bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcrop-scale manifestations of reactivation during multiple superimposed rifting and basin inversion events: the Devonian Orcadian Basin, northern Scotland
Authors: Dichiarante A.M. , Holdsworth R.E. , Dempsey E.D. , McCaffrey K.J.W. , Utley T.A.G.
Published: September 2020

The Devonian Orcadian Basin in Scotland hosts extensional fault systems assumed to be related to the initial formation of the basin, with only limited post-Devonian inversion and reactivation. However, a recent detailed structural study across Caithness, underpinned by published Re–Os geochronology, shows that three phases of deformation are present. North–south- and NW–SE-trending Group 1 faults are related to Devonian ENE–WSW transtension associated with sinistral shear along the Great Glen Fault during the formation of the Orcadian Basin. Metre- to kilometre-scale north–south-trending Group 2 folds and thrusts are developed close to earlier sub-basin-bounding faults and reflect late Carboniferous–early Permian east–west inversion associated with dextral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. The dominant Group 3 structures are dextral oblique NE–SW-trending and sinistral east–west-trending faults with widespread syndeformational carbonate mineralization (± pyrite and bitumen) and are dated using Re–Os geochronology as Permian (
c.
267 Ma). Regional Permian NW–SE extension related to the development of the offshore West Orkney Basin was superimposed over pre-existing fault networks, leading to local oblique reactivation of Group 1 faults in complex localized zones of transtensional folding, faulting and inversion. The structural complexity in surface outcrops onshore therefore reflects both the local reactivation of pre-existing faults and the superimposition of obliquely oriented rifting episodes during basin development in the adjacent offshore areas.

Supplementary material:
Stereographic projections of compiled structural data from individual fieldwork localities are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5115228
Algorithm 1011
Authors: Mejstrik Thomas
Published: September 2020

In several papers of 2013–2016, Guglielmi and Protasov made a breakthrough in the problem of the joint spectral radius computation, developing the invariant polytope algorithm that for most matrix families finds the exact value of the joint spectral radius. This algorithm found many applications in problems of functional analysis, approximation theory, combinatorics, and so on. In this article, we propose a modification of the invariant polytope algorithm making it roughly 3 times faster (single threaded), suitable for higher dimensions, and parallelise it. The modified version works for most matrix families of dimensions up to 25, for non-negative matrices up to 3,000. In addition, we introduce a new, fast algorithm, called modified Gripenberg algorithm, for computing good lower bounds for the joint spectral radius. The corresponding examples and statistics of numerical results are provided. Several applications of our algorithms are presented. In particular, we find the exact values of the regularity exponents of Daubechies wavelets up to order 42 and the capacities of codes that avoid certain difference patterns.
Media and the Development of Gender Role Stereotypes
Authors: Ward L. Monique , Grower Petal
Published: September 2020

This review summarizes recent findings (2000–2020) concerning media's contributions to the development of gender stereotypes in children and adolescents. Content analyses document that there continues to be an underrepresentation of women and a misrepresentation of femininity and masculinity in mainstream media, although some positive changes are noted. Concerning the strength of media's impact, findings from three meta-analyses indicate a small but consistent association between frequent television viewing and expressing more stereotypic beliefs about gender. Concerning the nature of these effects, analyses indicate significant connections between young people's screen media use and their general gender role attitudes; their beliefs about the importance of appearance for girls and women; their stereotyping of toys, activities, and occupations; and their support for traditional sexual roles. We offer several approaches for moving this field forward, including incorporating additional theories (e.g., stereotype threat), focusing more on boys and ethnic minority youth, and centering developmental milestones.
On Some Properties of the Hofstadter–Mertens Function
Authors: Trojovský Pavel
Published: September 2020

Many mathematicians have been interested in the study of recursive sequences. Among them, a class of “chaotic” sequences are named “meta-Fibonacci sequences.” The main example of meta-Fibonacci sequence was introduced by Hofstadter, and it is called the Q-sequence. Recently, Alkan–Fox–Aybar and the author studied the pattern induced by the connection between the Q-sequence and other known sequences. Here, we continue this program by studying a “Mertens’ version” of the Hofstadter sequence, defined (for x>0) by x↦∑n≤xμnQn, where µ(n) is the Möbius function. In particular, as we shall see, this function encodes many interesting properties which relate prime numbers to “meta-sequences”.
Previous Intestinal Resection Is Associated with Postoperative Complications in Crohn’s Disease: A Cohort Study
Authors: Duan Yantao , Liu Yifan , Li Yousheng
Published: September 2020

Background. To assess the influence of a previous intestinal resection on postoperative complications for Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods. Data on patients with CD undergoing surgery in our department from January 2016 through December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Information collected included demographic details, surgical data, and postoperative outcome. A cross-sectional study design was employed. Associations between postoperative complications and preoperative clinical indicators were further analyzed. Results. Of the 129 patients with CD studied, 62 patients (48.06%) underwent previous resection. These patients were more likely to be older (P=0.031), have longer disease duration (P=0.025), use less 5-aminosalicylic acid/sulfasalazine preoperatively (P=0.013), have lower body mass index (P=0.003), and have a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System score (P=0.043). Patients who had previous surgery had a longer duration of operation (P=0.003), greater estimated blood loss (P=0.001), and longer hospital stay (P<0.001) and were more inclined to develop postoperative complications (P=0.047), particularly anastomotic leak (P=0.021) and severe (Clavien–Dindo grade III/IV) complications (P=0.038). After multivariate analysis, previous intestinal resection (P=0.019), preoperative use of steroids (P=0.026), and ASA score of more than II (P<0.001) were determined to be the independent prognostic risk factors for postoperative complications. During the 30-day follow-up period, there was no postoperative mortality or readmission. Conclusions. Previous intestinal resection in patients with CD is an independent predictor of overall postoperative complications.
Rank-Based Report Filtering Scheme (RRFS) for Verifying Phoney Reports in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Santhosh Gayathri , Palanichamy Yogesh
Published: September 2020

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are open to false data injection attack when they are deployed in hostile scenarios. Attackers can easily deceive the sink by compromising sensing nodes or by injecting phoney data into the network. Such attacks can deplete the energy resources of the network by providing wrong information which in turn can affect the proper network functioning or sometimes can shut the network from further functioning. The existing schemes that deal with this problem focus on only a few aspects of the false data injection attack. To resolve this problem, we propose a Rank-based Report Filtering Scheme (RRFS), a holistic and group verification scheme for the identification of compromised nodes and the filtering of false data injected into the network. The proposed scheme verifies report among clusters, en-routers, and sink. Hence, the RRFS, a holistic scheme that is composed of three-tier verifications, successfully rejects the false data before the attackers falsify the whole environment, and this makes the system unique. Reliability Index (RI) is calculated by the nodes for fellow cluster members, and the cluster head (CH) provides the score for a node based on its RI. This, in turn, strengthens the scheme by assisting the en-routers to detect the compromised nodes. The RRFS scheme has been verified and validated by extensive simulation and meticulous performance evaluation of filtering efficiency and energy consumption against various schemes. The scheme gives high filtering efficiency against the multiple compromised nodes and also improves the network’s lifespan. The sustainability of RRFS against numerous attacks that are launched in the sensor environment is thoroughly investigated.
Complete Characterization of Resistance Distance for Linear Octagonal Networks
Authors: Zhao Jing , Liu Jia-Bao , Zafari Ali
Published: September 2020

Computing the resistance distance of a network is a fundamental and classical topic. In the aspects of considering the resistances between any two points of the lattice networks, there are many studies associated with the ladder networks and ladderlike networks. But the resistances between any two points for more complex structures than ladder networks or ladderlike networks are still unknown. In this paper, a rather complicated structure which is named linear octagonal network is considered. Treelike octagonal systems are cata-condensed systems of octagons, which represent a class of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons. A linear octagonal network is a cata-condensed octagonal system with no branchings. Moreover, the resistances between any two points of a linear octagonal network are first determined. One finds that the effective resistances between new inserted points and others points of a linear octagonal network can be given by the effective resistances between two initial points which are inherited from the linear polyomino network.
Increased Serum Interleukin-2 Levels Are Associated with Abnormal Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cell Levels in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Li Baochen , Guo Qiaoling , Wang Yanyan , Su Rui , Gao Chong , Zhao Jinfang , Li Xiaofeng , Wang Caihong
Published: September 2020

Objective. To investigate the relationship between serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels and disease activity, absolute numbers of peripheral lymphocyte subsets, autoantibodies, and associated cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. This study included 106 patients with RA, evaluated their disease activity (DAS28 score), and divided them into disease remission (DAS28≤2.6), low disease activity (DAS28≤3.2), and moderate-high disease activity (DAS28>3.2) groups. Flow cytometry was used to detect the absolute numbers of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations and CD4+ T cell subsets in each group, and serum cytokine levels were measured using cytometric bead array. Results. Serum IL-2 levels in RA patients were positively correlated with disease activity and rheumatoid factor titers (p<0.001 and p=0.045, respectively), and multiple regression analysis revealed that serum IL-2 levels were an independent factor affecting disease activity. Serum IL-2 levels were positively correlated with Th17/Treg ratios (p=0.013). Compared with the remission group, peripheral lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in patients with active RA decreased to varying degrees; however, the numbers of peripheral natural killer (NK) cells were significantly higher in the moderate-high disease activity group than in the remission (p=0.046) and low disease activity (p=0.020) groups; the percentages of NK cells had the same trend. In addition, the number and percentage of NK cells were positively correlated with serum IL-2 levels (p=0.018 and p=0.006, respectively). Conclusions. In RA patients, serum IL-2 levels were not only correlated with patients’ disease activity and autoantibody levels but were also involved in their Th17/Treg immune imbalance. In addition, in patients with active RA, NK cell levels were abnormally elevated, possibly due to high serum levels of IL-2.
Association of Oxidative Stress on Pregnancy
Authors: Toboła-Wróbel Kinga , Pietryga Marek , Dydowicz Piotr , Napierała Marta , Brązert Jacek , Florek Ewa
Published: September 2020

The pathophysiological mechanism underlying pregnancy complications such as congenital malformations, miscarriage, preeclampsia, or fetal growth restriction is not entirely known. However, the negative impact of the mother’s body oxidative imbalance on the fetus and the course of gestation is increasingly discussed. This article is an integrative review of some original studies and review papers on the effects of oxidative stress on the adverse pregnancy outcomes mainly birth defects in fetuses. A systematic search for English language articles published from 2010 until 2020 was made, using MEDLINE data. Additionally, we analyzed the Cochrane and Scopus databases, discussions with experts, and a review of bibliography of articles from scientifically relevant and valuable sources. The main purposes are to assess the contribution of the existing literature of associations of oxidative stress on the etiology of the abovementioned conditions and to identify relevant information and outline existing knowledge. Furthermore, the authors aim to find any gaps in the research, thereby providing grounds for our own research. The key search terms were “oxidative stress in pregnancy,” “oxidative stress and congenital malformations,” and “oxidative stress and adverse pregnancy outcomes.” Studies have confirmed that oxidative stress has a significant impact on pregnancy and is involved in the pathomechanism of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Finite Groups Which Have 20 Elements of Maximal Order
Authors: Han Zhangjia , Xie Longjiang , Guo Pengfei
Published: September 2020

The structure of finite groups is widely used in various fields and has a great influence on various disciplines. The object of this article is to classify these groups G whose number of elements of maximal order of G is 20.
Coordinated Control for Driving Mode Switching of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Zuo Yanyan , Sun Rui , Zang Jiuyu , Zheng Mingyin
Published: September 2020

Taking a hybrid electric vehicle using double-row planetary gear power coupling mechanism as a research object, this study proposes a coordinated control algorithm of “torque distribution, engine torque monitoring, and motor torque compensation” in an attempt to realize coordinated control for driving mode switching. Characteristic analysis of the power coupling mechanism was carried out, and the control strategy model in MATLAB/Simulink was built. Subsequently, the analysis of mode switching from the electric mode into joint driving mode was simulated. In addition, a multibody dynamics model of the power coupling mechanism was established and the simulation analysis during mode switching process was carried out. The results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy serves to effectively reduce the torque fluctuation and the impact degree during the mode switching process and improve the ride comfort of the vehicle. In the meantime, the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of gear meshing force and bearing restraint force indicate that the mode switching process of the dynamic coupling mechanism is quite stable and this control strategy contributes to improving the characteristics such as vibration and noise.
Integrin Beta 1 Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation by Negatively Regulating the Notch Pathway
Authors: Min Weijie , Zou Chao , Dai Dongwei , Zuo Qiao , Chen Chao , Xu Jinyu , Li Yanan , Yue Zhijian
Published: September 2020

In this study, genes associated with the Notch signaling pathway in gliomas were analyzed using bioinformatics and in vitro experiments. The dataset GSE22772 was downloaded from the Gene-Cloud of Biotechnology Information database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between short hairpin RNA (shRNA) intervening glioma cells and control cells were screened using the unpairedttest. Functional enrichment analysis was performed, and coexpression network was analyzed to identify the most important genes associated with the Notch signaling pathway. Integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) mRNA and protein levels in clinical glioma tumor samples and tumor adjacent normal tissue samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The relationship between ITGB1 expression and the prognosis of patients with gliomas was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier curve. ITGB1 interference expression cell line U87 and ITGB1 overexpressing cell line were established using sh-ITGB1 and oe-ITGB1 plasmids, respectively. MTT and colony formation assays were used to detect changes in the proliferation of glioma cells. Moreover, western blotting was used to detect the expression of Notch and Hey1. A total of 7,962 DEGs were screened between shRNA intervening glioma cells and control cells, which were mainly associated with spliceosome, proteoglycans in cancer, focal adhesion, and the Notch signaling pathway. ITGB1 showed the highest expression in the coexpression network. The mRNA and protein expression of ITGB1 in glioma tumor samples was significantly higher than that in tumor adjacent normal tissue samples (p<0.05). Overall survival time of patients in the ITGB1 low-expression group was significantly longer than that in the ITGB1 high-expression group, indicating that ITGB1 expression negatively correlated with the prognosis. Fluorescence microscopy, qRT-PCR, and western blotting confirmed the transfection efficiency of ITGB1 overexpression and interference expression in U251 and U87 cells. The MTT and colony formation assays indicated that U87 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited after intervention with ITGB1 (p<0.05), and overexpression of ITGB1 significantly promoted U251 cell proliferation (p<0.05). In addition, the expression of Notch and Hey1 proteins was significantly decreased after ITGB1 intervention (p<0.05), and their expression was significantly upregulated after ITGB1 overexpression (p<0.05). ITGB1 expression in glioma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues and was negatively correlated with the survival time of patients. Therefore, ITGB1 can significantly promote proliferation of glioma cells via feedback regulation of the Notch signaling pathway.
Stability Mechanism and Repair Method of U‐Shaped Steel Reverse Arch Support in Soft Floor Roadway
Authors: Wang Chao , Chen Xiaoyi , Zhang Jiandong , Wu Yongping
Published: September 2020

This paper is aimed at the inverted arch support instability of track roadway with mining level +1100 m in Liuyuanzi Coal Mine. By means of field investigation, theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and engineering practice, the instability reasons of inverted arch structure are expounded, the mechanical mechanism of instability of inverted arch structure is revealed, and the “sliding‐rotating beam” for the instability of inverted arch structure is put forward. Based on Fenner’s formula and mechanics principle, the equilibrium equation of “sliding‐rotating beam” is given. The results show the following: Firstly, the insufficient stiffness at the joint of the inverted arch structure and the U‐shaped steel support on the floor is the key reason for the floor instability. Secondly, when the action stress of the “sliding‐rotating beam” is less than the critical value, three kinds of instability modes of the inverted arch structure may occur, that is, sliding upward, rotating upward, or sliding‐rotating upward. Each instability criterion and critical value are also different. Considering the axisymmetric condition, the critical value calculation formula of the three modes can be simplified into one formula. Thirdly, the equivalent friction factor restricts the stability of the “sliding‐rotating beam,” and there is a “breaking point.” The relationship between the equivalent friction factor and the action stress of the “sliding‐rotating beam” is “class hyperbola.” When the equivalent friction factor is greater than the “breaking point value,” the “sliding‐rotating beam” may remain stable. Moreover, with the increase of equivalent friction factor, the action stress required for the stability of the “sliding‐rotating beam” is smaller, and it tends to be more stable. The breaking point value of equivalent friction factor is 18.6. Finally, 36U‐shaped steel round frame with bolt‐mesh‐shotcrete‐combined support is applied to improve the equivalent friction factor and the foot stiffness of U‐shaped support in roadway. After two months of on‐site implementation, the floor heave was reduced by 69.1%. In conclusion, the theoretical analysis is correct and the control method is effective.
Antirollover Experimental Method for a Liquid Tank Semitrailer
Authors: Yu Miao , Li Shiwu , Sun Wencai , Wen Xue , Lv Dongye
Published: September 2020

The liquid tank semitrailer has higher centroid and poor stability, and the vehicle is prone to rollover when turning or changing lanes at high speed. Thus, many companies have developed active antirollover systems in recent years. But the systems’ antirollover capabilities are different. However, there are no specific test conditions and test standards for antirollover systems. Taking this as a starting point, first, an automotive intelligent security cloud terminal and a multiaxis sensor are selected for the test data acquisition, and a remote data acquisition system based on a mobile signal is established. Second, a vehicle road test scheme with a free choice of route is designed. Set the rollover trigger conditions, obtain the test data through the database, and classify the data into dangerous scenarios. Third, the typical scenarios with rollover risk are obtained by data fitting. Finally, the typical antirollover system test conditions of the liquid tank semitrailer are obtained by optimizing and analysing the typical scenarios through the simulation software. The results show that the J-steering test with a turning radius of 45 m in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions can be used as an accurate typical test condition of the antirollover system of liquid tank semitrailers.
Soil Heavy Metal Distribution with Depth around a Closed Landfill and Their Uptake by Datura stramonium
Authors: Makuleke Peace , Ngole-Jeme Veronica M.
Published: September 2020

Landfills are major sources of environmental pollution. This study evaluated heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants around the closed Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, to determine the pollution potential of a closed landfill and the risks they present to plants growing in this environment and surrounding communities. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, and 60–90 cm around the landfill and at a control site and characterized for various properties and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn. Samples of Datura stramonium, collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, were also analyzed for the same heavy metals. The soils were sandy, mostly acidic (5.01 < pH < 7.65) with low organic matter content (<2%) and cation exchange capacity (<15 meq/100 g). These properties varied with depth around the landfill. Heavy metals concentrations in the soils and Datura stramonium followed the order Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd with samples from around the landfill having higher concentrations than samples from the control site. Soil heavy metal enrichment was highest at a depth of 30–60 cm. Pollution load index (PLI) values indicated that all sites around the landfill were polluted (PLI > 1). Heavy metal transfer coefficient in Datura stramonium ranged between 0.0 and 209 with <60% of the variation observed in heavy metal transfer coefficient in Datura stramonium explained by the extent of heavy metal enrichment in the soils. More than 20 years after closure of the landfill, there are indications that leachate migration may still be going on around the landfill. Monitoring of environments around closed landfills needs to be ongoing to mitigate negative impacts on humans and the environment.
A Penalized h-Likelihood Variable Selection Algorithm for Generalized Linear Regression Models with Random Effects
Authors: Xie Yanxi , Li Yuewen , Xia Zhijie , Yan Ruixia , Luan Dongqing
Published: September 2020

Reinforcement learning is one of the paradigms and methodologies of machine learning developed in the computational intelligence community. Reinforcement learning algorithms present a major challenge in complex dynamics recently. In the perspective of variable selection, we often come across situations where too many variables are included in the full model at the initial stage of modeling. Due to a high-dimensional and intractable integral of longitudinal data, likelihood inference is computationally challenging. It can be computationally difficult such as very slow convergence or even nonconvergence, for the computationally intensive methods. Recently, hierarchical likelihood (h-likelihood) plays an important role in inferences for models having unobservable or unobserved random variables. This paper focuses linear models with random effects in the mean structure and proposes a penalized h-likelihood algorithm which incorporates variable selection procedures in the setting of mean modeling via h-likelihood. The penalized h-likelihood method avoids the messy integration for the random effects and is computationally efficient. Furthermore, it demonstrates good performance in relevant-variable selection. Throughout theoretical analysis and simulations, it is confirmed that the penalized h-likelihood algorithm produces good fixed effect estimation results and can identify zero regression coefficients in modeling the mean structure.
Analysis and Simulation of Multimedia English Auxiliary Handle Based on Decision Tree Algorithm
Authors: Yan Kaiwei
Published: September 2020

In this paper, through the improved decision tree algorithm, the handles in multimedia English assistance are parsed and simulated. In order to better perceive the sense of language in English composition and improve the rationality of intelligent evaluation, an N element based on association analysis is proposed. Sense value quantification calculates its support in the corpus by obtaining N-tuples of the composition. If the degree of support is lower than the threshold, the part where the language sense problem occurs is analyzed, and the type of language sense problem is judged for the students to provide assistance in modifying the composition. In addition, this paper also extracts word features, sentence features, and text structure features in the composition to fit the English handles analytical score. By testing the test set, the experiment shows that, by extracting the language sense features of the candidate’s English composition, it can not only judge whether there is a problem with the language sense of the candidate, but also provide a basis for the overall evaluation of the composition.
Modelling and Analysis of Complex Viscous Fluid in Thin Elastic Tubes
Authors: Gao Yufang , Zhang Zongguo
Published: September 2020

Cardiovascular disease is a major threat to human health. The study on the pathogenesis and prevention of cardiovascular disease has received special attention. In this paper, we have contributed to the derivation of a mathematical model for the nonlinear waves in an artery. From the Navier–Stokes equations and continuity equation, the vorticity equation satisfied by the blood flow is established. And based on the multiscale analysis and perturbation method, a new model of the Boussinesq equation with viscous term is derived to describe the propagation of a viscous fluid through a thin tube. In order to be more consistent with the flow of the fluid, the time-fractional Boussinesq equation with viscous term is deduced by employing the semi-inverse method and the fractional variational principle. Moreover, the approximate analytical solution of the fractional equation is obtained, and the effect of viscosity on the amplitude and width of the wave is studied. Finally, the effects of the fractional order parameters and vessel radius on blood flow volume are discussed and analyzed.
Concomitant Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Survival in Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Atezolizumab
Authors: Hopkins Ashley M. , Kichenadasse Ganessan , Karapetis Christos S. , Rowland Andrew , Sorich Michael J.
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota dysbiosis can reduce the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are known to induce gut microbiota changes. However, little is known on the effects of PPIs on outcomes with ICI therapy, and it has not been explored in urothelial cancer treatment.

Experimental Design:

Individual–participant data from the advanced urothelial cancer trials, IMvigor210 (single-arm atezolizumab trial, n = 429) and IMvigor211 (phase III randomized trial of atezolizumab vs. chemotherapy, n = 931) were pooled in a Cox proportional hazard analysis assessing the association between PPI use and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). PPI use was defined as any PPI administration between 30 days prior and 30 days after treatment initiation.

Results:

Of the 1,360 participants, 471 (35%) received a PPI within the 60-day window. PPI use was associated with significantly worse OS [HR (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 1.52 (1.27–1.83), P < 0.001] and PFS [1.38 (1.18–1.62), P < 0.001] with atezolizumab, but not chemotherapy (P > 0.05). In the randomized cohort of IMvigor211, the OS treatment effect [HR (95% CI)] of atezolizumab versus chemotherapy was 1.04 (0.81–1.34) for PPI users, compared with 0.69 (0.56–0.84) for PPI nonusers (Pinteraction = 0.013). Similar associations were noted in the PD-L1 IC2/3 population.

Conclusions:

This study indicates PPI use is a negative prognostic marker in advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with ICI therapy, but not chemotherapy. Furthermore, the analysis suggests PPIs influence the magnitude of ICI efficacy, and this warrants further investigation.
9p21.3 Coronary Artery Disease Locus Identifies Patients With Treatment Benefit From Bariatric Surgery in the Nonrandomized Prospective Controlled Swedish Obese Subjects Study
Authors: Jacobson Peter , Peltonen Markku , Svensson Per-Arne , Taube Magdalena , Andersson-Assarsson Johanna C. , Sjoholm Kajsa , Bouchard Claude , Carlsson Björn , Carlsson Lena M.S.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Sequence variation at chromosome 9p21.3 accounts for 20% of myocardial infarctions (MIs) in several populations. Whereas the risk conferred by the 9p21.3 locus appears to act independently of traditional risk factors, studies suggest that the association between 9p21.3 and MI is modified by glucose homeostasis and lifestyle. We examined if the 9p21.3 variant rs1333049, along with the previously identified predictor fasting insulin, modifies the preventive effect of bariatric surgery on MI incidence.

Methods:

rs1333049 was genotyped in 1852 patients treated by bariatric surgery and 1803 controls given usual care in the SOS study (Swedish Obese Subjects). MI incidence was determined using national registers. Median follow-up was 21 years (interquartile range 18–24 years).

Results:

Overall, 366 MIs occurred during follow-up. Among rs1333049 risk-allele carriers (CC+GC), the incidence of MI was reduced in the surgery group compared with the control group (hazard ratio=0.72 [95% CI, 0.57–0.92],
P
=0.008). By contrast, noncarriers (GG) showed no significant differences in MI incidence between the treatment groups (hazard ratio=1.28 [0.86–1.90],
P
=0.227; interaction between treatment and the risk-allele
P
=0.016). In addition, carriers with higher fasting insulin (above the median [17 mmol/L]) experienced significantly higher MI incidence than carriers with lower fasting insulin (hazard ratio=0.58 [0.42–0.78],
P
<0.001, interaction
P
=0.031).

Conclusions:

In the SOS cohort, patients with the chromosome 9p21.3 rs1333049 risk allele together with high fasting insulin levels benefitted from bariatric surgery in terms of reduced incidence of MI.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01479452.
Treatment of Psoriasis With Biologic Therapy Is Associated With Improvement of Coronary Artery Plaque Lipid-Rich Necrotic Core
Authors: Choi Harry , Uceda Domingo E. , Dey Amit K. , Abdelrahman Khaled M. , Aksentijevich Milena , Rodante Justin A. , Elnabawi Youssef A. , Reddy Aarthi , Keel Andrew , Erb-Alvarez Julie , Teague Heather , Playford Martin P. , Zhou Wunan , Chen Marcus Y. , Gelfand Joel M. , Bluemke David A. , Buckler Andrew , Mehta Nehal N.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC), a high-risk coronary plaque feature assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography, is associated with increased risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with subclinical, nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is associated with increased prevalence of high-risk coronary plaque and risk of cardiovascular events. This study characterized LRNC in psoriasis and how LRNC modulates in response to biologic therapy.

Methods:

Consecutive biologic naïve psoriasis patients (n=209) underwent coronary computed tomography angiography at baseline and 1-year to assess changes in LRNC using a novel histopathologically validated software (vascuCAP Elucid Bioimaging, Boston, MA) before and after biologic therapy over 1 year.

Results:

Study participants were middle-aged, predominantly male with similar cardiometabolic and psoriasis status between treatment groups. In all participants at baseline, LRNC was associated with Framingham risk score (β [standardized β]=0.12 [95% CI, 0.00–0.15];
P
=0.045), and psoriasis severity (β=0.13 [95% CI, 0.01–0.26];
P
=0.029). At 1-year, participants receiving biologic therapy had a reduction in LRNC (mm
2
; 3.12 [1.99–4.66] versus 2.97 [1.84–4.35];
P
=0.028), while those who did not receive biologic therapy over 1 year demonstrated no significant change with nominally higher LRNC (3.12 [1.82–4.60] versus 3.34 [2.04–4.74];
P
=0.06). The change in LRNC was significant compared with that of the nonbiologic treated group (ΔLRNC, −0.22 mm
2
versus 0.14 mm
2
,
P
=0.004) and remained significant after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and psoriasis severity (β=−0.09 [95% CI, −0.01 to −0.18];
P
=0.033).

Conclusions:

LRNC was associated with psoriasis severity and cardiovascular risk factors in psoriasis. Additionally, there was favorable modification of LRNC in those on biologic therapy. This study provides evidence of potential reduction in LRNC with treatment of systemic inflammation. Larger, longer follow-up prospective studies should be conducted to understand how changes in LRNC may translate into a reduction in future cardiovascular events in psoriasis.
A new species of Maraenobiotus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Lena River Delta (North-Eastern Siberia)
Authors: NOVIKOV ALEKSANDR , SHARAFUTDINOVA DAYANA
Published: September 2020

A new species of harpacticoid copepod of the family Canthocamptidae, Maraenobiotus supermario sp. nov. is described. The new species was found in interstitial waters of the moss tundra of the Lena River Delta, Siberia. This species belongs to the vejdovskyi-species group. The new species differs from its congeners in the apical caudal setae lacking a bulbous proximal part, and in the unique structure of the mandibular palp with only one seta. We also present detailed figures and description of sensilla and pores on the somites surface, which could be used in the future to diagnose and solve taxonomic issues of this complex genus.
A Comparison of Scan Speedup Strategies and Their Effect on Rapid-Scan Weather Radar Data Quality
Authors: Mahre Andrew , Yu Tian-You , Bodine David J.
Published: September 2020

As the existing NEXRAD network nears the end of its life cycle, intense study and planning are underway to design a viable replacement system. Ideally, such a system would offer improved temporal resolution compared to NEXRAD, without a loss in data quality. In this study, scan speedup techniques—such as beam multiplexing (BMX) and radar imaging—are tested to assess their viability in obtaining high-quality rapid updates for a simulated long-range weather radar. The results of this study—which uses a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model–simulated supercell case—show that BMX generally improves data quality for a given scan time or can provide a speedup factor of 1.69–2.85 compared to NEXRAD while maintaining the same level of data quality. Additionally, radar imaging is shown to improve data quality and/or decrease scan time when selectively used; however, deleterious effects are observed when imaging is used in regions with sharp reflectivity gradients parallel to the beam spoiling direction. Consideration must be given to the subsequent loss of sensitivity and beam broadening. Finally, imaging is shown to have an effect on the radar-derived mesocyclone strength (ΔV) of a simulated supercell. Because BMX and radar imaging are most easily achieved with an all-digital phased array radar (PAR), these results make a strong argument for the use of all-digital PAR for high-resolution weather observations. It is believed that the results from this study can inform decisions about possible scanning strategies and design of a NEXRAD replacement system for high-resolution weather radar data.
The Phenomenology and Dynamics of Wealth Shame: Between Moral Responsibility and Moral Masochism
Authors: Sadek Noha
Published: September 2020

In an age of striking inequality in wealth, a related phenomenon, wealth shame, has developed. A multidisciplinary exploration of such shame examines its intrapsychic, intersubjective, transgenerational, and sociopolitical roots in the U.S., as well as its multiple functions: as an ethical response to economic disparity (moral responsibility), as a manifestation of a pervasive shame pattern (moral masochism), and as a defense against pleasure, feelings of superiority, and the fear of being envied. Several clinical vignettes illustrate these themes and are followed by reflections on their clinical implications. The psychoanalytic community’s conflicted relationship to social class, money, and wealth is also examined. This conflictedness may inform the analyst’s countertransference to wealth shame and his or her ability to appreciate the psychic landscapes of class as they present in the consulting room.
Consenting and Assenting to Psychoanalytic Work
Authors: Furlong Allannah
Published: September 2020

The moment is opportune for a renewed look at what we understand about patient consent to treatment. Until recently, little reference to informed consent could be found in the literature, as though it has never been a preoccupation for psychoanalytic practitioners. Yet several post-Freudian authors offer reasons to suppose the risk of misunderstandings about consent. In fact, the very discovery of transference, replete with unrequited infantile wishes, implies that at some level, at some moment, in every psychoanalytic treatment there will be moments when “consent” will to some extent vacillate. A distinction, justifiable on etymological and intersubjective grounds, is made between patients’ consent as a cognitive, somewhat passive, acceptance and patients’ assent as an arduous, conflicted, partial disagreement with the symbolically limiting details of analytic work. It is in the discovery and working through of unexpected unconscious responses to aspects of the analytic setting and to the analyst that patients become “informed” of the unique risks to their psychic equilibrium the process poses, as well as its benefits. Instead of a static and unitary contractual event, informed consent in psychoanalysis is more properly conceived as a multilayered, repetitively posed, and necessarily ambivalent process of good-enough assenting over time.
Predictive Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Pastoriza Jessica , McNelis John , Parsikia Afshin , Lewis Erin , Ward Marie , Marini Corrado P. , Castaldi Maria T.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Operative interventions for breast cancer are generally classified as clean surgeries. Surgical site infections (SSIs), while rare, do occur. This study sought to identify risk factors for SSI, using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP).

Methods

NSQIP’s participant use data files (PUF) between 2012 and 2015 were examined. Female patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent surgery were identified through CPT and ICD9 codes. Non-SSI and SSI groups were compared and the statistical differences were addressed through propensity score weighting. Multivariate logistic regression testing was used to identify predictors of SSI.

Results

This study examined 30 544 lumpectomies and 23 494 mastectomies. SSI rate was 1126/54 038 patients (2.1%). In the weighted dataset, mastectomy, diabetes, smoking, COPD, ASA class-severe, BMI >35 kg/m2, and length of stay (LOS) >1 day were associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) of SSI. The OR for SSI was highest after mastectomy with reconstruction (OR 2.626, P < .001; 95% CI 2.073-3.325). Postoperative variables associated with an increased OR of SSIs included systemic infection, unplanned reoperation wound dehiscence, and renal failure.

Conclusion

Mastectomy, diabetes, smoking, COPD, ASA class-severe, BMI >35 kg/m2, length of stay (LOS) >1 day are associated with an increased OR for SSIs following breast surgery.
Simple Versus Radical Resection for Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis of National Cancer Database
Authors: Platoff Rebecca M. , Kellish Alec S. , Hakim Abraham , Gaughan John P. , Atabek Umur M. , Spitz Francis R. , Hong Young K.
Published: September 2020

Background

Duodenal adenocarcinoma treatment consists of either simple or radical surgical resection. Existing evidence suggests similar survival outcomes between the two but is limited by small numbers and single-institution analysis. We aim to compare survival after partial versus radical resection for duodenal adenocarcinoma using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Methods

Using NCDB results from 2004 to 2014, we compared patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma undergoing partial resection (n = 1247) and radical resection (n = 1240) by age, sex, facility type, facility location, cancer stage, cancer grade, lymph node sampling, node status, tumor size, margin status, neoadjuvant therapy, and adjuvant therapy using chi-square analysis. Survival was compared using propensity matching.

Results

Patients undergoing partial resection had overall earlier cancer stage, more favorable tumor grade, and were less likely to undergo lymph node sampling and neoadjuvant therapy. When overall survival was compared between the 2 propensity-matched groups, the median survival was 46.7 months after partial resection and 43.2 months after radical resection ( P = .329), and overall survival was similar between the 2 groups ( P = .894). The use of adjuvant therapy demonstrated improved survival over either surgery alone ( P < .0001, P = .0037).

Conclusion

Partial resection did not demonstrate worse survival outcomes than radical resection for duodenal adenocarcinoma. The use of adjuvant therapy in addition to surgery demonstrated improved survival regardless of surgery type and played a larger role in survival than the type of surgery. Our findings provide evidence to support the continued use of both partial and radical surgical resections to treat duodenal malignancy.
The Future Liver Remnant
Authors: Dixon Matthew , Cruz Jeffrey , Sarwani Nabeel , Gusani Niraj
Published: September 2020

When considering patients for a major hepatectomy, one must carefully consider the volume of liver to be left behind and if additional procedures are necessary to augment its volume. This review considers the optimal volume of the future liver remnant (FLR) and analyzes the techniques of augmenting this volume, the various growth parameters to assess adequate growth of the FLR, as well as further management when there has been inadequate growth of the FLR.
Association of Clinicopathological Features With Outcome in Chondrosarcomas of the Head and Neck
Authors: Asioli Sofia , Ruengwanichayakun Poosit , Zoli Matteo , Guaraldi Federica , Sollini Giacomo , Greco Paolo , Facco Carla , Gibertoni Dino , Jiménez Brayan Vega , Benini Stefania , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Pasquini Ernesto , Mazzatenta Diego , Foschini Maria Pia , Righi Alberto
Published: September 2020

Objective

The aim of this study is to assess the association between clinical and radiological features as well as of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1,2) mutations with outcome in head and neck chondrosarcomas.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Methods

Clinical, histological, and molecular data of patients with head and neck chondrosarcomas treated by surgery were collected.

Results

Forty‐six patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 17‐78). The tumor originated from the skull base (52.2%), facial bones (28.2%), or laryngotracheal area (19.6%). At last follow‐up (median 52.5 months), 38 patients were alive, 30 of which were disease free, whereas 8 had died, 4 of disease progression and 4 of other causes. Fourteen (30.4%) had local recurrence and 2 (4.3%) had lung metastasis. All cases were negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, brachyury, and IDH1 at immunohistochemistry, while Sanger sequencing identified IDH1/2 point mutations, typically IDH1 R132C, in 9 (37.5%) tumors arising from the skull base. Margin infiltration on the surgical specimen negatively affected the outcome, whereas no correlation was identified with IDH mutation status.

Conclusions

An adequate margin positively affects survival. IDH mutation status does not affect patient outcome.
Regulation of blood–brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: A therapeutic opportunity
Authors: Ronaldson Patrick T , Davis Thomas P
Published: September 2020

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical regulator of CNS homeostasis. It possesses physical and biochemical characteristics (i.e. tight junction protein complexes, transporters) that are necessary for the BBB to perform this physiological role. Microvascular endothelial cells require support from astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and constituents of the extracellular matrix. This intricate relationship implies the existence of a neurovascular unit (NVU). NVU cellular components can be activated in disease and contribute to dynamic remodeling of the BBB. This is especially true of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, which polarize into distinct proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Current data indicate that M1 pro-inflammatory microglia contribute to BBB dysfunction and vascular “leak”, while M2 anti-inflammatory microglia play a protective role at the BBB. Understanding biological mechanisms involved in microglia activation provides a unique opportunity to develop novel treatment approaches for neurological diseases. In this review, we highlight characteristics of M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglia and describe how these distinct phenotypes modulate BBB physiology. Additionally, we outline the role of other NVU cell types in regulating microglial activation and highlight how microglia can be targeted for treatment of disease with a focus on ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s disease.