bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the California list of pesticides, mycotoxins, and cannabinoids in chocolate using liquid chromatography and low‐pressure gas chromatography‐based platforms
Authors: Reyes‐Garcés Nathaly , Myers Colton
Published: April 2021

Cannabis legalization has led to the development of a variety of cannabis‐infused products with edibles being one of the most popular. The state of California has implemented comprehensive cannabis testing regulations requiring the analysis of cannabinoids (potency) and contaminants, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, in any type of cannabis good. In this work, we propose an analytical workflow for the quantification of the California list of pesticides and mycotoxins, as well as six cannabinoids, in chocolate, using 3 mL of solvent for the extraction. For the analysis of pesticides and mycotoxins, clean‐up steps employing a C18 solid‐phase extraction cartridge and dispersive solid‐phase extraction sorbents were implemented. Gas chromatography amenable pesticides were analyzed using low‐pressure gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry which allowed for a total method run of 12 min. Both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography instrumental methods had the same analysis time, ensuring satisfactory sample throughput. For the determination of cannabinoids, a dilution of the original organic extract collected for pesticides and mycotoxins analysis (and prior to any clean‐up step) was used. Excellent results in terms of analytical figures of merit were obtained for all target analytes.
Effect of the event strength of the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) on potential online organic agricultural product consumption and rural health tourism opportunities
Authors: Yin Jie , Chen Youcheng , Ji Yingchao
Published: April 2021

The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak has raised consumer concerns about health. By employing 306 online questionnaires, we identify COVID‐19's effect on online organic agriculture product consumption and rural health tourism intention based on stimulus‐organism‐response theory and event system theory by incorporating risk information disclosure of COVID‐19 as the moderating variable and health consciousness and risk perception as the mediating variables. These findings suggest that considering the impact of COVID‐19 can help focus the production and online sales of organic agricultural products, the establishment and improvement of rural health facilities, and the marketing of rural health tourism.
Joint pricing and replenishment policies for risk‐averse retailers under duopolistic competition
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Zhang Songtao , Yue Mingshi
Published: April 2021

This study investigates the coordination of pricing and inventory replenishment under retail competition. Although conventional wisdom suggests that a retailer follow conservative operating strategies when the competing retailer adopts a markdown strategy, the retailer may actually raise its price (order) if its operational costs are sufficiently high (low) and its competitor's price is relatively low. If the retailer is more risk averse, its pricing and replenishment decisions hinge highly on its risk aversion level and its competitor's current price. The increase of the wholesale price always hurts the retailers and may even hurt the manufacturer if it is exorbitant.
Metamaterial‐based, compact, wide beam‐width circularly polarized antenna for 5G indoor application
Authors: Wang Zhan , Liang Tian , Dong Yuandan
Published: April 2021

This paper describes a metamaterial‐based miniaturized circularly polarized (CP) antenna with high radiation efficiency and wide beam‐width or coverage for 5G indoor application. A novel meta‐resonator is first proposed, which is investigated by transmission line and equivalent circuit models. By exploring a split‐ring resonator‐like meta‐resonator structure, a high‐Q LC resonator tank is formed. Substantial size reduction and a wide beam‐width are achieved. Owing to a uniform field on these multiple capacitive gaps incorporated on this meta‐resonator surface, enhanced aperture efficiency and gain are obtained. It is partly inspired by the classical metasurface‐based antenna. For validation, a miniaturized CP antenna with a size of 0.29 λ0 × 0.29 λ0 × 0.04 λ0 (where, λ0 is the free‐space wavelength at 3.55 GHz) is fabricated and measured. The fabricated antenna achieves a good bandwidth of 3.30–3.80 GHz that well covers 5G‐N78 band, a peak radiation gain of 5.4 dBic, a high radiation efficiency of 90% and a wide half‐power beam‐width of 91°. It exhibits the merits of compact size, good bandwidth and beam‐width, high efficiency, and low‐cost, demonstrating good potential in miniaturized 5G indoor systems demanding wide‐beam coverage.
An Online Voluntary Angler Catch Reporting Program for Managing Muskellunge Fisheries in Ohio: Trends in Catch Data and Angler Participation
Authors: Page Kevin S. , Wagner Curtis P. , Lewis Edward , Hale R. Scott
Published: April 2021

Muskellunge Esox masquinongy fisheries in Ohio are maintained through annual stocking of advanced fingerlings (25–30 cm) at nine reservoirs. Voluntary angler catch reporting is the principal method for monitoring (stocking and angling success) these fisheries. During 1960–2007, anglers reported catching over 47,000 Muskellunge by mailing catch cards to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. In 2008, a new online catch reporting system, the Muskie Angler Log (MAL), was launched. Designed in collaboration with anglers, the MAL provides important fishery data to biologists while also serving as a fishing resource for anglers. Anglers who use the MAL can view, summarize, and download their personal catches, review reservoir-specific stocking records and catch histories, and examine recent catch details that are voluntarily shared by other anglers. Catch data from the MAL is vital to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife for characterizing fisheries, tracking fishery performance (numbers and sizes), leveraging Muskellunge management decisions, and supporting Muskellunge-specific research. Total reported catches in the MAL have increased over time, with most (six of nine) reservoirs showing increased or stable trends in reported catches. Despite increasing catch reports, annual angler participation in the MAL has declined, which could reduce the effectiveness of the system in monitoring these fisheries. It is not known whether this trend represents an actual decline in participation or is a function of the periodicity in catches among anglers. We modeled the change in the population size (λ) of anglers participating in the MAL using a mark–recapture method (Pradel model). Overall, the modeling indicated that the population of anglers using the MAL has declined since 2008, with the number of anglers belonging to a Muskellunge fishing club declining slower than that for nonclub members. Intervention methods promoting and incentivizing the use of the MAL will be required to assure that the MAL provides the necessary data for managing Muskellunge.
Spatiotemporal Variation in the Magnitude of Reproduction by Invasive, Pelagically Spawning Carps in the Illinois Waterway
Authors: Parkos Joseph J. , Butler Steven E. , King Gregory D. , Porreca Anthony P. , Coulter David P. , MacNamara Ruairi , Wahl David H.
Published: April 2021

The relationship between the magnitude of reproduction and adult density of pelagically spawning carp (PSC) species (bigheaded carp Hypophthalmichthys spp., Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, and Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the influence of environmental factors on this relationship are valuable information for management and control of these highly invasive cyprinids. Six years of standardized monitoring for PSC reproduction and adult density in navigation pools of the Illinois Waterway (IWW; the Illinois River and its connection to Lake Michigan through the Des Plaines River and Chicago Area Waterway System), in conjunction with removal efforts in the upper IWW, where there is limited fish movement between pools, provided an opportunity to deepen our understanding of factors affecting the reproductive productivity of this invasive assemblage. Reproductive activity most commonly occurred in May and June, with the magnitude of reproduction in June far exceeding that occurring in other months. The highest egg counts were found within a 72-km zone containing the hydromorphological transition between the upper and lower Illinois River, with the majority of PSC larval drift occurring below this zone in the lower Illinois River. Magnitude of reproduction increased nonlinearly with adult PSC density, declining at high adult densities. Annual egg counts were also higher in years that combined more variable spring discharge with higher accumulated degree-days through June. The density-dependent reproduction exhibited by PSC implies that any stock–recruitment variation observed for these species needs to be interpreted cautiously before being ascribed to environmental factors affecting survival from hatching to juvenile stages. An increased understanding of which life stages of PSC are subject to density dependence can refine projections of how these species respond to harvest and other control measures.
Cellular Uptake of the ATSM−Cu(II) Complex under Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Walke Gulshan R. , Meron Shelly , Shenberger Yulia , Gevorkyan‐Airapetov Lada , Ruthstein Sharon
Published: April 2021

The Cu(II)‐diacetyl‐bis (N4‐methylthiosemicarbazone) complex (ATSM−Cu(II)) has been suggested as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) agent for hypoxia imaging. Several in‐vivo studies have shown its potential to detect hypoxic tumors. However, its uptake mechanism and its specificity to various cancer cell lines have been less studied. Herein, we tested ATSM−Cu(II) toxicity, uptake, and reduction, using four different cell types: (1) mouse breast cancer cells (DA‐3), (2) human embryonic kidney cells (HEK‐293), (3) breast cancer cells (MCF‐7), and (4) cervical cancer cells (Hela) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We showed that ATSM−Cu(II) is toxic to breast cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions; however, it is not toxic to normal HEK‐293 non‐cancer cells. We showed that the Cu(I) content in breast cancer cell after treatment with ATSM−Cu(II) under hypoxic conditions is higher than in normal cells, despite that the uptake of ATSM−Cu(II) is a bit higher in normal cells than in breast cancer cells. This study suggests that the redox potential of ATSM−Cu(II) is higher in breast cancer cells than in normal cells; thus, its toxicity to cancer cells is increased.
225Ac‐PSMA‐617‐targeted alpha therapy for the treatment of metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ballal Sanjana , Yadav Madhav P. , Sahoo Ranjit K. , Tripathi Madhavi , Dwivedi Sada N. , Bal Chandrasekhar
Published: April 2021

Background

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to present an overview of the role of 225Ac‐PSMA (prostate‐specific membrane antigen)‐targeted alpha therapy (TAT) as a salvage treatment option in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed in databases such as Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and the website; www.ClinicalTrials.gov until December 2020. The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. All original articles, including retrospective, prospective, hand‐searched articles, and clinical trials, were searched, and appropriate data were included for the analysis. The study's primary endpoint assessed therapeutic efficacy by biochemical response assessment criteria (any prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] decline and >50% PSA decline from the baseline) after 225Ac‐PSMA‐TAT. The secondary endpoints included assessing overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), molecular response, and therapy‐related adverse events across all the studies. The values were expressed as pooled proportions and demonstrated graphically by forest plots using the random‐effects model.

Results

After the data extraction and filtration process, a total of three publications, including 141 patients, were included for the final analysis. The pooled proportion of patients demonstrating any PSA decline and greater than 50% PSA decline were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77%–89%) and 59% (95% CI: 42%–76%), respectively. The pooled proportions for OS was 81% (95% CI: 74%–89%). The pooled proportion of patients who have shown complete molecular response are 17% (95% CI: 5%–29%). The median PFS was 12 months (interquartile range: 8.2–14.4 months). Across the studies, the most common side effects from 225Ac‐PSMA‐617 TAT were xerostomia/dry mouth, which pertained to Gr I–II in 63.1% (89 of 141), followed by fatigue in 44.5% (45 of 101) of patients. Grade I–II and III anemia was noted in 48.5% (49 of 101) and 6% (6 of 101), respectively. Grade III leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were negligible: 0.9% (1 of 101) and 0.9% (1 of 101), respectively. Similarly, grade III nephrotoxicity was also observed only in 5 of 101 (5%) patients.

Conclusion

Treatment with 225Ac‐PSMA‐617 TAT demonstrated biochemical response, improved survival, caused low treatment‐related toxicity proving a promising salvage treatment option in mCRPC patients.
Effects of grape products on inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ghalishourani Samira Sadat , Farzollahpour Forough , Shirinbakhshmasoleh Mina , Kolahdouz Shakiba , Ghaedi Ehsan , Behrouzian Mahsa , Haghighian Hossein Khadem , Campbell Marilyn S. , Asbaghi Omid , Moodi Vihan
Published: April 2021

This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted to determine the effects of grapes and grape products on inflammation and oxidative stress among adults. PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to July 2020 to identify RCTs investigating the effects of grape and grape products on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were pooled using a random‐effects model. Of the 8,962 identified studies, 24 RCTs (27 arms) were included in the statistical analysis. Grape products significantly reduced serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels (WMD: −0.35 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.62, −0.09,p = .008), but they had no significant effect on serum tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) (WMD = −1.08 pg/ml; 95% CI: −2.29, 0.11,p = .07), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (WMD = 0.13 pg/ml; 95% CI: −0.35, 0.60,p = .60), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (WMD = 0.15; 95% CI: −0.35, 0.65,p = .54), or malondialdehyde (MDA) (WMD = 0.14; 95% CI: −0.64, 0.92,p = .72). The analysis indicated possible decreasing effects of grapes and grape products on CRP, but they might not be able to change IL‐6, TNF‐α, TAC, and MDA concentrations. Nonetheless, further studies are warranted before definitive conclusions may be reached.
Parameterization of two‐dimensional approaches in HYDRUS‐2D: Part 2. Solute transport at the field and column scale
Authors: Varvaris Ioannis , Pittaki‐Chrysodonta Zampela , Duus Børgesen Christen , Iversen Bo Vangsø
Published: April 2021

In this study, a tracer field experiment was conducted to study the temporal dynamics of bromide movement in a loamy tile‐drained agricultural landscape. Moreover, tritium leaching experiments were performed on undisturbed soil columns from the same field. The HYDRUS‐2D software package was used to model water and solute transport. Three water flow models developed in Part 1—a single‐porosity approach with modified soil hydraulic functions (SP), a dual‐porosity approach (DP), and a dual‐permeability approach (DUP)—were used as a foundation for building solute transport models, of which the initial parameterization was based on a suggested hydrogeological tool from previous studies. The selected solute transport models were an SP, an SP with immobile water, a DP, a DUP, and a DUP with immobile water. The model predictions were compared against measurements of bromide concentrations in soil‐water. The DP captured the degree of the initial peaks and predicted well the shape of the observed concentrations. However, DP presented low capability to match the timing of bromide concentration peaks. In contrast, the DUP with immobile water illustrated better predictive ability by introducing an additional pore region into the matrix domain. Validation of field‐scale solute transport models was implemented using the data from the following leaching experiments. The already suggested parameterization concept was further evaluated for its capability to provide a sufficient initial representation of the internal pathways. The output from such hydrogeological studies shows that macropores and their interconnection with tile drains are key to understanding the water flow and solute transport processes in loamy structured soils.
Score tests for scale effects, with application to genomic analysis
Authors: Soave David , Lawless Jerald F. , Awadalla Philip
Published: April 2021

Tests for variance or scale effects due to covariates are used in many areas and recently, in genomic and genetic association studies. We study score tests based on location‐scale models with arbitrary error distributions that allow incorporation of additional adjustment covariates. Tests based on Gaussian and Laplacian double generalized linear models are examined in some detail. Numerical properties of the tests under Gaussian and other error distributions are examined. Our results show that the use of model‐based asymptotic distributions with score tests for scale effects does not control type 1 error well in many settings of practical relevance. We consider simple statistics based on permutation distribution approximations, which correspond to well‐known statistics derived by another approach. They are shown to give good type 1 error control under different error distributions and under covariate distribution imbalance. The methods are illustrated through a differential gene expression analysis involving breast cancer tumor samples.
Physicochemical and Rheological Properties of Cross‐Linked Litchi Kernel Starch and Its Application in Development of Bio‐Films
Authors: Sharma Vinita , Kaur Maninder , Sandhu Kawaljit Singh , Nain Vikash , Janghu Sandeep
Published: April 2021

In this study, starch from a non‐conventional source, that is, litchi is extracted and cross‐linked (CL) with varying concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). The starches are characterized for their physicochemical, pasting, rheological, and thermal properties. Bio‐films are also prepared from these starches and analyzed for selected barrier and mechanical properties. The results indicate that an increase in cross linking agent concentration resulted in a significant decrease in amylose content, swelling power (SP), and solubility of starches. Peak viscosity (PV) and breakdown viscosity (BV) of CL starches are lower in comparison to native starch. Steady shear properties reveal that magnitudes of yield stress (σo) and consistency index (K) decrease upon increase in the concentration of cross linking reagent. CL starches exhibit significantly (p < 0.05) higher transition temperatures than native starch. Native starch film shows water solubility of 43.66% while for films from CL starches, the values ranged between 35.12 and 41.53%. Significant (p < 0.05) reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP) values of CL starch films (1.24–1.52 g m Pa−1 s−1 m−2) is observed in comparison to native (2.32 g m Pa−1 s−1 m−2) starch films. Cross linking significantly improves tensile strength (TS) of films, however, films elongation is lower (14.71–17.97%) than native starch film (19.88%).
Degenerate operators in JT and Liouville (super)gravity
Authors: Mertens Thomas G.
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We derive explicit expressions for a specific subclass of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity bilocal correlators, corresponding to degenerate Virasoro representations. On the disk, these degenerate correlators are structurally simple, and they allow us to shed light on the 1/C Schwarzian bilocal perturbation series. In particular, we prove that the series is asymptotic for generic weight h ∉ −ℕ/2. Inspired by its minimal string ancestor, we propose an expression for higher genus corrections to the degenerate correlators. We discuss the extension to the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 super JT model. On the disk, we similarly derive properties of the 1/C super-Schwarzian perturbation series, which we independently develop as well. As a byproduct, it is shown that JT supergravity saturates the chaos bound λL = 2π/β at first order in 1/C. We develop the fixed-length amplitudes of Liouville supergravity at the level of the disk partition function, the bulk one-point function and the boundary two-point functions. In particular we compute the minimal superstring fixed length boundary two-point functions, which limit to the super JT degenerate correlators. We give some comments on higher topology at the end.
2-Group global symmetries and anomalies in six-dimensional quantum field theories
Authors: Córdova Clay , Dumitrescu Thomas T. , Intriligator Kenneth
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We examine six-dimensional quantum field theories through the lens of higher-form global symmetries. Every Yang-Mills gauge theory in six dimensions, with field strength f(2), naturally gives rise to a continuous 1-form global symmetry associated with the 2-form instanton current J(2)∼ ∗Tr (f(2) ∧ f(2)). We show that suitable mixed anomalies involving the gauge field f(2) and ordinary 0-form global symmetries, such as flavor or Poincaré symmetries, lead to continuous 2-group global symmetries, which allow two flavor currents or two stress tensors to fuse into the 2-form current J(2). We discuss several features of 2-group symmetry in six dimensions, many of which parallel the four-dimensional case. The majority of six-dimensional supersymmetric conformal field theories (SCFTs) and little string theories have infrared phases with non-abelian gauge fields. We show that the mixed anomalies leading to 2-group symmetries can be present in little string theories, but that they are necessarily absent in SCFTs. This allows us to establish a previously conjectured algorithm for computing the ’t Hooft anomalies of most SCFTs from the spectrum of weakly-coupled massless particles on the tensor branch of these theories. We then apply this understanding to prove that the a-type Weyl anomaly of all SCFTs with a tensor branch must be positive, a > 0.
Selection and evaluation of bi-allelic autosomal SNP markers for paternity testing in Koreans
Authors: Bae Soyeon , Won Sohyoung , Kim Heebal
Published: April 2021

Due to the advantages of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in forensic science, many forensic SNP panels have been developed. However, the existing SNP panels have a problem that they do not reflect allele frequencies in Koreans or the number of markers is not sufficient to perform paternity testing. Here, we filtered candidate SNPs from the Ansan-Ansung cohort data and selected 200 SNPs with high allele frequencies. To reduce the risk of false inclusion and false exclusion, we calculated likelihood ratios of alleged father-child pairs from simulated families when the alleged father is the true father, the close relative of the true father, and the random man. As a result, we estimated that 160 SNPs were needed to perform paternity testing. Furthermore, we performed validation using Twin-Family cohort data. When 160 selected SNPs were used to calculate the likelihood ratio, paternity and non-paternity were accurately distinguished. Our set of 160 SNPs could be useful for paternity testing in Koreans.
Tungsten Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Rebesan Pietro , Bonesso Massimiliano , Gennari Claudio , Dima Razvan , Pepato Adriano , Vedani Maurizio
Published: April 2021

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the process that allows the production of complex geometry and lightweight components. Thanks to the high density of refractory metals, AM could be a possible solution for their application in the aerospace field and for biomedical or future nuclear fusion devices. Yet, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) of refractory metals as Ta, Mo, and W faces some challenges due to their main properties: high melting point, heat conductivity, and susceptibility to cracks.

The purpose of this study is to optimize the process parameters in order to produce high-density Tungsten parts by LPBF on an EOS M100 (maximum power of 170 W). The characterization is performed through physical properties measurements and microstructural analysis. Single Scan Tracks (SSTs) are produced on the top surfaces of Tungsten blocks to evaluate the process parameters that give regular-shape and continuous melt-pools. Both analytical and experimental optimizations of process parameters were performed. Micro-hardness measurements were done for dense bulk specimens. Finally, a description of susceptibility to cracks of additively manufactured Tungsten was performed.
Outcomes of non-COVID-19 critically ill patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bologheanu Răzvan , Maleczek Mathias , Laxar Daniel , Kimberger Oliver
Published: April 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disrupts routine care and alters treatment pathways in every medical specialty, including intensive care medicine, which has been at the core of the pandemic response. The impact of the pandemic is inevitably not limited to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and their outcomes; however, the impact of COVID-19 on intensive care has not yet been analyzed.

Methods

The objective of this propensity score-matched study was to compare the clinical outcomes of non-COVID-19 critically ill patients with the outcomes of prepandemic patients. Critically ill, non-COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during the first wave of the pandemic were matched with patients admitted in the previous year. Mortality, length of stay, and rate of readmission were compared between the two groups after matching.

Results

A total of 211 critically ill SARS-CoV‑2 negative patients admitted between 13 March 2020 and 16 May 2020 were matched to 211 controls, selected from a matching pool of 1421 eligible patients admitted to the ICU in 2019. After matching, the outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups: ICU mortality was 5.2% in 2019 and 8.5% in 2020, p = 0.248, while intrahospital mortality was 10.9% in 2019 and 14.2% in 2020, p = 0.378. The median ICU length of stay was similar in 2019: 4 days (IQR 2–6) compared to 2020: 4 days (IQR 2–7), p = 0.196. The rate of ICU readmission was 15.6% in 2019 and 10.9% in 2020, p = 0.344.

Conclusion

In this retrospective single center study, mortality, ICU length of stay, and rate of ICU readmission did not differ significantly between patients admitted to the ICU during the implementation of hospital-wide COVID-19 contingency planning and patients admitted to the ICU before the pandemic.
Toward a fully resolved volume of fluid simulation of the phase inversion problem
Authors: Saeedipour Mahdi , Vincent Stéphane , Estivalezes Jean-Luc
Published: April 2021

This paper presents an enstrophy-resolved simulation of the phase inversion problem using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. This well-known benchmark for modeling multiphase flows features a buoyancy-driven unsteady motion of a light fluid into a heavy one followed by several large- and small-scale interfacial processes such as deformation, ligament formation, interface breakup, and coalescence. A fully resolved description of such flow is advantageous for a priori and a posteriori evaluations when developing new subgrid-scale closure models for large eddy simulation of two-phase flows. However, most of the previous attempts in performing the direct numerical simulation of this problem have been unsuccessful to reach grid-independent high-order flow statistics such as enstrophy. The key contribution of this paper lies in proposing a new converging configuration for this problem by reducing the Reynolds and Weber numbers. The new setup reaches grid convergence for all the flow characteristics on a $$512^3$$

512
3

grid. Particularly, the enstrophy which has always revealed a grid-dependent behavior in all the previous studies converges for the proposed setup. Also, we analyze the temporal evolution of interfacial structures including the statistics of the total interfacial area during the process on different grid resolutions. First, no convergence on the interfacial area is observed and the possible reasons for lack of convergence are discussed. The potential remedies are investigated through a comprehensive parameter study. The findings highlight that (i) the enstrophy always converges for these moderate Re and We numbers, and (ii) the convergence of the total interfacial area is sensitive to the choice of initial and wall boundary conditions. Then, a new setup based on this sensitivity analysis is proposed that succeeded in full convergence for enstrophy and a partial convergence for the total interfacial area. The numerical simulations were carried out using the VOF solvers of OpenFOAM with a comparison between the algebraic and geometric schemes. Besides, the convergence of size distribution of dispersed structures is investigated. The present study provides insight into the possible directions toward a DNS of phase inversion problem with all the flow and interfacial structures resolved, which is essential for the future development of multiphase flow models.
Dental injuries in paediatric mandibular fracture patients
Authors: Kannari Leena , Marttila Emilia , Thorén Hanna , Snäll Johanna
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Dental injuries (DIs) are associated with facial fractures, particularly mandibular fractures. As paediatric mandibular fractures have special features, we sought to clarify the occurrence and types of DIs among this patient group. We assessed how age, injury type, and fracture location affects the occurrence of DIs and thereby defined which patients are most susceptible.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients < 18 years with a recent mandibular fracture. Predictor variables were gender, age group, mechanism of injury, type of mandibular fracture, and other associated facial fracture(s). Types and locations of DIs and tooth loss due to injury were also reported.

Results

DIs were detected in 34.7% (n = 41) out of 118 patients. Patients with tooth injury had on average 3.5 injured teeth. A total of 16.2% of injured teeth were lost, typically at the time of the injury. Loss of at least one tooth was seen in approximately 10% of patients. Avulsion was the most common cause of tooth loss (52.2%). Non-complicated crown fracture (50.7%) was the most common DI type. Statistically significant associations between studied variables and DIs were not detected.

Conclusion

DIs are common and often multiple in paediatric mandibular fracture patients regardless of background factors. DIs often lead to tooth loss. Prompt replantation of an avulsed tooth, early detection of DIs, and prevention of tooth loss whenever possible are important to avoid permanent tooth defects.
Eigenspannungsorientiertes Fügen von hybriden Bauteilen mittels Radial-Walzen
Authors: Guilleaume Christina , Kühne David , Kästner Markus , Brosius Alexander
Published: April 2021

Flexible Fertigungsprozesse in der Umformtechnik ermöglichen es, schnell und effizient auf veränderliche Rahmenbedingungen beispielsweise durch Kundenwünsche und rechtliche Anforderungen reagieren zu können. Besonders die inkrementellen Umformverfahren der Massivumformung zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Flexibilität aus, da die Prozesse gut anpassbar sind und die verwendeten Anlagen und Werkzeuge in einem geringeren Maße auf ein spezifisches Bauteil hin ausgelegt werden.

Der hier vorgestellte Fügeprozess mittels Radial-Walzen ist geeignet, hybride Bauteile form- und kraftschlüssig miteinander zu verbinden. So lassen sich die spezifischen Vorteile verschiedener Werkstoffe kombinieren und Nutzungs- sowie Leichtbaupotenziale können gezielt genutzt werden. Die in diesem Prozess entstehende charakteristische umlaufende Kerbe in der Wellenkomponente bildet eine Schwachstelle der gefügten Bauteile, da es dort unter Last zu einer Spannungskonzentration kommt, welche die Bildung eines Risses begünstigt. Dieser Herausforderung wird mit einer Kombination der Ausnutzung der Kaltverfestigung des gewählten Werkstoffs (1.7225) und gezielt eingebrachter Druckeigenspannungen in der Kerbe begegnet. Hier liegt der Fokus auf den Druckeigenspannungen, die das Potenzial aufweisen, sich verlängernd auf die Lebensdauer auszuwirken. Sie lassen sich gezielt über eine günstige Wahl des Walzpfads zur Herstellung der Fügeverbindung beeinflussen, wie sowohl in numerischen Analysen als auch durch Eigenspannungsmessungen an Realbauteilen gezeigt wird. Es können sehr hohe Eigenspannungen in der kritischen Zone des Kerbgrunds eingebracht werden, die einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Lebensdauer haben, wie auch die Lebensdauerberechnungen mittels des Örtlichen Konzepts deutlich zeigen.
Spatio-temporal movement patterns and habitat choice of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and racoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) along the Wadden Sea coast
Authors: Schwemmer Philipp , Weiel Stefan , Garthe Stefan
Published: April 2021

Wetlands such as the World Heritage Site in the Wadden Sea include important habitats for breeding waterbirds. Its saltmarshes and adjacent conservation polders are used by thousands of breeding birds. However, some alarming population declines have been recorded during recent decades and previous studies found indications that predation pressure from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and more recently from invasive racoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) played an important role. The current study aimed to assess habitat utilisation by foxes and racoon dogs along the coast of the Wadden Sea. We equipped 21 foxes and seven racoon dogs with GPS collars and recorded a total of 37,586 (mean: 2,088) GPS fixes during a total of 2,617 (mean: 145) equipment days for red foxes and 3,440 (mean: 573) GPS fixes during a total of 272 (mean: 45) equipment days for racoon dogs. Foxes showed high individual variability in Kernel 95% home range sizes, with a mean of 172.2 ha (range: 3 to 824 ha) and little overlap among territories. Males had significantly larger home ranges than females, and there were no differences in home range sizes between adults (n = 14) and young (n = 4). Racoon dogs had smaller home ranges than foxes (mean: 52.8 ha). The preferred habitat type of both predators during daytime was the conservation polders along the Wadden Sea, while foxes also selected saltmarshes during the night. In contrast, both species avoided farmland areas. Foxes showed 20% of their activity during daylight hours and spent this time largely in areas with dense vegetation cover. None of the tagged individuals entered areas with particularly high bird densities (i.e. Wadden Sea islands or Halligen). However, our data suggest that foxes and racoon dogs frequently make use of linear structures such as dykes and dams and patrol along the tide line for carcasses. This suggests that at least single individuals of both species are prone to enter islands that are connected by dams to the mainland.
Neratinib + capecitabine sustains health-related quality of life in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and ≥ 2 prior HER2-directed regimens
Authors: Moy Beverly , Oliveira Mafalda , Saura Cristina , Gradishar William , Kim Sung-Bae , Brufsky Adam , Hurvitz Sara A. , Ryvo Larisa , Fagnani Daniele , Kalmadi Sujith , Silverman Paula , Delaloge Suzette , Alarcon Jesus , Kwong Ava , Lee Keun Seok , Ang Peter Cher Siang , Ow Samuel Guan Wei , Chu Sung-Chao , Bryce Richard , Keyvanjah Kiana , Bebchuk Judith , Zhang Bo , Oestreicher Nina , Bose Ron , Chan Nancy
Published: April 2021

Purpose

To characterize health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) from the NALA phase 3 study.

Methods

In NALA (NCT01808573), patients were randomized 1:1 to neratinib + capecitabine (N + C) or lapatinib + capecitabine (L + C). HRQoL was assessed using seven prespecified scores from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality Of Life Questionnaire core module (QLQ-C30) and breast cancer-specific questionnaire (QLQ-BR23) at baseline and every 6 weeks. Descriptive statistics summarized scores over time, mixed models evaluated differences between treatment arms, and Kaplan–Meier methods were used to assess time to deterioration in HRQoL scores of ≥ 10 points.

Results

Of the 621 patients randomized in NALA, patients were included in the HRQoL analysis if they completed baseline and at least one follow-up questionnaire. The summary, global health status, physical functioning, fatigue, constipation, and systemic therapy side effects scores were stable over time with no persistent differences between treatment groups. There were no differences in time to deterioration (TTD) for the QLQ-C30 summary score between treatment arms; the hazard ratio (HR) for N + C vs. L + C was 0.94 (95% CI 0.63–1.40). Only the diarrhea score worsened significantly more in the N + C arm as compared to the L + C arm, and this remained over time (HR for TTD for N + C vs. L + C was 1.71 [95% CI 1.32–2.23]).

Conclusion

In NALA, patients treated with N + C maintained their global HRQoL over time, despite a worsening of the diarrhea-related scores. These results may help guide optimal treatment selection for HER2-positive MBC.
Symposium report: breast cancer in India—trends, environmental exposures and clinical implications
Authors: McDonald Jasmine A. , Rao Roshni , Gibbons Marley , Janardhanan Rajiv , Jaswal Surinder , Mehrotra Ravi , Pandey Manoj , Radhakrishnan Venkatraman , Ramakant Pooja , Verma Nandini , Terry Mary Beth
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Incidence of breast cancer (BC), particularly in young women, are rising in India. Without population-based mammography screening, rising rates cannot be attributed to screening. Investigations are needed to understand the potential drivers of this trend.

Methods

An international team of experts convened to discuss the trends, environmental exposures, and clinical implications associated with BC in India and outlined recommendations for its management.

Results

Panels were structured across three major BC themes (n = 10 presentations). The symposium concluded with a semi-structured Think Tank designed to elicit short-term and long-term goals that could address the challenges of BC in India.

Conclusion

There was consensus that the prevalence of late-stage BC and the high BC mortality rates are associated with the practice of detection, which is primarily through clinical and self-breast exams, as opposed to mammography. Triple-Negative BC (TNBC) was extensively discussed, including TNBC etiology and potential risk factors, the limited treatment options, and if reported TNBC rates are supported by rigorous scientific evidence. The Think Tank session yielded long-term and short-term goals to further BC reduction in India and included more regional etiological studies on environmental exposures using existing India-based cohorts and case–control studies, standardization for molecular subtyping of BC cases, and improving the public’s awareness of breast health.
A global reconnaissance of particulates and metals/metalloids in untreated drinking water sources
Authors: Peterson Jonathan W. , Fry Benjamin M. , Wade Daniel R. , Fishman Ford J. , Stid Jacob T. , Peterson Jonas M. , Tarp Cleveland E. , Wade Randall D. , Brokus Sarah A. , Pikaart Michael J. , Krueger Brent P. , Best Aaron A.
Published: April 2021

Metal and metalloid contamination in drinking water sources is a global concern, particularly in developing countries. This study used hollow membrane water filters and metal-capturing polyurethane foams to sample 71 drinking water sources in 22 different countries. Field sampling was performed with sampling kits prepared in the lab at Hope College in Holland, MI, USA. Filters and foams were sent back to the lab after sampling, and subsequent analysis of flushates and rinsates allowed the estimation of suspended solids and metal and other analayte concentrations in source waters. Estimated particulate concentrations were 0–92 mg/L, and consisted of quartz, feldspar, and clay, with some samples containing metal oxides or sulfide phases. As and Cu were the only analytes which occurred above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of 10 μg/L and 2000 μg/L, respectively, with As exceeding the guideline in 45% of the sources and Cu in 3%. Except for one value of ~ 285 μg/L, As concentrations were 45–200 μg/L (river), 65–179 μg/L (well), and 112–178 μg/L (tap). Other metals (Ce, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) with no WHO guideline were also detected, with Mn the most common. This study demonstrated that filters and foams can be used for reconnaissance characterization of untreated drinking water. However, estimated metal and other analyte concentrations could only be reported as minimum values due to potential incomplete retrieval of foam-bound analytes. A qualitative reporting methodology was used to report analytes as “present” if the concentration was below the WHO guideline, and “present-recommend retesting” if the concentration was quantifiable and above the WHO guideline.
Belief adjustment: a double hurdle model and experimental evidence
Authors: Henckel Timo , Menzies Gordon D. , Moffatt Peter G. , Zizzo Daniel J.
Published: April 2021

We present an experiment where subjects sequentially receive signals about the true state of the world and need to form beliefs about which one is true, with payoffs related to reported beliefs. We attempt to control for risk aversion using the Offerman et al. (Rev Econ Stud 76(4):1461–1489, 2009) technique. Against the baseline of Bayesian updating, we test for belief adjustment underreaction and overreaction and model the decision making process of the agent as a double hurdle model where agents with inferential expectations first decide whether to adjust their beliefs and then, if so, decide by how much. We also test the effects of increased inattention and complexity on belief updating. We find evidence for periods of belief inertia interspersed with belief adjustment. This is due to a combination of random belief adjustment; state-dependent belief adjustment, with many subjects requiring considerable evidence to change their beliefs; and quasi-Bayesian belief adjustment, with aggregate insufficient belief adjustment when a belief change does occur. Inattention, like complexity, makes subjects less likely to adjust their stated beliefs, while inattention additionally discourages full adjustment.
Qualitative Differences in Attribution of Mental States to Other People in Autism and Schizophrenia: What are the Tools for Differential Diagnosis?
Authors: Mazza Monica , Pino Maria Chiara , Keller Roberto , Vagnetti Roberto , Attanasio Margherita , Filocamo Angela , Le Donne Ilenia , Masedu Francesco , Valenti Marco
Published: April 2021

The differential diagnosis between schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains an important clinical question, because they have overlap in clinical diagnosis. This study explored the differences between ASD (n = 44) and SSD patients (n = 59), compared to typically developing peers (n = 63), in completing an advanced Theory of Mind (ToM) task. The outcome found several differences between groups. The SSD patients showed greater difficulty in understanding social scenarios, while ASD individuals understood the stories, but did not correctly identify the protagonist’s intention. The interesting aspect of the results is that some ToM stories are more informative about the mentalistic reasoning of the two clinical groups, namely, the stories that investigate pretend, persuasion, double bluff and ironic joke constructs.
The Role of Emotional Regulation in Anxiety and Depression Symptom Interplay and Expression among Adolescent Females
Authors: McGlinchey Emily , Kirby Karen , McElroy Eoin , Murphy Jamie
Published: April 2021

Depression and anxiety are highly comorbid constructs. However little is known about the mechanisms that underpin this comorbidity/connectivity or the divergence between constructs that seems to occur in adolescence. The current study targeted emotion regulation (ER) as a potential plausible mechanism for explaining how anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence might begin to connect, perpetuate, and ultimately diverge from one another. Using data from a cross-sectional school-based study, of adolescent females (age 11–18 years; N = 615; majority were white (97.7%)), we modelled variation in ER using latent profile analysis. Then, using network analysis (NA), we generated separate depression-anxiety symptom networks for adolescents at varying levels of ER. Three latent classes of ER were identified (low ER 15%, intermediate ER 34%, high ER 51%). The results of the network comparison test found no significant differences in global strength between the ‘low ER’ and the ‘intermediate ER’ ability network. This study is among the first to attempt to model change in depression-anxiety symptom connectivity in adolescence in relation to a common contextual/risk factor. The current study therefore offers a unique contribution to the examination of the role of transdiagnostic factors in the study of adolescent depression and anxiety from a network perspective, and provides a promising framework for the study of ER among anxiety and depression symptomatology in adolescence.
Convolution-based time-domain simulation for fluidelastic instability in tube arrays
Authors: Zhang Mingjie , Øiseth Ole
Published: April 2021

A convolution-based numerical algorithm is presented for the time-domain analysis of fluidelastic instability in tube arrays, emphasizing in detail some key numerical issues involved in the time-domain simulation. The unit-step and unit-impulse response functions, as two elementary building blocks for the time-domain analysis, are interpreted systematically. An amplitude-dependent unit-step or unit-impulse response function is introduced to capture the main features of the nonlinear fluidelastic (FE) forces. Connections of these elementary functions with conventional frequency-domain unsteady FE force coefficients are discussed to facilitate the identification of model parameters. Due to the lack of a reliable method to directly identify the unit-step or unit-impulse response function, the response function is indirectly identified based on the unsteady FE force coefficients. However, the transient feature captured by the indirectly identified response function may not be consistent with the physical fluid-memory effects. A recursive function is derived for FE force simulation to reduce the computational cost of the convolution operation. Numerical examples of two tube arrays, containing both a single flexible tube and multiple flexible tubes, are provided to validate the fidelity of the time-domain simulation. It is proven that the present time-domain simulation can achieve the same level of accuracy as the frequency-domain simulation based on the unsteady FE force coefficients. The convolution-based time-domain simulation can be used to more accurately evaluate the integrity of tube arrays by considering various nonlinear effects and non-uniform flow conditions. However, the indirectly identified unit-step or unit-impulse response function may fail to capture the underlying discontinuity in the stability curve due to the prespecified expression for fluid-memory effects.