bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimethoate 40% organosphosphorous pesticide toxicity in Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae, Characiformes) eggs and larvae
Authors: Campagna A. F. , Eler M. N. , Espíndola E. L. G. , Senhorini J. A. , Rêgo R. F. do , Silva L.O. L.
Published: August 2006

Toxicity tests using early life stages of fish are of great importance in assessing risks to growth, reproduction and survival in polluted environments and are important tools for good environmental monitoring. However, a small number of standard bioassays of this type have been developed in Brazil. Curimbatá (Prochilodus lineatus) is an abundant South American characid fish of great commercial interest. It was chosen for testing different concentrations of 40% dimethoate, an organophosphate insecticide and acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibitor used widely in Brazil. The 48-h LC50 for eggs is higher than 16.0 µg.L-1, whereas for recently hatched larvae it was found to be significantly lower (11.81 µg.L-1, ranging between 10.23 µg.L-1 - 13.65 µg.L-1) and also significantl y lower than that for eggs by a Student t-test for independent samples (p = 0.03). The 96-h LC50 for 3-day old larvae was 10.44 µg.L-1 (8.03 µg.L-1 - 13.57 µg.L-1), similar to that of recently-hatched larvae (p = 0.76). Larval mobility was also found to be reduced by this insecticide.
Insect folivory in Didymopanax vinosum (Apiaceae) in a vegetation mosaic of Brazilian cerrado
Authors: Varanda E. M. , Pais M. P.
Published: August 2006

Susceptibility of Didymopanax vinosum (Apiaceae) to insect herbivores was investigated in three sites of a cerrado mosaic - composed of campo cerrado (a grassland with scattered trees and shrubs), cerradão (a tall woodland) and cerrado sensu stricto (intermediate between the two) - situated in Cerrado Pé-de-Gigante, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil. We also examined the relationship of folivory with the composition and abundance of the insect herbivore fauna, and with several nutritional and defensive plant characteristics (water, nitrogen, cellulose, lignin, tannin leaf contents, and leaf toughness). We collected insects associated with D. vinosum every month, and we measured leaf damage every three months. In general, the annual folivory differed among sites. It reached the highest rates in site 1 and site 3: 7.33 and 8.5 percent, respectively. Only 1.32 percent of annual folivory was observed in site 2. These levels resulted from the higher abundance, in sites 1 and 3, of the thrips Liothrips didymopanacis (Phlaeothripidae), the most abundant herbivore sampled, responsible for more than 90 percent of the observed damage. However, no significant relationship was found between insect activity and the chemical and physical composition of the leaves. Our findings suggest that, at least in this species, other chemical compounds or variables related to plant apparency and resource availability to herbivores (e.g. plant architecture) might play a more decisive role in the spatial variation of folivory than the nutritional and defensive traits that were analyzed.
Effect of nectar secretion rate on pollination success of Passiflora coccinea (Passifloraceae) in the Central Amazon
Authors: Fischer E. , Leal I. R.
Published: August 2006

The pollination of Passiflora coccinea by the hummingbird Phaethornis superciliosus was studied in Central Amazon, Brazil. We hypothesized that a greater nectar secretion rate (NSR) increases the pollination success of single flowers through Ph. superciliosus visiting behavior. For control flowers, NSR was an increasing function of flower base diameter (FBD). The total number of Ph. superciliosus probes per flower was an increasing function of FBD. Additionally, deposition of pollen on stigmas increased with the cumulative number of Ph. superciliosus probes. Our results show that larger P. coccinea flowers secrete nectar at higher rates, are probed more times during each hummingbird visit and are more successful at pollination. This seems to be the first non-manipulative study describing such an effect of NSR on the pollination of single flowers in nature.
Estudo das comunidades de aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) em ambiente de Mata Atlântica no Parque Metropolitano de Pituaçu - PMP, Salvador, Bahia
Authors: Oliveira-Alves Alder , Peres Marcelo Cesar Lima , Dias Marcelo Alves , Cazais-Ferreira Gutemberg da Silva , Souto Luciano Raimundo Alardo
Published: August 2006

O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Parque Metropolitano de Pituaçu (PMP), um fragmento de Mata Atlântica secundária com 425 ha, localizado nas coordenadas geográficas 12º56'S;38º24'W. Foi analisado o efeito de borda sobre a composição, diversidade e riqueza em espécies de aranhas do PMP. Foram utilizados dois métodos: coleta manual noturna (CMN) e guarda-chuva entomológico (GE). Foram escolhidos 12 pontos arbitrariamente, seis de borda e seis de centro, totalizando 24h e 240 arbustos. A riqueza foi estimada pelo índice de Bootstrap através do software EstimateS e a diversidade pelo índice de Shannon-Wiener (H). Foi aplicado o índice de similaridade de Jaccard para estimar o grau de semelhança entre a composição de espécies dos ambientes. As análises estatísticas foram feitas a partir do software Bioestat 2.0 e Diversity©, utilizando-se para a comparação da riqueza estimada entre os ambientes, o teste ANOVA: um critério. Foram coletados 948 espécimes, sendo 272 indivíduos adultos, agrupados em 20 famílias e 80 espécies. A Partir do índice de riqueza Bootstrap estimou-se para o método de coleta GE 32 espécies para o centro e 34 para a borda, quanto a CMN foi estimado 45 espécies para o centro e 53 para a borda, verificando-se que em ambos os métodos de amostragem não houve diferença significativa entre as áreas (ANOVA, p>0,05). Com relação à diversidade, observou-se que em ambos os métodos de coleta que o índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener foi maior na borda que no centro, apontando diferenças bastante significativas, entre os ambientes de borda e centro. O índice de similaridade de Jaccard em relação à composição de espécies entre borda e centro foi de 32,2% para CMN e 20,9% para GE apresentando assim um baixo grau de similaridade na composição dessas espécies entre as áreas. Dentre as espécies dominantes no ambiente de centro as aranhas construtoras de teia foram mais abundantes, fato este que não foi observado na borda do fragmento, ocorrendo predominância de aranhas errantes. A presença de maior diversidade de espécies de aranhas na borda do fragmento, apresenta-se como um resultado inusitado, devido às suas características físicas do centro serem mais conservadas. Desta forma infere-se em nossos resultados a atuação do efeito de borda como uma barreira natural, impedindo assim o fluxo de espécies entre os ambientes, contudo esse resultado também propõe que exista um fator mais expressivo atuando na diversidade de espécies de aranhas concentrando-as na borda do fragmento.
Diversidade de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) de solo na bacia do reservatório do Guarapiranga, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Indicatti Rafael P. , Candiani David F. , Brescovit Antonio D. , Japyassú Hilton F.
Published: August 2006

Um inventário da fauna de aranhas de serapilheira foi realizado em duas áreas no Reservatório do Guarapiranga, na Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos e no Jardim Ângela (continente), São Paulo, SP. Comparou-se as duas áreas em relação à composição, riqueza e abundância. Nos dois locais a vegetação é de Mata Atlântica secundária, sendo que a maior parte da ilha é composta de eucaliptos. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente utilizando armadilhas de solo, durante um ano. Foram coletadas 1852 aranhas no continente, das quais 1423 adultas, pertencentes a 21 famílias e distribuídas em 62 morfoespécies. Na Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos, foram coletadas 1119 aranhas das quais 748 adultas e 50 espécies distribuídas em 18 famílias. Destas, 26 morfoespécies, de 12 famílias, foram comuns às duas áreas. A espécie mais abundante foi Brattia castanea Millidge, 1991 (Linyphiidae) com 554 exemplares. A família com maior número de espécies foi Theridiidae com 18. Para as estimativas de riqueza de espécies, foi utilizado o programa EstimateS 5.0. No continente e na ilha o método que indicou a menor estimativa de riqueza foi Bootstrap, com 73 e 58 espécies respectivamente. Os métodos que apresentaram as maiores estimativas foram Chao 2 com 135 espécies para o continente e Jack 2 com 76 espécies para a Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos.
Notas sobre espécies de Idiops perty, 1833 do sudeste brasileiro com descrição de I. pirassununguensis sp. n. (Mygalomorphae, Idiopidae, Idiopinae)
Authors: Fukami Celina Yukari , Lucas Sylvia Marlene
Published: August 2006

O estudo de material tipo e não tipo do gênero Idiops Perty, 1833 das quatro espécies descritas para o sudeste do Brasil permitiu ampliar o conhecimento taxonômico das mesmas. Assim Idiops montealegrensis Soares, 1944 é sinonimizada com Idiops camelus Mello Leitão, 1937; Idiops germaini Simon, 1892, descrita para o Rio de Janeiro, é confirmada como espécie válida e Idiops pirassununguensis sp. n. é descrita para Pirassununga, São Paulo. Idiops nilopolensis Mello Leitão, 1923, de Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, cujo tipo não foi localizado, é considerada species inquirenda. São apresentadas novas ocorrências para Idiops camelus.
Ampliação da distribuição geográfica de Phoneutria bahiensis Simó & Brescovit, 2001 (Ctenidae: Cteninae) no estado da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Dias Marcelo Alves , Benati Kátia Regina , Peres Marcelo Cesar Lima
Published: August 2006

Foram identificados quatro espécimes de P. bahiensis, decorrentes de um resgate de fauna realizado no município de Itapebi, extremo sul da Bahia. Este registro amplia a distribuição geográfica da espécie, visto que a literatura, até o momento, restringia a ocorrência da P. bahiensis apenas às cidades de Ilhéus, no sul da Bahia e Salvador.
Accidentes con escorpiones en la ciudad de posadas, Provincia de Misiones, Argentina, durante el año 2002
Authors: Stetson Roberto E.
Published: August 2006

Con el objeto de conocer el tipo y modo en que se producen los accidentes con escorpiones en la ciudad de Posadas, se realizaron estudios, que comprendieron el análisis de: planillas de consultas médicas en el Sector de Emergencias de dos de los principales hospitales de la ciudad (Hospital Ramón Madariaga y el Hospital de Pediatría de Autogestión), Fichas de denuncia de accidentes con animales venenosos no ofidicos y la identificación de escorpiones que participaron en los accidentes. Los resultados obtenidos durante el año 2002, se presentan discriminado según: número de caso, meses del año, especies involucradas, tipos de accidentes, síntomas más frecuentes, tratamientos empleados, relación porcentual con otros animales venenosos no ofidicos, sexos de los accidentados, edades en niños y comparación con años anteriores desde 1998. Se pudo constatar que: durante el 2002 se registraron 97 casos de accidentes con escorpiones y que éstos se registraron durante casi todos los meses del año, incrementándose progresivamente a medida que avanzan los períodos cálidos, siendo los meses de diciembre, enero y febrero los de mayor incidencia. Se estima que la mayoría fueron producidos por Tityus trivittatus. Si bien no se registró oficialmente, ningún caso grave o mortal, las picaduras resultan ser muy dolorosas y no requirieron la aplicación de Antiveneno, utilizándose un tratamiento con corticoides o antihistamínicos y calmantes. El sexo más afectado fue el femenino. Los accidentes en niños comprendieron edades entre los 6 y 13 años. Al comparar la casuística con años anteriores se pudo determinar que los accidentes están aumentando progresivamente.
Ascidians at Currais islands, Paraná, Brazil: taxonomy and distribution
Authors: Rocha Rosana Moreira da , Faria Suzana Barros de
Published: August 2006

The Currais Islands is a group of a few small rocky islands in the state of Paraná, in southern Brazil, which provides an interesting location for the study of ascidians. Subtidal diversity is very high and the islands have recently been proposed as a Conservation Unit. A field study was established on the largest island to understand ascidian distributions on spatial and temporal scales. Transects, sampled three times during 2002 and 2003, were established on northern and southern locations of the island as well as at three depths. Twenty species were recorded; the most common were Didemnum rodriguesi, Didemnum speciosum and Didemnum granulatum. Three species are possibly new and will be described elsewhere. An additional nine are new records for the state of Paraná: Perophora regina, Didemnum speciosum, Trididemnum orbiculatum, Eudistoma carolinense, Aplidium pentatrema, Molgula phytophila, Botryllus tuberatus, Symplegma brakenhielmi and Polyandrocarpa anguinea. While all these species are distributed between 6 and 15 m, there is a tendency to reduction of abundance towards 15 m in several species. Some species appear to prefer the north side of the island. Several species show temporal changes in abundance, with some being most common in the spring and others in the summer, but we can not affirm yet that there is a seasonal pattern between years.
Diptera muscidae do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)
Authors: Couri Márcia Souto , Carvalho Cláudio Jose Barros de
Published: August 2006

Uma lista de espécies de Muscidae (Diptera) assinaladas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil é apresentada. Um total de 843 espécies de 85 gêneros é conhecido na Região Neotropical. No Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 154 espécies de 46 gêneros têm sido registradas.
Effect of carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agents containing fluoride or calcium on tensile strength of human enamel
Authors: Giannini Marcelo , Silva Alessandra Peres , Cavalli Vanessa , Leme Adriana Franco Paes
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agents (CPG) containing fluoride (CF) or calcium (CCa) on the ultimate tensile strength of enamel (UTS). METHOD: A "cube-like" resin composite structure was built-up on the occlusal surface of twenty-two sound third molars to facilitate specimen preparation for the micro-tensile test. The restored teeth were serially sectioned in buccal-lingual direction in slices with approximate 0.7 mm thickness. Each slice was trimmed with a fine diamond bur to reduce the buccal, internal slope enamel of the cusps to a dumb-bell shape with a cross-sectional area at the "neck" of less than 0.5 mm². The samples were randomly divided into 12 groups (n=11). The control groups were not submitted to the bleaching regimen. Specimens were treated with 10% CPG gel or with 10% CPG formulations containing CF (0.2% and 0.5%) or CCa (0.05% and 0.2%). Bleached groups received the application of the 10% CPGs for 6 hours/day at 37º C, during 14 consecutive days and were stored in artificial saliva (AS) or 100% relative humidity (RH) among each application. After bleaching, specimens were tested with the microtensile method at 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between groups stored in AS or RH. Specimens treated with CF or CCa presented similar UTS as unbleached control groups. CONCLUSION: Either 10% CPG formulations containing CF or CCa can preserve the UTS after bleaching regimen.
Delayed tooth replantation after root surface treatment with sodium hypochlorite and sodium fluoride: histomorphometric analysis in rats
Authors: Sottovia André Dotto , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Poi Wilson Roberto , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Lauris José Roberto Pereira
Published: August 2006

In cases of delayed tooth replantation, non-vital periodontal ligament remnants have been removed with sodium hypochlorite in an attempt to control root resorption. Nevertheless, reports of its irritating potential in contact with the alveolar connective tissue have been described. Therefore, this study evaluated the healing process on delayed replantation of rat teeth, after periodontal ligament removal by different treatment modalities. Twenty-four rats, assigned to 3 groups (n=8), had their upper right incisor extracted and left on the workbench for desiccation during 60 min. Afterwards, the teeth in group I were immersed in saline for 2 min. In group II, root surfaces were scrubbed with gauze soaked in saline for 2 min; and in group III, scrubbing was done with gauze soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Thereafter, root surfaces were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and immersed in 2% acidulate-phosphate sodium fluoride solution, at pH 5.5. Root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide-based paste and the teeth were replanted. The animals were sacrificed 60 days postoperatively and the pieces containing the replanted teeth were processed and paraffin- embedded. Semi-serial transversally sections were obtained from the middle third of the root and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histomorphometric analysis. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. The results showed that root structure and cementum extension were more affected by resorption in group III (p<0.05). All groups were affected by root resorption but the treatment performed in group III was the least effective for its control. The treatment accomplished in groups I and II yielded similar results to each other.
Manifestações sistêmicas na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica
Authors: Dourado Victor Zuniga , Tanni Suzana Erico , Vale Simone Alves , Faganello Márcia Maria , Sanchez Fernanda Figueirôa , Godoy Irma
Published: August 2006

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é progressiva e está relacionada a uma resposta inflamatória anormal dos pulmões à inalação de partículas e/ou gases tóxicos, sobretudo a fumaça de cigarro. Embora acometa primariamente os pulmões, diversas manifestações extrapulmonares relacionadas a esta enfermidade têm sido descritas. O aumento do número de células inflamatórias, que resulta em produção anormal de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, e o desequilíbrio entre a formação de radicais livres e a capacidade antioxidante, resultando em sobrecarga oxidativa, provavelmente são mecanismos envolvidos na inflamação local e sistêmica. Além disso, a diminuição do condicionamento físico secundária às limitações ventilatórias pode estar envolvida no desenvolvimento de alterações musculares. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica apresenta diversas manifestações sistêmicas que incluem a depleção nutricional, a disfunção dos músculos esqueléticos, que contribui para a intolerância ao exercício, e as manifestações relacionadas a co-morbidades comumente observadas nestes pacientes. Essas manifestações têm sido relacionadas à sobrevida e ao estado geral de saúde dos pacientes. Nesse sentido, esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir os achados da literatura relacionados às manifestações sistêmicas da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, ressaltando o papel da inflação sistêmica, e algumas perspectivas de tratamento.
Síndrome de Claude Bernard-Horner associada ao empiema pleural
Authors: Westphal Fernando Luiz , Lima Luiz Carlos de , Menezes Arteiro Queiroz , Silva Dirany Leite Sacramento e
Published: August 2006

A síndrome de Claude Bernard-Horner apresenta várias etiologias, ocorre por interrupção do estímulo nervoso em qualquer ponto do trajeto do nervo e pode ser intra ou extratorácica. É relatado um caso dessa síndrome causado por empiema pleural septado, localizado em região paravertebral, no terço superior do hemitórax direito. O paciente foi submetido à toracotomia para drenagem da cavidade pleural. A evolução foi satisfatória, com regressão do quadro infeccioso, expansão pulmonar e remissão da síndrome.
Síndrome de Mounier-Kühn
Authors: Fortuna Fabrício Piccoli , Irion Klaus , Wink Cesare , Boemo Jorge Luis
Published: August 2006

A síndrome de Mounier-Kühn, ou traqueobroncomegalia congênita, é uma entidade clínica rara caracterizada pela dilatação anormal de traquéia e brônquios principais. O diagnóstico geralmente pode ser realizado através da mensuração do diâmetro traqueal. Os autores apresentam o caso de um homem de 40 anos com pneumonia refratária ao tratamento, no qual a traqueobroncomegalia foi confirmada através de tomografia computadorizada.
Shrinkage stress of three composites under different polymerization methods
Authors: Zanchi Cesar Henrique , Carvalho Rodrigo Varella de , Rodrigues Junior Sinval Adalberto , Demarco Flávio Fernando , Burnett Júnior Luiz Henrique
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shrinkage stress of three composites under different polymerization methods: halogen conventional polymerization (G1), halogen "soft-start" polymerization (G2) and LED polymerization (G3). The composites tested were Filtek Z-100 (3M/ESPE), Filtek Z-250 (3M/ESPE) and Solitaire 2 (Heraeus Kulzer). For G1, an XL-3000 (3M/ESPE) curing unit with light intensity of 507 mW/cm² was employed. In G2, the same light unit was used, but with a reduced light intensity in the first 20 s (166 mW/cm²). In G3, an Ultrablue I (DMC) LED curing unit with light intensity of 125 mW/cm² was used. The test was performed with a DL 2000 (EMIC) universal testing machine and two metallic molds with a 1 mm space between them. The composites were inserted in the space between the molds and light cured according to the protocols mentioned above. Stress was registered in different periods of time: 10, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 s. A significant linear increase of the shrinkage stress over time was observed, except for Z-100 in G2. Generally, LED polymerization (G3) reduced the generated stress when compared to conventional halogen polymerization (G1). In G3, the composite with the additional co-initiatior presented lower stress when compared to the other composites tested. The combination between composite and polymerization method produced different patterns of stress behavior. LED polymerization reduced the initial shrinkage stress of the three materials and was influenced by the presence of co-initiators in the composites.
Effect of light-activation methods and water storage on the flexural strength of two composite resins and a compomer
Authors: Rodrigues Filho Leonardo Eloy , Burger Luis Antônio dos Santos , Kenshima Silvia , Bauer José Roberto de Oliveira , Medeiros Igor Studart , Muench Antonio
Published: August 2006

The present study evaluated the flexural strength of three composite resins recommended for direct esthetic restorations: a polyacid modified composite (Dyract AP), a unimodal composite resin (Filtek Z250) and a hybrid composite resin (Point 4). The variation factors, apart from the type of composite resin, were the light activation method and the water storage period. The composite resins were light-cured in continuous mode (40 s, 500 mW/cm²) or in ramp mode (0-800 mW/cm² for 10 s followed by 30 s at 800 mW/cm²) and stored for 24 hours or 30 days in distilled water at 37°C. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test for multiple comparisons (alpha = 0.05). The composite resin Z250 presented the highest mean flexural strength (166.74 MPa) and Dyract AP presented the lowest one (129.76 MPa). The storage for 30 days decreased the flexural strength in ramp mode (24 h: 156.64 MPa; 30 days: 135.58 MPa). The light activation method alone did not lead to different flexural strength values.
Runoff losses of cyanazine and metolachlor: effects of soil type and precipitation timing
Authors: Shaw David R. , Schraer Stephen M. , Prince Joby M. , Boyette Michele , Kingery William L.
Published: August 2006

The effects of time of precipitation and soil type on runoff losses of cyanazine and metolachlor were studied using a tilted-bed, microplot system. Two silt loam soils, Bosket and Dubbs, and a Sharkey silty clay were evaluated. Rainfall (22 mm h−1) was simulated at 0, 2, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Time of precipitation did not impact herbicide losses or any of the runoff parameters evaluated in this study. Water runoff occurred sooner and in greater quantities from the surfaces of Bosket and Dubbs silt loam soils than from the surface of Sharkey silty clay. Runoff losses of cyanazine did not vary by soil type. Soil drying produced large cracks in Sharkey silty clay, which greatly reduced runoff in this soil. Combined runoff and leachate losses were highest from Dubbs silt loam. Runoff losses of metolachlor were not affected by soil type. However, regression analyses indicated that time of precipitation and soil type interacted to affect initial metolachlor concentration. At 14 DAT, initial metolachlor concentration was highest in runoff from Sharkey soil. Time of precipitation ranked with respect to initial metolachlor concentration in runoff from Bosket and Dubbs silt loam soils were 0 > 2 > 14 DAT and 0 = 2 > 14 DAT, respectively.
Factors affecting germination of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed
Authors: Fandrich Lynn , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: August 2006

Specific knowledge about the dormancy, germination, and emergence patterns of weed species aids the development of integrated management strategies. The after-ripening period for jointed goatgrass seed was quantified, and the effects of germination conditions and spikelet structures on jointed goatgrass seed germination were measured. As the duration of after-ripening increased, jointed goatgrass seed germinated earlier, at faster rates, and to greater final percentages compared to non–after-ripened seed. Both primary and secondary positioned seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets were nondormant after 16 wk after-ripening at 22 ± 2 C. Germination of dormant seed depended on incubation temperature and dark/light conditions. Sixty-seven percent of spikelets produced a radicle when exposed to low temperatures in the dark, and light at warm temperatures increased germination by 7%. The relationship between light and incubation temperature was similar also for germination of the primary positioned seed in nondormant spikelets; however, the magnitude of the effect increased. Light increased germination of seed incubated at warm temperatures by 18%. Coleoptile emergence was dependent on planting depth for three jointed goatgrass populations, winter wheat, and spring wheat. Under optimum conditions in the greenhouse, no planting depth selectively allowed wheat germination and emergence while preventing jointed goatgrass germination and emergence. Glume removal increased jointed goatgrass secondary positioned seed final germination percentage to 96%, increased the germination rate, and decreased the number of days required to reach 50% germination to 6 d. Glume removal also promoted germination of the primary seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets. Glume removal resulted in 80% of the spikelets having two coleoptiles, but did not alleviate dormancy completely in jointed goatgrass seed. Tillage and herbicide applications for jointed goatgrass control will be most effective in the fall when primary dormancy is lost, but before secondary dormancy is imposed.
Water requirements for emergence of buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare)
Authors: Ward Judy P. , Smith Steven E. , McClaran Mitchel P.
Published: August 2006

The ability of an invasive species to acquire and use a limiting resource during critical life history stages governs its ability to establish and persist within an environment. Arid environments are generally considered more resistant to invasion and are defined by low and sporadic precipitation. Warm-season grasses are most susceptible to mortality during seedling emergence, but water requirements for emergence are rarely known. We examined the ability of the often invasive warm-season grass, buffelgrass, to emerge given a range of simulated precipitation delivered on 2, 3, and 4 consecutive days with the use of a line-source irrigation system in a glasshouse. The minimum amount of water required for buffelgrass emergence was observed to be 6.3 mm (3.14 mm on 2 consecutive days). With the use of probit analysis, the median emergence response (0.5 emergence probability) was predicted to require 17.4–19.9 mm of water. Emergence was concentrated within the first 5 days following initial simulated precipitation with the probability of new emergence highest on Days 3 and 4. Over the period from 1949–2001 in Tucson, Arizona within the Sonoran Desert, the total number of consecutive rainy-day sequences meeting the minimum per-day precipitation levels for a median and minimum emergence response was 27 and 92, respectively. Precipitation sufficient to result in emergence of 50% of viable buffelgrass caryopses has occurred in Tucson in about 1 of 2 years over this period. We compare the soil water requirements for emergence of buffelgrass to other perennial species in the Sonoran Desert and suggest that the invasion success of buffelgrass is due in part to its ability to emerge following relatively low precipitation levels.
Influence of tillage systems on vertical distribution, seedling recruitment and persistence of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seed bank
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Gill Gurjeet , Preston Christopher
Published: August 2006

Several studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on the vertical seed distribution, seedling recruitment pattern, and persistence of the rigid ryegrass seed bank. Experiments were conducted in South Australia at two locations (Roseworthy Campus and Minlaton, a site on the Yorke Peninsula) in 2003 and 2005. The distribution of surface seeds through the soil profile was associated with the level of soil disturbance. The low–soil-disturbance tillage systems left more seed on the soil surface, whereas the high–soil-disturbance systems buried most of the seeds. The seedling recruitment of rigid ryegrass was lower under the low–soil-disturbance tillage systems than under the high–soil-disturbance tillage systems at both locations. The seedling recruitment was two- to fourfold greater under minimum tillage than under no-till. Not only was the seedling recruitment lower under the low–soil-disturbance tillage systems, biomass accumulation by rigid ryegrass seedlings was also lower under these systems. The carryover of residual viable seeds from one season to the next was similar between the tillage systems. However, seed decay under no-till (48 to 60%) was much greater than under minimum tillage (12 to 39%).
Protox-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) response to herbicides applied at different growth stages
Authors: Falk Jeanne S. , Shoup Douglas E. , Al-Khatib Kassim , Peterson Dallas E.
Published: August 2006

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted with a population of common waterhemp resistant to POST protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-inhibiting herbicides to compare its response to PRE and POST applications of selected herbicides. In the greenhouse, a dose–response study of PRE applications of acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen was conducted on protox-susceptible and -resistant common waterhemp. The protox-resistant biotype was approximately 6.3, 2.5, and 2.6 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype to acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen, respectively. In a separate study under field conditions, protox-resistant common waterhemp were treated with PRE and POST applications of acifluorfen, azafenidin, flumioxazin, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen, or sulfentrazone. At 14 and 28 d after POST treatment (DAPT) in 2002 and 2004, all PRE applications of herbicides gave greater control than did POST applications. At 14 DAPT, oxyfluorfen had the greatest difference in PRE and POST control, with 85 and 10% control in 2002, respectively. An additional field study was conducted to determine the stage of growth at which resistance to protox-inhibiting herbicides becomes most prevalent. Protox-resistant common waterhemp were treated with herbicides at the 2-leaf, 4- to 6-leaf, and 8- to 10-leaf growth stage. Acifluorfen and fomesafen at 420 g ha−1gave greater than 90% control at the 2-leaf stage and 4- to 6-leaf stage, except in 2003 when control was 85% with acifluorfen. In 2003 and 2004, common waterhemp control at the 8- to 10-leaf stage ranged between 54 and 75% with acifluorfen or fomesafen. Results indicate that common waterhemp resistance to customary rates of POST protox-inhibiting herbicides becomes prevalent after the 4- to 6-leaf growth stage.
Microbiological Composition Associated With Interleukin‐1 Gene Polymorphism in Subjects Undergoing Supportive Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Agerbaek Mette R. , Lang Niklaus P. , Persson G. Rutger
Published: August 2006

Background: Interleukin‐1 gene polymorphism (IL‐1 gene) has been associated with periodontitis. The present study examined the subgingival microbiota by IL‐1 gene status in subjects undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT).

Methods: A total of 151 subjects with known IL‐1 gene status (IL‐1A +4845/IL‐1B −3954) (IL‐1 gene) were included in this study. Clinical data and subgingival plaque samples (40 taxa) were collected. These taxa were determined by the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization method.

Results: Gender, smoking habits (n‐par tests), age, and clinical periodontal conditions did not differ by IL‐1 gene status. IL‐1 gene–negative subjects had a higher total bacterial load (mean difference, 480.4 × 105; 95% confidence interval [CI], 77 to 884 × 105; P <0.02). The levels of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (mean difference, 30.7 × 105; 95% CI, 2.2 to 59.5 × 105; P <0.05), Eubacterium nodatum (mean difference, 4.2 × 105; 95% CI, 0.6 to 7.8 × 105; P <0.02), Porphyromonas gingivalis (mean difference, 17.9 × 105; 95% CI, 1.2 to 34.5 × 105; P <0.05), and Streptococcus anginosus (mean difference, 4.0 × 105; 95% CI, 0.2 to 7.2 × 105; P <0.05) were higher in IL‐1 gene–negative subjects, an observation specifically found at sites with probing depths <5.0 mm.

Conclusions: Bleeding on probing did not differ by IL gene status, reflecting clinical SPT efficacy. IL‐1 gene–negative subjects had higher levels of periodontal pathogens. This may suggest that among subjects undergoing SPT, a lower bacterial load is required in IL‐1 gene–positive subjects to develop the same level of periodontitis as in IL‐1 gene–negative subjects.
Aggressive Periodontitis Among Young Israeli Army Personnel
Authors: Levin Liran , Baev Valery , Lev Ron , Stabholz Ayala , Ashkenazi Malka
Published: August 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of aggressive periodontitis among young Israeli army recruits and to evaluate its association with smoking habits and ethnic origin.

Methods: The study population consisted of 642 young army recruits (562 men [87.5%] and 80 women [12.5%]), aged 18 to 30 years (average: 19.6 ± 1.6 years), who arrived at a military dental clinic for dental examinations between January and December 2004. Subjects filled out a questionnaire regarding their ethnic origin and family periodontal history, followed by radiographs and a clinical periodontal examination of four first molars and eight incisors.

Results: Aggressive periodontitis was found in 5.9% of the subjects (4.3% localized and 1.6% generalized). At least one site with a probing depth ≥5 mm was found in 20.1% of the subjects. A radiographic distance between crestal bone height and the cemento‐enamel junction >3 mm was found in 43 (6.7%) subjects. Current smokers (39.9%) (P = 0.03) and subjects of North African origin (P <0.0001) correlated with a high prevalence of aggressive periodontitis.

Conclusion: A relatively high prevalence of aggressive periodontitis was found in young Israeli army recruits, which was particularly associated with smoking and ethnic origin.
Evaluation of nonunion fractures in dogs by use of B-mode ultrasonography, power Doppler ultrasonography, radiography, and histologic examination
Authors: Risselada Marije , van Bree Henri , Kramer Martin , Chiers Koen , Duchateau Luc , Verleyen Piet , Saunders Jimmy H.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To investigate the use of ultrasonography to assess nonunion of fractures in dogs and to compare results of ultrasonography, radiography, and histologic examination.

Sample Population—8 nonunion fractures in 6 dogs (1 each in 5 dogs and 3 in 1 dog); dogs ranged from 7 to 94 months of age and weighed 6 to 30 kg.

Procedures—Diagnostic assessment consisted of complete clinical and orthopedic examinations, radiography, B-mode (brightness mode) ultrasonography, and power Doppler ultrasonography. Biopsy samples were obtained during surgery for histologic examination. They were stained with H&E and immunolabeled by use of anti-CD31 antibodies. Correlations of power Doppler score, power Doppler count, vessel area, and radiographic prediction with the mean number of vessels counted per hpf were derived.

Results—Radiographically, 7 of 8 nonunion fractures were diagnosed as atrophic and were therefore estimated to be nonviable. Vascularity of nonunion fractures during power Doppler ultrasonography ranged from nonvascularized to highly vascularized. Absolute vessel count during histologic examination ranged from 0 to 63 vessels/hpf; 5 nonunion sites had a mean count of > 10 vessels/hpf. Vascularity during power Doppler ultrasonography was highly correlated with the number of vessels per hpf, whereas the correlation between the radiographic assessment and histologic evaluation was low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Radiographic prediction of the viability of nonunion fractures underestimated the histologically assessed vascularity of the tissue. Power Doppler ultrasonography provided a more accurate estimation of the viability of the tissue and therefore the necessity for debridement and autografts during revision surgery.
Effect of four sedative and anesthetic protocols on quantitative thyroid scintigraphy in euthyroid cats
Authors: Schaafsma Irene A. , Pollak Yvonne W. E. A. , Barthez Paul Y.
Published: August 2006

Objectives—To determine the effect of sedation and anesthesia on thyroid and salivary gland uptake of technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate (99mTcO4) in euthyroid cats.

Animals—6 euthyroid cats.

Procedures—Thyroid scintigraphy was performed by use of a high-resolution low-energy parallel-hole collimator after IV injection of 117 to 133 MBq (3.16 to 3.59 mCi) of 99mTcO4−. The procedure was performed 4 times on each cat during different sedative and anesthetic protocols in a rotating schedule as follows: propofol, ketamine-midazolam-atropine, ketaminemidazolam, and medetomidine. Regions of interest were drawn around thyroid and salivary glands and counts corrected for background and decay. Percentage of 99mTcO4− uptake in salivary and thyroid glands and thyroid-to-salivary gland 99mTcO4− uptake ratio were calculated at 20 and 40 minutes. Relative effects of anesthesia and sedation on salivary and thyroid gland 99mTcO4− uptake were compared.

Results—Significant differences among sedativeanesthetic protocols were found for thyroid gland 99mTcO4− uptake, salivary gland 99mTcO4− uptake, and thyroid-to-salivary gland 99mTcO4− uptake ratio. Thyroid gland 99mTcO4− uptake for the ketamine-midazolam protocol at 20 and 40 minutes after 99mTcO4− administration was significantly higher than for the propofol protocol. A significant difference in salivary gland99m TcO4− uptake was found between ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-midazolam-atropine protocols at 40 minutes. The thyroid-to-salivary gland 99mTcO4−uptake ratio for the ketamine-midazolam protocol was significantly higher at 40 minutes than for propofol or ketamine-midazolam-atropine protocols.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sedation and anesthesia have a significant effect on thyroid and salivary gland 99mTcO4 uptake in euthyroid cats that may interfere with thyroid scintigraphic image interpretation.
Quantitative mRNA analysis of adrenergic receptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation
Authors: Kobel Barbara , Engel Ladina , Ontsouka Edgar C. , Graber Hans U. , Blum Jürg W. , Steiner Adrian , Meylan Mireille
Published: August 2006

Objective—To investigate the distribution of mRNA coding for 9 adrenoceptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and cows with cecal dilatationdislocation (CDD).

Sample Population—Full-thickness specimens of the intestinal wall were obtained from the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC), and external loop of the spiral colon (ELSC) of 15 cows with CDD (group 1) and 15 healthy (control) cows (group 2, specimens collected during laparotomy; group 3, specimens collected after slaughter).

Procedures—Concentrations of mRNA for 9 adrenoceptor subtypes (α1A, α1B, α1D, α2AD, α2B, α2C, β1, β2, and β3) were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Results were expressed relative to mRNA expression of a housekeeping gene.

Results—Expression of mRNA for α1B-, α2AD-, α2B-, β1-, and β2-adrenoceptors was significantly lower in cows with CDD than in control cows. In the ileum, these receptors all had lower mRNA expression in cows with CDD than in control cows. The same effect was detected in the ELSC for mRNA for α2AD-, α2B-, β1-, and β2-adrenoceptors, and in the cecum and PLAC for α2B- and β2-adrenoceptors. Groups did not differ significantly for α1A-adrenoceptors. The mRNA expression for α1D-, α2C-, and β3-adrenoceptors was extremely low in all groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in expression of mRNA coding for adrenoceptors, most pronounced in the ileum and spiral colon, between cows with CDD and control cows support the hypothesis of an implication of adrenergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CDD in dairy cows.
Effect of mitotane on pituitary corticotrophs in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Taoda Takahiro , Hara Yasushi , Takekoshi Susumu , Itoh Johbu , Teramoto Akira , Osamura Robert Y. , Tagawa Masahiro
Published: August 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effects of mitotane administration on the function and morphology of pituitary corticotrophs in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—12 clinically normal adult Beagles.

Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to the control group or the mitotane treatment group. In mitotane treatment group dogs, mitotane was administered for 1 month. In both groups, ACTH stimulation testing and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation testing were performed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland and brain was performed in mitotane treatment group dogs before and after administration of mitotane. After CRH stimulation testing and MRI, dogs were euthanatized and the pituitary gland and adrenal glands were excised for gross and histologic examination.

Results—ACTH concentrations in mitotane treatment group dogs were significantly higher than in the control group dogs following CRH stimulation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that pituitary glands were significantly larger in treatment group dogs after administration of mitotane, compared with before administration. On gross and histologic examinations, the adrenal cortex was markedly atrophied. Immunohistochemistry revealed hypertrophy of corticotrophs in pituitary glands of mitotane treatment group dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings indicate that inhibition of the adrenal cortex by continuous administration of mitotane leads to functional amplification and morphologic enhancement of corticotrophs in clinically normal dogs. In instances of corticotroph adenoma, hypertrophy of individual corticotrophs induced by mitotane may greatly facilitate enlargement of the pituitary gland and increases in ACTH secretion.
Exclusion of linkage of the RYR1, CACNA1S, and ATP2A1 genes to recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Dranchak Patricia K. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Onan Gary W. , Gallant Esther M. , Binns Matthew M. , Swinburne June E. , Mickelson James R.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To determine whether there was genetic linkage between the recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) trait in Thoroughbred horse pedigrees and DNA markers in genes (the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel [RYR1] gene, the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase [ATP2A1] gene, and the transverse tubule dihydropyridine receptor-voltage sensor [CACNA1S] gene) that are important in myoplasmic calcium regulation.

Animals—34 horses in the University of Minnesota RER resource herd and 62 Thoroughbreds from 3 families of Thoroughbreds outside of the university in which RER-affected status was assigned after 2 or more episodes of ER had been observed.

Procedures—Microsatellite DNA markers from the RYR1, ATP2A1, and CACNA1S gene loci on equine chromosomes 10, 13, and 30 were identified. Genotypes were obtained for all horses in the 4 families affected by RER, and data were used to test for linkage of these 3 loci to the RER phenotype.

Results—Analysis of the RYR1, CACNA1S, and ATP2A1 microsatellites excluded a link between those markers and the RER trait.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It is likely that the heritable alterations in muscle contractility that are characteristic of RER are caused by a gene that is not yet known to cause related muscle disease in other species.
Assessment of the use of RNA quality metrics for the screening of articular cartilage specimens from clinically normal dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Clements Dylan N. , Vaughan-Thomas Anne , Peansukmanee Siriporn , Carter Stuart D. , Innes John F. , Ollier William E. R. , Clegg Peter D.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To assess 2 methods of RNA purification by use of different quality metrics and identify the most useful metric for quality assessment of RNA extracted from articular cartilage from dogs with osteoarthritis.

Sample Population—40 articular cartilage specimens from the femoral heads of 3 clinically normal dogs and 37 dogs with osteoarthritis.

Procedures—RNA was extracted from articular cartilage by 2 purification methods. Quality metrics of each sample were determined and recorded by use of a UV spectrophotometer (Spec I; to determine the 260 to 280 nm absorbance ratio [A260:A280 ratio]), a second UV spectrophotometer (Spec II; to determine A260:A280 and A260:A230 absorbance ratios), and a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis analyzer (to determine the ribosomal peak ratio [RR], degradation factor [DF], and RNA integrity number [RIN]). The RNA was extracted from affected (osteoarthritic) articular cartilage and assessed with the same quality metrics. Metric results were compared with visual analysis of the electropherogram to determine the most useful RNA quality metric.

Results—No differences in methods of RNA purification were determined by use of quality metrics. The RNA extracted from unaffected (normal) cartilage was of higher quality than that extracted from affected (osteoarthritic) cartilage, as determined by the RIN and Spec II A260:A230 ratio. The RIN and RR were the most sensitive metrics for determining RNA quality, whereas the DF was most specific. A significant proportion (32%) of RNA extracted from osteoarthritic articular cartilage specimens was determined as being of low quality.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—No single metric provided a completely sensitive and specific assessment of the quality of RNA recovered from articular cartilage.