bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New 2.5‐Dtwin screw extruder model for the feed section of a co‐rotating twin screw extruder with comparisons to data
Authors: Campbell Gregory A. , Wetzel Mark D. , Andersen Paul , Golba Joseph
Published: March 2023

Many polymers are processed and compounded in co‐rotating, fully intermeshing twin screw (TS) extruders. The typical compounding process consists of multiple unit operations including feed introduction, conveying solids away from the feed zone, transitioning from the conveying zone to the kneading block (KB) melting zone, melting, a downstream feed zone, a downstream mixing zone, a devolatilization region, and a pressure generating discharge section. This paper will focus on the first of these unit operations, the conveying of pellets in a partially filled screw leading to compaction and pressure generation in the full screw channel prior to the KB melting zone. Mechanisms for pellet conveying, for heating the polymer pellets, and for developing pressure at the end of the solids conveying screw elements are first presented for low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). The predictions of the model are also compared with a classical set of experiments on high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The model is then tested using published characteristics of a polyamide‐type polymer. This paper focuses on the physics and engineering concepts that are inherent in the feed section of the TS extruder where the pressure is calculated using the friction of the polymer pellets. The effects of throughput,Q, at a constant rotation speed,N, are examined. Low and highQ/Nratios have significantly different axial pressure profiles.
Synthesis and characterization of two potential impurities (des‐ethyl‐Ganirelix) generated in the Ganirelix manufacturing process
Authors: Chatterjee Saurav , Bandyopadhyay Anupam
Published: March 2023

Controlling certain diseases using peptide drugs has remarkably increased in the past two decades. In this regard, a generic formulation is an upfront solution to fulfill market demands. Ganirelix, a leading peptide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) primarily used as a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH), has established a potential market value worldwide. But its generic formulation mandates detailed impurity profiles from a synthetic source and contemplates the sameness of a reference‐listed drug (RLD). Post‐chemical synthesis and processing of Ganirelix, some commercial sources have revealed two new potential impurities among many known, which show the deletion of an ethyl group from the hArg(Et)2 residue at the sixth and eighth positions, named des‐ethyl‐Ganirelix. These impurities are unprecedented in traditional peptide chemistry, and such monoethylated‐hArg building blocks are not easily accessible commercially to synthesize these two impurities. Here, we have outlined the synthesis, purification, and enantiomeric purity characterization of the amino acids and their incorporation in the Ganirelix peptide sequence to synthesize these potential peptide impurities. This methodology will enable the convenient synthesis of side‐chain substituted Arg and hArg derivatives in peptide drug discovery platforms.
Variations of Vibronic States in Densely Packed Structures of Molecules with Intramolecular Dipoles
Authors: Trishin Sergey , Lotze Christian , Richter Johanna , Reecht Gaël , Krane Nils , Rietsch Philipp , Eigler Siegfried , Franke Katharina J.
Published: March 2023

Electrostatic potentials strongly affect molecular energy levels and charge states, providing the fascinating opportunity of molecular gating. Their influence on molecular vibrations remains less explored. Here, we investigate ethyl‐diaminodicyanoquinone molecules on a monolayer of MoS2 on Au(111) using scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy. These molecules exhibit a large dipole moment in gas phase, which is found to (partially) persist on the MoS2 monolayer. The self‐assembled structures consist of chains, where the dipoles of neighboring molecules are aligned antiparallel. Thanks to the decoupling efficiency of the molecular states from the metal by the MoS2 interlayer, vibronic states of the molecules are resolved, which vary in intensity depending on the molecular surrounding. We suggest that the vibrations are strongly damped by electrostatic interactions with the environment.
Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Coupling Reactions for the Synthesis of (Het)aryl Ketones: An Approach from their Synthesis to Biological Perspectives
Authors: Karakaya Idris , Rizwan Komal , Munir Shahid
Published: March 2023

Synthetic protocols capable of incorporating acyl based functional moieties have been proved fruitful to develop variety of carbonyl containing organic molecules. Substituted‐aromatic ketones are important motifs in different natural products and biologically active pharmaceuticals. Substituted aromatic ketones based compounds have been proved effective as antioxidant, antiallergic, antimicrobial, antimitotic, anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, antipsychotic age, anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antiviral agents, Transition metals are necessary part of modern catalytic systems for carbonylative transformations. Carbonylative coupling reaction involves direct introduction of carbonyl fragment for synthesis of biaryls, aryl/alkyl ketones through transition metals based catalytic systems. In this review, we have reported the synthesis of biaryls, aryl/alkyl ketones by using different feed stocks in presence of various transition metal catalysts.
Perovskite‐Type Manganese Vanadate Sonosensitizers with Biodegradability for Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Sun Lina , Cao Yi , Li Wenjing , Wang Li , Ding Pi , Lu Zhongzhong , Ma Fanshu , Wang Zheng , Pei Renjun
Published: March 2023

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has attracted intensive attention, but is still hindered by low sonosensitization and non‐biodegradability of the traditional sonosensitizers. Herein, perovskite‐type manganese vanadate (MnVO3) sonosensitizers integrating high reactive oxide species (ROS) production efficiency and appropriate bio‐degradability are developed for enhanced SDT. Taking advantage of the intrinsic properties of perovskites such as narrow bandgap and substantial oxygen vacancies, MnVO3 shows a facile ultrasound (US)‐triggered electrons‐holes separation and restrained recombination, thus enhancing the ROS quantum yield in SDT. Furthermore, MnVO3 exhibits a considerable chemodynamic therapy (CDT) effect under the acidic condition probably owing to the presence of manganese and vanadium ions. Due to the presence of high‐valent vanadium, MnVO3 can also eliminate glutathione (GSH) within the tumor microenvironment, which synergistically amplifies the efficacy of SDT and CDT. Importantly, the perovskite structure bestows MnVO3 with superior biodegradability, which alleviates the long‐term presence of residues in metabolic organs after therapeutic actions. Based on these characteristics, US‐assisted MnVO3 achieves an excellent antitumor outcome along with low systemic toxicity. Overall, perovskite‐type MnVO3 may be promising sonosensitizers for highly efficient and safe treatment of cancer. The work attempts to explore the potential utility of perovskites in the design of degradable sonosensitizers.
Stimuli‐Responsive Silica Silanol Conjugates: Strategic Nanoarchitectonics in Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Mohanan Shan , Guan Xinwei , Liang Mingtao , Karakoti Ajay , Vinu Ajayan
Published: March 2023

The design of novel drug delivery systems is exceptionally critical in disease treatments. Among the existing drug delivery systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have shown profuse promise owing to their structural stability, tunable morphologies/sizes, and ability to load different payload chemistry. Significantly, the presence of surface silanol groups enables functionalization with relevant drugs, imaging, and targeting agents, promoting their utility and popularity among researchers. Stimuli‐responsive silanol conjugates have been developed as a novel, more effective way to conjugate, deliver, and release therapeutic drugs on demand and precisely to the selected location. Therefore, it is urgent to summarize the current understanding and the surface silanols’ role in making MSN a versatile drug delivery platform. This review provides an analytical understanding of the surface silanols, chemistry, identification methods, and their property–performance correlation. The chemistry involved in converting surface silanols to a stimuli‐responsive silica delivery system by endogenous/exogenous stimuli, including pH, redox potential, temperature, and hypoxia, is discussed in depth. Different chemistries for converting surface silanols to stimuli‐responsive bonds are discussed in the context of drug delivery. The critical discussion is culminated by outlining the challenges in identifying silanols’ role and overcoming the limitations in synthesizing stimuli‐responsive mesoporous silica‐based drug delivery systems.
Sustainable Thermal Energy Batteries from Fully Bio‐Based Transparent Wood
Authors: Montanari Céline , Chen Hui , Lidfeldt Matilda , Gunnarsson Josefin , Olsén Peter , Berglund Lars A.
Published: March 2023

The sustainable development of functional energy‐saving building materials is important for reducing thermal energy consumption and promoting natural indoor lighting. Phase‐change materials embedded in wood‐based materials are candidates for thermal energy storage. However, the renewable resource content is usually insufficient, the energy storage and mechanical properties are poor, and the sustainability aspect is unexplored. Here a novel fully bio‐based transparent wood (TW) biocomposite for thermal energy storage, combining excellent heat storage properties, tunable optical transmittance, and mechanical performance is introduced. A bio‐based matrix based on a synthesized limonene acrylate monomer and renewable 1‐dodecanol is impregnated and in situ polymerized within mesoporous wood substrates. The TW demonstrates high latent heat (89 J g−1) exceeding commercial gypsum panels, combined with thermo‐responsive optical transmittance (up to 86%) and mechanical strength up to 86 MPa. The life cycle assessment shows that the bio‐based TW has a 39% lower environmental impact than transparent polycarbonate panels. The bio‐based TW holds great potential as scalable and sustainable transparent heat storage solution.
Highly transparent antibacterial hydrogel‐polymeric contact lenses doped with silver nanoparticles
Authors: Shaker Lina M. , Al‐Azzawi Waleed Khalid , Al‐Amiery Ahmed , Takriff Mohd S. , Wan Isahak Wan Nor Roslam
Published: March 2023

Biocompatible polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) are used to prepare hydrogels for biomedical applications, including optical applications such as the manufacture of sensing devices, cosmetic and smart, and medical contact lenses, among others. In this study, three contact lenses were prepared by doping PVP‐PVA supportive hydrogel with 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt% of laboratory‐manufactured Ag NPs. The work demonstrates the evaluation of vision correction through each lens and the effect of changing the concentration of silver on its refractive index. The simulation involved the design and simulation of an aberrated human eye based on the Liou and Brennan model (LBM), and the insertion of the contact lenses for vision correction using the ZEMAX optical design program. This work also included a study of the antimicrobial properties of the resulting hydrogel contact lenses doped with Ag NPs. The resulting refractive index of one PVP‐PVA‐Ag lens was relatively high at 532 nm = 1.604, which made the lens provide the highest image contrast (the lowest MTF curve degradation) of 0.883 ± 0.027 at 20 cycles/mm and an RMS nearly the Airy disc diameter of 3.983 μm. PVA was used in combination with PVP for stabilizing Ag NPs to give the contact lenses an antibacterial property. Finally, the optimum contact lens with a 1 wt% Ag NPs concentration showed the highest inhibition activity.
The Case for Quantification
Authors: Esuli Andrea , Fabris Alessandro , Moreo Alejandro , Sebastiani Fabrizio
Published: March 2023

This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book by introducing notions fundamental to quantification, such as class proportions, class distributions and their estimation, dataset shift, and the various subtypes of dataset shift which are relevant to the quantification endeavour. In this chapter we also argue why using classification techniques for estimating class distributions is suboptimal, and we then discuss why learning to quantify has evolved as a task of its own, rather than remaining a by-product of classification.
Publication and Dissemination of Research Results
Authors: Matas Jakov
Published: March 2023

This chapter is focused on the integrity of writing and publishing research. Dealing with authorship is an important topic, but we also address other issues that are important during manuscript writing, preparing the article for publication and publishing it, understanding the process of publication and availability of the article during the process and, later on, in communication with the scientific community and the public. We also give advice on how to correct published articles and how to avoid negative publication practices.
Treatment Intensification in Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: What Are the Options and for Whom?
Authors: Vermorken Jan B.
Published: March 2023

Current treatment guidelines for patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC) recommend multimodal treatment, including concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or surgery followed by radiotherapy (RT), with/without chemotherapy (CT). Induction chemotherapy followed by (chemo)-RT has also level I evidence for larynx preservation procedures in patients with advanced laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer. The CT part of the CCRT consists of platinum-based chemotherapy, most often single agent cisplatin. Although for a long time high-dose cisplatin (100 mg/m2) three-times every three weeks during RT has been the standard of care, recent prospective randomized studies have indicated that weekly low-dose cisplatin (40 mg/m2) is a good alternative with less toxicity. For patients not eligible or not tolerating cisplatin there are other alternatives (such as carboplatin with or without 5-fluorouracil, taxanes or cetuximab). However, none of these have shown superior results over the use of cisplatin in randomized trials. Late toxicity is a major downside of CCRT, and this is most worrying for those with the highest chance of cure, i.e. low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). De-escalation approaches have priority in these patients, but this needs to be done with the utmost caution. In the remaining patient populations (high-risk HPV-positive OPSCC, HPV-negative OPSCC and non-OPSCC patients) there is room for improvement in both locoregional control and in distant control. Recent strategies of potential interest above and beyond CCRT are adding (1) more cytotoxic chemotherapy, (2) targeted therapy, (3) hypoxic sensitizers, (4) immunotherapy and (5) hyperthermia. Many of those options are being investigated in prospective randomized trials and will hopefully lead to further improvement in outcome for these less favorable HNSCC patient categories.
Carcinoma of Unknown Primary: Diagnostics and the Potential of Transoral Surgery
Authors: van Weert Stijn , Hendrickx Jan-Jaap , Leemans C. René
Published: March 2023

The topic of the unknown primary tumour in head and neck cancer (CUP) has been extensively studied. The increasing incidence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) as well as the emerging role of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has led to revision and evolution of diagnostic and treatment paradigms. The concept of tongue base mucosectomy (TBM) has gained its place in the diagnostic pathway. The most recent considerations are described herein with regard to recent literature. An algorithm for patients with CUP is proposed with an emphasis on the role of transoral surgery.
Cultural Change
Authors: Stephenson Janet
Published: March 2023

Despite culture’s tendency to stability, change does occur. This chapter draws from research-based examples of cultural change to reveal triggers and processes of cultural change. It explores how change can be initiated through adjustments in external influences, and/or internal (actor-driven) adjustments of a feature of their cultural ensemble. Cultural learning through observations, bodily experiences and social interactions can support the adoption of sustainable cultural features that others display. Where cultural change becomes widespread amongst a population, it may destabilise unsustainable regimes that would usually be beyond the power of cultural actors to influence. However, cultural change is not always a straightforward process. As the examples show, there is potential for cultural resistance, unintended consequences and inequitable impacts.
Using the Cultures Framework for Policy Analysis
Authors: Stephenson Janet
Published: March 2023

Cultural analysis has much to offer policy development. It complements policy approaches that see society as comprised of individuals, offering a way of accounting for broader influences on behaviour than economic maximisation and broadly shared psychological traits. In a world where ‘information deficit’, ‘rational actors’ and ‘nudge theory’ dominate policy conversations, culture offers more nuanced understandings and reveals new opportunities for policy action. This chapter describes examples of policy recommendations that have been developed from research using the cultures framework. It proposes a series of steps, using the framework, for the development of policy or other interventions. The framework can also be used to underpin policy evaluation, guiding the assessment of proximal outcomes (changes to cultural ensembles) as well as distal outcomes (changes to measures of sustainability) that result from an intervention.
Introduction
Authors: Şahin-Mencütek Zeynep , Gökalp-Aras N. Ela , Kaya Ayhan , Rottmann Susan Beth
Published: March 2023

Just after the local elections in 2019, irregular migrants in Istanbul faced a months-long crackdown. The Ministry of Interior from the Justice and Development Party government (known asAK Party or AKP) gave Syrians until 20 August 2019 to return to the cities in which they were first registered. Although the time period was eventually extended, the internal controls for migrants became stricter. Migrants found themselves frequently stopped by police, and officers visited registration addresses to check if they were occupied. If irregularities were discovered, the official directive was that Syrians should be returned to the cities in which they were first registered. For non-Syrian migrants without registration, the result of police stops was often being confined to pre-detention centres. According to the Head of the Directorate General Management of Migration (DGMM) of the time, Abdullah Ayaz, “Operations in Istanbul target irregular migrants such as Afghans and Pakistanis. Even if Syrians are found without registration at all, they are not deported, unlike the claims in the media. It is not possible to issue deportation decisions legally about Syrians due to the conditions in Syria” (AA 2019).
Effect of Channel Slot Time on Performance of IEEE 802.15.6-Based Medical Body Area Network
Authors: Dadhich Khushboo , Kataria Devika
Published: March 2023

The IEEE 802.15.6 standard is an emerging technology that supports low data rate, short-range wireless communication. Medical Body Area Networks (MBAN) are a special type of wireless communication where multiple sensor nodes are deployed on the human body to measure vital parameters. The data is sent by the nodes to a coordinator, the latter aggregates the data and sends it to a central server using standard protocols. The coordinator allows the nodes to access the channel using different access modes-beacon mode with the super frame, non-beacon mode with super frame and non-beacon mode without super frame. The standard allows different user priorities to be assigned to the nodes. The nodes may access the channel using scheduling done by the coordinator (scheduled access) or may randomly access the channel using the CSMA/CA (for narrowband PHY) or Slotted Aloha for UltraWideBand (UWB PHY) protocols. In this work we have conducted an analytical study to understand the performance parameters of different user priority nodes using CSMA/CA protocol and operating in the Beacon access mode with super frame boundaries. Parameters like the probability of successful transmission (reliability) which in turn depend on the probability of packet drop due to channel access failure and the probability of failure due to insufficient time slot available have been studied. This study reveals that once a channel is assessed by a node, then the probability of sufficient time slot of 60% yields the best packet transmission probability. The successful delivery of the packet also depends on back off counter. Markov chain models for nodes with different priorities have been developed using backoff stage and backoff counter as parameters.
Einleitung: Leibliche Erfahrungen machen
Authors: Antony Alexander
Published: March 2023

In welcher Hinsicht können körperlich-leibliche Erfahrungen als sozial hergestellt aufgefasst werden? Und wie kann man sie sozialwissenschaftlich untersuchen? Das sind die Fragen, die im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie stehen, die einen Beitrag zu einer Soziologie leiblicher Praxis leistet. Im einleitenden Kapitel wird die Relevanz des Pragmatismus und soziologischer Praxistheorien für eine Soziologie leiblicher Praxis dargestellt. Es folgt eine Hinführung zum empirischen Gegenstand, der Atemarbeit, einem "ganzheitlichen" Therapie- und Selbsterfahrungsangebot. Nach einer Explikation der zentralen Fragestellungen des Buches werden die Inhalte der einzelnen Kapitel erläutert.
Eine Soziologie leiblicher Praxis
Authors: Antony Alexander
Published: March 2023

Das Kapitel entfaltet die sozialtheoretische Perspektive einer Soziologie leiblicher Praxis. In Kontrast zu Webers handlungsbegrifflicher Grundlegung der Soziologie werden in einem ersten Schritt die zentralen programmatischen Grundannahmen des hier verfolgten praxistheoretischen Zugriffs expliziert (2.1.). Diese bilden den analytischen Rahmen für die Ausarbeitung einer pragmatistisch fundierten Soziologie leiblicher Praxis (2.2 und 2.3). Der Pragmatismus erweist sich in seiner anti-intellektualistischen und das Handlungssubjekt dezentrierenden Grundhaltung nicht nur als kompatibel mit praxistheoretischen Ansätzen. Er ermöglicht es ebenso, manche analytische Schieflage praxistheoretischer Ansätze zu vermeiden. Das zentrale Argument des vorliegenden Kapitels lautet, dass der Pragmatismus bereits in seiner grundlegenden Theorieanlage zentrale Motive dessen, was heute mitunter als Gegensatz zwischen „Praxis“ und „Handeln“ diskutiert wird, miteinander vereint. Daraus lässt sich ein breiter und differenzierter(er) Praxisbegriff gewinnen, der es erlaubt, verschiedene Verhaltensdimensionen zu berücksichtigen. Abschließend folgt eine kurze Zusammenfassung der theoretischen Perspektive (2.4), eine Hinführung zum empirischen Gegenstand, der Atemarbeit, und zu guter Letzt die Spezifikation der zentralen Erkenntnisinteressen des Buches sowie eine Erläuterung des analytischen Zugriffs, der das empirische Vorgehen anleitet (2.5).
Green Supply Chains: A Comparative Efficiency Analysis in the Gulf and Beyond
Authors: Wollenberg Alexander , Lazarini José Guadalupe Octavio Cabrera , Lazarini Juan José Cabrera , Parra Luis Fernando Orta , Kakade Ameya Sathya
Published: March 2023

We compare the development of Sustainable (Green) Supply in three regions of the world, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in the Middle East, six countries in Europe, and six countries in Latin America, which were selected based on their Logistics Performance Index over a 10-year period. We based our empirical analysis on UN SDGs concerned with clean energy, innovation, sustainable communities, and climate action (SDGs 7, 9, 11, and 13, respectively). Using a modified RAM-DEA model, our results showed high logistics performance but significant divergence in green logistics performance among GCC countries. Countries in Western Europe led in terms of inputs that result in green outputs. Strong contenders in green supply chains include the UAE, Oman, México, Panamá, and Ecuador.
Unemployment Challenge and Labor Market Participation of Arab Gulf Youth: A Case Study of the UAE
Authors: Poplavskaya Anita , Karabchuk Tatiana , Shomotova Aizhan
Published: March 2023

The goal of the study is to explore the unemployment challenge for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) youth in comparison with other Gulf countries. The chapter uses multiple data sources to provide a complex analysis of recent dynamics and the current situation of school-to-work transition among Emirati youth. The empirical part of the analysis provides the rear information on actual career paths and challenges for youth to find their first job. Skills shortages and lack of professional qualities are among the frequently named reasons for not getting a job. For young women, such obstacles as family responsibilities and geographical restriction of job search are reported. Young men find jobs much faster than women. The main channels of job search for the Emiratis are personal liaisons and university contacts.
China in the Middle East: Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Transformation, and Regional Development
Authors: Lim Guanie , Yağcı Mustafa
Published: March 2023

This paper unpacks the uneven manners Chinese investment has taken shape in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It takes 2013 as the watershed as it is the year when the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s foremost diplomatic and economic strategy in engaging with the international community, was announced. The paper forwards three inter-related arguments. Firstly, Chinese firms have not usurped the traditional investors of the MENA (i.e. the US and key European states). Secondly, Chinese investment primarily favours MENA economies with large, young population and high endowment of natural resources. However, there seems to be a shift away to the other MENA economies in the post-BRI era. Thirdly, a significant portion of Chinese investment has financed energy-related activities during the pre-BRI era. The preference for energy-related investment has dropped somewhat after 2013 as Chinese TNCs participate in other activities such as tourism and real estate development.
Saudi Women Activism through Media
Authors: Mittal Priyanka
Published: March 2023

The article argues that despite the conservative nature of Saudi society, women in Saudi Arabia have been able to use media platforms for their rights-based activism. Women in these restricted and limited spaces have been articulating their self-expression within the limits and confines of the state. This article traces the changing position of women in Saudi society after the 9/11 attacks and Arab uprising. Further, it critically analyzes how Vision 2030 contributes to women’s relaxing laws and position inside the country. The chapter cites various instances to support the argument that Saudi women use media platforms to promote activism for rights, greater social freedom, and more inclusion.
Contests over Labour in British Central African Colonies: 1935–1953
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Miller Pavla
Published: March 2023

Each of the parties involved in labour recruitment in Southern Africa had their own agendas. The mines’ recruiting agency wanted an expanded recruiting zone to guarantee a supply of labour. The British Colonial Office and its administrations wanted not only to collect the revenue that came from contracting labour to the mines but also to protect native interests. The Southern Rhodesian government wanted to give its mines and white farms access to cheap labour. The ILO was keen to promote labour rights and work safety. The South African government supported the mining houses; it also wanted to channel mine rejects onto farms in the Transvaal. During those contests for authority, the interests of the Nyasaland government and the mining houses often coincided. Those of Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia rarely did. While there were constant references to returning miners suffering from tuberculosis in low-level correspondence, the risks to miners’ health from silicosis and tuberculosis were seldom mentioned in high-level meetings and documents. This chapter details some of the complex negotiations, with particular focus on the lifting of the ban on recruitment of tropical labour in 1938, and negotiations with the ILO and UN after the Second World War. Throughout, the superior negotiating power of the mining houses and their recruiting agency is highlighted.
Dissenting voices: 1902–1956
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Miller Pavla
Published: March 2023

There were a number of medical experts who contested the Chamber’s claims about mine safety. The dissent began after 1910 and stretched well into the apartheid era. The dissenters included Drs John Mitchell, Eustace Cluver and Peter Allan, all at one time senior members of the South African Department of Public Health. There was also Dr A.H. Watt, the medical officer with Rand Insurance; Dr Basil Dormer, the Union’s Chief Tuberculosis Officer; Anthony Mavrogordato of the SAIMR; and Dr Gerrit Schepers, who served as a specialist with the Silicosis Bureau from 1944 until 1954. The dissenters pointed out that dust exposures in the mines and conditions in the compounds were unsafe; that infectious disease, most notably tuberculosis, was being spread from the mines to labour-sending areas; that the conduct of mine medicals was inadequate and was failing to pick up compensable disease; and that mine wages were so low that many families were malnourished. The lone dissenter to voice all of those concerns was Dr Neil Macvicar, who for almost forty years served as a medical missionary in the Eastern Cape. Macvicar, who worked initially in tuberculosis prevention programmes in Scotland, had first-hand knowledge of mine recruiting in Nyasaland. Macvicar’s views about prevention were conventional. He believed that tuberculosis could only be combatted by social change: governments must guarantee food security and promote the education of patients and their families on how to manage the disease.
The Career of A. J. Orenstein: 1914–1960
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Miller Pavla
Published: March 2023

The career of Alexander J. Orenstein, widely regarded as the founder of South Africa’s occupational medicine, exemplifies the complex relationship between the gold industry and scientific research. As Superintendent of Sanitation for Rand Mines Ltd, Orenstein dominated mine medicine in the period from 1914 until the mid-1960s. According to the conventional wisdom, he saved the lives of thousands of black migrant workers by improving hygiene, nutrition, accommodation, medical care and access to compensation. This chapter supplements the conventional account by a darker story. During his long career, Orenstein worked tirelessly to erase from public debate the knowledge accumulated by South African scientists in the period before his appointment in 1914. In dealing with questions about the origins and management of tuberculosis, Orenstein racialised the science to a far greater degree than did any of his contemporaries. He did so by using notions of racial weakness to override the play of well-established environmental factors such as dust exposure, malnutrition and unhygienic compounds to explain the incidence of tuberculosis among migrant miners. While often challenged, Orenstein’s preferred approach to repatriations, the health education of black workers and their families and the provision of sanatoria in labour-sending regions remained largely unchanged until after the Leon Commission in 1994.
A Most Modern Industry: The Migrant Labour System and Crisis Management
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Miller Pavla
Published: March 2023

This chapter outlines the basic features of gold mining in South Africa. The structure, administration and economic significance of the mines, the key technical challenges posed by deep deposits and low-grade ore, the size and composition of the workforce, the chronic shortages of labour and oscillating migration are covered. Since mining was dangerous work, the chapter also deals with the companies’ management of risk, and in particular with their approach to occupational health and compensation for injury.
Government Responses to the Pandemic and Their Effects on Universities
Authors: Croucher Gwilym
Published: March 2023

For universities and colleges around the world the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption, which has created new challenges and possibilities, as well as amplifying existing trends. This chapter focuses on several dimensions of the pandemic-related disruption that affected universities and their students in many countries and has had widespread impacts on operations and teaching. The chapter examines some dimensions of government policy that widely affected universities: focussing on two main dimensions of those policies that temporarily reduced student movement, and those that involved a direct reduction in investment in public university education. It explores some of what government responses have meant for university operations, and the delivery of their teaching, and implications for the scholarship of teaching and learning. Focussing on the case of Australia as example of government policy responses that did little to address the specific issues universities faced resulting from the pandemic, and instead the government response was guided by ideology and reflected an attachment to using competitive mechanisms and market dynamics. The actions of the Australian government appear extreme compared to many jurisdictions, such as in many countries in Europe and in the United States, yet they align with their recent approach and their adherence to the New Public Management. That the pandemic significantly affected higher education policies is unsurprising, nonetheless examining how this occurred is instructive.
Reconceptualizing Assessment in Initial Teacher Education from a Relational Lens
Authors: Janfada Mahtab , Tassone Martina , Mahat Marian , Crane Nadine
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the challenges and possibilities of assessment practices in Initial Teacher Education (ITE) programs. Informed by Bakhtin (1986), speech genres, dialogic approaches and a democratic lens to assessment, the chapter questions the nature and purpose of assessment considering the COVID-19 pandemic. New understanding of the concept of ‘relationality’ through pandemic experience provides opportunities for ‘democratic’ assessment is perceived as a point of departure in the learning process for both students and teachers, and not a destination. This perspective incorporates students’ diverse voices and agency and encourages assessment practices to promote not only instrumental aspects of learning, but also the epistemological and ontological layers of learning and being. Though this conceptual interrogation can be applied to any educational context across programs locally and globally, the focus is on ITE in the Australian context, due to the important role of pre-service teachers in creating and designing assessment practices. The chapter provides case study a example that enabled pre-service teachers to play an active and influential role in the development of assessment artefacts and practices. It concludes by projecting opportunities and challenges to teaching and research practices, locally and globally.
Toward the Applications of Soft Crystals
Authors: Ishii Kazuyuki , Kato Masako
Published: March 2023

In this chapter, to design functions of soft crystals, the relationships between gentle stimuli and the corresponding responses are classified based on the photofunctions, and the key terms are linked and then systematized. Also, trials of functionalization based on soft crystal-related phenomena are introduced toward the functionalization of soft crystals.
Classification and Definition of “Soft Crystals”
Authors: Ishii Kazuyuki , Kato Masako
Published: March 2023

“Soft crystals” typically undergo structural transformations in response to weak stimuli while maintaining the crystalline structural order. These transformations are often manifested as visible phenomena, such as changes in optical properties (color and/or luminescence color). In this chapter, the structural order, activation energy, and softness of “soft crystals” are compared with those of conventional hard crystals and soft materials, including liquid crystals and gels. Based on the results of this comparison, “soft crystals” are defined more precisely.
Theoretical Background of Photophysical Properties
Authors: Ishii Kazuyuki , Kato Masako
Published: March 2023

In this chapter, we aim to explain the chromic phenomena observed in “soft crystals”. Accordingly, the basic principles for comprehending the fundamental photophysical properties of molecular monomers, such as electronic absorption spectra and luminescence properties, are introduced. Moreover, the photophysical properties of molecular dimers and molecular crystals are explained in terms of intermolecular interactions in excited states.
Combined constraints on dark photons and discovery prospects at the LHC and the Forward Physics Facility
Authors: Aboubrahim Amin , Altakach Mohammad Mahdi , Klasen Michael , Nath Pran , Wang Zhu-Yao
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Hidden sectors are ubiquitous in supergravity theories, in strings and in branes. Well motivated models such as the Stueckelberg hidden sector model could provide a candidate for dark matter. In such models, the hidden sector communicates with the visible sector via the exchange of a dark photon (dark Z′) while dark matter is constituted of Dirac fermions in the hidden sector. Using data from collider searches and precision measurements of SM processes as well as the most recent limits from dark matter direct and indirect detection experiments, we perform a comprehensive scan over a wide range of the Z′ mass and set exclusion bounds on the parameter space from sub-GeV to several TeV. We then discuss the discovery potential of an $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(TeV) scale Z′ at HL-LHC and the ability of future forward detectors to probe very weakly interacting sub-GeV Z′ bosons. Our analysis shows that the parameter space in which a Z′ can decay to hidden sector dark matter is severely constrained whereas limits become much weaker for a Z′ with no dark decays. The analysis also favors a self-thermalized dark sector which is necessary to satisfy the dark matter relic density.
A comparative study of Z′ mediated charged lepton flavor violation at future lepton colliders
Authors: Li Jingshu , Wang Wanyue , Cai Xunye , Yang Chuxue , Lu Meng , You Zhengyun , Qian Sitian , Li Qiang
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) represents a transition between charged leptons of different generations that violates lepton flavor conservation, which is a clear signature of possible new physics beyond the standard model. By exploiting a typical example model of extra Z′ gauge boson, we perform a detailed comparative study on CLFV searches at several future lepton colliders, including a 240 GeV electron-positron collider and a TeV scale muon collider. Based on detailed signal and background Monte-Carlo studies with fast detector simulations, we derive the potentials in searching for Z′ mediated CLFV couplings with eμ, eτ and μτ of different future colliders. The results are compared with the current and prospect limits set by either low-energy experiments or the high-energy LHC experiments. The sensitivity of the τ related CLFV coupling strength at future lepton colliders will be significantly improved in comparison to the current best constraints and the prospect constraints for the μτ channel.
Bouncing cosmology in modified gravity with higher-order curvature terms
Authors: Singh J. K. , Balhara Harshna , Bamba Kazuharu , Jena J.
Published: March 2023

Abstract

A bouncing scenario of a flat homogeneous and isotropic universe is explored by using the reconstruction technique for the power-law parametrization of the Hubble parameter in a modified gravity theory with higher-order curvature and trace of the energy-momentum tensor terms. It is demonstrated that bouncing criteria are satisfied so that the cosmological initial singularity can be avoided. In addition, it is shown that the equation of state parameter crosses the line of the phantom divide. In the present scenario, the universe is filled with perfect fluid around the bouncing point, in which the universe becomes highly unstable and a big bounce can be realized. Furthermore, it is found that extremal acceleration occurs at the bouncing point.
Quantifying Urban Network Transitions with Evolution Degree
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Liu Zidong
Published: March 2023

This paper proposes a graph-based mathematical approach with a novel metric, the Structure Evolution Degree, to quantitatively analyze urban spatial structure transitions at cross scale and verifies its effectiveness through two cases studies, the San Bartolomeo Quarter of Venice and the Xiaoxihu Historical Block of Nanjing.
Concentration Inequalities for Output Statistics of Quantum Markov Processes
Authors: Girotti Federico , Garrahan Juan P. , Guţă Mădălin
Published: March 2023

We derive new concentration bounds for time averages of measurement outcomes in quantum Markov processes. This generalizes well-known bounds for classical Markov chains, which provide constraints on finite-time fluctuations of time-additive quantities around their averages. We employ spectral, perturbation and martingale techniques, together with non-commutative $$L_2$$

L
2

theory, to derive: (i) a Bernstein-type concentration bound for time averages of the measurement outcomes of a quantum Markov chain, (ii) a Hoeffding-type concentration bound for the same process, (iii) a generalization of the Bernstein-type concentration bound for counting processes of continuous-time quantum Markov processes, (iv) new concentration bounds for empirical fluxes of classical Markov chains which broaden the range of applicability of the corresponding classical bounds beyond empirical averages. We also suggest potential application of our results to parameter estimation and consider extensions to reducible quantum channels, multi-time statistics and time-dependent measurements, and comment on the connection to so-called thermodynamic uncertainty relations.
Navigiert oder konventionell in der Acetabulumchirurgie
Authors: Pagano Stefano , Müller Karolina , Alt Volker , Maderbacher Günther , Holzapfel Dominik E. , Baumann Florian , Freigang Viola
Published: March 2023

Hintergrund

Behandlungsprinzip der gelenkerhaltenden Therapie von Acetabulumfrakturen ist die anatomische Reposition der gelenktragenden Elemente und die interne Osteosynthese. Um den vorderen und den hinteren Pfeiler gegeneinander zu stabilisieren, wird die infraazetabuläre Schraube (IAS) im klinischen Alltag regelhaft eingesetzt.

Ziel

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Lage der IAS im infraazetabulären Korridor nach navigierter Platzierung mit der nach Freihandplatzierung zu vergleichen.

Material und Methode

Die Lage der Schraube wurde bei 42 Patienten mithilfe multiplanarer Rekonstruktionen evaluiert. Bei 30 Patienten wurde diese freihandplatziert, bei 12 Patienten mittels bildgestützter Navigation. Neben der Vermessung der Schraubenlage wurden demografische Daten, Operationszeit, Strahlenbelastung sowie Blutverlust erhoben.

Ergebnisse

Der überwiegende Teil der Patienten war männlich (86 %), das mediane Alter lag bei 67 Jahren und der mediane BMI bei 25 kg/m2. Die mediane Operationszeit betrug 166 min, und die mediane Blutverlustmenge lag bei 900 ml. Die adjustierten Werte in der gesamten Stichprobe bezüglich der Position der Schrauben lagen bei: Abstand Schraube zum Knorpel Mittelwert (MW) = 3,8 mm, Abstand Schraube zum Korridorzentrum MW = 3,5 mm, Winkel Schraube zum Korridor MW = 1,4°. Die zwei Gruppen unterschieden sich nicht in den demografischen Parametern sowie in der Genauigkeit der Positionierung der Schrauben (p-Werte > 0,05). In der navigierten Gruppe zeigten sich eine längere Strahlungszeit und höhere Strahlendosis im Vergleich zur Gruppe ohne Navigation (p-Werte < 0,001).

Schlussfolgerung

Die beiden Verfahren sind bei entsprechender Erfahrung hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit vergleichbar. Hinsichtlich weiterer perioperativer Parameter wie Strahlenbelastung und geplanter Operationsdauer sollten auch patientenbezogene Faktoren berücksichtigt werden.
History of the management of talar fractures: from the fall of king Darius to Garibaldi’s bullet and from the earliest to current operative strategies
Authors: Biz Carlo , Crimì Alberto , Refolo Mariapaola , Zinnarello Felicia Deborah , Scapinello Davide , Cerchiaro Mariachiara , Ruggieri Pietro
Published: March 2023

Purpose

This historical review aims to highlight the important roles of the talus in antiquity and to summarise the multiple attempts of managing talar fractures throughout history.

Method

Archaeological, religious, artistic, literary, historical and scientific accounts were searched for the descriptions of talus fractures in different eras and their treatments to provide a thorough analysis of the evolution of trauma care up to the present.

Results

This review shows how the talus has always had an important role in several societies: it was used as a die or considered to have a divinatory function in Mesopotamian civilisations, among Greeks and Romans, in Mongolia and in pre-Columbian Americas. Famous talus fractures are recorded in Herodotus’ Histories and in the Acts of the Apostles. We report the earliest injuries described and the first operative managements between 1600 and 1800, including the one that saved Garibaldi’s life in 1862, until the modern osteosynthesis by the first screws and nails and the current fixation by plating.

Conclusion

The blooming of orthopaedic surgery at the end of nineteenth century and the high volume of traumas managed in the World Wars brought a better understanding of fracture patterns and their operative treatment. By the work of Hawkins and his classification, the introduction of the CT scan, a better knowledge of injury modalities and bone vascularisation, these challenging injuries finally land in the contemporary era without mysteries. The subsequently developed surgical procedures, although not guaranteeing success, greatly reduce the risk of necrosis and complication rate, improving patient outcomes.