RAS co-mutation and early onset disease represent an aggressive phenotype of atypical (non-V600) BRAF mutant metastatic colorectal cancer.
Authors: Johnson Benny , Yang Dong , Dada Hiba I. , Morris Van K. , Wang Xuemei , Dasari Arvind , Raghav Kanwal Pratap Singh , Kee Bryan K. , Shen John Paul Y.C. , Huey Ryan , Lee Michael Sangmin , Parseghian Christine Megerdichian , Le Phat , Morelli Maria Pia , Willis Jason , Wolff Robert A. , Drusbosky Leylah , Overman Michael J. , Kopetz Scott 
Published: June 2022

3592

Background: While BRAFV600E accounts for the majority of BRAF mutations in mCRC, non-V600 BRAF variants (a BRAF) have emerged in recent years as a distinct molecular subtype. There are no consensus recommendations regarding management. This study provides a comprehensive profile of a BRAF, their clonalities and co-mutations in mCRC using a large genomic database as well as a prospective treatment cohort of patients with a BRAF and mCRC managed at a single center. Methods: A systematic analysis was performed of patients with mCRC who underwent ctDNA testing (Guardant360 platform, Guardant Health) from September 2014 to May 2021. A variant was defined as clonal if the mutant allele frequency (MAF) was greater than 50% of the highest somatic MAF in the sample; otherwise it was defined as subclonal. Co-mutation analysis was conducted with BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, NF1, ERBB2, PIK3CA and SMAD4. Treatment history and overall survival (OS) for patients with a BRAF mCRC from MD Anderson Cancer Center were included. Results: 1,733 out of 14,742 mCRC patients had at least one BRAF variant, including 6.5% of patients with BRAFV600E variants and 6.2% with a BRAF variants (1.1% with class II, 1.9% with class III, and 3.2% with unclassified variants). 431 unique BRAF variants were identified in a total of 1,905 BRAF variants. BRAF class II and III variants showed a higher rate of co-occurring KRAS mutations (25.6% and 21.5%) and co-occurring NRAS mutations (5.8% and 2.7%) compared with BRAFV600E variants (2.4% for KRAS and 0.1% for NRAS); however, co-occurring KRAS G12C was only noted in one patient. In our MDACC cohort, 38 patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 55, 81% were Caucasian, and 74 % had left sided primary tumors (45% rectal, 24% sigmoid) with 37% being exposed to at least 2 lines of therapy. The most common mutations in clinical practice were class III, D594G (39%), followed by class II G469A (10%), & class III G466E (7%). The median follow-up time was 23.8 months (mo). While there were no survival differences between a BRAF classes II and III, there was a significant difference in OS in patients with RAS co-mutation (28.3 mo vs not reached [NR], p = 0.05) or liver involvement (28.8 mo vs NR, p = 0.02). Patients < 50 years of age had extremely poor survival with OS of 16.3 mo (vs. NR) and HR 7.51 (95% CI 1.82-31.0, p = 0.005). Treatment with anti-EGFR or use of metastasectomy was not associated with improved survival. Conclusions: a BRAF mutations have historically been considered a favorable prognostic marker in mCRC. Co-mutation with RAS is frequent for both classes and portends poor survival in our real-world cohort. Furthermore, early onset a BRAF mCRC is associated with more aggressive disease. These factors highlight the need for dedicated clinical trials for this unique subset of mCRC and may represent an opportunity to improve management in early onset colorectal cancer.