bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem and Promise of Commentary
Authors: Anderson Bernhard W.
Published: October 2011

A good commentary will protect against arbitrary interpretation by exposing its user to the larger community of interpretation where private views are checked, enriched, corrected, and deepened.
Justice
Authors: Mays James Luther
Published: October 2011

When the theological and moral structure of the prophets' speech about justice is understood, their sayings take on resonance with the actualities of our society.
Were the English Puritans “the Saints of the Most High”?
Authors: Towner W. Sibley
Published: October 2011

A text is truly interpreted when both text and interpretation are understood in an analogical relationship to a larger reality.
Jeremiah in the Lectionary
Authors: Raitt Thomas M.
Published: October 2011

When texts from Jeremiah that appear in the lectionary passages are read in conjunction with the accompanying New Testament texts, Jeremiah functions anew as an interpreter of God's Word, providing illumination unavailable to an interpretation of the passages taken by themselves.
Story and Eucharist
Authors: Sykes S. W.
Published: October 2011

Unless the integral relation between the Eucharist and the performance of a public narrative memorial is observed, the sacrificial dimension of the Eucharist can only be misunderstood.
The Design and Themes of Ezekiel's Program of Restoration
Authors: Greenberg Moshe
Published: October 2011

Although Ezekiel's vision of the return and resettlement of Israel in postexilic times had no effect on subsequent events, his prescriptions for those events display his lofty conception of a prophet's responsibility in an age of ruin.
Paul and Apocalyptic Theology
Authors: Keck Leander E
Published: October 2011

Paul s interpretation of the Christ event, thoroughly apocalyptic in tone, nevertheless reflects the creative transformation of Christian tradition and experience to be found everywhere in his letters
Paul and Judaism
Authors: Donfried Karl Paul
Published: October 2011

Awareness of the apocalyptic dimensions of Paul's theology enables the interpreter to deal satisfactorily with passages that otherwise appear to contradict one another
Søren Kierkegaard, Exegete
Authors: Fishburn Jan Forsythe
Published: October 2011

In response to the search for the factually true or historically probable elements in the Bible that influenced the interpretation of his day, Kierkegaard persisted in seeking the truth in Scripture through imaginative and total immersion in its content.
John Wesley and the Wholeness of Scripture
Authors: Smith Timothy L
Published: October 2011

In an age of enlightenment, Wesley made the plain teachings of the Bible the foundation of the Christian faith and judged insufficient any Christian experience whose content was not founded in Scripture
John Wyclif and the Hermeneutics of Reader Response
Authors: Jeffrey David Lyn
Published: October 2011

In a fashion that might have surprised him, Wyclif s principles of interpretation anticipate and interact with the hermeneutical reflections of our own time.
Some Theological Implications of the Holocaust
Authors: Sloyan Gerard S.
Published: October 2011

Auschwitz shattered forever the liberal dream of an ultimately perfectible humanity, revealing human sin in all its horrifying possibilities but also revealing the universality of grace.
Job and the Pharisees
Authors: Gorringe Timothy J.
Published: October 2011

The concern to learn and profit from the past experience of exile and restoration and to implement the command “Be holy as I am holy” underlies both the dialogue of Job and later Pharisaic theology; to reflect on one is to clarify the other.
A Man for All Seasons
Authors: Bassler Jouette M.
Published: October 2011

The rabbis found a measure of David's importance in the importance of his son Solomon, and an echo of that same sentiment is also at work in the New Testament traditions about David's messianic son.
The Theology of Revelation
Authors: Boring M.Eugene
Published: October 2011

The representative summary of John's theology is the hymnic word drawn from the heavenly worship in which the church of that day—and ours—is invited to join: “Alleluiah! The Lord our God the Almighty reigns.”
Preaching the Book of Revelation
Authors: Craddock Fred B.
Published: October 2011

Revelation, primarily a liturgical book, invites its readers to sing, to pray, and to praise God; and those who attempt to preach or teach its themes apart from a liturgical setting rob it of much of its power.
The Problem of the Absoluteness of Christianity
Authors: Braaten Carle E.
Published: October 2011

The absoluteness of Christianity is a predicate of the God of the eschatological kingdom proclaimed by Jesus, a kingdom embracing the power of a universal future which also includes the entire sweep of the history of religions.
Christianity and World Religions
Authors: Perkins Pheme
Published: October 2011

The claim of the early church is one that the creative and saving power of God, embodied in the Lord Jesus, calls into being a community which is always trying to live out the implications of the divine refusal to accept cultural, ethnic, political, or other boundaries.
Religious Pluralism and Early Christian Theology
Authors: Wilken Robert L.
Published: October 2011

Early Christians understood that not every way to God is sound or elevating, that some forms of religion set our hearts on lesser goods, some teach us to honor and venerate improper objects, some abase rather than uplift.
Liberation Theology's Use of Scripture
Authors: Gudorf Christine E.
Published: October 2011

Because critics of liberation theology have failed to note the existence of alternative contexts for doing theology, they do not recognize alternative ways of testing theological truth.
Death in the Community of Eternal Life
Authors: Schneiders Sandra M.
Published: October 2011

In the story of Lazarus, Christian readers are invited and enabled to integrate the fear-inducing experience of death, that of loved ones and their own, into their faith vision.
The Place, Structure, and Meaning of the Sermon on the Mount Within Matthew
Authors: Kingsbury Jack Dean
Published: October 2011

For disciples who live in the sphere where God rules through the risen Jesus, doing the greater righteousness is the normal order of things.
The Sermon on the Mount as Radical Pastoral Care
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2011

As the expression of God's radical pastoral care, the Sermon on the Mount can only be interpreted as communities of Christians attempt to live it.
Plumbing the Riches
Authors: Achtemeier Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Hearing the words of Deuteronomy, the preacher is called to make clear what it means to be God's covenant community and to live according to his will rather than the dictates of the surrounding culture.
Wealth and Poverty in the Early Church
Authors: Weaver Rebecca H.
Published: October 2011

The early church did not provide us with any normative statement on wealth and poverty, but it did give us clear witness to the hazards of wealth and to the abiding necessity of alms for the poor.
The Johannine World for Preachers
Authors: Brown Raymond E.
Published: October 2011

The readers/hearers of the Fourth Gospel are not meant simply to learn from its scenes; they must encounter Jesus and be challenged by him, so they are led to perceive God's ways rather than fitting Jesus into their own preconceived needs.
Climbing Out of a Swamp
Authors: Pinnock Clark H.
Published: October 2011

The lesson to be learned here is the principle of allowing the Bible to say what it wants to say and not impose our imperialistic agendas onto it; our exegesis ought to let the text speak and the chips fall where they may.
The Place of the Decalogue in the Old Testament and Its Law
Authors: Miller Patrick D.
Published: October 2011

In the Decalogue, a foundation is laid for the order of the community, a foundation that continues in perpetuity to be the touchstone for all actions on the part of God's people as they seek to live in community and order their lives.
To Live or Die
Authors: Dailea Thomas F.
Published: October 2011

Despite our ignorance about exact details concerning life beyond the grave, Paul assures his readers, as he assures himself, that oui being with Christ now in faith will be fundamentally continued and intensified after death
The Transition from Death to Life
Authors: Greer Rowan A.
Published: October 2011

Responding to the complicated conditions produced by both the Constantinian Revolution and the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, Augustine concerned himself not so much with “earthly transitions” as with the only transition that he believed had final significance: the transition of Christ from death to life.
Challenges and Responses in the Reformation
Authors: Nestingen James Arne
Published: October 2011

Discernible in the fierce struggles attending the Reformation is the manner in which the Reformers and three great ecclesiastical movements—Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Catholicism—responded to the religious, moral, and political challenges of the age
Latin America
Authors: Shaull Richard
Published: October 2011

As poor people in Latin America rapidly emerge as a new social class, they are creating a new situation that calls for the church to become a “church of the poor.”
Up from the Grassroots
Authors: Junkin Edward Dixon
Published: October 2011

Our task is to work for a church of the people in which people are no longer the object of patronizing treatment but the subject of their own history before God. 1
The Prophetic Word of God and History
Authors: Brueggemann Walter
Published: October 2011

Presently, there are two views of human history vying for our allegiance. The one is grounded in the Enlightenment and insists that history is a closed process whose course is determined by the dictum that “might makes right.” The other view is that of supernaturalism, which regards every event in history as a direct act of God. Challenging both of these views is the prophetic construal of history. This construal dares to identify extraordinary human events—the promise of Isaac to Abraham and Sarah, the exodus, the pronouncements of Israel's great prophets, and the ministry of Jesus—as acts of God. Such extraordinary events have the power to free us to speak of God as enacting “newness” also in our time.
The Pharisee and the Tax Collector
Authors: Holmgren Fredrick C.
Published: October 2011

In the parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector, Jesus trades in the language of hyperbole: The Pharisee and the tax collector are both caricatures of a particular way of responding to God. In itself each of these ways is not without its legitimacy. Nevertheless, the reason the Pharisee incurs God's disapproval in Jesus9 parable has to do with his misuse of religious tradition: Keeping the tradition becomes the means by which he exalts himself over others. Still, the tax collector, too, can stand as a warning: Lamenting one's sins, if it does not lead to commensurate action, merely becomes an exercise in cheap grace.
Toward a Narrative-Critical Understanding of Luke
Authors: Allan Powell Mark
Published: October 2011

To ascertain the theology of the Gospels lies within the purview of both narrative and historical criticism, and narrative criticism also obligates the interpreter to deal with historical questions. To say this, however, is not to deny the distinctiveness of each method. Each method poses different questions, pursues different goals, and obtains different results. To observe this, one may note how each deals with such major questions as the purpose of Luke's Gospel, the role Luke's infancy narrative plays within his story, and the relationship of Luke's Gospel to Acts.
The Plot of Luke's Story of Jesus
Authors: Kingsbury Jack Dean
Published: October 2011

In the story of Luke's Gospel, the primary conflict at the human level is that between Jesus and the religious authorities. This conflict, while it reaches its culmination in the death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus, comes to its head in the episode of Jesus on the cross. Whereas the authorities believe that Jesus' death vindicates them as Israel's rightful rulers, the reader knows that, ironically, the cross is the place where Jesus is at once publicly proclaimed as Israel's Messiah-King and anticipates the onset of his glorious reign of salvation.
The Social Context of Luke's Community
Authors: Moxnes Halvor
Published: October 2011

Apparently, the social situation in which Luke's community lived was that of an urban setting in the Eastern Mediterranean. This situation was shaped by the honor and patronage culture of the Hellenistic city. At the heart of the Lukan community's ethos lay its common meals. The purpose of these meals was dual: On the one hand, they forged a common identity for a socially and ethnically diverse group of Christians; on the other hand, they functioned as a criticism of urban culture.
The Future of Nature
Authors: Towner W. Sibley
Published: October 2011

Bible and biology agree: Human beings cast the biggest shadow over the future of nature. At the end of the millennium we face a choice: We can continue to overuse and exploit our ecosphere or we can exercise tender “dominion” in the world, as God's agents here.
The Birth of a Journal
Authors: Miller Donald G.
Published: October 2011

As we conceived of Interpretation, we had no interest in merely launching another journal; in providing another channel of literary expression; or in creating another public relations medium for the purpose of making Union Theological Seminary more widely known. No, we designed Interpretation to have a mission. Our aim was to create a medium through which the church would understand more fully its nature as the body of Christ giving expression to the will of its head.
Kingdom and Cross
Authors: Cahill Lisa Sowie
Published: October 2011

The Bible guides Christian ethics by showing how Jesus and early Christianity transformed the moral conventions of first-century Greco-Roman society by making them more inclusive and compassionate. This is the one side of the coin. The other side, however, is that the Bible also attests to the problem of the existence of evil and suffering in human life. In Paul's theology of cross and resurrection, Christian ethicists confront the ineradicable nature of this problem and the need to identify with those who must suffer.
“Because the Whole Earth is Mine”
Authors: Fretheim Terence E.
Published: October 2011

The lens through which one may view the entire Book of Exodus is the speech God utters in 19:3–6. Indeed, it has been said that in the whole tradition of Moses, this is very likely the most programmatic speech we have for Israelite faith.
The Jagged Cliffs of Mount Sinai
Authors: Olson Dennis T.
Published: October 2011

Scholars often attempt to explain away the tensions and jagged edges the reader can observe in the text and thought-world of the Book of the Covenant. If one works with these tensions, however, one stands to gain profound insight into the ethics and theology of this book.
Re-Forming a Sloppy Center by and with Grace
Authors: Jacobsen Douglas
Published: October 2011

Contrary to widespread opinion, American Protestantism today is more complex and vibrant than the conventional model of liberal versus conservative would indicate. A center is indeed emerging, and its key lies on the periphery.
The Portrait of Balaam in Numbers 22–24
Authors: Barré Michael L.
Published: October 2011

Balaam is not presented favorably in most biblical texts that allude to him. One notable exception is the Balaam story (Numbers 22–24) and—outside the Bible—a recently discovered Aramaic inscription. The author of Numbers goes so far as to portray this non-Israelite not only as a believer, but even as a prophet of Yahweh.
The Death of Jesus and the Ways of God
Authors: Green Joel B.
Published: October 2011

Jesus' mission to revitalize Israel brought him into conflict with Roman and Jewish leaders, and to a shameful death by crucifixion. So he died as he had lived: committed to the ways of God, he rejected the quest for power and status. His followers were thus able to hold together his elevated status as Messiah and his scandalous death on a cross.
Christ Takes Our Place
Authors: Placher William C.
Published: October 2011

Contemporary challenges—feminist and others—force us to rethink traditional doctrines of the atonement. Although René Girard and Jon Levenson open interesting avenues of interpretation, precisely how Christ takes the place of sinners and thereby saves us remains to be explained.
Atonement and the Christian Life
Authors: Duff Nancy J.
Published: October 2011

Once the prophetic office of Christ is understood as the apocalypse of God's act of reconciliation, employing the threefold office to interpret the atonement preserves the tenets of classical Christian dogma while addressing important issues raised by feminist and womanist theologians.
The Atonement
Authors: Brown Charles E.
Published: October 2011

Whether the redeeming activity of God can be an intelligible and compelling reality in a postmodern society represents a profound challenge to the Christian church. By paying attention to evil as an abuse of power, the church may be able to present and embody a rehabilitated Christus Victor view of the atonement to a radically suspicious postmodern society.
Christ's Coming and Christian Living
Authors: Sleeper C. Freeman
Published: October 2011

The New Testament relates the expectation of Jesus9 return to the Christian moral life. Attempts to predict the End are pointless, and Christians are summoned to patient confidence in a sovereign God and to perseverance in the face of evil.
“A Sharp Two-edged Sword”
Authors: Charry Ellen T.
Published: October 2011

Clarity seems to be a constant feature of apocalyptic. On closer examination, biblical precedent suggests that apocalyptic speaks with a two-edged sword. Both the tyrant to be toppled by the in-breaking of God's reign and the tortured faithful seeking release are called to account before the bar of rigorous loyalty to God.
The Patience of Job and the Patience of Jesus
Authors: Garrett Susan R.
Published: October 2011

In New Testament times, Job was considered a model of “steadfastness.” Job persevered by looking ahead to God's salvation. New Testament authors similarly portrayed Jesus as one who stood fast in time of trial, even unto death, thereby breaking the power of sin and strengthening Christians to standfast in their own trials.
The Wisdom of Irreverence
Authors: Dailey Thomas F.
Published: October 2011

Job's search for God anticipates the quest for authentic spirituality amid the collective disillusionment and anxiety shared by Generation X. Indeed, the figure of Job as sage offers all of us a model in the painful search for meaningful life.
Justice as the Cornerstone
Authors: Douglas Mary
Published: October 2011

Leviticus has an edifice complex. Reflecting the architecture of the tabernacle, the book is much more than a stern recitation of the dangers of impurity. With chapter 19 as its apex, Leviticus is about justice and love in the community of faith. Indeed, its relevance in Jesus' ministry may surprise Christians.
The Quest for Holiness in American Protestantism
Authors: Moorhead James H.
Published: October 2011

Three images of holiness have, at different times, enjoyed wide currency among American Protestants: holiness as pilgrimage, holiness as perfection, and holiness as pentecostal outpouring. Since the colonial era, confidence in the attainment of holiness has grown dramatically. Yet such assurance has not been matched by equal agreement on the content of the holy life.
Biologic Mechanisms of Oral Cancer Pain and Implications for Clinical Therapy
Authors: Viet C.T. , Schmidt B.L.
Published: October 2011

Cancer pain is an ever-present public health concern. With innovations in treatment, cancer patients are surviving longer, but uncontrollable pain creates a poor quality of life for these patients. Oral cancer is unique in that it causes intense pain at the primary site and significantly impairs speech, swallowing, and masticatory functions. We propose that oral cancer pain has underlying biologic mechanisms that are generated within the cancer microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of key mediators that control cross-talk between the cancer and peripheral nervous system, and possible interventions, underlies effective cancer pain management. The purpose of this review is to explore the current studies on oral cancer pain and their implications in clinical management for cancer pain in general. Furthermore, we will explore the endogenous opioid systems and novel cancer pain therapeutics that target these systems, which could solve the issue of opiate tolerance and improve quality of life in oral cancer patients.
Metacognitive Strategy Use of Eighth-Grade Students With and Without Learning Disabilities During Mathematical Problem Solving
Authors: Rosenzweig Carly , Krawec Jennifer , Montague Marjorie
Published: October 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the metacognitive abilities of students with LD as they engage in math problem solving and to determine processing differences between these students and their low- and average-achieving peers ( n = 73). Students thought out loud as they solved three math problems of increasing difficulty. Protocols were coded and analyzed to determine frequency of cognitive verbalizations and productive and nonproductive metacognitive verbalizations. Results indicated different patterns of metacognitive activity for ability groups when type of metacognitive verbalization and problem difficulty were considered. Implications for instruction are discussed.
Practical Guide to Choosing an Appropriate Data Display
Authors: Paniello Randal C. , Neely J. Gail , Rich Jason T. , Slattery Eric L. , Voelker Courtney C. J.
Published: October 2011

The primary objective of graphing research data is to communicate key information visually in a rapid, accurate, and concise way. Graphs might be considered visual take‐home lessons of the major point(s) of the manuscript. In choosing a graph, it is tempting to concentrate only on ways of illustrating summary statements characterizing the group(s). However, individual patients are unique, and their characteristics or outcomes may not be predicted by a group summary. Consequently, if possible, graphs should demonstrate individual responses as well as group summaries. “Graphical literacy,” “graphical excellence,” and “graphical acumen” are achievable with work and collaboration. To produce a well‐designed graph, a combination of by‐subject detail and overall results should be the goal within the same illustration. The practice gap addressed in this article is that little attention from authors, reviewers, editors, and publishers seems to be paid to graphical literacy. The purpose of this article is to present some practical guidelines for choosing or evaluating more appropriate data displays.
Prone and ECMO – a contradiction per se?
Authors: Litmathe J , Sucker C , Easo J , Wigger L , Dapunt O
Published: October 2011

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) still represents a serious problem in clinical routine and is associated with a high mortality. Several concepts are known for special treatment, but, in some instances, the application of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is necessary for both the improvement of oxygenation and the elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2). One basic aspect in lung protective ventilation in this context is alveolar recruitment, which can be achieved by different approaches, such as “the open lung concept”, according to Lachmann, or by additional kinetic therapy. The most exposed feature of this entity is ‘prone’, which may be quite challenging in patients requiring extracorporeal support or organ replacement therapy under ongoing critical illness.

We report two outstanding cases of prone under conditions of a veno-venous ECMO therapy which improved significantly under this position. Furthermore, we reflect critically possible risk factors and adverse events of such procedures and afford a current view from the literature.
Measures of sensation in neurological conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Connell LA , Tyson SF
Published: October 2011

Objective: To systematically review the psychometric properties and clinical utility of measures of sensation in neurological conditions to inform future research studies and clinical practice.

Data sources: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and AMED) were searched from their inception to December 2010.

Review methods: Search terms were used to identify articles that investigated any sensory measures in neurological conditions. Data about their psychometric properties and clinical utility were extracted and analyzed independently. The strength of the psychometric properties and clinical utility were assessed following recommendations. 1

Results: Sixteen sensory measures were identified. Inter-rater reliability and redundancy of testing protocols are particular issues for this area of assessment. Eleven were rejected because they were not available for a researcher or clinician to use. Of the remaining five measures, the Erasmus MC modifications of the Nottingham Sensory Assessment and the Sensory section of the Fugl–Meyer Assessment showed the best balance of clinical utility and psychometric properties.

Conclusion: Many measures of sensory impairment have been used in research but few have been fully developed to produce robust data and be easy to use. At present, the sensory section of the Fugl–Meyer Assessment and the Erasmus MC modifications of the Nottingham Sensory Assessment show the most effective balance of usability and robustness, when delivered according to the operating instructions.
Effects of treadmill training with optic flow on balance and gait in individuals following stroke: randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kang Hyung-Kyu , Kim Young , Chung Yijung , Hwang Sujin
Published: October 2011

Objective: This study examined the effects of treadmill training with optic flow on the functional recovery of balance and gait in stroke patients.

Design: Randomized controlled experimental study.

Participants: Thirty patients following stroke were divided randomly into the treadmill with optic flow group ( n = 10), treadmill group ( n = 10) and control group ( n = 10).

Interventions: The subjects in the experimental group wore a head-mounted display to receive speed-modulated optic flow during treadmill training for 30 minutes, while those in the treadmill group and control group received treadmill training and regular therapy for the same time, three times a week for four weeks.

Main measures: The data were collected using timed up-and-go test, functional reach test, 10-m walk test, and six-minute walk test before and after treatment.

Results: The timed up-and-go test in the treadmill with optic flow group (5.55 ± 2.04) improved significantly greater than the treadmill (1.50 ± 0.93) and control (0.40 ± 0.84) groups. The functional reach test in the treadmill with optic flow group (2.78 ± 1.44) was significantly higher than the control group (0.20 ± 0.16) only. The gait velocity in the treadmill with optic flow group (0.21 ± 0.06) showed a significant decrease compared to the treadmill (0.03 ± 0.02) and control (0.01 ± 0.02) groups. Finally, the six-minute walk test in the treadmill with optic flow group (24.49 ± 11.00) showed significant improvement compared to the treadmill training (4.65 ± 3.25) and control (1.79 ± 3.08) groups.

Conclusion: Treadmill using optic flow speed modulation improves the balance and gait significantly in patients with stroke who are able to participate in physical gait training.
An early botulinum toxin A treatment in subacute stroke patients may prevent a disabling finger flexor stiffness six months later: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hesse S , Mach H , Fröhlich S , Behrend S , Werner C , Melzer I
Published: October 2011

Objective: The study asked whether an early botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection in subacute stroke patients may prevent a disabling finger flexor stiffness six months later.

Design: Single-blind, randomized pilot study.

Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation centre.

Subjects: Eighteen stroke patients, interval 4–6 weeks, non-functional arm, Fugl-Meyer arm score (0–66) <20, beginning elevated finger flexor tone, randomly allocated to group A or B.

Interventions: In group A patients 150 units BTX-A (Xeomin) injected into the deep and superficial finger (100 units) and wrist flexors (50 units), no injection in group B patients. Comprehensive rehabilitation in both groups.

Main measures: Primary variable was the Modified Ashworth Scale score (0–5) of the finger flexors; secondary variables were whole arm muscle tone with REPAS (a summary rating scale for resistance to passive movement), its motor control with the Fugl-Meyer arm score, and a disability scale, blindly assessed at T0 (start), T1 (four weeks) and T6 (six months).

Results: Homogeneous groups at T0. Significantly less finger flexor stiffness in the BTX-A group at T1 and T6, the mean (SD) Modified Ashworth Scale scores in group A (B) were: 1.7 ± 0.5 (1.6 ± 0.5) at T0; 0.4 ± 0.5 (1.9 ± 0.7) at T1; and 1.4 ± 0.7 (2.4 ± 0.9) at T6. Among the secondary measures, the disability score, namely the items pain and passive nail trimming, was lower in group A at T1 and T6.

Conclusions: The results indicate an effect of early BTX-A injection on finger flexor stiffness six months later, presumably attributable to a reduced contracture development. Effect size calculation suggests inclusion of at least 17 patients per group excluding drop-outs in a warranted placebo-controlled trial.
The Gene or Not the Gene—That Is the Question
Authors: Sellers R. S.
Published: October 2011

Embryonic stem cells have had a significant impact on understanding gene function and gene interactions through the use of genetically engineered mice. However, the genetic context (ie, mouse strain) in which these modifications in alleles are made may have a considerable effect on the phenotypic changes identified in these mice. In addition, tissue- and time-specific gene expression systems may generate unanticipated outcomes. This article discusses the history of embryonic stem cells, reviews how mouse strain can affect phenotype (using specific examples), and examines some of the caveats of conditional gene expression systems.
Thai Nurses’ Experience of Caring for Persons Who Had a Peaceful Death in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Kongsuwan Waraporn
Published: October 2011

This phenomenological study describes the lived experience of caring for persons who had a peaceful death in the intensive care units. Ten intensive care nurses in south Thailand participated in individual interviews. Van Manen’s approach was utilized to synthesize data. The lived experience of Thai nurses caring for persons who had a peaceful death is: understanding the other through valuing experience and enhancing relationships with others by recognizing time is short and is a priority. Boykin and Schoenhofer’s theory of nursing as caring provided the theoretical lens for interpreting the meaning of the phenomenon.
The Beauty of the Moment
Authors: Peterson-Lund Robin
Published: October 2011

Time is an enigmatic concept, that despite considerable attention by philosophers and scientists, remains poorly understood by nurses. After a brief discussion of the general literature on time, the author discusses Parse’s humanbecoming school of thought and the Lakota Native American view of time and related concepts. Implications for nursing are discussed.
The Adaptive Nature of Memory and Its Illusions
Authors: Howe Mark L.
Published: October 2011

In this article I discuss how false memories do not always have to be associated with negative outcomes. Indeed, under some circumstances, memory illusions, like other illusions more generally, can have positive consequences. I discuss these consequences in the context of the adaptive function of memory, including how false memories can have fitness-relevant benefits for subsequent behavior and problem solving. My hope is that this article changes how illusions are conceptualized, especially those arising from memory. Rather than being a “demon” that vexes our theories of memory, illusions can be thought of as sometimes having positive consequences much in the same way as many of the other outputs of a very powerful, adaptive memory system.
Preventing Recovery From Extinction and Relapse
Authors: Miller Ralph R. , Laborda Mario A.
Published: October 2011

When a cue ( X) and an outcome are paired, X comes to elicit responding similar to that elicited by the outcome. This potential is lessened if X is later presented by itself (i.e., experimental extinction). Extinction is interesting both for theoretical reasons and because it is a model for exposure therapy, which is used to treat numerous psychological disorders. Conventionally, extinction has been viewed as an isolated phenomenon unrelated to other response-attenuating treatments, whereas it is actually but one of several instances of associative interference that reduce conditioned responding. Although much has been learned about extinction from direct study, the larger associative-interference literature provides additional insight. Here we view extinction as new learning that is inconsistent with previously acquired knowledge (i.e., retroactive outcome interference). We provide an account of whether the acquisition or extinction memory will be expressed depending on the relative strengths of these two memories and the relative efficacies of their respective retrieval cues.
Deliberate Practice
Authors: Campitelli Guillermo , Gobet Fernand
Published: October 2011

Deliberate practice (DP) occurs when an individual intentionally repeats an activity in order to improve performance. The claim of the DP framework is that such behavior is necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance. The proponents of the framework reject evidence that suggests that other variables are also necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance, or they claim that the relationship between those variables and expert performance is mediated by DP. Therefore, the DP framework also implies that DP is sufficient to achieve high levels of expert performance. We test these claims by reviewing studies on chess expertise. We found strong evidence that abundant DP is necessary (but not sufficient) and estimated that the minimum requirement to achieve master level is 3,000 hours of DP. We also review evidence showing that other factors play a role in chess skill: general cognitive abilities, sensitive period, handedness, and season of birth.
Wiping the Slate Clean
Authors: Lee Spike W. S. , Schwarz Norbert
Published: October 2011

Cleaning one’s hands removes more than physical contaminants; it also removes residues of the past—from the guilt of past transgressions to doubts about past decisions. We review recent evidence for these and other clean-slate effects from the perspectives of neural reuse, grounded cognition, and conceptual metaphor; discuss their implications; and suggest promising future directions.
Selective Mutism
Authors: Ponzurick Joan M.
Published: October 2011

The school nurse plays a pivotal role in the assessment and treatment of selective mutism (SM), a rare disorder found in elementary school children. Due to anxiety, children with SM do not speak in uncomfortable situations, primarily the school setting. Diagnosis of SM is often missed in the formative years because the child does speak at home. Early diagnosis and treatment provide the key to addressing this rare disorder. The school nurse plays a critical role as a member of the Instructional Support Team (IST). The school nurse, as team liaison, provides communication between parents, school staff, and medical personnel. School nurses make a difference by advocating for the child with SM and possessing the necessary knowledge to effectively intervene. This article discusses a team approach to the assessment and treatment of SM and the role of the school nurse in the school setting.
Support for Nuclear Energy in the Context of Climate Change
Authors: Pampel Fred C.
Published: October 2011

The relatively low carbon impact of nuclear power plants and the concern over global warming have renewed both interest in and controversy over expanding nuclear energy. This study uses survey data from nations of the European Union to examine sociodemographic differences among individuals and national differences in levels and processes of support for nuclear energy. Results based on multilevel models for 27 to 29 European nations reveal relatively low support for nuclear energy, even among those concerned about climate change, but consistent patterns of determinants. At the individual level, high socioeconomic status tends to increase support for nuclear energy. At the national level, the presence of operating nuclear power plants in a country leads to higher public support. Both these results more strongly support arguments focusing on the importance of familiarity with the technology than arguments focusing on postmaterialist values. In addition, rightist political views increase support for nuclear energy, but political divisions prove particularly important in high-income nations with postmaterialist values.
Theoretical Articulation on Immigration and Crime
Authors: Thomas Pedro M.
Published: October 2011

This article reviews the contributions of social disorganization, cultural, and strain perspectives to criminological understanding of the relationship between immigration and crime. In efforts to draw parallels between the theories and strands of scholarship on immigration, various hypotheses are outlined to encourage expansion of knowledge on immigration and crime, theoretical extension, revision, and perhaps integration as well.
Femicide and the Feminist Perspective
Authors: Taylor Rae , Jasinski Jana L.
Published: October 2011

The gender disparity in intimate killings underscores the need for close attention to the phenomenon of intimate partner–perpetrated femicides and theories useful in understanding this pervasive and enduring problem. The most overarching paradigm used is that of the feminist perspective. The purpose of this article is to review the tenets of feminist theory as the most viable and efficacious framework for understanding and explaining intimate partner–perpetrated femicide, to highlight empirical evidence supporting the strength and value of this perspective, to address the contentions of those in opposition to this perspective, and to provide research and policy implications targeted at greater understanding, and, ultimately, lower rates of femicide.
Youth online activity and exposure to diverse perspectives
Authors: Kahne Joseph , Middaugh Ellen , Lee Nam-Jin , Feezell Jessica T.
Published: October 2011

Some see the internet as a means of exposure to divergent perspectives, while others believe that it is likely to foster echo chambers. We agree that it is important to attend to these possibilities, but we find that this discussion is often framed inappropriately. Drawing on a unique panel survey of the online practices and civic and political engagement of youth (aged 16–21), we find that most youth do not report exposure to echo chambers or divergent perspectives. Rather, most report either being exposed to views that both align with and diverge from their own, or they report not interacting with others about their views on societal issues at all. We also find that particular forms of online participatory activity, digital media literacy activities, and political interest are related to increased reports of exposure to diverse perspectives.
A Bio-Psycho-Social model enhances young adults’ understanding of and beliefs about people with Alzheimer's disease: A case study
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: October 2011

The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is predicted to grow by multiples in the coming decades, and today's young adults will be formal and/or informal caregivers in unprecedented numbers. Their ability to support the independence and well-being of people with AD will depend on their ability to identify intact social and cognitive abilities, selfhood, and needs of people with AD. This case study, conducted in an undergraduate seminar, provides preliminary, suggestive evidence for the educational advantages of a Bio-Psycho-Social approach to understanding these aspects of people with AD. Findings revealed a striking increase in students’ accurate understanding of: (1) the losses due to AD; (2) intact positive qualities in and inaccurate negative stereotypes about people with AD; and (3) important needs of people with AD. These are discussed in light of extant theory. The application of this approach in the case of one student and her family is explored.
The identification and detection of dementia and its correlates in a social services setting: Impact of a national policy in England
Authors: Clarkson Paul , Abendstern Michele , Sutcliffe Caroline , Hughes Jane , Challis David
Published: October 2011

Dementia continues to be under-recognized, an important issue in many countries. Policy addressing this has focused on the role of general practice-based staff, but dementia represents an area in which closer collaboration between community health and social services can reap benefits. This study examined the impact of a national policy in England, the Single Assessment Process (SAP), introduced across these agencies from April 2004, aimed at improving assessments by the use of shared procedures and assessment tools. Impact was measured in terms of the reliability by which dementia, and associated conditions, were identified and correctly detected in one area’s statutory community care assessments. Recognition of dementia, grooming, toileting and incontinence difficulties were significantly improved after the policy. Depression was an exception. Existing communication difficulties made it more likely that dementia would be identified and correctly recognized. Findings are discussed in terms of more closely involving care managers in detecting dementia.
Communicating Diabetes Best Practices to Clients
Authors: Berry Tanya R. , Anders Sven , Chan Cathy B. , Bell Rhonda C.
Published: October 2011

Purpose. The majority of people with type 2 diabetes do not meet dietary and physical activity recommendations. It is not well understood how diabetes educators translate diet and physical guidelines for their clients and if diabetes educators have sufficient resources to promote healthy eating and physical activity. This research addressed these questions through exploratory qualitative interviews. Method. A total of 13 diabetes educators who work in Alberta, Canada, were interviewed. Results. The reasons for lack of client uptake of lifestyle recommendations were complex and interwoven. The strongest theme to emerge was the clients’ prior knowledge and skills affecting their ability to uptake knowledge. However, educators recognized that clients are affected by social, environmental, cultural, and personal factors. Conclusions. Health system and societal issues cause a cascade effect resulting in difficulties for both educators and clients. To achieve appropriate treatment of type 2 diabetes, changes need to occur at a health systems level.
The Economic Impact of Stadiums and Teams
Authors: Agha Nola
Published: October 2011

This article uses an extensive unique data set to investigate the efficiency of government subsides for minor league baseball teams and stadiums by measuring pecuniary gains in a local economy. Specifically, a dynamic panel data model incorporating 238 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) that hosted affiliated or independent minor league teams between 1985 and 2006 shows that AAA teams, A+ teams, AA stadiums, and rookie stadiums are all associated with significant positive effects on the change in local per capita income. The presence of positive effects is strikingly different from decades of nonpositive results at the major league level.
Assessing the efficacy of photocatalytic oxidation on bacterial contamination in a clinical setting – a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jafri Anwar Abbas , Gupta Sanjay , Ibrahim Zaki , Baker Paul , Oswald Tamsin , Reed Mike R
Published: October 2011

Airborne contamination has been shown to be a significant source of wound contamination in orthopaedic surgery. This is the first reported study looking at the efficacy of ActivTek 300, a portable UV/TiO2-based air purifier unit to reduce airborne contamination in a clinical setting. In this randomised study the investigator was blinded as to whether the unit had been on or off for the previous seven days.

Air contamination was measured weekly using a validated technique in ward treatment rooms using a Mini Air Sampler (MAS-100) and agar plates, over a period of 12 weeks. The agar plates were then incubated for 24 hours and the results were expressed as number of colony forming units per plate (cfu). The biomedical scientist who manually counted the number of cfus was blinded as to whether the unit was on or off. Measurements were duplicated to improve the accuracy of the study, and in addition to this an identical experiment was set up in a second treatment room on a separate randomisation schedule. Analysis of the data demonstrated median colony count was significantly lower with the unit on (Median = 43 interquartile range (IQR) 30 to 83) than when it was off (median = 95 IQR 44 to 143) ( p < 0.01). This represents a 55% mean reduction in the colony count. This study suggests that the portable UV/TiO2-based air purifier unit is efficacious in reducing airborne contamination in the clinical environment and may have a promising role in reducing overall infection rates in surgical patients.
Outcome of Grade I and II Hamstring Injuries in Intercollegiate Athletes
Authors: Kilcoyne Kelly G. , Dickens Jonathan F. , Keblish David , Rue John-Paul , Chronister Ray
Published: October 2011

Background: Hamstring muscle strains represent a common and disabling athletic injury with variable recurrence rates and prolonged recovery times.

Objectives: To present the outcomes of a novel rehabilitation protocol for the treatment of proximal hamstring strains in an intercollegiate sporting population and to determine any significant differences in the rate of reinjury and time to return to sport based on patient and injury characteristics.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 48 consecutive hamstring strains in intercollegiate athletes. The rehabilitation protocol consisted of early mobilization, with flexible progression through supervised drills. Athletes were allowed to return to sport after return of symmetrical strength and range of motion with no pain during sprinting. Primary outcomes included time to return to sport and reinjury rates.

Results: All patients returned to their sports, and 3 sustained repeat hamstring strains (6.2% reinjury rate) after a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The average number of days missed from sport was 11.9 (range, 5-23 days). There was no statistically significant difference for time to return to sport between first-time and recurrent injuries and between first- and second-degree injuries ( P > 0.05).

Conclusions: Grade I and II hamstring strains may be aggressively treated with a protocol of brief immobilization followed by early initiation of running and isokinetic exercises—with an average expected return to sport of approximately 2 weeks and with a relatively low reinjury rate regardless of injury grade (I or II), injury characteristics (including first-time and recurrent injuries), or athlete characteristics.