bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Method for optimal vertical alignment of highways
Authors: Goktepe A. B. , Lav A. H. , Altun S.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a methodology to consider vague soil parameters required for earthwork optimisation, and to develop a genetic algorithm-based constrained curve-fitting technique required for highway vertical alignment process. The weighted ground line method is an earthwork optimisation methodology based on a hypothetical reference line and taking into account three soil properties to calculate realistic cut–fill volumes, namely swelling potential, compactibility percentage, and material appropriateness percentage. In this study, fuzzy rule-based inference methodology, which utilises previous experiences that can be expressed with linguistic terms, is employed to characterise swelling/shrinkage behaviour. In addition, material appropriateness concept is also adopted into developed optimisation methodology by a parametric algorithm using technical specifications and geotechnical data. Consequently, the genetic algorithm approach is employed for the determination of final grade line considering weighted ground elevations. The method involving an algorithm to consider the soil parameters as well as an evolutionary computation-based constrained curve-fitting technique produces outstanding geometric alignments.
Briefing: Flood risk sites should be no barrier to development
Authors: Walter Mike
Published: November 2009

Flood risk areas should not be ruled out for development, they can be managed if the right foundations are chosen. Over the next 15 years there will be a greater demand for affordable homes in the UK; therefore areas prone to flooding cannot always be overlooked.
Post-occupancy evaluation and sustainability: a review
Authors: Stevenson F.
Published: November 2009

Post-occupancy evaluation of buildings has been developing as a distinctive discipline for over 40 years, but has been traditionally more concerned with energy, social and architectural concerns in relation to the user rather than other issues of sustainability such as transportation, waste and resource use. This paper outlines the challenges of implementing post-occupancy evaluation in relation to rapidly developing UK government policy on climate change and other sustainability issues. It reviews developing methodologies and the progress to date in relation to key building typologies: offices, healthcare, education and housing. The methods are discussed in terms of their qualitative and quantitative aspects, as well as the degree of detail actually necessary to evaluate building performance effectively. A diagnostic approach that avoids any unnecessary and costly monitoring is advocated. Various barriers preventing the widespread implementation of post-occupancy evaluation are identified, including lack of legislation, threats of litigation, cost and the perception that the work of the design and building team is finished at the point of handover. The review concludes that it is not desirable to have one single method for evaluation, as each typology requires its own set of criteria. While a lack of education in professional programmes is an underlying barrier to implementation, there are positive signs that routine feedback is beginning to take hold in policy development and design office practice.
Data integration for quantitative analysis of sustainability
Authors: Fu C. , Aouad G.
Published: November 2009

The development of an integrated data repository for urban sustainability analysis is presented; it aims to enhance quantitative analysis of urban sustainability on real statistical data with relevant geographic references. The method is complementary to qualitative and quantitative analyses of sample data, which are the main approaches adopted in conventional urban sustainability analysis. The paper highlights the background and importance of using statistical data for urban planning and analysis. Selected statistics sources and various geospatial objects relevant to the geo-references of the statistical data are reviewed. The conceptual model of the integrated data repository is described and the logical integration of statistics from different sources is illustrated. The detailed geospatial conceptual model shows the geospatial classes, main attributes and relationships between these geospatial classes. The paper details the procedure of setting up a server-based database to host both geospatial and non-geospatial data, and uses PostGIS query to interrogate geospatial information in the database, including how to convert the database tables from other formats. A geographic information system (GIS) is introduced as a user-side tool to reveal geospatial and non-geospatial data. Case studies of application of the database for urban sustainability analysis are described. Data maps generated for these case studies can assist planning and design professionals in analysing some urban sustainability issues. Potential applications in various sustainability analyses, barriers and future improvements are also discussed.
Briefing: Spaces and places
Authors: Walker Lorna , Simmons Matthew
Published: November 2009

This article argues that the aim of urban design and planning should be to create thriving places for people to meet and communicate, to exchange ideas and to engage in healthy and active lifestyles. The challenge of creating thriving urban environments has arguably never been greater as the challenges of climate change become ever clearer and compound the problems of urban decay that we have only just begun to address. A comprehensive approach to urban design can aid mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, increase the health and happiness of the population, create jobs and improve economic vitality, and conserve and protect urban ecology. These are some of the typical concerns of contemporary urban design and planning. However, the aim is also for a wider approach to urban development, incorporating expertise from people-focused disciplines in the cultural, artistic, health and wellbeing sectors. The local community should be involved at all stages so that people have the spaces they want and need and feel ownership of their environment. The opportunity is here to make a difference in the creation of thriving spaces and places for people now and in the future.
Briefing: Croydon, UK regenerates from within
Authors: Kerr Jamie
Published: November 2009

John Laing plc and Croydon in the UK, have created a £450 million regeneration programme. The first deal of its kind in the UK, this is a new model of public–private partnership, utilising an asset-backed urban regeneration vehicle into which Croydon Council will invest land and John Laing equity. This forms part of Croydon Council's regeneration aspirations, delivering sustainable facilities to benefit the entire community and supporting its ambitions to make Croydon a hub of living, retail, culture and business in south London and south east England.
Briefing: Capacitycheck urban design skills appraisal
Authors: Smachylo Julia
Published: November 2009

Higher standards in urban design depend on everyone who makes or influences decisions about development. Capacitycheck, the new method of appraising and developing urban design skills, has been launched in response to this. The initiative, led by Rob Cowan of Urban Design Skills, has had unprecedented support from the world of urban design and planning.
Briefing: Forward trends in waste and carbon management
Authors: Jones P.
Published: November 2009

The aim of this briefing is to explain possible ways of utilising green power generation technology skills.
Recovering value from mixed plastics waste
Authors: Robinson G.
Published: November 2009

This paper explores plastics recovery in Europe and in particular the UK. It highlights various technologies employed, which include mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling and direct combustion, plus some of the companies active in this sector and the drivers for increased recovery levels. When considering the reprocessing of plastics in the broader context of resource management, it is logical to review all potential sources of recoverable plastics. With this in mind, the final third of the paper collates feedback from a selection of industry stakeholders worldwide on the potential of plastics recovery from landfills. This ‘informal’ research reveals an interest in the concept of landfill mining for plastics, although very little direct activity in landfill mining at this time. The paper’s conclusions bring together both sections and suggest areas for further research.
CO2: from waste to resource for methanol-based processes
Authors: Pongrácz E. , Turpeinen E. , Raudaskoski R. , Ballivet-Tkatchenko D. , Keiski R. L.
Published: November 2009

This paper reports on research aiming at developing sustainable processes for the production of methanol (CH3OH) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC, (CH3)2CO3) using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a raw material. Using carbon dioxide as a raw material has several advantages; it is non-toxic, in abundant supply, and promises innovative routes to the production of commodity chemicals. Methanol and dimethyl carbonate are important products and feedstocks of the chemical industry. Methanol is produced commercially from synthesis gas, but it is also possible to use carbon dioxide as a feedstock. Conventional production of dimethyl carbonate involves the use of toxic phosgene or carbon monoxide, while the methanol-based route using carbon dioxide offers better atom economy and safer production. The alternative production processes using carbon dioxide thus transform a secondary resource from an anthropogenic source to high-volume and high-value intermediates while reducing environmental impacts. However, to evaluate fully the sustainability of these intermediates, all the feedstocks of the novel process have to be taken into account and potential applications need to be analysed. This paper also contemplates the issue of what waste actually is, and when carbon dioxide is considered waste and when it ceases to be waste.
Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters
Authors: Luoma Samuel N. , Cain Daniel J. , Rainbow Philip S.
Published: November 2009

Bioaccumulated toxic metals in tolerant biomonitors are indicators of metal bioavailability and can be calibrated against metal-specific responses in sensitive species, thus creating a tool for defining dose–response for metals in a field setting. Dose–response curves that define metal toxicity in natural waters are rare. Demonstrating cause and effect under field conditions and integrated chemical measures of metal bioavailability from food and water is problematic. The total bioaccumulated metal concentration in any organism that is a net accumulator of the metal is informative about metal bioavailability summed across exposure routes. However, there is typically no one universal metal concentration that is indicative of toxicity, especially across species, largely because of interspecies differences in detoxification. Stressed organisms are also only present across a narrow range in the dose–response curve, limiting the use of singles species as both biomonitors and bioindicator of stress. Herein we show, in 3 field settings, that bioaccumulated Cu concentrations in a metal-tolerant, riverine biomonitor (species of the caddisfly genus Hydropsyche spp.) can be calibrated against metal-specific ecological responses across very wide ranges of contamination. Using the calibrated dose–response, we show that reduced abundance of species and individuals from particularly sensitive mayfly families (heptageniid mayflies) is more than 2-fold more sensitive to bioavailable Cu than other traditional measures of stress like EPT or total number of benthic macroinvertebrate species. We propose that this field dose-response curve be tested more widely for general application, and that calibrations against other stress responses be developed for biomonitors from lakes, estuaries, and coastal marine ecosystems. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:199–209. © 2009 SETAC
Full-Field Streamline Tracing in Complex Faulted Systems with Nonneighbor Connections
Authors: Jimenez Eduardo A. , Datta-Gupta Akhil , King Michael J.
Published: November 2009

Full-field flow simulators use a variety of cell geometries, rang-ing from simple rectangles to complex corner-point systems. One of the benefits of corner-point cells is the ease with which we may represent faulted reservoirs. Each face of a cell may be juxtaposed to two or more cells, depending on the fault throw and the lateral displacements of adjacent cells. Conventional finite-dif-ference approaches routinely include the flux between these cells as "nonneighbor" connections. Other examples of nonneighbor or nonstandard connections occur at the boundary of local grid refinement (LGR) or local grid coarsening (LGC) regions where two computational grids come into juxtaposition. In each of these instances, the velocity across the nonstandard faces of a cell will be unevenly distributed according to the nonneighbor fluxes. In contrast, the standard streamline velocity interpolation model (Pol-lock's scheme) used within a cell assumes that the flux is evenly distributed on each cell face, inconsistent with the nonneighbor connection fluxes. Streamlines traced with such an approach do not have sufficient degrees of freedom to be consistent with the finite-difference fluxes and, consequently, will not follow a physical flow path.

We propose a strategy that provides a consistent representation for streamlines and velocities near faults and nonneighbor connec-tions. Our approach is based on a simple local (boundary layer) refinement construction that can be used to honor the fluxes at each face, without affecting the representation of flow within the cell or on any other cell face. The local refinement construction is the simplest extension to 3D for faulted reservoir cells that provides consistency with the finite difference flux calculation. Several examples will be presented for a single pair of cells juxtaposed across a fault and at LGR boundaries to illustrate the difficulties in conventional tracing algorithms and the benefits of our approach. The practical utility of our algorithm is demonstrated in a structurally complex and heavily faulted full-field model. The reservoir geometry includes multiple cells with complex fault juxtaposition and several nonneighbor con-figurations in different faces. This treatment is contrasted with the usual approach, and the implications for reservoir scale fluid flow tracing by streamlines is examined.
Simple Analytical Model for Predicting Productivity of Multifractured Horizontal Wells
Authors: Guo Boyun , Yu Xiance , Khoshgahdam Mohammad
Published: November 2009

Horizontal wells drilled in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress allow multiple transverse fractures to be hydraulically created for enhancing well productivity in low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs. Dominating factors affecting the productivity of the multifractured horizontal wells vary with reservoir and fracture properties, and with well trajectories. A simple and accurate mathematical model for evaluating and optimizing productivity of this type of well is not available and is highly desirable to reservoir engineers. This paper fills the gap.

After a case study with existing analytical models that were derived for multifractured wells, the authors found that these models cannot describe the performance of oil wells with acceptable accuracy. We then formulated a simple analytical model that describes the productivity of multifractured horizontal wells better. The new model couples the radial flow in the nonfractured region of reservoir, the linear flow toward the fractures in the fractured region, the linear flow in the fracture, and the radial flow in the fracture toward the horizontal wellbore. It can model pseudosteady-state flow of reservoir fluids in reservoir sections of any shape, with the fractured region being located at any area in the reservoir. The difference between the production rate given by the new model and the actual production rates was found to be less than 5% in the two cases studied. This paper provides reservoir engineers a simple and accurate tool for predicting, evaluating, and optimizing the performance of multifractured horizontal oil and gas wells.
Study of the PVT Properties of Gas—Synthetic-Drilling-Fluid Mixtures Applied to Well Control
Authors: Monteiro E. N. , Ribeiro P. R. , Lomba R. F. T.
Published: November 2009

The study of the interaction between the formation gas and the drilling fluid during offshore operations as well as in high-pres- sure/high-temperature environments is essential to drill the pay zone of the well safely and economically. The environmental regulatory issues and the peculiar technical aspects involved in deep and ultradeep waters require low-toxicity synthetic drilling fluids. The main objective of this study was to understand the pressure/ volume/temperature (PVT) behavior of those fluids by the experimental determination and modeling of properties such as solubility, specific gravity, and formation volume factor of the fluid. Those properties have a direct impact on kick detection and circulation out of the well and should be addressed in well-control planning and execution. The experimental work was conducted in a PVT laboratory, using mixtures of methane and n-paraffin-based emulsions as unweighted drilling fluids, tested at temperatures of 158, 194, and 302°F. The pressure, temperature, and fluid-composition effects on those gas/liquid mixture properties were analyzed, and the experimental data for solubility and formation volume factor were compared to predictions considering the additivity hypothesis and mathematical fittings based on the experimental data. A model for the methane/n-paraffin system based on literature data and the Peng-Robinson equation of state has also been fitted to the data to discuss the application of the additivity hypothesis for the emulsions. Pit gain evaluation based on the correlated experimental data for the synthetic drilling fluid has been performed and compared to the values expected for water-based muds (WBMs).
New Single-Well Standalone Gas Lift Process Facilitates Barnett Shale Fracture-Treatment Flowback
Authors: Elmer William G. , Elmer Stuart J. , Elmer Thomas E.
Published: November 2009

When performing multiple fracture treatments in horizontal Barnett shale wells, many operators choose to use artificial lift to remove fracture fluids rather than incur the expense of energized fluids that may not be effective. Gas lift has been a popular artificial lift method to remove fracture fluids because it allows for high liquid flow rates and is excellent at handling flowback sand. Its disadvantage is that a source of lift gas is required to initiate gas lift, with this source typically being other nearby gas wells or a third-party gas pipeline. In new exploration areas such as the Barnett, often neither is available. Operators resort to costly nitrogen-membrane units to provide lift gas but are left with questions about the net gas produced (since returning nitrogen and produced natural gas are combined downhole then vented to the atmosphere). A new system (patent pending) has been developed that addresses gas lift's issues of initially filling the system with lift gas, as well as maintaining this gas so that additional gas is not required. Being a closed-loop system, it also provides for very accurate measurement of net-gas production by measuring any gas in excess of that needed for lift, and discharging the same to a flare stack. The paper will describe the major components used in this system, present a case history, and address the significant cost reductions and other benefits realized.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Biocomposite Lignin/Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium
Authors: Erakovic Sanja , Veljovic Djordje , Diouf Papa Niokhor , Stevanovic Tatjana , Mitric Miodrag , Milonjic Slobodan , Miskovic-Stankovic Vesna B.
Published: November 2009

In this work, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was applied to obtain novel hydroxyapatite (HAP)/lignin (Lig) biocomposite coatings on titanium substrate. Nanosized hydroxyapatite powder, prepared by using the modified chemical precipitation method, was used for the fabrication of HAP/Lig composite coatings. EPD was performed at different values of constant voltage and constant deposition time. It was confirmed that control over deposited mass can be achieved by applied voltage and time. The uniform and compact coatings were successfully deposited at applied voltage of 60 V in various deposition times lower than 1 minute. The effect of lignin as natural non-toxic polymer on microstructure, morphology and thermal behavior of biocomposite HAP/Lig coatings was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrophoretically deposited HAP/Lig coating has been successfully sintered at lower sintering temperature of 900°C, producing non-fractured coating and indicating that lignin may exhibit adhesive role, strengthening the bonding between HAP particles and substrate surface.
The Information Content of Quarterly Foreign Earnings of U.S. Multinational Companies under SFAS No. 131
Authors: Lacina Michael J. , Marks Barry R. , Shin Haeyoung
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the association between (1) cumulative abnormal stock returns around earnings announcements and (2) geographic sales and geographic earnings data from quarterly segment disclosures by U.S. multinational companies under SFAS No. 131. Only those firms that define their operating segments by geographic area or by a combination of products and services and geographic area are required to disclose this information. The sum of the quarterly earnings (sales) from the foreign geographic segments yields our measure of quarterly foreign earnings (sales). We show that change in quarterly foreign earnings is positively associated with the stock market reaction. Further, the stock market reaction to change in quarterly foreign earnings is different from the stock market reaction to change in quarterly domestic earnings. Quarterly changes in foreign and domestic sales have little additional information content in the presence of quarterly changes in foreign and domestic earnings.
Uncertain Tax Positions: Reconciling the Existing Guidance
Authors: Gill Steve L. , Fleming Damon M. , Whittenburg G. E.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Multiple revisions in recent years to IRC §6694, IRC §6662, U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have created conflicting recognition and disclosure requirements for uncertain tax positions. This paper reviews the existing recognition thresholds under these various standards—“reasonable basis,” “substantial authority,” and “more-likely-than-not”—and discusses scenarios in which the standards may cause reporting conflicts between tax and financial reporting. This paper also reviews the extant disclosure guidance for uncertain tax positions included in tax and financial reporting, with a particular emphasis on the newly issued proposed IRS regulations regarding general and specific-item disclosures for tax return preparers.
Transparency, Compliance, and Filing Burden—Principles for the Revised Form 990
Authors: Smith Pamela C. , Shaver Donna J.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has significantly revised Form 990, “Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax.” The informational return has not been substantively modified in 30 years. The IRS states the redesign of the return was based on three guiding principles: (1) enhancing transparency, (2) promoting tax compliance, and (3) minimizing the burden on the filing organization. This paper outlines the historical context of legislative changes concerning transparency and accountability within the tax exempt sector. It also outlines the major revisions to Form 990 and argues that they meet the underlying goals established by the IRS to enhance the overall accountability within the sector.
Child Tax Credit in Divorced Families
Authors: Chambers Valrie , Curatola Anthony P.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: For more than 50 years, Congress has responded to the needs of families with various tax breaks ranging from exemptions, the adoption of Head of Household status, Child and Dependent Care Credit, increased Earned Income Credit (EIC) for those with dependent children, and the Child Tax Credit. With so many different tax breaks, tax planning for divorced parents has been dynamic and at times confusing. Part of the confusion originates from the intent of the special tax rules for divorced couples, divorce decrees, and federal income tax laws. This confusion was exacerbated with the passage of the Child Tax Credit, which is intended to aid parents in the cost of raising a child. Yet, Congress tied the tax credit to the dependency exemption and not to the person who actually cares for the child of divorced or separated parents. Although Congress has tinkered with this policy over the past few years, they still have failed to fix the problem. In fact, we contend that this latest round of legislation has increased the likelihood of additional litigation between former spouses.
Diabetes as a Determinant of Mortality in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Chamnan Parinya , Shine Brian S.F. , Haworth Charles S. , Bilton Diana , Adler Amanda I.
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes is increasingly common in cystic fibrosis, but little information describing its influence on mortality exists. Using national U.K. data, in this study we document diabetes-specific mortality rates, estimate the impact of diabetes on survival, and estimate population-attributable fractions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This retrospective cohort study identified 8,029 individuals aged 0–65 years from the U.K. Cystic Fibrosis Registry (1996–2005). A total of 5,892 patients were included in analyses of mortality rates, and 4,234 were included in analyses of risk factors. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates using Poisson regression, standardized mortality ratios using the population of England and Wales, and relative risks using proportional hazards modeling.

RESULTS

During 17,672 person-years of follow-up, 393 subjects died. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 1.8 per 100 person-years (95% CI 1.6–2.0). The age-adjusted mortality rates per 100 person-years were 2.0 (1.8–2.4) in female subjects and 1.6 (1.4–1.9) in male subjects, and 4.2 (3.4–5.1) in individuals with diabetes vs. 1.5 (1.3–1.7) in those without diabetes. Independent risk factors for death included diabetes (hazard ratio 1.31 [95% CI 1.03–1.67], female sex (1.71 [1.36–2.14]) plus poorer pulmonary function, lower BMI, Burkholderia cepacia infection, absence of Staphylococcus aureus infection, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, liver disease, prior organ transplantation, and corticosteroid use.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with cystic fibrosis die earlier if they have diabetes, which, if delayed or better treated, might reasonably extend survival; this hypothesis merits testing.
Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as a Predictor of the Presence and Extent of Abnormal Myocardial Perfusion in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Djaberi Roxana , Schuijf Joanne D. , Jukema J. Wouter , Rabelink Ton J. , Stokkel Marcel P. , Smit Jan W. , de Koning Eelco J. , Bax Jeroen J.
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

Identification of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes at increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a challenge. We evaluated the potential of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) for prediction of abnormal myocardial perfusion in this population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

CIMT and SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging were assessed in 98 asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. An increased CIMT was defined as ≥75th percentile of reference values.

RESULTS

Increased CIMT was an independent predictor of the extent of abnormal perfusion (P < 0.001). In patients with increased CIMT as compared with patients with normal CIMT, abnormal perfusion (75 vs. 9%) and severely abnormal perfusion (28 vs. 3%) were observed more frequently.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased CIMT was significantly related to the presence and extent of abnormal myocardial perfusion. Assessment of CIMT may be useful to identify asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes at higher risk for CAD.
Inflammation Markers and Metabolic Characteristics of Subjects With 1-h Plasma Glucose Levels
Authors: Bardini Gianluca , Dicembrini Ilaria , Cresci Barbara , Rotella Carlo Maria
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the association of 1-h plasma glucose (1hPG) and inflammation with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and pre-diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cohort of 1,062 subjects was enrolled. After oral glucose load (oral glucose tolerance test), we compared subjects with NGT and pre-diabetes above and below the 1hPG cut point (155 mg/dl). Fibrinogen and leukocytes count (white blood cells [WBCs]) for subclinical inflammation, lipid ratios, insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) were determined.

RESULTS

Patients with NGT and pre-diabetes (1hPG >155 mg/dl) showed a significant increase of inflammatory markers and lipid ratios (for all, P < 0.05). In age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted analysis, 1hPG was associated with a significantly higher WBC count and fibrinogen (P < 0.05). Patients with elevated 1hPG showed a highly significant lower insulin sensitivity than subjects <1hPG (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated 1hPG in subjects with NGT and pre-diabetes is associated with subclinical inflammation, high lipid ratios, and insulin resistance. Therefore, 1hPG >155 mg/dl could be considered a new “marker” for cardiovascular risk.
Grand Multiparity Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Filipino American Women, Independent of Visceral Fat and Adiponectin
Authors: Araneta Maria Rosario G. , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether multiparity is associated with type 2 diabetes, independent of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and adipokines.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants were from the University of California San Diego Filipino Women's Health Study with at least one live birth. A 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was administered; adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, reproductive history, family history of diabetes, VAT, and lifestyle behaviors were measured between 1995 and 2002.

RESULTS

Among 152 women, mean age was 59.5 years (range 48–73 years) and mean parity was 4.3 (range 1–12 births). Type 2 diabetes prevalence increased by parity group (low parity, 1–2 births, 25%; medium parity, 3–5 births, 30.3%; and grand multiparity: 6–12 births, 50%; P = 0.048). Family history of diabetes, exercise, insulin resistance, and leptin and ghrelin levels did not differ by parity group. Compared with women in the low parity group, women with ≥6 births were significantly older (62 vs. 57 years), had lower college completion (22 vs. 58%, P = 0.006), more hypertension (72 vs. 55%), higher VAT (74.9 vs. 58.4 cm3), and lower adiponectin concentration (5.79 vs. 7.61 μg/ml). In multivariate analysis adjusting for adiponectin, VAT, family history of diabetes, age, education, hypertension, and estrogen use, grand multiparous women had a threefold higher odds of type 2 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 3.40 [95% CI 1.13–10.2]) compared with low parity women. No differences were observed in the odds of diabetes between women in the medium (1.10 [0.41–2.91]) and low parity groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Having ≥6 children was associated with type 2 diabetes, independent of adiponectin, VAT, family history, and other measured diabetes risk factors.
Present State of the Art of Composite Fabric Forming: Geometrical and Mechanical Approaches
Authors: Cherouat Abel , Borouchaki Houman
Published: November 2009

Continuous fibre reinforced composites are now firmly established engineering materials for the manufacture of components in the automotive and aerospace industries. In this respect, composite fabrics provide flexibility in the design manufacture. The ability to define the ply shapes and material orientation has allowed engineers to optimize the composite properties of the parts. The formulation of new numerical models for the simulation of the composite forming processes must allow for reduction in the delay in manufacturing and an optimization of costs in an integrated design approach. We propose two approaches to simulate the deformation of woven fabrics: geometrical and mechanical approaches.
A New Epoxy-cadinane Sesquiterpene from the Marine Brown Alga Dictyopteris divaricata
Authors: Qiao Yuan-Yuan , Ji Nai-Yun , Wen Wei , Yin Xiu-Li , Xue Qin-Zhao
Published: November 2009

A new epoxy-cadinane sesquiterpene, 4β,5β-epoxycadinan-1β-ol (1), and six known cadinane sesquiterpenes: cadinan-1,4,5-triol (2), 4α,5β-dihydroxycubenol (3), cubenol (4), cadinan-3-ene-1,5-diol (5), cubenol-3-one (6), and torreyol (7), were isolated from a sample of marine brown alga Dictyopteris divaricata collected off the coast of Yantai (China). Their structures were established by detailed MS and NMR spectroscopic analysis, as well as comparison with literature data.
Synthesis of Pregnane Derivatives, Their Cytotoxicity on LNCap and PC-3 Cells, and Screening on 5α-Reductase Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Kim Sujeong , Ma Eunsook
Published: November 2009

A series of epoxy- and/or 20-oxime pregnanes were synthesized from commercially available pregnenolone. Compounds 1, 3, 7, 8 and 11-13 were evaluated for cytotoxicity activity towards LNCaP (androgen-dependent) and PC-3 (androgenindependent) prostate cancer cells. Compound 13 showed the highest activity on both LNCaP (IC50 15.17 μM) and PC-3 (IC50 11.83 μM) cell lines. Compound 11 showed weak activity on LNCaP cells (IC50 71.85 μM) and 8 showed the weak activity on PC-3 cells (IC50 68.95 μM), respectively. The 5α-reductase II (5AR2) inhibitory effects of compounds 1-3, 5 and 7-13 were investigated in a convenient screening model, in which compounds 5, 8, 11 and 12 were observed to be potential inhibitors of 5α-reductase, in particular, the 4-azasteroid 11, that also inhibited cell proliferation of androgen-dependent cells and 8, that in addition inhibited PC-3 cells more potently than LNCaP cells.
Implantable CMOS Biomedical Devices
Authors: Ohta Jun , Tokuda Takashi , Sasagawa Kiyotaka , Noda Toshihiko
Published: November 2009

The results of recent research on our implantable CMOS biomedical devices are reviewed. Topics include retinal prosthesis devices and deep-brain implantation devices for small animals. Fundamental device structures and characteristics as well as in vivo experiments are presented.
Performance Characteristics of a PEM Fuel Cell with Parallel Flow Channels at Different Cathode Relative Humidity Levels
Authors: Lee Pil Hyong , Hwang Sang Soon
Published: November 2009

In fuel cells flow configuration and operating conditions such as cell temperature, humidity at each electrode and stoichiometric number are very crucial for improving performance. Too many flow channels could enhance the performance but result in high parasite loss. Therefore a trade-off between pressure drop and efficiency of a fuel cell should be considered for optimum design. This work focused on numerical simulation of the effects of operating conditions, especially cathode humidity, with simple micro parallel flow channels. It is known that the humidity at the cathode flow channel becomes very important for enhancing the ion conductivity of polymer membrane because fully humidified condition was normally set at anode. To investigate the effect of humidity on the performance of a fuel cell, in this study humidification was set to 100% at the anode flow channel and was changed by 0–100% at the cathode flow channel. Results showed that the maximum power density could be obtained under 60% humidified condition at the cathode where oxygen concentration was moderately high while maintaining high ion conductivity at a membrane.
Measuring Gait Using a Ground Laser Range Sensor
Authors: Pallejà Tomàs , Teixidó Mercè , Tresanchez Marcel , Palacín Jordi
Published: November 2009

This paper describes a measurement system designed to register the displacement of the legs using a two-dimensional laser range sensor with a scanning plane parallel to the ground and extract gait parameters. In the proposed methodology, the position of the legs is estimated by fitting two circles with the laser points that define their contour and the gait parameters are extracted applying a step-line model to the estimated displacement of the legs to reduce uncertainty in the determination of the stand and swing phase of the gait. Results obtained in a range up to 8 m shows that the systematic error in the location of one static leg is lower than 10 mm with and standard deviation lower than 8 mm; this deviation increases to 11 mm in the case of a moving leg. The proposed measurement system has been applied to estimate the gait parameters of six volunteers in a preliminary walking experiment.
Significance of Clinical Evaluation of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in Relation to Synovial/Bone Pathology in Rheumatoid and Psoriatic Arthritis Detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: STONE MILLICENT A. , WHITE LAWRENCE M. , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , INMAN ROBERT D. , CHAYA SAM , LAX MATTHEW , SALONEN DAVID , WEBER DEBORAH A. , GUTHRIE JUDY A. , POMEROY EMMA , PODBIELSKI DOMINIK , KEYSTONE EDWARD C.
Published: November 2009

Objective.

Rheumatologists base many clinical decisions regarding the management of inflammatory joint diseases on joint counts performed at clinic. We investigated the reliability and accuracy of physically examining the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints to detect inflammatory synovitis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the gold standard.

Methods.

MCP joints 2 to 5 in both hands of 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 5 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were assessed by 5 independent examiners for joint-line swelling (visually and by palpation); joint-line tenderness by palpation (tender joint count, TJC) and stress pain; and by MRI (1.5 Tesla superconducting magnet). Interrater reliability was assessed using kappa statistics, and agreement between examination and corresponding MRI assessment was assessed by Fisher’s exact tests (p < 0.05 considered statistically significant).

Results.

Interrater agreement was highest for visual assessment of swelling (κ = 0.55–0.63), slight-fair for assessment of swelling by palpation (κ = 0.19–0.41), and moderate (κ = 0.41–0.58) for assessment of joint tenderness. In patients with RA, TJC, stress pain, and visual swelling assessment were strongly associated with MRI evaluation of synovitis. Visual swelling assessment demonstrated high specificity (> 0.8) and positive predictive value (= 0.8). For PsA, significant associations exist between TJC and MRI synovitis scores (p < 0.01) and stress pain and MRI edema scores (p < 0.04). Assessment of swelling by palpation was not significantly associated with synovitis or edema as determined by MRI in RA or PsA (p = 0.54–1.0).

Conclusion.

In inflammatory arthritis, disease activity in MCP joints can be reliably assessed at the bedside by examining for joint-line tenderness (TJC) and visual inspection for swelling. Clinical assessment may have to be complemented by other methods for evaluating disease activity in the joint, such as MRI, particularly in patients with PsA.
Increased Levels of Interleukin 33 in Sera and Synovial Fluid from Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: MATSUYAMA YASUSHI , OKAZAKI HITOAKI , TAMEMOTO HIROYUKI , KIMURA HIROTAKA , KAMATA YASUYUKI , NAGATANI KATSUYA , NAGASHIMA TAKAO , HAYAKAWA MORISADA , IWAMOTO MASAHIRO , YOSHIO TAKU , TOMINAGA SHIN-ICHI , MINOTA SEIJI
Published: November 2009

Objective.

To determine levels of interleukin 33 (IL-33) in serum and synovial fluid (SF) and their clinical associations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To evaluate the ability of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients to release IL-33.

Methods.

Sera were obtained from 59 patients with RA, 10 patients with infectious diseases, and 42 healthy volunteers. SF samples were obtained from 15 patients with RA and 13 with osteoarthritis. IL-33 levels were measured using a sandwich ELISA after removal of rheumatoid factor with protein A-Sepharose beads. FLS were stimulated with IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor, and treated with or without chemical damage. PBMC were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. The levels of IL-33 were measured in the culture supernatants and cell lysates by ELISA or immunoblotting.

Results.

Serum IL-33 levels were significantly higher in RA patients, especially in the high disease activity group compared to the moderate or low activity group. IL-33 levels in SF were elevated in all 15 RA patients measured. IL-33 levels were higher in SF samples than in sera in 7 RA patients measured simultaneously. The 30-kDa IL-33 precursor was detected in the culture supernatants of damaged FLS but was not detected in those of activated PBMC and non-damaged FLS.

Conclusion.

IL-33 levels were elevated in sera and SF samples from patients with RA, and correlated with disease activity. IL-33 was produced mainly in inflamed joints; IL-33/ST2L signaling might play an important role in joint inflammation of human RA.
Lack of Association Between TRAF1/C5 Gene Polymorphisms and Biopsy-proven Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: TORRES ORLANDO , PALOMINO-MORALES ROGELIO , VAZQUEZ-RODRIGUEZ TOMAS R. , CASTAÑEDA SANTOS , MORADO INMACULADA C. , MIRANDA-FILLOY JOSE A. , ORTEGO-CENTENO NORBERTO , GONZALEZ-ALVARO ISIDORO , FERNANDEZ-GUTIERREZ BENJAMIN , MARTIN JAVIER , GONZALEZ-GAY MIGUEL A.
Published: November 2009

Objective.

A novel association with a 100-kb region on chromosome 9 that contains the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) andC5genes has been observed in some autoimmune rheumatic diseases, in particular in rheumatoid arthritis. We analyzed the influence of 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from theTRAF1/C5region in susceptibility to giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Methods.

We assessed 220 patients with biopsy-proven GCA and 410 matched controls. DNA from patients and controls was obtained from peripheral blood. Samples were genotyped for the rs10818488 and rs2900180TRAF1/C5gene polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction, using a predesigned TaqMan allele discrimination assay.

Results.

A genotyping rate of 95% was achieved in this series of GCA. No significant differences in the genotype distribution between GCA patients and controls were found for the 2 SNP. GCA patients exhibited a reduced frequency ofTRAF1/C5AA homozygosity (7.6%) compared to controls (12.7%) but the difference was only marginally significant (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.30–1.11, p = 0.07). The frequency of minor allele T ofTRAF1/C5rs2900180 was also slightly reduced in patients (24.3%) compared to controls (27.8%) (p = 0.19). No significant differences were observed when patients were stratified according to the presence of specific clinical disease features.

Conclusion.

Our results showed no influence of rs10818488 and rs2900180TRAF1/C5gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to and clinical expression of GCA.
Lack of Association Between IRF5 Gene Polymorphisms and Biopsy-proven Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: TORRES ORLANDO , PALOMINO-MORALES ROGELIO , VAZQUEZ-RODRIGUEZ TOMAS R. , CASTAÑEDA SANTOS , MORADO INMACULADA C. , MIRANDA-FILLOY JOSE A. , VALERO FERNANDO , CALLEJAS-RUBIO JOSE L. , FERNANDEZ-GUTIERREZ BENJAMIN , MARTIN JAVIER , GONZALEZ-GAY MIGUEL A.
Published: November 2009

Objective.

Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) are transcriptional mediators of IFN-induced signaling pathways and are involved in immune response. We have analyzed for the first time the association of 2 IRF5 gene variants in the susceptibility to giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Methods.

Two hundred twenty patients with biopsy-proven GCA and 520 matched controls were assessed. DNA from patients and controls was obtained from peripheral blood. Samples were genotyped for the IRF5 rs2004640 and for the IRF5 CGGGG insertion/deletion polymorphism using a predesigned TaqMan allele discrimination assay and by polymerase chain reaction amplification, followed by an ABI3100 sequencer, respectively.

Results.

A genotyping rate of 96% was achieved in this series of GCA patients. No significant differences were found in the genotype distribution between GCA patients and controls for both IRF5 gene variants. In this regard, similar genotype frequencies were found in GCA patients and controls. No significant differences were observed when GCA patients were stratified according to the presence of specific clinical features of the disease such as polymyalgia rheumatica or severe ischemic complications.

Conclusion.

Our results showed no association of IRF5 rs2004640 and CGGGG insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the susceptibility to and clinical expression of GCA.
Immunomodulation of Nasal Epithelial Cells by Staphylococcus aureus-Derived Serine Proteases
Authors: Rudack Claudia , Sachse Florian , Albert Nils , Becker Karsten , von Eiff Christof
Published: November 2009

The impact of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures for their ability to produce IL-8, growth-related oncogene-α, and IL-6 via stimulation with trypsin and culture supernatants of different S. aureus strains and phenotypes. Inhibition of cytokine synthesis was performed using a glucocorticoid, a serine protease inhibitor, and a cysteine protease inhibitor. Finally, signal transduction pathways were analyzed by quantifying phosphorylated forms of MAPKs (PI3K, ERK, and p38) and DNA-binding assays that quantified NF-κB and its inhibition using BAY11-7085. In vitro studies showed that the induction of IL-8, growth-related oncogene-α, and IL-6 by S. aureus culture supernatants was significantly inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor. In contrast, steroids and the cysteine protease inhibitor had little effect. Activation of NF-κB was observed after cell treatment with trypsin and bacterial supernatants, and was inhibited by BAY11-7085 and the serine protease inhibitor. S. aureus serine proteases were identified to modulate chemokine synthesis and activate NF-κB in nasal epithelial cells, and may therefore be relevant for the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis.