bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Sand Shinnery Oak (Quercus havardii) with Pelleted Picloram and Tebuthiuron
Authors: Jacoby Pete W. , Meadors Cecil H.
Published: May 2019

Sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardiiRydb.) was controlled by both picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and tebuthiuron (N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} in the Rolling Plains vegetational region of Texas. Tebuthiuron provided acceptable control of sand shinnery oak at rates of 0.6 to 1.1 kg/ha, but 2.2 kg/ha of picloram was required to give comparable results. Tebuthiuron pellets applied at 0.6 kg/ha controlled 79% of the sand shinnery oak within 30 to 67 months after application. Applied at 1.1 kg/ha, tebuthiuron controlled 91% (average for three locations). No differences were found between formulations of a given herbicide.
Effects of Florida Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) and Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Yield
Authors: Hauser Ellis W. , Buchanan Gale A. , Nichols Robert L. , Patterson Richard M.
Published: May 2019

Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC] reduced peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Florunner′) yields more than sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) when the crop and weeds were allowed to compete for the full season. Regression analyses within years indicated peanut yield reductions of 15.8 to 30.2 kg/ha for each Florida beggarweed per 10 m2vs. 6.1 to 22.3 kg/ha for each sicklepod per 10 m2. Each kilogram fresh weight per hectare of Florida beggarweed reduced peanut yields 0.15 to 0.74 kg/ha. Reductions in peanut yields ranged from 0.08 to 0.23 kg/ha for each kilogram fresh weight per hectare of sicklepod. Peanut yield reductions correlated more closely with the weights of the weeds than with their populations.
Fate of 3,4-Dichloroaniline in a Rice (Oryza sativa)-Paddy Microecosystem
Authors: Isensee Allan R. , Kaufman Donald D. , Jones Gerald E.
Published: May 2019

The fate of 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), a major metabolite of the herbicide propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide), in rice (Oryza sativaL.), soil, water, and aquatic organisms was determined in rice-paddy microecosystems. Soil, treated with 10 ppm DCA, was placed in glass chambers, planted to rice, then flooded when the rice reached the two-leaf stage. After flooding, four species of aquatic organisms were added. The concentration of DCA and metabolites in soil, rice, water, and aquatic organisms was determined over a period of time. A maximum of 2.8% of the total radioactivity applied to soil desorbed or leached into water. DCA recovered from water decreased from 12 to 1% of the total radioactivity in water between 1 and 30 days after flooding. Between 10.5 and 18.5% of the radioactivity remaining in soil at the end of the experiments was extractable. Of the radioactivity recovered, between 5 and 11% was DCA, and up to 6 to 19% was 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), these percentages being dependent on exposure time. Rice accumulated 0.5% or less of the total radioactivity in soil. Only 35 to 55% of the accumulated radioactivity was extractable. Very small amounts of radioactivity were accumulated by aquatic organisms.
Fragrant Waterlily (Nymphaea odorata) Control with Multiple Applications of Glyphosate
Authors: Welker W. V. , Riemer D. N.
Published: May 2019

A single foliar application of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 2.2 kg/ha controlled fragrant waterlily(Nymphaea odorataAit.). Seeds that germinated during the year of glyphosate treatment or the following spring reestablished the fragrant waterlilies. A second application of glyphosate, once the seedlings had reached the surface of the water, resulted in long-term control.
Effectiveness of Starch Xanthide Formulations of Chloramben for Weed Control in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)
Authors: Raboy Victor , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: May 2019

The persistence and effectiveness in pumpkin [Cucurbita moschata(Puch.) Poir.] weed control of several starch xanthide (SX) and commercial formulations of the ammonium (NH3) salt and methyl (CH3) ester of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) were studied in the laboratory and field. The soluble concentrate (SC) of chloramben NH3salt and the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of chloramben CH3ester controlled weeds throughout the growing season on a silt loam soil. SC chloramben NH3salt was not effective, and EC chloramben CH3ester was inconsistent in weed control on sandy soil. Manipulation of the SX formulation produced products with slow, uniform release rates. The release rates (crosslinking reagent in parenthesis) rank as follows, from fastest to slowest: SX(Ca2+) CH3ester = SX(H2O2) acid > SX(H2O2) CH3ester > SX(Fe3+) acid > SX(Fe3+) CH3ester. In trials on silt loam and sand, SX formulations did not control weeds better than EC chloramben CH3ester.
Variations in Seed Production and the Response to Pests of Morningglory (Ipomoea) Species and Smallflower Morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia)
Authors: Crowley R. Hugh , Buchanan Gale A.
Published: May 2019

Flowering dates, seed production, and disease and insect susceptibility of sevenIpomoeaspp. and smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb.] were determined under field conditions in 1973 and 1974. Seed produced per plant were as follows: ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq.], 6000; entireleaf morningglory [I. hederacea(L.) Jacq. var.integriusculaGray], 5000; pitted morningglory [I. lacunosaL.], 10000; wild tall morningglory [I. purpurea(L.) Roth.], 26000; commercial tall morningglory [I. purpurea(L.) Roth ‘Crimson Rambler′], 15 000; cypressvine morningglory (I. quamoclitL.), 9000; cotton morningglory [I. trichocarpaEll. var.torreyana(Gray) Shinners], 9000; palmleaf morningglory (I. wrightiiGray), 7000; and smallflower morningglory, 11000. Seed weights were about 29, 26, 22, 21, 19, 13, 19, 37, and 5 mg/seed, respectively. Pitted morningglory appeared to have a qualitative short day-length requirement for flower initiation and the other species appeared less day-length sensitive. Ivyleaf morningglory and entireleaf morningglory were highly susceptible to orange rust [Coleosporium ipomoeae(Schw.) Burrill] and white rust [Albugo ipomoea panduratae(Schw.) Swingle], but the otherIpomoeaspecies were only slightly susceptible and smallflower morningglory was resistant. Cotton bollworms (Heliothis zeaBoddie) and cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia niHubner) fed preferentially on ivyleaf morningglory and entireleaf morningglory.
Seed Dormancy in Red Rice (Oryza sativa). II. Response to Cytokinins
Authors: Cohn Marc A. , Butera Denise L.
Published: May 2019

Dormant, dehulled red rice (Oryza sativa L. ‘Louisiana strawhulled′) germinated 80 to 90% at 30 C upon exposure to 10-3 M kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine), benzyladenine (6-benzylaminopurine), or isopentenyladenine [6-(3-methylbut-2-enylamino)purine] at pH 3.5. Zeatin [6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-trans-2-enylamino)purine] was also active, eliciting 45% germination at 10-3 M. Adenine was inactive at concentrations as high as 10-2 M. There was little influence of light and no effect of initial pH of the medium upon cytokinin-stimulated germination. At 20 C the response to cytokinins was reduced, but germination of non-dormant seeds was not prevented. At 30 C, the germination of dehulled red rice with 10-3 M kinetin occurred rapidly, with almost 70% germination after 2 days. When dehulled seeds were incubated in water and then transferred to kinetin, percent germination decreased as the duration of water incubation increased. The loss of cytokinin response did not parallel the timecourse of imbibition. Cytokinins did not break dormancy of intact seeds. The hull appeared to limit kinetin uptake and inhibited germination even when kinetin was forced into intact seeds by vacuum infiltration. Dry-after-ripening of intact seeds at 30 C did not increase the kinetin-sensitivity of intact red rice.
The Effects of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds on Seed Germination
Authors: Williams Robert D. , Hoagland Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumarin,p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, hydrocinnamic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic acid, juglone, and pyrocatechol were examined for effects on germination of nine crop and weed species: cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), cantaloupe (Cucumis meloL.), corn (Zea maysL.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cary], sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Germination tests with 10-3and 10-5M solutions were conducted under controlled conditions in petri dishes at 25 C in the dark. At 10-3M, coumarin, hydrocinnamic acid, juglone and pyrocatechol inhibited germination, butp-hydroxybenzaldehyde andp-hydroxybenzoic acid were not effective and others had intermediate effects. There was little effect by any compound at 10-5M. Chlorogenic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and pyrocatechol, each combined with coumarin, inhibited germination. The combination of coumarin plusp-hydroxybenzaldehyde had an additive effect on hemp sesbania and prickly sida, inhibiting germination to a greater extent than either compound alone. The lack of inhibitory action at the higher concentration of some of these chemicals suggests they may not exhibit a high allelopathic potential.
Napropamide Fluxes in Corn (Zea mays) Root Tissue
Authors: Barrett Michael , Ashton Floyd M.
Published: May 2019

Napropamide [2 - (α - naphthoxy)-N,N- diethylpropionamide] influx was studied using excised root segments of corn (Zea maysL.). An initial rapid influx was followed by a slower, steady influx rate. Total influx was separated into a component that eluted from the tissue (exchangeable fraction) and a nonexchangeable fraction (residual fraction). After 5 min the residual fraction was responsible for the continued influx. In further studies with root segments this fraction was nonsaturating, increased with increased temperature, and was reduced by anaerobic conditions. The exchangeable fraction was controlled by diffusional processes. The overall influx process was attributed to an initial passive diffusion supplemented with time by a binding of napropamide into the residual fraction.
Uptake and Translocation of Terbacil in Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) and Goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa)
Authors: Genez Andree L. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Terbacil (3 -tert- butyl - 5 - chloro - 6 - methyluracil) uptake by roots and translocation were evaluated as possible bases of tolerance in two species, strawberry (Fragaria×ananassaDuchesne 'Sunrise’ and ‘Guardian’) and goldenrod (Solidago fistulosaMiller). Tolerance of goldenrod to terbacil was at least five-fold that of strawberry. Strawberry was at least four - fold more tolerant than highly terbacil - sensitive cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Chipper’). Guardian, a reported susceptible strawberry cultivar, was as tolerant to terbacil as the tolerant cultivar, Sunrise. Distribution of14C within the plant, but not uptake of label through roots, was found to be correlated to relative tolerance to terbacil when the roots of intact plants of all species were exposed for various time periods to a nutrient solution containing 2 -14C terbacil. The observed distribution patterns suggest that tolerance to terbacil in strawberry and goldenrod is at least partially attributable to the restricted translocation of root - absorbed herbicide. The greater tolerance of goldenrod than strawberry to terbacil was apparently unrelated to the restriction of herbicide to root tissue.
Effect of Glyphosate on Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis and ATP Levels in Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) Root Tissue
Authors: Foley Mike E. , Nafziger Emerson D. , Slife Fred W. , Wax Loyd M.
Published: May 2019

Common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) root tissue was used to investigate the mechanism of action of glyphosate [N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Arrival of glyphosate in the root-tip was followed closely by a rise in ATP levels to 136% of control levels by 2 h after treatment. Incorporation, but not uptake, of14C-leucine was significantly decreased within 2 h after treatment. Incorporation declined steadily over a 32 -h time course. Uptake of33P by the roots was temporarily stimulated by glyphosate, and as a percent of the total33P taken up, there was decreased incorporation into RNA and DNA fractions by 8 h. Our results indicate that glyphosate may cause the rapid rise in ATP level primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis.
Secondary Dormancy, Growth-Regulator Effects, and Embryo Growth Potential in Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) Seeds
Authors: Samimy Cyrus , Khan Anwar A.
Published: May 2019

Curly dock (Rumex crispusL.) seeds failed to germinate in the dark, but germinated readily in light at 15, 20, and 25C. A secondary dormancy was induced in these seeds by 6 days of dark or light incubation at 30C (thermodormancy), by 6 days of dark incubation at 15C, or by a prolonged soaking in −15.7 bar polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solution at 15C in light. The secondary dormancy induced at 15C was partially removed by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) in presence of light; however, when the dormancy was induced at 30C, an addition of gibberellin A4+7(GA4+7) to ethephon was necessary for effective removal of the dormancy. The ability of growth regulators to remove the secondary dormancy induced by prolonged dark incubation at 15C decreased progressively in light as the duration of dark incubation increased. The water-potential studies indicate that the thermodormancy can be attributed, at least in part, to the inability of the embryonic cells to lower their water potential to a level sufficient to cause radicle protrusion.
Solarization for Weed Control
Authors: Horowitz Menashe , Regev Yael , Herzlinger Geza
Published: May 2019

Solarization is a method of heating moist soil by covering it with plastic sheets to trap solar radiation. In field experiments in Israel during the summer, maximum soil temperature under plastic cover at the 5-cm depth averaged 46 to 49C. No weeds emerged under the plastic cover during solarization and weed emergence was reduced after its removal. The heating effect from solarization decreased with soil depth. Concentration of O2 in soil under plastic was similar to that in uncovered controls, but the concentration of CO2 was markedly higher than in control soil, rising up to 2.4%. Higher temperatures and better residual weed control were produced by transparent than by black plastic, with best results from thin (0.03 mm), transparent polyethylene. Under Israeli summer conditions, 2 to 4 weeks of solarization produced effective control of annual weeds that was still appreciable after 1 yr. Narrow sheets of 20 to 50 cm produced effective weed control in bands. on soil irrigated once before placing the plastic sheets, there was no need to irrigate during solarization. The response of weed species to solarization differed. Many annual weeds, both summer species such as pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and winter species as henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) were well controlled by solarization. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) was controlled in one experiment. on the other hand, horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] and bull mallow (Malva niceaensis All.) were relatively resistant, and established perennials escaped the treatment.
Degradation of Thiocarbamate Herbicides in Soils Exhibiting Rapid EPTC Breakdown
Authors: Obrigawitch Tim , Martin Alex R. , Roeth Fred W.
Published: May 2019

An increased rate of butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) degradation occurred on a Kennebec silt loam (sil) exhibiting rapid EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) breakdown in the field. Butylate degradation was not as rapid as EPTC degradation on field soils previously treated with EPTC. Addition of R-33865 (O, O-diethyl-O-phenol phosphorothioate) to butylate extended its persistence in field soils with and without prior EPTC application. Although microbial degradation of butylate, EPTC, and vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was increased on EPTC-pretreated soils, EPTC and vernolate degradation was much more rapid than butylate degradation. Addition of R-33865 to butylate, EPTC, or vernolate extended their soil persistence on soils pretreated with EPTC. In a laboratory experiment, a maximum rate of EPTC degradation resulted from one prior application. The rate of butylate degradation increased with each successive butylate application, but the degradation rate was not as high as those observed for EPTC on EPTC-pretreated soil.
Influence of Light and Temperature on Bentazon Phytotoxicity to Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Thimijan Richard W.
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse and growth-chamber studies, increasing the level of either light or temperature increased bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] phytotoxicity to cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.). Light had a greater influence on phytotoxicity than did temperature. Light and temperature conditions after bentazon application had a greater influence on phytotoxicity than did light and temperature conditions before application. Maximum phytotoxicity was obtained from treatment with low light level before application and high light level after application.
Yields of Three Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Cultivars as Influenced by Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) Competition
Authors: Chandler James M. , Meredith William R.
Published: May 2019

The effect of duration of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.] competition on maturity and yield of three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars was studied during 1975 through 1977. The seed cotton yields averaged over 3 yr for ‘DES 21326-04′, 'Stoneville 213′, and ‘Deltapine 16’ were 1850, 1570, and 1520 kg/ha, respectively. DES 21326-04 produced 50% of its yield 3 to 8 days earlier than Deltapine 16 or Stoneville 213 with no spurred anoda competition and 6 to 10 days earlier with spurred anoda competition. Spurred anoda competition from planting until July 10, August 10, and September 10 resulted in average yield decreases of 12, 37, and 38%, respectively. Yield reductions varied with cultivar. Deltapine 16 was more competitive than the other two cultivars. Early-season spurred anoda competition reduced the yield of the earliest-maturing cultivar DES 21326-04 more than that of Deltapine 16 or Stoneville 213.
Altitude Effects on Picloram Disappearance in Sunlight
Authors: Johnsen Thomas N. , Martin Richard D.
Published: May 2019

Losses of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) in water exposed to sunlight ranged from 50 to 80% after 1 days' exposure (14 h sunlight) and 95% or more after 4 days exposure (56 h of sunlight) at four locations in Southern Arizona. Samples exposed at the highest elevation (2800 m) consistently lost picloram more quickly than samples at the lower elevations. Dry, recrystallized picloram losses were 11, 47, and 67% after 1, 2, and 4 days of sunlight exposure, respectively. At the same times, picloram losses in water were 65, 89, and 99%, respectively. These results indicate that photodecomposition is an important factor for the use and residue longevity of picloram on high-altitude rangelands of the western United States.
Comparison of the Bleaching Activity of Norflurazon and Oxyfluorfen
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard , Böger Peter
Published: May 2019

The bleaching effects of norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3 (2H)-pyridazinone] and of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene] were compared using the intact microalgaScenedesmus acutusand the fungusPhycomyces blakesleeanus.Under the influence of oxyfluorfen, but not of norflurazon, pigments and membranes were degraded. This activity is typical for oxyfluorfen. Norflurazon prevented carotene synthesis, but did not cause degradation of carotenoids, chlorophylls, or35S-sulfolipid, a marker of photosynthetic membranes. Furthermore, light-induced ethane evolution byScenedesmusis substantial with oxyfluorfen, but not with norflurazon present. Oxyfluorfen apparently causes radical-initiated peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Influence of Metolachlor on Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata) Growth and Nutrient Accumulation
Authors: Ellis Tamsey W. , Wilson Henry P. , Mascianica Martin P. , Janssen Keith A.
Published: May 2019

Using nutrient culture techniques, it was determined that a 14-day exposure to metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] concentrations in the range of 10-6M reduced lengths and weights of seedling sweet corn (Zea mays saccharataL. ‘NK-199′) shoots and roots by 30 to 50%. With the exception of root weight, intensity of inhibition was proportional to day length. Reductions in accumulation of Ca, Mg, K, and P accompanied decreases in sweet corn growth. A 4-day exposure of sweet corn to 2.8 and 5.6 × 10-6M metolachlor had no significant effect on growth and nutrient accumulation when treatments were followed by a 9-day incubation in metolachlor-free nutrient solution.
Response to Ethofumesate of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) and Overseeded Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) was controlled in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] turf when ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] was applied at 1.1 kg/ha in October and again in November, but not when applied in February and March. A single, October ethofumesate treatment, did not affect spring growth of nonoverseeded bermudagrass, but the growth of selected cultivars was delayed slightly from October + November treatment. Turf growth was severely delayed for all bermudagrass cultivars when ethofumesate treatments were delayed until February and March. The October and November ethofumesate treatments reduced the quality of overseeded perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne(L.) ‘Medalist VI’] slightly, but did not injure it permanently and the turf recovered fully. The transition from ryegrass back to bermudagrass turf was good in the spring regardless of ethofumesate treatment. Even though turf cover was excellent throughout the transition period, bermudagrass cover during June and July was less when ethofumesate was applied in October than when application was delayed until after bermudagrass became dormant.
Fall and Spring Herbicide Treatment for Minimum-Tillage Seeding of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Mueller-Warrant G. W. , Koch D. W.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted at three locations to evaluate the efficacy of fall and spring herbicide treatments for vegetation control and enhancement of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) establishment. on a sward dominated by quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.], fall and spring glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] treatments were equally effective in reducing competition from quackgrass and in establishing alfalfa. on a mixed grass sward, spring and fall glyphosate treatment resulted in similar alfalfa yields with early spring seeding; however, alfalfa yields were lower with delayed seeding on fall-treated plots, compared with spring treatment, because of greater weed competition. Pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] applied in the fall controlled perennial grasses, and when it was followed by paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) in the spring controlled broadleaf weeds as well, resulting in greater alfalfa yields compared with pronamide alone. Alfalfa established more slowly in the paraquat-treated and check plots, than in glyphosate-treated plots.
Weed Seed and Seedling Reductions by Soil Solarization by Transparent Polyethylene Sheets
Authors: Egley Grant H.
Published: May 2019

Solarization by means of transparent polyethylene sheets for 1 week in mid-summer significantly (P = 0.05) reduced numbers of viable prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlect.] seeds remaining after burial in soil. Solarization treatments for 1 to 4 weeks significantly reduced the total weed emergence of prickly sida, pigweeds (Amaranthusspecies), spurred anoda, morningglories (Ipomoeaspecies), horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrumL.), and various grass species from natural seed populations for the growing season by 64 to 98%. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) emergence was increased by solarization in some instances. It was not determined if the increased emergence was from tubers or seeds. Maximum temperatures at the 1.3-cm soil depth under the polyethylene sheets reached 65 to 69C for 3 to 4 h of the mid-afternoon on clear days as compared with 43 to 50C at 1.3 cm in the soils that were not covered. Surface soil-moisture levels were also elevated under the polyethylene covers. Although solarization did not eliminate dormant weed seeds from the germination zone, the treatment killed nondormant seeds and greatly reduced the number of weed seedlings that otherwise would have emerged.
CRESCITA DA DOMANDA O CRESCITA DA OFFERTA?: UN'ANALISI DELLE SPESE SOCIALI IN ITALIA
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'enorme espansione delle politiche di benessere è una delle caratteristiche più salienti dello sviluppo delle società euro-pee del dopoguerra. Nel trentennio che va dal 1945 al 1975 l'incidenza relativa delle spese per la sicurezza sociale sul prodotto interno lordo è più che raddoppiata (in media europea), passando da circa il 9% a più del 19%: e tale cifra salirebbe di almeno 6 o 7 punti se, come è corretto, si contassero tra le spese per il benessere anche quelle per Pistruzione e l'abitazione.
STATO ED ECONOMIA IN TEMPO DI CRISI. VENTITRE DEMOCRAZIE INDUSTRIALI A CONFRONTO
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Quando verrà scritta la storia della seconda metà del XX secolo, il conseguimento di alti tassi di crescita, la piena occupazione, i bassi tassi di inflazione e l'espansione dello stato sociale negli anni cinquanta e sessanta saranno senza dubbio indicati come i caratteri distintivi di una felice combinazione di politiche economiche e sociali nei paesi industrializzati ad economia capitalistica regolata. Negli anni settanta, invece, la riduzione della crescita, i crescenti tassi di disoccupazione e inflazione, l'aumento di domande post-materialistiche e la crisi fiscale dello stato sociale hanno generato problemi di difficile soluzione per chi voglia riconciliare un'economia regolata di mercato con il mantenimento di uno stato sociale sviluppato.
ARA relief campaign in the Volga region, Jewish anthropometric statistics, and the scientific promise of integration
Authors: Mogilner Marina
Published: May 2019

Argument

The article builds a case for the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population (Obshchestvo Okhranenia Zdorov’ia Evreiskogo Naselenia [OZE]) as a project of medicalized modernity, a mass politics of Jewish self-help that relied on a racialized and medicalized vision of a future Jewish nation. Officially registered in 1912 in St. Petersburg, it created the space for a Jewish politics that focused on the state of the collective Jewish body as a precondition for Jewish participation in any version of modernity. OZE futurism survived the years of World War I and the Russian Civil War, when the organization had to concentrate on rescue and relief rather than on facilitating the development of new bodies and souls. New archival evidence reveals how race science, medical statistics, and positive eugenics became composite elements of the Jewish anticolonial message and new subjectivity.
Partial recovery of Critically EndangeredGypsvulture populations in Nepal
Authors: GALLIGAN TOBY H. , BHUSAL KRISHNA P. , PAUDEL KHADANANDA , CHAPAGAIN DEVENDRA , JOSHI ANKIT B. , CHAUDHARY ISHWARI P. , CHAUDHARY ANAND , BARAL HEM S. , CUTHBERT RICHARD J. , GREEN RHYS E.
Published: May 2019

Populations of Critically Endangered White-rumpedGyps bengalensisand Slender-billedG. tenuirostrisVultures in Nepal declined rapidly during the 2000s, almost certainly because of the effects of the use in livestock of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, which is nephrotoxic toGypsvultures. In 2006, veterinary use of diclofenac was banned in Nepal and this was followed by the gradual implementation, over most of the geographical range of the two vulture species in Nepal, of a Vulture Safe Zone (VSZ) programme to advocate vulture conservation, raise awareness about diclofenac, provide vultures with NSAID-free food and encourage the veterinary use in livestock of a vulture-safe alternative NSAID (meloxicam). We report the results of long-term monitoring of vulture populations in Nepal before and after this programme was implemented, by means of road transects. Piecewise regression analysis of the count data indicated that a rapid decline of the White-rumped Vulture population from 2002 up to about 2013 gave way to a partial recovery between about 2013 and 2018. More limited data for the Slender-billed Vulture indicated that a rapid decline also gave way to partial recovery from about 2012 onwards. The rates at which populations were increasing in the 2010s exceeded the upper end of the range of increase rates expected in a closed population under optimal conditions. The possibility that immigration from India is contributing to the changes cannot be excluded. We present evidence from open and undercover pharmacy surveys that the VSZ programme had apparently become effective in reducing the availability of diclofenac in a large part of the range of these species in Nepal by about 2011. Hence, community-based advocacy and awareness-raising actions, and possibly also provisioning of safe food, may have made an important contribution to vulture conservation by augmenting the effects of changes in the regulation of toxic veterinary drugs.
Structured Employment and Workshop Reform: Equal Rights for Severely Handicapped Individuals
Authors: Bellamy G. Thomas , Horner Robert H. , Sheehan Martin R. , Boles Shawn M.
Published: May 2019

Calls for reform in the sheltered workshop program in the United States have become increasingly frequent, and come from broadly representative groups of government agencies (Department of Labor, 1979; General Accounting Office, 1980; Training and Employment Services Policy Analysis, 1979), advocacy groups (Laski, 1979, 1980); rehabilitation professionals (Bellamy, Horner & Inman, 1979; Pomeranz & Marholin, 1977; California Association of Rehabilitation Facilities, 1977); research institutes (JWK International Corporation, 1980; Urban Institute, 1975); and the public press (Wall Street Journal, 1979). This dramatic consensus that change is needed, however, is not yet matched by agreement on specific alternatives to the current system of funding, regulating, and operating workshops.

It is precisely the latter type of consensus that is most likely to produce actual reform. Certainly the many constituencies served and affected by workshops have different priorities and objectives, and it seems unlikely that all groups will be completely satisfied with any particular set of changes. Nevertheless, in a time of limited public resources, new initiatives seem much more likely to result from broadly supported objectives than from separate advocacy efforts by individual interest groups. It is consequently important to negotiate compromises needed for a coalition to advocate comprehensive workshop reform.
Teaching Interpersonal Problem-Solving Strategies to the Mildly Handicapped
Authors: Wilson Sharon R.
Published: May 2019

An interpersonal problem is having a goal or desired interaction involving another person that is not being met. Interpersonal problems are an ongoing part of life. Whether it be deciding where to have lunch with a friend or your neighbour continually parking his car in front of your home, we are involved in interpersonal problems everyday. We are gregarious, and inherent within interaction with others in conflict. As educators we are continually aware of the number of interpersonal difficulties which occur within the classroom everyday.
Preschool Model in an Institutional Setting
Authors: Parr Claudine , Robertson Anne
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the development over a three year period of a pre-school in an institution for the intellectually handicapped. Most of the children attending are residents, but some are day pupils. We discuss the progress of both in relation to the overall objectives: to create a happy, secure environment where learning can best occur, to develop each personality academically and socially, and to work towards integration into normal society.

Against the well-known disadvantages of an institutionalized setting, the length of time available (six hours, five days a week) has allowed considerable extension of the model offered by a university research programme in early intervention. Within this framework we discuss techniques for the establishment of appropriate learning behaviours, and the introduction and effects of Direct Instruction Programmes.

The pre-school provides both group and individual programmes through carefully structured classroom management involving teacher, aides, volunteers and where possible, parents. The rate of progress has already allowed the introduction of part-time integration and full time integration of our first two pupils will be achieved in 1982.
Attitudes, Aspirations and Teaching Skills of Parents of Intellectually Handicapped Children
Authors: Rees Roger J. , Irvine Jim W.
Published: May 2019

The paper describes the assessed attitudes of 101 parents of intellectually handicapped children to interaction with their children. Contrasts in attitudes using Strom’s Parent As A Teacher Inventory (PAAT) are made between parents with Down’s Syndrome children and parents with brain damaged children. Differences on subset scores in the inventory are highlighted. Attitudes and behaviours of parents who were most successful in teaching language skills are contrasted with those who were least successful. The limitations of the attitude inventory are examined along with its role in helping parents to identify specific difficulties they have in teaching their children.

Studies in developmental psychology are making us aware of the need to deliberately create new reference groups so that personal expectations can be more appropriate. For example, when age dictates retirement, many individuals find themselves for the first time lacking a guide for their behaviour. They report that to be without norms is to be alone in the worst sense since one does not know the proper criteria by which to evaluate oneself (Strom, 1978). A similar feeling is expressed by parents of intellectually handicapped children. When they decide that traditional norms are inappropriate expectations for their child, what sorts of replacement goals should then be pursued? If the revised aspirations are drawn from a relevant reference group, these parents are more likely to develop the self-confidence and teaching skills needed to maximize their child’s development. One way to begin this process calls for determining what individual mothers and fathers expect of their atypical child and how they perceive themselves as teachers.
Parent Participation within an Independent School
Authors: Barrie Jo
Published: May 2019

“It has been typical within the history of special education, particularly in the area of learning disabilities, that the motivation and emphasis for program development has come from parents and their organizations rather than from educators” (Baldauf, 1980, p. 179). The Special Education Centre at Christ Church Grammar School is no exception as it was established as a result of the vocally expressed needs of parents. Prior to its inception, there was a remedial class in the preparatory school, the then Headmaster, Mr. P. M. Moyes, being firmly committed to education for the less able as well as the academically able. Parents who wanted boys enrolled at the school, and those who wanted sons from the remedial class to continue their education at the school, pressed for the establishment of a special centre. Funding was available from the Commonwealth Government and from the private sector.

The Centre is an integral part of the regular school, based on a model of integrated education at primary and secondary levels. A committee consisting of the Headmaster, the headmaster of the preparatory school, the director of the Centre and, of recent years, the school counsellor, decides placement in the Special Education Centre. These placements are made after consideration of the psychological, medical and educational documentation accompanying each application, and with regard to keeping a balance of ages and grades within the Centre. Selection is dependent on the applicants satisfying the criteria for special education as opposed to remedial education. Priority is also given to country boys needing special education and boarding facilities where no appropriate alternatives are available to them. It must be felt that the programme and facilities available are likely to benefit the applicant. There are 16 full-time places available. Some boys are able to pursue certain subjects with their regular school peers. Some boys are placed into the regular stream after a period of time in the Centre. These boys then receive continuing support in their area of specific need. I have worked in the Centre as its director for five years.
Breaking Down the Barriers in North Queensland
Authors: Baillie Maureen , Dixon Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

This paper describes one innovation that has assisted in overcoming some of the physical barriers experienced by our handicapped children in regular schools.

In North Queensland, we have several children using wheelchairs, who attend their local schools, and in the past access to our high set buildings has been a major problem. Our major concerns for these handicapped children have been primarily for their safety, which we consider to be of paramount importance, and also for the provision of access to their total school environment.

In September 1979, members of the Department of Education were involved in the demonstration of a new machine to assist in access for the handicapped — the Stair Aid Stairclimbing Wheelchair Transporter, also known as the Stair Mate. The Stair Aid device was designed by a Sydney man, its concept based on the design of a similar machine that was already in use in the commercial field for transporting goods into high set buildings. As a result of this demonstration and evaluations carried out by various personnel within the Department, two machines were purchased and made available for trial use — one in the Northern Region, the other based in the south.
Sports participation and adiposity do not mediate the relationship between birth weight and arterial thickness in adolescents: ABCD Growth Study
Authors: Urban Jacqueline , Cayres Suziane , Codogno Jamile , Turi-Lynch Bruna , Mantovani Alessandra , Fernandes Romulo
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To analyse the relationship of altered birth weight with metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes among adolescents, as well as to identify if sports participation is able to attenuate or even eliminate the impact of birth weight on health outcomes.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study (Analysis of Behaviours of Children During Growth [ABCD Growth Study]). Adolescents with age ranging from 11 to 18 years old (14.7±2.1) stratified according to normal (n = 230) and altered (n = 35) birth weight composed the sample. Birth weight was self-reported by adolescent’s parents. Sports participation was assessed by face-to-face interview. Carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and femoral intima–media thickness (FIMT) were measured using an ultrasound device. C-reactive protein levels were used to assess the inflammatory status. Blood pressure, Z score of metabolic risk (dyslipidemia and glucose), adiposity, and insulin resistance were covariates.

Results:

In the crude model, FIMT (p value = 0.037) and C-reactive protein (p value = 0.029) were affected by altered birth weight. In the adjusted models, altered birth weight affected FIMT (p value = 0.048; small effect size of 1.7%), independently of sports participation. For C-reactive protein, previous time of engagement in sports (p value = 0.001; small effect size of 4.8%) affected C-reactive protein, independently of birth weight.

Conclusion:

Vascular structure seems to be affected by birth weight in adolescents, while its impact on inflammation seems to be attenuated by the regular engagement in sports.
Yahia Bihram's Narrative Colophons Part 1: DC 35
Authors: MORGENSTERN MATTHEW
Published: May 2019

Yahia Bihram, a pivotal figure in the Mandaean community of the 19th century, composed several autobiographical texts. This article presents a new edition of one of his lengthiest works, incorporating numerous corrected readings based upon close examination of the original manuscript. With the aid of recent linguistic research into Neo-Mandaic and contemporary documents, the article proposes many new interpretations and the correct identifications of historical names and places.
Characterizing the local food environment and grocery-store decision making among a large American Indian community in the north-central USA: qualitative results from the Healthy Foods Healthy Families Feasibility Study
Authors: Brown Meagan C , Shrestha Umit , Huber Corrine , Best Lyle G , O’Leary Marcia , Howard Barbara , Beresford Shirley , Fretts Amanda M
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Perceptions of social-contextual food environments and associated factors that influence food purchases are understudied in American Indian (AI) communities. The purpose of the present study was to: (i) understand the perceived local food environment; (ii) investigate social-contextual factors that influence family food-purchasing choices; and (iii) identify diet intervention strategies.

Design:

This qualitative study consisted of focus groups with primary household shoppers and key-informant interviews with food retailers, local government food assistance programme directors and a dietitian. An inductive, constant comparison approach was used to identify major themes.

Setting:

A large AI reservation community in the north-central USA.

Participants:

Four focus groups (n31) and seven key-informant interviews were conducted in February and May 2016.

Results:

Perceptions of both the higher cost of healthy foods and limited access to these foods influenced the types of foods participants purchased. Dependence on government assistance programmes and the timing of benefits also contributed to the types of foods purchased. Participants described purchasing foods based on the dietary needs and preferences of their children. Suggestions for improving the purchase and consumption of healthy foods included: culturally relevant and family-centred cooking classes and workshops focused on monthly food budgeting. Participants also emphasized the importance of involving the entire community in healthy eating initiatives.

Conclusions:

Cost and access were the major perceived barriers to healthy eating in this large rural AI community. Recommended interventions included: (i) family-friendly and culturally relevant cooking classes; (ii) healthy food-budgeting skills training; and (iii) approaches that engage the entire community.
Primary health care factors associated with late presentation of cancer in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almuammar Abdulhadi
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Delays in the diagnosis of cancer were found to be a worldwide matter, and the early cancer detection has been targeted as a way to improve survival. Quantitative studies from Saudi Arabia reported a high number of cancer cases presenting at cancer centres for the first time with more advanced stages of the disease progression compared to Western countries without exploring the reasons for this phenomenon. Worldwide research identified several factors that contribute to delay in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer which were attributed to both patient and healthcare system. However, it was argued that variation in the operation of health systems and the socio-cultural context across countries makes it difficult to generalise findings beyond individuals’ countries. This necessitates country specific research to investigate why patients in Saudi Arabia present to cancer centres with late/advanced stages of their diseases.

Research aim and objectives:

The aim of this study is to identify and explore the factors that contribute to late-stage presentation of common cancers in Saudi Arabia. The main objective of this study is to understand the help seeking journey taken by patients with cancer from the time they discovered or felt their symptoms until the time they have their treatment initiated.

Methods:

Qualitative interviewing was used to collect data from 20 patients and 15 health professionals. The interviews were transcribed and then were subjected to the thematic analysis using a framework approach developed by Ritchie and Spencer (1994).

Results:

While some findings support what previous studies found as contributing factors responsible for delayed presentation of common cancers, this study identified several factors, which are believed to be country-specific. The ‘role of General Practitioner (GP)’, ‘challenges facing GPs’ and ‘ambiguity of the referral system’ were found to be factors that contribute to delay in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion:

This research identified several factors that need to be investigated in the future using quantitative methods. There is a need to investigate the extent of using alternative medicine and its possible association with late presentation of cancer.
Fetal programming by androgen excess in rats affects ovarian fuel sensors and steroidogenesis
Authors: Abruzzese Giselle Adriana , Heber Maria Florencia , Campo Verde Arbocco Fiorella , Ferreira Silvana Rocio , Motta Alicia Beatriz
Published: May 2019

Fetal programming by androgen excess is hypothesized as one of the main factors contributing to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is more than a reproductive disorder, as women with PCOS also show metabolic and other endocrine alterations. Since both ovarian and reproductive functions depend on energy balance, the alterations in metabolism may be related to reproductive alterations. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of androgen excess during prenatal life on ovarian fuel sensors and its consequences on steroidogenesis. To this end, pregnant rats were hyperandrogenized with testosterone and the following parameters were evaluated in their female offspring: follicular development, PPARG levels, adipokines (including leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin as ovarian fuel sensors), serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH), the mRNA of their ovarian receptors, and the expression of steroidogenic mediators. At 60 days of age, the prenatally hyperandrogenized (PH) female offspring displayed both an irregular ovulatory phenotype and an anovulatory phenotype with altered follicular development and the presence of cysts. Both PH groups showed altered levels of both proteins and mRNA of PPARG and a different expression pattern of the adipokines studied. Although serum gonadotropins were not impaired, there were alterations in the mRNA levels of their ovarian receptors. The steroidogenic mediators Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Cyp19a1 were altered differently in each of the PH groups. We concluded that androgen excess during prenatal life leads to developmental programming effects that affect ovarian fuel sensors and steroidogenesis in a phenotype-specific way.