bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
End Scraper Reduction and Hunter-Gatherer Mobility
Authors: Blades Brooke S.
Published: February 2007

Various lithic measures have been invoked to argue that human foragers moved over greater or lesser distances, or moved with greater or lesser frequency when compared with other foraging groups. This paper examines one of those measures—the reduction of blade end scrapers from early Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian and Perigordian occupations in southwestern France. Evidence of end scraper reduction is compared with faunal diversity and lithic material provenience, the former a potential catalyst of and the latter a potential reflection of mobility. A relationship between less-intense end scraper reduction, somewhat elevated percentages of distant raw materials, and reindeer-dominated fauna is noted during cold and apparently open environmental conditions. Less consistency in the extent of end scraper reduction is observed among assemblages associated with more diverse and at times less-mobile fauna. These observations argue for the importance of a fine-grained comparison of lithic and other data, the complexity of procurement strategies, and the recognition that greater or lesser reduction does not translate directly into greater or lesser mobility.
Setting Theoretical Egos Aside: Issues and Theory in North American Archaeology
Authors: Hegmon Michelle
Published: February 2007

Theory in North American archaeology is characterized in terms of foci and approaches manifested in research issues, rather than in explicit or oppositional theoretical positions. While there are some clear-cut theoretical perspectives—evolutionary ecology, behavioral archaeology, and Darwinian archaeology—a large majority of North American archaeology fits a broad category here called “processual-plus.” Among the major themes that crosscut many or all of the approaches are interests in gender, agency/practice, symbols and meaning, material culture, and native perspectives. Gender archaeology is paradigmatic of processual-plus archaeology, in that it draws on a diversity of theoretical approaches to address a common issue. Emphasis on agency and practice is an important development, though conceptions of agency are too often linked to Western ideas of individuals and motivation. The vast majority of North American archaeology, including postprocessual approaches, is modern, not postmodern, in orientation. The relative dearth of theoretical argument positively contributes to diversity and dialogue, but it also may cause North American theory to receive inadequate attention and unfortunate misunderstandings of postmodernism.
Clovis Hunting Strategies, or How to Make out on Plentiful Resources
Authors: Waguespack Nicole M. , Surovell Todd A.
Published: February 2007

Traditionally, hunter-gatherers of the Clovis period have been characterized as specialized hunters of large terrestrial mammals. Recent critiques have attempted to upend this position both empirically and theoretically, alternatively favoring a more generalized foraging economy. In this paper, the distinction between subsistence specialists and generalists is framed in terms of forager selectivity with regards to hunted prey, following a behavioral ecological framework. Faunal data are compiled from 33 Clovis sites and used to test the two alternative diet-breadth hypotheses. The data support the older “Clovis as specialist” model, although some use of small game is apparent. Furthermore, data from modern hunter-gatherers are marshaled to support the theoretical plausibility of specialized large-mammal hunting across North America during the Late Pleistocene.
Social Practice, Method, and Some Problems of Field Archaeology
Authors: Berggren Åsa , Hodder Ian
Published: February 2007

This article argues that the development of excavation field methods in archaeology is closely tied to the social position of fieldworkers. We also note disaffection in field contract archaeology today resulting from a wide range of factors, including the separation of excavation from interpretation. We argue that this separation and the notion that archaeological excavation can be seen as unskilled undermine the scientific basis of archaeology. A reflexive archaeology is discussed that empowers field archaeology by (a) focusing interpretation at the trowel's edge, (b) bringing multiple perspectives close to the moment of excavation, and (c) documenting the documentation process.
Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology
Authors: Kvamme Kenneth L.
Published: February 2007

Recent advances in technology and practice allow geophysical surveys in archaeology to produce maps of subsurface features over large areas and in potentially great detail. It is shown through a series of case studies from two regions in North America that archaeo-geophysical surveys can produce primary information suitable for the study of site content, structure and organization, for examining spatial patterns and relationships, and for directly confronting specific questions about a site and the past. Because large buried cultural landscapes can now be revealed, it is argued that an alternative perspective on regional or landscape archaeology may be possible because space can be viewed in terms of tens of hectares as opposed to the tens of square meters typical of archaeological excavations. Moreover, by placing focus on such buried features as dwellings, storage facilities, public structures, middens, fortifications, trails, or garden spaces that are not commonly revealed through most contemporary surface inspection methods, a richer view of archaeology, the past, and cultural landscapes can be achieved. Archaeo-geophysical surveys can also play an important role in Cultural Resource Management (CRM) contexts as feature discovery tools for focusing expensive excavations, thereby reducing the amount needed and lowering costs. Their utility is weighed against shovel test pits as a primitive and costly form of prospecting.
Archaic Period Canoes from Newnans Lake, Florida
Authors: Wheeler Ryan J. , Miller James J. , McGee Ray M. , Ruhl Donna , Swann Brenda , Memory Melissa
Published: February 2007

Low lake levels, due to drought in spring and summer 2000, revealed the decayed remnants of over 100 dugout canoes buried in the sediments of Newnans Lake near Gainesville, Florida. Radiocarbon assays revealed that 41 of 55 canoes studied were from the Late Archaic period, dating between 2300 and 5000 B.P. Analysis of canoe form and comparison to the small number of other known Florida Archaic period canoes correct previous ideas about early canoes. Patterns of wood choice and manufacturing techniques known from younger canoes were in place during the Late Archaic. The Archaic period canoes from Newnans Lake are indistinguishable from canoes produced in later periods and are not the crude, short, blunt-ended type thought to represent the earliest dugout canoes. Thwarts or low partitions on almost half of the Archaic canoes studied confirm a long temporal span to the canoe-making tradition of peninsular Florida. Middle and Late Archaic groups had boat-building and related technologies in place 7,000 years ago and were expanding into areas with newly emerging freshwater resources created by higher water tables.
La Orientación Este De Los Entierros Aborígenes En Cuevas De Cuba: Remate De Una Fábula
Authors: Corzo Gabino La Rosa
Published: February 2007

En Cuba, la orientación de los entierros aborígenes del período arcaico ha sido objeto de especulación e indagación por parte de numerosos especialistas. Dentro de la arqueología del Caribe ha llamado la atención la propuesta de algunos arqueólogos de la mayor de las Antillas relacionada con la dependencia del este como punto cardinal y la orientación de los cráneos de los primeros habitantes. Sin embargo, los elementos discutidos en este artículo demuestran que las orientaciones de estos entierros en cuevas generalmente se relacionan con el lugar de acceso al espacio fúnebre y las partes naturales que limitan el acceso al lugar.
An Engraved Architectural Drawing at Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome
Authors: Bolgia Claudia
Published: February 2007

The use of tracings-drawings engraved on floors or walls showing an architectural detail to scale-was an important stage of the Gothic building process. Although examples of such engravings have survived all over Europe, very few Italian tracings are preserved. Two hitherto unknown examples, found in the Roman church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, are presented here for the first time. One portrays the profile of a small base and was probably a trial drawing. The other is a two-light-and-oculus tracery pattern, and is particularly interesting because it is drawn to full scale and was cut into a reused slab of ancient marble. In this essay, I reconstruct the geometric process of generating the design and analyze the position of the tracing, with its peculiar Roman features, within the European Gothic context. I also consider the engraved drawing's possible function (guideline for template- and stone-cutters, or slab from which the tracery was to be cut directly), destination (sepulchral monument, window, or ciborium), and dating.
Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones of the Holy Sepulchre
Authors: Ousterhout Robert
Published: February 2007

The concept of the sanctity of architecture is studied through an examination of the historical development of the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, focusing on the reconstruction undertaken by the crusaders in about 1114 and dedicated in 1149. The result of three major periods of construction, the present church is replete with disquieting disjunctions that defy easy explanation. Although the crusaders added elements that reflected their own cultural milieu, such as the monumental entrance and the pilgrimage choir, many of their architectural decisions were guided by the religious associations of the venerable older building. The desire to preserve and display as much as possible of the existing fabric, including both standing walls and spolia, resulted in significant aesthetic and structural compromises in their final design.
Effects of continuous oral administration of phenylbutazone on biomarkers of cartilage and bone metabolism in horses
Authors: Fradette Marie-Ève , Céleste Christophe , Richard Hèléne , Beauchamp Guy , Laverty Sheila
Published: February 2007

Objective—To evaluate the effects of continuous oral administration of phenylbutazone on serum and synovial fluid biomarkers of skeletal matrix metabolism in horses.

Animals—11 adult female horses without clinical or radiographic evidence of joint disease.

Procedures—Horses were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups. Phenylbutazone was administered orally twice daily at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg for 3 days to the treatment group and subsequently at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg for 7 days. Serum and radiocarpal synovial fluid samples were obtained at baseline and thereafter at regular intervals for 4 weeks. Biomarkers of cartilage aggrecan synthesis (chondroitin sulfate 846) and type II collagen synthesis (procollagen type II C-propeptide) and degradation (collagen type II cleavage) were assayed. Biomarkers of bone synthesis (osteocalcin) and resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were also measured.

Results—No significant differences were found between control and treatment groups or temporally for the biomarkers chondroitin sulfate 846, procollagen type II C-propeptide, collagen type II cleavage, and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in serum or synovial fluid. A significant increase in osteocalcin concentration occurred in synovial fluid during treatment in the treated group. No treatment effect was detected for serum osteocalcin concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that continuous phenylbutazone administration at recommended doses altered some biomarkers in healthy equine joints after short periods of administration. Increased osteocalcin concentration may indicate an undetermined anabolic effect of phenylbutazone administration on periarticular bone or transient induction of osteogenesis in articular chondrocytes or a mesenchymal subpopulation of synoviocytes.
Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air
Authors: Davis Michael S. , Williams Caroline C. , Meinkoth James H. , Malayer Jerry R. , Royer Christopher M. , Williamson Katherine K. , McKenzie Erica C.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To determine effects of exercise performed while breathing cold air on expression of cytokines and influx of neutrophils in airways of horses.

Animals—9 adult horses.

Procedures—In a crossover study, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained 24 and 48 hours after each of 2 submaximal exercise sessions performed by horses while breathing warm (25°C) or cold (−5°C) air. Total and differential nucleated cell counts were determined for each BALF sample. Relative mRNA expression of cytokines in BALF cells was quantified by use of a reverse transcription–PCR assay.

Results—Horses had a modest but significant influx of neutrophils into the airways 24 hours after a single exercise session while breathing cold air. No other cell types were increased at 24 or 48 hours after exercising while breathing cold air. Continued increases in expression of cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and-10 as well as proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, -6, and -8 were detected 24 hours after exercising while breathing cold air. Forty-eight hours after exercising while breathing cold air, expression of IL-10 was still higher than that for IL-10 after horses exercised while breathing warm air. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly increased at 48 hours after exercising while breathing cold air.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Exposure of intrapulmonary airways to cold air alters immunologic responses of horses for at least 48 hours. The increased expression of cytokines that suppress cell-mediated immunity may predispose athletes to viral infections of the respiratory tract following exercise in cold weather.
Ocular and systemic manifestations after oral administration of a high dose of enrofloxacin in cats
Authors: Ford Marnie M. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Moore Cecil P. , Narfström Kristina L.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To characterize the effects of oral administration of a high dose of enrofloxacin to cats.

Animals—24 (12 male and 12 female) young healthy cats.

Procedures—Cats were allocated on the basis of sex into 2 groups (4 males and 4 females/ group) from which 3 subgroups for 3 durations (3, 5, or 7 days) of enrofloxacin (50 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) or control solution (1 mL of water, PO, q 24 h) administration that began on day −1 were created. Funduscopic examinations were performed daily. Electroretinography (ERG) was performed before and every 2 to 3 days after the start of oral administration. Four cats/study group were euthanized on days 3, 5, and 7, and eyes were collected for light and electron microscopic evaluations.

Results—Neurologic, funduscopic, and ERG abnormalities were evident only in cats administered enrofloxacin. Funduscopic changes (granular appearance or graying of the area centralis) were noticed on or before day 3 (after only 3 days of enrofloxacin administration), with subsequent similar changes along the visual streak. Vascular attenuation (between days 2 and 4) and generalized tapetal hyperreflectivity (between days 5 and 7) followed. Reduction in b-wave ERG amplitude preceded funduscopic changes. Morphologic changes in the photoreceptor layers correlated with duration of enrofloxacin administration, with generalized degenerative changes evident after 3 doses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The study indicated that a high dose of enrofloxacin (50 mg/kg/d, PO) induced retinal and systemic changes. Enrofloxacin at 10 times the recommended dosage is acutely toxic to the outer retina of clinically normal cats.
Efficacy of a canarypox-vectored recombinant vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin gene of equine influenza H3N8 virus in the protection of ponies from viral challenge
Authors: Minke Jules M. , Toulemonde Caroline Edlund , Coupier Hervé , Guigal Pierre-Michel , Dinic Sonia , Sindle Tracey , Jessett David , Black Linda , Bublot Michel , Pardo Maria C. , Audonnet Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2007

Objective—To determine onset and duration of immunity provided by a 2- or 3-dose series of a new canarypox-vectored recombinant vaccine for equine influenza virus (rCP-EIV vaccine) expressing the hemagglutinin genes of influenza H3N8 virus strains A/eq/Kentucky/94 and A/eq/Newmarket/2/93 in ponies.

Animals—Forty-nine 1- to 3-year-old male Welsh Mountain Ponies that were seronegative for equine influenza virus.

Procedures—Vaccinated and control ponies were challenged with aerosolized influenza virus A/eq/Sussex/89 (H3N8), representative of the Eurasian lineage of circulating influenza viruses. In trial 1, control ponies and ponies that received rCP-EIV vaccine were challenged 2 weeks after completion of the 2-dose primary vaccination program. In trial 2, ponies were challenged 5 months after 2 doses of rCP-EIV vaccine or 1 year after the first boosting dose of rCP-EIV vaccine, administered 5 months after completion of the primary vaccination program. After challenge, ponies were observed daily for clinical signs of influenza and nasal swab specimens were taken to monitor virus excretion.

Results—The challenge reliably produced severe clinical signs consistent with influenza infection in the control ponies, and virus was shed for up to 7 days. The vaccination protocol provided clinical and virologic protection to vaccinates at 2 weeks and 5 months after completion of the primary vaccination program and at 12 months after the first booster.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The rCP-EIV vaccine provided protection of ponies to viral challenge. Of particular importance was the protection at 5 months after the second dose, indicating that this vaccine closes an immunity gap between the second and third vaccination.
Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals
Authors: KuKanich Butch , Huff David , Riviere Jim E. , Papich Mark G.
Published: February 2007

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in juvenile harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a dose of 5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) and to compare pharmacokinetic variables after pharmacokinetic analysis by naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.

Design—Original study.

Animals—33 male and 22 female juvenile seals being treated for various conditions.

Procedures—Blood collection was limited to ≤ 3 samples/seal. Plasma marbofloxacin concentrations were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection.

Results—Mean ± SE dose of marbofloxacin administered was 5.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg (2.4 ± 0.05 mg/lb). The terminal half-life, volume of distribution (per bioavailability), and clearance (per bioavailability) were approximately 5 hours, approximately 1.4 L/kg, and approximately 3 mL/min/kg, respectively (values varied slightly with the method of calculation). Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma-time concentration curve were approximately 3 μg/mL and 30 h·μg/mL, respectively. Naïve averaged and naïve pooled analysis appeared to yield a better fit to the population, but nonlinear mixed-effects modeling yielded a better fit for individual seals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values of pharmacokinetic variables were similar regardless of the analytic method used. Pharmacokinetic variability can be assessed with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, but not with naïve averaged or naïve pooled analysis. Visual observation by experienced trainers revealed no adverse effects in treated seals. Plasma concentrations attained with a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours would be expected to be efficacious for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Trypanosoma cruzi-triatomine associations and the presence of mixed infections in single triatomine bugs in Paraná state, Brazil
Authors: Spitzner Fernanda , Freitas Jorge , Macedo Andréa , Ornelas Toledo Max , Araújo Silvana , Prioli Alberto , Gomes Mônica
Published: February 2007

Eighteen strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from two species of triatomines in the state of Paraná, Brazil, were characterized molecularly using three strategies: RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) with four primers, analysis of the D7 polymorphic region of the 24Sα rDNA, and RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of region 5′ of the mitochondrial gene COII (cytochrome oxidase subunit 2). The phenogram constructed with the RAPD data showed that only three strains isolated from Panstrongylus megistus collected in the Municipality of Arapongas were grouped together in a sub-branch. None of the other 15 strains could be clustered according to triatomine species or geographical origin. The strains were grouped with the T. cruzi I reference sample, indicating closer association with the sylvatic transmission cycle of T. cruzi in the state of Paraná. However, analyses of the rDNA and COII gene polymorphisms revealed the presence of populations from both T. cruzi I and II major lineages. In half of the analyzed triatomines, we found parasites from both lineages coinfecting the same bugs. Of these, most (6/9) were isolated from Triatoma sordida, and 3/9 from Panstrongylus megistus. These results contribute to a better comprehension of the ecoepidemiology of Chagas’ disease in Paraná, and raise questions about the role of studies of polyclonal population dynamics for controlling the transmission of T. cruzi to humans in this region.
The Effect of Feed and Temperature Regimen on Lipid Oxidation in Muscle of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Halamíčková A. , Vorlová L. , Smutná M. , Straková E. , Suchý P. , Večerek V.
Published: February 2007

The paper presents the effects of temperature and feed composition on the stability of lipids in breast and thigh muscles of COBB 500 meat hybrids. The chickens were reared in accordance with the technological procedure. The diet of experimental groups contained Proenergol in combination with Energol; the diet of control group chickens contained Proenergol and soybean oil. In the control groups and in half of the experimental groups, the temperature was reduced in agreement with the technological procedure, while it was kept at the constant level of 31 °C in other groups. The feeding continued up to the age of 42 days. The level of lipid oxidation was determined using malondialdehyde assays. No differences between individual groups of chickens were found in the breast muscle. In the thigh muscle, the introduction of Energol resulted in non-significant differences between the control and chickens kept in heat stress conditions. Negative correlation between lipid oxidation and live weight was established in control chickens fed soybean oil (p < 0.05). This correlation was positive (p < 0.05) in young male chicks fed Energol and kept at constantly increased temperature.
Replacement of the First GnRH Administration in the Ovsynch Protocol by Selecting Cows According to the Stage of Follicular Development
Authors: Hartman P. , Zajíc J. , Čech S. , Jan Z. , Doležel R.
Published: February 2007

The aim of the study was to replace the first GnRH in the Ovsynch protocol by selecting cows bearing corpus luteum as well as follicles in a defined stage of development at PGF2α administration. Additionally, various terms of GnRH administration after PGF2α were tested. Seventy five non-pregnant cows bearing corpus luteum were divided into groups according to the phase of follicular development on D 0 (day of PGF2α administration)-growth (GR, follicles 3.0-7.9 mm in diameter), early dominance (ED, dominant follicle 8.0-14.9 mm) and late dominance (LD, dominant follicle 15.0-23.0 mm). In addition, the cows were divided into groups according to the terms of GnRH administration (24, 48 or 72 h after PGF2α). In this way, groups GR 48 (n = 5), GR 72 (n = 6), ED 24 (n = 10), ED 48 (n = 12), ED 72 (n = 12), LD 24 (n = 10), LD 48 (n = 10) and LD 72 (n = 10) were established. Growth of ovulatory follicle, term of ovulation, insemination and conception rates as well as relation of the size of preovulatory follicle (day of ovulation) to the size of following corpus luteum (day 14) were evaluated. The highest level of synchronization of ovulation (100% on D 3) as well as conception rate (50%) was achieved in group ED 48. This protocol gives an opportunity of timing artificial insemination to 18-24 hours after GnRH administration, as ovulation occurs with a high probability within 24 - 48 hours after GnRH administration.
Effects of Clove Oil Anaesthesia on European Catfish (Silurus glanis L.)
Authors: Velíšek J. , Własow T. , Gomulka P. , Svobodová Z. , Novotný L. , Ziomek E.
Published: February 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate acute toxicity of clove oil for European catfish and, using values of haematological and biochemical profiles of blood and histological tissue examinations, to assess the effects of the fish exposure to that anaesthetic. Acute toxicity values of clove oil for European catfish found were 10minLC50 76.70 mg l-1; 10minLC0.1 49.60 mg l-1; 10minLC99.9 118.50 mg l-1; 96hLC50 18.40 mg l-1; 96hLC0.1 10.70 mg l-1; and 96hLC99.9 31.90 mg l-1. Individual phases of anaesthesia and recovery were determined. The 10-min exposure to clove oil at a concentration of 30 mg l-1 caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the concentration of triacylglycerols (TRIG), alanin aminotransferase (ALT) and decreased (p < 0.05) in mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) immediately after anaesthesia. The leukocyte counts were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased 24 hours after anaesthesia. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease of percentage distribution lymphocytes was found immediately after anaesthesia. On the other hand, percentage and absolute count of myeloid cells were increased. Increased percentage count of eosinophils outlasted 24 hours after anaesthesia, absolute counts of these cells were consistents with control. Histological examination showed capillary ectasia of gill filaments immediately after clove oil anaesthesia. Twenty-four hours after anaesthesia, no ectasia was observed. No histopathological changes were demonstrated in other tissues following anaesthesia. Results of the examinations suggest that the use of clove oil at a concentration of 30 mg l-1 does not cause irreversible damage in European catfish.
Randomized Prospective Study Comparing Tri-Cortical Iliac Crest Autograft to Allograft in the Lateral Column Lengthening Component for Operative Correction of Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Authors: Dolan Christopher M. , Henning Jeffrey A. , Anderson John G. , Bohay Donald R. , Kornmesser Marc J. , Endres Terrence J.
Published: February 2007

Background: Operative treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI) is controversial. Many soft-tissue and bony procedures and various combinations of the two have been reported for treatment of stage II PTTI. Orthopaedists recognize the lateral column lengthening component of the procedure as a successful reconstructive technique. The use of cortical allograft for lateral column lengthening in the correction of pes planus in the pediatric patient population has been routine. In the adult population, however, tricortical iliac crest autograft has been the bone graft of choice. Harvest of this autograft can precipitate significant morbidity and cost. Therefore, we undertook this randomized controlled trial to compare graft incorporation and healing of allograft and autograft in the lateral column lengthening component of adult flatfoot reconstruction. Methods: Lateral column lengthening was done as a component of operative correction for stage II PTTI in adult patients (older than 18 years) by two surgeons using similar procedures. The patients were randomized to either the allograft or autograft procedures. The primary endpoint was graft incorporation and healing as assessed by radiographs. Results: The study included 33 randomized feet in 31 patients. We followed 18 feet in the allograft group and 15 in the autograft group to the point of union. There were 21 women and 10 men. There were no delayed unions, nonunions, or hardware failures. All patients in both groups achieved bony union by the 12-week followup evaluation. Two superficial foot infections were successfully treated with oral antibiotics. Two patients in the autograft group continued to have hip donor site pain at 3 months. Conclusions: This study suggests that union rates of allograft and autograft (iliac crest bone graft) are equal. The use of allograft in the lateral column lengthening component of operative correction of adult stage II PTTI appears to be a viable alternative to the use of iliac crest autograft and eliminates the morbidity and increased cost associated with autograft harvest.
Sodium Hyaluronate in the Treatment of Hallux Rigidus. A Single-Blind, Randomized Study
Authors: Pons Miquel , Alvarez Fernando , Solana Jordi , Viladot Ramón , Varela Luisa
Published: February 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate (Ostenil®mini) compared to intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide (Trigon depot®) in the treatment of painful hallux rigidus. Methods: Thirty-seven patients (ages 40 to 80 years) with painful early stage hallux rigidus were enrolled in the study. One group received an intra-articular injection with 1.0 ml sodium hyaluronate (SH); the other received an intra-articular injection of 1.0 ml triamcinolone acetonide (TA). Patients were evaluated on days 0, 14, 28, 56 and 84. Effectiveness was measured using the following parameters: joint pain at rest or on palpation (VAS), with passive motion, and gait pain; AOFAS hallux metatarsophalangeal score; use of analgesics and global assessment of the treatment by the patient and investigator. Safety was evaluated by the outcome of tolerance to treatment and observation of adverse events. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test and Friedman test. Results: Thirty-seven patients (40 feet) were evaluated. Pain at rest or with palpation and pain on passive mobilization decreased significantly in both treatment groups in comparison to baseline ( p < 0.01), but no significant between-group differences were observed ( p > 0.05). Gait pain improved substantially in the sodium hyaluronate group with significant differences compared to the triamcinolone group at days 28 and 56 ( p < 0.05). The AOFAS total score improved significantly in the SH group compared to the TA group ( p < 0.05). This was mainly due to improvements in the pain subscale. No between-group differences were seen regarding the use of analgesics. Global assessment of treatment by patients was good in both groups, and there was a significant between-group difference favoring SH when areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated ( p < 0.05). Tolerance was good in both groups. Adverse events occurred in three patients. Conclusions: Intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate are effective and safe in decreasing hallux rigidus pain. The AOFAS scores in the SH group were significantly better than in the TA group.
Recurrence and Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcers after Total Contact Casting
Authors: Frigg Arno , Pagenstert Geert , Schäfer Dirk , Valderrabano Victor , Hintermann Beat
Published: February 2007

Background: Total contact casting (TCC) has become established as standard treatment for Wagner grades 1 and 2 diabetic foot ulcers. However, the recurrence rate after TCC is unacceptably high, and a clear concept to prevent recurrences is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate recurrences and the effectiveness of preventive measures in a group of diabetic patients treated with TCC. Methods: From January of 1999, to June of 2004, 28 patients (20 men and 8 women; average age 63 years) with 34 ulcers were treated using TCC. Thereafter, orthopaedic shoes were provided and patients were followed regularly. Recurrences were treated first by TCC, and operative correction was carried out in patients with an underlying foot deformity. Mean followup was 2.8 (1 to 5) years. Results: Primary TCC treatment lasted 4 (1 to 17) months. Complete healing was achieved in 85% of ulcers; 57% of patients had a total of 26 recurrences, and 18 new ulcers were found in a different area or on the other foot. Sixteen recurrences were treated successfully by TCC, but the rate of new recurrences during followup was 50%. Eight recurrences were treated by operative correction of foot deformities. Most patients stayed ulcer-free thereafter. An unloading shoe was applied twice. No amputations were required. Conclusions: The first TCC showed an effective healing rate of 85%. The high recurrence rate of 57% in the presence of optimal instruction, shoes, and followup suggests that these measures are not sufficient. However, because patients who had operative corrections stayed ulcer-free thereafter, it is suggested that foot deformities should be operatively corrected immediately after primary healing rather than waiting until further recurrences occur.
Lime and Limestone
Authors: Kenny Martyn , Oates Tony
Published: February 2007

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Limestone

2.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

2.2.

Formation and Occurrence

2.3.

Production

2.4.

Uses and Specifications

3.

Quicklime

3.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

3.2.

Raw Materials

3.2.1.

Limestone

3.2.2.

Fuel

3.3.

Production

3.3.1.

Calcination

3.3.2.

Lime Kilns

3.3.3.

Quicklime Processing

3.4.

Uses and Specifications

4.

Hydrated and Slaked Lime

4.1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

4.2.

Raw Materials

4.2.1.

Raw Materials for Hydrated Lime

4.2.2.

Raw Materials for Slaked Lime

4.3.

Production

4.3.1.

Normal Hydration Process

4.3.2.

Pressure Hydration Process

4.3.3.

Production of High Surface Area Hydrated Limes

4.3.4.

Normal Slaking Process

4.3.5.

Production of Ultrafine Milks of Lime

4.4.

Uses and Specifications

4.4.1.

Uses

4.4.2.

Specifications

5.

Environmental Protection

5.1.

General

5.2.

Dust Emission

5.3.

Gaseous Emissions

5.4.

Noise and Vibration

6.

Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis

6.1.

Sampling and Sample Preparation

6.2.

Physical Testing

6.3.

Chemical Testing and Analysis

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

9.1.

Toxicology

9.2.

Occupational Health

Limestone (principally calcium carbonate) is a naturally occurring mineral and is found widely throughout the world. It is mainly used for road construction, in the production of concrete and as a structural fill. It is also the principal raw material for the production of cement, quicklime, and numerous other products. Quicklime (principally calcium oxide) is produced by the thermal decomposition of limestone at temperatures above 900°C. About half of the quicklime made is reacted with water to produce calcium hydroxide (in the form of milk or lime putty). Lime products are generally the most readily available and most cost‐effective alkaline chemicals and are used in a wide variety of industrial processes. In many countries, the largest use is for the production of iron and steel, followed by building and construction, environmental protection, and the chemical industry. Hydraulic lime is a traditional product used in building, especially as a binder in mortars. The main environmental issues associated with the production of lime and limestone products are emissions to air and energy consumption.
Biorefineries – Industrial Processes and Products
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Gruber Patrick R. , Kamm Michael
Published: February 2007

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Historical Outline2.1Historical Technological Outline and Industrial Resources2.2The Beginning – A Digest2.2.1Sugar Production2.2.2Starch Hydrolysis2.2.3Wood Saccharification2.2.4Furfural2.2.5Cellulose and Pulp2.2.6Levulinic Acid2.2.7Lipids2.2.8Vanillin from Lignin2.2.9Lactic Acid2.3The Origins of Integrated Biobased Production3Situation3.1Some Current Aspects of Biorefinery Research and Development3.2Raw Material Biomass3.3National Vision and Goals and Plan for Biomass Technology in the United States3.4Vision and Goals and Plan for Biomass Technology in the European Union and Germany4Principles of Biorefineries4.1Fundamentals4.2Definition of the Term “Biorefinery”4.3The Role of Biotechnology4.3.1Guidelines of Fermentation Section within Glucose‐product Family Tree4.4Building Blocks, Chemicals and Potential Screening5Biorefinery Systems and Design5.1Introduction5.2Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery5.3Whole‐crop Biorefinery5.4Green Biorefinery5.5Two‐platform Concept and Syngas6Biorefinery Economy7Outlook and Perspectives
Tetrathiafulvalene‐, 1,5‐Dioxynaphthalene‐, and Cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene)‐based [2]Rotaxanes with Cyclohexyl and Alkyl Chains as Spacers: Synthesis, Langmuir–Blodgett Films, and Electrical Bistability
Authors: Guo X. , Zhou Y. , Feng M. , Xu Y. , Zhang D. , Gao H. , Fan Q. , Zhu D.
Published: February 2007

The synthesis and characterization of two new (TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+) [2]rotaxanes 1 and 2 is reported, based on tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene (DNP), and cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT4+) with cyclohexyl and alkyl chains as the spacers. Multilayer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of [2]rotaxanes 1 and 2 are prepared. Conducting atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and two‐terminal junction device studies indicate that the LB films of [2]rotaxanes 1 and 2 show electrical bistability behavior. By comparing with the TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+ [2]rotaxanes reported by Stoddart et al. previously, the present results imply that proper modification of the chemical structures of the TTF unit and the spacer have negligible effect on the electrical bistability behavior of these TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+ [2]rotaxanes. These findings will allow for the design and preparation of new multifunctional TTF‐DNP‐CBPQT4+ [2]rotaxanes in the future.
Activation of CCl Bonds in Chloroalkanes by Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation of Tetrasubstituted Ammonium Salts from Tertiary Amines
Authors: Park Kang Hyun , Jung Il Gu , Chung Young Keun , Han Jin Wook
Published: February 2007

Nickel oxide nanoparticles, readily available and easy to handle, were found to be an effective catalyst in the catalytic activation of CCl bonds in chloroalkanes. Coupling reactions of chloroalkanes and tertiary amines in the presence of the nickel oxide nanoparticle catalyst gave moderate to high yields of quaternary ammonium salts depending upon the amines.
A Novel and Convenient Process for the Selective Oxidation of Naphthalenes with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Shi Feng , Tse Man Kin , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2007

A practical ruthenium phase‐transfer catalyst (Ru‐PTC) system for the oxidation of naphthalene derivatives has been developed. Substituted 1,4‐quinones are obtained in good selectivity and yield in water without the addition of any organic solvent and acid. By applying the optimized conditions the feed additive menadione (vitamin K3) is obtained from 2‐methylnaphthalene with 64 % yield and 73 % selectivity.
Continuous Gas‐Phase Hydroformylation of 1‐Butene using Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Catalysts
Authors: Haumann Marco , Dentler Katrin , Joni Joni , Riisager Anders , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: February 2007

The concept of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis has been extended to 1‐butene hydroformylation. A rhodium‐sulfoxantphos complex was dissolved in [BMIM][n‐C8H17OSO3] and this solution was highly dispersed on silica. Continuous gas‐phase experiments in a fixed‐bed reactor revealed these SILP catalysts to be highly active, selective and long‐term stable. Kinetic data have been acquired by variation of temperature, pressure, syngas composition, substrate and catalyst concentration. A linear dependency in rhodium concentration could be established over a large concentration range giving another excellent hint for truly homogeneous catalysis in the SILP system. Compared to former studies using propene, the SILP system showed significantly higher activity and selectivity with 1‐butene as feedstock. These findings could be elucidated by solubility measurements using a magnetic microbalance.
Raney Cobalt: An Effective and Recyclable Catalyst for the Pauson–Khand Reaction
Authors: Muller Jean‐Luc , Rickers Annika , Leitner Walter
Published: February 2007

Commercially available Raney cobalt is broadly applicable as a catalyst in intra‐ and intermolecular Pauson–Khand reactions (PKR). The activity of Raney cobalt compares favourably with that of previously described heterogeneous or heterogenised cobalt systems. The major reaction pathway appears to occur at the solid catalyst which can be efficiently separated and reused by filtration and/or exploiting its ferromagnetic properties.
Design principles of integrated vacuum slot arrangement
Authors: Tanwar Jyotsna , Vinjamur Madhu , Scriven L. E.
Published: February 2007

Coating on a substrate with a slot‐die forms alternate wet and dry stripes as the substrate speed is increased when the upstream pressure equals the downstream pressure. The coating thickness is thus nonuniform across the width of the substrate. Applying vacuum upstream of the feed slot allows uniform coating at higher speeds. Different methods to apply vacuum were invented over five decades. The latest method, an integrated vacuum slot arrangement, is novel and compact. Vacuum is applied through a second slot, called vacuum slot, in the die placed upstream of the feed slot. The design principles of the arrangement are elucidated by modeling air flow in the arrangement, which is similar to liquid flow in the feed slot, but in the opposite direction. Well‐accepted equations that have been derived by rigorous order of magnitude analysis to describe liquid flow have been used to model air flow. Sensitivity of the performance of the arrangement with respect to geometry is described. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide modulates growth of avian sternal cartilage via chondrocytic proliferation
Authors: Harrington Erik Kern , Roddy Gavin W. , West Randy , Svoboda Kathy K.H.
Published: February 2007

Parathyroid hormone (PTH; 10−7 to 10−15 M) decreased terminal chondrogenesis in the avian sterna. During the first half of an 8‐day culture, 100 nM PTH (1–34) significantly increased sternal length and downregulated the deposition of type X collagen and its mRNA expression. However, it remains unclear how PTH increased cartilaginous growth. In this study, we examined growth by both cell proliferation and analysis of cyclin d1 and collagen mRNA. Types II, IX, and X collagens and cyclin d1 mRNA were quantified through real‐time RT‐PCR, while Ki‐67 was used as an immunohistochemical proliferation marker. Extracellular matrix content was measured through mRNA quantification of types II, IX, and X collagen and observing deposition of the same collagens. PTH significantly increased the proliferation marker Ki‐67 in the sternal cephalic region. There was less type II and X collagen in PTH‐treated sterna with concomitant decreases in mRNA production, suggesting that proliferation was the major contributor to cartilage growth in the presence of PTH/PTH‐related peptide receptor activation. In conclusion, these experiments demonstrated that PTH increased cartilage growth by upregulating cell proliferation or other extracellular matrix components. Anat Rec, 290:155–167, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beta2‐glycoprotein I binds thrombin via exosite I and exosite II: Anti–β2‐glycoprotein I antibodies potentiate the inhibitory effect of β2‐glycoprotein I on thrombin‐mediated factor XIa generation
Authors: Rahgozar Soheila , Yang Qiuxia , Giannakopoulos Bill , Yan Xiaokai , Miyakis Spiros , Krilis Steven A.
Published: February 2007

Objective

Beta2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is a dominant antigenic target in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Beta2‐glycoprotein I may bind to factor XI and serve a physiologic function as a regulator of factor XI activation by thrombin. We undertook this study to investigate the possible interactions of β2GPI with thrombin in β2GPI‐regulated factor XI activation by thrombin and to evaluate the effect of anti‐β2GPI antibodies on this system.

Methods

The β2GPI interaction with thrombin was investigated in direct and competitive assays using β2GPI domain mutants and thrombin‐binding exosite oligonucleotides. Beta2‐glycoprotein I inhibition of thrombin‐mediated factor XI activation was assessed in the presence of 8 anti‐β2GPI monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against domain I.

Results

Domain V of β2GPI was involved in direct binding to thrombin, and exosite I and exosite II on thrombin took part in this interaction. Anti‐β2GPI mAb produced a >70% inhibition of thrombin‐mediated factor XI activation in the presence of β2GPI.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that β2GPI interacts with thrombin exosites I and II. This novel finding necessitates a reinterpretation of previous studies from which the detection of anti‐human thrombin antibodies in APS has been reported. We also show that anti‐β2GPI antibodies potentiate the inhibitory effect of β2GPI on thrombin‐mediated factor XIa generation.
Immunolocalization of interleukin‐1 receptors in the sarcolemma and nuclei of skeletal muscle in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Grundtman Cecilia , Salomonsson Stina , Dorph Christina , Bruton Joseph , Andersson Ulf , Lundberg Ingrid E.
Published: February 2007

Objective

Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) acts via its receptors to induce gene expression that mediates protein synthesis involved in inflammation. Increased expression of IL‐1α and IL‐1β in muscle tissue from patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis has been demonstrated. It is not known whether the reciprocal IL‐1 receptors are expressed in human muscle tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of IL‐1 receptors and their ligands in muscle tissue from patients with myositis and from healthy controls.

Methods

Muscle biopsy tissues from 10 patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis and 7 healthy control subjects were investigated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against IL‐1 receptor type I (IL‐1RI), IL‐1RII, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra). Quantification was performed by computerized image analysis, and localization of expression was determined by double staining using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy.

Results

In tissue samples from the patients, IL‐1RI and IL‐1RII were expressed in muscle fibers, inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells. Expression in muscle fibers was localized to the sarcolemma and nuclei. IL‐1α was expressed in endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, whereas IL‐1β and IL‐1Ra were expressed only in inflammatory cells. Expression of the two IL‐1 receptors and their ligands was significantly higher in patients than in controls. IL‐1 receptor expression on muscle fibers was most pronounced in the vicinity of cells expressing IL‐1α and IL‐1β.

Conclusion

The increased expression of IL‐1 receptor and the colocalization with reciprocal ligands in patients with myositis but not in healthy controls support the hypothesis of a crucial role of IL‐1 in the pathogenesis of polymyositis and dermatomyositis.