bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation for Load-Slip Relationships of Headed Stud Connector
Authors: Shima Hiroshi , Watanabe Seiji
Published: October 2011

A formulation for shear force-slip relationship of shear connector is necessary for more rational design method of steel-concrete hybrid structures. Equations for shear strength of headed stud connector were proposed by many researchers and design codes. However, the equation for shear force-slip relationship which takes account of important factors such as stud diameter has not been proposed. Pushout tests of headed stud connector were carried out under various stud diameter, stud tensile strength, stud height/diameter ratio and concrete strength. Shear force-slip relationship can be represented by one equation with dividing shear force by shear strength and slip by stud diameter although stud diameter is different. The form of shear force-slip relationship curve depends on concrete strength, stud height/diameter ratio and stud strength. An equation was proposed for the enveloped curve of shear force-slip relationship taking these effects into account.
The design of pre-stressed concrete continuous curved beam bridge with extra-small radius and large curvature in New Wuhan Railway Station
Authors: Jiang Jing , Dai Gonglian
Published: October 2011

This paper introduced the layout span of viaduct in front of new Wuhan railway station, stress characteristics, calculation method, and the special design which is different from the straight girder bridge because of the stress characteristics of small radius and large curvature. It mainly contains the box girder structure, prestressed tendons arrangement, piers eccentric setting, and reasonable selection of supporting pattern. Besides, the layout of the two kinds of reinforcement has been studied. One is used against collapsing of prestressed tendon on the radial direction, and the other is the stirrup bar for resisting against the torque effect. As a result, this research could provide reference for the related bridge design in the future.
Low-cycle fatigue strength of steel piles
Authors: Petursson Hans , Eriksson Kjell , Collin Peter
Published: October 2011

In integral abutment bridges clamped abutment piles are in addition to a compressive normal force subjected to bending load cycles from daily and yearly temperature variations. Through experiments with full-scale specimens representing a clamped pile it is shown that a steel pipe pile loaded in bending can withstand several hundred load cycles at strain ranges greater than 6 times the yield strain with almost full load bearing capacity. By means of an example it is shown that by permitting pile strains greater than the yield strain, in contrast to most present design codes, integral abutment bridges can be erected with a span length up to 500m and a prospected service life of 120 years
The research on live load model for High-Speed Passenger Railway Bridge
Authors: Li Lingying , Dai Gonglian
Published: October 2011

Gonglian DAI, born 1964, received his engineering PhD degree from Central South University in 1997 and joined department of bridge engineering from 1988. Now, he is the dean of department of bridge engineering in Central South University. The design theory and load-capacity for bridge structures is the focus of his research.

Live load model play a significant role in designing and constructing of High-Speed Passenger Railway Bridge (HSPRB), especially the passenger dedicated, because it can affect the strength, stiffness and service performance of the bridge. Extra resource and material would be wasted if live load is selected too high while the safety and performance of the bridge would be threatened if live load is too low. In this paper, a comparison of the technical standards of the current HSPRB live load model among different countries has been put forward. Next, the live load models in China’s HSPRB with the speed of 350km/h and 250km/h have been researched respectively, which could provide a reference for revising codes and designing bridge in the future.
New Design Proposal for Simplified Maintenance of Open-type Wharf
Authors: Kawabata Yuichiro , Iwanami Mitsuyasu , Kato Ema , Yokota Hiroshi , Furuichi Masahiko
Published: October 2011

Reinforced concrete (RC) members consisting of superstructure of open-type wharf are exposed to harsh marine conditions, resulting in early degradation of the structures due to chloride-induced deterioration. In such conditions, appropriate maintenance works are required to secure durability and safety of the members, while repair works to the superstructure cannot avoid setting up temporary scaffolds under the superstructure. In addition, working time is strictly limited due to interference of terminal operations, tidal actions and poor working conditions. Consequently, repair works to deteriorated RC superstructure, inevitably suspending terminal operations, are costly over a service and incur significant beneficial loss.

The authors have proposed a “replaceable” slab as a new design concept of RC members for simplified maintenance of the superstructures of open-type wharf. A precast RC slab connected to the beams by the proposed joint system is to be easily removed during the service period. When critical deterioration is detected in the slab during services, the slab is to be removed and replaced by a new intact one. A replaceable slab can avoid repair works with temporary scaffolds under the slab, resulting in reduction of maintenance costs without suspension of terminal operations.

In this paper, structural performance of a 2-way slab connected by the proposed joint system was investigated with various structural details and concrete types through loading tests in order to secure a feasibility of the replaceable slab concept. The loading test of the slab under negative bending moment was also conducted. Based on the results, the design method of the replaceable slab was discussed in this paper. One trial calculation on Net Present Value (NPV) revealed that the replaceable slab system would be cost-effective compared to the conventional one.
Construction Phases and Reception Tests of the New Cable-Stayed Bridge over the Adda River (Northern Italy)
Authors: Gentile Carmelo , Gentile Roberto
Published: October 2011

The paper focuses on a cable-stayed bridge recently erected about 60 km far from Milan, in the Province of Lecco. After the description of the main characteristics and the construction phases of the bridge, the paper presents the most relevant results obtained from the bridge reception tests, including extensive characterization of the materials, load tests and ambient vibration tests.
Performance Assessment and Maintenance of Masonry Arch Bridges
Authors: Kumar Pardeep
Published: October 2011

In order to maintain as many as 19600 masonry arch bridges on Indian railway network alone and innumerable of them on Indian Highways, it becomes de rigueur to assess the performance and devise a maintenance strategy for timely diagnosis of shortcoming / deficiencies in these existing ageing bridges. These techniques are essential to boost the confidence level of designers in masonry arch bridges and maintain the state of health of existing masonry arch bridges. At the same time, performance assessment and maintenance for newly constructed bridges, which are seldom is of prime importance due to the fact that freight hauliers are quick to see the advantage of heavier goods vehicles. The axle loads are on increase and limits do not seem likely to decrease in future.

The Performance assessment and maintenance can prevent the catastrophic failure and revolutionize the maintenance economics including the replacement of the distressed bridges in a phased manner. Available structural performance assessment techniques are reviewed here in the paper. The advantages, disadvantages and the applicability of these techniques for the masonry arch bridges are also discussed. Finally a strategy for the performance assessment of existing and newly constructed masonry arch bridges is proposed. At the end the maintenance strategy on the basis of diagnosis as an Indian experience on railway masonry arch bridges has also been included in the paper.
Comparative Assessment of Enhanced Multi-mode Pushover Analysis Methods for Performance Based Design
Authors: Kusuma Amelia , Anwar Naveed
Published: October 2011

Performance Based Design is a logical design process to determine the performance of such structures where normal code-based prescriptive methods may not apply. Although Non-Linear Time History Analysis has proven to be the most appropriate and reliable approach to follow, it requires considerable effort, cost and skill, which may be either not practical or justified in many cases. For such cases, Non-linear Static Pushover Analysis has become a popular “tool” for PBD. However, NSPA has an inherent deficiency that its invariant load distribution cannot take the higher-mode effect into consideration which may have significant effects in structure, especially mid- to high-rise buildings. Several attempts had been made to develop NSPA so that the higher- mode effects can be considered. This paper investigates the effectiveness of several enhanced pushover methods in predicting the response of structures in comparison with NLTHA solution.
Modern Approach In Concrete Segmental Design
Authors: Janjic Dorian , Strekelj Gregor , Stampler Johann
Published: October 2011

Grudziadz Bridge is a pre-stressed concrete bridge which will cross the Wisla River in Grudziadz, Poland. The whole length of the bridge is 404.0 m, with span lengths of 110.0 m, 180.0 m and

110.0 m. The used construction method is free cantilevering. The maximum cantilever lengths reach up to 94.0 m in the side spans and 89.0 m in the central span. During the construction two temporary piers will be used which will be placed only in the side spans and will be 22.0 meters away from the pier. The cross-section is a single cell hollow box which will have a varying depth from 4.0 m at mid-span to 10.5 m above the piers.

37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15

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Fig. 1: Grudziadz Bridge - Elevation view.

The complex problem of the detailed design and the construction simulation required a special approach in the numerical analysis which is integrated in the modern sophisticated software solution – RM Bridge V8i. The usage of this software allowed effective modelling of the bridge geometry including the parametric representation of the cross-section dimensions. A special tool (RM Bridge Cantilever tool) facilitated the modelling of the detailed layout of the pre-stressing tendons and the construction sequence. The table oriented input allowed the designer to have full numerical and visual control over concrete segments, tendons, loading and stages.

The automatically generated stage by stage analysis allowed the simulation of the real (all loadings) construction at the construction site including the accurate calculation of the creep and shrinkage effects. The theoretical camber calculation helped the design engineer to understand the complex behaviour of the segmental bridge of such size and allowed a few optimization cycles.
Dynamic Condensation of Structural Systems
Authors: Manfroni Odine , Rocchi Davide , Tiraferri Gianluca
Published: October 2011

Dynamic condensation has always received little attention from civil engineering community due to the recent huge diffusion of sophisticated Finite Element packages and powered computers.

Despite all of this, on hand simple models are attractive for the possibility to manage large systems with very few variables.

It follows that prediction of static and dynamic general behaviour under different type of loads speeds up for sensitive analysis. Worst loading cases could be selected and thus applied to a more general F.E. model to display detailed forces inside the structure.

This paper shows how to get a condensed dynamic model starting from a F.E. Model through a numerical approach. Three case histories are reported.
Applications Of Disk Bearings On Large Structures
Authors: Watson Ronald J.
Published: October 2011

Disk bearings were first developed in the late 1960’s as an alternate to pot or spherical devices. The primary component of the disk bearing is the load and rotational element, which is comprised of a polyether urethane elastomer. Now in service for well over 30 years, disk bearings have an outstanding track record on bridges all over the world.

One of the reasons for this success is the simplicity in design, which allows for ease of inspection and maintenance free performance. Disk bearings have been utilized on numerous signature structures as well as many medium span bridges. Some historical and current applications of disk bearings are the Pasco Kennewick Intercity Bridge in Washington, the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis and The World Trade Center Transportation Hub Building in New York City. Disk bearings offer a viable tool for structural engineers working on intricate structures as a means to accommodate challenging loads, movements and rotations.
Design and Optimization of A Long Span Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Arch Bridge
Authors: Hu Ke , Shi Xue-fei , Ruan Xin
Published: October 2011

The Taiping Lake Bridge is a concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge located in Anhui, China. In order to ensure the safety and durability performance of this bridge for construction and operation stages, finite element method is used to optimize the detailed design of arch spring, as well as the construction plan. Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity (ULCC) is also analyzed to obtain the real collapse process of this bridge. The results show that the weak sections of Taiping Lake Bridge are always at the vault and the 1/8 sections during the symmetric loading processes. The ultimate load carrying capacity is determined by these key sections.
A lightweight suspension footbridge lights new urban perspectives: the Porta d’Europa in Padova
Authors: Morbiato Tommaso , Vitaliani Renato , Rossi Ivo
Published: October 2011

The new Porta d’Europa footbridge in the city of Padova is a lightweight suspension footbridge spanning 80 m across a four lanes freeway, linking a new park to the Piovego canal embankment and a student campus area not far away. The area is sufficiently known in the city for being socially troubled at present time, and the new connecting infrastructure represents a urban administration challenge for rehabilitation. With true sustainable development premises, the project faced in its preliminary and construction phases numerous constraints including low budget, preservation of embankment integrity and minimum material usage. All of them revealed as fundamental design guidance up to the final result.
Closing the Gap between Bridge Analysis and Detailing
Authors: Janjic Dorian , Stampler Johann , Samec Vanja
Published: October 2011

The overall process for bridge construction comprises such different tasks as general layout and tender specification, preliminary design, detailed design, proof checks and finally actual construction works. These tasks are typically performed by different parties, where the subsequently involved engineers base their work on the published documents (specifications, drawings) of the previous party.

Detailed design is an important step in this process, however, it resolves into two different topics:

Analysis and proof checks ensuring stability and serviceability of the structure during construction and over its lifetime, and

Reinforcement detailing and production of respective construction drawings.

Many software products have been developed in the past decades to support these tasks. However, although these tasks are linked together we have mostly two separate software tools, an analysis package and a CAD package for reinforcement detailing and drawing production. This means that the engineer has to assess the analysis results, defining the detailing requirements based on these results, and re-entering a lot of data in the CAD system to create the required drawings.

An initiative to close this gap has recently been started as a joint venture between Tennessee DOT and Bentley Systems. It aims especially at precast girder bridges and intends to allow for a straightforward progress from analysis to detailing and drawing production with using the same database. The paper explains the basics the software solution, describes the dataflow and outlines the applied procedure.
Experimental Study on the Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Arch Ribs to Combined Bending and Compression
Authors: Fan Liang , Zhou Zhixiang
Published: October 2011

In order to achieve accelerated and less expensive construction for arch bridges, optimized steel composite sections with variations of material and dimensions were proposed for the arch ribs. The proposed arch rib is made of fabricated steel tubular section with concrete fill or reinforced concrete topping based on stress distribution. An important advantage of this composite section is that a base arch frame of steel tubular section can be erected vertically and rotated to closure in limited workspace and within a short period. A particular composite with hollow steel box and reinforced concrete topping is used for combined compression and positive bending in the mid-span region, which is quarter-spans from the crown, to reduce the self-weight and cost. An in-depth understanding of the load carrying characteristics theoretically and experimentally can be very crucial for the design optimization. The objective of this research is to study experimentally the behavior, failure mechanism and performance of this composite section. The test includes the simulation of pure bending with lateral load, and pure compression with central axial loading as well as combined compression and bending with eccentric axial loading. This paper presents the experimental results of a series of test specimen tested under different load conditions. The results demonstrated that the proposed composite section can meet both strength needs and performance requirements. The composite section achieved its ultimate design strength with fully developed concrete compressive strength and steel tensile strength, without premature failures such as crushing or cracking of concrete or buckling of steel.
Aerodynamic Investigation on a Long-Span Suspension Bridge with Central-Slotted Box Girder
Authors: Yang Yongxin , Ge Yao Jun
Published: October 2011

The aerodynamic investigation including flutter and vortex-induced vibration performance of long- span suspension bridge with central-slotted box girder was carried out based on Xihoumen Bridge with the main span of 1650m, which will be the longest box girder suspension bridge in the world. The flutter performance was investigated through sectional model wind tunnel tests and theoretical analysis. It is found that slot width has the most significant influence, and the variation of local aerodynamic configuration inside and outside the box girder section will also change the structural flutter performance in some comprehensive way. Central stabilizers can further improve the aerodynamic stability of slotted box girder section, and the “combined types” of stabilizers are recommended. Since heaving and torsional vortex-induced vibrations were observed when wind speed is relatively low, vibration control measure was investigated through wind tunnel tests.
Multiple Controllers of Wind-Induced Oscillations of a Long Span Bridge
Authors: Battista Ronaldo , Pfeil Michèle , Velihovetchi Nilton , Maciel Ariel
Published: October 2011

A new system of multiple synchronized dynamic attenuators (MSDA) has been installed in the Rio- Niterói bridge to prevent that cross-winds of relatively low velocities set into vortex-induced oscillations the lightly damped and remarkably long three continuous spans of the world’s largest steel twin-box-girder bridge. The conceptual design of this passive control system, together with its main geometric and physical characteristics, are briefly described herein. A short account is given on how an experimentally calibrated mathematical-numerical model for the aeroelastic problem, combined with optimization techniques, were used to assist in designing feasible mechanical control devices to upgrade the serviceability of this bridge and users’ comfort. The performance of the MSDA system is demonstrated through experimental measurements and comparisons of numerical results obtained for time responses of the original and the controlled structure.
A Damper System for Mitigation of Suspension Bridge Flutter
Authors: Hwang Inho , Son Yunki , Seok Lee Hu , Hyun Hong Sang , Yoo Dongho , Lee Jong Seh
Published: October 2011

A floating system using a continuous girder between two anchor blocks is often adapted for increasing the span length of suspension bridges. The flutter instability of the floating system due to winds is thus of great critical interest. This paper proposes a new control system to mitigate the flutter of the floating-type suspension bridge. The proposed control system consists of vertical dampers installed between the pylons and the bridge deck. The linear evaluation model is developed using the equations of motion generated around the deformed equilibrium position. Using the analytical model, performance of the proposed control systems is studied and compared to a traditional system with joints at the pylons. It is shown that the proposed control system improves the overall stiffness and stability of the bridge. A control strategy using semi-active or active dampers is also proposed to enhance the controllability of the floating-type suspension bridge against flutter instability.
Probabilistic Criteria for Assessment of Aerodynamic Instability of Long-Span Bridges
Authors: Jun Ge Yao , Xiang Hai-Fan
Published: October 2011

Based on the authors’ proposed reliability analysis model to bridge flutter under extreme winds, the objective of this paper is to make the probabilistic reassessment and calibration for flutter instability of several long-span bridges in China and to propose probabilistic criteria for assessment of aerodynamic instability of long-span bridges. The annual maximum wind speed at the bridge site is assumed to follow Gumbel distribution, and is directly calculated by the basic wind velocity provided in Chinese design code. The critical wind speed due to bridge flutter is experimentally determined by wind tunnel tests using an aeroelastic full model and is approximately treated as a lognormal distributed variable. The extended design point approach based on the first order reliability method has been used in calculating the failure probability of ten cable-supported bridges. The probabilistic criteria of the investigated bridges due to aerodynamic flutter are quite different among these ten long-span bridges, and can be broadly classified into three grades in accordance with the magnitudes of their failure probabilities, including very safe withPFat the order smaller than 10-6, quite safe withPFat the order from 10-4 to 10-6 and just safe withPFat the order of 10-3.
Modern Solutions for Strengthening of Structural Elements
Authors: Dan Sorin , Bob Corneliu , Enuica Cosmin , Bob Liana , Badea Catalin , Gruin Aurelian
Published: October 2011

The paper deals with the results and recommendations based on experimental programmes.

The first experimental programme presents the strengthening effect of RC column by jacketing with new RC. The methods of increasing bond between old and new concrete analysed are: no bonding agent; surface chemical bonding agent; mechanical fixed connectors; chemical fixed connectors.

The second experimental programme refers to a new procedure for strengthening of masonry walls. The test elements are erected as models, scale 1:2, and represents shear walls with window opening. In the first stage the models are tested at vertical and horizontal actions. Finally, the models are strengthened with different types of bars / rods (Romanian High Adherence Steel Bar; Brutt Helical System – Brutt Saver BHS) as near-surface-mounted-reinforcement and Fibre Reinforced Polymer Systems CFRP and retested.
A Seismic Retrofit for Masonry Infill Walls using Ductile Concrete
Authors: Kyriakides Marios , Billington Sarah
Published: October 2011

Understanding and assessing the seismic performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete structures has been a significant area of research over the last several decades. There is both field and laboratory evidence of masonry infilled reinforced concrete structures not adequately designed for earthquake loading that demonstrated the catastrophic contribution of the unreinforced masonry infill to the structure due to its interaction with the bounding frame. There is a lack of reliable and effective retrofit techniques for this group of structures. A new retrofit technique specifically for unreinforced masonry infills in non-ductile reinforced concrete frames is currently under investigation. The technique uses a ductile fiber-reinforced mortar material referred to as Engineered Cementitious Composites, or ECC. A series of experiments have been performed in order to examine the impact of a thin layer of ECC applied on masonry alone as well as when it is applied on a masonry wall bounded by a non- ductile reinforced concrete frame. Results indicate that the ECC can help keep unreinforced masonry walls in tact to large lateral drifts, adding significant ductility to the structural system under cyclic loading.
Appropriate Seismic Regulations for Urban Structures
Authors: Wyllie Loring A.
Published: October 2011

Urban areas subjected to significant earthquake shaking require appropriate regulations and
guidelines for seismic resistant construction. While seismic design codes and criteria are similar
worldwide, every country and urban area has specific limitations on certain construction types and
systems. There is a need for universal criteria, however there must be suitable caution in adopting
new approaches not yet proven in actual earthquake exposures.

Bridges have been the subject of major changes in design criteria in recent years, hopefully to
prevent the all too frequent collapse of critical spans. Underground structures and tunnels have
received little attention recently and appropriate criteria is needed built on a consensus base. New
buildings are perhaps the most regulated of structures, although new performance based designs are
pushing the bounds for acceptance. These new designs need careful and thorough study to ensure
acceptable performance. Existing buildings and bridges are perhaps our greatest urban hazard in
strong earthquakes, and appropriate mitigation strategies and criteria are needed to gradually reduce
these hazards.
Shear capacity of hollow core slabs in Slim-Floor-Constructions
Authors: Hegger Josef , Roggendorf Thomas
Published: October 2011

A common type of Slim-Floor-Constructions consists of prestressed hollow core slabs supported on the lower flange of transverse shallow steel beams. This construction method enables slender cei- lings without girders. However, the shear capacity of the hollow core slabs is considerably reduced due to transverse stresses when the supporting beams with a limited bending stiffness deflect. At the Institute of Structural Concrete at RWTH Aachen University, four full-scale tests on two-span floor systems were performed to investigate the load bearing behavior of hollow core slabs on flexible supports. The effects of several test parameters, such as cross section of the slabs, bending stiffness of the steel beam, bearing details, horizontal constraints of the slabs and filling of selected cores on the shear capacity were determined. International design provisions are briefly described and recommendations regarding the construction and the design are given.
Recent Austrian Activities in Bridge Monitoring
Authors: Geier Roman , Reiter Hubert
Published: October 2011

During the last decades possibilities in terms of structural monitoring methods have been continuously developed. Several applications of different systems and approaches have shown a constant trend towards support of conventional visual inspection using objective measurement data. The focus is on monitoring and surveillance of bridges which represent exceptionally sensible engineering structures. Knowledge gained from long-standing activities in the area of bridge monitoring in Austria are represented in this paper.
Active vibration control with artificial pneumatic muscles for carbon fibre stress-ribbon bridge
Authors: Bleicher Achim , Schlaich Mike
Published: October 2011

Stress-ribbon bridges are among the lightest and smartest bridges. The lightness of such structures results in low damping properties and at the same time in high vibration sensitivity. These effects increase when stiffness and mass decrease. This is the case when light high-strength CFRP is used for the stress-ribbon and when the weight of the surfacing is small. Then, system properties like the natural mode change as the mass of the bridge varies due to changing pedestrian traffic. Passive dampers to reduce vibrations, which cannot adjust to such changing system properties, lose effectiveness. Consequently, there is a demand for more intelligent solutions, which control a wider range of frequencies and modes. Therefore, an active control system can be installed, which consists of sensors, controller and actuators. The actuators can produce specific forces to influence the structural oscillation. The effectiveness of extremely light actuators like artificial pneumatic muscles is presently being tested on a carbon fibre stress-ribbon bridge at the Technical University of Berlin. This paper describes the first results.
Reinforced UHPFRC Tension Chords
Authors: Rauch Marion , Sigrist Viktor
Published: October 2011

Ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has a compressive strength in the range of 200 MPa as well as improved durability properties compared to normal strength concrete. By the addition of short steel fibers the behavior of UHPFRC in compression and tension is affected in a beneficial way. However, for structural applications conventional reinforcement is still required

to obtain ductile failures. Although the mechanical properties of UHPFRC have been widely studied, UHPFRC is quite unexplored in practical applications. Therefore, the deformation behavior of UHPFRC tension chords reinforced with conventional as well as high-strength steel has been experimentally examined. In this paper an analytical model is presented which enables the calculation of the cracking and deformation behavior of reinforced UHPFRC elements in tension.
Study on Application of Viscous Damper in Hybrid Structure
Authors: Weng Dagen , Zuo Shaobing , Lu Xilin
Published: October 2011

Hybrid structure consists of steel frame and reinforced concrete core tube. The steel beams are welded or anchored to the embedded steel parts in concrete wall, and then concrete slab is cast at the floor level. These stiff joints are easily damaged under earthquakes. This paper describes a comparative study on the seismic behaviour of hybrid structure with stiff connection and with viscous damper connection by using lumped storey model for structural analysis. Numerical results show that proper viscous damper connection can significantly improve the seismic performance of the structure.
Trial Design on Concrete Arch Bridge with Corrugated Steel Webs
Authors: Baochun Chen
Published: October 2011

Because arch works essentially in compression, thanks to the greater compression strength of concrete, it is reasonable to use concrete in arch bridge. In order to increase the span capacity of concrete arch bridge, a new type of concrete arch with corrugated steel webs is proposed, in order to decrease the heavy dead load of the arch ring and make its possible and economic. Taken Wanxian Yangtze River Bridge with the longest span of 420m in the world as a proto type, a trial design of such a new concrete arch bridge is carried out. Comparing to the built bridge, the self-weight of the arch ring in the trial design was decreased by 27%. Meanwhile, the construction time for cast in-situ of the concrete in the arch ring in the trial design is shortened by 70 days. The trial design research shows that this new type bridge is a potential bridge type for super-long span concrete arch bridge.
Design of Deep Beams with Openings using Strut-and-Tie Models
Authors: Birrcher David , Kim Insung , Breen John
Published: October 2011

An experimental study was initiated to observe the strength of reinforced concrete deep beams with openings. Six beams were designed using three strut-and-tie models (STMs) developed according to ACI 318-05. For the first three beams, only the principal reinforcement required for equilibrium was placed in the specimens in general. For the final three beams, minimum distributed reinforcement was placed throughout the specimen, additional anchorage lengths were provided for critical ties, and confining spirals were added to highly-stressed nodal regions. The failure loads of the first three beams ranged from 75 to 84% of the nominal strength requirement. The failure loads of the final three beams ranged from 112 to 160% of the nominal strength requirement. Based on the test results, it was evident that the use of unreinforced bottle-shaped struts and the improper detailing of critical regions of the STM contributed to the unconservative failure loads.
Finite element modelling and operational modal analysis of a curved cable stayed bridge in Venice
Authors: Briseghella Bruno , Busatta Fulvio , Gentile Carmelo , Siviero Enzo , Zordan Tobia
Published: October 2011

This paper summarizes the analytical and experimental dynamic analysis carried out to assess the "as built" behaviour of a curved cable-stayed bridge, recently erected in the Commercial Harbour of Porto Marghera (Venice, Italy). The paper also aims to highlight that integrated CAD-FEA activity is especially suitable in modelling and investigating complex structural systems.
Influence of Higher Modes on the Response of Irregular Tall Buildings
Authors: Milton John Spence Seymour , Gioffre Massimiliano , Gusella Vittorio
Published: October 2011

Traditionally tall buildings are designed considering the dynamic response given only by the first three fundamental modes of vibration. This hypothesis is generally accepted for tall buildings of regular geometric profile and uncoupled modes of vibration as any error committed is generally considered to be known and acceptable. However recent trends in the design of tall buildings have seen many proposals for structures with complex forms resulting in complex 3D modes and greater sensitivity to wind direction. In this paper the effects of mode truncation on various response quantities such as top floor translational and angular accelerations, base bending moment and torque is investigated for an irregular tall building having complex 3D mode shapes. The sensitivity of the errors to wind direction is also examined.
Appliance of Orthogonal Experiment in Bridges Seismic Engineering
Authors: Zhou Yongjun , He Shuanhai , Zhang Gang , Quan Wei , Zhao Yu
Published: October 2011

Continuous rigid frame bridges are widely applied in China. There are many influence parameters of seismic response for the long-span continuous rigid frame bridges with high piers. Using orthogonal experimental design, orthogonal experimental table is laid out to arrange different factors, and based on finite element method, numerical models are built to figure out the seismic response sensitive factors for the rigid frame bridges, the parameters of which include the height of pier, the boundary simulation mode for the substructure, the number of spans, the wave-travelling effect and the type of earthquake wave. The results indicate that the pier’s height and the substructure boundary simulation mode are the sensitive parameters for the structural seismic response. The study shows that the calculation amount can be greatly reduced with the help of orthogonal experimental table, so it is an effective method to analyze sensitive parameters.
SCOPE for Research: Mental Health Consumers' Priorities for Research Compared with Recent Research in Australia
Authors: Banfield Michelle A. , Griffiths Kathleen M. , Christensen Helen M. , Barney Lisa J.
Published: October 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify consumer priorities for research on depression and bipolar disorder in Australia.

Method: Australian consumers with personal experience of depression or bipolar disorder were surveyed online about research priorities for their condition using a questionnaire developed from an earlier qualitative phase of the SCOPE for Research project. Participants were asked to rate the importance of a number of broad research areas, specific research topics, target groups and settings in which to conduct research. These ratings were then compared to the content of relevant Australian research published between 1997 and 2006.

Results: Consumers rated research into the management and treatment of depression and bipolar disorder of highest priority. Further, consumers rated those at risk of a mood disorder as the most important target groups for research and prioritized research conducted in health settings such as community mental health services ahead of research in other settings. There was some concordance between consumers' ratings of the broad topic areas and settings in which to conduct research and the amount of published research on these topic areas and settings. However, there was little published research on the highest ranked consumer-rated specific topics and target groups for research.

Conclusions: Overall, there were substantial differences between the priorities of consumers and the recent research output, suggesting gaps in the Australian research base on mood disorders. The results of this study should be used to inform future research to ensure that it is guided by the priorities of the ultimate beneficiaries of the research, mental health consumers.
A New Friedelane Triterpenoid from the Branches of Maytenus Gonoclada (Celastraceae)
Authors: Silva Fernando C. , Rodrigues Vanessa G. , Duarte Lucienir P. , Silva Grácia D. F. , Miranda Roqueline R. S. , Filho Sidney A. V.
Published: October 2011

A new friedelane type triterpene, 3,16-dioxo-12α-hydroxyfriedelane was isolated from the chloroform extract of branches of Maytenus gonoclada Martius (Celastraceae) together with nine known compounds: 3, 11-dioxofriedelane, 3, 16-dioxofriedelane, 3, 12-dioxofriedelane, 3-oxo-12α,29-dihydroxyfriedelane, 3-oxofriedelane (friedelin), 3β-hydroxyfriedelane, 3-oxo-12α-hydroxyfriedelane and 3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene (lupeol) and a mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. The structure and stereochemistry of the new friedelane triterpene were established from the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra including two-dimensional experiments (HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and high resolution mass spectrometry.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Novel 4-Aryl Substituted Thiophene Derivatives
Authors: Xu Zhaozhe , Yu Mingxin
Published: October 2011

4-Bromothiophene-2-carbaldehyde was reacted with benzyl cyanide to prepare ( Z)-3-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2-phen-ylacrylonitrile which was cross-coupled with various arylboronic acids under Pd(PPh3)4 catalysis to afford a series of novel fluorescent aryl-substituted thiophene derivatives. These compounds are one of the most promising functional organic light-emitting diode materials. The UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescent spectra of these compounds in CH2Cl2 were investigated.
Facile Synthesis of 3-Methyl-4-Arylmethylene-Isoxazol-5(4H)-Ones Catalysed by Sodium Silicate in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Liu Qing , Wu Ren-Tao
Published: October 2011

Isoxazoles have significant hypoglycaemic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities. A convenient high yielding procedure for the one-pot synthesis of 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene-isoxazol-5(4 H)-ones by the condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of sodium silicate pentahydrate as an efficient catalyst in water at room temperature is described.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of new Pseudo-C3-Symmetric Star-Shaped Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Yin Guodong , Ma Junrui , Wei Jinyan , Zheng Jing
Published: October 2011

Star-shaped conjugated oligomers have many applications in materials science. Two new pseudo-C3-symmetric star-shaped conjugated molecules 2,4,6-tris(4-styrylphenyl)pyridine and 2,4,6-tris(4-((E)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl) pyridine have been synthesised and their structures characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrum show that the maximum absorption wavelengths are at 336 nm for 2,4,6-tris(4-styrylphenyl)pyridine and 356 nm for 2,4,6-tris(4-((E)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl)pyridine, and the maximum emission wavelengths were at 398 nm and 408 nm respectively.
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0] Undec-7-Ene -Hydrobromide-Perbromide: An Oxidising Agent for One-Pot Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes
Authors: Jafari Aghdas , Bakavoli Mehdi , Pordel Mehdi
Published: October 2011

An efficient oxidative esterification of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with simple alcohols was accomplished using catalytic amounts of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) hydrobromide-perbromide as an oxidant in dichloremethane.
Synthesis of Novel Chiral Unsymmetrical Imidazolinium Bromides
Authors: Yang Longguang , Sun Rui , Zhang Lingqiao , Li Yunfei , Cao Changsheng , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: October 2011

N-heterocyclic carbenes have been successfully used as ligands in organometallic catalysis, and also as organocatalysts in different reactions. A series of novel chiral unsymmetrical imidazolinium salts which are precursors of N-heterocylic carbenes were synthesised effectively from the relatively inexpensive amino acid L-phenylalanine in six steps. These chiral unsymmetrical imidazolinium bromides were fully characterised by NMR and elemental analysis, and their specific rotations were obtained.
Iodine (III)-mediated one-pot synthesis of quinoxaline by tandem nucleophilic substitution and cyclisation
Authors: Xu Xiangsheng , Deng Yun , Li Xiaoqing , Zhao Zhiteng , Fang Wenying , Yan Xinhuan
Published: October 2011

Quinoxaline derivatives are widely used in dyes, electroluminescent materials and organic semiconductors. An economic and convenient strategy for the synthesis of 2-phenyl-quinoxaline is described. The approach relies on the oxidation of acetophenones by [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene, followed by tandem nucleophilic substitution with o-phenylenediamines, dehydration cyclisation and dehydrogenation. The method was performed in two stages as a one-pot reaction.
Assessing the summer water budget of a moulin basin in the Sermeq Avannarleq ablation region, Greenland ice sheet
Authors: McGrath Daniel , Colgan William , Steffen Konrad , Lauffenburger Phillip , Balog James
Published: October 2011

We provide an assessment of the supraglacial water budget of a moulin basin on the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet for 15 days in August 2009. Meltwater production, the dominant input term to the 1.14 ± 0.06 km2 basin, was determined from in situ ablation measurements. The dominant water-output terms from the basin, accounting for 52% and 48% of output, respectively, were moulin discharge and drainage into crevasses. Moulin discharge exhibits large diurnal variability (0.017–0.54 m3 s−1) with a distinct late-afternoon peak at 16:45 local time. This lags peak meltwater production by ∼2.8 ± 4.2 hours. An Extreme Ice Survey time-lapse photography sequence complements the observations of moulin discharge. We infer, from in situ observations of moulin geometry, previously published borehole water heights and estimates of the temporal lag between meltwater production and observed local ice surface uplift (‘jacking’), that the transfer of surface meltwater to the englacial water table via moulins is nearly instantaneous (<30 min). We employ a simple crevasse mass-balance model to demonstrate that crevasse drainage could significantly dampen the surface meltwater fluctuations reaching the englacial system in comparison to moulin discharge. Thus, unlike crevasses, moulins propagate meltwater pulses to the englacial system that are capable of overwhelming subglacial transmission capacity, resulting in enhanced basal sliding.
Robotic Hair Transplantation Surgery
Authors: Khondoker MS , Awwal R , Islam KMS , Rabbi RE
Published: October 2011

Background: Hair transplantation is one of the most evolving procedures in aesthetic surgery accompanied by regular improvement in technique. The recent advancement in technology and the concept of using follicular unit grafts have made this procedure reach a new height. A precise appreciation of anatomy has allowed the use of follicular unit graft. With better methods of harvesting and implantation, hair transplantation results represent a blend of art and science. Materials & method: 60 patients underwent hair transplant surgery from July/2008 to June/2009. Age limit was 18-58 years. Patients were evaluated and prepared in standard way. Operations were done by Robotic follicular unit graft by a specially designed machine. Procedures were performed under nerve block and local infiltration .Grafting sessions lasted for 5-6 hours, during which 1500-2000 FUGs were transplanted. Patients were discharged on the same day. Results: Minimum complications were observed. Most of the patients were satisfied except a few. Some patients needed second sitting surgery. Conclusion: With better methods of harvesting and implantation, Hair transplantation, if done judiciously, is a very rewarding procedure, both for the surgeon and the patient.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bdjps.v1i1.6488Bangladesh Journal of Plastic Surgery (2010) Vol. 1 (1) pp.19-23
Rescue of refractory splicing of cftr exon 12 pathological mutations G576A/G48C using antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Haque Ariful
Published: October 2011

Context: Pathological mutation in the human CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) exon 12 sequences disrupts splicing enhancer that leads to cystic fibrosis disease.   Objectives: Human CFTR exon 12 architecturally consists of two exonic regulatory silencers (Exonic Splicing Silencer / ESS) and an enhancer (Exonic Splicing Enhancer / ESE). In this study it was aimed to block the silencer activity as well as to introduce well known enhancer sequence along with the RNA to rescue CFTR exon 12 inclusion for therapeutic purpose.   Materials and Methods: In order to alter the pathologic RNA splicing event of CFTR exon 12 two oligonucleotides (ESE-A and ESS-B) were designed that, although complementary to the target RNA sequence but do not interfere in RNA processing. The oligonucleotide ESE-A additionally contains a non-complementary tail sequence mimicking ESE sequence. In this way the ESE were designed consequently for blocking silencer activity and enhance splice site selection. Furthermore, these oligonucleotides were designed based on several well known modified nucleotide sequences to provide stability from in vivo degradation.   Results: Naturally occurring pathological point mutation G576A/G48C in CFTR exon 12 causes complete skipping of the exon from full transcript. This study shows that cotransfection of oligonucleotides ESS-B along with CFTR exon 12 minigene carrying G576A/G48C mutation can rescue exon skipping.Conclusion: The use of oligonucleotide ESS-B to enhance expression of latent CFTR exon 12 may ultimately be of therapeutic use for cystic fibrosis patient carrying pathological mutation in CFTR exon 12.   Keywords: CFTR exon 12; RNA splicing; Antisense Oligonucleotides. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8771 JBS 2010; 18(0): 27-33