bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
391 Young Scholar Award Talk: Supplementation of Oligosaccharide-Based Polymer Enhanced Growth and Disease Resistance of Weaned Pigs by Modulating Intestinal Integrity and Systemic Immunity
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , He Yijie , Jinno Cynthia N , Kovanda Lauren L , Li Xunde , Bravo David , Cox Eric , Liu Yanhong
Published: September 2022

Oligosaccharides have been reported to possess ETEC receptor activity for bacterial adhesions; thus, additional supplementation may efficiently prevent enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrhea. Moreover, grafted polymers that combine multiple substances have been proposed for their potential synergistic effects on preventing human and animal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to investigate dietary supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer on growth performance, diarrhea severity, intestinal health, and systemic immunity of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) when compared with in-feed antibiotics. Forty-eight pigs (7.23 ± 1.11 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 12 replicate pigs per treatment. The four dietary treatments were a nursery basal diet (CON), and 3 additional diets supplemented with 50 mg/kg antibiotics (Carbadox; CAR), 10 or 20 mg/kg of oligosaccharide-based polymer (OBP). The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0)]. All pigs were orally inoculated with 3mL of F18 ETEC for 3 consecutive days from d 0 post-inoculation (PI). Growth performance and diarrhea severity were measured throughout the experiment. Blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and intestinal mucosa samples were collected during the peak infection period (d 2 and d 5 PI) and recovery period (d 11 PI). Pigs in CAR or OBP treatment groups had greater (P<0.05) body weight on d 5 or d 11 PI than pigs in the CON group, respectively. Supplementation of CAR or OBP enhanced (P<0.05) feed efficiency from d 0 to 5 PI and reduced (P<0.05) frequency of diarrhea throughout the experiment, compared with pigs in the CON group. Pigs in CAR or OBP groups had reduced (P<0.05) neutrophil counts and serum haptoglobin concentration compared to pigs in the CON group on d 2 and 5 PI. Pigs in OBP reduced (P<0.05) total coliforms in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 5 and 11 PI, whereas pigs in CAR or OBP groups had reduced (P<0.05) total coliforms in the spleen on d 11 PI compared with pigs in the CON group. On d 5 PI, pigs in the OBP group had greater (P<0.05) gene expression of ZO1 in jejunal mucosa, but less (P<0.05) mRNA expression of IL1B, IL6, and TNF in ileal mucosa, in comparison with pigs in the CON group. On d 11 PI, supplementation of CAR or OBP up-regulated (P<0.05) gene expression of CLDN1 in jejunal mucosa, but OBP reduced (P<0.05) IL6 gene expression in ileal mucosa compared to pigs in the CON group. In conclusion, supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer improved growth performance, alleviated diarrhea severity, and enhanced gut health in weaned pigs infected with ETEC F18 in a manner similar to in-feed antibiotics.
392 Young Scholar Award Talk: Strategies to Maintain Nutrient Intake, Reduce Weight Loss, and Improve Livability in Newly Weaned Pigs
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M
Published: September 2022

Low feed consumption immediately after weaning disrupts nutrient intake and results in what is commonly known as a post-weaning growth check. While most pigs recover from this initial reduction in feed intake (FI), some pigs fail to successfully transition, leading to morbidity and mortality. Several pre- and post-weaning strategies have been suggested to improve post-weaning FI; however, as nursery pig mortality continues to increase across the industry there is need to optimize current intervention and management practices. Hence, we conducted 10 different experiments using 17,290 pigs. The first series of experiments evaluated the effect of mat, gruel, or creep feeding on nursery pig growth performance, morbidity, and mortality. Different sensory attractants offered pre- and post-weaning on the FI and body weight loss of nursery pigs after weaning were also assessed. Lastly, research evaluating the metabolic status of pigs when removed from general population pens was conducted which then expanded to research comparing sire lines with different growth curves to better understand the stress response of pigs post-weaning and the impacts on intestinal permeability, FI, and lifetime performance. Implementation of these strategies had limited effects on nursery pig growth performance; however, did show we can successfully reduce the percentage of pigs that lose weight after weaning, which may influence lifetime growth and removal rates. Specifically, creep and mat feeding can be used to reduce morbidity and mortality in the nursery. Nonetheless, attempts to maintain FI has minimal effects compared to genetic selection. Late maturing lines significantly reduced early nursery FI and growth compared with early maturing genotypes. In summary, nursery pig research needs to look beyond growth performance and focus on the behavior and health by nutrition interaction of pigs after weaning in order to continue identifying strategies to maintain continuity of nutrient intake and improve livability.
PSXIII-9 Is There any Relationship between Water Intake and THI in a Brazilian Experimental Feedlot Under Tropical Conditions?
Authors: Garcia Matheus , Mendonca Filipe , Carlis Matheus , Afonso Rafael , Nuñez Amoracyr , Junior Paulo Bortoleto , Viana Vitor , Lanna Dante
Published: September 2022

Temperature-humidity Index (THI) is an important stress marker. Furthermore, in tropical areas such as Brazil, even zebu cattle might suffer some heat stress. Therefore, for 50 days (summer and fall seasons) in a research feedlot center in southeast of Brazil data were collected regarding THI as well as water intake by INTERGADO water drinker system, that can measure water intake through a wireless technology. This equipment has a scale which measure the water intake. The methods of this trial were by collecting data from 40 Nelore cattle for 50 days. Thereafter, each day was measured the average intake among those animals. The THI was measured following the model purposed by Steadman (1979). Thus, a model was carried out by SAS using GLM as well as ANOVA to predict the best model between these 2 parameters. However, there was not any significance between those 2 parameters. The best slope was a cubic model. The R2 of this slope was only 0.016. The equation had been, Water Intake= 368.77xTHI+5.27*THI2- 0.025xTHI3 + 8618.53 (n=50). Although, there are evidence that THI may impact animal stress and performance. THI seems not to be a good predictor related to Water Intake. One of the reasons for this must be the THI average throughout this experiment =70.3 ± 5.36 and water intake average = 27.92 ±5.66. Whereas some authors, recommend only alert and several heat stress with THI outcomes greater than 75 (Hahn et al., 2009; Herbut et al; 2018). Hence, in that the environment was not warm enough. In other words, it did not lead the animals to a real heat stress condition. Therefore, more data with greater THI in tropical conditions with beef cattle water intake measurements must be evaluated. We concluded that THI and water intake were not related, and more data should be provided to enhance this prediction.
PSXIII-4 Effects of Keel Bone Fracture on Behavioral Fear Responses of Laying Hens in the Late Laying Period
Authors: Zhang Runxiang , Yang Kaiqi , Yu Hanlin , Bao Jun
Published: September 2022

Keel bone fracture (KBF) of laying hens has become one of the important welfare problems for health and production performance. The present study aimed to assess the fear responses in native breed of Lindian chickens and commercial Hyline Brown laying hens with and without KBF at the late laying period. At their 56-week-age, a total of 76 Hyline Brown hens and 80 Lindian hens selected from furnished cages were housed individually in battery cages. The laying hens were divided into normal group and keel fracture group. The fear tests, including tonic immobility tests (TI), open field tests (OFT), and startle reflex tests (SRT) were measured sequentially. The fractured laying hens from two breed had significant elevated duration time in the TI test than that of normal laying hens (P < 0.05). In OFT test, the number of grids, steps, and time spent in the outer ring of fractured Lindian hens were significantly less than those of normal hens (P < 0.05), and the time spent in the inner ring was significantly greater (P < 0.05). The movement latency and the time spent in the inner circle of fractured Hyline Brown hens were significantly greater than those of normal hens (P < 0.05), but the number of grids and steps passed and the time spent in the outer ring were significantly less than those of normal hens (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in call latency and total call between fractured and normal hens of Lindian and Hyline Brown strain (P > 0.05). The total score of startle reflex of Lindian hens with keel fracture was significantly less than that of normal laying hens (P < 0.05). Therefore, keel fracture reduced the welfare of laying hens in the later stage of laying by affecting their behavioral fear responses.
PSXII-8 Gaussian Kernel Based on Geographic Information to Model Farm Effects in Genetic Evaluation of Pasture-Raised Beef Cattle
Authors: Santana Talita E Zunino , Veroneze Renata , Carvalho Alves Anderson A , Menezes Gilberto R O , Rosa Guilherme J J M
Published: September 2022

The notion of contemporary groups (CG) is routinely used in beef cattle breeding programs for adjusting phenotypic observations for environmental effects. Although CG include the effect of farms, they do not allow information borrowing across farms as the CG are generally modeled either as fixed effects or as statistically independent random effects. Nonetheless, farms that are located closer to each other may share similarities in terms of climate as well as soil and forage quality. We proposed a Gaussian kernel approach to model farm effects based on their geographical position. The data consisted of 487,905 yearling weight observations of Nellore cattle from 394 farms located throughout Brazil and a pedigree file with 868,003 animals from the Embrapa-Geneplus Breeding Program. The benchmark model (M0) included the fixed effects of sex, age (linear covariate), and season at measurement, as well as direct genetic and residual effects as random, independently distributed with variance Aσ a2 and Iσ e2, respectively, where A is the numerator relationship matrix. From the M0, three models were analyzed using REML/BLUP method. M1, M2, and M3 included, respectively, the farm effect as fixed, as independent-random, and correlated-random using a Gaussian kernel with different bandwidths (h; ranging from 0.05 to 10). The AIC was used to compare the models’ goodness-of-fit. The incorporation of farm as a random effect had a negative impact on the overall fit and, consequently, the M2 and M3 presented the largest AIC (5,159,839, and 5,159,838, respectively). The M3 presented the best fit using h equal to 0.05. For this model, when the h value was increased (values close to one off-diagonal), the model fit was proportionally penalized. No gain was achieved with the correlated farm effect because a more informative kernel may have resulted in multi-collinearity issues. In the best model (M1, AIC= 2,555,877) the estimated genetic and residual variance were equal to 391.5, and 1,586 kg2, respectively.
PSXV-1 Genetic Variants of the Ghrelin, Ghsr1a, Mboat4 and NPY Genes Related to Feed Efficiency Traits and Ghrelin Plasma Concentration in Hampshire Lambs
Authors: Pérez-Álvarez José G , Jahuey-Martínez Francisco J , Martínez-Quintana José A , Sifuentes-Rincón Ana M , Aguilar-Palma Guadalupe N , Paredes Sánchez Francisco A A , Domínguez-Viveros Joel , Rodríguez-Almeida Felipe A
Published: September 2022

Reports in the literature suggest that a transient surge of ghrelin secretion (TSGS) just before a scheduled meal may be triggered by an appetite mechanism. Also, it is known that circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior. The aim of the present study was to search for genetic variants in five selected genes (GHRL, GHSR1a, MBOAT4, NPY and AgRP) within the ghrelin gene (GHRL) interaction network. gDNA was extracted from the six highest- and six lowest-RFI Hampshire non-castrated male lambs, out of a total of 25 lambs in a 56-d GrowSafe SystemsÒ feeding trial and the complete genes were amplified by PCR. Libraries were prepared and sequenced in the ILLUMINA platform MiniSeq Sequencing System. Variations were identified using the genomic variant call format (GVCF) workflow with HaplotypeCaller using the reference genome oviAri 4 - Oar_v4 (GCA_000298732.2). One hundred and ninety-two SNPs were found in the five analyzed genes. Most of them had been reported in the SNPs data base. Linear models including each SNP genotype at a time as fixed effects, in addition to ADG and mid test metabolic body weight as covariates for some variables, were adjusted. Forty-three of these SNPs had different genotype frequencies in the two RFI groups, and appear to be associated (p < 0.05) with traits such as RFI, feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC) and ghrelin hormone concentration in plasma (GHRL) at the TSGS; especially SNPs rs399405301, rs421869734, rs604106535, rs417836509, rs600356564, rs590893697 at the MBOAT4 gene which resulted highly significant (p < 0.01) for RFI and GHRL. The SNP rs423156356 at the GHSR1a gene was highly significant (p < 0.01) for FI and FC. These SNPs (Table 1) have the potential to be used as genetic markers for improvement of feed efficiency in Hampshire sheep, but validation on a larger sample deserves further research efforts.
PSXV-2 Genome-Wide Association and Gene Network Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Beef from Brangus Cattle
Authors: Rodriguez Eduardo E , Mateescu Raluca
Published: September 2022

Beef is high in key nutrients; however, it is often perceived as unhealthy because of its high fat content, particularly its saturated fat. The fat content of beef is controlled by multiple genetic factors and impacts meat quality traits. The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the natural variation in fatty acid (FA) composition of Bos taurus indicus influenced beef cattle, 2) estimate phenotypic and genetic correlations of FA composition with carcass and meat quality traits, 3) use genome-wide association (GWAS) to identify genes with the greatest effect on FA composition, and 4) use gene network analysis to identify genes with small effects on FA content. The following traits were recorded on 1,066 Brangus steer: carcass weight (kg; 373 ± 36.3); marbling (436 ± 84.2); quality grade; back fat (cm; 1.6 ± 0.6); ribeye area (cm2; 83.3 ± 9.5); yield grade (3.2 ± 0.9); Warner-Bratzler shear force (kg; 5.1 ± 1.0); and 27 FA [saturated (%; 47.6 ± 3.1), monounsaturated (%; 46.3 ± 3.5), and polyunsaturated (%; 6.1 ± 2.0)]. Carcass traits had weak beneficial correlations to FA composition suggesting the possibility to manage or select for beef with less saturated fat without negatively impacting meat quality. GWAS identified four QTL and gene network analysis identified 177 genes related to lipid storage, transportation, and modification.
PSXV-21 Transcriptome Analysis of Chicken Reveals the Impact of Herpesvirus of Turkeys on Bursa RNA Expression in Marek’s Disease Virus Infections
Authors: Wang Junjian , Hicks Julie , Jiang Jicai , Liu Hsiao-Ching
Published: September 2022

Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes various clinical syndromes in chicken. MDV early infection induces a transient immunosuppression and harbored in B cells of the bursa during the cytolysis phase of its replication cycle. One of the most commonly used commercial vaccines is Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT), which is a nonpathogenic virus of domestic turkey and may influence the expression of RNA. The aim of this study is to characterize the regulation of bursa gene in MDV infections and the impact of HVT vaccination on RNA expression in MDV-infected chickens. We used RNA-seq on the bursa samples to compare the transcriptome differences among MDV-infected chickens, HVT-infected chickens, co-infected chickens and uninfected control groups at 4, 7, 14 and 21 days post infection. Meanwhile, we also compared the expression at three different time points to examine alterations in the expression pattern. The result of differential gene expression showed that 14 days post infection might be the point in time when HVT worked. At false discovery (FDR) < 0.05 and fold change (FC) ≥2, we found 745, 218 and 76 genes in MDV-infected chickens, HVT-infected chickens and co-infected chickens respectively as differentially expressed compared with control group and 713 genes between MDV-infected chickens and co-infected chickens at 14 dpi. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis showed that these genes were highly enriched for Lysosome, immune response, inflammatory response, plasma membrane and so on. Overall, these findings help to better understand host-pathogen interaction in the bursa and elucidate the mechanism how HVT contribute to resist MDV. Further investigation of the roles of these candidate genes and signaling pathways in the regulation of MDV-HVT interaction may lead new directions for the development of drugs or cultivation of highly MDV resistant chickens.
PSX-B-15 Effects of Different Combinations of Selenium-Enrich Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Antioxidant Performance of Weaned Lambs
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Zhu Yunfen , Qu Yong , Xiang Jiqian , Xie Junhui , Wang Guogui , Li Rong , Tan Dejun , Ma Jin , Lei Xingen
Published: September 2022

Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effects of different combinations of cottonseed meal and soybean meal on growth performance, slaughter performance and antioxidant performance of Enshi weaned lamb under selenium enriched background, which was to provide reference for lamb production. Method: A total of 72 weaned lambs of 75-day-old were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. These four groups were soybean meal group (SM), cottonseed meal group (CM), soybean meal & cottonseed meal group (SCM, SM/CM=1:1) and fermented cottonseed meal group (FCM). The total mixed ration was made according to concentrate: forage ratio (7:3). The experiment lasted for 90 d. At the end of the experiment, 4 lambs were randomly selected for slaughter and the samples were collected for determination. Results: The ADG (average daily gain) of CM was the least (P< 0.05). The ADFI (average daily feed intake) of FCM was less than that of SM (P< 0.05). The F/G (ratio of feed to gain) of FCM was less than that of SM (P=0.06) and CM (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in slaughter rate among all groups. The SOD content in serum of FCM was higher than that of other groups (P< 0.01) while the content of MAD was the least (P< 0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that feeding with selenium-enrich total mixed ration made by fermented cottonseed meal could improve the growth performance and antioxidant performance of lambs. It also reduced the cost of lamb production.
PSX-B-10 Characterization and Comparison of the Bovine Nasal Microbiome to Exposure of Persistently Infected Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Usdrowski Hunter M , Powell J G , Chai Jianmin , Zuo Bin , Reyonolds Jana L , Shoulders Benjamin P , Kegley Beth B , Zhao Jiangchao
Published: September 2022

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical disease negatively impacting many facets of the cattle production system. Cattle infected with the persistent (PI) form of BVDV are the primary reservoirs and source of transmission and may be implicated with an increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to exposed calves in feedlots. To date, little to no data exists regarding characterization of the effects PI-BVDV has on the bovine nasal microbiome, an important feature for bovine health. To investigate these effects, Angus-crossbred beef calves were selected and randomly assigned to either continuous exposure (E, n = 3) or non-exposure (NE, n = 3) to an auction market sourced PI-BVDV positive (PI, n = 1) calf from weaning to 112 days post-weaning. Nasal swab samples were collected upon weaning, 56 days post-weaning, and 112 days post-weaning. Next generation sequencing was used to measure the effects of PI-BVDV on the nasal microbiome. Alpha diversity, including Shannon Index and Observed OTUs, and beta diversity, including Bray-Curtis and Jaccard distances, were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments. Next, community structure was assessed at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level and LEfSe was used to identify the bacterial biomarkers for each treatment. Results indicated that ASV5-Mycoplasma could be a biomarker for the PI and E treatments due to its high relative abundance in each when compared with the NE treatment. Overall, ASV5-Mycoplasma was identified as a potential biomarker for the prediction and diagnosis of persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus among both calves infected with and exposed to the virus and may be an additional biomarker for the increased risk of bovine respiratory disease in exposed feedlot cattle.
PSX-B-14 Effects of Adding Protected Benzoic Acid on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Inflammation in Weaned Pigs Challenged with Escherichia Coli F18
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Hancock Deana , Chen Juxing , Vásquez-Añón Mercedes
Published: September 2022

This experiment quantified the impact of an E. coli challenge and evaluated protected benzoic acid (PBA) as the alternative to recover growth performance, diarrhea, and inflammation of weaned pigs. A total of 72 pigs (BW=6.07±0.66kg) were housed in pens (2 pigs/pen) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (12 pens/treatment). Treatments included a non-challenged control (NC), a challenged-control experimentally infected with F18 E. coli (PC), and PC plus 0.25% PBA (Novus international St. Charles, MO). The experiment lasted 18 days, with 7 days of acclimation and 11 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were collected at 0, 4, and 11 dpi. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. At the end of the experiment (11 dpi), pigs on NC were heavier than those in the PC, whereas pigs fed PBA were intermediate (9.43, 8.22, and 8.75kg, respectively; P = 0.026). For the entire experimental period (-7 to 11 dpi) pigs on the NC had increased ADG compared with PC and PBA (0.196, 0.105, and 0.127kg, respectively; P=0.019). Pigs on the NC had increased ADFI compared with PC, whereas PBA was intermediate (0.244, 0.167, and 0.204kg, respectively; P=0.011). G:F tended to differ among treatments (P=0.070): the NC had the greatest G:F followed by PBA and NC (0.800, 0.565, 0507, respectively). Diarrhea incidence was decreased in the NC compared with PC and PBA (22.9, 44.2, and 52.1%, respectively; P=0.01). Serum acute-phase C reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, tended to differ among treatments (P=0.076): the PC had the greatest CRP concentration followed by PBA and NC (3,841, 2,243, and 2,106 ng/mL, respectively). In conclusion, the E. coli infection impacted the growth and health of weaned pigs; however, the addition of PBA partially alleviated the negative effects by stimulating feed intake, growth, and decreasing systemic inflammation.
PSX-B-11 Classification Performance of Multinomial Logistic Regression for Identifying Resistance, Resilience, and Susceptibility to Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep
Authors: Freitas Luara , Savegnago Rodrigo , Alves Anderson A Carvalho , Costa Ricardo , Rosa Guilherme J J M , Paz Claudia
Published: September 2022

The objective was to investigate the feasibility of using easy-to-measure phenotypic traits to predict resistant, resilient and susceptible sheep to gastrointestinal nematodes via multinomial logistic regression (MLR). The database comprised 3,654 records on 1,250 Santa Ines sheep from six farms. The animals were classified into three responses to infection classes (resistant, resilient and susceptible) according to fecal egg count and packed cell volume. The MLR was used to predict such classes using the information of age, month of record, sex, Famacha degree, weight and body condition score as predictors, and a leave-one-farm-out cross-validation technique was used to assess prediction quality across farms. The MLR was able to predict with satisfactory performance the resistant and susceptible animals in two of the farms, with resistant precision equal to 79 and 77%, and susceptible recall equal to 68 and 83%, respectively. In addition, at least one of the classes was well predicted in four farms, with susceptible recall equal to 71 and 89% in two of these farms, and resistant precision equal to 86 and 100% in the other two farms. The model was not able to satisfactorily classify resilient class. The proposed approach could help attenuate the negative impacts related to infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, contributing to design deworming strategies that take into account the risk of an animal being contaminated, consequently reducing the costs with anthelmintic administration and laboratory analyses based on blood or fecal samples. The results suggest that the use of easily measurable traits may provide useful information for supporting management decisions on the farm level that could potentially contribute to reducing parasitic contamination and production costs. In addition, the animals identified as resistant can also be incorporated as selection candidates into breeding programs for genetic improvement of flocks.Supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grants #2020/03575-8, #2018/01540-2 and #2016/14522-7, SP, Brazil.
PSXI-16 Effects of Transportation to Tibet on Serum Biochemical Characteristics of Sanhe Heifers
Authors: Xinyu Zhang , Li Shengli
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this experiment was to study the impact of transportation to Tibet on the biochemical characteristics of Sanhe heifers serum. (Method) Among the 60 Sanhe heifers transported to Tibet, 12 animals, 12-14 months of age and similar weights were randomly selected. According to the location of the transportation route, they were divided into three groups: the transportation starting point Inner Mongolia group (Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), the Qinghai group during transportation (Xining City, Qinghai Province) and the transportation destination Tibet Group (Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region). Blood samples of Sanhe heifers were collected by tail root blood collection method, serum was separated, and serum antioxidant indexes, immunoglobulins, cytokines, serum enzymes, serum hormones and other serum biochemical indexes were detected. The results showed that: 1) Sanhe heifers serum superoxide dismutase in Inner Mongolia and Tibet groups was significantly less than that in Qinghai group (P < 0.05); Catalase in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai groups was significantly less than that in Tibet group (P < 0.05) ); 2) The three groups of Sanhe heifers serum IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 concentrations were not significantly different (P > 0.05); 3) The Sanhe heifers serum insulin in Qinghai group and Tibet group was significantly less In the Inner Mongolia group (P < 0.05), the Sanhe heifers serum cortisol in the Tibet group was significantly less than that in the Inner Mongolia group (P < 0.05), and the Sanhe heifers serum thyroid hormone in the Inner Mongolia and Qinghai groups was significantly greater than that in the Tibet group (P < 0.05). In summary, in the process of transportation in this experiment, the significant changes of Sanhe heifers serum antioxidant indexes, enzymes, hormones and other serum biochemical indexes may be the response of the body to the stress state during transportation and arrival.
PSXIV-15 Synergistic Inhibition of Staphylococcal Growth by Select Nitrocompounds and Sodium Chlorate
Authors: Ruiz-Barrera Oscar , Anderson Robin C , Hume Michael E , Nisbet David J , Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Ontiveros-Magadan Marina , Angulo-Montoya Claudio , Felix-Portillo Monserrath , Castillo-Rangel Francisco
Published: September 2022

Staphylococci are important mastitic-pathogens of humans and livestock. Chlorate is reported to be a potent inhibitor against staphylococci but adaptation by the microbes can occur. Presently, we cultured multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 12600 anaerobically at 39oC in nitrate-supplemented (5 mM) Tryptic Soy broth. The broth was treated without (control) or alone with 5 mM sodium chlorate (ClO3) or 9 mM of either 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH), ethyl nitroacetate (ENA) or ethyl 2-nitropropionate (E2NPA) or with combinations of CLO3 and respective nitrocompound. Control and treated cultures were incubated in triplicate and growth was measured via absorbance (600 nm) at during 9 h. An analysis of variance revealed an inhibitory effect of treatments (P < 0.05; SEM = 0.078) on mean specific growth rates of S. aureus, with rates during logarithmic growth being most rapid in controls and cultures treated with ENA or EN2PA (1.45, 1.23 and 1.21 h-1, respectively) and more than 92% slower in NPOH and NPOH+CLO3-treated cultures (0.09 and 0.03 h-1, respectively). Growth rates of cultures treated solely with CLO3 (0.66 h-1) were more than 50% slower than controls and were decreased further in cultures treated with combinations of CLO3 plus E2NPA or ENA (0.39 and 0.45 h-1). After 9 h of growth, maximum optical densities (maxOD) were highest for controls and cultures treated with ENA or EN2PA (0.52, 0.52 and 0.50 maxOD, respectively), intermediate in cultures treated with CLO3 alone (0.21 maxOD) and lower yet in cultures treated with CLO3 plus ENA, E2NPA or NPOH (0.15, 0.11 and 0.02 maxOD, respectively). The maxOD for cultures treated with NPOH alone was 0.02 and did not differ from cultures treated with the combination of CLO3+NPOH. Results demonstrate marked synergistic and prolonging effects of combing ENA and E2NPA with CLO3 but no additional effect of the potent anti-staphylococcal activity of NPOH.
PSXIV-8 Gender Differences and Reference Intervals of Concentrations of Chemical Elements in Hair from the Mane of the Bashkir Horses in the South Ural Biogeochemical Province
Authors: Adamovich Mihajlo , Mironova Irina , Galiyeva Zulfiya , Khabibullin Ruzel , Chernyshenko Yulia , Gubaidullin Nail , Vasilyeva Irina
Published: September 2022

The main purpose of the study was to establish gender differences and reference intervals for the concentration of chemical elements in hair from the mane of horses bred in a biogeochemical province, the South Urals of Russia. The studies were carried out on physiologically healthy stallions and mares of the Bashkir breed (n=120; age 3-7 years). Hair samples were taken from the manes of horses. The elemental composition of samples was estimated from 13 chemical elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn, Si) by ICP AES and ICP MS. Reference intervals for the content of chemical elements in animal hair were calculated in accordance with the recommendations of Poulsen et al. (1997; 2.5-97.5 percentile). It was found that the concentrations of Al, Co, Fe and Pb in the hair of stallions significantly (Р≤0.05) exceeded those of mares. The content of Zn, on the contrary, was greater in stallions than in mares. Due to the fact that the elemental composition of the hair of stallions and mares was significantly different, the reference intervals were calculated for each gender group separately. For mares, these values were (mg/kg): Al (41.14-186); CD (0.0049-0.0189); Co (0.039-0.138); Cr (0.389-1.97); Cu (4.66-6.61); Fe(70.99-263); I (0.161-0.333); Mn (2.7-7.66); Pb (0.078-0.265); Se (0.129-0.292); Si (7.88-16.93); Sr (1.53-4.5); Zn(118-156); for stallions: Al (121-226); CD (0.0053-0.0125); Co (0.073-0.187); Cr (0.362-0.887); Cu (5.18-7.01); Fe (210-338); I (0.128-0.502); Mn (2.43-9.15); Pb (0.234-0.928); Se (0.168-0.356); Si (5.25-13.13); Sr (2.44-3.8); Zn (147-193). It is proposed to use the obtained values as physiological standards for assessing the elemental status of the Bashkir horses bred in the South Ural biogeochemical province.
PSXIV-9 Identification of Differential Methylation Regions as Candidate Discriminant Markers of Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Wang Mengqi , Laterrière Mario , Dudemaine Pier-Luc , Bissonnette Nathalie , Gagné David , Roy Jean-Philippe , Peters Sunday O , Sirard Marc-André A , Ibeagha-Awemu Eveline M
Published: September 2022

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most prevalent pathogens of bovine subclinical mastitis and a challenging pathogen in dairy production. DNA methylation involvement in regulating mammary gland inflammatory defense has been documented. This study adopted whole genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-sequencing technologies to profile the genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptome landscapes, respectively, of milk somatic cells (MSCs) from 15 cows with S. aureus-induced subclinical mastitis (SACs) and 13 healthy cows (HCs). Bioinformatics processing of data with standard tools indicated that the global DNA methylation patterns of MSCs demonstrated inverse correlations between gene expression and DNA methylation levels at promoter, first exon and first intron regions, suggesting potential regulatory roles of DNA methylation in transcriptional activities. Totally, 26,289 differential methylation regions (DMRs) were identified between SACs and HCs (1,000 bp window, 1,000 bp step, q-value < 0.05, >20% methylation difference and ≥3 differentially methylated cytosines). A total of 887, 334 and 3,414 DMRs were overlapped with promoter, first exon, and first intron regions, respectively, including 363 DMRs harboring transcription start sites. Among them, the methylation levels of 956 DMRs were strongly correlated with the expression levels of their overlapped genes (|Spearman’s correlation coefficient| >0.5, adjusted-p-value< 0.05). Functional annotation of the overlapped genes indicated significant (adjusted-p-value < 0.05) enrichment in 18 GO terms and 1 KEGG pathway related to cellular activities, notably in cell migration, epithelial cell differentiation and tight junction, among others (Figure 1). These results suggest the involvement of DNA methylation in mammary gland defense against S. aureus-invasion. Applying DIABLO method to integrate correlated DMRs and genes, a total of 20 DMR and 10 gene candidate markers were found to discriminate SACs from HCs. The identified candidate markers could serve as reference for enhancing breeding for mastitis resistance and for developing new mastitis management strategies.
PSXIV-13 Reference Intervals for the Concentrations of Main Essential and Toxic Elements in the Hair from the Mane of the Yakut Horses Bred in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Tepavcevich Jela , Machakhtyrov Grigory , Machakhtyrova Varvara , Shadrina Yana , Sleptsova Vasilena
Published: September 2022

Imbalances of trace elements pose a serious threat to health and productive qualities of farm animals and poultry. In this regard, the next stage in the development of the science of feeding will be the control and optimization of the intake of mineral substances, including the determination of the elemental composition in biosubstrates. One of these biosubstrates can be hair. An analysis of literature data showed that the amount of available information on the content of trace elements in horsehair is limited, it makes it difficult to interpret laboratory data. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for the concentrations of main chemical elements in the hair of horses of the Yakut breed bred in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Hair samples were taken from the area of the mane from the first cervical vertebra in physiologically healthy mares of the Yakut breed (n=120; age 3-5 years) bred in livestock enterprises of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of Russia. The elemental composition of the samples was estimated according to 25 chemical elements (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, Hg, Sr, V, Zn) by ICP AES and ICP MS. Reference intervals of chemical elements in animal hair were calculated using the recommendations of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standard Guidelines (Poulsen et al., 1997; 2.5-97.5 percentile). As a result of the research, the following values of the limits of the intervals (mg/kg) were established: Al(10.59-29.01); As(0.018-0.041); B(0.198-1.09); Ca(702-1117); CD(0.004-0.052); Co(0.011-0.042); Cr(0.253-0.504); Cu(5.03-7.99); Fe(26.12-47.43); Hg(0.002-0.011); I(0.083-0.166); K(211-1009); Li(0.019-0.092); Mg(196-400); Mn(0.825-3.81); Na(75.95-495.0); Ni(0.127-0.407); P(345-454); Pb(0.089-0.305); Se(0.013-0.185); Si(22.58-44.55); Sn(0.123-0.444); Sr(2.69-4.02); V(0.019-0.095); Zn(99-162). The reference intervals obtained in our study can be used to assess the elemental status of mares bred in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
PSXIV-14 Selenium and Copper Deficiency Associated Decline in Reproductive Performance in Summer Bred, Rotationally Grazed, Forage fed Beef Cattle
Authors: Rawson Jaedyn K , Baptiste Quinn , Harned Robert , Knights Marlon
Published: September 2022

This case study reports on selenium and copper deficiency associated decline in reproductive performance in summer bred, rotationally grazed, forage fed beef cattle at the Berea College Educational Farm over a 6-year period (2016 to 2021). The Angus-Hereford crossbred breeding herd (N=45/year) received a significantly lower selenium and copper free fed mineral supplement between 2014 and early 2021 compared with what was provided beginning in mid-2021, in response to veterinary diagnosed selenium and copper deficiency. Supplement was also provided intramuscularly January 20, 2022. Cattle liver biopsies (n=5) and postmortem necropsies (n=3) were performed to determine a mineral panel. Annually, ultrasound guided pregnancy diagnosis and BCS were conducted each fall after a 60-day summer breeding season. Moderate BCS (avg=5.4) were maintained during the first 4 years, including 2021 (5.8) where visibly noticeable weight loss was evident in primiparous heifers during summer. Declining annual pregnancy rates from 2016 (y = -0.0153x + 0.08731) also declined (9.32%) to 73.68% (Fig. 1) in 2021. Manual palpation (n=12) during the Fall 2021 pregnancy examinations and dissection (n=2) of the reproductive tracts of nulliparous heifers 104 days later determined abnormal morphology. In Fig. 2, a cystic corpus hemorrhagicum (1.7 x 1.4 cm) and bilateral oviduct aplasia was discovered in one heifer. In the other heifer, a cystic corpus luteum (0.7 x 0.6 cm), initially detected at the pregnancy examination was discovered (Fig. 3), which resulted in a 53% weight difference between the right and left ovary (6.1, 4.0 g). Mineral panels taken at the end of 2021 confirmed a selenium and copper deficiency with the liver biopsy averaging 2.38 ppm Cu (Table 1). Hence, annual declines in reproductive performance of summer bred, rotationally grazed, forage finished beef cattle at Berea College Educational Farm was associated with selenium and copper deficiency.
PSXIV-10 Influence of Breeds on the Quality of Chilled Goat Semen Collected by Artificial Vagina
Authors: Moawad Adel R , Reese Tiffany , Schauston Miller , Singh Mahipal , Kouakou Brou
Published: September 2022

Goats are important livestock for meat and milk production. Artificial insemination (AI) is an important technique used to propagate genetic gain through spreading of selected male traits. Inadequate fertility rates in goats after AI is mainly related to the semen quality, which is influenced, by breeds, cooling, and freezing procedures. Here, we investigated the effect of goat breeds (Saanen versus Alpine) on the quality of chilled goat semen. Semen collected from Saanen and Alpine bucks by artificial vagina (AV) was evaluated for its color, consistency, volume and concentrations. Semen was then diluted and stored at 4 °C for 48 hrs. Sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, and membrane integrity were assessed at 0, 24, and 48 h post-cooling. At least three ejaculates were collected from each breed and data were analyzed by student t-test. Results showed that colors of the samples collected from the two breeds were white to yellow and the consistency ranged from watery to creamy. Average volume of the ejaculates and sperm cell concentration were greater (P≤ 0.05) for Alpine than Saanen bucks. Although, sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity decreased in a time dependent manner for both breeds during chilling, these variables were greater (P≤ 0.05) for Alpine than Saanen bucks at all-time point. Sperm abnormalities were less( P≤ 0.05) in Alpine than Saanen semen. In conclusion, Alpine semen had better quality than Saanen one after chilling. These results indicate that goat breed affect the viability of chilled semen.
PSI-3 Balance between Productivity and Environmental Impacts of Grazed and hay Fields
Authors: Miquilini Marina , Ribeiro Ricardo , Chiavegato Marilia
Published: September 2022

Animal production has been associated with environmental impacts, but meat and dairy demand continuously increases. Grazed and hayfields have been responsible for enteric methane emissions, but also identified as great C stocks. Sustainable intensification, or balance between sustainability and productivity, is sought and we need to better understand the trade-offs to design appropriate management strategies. This study evaluated effects of grazed pastures and hayfields on carbon (C) stocks; and on soil GHG emissions (methane, CH4; nitrous oxide, N2O; and carbon dioxide, CO2), and forage dry matter and quality during four sampling periods (spring, early summer, late summer, and fall) of 2021. Forage samples were cut at stubble height, soil GHG emissions were monitored using static chamber methodology, and soil samples were collected from 0-100 cm. During the growing season, hayfields presented higher forage quality and lower forage production than grazed pastures. In addition, grazed pastures presented higher soil C stocks than hayfields. Hayfields presented lower CO2 emissions from soil in comparison to grazed pastures, suggesting slower decomposition of organic matter, which could be associated to lower C stocks. On the other hand, hayfields presented lower GHG emissions in comparison to grazed pastures, when considering CH4 and N2O emissions. Overall, a clear trade-off between the two types of fields is observed. Grazed pastures seem to be adding more C stocks over time, but also emitting more GHG emissions. Forage quality was also reduced. Hayfields had lower GHG emissions, but also lower C stocks. Forage quality was greater. In terms of long-term ecosystems' resilience and climate change mitigation, C addition from grazed pastures is more beneficial. In an eventual C market development, where C credits could be used or sold, grazing systems would be in advantage, again due to greater C stocks even if emitting slightly higher GHG emissions.
PSI-13 Effect of Targeted Metaphylaxis Using Blood Leukocyte Status on Health, Performance, and Economic Outcomes of Auction-Derived Feedlot Heifers
Authors: Johnson Chris , Bate Norah , Sweiger Shaun , Richeson John T
Published: September 2022

The study objective was to evaluate health, performance, and antimicrobial costs of heifers where targeted metaphylaxis was guided by a commercial blood leukocyte analyzer compared to a traditional metaphylaxis regimen. Using a randomized complete block design, heifers (n=1,271; initial body weight (BW) = 233.3±1.08 kg) were randomly allocated to treatment pens (n=20; 10 blocks). Treatments were: 1) cattle administered metaphylactic treatment with gamithromycin at arrival (META), and 2) cattle administered metaphylaxis with gamithromycin according to the blood leukocyte analyzer outcome (TARGETED). The blood leukocyte analyzer indicated immune status of individual animals according to the number and proportion of different leukocytes in the blood; red signified “abnormal” and green signified “normal” status. Only cattle with a red outcome were administered antimicrobial in the TARGETED treatment. Of all cattle enrolled in the study, 73% were deemed normal and 27% were deemed abnormal by the chute side blood analyzer. Treatment groups had an equal distribution of normal (META = 73% TARGETED = 74%) and abnormal (META = 28% TARGETED = 26%) cattle enrolled in the study. Cattle were fed a common starter ration for the duration of the 62-d study. Pen riders were blinded to treatment pen status. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX in SAS. Final BW, ADG, and feed conversion were less for TARGETED (P≤0.02). However, the arrival processing antimicrobial cost (META = 11.77 and TARGETED = $3.27/heifer) and total antimicrobial cost (META = 17.77 and TARGETED = $9.12/heifer) was reduced (P< 0.01) for TARGETED. TARGETED had an arrival processing antimicrobial cost savings of $8.50/heifer and an overall drug input cost savings of $8.65/heifer. The BRD morbidity rate for normal status heifers was 18.85% and more than abnormal (26.49%; P< 0.01). Normal status heifers had a mortality rate of 3.17 vs. 5.80% for abnormal (P=0.03). In conclusion, drug costs were reduced but performance of TARGETED was also less.
PSIII-5 Evaluation of Gnrh Administration day in the 7 & 7 Synch Protocol for Fixed-Timed Artificial Insemination in Multiparous Beef Cows
Authors: Weber W E , Powell J G , Littlejohn B P P , Krumpelman B W , Moss N T , Gadberry M S , Looney C R R
Published: September 2022

The objective was to determine the effects of a decreased interval of progesterone on the ovulatory follicle prior to fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI) in a 7 & 7 Synch estrous synchronization protocol using estrus expression (EE), FTAI pregnancy rates (AIPR) on 37±2d, and overall pregnancy rates (OPR) after a 60d bull exposure 90±2d determined via ultrasound. Using conventional Angus semen, multiparous Angus-cross cows (n=201) from two locations were randomized by age and days post-partum into two treatments. Both treatments used a controlled internal drug releasing device (Eazi-breedTM CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) inserted intravaginally –14d of the protocol simultaneous to administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 500µg cloprostenol sodium; Estrumate®). In the first treatment (7&7), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 86µg gonadorelin; Fertagyl®) was administered on –7d. In the second treatment (8&6), GnRH was administered on –6d. Both treatments were then administered PGF simultaneous to CIDR removal on 0d, 66±2h prior to FTAI and administration of GnRH. EE was determined at the time of artificial insemination using an EstrotectTM patch (Rockway Inc., Spring Valley, WI). EE was signified as a patch with 50% or more of the color rubbed off or missing. Subsequently, a patch with less than 50% of the color rubbed off, was not. AIPR, OPR and EE were analyzed by treatment using the GLIMMIX procedure on SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.). There was a significant effect on EE (P=0.01), a tendency on PR (P=0.08), and no effect on OPR (P=0.53) by treatment. EE, AIPR, and OPR for 7&7 were 95±2.1%, 82±3.7% and 96.7±1.7% and for 8&6 were 86±4.0%, 91±3.1% and 98±1.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the altered timeframe of GnRH administration affected EE and tended to affect PR in multiparous beef cows, suggesting that GnRH administration may improve PR when administered 6d, instead of 7d, prior to CIDR removal.