bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE ANTIGENS OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer James
Published: June 2004

1. Flocculation reactions of anti-erythrocyte sera on emulsions of alcoholic extract of blood are described.

2. The reactions are markedly species-specific.

3. Besides the homologous reactions certain others—"heterogenetic"" ones—have been observed, and in this way the existence of new examples of heterogenetic antibodies has been demonstrated.

4. Group-specific substances can be extracted from human erythrocytes with alcohol and demonstrated by flocculation with group-specific immune sera.

5. A conception of the structure of cellular antigens based upon the known facts, is presented.
LIPOIDS AS THE GROWTH-INHIBITING FACTOR IN SERUM
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

The growth-inhibiting action of serum has been shown to be due largely to the lipoids.

Serum from which the lipoids have been removed is much less inhibiting to the growth of fibroblasts in vitro than is the original serum, and only slightly more inhibiting than Tyrode solution.

The lipoids extracted from the serum are toxic and more inhibiting to the growth of fibroblasts than the original serum.

Lipoids extracted from chicken brain, chicken liver, egg, and embryonic tissue have likewise an inhibiting action.
EFFECT OF PREPUBERTY CASTRATION ON SUBSEQUENT CANCER IMPLANTATION
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Male and female mice castrated during the first 7 weeks of life and implanted with cancer at later periods show a resistance definitely higher than do intact animals of the same age. This increased refractiveness is evident at 3 months after the operation but is more pronounced at 8 months to a year. Even castration in early adult life seems to increase the refractory state to later cancer inoculation. On the other hand, adult mice inoculated within a week after castration show slight if any evidence of increased resistance.
EFFECTS OF OBSCURE LESIONS ON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF APPARENTLY NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

A group of 350 normal rabbits was studied with reference to the occurrence of obscure lesions of various kinds and the probable or possible effect of such lesions or disease processes on organ weights. The results of the investigation are presented in the form of comparative tabulations.

It was found that so long as the animals remained in apparently good health the values obtained for organ weights of animals with lesions did not differ materially from those for animals that were entirely free from lesions. There were, however, slight deviations from the normal which appeared to be significant in that they suggested a functional response similar in character to the more marked changes in mass and mass relationships that occur in rabbits presenting clinical symptoms of disease due to the same causes.
THE FUNCTION OF MACROPHAGES IN LOCAL RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

Coincident with the marked macrophage reaction induced in the peritoneal cavity by oil injection, there is an increased resistance of this location to bacterial infections. Animals so prepared dispose of Bacillus coli in a much shorter time than normal animals, and survive multiples of the fatal doses of staphylococci and pneumococi.

The amount of oil injected is in itself incapable of inhibiting bacterial growth, nor is cell-free exudate from an oil-injected animal potent in this regard. The macrophages in the exudate, on the other hand, actively phagocytize bacteria. These facts lead to the conclusion that the increased resistance is due primarily to the action of macrophages.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF HEARTWATER
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

The evidence offered in the first of these studies indicative of a causative relationship between Rickettsia ruminantium and heartwater is supplemented by the following observations concerning the ticks which carry the disease.

When larvæ, which had taken no food since hatching, were allowed to feed upon cases of heartwater, they acquired Rickettsiœ which appeared to be identical with those in the tissues of animals suffering from heartwater, whereas control larvæ hatched from eggs deposited by the same female and fed on normal animals remained free of Rickettsiœ.

After larvæ presumably infective had moulted, the resultant nymphæ containing Rickettsiœ in their alimentary tracts, when fed upon susceptible animals produced in them typical attacks of heartwater, which the control nymphae, devoid of Rickettsiœ, failed to do. The tissues of animals thus infected were found upon histological examination to contain typical Rickettsioelig;.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF JAGZIEKTE
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

The lungs of South African sheep, in a district in which jagziekte is appearing sporadically, differ from those of normal American sheep. Their structure is in general variable. They are more subject to the action of bacteria, demonstrable histologically, and to the effect of inhaled foreign material. The most significant difference, however, centers in the interalveolar tissue, which, in about 33 per cent of the animals, is definitely thickened beyond the range of variation in this direction observed in American sheep. The thickenings occur in localized areas several millimeters in diameter. They begin with engorgement of the alveolar capillaries and accumulation of macrophages and of lymphocytes. Many of the macrophages pass into the alveolar lumina and assume the appearance of typical epithelioid cells. These infiltrative and exudative changes are primary to the epithelial proliferations which always arise in tissues modified in this way and which it is proposed to describe in a second paper.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS AND CERTAIN OF ITS CHEMICAL FRACTIONS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. The immunological behavior of two cell constituents of nonhemolytic streptococci has been studied, (a) One, the so called nucleoprotein, is relatively non-specific and gives rise to an antibody which shows group reactions with nucleoproteins of related species. (b) The other is non-protein by qualitative chemical tests. Preliminary chemical examination has indicated that it may be a carbohydrate. Although this substance is highly reactive with the specific antibodies produced by the intact bacterial cell, yet in its chemically purified condition it is probably non-antigenic. Specific serological reactions with this substance are dosely related to specific agglutination of the microorganism.

2. The study of sera prepared by immunization with the chemically extracted protein has shown the presence of antibodies for nudeoproteins alone. No antibodies against the specific soluble substance have been found in these sera. The protein antibodies are little, if at all, concerned in causing agglutination. Precipitin tests, complement fixation reactions, and absorption experiments have been used to analyze the group relationships with the nucleoproteins of other species. The proteins of each species of Gram-positive cocci studied were immunologically similar within the species and showed definite relationships to the proteins from related species. Proteins from bacteria of unrelated species did not react with antisera against streptococcus protein.

3. Two distinct antibodies have been demonstrated in antisera prepared against living bacteria. By prolonged immunization it was found possible to produce sera with a high content of protein as well as specific antibodies. With ordinary methods, however, the immune sera had a low content of relatively non-specific protein antibodies but a high titer for specific antibodies. The specific antibodies were not reactive with proteins but were active with high dilutions of the soluble specific substance and were responsible for the parallel specific agglutination. Absorption experiments showed that the two antibodies in antibacterial sera were immunologically distinct.
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE THYMUS GLAND IN THE RAT
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

Previous experimental work concerning enlargement of the thymus has dealt mainly with the regeneration which follows partial or subtotal removal, or with the regeneration which follows transplantation. We planned our experiments to obtain evidence of uncomplicated hypertrophy by removing one lobe and studying the enlargement of the remaining lobe. Our results clearly indicate that such hypertrophy takes place in young animals. They emphasize the functional importance of this gland before puberty, since the compensatory enlargement does not take place after puberty. The results further indicate that with the onset of involution there is a marked or almost total decline in the function of the gland, in spite of the fact that anatomically the thymus may persist to old age. With the appearance of a stimulus for regeneration, as, for instance, suprarenalectomy, the involuted gland takes on functional activity.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HÉRELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles
Published: June 2004

When bacteriophage is precipitated by alcohol at room temperature its activity rapidly and progressively decreases until it is totally destroyed, between 6 and 24 hours after exposure.

If the percipitation is carried out at 7°C. the destruction of lytic activity is considerably slower; measurable traces may be detected even after 4 weeks exposure to alcohol. Although the major portion of the lytic activity is found in the precipitate, the supernatant alcohol carries a measurable amount of lytic principle which remains active for several days.

In all cases the residual lytic activity was found to be transmissible in series. In no instance were we able to observe the non-transmissible action ascribed by d'sHérelle to the enzyme.

The persistence of traces of active principle after many weeks of exposure to alcohol at low temperature is not found to be due to the existence in the original filtrate of a fraction relatively resistant to the effect of alcohol.

The inactivation of bacteriophage by alcohol seems, therefore, analogous to the alcoholic inactivation of certain enzymes and toxins.
THE EFFECT OF OPERATIVE INTERFERENCE WITH THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM UPON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

The effect of the removal of the complete cervical sympathetic nervous system, of both superior and of both inferior cervical ganglia, and of a small portion of the cervical sympathetic nerve in the rabbit was studied in relation to the character of a malignant disease induced by a transplantable neoplasm.

It was found that the general character of the disease which developed in the operated groups of animals was more severe than that of a similar sized control group. Comparisons of the mortality rate in the several groups, of the animal inddence of metastases, the number of metastatic foci, and the distribution of these secondary growths all showed this to be the case. There appeared, furthermore, to be differences in malignancy among the operated groups themselves. The most severe disease occurred in the group in which a portion of the sympathetic nerve only was removed (sympathotomy); that in the complete sympathectomy and superior sympathectomy groups was slightly less malignant; and that in the inferior group was much less so.

These results have been interpreted as due to a less effective animal resistance, the mechanism of which has been interfered with in some way by the interference with the sympathetic nerves. The reasons for the difference in malignancy exhibited by the several operated groups are undetermined. A tentative explanation is suggested upon the basis of coordinating, favorable or deleterious functions subserved by the cervical sympathetic nervous system.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE ACTION ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS OF BILE ACIDS AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, FOUND IN BILE IN THE FORM OF SOAPS
Authors: Kozlowski Anthony
Published: June 2004

Ox bile contains the soaps of unsaturated higher fatty acids not only with one, but also with two and more than two double bonds, in a dilution of about 1:600. These substances, when isolated from bile, exert an antiseptic action on the pneumococcus in a dilution of approximately 1:50,000 and kill the organism in a dilution of 1:5000 in approximately 1 hour. As their action is, then, about 100 times stronger than that of the conjugated bile acids, their presence in bile should be considered, whereas hitherto it has been entirely overlooked not only by bacteriologists but by physiologists as well. Since the soaps of unsaturated fatty acids do dissolve the pneumococcus cell in broth culture, Neufeld's (12) conclusion, is no longer valid.
LOCAL IMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS TO CUTANEOUS INFECTION WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Mallory Tracy B. , Marble Alexander
Published: June 2004

1. Bacterial filtrates were prepared by the methods described by Besredka, but these never developed any specific growth-inhibiting factors.

2. Such filtrates produced a strictly local immunity of the areas of the skin infiltrated but such protection was never greater than that produced with the broth from which they were prepared. This immunity was manifest within 8 hours and persisted at least 15 days.

3. Transcutaneous treatment by moist dressings soaked in either filtrate or broth were entirely ineffective.

4. Sites of healed cutaneous lesions show a strictly local and nonspecific immunity for a period of 5 to 6 weeks.

5. Repeated intracutaneous infection with virulent staphylococci failed to produce a general cutaneous immunity.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported above confirm the fact that lytic principle is distributed in active solution in a state of indivisible units. This permits its quantitative evaluation by serial dilution, as well as by plating on agar. The latter method, however, often gives readings considerably lower than those obtained by the broth dilution method of titration. By varying the concentration of agar it has been possible to show that the discrepancy is due to adsorption of the lytic agent on agar. When the concentration of the latter is increased from 0.3 per cent to 2.5 per cent the number of plaques of lysis is reduced more than 100 times. At the same time the average size of the plaques also decreases approximately to one-tenth of the original.

The size, as well as the number of plaques, has been found to depend also on the condition of the culture employed in titration. Thus, when the culture exposed to the action of lytic agent is composed of young susceptible bacteria, the greater the concentration of bacteria, the smaller the plaques.

When the culture is composed partly of young and partly of old susceptible bacteria, both the size and the number of the plaques are diminished with the increase in the relative concentration of old bacteria. On the other hand, presence in the culture of resistant bacteria does not affect either the size or the number of the plaques so long as the relative concentration of susceptible bacteria in the culture is sufficient to allow formation of them. The plaques appearing in the presence of a high concentration of resistant variants in the culture are relatively indistinct owing to overgrowth.

Under carefully controlled conditions the size of plaques is found to be determined by the character of the lytic filtrate. Thus in the case of lytic agents which act upon more than one bacterial species the size of the plaques remains constant, irrespective of the bacterial substratum used for the production of the active filtrate.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RABBITS
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Moritz Alan R.
Published: June 2004

Rickets has been produced experimentally in rabbits by the administration of diets deficient in the antirachitic organic factor and phosphorus but with a high calcium content.

Cod liver oil added to these rickets-producing diets prevented the development of rickets in rabbits.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WITH A SPIRAL ORGANISM FOUND IN A WILD RAT AND IDENTICAL WITH THE ORGANISM CAUSING RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: Mooser H.
Published: June 2004

1. The spiral organism isolated from a wild rat has proved identical with that from a human case of rat-bite fever in Mexico City.

2. Rabbits can easily be infected with these organisms.

3. The subcutaneous inoculation of them is followed after 3 to 5 days by a local edema, induration, and inflammation: primary lesion.

4. About 8 days after the appearance of the primary lesion, edematous swellings and inflammation appear on the head and genitals: secondary lesions.

5. The organism can be transmitted from rabbit to rabbit by coitus.

6. Protective antibodies are to be found in the blood of infected rabbits at a time when the local lesions are still active. The peculiar character of certain of the lesions is probably due to the escape of the antibodies from the blood stream.

7. The organism belongs to the genus Treponema.
SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS OF COWS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

A specific infection of the urinary tract associated with a diphtheroid has been encountered in cows from three dairy herds. The most characteristic symptom is the frequent passage of turbid or blood-stained urine. The bladder was always found to be involved. The bladder walls were thickened, the mucosa swollen and reddened. Patches of exudate adherent to the bladder mucosa were frequently observed. In certain instances one or both ureters were thickened. In other cases one or both kidneys were involved. The kidney process seemed to originate in the pelvis and extend toward the medulla and cortex. The characteristic bacilli were always found in large numbers in the urinary sediment and the pelves of involved kidneys.
THE EFFECT OF ETHYL URETHANE ANESTHESIA ON THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM AND CELL CONTENTS OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Hawkins James A. , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

When anesthesia is produced in rabbits or rats by injections of ethyl urethane, the C02 content and pH of the whole blood of the animal are more or less rapidly increased to a point where there is a marked uncompensated alkalosis which reaches its maximum at 24 hours and persists for 48 hours.

The increase in the C02 content and pH of the whole blood is accompanied by a decrease in the circulating lymphocytes and an increase in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Further evidence is presented, in addition to that of our previous papers, that the intestinal tract is, under ordinary circumstances, the sole place of origin of urobilin. So long as the biliary tract remains sterile the presence of the pigment in bile and urine is entirely dependent upon the passage of bile to the intestine.

Animals rendered urobilin-free by the collection of all the bile from the intubated, uninfected common duct, remain urobilin-free during and after extensive blood destruction caused by intravenous injections of distilled water, as also after reinjections of the animal's own blood, hemolyzed in vitro. No urobilin appears in the bile, urine, or feces of animals so intubated when blood destruction has been caused by sodium oleate, or by an agent, toluylenediamine, which damages the liver as well as the blood.

On the other hand, when bile flow into the intestine is uninterrupted, urobilinuria occurs during blood destruction caused in any of the ways mentioned and it parallels, both in severity and duration, the destructive process.

Merely increasing the amount of bilirubin within the intestines of healthy dogs by feeding urobilin-free bile, will lead to marked urobilinuria. The extravasation of blood into the tissues, resulting from the trauma of an operation for intubation of a bile duct, does not lead to urobilinuria in animals losing all of the bile after this operation, but may do so when only a small fraction of the bile is drained, while the remainder reaches the intestine as usual. The production of artificial hematomas, without operation, is not followed by urobilinuria, under the circumstances last mentioned, but merely by an increase in the bilirubin of the bile. The effect on the liver of the anesthetic employed during the intubation may be responsible for the difference in the two cases.

During the course of certain intercurrent infections affecting some of the intubated animals, notably distemper, there was a drop in the hemoglobin percentage of the circulating blood, accompanied by an increased output of bile pigment or further by urobilinuria, when the conditions were such that bile still reached the intestine. The findings pointed to increased blood destruction as a factor in the urobilinuria.

The evidence presented, taken with that of our previous papers, suffices to demonstrate, that urobilinuria, occurring during blood destruction, is primarily the result of an increased excretion of bilirubin from which, in turn, an unusually large quantity of urobilin is formed within the intestine. The liver fails to remove from the portal blood all of the latter pigment which is resorbed and consequently some of it reaches the kidneys and urine.

Our work has been carried out on animals with uninfected biliary tracts and livers, save for one case which has special mention. The influence of infection of the biliary tract on the place of formation of urobilin and the development of urobilinuria will be discussed in a succeeding communication.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATIONS
Authors: Holman Emile , Beck Claude S.
Published: June 2004

An abnormal communication, experimentally produced between the right and left ventricles, causes a deflection of part of the blood stream into the shorter pulmonary circuit. Proceeding pari passu with the increase in volume flow of blood through this shorter circuit, there occurs a gradual enlargement of the heart limited to that part of the circulatory system through which the deflected blood passes; namely, the left ventricle, the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and the left auricle. There is also a demonstrable hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles, which presumably is the result of the increased effort necessary to propel forward an increased volume flow of blood, since it cannot be attributed to an increased peripheral resistance.

Immediately after the production of the defect, the right auricle and aorta become smaller than usual, conforming in size to the decreased volume flow of blood through them. As full compensation for the deflected flow occurs by an increase in total blood volume, they return to their normal size. If full compensation has not occurred they remain smaller than normal (Dog X 11).

The changes incident to the establishment of an opening in the septum are entirely dependent upon the size of the defect, and hence, upon the extent of the volume of blood deflected into the shorter circuit. Commensurate with the volume of blood deflected, there is a fall in general blood pressure. If the animal survives the immediate fall in blood pressure, certain compensatory adjustments occur which reestablish a more normal blood pressure: (a) an immediate increase in pulse rate; (b) a gradual increase in total blood mass. The increase in blood volume is directly commensurate with the size of the defect. The pulse returns to a normal rate when complete compensation through an increase in blood volume has been attained.

It is suggested that the enlargement of the heart seen clinically in so called "idiopathic hypertrophy," "essential hypertension," and also in certain cases of cardiorenal disease, may be due to an increase in total blood mass following some interference with the mechanism for its control. The seat of this impairment in blood volume control may be: (a) in a chemical alteration in the blood; (b) in a diseased function of the kidneys which may be responsible for a decreased elimination, or for a change in the chemical composition of the blood; or (c) in an abnormal stimulation of the organs producing the cellular elements of the blood.
PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN MICE FOLLOWING THE CUTANEOUS APPLICATION OF COAL TAR
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

The external application of tar to a number of separated areas on the surface of mice, in such fashion that no single area is irritated sufficiently long to cause lesions of the skin, has resulted in a very high incidence of lung tumors. This incidence ranged from 60.0 per cent in one experiment to 78.3 per cent in another. Control mice from the same stock but from 3 to 6 months older, and for that reason the more liable to spontaneous lung tumors, failed to show a single instance of such growths. Even in a stock in which spontaneous lung tumors had been frequent, the incidence for corresponding age periods has never been above 5.5 per cent while the average has been between 1 and 2 per cent over a period of years. The tumors in the tar-painted animals occur as small white nodules, either single or multiple. They are typical epithelial neoplasms, identical histologically with those described by previous authors as occurring spontaneously in mice.

Some possible factors in the causation of the tumors are briefly discussed.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF A STRAIN OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is given for the isolation of a specifically reacting nitrogen-free polysaccharide from the so called E strain of Friedländer's bacillus.

2. The properties of this polysaccharide are described.
SKIN REACTIONS TO ALTERNATE HEAT AND X-RAY EXPOSURES
Authors: Hawkins James A. , Clark Harry
Published: June 2004

Different areas on the abdomen of the same guinea pigs have been exposed to suberythema doses of soft x-rays, to heat of an intensity below the critical dose for the production of burns, and to both radiations in sequence.

The only effect of exposure to x-ray or heat alone was a slight scaling of the skin. The areas exposed to heat and x-radiation developed well marked and persistent burns. The results were the same no matter in which sequence the agents were applied.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles
Published: June 2004

Lytic filtrates, active against Bacillus dysenteriœ Shiga, Bacillus coli, Bacillus pestis caviœ, and staphylococcus respectively, proved to be differently affected by changes in hydrogen ion concentration.

Anti-staphylococcus lysin was the least resistant of the four, showing deterioration in 3 hours at 7°C. beyond the zone of hydrogen ion concentration limited by CH = 6.3 x 10–5 and CH = 1.6 x 10–9. Under the same conditions, the zone of resistance of anti-coli filtrate lay between CH = 2.7 x 10–3 and CH = 2.5 x 10–11, and that of anti-Shiga between CH = 1-7 x 10–4 and CH = 1-3 x 10–11. Anti-pestis caviœ filtrate was most resistant of the four, retaining its full activity in the zone from CH = 1 x 10–3 to CH = 3.5 x 10–12.

The fact that these differences in individual resistance persisted, notwithstanding the repeated passage of lytic filtrates through cultures of bacteria other than those against which they were primarily active, seems to offer evidence in favor of a multiplicity of bacteriophages.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF THE PRIMATES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Miller C. Philip
Published: June 2004

While the precipitin tests do not differentiate, according to the results of previous workers, between the serum proteins of man and chimpanzee, a clear-cut differentiation between the blood cells of man and the anthropoids was obtained by means of hemagglutinins.

According to our tests on bloods of whites and negroes, constant racial serological differences among human bloods, if they exist at all, are certainly smaller than the differences between the bloods of man and the anthropoid apes.

The serological differences between man and the lower monkeys appear to be no greater than those between the anthropoid apes and the lower monkeys. These findings confirm the opinion that the anthropoid apes do not rank in the genealogical tree between lower monkeys and man.
STUDIES OF LEPTOSPIRA HEBDOMADIS
Authors: Koshina M. , Shiozawa S. , Kitayama K.
Published: June 2004

From the results of etiological study of the disease known as akiyami which prevails in the Shida district of Shizuoka province, we conclude that:

1. Akiyami is an infectious disease caused by a leptospira.

2. The leptospira causing akiyami is very difficult to differentiate morphologically from Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ and Leptospira hebdomadis.

3. The strains of leptospira isolated from cases of akiyami are of two types. One type, isolated from three of the sixteen cases, is highly virulent for guinea pigs and is serologically distinct from Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ and Leptospira hebdomadis; we have called this the A type. The type obtained from the other cases is less virulent for guinea pigs and is serologically identical with Leptospira hebdomadis; we have called this the B type.

4. The field mouse (Microtus montebelli), which harbors Leptospira hebdomadis, has also been found to harbor the A type of akiyami.
SERUM-GLOBULIN AND DIPHTHERIC ANTITOXIN.—A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AMOUNT OE GLOBULIN IN NORMAL AND ANTITOXIC SERA, AND THE RELATION OF THE GLOBULINS TO THE ANTITOXIC BODIES
Authors: Hiss Philip Hanson , Atkinson James P.
Published: June 2004

The results of the foregoing experiments may be briefly summarized as follows:

The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself.

Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the proportion of protective substance to the precipitate from non-immunized serum is exceedingly small as compared with the proportion of antitoxin to the precipitate from sera of immunized horses.

The average precipitate from the sera of immunized horses, as obtained by magnesium sulphate, is more abundant than the average precipitate from sera of non-immunized horses.

In the case of the same animal before and after immunization, the serum before immunization gives a less abundant precipitate with magnesium sulphate than the serum tested after immunization.

The proportion of increase per unit of antitoxic strength for the same or different horses is not constant. This may be due to an increase of inactive substances (in their relation to diphtheric toxin) or to imperfect methods of determination.

The precipitates obtained by magnesium sulphate give all the reactions recognized as characteristic of globulins, and as distinguishing them from other albuminous bodies. We are not warranted, then, in the present state of our knowledge, in considering any part of these precipitates as other than globulin. But it does seem warrantable to conclude, from the fact that the globulins of normal serum do not protect, or only in comparatively large amounts, against diphtheric toxin, that new globulins are formed, or rather greatly increased in the serum of immunized horses, and that these globulins protect against the toxin. These increased globulins and the inert globulins (which from obvious causes are a very variable factor) are both precipitated by magnesium sulphate.

Every animal has a physiological and pathological history more or less widely diverging from the normal, hence absolute conformity in the results obtained is not to be expected, at least with our present methods of differentiation.
THE FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION OF THE GLOBULIN AND ALBUMIN OF NORMAL HORSE'S SERUM AND DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIC SERUM, AND THE ANTITOXIC STRENGTH OF THE PRECIPITATES
Authors: Atkinson James P.
Published: June 2004

1. The globulins of both normal and diphtheria antitoxic serum exhibit chemically toward reagents the same reactions, being precipitated by magnesium sulphate and split up into fractions in precisely the same way.

2. All of the diphtheric antitoxic power of both normal and immunized serum is always carried by the globulin and its fractional precipitates.

3. During the fractional precipitation of the serum globulin of horses immunized from diphtheria toxin and horses not immunized from diphtheria toxin, some of the globulin is lost, likewise at the same time some of the antitoxic power of the globulin of the immunized serum is lost.

4. These reactions, considered in connection with the fact that different observers as well as we ourselves have found diphtheric antitoxic power in normal horse's serum and that this antitoxin separates with the globulin, strongly incline us to consider "diphtheria antitoxin" a form of globulin.

5. The reactions of globulin, previously separated from the serum by magnesium sulphate, with sodium chloride lead one to think that there is a formation of globulin salts.

6. Since serum albumin in a magnesium sulphate solution gives fractional precipitates at definite temperatures, it seems not improbable that the albumin is precipitated in the form of albumin salts.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ACID-RESISTING BACILLI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR OCCURRENCE IN THE LOWER ANIMALS
Authors: Cowie D. Murray
Published: June 2004

The results obtained in this study may be briefly summarized:

1. Acid-resisting bacilli are found in many of the lower animals, more especially the horse, cow, dog, guinea-pig and white rat. In the case of the rabbit and cat no such organisms were detected.

2. Many of these acid-resisting bacilli resemble the tubercle bacillus and the smegma bacillus of man.

3. The acid-resisting organisms are undoubtedly of different species and there is good reason to believe that the term smegma bacillus denotes not a definite species but rather a group of bacilli having common staining properties.
THE NERVES OF THE CAPILLARIES, WITH REMARKS ON NERVE-ENDINGS IN MUSCLE
Authors: Sihler Chr.
Published: June 2004

1. The endings of the motor nerves in striped muscle remain on the outside of the sarcolemma. Aside from the surfaces of contact of muscle and nerve fibre, the end fibres are covered down to their tips with the sheath of Schwann and are provided with nuclei. The precise condition of things at the places of contact of muscle and nerve is an unsolved problem of histology.

2. The ivy-like or festooned arrangement of motor nerves in the frog's muscle has been misinterpreted. Properly interpreted it demonstrates that the nerve fibres that are to influence the muscle fibre are not naked and that they need not be end fibres. It shows that mere contact between muscle fibre and nerve fibre is all that is necessary.

3. The sheath of Henle in the frog and in the smaller muscle fibres of the snake is open, thus permitting escape of the cerebrospinal fluid.

4. In other animals Henle's sheath extends over the end fibres of the motor nerve and the cells lining it envelop the end fibrils. I find that the so-called "Sohlensubstanz" of Kühne is derived from the cells of Henle's sheath.

5. The terminal nerves in smooth muscle form a network entwining the bundles of muscle fibres. I consider it improbable that each plain muscle fibre has a special terminal nerve fibril.

6. In muscular tissue fine non-medullated nerves, probably belonging to the centrifugal, vasomotor system, proceed from the fasciculi of motor nerves. These nerves can be traced directly to a network of nerves surrounding the capillaries. From this network fine, nucleated, nerve fibres pass to the walls of the capillaries, with which they are very closely united.

7. The nerves supplying the capillaries connect also with sensory nerves and with nerves surrounding the larger blood-vessels, both arteries and veins.

8. The branches of the chorda tympani in the submaxillary gland do not pass to the gland cells, but they terminate on the capillaries.

9. In muscular and glandular tissues—and perhaps throughout the body—there is a vast peripheral nervous plexus belonging to the capillary blood-vessels. These nerves of the capillaries, which may perhaps be regarded as nutritive nerves, regulate the production and transudation of lymph, and are concerned in the mechanism of glandular secretion. They may be called into activity both by peripheral influences and by impulses received from the central nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia. They may influence, through their connections with the vasomotor nerves on the arteries and veins, the blood supply to a part.
A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ACTION OF SAPONIN ON THE BLOOD CORPUSCLES AND PUS CORPUSCLES
Authors: Stewart G. N.
Published: June 2004

1. The increase of conductivity produced by saponin in formaldehyde-hardened blood is due to an increase in the conductivity of the corpuscles (increased permeability of the corpuscles to ions) and not, mainly at any rate, to the liberation of electrolytes from the corpuscles and a consequent increase in the conductivity of the serum. The increase in the permeability of the corpuscles is probably caused by a "corrosive," dissolving, or emulsifying action of the saponin on some non-proteid constituent of the envelope or stroma.

2. In the first stage of the action of saponin on blood (not fixed by formaldehyde) there seems also to be an increase in the permeability of the corpuscles for ions, even before any hæmoglobin has been liberated. The liberation of the hæmoglobin may be secondary to this, owing to the entrance, of water consequent on the disturbance of osmotic equilibrium.

3. Heating the blood to 40° to 45° C. intensifies the laking action of saponin, so that a dose insufficient to cause laking at ordinary temperature may do so when the blood is heated to the temperature mentioned.

4. Pus corpuscles, like red blood corpuscles, are worse conductors than the serum in which they are suspended. Unlike blood corpuscles, they show no preference for NH4Cl as compared with NaCl. On the other hand, the conductivity of pus is increased by the action of saponin, just as is the case with blood, and apparently very much in the same way, that is to say, by an action on the corpuscles and not on the serum. The fixing of the pus corpuscles by formaldehyde does not hinder this action of saponin.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON A PATHOGENIC MOULD FORMERLY DESCRIBED AS A PROTOZOON (COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, COCCIDIOIDES PYOGENES)
Authors: Ophüls W.
Published: June 2004

From the preceding I derive the following conclusions:

1. The disease which formerly has been described as a form of protozoon-infection is due to an infection with a pathogenic fungus.

2. The infection may primarily be either a cutaneous or a pulmonary one.

3. The lesions produced by this fungus fall under the general head of infectious granulomata and consist partly in nodules resembling altogether those produced by the tubercle bacilli and partly in chronic abscesses.

4. The adult forms of the parasite are more apt to produce nodules, the sporulating forms abscesses.

5. The fungus is pathogenic for dogs, rabbits and guinea-pigs probably other animals also, and in them produces lesions very similar to those which we encounter in the human being in this disease.

6. Supurative periorchitis in guinea-pigs is not pathognomonic for glanders.
A STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SNAKE VENOM UPON BLOOD CORPUSCLES
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Washed blood corpuscles of certain species of animals in a concentration of about 5 per cent suspended in salt solution containing above 4 per cent of cobra venom undergo changes in their resistance to certain physical and chemical agents. They become non-haemolyzable by water, ether, saponin, and quite strong solutions of lecithin, provided always that the excess of venom has not been entirely removed. On the other hand, certain acids and alkalis, excepting ammonia, lake the venomized corpuscles more easily than they lake normal corpuscles. Venom solutions of 2 per cent and less exert no protective property upon blood corpuscles, but they induce changes in the corpuscles whereby they are rendered more easily laked by the same physical and chemical agents.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND ALLIED ORGANISMS
Authors: Hiss Philip Hanson ,   Assisted By John Harvey Borden, M.D., Alonzo Clark Scholarand Clinton Beecham Knapp, M.D., Assistant in Bacteriology and Hygiene,
Published: June 2004

The work carried on under the auspices of the Medical Commission for the Investigation of Acute Respiratory Diseases, at the Bacteriological Laboratory of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, has consisted principally of a comparative study of the morphology, growth characters, fermentative activities, and agglutination reactions of pneumococci and allied organisms isolated by ourselves and the various workers under the Commission.

These organisms were from two chief sources: (a) from the mouth and naso-pharynx of supposedly normal persons and persons suffering from minor inflammations of the naso-pharynx, and (b) from definitely pathologic sources, such as pneumonic sputum, pneumonic lungs, empyæma, the circulating blood of pneumonia patients, septicaemias, meningitis, and various minor lesions, usually due to infection with pneumococci.

One of the principal objects of the study was to make a careful comparison, in the light of the most recent knowledge of the biology of the pneumococcus and by the aid of the latest biological and technical methods, of the series of organisms from these two sources, and thus to determine definitely the true nature of pneumococcus-like organisms occurring in the mouths of normal persons.

The second and equally important object, ultimately dependent, however, upon the solution of the first, was the determination of the frequency of occurrence of typical pneumococci in the mouths of healthy individuals.

The investigations detailed in the present paper have dealt chiefly with the first problem and incidentally with the second, and lead to the following conclusions:

(a) That organisms, not to be distinguished by morphological characters or by any physiological peculiarities from true pneumococci derived from pathologic sources, occur with frequency in the mouths of healthy persons and those suffering from slight inflammations of the naso pharynx, and that the only permissible and legitimate conclusion is that these organisms are true pneumococci.

(b) That there are other organisms in normal mouths and from pathologic sources that morphologically or by staining reactions are not definitely to be distinguished from pneumococci, and can only be recognized by a careful study of their fermentative activities and agglutination reactions. These organisms are non-inulin fermenters.

(c) That the organism known as Streptococcus mucosus is at times found in cultivations from the mouths of apparently healthy individuals, and that, although it shows certain peculiarities distinguishing it from the typical pneumococcus, it is probably very closely related to, and a variety of, this species.
ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART-BLOCK IN MAMMALS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CAUSATION OF STOKES-ADAMS DISEASE
Authors: Erlanger Joseph
Published: June 2004

The facts collected in the third part of this paper justify the following conclusions:

(1) All of the cardinal symptoms of Stokes-Adams disease may be duplicated by heart-block resulting from a lesion in or near the auriculo-ventricular bundle of His, and by this alone.

(2) No typical case of Stokes-Adams disease has been described in which heart-block might not have been the cause of the trouble.

(3) It can be shown that all cases of Stokes-Adams disease which have been studied by sufficiently accurate methods were cases of heart-block.

(4) It would appear that heart-block without and with syncopal attacks are two stages of the same disease process.
THE TOXICOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES
Authors: Ford William W.
Published: June 2004

From the experiments detailed in this paper it may be concluded that Amanita phalloides contains besides phallin, or the hæmolytic principle of Kobert, another body of toxic nature. Phallin is thermolabile, and is destroyed by the action of pepsin and pancreatin. The other toxic body is thermostable and is resistant to pepsin and pancreatin. The two substances, moreover, possess different toxophoric and haptophoric groups, since an antiserum produced by the immunization of animals to the thermostable body has no neutralizing effects upon phallin.

The thermolable body, phallin, produces the subcutaneous œdema and hæmoglobinuria, and, in virtue of its blood-laking properties, the pigmentation of the spleen. The thermostable body produces hæmorrhage and necrosis, and the fatty degeneration of the parenchymatous organs. The two bodies exist side by side in watery extracts of the fungus, but they cannot be considered as two constituents of a single poison exerting a variety of effects. To the hæmolysin the name phallin has already been given by its discoverer, Kobert. For the thermostable substance described now for the first time, the name Amanito-toxin is proposed provisionally.
A STUDY OF EPIDERMAL FIBRILS
Authors: Thompson R. L.
Published: June 2004

In certain animals, in addition to the protoplasmic fibrils of the stratum filamentosum that are present normally in human epidermis, there are well developed fibrils in the cells of the stratum germinativum. These fibrils are present in the human epidermis only under conditions of increased cell activity.

These fibrils, that are prominent in the stratum germinativum of human epidermis under conditions of increased cell activity, seem to increase in direct ratio to rapidity of cell production.

The differentiation of these fibrils of the stratum germinativum into the finer fibrils which connect the cells of the stratum filamentosum can be observed under proper conditions of growth and therefore there should be no separation of the fibrils into different groups with various names.

This process of fibre production by the cells of the human epidermis is analogous to increased fibre production by various other cells under similar conditions, and may be of importance in identifying or classifying new growths of epithelial origin.