bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of DNA extraction of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) by selecting the appropriate leaf
Authors: PRAYITNO EDI , NURYANDANI EINSTIVINA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Prayitno E, Nuryandani E. 2011. Optimization of DNA extraction of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) by selecting the appropriate leaf. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 1-6. Jatropha curcas L. has important roles as renewable source of bioenergy. The problem occurs on difficult of DNA extraction for its molecular breeding programs. The objectives of this research were to study which leaf best as source of DNA extraction. Four accessions were used, namely J1 and J2 (Jawa Tengah), S1 (South Sumatra), and S2 (Bengkulu). First, third, fifth, seventh, and yellow leaves for each accession were extracted using modification of Doyle and Doyle (1987) method. Visualization and comparison with Lambda DNA, Spectrophotometer UV-Vis and cutting DNA with EcoRI enzyme were show quality and quantity of DNA. The result showed that third leaves have sufficient quality and quantity as source of DNA. Third leaves DNA quantity for J1 (19.33 µg/mL), J2 (26.21 µg/mL), S1 (31.20 µg/mL), and S2 (61.03 µg/mL), and quality for each accession were 1.9063 (J1), 2.0162 (J2), 2.0116 (S1), and 2.0856 (S2).
Characterisation of taro (Colocasia esculenta) based on morphological and isozymic patterns markers
Authors: TRIMANTO TRIMANTO , SAJIDAN SAJIDAN , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Trimanto, Sajidan, Sugiyarto. 2011. Characterization of taro (Colocasia esculenta) based on morphological and isozymic patterns markers. Nusantara Bioscience: 7-14. The aims of this research were to find out: (i) the variety of Colocasia esculenta based on the morphological characteristics; (ii) the variety of C. esculenta based on the isozymic banding pattern; and (iii) the correlation of genetic distance based on the morphological characteristics and isozymic banding pattern. Survey research conducted in the Karanganyar district, which include high, medium and low altitude. The sample was taken using random purposive sampling technique, including 9 sampling points. The morphological data was elaborated descriptively and then made dendrogram. The data on isozymic banding pattern was analyzed quantitatively based on the presence or absence of bands appeared on the gel, and then made dendrogram. The correlation based on the morphological characteristics and isozymic banding pattern were analyzed based on the product-moment correlation coefficient with goodness of fit criterion. The result showed : (i) in Karanganyar was founded 10 variety of C. esculenta; (ii) morphological characteristics are not affected by altitude; (iii) isozymic banding pattern of peroxides forms 14 banding patterns, esterase forms 11 banding patterns and shikimic dehydrogenase forms 15 banding patterns; (iv) the correlation of morphological data and the isozymic banding pattern of peroxidase has good correlation (0.893542288) while esterase and shikimic dehydrogenase isozymes have very good correlation (0.917557716 and 0.9121985446); (v) isozymic banding pattern of data supports the morphological character data.
Study on floristic and plant species diversity in the Lebanon oak (Quercus libani) site, Chenareh, Marivan, Kordestan Province, western Iran
Authors: POURBABAEI HASSAN , NAVGRAN SHIVA Z.
Published: July 2014

Pourbabaei H, Navgran SZ. 2011. Study on floristic and plant species diversity of the Lebanon oak site (Quercus libani) inChenareh, Marivan, Kordestan Province, western Iran. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 15-22. In order to study floristic and plant speciesÂ diversity, approximately 450 ha of oak forests were selected in Chenareh, Marivan of Kordestan province in western Iran. Inventory wasÂ selectively carried out in 50 m elevation range in the different aspects. Vegetation was surveyed in the four layers including: tree (dbh>5 cm), regeneration (dbh <5 cm), shrub and herb. Diversity and richness indices were used to analyze data in the different vegetationÂ layers. Results indicated that 82 plant species found in the studied site, comprise of 9 tree, 3 shrub and 70 herbaceous. The meanÂ diversities and richness measures were found to be the highest in southwestern and lowest in southeastern and northern aspects for theÂ tree layer. Whereas for the regeneration layer, the mean diversity measures were found the highest in northeastern (i.e., 1-D and Hâ€²) andÂ southern (i.e., N2 and N1) and lowest in southwestern (i.e., 1-D, Hâ€² and N1) and southeastern (i.e., N). The mean diversities were foundÂ the highest in northern (i.e. N2 and Hâ€²) and northwestern (i.e. 1-D and N1Â 2) and lowest in northeastern aspect in the shrub layer. The meanÂ diversities were also found the highest in western and lowest in northeastern aspect in the herbaceous layer. Moreover, Mean richnessÂ and diversity were found the highest in 1500 m asl and lowest in 1750 and 1800 m asl in the tree and shrub layers. Mean richness andÂ diversity were found the highest in 1500 m asl and lowest in 1750 m asl in the regeneration layer. Also, the mean diversities were foundÂ the highest in elevation 1700 m asl and lowest in elevation 1800 m asl in the herbaceous layer.
Six hitherto unreported Basidiomycetic macrofungi from Kashmir Himalayas
Authors: PALA SHAUKET AHMED , WANI ABDUL H. , BHAT MOHMAD YAQUB
Published: July 2014

Pala SA, Wani AH, Bhat MY. 2011. Six hitherto unreported Basidiomycetic macrofungi from Kashmir Himalayas. Nusantara BioscienceÂ 3: 92-97. The Kashmir valley located in the north extreme of the India lies between 330Â 20â€™ and 340Â 54â€™ N latitude and 73Â 35â€™Â E longitude. The forests constituting more than 20% of the geographical area harbors diverse macrofungal species due to their wideÂ variability in climate altitude and nature of species constituting them. The mushroom flora of the Kashmir Valley has not beenÂ documented completely until now. In this backdrop, a systematic survey for exploration and inventorization of macrofungal species ofÂ Western Kashmir Himalaya was undertaken during the year 2009-2010. During the study six species viz. Agrocybe molesta, CoprinusÂ plicatilis, Inonotus hispidus, Paxillus involutus, Psathyrella candolleana and Russula fragilis were identified first time from theÂ Kashmir.
The knowledge of Bengkulu University’s forestry students of tree diversity in their campus
Authors: WIRYONO WIRYONO , NURLIANA STEFFANIE
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Wiryono, Nurliana S. 2011. The knowledge of Bengkulu University’s forestry students of tree diversity in their campus. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 98-103. Indonesia is rich in plant diversity which has provided daily human needs for millennia. Knowledge of diverse plants and their uses is part of ecological knowledge essential for the survival of humanity. However, rapid deforestation has reduced plant diversity and caused the loss of traditional ecological knowledge. Furthermore, the increased availability of electronic entertainment has alienated young people from nature, causing further loss of ecological knowledge. The objective of this study was to know the ability of Bengkulu University's forestry students to identify trees growing in the campus by local names and their genera. Knowing the name of trees growing in our environment is an indicator of concern for biodiversity. Results showed that forestry students had low ability to identify trees by local names and even lower by genera. Second-semester students could identify fewer trees than the higher-semester students, and the knowledge was not affected by student's gender or profession of students' parents. This low appreciation of plant diversity among young generation will have negative implication for biodiversity conservation efforts. Students should be brought closer to nature by increasing outdoor education.
Variation in oil contents, and seed and seedling characteristics of Jatropha curcas of West Nusa Tenggara selected genotypes and their first improved population
Authors: SANTOSO BAMBANG BUDI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Santoso BS. 2011. Variation in oil contents and seed and seedling characteristics of Jatropha curcas of West Nusa Tenggara selected genotypes and their first improved population. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 130-135. This study describes variation in seed and seedling characters of Jatropha curcas Linn. of West Nusa Tenggara selected genotypes. Exploration was conducted in several areas where large population of this species grown as fences were found. Five selected genotypes were then grown in experimental fields to let mass selection to obtain the first improved population for each genotype. Seeds of wild population (P0) and those of selected trees as the first improved population (IP-1) were subjected to this study. Seed and seedling characteristics were measured. The result indicated that considerable genetic variability existed among the five J. curcas of West Nusa Tenggara selected genotypes and within each genotype population for seed and seedling characteristics. Genotypes of West Lombok, Sumbawa, and Bima performed exceedingly better than those of Central Lombok and East Lombok. Therefore, this study has suggestions for identifying potential seed sources of J. curcas and these existing genetic variability provides breeders with materials in crop improvement program.
Blood bacterial wilt disease of banana: the distribution of pathogen in infected plant, symptoms, and potentiality of diseased tissues as source of infective inoculums
Authors: HADIWIYONO HADIWIYONO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Hadiwiyono. 2011. Blood bacterial wilt disease of banana: the distribution of pathogen in infected plant, symptoms, and potentiality of diseased tissues as source of infective inoculums. Nusantara Bioscience 3: 112-117. Bacterial wilt caused by blood disease bacterium (BDB) is the most important disease of banana in Indonesia. The disease was difficult to control due to by poorly understood of ecology and epidemiology of the disease. This paper reports the distribution of pathogen-infected plant, symptoms, and potentiality of diseased tissues as source of inoculums. For studying the distribution of BDB in diseased banana, a number of 14 points of plant organ tissue was sampled and the pathogen was detected by PCR using a couple of specific primer for BDB, 121F, and 121R. In addition to the detection of BDB using PCR, both external and internal symptoms were observed. All the points of detection were also used as source of inoculums to search the potentiality of the tissues as source of infective inoculums. The results showed that BDB was distributed systemically in infected banana. The pathogen infection caused systemic symptom and all part of infected banana were potential as source of infective inoculums.
Characterization of Carica pubescens in Dieng Plateau, Central Java based on morphological characters, antioxidant capacity, and protein banding pattern
Authors: LAILY AINUN NIKMATI , SURANTO SURANTO , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Laily AN, Suranto, Sugiyarto. 2012. Characterization of Carica pubescens in Dieng Plateau, Central Java based on morphological characters, antioxidant capacity, and protein banding pattern. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 16-21. Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch is a species of fruit plant firstly cultivated in South America and has adapted to the highland environment, such as Dieng Plateau, Central Java (±2000 m asl). It has a narrow habitat range and limited or unknown intraspecies variation. Therefore, important information about the characters of the plants at various altitudes is needed, so that it is possible to extend its distribution through transplantation to other areas. Characterization can be performed based on morphological characters, chemical content, and protein banding patterns. This study aimed to describe the morphological characters, the chemical content (antioxidant capacity), and the pattern of protein bands by staining, using Coomassie brilliant blue on C. pubescens in the Dieng Plateau. The research was conducted in the villages of Kejajar (1400 m asl), Patak Banteng (1900 m asl.), and Sembungan (2400 m asl.). The observations of morphological characters were conducted in the field and continued in the laboratory. Morphological characters, the chemical content (antioxidant capacity), and the banding pattern of protein of C. pubescens were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the morphological characters of C. pubescens in Dieng Plateau varied in stems, leaves, and fruits. The antioxidant capacity decreased with decreasing habitat altitude, 2400 m asl. altitude> 1900 m altitude> 1400 m asl.. The Protein banding patterns did not vary, but the pattern in C. Papaya was different. The uniformity of the pattern of protein bands showed that genetic stability in C. pubescens was not affected by environmental factors.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of integrated management and mating disruption in controlling gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations
Authors: HAJIZADEH GOODARZ , KAVOSI MOHAMMAD REZA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Hajizadeh G, Kavosi MR. 2012. Evaluation of the effectiveness of integrated management and mating disruption in controlling gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 27-31. This study was conducted during 2008 and 2009 in Daland National Park (north of Iran) to compare the effectiveness of mechanical control used in combination with mating disruption (integrated management) and only mating disruption in controlling gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Male moths and egg mass counts were taken before (2008) and after (2009) the two treatments were applied. In sites with integrated management and with mating disruption only, 1,828 and 1,793 egg masses/tree, and 412.75 and 207.75 male moths/trap were observed, respectively. Both the numbers of egg masses/tree and of male moths/trap were significantly lower in sites with integrated management than in sites with only mating disruption. This study shows that integrated management was more effective than mating disruption in reducing infestation levels in the study site.
The total protein band profile of the green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens) and the leaves of rice (Oryza sativa) infected by tungro virus
Authors: SULISTYARSI ANI , SURANTO SURANTO , SUPRIYADI SUPRIYADI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Sulistyarsi A, Suranto, Supriyadi. 2012. The total protein band pattern of the green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens) and the leaves of rice (Oryza sativa) infected by tungro virus. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 32-35. Tungro virus is one of most important diseases of rice plants caused by double infection with RTBV and RTSV which is transmitted by Nephotettix virescens Distant. The interaction between host and virus-vector are still quitted difficult to understand. The aims of this study were: (i) to know the character of the total protein band pattern of rice plants infected with tungro virus compared to the health one, (ii) to look at the different between the band profiles of total protein of N. virescens that consume the host rice plants infected by tungro virus and that of the healthy rice plants. Total protein band profiles of rice plants were identified using SDS-PAGE. To extract the leaves, buffer mercapto-ethanol was used, while the sample extraction of green leafhoppers employed buffer PBS IX, and for staining the protein coomassie brilliant blue was used. Data were analyzed descriptively based on the score of the migration of the band (Rf). The results showed that the protein contains every 0.5 g of healthy leaves and the infected by the virus were 0.567 g and 1.011 g respectively. Clear difference of the protein pattern was found in the healthy plant and the infected one. In general, the entire band in the infected plant was much thicker compared to the infected leaves. Protein bands with a higher quantity were expressed by the protein on the molecular weight of 108 and 117 kDa. These proteins are presumably from the group of β-galactosidase and bovine serum albumin. The function of such proteins is still unknown, but it may be related to the plant’s responses to virus infection, because the protein did not appear in the healthy plants. The total protein content of both N. virescens which acquired the healthy leaves and the infected one were 0.1395 g and 0.1546 g respectively. Qualitatively, there was no significant difference in the protein expression in those vectors, but slightly thicker band were observed in the infected leaves.
Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil alone and in combination with other essential oils
Authors: KON KATERYNA , RAI MAHENDRA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Kon K, Rai M. 2012. Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil alone and in combination with other essential oils. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 50-56. Essential oils (EOs) from plants represent an alternative approach in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. One of the EOs with proven antibacterial properties is Thymus vulgaris EO. The purpose of the present work was to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of T. vulgaris EO alone and in combination with other EOs. The activity of T. vulgaris EO was screened in combination with 34 EOs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by disk diffusion method; then the most effective combinations were evaluated by broth microdilution method. Against S. aureus the synergistic effect was found in combination of T. vulgaris and Cinnamomum zeylanicum EOs with fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of 0.26; Juniperus communis and Picea abies EOs showed additive effect (FIC indexes were 0.74 and 0.78, respectively). Combination of T. vulgaris EO with Aniba rosaeodora and Melissa officinalis EOs demonstrated synergistic effect against E. coli (FIC indexes were 0.23 and 0.34, respectively); combination of T. vulgaris and Mentha piperita EOs was additive (FIC index 0.55). Therefore, combining T. vulgaris EO with other EOs has potential in further enhancing its antibacterial properties.
Synthesis, characterizationand physiological activityof some novelisoxazoles
Authors: HUSHARE VINAYSINGH J. , RAJPUT PRITHVIRAJSINGH R. , MALPANI MANOJKUMAR O. , GHODILE NITING G.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Hushare VJ, Rajput PR, Malpani MO, Ghodile NG. 2012. Synthesis, characterization and physiological activity of some novel isoxazoles. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 81-85. A series of chlorosubstituted 4-aroylisoxazoles have been synthesized by refluxing chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavones and 3-alkoylchromone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in dioxane medium containing 0.5 mL piperidine. Chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavones and chlorosubstituted-3-alkoylchromone were prepared by refluxing them separately with iodine crystal in ethanol. Initially, chlorosubstituted-3-aroylflavanones and 3-alkoylchromanone were prepared by the interaction of different aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with 1-(2’-hydroxy-3’,5’-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1,3-propanedione. Constitutions of synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, UV-Visible, I.R., and 1H-NMR spectral data. The titled compounds were evaluated for their growth promoting activity on some flowering plants viz. Papaver rhoeas, Calendula officinalis, Gladiola tristis, Gaillardia aristata,  Dianthus chinensis, and Iberis sp. (candytuft). The results indicate that applicated plants had higher shoots and number of leaves.
Determination of ethanol in acetic acid-containing samples by a biosensor based on immobilized Gluconobacter cells
Authors: RESHETILOV ANATOLY N. , KITOVA ANNA E. , ARKHIPOVA ALENA V. , KRATASYUK VALENTINA A. , RAI MAHENDRA K.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Reshetilov AN, Kitova AE, Arkhipova AV, Kratasyuk VA, Rai MK. 2012. Determination of ethanol in acetic acid containing samples by a biosensor based on immobilized Gluconobacter cells. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 97-100. A biosensor based on Gluconobacter oxydans VKM B-1280 bacteria was used for detection of ethanol in the presence of acetic acid. It was assumed that this assay could be useful for controlling acetic acid production from ethanol and determining the final stage of the fermentation process. Measurements were made using a Clark electrode-based amperometric biosensor. The effect of pH of the medium on the sensor signal and the analytical parameters of the sensor (detection range, sensitivity) were investigated. The residual content of ethanol in acetic acid samples was analyzed. The results of the study are important for monitoring the acetic acid production process, as they represent a method of tracking its stages.
Eco-friendly synthesis and potent antifungal activity of 2-substituted coumaran-3-ones
Authors: SOLANKI PRABHA , SHEKHAWAT PRACHI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Solanki P, Shekhawat P. 2012. Eco-friendly synthesis and potent antifungal activity of 2-substituted coumaran-3-ones. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 101-104. 3-halochromones (IIa-c and IIIa-c) have been synthesized by treating 1- (2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1,3-propanediones (Ia-c) with bromine or sulphuryl chloride in dioxane respectively. These chromones were employed in the synthesis of 2-acetyl-coumaran-3-ones (IVa-f). These were subjected to Knoevenagel condensation to give 2-cinnamoyl coumaran-3-ones. In vitro assay and field trials of these compounds against Fusarium oxysporum were carried out to study the antifungal effect of target compounds. Compound Va was the most effective growth inhibitor of the pathogen, whereas Vc showed a little tendency and Vb, Vd, Ve and Vf hardly inhibit the growth.
Seed viability of Jatropha curcas in different fruit maturity stages after storage
Authors: SANTOSO BAMBANG BUDI , BUDIANTO ARIS , ARYANA I.D.P. MULIARTA
Published: July 2014

Santoso BB, Budianto A, Aryana IGPM. 2012.Seedviability ofJatropha curcasindifferentfruitmaturitystagesafterstorage.Nusantara Bioscience 4:113-117.Theeffect of fruit maturity stages and seed storage period to seed viability was investigated. Seedsamples ofWest Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara genotype ofJatropha curcas were collected fromastandof two-year-old trees at anexperimental field. The seed samples obtained were in four different stages of fruit maturity involving early maturity (green fruit),physiological maturity (yellow fruit), over maturity (brownies fruit), and senescence (black-dry fruit). The results showed that fruitmaturityand storage periodhad an influence on the seed viability ofJ. curcas. Thebest fruit maturity stage for seed viability includingseed oil content was found inyellow fruit and brownies fruit.For germination to be preserved, seeds could be stored in the ambientroom storage for at least five months. For the purpose of oil extraction, seed should preferably be stored not more than four monthsunder ambient room conditions.
Physiological response of Moringa oleifera to stigmasterol and chelated zinc
Authors: EL-MOURSI ABDALLA , TALAAT IMAN MAHMOUD , BEKHETA MOHAMED ABDEL-GHANY , EL-DIN KARIMA GAMAL
Published: July 2014

Abstract. El-Moursi A, Talaat IM, Bekheta MA, Gamal El-Din K. 2012. Physiological response of Moringa oleifera to stigmasterol and chelated zinc. Nusantara Bioscience 4: 118-123. Two pot experiments were carried out in the screen of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, during two successive seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011), respectively to study the effect of foliar spray with chelated zinc (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and stigmasterol (50, 100 and 150 mg/L) on growth and chemical constituents of moringa plants (Moringa oleifera). The results indicated that treatment of plants with 300 mg/L chelated zinc or 150 mg/L stigmasterol significantly influenced the vegetative growth of moringa plants. The same treatments also significantly increased total sugars%, total protein%, total phosphorous and microelements contents in the leaves. The changes in the pattern of protein electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) extracted from the newly formed leaves of moringa plants treated with different concentrations of chelated Zinc (Zn) or stigmasterol showed beneficial influences for improving plant growth, leaves quality and quantity.
Impact of rhizobial inoculation and nitrogen utilization in plant growth promotion of maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: SINGH RAMESH K. , MALIK NAMRATA , SINGH SURENDRA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Singh RK, Malik N, Singh S. 2013. Impact of rhizobial inoculation and nitrogen utilization in plant growth promotion of maize (Zea mays L.). Nusantara Bioscience 5: 8-14. During the course of growing population demands, there has been an increasing interest in exploring the possibility of extending the beneficial interaction between cereals and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Endophytes are a group of microorganism that resides mostly in the intercellular space of various parts of plants including cereals. Assessment of plant growth promoting properties of the five-rhizobial strains belonging to α subclass i.e. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli RRE6 and R. undicola RRE36 and those belonging to β subclass i.e. Burkholderia cepacia (RRE3, RRE5, RRE25) was done by growing maize plants inoculated with these strains. Inoculated maize plants showed a significant increase in plant height, root length, shoot and root dry weight over uninoculated control. R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli RRE6 and B. cepacia RRE5 among the α and β-subclass representatives respectively, gave the best inoculation response. Effect of nitrate supplementation upon maize-RRE6 and RRE5 association was also studied and a significant increase in all the growth parameters and colonization ability was recorded when nitrate was present as a supplement over uninoculated control and maize-RRE6 and RRE5 in absence of external nitrate.
Coral disease distribution at Ras Mohammed and the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt
Authors: AMMAR MOHAMMED SHOKRY AHMED , ASHOUR FEKRY , ABDELAZIM HODA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Ammar MSA, Ashour F, Abdelazim H. 2013. Coral disease distribution at Ras Mohammed and the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 35-43. Six sites along the Gulf of Aqaba and Ras Mohammed, Red Sea, Egypt were studied for coral disease distribution relative to environmental stress. These sites are (i) South Taba, (ii) South Nuweiba, (iii) Canyon, (iv) Eel Garden (at Dahab), (v) Shark Observatory and (vi) Yolanda. Number of coral diseases ranges from 6 diseases at site 4 (Eeel Garden) to 12 diseases at site 3 (Canyon). The site having the lowest number of coral diseases (site 4) is characterized by the highest percentage cover of coral diseases (24%). The coral disease atramentous necrosis attained the highest percentage cover in all sites (5, 5, 6, 6, 2 and 3%) in sites 1-6 respectively. A total of 16 diseases were reported being distributed in the following order in sites 1-6: 9, 9, 12, 6, 8 and 7 respectively. The coral disease atramentous necrosis is the most widely distributed one being found in all 6 sites followed by dark spots disease and ulcerative white spots being reported in 5 sites. The disease that is least distributed is the white tips being reported in site 5 only. The most commonly distributed disease (atramentous necrosis) infected six corals in site 1, two corals in site 2, nine corals in site 3, two corals in site 4, five corals in site 5 and five corals in site 6. However, the least commonly distributed disease (white tips) infected only two corals (Acropora humilis and Millepora dichotoma). Site 1, having Cyphastrea serailia being infected with highest number of diseases is characterized by the maximum metal concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni in water and highest metal concentrations for Cu, Zn and Pb in sediments. Site 2, having M. dichotoma being infected with the highest number of diseases, is characterized by the highest Cu concentration in water. Site 4, having fewer number of coral diseases and highest percentage disease cover attained the highest levels of Cd and Ni in sediments.
Changes in growth, hormones levels and essential oil content of Ammi visnaga plants treated with some bioregulators
Authors: TALAAT IMAN M. , KHATTAB HEMMAT I. , AHMED AISHA M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Talaat IM, Khattab HI, Ahmed AM. 2013. Changes in growth, hormones levels and essential oil content of Ammi visnaga plants treated with some bioregulators. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 57-64. The effects of foliar application of different concentrations of amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine) and phenolic acids (trans-cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid) on growth, pigment content, hormones levels and essential oil content of Ammi visnaga L were carried out during two successive seasons. It is clear that foliar application of either amino acids or phenolics significantly promoted the growth parameters in terms of shoot height, fresh and dry biomass, number of branches and number of umbels per plant. The increment of growth parameter was associated with elevated levels of growth promoters (IAA, GA3, total cytokinins) and low level of ABA. The greatest increase in the previously mentioned parameters was measured in plants exposed to different concentrations of phenols particularly in benzoic acid-treated plants. Such effect was concentration dependent. All treatments led to significant increments in seed yield and essential oil content. Moreover, Gas-Liquid Chromatographic analysis revealed that the main identified components of essential oil were 2,2-dimethyl butanoic acid, isobutyl isobutyrate, α-isophorone, thymol, fenchyl acetate, and linalool. Phenolics and amino acids treatments resulted in qualitative differences in these components of oil.
Short Communication: Global warming - Problem with environmental and economical impacts
Authors: RAI SHIVANI M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Rai SM. 2013. Short Communication: Global warming – Problem with environmental and economical impacts. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 102-105. The present article is focused on global warming, which is an important global problem being faced by the humankind. The article discusses about the causes of the global warming, such as green house gases. The earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of solar radiations with small amount of infra red and ultraviolet rays. A part of these radiations is absorbed by green house gases which results into warming of the earth. These radiations increase temperature on the universe and are one of the most important global problems. The efforts from all the countries of the world are required for reduction of emissions of green house gases.
Leaching and heating process as alternative to produce fish protein powder from Kilka (Clupeonella cultiventris caspia)
Authors: RAHMANIFARAH KAVEH , SHABANPOUR BAHAREH , SHAVIKLO AMIR REZA , AALAMI NEHRAN
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Rahmanifarah K, Shabanpour B, Shaviklo AR, Aalami M. 2014. Leaching and heating process as alternative to produce fish protein powder from Kilka (Clupeonella cultiventris caspia). Nusantara Bioscience 6: 1-6. The effect of protein extraction procedures (leached mince and heated suspension) on selected properties of fish protein powder (proximate composition, pH, color, density, viscosity, fat adsorption, emulsifying capacity, emulsifying stability, foaming capacity, foaming stability, WBC, protein solubility in water, hygroscopicity, Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptides and free sulfhydryl groups) was investigated. Results showed that Fish protein powder (FPP) produced by leaching mince (LM) have higher protein, moisture, ash, pH, L*, viscosity, emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity, foam stability, water binding capacity (WBC), protein solubility, hygroscopicity, TCA soluble peptides and free sulfhydryl group content than heated suspension (HS) (P<0.05). However, HS had higher fat and density in comparison with LM (P<0.05). No significant differences between a*, b* and fat adsorption were observed (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that high temperature during heating of suspension in HS method makes possible protein denaturation and aggregation. Consequently, based on functional, chemical and physical properties, extraction of fish protein by leaching process was found to be suitable for the production of fish protein powder.
Uniconazole effect on endogenous hormones, proteins and proline contents of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) under salinity stress (NaCl)
Authors: BAKHETA MOHAMED A. , HUSSEIN MOHAMED M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Bakheta MA, Hussein MM. 2014. Uniconazole effect on endogenous hormones, proteins and proline contents of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) under salinity stress (NaCl). Nusantara Bioscience 6: 39-44. Pot experiments were carried out during two growth seasons 2010/2011 under greenhouse conditions of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt to investigate the response of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L) grown under salinity stress (2500 or 5000 ppm) to spraying with solutions of uniconazole at 150 or 200 ppm. The obtained results showed that irrigation with saline solutions caused increases in the amounts of abscisic acid (ABA), crude protein, total soluble-protein, and proline contents. The results showed that spraying barley plants grown under saline solutions with uniconazole increased endogenous hormone contents of ABA, cytokinins, crude protein, total soluble protein, and proline but caused decreases in the amounts of endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3). High protection of abscisic acid in treating plants with uniconazole and under salt stress (interaction effect) increases proline, proteins and soluble protein which has been proposed to act as compatible solutes that adjust the osmotic potential in the cytoplasm. Thus, these biochemical characters can be used as a metabolic marker in relation to salinity stress.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on productivity of Urtica pilulifera plant
Authors: WAHBA HEND E. , MOTAWE HEMAIA M. , IBRAHIM ABBER Y.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Wahba HE, Motawe HM, Ibrahim AY. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on productivity of Urtica pilulifera plant. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 49-56. Urtica pilulifera L. have been known for a long time as a medicinal plant for treatments of many diseases, but its agricultural studies and chemical composition did not have enough researches. Two field experiments were carried out at the experimental farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University during two successive seasons 2009 and 2010, to study the effect of nitrogen dressing application (Urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate) at different doses (0, 20, 40 and 60 N units/fed.) on growth, yield parameters and chemical composition of Urtica pilulifera plants. The results showed that the application of all nitrogen forms significantly increased the determined parameters as compared to untreated plants and the best treatment was ammonium sulfate at 60 N unit to increase quantitative and qualitative plant production.
Short Communication:Comparisons of isozyme diversity in local Java cardamom (Amomum compactum) and true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
Authors: SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI , WIRYANTO WIRYANTO , SURANTO SURANTO , BERMAWIE NURLIANI , SUDARMONO SUDARMONO
Published: July 2014

Setyawan AD, Wiryanto,Suranto, Bermawie N, Sudarmono. 2014. Comparisons of isozyme diversity in local Java cardamom (Amomum compactum) and true cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). Nusantara Bioscience 6: 94-101.Fruits of Java cardamoms (Amomum compactum) and true cardamoms (Elettaria cardamomum) had long been used as spices, flavoring agent, garnishing plants etc. This research was conducted to find out: (i) variation of isozymic bands in some population of Java cardamoms and true cardamoms; and (ii) phylogenetic relationship of these cardamoms based on variation of isozymic bands. Plant material (i.e. rhizome) of Java cardamoms was collected from Bogor Botanical Garden, and plant material of true cardamoms was gathered from Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia. Ten accessions were assayed in every population. The two isozymic systems was assayed, namely esterase (EST) and peroxidase (PER, PRX). Phylogenetic relationship was determined by UPGMA method. The results showed that esterase gave nine isozymic bands, i.e. Rf 0.15, 0.26, 0.29, 0.33, 0.38, 0.42, 0.45, 0.53, and Rf 0.58., while peroxidase gave 10 isozymic bands, i.e. Rf 0.06, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, 0.29, 0.32, 0.37, 0.41, and Rf 0.46. Relationship dendrogram indicated that the number of data will affect the grouping based on species similarity; and more data was increasingly apparent in groupings; within these groups there were variations among its members.
Democratising the non-profit sector: reconfiguring the state–non-profit sector relationship in the UK
Authors: Elstub Stephen , Poole Lynne
Published: July 2014

This article argues that wherever non-profit organisations fulfil significant publicly funded service delivery roles, they must have an internal democratic structure conducive to ensuring that services are legitimate, accountable and of a high effectiveness and quality. Successive governments in the United Kingdom have adopted strategies that have led to increasing levels of isomorphism, with hierarchical, bureaucratic and private sector governance structures becoming the organisational archetypal norm within the sector, intensifying and strengthening the significant barriers to democratic governance that already exist. An alternative ‘assisted self-reliant complimentarity’ state–non-profit sector relationship that would be more conducive to a democratic governance archetype is advocated.
Familialism and migrant welfare policy: restrictions on social security provision for newly arrived immigrants
Authors: Boucher Anna
Published: July 2014

This article assesses the ways in which expectations around familial reliance are built into welfare policies for newly arrived immigrants. Through analysis of policies in place in Australia and Canada, it shows how familial reliance is tied as a condition of immigration entry, as well as eligibility for social welfare. It demonstrates how these rules differ across welfare benefit and visa categories. Patterns of familialism are heightened in the immigrant welfare setting and apply to a broader range of benefits and familial relationships, than for general welfare receivers, suggesting new extensions to the familialism scholarship.
Managing poverty, managing dissent: homeless politics and collective action in London
Authors: Greene Jonathan
Published: July 2014

This paper explores the relationship between strategies to manage poverty and the mobilisation of collective action. Focusing on the period 1979–93, the paper describes how the British Conservative government employed a combination of supportive and punitive interventions to manage homelessness in London. In the process, the paper finds, the government also effectively managed the mobilisation of collective dissent by containing the disruptive effects of visible homelessness while channelling opposition into conventional routes of political power. The paper integrates recent research on poverty management with insights from social movement theory, and explores the implications of these findings for contemporary homeless politics.
Forward with the people: A linguistic analysis of the imagined community in letters to the Daily Sun
Authors: Smith Jade , Adendorff Ralph
Published: July 2014

In an attempt to obtain linguistic evidence for the ‘imagined community’, this article investigates the bonds that are created in twenty letters to the editor of the Daily Sun, a popular South African tabloid. A concordancer is used to establish shared concerns across the corpus, following which an appraisal analysis of these letters shows how the imagined community attempts to align its audience around common evaluations of their experiences. These evaluations represent the bonds around which community identities are constructed and are evidence of the shared feelings that unite the communities of readership. The ways in which community members view their group cohesion are revealed by inferences drawn from the appraisal information. Main findings show that the Daily Sun community values a good education for the youth, and is dissatisfied with the government and political leaders. The choices made by the writers also expose the advisory nature of the tabloid’s community.
La Formación de Profesores de Historia: los Estudiantes como Grupo Social
Authors: Pipkin Diana
Published: July 2014

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Calidad Bacteriológica y Relación entre Grupos Bacterianos en Leche de Tanque de Frío
Authors: Molineri A. I. , Signorini M. L. , Cuatrin A. L. , Canavesio V. R. , Neder V. E. , Russi N. B. , Bonazza J. C. , Calvinho L. F.
Published: July 2014

El objetivo fue caracterizar la calidad bacteriológica de la leche de tanque producida en 27establecimientos lecheros ubicados en diferentes cuencas lecheras de Argentina y determinar lacorrelación entre los grupos bacterianos analizados. Se tomaron muestras de leche de tanque a lascuales se les realizó el recuento de mesófilos totales (RMT), coliformes (RCT), termodúricos (ROT),psicrotrofos totales, proteolíticos y lipolíticos, detección de Salmonella spp. y Escherichia coli. Lacorrelación entre el recuento de los microorganismos asociados con fuentes de contaminación fuebaja. Una alta proporción de las muestras presentaron RMT (64,4%), RCT (30,3%) y ROT (49,4%)que excedieron los valores para una leche de buena calidad microbiológica. El 1,1% superó losvalores de RMT fijados en la actualidad por el CAA. No se aisló Salmonella spp., aunque la mitadde las muestras fueron positivas para E. coli. Dada la diversidad bacteriana contaminante presenteen la leche almacenada en tanques de frío, deben examinarse varios grupos bacterianos en conjuntopara realizar un diagnóstico y determinar las fuentes potenciales de contaminación y de esta formarealizar las acciones para remediar las desviaciones.
A multiplicity result for the scalar field equation
Authors: Perera Kanishka
Published: July 2014

We prove the existence of N - 1 distinct pairs of nontrivial solutions of the scalar field equation in ℝ
N
under a slow decay condition on the potential near infinity, without any symmetry assumptions. Our result gives more solutions than the existing results in the literature when N ≥ 6. When the ground state is the only positive solution, we also obtain the stronger result that at least N - 1 of the first N minimax levels are critical, i.e., we locate our solutions on particular energy levels with variational characterizations. Finally we prove a symmetry breaking result when the potential is radial. To overcome the difficulties arising from the lack of compactness we use the concentration compactness principle of Lions, expressed as a suitable profile decomposition for critical sequences.
Undivide and Conquer: On Selling a Divisible and Homogeneous Good
Authors: Levy Omer , Smorodinsky Rann , Tennenholtz Moshe
Published: July 2014

With the prevalence of cloud computing emerges the challenges of pricing cloud computing services. There are various characteristics of cloud computing which make the problem unique. We study an abstract model which focuses on one such aspect – the sale of a homogeneous and fully divisible good. We cast onto our model the idea of bundling, studied within the context of monopolist pricing of indivisible goods. We demonstrate how selling a divisible good as an indivisible one may increase seller revenues and characterize when this phenomenon occurs, and the corresponding gain factors.
Adaptive Nonconforming Finite Element Approximation of Eigenvalue Clusters
Authors: Gallistl Dietmar
Published: July 2014

This paper analyses an adaptive
nonconforming finite element method for eigenvalue clusters
of self-adjoint operators and proves optimal convergence
rates (with respect to the concept of nonlinear approximation
classes) for the approximation of the invariant subspace
spanned by the eigenfunctions of the eigenvalue cluster.
Applications include eigenvalues of the Laplacian and of the Stokes system.
The role of leukotriene receptor antagonists in exercise induced bronchoconstriction in children
Authors: Roche Adam , Ahmareen Oneza , Healy Fiona
Published: July 2014

Exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) may complicate childhood asthma. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), such as montelukast, may be beneficial in protecting against EIB. Our aim was to systematically review the role of LTRAs in the treatment of asthmas complicated by exercise induced bronchoconstriction and to assess various clinical factors which may influence the therapeutic outcome. Electronic searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed, CENTRAL, and the US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trial database. Following selection according to clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria and in accordance with the PRISMA statement; 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of montelukast as monotherapy or add-on therapy in childhood asthma and 2 review articles were analysed in this systematic review. Treatment with LTRAs provides protection from EIB, when used as both monotherapy and add-on therapy. However, disease variables and aetiological factors may impact on the extent of clinical improvement. Genetic variability may influence leukotriene production and subsequent response to LTRAs. This issue could be addressed in further studies.
Stability analysis of penetrative convection in anisotropic porous media with variable permeability
Authors: Harfash Akil J.
Published: July 2014

In this paper
we study the penetrative convection in an anisotropic porous medium, for fluids with quadratic density law with the anisotropic permeability and thermal diffusivity effects. Both linear instability and global non-linear energy stability analyses are tested using a three-dimensional simulation. Our
results show that the linear threshold accurately predicts on the onset of instability in the basic steady state. However, the required time to arrive at the steady state increases significantly as the Rayleigh number tends to the linear threshold.
Group contribution modeling of viscosity during urethane reaction
Authors: Fu Zhong , Suppes Galen J.
Published: July 2014

Based on experimental viscosity data collected from single material and binary system mixtures, a group contribution method was introduced to estimate viscosities of a range of polyol oligomers and urethane polymers at temperatures from 25 to 150°C. Use of mixture rules then extends the estimation method to multi-component reacting systems. Mixture viscosity data were used to determine the Gibbs free energy (G) in the Grundberg-Nissan equation which can be used to estimate mixture viscosities with correction for some non-idealities. The resulting model is able to accurately predict mixture viscosities based on binary interaction. The goal of this work is to estimate the viscosities of urethane-forming reactions; accurate viscosity information is critical as an intermediate step to predict how successful a foam formulation would be and to ultimately estimate the final physical properties of the foam.
Wiring prior to firing: the evolutionary rise of electrical and chemical modes of synaptic transmission
Authors: Ovsepian Saak V. , Vesselkin Nikolai P.
Published: July 2014

Paracrine signaling and coupling via intercellular conduits are widely utilized for cell-cell interactions from primitive eukaryotes to advanced metazoa. Here, we review the functional and molecular data suggestive of a phylogenic continuum between these primeval forms of communication with the chemical and electrical synaptic transmission of neurons. We discuss selective evidence for the essential role played by the shift of function in early cellular morphologies and protosynaptic scaffolds, with their co-optation for new functionality, which ultimately lead to the rise of the chemical synapse. It is proposed that, rather than representing a transitional element, mixed electrochemical synapses exemplify an exaptive effect. The nonadaptive model of the synaptic origin described herein supports the pluralistic hypothesis of evolutionary change.