bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future directions of environmental engineering in Canada
Authors: Smith Daniel W , Mavinic D S , Zytner R G
Published: October 2017

Environmental engineering is one of the most complex and fastest-growing disciplines in engineering. The scope of the field includes issues from public health protection to aesthetics, and from the impact on business development to the development of legislation, standards, regulations, and guidelines, to their enforcement and environmental protection. The issues include contaminants in gases, liquids, and solids and the phase transfers of the contaminants. The sub-specialties of environmental engineering address all these areas including the treatment of water, liquid waste, solid waste, and gaseous materials, protection of the environment through proactive measures, and the development of effective regulations. Environmental engineers have the necessary skills to address these issues and improve the quality of life of humans and other living things in an effective, sustainable, and economical manner. This paper outlines the evolvement of environmental engineering and identifies many of the exciting new directions of environmental engineering profession.Key words: environmental engineering, quality of life, future directions, water, wastewater, air quality, solid wastes, site remediation.
Environmental engineering registration in Canada  The expectations of the professional engineer working in this field
Authors: Vassos Troy D , Smith Daniel W
Published: October 2017

The practice of environmental engineering in Canada is regulated by the 12 individual provincial and territorial associations/ordre, who are also members of the national Canadian Council of Professional Engineers (CCPE). Although CCPE has no regulatory authority over the engineering profession in its own right, it is responsible for establishing national guidelines for registration and for accrediting university engineering programs. The criteria for professional registration in Canada are presented in detail and include both educational and experience components. The educational requirements can be met through graduation from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board approved environmental engineering degree program or by passing mandatory examinations assigned by the individual associations/ordre from CCPE's national Environmental Engineering Syllabus. Generally a minimum of four years of satisfactory engineering experience, which has been supervised by a professional engineer who takes direct responsibility for the work carried out, is required. Public interest and public protection go hand in hand with the concept of professional registration for environmental engineers. Problems encountered by the associations/ordre in reviewing environmental engineering registration applications are discussed, and the approach taken by the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia (by example) in addressing these problems is reviewed. Environmental engineering requires a wide range of knowledge in both engineering and science, as well as effective communication skills. Life-long learning is essential to the profession, particularly considering the rapid introduction of new technologies and the advances occurring in scientific and engineering knowledge in the environmental sector.Key words: environmental engineering, registration, professional engineer, education, undergraduate, graduate, certification, professional experience, academic criteria.
Development of biological nutrient removal technology in western Canada
Authors: Oldham William K , Rabinowitz Barry
Published: October 2017

Biological nutrient removal (BNR) technology for wastewater treatment was originally imported from South Africa in the early 1980s to protect the water quality of Okanagan Lake in central British Columbia from the effects of eutrophication. Since that time, more than 10 BNR plants have been built in western Canada, with capacities ranging from 2000 to 500 000 m3/d. As a result of the interaction among university researchers, plant designers, and plant operators, considerable progress has been made in refining the understanding of process and adapting the technology for cold climates. Consulting engineers from western Canada are now successfully competing in the international marketplace in the application of BNR technology in the U.S.A., the U.K., Europe, Asia, and Australia.Key words: wastewater treatment, western Canada, biological nutrient removal, nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal, cold climate, technology development.
Replication-coupled chromatin assembly of newly synthesized histones: distinct functions for the histone tail domains1This article is part of Special Issue entitled Asilomar Chromatin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Ejlassi-Lassallette Aïda , Thiriet Christophe
Published: October 2017

The maintenance of the genome during replication requires the assembly of nucleosomes with newly synthesized histones. Achieving the deposition of newly synthesized histones in chromatin implies their transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at the replication sites. Several lines of evidence have revealed critical functions of the histone tail domains in these conserved cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the role of the amino termini of the nucleosome building blocks, H2A/H2B and H3/H4, in different model systems. The experimental data showed that H2A/H2B tails and H3/H4 tails display distinct functions in nuclear import and chromatin assembly. Furthermore, we describe recent studies exploiting the unique properties of the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum , that have advanced understanding of the function of the highly conserved replication-dependent diacetylation of H4.
An emerging role for the nuclear localization of maspin in the suppression of tumor progression and metastasis1This article is part of Special Issue entitled Asilomar Chromatin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Goulet Brigitte , Chan Gabriel , Chambers Ann F. , Lewis John D.
Published: October 2017

Maspin, a member of the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors, was originally identified as a tumor suppressor that is expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells but is reduced or absent in breast carcinomas. Early enthusiasm for maspin as a biomarker for disease progression has been tempered by clinical data that associates maspin with favourable outcomes in some studies and poor prognosis in others. Here, we review all of the published clinical studies for maspin in breast and ovarian cancers and propose that the apparent discordance between clinical reports is a consequence of differential cellular distribution of maspin. Indeed, it was thought that an extracellular pool of maspin possessed tumor suppressor activity, acting by inhibiting migration and increasing cell adhesion. Recent evidence from our group and others indicates, however, that the nuclear localization of maspin in cancer cells is necessary for its tumor suppressor activity. We provide additional data here to demonstrate that nuclear-localized maspin binds to chromatin and is required to effectively prevent cells from metastasizing. Our knowledge of other serpins that localize to the nucleus should help to inform future studies of nuclear maspin. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating the localization and activities of maspin should pave the way for the development of improved diagnostics and therapies for cancer.
Flow injection-chemiluminescent assay for the determination of superoxide dismutase activity
Authors: Choi Hong Yeob , Song Jin Hyang , Park Yong Sung , Lord Gabriel , Park Dong Ki
Published: October 2017

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured using a flow injection-chemiluminescent assay (FI-CLA) based on xanthinexanthine oxidase dependent superoxide (O2.) formation. The mobile phase consists of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing lucigenin (5 µM) and xanthine (0.3 mM). Under optimum conditions, bovine albumin did not affect chemiluminescence at concentrations of 11000 µg mL1and KCN inhibited 100% of the Cu, Zn-SOD activity using 5 µL of a 0.23 mM concentration. The analysis of one sample was done in less than 30 s with a relative standard deviation of ±3.1%. SOD activity in the biological samples was correlated to the amount of exogenously applied SOD. The FI-CLA method reported here appears to be one of the faster and more useful tools used to assay SOD activity.Key words: superoxide dismutase, flow injection-chemiluminescent assay, superoxide, xanthine oxidase, lucigenin.
Synthèse critique de la caractérisation électrochimique de zéolithes et d'aluminophosphates chimiquement modifiés
Authors: Lionel Roué  , Briot Emmanuel , Bedioui Fethi
Published: October 2017

Zeolites that have been chemically modified by incorporating transition metal complexes in their porous network and molecular sieves chemically modified by incorporating transition metal in their framework have led to numerous applications of which the most widespread is undoubtfully catalysis. However, the catalytic activity of these inorganic compounds is still not well understood and there is a lack of evidence concerning the encapsulation efficiency of complexes within the zeolites and the location of transition metals inside the framework of molecular sieves. Numerous studies have shown that zeolite encapsulation has an influence on the redox behaviour of these complexes, such as in preventing aggregation or the dimerization process. Moreover, analysis of the electrochemical process at this type of modified electrode demonstrates solvant and electrolyte effects on the electroactivity of the encapsulated complexes. However, these different studies highlighted the unsatisfactory electrochemical accessibility of intrazeolitic or framework species. Thus, we undertake here a discussion of the different strategies reported in the literature aimed at promoting the electroactivity of these molecular materials.
Valorisation chimique du mèthane par plasmas micro-ondes
Authors: Kopytko N , Baronnet F
Published: October 2017

The conversion of methane in a direct microwave plasma was investigated at pressures ranging from 4 to 28 Torr in a tubular flow reactor located in a parallelepipedic Moreau cavity. The main purpose of this work was the determination of the products obtained by methane conversion, especially C2 hydrocarbons. The reaction products were analysed by gas phase chromatography. The influence of various reaction parameters (residence time, flow, pressure, power...) was studied. The experimental results showed that substantial yields in C2 hydrocarbons could be obtained. Our experimental results are compared to those obtained by other processes, especially oxidative coupling and thermal coupling, and also to those obtained by other authors using microwave techniques.
THE ESTIMATION OF THE STROKE VOLUME OF RATS FROM THE BODY WEIGHT AND HEART WEIGHT
Authors: Grad Bernard
Published: October 2017

The object of this study was to arrive at useful empirical equations for the estimation of the stroke volume of rats from the body weight and heart weight.A logarithm of the [Formula: see text]against body weight or rats weighing from 5 to 500 gm. gave a significant positive regression which permitted the estimation of the stroke volume from the body weight, assuming a certain constant value for the arterio–venous oxygen difference. A similar plot of the heart weight of rats against body weight gave a curve which was superimposable on the first one, allowing the estimation of the stroke volume from the heart weight.
THE ADSORPTION OF METHYL ORANGE BY LYSOZYME
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: October 2017

Adsorption isotherms for methyl orange on lysozyme at ionic strengths varying from 0.001 to 0.05, pH 5.5, are sigmoid. Increasing ionic strength shifts the inflection point of such isotherms to higher free anion concentrations. Binding of one methyl orange anion to a lysozyme molecule in 0.05 M acetate, pH 5.5, facilitates adsorption of nine others, with subsequent precipitation of the protein. This co-operative behavior is interpreted on the basis of a previously described theory of interacting hydration effects. The possible biological implications for similar systems are indicated.
ADSORPTION OF ORANGE II BY CYTOCHROME c AND RIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: October 2017

The adsorption isotherms of Orange II on cytochrome c and ribonuclease at pH 5.5 in 0.05 M acetate buffer are sigmoid. They may be interpreted by a previously described theory of interacting hydration effects. Adsorption of methyl orange or sodium flavianate by either protein was negligible.
THE FAILURE OF GROWTH HORMONE TO MODIFY HORMONAL HYPERTENSION IN THE RAT
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Nakashima Miyoshi , Friedman Constance L.
Published: October 2017

Growth hormone (Connaught) was given in 1 mgm. daily doses to rats either otherwise untreated or given an amount of DCA or Compound F sufficient to elicit a moderate hypertensive response. At the dose level used, growth hormone did not affect either blood pressure or kidney size in treated or untreated animals. The dose used was one-fifth the amount found to increase renal function in the dog and 10 times the dose required for trophic effects in the rat.
STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: I. GLYCOLYTIC BEHAVIOR OF BLOOD DURING STORAGE AT 5 °C. IN A MEDIUM CONTAINING AN EXCESS OF GLUCOSE
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Andreae Shirley R. , Woodford Vernon R. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

The chemical changes that occur in erythrocytes stored at 5 °C. in citrate–glucose medium have been studied. Glycolysis remains normal during the first two weeks of storage. About the 12th to 15th day an impairment in the system occurs at a stage in the glycolytic system before the production of diphosphoglycerate, thus causing a decrease of the concentration of diphosphoglycerate and an accumulation of pyruvic acid. From this time on, the over-all glycolytic activity of the cells is progressively decreased. These indications of failure could not be reversed or retarded by resuspension of the stored erythrocytes in fresh plasma, nor could the onset of failure be made to occur earlier by suspending fresh cells in 'old' plasma.
NUTRITION OF ANIMAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE: IX. SYNTHETIC MEDIUM No. 703
Authors: Healy George M. , Fisher Dorothy C. , Parker Raymond C.
Published: October 2017

Previous reports from this laboratory described a synthetic medium, solution 199, that contained 60 ingredients and supported cell life for an average period of four to five weeks. The assays were carried out in roller tubes in which chick embryo mesenchyme tissues were cultivated directly on the glass. More recently, the synthetic media have been improved very considerably, and Earle's replicate culture assay procedures have been adapted for use in testing them. By means of these techniques, it has been possible to make accurate quantitative experiments with new synthetic solutions some of which are capable of yielding, in one week, five- and sixfold increases in the population of replicate cultures prepared from washed suspensions of Earle's L strain mouse cells. This was acommplished by omitting the purines and pyrimidines from solution 199, by adding greatly increased levels of cysteine, ascorbic acid, and glutathione, and by the addition of certain purified coenzymes. In solution 703, which is described in detail, cultures of L strain cells have been maintained in a healthy, active state for over five months, with renewal of the medium twice a week.
STUDIES ON ACCLIMATIZATION AND ON THE EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID IN MEN EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: LeBlanc J. , Stewart M. , Marier G. , Whillans M. G.
Published: October 2017

This experiment was planned to study the problem of acclimatization in humans and to determine the effect of ascorbic acid in men exposed to cold while being fed a normal or survival ration. Ascorbic acid has greatly improved the resistance of men exposed to cold and fed a survival ration. No beneficial effect was observed when the subjects were fed a normal ration. This difference in response may be due to the fact that the experimental conditions differed somewhat between these two experiments. In any event, the subjects on a restricted food intake were certainly under greater conditions of stress. Evidence of acclimatization was obtained with survival rations but not with normal rations. Some conclusions have been made on the use, by men exposed to cold, of survival rations composed exclusively of carbohydrates. Finally, it is estimated that 2800 calories is the daily requirement for men relatively inactive, wearing only shorts, low shoes, and socks, and exposed to an ambient temperature of 60°F.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE BY BRAIN SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis by unfractionated brain suspensions has been measured manometrically and chemically in bicarbonate buffer. Both magnesium and, less strongly, calcium accelerate ATP hydrolysis by brain suspensions. The effectiveness of low magnesium or calcium concentrations is decreased by relatively high ATP concentrations. The optimum pH for phosphate liberation is about 8. The ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to inorganic phosphate liberated depends on the pH. Evidence is given that the suspensions contain a Mg-activated ATPase which is strongly inhibited by calcium, a Ca-activated ATPase, and a Mg-activated PPase which is strongly inhibited by calcium but is different from the Mg-ATPase. These enzymes were not obtained in "latent" form nor activated by glutathione. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate can inhibit Ca-ATPase completely but is less effective on the Mg-ATPase and can release the latter from calcium inhibition. Other inhibitors have been tested.The ATPase activity of cerebral cortex of mouse, rat, cat, beef, and man has been measured by a standard procedure. The activity per unit weight decreases with increasing size of the animal parallel to the decrease in the oxygen uptake rate. Calculations show that the ATPase activity is high enough to release all high energy phosphate which could be produced by esterification coupled with respiration.
THE ADSORPTION OF VITAMIN A BY SODIUM BENTONITE
Authors: Laughland D. H. , Phillips W. E. J.
Published: October 2017

A study has been made of the reaction whereby a blue adsorption complex is formed when an organic solvent solution of vitamin A is added to sodium bentonite. In addition to a physical adsorption of the vitamin on sodium bentonite a chemical alteration occurs in the vitamin A molecule which results in the formation of anhydro vitamin A. The adsorbed material may be removed from the sodium bentonite by extraction with diethyl ether but the blue color is dissipated and a secondary reaction product is formed. This latter compound exhibits the characteristics of triene conjugation and exhibits maximum absorption at about 290 mμ. Equations have been developed for the spectrophotometric analysis of the binary mixtures encountered in the reaction and satisfactory agreement has been obtained between calculated and observed values.
METABOLISM OF MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTES: VI. HEME AS A CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLYOXAL IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Francoeur Marc , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

The oxidation of glyoxal by ferricyanide or by molecular oxygen has been shown to be catalyzed by the stroma-free hemolyzate of human, rat, and rabbit erythrocytes. The catalysis is non-enzymatic and has been shown to be brought about by the heme of the blood pigment. Heat-denatured SFH, purified Hb, and cytochrome c yield the same results as fresh SFH. Evidence is presented that the mechanism of the catalysis involves a valency change in the heme of the blood pigment.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN B6 DEPRIVATION ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Beaton J. R. , Goodwin M. E.
Published: October 2017

The results of in vivo and in vitro studies on carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat are reported. All comparisons were made with pair-fed control animals. Within five days of vitamin B6 restriction, rats have significantly lowered fasting levels of blood sugar and liver glycogen. These abnormalities are more marked after 21 days of deprivation and are accompanied by significantly lowered fasting blood levels of pyruvic acid and lactic acid. The activity of lactic acid dehydrogenase, one enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, was measured in vitro and found to be significantly depressed in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat. The conclusion is drawn that an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrate occurs in rats deprived of vitamin B6. This abnormality is evident early in the deprivation period.
AN EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON WATER INTAKE
Authors: Thompson J. S.
Published: October 2017

Pellets of estradiol and cholesterol, when implanted subcutaneously, caused the expected urinary bladder dilatation and also an increase in water intake in male mice of the C57BL and A strains. Males of the C3H strain showed neither the bladder dilatation nor the increased water intake. The dilatation observed in the C57BL and A strains was at least partly dependent upon the increase in water intake, since limiting the water given to the estrogen-treated animals retarded the appearance and reduced the severity of the dilatation, and increased the survival rate.
THE LIPOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF PROTEIN
Authors: Lucas C. C. , Ridout Jessie H.
Published: October 2017

A distinct lipotropic effect of casein has been observed in rats under conditions that appear to preclude any explanation involving the methionine or choline content of the ration. Diets low in protein produce a type of fatty liver that is not prevented by choline and is histologically different from that of choline deficiency. Choline appears less effective in such diets than in ones more adequate in protein. Presumably choline has only a limited effect on abnormal fat in periportal regions because the biochemical basis of this lesion seems to involve faulty formation of lipoprotein due to shortage of essential amino acids.
THE PYRUVIC PHOSPHOFERASE OF ERYTHROCYTES: I. PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME AND ITS ACTIVITY IN ERYTHROCYTES OF VARIOUS SPECIES
Authors: Solvonuk P. F. , Collier H. R.
Published: October 2017

Mammalian erythrocytes contain a pyruvic phosphoferase (PPFase) which is activated by K+and Mg++and inhibited by Na+and Ca++. The K+can be replaced by Rb+or NH4+, and the Mg++can be partially replaced by Mn++or Co++as activators of the enzyme. The PPFase apparently requires free thiol groups for its activity, as it is completely inhibited by 10−4 M p-chloromercuribenzoate and this inhibition is partially reversed by glutathione. The mean PPFase of the erythrocytes of six mammalian species was determined and found to be in the following order of decreasing activity: man, rat, dog, rabbit, cat, ox. The erythrocytes of chicks and of newborn rats showed a very high PPFase activity.
ON RAT SERUM AMYLASE: II. THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON LEVELS OF THE ENZYME
Authors: Wiberg G. Stuart , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

The relationship between food consumption and rat serum amylase previously reported has been further investigated, this time with the use of synthetic diets. With high carbohydrate diets neither sucrose nor corn starch exerted any significant influence on the rat serum amylase level. A high concentration of protein in the diet produced a highly significant decrease in the activity of the enzyme. On the other hand, a high fat diet resulted in a highly significant elevation of serum amylase. The effect of fat was proportional to concentration up to a limiting value. In diets which lacked carbohydrate or when the carbohydrate was completely or largely indigestible, levels of the enzyme were depressed significantly below normal. With protein-free diets, a regimen consisting largely of fat and carbohydrate, enzyme levels were depressed significantly when sucrose was used, whereas amylase values were normal when starch was used as the carbohydrate.
THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN INTESTINAL ABSORPTION: IV. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PROTEINS ON LEVELS OF THE ENZYME IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA
Authors: Tuba Jules , Dickie Nester
Published: October 2017

Fasted adult male rats were used to study the effect of dietary proteins on intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Groups of animals were offered one of several proteins; lactalbumin, egg albumin, zein, gelatin, wheat gluten, casein, and vitellin. Control animals had cellulose fed to them. The rats were sacrificed six hours after they were given the different diets. Alkaline phosphatase determinations with intestinal homogenates indicated that the two phosphoproteins, casein and vitellin, elevated levels of the enzyme significantly above fasting levels. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL FORMATION BY RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

The inability of liver homogenates, from starved and vitamin A deficient rats, to synthesize cholesterol is illustrated. A possible reason for this phenomenon is that these preparations inhibit cholesterol synthesis when added to a liver homogenate from a normal rat. The inhibitory factor or factors are present in both the supernate and residue portions of the homogenate, although the residue matter is more inhibitory.
ZINC, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, AND PHOSPHATASE IN THE PROSTATIC GLANDS OF THE RAT
Authors: Fischer M. I. , Tikkala A. O. , Mawson C. A.
Published: October 2017

The concentration of zinc in the dorsolateral prostate of the rat increases rapidly during infancy, reaching a maximum of 250-300 μgm./gm. at an age of about 160 days. This figure is 10 times as high as that found for most other soft tissues. Carbonic anhydrase activity behaves similarly, with a maximum at about 200 days, when it is 100 times the amount found in most other organs. Zinc which occurs as part of the carbonic anhydrase molecule forms only a small proportion of the total zinc content of the tissue at all ages. Zinc and carbonic anhydrase occur only in small amounts in the ventral prostate. The activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases in ventral and dorsolateral prostates are not correlated with age, and zinc and enzyme concentrations bear no consistent relationship to one another. Differences between the phosphatases of liver and prostatic complex in the rat are briefly discussed.
CALCIUM ABSORPTION AND VITAMIN D
Authors: Migicovsky B. B. , Jamieson J. W. S.
Published: October 2017

The rate at which Ca45 administered as an oral dose appears in blood and bone of chicks is markedly affected by vitamin D. Absorption of Ca45 from an intramuscular dose is not influenced by either vitamin D or the calcium content of the diet. The interaction of the amount of Ca45 in the oral dose and vitamin D on the amount of calcium absorbed indicated that the vitamin D effect on the absorption is a function of the quantity of calcium presented for absorption. Absorption experiments carried out with chicks which were fed diets of varying calcium content showed that vitamin D enabled the chicks to adapt the capacity to absorb calcium to different dietary intakes of calcium.
AN IN VITRO ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: McKerns K. W. , Nordstrand E.
Published: October 2017

The ability of corticotrophin to increase the corticoid output of rat adrenals in an isolated gland system has been developed as a useful assay method for the measurement of corticotrophin potency. The extra corticoids produced by stimulation are measured in terms of cortisone. Log dose response curves are presented for corticotrophin levels from 0.002 to 0.135 I.U./100 mgm. adrenals. A four point assay design, the precision of corticoid measurements, and the characteristics of the log dose response curves for a number of types of corticotrophin are given. With four measurements of each dose level the average lambda s/b for 20 assays was 0.209 ± 0.085 (S.D.).
THE EFFECT OF HEPARIN ON THE ENDOGENOUS LIPEMIA PRODUCED BY PROTRACTED CORTISONE TREATMENT IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Constantinides P. , Szasz G. , Darrach M.
Published: October 2017

The clearing effect of heparin on lipemias of alimentary or renal origin is well established. This study was undertaken in order to find out whether heparin will also clear a lipemia of hormonal origin. Lipemia was produced in rabbits by prolonged cortisone treatment. Heparin failed to clear the cortisone-induced lipemia and it did not influence the concomitant hypercholesterolemia, although it exhibited an anticoagulant effect. Despite the long standing lipemia, no atherosclerosis developed in the cortisone treated animals. Some of the possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE SULPHATE ON BLOOD AND URINE ELECTROLYTES IN MAN
Authors: Walker E. H. , Parker J. M. , Hunter John
Published: October 2017

Atropine sulphate (1 or 2 mgm.) was injected intramuscularly into human volunteers. Concentrations of sodium and potassium in the blood and urine were followed for three hours after the drug had been administered. A decreased packed cell volume was found, suggesting a transfer of interstitial fluid into the blood. No important change in the blood or urine sodium and potassium was shown in these subjects under the conditions of the experiment (74° F., 25% relative humidity). No harmful effects were noted in the volunteers after they received the atropine sulphate.
ANTIPHLOGISTIC EFFECT OF TRYPSIN IN NORMAL AND IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Rice W. B. , McColl J. D.
Published: October 2017

Acute and chronic inflammation were produced in the paws of normal and of adrenalectomized rats by the injection of yeast, egg white, or kaolin. Swelling was measured linearly and volumetrically. Trypsin exerted an antiphlogistic effect on the acute stage of inflammation in both normal and adrenalectomized rats.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND ON THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS AND THE PANCREAS
Authors: Kinash B. , Haist R. E.
Published: October 2017

When sufficiently large amounts of desiccated thyroid gland were administered to intact or hypophysectomized rats there was an increase in the weight of the pancreas, weight of the islets of Langerhans, and islet weight per unit of body weight. In intact rats the concentration of islet tissue in the pancreas was not significantly altered, but in hypophysectomized animals the concentration of islet tissue in the pancreas was reduced because of the large increase in pancreas weight. The great reduction in pancreas weight occasioned by hypophysectomy was to a large extent prevented by the administration of desiccated thyroid gland.
THE AMPEROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , McRae Sheila C.
Published: October 2017

Glutathione reductase activity of hemolyzates of human erythrocytes was measured by an amperometric titration of the reduced glutathione that is formed from oxidized glutathione. The electron donor in the system was reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide, produced by the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the cells. Removal of the red-cell stromata from hemolyzates slightly increased the reductase activity. Addition of Na+, K+, or Ca++ had no effect on the enzyme. No marked inhibition was observed in the presence of phenothiazine, phenothiazone, phenylhydrazine, or p-chloromercuribenzoate.
A STANDARDIZED METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT
Authors: Downie H. G. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

Although the blood pressure is one of the important criteria in the standardization of hemorrhagic shock in the dog, it has rarely been used for this purpose in the rat. A method resembling the reservoir technique developed by Wiggers and Werle (1942) for the dog using blood pressure as the criterion has been modified for use with the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 400 gm. were used. In the standardization of this technique the blood pressure was reduced to 30 mm. Hg in a 10-min. period of hemorrhage and then maintained at this level by subsequent small hemorrhages into the reservoir until reinfusion indicated the beginning of vascular collapse, at which time all the blood in the reservoir was returned. Considering that those animals which lived longer than 48 hr. were survivors, in a series of 27 animals, 21 died and 6 survived—a mortality rate of 78%.During the hypotensive period there was a consistent and steady drop in the respiratory rate and rectal temperature. The heart rate declined initially and tended to recover as the hypotensive period progressed. After reinfusion the blood pressure rose but. did not reach prehemorrhage levels. Hemorrhage into the bowel and convulsions were significant postreinfusion findings.
THE RELATION OF IONS TO METABOLISM IN BRAIN
Authors: Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

Null
GLANDULAR SECRETION OF ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Hildes J. A.
Published: October 2017

Null
HORMONAL REGULATION OF BODY ELECTROLYTES: THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL STEROIDS—A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Dauphinee James A.
Published: October 2017

Null
ENDOCRINE EFFECTS ON THE HEPARIN-INDUCED LIPEMIA CLEARING ACTIVITY (LCA) OF RAT PLASMA
Authors: Cairns A. , Constantinides P.
Published: October 2017

A study was made of the relationships of the gonads, the adrenal, and the thyroid to the "lipemia-clearing activity" (LCA) which appears in rat plasma following heparin injection. Strong evidence was obtained that the induction of LCA by heparin is controlled by the estrogenic secretion of the female gonad: Estradiol inhibited LCA; mature females displayed less LCA than mature males, the sex difference being absent in immature animals; ovariectomy and hypophysectomy accelerated LCA; anterior pituitary extracts inhibited it in the female but not in the male; progesterone, testosterone, and orchidectomy had no effect. The adrenal-LCA relationships were complex: Adrenalectomy accelerated LCA but the effects of injected steroids depended on the dosage level and on the duration of the treatment. Short lasting injections of small amounts of glucocorticoids inhibited LCA, the effect disappearing upon prolongation of treatment. By contrast, massive amounts of glucocorticoids accelerated LCA, whether given for a short or a long period of time. Chronic stress and ACTH had no effect, despite the induction of pronounced adrenal enlargement. Injected thyroxine inhibited LCA but surgical thyroidectomy did not affect it.
THE EFFICACY OF DEXTRANS OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS IN SHOCK SECONDARY TO LIMB CLAMPING
Authors: Smith Lorraine C. , Haist R. E.
Published: October 2017

A degree of traumatic shock was produced in rats by the removal of metal clamps which had been applied to both hind limbs for a period of 10 hr. This was lethal within 24 hr. to all animals not receiving fluid therapy. The infusion of plasma expanders delayed or prevented the development of irreversible shock. All fluid therapy relieved the oliguria produced by the shock although this relief generally occurred 24 hr. after the release of the clamps. The plasma expander which best promoted survival was the Connaught dextran 13-1, a solution with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.34 (mean mol. wt. 150,000). Survival with the dextran solutions was increased with increasing molecular weights of the dextrans. This seemed to be related to the retention of the larger molecules for a longer period of time within the body.
IN VITROSTUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE VITAMIN-B6-DEPRIVED RAT
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: October 2017

Following earlier studies on carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat, in vitro investigations have been carried out. In all cases, comparisons were made between tissues from vitamin-B6-deprived and pair-fed control animals so that differences in the amount of food consumed would not affect the interpretation of experimental results. No significant difference was found in glucose utilization by muscle nor in liver cytochrome oxidase activity. Liver aldolase activity was significantly decreased and the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased in the vitamin-B6-deprived rats. In vitamin-B6-deprived female rats, but not male rats, liver catalase activity was significantly increased. These results are discussed in the light of earlier observations indicating disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism in the vitamin-B6-deprived rat.
THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-XYLOSE-1-C14, D-XYLOSE-2-C14, AND D-XYLOSE-5-C14 BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Altermatt H. A. , Blackwood A. C. , Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

D-Xylose was dissimilated anaerobically by Leuconostoc mesenteroides to an equimolecular mixture of acetic and lactic acids. Xylose-1-C14 gave methyl-labelled acetic acid, xylose-2-C14 gave carboxyl-labelled acetic acid, and xylose-5-C14 gave methyl-labelled lactic acid. The amount of C14 found in any other position was less than one per cent of the total.
THE EFFECTS OF THIOURACIL AND OF THYROXINE ON CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO COMBINED TREATMENT WITH ESTROGEN AND ANDROGEN
Authors: Common R. H. , Maw W. A. , Layne D. S.
Published: October 2017

Sexually immature pullets were given a combined estrogen–androgen treatment, consisting of estradiol benzoate (ODB) plus testosterone propionate (TST). The influences of thiouracil and of thyroxine on various responses to this treatment were studied in two experiments. Thiouracil depressed slightly the hypertrophy of the oviduct evoked by ODB + TST; thyroxine enhanced the hypertrophy in one experiment, but depressed it in the other. Thiouracil enhanced, and thyroxine depressed the hypertrophy of the liver evoked by ODB + TST. Thiouracil also enhanced the increase of liver crude protein per kgm. live weight evoked by ODB + TST. The slight increase of liver deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP) per kgm. live weight evoked by ODB + TST was also enhanced by thiouracil and depressed by thyroxine. The great increase of liver pentose nucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) per kgm. live weight evoked by ODB + TST was enhanced by thiouracil, but was depressed by thyroxine. The great increase in the ratio RNAP: DNAP in liver evoked by ODB + TST was not modified by thiouracil, but it was depressed by thyroxine. In one experiment, ODB + TST increased kidney weight per kgm. live weight; and this effect was enhanced by thiouracil and by thyroxine. In the other experiment, ODB + TST did not affect kidney weight, but the kidney weight per kgm. live weight was greater in the groups receiving either thiouracil or thyroxine than in the control group. ODB + TST did not affect kidney DNAP or RNAP per kgm. live weight, and a slight increase in kidney RNAP: DNAP observed in both experiments fell short of significance at P = 0.05. Both kidney RNAP and DNAP were significantly greater in the groups receiving thiouracil or thyroxine than in the control groups. ODB +f TST evoked a slight increase in the ratio RNAP: DNAP in kidney, and this effect was greatly enhanced by either thiouracil or thyroxine. In confirmation of previous work, the hypercalcemia evoked by ODB + TST was depressed by either thiouracil or by thyroxine.
THE INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM ION UPON GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Clarke D. W.
Published: October 2017

The amounts of glucose taken from a medium, and the amounts of glycogen synthesized, by rat hemidiaphragms were studied under various conditions. High concentrations of potassium ion inhibited the glucose uptake and there was also a reduced net glycogen synthesis. Glycogen breakdown was probably not increased by high potassium ion concentration. The effect of potassium was most marked when conditions were such that one would ordinarily expect a considerable glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis. The action of insulin was not peculiarly susceptible to potassium ion inhibition.
THE EFFECT OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN ON THE FORMATION OF ADAPTIVE ENZYMES BY A STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Roote Susan M. , Polglase W. J.
Published: October 2017

The adaptive formation of enzymes for the oxidation of L-arabinose, lactose, and D-glucuronic acid was inhibited by dihydrostreptomycin in a strain of Escherichia coli which would not grow in the presence of this antibiotic. Adaptive enzyme formation was not inhibited in E. coli variants which would grow in the presence of dihydrostreptomycin or which required the antibiotic for growth.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF AUREOMYCIN ON THE RESPONSE OF THE RAT TO VITAMIN D
Authors: Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

The response of rachitic rats to doses of vitamin D, as measured by the line test, was increased by the addition of aureomycin to the rachitogenic diet. The weight gain of these animals was also increased by the antibiotic. In the absence of vitamin D aureomycin had no effect on either calcification or weight gain.
RENAL RESPONSES TO HYPERVOLEMIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Young I. E. , Pearce J. W. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

Kidney function studies and cardiovascular measurements were made on anesthetized dogs rendered hypervolemic with infusions of dextran, plasma, whole blood, or saline. The infusions, equal in volume to the calculated initial blood volume, were given at a standard rate except those of dextran which were infused at a faster and at a slower rate. A diuresis resulted from all infusions except that of whole blood; a greater diuresis accompanied slow infusions of dextran compared with the effect of more rapid infusions of dextran of similar volume. With all infusions, except that of saline, there was no increase in glomerular nitration rate. It is inferred that part of the diuresis with dextran infusions, as well as that with plasma infusions, was due to alteration in tubular function. The RBF was normal or decreased during all infusions; it is reasoned that renal afferent vasoconstrictor activity increased during hypervolemia produced by infusions other than saline. Some possible factors in the production of the diuresis, other than the volume increase alone, are discussed.
ON RAT SERUM AMYLASE: III. THE CONTRIBUTION BY VARIOUS TISSUES TO SERUM AMYLASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Wiberg G. Stuart , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

The contribution of various tissues to the level of rat serum amylase has been investigated. The pancreas appeared to furnish significant amounts of the enzyme to serum. This was suggested by parallel decreases in pancreatic and serum amylase activity associated with fasting, partial pancreatectomy, and parenteral administration of ethionine. However, increased levels of pancreatic amylase, produced by high dietary concentrations of starch and sucrose, were not paralleled in the serum. Major pancreatectomy indicated that extra-pancreatic sources contribute to serum amylolytic activity. Fasting, partial pancreatectomy, and ethionine injection were followed by decreased amylase levels in serum and intestinal mucosa, and suggested the mucosa as a possible source of the serum enzyme. Depot fat contained appreciable amounts of amylase and is considered as a contributor to serum. This possibility is indicated by the highly significant increase produced in serum and depot fat amylase levels by a high dietary concentration of fat. Moreover a highly significant correlation was found between serum and depot fat amylase levels. It was noted that the high fat diet stimulated amylolytic activity of intestinal mucosa without affecting pancreatic amylase levels. The parotid glands had the highest tissue amylase levels but did not appear to contribute to the serum.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MIXED SOLUTES AND CRUDE ORGAN EXTRACTS
Authors: Annau E.
Published: October 2017

A procedure is presented by which the spectrophotometric separation of two mixed solutes, absorbing in the ultraviolet region, became possible. By the extension of the method to crude organ extracts, absorption spectra characteristic in their main points for proteins could be obtained selectively from the composed spectra of the extracts. At the same time a method is described for the preparation of crude organ extracts showing an apparently maximal transparency.
THE DETERMINATION OF MUSTARD OILS IN RAPESEED MEAL
Authors: Wetter Leslie R.
Published: October 2017

A modified method for the determination of mustard oils (isothiocyanates) in rapeseed meal is described. The reproducibility of duplicate analyses is good. A considerable variation in mustard oil content was found in the nine rapeseed meals tested.
THE MUSCLE AND INTEGUMENT LIPIDS IN FEMALE ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: Fairbairn Donald
Published: October 2017

Total lipids of the body wall (muscle plus integument) consisted of phospholipids (38%), unsaponifiables (8.1%), and triglyceride acids (47%). The phospholipid fraction contained major amounts of phosphoacetals, lecithins, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Sphingolipids and phosphatidylserine were probably present in smaller amounts. Much of the unsaponifiable matter was similar to, but not identical with, the ascaryl alcohol of the reproductive tissues, although sterols were also present. The triglycerides contained an approximately equimolar mixture of volatile and non-volatile acids. Phospholipid acids, on the other hand, were entirely non-volatile. The integument lipid fractions were similar in amount and kind to those of the muscle.
KINETICS OF THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF SARIN
Authors: Adie P. A. , Hoskin F. C. G. , Trick G. S.
Published: October 2017

The enzymatic hydrolysis of sarin is apparently a single first-order reaction. There is no evidence of different reaction rates for the two possible optical isomers of sarin. During both the enzymatic and the non-enzymatic hydrolyses, sarin appears to be detoxified somewhat more rapidly than the manometric results would indicate. However, the detoxification parallels the manometric results sufficiently to stand in contrast to results obtained using tabun.
ACETATE METABOLISM OF MATURING WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Ramachandran L. K.
Published: October 2017

The transport of carbon-14 injected into the hollow stems of growing wheat plants in the form of sodium acetate-1-C14 and -2-C14 was studied. The labelling efficiency of the tracer and its distribution among components of the wheat kernels was markedly dependent upon the time of injection. Maximum incorporation of activity occurred with plants which were given the tracer about 80 days after seeding. Sodium acetate-1-C14 was less effective for producing labelled kernels and gave rise to more uniform distribution of carbon-14 among the components, very little carbon-14 being utilized for starch synthesis nearer maturity. A high percentage of the carbon-14 content of the gluten resided in the glutamic acid residues. Glutamic acid-C14 injected into the stems was an efficient source of labelling for the plant. The results are consistent with the view that acetate is utilized by way of the Krebs' citric acid cycle.
THE GASTRIC ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE RESPONSE TO HISTAMINE IN DOGS AND EFFECT OF PASSAGE OF BLOOD THROUGH THE GASTRIC AND HEPATIC VESSELS ON ITS PEPSINOGEN CONTENT
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Norvell Jr. S. T. , MacKenzie Walter C.
Published: October 2017

Subcutaneous histamine in dogs in a dose of 5 mgm. per kgm. of body weight provoked a significant increase in gastric pepsin secretion over a four-hour period. The increased pepsin production was accompanied by increased secretion of free HCl, increased volume of gastric juice, and elevation of plasma pepsinogen in the same experimental period. Plasma pepsinogen levels, before and after histamine, were investigated in a gastric artery, a gastric vein, the portal vein, a hepatic vein, and a cephalic vein. The enzyme concentration was significantly higher in the gastric vein than in the gastric artery and this difference was accentuated following histamine administration. These findings were attributed to endocrine secretion of pepsinogen by the zymogenic cells of the gastric mucosa. There was no evidence that pepsinogen concentration is altered as the blood traverses the liver.