bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geodynamic conditions for Cenozoic activation of tectonic structures in Southeastern Mongolia
Authors: Parfeevets A. V. , Sankov V. A.
Published: October 2018

The knowledge of the neotectonic structures inSoutheastern Mongolia, that is considerably distant from the active plate boundaries, is important for determining a source of tectonic deformation and regular features of activation in the intracontinental setting. Our research was focused on the East Gobi and South Gobi depressions located inSoutheastern Mongolia, which developed since the Mesozoic and were activated to various degrees in the neotectonic stage. The study aimed to assess the paleostress state of the crust inSoutheastern Mongolia, identify the stages, factors and mechanisms of the Cenozoic activation of the regional structures of different strike, and determine the sources of activation. The analysis of the available literature suggests a similar history of their development in the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous (rifting) and Late Cretaceous – Paleogene (tectonic quiescence). In the Cenozoic stage, the depressions experienced activation of completely different styles. In theEast Gobidepression, left-lateral strike-slip faults were activated in the Tertiary, and the post-Late Cretaceous thrusting took place along the northeastern faults on the northern slope of the Totoshan uplift. In the Early Cenozoic, the N-S and N-W compression was dominant as evidenced by the deformed Late Cretaceous sediments and the reconstructed stress tensors typical of the compression and transpression regimes. An overview of the published data suggests that the most probable cause of such deformation was the impact of the Western Pacific zone of plate interaction. However, a potential influence of compression at the early stages of the Indo-Asian collision cannot be completely excluded. TheEast Gobidepression was low active in the second half of the Cenozoic. In contrast to the East Gobi depression, theSouth Gobiactivation began in the Late Cenozoic (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene). Young uplifts and forbergs (Gobi Altai eastern termination) developed actively and ‘cut’ the sediments of the basins originating from the Mesozoic. The W-E and N-W strike-slip and thrust faults were active in the Pliocene–Quaternary. The stress field reconstructions show compression, transpression and strike-slip regimes with the NE-trending axis of compression. Deformation in the East Goby Altay (as well as in Western andSouthwestern Mongolia) is driven by the India-Eurasia collision.
Keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga pada tanaman tumpang sari kedelai dengan tanaman orok-orok (Crotalaria juncea)
Authors: Rahayu Sayekti Kurnia , Supriyadi Supriyadi , Supriyono Supriyono , Wijayanti Retno , Putri Retno Bandriyati Arni , Putri Retno Bandriyati Arni
Published: October 2018

Tumbuhan berbunga dapat meningkatkan populasi serangga polinator, yang sekaligus berperan penting dalam meningkatkan hasil tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh tumpang sari Crotalaria juncea dengan kedelai terhadap keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga dan polinator alami terhadap hasil kedelai. Penelitian dirancang pada petak tunggal, dengan perlakuan: tanpa C. juncea (kontrol), penanaman C. juncea mengelilingi lahan kedelai, penanaman C. juncea setiap 5 baris kedelai, dan penanaman C. juncea setiap 10 baris kedelai. Pengaruh polinator alami terhadap hasil kedelai diamati melalui penyungkupan tanaman dengan jaring serangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, bahwa penanaman C. juncea dapat meningkatkan keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga. Indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi 2,37 tercatat pada petak penanaman C. juncea setiap 10 baris kedelai. Keanekaragaman serangga pengunjung bunga terbanyak, yaitu 18 spesies ditemukan pada perlakuan penanaman C. juncea setiap 5 baris kedelai. Serangga pengunjung bunga yang dominan adalah Coccinella transversalis, Apis mellifera, Xylocopa virginica, Megachile parientina, Megachile relativa, Ropalidia fasciata, dan Vespa sp. Polinator alami (tanpa sungkup) dapat meningkatkan jumlah polong 30,11%, jumlah biji 44,63%, dan berat biji per tanaman 15,44% sehingga berperanan penting pada hasil kedelai.
Prendre langue avec l’Étranger. La traduction : un modèle pour l’herméneutique
juridique ?
Authors: Girard Fabien
Published: October 2018

La question de l’interprétation juridique occupe une place paradoxale. Elle est à la fois centrale et peu questionnée au-delà de quelques cercles de spécialistes souvent proches de la sociological jurisprudence ou du réalisme américain. Le résultat est une sorte de consensus (qui sert également de principe politique) de la communauté universitaire autour de cette idée d’un rôle subsidiaire de l’activité d’interprétation dans la production normative – production normative qui ressortit donc presque exclusivement au pouvoir législatif. Pourtant, cette idée que seul le législateur crée le droit est contredite par les faits et surtout par une série de travaux de la philosophie de la traduction qui, dans le prolongement du grand tournant herméneutique initié dans la seconde moitié du XXe, met en évidence un tout autre paradigme : l’interprète ne peut être étranger au texte et il faut combattre l’idée selon laquelle il n’ajouterait jamais à ce que l’auteur ou le premier lecteur aurait pu avoir en tête ; le texte doit être replacé au centre du débat de l’interprétation et on ne peut plus en faire un « prétexte » ou un élément secondaire dans la prise de décision du juge. Enfin, la théorie de la traduction condamne de manière ferme le recours à l’intention de l’auteur.
Double face : Temps et Espace dans Persona d'Ingmar Bergman et Le Miroir d'Andreï
Tarkovski
Authors: Heurtebise Jean-Yves
Published: October 2018

Notre but dans cet article sera d’extraire de l’étude combinée du Miroir de Tarkovski et de Persona de Bergman, un nouveau cadre transcendantal de la perception sensible de l’espace et du temps. Nous verrons comment au temps linéaire et chronologique, Tarkovski substitue à travers son film un temps sédimentaire où le passé, le présent et le futur coexistent, et comment à l’espace fait de blocs indépendants et séparés, Bergman suggère à travers Persona, l’existence d’un espace fait de niveaux de réalités qui se chevauchent. Cette perception radicalement transformée de l’espace et du temps introduit dans le sujet une profonde mutation de la subjectivité que le spectateur expérimente à travers le cinéma.
« Sur Sisters de Brian de Palma : Le double et le monstre »
Authors: Girval Edith
Published: October 2018

Le film Sisters de Brian de Palma aborde d’abord la thématique du double et du
dédoublement à travers la figure des sœurs siamoises, figure qui appartient au
registre du monstrueux. Il s’agit de deux sœurs qui sont de vraies jumelles :
apparemment, nous avons affaire à deux fois la même personne, les deux sœurs sont le
double l’une de l’autre, mais en réalité, deux identités émergentes. En plus d’être
jumelles, elles sont siamoises : ce sont deux corps inséparés qui communiquent. Ce
qu’il y a de monstrueux chez elles, c’est qu’elles résultent d’un processus de
dédoublement qui est demeuré inachevé. La reprise d’Hitchcock par De Palma se fait
sur le mode de la démultiplication, mais elle s’opère aussi sur le mode de la
littéralisation : la multiplication des images à travers les fenêtres de (RW ) est
ainsi reprise par De Palma sous la forme du split screen, moment d’agilité technique
qui deviendra la « marque » du réalisateur.
L’Hypertexte et ses prédécesseurs
Authors: Debeaux Gaëlle
Published: October 2018

Ce travail interroge l’activité de lecture d’œuvres traditionnelles et
numériques pratiquant la multiplication des récits à partir de la présence de cartes
et schémas représentant la fiction. Ces œuvres, en particulier les hypertextes de
fiction, offrent souvent des graphiques de leur propre construction, permettant une
nouvelle appréhension de l’histoire. Elles ouvrent sur une nouvelle forme de
lecture, crayon à la main, afin de bâtir un plan permettant de comprendre la
succession et les enchâssements de l’histoire. Ainsi, ces textes multipliant les
récits invitent le lecteur à figurer une carte, et postulent une appréhension de
l’histoire inscrite dans un espace plutôt que dans une continuité
temporelle.
Une lecture de Riflessione e trascendenza. Itinerari a partire da Levinas
:
Marcello Vitali Rosati,Riflessione e trascendenza. Itinerari a partire da Levinas. ETS, 2003
Authors: Gac Roberto
Published: October 2018

Dans un texte rédigé en italien, Marcello Vitali Rosati analyse la pensée d’Emmanuel Lévinas d’un point de vue logique. La distance prise par Lévinas face à l’ontologie et à la logique formelle contraint l’auteur à développer sa propre « logique de la transcendance », en s’appuyant, entre autres, sur la « logique de l’Inconscient », explorée dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle par le psychiatre et psychanalyste Ignacio Matte Blanco.
Nos leaders sauront-ils penser à l'échelle de la civilisation-monde ?
Authors: Planel Niels
Published: October 2018

Suivant l’attentat de Charlie Hebdo en France et à l’approche de la Convention des Cadres des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques qui aura lieu à Paris, le présent texte s’interroge sur la capacité des leaders modernes à penser les défis propres à la civilisation-monde, c’est-à-dire un univers humain où l’interdépendance et l’interconnexion sont devenues des normes de notre quotidien.
Safety check : réseaux numériques et sentiment de sécurité
Authors: Cavallari Peppe
Published: October 2018

La fonction de contrôle d’absence de danger (safety check) activée par Facebook
lors des attentats terroristes à Paris, nous a permis d’acceder à un ultérieur
niveau d’intimité, nous entrelaçant encore une fois de plus au réseau dont nous
faisons partie et qui fait autant partie de nous. Le rôle assumé par la plateforme
de Zuckerberg pendant cette nuit de terreur, pose autant de questions philosophiques
sur la relation entre individuel et collectif que de problèmes politiques sur
l’institutionnalisation d’une entreprise privée, forte d’une infrastructure
transversale aux limites de l’appartenance nationale de tout en chacun et qui,
aujourd’hui, hors du web n’a pas de compétiteurs dans une capacité de plus en plus
cruciale : celle de nous saisir en tant que élément d’un réseau.
De la linguistique à la politique
:
A propos de l’ouvrage Ideologies across Nations, d’Alexandre Duchêne
Authors: Viangalli François
Published: October 2018

L’objet de cette étude est de retracer le mode de pensée des États et de la société
internationale toute entière à l’égard des langues. Commençant son étude à partir de la
consolidation des États-Nations et de l’instauration de la SDN au début du XXe siècle,
l’auteur montre comment a été posée l’équation fondamentale Langue = Nation = État. Il
montre ensuite comment elle a persisté dans le temps, ramenant toujours la question des
langues dans le droit international à celle du statut politique des minorités, faisant ainsi
de celles-ci l’otage d’un passage au nationalisme politique ou au renoncement. Il explique
dès lors, travaux préparatoires à l’appui, avant de donner lieu à une première insertion
dans le Pacte international des droits civils et politiques de 1966. Il montre enfin que le
paradigme Langue = Nation = État est réducteur et contraignant. Il suggère à ce propos un
changement de paradigme, qui séparerait la langue de la Nation et de l’État, pour que,
enfin, la défense des langues et la contestation politique ne soient plus nécessairement
intriquées.
Approach for numerically describing and classifying benthic animals’ polymorphic cells morphology
Authors: Karetin Yura A , Kalitnik Aleksandra A , Cicinskas Eduardas
Published: October 2018

Describing cell morphology is a tricky task, prone to misinterpretation due to subjective nature of the human observer and his vocabulary limitations. Consequently, these limitations actuate prevalence of non-formalized, statistically unverifiable language use. This determines the reason for overlooking cell shape as a viable parameter for describing cell's functional state intricacies. In this study we demonstrate the use of mathematical parameters set for describing two-dimensional fractals, such as: convex hull, density, roundness and asymmetry, for comparative in vitro morphological analysis of sprawled starfishes' Aphelasterias japonica and Patiria pectinifera (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) coelomocytes, and bivalve's Callista brevisiphonata (Mollusca: Bivalvia) hemocytes. We found that these parameters allow us to describe visually distinguishable but verbally indescribable "chaotic" sprawled cell shapes. Furthermore, resulting numerical cell descriptions differs significantly, enabling for their species-specific grouping and classification. We argue that presented morphometric methodology can be used for describing and classifying cells of any arbitrary morphology, as well as compiling "cell shape - cell functional state" match library for later use in in vitro analysis, potentially for cells of any animal.
Ongoing, rational calibration of reward-driven perceptual biases
Authors: Fan Yunshu , Gold Joshua I , Ding Long
Published: October 2018

Decision-making is often interpreted in terms of normative computations that maximize a particular reward function for stable, average behaviors. Aberrations from the reward-maximizing solutions, either across subjects or across different sessions for the same subject, are often interpreted as reflecting poor learning or physical limitations. Here we show that such aberrations may instead reflect the involvement of additional satisficing and heuristic principles. For an asymmetric-reward perceptual decision-making task, three monkeys produced adaptive biases in response to changes in reward asymmetries and perceptual sensitivity. Their choices and response times were consistent with a normative accumulate-to-bound process. However, their context-dependent adjustments to this process deviated slightly but systematically from the reward-maximizing solutions. These adjustments were instead consistent with a rational process to find satisficing solutions based on the gradient of each monkey’s reward-rate function. These results suggest new dimensions for assessing the rational and idiosyncratic aspects of flexible decision-making.
Adrb2 controls glucose homeostasis by developmental regulation of pancreatic islet vasculature
Authors: Ceasrine Alexis M , Lin Eugene E , Lumelsky David N , Iyer Radhika , Kuruvilla Rejji
Published: October 2018

A better understanding of processes controlling the development and function of pancreatic islets is critical for diabetes prevention and treatment. Here, we reveal a previously unappreciated function for pancreatic β2-adrenergic receptors (Adrb2) in controlling glucose homeostasis by restricting islet vascular growth during development. Pancreas-specific deletion of Adrb2 results in glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion in mice, and unexpectedly, specifically in females. The metabolic phenotypes were recapitulated by Adrb2 deletion from neonatal, but not adult, β-cells. Mechanistically, Adrb2 loss increases production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) in female neonatal β-cells and results in hyper-vascularized islets during development, which in turn, disrupts insulin production and exocytosis. Neonatal correction of islet hyper-vascularization, via VEGF-A receptor blockade, fully rescues functional deficits in glucose homeostasis in adult mutant mice. These findings uncover a regulatory pathway that functions in a sex-specific manner to control glucose metabolism by restraining excessive vascular growth during islet development.
Intraspinal delivery of opiates by an implantable, programmable pump in patients with chronic, intractable pain of nonmalignant origin
Authors: Kanoff Richard B.
Published: October 2018

The use of intraspinal therapy for the management of intractable pain from nonmalignant causes has not been widely discussed. An implantable, externally programmable infusion pump was used for intraspinal delivery of morphine sulfate to 15 patients with intractable pain from reflex sympathetic dystrophy, arachnoiditis after spinal surgery, or an unknown cause. Dosage patterns were individualized. At follow-up ranging from 2 to 44 months, pain relief was reported as excellent by 8 patients, good by 3, and fair by 4. Six patients have returned to work. Two patients chose to terminate therapy. Few complications occurred, but most patients needed increasingly larger doses over time to maintain pain relief. Intraspinal infusion of morphine sulfate by use of an implanted, externally programmable pump is safe and effective in selected patients with intractable pain of nonmalignant origin.
Distribution of deep-water corals, sponges, and demersal fisheries landings in Southern California, USA: implications for conservation priorities
Authors: Salgado Enrique J. , Nehasil Stephanie E. , Etnoyer Peter J.
Published: October 2018

Deep-sea corals in Southern California are diverse and abundant but subject to multiple stressors, including bottom-contact fisheries using mobile and fixed gear. There is a need for more information on the distribution of these taxa in relation to the distribution of demersal fishing effort, and the distribution of marine protected areas, in order to improve spatial planning. There are many marine managed areas in Southern California, including essential fish habitat (EFH) areas, conservation areas, and a national marine sanctuary, but specific areas of overlap between bottom fishing and benthic epifauna are poorly known. Groundfish surveys were conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service using a remotely operated vehicle throughout Southern California between 2003 and 2011 to document abundance and distribution of deep-water rockfish and flatfish to a depth of 500 m. Corals and sponges were also common in these images, providing an opportunity to examine these communities. Analyses of 34,792 still images revealed abundance and diversity of coral and sponge taxa, as well as frequency of fishing debris. The occurrence data were overlaid in a geographic information system with landings data for deep-water (>50 m) demersal fisheries to identify areas of spatial overlap. Corals or sponges were observed in 23% of images. A total of 15 coral genera and six sponge morphotypes were identified. A total of 70 species codes were targeted by deep-water demersal fisheries operating below 50 m for years 2007–2011. A novel priority-setting algorithm was developed to identify areas of high richness, abundance, and fishing intensity (RAFi). Several highly-ranked areas were already protected as EFH (Footprint, Piggy Bank). Other highly-ranked sites (West Catalina Island, San Clemente Island, 9-Mile Bank, Santa Rosa Flats) were encompassed by transient gear restrictions, such as Rockfish conservation areas, but are now recommended for permanent protection by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.
Compressive Properties of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid Matrix Composites Reinforced by Short Fibers and SiC Nanowires
Authors: Mei Hui , Yin Xiaokang , Zhang Jiongjiong , Zhao Wenyu
Published: October 2018

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) as a rapidly growing additive manufacturing technology is successfully applied to several industries. In this study, effects of printing layer thickness, reinforcement types, and silicon carbide nanowire (SiCnw) brushing layers on compressive properties are investigated by comparing the strength and modulus of the FDM specimens acquired from compression tests. First of all, the printing layer thickness determines the strength of the printed specimens, the pure polylactic acid (PLA), the PLA reinforced by short carbon fiber (Cf/PLA), and the PLA reinforced by graphene (G/PLA). The results indicate that both strength and elastic modulus of the printed specimens increase with the decrease of the printing layer thickness. Therefore, the effects of different reinforcement types on the mechanical properties are further investigated at the same printing layer thickness. It indicates that the printed Cf/PLA receives the highest elastic modulus up to 1.69 GPa due to the high modulus of carbon fiber. Finally, the SiCnw brushing layers between the printed PLA layers are found to significantly increase the compressive modulus and there is a growth of 55.1% from pure PLA to PLA with three SiCnw brushing layers.
Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of a New Near β Titanium Alloy Reinforced with Trace TiCp
Authors: Zhang Changjiang , Lü Zhidan , Wu Jie , Guo Chongxiao , Zhang Shuzhi , Han Jianchao , Feng Hong , Wang Hongxia
Published: October 2018

In this study, hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of a new near beta titanium alloy reinforced with trace TiCp (2 vol%) are investigated by isothermal compression test. The flow stress curves present various characteristics based on the deformation parameters. The hot deformation activation energy is determined to be 507.1 KJ mol−1, which is lower than that of the matrix alloy. Based on the dynamic material model (DMM), processing map at the strain of 0.6 indicates that flow instability mainly concentrates at 780–820 °C and strain rate higher than 0.22 s−1. Results of microstructure evolution illustrate that flow instability is characterized by the cracking, localized plastic flow, and bending of TiC particles. In the safety region, the morphology and fraction of α and β phases are closely depended on deformation conditions. At α/β field, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of β grains dominants the deformation mechanism due to the existence of TiC particles by providing nucleation sites. Meanwhile, the DRX degree of β grains is enhanced markedly compared with that of the matrix alloy in β phase field. Finally, deformation mechanism evolution under the given processing conditions is illuminated.
Uniformly Dispersed Freestanding Carbon Nanofiber/Graphene Electrodes Made by a Scalable Biological Method for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Luo Honglin , Xiong Peixun , Xie Jing , Yang Zhiwei , Huang Yuan , Hu Jimin , Wan Yizao , Xu Yunhua
Published: October 2018

A novel facile and scalable strategy is developed to prepare freestanding carbon nanofiber/graphene nanosheet composites using a scalable membrane–liquid interface culture method followed by carbonization. The carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and graphene nanosheets (GNs) are uniformly dispersed in a three‐dimensional (3D) conductive architecture. Robust mechanical properties are demonstrated with fine flexibility, good structure stability, and high specific surface area. As supercapacitor electrodes, the 3D nanocomposite delivers good electrochemical performance with a high capacitance of 215 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and extraordinary cycling stability with no capacitance degradation after 5000 cycles, which are among the best carbon electrodes in supercapacitors. The energy density is as high as 20 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 900 W kg−1, superior to other CNF‐based electrode materials. The superb electrochemical performance of the 3D nanocomposite electrode is ascribed to the unique structure: 3D conductive network, uniform dispersion of carbon nanofibers and graphene nanosheets, robust mechanical property, and large specific surface area. The combination of facile fabrication method, good performance, and robust mechanical property makes the 3D nanocomposites very promising as a new type of superior supercapacitor electrodes.
Organic Bidirectional Phototransistors Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Fullerene
Authors: Kahle Frank‐Julian , Hahn Tobias , Mukhopadhyay Tushita , Puttaraju Boregowda , Patil Satish , Köhler Anna
Published: October 2018

It is shown that simple bilayer devices consisting of the diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) monomer Ph‐TDPP‐Ph as donor and C60 as acceptor feature J–V‐characteristics of a bidirectional organic phototransistor where illumination intensity plays the role of the gate voltage as compared to a conventional field‐effect transistor. The output current may therefore be controlled both electrically and optically. The underlying mechanism is based on the good charge transport in Ph‐TDPP‐Ph and C60, the intrinsic dissociation properties of C60, and the presence of an injection barrier for holes. In addition to this, it is demonstrated that the observed behavior of the DPP/C60 system allows the realization of basic logic elements like NOT‐, AND‐, and OR‐Gates, which may provide the basis for advanced analog and digital applications.
Artificial Synapse Emulated by Charge Trapping‐Based Resistive Switching Device
Authors: Zhang Shi‐Rui , Zhou Li , Mao Jing‐Yu , Ren Yi , Yang Jia‐Qin , Yang Guang‐Hu , Zhu Xin , Han Su‐Ting , Roy Vellaisamy A. L. , Zhou Ye
Published: October 2018

The traditional Von Neumann architecture‐based computers are considered to be inadequate in the coming artificial intelligence era due to increasing computation complexity and rising power consumption. Neuromorphic computing may be the key role to emulate the human brain functions and eliminate the Von Neumann bottleneck. As a basic unit in the nervous system, a synapse is responsible for transmitting information between neurons. Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is able to imitate the synaptic functions because of its tunable resistive switching behavior. Here, an artificial synapse based on solution processed polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPy)–Au nanoparticle (NP) hybrid is fabricated, various synaptic functions including paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), posttetanic potentiation (PTP), transformation from short‐term plasticity (STP) to long‐term plasticity (LTP) and learning‐forgetting‐relearning process are emulated, making the polymer–metal NPs hybrid system valuable candidates for the design of novel artificial neural architectures.
Imaging phenotype of multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome 2, a rare BOLA3‐associated leukodystrophy
Authors: Nikam Rahul M. , Gripp Karen W. , Choudhary Arabinda K. , Kandula Vinay
Published: October 2018

Multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome (MMDS) is a rare disorder of systemic energy metabolism associated with mutations in genes having a vital role in production of iron–sulfur clusters, important for the normal maturation of lipoate‐containing 2‐oxoacid dehydrogenases and for the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. MMDS 2 associated with BOLA3 mutation presents in early infancy and is characterized by developmental regression, severe encephalopathy, optic atrophy, and cardiomyopathy. Neuroimaging phenotype associated with MMDS 2 has never been described in its entirety in literature, with few reported cases till date. None of the published cases mention findings demonstrated in our case, a proband with biallelic BOLA3 variants, such as necrotic/cavitary lesions within the centrum semiovale, restricted diffusivity within the white matter, areas of central enhancement within the centrum semiovale presumably related to leakage of contrast within the necrotic center, enhancement of bilateral optic nerves, and markedly elevated lactate on magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Arrangement of foot interosseous muscles in African great apes
Authors: Hirasaki Eishi , Oishi Motoharu
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The dorsal interossei of the human foot are arranged so that they abduct the digits around the second digit, while those of non‐hominoid anthropoid primates are mostly arranged around the third or fourth digit. This is thought to relate to the medial shift in the functional axis, an essential modification in the evolution of the human foot. However, studies of the arrangement of interosseous muscles are relatively limited and there is some debate about their arrangement in great apes. In particular, some researchers claim that the interossei of chimpanzees are arranged around the second digit, whereas others claim that their foot axis lies on the third digit.

Materials and Methods

We examined the arrangement of the foot interosseous muscles in ten chimpanzees, one bonobo, and three gorillas.

Results

The interossei were arranged around the second digit in two chimpanzees, one bonobo, and one gorilla, whereas the third digit was the axis in the other specimens.

Discussions

The variation observed suggests that the arrangement of the interosseous muscles of the great apes is in a transitional condition from monkey‐type to human‐type. Considering that osteological and foot pressure research supports the idea that the foot axis is on the second digit in great apes, modification in the interosseous muscles appears to lag behind modification in the metatarsals and foot motion.
Energy Transfer‐Assisted Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing in Conjugated Polymer/Europium Hybrid Microsphere Resonators
Authors: Ngara Zakarias S. , Okada Daichi , Oki Osamu , Yamamoto Yohei
Published: October 2018

Lanthanide metal complexes display luminescence with narrow bandwidth. Here, we present coupling of the luminescence from europium ion (Eu3+) with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in conjugated polymer microsphere resonators. Self‐assembly of fluorene–terpyridine alternating copolymer, coordinated by Eu3+ (F8tpy‐Eu3+), forms well‐defined microspheres with an average diameter of 3.2 μm. Upon focused laser excitation, a microsphere of F8tpy copolymer displays WGM photoluminescence (PL) at a wide spectral range from 420 to 680 nm. In contrast, F8tpy‐Eu3+ hybrid microspheres exhibit sharp WGM PL at a narrow spectral range of 615–630 nm, which is characteristic of luminescence from Eu3+. The PL behavior indicates that photoinduced energy transfer from F8tpy to Eu3+ occurs efficiently. Furthermore, the intensity of the PL peak increases nonlinearly upon strong pumping, indicating that a lasing action appears with the threshold of 1.85 mJ cm−2. These results will pave the way for developing microlasers and photonic devices from soft organic materials.
Organocatalysts Derived from Unnatural α‐Amino Acids: Scope and Applications
Authors: Agirre Maddalen , Arrieta Ana , Arrastia Iosune , Cossío Fernando P.
Published: October 2018

The organocatalytic properties of unnatural α‐amino acids are reviewed. Post‐translational derivatives of natural α‐amino acids include 4‐hydroxy‐l‐proline and 4‐amino‐l‐proline scaffolds, and also proline homologues. The activity of synthetic unnatural α‐amino acid‐based organocatalysts, such as β‐alkyl alanines, alanine‐based phosphines, and tert‐leucine derivatives, are reviewed herein. The organocatalytic properties of unnatural monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic proline derivatives are also reviewed. Several families of these organocatalysts permit the efficient and stereoselective synthesis of complex natural products. Most of the reviewed organocatalysts accelerate the reported reactions through covalent interactions that raise the HOMO (enamine intermediates) or lower the LUMO (iminium intermediates).
Hydrogen‐Bonding‐Assisted Supramolecular Metal Catalysis
Authors: Mote Nilesh R. , Chikkali Samir H.
Published: October 2018

The process of catalyst screening and discovery still largely relies on traditional ligand‐design approaches, which suffer from complex synthetic requirements and offer limited structural diversity. On the contrary, supramolecular chemistry offers the potential to harness multiple weak secondary interactions to deliver self‐assembled catalysts with diverse structures or to orient substrates to achieve enzyme‐like activity and selectivity. Herein, the application of hydrogen‐bonding (H‐bonding) interactions as a construction element and directing group in “supramolecular transition‐metal catalysis” is critically reviewed and the current state‐of‐the‐art in the field is presented. H‐bonding interactions empower structurally simple ligands to deliver complex self‐assembled catalysts, which have been found to catalyze a gamut of organic transformations, including hydroformylation, hydrogenation, and allylation reactions. As we will discuss, on many occasions, these supramolecular catalysts outperform their analogous covalently linked catalytic systems. The potential of H‐bonding interactions as directing groups has recently been recognized by the scientific community and this Focus Review presents the role of hydrogen‐bonding interactions in directing substrates to obtain excellent selectivities and activities in a range of catalytic transformations.
A Hemicyanine‐Embedded Diphenylselenide‐Containing Probe “HemiSe” in which SePh2 Stays Reduced for Selective Detection of Superoxide in Living Cells
Authors: Halle Mahesh B. , Lee Kyung Jin , Yudhistira Tesla , Choi Jae Hyuck , Park Hee‐Sung , Churchill David G.
Published: October 2018

A simple one‐step synthesis of fluorescent probe HemiSe has been developed for the detection of superoxide (O2.−). The probe undergoes reaction specifically with O2.− when in the presence of other competitive ROS/RNS/metal ions. The diphenylselenide was incorporated to completely quench the fluorescence of the hemicyanine unit through the action of a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) photomechanism. However, after the addition of O2.−, the latent fluorophore regains its fluorescence owing to the reaction at the C=C bond of the hemicyanine with O2.− through nucleophilic attack; the increase in blue emission is due to a reaction of the double bond within HemiSe followed by an increase in fluorescence quantum yield (Φ) up to 0.45; the limit of detection (LOD) is 11.9 nm. A time‐dependent study shows that HemiSe can detect superoxide within 13 min with high sensitivity, high selectivity, over a wide pH range, and through confirmation with a xanthine/xanthine oxidase biochemical assay (λem=439 nm). A study in the RAW 264.7 macrophage living cells also shows that HemiSe is not toxic, cell permeable (experimental log P=2.11); confocal imaging results show that HemiSe can detect O2.− in endogenous and exogeneous systems.
Case presentation: Mental health stigma and the effect on children in Kenya
Authors: Anglero‐Diaz Yohanis
Published: October 2018

As part of our professional development and interest in global health, we embarked on a three‐week journey to Eldoret, the fifth‐largest city in Kenya. During this time, we engaged in various teaching and learning opportunities, collaborating with mental health professionals at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) and Shoe4Africa Children's Hospital through the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) program. AMPATH is a partnership of organizations (including the Kenyan government, local teaching hospitals, Indiana University, Brown University, other North American medical schools, and the National Hospital Insurance Fund) that works closely to improve health care in Kenya, empower communities, and educate future clinicians, researchers, and health care workers. To raise awareness of global health and the need for future research and development, we will present a relevant clinical case along with a discussion of challenges for mental health treatment of children in Kenya.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2018

The prevalence of ACEs

The association between maternal cannabis use and earlier initiation by offspring

How early foster care can minimize psychopathology caused by institutionalization
How to respond to trauma in your child
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2018

As part of its “trauma toolbox,” the American Academy of Pediatrics has released a brochure on how to respond to trauma in foster and adoptive children. Many of these children, by definition, have been through trauma. There is good advice for all caregivers in this advice, regardless of the child's foster or adoptive status. Below is guidance from the toolbox.
Characteristics of and current practice patterns of pacing for high‐degree atrioventricular block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in comparison to surgical aortic valve replacement
Authors: Misumida Naoki , Pagath Mariah , Ogunbayo Gbolahan O. , Wilson Ryan E. , Kim Sun Moon , Abdel‐Latif Ahmed , Elayi Claude S.
Published: October 2018

Objective

We aimed to investigate the current practice patterns of permanent pacing, especially the timing of implantation, for high‐degree AV block (HDAVB) following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR).

Background

Comparative data regarding current practice patterns of permanent pacing for HDAVB between TAVI and SAVR is limited.

Methods

Using the National Inpatient Sample database, we identified patients who underwent TAVI or SAVR between 2012 and 2014. The incidence of HDAVB, the rate of permanent pacemaker implantation, and the timing of implantations were compared between TAVI and SAVR groups.

Results

We identified 33 690 and 202 110 patients who underwent TAVI and SAVR, respectively. HDAVB occurred in 3480 patients (10.3%) in the TAVI group and 11 405 patients (5.6%) in the SAVR group (P < 0.001). Among the patients who developed HDAVB, patients in the TAVI group were more likely to undergo permanent pacemaker implantation than those in the SAVR group (74.1% vs 64.7%; P < 0.001). The median interval from TAVI to pacemaker implantation was 2 days (interquartile range 1‐3 days) vs 5 days (interquartile range 3‐7 days) from SAVR to pacemaker implantation (P < 0.001). Among the patients who developed HDAVB, TAVI was associated with higher rates of permanent pacemaker implantation after adjusting for other comorbidities (odds ratio 1.41:95% confidence interval 1.13‐1.77; P = 0.003).

Conclusions

HDAVB occurred more commonly after TAVI compared to SAVR. HDAVB after TAVI compared to SAVR was associated with a higher rate of permanent pacemaker implantation at an earlier timing from the index procedure.
Modeling and Validating Fixed‐Bed Reactors: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Authors: Stegehake Carolin , Riese Julia , Grünewald Marcus
Published: October 2018

Es stehen vielfältige Methoden zur Beschreibung der Wärme‐ und Stofftransportvorgänge in Festbettreaktoren für die Durchführung von heterogen katalysierten Gasphasenreaktionen zur Verfügung. Neben den homogenen und heterogenen Kontinuumsmodellen kann auch der partikelaufgelösten Modellierung ein hohes Anwendungspotenzial zugewiesen werden. Für die Methoden werden die Vor‐ und Nachteile sowie Annahmen und Randbedingungen dargestellt und diskutiert. Zusätzlich werden die Möglichkeiten zur experimentellen Validierung diskutiert, wobei der Fokus dabei auf den besonders verbreiteten zweidimensionalen, homogenen Kontinuumsmodellen liegt.
Stereoselective Construction of Complex Spirooxindoles via Bisthiourea Catalyzed Three‐Component Reactions
Authors: Zhang Lin‐Lin , Zhang Ji‐Wei , Xiang Shao‐Hua , Guo Zhen , Tan Bin
Published: October 2018

A well‐designed three‐component reaction was developed to construct a class of optically active carbazolespirooxindole‐urazoles in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities via tandem Diels‐Alder reaction and ene‐reaction. The driving force originating from aromatization with in situ generated carbazolespirooxindole and the high reactivity of 4‐phenyl‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3,5‐dione facilitate the ene‐reaction in mild conditions. Control experiments indicated that the excellent stereoselectivities of ene‐reaction most likely came from the spatial configuration of the carbazolespirooxindole. The obtained products could be converted to other synthetic useful structures via diverse functionalization.
Coupling Extracts of Plant Coagulants With Solar Disinfection Showed a Complete Inactivation of Faecal Coliforms
Authors: Megersa Moa , Beyene Abebe , Ambelu Argaw , Triest Ludwig
Published: October 2018

The small treated volume of water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles used in solar water disinfection (SODIS), and incomplete inactivation of bacteria at high water turbidity of ≥30 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) are the major drawbacks of solar water treatment techniques. To address these problems, field experiments are conducted to inactivate faecal coliforms under natural sunlight. To assess the efficacy of large volumes, 3, 5, and 10‐L transparent plastic containers are used along with standard PET bottles (2 L) as SODIS reactors. To reduce the turbidity of the water, extracts of natural coagulants from tubers ofMaerua subcordataand seeds ofMoringa stenopetalaare used. The results revealed that the turbidity of water and volume of containers affect the efficiency of SODIS, where the highest bacterial inactivation is observed at 10 NTU and a 0.5‐L PET bottle. However, the combined water treatment experiments of coagulation with extracts of eitherM. subcordataorM. stenopetalafollowed by SODIS on turbid water (150 NTU) showed 100% reduction of faecal coliforms with 4 h of exposure. This research demonstrates that a 10‐L container filled with water can be treated combining plant extracts with SODIS. The technology can be used for provision of safe and adequate drinking water for rural communities in developing countries.
Congestive heart failure in older adults diagnosed with follicular lymphoma: A population‐based study
Authors: Kenzik Kelly M. , Mehta Amitkumar , Richman Joshua S. , Kilgore Meredith , Bhatia Smita
Published: October 2018

Background

To the authors’ knowledge, there is limited information regarding the long‐term risk of congestive heart failure (CHF) among patients with follicular lymphoma, a prevalent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis among those aged >65 years, especially within the context of therapeutic exposures and preexisting comorbidities.

Methods

Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data from 1999 through 2013, the authors identified 6109 patients with follicular lymphoma who were diagnosed at age ≥66 years between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011, and a frequency‐matched Medicare noncancer sample. Subdistribution hazards models assessed risks associated with new‐onset CHF through December 31, 2013. Propensity score–matched models examined CHF risk in patients receiving anthracyclines when compared with matched noncancer controls.

Results

When compared with matched controls, patients with follicular lymphoma receiving anthracyclines at ages 66 to 75 years had a 1.7‐fold (95% confidence interval, 1.4‐fold to 2.1‐fold) higher risk of new‐onset CHF; patients diagnosed at age >75 years did not differ from noncancer controls with regard to CHF risk. Preexisting hypertension was associated with a 1.7‐fold and 1.35‐fold, respectively, increased hazard of CHF for each age group, independent of anthracycline exposure. Preexisting diabetes was associated with 1.5‐fold increased hazard of CHF only in those patients aged 66 to 75 years. Patients with new‐onset CHF had a 18% lower 10‐year survival compared with those without CHF.

Conclusions

Patients with follicular lymphoma who were exposed to anthracyclines between the ages of 66 years and 75 years were found to be at an increased risk of new‐onset CHF; preexisting hypertension and diabetes appeared to increase this risk. The findings of the current study support and inform the risk‐based follow‐up of vulnerable populations.
Liquid Drops on a Rough Surface
Authors: Feldman William M. , Kim Inwon C.
Published: October 2018

We consider a liquid drop sitting on a rough solid surface at equilibrium, a volume‐constrained minimizer of the total interfacial energy. The large‐scale shape of such a drop strongly depends on the microstructure of the solid surface. Surface roughness enhances hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity properties of the surface, altering the equilibrium contact angle between the drop and the surface. Our goal is to understand the shape of the drop with fixed small‐scale roughness. To achieve this, we develop a quantitative description of the drop and its contact line in the context of periodic homogenization theory, building on the qualitative theory of Alberti and DeSimone. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stable Surface Modification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using the Avidin‐Biotin Complex Technique
Authors: Kusamori Kosuke , Takayama Yukiya , Nishikawa Makiya
Published: October 2018

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise in cell‐based therapies because of their strong tissue repair ability and immunosuppressive effects; however, the therapeutic efficacy of transplanted MSCs is limited due to low survival rates and short‐term functioning after transplantation. While the functionalization of MSCs is an ideal way to solve these problems, conventional cell functionalization methods have disadvantages such as cell damage, changes in cellular characteristics, and short‐term modification. This unit describes a technique for MSC functionalization by surface modification via the avidin‐biotin complex (ABC). This technique provides long‐term modification MSC surfaces with biotinylated compounds. This easy method of MSC functionalization will support effective MSC‐based therapy. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nitrogen‐Doped Biomass‐Derived Carbon Formed by Mechanochemical Synthesis for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Schneidermann Christina , Kensy Christian , Otto Pascal , Oswald Steffen , Giebeler Lars , Leistenschneider Desirée , Grätz Sven , Dörfler Susanne , Kaskel Stefan , Borchardt Lars
Published: October 2018

Nitrogen‐doped carbons were synthesized by a solvent‐free mechanochemically induced one‐pot synthesis by using renewable biomass waste. Three solid materials are used: sawdust as a carbon source, urea and/or melamine as a nitrogen source, and potassium carbonate as an activation agent. The resulting nitrogen‐doped porous carbons offer a very high specific surface area of up to 3000 m2 g−1 and a large pore volume up to 2 cm3 g−1. Also, a high nitrogen content of 4 wt % (urea only) up to 12 wt % (melamine only) is generated, depending on the nitrogen and carbon sources. The mechanochemical reaction and the impact of different wood components on the porosity and surface functionalities are investigated by nitrogen physisorption and high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These N‐doped carbons are highly suitable as cathode materials for Li–S batteries, showing high initial discharge capacities of up to 1300 mAh gsulfur−1 (95 % coulombic efficiency) and >75 % capacity retention within the first 50 cycles at low electrolyte volume.
In Situ‐Fabricated 2D/2D Heterojunctions of Ultrathin SiC/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction with High CH4 Selectivity
Authors: Han Cheng , Lei Yongpeng , Wang Bing , Wang Yingde
Published: October 2018

Photoreduction of CO2 into fuel molecules such as CH4 represents a promising route to simultaneously explore renewable energy and alleviate global warming. However, the implementation of such a process is hampered by low product yields and poor selectivity. A 2D/2D heterojunction of ultrathin SiC and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets was fabricated in situ for efficient and selective photoreduction of CO2. Ultrathin SiC suppresses significant charge recombination in the bulk phase, thus providing more energetic electrons. The robust 2D/2D heterojunction allows fast transfer of energetic electrons from SiC to RGO. Combining the vital role of RGO in facilitating CO2 activation, the optimized SiC/RGO exhibits an electron‐transfer rate of 58.17 μmol h−1 g−1 towards CO2 reduction, 2.7 times that of pure SiC (20.25 μmol h−1 g−1). About 92 % of the transferred electrons from SiC are devoted to generating CH4 (6.72 μmol h−1 g−1). Such high efficiency and selectivity are mainly a result of the densely accumulated energetic electrons within RGO, which facilitate the eight‐electron process to produce CH4. This work will inspire the design of catalyst/cocatalyst systems for efficient and selective photoreduction of CO2.