bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Family and Religious Ideologies in Medieval Europe
Authors: Herlihy David
Published: March 2007

The medieval Christian Church was slow in developing a comprehensive theology or canon law of marriage, but it did establish certain principles of great significance in social life. Sexual morality was the same for both sexes, all classes and all nations. Marriage was monogamous, and close or incestuous marriages were forbidden. A uniform sexual morality worked to create uniform or commensurable household units. The requirement of monogamy and the incest prohibition prevented powerful males from monopolizing women. And monogamy and a stricter sexual morality were precon ditions for the formation, from the eleventh century, of agnatic lineages. Finally, religious writers of the period, particularly the authors of saints' lives, made frequent use of familial images. The article contends that these images can be used in investigating the emotional life of medieval families.
"Early" Fertility Decline in America: a Problem in Family History
Authors: Smith Daniel Scott
Published: March 2007

A striking peculiarity of American demographic history is its compara tively early decline in fertility. Although some of the decrease before the Civil War may be attributed to later and less universal marriage, marital fertility also fell Past scholar ship on the subject has focused on alternative explanations and statistical approaches to cross-sectional variations in the child-woman ratio. After showing the inherent limita tions of this approach, particularly at the level of states, this article draws on the findings of historians of political behavior and women's activities to suggest that the understand ing of the early decline in marital fertility in the United States may be most profitably pursued through the study of the fertility behavior and values of the principal action- groups of antebellum America: religious, ethnic, and economic. Both the motivations for, and possibly the techniques of, family limitation were transmitted and sustained, this hypothesis contends, through membership and participation in these groups.
Life-Course Patterns and Peasant Culture in France: a Critical Assessment
Authors: Segalen Martine
Published: March 2007

French scholars of the family and peasant culture have made little use of the life-course framework of analysis. The present study argues that the concept of life course is not neutral and implies the possibility of free choice for the individual. Postulating such choices conflicts with the social organization of peasant society where individuals' lives are embedded in the family and the group. Examining the various stages of the life cycle, the study gives examples of the collective aspects of social life, and its various economic and cultural facets. It then investigates various factors leading to the break-up of communal life and the rise of individualism, which made the use of the life-course concept relevent to analysis.
Individual and Family Life Courses in the Saguenay Region, Quebec, 1842-1911
Authors: Bouchard Gérard , de Pourbaix Isabelle
Published: March 2007

Because it embraces such a longperiod and a wide area, the computer ized reconstruction of families based on a regional population register opens up new perspectives for research into social reproduction, as well as geographic and social mobility. The study makes use of the Saguenay population register to study individual and family life courses over two generations. Focus is mostly upon the demographic and occupational factors that determine social conditions and reproduction of families. More specifically, discussion andfindings center upon theoretical and methodological issues raised by the study of social reproduction and family inheritance systems; a description of individual and family histories from a demographic and occupational standpoint; an account of the strategies that families adopt to establish children as farmers in a predominantly rural society.
The Basque Stem Family Household: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Douglass William A.
Published: March 2007

Observers of rural Basque society have regularly contended that its basic social unit is the stem family household associated with the baserria system of agricultural production. The stem family household has long been an object of speculation, and its sanctity and preservation was a common theme in Basque literature. A close analysis of the population records of the village of Echalar in Navarre, making use of both synchronic and longitudinal analysis, suggests that the stem family household was indeed realized regularly in Echalar, and the fact of its statistical minority at any one point in time was due more to demographic limitations rather than to the presence of a competing family ethos.
Share and Share Ali Ke: Inheritance Patterns in Two Illinois Farm Communities
Authors: Carroll Edward V. , Salamon Sonya
Published: March 2007

How families choose to transfer resources to the next generation is shown to be determined by goals and priorities derived from ethnocultural values. Two ethnically distinct Illinois farm communities, one of German-Catholic, the other of Yankee descent, having similar soils and geographic characteristics were investigated with: (1) an ethnographic field study; and (2) probated court documents over the century since settlement. Despite Germans engaging in more estate planning than Yankees, current German farms are smaller and income is supple mented with off-farm work; Yankee farms are larger, diversified with animals and worked full-time. German-yeoman values gave farm and ownership continuity high priority and, com bined with large families and little inherited liquid assets, tended to keep heirs in agriculture and fragment estates. Yankee-entrepreneurial priorities led to diversified investments, greater liquid assets, but, more importantly, declining family size and greater outmigration resulted in larger portions for heirs and fewer farmers. These contrasting familial patterns cumulatively evolved communities along different paths: yeoman-Germans were committed to a vital, integrated com munity; entrepreneurial-Yankee disinterest produced a declining bedroom community that lacks cohesion.
Coming of Age Among U.S. Farm Boys in the Late 1800S: Occupational and Residential Choices
Authors: Florey Francesca A. , Guest Avery M.
Published: March 2007

Data from the National Panel Study are used to investigate occupational choices and migration status among a sample of U.S. white farm boys in the late 1800s. Originally sampled when 5 to 14 years old in 1880, these boys are traced to the 1900 census when they were young adults. In general, the decision to leave farming was related to the urban-industrial "pull" of the surrounding environment and the degree of farm mechanization of the community. While migratory behavior correlates positively with occupational change, the major social corre lates are somewhat different. Variations in migration are not strongly related to the urban- industrial and agricultural environments. Rather, variables measuring the probability of farm inheritance emerge as stronger predictors.
The Timing and Prevalence of Women's Marriage in the French Department of the Loire, 1851-1891
Authors: Lehning James R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the determinants of the timing and prevalence of female marriage in a sample of 33 rural villages in the French department of the Loire in the second half of the nineteenth century when the area was beginning to experience a demographic transition. Data from 1851 and 1891 are used in the analysis. The conclusions reached are that both timing and prevalence tended to be determined by similar factors Marriage chances were structured by demographic factors, with mortality in 1851 and the sex ratio in 1891 being significant deter minants. Socioeconomic factors exerted a relatively weak influence, and especially striking is the absence of any significant effect of rural industry on either the timing or the prevalence of marriage. Cultural factors, by contrast, were very significant: isolation, in 1851, and linguistic particularism, political conservatism, and female literacy in 1891 all supported traditional pat terns of restricted marriage. The unusual direction of the influence of literacy is attributed to the overwhelming role of the Catholic Church in providing education for women in the rural parts of the department
THE FAULT OF MEMORY: "Southern Italy" in the Imagination of Immigrants and the Lives of Their Children in Italian Harlem, 1920-1945
Authors: Orsi Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Conflict in immigrant communities between parents and children over the right way to live is cast in the idioms of geography. Immigrants tell their children stories about the place they left as a display of their deepest values and understanding of the world. This article explores the nature of this interaction in New York's largest Italian community, Italian Harlem, during a period of significant intergenerational tension. Most scholars of Italian America have suggested that the younger generation turned away from the traditions of their parents in favor of American styles and values. The article challenges this notion of tradition, maintaining instead that the articulation of a "tradition" is a complex cultural process which does not discover, but creates, the past in response to the needs and dilemmas of the present. "Southern Italy" was presented to younger Italian-Americans in such a way as to exclude them. An understanding of this often bitter intergenerational tension must be integrated into histories of the Italian-American family.
The Entrepreneurial Family Economy: Family Strategies and Self-Employment in Detroit, 1880
Authors: Archer Melanie
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1880 manuscript census, city directories, and R. G. Dun and Company credit reports for Detroit, Michigan, this study examines the family economy of entrepreneurial households. Two family work strategies are examined for a sample of 1,881 male self-employed and wage-earning household heads: family enterprise, and the joint labor force participation of family members. The family organization of business is related to high occupational status and wealth among the self-employed. The joint labor force participation of multiple family members is most characteristic of unskilled wage earners in comparison to other occupational strata. Modes of entrepreneurial family economy reflect the middle-class status of the self-employed and their social and economic homogeneity relative to wage earners.
The Neglect of Female Children and Childhood Sex Ratios in Nineteenth-Century America: a Review of the Evidence
Authors: Courtwright David T.
Published: March 2007

Antebellum census records show that there were slightly higher than average numbers of male children in the western states and territories of the United States and slightly lower than average numbers of male children in eastern areas. It has been suggested that this imbalance was due to the economically inspired neglect of female children in rural and frontier areas, but this hypothesis does not hold up to close inspection. Better explanations are that more boys were born in, survived childhood in, or moved to western regions.
"Where There's No Woman There's No Home": Profile of the Agro-Pastoral Family in Nineteenth-Century Sardinia
Authors: Oppo Anna
Published: March 2007

At the time of Italian Unification, in the mid-nineteenth century, Sardinia was known as one of the most economically and socially archaic parts of the new nation. This article considers family life and women's roles in both the cereal-producing villages and the pastoral mountain communities of Sardinia. Although nuclear family households characterize much of the island, in the pastoral portion of the island strong uxorilocal tendencies are found. The reasons for this, and the reasons for the relative gender equality found in Sardinian marriages are discussed, as is the impact on family life of the privatization of communal lands that took place in the nineteenth century.
A Longitudinal Predictive Validity Investigation of the Sb:Fe and K-Abc With At-Risk Children
Authors: Lamp Robert E. , Krohn Emily J.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SB:FE) and Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) was investigated by testing a sample of African-American and White children from impoverished families over an 8-year period. The cognitive tests were administered at ages 4, 6, and 9, and the Metropolitan Achievement Test was administered each year from kinder garten through sixth grade. Predictive validity coefficients for both tests were moderately strong and quite consistent over time. The cor relations between the cognitive and achieve ment measures were adequate for the youngest group of children and improved when the pre dictors were administered at later ages. The K-ABC Achievement scale was found to be the best predictor of academic achievement, par ticularly for the school-aged children. Each test predicted academic performance of both African-American and White children equally well.
A Multivariate Analysis of the Wechsler/Woodcock-Johnson Discrepancy Controversy
Authors: McGrew Kevin S.
Published: March 2007

The Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability (WJ-COG) is a relatively new measure of intellec tual ability that is being used by psychoeducational practitioners. Research comparisons suggest strong concurrent and superior predictive validity when compared with the WISC-R. However, early research reports suggested that for some children the WJ-COG produced "lower" scores than the WISC-R, a finding that produced much controver sy. The current study examined the validity of three content difference hypotheses (viz., differences in g, verbal, or achievement content) that have been advanced to explain WISC-R/WJ- COG discrepancies. A series of canonical correla tional analyses were conducted with an elemen tary school sample of 167 children to explore the redundancy between the WISC-R, WJ-COG, and achievement as measured by the Woodcock- Johnson Tests of Achievement. Inspection of the canonical variates, redundancy coefficients, and canonical loadings on the two significant variates extracted in each analysis did not support any of the content difference hypotheses. The findings suggest that the WISC-R/WJ-COG mean score discrepancy may be due to different factor struc tures that have not been appreciated fully in prior research.
Interpretive Tables for Test Scatter On the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition
Authors: Rosenthal Becky L. , Kamphaus Randy W.
Published: March 2007

Unlike its predecessors, the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986a) includes subtest and area standard scores as well as an overall composite standard score. Kaufman's (1979) popular method of profile analysis of intelligence test performance includes examination of differences between scores obtained within a total test profile. These score differences may be interpreted in two ways: the statistical significance of the difference and the ab normality of uniqueness of the difference. Tables are presented to aid in precise interpretation of these score differences at four age levels: 2 to 5 years, 6 to 10 years, 11 to 14 years, and 15 to 18 years. Implications of these data for test interpreta tion are discussed.
K-ABC Stability in a Preschool Sample: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Smith Douglas K. , Bolin Jean A. , Stovall Donald L.
Published: March 2007

Stability of K-ABC performance over a 2-year in terval with 25 nonhandicapped preschool children was examined. Global scale stability coefficients (corrected for restriction in range) for Time 1 testing (age 4) and Time 3 testing (age 6) were: MPC = .77; SEQ = .73; SIM = .76; ACH = .80. Subtest stability coefficients ranged from .53 to .75 for the Time 1/Time 3 comparisons. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significant increases in mean SIM scores from age 4 and 5 to age 6, and a significant decrease in mean ACH score from age 4 to ages 5 and 6. Overall, results indicated a high level of stability for both global scale scores and subtest scores. Less stability was indicated for profile patterns (SIM > SEQ, SIM < SEQ SIM = SEQ) and subtest strengths and weaknesses with this sample of non handicapped preschool children tested at ages 4, 5, and 6.
Nonmetallic Material Flammability in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Authors: Tewarson Archibald
Published: March 2007

Nonmetallic material flammability on Oxygen Enriched Atmo spheres (OEA) is discussed with explanations based on the latest scientific un derstanding. Flammability consists of a combination of the ignition, combustion, and fire propagation behaviors of materials. Application of the newly developed test methods and advanced-engineering polymers for OEA con ditions are discussed. The test methods use high oxygen concentration, pres sure, and external heat flux to simulate large-scale fire environments. Pressure and external heat flux effects are complementary and appear to have a stronger effect on the flammability of materials than the oxygen concentration. High oxy gen concentration in combination with external heat flux provides similar heat flux exposure to materials as normal atmosphere at high pressures.

Results are presented for flame heat flux transferred back to the surface of the burning materials under high pressure (normal air) and high oxygen concentra tions (at atmospheric pressure). The use of newly developed test methods is sug gested for evaluating the probability of fires in OEA facilities such as hyperbaric chambers.
Modification of the NIST Test for Measurin the Ignition Propensity of Cigarettes
Authors: McRae Douglas D. , Kellogg Diane S. , Waymack Bruce E. , Fournier Linda G. , Dwyer R. William
Published: March 2007

The NIST method for measuring the ignition propensity (IP) of cigarettes on a test mockup meant to represent the flat surface of upholstered furniture was revised and tested [1]. The revisions included a number of dele tions and additions. The most important addition to the original test was the in clusion of selected, smolderable upholstery fabrics. The deletions were, in general, procedural details known or believed to be unnecessary. Three replicate runs of the method using the same experimental and control cigarette pair, as well as a series of runs using experimental and control cigarette pairs with deliv eries of 5, 11 and 16 mg of tar, were performed. The modified method provides re peatable and statistically valid data. Adding commercial, nonreversal upholstery fabrics to the test did not add to the ability of the test to measure IP behavior and, therefore, they were eliminated in the final proposed method. A reversal-type fabric should be included in the test, but it should be specially pro duced for this purpose [9]. With these further modifications, the test is consider ably simpler to perform than the original test.
Transient Heat Conduction Problem Solution for a Fire Hazard Analysis
Authors: Nikitin Yevgeniy V.
Published: March 2007

In case of an impulsive external thermal effect (that is consistent with a real possible fire), analytical solution of a transient heat conduction prob lem for the body with protuberant geometry was developed. It was shown that the Laplace transformation method is acceptable for such a solution if a trans mission function of the body uses at least three initial coefficients. Corre sponding formulas for calculating unsteady temperatures within the body and estimating the error were created.
The Measurement of Heat Release from Oxygen Consumption in Sooty Fires
Authors: Brohez S. , Delvosalle C. , Marlair G. , Tewarson A.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a further contribution to the development of practi cal relationships based on oxygen consumption calorimetry to calculate the rate of heat release (RHR) in fires. The measurement of the RHR based on oxygen consumption was promoted in the 1980s. Previous workers introduced and as sessed the significance of adequate correction factors to take into account in completeness of combustion as reflected by carbon monoxide release.

This paper focuses on materials releasing large amounts of soot in combustion. Classical oxygen consumption relationships are reviewed to derive adequate calculation procedures integrating the soot contribution. An analysis

1Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sylvain.brohez@fpms. ac.be

of the significance of the suggested soot correction factor is discussed through theoretical considerations as well as from results of lab-scale experiments.
A Spatial-Grid Evacuation Model for Buildings
Authors: Lo S.M. , Fang Z.
Published: March 2007

Evacuation systems are designed as a means to protect people in emergency situations in buildings. The traditional design of an egress system in a building normally follows the prescriptive requirements stipulated in fire or building codes. The codes usually govern the capacity of exit routes, which are normally based on intuitive judgment. With the advancement of digital com puters, egress models that can account for the interrelationship of different parts of a building have been developed. They generally can be categorized into two approaches, namely, coarse network models and fine network models. The fine network models can effectively describe the movement pattern of each indi vidual in a building. Such information can be adapted to a virtual reality presen tation that can help building designers in presenting their design effectively. A spatial-grid evacuation model, which resembles the fine network approach and can model the relative coordinates of each individual at any point of time, is pro posed in this article. It can effectively handle the individual and crowd behavior. The theoretical background has been discussed and comparison with field data has been made.
Thermal Conductivity of Intumescent Chars
Authors: Anderson Charles E. , Ketchum Donald E. , Mountain William P.
Published: March 2007

A procedure is developed to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of chars of intumescent systems. The procedure is based on a heat transfer analy sis of temperature-time data from one-dimensionally designed experiments of coated coupons exposed to a fire environment typical of aviation-type fuel fires. Thermal conductivities computed from both a first-order and second-order pro cedure are given, and are found to be within a factor of 2 or 3 of each other for the binders tested. Additionally, a simple theoretical approach, based on a one- dimensional equivalent thermal resistance model, yields estimates that are within a factor of three compared to the experimentally determined thermal conductivities. The conclusion of the theoretical model is that the low thermal conductivity of intumescent chars results from the insulating abilities of pockets of trapped gas within a porous char material, even though the char of an intumescent coating is a complex structure which has convective currents due to pyrolization of the binder.
Thermal and Flammability Properties of Poly(p-phenylene- benzobisoxazole)
Authors: Kim Peter K. , Pierini Pete , Wessling Ritchie
Published: March 2007

Poly( p-phenylene-benzobisoxazole), PBO, is a member of a family of rigid-rod, lyotropic liquid crystal polymers which can be fabricated into fiber, film and composites. PBO exhibits exceptional ignition resistance, low heat release rate, and very low smoke emission. PBO's fire, smoke, and toxicity (FST) properties are one of the best thermally stable polymers. PBO begins to ther mally decompose at 660 ° C and it has a char yield > 70% at 900 °C. It has LOI of > 56 and UL94 rating of VTM0 for 1 mil thick film. PBO generates almost no smoke, and very little toxic combustion products are generated during fire. PBO is more ignition resistant and has very low heat release (measured by the Cone Calorimeter) compared to other high temperature polymers. Carbon fabric/PBO composites do not ignite even after 15 minutes when exposed to a heat flux of 50 kW/m2. Preliminary results indicate that this carbon fabric/PBO composite meets the Navy's most critical fire, smoke, and toxicity requirements for applications inside submarines. PBO's unique combination of thermal, mechanical, and physical properties could provide enabling technology for the next generation of products for interior components of airplanes, ships, off shore structures, and other places where the fire, smoke, toxicity properties of the material and weight are critical.
Pay for Perfonnance: Accent on Standards and Measures
Authors: Rock Robert H.
Published: March 2007

The pay-for-performance concept is at the heart of a current controversy over the compensation of top executives. Here's how to tie such compensation to company performance in a way that will avoid controversy.
Multiple Regression: A Method for Upgrading Salary Surveys
Authors: Schwab John T.
Published: March 2007

To enhance the quality and accuracy of salary survey methods, the author suggests using multiple regression procedures that combine sophisticated statistical analysis with direct participation by companies in the survey design.
A Way to Audit the Job Matches of Salary Survey Participants
Authors: Weinberger Theodore E.
Published: March 2007

Compensation specialists who rely heavily on salary surveys to help make decisions on adjusting their compensation structures must make sure that jobs covered by the survey are compatible with theirs. The author gives details on ...
Preretirement Programs in Service Firms
Authors: Siegel Sidney R.
Published: March 2007

While preretirement programs today are far more flexible than they were a decade ago, new program development lags behind earlier projections.
Complying with Section 89: The Proposed Regulations
Authors: Walbridge John M.
Published: March 2007

Layers of Congressional and IRS tinkering have made Section 89 an incredibly complex headache for employers. Here's a guide to the IRS proposed regulations.
Avoid Double Dipping Without Incurring an ADEA Violation
Authors: Stacy Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Here's an approach to avoiding an ADEA violation: Define the normal retirement benefit as offset by severance pay.
Small-Group Incentives: Gain Sharing in the Microcosm
Authors: Nickel James E. , Oneal Sandra
Published: March 2007

Small-group incentives may suit an organization's operations and environment when a strong interdependence exists among those in the group, the performance of one person clearly affects the rest, and teamwork and coordination are required.
Equivalence and Redundance in the Point-Factor Job Evaluation System
Authors: Supel Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The author takes the view that the point-factor job evaluation system is quite dependent on market forces and that job and market correlations are very high.
Compensating Your Overseas Executives, Parit 1: Strategies for the 1990s
Authors: Bishko Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Before they export their domestic executive compensation programs to overseas locations, employers should consider the differences in tax, securities, and currency control rules in the foreign countries, and the possible related consequences to both the company and its executives.
Employee Stock Ownership Plans: Motivation and Morale Issues
Authors: Smith William , Lazarus Harold , Kalkstein Harold Murray
Published: March 2007

As a motivating force and a morale booster, an employee stock ownership plan-an ESOP-leaves much to be desired-but its shortcomings can be addressed.
Success Through a Quality- Based Sales Incentive Program
Authors: Candrilli Alfred J.
Published: March 2007

Here's a case study of a computer products company that dramatically increased its share of the market using an incentive plan based on quality and customer service.
Job Evaluation: A Barrier to Excellence?
Authors: Emerson Sandra M.
Published: March 2007

Peters and Waterman made very clear, in In Search of Excellence, that "excellence" must be the goal for companies that intend to compete effectively. Are we setting up unnecessary barriers to excellence with our point-factor job evaluation systems?
Three Case Studies on Skill-Based Pay: An Overview
Authors: Ledford Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

Asserting that skill-based pay is one of the most rapidly spreading pay innovations in the United States, the author previews and summarizes the three case studies that follow.
Auditing Cash Compensation Practices: The Needs and Methods
Authors: Larouche Leopold
Published: March 2007

The author argues for a systematic evaluation of direct-compensation programs—and "maps" an effective evaluation process.
Board Compensation Committees: Collaboration or Confrontation?
Authors: Baytos Lawrence M.
Published: March 2007

The chief human resources or compensation executive can play a vital role in helping the board compensation committee make an informed, equitable decision on executive compensation.
Defined-Benefit versus Defined-Contribution Pension Plans: How to Compare
Authors: Maher John J. , Ketz J. Edward
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a framework that will help managers and employees to compare the retirement benefits that accrue from the two major types of pension plans.
Downsizing: AMA Survey Results
Authors: Greenberg Eric Rolfe
Published: March 2007

The way in which companies treat workers during downsizing depends to a large measure on the reason for the downsizing.
Job Evaluation: Still at the Frontier
Authors: Dufetel Laurent
Published: March 2007

Without an indepth appreciation of the advantages job evaluation provides, critics do not recognize that this process can still help companies move to "new frontiers" in their development.
Beyond Total Compensation: The Total-Cost Perspective
Authors: Dolmat-Connell Jack , Cardinal Ken
Published: March 2007

By understanding how a range of factors can impact total compensation costs, compensation professionals can ensure that their company's cost structure is truly competitive.
Is It Time to Eliminate the Piece Rate Incentive System?
Authors: Wilson Thomas B.
Published: March 2007

Many companies should review their incentive pay systems and determine if employee relations and productivity would benefit from a change.
Retiree Health Benefits: A Total Compensation Perspective
Authors: Rappaport Anna M.
Published: March 2007

With new rules for retiree medical accounting soon to go into effect, companies will need to begin managing their retiree benefits plans more aggressively.
A Guide to the New Pension Rules in Ireland
Authors: Lalor Stephen , Victory Paul
Published: March 2007

Multinational employers with facilities in Ireland or other European countries should know the laws and rules governing pensions in Ireland and understand European Community rulings that affect member nations' pension regulations.
Meeting the Global Challenge
Authors: Rich Jude T.
Published: March 2007

Changes in organizational culture and job measurement and reward systems can play a powerful role in restoring the United States' preeminent role in the global economy. Is U.S. management up to the challenge?
The Right to Control
Authors: Gold Peter A. , Esposito Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Many employers cut costs by using independent contractors, but misclassification of workers may carry heavy penalties.
New Challenges for Executive Compensation in the 1990s
Authors: White William L. , Fife Raymond W.
Published: March 2007

This new executive compensation paradigm for the 1990s is dominated by an awareness of the need to compete globally and to create value through core competencies while paying attention to the Securities and Exchange Commission's demanding executive pay disclosure rules.
Giving Your Rabbi Trust a "Haircut"
Authors: Macdonald William L.
Published: March 2007

How the "haircut" provision protects executives from the threat of corporate insolvency.
Company Bets that Wellness Incentives Plus Preventive Care Will Contain Health Care Costs
Authors: Bohl Don L.
Published: March 2007

CBR watches as one of the nation's largest publicly owned hospital companies launches a major drive to contain health care costs for its own employees. A subsequent Management in Practice will report on the success (or failure) of the initiatives described here.
Health Care Reform: Issues Facing Employers Center on Private vs. Government Control
Authors: Mercer William M.
Published: March 2007

Who dictates how 14% of the GNP should be spent? Are CEOs willing to let government take over health care and send them the bills?
Ten Common Compensation Mistakes
Authors: Whittlesey Fred E. , Maurer Carol L.
Published: March 2007

"These ten mistakes and scores of others can be prevented by following one principle: Make compensation decisions on the same basis as other business decisions. "
The View from the Board
Authors: Morgenstern Marlene L.
Published: March 2007

Compensation & Benefits Review's distinguished advisory board is sounding a warning about the looming crisis just beyond health care—inadequate retirement savings for the baby boomers who will begin retiring in the 21st century.
Changing to Skill-Based Pay
Authors: Dewey Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

When setting up a skill-based pay program, plan designers must not underestimate or undercommunicate the complex changeover issues.
Wellness Strategies
Authors: Povall Julie
Published: March 2007

Employers can use health risk appraisals to target the most cost-effective health promotion efforts for helping employees modify health risky lifestyle behaviors. But which of the hundreds on the market best meets an employer's needs?
Developing Self-Managing Work Teams
Authors: Pasmore William A. , Mlot Susan
Published: March 2007

With so many companies moving toward self-managing teams, here's a look at how they work and whether they would work in your organization.
Choosing the Right Pay Delivery System to Fit Banding
Authors: Bergel Gary I.
Published: March 2007

Skill-based pay, career development pay, and merit cash—three pay delivery mechanisms that work well in a broad banded environment.
Virtual HR: Meeting New World Realities
Authors: Snell Norman W.
Published: March 2007

Now is the time for HR to take the lead in helping management and employees prepare for, and function as, a successful virtual enterprise.
Expanding the Phantom Stock Concept
Authors: Whittlesey Fred E.
Published: March 2007

The flexibility of a nonqualified plan, combined with the long-term performance focus, makes phantom stock an ideal solution for many companies and, as accounting and tax rules evolve, perhaps for all companies.
How Companies Use Total Shareholder Return as the Measurement for Compensation Programs
Authors: Edwards Laure
Published: March 2007

Here is a compensation system that rewards managers for thinking like shareholders by focusing their attention on the fundamental drivers of shareholder value.
Communication's Vital Role in Redefining the Employment Relationship
Authors: Barnes Karen
Published: March 2007

The employment relationship is redefined with each new communication. If all communication presents a consistent vision, that vision can infuse the organization.
Paying for the Skills, Knowledge, and Competencies of Knowledge Workers
Authors: Ledford Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

Companies will see a "tremendous increase" in experimentation with competency-based pay plans for knowledge workers during the next ten years. While solid outcomes research is still lacking, design choices are becoming clearer.
Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Werner Steve , Gemeinhardt Gretchen
Published: March 2007

Nonprofits use many of the same pay determinants as their for-profit counterparts. But our study found one conspicuous difference: Nonprofits don't tie pay to organizational performance.
What's New in Pensions
Authors: Landstrom Beverly G. , Bainbridge Thomas B.
Published: March 2007

Three attributes are driving the growth of cash balance and pension equity plans: these attributes are understandability, flexibility, and portability.
Redefining Retirement for a New Century
Authors: Oliver Byron D.
Published: March 2007

Through a combination of retirement savings plans, investment education, and lobbying for tax deductibility of savings, employers can do much to head off the looming retirement crisis.
Compensation Fads, Custom Pay Plans, and Team Pay
Authors: Bennett Linda
Published: March 2007

In a wide-ranging discussion at the Compensation & Benefits Review Advisory Board meeting last Fall, board members and AMA editors and man agers talked about significant new developments in compensation and benefits. During the first part of the all-day session, the board discussed such top ics as how buzzwords and fads affect compensa tion design; how restructuring and downsizing are influencing pay plans; the drawbacks of telecom muting ; the increasing mobility of knowledge workers; how to customize a pay program; how firms are offering stock options for nonexecs; the uses of competency-based pay; and trends in team- based pay. The board's comments on these topics are reported in the roundtable below.
How Discrimination Laws Affect Compensation
Authors: Nobile Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Compensation is a "term and condition" ofemployment covered by federal, state, and local discrimination laws.
Concepts
Authors: King Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

One approach to building nursing knowledge is the identification of relevant concepts that describe the structure of the discipline. The development and validation of concepts in nursing build scientific knowl edge of the discipline. Concepts are essential elements of theories. The ories provide an approach to describe, explain, and predict phenomena to strengthen the scientific basis of nursing. Concepts are the categories of a theory that serve as guides for making observations in the empirical world. The focus of this article is the nature and function of concepts. A process for developing concepts is presented and one of the critical concepts in the author's theory of goal attainment, transactions, is used to demonstrate the process of concept development through research. '
Nursing Theory and Nursing Process
Authors: Taylor Susan G.
Published: March 2007

Orem's general theory of nursing, referred to as the self-care deficit nursing theory, is described as a theory that can be used for organizing and structuring nursing knowledge and nursing practice. The technolog ical nursing process appropriate to the theory is described. The use of the self-care deficit nursing theory is illustrated through a case study. The relationship between the case situation and the technological proc ess of nursing is explored.
Man-Living-Health: The Theory in Practice
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the application of man-living-health in practice with one elderly person over a period of time. Examination of the as sumptions underpinning the man-living-health theory help to clarify the basic tenets of the theory and the focus of nursing practice. The nurse- person interrelationship revolves around the themes from the principles of the theory: meaning, rhythmicity, and co-transcendence. Specific practice dimensions and processes guide the nursing presence over time as personal health descriptions evolve. Paradoxical patterns of health emerge from the personal health descriptions and give direction to nurse- person activities in an institutional setting. Practice was guided by the theoretical proposition that powering is a way of revealing-concealing imaging. The related practice proposition is that struggling to live goals reflects the pushing-resisting in human situations as one shares and withholds, all at once, the meaning of unfolding life events. A new theoretical proposition emerged from practice that supports the theory and provides direction for future practice.
Social Support and Health: A Theoretical Formulation Derived from King's Conceptual Framework
Authors: Frey Maureen A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development and initial empirical testing of a theoretical formulation of social support, family, health, and child health derived from Imogene King's conceptual framework for nursing. A correlational design was used to test the formulation with 103 families who have children with diabetes mellitus. Three hypotheses were sup ported : parents' social support had a direct and positive effect on family health, parents' social support and child's social support were positively related, and illness factors had a direct and negative effect on child health. Both the supported and unsupported hypotheses are discussed in terms of the present substantive knowledge base and evidence of validity for King's framework. Direction for further theory development and research are identified.
Consciousness As a Dissipative Structure: An Extension of the Newman Model
Authors: Schorr Juue Anderson , Schroeder Carole A.
Published: March 2007

Newman's model of health as the expansion of consciousness and Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures provide the framework for the development of a model of consciousness as a dissipative structure. Relationships among Type A behavior, temporal orientation, and death anxiety are examined and explicated within the human field pattern of consciousness as a dissipative structure. Type A behavior, future ori entation, and death anxiety are proposed as manifestations of conscious ness with the potential to evolve to higher levels in accordance with Prigogine's theory. Preliminary research findings related to the model and suggestions for future research are also presented.
Newman's Theory of Health as Praxis
Authors: Newman Margaret A.
Published: March 2007

Newman presents an overview of her theory of health as expanding consciousness in the context of her odyssey for appropriate research methodology. She identifies the perspective that directs her theory and research as the evolving pattern of the whole and credits Rogers' theory of unitary human beings as providing direction for the development of this theory. Bohm's theory of implicate order, Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures, and Young's theory of human evolution are in corporated as supportive to the theory. The author advocates research as praxis and emphasizes process as content. A priori theory is central to the research aimed at recognition of the pattern of evolving conscious ness and its action potential.
Critical Reflective Analysis of Parse's and Newman's Research Methodologies
Authors: Ray Marilyn A.
Published: March 2007

Can knowledge generated through research data and in practice test the efficacy of research methods and, ultimately, expand theories? This question will be explored in the following presentation by a critical reflective analysis of the papers of Parse, Smith, and Mitchell represent ing the man-living-health research method developed by Parse (1987); and the process-as-content praxis methodology to study health as ex panded consciousness set forth by Newman (1986). Parse's ideas will be illuminated first, followed by Newman's, concluding with an interpretive synthesis of the issues associated with testing research methods and expanding theory in the post-positivist scientific era.
Consumer-Centric Advocacy: Its Connection to Nursing Frameworks
Authors: Bramlett Martha H. , Gueldner Sarah H. , Sowell Richard L.
Published: March 2007

The concept of advocacy is redefined here as consumer-centric advo cacy and its essential attributes are identified. Theoretical linkages between advocacy and selected nursing models are described. Specifi cally, the construct of advocacy is considered as it is operationalized within the theoretical frameworks of King, Newman, Orem, and Rogers. The health care system in the United States is in a state of unrest and undergoing nearly continuous change and reorganization. This reorga nization has been hastened by tightened resources within the health care financing system, a growing number of elderly and indigent needing care, and the advent of care intensive disease processes such as AIDS and substance addicted newborns. In addition, the general public has become better informed concerning health and is seeking new ap proaches to the delivery of health care services. As changes in the health care system continue to occur, the role of nurses, the largest group of health care providers also is changing. In a system in which there is both a shortage of registered nurses and a growing demand for their services, nurses must develop strategies to maximize their impact on the health care system to meet the needs of consumers as well as protect their own professional integrity. The development of such strategies within nurs ing frameworks may be facilitated by closer scrutiny and clarification of the nurse's traditional role as advocate.
Voluntary Action for Community Economic Development: The Case of BREP in New Jersey
Authors: Slovak Jeffrey S. , Lucas Walter
Published: March 2007

The Business Retention and Expansion Program (BREP) in New Jersey is a com munity-based program, sponsored jointly by the New Jersey Department of Com merce and Economic Development and the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, that seeks to forge volunteer public/private partnerships in pursuit of local eco nomic stability and development. The purpose of this paper is to test hypotheses de rived from the literature on the well-springs of public sector action, using volun tary participation in BREP as the research context. After a brief description of the program, the paper extracts its guiding hypotheses from the discussion of "city limits" offered by Peterson (1981). Using correlation and multiple regression analyses, it discovers-as anticipated from the general theory-(1) that need is the strongest predictor of community participation in BREP and (2) that, after con trolling for need, neither community economic capacity nor the weight of local business interests plays any significant role in explaining participation. The impli cations of these empirical findings are then discussed in a brief concluding note.
Volunteerism Among First Offenders: Community Service as Adult Development
Authors: Hanson JoAnn M.
Published: March 2007

Volunteer Community service by offenders is often required at various stages in criminal justice processing. Although most criminal justice practitioners and the community in general view community service-restitution as punishment, the author argues that volunteer community service in pre-trial diversion can be a means of personal growth and development. Community service is approached from a volunteer development perspective based on adult education and volunteer program management principles. Many adult offenders undergoing transitional change are not aware that learning through the volunteer community service expe rience, with appropriate supervision and guidance, can assist in adaptation and adjustment to change situations in their lives. Often, as a result of community ser vice, defendants learn more about themselves as people and realize their potential as human beings.
Why Board Members Participate
Authors: Widmer Candace
Published: March 2007

In the United States all legally incorporated non-profit organizations are required to have boards of directors. The members of these boards are unpaid volunteers. This paper examines the reasons board members participate. A triad of data collec tion techniques—questionnaires, interviews, and observations-was used to study the members of the boards of directors of ten human service agencies. The study is based on an incentive approach to participation, which suggests that participation occurs in response to incentives, the expectation of valued outcomes. Four catego ries of incentives-material, social, developmental, and ideological—are used to or ganize the data. The study demonstrates that board members have multiple and complex incentives for participation, that some members achieve an adequate num ber of incentives and some do not, that few members participate in response to in centives that are dependent on specific policy outcomes and that even fewer serve as consumer representatives, and that there are differences among agencies in board members' reasons for serving. Implications for board recruitment and retention are discussed.