bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Context on Motives Underlying Food Choice
Authors: Machín Leandro , Giménez Ana , Vidal Leticia , Ares Gastón
Published: August 2014

Context can be regarded as the situational and temporal conditions in which food choice occurs. Although context has a large effect on consumer perception and choice of food products, it has been mostly overlooked in research exploring the determinants of consumers' food choice. The aims of the present work were to study the influence of purchase and consumption context on motives underlying food choice and to evaluate if gender and age modulate this effect. One hundred and ninety‐five consumers from Montevideo (Uruguay) participated in an online survey. They were asked to complete a free‐listing task about all the things they take into account when selecting foods in four contexts: purchase, lunch, snacking and dinner. Consumer responses were qualitatively analyzed and grouped into categories and their cognitive salience was determined. Categories were grouped into 10 dimensions: price, health/nutrition, perceived quality, freshness, sensory characteristics, hedonics, convenience, context, variety and satiety. Context had a strong influence on the motives underlying consumer food choices. The dimensions with the highest cognitive salience in the purchase context were price, perceived quality and freshness, while convenience and variety were the most relevant dimensions for the consumption contexts. The effect of context on the salience of the elicited categories was not markedly affected by gender and age.

Practical Applications

Several of the most salient motives responsible for food choices elicited by consumers in the free listing task of the present study are not included in the Food Choice Questionnaire. This suggests the need to revisit this instrument to include factors that have been overlooked, such as brand, satiety and variety. Besides, the fact that context had a large influence on the salience of the elicited categories indicates that asking consumers about the motives that determine their choices in a general context can lead to misleading results. Thus, specific contexts should be considered when studying consumers' motives underlying food choices.
Social Support and Psychological Well-Being in Gender Dysphoria: A Comparison of Patients With Matched Controls
Authors: Davey Amanda , Bouman Walter P. , Arcelus Jon , Meyer Caroline
Published: August 2014

Introduction

There is a paucity of research in the area of social support and psychological well-being among people with gender dysphoria.

Aims

The present study aimed to investigate levels of social support among individuals with gender dysphoria compared with a matched control group. It also aimed to examine the relationship between social support and psychological well-being.

Methods

Participants were 103 individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria (according to ICD-10 criteria) attending a national gender identity clinic and an age- and gender-matched nonclinical control group recruited via social networking websites.

Main Outcome Measures

All participants completed measures of social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, MSPSS), psychopathology (Symptom Checklist 90 Revised, SCL), quality of life (Short Form 36 version 2, SF), and life satisfaction (Personal Wellbeing Index, PWI).

Results

Trans women reported significantly lower MSPSS total and MSPSS family scores compared with control women, although these differences in levels of social support were no longer significant when SCL depression was controlled for. No significant differences were found between trans men and any other group. MSPSS scores did not significantly predict SCL subscales but did predict both SF subscales and PWI total scores.

Conclusions

Trans women perceived themselves to be lacking social support. Given that social support is beneficial to quality of life and life satisfaction in those with gender dysphoria, this is of great concern. Though these findings have been derived from correlational results, extended research may highlight the value of clinicians helping trans women to seek out and maintain social support. Additionally, efforts could be made to educate and challenge attitudes of nontrans people towards those with gender dysphoria.
Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination IX: High‐speed interstellar dust analog capture in Stardust flight‐spare aerogel
Authors: Postberg F. , Hillier J. K. , Armes S. P. , Bugiel S. , Butterworth A. , Dupin D. , Fielding L. A. , Fujii S. , Gainsforth Z. , Grün E. , Li Y. W. , Srama R. , Sterken V. , Stodolna J. , Trieloff M. , Westphal A. , Achilles C. , Allen C. , Ansari A. , Bajt S. , Bassim N. , Bastien R. K. , Bechtel H. A. , Borg J. , Brenker F. , Bridges J. , Brownlee D. E. , Burchell M. , Burghammer M. , Changela H. , Cloetens P. , Davis A. , Doll R. , Floss C. , Flynn G. , Frank D. , Heck P. R. , Hoppe P. , Huss G. , Huth J. , Kearsley A. , King A. J. , Lai B. , Leitner J. , Lemelle L. , Leonard A. , Leroux H. , Lettieri R. , Marchant W. , Nittler L. R. , Ogliore R. , Ong W. J. , Price M. C. , Sandford S. A. , Tressaras J.‐A. Sans , Schmitz S. , Schoonjans T. , Schreiber K. , Silversmit G. , Simionovici A. , Solé V. A. , Stadermann F. , Stephan T. , Stroud R. M. , Sutton S. , Tsou P. , Tsuchiyama A. , Tyliczszak T. , Vekemans B. , Vincze L. , Zevin D. , Zolensky M. E. ,   >30,000 Stardust@home Dusters
Published: August 2014

The NASA Stardust mission used silica aerogel slabs to slowly decelerate and capture impinging cosmic dust particles for return to Earth. During this process, impact tracks are generated along the trajectory of the particle into the aerogel. It is believed that the morphology and dimensions of these tracks, together with the state of captured grains at track termini, may be linked to the size, velocity, and density of the impacting cosmic dust grain. Here, we present the results of laboratory hypervelocity impact experiments, during which cosmic dust analog particles (diameters of between 0.2 and 0.4 μm), composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, or an organic polymer, were accelerated onto Stardust flight‐spare low‐density (approximately 0.01 g cm−3) silica aerogel. The impact velocities (3–21 km s−1) were chosen to simulate the range of velocities expected during Stardust's interstellar dust (ISD) collection phases. Track lengths and widths, together with the success of particle capture, are analyzed as functions of impact velocity and particle composition, density, and size. Captured terminal particles from low‐density organic projectiles become undetectable at lower velocities than those from similarly sized, denser mineral particles, which are still detectable (although substantially altered by the impact process) at 15 km s−1. The survival of these terminal particles, together with the track dimensions obtained during low impact speed capture of small grains in the laboratory, indicates that two of the three best Stardust candidate extraterrestrial grains were actually captured at speeds much lower than predicted. Track length and diameters are, in general, more sensitive to impact velocities than previously expected, which makes tracks of particles with diameters of 0.4 μm and below hard to identify at low capture speeds (<10 km s−1). Therefore, although captured intact, the majority of the interstellar dust grains returned to Earth by Stardust remain to be found.
Staphylococcus aureus competence genes: mapping of the SigH, ComK1 and ComK2 regulons by transcriptome sequencing
Authors: Fagerlund Annette , Granum Per Einar , Håvarstein Leiv Sigve
Published: August 2014

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen. Hospital infections caused by methicillin‐resistant strains (MRSA), which have acquired resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), are of particular concern. In S. aureus, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes are often encoded on mobile genetic elements that are disseminated by HGT. Conjugation and phage transduction have long been known to mediate HGT in this species, but it is unclear whether natural genetic transformation contributes significantly to the process. Recently, it was reported that expression of the alternative sigma factor SigH induces the competent state in S. aureus. The transformation efficiency obtained, however, was extremely low, indicating that the optimal conditions for competence development had not been found. We therefore used transcriptome sequencing to determine whether the full set of genes known to be required for competence in other naturally transformable bacteria is part of the SigH regulon. Our results show that several essential competence genes are not controlled by SigH. This presumably explains the low transformation efficiency previously reported, and demonstrates that additional regulating mechanisms must be involved. We found that one such mechanism involves ComK1, a transcriptional activator that acts synergistically with SigH.
The attenuated virulence of a Burkholderia cenocepacia paaABCDE mutant is due to inhibition of quorum sensing by release of phenylacetic acid
Authors: Pribytkova Tanya , Lightly Tasia Joy , Kumar Brijesh , Bernier Steve P. , Sorensen John L. , Surette Michael G. , Cardona Silvia T.
Published: August 2014

The phenylacetic acid degradation pathway of Burkholderia cenocepacia is active during cystic fibrosis‐like conditions and is necessary for full pathogenicity of B. cenocepacia in nematode and rat infection models; however, the reasons for such requirements are unknown. Here, we show that the attenuated virulence of a phenylacetic acid catabolism mutant is due to quorum sensing inhibition. Unlike wild‐type B. cenocepacia, a deletion mutant of the phenylacetyl‐CoA monooxygenase complex (ΔpaaABCDE) released phenylacetic acid in the medium that favours infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Addition of phenylacetic acid further decreased the pathogenicity of the ΔpaaABCDE, which cannot metabolize phenylacetic acid, but did not affect the wild‐type, due to phenylacetic acid consumption. In line with reduced detection of acyl‐homoserine lactones in spent medium, the ΔpaaABCDE exhibited transcriptional inhibition of the quorum sensing system cepIR. Phenotypes repressed in ΔpaaABCDE, protease activity and pathogenicity against C. elegans, increased with exogenous N‐octanoyl‐L‐homoserine lactone. Thus, we demonstrate that the attenuated phenotype of B. cenocepacia ΔpaaABCDE is due to quorum sensing inhibition by release of phenylacetic acid, affecting N‐octanoyl‐L‐homoserine lactone signalling. Further, we propose that active degradation of phenylacetic acid by B. cenocepacia during growth in cystic fibrosis‐like conditions prevents accumulation of a quorum sensing inhibiting compound.
A dually located multi‐HMG‐box protein of Aspergillus nidulans has a crucial role in conidial and ascospore germination
Authors: Karácsony Zoltán , Gácser Attila , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Scazzocchio Claudio , Hamari Zsuzsanna
Published: August 2014

Seven HMG‐box proteins of Aspergillus nidulans have been identified in the genomic databases. Three of these have the characteristics of non‐specific DNA‐binding proteins. One of these, AN1267 (HmbB), comprises one canonical HMG‐box in its C‐terminus and upstream of the canonical box two structurally related boxes, to be called Shadow‐HMG‐boxes. This protein defines, together with the Podospora anserina mtHMG1, a clade of proteins present in the Pezizomycotina, with orthologues in some of the Taphrinomycotina. HmbB localizes primarily to the mitochondria but occasionally in nuclei. The deletion of the cognate gene results in a number of pleiotropic effects, including those on hyphal morphology, sensitivity to oxidative stress, absence of sterigmatocystin production and changes in the profile of conidial metabolites. The most striking phenotype of deletion strains is a dramatic decrease in conidial and ascospore viability. We show that this is most likely due to the protein being essential to maintain mitochondrial DNA in spores.
Neither Fish nor Fowl: Implicit Attitudes as Patchy Endorsements
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: August 2014

Implicit attitudes are mental states that appear sometimes to cause agents to act in ways that conflict with their considered beliefs. Implicit attitudes are usually held to be mere associations between representations. Recently, however, some philosophers have suggested that they are, or are very like, ordinary beliefs: they are apt to feature in properly inferential processing. This claim is important, in part because there is good reason to think that the vocabulary in which we make moral assessments of ourselves and of others is keyed to folk psychological concepts, like ‘belief’, and not to concepts that feature only in scientific psychology: if implicit attitudes are beliefs there is a prima facie case for thinking that they can serve as the basis for particular kinds of moral assessment. In this paper I argue that while implicit attitudes have propositional structure, their sensitivity and responsiveness to other mental representations is too patchy and fragmented for them to properly be considered beliefs. Instead, they are a sui generis kind of mental state, a state I dub patchy endorsements.
Perceived information ownership and control: Negotiating communication preferences in potential adoption reunions
Authors: SCHARP KRISTINA M. , STEUBER KELI R.
Published: August 2014

In this study, the tension adoptees feel between learning information about their past and protecting themselves from negative or unwanted information about their birth/adoption was explored. Specifically, communication privacy management theory was used to explore adoptee preferences for information during a potential reunion with their birth mother/family. Findings suggest adoptees' preferences for information ownership and control correspond to the following privacy rules: (a) permeably boundary privacy rules, (b) privacy rule calibrations of boundary access, (c) protection privacy rules, and (d) privacy rules restricting boundary access. In addition, adoptees often expressed that they would like their birth mothers to serve as information guardians, revealing desired information and concealing unwanted disclosures. By assuming this guardian role, birth mothers and adoptees might have less stressful reunions, especially if both parties have similar expectations for information preferences.
Utility of respiratory ward‐based NIV in acidotic hypercapnic respiratory failure
Authors: Dave Chirag , Turner Alice , Thomas Ajit , Beauchamp Ben , Chakraborty Biman , Ali Asad , Mukherjee Rahul , Banerjee Dev
Published: August 2014

Background and objective

We sought to elicit predictors of in‐hospital mortality for first and subsequent admissions with acidotic hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF) in a cohort of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who have undergone ward‐based non‐invasive ventilation (NIV), and identify features associated with long‐term survival.

Methods

Analysis of prospectively collected data at a single centre on patients undergoing NIV for AHRF between 2004 and 2009. Predictors of in‐hospital mortality and intubation were sought by logistic regression and predictors of long‐term survival by Cox regression.

Results

Initial pH exhibited a threshold effect for in‐hospital mortality at pH 7.15. This relationship remained in patients undergoing their first episode of AHRF. In both first and subsequent admissions, a pH threshold of 7.25 at 4 h was associated with better prognosis (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04 respectively). In second or subsequent episodes of AHRF, mortality was lower and predicted only by age (P = 0.002) on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

NIV could be used on medical wards for patients with pH 7.16 or greater on their first admission, although more conservative values should continue to be used for those with a second or subsequent episodes of AHRF.
Date Rape After the Afterschool Special: Narrative Trends in the Televised Depiction of Social Problems
Authors: Polletta Francesca , Tomlinson Christine
Published: August 2014

Social problems scholars have pointed to sensitive depictions of social problems like smoking, rape, and spousal abuse on television as evidence of the success of movements devoted to those causes. Media scholars have countered that the pressure on television producers to hew to formula inevitably leads to stereotypical depictions of social problems. We appraise these two perspectives by way of an analysis of the portrayal of date rape on teen television dramas over the course of 2 decades. We show that, for a period, advocates did secure portrayals of date rape that were in line with a feminist antirape agenda. However, that depiction yielded to one in which date rape figured as a narrative device, used to tell audiences something about the show's characters or their situation, not to tell them something about rape. Developments in teen serials' content and especially their form led eventually to antifeminist portrayals, in which rapes were portrayed as unjust but routine events. Behind these developments, however, were demands on television writers to produce not formula, but novelty. We conclude by theorizing more generally the effects of the demand for novelty on the depiction of social problems on television.
Gendered Leadership: The Effects of Female Development Agency Leaders on Foreign Aid Spending
Authors: Jones Robert C. , Swiss Liam
Published: August 2014

This article examines the effects of gender on the leadership of bilateral development aid agencies, particularly their official development assistance (ODA) allocations toward gender‐related programming. Drawing on earlier research on gendered leadership, the article tests the hypothesis that female director generals (DGs) and ministers responsible for aid agencies will allocate more ODA than their male counterparts toward gender programming. This existing literature on gendered leadership is divided: some scholars argue that women and men have distinct leadership styles on account of their gender, while others argue that the only distinguishing factor is the institutional context in which they lead. Drawing on data collected on aid flows and agency leadership within the major Western aid donors of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) over the period from 1995 through 2009, we use pooled time series analysis to examine the effects of gendered leadership on aid allocation. Our analysis reveals a tendency for female DGs and ministers to focus ODA on gender‐mainstreaming programs, while male DGs focus ODA on gender‐focused programs. We argue that these divergent priorities reflect the women's desire to reform gendered power structures within their respective aid agencies, and the men's desire to maintain existing gender power structures from which they benefit.
Self‐Esteem, the Fear of Crime, and the Decision to Protect Oneself From Victimization
Authors: Asencio Emily K. , Merrill Monica , Steiner Michael
Published: August 2014

This research extends prior work that examines self‐esteem as an outcome of protective behaviors against crime victimization by focusing instead on the moderating influence of self‐esteem on the relationship between the fear of crime and the decision to protect oneself from victimization. The fear of crime is conceptualized as two separate components (fear of victimization and perceived risk) in accordance with prior work. Self‐esteem is conceptualized as three separate components (worth, efficacy, and authenticity), and measured with a recently designed instrument for capturing each aspect of self‐esteem separately. Data are collected through surveys of a population at high risk for victimization (undergraduate college students). Logistic regression analyses demonstrate that self‐esteem does play a role for deciding whether to engage in protective behaviors, and that the specific components of self‐esteem moderate defensive behavioral outcomes differently. Specifically, the self‐worth, self‐efficacy, and authenticity components of self‐esteem influence the decision to carry protection, but not the decision to take a self‐defense class. Implications for both the fear of crime and self‐esteem literatures are addressed.
Innovation and Diversity Redux: Analyzing Musical Form and Content in the American Recording Industry, 1990–2009
Authors: de Laat Kim
Published: August 2014

Using the American recording industry as a case study, this article analyzes innovation and diversity concurrently and outlines the analytical purchase gained from doing so; examines the effects of performer incumbency and combinatorial role patterns, thereby offering an empirical application of the “role as resource” perspective (Baker and Faulkner ); and provides data on an underexplored era in which the emergence of digital technology has had wide‐ranging repercussions. Regressing measures of innovation (form) and diversity (content) on incumbency status and combinatorial role patterns reveals that innovation and diversity operate through distinct collaborative patterns. New artists are found to be carriers of musical innovation, and while performing artists with autonomy over the roles of songwriter and producer are more likely to be progenitors of musical diversity, innovation emerges from role specialization. Artistic roles and performer attributes, moreover, come together in particular ways to influence diversity and innovation depending on the environmental context. Post compact disc (CD) format era, innovation wrought by producer specialization is predominant, but the music is devoid of diversity. I conclude by arguing that the manner in which configurations of diversity and innovation interact has implications both for cultural production and reception.
Singular Thought: Object‐Files, Person‐Files, and the SortalPERSON
Authors: Murez Michael , Smortchkova Joulia
Published: August 2014

In philosophy, “singular thought” refers to our capacity to represent entities as individuals, rather than as possessors of properties. Philosophers who defendsingularismargue that perception allows us to mentally latch onto objects and persons directly, without conceptualizing them as being of a certain sort. Singularists assume that singular thought forms a unified psychological kind, regardless of the nature of the individuals represented. Empirical findings on the special psychological role of persons as opposed to inanimates threaten singularism. They raise the possibility that tracking individuals specifically as persons might require conceptualizing them in certain ways, for example, as persons. In this paper, we take such a possibility seriously but ultimately reject it. Instead, we propose to revise a prominent singularist theory, the theory of mental files, in order to accommodate data on the psychological distinctiveness of persons: We advocate the postulation of perceptual person‐files. Perceptual tracking via person‐files is different from object‐tracking but also from descriptive classification under the sortal conceptPERSON.
Successful treatment of severe immune hemolytic anemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with bortezomib: report of a case and review of literature
Authors: Hosoba Sakura , Jaye David L. , Cohen Cynthia , Roback John D. , Waller Edmund K.
Published: August 2014

Background

Immune hemolytic anemia is a well‐known complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Posttransplant hemolytic anemia results in increased red blood cell transfusions and medical sequelae including iron overload.

Case Report

We present a case report of immune hemolytic anemia that occurred after allogeneic HSCT from an ABO major–mismatched, HLA‐matched unrelated donor. The patient had high anti‐donor A type antibodies that were unresponsive to treatment with steroids and rituximab, resulting in persistent transfusion dependence. A detailed time course of anti‐A titers, plasma cell content of the marrow, and B‐cell content of the blood is presented. Treatment with bortezomib, a protease inhibitor, eliminated residual host‐type plasma cells secreting anti‐A and restored normal donor‐derived erythropoiesis.

Conclusion

This report, and a review of literature for treatment of immune hemolytic anemia after allogeneic HSCT, supports the utility of bortezomib as plasma cell–targeted therapy in this setting.
Hydroxyethyl starch: A review of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, current products, and potential clinical risks, benefits, and use
Authors: Glover Polly A. , Rudloff Elke , Kirby Rebecca
Published: August 2014

Objective

To review and summarize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), as well as reported risks and benefits of HES infusion, and to provide administration and monitoring recommendations for HES use in dogs and cats.

Data Sources

Veterinary and human peer‐reviewed medical literature, including scientific reviews, clinical and laboratory research articles, and authors’ clinical experience.

HES solutions are the most frequently used synthetic colloid plasma volume expanders in human and veterinary medicine. The majority of research in human medicine has focused on the adverse effects of HES infusion, with emphasis on acute kidney injury and coagulation derangements. The studies often differ in or fail to report factors, such as the type, amount, interval, and concentration of HES administered; the patient population studied; or concurrent fluids administered. Currently, there is no definitive clinical evidence that the reported adverse effects of HES use in human medicine occur in veterinary species. There is little information available on HES administration techniques or simultaneous administration of additional fluids in human and veterinary medicine. The rationale for HES use in small animals has been largely extrapolated from human medical studies and guidelines. A controlled approach to intravenous fluid resuscitation using crystalloid and HES volumes titrated to reach desired resuscitation end point parameters is outlined for small animal practitioners.

Conclusion

The extrapolation of data from human studies directly to small animals should be done with the knowledge that there may be species variations and different pharmacokinetics with different HES solutions. Veterinary reports indicate that bolus and continuous rate infusions of 6% hetastarch solutions at moderate doses are well tolerated in feline and canine subjects. Further research in domesticated species is necessary to better define and expand the knowledge regarding use of HES solutions in small animal medicine.
AFFECTED BY NATURE: A HERMENEUTICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Authors: Van den Noortgaete Francis , De Tavernier Johan
Published: August 2014

The value‐action gap poses a considerable challenge to normative environmental ethics. Because of the wide array of empirical research results that have become available in the fields of environmental psychology, education, and anthropology, ethicists are at present able to take into account insights on what effectively motivates proenvironmental behavior. The emotional aspect apparently forms a key element within a transformational process that leads to an internalization of nature within one's identity structure. We compare these findings with studies on environmental activists, which appear to a significantly lesser degree hampered by the value‐action gap, thereby attempting to understand what provides them with the drive to act more consistently on their moral attitudes. Hermeneutics is found to play a crucial role in the processes that lead to lasting and consistent motivation toward proenvironmental behavior. An empirically informed hermeneutical approach could therefore provide a promising impetus for contemporary environmental ethics.
ENTHEOGENS IN A RELIGIOUS CONTEXT: THE CASE OF THE SANTO DAIME RELIGIOUS TRADITION
Authors: Barnard G. William
Published: August 2014

This essay first draws upon the work of William James and others to propose a nonphysicalistic understanding of the relationship between the brain and consciousness in order to articulate a philosophical perspective that can understand entheogenic visionary/mystical experiences as something other than hallucinations. It then focuses on the Santo Daime tradition, a religious movement that began in Brazil in the early part of the twentieth century, to provide an example of the personal and social ramifications of taking an entheogen (ayahuasca) within a disciplined religious context. The essay claims that the Santo Daime is one example of a contemporary mystery school; gives a brief history of the development of this religion; discusses the key theological assumptions of this movement; investigates the important role played by visionary/mystical experiences within this religion; underscores the centrality of healing and spiritual transformation for members of this tradition; and ends with an examination of the crucial significance of spiritual discipline within this entheogenically based religion.
BY ITS FRUITS? MYSTICAL AND VISIONARY STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS OCCASIONED BY ENTHEOGENS
Authors: Hummel Leonard
Published: August 2014

A new era has emerged in research on entheogens largely due to clinical trials conducted at Johns Hopkins University and similar studies sponsored by the Council for Spiritual Practices. In these notes and queries, I reflect on implications of these developments for psychological studies of religion and on what this research may mean for Christian churches in the United States. I conclude that the aims and methods of this research fit well within Jamesian efforts of contemporary psychology of religion to assess religious practices by their fruits for life. Furthermore, some communitarian religious concerns that religious experiences occasioned by entheogens pose risks to the integrity of religious community are shown to be largely unfounded. However, it is suggested that certain risks for religious life posed by all investigations/interventions by knowledge experts—in particular, the colonization of the religious life world and the commodification of its practices—also attend these developments for Christian churches. Additionally, risks of individual harm in the use of entheogens appear to be significant and, therefore, warrant earnest ethical study.
RELIGION IS EASY, BUT SCIENCE IS HARD … UNDERSTANDING McCAULEY'S THESIS
Authors: Van Slyke James A.
Published: August 2014

Robert N. McCauley's new book Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not (2011) presents a new paradigm for investigating the relationship between science and religion by exploring the cognitive foundations of religious belief and scientific knowledge. McCauley's contention is that many of the differences and disagreements regarding religion and science are the product of distinct features of human cognition that process these two domains of knowledge very differently. McCauley's thesis provides valuable insights into this relationship while not necessarily leading to a dismissive view of theology or religious belief. His paradigm allows the research lens to focus on cognitive differences in processing scientific versus religious information and the important role of automatic, unconscious, and intuitive cognitive processes in understanding both the natural and supernatural worlds.
ON McCAULEY'S WHY RELIGION IS NATURAL AND SCIENCE IS NOT: SOME FURTHER OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Peterson Gregory R.
Published: August 2014

Robert McCauley's Why Religion Is Natural and Science Is Not provides a summary interpretive statement of the standard model in cognitive science of religion, what I have previously called the HADD + ToM + Cultural Epidemiology model, along with a more general argument comparing religious cognition to scientific thinking and a novel framework for understanding both in terms of the concept of the maturationally natural. I here follow up on some observations made in a previous paper, developing them in light of McCauley's own response to my previous arguments.
THE IMAGO DEI AS THE MIND OF JESUS CHRIST
Authors: Carter Christopher
Published: August 2014

In this essay I examine David Clough's interpretation of the imago Dei and his use of “creaturely” language in his book On Animals: Volume 1, Systematic Theology. Contrary to Clough, I argue that the imago Dei should be interpreted as being uniquely human. Using a neuroscientific approach, I elaborate on my claim that while Jesus is the image of God perfected, the imago Dei is best understood as having the mind of Christ. In regards to language, I make the case that using terms such as “creature” when referring to nonhuman animals is problematic in that it can serve to alienate human beings from their capacity to image God. In addition I argue that “creaturely” language raises concerns for the African American community given Western Christianity's history as it relates to their valuation of black bodies and human enslavement.
THE PARTICULARITY OF ANIMALS AND OF JESUS CHRIST
Authors: Adam Margaret B.
Published: August 2014

Clough's theological account of animals critiques the familiar negative identification of animals as not‐human. Instead, Clough highlights both the distinctive particularity of each animal as created by God and the shared fleshly creatureliness of human and nonhuman animals. He encourages Christians to recognize Jesus Christ as God enfleshed more than divinely human, and consequently to care for nonhuman animals as those who share with human animals in the redemption of all flesh. This move risks downplaying the possibilities for creaturely specific forms of redemption; limiting the cosmic efficacy of salvation in Christ; and losing the particularity of Christ's divine and human natures. Another, possibly less risky, direction to take Clough's insights about creatureliness and well‐formed theological ethics might attend to the perverse ways that humans assess the worthiness of human and nonhuman animals by substituting particularities of use and abuse for the particularities of creation and salvation.
TOWARD A WEAK ANTHROPOCENTRISM
Authors: Webb Stephen H.
Published: August 2014

In his work on the moral status of nonhuman animals, David Clough rejects the theory of anthropocentrism while accepting its practical importance. He thus leaves theology in a dilemma: reflection on animals should not support the very concept that practical approaches to animals require. An alternative is a “weak anthropocentrism” along the line of Gianni Vattimo's “weak ontology.” A weak anthropocentrism is better suited to a Neoplatonic theory of participation, not the traditional framework of creation out of nothing, and it also can give new meaning to the idea of imago Dei and a Christocentric affirmation of nonhuman value.
THE CHANGING CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE INSTITUTE ON RELIGION IN AN AGE OF SCIENCE AND ZYGON
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: August 2014

Since Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science was founded 49 years ago and since one of its co‐publishers, the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science (IRAS), was founded 60 years ago, there have been significant developments in their various cultural contexts—in science, in religion, in culture, in academia, and in the science and religion dialogue. This article is a personal remembrance and reflection that compares the context of IRAS in 1954 when it was first organized with the context of IRAS and Zygon today. It considers the contemporary niche of IRAS in relation to the developments that have occurred over the past 60 years.
RALPH BURHOE: RECONSIDERING THE MAN AND HIS VISION OF YOKING RELIGION AND SCIENCE
Authors: Hefner Philip
Published: August 2014

Ralph Wendell Burhoe was a leading figure in relating religion and science in the second half of the twentieth century. His autodidactic style and character as a public intellectual resulted in a vision that is comprehensive in its concern for the salvation of society. He does not fit easily into academic frameworks, even though he has been influential upon scholars who work in academia. This article discusses some conundrums posed by his work. There are also brief presentations of the concerns that motivated Burhoe, his style of work, and the content of his vision.
Fracture properties of atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide free-standing membranes
Authors: Berdova Maria , Ylivaara Oili M. E. , Rontu Ville , Törmä Pekka T. , Puurunen Riikka L. , Franssila Sami
Published: August 2014

The fracture strength of Al2O3 membranes deposited by atomic layer deposition at 110, 150, 200, and 300 °C was investigated. The fracture strength was found to be in the range of 2.25–3.00 GPa using Weibull statistics and nearly constant as a function of deposition temperature. This strength is superior to common microelectromechanical systems materials such as diamondlike carbon, SiO2, or SiC. As-deposited membranes sustained high cycling pressure loads >10 bar/s without fracture. Films featured, however, significant reduction in the resistance to failure after annealing (800 °C) or high humidity (95%, 60 °C) treatments.
3D/3D registration of coronary CTA and biplane XA reconstructions for improved image guidance
Authors: Dibildox Gerardo , Baka Nora , Punt Mark , Aben Jean‐Paul , Schultz Carl , Niessen Wiro , van Walsum Theo
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

The authors aim to improve image guidance during percutaneous coronary interventions of chronic total occlusions (CTO) by providing information obtained from computed tomography angiography (CTA) to the cardiac interventionist. To this end, the authors investigate a method to register a 3D CTA model to biplane reconstructions.

Methods:

The authors developed a method for registering preoperative coronary CTA with intraoperative biplane x‐ray angiography (XA) images via 3D models of the coronary arteries. The models are extracted from the CTA and biplane XA images, and are temporally aligned based on CTA reconstruction phase and XA ECG signals. Rigid spatial alignment is achieved with a robust probabilistic point set registration approach using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). This approach is extended by including orientation in the Gaussian mixtures and by weighting bifurcation points. The method is evaluated on retrospectively acquired coronary CTA datasets of 23 CTO patients for which biplane XA images are available.

Results:

The Gaussian mixture model approach achieved a median registration accuracy of 1.7 mm. The extended GMM approach including orientation was not significantly different (P > 0.1) but did improve robustness with regards to the initialization of the 3D models.

Conclusions:

The authors demonstrated that the GMM approach can effectively be applied to register CTA to biplane XA images for the purpose of improving image guidance in percutaneous coronary interventions.
Resource Letter APPO-1: Acoustics for Physics Pedagogy and Outreach
Authors: Gee Kent L. , Neilsen Tracianne B.
Published: August 2014

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the use of acoustics in physics pedagogy, whether in stand-alone courses, or as examples, analogies, or demonstrations in other contexts. Included are the principal journals and conference proceedings in the field, references to descriptions of existing acoustics courses, textbooks at different levels, and myriad online resources appropriate for courses at both the introductory and advanced undergraduate levels and for outreach. Also provided are topic-specific references that are divided into source, resonance, and traveling-wave phenomena. Because of the ability of sound to bridge the gap between mathematical understanding and everyday human experience, acoustical examples and demonstrations may deepen understanding of physical phenomena at all levels.
The restoring force on a dielectric in a parallel plate capacitor
Authors: Staunton L. P.
Published: August 2014

We investigate the restoring force on a dielectric slab being pulled from within the volume of a parallel plate capacitor connected to a battery. Using a conformal mapping to treat the fringing electric field exactly, we numerically obtain an expected Hooke's Law restoring force for small displacements, and a diminishing force for a displacement up to half the length of the dielectric.
What in the (quantum) world is macroscopic?
Authors: Jaeger Gregg
Published: August 2014

The notion of the macroscopic in fundamental quantum theory is analyzed. After a brief summary of use of the term macroscopic, its use in quantum theory is compared with its previous use elsewhere. Next, the connections specifically to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement theory more generally, where this term first began to deviate from previous uses, are explained and exhibited through a number of examples. Then, recent attempts to define accurately and quantitatively the extent of being macroscopic, that is, macroscopicity are discussed and their implications considered. This is done most particularly in the realm of quantum optics, where it differs most from previous uses and has recently been of considerable interest. Finally, with the benefit of this analysis, recommendations are made regarding future use of the notion of the macroscopic in fundamental physics.
Quantum and thermal fluctuations in the harmonic chain and experimental implications
Authors: Schönhammer K.
Published: August 2014

The nonzero ground-state energy of the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator implies quantum fluctuations around the minimum of the potential with the mean-square value proportional to Planck's constant. On the other hand, thermal fluctuations occur when the oscillator is coupled to a heat bath. Using quantum statistical mechanics, this paper describes the transition from pure quantum fluctuations at zero temperature to classical thermal fluctuations in the high-temperature limit. It was early pointed out by Peierls that the classical mean-square thermal fluctuations in a harmonic chain—a linear chain of coupled harmonic oscillators—increase linearly with the distance of the masses from the fixed end of the chain, destroying long-range crystalline order. As shown here, the corresponding quantum fluctuations lead to a much slower logarithmic increase with the distance from the end. It is also shown that this behavior implies, for example, the absence of sharp Bragg peaks in x-ray scattering in an infinite chain at zero temperature, which instead shows power-law behavior typical for one-dimensional quantum liquids (called Luttinger liquids).
Science Signaling
Podcast: 26 August 2014
Authors: Singer Alfred , Pobezinsky Leonid A. , Katz Gil , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2014

Signaling through the T cell receptor stimulates production of a microRNA that inhibits interleukin-7 receptor signaling.
The Makings of a Powerful Sweet Tooth
Authors: Vignieri Sacha N.
Published: August 2014

The ancestral savory receptor has been converted for sweet reception in hummingbirds.
Removing the Nucleus in Sieve Elements
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: August 2014

Cellular remodeling to develop phloem cells orchestrates degradation of the cell’s nucleus.
Treating Cancer by Getting on Its Nerves
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya
Published: August 2014

Surgical or pharmacologic interruption of muscarinic innervation to the stomach suppresses gastric tumor growth in mice and humans.
Brain Cancer Uses TGF-β to Battle Immune Cells
Authors: Berndt Jason D.
Published: August 2014

Medulloblastomas secrete TGF-β to suppress differentiation and infiltration of cytotoxic T cells.
Hippo Arrests Tetraploid Cells
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: August 2014

The Hippo pathway suppresses tumorigenesis by promoting cycle arrest in tetraploid cells.
Parkin Can Promote Apoptosis
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2014

Irreparable mitochondrial damage triggers cell death through Pink1-Parkin–mediated degradation of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1.
Clinical and
In Vitro
Resistance to GS-9669, a Thumb Site II Nonnucleoside Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase
Authors: Dvory-Sobol Hadas , Voitenleitner Christian , Mabery Eric , Skurnac Taylor , Lawitz Eric J. , McHutchison John , Svarovskaia Evguenia S. , Delaney William , Miller Michael D. , Mo Hongmei
Published: August 2014

Treatment with GS-9669, a novel nonnucleoside inhibitor (site II) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5B (NS5B) polymerase, resulted in significant antiviral activity in HCV genotype (GT) 1 patients dosed at 50 and 500 mg once daily (QD) and at 50, 100, and 500 mg twice daily (BID) for 3 days. This report characterizes the virologic resistance to GS-9669
in vitro
and in GT1 HCV-infected patients from a phase I clinical study. An
in vitro
resistance selection study with GS-9669 revealed substitutions at several NS5B residues that conferred resistance. The M423 variants were selected at low drug concentrations (5× the 50% effective concentration [EC
50
]), and the L419, R422, and I482 variants were selected at higher drug concentrations (20× the EC
50
). During the phase I clinical study, substitutions at NS5B residues 419, 422, and 486 were the predominant changes associated with GS-9669 monotherapy. Substitutions at position 423 were observed only in GT1a patients in the low-dose groups (50 and 100 mg BID). Interestingly, four HCV patients had substitutions at position 423 at baseline. Consistent with the low resistance level at this position, three patients with M423I or M423V at baseline achieved >2-log
10
reductions of HCV RNA when treated with 100 mg BID or with 500 mg QD or BID of GS-9669. The fourth patient, who had the M423V substitution at baseline, had a 4.4-log
10
reduction of HCV RNA with 500 mg BID of GS-9669. Phenotypic analyses demonstrated that the viral isolates with multiple GS-9669 resistance-associated variants have reduced susceptibility to GS-9669 and lomibuvir (VX-222) but are not cross-resistant to other classes of HCV inhibitors. (This study has been registered at
ClinicalTrials.gov
under registration no. NCT01431898.)
Development of a Population Pharmacokinetic Model Characterizing the Tissue Distribution of Azithromycin in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Zheng Songmao , Matzneller Peter , Zeitlinger Markus , Schmidt Stephan
Published: August 2014

Recent clinical trials indicate that the use of azithromycin is associated with the emergence of macrolide resistance. The objective of our study was to simultaneously characterize free target site concentrations and correlate them with the MIC90s of clinically relevant pathogens. Azithromycin (500 mg once daily [QD]) was administered orally to 6 healthy male volunteers for 3 days. The free concentrations in the interstitial space fluid (ISF) of muscle and subcutaneous fat tissue as well as the total concentrations in plasma and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs) were determined on days 1, 3, 5, and 10. All concentrations were modeled simultaneously in NONMEM 7.2 using a tissue distribution model that accounts for nonlinear protein binding and ionization state at physiological pH. The model performance and parameter estimates were evaluated via goodness-of-fit plots and nonparametric bootstrap analysis. The model we developed described the concentrations at all sampling sites reasonably well and showed that the overall pharmacokinetics of azithromycin is driven by the release of the drug from acidic cell/tissue compartments. The model-predicted unionized azithromycin (AZM) concentrations in the cytosol of PMLs (6.0 ± 1.2 ng/ml) were comparable to the measured ISF concentrations in the muscle (8.7 ± 2.9 ng/ml) and subcutis (4.1 ± 2.4 ng/ml) on day 10, whereas the total PML concentrations were >1,000-fold higher (14,217 ± 2,810 ng/ml). The total plasma and free ISF concentrations were insufficient to exceed the MIC90s of the skin pathogens at all times. Our results indicate that the slow release of azithromycin from low pH tissue/cell compartments is responsible for the long terminal half-life of the drug and thus the extended period of time during which free concentrations reside at subinhibitory concentrations.