bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microseismic insights into the fracturing behavior of a mature reservoir in the Pembina field, Alberta
Authors: Eyre Thomas S. , van der Baan Mirko
Published: June 2018

Microseismic source mechanisms (obtained through moment-tensor inversion) provide an understanding of the hydraulic fracturing behavior of a stimulated reservoir, knowledge of which can help to improve production and minimize seismic risk. Seismic source inversion, Gutenberg-Richter [Formula: see text]-value analysis, and geomechanical considerations are carried out to investigate the fracturing behavior for a microseismic data set recorded in the West Pembina field of central Alberta, Canada. A spatial pattern in the fracturing behavior seems apparent in the source mechanism results, showing strong tensile components in between the two observation wells and parallel to the treatment well, and shear-dominated failure mechanisms outside of this zone. This gives the impression that the reservoir experiences two spatially different fracturing behaviors. However, reliability tests using an identical monitoring geometry demonstrate that the change in behavior coincides with a region of unreliable moment-tensor solutions. This region occurs between the two observation wells, casting doubt on the recovered tensile failure mechanisms, thus indicating that only shear-dominated failure is likely to occur. This demonstrates the importance of taking into account the reliability of moment-tensor solutions when interpreting the fracturing behavior of a reservoir. Conversely, analysis of [Formula: see text]-values indicates changes in the behavior between the reservoir (high [Formula: see text]-values) and the sandwiching formations ([Formula: see text]-values closer to one), which is likely due to a lower differential stress within the reservoir, caused by surrounding load-bearing formations. Geomechanical considerations also explain the observed polarity changes in shearing mechanisms as caused by either forward and then reversed slip on preexisting weaknesses or opposing shear motion on either side of the main hydraulic fractures.
3D sequential inversion of frequency-domain airborne electromagnetic data to determine conductive and magnetic heterogeneities
Authors: Noh Kyubo , Oh Seokmin , Seol Soon Jee , Byun Joongmoo
Published: June 2018

We have developed two inversion workflows that sequentially invert conductivity and susceptibility models from a frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic data set. Both workflows start with conductivity inversion using electromagnetic (EM) kernel and out-of-phase component data, which is mainly sensitive to conductivity, and then we adopt the susceptibility inversion using in-phase component data. The difference between these two workflows is in the susceptibility inversion algorithm: One uses an EM kernel and a conductivity model as the input model; the other uses a magnetostatic kernel and a conductivity model to generate the appropriate input data. Because the appropriate input data for magnetostatic inversion should not contain the EM induction effect, the in-phase induction effect is simulated through the conductivity model obtained by inverting out-of-phase data and subtracting them from observed in-phase data to generate an “induction-subtracted” in-phase data set that becomes input data for magnetostatic inversion. For magnetostatic inversion, we used a linear magnetostatic kernel to enable rapid computation. Then, we applied the two inversion workflows to a field data set of a DIGHEM survey, and we successfully reconstructed the conductivity and susceptibility models from each workflow using two zones within the data sets, in which conductive and susceptible anomalies were present. One important finding is that the susceptibility inversion results obtained from two different workflows are very similar to each other. However, computational time can be significantly saved with linear magnetostatic inversion. We found out how the results of the conductivity and susceptibility models could be well-imaged using a sequential inversion workflow and also how magnetostatic inversion could be used efficiently for airborne EM data inversion.
On the application of the Eshelby-Cheng effective model in a porous cracked medium with background anisotropy: An experimental approach
Authors: de Figueiredo Jose Jadsom S. , do Nascimento Murillo J. S. , Hartmann Emilia , Chiba Bruce F. , da Silva Carolina Barros , de Sousa Matias C. , Silva Crislene , Santos Leo Kirchhof
Published: June 2018

Understanding the effect of cracks in elastic media is important for hydrocarbon recovery, especially in nonconventional reservoirs. Consequently, due to the presence of oriented cracks on these types of reservoirs, an anisotropic behavior can be induced. In terms of seismic or ultrasonic velocities, this means that elastic waves propagating on regions with oriented cracks have their velocities varying with the propagation and polarization directions. Thus, the analysis of the seismic wave velocities in a cracked medium can be used as a tool for reservoir characterization. For this reason, there is a variety of mathematical models to describe transversely isotropic cracked medium as well as the design of several experiments to test these models. We have experimentally analyzed the theoretical predictions of Eshelby-Cheng’s first-order model. For this proposal, we measured P- and S-wave ultrasonic velocities in 17 anisotropic samples. All samples indicate weak background anisotropy due to layering deposition; i.e., they are vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media. Sixteen synthetic anisotropic samples with different crack densities and aspect ratios were simulated by penny-shaped void inclusions in a homogeneous porous matrix made with cement and sand. An uncracked sample, with weak VTI anisotropy, was constructed for reference. The crack densities and aspect ratios ranged from 0 to 0.102 and from 0 to 0.52, respectively. All measurements were performed in a dry condition. From the experimental and theoretical velocities, we calculated the Thomsen’s parameters and correlated them with the crack density. An efficient flowchart was developed to make feasible and clear the inversion of the output Eshelby-Cheng’s effective elastic coefficients in effective velocities. Our results suggest that the anisotropy increases with crack density. In general, we noted that the best fit between the Eshelby-Cheng’s model and the experimental results occurs when the crack density and aspect ratio were lower than 0.1 and 0.32, respectively, and it is largely dependent on the type of crack porosity’s equation used in the inversion of effective stiffness coefficients in the elastic effective velocities.
A systematic scoping review of psychological therapies for psychosis within acute psychiatric in-patient settings
Authors: Jacobsen Pamela , Hodkinson Kathleen , Peters Emmanuelle , Chadwick Paul
Published: June 2018

Background

People with psychotic disorders account for most acute admissions to psychiatric wards. Psychological therapies are a treatment adjunct to standard medication and nursing care, but the evidence base for such therapies within in-patient settings is unclear.

Aims

To conduct a systematic scoping review of the current evidence base for psychological therapies for psychosis delivered within acute in-patient settings (PROSPERO: CRD42015025623).

Method

All study designs, and therapy models, were eligible for inclusion in the review. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, EThOS, ProQuest, conference abstracts and trial registries.

Results

We found 65 studies that met criteria for inclusion in the review, 21 of which were randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The majority of studies evaluated cognitive–behavioural interventions. Quality was variable across all study types. The RCTs were mostly small (n<25 in the treatment arm), and many had methodological limitations including poorly described randomisation methods, inadequate allocation concealment and non-masked outcome assessments. We found studies used a wide range of different outcome measures, and relatively few studies reported affective symptoms or recovery-based outcomes. Many studies described adaptations to treatment delivery within in-patient settings, including increased frequency of sessions, briefer interventions and use of single-session formats.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, there is a clear need to improve methodological rigour within in-patient research. Interpretation of the current evidence base is challenging given the wide range of different therapies, outcome measures and models of delivery described in the literature.

Declaration of interest

None.
No Correlation of Pancreatic Fat and β-Cell Function in Young Women With and Without a History of Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Popp Daniel , Aertsen Stephanie , Luetke-Daldrup Charlotte , Coppenrath Eva , Hetterich Holger , Saam Tobias , Rottenkolber Marietta , Seissler Jochen , Lechner Andreas , Sommer Nora N
Published: June 2018

Context

Pancreatic steatosis may contribute to β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but data are controversial. Women who had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk for developing T2D.

Objective

To examine the association of pancreatic fat content with early/first-phase insulin secretion (as markers of β-cell function).

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of a subcohort of the monocentric, prospective cohort study titled Prediction, Prevention, and Subclassification of Type 2 Diabetes.

Setting

Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany.

Participants

Ninety-seven women, 3 to 16 months after pregnancy [41 normoglycemic women post-GDM, 19 women post-GDM with pathological glucose metabolism, and 37 normoglycemic women after a normoglycemic pregnancy (controls)].

Main Outcome Measures

Correlation of MRI-measured pancreatic fat content with early insulin release in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGGT) [insulin increment within the first 30 minutes of the OGTT (IR30)] and first-phase insulin response (FPIR) in an intravenous glucose tolerance test (n = 65), both adjusted for insulin sensitivity index (ISI).

Results

Pancreatic fat content did not correlate with IR30 and FPIR adjusted for ISI. It correlated positively with body mass index, waist circumference, liver fat, and intraabdominal fat volume.

Conclusion

Pancreatic fat content does not correlate with β-cell function in a cohort of young women with different degrees of T2D risk.
Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Hispanic Youth: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth
Authors: Strizich Garrett , Kaplan Robert C , Sotres-Alvarez Daniela , Diaz Keith M , Daigre Amber L , Carnethon Mercedes R , Vidot Denise C , Delamater Alan M , Perez Lilian , Perreira Krista , Isasi Carmen R , Qi Qibin
Published: June 2018

Context

Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but not in sedentary behavior (SB), is related to cardiometabolic risk among non-Hispanic white youth.

Objective

Examine associations of SB and MVPA with cardiometabolic risk factors among Hispanic/Latino youth.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting

Four US communities.

Participants

Hispanic/Latino youth (N = 1,426) ages 8 to 16 years.

Measurements

Associations of MVPA and SB, measured using 7-day accelerometer data (independent variables), with markers of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function (dependent variables), were assessed in multivariable linear regression models while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and accelerometer wear time. Additional models controlled for obesity measures.

Results

SB comprised a mean (SD) of 75% (13%) of accelerometer wear time; mean (SD) time of MVPA was 35 min/d (22 min/d). Deleterious levels of high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were associated with lower levels of MVPA and higher levels of SB (all P < 0.05). Associations of MVPA with log-transformed triglyceride concentrations (β per 15-min/d increment, −0.039; SE, 0.018; P = 0.037) and SB with HDL-C (β per 30-min/d increment, −0.63; SE, 0.26; P = 0.018), but not those with other markers, remained significant after adjusting for MVPA or SB and further adjustment for body mass index and waist circumference. Higher SB tertiles were associated with lower soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in fully adjusted models (P for trend = 0.037).

Conclusions

Physiological precursors of diabetes and cardiovascular disease were associated with MVPA and SB among US Hispanic/Latino youth, a group that bears a disproportionate burden of metabolic disorders.
Incidence and Epidemiology of Perioperative Transfusion-Related Pulmonary Complications in Pediatric Noncardiac Surgical Patients: A Single-Center, 5-Year Experience
Authors: Thalji Leanne , Thum Daniel , Weister Timothy J. , Weber Wayne V. , Stubbs James R. , Kor Daryl J. , Nemergut Michael E.
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND:

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) are the leading causes of transfusion-related fatalities. While these transfusion-related pulmonary complications (TRPCs) have been well detailed in adults, their burden in pediatric subsets remains poorly defined. We sought to delineate the incidence and epidemiology of pediatric TRPCs after intraoperative blood product transfusion.

METHODS:

In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated all consecutive pediatric patients receiving intraoperative blood product transfusions during noncardiac surgeries between January 2010 and December 2014. Exclusion criteria were cyanotic heart disease, preoperative respiratory insufficiency, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status VI. Medical records were electronically screened to identify those with evidence of hypoxemia, and in whom a chest x-ray was obtained within 24 hours of surgery. Records were then manually reviewed by 2 physicians to determine whether they met diagnostic criteria for TACO or TRALI. Disagreements were adjudicated by a third senior physician.

RESULTS:

Of 19,288 unique pediatric surgical patients, 411 were eligible for inclusion. The incidence of TRPCs was 3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–5.9). TACO occurred in 3.4% (95% CI, 2.0–5.6) of patients, TRALI was identified in 1.2% (95% CI, 0.5–2.8), and 1.0% (95% CI, 0.4–2.5) had evidence for both TRALI and TACO. Incidence was not different between males (3.4%) and females (3.8%; P = .815). Although a trend toward an increased incidence of TRPCs was observed in younger patients, this did not reach statistical significance (P = .109). Incidence was comparable across subsets of transfusion volume (P = .184) and surgical specialties (P = .088). Among the 15 patients experiencing TRPCs, red blood cells were administered to 13 subjects, plasma to 3, platelets to 3, cryoprecipitate to 2, and autologous blood to 3. Three patients with TRCPs were transfused mixed blood components.

CONCLUSIONS:

TRPCs occurred in 3.6% of transfused pediatric surgical patients, with the majority of cases attributable to TACO, congruent with adult literature. The frequency of TRPCs was comparable between genders and across surgical procedures and transfusion volumes. The observed trend toward increased TRPCs in younger children warrants further consideration in future investigations. Red blood cell administration was the associated component for the majority of TRPCs, although platelets demonstrated the highest risk per component transfused. Mitigation of perioperative risk associated with TRPCs in pediatric patients is reliant on further multiinstitutional studies powered to examine patterns and predictors of this highly morbid entity.
Preoperative High-Dose Methylprednisolone and Glycemic Control Early After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Lindberg-Larsen Viktoria , Kehlet Henrik , Bagger Jens , Madsbad Sten
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND:

To evaluate the effect of a single preoperative dose of 125 mg methylprednisolone (MP) on glycemic homeostasis early after fast-track total hip and knee arthroplasty.

METHODS:

One-hundred thirty-four patients undergoing elective unilateral total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty were randomized (1:1) to preoperative intravenous MP 125 mg (group MP) or isotonic saline intravenous (group C). All procedures were performed under spinal anesthesia, using a standardized multimodal analgesic regime. The primary outcome was the change in plasma glucose 2 hours postoperatively, and secondary outcomes included plasma C-peptide concentrations, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), HOMA-IR (insulin resistance), and HOMA-B (β-cell function). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and 2, 6 (nonfasting), 24, and 48 hours after surgery with complete samples from 122 patients (group MP = 62, group C = 60) for analyses.

RESULTS:

MP patients had increased plasma glucose levels at 2 hours (adjusted mean [95% CI], 7.4 mmol·L−1 [7.2–7.5] vs 6.0 mmol·L−1 [5.9–6.2]; P = .023) and 6 hours (13.9 mmol·L−1 [13.3–14.5] vs 8.4 mmol·L−1 [7.8–9.0]; P < .001), and in plasma C-peptide 24 hours postoperatively (1675 pmol·L−1 [1573–1778] vs 1248 pmol·L−1 [1145–1351]; P < .001). An impaired insulin response was also observed in group MP as reflected by HOMA-B (P < .001). Additionally, HOMA-IR increased 24 hours postoperatively in group MP compared to group C (P < .001). Parameters were normalized 48 hours postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Preoperative administration of MP 125 mg resulted in a transient postoperative increase in plasma glucose and insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia.
Oxytocin receptor signaling contributes to olfactory avoidance behavior induced by an unpleasant odorant
Authors: Osada Kazumi , Ohta Toru , Takai Rie , Miyazono Sadaharu , Kashiwayanagi Makoto , Hidema Shizu , Nishimori Katsuhiko
Published: June 2018

Oxytocin (OXT) and its receptor (OXTR) regulate reproductive physiology (i.e., parturition and lactation), sociosexual behavior, learned patterns of behavior, and olfactory behavior in social contexts. To characterize the function of OXTR in basic olfactory behavior, the present study compared the behavioral responses of homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type mice when these mice were confronted with an unpleasant odorant (butyric acid) in a custom-made Y-maze in the absence of a social context. Wild-type mice avoided the first encounter with the butyric acid odorant, whereas homozygous and heterozygous mice did not. However, both heterozygous and wild-type mice habituated when confronted with the butyric odorant again on the following 2 days. By contrast, homozygous mice failed to habituate and instead avoided the location of the odorant for at least 3 days. These data suggest that homozygous and heterozygous mice display abnormal olfactory responses to the presentation of an unpleasant odorant. Our studies demonstrate that OXTR plays a critical role in regulating olfactory behavior in the absence of a social context.
Characterization of acdc14null allele inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Neitzel Leif R. , Broadus Matthew R. , Zhang Nailing , Sawyer Leah , Wallace Heather A. , Merkle Julie A. , Jodoin Jeanne N. , Sitaram Poojitha , Crispi Emily E. , Rork William , Lee Laura A. , Pan Duojia , Gould Kathleen L. , Page-McCaw Andrea , Lee Ethan
Published: June 2018

Cdc14 is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threoninephosphatase. Originally identified in S. cerevisiae as a cell cycle regulator, its role in other eukaryotic organisms remains unclear. In Drosophila melanogaster, Cdc14 is encoded by a single gene, thus facilitating its study. We found that Cdc14 expression is highest in the testis of adult flies and that cdc14 null flies are viable. cdc14 null female and male flies do not display altered fertility. cdc14 null males, however, exhibit decreased sperm competitiveness. Previous studies have shown that Cdc14 plays a role in ciliogenesis during zebrafish development. In Drosophila, sensory neurons are ciliated. We found that the Drosophila cdc14 null mutants have defects in chemosensation and mechanosensation as indicated by decreased avoidance of repellant substances and decreased response to touch. In addition, we show that cdc14 null mutants have defects in lipid metabolism and resistance to starvation. These studies highlight the diversity of Cdc14 function in eukaryotes despite its structural conservation.
Cxcl12a induces snail1b expression to initiate collective migration and sequential Fgf-dependent neuromast formation in the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium
Authors: Neelathi Uma M. , Dalle Nogare Damian , Chitnis Ajay B.
Published: June 2018

The zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium migrates along a path defined by the chemokine Cxcl12a, periodically depositing neuromasts, to pioneer formation of the zebrafish posterior lateral line system. snail1b, known for its role in promoting cell migration, is expressed in leading cells of the primordium in response to Cxcl12a, whereas its expression in trailing cells is inhibited by Fgf signaling. snail1b knockdown delays initiation of primordium migration. This delay is associated with aberrant expansion of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (epcam) and reduction of cadherin 2 expression in the leading part of the primordium. Co-injection of snail1b morpholino with snail1b mRNA prevents the initial delay in migration and restores normal expression of epcam and cadherin 2. The delay in initiating primordium migration in snail1b morphants is accompanied by a delay in sequential formation of trailing Fgf signaling centers and associated protoneuromasts. This delay is not specifically associated with knockdown of snail1b but also with other manipulations that delay migration of the primordium. These observations reveal an unexpected link between the initiation of collective migration and sequential formation of protoneuromasts in the primordium.
Differentiating cells mechanically limit the interkinetic nuclear migration of progenitor cells to secure apical cytogenesis
Authors: Watanabe Yuto , Kawaue Takumi , Miyata Takaki
Published: June 2018

Many proliferative epithelia are pseudostratified because of cell cycle-dependent interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM, basal during G1 and apical during G2). Although most epithelia, including early embryonic neuroepithelia (≤100 µm thick), undergo IKNM over the entire apicobasal extent, more apicobasally elongated (300 µm) neural progenitor cells (radial glial cells) in the mid-embryonic mouse cerebral wall move their nuclei only within its apical (100 µm) compartment, leaving the remaining basal region nucleus-free (fiber-like). How this IKNM range [i.e. the thickness of a pseudostratified ventricular zone (VZ)] is determined remains unknown. Here, we report external fencing of IKNM and the VZ by differentiating cells. When a tight stack of multipolar cells immediately basal to the VZ was ‘drilled’ via acute neuron-directed expression of diphtheria toxin, IKNM of apicobasally connected progenitor cells continued further towards the basal region of the cell (200 µm). The unfencing-induced basally overshot nuclei stay in S phase for too long and do not move apically, suggesting that external limitation of IKNM is necessary for progenitors to undergo normal cytogenetic behaviors. Thus, physical collaboration between progenitors and differentiating cells, including neurons, underlies brain development.
What does time mean in development?
Authors: Ebisuya Miki , Briscoe James
Published: June 2018

Biology is dynamic. Timescales range from frenetic sub-second ion fluxes and enzymatic reactions to the glacial millions of years of evolutionary change. Falling somewhere in the middle of this range are the processes we usually study in development: cell division and differentiation, gene expression, cell-cell signalling, and morphogenesis. But what sets the tempo and manages the order of developmental events? Are the order and tempo different between species? How is the sequence of multiple events coordinated? Here, we discuss the importance of time for developing embryos, highlighting the necessity for global as well as cell-autonomous control. New reagents and tools in imaging and genomic engineering, combined with in vitro culture, are beginning to offer fresh perspectives and molecular insight into the origin and mechanisms of developmental time.
SOX2 regulation by hedgehog signaling controls adult lingual epithelium homeostasis
Authors: Castillo-Azofeifa David , Seidel Kerstin , Gross Lauren , Golden Erin J. , Jacquez Belkis , Klein Ophir D. , Barlow Linda A.
Published: June 2018

Adult tongue epithelium is continuously renewed from epithelial progenitor cells, a process that requires hedgehog (HH) signaling. In mice, pharmacological inhibition of the HH pathway causes taste bud loss within a few weeks. Previously, we demonstrated that sonic hedgehog (SHH) overexpression in lingual progenitors induces ectopic taste buds with locally increased SOX2 expression, suggesting that taste bud differentiation depends on SOX2 downstream of HH. To test this, we inhibited HH signaling in mice and observed a rapid decline in Sox2 and SOX2-GFP expression in taste epithelium. Upon conditional deletion of Sox2, differentiation of both taste and non-taste epithelial cells was blocked, and progenitor cell number increased. In contrast to basally restricted proliferation in controls, dividing cells were overabundant and spread to suprabasal epithelial layers in mutants. SOX2 loss in progenitors also led non-cell-autonomously to taste cell apoptosis, dramatically shortening taste cell lifespans. Finally, in tongues with conditional Sox2 deletion and SHH overexpression, ectopic and endogenous taste buds were not detectable; instead, progenitor hyperproliferation expanded throughout the lingual epithelium. In summary, we show that SOX2 functions downstream of HH signaling to regulate lingual epithelium homeostasis.
Conservation and divergence of YODA MAPKKK function in regulation of grass epidermal patterning
Authors: Abrash Emily , Anleu Gil M. Ximena , Matos Juliana L. , Bergmann Dominique C.
Published: June 2018

All multicellular organisms must properly pattern cell types to generate functional tissues and organs. The organized and predictable cell lineages of the Brachypodium leaf enabled us to characterize the role of the MAPK kinase kinase gene BdYODA1 in regulating asymmetric cell divisions. We find that YODA genes promote normal stomatal spacing patterns in both Arabidopsis and Brachypodium, despite species-specific differences in those patterns. Using lineage tracing and cell fate markers, we show that, unexpectedly, patterning defects in bdyoda1 mutants do not arise from faulty physical asymmetry in cell divisions but rather from improper enforcement of alternative cellular fates after division. These cross-species comparisons allow us to refine our understanding of MAPK activities during plant asymmetric cell divisions.
Intermittent Running and Cognitive Performance after Ketone Ester Ingestion
Authors: EVANS MARK , EGAN BRENDAN
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Ingestion of exogenous ketones alters the metabolic response to exercise and may improve exercise performance, but it has not been explored in variable-intensity team sport activity, or for effects on cognitive function.

Methods

On two occasions in a double-blind, randomized crossover design, 11 male team sport athletes performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (part A, 5 × 15-min intermittent running; part B, shuttle run to exhaustion), with a cognitive test battery before and after. A 6.4% carbohydrate–electrolyte solution was consumed before and during exercise either alone (PLA) or with 750 mg·kg−1 of a ketone ester (KE) supplement. Heart rate, RPE, and 15-m sprint times were recorded throughout, and serial venous blood samples were assayed for plasma glucose, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate.

Results

KE resulted in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of ~1.5 to 2.6 mM during exercise (P < 0.001). Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were lower during KE compared with PLA (moderate-to-large effect sizes). Heart rate, RPE, and 15-m sprint times did not differ between trials. Run time to exhaustion was not different (P = 0.126, d = 0.45) between PLA (mean = 268 s, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 199–336 s) and KE (mean = 229 s, 95% CI = 178–280 s). Incorrect responses in a multitasking test increased from pre- to postexercise in PLA (mean = 1.8, 95% CI = −0.6 to 4.1) but not in KE (mean = 0.0, 95% CI = −1.8 to 1.8) (P = 0.017, d = 0.70).

Conclusion

Compared with carbohydrate alone, coingestion of a KE by team sport athletes attenuated the rise in plasma lactate concentrations but did not improve shuttle run time to exhaustion or 15-m sprint times during intermittent running. An attenuation of the decline in executive function after exhausting exercise suggests a cognitive benefit after KE ingestion.
The Family Peer Effect on Mothers' Labor Supply
Authors: Nicoletti Cheti , Salvanes Kjell G. , Tominey Emma
Published: June 2018

The historical rise in female labor force participation has flattened in recent decades, but the proportion of mothers working full time has increased. We provide the first empirical evidence that the increase in mothers' working hours is amplified through the influence of family peers. For identification, we exploit partially overlapping peer groups. Using Norwegian administrative data, we find positive and statistically significant family peer effects, but only on the intensive margin of women's labor supply. These are in part driven by concerns about time allocation from early childhood and concerns about earnings from age five. (JEL J12, J16, J24, J31)
Emotional Judges and Unlucky Juveniles
Authors: Eren Ozkan , Mocan Naci
Published: June 2018

Employing the universe of juvenile court decisions in a US state between 1996 and 2012, we analyze the effects of emotional shocks associated with unexpected outcomes of football games played by a prominent college team in the state. We find that unexpected losses increase sentence lengths assigned by judges during the week following the game. Unexpected wins, or losses that were expected to be close contests ex ante have no impact. The effects of these emotional shocks are asymmetrically borne by black defendants. The impact of upset losses on sentence lengths is larger for defendants if their cases are handled by judges who received their bachelor's degrees from the university with which the football team is affiliated. Different falsification tests and a number of auxiliary analyses demonstrate the robustness of the findings. These results provide evidence for the impact of emotions in one domain on decisions in a completely unrelated domain among a uniformly highly educated group of individuals (judges) who make decisions after deliberation that involve high stakes (sentence lengths). They also point to the existence of a subtle and previously unnoticed capricious application of sentencing. (JEL D83, I23, J13, J15, K42, L83, Z21)
The Neighborhood Impacts of Local Infrastructure Investment: Evidence from Urban Mexico
Authors: McIntosh Craig , Alegría Tito , Ordóñez Gerardo , Zenteno René
Published: June 2018

This paper reports on the results of a large infrastructure investment experiment in which $68 million in spending was randomly allocated across a set of low-income urban neighborhoods in Mexico. We show that the program resulted in substantial improvements in access to infrastructure and increases in private investment in housing. While a pre-committed index of social capital did not improve, we find an apparent decrease in the incidence of personal assault and teen misbehavior in neighborhoods where investments were made. The program increased the aggregate real estate value in program neighborhoods by two dollars for every dollar invested. (JEL H76, O18, R23, R31, R53, Z13)
Incentivizing Safer Sexual Behavior: Evidence from a Lottery Experiment on HIV Prevention
Authors: Björkman Nyqvist Martina , Corno Lucia , de Walque Damien , Svensson Jakob
Published: June 2018

We investigate the effect of a financial lottery program in Lesotho with relatively low expected payments but a chance to win a high prize conditional on negative test results for sexually transmitted infections. The intervention resulted in a 21.4 percent reduction in HIV incidence over two years. Lottery incentives appear to be particularly effective in targeting individuals with ex ante risky sexual behavior, consistent with the hypothesis that lotteries are more valued by individuals willing to take risks. (JEL I12, I18, O15)
Saving by Default: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural India
Authors: Somville Vincent , Vandewalle Lore
Published: June 2018

Access to banks is rapidly increasing worldwide, and allows account-based instead of cash transfers. We conduct a randomized experiment documenting the impact of the payment method on savings behavior. In India, we allocate identical weekly payments into a bank account (treated) or in cash (control). Savings in the account increase by 131 percent within 3 months, and the effect is long lasting. We also show that cash payments increase consumption and that—once everyone is paid in cash again—the savings patterns no longer differ. We interpret these findings as a default effect, and we further discuss plausible mechanisms. (JEL C93, D14, D90, G21, O12, O16)
Cuestionando consensos: algunos apuntes frente al —¿eventual?— ascenso de los BRICS como poderes globales
Authors: Garay Vargas Javier Leonardo
Published: June 2018

El presente artículo es una invitación a la reflexión. En los estudios internacionales damos por sentadas muchas realidades que, ante el escrutinio de reflexiones teóricas y la aplicación de metodologías de investigación —como los modelos con premisas importadas de la economía y la teoría de juegos— pueden poner en duda esas conclusiones o llevarnos a plantear nuevos escenarios. El ejercicio se hace, en este caso, a propósito de lo que se ha denominado el ascenso de los BRICS y las expectativas que este ha generado.
O estado da arte da Economia Política Internacional no Brasil: possibilidades para se pensar (e praticar) uma EPI a partir de baixo
Authors: Ramos Leonardo , Scotelaro Marina
Published: June 2018

La presente discusión se inserta en el debate acerca del estado del arte de la Economía Política Internacional (epi) en América Latina y, específicamente, de la necesidad de producirse panoramas más completos acerca del desarrollo de la subárea en Brasil. A partir de una literatura crítica frente a la producción de conocimiento en la periferia de las Relaciones Internacionales, se parte del supuesto de que entender los caminos del estudio revelan los límites y las potencialidades de la producción de conocimiento autóctono en las distintas regiones. El objetivo del trabajo es, en este contexto, presentar un estudio exploratorio de la producción académica de epi en Brasil entre los años 2000 y 2015, en especial en relación con los artículos publicados en periódicos brasileros en el periodo.
Las Empresas Transnacionales: Un punto de encuentro para la Economía Política Internacional de América Latina
Authors: Saguier Marcelo , Ghiotto Luciana
Published: June 2018

El estudio de las Empresas Transnacionales (ETN) se encuentra en los orígenes de la Economía Política Internacional (EPI) en América Latina. El lugar preponderante de las ETN en las nuevas configuraciones de gobernanza económica internacional no ha sido explorado de forma sistemática en las investigaciones recientes de la EPI en la región. El objetivo del artículo es fundamentar la importancia de explorar las implicancias de las ETN en la gobernanza económica, así como visibilizar debates y aportes en esta temática que se han venido desarrollando al margen de los marcos de análisis de la EPI. Hacemos una revisión del lugar de las ETN en los procesos de construcción de reglas y prácticas de gobernanza internacional del comercio/inversiones y del ambiente. El argumento central es que las ETN no solo son actores económicos, sino que también actores “políticos” que intervienen en los procesos de reconfiguración de la relación Estado-mercado-naturaleza mediante la construcción de nuevos arreglos de gobernanza económica. La propuesta de volver a estudiar a las ETN ofrece un aporte a la reflexión sobre la identidad de la EPI de América Latina como un campo en construcción.
Integrated Strategy: Residual Market and Exchange Imperfections as the Foundation of Sustainable Competitive Advantage
Authors: Oberholzer-Gee Felix , Yao Dennis A.
Published: June 2018

Market imperfections are central to understanding the mechanisms that permit firms to capture value. Many of these imperfections are competed away when firms struggle to attain and defend competitive advantages, making markets more efficient in the process. The remaining imperfections can become a primary impetus for government intervention. Hence, an understanding of residual market imperfections—those imperfections that persist after market competition and regulation are accounted for—must inform any assessment of the long-term attractiveness of firm strategies. Our framework provides an integrated view of competition and government intervention, two of the principal forces that influence variation in firm profitability.
Carer support from a community-based heart specialist nurse service
Authors: Whittingham Katharine , Pearce Deborah E
Published: June 2018

This article describes carers' experiences of the support offered to them by a specialist heart failure nurse (SHFN) service working in the community. In particular, it focuses on the elements of the service they felt to be beneficial to them in their roles as carers. Four carers were interviewed in their own homes. From the interviews, three key themes emerged: education, rapport/ongoing support and financial concerns. Overall, there was a high level of satisfaction regarding the education, and particularly the medication advice, that the SHFN provided. The role of the SHFN as a nurse prescriber was highly valued. Carers also appreciated the rapport they had with the SHFN. The case management approach was seen to enhance the relationship with the carer as the SHFN coordinated care throughout the patient's disease trajectory. In addition, participants held a great respect for the SHFN's clinical expertise and were reassured that support was available should they need it. Financial concerns led to the most emotive dialogue. The evaluation has outlined the important role that an SHFN can offer in supporting carers. As case managers, SHFNs work opportunistically and proactively to recognize carer fatigue and implement appropriate strategies. As the health service in England moves into a challenging economic climate of commissioning services, it is important that the added value SHFNs offer in supporting carers is recognized.
Scars: impact and management, with a focus on topical silicone-based treatments
Authors: Onselen Julie Van
Published: June 2018

Many people are living with scars caused by surgery or traumatic injury. Scar prevention in the early stages of wound healing is an essential aspect of care. Ongoing scar management is generally by self-care, using non-invasive methods such as silicone sheeting and/or massage. Silicone is considered to be the first-line non-invasive, prophylactic and therapeutic measure for scar management. Nurses have a role in supporting patients with self-care of their scars as well as providing psychological support, as the impact of a scar and effect of quality of life can be significant.
Wake up and smell the coffee!
Authors: Fowler John
Published: June 2018

What makes for great relationships at work? John Fowler suggests the ‘tea and toast’ ethos of bonding and mutual team support is a very good place to start
The changing face of dentistry
Authors: Mahon Wendy
Published: June 2018

The increasing desire for facial aesthetics offers new opportunities for the dental team. Dental nurse Wendy Mahon, treatment coordinator with Tracey Bell Dental Clinics, talks about the need to embrace them
What is four-handed dentistry?
Authors: Drury Hayley , Eastwood Kath
Published: June 2018

How fantastic would it be to provide dentistry where we could improve the comfort and quality of treatment for patients, improve team work and your own day-to-day job satisfaction? Dental nurse Hayley Drury and dentist Kath Eastwood explain
An essential guide
Authors: Pickles Janet
Published: June 2018

A look at six popular topics concerning use of inhalation sedation equipment
Get smart: your next job is online
Authors: Hameed Natasha
Published: June 2018

There is a range of online tools to help match candidate to role. Natasha Hameed explains
What to expect when they're expecting
Authors: Thomas Howard
Published: June 2018

During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes an overwhelming amount of physical changes – and that includes their oral health
The narrative assemblage of civil society interventions into refugee and asylum policy debates in the UK
Authors: Tonkiss Katherine
Published: June 2018

This article explores how pro-refugee civil society organisations discursively navigate the challenges of influencing policy in contexts that are largely hostile to their perspective, and the tensions implicit in doing so. It draws on rich documentary data to present an analysis of the policy narratives of seven case study organisations in the UK. Through this analysis, the article argues that these narratives form an ‘assemblage’ of discursive conformity to and contestation of the dominant construction of the policy problem, with the organisations concurrently positioned both as experts in the field and as facilitating expert knowledge transfer from refugees themselves. It is through this assemblage that the organisations negotiate the dilemmas arising from their largely adversarial positioning in the policy debate.
Dietary Intakes and Circulating Concentrations of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Risk Among High-Risk Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tobias Deirdre K , Clish Clary , Mora Samia , Li Jun , Liang Liming , Hu Frank B , Manson JoAnn E , Zhang Cuilin
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; isoleucine, leucine, valine) are consistently associated with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, but the relationship with dietary intake of BCAAs is less clear.

METHODS

The longitudinal Nurses' Health Study II cohort conducted a blood collection from 1996 to 1999. We profiled plasma metabolites among 172 incident T2D cases and 175 age-matched controls from women reporting a history of gestational diabetes before blood draw. We estimated dietary energy-adjusted BCAAs from food frequency questionnaires. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI of T2D risk across quartiles (Q1–Q4) of BCAAs, adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, family history, and other established risk factors. We also assessed joint exposure to below/above medians of diet and plasma concentrations, with lower diet/lower plasma as reference.

RESULTS

Dietary and plasma BCAA concentrations were positively associated with incident T2D (diet Q4 vs Q1 OR = 4.6, CI = 1.6, 13.4; plasma Q4 vs Q1 OR = 4.4, CI = 1.4, 13.4). Modeling the joint association indicated that higher diet BCAAs were associated with T2D when plasma concentrations were also higher (OR = 6.0, CI = 2.1, 17.2) but not when concentrations were lower (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.61, 4.1). Conversely, higher plasma BCAAs were associated with increased T2D for either lower or higher diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Independent of BMI and other risk factors, higher diet and plasma BCAA concentrations were associated with an increased incident T2D risk among high-risk women with a history of gestational diabetes, supporting impaired BCAA metabolism as conferring T2D risk.
Identidad supranacional europea en un contexto de crisis
Authors: Catalá Oltra Lluís Català , Nieto Ferràndez Maxi
Published: June 2018

Desde hace tiempo, los arquitectos de la UE consideran una prioridad la identidad europea, especialmente en su dimensión “interna” o “de pertenencia” (Recchi y Salamońska, 2014), porque se entiende que el proyecto europeo necesita la adhesión ciudadana y se ha estimado que ésta se puede dar más fácilmente si los sujetos se identifican con la UE. Los pequeños avances en este sentido durante décadas se ven cuestionados en el momento actual por una crisis de legitimidad que tiene su origen en el rechazo al proyecto de Constitución europea (2004) y en la posterior crisis financiera, y que culminan en el Brexit y el refuerzo de opciones políticas que objetan el curso de la UE actual. En este trabajo se examina la identidad europea desde la perspectiva de una identidad nacional, afrontando sus potencialidades tanto si se consideran factores objetivos (historia, cultura, territorio, instituciones, etc.) como subjetivos (adhesión, identificación). Para el segundo grupo, se utilizan las series históricas del Eurobarómetro. Se trata de comprobar si la identidad europea puede ser considerada una identidad “fuerte” (Kantner, 2006). La aproximación realizada cuestiona esta posibilidad para el corto y medio plazo. En cambio, la identidad europea puede consolidarse si se pone el acento en una perspectiva político-cívica que sea compatible con la identidad nacional. De este modo y a lo largo del tiempo, una europeidad experimentada cotidianamente (o “banalmente”, Billig, 2006) y multireferencialmente puede llegar a asentarse entre los ciudadanos, y formar parte importante de su abanico identitario.
PODE A MULHER BRASILEIRA FALAR? DISSIMULAÇÕES NORMATIVAS: UMA ANÁLISE DA SUBALTERNIZAÇÃO DAS MULHERES NA ADPF 54-DF
Authors: Gomes Marcus Alan de Melo , Bispo Andrea Ferreira
Published: June 2018

Este artigo tem por objetivo aferir a conformidade dos pressupostos ontológicos do crime de aborto com o discurso dos direitos humanos. Para tanto, procede-se à estudo de caso, mediante análise de quatro votos de ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal proferidos no julgamento da ADPF 54-DF, que trata da interrupção da gravidez na gestação de fetos anencéfalos. Utiliza-se como marco teórico o ensaio Pode o Subalterno Falar?, de Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, que orienta a reflexão sobre o direito como campo de disputa pelo poder, a subalternização das mulheres nessas disputas e sobre como os pressupostos ontológicos de uma norma penal podem ser conhecidos quando se observa a representação dos sujeitos subalternos pelas instituições de poder, evidenciando as dissimulações normativas que subjazem ao direito.
Uses of Social Networking Sites among Postgraduate Students at University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh : A Study
Authors: Munshi Shamim Aktar , Mostafa Md. Golam , Alam Md. Mahbubul
Published: June 2018

This study aims to find out the use of social networking sites (SNSs) for educational purposes among the postgraduate students at the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The study selects descriptive survey method and questionnaire tools for gathering the data. Findings of the study shows that students have a positive attitude towards the role of social networking sites for their academic purposes. Notably, the respondents mostly prefer Facebook which is the most preferable SNS among the others. Finding also demonstrates that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that SNSs help their educational field and it builds up a good relationship between their friends, family, educators, etc. This study reveals that respondents are strongly agreed that they get up-to-date information through SNSs and share their thoughts, information to the others. It is interesting to note that almost 90 per cent respondents strongly agreed that SNSs is an effective media which helps to make a platform where they can study collaboratively. 