bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Jones Tim
Published: March 2003

It is argued, through the example of art education seen from a broad cultural perspective, that the concept of lifelong learning implies common terms of reference for learning in all contexts in which learning takes place, especially in schools, colleges and universities. This implies a common approach to standards at all levels of formal educational provision. The disparity of school art and art in other learning contexts is discussed, and concepts of standards currently in use are examined and found to be highly problematic. The idea of practitioner referenced standards is introduced in relation to standards derived from educational theory and practice. In the case of art these are considered in terms of ‘what it is that artists do; what it means to engage with a work of art at first hand; what people have to say about artists and works of art; and what it means to engage in learning’. Ways of relating these standards to each other and to lifelong learning in the context of a research rationale for an art curriculum are put forward. In conclusion, it is suggested that co‐ordination of the current review of the National Curriculum and the developmental work on standards currently being undertaken by the QAA would represent a basis for the establishment of appropriate standards for lifelong learning, although this would require a new level of co‐operation between the relevant educational sectors. Such standards would assist in reducing the possibility that lifelong learning could develop as a further isolated and self‐justifying educational sector in a divided national educational system. They would also provide an opportunity for post‐modern thinking to make a worthwhile contribution to educational debate.
Critical Discourse and Art Criticism Instruction
Authors: Geahigan George
Published: March 2003

In formulating models of art criticism for schools, educators in the United States have focused most of their attention upon the language of art criticism. Typical prescriptions for art criticism present a series of activities such as describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating, activities that are linked to the performance of specific kinds of statements. The widespread acceptance of such models raises questions about their accuracy as reflections of actual critical discourse, and their practicality and efficacy as prescriptions for classroom instruction. In this article, I argue that current models of criticism both distort the actual discourse of critics and they force educators to rely upon a problematic instructional method: classroom recitation. After critiquing this method, I conclude by suggesting that critical inquiry, rather than critical discourse, is a more fruitful concept for structuring art criticism instruction.
Problems in the Perception of Perspective in Drawing
Authors: Shlahova Alexandra
Published: March 2003

It is well known that the shape and size of objects visually changes if the object's distance from the viewer and the position of the object changes. For these reasons, drawing three‐dimensional objects on a picture plane demands not only knowledge of their external peculiarities, but also skills in matching the shape of objects to the peculiarities of visual perception which allows us to represent objects ‘truthfully’. However, this is one of the hardest tasks in drawing. It needs specific theoretical training in the construction of perspective. A review of textbooks and resource books on drawing published in different countries during the last 30 years reveals that a body of rules for linear perspective has evolved which is stable and interpreted similarly. However, explanations of the practical implementation of one‐point perspective are not quite logical. This article covers some of the problems of the perception of perspective, and offers methodical recommendations for implementing perspective in training for drawing.
Designing Teaching and Assessment Methods for Diverse Student Populations
Authors: Cho Mika , Forde Edward
Published: March 2003

The American student population is becoming increasingly diverse in terms of race and culture. To address this pluralism, a study of learning style preferences was developed for purposes of designing more relevant teaching and assessment methods. Different theories of learning styles were incorporated into a survey that was administered to 483 students at four major universities. This survey compared learning style preferences according to ethnic and socio‐economic categories. Although it initially focused on students in Art and Design, it was eventually expanded to other disciplines for more inclusive reliability. The statistical analyses of this study are presented with corresponding recommendations for more effective teaching and assessment practices.
The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction: The Significance of the Creative Industries
Authors: Blythe Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper reflects on the social and political significance of the new classification of the ‘creative industries’. The new aggregate expands previous classifications of the arts and cultural industries and produces figures which suggest that these sectors are increasingly vital elements of the UK economy. It is argued that these statistics on the creative industries are, to an extent, misleading. The paper considers some of the implications of the recent and continuing advances in technologies of digital reproduction and distribution. The importance of the creative industries to Arts and Design education is placed within the context of the emphasis on vocationalism by successive UK governments. It is suggested that while the new aggregate may be useful in terms of certain kinds of promotion, the category should be recognised as arbitrary and politically motivated. Finally, the paper examines the notion that the creative industries might be harnessed to achieve social inclusion and urban re‐generation and reflects on some of the social costs of such sectors.
Out of this World: Theme Parks' Contribution to a Redefined Aesthetics and Educational Practice
Authors: Stanley Nick
Published: March 2003

There are few links between art education and popular entertainment. Major attractions, such as theme parks, have come to question the relationship between the everyday and the aesthetic. These parks have become sources of ‘calculated hedonism’ where visitors enjoy physical experience in elaborately designed sets. But young people, in particular, approach this experience in varying ways. This paper explores the several options that they may adopt to become aware of the ‘visual ideology’ at work in the entertainment, as well as the stratagems employed.

Hopefully, visitors to such parks may become accomplished critics of the politics of display.
Mapping the Domain of Drawing
Authors: Riley Howard
Published: March 2003

A synthesis of perception theory and communication theory is presented as the basis for a new teaching programme of drawing for first–year fine art undergraduates. The domain of drawing is mapped as a matrix of systems of choices available to the drawer in order to realise the functions of drawing within a social context. It is argued that an increased awareness of this domain may empower students’ practice.
Developing a School Drawing Policy with Newly Qualified Teachers of Art and Design
Authors: Rayment Trevor , Smith Fraser
Published: March 2003

This paper describes part of a one–day course run by the authors for Newly Qualified Teachers of art and design (NQTs) planned to develop subject knowledge and assessment expertise. The former was achieved partly through an examination of the roles of drawing in secondary school art and design education. Through review and discussion of their pupils’ drawings, the NQTs developed ideas about the functions and purposes of drawing. These ideas were then refined and some practical work undertaken. The nature of drawing policies for secondary art and design departments was considered. The session concluded with a consideration of ideas that might inform the development of such a drawing policy.

Secondly, the authors take up and develop several issues from the NQTs’ ideas and responses. These include reference to participants’ drawing performance and understanding, their judgements about the value of drawing, and to how these may be influenced by factors in art education, including those associated with GCSE and assessment. Finally, reference is made to two distinctive perceptions of drawing in schools and, with reference to the work of Wilson, Hurwitz and Wilson, the authors suggest a strategy and argue for the development of drawing policy and curricula for secondary school art departments. The paper is based on part of a presentation given at the Annual Conference of the NSEAD, York, 2002.
Is Stock Market Overreaction Persistent Over Time?
Authors: Chen Carl R. , Sauer David A.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the stability and persistence of the market overreaction hypothesis as posited by DeBondt and Thaler (1985 and 1987), and reinforced by Chopra, Lakonishok, and Ritter (1992). Using monthly CRSP data for the period 1926 through 1992, we find that returns obtained from a contrarian investment strategy are not time‐stationary. Specifically, there is no winner‐loser portfolio relationship during the post‐war period of 1940_50s. The relationship resumes during the pre‐energy‐crisis subperiod, but weakens again during the post‐energy‐crisis subperiod. The effectiveness of trading based upon the overreaction hypothesis is, therefore, suspect.
Tax, Corporate Behaviour and the Foreign Income Dividend Scheme
Authors: Acker Daniella , Ashton David J. , Green Sue
Published: March 2003

A model is derived which considers the interactions of corporation tax, advance corporation tax (ACT) and capital gains tax and their impact on UK corporate behaviour. It is shown that the recent changes to the ACT system, in the form of the Foreign Income Dividend (FID) scheme, will increase the gearing ratios of those firms affected by the changes. Debt will become more attractive, since it no longer increases irrecoverable ACT by reducing taxable profits. Furthermore, retention rates will fall, since retentions no longer serve as an ACT shield.
Preliminary Evidence on Takeover Target Returns in Spain: A Note
Authors: Ocaña Carlos , Peña J. Ignacio , Robles Doloros
Published: March 2003

This paper measures the share price returns to Spanish takeover targets over the period 1990 to 1994. Using several estimation and testing methods, we show that target shareholders gain significant abnormal returns in the announcement period. In the first part of the year before the announcement period, firms that become targets do not show significant abnormal returns, though there is some significant upturn in the two months before the bid.
Covered Purchasing Power Parity, Ex‐ante PPP and Risk Aversion
Authors: Moore Michael J.
Published: March 2003

The standard expectations augmented theory of ex‐ante Purchasing Power Parity which was first developed by Roll assumes that agents are risk neutral. A Covered Purchasing Power Condition is developed which holds for the general case of risk aversion. A risk augmented form of ex‐ante PPP is then derived using a consumption‐based asset pricing framework. This is tested for the post‐Bretton woods period for the group of seven main industrial countries. The results suggest that risk aversion has a part to play in explaining deviations from PPP.
Growth Opportunities and Investment Decisions: A New Perspective on the Cost of Capital
Authors: Chung Kee H. , Kim Kyu H.
Published: March 2003

This paper shows that it is not always correct to make an upward adjustment to the stock beta in calculating the hurdle rate for capital budgeting even when the project under consideration is riskier than existing assets. The paper also shows that the correct hurdle rate is smaller than the market capitalization rate calculated from the firm's stock beta when the project under consideration has the same risk as existing assets. In addition, it is shown that the market capitalization rate will be an underestimate (overestimate) of the correct hurdle rate when the risk of future assets is greater (smaller) than both the risk of assets in place and that of future capital expenditures. These new results are direct consequences of the insight that the firm's investment opportunities are in fact real call options written on underlying assets.
Trading Returns for the Weekend Effect Using Intraday Data
Authors: Chow Edward H. , Hsiao Ping , Solt Michael E.
Published: March 2003

The existence of the weekend effect has been documented as early as 1885. This paper examines whether the serial dependence in returns around weekends and the magnitude of negative Friday returns can be used to produce superior trading returns. We find some success for this endeavor after accounting for transaction costs (including the bid/ask spread), especially when trading is confined to weekends for which there are large negative Friday returns and to positions opened on Friday afternoons. The effect of stocks trading ex‐dividend on Mondays does not appear to bias our results.
Agency and Tax Explanations of Security Issuance Decisions
Authors: Walsh Eamonn J. , Ryan James
Published: March 2003

This paper is an empirical examination of the relative roles of agency and tax considerations in corporate debt versus equity issuance decisions. Unlike earlier work, we conduct our tests on a sample of UK firms since the UK system of taxation does not create an obvious tax advantage to debt and hence affords an opportunity to evaluate the relevance of tax arbitrage considerations. We find that both tax and agency issues are important determinants of security issuance decisions. In addition, we demonstrate that our specification is robust to a variety of alternative explanations which have appeared in the empirical literature.
Non‐linear Dependence in Stock Returns: Does Trading Frequency Matter?
Authors: Yadav Pradeep K. , Paudyal Krishna , Pope Peter F.
Published: March 2003

The UK has a quote‐driven pure dealer market structure that is very different from order driven markets such as the NYSE and Japanese markets. This paper investigates non‐linear dependence in stock returns for an exhaustive sample of UK stocks for a 21 year period. The results are analysed on the basis of trading frequency. It is found that non‐linear dependence is highly significant in all cases for both individual stocks and stock portfolios formed on the basis of trading frequency. The non‐linear dependence is primarily over a one day interval, although statistically significant non‐linear dependence exists consistently even up to five trading days. Most of the non‐linear dependence is in the form of ARCH‐type conditional heteroskedasticity. However, statistically significant non‐linearity in addition to an EGARCH(1,1) dependence also appears to be present. This additional non‐linearity is greater for individual stocks than for portfolios and greater for smaller, less‐liquid portfolios. Non‐linear dependence does not appear to be caused by non‐stationarity in underlying economic fundamentals or by non‐linearity in the conditional mean. However, low dimensional chaos is not generally supported. The limited evidence on chaotic behaviour is stronger for portfolios with long price adjustment delays across component stocks. The main results are consistent with US studies on stock indices, suggesting that the process generating non‐linear dependence is not dependent on market microstructure characteristics.
Volatility Spillovers Between Stock Returns and Exchange Rate Changes: International Evidence
Authors: Kanas Angelos
Published: March 2003

We investigate interdependencies between stock returns and exchange rate changes for six industrialised countries, namely the US, the UK, Japan, Germany, France and Canada, by testing for volatility spillovers using a bivariate EGARCH model. Volatility spillovers from stock returns to exchange rate changes are found for all countries except Germany. These spillovers are symmetric in nature. No evidence is found of volatility spillovers from exchange rate changes to stock returns for any country. Spillovers from stock returns to exchange rate changes have increased since October 1987. This finding is consistent with the notion that international financial markets have become increasingly integrated.
The Determinants of Implied Volatility: A Test Using LIFFE Option Prices
Authors: Copeland L. , Poon S. H. , Stapleton R. C.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents and tests a model of the volatility of individual companies’ stocks, using implied volatilities derived from option prices. The data comes from traded options quoted on the London International Financial Futures Exchange. The model relates equity volatilities to corporate earnings announcements, interest‐rate volatility and to four determining variables representing leverage, the degree of fixed‐rate debt, asset duration and cash flow inflation indexation. The model predicts that equity volatility is positively related to duration and leverage and negatively related to the degree of inflation indexation and the proportion of fixed‐rate debt in the capital structure. Empirical results suggest that duration, the proportion of fixed‐rate debt, and leverage are significantly related to implied volatility. Regressions using all four determining variables explain approximately 30% of the cross‐sectional variation in volatility. Time series tests confirm an expected drop in volatility shortly after the earnings announcement and in most cases a positive relationship between the volatility of the stock and the volatility of interest rates.
A Binomial Basis for the Cox, Ingersoll and Ross Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Rhys Huw , Tippet Mark
Published: March 2003

The technical demands of the Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (1985a and 1985b) papers are such that they can only be mastered by those who have a good understanding of some deep mathematics and statistical concepts, including the techniques of continuous time stochastic calculus and the measure theory upon which it is based, the Kuhn‐Tucker theory surrounding non‐linear optimisation techniques as well as variational methods founded on solutions of non‐linear differential equations. Hence, our purpose here is to formalise both investor preferences and the supply side which underscores the Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (1985b) ‘square root’ model of the term structure of interest rates in terms of some simple binomial filtration processes, thereby avoiding most of the intricate technical detail contained in the original papers. These procedures not only allow for a more focused evaluation of the model's underlying strengths and weaknesses but also provide a framework for assessing some of the strategies which the model makes available for hedging exposure against adverse interest rate movements.
Arbitrage, Risk Premium, and Cointegration Tests of the Efficiency of Futures Markets
Authors: Chow Ying‐Foon
Published: March 2003

This article provides a new perspective on the efficiency of futures markets in a cointegration framework. Under the conventional risk premium hypothesis, if futures and spot prices are non‐stationary, they must be cointegrated if futures markets are efficient. Alternatively, the cost‐of‐carry model implies that there should be a cointegration relationship among spot prices, futures prices and interest rates assuming all the series contain a unit root. Market efficiency further implies specific parameter restrictions under these two models. Using data on the futures markets for gold, silver, palladium and platinum, this article first establishes that interest rates, spot and futures prices are unit root non‐stationary. The evidence on cointegration is somewhat mixed: the gold futures market is consistent with the cost‐of‐carry model, and the silver futures market satisfies the risk premium hypothesis, but the evidence for the other two markets is inconclusive.
Effects of Deposit Insurance Reform on Moral Hazard in US Banking
Authors: Osborne Dale K. , Lee Seokwon
Published: March 2003

In cross sections of US banks before the deposit‐insurance system was reformed in the early 1990s, bank risk‐taking was positively associated with bank size and negatively associated with the value of bank charters and bank capital. These empirical associations have an easy theoretical interpretation. Bank size is positively related, while charter value and capital are negatively related, to the moral hazard associated with flat insurance premiums and other aspects of a laxly administered system. Hence the observed associations of risk‐taking with size, charter value, and capital reflected the expected positive relation between moral hazard and risk‐taking. We test the hypothesis that the three associations became weaker after reform. In the case of unsystematic risk, we find no evidence of significant changes for any of the three. In the case of systematic risk, we find that risk‐taking associated with lower charter values and larger size is indeed significantly weaker after reform. Risk‐taking associated with capital ratios is also weaker after reform, though not significantly so. Since systematic risk is undoubtedly the more appropriate measure, reform seems to have reduced moral hazard.
The Principle of Subsidiarity and the Court of Justice as an Institutional Actor
Authors: De Búrca Gráinne
Published: March 2003

This article considers the impact of subsidiarity on the role of the Court of Justice as a policy actor. It considers briefly the meaning of the subsidiarity principle in the EC Treaty, and examines how the Court has engaged with this principle. Both the Court’s use of subsidiarity as a means of reviewing the other institutions, and its sensitivity to the principle in relation to its own interpretative role are analysed. The problematic tension between the institutional constraints of the Court’s role and methodology, and the requirements of the expanding culture of subsidiarity are explored.
The Prospect of Nuclear and Biological Terrorism
Authors: Foxell, Jr. Joseph W.
Published: March 2003

This paper contends that the current dangers posed by terrorism will become much more severe in the short‐ to mid‐term future, due to increasing terrorist access to a wide range of materials and technological expertise for manufacturing biological and nuclear weapons. To cope with these growing threats to survival, agencies must immediately set‐up and carry‐out changes in national and international policies to reduce the risks posed by new, virulent forms of terrorism. This article proposes several such specific measures.
Simulating US Foreign Policy Crises: Uses and Limits in Education and Training
Authors: Preston Thomas , Cottam Martha
Published: March 2003

Crisis policy simulations can provide instructors with valuable tools for (1) increasing student awareness of the complexities of the real‐life policy environment; (2) enhancing their empathy for the challenges faced by actual policymakers; and (3) providing vivid illustrations of difficult theoretical concepts associated with individual or group decision making and crisis management. This article explores the value of classroom simulations and the requirements for their successful construction and use.
Plague: A Challenge for Urban Crisis Management
Authors: Sinha Harshit
Published: March 2003

The return of Plague, an unforgotten scourge of mankind, once again reminds us that it continues to smoulder in populations of wild rodents in natural foci throughout the world. Its occasional outbreaks remind one of the devastation it caused in the past. The 1994 outbreak in Surat caused local panic (mass hysteria) and international concern, leading to the imposition of travel and trade restrictions by a number of countries. The authenticity of the crucial decision in declaring the epidemic as ‘Plague’ and, later, different institutional initiatives taken for isolating the germ (Y. pestis) were subject to many controversies. The uniqueness of an extra band in its protein profile created much speculation among the media. This gave momentum to various notions, as to whether the disaster was natural or man‐made. In spite of all these short‐comings, the decision came to identify the epidemic as Plague and the entire catastrophic incidence was controlled within a week, with a low mortality rate.

This paper traces the chronological evolution of the Plague epidemic and analyses the critical issues of its management, undertaken by various authorities and individuals, including a common citizenary. The emerging key issues of this catastrophic incident are discussed and an anatomy of the crisis is presented. The lessons learnt are put towards a model for strengthening long‐term planning against any such sudden natural or man‐made disaster.
Revisiting Institutional Resilience as a Tool in Crisis Management
Authors: Hills Alice
Published: March 2003

Although institutional resilience is generally considered a desirable attribute in crisis management, many of our assumptions about its value are culturally based. The subject should be revisited because the most adaptive institutions tend to be those associated with statist coercive systems, especially in the developing world. The characteristics of resilient institutions and the factors promoting resilience are addressed here by reference to police systems in sub‐Saharan Africa. The conclusion drawn from the resultant discussion is that there is no simple hierarchy of values or goals in crisis management, that institutional manageability is only partly related to the skills and goals of the participants, and that the most significant factor facilitating resilience is an institution's fulfilment of a function or role considered useful by a government or regime.
Accidental Shooting: An Analysis
Authors: Charles Michael T.
Published: March 2003

Despite efforts at managing crises, they tenaciously occur at the most inopportune times. The crisis manager understands that the risk of a catastrophic failure never equals zero when the human species interacts with nature or man‐made structures and processes. However, the role of responsible managers is to limit risk or at least to make a best effort in assuring that acceptable precautions are taken to reduce risk to an acceptable level. In this case study, the author discusses the elements of risk taking and the causes of error in a police firearms training environment. Also discussed are the goals of firearms training, and the impact of that training design on the firearms training environment which is put into perspective. The author looks at the mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery stages of crisis management as they relate to police firearms training. The author discusses precautions and how those precautions were violated in an established environment of safety, resulting in the accidental shooting in the gun‐cleaning area. Also included are alternative safety measures designed to further negate the possibility of a recurrence of such an accident.
`I'm gonna beat you!' SNAP!: an observational paradigm for assessing young children's disruptive behaviour in competitive play
Authors: Hughes Claire , Oksanen Henna , Taylor Alan , Jackson Jan , Murray Lynne , Caspi Avshalom , Moffitt Terrie E.
Published: March 2003

Background: This study focuses on a novel observational paradigm (SNAP) involving a rigged competitive card game (Murray, Woolgar, Cooper, & Hipwell, 2001) designed to expose children to the threat of losing. Recent work suggests that this paradigm is useful for assessing disruptive behaviour in young children (Hughes, Cutting, & Dunn, 2001). Method: We report on a large study (involving 800 five‐year‐olds) that compares observational ratings of disruptive behaviour on the SNAP game with mother and teacher reports of externalising behaviour on the CBCL and TRF (Achenbach, 1991a, 1991b). To ensure independence of data, playmates were randomly assigned to two different sub‐samples. The validity of this rigged game for examining individual differences in disruptive behaviour was supported (in both sub‐samples) by modest but significant correlations with both mother and teacher ratings of externalising problems, and by significantly elevated SNAP ratings among children rated by mothers and teachers as showing extreme (≥95th %) levels of externalising problems, compared with the remaining majority of children. Results: Significant gender differences in disruptive behaviour were found on all three measures: observational SNAP ratings and mother/teacher questionnaire ratings. Factors that may contribute to this gender difference are discussed. Conclusions: Our findings emphasise the importance of multi‐method, multi‐informant measures of disruptive behaviour, and suggest that the rigged card game used in this study is a valuable adjunct to more standard methods of rating disruptive behaviour.
Early childhood stunting and later behaviour and school achievement
Authors: Chang S.M. , Walker S.P. , Grantham‐McGregor S. , Powell C.A.
Published: March 2003

Background: Stunting in early childhood is common in developing countries and is associated with poorer cognition and school achievement in later childhood. The effect of stunting on children's behaviours is not as well established and is examined here. Method: Children who were stunted at age 9 to 24 months and had taken part in a 2‐year intervention programme of psychosocial stimulation with or without nutritional supplementation were reexamined at age 11–12 years and compared with non‐stunted children from the same neighbourhoods. Their school and home behaviours were assessed using the Rutter Teacher and Parent Scales and school achievement was measured using the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) and the Suffolk Reading Scales. Results: No significant intervention effects were found among the stunted groups. Thus data from the four intervention groups were aggregated for subsequent analyses, comparing all 116 stunted children with 80 non‐stunted children. Controlling for social background variables, the stunted group had more conduct difficulties (p < .05) as rated by their parents. They also had significantly lower scores in arithmetic, spelling, word reading and reading comprehension than the non‐stunted children (all p < .001). Conduct difficulties and hyperactivity were related to poorer school achievement. Controlling for the children's IQ, the stunted children's arithmetic scores remained significantly lower than those of the non‐stunted children, but reading and spelling scores were not different. Conclusions: Previously stunted children had more conduct difficulties at home, regardless of their social background, than non‐stunted children. Their educational attainment was also poorer than non‐stunted children and these results are suggestive of a specific arithmetic difficulty. Children with behaviour problems performed less well at school.
The wartime Slovak state: a case study in the relationship between ethnic nationalism and authoritarian patterns of governance
Authors: Nedelsky Nadya
Published: March 2003

This is a case study of the clerical‐nationalist Slovak state established under Nazi protection during World War II. As the only example of Slovak political independence prior to the break‐up of Czechoslovakia in 1993, nationalist interpretations of its legacy have helped shape the Slovak discourse on post‐communist state‐ and nation‐building. To explore the impact of the Slovak state on the development of Slovak nationalism, this article examines how the ideology of the Slovak state structured the relationship between the individual, state and nation; the roots of the regime's ideology; and the ramifications of this ideology for governance during the period of statehood. Through this exploration, I hope both to contribute to a fuller understanding of the relationship between ethnic nationalism and authoritarian patterns of governance and to lay the groundwork for further study of the sources of post‐communist Slovak political culture.
Myths of ancestry
Authors: Leoussi Athena S.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the national significance of fifth‐century BC Greek sculpture and especially the so‐called Elgin Marbles. It examines the significance of these archaeological remains not for the Greek nation but for the British, and specifically the English, nation during the nineteenth century. The national significance of fifth‐century BC Greek art lies in its incorporation into nineteenth‐century debates concerning the identity of the English nation. At a time when physical appearance or race was accepted as an important and, indeed, determining component of the ‘self’ and a measure of collective belonging, Greek sculpture, which was primarily figural in its subject‐matter, came to be seen as an image of the English ‘self’. The belief in the Greek identity of the English caused a Greek revival in English life and art. In life, this revival took the form of care for the body and the imitation of the athletic practices of Greek youth through the practice of sport in English school and university education. It was thus that nineteenth‐century English youth turned itself into a work of art.
Monuments and nationalism in modern Mexico
Authors: Brading D. A.
Published: March 2003

A key feature in the cultural repertoire of Mexican nationalism has been the excavation and reconstruction of the archaeological sites and monuments of the pre‐Hispanic past. They afford tangible witness to the foundations of Mexican history and the putative existence of the Mexican people in the civilisations of Mesoamerica. Although in the colonial period creole patriots identified the Aztec empire as their classical past, it was not until the Mexican Revolution that archaeological sites and monuments were integrated into the nationalism that accompanied and characterised that movement. The chief author of this cultural turn was Manuel Gamio, a professional archaeologist and liberal nationalist, whose extensive writings thus demand attention. But although he emphasised the grandeur of the pre‐Hispanic civilisation, he advocated the complete incorporation of the contemporary Indian peasantry into the Mexican nation.
Cooperative Cotton Marketing, Liberalization and ‘Civil Society’ in Tanzania
Authors: Gibbon Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper describes developments in marketing cooperatives in Tanzania's major cotton‐growing area between 1991 and 1997, when they underwent voluntarization, lost state and donor financial support, and (from 1995) faced strong competition from private cotton buyers/ginners. After summarizing the history of marketing cooperatives in the country, the paper distinguishes the main dimensions of the current changes and sums up their outcomes. It then examines the main socio‐economic and political dimensions of these outcomes before exploring current developments with reference to broader changes in ‘civil society’ and organizational life in rural Tanzania.
Gender and Land Rights Revisited: Exploring New Prospects via the State, Family and Market
Authors: Agarwal Bina
Published: March 2003

The question of women's land rights has a relatively young history in India. This paper briefly traces that history before examining why gendering the land question remains critical, and what the new possibilities are for enhancing women's land access. Potentially, women can obtain land through the State, the family and the market. The paper explores the prospects and constraints linked to each, arguing that access through the family and the market deserve particular attention, since most arable land in India is privatized. On market access, the paper makes several departures from existing discussions by focusing on the advantages, especially for poor women, of working in groups to lease in or purchase land; using government credit for land rather than merely for micro–enterprises; and collectively managing purchased or leased in land, the collectivity being constituted with other women, rather than with family members. Such group functioning is shown to have several advantages over individual or family–based farming. This approach could also help revive land reform, community cooperation and joint farming in a radically new form, one centred on poor women.
Women's Land Rights and Rural Social Movements in the Brazilian Agrarian Reform
Authors: Deere Carmen Diana
Published: March 2003

This article examines the evolution of the demand for women's land rights in the Brazilian agrarian reform through the prism of the three main rural social movements: the landless movement, the rural unions and the autonomous rural women's movement. Most of the credit for raising the issue of women's land rights rests with women within the rural unions. That women's formal land rights were attained in the constitutional reform of 1988 was largely a by–product of the effort to end discrimination against women in all it dimensions. The achievement of formal equality in land rights, nonetheless, did not lead to increases in the share of female beneficiaries of the reform, which remained low in the mid–1990s. This was largely because securing women's land rights in practice was not a top priority of any of the rural social movements. Moreover, the main social movement determining the pace of the agrarian reform, the landless movement, considered class and gender issues to be incompatible. By the late 1990s, nonetheless, there was growing awareness that failure to recognize women's land rights was prejudicial to the development and consolidation of the agrarian reform settlements and thus the movement. The growing consensus among all the rural social movements of the importance of securing women's land rights, coupled with effective lobbying, encouraged the State in 2001 to adopt specific mechanisms for the inclusion of women in the agrarian reform.
Women and Salary Negotiation: The Costs of Self-Advocacy
Authors: Wade Mary E.
Published: March 2003

Introducing the concepts of self- and other-advocacy should prove useful as a means of understanding the different contexts in which women and men can effectively and comfortably exert power and influence when making requests. In this conceptual paper, social psychological research is reviewed demonstrating that women can advocate effectively on behalf of others without incurring costs, but gender-linked stereotypes, roles, and norms constrain them from advocating as freely and effectively for themselves. It is argued that women do not frequently make requests for themselves, because they have learned that they may ultimately lose more than they gain. This gendered difference has implications for ongoing pay and promotion inequities.
Beliefs of Jordanian Women About Wife-Beating
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M.
Published: March 2003

The beliefs of 356 Jordanian women about wife-beating were investigated, using a self-administered questionnaire. The participants showed a strong tendency to justify wife-beating, to believe that women benefit from violence against them, and to blame women for their beating. Furthermore, the participants expressed clear opposition to formal assistance for battered women from governmental agencies. In this vein, they considered wife abuse a personal problem that should be treated within the family. The results also revealed that while the women showed a weak tendency to blame violent husbands for wife abuse, the prevailing belief was that violent men should not be punished for their behavior. The results are analyzed in light of the patriarchal ideology that typifies Arab culture and predominates in Jordanian society. Finally, the article discusses the implications of the results for future research, prevention, and establishment of appropriate services for combating wife abuse in Jordanian society.
Bidialectalism in Cyprus and its impact on the teaching of Greek as a foreign language
Authors: Pavlou Pavlos , Christodoulou Niki
Published: March 2003

This study examines the problems that emerge in the teaching of Standard Modern Greek as a foreign language in Cyprus due to the fact that the linguistic code taught in the classroom does not correspond exactly to the linguistic code that is used in the Cypriot speech community. The study focuses on how teachers of Greek as a foreign language perceive the effects of bidialectalism on their students and on their own teaching. Moreover, it examines whether students themselves are aware of the situation and the consequences it has for their acquisition of Greek. Teachers ‘and students’ suggestions on how to address the problems that may arise because of bidialectalism are presented. Finally, on the basis of the ?ndings, the authors offer their own recommendations.
Time–series Behavior of Intra–daily Data from the Athens Stock Exchange
Authors: Markellos Raphael N. , Siriopoulos Costas
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the time–series behavior of intra–daily equity index data from the emerging Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). After a brief description of the ASE trading mechanisms, the empirical analysis investigates a variety of time–series characteristics including unconditional distribution, microstructures, and predictabilities in the first two moments. While overall the results are comparable to those reported for developed equity markets, it appears that the only significant predictabilities involve seasonalities and dynamics in the variance of the GARCH(1,1) type.
On the Evolution of Global Style Factors in the Morgan Stanley Capital International Universe of Assets
Authors: Christodoulakis George A. , Satchell Stephen E.
Published: March 2003

We explore the effects of global style factors on the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) universe of stocks from 1988 to 1998. An initial Bayesian analysis by Hall, Hwang and Satchell (2001) shows very low posterior probabilities for the significance of the (constant) beta coefficients in a linear factor model. When we allow for a flexible structure, in which betas follow conditionally autoregressive discrete time random processes, introduced by Christodoulakis and Satchell (2000), this result is reversed in nearly half of the cases. Style–factor betas are often found to fluctuate significantly around zero, exhibiting serial correlation, persistence and thus predictability. We report results for such style factors as value, growth, debt, and size on all the individual stocks of the MSCI universe as well as on capitalization–weighted and equally weighted aggregate sector returns.
Sadat Forum on U.S.‐Egyptian Relations
Authors: Said Aly Abdel Moneim , Pelletreau Robert H.
Published: March 2003

The following is the edited text of a discussion held November 28, 2000, at the Sadat Forum at Brookings, cohosted by Richard Haass, vice‐president and director of Foreign‐Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, and Shibley Telhami, the Anwar Sadat chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland.
Policy Critique: Report of the WINEP Presidential Study Group
Authors: Hudson Michael C.
Published: March 2003

A Response to Navigating Through Turbulence: America and the Middle East in a New Century. Report of the Presidential Study Group (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001)
Lebanon and Syria: Internal and Regional Dimensions
Authors: Kessler Martha Neff , Irani George Emile , Gubser Peter , Norton Augustus Richard
Published: March 2003

The following is an edited transcript of the twenty‐fifth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on May 23, 2001, in the Dirksen Senate Office Building with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating.
Intermediate Inequality and Welfare: The Case of Spain, 1980–81 to 1990–91
Authors: Del Río Coral , Ruiz‐Castillo Javier
Published: March 2003

The 1990–91 household expenditures distribution in Spain dominates, in the relative (“rightist”) Lorenz sense, the 1980–81 distribution, but the latter dominates the former in the absolute (“leftist”) Lorenz sense. This situation constitutes a textbook case for intermediate or “centrist” notions of inequality and social welfare. This paper presents the first empirical application of this sort, using the intermediate inequality concept introduced in Del Río and Ruiz‐Castillo (2000). The data reveal that there is a decrease in household expenditures inequality for a relatively small set of centrist attitudes.
Computer Price Indices and International Growth and Productivity Comparisons
Authors: Schreyer Paul
Published: March 2003

Methodologies to derive price indices for information and communication technology (ICT) products vary between national statistical offices. This may lead to significant differences in measured price changes for these products and there has been concern about the international comparability of volume growth rates of GDP between several OECD countries. This article discusses the possible consequences for measures of economic growth of replacing one set of price indices by another one in the framework of national accounts. It is argued that the issue of ICT deflators cannot be dealt with in isolation and several other factors have to be taken into account, in particular whether ICT products are final or intermediate products, whether they are imported or domestically produced and whether national accounts are set up with fixed or chain weighted index numbers. Overall, results point to modest effects at the aggregate GDP level but may be more significant when it comes to component measures such as volume growth of investment, or of output in a particular industry.
Computerization in France: An Evaluation Based on Individual Company Data
Authors: Crépon Bruno , Heckel Thomas
Published: March 2003

In this article we evaluate the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICT) to the growth of value added during the past 15 years in France. Following North American studies, we use traditional growth accounting methods to assess the relative size of two types of contribution: on the one hand the effect of the use of information technologies (IT) on growth due to the accumulation of IT capital taking place within all industries; on the other hand the contribution of the production of ICT to growth due to the strong total factor productivity (TFP) gains achieved in the industries producing ICT. We use individual company data aggregated by industry, which provide us with a measure of the firm's computer stock and makes a detailed investigation possible.
Picking the Poor: Indicators for Geographic Targeting in Peru
Authors: Schady Norbert R.
Published: March 2003

Geographic targeting is perhaps the most popular mechanism used to direct social programs to the poor in Latin America. This paper empirically compares geographic targeting indicators available in Peru. To this effect, I combine household–level information from the 1997 Peru Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) and district–level information from the 1993 Peru Population and Housing Census. I then conduct a series of simulations which estimate leakage rates, concentration curves, the impact of transfers on poverty as measured by the headcount index, poverty gap and P2 measures of the FGT family, and non–parametric (kernel) densities when transfers are based on alternative indicators. I conclude that there is substantial potential for geographic targeting in Peru. However, the differences in outcomes across geographic targeting indicators are small, and are not statistically significant. These results are in keeping with earlier work which suggests that (among reasonable alternatives) the choice of geographic targeting indicator does not have an important bearing on poverty outcomes, and are at odds with more recent research which stresses the advantage of poverty maps which “impute” consumption or income.