bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-Stage Continent Reconstruction of Composite Pericommissural Defects Using a Combination of Pacman-Style Free Radial Forearm Flaps and Modified Elastic Musculomucosal Flaps
Authors: Balakrishnan T.M. , Aruna M. , Christabel Prethee Martina , Jaganmohan J.
Published: October 2022

Introduction Based on the cross-innervation of buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve, oblique elastic musculomucosal flaps (OEMMFs) can be harvested and used for continent neo-commissure and modiolus reconstructions. The composite pericommissural defects can then be reconstructed with double cutaneous paddles in Pacman-style free radial forearm flap (PFRFF). This novel single-stage continent reconstruction of composite post-excisional commissure and pericommissural (CPECPC) defects is evaluated in this study.

Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted from April 2016 to March 2019. Forty-two patients underwent this type of reconstruction using a combination of PFRFF and OEMMF for the CPECPC defects. They were followed for an average period of 11.5 months. At the end of the follow-up period, they were assessed using the objective institutional scoring system by two independent observers and final score was computed for each patient.

Results The average score obtained at the end of the follow-up period was 11.5 (p = 0.035) using the institutional assessment scoring system, which evaluated both the overall aesthesis and function of the neo-commissure and modiolus.

Conclusions The combination of OEMMF and PFRRF for the single-stage reconstruction of CPECPC defects is a useful addendum for re-establishing the aesthesis and continence at the reconstructed site.
Dynamics study of shock wave intersection under high-frequency sine oscillation incoming flow
Authors: Su Liangjun , Wen Fengbo , Li Zuobiao , Wan Chenxin , Han Jiajun , Wang Songtao , Wang Zhongqi
Published: October 2022

This paper numerically studies the dynamics of symmetrical wedge shock intersection under sinusoidal supersonic oscillation conditions. The 15° symmetrical wedges are used as the shock generator, and the sinusoidal oscillation is used as the inflow condition. Two forms are considered: (I) The fluctuation amplitude is kept constant (A = 1.4), and the influence of the fluctuation frequency from 4 kHz with a step of 2–10 kHz in the shock wave system is considered. (II) Keeping the frequency constant (f = 10 kHz), the effect of three amplitudes (A = 1.0, 1.4, 1.8) on shock waves is considered. A detailed analysis of unsteady flow features, including the Mach stem growth, the swing of slip lines, pressure evolution, and peculiar pressure wave phenomenon are presented with a focus on the bi-directional regular intersection (RI ↔ MI) Mach intersection transition process. The study found that: RI ↔ MI always occurs near the von Neumann solution, and there are premature transformation and hysteresis. The higher the frequency, the more noticeable the hysteresis and premature transformation are, the more obvious the swing of slip lines is. The lower the frequency, the longer the bi-directional transition time of the RI ↔ MI, the greater the maximum height of the Mach stem, the more frequent the triple points' pressure fluctuation. In addition, the oscillating flow will cause the propagation of pressure waves in the slip line channel and the transition from transverse waves to longitudinal waves. Under the condition of different amplitudes, the greater the amplitude is, the greater the height of the Mach stem is. When the amplitude is maximum, the Mach number of partial incoming flow is less than the minimum Mach number of the attached oblique shock wave. The evolution of the detached shock wave will lead to the complexity of the system. As the amplitude increases, the greater the pressure difference of the triple points, the greater the curvature of the incident shocks. The research of the unsteady shock wave intersection under the oscillating flow is useful to the study of supersonic flow, loss control, and heat and mass transfer of detonation engines and intake ducts.
Three-quark potential at finite temperature and chemical potential*
Authors: Jiang Jia-Jie , Xiao Ya-Zhao , Qin Jiajia , Li Xiaohua , Chen Xun
Published: October 2022

Using gauge/gravity duality, we study the potential energy and the melting of triply heavy baryon at finite temperature and chemical potential in this paper. First, we calculate the three-quark potential and compare the results with quark-antiquark potential. With the increase of temperature and chemical potential, the potential energy will decrease at large distances. It is found that the three-quark potential will have an endpoint at high temperature and/or large chemical potential, which means triply heavy baryons will melt at enough high temperature and/or large chemical potential. We also discuss screening distance which can be extracted from the three-quark potential. At last, we draw the melting diagram of triply heavy baryons in the

plane.
Smuon in the NMSSM confronted with the muon g–2 anomaly and SUSY searches*
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhu Jingya
Published: October 2022

Motivated by recent supersymmetry (SUSY) search results, which prefer most SUSY particles to be heavy, and the muon g–2 anomaly, which prefers colorless SUSY particles to be light, we explore the status of a light smuon (the SUSY partner of a left-handed muon lepton) in the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model (NMSSM). Assuming colored SUSY particles to be heavy, and considering numerous experimental constraints, including muon g-2, SUSY searches, and dark matter, we scan the parameter space in the NMSSM with

-symmetry and check the status of colorless SUSY particles and their possible mass order, paying special attention to the smuon. After calculations and discussions, we find that the surviving samples can be divided into several scenarios, where the mass region and decay information of the smuon are given. Overall, the smuon mass can be approximately 0.1~1.8 TeV. These results may be useful for smuon searches at the LHC and future colliders.
Search for Majoron at the COMET experiment*
Authors: Xing Tianyu , Wu Chen , Miao Han , Li Haibo , Li Weiguo , Yuan Ye , Zhang Yao
Published: October 2022

A new Goldstone particle named Majoron is introduced in order to explain the origin of neutrino mass via some new physics models assuming that neutrinos are Majorana particles. By expanding the signal region and using likelihood analysis, it becomes possible to search for Majoron using experiments originally designed to search for

conversion. For the COMET experiment, the sensitivity of process

is able to reach

in Phase-I and

in Phase-II. Meanwhile, the sensitivities to search for Majoron in future experiments are also discussed in this article.
Dynamic performance of linear electromagnetic actuators in a stray magnetic field: theoretical analysis and experimental verification
Authors: WANG Rumeng , YANG Yong , WANG Shaoyu , ZHANG Ming
Published: October 2022

Linear electromagnetic actuators (LEAs) are widely used in tokamaks, but they are extremely sensitive to and are prone to fail in a high-strength stray magnetic field (SMF), which is usually a concomitant with tokamaks. In this paper, a multi-physics coupling analysis model of LEA, including magnetic field, electric circuit and mechanical motion, is proposed, and the dynamic characteristics of LEAs in SMFs are studied in detail based on the proposed model. The failure mechanism of LEAs in SMFs is revealed, and the influence of SMFs on the dynamic performance of LEAs is studied and quantified. It is shown that the failure threshold of the LEA selected in this work under the rated condition is 27 mT and 14 mT in the positive and negative direction, respectively. Under a typical SMF of 10 mT in the negative direction, the closing time of the LEA will be extended by 40%, while its opening time will be shortened by about 10%. Experimental tests are also conducted, which verify the validity of the proposed model and the analysis results. This paper provides a basis for the diamagnetic optimization design of LEA, and it is of great significance to ensure the reliable operation of the tokamak.
Efficient continual learning at the edge with progressive segmented training
Authors: Du Xiaocong , Venkataramanaiah Shreyas Kolala , Li Zheng , Suh Han-Sok , Yin Shihui , Krishnan Gokul , Liu Frank , Seo Jae-sun , Cao Yu
Published: October 2022

There is an increasing need for continual learning in dynamic systems at the edge, such as self-driving vehicles, surveillance drones, and robotic systems. Such a system requires learning from the data stream, training the model to preserve previous information and adapt to a new task, and generating a single-headed vector for future inference, within a limited power budget. Different from previous continual learning algorithms with dynamic structures, this work focuses on a single network and model segmentation to mitigate catastrophic forgetting problem. Leveraging the redundant capacity of a single network, model parameters for each task are separated into two groups: one important group which is frozen to preserve current knowledge, and a secondary group to be saved (not pruned) for future learning. A fixed-size memory containing a small amount of previously seen data is further adopted to assist the training. Without additional regularization, the simple yet effective approach of progressive segmented training (PST) successfully incorporates multiple tasks and achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in the single-head evaluation on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets. Moreover, the segmented training significantly improves computation efficiency in continual learning and thus, enabling efficient continual learning at the edge. On Intel Stratix-10 MX FPGA, we further demonstrate the efficiency of PST with representative CNNs trained on CIFAR-10.
Relationship Between Primary Care Providers’ Perceptions of Alcohol Use Disorder And Pharmacotherapy Prescribing Rates
Authors: Bernstein Eden Y , Pfoh Elizabeth R , Le Phuc , Rothberg Michael B
Published: October 2022

Aims

Acamprosate, naltrexone and disulfiram are underprescribed for alcohol use disorder (AUD) with marked variability among primary care providers (PCPs). We aimed to identify differences between high and low prescribers of medications for AUD (MAUD) with regard to knowledge, experiences, prioritization and attitudes.

Methods

We surveyed PCPs from a large healthcare system with at least 20 patients with AUD. Prescribing rates were obtained from the electronic health record (EHR). Survey responses were scored from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Multiple imputation was used to generate attitude scores for 7 missing subjects. PCPs were divided into groups by the median prescribing rate and attitude. Comparisons were made using Wilcoxon rank-sum and regression.

Results

Of the 182 eligible PCPs, 68 (37.4%) completed the survey. Most indicated willingness to attend an educational course (57.4%). Compared with low prescribers, high prescribers viewed the effectiveness of medications more favorably (short term 4.0 vs 3.7, P = 0.02; long term 3.5 vs 3.2, P = 0.04) and were more likely to view prescribing as part of their job (3.9 vs 3.4, P = 0.04). PCPs with positive attitudes (72.4%, CI 60.9–83.8%) had a prescribing rate of 5.0% (CI 3.5–6.5%) compared to 1.9% (CI 0.5–3.4%) among those with negative attitudes (P = 0.028). When stratified by attitude, belief in effectiveness was associated with higher prescribing among PCPs with positive attitudes but not those with negative attitudes.

Conclusions

PCPs indicated an interest in learning to prescribe MAUD. However, education alone may not be effective unless physicians have positive attitudes towards patients with AUD.
DeepLncPro: an interpretable convolutional neural network model for identifying long non-coding RNA promoters
Authors: Zhang Tianyang , Tang Qiang , Nie Fulei , Zhao Qi , Chen Wei
Published: October 2022

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays important roles in a series of biological processes. The transcription of lncRNA is regulated by its promoter. Hence, accurate identification of lncRNA promoter will be helpful to understand its regulatory mechanisms. Since experimental techniques remain time consuming for gnome-wide promoter identification, developing computational tools to identify promoters are necessary. However, only few computational methods have been proposed for lncRNA promoter prediction and their performances still have room to be improved. In the present work, a convolutional neural network based model, called DeepLncPro, was proposed to identify lncRNA promoters in human and mouse. Comparative results demonstrated that DeepLncPro was superior to both state-of-the-art machine learning methods and existing models for identifying lncRNA promoters. Furthermore, DeepLncPro has the ability to extract and analyze transcription factor binding motifs from lncRNAs, which made it become an interpretable model. These results indicate that the DeepLncPro can server as a powerful tool for identifying lncRNA promoters. An open-source tool for DeepLncPro was provided at https://github.com/zhangtian-yang/DeepLncPro.
The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male workers and their partners to secure a family income
Authors: Gerlitz Jean-Yves
Published: October 2022

Thanks to the male breadwinner model with wages sufficient to support a family, working-class families used to be financially secure. The transformation towards the adult worker model (AWM) saw an accumulation of adverse employment characteristics—especially among manual and non-manual routine occupations—and a rise in poverty risks. However, there is a lack of research that combines these strands. I ask to what extent male Western German workers and their partners’ ability to secure labour earnings that support a family has changed, and to what degree this was hampered by various adverse employment characteristics. Focusing on service and production workers with cohabiting partners, I analyse whether their individual and combined labour income is sufficient to support a family. Performing descriptive trend analysis and linear probability models with German Socio-Economic Panel data for 1985–2013, I compare class effects of four periods. I find that since the end of the 1990s, male service and production workers increasingly struggle to secure a family income—mainly driven by low wages and low work intensity, while partners’ labour market participation has gained relevance. The transformation towards the AWM coincided with a devaluation of the most privileged group among workers and thus the working class as a whole.
The political determinants of housing benefits
Authors: Nelson Kenneth , Borg Ida , Nieuwenhuis Rense , Alm Susanne
Published: October 2022

Housing benefits differ substantially across countries. In this paper, we apply power resource theory, developed primarily in relation to the emergence and subsequent expansion of social citizenship, to housing policy. The purpose is to analyse the political determinants of housing benefits, and particularly the role of left parties and the partisan mobilization of labour. The empirical analyses are based on new housing benefit data for 31 affluent democracies from the period 2001–2018. The results of a series of fixed effects pooled time-series regressions show that the strength of left government is positively associated with the size of housing benefits. However, the positive influence of left cabinets is conditional on the relative size of rental housing and the fractionalization of the party system. Our findings highlight the need to combine actor-oriented explanations of the welfare state with theories about the corporatist power structures of society.
Gender and mathematics achievement: the role of gender stereotypical beliefs of classroom peers
Authors: Smith Emil , Farkas George
Published: October 2022

We tested the relationship between gender-stereotypical beliefs (GSBs) of female and male classroom peers and female achievement in mathematics. Complete-class student survey data merged with family register data from 1,047 Danish 6th-grade students, nested in 50 classrooms within 28 schools, were analysed using multilevel linear regressions including controls for parental education and income, the percentage of females in the classroom, prior math test scores, and the parental education, income, and prior test scores of female and male peers. We found that the GSBs of female peers were negatively associated with girls’ math achievement. Similar variables were not related to the math achievement of boys.
Hybrid balancing as classical realist statecraft: China's balancing behaviour in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Ito Ryuta
Published: October 2022

Hybrid warfare has recently attracted scholarly attention. Despite its importance, hybrid warfare research remains underdeveloped, as it sometimes falls into the trap of ‘simplistic hypothesis testing’, which focuses on narrowly defined military factors while downplaying the fundamentals of international politics (e.g. balancing and diplomacy). This article fills this gap by constructing a new theoretical concept called ‘hybrid balancing’ by introducing the essence of hybrid warfare into classical realism, based on the scientific realism in the philosophy of science as a meta-theoretical foundation. ‘Hybrid balancing’ consists of three ideal types of balancing beyond the traditional hard one: political, economic and informational balancing. As a plausibility probe to show that the argument is sufficiently grounded in evidence to justify further research, I illustrate the new concept by examining China's hybrid warfare in the Indo-Pacific, an arena of geopolitical competition between China and the United States. The implications of the research are that it (1) shows the significance of ‘agency’ over ‘structure’ to solve the agent–structure debate, (2) develops a new theoretical concept explaining non-military aspects of balancing, (3) overcomes ‘simplistic hypothesis testing’, and (4) sheds new light on the Indo-Pacific, which had been overlooked in previous research around hybrid warfare.
Evaluation of Torula yeast as a protein source in extruded feline diets
Authors: Holt Dalton A , Aldrich Charles G
Published: October 2022

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a Torula yeast (TY) on diet processing, palatability, and total tract nutrient digestibility in extruded feline diets. Four dietary treatments were compared, differing by protein source: TY, pea protein concentrate (PP), soybean meal (SM), and chicken meal (CM). Diets were produced using a single-screw extruder under similar processing conditions. Palatability assessment was conducted as a split plate design where both first choice and intake ratio (IR) were determined. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients was estimated using Titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. During diet production, specific mechanical energy of TY and SM (average of 187 kJ/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than for PP (138 kJ/kg); however, CM was similar to all treatments (167 kJ/kg). Kibble diameter, piece volume, and sectional expansion ratio were greatest for TY (P < 0.05). Additionally, both bulk and piece density were lowest (P < 0.05) for TY. Kibble hardness was lower for TY and SM (P < 0.05; average of 2.10 Newtons) compared to CM and PP (average of 2.90 Newtons). During the palatability trial, TY was chosen first a greater number of times than CM (P < 0.05; 36 vs. 4, respectively), but differences were not found between TY and PP (25 vs. 15, respectively) or TY and SM (24 vs. 16, respectively). Cats had a greater IR (P < 0.05) of TY compared to CM and PP (0.88 and 0.73, respectively). However, there was no difference in preference between TY and SM. ATTD of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was greater (P < 0.05) for CM (87.43% and 91.34%, respectively) than other treatments. Both DM and OM ATTD of TY were similar (P < 0.05) to PP and SM (average of 86.20% and average of 89.76%, respectively). Ash ATTD was greater (P < 0.05) for cats fed TY and SM (average of 37.42%), intermediate for PP (32.79%), and lowest for CM (23.97%). Crude protein (CP) ATTD of TY was similar to all other treatments (average of 89.97%), but fat ATTD was lower (P < 0.05; 92.52%) than other treatments (93.76% to 94.82%). Gross energy ATTD was greater (P < 0.05) for CM than TY (90.97% vs. 90.18%, respectively); however, TY was similar to PP and SM (average of 90.22%). Total dietary fiber ATTD was similar between TY and CM (average of 66.20%) and greater (P < 0.05) than PP and SM (average of 58.70%). The TY used in this study facilitated diet formation, increased diet preference, and was highly digestible when fed to cats.
Comparison of Vector Trapping Methods for Outdoor Biting Malaria Vector Surveillance in Thailand and Vietnam
Authors: Ngoenklan Ratchadawan , Thanh Duong Tran , Duc Chinh Vu , Quang Thieu Nguyen , Hii Jeffrey , Bangs Michael J , Aum-Aung Boonserm , Suwonkerd Wannapa , Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap
Published: October 2022

The performances of the human-baited double net trap (HDNT) and the human-baited host decoy trap (HDT) methods were compared against the outdoor human landing catch (OHLC) method in Thailand and Vietnam. Two study sites were selected in each country: a rural village and a nearby forest setting. The three outdoor trap methods were rotated nightly between three set trapping positions, in a pre-assigned Latin square design. Volunteers were rotated following the trap rotation to avoid bias. The greatest number of adult mosquitoes was collected from the forest sites in both countries, showing Anopheles minimus (s.s.) Theobald (96.54%) and Anopheles dirus (s.s.) Peyton & Harrison (25.71%) as the primary malaria vectors in Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. At the Thai forest site, OHLC collected significantly more anopheline mosquitoes per trap night than HDNT and HDT, with mean ± standard error values of 14.17 ± 4.42, 4.83 ± 1.56, and 4.44 ± 1.45, respectively, whilst HDNT and HDT were significantly less productive at 0.34 times and 0.31 times, respectively, than OHLC in capturing anopheline mosquitoes. However, there were no significant differences among the three methods of trapping malaria vectors for the village site. At the Vietnamese forest site, HDNT achieved the highest performance in collecting Anopheline mosquitoes at 1.54 times compared to OHLC, but there was no significant difference between the two traps. The results suggested HDNT could be a possible alternative trap to OHLC in this area. Although HDT was less efficient at attracting Anopheline mosquitoes, it was highly efficient at trapping culicine mosquitoes.
Do cosmological observations allow a negative Λ?
Authors: Sen Anjan A , Adil Shahnawaz A , Sen Somasri
Published: October 2022

In view of the recent measurement of H0 from the Hubble Space Telescope and Supernova H0 for the Equation of State (SH0ES) team, we explore the possibility of existence of a negative cosmological constant [anti-de Sitter (AdS) vacua in the dark energy sector] in the Universe. In this regard, we consider quintessence fields on top of a negative cosmological constant and compare such construction with Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model using a different combination of cosmic microwave background, Type Ia supernova, baryon acoustic oscillation, and H0 data. Various model comparison estimators show that quintessence models with a negative Λ are either preferred over ΛCDM or perform equally as the ΛCDM model. This suggests that the presence of a negative Λ (AdS ground state) in our Universe, which can naturally arise in string theory, is consistent with cosmological observations.
The Tianlai dish array low-z surveys forecasts
Authors: Perdereau Olivier , Ansari Réza , Stebbins Albert , Timbie Peter T , Chen Xuelei , Wu Fengquan , Li Jixia , Marriner John P , Tucker Gregory S , Cong Yanping , Das Santanu , Li Yichao , Liu Yingfeng , Magneville Christophe , Peterson Jeffrey B , Phan Anh , Robinthal Lily , Sun Shijie , Wang Yougang , Wu Yanlin , Xu Yidong , Yu Kaifeng , Yu Zijie , Zhang Jiao , Zhang Juyong , Zuo Shifan
Published: October 2022

We present the science case for surveys with the Tianlai dish array interferometer tuned to the [1300, 1400] MHz frequency range. Starting from a realistic generation of mock visibility data according to the survey strategy, we reconstruct maps of the sky and perform foreground subtraction. We estimate the level of residuals from imperfect subtraction, mostly due to mode mixing, i.e. distortions in the reconstructed 3D maps due to frequency-dependent instrument response. We show that a survey of the North Celestial Polar cap during a year of observations, covering an area of $150 \, \mathrm{deg^2}$, would reach a sensitivity of $1.5-2 \, \mathrm{mK}$ per $1 \, \mathrm{MHz} \times 0.25^2 \, \mathrm{deg^2 }$ voxel and be marginally impacted by mode mixing. Tianlai would be able to detect ∼10 nearby massive H i  clumps as well as a very strong cross-correlation signal of 21 cm intensity maps with the North Celestial Cap Survey optical galaxies. We also studied the performance of a mid-latitude survey, covering $\sim 1500 \, \mathrm{deg^2}$ overlapping the SDSS footprint. Despite a higher noise level for the mid-latitude survey, as well as significant distortions due to mode mixing, Tianlai would be able to detect a highly significant cross-correlation between the 21 cm signal and the Sloan spectroscopic galaxy sample. Using the extragalactic signals measured from either or both of these surveys, and comparing them with simulations such as those presented here will make it possible to assess the impact of various instrumental imperfections on the Tianlai dish array performance. This would pave the way for future intensity mapping surveys with higher sensitivity.
Semitransparent shear turbulence in hot Jupiter atmospheres
Authors: Menou Kristen
Published: October 2022

Turbulent transport driven by secular shear instabilities can lead to enhanced vertical mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres, impacting their cloudiness, chemistry, and overall vertical structure. We discuss the turbulent regime expected and evaluate theoretical uncertainties on the strength of the vertical mixing (i.e. Kzz values). We focus our work on three well-studied hot Jupiters with a hierarchy of atmospheric temperatures: HD189733b (Teq  ≃ 1200 K), HD209458b (Teq  ≃ 1450 K), and Kepler7b (Teq  ≃ 1630 K). Kzz uncertainties are large. They are dominated by (i) the poorly understood magnitude of turbulent transport and (ii) the semitransparent nature of shear turbulence near the planetary photosphere. Using a specific Moore–Spiegel instability threshold, we infer that the cooler HD189733b is not subject to enhanced mixing from semitransparent shear turbulence, while the daysides of the hotter Kepler7b and (marginally so) HD209458b are. Enhanced vertical mixing is generally expected to manifest on hot enough exoplanets, with Teq  > 1500–1600 K. On a given planet, day and night Kzz profiles can differ by an order of magnitude or more. Vertical mixing is slightly favoured in equatorial regions, where the atmospheric zonal shear is strongest. In all three planetary cases studied, momentum feedback on the atmospheric mean flow is minor to negligible.
Subaru HSC weak lensing of SDSS redMaPPer cluster satellite galaxies: empirical upper limit on orphan fractions
Authors: Kumar Amit , More Surhud , Rana Divya
Published: October 2022

Weak gravitational lensing directly probes the matter distribution surrounding satellite galaxies in galaxy clusters. We measure the weak lensing signal induced on the shapes of background galaxies around the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) redMaPPer cluster satellite galaxies, which have their central galaxies assigned with a probability Pcen > 0.95 in the redshift range, 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 0.33. We use the galaxy shapes from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey for this purpose. We bin satellite galaxies by their distance from the cluster centre and compare it to the signal around a control sample of galaxies that do not reside in clusters but have similar colours and magnitudes. We explore the effect of environmental processes on the dark matter mass around satellites. We see hints of a difference in the mass of the subhalo of the satellite compared to the halo masses of galaxies in our control sample, especially in the innermost cluster-centric radial bin (0.1 < r < 0.3 [${h^{-1}\,\rm Mpc}$]). For the first time, we put an upper limit on the prevalence of orphan galaxies that have entirely lost their dark matter haloes with cluster-centric distances with the help of our measurements. However, these upper limits could be relaxed if there is substantial contamination in the satellite galaxy sample.
The MOSDEF survey: a new view of a remarkable z = 1.89 merger
Authors: Runco Jordan N , Shapley Alice E , Kriek Mariska , Cappellari Michele , Topping Michael W , Sanders Ryan L , Kokorev Vasily I , Price Sedona H , Reddy Naveen A , Coil Alison L , Mobasher Bahram , Siana Brian , Zick Tom , Magdis Georgios E , Brammer Gabriel , Aird James
Published: October 2022

We present a detailed study of a galaxy merger taking place at z = 1.89 in the GOODS-S field. Here, we analyse Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopic observations from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey along with multiwavelength photometry assembled by the 3D-HST survey. The combined data set is modelled to infer the past star formation histories (SFHs) of both merging galaxies. They are found to be massive, with log10(M*/M⊙) > 11, with a close mass ratio satisfying the typical major-merger definition. Additionally, in the context of delayed-τ models, GOODS-S 43114, and GOODS-S 43683 have similar SFHs and low star formation rates (log10(SFR(SED)/${\rm M}_{\odot }\,\rm {yr}^{-1}$) < 1.0) compared to their past averages. The best-fitting model SEDs show elevated H δA values for both galaxies, indicating that their stellar spectra are dominated by A-type stars, and that star formation peaked ∼0.5−1 Gyr ago and has recently declined. Additionally, based on SED fitting both merging galaxies turned on and shut off star formation within a few hundred Myr of each other, suggesting that their bursts of star formation may be linked. Combining the SFHs and H δA results with recent galaxy merger simulations, we infer that these galaxies have recently completed their first pericentric passage and are moving apart. Finally, the relatively low second velocity moment of GOODS-S 43114, given its stellar mass suggests a disc-like structure. However, including the geometry of the galaxy in the modelling does not completely resolve the discrepancy between the dynamical and stellar masses. Future work is needed to resolve this inconsistency in mass.
The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) – IV. A photometric metallicity analysis of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Vitali Sara , Arentsen Anke , Starkenburg Else , Jofré Paula , Martin Nicolas F , Aguado David S , Carlberg Raymond , González Hernández Jonay I , Ibata Rodrigo , Kordopatis Georges , Malhan Khyati , Ramos Pau , Sestito Federico , Yuan Zhen , Buder Sven , Lewis Geraint F , Wan Zhen , Zucker Daniel B
Published: October 2022

We present a comprehensive metallicity analysis of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr dSph) using Pristine CaHK photometry. We base our member selection on Gaia EDR3 astrometry, applying a magnitude limit at G0 = 17.3, and our population study on the metallicity-sensitive photometry from the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS). Working with photometric metallicities instead of spectroscopic metallicities allows us to cover an unprecedented large area (∼100 square degrees) of the dwarf galaxy, and to study the spatial distribution of its members as function of metallicity with little selection effects. Our study compares the spatial distributions of a metal-poor population of 9719 stars with [Fe/H] <−1.3 and a metal-rich one of 30 115 stars with [Fe/H] >−1.0. The photometric Sgr sample also allows us to assemble the largest sample of 1150 very metal-poor Sgr candidates ([Fe/H] <−2.0). By investigating and fitting the spatial properties of the metal-rich and metal-poor population, we find a negative metallicity gradient which extends up to 12 degrees from the Sgr centre (or ∼5.5 kpc at the distance of Sgr), the limit of our footprint. We conclude that the relative number of metal-poor stars increases in the outer areas of the galaxy, while the central region is dominated by metal-rich stars. These findings suggest an outside-in formation process and are an indication of the extended formation history of Sgr, which has been affected by the tidal interaction between Sgr and the Milky Way.
NGTS-21b: an inflated Super-Jupiter orbiting a metal-poor K dwarf
Authors: Alves Douglas R , Jenkins James S , Vines Jose I , Nielsen Louise D , Gill Samuel , Acton Jack S , Anderson D R , Bayliss Daniel , Bouchy François , Breytenbach Hannes , Bryant Edward M , Burleigh Matthew R , Casewell Sarah L , Eigmüller Philipp , Gillen Edward , Goad Michael R , Günther Maximilian N , Henderson Beth A , Kendall Alicia , Lendl Monika , Moyano Maximiliano , Sefako Ramotholo R , Smith Alexis M S , Costes Jean C , Tilbrook Rosanne H , Thomas Jessymol K , Udry Stéphane , Watson Christopher A , West Richard G , Wheatley Peter J , Worters Hannah L , Osborn Ares
Published: October 2022

We report the discovery of NGTS-21b , a massive hot Jupiter orbiting a low-mass star as part of the Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS). The planet has a mass and radius of 2.36 ± 0.21 MJ and 1.33 ± 0.03 RJ, and an orbital period of 1.543 d. The host is a K3V (Teff = 4660 ± 41 K) metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −0.26 ± 0.07 dex) dwarf star with a mass and radius of 0.72 ± 0.04 M⊙ and 0.86 ± 0.04R⊙. Its age and rotation period of $10.02^{+3.29}_{-7.30}$ Gyr and 17.88 ± 0.08 d, respectively, are in accordance with the observed moderately low-stellar activity level. When comparing NGTS-21b with currently known transiting hot Jupiters with similar equilibrium temperatures, it is found to have one of the largest measured radii despite its large mass. Inflation-free planetary structure models suggest the planet’s atmosphere is inflated by $\sim \! 21{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, while inflationary models predict a radius consistent with observations, thus pointing to stellar irradiation as the probable origin of NGTS-21b’s radius inflation. Additionally, NGTS-21b’s bulk density (1.25 ± 0.15 g cm–3) is also amongst the largest within the population of metal-poor giant hosts ([Fe/H] < 0.0), helping to reveal a falling upper boundary in metallicity–planet density parameter space that is in concordance with core accretion formation models. The discovery of rare planetary systems such as NGTS-21 greatly contributes towards better constraints being placed on the formation and evolution mechanisms of massive planets orbiting low-mass stars.
Bark and sapwood water storage and the atypical pattern of recharge and discharge of water reservoirs indicate low vulnerability to drought inAraucaria araucana
Authors: Bucci Sandra Janet , Carbonell-Silletta Luisina , Cavallaro Agustin , Arias Nadia Soledad , Campanello Paula Inés , Goldstein Guillermo , Scholz Fabián Gustavo
Published: October 2022

Stored water in inner tissues influences the plant water economy, which might be particularly relevant for trees facing increasing dry conditions due to climate change. We studied the water storage in the inner bark and the sapwood of Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch. This species has an extremely thick inner bark and thus it can be used as a model system to assess the impact of internal water storage on plant water balance. Specifically, we analyzed the water circulation pathways in and out of the elastic water storages by using simultaneously frequency domain moisture sensors and dendrometers inserted in the inner bark and in the sapwood, and sap flow determinations during the dry season. The daily patterns of water content and expansion and contraction of the stem tissues were similar to the sap flow pattern. The whole-stem water content and diameter increased in the morning and decreased in the afternoon, contrary to the typical pattern observed in most tree species. An osmotic gradient favoring the water influx from sapwood to inner bark was observed in the morning. There were no lags in the onset of sap flow between different stem heights at the time that recharge of reservoirs occurred. Sap flow at 6 m height was higher than basal sap flow in the afternoon, when the sapwood water content started to decline followed by the water content of the inner bark. Inner bark and sapwood contributed 5–11% to total daily transpiration, allowing the maintenance of high water potentials in the dry season. Our results suggest that the stored water in the stems, the atypical dynamic of recharge and discharge of water from reservoirs and the high tissue capacitance may make an important contribution to the survival of A. araucana during drought periods by maintaining the water balance.
Acoustic waves in saturated porous media with gas bubbles
Authors: Kurzeja Patrick , Steeb Holger
Published: October 2022

The present framework employs various interface characteristics of gas bubbles into a continuum description of acoustics in porous media. It first extends the bubble compressibility in classic models by surface tension and higher-order curvature effects. This modelling extension is significantly relevant to estimate the impact of interface effects, e.g. on emerging nano-scale bubbles or pickering emulsions. The gas bubble dynamics is then homogenized to derive a manageable set of continuum equations. Respective assumptions and limitations are summarized in this process to provide a quick reference when choosing the compromise between a model’s complexity and applicability. The acoustic response of a water-saturated sandstone with gas bubbles is finally evaluated with respect to the practical importance at ambient and reservoir conditions. The shape of the bubble-size distribution is represented in the evolution of the inverse quality factor but less distinct in the dispersion of the phase velocity. The presented, rigorous framework thus allows to predict what frequencies and acoustic properties relate to specific gas bubble sizes and whether respective signals may be detected with current apparatus.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.
Viscoelastic reduced enhanced isotropic continua as acoustic metamaterials
Authors: Grekova Elena F.
Published: October 2022

We consider a linear enhanced viscoelastic continuum of general nature but of specific type. Namely, we consider a reduced elastic continuum, satisfying Lagrange equations, where the strain energy depends on a certain (special) vectorial generalized coordinate, but does not depend on its gradient, and then add linear dissipation to the existing elastic connections. We may also represent this model as a ‘bearing continuum’, where all the connections are present (described by one vectorial generalized coordinate), enriched in each point by a ‘distributed dynamic absorber’ (described by ‘special’ vectorial generalized coordinate). We look for free harmonic waves in this infinite medium and obtain a reduced spectral problem for the vectorial generalized coordinate of the bearing continuum, for an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom. It was shown earlier that under certain symmetry conditions in the elastic case we obtain a single negative acoustic metamaterial, i.e. a medium that has band gaps. Further, we consider isotropic and gyrotropic reduced media, described by two three-dimensional vectorial generalized coordinates. First, we generalize results of previous studies for more complex elastic coupling, discovering a polarized shear wave, which has both bandgaps and zones of anomalous refraction. Then we introduce linear dissipation of different kinds. We find that viscosity yields in existence of travelling harmonic waves for all frequencies, possibly except for some points. Logarithmic decrement, infinite for the elastic material in bandgaps, becomes finite and decreases as the dissipation increases, at least for small viscosity. An important observation is: an infinitesimal dissipation in most cases transforms bandgaps into zones of travelling evanescent waves that partially are zones of anomalous refraction (decreasing parts of dispersion curves), where the medium is a double negative acoustic metamaterial.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.
Direction-selective non-reciprocal mechanical energy splitter
Authors: Rakhimzhanova Anar , Brun Michele
Published: October 2022

A direction-selective elastic micro-structured medium is proposed. The lattice model combines constitutive nonlinearity, a threshold activation displacement and the gyroscopic effect of an isolated spinner to induce a tunable wave deviation on a selected direction in a full non-reciprocal way. The direction-selective effect is quantified in terms of energy flux dependence on gyricity and propagation velocity of the incident wave. Three different regimes are identified, addressed as passing, highly directive and barrier. The nonlinear system sustains solitary waves, described both numerically and through an analytical approximation, which show that the wave is univocally determined by the propagation velocity. A final analysis demonstrates the non-reciprocal mechanism originated by the proposed micro-structured medium.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.
Bioinspired periodic panels optimized for acoustic insulation
Authors: Dal Poggetto Vinícius F. , Pugno Nicola M. , Arruda José Roberto de F.
Published: October 2022

The design of structures that can yield efficient sound insulation performance is a recurring topic in the acoustic engineering field. Special attention is given to panels, which can be designed using several approaches to achieve considerable sound attenuation. Previously, we have presented the concept of thickness-varying periodic plates with optimized profiles to inhibit flexural wave energy propagation. In this work, motivated by biological structures that present multiple locally resonant elements able to cause acoustic cloaking, we extend our shape optimization approach to design panels that achieve improved acoustic insulation performance using either thickness-varying profiles or locally resonant attachments. The optimization is performed using numerical models that combine the Kirchhoff plate theory and the plane wave expansion method. Our results indicate that panels based on locally resonant mechanisms have the advantage of being robust against variation in the incidence angle of acoustic excitation and, therefore, are preferred for single-leaf applications.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.
Dynamic fracture regimes for initially prestressed elastic chains
Authors: Nieves Michael J. , Livasov Pavlos , Mishuris Gennady
Published: October 2022

We study the propagation of a bridge crack in an anisotropic multi-scale system involving two discrete elastic chains that are interconnected by links and possess periodically distributed inertia. The bridge crack is represented by the destruction of every other link between the two elastic chains, and this occurs with a uniform speed. This process is assumed to be sustained by energy provided to the system through its initial configuration, corresponding to the alternating application of compression and tension to neighbouring links. The solution, based on the Wiener–Hopf technique and presented in Ayzenberg-Stepanenko
et a
l
. (Ayzenberg-Stepanenko
et al.
2014
Proc. R. Soc. A
470
, 20140121 (
doi:10.1098/rspa.2014.0121
)) is used to compute the profile of the medium undergoing failure. We investigate when this solution, representing the steady failure process, is physically acceptable. It is shown that the analytical solution is not always physically applicable and can be used to determine the onset of non-steady failure regimes. These arise from the presence of critical deformations in the wake of the crack front at the sites of the intact links. Additionally, we demonstrate that the structural integrity of the discrete elastic chains can significantly alter the range of speeds for which the bridge crack can propagate steadily.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.
On the adoption of canonical quasi-crystalline laminates to achieve pure negative refraction of elastic waves
Authors: Chen Zhijiang , Morini Lorenzo , Gei Massimiliano
Published: October 2022

A way to achieve negative refraction of elastic anti-plane shear waves is a transmission across an interface between a homogeneous substrate and a periodic transverse laminate. To achieve
pure
negative refraction, the frequency of the source should be lower than the upper limit of the second transition zone (TZ) of the harmonic spectrum of the laminate. An effective way to control the location of TZ is to consider a
canonical
configuration for the laminate, a concept that originates from the properties of quasi-crystalline sequences among which the Fibonacci one is a particular case. Based on the universal structure of frequency spectrum, we provide a method based on the reduced torus to study the effect of a change in canonical ratio on the limits of the TZ. A further contribution consists in the analytical estimate of the angle of refraction for a linear relationship between frequency and longitudinal wavenumber. This is achieved by determining the components of the in-plane Poynting vector. The outcome provides a tool for the selection of a suitable laminate-substrate combination to accomplish a particular angle of the refracted wave. Finally, it is shown that for some particular configurations, the transmitted energy displays a peak that can be exploited to maximize the amount of energy travelling across the laminate.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.
Models for resonant acoustic metasurfaces with application to moth wing ultrasound absorption
Authors: Wang Yao-Ting , Shen Zhiyuan , Neil Thomas R. , Holderied Marc W. , Skelton Elizabeth A. , Craster Richard V.
Published: October 2022

Taking as bioinspiration the remarkable acoustic absorption properties of moth wings, we develop a simple analytical model that describes the interaction between acoustic pressure fields, and thin elastic plates incorporating resonant sub-structures. The moth wing is an exemplar of a natural acoustic metamaterial; the wings are deeply subwavelength in thickness at the frequencies of interest, the absorption is broadband and the tiny scales resonate on the moth wing acting in concert. The simplified model incorporates only the essential physics and the scales are idealized to flat rigid rectangular plates coupled via a spring to an elastic plate that forms the wing; all the components are deep-subwavelength at desired frequencies. Based on Fourier analysis, complemented by phenomenological modelling, our theory shows excellent agreement with simulation mimicking the moth-wing structure. Moth wings operate as broadband sound absorbers employing a range of scale sizes. We demonstrate that a random distribution of scale sizes generates a broadband absorption spectrum. To further illustrate the potential of the model, we design a deeply sub-wavelength acoustic counterpart of electromagnetically induced reflectance.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)’.