bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF DEMOCRACY, CORRUPTION AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: EVIDENCE FROM TOP SIX ASEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Zandi Gholamreza , Haseeb Muhammad , Abidin Irwan Shah Zainal
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the study: The current study aims to examine the relationship between corruption, democracy, military expenditure and environmental degradation in a panel of six ASEAN countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam using a panel data from 1995 to 2017. Methodology: In addition, the current study is unique in applying the sophisticated methods of panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) that have been adopted in several earlier quality research. Main Findings: The results of panel estimations conclude that corruption, military expenditure, and democracy have a noteworthy and significant impact on carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN countries. The results of FMOLS and DOLS confirm that there is a positive and significant impact of military expenditure and corruption on carbon dioxide emission. However, we found a negative and significant impact of democracy on carbon dioxide emission in all selected ASEAN countries. Implications: In general, the consequences of both statistical estimations affirm that corruption, democracy, and military expenditure are the critical and noteworthy determinants of carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN nations.
EFEITOS DO PROTOCOLO DE ESTRESSORES SOBRE A PREFERÊNCIA DE ÁGUA COM SACAROSE EM RATOS
Authors: Silva Paulo Eduardo da , Malerbi Fani Eta Korn
Published: September 2019

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de investigar os efeitos do Protocolo de Estressores (PE) sobre a preferência de água com sacarose em ratos submetidos a um regime contínuo de privação de água para manter seus pesos a 85% ad lib. Dez ratos machos foram submetidos a 13 testes de consumo de água e de água com sacarose. Desses, oito foram também submetidos a sessões operantes (Concorrente VIVI) e ao PE por seis semanas consecutivas, um sujeito foi submetido aos testes de consumo e ao PE e um sujeito apenas aos testes de consumo. Os resultados revelaram que a submissão ao PE não foi acompanhada por um decréscimo na preferência por água com sacarose (p > 0,05), nem nos testes de consumo, nem nas sessões operantes, independentemente da condição experimental. Entretanto, observou-se uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) no consumo de ração na gaiola viveiro enquanto os animais estavam sendo submetidos ao PE. Sugere-se que a redução no consumo de ração na gaiola viveiro seja uma medida alternativa para avaliar a diminuição do valor reforçador de um estímulo decorrente da exposição ao PE.Palavras-chave: Estressores crônicos moderados, privação, modelo animal, esquema concorrente VIVI, anedonia.
SUPRESSÃO CONDICIONADA DISCRIMINADA EM RATOS: EM BUSCA DE REPLICAÇÃO
Authors: Silva Rafael Fernando da , Carvalho Lucas Couto de , Barbosa Thiago Braga , Santos Leticia Dos , Regaço Alceu , Souza Deisy Das Graças de
Published: September 2019

No procedimento de supressão condicionada um pareamento entre um estímulo neutro e um estímulo aversivo é sobreposto a uma linha de base de comportamento operante. O pareamento resulta em supressão do responder durante o estímulo aversivo condicionado e sua recuperação após a ocorrência do estímulo aversivo incondicionado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo replicar estudo prévio que mostrou que os efeitos supressivos do pareamento ficaram parcialmente sob controle do estímulo discriminativo. Diferentemente do estudo anterior, a presente pesquisa utilizou contrabalanceamento do componente pareado entre sujeitos. Foi empregada uma linha de base de esquemas múltiplos de intervalos variáveis (mult VI VI) iguais, correlacionados com a presença ou a ausência de luz (componente claro/escuro). O procedimento seguiu um delineamento de reversão ABAC, em que A era a linha de base, o pareamento tom-choque foi introduzido somente em um dos componentes em B e em C o tom era apresentado sem o choque (extinção do pareamento). Observou-se supressão nas taxas totais de respostas em ambos os componentes na Condição B (efeito generalizado), porém, com efeito mais acentuado no componente com paramento (efeito discriminativo). Além disso, uma análise das taxas locais replicou os achados prévios: a supressão foi mais acentuada entre o início do estímulo de aviso e o término do choque. Os resultados não apontam conclusivamente para uma diminuição nas taxas globais de respostas nas fases finais (A e C). Os efeitos de generalização podem ter sido parcialmente favorecidos pelo contexto (o mesmo para os dois componentes), o que deverá ser melhor investigado.Palavras-Chave: Esquemas múltiplos, intervalo variável, controle aversivo, supressão condicionada, ratos.
Developing young learners’ vocabulary retention through adapted Turkish educational games in EFL environment
Authors: Yavuz Fatih , Kurt Funda
Published: September 2019

Games are significant intervention strategies most of the teachers utilise in their teaching process. As they supply motivating and entertaining atmosphere for students, they create a necessity for them to acquire the components of the target language. This study mainly focused on the significance of using games particularly including the suggestion of the adapted version of Turkish educational games to teaching of vocabulary for young learners in EFL environment and analysing their impact on vocabulary retention capacities of learners. Participants were 44 female intermediate fifth grade students divided into two groups as the experimental and the control groups. In the experimental group, students practiced target vocabulary items through adapted Turkish educational games while the students in the control group exercised them only with activities in their books traditionally. The study indicated that there was a significant difference between two groups in terms of defining and using them for particular contexts.
Keywords: Games; teaching vocabulary; traditional Turkish games; young learners
Implementación de las técnicas de RMN y cristalografía de macromoléculas para la caracterización estructural de proteínas de interés biomédico
Authors: Arce-Solano Silvia , Hernández-Carvajal Erick
Published: September 2019

La implementación de novedosas técnicas biofísicas para análisis de proteínas a escala atómica, tales como la resonancia magnética nuclear de proteínas (RMN) y la cristalografía de rayos X, permiten el estudio de los mecanismos moleculares de interacción entre proteínas de interés y, -en algunos casos-, permite explorar mecanismos alternativos para el diseño de nuevos fármacos. Nuestro grupo ha desarrollado dos líneas de investigación buscando implementar y consolidar dichas técnicas biofísicas, con el objetivo de comprender mejor las interacciones entre sustratos, -como el factor VIII y el receptor de plaquetas PAR1- con la trombina, en los procesos de coagulación sanguínea; y, por otra parte, conocer mejor la actividad funcional de algunas proteínas provenientes de venenos de serpientes. La interacción de regiones conectoras del FVIII humano con la trombina fue estudiada utilizando la técnica de RMN, a través de ensayos mono, bi y tri-dimensionales, donde los conectores del FVIII humano fueron marcados con los isótopos 1H, 13C y 15N empleando sobreexpresión heteróloga en cepas de Escherichia coli. Mediante la técnica de cristalografía de rayos X se ha logrado obtener cristales a partir de la generación de complejos de las proteínas recombinantes humanas con la trombina, y se han desarrollado una serie de mutantes del FVIII y PAR1, para favorecer complejos intermediaros más estables con la trombina. Por último, se ha trabajado con una metaloproteinasa del veneno de la serpiente Crotalus simus y una fosfolipasa de Botriechis schelegelii. De esta última se obtuvo una estructura 3D a una alta resolución (~2.5 Å).
Proyectos interuniversitarios y multidisciplinarios relacionados con el patógeno zoonótico Brucella abortus realizados en el CIB
Authors: Rivas-Solano Olga
Published: September 2019

Desde el año 2009, el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB) del TEC ha venido desarrollando varios proyectos de investigación interuniversitarios y multidisciplinarios relacionados con la bacteria Brucella abortus. Estos proyectos se hicieron en conjunto con el Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET) de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional (UNA) y el Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) de la Facultad de Microbiología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR). La mayoría de estos proyectos contaron principalmente con financiamiento de los Fondos Especiales para la Educación Superior (FEES) del Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE). Durante la última década, el financiamiento recibido del FEES, permitió crear y equipar el Laboratorio de Bacteriología en el CIB; realizar trabajos finales de graduación y tesis de licenciatura, maestría y doctorado, en las áreas de biotecnología, microbiología, medicina veterinaria y ciencias biomédicas. También se han publicado artículos científicos en revistas indexadas y se están elaborando manuscritos, como resultado de las tesis doctorales en ejecución.
Helicobacter pylori en Costa Rica, más de una década de investigaciones
Authors: Montero-Campos Virginia
Published: September 2019

En investigaciones realizadas en el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB) en agua de consumo humano de Costa Rica, se analizó un total de 112 muestras de agua potable de 20 cantones situados en áreas de baja y alta incidencia de cáncer gástrico del país. Se logró el cultivo exitoso y la identificación molecular de la bacteria Helicobacter pylori con el marcador glmM en el 39% de las muestras de áreas de alta incidencia y en el 7.5% de las muestras de áreas de baja incidencia. Además, se analizaron muestras de agua potable (n = 44) de acueductos costarricense con tratamiento de cloración en áreas seleccionadas con alta prevalencia de cáncer gástrico, así como muestras de agua de consumo humano de Panamá (n = 44) de acueductos que suministran agua no tratada para consumo humano en la provincia de Chiriquí. En el caso de las muestras de Costa Rica, se determinó que el 79.5% de las muestras fue positivo para H. pylori; eliminando valores atípicos, la cuantificación de las bacterias se determinó en 3,6 × 103 copias/100 mL de agua. Para Panamá, se determinó que el 86% de las muestras fueron positivas para la presencia de H. pylori con un valor de 3.3 × 102 copias/100 mL agua. La diferencia en los valores entre los acueductos en ambos países reveló una distribución ambiental de las bacterias de interés epidemiológico en cada caso, que puede explicar la diferencia entre las tasas de cáncer gástrico entre ambos países.
Proyectos relacionados con diversidad, ecología, desplazamiento, virulencia y potencial biotecnológico de cepas de Listeria spp. aisladas en Costa Rica a partir de muestras alimentarias, clínicas y ambientales
Authors: Núñez-Montero Kattia , Barboza-Fallas Luis , Guillén-Watson Rossy , Rivas-Solano Olga , Peraza-Moraga Johnny
Published: September 2019

El género Listeria está compuesto por más de 15 especies, que pueden ser aisladas de diferentes ambientes, incluyendo vegetación, suelo, agua y animales. L. monocytogenes ha sido mundialmente estudiada como un modelo de patogénesis intracelular, lo cual ha permitido descifrar información importante sobre el comportamiento del patógeno, como es el caso de la respuesta a la actividad antibiótica intracelular, transcripción de genes durante la vida intracelular y desarrollo de modelos in vivo para el estudio de infecciones. Costa Rica es una de las naciones del mundo más ricas biológicamente siendo de interés para estudios de diversidad genética en organismos. Por lo tanto, la mayoría de los estudios realizados en el país se centran en el aislamiento de Listeria spp. para determinar la presencia o ausencia del microorganismo en muestras de interés, siendo las alimenticias las más analizadas. La poca información genética sobre estas bacterias llevó a que investigadores del Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología del TEC, junto con colaboradores nacionales e internacionales, realizarán el primer estudio sobre la diversidad genética de Listeria spp. en Costa Rica. Desde entonces los proyectos de investigación en Listeria spp. que se han desarrollado actualmente en el CIB tienen un alcance científico que permiten la comprensión de las bacterias presentes en nuestro ambiente, su potencial patogénico, trazabilidad, control de contaminación y potencial biotecnológico. Asimismo, se pretende mantener y fortalecer las colaboraciones importantes tanto nacionales como internacionales con miras a formar una red orientada a la investigación aplicada al sector de las infecciones alimentarias del país.
Los insectos y la biotecnología: avispas sociales como fuente de nuevos compuestos antibióticos
Authors: Chavarría-Pizarro Laura
Published: September 2019

Los insectos son un grupo de organismos indispensables en los ecosistemas naturales y en aquellos modificados por el hombre como los cultivos y las ciudades. Estos organismos han sido estudiados desde hace mucho tiempo; sin embargo, con el surgimiento de áreas como la biotecnología, el enfoque que se le ha dado a los estudios con insectos está cambiando. Un caso es el de los insectos sociales, organismos que están siendo investigados debido a las relaciones simbióticas que mantienen con microorganismos productores de sustancias antimicrobianas. Es por este motivo que en el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB) del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR) se están realizando dos estudios para determinar la presencia de actinobacterias en colonias de avispas sociales, y probar su actividad antibiótica. Se aislaron 49 cepas de microorganismos con morfología de actinomicetos de las celdas de cría, y la actividad antibiótica se midió en 45 cepas de las cuales 36 (80%) mostraron actividad positiva contra patógenos. Otro proyecto pretende aislar microorganismos de las glándulas y cutícula de los adultos de avispas, al ser éstos posiblemente los que dispersan las sustancias antibióticas por la colonia. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las avispas Epiponini sí mantienen relaciones simbióticas con actinomicetos, y que algunas cepas presentan actividad antibiótica. Esto demuestra que estos organismos tienen un gran potencial para el desarrollo de investigaciones biotecnológicas.
USING GROUP DISCUSSION TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING FLUENCY
Authors: Wahyurianto Ibnu
Published: September 2019

Being able to speak in target language is considered as the indicator thatevery language learner is mastering the target language. Likewise inEnglish, the learners are regarded mastering English when they canproduce the sound of English itself in the form of good communicationtoward the others. Nevertheless, teaching English is a complex process,since it involves some activities started from preparation until evaluation.In addition, there are some barriers regarding teaching speaking, i.e thenumber of students, teacher’s competence, and even students’ problems.Although teaching speaking is a kind of difficult job, still there is a way toovercome some stated problems; group discussion. So, this research isaiming at the implementation of group discussion to improve students’speaking fluency. To achieve the research objectives, the design of theresearch is classroom action research which involves four steps, they areplanning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The subject research isthe students of Bahasa Indonesia Department semester II of University ofMuhammadiyah Malang who have different English proficiencybackground. Data collection method used is preliminary observation,indepth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. Thedata gathered will be analyzed by using the qualitative analysis involvingreducing data, displaying data, verifying data and taking conclusion. Basedon the results, it can be stated that the implementation of groupdiscussion in speaking course can improve the students’ speaking fluency.
MOVES AND GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACTS
Authors: Wahyu Utami Leo Candra
Published: September 2019

Rhetoric in writing an abstract is required for the writers’ goal which is to deliver adequate information to the readers by implementing an appropriate compositional structure of the abstract. This study aims to explore the use of grammatical construction of every rhetorical move in the research article abstracts. The result showed that grammatical constructions are found in the research article abstracts. The use of present tense is dominant in all five moves. Additionally, past tense is mostly found in method move. Active voice and passive voice are also found in all five moves. However, passive voice is frequently found in method and conclusion. In this case, the writers construct the abstract as objective as possible. That-complement clause is characteristically found in product move. Thus, implementation of this study is beneficial for the writers in academic writing to realize the use of grammatical constructions in the research article abstracts.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WRITING PROCESS IN TEACHING WRITING FOR YOUNG LEARNERS
Authors: Hertiki Hertiki
Published: September 2019

In writing class, young learners need the guidance from the teacher to express their ideas to do the writing task. This study is intended to observe how the teacher implemented the writing process in teaching writing. The implementation of the writing process includes three important things - the techniques, teaching aids, and the teaching procedures. This study was a case study. It was conducted in twelve meetings at Primary 3 Class where the researcher was the non-participant observer so she did not take any participation in the teaching-learning activities. The researcher obtained the data from classroom observations, pictures taking, field notes, and interviews. The results showed that the teacher implemented the writing process in teaching writing by using seven kinds of teaching techniques, eight kinds of teaching aids and different teaching procedures for each technique. The seven techniques were brainstorming, mind mapping, drawing, reading activities, browsing on the internet, pair or group work, and individual writing. The techniques were supported by eight kinds of teaching aids such as storybooks, journal books, whiteboard, workbooks, some stationary items, computers, a laptop, and a LCD projector. The reason for using the techniques, the teaching aids and the procedures were to guide and motivate the students to write better in class. In conclusion, the teaching techniques, teaching aids, and teaching procedures used by the teacher made the students become more active and the students were encouraged to express their ideas in the written work in class
EFL LEARNERS’ ABILITY IN USING DISCOURSE MARKERS TO BUILD COHERENCE IN THE WRITING
Authors: Ni'mah Ulin
Published: September 2019

The study aims to investigate how EFL learners apply Discourse Markers (DMs) to make their writing coherent. This is a descriptive study conducted at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang by observing essays written by Biology students learning English in semester IV. The researcher analyzed 52 DMs and how the students apply them in 28 essays. The findings of the study show that the participants use 21 different DMs in 148 occurrences, and use several DMs inappropriately in 68 occurrences. There are some problems found in the use of DMs such as mistranslation, overuse, surface logic, misinterpretation, and misplace. The conclusion of the study reveals that learners have already applied DMs in their texts to build coherence but some are used inappropriately. Therefore, the researcher suggests that materials about what types of DMs and how to apply DMs should be given in the classroom
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MINERAL CONTENT OF SIDAT FISH MEAT (ANGUILLA MARMORATA QUOY GAIMARD) ON YELLOW EEL PHASE FROM PALU RIVER AND LAKE POSO
Authors: Jamaluddin Jamaluddin , Agustinus Widodo
Published: September 2019

Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata Quoy Gaimard) is one of the strategic commodities to be developed because it has high nutritional value such as protein, fatty acid, vitamins and minerals. Minerals are one of the nutrients the body needs for the body's physiological processes. This study aims to determine the amount and mineral content of eel meat Anguilla marmorata Quoy Gaimard) originating from the river Palu and lake Poso. Sampling was done by Purposive sampling method based on type, weight 35-40 gram, size 300-450 mm and location of taking. Mineral testing on eel meat using laboratory experimental with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the mineral content contained in yellow eel fish from Palu river contains potassium 1,519 mg/kg, magnesium 203 mg/kg, zinc 11,2 mg/kg, and mercury 0,129 mg/kg; and from the  Poso lake contains potassium 1,360 mg/kg, magnesium 179 mg/kg, and strontium 1.32 mg/kg. Based on this study  can be concluded that there is influence the location against the amount of mineral content.
Examination of the Structural Validity of the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory Using Exploratory Factor Analysis
Authors: Hudacek Sharon S. , DiMattio Mary Jane K. , Schnell Audrey , Lovecchio Catherine P.
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose

This study tested the psychometrics of the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI—actual version), a tool designed to measure the perceptions of nursing students' clinical learning. The developer of the CLEI did not report structural validity.

Method

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using data from 311 licensure nursing students to assess the CLEI's proposed dimensions or structural validity.

Results

The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test indicated acceptable sampling adequacy. Analysis of four different models, while retaining items with factor loadings >0.35, resulted in a four-factor solution with 32 items. The factors were renamed: Concern for Student Welfare (the highest weighted factor); Organized/Effective Teaching; Enjoyment of Clinical Learning; and Student Decision-Making.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the 32 item four-factor CLEI is sufficiently structurally valid and reliable for further testing.
From Policy to Practice: Women's Experiences of Breastfeeding-Friendly Worksites, Part 1
Authors: Cheyney Melissa , Henning Margaret , Horan Holly , Bovbjerg Marit L. , Ferguson Maryanne
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Breastfeeding-friendly worksites are associated with longer breastfeeding durations, yet currently there is a dearth of research exploring women's experiences of workplace-based wellness programs designed to support continued lactation.

Method

Using semi-structured interviews with a voluntary sample of participants from one rural New England town (N = 18), we examined women's experiences of returning to work at worksites with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Worksite Health ScoreCard (HSC) “breastfeeding-friendly” designation.

Results

Five key themes emerged from participants' narratives; three policy and workplace climate-related themes are described.

Discussion

Collectively, findings indicate areas where HSC lactation-support questions might be modified to more precisely identify the psychosocial, structural, and sociocultural needs of breastfeeding employees.
Education is Key for Increasing Breastfeeding Duration Among Working Mothers
Authors: Needels Maryleah Schultz
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Federal law mandates protections for time and a private place for pumping. However, mothers continue to express feelings of guilt explaining how the return to work ended their breastfeeding journey. Nationwide, there is a significant drop in exclusive breastfeeding rates at the 3- and 6-month marker, which coincides with the return to employment.

Method

Mothers attended a “Working Moms' Breastfeeding Class,” a hybrid taught by lactation consultants mixed with the peer-to-peer conversation.

Results

After attending the class, mothers reported an increase in knowledge concerning the law, pumping, breast milk handling, and childcare feeding practices.

Discussion

Educating mothers at the time of their transition back into the workforce is key to increasing maternal self-efficacy to meet their breastfeeding goals.
La política religiosa di Commodo = Commodus’ Religious Policy
Authors: Galimberti Alessandro
Published: September 2019

Riassunto: La politica religiosa di Commodo presenta due momenti significativi che corrispondono a due diversi atteggia­menti sia verso la religione tradizionale e, più in generale verso i culti esterni, sia verso il cristianesimo. La svolta matura soprattutto negli ultimi anni del suo reg­no quando Commodo opera una rottu­ra sia con il culto imperiale attraverso l’assimilazione a Ercole, che risulta tutta­via effimera, sia con la politica anticris­tiana di Marco che risulta più feconda e duratura in rapporto alle sorti del cristia­nesimo successivo.Abstract: Commodus’ religious policy shows two phases that correspond to two different attitudes both towards traditional religion and, more generally, to external cults, and towards Christianity. The breakthrough matured above all in the last years of his reign when Commodus made a break both with the imperial cult through as­similation to Hercules, which is however ephemeral, and with the anti-Christian policy of Marcus which is more fruitful and lasting in relation to the fate of subse­quent Christianity.Parole chiave: Commodo, Ercole, Culti tradizionali, Cristiani.Key words: Commodus, Hercules, Traditional Cults, Christians.
Brøns, Cecile & Nosch, Marie-Louise (Eds.) (2017), Textiles and Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean
Authors: Pavón Torrejón Pilar
Published: September 2019

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Poverty Alleviation Research in Rural China: Three Decades and Counting
Authors: Luo Xing Jian
Published: September 2019

Poverty alleviation is a hallmark of post-revolution Chinese policymaking. Since 1978, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has implemented successive waves of poverty alleviation policies whose effects have become the focus of an ever-increasing body of academic literature. This paper reviews this diverse but limited literature that evaluates the impact of the CPC’s poverty reduction programs through four major channels, namely fiscal investment programs, social safety nets, rural governance on the village-, county- and provincial level, and the relocation of rural populations from destitute regions. This paper aims to synthesize results and evaluate whether and how the abovementioned poverty alleviation programs have had distinct positive or negative impacts on regional development outcomes. Furthermore, I highlight contradictions in empirical findings to motivate the discussion about contextual importance when designing and implementing future poverty alleviation programs. Finally, I suggest that an exhaustive and critical appraisal of the empirical strategies used in this literature would further the development and application of more accurate and informative methodologies.
Novel Antiviral Activities of Obatoclax, Emetine, Niclosamide, Brequinar, and Homoharringtonine
Authors: Andersen Petter I. , Krpina Klara , Ianevski Aleksandr , Shtaida Nastassia , Jo Eunji , Yang Jaewon , Koit Sandra , Tenson Tanel , Hukkonen Vejo , Anthonsen Marit W. , Bjoras Magnar , Evander Magnus , Windisch Marc P. , Zusinaite Eva , Kainov Denis E.
Published: September 2019

Viruses are the major causes of acute and chronic infectious diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization, there is an urgent need for better control of viral diseases. Re-purposing existing antiviral agents from one viral disease to another could play a pivotal role in this process. Here we identified novel activities of obatoclax and emetine against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), echovirus 1 (EV1), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in cell cultures. Moreover, we demonstrated novel activities of emetine against influenza A virus (FluAV), niclosamide against HSV-2, brequinar against HIV-1, and homoharringtonine against EV1. Our findings may expand the spectrum of indications of these safe-in-man agents and reinforce the arsenal of available antiviral therapeutics pending the results of further in vivo tests.
Hubungan antara Pemahaman Konsep dengan Beban Kognitif Siswa pada Materi Hidrolisis Garam
Authors: Sabilla Zahara , Ridwan Achmad , Yusmaniar Yusmaniar
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara beban kognitif dengan pemahaman konsep siswa pada materi hidrolisis garam. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI MIA 1, XI MIA 6 dan XI MIA 7 di SMAN 2 Cibinong sebanyak 96 orang. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan permasalahan kemampuan seseorang dalam menerima dan mengolah informasi yang melebihi kemampuan kapasitas memori kerja yang dimiliki akan menimbulkan beban kognitif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif korelasional. Beban kognitif siswa pada materi hidrolisis garam tergolong tinggi. Hasil uji hipotesis dengan Spearman Rank diperoleh hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara pemahaman konsep dengan beban kognitif siswa, sehingga dapat disimpulkan semakin tinggi beban kognitif maka akan semakin rendah pemahaman konsep siswa.

Kata kunci:    Beban kognitif, hidrolisis garam, pemahaman konsep
(RE)IMAGINED COMMUNITIES
Authors: Luft Alexander
Published: September 2019

A quarter-century has passed since Annie Proulx’s The Shipping News won the Pulitzer Prize and kindled an international interest in Newfoundland, and in that time, the island has fostered a tourism industry catering to those expecting the quaint seaside villages of Proulx’s novel. This paper re-evaluates Proulx’s 1993 work, especially its imagination of Newfoundland as a geographically peripheral location at the edge of rapid economic change. The novel works through its internal newspaper, the Gammy Bird, to depict a community’s self-representation as resistance to outside economic and cultural forces, often framing traditional ‘native’ storytelling against modern, fact-driven journalistic conventions. Yet, The Shipping News is not a native text to Newfoundland, and its fictional reimagination of the island accomplishes the same outside obfuscation it ascribes to contemporary journalistic practice.
THE 'REALIST' GOTHIC
Authors: Ryan Gabrielle
Published: September 2019

From the moment historical fiction became defined as a genre of literary ‘realism’, it was positioned as the opposite of the Gothic. The Gothic, it was considered, could not be historical because its supernatural elements meant that it did not measure up to the standards of realism required. In this article, I argue that it is possible for the Gothic and literary realism to co-exist: that it is possible, even perhaps more powerful, to write a ‘realistic’ Gothic not made up of the supernatural, but of things that are real. I use as a case study the novel that was the creative artefact of my PhD, which is an example of a Gothic novel written in a traditional ‘realist’ style, and plays with the conventions of the Gothic, particularly in relation to the depiction of queer women and the monstrous Other.
NARRATIVE SOVEREIGNTY, EMOTIONS AND INTERSPECIES RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Lennox Rowena
Published: September 2019

This article engages the claim that narrative is crucial to humans’ capacity to imagine and to know other animals. It brings together the concept of political sovereignty from Derrida, with an evaluation of emotion to analyse narratives about interspecies relationships. I begin by mapping Derrida’s critique of the relationship between violence and scientific knowledge about animals (Derrida 2009: 276–304) onto recent research into relationships between people and dingoes on K’gari (Fraser Island), to delineate how violent epistemologies may underpin humans’ ways of knowing other animals. I then explore the politics of the public education about dingoes on K’gari as they relate to government policies and the way the state exercises power; such state-sanctioned narratives set the discursive tone for the way people know and interact with (this) other species, and disallow other epistemologies. In contrast, creative nonfiction narrators Barry Lopez (Of Wolves and Men, 2004) and Helen Macdonald (H Is for Hawk, 2014) perform their own critiques of inaccurate and controlling narratives about, respectively, wolves and goshawks. I argue that the techniques they use—acknowledging emotion; observing animals’ perceptions, relationships and agency; respecting animals’ ability to resist human-imposed meanings; recognising the limits of human knowledge; and incorporating other voices—provide a framework for how creative writers may narrateother animals more ethically and more accurately.
Effect of neck extension on the advancement of tracheal tubes from the nasal cavity to the oropharynx in nasotracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kim Hyerim , Lee Jung-Man , Lee Jiwon , Hwang Jin-Young , Chang Jee-Eun , No Hyun-Joung , Won Dongwook , Row Hyung Sang , Min Seong-Won
Published: September 2019

Background Clinicians sometimes encounter resistance in advancing a tracheal tube, which is inserted via a nostril, from the nasal cavity into the oropharynx during nasotracheal intubation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neck extension on advancement of tracheal tubes from the nasal cavity into the oropharynx during nasotracheal intubation. Methods Patients were randomized to the ‘neck extension group (E group)’ or ‘neutral position group (N group)’ for this randomized controlled trial. After induction of anesthesia, a nasal RAE tube was inserted via a nostril. For the E group, an anesthesiologist advanced the tube from the nasal cavity into the oropharynx with the patient’s neck extended. For the N group, an anesthesiologist advanced the tube without neck extension. If the tube was successfully advanced into the oropharynx within two attempts by the same maneuver according to the assigned group, the case was defined as to ‘success.’ We compared the success rate of tube advancement between the two groups. Results Thirty-two patients in the E group and 33 in the N group completed the trial. The success rate of tube passage during the first two attempts was significantly higher in the E group than in the N group (93.8% vs. 60.6%; odds ratio = 9.75, 95% CI = [1.98, 47.94], p = 0.002). Conclusion Neck extension during tube advancement from the nasal cavity to the oropharynx before laryngoscopy could be helpful in nasotracheal intubation.
Analysis of erroneous data entries in paper based and electronic data collection
Authors: Ley Benedikt , Rijal Komal Raj , Marfurt Jutta , Adhikari Nabaraj , Banjara Megha , Shrestha Upendra Thapa , Thriemer Kamala , Price Ric N. , Ghimire Prakash
Published: September 2019

Objective: Electronic data collection (EDC) has become a suitable alternative to paper based data collection (PBDC) in biomedical research even in resource poor settings. During a survey in Nepal, data were collected using both systems and data entry errors compared between both methods.
Collected data were checked for completeness, values outside of realistic ranges, internal logic and date variables for reasonable time frames. Variables were grouped into 5 categories and the number of discordant entries were compared between both systems, overall and per variable category.
Results: Data from 52 variables collected from 358 participants were available. Discrepancies between both data sets were found in 12.6% of all entries (2352/18,616). Differences between data points were identified in 18.0% (643/3,580) of continuous variables, 15.8% of time variables (113/716), 13.0% of date variables (140/1,074), 12.0% of text variables (86/716), and 10.9% of categorical variables (1,370/12,530). Overall 64% (1,499/2,352) of all discrepancies were due to data omissions, 76.6% (1,148/1,499) of missing entries were among categorical data. Omissions in PBDC (n=1002) were twice as frequent as in EDC (n=497, p<0.001).
Data omissions, specifically among categorical variables were identified as the greatest source of error. If designed accordingly, EDC can address this short fall effectively.
Standardization of Professional Attitude Questionnaire on the Application of Social Networks in Iranian students
Authors: mosalaneajd leili , rezaiee rita , abdollahifard saeed
Published: September 2019

Introduction The growth of information and communication technology has faced students and medical professionals with challenges in terms of professionalism. The use of social networks in the field of education has also accelerated and has become a powerful source of learning for transformation and empowerment in different fields. This questionnaire addresses the standardization of the attitude to professionalism in using social networks in medical science students. Methods In this questionnaire, with the aim of standardizing the attitude toward social networks, we used a questionnaire with 10 questions in 5 fields by Ness etal, 2013, . The fields include Accountability, Hiring decisions, Profile edits, Professionalism and Privacy setting . In this study, the questionnaire was first checked by validity in content . In the next step, construct validity was performed by exploratory factor analysis .Also reliability checked by test – retest in one group of students . Results By examining the correlation matrix between the variables, correlation between the variables and total score of questionnaire were appropriate.The result of factor analysis by principal component method and Varimax rotation with 3 factors is approved The reliability of the test was obtained 0.940 through test-retest method, and internal consistency were good . Conclusion Perspectives on e-professionalism and social media questionnaire by Ness etal, 2013, perspectives on e-professionalism and social media is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing perspectives on e-professionalism and social media in Iranian medical students.
Effect of Three-dimensional Printing with Nanotubes on Impact Resistance
Authors: Schmitz Anne
Published: September 2019

The types of biomedical devices that can be three-dimensional printed (3DP) is limited by the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. As a result, much research has focused on adding carbon nanotubes (CNT) to these photocurable polymers to make them stronger. However, there is little to no data on how CNTs affect the impact resistance of these polymers, an important property when designing and manufacturing lower limb prosthetics. The objective of this study was to expand the use of 3DP to prosthetics by testing the hypothesis that adding CNTs to a stereolithographic (SLA) photocurable resin will result in a cured polymer with increased impact resistance. Twenty-six total specimens: 13 with nanotubes and 13 without nanotubes, were printed on a Form2 SLA printer. Once all the specimens were printed, washed, and cured, the impact resistance was quantified using a pendulum impact tester in a notched Izod configuration. Contrary to the hypothesis, the specimens with SWCNTs (0.312 ± 0.036 ft*lb/in) had a significantly lower impact resistance compared to the non-SWCNT specimens (0.364 ± 0.055 ft*lb/in), U = 34.0, p = 0.004. This decreased impact resistance may be due to voids in the printed polymer around the aggregated nanotubes. Thus, SLA polymers still do not have the impact strength needed to be used for a full lower limb prosthetic.
iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis in mature leaves of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) provides insights into the whole-proteomic profiles and the role of anthocyanin biosynthesis in leaf color diversity
Authors: Wang Tianya , Guo Shaomin , Yu Kunjiang , Zou Jun , Jiang Yingfen , Wan Wei , Ye Botao , Yang Renqin , Khattak Aimal Nawaz , Meng Jinling , Tian Entang
Published: September 2019

Background Anthocyanins are the main pigments in leaves, flowers and fruits, performing diverse biological functions in plants and exhibiting benefits for human health. The purple-leaved accession of B. carinata was used to study the biosynthetic mechanism of anthocyanins in this study. To elucidate the mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation in the purple-leaved line, we employed a proteomic approach based on an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based technique to investigate the protein expression profile of the purple-leaved line of B. carinata in comparison with that of the green-leaved line.Results In total, 4,631 proteins were identified, of which 285 exhibited significant changes in abundance between BC-G01 and BC-P01. Of the 285 DEPs, 175 are upregulated and 110 are downregulated in the leaves of the purple-leaved line compared with the leaves of the green-leaved line. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that anthocyanin biosynthesis was the most significantly elevated metabolic process, containing three DEPs corresponding to two genes UGT75C1 and UGT79B1 . UGT75C1 and UGT79B1 , encoding anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside: 2’’-O-xylosyltransferase and anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase, respectively, play an important role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins.Conclusions The exact functions of these proteins remain to be examined. Nevertheless, our study paves the way for understanding the genetic regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in B. carinata .
GC-PROM: Validation of a patient-reported outcomes measure for patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Hu Xiaojuan , Zhao Fen , Yu Hongmei , Luo Yanhong , Liu Jinchun , Zhang Yanbo
Published: September 2019

Background: There is increasing recognition that PROs are important in the estimation of the burden of long-term survival among patients with gastric cancer. The study aimed to develop a disease-specific instrument to assess patient-reported outcomes for patients with gastric cancer.
Method: Following the FDA's draft guidance for patient-reported outcome, conceptual framework and item pool were defined based on relevant existing work. A draft scale was formed after revising some items based on feedback from experts and patients with gastric cancer. The pre-survey and formal survey were conducted in eight different hospitals in Shanxi Province, and two item-selection process based on classical test theory and item response theory. Finally, the patient-reported outcomes measure for patients with gastric cancer (GC-PROM) was validated in terms of reliability, validity, and feasibility. The minimal clinically important difference was determined by distribution-based method.
Results: The final GC-PROM consisted of 38 items, 13 subdomains, and 4 domains. Reliability was verified by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for four domains and 13 subdomains respectively. The validity results showed that the multidimensional scale fulfilled expectations. In the formal survey, the completion rate was 96.16%, and the average filling time was less than half an hour. The values of the minimal clinically important difference were 4.14, 3.41, 3.37, and 3.28 in the four domains.
Conclusions: The GC-PROM had good reliability, validity, and feasibility and thus can be considered an effective clinical evaluation instrument for patients with gastric cancer.
Characterization of wheat homeodomain-leucine zipper family genes and functional analysis of TaHDZ5-6A in drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Shumin , Chen Nan , Li Fangfang , Mei Fangming , Wang Zhongxue , Cheng Xinxiu , Kang Zhensheng , Mao Hude
Published: September 2019

Abstract Background: Many studies in Arabidopsis and rice have demonstrated that HD-Zip transcription factors play important roles in plant development and responses to abiotic stresses. Although common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed food crops in the world, the function of the HD-Zip proteins in wheat is still largely unknown. Results: To explore the potential biological functions of HD-Zip genes in wheat, we performed a bioinformatics and gene expression analysis of the HD-Zip family. We identified 113 HD-Zip members from wheat and classified them into four subfamilies (I-IV) based on phylogenic analysis against proteins from Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. Most HD-Zip genes are represented by two to three homeoalleles in wheat, which are named as TaHDZX_ZA, TaHDZX_ZB, or TaHDZX_ZD, where X denotes the gene number and Z the wheat chromosome on which it is located. TaHDZs in the same subfamily have similar protein motifs and intron/exon structures. The expression profiles of TaHDZ genes were analysed in different tissues, at different stages of vegetative growth, during seed development, and under drought stress. We found that most TaHDZ genes, especially those in subfamilies I and II, were induced by drought stress, suggesting the potential importance of subfamily I and II TaHDZ members in the responses to abiotic stress. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TaHDZ5-6A displayed enhanced drought tolerance, lower water loss rates, higher survival rates, and higher proline content under drought conditions. Additionally, the transcriptome analysis identified a number of differentially expressed genes between 35S::TaHDZ5-6A transgenic and wild-type plants, many of which are involved in stress response. Conclusions: Our results will facilitate further functional analysis of wheat HD-Zip genes, and also indicate that TaHDZ5-6A may participate in regulating the plant response to drought stress. Our experiments show that TaHDZ5-6A holds great potential for genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crops.
Risk factors associated with the acquisition of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Rodríguez-Noriega Eduardo , Hernández-Morfin Natalia , Garza-Gonzalez Elvira , Bocanegra-Ibarias Paola , Flores-Treviño Samantha , Esparza-Ahumada Sergio , González-Díaz Esteban , Pérez-Gómez Héctor Raul , Mendoza-Mujica Christian , León-Garnica Gerardo , Morfin-Otero Rayo
Published: September 2019

Background Linezolid is used to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. Vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible Enterococcus faecalis can develop resistance to linezolid in clinical settings with high linezolid consumption. Linezolid-resistant E. faecalis (LREF) has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen in our hospital, in which linezolid use is considerable.Aim To define risk factors and outcomes associated with LREF infections.Methods A retrospective case-control study was designed to evaluate patients admitted to Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” from January 2014 to October 2017. Fifty patients meeting case definitions for LREF infection and 100 controls hospitalized in the same rooms and dates as the cases were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected and analyzed.Results Risk factors for LREF, included hospitalization within the previous 6 months, intensive care unit admission, previous surgery, urinary catheterization, parenteral nutrition, and acute renal disease. Multivariate analysis identified prior exposures to linezolid [odds ratio (OR, 6.7] and clindamycin (OR, 6.7), previous hospitalization (OR, 2.8), previous surgery (OR, 5.7), and parenteral nutrition (OR, 3.4) as risk factors for LREF infection. The mortality rate for cases was 18% on the LREF versus 9% for controls.Conclusion Risk factors for LREF infections include antibiotic exposures to linezolid, clindamycin, third-generation cephalosporins, meropenem, and colistin; previous hospitalization; intensive care unit admission; previous surgery; and the use of parenteral nutrition.