bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultured Rat and Purified Human Pneumocystis carinii Stimulate Intra‐but not Extracellular Free Radical Production in Human Neutrophils
Authors: Jensen Trine , Aliouat El M , Lundgren Bettina , Settnes Osvald P , Karlsson Anna , Dahlgren Claes , Dei‐Cas Eduardo , Obel Niels
Published: May 2007

The production of free radicals in human neutrophils was studied in both Pneumocystis carinii derived from cultures of L2 rat lung epithelial‐like cells and Pneumocystis carinii purified from human lung. Using the cytochrome C technique, which selectively measured extracellular superoxide generation, hardly any free radical production was observed after stimulation with cultured rat‐derived P. carinii. A chemiluminescence technique, which separately measured intra‐ and extracellular free radical production, was subsequently employed to differentiate the free radical generation. It was established that 1) P. carinii stimulated intra‐ but not extracellular free radical production in human neutrophils. 2) opsonized cultured rat‐derived P. carinii stimulated human neutrophils to a strong intra‐cellular response of superoxide production, and 3) opsonized P. carinii. purified from human lung also stimulated human neutrophils to produce intracellular free radicals.
The Phylogenetic Position of Alpha‐ and Beta‐Tubulins from the Chlorarachnion Host and Cercomonas (Cercozoa)
Authors: Keeling Patrick J. , Deane James A. , McFadden Geoffrey I.
Published: May 2007

Alpha and beta‐tubulin genes from Chlorarachnion and an alpha‐tubulin gene from Cercomonas have been characterised. We found the Cercomonas and Chlorarachnion alpha‐tubulins to be closely related to one another, confirming the proposed relationship of these genera. In addition, the Chlorarachnion host and Cercomonas also appear to be more distantly related to Heterolobosea. Euglenozoa, chlorophytes. Heterokonts, and alveolates. Chlorarachnion was also found to have two distinctly different types of both alpha‐ and beta‐tubulin. one type being highly‐divergent. Chlorarachnion contains a secondary endosymbiont of green algal origin, raising the possibility that one type of Chlorarachnion tubulins comes from the host and the other from the endosymbiont. Probing pulsed field‐separated chromosomes showed that the highly‐divergent genes are encoded by the host genome, and neither alpha‐ nor beta‐tubulin cDNAs were found to include 5′ extensions that might serve as targeting peptides. It appears that Chlorarachnion has distinct and divergent tubulin paralogues that are all derived from the host lineage. One Chlorarachnion beta‐tubulin was also found to be a pseudogene, which is still expressed but aberrantly processed. Numerous unspliced introns and deletions resulting from mis‐splicing are contained in the mRNAs from this gene.
A 30‐kDa Protein in the Surface Complex and Flagella of Euglena has Protein Kinase Activity
Authors: SILVA ALBA C. da , LIU SU‐LING , BOUCK G. BENJAMIN
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT A protein kinase (PK) was partially purified from NaCl extracts of the cell surface complex of Euglena using DEAE‐cellulose chromatography. Tubulins extracted either from flagella or from the cell surface complexes of Euglena were readily phosphorylated when incubated with [γ‐32P]‐ATP and the PK. Protein kinase activity was augmented with 5 mM Mn2+ or Mg2 and was inhibited or had greatly reduced activity with 5 mM Ca2+, Co2‐, Cu2+ or Zn2+. Incorporation was much lower when [γ‐32P]‐GTP was the phosphate donor. Serine and threonine were the major radiolabeled phosphoamino acids in tubulins; label was also found in phosphotyrosine. Alpha‐tubulin solubilized from flagella was a relatively poor substrate for the PK, but a Euglenaα‐tubulin cDNA overexpressed as a Trx‐fusion protein incorporated [γ‐32P]‐ATP into serine and threonine when incubated with cell surface extracts. Alpha‐ and β‐tubulins from cell surface complexes were equally good substrates for the PK. No incorporation was observed in intact microtubules either from the cell surface complex or from isolated flagella. In‐gel assays identified a polypeptide of about 30 kDa that phosphorylated tubulins in extracts of both flagella and the cell surface complexes, and dephosphorylated casein was a competitive substrate for the partially purified kinase. In vivo incubation with [32P]‐orthophosphate produced numerous radiolabeled bands in acrylamide gels of NaCl extracts of the cell surface complex, but none of these bands could be positively related to tubulins extracted from surface complex microtubules.
Molecular Evidence That Reticulomyxa Filosa Is A Freshwater Naked Foraminifer
Authors: PAWLOWSKI JAN , BOLIVAR IGNACIO , FAHRNI JOSE F. , VARGAS COLOMBAN DE , BOWSER SAMUEL S.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Reticulomyxa filosa is a freshwater protist possessing fine granular, branching and anastomosing pseudopodia and therefore traditionally placed in the class Granuloreticulosea, order Athalamida, as a sister group to the order Foraminiferida. Recent studies have revealed remarkable similarities in pseudopodial motility and ultrastructure between R. filosa and foraminifera (e.g. Allogromia laticollaris), prompting us to conduct a molecular phylogenetic analysis of these seemingly disparate organisms. We sequenced the complete small‐subunit of the ribosomal DNA of the cultured strain of R. filosa and compared it to the corresponding sequences of other protists including 12 species of foraminifera. We also sequenced and analyzed the actin coding genes from R. filosa and two species of foraminifera, Allogromia sp. and Ammonia sp. the analysis of both data sets clearly shows that R. filosa branches within the clade of foraminifera, suggesting that R. filosa is in fact a freshwater naked foraminiferan.
Effects of Cross‐Inoculation From Elk and Feeding Pine Needles On the Protozoan Fauna of Pregnant Cows: Occurrence of Parentodinium Africanum In Domestic U.S. Cattle (Bos Taurus)
Authors: DEHORITY BURK A. , GRINGS ELAINE E. , SHORT ROBERT E.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. the present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. After emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. For those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. Protozoal concentrations and number of genera were observed to decrease markedly in all cows fed the diet containing pine needles. the cycloposthiid ciliate Parentodinium africanum was observed in rumen contents from several of the domestic cattle (Bos taurus). Concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 130.6 × 104 per ml of rumen contents, which comprised 4.6 to 80.3% of the total ciliate population. Mean dimensions of this species were: length, 33.4 μm: width, 19.7 μm: length/width ratio, 1.70. which were similar to those previously reported for this species from Bos indicus in Brazil. This is the first observation of P. africanum. originally observed and described in stomach contents of the hippopotamus, either in Bos taurus or in and host in the northern hemisphere.
Fish Trypanosomes: Their Position in Kinetoplastid Phylogeny and Variability as Determined from 12S rRNA Kinetoplast Sequences
Authors: FIGUEROA FELIPE , MAYER WERNER E. , LOM JIŘÍ , DYKOVÁ IVA , WELLER MATHIAS , PECKOVA HANA , KLEIN JAN
Published: May 2007

Fish trypanosomes have traditionally been classified according to the host species from which they were isolated, each isolate being regarded as a distinct species. To test the soundness of this practice, the genetic variabilities of the kinetoplast 12S rRNA‐encoding genes of different fish trypanosomes isolates were compared. The DNAs were extracted from trypanosomes cloned from blood samples of 15 donors representing ten different fish species in four orders from waters of three major river systems of Central and Northern Europe. Comparison with other trypanosomatid sequences revealed that the fish trypanosomes form a monophyletic group with Trypanosoma brucei as a sister group. Pairwise comparisons of genetic distances yielded a wide range of continuous variation with no indication of any discontinuities attributable to barriers to gene flow. The genetic distances did not correlate with either the identity of the host species or geography. The host specificity of fish trypanosomes appears to be limited.
Characterization of aSarcocystis neurona.Isolate (SN6) from a Naturally Infected Horse from Oregon
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , MATTSON D. E. , SPEER C. A. , BAKER R. J. , MULROONEY D. M. , TORNQUIST S. J. , HAMIR A. N. , GERROS T. C.
Published: May 2007

An isolate ofSarcocystis neurona.(SN6) was obtained from the spinal cord of a horse from Oregon with neurologic signs. The parasite was isolated in cultures of bovine monocytes and equine spleen cells. The parasite divided by endopolygeny and completed at least one asexual cycle in cell cultures in three days. Two gamma interferon knockout mice inoculated with cell culture‐derived merozoites became ill 35 d later andS. neuronaschizonts and merozoites were found in encephalitic lesions. The parasite in tissue sections of mice reacted withS. neurona‐specificantibodies andS. neuronawas reisolated from the brain of knockout mice.
Malawimonas jakobiformis n. gen., n. sp. (Malawimonadidae n. fam.): A Jakoba‐like Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate with Discoidal Mitochondrial Cristae
Authors: O'KELLY CHARLES J. , NERAD THOMAS A.
Published: May 2007

Malawimonas jakobiformis n. gen., n. sp., is established for a bacterivorous heterotrophic nanoflagellate isolated from the Malawi shore of Lake Nyasa (eastern Africa). Trophic stages observed were anteriorly biflagellate and naked. The posterior flagellum of a trophic cell resided in a conspicuous groove on the ventral surface, and bore a prominent vane. A Golgi stack and a mitochondrion with discoidal cristae were present anterior to the nucleus. The kinetid consisted of two short, slightly separated basal bodies, four microtubular roots, and associated fibers and bands. The three microtubular roots associated with the posterior basal body were associated with the ventral groove, while the single root associated with the anterior basal body gave rise to secondary cytoskeletal microtubules. Dividing cells became rounded, with persistent flagella. Cysts were uninucleate, and had thin organic walls without clearly differentiated apertures or ornamentation but with conspicuous attachment pads. Kinetid elements were present within cysts. On the basis of microscopical features, especially those of the kinetid, the nearest relatives of M. jakobiformis are the mitochondriate “jakobid” protists (families Histionidae and Jakobidae) and the amitochondriate retortamonads. Malawimonadidae n. fam. is established to accommodate this species.
Warm Microgradients Elicit Adaptive Behavior in Isotropically Cooled, Inert Populations of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida)
Authors: BARBANERA FILIPPO , ERRA FABRIZIO , RICCI NICOLA
Published: May 2007

In order to investigate the physiological potentialities of behaviorally inert Oxytricha bifaria, cooled from 24 to 9° C according to an already standardized protocol, a warm microgradient was created in the experimental chamber and the behavior of ciliates was analyzed both at the level of the passing warm wave front (dynamic microgradient), and, afterwards, when the thermal gradient stabilized (static microgradient). We monitored the general behavior of the experimental populations by means of (i) their centroid, (ii) the ethograms of single oxytrichas, and (iii) calculating the numerical indices and rates of their creeping tracks. It was found that (a) the population moves towards the heating source, (b) the oxytrichas react immediately to the thermal stimulus, (c) creeping forwards (d) at very high velocity (e) along uninterrupted looping tracks (f) according to precise mechanisms of positive/negative orthokinesis, thus orientating towards the environmental optimum. Moreover, (g) the ciliates accumulate in the warmest area, correcting their creeping by means of many specific behavioral patterns (the Side Stepping Reaction) once the gradient is stabilized. At 9° C, despite their inertness, the ciliates are still able to behave adaptively reacting immediately and orientatedly, once a directional factor (the thermal gradient) arises in an isotropic environment.
Java project on periodontal diseases: a study on transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a remote Indonesian population
Authors: Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Rijnsburger M. C. , Abbas F. , Timmerman M. F. , Van Der Weijden G. A. , Winkel E. G. , Van Der Velden U.
Published: May 2007

Aim: To study transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a population living in a remote area in Southern Java, Indonesia.

Material and Methods: Subgingival plaque samples from 167 subjects with varying degrees of periodontal breakdown were obtained and cultured for the presence of P. gingivalis. After extraction and purification of bacterial DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism technique was applied to genotype the bacterial isolates. Computer‐assisted analysis of the bacterial DNA profiles was used to study distribution of P. gingivalis genotypes within family units.

Results: One hundred and five of the 167 (63%) subjects were culture positive for P. gingivalis. In total, 371 P. gingivalis isolates were obtained from the 105 subjects. Of the 105 subjects, 30 were siblings representing 13 families. In six of the 13 families (46%), identical P. gingivalis genotypes were found among siblings. In the study group of 105 subjects, 13 married couples were identified of which both spouses were culture positive for P. gingivalis. None of the 13 couples shared an identical P. gingivalis genotype. Twenty P. gingivalis‐positive subjects had spouses that were culture negative for P. gingivalis.

Conclusions: In this study population, vertical transmission of P. gingivalis has occurred within family units, most likely from parents to children. Transmission of P. gingivalis between spouses could not be established.
Developmental changes in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to different gestational and postnatal photoperiods
Authors: Shaw Donald , Goldman Bruce D.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  In Siberian hamsters, juvenile somatic and reproductive development is influenced by the photoperiods experienced both during gestation and after birth. On the day of parturition, parents and young were transferred from either 16L (16 hr of light and 8 hr of darkness/day) or 10L to one of the three photoperiods (14L, 12L, and 10L), and on postnatal day 27 male juveniles were either pinealectomized or sham‐operated. At various intervals from postnatal days 27–330, the following parameters were determined: body weight, testis size, pelage type, serum concentrations of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL). A postnatal photoperiod <14L was required to initiate delayed pubertal development followed by an eventual ‘spontaneous’ achievement of body weight, testis size, pelage, and serum FSH and PRL levels characteristic of adult, long‐day males. The data suggest that serum FSH ‘surges’ in the pineal‐intact hamsters are associated with spontaneous testicular development regardless of gestation photoperiod. The results also indicate that gestational photoperiod affects the timing of the molt to winter‐type pelage and its eventual spontaneous development in pineal‐intact hamsters that are exposed to short photoperiod following birth. Finally, our observations suggest that the interval timer that operates during prolonged short‐day exposure to ultimately trigger a transition to the summer‐type physiology may begin to function before birth in the offspring of females exposed to short photoperiod during gestation.
Working the Early Modern Archive: The Search for Lady Ingram
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: May 2007

This paper is part of a Literature Compass cluster arising from a panel entitled ‘Working the Early Modern Archive’, originally presented at the 2005 MLA conference held in Washington DC. This session, arranged by the MLA Division on Methods of Literary Research, was chaired by Elizabeth Hageman (University of New Hampshire) and included papers by Jennifer Summit (Stanford University) on readers and medieval manuscripts, Lena Cowen Orlin (University of Maryland, Baltimore County) using a case study of archival research and the discovery and recovery of missing 16th‐century materials, and Robert J. Griffin (Texas A&M University) on the relationship between archival research and theoretical approaches. The two pieces included in this Literature Compass special panel cluster highlight the different ways in which archival research continues to shape and to invigorate 16th‐ and 17th‐century literary studies:

‘Working the Early Modern Archive: The Search for Lady Ingram’, Lena Cowen Orlin, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00425.x

‘Working with Anonymity: A Theory of Theory vs. Archive’, Robert J. Griffin, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00426.x

‘The Search for Lady Ingram’ introduces the subjects of one of the first family group portraits from England. A 1557 panel long misidentified as ‘Lady Ingram and Her Two Boys Martin and Steven’ is revealed to represent instead Alice Barnham and her two sons. Early modern archives are generally held to be uninforming about women, especially of Alice Barnham's merchant class, but in this case the records of the London parishes of St. Mildred Poultry and St. Clement Eastcheap, the London Drapers’ Company, the London Court of Aldermen, St. Thomas's Hospital, and the Court of Bridewell yield up a rich biography. They also provide some insight into a Tudor woman's private life as a committed Protestant during the reign of Mary I, as mother of a deceased third child, and as commissioner of an early and remarkable painting. These documents and a family memoir written by her grandson also go against the grain of prevailing narratives about patriarchy, to suggest that Alice Barnham was a woman of considerable independence of means and of spirit.
Crystal structure of the BcZBP, a zinc‐binding protein from Bacillus cereus
Authors: Fadouloglou Vasiliki E. , Deli Alexandra , Glykos Nicholas M. , Psylinakis Emmanuel , Bouriotis Vassilis , Kokkinidis Michael
Published: May 2007

Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium closely related to Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax in mammals. A significant portion of the B. cereus chromosomal genes are common to B. anthracis, including genes which in B. anthracis code for putative virulence and surface proteins. B. cereus thus provides a convenient model organism for studying proteins potentially associated with the pathogenicity of the highly infectious B. anthracis. The zinc‐binding protein of B. cereus, BcZBP, is encoded from the bc1534 gene which has three homologues to B. anthracis. The protein exhibits deacetylase activity with the N‐acetyl moiety of the N‐acetylglucosamine and the diacetylchitobiose and triacetylchitotriose. However, neither the specific substrate of the BcZBP nor the biochemical pathway have been conclusively identified. Here, we present the crystal structure of BcZBP at 1.8 Å resolution. The N‐terminal part of the 234 amino acid protein adopts a Rossmann fold whereas the C‐terminal part consists of two β‐strands and two α‐helices. In the crystal, the protein forms a compact hexamer, in agreement with solution data. A zinc binding site and a potential active site have been identified in each monomer. These sites have extensive similarities to those found in two known zinc‐dependent hydrolases with deacetylase activity, MshB and LpxC, despite a low degree of amino acid sequence identity. The functional implications and a possible catalytic mechanism are discussed.
Management of haemodynamically stable patients with abdominal stab wounds
Authors: Mitra Biswadev , Gocentas Robert , O’Reilly Gerard , Cameron Peter A , Atkin Chistopher
Published: May 2007

Objectives:  Australasian trauma centres receive relatively low numbers of penetrating injuries from stabbings. There is limited agreement regarding protocols to guide the management of haemodynamically stable patients with penetrating injuries. This has resulted in a wide variation in practice with anecdotally high negative laparotomy rates. The aim of the present study was to review the ED procedures, investigations and disposition of this group of patients.

Methods:  A retrospective review of all patients presenting with abdominal penetrating injury was undertaken over a 5 year period. Data on demographics, presenting features and management were collected.

Results:  There were 109 patients who were haemodynamically stable (systolic blood pressure > 90) on arrival to the trauma centre. Diagnostic ED procedures and investigations consisted of wound exploration in 47 (43.1%) patients, focused abdominal sonography in trauma in 44 (40.4%) patients and a CT abdomen in 36 (33.0%) of patients. The sensitivity for focused abdominal sonography in trauma and CT when used together was 77.8%. There were 39 laparotomies performed with a negative laparotomy rate of 23.1%. There were 10 laparoscopies performed, none went on to require a laparotomy. Patients undergoing negative laparotomies spent significantly longer times in hospital than patients managed conservatively or those undergoing laparoscopies.

Conclusions:  The number of penetrating abdominal injuries remains low. Imaging alone cannot reliably exclude intraperitoneal injury. A greater utilization of ED wound exploration and laparoscopy based on agreed guidelines could improve management. An algorithm for the management of these patients is suggested.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF FLAXSEED IN A β‐CAROTENE‐LINOLEATE MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: AMAROWICZ RYSZARD. , WANASUNDARA UDAYA. , WANASUNDARA JANITHA. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON.
Published: May 2007

Flaxseed meal was extracted with 95% ethanol at 80C. The extract was separated on a Sephadex LH‐20 column using methanol as eluate. Four major fractions according to their absorbances at 280 nm were separated. The antioxidant effect of these fractions in a β‐carotene‐linoleate system indicated that fraction I was most active. Absorption maximum for UV spectrum of this fraction was 290 nm and TLC analysis indicated the presence of 4 phenolic compounds in it. Fractions II to IV showed a very low antioxidant activity.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN THERMAL MODIFICATION OF BUTTER OIL
Authors: FOUAD F. M. , VAN DE VOORT F. R. , MARSHALL W. D. , FARRELL P. G.
Published: May 2007

Anhydrous butter oil was modified by acetone or n‐hexane crystallization (10–20% w/w) over a temperature range of 29–17C without agitation, producing solid fractions with higher proportions of C44–C54 triacylglycerols vis‐a‐vis fractions obtained by classical thermal modification of butter oil. Similarly, recrystal‐lization of a mixture of thermally isolated butter oil solids (S.25–S. 17C) in organic solvents at various temperatures yielded butter lipid fractions with significantly distinct chemical and physical properties. These lipid fractions showed to contain higher and lower proportions of C44–C54 and C26–C36 triacylglycerol respectively vis‐a‐vis solid fractions isolated via thermal modification of butter oil in organic solvents as the starting material(S.25–S. 17C) contained more of the former and less of the latter triacylglycerols than butter oil.

Extraction of low molecular weight lipidsfrom solid fractions obtained by classic thermal modification of butter oil using acetone left a white powderous lipid which produced one sharp melting peak (53 C) in its DSC thermogram. The acetone treated fraction was enriched in C44–C52 triacylglycerols with a 2 to 6‐fold reduction in C4–C10 fatty acids content.

Recrystallization of a mixture of solid butter fractions isolated according to classical procedures at 29–21 C, over a temperature range of 35–21 C, yielded discrete fractions with profound differences in fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles having very distinct physical properties.
MODIFICATION OF BUTTER OIL: EFFECTS OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION AND INTERESETERIFICATION
Authors: FOUAD F. M. , FARRELL P. G. , VAN DE VOORT F. R. , MARSHALL W. D.
Published: May 2007

Physical properties of lipid fractions isolated from anhydrous butter oil under various experimental conditions using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction, intereseterification or their combination, together with thermal modification were assayed in terms of triacylglycerol and fatty acid profiles. SC‐CO2 process, at 35C and 2000 psi, preferentially extracted the low‐molecular‐weight triacylglycerols, did not result in any separation of cholesterol and extracted an approximately constant fraction (7%) of the material in each 2h interval. Combination of SC‐CO2 extraction with thermal fractionation yielded a butter oil fraction with improved spreadability at refrigerator temperatures. At higher pressure and longer extraction time SC‐CO2 resulted in decreased solvent selectivity without increased extraction yield. The triacylglycerol and fatty acid profiles of high pressure 6000 psi extracts were remarkably similar to those of the butter itself. Chemical interesterification of butter oil randomized the constituent fatty acids, giving products which contained higher proportions of the middle‐range constituents. Thermal fractionation of interesterified butter yielded products only slightly enriched in higher molecular weight triacylglycerols, but interesterification of a solid obtained from thermal fractionation of butter gave a product greatly enriched in these compounds. Thus, modified lipid samples with distinct triacylglycerol and fatty acid compositions were prepared which may be used in different industrial applications.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CYCLING ON THE CRYSTALLINE FORM, SIZE AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF MARGARINE FATS
Authors: CHAWLA P. , DEMAN J. M.
Published: May 2007

The effect of temperature cycling between 5C and 23C on the solid fat content, polymorphic form, crystal size and textural properties of margarine fats was investigated. Temperature cycling resulted in a significant reduction of the solid fat content and firmness of the margarine fats. A transformation to the β crystal form was accompanied by an increase in the size of the fat crystals. Temperature cycling was detrimental to the quality of the margarine fats by increasing crystal size and formation of β crystals.
CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN COOKED BEEF CONTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS AND HYDROGEN DONORS
Authors: SHANTHA N.C. , DECKER E.A.
Published: May 2007

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potential anticarcinogenic compound found in beef. The ability of antioxidants and hydrogen donors to influence CLA concentrations in ground beef during cooking (broiled, 80C) and storage was determined. Addition of food additives such as carnosine, cysteine, ascorbate, whey protein concentrate or beef plasma to ground beef did not result in any significant increases or decreases in CLA concentrations in freshly cooked beef. Additives which inhibited formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in stored meat including 2.0% WPC, 0.5 and 2% beef plasma, ascorbate (0.5%) and carnosine (0.5%) were not any more effective at increasing or decreasing total CLA concentrations than additives which did not inhibit lipid oxidation during storage (0.5% WPC and 0.5% cysteine). Lack of changes in CLA in the presence of antioxidants suggests that these additives could be used to inhibit flavor deterioration of cooked beef products without decreasing CLA concentrations.
STABILITY OF α‐TOCOPHEROL IN FROZEN SMOKED FISH
Authors: ACKMAN R.G. , TIMMINS A.
Published: May 2007

The potential role of α‐tocopherol in protecting the muscle lipids of smoked, farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from oxidative degradation was examined over a period of 12 weeks. One smoked salmon sample had much more α‐tocopherol than the other, but this higher tocopherol level dropped in parallel to the decrease in α‐tocopherol in the mackerel, a species known to be very susceptible to the development of rancidity. The other salmon sample started with less α‐tocopherol but showed no decrease in α‐tocopherol. The salmon samples developed a similar level of peroxides over 12 weeks, both being less than the peroxides in the 12‐week sample of the mackerel lipid where α‐tocopherol could not be measured after 6 weeks.
RATE OF LIPASE‐CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF OLIVE OIL IN VITRO AS INFLUENCED BY REACTANT CONCENTRATIONS AND OTHER CONDITIONS1
Authors: EMENHISER CURT , NOTTURNO MELISSA H. , HAMID AZIZAH A. , FENNEMA OWEN R.
Published: May 2007

An in vitro assay previously developed (Emenhiser et al. 1994) for measuring the rate of lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil was used to determine the dependency of reaction rate on the concentration and ratios of various constituents. Calcium and bile salts, at various concentrations encountered in the human duodenum, had a significant effect on rate; rate changes being smaller with the former than the latter. Rates of lipolysis proceeded independent of colipase‐to‐lipase ratios > 0.45:1. MES (2‐[N‐morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid) buffer was studied at molar concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.3, and rate changes were experimentally unimportant over this range. Alteration of pH from 6.0 to 7.0 had only a moderate effect on rate of lipolysis, and minor pH changes (± 0.1 units) from the standard pH of 6.5 had a negligible effect on rate. The effect of various dietary fibers on pH was small (± 0.04 units). Attempts to achieve conditions yielding zero‐order reaction kinetics with respect to olive oil were not successful.
RELEASE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS FROM LIPIDS DURING ENSILATION OF HERRING MINCE: THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ETHOXYQUIN
Authors: ZHOU SHENGYING , PAULSON ALLAN T. , ACKMAN ROBERT G.
Published: May 2007

Studies were conducted on the release of free fatty acids (FFA) from lipids during ensilation of herring mince at room temperature. The silages were produced by the addition of 3.5% formic acid and the effects of heat treatment and also the presence or absence of an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) were examined. The lipid classes extracted from silages at different ensiling stages were determined by Chromarod/Iatroscan‐TLC/FID. Free fatty acids were rapidly released from lipids at the beginning of ensilation in all three silages examined. The maximum level of FFA released in silages without heat treatment was reached after only 6 days of ensilation and levels of about 6% of true FFA in total lipids were maintained until the end of the ensilation process. The heat treatment of 55C for 10 min effectively inhibited the release of FFA from lipids and the amounts of FFA released were significantly lower than in those lots without heat treatment. The presence of ethoxyquin in silage did not show a significant effect in controlling the production of Iatroscan‐detectable FFA from lipids when compared with the silage made without ethoxyquin. A large amount of oxidized lipid, corresponding to a decrease in triacylglycerol, was detected by TLC‐FID in the lot of silage made without the addition of ethoxyquin; however, the addition of antioxidant in two other silages effectively protected the lipids from oxidation during the ensilation period. The experimental results confirmed that lipases play an important role in lipid autolysis. By examining the changes in phospholipids, it was possible to show that the majority of the FFA released originated from phospholipids and only a small fraction came from neutral lipids. The maximum production of FFA in herring silage should depend, to a large extent, on the amount of phospholipids present in the raw materials.
PROXIMATE AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF NONDAIRY IMITATION MILK IN COMPARISON WITH MILK
Authors: MURCIA M.A. , MUÑOZ A.
Published: May 2007

Comparative studies of milk and nondairy imitation milks showed that their proximate compositions were similar. Qualitative and quantitative studies revealed that saturated fatty acids were abundant in milk, while unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2) were predominant in nondairy imitation milks. This was confirmed by the higher melting points of the fat fractions of milk compared with those of nondairy imitation milks. Finally, lipid peroxidation level of samples were low as determined by the 2‐thiobarbituric acid test.
ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS: TRANSESTERIFICATION OF TRIOLEIN AND CAPRYLIC ACID
Authors: AKOH CASIMIR C. , HUANG KUAN‐HSIANG
Published: May 2007

Structured lipids were successfully synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed trans‐esterification (acidolysis) of caprylic acid and triolein in nonaqueous medium. Twelve commercially available lipases (10%, w/w substrates) were screened for their ability to form structured lipid by incubating 100 mg triolein and 65.3 mg caprylic acid in 3 ml hexane at 55C for 24 h. The products were analyzed by reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection. Monocapryloolein was the major component of the products (57.4 mol %) and IM60 lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was the best biocatalyst. Dicapryloolein and triolein contents were 35.4% and 5.3%, respectively. Temperature, mole ratio, time course, incubation media, added water, enzyme load, and substrate concentration were also investigated in this study. The results suggest that it is possible to synthesize structured lipids with lipase as biocatalyst.
RHEOLOGY AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SYRUPY COMPOSITES OF SACCHARIDES AND MILKFAT
Authors: ONWULATA C.I. , HOLSINGER V.H.
Published: May 2007

Viscous syrups with between 20 and 34% moisture were made from homogenized slurries of sugars, nonfat dry milk, anhydrous butteroil and emulsifiers. Homogenized mixtures were condensed under vacuum at 45C for 35 min, to form ordered structures with a syrup‐like consistency. Complex viscosity determined through dynamic spectrometry increased with increasing fat content. At low frequency, high fructose corn syrup and maltose‐based syrups showed more solid‐like behavior (G″ > G″) while the sucrose‐based syrup was more liquid (G″ > G′). Thermal analyses showed all composites to have a uniform melting range (95–140C), whereas the original components melted in the range 20–200C. The rheological and thermal properties suggest that these syrups could be useful confectionery ingredients.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SESAME PASTE (TEHINA)
Authors: ABOU‐GHARBIA H.A. , SHEHATA A. ADEL Y. , YOUSSEF M. , SHAHIDI F.
Published: May 2007

Tehina samples were prepared from raw, roasted and steamed, or microwaved dehulled sesame seeds from Egypt. Samples contained 54, 96 α 0.36% lipid, 20.68 β 0.19% protein, 3.28 ± 0.05% ash and 1.76 ± 0.06% moisture. The peroxide values (PV) of tehina, stored under Schaal oven conditions at 65C after 35 days, reached 72.2, 86.2 and 97.2 meq/kg for samples prepared from raw, roasted and steamed, and microwaved seeds, respectively. The p‐anisidine values (p‐AnV) of samples stored under the same conditions and over the same period were 9.3, 10.1 and 10.2, respectively. Meanwhile, both PV and p‐AnV of tehina samples stored at room temperature were considerably lower than those kept at 65 C and did not exceed 2.9 and 2.6 meq/kg, respectively. Both PV and p‐AnV of tehina samples were lower than those obtained for oils extracted from dehulled sesame seeds which were subjected to similar pretreatment conditions.
SALMON LIPID STORAGE SITES AND THEIR ROLE IN CONTAMINATION WITH WATER‐SOLUBLE PETROLEUM MATERIALS
Authors: ACKMAN R.G. , HERAS H. , ZHOU S.
Published: May 2007

The Braer tanker wreck demonstrated the danger of petroleum spills to salmon farms. The water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude petroleum oils is quite different from the parent oils. It is rich in methyl‐ and alkyl‐substituted monoaromatic and lower molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons, guaranteeing strong petroleum flavor. Both n‐alkanes above C9 and more complex hydrocarbons above the methylnaphthalenes are virtually absent. The WSF in salmon intercellular fluids is rapidly depurated but a portion dissolves into the adipocyte cells in the salmon muscle and is retained much longer. The distribution of adipocytes along the myosepta of white muscle and in the belly flaps has been defined by histochemistry and their isolation by collagenase, centrifugation, and flotation is described. In dark muscle small fat droplets are instead found among and within the cells of muscle fibers.
DIRECT SAPONIFICATION: A SIMPLE AND RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC FOODS
Authors: WU WEN‐HSIN , LILLARD DORRIS A. , AKOH CASIMIR C.
Published: May 2007

Total cholesterol in aquatic foods was determined by direct saponification coupled with gas chromatography without derivatization. The direct saponification was compared with an AOAC extraction procedure and a culture tube extraction technique, both using chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) for extraction. Gas chromatography, high‐performance‐liquid‐chromatography with UV detection of conjugated enone of cholesterol at 240 nm, and spectrophotometric o‐phthalaldehyde method at 550 nm were compared to determine their effectiveness in cholesterol measurement. Direct saponification generally gave higher contents of cholesterol than the AOAC and culture tube extraction procedures, while quantification by the GC procedure appears to be the simplest method without sacrificing accuracy. Average percentage recoveries of cholesterol estimated with direct saponification‐GC analysis in spiked fat‐free catfish matrix and spiked fresh catfish muscle were 101.8 ± 9.6% and 101.7 ± 1.9%, respectively. The method may also be adaptable to food ingredients other than sterols such as the determination of fatty acid composition as demonstrated in this paper.
PRINCIPAL FATTY ACIDS OF LIPID CLASSES FROM FRESH WATER FISH (CALLICHROUS PABDA)
Authors: GHOSH MITA , R.D. DUA
Published: May 2007

The body lipids of a fresh water fish were separated into classes and subclasses. The nonpolar lipid class was separated into seven different subclasses. The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, sterol esters and free fatty acids were determined. A substantial amount of C20:4n‐6 (AA), typical of tropical water fish, was present. In addition to other fatty acids common in fresh water fish, short‐chain saturated fatty acids, namely C8:0, C10:0 and odd‐chain fatty acids C13:0, C13:1, C17:0, C17:1 and C19:0 were detected in relatively large proportions. The principal fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2n‐6, C18:3n‐3, C20:4n‐6, C20:5n‐3 and C22:6n‐3. The patterns of fatty acid distribution within lipid classes showed general similarities.
LIPID OXIDATION IN MUTTON: SPECIES‐RELATED AND WARMED‐OVER FLAVORS
Authors: CHO S.H. , RHEE K.S.
Published: May 2007

Effects of lipid oxidation in cooked mutton on species‐related flavor and warmed‐over flavor (WOF) intensities were studied using various additive treatments and post‐cooking storage (versus no additive/no storage) as means to produce samples of varied lipid oxidation. Ground mutton was treated with 200 ppm sodium nitrite, 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.05% sodium ascorbate, 3% sodium lactate, 0.002% propyl gallate, or water only (control), cooked to 74C, and aerobically stored at 4C for 0, 2, or 4 days. Nitrite‐treated samples showed the least lipid oxidation as determined by the 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and had more intense species‐related (muttony) flavor than all other treated samples. Some samples exhibited high TBARS after 4 days but were still rated “slight” for WOF intensity, probably due to the strong species‐related flavor that could have made WOF less perceivable. Accordingly, correlations, although statistically significant, were low between TBARS and WOF intensity or between species flavor intensity and WOF intensity.
EFFECT OF DIETARY COMPONENTS AND SURFACE APPLICATION OF OLEORESIN ROSEMARY ON LIPID STABILITY OF RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss) MUSCLE DURING REFRIGERATED AND FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: AKHTAR PERVAIZ , GRAY J. IAN , BOOREN ALDEN M. , GARLING DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

The effect of dietary supplementation with α‐tocopherol and surface application of oleoresin rosemary on the lipid stability of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle during refrigerated storage (4C) and frozen storage (−20C) for 8 days and 6 months, respectively, was investigated. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction in α‐tocopherol concentrations in muscle tissue during frozen storage was observed. The 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) values of muscle samples, with or without surface application of oleoresin rosemary, increased during storage for all dietary groups. A significant (P < 0.05) interaction between dietary treatments and the time of storage was observed. Muscle tissue from fish receiving a dietary supplement of 500 mg/kg diet had the lowest TBARS values. The oxidative stability of the lipids was further improved by applying oleoresin rosemary to the surface of the fish fillets.
EFFECT OF DIETARY VITAMIN E AND SURFACE APPLICATION OF OLEORESIN ROSEMARY ON IRON/ASCORBATE‐STIMULATED LIPID OXIDATION IN MUSCLE TISSUE AND MICROSOMES FROM RAINBOW TROUT (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: AKHTAR PERVAIZ , GRAY J. IAN , GOMAA ENAYAT A. , BOOREN ALDEN M.
Published: May 2007

The effect of dietary α‐tocopheryl acetate and surface application of oleoresin rosemary on iron/ascorbate‐induced lipid oxidation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle and microsomes was investigated. The 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) values of muscle and microsomes isolated from fish fed the higher concentration of α‐tocopherol (500 mg/kg feed) were smaller than those of fish fed the lower concentration (100 mg/kg feed). The protective effect of oleoresin rosemary on lipid oxidation in fish muscle was also observed. Analysis of variance revealed a significant (p < 0.01) interaction between dietary treatments and incubation time. Dietary α‐tocopherol supplementation significantly increased the α‐tocopherol concentration of muscle microsomal membranes, thereby increasing the oxidative stability of the membrane lipids.
FORMATION OF PYRIDINES FROM THERMAL INTERACTION OF GLUTAMINE OR GLUTAMIC ACID WITH A MIXTURE OF ALKADIENALS IN AQUEOUS AND OIL MEDIA
Authors: KIM YOUNG‐SUK , HO CHI‐TANG
Published: May 2007

A mixture of alkadienals containing equimolar concentrations of (t,t)‐2, 4‐heptadienal, (t,t)‐2, 4‐nonadienal, and (t,t)‐2, 4‐decadienal was heated at 180C with glutamine or glutamic acid in the ratio of individual 2,4‐alkadienals to amino acid of 1:1:1:1 in aqueous and oil media where glutamine could generate free ammonia readily but glutamic acid could not. When the mixture of three alkadienals was reacted with glutamine, the total amounts of alkylpyridines were much higher in the oil systems even though some alkylpyridines, such as 3‐butylpyridine, 3‐pentylpyridine, and 4‐pentylpyridine, could only be found in the aqueous systems. In the interaction of the mixture of three alkadienals with glutamic acid, only three 2‐alkylpyridines including 2‐ethylpyridine, 2‐butylpyridine, and 2‐pentylpyridine, which could be formed directly from the corresponding alkadienals, were produced under both conditions.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PECAN (CARYA ILLINOENSIS) OIL NATIVE OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF MEXICO
Authors: TORO‐VAZQUEZ J. F. , PÉREZ‐BRICEÑO F.
Published: May 2007

The pecan (Carya illinoensis) kernels and oils from twenty‐two different native trees of the central region of Mexico were evaluated through chemical and physicochemical parameters. The main constituent of the kernels was a high lipid content (70–79% wt/wt d. b.) with a large proportion of oleic acid (55–75% wt/wt). The concentration of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols in the oils extracted from Mexican native pecans, was substantially higher than those in the varieties commonly reported in the literature (i.e., Stuart, Desirable and Schley). However, the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of the pecan oil did not fully explain the high oxidative stability (OSI values from 8.5 to 10.8 h at 110C) observed in some oils, which might indicate the presence of some other natural antioxidants with activity at 110C. In general, the oxidative stability, the melting and crystallization properties, and the viscosity of pecan oils were similar or superior to those of extra‐virgin olive oil and unrefined sesame oil. The results obtained indicated how oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are biosynthetically interrelated in vegetable tissues. The relationships among the concentrations of these fatty acids determined
LIPID OXIDATION IN A CHICKEN MODEL SYSTEM: ROLE OF LIPID AND PROTEIN FIBERS
Authors: SISTA R.V. , ERICKSON M.C.
Published: May 2007

Chicken muscle model systems were exposed to varying concentrations of lipid and protein fibers to clarify the role of these constituents in lipid oxidation. In this study, the lipid substrates examined included triacylglycerols, membrane phospholipid fractions, isolated phospholipid fractions, and free fatty acids. In iron‐ascorbate catalyzed systems, increases in lipid concentration failed to lead to enhanced levels of oxidation at the examined times. Lipid was therefore not considered a rate limiting factor in the oxidation of muscle systems. Protein fibers accelerated oxidation only in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane systems when catalyzed by iron‐ascorbate. Enhanced interaction of the low molecular weight iron with the membrane lipids may be responsible for this unique response. Preferential oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in protein fibers, on the other hand, could account for the antioxidant effect displayed by protein fibers in methemoglobin catalyzed systems.
EFFECT OF CHOCOLATE COATING ON OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF NORMAL AND HIGH OLEIC PEANUTS
Authors: REED K.A. , GORBET D.W. , O'KEEFE S.F.
Published: May 2007

Oxidative stability studies were performed on roasted high‐oleic acid peanuts (HOP‐SunOleic 95) and normal oleic acid peanuts (NOP‐Florunner). Peanuts were dry‐roasted to a Hunter Lab value of approximately 50. Chocolate‐coated peanut bars (6″x4″×1/2″) were prepared using milk chocolate, white chocolate, and reduced‐fat chocolate (containing salatrim). Chocolate bars were stored at 25C and 0.60 water activity (aw). Uncoated peanuts were stored at 0.60 and 0.19 aw at 25C. Samples were removed from storage at 4‐week intervals for peroxide value measurement. Oxidation of peanuts with chocolate coatings were higher than the peanuts that were stored uncoated at the same aw. The peroxide values of NOP were similar for chocolate coated treatments and 0.60 aw control but the 0.19 aw control was 2–4 times higher than the others. Chocolate‐coated peanuts had higher oxidation rates compared to uncoated peanuts.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CONDENSED TANNINS OF BEACH PEA, CANOLA HULLS, EVENING PRIMROSE, AND FABA BEAN
Authors: AMAROWICZ R. , NACZK M. , ZADERNOWSKI R. , SHAHIDI F.
Published: May 2007

Condensed tannins were extracted from beach pea, Cyclone canola hulls, evening primrose and faba bean using 70% aqueous acetone. The dried crude tannin extracts were purified on a Sephadex LH‐20 column using first 95% ethanol as a mobile phase for elution of nontannin phenolics and then 50% aqueous acetone to elute tannins. The total content of polyphenolics in tannin extracts ranged between 10 and 405 mg catechin equivalents per 1 g extract. All tannins extracts displayed a marked antioxidant activity in a β‐carotene‐linoleate model system. Evening primrose and faba bean tannin extracts exhibited the best