bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An unpublished letter by Milica Stojadinovic Srpkinja
Authors: Peric Djordje
Published: January 2019

On the occasion of Milica Stojadinovic Srpkinja's anniversary, the author of
the essay publishes one of her letters, so far left unpublished. The paper
goes on to enumerate the first speeches by professors of Women's Colleges on
Milica (in Belgrade, Kragujevac and Nis), on her life and literary works,
which were written and published before the renowned literary-historical
essays of Jovan Skerlic. The first among those women's essays (1900), by
Katarina S. Pavlovic, a professor at the Women's College in Belgrade, is
included integrally in the appendix.
Topic of metempsychosis in the poetry of Jela Spiridonovic-Savic
Authors: Radulovic Nemanja
Published: January 2019

Topic of metempsychosis in the poetry of Jela Spiridonovic-Savic (1890-1974)
remained under-researched so far, although it seems to be crucial for better
understanding of her entire work. For example, short story ?Miss Georgina? ,
usually seen as a study of madness, can be understood as a fantastic one, if
the reader accepts the metempsychosis of the main character. In a long poem
?The Pergaments? reincarnation is preached by a monk of Mount Athos. The
poetess, however, does not oppose metempsychosis to Christianity, but merges
them in her idiosyncratic version of Christian mysticism. Jela
Spiridonovic-Savic was in contact with a group of female intellectuals
interested in occultism, and inclined toward belief in reincarnation, but
what matters more is that she uses metempsychosis s a poetic tool to create
the transcendental atmosphere in her poetry.
Pop'tki Dmitrija Merezkovskogo opublikovat' svoi proizvedenija „Iisus neizvestn'ij” i „Lica svjat'ih” v Jugoslavii
Authors: Delic Dusica
Published: January 2019

Dmitrij Sergeevic Merezkovskij, pisatel' i filosof, javljaetsja odnim iz samyh
znamenityh russkih hudoznikov, zivuscih za granicej. Za poslednie neskol'ko
desjatiletij v naucnyh krugah voznik bol'soj interes k ego licnosti i
proizvedenijam. Poskol'ku materiala dlja issledovanija suscestvuet dostatocno, v
etoj rabote my postaraemsja na osnove dokumentov, sohranivsihsja v Arhive
Jugoslavii, uznat' i raskryt' sud'bu proizvedenij ?Iisus Neizvestnyj? i ?Lica
svjatyh ot Iisusa k nam?, to est', popytki avtora opublikovat' ih v
Jugoslavii. V prilozenijah nahodjatsja i perepiski, kotorye avtor vel s
predstaviteljami Dvora, a takze Russkogo kul'turnogo otbora. Dannye pis'ma
budut ves'ma cennymi v issledovanii licnosti i dela pisatelja, a takze
dejatel'nosti Russkogo kul'turnogo otbora i Russkoj biblioteki.
Some features of mass transfer in composite materials
Authors: Lisovsky A.F.
Published: January 2019

The paper deals with the process of mass transfer in a two-phase system which
consists of a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas) and dispersed particles
forming a spacial structure, i.e. a skeleton. It is shown that in systems
like this the process of the mobile phase transfers is greatly affected by
forces generated at both interfaces and particle boundaries. These forces
are responsible for new regularities of the mass transfer in dispersed
systems, in particular, a spontaneous increase in an intensive variable is a
possibility.
Alumina particles doped with ferric as efficient adsorbent for removal of Reactive Orange 16 from aqueous solutions
Authors: Milanovic Predrag , Vuksanovic Marija , Mitric Miodrag , Kojovic Aleksandar , Mijin Dusan , Jancic-Hainemann Radmila
Published: January 2019

Ferric oxide doped alumina particles were prepared via the sol-gel method and
their performance as Reactive Orange 16 adsorbent was evaluated. The
concentrations of the Reactive Orange 16 were monitored using a UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. The effect of Reactive Orange 16 concentration, adsorbent
quantity and pH on the solution decolorization efficiency was analyzed. The
efficiency of the Reactive Orange 16 removal using ferric oxide alumina
doped exceeded 98 % in 20 min at pH=3. The experimental data were fitted to
the Langmuir equation better than to the Freundlich one. The
pseudo-first-order model fits well with the experimental data for adsorption
kinetics.
Conforming Tax Avoidance and Capital Market Pressure
Authors: Badertscher Brad A. , Katz Sharon P. , Rego Sonja Olhoft , Wilson Ryan J.
Published: January 2019

In this study, we develop a measure of corporate tax avoidance that reduces both financial and taxable income, which we refer to as “book-tax conforming” tax avoidance. We use simulation analyses, LIFO/FIFO inventory method conversions, and samples of private and public firms to validate our measure. We then investigate the prevalence of conforming tax avoidance within a sample of public firms. Results from the validation tests indicate that our measure of conforming tax avoidance successfully captures book-tax conforming transactions. Consistent with expectations, we also find that the extent to which public firms engage in conforming tax avoidance varies systematically with the capital market pressures. Our study develops a new measure of conforming tax avoidance that should be useful in future research and provides new insights on the extent to which public firms are willing to reduce income tax liabilities at the expense of reporting lower financial income.
Potential of Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Stem Cell–Hydrogel Complex for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Moon Kyung-Chul , Suh Hyun-Suk , Kim Ki-Bum , Han Seung-Kyu , Young Ki-Won , Lee Jin-Woo , Kim Mi-Hyung
Published: January 2019

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may hold great promise for treating diabetic wounds. However, it is difficult for a clinician to use MSCs because they have not been commercialized. Meanwhile, a new commercial drug that contains adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) has been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of allogeneic ASC sheets for treating diabetic foot ulcers. Fifty-nine patients with diabetic foot ulcers were randomized to either the ASC treatment group (n = 30) or a control group treated with polyurethane film (n = 29). Either an allogeneic ASC sheet or polyurethane film was applied on diabetic wounds weekly. These wounds were evaluated for a maximum of 12 weeks. Complete wound closure was achieved for 73% in the treatment group and 47% in the control group at week 8. Complete wound closure was achieved for 82% in the treatment group and 53% in the control group at week 12. The Kaplan-Meier median times to complete closure were 28.5 and 63.0 days for the treatment group and the control group, respectively. There were no serious adverse events related to allogeneic ASC treatment. Thus, allogeneic ASCs might be effective and safe to treat diabetic foot ulcers.
ANALISIS PENERAPAN TQM TERHADAP KINERJA MANAJERIAL PADA RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DI DENPASAR
Authors: Adhiputra Made Wahyu
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara penerapan Total Quality Management (TQM) dan kinerja manajerial pada organisasi rumah sakit umum di Kota Denpasar. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh tingkatan manajer baik manajer tingkat atas, menengah, dan bawah pada Rumah Sakit Umum di Denpasar. Alasan peneliti mengambil responden kepada tiap tingkatan manajer, karena pada seluruh tingkatan manajer tersebut menjadi lebih memiliki keterikatan kerjasama yang saling berhubungan untuk lebih meningkatkan, mengarahkan, dan mengembangkan perusahaan sehingga menjadi lebih baik lagi. Apabila TQM dapat diterapkan secara efektif, maka kinerja managerial juga akan meningkat. Sedangkan sistem pengukuran dan sistem penghargaannya adalah variabel moderating yang mempunyai kesatuan antara TQM dan kinerja managerial. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan TQM terhadap Kinerja Manajerial berpengaruh signifikansi t pada 0.023 < 0.05, mengindikasikan bahwa hipotesis pertama diterima. Kedua, interaksi penerapan TQM dan Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja terhadap Kinerja Manajerial berpengaruh signifikansi t pada 0.037 < 0.05, mengindikasikan bahwa hipotesis kedua diterima. Dan ketiga, interaksi penerapan TQM dan Sistem Penghargaan terhadap Kinerja Manajerial berpengaruh signifikansi t pada 0.042 < 0.05, mengindikasikan bahwa hipotesis ketiga diterima. Kata kunci: investment opportunity set; kualitas laba; nilai perusahaan ABSTRACTThis research is conducted to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of investment opportunity set on firm value with earnings quality as moderation variable. The method used to determine the sample in this study is purposive sampling technique, so that obtained 38 manufacturing companies as a sample. Data analysis technique used in this research is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with the help of SPSS 21 application. The results of this study indicate that investment opportunity set has no effect on firm value. The earnings of quality are able to strengthen the influence of investment opportunity sets on the value of the firm. Keywords: Investment Opportunity Set; Earnings Quality; Firm Value
Introduction
Authors: Li Su
Published: January 2019

In this introduction, the author explains the meaning of the term “constitution” in his writings, and why he should so define it and use it. He begins by discussing some constitutions that people in general and even legal specialists believed to be reasonably good, even as they failed to maintain their states when faced with major problems. He cites the Weimar Constitution, which was unable to prevent the rise of the Third Reich and the disaster that befell the German people. The author argues that, even if the Weimar Constitution had allowed for judicial review, it could not have saved Germany. He also considers the features of an effective constitution and whether the constitution of historical China is a constitutional law that can be put into practice. Finally, he examines the historic geoclimatic conditions to which ancient China was responding and the special nature of the constitution it created in response.
Causation in Science
Authors: Ben-Menahem Yemima
Published: January 2019

This book explores the role of causal constraints in science, shifting our attention from causal relations between individual events—the focus of most philosophical treatments of causation—to a broad family of concepts and principles generating constraints on possible change. The book looks at determinism, locality, stability, symmetry principles, conservation laws, and the principle of least action—causal constraints that serve to distinguish events and processes that our best scientific theories mandate or allow from those they rule out. The book's approach reveals that causation is just as relevant to explaining why certain events fail to occur as it is to explaining events that do occur. It investigates the conceptual differences between, and interrelations of, members of the causal family, thereby clarifying problems at the heart of the philosophy of science. The book argues that the distinction between determinism and stability is pertinent to the philosophy of history and the foundations of statistical mechanics, and that the interplay of determinism and locality is crucial for understanding quantum mechanics. Providing a historical perspective, the book traces the causal constraints of contemporary science to traditional intuitions about causation, and demonstrates how the teleological appearance of some constraints is explained away in current scientific theories such as quantum mechanics. The book represents a bold challenge to both causal eliminativism and causal reductionism—the notions that causation has no place in science and that higher-level causal claims are reducible to the causal claims of fundamental physics.
Christian Martyrs under Islam
Authors: Sahner Christian C.
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter sets out the book's objective, which is to explain the earliest stages of a long-term process whereby the predominantly Christian Middle East of late antiquity became the predominantly Islamic region of today. In particular, it explores the role of religious violence in the process of de-Christianization, as well as how Christians adopted the mentality of a minority through memories of violence. To tell the story, this book investigates a neglected group of Christian martyrs who died at the hands of Muslim officials between the seventh and ninth centuries AD. They were known by their contemporaries as “new martyrs” or “neomartyrs.” An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Converting to Islam and Returning to Christianity
Authors: Sahner Christian C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the nature of conversion in the early medieval Middle East by focusing on the first half of these convert martyrs, who began their lives as Christians, embraced Islam, and then returned to Christianity. Among these, there were several subgroups, including Christians who converted to Islam as slaves or prisoners, Christians who converted under disputed or contingent circumstances, and martyrs who were brought up in religiously mixed families. Because of the contingent nature of this process, conversions could also be undone, leading to sizable numbers of apostates over the course of the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries. Even if the number of apostates paled in comparison with the number of those who converted and remained Muslims, their paths in and out of Islam tells a great deal about how conversion worked, especially the myriad social, spiritual, economic, and political pressures that powered religious change in the period.
Converting from Islam to Christianity
Authors: Sahner Christian C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores a small and neglected group of martyrs who converted from Islam to Christianity. It is divided into five sections: the first surveys the evidence for true apostasy in legal, historical, and ritual literature written by Muslims and Christians. The second discusses the life of the most famous of all the neomartyrs, Anthony al-Qurash ī, who was executed in 799 after allegedly converting from Islam to Christianity. The third explores two instances of true apostasy from the early medieval Caucasus, while the fourth examines several examples from Iraq, Egypt, and al-Andalus. The fifth and final section revisits the Life of Anthony and investigates its connection to a cluster of legends about the conversion of the caliph and other high-ranking Muslim officials. The conclusion offers general reflections about the nature and portrayal of conversion, contending that Islamization must be seen as a fragile, highly contingent process in the early period.
Making of the Muslim World
Authors: Sahner Christian C.
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter considers the chronology of the martyrdoms as a way of measuring the pace of Islamization and Arabization in the postconquest period. It suggests that the apparent surge in violence between 750 and 800 may have come about as Muslims and Christians began interacting with each other for the very first time as members of a shared society, rather than as rulers and subjects in a divided world, as they had done for much of the immediate postconquest period. This, in turn, destabilized relations between the two communities, giving rise to new anxieties about social and religious differentiation. The chapter also considers the legacy of the martyrs from the Middle Ages to the present, as well as the role martyrs played in the process of community formation for various emergent sects in the early medieval period, Christian and Muslim alike.
Nostalgia
Authors: Lamb Jonathan
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the range of reflective possibilities available to scorbutic memoirists as they try to reach a public dwelling on the other side of the situation. It shows how, in the exigencies of scorbutic experience, being alone and far from home do not in themselves excite homesickness; but to be stuck inside a dream of home that corresponds to none that exists, or to go back home under the influence of such an illusion and to have it shattered, these conform to a definition of homesickness first offered by Johannes Hofer and recently refurbished by Helmut Illbruck to the effect that it arises from a lesion of the imagination resulting in a reverie entirely without a referent.
Old Posen and Young Ernst
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the family and early life of Ernst Kantorowicz. Born in 1895, Kantorowicz was the youngest of three siblings. His parents believed that teaching him English was essential, based on the presumption that he would be engaged in trade. Thus, they gave him to the care of an English governess until he was twelve, and he learned to speak English well enough to be able to lecture in that language at Oxford in 1934. In the spring of 1901, when he was six, he entered a local municipal “middle-school for youths,” which he attended for three years. From the middle school he proceeded to the Royal Auguste-Viktoria Gymnasium, an all-male school that required the intensive study of Latin and Greek plus one modern language, which in Kantorowicz's case was French.
Fine Fever
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on with Josefine von Kahler, described as “the most ardent amorous attachment” in Ernst Kantorowicz's life. “Fine” (pronounced “feenah”) was born Josefine Sobotka of Jewish parents in 1889. In 1884, her father had moved with his family from Bohemia to Vienna, where he cofounded a successful malt manufacturing business. Fine married Erich Kahler in November 1912. However, the marriage was not carnal and Erich insisted from the start that they lead independent lives. Kantorowicz met Fine in Berlin in the autumn of 1918 through his sister and brother-in-law. However, after May 1920, the couple saw each other rarely and ended their relationship in 1921.
Center of Attention
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details events following the publication of Ernst Kantorowicz's Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite. The book's success made Ernst a man of profile, much like a character in a novel. Sometime around the beginning of 1927, Ernst started requesting that friends and acquaintances call him “EKa” instead of “Ernst” or “Kantorowicz.” He posed for two portrait busts in Berlin in the winter of 1926–27. In 1928, he met the Baroness Lucy von Wangenheim, known as “Baby.” She was to be the second of the three main heterosexual attachments in EKa's life.
“Displaced Foreign Scholar”
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details events following Ernst Kantorowicz's arrival in America. His first few months were difficult. His future was uncertain, he was short of money, and he did not like New York City. His first lecture in the United States was as a guest at a regularly scheduled class at Barnard College. He later toured New England, speaking at Harvard, Smith College, and Yale. His Harvard talk, entitled “The Idea of Permanency and Progress in the Thirteenth Century” and was a milestone in his historiographical progress. Although it was a revised version of the introductory section of his aborted book on the German Interregnum, the revisions introduced a new analytical concept and adumbrated a new analytical framework. The new concept was the significance of the thirteenth-century scholastic term aevum.
Last Years
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details Ernst Kantorowicz's final years. Kantorowicz died of a ruptured aneurysm in September 1963. Before this, he worked on a succession of recondite articles, attended the annual meetings of the Medieval Academy and the Byzantine Institute at “Oakbarton Dumps,” vacationed on the West Coast and the Virgin Islands, and carried on earnestly with his dining and imbibing. His politics also became more leftward from the postwar years until the time of his death. For a decade and a half he was deeply worried about the possibility of nuclear war, and he held the United States responsible. During the 1950s, he was bitterly hostile to Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. On the day after Kennedy's inauguration, Kantorowicz wrote the he “couldn't be worse than Eisenhower, ” although he did change his mind.
Technical Design Flaws
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines technical design flaws. There are two common issues to avoid when it comes to survey design: bloated surveys, particularly without a clear analysis plan for all questions; and poorly designed survey items. No less important than the survey and other data collection tools is the plan to deploy them. As such, researchers should field test survey questions before launch. Also, debrief regularly with field survey teams to find out which questions respondents are struggling with, which parts of the survey are hardest to administer, and the like. The chapter then considers mistakes in randomization, power, and necessary sample size calculations in RCT design. Power and necessary sample size calculations rely on parameters that are hard to observe or guess. The best advice is to run these calculations multiple times, imagining a range of scenarios in the field and using a corresponding range of values for key parameters.
Low Participation Rates
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on low participation rates. Low participation rates squeeze the effective sample size for a test, making it more difficult, statistically, to identify a positive treatment effect. There are two moments in which low participation rates can materialize: during the intake process to a study or intervention, or after random assignment to treatment or control. Low participation during the intake process often occurs when marketing a program to the general public. Researchers working in the field with partner organizations often face inflexible constraints in trying to cope with low participation during intake. The second type of low participation—that which occurs after subjects have been randomly assigned to treatment or control—is a more daunting problem and is less likely solvable than low participation at the intake phase.
Bundling Credit and Insurance
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This chapter assesses a study conducted with SKS Microfinance and insurer ICICI-Lombard where the researchers added a mandatory health insurance policy to SKS microloans to test the theory that bundling policies with other products creates a viable pool of clients for insurers. SKS's bundling of insurance with microloans proved so problematic that, at the end of the day, there were not enough insured clients for researchers to study the impact of getting insurance on health experience or financial performance. The obvious failure here is low participation after randomization. The deeper question is why low participation became an issue. This points to two contributing failures. First, there was a partner organization burden around learning new skills. The second contributing failure can be traced all the way back to the project's inception. Before the study began, SKS had never bundled insurance with its loans. In terms of research setting, they were dealing with an immature product.
Descartes’s Pyrrhonian Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses how Descartes uses his principle of clarity and distinctness to raise his first-order judgments to the scientia level. Error is what one must avoid, not just falsity; so he seeks not just truth but also aptness. You are to assure yourself that you attain such aptness, which is required for confidence that you avoid error and attain certainty. But this assurance is forthcoming only with assurance that the operative source of your judgment is indeed a reliable-enough competence. This raises an issue of circularity, also known as the Cartesian Circle. The chapter shows how this circle also affects contemporary virtue epistemology when it postulates a level of reflective knowledge above that of animal knowledge.
Varieties and Levels of Knowledge
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the different types and levels of knowledge, focusing on apt judgment (and judgmental belief) and on corresponding knowledge above mere subcredal animal knowledge. In a best-case scenario, the agent who judges aptly knows that they would likely enough affirm correctly if they affirmed as they intended. The agent affirms alethically fully and aptly only if guided to a correct and apt affirmation by second-order awareness of their competence to so affirm. The affirmation must be safe because the agent must know that they would succeed aptly if they tried, so that if he affirmed they would do so correctly, which is tantamount to safety of affirmation and, in turn, to safety of judgment.
Two Forms of Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains how two quite distinct forms of virtue epistemology are generally recognized. One of these finds in epistemology important correlates of Aristotle's moral virtues. Such responsibilist character epistemology builds its account of epistemic normativity on the subject's responsible manifestation of epistemic character. Meanwhile, the other form of virtue epistemology adheres closer to Aristotelian intellectual virtues while recognizing a broader set of competences still restricted to basic faculties of perception, introspection, and the like. The chapter shows that because of its focus on traditional faculties such as perception, memory, and inference, such virtue reliabilism is said to overlook character traits such as open-mindedness and intellectual courage.
The United States
Authors: Lamont Michèle , Silva Graziella Moraes , Welburn Jessica S. , Guetzkow Joshua , Mizrachi Nissim , Herzog Hanna , Reis Elisa
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how African Americans residing in New York experience specific incidents of stigmatization and discrimination. It first provides an overview of the background conditions and the place of African Americans in U.S. society in general and in the New York metropolitan area in particular, citing the latter's history of racial tension and deindustrialization. It then presents a complex portrait of African American ethnoracial groupness, with a focus on self-identification and group boundaries, before analyzing how African Americans responded when asked a series of questions about their experiences of stigmatization and discrimination, from what they call assault on worth to racism (blatant or subtle), poor service, and double standards. The chapter also considers how the respondents understand discrimination and describes variations in their experiences by class, age, and gender. Finally, it explores the group's responses (ideal and actual) to stigmatization and discrimination.
The Logic of Growth
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the logic of growth in the Greek city-states. It first considers the relationship between self-consumption and economic growth, focusing on the roles played by self-consumption and the market in agriculture and in the ancient Greek economy more generally. It then explains how the Greek cities managed to become the dominant culture in the Mediterranean between about 700 BCE and 300 BCE after experiencing negative growth at the end of the Bronze Age and probably very slow growth during the Early Iron Age. It also explores the notion that the ancient Greek economy did not manage to achieve “capitalist revolution” or “industrial revolution”; the economic impact of technological innovation; and how innovation is associated with supply and demand. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the transition to modernity, arguing that such transition makes ancient Greece's economic history part of the long history of the western world.
City-States, Taxes, and Trade
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the taxation system for trade and commerce in ancient Greece. It first considers how foreign trade and customs duties were supervised before discussing the system of taxation for maritime trade. Citing documents concerning tax exemptions, the chapter shows that traders were constantly seeking privileges in an effort to avoid paying taxes. Maritime shipping was the quickest and least expensive way to move goods, and ports were levied the highest amount of taxes. Cities situated on the coastline benefited from an economic rent related to their location, and they exploited their natural advantage to the maximum. A city had the right to levy transit fees on its own territory, but not if these fees were levied on a maritime channel. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of economic information in maritime commerce, especially with regard to ensuring the security of international trade.
The Emporion and the Markets
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how the emporion served as an important tool for Greek city-states to regulate the markets. It first provides an overview of the emporion, defined as a “trading port” or “the port area,” and thus also the “business area,” along with its constraints and advantages. It then considers how foreign trade was supervised in cities and goes on to describe the function of the deigma, the place where business was transacted. It also discusses the rules of the emporion and the role of commercial courts in handling legal matters relating to international trade, citing trials concerning large-scale trade. In particular, it looks at “commercial suits,” which gives anyone the opportunity to obtain quick and impartial justice in the Athenian courts. Finally, it analyzes the ways in which the city intervened directly in the negotiation of prices in the emporion as part of a policy of supplying the domestic market, with particular emphasis on the regulation of grain sales in the form of purchase funds and price controls.
The Elusive Ideal
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the concept of an evaluative perspective, which has been more thoroughly explored and formally modeled in the last decade. An evaluative perspective, Σ‎, includes three fundamental elements: (ES) a set of evaluative standards or criteria by which alternative social worlds in a domain {X} are to be evaluated; (WF) for all worlds i in the domain {X}, a specification of the world features of i that are relevant to evaluation according to ES, the evaluative standards; and (MP) a mapping function takes the evaluative standards (ES) and applies them to a social world, i, as specified by WF, yielding a so-called justice score for world i, the social world described by world features WFi. A theory meeting ES, WF, and MP evaluates a set (or domain) of social worlds {X} in terms of their realization of justice.
The Nonideal
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the question of whether there can be a moral, liberal framework for the Open Society, which itself abjures the pursuit of the ideal while providing a framework for diverse individual perspectives on justice. It argues that such a framework of liberal diversity seems most likely when our public social world is shaped by a set of characteristic features of the Open Society. We now have had sufficient experience of life in diverse societies that we can at least draw some tentative conclusions about the sorts of institutional structures and principles that are friendly to diversity per se. However, even these diversity-friendly arrangements cannot make room for all perspectives. The chapter attempts to identify the limits of liberal diversity, and why these limits make sense in the context of defending the Open Society.
Woodrow Wilson on Democracy Promotion in America
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses democracy promotion in America, which is the dominant theme of the Wilsonian tradition. The institutions and character that the spirit of democracy calls forth assure that the good functioning of the other aspects of liberal internationalism is reinforced. Woodrow Wilson's guiding concern from a young age was not simply to understand the historical origins of democratic life as a scholar, but as an activist to promote the well-being of democratic society and institutions at home and to do as best he could for the sake of world order to foster such ideals and practices elsewhere around the globe. In order to pursue his life's calling of explaining democracy to his fellow Americans so that its promise would be strengthened, Wilson turned himself to the complex and difficult task of laying out analytically the foundations of this way of life.
Democracy Promotion through Progressive Imperialism
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines Woodrow Wilson's efforts, first as an academic, later as president of the United States, to promote democracy through “progressive imperialism.” A first step for Wilson was to embrace America's democratizing mission in the Philippines. Later, he would continue in this fashion after he became president and faced the challenge of providing stability in the Western Hemisphere during the Mexican Revolution and with the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914—the same year that war broke out in Europe. Wilson's driving concern now became focused: how to provide for a stable peace based on freedom. His answer: through protecting, indeed if possible expanding, democratic government the world around as the best way to end violence among states and provide freedom to peoples.
Wilsonianism: The Construction of an American Vernacular
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at the achievements of Wilsonianism. The Bretton Woods system that integrated the world's market economies; the occupations of Japan and Germany that democratized them; the Marshall Plan that proved basic to the economic foundation of what is now called the European Union (EU); the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that established the world's longest-lasting voluntary system of collective security—here were the greatest initiatives in the realization of the Wilsonian vision, indeed the greatest moments in the entire history of American foreign policy. All of these initiatives had their roots in a liberal international conviction, and became, thanks to Wilson, a part of the vernacular of American power. At its roots was the conviction that the spread of democracy could change the character of world politics in the direction of a lasting peace. It was thus America's mission to assume the role of leading history in a progressive direction.
Design and Simulation of Air to Air Missile Homing System
Authors: Duhri Rahmat Alfi , Sasongko Rianto Adhy , Laksmana Yayom Dwi
Published: January 2019

This paper will talk about AIM 120 AMRAAM missile guidance for pursuing a moving target. The missile guidance system itself consists of missile dynamics, control system, seeker, and guidance methods. For general purpose, the missile dynamics approach will use non-linear equation of motions. The control surface that will be discussed follow the rule BTT (Bank-to-Turn) and control system that will be used is PID control system that widely used for control design. Lastly, the guidance method that will be studied here is proportional navigation and constant bearing course approach. The simulation will be conducted using MATLAB Simulink. The Simulink model consist of target dynamics, and guidance system. From the result of simulation, it will be shown that the missile can pursue its target quite well. Hence, the simulation system can be used well for preliminary design purpose.Keywords—Homing System, Control System, Proportional Navigation, Missile Dynamics, Seeker, Bank-to-Turn, Constant Bearing Course.
DECEPTIVE IS EFFECTIVE NEGOTIATION STRATEGIES TO CUSTOMERS FOR USING CONDOMS CONSISTENTLY
Authors: Megaputri Putu Sukma , Prima Putu Kusuma Dewi Dian , Sari Cindy Meilinda , Rismayanti I Dewa Ayu
Published: January 2019

The Consistency of condom use by the sex customers is very low. These problems occur due to the lack of negotiations carried out by the sex workers into their customers. This study aims to determine the most effective negotiation strategies for the customers to consistently using condoms. The study was conducted by using a survey cross-sectional of sex workers directly with the sample of 100 peoples, which who selected by a random cluster sampling in Denpasar city. The data collected by interviews conducted by using a questionnaire about the characteristics and modification Condom Influence Strategy Questionnaire (CISQ) developed by Noar. The results of the study show that about 63% of customers consistently used condoms in the past week. The effective negotiation strategies used so that customers consistently using condoms is deceptive by sex workers to their client's variables associated with consistent condom use is the availability of condoms and sex worker's age. Deceptive is the most effective strategy to increase consistent condom use.Keywords— Negotiations Condoms, Female Sex Workers, Consistency of Condom Use
Design of Inward-Turning External Compression Supersonic Inlet for Supersonic Transport Aircraft
Authors: Utomo Muhammad Adnan , Bura Romie Oktavianus
Published: January 2019

Inward-turning external compression intake is one of the hybrid intakes that employs both external and internal compression intakes principle. This intake is commonly developed for hypersonic flight due to its efficiency and utilizing fewer shockwaves that generate heat. Since this intake employ less shockwaves, this design can be applied for low supersonic (Mach 1.4 - 2.5) intakes to reduce noise generated from the shockwaves while maintaining the efficiency. Other than developing the design method, a tool is written in MATLAB language to generate the intake shape automatically based on the desired design requirement. To investigate the intake design tool code and the performance of the generated intake shape, some CFD simulation were performed. The intake design tool code can be validated by comparing the shockwave location and the air properties in every intake's stations. The performance parameters that being observed are the intake efficiency, flow distortion level at the engine face, and the noise level generated by the shockwaves. The design tool written in MATLAB is working as intended. Two dimensional axisymmetric CFD simulations validation has been done and the design meets the minimum requirement. As for the 3D inlet geometry, with a little modification on diffuser and equipping vent to release the buildup pressure, the inlet has been successfully met the military standard on inlet performance (MIL-E-5007D). This design method also has feature to fit every possible throat cross sectional shapes and has been proven to work as designed.Keywords— Inward-turning, Supersonic, Engine Intakes, Low- noise, Design Method
Penafsiran Muhammad ‘Abduh Terhadap Alquran Surat Al-Nisâ’ Ayat 3 dan 129 tentang Poligami
Authors: Abdurrahman U.
Published: January 2019

Muhammad ‘Abduh is a pioneer and the founder of the Tafsîr al-Adab al-Ijtimâ’i school, a style of interpretation of the Koran that emphasizes to the beauty of language (literature) as well as to social criticism toward the improvement of society. According to Abduh, the verses 3 and 29 of Surah al-Nisa [4] does allow polygamy but with strict requirements and restrictions i.e being able to deal justly with wives. In addition, polygamy can only be done by a husband in a certain situation, such as in the inability of a wife to conceive or give birth. Beyond that, according to his view, polygamy should not be done or unlawful. In his interpretation, Abduh uses solution method (tahliliy) with a rational approach (bi al-ra’y) orientating to social demands (al-ijtimâ’i).
Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Nuraeni Neni , Kania Dede
Published: January 2019

Human Traffickingis one of the most common crimes occurs in Indonesia. To eradicate this crime, the government issued the 21/2007 of Human Trafficking Act (UU PTPPO). The statue sanctions persons committing the crime and providing protection to witnesses and victims. The law accomodate a number of penalties for the perpetrators of this crime, ranging from principal punishment, in the form of imprisonment and fine, to additional criminal and ballast. Although Islamic law does not explicitly regulate this crime, it is clearly contrary to Islamic principles of freedom, independence, equality and human dignity.
Time Value of Money dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Ilyas Rahmat
Published: January 2019

This article reveals the Islamic view of the concept of Time Value of Money (referred by economists as positive time preference). This concept states that the value of commodities at present is higher than in the future. Time Value of Money is closely linked to the ‘discount’ concept that exists in capital and investment theory and, in practice, is used as a tool for project evaluation as well as investment decisions. This study concludes that Islam is not familiar with the concept of Time value of money. Islam only recognizes the concept of economic value of time. In Islamic view, money is simply a means of exchange, not a commodity. Similarly, the motive for money demand is to meet the needs of transaction, not for speculation.
Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Upah Pembajak Sawah di Desa Klesem Pacitan
Authors: Muzakki Harir , Sumanto Ahmad
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the review of Islamic law regarding the contract of renting a tractor to plow the fields in Klesem Village, Kebon Agung Subdistrict, Pacitan Regency. The aim is to find out whether the practice is in accordance with Islamic law or not. In general, the wage contract in Klesem Village can be classified into the ijarah contract in Islamic law. The main principle in the ijarah contract is mutual benefit and prohibited from judging. Determination of wages must be clear which includes the amount of wages and the procedure for payment. This study finds out that, plow machine service providers often do not keep the time and ask for additional from the wages previously promised. Determination of wage changes and cancellation or termination of contracts unilaterally is certainly detrimental to the farmers. Thus, although in general the practice of renting tractors in the village of Klesem is legal according to Islamic law, there are still practices violating the principles of Islamic law.
History and Development of Islamic Banking Regulations in the National Legal System of Indonesia
Authors: Shandy Utama Andrew
Published: January 2019

The economic crisis in 1998 caused a number of national banks to collapse. Strangely, such a great crisis turned out to have no effect on the syari’ah banking world. Even as the crisis passed, a number of new Shari'ah banks emerged, such as Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Permata Syariah, Bank Mega Syariah, Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah, Bank Syariah Bukopin, and so forth. This study examines the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia. The aim is to find out factors driving and inhibiting the growth of these banking institutions. This study uses normative legal research methods. The results shows that the Islamic banking institutions could grow and develop rapidly due to two factors: internal and external factors. On the internal side, the Shari'ah bank has a usury management system that makes it able to withstand the economic crisis; while from the external side it has to do with government support, especially after the issuance of Law Number 21 of 2008.
Islamic Jurisprudence for Diversity: From Theological-Normative Reason to Progressive Contextual Reasoning
Authors: Naim Ngainun
Published: January 2019

The reality of Indonesian society is a multicultural society. Therefore, religious understanding and toleration to differences and diversity is necessary to be developed in order to create peace and harmony in the social life. This paper aims to explore the concept of Islamic Jurisprudence in the context of social diversity. This concept is important because the old fiqh concept resting on normative-theological reasonings needs to be reconstructed and replaced with contextual-progressive ones. The changes in the fiqh epistemology from normative-theological to contextual-progressive reasonings are carried out through adaptation to principles of Maqâshid al-Sharîah (basic aims of religious provisions) which are contextualized according to the social growth. The new model of fiqh constructed through combination of religious teachings and social development is expected to make a valuable contribution to the establishment of peace and harmony among all elements of Indonesia society.
Implementing Islamic Constitutionalism: How Islamic Is Indonesia Constitution?
Authors: Armia Muhammad Siddiq
Published: January 2019

Religious constitutionalism has recently become a global discussion. Such a trend arises as a result of several countries that have a majority of religious adherents declare their constitution based on certain religions. Thailand, for example, provides special norms about Buddhism (Buddhist constitutionalism), the Vatican has special norms about Catholicism (Catholic constitutionalism), India has special norms about Hinduism (Hindu constitutionalism), Saudi Arabia has norms specifically about Islam (Islamic constitutionalism), and so on. This article analyzes whether or not the Islamic principles have been adopted in the Indonesian Constitution. These principles consist of protecting religion, soul, mind, offsprings, and property. The author uses the five principles as a standard in measuring the entire Indonesian Constitution which constitutes to the teachings of Islam (Islamic constitutionalism). The implementation of Islamic constitutionalism can be identified through articles in the constitution. This study concluded that, in general, the Indonesian constitution could be considered to have agreed to Islamic constitutionalism, although in some cases it still needs to be actualized more.
Propiedades electrónicas de un anillo cuántico elíptico con sección transversal rectangular
Authors: Vinasco Suarez Juan Alejandro , Radu Adrian , Duque Echeverri Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2019

Los estados electrónicos de un anillo cuántico elíptico de GaAs embebido en una matriz de AlxGa1-xAs son investigados mediante la aproximación de masa efectiva. El anillo cuántico es construido con una sección transversal rectangular (dirección radial). La ecuación de Schrödinger es resuelta mediante el método de elementos finitos. En dirección angular se modula la amplitud de la altura, lo que permite la generación de puntos cuánticos a lo largo del anillo. Se reportan las energías del electrón como función de las dimensiones del anillo, tanto las longitudes de las elipses en el plano xy como su altura (eje z).
Современное состояние хирургии аневризм: «промикрохирургический» взгляд
Authors: Дубовой А. В. , Бервицкий А. В. , Спаллоне А.
Published: January 2019

Современные способы лечения внутричерепных аневризм являются предметом дискуссий между сторонниками «традиционной» микрохирургической техники и относительно нового эндоваскулярного лечения. В статье представлен опыт нейрохирургов ― сторонников открытой микрохирургии. Сложные аневризмы задней циркуляции в настоящее время, как правило, оперируются эндоваскулярно, в то время как аневризмы переднего бассейна могут быть вылечены обоими методами, а для аневризм средней мозговой артерии (СМА) и дистальных аневризм передней мозговой артерии (ПМА) лучше подходит микрохирургия. Техническое усовершенствование и, вероятно, снижение стоимости эндоваскулярных устройств будут способствовать тенденции к использованию эндоваскулярного метода. Однако потребность в хорошо подготовленных микрососудистых хирургах останется, и надлежащая подготовка будущих поколений таких специалистов в условиях снижения числа пациентов и случаев открытых хирургических вмешательств представляет собой серьезную проблему для нейрохирургического сообщества, решение которой предстоит найти.