bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Imagery Vividness and Receptivity on Skill Training Induced Enhancement in Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Cross Wendi , Spaimos Nicholas P.
Published: May 2005

Subjects low in hypnotic susceptibility were assigned to either a cognitive skill training treatment designed to enhance susceptibility or to a no treatment control condition. Half of the subjects in each condition had previously attained high scores on an imagery vividness questionnaire and the remainder had obtained low imagery vividness scores. Both the high imagery vividness and the low imagery vividness subjects who received skill training exhibited significantly higher scores than control subjects on the objective ( O) dimensions of two different posttest scales of susceptibility. High imagery vividness skill trained subjects also reported significant increments in the extent to which they experienced their overt responses as involuntary ( OI scores). Low imagery vividness skill trained subjects did not show significant enhancements of OI scores. Among skill trained subjects posttest susceptibility scores were predicted by imagery vividness, attitudes toward hypnosis, and measures of subjects' receptivity toward the training procedures. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Fee Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

National vital statistics in the United States present data in terms of race, sex, and age, treated as biological variables. Some races are clearly of more interest than others: data are usually available for whites and blacks, and increasingly for Hispanics, but seldom for Native Americans or Asians and Pacific Islanders. These data indicate that white men and women generally have the best health and that men and women, within each racial/ethnic group, have different patterns of disease. Obviously, the health status of men and women differs for conditions related to reproduction, but it differs for many nonreproductive conditions as well. In national health data, patterns of disease by race and sex are emphasized while social class differences are ignored. This article discusses how race and sex became such all-important, self-evident categories in 19th and 20th century biomedical thought and practice. It examines the consequences of these categories for knowledge about health and for the provision of health care. It then presents alternative approaches to understanding the relationship between race/ethnicity, gender, and health, with reference to the neglected category of social class.
Further Refinements of Canadian/U.S. Health Cost Containment Measures
Authors: Sepehri Ardeshir , Chernomas Robert
Published: May 2005

Critics of the Canadian health care system have argued that the lower health care share of gross national product (GNP) in Canada relative to the United States is more likely to be associated with a relatively more rapid growth in GNP in Canada than with the ability of the Canadian single-payer system to contain costs. In this article the authors use both the level and the average annual growth rate of health care's share of GNP to provide an assessment of cost containment for the United States and Canada. They conclude that the suggestion that the success of the Canadian system has been an illusion created by its more rapid growth in GNP is not supported once the appropriate adjustments are made to the data.
Case Problems Improve Tech Writing Courses and Seminars
Authors: Hays Robert
Published: May 2005

Case problems based upon believable circumstances can improve instruction in technical writing in college courses and industrial seminars. Such case problems give students and trainees realistic tasks, carry them through the various stages of writing a report, and reflect the systems approach to technical writing.

This article explains the usefulness of case problems, suggests ways and criteria for their preparation, and offers a brief example of a case problem.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and Neuroleptic-Induced Catatonia: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Stoudemire Alan , Luther J. Scott
Published: May 2005

The clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and neuroleptic-induced catatonia are discussed. A case is presented in which the catatonic-like behavior and extrapyramidal sequelae of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome responded to combined treatment with anticholinergics and levodopa/carbidopa. Differential diagnosis and theories regarding the development of these neuroleptic-induced disorders are reviewed.
Family Communication in the Crisis of a Child's Fatal Illness: A Literature Review and Analysis
Authors: Share Lynda
Published: May 2005

When faced with the tragedy of losing a child to a terminal illness, communication is a crucial factor in alleviating stresses and anxieties experienced by the child and his family. Two opposing modes of communication have been advocated-the protective approach in which the ill child is shielded from knowledge of the disease diagnosis and prognosis-and the open approach, which encourages provision of an environment in which the child feels free to express concerns and ask questions about his condition. This paper is devoted to an examination of family communication about the crisis of the dying child from these two perspectives. The rationale for the protective and open approaches is discussed in terms of the sources of the child's anxiety, his conception of death, and his observed behavioral response to the illness.
The Emergence of a Root Metaphor in Modern Physics: Max Planck's ‘Quantum’ Metaphor
Authors: Johnson-Sheehan Richard D.
Published: May 2005

The two purposes of this article are: 1) to use metaphorical analysis to determine whether or not Max Planck invented the quantum postulate and 2) to demonstrate how metaphorical analysis can be used to analyze the rhetoric of revolutionary texts in science. Metaphors often serve as the basis of invention for scientific theories. When we identify these metaphors in Planck's original 1900 quantum paper, it is clear that Planck did consider the quantum postulate to be important. However, we also see that he does not consider the quantum postulate to be revolutionary.
Use of IBM Infowindows Workstation for Aesthetic Preference Studies Two
Authors: McWhinnie Harold J.
Published: May 2005

This article will present some research which makes use of the computer with a video disk player to do aesthetic analyses of the work of Vincent Van Gogh. The article consists of: 1) a discussion of video disk system with IBM Infowindows, 2) a discussion of several software systems. Several possible uses of the computer with interactive video disks for aesthetic analyses and creative efforts will be presented. The article will also present the brief results of a pilot study undertaken to collect data relative to student's aesthetic preference with a video disk of the work of Vincent Van Gogh. It will discuss how IBM's Handy software and authoring language might be employed to collect data and present interactive experimental treatments of research in empirical aesthetics. The article concludes with some speculations about those behaviors which are related to machine mediated learning and which may be unintended consequences of the instructional programs which employ the use of computer and multi-media workstations in the study of art and the considerations of variables of aesthetic preference.
A Case Study in Instructional System Development Application
Authors: Poppe Janus
Published: May 2005

Instructional System Development (ISD) is a powerful tool for the design, development, and control of course content. The systems approach provides relevancy to education and training. The application and proper execution of system-analyzed courses will guarantee the greatest effectiveness at the least cost. Experience at the Naval Amphibious Schools has shown that before ISD concepts can be introduced in an educational institution, it is essential that the staff be trained in ISD principles and accept the concept. This in turn may require a parallel effort in organization development and a totally integrated training program that will effectively shape the attitudes and behavior at a command. Such a program at the Naval Amphibious School included executive development for all department heads and senior enlisted personnel, workshops in instructional system development for course managers and the instructor staff, and staff training in skill development. A series of workshops for civilian personnel and even a one-day workshop for wives were part of this program. This approach brought about the successful completion of a total modernization of an educational program and the emergence of a truly effective organization.
A Brief Depression Scale for Use in the Medically Ill
Authors: Koenig HArold G. , Cohen Harvey J. , Blazer Dan G. , Meador Keith G. , Westlund Ron
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Using items from two existing depression scales, we have sought to develop a brief self-rated instrument for detecting major depressive disorder (M.D.D.) in medically ill, hospitalized patients.

Method:

Forty-two items from the Geriatric Depression Scale (G.D.S.) and Carroll Depression Scale were administered to 559 men under age 40 or over age 70 consecutively admitted to the hospital. Eighty-two M.D.D.'s were diagnosed in this group by structured psychiatric interview. After eliminating 12 items confounded by medical illness, 11 items were selected using regression analysis, correlation with the total score, and factor analysis. The 11-item scale includes an assessment of the five DSM-III-R criteria for M.D.D. which are least confounded by medical illness (mood, suicidal intent, guilt or worthlessness, concentration, and psychomotor agitation). The scale was then tested in 78 medical inpatients who were later assessed for M.D.D. using a structured psychiatric interview.

Results:

Ten out of twelve M.D.D.'s were identified (83% sensitivity) and depression excluded in 51 of 66 non-depressed subjects (77% specificity) (compared with 82% sensitivity and 76% specificity for the 30-item G.D.S.). Scores on the 11-item scale were also correlated with the G.D.S. (.92), the Zung Depression Scale (.58), and the C.E.S.-D (.67).

Conclusion:

The 11-item scale is a practical tool for clinicians who screen patients for depression and for investigators who need a brief measure of depression in studies involving medical inpatients.
Religious Coping in the Nursing Home: A Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , Weiner Debra K. , Peterson Bercedis L. , Meador Keith G. , Keefe Francis J.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine psychosocial and physical health correlates of religious coping in medically ill chronically institutionalized older adults. Religious coping is defined as the extent to which persons use religious beliefs and practices to help them to cope.

Method:

This is a cross-sectional cohort study conducted in a 120 bed VA-affiliated and a 125 bed university-affiliated community-based nursing home in Durham, North Carolina. Participants were 115 chronic care nursing home residents; mean age of the sample was seventy-nine years, 44 percent were women, and 17 percent were African Americans. Subjects were enrolled for a one-month period during which comprehensive psychosocial and health assessments were performed, including evaluation of cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Exam), physical function (Barthel index), severity of medical comorbidity (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale), self-reported physical pain (vertical verbal descriptor scale), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale), social support (social network), and religious coping (Religious Coping Index).

Results:

Over 43 percent of the sample scored in the depressed range of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Almost 60 percent reported they used religion at least to a large extent when coping with their problems; 34 percent said that it was the most important factor that enabled them to cope. Patients who used religion to cope had greater social support ( p = .01), more severe medical illness ( p = .04), and better cognitive functioning ( p = .02).

Conclusions:

Religious beliefs and practices are frequently used by chronically institutionalized older adults to help them to cope. Religious coping is associated with more severe medical illness, higher social support, and better cognitive functioning.
Memory and Hypnosis: A Comparative Analysis of Guided Memory, Cognitive Interview, and Hypnotic Hypermnesia
Authors: Dasgupta Ananta M. , Juza David M. , White Gina M. , Maloney John F.
Published: May 2005

This study compared the relative efficacy of four popular methods of memory retrieval: hypnosis, “Guided Memory,” “Cognitive Interview,” and spontaneous free recall. These retrieval methods, tested in an academic setting, were paired with different intake methods, utilizing audio, visual, audio-visual, and reading inputs. All interview sessions, including hypnosis induction, were conducted individually and only free recall (as opposed to forced recall) techniques were used by the interviewers. The number of subjects' correct responses was converted to a percentage of the total of potentially remembered items. These data, through the use of a Treatment ö Block ANOVA, showed a statistically significant difference between intake methods but a nonsignificant difference between recall methods, suggesting that guided memory and cognitive interview techniques may be as effective as hypnosis in short term free recall. This study indicates that when contributing cognitive features are extracted, hypnosis by itself does not lead to further memory improvement Confabulations and distortions, though present in any type of reconstructed memory, are minimal when force, pressure, or persuasion is absent from the retrieval process.
Mind/Body Dualism in Medicine: The Case of Chronic Pelvic Pain without Organic Pathology
Authors: Grace Victoria M.
Published: May 2005

Chronic pelvic pain in the absence of organic pathology identifiable in medical terms is considered one of the most perplexing conditions that gynecologists confront. A critical analysis of the medical, psychiatric, and psychological literature on chronic pelvic pain without organic pathology reveals that the dichotomous construct of mind and body underpinning medical research and understanding is a barrier to the successful diagnosis and treatment of this condition, and indeed to the productive engagement of the health professional with the patient. The strict duality of the condition's etiology being understood in either physiological or psychogenic terms has been questioned at times over the last 40 years, but only recently has an “integrative model” been proposed. However, it is argued here that although the development of a multidisciplinary approach is important, only a radical deconstruction of the medical paradigm will truly address the problem and enable a real change in practice.
Genius, Lunatics, and Poets: Mental Illness in Prize-Winning Authors
Authors: Kaufman James C.
Published: May 2005

The links between mental illness and the creative arts, especially creative writing, are well-established, if controversial. Several studies have found more mental illness in creative writers than in control groups; few studies, however, have investigated the truly eminent, genius-level writers. To address the question of how genius-level writers compare to merely accomplished writers, two historiometric studies examined writers who won the Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize. Study One examined 986 20th century writers, while Study Two 889 American writers from the 17th century to the present day. In both studies, both types of prize-winners were more likely to suffer from mental illness than non-winners. In addition, Nobel Prize winners were more likely to suffer from alcoholism (Study One) and experience a personal tragedy (Study Two). Implications and theoretical possibilities are discussed.
The Use of Educational Technology in Biology: A Case Study
Authors: Lynch Mary E.
Published: May 2005

Evaluation of a technologically mediated college-level biology course has been done objectively as well as subjectively. Comparison is made with data accumulated from a traditionally taught biology course. Comparison reveals grade improvement through the use of educational technology. The learning environment is superior and student acceptance of technology is overwhelmingly favorable. The multimedia program has had a positive effect on the teaching-learning process. The challenge is to develop and use systems more effectively.
Primary Health Care for the Poor in the United States and Canada
Authors: Wolfe S.
Published: May 2005

The outflow from the field of primary medical practice has been coupled with the failure of the voluntary insurance system in the United States to pay for the costs of most primary care services. These are facts that are even more applicable to the poor who number between 40 and 50 million persons from the point of view of inability to pay for the skyrocketing costs of health services. In the United States, much primary care for the poor is provided in emergency rooms, charity outpatient clinics, and public health department clinics, and is fragmented between various categorical assistance programs. In contrast, in Canada, primary health care is now a right, whereas it is not in the United States, and so the poor in Canada increasingly obtain their health care within the so–called mainstream system. In the United States a series of new categorical assistance programs have revived the development of the concept of comprehensive, neighborhood–based health centers, but at most 1,500,000 persons obtained care in such centers during 1971. The Meharry Medical College experience in this development is unique and multidimensional. But for the great majority of the poor in the United States, adequate primary health care service and the way to finance it with dignity remains as yet an illusory dream.
The Stream of Consciousness: XIX. James's Concept of Appropriation
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

I continue to pursue an understanding of the state-appropriative acts, which are introduced in the immediately preceding article of the present series. I inquire here into James's concept of appropriation, which refers to one of the main functions that the state-appropriative acts are proposed uniquely to perform. These states of consciousness turn around, so to speak, upon the stream itself, and often appropriate, claim, identify with, the states of consciousness that they mentally apprehend firsthand in a warm and intimate way. The state- appropriative acts have, perforce, a partially outward direction to the body. For James holds a state-appropriative act lacks awareness of itself beyond, at most, acquaintance with itself and, therefore, it cannot self-appropriate. Also discussed are further dimensions of state-appropriation, including its occurrence by means of remembrance, as well as the indirect, inherited kind of appropriation—from the last state-appropriative act in the same stream—that James invokes to explain the sense of personal identity without positing an ego.
The Reliability of Environmental Measures of the College Alcohol Environment
Authors: Clapp John D. , Whitney Mike , Shillington Audrey M.
Published: May 2005

Much of what we know about students' drinking patterns and problems related to alcohol use is based on survey research. Although local and national survey data are important to alcohol-prevention projects, they do not sufficiently capture the complexity of the alcohol environment. Environmental prevention approaches to alcohol-related problems have been shown to be effective in community settings and researchers have begun to study and adapt such approaches for use on college campuses. Many environmental approaches require systematic scanning of the campus alcohol environment. This study assessed the inter-rater reliability of two environmental scanning tools (a newspaper content analysis form and a bulletin analysis form) designed to identify alcohol-related advertisements targeting college students. Inter-rater reliability for these forms varied across different rating categories and ranged from poor to excellent. Suggestions for future research are addressed.
Dimensions of Thought as a Function of Age, Gender and Task Difficulty
Authors: Parks Carlton W. , Klinger Eric , Perlmutter Marion
Published: May 2005

Forty-two younger adult college students (ages 17–28) and forty-two older adult college alumni and their spouses (ages 60–82) participated in a two-session study. During the questionnaire session, subjects completed background information, self-ratings of health and activity, and questionnaires related to daydreaming activity and current concerns in the natural environment. During the experimental session, subjects participated in four ten-minute thought-sampling periods consisting of two puzzle and two relaxation periods.

The mean number of current concerns reported on questionnaires was higher among younger than older adults. Moreover, younger adults reported engaging in more daydreaming as well as having more visual imagery in those daydreams than older adults. The mean proportions of stimulus-dependent evaluative thoughts and attention-control utterances elicited during thought-sampling were higher among older than younger adults. The mean proportions of evaluative thoughts and attention-control utterances were higher during the two puzzle sessions than during the two relaxation sessions. There were no age differences in stimulus-independent thought or number of designs attempted, although younger adults completed more easy and difficult puzzles than older adults. There were few gender differences in problem-solving stream of consciousness. The results support the efficacy of a multidimensional approach to the definition and assessment of imagery.
Fear of Personal Death: The Effects of Sex and Religious Belief
Authors: Florian Victor , Har-Even Dov
Published: May 2005

The fear of personal death can be expressed in a variety of ways according to the different aspects of death. The present study employed a multidimensional method of measurement to investigate differences in fear of personal death between religious and nonreligious men and women. The sample consisted of 225 high school students studying in state religious and nonreligious schools. The findings indicated significant and simple interactive effects of sex and religious belief. Young women feared factors such as loss of identity and self-annihilation, while young men showed more fear in factors of consequences to family and friends and punishment in the hereafter. Religious persons' fear of personal death stemmed mainly from fear of punishment in the hearafter and consequences to family and friends. These results were explained according to differences in sex role socialization and in the male and female emphasis on the family that is taught by Judaism.
Faith, Fantasy, and Flowers: A Content Analysis of the American Sympathy Card
Authors: McGee Marsha
Published: May 2005

A sample of American sympathy cards is content analyzed, and symbols, colors, and message wording and form are reviewed. In addition, responses of college students to sympathy cards are evaluated. Differences in attitudes toward and knowledge of cards appear to be related to age, sex, and religious affiliation. The students indicate preferences for glossy, bright cards, and most prefer short, unrhymed verses. Many show concern for writing their own messages of sympathy and for extending expressions of sympathy beyond card sending whenever possible. Suggestions for further research include comparison of responses of different age groups and examination of the significance of death-related experiences for type of response.
“No One Left Abandoned”: Cuba's National Health System since the 1959 Revolution
Authors: De Vos Pol
Published: May 2005

In spite of the economic hardships during the 1990s, Cuba has achieved health indicators that are among the best in the world. This article describes the development of the Cuban health system over more than four decades and analyzes its dynamics. Four stages can be identified. The system's foundations were laid during the first post-revolutionary decade (1959–1970) and consolidated during the succeeding decade (1970–1979). In the third stage, from 1980 onward, the system reached its full expansion with the development of family medicine. Following the crisis of the 1990s, a fourth stage began with reforms and adjustments to the new situation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, health care continues to be of high quality and free for all Cubans. It remains exclusively in the hands of the public sector, and privatization is not an option. This is exactly the opposite of what is happening in other parts of the world where public services are underfunded and people are made to believe that privatization is the only way to ensure high-quality care.
The Medicalization of Menopause: Critique and Consequences
Authors: Meyer Vicki F.
Published: May 2005

Menopause is in the process of becoming medicalized. Midlife and older women are being told that natural menopause is actually a deficiency condition requiring replacement hormones to maintain health and increase longevity. The three major diseases that are being linked with the lower estrogen levels of midlife and older women are heart disease, osteoporosis and, most recently, Alzheimer's disease. Primary prevention of these diseases is the rationale used for urging healthy women to take long-term hormones. Although there have been many challenges to these links and warnings against the widespread use of hormones, they have been either ignored or trivialized. In this article, the author examines mortality and morbidity statistics across and within nations and over time, critiques the major arguments used to support the notion that menopause places women at an increased risk of disease and that exogenous hormones reduce this risk, and discusses the adverse consequences of defining all midlife and older women as hormonally deficient and in need of medical intervention.
Use of Health Belief Model to Predict Condom Use among University Students in Nigeria
Authors: Edem Christiana Udo , Harvey S. Marie
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study is to use the concepts of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to predict self-reported condom use among university students in Nigeria. A sample of 395 students enrolled in a required course at a University in Nigeria completed a self-administered questionnaire. The HBM guided instrument design. Regression analyses were used to test the HBM variables (susceptibility to and severity of AIDS; benefits and barriers to condom use; cues to action; AIDS knowledge; and demographics) in predicting condom use, past and intended. The results indicate that condom benefit beliefs, condom barrier beliefs, cues to action, knowledge and male gender were significant predictors of past condom use. Perceived barriers to condom use, perceived benefits of condoms use, and male gender were significant predictors of intentions to use condoms. These findings have important implications for the design of interventions to increase condom use among young adults in Nigeria.
Mitral Valve Prolapse and Neuroticism in Chest Pain Patients with Normal and Diseased Coronary Arteries
Authors: McCroskery James H. , Malloy Thomas E. , Lantinga Larry J. , Sprafkin Robert P. , Warner Robert A. , Hill Norma E.
Published: May 2005

Patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries (NCA) score higher on measures of neuroticism than patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This relationship, coupled with findings linking mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and anxiety disorders, led us to examine prospectively the possibility that a greater incidence of MVP among NCA patients accounts for their elevated neuroticism scores. One-hundred-forty-four patients completed psychological tests and a structured interview prior to cardiac catheterization. Forty-one of the 144 patients (28%) had normal coronary arteries. Within the NCA group 29 percent had MVP; within the CAD group only 13 percent had MVP. Despite the significant difference between NCA and CAD groups on measures of neuroticism, there were no differences as a function of MVP status, nor was there an interaction of MVP and coronary arterial status. These findings support the case for an association between NCA and neuroticism independent of the presence or absence of MVP.
Enabling Student Accomplishment Online: An Overview of Factors for Success in Web-Based Distance Education
Authors: Eastmond Dan
Published: May 2005

Student success in Web-based degree programs depends on an individual's course learning experience as well as the academic and administrative services provided by a virtual institution throughout the degree. This article explains essential factors found in recent research for online student accomplishment and how these can be facilitated in the course level through instructional design, teaching, and technical assistance. Then it examines academic and administrative services at the institutional level. Online academic services include counseling and advising, prior learning assessment, discussion support, career facilities, and access to academic resources such as libraries and bookstores. Online administrative services include admissions, enrollment and registration, assistance service, financial aid, and records. Factors at both levels are explained with examples provided from several institutions offering online distance education.
The Effects of Local Phonetic Contrasts in Readers' Responses to a Short Story
Authors: Miall David S. , Kuiken Don
Published: May 2005

The sound of the language in a literary text is often thought to contribute to its meaning. We hypothesize that this is due not to fixed or universal phoneme properties, as theories of phonetic symbolism have supposed, but to the use of local phonetic contrasts to elicit meaning. Writers may set an overall range of phonetic tones that are distinctive to a particular text and then introduce significant variations to achieve local effects. In the present study, an analysis of phoneme distributions developed by Miall (2001) and an approach to phonetic symbolism developed by Whissell (1999, 2000a, 2000b) were applied to a Katherine Mansfield short story. Readers' responses to the story were obtained using Semantic Differential ratings. The findings show the influence of phonetic patterns consistent with the hypothesis that phonemic contrasts elicit local changes in feeling tone. The effects of phonetic symbolism, while evident, were much less pronounced.
Occupational Health among Latino Workers: A Needs Assessment and Recommended Interventions
Authors: Moure-Eraso Rafael , Friedman-Jimenez George
Published: May 2005

Evidence suggests that Latino workers, along with other minority and low-income workers, face a higher risk for occupational disease than do other workers. Targeted surveillance and primary prevention interventions have been lacking or inadequate. The authors estimate the number of occupational disease deaths and new cases in Latino workers in the United States. Then, using data from New York City, they find that Latino workers are disproportionately employed in more hazardous occupations and under-represented in less hazardous jobs. They suggest a comprehensive approach to address workplace disease in Latino workers, which involves primary prevention interventions, clinical services, educational approaches, research and surveillance, unionization and organization of workers, and legislation and regulation.
Teaching Ship Design with a Computer Aid: The Michigan Spiral System
Authors: Woodward John B.
Published: May 2005

An integrated set of computer software known as SPIRAL has been developed at the University of Michigan, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Features of the system, its advantages as a resource for the undergraduate student, and some deficiencies, are discussed. Its use in teaching the principles of ship design is sketched.
Instructional Computer Systems in Israel: A Learning Experience and a Teaching Experience
Authors: Spero Samuel W.
Published: May 2005

Based on experiences during a year recently spent in Israel, two approaches to using the computer as a tool of instruction are suggested. One approach is to institute centralized facilities for an entire school district to which students are bussed when necessary. Within this approach elaborate use is made of mark-sense cards for programming and data input. The other approach is the use of movable minicomputers within schools for those applications which absolutely require “in-class” computer use.
Cigarette Smoking Habits among High School Boys in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Bener Abdulbari , Stewart Thomas , Al-Ketbi Latifa M.B.
Published: May 2005

This study reports on findings of a survey of smoking behavior and attitudes of approximately 1500 public secondary school boys in three major cities of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), one of the most rapidly developing societies in the world. Using an adaptation of the World Health Organizations Smoking Questionnaire and a multi-stage cluster sample of public schools and classes, the survey determined that 18.9 percent were current smokers and another 28.2 percent had smoking experience but were not active at the time of the study. The majority of smokers were not UAE nationals and had begun smoking between the ages of ten to fifteen. Almost 60 percent of current smokers reported modest consumption of one to six cigarettes daily and nearly two-thirds reported a desire to stop their smoking. Smokers also were much more likely to come from families in which other family members smoked. Implications of findings for prevention programs point to a broad public and school-based effort for the UAE.
Induction, Social Constructionism, and the Form of the Science Paper
Authors: Markel Mike
Published: May 2005

Although Baconian induction—the belief that we can infer accurately from the known to the unknown—has been supplanted by social constructionism, the two perspectives are quite similar in their description of how science is done; the principal difference is that Baconian theory is overtly prescriptive, whereas social constructionism is essentially descriptive. The argument that the inductive organization of the science paper misrepresents how science is actually carried out is based on a faulty premise, for the purpose of a science paper is not to provide a narrative account of the laboratory work, but rather to enable the reader to assess the quality of the scientist's logical reconstruction of the laboratory work. The critical factor in determining the fidelity of the paper to the science is not the organization of the paper but the ethical intent of the writer.
Expanding Internships to Enhance Academic-Industry Relations: A Perspective in Stakeholder Education
Authors: St. Amant Kirk
Published: May 2005

To improve technical communication education, educators and internship providers need to find ways to revise internship experiences so that educators, internship providers, and students/interns can use internship experiences in a way that benefits all three parties. This article uses a stakeholder education approach to propose two new kinds of internship processes to benefit all three groups. The first approach—colloquia—allows all three parties to interact via the same scheduled event. The second approach—student publications groups—shifts internship from a workplace to a school activity. By including such approaches into their curricula, technical communication programs can both improve their relationships with local internship providers and improve the training received by their students.
Educational Technology for the Improvement of Current Educational Practices
Authors: Scanlon Robert G.
Published: May 2005

Educational technologies include many types of instructional systems. Individually Prescribed Instruction, a pencil and paper instructional system, offers opportunities for computer applications. Research for Better Schools and the Philadelphia School District have, for the past sue years, combined jointly in such efforts. The results, although positive and encouraging, indicate the system is still too expensive for widespread adoption. Cost-effective instruction using technology has eluded education. It appears that large time-sharing systems are not going to provide such cost-effectiveness. However, research and development of small stand-alone systems offer real possibilities for reaching this goal.
Development of a Questionnaire for Assessing the School Environment
Authors: Melville Bendley , Brown David , Segree Winsome , Paul Tomlin , Donalson Angela
Published: May 2005

This article describes the development of a school environment questionnaire to assess students' perception of their school environment. The dimensions and internal consistency reliability were examined utilizing various statistical methods—factor analysis and alpha coefficient. The sample consisted of 705 students from two high schools with ages ranging from ten to nineteen years. Results showed that the students perceived their school as having various aspects, rather than a global point of view. Factor analysis identified seven dimensions in the school environment: external characteristics of the environment, aesthetic and functional elements of the classroom, students' bathroom, the canteen and staffroom, the aesthetic and functional elements of the school as a whole and sanitation. Overall the internal reliability of the factors was high. Implications for school health programs are addressed.
Unmet Needs as Sociomedical Indicators
Authors: Carr Willine , Wolfe Samuel
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses the Meharry Medical College Study of Unmet Needs designed to measure the effectiveness of alternative health care delivery systems: (a) comprehensive care with broad outreach, (b) comprehensive care with limited outreach, and (c) traditional care. Unmet needs are defined as the differences between services judged necessary to deal appropriately with health problems and services actually received. The central hypothesis is that comprehensive health programs will be more effective than traditional care in reducing unmet needs. Unmet needs are viewed as measures of program outcome and are one of several types of sociomedical indicators which use factors other than biomedical or biological states as measures of outcome. The distinction is made between unmet needs indicators and health status indicators.

Various approaches to measuring unmet needs are discussed and the relatively limited focus of these is contrasted with the more comprehensive Meharry approach. Household interviews and clinical examinations provide the data base for deriving professional judgments of unmet needs in the medical, dental, nursing, and social services areas. The Meharry work suggests several areas in which further work on unmet needs would be useful.
Pattern and Layout on the South Carolina Frontier: An Archaeological Investigation of Settlement Function
Authors: Lewis Kenneth E.
Published: May 2005

The settlement patterns associated with frontier regions reflect adaptations made by the intrusive society as a consequence of its position at the periphery of a larger world economic system. Within this system, the colony serves as a producer of raw commodities. Cross-cultural regularities in the process of colonization, together with ecological and production demands of the staple crops grown, have been used to generate archaeological criteria with regard to size and layout for several types of frontier settlements in colonial South Carolina. An examination of archaeological remains, revealed by sample excavations at the sites of four colonial period settlements, supports the expected patterning at the types of sites investigated and confirms the proposed relationship between settlement form and function.
Questioning the Motives of Technical Communication and Rhetoric: Steven Katz's “Ethic of Expediency”
Authors: Moore Patrick
Published: May 2005

By emphasizing the negative meanings of words, ignoring variations in translations, and quoting out of context, Steven B. Katz has argued in an influential article that an “ethic of expediency … underlies technical communication and deliberative rhetoric, and by extension writing pedagogy and practice based on it.” Katz's assertion misrepresents the motive of technical communication and its pedagogy, and it brings discredit to the professions of technical communication and the teaching of technical communication. His attempt to discredit the motive of technical communication is part of a two-millennia-long contest for status between intellectuals and the working classes, and it creates unnecessary mistrust at a time in history when people must focus even more on cooperating socially in order to sustain democratic cultures and our physical environment for future generations.
Mortuary Behavior and Early Holocene Land Use in the North American Midcontinent
Authors: Walthall John A.
Published: May 2005

Evidence presented here indicates that the regional mortuary record for Holocene hunter-gatherers emerges in the immediate post-glacial period. Data concerning mortuary practices are reviewed from twenty Early Holocene (10,500-8,000 B.P.) archaeological sites located throughout the North American midcontinent. Two types of funerary treatment appear pervasive, primary inhumation in a flexed posture and cremation of individuals. Such cremations were frequently followed by reburial at spatially separate locations. Grave goods largely consist of ornaments, weapon components, and toolkits. The initial Holocene sites described in this article provide the earliest evidence in North America for the appearance of formal cemeteries. Application of ethnographically-derived models suggests that such cemeteries were special-place ritual nodes which may have defined home territories and reinforced group cohesion across multiple generations.
Dying Badly: Violent Death and Religious Change among the Tohono O'Odham
Authors: Lee Kozak David
Published: May 2005

The present work elaborates on the distinction between “good” and “bad” death as conceptualized by the Tohono O'odham (Papago) of southern Arizona.1 Violent mortality rates are correlated and analyzed along side ethnographic description. The recent history (c. 1950 to the present) of death and dying among the O'odham of the Sells Reservation reveals a troubling trend of violent mortality among young adult males. This trend has led to a new religious ideology of death and ritual practice based upon the concept of “good” as opposed to “bad” death. This new ideology and ritual practice is objectified in the construction of roadside death-memorials.
The Lester Attitude toward Death Scale
Authors: Lester David
Published: May 2005

This article publishes the Lester Attitude Toward Death Scale for the first time, together with data on its reliability and validity. The scale is different from other fear of death scales in its use of a scaled value approach that permits a measure of inconsistency in attitudes.
An Asymmetry in the Visuo-Spatial Demands of Forward and Backward Recall in the Corsi Blocks Task
Authors: Vandierendonck André , Szmalec Arnaud
Published: May 2005

In contrast to verbal span tasks, the Corsi visuo-spatial span task does not yield an advantage for forward recall order. Furthermore, while forward and backward verbal span tasks are equally impaired by a rehearsal inhibiting load, forward recall seems to be more impaired in the Corsi span task than backward recall [1]. These findings are further explored in a 2 × 2 experimental design with factors recall direction (forward versus backward) and load (single-task versus concurrent matrix tapping). Comparison of performance on a trial by trial basis showed that backward and forward recall did not behave differently with respect to identity information in single- and dual-task conditions. Recall of order information, on the contrary, was more impaired by the dual-task load in forward than in backward recall. A theoretical interpretation is offered in terms of binding of order information.
Excerpts from Joseph Stiglitz's Speech to the World Bank, April 1999
Authors: Scher Abby , Baxandall Phineas , McMahon Jean
Published: May 2005

The Journal has published several articles critical of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. These articles have shown the damage caused by the neoliberal policies advocated by these agencies to the health and quality of life of the people in countries where such policies are carried out. Published here are excerpts of a speech given by Joseph Stiglitz, senior economist of the World Bank, in which he finally recognizes the damage these policies have caused in Russia, where life expectancy has fallen quite dramatically during the years of neoliberal reform. The question triggered by his speech is why the World Bank continues its neoliberal policies.
Issues of College Persistence between Asian and Asian Pacific American Students
Authors: Yeh Theresa Ling
Published: May 2005

This article offers an exploration of the Asian Pacific American (APA) ethnic groups that show high rates of departure, and presents strategies and approaches to improving their persistence and graduation rates. A detailed examination of the APA population is presented to identify the subgroups that are underrepresented in higher education and who suffer from high dropout rates. Subsequently, several traditional retention theories are reviewed to determine how they apply to these APA subgroups. Specific barriers to college persistence for these students also are examined. Finally, the article presents strategies and programs designed to improve APA's persistence rates.
Liaison Psychiatry: Factors Influencing the Consultation Process
Authors: Krakowski Adam J.
Published: May 2005

In the last two decades psychiatrists in liaison work have asked nonpsychiatrists to accept a greater role in the management of mental illness, sponsoring educational programs and offering consultative services to provide assistance in diagnosis and management of patients. The triadic doctor-doctor-patient relationship and transference-countertransference phenomena often have more influence on the consultation process and the effectiveness of didactic methods than real problems like the degree of availability of consultants. Such factors as 1) the circumstances of the choice of medicine as a profession, 2) the special meaning of the choice of specialty, and 3) personality factors have great influence upon the relationship between the consultant and the consultee, the quality of the consultation, and the effectiveness of educational methods used in liaison psychiatry.

The results of an attitudinal survey of fifty physicians, conducted to explore conscious motivations for choosing the medical profession, attitudes toward consultation process, and less conscious elements such as fears of illness or death are discussed as a basis for understanding the consultation process and designing effective continuing education programs on the psychosocial aspects of medical care. An important implication of the study is the need to question the ways in which nonpsychiatrists are encouraged and expected to assume more responsibility for the care of patients with emotional problems.