bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional differences in echolocation call design in an adaptive radiation of bats
Authors: Leiser‐Miller Leith B. , Santana Sharlene E.
Published: November 2021

All organisms have specialized systems to sense their environment. Most bat species use echolocation for navigation and foraging, but which and how ecological factors shaped echolocation call diversity remains unclear for the most diverse clades, including the adaptive radiation of neotropical leaf‐nosed bats (Phyllostomidae). This is because phyllostomids emit low‐intensity echolocation calls and many inhabit dense forests, leading to low representation in acoustic surveys. We present a field‐collected, echolocation call dataset spanning 35 species and all phyllostomid dietary guilds. We analyze these data under a phylogenetic framework to test the hypothesis that echolocation call design and parameters are specialized for the acoustic demands of different diets, and investigate the contributions of phylogeny and body size to echolocation call diversity. We further link call parameters to dietary ecology by contrasting minimum detectable prey size estimates (MDPSE) across species. We find phylogeny and body size explain a substantial proportion of echolocation call parameter diversity, but most species can be correctly assigned to taxonomic (61%) or functional (77%) dietary guilds based on call parameters. This suggests a degree of acoustic ecological specialization, albeit with interspecific similarities in call structure. Theoretical MDPSE are greatest for omnivores and smallest for insectivores. Omnivores significantly differ from other dietary guilds in MDPSE when phylogeny is not considered, but there are no differences among taxonomic dietary guilds within a phylogenetic context. Similarly, predators of non‐mobile/non‐evasive prey and predators of mobile/evasive prey differ in estimated MDPSE when phylogeny is not considered. Phyllostomid echolocation call structure may be primarily specialized for overcoming acoustic challenges of foraging in dense habitats, and then secondarily specialized for the detection of food items according to functional dietary guilds. Our results give insight into the possible ecological mechanisms shaping the diversity of sensory systems, and their reciprocal influence on resource use.
Development of MoO3/Au/MoO3 Top Transparent Conducting Electrode for Organic Solar Cells on Opaque Substrates
Authors: Pali L. Sowjanya , Tiwari Jeetendra Kumar , Ali Nasir , Ghosh Subhasis , Nalwa Kanwar S. , Garg Ashish
Published: November 2021

For realization of flexible solar cells on cheap opaque substrates such as steel foils, it is vital to develop new top transparent conducting electrodes as alternatives to indium tin oxide. Such integration will also lead to a value addition of steel foils for roofing applications. This manuscript demonstrates detailed optical and electrical characteristics of a MoO3/Au/MoO3 multilayered electrode and its integration with the organic solar cells. Improvement in the optical transmission of MoO3/Au/MoO3 films, as studied by optical ellipsometry, suggested that higher refractive indices and lower extinction coefficients of MoO3 films compared to Au films make MoO3 an excellent choice as a capping layer for improved light coupling throughout the visible region, resulting in up to twofold improved transparency over a Au‐only film. Further, the presence of metallic Mo+4 cations present at the Au/MoO3 interface, as observed from XPS measurements, enhances the metallic nature of the MoO3 film near the Au/MoO3 interface, resulting in the reduction of the resistivity of the trilayer MoO3/Au/MoO3, approaching twice that of ITO. Organic solar cell devices fabricated on opaque steel substrates with a MoO3/Au/MoO3 top electrode clearly showed improvement in the photovoltaic performance by 1.5 times, compared with those obtained with single layer top metal electrodes, increasing from ≈4% to ≈6%.
Inflammatory cytokines associated with outcomes in orthopedic trauma patients independent of New Injury Severity score: A pilot prospective cohort study
Authors: Aneja Arun , Landy David C. , Mittwede Peter N. , Albano Ashley Y. , Teasdall Robert J. , Isla Alexander , Kavolus Matthew
Published: November 2021

Traumatic injury is the leading cause of mortality in patients under 50. It is associated with a complex inflammatory response involving hormonal, immunologic, and metabolic mediators. The marked elevation of cytokines and inflammatory mediators subsequently correlates with the development of posttraumatic complications. The aim was to determine whether elevated cytokine levels provide a predictive value for orthopedic trauma patients. A prospective cohort study of patients with New Injury Severity Score (NISS) > 5 was undertaken. IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and migration inhibitory factor levels were measured within 24‐h of presentation. Demographic covariates and clinical outcomes were obtained from the medical records. Fifty‐eight patients (83% male, 40 years) were included. Addition of IL‐6 to baseline models significantly improved prediction of pulmonary complication (LR = 6.21, p = 0.01), ICU (change in R2 = 0.31, p < 0.01), and hospital length of stay (change in R2 = 0.16, p < 0.01). The addition of IL‐8 significantly improved the prediction of acute kidney injury (LR = 9.15, p < 0.01). The addition of postinjury IL‐6 level to baseline New Injury Severity Score model is better able to predict the occurrence of pulmonary complications as well as prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay.
Induction FOLFIRINOX for patients with locally unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: McIntyre Caitlin A. , Cohen Noah A. , Goldman Debra A. , Gonen Mithat , Sadot Eran , O'Reilly Eileen M. , Varghese Anna M. , Yu Kenneth H. , Balachandran Vinod P. , Soares Kevin C. , D'Angelica Michael I. , Drebin Jeffrey A. , Kingham T. P. , Allen Peter J. , Wei Alice C. , Jarnagin William R.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) receive induction chemotherapy with or without radiation, with the goal of R0 resection and improving survival. Herein, we evaluate the outcomes of patients who presented with Stage III PDAC and received induction FOLFIRINOX.

Methods

An institutional database was queried for consecutive patients who received induction FOLFIRINOX for locally unresectable PDAC between 2010 and 2016. Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed pre‐ and posttreatment, and clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Results

There were 200 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The median number of cycles of FOLFIRINOX was 8, 70% (n = 140) received radiation, and 18% (n = 36) underwent resection. Median overall survival (OS) in resected patients was 36 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24–56), and this group had improved OS compared to patients that did not undergo resection (hazard ratio (95% CI): 0.41 (0.26–0.64), p < 0.001). Patients (n = 112) who did not progress on induction therapy but remained unresectable had a median OS of 23.9 months (95% CI: 21.1–25.4).

Conclusion

Nearly 20% of patients with locally advanced PDAC responded sufficiently to induction FOLFIRINOX to undergo resection, which was associated with improved OS compared to patients that did not undergo resection. Patients with stable disease who remain unresectable represent a group of patients with locally advanced PDAC who may benefit from optimization of additional nonoperative treatment.
A Pre‐Release Algorithm With a Confidence Map for Estimating the Attenuation Coefficient for Liver Fat Quantification
Authors: Barr Richard G. , Cestone Angelo , De Silvestri Annalisa
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To compare the estimates of attenuation coefficient (AC) for liver fat quantification between 2 Ultrasound systems and to evaluate the quality measure of a pre‐released software.

Methods

AC were obtained in 30 participants in this single‐center IRB‐approved, HIPAA compliant study. Images were obtained on the Philips Epiq Elite system using experimental software and the Canon Medical Systems Aplio i800 with released software. Five AC measurements were taken and the median and IQR/M were calculated. Region of interest placement was based on a confidence map. ROI was at the same depth and size for each system. The concordance was estimated using the Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), the r Pearson's correlation coefficient, the bias‐correction factor (Cb), and the Bland–Altman method.

Results

The ACs varied from 0.45 to 1.0 dB/cm/MHz for the Philips system and 0.30 to 0.96 dB/cm/MHz for the Canon system. The CCC (95% CI) was 0.792 (0.666–0.918), Pearson's r was 0.839 with Cb of 0.944, and the mean difference was 0.03 (−0.101; 0.162) suggesting the 2 methods are considered to be in agreement. Based on a Philips confidence map to determine the best location for performing the measurements, a depth of 3.5 to 4.0 cm from the liver capsule was determined, which might be significantly different than that of the Canon system.

Conclusions

Estimation of the AC of the 2 systems showed a high agreement, that is, a similar trend. Assessment of the placement of the measurement box based on the quality of the measurement might be different between the 2 systems.
Seasonal particle responses to near‐bed shear stress in a shallow, wave‐ and current‐driven environment
Authors: Chang Grace , Egan Galen , McNeil Joseph D. , McWilliams Samuel , Jones Craig , Spada Frank , Monismith Stephen , Fringer Oliver
Published: November 2021

Novel analysis of in situ acoustic and optical data collected in a shallow, wave‐ and current‐driven environment enabled determination of (1) particle characteristics that were most affected by near‐bed physical forcing over seasonal scales and (2) characteristic shear stress, τchar, at which the rate of change to particle characteristics was most pronounced. Near‐bed forcing and particle responses varied by season. Results indicated that moderate τchar values of 0.125 Pa drove changes in particle composition during summer. In winter, particle concentration effects were most affected at τchar of 0.05 Pa, suggesting dominance of fluff layer resuspension. Changes to particle size were most relevant during a biologically productive springtime period, with initiation of particle disaggregation occurring most commonly at τchar of 0.25 Pa. These results suggest that it may be more important to parameterize τchar, as opposed to critical shear stress for erosion, for sediment transport models.
3D localized lactate detection in muscle tissue using double‐quantum filtered1H MRS with adiabatic refocusing pulses at 7 T
Authors: Niess Fabian , Roat Sigrun , Bogner Wolfgang , Krššák Martin , Kemp Graham J. , Schmid Albrecht I. , Trattnig Siegfried , Moser Ewald , Zaitsev Maxim , Meyerspeer Martin
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Lactate is a key metabolite in skeletal muscle and whole‐body physiology. Its MR visibility in muscle is affected by overlapping lipid signals and fiber orientation. Double‐quantum filtered (DQF)1H MRS selectively detects lactate at 1.3 ppm, but at ultra‐high field the efficiency of slice‐selective 3D‐localization with conventional RF pulses is limited by bandwidth. This novel 3D‐localized1H DQF MRS sequence uses adiabatic refocusing pulses to unambiguously detect lactate in skeletal muscle at 7 T.

Methods

Lactate double‐quantum coherences were 3D‐localized using slice‐selective Shinnar–Le Roux optimized excitation and adiabatic refocusing pulses (similar to semi‐LASER). DQF MR spectra were acquired at 7 T from lactate phantoms, meat specimens with injected lactate (exploring multiple TEs and fiber orientations), and human gastrocnemius in vivo during and after exercise (without cuff ischemia).

Results

Lactate was readily detected, achieving the full potential of 50% signal with a DQF, in solution. The effects of fiber orientation and TE on the lactate doublet (peak splitting, amplitude, and phase) were in good agreement with theory and literature. Exercise‐induced lactate accumulation was detected with 30 s time resolution.

Conclusion

This novel 3D‐localized1H DQF MRS sequence can dynamically detect glycolytically generated lactate in muscle during exercise and recovery at 7 T.
Growth and Physiological Response of Litopenaeus stylirostris Acclimated to Low Salinity
Authors: Perez-Velazquez Martin , González-Félix Mayra L.
Published: October 2021

Juveniles of wild Pacific blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris (mean initial weight ± standard deviation = 1.5 ± 0.1 g) were acclimated from a natural seawater salinity of 35‰ to salinities of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, and 25‰. After reaching the desired salinities, L. stylirostris were cultured for 32 d and growth, feed conversion ratio, and survival, as well as hemolymph and culture water osmolality, were determined. The L. stylirostris exposed to 0‰ died before or shortly after reaching the salinity end point. Final mean body weight of L. stylirostris held at 2.5‰ (3.1 ± 0.8 g) was significantly reduced compared with all other treatments. In contrast, those held at salinities from 5‰ to 35‰ had similar performance, with mean body final weight ranging from 3.8 to 4.5 g, showing that L. stylirostris can be cultured across this range of salinities without adversely affecting growth, survival, or feed conversion ratio. Litopenaeus stylirostris is a euryhaline organism, able to maintain its hemolymph osmolality relatively constant despite changes in salinity. The isosmotic salinity of L. stylirostris, estimated from the point of intersection between the regression lines of water salinity versus water osmolality and water salinity versus hemolymph osmolality, was 26.7‰. Litopenaeus stylirostris is an efficient osmoregulator with potential for low-salinity culture.
Characterizing the cortical pathways underlying visual trigger induced urinary urgency incontinence by functional MRI
Authors: Locke Jennifer A. , Macnab Andrew , Garg Saurabh , McKeown Martin , Stothers Lynn
Published: October 2021

Aims

Visual triggers have long been recognized clinically to stimulate urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Current pathophysiology recognizes the importance of cortical control over micturition but there is no standardized methodology for clinicians to study the impact of visual triggers. Our aim was to develop an imaging protocol able to characterize the brain's response to personalized visual triggers, providing a methodology for evaluation on connectivity within the brain in patients with visually triggered urinary urgency.

Methods

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodology specific for urologic use was developed. A 3T‐Elition Scanner was first used to acquire static structural images. These images were then used to define approximately 200 brain regions of interest (ROI) using a validated brain atlas. Then, real‐time functional MRI (fMRI) scans were conducted during natural bladder filling, where study subjects were shown randomized block sequences of visual stimuli comprised of both subject‐specific trigger images and neutral images. The fMRI scan data were merged to identify key ROI underlying UUI.

Results

Dynamic fMRI scans were conducted in 10 subjects, 4 with trigger‐induced UUI, 2 with trigger‐induced urgency, and 4 with no urgency or leakage to visual triggers. No subjects with UUI history lost continence during imaging, but all four subjects reported sensations of urgency in response to their own subject‐specific trigger images. The ROI identified were the periaqueductal gray, anterior cingulate gyrus, pons, and prefrontal cortex. We found increased activity in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system ROI in response to subject‐specific visual triggers of UUI.

Conclusions

This information provides proof of principle for further exploration of subject‐specific trigger image evaluation using fMRI to explore causation in patients with UUI.
The risk of delirium and falls or fractures with the use of overactive bladder anticholinergic medications
Authors: Welk Blayne , Etaby Khaled , McArthur Eric , Chou Queena
Published: October 2021

Objective

To determine if OAB anticholinergics have an increased risk of delirium or falls/fractures relative to OAB beta‐3 agonist medications.

Methods

This was a retrospective, cohort study using linked administrative data from the universal healthcare system of Ontario, Canada. Participants were all residents >66 years of age who newly initiated an OAB medication between January 2016 and March 2020. Coprimary outcomes were evidence of a hospital visit with delirium, or for a fall/fracture. We used matching weights to make the three exposure groups (beta‐3 agonist, oxybutynin, or newer OAB anticholinergics) comparable across 82 baseline characteristics. We examined both the risk during the first 30 days (logistic regression) and the risk during continuous usage (proportional hazards).

Results

We identified 103 024 older adults who started OAB medications. With matching weights, all measured variables were similar. The 30‐day incidence of delirium was 0.31%, and fall/fracture was 1.07%; there was no significantly increased risk of either delirium (oxybutynin users OR 1.28 [95% CI 0.84–1.96], newer OAB anticholinergic users OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.58–1.46]) or falls/fractures (oxybutynin users OR 1.19 [95% CI 0.95–1.49], newer OAB anticholinergic users OR 1.14 [95% CI 0.91–1.43]) compared to beta‐3 agonist users. With continuous usage, there was an increased HR of delirium among users of newer anticholinergics (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.26) and an increased HR for fall/fracture among oxybutynin users (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.24).

Conclusions

Compared to beta‐3 agonists, the continuous use of oxybutynin is associated with a significantly increased risk of fall/fracture, and newer OAB anticholinergics are associated with a significantly increased risk of delirium.
Mesh superposition‐based multiscale stress analysis of composites using homogenization theory and re‐localization technique considering fiber location variation
Authors: Sakata Sei‐ichiro , Tanimasu Shin
Published: October 2021

In this article, the accuracy of multiscale stress analysis of heterogeneous materials (unidirectional fiber‐reinforced composite) was improved by considering microscopic geometrical variation using the mesh superposition method. When analyzing the stress distribution in a composite with the finite element method considering the variation of the fiber location, updating the mesh significantly is necessary; however, generating an appropriate mesh for a large geometrical variation is difficult. Therefore, we focused on the mesh superposition method, which can easily generate a numerical FE model, even if the internal structure is complex, because the matrix and inclusion can be expressed by the global mesh and local mesh independently. However, in the original mesh superposition method, the analysis accuracy may be degraded owing to the mesh overlap conditions. Therefore, an improved method was applied to the homogenization theory‐based analysis. In this article, the effectiveness of the proposed approach was discussed by comparing the numerical results of this method with those of conventional mesh superposition method and standard finite element method. From the numerical results, accuracy improvement by the proposed approach for the multiscale stochastic stress analysis is confirmed.
Predictors of low birth satisfaction among Iranian postpartum women: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Mortazavi Forough , Mehrabadi Maryam
Published: October 2021

Aim

To investigate predictors of low birth satisfaction in a sample of Iranian postpartum women.

Design

This was a cross‐sectional study.

Methods

This study was conducted on 767 postpartum women using a convenience sampling method between June and September 2019. We collected data on socio‐demographic variables, maternal well‐being, fear of childbirth and birth satisfaction. We used multiple linear regression analyses to determine predictors of low birth satisfaction.

Results

The women who gave birth by elective caesarean, emergency caesarean and vaginal birth were 13.2%, 19.06% and 67.8%, respectively. Predictors of low birth satisfaction were primiparity [Beta = −0.131, CI (−2.745, −1.021)], low level of well‐being [−0.119, (−2.514, −0.844)], low [−0.193 (−5.052, −2.568)] and moderate [−0.143 (−2.999, −1.199)] satisfaction with pregnancy, moderate satisfaction with spouse's emotional/financial support [−0.150 (−3.718, −1.595)], emergency caesarean [−0.086 (−2.713, −0.360)], severe fear of childbirth [−0.315 (−5.701, −3.911)] and long interval between admission to hospital and giving birth [−0.188 (−0.233, −0.119)].
A methodological study on the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in cognitive interviewing for cross‐cultural adaptation
Authors: Jia Miao , Gu Yao , Chen Yanhua , Tu Jinyi , Liu Yue , Lu Huiqi , Huang Simin , Li Jinjun , Zhou Hongzhen
Published: October 2021

Aim

The aim of this study is to explore the use of the Questionnaire Appraisal System with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in cognitive interviewing for cross‐cultural adaptation.

Design

This is a descriptive methodological study.

Methods

Using the Mandarin version of the Post‐Stroke Checklist as an example, cognitive interviews were conducted with 27 stroke survivors in Guangzhou between November 2020 and February 2021. The Questionnaire Appraisal System was applied as a codebook in focus group discussions to perform quantitative data collections and quantitative content analysis.

Results

Thirty‐eight problems were proposed in focus group discussions and identified all but four of the 30 questions that emerged in the cognitive interviews. A new item was added to the Questionnaire Appraisal System for better categorization. Four categories and six subcategories of problems in the checklist were revealed.
Light‐gated binding in double‐motorized porphyrin cages
Authors: Gilissen Pieter J. , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Feringa Ben L. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Nolte Roeland J. M.
Published: November 2021

Molecular motors change conformation under the influence of light and when attached to host molecules, they may find applications as sensors and switchable catalysts. Here, we present a porphyrin macrocyclic host functionalized with two motor appendages for future catalytic applications. The compound is formed as a mixture of six stereoisomers (three sets of enantiomers), which have been separated by (chiral) chromatography. 1H NMR and chiral spectroscopy revealed that in one set of enantiomers, the two motors interact with the cavity of the host (bound‐bound), whereas in a second set, one interacts and the other one does not (bound‐loose). In the third set, both motors do not interact with the host compound (loose‐loose). The motorized hosts bind guest molecules in the order: (loose‐loose) > (bound‐loose) > (bound‐bound). They can be switched with light to pseudoidentical diastereomers, leading to orthogonal behavior in the light‐gated binding of guest molecules. Although the photoisomerization of the diastereomer set loose‐loose significantly lowers the binding affinity for viologen guests, the opposite is true for the diastereomer set bound‐bound, that is, the binding affinity increases. For the diastereomer set bound‐loose, no influence on guest binding is observed as the effect of photoisomerization on the motors is cancelled out.

Key Points

We present a porphyrin cage compound with two light‐switchable molecular motors for future catalytic applications

The double‐motorized porphyrin cage compound is formed as a mixture of six stereoisomers (three sets of enantiomers), which could be separated, and by photoswitching converted to pseudoidentical stereoisomers

The stereoisomers display different binding affinities for guest molecules, which reverse on photoswitching, leading to orthogonal guest binding behavior
Empowering metal additive manufacturing
Authors: Riccio Martina
Published: November 2021

Since metal additive manufacturing, and in particular, the laser powder bed fusion process entered serial production in various highly demanding industries (such as aviation, automotive, medical, and oil & gas), the priority research area of many projects and industrial roadmaps has been to find innovative and efficient solutions to current technology challenges, namely material processability, productivity, and repeatability.
“Don't put all your eggs in one basket!”
Authors: Pozo Jose
Published: November 2021

The technical director of EPIC, Jose Pozo, talks to Mike Richardson, managing director at Photonics Insights, an R&D company focused on developing low‐cost spectrographic solutions particularly for agricultural markets.
Rapid visual detection of benzimidazole resistance in Botrytis cinerea by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick
Authors: Chen Shuning , Yuan Huizhu , Yan Xiaojing
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Benzimidazole resistance in Botrytis cinerea is related to point mutations in the target β‐tubulin gene (TUB2). Three mutations (E198A, E198K, E198V) at codon 198 account for most of the resistant strains. A rapid on‐site diagnostic assay would be useful to detect the presence and monitor further spread of this resistance mechanism.

RESULTS

A recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow detection (RPA–LFD) method was established for the rapid detection of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) resistance in B. cinerea. Based on the three mutations at TUB2 codon 198, three sets of RPA–LFD primers were designed, and each of these primer sets was able to specifically amplify the DNA containing its corresponding mutation; no amplification was detected with other mutated or wild‐type DNA. The assay was optimized for specificity and sensitivity and was shown to detect the presence of 2 × 102 copies μl−1 of target DNA per reaction within 10 min. DNA from eight other common fungal species of small fruit did not yield a signal. The system worked well over a wide range of temperatures from 25 to 45°C. Crude DNA obtained from boiled mycelium and conidia of symptomatic fruit could be used as templates, which simplified the assay process.

CONCLUSION

This study developed a novel assay based on RPA–LFD for the rapid and equipment‐free detection of MBC‐resistant isolates. In combination with a simple DNA extraction method, the assay could detect B. cinerea MBC‐resistant isolates even without specialized equipment within 30 min. Considering its specificity, stability and simplicity, the RPA–LFD assay could be a promising tool for rapid on‐site diagnosis of fungicide‐resistant isolates. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Antiphase Boundary Defects in Strontium‐Doped Lanthanum Scandate
Authors: Ananyev Maxim V. , Farlenkov Andrei S. , Zhigalina Olga M. , Khmelenin Dmitry N. , Atanova Alexandra V. , Basu Victoria G.
Published: October 2021

The microstructure and local structural analysis of undoped and strontium‐doped lanthanum scandates are performed by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on dense ceramic specimens. LaScO3 is found to be homogeneous: there are no impurities and all the grains in the polycrystalline sample are structurally uniform and described in the framework of the same structural model of orthorhombic perovskite (space group Pnma). However, the existence of structural inhomogeneity in a polycrystalline sample of the La0.91Sr0.09ScO3–δ oxide is revealed and described. Possible reasons for the structural inhomogeneities are considered.
On event‐triggered nonsmooth attitude tracking controller for a rigid spacecraft
Authors: Zhu Wenwu , Du Haibo , Li Shihua
Published: November 2021

This article focuses on the problem of finite‐time attitude tracking control for a rigid spacecraft with event‐triggered inputs. The existing event‐based attitude control methods are developed from the smooth control law and can only provide at best Lipschitzian exponentially convergent. Because the nonsmooth control law shows a faster convergent rate and better control performance, a new event‐triggered nonsmooth attitude tracking controller is proposed through the emulation method of a continuous‐time finite‐time attitude controller. With the aid of Lyapunov theory and finite‐time stability lemma, the stability analysis of the closed‐loop system is given and the event‐triggered control system is Zeno‐free. Like the case of a continuous‐time nonsmooth attitude controller, it is proved that the event‐triggered nonsmooth attitude controller maintains a better disturbance rejection ability. Finally, some simulation results are given to verify the theoretical results.
Experimental study and thermodynamic analysis on the selective oxidation of DP1180 dual‐phase steel
Authors: Wang Kun , Ding Yuwen , Liu Ya , Wang Jianhua , Wu Changjun , Tu Hao , Peng Haoping , Su Xuping
Published: November 2021

The selective oxidation process of dual‐phase 1180 steel was investigated in this study. Annealing was carried out in Cr/Cr2O3 Rhines pack at 820°C for 60, 120, and 240 s, under the oxygen partial pressures of 10−23, 10−25, and 10−29 atm, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the experimental results. The oxides involved SiO2, MnO, MnSiO3, Mn2SiO4, and MnCr2O4. The amount of oxides augmented along with the increasing oxygen partial pressure. The Fe–Mn–Cr–Si–C–O2 oxidation diagram was calculated by thermodynamic software and was used to explain the selective oxidation process of dual‐phase 1180 steel. Experimental results combined with the thermodynamic computations well.
A causal data fusion method for the general exposure and outcome
Authors: Li Hongkai , Jia Jinzhu , Yan Ran , Xue Fuzhong , Geng Zhi
Published: November 2021

With the advent of the big data era, the need to combine multiple individual data sets to draw causal effects arises naturally in many medical and biological applications. Especially each data set cannot measure enough confounders to infer the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. In this article, we extend the method proposed by a previous study to causal data fusion of more than two data sets without external validation and to a more general (continuous or discrete) exposure and outcome. Theoretically, we obtain the condition for identifiability of exposure effects using multiple individual data sources for the continuous or discrete exposure and outcome. The simulation results show that our proposed causal data fusion method has unbiased causal effect estimate and higher precision than traditional regression, meta‐analysis and statistical matching methods. We further apply our method to study the causal effect of BMI on glucose level in individuals with diabetes by combining two data sets. Our method is essential for causal data fusion and provides important insights into the ongoing discourse on the empirical analysis of merging multiple individual data sources.
The Importance of Polymorphism Dependent Aggregation Induced Enhanced Emission of the Acrylonitrile Derivative: Helical J Type and Antiparallel H Type Stacking Modes
Authors: Yakalı Gül , Çoban Mustafa B. , Özen Furkan , Özen Leyla B. , Gündüz Bayram , Cin Günseli Turgut
Published: November 2021

In this study to analyze the structure‐property relationship of synthesized π‐conjugated acrylonitrile derivative in terms of polymorphism dependent emission and conformational polymorphism, single crystal x‐ray diffraction method, photophysical and theoretical studies were performed. The fluorescent molecule with two polymorphic structure were presented to demonstrate the effect of the molecular conformation and stacking type on the polymorphism dependent emission in aggregate state. According to results of crystallography and photophysical studies, both form of the molecule displayed aggregation induced enhanced emission (AIEE) property in the solid phase due to the restricted intramolecular rotation (RIR) and favourable stacking interactions including the antiparallel H type, J type stacking modes and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process. As a result, J type and antiparallel H type stacking mode with the restricted intramolecular rotation make the crystals higly emissive in solid phase. We believe that, studied two polymorphs will be best candidates for the π‐conjugated acrylonitrile derivatives in the optoelectronic field. Moreover, this study will provide an overview of the importance of conformational polymorphism, stacking type on fluorescence properties of the polymorphic structures and propose new ways for targeted polymorphic molecular design strategies in acrylonitrile derivatives.
Contribution of Different Species in Ni‐Ceria Nanorods Catalysts Applied to Steam Reforming of Ethanol
Authors: Pinto Felipe M. , de Oliveira Daniela C. , Resende Karen A. , Fiuza Tanna E. R. , Bueno José M. C. , Zanchet Daniela
Published: November 2021

Ni‐CeO2 nanorods catalysts (1–10 wt% Ni loadings) were evaluated in steam reforming of ethanol (SRE). Ex situ and in situ characterization showed two populations of Ni species according to Ni loading: (i) one highly dispersed, strongly interacting with CeO2 (Nisup) and (ii) another one formed by Ni nanoparticles (Nibulk). While the metal loading impacted on the Nibulk fraction, the Nisup population remained similar, leading to similar activities of the catalysts toward SRE. The results highlight the role of the Nisup fraction in the catalyst performance. Nevertheless, we found that while Nibulk species favored carbon deposition, the Nisup species were easily oxidized at low temperatures, leading to catalyst deactivation. The results suggest that the co‐existence of both Ni species may stabilize the reduced form of the Nisup species by hydrogen activation on the Nibulk species and represents a new strategy to be explored to optimize the activity and stability of SRE catalysts.
Boosting the Multifunctional Properties of MnCo2O4‐MnCo2S4 Heterostructure for Portable All‐Solid‐State Symmetric Supercapacitor, Methanol Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Gajraj V. , Azmi R. , Indris S. , Mariappan C. R.
Published: November 2021

This article reports on the preparation of MnCo2O4‐MnCo2S4 heterostructure by facile solvothermal route towards the application of supercapacitor‐based energy storage as well as methanol electro‐oxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction. Dunn's methodology has been adopted for the evaluation of charge storage by capacitive process and diffusion‐controlled process and the quantification of the charge stored at exterior surface and interior surface was done by Trasatti's approach. The prepared heterostructure was utilized as an electrode in the symmetric solid‐state device based on Na2MoO4 redox electrolyte and exhibits remarkable performance in terms of specific capacity, cyclic performance, energy, and power density. The fabricated device exhibits a specific capacity of 417 C g−1 at a specific current of 1 A g−1, and shows retention of 84.2 % after 5000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycles, and specific energy of 81 Wh kg−1 at a specific power of 700 W kg−1. Series combination of two solid‐state symmetric devices was capable to light up a red LED for 30 min and an array of 22 red LEDs for 8 min. The heterostructure shows remarkable catalytic activity for methanol electrooxidation by increasing catalytic current almost four times in 2 M methanol and 1 M KOH electrolyte at 0.6 V and also lowering the onset potential as 0.331 V. The excellent electrocatalytic activity of MnCo2O4‐MnCo2S4 heterostructure towards the hydrogen evolution reaction was observed by showing the requirement of low overpotential (‐175 mV) to reach the current density of −10 mA cm−2 along with small Tafel slope (102 mV dec−1). The electrode material revealed enormous stability by providing a constant current over 20 h in chronoamperometry measurements. The better electrochemical performance of microspheres could be attributed to large surface area which promotes the catalytic reactions at the large number of active sites.
A New Curcuminoids‐Coumarin Derivative: Mechanochemical Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Its In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Properties
Authors: de Moura Aniele , Gaglieri Caroline , Alarcon Rafael Turra , Ferreira Laura Teófilo , Vecchi Rafael , Sanches Mariana Liessa Rovis , de Oliveira Rodrigo Cardoso , Venturini James , da Silva‐Filho Luiz Carlos , Junior Caires Flávio
Published: November 2021

Over the years, several drugs have been developed deriving from plants to investigate possible therapeutic roles. Among them, curcuminoids and coumarins, which, display a wide range of biological activity against several strains. Therefore, it was synthesized a curcuminoids‐coumarin derivative by a mechanochemical multicomponent reaction. By NMR and HRMS results confirmed the formation of a mixture of three curcuminoids‐coumarin derivatives in the same sample. The Influence of time during the milling process was evaluated, resulting in a crystalline product in only 30 min. The LAG milling carried out with different solvents showed that the product is obtained regardless of the solvent polarity. Furthermore, the biological evaluation showed that the curcuminoids‐coumarin derivative has better activity against S. aureus than curcumin and 4‐hydroxycoumarin. Lastly, the cell viability study exhibited a decrease of cytotoxicity of the derivative, compared to curcumin, against NIH3T3 cells.
Dimensionierungshilfen für ausgesteifte und unausgesteifte Beulfelder nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 – Teil 2: Mindeststeifigkeiten von Längssteifen für ausgesteifte Beulfelder
Authors: Hulm Felix , Kreutz Johannes , Maier Nadine , Mensinger Martin , Ndogmo Joseph
Published: November 2021

Im Teil 1 dieses Aufsatzes wurden Diagramme für die Dimensionierung bzw. den Nachweis von unversteiften Beulfeldern vorgestellt. Im vorliegenden Teil 2 werden längs ausgesteifte Beulfelder betrachtet. Insbesondere für ausgesteifte Beulfelder gestalten sich die in DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 enthaltenen Nachweisformate Methode der wirksamen Breiten und Methode der reduzierten Spannungen als sehr komplex. Aus diesem Grund wurden Diagramme zur Vordimensionierung von Längssteifen entwickelt, die es dem Ingenieur erlauben, mit möglichst wenig manuellem Rechenaufwand zutreffende Abmessungen zu ermitteln. Die Bemessungsdiagramme von Längssteifen verfolgen das Konzept von Mindeststeifigkeiten, welche mithilfe eines Verformungskriteriums aus der linearen Beulanalyse mit verschiedenen Geometrie‐ und Lastrandbedingungen abgeleitet werden.
A Review of Nonprobability Sampling Using Mobile Apps for Fishing Effort and Catch Surveys
Authors: Brick J. Michael , Andrews William R. , Foster John
Published: October 2021

Technology and computational advancements have caused us to rethink data collection and sampling methods that have been the standard for gathering information to guide policy decisions. The availability of new technology such as mobile apps has made using nonprobability samples more attractive because of the speed and low expense that are associated with this approach. We review how the use of nonprobability sampling using mobile apps affects the quality of inferences in fishing effort and catch surveys. We present an approach for evaluating the potential biases that arise from both probability and nonprobability sampling methods. The approach shows that well‐conducted probability samples have major advantages compared with nonprobability samples. We conclude that the application of nonprobability sampling for fishing surveys faces serious challenges and should prove that it is fit for use before being adopted more widely.
Seasonal Abundance and Length Patterns of Brown and White Shrimp in Texas Estuaries and Nearshore Waters: Implications for Population and Fishery Dynamics
Authors: Olsen Zachary , Getz Ethan , Trial Perry
Published: October 2021

Penaeid shrimp are a major contributor to commercial landings in the Gulf of Mexico, with white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus making up the bulk of the landings off Texas. In this study, we examined seasonal trends in white and brown shrimp population demographics (relative abundance, monthly proportion of catch, and length) and their relationship with water quality parameters (water temperature and salinity) across a 36‐year fishery‐independent data set for Texas estuarine and nearshore waters. The primary findings of this analysis were consistent negative trends in seasonal mean TL (April–August) for brown shrimp. These negative trends resulted in decreases in mean TL of up to 20 mm across the time series. Additionally, growth coefficients calculated on an annual scale for brown shrimp showed negative trends as well. White shrimp did not show the same consistently negative trends in mean length or growth. Although expected seasonal trends in CPUE and monthly proportions of catch were observed, the analysis showed few convincing or consistent annual trends in these metrics for either species. We suggest that the differing trends in mean length (i.e., between species) may be explained by summer water temperatures exceeding the optimum growth range for brown shrimp in the latter part of the time series examined here. Such trends in mean length for the brown shrimp population may have implications for population fecundity and may affect the value and efficiency of shrimp harvest in commercial fisheries, though this has yet to be seen. Nevertheless, managers should remain vigilant to any continued negative trends in brown shrimp length and their potential impact on the population and fishery dynamics.
The Study’s Origins and Methodology
Authors: Bandelli Daniela
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the origin, spirit, objectives and methodology of this study on the surrogacy international debate. The aim of this study is to explain the politics of signification on surrogacy carried out especially by the women’s movement, verifying how it is contributing to the public discourse and policies on the subject, how it is being organized, as well as dividing, and how the proposed instances fit into global discourses and are recontextualized on the basis of social specificities. These aims are pursued through three case studies in the United States, Mexico and Italy. The key concepts of the theoretical framework of the research will also be described in this chapter, such as: the women’s movement, diagnostic and prognostic frames.
Surrogacy in the United States: The Horse Is Out of the Barn
Authors: Bandelli Daniela
Published: October 2021

The United States are pioneers and leaders of surrogacy international market. Although, there are groups and NGOs in the civil society which are active on the issue of surrogacy (such as the Stop Surrogacy Now campaign in the abolitionist front, and the Center for Genetics and Society in the reformist one), this issue remains marginal in the public debate and has not reached the status of cause for feminists (as for example abortion, violence against women, sexual harassment, breast cancer, etc.). In the United States, the low engagement of feminists can be explained by looking at the evolution of surrogacy debate since the first clinics established in the 1980s to today’s advanced social acceptance of surrogacy and assisted reproduction, as well as to the centrality of the autonomy principle in American feminism, and radicalisation of the abortion debate. Feminists, who in 2020 still need to fight for access to safe and legal abortion, are very careful not to make a misstep in favour of their opponents by admitting that individual autonomy on the body and reproduction can, at times, be limited as a form of women’s protection and emancipation from commodification.
The Mexican Case: The Differences between Autonomy and Radical Feminism
Authors: Bandelli Daniela
Published: October 2021

Surrogacy has developed in Mexico, especially in the State of Tabasco, mainly as a form of reproductive labour for women with economic needs. In the last 7 years, the national debate and international attention towards surrogacy in Mexico have intensified, the discourse on the need to regulate surrogacy at a Federal level has acquired increasing visibility, sustained by a discourse of modernization. Feminist engagement on the topic has also grown in recent years: the most expert feminist NGOs is GIRE, which in the frames of woman’s autonomy and reproductive rights advocates for the regulation of the market to protect the rights of surrogates, parents and children; other feminists groups call for the total prohibition of surrogacy, regarded as a form of exploitation of vulnerable women and commodification of children. The polarization of perspectives can be read as a competition between two dominant feminist streams: neoliberal and radical. While both fronts are concerned that widespread illegality could affect the surrogacy market and put participants at risk of violations, reformists believe that this risk can be minimized through adequate regulation and that prohibition would just contribute to rendering surrogacy a profitable illegal activity.
Abolitionist and Regulatory Arguments into Perspectives
Authors: Bandelli Daniela
Published: October 2021

Surrogacy is becoming a new cause for transnational feminism and the public debate is strongly influenced by the commodification and autonomy/choice frames used in other battles of feminism (abortion and prostitution). This chapter will discuss the scarce appeal of the defence of women from commodification in an individualistic society that legitimizes self-determination at any cost and self-objectification; it will also highlight female agency in choosing to participate in surrogacy, inviting to understand these decisions in light of some characteristics of contemporary society, including the imperative to individual choice as well as the human domination over nature through technology; in light of the limitations of women’s freedom during pregnancy for others, the claim of surrogacy as a space for expression of a woman’s autonomy will be questioned; the claim of surrogacy as empowerment will also be questioned, highlighting the negative impact on the social condition of women. Finally, it will be proposed to shift the focus of the debate from adults to children, and, in particular, to their separation at birth from the one they identify as mother: this removal, even if done without wanting to harm, could be framed as a form of violence.
On new physics contributions to the Higgs decay to Zγ
Authors: Archer-Smith Paul , Stolarski Daniel , Vega-Morales Roberto
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We explore models of new physics that can give rise to large (100% or more) enhancements to the rate of Higgs decay to Zγ while still being consistent with other measurements. We show that this is impossible in simple models with one additional multiplet and also in well motivated models such as the MSSM and folded SUSY. We do find models with several multiplets that carry electroweak charge where such an enhancement is possible, but they require destructive interference effects. We also show that kinematic measurements in Higgs decay to four leptons can be sensitive to such models. Finally we explore the sensitivity of four lepton measurements to supersymmetric models and find that while the measurement is difficult with the high luminosity LHC, it may be possible with a future high energy hadron collider.