bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using mobile laser scanner and imagery for urban management applications
Authors: Gonzalez-Barbosa Jose-Joel , Flores-Rodrıguez Karen Lizbeth , Ornelas-Rodrıguez Francisco Javier , Trujillo-Romero Felipe , Gonzalez-Barbosa Erick Alejandro , Hurtado-Ramos Juan B.
Published: May 2022

Despite autonomous navigation is one of the most proliferate applications of three-dimensional (3D) point clouds and imagery both techniques can potentially have many other applications. This work explores urban digitization tools applied to 3D geometry to perform urban tasks. We focus exclusively on compiling scientific research that merges mobile laser scanning (MLS) and imagery from vision systems. The major contribution of this review is to show the evolution of MLS combined with imagery in urban applications. We review systems used by public and private organizations to handle urban tasks such as historic preservation, roadside assistance, road infrastructure inventory, and public space study. The work pinpoints the potential and accuracy of data acquisition systems to handled both 3D point clouds and imagery data. We highlight potential future work regarding the detection of urban environment elements and to solve urban problems. This article concludes by discussing the major constraints and struggles of current systems that use MLS combined with imagery to perform urban tasks and to solve urban tasks.
As subversões do tempo nos comunicados zapatistas
Authors: De Lima Júnia Marúsia Trigueiro
Published: May 2022

O presente artigo intenta problematizar noções de tempo e história perante um caso etnográfico que se impõe de maneira diferenciada. Trato de construções de mundo imersas nos comunicados do Movimento Zapatista. Tais construções têm como vocativo a resistência e são por isso poderosos instrumentos simbólicos. Utilizo três elementos para esclarecer essa reflexão: as cosmovisões, histórias de criação que incorporam classificações sobre o presente; os símbolos referentes à Revolução Mexicana; a memória e a construção de coletivos que têm como nexo de união as noções de morte e dor. Tais elementos são analisados em torno de um modelo de se pensar o tempo: em espiral, ou “caracol”, que tem como característica principal a indefinição entre o começo e o fim. Tal modelo é tratado para pensar a coexistência entre aspectos míticos e simbólicos que se intercalam com a vivência na resistência.
Uma etnografia do galanteio nos terrenos da ficção: afinidades eletivas entre antropologia e literatura
Authors: El Far Alessandra
Published: May 2022

Este artigo tem por principal objetivo discutir algumas afinidades entre antropologia e literatura. Para isso, o romance A Moreninha (1844), de Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, é recuperado com o propósito de mostrar como certas obras literárias podem ser lidas, para além de seu carácter ficcional, como etnografias da vida social. Essa história de amor não apenas discorre sobre os ideais românticos de um jovem casal. Ela também oferece aos seus leitores um quadro dinâmico no qual é possível identificar as tensões, disputas e os valores compartilhados em torno do casamento por um grupo seleto de moças e rapazes advindos da elite urbana do Brasil imperial. Por fim, esse artigo elucida, igualmente, a maneira pela qual alguns antropólogos tomaram de empréstimo a narrativa literária para reconhecer na monografia nascida do trabalho de campo um discurso subjetivo sobre realidade.
La entrevista etnográfica como práctica discursiva: análisis de caso sobre las pistas meta-discursivas y la emergencia de categorías nativas
Authors: Pizarro Cynthia
Published: May 2022

La entrevista etnográfica, considerada como práctica discursiva, es un proceso de co-producción de la información entre el entrevistador y el entrevistado quienes orientan la interpretación de lo dicho a través de pistas meta-discursivas. Los marcos interpretativos de ambos se articulan en virtud de las características reflexivas e indexicales del lenguaje, las que calibran las posiciones sociales de los interlocutores durante la performance de la entrevista. Las lógicas prácticas y teóricas de los participantes, las categorías emergentes y la propia situación de entrevista condicionan a –y son transformadas por– esta práctica discursiva. A través del análisis de una entrevista abordaré la operatoria de algunas pistas meta-discursivas en la interacción entre la entrevistadora y la entrevistada y la manera en que ciertas categorías emergentes producen un choque de sentidos provocando el asombro de la investigadora y orientando la construcción del objeto de estudio.
Effects of Semaglutide on Stroke Subtypes in Type 2 Diabetes: Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6
Authors: Strain W. David , Frenkel Ofir , James Martin A. , Leiter Lawrence A. , Rasmussen Søren , Rothwell Peter M. , Sejersten Ripa Maria , Truelsen Thomas C. , Husain Mansoor
Published: May 2022

Background:

GLP-1 RA (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists), including semaglutide, may reduce stroke risk in people with type 2 diabetes. This post hoc analysis examined the subcutaneous and oral semaglutide effects, versus placebo, on stroke and its subtypes in people with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk.

Methods:

SUSTAIN 6 (Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-Term Outcomes With Semaglutide in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes) and PIONEER 6 (Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment) were randomized cardiovascular outcome trials of subcutaneous and oral semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, respectively. Time to first stroke and stroke subtypes were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model stratified by trial with pooled treatment as a factor. The impact of prior stroke, prior myocardial infarction or stroke, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and prior atrial fibrillation on treatment effects was assessed using interaction
P
values. Risk of major adverse cardiovascular event was analyzed according to prior stroke.

Results:

A total of 106/6480 participants had a stroke (1.0 event/100 patient-years of observation [PYO]). Semaglutide reduced incidence of any stroke versus placebo (0.8 versus 1.1 events/100 PYO; hazard ratio, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.46–1.00];
P
=0.048), driven by significant reductions in risk of small-vessel occlusion (0.3 versus 0.7 events/100 PYO; hazard ratio, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.29–0.89];
P
=0.017). Hazard ratios for risk of any stroke with semaglutide versus placebo were 0.60 (95% CI, 0.37–0.99; 0.5 versus 0.9 events/100 PYO) and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.47–1.69; 2.7 versus 3.0 events/100 PYO) in those without and with prior stroke, respectively. Except for prior atrial fibrillation (
P

interaction

=0.025), no significant interactions were observed between treatment effects on risk of any stroke and subgroups investigated, or between treatment effects on risk of major adverse cardiovascular event and prior stroke (
P
interaction
>0.05 for all).

Conclusions:

Semaglutide reduced incidence of any first stroke during the trials versus placebo in people with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, primarily driven by small-vessel occlusion prevention. Semaglutide treatment, versus placebo, lowered the risk of stroke irrespective of prior stroke at baseline.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01720446 and NCT02692716.
Two Varieties of Korean: Rightward Head Movement or Polarity Sensitivity?
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: May 2022

A strong argument in favor of the existence of rightward, string-adjacent head movement comes from Han, Lidz, and Musolino (2007). They argue that Korean language-internal variation with respect to the scopal order between negation and universal quantifier objects shows that in the variety where negation takes wide scope, the negative marker must have moved along with the verb/auxiliary to the head of IP. This would then constitute evidence for rightward, string-adjacent head movement. In this article, I argue that this analysis actually makes different predictions than have been attested in Korean. Moreover, I argue that, following a well-known stand with respect to the nature of polarity sensitivity (Chierchia 2013), these facts follow naturally once it is assumed that in one variety, but not the other, universal quantifiers are positive polarity items. This makes the attested language-internal variation in Korean less exceptional since language-internal variation with respect to polarity sensitivity is widely attested.
Upgrade of heavy crude oil via aquathermolysis over several types of catalysts
Authors: Saeed Amani Q. , Al-Zaidi Bashir Y. , Hamadi Adel S. , Majdi Hasan Sh. , AbdulRazak Adnan A.
Published: May 2022

A solid NaY zeolite catalyst was synthesized from raw materials using a hydrothermal method. The NH4Y and HY forms of the catalyst were then prepared using multistage ion-exchange and calcination processes, respectively. Cobalt and Zinc as transition metals were loaded into the HY structure through impregnation method. The synthesized Zn/HY and Co/HY zeolites along with ZnO and CoO nanoparticles were all used as catalysts for aquathermolysis. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and pore volume analysis. A stainless-steel autoclave operated at 45 bar and 250 °C for 24 h was employed for upgrading heavy crude oil samples extracted from the East Baghdad oilfield using toluene as the hydrogen donor. The reaction products were analyzed by evaluating the changes in their viscosity, API gravity, density, pour point, and flash point. The results indicated that the efficiency of the catalysts decreased as follows: Zn/HY zeolite > Co/HY zeolite > nano CoO > nano ZnO > HY zeolite > in the presence of the hydrogen donor only = in the absence of catalysts or the hydrogen donor. The decrease in the S-content of the products was also evaluated. The results indicated that the efficiency of the catalysts decreased as follows: Co/HY zeolite > Zn/HY zeolite > nano CoO > nano ZnO > HY zeolite > in the presence of the hydrogen donor only > in the absence of catalysts or the hydrogen donor. The S-content of the products obtained over the Co/HY zeolite catalyst decreased the most (by 65.63%). Moreover, the viscosity of the crude oil obtained over the Zn/HY zeolite catalyst decreased the most (by 63.69%).
Effect of microstructure on complex permittivity and microwave absorption properties of recycled α-Fe2O3 nanopowder prepared by high-energy ball milling technique
Authors: Mensah Ebenezer Ekow , Abbas Zulkifly , Azis Raba’ah Syahidah , Khamis Ahmad Mamoun
Published: May 2022

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of microstructural variations on relative complex permittivity and microwave absorption properties of recycled α-Fe2O3, following application of high-energy ball milling technique to modify particles
into nanopowder. Three portions of recycled α-Fe2O3 granules were separately milled for 8 h, 10 h and 12 h respectively and their microstructural characteristics were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
(HRTEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. This was followed by relative complex permittivity and microwave absorption characterizations which were conducted at X-band microwave frequency range using the rectangular waveguide technique in connection with a vector network analyzer.
Results established interfacial lattice defects and imperfections in the milled portions which became more pronounced with reduced crystallite sizes, and contributed to enhanced interfacial polarization process, leading to increased relative complex permittivity and microwave absorption properties
of the recycled α-Fe2O3 nanopowders. The smallest estimated crystallite size of 11.1 nm was obtained after 12 h of milling with ɛr = 12.1–0.46j at 8 GHz, which was reduced to ɛr = 11.0–0.34j at 12
GHz while its power loss values varied between 18.3 dB and 23.3 dB in the 8–12 GHz range. A positive correlation was identified that connects microstructural variations with relative complex permittivity and power loss, and could be exploited to tune the microwave absorption properties
of the recycled α-Fe2O3 particles.
Mechanism of 5-fluorouracil nanoparticles on releasing skin squamous cell carcinoma through regulation of Wnt/β-catenin expression
Authors: Peng Lixin , Zhang Xinping , Du Bin , Sun Liangliang , Zhao Yuguang
Published: May 2022

5-FU nanoparticles were prepared in this study to discuss mechanism of 5-fluorouracil nanoparticles on releasing SSCC through regulating Wnt/β-catenin expression. The characteristics of nanomaterial were analyzed through electron microscope. The releasing characteristics
in vitro and in vivo were also detected. Proliferation and apoptosis of SCC cell line in control and 5-FU nanoparticles groups were detected through FCM and MTT method. The tumor volume was recorded and average particle size was 310 nm with uni-form distribution. The apoptosis
of MCF-7 cells in the 5-FU nanoparticles group was increased notably, and there were abundant circular floating apoptotic cells. The quantity of active MCF-7 cells was reduced notably and proliferation of SSCC could be restrained by 5-FU nanoparticles through regulation of Wnt/β-catenin
expression.
Effect of carbon addition on dissolution behavior of aluminum alloy sacrificial anode
Authors: Yang Lantian , Li Fang , Liu Bin , Zeng Wenguang , Zhang Jiangjiang , Zhao Haiyang , Sun Haiou
Published: May 2022

Using potentiodynamic polarization and immersion corrosion and sacrificial anode material discharge performance testing methods studied the dissolution behavior of aluminum anode material in the working condition of simulated Northwest oilfield corrosion conditions. The research results
show that carbon can reduce the corrosion potential of aluminum anode material and anode current density increase, which can improve the material corrosion dissolution performance. Immersion corrosion test results show that with the carbon content in ascension, to enhance the anode material
of aluminum anode material of uniform dissolving ability, passivation phenomenon was significantly suppressed. Adding carbon anode materials to add up the uniform’s ability to dissolve, eliminate the phenomenon of local corrosion of anode material and the discharge efficiency is greatly
increased, effectively solve the aluminum anode material in high temperature environment to serve the current efficiency degradation of field engineering problems.
Carbon Fluxes during Dansgaard–Oeschger Events as Simulated by an Earth System Model
Authors: Jochum Markus , Chase Zanna , Nuterman Roman , Pedro Joel , Rasmussen Sune , Vettoretti Guido , Zheng Peisong
Published: May 2022

The Community Earth System Model with marine and terrestrial biogeochemistry is configured to simulate glacial climate. The integration shows transitions from warm to cold states—interstadials to stadials—and back. The amplitude of the associated Greenland and Antarctica temperature changes and the atmospheric CO2 signal are consistent with ice-core reconstructions, and so are the time lags between termination of a stadial, Antarctic temperature reversal, and the decline of the atmospheric CO2 concentration (for brevity’s sake simply referred to as CO2 from here on). The present model results stand out because the transitions occur spontaneously (without forcing changes like hosing) and because they reproduce the observed features above in a configuration that uses the same parameterizations as climate simulations for the present day (i.e., no retuning has been done). During stadials, precipitation shifts lead to reduced growth on land, which dominates the CO2 increase; the ocean acts as a minor carbon sink during the stadials. After the end of the stadials, however, the sudden reversal of the stadial anomalies in temperature, wind, and precipitation turns the ocean into a carbon source, which accounts for the continued rise of CO2 for several hundred years into the interstadial. The simulations also provide a novel possible interpretation for the observed correlation between CO2 and Antarctic temperature: rather than both being controlled by Southern Ocean processes, they are both controlled by the North Atlantic Ocean, and most of the extra CO2 may not be of Southern Hemisphere origin. If the stadials are prolonged through North Atlantic hosing, the upper ocean comes to an equilibrium, and the CO2 response is dominated by a single process: reduced export production in the North Atlantic as result of the collapsed overturning circulation. This is in contrast to the unforced simulation where the net ocean carbon flux anomaly is the sum of several regional responses of both signs and similar magnitudes. Reducing the aeolian iron deposition by half, to account for the observed reduction of Southern Hemisphere dust fluxes during stadials, reduces biological productivity and export production so that the Southern Ocean emerges as an important carbon source, at least for the three centuries up until a new equilibrium for the upper ocean is reached.

Significance Statement

The last ice age featured millennial-scale oscillations in CO2 and temperature, the latter being anticorrelated between Greenland and Antarctica. This is often referred to as the bipolar seesaw. Here, an Earth system model is described that reproduces these signals, and its results are used to explain the observed correlation between temperature and CO2. In contrast to previous idealized studies it is found that all ocean basins and the land each contribute equally to the CO2 signal.
Multi-Model Forecast Quality Assessment of CMIP6 Decadal Predictions
Authors: Delgado-Torres Carlos , Donat Markus G. , Gonzalez-Reviriego Nube , Caron Louis-Philippe , Athanasiadis Panos J. , Bretonnière Pierre-Antoine , Dunstone Nick J. , Ho An-Chi , Nicoli Dario , Pankatz Klaus , Paxian Andreas , Pérez-Zanón Núria , Cabré Margarida Samsó , Solaraju-Murali Balakrishnan , Soret Albert , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J.
Published: May 2022

Decadal climate predictions are a relatively new source of climate information for interannual to decadal time scales, which is of increasing interest for users. Forecast quality assessment is essential to identify windows of opportunity (e.g., variables, regions, and forecast periods) with skill that can be used to develop climate services to inform users in several sectors and define benchmarks for improvements in forecast systems. This work evaluates the quality of multi-model forecasts of near-surface air temperature, precipitation, Atlantic multidecadal variability index (AMV), and global near-surface air temperature (GSAT) anomalies generated from all the available retrospective decadal predictions contributing to phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The predictions generally show high skill in predicting temperature, AMV, and GSAT, while the skill is more limited for precipitation. Different approaches for generating a multi-model forecast are compared, finding small differences between them. The multi-model ensemble is also compared to the individual forecast systems. The best system usually provides the highest skill. However, the multi-model ensemble is a reasonable choice for not having to select the best system for each particular variable, forecast period, and region. Furthermore, the decadal predictions are compared to the historical simulations to estimate the impact of initialization. An added value is found for several ocean and land regions for temperature, AMV, and GSAT, while it is more reduced for precipitation. Moreover, the full ensemble is compared to a subensemble to measure the impact of the ensemble size. Finally, the implications of these results in a climate services context, which requires predictions issued in near–real time, are discussed.
A Pan-Alpine Climatology of Lightning and Convective Initiation
Authors: Manzato Agostino , Serafin Stefano , Miglietta Mario Marcello , Kirshbaum Daniel , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: May 2022

A new lightning-flash and convective initiation climatology is developed over the Alpine area, one of the hotspots for lightning activity in Europe. The climatology uses cloud-to-ground (CG) data from the European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID) network, occurring from 2005 to 2019. The CG lightning data are gridded at a resolution of approximately 2 km and 10 min. A new and simple method of identifying convective initiation (CI) events applies a spatiotemporal mask to the CG data to determine CI timing and location. Although the method depends on a few empirical thresholds, sensitivity tests show the results to be robust. The maximum activity for both CG flashes and CI events is observed from mid-May to mid-September, with a peak at the end of July; the peak in the diurnal cycle occurs in the afternoon. CI is mainly concentrated over and around the Alps, particularly in northern and northeastern Italy. Since many thunderstorms follow the prevailing midlatitude westerly flow, a peak of CG flashes extends from the mountains into the plains and coastal areas of northeastern Italy and Slovenia. CG flashes and CI events over the sea/coast occur less frequently than in plains and mountains, have a weaker diurnal cycle, and have a seasonal maximum in autumn instead of summer.
Predicting Rapid Intensification in North Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones Using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Griffin Sarah M. , Wimmers Anthony , Velden Christopher S.
Published: May 2022

This study develops a probabilistic model based on a convolutional neural network to predict rapid intensification (RI) in both North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs). Coined “I-RI,” an advantage of using a convolutional neural network to predict RI is that it is designed to learn from spatial fields, like two-dimensional satellite imagery, as well as scalar features. The resulting model RI probability output is validated against two operational RI guidances—an empirical and a deterministic method—to assess skill at predicting RI over 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 72-h lead times. Results indicate that in North Atlantic TCs, AI-RI is more skillful at predicting RI over 12- and 24-h lead times compared to both operational RI guidances. In eastern North Pacific TCs, AI-RI is more skillful than the empirical operational RI guidance at most RI thresholds, but less skillful than the deterministic RI guidance at all thresholds. For TCs north of 15°N, where the deterministic skill was lower, AI-RI was more skillful than the deterministic operational guidance for over half of the RI thresholds. It is also found that AI-RI struggles to reach the higher RI probabilities produced by both of the operational RI guidances in both basins. This work demonstrates that the two-dimensional structures within the satellite imagery of TCs and the evolution of these structures identified using the difference in satellite images, captured by a convolutional neural network, yield better 12–24-h indicators of RI than existing scalar assessments of satellite brightness temperature.

Significance Statement

The purpose of this study is to develop a method to predict tropical cyclone rapid intensification using artificial intelligence. The developed model uses a convolutional neural network, which can identify features in satellite imagery that are indicative of rapid intensification. The results suggest that, compared with current operational rapid intensification models, a convolutional neural network approach is generally more skillful at predicting rapid intensification.
Bilateral Gluteal Fasciocutaneous Advancement Flaps With and Without Tie-Over Sutures in Treatment of Chronic Pilonidal Disease: A Prospective Case Series
Authors: Nasseri Yosef , Oka Kimberly , Soliman Jesse , Kasheri Eli , Zhu Ruoyan , Cohen Jason , Barnajian Moshe
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Flap procedures following pilonidal excision have high recurrence and dehiscence rates. We present a cosmetic, outpatient technique to reconstruction via bilateral gluteal fasciocutaneous advancement flaps with and without tie-over sutures.

Methods

This is a prospective case series of 51 patients (40 males and 11 females). Following elliptical excision of pilonidal disease, gluteal fasciocutaneous advancement flaps were elevated circumferentially using blunt, discontinuous dissection, and a multilayered closure was performed. The resulting scar was midline. Thirty-five patients (68.6%) also had two full-thickness, compressing sutures tied over rolled up gauze.

Results

Patients had a mean age of 28.2 and body mass index of 26.8. Eight (15.9%) were smokers and 11 (21.6%) were obese. At a mean follow-up of 38.7 months, there were no recurrences and 19 (37.3%) patients had wound dehiscence. There was no significant difference in dehiscence between patients with and without tie-over sutures (31.4% vs 50%, P = 0.20). There was no significant difference in dehiscence between smokers and non-smokers, (62.5% vs 41.9%, P = 0.47), or between obese and non-obese patients (36.4% vs 46.3%, P = 0.51). Obese patients with tie-over sutures had significantly less dehiscence compared to obese patients without tie-over sutures (14% vs 75%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Bilateral gluteal fasciocutaneous advancement flap with consideration of tie-over sutures is an outpatient treatment for chronic pilonidal disease with resultant midline scar and with no recurrence in our series.
Thromboelastography-Based Evaluation of Gender-Associated Hypercoagulability
Authors: Rodgers Skylar C. , Carter Kristen T. , Patki Deepti , O’Brien Robert C. , Kutcher Matthew E.
Published: May 2022

Background

Age, race, and gender differences in coagulation status of healthy volunteers have been reported in previous case series; however, rigorous multivariate analysis adjusting for these factors is lacking. We aimed to investigate the effects of age, race, and gender on baseline coagulation status in healthy volunteers.

Methods

Thirty healthy volunteer controls with no history of bleeding or thrombotic events and no previous anticoagulant or antiplatelet use were recruited. Citrated and heparinized blood samples were drawn, and kaolin and platelet-mapping thromboelastography (TEG) assays performed.

Results

Thirty participants had a mean age of 37, mean body mass index of 29 kg/m2, and were 47% African-American and 70% female. Women were significantly older than men (40 ± 11 y vs 28 ± 7 y, P = .002); there were no significant differences in demographics by race. Multivariate analysis of variance for the effect of age, race, and gender across TEG parameters yielded evidence for gender differences in hypercoagulability (Pillai’s trace P = .02), which appear to be driven by differences in K-time, alpha angle, maximal amplitude, and G parameter. Women were hypercoagulable compared to men, as manifested by shorter K-time, steeper alpha angle, higher maximal amplitude, and larger G parameter.

Discussion

Women at baseline have relatively hypercoagulable fibrin deposition kinetics, platelet contributions to clot formation, and overall clot strength compared to men, even when adjusted for age and race. Additional research is needed to specifically detail the key patient-level factors, clinical implications, and opportunities for tailored therapy related to gender-associated hypercoagulability.
Racial Disparity, Social Determinates of Health, and Slavery During the Boston Smallpox Epidemics of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nakayama Don K.
Published: May 2022

When Benjamin Franklin published the mortality rates from smallpox during the Boston smallpox epidemic of 1752, he revealed that Blacks not only had a higher mortality rate from smallpox (12.8%, 62/485; 8.9% for whites, 452/5,059), but once inoculated, had less protection from fatal disease (mortality rate 5.0%, 7/139; 1.2% for whites, 23/1,954). His report was thus the first publication to document racial disparities in a disease and its treatment. The differential outcomes came about in the context of slavery, poverty, and war, the predecessors of the social determinates of health that we observe today.

During the 1752 outbreak only 28 percent of the Boston’s occupants were inoculated, a level that failed to protect the community. When the contagion returned in 1764, the town selectmen decided to provide inoculations at no cost to all that needed them. That year inoculated smallpox reached 87 percent of the total caseload. “This lowered the death rate for smallpox so markedly,’ wrote John Blake, historian at the National Library of Medicine, ”that for the first time a smallpox year failed to stand out as one of unusual mortality.”

One final observation came from Franklin’s data: the unexpectedly high prevalence of inoculations among Blacks (6.8% of those inoculated, 146/2,143; 8.5% of all those contracting the disease, 693/8,201). Boston’s whites had made certain enslaved Blacks were inoculated, evidence the extent to which slavery was essential to the economy of colonial Boston.
Atrial Cannulation During Resuscitative Clamshell Thoracotomy
Authors: Willis Grant , Robinson Jordan N. , Green John M. , Dieffenbaugher Sean T. , Madjarov Jeko M. , LeNoir Bradley J. , Frederick John R. , Sing Ronald F. , Cunningham Kyle W.
Published: May 2022

Background

Resuscitative thoracotomy and clamshell thoracotomy are performed in the setting of traumatic arrest with the intent of controlling hemorrhage, relieving tamponade, and providing open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Historically, return of spontaneous circulation rates for penetrating traumatic arrest as well as out of hospital survival have been reported as low as 40% and 10%. Vascular access can be challenging in patients who have undergone a traumatic arrest and can be a limiting step to effective resuscitation. Atrial cannulation is a well-established surgical technique in cardiac surgery. Herein, we present a case series detailing our application of this technique in the context of acute trauma resuscitation during clamshell thoracotomy for traumatic arrest in the emergency department.

Methods

A retrospective case series of atrial cannulation during traumatic arrest was conducted in Charlotte, NC at Carolinas Medical Center an urban level 1 trauma center.

Results

The mean rate of return of spontaneous circulation in our series, 60%, was greater than previously published upper limit of return of spontaneous circulation for penetrating causes of traumatic arrest.

Discussion

Intravenous access can be difficult to establish in the hypovolemic and exsanguinating patient. Traditional methods of vascular access may be insufficient in the setting of central vascular injury. Atrial appendage cannulation during atrial cannulation is a quick and reliable technique to achieve vascular access that employs common methods from cardiac surgery to improve resuscitation of traumatic arrest.
Predictors of Clinical Outcomes Following Laparoscopic Colectomy for Traumatic Injury
Authors: Cheng Vincent , Schellenberg Morgan , Ashbrook Matthew , Grigorian Areg , Donohue Sean , Emigh Brent , Matsushima Kazuhide , Inaba Kenji
Published: May 2022

Background

Laparoscopic colectomy following traumatic injury has been increasingly utilized, but open resection remains the standard of care. Therefore, identifying appropriate candidates for laparoscopy is critically important. This study’s purpose was to identify predictors of clinical outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy following traumatic injury

Methods

The National Trauma Databank was queried for patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy within 48 hours of admission between 2007 and 2015. Patient, injury, and management characteristics were abstracted. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for baseline characteristics and identified significant predictors of clinical outcomes.

Results

A total of 581 patients satisfied inclusion criteria. The median age was 31 years, 465 (80%) were male, and 321 (55%) sustained penetrating injuries. An ostomy was created in 143 (25%) cases. Multivariable logistic regression showed that significant predictors of mortality included a falling mechanism (odds ratio [OR] 104.917, P = .002), admission tachycardia (OR 5.823, P = .001), admission hypotension (OR 26.089, P < .001), and multi-system injuries like head (OR 1.587, P = .008) and thoracic (OR 1.627, P = .001) injuries. Significant predictors of unplanned reoperation included transverse (OR 7.657, P = .033) and left (OR 17.155, P = .014) colon resections, obesity (OR 24.407, P = .016), and chronic respiratory disease (OR 32.963, P = .018). Ostomy creation was significantly associated with neither mortality nor unplanned reoperation.

Conclusion

These data suggest that readily identifiable preoperative characteristics are significantly associated with differences in clinical outcomes. Additional research is required to determine if varying treatment based on these qualities can improve outcomes.
Open and Closed Approaches to Skin Closure After Nonelective Open Colorectal Operations
Authors: Turcotte Justin J. , Allen Rebecca S. , Klune J. Robert , Feather Cristina B.
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Optimal wound management strategies to reduce surgical site infections (SSIs) in nonelective open colorectal surgery (NOCS) remain controversial and variable. Our aim is to describe SSI and other 30-day outcome measures among patients with varying wound management techniques undergoing NOCS.

Methods

All NOCS patients were extracted from the 2016 to 2018 ACS-NSQIP database. Outcomes of patients managed with all layers closed (ALC) were compared to patients managed with skin open (SO), using propensity score matching (PSM) to control for significant confounding risk factors for SSI.

Results

A total of 40,820 patients were included; 4622 patients managed with SO and 36,198 managed with ALC. Patients in the SO group were more likely to have a history of hypertension, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, obesity, and sepsis on presentation (P < .001). After PSM, no differences in risk factors remained; 4622 and 4344 patients were included in the SO and ALC cohorts, respectively. While ALC patients experienced a higher rate of superficial SSI (1.4% vs 7.3%, P < .001) and any wound complications (6.8% vs 10.8%, P < .001), the SO group had higher wound dehiscence (4.4% vs 2.8%, P < .001). There were no significant differences in deep wound infection. The SO group had longer average length of stay (14.7 vs 13.1 days, P < .001), higher non-wound-related complications, discharge to SNF, and in-hospital mortality.

Discussion

Significant differences in SSI rates among NOCS patients with differing wound management techniques were observed. More notably, other important quality measures, such as length of stay, disposition, mortality, and non-wound-related complications were also significantly impacted by wound management strategy.
The Association of Race With Adequate Lymph Node Evaluation for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Tsao Miriam W. , Kahl Madison S. , Deneve Jeremiah L. , Yakoub Danny , Glazer Evan S. , Shibata David , Jain Richa , Clark Ian , Dickson Paxton V.
Published: May 2022

Background

National studies have reported racial and socioeconomic disparities in gastric cancer (GC) care. The current study evaluated adequate lymph node (LN) assessment (≥16 LNs) during resection for GC within a healthcare system servicing a socioeconomically disparate, mostly non-White population in the Southeast United States.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing resection for GC between 2003-2019 was performed. Factors associated with adequate LN assessment including patient and tumor characteristics were analyzed.

Results

Among 202 patients, adequate LN assessment was performed in 97 (48%) patients. On univariable analysis, younger age, non-White race, lower Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Medicaid or no insurance, D1+/D2 lymphadenectomy, clinical evidence of regional LN metastases, total gastrectomy, and receipt of neoadjuvant therapy were associated with adequate LN assessment. On multivariable analysis, non-White race (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.38-5.65), CCI <4 (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.15-3.96), and D1+/D2 lymphadenectomy (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.96-6.74) were the only factors independently associated with adequate LN evaluation.

Conclusions

In the current study, non-White race, independent of socioeconomics, was significantly associated with adequate LN assessment. Future work is necessary to improve standardization and achieve higher rates of adequate LN assessment for all patients during resection for GC.
Trends in calls to a state poisons centre and presentation to emergency departments for intentional antidepressant overdose in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Doherty Zakary , Wong Anselm , Hayman Jane , Greene Shaun
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To describe the rates and trends of emergency department presentations and calls to a state poisons centre for antidepressant overdose.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study utilising the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset and Victorian Poisons Information Centre call registry between January 2009 and December 2018 was conducted. This captured all presentations to Victorian emergency departments and calls to the Victorian Poisons Information Centre. Any intentional overdose involving an antidepressant was included. Annual rates of emergency department presentations and calls per 100,000 persons and 100,000 prescriptions for antidepressants overall and individual antidepressant classes, in addition to age-group-specific rates, were reported.

Results:

A total of 3650 presentations to emergency department and 7096 calls to the poisons centre were included. No changes were seen in overall emergency department presentation rates when controlled for population or prescription numbers, but large and significant increases were seen for younger age groups. The 10–14- and 15–19-year age groups had average annual increases of 13.1% (95% CI = [6.5%, 19.7%], p < 0.001) and 7.2% (95% CI = [2.8%, 11.5%], p < 0.001) per 100,000 persons, respectively. Increases were seen in overall annual call rates of 6.7% (95% CI = [5.2%, 8.1%], p < 0.001) per 100,000 persons and 7.5% (95% CI = [4.9%, 10.1%], p < 0.001) per 100,000 prescriptions.

Conclusion:

Overall, emergency department presentation rates remained stable during the study period. Overall poisons centre call rates increased moderately. However, when examining younger persons, large increases were seen in both emergency department presentations and poison centre call rates. These findings highlight the need for future interventions to mitigate against intentional overdose in younger populations.
Building on Its Past: The Future of Business and Society Scholarship
Authors: Brown Jill A. , de Bakker Frank G. A. , Bapuji Hari , Higgins Colin , Rehbein Kathleen , Spicer Andrew
Published: May 2022

This Special Issue commemorates the 60th anniversary of Business & Society with nine rigorous literature reviews that address important societal problems and provide opportunities for theory development in the business and society field; in this introduction we present an overview of the Special Issue. With the theme “Building on Its Past,” the nine articles address a host of contemporary issues, including climate change, wicked problems, business and human rights, human health, certifications standards, the governance of artificial intelligence, stakeholder engagement, stakeholder theory, and corporate political activity. Together, these reviews offer a wealth of suggested themes, theories and approaches that can drive our research forward for the next decades in business and society research and practice. Using the lens of a miner-prospector continuum to categorize the diversity of articles within this special issue, a common theme emerges across the portfolio of reviews: they all call for a more systemic and integrative perspective toward studying the complex interactions that link business and society actors and issues. Building on these findings, we encourage future scholars to fill long-standing researched gaps through a more open systems approach, which supports both contextually sensitive and multi-level and multi-disciplinary approaches to address grand societal challenges. We conclude with specific suggestions as to how business and society scholars might use an open systems approach, including embracing methodologies to address complex causal pathways, theorizing with a view towards spanning external and internal elements of an organization, and reflecting on the temporal and spatial dynamics of complex systems.
Social Brokerage: Accountability and the Social Life of Information
Authors: Kruks-Wisner Gabrielle
Published: May 2022

Social accountability initiatives seek to empower citizens to hold officials to account between and beyond elections, yet often meet with mixed results. This article highlights a neglected dimension in the study of accountability: intermediation by brokers who share and frame information. In contrast to literature that focuses on political brokers in clientelist networks, I introduce the concept of social brokerage: efforts to motivate and to link action by citizens and officials, without the expectation of an electoral return. I illustrate the practice of social brokerage in India, through study of a network of citizen journalists who attempt to mobilize citizen claim-making and to encourage official responsiveness to those claims. I argue that effective social brokerage requires both vernacularization (giving information meaning in local contexts) and interlocution (speaking to and between multiple audiences). This, in turn, rests upon a powerful—but often elusive—combination of community embeddedness and ties to bureaucracy.
‘I can do things that others can’t’: Civic policing as weaponized volunteering in eThekwini, South Africa
Authors: Diphoorn Tessa , Cooper-Knock SJ
Published: May 2022

In this article, we analyse civic policing in post-apartheid South Africa as a form of ‘weaponized volunteering’. We use ‘weaponized volunteerism’ as a conceptual lens to refer to practices that rest on the potentiality and/or willingness to use physical violence or to harness the physical violence of others under the guise of ‘volunteer work’. By drawing from ethnographic fieldwork conducted by both authors in eThekwini, South Africa, we show that by framing civic policing as weaponized volunteerism, we are able to analyse the violence at the core of policing and underline the varied ways that violence work is harnessed and expanded through civic policing, in the interest of civic and state actors. This, in turn, allows us to explore the continuum between state and civic violence, which is often directed towards similar groups and individuals.
Awareness Is Bliss: How Acquiescence Affects Exploratory Factor Analysis
Authors: D’Urso E. Damiano , Tijmstra Jesper , Vermunt Jeroen K. , De Roover Kim
Published: May 2022

Assessing the measurement model (MM) of self-report scales is crucial to obtain valid measurements of individuals’ latent psychological constructs. This entails evaluating the number of measured constructs and determining which construct is measured by which item. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is the most-used method to evaluate these psychometric properties, where the number of measured constructs (i.e., factors) is assessed, and, afterward, rotational freedom is resolved to interpret these factors. This study assessed the effects of an acquiescence response style (ARS) on EFA for unidimensional and multidimensional (un)balanced scales. Specifically, we evaluated (a) whether ARS is captured as an additional factor, (b) the effect of different rotation approaches on the content and ARS factors recovery, and (c) the effect of extracting the additional ARS factor on the recovery of factor loadings. ARS was often captured as an additional factor in balanced scales when it was strong. For these scales, ignoring extracting this additional ARS factor, or rotating to simple structure when extracting it, harmed the recovery of the original MM by introducing bias in loadings and cross-loadings. These issues were avoided by using informed rotation approaches (i.e., target rotation), where (part of) the rotation target is specified according to a priori expectations on the MM. Not extracting the additional ARS factor did not affect the loading recovery in unbalanced scales. Researchers should consider the potential presence of ARS when assessing the psychometric properties of balanced scales and use informed rotation approaches when suspecting that an additional factor is an ARS factor.
Influenza vaccination uptake during COVID-19 pandemic: A trusted messenger approach
Authors: Wu Tsu-Yin , Raghunathan Vedhika , Lally Sarah , Rainville Alice Jo , Bessire Rachel
Published: May 2022

Objective:

Seasonal influenza is a preventable disease that may cause high morbidity and mortality. In the USA, the 2020 influenza season overlapped with the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a dearth of research on understanding influenza vaccination uptake and attitudes towards the vaccine among marginalised communities in the USA. The aim of this study was to examine general knowledge, misconceptions about, and barriers to influenza vaccination and determine if flu education delivered via trusted messengers improved knowledge among Asian Americans.

Design:

Quantitative prospective pre- and post-test design.

Setting:

Asian American communities in Metro Detroit area, Hamtramck, and Kent County in Michigan.

Method:

The study started with a training event in which 26 community leaders were trained to become trusted messengers to disseminate flu education. A total of 260 Asian American participants subsequently completed pre- and post-education surveys.

Results:

Asian Americans in the study reported low flu vaccination rate (48.5%). Reasons varied but included access-related issues (e.g. no access and no insurance) and health literacy (did not know they needed it). After education by trusted messengers, the paired t tests measuring improvement between pre- and post-survey scores showed a significant improvement ( p < .05) for all of the knowledge items.

Conclusion:

Educational campaigns using targeted messages to address specific barriers and acknowledge individuals’ concerns regarding misconceptions while providing equitable vaccine access can be key for the successful implementation of vaccination programmes.