bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen-doped graphene supported single-atom catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: a density functional theory study
Authors: Li Mingrong , Huang Yungan , Luo Qiong , Ji Yongfei
Published: January 2025

Nitrogen-doped graphene supported single-atom catalysts are promising candidates for electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA).
Heat-generation behavior of Fe3O4 particles in AC magnetic fields: analysis of microstructures through tilting
Authors: Srivastava Manas , Agrawal Ruchi , Singh Atom Rajiv , Devi Leishangthem Sanatombi , Joshi Rashmi , Singh Bheeshma Pratap , Sarkar D. , Singhal Rakesh Kumar , Ningthoujam Raghumani Singh
Published: January 2025

Magnetic-field-dependent magnetization of highly crystalline Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles are carried out to understand surface canting structures.
Synthesis and characterization of heterotrimetallic Mg–Ni–Mg complexes with amidinato ligands
Authors: Zhang Rongping , Cai Yanping , Xu Xin
Published: January 2025

Heterotrimetallic Mg–Ni–Mg complexes containing nickela-bis-cyclopropane cores were obtained, which could be facilely transformed into a nickela-mono-cyclopropane complex upon treatment with molecular CO.
Local infrared spectral measurement system for the inspection of independent nano-plastic particles in water-based solutions
Authors: Kanehara Ikuna , Nagasaka Tatsuhiro , Seki Hirofumi , Fujii Sho , Kimura Tsuyoshi , Yamamoto Masaya , Tanabe Tadao
Published: January 2025

An analytical processing design is proposed to accumulate nano-plastics diluted in water-based solvents and evaluate their individual IR spectral properties.
High-intensity ultrasound processing to improve the quality of semitendinosus steak from Bos indicus cattle
Authors: Bernardo Yago A. A. , Do Rosario Denes K. A. , Marques Lucas P. , Da Silva Bruno D. , Monteiro Maria Lúcia G. , Conte Junior Carlos A.
Published: January 2025

The sonication of bovine meat was modeled regarding water loss, color, lipid oxidation, and texture.
Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from organic waste-derived volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Authors: Du Chunyu , Wang Ziqian , Zhuo Xiaoqian , Geng Ruoyan , Liu Chenyan , Wang Hanyi , Chu Dongxian , Li Shuying , Li Rong , Zheng Guanyu , Ding Dahu
Published: January 2025

This paper summarizes the recent advances in the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from organic waste-derived volatile fatty acids (VFAs).
A green synthesis strategy for lithium/sodium-ion battery anodes: morphology and structure engineering in biochar to boost comprehensive electrochemical performance
Authors: Zhu Likai , Luo Bi , Men Lijuan , Chen Jiaying , Xie Fanghua , Zhang Wenli , Zhang Jiafeng , Zhou Yefeng
Published: January 2025

This work presents a green synthesis strategy for quasi-spherical biochar by morphological and structural engineering, which can prepare anode materials cost-effectively for high-performance LIBs and SIBs.
Bulk thermally conductive polyethylene as a thermal interface material
Authors: Ren Gangchen , Wang Zhongtong , Huang Xinzhu , Hur Daniel , Pfeifer Mark A. , Silberstein Meredith N. , Tian Zhiting
Published: January 2025

We developed a fabrication method to achieve a record-high thermal conductivity of 13.5 W m−1 K−1 for electrically insulated polyethylene at a coverage area of 2.16 mm2.
Extracellular vesicles: from intracellular trafficking molecules to fully fortified delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics
Authors: Mohamed Adham H. , Abaza Tasneem , Youssef Yomna A. , Rady Mona , Fahmy Sherif Ashraf , Kamel Rabab , Hamdi Nabila , Efthimiado Eleni , Braoudaki Maria , Youness Rana A.
Published: January 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging tools in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics.
MPI performance of magnetic nanoparticles depends on matrix composition and temperature: implications for in vivo MPI signal amplitude, spatial resolution, and tracer quantification
Authors: Salimi Marzieh , Wang Wenshen , Roux Stéphane , Laurent Gautier , Bazzi Rana , Goodwill Patrick , Liu Guanshu , Bulte Jeff W. M.
Published: January 2025

The compressibility, viscosity, and temperature of hydrogel tissue phantoms affect the MPI signal of MNP tracers, which may impact accurate in vivo tracer quantification.
Selective production of lactitol from lactose using the Lewis acid site of MOF catalysts without exogenous hydrogen
Authors: Xie Donghui , Xing Keyu , Fan Haopeng , Xu Keyu , Jia Pei , Yao Li , Cheng Yunhui , Xu Zhou
Published: January 2025

The Lewis acid site of a MOF catalyst allows highly selective conversion of lactose to lactitol in the absence of exogenous hydrogen.
Lauryl-NrTP6 lipopeptide self-assembled nanorods for nuclear-targeted delivery of doxorubicin
Authors: Phungula Amanda , Zuffi Sofia , Thongsom Sunisa , Di Gianvincenzo Paolo , Reyes Santiago Gimenez , Caribé dos Santos Valle Ana Beatriz , Pittella Frederico , Albericio Fernando , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Moya Sergio E.
Published: January 2025

Lipopeptide assemblies carrying doxorubicin in their hydrophilic regions target the nuclei of cancer cells and slowly deliver the encapsulated drug.
A silicon rhodamine 1,2-dioxetane chemiluminophore for in vivo near-infrared imaging
Authors: Osman Rokia , Haris Uroob , Cabello Maidileyvis C. , Mason Ralph P. , Lippert Alexander R.
Published: January 2025

A near-infrared (NIR) chemiluminescent probe using energy transfer to a silicon rhodamine scaffold has been developed for in vivo imaging applications.
Achieving dual-mode long-persistence afterglow through an aromatic furan organic host–guest system
Authors: Gong Zheng , Cui Qingyang , Nie Xiancheng , Zhang Guoqing , Chen Biao
Published: January 2025

Pure organic dual-mode long-persistence afterglow with high efficiency room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) along with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is realized via an aromatic furan organic host–guest system.
Polyoxometalate-ionic liquids (POM-ILs) – a new type of ionic liquid additive family for lubricants
Authors: Casasin-Garcia M. L. , Khanmohammadi H. , Mitchell S. G. , Espallargas N.
Published: January 2025

The focus on energy efficiency to move towards a more sustainable use of resources has intensified efforts to minimize friction and wear in mechanical systems, which account for 23% of the world's energy consumption.
Scalable ultrasound-assisted synthesis of hydroxy imidazole N-oxides and evaluation of their anti-proliferative activities; mechanistic insights into the deoximation of dioximes
Authors: Mukhia Munna , Rai Sagar , Rai Yachna , Chakraborty Koushik , Dey Sangita , Tiwary Bipransh Kumar , Brahman Dhiraj , Kumar Anoop , Pradhan Kiran
Published: January 2025

Ultrasound irradiation serves as a greener and efficient method for the synthesis of Hydroxy Imidazole N-oxides via the acid-catalysed iminoketone-aldehyde condensations. Highly pure products with high yields obtained in very less time.
Review on the controversies surrounding hydrogen together with its leakage and escape throughout the full lifecycle
Authors: Du Aimin , Li Hang , Yan Zhe , Han Yeyang , Wu Xiaodong
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen escape and leakage during the production, transportation, storage and utilization processes.
Simultaneously improved reversibility and hydrogen production of solid oxide cells through infiltrating air electrode
Authors: Fan Yueying , Chen Yun , Pineault Richard , Abernathy Harry , Song Xueyan , Kalapos Thomas
Published: January 2025

Infiltration of SrFe2O4−d into LSM/YSZ air electrode significantly mitigates the catastrophic delamination and improves reversibility upon the electrochemical operation due to the increased ion conductivity of the Fe-doped LSM mixed conductor.
Enhanced degradation of organic contaminants using a PVDF/AC-NaCl piezocatalyst: effect of geometric design in fluid flow environments
Authors: Park Gunn , Oh Se-Chang , Kang Seung-Hyun , Park Jae-Woo
Published: January 2025

A geometry-optimized PVDF/AC-NaCl piezocatalyst was rotated in water, demonstrating an energy-efficient advanced oxidation process.
Correction: Hollow MoC/NC sphere for electromagnetic wave attenuation: direct observation of interfacial polarization on nanoscale hetero-interfaces
Authors: Huang Wenhuan , Gao Wenming , Zuo Shouwei , Zhang Luxi , Pei Ke , Liu Panbo , Che Renchao , Zhang Huabin
Published: January 2025

Correction for ‘Hollow MoC/NC sphere for electromagnetic wave attenuation: direct observation of interfacial polarization on nanoscale hetero-interfaces’ by Wenhuan Huang et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 1290–1298, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA09357F.
A neural coding method based on feature sensing
Authors: He Dongbin , Hu Aiqun , Sheng Kaiwen
Published: January 2025

The novel network contains many sensors, which greatly heightens data transmission burdens. Some networks require the data perceived by sensors for a period to make decisions. Drawing inspiration from the human neural conduction mechanism, a waveform data encoding method called feature sensing neural coding (FSNC) is proposed to enhance network data transmission efficiency. It involves feature decomposition of information and subsequent non‐linear encoding of feature coefficients for data transmission. This approach exploits the unique neuronal responses to diverse stimuli and the inherent non‐linear characteristics of human neural coding. Finally, taking the speech signal and seismic wave signal as examples, the effectiveness of FSNC is verified by simulating the auditory nerve conduction process with frequency as a feature according to the mechanism of travelling wave motion of the basilar membrane in the cochlea. Moreover, experiments on seismic waveform signals have demonstrated the wide applicability of FSNC. Compared with traditional speech coding schemes, the FSNC bit rate is only 6.4 kbps, which greatly reduces the amount of data transmitted. Not only that, FSNC also has a certain fault tolerance, and parallel transmission can also greatly increase the transmission rate. This research provides new ideas for efficient data transmission over new networks.
Knowledge distillation approach for skin cancer classification on lightweight deep learning model
Authors: Saha Suman , Hemal Md. Moniruzzaman , Eidmum Md. Zunead Abedin , Mridha Muhammad Firoz
Published: January 2025

Over the past decade, there has been a global increase in the incidence of skin cancers. Skin cancer has serious consequences if left untreated, potentially leading to more advanced cancer stages. In recent years, deep learning based convolutional neural network have emerged as powerful tools for skin cancer detection. Generally, deep learning approaches are computationally expensive and require large storage space. Therefore, deploying such a large complex model on resource‐constrained devices is challenging. An ultra‐light and accurate deep learning model is highly desirable for better inference time and memory in low‐power‐consuming devices. Knowledge distillation is an approach for transferring knowledge from a large network to a small network. This small network is easily compatible with resource‐constrained embedded devices while maintaining accuracy. The main aim of this study is to develop a deep learning‐based lightweight network based on knowledge distillation that identifies the presence of skin cancer. Here, different training strategies are implemented for the modified benchmark (Phase 1) and custom‐made model (Phase 2) and demonstrated various distillation configurations on two datasets: HAM10000 and ISIC2019. In Phase 1, the student model using knowledge distillation achieved accuracies ranging from 88.69% to 93.24% for HAM10000 and from 82.14% to 84.13% on ISIC2019. In Phase 2, the accuracies ranged from 88.63% to 88.89% on HAM10000 and from 81.39% to 83.42% on ISIC2019. These results highlight the effectiveness of knowledge distillation in improving the classification performance across diverse datasets and enabling the student model to approach the performance of the teacher model. In addition, the distilled student model can be easily deployed on resource‐constrained devices for automated skin cancer detection due to its lower computational complexity.
Proposing a new rotating frame‐based method for dynamic modelling of resonant converters
Authors: Abbasi Ahmad , Ghayebloo Abbas
Published: January 2025

Resonant converters are widely used in various industrial applications due to features such as wide input voltage range, high efficiency, and high‐power density. Mathematical modelling of these converters is crucial because they simultaneously exhibit AC and DC modes, complicating the design of their controllers. This paper proposes a new method for modelling of resonant converters based on the rotating frame theory. The proposed model possesses two essential features for controller design: being dynamic and having all DC states. The complexity of the model is significantly lower than other methods, such as MHA methods. Also compared to first harmonic approximation, Dp and generalized state space averaging methods, the proposed dq model has not any approximations for the inverter output voltage and transferred output voltage in the transformer primary side. The proposed method is compared with conventional modelling methods for such converters, including the first harmonic approximation, generalized state space averaging, nonlinear equation models, and circuit simulation models. According to the presented results, the proposed model demonstrates superiority in terms of accuracy and simplicity over the methods. Simulation results along with practical results from a prototype circuit are provided, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed method.
High‐efficiency multilevel inverter topology with minimal switching devices for enhanced power quality and reduced losses
Authors: Jayaraman Ramesh , Thamizharasan Sandirasegarane , Baskaran Jeevarathinam , Meena Veerpratap , Bahadur Jitendra , Jadoun Vinay Kumar
Published: January 2025

The advent of multilevel inverters (MLIs) has brought significant advancements in their applications across industrial, residential, and renewable energy sectors, as they produce high‐quality output voltage that closely approximates a sinusoid in small voltage steps or levels, resulting in lower total harmonic distortion (THD) and reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, the MLI topologies require more switching unidirectional/bidirectional semiconductor devices with high standing voltage, gate drivers, and complex control strategies while attaining higher voltage levels. From this perspective of reducing component count and gate drivers, the objective is to develop a new MLI topology that overcomes the drawbacks above. In this article, a novel MLI topology is introduced in symmetric and asymmetric configurations aiming to attain fewer power electronic devices for synthesizing more steps in the load voltage in contrast with conventional topologies. The idea behind the approach is coining the series connected voltage source, which imbibes bidirectional current flow with an additional voltage source for performing algebraic operation under asymmetrical modes of operation. The proposed topology uses minimal on‐state switching devices leading to a diminution of power loss and voltage drop. The suggested topology is optimized for a fewer number of power devices, an input DC supply, and auxiliary gate drivers to achieve a maximum voltage level in the load terminals. The suggested topology has been verified in SIMULINK and the laboratory prototype is constructed in line with the simulated response to demonstrate its performance suitable for real‐time applications.
A method for determining stability range of grid‐side converter parameters of PMSG based on negative feedback modelling of phase‐locked loop and outer control loop
Authors: Cui Xumeng , Chen Lei , Min Yong
Published: January 2025

Direct‐drive wind farms are integrated into power grid through power electronic devices, extensively utilizing voltage source converters (VSCs) for grid connection, which has precipitated frequent stability challenges within the grid integration systems of wind farms; it is imperative to properly tune the VSC parameters consequently. In grid‐connected VSC system, the interaction between phase‐locked loop (PLL) and outer control loop (OCL) has a significant impact on system stability. Therefore, it is essential to account for the interactions when establishing the stability boundaries for VSC parameters. This article proposes a new method to determine the parameter stability range in grid‐side converter of direct‐drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), based on the interactions between PLL and OCL. This method simplifies the modelling process and improves the accuracy of stability range calculations compared to traditional methods. The system is modelled as a negative feedback system with PLL as the forward path and OCL as the feedback path. Both paths include grid dynamics. This modelling approach not only captures the interaction between PLL and OCL, but is also straightforward and clear. Using the Bode diagram, stability mechanism of the system considering interaction between PLL and OCL is studied. The VSC parameter stability criterion of the system is analysed based on the open‐loop frequency characteristics of the system. Then an analytical description of the stability range for parameters is provided. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Cooling rate and turbulence in the intracluster medium of the cool-core cluster Abell 2667
Authors: Lepore M. , Pinto C. , Tozzi P. , Gaspari M. , Gastaldello F. , Liu A. , Rosati P. , van Weeren R. , Cresci G. , Iani E. , Rodighiero G.
Published: January 2025

Context. We present a detailed analysis of the thermal X-ray emission from the intracluster medium in the cool-core galaxy cluster Abell 2667 at z = 0.23.

Aims. Our main goal is to detect low-temperature (< 2 keV) X-ray emitting gas associated with a potential cooling flow connecting the hot intracluster medium reservoir to the cold gas phase responsible for star formation and supermassive black hole feeding.

Methods. We combined new deep XMM-Newton EPIC and RGS data, along with archival Chandra data, and performed a spectral analysis of the emission from the core region.

Results. We find 1σ upper limits on the fraction of gas cooling equal to ∼40 M⊙ yr−1 and ∼50−60 M⊙ yr−1, in the temperature ranges of 0.5−1 keV and 1−2 keV, respectively. We do not identify OVII, FeXXI-FeXXII, and FeXVII recombination and resonant emission lines in our RGS spectra, implying that the fraction of gas cooling below 1 keV is limited to a few tens of solar masses per year at maximum. We do detect several lines (particularly SiXIV, MgXII, FeXXIII/FeXXIV, NeX, OVIIIα) from which we are able to estimate the turbulent broadening. We obtain a 1σ upper limit of ∼320 km/s, which is much higher than the one found in other cool-core clusters such as Abell 1835, suggesting the presence of some mechanisms that boost significant turbulence in the atmosphere of Abell 2667. Imaging analysis of Chandra data suggests the presence of a cold front possibly associated with sloshing or with intracluster medium cavities. However, current data do not allow us to clearly identify the dominant physical mechanism responsible for turbulence.

Conclusions. These findings show that Abell 2667 is not different from other, low-redshift, cool-core clusters, with only upper limits on the mass deposition rate associated with possible isobaric cooling flows. Despite the lack of clear signatures of recent feedback events, the large upper limit on the turbulent velocity leaves room for significant heating of the intracluster medium, which may quench cooling in the cool core for an extended period, albeit also driving local intracluster medium fluctuations that will contribute to the next cycle of condensation rain.
Optimizing photoperiods for enhanced microalgae-based phycoremediation of food wastewater in Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Ghani Syamimi Afiqah , Chng Lee Muei , Yeap Swee Pin , Chan Derek Juinn Chieh , Geng Jing , Leong Sim Siong , Toh Pey Yi
Published: January 2025

Food processing wastewater poses significant environmental challenges due to high pollutant levels, necessitating effective treatment methods. While Chlorella vulgaris has shown promise in wastewater treatment, the optimal light/dark photoperiod regimes for maximizing biomass growth, nutrient removal efficiency, and COD reduction remain underexplored. This study evaluates the effects of 12H:12H light/dark and 24H light photoperiods on the performance of C.vulgaris in treating food processing wastewater. The 12H:12H photoperiod achieved 73% COD removal with a biomass yield of 0.44 g/L, while the 24H light achieved 75% COD removal with a biomass yield of 1.02 g/L. Both photoperiods fully removed ammonia by day 12. Although the 24H light period increased biomass production, it is energy-intensive, whereas the 12H:12H photoperiod is more energy-efficient but requires further evaluation. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing photoperiod regimes to enhance the efficacy of microalgae-based wastewater treatment. This research supports sustainable wastewater management in the food industry and aims to meet regulatory standards through tailored photoperiod strategies.
Removal of phenol from water using fenchol-menthol hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Tan Chee Kee , Ng Yee-Sern , Pang Yean Ling , Hayyan Adeeb
Published: January 2025

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) are regarded as a potential green alternative to conventional organic solvents in separation processes such as liquid-liquid extraction, due to their favourable properties, such as lower vapour pressure and tunable properties. The present work investigated the application of HDES which is synthesised from fenchol and menthol, in the removal of phenol from water. The HDES was synthesised experimentally at a fenchol mole fraction range of 0.1 to 0.9. The experimental results showed that stable liquidus HDES was successfully formed when the fenchol mole fraction in the HDES was 0.2 – 0.9. Further investigation showed that HDES with a fenchol mole fraction of 0.2, which had a low viscosity and high stability in water, had the highest phenol removal efficiency. The phenol removal process was highly sensitive to solution pH and solution-to-HDES ratio. In contrast, phenol removal was less affected by initial concentration and temperature. A high phenol removal efficiency of up to 95.9% was achieved in this study, which further showed the positive feasibility of HDES to serve as an alternative to conventional organic solvents in the liquid-liquid extraction of phenol from water.
Quasi-3D model to simulate flow in straight channels within vegetation patches
Authors: Sahat Maruli Simanjuntak Yogi , Uchida Tatsuhiko
Published: January 2025

Understanding the interaction between flow dynamics and riparian vegetation is essential for effective river management and conservation of the river environment, including the river ecosystem. Numerical simulations have emerged as a valuable tool for this purpose, offering cost-effective and scalable approach. In this paper, we conducted a comparative analysis between the Bottom Velocity Computation (BVC) method for quasi-three-dimensional models, which is the enhanced depth-integrated model with sub-grid three-dimensional model, conventional two-dimensional model, and three-dimensional model to explore the three-dimensional (3D) flow effects induced by the presence of vegetation patches. The vegetation resistance evaluation method for non-equilibrium open channel flows was extended to two dimensions and incorporated into the equations for the BVC models to evaluate the interaction of the vegetation, three-dimensional eddy motion, and turbulence in a depth-integrated model. Our simulations focused on straight channels containing patches of vegetation. The results showed that the velocities within the vegetated areas were observed to decrease, while velocities in non-vegetated areas increased. Moreover, the BVC model showed consistency with experimental data compared to 2DC model. Specifically, the 2DC model tended to overestimate velocities in non-vegetated areas due to its inability to capture momentum transport from non-vegetated areas. This discrepancy highlights the importance of considering 3D flow effects for simulating flows in vegetated areas.
Evaluation of carbon nanotubes/modified empty fruit bunch for adsorptive removal of methylene blue
Authors: Naalini Rajoo Alena , Md Rosli Noor Izzati
Published: January 2025

Dyes pose a significant risk to water pollution due to their toxic components which endangers both the environment and human health. The present research is to investigate the effectiveness of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that were mixed with modified empty fruit bunch (MEFB) for the elimination of Methylene Blue (MB) dye. The CNTs/MEFB was prepared using a simple reflux method. The findings indicated that 0.25g of adsorbent dosage has the high removal rate and 30 mg/l is the ideal initial concentration. The pH of 8 shows the excellent methylene uptake along with ideal temperature of 40°C. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model were studied, and the equilibrium data was best discussed by the Langmuir isotherm model. Through the results obtained, CNTs/MEFB adsorbent shows an excellent result in Methylene Blue uptake.
Evaluation of spatial variation and nutritional status of environmental quality in the surface seawater from fishing harbours of Hainan island
Authors: Ren Bingnan , Geng Jing , Qin Dajun , Yang Bo
Published: January 2025

To investigate the nutrient distribution characteristics and the eutrophication status of the main fishing ports in Hainan Province, this study analyzed the 2021 seawater quality indicators, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorophyll a (Chl a), ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), and soluble active phosphate (DIP). The single-factor contaminant index method was employed to evaluate the water quality, revealing that the levels of COD, BOD5, and DIP surpass the national seawater quality standards for Type IV. The eutrophication index (EI) of the different fishing ports ranges from 2.38 to 56.29, indicating a high level of eutrophication.
Development of low-pressure polymeric membrane incorporated with powdered activated carbon and nanosilica for groundwater applications
Authors: Pei Ling Soo , Ling Yong Wong , Lai Peng Wong , Kin Yang Wong
Published: January 2025

Groundwater has become a vital alternate supply of freshwater, which has now frequently been contaminated with high iron and lead levels that are harmful to human health and agriculture. Hence, various modifications on membrane surfaces are fabricated in this study to improve the membrane’s performance. Low-pressure PES polymeric membranes are made by combining polyether sulfone (PES) as the polymer, N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent, and nano-silica (SiO2) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) as additives. The membranes’ performance is tested multiple times to evaluate for their pure water permeation, groundwater filtration flux, the effectiveness of groundwater turbidity, colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD), iron, and lead removal. Results showed that the 5.0 wt.% PES-PAC membrane has the best filtering permeate and flux volume along with the highest removal efficiency for turbidity, colour, COD iron, and lead removal, which are 99.33%, 96.15 %, 96%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. All low-pressure membrane systems successfully reduced the iron concentration in groundwater to the irrigation water standards. Whereas, the 5.0 wt% PES-PAC and 5.0 wt% PES-SiO2 membranes can meet the lead requirements for agricultural water. The membrane with 5.0 wt% PES-PAC fulfils the lead content requirement after treatment for drinking water quality showing the membrane with PAC incorporation as an alternative water treatment technology to ensure water safety.
Assessing quality and distribution of surface runoff and soil from a mixed-use catchment, Teluk Intan in Malaysia
Authors: Lye Xin Yan , Nakayama Akihiko
Published: January 2025

Surface water quality of river channels has been well examined over the years, without much focus on one of the potential contributors, that is surface runoff transporting contaminants from surrounding land. By analysing the amount of contaminants present in surface runoff and soil on the ground, the potential extent of contamination can be examined in addition to the influence of different land use. The quality of surface runoff and soil from a mixed-use catchment in Teluk Intan, Malaysia was investigated for one storm event in 2023. A total of 10 points along a main road were sampled for surface runoff and soil, both of which were analysed for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and lead (Pb). Both parameters concluded a higher concentration in soil compared to runoff, indicating transport across different medias. TKN was measured at a maximum of 0.0911% in runoff and 0.473% in soil. The highest Pb concentrations of 0.423 mg/L for runoff and 66.48 mg/kg for soil were recorded at the points near the Perak River bend, which is in line with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation results. According to the National Water Quality Standard (NWQS), the Pb concentration in runoff was beyond the Class III limit. Herein, surface runoff exhibits a significant role in contaminant transport along the observed main road and poses a risk of entry into the Perak River. The present analysis may benefit as an estimation or comparison of typical runoff pollutant loading to improve the environmental quality of similarly mixed urban-agricultural catchment in Malaysia.
Exploring the influence of carbon sources and salinity on the growth of microalgae
Authors: Choong Xin Yi , Teh Hui Ying , Lam Man Kee , Raviadaran Revathi , Chai Yee Ho , Tan Inn Shi , Foo Henry Chee Yew , Wong Voon-Loong , Loy Adrian Chun Minh
Published: January 2025

In the domain of microalgae cultivation, the selection of carbon source and salinity profoundly impacts the growth and metabolic activity of species like Chlorella sp. Carbon sources and salt serve as vital substrates, dictating not only biomass production but also shaping cellular processes essential for various applications, particularly as agricultural biofertilizers. This study investigated the impact of different carbon sources and varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the growth of Chlorella sp. It was found that CO2 bubbling significantly improved microalgae growth, resulting in a notable 5.60% increase compared to cultivation with sodium bicarbonate. Within a span of 14 days, Chlorella sp. reached its peak biomass of 1.32 g/L ± 1.2% under CO2 bubbling, outperforming NaHCO3 cultivation, indicating a more efficient carbon utilization. Furthermore, the study revealed that Chlorella sp. achieved its highest biomass and lipid yield under CO2 bubbling cultivation without the addition of NaCl (1.32 g/L ± 1.2% and 0.43 g/L ± 3.0 % respectively), while a NaCl concentration of 0.5 M yielded the highest lipid content (34% ± 1.8 %) but had relatively low lipid yield at 0.21 g/L ± 5.0%. This underscored the impact of NaCl stress on the growth and lipid content of Chlorella sp.
Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic enrofloxacin under solar light using ZnO and Bi2MoO6 materials
Authors: Wei Qinzheng , Lam Sze-Mun , Li Haixiang , Sin Jin-Chung
Published: January 2025

Enrofloxacin (ENR) as one of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotic in the aquaculture industry has led to serious water pollution due to its extensive use. In this study, ZnO catalysts were synthesized using a facile precipitation method, while the Bi2MoO6 catalysts were prepared via a solvothermal method. The resulting materials underwent comprehensive characterization using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) to investigate their physical, chemical, and optical properties. Subsequently, the devised catalysts were scrutinized for degradation of ENR under simulated solar light irradiation. The degradation efficiency of ENR by Bi2MoO6 nanosheets reached 69.08%, which greatly exceeded that of ZnO 38.30%.
Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) in relation to respiratory symptoms among security guards
Authors: Muniandy Pravin , Abdul Aziz Nurhanim , Zainal Abidin Nur Balqishanis , Mohd Jamil Putri Anis , Ahnan Karthiga
Published: January 2025

Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) comprises emissions from moving vehicles and secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere. Security guards are among the outdoor workers exposed to TRAP pollutants, mainly particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), which can lead to chronic respiratory diseases. Occupational lung disease is a significant health concern in Malaysia, which, relatively little research on respiratory issues among Malaysian security personnel. The objective of this study is to evaluate the exposure level of TRAP PM2.5 and respiratory symptoms among security guards. The study utilized environmental monitoring to assess the concentration of TRAP PM2.5 and a questionnaire adopted from the American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Diseases questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78A) was administered to eligible respondents to observe symptoms of cough, phlegm, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Approximately 45% of the respondents reported experiencing cough as a respiratory symptom when exposed to high levels of TRAP PM2.5. Factors of smoking status and the number of cigarettes smoked per day have been identified as potential risk factors correlated with respiratory symptoms. Given this, implementing job rotations for security guards could minimize their exposure to pollutants over the long term, rather than solely focusing on raising awareness about the proper use of personal protective equipment.
Investigating the effect of various lengths of bamboo straw on the mechanical properties of adobe
Authors: Balfaqih Ahmed , Baarimah Abdullah O. , Yafouz Ayman , Yahaya Fadzil Mat , Najah Ali
Published: January 2025

Adobe buildings are popularly used in different universe regions and comprise an important characteristic of the worldwide cultural heritage. Moreover, in recent years, ecological construction materials like bricks of adobe have become more economically vital. The advantages of using adobe as a main construction material include environment, economy, friendliness, good thermal with sound insulation, and perfect indoor air quality. Therefore, it is vital to investigate the adobe’s mechanical properties. This research aims to investigate the effect of different sizes of bamboo straw on adobe bricks, which is considered a process of seeking high-performance bricks in terms of compressive strength and flexural strength. The mixture utilized in this experimental research contains sand, clay, silt, and bamboo straw. Adobe bricks with bamboo straw were prepared along with a control mix. The brick size is 227 x 115 x 75 mm which consists of different percentages of bamboo straw 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. Meanwhile, the bamboo straw has different lengths of 30 mm, namely, short bamboo and 60 mm as long bamboo. 70 samples were tested out of which, 35 bricks samples were tested for compressive strength, whereas 35 bricks samples were tested for flexural test. By adding the bamboo straw reinforcement, the adobe compressive strength increased also the addition of short bamboo straw recorded the maximum compressive strength up to 3.41 MPa. A solid conclusion can be made that the samples constructed with short bamboo straw throughout the mix performed better than the samples with long bamboo straw in compressive strength test and for flexural strength short bamboo marked the best performance to the 1.0%.
Enhanced removal of Cd(II) and As(III) from waters using S-Fe-C composites: Performance and mechanisms
Authors: Liang Zihao , Chen Gongning
Published: January 2025

Protecting ecosystems and human health from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) like Cd(II) and As is critical. The results showed that SnZVI particles were uniformly dispersed in biocarbon matrix. The pseudosecond- order kinetics and Langmuir model can better match the adsorption process of Cd(II) and As(III) by SFC., with the maximum removal capacity of 405 mg·g−1 and 349 mg·g−1, respectively. Biochar enhances electron transport and prevents S-nZVI agglomeration. The removal mechanisms of SFC, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange and oxidation, shows great potential for remediation of PTEs pollution in irrigation water.
Production of mortar with calcined alum sludge as partial cement replacement
Authors: Wong Ai Wei , Chew Hoong Yuin , Bashir Mohammed J. K. , Aldahdooh Majed A. A. , Ng Choon Aun
Published: January 2025

Alum sludge is a largely generated and disposed waste from water treatment plants. This study aimed to produce mortar using alum sludge calcined at different temperatures (600 – 900 ºC). After the optimal calcination temperature was selected, the calcined alum sludge was used to replace 5, 10, and 15 % of cement by mass in mortar. The performance of the mortars was evaluated based on the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and percentage of water absorption. Mortars with alum sludge calcined at 800 ºC had the highest strength as compared to the other temperatures. The mechanical strength of mortars reduced while the porosity and percentage of water absorbed increased with increasing calcined alum sludge content. Although replacing 5 % of cement with calcined alum sludge would reduce the mechanical strengths by 13 – 15 %, it was still acceptable as it had negligible influence on the porosity and water absorption value of the mortar. In short, the partial substitution of cement with calcined alum sludge should be limited within 5 % to maintain the performance of the mortar.
Surfactant usage in nitrile rubber film development through metal plate dipping process
Authors: Hui Lai Yong , Munusamy Yamuna , Mohd Ismail Nor Ismaliza , Xian Ooi Zhong , Muniyadi Mathialagan , Jiang Lim Chaw
Published: January 2025

Developing rubber film in the lab is important for studying the mechanical changes on gloves with different developed formulation. The process in the lab differs from the factory, as the rubber film is formed from dipping a metal plate into the compounded mixture, while the factory uses a well-crafted former to make their gloves in a controlled environment. One issue arises during preparation rubber film in laboratory is the coagulant was unable to uniformly coat the metal plate, which result in producing uneven rubber films. Thus, this work focuses on the incorporation of surfactant into the coagulant solution (Ca(NO3)2) to allow a uniform coating. Two concentrations of two types of surfactants are tested by measuring the contact angle of coagulant to the metal plate. 0.5% of Wetpol 800 surfactant provides an even coating of rubber film on the metal plate after dipping through visual inspection compared to the Ca(NO3)2 alone. The rubber film formed has an average thickness of 0.065 mm, tensile strength of 22.348 MPa, ultimate elongation 1388.4 %, modulus E100 and E300 of 1.377 and 0.731 respectively.
Corrosion inhibition study of the protective reliability of Moringa oleifera, Chrysophyllum caimito, and Camellia sinensis oil distillates on mild steel in dilute H2SO4 and HCl solutions
Authors: Tolulope Loto Roland , Loto Cleophas , Oluseye Ayorinde
Published: January 2025

The protective reliability of Moringa oleifera (MO), Chrysophyllum caimito (CC), and Camellia sinensis (CS) oil distillates was examined in H2SO4 and HCl solutions. The data showed that MO and CC performed effectively in H2SO4 at 81.3% and 93% compared to CS at 76.5%. CC and CS performed more effectively in HCl at 92.7% and 93% compared to MO at 78.2%. The reliability output for CC in H2SO4, and CC and CS in HCl was generally constant. The lowest standard deviation values for H2SO4 were obtained for CC and CS, while the associated values for HCl were obtained for CS. At a accuracy range of +15, +9.1 and +20.2, the proportion of MO, CC and CS above 70% inhibition in H2SO4 is 71.4%, 95.2%, and 33.4% at accuracy range of +19.3, +0 and +0. The corresponding values from the HCl are 71.4%, 100% and 100% The results of the variance analysis show extract concentration and evaluation duration dominate the inhibition of MO and CS extracts in H2SO4, whereas in HCl they dominate the outputs for CC and CS. The inhibition of CC in H2SO4 are dominated by evaluation period, while the inhibition of MO in HCl is dominated by extract concentration.
Protection performance of Azadirachta indica leaf essential oil on corrosion of plain carbon steel in weak HCl and NH4Cl
Authors: Tolulope Loto Roland , Akpanyung Kingsley
Published: January 2025

Azadirachta indica leaf essential oil (ADI) was assessed for its corrosion protection properties on plain carbon steel within 0.5 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl, 1 M HCl, and 5.61 M NH4Cl. Weight loss data indicates ADI exhibited strong inhibition properties in HCl, with peak performance of 97.53% and 97.55% at 5% ADI. The results indicates strong molecular interaction between protonated ADI molecules and the charged steel surface. ADI showed poor inhibition at 1-4% ADI within NH4Cl, at values below 50%. At 5% ADI concentration, the data considerably rose to 78.52% and 78.0% after 312 h. This shows ADI performance in NH4C is significantly concentration dependent which limits it versatility compared to its performance in HCl solution. Standard error for ADI performance within 0.5 M HCl were extreme, suggesting thermodynamic stability of inhibitor molecules. Standard error were lower in 1 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl, and 5.61 M NH4Cl. Numerical data showed a portion of ADI protection performance values generally exceeded 70%. Statistical analysis showed immersion duration was more dominant on the performance of ADI compared to ADI concentration, while ADI concentration wasmore influential in NH4Cl.
Short-term solar irradiance forecasting using deep learning models
Authors: Syed Saad Ahmed , Chang Wei Bin , Nisar Humaira , Riaz Hannan Naseem , Yeap Kim Ho , Zaber Nursaida Mohamad
Published: January 2025

Population growth and evolving consumer technology have resulted in an ever-increasing demand for energy and power. Traditional energy sources such as coal, oil, and gas are not only quickly depleting but have also contributed to global pollution. As a result, the demand for renewable energy for power generation has increased tremendously. Short-term solar irradiance is a critical area in renewable energy for the optimal operation and power prediction of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants and other solar energy applications. However, solar irradiance is complex to handle due to the nonuniform characteristics of inconsistent weather conditions. Deep Learning techniques have shown outstanding performance in modeling these complexities. In this paper, short-term solar forecasting models are proposed using deep learning to reliably predict the amount of solar irradiance for optimal power generation. Furthermore, it is also evaluated whether the model can forecast the amount of Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) within one hour given the current recorded features including air temperature, azimuth, cloud opacity, and zenith. The data for Penang, Malaysia is used in this research. A Dense Neural Network (DNN) with 32 units achieved a validation MAE of 21.33 and MSE of 1343.68 in the 6th fold. Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) with 256 units achieved a validation MAE of 8.23 and MSE of 246.98 in the 7th fold. On test data, the DNN achieved MAE and MSE of 31.71 and 2560.80 respectively whereas the LSTM model achieved MAE and MSE of 5.78 and 106.65 respectively.
Studies of biodiesel production using various blends of waste palm cooking oil and castor oil
Authors: Rao Geevitha Anantha , Krishnan Soundarajan
Published: January 2025

This study has been conducted using blends of castor oil (CO) and waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) in different proportions to enhance % yield of biodiesel via transesterification. The effects of various blending ratios of WPCO: CO (wt.%), molar ratios of methanol: oil, catalyst concentrations (wt.%), reaction time, reaction temperature and various co-solvents have been investigated to determine the optimal conditions for transesterification reaction. Maximum % yield of biodiesel is obtained at 75:25 (wt.%) of WPCO:CO blend, 9:1 methanol to oil ratio, 1 wt.% KOH catalyst, reaction temperature of 32°C, reaction time of 30 min, using n-hexane as co-solvent. The highest obtained biodiesel yield is 96%. Analysis confirmed 25 FAME components, and the fuel met ASTM standards. Blending non-edible feedstocks for biodiesel production is a sustainable approach to reduce costs and environmental impact.
Thermal comfort in green Malaysian office: Objective versus subjective evaluation
Authors: Lakhiar Muhammad Tarique , Sanmargaraja Shalini , Olanrewaju Abdul Lateef , Lim Chong Hooi , Ponniah Vignes , Mathalamuthu Anselm Dass
Published: January 2025

An office building in Malaysia with a green certification was examined in terms of objective and subjective evaluations of thermal comfort. In this study, thermal comfort data was collected objectively using specific instruments per the ASHRAE 55 standard, and the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) values were computed. In addition, validated questionnaires were used to assess subjective perceptions of thermal comfort. It was found that, although the PMV model suggested a slightly cool atmosphere occupants experienced a cooler sensation than expected. The divergence highlights the inadequacies of measuring thermal comfort solely based on objective measures and stresses the necessity of incorporating occupant feedback into the assessment process. By focusing on environmental sustainability and occupant well-being, this research provides valuable insight for the management and development of future green office buildings.
Assessing the sustainability of repetitive floor plan using Building Information Modelling-DIGITAL TWINS framework
Authors: Istanbullu Ali , Omar Emad Alabo , Aijoma Mohammed
Published: January 2025

Various factors, including the nature of the utilized equipment, labour expertise, availability of resources, and meteorological circumstances, might impact the efficiency of work on construction sites. As a result, site and planning engineers must continuously monitor and assess construction progress considering site conditions and the performance of used construction resources. In multi-storey buildings, repetitive floor construction plan impacts enormously construction site sustainability. To identify an optimal set of construction resources, this paper presents Building Information Modelling-DIGITAL-TWINs (BIMDTs) framework, which planners and site engineers can use to easily monitor and control workflow progress of the repetitive floor. Using a digital model, DTs replicate the actual workflow process on a building site and guarantee a consistent information flow. To guarantee information flow between the building site and the digital model, several communication technology tools could be deployed and tested (High-definition site construction camera, regular site monitoring using drones, infrared smart sensors, etc.). The initial results of this research show an important improvement in the sustainability of construction sites. Reduced formworks oil consumption, improved human resource safety, and increased site resource profitability were observed in several treated real cases.