bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« T’es payé pour être à disposition de… »
Authors: Rasera Frédéric
Published: September 2015

La forte visibilité publique des footballeurs professionnels a son pendant : la réalité quotidienne de leur métier, en amont de la compétition sportive, reste largement méconnue. Basé sur une enquête ethnographique au sein d’un club de football professionnel français de Ligue 2, cet article déplace le regard vers les coulisses du spectacle sportif. Il resitue la production d’une équipe de football dans l’organisation du travail propre à un club de football professionnel. Contre les images sociales dominantes qui tendent à placer les footballeurs professionnels en situation d’apesanteur sociale, l’auteur rappelle d’abord que ces sportifs sont des salariés aux carrières professionnelles et aux conditions d’emploi très individualisées. Il montre ensuite que ces travailleurs sportifs sont confrontés, au nom d’enjeux compétitifs, à une organisation du travail sélective qui fait de l’incertitude une dimension centrale de leur métier et qui les classe en permanence.
L’archive comme objet : quel modèle d’histoire pour l’archéologie ?
Authors: Paltrinieri Luca
Published: September 2015

Au cours des années 1967-1969, non seulement Foucault réalise une sorte de bilan de ses travaux précédents, mais il élabore une méthodologie historique pour le travail à venir. Dans cet article nous parcourons quelques lignes de ce travail d’élaboration conceptuelle qui précède L’Archéologie du savoir. Nous verrons comment l’archéologie prend progressivement ses distances par rapport à l’histoire des idées et des mentalités, traiterons ses lectures de philosophie analytique et présenterons les trois principes autour desquels s’organise la démarche historique de l’archéologie : la critique du causalisme, l’hypothèse du discontinuisme, la définition de l’archéologie comme activité de diagnostic. Nous discutons dans ce cadre une série de matériaux publiés et inédits, et montrons comment Foucault, à partir d’une réflexion sur la méthodologie archéologique, a dégagé les grandes lignes des enquêtes généalogiques des années 1970.
Les artisans de la réparation automobile face aux constructeurs
Authors: Dutertre Emmanuelle , Jullien Bernard
Published: September 2015

Depuis une trentaine d’années, le secteur de l’entretien et de la réparation automobile a connu de nombreux changements économiques et technologiques. Alors que les « petits garages » semblaient voués à disparaître, les modes de production des services d’entretien et de réparation mobilisés par les artisans indépendants et leur capacité à « requalifier » les processus de production du service de réparation leur ont permis de structurer un contre-modèle à l’origine de leur pérennité. Dans cet article, en nous appuyant sur la théorie des conventions, nous examinons ce contre-modèle au sein duquel les connaissances jouent un rôle essentiel. Sur le plan technique, nous montrons que les artisans parviennent à accéder aux connaissances techniques nécessaires en dépit d’un accès limité par les constructeurs. Sur le plan marchand, nous analysons comment le maintien de ces acteurs de la réparation se fonde sur la contestation des savoirs dominants quant aux besoins des clients.
Peut-on parler d’une sociologie implicite du roman ?
Authors: Ledent David
Published: September 2015

Depuis les années 1990, l’idée d’une « sociologie implicite » du roman s’est progressivement affirmée en France dans les sciences sociales qui peuvent l’envisager comme un outil de réflexion. C’est souligner l’existence d’une fonction cognitive du roman qui peut être utile à la connaissance sociologique, une fonction qui néanmoins se décline sous deux formes. La sociologie implicite du roman renvoie en effet à une fonction descriptive et à une fonction analytique qui sont distinctes si l’on veut appréhender ses usages possibles par la sociologie académique. Nous pouvons alors en déduire trois approches d’une sociologie par la littérature, une première utilisant le récit romanesque comme une illustration possible, une deuxième consistant à prendre pour matériau les descriptions que le romancier produit dans ses récits, et enfin une troisième envisageant le roman comme un laboratoire de la pensée sociologique.
La classification scientifique chez Ampère : entre Bacon et les naturalistes
Authors: Braverman Charles
Published: September 2015

Ampère fournit un exemple de pratique scientifique classificatoire. Classification des corps simples en chimie, des facultés intellectuelles et des sciences illustrent l’éclectisme de ce savant. La classification apparaît ainsi comme le paradigme de la méthode expérimentale, résultant, au début du xix e   siècle, d’un héritage baconien. Cet héritage jette un défi ontologique à la science : la classification ne serait qu’une création arbitraire et subjective de classes nominales. Dans sa pratique scientifique, Ampère invoque alors un autre héritage : celui des naturalistes. Il affirme ainsi que les rapports saisis dans la classification peuvent être les rapports présents dans la réalité.
La mise en valeur du patrimoine positiviste parisien
Authors: Labreure David
Published: September 2015

Rénovation et ouverture au public de deux « lieux de mémoire » positivistes à Paris, l’appartement d’Auguste Comte et la Chapelle de l’Humanité.
Temporal Changes in Body Mass and Body Condition of Cave-Hibernating Bats During Staging and Swarming
Authors: Lacki Michael J. , Dodd Luke E. , Toomey Rickard S. , Thomas Steven C. , Couch Zachary L. , Nichols Barry S.
Published: September 2015

The rapid colonization of the Pseudogymnoascus destructans fungus across cave systems in eastern North America and the associated bat mortalities (white-nose syndrome; WNS), necessitates studies of cave-hibernating bats that remain unaffected by, or in close proximity to, the leading edge of the fungal distribution to provide baseline predisturbance data from which to assess changes due to fungal effects. Studies of the physiological ecology of cave-hibernating bats during the spring staging and autumn swarming seasons are few, and an understanding of patterns in body condition of bats associated with entry into and emergence from hibernation is incomplete. We sampled bats at the entrance to a cave in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, during swarming and staging, prior to (2011 and 2012), concurrent with (2013), and following (2014) the arrival of the WNS fungus. We evaluated seasonal and annual changes in body mass and body condition of bats entering and leaving the cave. We captured 1,232 bats of eight species. Sex ratios of all species were male-biased. Capture success was substantially reduced in 2014, following the second winter after arrival of the WNS fungus. Significant temporal variation in body mass and body mass index was observed for little brown bats Myotis lucifugus, northern long-eared bats M. septentrionalis, and tri-colored bats Perimyotis subflavus, but not Indiana bats M. sodalis. Little brown bats and northern long-eared bats demonstrated significant increases in mean body mass index in 2014; this pattern likely reflected a relatively better body condition in bats that survived exposure to the WNS fungus. Most species demonstrated highest body mass and body mass index values in late swarming compared with other sampling periods, with tri-colored bats showing the greatest percent increase in body mass (42.5%) and body mass index (42.9%) prior to entering hibernation. These data indicate significant intraspecific variation in body condition of cave-hibernating bat species, both among years and between the seasons of autumn swarming and spring staging. We suggest this variation is likely to have implications for the relative vulnerability of species to WNS infection across the distribution of the Pseudogymnoascus fungus.
L’autorité internationale des fonds marins, l’environnement et le juge
Authors: Beurier Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2015

La convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer entrée en vigueur en 1994 a vu sa XI° partie modifiée à propos du régime de la zone internationale des fonds marins, mais l’Autorité internationale a été créée et depuis cette date a produit de nombreux règlements de gestion des ressources minérales. C’est l’Autorité qui délivre les titres miniers et qui assure le contrôle de l’exploration et de la future exploitation. L’Autorité est en charge de la protection de l’environnement marin dans la zone, elle doit également prévenir les dommages à la faune et à la flore, ce qui ouvre des perspectives nouvelles à l’Autorité. De ce fait, comme elle est dotée de la personnalité juridique pourrait-elle représenter la zone internationale en justice ? Depuis l’avis de 2011 du Tribunal international de droit de la mer, on sait que les États sont responsables des agissements de leurs ressortissants autorisés dans la zone, mais le rôle de l’Autorité n’est pas que d’exercer une activité, c’est aussi d’assumer des responsabilités. Elle pourrait donc être désignée par les États comme trustee pour gérer le patrimoine commun au bénéfice de l’humanité et donc présenter un recours devant la justice si ce patrimoine était menacé. À moins qu’une future Organisation mondiale de l’environnement soit dotée d’une compétence générale de représentation de l’environnement mondial. Dans tous les cas de figure, il faut donner au juge le moyen de protéger l’environnement, encore faut-il que le contentieux puisse lui parvenir.
Les controverses autour de l’intérêt à agir pour l’accès au juge constitutionnel : de la défense du droit à l’environnement (Costa Rica) à la défense des droits de la nature (Équateur)
Authors: Fernandez Fernandez Edgar
Published: September 2015

De nombreux systèmes constitutionnels modernes reconnaissent un droit fondamental à l’environnement, sous différentes dénominations et qualificatifs. Une des garanties basiques prévues dans ces systèmes est l’accès simple, informel, gratuit et universel à une procédure et à un juge idoine pour sa tutelle judiciaire effective. En même temps, l’un des aspects les plus importants qui conditionne cet accès au juge est l’intérêt à agir du demandeur. Si la nature peut être protégée indirectement à travers le respect du droit à l’environnement, un pays, l’Équateur, a récemment fait un pas de plus vers une protection plus effective en incluant dans sa Constitution la reconnaissance expresse de la nature comme sujet de droits et celle concrète des droits fondamentaux de la nature. Dans ce cadre, il a été reconnu un intérêt à agir très large pour accéder au juge et défendre ces droits. Quel est le fondement juridique de l’intérêt à agir dans ces cas ? Qui dispose d’un intérêt à agir pour défendre la nature ou l’environnement ? Qui peut les représenter ? C’est à ces quelques questions que nous espérons apporter des éléments de réponse à travers l’analyse de deux systèmes juridiques au sein desquels a été reconnu un intérêt à agir très large pour l’accès au juge constitutionnel : le premier, au Costa Rica, dans le cadre de la défense d’un droit à un environnement sain et écologiquement équilibré ; le second, en Équateur, pour la défense des droits de la nature.
La représentation de la nature par les collectivités territoriales devant le juge judiciaire à la lumière de l’article L.142-4 du Code de l’environnement
Authors: Lucas Marthe
Published: September 2015

Ayant été introduit avant l’aboutissement du contentieux de l’Erika, l’article L. 142-4 du Code de l’environnement a permis à certaines collectivités territoriales de se constituer partie civile et d’obtenir la réparation du préjudice écologique. Six ans après son introduction, notre article s’interroge sur les apports et les enjeux de cette disposition. Il convient de saluer l’opportunité de l’habilitation à agir des collectivités territoriales en ce qu’elle élargit le cercle des acteurs agissant en représentation de la nature et permet de contrebalancer l'inertie de certains. La complémentarité de l’action des collectivités territoriales, notamment vis-à-vis des associations agréées, va cependant dépendre du contenu donné par les juges au « préjudice causé au territoire sur lequel elles exercent leurs compétences ». D’un point de vue pratique, l’étude de la jurisprudence actuelle révèle les confusions des parties et du juge à qualifier ce que recouvre le préjudice subi par les collectivités. Enfin, l’article L. 142-4 du Code de l’environnement ne résout pas les difficultés tenant au risque de cumul de réparation du préjudice écologique et à la réalisation de mesures de réparation en nature sur un site dont les collectivités territoriales ne sont pas propriétaires.
Éléments sur l’apport de la doctrine américaine du public trust à la représentation de l’environnement devant le juge
Authors: Cornu-Thenard Emilie
Published: September 2015

La doctrine américaine du public trust est un outil à la fois ancien et en plein développement, notamment aux États-Unis (comme en atteste l’affaire Robinson Township en Pennsylvanie). Elle propose une piste de réflexion intéressante quant à la protection de l’environnement par et devant le juge. Cette doctrine permet de protéger certaines ressources naturelles en imposant aux pouvoirs publics de les gérer, voire d’assurer leur réparation, pour l’usage et au profit du public, y compris les générations futures. Elle met ainsi en pratique les notions de développement durable et d’équité intergénérationnelle, cruciales à la protection efficace de l’environnement. Cet article décrit l’origine, les parallèles et les différences avec les trusts financiers, l’expansion actuelle et les limites du champ d’application de cette doctrine, tant en ce qui concerne les ressources protégées que les obligations qu’elle impose aux trustees, les pouvoirs publics responsables de cette protection. In fine, il s’intéresse au rôle du juge dans ces développements afin de mieux cerner l’importance et l’efficacité, réelle et potentielle, de cette doctrine ainsi que les obstacles qui se posent encore à la représentation et à la protection efficace de l’environnement.
Ethical Challenges in Online Health Games
Authors: Guitton Matthieu J.
Published: September 2015

Using heath-oriented applications supported by and delivered through the Internet, eHealth and mHealth strategies are part of the modern therapeutic arsenal. Among them, online health games cumulate the advantages of online support groups and telerehabilitation therapies in a playful environment. Furthermore, compared to health games not delivered online, they abolish geographical constraints and make it possible to simultaneously reach large numbers of individuals – health professionals and patients alike. However, online health games also raise several ethical questions which may hinder their practical efficiency and their expansion. Ethical challenges related to online health games echo some of the concerns already identified for online games and online spaces, operationalized in the particular context of health applications. This Chapter will summarise and address these challenges, ranging from the “out of the game” ethical challenges to the “in game” ethical challenges, and suggest practical recommendations in order to implement efficient, safe, and ethical online health games.
Guidelines for Designing Effective Games as Clinical Interventions
Authors: Browning Heather
Published: September 2015

Games are a successful pedagogical tool to change attitudes and behaviors. This chapter will examine how games facilitate change, discuss common pitfalls, and outline best practices for making serious games for clinical practice. Sustained engagement and motivation are key to lasting clinical interventions. When developing a game for clinical practice, the designer should avoid “punishing by rewards” (Kohn, 1993), damaging motivation towards the desired goal. Understanding game design principles is crucial to creating intrinsically engaging experiences that lead to lasting motivation. The Mechanics, Dynamics, and Aesthetics (MDA) framework is widely accepted by game designers as a framework to make compelling games. Using MDA as a base for understanding how to create engaging experiences, this chapter proposes a new framework for serious games called Mechanics, Dynamics, Aesthetics, and Outcomes. MDAO describes how to design a game that is intrinsically motivating and effective by focusing on the interplay between outcomes and other vectors of design.
Online Social Exergames for Seniors
Authors: Konstantinidis Stathis Th. , Brox Ellen , Kummervold Per Egil , Hallberg Josef , Evertsen Gunn , Hirche Johannes
Published: September 2015

The population is getting older, and the resources for care will be even more limited in the future than they are now. There is thus an aim for the society that the seniors can manage themselves as long as possible, while at the same time keeping a high quality of life. Physical activity is important to stay fit, and social contact is important for the quality of life. The aim of this chapter is to provide a state-of-the-art of online social exergames for seniors, providing glimpses of senior users' opinions and games limitations. The importance of the motivational techniques is emphasized, as well as the impact that the exergames have to seniors. It contributes to the book objectives focusing on current state and practice in health games for physical training and rehabilitation and the use of gamification, exploring future opportunities and uses of gamification in eHealth and discussing the respective challenges and limitations.
User-Centered Design of Wearable Assistive Devices for the Aging Population
Authors: Kinsella Philip , Stoddart Paul , Ranscombe Charlie
Published: September 2015

Due to modern medicine, the lifespan of the average person is increasing, with a concomitant increase in the need for care. According to the German Federal Statistical Office, DeStatis, there will be a deficit of 260,000 caregivers by 2025, which is not only an issue in Germany, but worldwide. New technologies, including wearable devices, will be crucial to manage this challenge, but there is a huge amount of research and investment required to incorporate wearable assistive devices into the lives of elderly users. It is crucially important that any new devices are fit for purpose, taking into account the specific needs of elderly people. This chapter, therefore, summarises and reviews the current state of wearable assistive devices, formalises the current design practice with respect to user needs, and presents design considerations such as wearability and usability, in order to assist in the future development of wearable assistive devices for the aging population.
Determination of the Influence of Carbonation of Concrete and Corrosion of Steel on Reinforced Concrete Condition
Authors: Timcakova Kristýna , Štefková Daniela , Chobola Zdeněk
Published: September 2015

Almost all reinforced concrete structures which are exposed to weather effects are threatened by corrosion. The corrosion of steel elements in structures has an influence on lifetime these constructions and adversely affects their properties. However, the steel in concrete structures is protected against corrosion due to the properties of concrete such as high pH or impermeability, but if the concrete is of poor quality and his protective properties are insufficient the corrosion can occur. A problem causes the action of carbon dioxide which has the effect of lowering the pH below the critical value and thereby accelerating the corrosion.Non-destructive methods such as Impact-echo method offer the possibility of easy and quickly detection of initial damage of structure and thus can prevent the occurrence of permanent damage to the whole construction.This article describes the development of corrosion which is caused by carbonation of the concrete and supported by action of chlorides by using Impact-echo method. The paper presents results obtained on the reinforced concrete samples with one steel rod passing through the center. After carbonation concrete the samples were exposed accelerated controlled degradation in aqueous NaCl solution for 4 months.
The Cellular Localization of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein Expression Greatly Influences the Frequency and Functional Phenotype of Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses
Authors: Pachnio Annette , Zuo Jianmin , Ryan Gordon B. , Begum Jusnara , Moss Paul A. H.
Published: September 2015

CMV infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, and the development of a vaccine is of high priority. Glycoprotein B (gB) is a leading vaccine candidate but the glycoprotein H (gH) pentameric complex is now recognized as the major target for neutralizing Abs. However, little is known about the T cell immune response against gH and glycoprotein L (gL) and this is likely to be an important attribute for vaccine immunogenicity. In this study, we examine and contrast the magnitude and phenotype of the T cell immune response against gB, gH, and gL within healthy donors. gB-specific CD4+ T cells were found in 95% of donors, and 29 epitopes were defined with gB-specific response sizes ranging from 0.02 to 2.88% of the CD4+ T cell pool. In contrast, only 20% of donors exhibited a T cell response against gH or gL. Additionally, gB-specific CD4+ T cells exhibited a more cytotoxic phenotype, with high levels of granzyme B expression. Glycoproteins were effectively presented following delivery to APCs but only gB-derived epitopes were presented following endogenous synthesis. gB expression was observed exclusively within vesicular structures colocalizing with HLA-DM whereas gH was distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm. Grafting of the C-terminal domain from gB onto gH could not transfer this pattern of presentation. These results reveal that gB is a uniquely immunogenic CMV glycoprotein and this is likely to reflect its unique pattern of endogenous Ag presentation. Consideration may be required toward mechanisms that boost cellular immunity to gH and gL within future subunit vaccines.
α1-Antitrypsin Combines with Plasma Fatty Acids and Induces Angiopoietin-like Protein 4 Expression
Authors: Frenzel Eileen , Wrenger Sabine , Brügger Britta , Salipalli Sandeep , Immenschuh Stephan , Aggarwal Nupur , Lichtinghagen Ralf , Mahadeva Ravi , Marcondes A. Mario Q. , Dinarello Charles A. , Welte Tobias , Janciauskiene Sabina
Published: September 2015

α1-Antitrypsin (A1AT) purified from human plasma upregulates expression and release of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4) in adherent human blood monocytes and in human lung microvascular endothelial cells, providing a mechanism for the broad immune-regulatory properties of A1AT independent of its antiprotease activity. In this study, we demonstrate that A1AT (Prolastin), a potent inducer of Angptl4, contains significant quantities of the fatty acids (FA) linoleic acid (C18:2) and oleic acid (C18:1). However, only trace amounts of FAs were present in preparations that failed to increase Angplt4 expression, for example, A1AT (Zemaira) or M-type A1AT purified by affinity chromatography. FA pull-down assays with Western blot analysis revealed a FA-binding ability of A1AT. In human blood-adherent monocytes, A1AT-FA conjugates upregulated expression of Angptl4 (54.9-fold, p < 0.001), FA-binding protein 4 (FABP4) (11.4-fold, p < 0.001), and, to a lesser degree, FA translocase (CD36) (3.1-fold, p < 0.001) relative to A1AT devoid of FA (A1AT-0). These latter effects of A1AT-FA were blocked by inhibitors of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ (ST247) and PPARγ (GW9662). When compared with controls, cell pretreatment with ST247 diminished the effect of A1AT-LA on Angptl4 mRNA (11.6- versus 4.1-fold, p < 0.001) and FABP4 mRNA (5.4- versus 2.8-fold, p < 0.001). Similarly, preincubation of cells with GW9662 inhibited inducing effect of A1AT-LA on Angptl4 mRNA (by 2-fold, p < 0.001) and FABP4 mRNA (by 3-fold, p < 0.001). Thus, A1AT binds to FA, and it is this form of A1AT that induces Angptl4 and FABP4 expression via a PPAR-dependent pathway. These findings provide a mechanism for the unexplored area of A1AT biology independent of its antiprotease properties.
Class A Scavenger Receptor–Mediated Double-Stranded RNA Internalization Is Independent of Innate Antiviral Signaling and Does Not Require Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity
Authors: Nellimarla Srinivas , Baid Kaushal , Loo Yueh-Ming , Gale Michael , Bowdish Dawn M. E. , Mossman Karen L.
Published: September 2015

dsRNA is a potent trigger of innate immune signaling, eliciting effects within virally infected cells and after release from dying cells. Given its inherent stability, extracellular dsRNA induces both local and systemic effects. Although the class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) mediate dsRNA entry, it is unknown whether they contribute to signaling beyond ligand internalization. In this study, we investigated whether SR-As contribute to innate immune signaling independent of the classic TLR and retinoic acid–inducible gene-I–like receptor (RLR) pathways. We generated a stable A549 human epithelial cell line with inducible expression of the hepatitis C virus protease NS3/4A, which efficiently cleaves TRIF and IFN-β promoter stimulator 1, adaptors for TLR3 and the RLRs, respectively. Cells expressing NS3/4A and TLR3/MyD88/IFN-β promoter stimulator 1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts completely lacked antiviral activity to extracellular dsRNA relative to control cells, suggesting that SR-As do not possess signaling capacity independent of TLR3 or the RLRs. Previous studies implicated PI3K signaling in SR-A–mediated activities and in downstream production of type I IFN. We found that SR-A–mediated dsRNA internalization occurs independent of PI3K activation, whereas downstream signaling leading to IFN production was partially dependent on PI3K activity. Overall, these findings suggest that SR-A–mediated dsRNA internalization is independent of innate antiviral signaling.
Variables socioeconómicas y apoyo a la democracia en Chile, Perú y Colombia: la pobreza como factor clave
Authors: Valdés Gutiérrez Iván Alejandro
Published: September 2015

El presente artículo establece la relación entre un número de variables económicas y sociales -crecimiento, pobreza, desigualdad, Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y gastopúblico- y la evolución de los índices de apoyo ciudadano a la democracia, durante el período que va de 2000 a 2011. Todo, comparando los resultados entre tres países latinoamericanos: Chile, Perú y Colombia. La interpretación se hizo a partir del enfoque de las llamadas teorías del desarrollo. Los resultados arrojan que en el largo plazo existe relación entre pobreza, IDH y apoyo declarado a la democracia entre la población.
Convergence Study of Moment Approximations for Boundary Value Problems of the Boltzmann-BGK Equation
Authors: Torrilhon Manuel
Published: September 2015

The accuracy of moment equations as approximations of kinetic gas theory is studied for four different boundary value problems. The kinetic setting is given by the BGK equation linearized around a globally constant Maxwellian using one space dimension and a three-dimensional velocity space. The boundary value problems include Couette and Poiseuille flow as well as heat conduction between walls and heat conduction based on a locally varying heating source. The polynomial expansion of the distribution function allows for different moment theories of which two popular families are investigated in detail. Furthermore, optimal approximations for a given number of variables are studied empirically. The paper focuses on approximations with relatively low number of variables which allows to draw conclusions in particular about specific moment theories like the regularized 13-moment equations.
Bespreken is zilver, verzwijgen is goud
Authors: Benjamins Meriel , Keltjens Ryanne , Rutten Alex
Published: September 2015

Cooperations between Dutch Critics and Publishers during the Interbellum Period

The promotional activities of publishers and the different practices of literary critics became closely intertwined in the Netherlands during the first half of the twentieth century. In this article, we focus on how these two types of actors worked together and responded to new possibilities on the changing book market. We are particularly interested in what critics experienced as limitations or possible threats to their independent statuses and their positions in the field. These may have been most pressing for critics who had contacts with many different media and organizations. Such a central position within a literary network seems to be a characteristic of the so-called ‘middlebrow’ critic. Middlebrow critics were actively concerned with the social functions of literature and emphasized the need for cultural mediation. Our analysis of the behaviour and position-takings of three critics, Herman Robbers, Roel Houwink and P.H. Ritter Jr., shows that in their relationships with publishers, they operated within a grey area between commercialism and idealism, in which the (traditional) boundaries of ‘independent’ and professional criticism were at the same time consolidated, stretched and negotiated.
Gender en boekbedrijf
Authors: Streng Toos
Published: September 2015

Gender and the market of books. Women writers in the nineteenth century

According to the prevailing nineteenth-century opinion, the literary quality of the work of female authors was lower than that of their male colleagues. Dutch publishers, however, were not reluctant to publish novels by female authors. Market conditions were decisive. After 1835, the supply of novels generally published exceeded demand. Buyers valued morality above literary quality and, as the work of female authors presumably met high moral standards, publishing the work of women was a safe bid in a competitive market. But demand for female Dutch authors exceeded supply. Dutch (and Flemish) female authors were scarce and only at the end of the nineteenth century, when the ideas of feminism began to take effect, the number of Dutch female authors increased. It is noteworthy that some renowned publishers, such as P.N. van Kampen & Zoon and W.H. Kirberger, had an outspoken preference for women writers. These were so called ‘gentleman-publishers’, who had both material and idealistic grounds to publish the work of female authors. Female authors felt at home with this type of publisher as their values ​​and manners corresponded with the feminine self-image. Around 1880, three major developments influenced the publishing of Dutch female authors: unmarried middle-class women gained the right to paid employment, the ideal type of ‘business publisher’ rose and the audience became segmented into highbrow, middlebrow and lowbrow. The developments are explored in this article on the basis of data from a database created by the author.
‘Sand’s Way’: The Voices of George Sand’s François the Waif in Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past
Authors: Grauby Françoise
Published: September 2015

This paper traces one of the origins of Marcel Proust’s artistic vocation in his fascination for a novel by George Sand, François le Champi (François the Waif). In Remembrance of Things Past, the adult writer explores the gradual recognition of this early phase of his formation: Sand’s novel appears in the ‘Combray’ section in Swann’s Way and it reappears at the moment of apparent illumination regarding his future as a writer in Time Regained. Leaving deliberately aside the psychoanalytic implications of the story, this article will instead emphasise the ‘vocality’ of the story, taken from the oral tradition of the provincial Berry countryside and imbued with colloquial texture, to show how the retelling of this moment in time when the novel was encountered includes a definition of what artistic vocation is for the narrator.
Becoming-Black: Patterns and Politics of West-German ‘Afro-Americanophilia’ in the Late 1960s
Authors: Ege Moritz
Published: September 2015

In the late 1960s, African American culture and politics provided ‘lines of flight’ (Deleuze and Guattari) from outdated modes of subjectivity for many ‘white’ Germans; appropriating culture politics, and experimenting with forms of symbolically ‘becoming black’ represented a major cultural theme of the time. These tendencies resonated with: radical, anti-imperialist politics; countercultural sensibilities, where African American culture provided a radically contemporary critique of European modernity; the racialized, erotically charged logics of primitivism and romanticism in which ‘the repressed’ was to be brought back to the surface; and with a consumer-based economy and pop culture that supported the incorporation, domestication and aestheticisation of difference, desire and conflict.  This article sketches the patterns, forms and politics of the cultural theme of Afro-Americanophilia in Germany at the time, stressing the links between politics and corporeality.  In doing so, it illustrates that questions of race and racism were crucial for the 1968 conjuncture in Germany and it critically reviews the assumptions and implications of a specific form of hedonistic anti-racism in which ‘white’ European protagonists claimed ‘chains of equivalence’ (Laclau and Mouffe) between their position and that of people oppressed by racism and white supremacy.  Two case studies illustrate different forms and common patterns.  The first concerns a West Berlin network of radical-left groups that called itself ‘The Blues’ and combined militant political action (partly modelled on the activities of the Black Panther Party, according to some of its participants) with a countercultural sensibility. This included a felt connection to African American culture and stylistic practices. The second case study reviews the reception of soul music in the German music press and in countercultural circles, contrasting different readings of the supposedly ‘authentic.’  Overall, the article reconstructs practices of Afro-Americanophilia as ambiguous phenomena that foreshadow later forms of fetishistic cultural appropriation, but where, in some cases, the selective, erotically charged exoticism also led to tangible solidarity and strong connections.
Second Culture, Good Vibrations, and Writings on the Wall: Hip-Hop in the GDR as a Case of Afro-Americanophilia
Authors: Schmieding Leonard
Published: September 2015

This essay examines Afro-Americanophilia in the German Democratic Republic by analyzing the cultural transfer of hip-hop between 1983 and 1990. It argues that the individuals who participated in this transfer from the United States into East Germany shared an appreciation of African Americans and Black culture and thus facilitated the import, growth, and dissemination of breakdance, graffiti, rap, and deejaying. Focusing on three individuals, it details the specific characteristics of their Afro-Americanophilia and scrutinizes their roles for the hip-hop scene in state socialism. While a cultural critic interpreted hip-hop as ‘second culture,’ which, according to Marxist-Leninist ideology, was to be endorsed as international working-class culture, a radio host from East Berlin spread information and music throughout the country, equipping the teenage audience with what they needed for their own practice of hip-hop. Finally, a look at a graffiti writer from Dresden shows how hip-hop artists imagined themselves into the community of hip-hop in New York City and fashioned themselves as Black youth living in the Bronx.
Intersecting Homeliness: Vietnamese Australian Reflections of a Suburban Home (Strathfield, NSW)
Authors: Ngo Helary
Published: September 2015

In year 2013, I lived in Vietnam. Once a year, the Vietnamese people have a particular tradition called khom đất, where the people set out a guest table filled with delicious feast of food and paper clothing, shoes, accessories and money for the spirits of the house. Khom in khom đất means a set of rituals or prayer to bow down and pay respect. Đất means land. It is a ritual which acknowledges the spirits within the home and the agency these spirits have to the home. There would be separate rituals for different types of spirits and incense would burn as an offering to various places. For example, an incense and food offering would be on an alter directly above the fire stove in the kitchen to be grateful to the fire spirit of the home. There is a belief that if the fire spirit gets angry, the spirit may be a danger to the family. The spirit has the agency and a power over the home. It is a ritual to recognise that a home has its ghosts, its history and its spirits that reside long before the current people residents and that they have the power to protect or destroy. Mostly, it is to recognaise that land and place is not to be owned, and matters such as fire or water or wood is not mere commodities. Rather, these materialities are living and only would be at our disposal to help us when they given the respect and recognition that they are living and are powerful agents.Within the Vietnamese language, there is no specific word for differentiate ‘home’ and ‘house’ but rather, use the word ‘house’ to mean both the building and the home – nhà (Rather then state, ‘I go home’ one states literally, ‘I return to the house’ – Tôi về nhà). To state house rather than home could mean that home is not to be possessed but rather, has it’s own agency, vitality and spirit.With this in mind, I will tell you about a particular uncanny phenomenon that has happened in my family home in Strathfield (a loved family home where my family still resides in) that has happened 10 years ago and has not escaped the memories of any of us. I hope to capture, in a self-reflexive way, the merging of the past and the present within the Vietnamese migrant experience living in the Australian landscape, with its dark history of the forced displacement of Indigenous peoples. I wish to mourn and acknowledge that the land that has given my refugee family opportunity to begin life safely and freely, and my birthplace is a stolen land. And that we are always both grateful and in mourning with our homeland.
The millennium water vapour drop in chemistry-climate model simulations
Authors: Brinkop S. , Dameris M. , Jöckel P. , Garny H. , Lossow S. , Stiller G.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. This study investigates the abrupt and severe water vapour decline in the stratosphere beginning in year 2000 (the "millennium water vapour drop") and other similar stratospheric water vapour drops by means of various simulations with the state-of-the-art Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM) EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry Model). The CCM EMAC is able to reproduce the signature and pattern of the water vapour disturbances in agreement with those derived from satellite observations. Model data confirm that this extraordinary water vapour decline is in particular obvious in the tropical lower stratosphere. The starting point of the severe water vapour drop is identified in the tropical lower stratosphere and the start date is found to be in the early days of 2000. We show that the driving forces for this significant drop in water vapour mixing ratios are tropical sea surface temperature changes due to a preceding strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation event (1997/98), which was followed by a La Niña and supported by the prevailing western phase of the equatorial stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) at that time. This constellation of ENSO and QBO obviously lead to the outstanding anomalies in meteorological quantities which are identified in the equatorial atmosphere: (a) a distinct warming (up to 1 K) of the tropical upper troposphere (200 to 120 hPa) beginning in mid-1997 and lasting for about one and a half years, (b) a strong warming (up to 2.5 K) of the tropical lower stratosphere (100 to 50 hPa), beginning in early 1999 and ending in early 2000, and (c) a significantly enhanced upwelling at the tropopause in the late 1990s and an obviously reduced upwelling around the year 2000 followed by a period of enhanced upwelling again. These dynamically induced changes are unambiguously connected to the stratospheric water vapour anomaly. Similarly strong water vapour reductions are also found in other years, and seem to be a~typical feature after strong combined El Niño/La Niña events, if the QBO west phase has prolonged down to the tropopause.
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite validations of ammonia, methanol, formic acid, and carbon monoxide over the Canadian oil sands
Authors: Shephard M. W. , McLinden C. A. , Cady-Pereira K. E. , Luo M. , Moussa S. G. , Leithead A. , Liggio J. , Staebler R. M. , Akingunola A. , Makar P. , Lehr P. , Zhang J. , Henze D. K. , Millet D. B. , Bash J. O. , Zhu L. , Wells K. C. , Capps S. L. , Chaliyakunnel S. , Gordon M. , Hayden K. , Brook J. R. , Wolde M. , Li S.-M.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The wealth of air quality information provided by satellite infrared observations of ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), formic acid (HCOOH), and methanol (CH3OH) is currently being explored and used for number of applications, especially at regional or global scales. These applications include air quality monitoring, trend analysis, emissions, and model evaluation. This study provides one of the first direct validations of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite retrieved profiles of NH3, CH3OH, and HCOOH through comparisons with coincident aircraft profiles. The comparisons are performed over the Canadian oil sands region during the intensive field campaign (August–September~2013) in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan for the Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM). The satellite/aircraft comparisons over this region during this period produced errors of: (i) + 0.08 ± 0.25 ppbv for NH3, (ii) + 7.5 ± 23 ppbv for CO, (iii) + 0.19 ± 0.46 ppbv for HCOOH, and (iv) -1.1 ± 0.39 ppbv for CH3OH. These values mostly agree with previously estimated retrieval errors; however, the relatively large negative bias in CH3OH and the significantly greater positive bias for larger HCOOH and CO values observed during this study warrant further investigation. Satellite and aircraft ammonia observations during the field campaign are also used in an initial effort to perform preliminary evaluations of Environment Canada's Global Environmental Multi-scale – Modelling Air quality and CHemistry (GEM-MACH) air quality modelling system at high-resolution (2.5 km × 2.5 km). These initial results indicate model under-prediction of ~ 0.6 ppbv (~ 60 %) for NH3, during the field campaign period. The TES-model CO comparison differences are ~ +20 ppbv (~ +20 %), but given that under these conditions the TES/aircraft comparisons also show a small positive TES CO bias indicates that the overall model under-prediction of CO is closer to ~ 10 % at 681 hPa (~ 3 km) during this period.
Tomography-based observation of sublimation and snow metamorphism under temperature gradient and advective flow
Authors: Ebner P. P. , Schneebeli M. , Steinfeld A.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Snow at or close to the surface commonly undergoes temperature gradient metamorphism under advective flow, which alters its microstructure and physical properties. Time-lapse X-ray micro-tomography is applied to investigate the structural dynamics of temperature gradient snow metamorphism exposed to an advective airflow in controlled laboratory conditions. The sublimation of water vapor for saturated air flowing across the snow sample was experimentally determined via variations of the porous ice structure. The results showed that the exothermic gas-to-solid phase change is favorable vis-a-vis the endothermic solid-to-gas phase change, thus leading to more ice deposition than ice sublimation. Sublimation has a marked effect on the structural change of the ice matrix but diffusion of water vapor in the direction of the temperature gradient counteracted the mass transport of advection. Therefore, the total net ice change was negligible leading to a constant porosity profile. However, the strong reposition process of water molecules on the ice grains is relevant for atmospheric chemistry.
Learning Processes and Academic Achievement among Secondary School Students in Barbados
Authors: Marshall Jason Emile , Maynard Donna-Maria , Marshall Rasheda
Published: September 2015

This study investigates the influence of learning processes on student achievement. One
hundred and thirty-four students from eight secondary schools in Barbados were purposively
selected and surveyed using the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP; Schmeck, Ribich, &
Ramanaiah, 1977) subscales: fact retention, study methods, elaborative processing, and deep
processing. The results indicate that the elaborative processing subscale was the only measure
that was significantly related to student achievement in the sample. No significant differences
emerged between high and low-achieving students in terms of the learning processes they
employ. The findings suggest the importance of using higher-order learning strategies to
facilitate academic success.
Discussion on MLD in School Education in the UK
Authors: Alenizi Mogbel Aid
Published: September 2015

The emphasis is on educating as many children as possible with special educational needs
alongside others in mainstream schools, although national guidance also requires them to take
into account the views and wishes of children and their parents in the choice of school,
whether mainstream or special. It is likely that some children with Moderate Learning
Difficulties (MLD), if not all of them, will have emotional, behavioral and physical needs
that will need to be met within a broader definition of curriculum (DfES 2003). To address
the issues around the idea of an appropriate curriculum and pedagogy for children with MLD,
it is important to remember that a significant proportion of pupils with Special Education
Needs (SEN) who attend mainstream schools will fall into the MLD category, so it is
important that the curriculum meets their needs.
The Malian Crisis: Multiple Actors with Diverse Interests and Values
Authors: Nizeimana John Bosco , Nhema Alfred Gwarega
Published: September 2015

The African continent has registered the highest number of civil wars compared to other regions of the world. Although lasting peace and security have eluded the African continent, the tenacity to right wrongs and skirmishes within the continent has been real but abortive. The exclusionary political systems in Africa have created an environment in which various groups contending for power are excluded from the political and economic processes through various repressive measures. and the 2012 crisis is an event that testifies to  this assertion. The involvement of France, regional and international organisations, state and non-state actors in the conflict attest to the fact that the Malian crisis was an event of multiple actors with diverse interests and values at stake. The paper observes that France’s role in the conflict was mainly more humanitarian than interest driven.  However, the year 2015 became a defining moment in the history of Mali as it steered in a new phenomenon of peace accord aimed at renouncing the long lived rivalry between the southern and northern based societies.The aim of this paper is to analyse and provide a comprehensive understanding of the 2012 Malian crisis and come up with the necessary prescriptions aimed at ensuring durable peace that will facilitate social economic growth in the war torn country. To substantiate the central objective of this paper, the paper relied mainly on documentary search. Key Words: Exclusionary political systems, multiple actors, humanitarian and economic interests