethanedial Dioxime (Pik-Off) as an Abscission Agent on Florida Oranges Used for Processing1
Authors: Wilson W. C.
Published: August 2022

Pik-Off (PO), a Ciba-Geigy Corp. product, has been field evaluated under an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) experimental permit. Although PO does not usually produce as good abscission as some other chemicals, it appears satisfactory for many uses. From a cost and residue standpoint, PO appears to be in an advantageous position, and it is compatible with the ‘Valencia’ cultivar (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). PO should not be used with surfactants. Its effect is decreased by rain (within 24 hours of application) and low temperatures. PO is restricted by label as to total quantity which can be applied per ha. However, results of a series of volume versus concentration field tests showed that increased amounts of material per ha substantially improved abscission performance, particularly on larger trees.
Effects of Chemical Protectants against Chilling Injury of Young Cucumber Seedlings
Authors: Sasson Nathaniel , Bramlage W. J.
Published: August 2022

Chilling of 8-day-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings for 48 hours at 2°C caused reversible damage; chilled seedlings collapsed but regained turgor within 6 hours at 25°. Hypocotyl segments from chilled seedlings exhibited increased solute leakage, ethylene production, and O2 uptake after transfer to 25°. Pretreatment of seedlings with 10−4m abscisic acid generally reduced symptoms of damage but did not prevent chilling injury. Pretreatment with 10−3m CaCl2 was generally ineffective, and pretreatment with 10−3m ascorbate generally intensified symptoms of injury. Oxygen uptake increased during the first 6 hours at 25° but returned to the level of unchilled seedlings within 24 hours. Chilled tissue was sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol during this period, although sensitivity was less than in controls during the first 12 hours after chilling. Unchilled tissue was insensitive to SHAM, but O2 uptake was inhibited by SHAM during the respiratory burst following chilling. Tissue was no longer SHAM-sensitive after 24 hours at 25°, by which time the respiratory burst had subsided. Thus, the alternative respiratory pathway was apparently operating only during the time of the respiratory burst, when the seedlings were recovering from chilling injury.
The Influence of Fungicides on Pollen Germination and Yield of Cranberry1
Authors: Bristow P. R. , Shawa A. Y.
Published: August 2022

Captan, captafol, and mancozeb at 10μg, and cupric hydroxide, ferbam, triforine-EC, and zineb at 100 μg active ingredient per ml of glucose-amended cornmeal agar completely inhibited pollen germination of ‘McFarlin’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) Triforine-F and triforine-WP at 10,000 μg/ml allowed some pollen germination. Captafol, mancozeb, and the 3 formulations of triforine all prevented pollen germination when suspensions, each at the concentration for field application, were spread on the surface of the medium immediately prior to seeding with pollen. Pollen failed to germinate on stigmas of cranberry flowers previously dipped into suspensions containing 10,000 μg/ml of captafol, cupric hydroxide, ferbam, and triforine-EC. Lower concentrations of these four fungicides and five others at 10,000 μg/ml had little or no effect on pollen germination in vivo. Triforine-EC applied twice during bloom at 0.33 kg active ingredient/ha significantly (P= 5%) reduced yield by 41%. While triforine-EC did not alter the number of berries produced per upright, it did result in the production of smaller and lighter berries.
Effects of Ethephon on Maturation and Postharvest Quality of ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L.
Published: August 2022

Single and split applications of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at different concentrations to ‘Concord’ grapes(Vitis labrusca L.)did not influence maturation. When ethephon was applied 8 days prior to harvest, abscission was enhanced and postharvest alcohol accumulation was reduced when fruit was shaken from the vine and held at 30°C for up to 24 hours.
Alteration of Sex Expression in Cucumber by Partial or Total Removal of the Cotyledons1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Omran Ali F.
Published: August 2022

Cotyledons of 3 cultivars of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were partially or wholly removed during early seedling development to determine the effect of reduced seedling vigor on subsequent sex expression. Under winter conditions in the greenhouse, removal of 11/2 to 2 cotyledons led to reduced seedling vigor, an increase in the number of staminate flowers, and a reduction in the number of pistillate flowers on the first 10 nodes of the hybrid cultivars ‘Pioneer’ and ‘Pickmore’. During spring trials, removal of the cotyledons led to a vigor reduction in young seedlings, but mature plants were not stunted. Under conditions which were more favorable for plant growth, sex expression was unaltered in the plants. Sex expression was generally unaffected by cotyledon removal in an inbred line ‘MSU 713-5’ in both winter and spring trials, although the number of pistillate flowers produced was reduced by removal of both cotyledons 3 or 6 days after emergence in the spring trials. It appears that major loss of cotyledonary tissue can lead to an alteration of sex expression in hybrid cucumbers grown under less than optimum conditions for plant growth.
Influence of Nutrition, Propagation Techniques, Light Intensity, and Insecticides on Episcia cupreata1
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Waters W. E. , Price J. F.
Published: August 2022

Experiments were designed to develop information on commercial production systems for Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst. (flame violet) encompassing nutrition, propagation, light intensity, and insect pest management. A 200–250 ppm N and 150 ppm K solution applied at a rate of 50 ml/10-cm pot per week provided adequate nutritional requirements for these major elements. Propagation techniques involving combinations of rooted or unrooted plantlets 5–13 cm in canopy diameter provided crop turnover rates from 4 to 12 weeks for production in 10-cm pots. Optimum light intensity was established at 17–22 klx. Acephate and oxamyl eliminated mealybugs (Ferrisia virgata) on Episcia plants and were not phytotoxic to the foliage.
Influence of Physical Stress on Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R.
Published: August 2022

Various treatments resulting in physical stress to leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were tested for their influence on net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr). Brushing to simulate handling or wind rubbing reduced both Pn and Tr in one study and had little effect in another. Shaking 1 min/day had no influence on Pn or Tr. Six or more 1-cm cuts/leaf reduced Pn and had no effect on Tr. Removal of 20% of the leaf area and twenty-four 1-cm cuts/leaf reduced Pn in young expanding leaves; the amount of cut surface exposed by injury was more important than the amount of leaf area removed. Scoring and feeding of two-spotted spider mites [Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] reduced Pn.
In Vitro Cotyledonary Development and Anthocyanin Synthesis in Zygotic and Asexual Embryos of Theobroma cacao1
Authors: Pence Valerie Creaser , Hasegawa Paul M. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

Cotyledonary development of asexual embryos of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in liquid medium on a rotary drum apparatus was similar to that of zygotic embryos in vivo. Immature zygotic and asexual embryos synthesized anthocyanins, characteristic of the developing zygotic embryo in vivo, when cultured in vitro in liquid or on semisolid media containing high concentrations of sucrose.
Inheritance of Short Fruit Development Period in Peach1
Authors: Vileila-Morales E. A. , Sherman W. B. , Wilcox C. J. , Andrews C. P.
Published: August 2022

Length of the fruit development period in Florida breeding populations of low-chilling peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) had estimated heritability values of 0.73 to 0.98. High genetic correlations were found between leaf color classes and length of fruit development periods.
Rest Prediction Model for Low-chilling ‘Sungold’ Nectarine1
Authors: Gilreath Phyllis R. , Buchanan D. W.
Published: August 2022

Floral bud break of 1-year-old rooted cuttings of ‘Sungold’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was observed following chilling at constant and diurnal temperature regimes. Continuous exposure to 10°C was as effective as 7°. Rate of bud break increased as chilling increased up to 750 hours. Floral bud break of plants exposed to 14 days at 30° during the middle of the chilling period was more rapid but failed to reach the level of activity of plants exposed to constant temperatures. A chill unit model developed for ‘Sungold’ nectarine which has a chilling requirement of 550 hours indicated a broader range of effective temperatures and a higher optimum for rest completion as compared to the Utah model and predicted rest completion more accurately than other methods when applied to orchard temperature data.
Fruit Set and Seed Number from Self- and Cross-pollinated Highbush (4x) and Rabbiteye (6x) Blueberries1
Authors: El-Agamy S. Z. A. , Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: August 2022

Fruit set from self-pollination averaged 67% in 4x highbush type complex (blueberry cultivars derived from at least 5 species including Vaccinium corymbosum L.) as compared to 18% in 6x rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) cultivars. Fruit set from cross-pollination within highbush averaged 82% as compared to 47% in rabbiteye. Seed per berry from self-pollination averaged 3.9 in highbush and 1.5 in rabbiteye. Seed per berry from cross-pollination within highbush averaged 11.2 as compared to 8.5 within rabbiteye. Cross-pollination is desirable for maximum fruit set in both highbush and rabbiteye but appears especially critical in rabbiteye.
Effect of Low Oxygen Storage on Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Chang L. A. , Kays S. J.
Published: August 2022

Respiration of sweet potato roots was significantly depressed by low oxygen concentrations from 5 to 15% compared to 20% O2, but respiration at 2.5% O2 was high. Total sugar accumulated with low oxygen (2.5 and 5.0%) storage. Protopectin was low in roots stored at low O2 concentrations but water soluble pectin was not significantly affected. Physical parameters Ew and δf the storage roots were high when stored at low O2 concentrations. Ey and Ef were not significantly affected. Ew was correlated with total sugar (r = 0.79).
Seedbed Preparation for Carrot Production on Organic Soil1
Authors: Millette J. A. , Vigier B. , Hogue E. J.
Published: August 2022

Five sets of basic tillage operations were carried out for 5 consecutive years on an organic soil, each followed by seeding on the flat or on raised beds to determine the cultural methods that would provide the best yield of quality fresh market carrots (Daucus carota L.) without adversely affecting the soil structure. Raised beds offered no yield advantage in a wet season and no yield reduction in a dry season. In a wet season, the bed system favored harvesting operations by reducing soil moisture and rendering the field surface firmer. Minimum tillage consisting of a fall and a spring disking did not reduce yields or increase soil bulk density as compared to spring plowing and rototilling.
Sources of Variation of Self Seed Set in Pseudo-self-compatible Nemesia strumosa1
Authors: Robacker Carol D. , Ascher Peter D.
Published: August 2022

Genotypes and pollination dates, but not cuttings, contributed significantly to variance in percent pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC) from self pollinations of F2 sibling Nemesia strumosa Benth. plants. Genotypes selected from different families which were self- and cross-pollinated on several dates in 4 locations having varying environmental conditions responded differently to environments. Correlations between seed set and daily temperatures were significant in only a few cases. Tests of the effect of plant age on seed set revealed that plants generally set fewer seeds following either self- or compatible-pollinations when old, but the ratio of self- to compatible-cross seed sets (percent PSC) varied with genotype.
Chemical Control of Abscission and Degreening in Stored Lemons1
Authors: Einset John W. , Lyon J. Lorene , Johnson Paul
Published: August 2022

Three auxins (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid; 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-oxyacetic acid; and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2 inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis (i.e., aminoethoxyvinylglycine and aminoxyacetic acid) have been shown to inhibit abscission of stem parts (buttons) from fruit of lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) stored in controlled ethylene (about 5 ppm) atmosheres. Freshly picked lemons were treated by dipping them in aqueous solutions containing 500 ppm Triton X-100 plus-or-minus additions and then were stored at a packing house for 13 days; the fruit then were color-stored and analyzed for evidence of button abscission. When the abscission inhibitors were tested in concentrations equal to or greater than commercial concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (2|0 ppm) and its isopropyl ester (250 ppm), only 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picloram) was found to be as effective in inhibiting button abscission. As little as 50 ppm picloram gave inhibition of abscission comparable to 250 ppm isopropyl ester of 2,4-D. All of the auxin inhibitors of button abscission including the free acid and isopropyl ester of 2,4-D delayed the degreening of fruit in the packing house. Triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-oxyacetic acid) had the severest effect, picloram had a moderate effect, and the free base and isopropyl ester of 2,4-D had mild delaying effects on degreening. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (200 ppm) and aminoxyacetic acid (1840 ppm) did not inhibit degreening.
Calcium Efficiency among Tomato Strains1
Authors: English Jean E. , Maynard Donald N.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of 44 tomato strains were screened in low (16.5 mg/plant) Ca nutrient solutions. Tolerance to low Ca was rated according to plant appearance and efficiency ratios, i.e., tissue produced (g) per unit of Ca (mg) in the tissue. Correlations among various symptom ratings and Ca-efficiency ratios for roots, stems and petioles, and laminar tissue showed that only 1 deficiency symptom and dry weight or 1 symptom and 1 efficiency ratio were necessary to rank plants. These methods showed that Plant Introductions (PI) 340909, 341984, and 341988 (all L. esculentum) were Ca-inefficient, whereas PI 205040 (L. esculentum cv. Yellow Peach) and PI 129021 (L. esculentum × L. pimpinellifolium) were Ca-effi-cient. Differences in efficiency were maintained when these selections were grown with higher Ca concentrations.
Cost of Producing Easter Lilies in North Carolina1
Authors: Brumfield Robin G. , Nelson Paul V. , Coutu Arthur J. , Willits Daniel H. , Sowell Robert S.
Published: August 2022

The total costs of producing Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum, Thunb.) were developed for firms with 1,800 m2, 9,000 m2, and 36,000 m2 of production area. Economies of size existed in 2 market channels (mass market and full service florist). The total costs of Easter lilies to producers in the mass market marketing channel, including the cost of 6.31% bulbs that did not emerge, were $2.08, $1.83, and $1.63 per pot for the 1.800 m2, 9,000 m2, and 36,000 m2 firms, respectively. Costs were $0.48, $0.36, and $0.32 higher per pot for the florist producers than for the mass market producers for the small, medium, and large firms, respectively.
Influences of Potassium, Cultivar, and Season on Tomato Graywall and Blotchy Ripening1
Authors: Picha D. H. , Hall C. B.
Published: August 2022

‘Healani’, ‘Homestead-24’, ‘Walter’, and ‘Flora-Dade’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown with 0, 93, 186, 372, or 744 kg K/ha during spring and fall to determine the influence of K rate, cultivar, and season on the separate fruit disorders of graywall (GW) and blotchy ripening (BR). Susceptibility to GW was determined by inoculating a GW-inducing type of bacteria, Erwinia herbicola (Dye), into the outer pericarp of immature green fruit. All 4 cultivars developed more GW without added K than with it during the spring season. In both field and greenhouse conditions, ‘Flora-Dade’ and ‘Homestead-24’ were more resistant to GW than ‘Healani’ and ‘Walter’. Natural GW, contrasted to bacterially induced GW, occurred in ‘Healani’ and ‘Homestead-24’ fruit grown with low K concentrations in a sand culture experiment. Both cultivars were free of natural GW with the high-K treatment. ‘Flora-Dade’ was resistant to natural GW under all K treatments. Fruit from all cultivars had significantly less BR with K fertilization in both seasons. External blotchy ripening (EBR) and internal blotchy ripening (IBR) were more severe in the spring than in the fall. ‘Healani’ showed resistance to yellow shoulder, the primary EBR symptom, which was severe during the spring in all other culti vars. ‘Healani’ was generally the most BR-resistant cultivar and ‘Flora-Dade’ the most BR-susceptible. Pericarp K concentration increased with K rate in all cultivars during both seasons, but differences in susceptibility to BR between cultivars were not associated with differences in pericarp K, Ca, Mg, or P content.