bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Sclerosis Dementia with Tauopathy
Authors: Beach Thomas G. , Sue Lucia , Scott Sarah , Layne Kathryn , Newell Amanda , Walker Douglas , Baker Matthew , Sahara Naraju , Yen Shu‐Hui , Hutton Michael , Caselli Richard , Adler Charles , Connor Donald , Sabbagh Marwan
Published: July 2010

In some elderly individuals with dementia, hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the only remarkable autopsy finding. The cause of HS in this setting is puzzling, since known causes of HS such as seizures or global hypoxic‐ischemic episodes are rarely present. We here describe a series of HS cases that have a widespread neuronal and/or glial tauopathy. Of 14 consecutive cases of HS, 12 had been clinically diagnosed with dementia and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD) while 2 were non‐demented; 7 cases had also been clinically diagnosed with parkinsonism. In addition to HS, 6 cases also met pathologic diagnostic criteria for AD. Gallyas silver staining and immunohistochemistry with the AT8 antibody revealed a glial and/or neuronal tauopathy in 12 of 14 cases, with frequent positive neurons and/or glial cells in the neocortex, basal ganglia, thalamus and/or limbic regions; in addition, 8 of the 14 cases had argyrophilic grains. Screening for known tau mutations was negative in all cases. Western blots of sarkosyl‐insoluble tau protein showed a mixture of 3‐ and 4‐repeat forms. The results suggest that most cases of HS dementia are sporadic multisystem tauopathies; we suggest the term “hippocampal sclerosis dementia with tauopathy” (HSDT) for these.
Selective Expression of a Subset of Neuronal Genes in Oligodendroglioma with Chromosome 1p Loss
Authors: Mukasa Akitake , Ueki Keisuke , Ge Xijin , Ishikawa Shumpei , Ide Takafumi , Fujimaki Takamitsu , Nishikawa Ryo , Asai Akio , Kirino Takaaki , Aburatani Hiroyuki
Published: July 2010

Gliomas are classified based mainly on microscopic resemblance to their presumed glial origin such as astrocyte and oligodendrocyte. However, more objective diagnostic criteria are indispensable for the precise treatment of patients. For instance, loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p) in oligodendrogliomas is recognized as an important marker for better response to chemotherapy and longer survival of the patients. To gain insight into their molecular biological background and to identify genes characterizing each subgroup, we investigated gene expression profile of the 4 glioma subsets, oligodendroglioma with and without 1p loss, diffuse astrocytoma and glioblastoma using DNA microarray. Remarkably, most of the genes showing distinctive expression in oligodendroglioma with 1p loss were also highly expressed in normal brain tissues and had neuron‐related function, which included MYT1L, INA, RIMS2, SNAP91 and SNCB. Histological analysis also demonstrated that MYT1L, which were abundantly expressed in normal neuron, were certainly present in tumor cells. These results suggest that oligodendroglioma, especially with 1p loss, has more or less neuronal characteristics although oligodendroglioma is thought to originate form glial lineage cell. With further pathological studies, those neuron‐related genes might be good diagnostic markers for oligodendroglioma of better prognosis as well.
1H‐NMR‐Based Discrimination of Thermal and Vinegar Treated Ginseng Roots
Authors: Kim So‐Hyun , Hyun Sun‐Hee , Yang Seung‐Ok , Choi Hyung‐Kyoon , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  To investigate the changes in nonvolatile metabolites of thermal and/or vinegar treated ginseng (TVG), samples prepared using various treatment conditions were analyzed using an 1H‐NMR‐based metabolomics technique. The processing conditions of the ginseng in this study were 100, 140, and 180 °C with and without vinegar and the duration of exposure to each temperature was 10, 30, and 50 min, respectively. There was a clear separation in the score plots among various treatment conditions. Major compounds contributing to the separation of 50% methanol extracts of TVG with various process conditions were valine, lactate, alanine, arginine, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. As temperature increased, valine, arginine, glucose, fructose, and sucrose concentrations decreased, whereas lactate, glucose, and fructose increased in the vinegar‐treated samples compared to non‐vinegar‐treated samples. The present study suggests the usefulness of an 1H‐NMR‐based metabolomics approach to discriminate TVG samples, subjected to different processing conditions.
Protection des monuments d'architecture traditionnelle et musées d'ethnographie de plein air en Hongrie
Authors: Biró Friderika
Published: July 2010

L'article qui suit a pour intérêt, tout d'abord, de rendre compte de l'œuvre qui s'accomplit dans la République populaire de Hongrie, pour présenter, étudier et mettre en valeur le richte patrimoine d'architecture populaire traditionnelle de ce pays.

Il le fait, ce qui est encore plus important, selon un déroulement à la fois rétrospectif et prospectif: musée‐village de Göcsej, désormais achevé; musée‐village de Vas, en cours de réalisation; musée de Sóstó, en projet. Non sans montrer comment, dans chaque étape, l'expérience de l'étape précédente est capitalisée. Une œuvre immense, à la vérité, à méditer par bien des pays. (N.D.L.R.)
Nouvelle aile des musées du Vatican
Authors: Passarelli Lucio
Published: July 2010

Trois musées du palais du Latran, dont la réputation est universelle, viennent d'être réunis dans un même édifice. Cet édifice, pour sa part, à sa manière, participe des courants les plus hardis de l'architecture contemporaíne et il s'inscrit dans l'un des sites historiques et artistiques les plus glorieux du monde, le Vatican. Le pari était audacieux. D'aucuns, déjà, pensent qu'il est gagné.
De nouvelles voies pour l'organisation du musée
Authors: de Camargo‐Moro Fernanda
Published: July 2010

Décrire en quelques lignes l'organisation des musées en Amérique latine et dans les Caraïbes est sans nul doute une énorme responsabilité. Fernanda de Camargo‐Moro, qui possède une grande expérience professionnelle dans son propre pays, le Brésil, et a participé de façon suivie à divers programmes dans d'autres parties du continent, souligne le caractère fortement personnel des opinions qu'elle exprime et le fait que celles‐ci continuent à évoluer, comme d'ailleurs l'ensemble du processus muséologique de la région.
Séismes, inondations, cyclones: votre musée sera‐t‐il pris au dépourvu?
Authors: Hutchins Jane , Roberts Barbara
Published: July 2010

2A été successivement attachée au service de conservation du Victoria and Albert Museum de Londres, conservatrice assistante au Metropolitan Museum of Art de New York, et conservatrice pour les arts décoratifs et la sculpture au Musée J. Paul Getty de Los Angeles. Est aujourd'hui consultante à titre indépendant pour les questions de conservation.
Un des titres de gloire du cricket et non des moindres
Authors: Green Stephen
Published: July 2010

En Grande‐Bretagne, le cricket, qui est le sport national que l'on pratique en été, a une longue histoire qui remonte à 1550 au moins. Mais il est loin de se cantonner dans les frontières de sa mère patrie: sa popularité s'étend à tout le Commonwealth et à d'autres lieux aussi ‘exotiques’ (aux yeux d'un joueur de cricket du Commonwealth) que les Pays‐Bas ou les États‐Unis d'Amérique, voire même la Nouvelle‐Calédonie – où il en existe une variante dominicale pratiquée par les dames. Franchissant les siècles et les continents, le cricket devait nécessairement avoir son musée. Et c'est le conservateur, Stephen Green, qui nous fait faire le tour du propriétaire. Après des etudes à Brasenose College (Oxford) et à l'Université de Liverpool, il a été archiviste adjoint aux Archives du Comté logées à Delapre Abbey (Northampton), avant d'être nommé, en 1968, au célèbre Lord's Cricket Ground, à Londres.
Quelques faits et mythes au Mexique
Authors: Herreman Yani
Published: July 2010

Apparemment, au Mexique, le machisme n'est guère répandu, guère virulent, dans les professions muséaks. Sans doute parce que les femmes sont solidement installées aussi bien aux postes de commandement qu'aux échelons les plus has de ces professions. Cela signifie‐t‐il que les femmes qui travaillent dans des musées sont traitées de la même façon que les personnes qui exercent d'autres métiers également culturels – et d'ailleurs d'autres métiers en général? Dans le présent article, l'auteur examine quelques‐uns des grands problèmes qui se posent à propos du travail des femmes dans les musées et dans la société dans son ensemble. L'auteur est titulaire de diplômes universitaires d'architecture, de muséologie et d'histoire de l'art; elle coordonne les musées municipaux de la ville de Mexico et dirige le Muséum d'histoire naturelle de cette ville, participe activement au projet Muséologie de l'Institut d'écologie et fait partie du Comité consultatif de la revue Museum. On peut la joindre à l'adresse suivante: Instituto de Ecologia, Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de México, Apartado Postal 18–845, Miguel Hidalgo, Codigo Postal 11–800, México (Mexique).
les yeux dans les yeux
Authors: de Parra Lucia Astudillo
Published: July 2010

Prenez quelques cochons d'lnde, ajoutez un métier à tisser portatif et des poupées en chiffon, un cordonnier saoul, une pincée de maris mauvaises langues et une forte dose d'amour‐propre. Qu'est‐ce que cela donne? Le début d'une recette, celle d'un musée de femmes unique en son genre, situé près de Cuenca, en Équateur: la Casa Cumbe, dont la présidente de l'Organisation régionale de l'ICOM pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes nous raconte ici l'histoire. L'auteur, avant de se porter volontaire pour s'occuper de la Casa Cumbe, a été pendant dix ans directrice du Musée des arts populaires du Centre interaméricain des arts et artisanats populaires, et supervise actuellement la création d'un musée de la métallurgie dans le sud de l'Equateur. On pent joindre l'auteur à l'adresse suivante: Casilla 1554, Cuenca (Équateur).
Gérer le changement: de l‘échec au succès au Musée des beaux‐arts du Canada
Authors: Spurgeon Greg
Published: July 2010

La saga de l'informatisation de la documentation relative aux collections dans un grand musée canadien commence — en guise d'avertissement — par l'révocation d'une vision grandiose qui allait de pair avec une ignorance quasi absolue des ordinateurs; elle aboutit à un succès spectaculaire fondésur mie planification avisée et sur la mise au point d'une stratégie rationnelle d'automatisation. L'auteur, qui est chef de la documentation et de l'enregistrement des œuvres d'art au Musée des beaux‐arts du Canada, propose une méthode et signale les écueils à éviter pour relever les défis de l'informatique.
Le Museum of the Moving Image, à Londres
Authors: Hardcastle Leslie
Published: July 2010

Nouveau venu dans le monde des musées, le Museum of the Moving Image a connu un succès immédiat. En 1992, quatre ans seulement après son ouverture, il a reçu le grand prix du premier concours Tourmusé, patronné par le Conseil international des musées et par le Groupement des unions nationales des agences et organisateurs de voyages de la CEE. Distingué pour son action novatrice en matière de promotion, de publicité et d'expositions spéciales, ce musée n'a jamais cessé, depuis sa création, de figurer parmi les dix premières attractions payantes de Londres. Leslie Hardcastle, son conservateur, explique pourquoi.
L'Ermitage face au défi de la modernité
Authors: Gibson Stuart
Published: July 2010

Peu de musées ont connu autant de vicissitudes que l'Ermitage. Mais peut‐être le plus pénible est‐il encore à venir: l'Ermitage se prépare à faire face à un bouleversement du paysage économique. Directeur général de l'Idée artistique internationale et conseiller auprès de diverses institutions culturelles à but non lucratif et des gouvernements des anciens pays socialistes, Stuart Gibson a récemment organisé à Oulan‐Bator (Mongolie) une conférence internationale intergouvernementale sur le financement de la culture dans les pays en transition vers une économie de marché. Il travaille également comme consultant au Ministère néerlandais de la culture pour réunir des finds au niveau international, à l'UNESCO pour la collecte de fends et le développement de la gestion dans le secteur culturel de l'ex‐URSS, et, actuellement, au musée de l'Ermitage pour les problèmes d'organisation et de développement international.
L'ICOM dans la lutte contre le trafic illicite des biens culturels
Authors: des Portes Elisabeth
Published: July 2010

Depuis longtemps allié à l'UNESCO pour combattre dans le monde entier le trafic des biens culturels volés, l'ICOM s'est en permanence attaché à rendre toujours plus attentifi à ce fléau les professionnels des musées et, plus récemment, les principaux acteurs du marché de l'art international. Elisabeth des Portes, secrétaire général de l'ICOM, expose ici les très nombreuses dispositions prises pour mettre fin à des actes qui constituent une grave menace pour la préservation de notre héritage culturel et le développement même des travaux des hommes de science.
EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF THE TECHNOLOGY S‐CURVE. PART II: ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: CHRISTENSEN CLAYTON M.
Published: July 2010

This is the second of two papers in which I use information from the technological history of the disk drive industry to examine the usefulness of the S‐curve framework for managers at the firm level in planning for new technology development. In this article I show that it is in architectural, rather than component innovation, that entrant firms exhibit an attacker's advantage. A conventionally drawn sequence of intersecting S‐curves is a misleading conceptualization of the substitution process for new architectural technologies, because it characterizes architectural innovations strictly in technical terms. Innovations in architectural technologies frequently redefine the functionality of products and address product performance needs in new or remote markets, rather than mainstream ones. Such innovations in architectural technologies entail market innovation as much as technology development, and it is in their ability to aggressively enter emerging or remote markets that entrant firms exhibit an attacker's advantage. I propose a different S‐curve framework for processes of architectural technology change that comprehends both its technological and market aspects.
DOES INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT NEED A SEPARATE PERSPECTIVE?
Authors: Whybark D. Clay
Published: July 2010

This essay argues that it is difficult to justify intellectually a separate subject of international operations management. Nevertheless, courses with titles like that abound and other professional activities are centered on international operations, at least in the United States. Of course, there are real differences in management activities in different parts of the world that must be contended with. A comparison of European and U.S. managers' exposure to international business suggests that there is a higher startup cost for U.S. managers to do so. Drawing an analogy between the management of operations and the solving of a huge mathematical programming problem implies that there are few new variables introduced by going international, but that the weights on existing variables can change substantially. Therefore, even though difficult to justify intellectually, continuing to treat international operations management separately may provide us some short‐term advantages. By helping us focus our attention on the important variables that change, it may provide us the insights to help reduce the startup cost for U.S. managers entering international operations.
Item‐Level RFID in the Retail Supply Chain
Authors: Gaukler Gary M. , Seifert Ralf W. , Hausman Warren H.
Published: July 2010

Analyzing the proliferation of item‐level RFID, recent studies have identified the cost sharing of the technology as a gating issue. Various qualitative studies have predicted that conflict will arise, in particular in decentralized supply chains, from the fact that the benefits and the costs resulting from item‐level RFID are not symmetrically distributed among supply chain partners. To contribute to a better understanding of this situation, we consider a supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer. Within the context of this retail supply chain, we present analytic models of the benefits of item‐level RFID to both supply chain partners. We examine both the case of a dominant manufacturer as well as the case of a dominant retailer, and we analyze the results of an introduction of item‐level RFID to such a supply chain depending on these market power characteristics. Under each scenario, we show how the cost of item‐level RFID should be allocated among supply chain partners such that supply chain profit is optimized.
Relations between the Republic of Poland and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Authors: Burdelski Marceli
Published: July 2010

The 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Poland and the DPRK causes us to take stock of the relationship. The first 40 years of bilateral relations between Poland and DPRK was set against the backdrop of the Cold War reality. During the first 20 years of this period, relations between the two nations were very close. Poland was invited to be a member of the Neutral Countries Supervisory Commission by the Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteers, while Western countries questioned the neutrality of Poland and Czechoslovakia. Now Polish–North Korean relations are based on realism. The Polish foreign policy toward North Korea is within the EU framework, which supports an evolutionary change in character of the North Korean regime. Poland supports the peaceful reunification of Korea and the goals of the Six‐Party Talks on North Korean denuclearization.
People's Exit in North Korea: New Threat to Regime Stability?
Authors: Park Kyung‐Ae
Published: July 2010

As suggested in a growing literature that securitizes the phenomenon of refugee migration and analyzes it as a national as well as a regional security issue, the growing number of North Korean border‐crossers has far‐reaching political implications for both North Korea and the international community. Studies have argued that refugees could contribute significantly to democratic change in their home countries by assisting and actively participating in the struggle of the domestic opposition, even sparking regime instability and eventual regime breakdown. Much of the North Korean refugee research has focused on the human rights issues faced by the refugees, but a largely unexplored area of the refugee research concerns the political consequences of the refugee flight for the current regime in Pyongyang. This article examines whether North Korean refugees are expected to play the role of political opposition in exile by raising the following four questions: (i) Are the refugees political dissidents? (ii) Are they a resourceful critical mass? (iii) Does exit always lead to regime instability? and (iv) Would China and South Korea encourage exile politics against the current North Korean regime? The article contends that the North Korean refugee community does not currently represent a critical mass that can trigger instability of the Pyongyang regime. Most of the North Korean refugees are not political dissidents, nor have they organized into any resourceful critical mass capable of generating a threat to their home country. In addition, people's exit does not necessarily destabilize the regime as it can sometimes yield a positive political effect by driving out dissidents' voices. Furthermore, several of the receiving countries, in particular, China and South Korea, would not encourage exile dissident movements against North Korea for fear of Pyongyang's collapse. The North Korean regime's stability does not seem to be threatened by the current refugee situation, although the potential of refugees becoming a critical threat should not be discounted should people's exit ever reach the point of developing into an uncontrollable mass exodus.
Randomized Comparison of Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Caspofungin, Liposomal Amphotericin B, and the Combination of Both in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients
Authors: Groll Andreas H. , Silling Gerda , Young Charlotte , Schwerdtfeger Rainer , Ostermann Helmut , Heinz Werner J. , Gerss Joachim , Kolve Hedwig , Lanvers-Kaminsky Claudia , Vieira Pinheiro João Paulo , Gammelin Sibylle , Cornely Oliver A. , Wuerthwein Gudrun
Published: July 2010

The combination of liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) and caspofungin (CAS) holds promise to improve the outcome of opportunistic invasive mycoses with poor prognosis. Little is known, however, about the safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination in patients at high risk for these infections. The safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination of LAMB and CAS were investigated in a risk-stratified, randomized, multicenter phase II clinical trial in 55 adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients (aHSCT) with granulocytopenia and refractory fever. The patients received either CAS (50 mg/day; day 1, 70 mg), LAMB (3 mg/kg of body weight/day), or the combination of both (CASLAMB) until defervescence and granulocyte recovery. Safety, development of invasive fungal infections, and survival were assessed through day 14 after the end of therapy. Pharmacokinetic sampling and analysis were performed on days 1 and 4. All three regimens were well tolerated. Premature study drug discontinuations due to grade III/IV adverse events occurred in 1/18, 2/20, and 0/17 patients randomized to CAS, LAMB, and CASLAMB, respectively. Adverse events not leading to study drug discontinuation were frequent but similar across cohorts, except for a higher frequency of hypokalemia with CASLAMB (
P
< 0.05). Drug exposures were similar for patients receiving combination therapy and those randomized to monotherapy. There was no apparent difference in the occurrence of proven/probable invasive fungal infections and survival through day 14 after the end of therapy. CASLAMB combination therapy in immunocompromised aHSCT patients was as safe as monotherapy with CAS or LAMB and had similar plasma pharmacokinetics, lending support to further investigations of the combination in the management of patients with invasive opportunistic mycoses.
Repertoire of HLA-DR1-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Responses to Capsular Caf1 Antigen ofYersinia pestisin Human Leukocyte Antigen Transgenic Mice
Authors: Musson Julie A. , Ingram Rebecca , Durand Guillaume , Ascough Stephanie , Waters Emma L. , Hartley M. Gillian , Robson Timothy , Maillere Bernard , Williamson E. Diane , Sriskandan Shiranee , Altmann Daniel , Robinson John H.
Published: July 2010

Yersinia pestisis the causative agent of plague, a rapidly fatal infectious disease that has not been eradicated worldwide. The capsular Caf1 protein ofY. pestisis a protective antigen under development as a recombinant vaccine. However, little is known about the specificity of human T-cell responses for Caf1. We characterized CD4 T-cell epitopes of Caf1 in “humanized” HLA-DR1 transgenic mice lacking endogenous major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Mice were immunized with Caf1 or each of a complete set of overlapping synthetic peptides, and CD4 T-cell immunity was measured with respect to proliferative and gamma interferon T-cell responses and recognition by a panel of T-cell hybridomas, as well as direct determination of binding affinities of Caf1 peptides to purified HLA-DR molecules. Although a number of DR1-restricted epitopes were identified following Caf1 immunization, the response was biased toward a single immunodominant epitope near the C terminus of Caf1. In addition, potential promiscuous epitopes, including the immunodominant epitope, were identified by their ability to bind multiple common HLA alleles, with implications for the generation of multivalent vaccines against plague for use in humans.
Protein Kinase C θ Deficiency Increases Resistance of C57BL/6J Mice toPlasmodium bergheiInfection-Induced Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Ohayon Ariel , Golenser Jacob , Sinay Rosa , Tamir Ami , Altman Amnon , Pollack Yaakov , Isakov Noah
Published: July 2010

Protein kinase C θ (PKCθ) functions as a core component of the immunological synapse and serves as a key protein in the integrated T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)/CD28-induced signaling cascade leading to T-cell activation. However, the involvement of PKCθ in host-mediated immune responses to pathogens has not been thoroughly investigated. We tested the consequences of PKCθ ablation on the host response to infection byPlasmodium bergheiANKA (PbA). We found that both PKCθ+/+and PKCθ−/−C57BL/6J mice are susceptible to infection with PbA. However, despite a similar parasite burden, PKCθ+/+mice had an earlier onset of neurological signs, characteristics of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), resulting in an earlier death. These mice suffered from an early and pronounced splenomegaly with a concomitant increase in the total number of CD4+splenic T cells. In contrast, a large proportion of PbA-infected PKCθ−/−mice overcame the acute phase characterized by neurological symptoms and survived longer than PKCθ+/+mice. The partial resistance of PKCθ−/−mice to ECM was associated with an impaired production of Th1-type cytokines, including gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha/lymphotoxin-α, which are known to exacerbate symptoms leading to ECM. In addition, PbA infection-induced LFA-1 expression in CD8+T cells was suppressed in PKCθ-deficient T cells, suggesting a diminished ability to adhere to endothelial cells and sequester in brain microvasculature, which may explain the decrease in neurological symptoms. These data implicate PKCθ in CD4+Th1+and CD8+T-cell-mediated immune responses during PbA infection that contribute to the development of ECM.
Disclosures of funding sources and conflicts of interest in published HIV/AIDS research conducted in developing countries
Authors: Klitzman Robert , Chin Lisa Judy , Rifai-Bishjawish Hoda , Kleinert Kelly , Leu Cheng-Shiun
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Disclosures of funding sources and conflicts of interests (COI) in published peer-reviewed journal articles have recently begun to receive some attention, but many critical questions remain, for example, how often such reporting occurs concerning research conducted in the developing world and what factors may be involved.

Design

Of all articles indexed in Medline reporting on human subject HIV research in 2007 conducted in four countries (India, Thailand, Nigeria and Uganda), this study explored how many disclosed a funding source and COI, and what factors are involved.

Results

Of 221 articles that met the criteria, 67.9% (150) disclosed the presence or absence of a funding source, but only 20% (44) disclosed COI. Studies from Uganda were more likely, and those from Nigeria were less likely to mention a funding source (p<0.001). Of articles in journals that had adopted International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines, 56% did not disclose COI. Disclosure of funding was more likely when: ≥50% of the authors and the corresponding author were from the sponsoring country, the sponsor country was the USA, and the articles were published in journals in which more of the editors were from the sponsoring countries.

Conclusions

Of the published studies examined, over a third did not disclose funding source (ie, whether or not there was a funding source) and 80% did not disclose whether COI existed. Most articles in ICMJE-affiliated journals did not disclose COI. These data suggest the need to consider alteration of policies to require that published articles include funding and COI information, to allow readers to assess articles as fully as possible.
Presenting your project
Authors: Neville-Neil George V.
Published: July 2010

The what, the how, and the why of giving an effective presentation.
Asymptotic Method of Solution for a Problem of Construction of Optimal Gas‐Lift Process Modes
Authors: Aliev Fikrat A. , Mutallimov Mutallim M. , Askerov Idrak M. , Raguimov Iouldouz S.
Published: July 2010

Mathematical model in oil extraction by gas‐lift method for the case when the reciprocal value of well′s depth represents a small parameter is considered. Problem of optimal mode construction (i.e., construction of optimal program trajectories and controls) is reduced to the linear‐quadratic optimal control problem with a small parameter. Analytic formulae for determining the solutions at the first‐order approximation with respect to the small parameter are obtained. Comparison of the obtained results with known ones on a specific example is provided, which makes it, in particular, possible to use obtained results in realizations of oil extraction problems by gas‐lift method.
The Beliefs, Myths, and Reality Surrounding the Word Hema (Blood) from Homer to the Present
Authors: Meletis John , Konstantopoulos Kostas
Published: July 2010

All ancient nations hinged their beliefs about hema (blood) on their religious dogmas as related to mythology or the origins of religion. The Hellenes (Greeks) especially have always known hema as the well-known red fluid of the human body. Greek scientific considerations about blood date from Homeric times. The ancient Greeks considered hema as synonymous with life. In Greek myths and historical works, one finds the first references to the uninterrupted vascular circulation of blood, the differences between venous and arterial blood, and the bone marrow as the site of blood production. The Greeks also speculated about mechanisms of blood coagulation and the use of blood transfusion to save life.
Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Schizophrenia? A Balanced Neurochemical Framework for Both Adverse and Therapeutic Effects of Cannabis Use
Authors: Coulston Carissa M. , Perdices Michael , Henderson Antony F. , Malhi Gin S.
Published: July 2010

Recent studies have found that cannabinoids may improve neuropsychological performance, ameliorate negative symptoms, and have antipsychotic properties for a subgroup of the schizophrenia population. These findings are in contrast to the longstanding history of adverse consequences of cannabis use, predominantly on the positive symptoms, and a balanced neurochemical basis for these opposing views is lacking. This paper details a review of the neurobiological substrates of schizophrenia and the neurochemical effects of cannabis use in the normal population, in both cortical (in particular prefrontal) and subcortical brain regions. The aim of this paper is to provide a holistic neurochemical framework in which to understand how cannabinoids may impair, or indeed, serve to ameliorate the positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive impairment. Directions in which future research can proceed to resolve the discrepancies are briefly discussed.
SG2285, a Novel C2-Aryl-Substituted Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Prodrug That Cross-links DNA and Exerts Highly Potent Antitumor Activity
Authors: Hartley John A. , Hamaguchi Anzu , Coffils Marissa , Martin Christopher R.H. , Suggitt Marie , Chen Zhizhi , Gregson Stephen J. , Masterson Luke A. , Tiberghien Arnaud C. , Hartley Janet M. , Pepper Christopher , Lin Thet Thet , Fegan Christopher , Thurston David E. , Howard Philip W.
Published: July 2010

The pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBD) are naturally occurring antitumor antibiotics, and a PBD dimer (SJG-136, SG2000) is in phase II trials. Many potent PBDs contain a C2-endo-exo unsaturated motif associated with the pyrrolo C-ring. The novel compound SG2202 is a PBD dimer containing this motif. SG2285 is a water-soluble prodrug of SG2202 in which two bisulfite groups inactivate the PBD N10-C11 imines. Once the bisulfites are eliminated, the imine moieties can bind covalently in the DNA minor groove, forming an interstrand cross-link. The mean in vitro cytotoxic potency of SG2285 against human tumor cell lines is GI50 20 pmol/L. SG2285 is highly efficient at producing DNA interstrand cross-links in cells, but they form more slowly than those produced by SG2202. Cellular sensitivity to SG2285 was primarily dependent on ERCC1 and homologous recombination repair. In primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples, the mean LD50 was significantly lower than in normal age-matched B and T lymphocytes. Antitumor activity was shown in several human tumor xenograft models, including ovarian, non–small cell lung, prostate, pancreatic, and melanoma, with cures obtained in the latter model with a single dose. Further, in an advanced-stage colon model, SG2285 administered either as a single dose, or in two repeat dose schedules, was superior to irinotecan. Our findings define SG2285 as a highly active cytotoxic compound with antitumor properties desirable for further development. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6849–58. ©2010 AACR.
Deposition of trans Fatty Acid from Industrial Sources and Its Effect on Different Growth Phases in Rats
Authors: Lessa N.M.V. , Nakajima V.M. , Matta S.L.P. , Peluzio M.C.G. , Sabarense C.M. , Costa N.M.B.
Published: July 2010

Although the effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) from industrially produced sources (IP-TFA), such as partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, are reported, their implications on metabolism and growth are still not fully disclosed. In this study, female Wistar rats were assigned to control diet (AIN-93G) or Trans diet groups (5% IP-TFA) after gestation. The male offspring were classified and grouped as infant, weanling, and young adult (YA) rats (n = 10), and received the same control or Trans diets throughout their life span. Samples of abdominal adipose tissue, liver and plasma were collected to determine fatty acid profile and fasting glycemia. Morphometric analysis of the liver and hepatosomatic index determination were conducted. Deposition of TFA was observed in the liver, adipose tissue and plasma of IP-TFA-fed rats. Fasting glycemia concentration was higher in Trans YA rats than in the control YA group (p = 0.004). A higher accumulation of fat was observed in the liver of the Trans group than in the control group during the three phases. Hepatosomatic index was higher in the YA Trans group than in the YA control group (p < 0.05). Dietary TFA was deposited in the tissues and plasma and raised fasting glucose in growing rats.
Parental Consanguinity and the Risk of Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: Report from the Kuwait National Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Registry
Authors: Al-Herz Waleed , Naguib Kamal K. , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Geha Raif S. , Alwadaani Amal
Published: July 2010

Background: It is proposed that consanguineous marriages increase the risk of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID). The aim of this study is to review the frequency and pattern of parental consanguinity among PID patients and to determine its effects on the distribution of different PID, the patients’ performance status and the risk of death. Method: The data was obtained from the Kuwait National Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Registry. The coefficient of inbreeding was determined for each patient and the patients’ overall performance status was assessed using the Lansky Play Performance Scale and the Karnofsky Performance Scale. Results: A total of 128 patients with PID from 99 families are reported. A family history suggestive of PID and parental consanguinity was reported in 44 and 75% of the patients respectively, while the mean coefficient of inbreeding was 0.044067. There were statistically significant associations between both a family history of PID and parental consanguinity and PID category, the risk of death and the patients’ overall performance status. Evidence of autosomal recessive transmission of disease was present in 44% of the patients. Conclusions: Parental consanguinity is a risk factor for the development of PID. There is a need to increase the public awareness of the health consequences of consanguineous marriages.
Telocytes in Human Term Placenta: Morphology and Phenotype
Authors: Suciu Laura , Popescu Laurenţiu M. , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Regalia Teodor , Nicolescu Mihnea I. , Hinescu Mihail E. , Faussone-Pellegrini Maria-Simonetta
Published: July 2010

In the last few years, a new cell type – interstitial Cajal-like cell (ICLC) – has been described in digestive and extra-digestive organs. The name has recently been changed to telocytes (TC) and their typical thin, long processes have been named telopodes (TP). To support the hypothesis that TC may also be present in human placenta and add to the information already available, we provide evidence on the ultrastructure, immunophenotype, distribution, and interactions with the surrounding stromal cells of TC in the villous core of human term placenta. We used phase-contrast microscopy, light microscopy of semithin sections, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence of tissue sections or cell cultures, following a pre-established diagnostic algorithm. Transmission electron microscopy showed cells resembling TC, most (∼76%) having 2–3 very thin, longprocesses (tens to hundreds of micrometers), with an uneven calibre(≤0.5 µm thick) and typical branching pattern. The dilations of processes accommodate caveolae, endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, and mitochondria. These TC have close contacts with perivascular SMC in stem villi. In situ, similar cells are positive for c-kit, CD34, vimentin, caveolin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inducible nitric oxide synathase (iNOS). The c-kit-positive cells inconsistently co-express CD34, CD44, αSMA, S100, neuron-specific enolase, and nestin. Among cells with a morphologic TC profile in cell cultures, about 13% co-express c-kit, vimentin, and caveolin-1; 70% of the c-kit-positive cells co-express CD34 and 12% co-express iNOS or VEGF. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of TC in human term placenta and provides their ultrastructural and immunophenotypic characterization.
Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation with Weighted Finite-State Transducers and Shallow-n Grammars
Authors: de Gispert Adrià , Iglesias Gonzalo , Blackwood Graeme , R. Banga Eduardo , Byrne William
Published: July 2010

In this article we describe HiFST, a lattice-based decoder for hierarchical phrase-based translation and alignment. The decoder is implemented with standard Weighted Finite-State Transducer (WFST) operations as an alternative to the well-known cube pruning procedure. We find that the use of WFSTs rather than k-best lists requires less pruning in translation search, resulting in fewer search errors, better parameter optimization, and improved translation performance. The direct generation of translation lattices in the target language can improve subsequent rescoring procedures, yielding further gains when applying long-span language models and Minimum Bayes Risk decoding. We also provide insights as to how to control the size of the search space defined by hierarchical rules. We show that shallow-n grammars, low-level rule catenation, and other search constraints can help to match the power of the translation system to specific language pairs.
Whose Line is it Anyway? Rhetoric Aimed at Short-term Benefits in Some of Pindar’s Epinician Odes Composed for Sicilian laudandi (Pi. O. 4, 5, 6 and 12, P. 12, N. 1 and 9)
Authors: van den Groenendaal W.E.
Published: July 2010

An epinician ode is a vehicle that can guarantee the κλος of laudandus, and this could be called a long-term benefit for the laudandus. However, there are more immediate pay-offs: an epinician ode can also justify political privileges or affirm status among fellow privileged. It is well-known, for example, that the tyrant Hieron of Syracuse used epinician odes to prop up his Pan-Hellenic status. This article suggests that an epinician ode is, to a great extent, a creation of the patron in the sense that its blueprint and outline originates with the patron, not with the poet. It then looks at seven odes composed for Sicilian laudandi other than tyrants or their relatives. First, it examines political propaganda and short-term benefits in these odes and concludes that, more often than not, the odes assisted in neutralising ill feelings fellow citizens (as well as overlords) might have harboured against the laudandi. Secondly, it suggests that the persons who commissioned these particular odes may already have been problematic before they entered Pan-Hellenic competition, rather than because they had become Pan-Hellenic victors. Therefore the concept of the ‘homecoming of the victor’ should be handled with care.
The Poetics of exôleia in Homer
Authors: Gagné Renaud
Published: July 2010

The notion of delayed generational punishment, or ancestral fault, has a long history in Greek literature. The identification of its earliest attestations in the Archaic period is contested, especially its presence in Homeric poetry. This paper aims to show that delayed generational punishment does indeed appear in Homer, where it is, however, confined to one context: the great oath of exôleia of Iliad 3.298-301 and 4.155-65. The institutional and ritual context of the generational oath is essential to understanding this earliest Greek attestation of ancestral fault, and making sense of the idea’s larger significance for narrative perspective, divine justice, and temporal order in the Homeric epic.
Nicarchus AP 11.328 and Homeric Interpretation
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: July 2010

In this paper I argue that Nicarchus AP 11.328 is not merely a parody of the tripartite division of the cosmos recounted at Iliad 15.189-93. This epigram also exploits ancient lexicographical research (i.e. the precise meaning of the adjective ερεις) as well as scholarly discussions on Homeric interpretation (i.e. the allegorical reading of Il. 15.189-93 as a reference to the four elements; the meaning of πντα at Il. 15.189; and the issue of Olympus’ relation to earth and sky). The result is a scoptic epigram that cleverly parodies both Homer and certain interpretive strategies of ancient ‘Homeric Professors’. Finally, this study inscribes AP 11.328 in the wider category of epigrams against grammarians, and shows that Nicarchus uses a parodic technique similar to that recently pointed out in some neglected specimens of Homeric parody, such as the Batrachomyomachia or Crates SH 351.
A Cry in the Face of Death: A Note on Verg. A. 4.692
Authors: Librán Moreno Miryam , Rivero García Luis
Published: July 2010

A defence of repertam as lectio difficilior on the basis of Virgil’s linguistic usage and his literary and imitative models for this passage.
Tongues and Ethics: William J. Seymour and the "Bible Evidence": A Response to Cecil M. Robeck, Jr.
Authors: Brathwaite Renea
Published: July 2010

The "Bible evidence" doctrine was one of the most significant teachings to emerge first at the Topeka revival and subsequently at Azusa Street. For better or worse, it has come to define classical Pentecostalism. Cecil M. Robeck, Jr. has argued that central Pentecostal pioneer William Joseph Seymour entertained doubts about the doctrine from early on and eventually came to reject it. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the arguments Robeck makes from the evidence he finds in the Apostolic Faith papers and the Doctrines and Discipline. Contrary to Robeck, the paper concludes that Seymour did not entirely reject the Bible evidence teaching; rather, he made certain key clarifications in light of personal and pastoral concerns.
Friedrich Meinecke: Panentheism and the Crisis of Historicism
Authors: Krol Reinbert A.
Published: July 2010

Friedrich Meinecke’s Die Idee der Staatsräson (1924) is generally seen as the study in which he replaced his monistic-idealistic philosophy of history ‐ as articulated in Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat ‐ by a dualistic worldview. In this article I will argue against this view. I will do so on the basis of a brief analysis of Meinecke’s Staatsräson-study. I will show that Meinecke succeeded in combining his monism and his dualism within a so-called (harmonious) ‘panentheistic’ philosophy.Next, when discussing Meinecke’s position in the crisis of historicism, critics generally refer to Meinecke’s Die Entstehung des Historismus (1936) or his essays from around the 1920s, but refer rarely to Die Idee der Staatsräson. Yet it is precisely this study ‐ dealing with the theory and practice of statesmanship ‐ that gives us a good grasp of Meinecke’s reponse to the crisis of historicism, since it is in the state where idea and reality collide most brutally. Questions of ethical relativism, of the relationship between power and ethics, and of that between politics and history are nowhere more pressing than in the practice of statesmanship. It will become clear that, according to Meinecke, the statesman’s (or the historian’s) conscience moves him to a sphere of panentheistic harmony enabling him (and the historian) to overcome the aporias of historicism.
Beyond Historicism: From Leibniz to Luhmann
Authors: den Hollander Jaap
Published: July 2010

The phrase ‘beyond historicism’ is usually associated with Bielefeld historians like Hans Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka, who attempted to turn the study of history into a social science, but a better candidate would be the sociologist Niklas Luhmann, who happened to teach as well in Bielefeld during the 1970’s and 1980’s. Luhmann had little affinity with the project of his colleagues from the history department. He took the opposite view that the social sciences suffered from a naive enlightenment view and should become more history minded. Like the historicists of the early nineteenth century Luhmann was indirectly inspired by the philosophy of Leibniz. Although Luhmann’s theory of social systems may seem miles away from the daily interests of most historians, it can be interpreted as an Aufhebung of historicism. This will be demonstrated for two important concepts, the autopoietic system which incorporates the historicist notion of individuality and the concept of second order observation which can be read as an abstract redescription of what historicists meant by the historical method.
Vitamin D receptor deletion leads to increased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells residing in the spleen
Authors: Jeanson Nathaniel T. , Scadden David T.
Published: July 2010

Bone components participate in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult mammal. Vitamin D regulates bone mineralization and is associated with pleiotropic effects in many cell types, including putative roles in hematopoietic differentiation. We report that deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in hematopoietic cells did not result in cell autonomous perturbation of hematopoietic stem cell or progenitor function. However, deletion of VDR in the microenvironment resulted in a marked accumulation of hematopoietic stem cells in the spleen that could be reversed by calcium dietary supplementation. These data suggest that VDR participates in restricting splenic hematopoiesis through maintenance of bone calcium homeostasis and are consistent with the concept that calcium regulation through VDR is a central participant in localizing adult hematopoiesis preferentially to bone marrow.