bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation on optimization of wall jet to reduce high temperature corrosion in 660 MW opposed wall fired boiler
Authors: Zhang Yong , Liu Yuyang , Yang Xigang , Chen Guoqing , Jin Baosheng
Published: November 2021

For an air staged combustion boiler, the rational organization of jets to form closing-to-wall film using as little air as possible plays a key role in resolving the high temperature corrosion problems. In this work, a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model including hydrodynamics and coal combustion is established for a 660 MW opposed wall fired boiler. Based on the grid independence and model validation, the flow field, temperature profile, and species concentration are predicted, and the influences of the structure of nozzles and the operation parameter of jets are further evaluated. The results show that the corrosion area of the side wall is dependent on the jet projection velocity and nozzle structures. The increase of the jet velocity does not always have an active influence on the reduction of corrosive area. Only increasing the nozzle diameter does not always have a positive impact on the improvement of the corrosion. The increase of the jet inclination angle can extend the jet trajectory, contributing to increase the oxygen coverage area. Reasonably adjusting the jet inclination angle of each layer can obtain the lower corrosion area. The increase of jet row number leads to a decrease in the spacing between rows, which enables the downstream jet to penetrate deeper into the cross stream. By increasing the number of jet layers and reducing the jet velocity of each layer, the lowest corrosion area can be obtained.
The comparison and analysis of Type 3 wind turbine models used for researching the stability of electric power systems
Authors: Razzhivin Igor , Suvorov Aleksey , Andreev Mikhail , Askarov Alisher
Published: November 2021

The dominant trend of the modern energy is the use of generating plants based on renewable energy sources, among which the most common is a wind power plant based on doubly fed induction generator (Type 3 WT). The large-scale introduction of Type 3 WT into the modern power systems significantly changes their dynamic properties. There are problems with ensuring the basic condition of the reliability and the survivability of power systems – the stability. The study and solution of the indicated problems is possible only with the help of the mathematical modeling of a large-scale power systems which is currently being carried out with the help of widespread purely numerical software tools of calculations of modes and processes, which are characterized by various simplifications and limitations. For the properties and capabilities of software tools for studying stability issues, mathematical models of Type 3 WT, the so-called generic models, which also have simplifications and limitations, are adapted. In this article, the reliability of stability calculations of a real power system with Type 3 WT using software tools was evaluated, which allows to identify the influence of the applied simplifications and restrictions with a purely numerical approach on the quality of solving problems of assessing the stability of power systems with Type 3 WT. Also, the studies made it possible to identify the areas of the application of generic models of Type 3 WT as a part of the model of the real dimension power system, at which the greatest and least errors arise, as well as their causes. Such a comprehensive assessment becomes feasible due to the alternative approach proposed in the article, based on the use of a detail benchmark tool model instead of the full-scale data to compare the results of modeling.
Management of psoriasis with Ayurveda Panchakarma and Manibhadragula as Shodhana Rasayana – a case report
Authors: Sambhu Chiravila Omanakuttan Pillai , Prathibha Changuli Krishna Bhat , Namboothiri Kesavan Parameswaran , Anandaraman Puthanmadom Venkataramana Sharma
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Plaque psoriasis is very embarrassing condition of skin as it produces itchy rashes and scaly lesions which may not respond well to the treatment. It can be correlated with Kitibhakushta which is one among the 18 types of Kushta (skin diseases). Several corticosteroids for skin applications are used now a day’s which gives only temporary relief.

Case presentation

A 36 years old moderate built male patient complains of blackish skin rashes with itching, pain and scaling all over the body for three months. Based on the symptoms, Dosha (Biological humors) involved were assessed as Kapha (binding factors) and Vata (vital force of life) and suggestive of Kitibhakushta. Diagnosis of the Plaque psoriasis was further confirmed by biopsy. Classical Kushta treatment was adopted here. As Poorvakarma (pre-operative procedures), Rukshana (Dehydrating therapy) was done and then Snehapana (intake of medicated ghee) was administered. Then classical Vamana (emetic therapy) and Virechana (purgative therapy) were performed. This took almost one month. After Samsarjana (special diet) patient was administered Manibhadragula as Shodhana Rasayana for a period of one month. At the end of Manibhadragula intake, remarkable changes were observed in all the symptoms. There were significant changes seen in PASI, DLQI and photographs taken before and after treatment.

Conclusions

Here the special mode of administration of Manibhadragula as mentioned in Ashtanga Hridaya helps for Shodhana and the Shodhana itself has Rasayana action. Drugs also have Rasayana property. This made the authors to propose a new concept called Shodhana Rasayana. Classical treatment by considering the condition of Roga (disease) and Rogi (patient) helps for management of Kushta.
Anti-hyperplastic effects of the Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae) leaves aqueous extract on tamoxifen-induced endometrium hyperplasia on Wistar rat
Authors: Mvondo Marie Alfrede , Wego Kamgaing Marius Trésor , Wansi Ngnokam Sylvie Léa
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Combining tamoxifen, the most common breast cancer hormonal therapy, with natural antitumor substances may prevent its hyperplastic effects on the uterine endometrium. Dacryodes edulis (DE) is traditionally recommended for the treatment of cancerous diseases. To investigate its antiproliferative properties, the present study was designed to assess the ability of the combined administration of tamoxifen with the aqueous extract of DE leaves to inhibit the trophic effect of this hormone therapy on rat uterine endometrium without compromising its non-proliferative effect on breast tissue.

Methods

Ovariectomized (OVX) female Wistar rats were simultaneously treated with tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and DE leaves (at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kgBW) by gavage. Control groups received either distilled water or tamoxifen alone. Treatments lasted 37 days. The 38th day, animals were sacrificed under anesthesia (diazepam: 10 mg/kgBW and ketamine: 50 mg/kgBW). The relative uterine weight was determined and the histological analysis of the uterus and mammary gland was performed. The oxidative status of the uterus was assessed and the levels of cholesterol and estradiol were evaluated in serum and uterus.

Results

Tamoxifen increased uterine weight and induced endometrial hyperplasia. This effect was associated with increased uterine levels of cholesterol (164.22%; p < 0.001), estradiol (927.5%; p < 0.001) and malondiadehyde (86%; p < 0.05), but unchanged antioxidant enzymes activities. The administration of DE leaves unchanged tamoxifen-increased uterine weight but reduced uterine epithelium hypertrophy (56.4%; p < 0.01). DE also increased uterine levels of malondiadehyde and antioxidant enzymes. The levels of estradiol and cholesterol in the uterus decreased while no changes were observed in the mammary gland of animals treated with tamoxifen alone or in co-administration with DE.

Conclusions

D. edulis has antiproliferative properties and could complement endocrine therapy of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
Osteopathic structure/function models renovation for a person-centered approach: a narrative review and integrative hypothesis
Authors: Baroni Francesca , Tramontano Marco , Barsotti Nicola , Chiera Marco , Lanaro Diego , Lunghi Christian
Published: November 2021

Objectives

The construct of the osteopathic structure-function models is reported as a cornerstone of clinical reasoning and treatment processes. Nevertheless, there are no shared procedures described for their use in clinical practice. The present narrative review aims to analyze a more comprehensive perspective on the phenomenon.

Methods

A structured narrative review was conducted. A database search was conducted using Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed papers without specifying limits on dates and design were included.

Results

Twenty-five findings were reported and grouped into two main themes: 1) Debate on models and theoretical frameworks for osteopathic care; 2) Clinical reasoning and decision-making process in the osteopathic field.

Conclusions

An integrated osteopathic care approach based on the structure/function models represents a starting point to establish a shared osteopathic diagnostic and clinical reasoning and an evidence-informed practice promoting health in an interdisciplinary person-centered care process. The present review highlights the limited amount of literature on using osteopathic conceptual models in decision-making and treatment strategies. A research plan is required to develop a common framework for an evidence-based osteopathic practice that promotes well-being in an interdisciplinary person-centered care process.
Therapieauflagen und Nachsorge bei haftentlassenen Sexualstraftätern: Prädiktoren und Zusammenhänge mit der Rückfälligkeit
Authors: Carl Lena C. , Lösel Friedrich
Published: November 2021

Die ambulante Behandlung entlassener Sexualstraftäter hat in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesondere seit der Reform der Führungsaufsicht 2006 wurde das Nachsorgeangebot für Haftentlassene sukzessive ausgebaut. Ein Großteil der nachbehandelten Sexualstraftäter wird über Bewährungsauflagen oder Weisungen der Führungsaufsicht an eine Nachsorgeeinrichtung angebunden, bislang gibt es aber kaum Informationen darüber, wie häufig Therapieauflagen erteilt werden, an welche Faktoren sie geknüpft sind und wie wirksam sie sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht daher an einer Stichprobe entlassener Sexualstraftäter (n = 1.537), welche individuellen, haftbezogenen und entlassungsbezogenen Faktoren die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Therapieweisung beeinflussen. Zudem wird analysiert, ob eine Therapieweisung unter Kontrolle anderer relevanter Faktoren eine rückfallpräventive Wirkung aufweist. Als Datenbasis diente ein umfassender Erhebungsbogen, der bei Haftentlassung von den Fachdiensten ausgefüllt wurde. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass 77 % aller Sexualstraftäter eine Therapieauflage erhielten, dabei war der Anteil seit 2004 signifikant angestiegen. Jüngere Straftäter, Täter mit ausschließlich kindlichen Opfern, mit niedrigerem Static-99-Wert und einer Behandlung in Haft erhielten häufiger eine Therapieauflage. Für in der Haft unbehandelte Sexualstraftäter war eine Therapieauflage mit signifikant weniger Rückfall assoziiert, bei Straftätern mit Einzel- und Gruppentherapie galt dies nur für Rückfälle mit einem Gewaltdelikt. Für Entlassene aus der Sozialtherapie war eine Therapieauflage kein signifikanter Prädiktor. Implikationen für die Nachsorge von Sexualstraftätern und weitere Forschungsansätze werden diskutiert.
Oscillation Results for Third-Order Semi-Canonical Quasi-Linear Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Saranya K. , Piramanantham V. , Thandapani E.
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to study the oscillatory properties of solutions of the third-order quasi-linear delay differential equation

ℒ
y
(
t
)
+
f
(
t
)

y

β

(
σ
(
t
)
)
=
0

{\cal L}y(t) + f(t){y^\beta }(\sigma (t)) = 0

where ℒy(t) = (b(t)(a(t)(y
0(t)) )0)0 is a semi-canonical differential operator. The main idea is to transform the semi-canonical operator into canonical form and then obtain new oscillation results for the studied equation. Examples are provided to illustrate the importance of the main results.
Observation of intensity flattened phase shifting enabled by unidirectional guided resonance
Authors: Zhang Zixuan , Yin Xuefan , Chen Zihao , Wang Feifan , Hu Weiwei , Peng Chao
Published: November 2021

Phase-only light modulation is an important functionality for many optoelectronic applications. Although modulation efficiency can be significantly improved by using optical resonances, resonance detuning is always accompanied with dramatic intensity variation that is less ideal. Here, we propose a method to achieve intensity-flattened phase shifting by utilizing the unidirectional guided resonance (UGR) – a novel class of topologically enabled guided resonance that only radiates toward a single side. Consequently, the incident excites resonances and generates phase shifting, but it transmits to only one out-going port without other choice, which flattens the transmittance. Theory and simulation agree well and confirm our findings, in particular when nonradiative loss has been taken into account. By directly measuring the intensity and phase responses of UGR samples, a dip depth of 0.43 is observed with nonradiative Q around 2500. We further predict a dip depth of 0.13 can be achieved with a reasonable nonradiative Q around 8000 in state-of-art fabrication precision, which is sufficient and useful for the applications ranging from light projection, flat metalens optics, optical phased array, to light detection and ranging.
Label-free DNA biosensing by topological light confinement
Authors: Zito Gianluigi , Sanità Gennaro , Guilcapi Alulema Bryan , Lara Yépez Sofía N. , Lanzio Vittorino , Riminucci Fabrizio , Cabrini Stefano , Moccia Maria , Avitabile Concetta , Lamberti Annalisa , Mocella Vito , Rendina Ivo , Romano Silvia
Published: November 2021

Large-area and transparent all-dielectric metasurfaces sustaining photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) provide a set of fundamental advantages for ultrasensitive biosensing. BICs bridge the gap of large effective mode volume with large experimental quality factor. Relying on the transduction mechanism of reactive sensing principle, herein, we first numerically study the potential of subwavelength confinement driven by topological decoupling from free space radiation for BIC-based biosensing. Then, we experimentally combine this capability with minimal and low-cost optical setup, applying the devised quasi-BIC resonator for PNA/DNA selective biosensing with real-time monitoring of the binding event. A sensitivity of 20 molecules per micron squared is achieved, i.e. ≃0.01 pg. Further enhancement can easily be envisaged, pointing out the possibility of single-molecule regime. This work aims at a precise and ultrasensitive approach for developing low-cost point-of-care tools suitable for routine disease prescreening analyses in laboratory, also adaptable to industrial production control.
A new polymorph of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (C13H9N3O2)
Authors: Ibrahim Halliru , Zamisa Sizwe J. , Bala Muhammad D. , Friedrich Holger B.
Published: November 2021

C13H9N3O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 3.7375(1) Å, b = 27.9680(6) Å, c = 10.2595(2) Å, β = 95.5120(10)°, V = 1067.47(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0370, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0975, T = 100 K.
Introduction: The Political Ambiguities of Pius XII
Authors: Unger-Alvi Simon
Published: November 2021

This collection of essays evaluates the relations between Eugenio Pacelli and Germany from the beginning of his career as a papal nuncio in Munich in 1917 until his pontificate during the wartime and post-war periods. The contributions to this volume do not provide a complete overview of this topic. Instead, they should be understood as case studies on certain aspects of Vatican-German history. At the core of this work are the complexities and ambiguities of papal politics between four political systems from the Kaiserreich to the West German Federal Republic. Ultimately, this volume thus touches upon very diverse subjects ranging from Pacelli’s ‚concordat diplomacy‘ in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich to his silence during the Holocaust and the German occupation of Italy, the anti-communism of the Cold War, and the Vatican’s path towards reform in the post-war period.
Dies natalis papae – der „Geburtstag“ des Papstes
Authors: Hack Achim Thomas
Published: November 2021

The dies natalis papae has received little attention in the previous literature. This is not the actual birthday of the Roman chief pastor, but the anniversary of his consecration as bishop. Explicit evidence of this has been available since the second half of the 4th century (Damasus I), mainly in letters. However, the recording of the exact consecration dates since the 250s suggests that the day was also celebrated earlier. In any case, it is certain that the dies natalis papae was celebrated as a festival of joy and gratitude for the (albeit undeservedly conferred) Petrine office. Numerous bishops from all over Italy are invited to attend, and, if necessary, these gatherings can also be used for synods. While Leo I regularly exploits this opportunity to preach – five „Sermones“ have survived, after all – 150 years later Gregory the Great flatly rejects the celebration as „superfluous vanity“ and instead refers to the „birthday celebration“ of St. Peter himself. The Roman „Liber Diurnus“ has its own forms of epistolary „invitatoria in natale papae“ as well as „excusatoria quando episcopus infirmatur“, and the sacramentaries of this time contain models for the celebration, i. e. „Orationes in natale papae“ or „in natale episcoporum“.
Das Rom der Frührenaissance in den Imbreviaturen des Notars Angelo degli Atti da Todi 1423–1432
Authors: Daniels Tobias
Published: November 2021

This essay analyses the previously unexplored protocol of the notary Angelo degli Atti da Todi, which contains 141 new sources on the history of Rome – City and Curia – during the pontificate of Martin V and the early pontificate of Eugenius IV. After an overview of notarial research on early Renaissance Rome, it presents Angelo degli Atti’s career and cultural profile, based partly on his will, found in a legal dispute over inheritance with the Florentine Alberti family. Possibilities for analysing the protocol are then discussed. For the first time, this protocol provides insights into the jurisdiction of the Camera Apostolica in the period mentioned and expands our knowledge of the actors and transactions of the Papal Finance at the Curia of Martin V, especially as regards the Florentine merchant bankers, and above all the Alberti and Boscoli. The protocol also contains a wide range of sources on the history of Rome, including its art history and the maritime economy in which the city was involved. The entire protocol is made accessible by regesta including an index of persons and places.
Le commende gerosolimitane nella Terraferma veneziana (secoli XVI–XVIII): identificazione e amministrazione
Authors: Robuschi Luigi
Published: November 2021

The comparative analysis of the sources preserved at the Archivio del Gran Priorato di Lombardia e Venezia and the Archives of the Order of Malta in the National Library of Malta, have made it possible to quantify and identify the lands owned by the Order of Malta on the Venetian mainland – the Terraferma – between the 16th and the 18th centuries. The archival documentation, further corroborated by research in the Archives of Venice, Padua and Verona, uncovered a vast range of situations, yet to be studied and linked to the properties owned by the knights in Veneto. Furthermore, the documentation sheds some light not only on the knights to whom the Commanderies were assigned, but also on the vast number of people who actively participated in the life and administration of the properties owned by the Order of Malta in the Terraferma.
Finite element analysis on the bond behavior of steel bar in salt–frost-damaged recycled coarse aggregate concrete
Authors: Su Tian , Wang Ting , Yi Haihe , Zheng Rui , Liu Yizhe , Zhai Haoran , Huang Zhanfang
Published: November 2021

In this article, the ABAQUS finite element software is used to simulate the bond behavior of the steel bar in salt–frost-damaged recycled coarse aggregate concrete, and the influence of the steel bar diameter and the concrete cover thickness on the bond strength is investigated. The result shows that the calculated bond–slip curve is in good agreement with the experimental bond–slip curve; the mean value of the ratio of the calculation results of ultimate bond strength to the experiment results of ultimate bond strength is 1.035, the standard deviation is 0.0165, and the coefficient of variation is 0.0159, which proves that the calculation results of the ultimate bond strength are in good agreement with the experimental results; with the increase of steel bar diameter and the concrete cover thickness, the ultimate bonding strength of RAC and steel increases; the calculation formulas for the ultimate bond strength of specimens with different steel bar diameters (concrete cover thickness) after different salt–frost cycles are obtained.
Law and Rhetoric in Ancient Greece and Today
Authors: Gagarin Michael
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the interaction of law and rhetoric in classical Athens and in current US common law. I argue that there is an inevitable tension between rhetoric, which operates with words (Greeklogoi), and law, which supposedly deals with facts (Greekerga) but necessarily works also with words. The Greeks understood this tension and accepted it, whereas today we often try to deny it, though recent work in the field of Law and Literature has done much to illuminate the operation of rhetoric in law today.
Online hate speech in Belarus: Highlighting the topical issues
Authors: Vasilenko Ekaterina
Published: November 2021

Hate speech can be viewed as a form of socio-political conflict that might be considered an inevitable result of the shift of the historical paradigm in the former Soviet republics. In the meantime, the study of hate speech in Belarus demonstrates its relevance not only in the context of the current socio-political situation, but also because of the lack of the related research in the country. This study provides a general outline of hate speech in the Belarusian online discourse at the present time. At the beginning of the article, a brief literature review and the definition of the key terms are given. Afterwards, extralinguistic factors that influence hate speech functioning within the discourse community are described. Most attention is paid to the linguistic analysis of the legal documents of the Republic of Belarus as compared to those of other countries. Then, based on the analysis of the Internet users’ comments to online news, the most topical issues are determined and some observations on labeling as a move aimed at creating an image of a social group are provided.
The long-journeying poor cousin before the shut EU door: How the Western Balkans are metaphorically conceptualised in the context of the EU integrations
Authors: Vuković-Stamatović Milica
Published: November 2021

In this paper we critically analyse how the identity of the Western Balkans (WB) has been metaphorically conceptualised in the latest stages of the EU integration processes in a corpus of internet news articles recently posted in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Hercegovina. Unlike the accession processes of the former membership candidates from Europe, the WB’s integration has proven to be a very long one, hindered by many, perhaps insurmountable obstacles and subject to a great deal of uncertainty regarding its final outcome. Although this process is predominantly conceptualised through the already established metaphors employed to depict such processes of the former member candidates (journey, house, circles/rings, family, etc.), their evaluative content is different, given that the roles and the positions of the EU and the WB are starkly asymmetrical, i. e. that the WB is deeply marginalised. We identified some new metaphors that this specific political situation has engendered, also reflecting the said asymmetry – the WB is perceived as a colony, self-imprisoned state, Trojan horse, victim of blackmail, immature person, experimenting ground and waste-collector for immigrants. These metaphors construct an image of the WB as that of the very inferior Other.
Cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes and acid-base in diabetic patients
Authors: Liao Chia-Chih , Hou Te-Hsin , Yu Huang-Ping , Li Allen , Liu Fu-Chao
Published: November 2021

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has detrimental effects on the function of microvascular beds, resulting in blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The objective of the study was to investigate whether DM affects the brain physiology through composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and compare gas tension and electrolyte levels in CSF between the diabetic and nondiabetic populations.

Methods

Patients aged between 20 and 70 years scheduled for elective orthopedic or urologic surgery requiring spinal anesthesia were enrolled. They were assigned to either of the two groups (control or type 2 DM). Gas tension and electrolytes in the CSF and whole blood samples were measured in both groups.

Results

All 49 enrolled patients (24 in the control and 25 in the DM group) completed the study. The concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+ in the blood were significantly lower in the DM group than those in the control. The levels of pCO2 and

HCO

3

−

{\text{HCO}}_{3}^{-}

in the CSF were lower in the DM group than in the control group. In addition, there was a marked increase in the glucose level in both the blood and CSF in the DM group.

Conclusion

The results show that there were some homeostatic changes in blood and CSF in patients with DM.
A Prosopographical Study of the imȝ-ʿ Title Holders down to the End of the Old Kingdom
Authors: González León Daniel
Published: November 2021

The obscure title imȝ-ʿ has received some scholarly attention, but there is still uncertainty regarding its reading and meaning. Even so, there is something to be attributed to the imȝ-ʿ holder very clearly: their high, even very high, position within the structure of the Egyptian elite. This paper, articulated in two parts, aims to provide a prosopographical study of the imȝ-ʿ title from sources dated from the Thinite Age to the end of the Old Kingdom. In this part, the sources of the title are presented in order to examine their nature, their provenance, and the social and historical context of the title’s holder. Eventually, some considerations of the field of activity to which the title is related, the function that it implies, if any, and changes that it experienced through time will be offered. The second part, which will be published in the following issue of ZÄS, will contain the actual prosopographical list consisting of 37 entries, namely the documentation which supports the contents of the present part.
Final –

ww
in the Late Egyptian Orthography: A Linguistic Assessment
Authors: Kilani Marwan
Published: November 2021

Various words in Late Egyptian texts present a final sequence
–ww that is absent in earlier attestations and does not have any obvious etymological justification. No systematic discussion of these
–ww, and not explanation for their use, has been offered so far. The present paper aims at filling this gap through a systematic reassessment of the phonological characteristics of a comprehensive corpus of words displaying this marker
–ww. The results suggest that this marker is related in function with the so called spacefillers discussed in Kilani 2017; in particular it appears to be added at the end of words characterized by a stressed back vowel adjacent to a labial consonant w, b, p, f or m, and possibly ˓. Some considerations about the possible underlying linguistic reality and the rational for the use of this marker are added at the end of the article. One instance of the marker
–ww in a magic spell of P. BM EA 9997 IV, and its possible role in clarifying a potentially ambiguous pronunciation of the associated verb, is discussed in a final Addendum. An appendix with the reconstruction of the vocalization for the words that survive in Coptic is provided here. A second appendix with the whole corpus is provided as online supplement.
Impact of fear on a delayed eco-epidemiological model for migratory birds
Authors: Song Caihong , Li Ning
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a delayed eco-epidemiological model including susceptible migratory birds, infected migratory birds and predator population is proposed by us. The interaction between predator and prey is represented by functional response of Leslie–Gower Holling-type II. Fear effect is considered in the model. We assume that the growth rate and activity of prey population can be reduced because of fear effect of predator, and this series of behaviors will indirectly slow down the spread of diseases. Positivity, boundedness, persistence criterion, and stability of equilibrium points of the system are analyzed. Transcritical bifurcation and Hopf-bifurcation respect to important parameters of the system have been discussed both analytically and numerically (e.g. fear of predator, disease transmission rate of prey, and delay). Numerical simulation results show that fear can not only eliminate the oscillation behavior caused by high disease transmission rate and long delay in the model system, but also eliminate the disease.
Putting Together Pieces of the Lateral Septum: Multifaceted Functions and Its Neural Pathways
Authors: Rizzi-Wise Candace A. , Wang Dong V.
Published: November 2021

The lateral septum (LS) is implicated as a hub that regulates a variety of affects, such as reward, feeding, anxiety, fear, sociability, and memory. However, it remains unclear how the LS, previously treated as a structure of homogeneity, exhibits such multifaceted functions. Emerging evidence suggests that different functions of the LS are mediated largely by its diverse input and output connections. It has also become clear that the LS is a heterogeneous region, where its dorsal and ventral poles play dissociable and often opposing roles. This functional heterogeneity can often be explained by distinct dorsal and ventral hippocampal inputs along the LS dorsoventral axis, as well as antagonizing connections between LS subregions. Similarly, outputs from LS subregions to respective downstream targets, such as hypothalamic, preoptic, and tegmental areas, also account for this functional heterogeneity. In this review, we provide an updated perspective on LS subregion classification, connectivity, and functions. We also identify key questions that have yet to be addressed in the field.
Threat and Bidirectional Valence Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Core
Authors: Ray Madelyn H. , Moaddab Mahsa , McDannald Michael A.
Published: November 2021

Appropriate responding to threat and reward is essential to survival. The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) is known to support and organize reward behavior. The NAcc is also necessary to fully discriminate threat and safety cues. To directly reveal NAcc threat firing, we recorded single-unit activity from seven female rats undergoing pavlovian fear discrimination. Rats fully discriminated danger, uncertainty, and safety cues, and most NAcc neurons showed the greatest firing change to danger and uncertainty. Heterogeneity in cue and reward firing led us to identify distinct functional populations. One NAcc population signaled threat, specifically decreasing firing to danger and uncertainty cues. A separate population signaled Bidirectional Valence, decreasing firing to the danger cue (negative valence), but increasing firing to reward (positive valence). The results reveal the NAcc to be a source of threat information and a more general valence hub.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) is synonymous with reward. Yet, anatomy, neurotoxic lesions, and optogenetic manipulation implicate the NAcc in threat. Here, we directly revealed NAcc threat firing by recording single-unit activity during multicue fear discrimination. Most cue-responsive NAcc neurons markedly altered firing to threat cues. Finer analyses revealed a NAcc population signaling threat, specifically decreasing firing to danger and uncertainty cues; and a NAcc population signaling Bidirectional Valence, increasing firing to reward but decreasing firing to the danger cue. The results reveal the NAcc to be a source of threat information and a valence hub.
Speech Categorization Reveals the Role of Early-Stage Temporal-Coherence Processing in Auditory Scene Analysis
Authors: Viswanathan Vibha , Shinn-Cunningham Barbara G. , Heinz Michael G.
Published: November 2021

Temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across spectral channels is thought to aid auditory grouping and scene segregation. Although prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, neurophysiological evidence suggests that temporal-coherence-based scene analysis may start as early as the cochlear nucleus (i.e., the first auditory region supporting cross-channel processing over a wide frequency range). Accordingly, we hypothesized that aspects of temporal-coherence processing that could be realized in early auditory areas may shape speech understanding in noise. We then explored whether physiologically plausible computational models could account for results from a behavioral experiment that measured consonant categorization in different masking conditions. We tested whether within-channel masking of target-speech modulations predicted consonant confusions across the different conditions and whether predictions were improved by adding across-channel temporal-coherence processing mirroring the computations known to exist in the cochlear nucleus. Consonant confusions provide a rich characterization of error patterns in speech categorization, and are thus crucial for rigorously testing models of speech perception; however, to the best of our knowledge, they have not been used in prior studies of scene analysis. We find that within-channel modulation masking can reasonably account for category confusions, but that it fails when temporal fine structure cues are unavailable. However, the addition of across-channel temporal-coherence processing significantly improves confusion predictions across all tested conditions. Our results suggest that temporal-coherence processing strongly shapes speech understanding in noise and that physiological computations that exist early along the auditory pathway may contribute to this process.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTemporal coherence of sound fluctuations across distinct frequency channels is thought to be important for auditory scene analysis. Prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, and it was unknown whether speech understanding in noise may be shaped by across-channel processing that exists in earlier auditory areas. Using physiologically plausible computational modeling to predict consonant confusions across different listening conditions, we find that across-channel temporal coherence contributes significantly to scene analysis and speech perception and that such processing may arise in the auditory pathway as early as the brainstem. By virtue of providing a richer characterization of error patterns not obtainable with just intelligibility scores, consonant confusions yield unique insight into scene analysis mechanisms.
Effect of the transition from more than adequate iodine to adequate iodine on national changes in the prevalence of thyroid disorders: repeat national cross-sectional surveys in China
Authors: Li Yongze , Shan Zhongyan , Teng Weiping
Published: November 2021

Objective

Longitudinal studies have investigated the effects of changing iodine status on thyroid disorders, but the effect of a transition from more than adequate iodine to adequate iodine on national changes in prevalence adjusted for changing risk factors remains unclear.

Design

Two repeat nationwide surveys were conducted from 2009–2010 to 2015–2017 to assess changes in thyroid disorder prevalence and iodine status in China.

Methods

A multistage stratified random sampling method was used to obtain a nationally representative sample of urban adults aged 18 and older in mainland China in 2009 (n = 14 925) and 2015 (n = 12 553). Changes in thyroid disorder prevalence, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were assessed. Logistic regression models were used to examine changes in prevalence over time.

Results

The median UIC decreased significantly from 219.7 to 175.9 μg/L (P < 0.0001). The weighted prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, and goitre decreased between 2009 and 2015 in the overall population (P < 0.05 for all). Despite no significant changes in subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism or anti-thyroid peroxidase or anti-thyroglobulin antibody positivity prevalence, a significant increase in thyroid nodule prevalence (P < 0.0001) was found in the overall population. The 2.5th TSH percentile increased by 0.15 mIU/L (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.30 mIU/L, P = 0.04) from 2009 to 2015.

Conclusions

With the iodine status transition from more than adequate to adequate, thyroid disorder (except for thyroid nodules) prevalence remained stable or even decreased after adjusting for confounding factors among adults in mainland China between 2009 and 2015. Additional studies are needed to explore the reasons for the increased thyroid nodule prevalence.
Effect of β-glycosidase supplementation on vinasse saccharification and L-lactic acid fermentation
Authors: Cao Yingnan , Wang Juan , Wang Qunhui , Liu Jianguo , Liu Tingxi , Knapp Charles W. , Wang Yi
Published: November 2021

Efficient pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis is critical to achieve effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, the cellulase composition for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis was strategically optimized to improve the efficiency of vinasse saccharification and thus enhance L-lactic acid production. The results showed that the supplementation of β-glycosidase (BG) increased sugar production, and the glucose concentration exceeded cellobiose concentration after 48 h of hydrolysis. These results suggested that the addition of BG aided the hydrolysis of cellobiose and reduced the inhibitory effects caused by sugar accumulation. After 72 h to 96 h of hydrolysis, the BG supplementation improved cellobiose and glucose production by 25.7% and 27.4%, respectively. The effect of BG supplementation on L-lactic acid production during the fermentation of microwave-alkali pretreated vinasse was also investigated. Here, the L-lactic acid production from simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with the addition of BG was 20.8% higher than that without BG addition, and was also 37.0% higher than production from separate hydrolysis and fermentation with BG addition. These results indicated the utilization efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass for L-lactic acid production could be enhanced by supplementation of BG in SSF.
Influence of sodium carbonate addition on weight loss of bagasse alkaline black liquor during pyrolysis
Authors: Li Xusheng , Wang Jinlong , Yan Derong , Yin Yongjun , Wang Shuangfei
Published: November 2021

To understand the effects and the mechanism of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) addition on the bagasse alkaline black liquor (BABL) pyrolysis, the reaction variables such as temperature, heating rate, and amount of Na2CO3 addition into BABL-solids were investigated under N2 atmosphere from 50 °C to 1000 °C by thermogravimetic analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Coats–Redfern method (CRM) were employed for surface microscopic morphology observations and kinetic analysis, respectively. The results showed that Na2CO3 plays an inhibiting and promoting role during devolatilization (200 °C to 650 °C) and the reduction stages (650 °C to 1000 °C), respectively. Adding Na2CO3 into BABL-solids tends to increase the thickness of the salt layer covering the BABL-solids surface, which increases the activation energy and reduces the weight loss ratio of BABL-solids pyrolysis within 200 °C to 650 °C. Adding Na2CO3 into the BABL-solids tends to increase the number of alkaline compounds or the active site of the reduction reaction, which reduces the activation energy and increases the weight loss ratio of BABL-solids pyrolysis within 650 °C to 1000 °C. The role of Na2CO3 as an additive could be well understood by studying the influence mechanism of Na2CO3 on BABL-solids pyrolysis.
Theoretical and methodological essence of noospheric geography of the 21st century
Authors: Chernov Borys О. , Dudka Іnna H.
Published: November 2021

In modern conditions of globalization of society development and fleeting transformations of natural processes, when the development of science, includinggeographical, is extremely accelerated, there is a rapid complication of forms and methods of theoretical and methodological knowledge, which makes it necessary to conduct logical and methodological analysis of geography in modern conditions. It turned out that a hundred years ago, says Edwin Toffler, Thomas Mann put forward a formula that expressed the feeling of death of a certain era. Today, humanity has approached an invisible boundary that separates one era from another. It is established that the world is on the threshold of grand social changes, technical and cultural innovations. In these conditions, when the world has become completely different, it is important for geographers to understand the consequences of the ongoing transformation processes. All this requires a new understanding from the standpoint of a globalized society, to find out what fundamental consequences for geography brought the information technology revolution, which will result in new paradigms for the development of our science. A. Toffler argued in «The Third Wave» that humanity was approaching a new technological revolution, that is, the First Wave (agrarian civilization and the Second (industrial civilization)) was replaced by a new wave that led to the creation of a supra-industrial civilization almost twenty years ago. If the concept of «living matter» (as a natural planetary body) underlies the doctrine of the biosphere, then the selection of such a natural phenomenon on a planetary scale as «scientific thought», becomes the most important naturalistic generalization in the theory of the noosphere. Nowadays, the idea of the coherence of the most progressive social laws and the achievements of scientific knowledge acquires a special meaning, becomes the most important problem of the very existence of human civilization. Based on the above, according to M. V. Bahrov, L. H. Rudenko and I. H. Chervaniov, we argue that «there was a need to create new scientific products that reflect the state and problems of the current stage of development of society», i. e., noosphere geography. The refore, the realization of the purpose of the study is to identify scientific sources about the change of the theoretical essence of modern geography, substantiation of the theoretical and methodological essence of the «new» noosphere geography in the transition of information society to noosphere and clarify the place of noosphere geography in general scientific classification.
Regional reclamation landscape technical systems: current status and rational use
Authors: Denysyk Hryhoriy I. , Mizina Sofiia K.
Published: November 2021

The problems of the current state of possibilities of reconstruction and rational use of regional reclamation landscape technical systems have been considered. It has been noted that for studying the process of their formation and modern functioning GIS-method (GIS-packages SAS.Planet.Release and GoogleEarthPro) were used in addition to field landscape research. The meaning of the concept of “reclamation landscape technical system” as a structure in which interconnected hydraulic structures and water bodies that are necessary to ensure and maintain the optimal operation mode of the reclamation landscape complex has been clarified. The main types of reclamation such as hydraulic, cultural, chemical, agrotechnical and agroforestrytechnical have been partially discribed. The essence of the concept of “hydraulic reclamation” as a set of measures aimed at improving the water- air (waterlogging and dehydration) regime of soils has been considered more detailed. The expediency of resumption of reclamation measures in the territory of Ukraine has been confirmed, as 2/3 of its area is in conditions of unfavorable water regime. This study is focused on the analysis of drainage and humidification systems as the most effective in ensuring the regulation of excessive moisture or its deficit. It has been shown that the peak of reclamation works and construction of reclamation landscape technical systems was observed 1950–1965. The largest irrigation, drainage, polder and drainage-humidification systems in Ukraine have been discribed. It has been found that the decline of reclamation systems began in 1991 and was characterized by a reduction in the area of irrigated and drained lands and the deterioration of their ecological condition. Emphasis has been placed on the study of regional drainage and humidification systems and three stages of their development in Ukraine have been identified. Possible measures for the rational use of reclamation systems on the example of the Trubizh regional drainage and humidification landscape technical system have been proposed. It has been noted that the development of regional plans for the rational use of this system should be based on the analysis of the history of economic development of the Trubizh river basin and taking into account the specifics of the landscape structure of the canal-floodplain type. Reconstruction of the reclamation system has been recommended to conduct in two stages: the first one is based on the modernization of hydraulic structures and the main canal, the second one is based on the internal and landscape structure of the system. The feasibility of partial restructuring of the open network for closed drainage and the creation of temporary drainage channels has been confirmed, which will allow more rational use of resources of the Trubizh reclamation landscape technical system.