bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into Target Setting and Academic Tutoring to Promote Student Learning
Authors: Jarvis Peter
Published: March 2003

There has been a move in schools towards the use of pupil performance data to set targets. It is believed that effective target setting can motivate pupils and staff to strive to reach, or beat, target grades. Alongside this has been a move to promote more effective dialogue about learning between teachers and pupils through the use of academic tutoring. There is a belief that in combination a system of target setting and academic tutoring might lead to more effective learning, increased achievement and therefore school improvement. This investigation into one system of target setting and academic tutoring suggests that although these systems may promote increased achievement in terms of examination performance, they do not necessarily help students to learn more effectively. For this schools must attempt to develop in ways that make learning an explicit subject of discussion, and help students learn about learning. Therefore, it is on the development of student meta–learning that such school improvement efforts should focus.
A Missed Opportunity for Peace in Vietnam—1966
Authors: Topmiller Robert
Published: March 2003

Historians often point to the Geneva Conference in 1954 or South Vietnamese domestic turmoil in 1963 and 1964 as occasions when the U.S. might have avoided its eventual involvement in the Vietnam War. This article argues that the 1966 Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam also presented members of the Johnson administration with an opportunity to get out of Vietnam, but fear of the domestic and international repercussions from an American withdrawal rendered them incapable of pulling out. In rejecting withdrawal, Johnson and his advisors missed another chance to depart from Vietnam with far less political damage than some feared; pervasive dissatisfaction in Congress over the conflict, mounting questions among American citizens about the hostilities, and the realization among some officials that the nation had become hopelessly stalemated in a war few wanted to fight all made withdrawal a politically viable option.
CONTACT: Training a New Generation of Peacebuilders
Authors: Green Paula
Published: March 2003

The new field of peacebuilding has emerged in response to identity‐based local and regional conflicts. With this emerging field arises the need to train peacebuilders, those who will carry out the work of conflict prevention and resolution in the next generation. CONTACT, an innovative and person‐centered education and training program, is one such response. This article explains the theory and research behind peacebuilding training and the author’s experience with such training, outlining a vision for the future of the field of international conflict resolution.
Imperial Legacy and Cold War Credibility: Lyndon Johnson and the Panama Crisis
Authors: Latham Michael E.
Published: March 2003

Focused on the 1964 Panama Canal Zone riots and the political crisis that followed them, this article explores the intersection between imperial legacies and Cold War policymaking. After describing the Panamanian context and the historical causes of the violence, it argues that Lyndon Johnson and his advisers proved incapable of understanding the way that an imperial past shaped the Cold War present. Focused on the need to maintain America’s international credibility and concerned with domestic criticism, they viewed Panamanian actions as irrational and irresponsible, considered nationalism only as a cynically wielded political weapon, and determined that any agreement to negotiate would convey a dangerous image of weakness and lack of resolve. They also solidified a way of looking at the world that foreclosed opportunities to work for peace and that eventually led to much greater tragedy.
Pearl S. Buck and the East and West Association: The Trajectory and Fate of “Critical Internationalism,” 1940–1950
Authors: Shaffer Robert
Published: March 2003

The East and West Association was formed during World War II with the aim of aiding the Allied war effort in Asia by helping Americans understand the culture and concerns of the people of China and India. Led by the novelist and political activist Pearl S. Buck, the association soon developed what the author calls a “critical internationalism” perspective, working against colonialism and racism in Asia and in the United States during World War II and expanding that work to include a critique of the Cold War in the following years. While the association did not have a major impact on United States policy during the 1940s, its efforts provided one model of how to mobilize United States public opinion on international affairs, and an analysis of its perspectives can help historians and activists distinguish between very different types of “internationalisms.”
Assuring Real Freedom of Movement in EU Direct Taxation
Authors: Roxan Ian
Published: March 2003

The decisions of the European Court of Justice in applying the Treaty principles of freedom of movement to the direct taxation of individuals have been strongly criticised as taking an overly simplistic view of the interactions between national tax systems. The interactions often make non‐discrimination an inappropriate criterion. This article proposes a framework, grounded in economic analysis, for understanding the implications of the interactions for freedom of movement. First, I establish a precise definition of obstacles to freedom of movement of individuals as costs of migration, as distinguished from incentives to migration (such as mere differences in national tax levels). Incentives can encourage economic distortions in migration, but they are not obstacles to migration (or free movement). Secondly, I develop the cross‐migration test to distinguish costs of migration from incentives. I apply the test to show that two commonly used schemes of double tax relief, including exemption with progression, create unjustified obstacles to free movement.
Unravelling Osman
Authors: Gearty Conor A.
Published: March 2003

The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Osman v United Kingdom, decided in October 1998, has proved very controversial. Its implications for the UK law of negligence appear to be immense. Not the least of the complexities associated with the decision is the widespread perception that the reasoning of the Court is extremely difficult to understand, indeed, that it is at times contradictory. This article subjects the Osman judgment to close analysis. It explains the Court’s approach to Article 6(1) by reference to the way in which the Strasbourg court has over many years developed its case law on this provision. The article includes an overview of the way in which, so far, the decision has been deployed in UK law. The author suggests that, whatever about the actual result of the case, the reasoning of the European Court in Osman is deeply flawed, and that the UK judiciary should be mindful of this fact when considering its deployment in domestic law.
The Law’s Response to Pregnancy and Childbirth: Consistency, Conflict or Compromise?
Authors: Fovargue Sara
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

John Seymour, Childbirth and the Law
Can One Be Cognitively Conscious of God?
Authors: Baxter Anthony
Published: March 2003

How do humans ‘register’ God: attain knowledge or revelation of God? Analysis is familiar in terms of explanatory hypothesis, necessity, authority and commitment. However individuals speak also of ‘experience’ or ‘consciousness’ of God/Christ/grace – received widely, not just by an esoteric few. But may we properly hold that people can be cognitively aware of God?

Undoubtedly such speech has problematic aspects. Not only do psychosis, self‐deception, gullibility recur. Commentators are liable to enlist what may be termed the A‐conceptual Lucidity picture, which critically fails.

Various positions urged by thinkers rule out by definition the very possibility of cognitive awareness of God. Some analysts assert: a person’s experiencing x is constituted throughout by the person’s use of concepts in toto reached previously and independently. But, why adopt any a priori dismissiveness?

We should favour a portrayal of people’s epistemic situation respecting God called the Consciousness Portrayal. Phrases therein include: ‘God’s gracious, guiding activity’; ‘a person’s access to God’; ‘attentive consciousness/conceptualization/knowledge of God’; ‘diverse levels or modes of consciousness’; ‘God’s guidance in a person’s creatively picking out concepts’; and ‘“cognition” which, as regards meaning, is not just a function of calculative reasoning’. Alertness to usage in non‐religious contexts aids our finding the religious phrasing intelligible. The Portrayal is approachable from an internal and external angle.

Opponents’ challenges to the Portrayal invoke some broad epistemological theses, often pronounced intrinsic to ‘rationality’. But we fittingly espouse certain contrasting epistemological views. And these prove to fortify the Consciousness Portrayal.
Fettering, Development and Revolution
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: March 2003

In this article, I contrast two theories of history: a Marxist theory (that of G. A. Cohen) and an anarchist theory. Both theories, in their respective attempts at explaining epochal transitions, seem to require some plausible construal of Marx's claim that revolutions occur when a society's economic relations ‘fetter’ the development of its productive forces. From an examination of a number of different construals of ‘fettering’—‘development fettering’, ‘use fettering’, ‘ACRU fettering’, ‘net fettering’, and even ‘forfeitur’—I conclude that none of them supports the Marxist theory of revolution, while each is consistent with the anarchist theory of epochal transformation.
The Theodicy of Austin Farrer
Authors: Oliver Simon
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to place the theodicy of the Anglican theologian Austin Farrer, as expressed in Love Almighty and Ills Unlimited (1962), within the context of philosophical and theological approaches to the so‐called “problem of evil”. Farrer's work is initially contrasted with the theodicies of John Hick and Richard Swinburne. This comparison reveals some of the rationalist and foundationalist moral assumptions of modern philosophical theodicy of which Hick and Swinburne are representatives. By contrast, it is argued that Farrer's approach is thoroughly theological and begins not with a pre‐conceived ethics, but with God's self‐revelation in Jesus Christ. Farrer is thus deemed to have much in common with pre‐Enlightenment thinkers such as Augustine and Aquinas.

Although Farrer's theodicy is seen to be theological (rather than a philosophical attempt at a resolution of the modern “problem of evil”), it is argued that he resists trends in recent theological approaches to theodicy that claim that God is passible (for example, the work of Jürgen Moltmann). This article defends divine impassibility and argues that, although Farrer's later “metaphysical personalism” implies that God may be personal to the point that he could be said to suffer, his Augustinian notion of the nature of evil as privatio boni strongly implies impassibility. This Farrer is seen to avoid two anthropomorphic approaches to theodicy: one that judges God by the standards of a foundational secular morality, and the other that ascribes certain “personal” emotions to the divine.

This article defends Farrer's theological approach to theodicy and his emphasis on ecclesiology and soteriology. However, the lack of a convincing and thorough dogmatic theology is seen to render his theodicy uncompelling. Despite this weakness, it is argued that Farrer's work points theodicy towards a theological encounter with particular narratives of evil and suffering and away from the consideration of a single “problem of evil” by means of “rational”, philosophical enquiry.
Why the Enlightenment Project Doesn't Have To Fail
Authors: Chapman Mark D.
Published: March 2003

Ever since the publication of MacIntyre's After Virtue, the ‘Enlightenment Project’, where morality was uprooted from its traditional context and where human reason reigned supreme, has been regarded as doomed to failure. This view has been shared by a large number of theologians, but it is based on a misrepresentation of the Enlightenment, one strand of which sought to set limits to human reason. In particular, Immanuel Kant, who is discussed in detail, believed in the principle of perpetual criticism, a method which refused to see human reason as supreme, but which also criticised all other systems of absolute authority. A trust in criticism was part and parcel of ‘growing‐up’: the educational process was thus of crucial importance as children gradually learnt to think for themselves. For Kant, this method was rooted in a theological position, where transcendence or ‘holiness’ functioned as a constant reminder of human finitude, and served to prevent all forms of idolatry. The article concludes with an outline of a theology suitable for grown‐ups, more aware of ideology and power than was Kant, where all truth is seen as relative to an absolute truth, but one which can never be known in full. Such a position, which is seen as profoundly Christological, encourages tolerance and openness, but makes a stand against those who claim a certainty or an authority they can never (logically) possess. The church is seen as that body which lives away from human certainties in a life of hope.
Did the early Eucharist ever have a sevenfold shape?
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F.
Published: March 2003

Ever since the publication of Gregory Dix’s The Shape of the Liturgy in 1945, it has been commonly assumed that the pattern of the Last Supper (bread ritual–meal–cup ritual) constituted the model which was adopted for the shape of the first‐century Christian eucharist, and that this was later modified when the meal eventually disappeared. This article questions that assumption and suggests an alternative hypothesis.
Wealth Versus Welfare: the British Left Between Free Trade and National Political Economy Before the First World War*
Authors: Trentmann Frank
Published: March 2003

The convergence of Free trade liberalism and radicalism was a central feature of British political culture after Chartism. This article explores the emergence of alternative visions of political economy on the left in the late Victorian and Edwardian period. Against the conventional view of a shared liberal Free Trade culture, it finds a plurality of languages. An interpretation of how Labour, social democrats, socialists and Fabians understood Britain's development under Free Trade reveals an alternative spectrum of popular ideas about society and economy. In the Independent Labour Party, opposition to protectionism was linked to support for some trade regulation and a more balanced economy. It was tied to a cultural and economic critique of competitive exchange, social dislocation and commercial dependence under Free Trade capitalism. The economic critique co‐existed with political internationalism and turned Labour's position into one of socialist‐radical dualism. This is compared to nationalist and imperialist socialist positions in Britain and abroad. The movement towards national political economy provided a link between older radical notions of moral economy and co‐operation and more collectivist notions of economic order and state regulation. It marked a step in the evolution from mid Victorian popular liberalism to social democracy and from Free Trade to the welfare state.
The Worcester House Declaration and the Restoration of the Church of England1
Authors: Till Barry
Published: March 2003

This article examines the Worcester House Declaration, arguably the most serious attempt at comprehension in the Church of England since the Reformation. It describes the negotiations from the Reliquiae of Richard Baxter and from an hitherto unpublished letter of Bishop Morley which centres on the proposal of conditional ordination, which would have been unacceptable to many Presbyterians. It compares the final Declaration with the original draft, demonstrating how far the king was prepared to go to meet historic Puritan demands and to incorporate the proposals made at the time by such moderate Anglicans as Gauden and Stillingfleet. It details the abortive Puritan attempt to pass the Declaration through the Commons, and assesses its status in the context of the royal prerogative.
British Mobilization in the War of American Independence*
Authors: Conway Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the mass arming in Britain during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars was not a wholly new phenomenon but the culmination of a long‐running process of greater mobilization of manpower. That process was significantly advanced in the American war, when more Britons and Irishmen went into uniform than in any earlier eighteenth‐century conflict, and when men from widely different social backgrounds participated in a military or naval capacity.
The Secret of Leopold Amery*
Authors: Rubinstein William D.
Published: March 2003

Leopold Amery (1873–1955) is best-known as a lifelong champion of imperial preference and empire unity, and was an important figure in the Conservative party during the first half of the twentieth century. Yet Amery was also a man with an extraordinary secret, which this article explores. Amery's mother Elisabeth Leitner (née Saphir) was Jewish. Amery went to extraordinary lengths to conceal his Jewish background, which was unknown until recently. Yet Amery might also be described as a ‘secret Jew’, who frequently used his influence on behalf of Jewish causes. He was the real author of the Balfour Declaration of 1917. Most remarkably and tragically, his eldest son John Amery (1912–1945) was a wartime Nazi who was hanged for treason.
French Views on Thatcherism and Blairism*
Authors: Leruez Jacques
Published: March 2003

The French like terms ending in ‘ism’, especially when they appear to represent a substantial ideological proposition or, at the very least, a definite change in the methods of governance. Thus, both Thatcherism and Blairism have held considerable interest for both the educated public and the media. If Thatcherism was generally condemned as reactionary, there was none the less a certain amount of admiration for Lady Thatcher's ‘conviction’. As for Blairism, while considered a betrayal of socialist ideals by the more traditional left wing, it is looked upon with some sympathy in centrist and even right-wing circles.
‘An idyllic and unruffled atmosphere of complete Anglo‐German misunderstanding’: Aspects of the Operations of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop in Great Britain, 1934–1938
Authors: Waddington G. T.
Published: March 2003

In the mid‐ and later 1930s Hitler attached particular importance to the cultivation of good relations with Britain, and Germany attempted to influence British opinion by the use of direct and indirect propaganda. One of the most important agencies for the dissemination of propaganda and the promotion of Anglo‐German friendship was the Dienststelle Ribbentrop. This organization cultivated relations between British and German war veteran associations and with aristocratic Britons such as Lord Lothian and Lord Mount Temple, ‘fellow‐travellers of the right’ who seemed well disposed to the Nazi regime. Ribbentrop also established German–British friendship societies. For a time, these efforts appeared to convince the German government that good relations could be established with Britain; but the Foreign Office remained suspicious of German intentions and the Nazis miscalculated the degree of approval in Britain for their policies. By 1938–9 they had finally despaired of the possibility of an Anglo‐German understanding which would buttress Hitler’s policies in Germany and in Europe.
Print Collecting and Popular Culture in Eighteenth‐Century Scotland
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: March 2003

The most significant area of commercialization in art in the eighteenth century, judged by its impact on British cultural life, was the development of modern engraved print publication. Print collecting was a popular pursuit among the middle ranks and above, and the most common type of collection comprised ‘furniture prints’, dominated by portraits, that were used as wall decoration in houses. Most prints were produced in London, but the market was largely provincial, and a sophisticated system of production and marketing developed over the course of the century to ensure the wide and rapid distribution of this particular type of luxury object. Having outlined the character of commercial print production and provincial distribution in the first half, the essay moves on in the second half to consider some of the reasons why ordinary people sought to own and display prints. Based on samples and case studies of modest print collections in Scotland, which are used to illustrate a particular regional context, the complex and changing rhetorical role of prints relative to other luxury objects within the home is considered. Gender, regional identity, politics and patronage all played a part in determining the character of domestic print collections among the middling sort.
Irish Radicalism in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Dickinson H. T.
Published: March 2003

York, Neil Longley Neither Kingdom nor Nation: The Irish Quest for Constitutional Rights, 1698–1800

Curtin, Nancy J. The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin 1791–1798

Dickson, David; Keogh, Dáire and Whelan, Kevin (eds) The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion

Smyth, Jim The Men of No Property: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century

McFarland, E. W. Ireland and Scotland in the Age of Revolution: Planting the Green Bough

Keogh, Dáire ‘The French Disease’: The Catholic Church and Radicalism in Ireland 1790–1800

Whelan, Kevin The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism and the Construction of Irish Identity 1760–1830

Keogh, Dáire and Furlong, Nicholas (eds) The Mighty Wave: The 1798 Rebellion in Wexford

Gahan, Daniel The People's Rising: Wexford 1798

Stewart, A. T. Q. The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down
Revisiting Orwell's Wigan Pier
Authors: Pearce Robert
Published: March 2003

George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) has long been considered an important semi‐documentary source for living and working conditions in the north‐west of England during the 1930s. Yet exactly how important—and how accurate and useful—the book is has never been determined. This article examines its historicity, both in its detailed coverage of such aspects of life as housing, diet and rates of pay and in its vignettes of particular people and scenes. A comparison is made with the complete text of ‘The Road to Wigan Pier Diary’, in the Orwell archive at University College London, which, contrary to popular belief, is shown to be not a first version of the final book but a real working diary. The results shed light not only upon society during the depression but upon Orwell's methods as a social commentator and upon the reliability of his work as historical source material.
The Pitt–Portland Coalition of 1794 and the Origins of the ‘Tory’ Party
Authors: Wilkinson David
Published: March 2003

This article re‐examines the national unity coalition of 1794, analysing the manner in which the duke of Portland, the pre‐eminent grandee of the Whig opposition, overcame his long‐standing political antagonism towards the prime minister, William Pitt. The consequences of this coalition are acknowledged to be far‐reaching, though often taken as self‐evident rather than subjected to close analysis. It is argued here that while the coalition may rightly be seen as a key event for the emergence of nineteenth‐century Toryism, the contribution of Portland's own followers to this process was minimal. The decline of the Portland party after 1794 should, nevertheless, be contrasted with the duke's personal contribution to the establishment, after Pitt's death, of a proto‐Tory ministry in 1807.
‘A New Language in Politicks’: George Canning and the Idea of Opposition, 1801–1807
Authors: Lee Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article considers the arguments used by George Canning to justify the attitudes of opposition that he adopted towards the ministry of Henry Addington (1801–4) and the ‘Ministry of All the Talents’ (1806–7). The methodological basis for this consideration is provided by the work of Quentin Skinner, and in particular by his treatment of the various ways in which a political agent may seek to manipulate the normative vocabulary of the political paradigm in which he operates. In Canning's case this involved him in an attempt to transform contemporary political conventions regarding systematic opposition so that his oppositional attitudes would cease to be considered improper and, indeed, would come to be seen as positively justifiable, or even required. This article also links the shift in attitudes towards opposition that it identifies in Canning and other Pittites to a wider process of transformation which saw, in the years following the end of the Younger Pitt's first ministry in 1801, the demise of one party system and the emergence of another.
‘That Odious Class of Men Called Democrats’: Daniel Isaac Eaton and the Romantics 1794–1795
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: March 2003

Daniel Isaac Eaton was one of London's leading radical publishers during the 1790s, co‐ordinating his printing and bookselling business with his active involvement in the metropolitan reform movement. After enduring a sequence of trials in 1793 and 1794, on charges of publishing seditious libels, Eaton's reputation reached a peak during the years 1794–5. His bookshop functioned as an important rendezvous for radicals living in London and those dispersed more widely throughout the country. After a brief examination of Eaton's democratic connections, this article explores the links, during the mid‐1790s, between the radical publisher and the Romantic poets, Robert Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Focusing on the transmission of the manuscript of Southey's Wat Tyler and the publication of the radical journals The Citizen and The Philanthropist, it is shown that Eaton and his publishing business had a significant role to play, either potential or actual, in some of the best‐known plans and projects of the three young poets.
Controlling the Riots: Dickens, Barnaby Rudge and Romantic Revolution
Authors: McCalman Iain
Published: March 2003

Barnaby Rudge (1841) remains one of Charles Dickens's most consistently underestimated and misunderstood novels. Though he thought of it with pride as his most ambitious early work and planned it longer and more meticulously than any other of his novels, its poor critical reception has persisted up to the present day. Early commentators believed that Dickens departed too far from the historical record in his sympathetic treatment of ‘mad’ Lord George Gordon, instigator of the anti‐papal Gordon Riots of June 1780; modern criticism has tended to see the book as a crudely polemical and counter‐revolutionary attack on the Chartist movement of Dickens's own day. This article seeks to illuminate Dickens's literary and political motives by exploring the historical sources and real‐life figures on which he drew, particularly the Scottish writer–revolutionary Robert Watson. Watson was not only the inspiration for the slimy villain John Gashford in Barnaby Rudge, but he was also the real‐life author of a biography of Gordon which Dickens used heavily, if selectively. This article argues that understanding the historical context of Barnaby Rudge reveals Dickens's formidable literary and political achievements as an analyst of British Romanticism and revolution.
The Doctrine of Transubstantiation and the English Protestant Dispossession of Demons
Authors: Sands Kathleen R.
Published: March 2003

The early English Protestant practice of ‘dispossessing’ (exorcizing) demons ironically depended on the intellectual acceptance of some of the principles underlying the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation. The Protestant practice of dispossession thus implied an inchoate theology not as far removed from Catholicism as its advocates believed. As Protestantism developed, gradually abandoning the principles common to both tran substantiation and dispossession, it also abandoned the practice of the latter.
Federalism and the Failure of Imperial Reform, 1774–1775
Authors: York Neil
Published: March 2003

The dispute that pitted British imperialists against American colonists was only superficially constitutional. Belief in indivisible sovereignty and the supremacy of crown and parliament, which prevailed at Whitehall and Westminster, became irreconcilable with American aspirations as a result of actual circumstance not theoretical incompatibility. This was clearly demonstrated by the failure of various proposals made in 1774 and 1775 to reform the empire. These proposals sought to improve relations through a better sharing of power that would in some sense federalize the empire. Whether the reformers called for Americans to be seated in parliament or to be allowed an intercolonial congress of their own, the great stumbling block was political not constitutional. Whatever the merits of their plans, the reformers could not satisfy either side, even though both professed to want compromise that would prevent confrontation. In the process a sense of common identity was lost that could not be recovered, at least in the manner suggested by the reformers. Only with the breakdown of the idealized Atlantic community did constitutional differences lead to an impasse.
From D’Avaux to Dévot: Politics and Religion in the Thirty Years War
Authors: Sonnino Paul
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to reformulate the classic question of whether the Thirty Years War was political or religious by examining the career of the Count d’Avaux, one of Cardinal Richelieu’s principal agents in Germany and, in the time of Mazarin, one of France’s plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Westphalia. All three men made a distinction between a political and religious war, but where they differed, and where D’Avaux was closer to Richelieu than to Mazarin, was in the relative weight each gave to considerations of legality, necessity, and conscience.
Crossing the Line: Limits and Desire in Historical Interpretation
Authors: Quillen Carol E.
Published: March 2003

This essay focuses on the relationship within western humanism between attitudes toward textual interpretation and views of the human self in an attempt to unsettle the dichotomy between humanist and antihumanist approaches to the past. It has three main parts. First, it uses Umberto Eco's recent reflections on the limits of interpretation to explore current debates about the aims of interpretation. In particular, it asks what it means to frame the problem of interpretation specifically as a problem of establishing limits. Given the many possible vocabularies to compare and evaluate competing hermeneutic approaches, what are the implications of adopting one that speaks in terms of limits, of an “in bounds” and an “out of bounds?” Second, the essay draws on the work of Donna Haraway and Stephanie Jed to argue that a discourse about interpretation that seeks to establish the limits of interpretation excludes as out of bounds precisely those methodological strategies that most effectively analyze the mutually sustaining relationship between assumptions about texts and assumptions about selves. Third, the essay explores the relationship between interpretation and subjectivity at one key historical moment to show how to move beyond the strict dichotomy between humanist and antihumanist assumptions.
The Health Care of Women Prisoners in England and Wales: A Literature Review
Authors: Kenney‐Herbert Jeremy
Published: March 2003

The health needs of women imprisoned in England and Wales have not been systematically co‐ordinated or evaluated. This review discusses the available literature on the health of women prisoners and highlights areas in need of improved service and research. The importance of taking the opportunity to improve the immediate and long‐term health of incarcerated women is emphasised.
Advance Disclosure: Reflections on the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996
Authors: Taylor Chris
Published: March 2003

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act (CPIA) 1996 introduced a regime for advance disclosure which is at odds with the operational practices of police officers, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and defence solicitors. Discretion in matters of disclosure has largely been returned to police officers with evidence of flawed supervision of the process by both police and CPS. As a consequence errors, whether inadvertent or otherwise, may not be recognised and the result is a system which presents real risks of future miscarriages of justice.
Incidence and Characteristics of Rroma Men in Romanian Prisons
Authors: Durnescu Ioan , Lazar Cristian , Shaw Roger
Published: March 2003

This article reports on findings from the first stage of a longer study of the realities of offending in Romania, which has the highest incarceration rate in Europe. The main goals of the research were to make an accurate estimate of the number of Rroma (Gypsy) men in Romanian prisons and to identify their socio‐cultural characteristics and criminality. The information from this study will be used to help facilitate the work of the developing probation service in Romania and the social integration of Rroma offenders. It should also inform a crime reduction strategy in Romania and hopefully, the social inclusion policies of the European Commission, Romania and its accession neighbours all having large Rroma communities.
Contagion Through Interactive Production and Dynamic Effects of Trade
Authors: Xie Xin
Published: March 2003

This paper produces three main results in a two‐country model where learning is generated through interactive production. First, it endogenizes the incidence of international spillovers and consequently, integrates the convergence and divergence literature of endogenous growth. Second, it qualifies the notion of ‘the advantage of backwardness’ and shows that a large technology gap may reduce cross‐country spillovers. Third, it points out that besides the already recognized ‘contagion effect,’ trade also promotes technological progress in the LDC through a ‘complementarity effect’ that shifts the resources in the LDC toward the production of more sophisticated intermediate products.
Dynamic Contractual Enforcement: A Model of Strikes
Authors: Robinson James A.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a theory of strikes as part of a constrained efficient enforcement mechanism for an implicit contractual agreement. A firm possessing contemporaneously private information about demand engages in an enduring relationship with its workforce. If the information becomes perfectly observable subsequently, then, modulo discounting, the first‐best is implementable, but strikes are always off the equilibrium path. If the observations of the workforce are imperfect strikes occur in equilibrium. The dynamic contracting problem is modeled as a repeated game with imperfect monitoring. The equilibrium exhibits production inefficiency and incomplete insurance to mitigate the inefficiencies caused by strikes.
Turnover Externalities with Marketplace Trading
Authors: Coles Melvyn G.
Published: March 2003

This article considers equilibrium decentralized trade when there is a marketplace where buyers and sellers meet costlessly. Since buyers have idiosyncratic match payoffs for each seller's good, some buyers, rather than trade with the current stock of sellers, wait for new sellers to enter the marketplace to obtain a good they like. A turnover externality exists where all traders are better off with higher entry rates of new traders. Furthermore, this turnover externality supports multiple Pareto‐rankable equilibria. This provides new insights into similar results obtained in the random‐matching literature.
Do Borders Matter? Evidence from Japanese Regional Net Capital Flows
Authors: Iwamoto Yasushi , Van Wincoop Eric
Published: March 2003

Are international borders barriers to capital flows? We use evidence on net capital flows among regions within a country as a benchmark. For this purpose we develop a data set of saving and investment rates of Japanese prefectures. We find that the correlation between saving and investment rates is higher for OECD countries than for Japanese regions in both time‐series and cross‐sectional data. After controlling for factors that are expected to contribute to a positive correlation in the absence of barriers to capital flows, we conclude that primarily long‐term capital flows are hindered by national borders, as reflected in the cross‐sectional evidence.
Bargaining, Bonding, and Partial Ownership
Authors: Dasgupta Sudipto , Tao Zhigang
Published: March 2003

This article provides a theory of interfirm partial ownership. We consider a setting in which an upstream firm can make two alternative types of investment: either specific investment that only a particular downstream firm can use or general investment that any downstream firm is capable of using. When the benefits from specific and general investments are both stochastic, equity participation by the downstream firm in the upstream firm can lead to more efficient outcomes than take‐or‐pay contracts. The optimal ownership stake of the downstream firm is less than 50 percent under a natural assumption about relative bargaining power.
A Partial Rehabilitation of Hotelling's MC‐Pricing Theorem
Authors: Tsuneki Atsushi
Published: March 2003

Harold Hotelling's celebrated theorem on the optimality of marginal cost pricing was criticized first by Frisch and later by Silberberg on the grounds that he did not use the marginal cost pricing condition in his original proof and hence that it did not constitute a valid proof. This note demonstrates that a key equation in Hotelling's proof is locally satisfied if and only if prices are set equal to marginal cost at the initial equilibrium and reexamines the validity of Hotelling's proof.
Complementarity and Substituability in Multiple‐Risk Insurance Markets
Authors: Koehl Pierre‐François , Villeneuve Bertrand
Published: March 2003

We study imperfect competition between insurers in a multiple‐risk environment. In the absence of asymmetric information, equilibria are efficient, and we determine the degrees of specialization under which the specialized insurers are able or unable to capture the surplus. We show in contrast that under adverse selection, specialization systematically prevents second‐best efficiency. Concluding on the role of our notions of strategic complementarity/substituability on the tradeoff between efficiency and fairness of the allocation, we give indications on the desirable structure of the insurance industry.
Quota‐Induced Cycles
Authors: Miyagiwa Kaz , Ohno Yuka
Published: March 2003

We present a new framework to compare the dynamic effect of tariffs and quotas in the presence of oligopoly. Suppose that the domestic and the foreign firm play a quantity‐setting game over time in a perfectly stationary economy. A Markov‐perfect equilibrium has the foreign firm exporting at the constant rate under a tariff. In contrast, under the quota the rate of exports changes monotonically over the course of each year, causing seasonal fluctuations in domestic production. Quota‐induced cycles can make dynamic market segmentation possible and raise profits for both the firms above what they earn under the equal‐import tariff.
Intrinsically Worthless Objects as Media of Exchange: Experimental Evidence*
Authors: Duffy John , Ochs Jack
Published: March 2003

This article reports results from an experiment that examines whether an intrinsically worthless, ‘‘token'’ object serves as a medium of exchange in a laboratory implementation of Kiyotaki and Wright's search model of money. The theory admits Nash equilibria in which the token object is or is not used as a medium of exchange. We find that subjects nearly always offer to trade for the token object when such a trade lowers their storage costs. However, subjects frequently refuse to offer to trade the token object for more costly‐to‐store goods when the theory predicts they should make such trades.
Are Investment Incentives Blunted by Changes in Prices of Capital Goods?
Authors: Hassett Kevin A. , Hubbard R. Glenn
Published: March 2003

Recent research on business investment decisions suggests that real investment in plant and equipment is quite sensitive to changes in the user cost of capital, pointing to the possibility that long‐run changes in tax policy may have a significant impact on an economy's capital stock. Indeed, many countries have at times adopted investment tax incentives to stimulate investment. The prevalence of investment incentives suggests that local policy‐makers believe these are effective in increasing investment at a reasonable cost in terms of lost revenue. In this paper, we explore this issue by estimating the extent to which countries are price‐takers in the world market for capital goods. We find that most countries – even the United States – face a highly elastic supply of capital goods, suggesting that the effect of investment incentives on the price of investment goods is small. Hence effects of long‐run changes in investment tax policy are likely to materialize in real investment rather than simply being dissipated in changes in capital‐goods prices.
Derivatives, Volatility and Price Discovery
Authors: Cohen Benjamin H.
Published: March 2003

It is sometimes suggested that trading in derivatives leads to excessive volatility in underlying asset prices relative to what would be called for by fundamental values. These effects are tested by comparing the variances of price changes over different time horizons before and after the start of organized derivatives trading. It is found that ratios of the variances of multi‐day and daily price movements decline for bond prices in the United States and Germany and for stock indices in the US, Japan and the UK, though no such effect is found for Japanese bonds. Other indicators confirm that serial correlation has tended to decline since the introduction of derivatives. While these results offer strong grounds for rejecting predictions of the destabilizing effects of derivatives, an alternative view, that derivatives accelerate the price‐discovery functions of cash markets, cannot be definitively confirmed, given ambiguous breakpoint results and the many other contemporaneous developments in financial technology.
Monetary Policy Design: Institutional Developments from a Contractual Perspective
Authors: Walsh Carl E.
Published: March 2003

Twenty years ago, most industrialized economies were just starting the costly process of disinflation. There was little consensus that these disinflations would be successful, or that low inflation once achieved could be maintained. While the USA achieved low inflation without changing its policy making institutions, many other countries did reform their central banking institutions, making them more independent of political influences. In this paper, I address three questions. First, is independence enough? Second, how do the details of an institution's structure translate, through their impact on incentives, into different policy outcomes? And third, can institutions serve as commitment mechanisms?
Whose Rules of the Game? Defining the Globalization Divide
Authors: Buckberg Elaine
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Jagdish Bhagwati, The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization.

Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else.

Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom.

George Soros, Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism.
Brainstorming Revisited: A Question of Context
Authors: Rickards Tudor
Published: March 2003

In its modern format, the technique of brainstorming can be traced to extensive efforts initiated in the 1940s by advertising executive Alex Osborn. His intention was to restructure meetings to overcome inhibitions that block idea generation. The operational mechanisms of the technique support two basic principles of deferral of judgment, and extended idea search. Benefits may extend beyond efficient idea generation, to contributions to team‐building, and creative problem‐solving performance. Many versions of the technique are known, including its individual, electronic, and non‐interactive (nominal) modes. Experimental research has confirmed that nominal groups outperform those in interactive mode for quantity of ideas generated across a range of experimental conditions. The evidence on quality of ideas has been less conclusive. Situational factors have contributed to a lack of generalizibility of results. Field studies have reported a bias in favour of the interactive modes in some cultures, notably North America, and a bias for nominal modes in others. Brainstorming has found use as a supplement to other techniques, particularly as a component within a more comprehensive creative problem‐solving structure. However, carefully researched field studies and comparative analyses have remained scarce to the present time. Within the confines of industrial practice, a combination of techniques often serves to overcome technique selection uncertainties. There is some evidence suggesting that less efficient modes of brainstorming may be associated with higher levels of participant satisfaction. Since the late 1980s, interest has grown in electronically supported brainstorming. Under laboratory conditions, nominal groups have been reconfirmed as outperforming interactive ones, although both modes seem outperformed under specified conditions by electronic support systems, which may represent a third modality of brainstorming. Explanations of the effectiveness reduction have been proposed in terms of production blocking, social loafing, and evaluation apprehension. Another explanation considers effectiveness to be multi‐dimensional, and situationally dependent.
Assessment Centre Observation Procedures: An Experimental Comparison of Traditional, Checklist and Coding Methods
Authors: Hennessy Jo , Mabey Bill , Warr Peter
Published: March 2003

Concern about the construct validity of assessment centre judgements has led to calls for research into observers’ cognitive processes. In an experiment comparing the Traditional observation procedure against use of a Behavioural Checklist and of Behavioural Coding, six outcome variables were examined. The methods were found to yield similar outcomes in terms of accuracy of judgement, accuracy of written evidence, correlation between dimension ratings, and attitude toward the method employed. However, significant between‐method differences were observed in variability between observers and in their willingness to recommend a procedure. It is argued that Behavioural Coding has special merit in assessment centres; the method reduces the cognitive demands placed on assessors, and valuably structures their information‐processing. Traditional objections to simultaneous observation and classification are shown to be inappropriate.
Differential Prediction of Immigrant Versus Majority Group Training Performance Using Cognitive Ability and Personality Measures
Authors: Te Nijenhuis Jan , Van Der Flier Henk
Published: March 2003

There are very few studies of the differential prediction of work and training performance for immigrant groups in the Netherlands. Scores on the General Aptitude Test Battery, an intelligence test, and the Amsterdamse Biografische Vragenlijst (ABV), a frequently used Dutch personality test, and training data for 78 immigrant and 78 Dutch trainee truck drivers were collected. Lautenschlager and Mendoza’s (1986) method of step‐down hierarchical regression analysis was used to check for bias in the prediction of training results. Some predictor‐criterion combinations showed differential prediction, especially with less cognitive and less objective criteria. The results with respect to the intelligence test appear to be in line with the findings of the US literature.