bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Read range measurement and estimation of 900‐MHz‐band mobile radiofrequency identification (mRFID) system
Authors: Kim Yongjin , Yoon Byung‐Tae , Yoon Ick‐Jae , Kim Youngeil
Published: August 2007

The development of radiofrequency identification (RFID) system for the purpose of tracking and controlling goods and products, and obtaining useful information through transponders (tags) from people and objects are growing very rapidly in modern communication area. One of the most important factors of the RFID system is a read range. The read range depends on the several factors, such as transmitting power, antenna gains, receiver sensitivity, environmental noises, etc. In this paper, the read ranges of a commercial RFID system with various internal antennas are measured. The read range estimation based on a radar equation and radar cross section (RCS) estimation is introduced. The estimated read ranges of 900‐MHz‐band mRFID system are compared with the measured read range. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2753–2755, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22838
Band switching matching networks for SiGe 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz dual‐band three‐mode low noise amplifier
Authors: Chiou Hwann‐Kaeo , Yeh Ping‐Chun , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Deng Joseph D.‐S.
Published: August 2007

A dual‐band three‐mode low‐noise amplifier was demonstrated by using 0.35‐μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. For dual‐band applications, a band switching matching network controlled by MOSFET switches was introduced. Through setting On/off of two MOSFET switches, the proper matching networks were arranged at either 2‐ or 5‐GHz band for dual‐band three‐mode LNA design. The fabricated chip was measured on an FR‐4 in 2.4‐, 5.2‐, and 5.8‐GHz bands, which achieved a power gain better than 15 dB, a noise figure of 4.2 dB, input/output return losses of 9 dB, and an input P1dB of −23.5 dBm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2717–2721, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22840
A distributed amplifier with 12.5‐dB gain and 82.5‐GHz bandwidth using 0.1 μm GaAs metamorphic HEMTs
Authors: Jeong Jinho , Kim Sung‐Won , Choi Wooyeol , Seo Kwang‐Seok , Kwon Youngwoo
Published: August 2007

In this letter, the monolithic distributed amplifier with active control scheme is presented, using 0.1 μm GaAs metamorphic HEMT technology, with a maximum operating frequency of 315 GHz. Active feedback resistor, which adjusts the negative resistance generated by the cascode gain cell, is employed to maximize the bandwidth of the entire distributed amplifier without oscillation. The measurement of the distributed amplifier with 5 cascode gain cells shows the gain of 12.5 ± 1.2 dB and 3‐dB bandwidth of 82.5 GHz corresponding to the ultrahigh gain‐bandwidth product of 347 GHz. Group delay variation is also measured to be less than ±8.9 ps up to 60 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2873–2875, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22844
Nonreciprocal left handed coplanar waveguide over ferrite substrate with only shunt inductive load
Authors: Abdalla Mahmoud A. , Hu Zhirun
Published: August 2007

A novel ferrite nonreciprocal left‐handed (LH) transmission line is presented. The proposed structure is composed of a coplanar waveguide over a ferrite substrate, horizontally magnetized and periodically loaded with only shunt inductors. The line has a nonreciprocal LH propagation with transmission level better than −5 dB with isolation level up to 20 dB over a moderate bandwidth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2810–2814, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22848
Experimental investigation of optical thyristor operating as optical hard‐limiter
Authors: Kang Tae‐Gu , Choi Dong‐Muk , Choi Woon‐Kyung , Choi Young‐Wan , Kim Seong‐Joo , Choi Woo‐Kyung
Published: August 2007

We demonstrate the optical thyristor operating as optical hard‐limiter (OHL) in the optical channel and AND gate logic element (AGLE). The oxidized PnpN vertical‐cavity laser (VCL)–depleted optical thyristor (DOT) clearly shows the nonlinear s‐shaped current‐voltage and lasing characteristics. A switching voltage of 5.24 V, a holding voltage of 1.50 V, and a threshold current of 0.65 mA is measured, making these devices attractive for optical processing applications. The VCL–DOT operating as OHL would enhance the system performance because it would exclude some combinations of interference patterns from causing errors as in all previous works. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2779–2780, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22850
Scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves on a plane with hemispherical bosses
Authors: Gu Xiaoxiong
Published: August 2007

We apply multiple scattering equations to study the scattering of electromagnetic waves on a perfectly conducting plane surface with a random dense distribution of hemispherical bosses. We derive a multipole solution up to third order to analyze close range interactions between nearby bosses. Results show significant improvement of accuracy compared with the traditional dipole approximation solution. Absorption on a lossy embossed surface is obtained from the field solution for the perfectly conducting surface. The surface current and absorption enhancement factor are further computed numerically. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2681–2686, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22855
Magnetically tunable microstrip linear resonator on polycrystalline ferrite substrate
Authors: Pourush Rajeev , Jangid Ashok , Tyagi G. S. , Srivastava G. P. , Pourush P. K. S.
Published: August 2007

A low cost conventional half‐wave microstrip linear resonator has been designed at 2 GHz central frequency and fabricated photolithographically by depositing metallic films on prepared LiMnTi polycrystalline ferrite substrate. Resonator characteristics have been examined by keeping it in the low biasing magnetic field values (from 0 to 298 Guass) applied in transverse direction of wave propagation and normal to ground plane. Tunability of 339 MHz (17%) was achieved which is the best reported so far for such a structure for low magnetic field values with a minimum insertion loss of 10.68 dB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2868–2870, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).DOI 10.1002/mop.22858
A simple design of broadband tapered leaky‐wave antenna
Authors: Losito Onofrio
Published: August 2007

A new layout of leaky‐wave antennas based on tapered design has been proposed and investigated. The new curve tapered leaky‐wave antenna (LWA) was designed running a simple procedure which use an FDTD code, and using a physical grounding structure along the length of the antenna, which allows to use only half of the structure, the adoption of a simple feeding, and the reduction of sidelobes. The good performance of this new tapered microstrip LWA are mainly wider band of 33% for VSWR <2, higher gain (12 dBi) and higher efficiency (up to 85%). Moreover if the relative dielectric constant of the substrate approaches 1 (ϵr=ϵ0), the leaky wave antenna bandwidth becomes much wider improving its performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2833–2838, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22860
Electromagnetic propagation in unbounded inhomogeneous chiral media using the coupled mode method
Authors: Gómez Álvaro , Barba Ismael , Cabeceira Ana C. L. , Represa José , Vegas Angel , Solano Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2007

The coupled mode method (CMM) is a seminumerical method for studying electromagnetic propagation, originally formulated for closed structures. We show how this method can be used for obtaining the propagation constants and electromagnetic field in unbounded isotropic chiral media. We also characterize single and periodic cascade discontinuities made of isotropic chiral slabs by means of the mode matching method combined with the CMM. The results are tested with a robust FDTD technique, modified to model bi‐isotropic media and with analytical solutions. In all cases good agreement is found. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2771–2779, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22863
The band‐notch function for a compact coplanar waveguide‐fed super‐wideband printed monopole
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Rong , Zhong Shun‐Shi , Wang Guo‐Yu
Published: August 2007

A compact rectangular monopole antenna fed by a tapered coplanar waveguide (CPW) with a band‐notch function is proposed for super‐wideband (SWB) applications. A U‐shaped slot is cut in the radiation patch to obtain the band‐notch function and its parameters are studied in detail. It is shown that the band‐notched function can be realized by controlling the location of the U‐shaped slot and the notched band can be changed by adjusting the length and the width of the slot. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna has a stop‐band of 5.07–5.85 GHz and a super‐wideband from 0.595 to 8.95 GHz (15:1) for VSWR ≤2. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2769–2771, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22864
A novel compact reconfigurable polarization and pattern antenna
Authors: Chen Wenhua , Sun Jiawen , Feng Zhenghe
Published: August 2007

A novel reconfigurable polarization and pattern antenna with sandwich‐like structure has been proposed. Two crossed slots in ground planes are employed to implement polarizations and patterns reconfiguration by switching the PIN diodes. Simulation and measurement results show this antenna achieved two orthogonal linear polarizations and steered unidirectional radiation patterns. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2802–2805, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22865
A novel circular grooved and ridged waveguide phase shifter with dielectric loading
Authors: Wen Yongwu
Published: August 2007

A novel circular grooved and ridged waveguide phase shifter with dielectric‐loading is proposed, fabricated, and discussed in this article. Both experimental and numerical results obtained show that the proposed circular grooved and ridged waveguide phase shifter, when compared with the conventional one, has larger differential phase shift, smaller length, and no obviously changed insertion loss. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2793–2795, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22878
Measurement on infrared radiation burning temperature field with moiré deviation tomography
Authors: Hongbing Yao , Xia Ye , Jun Zhou , Anzhi He
Published: August 2007

Moiré deviation tomography is proposed in this article to measure the infrared radiation temperature field generated by the burning pyrotechnic compositions. High‐speed photography is used as the sampling method in this measurement. The results indicate that, due to its unique merits of noncontact, strong antiinterference, and large range, moiré deviation tomography provides a new way for the measurement of high‐temperature, high‐brightness, and transient field. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2761–2763, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22879
Multi‐band rectangular microstrip antennas
Authors: Deshmukh Amit A. , Ray K. P.
Published: August 2007

Configurations with slotted rectangular microstrip antennas using rectangular slot and half U‐slot cut inside the patch for multi‐band operation are proposed. Also, the multi‐port network models for these multi‐band rectangular microstrip antennas are proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2757–2761, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22880
A circular CPW‐FED slot antenna for broadband circularly polarized radiation
Authors: Deng I‐Chung , Chen Jin‐Bo , Ke Qing‐Xiang , Chang Jun‐Rong , Chang Woon‐Fa , King Yueh‐Tsu
Published: August 2007

The design of a circular slot antenna for obtaining broadband circularly polarized (CP) radiation using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed is presented. The operation of the proposed antenna is achieved by protruding metallic mono‐strip from the circular ground plane towards the slot center at ϕ = 0° and feeding antenna using a 50‐Ω CPW with a protruded single strip at ϕ = 270°. In this design, the impedance bandwidth and 3 dB axial‐ratio bandwidth can reach as large as 50 and 36%, respectively. The peak of antenna gain is about 3.9 dBi, with gain variations <1 dBi for the frequencies within CP bandwidth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2728–2733, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22881
Properties of multiple gaps microstrip filter with fractal metallic patterns
Authors: Wang Sheng , Guo Ming Sen , Chan H. L. W. , Zhao Xing‐Zhong
Published: August 2007

In this study, we demonstrate a multiple‐gaps resonator filter, consisting of a multilayer structure with a fractal metallic pattern, that can tune the resonant frequencies of the multiple gaps. It is found that the resonant frequency of the gaps shifts to low frequencies with the increase of fractal patterns dimension. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the simulated results using the finite difference time domain method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2726–2728, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22882
Genetic algorithm optimized printed UWB sickle‐shape dipolar antenna with stable radiation pattern
Authors: Chan C. H. , Yeung S. H. , Chan W. S. , Man K. F.
Published: August 2007

A double sided sickle‐shape printed dipolar antenna optimized using genetic algorithm is proposed. The proposed antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth and small variations in radiation pattern and gain across the entire UWB frequency range. This can be used in multi‐band, OFDM and impulse radio modulation schemes, making it suitable for UWB triple mode use. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2695–2697, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22883
A PHEMT diode single‐balanced mixer for K/K‐band application
Authors: Lin Che‐Hung , Liu Hong‐Zhi , Chu Chen‐Kuo , Huang Hou‐Kuei , Liu Chi‐Chuan , Chang Ching‐Hsueh , Wu Chang‐Luen , Chang Chian‐Sern , Wang Yeong‐Her
Published: August 2007

A single‐balanced mixer for operation in the microwave‐ and millimeter‐wave bands is presented. This monolithic microwave‐integrated circuit was implemented on AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic high‐electron‐mobility transistor process with a chip size of 2.11 × 1.54 mm2. This mixer employs a planar Marchand balun and a low‐pass filter for isolating three ports corresponding to RF, LO, and IF ports. The best upconversion loss is 8 dB with an LO‐to‐RF isolation better than 30 dB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2692–2694, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22884
Pharmakologie der 5‐HT3‐Antagonisten. Historie und neue Entwicklungen
Authors: Rex André , Bert Bettina , Fink Heidrun
Published: August 2007

Werden wir gefragt, welche Arzneimittel primär und hauptsächlich am serotonergen Transmissionssystem angreifen, so fallen uns auf Anhieb nicht wenige ein: Es werden die Selektiven Serotonin‐Wiederaufnahmehemmer (SSRI) wie Fluoxetin oder auch das klassische trizyklische Antidepressivum Clomipramin an vorderer Stelle genannt.
Cannabinoide zur Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen. Vom Zauberkraut zum Antiemetikum
Authors: Kreutz Susanne
Published: August 2007

Zusammenfassend bleibt festzuhalten, dass Cannabinoide (Dronabinol, Nabilon) zur Behandlung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen nach Chemotherapie eingesetzt werden können. Die Wirksamkeit wurde in zahlreichen Studien zweifelsfrei belegt.

Dagegen ist die antiemetische Wirksamkeit in anderen Indikationsbereichen nicht ausreichend belegt. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Anwendung bei postoperativer Übelkeit und Erbrechen sowie die Anwendung nach Strahlentherapie.

Cannabinoide sind demnach keine Mittel der ersten Wahl, wohl aber wertvolle Arzneimittel zur Behandlung von Patienten, die mit Setronen und klassischen Antiemetika nicht ausreichend behandelt werden können.
Influence of Wetting Parameters on Particle Growth in Fluidized‐Bed Coating and Agglomeration Processes
Authors: Saleh Khashayar , Guigon Pierre
Published: August 2007

This work presents the results of an experimental study concerning the fluidized bed coating of spherical solid particles by injection of an aqueous solution of lactose. The objective was to study the influence of the wetting parameters on the coating efficiency and the growth rate. Two methods were applied to modify the wetting parameters of the solid‐liquid couples used. The first one consisted of the addition of a determined quantity of a surface agent into the coating liquid and the second involved the modification of the surface of solid particles by chemical treatment, i.e., silanization. The former allows the alteration of the superficial tension of the liquid but also affects the liquid‐solid contact angle, whereas the latter increases the contact angle without changing any other property of the solid or liquid. The results showed that the coating efficiency has a tendency to decrease by increasing the contact angle, θ, at constant liquid surface tension, γLV. However, the effect of the liquid surface tension is less obvious mainly because this parameter cannot be modified without affecting the contact angle. Although the coating efficiency was found to increase with adhesion energy (γLV(1+cos θ)) it has been established that the relationship between these two parameters is not linear. Additional considerations based on geometrical features with regard to the spreading of liquid droplets onto the solids surface, permit the explanation and linearization of the variations of the coating efficiency. In addition, for contact angles higher than 90°, a drastic decrease in the efficiency was observed. This phenomenon was explained by rebound phenomena which take place during droplet‐substrate collisions.

The variations in the growth rate according to the contact angle and the liquid surface tension seem controversial. Nevertheless, the variation of this parameter seems to be directly related to interparticulate forces resulting from liquid bridges.
The Electrostatic Force Between a Partially Charged Dielectric Particle and a Conducting Plane
Authors: Matsuyama Tatsushi , Yamamoto Hideo
Published: August 2007

Using the reexpansion technique, the interaction between a conducting plane and a partially charged dielectric particle is studied for an axisymmetric case including the effects of the higher order polarization. The partial charge on a particle surface is seen to redistribute, apparently due to the polarization which occurs even though the particle is an insulator. The redistribution depends on the dielectric constant and on the gap between the particle and the conducting plane. In some instances, the charge redistributes on to the back side of the particle against the conducting plane, and as a result, the electrostatic interaction decreases simply by an increase of the dielectric constant. This is seen to be especially obvious in the case of a small initially charged area or patch that is positioned against a conducting plane, and when the particle is located in a gap of a certain size. The electrostatic interaction decreases with an increase of the dielectric constant within a certain range, even when the particle is in contact with the conducting plane, e.g., in the case of a small initially charged area. Because this range of the dielectric constant is equivalent to that of a normal polymer, these effects could result in a large error in the estimation of the electrostatic interactions in the case of the normal approximation of the contact electrification of a particle.
Why does the World Need a True Triaxial Tester?
Authors: Janssen Richard , Verwijs Marco
Published: August 2007

The necessity for intensified research in the field of powder flow behavior is illustrated in this paper. It is argued that recent developments with respect to discrete element modeling, measurement techniques (AFM) and multidisciplinary approaches are particularly helpful in the understanding of powder flow behavior. However, the capability for good experimental testing is also crucial. Therefore, the development of a True Triaxial Tester will be a very important step in the advancement of the field. It makes validation of hypotheses possible and it will challenge the outcome of DEM simulations. An important research topic for the utilization of the True Triaxial Tester would be anisotropy and the effect of structure, the missing parameter in current powder flow theory.
Opioid receptor‐like 1 (ORL1) receptor binding and the biological properties of Ac‐Arg‐Tyr‐Tyr‐Arg‐Ile‐Arg‐NH2and its analogs
Authors: Ambo A. , Kohara H. , Kawano S. , Sasaki Y.
Published: August 2007

Hexapeptides such as Ac‐Arg‐Tyr‐Tyr‐Arg‐Ile‐Lys‐NH2and Ac‐Arg‐Tyr‐Tyr‐Arg‐Trp‐Arg‐NH2have been isolated from a combinatorial peptide library as small peptide ligands for the opioid peptide‐like 1 (ORL1) receptor. To investigate the detailed structural requirements of hexapeptides, 25 analogs of these hexapeptides, based on the novel analog Ac‐Arg‐Tyr‐Tyr‐Arg‐Ile‐Arg‐NH2(1), were synthesized and tested for their ORL1 receptor affinity and agonist/antagonist activity on mouse vas deferens (MVD) tissues. Analog 1 and its Cit6‐analog (10) were found to possess high affinity to the ORL1 receptor, comparable to that of nociceptin/orphanin FQ, and exhibited potent antagonist activity (pA2values of 7.77 for 1 and 7.51 for 10, which are higher than that of [NPhe1]nociceptin(1–13)‐NH2(6.90) on MVD assay. It was also found that the amino acid residue in position 5 plays a key role in agonist/antagonist activity, i.e. anL‐configuration aliphatic amino acid is required for potent antagonist activity, while a nonchiral orD‐configuration residue produces potent agonist activity. These lines of evidence may provide insight into the mechanisms controlling agonist/antagonist switching in the ORL1 receptor, and may also serve to help developing more potent ORL1 agonists and antagonists. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfation of synthetic linear primary alcohols with chlorosulfonic acid
Authors: Sosis P. , Dringoli L. J.
Published: August 2007

This laboratory optimization program was undertaken to describe a method for sulfating linear primary synthetic alcohols with chlorosulfonic acid. Several alcohol blends, containing carbon lengths from C12 to C16, were studied. These products find applications in cosmetic and shampoo formulations. A number of quality factors (color, odor, free unsulfated alcohol), demanded by this market, are discussed and comparisons to industry wide standards are made. Some of the operating parameters detailed in this work are: mole ratio of alcohol to acid; rate of reaction; reaction temperature; post reaction sparge time; sparging conditions and reaction time. It was shown that the color, of a finished triethanolamine salt based on Alfol 1216 SP alcohol, was significantly improved by proper sparging of the reaction mixture. Further, the color passed through a maximum during this final step. It was also demonstrated that dry air is functional in this quality improvement, while nitrogen seems to be inert.
Correlation of solubility data: IV. Prediction of solubilities of homologous and analogous long chain compounds in related solvents
Authors: Skau Evald L.
Published: August 2007

A new method of correlation and prediction of solubility data for long chain compounds is described. It is based on the linear relationship between 1/Ta and 1/Tr derived from the freezing point depression equation. Ta and Tr represent temperatures in degrees Kelvin at which the mole % solubility of a compound, a, in a given solvent is the same as that of an analogous reference compound, r, in a related solvent. The validity of the method has been confirmed by applying it to the extensive literature data on the solubilities of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Four families of related solvents were examined: (a) benzene, hexane, cyclohexane, chlorobenzene,o‐xylene and toluene; (b) acetone, butanone, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; (c) isopropanol, 95% ethanol, butanol,p‐dioxane and diethyl ether; and (d) carbon tetrachloride and 1,2‐chloroethane. Complete solubility data for a compound can be predicted from the linear 1/Ta vs. 1/Tr plot based on the melting point and one experimental solubility determination.
Developmental changes in fatty acid composition of oil in kernel fractions of corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Jellum M. D.
Published: August 2007

Gas liquid chromatography was used to determine the change in fatty acid composition of oil from three kernel fractions (pericarp, endosperm and germ) during kernel maturation of four inbred lines of corn. Inbred lines were sibpollinated, and sampling of ears began six days after pollination (DAP) and continued at three day intervals until 33 DAP and then at weekly intervals until 54 DAP. Proportion of palmitic acid in the pericarp oil rapidly decreased between 6 and 12 DAP while oleic and linoleic acids increased during the same period. Changes in fatty acid composition of oil from the endosperm during kernel maturation were erratic and no consistent trends were evident. In the germ oil, palmitic and linolenic acid proportions decreased during kernel maturation, while oleic acid decreased and linoleic acid increased during kernel maturation for three of the four inbred lines. By about 24 to 27 DAP, the fatty acid composition of oil in the mature kernel was established. Since kernel fractions are of different genetic origin, a study of developmental changes in lipid classes or in fatty acid composition of oil should be limited within kernel fractions that have a similar genetic constitution.
Interaction of tocored with unsaturated fatty esters
Authors: Komoda Mamoru , Harada Ichiro
Published: August 2007

Tocored, an oxidation product of tocopherol and its model, 2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐5,6‐chromanquinone reacted with methyl linoleate at an elevated temperature to form an adduct with isomerized linoleate. Oxidation of tocored in fatty esters produced a variety of products, depending on the degree of unsaturation of the esters. With methyl palmitate no addition product was detected but tocopurple and tocoreddimer were identified as minor products irrespective of the degree of saturation. A mechanism involving the interaction of tocored with lipid radicals to yield an adduct as the consequence of antioxidative action of tocored is postulated.
The sugars of safflower
Authors: Saunders R. M.
Published: August 2007

Examination of sugars in safflower hull and kernel revealed sucrose and raffinose to be predominent, with smaller amounts ofd‐glucose andd‐fructose. Galactinol (1‐O‐a‐d‐galactopyranosylmyoinositol) and other carbohydrate material which appear to contai uronic acids, fucose, glucose, fructose and arabinose, were also present.
Sunflower processing technique
Authors: Pierce R. M.
Published: August 2007

A great deal of interest has recently been shown in sunflower seed as an oilseed erop. The introduction of new Russian seed varieties with higher oil content have helped to stimulate this interest, particularly in the flax and cottonseed growing areas. This paper presents background material pertinent to the subject of sunflower processing. Such things as seed structure, oil and meal quality and certain economic considerations are included. Processing techniques currently used are discussed and comparisons made with the processing of other oilseeds. Brief mention is made of storage and handling of the seeds, meal and oil. Extraction is discussed briefly, but since it is successful only if the seed is properly prepared, seed preparation and handling prior to extraction are stressed. Sunflower seeds are nearly 30% hulls and these hulls are high in crude fiber content. For this reason, dehulling and hull separation practices are important aspects of processing sunflowers. Expeller operating variables are also important where prepressing is part of the process. These processes are stressed. Direct solvent extraction and prepress solvent extraction methods are currently being used successfully. Features of both methods and their applicability are discussed along with seed preparation needed for each method.
3‐cis‐hexenal, the “Green” reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Hoffmann G.
Published: August 2007

By means of gas‐liquid‐chromatography the neutral volatile products obtained by stripping oxidized soybean oil were fractionated.

The fraction with “green bean” odor (a well‐known offflavor of soybean oil) was investigated. By the application of various methods it was possible to isolate the flavor carrier proper and, in spite of its small amount, to complete the analysis to a point at which the structure 3‐cis‐hexenal seemed highly probable. Synthesis and subsequent comparison with the natural product confirmed the correctness of the assumption.

n‐Hexanal and 3‐trans‐hexenal, also found in this fraction, play no significant role in the reversion flavor.
The separation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine by column chromatography
Authors: Rouser George , O'Brien John , Heller Dorothy
Published: August 2007

A method for the complete separation and apparent quantitative recovery of both phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine from lipid extracts of beef brain is presented. Evidence for the purity, quantitative recovery, and the suitability of the technique for the subsequent analysis of the fatty acid and fatty aldehyde composition of the phospholipids is described.
Isolation of volatile constituents from fats and oils by vacuum degassing
Authors: de Bruyn J. , Schogt J. C. M.
Published: August 2007

A description is given of an all‐glass, high‐vacuum (10−5 to 10−6 mm.) laboratory apparatus, to be used for the quantitative recovery of volatile constituents from oils and fats.

Up to 1 kg. of oil can be treated per day. To prevent decomposition of the oil, only moderately elevated temperatures are used. The distillate obtained can be transferred quantitatively to chromatographic columns.

Model experiments are described to show the efficiency of the degassing and the factors involved.
Filtration‐extraction of safflower seed on a bench scale
Authors: D'Aquin E. L. , Pominski Joseph , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: August 2007

Data are presented to show that filtration‐extraction can be successfully applied on a bench‐scale to extract whole or decorticated safflower seed to a residual lipids content in meal of about 1.0%.

Recommended procedure and operating conditions for processing this seed are given. These were found to be adequate within the limitations of the study and are not to be considered optimum. They are similar to those employed for filtration‐extraction of most high‐oil‐content materials except that, for safflower, severe initial rolling is necessary and that efficient processing of decorticated seed requires an additional step of rerolling of the cooked materials prior to extraction.

Based on the close correlation obtained to date between bench‐ and industrial‐scale filtration‐extraction results for a wide variety of oil crops, there should be little difficulty encountered in the processing of safflower on a commercial scale.
Spontaneous conversion of gossypol to anhydrogossypol
Authors: Berardi Leah C. , Frampton Vernon L.
Published: August 2007

An alkali‐fast pigment is produced at room temperature when gossypol is dissolved in ethyl acetate. This pigment has been isolated from ethyl acetate as an orange crystalline material and identified as anhydrogossypol. The identity was established by identity of the infrared spectra with that of authentic anhydrogossypol; by elementary composition; by mixture‐melting point behavior with authentic anhydrogossypol; and by the identity of the aniline derivatives produced from the orange crystalline product from ethyl acetate and authentic anhydrogossypol.
Enzymes in detergents
Authors: Liss R. L. , Langguth R. P.
Published: August 2007

Factors affecting the performance of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes in an anionic and nonionic detergent formulation have been studied using stain removal from EMPA blood‐milk‐ink and cocoa‐milk‐sugar soil test cloths as a measure of enzyme activity in the detergent solution. Factors considered include enzyme concentration, and temperature and pH of the wash solution. Results on stability of these enzymes in the two detergent formulations under accelerated storage conditions are also given.
Automated bioassay of proteolytic enzymes in detergents
Authors: Paixao L. M. , Babulak S. W. , Barkin S. M. , Shumway D. K. , Friedman S. D.
Published: August 2007

An automated biological assay for proteases in detergents was developed. The assay involved enzymic digestion of casein followed by the analysis of the liberated amino groups. Quantitative determination of the proteolytic activity was accomplished by reacting the amino groups with trinitrobenzene‐sulfonic acid (TNBS). An automated system was used to carry out both the digestion and the quantitative color development of the TNBS‐amino group complex. The method is accurate, reproducible, easy to handle, fast and free from interferences by any of the standard detergent ingredients. It may also be used as an investigative tool in enzyme research.
Some theoretical and practical aspects of polyester whitening from the wash bath
Authors: Anliker R. , Hefti H. , Kasperl H. , Milicévić B.
Published: August 2007

Uptake of fluorescent whitening agents from aqueous and organic systems by polyester fibers and films under various conditions was investigated. Different factors influencing the correlation between uptake of the fluorescent whitening agents and their performance in laundry liquors are discussed on the basis of the presented data. The results indicate that fluorescent whitening agents normally used for whitening other synthetic fibers can also have valuable additional effects on polyester. Furthermore the results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms of whitening.
A TLC method for identification of germicides in personal care products
Authors: Graber M. B. , Domsky I. I. , Ginn M. E.
Published: August 2007

Inherent difficulties in the common ultraviolet (UV) analytical methods for determining germicide mixtures in personal care products have made desirable that another technique, thin layer chromatography (TLC), be applied for the identification of specific components. A variety of germicides can be identified on a TLC plate using silica gel as a substrate, a benzene‐ether developing solvent, and a UV light for observing the separate fractions. The Rf values obtained make it possible to distinguish between such germicidal classes as salicylanilides, carbanilides and phenolics.
Role of virucides in controlling virus dissemination by fabrics
Authors: Sidwell Robert W. , Dixon Glen J.
Published: August 2007

Vaccinia virus, a lipophilic agent containing deoxyribonucleic acid, and poliovirus, a hydrophilic ribonucleic acid virus, persisted on wool and cotton fabrics for varying periods up to 20 weeks, which was of sufficient duration to be of epidemiological significance. The length of persistence of each virus varied with the type of fabric, humidity and method of exposure to the virus. A group of quaternary ammonium salts and bromosalicylanilides were evaluated quantitatively for virucidal activity against these viruses in a cell culture system. None of the compounds was active against poliovirus, but three of the quaternary ammonium compounds significantly inactivated vaccinia virus. Impregnation of wool and cotton fabrics with one of these compounds resulted in a marked decrease in vaccinia virus persistence. Both polio and vaccinia viruses persisted for less than five days on a cotton fabric finished with a modified triazone resin to impart a wash‐and‐wear property. Cotton fabric contaminated with vaccinia or with poliovirus was laundered with an anionic detergent and a nonionic detergent. This laundering reduced but did not eliminate the virus. Sterile fabric was contaminated with virus when laundered with the virus‐containing fabrics. Drying the fabrics for 20 hr after laundering reduced the virus titers to below detectable limits.
A triply labeled particulate soil for detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Shebs W. T.
Published: August 2007

A kaolinite type of clay made radioactive by neutron irradiation (Spinks Bandy Black), described in an earlier report, has undergone extensive testing to determine its suitability as a particulate component of an artificial radioactive soil. The other components of the soil are labeled with14C and tritium. The incorporation of the radioactive clay into an established soil required the development of a reproducible padding procedure and the development of suitable analytical methods for the clay, as well as modification of the existing method for14C and tritium in the presence of the radioactive clay. A problem arose when it was noticed that, after the padding step, the specific activity of the clay adhering to the fabric was higher than the starting clay. This was traced to the fact that Spinks Bandy Black is not only a mixture of varying particle sizes, but of changing chemical composition with varying particle size. Thus, one could not readily convert radioactivity to weight. The problem has been resolved by resorting to chemical analysis for SiO2 and Al2O3 of a few representative swatches from each padding run to give the weight of clay per swatch and thus the specific activity. Chemical and radiochemical analyses of the swatches after laundering have demonstrated that further disproportionation of the clay is minor. A large Terg‐O‐tometer washing study was made under a variety of conditions to determine the precision of the method for all three labeled components of the soil. It was found from sets of four replicates that the precision for clay detergency is ±2.5%; for the polar fatty soil detergency (14C) is ±2.3%; and for the nonpolar fatty soil detergency (tritium) is ±3.5%. Redeposition of the clay in the presence of a built detergent is usually less than 1%.
The effect of water hardness on the solubilizing activity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Arai Haruhiko , Yoshizaki Koichiro
Published: August 2007

The behavior of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in hard water has been studied by solubilization, transmittance and pH. Maximum solubilization is reported at specific water hardnesses on the basis of the change in the micellar properties of the detergent. The water hardness at maximum solubilization increases as the concentration of the detergent or of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), sodium nitrilo triacetic acid (NTA) or sodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) increases, while it decreases with an increase in the alkyl chain length of the detergent. A linear relationship between the detergent concentration and the water hardness at maximum solubilization or transmittance was found. It seems that the effect of STPP, NTA and EDTA on solubilization of anionic detergent was mainly due to water softening.
A rapid method for the determination oftrans unsaturation in fats and derivatives
Authors: Allen Robert R.
Published: August 2007

Thetrans unsaturation present in samples of unsaturated fats and derivatives may be determined from measurement of the infrared absorbance at two wavelengths, one due totrans configuration of a double bond and the other due to the ester or acid group. The ratio of the two absorbance values has a linear relationship with thetrans unsaturation content. Thus, a drop of sample is diluted with CS2 and the infrared absorbance measured at 10.36 µ and at 8.5–8.6 µ if esters and 10.7 µ if acids. To calculate the per cent isolatedtrans double bonds in the sample, the ratio of the two absorbance values is substituted into the linear equation which was developed from known samples. The method is rapid since the sample need not be weighed nor made up to a known volume and thus may be applied to samples such as those collected from a gas chromatograph or after thin layer chromatography.
Determination of brominated vegetable oils in soft drinks by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Conacher H. B. S. , Chadha R. K. , Sahasrabudhe M. R.
Published: August 2007

A method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of brominated vegetable oils in soft drinks. The procedure involves treatment of the brominated oils with sodium methoxide followed by GLC analysis of the resulting methyl esters using methyl pentadecanoate as internal standard. Recoveries on known amounts of these oils ranged between 93.7% and 102.4%. The technique, applied to several commercial soft drinks, has shown the content of brominated oil to be in the range 10–45 mg per 10 fluid oz of drink.
Low temperature separation of trace amounts of dimethylpolysiloxanes from food
Authors: Neal P. , Campbell A. D. , Firestone D. , Aldridge M. H.
Published: August 2007

Dimethylpolysiloxanes, which are difficult to determine in fatty foods, can be separated at low temperatures by special freeze‐out apparatus. Final determination is made by atomic absorption, visible or ultraviolet spectrometry. Recoveries from cottonseed oil and cake mix ranged from 95% to 110%.
Trace components of tall oil fatty acids:Trans‐3, 5‐dimethoxystilbene
Authors: Hetman N. E. , Arlt H. G. , Neglia M.
Published: August 2007

2,2″‐Methylenebis (trans‐3,5‐dimethoxystilbene) has been isolated from tall oil fatty acid after reaction with paraformaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Aldehydes from rancid corn and avocado oils
Authors: Brekke J. , Mackinney G.
Published: August 2007

Steam distillates of rancid corn and avocado oils, collected in 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine solution, yield a complex mixture of DNPHs. These were readily separated by adsorption on anhydrous magnesium sulfate into derivatives of saturated aldehydes,‐enals and dienals, fully confirming the findings of Swiftet al. on autoxidized cottonseed oil. It is hoped that, with refinement of method, precise identification of each component may be made. The corn DNPH has at least five, the avocado DNPH at least six components soluble in petroleum ether, whose absorption spectra and chromatographic behavior are described.
Characterization of used frying oils. Part 1: Isolation and identification of compound classes
Authors: Gardner D. R. , Sanders R. A. , Henry D. E. , Tallmadge D. H. , Wharton H. W.
Published: August 2007

In this study, an analytical scheme is presented for detailed qualitative comparisons between heated and unheated oils. This scheme is less subject to loss or alteration of sample components when compared with methods that characterize the distillable non‐urea adducting portion of heated oils. In this work, oils were first converted to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by transesterification. These FAMEs were then separated by degree of polarity by means of adsorption chromatography and solid‐phase extraction. High‐resolution capillary gas and liquid chromatography were used to profile isolated fractions. Mass spectrometric and infrared analyses of major chromatographic features were used to identify the presence of aldehydes, epoxides, ketones, alcohols, phytosterols and dimer methyl esters down to 5 ppm in the original sample.
Temperature effects on the determination of oxidative stability with the metrohm rancimat
Authors: Hasenhuettl Gerard L. , Wan Peter J.
Published: August 2007

Reproducibility of Oil Stability Index (OSI) values determined on the Metrohm Rancimat was measured with a single run and between experimental runs. Within a single experiment, a range of 0.13 h and a standard deviation of 0.066 h were determined. For multiple experiments, standard deviations of 0.24 and 0.26 were obtained for soybean and low‐erucic rapeseed oil, respectively. The effect of temperature was determined for safflower, soybean, lowerucic rapeseed, corn, peanut and olive oils. A linear relationship was established between log (OSI) and temperature. The linear equation obtained for soybean oil was utilized to calculate variability of the OSI due to temperature differences in the heating block.
The effect of randomization on the stability of blends of trioleoylglycerol and linseed oil
Authors: Tautorus C. L. , McCurdy A. R.
Published: August 2007

The effect of fatty acid arrangement on triacylglycerols was determined by assessing the stability of mixtures of trioleoylglycerol (consisting of a comparatively stable fatty acid) and linseed oil (containing a high amount of unstable fatty acids in the form of linoleic and linolenic acids) in the ratios of 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 (w/w), respectively, before and after enzymatic randomization. Randomization resulted in increased stability; however, increasing the content of the unstable triacylglycerol resulted in a decrease in this effect. Based on these results, it was concluded that randomization of triacylglycerols can have a positive effect on the oxidative stability of an oil if the content of autoxidatively unstable triacylglycerols is low in the original blend. This results in substantial dilution of unstable fatty acids among the more stable triacylglycerols upon randomization.
Growth and eicosapentaenoic acid production byPhaeodactylum tricornutum in batch and continuous culture systems
Authors: Yongmanltchal Wichien , Ward Owen P.
Published: August 2007

Maximum specific growth rate (μmax) ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum increased with increasing culture reactor surface‐to‐volume ratio. Values for μmax of 0.647, 0.377 and 0.339 day−1 were observed for the 75‐mL tube, 5.6‐L tank and the 16‐L tank, respectively. Higher biomass was achieved in the 75‐mL batch culture tube under continuous light as compared with light cycle conditions. Palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) accounted for over 60% of total fatty acids in the batch tube culture, with EPA content increasing to a maximum after three days. In chemostat cultures, run at dilution rates of 0.15 day−1 (0.45 of μmax) and 0.3 day−1 (0.9 of μmax), cell concentration reached a steady state of 2.18 and 0.7 g/L, respectively, while contents of EPA per liter of culture at steady state were 100.9 and 82.5 mg/L, respectively. At both dilution rates, EPA content of total fatty acids was the same (35.0–35.2%). At a dilution rate of 0.3 day−1, the continuous culture system manifested productivities of 0.51 g/L/d and 25.1 mg/L/d for biomass and EPA, respectively.