bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rainfall and temperature changes and variability in the Upper East Region of Ghana
Authors: Issahaku Abdul‐Rahaman , Campion Benjamin Betey , Edziyie Regina
Published: July 2016

The aim of the research was to assess the current trend and variation in rainfall and temperature in the Upper East Region, Ghana, using time series moving average analysis and decomposition methods. Meteorological data obtained from the Ghana Meteorological Agency in Accra, Ghana, from 1954 to 2014 were used in the models. The additive decomposition model was used to analyze the rainfall because the seasonal variation was relatively constant over time, while the multiplicative model was used for both the daytime and nighttime temperatures because their seasonal variations increase over time. The monthly maximum and the minimum values for the entire period were as follows: rainfall 455.50 and 0.00 mm, nighttime temperature 29.10°C and 13.25°C and daytime temperature 41.10°C and 26.10°C, respectively. Also, while rainfall was decreasing, nighttime and daytime temperatures were increasing in decadal times. Since both the daytime and nighttime temperatures were increasing and rainfall was decreasing, climate extreme events such as droughts could result and affect agriculture in the region, which is predominantly rain fed. Also, rivers, dams, and dugouts are likely to dry up in the region. It was also observed that there was much variation in rainfall making prediction difficult. Day temperatures were generally high with the months of March and April have been the highest. The months of December recorded the lowest night temperature. Inhabitants are therefore advised to sleep in well‐ventilated rooms during the warmest months and wear protective clothing during the cold months to avoid contracting climate‐related diseases.
The effect of two types of El Niño on the southerly low‐level jets in North America
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Heilman Warren E. , Bian Xindi
Published: July 2016

Low‐level jets (LLJs) are frequent weather phenomena in many regions of North America and have profound impacts on precipitation and wind energy. We used a 31 year (1979–2010) three‐hourly reanalysis data set to examine the teleconnection between southerly LLJ activity in North America and the two dominant patterns of the equatorial Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies characterized by El Niño and El Niño Modoki. We show that El Niño and El Niño Modoki exert different effects on the jet activities, and the results vary by region and by season. Overall, El Niño Modoki affects jet activity all year round, but El Niño's influence is limited mostly to the cold season (October–March). El Niño Modoki induces larger changes in jet frequency, but El Niño's influence extends to larger regions. A better understanding of this teleconnection can be used to improve seasonal predictions of precipitation and wind energy resources in regions of North America.
Acquisition of detrital magnetization in four turbidites
Authors: Tanty Cyrielle , Valet Jean‐Pierre , Carlut Julie , Bassinot Franck , Zaragosi Sébastien
Published: July 2016

Turbiditic events are mostly avoided in paleomagnetic studies and therefore their remanence and magnetic properties are poorly described. Turbidites are exempt of bioturbation and potentially provide pertinent information about depositional remanence. We studied four quaternary turbidites of different origins in marine sediment cores. Upward fining of both magnetic and sedimentary fractions indicates that coarser grains reached the bottom first. We observe a progressive shallowing of the magnetic inclinations between the upper and bottom layers of the turbidites that increases with the size of the events and obeys a simple linear scaling law. Measurements of magnetic anisotropy suggest that hydrodynamic conditions prevailing during deposition seem to be dominant for the alignment of the magnetic grains. We suggest that small spherical grains are randomly oriented with zero resultant magnetization in presence of strong turbulent conditions, while the alignment of elongated grains is constrained by the competition between gravity and magnetic forces. A possible scenario is that under turbulent conditions they tend to rest at the bottom with their long axes parallel to the sediment surface and therefore with shallow inclinations, whereas weakly turbulent conditions like during the smallest (26 cm thick) event do not disturb the magnetic alignment and therefore do not generate inclination shallowing.
Recognizing magnetostratigraphy in overprinted and altered marine sediments: Challenges and solutions from IODP Site U1437
Authors: Musgrave Robert J. , Kars Myriam
Published: July 2016

Core disturbance, drilling overprints, postdepositional acquisition of remanence, authigenic growth of magnetic iron sulfides, and alteration all contribute challenges to recognizing the primary magnetostratigraphy in marine sediments. We address these issues in a sequence of tuffaceous muds and volcaniclastics at International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1437 and produce the longest continuous magnetic polarity stratigraphy in the history of scientific ocean drilling. Remanence measurements were filtered to remove intervals affected by fluidization, plastic sediment disturbance, and core biscuiting. Drilling overprints are concentrated in the disturbed annulus surrounding intact core material. Bioturbation was limited to a vertical extent of at most 15 cm. Changes in sediment color, stiffness, and magnetic hysteresis all suggest that remanence was locked in within a few meters of the sediment–water interface. We did not observe any systematic offset between magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datums. Authigenic growth of greigite, in response to both initial sulfate reduction in the upper 50 m of the sediment column and to deeper resupply of sulfate, has led to magnetic overprinting. Anomalous polarity artefacts, extending <5 m and occurring within about 20 m below a real polarity transition, appear to be due to a chemical remanence acquired by greigite produced during early diagenesis. Diagenetic magnetic mineral alteration resulted in the progressive loss of fine‐grained magnetite, which enhanced susceptibility to drilling and postdrilling overprints and increased the resistance of these overprints to removal by conventional demagnetization. We recovered the magnetostratigraphic record from many samples with resistant overprints through low‐temperature demagnetization through the Verwey transition.
A linear scale height Chapman model supported by GNSS occultation measurements
Authors: Olivares‐Pulido G. , Hernández‐Pajares M. , Aragón‐Àngel A. , Garcia‐Rigo A.
Published: July 2016

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) radio occultations allow the vertical sounding of the Earth's atmosphere, in particular, the ionosphere. The physical observables estimated with this technique permit to test theoretical models of the electron density such as, for example, the Chapman and the Vary‐Chap models. The former is characterized by a constant scale height, whereas the latter considers a more general function of the scale height with respect to height. We propose to investigate the feasibility of the Vary‐Chap model where the scale height varies linearly with respect to height. In order to test this hypothesis, the scale height data provided by radio occultations from a receiver on board a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite, obtained by iterating with a local Chapman model at every point of the topside F2 layer provided by the GNSS satellite occultation, are fitted to height data by means of a linear least squares fit (LLS). Results, based on FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC GPS occultation data inverted by means of the Improved Abel transform inversion technique (which takes into account the horizontal electron content gradients) show that the scale height presents a more clear linear trend above the F2 layer peak height, hm, which is in good agreement with the expected linear temperature dependence. Moreover, the parameters of the linear fit obtained during four representative days for all seasons, depend significantly on local time and latitude, strongly suggesting that this approach can significantly contribute to build realistic models of the electron density directly derived from GNSS occultation data.
Transit time distributions and StorAge Selection functions in a sloping soil lysimeter with time‐varying flow paths: Direct observation of internal and external transport variability
Authors: Kim Minseok , Pangle Luke A. , Cardoso Charléne , Lora Marco , Volkmann Till H. M. , Wang Yadi , Harman Ciaran J. , Troch Peter A.
Published: July 2016

Transit times through hydrologic systems vary in time, but the nature of that variability is not well understood. Transit times variability was investigated in a 1 m3 sloping lysimeter, representing a simplified model of a hillslope receiving periodic rainfall events for 28 days. Tracer tests were conducted using an experimental protocol that allows time‐variable transit time distributions (TTDs) to be calculated from data. Observed TTDs varied with the storage state of the system, and the history of inflows and outflows. We propose that the observed time variability of the TTDs can be decomposed into two parts: “internal” variability associated with changes in the arrangement of, and partitioning between, flow pathways; and “external” variability driven by fluctuations in the flow rate along all flow pathways. These concepts can be defined quantitatively in terms of rank StorAge Selection (rSAS) functions, which is a theory describing lumped transport dynamics. Internal variability is associated with temporal variability in the rSAS function, while external is not. The rSAS function variability was characterized by an “inverse storage effect,” whereby younger water is released in greater proportion under wetter conditions than drier. We hypothesize that this effect is caused by the rapid mobilization of water in the unsaturated zone by the rising water table. Common approximations used to model transport dynamics that neglect internal variability were unable to reproduce the observed breakthrough curves accurately. This suggests that internal variability can play an important role in hydrologic transport dynamics, with implications for field data interpretation and modeling.
A proposal of optimal sampling design using a modularity strategy
Authors: Simone A. , Giustolisi O. , Laucelli D. B.
Published: July 2016

In real water distribution networks (WDNs) are present thousands nodes and optimal placement of pressure and flow observations is a relevant issue for different management tasks. The planning of pressure observations in terms of spatial distribution and number is named sampling design and it was faced considering model calibration. Nowadays, the design of system monitoring is a relevant issue for water utilities e.g., in order to manage background leakages, to detect anomalies and bursts, to guarantee service quality, etc. In recent years, the optimal location of flow observations related to design of optimal district metering areas (DMAs) and leakage management purposes has been faced considering optimal network segmentation and the modularity index using a multiobjective strategy. Optimal network segmentation is the basis to identify network modules by means of optimal conceptual cuts, which are the candidate locations of closed gates or flow meters creating the DMAs. Starting from the WDN‐oriented modularity index, as a metric for WDN segmentation, this paper proposes a new way to perform the sampling design, i.e., the optimal location of pressure meters, using newly developed sampling‐oriented modularity index. The strategy optimizes the pressure monitoring system mainly based on network topology and weights assigned to pipes according to the specific technical tasks. A multiobjective optimization minimizes the cost of pressure meters while maximizing the sampling‐oriented modularity index. The methodology is presented and discussed using the Apulian and Exnet networks.
Reversible Polarization Rotation in Epitaxial Ferroelectric Bilayers
Authors: Liu Guangqing , Zhang Qi , Huang Hsin‐Hui , Munroe Paul , Nagarajan Valanoor , Simons Hugh , Hong Zijian , Chen Long‐Qing
Published: July 2016

Polarization rotation engineering is a promising path to giant dielectric and electromechanical responses in ferroelectric materials and devices. This work demonstrates robust and reversible in‐ to out‐of‐plane polarization rotation in ultrathin (nanoscale) epitaxial (001) tetragonal PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3(PZT‐T)/rhombohedral PbZr0.55Ti0.45O3(PZT‐R) ferroelectric bilayers. An underlying 20 nm thick PZT‐R layer reduces the symmetry in a 5 nm thick PZT‐T layer by imposing an in‐plane tensile strain while simultaneously decoupling the PZT‐T layer from the substrate. This prevents clamping and facilitates large‐scale polarization rotation switching (≈60 μC cm−2) and an effectived33response 500% (≈250 pm V−1) larger than the PZT‐R layer alone. Furthermore, this enhancement is stable for more than 107electrical switching cycles. These bilayers present a simple and highly controllable means to design and optimize rotational polar systems as an alternate to traditional composition‐based approaches. The precise control of the subtle interface‐driven interactions between the lattice and the external factors that control polarization opens a new door to enhanced—or completely new—functional properties.
Einzelmolekül‐Sensoren: Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten für die quantitative Analyse
Authors: Gooding J. Justin , Gaus Katharina
Published: July 2016

Fortschritte in der Messtechnik ermöglichen immer kleinere Probenmengen, sodass mittlerweile der Nachweis einzelner Moleküle möglich ist. Schwerpunkt dieses Aufsatzes ist die nächste Generation von Analysewerkzeugen, die die Einzelmolekül‐Detektion mit der simultanen Messung vieler Einzelmoleküle kombinieren und/oder größere und komplexere Probenmengen bearbeiten können. Solche Einzelmolekül‐Sensoren sind eine neue Art quantitativer Analysewerkzeuge, da die Untersuchung durch Molekülzählung erfolgt und dadurch die Heterogenität der Probe bestimmt werden kann. Der Aufsatz gibt eine Übersicht über die Vorteile und das Potential dieser neuen, quantitativen Einzelmolekül‐Sensoren, die messtechnischen Herausforderungen bei der Herstellung von Einzelmolekül‐Instrumenten für die Analyse, die Anregungen aus der Biologie zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen sowie einige der derzeit untersuchten Lösungsansätze.
Hydrogele aus amorphem Calciumcarbonat und Polyacrylsäure: bioinspirierte Materialien für “Mineral‐Kunststoffe”
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Mao Li‐Bo , Lei Zhouyue , Yu Shu‐Hong , Cölfen Helmut
Published: July 2016

Angesichts zunehmender ökologischer Probleme durch die massive Nutzung nicht biologisch abbaubarer, erdölbasierter Kunststoffe ist die Nachfrage nach neuen ökonomischen, umweltverträglichen und recyclierbaren Kunststoffmaterialien hoch. Eine mögliche Alternative stellt die bioinspirierte Synthese mineralbasierter Hybridmaterialien dar. Hier stellen wir ein auf amorphem Calciumcarbonat (ACC) basierendes Hydrogel aus sehr kleinen ACC‐Nanopartikeln vor, die durch Polyacrylsäure physikalisch vernetzt sind. Das Hydrogel ist formbar, dehnbar und selbstheilend. Durch Trocknung lassen sich feste, freistehende und transparente Objekte mit bemerkenswerten mechanischen Eigenschaften erstellen. Der ursprüngliche Hydrogel‐Zustand kann durch Quellen in Wasser vollständig wiederhergestellt werden. Das Material kann auch als Matrix für ein thermochromes Material dienen. Das hier vorgestellte Material ist ein Beispiel für eine neue Klasse von Kunststoffmaterialien, die “Mineral‐Kunststoffe”.
Gradients of Rectification: Tuning Molecular Electronic Devices by the Controlled Use of Different‐Sized Diluents in Heterogeneous Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Kong Gyu Don , Kim Miso , Cho Soo Jin , Yoon Hyo Jae
Published: July 2016

Molecular electronics has received significant attention in the last decades. To hone performance of devices, eliminating structural defects in molecular components inside devices is usually needed. We herein demonstrate this problem can be turned into a strength for modulating the performance of devices. We show the systematic dilution of a monolayer of an organic rectifier (2,2′‐bipyridine‐terminated n‐undecanethiolate) with electronically inactive diluents (n‐alkanethiolates of different lengths), gives remarkable gradients of rectification. Rectification is finely tunable in a range of approximately two orders of magnitude, retaining its polarity. Trends of rectification against the length of the diluent indicate the gradient of rectification is extremely sensitive to the molecular structure of the diluent. Further studies reveal that noncovalent intermolecular interactions within monolayers likely leads to gradients of structural defect and rectification.
Aphanomyces astaci presence in Japan: a threat to the endemic and endangered crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus?
Authors: Mrugała Agata , Kawai Tadashi , Kozubíková‐Balcarová Eva , Petrusek Adam
Published: July 2016

Spread of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, by North American crayfish species is considered one of the main reasons for substantial declines and local extinctions of native European crayfish populations. Owing to human introductions, several American crayfish species have become established throughout the world, and thus pose a potential threat to indigenous crayfish populations susceptible to crayfish plague.

In Japan, two such widespread alien species, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, were introduced for aquaculture purposes in the late 1920s and since then successfully expanded their ranges.

Aggressive interactions with alien crayfish along with habitat modifications have been considered primarily responsible for drastic declines in populations of the Japanese endemic crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus, observed in the last few decades. However, the presence of the crayfish plague pathogen, to which Japanese crayfish are susceptible, may be expected, and could contribute to these declines.

Only recently, A. astaci has been reported from Taiwan, and to our knowledge no study focusing on its presence outside of the Western Palearctic has been conducted.

To fill this gap, 54 P. clarkii and 47 P. leniusculus individuals from five different Japanese locations were screened using molecular methods recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. Aphanomyces astaci DNA was detected in all studied populations, altogether in 61% and 21% of examined individuals of P. clarkii and P. leniusculus, respectively.

The results provide the first evidence of A. astaci presence in Japan and highlight the threat of pathogen transmission to C. japonicus populations.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND CAECAL SIZE ARE DETERMINED BY DIETARY PROTEIN IN THE CRICKET Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Woodring Joseph , Weidlich Sandy
Published: July 2016

In Gryllus bimaculatus, the size of the caecum decreases in the latter half of each instar to a stable minimal size with a steady minimal rate of digestive enzyme secretion until feeding resumes after ecdysis. The higher the percent protein in the newly ingested food, the faster and larger the caecum grows, and as a consequent the higher the secretion rate of trypsin and amylase. When hard boiled eggs (40% protein) are eaten the caecum is 2× larger, the trypsin secretion is almost 3× greater, and amylase 2.5× greater then when fed the same amount of apples (1.5% protein). Only dietary protein increases amylase secretion, whereas dietary carbohydrates have no effect on amylase secretion. The minimal caecal size and secretion rate must be supported by utilization of hemolymph amino acids, but the growth of the caecum and increasing enzymes secretions after the molt depend upon an amino acid source in the lumen. This simple regulation of digestive enzyme secretion is ideal for animals that must stop feeding in order to molt. This basic control system does not preclude additional regulation mechanisms, such as prandal, which is also indicated for G. bimaculatus, or even paramonal regulation.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE GENES FROM THE RICE LEAFFOLDER, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Wang Dong‐Ming , Zhang Bang‐Xian , Liu Xiao‐Ming , Rao Xiang‐Jun , Li Shi‐Guang , Li Mao‐Ye , Liu Su
Published: July 2016

In this study, two full‐length cDNA sequences (Cmace1 and Cmace2) encoding putative acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) were cloned and characterized from the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, an important lepidopteran rice pest in Asia. Cmace1 encodes a CmAChE1 consisting of 689 amino acid residues, while Cmace2 encodes a 639 amino acids CmAChE2. The two CmAChEs both have N‐terminal signal peptides and conserved motifs including the catalytic triad, choline‐binding sites, oxianion hole, acyl pocket, peripheral anionic subsite, and the characteristic FGESAG motif and conserved 14 aromatic amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cmace1 and Cmace2 are clustered into distinct clusters that are completely diverged from each other. Reverse‐transcription quantitative PCR analysis revealed that Cmace1 and Cmace2 were predominately expressed in the larval brain and at the fifth‐instar larvae stage, and the transcription levels of Cmace1 were significantly higher than those of Cmace2 in all the tested samples. Recombinant CmAChE1 and CmAChE2 were heterologously expressed in baculovirus system. Using acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) as substrate, the Michaelis constant (Km) values of rCmAChE1 and rCmAChE2 were 39.81 ± 6.49 and 68.29 ± 6.72 μmol/l, respectively; and the maximum velocity (Vmax) values of the two rCmAChEs were 0.60 ± 0.02 and 0.31 ± 0.06 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Inhibition assay indicated that rCmAChE1 was more sensitive to the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and triazophos than rCmAChE2. This study is the first report of molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two acetylcholinesterase genes/enzymes in C. medinalis.
Multiwavelength and parsec‐scale properties of extragalactic jets
Authors: Müller C.
Published: July 2016

Extragalactic jets originating from the central supermassive black holes of active galaxies are powerful, highly relativistic plasma outflows, emitting light from the radio up to the y‐ray regime. The details of their formation, composition and emission mechanisms are still not completely clear. The combination of high‐resolution observations using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and multiwavelength monitoring provides the best insight into these objects. Here, such a combined study of sources of the TANAMI sample is presented, investigating the parsec‐scale and high‐energy properties. The TANAMI program is a multiwavelength monitoring program of a sample of the radio and y‐ray brightest extragalactic jets in the southern sky, below –30° declination. We obtain the first‐ever VLBI images for most of the sources, providing crucial information on the jet kinematics and brightness distribution at milliarcsecond resolution. Two particular sources are discussed in detail: PMN J1603–4904, which can be classified either as an atypical blazar or a y‐ray loud (young) radio galaxy, and Centaurus A, the nearest radio‐loud active galaxy. The VLBI kinematics of the innermost parsec of Centaurus A's jet result in a consistent picture of an accelerated jet flow with a spine‐sheath like structure. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Educational aspirations amongUKYoung Teenagers: Exploring the role of gender, class and ethnicity
Authors: Berrington Ann , Roberts Steven , Tammes Peter
Published: July 2016

Large socio‐economic differences in educational attainment and participation in Higher Education (HE) are seen in the United Kingdom (UK). Furthermore, improvements in attainment and in rates of progression to university have been much faster for most ethnic minority groups than for White children. Political rhetoric explains these differences in terms of a lack of aspiration, particularly among White, working‐class boys. This paper extends recent work by examining the intersection of gender, class and ethnicity in their association with aspirations for higher levels of education among teenagers born in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We adopt a developmental‐context approach using detailed information collected from teenagers and their parents within the United Kingdom Household Panel Survey. White boys from the lowest occupational class and from workless households have the lowest aspirations (around one‐half have a positive aspiration for college or university) because the three elements – being White, male and working class – combine in an additive fashion to encourage lower aspiration. However, even though this figure is low, it is higher than the percentage of working‐class boys who go to university. Thus, focusing on aspirations alone will not on its own reduce ethnic differences inHEparticipation. Class and ethnic differences in parental attitudes towards education, levels of parental engagement with their children's schoolwork, and in the quality of the parent–child relationship act as important mediating factors. Key Stage 2 scores from the English National Pupil Database demonstrate that attainment is also a key mechanism through which parental class influences teenagers' aspirations.
Forge strong ties between staff, students to enhance campus safety
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: July 2016

When Joel Justice accepted the position of chief of police at the Ventura County Community College District, he brought with him 29 years of experience from the Los Angeles Police Department. The transition came with some marked differences in law enforcement views for him. “In municipal law enforcement, everything is black and white — you either broke the law or you didn't. In higher education, we have different levels — because we're dealing with students, oftentimes [if it's not a violent crime] they deserve another chance,” Justice said.
Make sure Mr. Irrelevant succeeds on your team
Authors: Skipworth Stanley
Published: July 2016

Every spring, the National Football League holds its annual draft of eligible collegiate players. The draft consists of several rounds in which all 32 teams have an opportunity to select a player or trade the pick for another pick or player. And each year, just as there is a number‐one pick, there is also a final player drafted.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Different Parts from Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc.
Authors: Liu Qiaoxiao , Li Dengwu , Wang Wei , Wang Dongmei , Meng Xiaxia , Wang Yongtao
Published: July 2016

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and MeOH extracts of stems, needles, and berries from Juniperus rigida were studied. The results indicated that the yield of essential oil from stems (2.5%) was higher than from needles (0.8%) and berries (1.0%). The gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis indicated that 21, 17, and 14 compounds were identified from stems, needles, and berries essential oils, respectively. Caryophyllene, α‐caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were primary compounds in both stems and needles essential oils. However, α‐pinene and β‐myrcene mainly existed in berries essential oils and α‐ionone only in needles essential oils. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the phenolic profiles of three parts exhibited significant differences. Needles extracts had the highest content of chlorogenic acid, catechin, podophyllotoxin, and amentoflavone, and for berries extracts, the content of those compounds was the lowest. Meanwhile, three in vitro methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Stems essential oil and needles extracts exhibited the powerful antioxidant activity than other parts. This is the first comprehensive study on the different parts of J. rigida. The results suggested that stems and needles of J. rigida are useful supplements for healthy products as new resources.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Centaurea baseri: New Species from Turkey
Authors: Köse Yavuz Bülent , İşcan Gökalp , Göger Fatih , Akalın Gülşen , Demirci Betül , Başer Kemal Hüsnü Can
Published: July 2016

The genus Centaurea L. is one of the largest and important genera of Asteraceae family. Centaurea species have been widely used as herbal remedies in folk medicine for their antidandruff, antidiarrheic, antirheumatic, anti‐inflammatory, choleretic, diuretic, digestive, stomachic, astringent, antipyretic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties. Centaurea baseri Kose & Alan is a recently described local endemic species in Turkey and this is the first study on the chemical composition and bioactivity of its hydrodistilled essential oil and the crude extract. According to chromatospectral analysis, hexadecanoic acid (42.3%), nonacosane (8.2%), and heptacosane (8.0%) were the main compounds of the essential oil, while 16 compounds were determined in the MeOH extract using LC/MS. Furthermore, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of the essential oil and the extract were evaluated in comparison with the standard agents. The extract showed strong antifungal effect against Candida utilis at the concentration of 60 μg/ml (MIC) where the EO showed growth inhibition at the concentration of 47.00 μg/ml (MIC) against pathogen Bacillus cereus. Both the essential oil and the extract did not show any selective antioxidant properties. The extract showed remarkably selective cytotoxic properties against MCF‐7, PANC‐1, A549, and C6 glioma cells.
Chemical Profiling of the Essential Oils of Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium samarangense and Eugenia uniflora and Their Discrimination Using Chemometric Analysis
Authors: Sobeh Mansour , Braun Markus Santhosh , Krstin Sonja , Youssef Fadia S. , Ashour Mohamed L. , Wink Michael
Published: July 2016

The essential oil compositions of the leaves of three related Myrtaceae species, namely Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium samarangense and Eugenia uniflora, were investigated using GLC/MS and GLC/FID. Altogether, 125 compounds were identified: α‐Selinene (13.85%), β‐caryophyllene (12.72%) and β‐selinene constitute the most abundant constituents in S. aqueum. Germacrene D (21.62%) represents the major compound in S. samarangense whereas in E. uniflora, spathulenol (15.80%) represents the predominant component. Multivariate chemometric analyses were used to discriminate the essential oils using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) based on the chromatographic results. The antimicrobial activity of the popularly used E. uniflora essential oil was assessed using broth microdilution method against six Gram‐positive, three Gram‐negative bacteria and two fungi. The oil showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Bacillus licheniformis exhibiting MIC and MMC of 0.63 mg/ml. The cytotoxic activity of E. uniflora essential oil was investigated against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. b. brucei) and MCF‐7 cancer cell line using MTT assay. It showed moderate activity against MCF‐7 cells with an IC50 value of 76.40 μg/ml. On the other hand, T. brucei was highly susceptible to E. uniflora essential oil with IC50 of 11.20 μg/ml, and a selectivity index of 6.82.
An 8.4‐Mb 3q26.33‐3q28 microdeletion in a patient with blepharophimosis–intellectual disability syndrome and a review of the literature
Authors: Õunap Katrin , Pajusalu Sander , Zilina Olga , Reimand Tiia , Žordania Riina
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

3q26.33‐3q27.2 microdeletion can be classified as a clinical entity characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, feeding problems in infancy, short stature, intellectual disability, hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features (medially sparse eyebrows, narrow horizontal palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, flat nasal bridge and tip, short philtrum, and downturned corners of mouth), and teeth and feet abnormalities.
Apical Functionalization of Tribenzotriquinacenes
Authors: Dhara Ayan , Weinmann Joshua , Krause Ana‐Maria , Beuerle Florian
Published: July 2016

The introduction of one alkyne moiety at the central carbon atom of the tripodal tribenzotriquinacene scaffold allows easy access to a great variety of apically functionalized derivatives. The spatially well‐separated arrangement of different functional units on the convex face and outer rim was further proven by single‐crystal X‐ray studies. Subsequent modifications that feature a general protecting group‐free strategy for the demethylation of protected catechols in the presence of a terminal alkyne group, an azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions showcase the high synthetic potential of this modular approach for tribenzotriquinacene derivatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Phase Transitions in EuNbO3 Perovskite.
Authors: Kususe Yoshiro , Yoshida Suguru , Fujita Koji , Akamatsu Hirofumi , Fukuzumi Masafumi , Murai Shunsuke , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: July 2016

Polycrystalline EuNbO3 samples are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Eu2O3 and Nb2O3 (air, 1400 °C, 1 d) to form Eu3NbO7 which in a second step is sintered with stoichiometric amounts of NbO2 and Nb (Mo foil enwrapped in evacuated silica tubes, 1200 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Na2BaMQ4 (M: Ge, Sn; Q: S, Se): Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials with Excellent Performances and that Undergo Structural Transformations.
Authors: Wu Kui , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie
Published: July 2016

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared from the elements (graphite crucible, 500—700 °C, 90 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Interactions in New Fluorite‐Related Rare Earth Oxides LnLn′2RuO7 (Ln,Ln′ = Rare Earths).
Authors: Hinatsu Yukio , Doi Yoshihiro
Published: July 2016

Pr2YRuO7 (I) and La2TbRuO7 (II) are prepared by repeated firing of stoichiometric mixtures of the rare earth sesqui‐oxides and RuO2 (air, 1250—1300 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: New Transition Metal Oxide Fluorides with ReO3‐Type Structure.
Authors: Nakhal Suliman , Lerch Martin
Published: July 2016

CrNb2O4F5, and Fe2Nb3O6F9 are prepared by adding stoichiometric amounts of Cr(NO3)3 or Fe(NO3)3 to a HF solution of Nb2O5 (15 h; drying at 80 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Electronically Deficient (Rax,S,S)‐F12‐C3‐TunePhos and Its Applications in Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition Reactions.
Authors: Hu Shu‐Bo , Chen Zhang‐Pei , Zhou Ji , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: July 2016

The title ligand is applied in asymmetric 1,4‐addition reactions of aryl boronic acids to α,β‐unsaturated ketones to give chiral β‐arylated ketones with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Carbo‐ and Heterocyles by Organocatalyzed Intramolecular Michael Addition.
Authors: Guevara‐Pulido James O. , Andres Jose M. , Avila Deisy P. , Pedrosa Rafael
Published: July 2016

The diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of seven‐membered rings proceeds well by using the Joergensen—Hayashi catalyst leading to a mixture of trans 2,3‐disubstituted cyclic derivatives and their corresponding hemiacetals with good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by an Available Ruthenium Complex.
Authors: Tan Xuefeng , Wang Guozhen , Zhu Ziyue , Ren Conghui , Zhou Jinping , Lv Hui , Zhang Xiaoyong , Chung Lung Wa , Zhang Lina , Zhang Xumu
Published: July 2016

An efficient hydrogenation of aryl and alkyl aldehydes is examined, and the protocol is applied to the reduction of glucose.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed C—H Arylation at Room Temperature.
Authors: Yang Fanzhi , Koeller Julian , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2016

The title reaction is successfully applied to a broad range of aromatic and nonaromatic heterocycles, thus allowing the synthesis of the natural products balsoxin (IXb) and texamine (IXc).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C‐Alkylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Primary Alcohols and Synthesis of 3‐Keto‐quinolines.
Authors: Cini Elena , Petricci Elena , Truglio Giuseppina I. , Vecchio Marialaura , Taddei Maurizio
Published: July 2016

Catalytic amounts of RuClH(CO)(PPh3)3 and the Hantzsch ester promote the mono‐alkylation of 1,3‐diketones using alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III) Catalyzed Carboamination of Alkenes Triggered by C—H Activation of N‐Phenoxyacetamides under Redox‐Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Hu Zhiyong , Tong Xiaofeng , Liu Guixia
Published: July 2016

A variety of o‐tyrosine derivatives is synthesized by a Rh‐catalyzed carboamination of alkenes with N‐phenoxyacetamide via C—H functionalization and amido transfer.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Promoted Decarboxylative Di‐ and Trifluoromethylthiolation of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Candish Lisa , Pitzer Lena , Gomez‐Suarez Adrian , Glorius Frank
Published: July 2016

A novel light promoted process is developed for the decarboxylative di‐ and trifluoromethylation of alkyl carboxylic acids with phthalimide electrophilic reagents (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Chiral Fluorinated Oxazaborolidines. More Potent, Second‐Generation Catalysts for Highly Enantioselective Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Mahender Reddy Karla , Bhimireddy Eswar , Thirupathi Barla , Breitler Simon , Yu Shunming , Corey E. J.
Published: July 2016

A new, second‐generation family of chiral oxazaborolidinium cationic species is used as catalyst in a range of Diels—Alder reactions with catalyst loadings at a 1‐2 mol% level.
ChemInform Abstract: PPh3O as an Activating Reagent for One‐Pot Stereoselective Syntheses of Di‐ and Polybrominated Esters from Simple Aldehydes.
Authors: Yu Tian‐Yang , Wei Hao , Luo Yong‐Chun , Wang Yao , Wang Zhu‐Yin , Xu Peng‐Fei
Published: July 2016

This one‐pot reaction sequence allows the direct synthesis of di‐ and tetra‐brominated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective, Transition Metal‐Free C—O Coupling Reactions Involving Aryne Intermediates.
Authors: Dong Yuyang , Lipschutz Michael I. , Tilley T. Don
Published: July 2016

Mild conditions are developed for the efficient coupling of aryl halogenides equipped with inductively withdrawing group in the meta position.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) as an Efficient and Reusable Nanocatalyst for Synthesis of β‐Amino Ketones Through One‐Pot Three‐Component Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Nasresfahani Zahra , Kassaee Mohammad Zaman , Nejati‐Shendi Mohammad , Eidi Esmaiel , Taheri Qazale
Published: July 2016

The employed catalyst can be reused five times without significant loss of its activity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 1‐Amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols Catalyzed by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Singh Rajesh K. , Bala Renu , Kumar Sahil
Published: July 2016

The one‐pot condensation of aromatic aldehydes, naphthol, and amides under microwave irradiation affords the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Controlled 1,6‐Enyne‐bicyclization: Divergent Synthesis of Benzo[b]fluorenones and Benzo[b]fluorenols.
Authors: Hao Wen‐Juan , Zhou Peng , Yang Zheng , Jiang Bo , Zhang Jin‐Peng , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: July 2016

A facile base‐controlled method enables the selective formation of benzo[b]fluorenone and benzo[b]fluorenole derivatives, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium and Copper Cocatalyzed Intermolecular Cyclization Reaction: Synthesis of 5‐Aminopyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Ma Chaowei , Wen Ping , Li Jihui , Han Xu , Wu Zhaoyang , Huang Guosheng
Published: July 2016

The reaction between aromatic or hetaromatic acetonitriles and various hydrazone derivatives, namely ethyl 3‐(2‐(het)arylhydrazono)acetates, delivers the title products in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh2(OAc)4 Catalyzed Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Triaryl‐1,3‐oxazolidines and Spirooxindolyl Oxazolidines.
Authors: Rajasekaran Tamilselvan , Sridhar B. , Subba Reddy B. V.
Published: July 2016

Carbonyl ylides generated in situ from diazo compounds and aldehydes undergo a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with N‐tosylimines to form the title compounds with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Carbothiolation of Terminal Alkynes with Azolyl Sulfides.
Authors: Iwasaki Masayuki , Topolovcan Nikola , Hu Hao , Nishimura Yugo , Gagnot Glwadys , Na nakorn Rungsaeng , Yuvacharaskul Ramida , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Nishihara Yasushi
Published: July 2016

A wide range of (azolyl)alkenyl sulfides are prepared with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity and Mechanistic Insight into the Cross Coupling Reaction Between Isochromans and β‐Keto Esters Through C—H Bond Activation under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Xiang Ming , Meng Qing‐Yuan , Gao Xue‐Wang , Lei Tao , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: July 2016

The combination of cupric triflate with acridinium photosensitizer MMAP is an efficient catalytic system for the oxidative photocatalytic cross‐coupling of isochromans with β‐keto esters, 2,4‐pentadione, and benzoylnitromethane as nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Oxidative Radical Brominative Addition of Activated Alkynes and Spirocyclization: Switchable Synthesis of 3‐Bromocoumarins and 3‐Bromo Spiro‐[4,5]trienone.
Authors: Qiu Guanyinsheng , Liu Tong , Ding Qiuping
Published: July 2016

The reaction of alkynoates (I) with Bu4NBr proceeds via brominative addition of alkynes, oxidative spiro‐cyclization, and 1,2‐ester migration to afford 3‐bromocoumarins (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Co(acac)2/O2‐Catalyzed Oxidative Isocyanide Insertion with 2‐Vinylanilines: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Aminoquinolines.
Authors: Xu Pei , Zhu Tong‐Hao , Wei Tian‐Qi , Wang Shun‐Yi , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: July 2016

This approach uses low toxicity Co(acac)2 as catalyst and environmentally benign oxygen as oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Phenanthridines via a Rhodium‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Cleavage Reaction of Biphenylene with Nitriles.
Authors: Korotvicka Ales , Frejka David , Hampejsova Zuzana , Cisarova Ivana , Kotora Martin
Published: July 2016

9‐Substituted phenanthridines are prepared by microwave‐assisted reaction of biphenylene with various (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Eco‐Efficient Synthesis of New Pyrido[2,3‐c] Coumarin Scaffolds under Sonochemical Method.
Authors: Chidurala Praveen , Jetti Venkateshwarlu , Pagadala Ramakanth , Meshram Jyotsna S. , Jonnalagadda Sreekanth
Published: July 2016

The title coumarins are prepared by a green and simple one‐pot multi‐component condensation of chromenone (I), various benzaldehydes, acetoacetanilide, and ammonium acetate under ultrasound irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridofuropyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines and Pyridofuropyrimido[1,2‐a]azepines: New Chemical Entities (NCE) with Anticonvulsive and Psychotropic Properties.
Authors: Sirakanyan Samvel N. , Geronikaki Athina , Spinelli Domenico , Paronikyan Ruzanna G. , Dzhagatspanyan Irina A. , Nazaryan Ivetta M. , Akopyan Asmik H. , Hovakimyan Anush A.
Published: July 2016

Some of the new pyridofuropyrimido[1,2‐a]azepines exhibit significantly better anticonvulsant activity than commercial drug ethosuximide.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Borotropic Shifts in the Design of Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective γ‐Additions of Allylboron Moieties to Aldimines.
Authors: van der Mei Farid W. , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Silverio Daniel L. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: July 2016

The products contain small amounts of the α‐addition compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Hitherto Undescribed Addition of the Lithium Salt of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate to N‐Substituted Phthalimides.
Authors: Zagorski Piotr M. , Jozwiak Andrzej , Plotka Mieczyslaw W. , Cal Dariusz
Published: July 2016

Phosphono‐functionalized isoindolinones in which a phosphono group is connected at C‐3 position by one methylene group are prepared by a novel addition utilizing an in situ generated lithium salt of dimethyl methylphosphonate.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron(III) Chloride and Diorganyl Diselenide‐Promoted Nucleophilic Closures of 1‐Benzyl‐2‐alkynylbenzenes in the Preparation of 9‐(Organoselanyl)‐5H‐benzo[7]annulenes.
Authors: Prochnow Thais , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson
Published: July 2016

The intramolecular 7‐endo‐dig‐selective cyclization of 1‐benzyl‐2‐alkynylbenzenes tolerates diaryl and dialkyl selenides and is applicable to dimethyl disulfide.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Chromodorolide B.
Authors: Tao Daniel J. , Slutskyy Yuriy , Overman Larry E.
Published: July 2016

The enantioselective total synthesis of (‐)‐chromodorolide B (I) involves a bimolecular radical addition/cyclization/fragmentation cascade for the combination of the butenolide and trans‐hydrindane fragments while forming two C—C bonds and three of the ten stereogenic centers of (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Soluble Pd—Imidate Complexes: Broadly Applicable Catalysts for the Synthesis of Chemically Modified Nucleosides via Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Kapdi Anant R. , et al.
Published: July 2016

A water soluble Pd‐catalyst is successfully used for the Suzuki—Miyaura arylation of halogenated nucleosides such as (I) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic and Magnetoelastic Properties of Valence Transition Compounds Based on YbInCu4 (Review Article)
Authors: Mushnikov N. V.
Published: July 2016

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexagonal RMnO3: A Model System for 2D Triangular Lattice Antiferromagnets
Authors: Sim Hasung , Oh Joosung , Jeong Jaehong , Le Manh Duc , Park Je‐Geun
Published: July 2016

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Annulation Based on 8‐Aminoquinoline Assisted C—H Activation: An Emerging Tool in N‐Heterocycle Construction
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Li Yi , Liu Yunyun
Published: July 2016

Review: [21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo‐Fused Cyclic Compounds via Intramolecular Cyclization of Aryltriazenes
Authors: Dong Weipeng , Chen Zhengkai , Xu Jianfeng , Miao Maozhong , Ren Hongjun
Published: July 2016

Review: [32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Tetranuclear Zinc Cluster‐Catalyzed Environmentally Friendly Reactions and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Ohshima Takashi
Published: July 2016

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitropyrrole Natural Products: Isolation, Biosynthesis and Total Synthesis
Authors: Ding Xiao‐Bo , Brimble Margaret A. , Furkert Daniel P.
Published: July 2016

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Polyene Cyclizations
Authors: Ungarean Chad N. , Southgate Emma H. , Sarlah David
Published: July 2016

Review: [50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Copper, Palladium and Nickel Catalytic Systems: An Evolution Towards More Efficient Procedures
Authors: SanMartin Raul , Herrero Maria Teresa , Dominguez Esther
Published: July 2016

Review: [summery of the development of new metal‐catalyzed arylation (O‐, S‐, and N‐arylations; α‐arylation of ketone enolates; Suzuki biaryl coupling; direct arylation of (hetero)arenes) and oxidation procedures, with a focus on catalyst loadings and more sustainable regents/reaction media; 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of Copper/Iron Cocatalysis in Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Mao Jincheng , Yan Hong , Rong Guangwei , He Yue , Zhang Guoqi
Published: July 2016

Review: [34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Direct Addition of Aryl C—H Bonds to Unsaturated Electrophiles
Authors: Shi Xian‐Ying , Han Wen‐Jing , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: July 2016

Review: [37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organo‐ and Organometallic‐Catalytic Intramolecular [1,5]‐Hydride Transfer/Cyclization Process Through C(sp3)—H Bond Activation
Authors: Kwon Su Jin , Kim Dae Young
Published: July 2016

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Chemical Labeling of Proteins
Authors: Chen Xi , Wu Yao‐Wen
Published: July 2016

Review: 216 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Medicinal Mechanochemistry: Evolution of Milling from Pharmaceutical Solid Form Screening to the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
Authors: Tan Davin , Loots Leigh , Friscic Tomislav
Published: July 2016

Review: [242 refs.