bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digestibility of β-lactoglobulin following cross-linking by trametes versicolor laccase and apple polyphenols
Authors: Tantoush Ziyad , Mihajlovic Luka , Kravic Bojana , Ognjenovic Jana , Jankov Ratko , Velickovic Cirkovic , Stanic-Vucinic Dragana
Published: May 2011

?-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is an important nutrient of dairy products and an
important allergen in cow?s milk allergy. The aim of this study was to
investigate the potential of laccase to cross-link BLG in the presence of an
apple phenolic extract (APE) and to characterize the obtained products for
their digestibility by pepsin and pancreatin. The composition of the apple
phenolics used for cross-linking was determined by LC-ESE-MS. The apple
phenolic extract contained significant amounts of quercetin glycosides,
catechins and chlorogenic acid. The laccase cross-linked BLG in the presence
of apple phenolics. The polymerization rendered the protein insoluble in the
reaction mixture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) analysis of the cross-linking reaction mixture revealed a
heterogeneous mixture of high molecular masses (cross-linked BLG), with a
fraction of the BLG remaining monomeric. Enzymatic processing of BLG by
laccase and apple polyphenols as mediators can decrease the bi-phasal pepsin-
pancreatin digestibility of the monomeric and cross-linked protein, thus
decreasing its nutritional value. In addition, reduced BLG digestibility can
decrease its allergenic potential. Apple polyphenols can find usage in the
creation of new, more functional food products, designed to prevent obesity
and hypersensitivity-related disorders.
Of the OSCE field operations in transition countries
Authors: Trapara Vladimir
Published: May 2011

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) currently has 18
field operations in transition countries throughout Southeastern and Eastern
Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. These operations employ around 3000 staff
members and spend 80 percent of OSCE annual budget. Effectiveness of these
operations in performing their tasks in all phases of conflict cycle depends
on consensus between Great Powers; they also employ an informal
decision-making process to supplement the consensus in order to be flexible
in responding to changes in the situation. Today, those operations are
challenged by shifts in global power relations, and their future depends on
the outcomes of the current security dialogue which takes place in the OSCE.
That dialogue is also an opportunity for transition countries (including
Serbia) to benefit from the OSCE field operations reform, in a way that the
operations would now become more able to address the real security problems
of these countries.
Frequency and characteristics of myocardial ischemia recorded during stress echocardiography in patients with high coronary risk
Authors: Ilic Stevan , Deljanin-Ilic Marina , Stoickov Viktor
Published: May 2011

Background/Aim. Ischemic heart disease is the major cause of morbidity and
mortality in the world as well as in our country. Ischemic heart disease has
the multifactorial origin and the presence of several risk factors increases
the risk of myocardial ischemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
frequency and characteristics of myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic subjects
with two or more risk factors for coronary artery disease during stress
echocardiography. Methods. In 240 high risk asymptomatic subjects (an
absolute risk of fatal cardiovascular disease of more than 5%, according to
the Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation Chart), the exercise stress
echocardiography test was performed. The criterion for myocardial ischemia
was the appearance of transient segmental wall motion abnormality (WMA). The
wall motion score index was calculated before and after the exercise stress
echocardiography. Results. During exercise stress echocardiography, in 36
(15%) subjects WMA occurred. Out of 36 subjects with myocardial ischemia, in
10 (27.8%) subjects WMA and ST segment depression were accompanied with the
first occurrence of chest pain (the subgroup with symptomatic myocardial
ischemia), in 20 (55.6%) subjects WMA and ST segment depression were detected
and in 6 (16.6%) subjects only WMA occurred (the subgroup with silent
myocardial ischemia). There were no significant differences between the
subgroups with symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia with regard to
exercise tolerance, heart rate at the onset of WMA, and time to the onset of
WMA, but the wall motion score index was significantly higher in the subjects
with symptomatic myocardial ischemia (p < 0.01). In all the individuals with
symptomatic myocardial ischemia, significant stenosis of the coronary
arteries was found by coronary angiography. Out of 26 subjects with
asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, coronary angiography was performed in 18
and significant stenosis of the coronary arteries was diagnosed in all of
them. The number and grade of coronary stenosis in subjects with symptomatic
and silent myocardial ischemia were similar. Conclusion. The obtained results
presented the incidence of myocardial ischemia in 15% of asymptomatic
subjects with high coronary risk during stress echocardiography. Silent
myocardial ischemia was markedly more frequent than symptomatic one, but in
the subjects with symptomatic ischemia, the wall motion score index was
significantly higher.
Unstable intertrochanteric fractures: How to prevent uncontrolled impaction and shortening of the femur
Authors: Bogosavljevic Miodrag , Stokic Dragan , Friscic Zan , Ristic Branko
Published: May 2011

Background/Aim. Unstable intertrochanteric (IT) fractures, especially
fractures with a reverse or transverse fracture line, have tendencies to make
significant impaction on shortening of the femoral neck and lower extremity.
The biomechanical complexity of the fracture, the type and the position of
the implant are known to influence postoperative outcome. The aim of this
study was to compare characteristics of two versions of dynamic hip implants
in controlling the dynamization of unstable IT fractures of the femur.
Methods. In the prospective study that included 1,115 patients with fractures
of the proximal femur, 61 patients had IT fractures with a reverse or
transverse fracture line. All the patients were treated surgically with the
same implant in two versions: Dynamic Hip Screw - DHS-MB-S implant with a
rigid part of standard length (40 mm) and DHS-MB-I implant, with a rigid part
of the implant individualized for each patient depending on the transverse
diameter of the proximal femur. The patients were under gradual radiographic
and clinical control. Six months postoperatively we measured the length of
the extremity and the degree of the medialization of the distal part of the
femur. Results. All the fractures healed six months after the operation.
Medialization and shortening of the extremity were significantly less in the
group with fractures fixed by the DHSMB- I implant, in which length of the
rigid part of the implant was preoperatively measured individually for each
patient. Conclusion. In order to achieve a desired functional result, the
control of dynamisation in unstable IT fractures is significant in the
fixation of these fractures of the femur. We presented possible methods to
realize it by the contact of the rigid part of our implant with medial cortex
of the proximal fragment of the femur.
Subcutaneous paratibial fasciotomy in the treatment of chronic venous ulcer
Authors: Lekovic Ivan , Misovic Sidor , Bjelanovic Zoran , Draskovic Miroljub , Tomic Aleksandar
Published: May 2011

Background/Aim. Chronic venous ulcer (CVU), a disease of high incidence, is
one of the most serious chronic venous insufficiency complications. It has
been estimated that there are 1%-2% of adults with CVU deriving a high social
significance. The aim of this study was to, using the clinical experience,
determine the influence of subcutaneous paratibial fasciotomy (SPF) on the
course and the treatment outcome of CVU. Methods. From February 2006 to
September 2009 SPF was applied in a group of 43 patients treated for CVU
along with other standard methods of treatment, and its influence on the
course of ulcus cruris was followed up regarding the control group of another
43 patients treated with standard methods with no paratibial fasciotomy.
Results. In the group of patients treated with SPF there was a significantly
better clinical course of ulcus cruris closing as compared with the group of
patients in which this method was not applied. In the group with paratibial
fasaciotomy there was no Thiersch skin transplant rejection recorded nor
ulcus recurrence within a 6-month after-surgery period, while in the control
group there was Thiersch skeen transplant rejection in 11 patients, and ulcus
recurrence in 9 patients within the same period. Conclusion. SPF is a useful
method with a favorable influence on better clinical course of ulcus cruris
closing, reducing recurrence rate and improving local microcirculation in the
affected region. Operation act itself is safe, requires no specific equipment
nor special training of the team of surgeons, thus being applicable to the
majority of patients with ulcus cruris indicated for surgery.
Response to cladribine in patient with systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Radojkovic Milica , Ristic Slobodan , Colovic Natasa , Terzic Tatjana , Colovic Milica
Published: May 2011

Introduction. Systemic mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of hematological
disorders characterized by accumulation of mast cells in different organs.
Case report. A 41-year-old woman presented with a three-year history of
fatigue, occasional diarrhea, mild fever, skin rash and splenomegaly.
Laboratory results showed severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. Cytological and
histological investigation of bone marrow showed a marked increase of mast
cells infiltration with following immunophenotype: CD117+, CD68+, CD34-,
MPO-, CD15-. She was treated with cladribine 0.15 mg/kg body weight from day
1 to day 5, a total of six cycles, and achieved a good partial response,
transfusion independency and normalization of spleen size. Although the
patient responded to the treatment, the relapse with splenomegaly and
bicytopenia was observed after 10 months. Conclusion. Cladribine therapy was
efficient in the patient' with systemic mastocytosis but the response was
transient, so there is the need to search for new therapeutic options and
more effective strategies in the treatment of patients with aggressive mast
cell disorders.
Identification of Candidate Genes for Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy (HC) Using Whole Genome Expression Analysis: Analyzing Material from the HC Registry
Authors: Shehata Bahig M. , Bouzyk Mark , Shulman Sarah C. , Tang Weining , Steelman Charlotte K. , Davis Gigi K. , Moreno Carlos S.
Published: May 2011

Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy (HC) is a rare but distinctive arrhythmogenic disorder characterized by incessant ventricular tachycardia, cardiomegaly, and often sudden death by age 2 years. The underlying genetic mechanism of HC has eluded researchers for decades. To further identify the potential molecular-genetic bases of HC, molecular analyses of HC hearts and hearts of age-matched controls were performed. Total RNA and genomic DNA were prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cardiac tissue from 12 cases of HC and 12 age-matched controls. To identify genes differentially expressed in HC, whole genome cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation profiling was performed. TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed changes in RNA expression. DNA copy number changes were measured by TaqMan copy number variant analysis. Analysis of differential gene expression in HC cases identified 2 significantly downregulated gene sets aligned sequentially along the genome. The 1st gene cluster consisted of genes S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 at 1q21.3c, and the 2nd cluster consisted of genes IL1RL1(ST2), IL18R1, and IL18RAP at 2q12.1a. Strong decreases in interleukin 33 expression were also observed. Decreases in copy number of the S100A genes were confirmed by TaqMan copy number variant assays. S100A genes are downstream of the p38-MAPK pathway that can be activated by interleukin 33 signaling. These data suggest a model in which the interleukin 33-IL1RL1/p38-MAPK/S100A8-S100A9 axis is downregulated in HC cardiac tissue and provide several candidate genes on 1q21.3c and 2q12.1a for inherited mutations that may predispose individuals to HC.
Association of the −262C/T polymorphism in the catalase gene promoter with carotid atherosclerosis in Slovenian patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Letonja Mitja , Nikolajević-Starčević Jovana , Šantl Letonja Marija , Petrovič Danijel
Published: May 2011

Genetic variations of the antioxidant enzymes may influence the susceptibility to oxidative stress and consequently the development and progression of diabetic complications. The aim of the current study was to test the association between the −262C/T polymorphism in the catalase gene promoter and carotid atherosclerosis in Slovenian patients with type 2 diabetes. Two-hundred and eighty six diabetics and 150 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Carotid atherosclerosis was quantified ultrasonographiocally by carotid intima-media thickness (CITM), plaque score and plaque type. Genotypes were determined using the real-time PCR. Fibrinogen concentration showed a borderline statistically significant difference due to catalase genotypes (p=0,05). No difference in clinical characteristics, CIMT, plaque stability or plaque score was observed. Logistic regression model adjusted for age, gender, smoking, BMI, lipid parameters and duration of hypertension and diabetes showed significant association of T allele and lower risk for higher plaque score (OR=0,25; p=0,025). No association with CIMT>1mm and unstable plaques was observed. T allele of −262C/T is associated with lower risk for higher plaque score but it did not affect clinical parameters, CIMT and plaque stability. Whether this polymorphism can be used as a genetic marker for advanced carotid atherosclerosis in diabetic patients needs to be evaluated in the future.
Diabetes insipidus due to pituitary metastasis in a woman with lung adenocarcinoma: a case report
Authors: Hsiao Chen-Hao , Wang Chung-Yih , Chung Ming-Teng , Yang Ming-Sung
Published: May 2011

Metastatic tumors of the pituitary are uncommon and usually asymptomatic. They are often incidental findings from imaging workups for other medical issues or from the assessment of primary tumors in other locations. Diabetes insipidus is the most common symptom resulting from pituitary tumors, including pituitary metastases. A 56-year-old woman with primary lung adenocarcinoma underwent video-assisted thoracic bilobectomy. Regular follow-up was unremarkable until 15 months after surgery, when she presented with polyuria and polydipsia suggestive of diabetes insipidus. A pituitary mass was found on brain magnetic resonance imaging; the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma metastasized to the pituitary was confirmed by trans-sphenoidal surgery and biopsy of the pituitary mass. Diabetes insipidus and hormonal profiles are the key to recognize the existence of pituitary metastases, and patients with primary lung cancers presenting with diabetes insipidus should be evaluated for pituitary metastases.
High-risk hpv infection in sexually active and non active young women
Authors: Bumbuliene Zana , Alisauskas Jonas , Sepetiene Agne
Published: May 2011

To determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection before first vaginal intercourse and after initiation of sexual activity in 14-22 years old girls, to find which HPV types occur most commonly. During the gynecologic exam cervical swabs were collected. Specimens were tested using Hybrid Capture 2 DNA test. In positive samples digene HPV genotyping test was performed. Subjects included 264 women, of whom 169 (64.0%) reported previous sexual activity and 95 (36.0%) had not yet had vaginal intercourse. There were 43 cases (16.3%) of high risk HPV, with 39 cases in those reporting sexual activity and 4 in virgins. Single strain HPV infection was detected in 62.8%, two strains in 23.2%, and three strains in 14.0% of subjects. HPV-16 was the most common type (20.9%), next more prevalent types were 18, 56, 31, 33 and 59. HPV-16 or HPV-18 were detected in 39.5% of the subjects. Not a single case was identified containing both types. The prevalence of high-risk HPV is common in sexually active young Lithuanian women. HPV were found in a small percentage of girls who had never had vaginal intercourse. The prevalence of types 16 and 18 among Lithuanian women was higher than in international data.
Prevalence of nephrolithiasis in polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Idrizi Alma , Barbullushi Myftar , Gjata Margarita , Koroshi Alketa , Roshi Enver , Backa Teuta , Kodra Sulejman , Thereska Nestor
Published: May 2011

We aim to define the prevalence of nephrolithiasis, the impact of anatomic and metabolic factors to stone formation and prognosis of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Albania. We included 200 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney from 2002 to 2009. The patients underwent X-ray, renal ultrasonography. We performed the metabolic evaluation of blood and urine. Survival times were calculated as the time to dialysis, transplantation, or death. Kaplan-Meier product-limit survival curves were constructed. Log rank test was used to compare the survival curves. Nephrolithiasis was present in 116 of our patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (58%), with a mean age 46.4±5.7 years. Sixty five patients with kidney stones (56%) were women. The stones were composed primarily of urate (47%) and calcium oxalate (39%), and other compounds 14%. In 40% of patients the presence of stones was associated with a history of urinary tract infections and flank pain. In our study the prevalence of nephrolithiasis is 58%, higher than it reported in literature. Except anatomic and metabolic factors, there are other contributor factors to stone formation in our patients such socioeconomic status of patients, geographic zones and dietary habits.
The Threatened Identity: An Empirical Study
Authors: Brygoła Elwira
Published: May 2011

The Threatened Identity: An Empirical Study

This study explores the phenomenon of threatened identity that occurs because of significant, often abrupt changes in human life. As a result of a difficult experience, decision, change of cultural environment, loss of someone or something very important, an individual may feel he/she is someone different than before. Thus, establishing the continuity of one's personal identity may be a problem. In a report on this type of situation Glynis Breakwell (1986) proposes the term "threatened identity." She places it in the context of her structural model of identity. The present study is aimed at investigating possible images of threatened identity and characterizing them from the point of view of narrative sequences, the affective level and the ultimate - positive or negative - consequences of the individual's functioning. With regard to these aspects, five types of threatened identity have been distinguished from the empirical evidence: (1) the constructive re-evaluation, (2) the key experience, (3) the stable narrative sequence, (4) the seeking of power and autonomy and (5) the loss of part of oneself.
Conflict Resolution and Relational Patterns in the Families of Origin of Women and Men
Authors: Kuncewicz Dorota
Published: May 2011

Conflict Resolution and Relational Patterns in the Families of Origin of Women and Men

The aim of the studies was to seek an answer to the following question: Which relationship patterns correlate with different conflict resolution strategies in women's and men's intimate relationships? The subjects were 56 engaged couples (aged 19-37) answering Conflict Resolution Strategy Questionnaires, Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaires and The Family of Origin Scale. The network of correlations between conflict resolution strategies and relationship patterns is more complex for women than for men. In the women's group, the correlation connects constructive strategies (dialogue and loyalty) foremost with patterns defining intimacy (or its components). However, destructive strategies (exit and neglect) are related to patterns definitive of individuation levels in the family of origin, independence and position. In the men's group, however, the correlation connects conflict resolution strategies (constructive and destructive) to relationship patterns definitive of partner relations. Furthermore, constructive strategies are associated with lower intergeneration triangulation intensity and higher intergenerational intimidation intensity.
Diabetes Vs. Physical Exercise
Authors: Raczyńska Barbara , Zubik Łukasz , Jeliński Michał
Published: May 2011

Diabetes Vs. Physical Exercise

Diabetes is a disease affecting people of all races in the world, it can appear at any age. It is considered to be social disease due to the incidence and complications. It is a disease of complex etiology, classified as a metabolic disease with chronic hyperglycemia. It requires intensive hypoglicemizing therapy. There are two types of diabetes: type I and type II with different etiologies and varied clinical picture.

In the case of prolonged illness serious complications develop, from which, however, the sick may be saved, on condition of the patient's absolute submission to the rigors of treatment. It is possible to live an active life and even practice sports. Extremely important in this case is the correct blood glucose, providing for adjusted glucose homeostasis, which is promoted by physical activity. Physical exercise can be an important therapeutic agent in treating diabetes, provided the criteria of its physiological tolerance are determined. It is vital that an individual approach to the patient is made, associated with the duration of the disease and existing complications. Patient education in monitoring patients' glucose levels is important, i.e. the efficiency in the implementation of individual insulin therapy and hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia self-prevention during and after physical exercise. Patients who decide to practice sport should find the optimal way to control exercise, and diet during and after exercise, then the sporting success is possible.
Sense of Gender Identity in Women Practicing Football with Consideration of the Formation
Authors: Soroka Andrzej , Bergier Józef
Published: May 2011

Sense of Gender Identity in Women Practicing Football with Consideration of the Formation

Introduction.
Identification of gender is one of the most important dimensions of building a sense of self-identity; it is also one of the basic criteria for identifying individuals by society. The aim of this study was to determine the types of psychological gender football female players (taking into account the formation), i.e. the sport deemed "masculine".
Material and methods.
The research group was composed of the female players of the Polish national football team, seniors (n = 26), youth team under the age of 19 (n = 21) and the Polish extra league club athletes (n = 16). The tool research was the "Inventory to assess psychological gender (IPP)" by Kuczyńska.
Results.
Nearly 70% female football players were included in the androgynous type, while 20% were the persons representing the so-called specified psychological type. The most important feature identifying cultural gender patterns, selected by the female players was "tolerant" - feature of the cultural stereotype known to be neutral, as well as the characteristics attributed to both women and men: "friendly" and "nice".
Conclusion.
The studies allow for determining the dominant type of psychological gender of female players as androgynous, which is highly expressed combined male and female characteristics.
The Course and Didactic Results of Master's Studies in Physical Education
Authors: Buchta Krystyna
Published: May 2011

The Course and Didactic Results of Master's Studies in Physical Education

Introduction
. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of Physical Education (PE) studies at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (FPE&S) of the University of Physical Education (UPE) in Warsaw.
Material and methods
. The study was carried out among the students and graduates of two unified education cycles by means of the documents analysis and the diagnostic poll method with the use of a posted questionnaire. The analysis encompassed the level of preparation for undertaking the studies, academic merits, sport achievements, other experience gained by the examined in the course of the studies and the "output effect" in the form of gained competences.
Results
. As a result of the study, it was established that the PE studies were undertaken mostly by physically well-prepared graduates of secondary schools whose level of theoretical knowledge was quite low. In the course of the studies, the examined scored average academic merits. The studies constituted for them an opportunity to gain new competences, mainly in the field of physical education. Sporadically, students' activities were directed at educational, organisational and social spheres.
Conclusions
. In the light of the obtained results, amendments in the national curriculum and changes in physical education teaching methodology seem crucial. Apart from gaining competences pertaining to a particular graduate's profile, development of creative skills, and shaping the proper attitude and behaviour seem vital.
Clinicopathological study of minor salivary gland tumour
Authors: Rashid Md Shazibur , Bhuiyan Mohammad Ashequr Rahman , Islam Mohammad Shafiqul , Siddiquee Belayat Hossain
Published: May 2011

Objectives: To find out the clinicopathological factors of minor salivary gland tumour. Methods: An attempt has been made to explore the relative incidence, clinical presentation, age and sex distribution, histological type, site of involvement of each cases of minor salivary gland tumour. Thirty cases of minor salivary gland tumours were studied. Sampling method was purposive, convenient. Data were collected in a prescribed data sheet from BSMMU, DMCH and BKZMC and SSH, Dhaka, during the period of October 2006 to May 2007. Results: In this series of 30 patients, 20 cases (67%) were found malignant and 10 cases (33%) were benign. Regarding the site of distribution of minor salivary gland tumour, 67% (20) were found in the hard palate, three patients were found in the soft palate, three patients in the check, two in the nasopharynx and two in the alveolar margin. All benign tumours in this series were pleomorphic adenoma. Monomorphic adenoma was not found in any patients. Among malignant tumour adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common 70% (14). Pleomorphic adenoma was found in 33% (10) of total cases. Muco-epidermoid carcinoma was the 2nd most common malignant tumour 12.5% (4). Carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma was the least common histological type 6% (2). Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of minor salivary gland tumour is likely to lead to a fair outcome. All patients with swelling in hard palate should be considered as a minor salivary tumour. Sub clinical lymphatic metastasis may occur in malignant cases, so all patients should be referred for radiotherapy following surgery. Distant metastases are also rare in such type of malignancy. Key words: Minor salivary gland; Neoplasm. DOI: 10.3329/bjo.v17i1.7628 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 17(1): 48-52
Fukushima: There Are Lessons to Be Learnt, on Both Sides
Authors: Sciubba Enrico
Published: May 2011

On Friday March 11, at 2.46pm (5.46am GMT), an earthquake of magnitude between 8.9 and 9.1 (Richter scale) hit the superficial submarine crust, about 10 km below sea level and about 120 km south-east of the east coast of Japan. Minutes later, a tsunami wave of up to 10 m reached the north-east coast of Japan. Less than two hours later, the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) announced that over 4 million households were without power because of the quake-induced power generation and transmission failures. In particular, TEPCO stated that units 1, 2 and 3 at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant and units 1 to 4 at Fukushima Daini stopped automatically because of the quake. This was the beginning of the worst nuclear accident of the last two decades (the Tschernobyl tragedy dates back to 1986). [...]
Novel Strategies for Drug Discovery Based on Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs)
Authors: Wang Jihua , Cao Zanxia , Zhao Liling , Li Shuqiang
Published: May 2011

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are proteins that usually do not adopt well-defined native structures when isolated in solution under physiological conditions. Numerous IDPs have close relationships with human diseases such as tumor, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, diabetes, and so on. These disease-associated IDPs commonly play principal roles in the disease-associated protein-protein interaction networks. Most of them in the disease datasets have more interactants and hence the size of the disease-associated IDPs interaction network is simultaneously increased. For example, the tumor suppressor protein p53 is an intrinsically disordered protein and also a hub protein in the p53 interaction network; α-synuclein, an intrinsically disordered protein involved in Parkinson diseases, is also a hub of the protein network. The disease-associated IDPs may provide potential targets for drugs modulating protein-protein interaction networks. Therefore, novel strategies for drug discovery based on IDPs are in the ascendant. It is dependent on the features of IDPs to develop the novel strategies. It is found out that IDPs have unique structural features such as high flexibility and random coil-like conformations which enable them to participate in both the “one to many” and “many to one” interaction. Accordingly, in order to promote novel strategies for drug discovery, it is essential that more and more features of IDPs are revealed by experimental and computing methods.
Evolution of Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Thomas David R. , Penney Claire A. , Majumder Amrita , Walmsley Amanda M.
Published: May 2011

The science and policy of pharmaceuticals produced and/or delivered by plants has evolved over the past twenty-one years from a backyard remedy to regulated, purified products. After seemingly frozen at Phase I human clinical trials with six orally delivered plant-made vaccines not progressing past this stage over seven years, plant-made pharmaceuticals have made a breakthrough with several purified plant-based products advancing to Phase II trials and beyond. Though fraught with the usual difficulties of pharmaceutical development, pharmaceuticals made by plants have achieved pertinent milestones albeit slowly compared to other pharmaceutical production systems and are now at the cusp of reaching the consumer. Though the current economic climate begs for cautious investment as opposed to trail blazing, it is perhaps a good time to look to the future of plant-made pharmaceutical technology to assist in planning for future developments in order not to slow this technology’s momentum. To encourage continued progress, we highlight the advances made so far by this technology, particularly the change in paradigms, comparing developmental timelines, and summarizing the current status and future possibilities of plant-made pharmaceuticals.
Nanohardness and Residual Stress in TiN Coatings
Authors: Hernández Luis Carlos , Ponce Luis , Fundora Abel , López Enrique , Pérez Eduardo
Published: May 2011

TiN films were prepared by the Cathodic arc evaporation deposition method under different negative substrate bias. AFM image analyses show that the growth mode of biased coatings changes from 3D island to lateral when the negative bias potential is increased. Nanohardness of the thin films was measured by nanoindentation, and residual stress was determined using Grazing incidence X ray diffraction. The maximum value of residual stress is reached at −100 V substrate bias coinciding with the biggest values of adhesion and nanohardness. Nanoindentation measurement proves that the force-depth curve shifts due to residual stress. The experimental results demonstrate that nanohardness is seriously affected by the residual stress.
Cloud Remote Sensing Using Midwave IR CO2 and N2O Slicing Channels near 4.5 μm
Authors: Gao Bo-Cai , Li Rong-Rong , Shettle Eric P.
Published: May 2011

Narrow channels located in the longwave IR CO2 absorption region between approximately 13.2 and 14.5 μm, the well known CO2 slicing channels, have been proven to be quite effective for the estimates of cloud heights and effective cloud amounts as well as atmospheric temperature profiles. The designs of some of the near-future multi-channel earth observing satellite sensors cannot accommodate these longwave IR channels. Based on the analysis of the multi-channel imaging data collected with the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) instrument and on theoretical cloud radiative transfer modeling, we have found that narrow channels located at the midwave IR region between approximately 4.2 and 4.55 μm, where the combined CO2 and N2O absorption effects decrease rapidly with increasing wavelength, have similar properties as the longwave IR CO2 slicing channels. The scattering of solar radiation by clouds on the long wavelength side of the 4.3 μm CO2 absorption makes only a small contribution to the upwelling radiances. In order to retain the crucial cloud and temperature sensing capabilities, future satellite sensors should consider including midwave IR CO2 and N2O slicing channels if the longwave IR channels cannot be implemented on the sensors. The hyperspectral data covering the 3.7-15.5 mm wavelength range and measured with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) can be used to further assess the utility of midwave IR channels for satellite remote sensing.
NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) Coatings on Gold Sensors—a QCM Study of Hemocompatibility
Authors: Sinn Stefan , Eichler Mirjam , Müller Lothar , Bünger Daniel , Groll Jürgen , Ziemer Gerhard , Rupp Frank , Northoff Hinnak , Geis-Gerstorfer Jürgen , Gehring Frank K. , Wendel Hans P.
Published: May 2011

The reliability of implantable blood sensors is often hampered by unspecific adsorption of plasma proteins and blood cells. This not only leads to a loss of sensor signal over time, but can also result in undesired host vs. graft reactions. Within this study we evaluated the hemocompatibility of isocyanate conjugated star shaped polytheylene oxide—polypropylene oxide co-polymers NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) when applied to gold surfaces as an auspicious coating material for gold sputtered blood contacting sensors. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors were coated with ultrathin NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) films and compared with uncoated gold sensors. Protein resistance was assessed by QCM measurements with fibrinogen solution and platelet poor plasma (PPP), followed by quantification of fibrinogen adsorption. Hemocompatibility was tested by incubation with human platelet rich plasma (PRP). Thrombin antithrombin-III complex (TAT), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were used as coagulation activation markers. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize platelet adhesion to the sensor surfaces. Compared to uncoated gold sensors, NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) coated sensors revealed significant better resistance against protein adsorption, lower TAT generation and a lower amount of adherent platelets. Moreover, coating with ultrathin NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) films creates a cell resistant hemocompatible surface on gold that increases the chance of prolonged sensor functionality and can easily be modified with specific receptor molecules.
Le « calqul » économique du consommateur : ce qui s'échange autour d'un chariot
Authors: Cochoy Franck
Published: May 2011

Résumé Étudier la consommation, est-ce étudier le consommateur ? Alors que la sociologie de la consommation et la consumer research ont jusqu’ici répondu implicitement par l’affirmative à cette question, en faisant toutes deux du consommateur le point focal de leurs analyses de la consommation, cet article propose plutôt de répondre par la négative, en vertu d’un double argument. D’une part il entend montrer que paradoxalement, pour bien comprendre la consommation, il est parfois préférable de se détourner du consommateur, pour s’intéresser plutôt aux objets qu’il mobilise et désigne, ainsi qu’aux médiations techniques et humaines qui définissent et rapprochent les objets et les sujets de consommation, par exemple un simple chariot de supermarché. Ce chariot, en favorisant l’agrégation autour de lui d’un petit collectif non réductible à la seule personne qui le pousse, transforme le consommateur en consommateur collectif, et donc la conversion du calcul en « calqul ». En conservant la phonétique du « calcul » tout en lui associant le radical du verbe « calquer », ce néologisme entend prendre en compte la part sociale de l’arithmétique des consommateurs. De même que calquer un dessin consiste à ajuster son trait aux contours du modèle, « calquler » consiste, pour les membres d’une unité de choix collective, à ajuster leur choix aux expressions de leur(s) partenaires, sans préjuger bien sûr de la réussite ou de la convergence de cet ajustement.
Morphologie sociale et sociologie de l'environnement : l'apport de Halbwachs à l'étude des relations entre les sociétés et leur milieu naturel
Authors: Boudes Philippe
Published: May 2011

Résumé D’un côté la morphologie sociale et l’un de ses principaux protagonistes, Maurice Halbwachs, de l’autre un récent domaine de recherche, la sociologie de l’environnement : dans quelle mesure ces deux courants intéressés par le rapport des sociétés avec leur milieu naturel, leur substrat matériel, sont-ils liés ? En revenant sur les traits principaux de la morphologie sociale, et notamment sur le parcours de Halbwachs, on remarque leur proximité avec les courants qui ont inspiré l’approche sociologique de l’environnement. Ces homologies avec l’école de Chicago et avec le courant néo-orthodoxe d’écologie humaine qui associent, comme Halbwachs, les facteurs démographiques, techniques et environnementaux dans une visée d’explication de l’organisation sociale, contribuent à faire de Halbwachs un autre des pionniers de la sociologie de l’environnement. Toutefois, les visées parfois psychologisantes voire constructivistes de celui-ci laissent penser que c’est davantage l’ambition de la morphologie sociale, et non celle de ce chercheur, qui doit être réévaluée pour contribuer à la dynamique de la sociologie de l’environnement.
Regulation reconsidered: the telephone industry since 1975
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article remet en cause la présentation habituelle de la déréglementation et des privatisations dans les télécommunications. Il montre que ces changements structurels sont advenus pour des raisons diverses dans des pays différents, et qu’ils n’ont pas répondu à une logique inéluctable des technologies ou des marchés. D’une part, dans plusieurs nations, les gouvernements ont été capables de mener à bien une modernisation substantielle de leurs systèmes de télécommunications après 1975. D’autre part, l’ouverture des marchés n’a pas engendré l’industrie compétitive que les critiques de la réglementation avaient prédite. Les Etats-Unis, qui ont été le pays leader dans la tendance à la déréglementation, ont perdu des parts de marché à l’échelle mondiale dans l’industrie des télécommunications. Dans d’autres parties du monde, en particulier hors des nations les plus riches, la concurrence n’a pas abouti à une « uniformisation » du paysage économique, et certaines nations ont continué à avoir un retard significatif en matière de communications et de technologies de l’information par rapport aux économies avancées. L’article explique les raisons de ces résultats. Il conclut à la nécessité de prendre en compte l’économie politique, l’esprit d’entreprise et la stratégie des firmes pour expliquer et évaluer les changements dans les télécommunications depuis 1975.
Les chemins de fer belgo-allemands et le camp d'Elsenborn (1887-1894). Prémisses de la traversée du territoire Belge ?
Authors: Bechet Christophe
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’extension du réseau ferroviaire allemand dans l’Eifel au cours des années 1880-1890 a suscité très tôt les craintes des diplomates et des agents de renseignement français. Cette extension en soi, d’abord motivée par des intérêts économiques, n’aurait suscité aucun commentaire si elle n’avait été accompagnée de l’extension du réseau ferroviaire belge dans le Luxembourg. Dans un contexte explosif de tension entre la France et l’Allemagne (bellicisme du général Boulanger et incident Schnaebelé de 1887), les Chambres belges votaient la même année les crédits nécessaires pour fortifier la ligne de la Meuse et en interdire l’usage à tout belligérant. Un climat de méfiance subsiste quant à un accord secret belgo-allemand et transparaît à travers les articles de journaux ou les rapports secrets des attachés militaires. En 1893, la création du camp militaire d’Elsenborn à la lisière de la Belgique semble venir confirmer les appréhensions relatives à la violation prochaine, consentie ou non, de la neutralité belge par l’Allemagne. Selon l’historiographie française de l’entre-deux-guerres, Elsenborn aurait été constitué dans un seul et unique but : prendre la place forte de Liège par surprise, ce qui semblerait confirmé par l’adoption ultérieure du « plan Schlieffen ». Mais n’est-ce pas là faire preuve d’anachronisme ? Les recherches récentes ont en effet montré qu’aucun changement stratégique majeur ne s’était opéré dans le plan allemand à cette époque. Cependant, il y aurait là à tout le moins un début d’intérêt pour le territoire belge et, depuis ces nouvelles infrastructures, le passage par la Belgique devenait « techniquement » réalisable.
Les « enrôlés de force » dans la Wehrmacht – un symbole du passé mouvementé des belges germanophones au xxe siècle
Authors: Brüll Christoph
Published: May 2011

Résumé Entre 1941 et 1945, plus de 8,700 jeunes hommes originaires de la région frontalière d’Eupen-Malmedy portent l’uniforme de la Wehrmacht. Entre 3,200 et 3,400 d’entre eux ne reviendront pas. Il s’agit là d’une conséquence directe de l’annexion de ce territoire par l’Allemagne en mai 1940. Par ailleurs, ces jeunes hommes sont aussi un symbole du passé mouvementé de cette région, déchirée dans un camp proallemand et un camp probelge durant l’entre-deux-guerres et frappée dans l’immédiat après-guerre par une épuration civique qui rendra difficile toute approche nuancée du passé le plus récent. La contribution s’efforce de remettre l’enrôlement dans la Wehrmacht dans son contexte politique et social et de retracer les mécanismes de recrutement. Elle pose également des questions sur le comportement de ces hommes sur le front auxquelles les sources ne permettent pas de répondre jusqu’à présent. En ce sens, elle constitue très certainement une invitation à approfondir les recherches au sujet de ces Zwangssoldaten .
De Gaulle et Mohammed V 18 juin 1940 - 18 juin 1945
Authors: Vaïsse Maurice
Published: May 2011

Résumé En juin 1945, de Gaulle invite à Paris le sultan du Maroc Mohammed V et le fait compagnon de la Libération. Cette distinction exceptionnelle est inexplicable sans un retour en arrière sur les années de guerre au Maroc, le débarquement anglo-américain de novembre 1942, la difficile reprise en main des protectorats par la France gaulliste et les premiers mouvements d’indépendance des Marocains.
Co-immunité globale
Authors: Sloterdijk Peter
Published: May 2011

Résumé Toutes les associations sociales de l’histoire, depuis les hordes originelles jusqu’aux empires mondiaux, sont explicables, du point de vue systémique, comme des structures de co-immunité. L’élément rationnel de cette évolution tient au reformatage à plus grande échelle de ce qui nous est propre. Cela nous pousse aujourd’hui vers une macro-structure des immunisations globales : le co-immunisme .
Manifeste pour un Commun Intermittent
Authors: Bourfouka Hakim
Published: May 2011

Résumé Un spectre hante le monde du travail : le spectre de l’intermittence. Au-delà de la diversité des domaines d’activité, une population d’actifs intermittents partage, presque malgré elle, des pratiques communes. Ce manifeste propose des modalités pratiques d’institutionnalisation du commun intermittent en une Société Hétéronyme d’Intermittents (SHI), dotée d’un lieu de convergence, de statuts de collaboration, d’une structure collective de composition d’œuvres communes.
Ontologie relationnelle et pensée du commun
Authors: Collomb Cléo
Published: May 2011

Résumé La pensée dominante, celle qui se réfère constamment à l’article de Garrett Hardin sur « La tragédie des communs », repose sur une ontologie atomiste : présupposer des entités individuelles revient à concevoir le commun comme espace d’externalités. Une ontologie relationnelle considérant que les entités viennent à l’existence par la relation nous conduit en revanche à penser l’individu, non comme présupposé, mais comme processus. Dès lors, le commun ne se déroule pas extérieurement à lui. L’individu s’individue par le commun, de même que le commun s’intensifie par les différentes individuations qui le texturent.
Coalitions
Authors: Neyrat Frédéric
Published: May 2011

Résumé Au commencement, il en était plus d’Un. Mais on ne le savait pas encore. Impossible de savoir par avance, et même après coup, ce que des êtres rassemblés peuvent porter comme charge commune. On ne peut que le spéculer : la pensée de la communauté aura toujours appelé une métaphysique, c’est-à-dire une science des variations imaginaires soumises au Principe de raison. Parions sur le vif des coalitions aventureuses.
Le peuple en essaim
Authors: Bisson Frédéric
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’essaim donne une nouvelle image du peuple. Le lexique de l’« essaimage » n’a cependant pas une valeur homogène : il code en même temps les procédés du pouvoir et les pratiques qui lui résistent, dans une ambivalence tactique qui le brouille. Un collectif en essaim est nécessairement sans sujet : il ne dit pas « nous ». Mais le peuple en essaim est d’autant plus puissant qu’il n’affronte pas le pouvoir qu’il combat, qu’il demeure imperceptible. L’essaimage fait fluer le commun à travers la dispersion et dans la solitude même de ses membres.
Musique multiple de
Authors: Pierrepont Alexandre
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’improvisation collective en musique, à travers toutes ses métamorphoses historiques, fournit des exemples privilégiés des processus sociaux et collaboratifs, des structures ouvertes et en réseau, que la philosophie politique peine à repérer dans le monde social. Des formations socio-musicales du type de celles de William Parker sont des multitudes en action, où l’on s’adonne depuis quelques lustres à un art de l’indépendance et de l’interdépendance, un art de faire et de vivre en commun qui maximalise les relations entre les participants et les présences qu’elles « soulèvent ». Abstract Collective improvisation in music, throughout its historical metamorphoses, provides the best examples of the types of collaborative processes, open structures and networks which political philosophers look for in society at large. Socio-musical ensembles like those of William Parker are multitudes in action: for many years, they have been cultivating an art of independence and interdependence, an art of making and living in common which maximizes the relations between the participants they tend to “elate”.