bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Administrasi Pedidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan
Authors: Fauziah Maihilza Wiwi
Published: December 2019

Administration of educators and education personnel is the overall process of educator activities which includes planning, organizing, directing, organizing, directing, reporting, coordinating, monitoring and financing by using or utilizing available facilities both personal, material, and spiritual to effectively and effectively achieve educational goals, efficiency
PERENCANAAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA PASIEN HIPERTENSI
Authors: Panggabean Nabila Salsabila
Published: December 2019

Latar Belakang: Hipertensi merupakan salah satu dari Penyakit Tidak Menular yang bertanggung jawab atas kematian akibat penyakit jantung dan stroke. Secara global, hipertensi menjadi penyakit kardiovaskular yang banyak diderita masyarakat Indonesia. Pada sebagaian besar kasus hipertensi tidak menunjukkan gejala. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui kemampuan perawat dalam merencanakan asuhan keperawatan yang tepat dan sesuai pada pasien hipertensi. Metode: Metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan literature berupa buku dan jurnal ilmiah. Hasil dan Pembahasan: perawat yang telah berpikir kritis harus mampu merencanakan tindakan keperawatan yang tepat dan sesuai untuk pasien terutama untuk pasien hipertensi. Penutup: Ada pengaruh ketepatan perawat dalam merencanakan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien hipertensi yang sesuai dengan NANDA, NIC dan NOC dalam proses keperawatan.
administrasi peserta didik
Authors: deswita Linda
Published: December 2019

The purpose of student administration is to organize the activities of students from starting to enter school. This article is structured with systematic methods and steps to facilitate research. In this article, the researcher uses the literature study method by collecting literature (material materials) sourced from books, journals, and other sources related to the science of Educational Administration. Administration of students is an activity of recording students from the admissions process until students graduate from school or out of school transfer or other causes. In the administration of students there is a process carried out by the administrator, namely the activity of the beginning of the school year, during the school year and the end of the school year. Instruments in student administration are master books, book clusters, student condition lists, student attendance books and student file storage files. In administration the teacher acts as a new student selection committee, plays a role in making it easier for students to adapt to the school environment, recording and controlling student attendance, conducting competency tests, creating an atmosphere that motivates students, creating good school / classroom discipline, and carrying out guidance career and graduate search
DOKUMENTASI PENGKAJIAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
Authors: Apelia Gita
Published: December 2019

Dokumentasi keperawatan harus benar dan mutlak keadaannya karena didalam dokumentasi keperawatan terdapat riwayat penyakit pasien sehingga harus teliti dalam pengkajiannya dan penulisannya. Dokumentasi dalam asuhan keperawatan merupakan salah satu bukti tindakan yang telah dilakukan oleh seorang perawat terhadap pasien. Pendokumentasian yang dilakukan tidak lengkap oleh seorang perawat dapat mengakibatkan mutu Rumah Sakit tersebut menurun. Seorang perawat professional akan melakukan pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan dengan benar karena dokumentasi tersebut menyangkut kehidupan pasien. Agar pendokumentasian dapat dilakukan dengan benar seorang perawat harus benar-benar mengkaji pasiennya dan tidak dengan asal-asalan. Apabila pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan yang diberikan seorang perawat benar maka mutu Rumah Sakit tersebut tidak akan menurun.
MENGETAHUI BAGAIMANA PROSES KEPERAWATAN DALAM DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN
Authors: Saputri Febbyola Alyu
Published: December 2019

Diagnosa keperawatan adalah suatu keputusan klinik tentang respons pasien terhadap masalah kesehatan yang aktual atau potensi yang merupakan sebagai dasar salam seleksi intervensi keperawatan untuk mencapai tujuan dalam asuhan keperawatan sesuai dengan kewenangan perawat. Proses keperawatan adalah satu pendekatan untuk pemecahan masalah yang mendukung kemampuan perawat untuk mengatur dan memberikan asuhan keperawatan.
Pupil dilation indexes automatic and dynamic inference about the precision of stimulus distributions
Authors: Silvestrin Francesco , Penny Will , FitzGerald Thomas HB
Published: December 2019

Learning about the statistics of one’s environment is a fundamental requirement of adaptive behaviour. In this experiment we probe whether pupil dilation in response to brief auditory stimuli reflects automatic statistical learning about the underlying stimulus distributions. Specifically, we consider whether pupil dilation reflects automatic (task-irrelevant) learning about the precision of Gaussian distributions of pitch in a sequence of tones. We provide clear evidence, both by comparing responses to perceptually identical probe tones in low and high precision blocks, and using a novel model-based analysis, that subjects did indeed track the precision of the stimulus distribution. This extends previous work looking at electrophysiological effects of precision (or, equivalently, variance) learning, and provides new evidence that the putatively noradrenergic processes underlying pupil dilation reflect rapidly updated information about distributions of sensory stimuli. In addition, our study represents a validation of our model-based approach to analysing pupillometry data, which we believe has considerable promise for future studies.
The Naive Utility Calculus as a unified, quantitative framework for action understanding
Authors: Jara-Ettinger Julian , Schulz Laura , tenenbaum josh
Published: December 2019

The human ability to reason about the causes behind other people’ behavior is critical for navigating the social world. Recent empirical research with both children and adults suggests that this ability is structured around an assumption that other agents act to maximize some notion of subjective utility. In this paper, we present a formal theory of this Naïve Utility Calculus as a probabilistic generative model, which highlights the role of cost and reward tradeoffs in a Bayesian framework for action-understanding. Our model predicts with quantitative accuracy how people infer agents’ subjective costs and rewards based on their observable actions. By distinguishing between desires, goals, and intentions, the model extends to complex action scenarios unfolding over space and time in scenes with multiple objects and multiple action episodes. We contrast our account with simpler model variants and a set of special-case heuristics across a wide range of action-understanding tasks: inferring costs and rewards, making confidence judgments about relative costs and rewards, combining inferences from multiple events, predicting future behavior, inferring knowledge or ignorance, and reasoning about social goals. Our work sheds light on the basic representations and computations that structure our everyday ability to make sense of and navigate the social world.
Diffusion of Adolescent Marijuana Use in School Environments Following Recreational Legalization
Authors: Mills Kathryn L. , Light John M. , Rusby Julie C. , Westling Erika
Published: December 2019

Aim: To identify the mechanisms by which social interactions with classmates influence marijuana use in the transition into adolescence.Design: Using four waves of longitudinal social network data collected quarterly during the school year from the spring of 8th grade to the spring of 9th grade (2014-2016), we examine how friendship ties relate to marijuana use. Participants: 1075 adolescents were included in the present analysis. An implicit consent procedure was used: all students whose parents did not opt out of the study were eligible to participate.Setting: Participants were drawn from 12 schools with 8th graders, from five rural and two nonrural school districts in Western Oregon.Measurements: At each assessment wave participants reported on their marijuana use in the past 30 days. Using stochastic actor-oriented modeling, we examined whether classmates with similar marijuana use were more likely to select each other as friends, and if a classmate’s marijuana use was influenced by friends’ use. Findings: Past 30-day marijuana use increased in prevalence across 9th grade. Classmates with similar marijuana use were more likely to select each other as friends, and classmates were more likely to adopt similar patterns of marijuana use as their friends. This influence effect did not depend on the friend’s popularity or closeness; best friends had no more influence on marijuana use than less-close friends. Conclusion: In the transition into high school, adolescents tend to select friends who report similar recent marijuana use, and are also more likely to adopt the marijuana use patterns of their friends regardless of how close or popular they are.
From Planning the Port/City to Planning the Port-City. Exploring the Economic Interface in European Port Cities
Authors: Van den Berghe Karel , Daamen Tom
Published: December 2019

In last three decades, planning agencies of most ports have institutionally evolved into a (semi-) independent port authority. The rationale behind this process is that port authorities are able to react more quickly to changing logistical and spatial preferences of maritime firms, hence increasing the competitiveness of ports. Although these dedicated port authorities have proven to be largely successful, new economic, social, and environmental challenges are quickly catching up on these port governance models, and particularly leads to (spatial) policy ‘conflicts’ between port and city. This chapter starts by assessing this conflict and argue that the conflict is partly a result of dominant—often also academic—spatial representations of the port city as two separate entities. To escape this divisive conception of contemporary port cities, this chapter presents a relational visualisation method that is able to analyse the economic interface between port and city. Based on our results, we reflect back on our proposition and argue that the core challenge today for researchers and policy makers is acknowledging the bias of port/city, being arguably a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hence, we turn the idea of (planning the) port/city conflicts into planning the port-city’s strengths and weaknesses.
A goalkeeper’s performance in stopping free kicks reduces when the defensive wall blocks their initial view of the ball
Authors: Valkanidis Theofilos , Craig Cathy M. , Cummins Alan , Dessing Joost C.
Published: December 2019

Free kicks are an important goal scoring opportunity in football. It is an unwritten rule that the goalkeeper places a wall of defending players with the aim of making scoring harder for the attacking team. However, the defensive wall can occlude the movements of the kicker, as well as the initial part of the ball trajectory. Research on one-handed catching suggests that a ball coming into view later will likely delay movement initiation and possibly affect performance. Here, we used virtual reality to investigate the effect of the visual occlusion of the initial ball trajectory by the wall on the performance of naïve participants and skilled goalkeepers. We showed that movements were initiated significantly later when the wall was present, but not by the same amount as the duration of occlusion (~200ms, versus a movement delay of ~70-90ms); movements were thus initiated sooner after the ball came into view, based on less accumulated information. For both naïve participants and skilled goalkeepers this delayed initiation significantly affected performance (i.e., 3.6cm and 1.5cm larger spatial hand error, respectively, not differing significantly between the groups). These performance reductions were significantly larger for shorter flight times, reaching increased spatial errors of 4.5cm and 2.8cm for both groups, respectively. Further analyses showed that the wall-induced performance reduction did not differ significantly between free kicks with and without sideward curve. The wall induced early movement biases, but only for free kicks with curve in the same direction as the required movement; these biases were away from the final ball position, thus hampering performance. Our results cannot suggest an all-out removal of the wall - this study only considered one potential downside – but should motivate goalkeepers to continuously evaluate whether placing a wall is their best option. This seems most pertinent when facing expert free kick takers for whom the wall does not act as a block (i.e., whose kicks consistently scale the wall).
Risk Factor distribution in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: KC Man Bahadur
Published: December 2019

Coronary Artery disease is emerging as a growing epidemic in whole of the South Asia region. South Asians are genatically most predisposed people to Coronary Artery disease. In this background of genetic predisposition to Coronary Artery disease and changes in life style, which increases the vulnerability to acquire this disease, many Nepalese people are getting Coronary Artery disease with increasing number every year.
Editorial Vol.2(2)
Authors: Regmi Prakash Raj
Published: December 2019

It is unfortunate that developing countries are fighting with both communicable and non-communicable diseases in large scales at the same time. Health problems are more complex as compared with the developed world. Poverty, population growth, lack of resources, low literacy rates, lack of trained manpower and basic health facilities at remote areas are making things more complicated.
The Bilingual Advantage and the Language Background Bias
Authors: De Angelis Gessica
Published: December 2019

The idea that bilingualism can give us an advantage in life is of great interest to the scientific community due to its significant positive implications for healthcare and education at large. In recent years, several scholars have provided evidence in favour of the so-called bilingual advantage or benefit, suggesting a positive association between bilingualism and cognitive development. In order to understand whether the claim is fully warranted, the present paper sets out to examine the evidence in support and against the existence of a bilingual benefit for individuals. Following a brief discussion on the use of the terms bilingualism and multilingualism in the literature, the paper proceeds to provide a summary of evidence of advantages and disadvantages currently associated with prior language knowledge in the mind, highlighting some of the possible reasons for the different results that are being reported and introducing the language background bias. The paper ends with some suggestions for future research that can help us move forward and increase our understanding of the bi-/multilingual advantage as a broader phenomenon.
Bi-/multilingual Communication, Identity and the Posited Intermingling of Language Systems in the Mind
Authors: Singleton David
Published: December 2019

There seems to be a desire abroad in some areas of our field to abandon all talk of bounds between language-varieties in the mind. The response offered here to such a position is that language knowledge in the mind is all its aspects, in fact, highly differentiated, and that this differentiation broadly follows the lines recognized by the traditional conception which draws (always, of course, crossable) lines between languages. One powerful set of evidence in favour of this latter claim is that offered by phenomena observable in everyday bilingual and multilingual language use and interaction.  Such evidence bespeaks a necessary capacity on the part of multilinguals to keep their languages apart when using them, and an adeptness – even at a very early age – at making decisions as to which language to speak to whom.  The article explores such phenomena, which are heavy with consequences for the unboundedness view of languages. Another dimension of bilingual/multilingual experience which bespeaks boundedness is the way in which different languages connect to different identities or aspects of identity, which is also discussed in the article.
Complementarity of Reading from Paper and Screen in the Development of Critical Thinking Skills for 21st-century Literacy.
Authors: Ślęzak-Świat Agnieszka Marta
Published: December 2019

The skill of reading undergoes dramatic changes due to the change of reading interface readers are exposed to. Readers who want to be active participants of knowledge society need to perceive it as more than just a receptive skill.
The study aims to assess the condition of homo legens, diagnose what kind of reading interface preferences characterize 21st-century readers, how they respond to texts considering reading both digitally and in print, accepting or viewing critically the underlying ideology of the text.
The analysis of the collected data attempts to determine if the reported preferences are conducive to the development of critical thinking skills for 21st-century literacy, which include understanding complex ideas, evaluating evidence, weighing alternative perspectives and constructing justifiable arguments.
Wojciech Malec, Developing Web-based Language Tests. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2018 - review by Danuta Gabryś-Barker
Authors: Gabryś-Barker Danuta
Published: December 2019

Not applicable
Marx against Marx: A Critical Reading of the "Fragment on Machines"
Authors: Spence Martin
Published: December 2019

Marx’s Fragment on Machines is sometimes held up as a creative departure from orthodoxy, and a prescient harbinger of a knowledge economy. In particular the concept of general intellect, which appears uniquely in the Fragment, is celebrated as a key theoretical innovation. This article presents a close reading and critical interpretation of the text of the Fragment to argue, firstly, that its primary theme is not general intellect, but fixed capital; secondly, that its emphasis on fixed capital is unduly narrow and productivist, leading to an equally narrow treatment of labour and value; and finally, it seeks to explain why Marx produced this odd work, so much out of step with the main current of his thought, at the time and in the way that he did.
Platform Interactions and Emergence of an Organizational Field: Case Study on Ola
Authors: Mukerji Maitrayee , Roy Partha Sarathi
Published: December 2019

Most digital enterprises begin as technology start-ups offering niche services, and then evolve into digital platforms providing a range of services. Against the backdrop of almost non-existent logistic and supply chain infrastructure, weak regulatory framework, low penetration of smartphones and Internet, low consumer confidence and trust on online transactions, digital entrepreneurs in developing countries literally have to build the platform ecosystem along with their organization. In this paper, we use institutional theory as a lens to trace the emergence and evolution of digital platforms in India.  We posit that digital platforms are emerging organizational fields embodying new network logics with algorithms and technology-mediated interactions playing a central role in creating value. In particular, we take the case of Ola, an online cab aggregator from India to illustrate that digital platforms as organizational field evolve through three phases of (a) innovation introduction, (b) mobilization and (c) structuration. In the first phase, the organizational field characteristics are consequences of activities undertaken to raise cognitive legitimacy and respond to competitive forces. In the second phase, a mix of coercive and mimetic forces shape the institutional field resulting in increase in socio-political legitimacies. In the third phase, the process of structuration sets in as isomorphic forces become more normative. The theoretical framework developed in this paper contributes to extant information system research by putting forth that the characteristics of emerging organizational field are shaped by the interplay between the responses of the focal organization to isomorphic forces, and the actions taken by it to establish cognitive and socio-political legitimacies. Empirically the study is on digital platforms located in a large developing country with very high potential for online transactions but relatively low penetration of Internet and smartphones. Conceptualizing organizational field as digital platforms enables making sense of the changing business landscape, and examine issues of sustainability and legitimacy.
Examinations on Al-Mg-Sc-Alloys after Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Schimbäck D. , Panzenböck M. , Palm F.
Published: December 2019

Additive Manufacturing of metallic components has gained a lot of attention within the last five years in material science. By means of the development and qualification process of a new alloy, specially designed for the aerospace branch, a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties is indispensable. This article serves to investigate the microstructure, as well as mechanical and fracture behavior of tensile samples of different AlMgSc alloys (commercially distributed as Scalmalloy®), which were directly additively manufactured, in particular by Selective Laser Melting.
The Pathway from Radiation to Fibrosis: LET Dependence
Authors: Saganti Premkumar B. , Wang Huichen , Menezes Kareena M. , Saganti Premkumar B.
Published: December 2019

It is well-known that Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a late event occurring months to years after the
initial radiation exposure. Fibrotic lesions have been shown to manifest in many tissues including the skin,
heart, lung, liver and kidney. Fibrosis occurs due to abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM)
proteins that result in loss of normal tissue and organ function. The cell type involved in RIF is
myofibroblasts, which do not undergo apoptosis after healing but instead continue to accumulate, producing
excessive amounts of ECM proteins, thereby damaging the tissues and organs. Reactive oxygen species,
generated in response to radiation, is one signal that helps maintain the myofibroblast phenotype. In this
review, we discuss molecular mechanisms leading to this late radiation event, known biomarkers for
prediction, preclinical animal models of radiation-induced toxicity and current clinical trials designed for
mitigation and treatment of radiation-induced fibrosis. We also discuss other physical properties such as
linear energy transfer (LET) than the ones used in the clinics today which may have the potential to change
our understanding on this inevitable pathway from radiation treatment to organ fibrosis.
Media theory and media technologies in contemporary art projects
Authors: Світлана Стоян
Published: December 2019

With the powerful development of the advanced technologies, art actively engages the innovation to create a new system of imagery. As a result, there appeared various contemporary forms of media art. The estimation of such experiments is constantly fluctuating from their radical condemnation as spheres of the functioning of the “simulacra” ( J. Baudrillard etc.) up to hope for them to overcome the existing barrier between the “culture of hearing” and “culture of vision”, which in media art reaches its equilibrium (M. McLuhan etc.) In our opinion, it makes sense to take a moderate stance on the question of contemporary technological innovations, avoiding both their absolutism and total criticism that borders with demonization, whereas any changes in the artistic realm have their causes; they are connected to the constant unstoppable socio-cultural movement. These processes reflect changes in the perception and value hierarchy of the modern personality, which, with the help of technological innovations, can reproduce high-minded meanings, as well as simulate the world of horrible and ugly, or reduce artistic works only to the level of entertainment. For example, using modern media technologies in contemporary Ukrainian art projects, we will try to carry out a philosophical and cultural analysis of the nature and specifics of the media’s use by Ukrainian artists in comparison with world trends in this area.
Visual practices and art in the internet-space
Authors: Анастасія Тормахова
Published: December 2019

It is determined that modern culture is mainly focused on the visual. Since the last decades of the 20th century, a peculiar socio-cultural trend has been forming, which researchers define as the “pictorial turn” or visual turn. Its essential feature is that verbal means of communication give way to the visual. The significant influence of technical means on the perception and creation of art is emphasized. The processes that accompanied the emergence of photography and cinema have been developed in the further culture of the 20th century. Although the basic laws of creation of an artwork, the shaping tendencies and expressive means remained virtually unchanged, however, a lot of technical possibilities arose, which are being widely used. The growth of the value of the virtual network space on the physical reality is noted. The emergence of visual practices that perform a communicative function is highlighted. The network becomes a place of concentration of achievements of human creativity, reproducing actual requests, interests of recipients, providing not only an opportunity for self-expression, but also for receiving a quick reaction from another audience.
TRILHAS INTERPRETATIVAS UMA PRÁTICA PARA A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL
Authors: Buzatto Laiza , Kuhnen Cláudia Felin Cerutti
Published: December 2019

O presente artigo apresenta as temáticas meio ambiente e educação ambiental através do projeto de extensão realizado denominado Trilhas Interpretativas uma prática para a Educação Ambiental, que, versa um novo paradigma conceitual sobre uma importante ferramenta da Educação Ambiental perante o cenário contemporâneo, onde o processo desencadeado a partir da crise ambiental pós revolução industrial, potencializou os desequilíbrios aos ecossistemas, afetando diretamente a perda da biodiversidade da fauna e flora como também indiretamente os sujeitos participes das comunidades e consequentemente as atividades que exercem. A trilha como ferramenta auxilia na sensibilização dos participantes, exercendo o papel norteador dos conceitos ecológicos e de sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas através do sujeito participe, pois o mesmo apresenta uma potencialidade de reflexão sobre a temática vivenciada no local da trilha e dinamiza o conhecimento para outros sujeitos Foram trabalhados a sensibilização por meio do contato com a natureza, através de atividades lúdicas como jogos que auxiliam no entendimento dos participantes mediante aos conceitos abordados durante a trilha, palestras que desenvolvem as definições sobre as temáticas ambientais e de educação ambiental que se atravessam como: meio ambiente, recursos naturais renováveis e não renováveis, fauna, flora e seus habitats, compreensão sobre a biodiversidade e a crise ambiental, extinção e organização do ecossistema. A trilha interpretativa é desenvolvida nos limites da Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões campus de Frederico Westphalen URI-FW, onde se encontra um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, que sofre com algumas alterações antrópicas, mas mesmo assim apresenta uma vasta diversidade de fauna e flora, a trilha atendeu aproximadamente 1000 alunos escolas de Frederico Westphalen e do programa Jovem Aprendiz do SENAC. Dessa forma, qualificar os significados dos espaços da trilha ecológica e estimular o ethos do sujeito mediante suas atitudes e ações ressignifica a amplitude das questões ambientais e a compreensão da dimensão socioambiental no espaço urbano onde a trilha está estruturada.
Does Muscle Fatigue Alter EEG Bands of Brain Hemispheres?
Authors: Taghizadeh Sh , Pirouzi S , Zamani A , Motealleh A , Bagheri Z
Published: December 2019

Background: Muscle fatigue has been known to influence brain activity, but very little is known about how cortical centers respond to muscle fatigue.Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of muscle contraction and fatigue induced by two different percent of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals.Methods: EEG signals were recorded from twenty-one healthy human subjects during three phases (rest, pre fatigue and post fatigue) contraction of Adductor pollicis muscle (APM) at 30% and 70% MVC. The mean powers of EEG bands (alpha, beta and gamma) were computed offline in the frequency domain.Results: None of the three phases with each percent of MVC revealed significant differences for all bands (p>0.05). Comparison of two hemispheres showed right hemisphere gamma band activity was enhanced during pre-fatigue state at 30% MVC (p= 0.042) and post-fatigue state at 70% MVC (p= 0.028). Right hemisphere beta band activity also increased prominently at 70% MVC in post-fatigue condition (p = 0.030).Conclusion: These results suggest muscle contraction and fatigue at 30% and 70% MVC have no significant effect on EEG activity, but the trends of beta and gamma band activities are almost similar in each percent of 30% and 70% MVC. Right brain hemisphere shows more activity than left hemisphere in beta and gamma rhythm after fatigue state at 70% MVC.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Properties of a Low Energy Electron Beam Plus Spoiler for Local Treatment of Mycosis Fungoides: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Noshadi S , Atarod M , Amouheidari A , Felfeliyan F , Shokrani P
Published: December 2019

Background: When using low-energy electron beams for the treatment of skin lesions, such as Mycosis Fungoides (MF), a beam spoiler is used to decrease electron therapeutic depth (R90) while increasing the surface dose.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of a 5 MeV electron beam when using a spoiler for the local treatment of MF skin lesions by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation.Methods: A Siemens Primus treatment head and an acrylic spoiler, positioned at the end of applicator, were simulated using BEAMnrc, an EGSnrc user code. The modelled beam was validated by measurement using MP3-M water tank, Roos parallel plate chamber and Semi flex Chamber-31013 (all from PTW, Freiburg, Germany). For different spoiler thicknesses, dose distributions in water were calculated for 2 field sizes and were compared to those for the corresponding open fields.Results: For a 1.3 cm spoiler, therapeutic range changed from 1.5 cm (open field) to 0.5 cm and 0.4 cm for 10 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2 field sizes, respectively. Maximum increase in penumbra width was 2.8 and 3.8 cm for 10 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2 field sizes, respectively. Maximum increase in bremsstrahlung contamination was %2 in both field sizes.Conclusion: R90 decreased exponentially with increase in spoiler thickness. The effect of field size on penumbra was much larger for spoiled beam compared to the open beam. The results of this research can be applied to optimize the radiation treatment of MF patients in our hospital.
On Knowing Faith
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: December 2019

I was very honored by the invitation to deliver the 2019 Rappaport Lecture, which forms the basis of this article. The theme of the Society for the Anthropology of Religion’s conference for which it was written, “The Politics of Religious Knowledge and Ignorance,” is one that is very close to the heart of Roy Rappaport’s work. After all, the foundation of his magisterial theory of the role of ritual in the development of humanity is our species’ radical inability, once language allowed expression to take on a life of its own, to know whether others are lying to us or not, and ritual’s ability to address the problem of radical social ignorance that this incapacity sets before us by creating certainty about who people are and what commitments they have taken on (Rappaport 1999). For Rappaport, ritual and religion were both from the start fundamentally entangled with issues of knowledge and ignorance.
Introduction
Authors: Walton Jeremy F. , Mahadev Neena
Published: December 2019

The introduction to this special section foregrounds the key distinction between ‘religious plurality’ and ‘interreligious pluralism’. Building from the example of a recent controversy over an exhibition on shared religious sites in Thessaloniki, Greece, we analyze the ways in which advocates and adversaries of pluralism alternately place minority religions at the center or attempt to relegate them to the margins of visual, spatial, and political fields. To establish the conceptual scaffolding that supports this special section, we engage the complex relations that govern the operations of state and civil society, sacrality and secularity, as well as spectacular acts of disavowal that simultaneously coincide with everyday multiplicities in the shared use of space. We conclude with brief summaries of the four articles that site religious plurality and interreligious pluralism in the diverse contexts of Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka, and the Balkans.
Commentary on "Siting Pluralism"
Authors: Sullivan Winnifred Fallers
Published: December 2019

There are some things we seem to need to learn over and over and over. Among them are the ways in which modern legal efforts to expel the sacred—or, perhaps more pointedly, as Neena Mahadev shows in her article, interventions to end it—condemn us to its constant reproduction. State secularism results not in the evacuation of the sacred but in an almost neurotic picking at the scab of the wound—and the continuous management of what Hussein Agrama (2012: 186) has called the “problem-space of secularism.” The four articles collected here are exemplary in their fine-grained analysis of this reality, both of the often pathetic inadequacy of regulatory efforts and, even more interestingly, of the glimpses we have of religious life lived in the in-between spaces of formal policing efforts, whether of church or state. The spatial gesture uniting this collection—siting pluralism—proves particularly potent. Sometimes imagined as uncompromisingly singular (i.e., spatial ‘locative’ religion as opposed to utopian portable religion) and at other times as spatial in a plural, less exclusive sense, the spaces/places of these articles are teeming with contradiction and multiplicity.
The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Genocide
Authors: Luft Aliza
Published: December 2019

Recent years have witnessed a turn in the field of contentious politics toward the study of political violence, yet scholars have yet to focus their lens on genocide. Moreover, research on genocide is characterized by fundamental disagreements about its definition, origins, and dynamics, leading to a lack of generalizable theory. As a remedy, this article suggests that research on genocide can be improved by incorporating concepts from social movements. After reviewing the history of research on social movements and genocide, I analyze civilian participation in the Rwandan genocide as an example of how social movement theory helps explain civilian mobilization for genocide. Finally, I propose that a contentious politics approach to genocide would consider it one among many forms of contentious collective action, analyzable within the existing framework of social movement theory.
Protest Events, Welfare Generosity, and Welfare State Regimes
Authors: Pritchard David
Published: December 2019

This article examines data from the Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive and the Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset on protest events, levels of welfare generosity (the extent to which welfare protection is provided by non-market actors), and welfare state regimes in 18 advanced industrialized countries across the period 1971–2002. Using a direct measure of protest events in terms of frequency of riots, demonstrations, general strikes, political assassinations, and attempted revolutions, the article finds that there is a significant relationship between welfare generosity, welfare state regimes, and protest events. The findings demonstrate that more extensive welfare arrangements—conceptualized through the use of empirical data—not only ameliorate social disadvantages and thus legitimate market economies and capital accumulation, but also bring about stability and social order.
The (R)evolution Is Dead, Long Live the (R)evolution!
Authors: Ritter Daniel P.
Published: December 2019

Responding to the debate that was carried on in recent issues of this journal, this article argues that the era of revolutions is not by any means over, but that an “evolution of revolution” has occurred over the past few decades that has fundamentally transformed what revolutions are. This development forces us to rethink how we approach revolutions as sociological phenomena. Instead of employing strict definitions that make sharp distinctions between revolutions and nonrevolutions, we are better served by more inclusive approaches to revolutionary change. The article outlines some of the ways in which revolutions have evolved and how we might go about understanding them.
GOODPASTURE SYNDROME: CASE REPORT
Authors: Starchenko I.I. , Vynnyk N.I. , Sovhyria S.M. , Filenko B.M. , Proskurnia S.А. , Royko N.V. , Khazanov A.P.
Published: December 2019

The Goodpasture syndrome is an immune-inflammatory pathology characterized by the formation of autoantibodies directed against the basement membranes of the renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli, manifested by hemorrhagic pneumonitis in combination with pulmonary hemorrhage (hemoptysis) and glomerulonephritis. To date, etiological mechanisms of the disease are unknown. Clinical observations indicate a relationship between the development of Goodpasture syndrome and viral infection, intake of medications, industrial hazards. The incidence of Goodpasture syndrome is estimated to be 1 case per 1 million population. Due to the rarity of this pathology, each case of Goodpasture syndrome is of great theoretical and practical interest. The authors conducted the analysis of clinical and morphological observation of Goodpasture syndrome. The postmortem study revealed morphological signs indicating the presence of Goodpasture syndrome inter vivos, whose main manifestations were hemorrhagic pneumonitis and mesangial-proliferative glomerulonephritis with fibroplastic transformation. The reported case is also of particular interest in terms of correct formulation of the final diagnosis, since there was a combination of two diseases: Goodpasture syndrome and phlegmonous appendicitis with focal peritonitis. In this case, pulmonary heart failure should be considered as the direct cause of death, since pulmonary lesions prevailed over the renal ones, which is fully consistent with the clinical presentation and findings of the laboratory tests. The diagnosis of Goodpasture syndrome made at the hospital is not always timely, as can be evidenced by patient’s severe condition, and it requires careful differentiation with a number of other diseases involving hemorrhagic pulmonary and renal syndrome, and the urgent need for active therapy with immunosuppressants, including prednisone and cytostatics. The timely adequate treatment significantly improves the prognosis.
Potential application of high voltage electrical discharge plasma control of Brettanomyces bruxellensis in wine
Authors: Tomašević Marina , Kovačević Ganić Karin , Lukić Katarina , Ćurko Natka , Vukušić Tomislava , Križanović Stela
Published: December 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of high voltage electrical discharge (HVED) plasma on inactivation of Brettanomyces bruxellensis yeast in red wine. Research was conducted in two phases. Firstly, the efficacy of two main plasma parameters was examined - frequency (60, 90 and 120 Hz) and treatment duration (3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min). Second phase included monitoring long-term effect of HVED plasma using optimal frequency during selected treatment durations, where culturability of B. bruxellensis was determined after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. Results show that frequency of 120 Hz caused slightly higher inactivation than the lower ones. Furthermore, longer treatment durations resulted in significantly higher inactivation, wherein the treatment of 30 min showed the best results. Finally, during storage period, the inactivation effect of HVED plasma was reversed and B. bruxellensis yeast recovered almost completely in treated wine.
Okoliczności kompozycji hymnu Akatyst ku czci Najświętszej Maryi Panny
Authors: Grzywaczewski Józef
Published: December 2019

The author of this article tries to situate the famous Greek Hymn Akathis­tos in its large context. He presents the Old Testament tradition, especially the Psalms, and the New Testament tradition: Christological hymns and the person of Mary in the Gospel. The Christians of the first centuries used to sing hymns during their meetings of prayer. The old Hellenic tradition in po­etry and music could also have influence on the Christian poetry and music, especially on the formal aspect of such compositions. It seems to be obvious that the Akathistos was inspired by the theological considerations on Mary as Christ’s Mother. This hymn is a great praise of Mary as Theotokos; this title was accepted officially in the Church by the Council of Ephesus (431). The exact date of the composition of the hymn is not known; it is only known that this hymn was sung in 626 in Constantinople as thanksgiving to Mary for the expelling of the aggressors (a regiment of the Persian army). The question of authorship of Akathistos is still discussed; most scholars attribute it to Roma­nos Melodus, but such an opinion is considered as probable. The aim of this article is to introduce the lector into the study on the theology of the Akathis­tos (Christology and Mariology). Surely, such a study can be precious for the Christian spirituality.
Божественні енергії та богословський метод у вченні св. Григорія Палами
Authors: Hupalo Mariia
Published: December 2019

Teoria Grzegorza Palamasa o niestworzonych energiach Boskich jest ściśle związana z jego obroną modlitwy hezychastycznej i mistyki światła Taborskiego. Jego pierwszym i głównym celem było to, aby wyartykułować możliwość prze­bóstwienia człowieka i jego uczestnictwa w życiu i chwale Boga, a także szansę upodobnienia do Boga – nie w Jego istocie, ale przez Jego łaskę. Mistycyzm i doksologia, wspólnota z Bogiem jest dla Palamasa wyjątkowo odpowiednim kontekstem dla Boskiego samo-objawienia jak również recepcji Bożego zjawiska przez człowieka. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie niektórych ele­mentów wymiaru personalistycznego i egzystencjalnego teologii św. Grzegorza Palamasa w aspekcie rozróżnienia między istotą a energiami w Bogu, jak również w aspekcie hezychastycznego doświadczenia niestworzonego światła.
The promotion of miaenergism as a challenge to identity of non-Chalcedonian christianity
Authors: Kashchuk Oleksandr
Published: December 2019

The article discusses the question of interrelation between the promotion of Miaenergism and its influence on the sense of religious identity of non-Chal­cedonian Christians. The purpose of the article if to point that the promotion of Miaenergism was perceived by Miaphysites as an challenge for their religious iden­tity formed in the period after the Council of Chalcedon (451) on the basis of refu­tation of Chalcedon, absolute loyalty to the teachings of their Patriarchs, especially to Christological notions of Cyril of Alexandria. The promotion of Miaenergism became the stimulus that caused the crystallization of a sense of religious identity of the Miaphysites. The promotion of Miaenergism strongly influenced a sense of the Miaphysite political identity, opposite to Byzantine government.
The Christian martyr as a hyperthanatic philosopher and mystes, and the success of christianity
Authors: Kozłowski Jan M.
Published: December 2019

The creation of the concept of the martyr by ancient Christianity was undoubt­edly one of the reasons why this young religion could endure through times of persecution and also attract new believers. But what exactly made this concept so effective? Among the many mutually non-exclusive answers, one more may be provided: the person of the martyr simultaneously fulfilled, on a previously un­known level of intensity and scale, two soteriological ideals of the ancient world, i.e., that of the dying philosopher whose attitude toward death showed that death had no power over him and that of the mystes intimately united with the dying and resurrecting divinity.
The great canon of st. Andrew of Crete. Scriptural, liturgical and hesychastic invitation for an encounter with God
Authors: Leśniewski Krzysztof
Published: December 2019

The Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete is a masterpiece of Byzantine hym­nography. Due to its liturgical use during the Great Lent in the Orthodox Church for more than a thousand years it has played a very important role in the process of spiritual preparing for the feast of the Resurrection of Christ. In the Orthodox con­sciousness the Great Canon is first of all the Lenten special invitation for personal repentance (and more specifically “a change of mind” – met£noia) and compunc­tion (kat£nuxij). The whole content of the Great Canon, in the vast majority wo­ven from biblical phrases and referring to the essential events of salvation history, has the purpose of reshaping a believer’s life according to the Divine Wisdom. This “ecclesial liturgical act” helps to release the faithful not only from the bond­age of sin but also from evil thoughts (ponhroˆ logismo…) and destructive pas­sions (p£qoi). Based on an analysis of issues and terminology of the Great Canon it seems to be a well-founded argument that it is a work that combines the Eastern Orthodox use of the Bible, and the hesychastic tradition in the liturgical context.
Pieniądz w "Historia religiosa" autorstwa Teodoreta z Cyru
Authors: Milewski Ireneusz
Published: December 2019

The paper analyses the reports regarding money, which appear in the Historia religiosa writen by Theodoret of Cyrus. Historia religiosa, on the one hand, presents the life of the Syrian monks, and the other hand depicts the realities of everyday life of the inhabitants of the collapsed provinces of the Roman East at the turn of the fourth and fifth century. On this occasion, we also find in Historia religiosa nu­merous references to the role of money in everyday life. In the work of Theodoret money appears in several contexts: as an important element of trade on the market, as taxes, as a ransom paid for releasing captives but also as a money in welfare ac­tivities (amounts of money donated to charity). Unfortunately, in Historia religiosa, we didn’t found any information about the prices and wages. The analyzed reports, despite a certain lack of precision, are a valuable sources of knowledge. They depicts everyday life in eastern provinces, “stories” unknown to the “great history”, allow­ing for a reconstruction of social and economic history of the later Roman Empire.
List do Rzymian w Katechezach Cyryla Jerozolimskiego. Sposoby wykorzystania i interpretacji
Authors: Widok Norbert
Published: December 2019

Cyril of Jerusalem, the author of the Catechesis delivered to the catechumens and the newly baptized, gave the teachings of Jesus Christ on the basis of the Symbol in force in Jerusalem, and above all on the basis of the Holy Scriptures. He readily referred to the books of the Old and New Testaments, quoting literal citations or paraphrasing individual biblical ideas. Among the frequently quoted biblical books is also the St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, which was used by Cyril almost 40 times. Some of Paul’s statements were used as an element of the content link, while others are the starting point for presenting the wider context of Christian teachings to the audience. In most cases, these are literal quotes from the Letter to the Romans. It turns out that the statements of the Apostle of Nations constitute the basis for the interpretation of mainly the Trinitarian aspects of the Christian faith, because individual references serve to bring the listeners closer to the Three Divine Persons. Other quotes Cyril also uses to present some issues of Christian morality.