bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the phase demodulation algorithms for investigating the optical properties of the polymer fibre during mechanical deformations interferometrically
Authors: El-Omda N. H. , Sokkar T. Z. N. , El-Bakary M. A. , Ali A. M. , Omar E. Z.
Published: January 2025

The mechanical deformations in polymer fibres play an essential role for understanding the mechanism of fracture in this material. These deformations were examined interferometrically. The optical phase map of the deformed fibres has the key information about their structural features. So, the main core of this paper is to find an optimal algorithm for analyzing the interference fringe patterns of deformed fibres and demodulating their phase maps. For performing this task, two beam interference patterns for crazed and fractured polypropylene (PP) fibres were captured using the non-duplicated Pluta interference microscope. The phase map for each deformation demodulated using the spatial carrier frequency, the one- dimensional continuous wavelet transform (1D CWT) and the phase shifting fringe pattern analysis algorithms. The performance of each algorithm for finding the optimal phase map was evaluated using the contour line method. A refined method for calculating the areal craze density of a crazed pattern is presented. Based on the optimal extracted phase values of PP fibre for each type of deformation, the 3D birefringence values were calculated.
Evaluation of gamification as a tool for open access publishing among researchers: insights from a conjoint analysis
Authors: Mazarakis Athanasios , Bräuer Paula , Dorsch Isabelle
Published: January 2025

The recent developments in the scientific system have been characterized by an increasing openness, with open access (OA) publishing emerging as a central principle. OA represents an alternative model for publishing research articles, diverging from the traditional subscription-based model. While positive developments have been observed, obstacles for OA remain, including elevated publication costs and the imperative to publish at the highest level in the scholarly community with a significant impact. To overcome these obstacles, it may be beneficial to consider using non-monetary incentives, such as gamification, to promote OA publishing. To address this challenge, an experimental study employing a conjoint analysis has been conducted to investigate the impact of various gamification options on researchers' publishing behavior. The study utilized a sample of N = 356 subjects. The results demonstrate that the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is a dominant criterion for determining where to publish. However, gamification, particularly in the form of badges associated with an article, can also significantly influence journal selection and support OA. Additionally, qualitative data was collected to identify other factors influencing the choice of a journal for OA from the perspective of the participating researchers in the experiment.
Managerial factors affecting milking-abilities of Holstein cattle under intensive production system in Egypt
Authors: Faid-Allah E. , Mourad Reem S. , Saddick E. I. , Eldahshan E.
Published: January 2025

This article aims to explore milking-ability criteria of Holstein dairy cattle under intensive production system in Egypt and investigate some managerial factors that influence them in dairy farms. The data obtained from five herds belong to a commercial intensive production system farm, Egypt. Data included 3509 records. The values of mean ± SD (CV%) of the milking-ability criteria for Holstein dairy cattle as follow: daily milk yield, kg (dmy), milking duration, min (MD), peak flow rate, kg min−1 (PFR), average flow rate, kg min−1 (AFR), AFR0:15 s of milking, AFR15:30 s of milking, AFR30:60 s of milking, and AFR60:120 s of milking were 30.34 ± 6.76 kg, (22.27%); 4.16 ± 0.79 min (19.06%); 3.62 ± 0.79 (21.77%); 0.28 ± 0.11 (39.48%); 1.40 ± 0.49 (36.37%); 1.26 ± 0.50 (39.95%); and 1.96 ± 0.71 (36.05%), kg min−1, respectively. The milking-time (a.m./p.m.) and the herds’ men influenced significantly (P ≤ 0.01) on dMY, and milking-ability criteria. In addition, there was a significant effect (P˃0.05) of cows’ dry-period on dMY, MD, PFR and AFR. Also, it was clearly appearing that there was a dramatic significant decrease in daily milk yield and AFR by increase mastitis infection times. Milking-ability criteria in Holstien cattle may be go better via good management, hygiene, and well-trained herds’ men. The cubic models are higher in determination coefficient (p ≤ 0.05) than linear models for the curve estimates through the time of lactation period for studied traits. The curve of milk yield and milking-abilities were inconstant all over lactation period.
Immunometabolic Changes Following Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rivera-Carranza Tania , Azaola-Espinosa Alejandro , Bojalil-Parra Rafael , Zúñiga-León Eduardo , León-Téllez-Girón Angélica , Rojano-Rodríguez Martín E. , Nájera-Medina Oralia
Published: January 2025

Background

Immunometabolism is the interaction between immune system and nutrient metabolism. Severe obesity is considered a state of meta-inflammation associated with obesity that influences the development of chronic-degenerative diseases.

Objective

We aimed to establish the immunometabolic differences in bariatric patients and to determine whether cellular immunity is associated with metabolic changes.

Methodology

We conducted an observational study in patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). We explored the differences in the immunometabolic profile before and after surgery in the study group, by surgical technique, and we evaluated the changes in immunological variables as a function of metabolic variables with correlation analysis.

Results

The follow-up rate was 88.7%. After the intervention, there were changes in cellular immunity, with a decrease in effector T lymphocytes (CD8+CD28−) and an increase in B lymphocytes, memory helper T cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. LSG resulted in a greater decrease in (CD4+CD62−) T lymphocytes compared with LRYGB. Patients who underwent surgery with LRYGB presented greater clinical and metabolic improvements, as well as improvement of obesity-associated medical problems. Women who underwent LRYGB showed a greater reduction in fat-free mass compared with women who underwent LSG.

Conclusion

Bariatric surgery, mainly LRYGB, leads to immunometabolic changes and improves associated medical problems.

Graphical Abstract
Early Reinitiation of Obesity Pharmacotherapy Post Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Youth: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Vidmar Alaina P. , Vu My H. , Martin Matthew J. , Kim Aimee G. , Abel Stuart , Weitzner Madeleine , Muñoz Cynthia E. , Kim Ahlee , Samakar Kamran
Published: January 2025

Background

Bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for severe pediatric obesity, but a subset of youth experience suboptimal weight loss and/or recurrent weight gain. Early re-initiation of obesity pharmacotherapy postoperatively may improve outcomes, though this has not been evaluated in pediatric populations.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care children’s hospital evaluated the safety and efficacy of reintroducing obesity pharmacotherapy within six weeks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Youth were offered obesity pharmacotherapy reinitiation at their 2-week postoperative visit. The study compared outcomes between 25 youth who chose early obesity pharmacotherapy reinitiation and 21 who received standard care without restarting medication. Primary outcomes included weight trajectory, eating behaviors, complications, readmissions, and reoperation rates, analyzed using independent t-tests, Chi-squared tests, and logistic regressions.

Results

Between November 2023 and July 2024, 53 youth had surgical consults, and 46 (86% conversion rate; mean age 16.5 ± 1.9 years, mean BMI 53 ± 9.7 kg/m2; 70% (32/46) female, 80% (37/46) Hispanic, 87% (40/46) publicly insured) underwent LSG, with 93% (43/46) using obesity pharmacotherapy preoperatively. Mixed-effects multivariate regression, adjusting for baseline BMI, age, and sex, revealed that early reinitiation (5.1 weeks [IQR 3.7, 8.4]) significantly reduced BMI, percent BMI, percent total weight loss (TWL), and percent excess weight loss (EWL) at 3 and 6 months compared to standard care, with no significant differences in complications or readmissions. At 6 months, the mean differences were: %BMI: -6.5% (95% CI: -9.13, -3.86), p < 0.001; %TWL: -5.9% (95% CI: -8.52, -3.25), p < 0.001; %EWL: Reinitiators: -45.5% vs. standard care: -39.4%; mean difference: -8.2% (95% CI: -14.69, -1.63), p < 0.001. Early reinitiation also resulted in a significant reduction in emotional overeating at 3 and 6 months compared to standard care, with mean differences of -2.5 points (95% CI: -3.29, -1.76), p < 0.001, and -3.5 points (95% CI: -4.38, -2.69), p < 0.001, respectively on self-reported eating behavior questionnaires.

Conclusion

Early obesity pharmacotherapy reinitiation after LSG was safe and well tolerated, improving weight outcomes without negatively impacting complication or readmission rates.
The WHY in Business Processes: Discovery of Causal Execution Dependencies
Authors: Fournier Fabiana , Limonad Lior , Skarbovsky Inna , David Yuval
Published: January 2025

Unraveling the causal relationships among the execution of process activities is a crucial element in predicting the consequences of process interventions and making informed decisions regarding process improvements. Process discovery algorithms exploit time precedence as their main source of model derivation. Hence, a causal view can supplement process discovery, being a new perspective in which relations reflect genuine cause-effect dependencies among the tasks. This calls for faithful new techniques to discover the causal execution dependencies among the tasks in the process. To this end, our work offers a systematic approach to the unveiling of the causal business process by leveraging an existing causal discovery algorithm over activity timing. In addition, this work delves into a set of conditions under which process mining discovery algorithms generate a model that is incongruent with the causal business process model, and shows how the latter model can be methodologically employed for a sound analysis of the process. Our methodology searches for such discrepancies between the two models in the context of three causal patterns, and derives a new view in which these inconsistencies are annotated over the mined process model. We demonstrate our methodology employing two open process mining algorithms, the IBM Process Mining tool, and the LiNGAM causal discovery technique. We apply it to a synthesized dataset and two open benchmark datasets.
Cross-Linked Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene)-Coated Quartz and Kaolinite Proppants For Hydraulic Fracturing Applications
Authors: Akkuş Ihsan Nuri , Akinay Yuksel , Zengin Adem , Kazici Hilal Çelik
Published: January 2025

The hydraulic fracturing operation, used as a production process in shale gas and coalbed methane reservoirs in the oil and natural gas industry, consists of fracturing fluid, proppant, and many other chemicals. This study successfully produced hydraulic fracturing proppants based on quartz and kaolinite minerals using divinyl benzene cross-linked styrene polymer with an in situ suspension polymerization method. Morphological analysis of the prepared proppants confirmed their spherical structure and the sphericity of quartz and kaolinite proppants were determined as 0.9. The polymer shells of the prepared proppants showed thermal resistance up to 375 °C and then decomposed between 375 °C and 575 °C. As a result of mechanical tests, quartz proppants showed a crush resistance of 14.08% under a load of 18,000 psi. Similarly, a crush resistance of 14.28% for kaolinite proppants was determined under a load of 15,000 psi. The apparent densities of quartz and kaolinite proppants were determined as 1.635 g/cm3 and 1.365 g/cm3, respectively. However, quartz proppants mostly display brittle breakage behavior, while kaolinite proppants are plastically deformed under the applied load.
First detection of viral pathogens of chickpea in Germany
Authors: Kartheuser C. , Tan S. , Bubolz J. , Reckling M. , Menzel W. , Ziebell H. , Krenz B.
Published: January 2025

Legumes play a crucial role in agriculture and serve as a valuable source of protein for human and animal consumption. However, legumes are susceptible to various viral infections, which can cause significant losses in yield and quality. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important food legume worldwide. While its cultivation in Germany is still in its infancy, it is expected to increase due to its numerous advantages. It is adapted to drought conditions, is an attractive additional option for crop rotations in organic farming and is gaining popularity for regionally produced food products. However, there is little knowledge about the presence and potential agronomic impact of viral pathogens in chickpea grown under German conditions. This study is the first that investigated the prevalence of legume-infecting viruses on chickpea crops grown in Germany. In 2022 and 2023, we collected sample material from symptomatic plants at three locations and analyzed it for the presence of circular (ss) DNA viruses, such as pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV), using a combination of rolling circle amplification (RCA) and downstream restriction fragment length pattern (RFLP) analysis. Furthermore, we conducted a reverse transcription PCR assay to detect different legume-infecting RNA viruses. In 2022 PNYDV was detected in 5 plants, all from the ‘Amorgos’ chickpea variety, located near a pea field. RNA viruses were detected in 27 plants, mostly TuYV or PEMV-1. Double and triple infections were common, with one plant exhibiting a triple infection of PNYDV, TuYV and PEMV-1. Symptoms of viral infection included leaf yellowing, dwarfism and chlorotic spots, with coinfections leading to more severe symptoms. In 2023, pea, cowpea and chickpea samples were collected from Schleibnitz/Wanzleben, Saxony-Anhalt, along with various chickpea accessions and cultivars from ZALF experimental fields, where the presence of PSbMV, PEMV, PNYDV, BYMV and TuYV was confirmed across these hosts. These findings indicate that viral pathogens pose a significant threat to chickpea production in Germany, necessitating the development of resistant cultivars and integrated management strategies.
Kyphectomy followed by self-sliding pedicle screw and translumbosacral rod impaction and fixation: a novel growth-friendly technique in myelomeningocele patients
Authors: Barros Alderico Girão Campos , Noronha Diogo R. , Carelli Luis E. , Skaggs David L.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Congenital lumbar kyphosis is present in about 15% of patients with myelomeningocele. Worsening of deformity with complications such as chronic skin ulcers and bone exposure is common. In patients under 8 years of age, treatment becomes even more challenging: in addition to resecting the apex of the kyphotic deformity, we should ideally stabilize the spine with fixation methods that do not interrupt the growth of the rib cage, associated with the challenging pelvic fixation in this population. The emergence of growth-friendly techniques has greatly benefited patients with early-onset deformity, allowing for correction and control of deviation without interrupting trunk growth, which is often already compromised in these patients. We describe the surgical technique and present preliminary clinical outcomes for a novel approach which combines self-sliding screws that allow for trunk growth with impaction of translumbosacral rods for distal fixation.

Methodology

Candidates for the technique were patients with myelomeningocele and congenital lumbar kyphosis, inability to assume supine position, and a history of skin ulcers, recurrent osteomyelitis and poor weight gain. They all lacked sensory or motor function below the level of the myelomeningocele. They underwent the same reconstruction technique after kyphectomy which combines self-sliding screws that allow for trunk growth with impaction of the translumbosacral rods for distal fixation.

Results

Case 1: Female; 4.5 years old at surgery; 5 year follow-up. 1 complication: loosening of one blocker. The child is doing well and did not require surgical revision. Mean growth per year: 9.5 mm. Case 2: Male; 7.4 Years old at surgery; 4 year follow-up. 1 complication: post-surgical infection which required 2 debridements in the operating room and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Mean growth per year: 6 mm. Case 3: Female; 5.5 Years old at surgery; 27 month follow-up. No complications reported so far. Mean growth per year: 9.42 mm. None of the cases showed signs of sacral osteolysis or rod migration.

Discussion / Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study that combines sliding screws with translumbosacral rod impaction. Although this technique has proven to be safe and effective, we are aware that the number of cases is limited and the follow-up is short. Further studies are necessary to confirm the method.
Implementing Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for Dementia in a Low-Resource Setting: A Case Study in Tanzania Exploring Barriers, Facilitators, and Recommendations for Practice
Authors: Fisher Emily , Mkenda Sarah , Walker Jessica , Safic Ssenku , Stoner Charlotte R. , Dotchin Catherine , Paddick Stella-Maria , Lyimo Godrule , Rogathi Jane , Jelen Maria , Breckons Matthew , Fossey Jane , Walker Richard , Spector Aimee
Published: January 2025

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) is a group psychosocial intervention for people with mild-to-moderate dementia. Despite evidence supporting its effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and cultural adaptation internationally, CST has yet to be implemented in routine practice outside of the UK. This study consisted of multiple phases. In the first phase, we engaged stakeholders to explore the barriers and facilitators to CST implementation in Tanzania. In the second phase, we developed implementation strategies. In the third phase, we tested these strategies in a study of CST in a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided the study. We conducted stakeholder engagement with decision-makers, healthcare professionals, people with dementia and their family caregivers (n = 49) to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation. We developed an implementation plan that included 20 implementation strategies related to 12 CFIR constructs. Subsequently, we tested these strategies by running eight CST groups with 49 participants. In follow-up interviews with people with dementia, carers and healthcare professionals, we identified 18 key CFIR constructs as barriers or facilitators to successfully implementing CST. CST was compatible with the standards of care in a tertiary referral hospital in northern Tanzania. To implement CST in low-resource settings, we recommend running dementia awareness initiatives, screening for dementia in outpatients and community settings, developing a train-the-trainer model, employing a task-shifting approach, and creating a dementia-friendly space for dementia services. Our findings can inform future efforts to implement CST and other psychosocial interventions for dementia in low-resource settings.
Application of the Behaviour Change Wheel to Promote Utilisation of a Cognitive Impairment Screening Tool
Authors: Zbukvic Isabel , Bryce Shayden , Pilkington Vita , Mills Robyn , Smith Desiree , Alahakoon Laksha , Crlenjak Caroline , Benson Melinda , Delprado Jacinta , Kamminga Jody , Allott Kelly
Published: January 2025

The Youth Risk of Cognitive Impairment Toolkit (Youth ROCIT) is a free, online written guide designed to help health and mental health workforces screen for risk of cognitive difficulties in young people aged 12–25. The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) provides a structured approach to behaviour change initiatives for workforces and can be utilised to support the implementation of tools like the Youth ROCIT. Using a modified BCW method, this project aimed to develop and pilot a tailored behaviour change approach to improve screening for cognitive impairment risk using the Youth ROCIT in an Australian youth (12–18 years) drug and alcohol service. The BCW method was applied to understand and address behavioural drivers of cognitive screening within a multidisciplinary team, and design strategies to support the implementation of the Youth ROCIT in routine clinical practice. Data on context, practices, barriers, enablers, and perspectives on the Youth ROCIT were collected through surveys, interviews, and interactive workshops. Routine service data from the patient management system was used to understand behaviour change. Multiple strategies were identified to support the implementation of the Youth ROCIT and the methodology was seen as acceptable and feasible by implementation facilitators and workshop participants. The service team rated the Youth ROCIT as acceptable, appropriate, and feasible, and reported high intentions to use the tool with young people. Service data showed changes in practice following the initiative. The BCW provided an acceptable and feasible framework for developing strategies to support the implementation of the Youth ROCIT in a youth health service setting.
Global research trends in Environmental adaptation techniques focusing on climate change through scientometric lens
Authors: Shyamala G. , Gobinath R. , Hemalatha B. , Akkalla DivyaSri , Ezhil S. Shenbaga , Sathya V.
Published: January 2025

Climate change is a significant threat to ecosystems and communities, and challenges global sustainability; therefore, more research on climate change adaptations should be conducted. This scientometric study presents databases on global trends in academic research, specific contributions, and thematic evolution of environmental adaptations to climate change. Using the Scopus database of publications, this study focuses on publications between 2009 (January) and 2024 (August), with an emphasis on the interpretation of primary research interests, authors, contributions from countries, and collaborative networks. According to the findings, there has been a shift in focus to more adaptive management in agricultural and biological diversity practices, with more emphasis on the integration of ecological, technological, and social science disciplines. This work also reveals that countries have gaps in regional research, especially in developing countries, and highlights the need to work collectively across the globe. Through citation analysis, thematic evolution, and future research recommendations, this study enriches the knowledge of the line of research on environmental adaptation and underlines its significance in addressing climate change effects.
Highly effective photostabilization of polyvinyl chloride films using omeprazole-tin additive complexes
Authors: Fawzi Sarah , Yousif Emad , Zainulabdeen Khalid , Bufaroosha Muna , Ahmed Dina
Published: January 2025

Polyvinyl chloride is extensively utilized in various applications that affect our lives. It is produced on an industrial scale in different shapes and forms. Polyvinyl chloride is subjected to photodegradation, which produces toxic products. These products are hazardous to the environment and human health. Additionally, photodegradation shortens the lifetime use of polyvinyl chloride. Therefore, the elongation of the lifetime of polyvinyl chloride is an important issue to be addressed. Recently, research has been highlighted towards designing, synthesizing, and using new additives capable of reducing the photodecomposition of polyvinyl chloride. The present work focuses on synthesizing novel omeprazole-tin complexes and their prospective utilization for reducing the photodecomposition of polyvinyl chloride. Compound 1 was synthesized in high yield from omeprazole, the structure of which has been confirmed. Some of the observed behaviors were explained by the potential application of additives as photostabilizers for polyvinyl chlorides. The effectiveness of the new additives in decreasing the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride was demonstrated through the analysis of weight loss, molecular weight depression, formation of fragments containing carbonyl and alkene groups, and surface morphology of irradiated polyvinyl chloride films.
Benchmark analysis of various pre-trained deep learning models on ASSIRA cats and dogs dataset
Authors: Himel Galib Muhammad Shahriar , Islam Md. Masudul
Published: January 2025

Image classification using deep learning has gained significant attention, with various datasets available for benchmarking algorithms and pre-trained models. This study focuses on the Microsoft ASIRRA dataset, renowned for its quality and benchmark standards, to compare different pre-trained models. Through experimentation with optimizers, loss functions, and hyperparameters, this research aimed to enhance model performance. Notably, this study achieved significant accuracy improvements with minimal modifications to the training process. Experiments were conducted across three computer architectures, yielding superior accuracy results compared to previous studies on this dataset. The NASNet Large model emerged with the highest accuracy at 99.65%. The findings of this research demonstrate the effectiveness of hyperparameter tuning for renowned pre-trained models, suggesting optimal settings for improved classification accuracy. This study underscores the potential of deep learning approaches in achieving superior performance by hyperparameter tuning for image classification tasks.
Tree diversity, carbon sequestration and production potential of Oryza sativa L. in traditional agroforestry systems of Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Kumar Sandeep , Khanduri Vinod Prasad , Singh Bhupendra , Joshi Reena , Riyal Manoj Kumar , Rawat Deepa , Kumar Kewat Sanjay
Published: January 2025

Agroforestry is an alternative land use practice that holds promise for societal benefits and the attainment of ecosystem sustainability. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tree diversity, carbon sequestration, soil carbon pool, oxygen production and rice productivity under traditional agroforestry systems at different elevations in the Garhwal Himalayan region of India. Tree diversity, carbon sequestration and oxygen production were quantified by field measurements (using 0.04 ha quadrats) and subsequent calculations. Rice productivity was assessed using grain yield, straw yield and biological yield, while soil properties were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Results of the study showed that tree diversity was higher at the 1200–1600 m elevation and had a maximum Shannon Diversity Index (1.29) and Simpson Diversity Index (0.69). The 1600–2000 m elevation stored more carbon (34.43 Mg ha−1) and total oxygen production (91.79 Mg ha−1). Among the agroforestry trees, Quercus leucotrichophora, Melia azedarach and Prunus cerasoides showed the highest carbon storage and total oxygen production. Elevation and soil depth were found to affect the soil properties. The agroforestry systems had higher soil organic carbon and lower bulk density than sole cropping systems. Compared to the agroforestry system, the monoculture produced more rice (Oryza sativa). The study shows that traditional agroforestry is a valuable tool for carbon sequestration and soil improvement, albeit with potential compromises in crop productivity. It emphasises the need for tailored management approaches to harness the ecological and environmental benefits of agroforestry in the Himalayas. This study draws attention to the potential of traditional agroforestry in the Garhwal Himalaya for carbon sequestration, climate change mitigation and soil quality improvement which provides a reference for striking a balance between the ecological advantages of agroforestry and the socio-economic considerations of local communities. However, it also underlines the importance of considering trade-offs between environmental benefits and crop yields when implementing such agroforestry systems.

Graphical Abstract
Proposed Relationships Between Climate, Biological Soil Crusts, Human Health, and in Arid Ecosystems
Authors: Ramsey Marieke L. , Kollath Daniel R. , Antoninka Anita J. , Barker Bridget M.
Published: January 2025

Biological soil crusts (or biocrust) are diminutive soil communities with ecological functions disproportionate to their size. These communities are composed of lichens, bryophytes, cyanobacteria, fungi, liverworts, and other microorganisms. Creating stabilizing matrices, these microorganisms interact with soil surface minerals thereby enhancing soil quality by redistributing nutrients and reducing erosion by containment of soil particles. Climatic stressors and anthropogenic disturbances reduce the cover, abundance, and functions of these communities leading to an increase of aeolian dust, invasive plant establishment, reduction of water retention in the environment, and overall poor soil condition. Drylands are the most degraded terrestrial ecosystems on the globe and support a disproportionately large human population. Restoration of biocrust communities in semi‐arid and arid ecosystems benefits ecosystem health while decreasing dust emissions. Dust abatement can improve human health directly but also indirectly by reducing pathogenic microbe load circulating in the ambient air. We hypothesize that biocrusts not only reduce pathogen load in the air column but also inhibit the proliferation of certain pathogenic microbes in the soil. We provide a review of mechanisms by which healthy biocrusts in dryland systems may reduce soil‐borne pathogens that impact human health. Ecologically sustainable mitigation strategies of biocrust restoration will not only improve soil conditions but could also reduce human exposure to soil‐borne pathogens.
Evidence of a Magnetic Null in Electron‐Only Reconnection
Authors: Tian A. H. , Wang Z. , Fu H. S. , Guo Z. Z.
Published: January 2025

Magnetic nulls are traditionally suggested as main points where energy dissipation occurs during reconnection. Such nulls have been widely observed in the diffusion region of standard reconnection following a two‐fluid picture, but have never been investigated in the thin current sheet of electron‐only reconnection. Recently, an electron‐only reconnection event was observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission in Earth's magnetosheath. The small separation of MMS spacecraft (∼7 km) provides a good opportunity to examine whether magnetic nulls exist in electron‐only reconnection. By utilizing the First‐Order Taylor Expansion method, we find a radial null in this event. Moreover, such nulls degenerate into X‐type nulls inside a reconnecting current sheet, suggesting that it's quasi 2D structure. By reconstructing the topology of this null, we can also estimate the reconnection rate of this electron‐only reconnection event and find it's time‐varying, suggesting it's an unsteady process. Our results are useful to further understand the process of electron‐only reconnection.
The Quasi‐Periodic Nighttime Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances on 13 May 2024 During the Recovery Phase of a SuperStorm
Authors: Zhang Kedeng , Wang Hui , Liu Jing , Song Huimin , Xia Hao
Published: January 2025

On 10–14 May 2024, one of the most powerful geomagnetic storms occurred, with the Dst less than −400 nT. Quasi‐periodic nighttime traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) observed during the recovery phase on 13 May are explored using the detrended total electron content (dTEC) and the neutral wind measurements from Fabry‐Perot interferometers (FPI) at Millstone station. At middle latitudes, the strong westward plasma drifts drove an obvious nighttime ionospheric trough at 52° magnetic latitude. Equatorward of this middle‐latitude trough, quasi‐periodic TIDs in dTEC were found, with a period of 1 hr and phase speeds ranging from 305.6 to 649.3 m/s. Based on the AE index, the periodic energy deposition during substorms might be responsible for the quasi‐periodic oscillations of TIDs. Fortunately, FPI‐measured horizontal winds at Millstone showed a quasi‐periodic oscillation as well, indicating their potential key role.
Landscape Influences on Microclimate and Tree Growth Cessation in a Semi‐Arid Montane Forest
Authors: Malone Fin , Hoylman Zachary H. , Hu Jia , Jencso Kelsey G.
Published: January 2025

As climate change impacts the severity and frequency of drought, knowledge of hillslope‐to‐watershed scale ecohydrology is increasingly necessary to inform appropriate conservation, restoration, and management of forested ecosystems. In mountain environments, spatial patterns of water and energy organize forest productivity at plot, hillslope, and watershed scales. These microclimatic patterns are impacted by gradients in elevation, aspect, and local topographic convergence and divergence. In water‐limited ecosystems, such patterns may be first‐order drivers of tree growth. However, there is limited field‐based research characterizing how seasonal drivers of forest growth may vary across complex terrain. Throughout the growing season, we measured soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit, soil and air temperatures, and radial growth at 27 Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) sites within Lubrecht Experimental Forest, Montana USA. Using these data, we assessed the influences of elevation, aspect, and local topographic position on hillslope‐scale microclimates. These seasonal microclimates were then compared to the observed timing of tree growth cessation. Generally, trees located in high elevations, north‐facing aspects, and convergent topographic positions were correlated with decreased temperatures, greater soil moisture, and reduced vapor pressure deficits, leading to later growth cessation. However, at the wettest positions, persistently saturated soil moisture conditions contributed to earlier cessation. Our findings highlight the landscape partitioning of forest microclimates and subsequently, their contribution to the spatial organization of growing seasons in semi‐arid mountain watersheds. Lastly, we suggest that over longer timescales these seasonal microclimates influence tree growth year after year, contributing to the organization of cumulative forest growth previously observed within the watershed.
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases and cell cycle regulation in biology and disease
Authors: Pellarin Ilenia , Dall’Acqua Alessandra , Favero Andrea , Segatto Ilenia , Rossi Valentina , Crestan Nicole , Karimbayli Javad , Belletti Barbara , Baldassarre Gustavo
Published: January 2025

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are closely connected to the regulation of cell cycle progression, having been first identified as the kinases able to drive cell division. In reality, the human genome contains 20 different CDKs, which can be divided in at least three different sub-family with different functions, mechanisms of regulation, expression patterns and subcellular localization. Most of these kinases play fundamental roles the normal physiology of eucaryotic cells; therefore, their deregulation is associated with the onset and/or progression of multiple human disease including but not limited to neoplastic and neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we describe the functions of CDKs, categorized into the three main functional groups in which they are classified, highlighting the most relevant pathways that drive their expression and functions. We then discuss the potential roles and deregulation of CDKs in human pathologies, with a particular focus on cancer, the human disease in which CDKs have been most extensively studied and explored as therapeutic targets. Finally, we discuss how CDKs inhibitors have become standard therapies in selected human cancers and propose novel ways of investigation to export their targeting from cancer to other relevant chronic diseases. We hope that the effort we made in collecting all available information on both the prominent and lesser-known CDK family members will help in identify and develop novel areas of research to improve the lives of patients affected by debilitating chronic diseases.
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study of Socazolimab or placebo combined with carboplatin and etoposide in the first-line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Zhiwei , Chen Jianhua , Huang Dingzhi , Zhang Wei , Wu Lin , Yi Tienan , Wang Qiming , Han Liang , Tan Liping , Li Yinyin , Zhang Zhihong , Li Na , li Jie , Zhang Tongmei , Hu Ying , Sun Hongmei , Wu Youhua , He Zhiyong , Yang Runxiang , Cheng Peng , Li Xingya , Shi Jianhua , Yu Guohua , Ma Daiyuan , Li Benjamin Xiaoyi , Dai Xiangrong , Wong Michael , Li Yujie , Yu Xiaohui , Lu Shun ,   for the Socazolimab Study Group, Li Benjamin Xiaoyi , Dai Xiangrong , Wong Michael , Li Yujie , Yu Xiaohui
Published: January 2025

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04878016) conducted in 54 hospitals in China. Adults who were histologically diagnosed and never treated for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) were enrolled. Eligible Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive four cycles (21 days as one cycle) of intravenous carboplatin (area under the curve of 5 mg/mL per min, day 1 of each cycle) and etoposide (100 mg/m² of body-surface area, on days 1–3 of each cycle) with either socazolimab (5 mg/kg, day 1 of each cycle) or matching placebo, following maintenance therapy with socazolimab or placebo. From July 15, 2021, to May 12, 2022, 498 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive socazolimab (250 patients) or placebo (248 patients) combined with chemotherapy. As of October 13, 2023, patients treated with socazolimab presented significant overall survival (OS) benefit (13.90 months) compared with the placebo plus EC group (11.58 months) (hazard ratio for death, 0.799; 95% CI, 0.652–0.979; p = 0.0158). The median progression free survival (PFS) was 5.55 months in the socazolimab plus EC group, prolonging disease progression or death by nearly 1.2 months (5.55 months vs 4.37 months, hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.569; 95% CI, 0.457–0.708; p < 0.0001). 200 (80.3%) patients in the socazolimab plus EC group experienced ≥ grade 3 treatment-related adverse events and 187 (75.7%) patients occurred in the placebo plus EC group. Socazolimab combined with standard EC regimen chemotherapy for first-line treatment of ES-SCLC significantly prolonged overall survival and did not increase the safety risk of treatment.
Deep imaging of LepR+ stromal cells in optically cleared murine bone hemisections
Authors: Ni Yuehan , Wu Jiamiao , Liu Fengqi , Yi Yating , Meng Xiangjiao , Gao Xiang , Xiao Luyi , Zhou Weiwei , Chen Zexi , Chu Peng , Xing Dan , Yuan Ye , Ding Donghui , Shen Ge , Yang Min , Wu Ronjie , Wang Ling , Melo Luiza Martins Nascentes , Lin Sien , Cheng Xiaoguang , Li Gang , Tasdogan Alpaslan , Ubellacker Jessalyn M. , Zhao Hu , Fang Shentong , Shen Bo
Published: January 2025

Tissue clearing combined with high-resolution confocal imaging is a cutting-edge approach for dissecting the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of tissues and deciphering cellular spatial interactions under physiological and pathological conditions. Deciphering the spatial interaction of leptin receptor-expressing (LepR+) stromal cells with other compartments in the bone marrow is crucial for a deeper understanding of the stem cell niche and the skeletal tissue. In this study, we introduce an optimized protocol for the 3D analysis of skeletal tissues, enabling the visualization of hematopoietic and stromal cells, especially LepR+ stromal cells, within optically cleared bone hemisections. Our method preserves the 3D tissue architecture and is extendable to other hematopoietic sites such as calvaria and vertebrae. The protocol entails tissue fixation, decalcification, and cryosectioning to reveal the marrow cavity. Completed within approximately 12 days, this process yields highly transparent tissues that maintain genetically encoded or antibody-stained fluorescent signals. The bone hemisections are compatible with diverse antibody labeling strategies. Confocal microscopy of these transparent samples allows for qualitative and quantitative image analysis using Aivia or Bitplane Imaris software, assessing a spectrum of parameters. With proper storage, the fluorescent signal in the stained and cleared bone hemisections remains intact for at least 2–3 months. This protocol is robust, straightforward to implement, and highly reproducible, offering a valuable tool for tissue architecture and cellular interaction studies.
METTL3 inhibition promotes radiosensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma through regulation of SLC7A11 expression
Authors: Zhang Chen , Yang Tianpeng , Chen Hanbin , Ding Xiaofeng , Chen Huajian , Liang Zhenzhen , Zhao Yinlong , Ma Shumei , Liu Xiaodong
Published: January 2025

Radiotherapy is one of the main treatment modalities for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ferroptosis has been shown to promote the radiosensitivity of HCC cells, but it remains unclear whether epigenetic regulations function in this process. In this study, we found that the overexpression of METTL3 was associated with poor prognosis. Knockdown of METTL3 promoted radiosensitivity of HCC by inducing ferroptosis. Mechanistically, METTL3 targeted adenine (+1795) on the SLC7A11 mRNA, and the m6A reader IGF2BP2 promoted SLC7A11 mRNA stability by recognizing and binding to the m6A site. Additionally, METTL3 decreased the ubiquitination of SLC7A11 protein through the m6A/YTHDF2/SOCS2 axis. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that HCC models with low METTL3/IGF2BP2 expression have higher radiosensitivity. In conclusion, our study suggests that METTL3 regulates the stability of SLC7A11 mRNA in an m6A/IGF2BP2-dependent manner and the ubiquitination of SLC7A11 protein through the m6A/YTHDF2/SOCS2 pathway, both of which require the m6A methyltransferase activity of METTL3. METTL3 or IGF2BP2 may be promising targets for radiotherapy of HCC.
Evolution of Omicron lineage towards increased fitness in the upper respiratory tract in the absence of severe lung pathology
Authors: Wickenhagen Arthur , Flagg Meaghan , Port Julia R. , Yinda Claude Kwe , Goldin Kerry , Gallogly Shane , Schulz Jonathan E. , Lutterman Tessa , Williamson Brandi N. , Kaiser Franziska , Mukesh Reshma K. , van Tol Sarah , Smith Brian , van Doremalen Neeltje , Russell Colin A. , de Wit Emmie , Munster Vincent J.
Published: January 2025

The emergence of the Omicron lineage represented a major genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. This was associated with phenotypic changes including evasion of pre-existing immunity and decreased disease severity. Continuous evolution within the Omicron lineage raised concerns of potential increased transmissibility and/or disease severity. To address this, we evaluate the fitness and pathogenesis of contemporary Omicron variants XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, and JN.1 in the upper (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT). We compare in vivo infection in Syrian hamsters with infection in primary human nasal and lung epithelium cells and assess differences in transmissibility, antigenicity, and innate immune activation. Omicron variants replicate efficiently in the URT but display limited pathology in the lungs compared to previous variants and fail to replicate in human lung organoids. JN.1 is attenuated in both URT and LRT compared to other Omicron variants and fails to transmit in the male hamster model. Our data demonstrate that Omicron lineage evolution has favored increased fitness in the URT.
Magnetic anisotropy of 4f atoms on a WSe2 monolayer: a DFT + U study
Authors: Carbone Johanna P. , Bihlmayer Gustav , Blügel Stefan
Published: January 2025

Inspired by recent advancements in the field of single-atom magnets, particularly those involving rare-earth (RE) elements, we present a theoretical exploration employing DFT+U calculations to investigate the magnetic properties of selected 4f atoms, specifically Eu, Gd, and Ho, on a monolayer of the transition-metal dichalcogenide WSe2 in the 1H-phase. This study comparatively examines RE with diverse 4f orbital fillings and valence chemistry, aiming to understand how different coverage densities atop WSe2 affect magnetocrystalline anisotropy. We observe that RE lacking 5d occupation exhibit larger magnetic anisotropy energies at high densities, while those with outer 5d electrons show larger anisotropies in dilute configurations. Additionally, even half-filled 4f shell atoms with small orbital magnetic moments can generate substantial energy barriers for magnetization rotation due to prominent orbital hybridizations with WSe2. Open 4f shell atoms further enhance anisotropy barriers through spin-orbit coupling effects. These aspects are crucial for realizing stable magnetic information units experimentally.
Unconventional broadening of Rashba spin splitting in a Au2Sb surface alloy with periodic structural defects
Authors: Hu Jinbang , Wang Xiansi , Åsland Anna Cecilie , Wells Justin W.
Published: January 2025

Most Rashba spin splitting experimentally studied so far has ideal lattice with inversion symmetry broken, which limits the possibility to minimize the presence of spin-degenerate carriers near the Fermi level. Here, we report a novel 2D Au2Sb surface alloy decorated with periodic structural defects that exhibits modulation on the Rashba spin-orbit coupling band. Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals a Rashba spin-split band with antiparallel spin polarization, significantly broadened compared to the Au₂Sn surface alloy. From the good agreement between the experimental results and DFT calculations, we identify that the broadening of the Rashba bands comes from variations in Sb atom corrugation induced by the periodic three-pointed star-shaped defects. These periodic defects can shift the energy position of the Rashba bands without breaking the in-plane rotational and mirror symmetries. Our findings highlight the potential to tune spin-dependent properties in 2D materials for spintronic applications.
Deterministic patterns in single-cell transcriptomic data
Authors: Cao Zhixing , Wang Yiling , Grima Ramon
Published: January 2025

We report the existence of deterministic patterns in statistical plots of single-cell transcriptomic data. We develop a theory showing that the patterns are neither artifacts introduced by the measurement process nor due to underlying biological mechanisms. Rather they naturally emerge from finite sample size effects. The theory precisely predicts the patterns in data from multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization and five different types of single-cell sequencing platforms.