bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of graphene oxide/yttrium oxide nanocomposites as a cathode material for natural dye‐sensitized solar cell applications
Authors: Shanmugapriya T. , Balavijayalakshmi J.
Published: November 2020

Natural dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are becoming promising candidates for replacing synthetic dyes. Graphene oxide is prepared from natural graphite flakes by modified Hummers method. A novel graphene oxide/yttrium oxide (GO/Y2O3) nanocomposites are prepared by chemical precipitation method. The different concentration of (5:1, 5:2, and 5:3) of yttrium oxide nanoparticles exaggerated on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets. The prepared nanocomposites are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Raman scattering spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed that the crystallite size of the GO/Y2O3 (5:1, 5:2, and 5:3) is found to be around 23, 25.2, and 26.92 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) revealed that the flakes like shaped yttrium oxide nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the surface of GO sheets. The UV–vis studies showed that the prepared Jasminoum grandiflorum L (JG) dye belongs to chlorophyll group with the absorption of 4.2 eV. The electrochemical activity of the prepared nanocomposites is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The power conversion efficiency of prepared sandwich type DSSCs (5:3) is found to be 1.67%.
Pediatric robotic‐assisted laparoscopic ureterocalycostomy: Salient tips and technical modifications for optimal repair
Authors: Adamic B. L. , Lombardo A. , Andolfi C. , Hatcher D. , Gundeti M. S.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Ureterocalycostomy is a necessary option for renal salvage in cases where conventional reconstructions have failed or as a primary option in anatomic situations such as intrarenal pelvis, malrotated, or horseshoe kidney. The primary principle of this procedure is to allow for dependent drainage. Ureterocalycostomy is often difficult due to extensive scar tissue and may be complicated by bleeding in the setting of a normal functioning lower pole cortex, compared to thin renal cortex and poor renal function as seen in end‐spectrum of the obstruction. Identification of a dependent calyx and hemostasis can be difficult when there is a normal cortical thickness. Though the vascular control of hilum is an option, we suggest some simple tips to avoid this step and optimize surgical results. We present our experience and salient technical tips with pediatric robotic‐assisted laparoscopic ureterocalycostomy and provide a step‐by‐step video.

Methods

Four patients underwent robotic‐assisted laparoscopic ureterocalycostomy between the years 2012 and 2016 by a single surgeon. Perioperative outcomes measured included operative time, hospital stay, pain relief, degree of hydronephrosis on postoperative ultrasound at 3 months, and renal scintigraphy as needed. We describe the operative procedure and provide tips on identifying a dependent lower pole calyx with flexible nephroscopy and needle puncture, the use of harmonic scalpel for incision of the lower pole cortex, and anastomosis by pre‐placement of interrupted sutures as the urothelium of the renal calyces is thin and friable.

Results

Patients ranged in age between 11 months and 14 years old. Three of four patients had one prior pyeloplasty, and one patient had two prior pyeloplasties. Mean operative time (incision to closure) was 208 minutes. No Clavien‐Dindo 30‐day complications were encountered and no patients required blood transfusion. Anatomic success was reported in all patients with a mean follow‐up of 4.46 years; however, one patient ultimately required nephrectomy despite patent anastomosis, which would not drain due to a capacious pelvis.

Conclusions

Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic ureterocalycostomy is feasible in re‐operative cases with extensive scaring and in patients with normal lower pole renal cortex. We offer tips to allow for safe and proficient performance of this procedure.
Double‐Stranded DNA‐Templated Copper Nanoclusters for Detection of DNA Polymerase Activity
Authors: Kim Jungeun , Gang Jongback
Published: November 2020

DNA polymerase plays an important role in the proliferation and survival of all forms of life and the variety of biotechnological applications. In this study, DNA‐templated copper nanoclusters were utilized to detect Klenow fragment exo‐ (KF‐) activity and monitor its inhibition in the presence of 5‐fluorouracil by measurement of fluorescence intensities. This study showed that the fluorescence intensities increased continuously for KF‐ concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 U/mL. In addition, inhibition of KF‐ activity was measured at 5‐fluorouracil concentrations ranging from 0 to 150 μM. Using nonlinear regression, the corresponding IC50 was determined to be 6.23 μM in the presence of 5.0 U/mL KF‐.
CEO hometown identity and firm green innovation
Authors: Ren Shenggang , Wang Yue , Hu Yucai , Yan Ji
Published: November 2020

Drawn on the upper echelons theory, this study investigates how chief executive officer (CEO) hometown identity drives firm green innovation. We propose that CEO hometown identity has a positive impact on a firm's green innovation performance. Furthermore, we explore the moderating role of managerial discretion determined by organizational and environmental factors (i.e., institutional ownership and market complexity). We propose that institutional ownership negatively moderates the positive relationship between CEO hometown identity and green innovation, but market complexity plays a positive moderating role. Using Chinese publicly listed firms from 2002 to 2016 in heavily polluting industries, our findings support these hypotheses. Our research contributes to the upper echelons theory and corporate social responsibility literature and has substantial practical implications.
Socio‐emotional wealth and corporate responses to environmental hostility: Are family firms more stakeholder oriented?
Authors: García‐Sánchez Isabel‐María , Martín‐Moreno Julia , Khan Sana Akbar , Hussain Nazim
Published: November 2020

Do family firms care more for different stakeholders than nonfamily firms when operating in a hostile business environment? This study addresses this question and fills the existing void in family business research. It shows that family‐controlled firms adopt corporate social responsibility strategies and balance the demands of internal and external interest groups to preserve their socio‐emotional wealth while facing fierce competition, resource scarcity, and penurious economic conditions. More specifically, our analysis of an international sample of 956 listed firms from 2006 to 2014 reveals that family firms show a higher level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and better stakeholder orientation than nonfamily firms. Our findings are useful for managers, policymakers, and responsible investors.
Methoxy‐Substituted Hydroxychalcone Reduces Biofilm Production, Adhesion and Surface Motility of Acinetobacter baumannii by Inhibiting ompA Gene Expression
Authors: Ušjak Dušan , Dinić Miroslav , Novović Katarina , Ivković Branka , Filipović Nenad , Stevanović Magdalena , Milenković Marina T.
Published: November 2020

An increasing lack of available therapeutic options against Acinetobacter baumannii urged researchers to seek alternative ways to fight this extremely resistant nosocomial pathogen. Targeting its virulence appears to be a promising strategy, as it offers considerably reduced selection of resistant mutants. In this study, we tested antibiofilm potential of four synthetic chalcone derivatives against A. baumannii. Compound that showed the greatest activity was selected for further evaluation of its antivirulence properties. Real‐time PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression of biofilm‐associated virulence factor genes (ompA, bap, abaI) in treated A. baumannii strains. Also, we examined virulence properties related to the expression of these genes, such as fibronectin‐ and collagen‐mediated adhesion, surface motility, and quorum‐sensing activity. The results revealed that the expression of all tested genes is downregulated together with the reduction of adhesion and motility. The conclusion is that 2′‐hydroxy‐2‐methoxychalcone exhibits antivirulence activity against A. baumannii by inhibiting the expression of ompA and bap genes, which is reflected in reduced biofilm formation, adhesion, and surface motility.
Survey of antibiotics residues in DDGS from 14 different states by LCMS
Authors: Olendorff Samantha A. , Chmielewska Karolina , Tucker Kevin R.
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives

Antibiotics are used in the corn‐based ethanol production to control the proliferation of bacteria during fermentation of starch to ethanol. Dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by‐product of corn‐based fermentation that can effectively be used as feed for cattle, swine, chicken, and other livestock. High amounts of antibiotic residues in the feed may lead to antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Findings

Antibiotics were extracted from DDGS samples by liquid‐liquid extraction, purified by solid phase extraction, and quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode to quantify five antibiotics: penicillin G, erythromycin, tylosin, virginiamycin M1, and virginiamycin S1. DDGS was collected and analyzed quarterly over the course of ten months to obtain a representation of DDGS produced in various parts of the United States in different seasons.

Conclusions

Penicillin G was detected in a single sample. Tylosin was detected in 28%, erythromycin in 45%, virginiamycin M1 in 53%, and virginiamycin S1 in 83% of the total samples.

Significance and Novelty

Largest study to date to quantify antibiotics in DDGS (33 ethanol plants in 14 states).
Transition‐Metal Carbides as Hydrogen Evolution Reduction Electrocatalysts: Synthetic Methods and Optimization Strategies
Authors: Zhang Han , Yang Xiaohui , Zhang Huijuan , Ma Jinling , Huang Zhengyong , Li Jian , Wang Yu
Published: November 2020

With the strengths of zero carbon emission and high gravimetric energy density, hydrogen energy is recognized as a primary choice for future energy supply. Electrochemical water splitting provides a promising strategy for effective and sustainable hydrogen production through renewable electricity, and one of the immediate challenges toward its large‐scale application is the availability of low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Given the enormous efforts in the exploration of potential transition‐metal carbide (TMC) electrocatalysts, this review aims to summarize the recent advances in synthetic methods and optimization strategies of TMC electrocatalysts. Additionally, the perspectives for the development of novel efficient TMC‐based catalysts are also proposed.
Synthesis of magnetic core@dual shell Fe3O4@SiO2@WO3 nanocatalysts for olefin double bond oxidative cleavage
Authors: Gandon Arnaud , Nguyen Chinh‐Chien , Kaliaguine Serge , Do Trong‐On
Published: November 2020

Herein, we report a new and efficient method for preparing Fe3O4@SiO2@WO3 core@dual shell nanocatalysts featuring enhanced catalytic activity for the oxidative cleavage of the oleic acid double bond and fast magnetic separation. Various characterization techniques including EDS, XPS, SEM, and advanced elemental HRTEM mapping were used to characterize this type of magnetic core@dual shell nanocatalysts. The obtained core@shell structure is composed of a central magnetite core with a strong response to external fields, an interlayer of SiO2, and an outer layer of WO3 nanocrystals. This core@shell nanocatalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity than reported tungsten based heterogenous catalysts for the oxidative cleavage of the oleic acid double bond. The presence of the SiO2 interlayer prevents any deterioration of the catalytic efficiency of the WO3 nanocrystal shell as well as the chemical and thermal stability of the Fe3O4 core. This nanocatalyst can be easily recycled by applying an external magnetic field while maintaining its catalytic activity during at least three cycles of use.
Discolouration of contaminated water with textile dye through a combined coagulation/flocculation and membrane separation process with different natural coagulants extracted from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds
Authors: Paixão Rebecca M. , Reck Isabela M. , da Silva Luiz H. B. R. , Baptista Aline T. A. , Bergamasco Rosângela , Vieira Marcelo F. , Vieira Angélica M. S.
Published: November 2020

The removal of reactive black 5 (RB5) dye present in aqueous solution was studied by applying individual coagulation/flocculation (CF) and microfiltration (MF) processes as well as the combination of both processes (CF‐MF). In the CF process, three natural coagulants produced from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds (MOS) were used: saline extract (ES) and the purified protein fractions of albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLO). In the MF process, a commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was used. It was noticed that without the combination of both processes, the obtained RB5 removal was only 20.38% for ALB, 52.38% for GLO, and 12.50% for ES. However, when the CF process was combined with a microfiltration process, it was possible to achieve a higher textile dye removal, due to the formation of aggregates in the CF process larger than the pores of the microfiltration membrane. Especially with the ALB coagulant, the combined CF‐MF process achieved a removal greater than 95%. The results demonstrate the potential use of the purified proteins fractions of Moringa oleifera Lam. coagulant in combination with microfiltration process for water treatment.
The effect of torrefaction on the thermo‐kinetics of thermally processed black pine
Authors: Dhaundiyal Alok , Bercesi Gabor , Bacskai Istvan
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the kinetic behaviour of thermal decomposition of pre‐treated pine needles. The model‐free methods of Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS), and Kissinger, are used to determine the kinetic parameters of the processed pine needles. For a comparative analysis, the kinetic characteristic of the pre‐treated pine needles is equated to the thermal decomposition of the raw pine needles. For torrefaction of the raw substrate, some changes related to the design have been made to the furnace. The raw material has been thermally pre‐treated at a temperature of 523 K for 5 minutes. The volumetric rate of nitrogen during the torrefaction process is 42 L · min−1, while the purge flow rate of nitrogen gas is 0.2 L · min−1 for the thermogravimetric analysis. The temperature range for the thermal degradation of the torrefied pine needles is 308 K‐873 K. The activation energies determined by the FWO and the KAS methods are 157.08 kJ · mol−1 and 160.54 kJ · mol−1, respectively, whereas it is 137 kJ · mol−1 by the Kissinger method. The activation energy computed by the FWO and the KAS schemes for the raw material is found to be 1.3% less than that of the processed pine needles. The aromaticity of the thermally processed pine needles is increased by 13.61%. Thermal immunity or stability due to the increasing fraction of lignin causes the activation energy and frequency factor of the pre‐treated pine needles to slightly elevate. The redistribution of the pyrolysis stages has been observed for the torrefied pine needle sample, the temperature scale at a constant heating rate increases slightly by 0.34% during the char formation.
Multi‐manifold NIRS modelling via stacked contractive auto‐encoders
Authors: Zhang Jin , Luan Xiaoli , Liu Fei
Published: November 2020

Considering different operation statuses of industrial processes, a multi‐manifold learning method that incorporates multi‐manifold assumption into near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) modelling is proposed in this paper. Due to the nonlinearity, high dimension and high sensitivity problems of spectral data, the stacked contractive auto‐encoder (SCAE) is introduced to extract the multi‐manifold information from the spectral data. Then, in order to detect and evaluate the current operation status from the extracted manifold information, a heuristic criterion that compares reconstruction errors of the SCAE is proposed to evaluate the positional relation between the data point and sub‐manifold surface. By this means, ordinary least squares models are used to make appropriate predictions based on the low‐dimensional space derived from the SCAE. Finally, the NIRS data of the desalination and dehydration of crude oil are investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness and the practical application of the proposed method.
Effect of suspension conductivity and fines concentration on coarse particle settling in oil sands tailings
Authors: MacIver Michael R. , Hamza Hassan , Pawlik Marek
Published: November 2020

Sedimentation of coarse particles in mature fine oil sands tailings (OST) was studied by varying the fines concentration and aqueous phase conductivity to determine under which conditions the coarser particles will settle and when they will not. An OST sample was desalinated, separated into finer and coarser fractions, then recombined for settling tests. The isolated finer fraction was predominately phyllosilicate clays (>87 wt%) while the coarser fraction was mostly quartz (<77 wt%). From optical backscattering (OBS) height scan measurements, complete sedimentation of the coarse particles was observed at low conductivity values and fines concentrations, but a sufficient increase in suspension conductivity or fines concentration caused a reduction in coarse particle settlement. Samples with lower fines concentration, 0.5 wt% and 2.4 wt%, exhibited coarse settlement over a wider range of conductivity values; whereas samples with higher fines concentration, 5.9 wt% and 8.2 wt%, exhibited decreased sedimentation even at low suspension conductivity values. At similar conductivity values and fines concentrations, increased sedimentation of pure quartz was observed compared to the coarse OST particles. This difference in settling behaviour was partially attributed to the presence of residual organics on the surface of the OST coarse particles. In addition to typical metallurgical assay methods (x‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy), a synchrotron‐source computed tomography scan of the untreated OST sample was obtained to visualize the distribution of the fine, coarse, and fluid phases within the sample.
Quantification of lipid bodies in monocytes from patients with periodontitis
Authors: Naiff Priscilla F. , Kuckelhaus Selma A. S. , Corazza Danilo , Leite Luciana M. , Couto Shirley , deOliveira Mariangela S. , Santiago Luander M. , Silva Larissa F. , Oliveira Laudimar A. , Grisi Daniela C. , Carneiro Valeria M. A. , Guimarães Maria do C. M.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

For the first time in the history of periodontics, the production of lipid bodies by monocytes was assessed from blood of patients with periodontitis in comparison to systemically healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare the lipid body frequency within monocytes between healthy patients and those with periodontal disease.

Materials and Methods

A total of 30 participants (11 males and 19 females), were divided between orally healthy control subjects (C,n= 16) and periodontitis subjects (P,n= 14), in a cross‐sectional study. Both groups were systemically healthy. The following clinical periodontal parameters were assessed: probing depth, clinical attachment level, visible plaque index and gingival bleeding on probing index. Blood samples were collected to obtain monocytes containing lipid bodies, which were analyzed by light microscopy.

Results

The periodontitis group demonstrated a higher corpuscular index than the control group (nonopsonizedp= .0296 or opsonizedp= .0459; Mann–Whitney). The frequency of monocyte cells containing lipid bodies (basalp= .0147, opsonizedp= .0084 or nonopsonized,p= .026; Mann–Whitney) was also higher compared to those observed in healthy individuals.

Conclusions

The data suggest that periodontitis may contribute to a higher production of lipid bodies. It was also hypothesized that a major production of lipid bodies by monocytes in severe periodontitis, compared to orally healthy subjects, could interfere with the innate immune response or represents a higher reservoir of cholesterol esters within macrophages and a major risk to systemic implications, such as atherosclerosis.
Corporate social responsibility and sustainability issues of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Belas Jaroslav , Çera Gentjan , Dvorský Jan , Čepel Martin
Published: November 2020

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) presents a valuable tool of a better management of enterprises for the benefit of the whole society. Small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) have been facing this challenge for a shorter time than large enterprises. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the CSR indicators on the sustainability of SMEs in Central European (CE) countries. Factors of the sustainability of SMEs are innovative ways to win new markets and retain existing customers, the innovation of our products and services, and lower probability of SMEs' bankruptcy. Linear regression analysis was applied to verify causal relationships. The sample size was constructed of 1,585 SMEs on basis of the questionnaire's answers. The results show that the knowledge of the CSR concept and its assertion in business is the most important CSR indicator with a positive impact on each factor of SMEs' sustainability.
Design and control aspect of segmented proportional integral‐repetitive controller parameter optimization of the three‐phase boost power factor correction rectifier
Authors: Ali Muhammad Saqib , Wang Lei , Chen Guozhu
Published: November 2020

This paper presented a modeling and control aspect with an offline‐based parameter optimization algorithm for effectively tuning the controller parameters of the three‐phase boost power factor correction (PFC) rectifier system. While analyzing the shortcomings of the traditional PI control with complex control transfer functions from small‐signal models and investigating the limitations of PI control on harmonic suppression from the internal model principle, a simplified form of control transfer functions based on the small‐signal model has been proposed with segmented control action. Consequently, the methodology has the advantages of both simplified control strategies and segmented PI‐repetitive control so as to achieve the performance of high‐power factor and to reduce total harmonic distortion in a broad range of load conditions. However, the segmented PI‐repetitive control contains many control parameters. Thus, the solution and optimization for tuning the controller parameters based on heuristic offline optimization technique have been used to speed up the design of control system parameters. The validity and feasibility of the proposed design and optimization are verified using a 5‐kW three‐phase PFC rectifier with digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 prototype hardware. The results were then compared with those of traditional controller designs, which show the improvements and effectiveness of rectifier performance after adopting the proposed design and optimization technique.
Geographical pattern of genetic diversity in Capsella bursa‐pastoris (Brassicaceae)—A global perspective
Authors: Wesse Christina , Welk Erik , Hurka Herbert , Neuffer Barbara
Published: November 2020

We analyzed the global genetic variation pattern of Capsella bursa‐pastoris (Brassicaceae) as expressed in allozymic (within‐locus) diversity and isozymic (between‐locus) diversity. Results are based on a global sampling of more than 20,000 C. bursa‐pastoris individuals randomly taken from 1,469 natural provenances in the native and introduced range, covering a broad spectrum of the species’ geographic distribution. We evaluated data for population genetic parameters and F‐statistics, and Mantel tests and AMOVA were performed. Geographical distribution patterns of alleles and multilocus genotypes are shown in maps and tables. Genetic diversity of introduced populations is only moderately reduced in comparison with native populations. Global population structure was analyzed with structure, and the obtained cluster affiliation was tested independently with classification approaches and macroclimatic data using species distribution modeling. Analyses revealed two main clusters: one distributed predominantly in warm arid to semiarid climate regions and the other predominantly in more temperate humid to semihumid climate regions. We observed admixture between the two lineages predominantly in regions with intermediate humidity in both the native and non‐native ranges. The genetically derived clusters are strongly supported in macroclimatic data space. The worldwide distribution patterns of genetic variation in the range of C. bursa‐pastoris can be explained by intensive intra‐ and intercontinental migration, but environmental filtering due to climate preadaption seems also involved. Multiple independent introductions of genotypes from different source regions are obvious. “Endemic” genotypes might be the outcome of admixture or of de novo mutation. We conclude that today's successfully established Capsella genotypes were preadapted and found matching niche conditions in the colonized range parts.
A resurrection study reveals limited evolution of phenology in response to recent climate change across the geographic range of the scarlet monkeyflower
Authors: Vtipil Emma E. , Sheth Seema Nayan
Published: November 2020

Premise of the study

As global climate change alters drought regimes, rapid evolution of traits that facilitate adaptation to drought can rescue populations in decline. The evolution of phenological advancement can allow plant populations to escape drought, but evolutionary responses in phenology can vary across a species' range due to differences in drought intensity and standing genetic variation.

Methods

Mimulus cardinalis, a perennial herb spanning a broad climatic gradient, recently experienced a period of record drought. Here, we used a resurrection study comparing flowering time and stem height at first flower of pre‐drought ancestors and post‐drought descendants from northern‐edge, central, and southern‐edge populations in a common environment to examine the evolution of drought escape across the latitudinal range.

Key results

Contrary to the hypothesis of the evolution of advanced phenology in response to recent drought, flowering time did not advance between ancestors and descendants in any population, though storage condition and maternal effects could have impacted these results. Stem height was positively correlated with flowering time, such that plants that flowered earlier were shorter at first flower. This correlation could constrain the evolution of earlier flowering time if selection favors flowering early at a large size.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that rapid evolution of phenology will not rescue these populations from recent climate change. Future work is needed to examine the potential for the evolution of alternative drought strategies and phenotypic plasticity to buffer M. cardinalis populations from changing climate.
The role of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in neuroinflammation
Authors: Haase Stefanie , Wilck Nicola , Haghikia Aiden , Gold Ralf , Mueller Dominik N. , Linker Ralf A.
Published: November 2020

Recent literature indicates a potential importance of the gut microbiota for immune‐mediated diseases. For instance, decreased diversity of commensals or an outgrowth of some bacterial strains, referred to as gut dysbiosis, was recently linked to hypertension, colitis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as pivotal animal model of MS revealed a potential importance of microbial metabolites, including short‐chain fatty acids or tryptophan metabolites. Both metabolites may influence the disease by modulation of the immune system, mainly by inducing Treg. These studies prompted researchers to investigate the contribution of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of MS. This review summarizes recent findings on the gut microbiota in MS patients and discusses the potential mechanisms how microbial metabolites may affect neuroinflammation. Many of these studies have been performed in the EAE model and were later reversely translated to humans. We also give a short summary on dietary high‐salt effects on microbiota components and discuss the potential relevance of high‐salt as a risk factor in MS.
Functional and metabolic dichotomy of murine γδ T cell subsets in cancer immunity
Authors: Lopes Noëlla , Silva‐Santos Bruno
Published: November 2020

γδ T cells can display a plethora of immune functions, but recent studies have highlighted their importance, in multiple disease models, as sources of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐17A (IL‐17), and IFN‐γ. These are produced by distinct murine effector γδ T cell subsets that diverge during thymic γδ T cell development. Among the multiple roles these subsets play in peripheral tissues, a striking dichotomy has emerged at tumor sites: whereas IFN‐γ+ γδ T cells inhibit tumor cell growth, IL‐17+ γδ T cells promote tumor progression and metastasis formation. In this review, we discuss the main lines of evidence, mostly from preclinical studies in mouse models, for this functional dichotomy in cancer immunity. We further highlight very recent advances in our understanding how metabolic sources and pathways can impact on the balance between IFN‐γ+ and IL‐17+ γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, which opens a new exciting avenue to explore toward the application of γδ T cells in cancer immunotherapy.
‘We have a choice’: Identity construction and the rhetorical enactment of resistance in the ‘two peers rebel’ condition of Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment
Authors: Gibson Stephen
Published: November 2020

Recent re‐evaluations of Milgram's obedience experiments have drawn attention to the role of social identity and group processes. Milgram himself was concerned to explore processes of group influence by varying the collective dynamics of his experimental scenario in several conditions. The present study seeks to explore archived audio recordings from one of Milgram's group experiments—the ‘two peers rebel’ condition—from a perspective informed by discursive and rhetorical psychology. The findings show that collectivity was an active concern for speakers in the sessions, with contestation over the relevant group boundaries, and the appropriate course of group action. It is suggested that explanations of behaviour in Milgram's experiments that emphasise intergroup dynamics would benefit from attention to the ebbing and flowing of solidarity in the experimental sessions.
A Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Based on Nafion/Graphene Oxide/Zeolite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Fekry Amany M. , Abdel‐Gawad Soha A. , Azab Shereen M. , Walcarius Alain
Published: November 2020

A carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with Nafion, Graphene oxide and zeolite has been prepared and characterized, and the resulting Nafion/Graphene oxide/Zeolite modified carbon paste electrode (N/G/Z/MCPE) has been applied to the electrochemical detection of Moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MOXI). It exhibited a good electrocatalytic activity in phosphate buffer (optimum at pH 7.4), as pointed out by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and N/G/Z/MCPE can be exploited for MOXI detection by chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. This latter was the most sensitive one and gave rise to a linear calibration curve in the 0.04 to 250 μM concentration range, with limits of detection and qualification estimated at 1.0 nM and 3.3 nM, respectively. Contrary to previous electrochemical sensors for MOXI (e. g., CPE modified with metal nanoparticles), this new sensor can be used for multiple successive analyses without needing to refresh its surface.
Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Lotus Stem‐derived Porous Carbon for the Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone, Catechol and Nitrite
Authors: Lu Zhenyong , Wang Yue , Hasebe Yasushi , Zhang Zhiqiang
Published: November 2020

A simple and highly selective electrochemical sensor based on carbonized lotus stem (CLS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and nitrite (NT) by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry (AMP) methods. The CLS was characterized by the methods including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), Raman spectrum, FT‐IR spectrum and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) method was used to evaluate the pore structure and surface area of CLS. The oxidation peaks for HQ (116.2 mV), CC (220.1 mV), and NT (818.9 mV) were well separated under optimized conditions, which improved their simultaneous determination. The CLS modified electrode showed a good linear range between 1.0×10 −6 to 7.0×10 −4 M for HQ, and the detection limit was calculated as 0.15 μM. For CC the linear relationship was 1.0×10 −6 to 3.0×10 −3 M with the detection limit of 0.11 μM. For NT the linear relationship was 5.0×10 −7 to 4.0×10 −3 M with the detection limit of 0.09 μM. The results indicated that the intrinsic structure of natural biomass can be expected to design porous carbon for electrochemical sensors.
A survey of electrokinetically‐driven microfluidics for cancer cells manipulation
Authors: Romero‐Soto Fabian O. , Polanco‐Oliva Maria I. , Gallo‐Villanueva Roberto C. , Martinez‐Chapa Sergio O. , Perez‐Gonzalez Victor H.
Published: November 2020

Cancer is one of the leading causes of annual deaths worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths each year. Metastasis, the process by which cancer spreads across the patient's body, is the main cause of death in cancer patients. Because the rising trend observed in statistics of new cancer cases and cancer‐related deaths does not allow for an optimistic viewpoint on the future—in relation to this terrible disease—the scientific community has sought methods to enable early detection of cancer and prevent the apparition of metastatic tumors. One such method is known as liquid biopsy, wherein a sample is taken from a bodily fluid and analyzed for the presence of CTCs or other cancer biomarkers (e.g., growth factors). With this objective, interest is growing by year in electrokinetically‐driven microfluidics applied for the concentration, capture, filtration, transportation, and characterization of CTCs. Electrokinetic techniques—electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, electrorotation, and electrothermal and EOF—have great potential for miniaturization and integration with electronic instrumentation for the development of point‐of‐care devices, which can become a tool for early cancer diagnostics and for the design of personalized therapeutics. In this contribution, we review the state of the art of electrokinetically‐driven microfluidics for cancer cells manipulation.
Photocatalytic water splitting with noble‐metal free cocatalysts for a comprehensive study of two nonidentical photoreactors designs
Authors: Vicentini Jean César Marinozi , Manieri Rafael , Subtil Gimerson Weigert , de Oliveira Tavares Fernanda , de Oliveira Daiane Marques , Yassue‐Cordeiro Patrícia Hissae , Enzweiler Heveline , Gimenes Marcelino Luiz , Alves Maria do Carmo Martins , Morais Jonder , Scaliante Mara Heloisa Neves Olsen , de Souza Marcos
Published: November 2020

Here, the authors (i) discuss the most prominent co‐catalyst for H2 generation structured in the form of Me‐TiO2/MCM‐41 (Me: Ag, Co, Cu, Ni) based on structural, electronic, textural, morphological and optical characterization techniques, such as XRD, wide and small angle, XPS, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, B.E.T., textural analysis, photoacoustic spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy; and (ii) evaluate the difference in hydrogen production in two distinct geometric reactors based on a theoretical study of light distribution inside the reactors supported by the experimental quantum yield calculation. As a result, copper‐doped photocatalyst generated higher hydrogen amount compared to the others. The high photocatalyst performance was due to the greater lamp spectrum absorption, marked by the low bandgap value, and high photoactivity justified by the low rate of electronic recombination. The hydrogen generation in the quartz reactor was seven times higher than the annular one, and when at maximum light power, it is comparable to the most sophisticated reaction systems found in literature. The larger light exposure area per unit volume of the quartz reactor compared to the annular one is the reason why it obtained better results due to the lower emitted photon blockade, with a 1.81% apparent quantum yield.
Synthesis of iron molybdate from molybdenum spent catalyst and evaluation of its electrochemical properties
Authors: Barik Rasmita , Mukherjee Priyanka , Sahu Kishor Kumar , Sanjay Kali , Ghosh Malay Kumar , Mohapatra Mamata
Published: November 2020

The current manuscript deals with synthesis of iron molybdate nano‐material from molybdenum spent catalyst via roasting, leaching, and hydrothermal precipitation. Experimental parameters like ratio of spent catalyst to sodium carbonate during roasting, time duration of leaching, and concentration of ammonia to obtain molybdenum into leach solution were optimized. A maximum 93% Mo was extracted from roasted catalyst in 5 M ammonia at 80°C for 5 h leaching condition. Then from the leach liquor, iron molybdate Fe2(MoO4)3 was synthesized by hydrothermal method in different iron precursors such as ferrous ammonium sulphate, ferric nitrate, and ferric sulphate. Then, different synthesis parameters were optimized for the synthesis of Fe2(MoO4)3. Based on the optimal conditions, a tentative flow‐sheet has been proposed and factors influencing the morphology of the product have been discussed. This Fe2(MoO4)3 showed capacitive behavior confirmed through cyclic voltammetry study and a maximum specific capacitance of 33 F g−1 was estimated.
Dual coating strategy of CoS2@Co@C toward fast insertion/extraction anode material for sodium‐ion batteries
Authors: Abubshait Haya A. , Alshahrani Thamraa , Alhashim Hala H. , Flemban Tahani H. , Ali Ghulam , Mahmood Qasim , Laref Amel , Kattan Nessrin A
Published: November 2020

Rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries are facing the challenge of highly electrochemical active anode for their realization. In this study, we report a dual coating strategy of CoS2 with metallic Co particles and carbon to boost the charge transfer and stability. The phase of CoS2 and the existence of Co metallic particles were confirmed using x‐ray diffraction (XRD). x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results corroborate the presence of carbon and CoS bonding. The prepared CoS2@Co@C anode reveals high performance where it shows a capacity of 712 mA h g−1 at 0.05 C rate. The CoS2@Co@C electrode exhibits exceptional high rate capability where it exhibits a capacity of 260 mA h g−1 at elevated rate of 10.0 C. The cyclability of CoS2@Co@C anode is tested at 0.05 C and 0.5 C rates where the electrode shows 78% and 45% capacity retention of stabilized capacity. The reaction mechanism of the CoS2@Co@C electrode is determined using x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and the results show reversibility of the material.
A software‐defined networks‐based measurement method of network traffic for 6G technologies
Authors: Huo Liuwei , Jiang Dingde , Lv Zhihan
Published: November 2020

In software‐defined networks (SDN) for 6G technologies, the controller should accurately and efficiently measure the flow traffic in switches for traffic engineering. Fine‐grained flow measurement can more accurately describe the traffic in the network, but it also consumes much more resources. To reduce the overhead incurred in the measurement process and obtain the approximate fine‐grained measurements, we propose a novel lightweight measurement scheme that runs in the controller. The novel lightweight measurement architecture consists of two parts: coarse‐grained measurement and interpolation‐optimization. In the first part, based on the SDN architecture, we use the pull‐based random sampling method to quickly obtain the coarse‐grained measurement of flow traffic through OpenFlow protocol. In the second part, we insert some discrete values into the coarse‐grained measurement with the interpolation theory, then we optimize interpolation results until finding the optimal fine‐grained flow traffic measurement by utilizing the multiconstraint method. We verified the feasibility of the proposed measurement method, and simulation results show that the measurement error of the proposed method is under 25%, but the flow measurement overhead of this method occupies only 3.3% compared with that of the fine‐grained method.
Forecasting US stock market volatility: How to use international volatility information
Authors: Zhang Yaojie , Wang Yudong , Ma Feng
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to accurately forecast US stock market volatility by using international market volatility information flows. The results show the significant ability of the combined international volatility information to predict US stock volatility. The predictability is found to be both statistically and economically significant. Furthermore, in this framework, we compare the performance of a large set of approaches dealing with multivariate information. Dynamic model averaging (DMA) and dynamic model selection (DMS) perform better than a wide variety of competing strategies, including the heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) benchmark, kitchen sink model, popular forecast combinations, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), and the ridge, lasso, and elastic net shrinkage methods. A wide range of extensions and robustness checks reduce the concern regarding data mining. DMA and DMS are also able to significantly forecast international stock market volatilities.
Synergistic anticancer activity of sorafenib, paclitaxel, and radiation therapy on anaplastic thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kim Soo Young , Kim Seok‐Mo , Chang Hojin , Chang Hang‐Seok , Park Cheong Soo , Lee Yong Sang
Published: November 2020

Background

This study aimed to investigate the antitumor activity of paclitaxel with radiation and sorafenib in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The 8505C ATC cell line was exposed to radiation, sorafenib, and paclitaxel each or in combination. The effects of combined treatment on the cell cycle and intracellular signaling pathways were assessed using flow cytometry and western blot analysis. An ATC cell line xenograft model was used to examine antitumor activity in vivo.

Results

Radiation, paclitaxel plus sorafenib synergistically decreased cell viability in ATC cells and significantly increased apoptotic cell death. The combination of paclitaxel, sorafenib with radiation reduced the antiapoptotic factor in ATC. This combination therapy significantly reduced the tumor volume and increased survival in the ATC xenograft model.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the combination of radiation and paclitaxel plus sorafenib has significant anticancer activity in preclinical models.
Preferences and perspectives on vaginal breech delivery in Ghana
Authors: Lawrence Emma R. , Appiah‐Kubi Adu , Konney Thomas O. , Bell Sarah G. , Tawiah Augustine , Compton Sarah D.
Published: November 2020

Objective

To evaluate obstetrician/gynecologist and midwife perspectives and experiences with vaginal breech deliveries in Ghana.

Methods

Respondents completed a survey on their experiences, training, comfort levels, and decision making about vaginal breech deliveries. Comparisons were made across obstetricians/gynecologists and midwives. Multiple logistic regression explored predictors of comfort performing vaginal breech deliveries.

Results

Respondents comprised 93 (36.5%) obstetricians/gynecologists and 162 (63.5%) midwives. Most believed that some breech fetuses should be delivered vaginally, with higher agreement from obstetricians/gynecologists than from midwives (n = 86, 97.7% versus n = 207, 80.8%, P = 0.001). Midwives were more likely to strongly agree that training was adequate for obstetricians/gynecologists (n = 65, 55.6% versus n = 8, 9.8%, P < 0.001) and midwives (n = 60, 49.6% versus n = 6, 7.4%, P < 0.001). Most (n = 192, 94%) respondents wanted more experience and/or training. Despite most providers performing only one ot five breech vaginal deliveries yearly, 77.4% (n = 199) were comfortable performing them and 79.5% (n = 202) were comfortable supervising them. Significant predictors of comfort performing vaginal breech delivery were perceived adequacy of training (odds ratio 8.74, 95% CI 3.39–22.52) and belief that vaginal breech deliveries should be performed (odds ratio 4.28, 95% CI 1.33–13.72).

Conclusion

Respondents were more likely to feel comfortable performing breech vaginal deliveries if they felt that their training was adequate. Vaginal breech deliveries can only be offered as safe alternatives to cesarean delivery if training and experience are maintained in low‐resource settings.
Mapping the cervical cancer screening cascade among women living with HIV in Johannesburg, South Africaa
Authors: Rohner Eliane , Mulongo Masangu , Pasipamire Tafadzwa , Oberlin Austin M. , Goeieman Bridgette , Williams Sophie , Lubeya Mwansa K. , Rahangdale Lisa , Chibwesha Carla J.
Published: November 2020

Objective

To map the cervical cancer screening cascade among women living with HIV attending a public‐sector cytology screening program in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of routinely collected clinical data captured in an electronic medical record system. Women (≥18 years) living with HIV with an abnormal Pap result between January 2013 and May 2018 were included. The proportion of women who received follow‐up consistent with extant clinical guidelines, stratified by their initial Pap smear result, was examined.

Results

The study included 2072 women: 1384 (66.8%) with a low‐risk Pap result, 681 (32.9%) with a high‐risk Pap result, and 7 (0.3%) with suspected cancer. Only 174 (25.6%) women with a high‐risk Pap result underwent guideline‐indicated management within 18 months. Among women with a low‐risk Pap result, 375 (27.1%) received follow‐up within 1 year; the cumulative incidence of follow‐up increased to 63.1% at 3 years. All women with suspected cancer either received a colposcopic biopsy or were referred for further treatment.

Conclusion

Attrition among South African women living with HIV who attended cervical screening in an urban public‐sector program was high. Developing tailored interventions to address bottlenecks in the care cascade and improve cervical screening outcomes will be central to eliminating cervical cancer.
Wave optical simulation of retinal images in laser safety evaluations
Authors: Kotzur Sebastian , Wahl Siegfried , Frederiksen Annette
Published: November 2020

Lasers with wavelengths in the visible and near infrared region, pose a potential hazard to vision as the radiation can be focused on the retina. The laser safety standard IEC 60825–1:2014 provides limits and evaluation methods to perform a classification for such systems. An important parameter is the retinal spot size which is described by the angular subtense of the apparent source. In laser safety evaluations, the radiation is often described as a Gaussian beam and the image on the retina is calculated using the wave optical propagation through a thin lens. For coherent radiation, this method can be insufficient as the diffraction effects of the pupil aperture influence the retinal image. In this publication, we analyze these effects and propose a general analytical calculation method for the angular subtense. The proposed formula is validated for collimated and divergent Gaussian beams.