bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laser Cladding In Situ Carbide-Reinforced Iron-Based Alloy Coating: A Review
Authors: Tang Junli , Wang Kaiming , Fu Hanguang
Published: December 2024

Laser cladding, as an advanced surface modification technology, has the advantages of a high energy density, controlled dilution rate and good metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate. Its rapid heating and cooling properties help to form a dense and fine coating structure on the surface of the substrate, thus enhancing wear and corrosion resistance. In recent years, the in situ generation of carbide-reinforced iron-based composite coatings has gradually become a research hotspot because it combines the high hardness values of carbide with the high toughness values of iron-based alloys, which significantly improves the comprehensive performance of the coatings. This paper reviews the research progress of laser cladding in situ carbide-reinforced iron-based alloy coatings and explores the role of different types of in situ synthesized carbides (TiC, NbC, WC, etc.) in the coatings and their effects on their wear resistance and mechanical properties. The distribution of carbides in the coatings and their morphological characteristics are also discussed, and the effects of laser power, scanning speed and auxiliary treatments (ultrasonic vibration, induction heating, etc.) on the microstructure and properties of the coatings are analyzed. Finally, the problems and future directions of development in this field are envisioned.
Effects of Acute Stress on Metabolic Interactions Related to the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle in the Left Hippocampus of Mice
Authors: Yun Chang-Soo , Hwang Yoon Ho , Yeon Jehyeong , Baek Hyeon-Man , Kim Dong Youn , Han Bong Soo
Published: December 2024

Background/objectives: The acute stress response affects brain metabolites closely linked to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This response involves time-dependent changes in hormones and neurotransmitters, which contribute to resilience and the ability to adapt to acute stress while maintaining homeostasis. This physiological mechanism of metabolic dynamics, combined with time-series analysis, has prompted the development of new methods to observe the relationship between TCA cycle-related brain metabolites. This study aimed to observe the acute stress response through metabolic interactions using time-series proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the left hippocampus of mice. Methods: In this study, 4-week-old male C57BL/6N mice (n = 24) were divided into control (n = 12) and acute stress groups (n = 12). Acute stress was induced through a 2 h restraint protocol. Time-series 1H-MRS data were obtained on the left hippocampus of both groups using a 9.4 T 1H-MRS scanner. Time-series MRS data were quantified using LCModel, and significant metabolic interactions were identified through Spearman correlation analysis, a one-tailed sign test, and false discovery rate correction. Results: No significant metabolic correlation coefficient was observed in the control group. However, in the acute stress group, glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) showed a significant positive correlation over time, with a high correlation coefficient exceeding 0.5. Conclusions: Temporal measurement of GSH and NAA, combined with correlation analysis, offers a comprehensive understanding for the metabolic dynamics during acute stress. This approach emphasizes their distinct roles and interdependence in the progression of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and the maintenance of physiological homeostasis.
Enhanced Synthesis of Volatile Compounds by UV-B Irradiation in Artemisia argyi Leaves
Authors: Gu Haike , Peng Zhuangju , Kuang Xiuwen , Hou Li , Peng Xinyuan , Song Meifang , Liu Junfeng
Published: December 2024

Background: Volatile compounds have a deep influence on the quality and application of the medicinal herb Artemisia argyi; however, little is known about the effect of UV-B radiation on volatile metabolites. Methods: We herein investigated the effects of UV-B exposure on the volatile compounds and transcriptome of A. argyi to assess the potential for improving its quality and medicinal characteristics. Results: Out of 733 volatiles obtained, a total of 133 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified by metabolome analysis. These were classified into 16 categories, primarily consisting of terpenoids, esters, heterocyclic compounds, alcohols, and ketones. Sensory odor analysis indicated that green was the odor with the highest number of annotations. Among the 544 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis, most DEGs were linked to “metabolic pathways” and “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites”. Integrated analysis revealed that volatiles were mainly synthesized through the shikimate pathway and the MEP pathway. RNA-seq and qPCR results indicated that transcription factors HY5, bHLH25, bHLH18, bHLH148, MYB114, MYB12, and MYB111 were upregulated significantly after UV-B radiation, and were therefore considered key regulatory factors for volatiles synthesis under UV-B radiation. Conclusions: These findings not only provide new insights into UV-induced changes in volatile compounds, but also provide an exciting opportunity to enhance medicinal herbs’ value, facilitating the development of products with higher levels of essential oils, flavor, and bioactivity.
Acinetobacter baumannii Co-Resistant to Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases and Carbapenemases in Six Peruvian Hospital Centers
Authors: Challapa-Mamani Mabel , Yareta José , Fajardo-Loyola Alexander , Asmat Marrufo Percy , Siesquen Carlos , Pino-Dueñas Jimena , Meza-Fernández Henry , Cruz-Vargas Jhony , Marcos-Carbajal Pool
Published: December 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates carrying resistance genes to beta-lactams and carbapenems in six Peruvian public hospital centers. Materials and methods: The susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined using the automated MicroScan system, with interpretation according to the M100 S30 CLSI 2020. Resistance genes were identified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR products were visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Nine strains (TRU1, PM1, PM2, CUS1, CUS2, CUS3, CAL1, CAL2 and CAL3) out of a total of 21 strains in the study were reactivated, showing resistance of 77.8% to imipenem, ciprofloxacin and cefepime, followed by 66.7% resistance to meropenem and ceftazidime, indicating marked multidrug resistance. In addition, the detection of the group A beta-lactamase genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM was confirmed, showing co-resistance in strains CUS1, CUS2 and CUS3, despite their unusual presence in this pathogen, also determined by the presence of the group D carbapenemase blaOXA in strain CUS3, the only strain to show co-resistance of the three groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases in Peruvian public centers represents a critical challenge for the treatment of infections. Rigorous surveillance, infection control strategies, and the development of alternative therapies are urgently needed to address this growing bacterial resistance.
Microbiological Evaluation of Local and Imported Raw Beef Meat at Retail Sites in Oman with Emphasis on Spoilage and Pathogenic Psychrotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Al-Mazrouei Musallam A. , Al-Kharousi Zahra S. , Al-Kharousi Jamila M. , Al-Barashdi Hajer M.
Published: December 2024

Determining the microbial quality and safety of meat is crucial because of its high potential to harbor pathogens. To address the critical knowledge gap and shed light on potential contamination risk in the meat supply chain, this study aimed to assess the underexplored microbial quality and safety of marketed beef meat in Oman. Thirty-three beef meat samples from six hypermarkets were analyzed for Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count (PBC), and coliform and Escherichia coli counts. Prevalences were 93% and 94% (means: 2.8 ± 1.1 and 2.6 ± 0.8 log CFU/g, respectively) for coliform, and 80% and 83% (means: 1.8 ± 1.4 and 1.7 ± 0.9 log CFU/g, respectively) for E. coli in imported and local samples, respectively. The mean counts of APC (6.3 ± 0.1 log CFU/g) and PBC (6.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/g) were statistically similar but different from those of coliform and E. coli. Bacterial identification using VITEK 2 compact revealed spoilage bacteria (Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Shewanella putrefaciens) and pathogenic bacteria (Acinetobacter bumannii complex, Aerococcus viridans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Oligella ureolytica), which demonstrates a potential for both spoilage and pathogen-related risks. It is concluded that the APC counts of all samples exceeded acceptable standards set by the G.C.C. Standardization Organization (GSO), which was established to protect food safety and public health in Oman and other Gulf countries. This suggests an increased risk of spoilage and pathogen contamination. This study provides one of the earliest reports of microbial contamination levels in meat, serving as an eye-opener for policymakers and stakeholders. It highlights a need for stricter hygiene protocols and improved meat handling and processing practices to enhance meat safety and protect public health in Oman and the Gulf region.
Local Scale Biogeographic Variation in the Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Phyllosphere
Authors: Vaughn Stephanie N. , Eckard Elizabeth M. , Kota Venkat K. , Luber Kurre T. , Jackson Colin R.
Published: December 2024

The phyllosphere (aerial plant surfaces colonized by microorganisms) remains an understudied ecosystem in terms of bacterial biogeography, particularly at intermediate or local spatial scales. This study characterized the phyllosphere bacterial community on the leaves of 87 Magnolia grandiflora trees sampled throughout a small town, encompassing an area of approximately 60 km2. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed the dominant bacterial phyla to be Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, consistent with other studies of the phyllosphere. There was a small but significant relationship between the phyllosphere community similarity and the distance between the trees (i.e., trees further apart were more likely to have dissimilar bacterial communities). There was also a relationship between the assigned categories of tree height (low, medium, high) and the phyllosphere bacterial community composition, with the trees in the high category having more diverse bacterial communities on their leaves than the shorter trees. This study provides insight into the relationship between phyllosphere community composition and host tree characteristics and shows that the distance between M. grandiflora trees has a significant, albeit low, influence on bacterial composition. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of phyllosphere microbiome biogeography, highlighting how individual tree characteristics and spatial proximity shape phyllosphere bacterial communities.
A Decade-Long Review of the Virulence, Resistance, and Epidemiological Risks of Klebsiella pneumoniae in ICUs
Authors: Chen Tao-An , Chuang Ya-Ting , Lin Chieh-Hui
Published: December 2024

Klebsiella pneumoniae, a major opportunistic pathogen, causes severe infections in both community and healthcare settings, especially in intensive care units (ICUs), where multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, such as carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP), pose significant treatment challenges. The rise in hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKP) with enhanced virulence factors complicates management further. The ST11 clone, prevalent in China, exhibits both resistance and virulence traits, contributing to hospital outbreaks. ICU patients, particularly those with comorbidities or prior antibiotic exposure, are at higher risk. Treatment is complicated by limited antibiotic options and the increasing prevalence of polymicrobial infections, which involve resistant pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Combination therapies offer some promise, but mortality rates remain high, and resistance to last-resort antibiotics is growing. Infection control measures and personalized treatment plans are critical, alongside the urgent need for vaccine development to combat the rising threat of K. pneumoniae, particularly in vulnerable populations. Effective management requires improved diagnostic tools, antimicrobial stewardship, and innovative treatment strategies to reduce the burden of this pathogen, especially in resource-limited settings. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the virulence, resistance, and epidemiological risks of K. pneumoniae in ICUs over the past decade, highlighting the ongoing challenges and the need for continued efforts to combat this growing threat.
Rapid Determination of Ti in Quartz Using a Portable/Handheld Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Instrumentation: A Case Study on Quartz Veinlets in Hornfels from Italy
Authors: Díaz Pace Diego , Caggianelli Alfredo , De Pascale Olga , Senesi Giorgio S.
Published: December 2024

Recent advances in the use of portable/handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrumentation have allowed its use directly in the field. In this study, a portable/handheld LIBS demo kit was tested to detect the titanium (Ti) content in some quartz veinlets hosted by hornfels collected from the contact aureole of a Pliocene granite from Italy. Results of the present study demonstrate the promising potential of LIBS in the rapid detection of low and very variable Ti contents in quartz, which can be used as a preliminary test for the estimation of the temperature of quartz crystallization in the laboratory. However, to date, the limited availability of matrix-matched calibration samples, the refinement of sampling protocols, as well as the development of suitable algorithms for data processing and spectral analysis still require further investigation.
Improvement of Selected Quality and Safety Traits in Turmeric-Enriched Kale Pesto Using Blue Light and Sous-Vide
Authors: Olszewska Magdalena A. , Draszanowska Anna , Zimińska Aleksandra , Starowicz Małgorzata
Published: December 2024

The potential of blue light (BL) and sous-vide (S-V) as a novel approach for food preservation was investigated via measurements of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidative activity, color, and their antibacterial effect on Listeria monocytogenes in two versions of laboratory-prepared kale pesto, with and without the addition of turmeric. The TPC ranged from 85 to 208 mg/100 g GAE d.m. and 57 to 171 mg/100 g GAE d.m., respectively. In both versions, the highest TPC was in the blue light–sous-vide samples, while the lowest was after the sous-vide, with a loss of polyphenols of almost 40% during storage when turmeric was absent. Antioxidative capabilities of the pesto were initially estimated at 54.07 and 7.46 µmol TE/g d.m., respectively, indicating significant bioactivity enhancement by turmeric. In turmeric-enriched pesto, sous-vide decreased the antioxidative activity levels by 12% in fresh pesto and by 45% during storage. Meanwhile, blue light compensated for the losses caused by the sous-vide treatment. Although the hue angle (h°) of sous-vide pesto was lower than that of blue light pesto in most samples, sequential BL and S-V ultimately yielded the lowest h°. The sequential BL and S-V treatment resulted in a 1.7 log reduction in the L. monocytogenes population, whereas adding turmeric increased the treatment efficacy by another 2.0 logs. Thus, as a source of photosensitizing molecules, turmeric was highly antibacterial after photothermal activation with blue light and sous-vide. This study suggests that blue light could be an effective (pre)treatment used on pesto sauces to preserve bioactivity and to improve safety when enriched with a natural additive like turmeric.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Ladder-like Polysilsesquioxanes as Compatibilized Nanofiller for Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Mouysset Dominique , Rollet Marion , Bloch Emily , Gastaldi Stéphane , Besson Eric , Phan Trang N. T.
Published: December 2024

Nanocomposite materials composed of an organic matrix and an inorganic nanofiller have been the subject of intense research in recent years. Indeed, the synergy between these two phases confers improved properties thanks to an increased surface–volume ratio, which reinforces the interactions between the particles and the polymer matrix. These interactions depend on many factors such as the shape, size and dispersion of the nanoobjects. Polysilsesquioxanes (PSQs) are a silicon polymer family that offers different sizes, shapes and structures and possesses ceramics properties (i.e., high thermal and/or oxidative resistance and high chain rigidity), thanks to the siloxane backbone. In this article, we propose to incorporate polymer-grafted ladder polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) as nanofillers in thermoplastic matrices. Chloride-functionalized LPSQs were synthesized from two different precursors and thoroughly characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR, as well as by SEC and WAXS. The well-defined LPSQ was then converted into an azide analog. The resulting hybrid material was functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains and incorporated into poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(methyl methacrylate) matrices. We found that the viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposite materials were impacted by plasticizing or the reinforcement effect depending on the grafted PEG chain length.
Non-Invasive Characterisation of Bromoil Prints by External Reflection FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Freixas-Jambert Raquel , Ruiz-Recasens Cristina , Nieto-Villena Alejandra , Oriola-Folch Marta
Published: December 2024

The bromoil process, developed in 1907, was a photographic technique highly esteemed by pictorialist photographers for its capacity for image manipulation, which aligns its expressiveness with traditional pictorial techniques. Despite the artistic and technical value of bromoils and their prevalence in renowned collections, there is little research on their composition and structural characteristics. This study uses non-invasive external reflection FTIR spectroscopy to characterise 16 bromoil prints dating from the 1920s to 2010. FTIR spectroscopy allowed the discrimination of key components such as cellulose, gelatine, pigments, and oils, elucidating the structural and compositional complexity of bromoil prints. The study presents new perspectives on the traditionally recognised structure of bromoil prints, based on FTIR spectroscopy results along with evidence from microscopic examination, particularly regarding the role of certain strata in their identification. These results suggest a need to reconsider the understanding and characterisation of bromoil prints in relation to the currently available literature. This research also proposes a measurement model adapted to the studied samples and addresses the advantages and limitations found in the different types of equipment used. It thus proposes a key methodology for the identification and provides a source for the physicochemical studies of photographic processes
The Role of Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomes in Human Health and Disease
Authors: Jabłońska Monika , Sawicki Tomasz , Żulewska Justyna , Staniewska Katarzyna , Łobacz Adriana , Przybyłowicz Katarzyna E.
Published: December 2024

Bovine milk is widely recognized as one of the most valuable sources of nutrients such as proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals that support the development and health of the body. In recent years, there has been increasing scientific interest in exosomes, the small membrane-bound vesicles found in milk. Through their content (e.g., microRNA), exosomes can influence gene expression and modulate key signaling pathways within target cells. Results from in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that bovine milk-derived exosomes can alleviate intestinal inflammation by regulating signaling pathways and positively influencing the composition of the gut microbiota. They also improve cognitive function and support nervous system regeneration. In addition, exosomes promote bone health by stimulating osteoblast formation and inhibiting bone resorption, helping to prevent osteoporosis. Studies have shown that exosomes have beneficial effects on skin health by promoting collagen production, protecting cells from oxidative stress, and delaying the ageing process. Bovine milk-derived exosomes are a promising tool for the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases, particularly those related to inflammation and tissue regeneration. Although these results are promising, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and the potential clinical application of milk exosomes in the prevention and treatment of different diseases.
Molecular Structure and Internal Dynamics of 2′-Hydroxyacetophenone by Free-Jet Absorption Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy
Authors: Boi Salvatore , Melandri Sonia , Evangelisti Luca , Maris Assimo
Published: December 2024

The rotational spectrum of 2′-hydroxyacetophenone has been recorded and assigned for the first time using a Stark-modulated free-jet absorption millimeter-wave (FJ-AMMW) spectrometer in the 59.6–74.5 GHz frequency range. The most stable conformer has been detected and assigned: A = 2277.076(11), B = 1212.113(5) and C = 795.278(5) MHz. It is characterized by a Cs symmetry where a strong hydrogen bond between the acetyl oxygen atom and the hydroxyl atom takes place. The transition lines show a fine structure due to the internal rotation of the methyl group, which allowed the determination of a V3 = 565.1(5) cm−1 barrier. The corresponding tunneling splittings have been estimated to be 51 MHz. Calculations at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/Def2-TZVP level underestimate the height of the barrier by about 156 cm−1. This value decreases to 25 cm−1 with MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ.
Heterogenous Epoxidation of Isobutene Selectively Enabled by MoSe2 in Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)
Authors: Liang Xiaodao , Zhang Chenghao , He Yaorong , Fang Yanxiong , Chen Hongyu , Ji Hongbing , Yang Yan
Published: December 2024

Herein, a high selective epoxidation of isobutene was achieved by heterogeneously dispersed MoSe2 with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), which further showed versatile substrate scopes and well-retained activity among recycling tests. A rational mechanism is proposed based on extensive control experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, surprisingly unveiling the metal–oxo and radical mediated pathways dramatically accelerated by hydrogen bonds of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP).
Assembly and Valence Modulation of Ordered Bimetallic MOFs for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Wu Yaling , Sun Zhaopeng , Chen Yingying , Liu Dan , Meng Yan , Yan Zheng
Published: December 2024

Metal synergy can enhance the catalytic performance, and a prefabricated solid precursor can guide the ordered embedding, of secondary metal source ions for the rapid synthesis of bimetallic organic frameworks (MM’-MOFs) with a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. In this paper, Co-MOF-1D containing well-defined binding sites was synthesized by mechanical ball milling, which was used as a template for the induced introduction of Fe ions to successfully assemble the ordered bimetallic Co1Fe1-MOF-74@2 (where @2 denotes template-directed synthesis of MOF-74). Its electrocatalytic performance is superior to that of the conventional one-step-synthesized Co1Fe1-MOF-74@1 (where @1 denotes one-step synthesis of MOF-74), and the ratio of the two metal sources, Co and Fe, is close to 1:1. Meanwhile, the iron valence states (FeII and FeIII) in Co1Fe1-MOF-74@2 were further regulated to obtain the electrocatalytic materials Co1Fe1(II)-MOF-74@2 and Co1Fe1(III)-MOF-74@2. The electrochemical performance test results confirm that Co1Fe1(II)-MOF-74@2 regulated by valence state has a better catalytic performance than Co1Fe1(III)-MOF-74@2 in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process. This phenomenon is related to the gradual increase in the valence state of Fe ions in Co1Fe1(II)-MOF-74@2, which promotes the continuous improvement in the performance of the MOF before reaching the optimal steady state and makes the OER performance reach the optimum when the FeII/FeIII mixed-valence state reaches a certain proportion. This provides a new idea for the directed synthesis and optimization of highly efficient catalysts.
Construction of Heterogeneous Aggregation-Induced Emission Microspheres with Enhanced Multi-Mode Information Encryption
Authors: Wu Zhiwei , Yu Weiqin , Luo Fenghao , Jin Yue , Pan Ligou , Deng Qianjun , Wang Qing , Yu Mingguang
Published: December 2024

Traditional organic light-emitting materials hinder their anti-counterfeiting application in solid state due to their aggregation-caused quenching effect. A facile and straightforward method was reported to introduce AIE molecules into microspheres and manipulate different reaction parameters to prepare AIE microspheres with different morphologies. In this strategy, fluorescent microspheres with spherical, apple-shaped, and hemoglobin-like types were synthesized. Driven by the photocyclization and oxidation of tetraphenylethene, microspheres can be used as an aqueous fluorescence ink with erasable properties. The fluorescent patterns printed by microsphere ink on paper can be irreversibly erased by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light (365 nm, 60 mw/cm2). Moreover, the multi-morphology microspheres can be further arranged for multiple-information encryption and anti-counterfeiting of barcodes and two-dimensional codes, in which double validation was carried out through fluorescence spectroscopy and laser confocal microscopy. This approach provides a new method for more reliable anti-counterfeiting and information encryption.
Exploring Gluconamide-Modified Silica Nanoparticles of Different Sizes as Effective Carriers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Prieto-Montero Ruth , Herrera Lucia , Tejón Maite , Albaya Andrea , Chiara Jose Luis , Fanarraga Mónica L. , Martínez-Martínez Virginia
Published: December 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a consequence of the ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to develop resistance against conventional antibiotics, hampering the treatment of common infections, is recognized as one of the most imperative health threats of this century. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as a promising alternative strategy, utilizing photosensitizers activated by light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill pathogens without inducing resistance. In this work, we synthesized silica nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes (20 nm, 80 nm, and 250 nm) functionalized with the photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) and a gluconamide ligand, which targets Gram-negative bacteria, to assess their potential in aPDT. Comprehensive characterization, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and photophysical analysis, confirmed the stability and effective singlet oxygen production of the functionalized nanoparticles. Although the surface loading density of Rose Bengal was constant at the nanoparticle external surface, RB loading (in mg/g nanoparticle) was size-dependent, decreasing with increasing nanoparticle diameter. Further, the spherical geometry of nanoparticles favored smaller nanoparticles for antibacterial PDT, as this maximizes the surface contact area with the bacteria wall, with the smallest (20 nm) and intermediate (80 nm) particles being more promising. Bacterial assays in E. coli revealed minimal dark toxicity and significant light-activated phototoxicity for the RB-loaded nanoparticles. The addition of gluconamide notably enhanced phototoxic activity, particularly in the smallest nanoparticles (RB-G-20@SiNP), which demonstrated the highest phototoxicity-to-cytotoxicity ratio. These findings indicate that small, gluconamide-functionalized silica nanoparticles are highly effective for targeted aPDT, offering a robust strategy to combat AMR.
Boosting Recovery: Omega-3 and Whey Protein Enhance Strength and Ease Muscle Soreness in Female Futsal Players
Authors: Ahmadi Mina , Hoorang Niksa , Imanian Babak , Hemmatinafar Mohammad , Rezaei Rasoul , Nemati Javad , Eftekhari Fereshte , Alkasasbeh Walaa Jumah
Published: December 2024

Background: Adequate nutrition is crucial for athletes to enhance performance and recovery. This study investigates the acute effects of omega-3 and whey protein supplementation before and after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on lower-body strength, explosive power, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in female futsal players. Method: A randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind study involved 15 female futsal players (Age: 22.93 ± 0.54 years; Height: 159.60 ± 1.16 cm; Weight: 56.95 ± 1.79 kg). Participants completed three conditions: pre-EIMD (1000 mg fish oil, 30 g whey protein, 2 h before EIMD), post-EIMD (same supplementation, within 2 h after EIMD), and placebo (PLA, 2 g starch). EIMD involved 200 vertical jumps with 15% body-weighted vests. Metrics including Sargent jump height (VJH), thigh swelling (Sw-T), pressure pain threshold (PPT), V-sit and reach flexibility test (VSFT), range of motion (ROM), relative peak torque (RPT), average power (AP), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were recorded 48 h post-EIMD. DOMS was assessed via a visual analog scale (VAS) multiple times. A one-week washout period was employed. Results: Pre-EIMD supplementation significantly increased VJH (p = 0.001) compared to PLA and Post-EIMD (p = 0.033). MVIC45° improved significantly in Pre-EIMD vs. PLA (p = 0.001). Improvements were observed in muscle strength metrics, with significant increases in APflx60°/s (pre-EIMD vs. PLA, p = 0.001; pre-EIMD vs. post-EIMD, p = 0.008), APext60°/s (Pre-EIMD vs. PLA, p = 0.030), and APext180°/s (Post-EIMD vs. PLA, p = 0.023). DOMS was lower in both Pre-EIMD and Post-EIMD conditions immediately and at 12 h post-EIMD (p = 0.009; p = 0.030) than PLA. No significant differences were found in Sw-T, PPT, VSFT, ROM, or APflx180°/s. Conclusions: Acute omega-3 and whey protein supplementation, particularly before EIMD, improves strength and power and reduces DOMS in female futsal players. Supplement timing may be critical for optimizing recovery and performance in high-demand sports.
The Improvement in Sleep Quality by Zizyphi Semen in Rodent Models Through GABAergic Transmission Regulation
Authors: Kim Mijin , Kim YuJaung , Lee Hyang Woon , Kim Kyung-Mi , Kim Singeun , Oh Seikwan
Published: December 2024

Background: Sleep, a process physiologically vital for mental health, faces disruptions in various sleep disorders linked to metabolic and neurodegenerative risks. Zizyphus seed (Zizy) has long been recognized for its diverse pharmacological attributes, including analgesic, sedative, insomnia, and anxiety alleviation. Objectives: In this study, the sleep-prolonging effects of Zizy extract (100, 200 mg/kg), along with their characterizing compounds jujuboside A (JuA) (5, 10 mg/kg), were evaluated in a mouse model under a pentobarbital-induced sleep. Additionally, the efficacy of Zizy extract was examined on caffeine-induced insomnia in mice. Methods: To confirm the efficacy of Zizy extract on the structure and quality of sleep, an electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis of rats was performed using the MATLAB algorithm. Additionally, Western blot analysis and measurement of intracellular chloride influx were performed to confirm whether these effects acted through the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system. Administration of Zizy extract showed no effect on the locomotor performance of mice, but the extract and their characteristic compounds significantly prolonged sleep duration in comparison to the pentobarbital alone group in the pentobarbital-induced sleep mouse model. Furthermore, this extract alleviated caffeine-induced insomnia in mice. Results: The administration of Zizy extract extended non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) duration without inducing significant changes in the brain wave frequency. Zizy extract regulated the expression of GABAA receptor subunits and GAD65/67 in specific brain regions (frontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus). JuA increased intracellular chloride influx in human SH-SY5Y cells, and it was reduced by GABAA receptor antagonists. These results suggest that the sleep-maintaining effects of Zizy extract may entail GABAergic regulation. In summary, Zizy extract demonstrated sleep-prolonging properties, improved insomnia, and regulated sleep architecture through GABAergic system modulation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Zizy extract has potential as a therapeutic agent for stress-related neuropsychiatric conditions such as insomnia.
Comparative Absorption and Bioavailability of Various Chemical Forms of Zinc in Humans: A Narrative Review
Authors: Devarshi Prasad P. , Mao Qingqing , Grant Ryan W. , Hazels Mitmesser Susan
Published: December 2024

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is needed for numerous critical health functions in the body. It is estimated that 17 to 20% of the global population is at risk for zinc deficiency, with certain groups at higher risk. The provision of supplemental zinc is a convenient and effective option for treating zinc deficiency and maintaining healthy levels of zinc. Several zinc salts are available for use in supplements. However, little information is available comparing the absorption and bioavailability of these different chemical forms of zinc. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of zinc absorption and bioavailability, discuss indicators of zinc status and risk factors for zinc deficiency, and review clinical studies comparing the absorption and bioavailability of different chemical forms of zinc in humans. This review of the clinical evidence suggests that zinc glycinate and zinc gluconate are better absorbed than other forms of zinc.
The Impact of Parental Preconception Nutrition, Body Weight, and Exercise Habits on Offspring Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review
Authors: Jahan-Mihan Alireza , Leftwich Jamisha , Berg Kristin , Labyak Corinne , Nodarse Reniel R. , Allen Sarah , Griggs Jennifer
Published: December 2024

An increasing number of studies highlight the critical role of both maternal and paternal nutrition and body weight before conception in shaping offspring health. Traditionally, research has focused on maternal factors, particularly in utero exposures, as key determinants of chronic disease development. However, emerging evidence underscores the significant influence of paternal preconception health on offspring metabolic outcomes. While maternal health remains vital, with preconception nutrition playing a pivotal role in fetal development, paternal obesity and poor nutrition are linked to increased risks of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children. This narrative review aims to synthesize recent findings on the effects of both maternal and paternal preconception health, emphasizing the need for integrated early interventions. The literature search utilized PubMed, UNF One Search, and Google Scholar, focusing on RCTs; cohort, retrospective, and animal studies; and systematic reviews, excluding non-English and non-peer-reviewed articles. The findings of this review indicate that paternal effects are mediated by epigenetic changes in sperm, such as DNA methylation and non-coding RNA, which influence gene expression in offspring. Nutrient imbalances during preconception in both parents can lead to low birth weight and increased metabolic disease risk, while deficiencies in folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D are linked to developmental disorders. Additionally, maternal obesity elevates the risk of chronic diseases in children. Future research should prioritize human studies to explore the influence of parental nutrition, body weight, and lifestyle on offspring health, ensuring findings are applicable across diverse populations. By addressing both maternal and paternal factors, healthcare providers can better reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risks in future generations.
Predictive Feasibility of the Graz Malnutrition Screening, Controlling Nutritional Status Score, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, and Prognostic Nutritional Index for Postoperative Long-Term Mortality After Surgically Treated Proximal Femur Fracture
Authors: Popp Domenik , Stich-Regner Marie , Schmoelz Lukas , Silvaieh Sara , Heisinger Stephan , Nia Arastoo
Published: December 2024

Background: Hip fractures are a prevalent and serious health issue, particularly among the elderly population aged >65 years. These injuries are associated with elevated rates of postoperative complications and mortality, significantly diminishing patients’ quality of life in both the short- and long-term. The prognosis for recovery is further exacerbated in individuals with signs of malnutrition. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of four distinct nutritional assessment scores in relation to postoperative mortality in patients undergoing surgical intervention for hip fractures at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Methods: This observational study included patients admitted to the Department of Traumatology at the Medical University for the surgical management of hip fractures between January 2019 and November 2021. Nutritional assessment scores were derived from a retrospective analysis of clinical data. The statistical correlation between nutritional scores and postoperative mortality outcomes was rigorously evaluated. Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.01) between all four nutritional scores and postoperative mortality risk. The malnourished cohorts demonstrated a markedly higher risk of mortality compared to those with adequate nutritional status, as indicated by the following risk ratios: Graz Malnutrition Screening (risk ratio = 2.53–1.68), Prognostic Nutritional Index (risk ratio = 2.44–1.74), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (risk ratio = 2.05–1.58), and Controlling Nutritional Status (risk ratio = 2.34–1.46). Despite these findings, the receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.64 to 0.68, indicating limited predictive power. Conclusions: Although a significant correlation existed between the evaluated nutritional scores and postoperative mortality, the predictive value of these scores was quantitatively low. No single nutritional assessment tool has emerged as a strong predictor of postoperative outcomes in this patient population. Consequently, implementation of any specific nutritional screening tool for standard assessment in patients with hip fractures is not recommended at this time. Nevertheless, given the established association between malnutrition and postoperative mortality, a comprehensive evaluation of nutritional status is advisable and further research is needed.
Correction: Hussain et al. An Epidemiological Survey Regarding Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases among Livestock Owners in Punjab, Pakistan: A One Health Context. Pathogens 2021, 10, 361
Authors: Hussain Sabir , Hussain Abrar , Ho Jeffery , Li Jun , George David , Rehman Abdul , Zeb Jehan , Sparagano Olivier
Published: December 2024

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In Vitro Screening of an In-House Library of Structurally Distinct Chemotypes Towards the Identification of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors
Authors: Tonelli Michele , Sparatore Anna , Bassanini Ivan , Francesconi Valeria , Sparatore Fabio , Maina Kevin K. , Delbue Serena , D’Alessandro Sarah , Parapini Silvia , Basilico Nicoletta
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Four years after the COVID-19 pandemic, a very limited number of drugs has been marketed; thus, the search for new medications still represents a compelling need. In our previous work on antiviral, antiparasitic, and antiproliferative agents, we described several compounds (1–13 and 16–20) structurally related to clofazimine, chloroquine, and benzimidazole derivatives. Thus, we deemed it worthwhile to test them against the replication of SARS-CoV-2, together with a few other compounds (14, 15 and 21–25), which showed some analogy to miscellaneous anti-coronavirus agents. Methods: Twenty-five structurally assorted compounds were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity against Vero E6 and for their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Results: Several compounds (2, 3, 10, 11, 13–15, 18–20) demonstrated antiviral activity (IC50 range 1.5–28 µM) and six of them exhibited an interesting selectivity index in the range 4.5–20. The chloroquine analogs 10 and 11 were more potent than the reference chloroquine itself and doubled its SI value (20 versus 11). Also, the benzimidazole ring emerged as a valuable scaffold, originating several compounds (13–15 and 18–20) endowed with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Despite the modest activity, the cytisine and the arylamino enone derivatives 23 and 25, respectively, also deserve further consideration as model compounds. Conclusions: The investigated chemotypes may represent valuable hit compounds, deserving further in-depth biological studies to define their mechanisms of action. The derived information will guide the subsequent chemical optimization towards the development of more efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.
Targeting Iron Responsive Elements (IREs) of APP mRNA into Novel Therapeutics to Control the Translation of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Khan Mateen A.
Published: December 2024

The hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the buildup of amyloid-β (Aβ), which is produced when the amyloid precursor protein (APP) misfolds and deposits as neurotoxic plaques in the brain. A functional iron responsive element (IRE) RNA stem loop is encoded by the APP 5′-UTR and may be a target for regulating the production of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein. Since modifying Aβ protein expression can give anti-amyloid efficacy and protective brain iron balance, targeted regulation of amyloid protein synthesis through modulation of 5′-UTR sequence function is a novel method for the prospective therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Numerous mRNA interference strategies target the 2D RNA structure, even though messenger RNAs like tRNAs and rRNAs can fold into complex, three-dimensional structures, adding even another level of complexity. The IRE family is among the few known 3D mRNA regulatory elements. This review seeks to describe the structural and functional aspects of IREs in transcripts, including that of the amyloid precursor protein, that are relevant to neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. The mRNAs encoding the proteins involved in iron metabolism are controlled by this family of similar base sequences. Like ferritin IRE RNA in their 5′-UTR, iron controls the production of APP in their 5′-UTR. Iron misregulation by iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) can also be investigated and contrasted using measurements of the expression levels of tau production, Aβ, and APP. The development of AD is aided by iron binding to Aβ, which promotes Aβ aggregation. The development of small chemical therapeutics to control IRE-modulated expression of APP is increasingly thought to target messenger RNAs. Thus, IRE-modulated APP expression in AD has important therapeutic implications by targeting mRNA structures.
Antibiofilm, Anti-Inflammatory, and Regenerative Properties of a New Stable Ozone-Gel Formulation
Authors: Russo Carla , Curcio Giuseppe , Graziani Alessandro , Mencacci Antonella , Pietrella Donatella
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Chronic skin wounds are characterized by inflammation, persistent infections, and tissue necrosis. The presence of bacterial biofilms prolongs the inflammatory response and delays healing. Ozone is a potent antimicrobial molecule, and many formulations have been used in the advanced therapeutic treatment of chronic wounds. The aim of this work was to determine the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative activity of a stable ozone-gel formulation over time. Methods: The antimicrobial property was assessed by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration and the antibiofilm activity. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by TNF-α determination, and the regenerative effect was measured by scratch assay. Results: The ozone gel demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity in all ATCC microorganisms examined and on most clinical isolates. Higher concentrations of the ozone gel were also useful in the dispersion of preformed biofilm. The ozone gel also showed anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the production of TNF-α and regenerative activity in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Conclusions: Given all these antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative characteristics, the ozone gel could be, in this formulation, used in the treatment of wounds. The ozone-gel formulation described here retains stability for over 30 months, which facilitates its use compared to formulations that lose efficacy quickly.
Biomass Allocation in Gentianella turkestanorum is Driven by Environmental Factors and Functional Traits
Authors: Sun Qingzhen , Wang Enzhao , Fan Xiaoling , Liu Bin
Published: December 2024

Exploring the elevation distribution characteristics, biomass allocation strategies, and the effects of elevation, soil factors, and functional traits on the biomass of Gentianella turkestanorum (Gand.) Holub is of great significance for the production, development, utilization, and protection of the medicinal material resources. In this study, we investigated the biomass and functional traits of the root, stem, leaf, and flower of G. turkestanorum, analyzing their elevation distribution patterns, allometric growth trajectories, and their correlations. The results showed that the biomass of different organs of G. turkestanorum decreases with increasing elevation, and the belowground biomass/aboveground biomass increases with elevation. The flower biomass accounts for 59.24% of the total biomass, which was significantly higher than that of other organs. G. turkestanorum biomass follows the optimal allocation theory, adopting a ‘pioneering’ growth strategy at low elevations and a ‘conservative’ strategy at high elevations. Chlorophyll content and leaf thickness of G. turkestanorum were positively correlated with elevation, but leaf dry matter content and the number of flowers were negatively correlated with elevation. Compared to functional traits, elevation and soil factors have a stronger explanatory power regarding the biomass of G. turkestanorum. Elevation, soil moisture content, pH, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen significantly affect the biomass of G. turkestanorum, with only pH showing a positive correlation with biomass. Among these factors, elevation, soil moisture content, and pH significantly impact the accurate prediction of G. turkestanorum biomass. The number of flowers, crown width, root length, root diameter, and leaf dry matter content all have a significantly positive correlation with the biomass of G. turkestanorum, with the number of flowers and root diameter making significant contributions to the accurate prediction of biomass. Elevation can directly affect the biomass of G. turkestanorum and can also indirectly affect it through other pathways, with the direct effect being greater than the indirect effect.