bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Types of Childhood Experience With Mothers and Caregiving Outcomes in Adulthood
Authors: Kong Jooyoung , Martire Lynn M. , Tate Ashley M. , Bray Bethany C. , Almeida David M.
Published: October 2020

Objective and Background

The current study examines the types of childhood experiences with mothers (i.e., maternal abuse, affection, discipline) among caregivers of aging mothers and investigates whether membership in specific latent classes, particularly maternal maltreatment, is associated with psychological functioning among caregivers.

Method

Using data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), we used the Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars approach of latent class analysis to predict distal outcomes.

Results

We identified four latent classes (prevalence rate noted): “Affectionate and authoritative” (65%), “affectionate and permissive” (11%), “emotionally abusive and neglectful” (8%), and “emotionally/physically abusive and authoritative” (16%). Caregivers in the “emotionally/physically abusive and authoritative” class endorsed high probabilities of both maternal affection and abuse and were most negatively affected across the three psychological functioning outcomes (i.e., self‐rated mental health, psychological distress, and psychological well‐being).

Conclusion

In support of the life course perspective, our findings emphasized the importance of examining adult children caregivers' early life experiences with aging mothers and how those experiences can impact the psychological effects of caregiving.

Implications

This study suggests specific practice implications; for example, assessment tools for evaluating caregiver burden should consider life course factors, such as caregivers' childhood experiences with aging parents.
Escaping the Lion’s Den: redirecting autophagy for unconventional release and spread of viruses
Authors: Teo Qi Wen , van Leur Sophie Wilhelmina , Sanyal Sumana
Published: October 2020

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis during a range of internal and external stimuli. Conventionally, autophagy is known for coordinated degradation and recycling of intracellular components and removal of cytosolic pathogens. More recently, several lines of evidence have indicated an unconventional, nondegradative role of autophagy for secretion of cargo that lacks a signal peptide. This process referred to as secretory autophagy has also been implicated in the infection cycle of several virus species. This review focuses on the current evidence available on the nondegradative features of autophagy, emphasizing its potential role and unresolved questions in the release and spread of (−) and (+) RNA viruses.
Soil dissolved organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems: Global budget, spatial distribution and controls
Authors: Guo Ziyu , Wang Yihui , Wan Zhongmei , Zuo Yunjiang , He Liyuan , Li Dan , Yuan Fenghui , Wang Nannan , Liu Jianzhao , Song Yanyu , Song Changchun , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: October 2020

Aims

Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a primary form of labile carbon in terrestrial ecosystems, and therefore plays a vital role in soil carbon cycling. This study aims to quantify the budgets of soil DOC at biome and global levels and to examine the variations in soil DOC and their environmental controls.

Location

Global.

Time period

1981–2019.

Methods

We compiled a global dataset and analysed the concentration and distribution of DOC across 10 biomes.

Results

Large variations in DOC are found among biomes across space and the soil DOC concentration declines exponentially along soil depths. Tundra has the highest soil DOC concentration in 0–30 cm soils [453.75 (95% confidence interval: 324.95–633.5) mg/kg], whereas tropical and temperate forests have relatively lower DOC concentrations, ranging from 30.20 (24.78–36.80) to 54.54 (49.77–59.77) mg/kg. DOC generally accounts for < 1% of total organic carbon in soils, and DOC in 0–30 cm contributes more than half of the total DOC in the 0–100 cm soil profile. Furthermore, variations in DOC are primarily controlled by soil texture, moisture, and total organic carbon.

Main conclusions

A global synthesis is combined with an empirical model to extrapolate the DOC concentration along soil profiles across the globe, and global budgets of DOC are estimated as 7.20 Pg C in the top 0–30 cm and 12.97 Pg C in the 0–100 cm soil profile, respectively, with a considerable variation among biomes. The strong soil texture control but weak total organic carbon (TOC) control on DOC variations suggest that the investigation of physical protection of soil organic carbon might need to expand to consider the labile C in soils. The global maps of DOC concentration serve as a benchmark for validating land surface models in estimating carbon storage in soils.
The politics of gendered space: Social norms and purdah affecting female informal work in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Lata Lutfun Nahar , Walters Peter , Roitman Sonia
Published: October 2020

Labor markets are still heavily gendered everywhere, even when women's participation in the labor market is greater now than at any other time in history. Existing research shows poor women's participation in the informal economy is higher than men's in many parts of the Global South. However, this is not the case in Bangladesh. Poor Muslim women's participation, particularly where they require access to public space, is lower than men due to persistent patriarchal norms, reflected in social and religious expectations of women. Drawing on interview data with female street vendors from a slum in Dhaka, this article explores the dynamics of social and religious norms that constrain poor Muslim women's access to public space to earn income. This article contributes to the literature on gender, religion, and work by highlighting that the parochial realm offers a safer space for operating businesses without breaking social norms and by arguing that poor Muslim women experience social and religious barriers rather than legal ones. Non‐legal barriers are more amenable to change as a result, which is important for empowering women.
Caste‐specific gene expression underlying the differential adult brain development in the honeybee Apis mellifera
Authors: de Paula Junior D. E. , de Oliveira M. T. , Bruscadin J. J. , Pinheiro D. G. , Bomtorin A. D. , Coelho Júnior V. G. , Moda L. M. R. , Simões Z. L. P. , Barchuk A. R.
Published: October 2020

Apis mellifera adult workers feature more developed key brain regions than queens, which allows them to cope with the broad range of duties they need to perform in a colony. However, at the end of larval development, the brain of queens is largely more developed than that of workers. Major morphogenetic changes take place after metamorphosis that shift caste‐specific brain development. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon is hormonally governed and involves differential gene expression. Our molecular screening approach revealed a set of differentially expressed genes in Pp (first pharate‐adult phase) brains between castes mainly coding for tissue remodelling and energy‐converting proteins (e.g. hex 70a and ATPsynβ). An in‐depth qPCR analysis of the transcriptional behaviour during pupal and pharate‐adult developmental stage in both castes and in response to artificially augmented hormone titres of 18 genes/variants revealed that: i. subtle differences in hormone titres between castes might be responsible for the differential expression of the EcR and insulin/insulin‐like signalling (IIS) pathway genes; ii. the morphogenetic activity of the IIS in brain development must be mediated by ILP‐2, iii. which together with the tum, mnb and caspase system, can constitute the molecular effectors of the caste‐specific opposing brain developmental trajectories.
A puzzle‐based material handling system for order picking
Authors: Shekari Ashgzari Mina , Gue Kevin R.
Published: October 2020

We propose a new type of automated goods‐to‐person system based on a grid of unit‐sized conveyors. The system uses a negotiation‐based decentralized control algorithm to route required totes or cartons to one or more picking positions on the perimeter of the grid. We describe the algorithms to accomplish a “puzzle‐like” movement of totes on the grid and explore several design parameters and their effects on system throughput. One interesting result is that a 77% increase in throughput is possible if the orders processed by different workstations have no SKU commonality. The degree of stock keeping unit (SKU) commonality also affects the choice of layout.
Determinants of pre‐eclampsia among pregnant women attending perinatal care in hospitals of the Omo district, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Fikadu Kassahun , G/Meskel Feleke , Getahun Firdawek , Chufamo Nega , Misiker Direslign
Published: October 2020

Pre‐eclampsia is estimated to cause 70 000 maternal death globally every year, with the majority of deaths in low‐ and middle‐income countries. In Ethiopia, pre‐eclampsia causes 16% of direct maternal deaths. Despite the high burden of disease, pre‐eclampsia remains poorly studied in low and middle‐income countries. In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for pre‐eclampsia in pregnant women attending hospitals in the Omo district of Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected via face‐to‐face interviews. Logistic regression analysis was computed to examine the relationship between the independent variable and pre‐eclampsia. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) excluding 1 in the multivariable analysis was considered to identify factors associated with pre‐eclampsia at a p‐value of <0.05. A total of 167 cases and 352 controls were included. Factors that were found to have a statistically significant association with pre‐eclampsia were primary relatives who had a history of chronic hypertension (AOR 2.1, 95% CI: 1.06‐4.21), family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR 2.35; 95% CI: 1.07‐5.20), preterm gestation (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05‐2.32), and pre‐conception smoking exposure (AOR = 4.16, 95% CI: 1.1‐15.4). The study identified that a family history of chronic illnesses and diabetes mellitus, preterm gestation, and smoking exposure before conception were the risk factors for pre‐eclampsia. Presumably, addressing the identified risk factors may give further insight into where interventions and resources should be focused, as well as having an understanding of the burden of disease.
Inhibition of IRE1/JNK pathway in HK‐2 cells subjected to hypoxia‐reoxygenation attenuates mesangial cells‐derived extracellular matrix production
Authors: Liang Yan , Liang Lulu , Liu Zhenjie , Wang Yingzi , Dong Xiubing , Qu Lingyun , Gou Rong , Wang Yulin , Wang Qian , Liu Zhangsuo , Tang Lin
Published: October 2020

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammatory responses play active roles in the transition of acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inositol‐requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) activates c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) in ER stress. Tubular epithelial cells (TEC) are the main injury target and source of AKI inflammatory mediators. TEC injury may lead to glomerulosclerosis, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) HK‐2 cells were used as an AKI model. To determine the partial effects of TEC injury on the glomerulus, HK‐2 cells after H/R were co‐cultured with human renal mesangial cells (HRMC). H/R up‐regulated ER stress, IRE1/JNK pathway, IL‐6 and MCP‐1 in HK‐2 cells. Stimulation of HRMC with IL‐6 enhanced their proliferation and the expression of glomerulosclerosis‐associated fibronectin and collagen IV via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. Similar responses were observed in HRMC co‐cultured with HK‐2 cells after H/R. IRE1/JNK inhibition reversed these injury responses in HRMC. IRE1/JNK stable knock‐down in HK‐2 cells and shRNA‐mediated STAT3 depletion in HRMC confirmed their role in inflammation/glomerulosclerosis. These findings suggest that IRE1/JNK pathway mediates inflammation in TEC, affecting mesangial cells. The inhibition of this pathway could be a feasible approach to prevent AKI‐CKD transition.
Effect of handling material on mechanical and optical properties of feldspathic porcelain
Authors: Bitencourt Sandro Basso , Bastos Natália Almeida , Mazza Letícia Cerri , Rangel Elidiane Cipriano , De Souza Grace Mendonça , da Silva Pereira Flávia , Goiato Marcelo Coelho , dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Pesqueira Aldiéris Alves
Published: October 2020

Objective

To evaluate the optical, chemical, and mechanical properties of feldspathic porcelain after handling with different instrument materials.

Material and methods

Feldspathic porcelain was manipulated with different spatula compositions: metal spatula (MS), plastic spatula (PS), and glass spatula (GS) for the fabrication of 30 (n = 10) disks. Contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP), and surface Knoop microhardness (KHN) were measured. The color change (ΔE00) was evaluated using the CIEDE2000 system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used for surface analysis. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey test (P < 0.05).

Results

All groups presented different morphological surfaces with higher presence of Al on the MS. PS group presented lower Al, Si, K than MS, and GS. Higher CR was observed for PS (0.734; P < 0.043), followed by MS (0.696; P < 0.043) and GS (0.65; P < 0.011). The highest TP (13.06) and KHN (386.27) were presented by GS (P < 0.001). MS and PS presented similar KHN results. The higher ΔE00 were found for plastic/metal comparison. Also, the L* values for the MS group (67.49) were lower than the other groups.

Conclusion

The use of metal spatula promoted higher color alteration during feldspathic porcelain manipulation than did the other materials. Handling with glass instrument promoted higher microhardness than other spatula materials.

Clinical significance

The effect of the material used for ceramic handling on feldspathic porcelain properties is often ignored. This study shows that the handling spatula material must be carefully chosen to avoid inadvertent changes to the feldspathic porcelain restoration.
House price expectations, mortgages, and subjective well‐being in urban China
Authors: Su Zhifang , Huang Jr‐Tsung , Lin Arthur Jin
Published: October 2020

This study aims at investigating the roles of house price expectations and mortgages in urban dwellers' subjective well‐being (SWB) in China. Using 3,717 urban householder respondents collected in the 2011 China Household Finance Survey and categorizing the sample into three subsamples: homeowners without and with a home loan, and nonhomeowners, the ordered logit models of the ordinal‐dependent variable SWB with and without considering the endogeneity problem are estimated using these three subsamples separately. The primary finding is that house price expectations have a negative influence on the likelihood of having a better SWB only for homeowners without a home loan. However, more houses can mitigate this negative influence. For homeowners with a home loan, mortgages have a negative impact on the likelihood of having a better SWB. Finally, the Beijing sample based on the 2017 data also supports the influences of house price expectations and mortgages on SWB.
Transnational Jihadism and the Role of Criminal Judges: An Ethnography of French Courts
Authors: WEILL SHARON
Published: October 2020

Lower national courts are increasingly asked to perform a transnational role, being directly involved in major geopolitical issues such as conflicts, migration, and transnational terrorism. Based on an ethnography of French criminal courts, this article aims to examine this emerging role of national lower courts as transnationalized players. Through an examination of terrorism prosecutions in France and the positions of the different judicial actors, it is argued that lower criminal courts, acting within a transnational context, can offer more robust resistance to states’ policies than supreme courts. This is because of the routine and the banality of their function and the direct interaction with the accused persons coupled with the judges’ own professional ethos and notion of judicial independence. Unlike supreme courts, whose role is more visible, and thus under the constant scrutiny of the political branches of the state, lower courts can operate in a more distant, independent space.
Identification structure of the mating‐type locus and distribution of Kabatiella zeae in China
Authors: Chen Nan , Sun Jiaying , Liu Kexin , Jiang Pengcheng , Wang Fen , Fu Dandan , Xiao Shuqin , Ma Changguang , Zhang Shuping , Xue Chunsheng
Published: October 2020

The 51 isolates, the causing agents of maize eyespot, were identified as Kabatiella zeae with morphological and molecular methods. The structure of the MAT locus in K. zeae JLMHK‐9 strain contains MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 genes which are transcribed in opposite directions, DNA lyase gene (APN2) which is adjacent to the 3′ flanking region of MAT1‐2‐1 gene and a pleckstrin homology domain (PH) which is adjacent to the 3′ flanking region of MAT1‐1‐1 gene. The specific primers are used to identify the mating types of K. zeae isolates collected from six provinces in China, and our findings speculate that K. zeae is a homothallic species.
A marineChlamydomonassp. emerging as an algal model
Authors: Carrasco Flores David , Fricke Markus , Wesp Valentin , Desirò Daniel , Kniewasser Anja , Hölzer Martin , Marz Manja , Mittag Maria
Published: October 2020

The freshwater microalgaChlamydomonas reinhardtii, which lives in wet soil, has served for decades as a model for numerous biological processes, and many tools have been introduced for this organism. Here, we have established a stable nuclear transformation for its marine counterpart,Chlamydomonassp. SAG25.89, by fusing specificcis‐acting elements from itsActingene with the gene providing hygromycin resistance and using an elaborated electroporation protocol. LikeC. reinhardtii,Chlamydomonassp. has a high GC content, allowing reporter genes and selection markers to be applicable in both organisms.Chlamydomonassp. grows purely photoautotrophically and requires ammonia as a nitrogen source because its nuclear genome lacks some of the genes required for nitrogen metabolism. Interestingly, it can grow well under both low and very high salinities (up to 50 g · L‐1) rendering it as a model for osmotolerance. We further show thatChlamydomonassp. grows well from 15 to 28°C, but halts its growth at 32°C. The genome ofChlamydomonassp. contains some gene homologs the expression of which is regulated according to the ambient temperatures and/or confer thermal acclimation inC. reinhardtii. Thus, knowledge of temperature acclimation can now be compared to the marine species. Furthermore,Chlamydomonassp. can serve as a model for studying marine microbial interactions and for comparing mechanisms in freshwater and marine environments.Chlamydomonassp. was previously shown to be immobilized rapidly by a cyclic lipopeptide secreted from the antagonistic bacteriumPseudomonas protegensPF‐5, which deflagellatesC. reinhardtii.
Phylogenomic analysis clarifies the evolutionary origin of Coffea arabica
Authors: Bawin Yves , Ruttink Tom , Staelens Ariane , Haegeman Annelies , Stoffelen Piet , Mwanga Mwanga Jean‐Claude Ithe , Roldán‐Ruiz Isabel , Honnay Olivier , Janssens Steven B.
Published: October 2020

Interspecific hybridization events have played a major role in plant speciation, yet the evolutionary origin of hybrid species often remains enigmatic. Here, we inferred the evolutionary origin of the allotetraploid species Coffea arabica, which is widely cultivated for Arabica coffee production. We estimated genetic distances between C. arabica and all species that are known to be closely related to C. arabica using genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data. In addition, we reconstructed a time‐calibrated multilabeled phylogenetic tree of 24 species to estimate the age of the C. arabica hybridization event. Ancestral states of self‐compatibility were also inferred to shed new light on the evolution of self‐compatibility in Coffea. Coffea canephora and C. eugenioides were confirmed as the putative progenitor species of C. arabica. These species most likely hybridized between 1.08 million and 543 000 years ago, coinciding with periods of environmental upheaval, which may have induced range shifts of the progenitor species that facilitated the emergence of C. arabica.
Correlation of thyroid hormone measurements with thyroid stimulating hormone stimulation test results in radioiodine‐treated cats
Authors: Wakeling Jennifer , Hall Teresa , Williams Timothy L.
Published: October 2020

Background

Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can develop after radioiodine‐I131(RAI) treatment of hyperthyroid cats and can be diagnosed using the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation test.

Objectives

To assess the effect of noncritical illness on TSH stimulation test results in euthyroid and RAI‐treated cats. To assess the correlation of low total‐thyroxine (tT4), low free‐thyroxine (fT4), and high TSH concentrations with TSH stimulation test results.

Animals

Thirty‐three euthyroid adult cats and 118 client‐owned cats previously treated with RAI.

Methods

Total‐thyroxine, fT4, and TSH were measured, and a TSH stimulation test was performed in all cats. Euthyroid control cats were divided into apparently healthy and noncritical illness groups. RAI‐treated cats were divided into RAI‐hypothyroid (after‐stimulation tT4 ≤ 1.5 μg/dL), RAI‐euthyroid (after‐stimulation tT4 ≥ 2.3 μg/dLORafter‐stimulation tT4 1.5‐2.3 μg/dL and before : after tT4 ratio > 1.5), and RAI‐equivocal (after stimulation tT4 1.5‐2.3 μg/dL and tT4 ratio < 1.5) groups.

Results

Noncritical illness did not significantly affect the tT4 following TSH stimulation in euthyroid (P= .38) or RAI‐treated cats (P= .54). There were 21 cats in the RAI‐equivocal group. Twenty‐two (85%) RAI‐hypothyroid cats (n = 26) and 10/71 (14%) of RAI‐euthyroid cats had high TSH (≥0.3 ng/mL). Twenty‐three (88%) RAI‐hypothyroid cats had low fT4 (<0.70 ng/dL). Of the 5 (7%) RAI‐euthyroid cats with low fT4, only one also had high TSH. Only 5/26 (19%) RAI‐hypothyroid cats had tT4 below the laboratory reference interval (<0.78 μg/dL).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The veterinary‐specific chemiluminescent fT4 immunoassay and canine‐specific TSH immunoassay can be used to aid in the diagnosis of iatrogenic hypothyroidism in cats.
Factors associated with the risk of positive blood culture in neonatal foals presented to a referral center (2000‐2014)
Authors: Furr Martin , McKenzie Harold
Published: October 2020

Background

Bloodstream infections (BSI) are common in sick foals and increase foal morbidity and mortality when they occur. Recognition of risk factors for BSI could be an important means to limit their occurrence, but studies on this topic are limited.

Objectives

Historical as well as maternal and foal physical examination findings will predict risk of BSI in neonatal foals.

Animals

Foals <14 days of age admitted to a referral equine hospital for care.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study with univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

Four hundred twenty‐nine (143 cases and 286 controls) foals <14 days of age were studied. Risk of a foal having a BSI was increased in foals with umbilical disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 11.01;P= .02), hypoglycemia (adjusted OR, 13.51;P= .03), and the combined presence of umbilical disease and low hematocrit (adjusted OR, >999.99;P= .04). Factors not found to be risk factors for development of BSI included prematurity, hypothermia, abdominal disease, diarrhea, failure of passive transfer, and maternal uterine infection.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Several historical and physical examination findings increase the risk of foals being blood culture positive at presentation to the hospital. This knowledge may aid early identification of blood culture status, thus aiding in treatment decisions.
CK‐18 cell death markers improve the prediction of histological remission in autoimmune hepatitis during biochemical remission
Authors: Derben Finn C. , Engel Bastian , Zachou Kalliopi , Hartl Johannes , Hartleben Björn , Bantel Heike , Schramm Christoph , Dalekos George N. , Manns Michael P. , Jaeckel Elmar , Taubert Richard
Published: October 2020

Incomplete histological remission of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is associated with a reduced long‐term survival and an increased relapse rate even during biochemical remission (BR). The aim of this international multicentre study was to explore the diagnostic fidelity of cytokeratin‐18 cell death markers to noninvasively detect incomplete histological remission. Thereby, cytokeratin‐18 cell death marker M65 but not ALT and immunoglobulins was significantly higher in patients with incomplete histological remission (mHAI ≥ 4) compared to those with mHAI ≤ 3. M65 levels > 305 U/L, identified in the training cohort, facilitated the noninvasive detection of incomplete histological remission with a sensitivity of 75% and negative predictive value of 86% in the validation cohort. While BR with M65 < 305 U/L suggested complete histological remission (86%), BR with M65 > 305 U/L reduced the rate of histological remission to 60%. In conclusion, M65 may help to better select patients for or to reduce surveillance liver biopsies in the future.
Assessing the lethality of ship strikes on whales using simple biophysical models
Authors: Kelley Dan E. , Vlasic James P. , Brillant Sean W.
Published: October 2020

Studies of ship strikes on whales often focus on large vessels (>20 m), with attention to their speeds and the resulting risk of lethality. Smaller coastal vessels also co‐occur with whales, resulting in collisions that merit study. To cast light on injuries caused by vessels of all sizes, we used knowledge of right whale anatomy and Newtonian mechanics to construct simple models that predict the mechanical stresses experienced by whales during collisions. By comparing our predictions with published models and with data from ship strikes on various whale species, we developed a model for lethal injury as a function of several vessel and whale properties, finding that collisions that create stresses in excess of 0.241 MPa were likely to cause lethal injuries to large whales. Furthermore, this model has revealed that (1) vessels of all sizes can yield stresses higher than this critical level, and (2) large vessels produce stresses much larger than this even when travelling at reduced speeds (i.e., 10 knots). The model is fast enough to power an interactive GUI‐based tool (in R) and flexible enough to simulate strikes by vessels of different masses and speeds upon whales of different species, sizes, and physical conditions.
Translating the seminal findings of Carl Lüderitz: A description in English of his extraordinary studies of gastrointestinal motility accompanied by a historical view of peristalsis
Authors: Schemann Michael , Mai Gunther , Costa Marcello , Enck Paul
Published: October 2020

Background

Carl Lüderitz provided the first comprehensive description of peristalsis in vivo in his publication from 1889 before Bayliss and Starling described the peristaltic reflex in isolated intestinal segments ex vivo 10 years later. At that time, the peristaltic reflex, responsible for progression of intestinal content, was referred to as the Lüderitz‐Bayliss‐Starling reflex. This shows that his peers around 1900 were very well aware of the significant impact of Lüderitz´s papers.

Purpose

A major intention in this review is to bring the significant contributions by Dr. Carl Lüderitz (1854–1930) to the attention of our colleagues working in the field of Gastroenterology, in particular those interested in Neurogastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Motility. Until 1891, Carl Lüderitz published five more papers on the sensory and motor components of peristalsis including one seminal paper on stimulus‐evoked muscle responses in the stomach in vivo. For most of his life, Carl Lüderitz was a practicing physician and doctor for the poor in Berlin. He spent a rather short time in academia, mostly during his studies in Jena under supervision of his cousin, the famous internist Hermann Nothnagel, and later in Berlin, where he volunteered for short periods at various university institutes but without any formal appointment. This paper is to honor Carl Lüderitz. We divided it into four chapters: a short biography, a summary and evaluation of his contributions, a translation of his seminal paper on peristalsis, and finally a historical view on peristalsis.
Gastric slow wave rhythm identification using new approach based on noise‐assisted multivariate empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert–Huang transform
Authors: Komorowski Dariusz , Mika Barbara
Published: October 2020

Background

Electrogastrography (EGG) is the method of cutaneous recording of the myoelectrical activity of the stomach. A multi‐channel signal is recorded non‐invasively by means of electrodes placed outside the epigastric area. The normal electrical rhythm of the stomach (slow wave) may become significantly disturbed due to disorders of gastrointestinal tract. Abnormally fast electrical rhythms are termed tachygastria, while abnormally slow rhythms are known as bradygastria. Because some features of biological signals may go undetected using the classical methods of signal spectral analysis, we propose a new method for EGG rhythm identification.

Methods

In this study, the calculation of the basic rhythms of multi‐channel EGG signals is performed by means of the noise‐assisted multivariate empirical mode decomposition (NA‐MEMD) and Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), using EGG data from eight healthy subjects. The results were compared with those obtained using classical spectral analysis.

Key Results

The mean values of the normogastric index for preprandial and two postprandial stages were found to be 64.78 ± 11.37%, 61.29 ± 15.86%, and 63.80 ± 13.24%, respectively. The obtained values of normogastric index are consistent with the normal human physiological value, which is approximately 70% for healthy subjects.

Conclusions

This method is able to capture features of the signal which are mostly undetectable by standard EGG processing methods. The EGG dominant rhythm identification using the instantaneous normogastric, bradygastric, and tachygastric indices provides new insights into biological EGG patterns.
The added value of symptom analysis during a rapid drink challenge in high‐resolution esophageal manometry
Authors: Zerbib Frank , Luna Daniel , Marin Ingrid , Serra Jordi
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Patients with esophageal symptoms often remain with an uncertain diagnosis after high‐resolution manometry.

Aim

To determine the added value of concomitant pressure and symptom analysis in response to a rapid drink challenge (RDC).

Methods

In consecutive patients referred for esophageal manometry, a RDC consisting in free drinking of 200 ml of water as quick as possible was performed after the standard single water swallows manometry. Both pressure patterns and usual symptoms induced by the RDC were analyzed.

Results

A total of 1319 patients were included, (64.7% women, mean age 58.2 years, range 11–90). There were significant differences in pressure responses between patients with obstructive disorders, major hypercontractile disorders, esophageal hypomotility disorders and normal motility. The RDC provoked usual symptoms in 388 (29.4%) patients, associated with hyperpressive and obstructive patterns in 14.0% and 16.6%, respectively. Reproduction of dysphagia and regurgitation (not pain) was significantly associated with abnormal pressure responses during the RDC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The RDC elicited both abnormal pressure patterns and symptoms in 6.2%, 1.6%, and 20.8% of patients with normal motility, ineffective esophageal motility, and esophago‐gastric junction outflow obstruction, respectively.

Conclusion

Concomitant evaluation of symptoms and pressure responses to a RDC may increase the specificity of esophageal motor testing in patients with inconclusive diagnosis or normal esophageal motility.
Anesthetic Management of Patients After Scoliosis Surgery: A Single‐Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Li Qiang , Zeng Fei , Chen Tao , Pu Chun , Liang Yi‐jian , Zheng Chuan‐dong
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of anesthetic management on scoliosis surgery and review the incidence rate of perioperative adverse events.

Methods

This was a retrospective study and approved by the ethics committee. Patients who underwent scoliosis surgery from April 2011 to March 2018 in the Third Hospital of ChengDu were enrolled in this study. Characteristics of patients were obtained from the hospital's electronic records. The following information on patients was collected: preoperative assessment details, premedication, type of anesthesia and operation, the main postoperative outcome, and complications. Data were presented as the mean ± standard deviations (SD) for normally distributed continuous variables and numbers for categorical variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0.

Results

In total, 513 patients were enrolled in the present study. The main preoperative complication was cardiopulmonary dysfunction (386 cases, 75.24%). Anesthesia induction was performed with conscious tracheal intubation after oral surface anesthesia. In total, the common postoperative complications involved anesthesia (24 cases, 4.68%), surgery (23 cases, 4.48%), the respiratory system (138 cases, 26.90%), and the gastrointestinal tract (nine cases, 1.75%). The majority of postoperative complications were postoperative hypoxemia and hypercapnia, caused by poor cardiopulmonary function. Rare and serious complications still occurred. Three patients died in hospital.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated a high incidence of complications in scoliosis surgery, especially postoperative complications. Extreme postoperative vigilance is required and high‐level monitoring of conditions is highly recommended.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 and the future of crop plants
Authors: Bhargava Sujata , Mitra Sirsha
Published: October 2020

Atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth have risen steeply over the last 60 years and will continue to do so in future. CO2 traps heat from earth's surface, which causes an increase in temperature and leads to other climatic changes. Crop plants are currently challenged by climate change. In general, elevated CO2 increases photosynthetic rates, plant growth and the ability of plants to counteract stress. However, the effect of eCO2 on respiration is not apparent. Plants growing at eCO2 probably do not have sufficient respiratory ATP to drive cellular processes like nutrient uptake and transport, which impairs their nutritional quality. Here, we review how eCO2 modulates growth and nutritional value of crop plants, emphasizing the contribution of photosynthesis and respiration. We highlight the mechanisms that modulate acclimation and adaptive responses of plants to eCO2 and also discuss the ecological consequences. Finally, we project sorghum as a model for an eCO2 ready crop.
NADPH oxidases and the evolution of plant salinity tolerance
Authors: Liu Minmin , Yu Huiyang , Ouyang Bo , Shi Chunmei , Demidchik Vadim , Hao Zhifeng , Yu Min , Shabala Sergey
Published: October 2020

Soil salinization is a major threat to global food security and the biodiversity of natural ecosystems. To adapt to salt stress, plants rely on ROS‐mediated signalling networks that operate upstream of a broad array of physiological and genetic processes. A key player in ROS signalling is NADPH oxidase, a plasma‐membrane‐bound enzyme encoded by RBOH genes. In this study, we have conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of over 50 halophytic and glycophytic species to link the difference in the kinetics of ROS signalling between contrasting species with the abundance and/or structure of NADPH oxidases. The RBOH proteins were predicted in all the tested plant lineages except some algae species from the Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Streptophyta. Within the glycophytic group, the number of RBOH copies correlated negatively with salinity stress tolerance, suggesting that a reduction in the number of RBOH isoforms may be potentially related to the evolution of plant salinity tolerance. While halophytes did not develop unique protein families during evolution, they evolved additional phosphorylation target sites at the N‐termini of NADPH oxidases, potentially modulating enzyme activity and allowing more control over their function, resulting in more efficient ROS signalling and adaptation to saline conditions.
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy using indocyanine green in experimentally induced intraoral ulcers in rats
Authors: Motamedifar Mohammad , Tanideh Nader , Mardani Maryam , Daneshvar Bahareh , Hadadi Mahtab
Published: October 2020

Background

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a promising modality for eradication of microorganisms from the wound. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of PACT using indocyanine green (ICG) for reduction of bacterial load of oral ulcers in rats and its impact on the healing process.

Methods

In this experimental study, 50 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were recruited. Oral ulcers were surgically made on the left cheek mucosa, and animals were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 10). Wound site in groups 1, 2, and 3 was irrigated with the sterile saline (0.9%), chlorhexidine (CHX; 0.2%), and ICG solutions (1 mg/mL), respectively. Group 4 was exposed to laser irradiation using 810 nm diode laser on continuous‐wave mode for 30 seconds (fluence: 55 J/cm2, power: 300 mW, spot size: 4.5 mm). In group 5, PACT was performed using topical application of ICG followed by laser irradiation in the same way as the previous group. Bacterial load of oral ulcers was assessed before and after each treatment modality. Besides, rats were sacrificed on the 5th day post ulceration and histological features of healing were evaluated.

Results

Bacterial load was significantly reduced merely in the PACT‐ICG‐treated group by one log (P < .0001). Animals in the PACT‐ICG‐treated group also showed an accelerated healing in comparison with others on the 5th day of an experiment.

Conclusion

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy using topical application of ICG has a potential to reduce the bacterial load of oral ulcers and accelerate wound repair. Therefore, it can be considered as an alternative to currently available modalities for wound management.
Global Constraints on Imprecise Credences: Solving Reflection Violations, Belief Inertia, and Other Puzzles
Authors: Moss Sarah
Published: October 2020

The move to imprecise credence models leaves many formal norms of rationality surprisingly intact, as rational constraints on precise credences are often reinterpreted as constraints on individual elements of a rational agent’s representor. However, constraints on imprecise credences needn’t take this form. Whether an imprecise agent is rational might just as easily depend onglobalfeatures of her representor.

This paper is an extended investigation of global rules of rationality. I begin by distinguishing and defining multiple notions of globalness. Then I use these notions to solve several problems faced by fans of imprecise credences. On behalf of fans of imprecise credences, I respond to the problem of belief inertia, according to which certain imprecise agents are unable to engage in inductive learning. In addition, I answer the objection that that imprecise agents are doomed to violate the rational principle of Reflection.
Outcomes of protracted bacterial bronchitis in children: A 5‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Ruffles Tom J.C. , Marchant Julie M. , Masters Ian B. , Yerkovich Stephanie T. , Wurzel Danielle F. , Gibson Peter G. , Busch Greta , Baines Katherine J. , Simpson Jodie L. , Smith‐Vaughan Heidi C. , Pizzutto Susan J. , Buntain Helen M. , Hodge Gregory , Hodge Sandra , Upham John W. , Chang Anne B.
Published: October 2020

Background and objective

Long‐term data on children with PBB has been identified as a research priority. We describe the 5‐year outcomes for children with PBB to ascertain the presence of chronic respiratory disease (bronchiectasis, recurrent PBB and asthma) and identify the risk factors for these.

Methods

Prospective cohort study was undertaken at the Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, of 166 children with PBB and 28 controls (undergoing bronchoscopy for symptoms other than chronic wet cough). Monitoring was by monthly contact via research staff. Clinical review, spirometry and CT chest were performed as clinically indicated.

Results

A total of 194 children were included in the analysis. Median duration of follow‐up was 59 months (IQR: 50–71 months) post‐index PBB episode, 67.5% had ongoing symptoms and 9.6% had bronchiectasis. Significant predictors of bronchiectasis were recurrent PBB in year 1 of follow‐up (ORadj = 9.6, 95% CI: 1.8–50.1) and the presence of Haemophilus influenzae in the BAL (ORadj = 5.1, 95% CI: 1.4–19.1). Clinician‐diagnosed asthma at final follow‐up was present in 27.1% of children with PBB. A significant BDR (FEV1 improvement >12%) was obtained in 63.5% of the children who underwent reversibility testing. Positive allergen‐specific IgE (ORadj = 14.8, 95% CI: 2.2–100.8) at baseline and bronchomalacia (ORadj = 5.9, 95% CI: 1.2–29.7) were significant predictors of asthma diagnosis. Spirometry parameters were in the normal range.

Conclusion

As a significant proportion of children with PBB have ongoing symptoms at 5 years, and outcomes include bronchiectasis and asthma, they should be carefully followed up clinically. Defining biomarkers, endotypes and mechanistic studies elucidating the different outcomes are now required.
Detection of the HLA‐A*33:146 allele in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: October 2020

One nucleotide substitution in codon 307 of HLA‐A*33:03:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐A*33:146.
Revisiting cultural competence
Authors: Liu Jia , Gill Elaine , Li Shuangyu
Published: October 2020

Background

Although the importance of developing health care trainees and trainers’ cultural competence is widely acknowledged, limited information is available on what elements of cultural competence should be taught. A lack of theoretical clarity and consensus over what constitutes the competence attributes is a key hurdle in faculty development (FD). This results in patchy cultural education across health schools globally. Based on a literature review, we propose a new framework that may inform clinical cultural education and the development of clinical educators in this area.

Methods

A critical interpretive synthesis was carried out on articles extracted from Medline, CINAHL and Web of Science. Sixty‐nine articles were included for analysis, through which we engaged with the reconceptualisation of cultural competence in order to provide theoretical clarity and pedagogical guidance for FD in clinical cultural education.

Results

The synthesis illustrates that an ecological system is required to achieve comprehensive cultural competence development. We therefore composed a discursive multi‐level framework to highlight the needs of achieving cultural competence at the individual, team, organisational and systemic levels. Affective, cognitive and behavioural domains are to be achieved at the individual level. Leadership skills training is a key component in achieving higher level competences. Successful FD needs to cover these developmental areas.

Discussion

This review offers a multi‐level approach to developing cultural competence, which can be useful for clinical educators to improve their clinical practice and education in diverse cultural contexts. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and the methods.
Convergence Characteristics of Geometrically Accurate Spatial Finite Elements
Authors: Tinsley Brian , Shabana Ahmed A.
Published: October 2020

The convergence characteristics of three geometrically accurate spatial finite elements (FEs) are examined in this study using an eigenvalue analysis. The spatial beam, plate, and solid elements considered in this investigation are suited for both structural and multibody system (MBS) applications. These spatial elements are based on geometry derived from the kinematic description of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). In order to allow for an accurate reference-configuration geometry description, the element shape functions are formulated using constant geometry coefficients defined using the position-vector gradients in the reference configuration. The change in the position-vector gradients is used to define a velocity transformation matrix that leads to constant element inertia and stiffness matrices in the case of infinitesimal rotations. In contrast to conventional structural finite elements, the elements considered in this study can be used to describe the initial geometry with the same degree of accuracy as B-spline and nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) representations, widely used in the computer-aided design (CAD). An eigenvalue analysis is performed to evaluate the element convergence characteristics in the case of different geometries, including straight, tapered, and curved configurations. The frequencies obtained are compared with those obtained using a commercial FE software and analytical solutions. The stiffness matrix is obtained using both the general continuum mechanics (GCM) approach and the newly proposed strain split method (SSM) in order to investigate its effectiveness as a locking alleviation technique.
Multicriteria Optimization of an Oven With a Novel ε-Constraint-Based Sandwiching Method
Authors: Nowak Dimitri , Johnson Tomas , Mark Andreas , Ireholm Charlotte , Pezzotti Fabio , Erhardsson Lars , Ståhlberg Daniel , Edelvik Fredrik , Küfer Karl-Heinz
Published: October 2020

Oven curing of automotive parts is a complex industrial process involving multiple scales ranging from submillimeter thick layers to the size of the ovens, and long curing times. In this work, the process is simulated by state-of-the-art immersed boundary techniques. First, the simulations are validated against temperature measurements, in a lab scale oven, of three parts taken from a truck cab. Second, a novel multicriteria optimization method is proposed. It is applied to study the optimal positioning of the three parts with respect to curing time and energy consumption. The results presented demonstrate that complex industrial heat transfer processes can be optimized by combining state-of-the-art simulation technology and deterministic optimization techniques.