bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF OXYGENATED RADICALS IN THE GAS PHASE. PART 7. REACTIONS OF METHYLPEROXYL RADICALS AND ALKENES
Authors: OSBORNE D. A. , WADDINGTON D. J.
Published: April 2016

Kinetik und Mechanismus der Reaktion von Methylperoxyl‐Radikalen, Oxidationsprodukte von Di‐tert.‐butylperoxid, mit 2‐Methylbuten‐(1), ‐buten‐(2) und 2,3‐Dimethylbuten‐(2) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE REDUCTION OF N‐BENZYLIDENEAMINODIHYDROISOINDOLE‐1,3‐DIONES
Authors: SALMAN M. , RAY S.
Published: April 2016

Die Reduktion des Dions (I) mit LiAlH4 in THF bei Raumtemp. liefert eine Komplexmischung, aus der die erwartete Verbindung (II) nur in Spuren erhalten werden konnte.
ChemInform Abstract: CP2TICL2‐CATALYZED GRIGNARD REACTIONS. PART 2. REACTIONS WITH KETONES AND ALDEHYDES
Authors: SATO F. , JINBO T. , SATO M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Oxo‐Verbindungen (III) mit Grignardverbindungen (II) erhält man normalerweise die Addukte (I) auch in Gegenwart von TiCl4; mit dem Cyclopentadienyl‐Titan‐Komplex (IV) hingegen erfolgt überwiegend bis ausschließlich Reduktion zu den sekundären Carbinolen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF VINYL ALKANEDITHIOATES
Authors: SAQUET M. , THULLIER A.
Published: April 2016

2‐Alkyliden‐1,3‐dithiolane (I) werden mit LDA zu den Vinyldithioestern (III) über die Zwischenstufen (II) gespalten, wobei Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid für die Reaktion obligatorisch ist.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐SELENOCYCLOBUTYLLITHIUM AS A 2‐LITHIO‐1,3‐DIENE EQUIVALENT. REGIOSELECTIVE (100%) SYNTHESIS OF IPSENOL
Authors: HALAZY S. , KRIEF A.
Published: April 2016

Eliminierungsreaktionen an Selenylcyclobutanen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CONFIGURATIONS OF SOME α‐HYDRAZONOPHENYLACETIC ACIDS
Authors: MONGUZZI R. , SCARPITTA G. , VENTURA P. , PIFFERI G.
Published: April 2016

Phenyl‐glyoxylsäure (I) reagiert mit Hydrazinen zu Hydrazono‐phenylessigsäuren (III) bzw. (V), deren Konfiguration durch UV‐, IR‐ und NMR‐Spektren ermittelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF N‐ARYLSULFENYL‐ AND N‐ARYLSULFINYLKETIMINES WITH CHLORINE. CHLORIDES OF N‐(1‐CHLORO‐1‐PHENYL‐2,2,2‐TRIFLUOROMETHYL)IMINOSULFINIC AND ‐SULFONIC ACIDS
Authors: SHERMOLOVICH YU. G. , TALANOV V. S. , DOLENKO G. N. , MARKOVSKII L. N.
Published: April 2016

Die Ketimine (II) und (VII) reagieren mit C12 glatt unter Bildung der Iminosulfinbzw.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF VINYLACETYLENIC SULFONES WITH AROMATIC AMINES
Authors: BULAT A. D. , ANTIPOV M. A. , PASSET B. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Sulfone (I) reagieren in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen von Triethylamin mit prim. Arylaminen unter Bildung der Azomethine (II), mit p‐Phenylendiamin analog unter Bildung der Bisazomethine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 7,8‐BENZO‐11‐CHLORO‐(5)METACYCLOPHANE
Authors: GRICE P. , REESE C. B.
Published: April 2016

Das Dichlorcyclopropan (I) ergibt bei der Behandlung mit Silberperchlorat in Tetrahydrofuran in Gegenwart von 2,6‐Lutidin das Benzo‐chloro‐metacyclophan (II), das sich in Gegenwart von Essigsäure in das Isomere (III) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 2,4‐DIBROMO‐1‐NAPHTHOL WITH BENZOYL PEROXIDE: FORMATION OF 2‐(2′,4′‐DIBROMO‐1′‐NAPHTHYLOXY)‐1,4‐NAPHTHOQUINONE
Authors: SAWHNEY K. N. , MATHUR K. B. L.
Published: April 2016

Benzoylperoxid reagiert mit dem Dibromnaphthol (I) zu der Titelverbindung (II), die elementaranalytisch, IR‐, NMR‐ und massenspektroskopisch charakterisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF DIBROMOCARBENE ADDUCTS OF CYCLOHEXA‐1,4‐DIENYL ACETATES AND ‐BENZOATES
Authors: KHAWAD I. E. , ISKANDER G. M.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Addition von Dibromcarben an entsprechende Dienole gebildeten Bisaddukte (I) werden mit Acetanhydrid oder Benzoylchlorid in die stabileren Acyloxyderivate (II) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐PHENYL‐9‐HYDROXYPHENALENONE
Authors: SOLODAR' S. L. , VINOGRADOV L. M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Cyclisierung des durch Friedel‐Crafts‐ Acylierung von 2‐Methoxy‐naphthalin mit Cinnamoylchlorid dargestellten Cinnamoylmethoxynaphthalins (I) mit AlCl3 in siedendem Benzol (C.F.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW CEREBRALLY ACTIVE BASIC DITHIENYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: THIELE K. , POSSELT K. , OFFERMANNS H. , THIEMER K.
Published: April 2016

3‐Acetylthiophen (I), polymerer Formaldehyd (II) und Norephedrin (III) kondensieren zu der Mannich‐ Base (IV), die mit dem 3‐Lithiothiophen (V) umgesetzt das Carbinol (VI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIPOLAR ADDITION ON 4‐BENZYLIDENE‐1‐ARYL‐2‐(P‐ISOPROPYLPHENYL)‐2‐PYRROLIN‐5‐ONES
Authors: ESSAWY A. , HAMED A. A.
Published: April 2016

Die aus der γ‐Ketopropionsäure (I) durch Perkin‐Kondensation mit Anilinen (II) und Benzaldehyd (III) gebildeten Pyrrolinone (IV) werden mit Grignard‐Reagentien (V), mit Aromaten (VII) nach Friedel‐Crafts und mit CH‐aciden Verbindungen zu einer Reihe von Derivaten umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME METABOLITES OF THE MARINE SPONGES SMENOSPONGIA AUREA AND SMENOSPONGIA (POLYFIBROSPONGIA) ECHINA
Authors: DJURA P. , STIERLE D. B. , SULLIVAN B. , FAULKNER D. J. , ARNOLD E. , CLARDY J.
Published: April 2016

Zwei der antimikrobiell wirksamen Metaboliten des im Titel genannten Schwammes sind die Tryptaminderivate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐BENZISOXAZOLE N‐OXIDES
Authors: BOULTON A. J. , TSOUNGAS P. G.
Published: April 2016

Die o‐Hydroxyphenyl‐ketoxime (I) reagieren mit Bleitetraacetat unter Cyclisierung zu den N‐Oxiden (II), von denen ein Vertreter zum Methylbenzisoxazol (III) desoxygeniert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NEW 1,2,4‐TRIAZOLO(3,4‐B)‐1,3,4‐OXADIAZOLES AS POTENTIAL PESTICIDES
Authors: SINGH H. , YADAV L. D. S. , BHATTACHARYA B. K.
Published: April 2016

Die Aminoaryloxadiazole (I) werden nach Diazotierung zu den Nitrosaminen (II) in die HydfalinodefiVate (III) übergeführt, die als Benzylidenderivate (IV) charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,5‐DIAMINO‐1,2,4‐OXADIAZOLES. PART 2
Authors: TILLEY J. W. , RAMUZ H. , LEVITAN P. , BLOUNT J. F.
Published: April 2016

Durch oxidative Cyclisierung . der Amidino‐harnstoffe (I) (Darstellung beschrieben; z.T. neue Verbindungen) werden die Oxadiazole (II) gewonnen; von den Nebenprodukten (III) wird nur (IIIb) (R1 : 2‐OMe) isoliert (13%) und röntgenstrukturanalytisch untersucht (PI; Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC RADICAL SUBSTITUTION. DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF 4‐AZAINDOLES IN NONACID AND MILD CONDITIONS
Authors: BEUGELMANS R. , BOUDET B. , QUINTERO L.
Published: April 2016

2‐Chlor‐3‐amino‐pyridin (III) reagiert mit Enolaten (II) zu den Indolen (I), mit den Ethylverbindungen (IV) bzw. (V) zu den beiden Folgeprodukten (VI) und (VII) und mit dem Cyclohexenylolat (VIII) zum Tricyclus (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF AZINES AND AZINONES WITH ENAMINES. CYCLIZATION THROUGH THE ORTHO‐BINDING OF A HETEROAROMATIC SYSTEM IN A REACTION WITH QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHUPAKHIN O. N. , CHARUSHIN V. N. , SHNUROV YU. V.
Published: April 2016

Reaktionen des Nitrochinoxalinons (II) mit Enaminen oder mit Gemischen von Carbonylverbindungen und sek. Aminen (im Überschuß der Carbonylverbindung oder in Ethanol) liefern die Addukte (I) und (III) (1H‐NMR‐Spektrum; Mechanismus).
ChemInform Abstract: THE MEISENHEIMER REARRANGEMENT IN HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS. I. SYNTHESIS OF SOME TETRAHYDRO‐2,3‐BENZOXAZEPINES
Authors: BREMNER J. B. , BROWNE E. J. , DAVIES P. E. , LE VAN THUC LE VAN THUC
Published: April 2016

Die Oxidation der Tetrahydroisochinolin‐ Verbindungen (I) mit wäßrigem H2O2 oder mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure liefert die trennbaren cis‐ und trans‐Isomeren (II) und (III) der N‐Oxide mit dominierendem cis‐ Anteil.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE PHENOXASILINS AND DIHYDRODIBENZOOXASILEPINS
Authors: CHANG V. H. T. , COREY J. Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus Dilithio‐diphenylether und Dilithiobenzylphenylether (I) werden durch Umsetzung mit Dichlorsilanen (II) Phenoxasiline und Dibenzoxasilepine (III) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEMS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS. PART IV. SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED AND MASS SPECTRAL STUDIES OF 2‐(4′‐NITROPHENOXY)‐2,3‐DIHYDRO‐1H‐BENZO‐1,3,2‐DIAZAPHOSPHOLE 2‐OXIDES AND NAPHTHO(1,8‐DE)(1,3,2)DIAZAPHOSPHORINE 2‐OXIDE
Authors: NAIDU M. S. R. , REDDY C. D. , REDDY P. S.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (III) und (IV) werden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Diamine mit O‐p‐Nitrophenylphosphorsäuredichlorid (II) in siedendem Benzol oder Chlorbenzol dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF PSEUDOGUAIANOLIDES: (.+‐.)‐AROMATICIN AND (.+‐.)‐AROMATIN
Authors: LANSBURY P. T. , HANGAUER D. G. JUN. , VACCA J. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Titelverbindungen (V) (Aromaticin) bzw. (IX) (Aromatin) erfolgt auf den angegebenen Wegen jeweils ausgehend von dem aus der Schlüsselverbindung (I) erhältlichen Lacton (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: MOTOR FUELS FROM COAL
Authors: EISENLOHR K. H. , GAENSSLEN H.
Published: April 2016

Unter dem Aspekt der zu gewinnenden Unabhängigkeit vom Rohöl diskutieren die Autoren erstens die Kohlevergasung, Gasreinigung und Konditionierung, sowie die Auffächerung auf dieser Stufe in die Fischer‐Tropsch‐ Synthese, Methanolsynthese, Methansynthese und Wasserstoffsynthese und zweitens die Varianten der Hochdru ckhydrierung von Kohle nach Bergius und der Kohleverflüssigung (Blockschemata).
ImprovedH∞performance analysis of uncertain Markovian jump systems with overlapping time‐varying delays
Authors: Syed Ali M. , Saravanakumar R.
Published: April 2016

In this article, we study the problem of robust H∞performance analysis for a class of uncertain Markovian jump systems with mixed overlapping delays. Our aim is to present a new delay‐dependent approach such that the resulting closed‐loop system is stochastically stable and satisfies a prescribed H∞performance level χ. The jumping parameters are modeled as a continuous‐time, finite‐state Markov chain. By constructing new Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals, some novel sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the stochastic stability of the equilibrium point in the mean‐square. Numerical examples show that the obtained results in this article is less conservative and more effective. The results are also compared with the existing results to show its conservativeness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 460–477, 2016
Vanishing thyroid gland tumors: Infarction as consequence of FNA?
Authors: Kholová Ivana
Published: April 2016

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA)‐induced secondary changes were described in various organs. Complete replacement of tumor by necrosis causes diagnostic and management problems.

Methods

Seven cases of totally or partially vanished thyroid lesions were identified from the archive of Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories within 5 year period. Histopathological slides were revised in all cases.

Results

Total thyroidectomy or lobectomy samples were from 4 females and 3 males patients aged 37–83 years (mean 67.1 years). Imaging data were available in 6 cases. Cytology slides and data were available only in 3 cases: two revealed follicular neoplasm and one was insufficient according to Bethesda system. In 5 cases, final histopathology revealed total necrosis of the lesion with only one case with available cytological diagnosis of oncocytic follicular neoplasm. In remaining 2 cases, replacement by necrosis was partial. Of note, in three cases, oncocytic metaplasia was present.

Conclusions

Total histopathological blocking with thorough check of capsular areas is recommended in necrotic tumors. Vanishing thyroid lesion phenomenon is rare, but in cases of disappearance of tumor, preoperative cytology diagnosis is the only clue for the patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:568–573. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extremes of eating are associated with reduced neural taste discrimination
Authors: Frank Guido K.W. , Shott Megan E. , Keffler Carrie , Cornier Marc‐Andre
Published: April 2016

Objective

Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology. Understanding how neuronal function affects food choices could help personalize treatment based on brain function. Here we wanted to determine whether disordered eating behavior is associated with alterations in the primary taste cortex's ability to classify taste stimuli, which could interfere with taste reward processing.

Method

One‐hundred and six women, 27 healthy comparison (age 26.15 ± 6.95 years), 21 with restricting‐type anorexia nervosa (AN; age 23.10 ± 6.14 years), 19 recovered from restricting‐type AN (recovered AN; age 26.95 ± 5.31 years), 20 with bulimia nervosa (BN; age 25.15 ± 5.31 years), and 19 with obesity (age 28.16 ± 8.13 years), received sucrose, control solution or no taste stimulation during functional magnetic resonance brain imaging. Multivariate Bayesian pattern analysis (decoding) and cross‐validation tested taste classification accuracy (adjusted for comorbidity, medication use, taste perception, interoception, and brain activation volume).

Results

For sucrose versus control solution, classification accuracy differed (F = 2.53, P < 0.041). Post hoc tests indicated higher classification accuracy in healthy comparison compared to women with AN (P < 0.016) or obesity (P < 0.027), and in recovered AN as compared to AN (P < 0.016) or obesity (P < 0.047) groups. Taste stimulation resulted in sparse insula voxel activation across all groups.

Discussion

Reduced classification accuracy across stimuli in women with AN or obesity could indicate low brain encoding discrimination of stimulus quality, which could contribute to altered reward activation and eating drive that is not adjusted to nutritional needs. This deficit appears to normalize with recovery from AN, but adjusting food flavor intensity could aid in the treatment of individuals with AN or obesity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:603–612)
Terrestrial support of aquatic food webs depends on light inputs: a geographically‐replicated test using tank bromeliads
Authors: Farjalla Vinicius F. , González Angélica L. , Céréghino Régis , Dézerald Olivier , Marino Nicholas A. C. , Piccoli Gustavo C. O. , Richardson Barbara A. , Richardson Michael J. , Romero Gustavo Q. , Srivastava Diane S.
Published: April 2016

Food webs of freshwater ecosystems can be subsidized by allochthonous resources. However, it is still unknown which environmental factors regulate the relative consumption of allochthonous resources in relation to autochthonous resources. Here, we evaluated the importance of allochthonous resources (litterfall) for the aquatic food webs in Neotropical tank bromeliads, a naturally replicated aquatic microcosm. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled in more than 100 bromeliads within either open or shaded habitats and within five geographically distinct sites located in four different countries. Using stable isotope analyses, we determined that allochthonous sources comprised 74% (±17%) of the food resources of aquatic invertebrates. However, the allochthonous contribution to aquatic invertebrates strongly decreased from shaded to open habitats, as light incidence increased in the tanks. The density of detritus in the tanks had no impact on the importance of allochthonous sources to aquatic invertebrates. This overall pattern held for all invertebrates, irrespective of the taxonomic or functional group to which they belonged. We concluded that, over a broad geographic range, aquatic food webs of tank bromeliads are mostly allochthonous‐based, but the relative importance of allochthonous subsidies decreases when light incidence favors autochthonous primary production. These results suggest that, for other freshwater systems, some of the between‐study variation in the importance of allochthonous subsidies may similarly be driven by the relative availability of autochthonous resources.
Why are Food Practices not (More) Environmentally Friendly in France? The role of collective standards and symbolic boundaries in food practices
Authors: Dubuisson‐Quellier Sophie , Gojard Séverine
Published: April 2016

Despite concern about environmental issues, the majority of French households do not adopt eco‐friendly practices. We propose a practice theory approach, enriched by key concepts from Bourdieu (distinction) and Lamont (symbolic boundaries), to understand the links between individual practices and collective frameworks. Drawing on an ethnographic study of 30 households in France, we explore food practices and the way people describe them. Our results are twofold: first, individuals see eco‐friendly practices as strongly related to specific groups and normative standards, from which they may want to distinguish themselves. Even when people display eco‐friendly practices, they associate them with other rationales. Second, because eco‐friendly practices are not widely valued, they do not provide the same rewards as the implementation of other standards that are more consensual. We draw some practical implications for public policies from these results. A desegmentation of eco‐friendly practices might prove useful, allowing them to be associated with wider social groups and to convey more collective positive meanings. Moreover, a large proportion of eco‐friendly practices are in continuity with what individuals are already doing. Their implementation could benefit if it were made coherent with other practices, rather than being portrayed in public discourse as requiring a radical change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Physicians' adherence to guideline‐recommended medications in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: data from the QUALIFY global survey
Authors: Komajda Michel , Anker Stefan D. , Cowie Martin R. , Filippatos Gerasimos S. , Mengelle Bastian , Ponikowski Piotr , Tavazzi Luigi ,   on behalf of the QUALIFY Investigators
Published: April 2016

Aims

To assess physicians' adherence to guideline‐recommended medications for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) with reduced ejection fraction.

Methods and results

QUALIFY is an international prospective observational longitudinal survey of 7092 CHF outpatients recruited 1–15 months after hospitalization for heart failure from September 2013 to December 2014 in 547 centres in 36 countries. We constructed a five‐class guideline adherence score for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), beta‐blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and ivabradine. The adherence score was good in 67%, moderate in 25%, and poor in 8% of patients. Adherence was lower in women than men but there were differences in age (65.7 ± 12.5 years women vs. 62.2 ± 12.4 years men, P < 0.001) and the proportion of women at ≥50% target dose of beta‐blockers was lower in those >67 years (median) (11% vs. 16.2%, P = 0.005). Geographic variations were observed with lower adherence scores in Central/Eastern European countries. The proportion of patients at target dose and ≥50% of target dose was low (27.9% and 63.3% for ACEIs, 14.8% and 51.8% for beta‐blockers, 6.9% and 39.5% for ARBs, and 6.9% and 39.5% for ivabradine, respectively). It was also lower in patients most recently hospitalized (<6  vs. ≥6 months) except for beta‐blockers.

Conclusion

This international survey shows that adherence to guideline‐recommended medications is relatively satisfactory but the dosage of recommended CHF medications is usually suboptimal. Action plans aimed at improving adherence to guidelines are required.
Comparing the transitional behaviour of kaolinite and bentonite suspension flows
Authors: Baas Jaco H. , Best James L. , Peakall Jeff
Published: April 2016

Past research has demonstrated the dramatic effects that variations in suspended clay can have on the properties of flow by producing a range of transitional flows between turbulent and laminar states, depending on clay concentration and fluid shear. Past studies have been restricted to kaolinite flows, a clay mineral that has relatively weak cohesive properties. This paper extends these studies to suspension flows of bentonite, a clay mineral that attains higher viscosities at far lower volumetric concentrations within a flow. The results show that the types of transitional flow behaviour recognized in past studies can also be found in bentonite suspension flows, but at lower suspended sediment concentrations, thus demonstrating an even more dramatic effect on flow properties, and potentially on sediment transport and resulting bed morphology, than kaolinite flows. The paper proposes new stability diagrams for the phase space of bentonite flows and compares these to past work on kaolinite suspension flows. These new data suggest that the transitional‐flow Reynolds number can be used to delineate the types of transitional flow across different clay types and assess modern and ancient clay‐suspension flows. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Convenience Yields and Risk Premiums in the EU‐ETS—Evidence from the Kyoto Commitment Period
Authors: Trück Stefan , Weron Rafał
Published: April 2016

We examine convenience yields and risk premiums in the EU‐wideemissions trading scheme (EU‐ETS) during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008–2012). We find that the market has changed from initial backwardation to contango with significantly negative convenience yields in futures contracts. We further examine the impact of interest rate levels in the Eurozone, the increasing level of surplus allowances and banking, as well as returns, variance, or skewness in the EU‐ETS spot market. Our findings suggest that the drop in risk‐free rates during and after the financial crisis has impacted on the deviation from the cost‐of‐carry relationship for emission allowances (EUA) futures contracts. Our results also illustrate a negative relationship between convenience yields and the increasing level of inventory during the first Kyoto commitment period, providing an explanation for the high negative convenience yields. Finally, we find that market participants are willing to pay an additional risk premium in the futures market for a hedge against increased volatility in EUA prices. Overall, our results contribute to the literature on the determinants and empirical properties of convenience yields and risk premiums for this relatively new class of assets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:587–611, 2016
Connexin 43 in astrocytes contributes to motor neuron toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Almad Akshata A. , Doreswamy Arpitha , Gross Sarah K. , Richard Jean‐Philippe , Huo Yuqing , Haughey Norman , Maragakis Nicholas J.
Published: April 2016

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons in the CNS. Astrocytes play a critical role in disease progression of ALS. Astrocytes are interconnected through a family of gap junction proteins known as connexins (Cx). Cx43 is a major astrocyte connexin conducting crucial homeostatic functions in the CNS. Under pathological conditions, connexin expression and functions are altered. Here we report that an abnormal increase in Cx43 expression serves as one of the mechanisms for astrocyte‐mediated toxicity in ALS. We observed a progressive increase in Cx43 expression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS during the disease course. Notably, this increase in Cx43 was also detected in the motor cortex and spinal cord of ALS patients. Astrocytes isolated from SOD1G93A mice as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived astrocytes showed an increase in Cx43 protein, which was found to be an endogenous phenomenon independent of neuronal co‐culture. Increased Cx43 expression led to important functional consequences when tested in SOD1G93A astrocytes when compared to control astrocytes over‐expressing wild‐type SOD1 (SOD1WT). We observed SOD1G93A astrocytes exhibited enhanced gap junction coupling, increased hemichannel‐mediated activity, and elevated intracellular calcium levels. Finally, we tested the impact of increased expression of Cx43 on MN survival and observed that use of both a pan Cx43 blocker and Cx43 hemichannel blocker conferred neuroprotection to MNs cultured with SOD1G93A astrocytes. These novel findings show a previously unrecognized role of Cx43 in ALS‐related motor neuron loss. GLIA 2016;64:1154–1169
Effect of Job Rotation Types on Productivity, Accident Rate, and Satisfaction in the Automotive Assembly Line Workers
Authors: Jeon In Sik , Jeong Byung Yong
Published: April 2016

This study investigates different autonomous job rotation types to analyze their impacts on productivity, accident rate, and worker's satisfaction. The subjects of research were 422 assembly‐line units in 3 production plants from an automobile company. The preferred rotation types and workers’ satisfaction scores in the 422 units were surveyed by the average worker's experience and work productivity, quality and accident rate scores were traced over a 5‐year period. Results showed that workers with little work experience preferred to work in shorter cycles composed of a small variety of tasks, whereas workers with more experience preferred longer cycles composed of a larger variety of tasks. In addition, autonomously chosen rotation systems proved to boost productivity and work satisfaction when compared to units that did not implement job rotation. In contrast, only 4 out of 10 rotation types showed improvements in decreased number of accidents. Of the 10 rotation types, ones with daily cycles with a small range of tasks and weekly cycles with a wide range of tasks displayed the most promising results for productivity, work satisfaction, and accident prevention. This study implies that the preferred types of rotation do not necessarily lead to higher productivity, safety, and satisfaction. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basic guideline for job design.
Serum pepsinogen levels can quantify the risk of development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection
Authors: Iguchi Mikitaka , Kato Jun , Yoshida Takeichi , Yamamoto Yasuhide , Nakachi Kenichiro , Fukatsu Kazuhiro , Mori Yoshiyuki , Maeda Yoshimasa , Moribata Kosaku , Shingaki Naoki , Niwa Toru , Deguchi Hisanobu , Inoue Izumi , Maekita Takao , Tamai Hideyuki , Ichinose Masao
Published: April 2016

We have previously reported that serum pepsinogen (PG) can quantify the level of gastric mucosal atrophy, and that H. pylori eradication reduces cancer development in subjects with mild atrophy identified by serum PG levels. The aim of this study was to elucidate the predictive ability of serum PG levels for the development of metachronous gastric cancer (MGC) after endoscopic resection (ER) of primary cancer in association with H. pylori eradication. A retrospective chart review was performed, and 330 patients who underwent ER for initial early gastric cancer were enrolled. Presence or absence of H. pylori, serum PG levels, and endoscopic atrophy at ER were evaluated. H. pylori eradication was performed at the patient's request after ER. The incidence of MGC in these patients was analyzed. Of 330 patients, 47 developed MGC. Endoscopic extensive atrophy was observed more frequently in patients with MGC (p = 0.001). Although PG I or PG II alone did not significantly differ according to development of MGC, the proportion of PG I/II ≤ 3.0, which is one of the criteria of PG test‐positive, was significantly higher in patients with MGC (83 vs. 69%, p = 0.04). H. pylori eradication after ER did not affect MGC development (p = 0.2). On multivariate analysis, serum PG I/II ratio ≤ 3.3 was significantly associated with the development of MGC (hazard ratio: 3.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.47–12.25, p = 0.004). The risk of MGC after ER could be quantitatively predicted by the PG I/II ratio regardless of H. pylori status.
Invitation to cervical cancer screening does increase participation in Germany: Results from the MARZY study
Authors: Radde Kathrin , Gottschalk Andrea , Bussas Ulrike , Schülein Stefanie , Schriefer Dirk , Seifert Ulrike , Neumann Anne , Kaiser Melanie , Blettner Maria , Klug Stefanie J.
Published: April 2016

The effect of different invitation models on participation in cervical cancer screening (CCS) was investigated in a randomized population‐based cohort study in Germany. Participants were randomly selected via population registries and randomized into intervention Arm A (invitation letter) and Arm B (invitation letter and information brochure) or control Arm C (no invitation). The intervention and control arms were compared with regard to 3‐year participation and the two invitation models were compared between intervention arms. Of the 7,758 eligible women aged 30–65 years, living in the city of Mainz and in the rural region of Mainz‐Bingen, 5,265 were included in the analysis. Differences in proportions of women attending CCS were investigated and logistic regression was performed to analyze various factors influencing participation. In the intervention group, 91.8% participated in CCS compared to 85.3% in the control group (p < 0.0001), with a 6.6 percentage point increase in participation [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6–8.6] and an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.69 (95% CI 2.15–3.37). Effect estimators increased to 21.9 percentage points (95% CI 16.7–27.1) and an OR of 3.64 (95% CI 2.74–4.82), respectively, when women who participated in screening annually were excluded from the analysis. The invitation letter was particularly effective among women with lower school education, migrant women and older women. No difference in participation was found between the intervention Arm A and Arm B. An accompanying information brochure did not motivate more women to undergo CCS. However, a written invitation statistically significantly increased participation in CCS in Germany.
How Do Irrigation and Drainage Play an Important Role in Climate Change Adaptation?†
Authors: Watanabe Tsugihiro
Published: April 2016

The 22nd International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage with the main theme 'Securing Water for Food and Rural Community under Climate Change' was held in September 2014 in Gwangju, Korea. Under this theme, Congress Question 58 'How do Irrigation and Drainage Play an Important Role in Climate Change Adaptation?' was raised. This paper summarizes the discussions and results of 48 papers and 27 posters accepted under this question.

This overview confirms the role of irrigation and drainage management as intervention to mitigate the impacts of climate change, and consequent extreme climate events have to be factored into all decision‐making processes. It also highlights that particular attention should be paid to the uncertainty in climate change assessment and that the assessment is expected to be more dependable with the development of better analysis methods and a greater availability of reliable climate data and future scenarios.

At this stage, it is very hard to do an integrated impact assessment, which covers the whole agricultural and hydrological process, including all scales and aspects such as on‐farm to basin, crop growth to farming system, production to environment, etc. Therefore, each sub‐process is to be evaluated and accumulation of its outcomes and cases promoted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits of the South san Joaquin Irrigation district's Pilot Pressure Irrigation Project
Authors: Shaw Jeff , Kotey Todd
Published: April 2016

The South San Joaquin Irrigation District (SSJID) board commissioned Stantec Consulting as a partner in developing an irrigation program that could improve delivery efficiency and service. A portion of one of the District's nine divisions ‐ 1,537 ha in Division 9 ‐ was chosen as the site for building, testing, and optimizing a pilot pressure irrigation project. The vision for the system included the following fundamental capabilities: pressurization. Pumping water from a 69,075 m3 pond to individual farms through 14.5 km of pressurized pipeline; calculated use. Letting farmers choose the time, volume, and flow rate of deliveries; automated/mobile access. Developing a web‐based tool that allows farmers to schedule deliveries from a computer, smart phone, or iPad based on current and past weather forecasts, previous water usage and historical evapotranspiration rates, and orchard moisture sensors.

This paper will focus on the realized benefits for the SSJID and the Division 9 farmers including but not limited to: improved service to crops, volumetric billing compliance, improved irrigation flexibility (duration, frequency, flow rate), water conservation, reduction in farmer energy costs, reduced groundwater pumping, improved air quality, improved yields, reduction in labor inputs, automatic delivery information for billing, increased pumping efficiency, increased District enrollment, protection of water rights, improved flood delivery service and efficiency, intelligent irrigation scheduling, and improved management of flows through a regulating reservoir. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein vaccination with HPV16 E7/Pep‐1 nanoparticles elicits a protective T‐helper cell‐mediated immune response
Authors: Mardani Golnaz , Bolhassani Azam , Agi Elnaz , Shahbazi Sepideh , Mehdi Sadat Seyed
Published: April 2016

Two human papillomavirus (HPV) viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7 represent ideal targets for development of a therapeutic HPV vaccine. It is important to reduce the rate of HPV‐associated malignancies through improvement of vaccine modalities. In this study, we used a short amphipathic peptide carrier, Pep‐1, for delivery of the full‐length HPV16 E7 protein into mammalian cells and evaluated immune responses and protective effects of different formulations in C57BL/6 tumor mice model. Our results showed that the complexes of E7/Pep‐1 protein form stable nanoparticles through noncovalent binding with an average size of 120 to 250 nm. The efficient delivery of E7 protein by Pep‐1 at molar ratio of 1:20 was detected in HEK‐293T cell line for 1 h and 3 h post‐transfection. Immunization with E7/Pep‐1 nanoparticles at a ratio of 1:20 induced a higher Th1 cellular immune response with the predominant IgG2a and IFN‐γ levels than those induced by E7 protein in a murine tumor model. These data suggest that Pep‐1 peptide would indicate promising applications for improvement of HPV therapeutic vaccines. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):459–467, 2016
Exposure‐Response Analysis of Sonidegib (LDE225), an Oral Inhibitor of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway, for Effectiveness and Safety in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Zhou Jocelyn , Quinlan Michelle , Hurh Eunju , Sellami Dalila
Published: April 2016

Sonidegib selectively inhibits smoothened protein, suppresses the growth of Hedgehog pathway‐dependent tumors, and has recently been approved in the indication of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. A comprehensive exposure‐response analysis was conducted to further characterize the relationship of sonidegib exposure to efficacy and safety. Minimum observed plasma concentration at predose (Cmin), peak concentration (Cmax), and area under the curve were used as exposure endpoints. Exposure‐efficacy analyses included data from 190 patients who received sonidegib 200 mg or 800 mg once daily in the primary efficacy study. Objective response rate (ORR) (complete response [CR] or partial response [PR]), progression‐free survival (PFS), and time to tumor response (TTR) were assessed by logistic regression, Cox regression, and Kaplan‐Meier analyses. Exposure‐safety (creatine phosphokinase [CK] elevation) analyses included data from 336 patients pooled from 4 clinical trials and included doses across ranges of 100 to 3000 mg once daily and 250 to 750 mg twice daily. Similar plasma exposure was observed between responders and nonresponders. The logistic regression model of week 5 Cmin vs ORR indicated no relationship between sonidegib exposure resulting from 200 mg or 800 mg doses and the probability of CR or PR. A similar conclusion of no exposure‐efficacy relationship was drawn from the PFS and TTR analyses. Increased exposure was associated with a greater risk of grade 3 or 4 CK elevation, with lower risk in females than in males when Cmin was used in the model. These analyses support the sonidegib dose recommendation for registration and are consistent with clinical observations.
Role of Tiotropium in Reducing Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease When Combined With Long‐Acting β2‐Agonists and Inhaled Corticosteroids: The OUTPUL Study
Authors: Ferroni Eliana , Belleudi Valeria , Cascini Silvia , Di Martino Mirko , Kirchmayer Ursula , Pistelli Riccardo , Patorno Elisabetta , Formoso Giulio , Fusco Danilo , Perucci Carlo A. , Davoli Marina , Agabiti Nera ,   the OUTPUL Study Group
Published: April 2016

Combined inhaled therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly used, but its benefits remain controversial. We assessed the effect of tiotropium in reducing COPD exacerbations when combined with long‐acting β2 agonists (LABA) and/or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). This new‐user cohort study is based on administrative data from 3 Italian regions. We identified adults hospitalized for COPD from 2006 to 2009 who were newly prescribed a fixed LABA/ICS combination (double therapy). We classified patients according to whether tiotropium was also prescribed (triple therapy), using both intention‐to‐treat and as‐treated approaches, and followed them for 1 year. COPD exacerbations were measured as outcomes. Multivariate and propensity score‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs, 95%CI) were calculated with Cox regression models. We identified 5717 new users of LABA/ICS of which 31.9% initiated triple therapy. In the intention‐to‐treat analysis, the multivariate adjusted HR for moderate, severe, and any exacerbations were 1.02 (95%CI 0.89‐1.16), 0.92 (95%CI 0.76‐1.12), and 1.08 (95%CI 0.91‐1.28), respectively. The propensity score adjustment produced similar results. In the subcohort of patients with previous exacerbations, triple therapy was significantly associated with reduced risk of moderate exacerbations, compared to double therapy (HR 0.68, 95%CI 0.48‐0.98 in intention‐to‐treat approach). In conclusion, the addition of tiotropium to LABA/ICS did not reduce COPD exacerbations compared to LABA/ICS alone. A protective role for moderate exacerbations was found in patients at risk of frequent exacerbations. Given the impact of exacerbations on health status and prognosis, it is crucial to target COPD patients for optimal treatment.
Patterns of cortical thinning in nondemented Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Uribe Carme , Segura Barbara , Baggio Hugo Cesar , Abos Alexandra , Marti Maria Jose , Valldeoriola Francesc , Compta Yaroslau , Bargallo Nuria , Junque Carme
Published: April 2016

Background

Clinical variability in the Parkinson's disease phenotype suggests the existence of disease subtypes. We investigated whether distinct anatomical patterns of atrophy can be identified in Parkinson's disease using a hypothesis‐free, data‐driven approach based on cortical thickness data.

Methods

T1‐weighted 3‐tesla MRI and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment were performed in a sample of 88 nondemented Parkinson's disease patients and 31 healthy controls. We performed a hierarchical cluster analysis of imaging data using Ward's linkage method. A general linear model with cortical thickness data was used to compare clustering groups.

Results

We observed 3 patterns of cortical thinning in patients when compared with healthy controls. Pattern 1 (n = 30, 34.09%) consisted of cortical atrophy in bilateral precentral gyrus, inferior and superior parietal lobules, cuneus, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampal gyrus. These patients showed worse cognitive performance when compared with controls and the other 2 patterns. Pattern 2 (n = 29, 32.95%) consisted of cortical atrophy involving occipital and frontal as well as superior parietal areas and included patients with younger age at onset. Finally, in pattern 3 (n = 29, 32.95%), there was no detectable cortical thinning. Patients in the 3 patterns did not differ in disease duration, motor severity, dopaminergic medication doses, or presence of mild cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

Three cortical atrophy subtypes were identified in nondemented Parkinson's disease patients: (1) parieto‐temporal pattern of atrophy with worse cognitive performance, (2) occipital and frontal cortical atrophy and younger disease onset, and (3) patients without detectable cortical atrophy. These findings may help identify prognosis markers in Parkinson's disease. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Copy number variation sequencing‐based prenatal diagnosis using cell‐free fetal DNA in amniotic fluid
Authors: Qi Qingwei , Lu Sijia , Zhou Xiya , Yao Fengxia , Hao Na , Yin Guangjun , Li Wenhui , Bai Junjie , Li Ning , Cram David S.
Published: April 2016

Objective

The study aimed to determine whether cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) present in amniotic fluid supernatant can be used as a surrogate for amniocyte‐based diagnosis of fetal chromosomal abnormalities.

Method

Amniocentesis was performed on 28 high‐risk pregnancies. Amniocytes and the cffDNA fraction were prepared from the amniotic fluid samples. Chromosomal analysis of amniocytes was performed by either karyotyping or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. The corresponding cffDNA samples were blindly analyzed by copy number variation (CNV) sequencing in an independent laboratory.

Results

In the 28 matching amniocyte and cffDNA samples, there was a high diagnostic concordance for detection of euploidy, aneuploidy and CNVs. From ten samples referred for karyotyping, two aneuploidies (20%) were identified. From 18 samples referred for SNP array analysis, three pathogenic CNVs (16.7%) were identified. CNV sequencing of the 28 cffDNA samples also detected the two aneuploidies and the three pathogenic CNVs, giving an overall concordance rate of 100% for detection of pathogenic chromosome abnormalities. Compared with SNP array analysis, CNV sequencing returned a higher yield of benign or variants of unknown significance.

Conclusion

Copy number variation sequencing of cffDNA represents an alternative approach to conventional prenatal diagnostic methods for reliable and accurate detection of clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical, electronic and nanostructural properties of nanocrystalline silicon synthesised by hot‐wire CVD
Authors: Oliphant Clive , Arendse Christopher , Pepenene Refuoe , Cummings Franscious , Kruger Oelof , Jordaan Werner , Muller Theo
Published: April 2016

This study examines the correlation between the chemical, electronic and optical properties of a nanocrystalline silicon thin film fabricated by hot‐wire chemical vapour deposition. The locations of porosity and the incubation layer of the thin film can be monitored by tracking the SiH2 and SiH signals, respectively, from time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the mean nanocrystallites size is larger along the growth direction. Electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals a reduction in the intensity of the Si L‐edges spectra, i.e. reduced transitions from the silicon 2p band to the conduction band, within the incubation layer and a subsequent recovery thereafter moving along the crystalline cone regions. Despite the presence of porosity, the oxygen within the nanocrystalline silicon thin film is predominately at the surfaces of the film and the interface region with the crystalline silicon substrate. Knowledge of these evolving features of the nanocrystalline silicon thin film were then taken into consideration during the construction of an optical model based on the effective mass approximation, which then allows for the accurate determination of the film thickness based on basic UV–Vis spectroscopy.
Synthesis of a TLR4 Agonist‐Carbohydrate Antigen Conjugate As A Self‐Adjuvanting Cancer Vaccine
Authors: Lewicky Jordan D. , Ulanova Marina , Jiang Zi‐Hua
Published: April 2016

Tumour‐associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are promising targets for therapeutic cancer vaccination efforts. However, an inherent limitation of this approach is the poor immunogenicity of carbohydrate epitopes. In an effort to overcome this problem, a self‐adjuvanting TACA has been targeted and synthesized herein, in which a Toll‐like receptor 4 activating lipid A mimic is employed as an immunostimulant and covalently linked to a broadly expressed TACA, the Thomsen‐Freidenreich (TF) antigen. Individual components were first prepared, including the lipid A mimic, the Galβ(1‐3)GalNAc disaccharide building block, and the tetraethylene glycol‐derived linker. The linker was then coupled with the TF disaccharide, and then with the lipid A mimic, both under HBTU‐mediated peptide coupling condition, to provide the conjugated precursor. Global debenzylation via catalytic hydrogenation afforded the designed self‐adjuvanting TF antigen in overall good yield.
Fractionation of kudzu amylose and amylopectin and their microstructure and physicochemical properties
Authors: Wang Zhanzhong , Chen Boru , Zhang Xiao , Li Yan , Fang Wenzhi , Yu Xiaoting , Dang Leping
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the microstructure and physicochemical properties of amylose and amylopectin fractionated from kudzu starch. Enzymolysis of the fractionated amylose and amylopectin with pullulanase revealed significant differences in the d‐glucose chain structures. The amylose molecule had a lower degree of polymerization (DPn), with fewer but longer glucose unit chains compared with the amylopectin molecule. The average external and internal chain lengths of amylopectin were 12.71 and 7.21, respectively. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the crystalline structure of the starches showed that the amylopectin derived from kudzu starch was amorphous with no obvious diffraction pattern, whereas the amylose exhibited a superposition of the A and B type diffraction patterns, while the native starch exhibited typical C‐type patterns. The amylose fraction exhibited a higher iodine affinity and lower swelling power (SP) than the native starch, which was likely due to the water holding capacity of the hydrogen bonds within the starch molecules. The amylopectin had a very high solubility, a particular characteristic of kudzu starch which may render it suitable for certain special industrial applications. Analysis of the thermal properties of the starches revealed that amylose had a higher melting enthalpy than amylopectin, which may be related to the helical structure and higher crystallinity degree of this fraction. Collectively, these results are likely to inform future developments in the practical application of kudzu starch by industry, and enable improvements to be made in the functionality of products incorporating this starch.