bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlating Radiation Exposure with Embrittlement: Comparative Studies of Electron- and Neutron-Irradiated Pressure Vessel Alloys
Authors: Alexander DE , Kestel BJ , Rehn LE , Odette GR , Lucas GE , Klingensmith D , Gragg D , Seifert S , Jemian PR
Published: April 2008

Experiments comparing the embrittling effects of high-energy (10-MeV) electrons and test reactor fast neutrons have been performed to elucidate the role of primary damage state on reactor pressure vessel embrittlement. Electrons produce displacement damage primarily by low-energy atomic recoils, while fast neutrons produce displacements from considerably higher energy recoils. Comparison of changes resulting from neutron irradiation, in which nascent point-defect clusters can form in dense cascades, with electron irradiation, where cascade formation is minimized, can provide insight into the role that the in-cascade point-defect clusters have on embrittlement mechanisms. Yield strength changes induced by 10-MeV electrons or test reactor neutron irradiations of unalloyed iron and an Fe-0.9 wt.% Cu-1.0 wt.% Mn alloy were examined up to 1.5 x 10-2 dpa. The small alloying additions substantially enhanced embrittlement in both the electron- and neutron-irradiated samples relative to unalloyed iron. Similar embrittlement trends with increasing radiation damage were observed for electrons and neutrons in both the ternary and unalloyed iron. Preliminary results of small-angle X-ray scattering measurements of embrittled microstructures are also reported.
Projects AMES Dosimetry and MADAM. Results and Future Activities
Authors: Ballesteros A , Debarberis L
Published: April 2008

The degree of degradation of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is partly evaluated from the change of mechanical properties with neutron fluence. Knowledge of neutron fluence is a key item in this evaluation—both to provide plant life assurance and/or an extension to operational life. The results of the projects AMES Dosimetry and MADAM are presented in this paper. Both projects have been executed in the framework of the European network AMES (Ageing Materials Evaluation and Studies), and co-financed by the European Commission under the Euratom Specific Nuclear Fission Safety Programme 1994–98. The main results of these projects are: • The specification for two AMES COmmon Reference Dosimeters (ACORD). A dosimeter intended for material test irradiations and a dosimeter for irradiations in the cavity of NPPs. • An irradiation program addressed to analyse the effects of irradiation temperature, neutron dose and spectrum. • A neutron spectrum library that can be used for the conversion of damage data obtained in a certain spectrum to data valid for a reference spectrum. • A review on retrospective dosimetry. Some chemical procedures are given to enhance the gamma-counting accuracy of several reaction activities. • An analysis of the impact of uncertainties in neutron fluence and chemical composition on embrittlement trend curves. • A state-of-the-art report on neutron dosimetry. • A pilot database, to correlate results obtained using different damage indexes. The dosimetry data come from irradiations performed in different type of reactors. Namely, PWR, BWR, WWER, Magnox and material test reactors.
Retrospective Fast Neutron Dosimetry of Nuclear Power Plants by Means of Scraping Samples Using the 93Nb(n,n')93mNb Reaction
Authors: van Aarle J , Guenther I , Hegedues F , Gabler F
Published: April 2008

Steel samples from a core component of a boiling water reactor have been investigated in order to determine the accumulated fast neutron fluence. The study was performed by means of the reaction 93Nb(n,n')93mNb. For this examination, the steel samples were taken after having been irradiated during normal operation for about 20 years. Starting with chemical separation methods, the specific activity of 93mNb in the steel samples was measured by a) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and b) total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique. From these results, the fast neutron fluence for neutron energies above 1 MeV were calculated. The fluence values determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are in good agreement with earlier 54Mn measurements.
A Novel Neutron Spectrometer with Response of Wide Energy Range
Authors: Uritani A , Makihara Y , Yamaguchi S , Kawarabayashi J , Iguchi T , Mori C , Toyokawa H , Takeda N , Kudo K , Sato O , Iwai S
Published: April 2008

A neutron spectrometer has been developed to measure energy spectra of neutrons in the energy range from thermal to a few tens MeV. The detector consists of a spherical polyethylene moderator with a diameter of 30 cm and 19 pairs of 6Li- and 7Li-glass scintillators arranged along the orthogonal x-, y-, and z-axes of the sphere. The pairs can obtain the thermal neutron flux distribution in the sphere. The energy spectrum of the incident neutrons can be extracted from the information on the thermal neutron flux distribution in the moderator.

The detector characteristics have been examined with the Monte Carlo simulations and the experiments using monoenergetic neutrons. The response obtained by the experiments and that by the simulations show good agreement. The energy spectra of the monoenergetic neutron beams have been obtained by using the unfolding codes, SAND2 and J-log with the response function obtained with the simulations. In spite of white initial guess spectra, the unfolded energy spectra agree well with the true ones.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 19th International Symposium
Authors: Hamilton ML , Kumar AS , Rosinski ST , Grossbeck ML
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1366, the nineteenth volume in this series, examines 90 peer-reviewed papers from the international nuclear community, with the emphasis on advanced materials such as silicon carbide and vanadium alloys. A majority of the papers are devoted to pressure vessel embrittlement and its mitigation. Smaller segments address the issues of light water reactors, fusion reactors, and to a lesser extent, breeder reactors.

Several emerging issues are also explored, including reduced activation, welding of irradiated materials and damage resulting form high-energy proton beams in accelerator-driven nuclear systems.

Divided into the following sections:

• Pressure Vessel Steels--Mechanical Properties

• Pressure Vessel Welds--Mechanical Properties

• Pressure Vessel Steels--Segregation and Microstructure

• Ferritic and Ferritic/Martensitic Steels--Annealing and Reirradiation Behavior

• Irradiation-Induced Behavior Of Iron, Model Alloys, and Ferritic/Martensitic Alloys

• Low Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Alloys

• Irradiation Creep and The Creep-Swelling Relationship

• Austenitic Alloys--Irradiation-Induced Swelling, Segregation and Microstructure

• Irradiated Structural Alloys--Welding

• Experimental Techniques and Facilities

• Beryllium and Ceramics

• Other Materials

This publication will be of interest to research scientists, metallurgists, nuclear engineers, nuclear utilities, nuclear reactor vendors. Also university nuclear engineering and materials sciences departments.
Accreditation and Certification in Radioactivity Measurement: Experience of the CEA/Reactor Dosimetry Laboratory
Authors: Royer JC , Beretz D
Published: April 2008

The Reactor Dosimetry Laboratory is involved in the French PWR pressure vessel surveillance program. It realizes the activity measurement of the dosimeters irradiated inside the surveillance capsules and it makes the data process to determine parameters such as flux and fluences.

In 1996, The Reactor Dosimetry Laboratory obtained the ISO 9002 certification and the French Committee for Accreditation (COFRAC)/Testing Section accreditation (according to EN 45001 standard) for the gamma spectrometry measurement of the radioactivity of solid samples irradiated in nuclear reactors, extended in 1997 to the X-ray spectrometry measurement of niobium activity.

The initial objective of the lab was the preservation of know-how that dates back 25 years; that is why COFRAC accreditation was chosen: it takes into account quality and technical evaluation. Thus, the description of our process is based upon ASTM standards.

In addition, as ISO 9002 is an international standard, well-known abroad, the certification was also sought. Our lab was one of the first in France to obtain both certification and accreditation.

The paper deals with ways and means of obtaining these two quality certificates: • organizational structure through which this project was performed; • quality system — the whole process is described through quality documents and records; • metrology requirements — operations which ensure that measuring equipment is usable and has the required performance (calibration, traceability against national standards, proficiency testing …). • other quality aspects — nonconformity, corrective actions, management review. The conclusion emphasizes on the feedback of this approach.
Stilbene Neutron Spectrometer with Spreading of a One Parameter Pulse Shape Discrimination Dynamic Range
Authors: Cvachovec F , Osmera B
Published: April 2008

In this paper a generally applicable method for a detector involving pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique is presented. The energy range is covered by one measurement with two PSD loops (one for higher and one for lower energy part). The method was applied in stilbene proton — recoil neutron spectrometer system which can cover the energy range from ∼ 0.8 to ∼ 20 MeV. A matrix method of unfolding with maximum entropy principle and response functions calculated by the Monte Carlo method is used. The spectrometer was used in many benchmark measurements related to the reactor dosimetry (both neutron and gamma spectra).
Experimental Method of Neutron Spectra Determination with Activation Foils
Authors: Colomb F , Carcreff H , Morin C
Published: April 2008

As part of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) studies, a research program has been carried out to design an epithermal neutron beam (1 eV – 10 keV range) inside the ISIS experimental reactor at Saclay. Aluminium beam tubes were specially manufactured to be fitted with different screens. The main goal of this study is to compare different filters in order to reach at the beam exit the best epithermal selectivity. A calculation scheme was validated to simulate the device response by a Monte Carlo calculation code (TRIPOLI 3) and required a measurement campaign to compare experimental spectra with calculated ones. An experimental method of spectra determination was performed to provide quickly an approximate spectrum shape in the epithermal range. This method confirmed the calculation scheme at each neutron beam interface with eight different foils (five in the epithermal range). Therefore, filters research was performed exclusively by calculations and led us to define a final set of screens.
Fretting Fatigue: Current Technology and Practices
Authors: Hoeppner DW , Chandrasekaran V , Elliott C
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1367, the most significant publication on fretting fatigue to date, contains the latest research from technical leaders worldwide. This unique volume focuses on fretting fatigue research, development, and engineering design related matters, as well as failure analysis and maintenance engineering issues. It also explores research that may prove useful in life estimation, a damage mapping approach that may provide significant guidance to developing fretting fatigue design methods, and prevention and alleviation schemes.

36 peer-reviewed papers cover:

• Fretting Fatigue Parameter Effects

• Environmental Effects

• Fretting Fatigue Crack Nucleation

• Material and Microstructural Effects

• Fretting Damage Analysis

• Fracture Mechanics Applied to Fretting Fatigue

• Life Prediction

• Experimental Studies

• Surface Treatments

• Applications.

STP 1367 is a valuable technical resource for engineers dealing in the research, development, and problem solving related to fretting fatigue. It is also useful to those interested in wear and its effects on corrosion and fatigue.
Application of Accumulative Type ESR-Sensors for Determination of Intensity, Spectral Characteristics and Volume Distribution of Intense Gamma and Neutron Fields
Authors: Usatyi AF , Kajnov VB , Serdyukova LA , Khamidov AZ
Published: April 2008

Results are presented concerning technological and scientific development of new type gamma radiation and neutron sensors based on electron spin resonance (ESR) registration method. Examples are shown on so called continual dosimetric cords (CDC) and “spectrometric garlands” applied in the destroyed Chernobyl NPP Unit-4 (1986) and also work on thermal neutron flux volume distribution measurements in several research reactors using ESR-sensors containing nuclei with (n,α) reactions producing paramagnetic centers (PMC) that are measured. Discussion is provided on these kinds of and modified ESR-sensor usage in reactor dosimetry and accompaniment in a large operating period: http://www.sandia.gov/events/isrd99.
Development of In-Core Monitoring System using Optical Fiber for Advanced Fission Reactor
Authors: Kakuta T , Ishihara M , Shikama T , Narui M , Sagawa T , Arai T , Hayashi K
Published: April 2008

A new kind of optical dosimetry such as the in-core power monitoring and gamma ray thermometer using radio luminescence and thermal radiation due to gamma ray in optical fibers was demonstrated. During heavy irradiation in the core region of JMTR fission reactor, optical fiber kept good transmission characteristics and radio luminescence and thermal radiation appeared in the infrared region. Intensities of radio luminescence and thermal radiation were found to be directly proportional to the reactor power. Also, temperatures could be estimated by thermal radiation of Planck's law. The optical measuring method using optical fiber could be used to compose simple and convenient monitoring system of power and temperature as a reactor dosimetry.
Reduction of Inter-Event Dead Time in Data Acquisition System for Simultaneous Measurement of Neutron Pulse Series in Time and Space
Authors: Kitamura Y , Misawa T , Unesaki H , Shiroya S , Ishitani K , Uritani A , Yamane Y
Published: April 2008

A new data acquisition system using a position sensitive 3He proportional counter was developed to perform simultaneous measurement of a neutron pulse train in time and space. Through an examination performed at the Kyoto University Critical Assembly, it was confirmed that the inter-event dead time of the acquisition system was 4 or 5 μs in the experimental condition. This fact shows that the inter-event dead time was reduced down to approximately a half of that of the previously developed acquisition system.
Concrete Pipe for the New Millennium
Authors: Kaspar II , Enyart JI
Published: April 2008

Description

Eight papers cover the tremendous advancements made in the concrete pipe industry over the last hundred years providing a unique combination of the new and emerging technologies for designing and installing durable concrete pipe for sewers and culverts.

From high speed, automated manufacturing to advances in design procedures for internal and external performance, Concrete Pipe for the New Millennium will help engineers understand current performance improvements for concrete pipe and contribute to those in the future.

This valuable publication addresses three main areas:

• new technology

• design and installation

• innovative case studies.

This includes a presentation of design application methods using the newly developed Standard Installation Direct Design (SIDD) methods as applied to low-head pressure pipe along with the results of installation testing and performance to verify the SIDD performance assumptions. SIDD is a new methodology, which has been adopted by AASHTO. In addition, there is a review of the impact of proposed load resistance factor design (LRFD) methods, a valuable tool for anyone using the LRFD code adopted by AASHTO for all new designs.

Audience: Civil and structural engineers in private and public sectors will benefit from this publication, as well as producers and contractors involved with concrete pipe for sewers and culverts.
Limitations of Test Methods for Plastics
Authors: Peraro JS
Published: April 2008

Description

This significant and timely new ASTM publication explores the problems involved with the inherent limitations that are present in all test methods. These limitations, caused by numerous variables, have a direct influence on the accuracy of the generated test data.

This volume demonstrates how to properly use and select test methods for specific applications, and how to better understand the generated test data.

17 peer-reviewed papers are divided into the following sections:

• General Design--discusses the various options and concerns facing engineers in the selection of the best material candidate and the development of test data for a specific performance criteria. Two methods for estimating lifetime expectancy under non-isothermal conditions are also examined.

• Mechanical--explores traditional tests such as tensile and deflection under flexural load. This section investigates common variables that affect test results in both ASTM and ISO tensile tests, and the implications of conversion from ASTM to ISO standards for material characterization. Also covered are new techniques for testing adhesive bond strength tests for piping systems.

• Impact/Fracture--examines the large number of variables that have a significant effect on impact resistance, including data comparing instrumented and non-instrumented IZOD and Charpy tests. It also presents a new standardized test procedure and round robin test data developed over a five-year period validating the test protocol.

• Chemical/Rheological--covers advanced testing techniques primarily in the area of rheological testing. Included is a presentation comparing thermomechanical analysis to the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and the measurement of the glass transition temperature.

Audience: Technicians and managers in plastics testing laboratories. Also for sales and marketing personnel who use test data and anyone in corporate management who needs an understanding of the limitations of generated test data.
Thermo-mechanical Fatigue Behavior of Materials: Third Volume
Authors: Sehitoglu H , Maier HJ
Published: April 2008

Description

20 papers from leading experts on the thermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue of structural alloys expose the deformation and damage mechanisms in thermo-mechanical fatigue in all materials.

Includes papers on the study of stress-strain response in a number of technologically important materials, damage mechanisms in thermo-mechanical fatigue (creep, oxidation effects), microscopic investigations of materials subjected to thermo-mechanical fatigue, life prediction under thermo-mechanical fatigue (including fracture mechanics, damage mechanics, initiation life approaches), solutions to thermo-mechanical fatigue problems in industry (including gas turbines, automotive engine, and novel experimental techniques for thermo-mechanical fatigue (high-frequency, multiaxial testing, and round robin results).

Audience: Researchers and engineers working in the field of high-temperature fatigue and life-time prediction.
Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli: Third Volume
Authors: Tayabji SD , Lukanen EO
Published: April 2008

Description

More than 30 papers present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in and the future direction of nondestructive testing (NDT) of airport and highway pavement using conventional falling weight deflectometer (FWD) technique and other promising techniques such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), rolling weight deflectometer (RWD) testing, and seismic techniques.

International representatives present both the practical as well as the developmental aspects of NDT of pavements in seven areas:

• Deflection Testing and Backcalculation of AC Pavements

• Deflection Testing and Backcalculation-Seasonal Variations

• Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing

• Deflection Testing and Backcalculation of PCC Pavements

• GPR and Newer NDT

• Dynamic Analysis of Deflection Data

• Rolling Weight Deflectometer
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Recent Achievements in Environmental Fate and Transport: Ninth Volume
Authors: Price FT , Lane N , Brix KV
Published: April 2008

Description

The latest volume in this ASTM series contains a unique collection of 18 peer-reviewed papers on recent achievements in environmental fate and transport. In addition to traditional issues, emphasis is placed on applying risk assessment principles to special environmental issues such as concerns associated with forest, logging and cultural considerations.

Topics include:

• Environmental Monitoring

• Aquatic Toxicology

• Risk Assessment

• Measuring Cultural Impacts

• Sediment Toxicology.

This publication will be of interest to environmental toxicologists, risk assessors, ecologists, environmental agencies and industries.
Gate Dielectric Integrity: Material, Process, and Tool Qualification
Authors: Gupta DC , Brown GA
Published: April 2008

Description

Thirteen papers provide the latest concepts and metrology of the Gate Dielectric Integrity (GDI) and its applications for the material and device process and tool qualification. The wide variety of topics covered includes: concepts, methods, protocols and reliability, and assessment as related to dielectric integrity. The characterization of thin dielectrics, various GDI measurements techniques, and discussion of important effects on the characterization of GDI is also included. Until now, such information has never been available in a single book on GDI.

This publication will benefit process engineers, fab technologists, quality and reliability engineers, silicon material scientists, materials characterization analysts, research scholars and device engineers.
Composite Structures: Theory and Practice
Authors: Grant P , Rousseau C
Published: April 2008

Description

This comprehensive new ASTM publication reflects the latest worldwide research in composite structures technology, and specifically focuses on structural certification and qualification concerns. 29 peer-reviewed papers, written by academia, government, and industry experts, are divided into the following sections:

• Structural Damage Tolerance

• Skin-Stringer Behavior

• Rotorcraft and Propeller Structural Qualification Issues

• Bolted Joint Analysis

• Test Methods

• Strength Prediction

• Environmental Effects

This publication will be of interest to

• Engineers and Designers involved with Composite Materials and Structures

• Civil Engineers

• Aerospace, Auto, and Marine Engineers, and Designers

• Academics
Oil Flow Studies at Low Temperatures in Modern Engines
Authors: Shaub H
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1388 examines 11 peer-review papers that focus on the latest issues involved in oil flow related engine operation at low temperatures in modern engines (lubricated with modern oils), and provides a good basis for future specification development.

Over the last six years, at the request of SAE's Fuels and Lubricants Division, ASTM conducted an extensive industry program on cold start and pumpability with modern oils in modern engines. The first seven papers in STP 1388 explore the results of the ASTM Low Temperature Engine Performance (LTEP) task force, which addressed some of the following concerns:

• To determine if modern engines start on average at lower temperatures than earlier engines designs do

• To determine if there a "safety margin" between limiting cranking and pumping viscosities in modern engines

• To determine the cranking and pumping limitations of single grade (non-VI improved) engine oils

• To assess the benefits and limitations of current methods for identifying oils that could result in pumpability failure in engines.

The remaining papers address future challenges in the area of pumpability or address work conducted outside the ASTM LTEP Program.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 31st Volume
Authors: Halford GR , Gallagher JP
Published: April 2008

Description

The latest volume in this on-going series examines a broad range of topics, including advances in analysis and predictive capability, behavior of new and emerging materials, design tools and approaches to control failures, accelerated testing, and industrial applications.

29 peer-reviewed papers, written by leading experts worldwide are divided into 5 sections:

Swedlow Memorial Lecture--addresses undergraduate educational needs in the area of fatigue and fracture.

Keynote Tributes to George Irwin--summarizes some of the most important contributions of Dr. George R. Irwin, the father of modern fracture mechanics.

Cyclic Stress-Strain and Fatigue Resistance--provides experimental or analytical insight into approaches for the evaluation of the cyclic durability resistance of engineering materials.

Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics--examines methods of how to apply this technology to low-strength structural materials used in most civil, oceanographic, power plant, and automotive applications.

Crack Analyses and Application to Structural Integrity--investigates advances in crack analyses, fatigue crack growth behavior, and structural applications.

AUDIENCE:

• Civil, Mechanical, Structural, and Automotive Engineers

• Power Plant Personnel

• Educators
Air Quality and Comfort in Airliner Cabins
Authors: Nagda NL
Published: April 2008

Description

This significant, new ASTM publication provides a valuable insight into the numerous issues and challenges associated with air quality in airliner cabins. It examines 15 peer-reviewed papers, written by professionals known worldwide for scientific investigations of the aircraft cabin environment. Specific attention is give to potential causes of adverse health symptoms and discomfort reported in airliners. These concerns include air pollutants such as aldehyedes, bioaerosols, carbon monoxide, ozone, and VOCs, as well as carbon dioxide, cabin barometric pressure, vibration, temperature, and humidity.

6 sections cover:

• Cabin Air Quality Measurements

• Chemicals, Toxicity, and Effects

• Standards

• Modeling and Control of Cabin Air Quality

• Cabin Air Quality and Emerging Issues/Research

• Relationships between Cabin Environment Factors and Comfort and Health Responses

This publication will be of interest to: Aircraft Manufacturers

• Airline Executives

• Airline Medical Directors

• Maintenance Engineers

• Pilots and Flight Attendants

• FAA and OSHA Personnel

• Industrial Hygienists

• Researchers, including Epidemiologists and Toxicologists
Dimension Stone Cladding: Design, Construction, Evaluation, and Repair
Authors: Hoigard KR
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1394 covers the latest concepts in new stone cladding and the rehabilitation of existing stone cladding installations. 13 peer-reviewed papers are grouped into four sections:

Stone Cladding Preconstruction Evaluation--examines doctoral thesis research work performed at the University of Illinois, regarding the use of impulse-generated stress waves as a nondestructive means of determining stone properties.

Stone Weathering And Durability--details methods of durability assessment currently used in the U.S. and European Community; discusses the relationships between crystalline structure, thermal hysteresis, and bowing of Carrara marble panels; and offers a case history assessing the root causes of weathering-induced damage to an 80 year old granite facade and explores a variety of restorative treatment methods.

Design Of Stone Cladding Systems--addresses granite design issues involving wind and gravity support systems.

Investigation And Restoration Of Existing Stone Cladding Systems--offer a variety of case studies, observations, and specific recommendations regarding investigative means and repair methods used to address distressed stone facades.

This publication will be of interest to • Designers • Building Owners • Architects • Engineers • Contractors • Rehabilitation Specialists
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume
Authors: Johnson RJ , Zucco P , Shealy JE
Published: April 2008

Description

The newest volume in this series examines 16 peer-reviewed papers that reflect the latest worldwide research in the effort to reduce the risk of injury in winter sports.

4 sections cover:

Skiing and Snowboarding Equipment — 5 papers evaluate release bindings for World Cup freestyle skiers; current binding settings standards; the means of developing a learning binding for beginner skiers; the many variables involved with on-snow ski boot pressure measurements; and an apparatus for measuring mechanical properties of snowboard boot/binding systems in bending.

Epidemiology — 7 papers discuss the differences, including injuries and overall injury rate, between alpine skiing, telemark skiing, and snowboarding.

Knee Biomechanics — 2 papers study the use of a mechanical knee simulator and "load cases" that may help in understanding the high injury rate to knee ligaments.

Specific Problems — 2 papers investigate the complexities of medical evacuations by helicopter; and the surgical treatment of tibia plateau fractures and avulsions of the tibial spine sustained in downhill skiing accidents.

Audience: This volume is a valuable asset to all professionals in the skiing industry including instructors, coaches, sports equipments manufacturers, industry engineers, and ski area managers. It is also an important resource for physicians; lawyers.
Reactor Dosimetry: Radiation Metrology and Assessment
Authors: Williams JG , Vehar DW , Ruddy FH , Gilliam DM
Published: April 2008

Description

One hundred papers provide an extensive overview of latest advances in reactor dosimetry. An additional nine summaries provide the status of technical workshops held at the Tenth International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry and three keynote papers address: why we need dosimetry; the role of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology, and reactor dosimetry activities in Japan. The 100 papers span seven areas including:

Power Reactor Surveillance includes 17 papers on reactor vessel surveillance for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) in France, United Kingdom, Korea, Japan and the United States; for VVERs in Russia, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Hungry; for heavy water reactor in Argentina; and for MAGNOX reactors in the United Kingdom. Three papers also address concrete structures outside reactor vessels

Test Reactors and Accelerator Sources addresses facilities for such applications as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), semiconductor testing, structural steel testing, and nuclear fuel testing in a variety of types of reactor and accelerator neutron sources.

Benchmarks and Intercomparisons contains 11 papers on experiments and analysis used to test and improve techniques and data by means of standards and calibrations and specially designed reference fields.

Cross Sections and Nuclear Data provides 11 papers on cross section measurements and evaluations; and compilation and testing of cross section libraries.

Calculations and Adjustment Methods includes 14 articles, half on neutron transport codes for modeling LWR vessels and internal structures. Remaining papers address computational methods for estimation of induced activity in ex-vessel components and neutron spectrum adjustment methods.

Damage Correlations and Damage Dosimetry discusses calculation of displacements-per-atom, kerma, and atomic-recoil energy spectra, and data libraries derived for these.

Experimental Techniques are discussed in 21 papers. Half address active detector techniques, including spectrometers and instruments for in-core monitoring and the remaining discuss passive irradiation monitoring, including activation monitoring methods.
Materials Characterization by Dynamic and Modulated Thermal Analytical Techniques
Authors: Riga AT , Judovits L
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1402 examines the latest dynamic and modulated thermal analytical techniques, including new interpretations and applications of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The basis of many DSC methods is the modulation of temperature along with varying other parameters. Dynamic methods, including Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DETA), are also critiqued with new innovative applications. The mode of modulation, a sinusoidal wave or a saw tooth curve, affords the thermal analyst an opportunity to study a physical or chemical change in greater detail.

15 peer reviewed papers cover:

• Temperature Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TMDSC)

• Use of TMDSC in Curing and Chemical Reactions

• Measurement of the Glass Transition and Melting by Modulated and Comparative Techniques

• General Modulated Techniques

• Other Modulated Techniques

• Dynamic Techniques DMA and DETA.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Science, Policy, and Standardization—Implications for Environmental Decisions: Tenth Volume
Authors: Greenberg BM , Hull RN , Roberts MH , Gensemer RW
Published: April 2008

Description

The latest volume in this ASTM series explores the advancements in the field of environmental toxicology and risk assessment, including methods of carrying scientific findings forward to sound policy decisions. 25 papers in 6 sections cover:

Aquatic Toxicology--examines the ionic composition in water used in toxicity tests and how that impacts on metal toxicity; how modified PAHs impact on EROD levels; how UV radiation in natural aquatic settings impacts on photosynthesis in phytoplankton; and ship channel contaminant assessment.

Interface Between Policy, Science and Risk Assessment--addresses the use appropriate data in environmental modeling; statistical procedures to find the real ecological risk drivers; comparisons of fish and human toxicity; and statistical evaluation of terrestrial non-target organisms.

ASTM Standards and Their Applications--focuses on how ASTM standards can be used in science and policy.

Biomonitoring of Sediments and Aquatic Systems--deals with an extension of the Microtox assay; assessing PAH bioavailability at off-shore oil wells; a new powerful molecular bioindicator; a comparison of EROD and fibronectin levels; and toxicity of photomodified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in contaminated sediments.

Current Issues In Soil Toxicity and Remediation--discusses how important the evaluation of soil toxicity is becoming, and how such contaminated sites can be cleaned for reuse.

New Directions in Environmental Assessment and Recovery--explores how to use environmental assessment data to make decisions on risk and restoration.
Bench Testing of Industrial Fluid Lubrication and Wear Properties Used in Machinery Applications
Authors: Totten GE , Wedeven LD , Anderson M , Dickey JR
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1404 addresses various aspects of bench test selections and limitations, along with lubrication and wear simulations. Bench tests are commonly used to evaluate the lubrication and wear properties of industrial fluids when used in various types of machinery. They are often used without any validation of the lubrication and wear properties obtained in the machinery being modeled -- this has been a long-standing problem in the lubricants industry. This book attempts to address this problem.

23 peer-reviewed papers cover:

Problems of Bench Testing--discusses various difficulties associated with bench test selection, particularly as the test results correlate with equipment lubrication. Some suggestions to address equipment lubrication correlation problems are: selection of appropriate test conditions, development of custom-made test equipment, and use of lubrication and wear simulations to identify appropriate test conditions.

Bench Tests and Test Development--examines proper design considerations and model validations to successfully apply bench tests in lubrication and wear analysis.

Analysis--addresses a wide range of methodologies for evaluation of bench test results. These include examination of experimental test parameters, detection of boundary and EHD lubrication transitions, wear mode identification by debris analysis, and the utility of tribological aspect numbers.

Modeling and Simulation--outlines the value and necessity of experimental simulation of tribological performance to properly evaluate machinery lubrication and wear problems.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 20th International Symposium
Authors: Rosinski ST , Grossbeck ML , Allen TR , Kumar AS
Published: April 2008

Description

Fifty-seven papers provide a diverse and highly technical discussion of the influence of radiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of structural materials. Nine sections cover: reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels, austenitic and ferritic/martensitic alloys, proton and spallation neutron sources, radiation damage fundamentals, and other materials.

Twenty-five papers discuss various aspects of radiation effects on RPV plate, forging, and weld materials, including radiation-induced changes on mechanical properties, radiation damage mechanisms and associated microstructural changes and the modeling of radiation embrittlement mechanisms.

Eight papers discuss radiation-induced segregation, creep, irradiation-creep, swelling, and the associated changes in mechanical properties. Four papers discuss ferritic/martensitic alloys; and six papers examine the effects of high energy proton and spallation neutrons on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of various structural alloys. Finally, radiation damage fundamentals is the subject of four papers and the publication concludes with 10 papers covering a broad range of materials including vanadium alloys, tungsten rods, silicon film, silicon carbide and silicon carbide composites, shape-memory alloys, zirconium-niobium pressure tube materials, and other metals and alloys.
Turbine Lubrication in the 21st Century
Authors: Herguth WR , Warne TM
Published: April 2008

Description

This comprehensive ASTM publication presents the latest information on new generation turbine lubricants and how to obtain maximum value from these oils. Eight peer-reviewed papers cover:

Current and future directions for some synthetic, ester- and hydrocarbon-based fluids.

History of development and current state of base oil technology, including new processing methods for the production of more stable turbine oils.

Performance advantages of using Group II and Group III base oils.

Turbine oil quality and field application requirements.

New technology for monitoring antioxidant oil analysis.
Isocyanates: Sampling, Analysis, and Health Effects
Authors: Lesage J , DeGraff I , Danchik R
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1408 examines the latest data and technology on isocyanates, and features topics ranging from sampling and analysis methods to health effects. Isocyanates are widely used in many industrial processes because of their high activity and affinity to many substances, which lead to polymerization, as well as the properties for the resulting polymers. They are used in the production of adhesives, elastomers, binders, flexible or rigid foams, paints, and lacquers. Because these products are used in a large number of synthesis and processing industries, many workers may be at risk of hazardous exposure. In addition, the various chemical and physical states of mixtures of isocyanate monomers and prepolymers make it difficult to document exposure-related toxicity through valid environmental sampling and analysis methods. Therefore it is of the utmost importance that the knowledge and tools necessary for the safe use of these products be made available to provide protection to the worker and the environment.

11 peer-reviewed papers cover:

Isocyanate Determination in Atmospheres features new developments in sampling and analysis methods for workplace and environmental monitoring, including direct reading instrumentation, and how they relate to characterization of isocynate monomers and oligomers.

Sampling Strategy and Control details case studies; global effects; interpretation of test results; control measures; and personal protective equipment designed to meet compliance.

Health Effects covers toxicology; different routes of exposure, such as skin contact as well as inhalation; biological monitoring; surface contamination determination; evaluation of health effects; and the diagnostics used to detect exposure.
Aggregate Contribution to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Performance
Authors: White TD , Johnson SR , Yzenas JJ
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1412 focuses on the effect of aggregate properties on HMA performance and covers a wide range of aggregate characteristics. Valuable information is presented on performance of HMA designed with Superpave protocols and criteria for both mixtures and aggregates.

12 papers address:

• Aggregate polishing as a safety concern

• Contribution of the mineral aggregate components to rutting resistance

• Superpave coarse and fine gradations

• Validity of the restricted zone

• Maximum aggregate sizes

• Amount of dust, particle shape, and coarse and fine aggregate particle angularity.

This book is a valuable resource for everyone in the paving industry that produces, specifies, and uses aggregates.
Mechanical Properties of Structural Films
Authors: Muhlstein CL , Brown SB
Published: April 2008

Description

Written by an international group of experts from six countries.

STP 1413 is one of the most complete assemblies of papers on the characterization of the mechanical properties of structural films available to date. In the rapidly developing field of structural films, this new ASTM publication is a milestone in the engineering of these materials systems and their characterization.

22 papers cover four major areas of structural films characterization:

• Fracture and Fatigue

• Elastic Behavior and Residual Stress

• Tensile Testing

• Thermomechanical, Wear, and Radiation Damage
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: A New Century for Agricultural Formulations, Twenty First Volume
Authors: Mueninghoff JC , Viets AK , Downer RA
Published: April 2008

Description

STP 1414 emphasizes the external factors affecting the global growth of the agricultural industry, as well as new options available for formulating and delivering agricultural products to meet this global growth. It covers the latest developments and research in formulation ingredients methodology, application, and pesticide efficacy from a wide variety of sources, including industry and academia.

21 peer-reviewed papers in 6 sections cover:

Efficacy--presents studies relating to efficacy enhancement of pesticide products. These papers cover the effects of adjuvants, surfactants, and inorganic cations on pesticide activity.

Methods--examines techniques and methodology for determining the stability and efficacy of pesticide formulations as important tools not to be overlooked by the developers of agricultural products. It addresses various issues of methodology, including new techniques under consideration in Europe.

Formulation Strategy--covers various statistical design techniques and other formulating options.

Formulation Ingredients--discusses the development and application of inert ingredients for agricultural formulation, which can improve formulation stability, efficacy, and handling.

Regulatory Issues--features the topic of environmental strategies for nonylphenol ethoxylates.

Application and Spray Drift--concentrates on spray drift characteristics, testing, measurement, and distribution. These papers discuss useful measurement techniques and effect on pesticide efficacy.

Audience: Agricultural Formulators • Regulators • Market Managers • Suppliers to Crop Protection Industry • Agricultural Applicators
Spatial Methods for Solution of Environmental and Hydrologic Problems—Science, Policy, and Standardization
Authors: Singhroy V , Pierce RR , Johnson AI , Hansen DT
Published: April 2008

Description

Get an international perspective on the latest issues relating to spatial analysis, accuracy in the location and special representation of data and real world features, and emerging standards for digital spatial methods and applications. Twelve peer-reviewed papers cover:

Accuracy and Uncertainty in Spatial Data and Analysis

• Application of krieging and other geostatistical techniques

• Fractal analysis for spatial applications

• Difficulty in defining the level of accuracy for environmental and hydrologic data

• Spatial variability, uncertainty, and risk for use in decision support systems

• Use and application of global positioning systems (GPS)

Modeling and Spatial Analysis of Environmental and Hydrologic Systems in Spatial Data Environments

• Spatial techniques to model environmental systems

• Development of object models for hydrologic systems.

• Development of a flood warning system for watersheds in Spain

• Modeling the distribution of soil moisture with remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)

• Data integration with GIS as a management tool for decision support

• Efforts to model surface soil moisture from satellite microwave observations

• Use of response units to assess erosion processes in semiarid areas in southern Africa

Standardization and Standard Digital Data Sets

• Methods, descriptions, and digital data products, such as the watershed boundary standards for the U.S.

• Status of standards in use by the U.S. government related to GIS data

• Role of other organizations in the development of standards for GIS

• Development of standard merged products of satellite imagery and elevation data for natural resource mapping in Canada

• Development of a series of standard digital databases, in which U.S. Geological Survey has been particularly active

This publication is based on a symposium sponsored by ASTM International in cooperation with the International Commission on Remote Sensing of the International Association of Hydrologic Sciences, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, the U. S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance
Authors: Marpet MI , Sapienza MA
Published: April 2008

Description

Fall accidents, which occur as a result of not enough friction available between the floor and shoe bottom for the pedestrian to ambulate without slipping, are responsible for a great number of walkway accidents. For this reason, characterizations of how much friction pedestrians require to ambulate and how much friction is available between the foot or shoe bottom and the walkway surface are of great import.

This unique, new publication provides ten peer-reviewed papers which address the latest global research concerning how much friction pedestrians require during ambulation and how to measure best the friction available between the walkway surface and the shoe bottom. Topics include:

Biomechanics of Ambulation--explores different aspects of the relationship between age and pedestrian ambulation, significant because fall accidents exact a disproportionate toll on senior citizens.

Walkway-Safety Tribometry--presents novel ways of measuring friction, including the design of a simple, inexpensive ramp that can test the friction available between a whole shoe and a walkway-surface sample; and explores issues in tribometric testing of wet surfaces.

Walkway-Safety Standards Development--explores why it has been so difficult to achieve consensus in the development of walkway-safety standards, a difficulty that goes far beyond technical issues.

Audience: This volume is a valuable resource for pedestrian walkway safety researchers; biomedical and gait researchers; forensic engineers; certified safety professionals; and manufacturers of flooring, polish, and shoes.