bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vestibular Responses to Sound
Authors: HALMAGYI G.M. , CURTHOYS I S , COLEBATCH J G , AW S T
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Research into vestibular responses to sound has evolved in four stages. The first, largely the work of Tullio in the 1920s, involved inspection of the eye, head, and postural responses to sound of alert animals with surgical fenestrae into various parts of the bony labyrinth. The second, begun in 1964 by Bickford and his group and continued by our group and then by others in the last 10 years, involves the measurement of evoked myogenic potentials to air‐conducted and bone‐conducted clicks and tones in normal humans. The third, begun by Mikaelian at about the same time as Bickford and continued by McCue, our group, and others, involves electrophysiological recordings of primary vestibular afferent neuron responses to sound in anesthetized animals. The fourth involves measurements of vestibulo‐ocular responses to sound in humans with the Tullio phenomenon. It was begun by Minor and his group in 1998 with the observation that sound‐induced nystagmus in humans, the Tullio phenomenon, aligned with the rotation axis of the superior semicircular canal. They then showed a defect in the temporal bone between the apex of the superior semicircular canal and the middle cranial fossa, which was the cause of most, if not all, cases of sound‐induced nystagmus. Here some of the key observations made in each of these four stages are reviewed.
Residual Torsion Following Ocular Counterroll
Authors: PALLA A. , BOCKISCH C J , BERGAMIN O , STRAUMANN D
Published: April 2005

Abstract: A recent study on static ocular counterroll suggested the existence of residual torsion (RT): when healthy subjects repositioned their head to the upright position after sustained static tilt, eye position differed from the original ocular torsion measured prior to the static head tilt. Our experiments aimed at further characterizing this phenomenon. Using a three‐dimensional motorized turntable, healthy human subjects (n= 8) were rotated quasi‐statically (0.05 deg/s2, 2 deg/s velocity plateau reached after 40 s) from the upright position about the naso‐occipital axis. Three full whole‐body rotations were completed while subjects fixed upon a blinking laser dot straight ahead in otherwise complete darkness. Three‐dimensional eye movements were recorded with modified dual search coils (wires exiting inferiorly). Torsional position of the right eye at consecutive upright body positions was analyzed. The torsional eye position before the beginning of the chair rotation was defined as zero torsion. On average, the right eye was intorted by 1.3° or extorted by 2.0° after the first full chair rotation in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction, respectively. These torsional offset values of the right eye did not significantly change after the two subsequent full chair rotations. We conclude that RT observed after static ocular counterroll is the result of static hysteresis, that is, a position lag of the eye, which depends on the direction of head roll. The fact that residual torsion did not further increase after the first rotation cycle emphasizes that RT is a static rather than a dynamic phenomenon.
The Role of Gravity in Adaptation of the Vertical Angular Vestibulo‐Ocular Reflex
Authors: YAKUSHIN SERGEI B. , XIANG YONGQING , RAPHAN THEODORE , COHEN BERNARD
Published: April 2005

Abstract:The gain of the vertical angular vestibulo‐ocular reflex (aVOR) was adapted in side‐down and prone positions in two monkeys and tested in four planes: left‐/right‐side down; forward/backward; and two intermediate planes that lie approximately in the planes of the vertical semicircular canal pairs, left anterior/right posterior (LA/RP) and right anterior/left posterior (RA/LP). Gain changes, expressed as a percent of preadapted values, were plotted as a function of head orientation in the planes of tilt, and fitted with sinusoids to obtain the gravity‐dependent (amplitude) and gravity‐independent (bias) components of adaptation. Gravity‐dependent gain changes were always maximal when tested in a plane that included the head orientation in which the aVOR gain had been adapted. Changes were minimal when the head was tilted in a plane orthogonal to the plane of adaptation, and were smaller but still significant when tested in the two intermediate planes. Gravity‐independent VOR gain changes were uniform over all planes of head tilt. Thus, the gravity‐dependent and gravity‐independent components could be separated experimentally. The aVOR gain changes from the head tilts in different directions were utilized to reconstruct the gain changes in three dimensions. They formed a continuous surface, which peaked in and around the position of adaptation. These studies support the postulate that gain adaptation has both gravity‐independent and gravity‐dependent components, and further show that these gain changes have a three‐dimensional structure. These results are similar to those in humans, indicating that the gravity‐dependent adaptation of the aVOR is likely to be a common phenomenon across species.
Saccades to Moving Targets
Authors: EGGERT T , GUAN Y , BAYER O , BÜTTNER U
Published: April 2005

Abstract: The metrics and dynamics of saccades to stationary and moving targets were observed in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). To isolate the effects of target speed on the saccade from contributions of smooth pursuit, saccade velocity was corrected for intrasaccadic pursuit velocity on a trial‐by‐trial basis prior to analysis. The effects of presaccadic retinal error and target speed on the saccadic velocity profile were determined by analyzing the partial correlations computed as a function of time after saccade onset. The main results are: (1) Saccade amplitude is determined not only by the retinal error sampled before the saccade, but also by the speed of the target during the latency period. (2) The dynamics of saccades, even if compensated for smooth‐pursuit components, differ between forward‐ and backward‐moving targets. (3) Whereas the presaccadic retinal error affects the eye velocity throughout the saccade, target speed has no effect before peak velocity. These results are discussed in the context of current models of saccade generation and their physiological substrates, in particular the role of the cerebellum in the local feedback loop.
Role of Vestibular Signals in the Caudal Part of the Frontal Eye Fields in Pursuit Eye Movements in Three‐Dimensional Space
Authors: FUKUSHIMA KIKURO , AKAO TEPPEI , KURKIN SERGEI , FUKUSHIMA JUNKO
Published: April 2005

Abstract: For accurate visual information about objects of interest moving slowly in three‐dimensional (3D) space, primates with binocular fields use both frontal smooth‐pursuit (frontal‐pursuit) and vergence eye movements (i.e., depth pursuit) to maintain the images of the objects precisely on the foveae of left and right eyes. Moreover, during head or whole‐body movement, both frontal‐ and depth‐pursuit systems must interact with the vestibular system to minimize slip of the retinal mages that degrades image quality considerably. The caudal part of the frontal eye fields (FEF) contains many frontal‐pursuit neurons. Previous studies have shown that a majority of pursuit neurons there discharge for both frontal pursuit and vergence and carry pursuit‐in‐3D signals. To understand how vestibular inputs interact with pursuit‐in‐3D signals, three different experiments that examined the nature of vestibular signals in the caudal FEF are described in this review. A majority of caudal FEF pursuit neurons responded to whole‐body rotation with preferred directions similar to frontal‐pursuit directions and carried frontal gaze (eye‐in‐space) velocity signals. They were activated in association with adaptive pursuit eye movements induced by cross‐axis pursuit‐vestibular interactions. During fore/aft and right/left translation in complete darkness, they were also modulated with preferred directions of many neurons similar to pursuit‐preferred directions. Previous studies showed that caudal FEF pursuit neurons also receive visual signals about target motion. Taken together, these results suggest that the caudal FEF coordinates its various inputs to provide signals for accurate eye‐movement‐in‐space commands.
Tilt Psychophysics Measured in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: LEWIS RICHARD F. , HABURCAKOVA CSILLA , MERFELD DANIEL M.
Published: April 2005

Abstract: A method to measure tilt psychophysics in nonhuman primates has been developed and tested. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to orient a light bar parallel to the direction of gravity by rotating a small steering wheel attached to the primate chair. After adequate training, they performed this task during motion paradigms that rotated the gravitoinertial force (GIF) in the roll plane. The animals accurately aligned the light bar with the direction of gravity during and following roll tilts. Subtle aspects of perceived roll tilt previously recorded in human subjects were also observed in the monkeys. During centrifugation and linear translation, an interaural inertial force rotates the GIF in the roll plane. Similar to humans, the animals' perceived direction of gravity shifted toward alignment with the GIF during these paradigms, and the dynamics of these shifts demonstrated an interaction between the otolith afferents that transduce the GIF and rotational cues from the semicircular canals. Finally, optokinetic roll stimulation induced an illusion of roll tilt that was dependent on head orientation, similar to results described in human subjects. Taken together, these findings validate the methodology employed to measure tilt psychophysics; the monkeys' responses were qualitatively similar to those described in human subjects and also recapitulated subtle aspects of the perceptual response observed in humans. This new methodology sets the stage for innovative experimental approaches that will help to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of spatial orientation
Vestibular Memory‐Contingent Whole‐Body Return: Brave Exocentered Dancers
Authors: ISRAËL I. , LECOQ C , CAPELLI A , GOLOMER E
Published: April 2005

Abstract: A whole‐body, self‐driven return from passive rotation (90° to 270°) test was executed by male and female subjects, and by professional female ballet dancers. To accomplish the return task, subjects were free to use the egocentered reference frame (inversion) or the exocentered one (completion). The results show that with inversion all kinetic parameters were reproduced, whereas the completion performance was highly variable. Although inversion was the default strategy, female subjects used more completions than male subjects, and female dancers still more, although not more accurately. The high variability noted in completion shows a deficiency in integrating vestibular signals for updating the egocentric representation of an external target during passive body rotations, even in dancers. Furthermore, with completions after 180° stimuli, the results suggest that both ego‐ and exocentered reference frames cannot be used simultaneously.
Evaluating Large Saccades in Patients with Brain‐Stem or Cerebellar Disorders
Authors: KUMAR ARUN N. , HAN YANNING H. , LIAO KE , RUCKER JANET C. , RAMAT STEFANO , LEIGH R.J
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Clinicians conventionally test saccades at the bedside by noting the accuracy, initiation time, and speed of large movements, with the patient's head stationary. Partly for methodological reasons, laboratory analysis of saccades has mainly focused on movements of 20 degrees or less. By measuring the velocity waveform of large saccades, it is possible to examine more closely the way in which brain stem and cerebellum guide the eye to the target. Large saccades made by healthy humans show a positively skewed velocity profile. Slow saccades made by patients with brain‐stem disorders show a prolonged plateau of low velocity. Some patients with cerebellar disorders may show increased acceleration and deceleration of saccades. Each of these velocity waveforms can be modeled by changing the parameters that describe medium‐lead burst neuron firing. In certain other brain‐stem and cerebellar disorders, transient decelerations or premature terminations of saccades occur; such velocity waveforms cannot be modeled solely by changing the parameters that describe burst neuron firing. Instead, it is necessary to postulate dysfunction of the mechanism that normally inhibits pontine omnipause neurons, thereby permitting burst neurons to discharge until the saccade is completed. Analysis of large, abnormal saccades calls for application of novel techniques to identify the beginning and end of the saccadic pulse command.
Niemann‐Pick Type C Disease in Two Affected Sisters: Ocular Motor Recordings and Brain‐Stem Neuropathology
Authors: SOLOMON DAVID , WINKELMAN A CHARLES , ZEE DAVID S. , GRAY LAWRENCE , BÜTTNER‐ENNEVER JEAN
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Two sisters with Niemann‐Pick disease type C were examined: the brain in one sister, who had died, was examined, and eye movements in the other, surviving sister were recorded. Ocular motor recordings showed marked slowing of vertical saccades with relative sparing of horizontal saccades, pursuit, and the vestibulo‐ocular reflex. Neuropathological findings included glial fibrillary lesions in the area of the posterior commissure and neuronal loss in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF with preservation of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and ocular motor complex. These neuropathologic findings correlate well with our current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the supranuclear control of vertical gaze.
Potential Role of Anti‐GAD Antibodies in Abnormal Eye Movements
Authors: TILIKETE CAROLINE , VIGHETTO ALAIN , TROUILLAS PAUL , HONNORAT JÉROME
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Autoantibodies directed against GAD (antiGAD‐Ab) have been described in patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, stiff‐man syndrome, and in a few patients with progressive cerebellar ataxia. The presence of these autoantibodies suggests an autoimmune pathophysiological mechanism for the neurological manifestations in these disorders. However, the exact role of antiGAD‐Ab and GABAergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of the neurological manifestations, particularly in progressive cerebellar ataxia, is not fully understood. The cases of two patients with subacute cerebellar ataxia associated with antiGAD‐Ab presenting with abnormal eye movements are reported. One patient presented a periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN), whereas the other presented a downbeat nystagmus (DBN) and slow vertical saccades. The potential role of antiGAD‐Ab and the resultant GABAergic neurotransmission deficit in oculomotor manifestations is discussed.
Tests of Hering‐ and Helmholtz‐Type Models for Saccade‐Vergence Interactions by Comparing Visually Guided and Memory‐Guided Movements
Authors: KUMAR ARUN N. , HAN YANNING H. , LIAO KE , LEIGH R.JOHN
Published: April 2005

Abstract: We compared the dynamic properties of memory‐guided and visually‐guided saccade‐vergence movements. For memory‐guided responses, convergence components were slowed proportionally more than corresponding saccadic components, compared with visually‐guided responses. This result is consistent with independent saccadic and vergence systems, and supports a Hering‐type model for saccade‐vergence interactions.
Superior Canal Dehiscence Is Not Due to Cephalic Displacement of the Labyrinth
Authors: POTYAGAYLO VALERIA L. , DELLA SANTINA CHARLEY C. , MINOR LLOYD B. , CAREY JOHN P.
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome may have a congenital basis. CT scans of 44 control and 21 dehiscent superior canals were examined to determine if dehiscent canals were more cephalically placed or vertically oriented than control canals. Results showed that neither was the case. Instead, the defect may be in the process of ossification above the superior canal.
Saccadic Analysis for Early Identification of Neurological Involvement in Gaucher Disease
Authors: ACCARDO A.P. , PENSIERO S , PERISSUTTI P
Published: April 2005

Abstract: The early identification of a neurological involvement in Gaucher's Disease (GD) is essential for a correct dosage of the enzymatic therapy. The saccadic eye movement characteristics of 15 patients affected by the non‐neurological GD form show normal peak velocity values and some slight alterations of the velocity profiles present in more than 70% of the recorded eye movements in four cases; two of them later developed epilepsy. This fact supports the hypothesis that the presence of alterations in the velocity profile of the most part of saccadic movements is an index of initial neurological involvement. Further evaluations are necessary in order to understand if an increase of therapy dose should be used in all the subjects presenting such saccadic alterations.
Use of Topiramate (Topamax) in a Subgroup of Migraine‐Vertigo Patients with Auditory Symptoms
Authors: CARMONA SERGIO , SETTECASE NORMA
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Five‐three percent of the patients who suffer from migraine present severe incapacity and need rest in bed. If we add to this the incapacity produced by vertigo, then the quality of life of these patients is seriously affected. Migraine/Vertigo (MV) should be another criterion in the selection of preventive treatment even when other criteria are not fulfilled. Auditory symptoms may accompany MV. We treated 10 patients with Topiramate in an open trial, twice a day, with an average dose of 100 mg/day. The treatment period for these patients ranges between 6 and 16 months, with a mean of 9. As of today, all patients present no crisis. Regarding auditory symptoms, all the patients referred that they were stabilized. The effect began quickly, from the first month in most patients as it has been reported in other studies.
Effect of 4‐Aminopyridine on Upbeat and Downbeat Nystagmus Elucidates the Mechanism of Downbeat Nystagmus
Authors: GLASAUER STEFAN , STRUPP MICHAEL , KALLA ROGER , BÜTTNER ULRICH , BRANDT THOMAS
Published: April 2005

Abstract: The potassium channel blocker 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP) restored vertical smooth pursuit and gaze holding in light in one patient with upbeat (UBN) and in one with downbeat nystagmus (DBN). Without a visible target, however, 4‐AP had no effect on UBN, but DBN vanished. We hypothesize that this difference in the effects of 4‐AP, which is known to increase the excitability of cerebellar Purkinje cells, can be attributed to the different lesion sites involved in UBN and DBN.
Koordinatenfreies Lokationsbewusstsein (Localization without Coordinates)
Authors: Fekete Sándor P. , Kröller Alexander , Buschmann Carsten , Fischer Stefan , Pfisterer Dennis
Published: April 2005

Eines der fundamentalen Probleme in Sensornetzwerken besteht darin, ein Bewusstsein für die Position eines Knotens im Netz zu entwickeln. Dabei wird fast immer davon ausgegangen, dass dies durch die Zuweisung von Koordinaten zu erfolgen hat. In diesem Artikel wird auf theoretischer, praktischer und simulativer Ebene ein kritischer Blick auf entsprechende Verfahren geworfen, und es werden Grenzen aufgezeigt. Es wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, mit dem in der Zukunft eine abstrakte Form von Lokationsbewusstsein etabliert werden kann, und es wird gezeigt, wie Anwendungen davon massiv profitieren können. Er basiert auf einer graphenbasierten Modellierung des Netzes: Knoten mit bestimmten topologischen oder Umwelteigenschaften werden zu Clustern zusammengefasst, und Clusternachbarschaften dann als Graphen modelliert.
Exile and the Other in Two Short Stories by Elena Garro
Authors: Hurley Teresa M.
Published: April 2005

This article explores how in two short stories, ‘La primera vez que me vi’ (The First Time I Saw Myself) and ‘El niño perdido’ (The Lost Child), Elena Garro draws on several discourses, contrasting the official one of the status quo (in post-revolutionary Mexico) with the alternative discourses of those who find themselves on the margins of society or in exile and hence in the position of ‘Other’. The article also focuses on the way the marginalization of the female protagonists of the stories in some ways reflects that experienced by the author at a certain point in her life.

Este artículo explora cómo en los dos cuentos, ‘La primera vez que me vi’ y ‘El niño perdido’, Elena Garro utiliza varios discursos para contrastar la voz oficial del statu quo (del México pos-revolucionario) con los discursos alternativos de los que se encuentran en los márgenes de la sociedad o en el exilio y, por ende, en la situación de ‘Otro’. El artículo también se centra en la forma en que la marginación de las protagonistas de los cuentos refleja, en ciertos aspectos, la de de la misma autora en algún momento de su vida.
La modernidad contendida. Estado, comunidades rurales y capitalismo en la posrevolución
Authors: Carpinteiro Francisco Javier Gómez
Published: April 2005

Este trabajo aborda las interrelaciones entre la formación del Estado nacional posrevolucionario, la modernización capitalista y la activación de comunidades políticas rurales en el suroeste de Puebla. El estudio pone de relieve la participación de William O. Jenkins, un industrial norteamericano, en tales procesos. También se analizan las consecuencias del poder regional principalmente en la construcción de categorías políticas y liderazgos, todo esto dentro de conflictos por la lucha y la defensa de tierra y agua.

This essay takes up the interrelationships between the formation of the national postrevolutionary state, capitalist modernization and the activation of rural political communities in southeast Puebla. The study emphasizes the participation of William O. Jenkins, a North American industrialist, in those processes. It also analyzes the consequences for regional power, mainly in the construction of political categories and leaderships, all this in the context of conflicts surrounding the struggle for and defense of land and water.
Arguing with Images: Pauling's Theory of Antibody Formation
Authors: CAMBROSIO ALBERTO , JACOBI DANIEL , KEATING PETER
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT A contribution to the analysis of nonart images, this article examines the illustrations mobilized by Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling (1901–1994)in order to buttress his claim that “molecular complementariness” (the fit between two molecules) is the basis of life. Pauling's visuals resorted to the mutually supportive processes of figuration and de-monstration and were an integral part of his argumentative and heuristic strategies.
The Relationship of Job Type to Burnout in Social Workers at Social Welfare Offices
Authors: Takeda Fumi , Ibaraki Naoko , Yokoyama Eise , Miyake Takeo , Ohida Takashi
Published: April 2005

The Relationship of Job Type to Burnout in Social Workers at Social Welfare Offices: Fumi Takeda, et al. Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba—This study sought to determine the relationship of job type differences to burnout level, the details of job characteristics for each job type, and the association between burnout and job factors in 189 social workers at all social welfare offices in a prefecture in Japan. Among the three job types, 32.9% of social workers involved with public assistance, 29.0% of social workers involved with public assistance, the elderly, the disabled and single mothers, and 15.2% of social workers involved with the elderly, the disabled and single mothers were scored in the “high burnout” category (p<.05). Job type differed significantly with respect to the job characteristics of percentage of time spent on home visits per typical working day, job satisfaction, aversion to the job, and social support. The job type of public assistance work had a higher percentage of time spent on home visits per typical working day, aversion to the job, lower job satisfaction, and less social support than the job type involving no public assistance work. Multiple regression analyses showed the associations between job factors and burnout for each job type. Aversion to the job had a primary positive association with burnout for all social worker job types. Social support had a negative association with burnout in social workers whose clients included public assistance cases. The number of years in social work had a negative association with burnout, while percentage of time spent doing interviews per typical working day had a positive association with burnout in social workers who were involved with public assistance, the elderly, the disabled and single mothers. These results suggest that the job type of public assistance work may carry a higher risk of burnout than job types involving no public assistance work. To ameliorate this risk, it was thought to be important to improve aversion to the job as well as having a social support network for public assistance social workers.
Effects of Mixed Organic Solvents on Neuromotor Functions among Workers in Buddhist Altar Manufacturing Factories
Authors: Iwata Toyoto , Mori Hiroshi , Dakeishi Miwako , Onozaki Ikunosuke , Murata Katsuyuki
Published: April 2005

Effects of Mixed Organic Solvents on Neuromotor Functions among Workers in Buddhist Altar Manufacturing Factories: Toyoto Iwata, et al. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Akita University School of Medicine—To clarify the neuromotor effects of long‐term exposure to mixed organic solvents, postural sway and tremor were measured in 62 solvent workers of four Buddhist altar manufacturing factories who had worked for 1–46 (mean 12) yr. By using the passive gas sampler, 8‐h time‐weighted average concentrations in the workers were estimated to be 0.02–8.7 ppm for toluene, 0.02–7.7 ppm for xylene, 0.02–5.5 ppm for styrene and 0.02–40.5 ppm for n‐hexane. Sagittal sway and sway area of the posturography with eyes closed were significantly larger in the solvent workers than in 35 age‐matched controls (p<0.05), and there was a significant difference in Romberg quotient of sagittal sway between the two groups (p<0.05). Also, tremor intensities at 1.0–5.9 Hz, 6.0–9.9 Hz and 10.0–13.9 Hz with the right hand, and at 6.0–9.9 Hz with the left hand were significantly stronger in the solvent workers than in the controls. Among the solvent workers, transversal and sagittal sways with eyes open and tremor intensity at 10.0–13.9 Hz were significantly related to toluene exposure (p<0.05), which may have been due to the acute effects of such solvents. These findings suggest that long‐term exposure to mixed organic solvents may impair neuromotor functions as measured by postural sway and tremor.
A review of analytical methods for the determination of trichloroethylene and its major metabolites chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid
Authors: Delinsky Amy D. , Bruckner James V. , Bartlett Michael G.
Published: April 2005

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and some of its metabolites are potentially carcinogenic compounds that the general population is commonly exposed to in drinking water. Concentrations of TCE, dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) given to laboratory animals in cancer bioassays are high, whereas drinking water levels of the compounds are very low. It is not clear whether the trace amounts of TCE, DCA and TCA in drinking water pose a cancer risk to humans. The accuracy of pharmacokinetic studies relies on the analytical method from which blood and tissue concentration data are obtained. Models that extrapolate cancer risks of TCE and its metabolites from laboratory animals to humans, in turn, rely on the results of pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, it is essential to have reliable analytical methods for the analysis of TCE and its metabolites. This paper reviews the methods currently in the literature for the analysis of TCE, DCA, TCA and, to a lesser extent, chloral hydrate (CH). Additional aspects of analytical methods such as method validation, species preservation and future directions in the analysis of TCE and its metabolites are also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones in 2‐Propanol Catalyzed by Arsinooxazoline—Ruthenium(II) Complex.
Authors: Tan Duan‐Ming , Chan Kin Shing
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Hydrosilylation of Terminal Acetylenes via Acetylene—Co2(CO)4dppm Complex: Effects of the Ligands in Acetylenedicobalt Complex.
Authors: Tojo Shingo , Isobe Minoru
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Mild and Efficient Method for the Acetylation of Alcohols.
Authors: Shirini F. , Zolfigol M. A. , Safari A.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evaluation of TCS/ZnCl2 with Acetic Anhydride as an Acetylating Reagent for Methylene Ketones.
Authors: Elmorsy Saad S. , Badawy Doria S. , Khatab Tamer K.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Product‐Catalyzed Mannich‐Type Reaction Between Trimethylsilyl Enolates and N‐Tosylaldimines.
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triphenylphosphine‐2,4,4,6‐tetrabromo‐2,5‐cyclohexadienone Complex as a Reagent for Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Bromides.
Authors: Matveeva E. D. , Podrugina T. A. , Sandakova N. G. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Preparation of Alkyl Aryl Sulfides from Alcohols via Alkoxydiphenylphosphines by Oxidation—Reduction Condensation.
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Ikegai Kazuhiro
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction in Aqueous Medium under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Chen Chuan‐Lin , Liu Yi‐Hung , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of (E)‐1,1,2‐Triarylethenes: Novel Inhibitors of the Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) Isozyme.
Authors: Uddin Md. Jashim , Rao P. N. Praveen , McDonald Robert , Knaus Edward E.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Synthesis of Novel 3‐(Heterocyclylsulfonyl)propanoic Acids and Their Amide Derivatives.
Authors: Dorogov Mikhail V. , Filimonov Sergey I. , Kobylinsky Dmitry B. , Ivanovsky Sergey A. , Korikov Pavel V. , Soloviev Mikhail Y. , Khahina Maria Y. , Shalygina Elena E. , Kravchenko Dmitry V. , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Alkyl‐Substituted, Strapped Porphyrin to Prepare Stable Alkyl‐Chain‐Assisted Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Porphyrin Conjugates.
Authors: Ikeda Taichi , Asakawa Masumi , Miyake Koji , Shimizu Toshimi
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydroisoxazoles from N‐Nitroso‐4,5‐dihydropyrazoles.
Authors: Molchanov A. P. , Stepakov A. V. , Kostikov R. R.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potent 4‐Aminopiperidine Based Antimalarial Agents.
Authors: Brinner Kristin M. , Powles Mary Ann , Schmatz Dennis M. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: April 2005

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A New Synthetic Approach of N‐(4‐Amino‐2‐methylquinolin‐6‐yl)‐2‐(4‐ethylphenoxymethyl)benzamide (JTC‐801) and Its Analogues and Their Pharmacological Evaluation as Nociceptin Receptor (NOP) Antagonists.
Authors: Sestili Isabella , Borioni Anna , Mustazza Carlo , Rodomonte Andrea , Turchetto Luciana , Sbraccia Maria , Riitano Daniela , Del Giudice Maria Rosaria
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpected Formation of 1,2‐Dihydro‐2‐azolyl‐ and ‐azinylisoquinolines by the Reduction of the Corresponding Isoquinolinium Salts with Sodium Borohydride in Methanol.
Authors: Prauda Ibolya , Toth‐Lauritz Maria , Reiter Jozsef
Published: April 2005

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Conducting Metallopolymers: The Roles of Molecular Architecture and Redox Matching
Authors: Holliday Bradley J. , Swager Timothy M.
Published: April 2005

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Hetarylcyanamides
Authors: Nekrasov D. D.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction Mechanisms. Part 3. Pericyclic Reactions
Authors: Morgan Kathleen M.
Published: April 2005

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Carbenes: Reactivity and Catalysis
Authors: Zinn Fabiano Kauer , Viciu Mihai S. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: April 2005

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Peptidocalixarenes in Molecular Recognition
Authors: Brewster R. E. , Caran K. L. , Sasine J. S. , Shuker S. B.
Published: April 2005

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Chemical Speciation and Determination of Equilibrium Constants in Complex Systems
Authors: Frassineti Chiara , Iotti Stefano
Published: April 2005

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Chemical and Ecotoxicological Guidelines for Managing Disposal of Dredged Material
Authors: DelValls T. A. , Andres A. , Belzunce M. J. , Buceta J. L. , Casado‐Martinez M. C. , Castro R. , Riba I. , Viguri J. R. , Blasco J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bioreactor Performance in Anaerobic Digestion of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
Authors: Bouallagui H. , Touhami Y. , Ben Cheikh R. , Hamdi M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Acquisitions in the Resolution of Structural Problems by NMR and Quantum Mechanical Methods
Authors: Bassarello Carla , Cimino Paola , Gomez‐Paloma Luigi , Riccio Raffaele , Bifulco Giuseppe
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of meso,meso‐Linked Oligoporphyrin Rods with Appended Fullerene Terminals
Authors: Armaroli Nicola , Accorsi Gianluca , Song Fayi , Palkar Amit , Echegoyen Luis , Bonifazi Davide , Diederich François
Published: April 2005

The electrochemical and photophysical properties of molecular architectures consisting of oligomeric meso,meso‐linked oligoporphyrin rods linked at both extremities to methanofullerene moieties are presented in comparison to those of model systems. Cyclic voltammetry data evidence the presence of a strong intramolecular electronic coupling along the porphyrin oligomers that varies slightly with their length. This interaction affects the redox potentials of both fullerene and porphyrin moieties. The electronic coupling between the two chromophores is confirmed by comparing the redox potentials of porphyrin arrays before and after attachment of the carbon sphere. Electronic absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra of the porphyrin oligomers in toluene are reported, which provide the energy of the lowest singlet and triplet electronic excited states. In the fullerene–porphyrin conjugates, ground‐state charge‐transfer (CT) interactions are evidenced by low‐energy absorption features above 750 nm. These systems also exhibit near‐infrared (NIR) CT luminescence in toluene with lifetimes shorter than 1000 ps. On increasing the solvent polarity (from toluene to Et2O and THF), CT emissions become progressively weaker, red‐shifted, and shorter lived, which reflects the energy‐gap law and Marcus inverted region effects. Luminescence is not detected in benzonitrile. Picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of the porphyrin–fullerene conjugates allows detection of the porphyrin cation as a clear fingerprint for electron transfer. The rate of charge recombination is in agreement with CT luminescence lifetimes, which confirms the occurrence of NIR radiative back‐electron transfer.
Possible Pathways of CVD Processes Leading to III–V Semiconductors via a Two‐Dimensional Growth
Authors: Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: April 2005

Quantum‐chemical calculations were carried out to shed more light upon possible first intermediates formed during chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes leading to III–V semiconductors. Information about possible structures of intermediates and about thermodynamic properties in dependence of the temperature were collected. Because some of the systems calculated herein contain a substantial number of atoms (up to 144), it is limited to intermediates on the way to solid AlN. According to our suggestion, the first intermediates are species with the overall formula AlNH2, Al2N2H4, Al3N3H6, Al5N5H8, Al7N7H, and Al9N9H, Al12N12H12. In further calculations the growth of a second layer, on top of the first layer, which is modelled by the Al12N12H12 cluster, is simulated. The Al12N12H12 “surface” offers two places for the attachment of an Al3N3H6 ring. At temperatures of 1000 K, the ΔG value for this attachment is only slightly negative, which suggests that the molecules can move relatively freely on the surface. This might be of importance for a defect‐free growth process. Up to four layers are built on top of the first Al12N12H12 layer leading to Al24N24H24 (two layers), Al36N36H36 (three layers) and Al48N48H48 (four layers). The structures are compared with that of solid AlN in its most stable Wurzit‐type structure.
Proposal of nonlinear stability indices of power swing oscillation in a multimachine power system
Authors: Amano Hiroyuki , Kumano Teruhisa , Inoue Toshio , Taniguchi Haruhito
Published: April 2005

In this paper, we propose new nonlinear stability indices for multimode oscillations in power systems by using normal form analysis. One of the indices indicates the characteristics of damping factor with regard to its amplitude change, and the other indicates the stability region for each oscillation mode. We could obtain more detailed information on the stability of power system by using the proposed indices together with eigenvalues in comparison with eigenvalue analysis. We show the validity of the proposed indices by numerical simulation in a multimachine power system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(4): 16–24, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20070
Bilateral cortical representation of the trunk midline in human first somatic sensory area
Authors: Fabri Mara , Polonara Gabriele , Salvolini Ugo , Manzoni Tullio
Published: April 2005

The cortical representation of the trunk zone in the human first somatosensory area was studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to establish whether the cutaneous regions close to the midline are represented in this area of both hemispheres. Cortical activation foci evoked by unilateral tactile stimulation of ventral trunk regions were detected in the postcentral gyrus of the contralateral hemisphere slightly medial to or just behind the omega‐shaped region of the central sulcus and in the anterior bank of the postcentral sulcus. These regions probably correspond to the trunk ventral midline representation zones of areas 3a–3b and 1–2, respectively. Stimulation of cutaneous regions adjacent to the midline evoked activation foci also in the ipsilateral postcentral gyrus in regions symmetrical to those activated in the contralateral hemisphere. These data demonstrate that in humans, as in nonhuman primates, the cutaneous regions adjacent to the trunk midline are represented bilaterally in the first somatic sensory cortex. Whether the ipsilateral activation depends on callosal or extracallosal inputs remains to be elucidated. Hum Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of transcriptional regulatory machinery in osteoclast nuclei: Compartmentalization of Runx1
Authors: Saltman Laura H. , Javed Amjad , Ribadeneyra John , Hussain Sadiq , Young Daniel W. , Osdoby Philip , Amcheslavsky Alla , van Wijnen Andre J. , Stein Janet L. , Stein Gary S. , Lian Jane B. , Bar‐Shavit Zvi
Published: April 2005

The osteoclast is a highly polarized multinucleated cell that resorbs bone. Using high resolution immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that all nuclei of an osteoclast are transcriptionally active. Each nucleus within the osteoclast contains punctately organized microenvironments where regulatory complexes that support transcriptional and post‐transcriptional control reside. Functional equivalency of osteoclast nuclei is reflected by similar representation of regulatory proteins that support ribosomal RNA synthesis (nucleolin), mRNA transcription (RNA polymerase II, bromouridine triphosphate), processing of gene transcripts (SC35), signal transduction (NF‐κB), and phenotypic gene expression (Runx1). Our results establish that gene regulatory machinery is architecturally associated and compartmentalized within intranuclear microenvironments of the multiple nuclei of osteoclasts to support physiologically responsive modifications in cellular structural and functional properties. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caspase‐3/7 inhibition alters cell morphology in mitomycin‐c treated chondrocytes
Authors: Clements Kristen M. , Burton‐Wurster Nancy , Nuttall Mark E. , Lust George
Published: April 2005

Apoptosis may play a role in osteoarthritis (OA). Apoptosis can proceed via two different pathways depending on the stimulus. However, both pathways converge upon the effector caspases, caspases‐3 and ‐7. In some systems inhibition of caspases‐3 and ‐7 can prevent apoptosis and may therefore have important therapeutic implications. To confirm this, apoptosis was induced in canine chondrocytes with mitomycin‐c (MMC), either in the presence or absence of the general caspase inhibitor, Z‐VAD FMK, or a specific caspase‐3/7 inhibitor. Z‐VAD FMK prevented MMC induced cell death. In contrast, inhibition of caspases‐3 and ‐7 in the presence of MMC induced morphological changes that could be described as necrotic‐like or paraptotic‐like but did not prevent cell death. The addition of an inhibitor of caspase‐8 or caspase‐9 along with inhibitor of caspase‐3/7 was required to reduce cell death. The morphological changes did not occur in the presence of the caspase‐3/7 inhibitor alone and could be prevented by addition of Z‐VAD FMK. These data lead to the conclusion that, if the apoptotic program cannot be completed, the cells are pushed into a necrotic or other nonapoptotic mode of death which may involve caspase‐8 and/or caspase‐9. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation on the role of cell transcriptional factor Sp1 and HIV‐1 TAT protein in PML onset or development
Authors: Mischitelli M. , Fioriti D. , Videtta M. , Degener A.M. , Antinori A. , Cinque P. , Giordano A. , Pietropaolo V.
Published: April 2005

JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), characterized by multiple areas of demyelination and attendant loss of brain function. PML is often associated with immunodepression and it is significantly frequent in AIDS patients. The viral genome is divided into early and late genes, between which lies a non‐coding control region (NCCR) that regulates JCV replication and presents a great genetic variability. The NCCR of JCV archetype (CY strain) is divided into six regions: A–F containing binding sites for cell factors involved in viral transcription. Deletions and enhancements of these binding sites characterize JCV variants, which could promote viral gene expression and could be more suitable for the onset or development of PML. Therefore, we evaluated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the presence of JCV genome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV positive and negative subjects both with PML and after sequencing, we analyzed the viral variants found focusing on Sp1 binding sites (box B and D) and up‐TAR sequence (box C). It is known that Sp1 activates JCV early promoter and can contribute in maintaining methylation‐free CpG islands in active genes, while up‐TAR sequence is important for HIV‐1 Tat stimulation of JCV late promoter. Our results showed that in HIV‐positive subjects all NCCR structures presented enhancements of up‐TAR element, whereas in HIV‐negative subjects both Sp1 binding sites were always retained. Therefore, we can support the synergism HIV‐1/JCV in CNS and we can hypothesize that both Sp1 binding sites could be important to complete JCV replication cycle in absence of HIV‐coinfection. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐fostering in Macropus eugenii leads to increased weight but not accelerated gastrointestinal maturation
Authors: Waite Rosemary , Giraud Andrew , Old Julie , Howlett Meegan , Shaw Geoffrey , Nicholas Kevin , Familari Mary
Published: April 2005

Stomach and small intestine development was characterized in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) pouch young (PY) using both morphological and immunohistological criteria. At birth, the stomach is undeveloped in comparison to the well‐developed intestinal mucosa. The stomach maintains a uniform morphology in both the forestomach and hindstomach regions until the specialization of cardiac and gastric glands are seen at PY170. Parietal cells, found throughout the mucosa are downregulated in the forestomach as cardiac glandular stomach is developing prior to the transition of the offspring to a diet that includes herbage. In the small intestine, mature‐type villi are present at birth but the muscularis externa is immature and undergoes significant development around PY120 onwards. We investigated the effects of changes in maternal milk on gut development in the tammar wallaby using a cross fostering approach that provided younger pouch young with older stage milk. Younger PY (average age 67 days postpartum, n=5) were transferred onto teats vacated by older stage PY (average age 100 days postpartum, n=6) for 34 days before gut development was assessed. In addition milk analysis was performed before and after fostering events. Cross‐fostered PY animals receiving older stage milk were found to be 31% heavier than controls. There was no difference between carbohydrate and protein concentrations however, fostered PY milk had a higher concentration of lipid than that of controls that may have contributed to heavier fostered PY. No difference was found in stomach or small intestine development between these groups using the criteria employed in this study. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:331–344, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic pudendal nerve neuromodulation in women with idiopathic refractory detrusor overactivity incontinence: Results of a pilot study with a novel minimally invasive implantable mini‐stimulator
Authors: Groen Jan , Amiel Christophe , Bosch J.L.H. Ruud
Published: April 2005

Aims

To assess the results of chronic pudendal nerve neuromodulation with a novel technique in a pilot study on women with idiopathic refractory detrusor overactivity incontinence.

Materials and Methods

A percutaneous screening test (PST) was performed in patients with urodynamically demonstrated detrusor overactivity incontinence. Such a test includes the performance of a cystometrogram without and with percutaneous pudendal nerve stimulation and is considered positive if stimulation results in a more than 50% increase in the bladder volume at the first involuntary detrusor contraction or the maximum cystometric capacity. Patients with a positive PST qualified for the implantation of a mini‐neurostimulator with an integrated electrode, a so‐called bion®, adjacent to the pudendal nerve at Alcock's Canal. Five‐day voiding‐incontinence diaries were the main tool for the evaluation of therapy.

Results

A PST was performed in 14 women. Six patients responded positively and received a bion. The degree of incontinence decreased significantly in this group, which also included patients in whom sacral neuromodulation had failed. There were no severe adverse events.

Conclusions

Chronic pudendal nerve stimulation may reduce the degree of detrusor overactivity incontinence, even in patients in whom sacral neuromodulation fails. Bion therapy is relatively simple and minimally invasive and is well tolerated by the patient. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.