bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Conquest of Britain, 43–87
Authors: Campbell Brian
Published: October 2016

Needing a victory to establish his military credentials, the new emperor, Claudius, decided to annex Britain. Command of the invasion was delegated to Aulus Plautius, who crossed the channel with four legions. The Romans advanced on the river Medway, defeating the British in a decisive two‐day engagement and subsequently killing their leader, Togodumnus. The Romans then paused at the Thames and awaited the arrival of the emperor, who stayed just long enough to claim personal credit for the final victory. After capturing Colchester, legions fanned out across southern and eastern England. In 47 the conquest of Wales was launched, but progress was checked in 61 by the revolt of Boudicca. With Roman forces in disarray, London and St. Albans were sacked, but Boudicca was eventually defeated in pitched battle. The push northward was resumed under the Flavians. In 77 Anglesey was annexed by the governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who then moved northward. In 81 the Romans penetrated to northern Scotland, defeating the Caledonians at Mons Graupius. In 84, however, Agricola was recalled before consolidation was completed, and the Romans subsequently withdrew south of the Forth–Clyde line.
Justinian and Africa, 533–548
Authors: Sarantis Alexander
Published: October 2016

In 533 Justinian dispatched a substantial armada to recover North Africa from the Vandals. Soon after landing, the commander, Belisarius, marched on Carthage, which he occupied after defeating the Vandal king Gelimer in a confused encounter outside the walls. Gelimer's attempt to regain his capital was halted by a second defeat, after which he sought refuge in the interior until he was persuaded to surrender. Thereafter the Romans had protracted problems with Berber incursions and mutinies in the Roman forces until energetic campaigning in 548 brought stability.
Controlled Modulation of Surface Coating and Surface Charging on Quantum Dots with Negatively Charged Gelatin for Substantial Enhancement and Reversible Switching in Photoluminescence
Authors: Liu Shuhua , Liu Xiangyang , Han Ming‐Yong
Published: October 2016

Here, the roles of coating and charging on the surface of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are systematically investigated in tuning their emission via a simple change of pH in solution. A very thick layer of ZnS with a wide bandgap is chemically grown first to passivate the CdSe for retaining their high emission intensity, which is further encapsulated with a layer of degraded gelatin to achieve the phase transfer of QDs from hexane into aqueous solution. Interestingly, the degraded gelatin‐capped CdSe/ZnS QDs (i.e., gelatinated QDs) greatly enhance their emission by adjusting pH from acidic to basic but greatly quench their emission by adjusting pH from basic to acidic. This highly reversible switching in photoluminescence is demonstrated for five cycles without obvious deterioration. With the increase of pH, there is a great decrease in radiative relaxation lifetime but a great increase in nonradiative relaxation lifetime as measured by time‐resolved photoluminescence decays of the gelatinated QDs. As a result, the nonradiative lifetime becomes much longer than the radiative lifetime with the increase of pH so that the radiative emission occurs earlier before the nonradiative pathways take effect, resulting in greatly increased photoluminescence. Importantly, the successful demonstrations for the phase transfer of hydrophobic QDs into aqueous solution together with the reversible switching in photoluminescence arise from the reprocessing of acidic‐degraded gelatin in weak alkaline solution, resulting in a great reduction in isoelectric point of the sequential acidic‐alkaline degraded gelatin in free versus surface‐bound forms from 7 to 4. With the exposure of more negatively charged carboxylic groups externally, the negative surface charging is greatly increased with the increase of pH while it is greatly decreased with the decrease of pH, leading to reversible switching in photoluminescence.
All‐Textile Triboelectric Generator Compatible with Traditional Textile Process
Authors: Zhang Lushuai , Yu Yanhao , Eyer Gregory P. , Suo Guoquan , Kozik Liz Anna , Fairbanks Marianne , Wang Xudong , Andrew Trisha L.
Published: October 2016

All‐textile triboelectric generators (TEGs) allow for seamless integration of TEGs into garments, while maintaining the intrinsic flexibility, breathability, durability, and aesthetic value of normal textiles. However, practical approaches to construct fabric TEGs using traditional textile processes, such as sewing, weaving, and knitting, are underreported. In this work, two approaches to create an all‐textile TEG using straight‐forward textile manufacturing methods are presented. The first approach is to assemble two different cloths of opposite surface charge characteristics in a face‐to‐face configuration. A cotton fabric functionalized with fluoroalkylated polymeric siloxanes is necessary to generate usable triboelectric power output, when coupled with a pristine nylon cloth. The increased surface charge density by introducing fluoroalkyl groups is confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements. The second approach is to weave or knit together two different conductive threads of opposite surface charge characteristics to create a monolithic triboelectric textile. The weave or knit pattern used to assemble this textile directly controls the density of contact points between the two types of threads, which, ultimately, determines the areal triboelectric power output of the textile. Overall, two feasible methods for constructing unprecedented textile‐based triboelectric generators with notable power output are presented.
High‐Q Plasmonic Fano Resonance for Multiband Surface‐Enhanced Infrared Absorption of Molecular Vibrational Sensing
Authors: Dayal Govind , Chin Xin Yu , Soci Cesare , Singh Ranjan
Published: October 2016

Realizing strong plasmon–vibration interactions between infrared‐active vibrational bands and resonating plasmonic metasurfaces opens up the possibilities for ultrasensitive label‐free detection of chemical and biological agents. The key prerequisites for exploiting strong plasmon–vibration interactions in practical spectroscopy are structures, which provide giant field enhancement that highly depends on the line‐width and line‐shape of the plasmonic resonances supported by these structures. Here, multiband surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is demonstrated. The line‐width and line‐shape of the proposed plasmonic metasurface can be readily tuned to match the multiple vibrational modes of the PMMA to sense the prohibitively weak fingerprints. The tightly coupled system exhibits mode splitting in the optical spectrum resulting in new hybrid plasmon–phonon modes of PMMA. Such a strong interaction of high‐Q Fano resonances to multiple phonon modes in ultrathin film analytes over a broadband spectral range could be step forward towards ultrasensitive sensing of biological and chemical molecules.
Apparent Carbon Monoxide Insertion via Double Isocyanide Incorporation during Palladium‐Catalyzed Construction of Indoloquinoline Ring in a Single Pot: Synthesis of New Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Nallapati Suresh Babu , Prasad Bagineni , Sreenivas B. Yogi , Sunke Rajnikanth , Poornachandra Y. , Kumar C. Ganesh , Sridhar B. , Shivashankar S. , Mukkanti K. , Pal Manojit
Published: October 2016

The formation of an amide bond via incorporation of two isocyanide units during a palladium‐catalyzed construction of the indoloquinoline ring afforded N‐substituted 6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoline‐11‐carboxamides as new cytotoxic agents. The solvent and base play a key role in the selective and unprecedented synthesis of this class of amides.

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Cross‐linked Chitosan/Corn Cob Biocomposite Films with Salicylaldehyde on Tensile, Thermal, and Biodegradable Properties: A Comparative Study
Authors: Chan Ming Yeng , Koay Seong Chun , Husseinsyah Salmah , Sam Sung Ting
Published: October 2016

The focus of this research paper was to study the properties of uncrosslinked and cross‐linked chitosan (CS)/corn cob (CC) biocomposite films with salicylaldehyde (SAL). The uncrosslinked and cross‐linked CS/CC biocomposite films with SAL were prepared through solvent casting method. The SAL is used as cross‐linking agent in biocmposite films. The effect of CC content and SAL on the tensile, thermal, biodegradation properties, and morphological study of CS/CC biocomposite films are investigated. The tensile strength and elongation at break of CS/CC cob biocomposite films decreases, but modulus of elasticity increases with increasing CC content. However, the addition of SAL showed 59.47% and 25.18% of improvement in average tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of cross‐linked CS/CC biocomposite films, respectively, as compared to uncrosslinked biocomposite films. The cross‐linked biocomposite films exhibited higher thermal stability than uncrosslinked biocomposite films. Moreover, the cross‐linked biocomposite films with SAL cross‐linking agent showed lower weight loss in enzyme and soil biodegradation as compared to uncrosslinked biocomposite films. As a comparison, the cross‐linked biocomposite films with SAL showed the highest properties compared to others cross‐linking agent such as glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin as reported in our previous study.
An Iodine Quantum Dots Based Rechargeable Sodium–Iodine Battery
Authors: Gong Decai , Wang Bin , Zhu Jingyi , Podila Ramakrishna , Rao Apparao M. , Yu Xinzhi , Xu Zhi , Lu Bingan
Published: October 2016

Rechargeable sodium–iodine batteries represent a promising scalable electrochemical energy storage alternative as sodium and iodine are both low cost and widely abundant elements. Here, the authors demonstrate a rechargeable sodium–iodine battery that employs free‐standing iodine quantum dots (IQDs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (IQDs@RGO) as the cathode. Consistent with the density functional theory the authors find the Na+ ions to intercalate into the I unit cell forming stable NaI, and the battery exhibits high capacity, outstanding cycle stability (with a reversible specific capacity of 141 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at current density of 100 mA g−1), and high rate performance (170, 146, 127, 112, and 95 mA h g−1 at current densities of 100, 200, 400, 600, and 1000 mA g−1, respectively). The reversible reactions, I2/I3
− and I3
−/I− redox couples on insertion of Na+ ions, are confirmed via in situ Raman spectroscopy. Notably, even after 500 cycles the morphology and structure of the IQDs exhibit no noticeable change implying their use as a stable cathode material for sodium–iodine batteries. Moreover, the IQDs based flexible full‐cells also exhibit high capacity and long cycle life (the capacity with 123 mA h g−1 at current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles).
Droplet breakage and coalescence in liquid–liquid dispersions: Comparison of different kernels with EQMOM and QMOM
Authors: Li Dongyue , Gao Zhengming , Buffo Antonio , Podgorska Wioletta , Marchisio Daniele L.
Published: October 2016

Droplet coalescence and breakage in turbulent liquid–liquid dispersions is simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance modeling. The multifractal (MF) formalism that takes into account internal intermittency was here used for the first time to describe breakage and coalescence in a surfactant‐free dispersion. The log‐normal Extended Quadrature Method of Moments (EQMOM) was for the first time coupled with a CFD multiphase solver. To assess the accuracy of the model, predictions are compared with experiments and other models (i.e., Coulalogou and Tavlarides kernels and Quadrature Method of Moments [QMOM]). EQMOM and QMOM resulted in similar predictions, but EQMOM provides a continuous reconstruction of the droplet‐size distribution. Transient predictions obtained with the MF kernels result in a better agreement with the experiments. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2293–2311, 2017
Work‐related illness and injury claims among nationally certified athletic trainers reported to Washington and California from 2001 to 2011
Authors: Kucera Kristen L. , Roos Karen G. , Hootman Jennifer M. , Lipscomb Hester J. , Dement John M. , Silverstein Barbara A.
Published: October 2016

Background

Little is known about the work‐related injury and illnesses experienced by certified athletic trainers (AT).

Methods

The incidence and characteristics of injury/illness claims filed in two workers’ compensation systems were described from 2001 to 2011. Yearly populations at risk were estimated from National Athletic Trainers’ Association membership statistics. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were reported by job setting.

Results

Claims were predominantly for traumatic injuries and disorders (82.7%: 45.7% sprains/strains, 12.0% open wounds, 6.5% bruises) and at these body sites (back 17.2%, fingers 12.3%, and knee 9.6%) and over half were caused by body motion and overexertion (51.5%). Compared with school settings, clinic/hospital settings had modestly higher claim rates (IRR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.06–1.52) while other settings (e.g., professional or youth sport, nursing home) had lower claim rates (IRR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.70).

Conclusions

These first known estimates of work‐related injuries/illnesses among a growing healthcare profession help identify occupational tasks and settings imposing injury risk for ATs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1156–1168, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bicoronal and metopic craniosynostosis in association with a de novo unbalanced t(2;7) chromosomal translocation
Authors: O'Byrne James J. , Ryan Helen , Murray Dylan J. , Regan Regina , Betts David R. , Murphy Nuala , Casey Jillian P. , Lynch Sally A.
Published: October 2016

We report the case of a developmentally appropriate infant male with a de novo unbalanced chromosome translocation involving bands 2q32.1 and 7p21.3. The child was noted to have metopic and bicoronal craniosynostosis with closely spaced eyes, turricephaly, and flattening of the forehead. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hearing characterization in oculoauriculovertebral spectrum: A prospective study with 10 patients
Authors: Goetze Thayse Bienert , Sleifer Pricila , Rosa Rafael Fabiano Machado , da Silva Alessandra Pawelec , Graziadio Carla , Zen Paulo Ricardo Gazzola
Published: October 2016

Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS), also known as Goldenhar syndrome, is considered a condition associated to failing of embryogenesis involving the first and second branchial arches, leading to structural abnormalities arising from it. The aim of this study is to verify the hearing features presented by patients with OAVS and provide additional information that may contribute to improvement of speech therapy. The sample consisted of 10 individuals diagnosed with OAVS and cared for by the Clinical Genetics Service. All patients underwent objective assessment of auditory function through tonal and vocal audiometry. This evaluation was completed using TOAE and BERA. The patient's age ranged from 1 year and 9 months to 27 years and 4 months. At physical examination it was found that 10 had microtia, 7 preauricular tags, 6 low‐set ears, 6 ear canal atresia, and 2 preauricular pits. Among the patients, five presented with abnormal hearing. Three patients had conductive hearing loss ranging from mild to moderate, and two patients had sensorineural hearing loss from mild to profound. Three patients had hearing loss in both ears. Speech‐language disorders are common in children with OAVS. Thus, the referral to the audiologist and speech pathologist is indicated as soon as possible. Early recognition and detailed understanding of aspects related to the etiology, clinical features, and outcome of patients with OAVS are essential for their proper management. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SATB2‐associated syndrome: Mechanisms, phenotype, and practical recommendations
Authors: Zarate Yuri A. , Fish Jennifer L.
Published: October 2016

The SATB2‐associated syndrome is a recently described syndrome characterized by developmental delay/intellectual disability with absent or limited speech development, craniofacial abnormalities, behavioral problems, dysmorphic features, and palatal and dental abnormalities. Alterations of the SATB2 gene can result from a variety of different mechanisms that include contiguous deletions, intragenic deletions and duplications, translocations with secondary gene disruption, and point mutations. The multisystemic nature of this syndrome demands a multisystemic approach and we propose evaluation and management guidelines. The SATB2‐associated syndrome registry has now been started and that will allow gathering further clinical information and refining the provided surveillance recommendations. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prothrombin and factor X are elevated in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Göbel Kerstin , Kraft Peter , Pankratz Susann , Gross Catharina C. , Korsukewitz Catharina , Kwiecien Robert , Mesters Rolf , Kehrel Beate E. , Wiendl Heinz , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Meuth Sven G.
Published: October 2016

Animal models have implicated an integral role for coagulation factors in neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) beyond their role in hemostasis. However, their relevance in humans requires further elucidation. This study aimed to determine whether levels of coagulation factors differ between patients with neuroimmunological disorders and respective controls. Individuals suffering from relapsing–remitting and secondary progressive MS had significantly higher prothrombin and factor X levels than healthy donors, whereas levels were unchanged in primary progressive MS and neuromyelitis optica patients. Our study demonstrates that coagulation factors may be key mediators in neuroinflammation and may therefore provide future targets for therapeutic strategies. Ann Neurol 2016;80:946–951
Versatile Catalytic Hydrogenation Using A Simple Tin(IV) Lewis Acid
Authors: Scott Daniel J. , Phillips Nicholas A. , Sapsford Joshua S. , Deacy Arron C. , Fuchter Matthew J. , Ashley Andrew E.
Published: October 2016

Despite the rapid development of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry over the last ten years, its application in catalytic hydrogenations remains dependent on a narrow family of structurally similar early main‐group Lewis acids (LAs), inevitably placing limitations on reactivity, sensitivity and substrate scope. Herein we describe the FLP‐mediated H2 activation and catalytic hydrogenation activity of the alternative LA iPr3SnOTf, which acts as a surrogate for the trialkylstannylium ion iPr3Sn+, and is rapidly and easily prepared from simple, inexpensive starting materials. This highly thermally robust LA is found to be competent in the hydrogenation of a number of different unsaturated functional groups (which is unique to date for main‐group FLP LAs not based on boron), and also displays a remarkable tolerance to moisture.
Caesiumplatinidhydrid, 4 Cs2Pt⋅CsH: ein intermetallisches Doppelsalz mit Metall‐Anionen
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: October 2016

Cs9Pt4H ist ein neuer Vertreter einer kleinen Gruppe von ionischen Verbindungen, die Metall‐Anionen enthalten. Die komplexe Kristallstruktur besteht aus Cs+‐Kationen sowie Pt2−‐ und H−‐Anionen. Die Bandlücke der roten, transparenten Verbindung liegt im sichtbaren Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums. Quantenchemische Rechnungen belegen den ionischen Charakter von Cs9Pt4H. Dieses Caesium‐platinid‐hydrid kann als Doppelsalz der “Legierung” Caesium‐Platin oder besser des Caesiumplatinids Cs2Pt mit dem Salz Caesiumhydrid, CsH, gemäß Cs9Pt4H≡4 Cs2Pt⋅CsH aufgefasst werden.
Copper–Organic Framework Fabricated with CuS Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Electrical Conductivity, and Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Cho Keumnam , Han Sung‐Hwan , Suh Myunghyun Paik
Published: October 2016

To apply electrically nonconductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in an electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we have developed a new method for fabricating various amounts of CuS nanoparticles (nano‐CuS) in/on a 3D Cu–MOF, [Cu3(BTC)2⋅(H2O)3] (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate). As the amount of nano‐CuS increases in the composite, the electrical conductivity increases exponentially by up to circa 109‐fold, while porosity decreases, compared with that of the pristine Cu‐MOF. The composites, nano‐CuS(x wt %)@Cu‐BTC, exhibit significantly higher electrocatalytic ORR activities than Cu‐BTC or nano‐CuS in an alkaline solution. The onset potential, electron transfer number, and kinetic current density increase when the electrical conductivity of the material increases but decrease when the material has a poor porosity, which shows that the two factors should be finely tuned by the amount of nano‐CuS for ORR application. Of these materials, CuS(28 wt %)@Cu‐BTC exhibits the best activity, showing the onset potential of 0.91 V vs. RHE, quasi‐four‐electron transfer pathway, and a kinetic current density of 11.3 mA cm−2 at 0.55 V vs. RHE.
Topological Polymer Chemistry Enters Surface Science: Linear versus Cyclic Polymer Brushes
Authors: Morgese Giulia , Trachsel Lucca , Romio Matteo , Divandari Mohammad , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Benetti Edmondo M.
Published: October 2016

The cyclic polymer topology strongly alters the interfacial, physico‐chemical properties of polymer brushes, when compared to the linear counterparts. In this study, we especially concentrated on poly‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (PEOXA) cyclic and linear grafts assembled on titanium oxide surfaces by the “grafting‐to” technique. The smaller hydrodynamic radius of ring PEOXAs favors the formation of denser brushes with respect to linear analogs. Denser and more compact cyclic brushes generate a steric barrier that surpasses the typical entropic shield by a linear brush. This phenomenon, translates into an improved resistance towards biological contamination from different protein mixtures. Moreover, the enhancement of steric stabilization coupled to the intrinsic absence of chain ends by cyclic brushes, produce surfaces displaying a super‐lubricating character when they are sheared against each other. All these topological effects pave the way for the application of cyclic brushes for surface functionalization, enabling the modulation of physico‐chemical properties that could be just marginally tuned by applying linear grafts.
Azaborabutadienes: Synthesis by Metal‐Free Carboboration of Nitriles and Utility as Building Blocks for B,N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Kong Lingbing , Lu Wei , Li Yongxin , Ganguly Rakesh , Kinjo Rei
Published: October 2016

Metal‐free regioselective carboboration of arylnitriles with L2PhB: (1: L=oxazol‐2‐ylidene) catalyzed by Et3B afforded the unprecedented acyclic 2‐aza‐4‐borabutadienes 2, thus demonstrating a new strategy to construct a B,C,N‐mixed π‐system involving B=C and C=N bonds. Thermal isomerization of 2 gave C‐borylimines (3), and diverse reactivity of 2 a towards several substrates, such as H+, F+, O2, S, Se, and isonitriles, allowed construction of boron‐containing heterocycles with various ring sizes, thus illustrating the utility of 2 as a synthetic building block.
Simultaneous Chain‐Growth and Step‐Growth Polymerization of Methoxystyrenes by Rare‐Earth Catalysts
Authors: Shi Xiaochao , Nishiura Masayoshi , Hou Zhaomin
Published: October 2016

The simultaneous chain‐growth and step‐growth polymerization of a monomer is of great interest and importance because it can produce unique macromolecules which are difficult to prepare by other means. However, such a transformation is usually difficult to achieve in one polymerization system because chain‐growth polymerization and step‐growth polymerization proceed by different reaction mechanisms. Reported here is the simultaneous chain‐growth and step‐growth polymerization of para‐ and meta‐methoxystyrenes catalyzed by half‐sandwich rare‐earth alkyl complexes, and the step‐growth polymerization proceeds by the C−H polyaddition of anisyl units to vinyl groups. This unprecedented transformation affords a new family of macromolecules containing unique alternating anisole‐ethylene sequences. In contrast to para‐ and meta‐methoxystyrenes, ortho‐methoxystyrene exclusively undergo syndiospecific, living chain‐growth polymerization by continuous C=C bond insertion to give perfect syndiotactic poly(ortho‐methoxystyrene) with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersity (rrrr >99 %, Mn up to 280 kg mol−1, Mw/Mn <1.10).
Nanoscale Biodegradable Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Efficient Cell Penetration and Drug Delivery
Authors: Hörner Sebastian , Knauer Sascha , Uth Christina , Jöst Marina , Schmidts Volker , Frauendorf Holm , Thiele Christina Marie , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald
Published: October 2016

We report a comprehensive study on novel, highly efficient, and biodegradable hybrid molecular transporters. To this end, we designed a series of cell‐penetrating, cube‐octameric silsesquioxanes (COSS), and investigated cellular uptake by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. A COSS with dense spatial arrangement of guanidinium groups displayed fast uptake kinetics and cell permeation at nanomolar concentrations in living HeLa cells. Efficient uptake was also observed in bacteria, yeasts, and archaea. The COSS‐based carrier was significantly more potent than cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) and displayed low toxicity. It efficiently delivered a covalently attached cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin, to living tumor cells. As the uptake of fluorescently labeled carrier remained in the presence of serum, the system could be considered particularly attractive for the in vivo delivery of therapeutics.
Cesium Platinide Hydride 4Cs2Pt⋅CsH: An Intermetallic Double Salt Featuring Metal Anions
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: October 2016

With Cs9Pt4H a new representative of ionic compounds featuring metal anions can be added to this rare‐membered family. Cs9Pt4H exhibits a complex crystal structure containing Cs+ cations, Pt2− and H− anions. Being a red, transparent compound its band gap is in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum and the ionic type of bonding is confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. This cesium platinide hydride can formally be considered as a double salt of the “alloy” cesium–platinum, or better cesium platinide, Cs2Pt, and the salt cesium hydride CsH according to Cs9Pt4H≡4 Cs2Pt⋅CsH.
The Origin of the Efficient, Thermal Chemisorption of Methane by the Heteronuclear Metal‐Oxide Cluster [Al2TaO5]+
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut
Published: October 2016

The thermal gas‐phase reactions of the closed‐shell metal‐oxide cluster [Al2TaO5]+ with methane have been explored by using FT‐ICR mass spectrometry complemented by high‐level quantum chemical calculations. Mechanistic aspects have been addressed to reveal the origins of the efficient addition process which results in activating the C−H bond of methane. The [Al2TaO5]+/CH4 couple has been compared with several other systems reported previously, and the electronic origins of their rather distinct performances are discussed.
Polymer microspheres: Influence of composition and porosity on filtrate reduction from aqueous fluids
Authors: Rodrigues Taissa Z. L. , Nunes Rita de Cassia P. , Ribeiro Ygor L. L. , Lucas Elizabete F.
Published: October 2016

During the drilling and completion of oil wells, the drilling fluid flowing down the annulus can invade the rock formation, possibly causing irreversible damage to the reservoir. One of the main functions of these fluids is to form a film with low permeability on the borehole wall to prevent invasion of filtrate in the rock formation. Polymeric additives are increasingly used to control these infiltrations. Recent studies have shown the potential of using microspheres made of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PMMA‐co‐PVAc) with dimensions compatible with the size of the formation pores. In this study, PMMA and PMMA‐co‐PVAc polymers were synthesized by suspension polymerization, producing in the presence or absence of porogenic agents. The particles porosities influence the glass transition temperature, surface roughness and apparent density. The results also demonstrate that less rigid spheres with pores in their structure form a more efficient barrier against filtration to the rock formation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44484.
Effects of clay concentration on the morphology and rheological properties of xanthan gum‐based hydrogels reinforced with montmorillonite particles
Authors: Garcia‐Hernandez A. , Lobato‐Calleros C. , Vernon‐Carter E. J. , Sosa‐Hernandez E. , Alvarez‐Ramirez J.
Published: October 2016

This work presents results of the morphology and rheological properties of xanthan gum (XG)‐based hydrogels reinforced by montmorillonite (MMT) particles. The results show that hydrogels exhibit self‐supporting characteristics when a critical MTT concentration of approximately 2.0% w/w is used. Wide‐angle, small‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy reveal that for concentrations up to about 1.0% w/w the MTT particles are homogeneously distributed and exfoliated in the XG matrix. MTT particles aggregate at higher concentrations, contributing to the formation of junction points leading to hydrogels consolidation. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicates that the mechanism that enables the hydrogels formation might be attributed to hydrogen bonds crosslinking XG molecules with the surface of MTT particles. The storage modulus is higher as MTT concentration increases, but the loss modulus remains practically unchanged. Increasing temperature produces a drop in storage modulus, but the drop is minimized over a wider temperature range, as the MTT concentration is higher. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44517.
Synthesis and performance of a thermosetting resin: Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil curing with a rosin‐based acrylamide
Authors: Yang Yanping , Shen Minggui , Huang Xin , Zhang Haibo , Shang Shibin , Song Jie
Published: October 2016

A synthesized rosin‐based polymeric monomer, N‐dehydroabietic acrylamide (DHA‐AM), was introduced into an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)/DHA‐AM system to afford a thermosetting resin through thermocuring. Different molar ratios of the thermosetting AESO/DHA‐AM samples were obtained through curing in the presence of an initiator, and the curing processes of the AESO/DHA‐AM systems were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. The structures and performances of the resulting thermosets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact angle (θ) analysis. The analyses showed that with increasing content of DHA‐AM introduced into the copolymer, the storage modulus, glass‐transition temperature, thermal stability, and θ values of the cured samples all increased. Moreover, the copolymers changed from hydrophilic materials to hydrophobic materials. The results also demonstrate that the rosin acid derivatives showed comparable properties to those of reported petroleum‐based rigid compounds for the preparation of soybean‐oil‐based thermosets. The presence of DHA‐AM moieties in the composite structures could expand the use of AESO into the development of heat‐resistant and hydrophobic materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44545.
Quasi‐static and dynamic nanoindentation of particle‐reinforced soft composites
Authors: Wang Kaiqiang , Gao Wei , Wang Xingzhe , He Hongliang
Published: October 2016

The mechanical properties of ferromagnetic particle‐reinforced silicone–rubber matrix composites are examined with quasi‐static and dynamic nanoindentation measurements using Berkovich and flat punch indenters, respectively. Quasi‐static nanoindentation is performed to examine primary factors such as the loading and holding time, particle volume fraction, and indentation depth for these particle‐reinforced soft composites (PRSCs). The Einstein–Guth–Smallwood equation based on macroscopically mechanical property testing is utilized to describe the relationship between elastic modulus and particle content of PRSCs in quasi‐static tests. A good agreement between the nanoindentation and simulation prediction is obtained. To characterize the storage modulus and loss factors of PRSCs, the dynamic nanoindentation is then conducted over the force frequency range of 0–45 Hz to show that the dynamic properties are dominated by the particle content and the force frequency, and independent of indentation depth and oscillation amplitude. It is indicated that the nanoindentation is a versatile methodology to assess mechanical properties of microsized particulate soft composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44559.
Identification and Expression Analysis of Tryptophan Hydroxylase in the Brain and Ventral Nerve Cord of Ragworm Neanthes japonica (Polychaeta, Annelida)
Authors: Wang Shun , Dong Zhe , Li Shen , Yin Haotian , Zhao Zhifu , Gao Dongmei , Ren Guimin , Bao Xuexiang
Published: October 2016

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) was stained in the central nervous system of the Neanthes japonica (Polychaeta, Annelida), using sheep anti‐tryptophan hydroxylase antibody by the Streptavidin–Peroxidase immunohistochemical method and Colophony–Paraffin embedded section technique. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that the TPH is distributed in the brain and ventral nerve cord, which is consistent with that of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) that labeled by anti‐serotonin antibody. Using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique, TPH cDNA cloned from Neanthes japonica's central nervous system was 1778bp, which encodes predicted protein of 463 amino acid residues. The co‐localization of TPH and 5‐HT indicated that the specific TPH was responsible for the central serotonin synthesis in the central nervous system of annelida, TPH and 5‐HT not only could be as the novel mutual corroboration marker to detect serotonergic neurons, but also provides the evidences for the evolution of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase genes. Anat Rec, 300:415–424, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent Advances and Structural Features of Enoyl‐ACP Reductase Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Inturi Bharathkumar , Pujar Gurubasavaraj V. , Purohit Madhusudhan N.
Published: October 2016

Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl‐ACP reductase (InhA) has been validated as a promising target for antitubercular agents. Isoniazid (INH), the most prescribed drug to treat tuberculosis (TB), inhibits a NADH‐dependent InhA that provides precursors of mycolic acids, which are components of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is a pro‐drug that needs activation to form the inhibitory INH‐NAD adduct by KatG coding for catalase‐peroxidase. The INH resistance of M. tuberculosis is caused by mutations in KatG, which may lead to multidrug‐resistant TB (MDR‐TB). Hence, there is a need for new drugs that can combat MDR‐TB. The rationale for the development of new drugs to combat MDR‐TB strains is the design of InhA inhibitors that can bypass bioactivation by KatG. In the present review, special attention was paid to discuss the chemical nature and recent developments of direct InhA inhibitors. The InhA inhibitors reported here have significant inhibitory effects against Mtb InhA. The diphenyl ether derivatives have shown slow onset, a tight‐binding mechanism, and high affinity at the InhA active site. However, some of the diphenyl ethers have significant in vitro efficacy, which fails to transform into in vivo efficacy. Among the InhA inhibitors, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridones have emerged as a new chemical class with significant InhA inhibitory activity and better pharmacokinetic parameters when compared to diphenyl ethers.
Synthesis of New Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Fused Coumarin Sulfonate Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Effects on LPS‐Induced Nitric Oxide and PGE2 Productions in RAW 264.7 Macrophages: Part 2
Authors: El‐Gamal Mohammed I. , Lee Woo‐Seok , Shin Ji‐Sun , Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee Kyung‐Tae , Choi Jungseung , Myoung Nohsun , Baek Daejin
Published: October 2016

The synthesis of a new series of 21 fused coumarin derivatives is described, and the biological evaluation of their in vitro antiinflammatory effects as inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The target compounds 1a–u were first tested for cytotoxicity to determine a non‐toxic concentration for antiinflammatory screening, so that the inhibitory effects against NO and PGE2 production would not be caused by cytotoxicity. Compounds 1f and 1p were the most active PGE2 inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.89 and 0.95 µM, respectively. Western blot and cell‐free COX‐2 screening showed that their effects were due to inhibition of both COX‐2 protein expression and COX‐2 enzyme activity. Their IC50 values against the COX‐2 enzyme were 0.67 and 0.85 µM, respectively, which is more potent than etoricoxib. The selectivity indexes of compounds 1f and 1p against COX‐2 compared to COX‐1 were 41.1 and 42.5, respectively. Compound 1f showed strong inhibitory effects at 5 µM concentration on COX‐2 mRNA expression in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the tricyclic compounds 1l and 1n as well as the tetracyclic analog 1u were the most potent NO inhibitors, with one‐digit micromolar IC50 values. They showed dose‐dependent inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. The tetracyclic derivative 1u was the most potent inhibitor of NO production. It also exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on iNOS mRNA expression in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Vector‐Based Adaptive Attitude Observer and Controller on Special Orthogonal Group
Authors: Lu Xuhui , Jia Yingmin , Matsuno Fumitoshi
Published: October 2016

An adaptive attitude observer‐controller scheme is proposed for attitude tracking of a rigid body. In the derived observer, the vector measurements are directly utilized to estimate gyro bias, and thus estimates of gyro bias are obtained independent to attitude estimates. The proposed observer is even robust towards fluctuation of gyro bias. Then an adaptive controller is proposed on the Special Orthogonal Group to track the reference trajectory subject to uncertain inertia parameters. This controller belongs to the non‐certainty‐equivalent framework, and the vector signals are also utilized into estimation of inertia parameters. It is ensured that the estimates of inertia parameters can converge towards real values to some degrees. Simulation results compared with previous observer and controller schemes verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Heterologous expression of lipases YLIP4, YLIP5, YLIP7, YLIP13, and YLIP15 fromYarrowia lipolyticaMSR80 inEscherichia coli: Substrate specificity, kinetic comparison, and enantioselectivity
Authors: Syal Poonam , Gupta Rani
Published: October 2016

Five lipase genes,ylip4,ylip5,ylip7,ylip13, andylip15, fromYarrowia lipolyticaMSR80 were cloned and expressed in the pEZZ18‐HB101 system. The lipases shared maximum sequence identity withCandida gallilipase, whereas they shared structural similarity with YLIP2 ofY. lipolyticaCLIB122. The enzymes, purified using IgG sepharose, had specific activities in the range of 7–25 U mg−1. Biochemical characteristics of all the lipases varied with respect to thermostability, substrate specificity, and enantioselectivity. All the enzymes were most active at neutral or slightly alkaline pH and were stable in the pH range 3.0–8.0, except YLIP4, which showed 50% stability at pH 10.0. Temperature optima of all the lipases varied from 30 to 50 ºC. YLIP15 and YLIP13 were most thermostable with at1/2of 138 and 112 Min, respectively, at 60 °C. The lipases exhibited varied substrate specificity onp‐nitrophenyl esters ranging from short‐chain specificity (YLIP15), mid‐chain specificity (YLIP4, YLIP5, YLIP7), and long‐chain specificity (YLIP13). Catalytic efficiency onp‐nitrophenylcaprate was highest for YLIP13 (67 × 103mM−1min−1) and lowest for YLIP15 (6.7 × 103mM−1min−1). YLIP13 was S‐enantioselective, and YLIP15 was R‐enantioselective with enantiomeric excess of 53 and 36%, respectively. Of all five lipases, YLIP13 and YLIP15 could be considered as industrially important enzymes as they were thermostable and enantioselective.
Mangiferin: A xanthonoid with multipotent anti‐inflammatory potential
Authors: Saha Sukanya , Sadhukhan Pritam , Sil Parames C.
Published: October 2016

Over the last era, small molecules sourced from different plants have gained attention for their varied and long‐term medicinal benefits. Their advantageous therapeutic effects in diverse pathological complications lead researchers to give an ever‐increasing emphasis on them and discover their novel therapeutic potentials. Among these, the heat stable, xanthonoid group of organic molecules has gained special importance with distinctive regards to the bioactive molecule mangiferin due to its solubility in water. Mangiferin, a yellow polyphenol having C‐glycosyl xanthone structure, is widely present in different edible sources like mango, and possesses numerous biological activities. Extensive research with this molecule shows its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, and immunomodulatory properties. Thus, it provides protection against a wide range of physiological disorders. The C‐glucosyl linkage and polyhydroxy groups in mangiferin's structure contribute essentially to its free radical‐scavenging activity. Moreover, its ability in regulating various transcription factors like NF‐κB, Nrf‐2, etc. and modulating the expression of different proinflammatory signaling intermediates like tumor necrosis factor‐α, COX‐2, etc. contribute to its anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic potentials. In this comprehensive article, information has been provided about the sources, chemical structure, metabolism, and different biological activities of mangiferin with special emphasis on the underlying cellular signal transduction pathways. Insights into an in‐depth assessment of mangiferin's anti‐inflammatory therapeutic potential have also been discussed in detail. On an overall perspective, this review aims to stage mangiferin's diversified therapeutic applications and its emerging possibility as a promising drug in future based on its anti‐inflammatory property. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):459–474, 2016
The potential role of mangiferin in cancer treatment through its immunomodulatory, anti‐angiogenic, apoptopic, and gene regulatory effects
Authors: Núñez Selles Alberto J. , Daglia Maria , Rastrelli Luca
Published: October 2016

Mangiferin (1,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxyxanthone‐C2‐β‐D‐glucoside) is a natural bioactive xanthonoid that can be found in many plant species, among which the mango tree (Mangifera indica L), a plant widely used in the traditional medicinal, is one of its primary sources. The use of mangiferin for cancer treatment has attracted the attention of research groups around the World. Single administration of mangiferin or in combination with known anticancer chemicals has shown the potential benefits of this molecule in lung, brain, breast, cervix, and prostate cancers, and leukemia. Mangiferin mechanisms of action against cancer cells through in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo models are discussed besides its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical development and, therefore, clinical trials on cancer targets are still lacking. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):475–491, 2016
Integrated process design for biocatalytic synthesis by a Leloir Glycosyltransferase: UDP‐glucose production with sucrose synthase
Authors: Schmölzer Katharina , Lemmerer Martin , Gutmann Alexander , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: October 2016

Nucleotide sugar‐dependent (“Leloir”) glycosyltransferases (GTs), represent a new paradigm for the application of biocatalytic glycosylations to the production of fine chemicals. However, it remains to be shown that GT processes meet the high efficiency targets of industrial biotransformations. We demonstrate in this study of uridine‐5′‐diphosphate glucose (UDP‐glc) production by sucrose synthase (from Acidithiobacillus caldus) that a holistic process design, involving coordinated development of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, and downstream processing (DSP) was vital for target achievement at ∼100 g scale synthesis. Constitutive expression in Escherichia coli shifted the recombinant protein production mainly to the stationary phase and enhanced the specific enzyme activity to a level (∼480 U/gcell dry weight) suitable for whole‐cell biotransformation. The UDP‐glc production had excellent performance metrics of ∼100 gproduct/L, 86% yield (based on UDP), and a total turnover number of 103 gUDP‐glc/gcell dry weight at a space‐time yield of 10 g/L/h. Using efficient chromatography‐free DSP, the UDP‐glc was isolated in a single batch with ≥90% purity and in 73% isolated yield. Overall, the process would allow production of ∼0.7 kg of isolated product/L E. coli bioreactor culture, thus demonstrating how integrated process design promotes the practical use of a GT conversion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 924–928. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering three dimensional micro nerve tissue using postnatal stem cells from human dental apical papilla
Authors: Kim Byung‐Chul , Jun Sung‐Min , Kim So Yeon , Kwon Yong‐Dae , Choe Sung Chul , Kim Eun‐Chul , Lee Jae‐Hyung , Kim Jinseok , Suh Jun‐Kyo Francis , Hwang Yu‐Shik
Published: October 2016

The in vitro generation of cell‐based three dimensional (3D) nerve tissue is an attractive subject to improve graft survival and integration into host tissue for neural tissue regeneration or to model biological events in stem cell differentiation. Although 3D organotypic culture strategies are well established for 3D nerve tissue formation of pluripotent stem cells to study underlying biology in nerve development, cell‐based nerve tissues have not been developed using human postnatal stem cells with therapeutic potential. Here, we established a culture strategy for the generation of in vitro cell‐based 3D nerve tissue from postnatal stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) of teeth, which originate from neural crest‐derived ectomesenchyme cells. A stem cell population capable of differentiating into neural cell lineages was generated during the ex vivo expansion of SCAPs in the presence of EGF and bFGF, and SCAPs differentiated into neural cells, showing neural cell lineage‐related molecular and gene expression profiles, morphological changes and electrophysical property under neural‐inductive culture conditions. Moreover, we showed the first evidence that 3D cell‐based nerve‐like tissue with axons and myelin structures could be generated from SCAPs via 3D organotypic culture using an integrated bioprocess composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) microwell‐mediated cell spheroid formation and subsequent dynamic culture in a high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) bioreactor. In conclusion, the culture strategy in our study provides a novel approach to develop in vitro engineered nerve tissue using SCAPs and a foundation to study biological events in the neural differentiation of postnatal stem cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 903–914. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.