bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormality in saccadic eye movement in dementia
Authors: Schewe H.J. , Uebelhack R. , Vohs K.
Published: November 2002

In a small (n = 15) clinically heterogeneous group of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer-type or vascular dementia, abnormally high frequency of saccadic intrusions during fixation was significantly correlated to the Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) scores. In addition, the latency of saccades and hypometric saccades also correlated significantly to MMSE-scores. The results point to the possible use of saccadic eye movement as a physiological marker of cognitive performance.
Panic disorder and memory: does panic disorder result from memory dysfunction?
Authors: Berksun O.E.
Published: November 2002

It is proposed that patients with panic disorder have a defect in fear-relevant episodic memory, and their panic attacks arise from automaticity in recollecting fear-relevant emotional-autonomic cluster. The cluster as a component of fear appears to have been dissociated from cognitive structure (episodic or informative memory trace) or from ‘information structure’.

A special method was created for testing this hypothesis where 30 panic disorder patients, 12 healthy controls, and 32 patients with other psychiatric diagnoses were asked to recall and describe a fearful experience. None of the patients in the panic disorder group could recall any fearful event or episode in their past. All but one subject among healthy controls and all the subjects in the non-panic group could recall one or more fearful event or episode. Possible theoretical implications of these results are discussed in the context of some classical concepts.
Psychiatrists meet on the web: the chance for a virtual congress. Results and experiences from the First International Internet Congress on Psychiatry 1997
Authors: Batra A. , Bartels M. , Aicher L. , Hefler T. , Buchkremer G.
Published: November 2002

From December 1–31, 1997, the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy in co-operation with the Department of Information Technology, University of Tübingen, Germany, organised the first virtual congress on psychiatry in the Internet. The congress was aimed at facilitating exchange of results of psychiatric studies and ideas and at stimulating discussion among interested colleagues. Almost 100 participants from 17 countries on four continents took part in this event. Sixteen contributions were presented and discussed. The problems and opportunities of this medium in the organisation and running of congresses are presented and discussed. The experience gained in this congress suggests that the Internet will find increasing use as a medium for medical congresses within the next few years.
The influence of experimental pain intensity in the local and referred pain area on somatosensory perception in the area of referred pain
Authors: Kosek Eva , Hansson Per
Published: November 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of experimental pain intensity in the local and referred pain area on somatosensory perception thresholds in the area of referred pain. Pain was induced by intramuscular electrical stimulation of the left infraspinatus muscle in 12 healthy individuals. The stimulation corresponded to the local pain threshold (‘mild local pain’), the referred pain threshold (‘mild referred pain’), and a pain intensity corresponding to 2 on a 10‐point category scale in the referred pain area (‘moderate referred pain’). Quantitative sensory testing was performed to assess perception thresholds in the referred pain area and the homologous contralateral area before and during stimulation. Perception thresholds to light touch (LTTs), pressure pain (PPTs), and to innocuous as well as noxious warmth and cold were assessed. During stimulation the LTTs increased in the referred pain area compared to baseline, uninfluenced by pain intensity. Perception thresholds to innocuous cold and warmth increased bilaterally during the stimulation, without relation to pain intensity. Heat pain thresholds were not affected. Compared to baseline, PPTs increased bilaterally during stimulation corresponding to ‘mild local pain’ and ‘mild referred pain’, respectively, and a further increase was seen during ‘moderate referred pain’. The decreased sensitivity to innocuous cold, warmth, and pressure pain was bilateral, indicating activation of endogenous net inhibitory mechanisms interacting bilaterally. We found no influence of pain intensity on somatosensory thresholds restricted to the referred pain area and light touch was the only affected modality in the referred pain area only.
Treatment with staphylococcus toxoid in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome—a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zachrisson Olof , Regland Björn , Jahreskog Marianne , Jonsson Michael , Kron Margareta , Gottfries Carl‐Gerhard
Published: November 2002

We have previously conducted a small treatment study on staphylococcus toxoid in fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The aim of the present study was to further assess the efficacy of the staphylococcus toxoid preparation Staphypan Berna (SB) during 6 months in FM/CFS patients. One hundred consecutively referred patients fulfilling the ACR criteria for FM and the 1994 CDC criteria for CFS were randomised to receive active drug or placebo. Treatment included weekly injections containing 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, 0.3 ml, 0.4 ml, 0.6 ml, 0.8 ml, 0.9 ml, and 1.0 ml SB or coloured sterile water, followed by booster doses given 4‐weekly until endpoint. Main outcome measures were the proportion of responders according to global ratings and the proportion of patients with a symptom reduction of ≥50% on a 15‐item subscale derived from the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS). The treatment was well tolerated. Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed 32/49 (65%) responders in the SB group compared to 9/49 (18%) in the placebo group (P<0.001). Sixteen patients (33%) in the SB group reduced their CPRS scores by at least 50% compared to five patients (10%) in the placebo group (P<0.01). Mean change score on the CPRS (95% confidence interval) was 10.0 (6.7–13.3) in the SB group and 3.9 (1.1–6.6) in the placebo group (P<0.01). An increase in CPRS symptoms at withdrawal was noted in the SB group. In conclusion, treatment with staphylococcus toxoid injections over 6 months led to significant improvement in patients with FM and CFS. Maintenance treatment is required to prevent relapse.
The association between psychological factors and oro‐facial pain: a community‐based study
Authors: Macfarlane Tatiana V , Kincey John , Worthington Helen V
Published: November 2002

OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that psychological factors of psychological distress, maladaptive response to illness and perception of happiness in childhood, are associated with self‐reported oro‐facial pain (OFP).

METHOD A cross‐sectional population‐based study was conducted in South‐East Cheshire, UK. The adjusted participation rate was 74%, and 2504 adults aged 18–65 years participated in the study.

RESULTS A report of not having had a happy childhood was associated with risk of 1.6 (95% CI 1.4–2.0) of reporting OFP. An increased propensity to report symptoms associated with OFP was seen for those individuals with higher levels of psychological distress measured using the general health questionnaire (GHQ) with the risk of 2.7 (95% CI 2.3–3.2) in the highest category. All components of the illness behaviour questionnaire (IBQ) were associated with presence of OFP. There was a linear increase in risk (test for trend,P<0.01) associated with the report of OFP for general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, and irritability. However there was a significant decrease in risk with a high score for perception of illness (0.6; 95% CI 0.6–0.7) and denial (0.6; 95% CI 0.5–0.7). None of the factors showed significant change in estimates when adjusted for age and gender.

CONCLUSIONS This large cross‐sectional community‐based study showed significant association for all of the factors considered. The obtained data raise interesting questions of cause and effect for which further, longitudinal studies are required to establish temporal relationship between these factors and the onset, cause, and treatment of OFP.
Prevention of postherpetic neuralgia with varicella‐zoster hyperimmune globulin
Authors: Hügler Peter , Siebrecht Peter , Hoffmann Klaus , Stücker Markus , Windeler Jürgen , Altmeyer Peter , Laubenthal Heinz
Published: November 2002

Recovery after an acute attack of herpes zoster is followed by postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in 9–14% of all patients. Depending on the patient's age, the severity of the acute attack of herpes zoster and the dermatome involved, the incidence of PHN may be as high as 65%. The purpose of our study was to ascertain the incidence of PHN after a prophylactic intravenous injection of varicella‐zoster hyperimmune globulin (VZV‐IG) (Varitect Biotest Pharma). For this double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomised investigation we defined PHN as pain confined to the dermatome previously affected by herpes zoster, and we required a pain intensity of at least 15% points on a visual analogue scale (VAS) for this dermatome. The inclusion criteria were the dermatological diagnosis of herpes zoster together with age over 50 years. On Day 1, 20 patients received a single intravenous infusion of VZV‐IG in a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight, 20 patients (control group) received a single infusion of human albumin 5% in a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight. All patients received acyclovir intravenously in a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight per 24 h for 5 days. The patients were followed up for a total of 42 days. The incidence of PHN at Day 42 was selected as the main outcome criterion for assessing the efficacy of prophylaxis. On reaching a significant difference between the groups (t test; α<0.05) in favour of the active treatment group, prophylaxis of PHN by VZV‐IG was assessed as effective. Pain was assessed on a VAS and a NAS. As auxiliary outcome criteria, we used the McGill Pain‐Rating Questionnaire in its German version, the revised multidimensional pain scale (RMSS) and the Freiburg symptom list (FBL). All results were assessed by the t test (α<0.05). The frequency of PHN in the placebo group was 70% (14/20), in the active treatment group it was 35% (7/20) at Day 42. The results of the McGill test showed the variability of the perception of pain in the placebo group significantly greater. No significant group differences were found in the FBL. Being tested with the RMSS, the patients of the placebo group assessed their pains as significantly ‘more obstinate’ (p=0.047). The results can be summed up by saying that VZV‐IG not only reduces the incidence of PHN, but also that in certain respects the patients' assessments of their pain experience were different. In our study we found a 50% reduction in PHN incidence However, the outcome time point of our trial was so close to the acute phase of the zoster illness that spontaneous remissions of PHN still have to be taken into account. Despite the widely varied approaches to the problem, reliably effective therapy, let alone 100% prevention of PHN, is still not feasible.
Modality‐specific facilitation and adaptation to painful tonic stimulation in humans
Authors: Polianskis Romanas , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: November 2002

The study assessed the influence of stimulus modality on adaptation or facilitation of pain during tonic cold and tourniquet pressure stimulation. Experimental set‐up for the cold stimulation consisted of a thermo‐tank with water, cooled to 3 °C, circulation pump, electronic thermometer and an electronic 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS). Experimental set‐up for the tonic pressure stimulation consisted of a pneumatic tourniquet cuff, a computer‐controlled air compressor, and an electronic VAS. The first experiment assessed temporal profiles of pain intensity and skin temperature during immersion of the non‐dominant hand and lower arm into cold water for 3 min or until the pain tolerance limit was reached. The second experiment assessed temporal profile of cuff pain intensity during constant compressions for 10 min beginning at pain intensities of 2, 4, and 6 cm on the VAS (‘VAS 2’, ‘VAS 4’ and ‘VAS 6’ sessions). Subjects enduring cold stimulation for less than 3 min were defined as non‐adapting to cold and vice versa. The intensity of cold pain in non‐adapting subjects increased significantly faster than in adapting subjects and reached significantly higher magnitude. The course of pain intensity during constant compression, estimated by a linear regression line, was increasing or decreasing, representing facilitation or adaptation of pain, respectively. The typical profile of adaptation consisted of an ‘overshoot’ in pain intensity, followed by a decrease in pain intensity. There was significant correlation in VAS slopes between sessions separated by 2–5 days, suggesting consistent pattern in pain responses to tonic pressure stimulation. Adaptation or facilitation rates and the overshoot magnitude were dependent on the initial pain intensity (2, 4, or 6 cm on the VAS). The facilitation rate was highest and the adaptation rate was lowest during the ‘VAS 2’ session, while the facilitation rate was lowest and the adaptation rate was highest during the ‘VAS 6’ session. The overshoot magnitude was lowest during ‘VAS 6’ session. Adapting and non‐adapting/facilitating responses to cold and to pressure during ‘VAS 6’ session were not correlated, suggesting that pain course and therefore stimulus tolerance during tonic stimulation are modality‐specific. The results of the study suggest that tolerance of tonic painful pressure and cold stimulations is specific to stimulus modality and may represent separate nociceptive mechanisms.
The rhetoric of justice: strategies of reconciliation and revenge in the restoration of Athenian democracy in 403 BC
Authors: COHEN DAVID
Published: November 2002

This paper examines from a
comparative perspective the first
historically documented case of
transitional justice: the restoration
of the Athenian democracy
in 403 BC. It analyzes in particular
the rhetoric of amnesty, justice,
reconciliation and revenge and
the discursive strategies informing
the prosecutions and litigation
which followed the transition.
Comparison of the
Athenian experience with
modern situations of transitional
justice helps to identify key features
which made the Athenian
reconciliation so successful.
MULTICULTURAL CITIZENSHIP: A CRITIQUE
Authors: JOPPKE CHRISTIAN
Published: November 2002

This article discusses the theory
and practice of multicultural
citizenship in liberal states.
Regarding theory, I point to the
shortcomings of both ‘radical’
and ‘liberal’ approaches to justify
minority rights. Regarding practice,
the state-centered notion of
multicultural citizenship defects
from the decentered accommodation
of multicultural minority
claims in functionnally differentiated
societies. It also runs
counter to a trend toward
de-ethnicization in liberal states,
in which the cultural impositions
of the majority on minority
groups are growing thin, thus
removing the case for minority
rights.
A new look at ‘National Identity’ How should we think about ‘collective’ or ‘national identities’? Are there two types of national identities? Does Germany have an ethnic identity, and is it different?
Authors: PETERS BERNHARD
Published: November 2002

There is a notorious typology of
‘conceptions of nationhood’,
which opposes ‘ethnocultural’
conceptions to political or ‘civic’
conceptions of nationhood.
Analytically, the typology is
unsatisfactory, as are its normative
and explanatory applications.
A more multidimensional analysis
of elements of national identity
is proposed, which clarifies
some possible meanings of ‘ethnic’,
‘cultural’ and ‘political’ in
this context. These considerations
are then applied to the case
of German national identity.
Do the old exploit the young? Is enfranchising children a good idea?
Authors: HINRICHS KARL
Published: November 2002

Child poverty rates exceed those
of elderly people in almost all
Western nations. Moreover, it
can be expected that the presently young generation (and yet
unborn) will (far) less benefit
from the welfare state than the
elderly generation does and will
continue to do. These inequalities
between age groups and
intergenerational inequities are,
to a large extent, the result of the
increasing numerical weight of
elderly voters among the electorate
to which political parties and
governments respond. Giving
voting rights to minor children,
albeit vicariously exercised by
parents, is one, repeatedly proposed
approach to strengthening
pro-family politics against the
threat of gerontocratic politics
(recently: Ringen 1997; van Parijs
1999). In the paper the pros and
cons of this proposal are analyzed
from two very different
perspectives: (1) consequentialist
arguments, i.e. those related to
the desired/feared effects of
enfranchising children on welfare
state policy, intergenerational
relations etc.; (2) deontological
arguments, i.e. reasons whether
or not an extension of voting
rights ought to materialize.
The public sphere and Muslim identities
Authors: EICKELMAN DALE F. , SALVATORE ARMANDO
Published: November 2002

The historical and contemporary
development of certain informal
and formal articulations of Muslim
social and political identities
and forms of association in
Muslim-majority and Arab
societies has facilitated the emergence
of a public sphere and
limited the coercive power of
state authority. This article suggests
how a greater focus on
religious ideas and forms of
association can enhance the
concept of the public sphere so
that it better accounts for developments
in these societies and in
European societies themselves.
RATIONALITY AND IDENTITY: A CRITIQUE OF ALESSANDRO PIZZORNO
Authors: AGUIAR FERNANDO , DE FRANCISCO ANDRÉS
Published: November 2002

In a series of articles, A.
Pizzorno has critically reviewed
rational choice theory and developed
an alternative to it. In certain
academic environments, his
work has become a clear referent
of the sociological reaction
against that paradigm. In this
paper, we review and offer a critique
of Pizzorno's contribution.
Firstly, we reconstruct what we
think to be the theoretical core
of his position, as based on three
main concepts: multiple identity,
individuals as ‘strings of selves’
and ‘circles of recognition’ as
mechanisms reducing identitary
uncertainty. Secondly, we criticise
this core as lacking philosophical
rigour and as being underdeveloped.
Thirdly, we analyse
Pizzorno's theory as an alternative
to the rational choice paradigm.
Here we argue that social
scientists – and Pizzorno is no
exception – often make a double
mistake when they oppose
methodological individualism
and rational choice models.
REHABILITATING THE POLITICIAN ON A NEGLECTED GENRE IN POLITICAL THEORIZING
Authors: PALONEN KARI
Published: November 2002

The relatively rare defences of
politicians, responding to commonplace
denounciations, form
a neglected genre of political
theorizing. Max Weber's famous
‘Politik als Beruf’ (1919) serves
here as a point of departure for
the analysis of the examples of
Louis Barthou, F.C. Oliver, J.D.B.
Miller and Jean-Paul Sartre. The
rehabilitation signifies a conceptual
change through rhetorical
redescription, as suggested by
Quentin Skinner.
Palaeoenvironmental analysis of a Miocene basin in the high
Taurus Mountains (southern Turkey) and its
palaeogeographical and structural significance
Authors: OCAKOĞLU F.
Published: November 2002

Determination of the relationships between the southern, marine-dominated Miocene
basins of south central Turkey and their continental hinterland in southern Turkey has traditionally
been frustrated by the apparent absence of basin remnants within the Taurus Mountains. The Dikme
basin, which seems to be an enclave of basin remnants within the Aladağ Mountains (Eastern
Taurides), consists mainly of coarse-grained continental sediments of various facies. These mostly
early–middle Miocene sediments were studied to determine the depositional environments and the
factors controlling the basin formation and basin fill architecture, to attempt to close the information
gap between the Adana Basin to the south and central Anatolian Miocene further to the north. A generally
southwest-flowing axial fluvial system and interfingering coarse-grained marginal alluvial clastics
derived from northwest and southeast were identified. The marginal facies to the northwest is
bounded by a N 55° E-running structural lineament, that starts from the Ecemiş Fault Zone and in
digital elevation models extends toward the north of the study area. Along this lineament, Miocene
sediments onlap steep fault-line escarpments. Certain Miocene levels are tectonically disrupted, and
an intraformational unconformity and boulder conglomerates are also well-developed in the Miocene
sequence. The southeast boundary is similarly defined by a NE-trending fault that periodically elevated
the adjacent Tufanbeyli autochthon, producing coarse clastics from this area. This boundary
fault also induced fining-upwards vertical patterns and synsedimentary deformation in the marginal
facies. Additionally, the central part of the basin exhibits a distinct fault-defined morphology characterized
by small-scale (tens of metres to 150 m high) valley-and-sill topography. A thin marine interval
was also encountered in the southernmost part of the basin, indicating that the clastic system originating
around this area debouched into a Miocene sea situated further to the south. The proposed palaeogeography
and basin fill model suggests that the Dikme basin and similar Miocene remnants, all
controlled mainly by a northeast-running extensional or transtensional fault system, may have been
parts of the terrestrial hinterland that supplied sediment to rapidly subsiding marine areas further
south, such as the Adana Basin.
New pterosaur tracks (Pteraichnidae) from the Late
Cretaceous Uhangri Formation, southwestern Korea
Authors: HWANG KOO-GEUN , HUH MIN , LOCKLEY MARTIN G. , UNWIN DAVID M. , WRIGHT JOANNA L.
Published: November 2002

Numerous footprints of dinosaurs, pterosaurs and birds, together with arthropod tracks,
have been discovered in the upper Cretaceous Uhangri Formation which crops out along the south-western
coastline of South Korea. This ichnofauna contains the first pterosaur tracks reported from
Asia. The digitigrade tridactyl manus impressions exhibit features of a typical pterosaur hand print.
The pes impressions, however, show features that are different from pterosaur footprints reported previously:
there is no visible trace of impressions of individual digits, and the toes are triangular or
rounded in shape distally without distinct claw impressions. As these features clearly distinguish the
Uhangri tracks from Pteraichnus and Purbeckopus, we assign them to a new genus, Haenamichnus
which accommodates the new ichnospecies, Haenamichnus uhangriensis. The prints are five to six times
larger than those of Pteraichnus, and are currently the largest pterosaur ichnites known. They show
virtually no trace of the 5th phalange of the pes, indicating that they were made by pterodactyloids;
moreover, features of the tracks suggest that they can be attributed to azhdarchids, the commonest
pterosaur of the Late Cretaceous. The longest pterosaur trackway yet known from any track site
(length 7.3 m) and consisting of 14 pairs of foot impressions, was also found in the Uhangri
Formation and suggests that azhdarchids, at least, were competent terrestrial locomotors. The fossil
track site at Uhangri represents the first occurrence of the tracks of pterosaurs, dinosaurs and web-footed
birds all on the same level. This demonstrates that pterosaurs and birds visited the same habitat,
but the large size disparity suggests that they occupied different ecological niches.
Mesozoic sedimentary and magmatic evolution of the
Arabian continental margin, northern Syria: evidence
from the Baer–Bassit Melange
Authors: AL-RIYAMI KHALIL , ROBERTSON ALASTAIR
Published: November 2002

One of the few detailed records of Mesozoic deep-water sedimentation and volcanism
preserved along the tectonically emplaced Arabian continental margin is from the Baer–Bassit region
of northern Syria. South-Tethyan units there occur as blocks, broken formation and disrupted thrust
sheets within the Bear–Bassit Melange. Two overall composite successions are identified. The first
comprises mainly sedimentary successions ranging from Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous
(Cenomanian) in age. The second is dominated by Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous alkaline/
per-alkaline volcanic and minor intrusive igneous rocks. The extrusives are intercalated with radiolarian
sediments and capped by Cenomanian ferromanganese-rich pelagic limestone. Facies comparisons
and the regional setting suggest that the Triassic to Cenomanian, mainly sedimentary units,
formed in deep water near the base of the slope of the Arabian continental margin. The contrasting
volcanogenic successions developed in a more distal off-margin setting. Regional comparisons (e.g.
with southwestern Cyprus and southwestern Turkey) suggest that continental break-up to form a
South-Tethyan oceanic basin took place in Late Triassic time, associated with alkaline volcanism.
Similar alkaline volcanism of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age could reflect the activity of a
mantle plume beneath the Arabian plate. Overall, sedimentation was mainly controlled by an interplay
of post-rift thermal subsidence, plume-related uplift, siliceous oceanic productivity, climatic change
and eustatic sea-level change. The South-Tethyan marginal to oceanic units in northern Syria were
detached from an inferred oceanic basement in latest Cretaceous time, emplaced onto the Arabian
continental margin, then transgressed by Maastrichian and younger autochthonous successions.
Mid-Cretaceous ductile deformation on the Eastern Palmer
Land Shear Zone, Antarctica, and implications for timing
of Mesozoic terrane collision
Authors: VAUGHAN ALAN P. M. , KELLEY SIMON P. , STOREY BRYAN C.
Published: November 2002

Ar–Ar dating of high-strain ductile mylonites of the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone in
the southern Antarctic Peninsula indicates that reverse movement on the shear zone occurred in late
Early Cretaceous times (Albian), and not latest Jurassic times as previously supposed. The Eastern
Palmer Land Shear Zone forms a major tectonic boundary, separating suspect arc terranes from rocks
of Gondwana continental affinity. The dated mylonites are developed in Lower Jurassic plutonic rocks
at Mount Sullivan, eastern Palmer Land, and form part of a zone of ductile reverse deformation up to
25 km wide. Biotite from a fine-grained mafic mylonite yields an Ar–Ar cooling age of 102.8±3.3 Ma.
Movement of this age on the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone is coeval with circum-Pacific deformation,
possibly related to a mantle superplume event, and provides support for allochthonous-terrane
models for the Antarctic Peninsula with accretion in post-Early Cretaceous times.
A Messy Derivation of the Categorical Imperative
Authors: Kupperman Joel J.
Published: November 2002

Here are two widespread responses to Kant's categorical imperative. On one hand, one might note the absence of detailed rational derivation. On the other hand, even someone who maintains some skepticism is likely to have a sense that (nevertheless) there is something to Kant's central ideas.

The recommended solution is analysis of elements of the categorical imperative. Their appeal turns out to have different sources. One aspect of the first formulation rests on the logic of normative utterances. But others can be justified only in terms of their contributions to desirable functionings of a moral order.
On the Supposed Obligation to Relieve Famine
Authors: Kekes John
Published: November 2002

In an influential paper, Peter Singer claims that affluent people have a strong obligation to relieve famine. If they fail, they allow others to die, and makes them murderers. In responding to this outrageous claim, which has given uneasy conscience to many, I show that Singer is engaged in indefensible moralizing that substitutes bullying for reasoned argument and gives a bad name to morality.
Ethics and Welfare: the Case of Hunting
Authors: Scruton Roger
Published: November 2002

The argument is currently made that hunting seriously compromises the welfare of the hunted animal, in a way that is morally unacceptable. The paper presents a theory of animal minds, and a theory of our duties of care towards members of other species. It goes on to examine what is meant by compromising welfare, discusses the crucial concept of stress as this concept features in animal welfare science, and explores the conditions under which stress becomes distress. The argument moves towards the conclusion that there are conditions under which distress inflicted by a human being is morally unacceptable, but that these conditions are not met by the normal methods of hunting with hounds, even though they are frequently met by shooting and trapping.
Explaining the Rules
Authors: Teichmann Roger
Published: November 2002

There is a class of speech-acts employing expressions such as ‘can't, ‘must’, and ‘meant to’, which have a paradigm role in stating the rules that govern a practice. Elizabeth Anscombe called such expressions stopping (or forcing) modals. Although “You can't phi”, etc., are not implicit hypothetical imperatives, it nevertheless makes prima facie sense to ask of a given practice why we go in for it, what the point of it is. Various questions are discussed in connection with these facts, e.g. What distinguishes a rule's applying to someone from its having force (for that person)? Where the practice at issue is a ‘language-game’, does the question “Why do we do this?” still makes sense?
Stove's Discovery of the Worst Argument in the World
Authors: Franklin James
Published: November 2002

The winning entry in David Stove's Competition to Find the Worst Argument in the World was: “We can know things only as they are related to us/insofar as they fall under our conceptual schemes, etc., so, we cannot know things as they are in themselves.” That argument underpins many recent relativisms, including postmodernism, post-Kuhnian sociological philosophy of science, cultural relativism, sociobiological versions of ethical relativism, and so on. All such arguments have the same form as ‘We have eyes, therefore we cannot see’, and are equally invalid.
When Institutions No Longer Matter: Reform of Telecommunications and Electricity in Germany, France and Britain
Authors: Bartle Ian
Published: November 2002

Many studies of privatisation and liberalisation in utility industries stress the importance of national institutions for reform. However, powerful transnational forces and cross-national policy convergence in telecommunications have led to a questioning of the role of institutions. Single sector studies are limited in their ability to assess the relative influence of sector-specific technical and economic forces in the policy process. This article presents a cross-sectoral and cross-national analysis of privatisation and liberalisation in telecommunications and electricity in Germany, France and Britain in terms of national institutions, techno-economic forces and ideas. Although institutions shape shorter-term policy responses and the emerging regulatory regimes, in the longer term their role is limited to the pace and timing of policy change rather than its impetus and direction. To understand the latter it is necessary to investigate sources of the key ideas which led to reform. The ideas were not embedded within institutions but originated from outside as a response of interests to techno-economic forces and from groups ideologically predisposed to favouring neo-liberal ideas.
The Politics of Economic Policy and Performance in Latin America
Authors: Remmer Karen L.
Published: November 2002

This study explores variations in macroeconomic policy and performance in contemporary Latin America on the basis of a theoretical model that emphasizes the complex interplay of partisan control of the government, labor strength, and electoral competition. The plausibility of the model is assessed on the basis of a cross-national time series analysis of economic policy choice and performance in nineteen nations. Contrary to the view that internationalization of the world economy leaves limited room for domestic actors and institutions to influence public policy, the findings suggest that macroeconomic performance in contemporary Latin America reflects eminently political processes of policy formation shaped by partisanship, electoral competition, and union strength. The study thereby points to the broader relevance of the literature on the political economy of the advanced industrial democracies, which has emphasized the impact of domestic political institutions, particularly political parties and trade unions, on policy choice and performance.
Germany's Service Sector Reforms: Lessons for Policy-Makers
Authors: Knudsen Jette Steen
Published: November 2002

In Germany, where manufacturing has traditionally dominated the economy, this article examines the opening up of telecommunications, insurance and to some extent postal services to international competition. It highlights two issues for policymakers to consider when they engage in service sector reforms. First, it is difficult to measure trade in services. However, this problem can be addressed by supplementing price analyses with proxy indicators of market access such as market share, availability of licenses, etc. The use of such indicators promotes transparency and facilitates negotiations to reform services. Secondly, the article argues that lobbying by producers and users of services cannot fully explain reform nor does EU membership significantly constrain reluctant member states. A major key to reform was the ability of the government to re-interpret services as regular tradable products combined with new regulation to shelter exposed groups such as consumers and workers against harm. The implication is that domestic governments have a key role to play in “selling” services reform to the electorate.
Currency Choices in an Interdependent World: Lessons from Countries In and Out of the Euro
Authors: Artis Michael , Rose Richard
Published: November 2002

Interdependence, that is, outcomes depending on what is done by more than one actor, is a fact of life for central banks, reflecting domestic and international pressures, both political and economic. National economies have become increasingly internationalized through trade in goods and services and in currencies too. In consequence, the economies of large as well as small countries are now shaped by actions abroad as well as by decisions at home. While interdependence is a fact of life, what governments do about it depends on political choices, and countries differ in their commitment to a national currency. Their choices are to: maintain a degree of institutional independence with a national currency subject to the vicissitudes of the international economy; join a currency union, as twelve countries of the European Union have done; or contemplate doing the latter while still pursuing the former policy, as Britain and Sweden are currently doing.
Living Around the Bloc: Lessons from Canada for Small Countries
Authors: Schembri Lawrence
Published: November 2002

The paper examines the range of currency and exchange rate regimes choices facing small countries living next to large currency blocs, such as the euro area and the United States. It draws on Canada's successful experience in the 1990s with a flexible exchange rate and explicit inflation targets to argue that such a monetary rule may be the appropriate policy alternative for small countries in this situation such as the United Kingdom or Norway, that are unwilling to surrender their national currency or their monetary independence for economic or political reasons. Because the Canadian economy is more dependent on the production of natural resource products than the economy of its major trading partner, the United States, Canada's flexible exchange rate plays a valuable role in helping to stabilise the Canadian economy in the face of global shocks to natural resource prices.
Fluctuations in the Swiss Franc: What Has Changed Since the Euro's Introduction?
Authors: Fischer Andreas M.
Published: November 2002

The monetary implications arising from EMU for Swiss monetary policy show up primarily in the exchange rate. As of yet, fluctuations in the Swiss franc against the euro have been surprisingly moderate. The Swiss franc has thus tracked the euro's decline against the US dollar without experiencing strong inflationary pressures and a convergence in the interest-rate differential: a paradoxical result for a small open economy. This paper examines critically whether the recent record reveals information about a change in SNB monetary policy. It also attempts to shed light on the SNB's ability to implement an independent monetary policy with the new landscape defined by EMU. Four hypotheses of euro tracking are considered.
The Logic of Collective Responsibility in European Monetary Integration
Authors: Chang Michele
Published: November 2002

Although European Monetary Union led to the creation of one of the world's most independent central banks, politics has not been removed from monetary integration. The European Central Bank's primary claim to legitimacy rests with its ability to deliver low inflation and presumably higher growth. Its independence may be insufficient for this task, making its relationship with political institutions like the Euro-12 and European Parliament more important over time in order to augment its own credibility. This article argues that a model of collective responsibility is more appropriate than one of principle-agent theory to describe the development of European monetary relations between the various institutions as they will need to rely on one another if a coherent European monetary policy is to take shape.
Music in the school curriculum: why bother?
Authors: Paynter John
Published: November 2002

In spite of centuries of experience and experiment, the practicalities and benefits of general education (schooling) remain uncertain. Can we sustain the spread of subjects that now make up the curriculum? In particular, can we justify time spent on music, which to many would appear to be a specialised study for the talented? The evidence of past practice suggests that the content of classroom music teaching has not done much to help the majority of people to understand music. Yet making music is manifestly an important feature of our humanity. Are there principles at work deep in the nature of music which explain this, and can those features be exploited as the basis of a musical education which will have value for everyone?
Music for all? Pupils' perceptions of the GCSE Music examination in one South Wales secondary school
Authors: Wright Ruth
Published: November 2002

This article originated from a research project examining pupils' perceptions of the GCSE Music examination (for pupils aged 15–16) in one large secondary school in the United Kingdom. The research explored the hypothesis that pupils considered it necessary to have additional instrumental or vocal tuition outside class music lessons in order to secure a high grade in the examination. The research also hypothesised that, despite the egalitarian philosophy underpinning the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination system, the music course was still viewed by pupils as being élitist. It was concluded that although there were some very positive comments from pupils, GCSE Music was still not the intended examination for all.
Broadly based piano education for children aged 5–7: the PIPO project at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague
Authors: Koopman Constantijn
Published: November 2002

This article discusses the first year of the Project for Introductory Piano Education (the PIPO project) at The Hague, a training programme for young pianists starting at age 5–6. The programme combines general music activities, aiming at the development of general musical skills, with piano lessons in small groups. Rather than working from notation, the project takes an auditory approach to piano playing. After having described the principal characteristics of the PIPO project, the article reports on the musical progress of the children, and concludes by discussing some major educational issues that emerged during the first year.
Children as inspectors? Evaluating school music provision for children aged 10–11 years
Authors: Mills Janet , O'Neill Susan
Published: November 2002

What do the views of children, teachers and inspectors about the quality of a school's music provision have in common, or are they all different? A trained expert visited ten primary schools, and her judgements about the music provision for children aged 10–11 were compared with those of the teachers, the children's views about music at the school, and the judgements reported in the school's most recent published inspection report. It was the children, particularly the boys, who agreed most closely with the expert. The judgements of the expert and the inspectors were broadly consonant, but the generalisation in the inspection writing led to its requiring a careful read if weaknesses in some schools' provision for Year 6 were to be detected. While there was general agreement between the expert and the teachers over children's attainment in the more effective schools, the judgements of the teachers were seriously awry in schools that neglected an aspect of the National Curriculum, typically composing. At present, inspectors routinely survey the views of parents and carers, but not those of pupils. The Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED), the government department responsible for the inspection of schools in England, is currently considering some limited use of older secondary pupils' views as inspection evidence. The evidence of the research described in this paper is that younger children, in Year 6, could usefully be involved in providing inspection evidence. Indeed, it is possible that they may prove to be rather better ‘inspectors’ than older children, and also than some of their teachers.
The Science that Never Was: ‘Communal Science’ in France, 1913–1949
Authors: Payre Renaud
Published: November 2002

Attempts to develop a ‘municipal science’ bear witness to the challenges posed by the city to methods of government in the first decades of the twentieth century, particularly in France. Both in France and on the international scene, reformers sought new ways of thinking ‘scientifically’ about towns and their government. This article takes a serious look at ‘municipal science’, a fragile development which was never fully accepted in academic circles. It studies the endeavours to provide a scientific clothing for the reforming discourse developed by associations of town councillors and disseminated by teaching institutions or journals devoted to municipal administration. It also examines the contribution made by this crusade – at once political and scientific – to the renewal of public action through local authorities.
The Union of Polish Cities in the Second Polish Republic, 1918–1939:
Discourses of Local Government in a Divided Land
Authors: Kozińska-Witt Hanna
Published: November 2002

The new Polish state was founded more than 100 years after Poland's partition by Prussia, Russia and Austria. The partitioned Polish lands had been included one way or another in the administrative structure of the ocupying powers, and the individuals who became active in urban issues in the new state were socialised by associations established by the partitioners. Poland became not only a arena for a meeting of Prussian, Russian and Austrian imaginations about local government but also a place with a great variety of municipal praxises as well. The author analyses different meanings of local government with special attention to those employed by municipal officers from Warsaw and Cracow within the Union of Polish Cities. There were strong regional cleavages in the Union, but the political development of the Polish state strengthened centralisation and the Union itself remained united.
European Municipalism in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: the Socialist Network
Authors: Dogliani Patrizia
Published: November 2002

This article analyses the contribution of European socialism to the building of a variegated network of reformers in municipal politics from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1950s. Unsuccessful as a network inside the Second International, a broader international federation of cities, the Union Internationale des Villes/International Union of Local Authorities (UIV/IULA), was proposed in 1913. Belgian, French, Dutch and English socialist leaders remained strongly influential in this federation between the two world wars, working in connection with co-operative movements and the International Labour Office based in Geneva. The fifty years of debates and projects animated by the international journal Les Annales de la Régie Directe founded by the French socialist Edgard Milhaud allows us to follow the development of a generation of local reformers from the beginnings of municipalist thought and praxis up to the idea of building a decentralised European Community of cities and regional authorities.
Cities against States? Hopes, Dreams and Shortcomings of the European Municipal Movement, 1900–1960
Authors: Gaspari Oscar
Published: November 2002

At the beginning of the twentieth century the growth of towns was accompanied by the birth of a European and international municipal movement. In 1913 the Union Internationale des Villes/International Union of Local Authorities (UIV/IULA) was founded in Ghent. This combined two approaches, one political and utopian, the other technical and professional. The former focused on turning cities into promoters of a project for co-operation at European and worldwide level; the latter on solving the problems caused by urbanisation. They shared a determination to pursue their objectives regardless of the barriers of culture and national boundaries, and of the administrative hierarchy between local and national government. Between the two world wars the UIV/IULA gradually lost its original utopian inspiration, which was taken up by the Conseil des Communes d'Europe/Council of European Municipalities, founded in Geneva in 1951 with the aim of using the municipalities as a starting point to promote a federation of European states.
Poles and Jews in the Second World War: the Revisions of Jan T. Gross
Authors: Connelly John
Published: November 2002

Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 261 pp., ISBN 0-691-08667-2.

Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Żydzi i Polacy 1918–1955: Współistnienie – zagłada – komunizm (Warsaw: Biblioteka Frondy, 2000), 731 pp., ISBN 8-391-25418-6.

Leo Cooper, In the Shadow of the Polish Eagle: The Poles, the Holocaust, and Beyond (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave, 2000), 255 pp., ISBN 0-333-75265-1.

Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), ISBN 0-312-22056-1.

Yitzhak Arad, Israel Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot, eds., Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union, 8th edn (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), 508 pp., ISBN 0-803-21050-7.