bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democratic Ledership and Faculty Empowerment at the Community College: A Theoretical Model for the Department Chair
Authors: McArthur Ronald C
Published: June 2007

Community college organization at the department level, with diverse disciplines and semiautonomous faculty members, presents important leadership issues for the newly appointed department chair. Faced with an existing culture that looks upon the administration with some mistrust, the chair must work within a leadership perspective of a faculty peer rather than a military commander. The author concludes that the most appropriate theoretical model for a department chair is democratic leadership emphasizing faculty empowerment as a way to overcome faculty resistance to change.
ERIC Review: The Impact of Financial Crises on Access and Support Services in Community Colleges
Authors: Sheldon Caroline Q.
Published: June 2007

This review discusses the impact of fiscal contraction on community colleges. It explores how reduced state appropriations have adversely affected community college instruction and student support systems. It closes with the example of how fee increases in the 1990s lowered access to the California community college system and reduced transfers to the universities. The research shows that because instruction and student support services suffer when the budget is reduced, fiscal contraction can hamper the ability of community colleges to provide universal access.
Internet Access and Use of the Web for Instruction: A National Study of Full-time and Part-time Community College Faculty
Authors: Akroyd Duane , Jaeger Audrey , Jackowski Melissa , Jones Logan C.
Published: June 2007

This research explored the issues of access to the internet and use of the web for instructional purposes between full-time and part-time community college faculty. The findings that 40% of part-time faculty do not have Internet access at work would seem to indicate that part-time faculty are poorly integrated into the technology infrastructure of institutions.
New Rural Community College Faculty Members and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Murray Joh P. , Cunningham Sean
Published: June 2007

To determine what attracts faculty to rural community colleges, a qualitative study, based on the theory of met expectations, was conducted. The faculty who expressed satisfaction were those who were comfortable living and working in a rural community, enjoyed the challenge of teaching students who varied considerably in their readiness for college level work, and delighted in their students' accomplishments. In the words of one participant: "If you like it here you will be fine."
UCLA Community College Review: Community Education in the Community College
Authors: Wang Wei-ni
Published: June 2007

This article begins by reviewing the development of community education in two-year colleges. It focuses on the five major types of community education programs: adult education, continuing education, lifelong learning, community services, and especially community-based education. The article concludes by discussing the challenges community education programs face due to the conflicting missions of the community college, and it provides suggestions for research and practice.
UCLA Community College Review: The Overlooked Minority: Asian Pacific American Students at Community Colleges
Authors: Lew Jonathan W. , Chang June C. , Wang Winnie W.
Published: June 2007

This review examines the impact of Asian Pacific American (APA) students' characteristics and experiences on their academic achievement. The article begins by describing the demographics and diversity of this group, and it explores the challenges posed by APA community college students' background characteristics and influences, the model minority stereotype, and identity development. The limited research that focuses on APA students at community colleges is summaried, as well as broader research on APA students in general. The article concludes with implications for practice and recommendations for future research.
A Predictive Model of Retention Rate at Regional Two-Year Colleges
Authors: Wyman Frank J.
Published: June 2007

Although much research has been conducted on the characteristics, covariates, and causes of individual student retention, scant research has focused on campus-wide retention rate. The author analyzed first-year retention rates for the 16 colleges of the South Carolina Technical College System. Two cohorts from each college were studied: first-time freshmen enrolling full-time during the 1990 fall semester and a similarly defined 1991 cohort. College management and fiscal policy variables (internal measures) as well as regional demographic and economic variables (external measures) are analyzed in terms of their efficacy in predicting retention ate. An optimal predictive model is derived, revealing that two-thirds of retention rate variance is explained by two variables: (a) regional employment per capital and (b) the ratio of instruction and academic support expenditures per student to regional income per job. Implications for college administrators and policymakers are discussed.
Identification with Academics and Academic Success among Community College Students
Authors: Osborne Jason W.
Published: June 2007

Identification with academics has been theoretically and empirically linked to various measures of student academic performance. A questionnaire designed to assess the extent to which self esteem is connected with and dependent upon academic outcomes was administered to 169 freshmen enrolled in a community college. The author followed the sample for two years to track the students' GPAs, academic standing, and graduation status. Students' identification with academics was related to their academic standing and GPA at a community college after one semester and at a two-year follow-up. The results suggest that counselors could use an identification with academics scale to identify those incoming students most at risk for negative academic outcomes.
Comparison of Community College Transfer Students and Native Students in an Upper Level Accounting Course
Authors: Montondon Lucille , Eikner A. Elaine
Published: June 2007

Characteristics such as high school or college grade point average, SAT or ACT scores, grades in prerequisite classes, gender, race, student expectations, and beginning one's college career at a community college have been investigated by researchers as influences on success in college-level accounting classes. The authors describe research that compared community college transfer students with native students enrolled in an intermediate accounting class at a state university in Texas. Analysis of covariance was used to determine whether transfer students and native students earned the same final grade after controlling for other factors. With significant covariates included, the analysis indicated that where a student took the first accounting course was not a significant predictor of how well the student performed in his or her first intermediate accounting class at the four-year institution.
Perceptions of the Scope and Quality of Student Services Functions in Two-Year Colleges
Authors: Mattox Ronald E. , Creamer Don G.
Published: June 2007

The survey research described in this report elicited perceptions of 172 chief student services officers at community colleges about student services provided in 1994 based on functions defined by the Carnegie Institute (Raines, 1966). The researchers compare their findings with those reported in 1966, report perceived changes in institutional factors affecting service delivery, and compare the scope and quality of student services functions by small and large institutions. Results indicate service increases at both small and large institutions with little difference in levels of service by college size. Respondents reported perceptions of broad services of good quality and an overall improvement in 10 specific institutional conditions related to service provision.
Job Satisfaction and the Propensity to Leave an Institution among Two-Year College Division Chairpersons
Authors: Murray John R. , Murray Judy I.
Published: June 2007

The study described here was designed to investigate the propensity of division chairpersons to leave a community college, the levels of satisfaction they feel with their jobs, and their perceptions of role conflict and ambiguity. The researchers used a job satisfaction scale, a propensity-to-leave index, and a role perception questionnaire to collect data from 279 division chairs at community colleges. Over half of the respondents reported high levels of role ambiguity and medium levels of role conflict, and respondents indicated varying levels of satisfaction with 10 job factors. A stepwise regression analysis of the 10 factors, role conflict, and role ambiguity indicated that the following factors influenced the variance in a chair's propensity to leave an institution: role conflict and dissatisfaction with policies, administration, and salary.
Exploring New Avenues for Leading Community Colleges: The Paradox of Participatory Models
Authors: Kezar Adrianna J.
Published: June 2007

The author reviews the literature on leadership models for academic institutions and presents the results of an in-depth case study that focused on the participatory leadership environment at an urban community college. Using interviews, document analysis, observations at campus activities, and an analysis of the physical environment, the author gathered data over a six-month period that included interviews with 24 faculty and 12 administrators selected using sequential sampling strategy. This report summarizes the categorical and componential analysis of the faculty interviews, which revealed multiple personal definitions of leadership and multiple views of campus leadership. Those interviewed provided evidence that the participatory model had not overcome a singularly defined view of leadership: Faculty identified fit or alignment issues, silencing of divergent viewpoints, and organizational miscommunication.
Supplemental Instruction, Learning Communities, and Students Studying Together
Authors: Maxwell William E.
Published: June 2007

Researchers have shown that out-of-classroom peer relations influence student outcomes at residential four-year colleges, but research findings conflict about the impact of social integration on community college students. The study described in this report was designed to identify and quantify the impact that a form of supplemental instruction had on peer relations at a community college. Two groups of students in 19 general education courses at a California community college were compared: those who joined supplemental workshops for the courses and those who did not. Questionnaire items elicited students' perceptions of the workshops' influence on peer relations. Correlation and regression analyses revealed a strong correlation between supplemental instruction and studying with other students as well as meeting outside class with a student group to study. Supplemental instruction had little or no correlation with student organization meetings and campus cultural activities.
ERIC Review Faculty Evaluation: A Response to Competing Values
Authors: Redmon Kent D.
Published: June 2007

The author reviews the literature on faculty evaluation to define how different purposes (formative and summative) and competing values (those of administrators and those of faculty) have produced two approaches to the task. A procedural approach relies upon both self-evaluation and appraisals by peers, administrators, and students. The developmental approach rests upon teaching portfolios, dossiers, and self-evaluations. The author defines similarities and differences between both approaches and illustrates their use with examples from the literature.
The Relationship between Environmental Conditions and Transfer Rates of Selected Rural Community Colleges: A Pilot Study
Authors: Higgins C. Steven , Katsinas Stephen G.
Published: June 2007

Defining external and internal environmental conditions as indepen-dent variables and institutional transfer rate as the dependent variable, the authors investigate the relationship between transfer rates and conditions that are beyond an institution's control (such as service area demographics and the degree of specificity in state articulation and transfer policies). Based on a three-phase analysis that involved multiple regression, factor analyses, and two-tailed t tests, the authors define negative and positive influences on transfer rates and discuss recommendations for further research.
ERIC Review: Effective Elements of Developmental Reading and Writing Programs
Authors: Mccusker Manuela
Published: June 2007

The author summarizes the literature on developmental reading and writing programs by discussing strategies for addressing remedial needs and obstacles to remediation. Based on the review, the author defines 16 strategies used by community colleges to implement effective remedial programs.
Edittor's Choice Mentoring: The Association of California Community Colleges Project
Authors: Valeau Edward J.
Published: June 2007

The author describes a mentoring program developed by the Association of California Community Colleges to provide one-year mentoring experiences between veteran administrators and administrative staff who aspire to leadership positions. Sample program forms illustrate the program's administration, and the author discusses the results of an assessment effort directed at former participants.
Faculty Development in a National Sample of Community Colleges
Authors: Murray John P.
Published: June 2007

The author defines the activities that distinguish successful development programs and describes a survey administered in 1998 to faculty development officers at 250 randomly selected community colleges. Based on responses from 130 colleges, the author profiles those responsible for faculty development, summarizes the extent that each development activity is used, and articulates the need for concerted faculty development efforts at community colleges.
A Multi-Systems Theory of Organizational Communication
Authors: Grunig James E.
Published: June 2007

A unified theory of organizational communication is presented which explains the variety of communication behaviors with which organizations must deal, including internal communication, internal-external communication, and interorganizational communication. The theory is developed from the concepts of system openness, structural constraints, and synchronic and diachronic communication. Application of the theory is demonstrated with data from five separate studies of employee communications, communication with consumers, organization-clientele communication in a community development agency, total organizational communication, and communication between organized interest groups.
Functions of Media Behaviors
Authors: Jeffres Leo W.
Published: June 2007

A new unit of analysis, the Media Behavior Unit, is introduced to examine specific instances of newspaper reading, television viewing, and radio listening. The analytic unit views media behavior as a series of points in time, beginning with the desire that some function be fulfilled and ending with the actual behavior and fulfillment of functions. The media behavior unit is used to examine relationships at the situational level. Media behaviors are characterized as media-seeking (MS), where the individual moves toward the medium without regard to content, and as content-seeking (CS), where the movement is directed toward particular content found in a medium. The MS-CS distinction is used to test several situational hypotheses and to examine the degree of consistency within an individual's media use. A high degree of consistency was found for behavior within each medium, but little consistency was noted for behaviors across media.
The Quick Minute
Authors: Andrew June M. , Bentley Margaret R.
Published: June 2007

Results of this study confirmed prior findings that time seems slow to delinquents, compared to the perceptions of normals drawn from other studies. However, a heavy-drug-using group unexpectedly showed a more accurate time sense than a light-use group. The difference appeared only for the offenders age 15 and over. It was suggested (a) that longterm drug use may create organic brain changes that may normalize time sense, or that the result may be due to (b) a selective factor related to drug use or (c) a practice effect.
Social Role Self-Perceptions of State Prison Guards
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Hooker Margaret
Published: June 2007

Penal institutions determine their expectations of their own guards' social role. The adequate performance of this social role, however, is dependent on the self-perceptions of the guards and the extent to which their own expectations are associated with those of the institutions. The following research was conducted to find out the influence of self-perceptions of prison guards on their social role. Results indicated self-perceived variables in the guard's social role were: integration, personal, social distance, knowledge, rehabilitation-coerciveness, and custodial care. Such expectations of the occupational role might be expected to delimit role performance and thus to increase or decrease role conflict with the institution.
Behavior Modification in a Prison
Authors: Geller E. Scott , Johnson Daniel F. , Hamlin Paul H. , Kennedy Thomas D.
Published: June 2007

A large-scale contingency management program, which the authors instituted and supervised for 18 months in the Virginia correctional system, is described and provides the basis for a discussion of current issues raised by many similar, behaviorally based treatment programs. Conflicting conceptions of "behavior modification" and the rationale for choosing the behavioral model are discussed, and issues concerning ethical, legal, and administrative matters are explored in terms of initial program procedures and subsequent refinements. Throughout, recommendations are rendered for increasing the probability that a behavior modification program in corrections would be practical, effective, and ethical, and appreciated by both corrections personnel and inmates as well as by the general public.
On the Effectiveness of Group Counseling
Authors: Resnick Robert J. , Lira Frank , Wallace John H.
Published: June 2007

In order to assess the effectiveness of group leaders in a correction setting, a sample of counseling groups lead by psychologists, social workers, and correctional counselors was drawn. The results indicated that groups lead by psychologists had better adjustment in their work settings than those groups lead by other leaders. Similarly, motivation was higher in the psychologist-lead groups. The significant differences between group leaders was attributed to the differential role the group leader has within the correctional setting, particularly the relative input the group leader has in the inmate's final recommendation for parole. Thus, the inmate's perception of the group leader as a threat to his freedom negates the effectiveness of the group counseling process. Recommendations for training of group leaders as well as their selection are discussed.
A Test of the Effectiveness of a Differential Treatment Strategy At the Robert F. Kennedy Center
Authors: Cavior Helene Enid , Schmidt Annesley
Published: June 2007

The effects of an experimental program of differential classification and treatment were studied by comparing releasees from two Federal Correctional Institutions. In-program outcomes were statistically different at the two institutions. Overall, and for each treatment type, releasees from the experimental institution, the Robert F. Kennedy Center at Morgantown, West Virginia, had more paroles, fewer mandatory releases or expirations of sentences, and more escapes or transfers than the comparison institution, the Federal Correctional Institution at Ashland, Kentucky. Comparisons of post-release outcome at six-month intervals up to 36 months yielded no differences between the institutions. Statistical adjustment of 36-month outcome to compensate for differences in the two populations slightly increased the difference between the institutions, but the results still failed to reach significance. Possible weaknesses in the research design are discussed.
Subculture of Violence
Authors: Poland James M.
Published: June 2007

This study examined value differences of violent and nonviolent youthful offenders committed to the California Youth Authority's Northern California Reception Center in Sacramento. Previous research indicated that high rates of violent crime were related to the subculture of violence hypothesis, i.e., violent offenders exhibited a different value orientation than nonviolent offenders. The Rokeach Value Survey was used to measure the values of violent and nonviolent youthful offenders. The data suggested that value systems of violent and nonviolent youthful offenders were basically the same. Six of the 36 values differed significantly. This finding was consistent with the recent studies of Ball-Rokeach.
Prediction of Work Release Success With Youthful, Nonviolent, Male Offenders
Authors: Elder John P. , Cohen Stanley H.
Published: June 2007

The literature reveals that many correctional institutions select work releasees solely on the basis of nonalterable historical information. The present study delineated current as well as historical inmate variables predictive of success or failure on a work release program. Subjects were male offenders incarcerated in a minimum security federal institution. The best predictors of success on work release were the level of institutional adjustment immediately before entering the program, whether the inmate had been convicted of auto theft, history of drug use, and age at first arrest.
The Hormonal Treatment of Paraphiliacs With Depo-Provera
Authors: Spodak Michael K. , Falck Z. Ann , Rappeport Jonas R.
Published: June 2007

Psychological therapies as described by Marshall are but one means of reducing the rapist's and child molester's sexual aggressive urges and behaviors. Various organic therapies have been recommended, including psychosurgery and surgical castration. Spodak, Falck, and Rappeport review a newer and more reversible form of castration, chemical castration by the use of the female hormone medroxyprogesterone acetate and the new antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate. These drugs are used to decrease the functioning level of the male hormone, testosterone. Reduction of testosterone appears to decrease overall sexual drive and rather rapidly allows the rapist or child molester to gain greater control (in some cases complete control) of his aggressive sexual urges.

Spodak, Falck, and Rappeport describe the use of these hormonal agents, their effects and side effects, and give therapists some guidelines to follow when using these chemical interventions. Although not seen as a panacea, these agents do appear rapidly to assist the deviant in gaining control of his urges, and when coupled with psychotherapy they serve a valuable adjunct to the therapist armamentarium.
Sexual Response Faking By Pedophiles
Authors: Laws D.R. , Holmen Martin L.
Published: June 2007

Finally in this series, Laws and Holmen examine further the issue of response faking by looking at various methods used by one of their own clients as he attempted to fake in the laboratory. It is clear that clients have the capability of generating erection responses to stimuli that are not erotic to them and the ability to prevent their erection responses to sexual stimuli to which they normally are highly aroused to. Furthermore, therapists' maneuvers to prevent such faking may significantly disrupt the working relationship between the therapist and the client. Laws and Holmen conclude by listing various steps that the therapist can take so that faking by the client will be minimized.

Clearly, no one has the answer for this most difficult scientific and ethical issue. Laws and Holmen's results simply highlight the problems in dealing with rapists and child molesters, problems that are present in treating other types of clients but whose solution becomes critical to protect potential victims of our clients.
Evaluating Social Skills of Sexual Aggressives
Authors: Becker Judith V. , Abel Gene G. , Blanchard Edward B. , Murphy William D. , Coleman Emily
Published: June 2007

A frequently overlooked element of any rapist or child molester's behavior is his social skills. We know that some sexual aggressives are very adept at interacting socially with a female, expressing themselves to others, requesting others to change their behavior, and accurately empathizing or appreciating the feeling states of others. On the other hand, some sexual aggressives are unable to maintain an adequate social interaction with an adult female, are unable to assert themselves appropriately with others, and, finally, some are cold and indifferent to others' feelings. In the past, these skills deficits have been viewed as characteristic of aggressives, but no formal means of evaluating or treating these deficits was available.

In recent years behavioral approaches have begun to identify those behaviors that reflect good social skills. Concomitantly, skills training, a reeducative approach to teaching new skills, has been applied to a diverse group of clients, ranging from shy college students to inappropriately aggressive business executives. More recently these same skills assessment and training techniques have been applied to sexual deviates, and even more recently to sexual aggressives.

The article by Becker, Abel, Blanchard, Murphy, and Coleman outlines the current means of assessing various social skills and applying skills training treatments to sexual aggressives when needed. A major finding was that treatment in one skills area does not generalize into other skills areas. That is, specific skills deficits must be resolved by treatment to improve that very deficit, since generalization from other skills areas is minimal.

Finally, the interrelationship between various social skills deficits and rape behavior has to be worked out. Self-report measures confirm that in some rapists and child molesters, a close correlation exists between failures in the social skills area and increased urges to rape or molest, but this relationship is far from absolutely clear.
Blame Models and Assailant Research
Authors: Brodsky Stanley L. , Hobart Susan C.
Published: June 2007

Therapies of all kinds are based upon certain basic assumptions regarding the causes of the client's behavior. These assumptions are frequently not articulated by the treatment agent, and yet they are the premises on which information is gathered, various components of the client's behavior are examined, and, indeed, treatment programs are developed. Various treatment programs for sexual aggressives operate from a set of such assumptions, called blame models. Each blame model hypothesizes why sexual assault occurs. Brodsky and Hobart review four such blame models including the offender blame model, the victim model, the situational model, and a societal model. At present it is unclear as to which model or combination of models best explains the occurrence of sexual assault, but at least the field is beginning to investigate the various models and their relevance to the overall issues of the treatment of the offender and the prevention of rape.
The Effect Of Differential Follow-Up On Rearrests
Authors: Ad David F.
Published: June 2007

The evaluation of a juvenile diversion program by Quay and Love ( 1977) is criticized for employing follow-up periods of differing durations. This problem is seen to be particularly relevant to community corrections. It is concluded that followup periods must be simultaneous and equal in duration in order to avoid problems in validly interpreting the results. A two-stage analysis procedure containing both in-program and post-program observation is recommended and explained.
Effects of a Juvenile Diversion Program On Rearrests
Authors: Quay Herbert C. , Love Craig T.
Published: June 2007

This article replies to the suggestion that the experimental effect reported in an earlier paper was due to a greater post-program exposure time for the control group or to a selection by history interaction. Both alternative explanations for the finding were rejected on the basis of both the original and additional analyses.
Test of a Theory of Delinquency
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Steinberger Henry , Cohen Arie , Barr Harriet L.
Published: June 2007

Farley's (1973) arousal/sensation-seeking model of delinquency was tested in part on a sample of adult male institutionalized addicts. The dependent measure was the type of discharge from the institution. Two categories of discharge were employed—a "good" discharge, meaning the subject left the hospital with consent of staff, having completed the program, and a "bad" discharge, meaning one or more serious rule infractions were involved in the discharge. The latter was essentially a delinquent discharge, and the former a normal discharge. Physiological (Reticular Activating System) arousal was measured by the two-flash threshold, and sensation-seeking by the Sensation-Seeking Scale. The prediction from theory that a greater frequency of "bad" discharges would be found in low arousal/high sensation-seeking persons relative to high arousal/low sensation-seeking persons, and that the latter would demonstrate more "good" discharges relative to the former, was significantly (p<.01) supported. The important implications of the environment for this biological approach to delinquency were discussed, and research directions suggested.
Applied Behavior Analysis for Criminal Justice Practice
Authors: Morris Edward K.
Published: June 2007

In this article, the seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis are related to criminal justice practice. Each of the dimensions is described and examined, and is illustrated by published behavioral literature on crime and delinquency. In addition, three general assumptions of applied behavior analysis are presented: (1) good practice should be good research; (2) behavioral goals, procedures, and effects should be socially validated; and (3) a systems perspective should be adopted when focusing on behavior analysis and intervention. The development of a behavior analysis approach to criminal justice— that is, a behavioral criminal justice—is viewed as an effective, efficient, and humane addition to current problem-solving practices.
Positive Peer Culture and a Level System
Authors: Mitchell Jerry D. , Cockrum David L.
Published: June 2007

Positive peer culture is widely used in adolescent treatment facilities, but little research has been performed to test its effectiveness. In a residential treatment facility positive peer culture was put into operation after the completion of a level system. The two programs had approximately 40 subjects each and were used in the same physical facilities. Comparing behavioral incidents in the first six months of the two programs, positive peer culture had less runaways, physical aggression, drug abuse, destruction of property, and suicidal behavior while having more break-ins on campus, off limits, and improper affection displays. As a function of the individual student's time in the program, both programs showed most incidents in the student's first month, with positive peer culture having markedly less incidents. The results support the conclusion that positive peer culture results in less incidents and a smoother, less traumatic program.
Stealing From a "Lost" Letter
Authors: Farrington David P. , Knight Barry J.
Published: June 2007

A nonreactive field experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of the victim on stealing. The subjects were 160 people in the streets of London, England, who picked up a stamped, addressed, unsealed, apparently lost letter containing a handwritten note and (except in control conditions) also £1 in cash. The content of the note made it appear that the possible victim of stealing was male or female, old or young, rich or poor, an individual or an association. It was found that subjects were more likely to steal from males than from females, but stealing was not significantly influenced by the other independent variables. Subjects who were younger or more casually dressed were more likely to steal than others. Stealing did not vary with the subject's sex. It was concluded that stealing depended partly on the individual and partly on situational factors.
The Effectiveness of Court-Ordered Punishment
Authors: Critelli Joseph W. , Crawford Ronald F.
Published: June 2007

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various court-ordered punishment dispositions for a small city over a twelve-year period. Subjects receiving "no punishment" had a lower probability of future crime than did those receiving fines (p< .01). Repeaters and nonrepeaters did not differ on type of crime, seriousness of crime, or on amount of fine paid at first offense. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the research literature on response suppression.
The Outcome of Forensic Psychiatric Assessment
Authors: Menzies R.J. , Webster C.D. , Butler B.T. , Turner R.E.
Published: June 2007

This article summarizes data collected from 248 pretrial cases assessed by forensic psychiatrists for the criminal courts in six Canadian cities during July 1978. The discussion focuses upon purposes for court referrals, statutes employed for psychiatric remands, characteristics of forensic patients, diagnoses and recommendations rendered by clinicians, and the relationship between psychiatric recommendation and judicial outcome. It is suggested that legal and policy analysis of the court-ordered forensic assessment to date is lacking in detail and comprehensiveness, and that research needs to be directed more toward the decision-making and referral practices of the courts.
Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?
Authors: Booth Bradford , Kestnbaum Meyer , Segal David R.
Published: June 2007

Social scientists concerned with processes of change within military organizations have begun to appropriate the language of postmodernism in order to describe a number of transformations observed in military forces cross-nationally since the end of the Cold War. Although the thesis of the "postmodern military" may have a novel appeal to scholars across a broad range of disciplines, this article argues that while substantial changes are indeed occurring in the armed forces of Western countries, there is at present little evidence to suggest that these changes are postmodern in nature. On the contrary, most of the developments in contemporary armed forces being described as such are actually modern in character-emerging as the result of rational, purposeful adaptation to environmental contingencies. We argue that the intellectual discourse of postmodernism is useful for military sociology only to the extent that scholars are able to apply discrete strands of postmodern social theory to predict or explain processes of change. The article examines the utility of three such strands: post-industrialism, post-Fordism, and globalization. Finally, alternative criteria, heretofore marginalized in the discussion of the postmodern military, are suggested as benchmarks to determine the degree to which the armed forces have indeed become postmodern.
The Effects of Stress on Job Functioning of Military Men and Women
Authors: Bray Robert M. , Camlin Carol S. , Fairbank John A. , Dunteman George H. , Wheeless Sara C.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the relationships between domains of stress (work-related, familyrelated, finances-related, health-related), coping style, substance use, and symptoms of depression with level of job functioning among women and men in the U.S. armed forces. Multivariate cumulative logistic regression analyses were conducted with data from the 1995 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Military Personnel. Results showed that both military men and women were nearly twice as likely to report higher levels of stress at work (39%) than in their family or personal lives (22%). In contrast, women (29%) were more likely than men (22%) to experience high levels of family stress. Additionally, 33% of women experienced high stress due to being a woman in the military. The effects of stress and depression on job functioning were quite similar for women and men. For both genders, higher levels of work-related stress, health-related stress, and number of depressive symptoms increased the odds of a lower level of job functioning. In addition, for men only, higher levels of family-related stress, use of a negative coping style, illicit drug use, and being a heavy drinker increased the likelihood of lower job functioning. Findings suggest that it may be useful for military health providers to focus on interventions to identify, prevent, and provide care for stress-related problems and depressive symptoms for military personnel.
Theorizing Continuity: From Military to Civilian Life
Authors: Higate Paul Richard
Published: June 2007

While a considerable literature has developed exploring the ways in which military socialization is able to transform individuals from "civilian" to "service" persons, work focusing on the longer-term legacy of these experiences, post-discharge in the civilian environment, is relatively underdeveloped and tends to deal exclusively with paid employment. I tentatively suggest in this article that the concepts of gender (masculinity) and the "sociology of the body" can be put to work to illuminate a number of the potentially long-term transformations effected during immersion in the British armed forces. These unifying themes may transcend the (apparent) diversity of circumstances ex-servicemen experience, from "success" in paid civilian employment, to "failure" in the case of homelessness among a number of the ex-forces population. Both outocmes may be marked by their strongly masculinized contexts, together with concomitant demands made on the physical body. I conclude by arguing that the sociology of the military might benefit from developing contemporary theoretical literatures-including more poststructural approachesthat are laregely absent from the more usual organizational focus.
Should U.S. Military Recruiters Write Off the College-Bound?
Authors: Bachman Jerald G. , Freedman-Doan Peter , O'Malley Patrick M.
Published: June 2007

This article examines trends and relationships involving high school seniors' military service plans, their college plans, and their actual entry into military service. Crosssectional and longitudinal data from the Monitoring the Future project show that, although individuals planning to complete college are less likely than average to plan on military service, the upward trend in college plans cannot account for many of the yearto-year changes in military propensity. Moreover, it now appears that the majority of young men expecting to enter military service also expect to complete a four-year college program. Most important, planning for college does not reduce enlistment rates among high propensity males, although for some of them it may delay entry by several years. These findings suggest that educational incentives for military service are now particularly important, given the high proportions of potential recruits with college aspirations.
Adjusting to Peace: Military Values in a Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Franke Volker , Heinecken Lindy
Published: June 2007

Cadets at military academies represent an elite group of junior officers destined to fill the top posts in their respective armed forces and set the future standards of professional behavior. But in an era where the military profession is undergoing tremendous change as a result of a shifting mission requirements-from conventional warfare to peacekeeping and humanitarian aid-how committed are young officers to their future careers and involvement in such missions? To what extent does military socialization shape this commitment? Our research, comparing the attitudes and values of cadets at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point to those of student officers at the South African Military Academy (SAMA) at Saldanha, indicates that the values and long-term commitment of officers to their respective armed forces are directly influenced by both military socialization and reinforcement of those values by the broader society.
Reform and Crisis in Romanian Civil-Military Relations 1989-1999
Authors: Watts Larry L.
Published: June 2007

The pattern of institutional reform and crisis in Romania during 1989-1999 highlights several limitations of the liberal democratic model of civil-military relations when applied to transition states. Although relatively healthier and more advanced because of its early reassertion of national control over the military in the 1960s, Romania's civil-military relationship suffered severe blows in 1989-1990 as a result of overt politicization and insistent attempts by the new civilian political authorities to employ the military as an internal security force. The threat of institutional dissolution led civilian and military authorities to adopt a "shared responsibility" paradigm that improved the relationship and permitted the maintenance of high levels of readiness even while reform was implemented during 1991-1996. The new administration of 1997-2000 adopted a distorted "civilian supremacy" approach to civil-military relations, relegating communication and consensus, and general levels of expertise, to the background, while again politicizing the military and seeking its use as an internal security force. This has resulted in significant civil-military frictions, intramilitary divisiveness, and plummeting morale and effectiveness.
Does Social Cohesion Determine Motivation in Combat?
Authors: MacCoun Robert J. , Kier Elizabeth , Belkin Aaron
Published: June 2007

Based on a new Army War College study of unit cohesion in the Iraq War, Wong et al. argue that successful unit performance is determined by social cohesion (the strength of interpersonal bonds among members) rather than task cohesion (a sense of shared commitment to the unit’s mission). If correct, these conclusions have important implications for scholarship as well as for numerous U.S. military policies such as the Unit Manning System. However, this article disputes their contentions. Wong et al. ignore a large body of empirical research on military and nonmilitary groups showing that social cohesion has no independent impact on performance. They provide no evidence for the representativeness of the interview quotes they cite as evidence for the reliability or validity of their measures. Their methodology fails to meet social science standards for causal inference (e.g., ruling out causal rival factors)
Fear and Loathing in Falluja
Authors: Hills Alice
Published: June 2007

Why should it be so difficult for the United States, with its overwhelming military edge, to counter low-level conflict? An answer is suggested by the paradigmatic example of U.S. operations in Falluja in April 2004. Falluja shows that the Bush administration and its military commanders treat power as a possession or capability independent of the relationship in which it is to be exercised, whereas power in Iraq is better understood in terms of relationships. Considered in this light, Falluja clarifies several issues shaping U.S. understanding of power and offers insight into the application of conventional force against insurgents
Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits
Authors: Kemp Kenneth W. , Hudlin Charles
Published: June 2007

The principle of civil supremacy over the military is an important principle of American constitutional government. This article looks at the principle from another point of view. Here it is seen as a moral principle applicable to individual officers and soldiers. The principle states that (1) the ends of government policy are to be set by civilians; the military is limited to decisions about means; and (2) it is for the civilian leadership to decide where the line between ends and means (and hence between civilian and military responsibility) is to be drawn. The article defends this two-point principle and discusses its limits by appeal to general philosophical considerations and by reflection on historical examples.
The Paraguayan Military in Transition and the Evolution of Civil-Military Relations
Authors: Sondrol Paul C.
Published: June 2007

This article chronicles the praetorian tradition in Paraguay and documents the recent historical record affecting current civil-military trends. It then shifts to analyze the evolving scenario within Paraguay and maps several alternative transitions emerging from the characteristics of the still-unfolding civil-military relationship. The discussion concludes with an examination of the military's significance for political stability and the prospects for democracy in Paraguay.
Waiting Wives: Separation and Reunion among Army Wives
Authors: Wood Suzanne , Scarville Jacquelyn , Gravino Katharine S.
Published: June 2007

This ethnographic study explores army wives' adjustment to separation and reunion. The women were married to soldiers who were deployed for six months to the Sinai as part of the Multinational Force & Observers. Thirty-five women completed lengthy interviews before and during the separation, just before reunion, and six to eight weeks after the reunion. The women's behaviors, attitudes and perceptions at each of the four stages were noted, and researchers evaluated subjectively the degree to which subjects had adjusted to the separation and reunion. Junior enlisted families had more difficulty than others in coping with extended deployment. While reunion could be stressful as families integrated returning soldiers into family systems, experiences were not always negative. Being employed, having a social support network of friends and family, and participating in family support group activities were important to women who successfully adjusted.
The Dynamics of Social Change and the Australian Defence Force
Authors: Smith Hugh
Published: June 2007

In the last two decades, as the likelihood of involvement in major military conflictappears to have diminished, the Australian Defence Force has reflected changes in Austra-lian society in a number of areas. These include (1) the ethnic composition of the ADF; (2)the institution/occupation orientation of service personnel; (3) the admission of women to awider range of roles; (4) the enactment of a law permitting selective conscientious objec-tion; and (5) the government's decision to allow homosexuals to serve in the Defence Force. This study provides a brief historical background before outlining the principalfactors that have brought about change in these areas. Some of these changes have beenpainful for the Defence Force while others have proved relatively painless. What they allhave in common, however, is a focus on the rights of individuals. This raises the questionas to their impact on military effectiveness and the limits of individual rights in the armedforces, especially at a time of diminished military threat.
Politico-Economic Limitations and the Fall of the Militry-Authoritarian Government in Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir Bhuian Monoar
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the reasons for the fall in December 1990 of the Bangladeshimilitary-authoritarian government of Lt. Gen. H. M. Ershad that came to power in 1982.The inability of the government to implement its economic and political projects undercutits credibility and legitimacy. Its failures to legitimize itself and implement IMF/Donors-prescribed economic measures had reinforcing adverse effects on each other. Thegovernment's economic failures engendered resistance among various sectors of civil soci-ety, and exogenous forces also were disappointed with its poor economic performance. Itsfailure to legitimize itself also resulted in a fracture within the ruling coalition and achallenge to the government by opposition parties. In this context, the rise of a group ofapolitical officers in the military hierarchy in the late 1980s, the end of the Cold War, andthe surge of civil society brought down Ershad's authoritarian government.