bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leadership in management — some popular theories reviewed
Authors: Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Although the age of computers is upon us, there are very few managerial jobs where success in meeting targets can be achieved without the active co‐operation of others. This calls for leadership skills on the part of the manager, and a real understanding of the needs of those whose efforts are essential to achieving his goals.
Blueprint for the future
Authors: Wilce Dave , Shaw Tony
Published: February 2008

Since the announcement of A New Training Initiative (NTI) in the Government's White Paper of 1981 and the Manpower Services Commission's Agenda for Action, attention has been focused on providing good quality initial training of young people to prepare them for working life.
Books
Authors: Baker CBE Edgar
Published: February 2008

This bulky Report published last year contains so many words that its merits may be overlooked by the hasty reader. It nevertheless deserves the attention of everyone interested in education and training, as well as action from those directly concerned with the teaching of mathematics. As Sir Derek Rayner, Mrs. Thatcher's adviser, once remarked: A good report is like an unposted letter; it is of no value until action is taken.
Mandetics: a new concept in personal and organisational development
Authors: Wainwright Gordon R.
Published: February 2008

It is often said that the best ideas are the simplest. As a statement it contains as much truth as many and a good deal more than most; but certainly, of course, not the whole truth. Yet as a point of view it persists. There is something of a vogue at the moment for the simple, almost magic, solution. Many people, and there are managers among them, seem to want to be given answers to the complex problems of contemporary society which are comprehensible. It is, no doubt, the demand for comprehensibility which has given rise to the associated demand for simplicity. Mandetics is but one of the attempts to satisfy this need for solutions which can be expressed simply. It is, however, no panacea. Nevertheless it appears to offer certain benefits which, in their essential simplicity, are both comprehensible and workable.
Service with a smile
Authors: Public Relations Ltd Intermark
Published: February 2008

It doesn't matter how well employees in industry and commerce are trained in product knowledge and the skills of their trade if, at the end of the day, they alienate or offend the customers. In the long term nothing is more important to a business than customers. When times are hard they become even more valuable than during the good times; because then they are even more difficult to replace, and dissatisfied customers have very long memories.
Management training — the next ten years
Authors: Farnsworth Terry
Published: February 2008

During the past decade management training has emerged as a major specialism in its own right; no longer is it seen as the poor and somewhat effete relation of its lusty elder brothers in sales and technical training. And for management training specialists the best is yet to come; for it is likely that the demand for sales and technical trainers will suffer a sharp decline as we enter the closing years of the present century.
Case study using behaviour modification
Authors: Naughton J.P.
Published: February 2008

A case study using behaviour modification in a health care setting was conducted in a patient care unit at Massachusetts General Hospital, USA. The work productivity of the two unit assistants was examined to determine how well a programme of positive reinforcement would be accepted in that particular environment, and to evaluate the incorporation of a programme of positive reinforcement on the productivity of the workers.
The Ford approach to training organisation
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

In order to remove a common misunderstanding, I must begin by drawing the distinction between Ford Motor Company and its dealers. They are not one and the same. Ford Motor Company is a firm which designs, builds and markets the products; and this article is about training within that firm, which in Britain employs some 55,000 people. Dealerships are independent organisations linked to Ford only by a franchise, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. It is they who sell to the public. Naturally the local Ford Company takes a very keen interest in how they conduct their affairs, but that is entirely their responsibility. It is up to, for example, Godfrey Davis of London or Kontellis of Athens to train their own people, who learn the essentials of their jobs within the dealership.
The teacher as manager
Authors: Roberts Elizabeth
Published: February 2008

The gradual drawing together of education and training, albeit somewhat reluctantly and slowly in certain quarters, must surely highlight the difference in attitudes also taking place about management in schools and colleges.
Transactional Analysis in management development
Authors: Callis Sidney
Published: February 2008

In this short paper I shall very briefly discuss the basic theories of Transactional Analysis. First we must have an understanding of what transactional analysis, or TA as it is familiarly called, is about. It is not, for our purposes, primarily a clinical psychology; although it is being used for a great deal of sociological work, and has developed into extensive clinical practice as well. TA was initiated by Dr Eric Berne during the early 1950s; he was interested in identifying states of mind, and originally postulated the human mind being divided into three distinct moods — or, as he called them, Ego States. He called these the Parent, the Adult, and the Child.
Personnel Management
Authors: Hay Kathy
Published: February 2008

The development of effective personnel management is one of the stated aims of the Institute of Personnel Management (IPM), the UK's professional association of personnel practitioners with a membership approaching 23,500. To this end it aims to advise government and the numerous other national bodies who initiate, formulate, and operate the policies and programmes which affect people at work.
Behaviour modelling — a needs based approach
Authors: Swierenga Harm
Published: February 2008

The BEMO‐training model is extracted from clinical psychologists who have been following the lead of Bandura, Wolpe and others in teaching people how to behave adaptively. The model for this training is to change behaviour directly through imitation, practice and reinforcement.
Training unadulterated
Authors: Nicholson Bryan
Published: February 2008

Britain will loose its place in world markets and fail to meet the challeges of new technologies unless we train our workforce. That is the message of a major campaign announced in November. Leading the drive are the Manpower Services Commission, which will press home the Focus on Audit Training message by taking the lead in the organisation of conferences, workshops and seminars around the country, and by urging employers, trainers, trade unions and individuals to bring adult training to the forefront of the drive for recovery. This emblem has been produced to identify the campaign:
Diploma Mills — Part 1: Origin and growth
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

I have been rather concerned recently to read of the growing number of bogus degrees available in this country. It is difficult to know just how many degree mills there are, as they tend to spring up overnight and disappear again, but the Department of Education estimates there are between 70 and 80 of them. Two years ago there were 30.
Can we change other people's behaviour?
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

No change programme is ever complete until it has been evaluated: ie, the effectiveness of the change needs to be assessed in relation to its prior intentions or objectives.
The wasted expenditure
Authors: Kransdorff Arnold
Published: February 2008

When a medium‐sized UK finance house started to feel the pinch of competition, it decided to spend some money on a computer. It wanted to cut its administration costs as well as respond more quickly to customer enquiries for hire purchase and other types of consumer loans.
Diploma Mills — Part 8: Government action and inaction (continued)
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

During the early 1970s the author was instrumental in interesting a number of Members of Parliament in the subject of diploma mills, and the matter reached the floor of the House of Commons on several occasions. Witness the following extracts from Hansard.
Organising yourself to communicate
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

All aspects of business life necessitate organisation, and communication is no exception. Self‐organisation implies thinking out how best to accomplish one's tasks, and then doing them with a will. Intelligent people recognise the need for planning, but often overlook the vital part played by the will. Weakness of it can cause peculiar difficulties in communication. There are folk who seem to lack any will to communicate, because by nature they are retiring, reticent or simply uncooperative. Others reckon that by keeping information to themselves, or at best passing on only what suits them, they can gain or retain power. If you wish to organise yourself to communicate, you should first examine yourself for signs of these internal barriers. If you find them, you have some self‐development to do to avoid becoming an obstruction to the smooth running of your firm. This can happen whether you work for a large company or a small one. Indeed, a non‐communicator can cause proportionately more disruption in the smaller unit. It is much easier for the key person among five employees to bring them all to a halt for want of information or instructions than for the chairman of a concern five thousand strong, in which delegation is normally practised and other directors are at least partly in the know.
Accelerated learning
Authors: Rose Diana
Published: February 2008

Years of research into how the brain and, in particular, how memory works are about to revolutionise education and methods of teaching in this country. In a new paper‐back Accelerated Learning, author Colin Rose explains the full background and development to this exciting technique. A graduate of London University and a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, he spent four years consolidating research from around the world, the first time that all this work has been drawn together and assembled into a book for mass consumption.
Trends in international banking education
Authors: Glover Eric
Published: February 2008

Whether or not we regard it as fortunate those of us in banking are working for an industry which is grappling with the challenge of change, as the banks question what business they are in or seek to be in. To quote Lloyds Bank's Annual Report for 1984: Change means opportunity as well as challenge.
All change
Authors: Le Breton D.C.
Published: February 2008

Much has been written about the nature of change and its effects on human individuals and organisations. It is clear that simply maintaining the organisational status quo is tantamount to slipping backwards if there are dynamic changes occurring in the general business environment.
Organising yourself to communicate
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

Why When, nearly sixty years ago, I first faced the task of putting a written passage into fewer words, I was introduced to it by the junior English master. He called it précis writing. Not unnaturally, I concluded it was just an exercise in grammar and comprehension. It was left to the senior master a year or so later to mention the practical application, when he explained:
The prediction is the performance
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

After Pygmalion, King of Cyprus, had sculpted and fallen in love with his perfect woman, Galatea, his repeated prayerful overtures to the gods were answered. Venus gave life to her. Some two thousand years later in Shaw's play Pygmalion, Henry Higgins turned a cockney flower girl into an elegant lady, although he relied on language rather than love.
Perils and promise of non‐traditional education
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Non‐traditional education is thriving; witness California, where this smokeless industry is one of the State's growth industries. In this Information Age this will continue unless the traditional degree structure is changed or alternatives become available. Basically the present structure is designed for the 18‐plus person who is then put through a series of hoops, but this does not meet the needs of the mature person requiring a higher degree to update his or her knowledge, or to facilitate a mid‐career change.
Education and industry: a working partnership
Authors: Malpas Robert
Published: February 2008

We in industry need to win broad acceptance and understanding from the community; not just in Industry Year, but in every year. We need to convince the public in general, teachers at all levels of education, parents, and in particular all young people — not just potential industrial recruits — that industry is a noble activity in its own right. A career in industry can provide the challenge and satisfaction worthy of the best quality in the land for people of diverse backgrounds, skills and knowledge, and at all levels. Our task is to establish that the industrial option be considered on an equal footing with all those that currently command greater attention and respect. For a host of reasons, some of which are industry's fault, this is manifestly not the case in Britain today.
Letting the mountain come to Mahomet
Authors: Henderson David
Published: February 2008

Since the present economic depression started with the oil crisis of the early 1970s, managers and employers have been regularly requested by sundry politicians to ensure that their staffs are ready for the recovery ahead. It appears a tall order to increase expenditure on staff training when turnover and profits are down, and government spending on education and training is effectively lower.
Examination performance and the stress factor
Authors: Davies Don
Published: February 2008

A survey of post “A”‐level students revealed that a substantial percentage (69.7) experienced stress‐related problems both in the months preceding the examination and during the examination itself, to the almost certain detriment of their performance. The survey showed that only 20.3 per cent received effective help and training in stress management and in reducing worry. The major findings are detailed below.
Education and training — a vital need
Authors: Young
Published: February 2008

I first came to this conference just four years ago. It was, I recall, almost the first major speaking engagement after my appointment as Chairman of the Manpower Services Commission. It was certainly the first occasion since Norman Tebbit had announced the introduction of the Youth Training Scheme. Indeed, as I recall, that was the major subject of our debate that day — would we be able to put in place a national training scheme for hundreds of thousands of young people? Would we have enough employers, enough trainers, enough time?
Adult learning: how and why
Authors: Mumford Alan
Published: February 2008

I must offer immediately one qualification to the title of the presentation. My own experience, and the survey the results of which I will be using in this session, have both been directed at how managers learn rather than at the total general population. However, I know from my broader reading that the comments I will make are largely true for the population as a whole.
Adult and continuing education in tomorrow's world
Authors: Evans John R.F.
Published: February 2008

According to Professor Robert A. Carlson, Continuing Education is the phrase used by UNESCO to embrace its wide definition of Adult Education. However, the ACACE Report, Continuing Education: From Policies to Practice uses the DES discussion paper on Continuing Education: Post Experience Vocational Provision for Those in Employment to provide, if not a definition, then certainly a working brief:
Putting the Catalyst among the Pigeons
Authors: Barnett Correlli
Published: February 2008

We are here to discuss how education and industry can forge a more effective partnership, so that we can match the professionalism of our rivals in world markets. Our context is Britain as an industrial and commercial nation faced with the basic need to survive and prosper in those markets. Because without such success, without the big enough resources which can come only from that success, it really is pointless to talk about values or the kind of society we would ideally like to see. Except for saints, there is very little nobility or spiritual uplift in poverty. When people talk glibly about the post‐industrial society being a good thing, they fail to recognise the reality under their noses — our urban problem areas. Never let us forget that one possible future for Britain, when the oil‐lake finally runs down, is a swift descent into Third World status.
Storming to Business Success
Authors: Bishop FCCA David , Grundy MA ACA Tony , Marwick McLintock Peat
Published: February 2008

No company can afford to ignore opportunities for growth. Innovations in production, new developments in information technology and the identification of new markets can all provide the stimulus for successful business expansion.
Schools Television
Authors: of Monifieth Thomson
Published: February 2008

The ITV Schools Service has sometimes been called the secret service because it is transmitted during hours when a large part of the adult television audience is away from home. Yet the achievement of these programmes has grown steadily over the past 30 years, to a point where well over 80 per cent of primary and secondary schools use them.
Come the Revolution
Authors: Rajan Amin , Bide Austin
Published: February 2008

As the nation's manufacturing base continues to shed jobs, the role of services as an alternative source of employment has increasingly come into focus. There are those who see the service industries at the forefront of the fight against unemployment. There are others who dispute this inevitability because they see the recent growth in service employment as a temporary phenomenon, sparked off by a combination of exceptional events.
Delegating without Losing Control
Authors: Wilson Brian
Published: February 2008

Successful delegation occurs only when the manager who is delegating feels comfortable in the degree of delegation which he has allowed. One of the myths of participative management is that delegation must be absolute This is nonsense; absolute delegation is abdication. Various degrees of delegation are not only possible but very necessary, since not all subordinates are equally experienced, responsible or indeed trustworthy; and tasks vary in the scale of the consequences if something goes wrong
CAREERS IN MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY
Authors: Harris Neil
Published: February 2008

Before launching yourself into the cut and thrust of management consultancy, there are two important areas you need to explore.
LOOKING TO THE USA FOR A NEW PRECEDENT
Authors: Shaw Humphrey
Published: February 2008

The Years of the Great Depression had been characterised by individual countries devaluing their currencies in the foreign exchange market. The rationale behind their thinking was that if other countries did not devalue, then the country which did would gain a competitive advantage for two reasons: first exports would be increased because they would be cheaper, and secondly consumers would switch spending to domestically‐produced goods.
LIMITATIONS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING
Authors: Fowler Graham
Published: February 2008

The author, an education consultant, criticises the apparent superficiality of National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) provisions and calls for a return to the traditional apprenticeship system.
EUROPEAN STUDIES
Authors: Church Clive
Published: February 2008

The work of the University Association for Contemporary European Studies (UACES), which celebrates its 20th anniversary this year, is described. The Secretariat is based at King's College, London.
ENCOURAGING EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISE
Authors: Hooper Lady
Published: February 2008

This article is based on a speech given by Lady Hooper, Minister of State for Adult Education and Training, to over 100 businessmen and women at Lancaster House, London, last December, to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the PICKUP programme.
TRAINING — THE TOP PRIORITY
Authors: Stockton
Published: February 2008

Macmillan Intek Ltd is the country's largest supplier of technical open learning packages, offering a wide range of multi‐media training materials with an emphasis on practical training and home study. Services include customised packages to suit an organisation's individual requirements, as well as full training consultancy including needs analysis and support.
WIDENING ACCESS TO UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Authors: Prior
Published: February 2008

The Council for Industry and Higher Education, a remarkable body of over two dozen Company Chairmen, leavened by another dozen Vice‐Chancellors and Directors of Polytechnics, came into being to help develop a common voice. It has enabled some of our intellectual and business leaders to begin to mark out their common interests. We want to find a common language in which to contribute to higher education's important thinking about its future place in our economic life.
WIDENING ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Mitchell Harry , Tallentyre Freda
Published: February 2008

This case study by two members of the staff of Newcastle Polytechnic Centre for Continuing Education and Training was presented, with a number of similar papers, to a conference Access to Higher Education organised by The Royal Society in conjunction with MSC, DES, DTI, DofE, CNAA and the Committee of Vice‐Chancellors and Principals. The conference dealt with the options for widening access to HE, both for 18‐year‐olds and mature students, in the light of the known fall by one‐third between 1985 and 1995 in the number of school‐leavers in the UK.
EDUCATION WILL JUST HAVE TO MANAGE
Authors: Baker Edgar
Published: February 2008

Our regular contributor dissects three books and two major reports dealing with the subject of management.
CURRENT ASPECTS OF TEACHING
Authors: Baker Edgar
Published: February 2008

Our regular contributor on the contemporary educational literary scene reviews a mixed bag of practical books.
E & T for the physically handicapped at Hereward College
Authors: Lowe Peter
Published: February 2008

Hereward College was established with national support from the DES and Local Education Authorities, and opened to students from all parts of the country in September, 1971. The idea for setting up such a college was first proposed by a working party in 1960 to fill a gap in the provision for physically‐handicapped school leavers. The college provides residential accommodation for 100 students, and there has been a three‐year build‐up with the college fully operational from September, 1974.
Ravenswood: a community for the mentally handicapped
Authors: Segal Stanley
Published: February 2008

Ravenswood resulted from the initiative of a handful of parents in the early 1950s. Around it, in the increasingly ‘humane social climate’ of the 1950s and 1960s, there grew up a parents' organisation and an interdisciplinary team under the broad banner of ‘The Ravenswood Foundation’.
CATHODIC PROTECTION—1
Authors: Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

The application of cathodic protection to buried, submerged or immersed metals has become of increasing importance during the last three decades to civil, structural, mechanical, marine and chemical engineers. Although, at the moment, it has only a limited application for the protection of chemical plant, the method may become more important in this field in the future. The principles of cathodic protection, its applications, advantages and limitations and some of its present uses in protecting chemical plant are considered in the following article.
The Corrosive Nature of Combustion Gases
Authors: Whittingham G.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of the paper, which outlines the laboratory and field investigations on corrosion by flue gases from solid fuel combustion carried out by the British Coal Utilisation Research Association, the effects of different flue gas constituents on corrosion phenomena are discussed. Laboratory studies of the effects of fuel type and method of combustion on the sulphuric acid content of combustion gases are described. The second part presents the results of measurements of the condensation characteristics of flue gases from water‐tube boilers in power stations and from various industrial boilers and furnaces; investigations into the use of additives are described briefly. The final section is concerned with some theoretical considerations of effects of fuel type, burning rate, etc., on the amounts of sulphuric acid likely to be present in the combustion products from domestic appliances.
CORROSION INHIBITORS
Authors: Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion of metals can be reduced or prevented by influencing the electrode processes of electrochemical corrosion cells with suitable chemical additions to the corrosive electrolyte. It is the purpose of these articles to consider the mechanism of inhibition, and the applications and limitations of typical inhibitors. This first article is devoted to a consideration of the principles of inhibition in aqueous neutral solutions.
Painting for the Protection of Outdoor Metal Structures
Authors: Stanners J.F.
Published: February 2008

In this second and concluding part of his article, Mr. Stanners discusses the choice of paints, paint formulation, the paint system, and, finally, when and how to paint. The first part of the article ‘Preparing to Paint’ appeared in our August issue.
Electrical Techniques for Combating Underground Corrosion by Stray Electric Current
Authors: Mole G.
Published: February 2008

Stray currents in the ground are those which have their origin in electrical power and traction systems, as distinct from currents of voltaic origin. The electrical industry is concerned with the control of such stray currents, partly because of its awareness of responsibility towards the authorities operating other underground services, and partly because of its own very large capital investment in underground cables, for which even a low incidence of corrosion would represent a serious economic and operational drawback. The following article is a brief review of the existing techniques for the survey and control of stray current corrosion, cathodic protection being an important method of control.
CORROSION INHIBITORS
Authors: Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

The author first discusses the factors to be considered before deciding on the use of an inhibitor. He then deals in turn with the most important inhibitors, namely sodium chromate, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate and sodium salts of organic acids, and duplex inhibitors. He concludes with some notes on water treatment and the application of phosphates and silicates. In his first article (August), Dr. Shreir outlined the principles of inhibition.
ZINC‐RICH PAINTS
Authors: Finlay C. , Morley‐Smith C.T.
Published: February 2008

Paints pigmented with zinc dust are no modern development—in fact, they have been known and used in the protection of iron and steelwork against corrosion for more than a century. During the last 15 years, however, this class of coating has assumed much greater industrial importance as research and development (much of it associated with the names of Evans and Mayne at Cambridge) has led first to an understanding of the mechanism of their protective action and thence to a fresh approach to the problems of formulation.
Localised Corrosion in Steam Boilers
Authors: Parkins R.N.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion which take place in steam boilers is usually localised, leading to pitting or corrosion cracking rather than attack of a general nature, although this may be encountered in boilers due to the presence of acid conditions. For this reason Dr. Parkins confines his remarks to localised corrosion and in the following extensive article, specially written for Corrosion Technology, he discusses in Part I types of pitting corrosion. Next month corrosion associated with high concentrations of caustic soda viz. caustic cracking, corrosion fatigue and deterioration due to local overheating will be discussed.
Cathodic Protection of Underground Structures
Authors: Godfrey Waite W.
Published: February 2008

The theory of cathodic protection is established on sound scientific principles and its practical effectiveness is now widely recognised. Substantially similar conclusions have been reached by nearly all investigators, although the technique of application may vary very considerably. Here the author discusses in outline cathodic protection in relation to some of the methods of investigation. Next month will continue with the development of specialised equipment which has become available and the practical applications and limitations. Cathodic protection is not yet an exact science, being more of an art which requires considerable experience for its successful prosecution.
Corrosion in the Food Industry
Authors: Selby J.W.
Published: February 2008

It is not possible in an article of this size to deal with all aspects of the corrosion problems encountered in the handling and manufacture of food. Accordingly it is proposed to discuss only a few, namely, those special aspects which appear to make the food industry unique in the corrosion technologist's experience.
SWEDISH METHOD OF COUNTERACTING CORROSION DAMAGE TO ENGINES
Authors: Grindrod John
Published: February 2008

Following a number of years of investigations undertaken by the technical department of Aktiebolaget Broströms Linjeagentur (Broström Lines Agency Ltd.), of Gothenburg, into the corrosion damage to ships' engines caused by electrical phenomena, Hilding Bergenheim, a marine engineer of that company, has evolved a counteracting device which, it is claimed, neutralises the corrosive action. Patents covering the device have been granted in a number of European countries and have been applied for elsewhere.
German Corrosion Congress
Authors: Fischer H. , Machu W. , Iliovici J. , Schikorr G. , Haase L.W. , Röhm R. , Wiederholt W.
Published: February 2008

This is the third and last of the series of summaries of papers presented at the Dechema Corrosion Congress held in Frankfurt. Earlier reports of the congress have been given in the January and February issues of CORROSION TECHNOLOGY. This month the summaries are of papers on corrosion prevention methods.
Preparation of Metals for Painting
Authors: Shaw R.E.
Published: February 2008

It has long been recognised that the durability of a paint finish is largely dependent on the condition of the metal surface beneath it. Complaints of poor durability, blistering and formation of rust are often the result of inadequate surface preparation and have no direct bearing on the quality of the paint itself. Good preparation of a metal surface is known to be essential prior to metal spraying or electroplating, and very quick failure by flaking will occur if the surface is not correctly prepared. Unfortunately, with paint, it is possible to ‘get away with it’ temporarily and hide surface defects; but before many months have passed the paint will fail and complaints are likely to be made against its quality. This comprehensive article surveys present‐day techniques in the preparation of metals for painting and includes sections on the testing of results, economics and design considerations.
MAGNESIUM ANODES in a Chemical Plant
Authors: Osborn Oliver
Published: February 2008

Magnesium anodes are useful under conditions where accessibility is difficult and electrical facilities unobtainable. At the Dow Chemical Co.'s Freeport, Texas, plant the principal use for magnesium anodes has been in structures handling large volumes of sea water and brine, both static and in motion. The following article, based on a paper presented at a meeting of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, describes some of the cathodic protection studies made by Mr. Osborn, who has been responsible for an extensive programme developing the use of magnesium in cathodic protection.
Corrosion Monitoring for Chemical Plant
Authors: Edeleanu C.
Published: February 2008

The successful exploitation of many chemical processes is influenced to a marked extent by the availability of suitable constructional materials. Sometimes it is possible to reduce the danger of corrosion by operating at below the desired temperature, acid concentration or pressure, while in other cases an unnecessarily expensive material has to be chosen for the sake of safety. Generally it is advisable to work at temperatures, etc., considerably below those which would normally cause corrosion because, if the plant is not monitored from a corrosion point of view, no risk of even a temporary breakdown can be taken. In other words, it is difficult to make the best use of the available materials without some sort of instrumentation which can give warning of impending trouble. Coupled with such instrumentation there must be a knowledge of possible emergency measures which can be taken to ‘help’ the plant over a difficult period (e.g. when an unusually corrosive batch of material happens to be passing through). The possible techniques for these purposes must depend on the system under consideration, but it seems that the monitoring instrument could very often consist of a simple valve voltmeter and a multi‐point recorder or indicator. Potential measurements are frequently used in the laboratory to follow corrosion reactions on specimens, and in the present paper it is suggested that this well‐tried laboratory technique could well be used in practice more often than it is.
CORROSION IN THE MOTOR‐CAR
Authors: Michalewicz Z.S.
Published: February 2008

Bearings and exhaust valves are components of vital importance to the engine of a motor‐car. They operate under conditions which favour corrosive attack, and the problem of mitigating this attack is made more difficult, in the case of the bearings, by the tendency towards increasing engine power and, in the case of the exhaust valves, by the use of petrols containing tetra‐ethyl lead. Previous articles by Mr. Michalewicz in this series have appeared in CORROSION TECHNOLOGY in the issues of August 1954 (‘Corrosive Wear of Piston Rings and Cylinders’), November 1954 (‘The Cooling System’) and March 1955 (‘The Bodywork’).
Electrical Deaeration of Boiler Feedwater
Authors: Fox Arthur R.
Published: February 2008

This article describes a deaerator, developed in California, to furnish oxygen‐free water to low‐pressure boilers and hot‐water systems where other types are impracticable. Oxygen removal is accomplished by passing the water through a tank upon the surface of which hydrogen is deposited by electrolysis. Dissolved oxygen acts as a depolariser and is reduced first to hydrogen peroxide and then to water. The anode and cathode are made of aluminium alloy.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—7
Authors: Hair W.J.
Published: February 2008

British Railways operate under conditions which include some of the most severely corrosive in the country. The steam locomotive is, of course, largely responsible for this, and the atmosphere of stations is generally moisture‐laden and polluted with sulphur dioxide and dirt. In coastal areas, sea‐spray is also encountered, and the combination of coal smoke, salt and moisture can be exceptionally aggressive. It is thus inevitable that the railways should be constantly confronted with problems of corrosion and its prevention, and the following is an account of how some of these problems are tackled.
Low‐Temperature Corrosion: BY FLUE‐GAS CONDENSATES Part 1
Authors: Kear R.W.
Published: February 2008

The phenomenon of corrosion is so extensive that it is universally accepted as an inherent part of our present‐day commercial and industrial life. It is not surprising, therefore, to find corrosion problems associated with the most important of our chemical processes, the combustion of fuels. All our industrial fuels contain inorganic constituents, and during the combustion process certain of the more volatile constituents may be released in an active form to contaminate the combustion products.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—9: The Corrosion Committee of the A.B.E.M.
Authors: Bermane Daniel
Published: February 2008

Ninth in our series of articles describing centres of corrosion research throughout the world, this article describes the work of the Association Belge pour l'Etude, l'Essai et l'Emploi des Materiaux. (A.B.E.M.) The author, Dr. Daniel Bermane directs the research of this Association's corrosion committee and readers may remember we published a report of the paper which he prepared, jointly with Dr. M. Van Rysselberge, for the Symposium on Structural Steel Protection organised by the Corrosion Group of the Society of Chemical Industry last spring.
Low‐Temperature Corrosion: BY FLUE‐GAS CONDENSATES Part 2
Authors: Kear R.W.
Published: February 2008

Last month the mechanism of flue‐gas corrosion and methods of assessing it were discussed. Continuing this review the author describes some industrial studies of corrosion by sulphur oxides in industrial appliances; sulphuric acid corrosion in domestic appliances and chimneys, flue‐gas corrosion by chlorine compounds and oxides of nitrogen.
DETERRENCE OF HYDROGEN BLISTERING at a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit
Authors: Neumaier B.W. , Schillmoller C.M.
Published: February 2008

Efforts to avoid low‐temperature hydrogen attack at a new fluid catalytic cracking unit of the Richfield Oil Corporation, Wilmington, Calif., have been successful as a result of corrosion prevention in the design stage and corrosion control during operation. When the unit was shut down recently after more than a year of successful and continuous operation it was found to be in excellent condition. The following is the first half of a paper presented before the American Petroleum Institute's Refining Division last year and before the National Institute of Corrosion Engineers' Annual Meeting this year. The authors describe the different forms of hydrogen damage and the prevention steps that were taken. Preliminary evaluation by hydrogen probes, painted‐can tests and chemical analyses were employed to detect any hydrogen penetration taking place before the routine shut‐down enabled
Chemical‐Resisting Plastics in the Process Industries
Authors: Evans V.
Published: February 2008

Tanks and tank linings. The excellent chemical ‐ resisting properties of rigid (unplasticised) PVC have resulted in the material being used with complete success for tanks used in a wide range of conditions.
CALCIUM PLUMBATE: A Post‐War Development in Anti‐Corrosive Paint Pigments
Authors: Read N.J.
Published: February 2008

Calcium plumbate constitutes an important and novel addition to the few existing rust‐inhibitive pigments for the protection of iron and steel. Like red lead it provides protection by a combination of basic and oxidising characteristics, as well as film‐forming properties by interaction with linseed oil. It is believed to passify both cathodic and anodic areas on iron and steel, and in this respect differs from other rust‐inhibitive pigments. In practice, it shows the behaviour which on theoretical grounds might be expected to be associated with this type of inhibition. Linseed oil paints based on calcium plumbate have been found to be remarkably free from any tendency to crack, and their adhesion on galvanised iron and timber suggests the value of suck paints as primers with a wide variety of applications.
LANOLIN — as a Temporary Protective
Authors: Silman H.
Published: February 2008

Although oils and greases have for long been applied to metals to protect them from corrosion, it has been with varying degrees of success and, in fact, it is now known that the indiscriminate application of oil can do more harm than good. Mr. Silman shows here how many of the disadvantages associated with the use of oil are overcome when lanolin is used instead.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—10: Cables and Wires — BICC Research
Authors: Davies R.L.
Published: February 2008

The prevention of corrosion has always been an important factor in the cable and wire industry and with the widening of activities through the mergers that formed the present BICC organisation it became evident that the existing knowledge on corrosion was insufficient to solve all the specific problems associated with the industry. Accordingly, in 1949, a new section was added to the BICC research organisation, and the corrosion research laboratory was established at Kirkby, near Liverpool, its purpose being to specialise entirely in the study and prevention of corrosion. The laboratory forms part of the company's large research organisation, the main sections of which are situated at Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London.
SPREAD OF PROTECTION
Authors: Morgan J.H.
Published: February 2008

When the electrical potential criterion for cathodic protection has been determined the engineer is faced with the problem of achieving this at every part of the structure. Lack of spread of protection is caused by a change in potential of either or both the metal and the electrolyte. This change may be attributed to three factors: cathode control where the metal potential varies, electrolyte control where the electrolyte potential varies by virtue of the cathode shape and positional control where the anode proximity controls the spread. These factors can be analysed and models made to reproduce the conditions so that an economical design may be achieved.
Choosing Materials for Instrument Manufacture: IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT CHOICE FOR SENSITIVE MECHANISMS
Authors: Mabb P.
Published: February 2008

Probably the most popular view concerning corrosion is that its promotion is largely the result of atmospheric conditions and oxidation. Only too frequently is the fact ignored that treatments and processes are often a major cause of trouble developing. Again, the degree of corrosion which may cause trouble is quite relative and in many large and heavy equipments slight corrosion may in no way impair efficiency. On the other hand, in light electrical apparatus, particularly that concerned with the telecommunications industry and with accurate sensitive instruments, trouble can be caused by a very slight degree of corrosion which may not be readily visible. It is, of course, common practice to attempt to seal hermetically delicate equipment to prevent oxidation and corrosion occurring due to polluted atmospheres and relatively high humidity. Even so, no matter how effectively an instrument or equipment may be sealed hermetically, the absence of corrosion will, to a very great extent, depend upon the purity of the materials used, the processes to which the parts have been subjected, the standard of finish and the nature of the protective coatings. In this article it is proposed to discuss some aspects of the care required to prevent contamination of components and the standards of quality which must be imposed upon the materials used. This is necessary to ensure the absence of deleterious substances which, in the presence of moisture and with the possibility of a d.c. leak developing, may cause a degree of corrosion sufficient to cause breakdown or sufficient contact resistance to impair the functioning of the equipment.
METAL SPRAYING ON CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Authors: Parkes R.A.
Published: February 2008

THE Avon Gorge, the origin of which is attributed by geologists to an earthquake, provided a channel for the River Avon which in the course of time has deepened the chasm to some 250 ft.
Metal Spraying in the Radio Industry
Authors: Fish C.F.
Published: February 2008

IT is today the normal practice to protect all ferrous metal parts used in the manufacture of chassis, decks, cabinets, etc., for commercial radio work, with an applied spraying of non‐ferrous metal. The metals most commonly used are zinc and aluminium, although it is right to say that practically any metal, which can be drawn into a wire, can be sprayed for protection purposes. Zinc is perhaps the most generally used, on account of its relatively low cost. The sprayed metal reacts favourably to cleaning with wire brushes and an attractive matt finish is readily obtained without the trouble attendant on normal polishing. Hand or rotary brushes can be used with flexible shafts for small articles or large areas. The applied coating can be of various thicknesses, dependent upon the type of atmospheric conditions it is expected to encounter, such as industrial pollution, salt‐laden sea air and spray, and tropical or highly humid atmospheres. The thickness is measured by a direct‐reading contact meter and 0.003 to 0.010 in. depth of metal applied is quite adequate protection for 12 to 15 years.
The Use of Hot‐Dip Strippable Coatings for the Protection of Spares
Authors: Wood F.A.S. , Kirkby N.R.
Published: February 2008

The protection of spares and replacement parts for machinery and engineering equipment from the effects of corrosion and abrasion in transit and storage is a matter of the utmost importance to all manufacturers. This applies with equal force whether the original equipment is a motor‐car, a 50‐ton crane or a small machine tool. Moreover, it is equally vital for both home and export markets.
Reduction of Corrosion in Ships' Cargo Tanks by Dehumidification
Authors: Dean H.J.
Published: February 2008

It is generally accepted that the oil cargoes most commonly carried by bulk oil vessels are not in themselves corrosive to iron and steel, although some of their constituents when mixed with water may cause trouble. But water is the culprit; and sea water in particular. The electrochemical theory of corrosion which was originally put forward in 1903 is now so generally accepted that there is no need to go into any detail about it in this paper. It should, however, be mentioned, as, unless we fully understand the mechanics of corrosion, we cannot successfully combat it.
Contamination and Corrosion in Rail Tank Cars
Authors: Oechsle S. John , Le Fevre Kenneth G.
Published: February 2008

Despite improvements in tank cars since their invention in 1870, a major problem has always remained—the problem of corrosion and contamination control. Although aluminium and stainless‐steel cars seem to offer the ideal solution to this problem in some applications, the initial cost of such tank cars makes their utilisation impracticable for most users. It has been estimated that less than 2% of the 174,000 tank cars now in service in the U.S.A. are so constructed. However, close to 10%, or more than 17,000 interiors or tank cars at present in use, are treated with protective coatings or linings designed to ensure adequate protection for the cars and the products they carry. Customer demand for high standards of product purity is continuing to raise this figure at a rapid rate. Because of this trend towards the use of more and better protective linings, the ever‐increasing diversification of chemical products, and the once‐again rising use of railroad tank cars, Metalweld Inc., of Philadelphia, have recently conducted an extensive study of the problems encountered in the protection of tank‐car interiors and exteriors and the effect of such protection on the purity of the products carried. The results of the research indicated that, in practically every problem situation, protection of car and product can be achieved by one of the many protective coating systems available to industry today.