bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation the effects of some parameters on the operational efficiency of the main water pipe in Karbala city
Authors: Hussein Hussein Ali , Al Baidhani Jabbar H. , Alshammari Musa Habib
Published: August 2021

This study analyzes the results obtained from field measurements to one of the main water pipe operating with the dead end system in Karbala city (located in the middle of Iraq is located 105 kilometers south of the capital Baghdad) utilizing Water CAD software. Moreover, the study is conduct to evaluate the existing mainline supply water from AL-khairat area where is the location of the pumping station to improve existing water main line efficiency. The field readings at different junctions’ locations is take and which branch out the mainline at seasons in summer, autumn, winter, and different times by using an ultrasonic device. The collected data then simulated in WaterCAD software using an extended period scenario to determine future network defects. Based on the results, The hydraulic analysis demonstrates the extra flow is required to increase pressure and velocity in junctions. The existing pumping, that is a design amount of about 1200 m3/hr is not sufficient to deliver water to the end zones of the line, since the produced quantity of the pumps in the mainline does not exceed 950 m3/hr which was less than the design capacity as shown by field readings, because damaged many parts of which, It needs to increase the design capacity of not less than 2000m3/hr and this conclusion was made based on analysis of the obtained data. In addition, it is necessary to replace the old pumps with new ones in order to provide adequate flow that achieves the pressure and water velocity required.
Effects of operating parameters on the performance of a zinc-air fuel cell
Authors: Shallal Ahmed Habib , Shakir Ibtehal Kareem
Published: August 2021

As a promising energy storage device, the rechargeable Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) has attracted an increasing attention because of their high energy density, cost-effectiveness, non-toxic (in terms of the manufacturing materials of the cell as well as the products of the reactions), the rich abundance of zinc, compact system design, as well as its environmental benignity. Rechargeable Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) are investigated as a possible technology for fast responding large-scale electrical energy. a broad study was performed to examine the influence of different ranges of parameters such as electrolyte flow rate (0-250 mL/min), electrolyte concentration (10- 60% by weight KOH), electrolyte temperature (26-60°C), active or passive air supply (0-8 L/min), and the effects of each parameter on the cell performance was studied and analysed and the best parameters were chosen to maintain the most effective cell operation.
The possibilities of using nano-CuO as coolants for PVT system: An experimental study
Authors: Al-Ghezi Moafaq K S , Abass Khaleel I , Salam Ahmed Q , Jawad Raid S , Kazem Hussein A
Published: August 2021

Photovoltaic/thermal system (PVT) is a modern technology that increase the productivity of a PV panel through nanofluid cooling. In this study, the use of a group of nano-coolants consisting of nano-CuO plus water and surfactant was investigated. The study was conducted using a solar simulator and studied the thermophysical properties of the prepared fluids to demonstrate their effects on the PVT system cooling. Adding nanoparticles to water caused an increase in density and viscosity, but at a limited rate, and it did not have an effect during the experiments. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids showed a clear increase compared to water, and the highest conductivity measured was 100.3% (when adding 2% nano-CuO). The Zeta potential test was used to measure the stability of the prepared nanofluids, and the results showed the high stability of all the prepared nanofluids. The stability of the suspension improved as the proportion of added nanoparticles decreased. The electrical, thermal, and total efficiencies improved with employing nanofluids to cool the PVT system compared to cooling with water alone. The maximum efficiencies obtained when adding 2% nano-CuO to the water were 29.92%, 61.08%, and 91% for electrical, thermal, and total efficiencies respectively..
Cellular Total Lipid Peroxidation, and Glutathione S Transferase Levels in Larvae and Pupae of Aedes Aegypti with Catalysts Preparation of Mg-doped tio2 Nanoparticles.
Authors: AlSalih Moatasem , Samsudin Syakirah , Arshad Siti Suri
Published: August 2021

Aim: synthesis, characterization, and application of modifying nanocomposite TiO2 doped with Magnesium for photodegradation of antioxidant system Larvae and Pupae of Aedes Aegypti Catalysts Preparation of Mg-doped TiO2 to determine activity of oxidative stress (MDA) and glutathione S Transferase, were known as a parameter of defense system resistance and immune maintained. This study was undertaken to assess the potential role of growth of stages of Aedes Aegypti correspondence with oxidant and antioxidant balance triggered by nanoparticle exposure. The amounts of these parameters in cellular samples were investigated using the following materials and procedures, intake 100 larvae and 100 pupae as subjects with (study subjects) and 3-9 days’ age-matched with healthy subjects as controls. at the second of the admission, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and therefore an indicator of the activity of standard free radicals Nanoparticles Photo Catalysts, TiO2 doped with Mg, the standard prepared Nanopowder changes from the forbidden band TiO2 standard doping with atoms of Mg ،Mg) using the sol-gel method, for Mg-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, the estimated band gap energy is 2.92 eV. Tissue MDA was used to estimate thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and liquid glutathione reductase activity was assessed using Goldberg DM’s method. Results: When compared to controls, there was a dramatic rise in MDA content and glutathione s transferase efficiency in larvae and pupae populations exposed to photo catalyst modified nanoparticles. Conclusion: Increased MDA support to oxidative stress in larvae and pupae samples supports enhanced oxygen-free radical generation, as indicated by our findings. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity could be a compensatory mechanism in response to increased oxidative stress. The findings point to glutathione s transferase’s antioxidant activity in response to increasing oxidative stress in the treated group.
Production of Lightweight Concrete by Using Polystyrene (cork) waste
Authors: Hussein Wisam Abdulkadhim
Published: August 2021

There are two important subjects in the local and global areas, the first is the environmental pollution and the second is economic advantages of recycling and reusing of industrial materials. One of the most important industrial materials is cork waste. Because of many good properties of cork, like compressibility and a good ability to mould according to human needs, this material become as an important material in several life categories. This research work includes production of new type of light weight concrete and studies the mechanical and thermal properties. Several proportions of raw materials were used to produce this type of concrete. This study is intended to produce light weight concrete with low thermal conductivity so that it can be used for concrete masonry units. Polystyrene aggregate was added as percentages by weight of cement to improve the thermal properties of this type of concrete. Mechanical, and thermal tests with difference ages were made in this work. For polystyrene concrete with polystyrene cement ratio (p/c) of (2.67 – 6)%, the 28-day compressive strength range is from (4.31 – 2.67)MPa, flexural strength range is from (3.05-1.719) MPa, density range is from (1493-1213) kg/m3, and thermal conductivity range is from (0.91-0.782)% as a percentage by that of reference mix. The study show suitability of this type of concrete to be used in concrete masonry units of non-bearing walls.
Morphological Characterzations of Spinel Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol- Gel Method
Authors: Edrees Shaker J. , Kareem Shaima’a J. , Fadel Al-Khader Mohammed
Published: August 2021

In this paper, pure magnesium alumina (MgAl
2
O
4) and magnesium alumina spinel nanoparticles doped iron (MgAl
2-X

Fe

X

O
4) where (X= 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) were by sol-gel method. The calcination operation was performed at a temperature of 800 ° C at a rate of 5 ° C/min. The resulting materials of MgAl2-XFeXO4 nanoparticles were determined using,, XRD, FT-IR, EDX, SEM methods. XRD results show that MgAl
2
O
4 and Fe
+3:MgAl
2
O
4 nanoparticles have a single-phase at 800 ° C. FTIR analyze confirmed the presence of MgAl
2
O
4 and Fe
+3:MgAl
2
O
4 as well as FTIR analysis shows its composition and structure. Surface morphology examinations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the nanoparticles synthesized in this way are estimated to be angular, uniform and about 50-70 nm in size.
Numerical modeling of free convection in a partially heated triangular enclosure with chamfer
Authors: Alaydamee H H , Alomari M A , Dawood H I
Published: August 2021

Two-dimensional numerical modelling of water natural convection inside a chamfered triangular cavity, that is being partially heated from below has been investigated in this paper. The walls of the cavity are considered isothermally isolated except a source part of heat which is inserted at the bottom wall while the inclined wall is considered as cold wall. A COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 has been used to solve the numerical solutions. This paper considered some variables such as Rayleigh number (Ra = 103 to 106), heating length ratio (HL= 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5) and the ratio of the chamfer’s radius (R= 0.1, 0.2, and 0.25) while all other physical parameters are considered constant such as the length of the cold wall and the adiabatic wall. The results have been validated with previous published work in order to ensure the accuracy of the current coding. The main results observed an increase in streamlines and isotherms with the rise of Rayleigh (Ra) number and the rise of heating length ratio; additionally, the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) value increases with the rise of the Ra number and the length of the heating source. For example, average Nusselt number increased from 2.0443 at Ra=103 to 7.2793 at Ra= 106 for (R=0.25 and HL = 0.5).
the use of blast furnace slag as a supplementary cementitious material
Authors: Alrutha Hanash Hussein Abd , Hassan Maan S. , Hussein Ayat M.
Published: August 2021

Waste material recycling in mortar production not only provides a promising resource for producing high-quality mortar, but it also aids in properly addressing the waste disposal issue. This study investigates the potential of utilizing blast furnace slag wastes as a supplementary cementitious material in blended cement-based mortars.

The experimental program includes investigation of compressive strength of cement-based mortar composites contained different types and percentages of slag wastes. The mortar specimens were prepared and cured following related international standards. After curing, the compressive strengths of the tested specimens were assessed and compared with control specimens. The influence of the chemical composition of the investigated slag types on the resulted strength of the blended cement mortar was also discussed. Results of this study revealed that the chemical compositions of the raw slag wastes have significant effects on the pozzolanic activity of the produced slag. Slag samples contained higher percentages of calcium oxides present the most promising results regarding the production of supplementary cementitious material.
Effect of silver doping on the optical properties of SiC thin films
Authors: Khudher H H , Abd J A
Published: August 2021

In this work, pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) with the Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 6 Hz, 500 mJ) had been used to prepare the pure and Ag-doped silicon carbide (SiC) films on the quartz substrates with various dopant ratios (1% wt, 3% wt, 5% wt, and 7% wt) of Ag. The optical absorbance measurements of SiC films have been studied by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis). The optical parameters that calculated are absorbance, transmittance, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant. The results showed that the absorbance spectrum had been decreased as the doping ratio increasing. The optical energy gap was decreased from (2.62 to 2.02 eV) as the doping ratio increasing.
Variation Resistance of different operation temperature of NO2 and NH3 gases for the Ag-doped SiC gas sensor
Authors: Khudher H H , Abd J A
Published: August 2021

A pure and Ag-doped silicon carbide (SiC) films on the p-type silicon (110) wafers were prepared with various dopant ratios (1, 3, 5 and 7%) using pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) with the Nd: YAG laser (= 1064 nm, 500 mJ, 6 Hz). The samples were deposited under high pressure up to (10−4 mbar) at a substrate temperature of 250 °C. The thin films have been examined for (NO2 and NH3) sensing at different operating temperatures. The maximum sensitivity of pure SiC of NH3 gas about (12%) at 200 oC and (14.42%) for NO2 gas at 100°C while the maximum sensitivity of Ag-doped samples about (24.39%) of NH3 gas at 200°C for (1%wt) and (62.98%) of NO2 gas at 25°C for (3%wt). For the pure sample, we found that the fastest response time was (18.9 s, 22.5 s) for NH3 and NO2 gases at (300 °C,100 °C), respectively, while for impure samples (3% wt) about (12.6 s, 13.5 s) of NH3 and NO2 at 100°C. The results also showed that the lowest recovery time for the pure film was 33.3 s for NH3 gas at 100°C, while for NO2 gas its value was (30.6 s) at 200°C. Also for the SiC: Ag (3% wt, 5%), it was found that the fastest recovery time was about (45 s) for NH3 gas at 25 °C and (41.4 s) for NO2 gas at 100 °C.
Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite and Optimizing Its Properties Using Regression Model
Authors: Al-Dujaili  , Ahmed Mohammed A. , Aswad  , Abbas Mohsin , Oribi  , Ibrahim Mariam
Published: August 2021

This study clarified the importance of hydroxyapatite in the biological and medical field as alternatives for damaged parts of the bones and teeth. The aim of this study is to preparing the hydroxyapatite from a biological source, bovine femur bones, for its efficiency and low cost. The bovine bone has been converted to hydroxyapatite by a heat treatment method at 1000 °C for 3 hrs. The resulting powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and particle size. The regression models used for the optimization mechanical and physical properties, by taking density as an independent variable, porosity, hardness and compressive strength as dependent variables. Through regression analysis, it was found that the value of the correlation coefficient (R) is (0.990), while the value of (F) in the ANOVA test was (15.97). In addition to the T-test, which indicates the presence of statistical differences between the variables.
Development of self-cleaning bricks surfaces by CaCO3modified nano-TiO2 composite coatings
Authors: Awad Samir H , Shaker Fatima
Published: August 2021

Recently, many studies have been carried out on self-cleaning characteristic because it is being regarded as one of the most interesting topics in biomimicry because of its potential applications in energy conversion, and biomedical and environmental protection. In this study, spin coating process has been introduced to coat bricks surfaces with TiO2 nanoparticles based polymer composite coatings modified using CaCO3 particles for self-cleaning and environmental purposes. The matrix solutions were prepared from Polystyrene. Particle size analyzing PSA and x-ray diffraction XRD were employed for characterization of the particles. The coatings were characterized by SEM and AFM techniques, and contact angle measurement CA. Results proved that CA increased with the increasing of PS ratio and additions of nano-TiO2 and CaCO3.The composite coatings have dense topography with roughness increased with increasing of the CaCO3 addition, and porous morphology characterized by clear distribution of the nano TiO2 particles and larger CaCO3 modification particles. Also, it could be concluded that the %20PS/%6TiO2/1gCaCO3 coatings, could give promised effect in modification of bricks surfaces from superhydrophilic substrates to Superhydrophobic with higher contact angle 167.3987°. This results will encourage the future research in surface engineering of bricks surfaces using CaCO3 particles for self-cleaning and environmental applications.
Surface Water Detection Method for Water Resources Management
Authors: Assaf Abdulmalik T. , Sayl Khamis N. , Adham Ammar
Published: August 2021

Small significance earth dams during the dry period for locals at most semi-arid cannot be overestimated. Water stored in the same of these dams is little or no lack of domestic water and drinking water for residents during dry periods. The main limitation is the lack of knowledge of the storage quantities of small dams in the study area and knowing this form of field data regularly is costly and needs a long and arduous time. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) can be used in this study due to their ability to measure and analyze the amount of water stored in some small reservoirs. In this paper, the Water Natural Difference Index (NDWI) is used to detect the surface area as the base to estimate small reservoir storage capacities. The model equation created by this study provided a tool to know the amount of water available per day in the small reservoirs during the dry season and thus was able to obtain clear pictures of the water resources system by the planners. This method may help the planners and water managers will quickly make decisions on how to utilize and manage the available water given the various competing uses.
An Approach for Designing Different Sustainable and Economical Concrete Mixes
Authors: Dawood Eethar Thanon , Mhmood Marwa Saadi , Malallah Mohammad Abdul-Kareem
Published: August 2021

The design of sustainable and economic concrete mixes can be considered as a potential challenge for building’s engineers and experts. Thus, this paper presents the possibility of designing such concrete mixes using low to moderate amounts of cement and using waste glass and steel slag powders. The use of three groups from concrete mixes have been prepared by control mix, 20% cement replacement, 25% cement replacement and 30% cement replacement by such powders. The compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and the dry density of concrete have been studied. Besides, the economic efficiency for the different concrete mixes has also been studied. The results show that the use of combination of glass and steel slag powders of 20% replacement of cement (10% each) exhibited a significant balance between strengths values and economical consideration.
New Fabricated (PAA-PVA/GO) and (PAAm-PVA/GO) Nanocomposites: Functional Groups and Graphene Nanosheets effect on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Al-shammari Athmar K. , Al-Bermany Ehssan
Published: August 2021

Graphene reinforcement brings high attraction from researchers as its sole properties improving the mechanical and structural properties of nanomaterials. The research aims to explore the effect of the functional group of the polymers have the same mainstay of the polymer chain but with a different end functional group in addition to the influence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and Poly (acrylamide) (PAAm) were the model polymer. These polymers mixed with Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) separately after dissolved in distilled water (DW) then reinforced with GO applying the developed acoustic-sonication-casting method. The applying method was successfully fabricated the new nanocomposites from these mixed materials for the first time with a ratio of 4.5:4.5:1 wt. % of PAA: PVA: GO and PAAm: PVA: GO as nanocomposites, respectively. The new nanocomposites exhibited homogeneous combinations with an acceptable dispersal of GO in the polymers matrix as presented in the visual microscopy (OM). Coupled with the strong interplay between polymers in the matrix and the polymer with GO nanoparticles as nanocomposites, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) verified the successful preparation of GO. Ultrasound measurements with a multi-frequency channel (30, 40 and 50 kHz) were used to characterize the ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, compressibility and Bulk modulus, etc. Most of the mechanical properties were significantly improved of both new nanocomposites after the contribution of GO in comparison with blended polymers for both nanocomposites up to 74 %, 100 %, 198 and 177% respectively compared to their blended polymers. Interestingly, the PAA-PVA/GO nanocomposites presented a smoother surface and better mechanical results in comparison with PAAm-PVA/GO that showed rough surface and soften behaviour. The results of these new nanocomposites could aid in the development of promising materials for a variety of applications, such as improving oil recovery or developing medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Speech Recognition using Convolution Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Alsobhani Ayad , ALabboodi Hanaa M A , Mahdi Haider
Published: August 2021

The use of a speech recognition model has become extremely important. Speech control has become an important type; Our project worked on designing a word-tracking model by applying speech recognition features with deep convolutional neuro-learning. Six control words are used (start, stop, forward, backward, right, left). Words from people of different ages. Two equal parts, men and women, contribute to our speech dataset which is used to train and test proposed deep neural networks. Collect data in different places in the street, park, laboratory and market. Words ranged in length from 1 to 1.30 seconds for thirty people. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is applied as advanced deep neural networks to classify each word from our pooled data set as a multi-class classification task. The proposed deep neural network returned 97.06% as word classification accuracy with a completely unknown speech sample. CNN is used to train and test our data. Our work has been distinguished from many other papers that often use ready-made and fairly consistent data of the isolated word type. While our data are collected in different noisy environments under different conditions and from two types of speech, isolated word and continuous word.
Numerical investigation of flexural strength for functionally graded composite and laminated composite materials
Authors: Hamzah Ahmed Fadhil , Al-Kawaz Ammar Emad , Hunain Mustafa Baqir
Published: August 2021

Material properties that can be done to show a smooth and constant change starting with one surface then onto the next, along these lines taking out interface issues and alleviating concentrations of thermal stress. In the present work, a polymeric composite with functionally graded mode and their deflection behavior were studied using analysis through Finite element analysis via ANSYS 16.1 and visual basics 6.0 language depending on Mori Tanka formula and classical laminated theory in order to decide the stiffer material under flexural load. The proposed tests were essentially using the square plates under static uniform stress. The two kinds of composites were involved in a paired of materials with constant volume fraction. The outcomes revealed that stiffness of FGM less than laminate composite.
Influence of polypropylene fibers reinforcement on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete used in airports with partial replacement of cement by cement kiln dust
Authors: Al-Tameemi Ali A , Mahdi A’mina K
Published: August 2021

This study presents the influence of polypropylene fiber (PPF) reinforcement on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete (RCC) in which the cementitious materials (CMs) were partially replaced with cement kiln dust (CKD). Characteristics of RCC with partial replacement of CMs with CKD, reinforced with different PPF contents (0.04, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2.5%) were studied. The results clarified that the inclusion of PPF could affect the mechanical properties and cracking behaviour of RCC. It was shown that reinforcing RCC with 0.04%, and 0.1% PPF enhanced the flexural and compressive strength of RCC beside that the mode of tensile failure of RCC had been changed from brittle to ductile failure with successive cracking pattern. The research results indicated that a substantial increase (more than 57%) in flexural strength of RCC was attained by using 0.1% PPF to reinforce RCC with 5% or 10% of CMs replaced with CKD. These findings is of great important in utilizing RCC reinforced with PPF (PPFRRCC) in airports pavements. However, it was noticed that using more than 0.1% content of PPF affected adversely the mechanical properties of RCC. The present research proved that using specified content of PPF could improve the mechanical properties of PPFRRCC to fulfil the requirement airport aprons concrete pavements beside the beneficial impact on reducing the contamination of the environment.
Performance of solid masonry columns after strengthening
Authors: Adnan M Q , Hatem H H , Alghazali H H , Mahdi W H , Mahdi A H , Mohammed M W , Numan M A
Published: August 2021

Brick masonry is one of the widely used materials for the construction of walls and columns in buildings. In many cases, the built walls and columns fail due to excess lateral loads, environmental degradation, and increased loading requirments due to changes in occupancy. In this paper, an experimental was conducted to understand the performance of building columns made of solid clay bricks strengthening with fiberglass and ferrocement techniques materials. In total, six columns were constructed, two columns were control columns (unconfined), two columns were strengthened and confined with fiberglass mesh and plaster, and the other two columns were strengthened and confined with ferrocement. The experimental results showed that the maximum axial load of unconfined specimens can be increased if they are confined by fiberglass or ferrocement systems. Both systems can be used to repair uncollapsed columns which have been loaded close to failure or exposed to strength deterioration.
Time series analyses for predicting the water quality and river discharge at Al-Kufa river in Iraq
Authors: Hayder Ali M , Alikhan Hussein A , Jihad Ayam J
Published: August 2021

In this study, raw water samples collected from Al-Kufa River station in Al-Kufa city, Iraq were monitored and tested monthly from 2013 to 2017. Chemical and time series analyses were performed on 13 water quality parameters, the river discharge (Q), and water surface elevation (WSE). These water quality parameters were the magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate ([PO4]3-), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, water temperature (Temp), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH). Regression was used to examine the relationships between the concentrations of the assayed water quality parameters and river discharge. The theoretical models best-fitted with the assayed parameters were evaluated by two tests, the Kolmogorov⁃Smirnov (K⁃S) test and the chi-squared (χ2) test. The relation between the concentrations of the assayed parameters and river discharge was moderate (r-value is between 0.5-0.95) for the parameters EC, TDS, Ca, Cl, Na, and WSE while weaker correlation resul for the other parameters (r<0.5). Equations with second order provided a superior characterization for most of the parameters for which trends were detected, and the river discharge was the unique parameter showing an upward trend based on the nonparametric Spearman’s criterion. Together, the time series analyses and trend detection would help to forecast the safety of water at Al-Kufa station for human consumption.
Detention and Release in Rectangular Gabion Weir
Authors: Al-Fawzy Ali Mekki
Published: August 2021

The present paper aims to study the mechanization of detention and release processes when a rectangular gabion weir is used in lined irrigation canals as the preliminary solution to treat the problem of lowering water levels generally during the summer season. At this study a laboratory flume canal with dimensions of 10.0 m long by 0.3 m wide and 0.5 m high was used to carry out the weir experiments. The used hydraulic model constructed with dimensions of 0.3 m width by 0.4 m height, and five different lengths of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 m respectively. Whereas the used gravel samples, as filling material, were of monosized gravel with diameters ranged between 9.5-14.0, 14.0-19.0, 19.0-25.0, 25.0-37.5, and 37.5-50 mm respectively. While the measured discharge values during the experiments were in the range of 0.0007-0.015.0 m3/s, they reached a total of 194 test runs. The results showed that the upstream water depth, as Detention depth, is directly proportional to both of the discharge and the length of the weir, and inversely proportional to the diameter of the used gravel sample, the downstream water depth, as Release depth, is directly proportional with discharge, simultaneously there is no clear effect for both the length weirs length and the used gravel sample on it‘s value. Finally, both values of detention and release depths are directly proportional to each other. A series of empirical formulas were made for designers to manage detention and release processes for this type of weirs.
Evaluation of laboratory submerged membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis system for treating textile wastewater and reuse
Authors: Zahraa S H , Gzar H A , Shaimaa H H
Published: August 2021

This study aims to assess the overall performance of a membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis membrane for the treatment of textile effluent as well as to investigate their ability in meeting the water reuse standards. The laboratory-scale MBR-RO units were fed with textile wastewater, and the MBR effluent performance was evaluated through water quality for the parameters like total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. The results reveal that the MBR system yields good quality permeate water. We obtained 99%, 90.3%, and 82.5% (average) reduction of TSS, COD, and colour, respectively, with this system. Moreover, the MBR technology is highly effective for pre-RO treatment. We also studied the impact of pressure and temperature applied to the RO membrane on the efficiency for eliminating TDS, COD, colour, and the permeate flux. The results demonstrated that the applied pressure positively affected while the feed temperature negatively affects the overall removal efficiency. This study confirms that the feed temperature, besides pressure, have a positive effect on the flux for an RO system.
Using Google Earth Engine development environment for remote sensing image analysis, Al Shuwija marsh case study
Authors: Hasan Sajjad H , Al-Hameedawi Amjed N M , Ismael H S
Published: August 2021

As a result of climate change, including changing the timing of rainfall and the fluctuation of its quantities, in addition to changing the timing of snowmelt, and thus the variation in the amounts of torrents led to a clear change in the areas of flooded and humid lands, especially in the eastern side of Iraq bordering the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study aims to determine the maximum and minimum submerged area of Al Shuwija marsh basin using Landsat imagery (1984-2019) and provides statistical data on their scale to support planning and studies in this extent. Global Surface Water web application was called into Google earth engine (GEE) platform which used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 imageries to distinguish water and other feature through the spectral reflectance characteristics of different features through thermal band. Near-infrared and shortwave-infrared have been used to isolate pixels procured over vast water from those gained over different surfaces. And then create a chart that summarizes the area of surface water in this basin. Then the GEE conversion function used to convert raster to vector as a step before export result as a vector data which ease to use for calculating area of water classes. So briefly, the result is spatial data (polygon features) of water classes for study area in Keyhole Markup Language (kml) or ESRI Shapefile formats can be downloading from user account at google cloud.
Performance improvement of vertical anchor plates in sandy soil by using geogrid reinforcement
Authors: Al Salami Hind N , Aziz Laith J
Published: August 2021

The stabilization of an anchoring system plays a significant role in geotechnical engineering structures. To develop a clear understanding of the vertical plate anchors behavior due to geogrid reinforced soil under various pullout load inclination ranging from (0, 25, 45, 60, and 90) degrees in Cohesionless soil, a series of total (34) tests were carried out. The soil has been investigated by using small-scale model tests. Geogrid with different width and heights placed (vertically or horizontally in front of the vertical anchor plate at different locations were used to reinforce a soil mass in front of square anchor plates. The studied parameters include reinforced soil mass width, soil mass height, the location of geogrid-reinforced soil mass, effect of water content increase, and the inclination angle of pullout load. The test results indicate that Geogrid reinforced mass in front of a vertical anchor plate significantly increases the stiffness of the soil and increases the pullout resistance of shallow anchor plates. According to test outcomes, critical situations also were stated and discussed.
Analytical model for bearing capacity of two closely spaced foundations
Authors: Altaweel A A , Shakir R R
Published: August 2021

In this study, a new analysis has been developed to determine the bearing capacity of soil under interference of two asymmetric strip foundations conditions. The limit equilibrium method is used considering the soil failure theory under a rough based strip foundation. Three equations are developed to determine the values of the efficiency factors resulting from the effect of interference of foundations for the surcharge, cohesion, and weight. The effect of variable factors on the equations, which represent the angle of friction, the distance between the foundations and the width of the foundations has been studied, and the results have shown that when the interference occurs between the foundations, the soil bearing capacity increases with the increase in the angle of friction and decrease the distance between the foundations, while the change in the width of the foundations has just an effect on interference factor related to the soil weight,ζγ. Comparing the results of the present mathematical model with the results of available theoretical analyses and previous experimental studies shows acceptable and reliable agreement.
Evaluation of the performance of bentonite and red mud mixture as a shield in radioactive waste landfills
Authors: Salati A , Share Isfahani H , Rowshanzamir M A
Published: August 2021

In the present era, due to various industrial developments, there is a need to use different applications of nuclear energy. But the leading challenge is the management of nuclear waste, which emits dangerous rays such as gamma rays. This research aim is to create a layer to be used as a protective coating against radiation in low-level waste landfills. In this paper, bentonite is used as a base material and red mud as an additive. Also, to determine the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), a combination of bentonite with 0, 15, 30, and 45% red mud with bentonite was used. To perform a linear attenuation coefficient test, the NaI (Tl) detector and the source of Co
60 were used at two energy levels of 1173 and 1332 keV. The results of laboratory tests show that the addition of red mud has improved the parameter of the linear attenuation coefficient of radiation at both energy levels so that the energy level of 1173 keV and 1332 keV with the addition of 45% red mud has improved by 16 and 12%, respectively.
Empirical correlation between length of nail and system parameters for a vertical soil nailed wall
Authors: Bazaz Jafar Bolouri , Akhtarpour Ali , Ahmadi Ali
Published: August 2021

The stability of excavated slopes in grounds consisting of soil or rock is one of the important topics in geotechnical engineering. The present paper deals with the global stability of a completely vertical wall excavated in non-cohesive ground reinforced by the soil nailing method. The effect of various parameters on the variation of nail length is studied based on the limit equilibrium approach by analysis of 17496 models using the SLOPE/W program. The results indicate that the length of nails increases with the reduction of internal friction angle of soil, surcharge distance from the edge of the wall, tensile strength of the nail material, and number as well as the diameter of rebars used for each nail. However, any increase in groundwater depth, the wall height, surcharge magnitude, soil unit weight, and nails spacing leads to the increased soil nail length. The novelty of current research is the derivation of empirical correlations between the system variables and the optimum length of the nail when the global factor of safety tends to a minimum required value. The relations were verified for four cases properly, which demonstrates the advantages of this study for the design of soil nailed walls.
A new method for estimating pollutant concentration in unsaturated soil using digital image processing technique
Authors: Soleimanian N , Akhtarpour A
Published: August 2021

In recent decades, the vast potential of entry of solid waste and landfill leachate in soil and groundwater has caused pollutant emission, and concentration in-depth become an important issue. In order to clean or prevent soil contamination, the emission and concentration of the pollutant in soil should be specified. In this study, the digital image processing technique as a new method is used to determine the pollutant concentration in soil depth. In this regard, at first, several experimental tests are done. Then, the image processing technique and numerical simulation are utilized to determine the concentration of pollutants. Experimental test results validate the results of the finite element simulation. The results indicate a good agreement between the image processing method and numerical analyses in estimating concentration. Therefore, the image processing technique can be used as a simple, useful, and time-effective method for estimating concentration in unsaturated soil.
3D numerical simulations of tunneling induced soil deformations
Authors: Ramsheh F A , Rashiddel A , Dias D
Published: August 2021

The accurate prediction of the maximum surface subsidence caused by shallow tunneling in soil environments is a valuable criterion for safe design and operation, especially in urban areas. To investigate the surface subsidence due to tunneling, the simultaneous impact of depth and diameter of the tunnel in both saturated and dry conditions have been investigated using a FLAC3D Finite Difference Method. Six models having different diameters (7 m, 8 m, and 9 m), depths (12 m, 16 m, and 20 m), and face pressures (0.34 MPa, 0.36 MPa, and 0.38 MPa) were developed. A step-by-step excavation process of the tunnel advance was considered in the modeling to account for deformations ahead of the face and the shield’s effect. Results showed that depth and diameter induce a significant effect on the ground surface displacement values and crown displacement values. As face pressure increases, the effect of tunnel depth and diameter on surface and crown displacements decreases, and the effect of saturation did not change.
Rehabilitation of eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns using CFRP Products
Authors: Hadi Hadi Ali Hussein , HASGÜR Zeki , Hemzah Sadjad Amir
Published: August 2021

This study covered the impact of CFRP wrap on pre-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) columns. A total of Ten reinforced concrete columns were made of normal strength concrete, and eight of them were strengthened with CFRP, and all these specimens tested under eccentric loading with two ratios of eccentricity (e/h=0.5 and e/h=0.8). The main parameters in this study included strengthening scheme, pre damaged condition, and the ratio of eccentricity. The failure modes, applied load-displacement curves, ductility index, and the stiffness were analysed. The results showed that the ultimate load capacity and ductility of specimens were improved and increased by using CFRP wrap around the specimens. In addition, the best strengthening scheme has been suggested.
Parametric study of reduced web section of beam to column welded connection with castellated beam having hexagonal openings and subjected to cyclic loading
Authors: Al-Laban Haider E , Salman Nassr
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a finite element (FE) analysis is carried out on a beam to column welded connections with multiple hexagonal web openings. The openings are distributed along the length of the beam which is subjected to cyclic loading protocol proposed by the SAC and FEMA 350 (2000). This study focuses on the interaction of the connections from columns to the perforated beam and mobilization of stresses. Two parameters were addressed: the distance from the face of the column (S), and the web opening spacing (So) including closely spaced opening. The study revealed that the design of mostly controlled reduced web section (RWS) connections should be fundamentally based on the distance of the first opening from the face of the column. Three values of the distance (S) are presented (200 mm, 350mm, and 520 mm). A model with an ideal distance (S) of 350 mm has resulted in an ultimate rotation of 0.039649 rad, which is less than other models, in which rotations were 0.049386 rad and 0.050000 rad, respectively.
Flexural Strength of Castellated Beams with Corrugated Webs
Authors: Al-Mawashee Haidar Shaiker , Al-Kannoon Muslim Abdul-Ameer
Published: August 2021

Castellated beams are broadly output from standard rolled sections, especially in (I) or (H) beam sections, and they are considered as a type of steel members with good properties. From another side, the corrugated web in beam especially trapezoidal pattern was utilized to get an improved beam strength against the shear buckling rupture, Besides, there is an advantage of stability for buckling over a plain web beam. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out on four beams with the same length (1.7m) under one point load at mid-span. This work deals with two castellated beams with corrugated webs with and without lateral stiffeners and it had the same step length for corrugation and castellation profile. The significant variable for castellated-corrugated web beams is a total height of beams. The ultimate load capacity of castellated-corrugated web beams compared with the plain and corrugated web beams. The results showed that the load capacity of castellated-corrugated web beams without and with lateral stiffeners less than that found in flat and corrugated web beams with (23.7% and 39.4%) and (13.2% and 31.03%). The mode of failure has noticed combined between web post-buckling and flange buckling.
Experimental testing and comparison between historical and traditional masonry brick
Authors: Khalifa Hayder , Al-Wazni Saad
Published: August 2021

The historical masonry brick buildings are important structural symbols due to their old construction time. It is necessary to investigate the mechanical properties of the masonry brick building to evaluate the structural behaviour during service life. Here, the research focused on finding out the compressive strength of brick unit, mortar and brick prism model. Two types of mortar and brick unit are adopted, historical and traditional, and the comparison between the results is implemented. The historical brick and mortar used experimentally in this study were taken from the Imam Ali holy shrine structure (built 300 year before) during its rehabilitation. The traditional brick is Iranian yellow brick which is used in repairing process of two minarets now. The traditional mortar is the Iraqi gypsum which is available in the local market. The tests of mortar cubes and brick units are conducted according to Iraqi Standards and the British Standards is adopted for brick prism models. The experimental testing is carried out in the lab of faculty of engineering at university of kufa. The strain gauges and LVDT instruments are used with the acquisition system device to record and save data. The results of compressive strength and mass density for historical and traditional brick unit and mortar are exhibited. Also, the results of compressive strength, stress-strain curve, load-displacement curve and modulus of elasticity for historical and traditional brick prism models are displayed and discussed. In addition, the compressive strength of brick prism models using empirical equation are estimated. The comparison between the results of historical and traditional brick units, gypsum mortar types and brick prism models are carried out. The historical brick prism model has mechanical properties weaker than the traditional and there is a difference in the compressive strength of the historical brick prism model between the empirical equation and testing results.
Effect of Rebar Corrosion Level on Behaviour of Reinforced of Corroded Columns
Authors: Lafi Murtadha K. , Al-Quraishi Hussein , Abdullah Khudhayer N.
Published: August 2021

Corrosion of steel reinforcement has been specified as the impairment mechanism of reinforced concrete buildings, which severely affects the safety and integrity of buildings. The corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete is a significant trouble facing civil engineers nowadays, which initiates 80% of the reinforced concrete buildings impairment. This paper detects the outcomes of an experimental investigation on the mechanical performance of five squared steel reinforced columns which have been damaged by corrosion of the steel rebar. Small scale square reinforced concrete columns with a rectangular cross-section of b×h=150mm×150mm and 500 mm in height were adopted. Various degrees of steel reinforcement mass loss (corrosion damage) ranged between 8%, to 15 % were formed in the columns by using an accelerated galvanostatic corrosion method. The uniaxial compression test was carrying out for harmed columns up to failure. Based on the experimental outcomes, the corrosion damage had substantially reduced the performance of columns. The deterioration of the load capacity of corroded columns was 13.4%,24.6%,22.5% and 45.34% at level of corrosion damage of 8% and 15% respectively for longitudinal bars only and for longitudinal and ties reinforcement. The reduction of the axial and lateral deformation of corroded columns ranged between 7.1% to 70.22% and for corrosion level ranged from 8% to 15%, respectively. Likewise, the failure mode for corroded columns had been adversely affected by corrosion.