bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each Vs acre, of 16-yr-old trees on MM 111 rootstock. Trees measured 14.5 ft in height and 13 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of six single-tree replicates per treatment, with two replications per mini-block using a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by one unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Insecticide rates were based on tree row volume, resulting in the application of 72% of rates that would be used on standard size trees. Dates of application were 15 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 19 Apr (prepink [PP]), 6 May (petal fall [PF]), 24 May (first cover [1C1), 9 Jun (second cover [2C]), 23 Jun (third cover [3C]), 7 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 21 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 4 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 18 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 1 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments during this experiment were Captan, Kocide, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects observed on the periphery of test trees periodically during the season. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies per tree. SA control was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of five terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Treatment effect against STLM was evaluated by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 min period.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Admire (Imidacloprid), 1994
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the Ul Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 21 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Four placement methods, and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. All four placement application methods of the emulsifiable concentrate (2EC) were tested at a single rate of 0.25 lb AI per acre. The first placement was applied at the time of row marking, one wk prior to planting, on 14 Apr using a shank application (Shank AP) approximately three inches deep on either side of the anticipated seed piece location. The second method was an in-furrow spray application over the seed piece at planting (Over seed AP). The third method was a six-inch banded spray over the row at planting and prior to bedding (Over row AP). The fourth application method was a shank application approximately three inches on either side of and two to three inches below the seed piece (Shank PP). The second and third application methods were made at planting on 21 Apr. Due to weather constraints, application method four was made on 3 May. On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3-4 instar) and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Counts of green peach aphids were made on 20, 26 Jul and 3 Aug by examining 10 leaves from each plot. Plots were harvested (25 row ft) on 11 Oct for yield and grade. Wireworm feeding was also evaluated at this time by examining 50 randomly selected tubers for damage. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple means comparison. Natural Colorado potato beetle populations were virtually nonexistent except for patchy collections of a few adults and egg masses. Twenty adults were transferred to each plot on 14 and 15 Jun and again on 20 and 21 Jun. Counts made of all stages of CPBs at this time indicated that populations remained low and patchy. Volunteer potatoes containing CPB larvae were then collected on 27 and 28 Jun and again on 1 Jul from an adjacent field at the UI Research and Extension Center and transferred to each test plot. Counts made of all stages of CPB on 7 Jul indicated a more even distribution of all life stages within the untreated check plots.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1994
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra D.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA on the second and third alfalfa (‘Pioneer 5373’) crops. Plots of 40 × 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 22 Jun (Experiment I) from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 23 Jun. Alfalfa height at spraying was 4-6 inches. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 28, 30 Jun and 7 an 18, Jul (i.e. 5, 7, 14, and 25 DAT). Densities reported represent combined adult and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom containing 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined on 22 Jul from a 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot using a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Insecticide treatments in Experiment II were similarly applied on 8 Aug. Potato leafhopper density was determined from sweep samples on 1 Aug before the foliar sprays were applied and thereafter on 12, 15, 23, Aug and 2 Sep (i.e. 4, 7, 15, and 25 DAT). Alfalfa yield was determined as in Experiment I on 6 Sep.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1994
Authors: Kuhar T. P. , Youngman R. R. , Laub C. A.
Published: December 2017

Five insecticides were evaluated for PLH control in a first yr stand of ‘Arrow’ alfalfa located in Montgomery Co., VA in 1994. Plots of 24 × 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. A pre-treatment estimate of PLH density was made on 1 Jul. Counts of PLH were made from 4 sets of 10 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam sweep net taken arbitrarily across the field. On 1 Jul, after completing the pre-treatment estimate, foliar insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer, delivering 20 gal per acre at 40 psi. Post-treatment estimates of combined PLH nymphs and adults per 10 sweeps were made in all plots on 5, 8, 12, 16, and 22 Jul. Alfalfa stem heights also were determined in all plots on 16 and 22 Jul. Treatment yields were determined at 12% bloom on 28 Jul from 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot using a sickle-bar mower. Freshly mowed alfalfa was raked into a pile and weighed using a milk scale to determine the wet wt. A 2.2-lb subsample of alfalfa was removed from each plot and dried at 130 to 140°F for 48 h to determine percent dry matter. A two-way ANOVA with Fisher’s protected LSD was used to analyze differences among treatments in PLH sweep net counts (after [x + 0.5]1/2 transformation), stem ht, and dry matter yield for each sample date.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa in Ohio, 1994
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted at the Western Branch Field Station to evaluate the efficacy of 3 insecticide treatments for control of PLH on a 2nd cutting of 5 yr old alfalfa. Plots were 30 × 50 ft with 4 replications per treatment in a RCBD. Treatments were applied on 10 Jun with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 32.8 gal/acre at 30 psi at a tractor speed of 3.5 mph. Treatments were applied when average alfalfa stem length was 13.6 inches. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot prior to treatment and 5, 10 and 19 DAT. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and at 10 and 19 DAT Yields were determined at harvest on 30 Jun.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Murray Todd A.
Published: December 2017

Plots were planted 9 May on the Washington State University campus, Pullman, WA, with a small plot drill at a seeding rate of 6 lb/acre in 7 rows 6 inches apart. Plots were 4 × 20 ft, replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Three rates of Gaucho were applied as a seed treatment. Eight insecticides were applied on 25 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4.5 ft boom equipped with 4 XR Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles on 19 inch spacing and calibrated to deliver 21.3 gpa at 30 psi. Plants were in the mature cotyledon stage with meristem visible; temperatures and wind speed during treatment were 75-81°F and 1 mph. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of flea beetles present on 20 randomly selected plants in the middle 3 rows. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by Fisher’s LSD.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Screening, 1994
Authors: Jarvi Keith , Echtenkamp Jerry , Witkowski John
Published: December 2017

Test plots were planted on 4 May. Banded (7 inch) and in-furrow planting time treatments were applied with a cone-belt distributer mounted on a John Deere Maxemerge equipped with incorporation tines. Cultivation treatments were applied over the row on 3 Jun with the cone-belt distributer mounted on a hand-powered bicycle wheel applicator. Cultivation application was followed immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator after all treatments were applied. The seeding rate was 18,000 seeds/acre on 30 inch rows. Soil type was silty clay loam (OM > 3%, pH 6.5). Previous crop was late planted corn planted as a trap crop. The field was double disked prior to planting. Preplant anhydrous ammonia was applied at the rate of 90 lb per acre prior to planting. Approximately 20% corn stalk residue was remaining after field preparation. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications, each treatment a single row 50 ft long. Five randomly selected roots from each plot (20/treatment) were rated on the Iowa State 1—6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes pruned to within IVi inch of the stalk). Twenty roots were rated for each treatment. The roots were dug and rated on 11 Jul. Soil moisture was adequate at planting time and rainfall prior to rating was near normal.
Smartbox Insecticide Applicator and Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to obtain corn rootworm efficacy data for Force 3G and Fortress 5G insecticides applied through SmartBox and Noble granular applicator systems. The test plot was planted 3 May at the Iowa State University NW Research Center, located near Sutherland, IA. The research site, a silty clay soil, had been planted to a trap-crop the previous year. The experimental design was a RCB, with insecticide treatments applied to paired rows, 75 ft in length, replicated 8 times. A John Deere 7100, 2-row corn planter had been set up with the SmartBox delivery system and calibrated for application using the radar speed input device. The planter could also be set up to deliver insecticide with modified Noble metering units; SmartBox mounting cradles were removed and replaced with Noble mounting brackets. All treatments were applied at 4 mph and planter drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Prior to planting, previous SmartBox calibration settings were checked for accuracy. Controller (computer) settings for all Force and Fortress treatments delivered more than the + 5% allowable range. All treatments were recalibrated according the SmartBox Instruction Guide. Prior to planting, the research area was pre-flagged for treatment placements. All treatments utilizing the SmartBox system were applied and then the planter was converted for the Noble delivery system. When planting, both rows were constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being applied correctly. When using the SmartBox delivery system, it was observed that insecticide did not start flowing at the full rate until 5-7 paces (12-17 ft) into the plot. Seemingly, it took this long for the tractor/planter to reach 4 mph and the radar gun to give an accurate reading to the SmartBox controller. To ensure that plot measurements were taken from areas where insecticide was being dispensed at the proper rate, only the center portion of each replication was used. Following the majority of rootworm feeding (18 Jul), 5 consecutive roots were dug from each of the paired treatment rows (10 roots/treatment × 8 replications = 80 roots/treatment). Prior to transport back to Ames, roots were tagged for identification and excess soil was removed. In Ames, a pressurized water spray was used to remove remaining soil. Roots were then rated for rootworm feeding damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken on 31 Aug. Corn was machine harvested from 30 row-ft per treatment on 14 Oct. Weights were converted to No. 2 shelled corn at 15.5% moisture and analyzed for treatment effects. On 9 Nov, stand counts were taken in the harvested area.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected At-Planting Insecticide Treatments Against Cutworms, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), and T-banded granules (T-BAND) were compared to that of an untreated control. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa, was used as a winter cover crop across the test area. An application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant and at planting to terminate all vegetation. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 14 Apr with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Armyworm damage to plants and cutworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot weekly for 3 wk after plant emergence to obtain cumulative summaries. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was measured on 23 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were determined by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 24 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1994
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection and rootworm control in 2 tests conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each test included 14 treatments compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 140 ft in length and 2 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. A RCBD was applied to both tests with 8 replicates in Test 1 and 4 replicates in Test 2. Plots represented in 4 replications of Test 1 and all replications of Test 2 were preceded by a trap crop of late planted corn. The remaining 4 replications of Test 1 were preceded by 1st year corn that was adjacent to continuous corn. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow using a 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with either Noble granular applicators or computer controlled Smartbox granular applicators. Planting time or post emergence applications of liquid formulations were applied as banded or broadcasted treatments with a boom sprayer equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. All treatments of Test 1 were applied 28 Apr at planting. In Test 2, granular treatments were applied 11 May at planting and post-emergence liquid treatments were applied 3 Jun. Planting and application of the liquid Fipronyl WG treatment was delayed to 18 May due to weather conditions. Treatments were evaluated 7 Jun for stand loss with stand counts of total and injured plants (predominantly cutworm injury) per 100 row feet when corn was predominantly at 5th or 6th leaf stage. Root ratings were conducted 6 Jul on 5 plants per replicate. Lodging was evaluated 19 and 21 Jul by examining 100 plants per replicate. Grain yields were determined by machine harvest of total plots during mid Oct.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer, 1994
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: December 2017

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 9 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn Hi-Boy with 10 inch row banders. Twenty-four hr prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was CBD with 4 replications. On 14 Sep, 10 marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded.
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1994
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was RCB with 13 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Single row plots were 50 ft in length and at 30 inch spacings. Corn was planted into double disk corn stalks on 25 Apr. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7 inch band with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer in 20 gal of water/acre at 30 psi, except for 2 treatments of Pounce 3.2 EC, which were applied at 10 & 30 gal of water/acre. Application date was 29 Jun. Five d prior to insecticide application 6 black headed ECB egg masses were infected in marked plants for later evaluation. On 26 Jul, the 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Evaluation of Microbial and Conventional Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn, Clay Center, NE, 1994
Authors: Wright Robert J. , DeVries Terry
Published: December 2017

Registered and experimental Bacillus thuringiensis formulations, conventional insecticides and a commercially available nematode (BioSafe) were evaluated for their efficacy against ECB in whorl stage field corn. The trial was located in a field which was planted as an adult corn rootworm trap crop (soil insecticide free). The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each replicate consisted of a single row 40 ft long with 30-inch row spacing. All plots were planted on 6 Jun. ECB egg masses (black-head stage) laid on wax paper discs were precounted in the laboratory, placed in vials and infested on 8 Jul by placing them in the whorl of the infested plant. Five consecutive plants in each treatment per replication were infested with 10 egg masses each. The crop growth stage was 40—15 inches extended leaf height. All insecticide applications were made on 13 Jul. Conditions at time of applications were: air temperature, 85°F; wind direction and speed, north at 10 mph; relative humidity, 80.2%; subsoil temperature at 4 inches, 76.3°F and crop growth stage, extended leaf height of 52-60 inches. A mason jar with holes in the lid was used to apply preweighed amounts of granular insecticides and the nematode. Granules were applied uniformly to the whorls of the plants by shaking the mason jar. Liquid insecticides were banded over the whorl uniformly with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a spray volume of 18.4 gpa at 30 psi. The infested plants were evaluated for larval feeding damage on 9-12 Aug, 33-36 d after egg mass infestation. The plants were dissected lengthwise and the accumulated length and number of larval cavities recorded. From the infestation date to final damage evaluation, precipitation totalled 3.79 inches plus irrigation 3.03 inches.
Apple, Evaluation of Acaricides Applied Airblast, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Yorking’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 10 × 20 ft and were 21 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were: 8 Jul (all treatments), 19 Jul (Kelthane only), 26 Jul (Carzol only) and 2 Aug (Carzol combinations only). All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Topsin 85DF, Captan 50WP, Nova 40WP, and Penncozeb 80WP) and nutrient (CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP, Swat 8EC) were applied as needed at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM, TS and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. SP was observed by making 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees.
Efficacy of Selected Commercial and Experimental Insecticides Against Late Season Populations of Beet Armyworm, Soybean Looper, and Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , White C. A.
Published: December 2017

Three tests, each consisting of 4-5 insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCBD at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, LA. Cotton was planted 1 Jul into plots 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 30 ft. Treatments for Tests 1, 2 and 3 were applied on 2, 13 and 14 Sep, respectively, with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Treatment efficacy was determined by taking a 10 sweep (standard 15 inch diam net) sample from each plot. Sweep samples were usually taken 2, 4-5 and 6-7 DAT on rows 1, 2 or 3, respectively. The test areas received 0.20, 0.67 and 1.1 inches rainfall on 6, 15 and 16 Sep, respectively.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Boll Weevil, 1992
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Studebaker G. E. , Klein C. D.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 6 May at the James Ray farm in Lonoke County. Insecticides were applied on 14, 18, 23, 28 Aug and 4 Sep using a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle equipped with a CO2 sprayer. Total volume was 10 gal/acre at 50 psi using Teejet TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Plots consisted of 10 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Boll weevil ratings were made 4 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 6 Nov using a John Deere 2-row picker.
Efficacy of Various Bacillus Thuringiensis and Ovicide Combinations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: Klein C. D. , Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 5 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 6 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 4 Jul, 23 Jul and 11 Aug with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 10.6 gal/acre at 30 psi using Teejet TXVS-8 nozzles on 20 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 4 DAT by whole plant examination of 10 row ft in the center of each plot.
Cotton Aphid Control in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Four tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in nonirrigated cotton planted 29 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft in all tests. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, with 4 replications. No insecticides had been previously applied to the test area. Treatments were applied to Tests 1, 2, 3, and 4 on 27 Jun, 5 Jul, 20 Jun, and 21 Jun, respectively, with a handboom and CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-10 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 36 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling ten plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 2-3 DAT in all tests and 7-8 DAT in Tests 1 and 2. Treatments were evaluated in Test 1 on 30 Jun and 5 Jul, in Test 2 on 7 and 13 Jul, in Test 3 on 22 Jun, and Test 4 on 23 Jun. Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.41, 0.4 and 0.72 inches rainfall on 23 Jun and 4, 9 Jul, respectively.
The Effect of Adjuvants on Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Against Thrips in Cotton, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted in a Gigger silt loam on 18 Apr. Plots consisted of 2 rows on (40 inch centers) × 40 ft. The seed was treated with Orthene 80S (8 oz form/cwt seed) and Terraclor Super × (10 lb form/acre) was applied at planting to reduce seedling disease problems. Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet TVS 8001 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 48 psi. Plots were treated on 18 May and sampled on 20 May (2 DAT), 23 May (5 DAT) and 25 May (7 DAT). Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 10 plants in each plot and processing samples with whole plant washing procedures. No rainfall was recorded during this test.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite in Peanuts, 1994
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

A field at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Bertie County, NC was selected to evaluate miticides for control of the twospotted spider mite (TSSM). The field was selected because it contained a wide-spread and uniform infestation making it an excellent site for evaluating these products. Each plot was ten ft by four rows (36 inch centers), arranged in a RCBD with three replicates. Treatments were applied on 23 Aug. A second application of Comite 73L was applied on 29 Aug. Treatments were applied by using a CO, backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 84°F. Mites were sampled on 29 Aug, 1 and 6 Sept by collecting twenty-five leaves per plot. The samples were returned to the laboratory where they were brushed with a standard mite brushing machine and counted under a dissecting microscope. All data were transformed (square root of X + 0.05).
Selected Granular Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Surry County, VA. Peanuts were planted using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied on 28 Jun (flowering) in a 14-inch band over the row with a bicycle-mounted Noble granular applicator. Treatments were lightly soil incorporated using cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined 16 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), and penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (5 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows (80 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate, 1994
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft × 12 rows (7 inches between rows) and was surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. Plots were drill planted 26 Mar at 100 lb seed/acre. Rice emerged 11 Apr. Rice was fertilized with urea near planting (29 Mar) at 122 lb/acre, 1 d before the application of the permanent flood (29 Apr) at 122 lb/acre, and at panicle differentiation (9 Jun) at 122 lb/acre for a total of 170 lb nitrogen/acre. The permanent flood was applied 30 Apr. From planting to the application of the permanent flood, rice was flush irrigated as needed. Facet and Basagran were mixed with crop oil and applied on 22 Apr at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre for each herbicide. Karate 1EC was applied at the rate and times shown in the table with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), handheld, CO, pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 32 gal/acre. Furadan 3G was applied at the rate and time shown in the table with a hand-held shaker. From 25 to 26 May (25-26 d after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4 inch diam × 4 inch deep soil cores (each core contained at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. Plots were harvested at maturity (27 Jul) with a small combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using Vx + 0.5. All data were analyzed by ANOVA.
Control of Insect Pests on Georgia Soybeans, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. Delano
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 9 selected insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars, stink bugs and grasshoppers was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 23 Aug on ‘Thomas’ soybeans planted in early Jun. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, 14 and 21 DAT, by taking a 20-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the testing period. At 28 DAT, the percent defoliation was visually estimated for all plots. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Control of the Stink Bug Complex on Georgia Soybeans, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. Delano
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 5 selected insecticides for control of stink bugs and velvetbean caterpillars was evaluated at the University of Georgia Attapulgus Research Center, Attapulgus, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 25 Aug on ‘Essex’ soybeans planted in late May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side arranged, in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 4, 7, 14 and 19 DAT, by taking a 20-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the testing period. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to evaluate various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments followed by foliar applications of Orthene for TA and TFB control on fluecured tobacco and to determine the impact of treatment on tobacco yield and price. The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 30.4 gal/acre at 40 psi through 8003LP tips on 29 Apr (Ambient temperature, 85-89°F, soil temperature, 75°F; soil pH, 5.8; OM, 2%). Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. The Furadan and Temik treatments were applied during bed formation and immediately covered with 6 to 8 inches of soil on 17 May. Furadan 4F was diluted 50:50 in water and applied in a narrow stream (< 1-inch wide) in the row using a peristaltic pump. Temik was applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor mounted- Gandy granular applicator. The soil moisture was good for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 18 May. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base of each plant in the treatment plots. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations were followed for production of the crop. Foliar applications of Orthene and Dipel were applied on 6 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre through 3 TX-12 tips at 60 psi. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 5 to 11 wk after transplanting. On 25 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no aphid damage or sooty mold and 10 = very severe necrosis of leaves and extensive sooty mold. TFB and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/ plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10(x + 1) before analysis.
Aphid Control on Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar, transplant water (TPW) and soil treatments for tobacco aphid control on dark fire-cured tobacco. The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Six treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Temik 15G was applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator during bed formation and the band was immediately covered with 6 to 8 inches of soil on 17 May. Soil moisture was good for the Temik application. A carousel transplanter was used to transplant ‘VA 309’ dark firecured tobacco into the experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 18 May. The transplanter delivered the transplant water treatments (TPW) at 204-230 gal solution/acre in a continuous stream in the row. Except for insect control, Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations were followed for production of dark fire-cured tobacco. Foliar applications of Orthene, Golden Leaf Tobacco Spray, and Dipel were made with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre through 3 TX-12 tips at 60 psi on 29 Jun. Aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 5 to 9 wk after transplanting. Aphid damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 = no aphid injury or sooty mold and 5 = very severe injury as indicated by necrotic leaf tissue and sooty mold. Tobacco was stalk cut at maturity, cured, stripped, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield was calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Logl0(x + 1) before analysis.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Wheat, Painter, Va, 1993
Authors: Speese III John
Published: December 2017

Wheat was planted on 13 Nov 1993 at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot was 25 ft long by 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied on 2 May using a 3-nozzle flat fan boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre at 40 psi, when CLB pressure was at or near the treatment threshold of 1 larva/flag leaf in most plots. Numbers of CLB larvae/50 flag leaves and numbers of EGA/50 ears were counted in each plot on the dates indicated in the table. Percent defoliation was rated on 12 May on 25 randomly chosen flag leaves/plot, and the plots were harvested on 7 Jul.
Alfalfa Weevil and Aphid Control in Alfalfa, 1994
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Test plots were established at the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, ID. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Each individual test plot was 20 ft × 25 ft. Sprays were applied as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gpa (four, lOx hollow cone nozzles). Sampling was accomplished by taking five, 90° pendulum sweeps (15 inch diam sweep net) per plot. Counts were made of all alfalfa pest species present as well as all beneficial insects. A pre-treatment count was made on 23 May and all treatments were applied on 25 May. Counts were made at 24 h, 7 and 14 DAT. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple means comparison.
Midsummer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Merit 75Wsp and Merit 0.5G on a Golf Course Fairway in Bedford County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a handheld shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 59°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 58°F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 39.2% sand, 46.1% silt, 14.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 33.5%; organic matter, 10.4%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.2; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 34 DAT (9 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Apple, Summer Control of European Red Mite and Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Pesticides were applied to 6-year-old trees in Fennville, MI (Brown Block) at a rate of 50 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of 30-tree blocks (approximately 1/4 acre each), replicated four times. Applications of all materials were made on 6 Jul. Penncozeb, Dithane, Nova, and Lorsban and Ambush (on 8 Jun) were applied separately to all treatments. STLM evaluations were made on 13 Jul and 30 Aug by picking 50 randomly selected leaves from the two center trees of the block for a total of 200 leaves per treatment. Damage from STLM sap-feeding stages were recorded for comparison. ARM evaluations were made on 30 Aug by picking 50 randomly selected leaves from the two center trees (200 leaves per treatment). ERM and predatory mite (ZM and AF) evaluations were made on 30 Jun, 20, 27 Jul, 3 and 16 Aug by picking 50 randomly selected leaves from the two center trees (200 leaves per treatment). All mite counts were made by brushing leaves in a mite-brushing machine and counting ERM eggs, motile forms of ERM and ARM, and adult predatory mites (ZM and AF) under a microscope. Mite data are reported as mean mites per leaf.
Phytotoxicity of Insecticides on Dendrobium Orchids, Hi, 1994
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 20 Sep through 17 Dec 1993 (trial 1) at a commercial dendrobium farm in Hilo, HI and 26 Jul through 26 Sep 1994 (trial 2) at the University of Hawaii Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo. Tests were conducted on mature plants (approximately 3.5 ft in height) growing in 2 gal. bags under 6 mil. clear FVG 3HLFI polyethylene film covering. Treatments consisted of 36 plants of each cultivar. In trial 1, six weekly insecticide applications were made to the flowers and foliage beginning 20 Sep ending 25 Oct. In trial 2, three weekly applications were made beginning 26 Jul ending 10 Aug. Insecticides were applied using a Solo backpack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi (377 GPA). The spreader-sticker Ad-here was added to all treatments including the control at a rate of 5 fl. oz./lOO gal. Phytotoxicity was evaluated weekly and continued for five weeks after the last insecticide application. In addition, one week after the last insecticide application 5 inflorescences were harvested randomly from each plot and evaluated for vase life. Data were taken on the number of days inflorescences remained intact (start of blossom wilt or senescence) and end of vase life (≥50% of blossoms affected). Treatment means were compared by t test and the standard deviation calculated.
Control of Green Scale on Cape Jasmine with Imidacloprid, Hawaii, 1993
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 27 Oct through 23 Dec at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo. One year old established plants, approximately 2 ft tall, growing in 9 by 10 inch polyethylene bags under a fiberglass greenhouse were used in this study. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 2 plants per replicate. Treatments were evaluated by taking visual counts on the number of live and dead scales from three leaves selected at random from the bottom, center and top of each plant on 27 Oct (pretreatment), and 12, 18, and 23 Nov. To determine efficacy against crawlers and eggs, counts were taken on 30 Nov, and 6, 16, and 23 Dec using a dissecting microscope. Imidacloprid 0.62G (NTN 33893) was applied once at 0.009 g AI per bag (0.001 g Al/inch diameter) on 28 Oct 93 and watered immediately after treatment. Percentage mortality was calculated using the mean number of live and dead scales from two leaves (one per plant) from each location. Percentages were transformed to arcsine sqrt and subjected to t test. Back transformed means are presented. Plants were also observed weekly for phytotoxicity.
Control of Leafcurl Ash Aphid, Ft. Collins, Co, 1993
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted using field grown nursery trees of approximately 2-inch trunk diam at a commercial nursery in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of single trees, arranged in a RCB design with 6 replications. Applications of Bay NTN 33893 (foliar and soil injection) and Orthene 75S were made 1 Jun; Metasystox-R was applied 2 Jun. Soil injected insecticides were made using a Kioritz soil injector and insecticides were diluted at a concentration that allowed 1 fl oz to be introduced per injection hole. Injections were made at a rate of 2 per inch DBH, in a pattern under the drip line of the tree.
Spring Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Highly Refined Horticultural Spray Oil, Insecticidal Soap, Tempo, and Sevin on Douglas-Fir in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Seven treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 14 Apr, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/A (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 69°F; 45%RH; water pH, 6-7; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 30 DAT. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting the total number of life stages (nymphs, adult females with egg masses) over a 15 sec count on 1994 needle growth at each location. Each tree was rated on 1 Aug (109 DAT) to determine effect of treatments on needle quality. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting the total number of Cooley spruce gall adelgid damaged 1994 needles over a 15 sec count.
Evaluation of Oils for Control of Striped Pine Scale, Ft. Collins, Co 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the campus of Colorado State University on pinyon pine heavily infested with striped pine scale. Applications were made 22 Jul to point of run-off on infested terminal branches with reapplication 4 Aug. Plot design was a RCB with 8 replications. At the time of treatment nymphs were in the second instar; at evaluation males were beginning to emerge. Plots were evaluated 30 Jul and 18 Aug by counting the number of dead and alive nymphs on 5 pairs of needles collected randomly from the plants.