bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The proximal prodrome to first episode mania – a new target for early intervention
Authors: Conus Philippe , Ward Janine , Hallam Karen T , Lucas Nellie , Macneil Craig , McGorry Patrick D , Berk Michael
Published: July 2008

Objective: Affective psychoses and bipolar disorders have been neglected in the development of early intervention strategies. This paper aims to gather current knowledge on the early phase of bipolar disorders in order to define new targets for early intervention.

Methods: Literature review based on the main computerized databases (MEDLINE, PUBMED and PSYCHLIT) and hand search of relevant literature.

Results: Based on current knowledge, it is likely that an approach aiming at the identification of impending first‐episode mania is the most realistic and manageable strategy to promote earlier treatment. During the period preceding the onset of the first manic episode, patients go through a prodromal phase marked by the presence of mood fluctuation, sleep disturbance, and other symptoms such as irritability, anger, or functional impairment. Additionally, various risk factors and markers of vulnerability to bipolar disorders have been identified.

Conclusions: In the few months preceding first‐episode mania, patients go through a prodrome phase (proximal prodrome) that could become an important target for early intervention. However, considering the low specificity of the symptoms observed during this phase, criteria defining high‐risk profiles to first‐episode mania should also include certain risk factors or markers of vulnerability. While more research is needed in high‐risk groups (e.g., bipolar offspring), retrospective studies conducted in first‐episode mania cohorts could provide valuable information about this critical phase of the illness.
Reporting outcomes in clinical trials for bipolar disorder: a commentary and suggestions for change
Authors: Martinez‐Arán Anabel , Vieta Eduard , Roy Chengappa KN , Gershon Samuel , Mullen Jamie , Paulsson Björn
Published: July 2008

Objective:  Newer outcome measures and statistical reporting that better translate efficacy data to evidence‐based psychiatric care are needed when evaluating clinical trials for bipolar disorder. Using efficacy studies as illustrations, the authors review and recommend changes in the reporting of traditional clinical outcomes both in the acute and maintenance phases of bipolar disorder.

Methods:  Definitions of response, remission, relapse, recovery, and recurrence are reviewed and recommendations for change are made. These suggestions include reporting the numbers needed to treat or harm (NNT or NNH), and a ratio of the two, likelihood of help or harm (LHH), as an important element of the effect size (ES). Moreover, models of prediction that conduct sensitivity or specificity analyses and utilize decision trees to help predict positive and negative outcomes of interest (for instance, excessive weight gain, or time to remission) using positive or negative predictive values (PPV or NPV) are reviewed for potential value to clinicians. Finally, functional and cognitive assessments are recommended for maintenance studies of bipolar disorder.

Results:  The examples provided in this manuscript underscore that reporting the NNT or NNH, or alternative effect sizes, or using PPV or NPV may be of particular value to clinicians. Such reports are likely to help translate efficacy‐driven clinical data to information that will more readily guide clinicians on the benefits and risks of specific interventions in bipolar disorder.

Conclusions:  The authors opine that reporting these newer outcomes, such as NNT or NNH, area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), or PPV or NPV will help translate the results of clinical trials into a language that is more readily understood by clinicians. Moreover, assessing and evaluating functional and cognitive outcomes will not only inform clinicians about potential differences among therapeutic options, but likely will make it easier to communicate such differences to persons with bipolar illness or to their families. Finally, we hope such scientific and research efforts will translate to optimism for recovery‐based outcomes in persons with bipolar disorder.
Postpartum Ovarian Activity in South Asian Zebu Cattle
Authors: Brar PS , Nanda AS
Published: July 2008

Contents

Timely onset of postpartum ovarian activity is vital for optimal reproductive performance of dairy cows. Much depends upon genetic constitution of an animal although several factors interplay to govern the onset of postpartum ovarian activity. South Asian zebu cattle have much longer service period when compared with other exotic or crossbred cattle reared in the same Asian environment, which suggests differences in their genetic makeup. However, the cows with same genetic configuration expressed better reproductive potential when reared under different environment, such as in Brazil and Mexico, which suggests the role of extrinsic factors such as management, nutrition, environment and disease conditions. Better management of animals (provision of proper shade, water and housing, efficient oestrous detection and timely insemination), good quality nutrition supplemented with appropriate minerals and vitamins, prevention of diseases (vaccination, deworming, suitable therapeutic interventions) and application of biotechnology have helped in improving postpartum ovarian activity and, therefore, reproductive performance of zebu cattle in Asia. No comprehensive study appears to have been carried out on the various aspects of reproduction in zebu cattle reared under South Asian socio‐agro‐climatic conditions. This paper is a modest effort to collect what ever information available and to critically review the postpartum ovarian activity in zebu cattle with special reference to the effect of the various managemental practices and pharmacological interventions.
Role of Cell Death Ligand and Receptor System on Regulation of Follicular Atresia in Pig Ovaries
Authors: Manabe N , Matsuda‐Minehata F , Goto Y , Maeda A , Cheng Y , Nakagawa S , Inoue N , Wongpanit K , Jin H , Gonda H , Li J
Published: July 2008

Contents

Several hundred thousand primordial follicles are present in the mammalian ovary, however, only a limited number develop to the pre‐ovulatory stage, and then finally ovulate. The others, more than 99%, will be eliminated through a degenerative process called ‘atresia’. The endocrinological regulatory mechanisms involved in follicular development and atresia have been characterized to a large extent, but the precise temporal and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these events have remained unknown. From many recent studies, it is suggested that the apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells plays a crucial role in follicular atresia. Notably, death ligand–receptor interaction and subsequent intracellular signalling have been demonstrated to be the key mechanisms regulating granulosa cell apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview of granulosa cell apoptosis regulated by death ligand–receptor signalling. The roles of death ligands and receptors [Fas ligand (FasL)–Fas, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α–TNF receptor (TNFR), and TNFα‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)–TRAIL receptor (TRAILR)] and intracellular death‐signal mediators [Fas‐associated death domain protein (FADD), TNF receptor 1‐associated death domain protein (TRADD), caspases, apoptotic protease‐activating factor 1 (Apaf1), TNFR‐associated factor 2 (TRAF2), and cellular FLICE‐like inhibitory protein (cFLIP), etc.] in granulosa cells will be discussed.
Comparative Aspects of the Endotoxin‐ and Cytokine‐Induced Endocrine Cascade Influencing Neuroendocrine Control of Growth and Reproduction in Farm Animals
Authors: Whitlock BK , Daniel JA , Wilborn RR , Elsasser TH , Carroll JA , Sartin JL
Published: July 2008

Contents

Disease in animals is a well‐known inhibitor of growth and reproduction. Earlier studies were initiated to determine the effects of endotoxin on pituitary hormone secretion. These studies found that in sheep, growth hormone (GH) concentration was elevated, whereas insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) was inhibited, as was luteinizing hormone (LH). Examination of the site of action of endotoxin in sheep determined that somatotropes expressed the endotoxin receptor (CD14) and that both endotoxin and interleukin‐Iβ activated GH secretion directly from the pituitary. In the face of elevated GH, there is a reduction of IGF‐I in all species examined. As GH cannot activate IGF‐I release during disease, there appears to be a downregulation of GH signalling at the liver, perhaps related to altered nitration of Janus kinase (JAK). In contrast to GH downregulation, LH release is inhibited at the level of the hypothalamus. New insights have been gained in determining the mechanisms by which disease perturbs growth and reproduction, particularly with regard to nitration of critical control pathways, with this perhaps serving as a novel mechanism central to lipopolysaccharide suppression of all signalling pathways. This pathway‐based analysis is critical to the developing novel strategies to reverse the detrimental effect of disease on animal production.
Factors Affecting Oocyte Quality: Who is Driving the Follicle?
Authors: Mermillod P , Dalbiès‐Tran R , Uzbekova S , Thélie A , Traverso J‐M , Perreau C , Papillier P , Monget P
Published: July 2008

Contents

Mammalian ovaries contain a large stock of oocytes enclosed in primordial follicles. Ovarian cyclic activity induces some of these follicles to initiate growth towards a possible ovulation. However, most of these follicles terminate their growth at any moment and degenerate through atresia. In growing follicles, only a subset of oocytes are capable to support meiosis, fertilization and early embryo development to the blastocyst stage, as shown through embryo in vitro production experiments. This proportion of competent oocytes is increasing along with follicular size. Growing lines of evidence suggest that oocyte competence relies on the storage of gene products (messenger RNA or protein) that will be determinant to support early stages of embryo development, before full activation of embryonic genome. Given these facts, the question is: are these gene products stored in oocytes during late folliculogenesis, allowing an increasing proportion of them to become competent? Alternatively, these transcripts may be stored during early folliculogenesis as the oocyte grows and displays high transcription activity. Several arguments support this latter hypothesis and are discussed in this review: (i) many attempts at prolonged culture of oocytes from antral follicles have failed to increase developmental competence, suggesting that developmental competence may be acquired before antral formation; (ii) the recent discovery of oocyte secreted factors and of their ability to regulate many parameters of surrounding somatic cells, possibly influencing the fate of follicles between ovulation or atresia, suggests a central role of oocyte quality in the success of folliculogenesis. Finally, in addition to their role in interfollicular regulation of ovulation rate, late folliculogenesis regulation and atresia could also be seen as a selective process aimed at the elimination through follicular atresia of oocytes that did not succeed to store proper gene products set during their growth.
Topographical relationship between urethral rhabdosphincter and rectourethralis muscle: A better understanding of the apical dissection and the posterior stitches in radical prostatectomy
Authors: Soga Hideo , Takenaka Atsushi , Murakami Gen , Fujisawa Masato
Published: July 2008

Objectives:  To clarify the topographical relationship between the urethral rhabdosphincter and the rectourethralis muscle as these structures lying dorsally to membranous urethra are important factors to post‐prostatectomy urinary continence.

Methods:  Pelvic floor specimens including prostate, bulbus penis, and anorectum, obtained from 15 male cadavers (ages at death 66 to 80 years), were examined with standard histologic and immunohistochemical techniques using semiserial sagittal and transverse sections.

Results:  The rectourethralis muscle was defined. It was found to be located at the interface between the levator ani muscle and rectum. It was not possible to histologically identify the fibromuscular node known as the perineal body. The urethral rhabdosphincter was found to be inserted into the rectourethralis muscle, which is composed of the smooth muscle fibers. Abundant nerves passed between the rectourethralis muscle and the levator ani, or through the rectourethralis muscle. The urethral rhabdosphincter was closely attached to the apical or ventral portion of the rectourethralis muscle. Morphologically, the membranous urethra was fixed to the rectourethralis muscle through the urethral rhabdosphincter.

Conclusions:  The rectourethralis muscle influences the stabilization of membranous urethra. The posterior stitches for the reconstruction of the dorsal musculofascial plate might injure the nerve fibers running along and through the rectourethralis muscle.
Subthreshold transpupillary thermotherapy in Chinese patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization: one‐ and two‐year follow up
Authors: Wu Pei‐Chang , Chen Yung‐Jen , Chen Chih‐Hsin , Chen Yi‐Hao , Kao Min‐Lun , Shin Shyi‐Jang , Ko Yueh‐Min , Kuo Hsi‐Kung
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  To perform a safety and efficacy study of subthreshold transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) in Chinese patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to pathologic myopia.

Methods:  In a prospective study, patients with subfoveal or juxtafoveal CNV secondary to high myopia underwent subthrehold TTT with fixed treatment and follow‐up protocols. From October 2002 to July 2005, 12 and 24 months of follow up were completed for 21 eyes and 13 eyes respectively.

Results:  The mean best‐corrected visual acuities (BCVA) were maintained at the baseline level at 1 and 2 years. Seventy‐two per cent of eyes and 63% of eyes had stable or improved BCVA at 12 and 24 months. Thirty‐four per cent and 39% of eyes had a moderate gain in vision (improved by three or more lines) at 12 and 24 months respectively. The average number of subthreshold TTT treatments was 1.7. The major complication of subthreshold TTT included laser‐related low‐grade retinal pigment epithelium atrophy in two eyes of young patients with clear lenses. The final VA was significantly associated with pretreated VA (r = 0.614, P = 0.003). The final VA improvement was significantly associated with pretreatment VA in negative correlation (r = −0.731, P = 0.0002, Person correlation test).

Conclusions:  Subthreshold TTT in Chinese patients with pathologic myopia and subfoveal or juxtafoveal CNV generally maintained vision at 1‐ and 2‐year follow up. Using decreased power of subthreshold TTT, especially in the younger patients with a clear lens, is suggested.
Topical Cyclosporin A in the treatment of acute graft rejection: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Poon Alexander , Constantinou Marios , Lamoureux Ecosse , Taylor Hugh R
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  Corneal graft rejection is the commonest cause of graft failure. Currently, intensive topical steroid is the treatment for graft rejection. We hypothesized that the use of topical Cyclosporin A (CsA) 0.05%, specifically Restasis (Allergan) in addition to intensive steroids would aid in the reversal and treatment of endothelial graft rejection.

Methods:  In a randomized double masked control study, we recruited 108 patients with acute endothelial graft rejection. They were randomized to two groups. The first group received intensive prednisolone acetate and placebo. The second group received intensive prednisolone acetate and Restasis.

Results:  There was no difference between the baseline characteristics for the two groups. Nine out of 54 in the placebo group and five out of 54 (16.7% vs. 9.2% P = 0.23) in the treatment group were exited from the study because of worsening signs despite treatment. No significant difference was found between the two groups for time to reversal and resolution. Side‐effects of the treatment include increased intraocular pressure and punctate epithelial erosions. These changes most likely relate to the use of intensive prednisolone acetate.

Conclusion:  The use of commercially available CsA as an adjunct to topical steroids does not appear to improve the outcome of graft rejection.
K469E polymorphism of the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 gene is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Petrovič Mojca Globočnik , Osredkar Joško , Saraga‐Babić Mirna , Petrovič Daniel
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  In proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) increased levels of cytokines, inflammatory cells and angiogenic factors are present. These factors increase the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the polymorphisms of the ICAM‐1 gene (K469E, G241A) and the development of PDR among patients with type 2 diabetes in the Slovenian population (Caucasians).

Methods:  For the purpose, 195 subjects with type 2 diabetes with PDR were compared with 143 subjects with type 2 diabetes of duration of more than 10 years who had no clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy. We analysed serum ICAM levels in 54 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 25 subjects without diabetes.

Results:  A significantly higher frequency of the EE genotype of the K469E polymorphism of the ICAM‐1 was found in the patients with PDR compared with those without diabetic retinopathy (OR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–3.5; P = 0.013), whereas the G241A polymorphism of the ICAM‐1 gene failed to yield an association with PDR. Moreover, significantly higher sICAM‐1 serum levels were demonstrated in diabetics with the EE genotype compared with those with the other (EK + KK) genotypes (918 ± 104 vs. 664 ± 209 µg/L; P = 0.001). The G241A polymorphism of the ICAM‐1 gene, on the other hand, failed to affect sICAM‐1 serum levels in diabetics.

Conclusions:  We may conclude that the EE genotype of the K469E polymorphism of the ICAM‐1 might be a risk factor for PDR in the Slovenian population (Caucasians) with type 2 diabetes.
Correlation between CFH Y402H and HTRA1 rs11200638 genotype to typical exudative age‐related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy phenotype in the Japanese population
Authors: Gotoh Norimoto , Yamada Ryo , Nakanishi Hideo , Saito Masaaki , Iida Tomohiro , Matsuda Fumihiko , Yoshimura Nagahisa
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background:  Typical exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) are two of the major macular diseases found in Asians. Although genomic studies have shown a contribution by CFH and LOC387715/HTRA1 polymorphisms to the development of these two diseases, the correlation of the clinical phenotypes to these genotypes has not been determined in Asian patients.

Methods:  The prevalence of the CFH Y402H and HTRA1 rs11200638 genotypes was determined in 116 patients with typical exudative AMD and in 204 patients with PCV. Potential correlations of these polymorphisms were tested retrospectively and cross‐sectionally for bilaterality of the disease, final visual acuity and the greatest linear dimension of the choroidal neovascular (CNV) lesion.

Results:  There was no significant difference in the incidence of CFH Y402H (P = 0.598) and HTRA1 rs11200638 (P = 0.290) between eyes with typical exudative AMD and with PCV. There was a significant association between the lesion size and HTRA1 rs11200638. For eyes with typical AMD, the size of the lesion (6363 ± 2837 µm) was significantly larger in the high‐risk homozygous group (AA), than in the low‐risk homozygous group (GG) (3866 ± 1947 µm; P = 0.0003). The same tendency was observed for the size of the lesion in PCV cases (homozygous group: 6347 ± 2673 µm, non‐risk homozygous group: 4405 ± 2066 µm, P = 1.3 × 10−5).

Conclusions:  A common genetic background may exist between typical exudative AMD and PCV patients. Among the patients with these two clinical entities, those with a homozygous HTRA1 rs11200638 risk allele had larger CNV lesions.
Superiorly hinged blepharoplasty flap for reconstruction of medial upper eyelid defects following excision of xanthelasma palpebrum
Authors: Then Siew‐Yin , Malhotra Raman
Published: July 2008

Abstract

This paper documents an interventional case series which describes a novel technique for reconstructing large medial upper eyelid skin defects following excision of xanthelasma palpebrum. All visible upper eyelid xanthelasma is excised and a superiorly hinged blepharoplasty skin flap is created with a classic skin crease and lateral blepharoplasty incision, the latter acting as an effective ‘back‐cut’ to allow medial advancement of the flap into the defect. Excess triangles of skin are excised and the flap is sutured without tension into the defect in a conventional manner. The patients selected were patients with medial upper eyelid skin defects not amenable to direct closure following surgical excision of xanthelasma. The main outcome measures were the upper eyelid aesthetic and functional outcome, postoperative complications and need for revisionary surgery. In our study seven patients with bilateral medial upper eyelid xanthelasma excised and reconstructed with this technique were identified. Good aesthetic outcome and high patient satisfaction without functional compromise was achieved in all patients at the last follow‐up visit. Patient age ranged from 30–52 years old. Follow up ranged from 8 to 18 months. In conclusion, the superiorly hinged blepharoplasty skin flap is a novel and simple technique for the reconstruction of skin defects that are not amenable to direct closure following xanthelasma excision. It avoids the complications of skin grafting and non‐surgical ablative methods, particularly in dark‐skinned patients.
Components of the fibrinolytic system in the vitreous body in patients with vitreoretinal disorders
Authors: Ulrich Jan Niklas , Spannagl Michael , Kampik Anselm , Gandorfer Arnd
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  To assess components of the fibrinolytic system in the vitreous humour and serum of patients with vitreoretinal disorders.

Methods:  Forty‐three samples of vitreous humour and plasma of 43 patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for macular hole, macular pucker, retinal detachment or proliferative vitreoretinopathy were evaluated for their content of plasminogen, a2‐antiplasmin, plasminogen‐activator‐inhibitor 1, plasmin‐a2‐antiplasmin‐complex, tissue plasminogen activator, total protein, albumin, d‐dimer. Patient groups were compared with each other using the U‐test (Mann and Whitney) for non‐parametric testing of two independent samples.

Results:  The groups of retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy had elevated vitreal levels of plasminogen‐activator‐inhibitor 1 (352.5 and 370.7 ng/mL vs. 1.86 and 56.6 ng/mL, P = non‐significant), plasmin‐a2‐antiplasmin‐complex (2416.5 and 1836.2 µg/L vs. 124.2 and 133.4 µg/L, P < 0.001), albumin (0.08 and 0.15 g/dL vs. 0.03 and 0.07 g/dL, P < 0.05) and d‐dimer (4.76 and 1.64 µg/mL vs. 0.40 and 0.48 µg/mL, P = non‐significant) when compared with patients with macular hole and macular pucker.

Conclusions:  There are significant differences in the vitreal concentration of components of the fibrinolytic system in patients with vitreoretinal disorders. Breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier and complex disease‐specific mechanisms are thought to be responsible for an increase of components of the fibrinolytic system in the vitreous.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia as the first apparent manifestation of HIV infection in Malawi
Authors: Spitzer Martin S , Batumba Nkume H , Chirambo Tamara , Bartz‐Schmidt Karl U , Kayange Petros , Kalua Khumbo , Szurman Peter
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  To evaluate the prevalence of undiagnosed and asymptomatic HIV infection in patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in an urban patient population in Malawi.

Methods:  A consecutive series of patients presenting with OSSN was evaluated in an African academic centre. A detailed history and physical examination in 53 consecutive patients with conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia were performed. Thirty‐eight (72%) patients agreed to undergo serological HIV testing.

Results:  Seventy‐nine per cent (30 of 38) patients were HIV positive. None of the patients had previous HIV testing or was aware of having symptoms of HIV. Seventy per cent (n = 21) of the HIV‐positive patients had no other symptoms suggestive of HIV infection or any other disease. Patients were far more likely to refuse HIV testing if they were married and male.

Conclusions:  The conjunctival tumour may be the primary and only apparent manifestation of HIV in patients presenting with OSSN in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
Red‐green colour blindness in Singaporean children
Authors: Chia Audrey , Gazzard Gus , Tong Louis , Zhang Xiaoe , Sim Ee‐Ling , Fong Allan , Saw Seang Mei
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  X‐linked red‐green colour blindness is the most common form of colour blindness. Various studies suggest that, worldwide, 2–8% of men are afflicted with this condition. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of red‐green colour blindness in Singaporean schoolchildren.

Method:  A total of 1249 children aged 13–15 years were screened using the Ishihara 24‐plate edition book during the School Cohort study of the Risk factors for Myopia visit.

Results:  A total of 1210 children (96.8%) managed to correctly identify at least 13 of the initial 15 plates and were deemed to have normal colour vision. Thirty‐three children (32 boys, one girl) were only able to identify nine or less plates and were considered to be colour blind. Overall, 5.4% (95% confidence interval 3%, 7%) of Chinese, 4.9% (1%, 9%) of Malay and 4.9% (2%, 11%) of Indian boys were colour blind (P = 0.97). Classification plates 16–17 were useful in determining deutran or protan tendencies in only 14 (43%) of the 33 children identified as being colour blind.

Conclusion:  5.3% of boys and 0.2% of girls were found to be colour blind in this Singapore‐based study. Although the Ishihara test proved useful in identifying colour‐blind children, other tests are required to accurately classify the types of red‐green colour blindness in these children.
Combined penetrating keratoplasty and keratolimbal allograft transplantation in comparison with corneoscleral transplantation in the treatment of severe eye burns
Authors: Shi Weiyun , Gao Hua , Wang Ting , Xie Lixin
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  The aim of this study is to compare the therapeutic outcomes between penetrating keratoplasty (PK) combined with keratolimbal allograft (KLAL) transplantation and corneoscleral transplantation in patients with severe corneal burns.

Methods:  Thirty‐eight patients (39 eyes) diagnosed severe corneal burns in stable status with vascularization and corneal opacity were included. We performed combined PK with KLAL transplantation in 23 eyes (group A) and corneoscleral transplantation in 16 eyes (group B). The main outcome measures were postoperative complications and long‐term visual acuity and rejection.

Results:  The incidence of postoperative complications (corneal epithelium defect, hyphaema and hypotony) in group A were obviously less than those in group B. Fifteen eyes (65%) in group A and four eyes (25%) in group B had best‐corrected visual acuity of >0.05 at 24 months (P = 0.022). Limbal stem cell rejection occurred in eleven grafts (48%) in group A and eight grafts (50%) in group B (P = 1.000). Nine grafts (39%) in group A and 12 grafts (54%) in group B had endothelial rejection (P = 0.049).

Conclusions:  PK combined with KLAL transplantation may reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Long‐term prognosis appears better than corneoscleral transplantation in the treatment of severe eye burns.
Cytotoxicity of ophthalmic solutions with and without preservatives to human corneal endothelial cells, epithelial cells and conjunctival epithelial cells
Authors: Ayaki Masahiko , Yaguchi Shigeo , Iwasawa Atsuo , Koide Ryohei
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  The cytotoxicity of a range of commercial ophthalmic solutions in the presence and absence of preservatives was assessed in human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs), corneal epithelia and conjunctival epithelia using in vitro techniques.

Methods:  Cell survival was measured using the WST‐1 assay for endothelial cells and the MTT assay for epithelial cells. Commercially available timolol, carteolol, cromoglicate, diclofenac, bromfenac and hyaluronic acid ophthalmic solutions were assessed for cytotoxicity in the presence and absence of preservatives. The preservatives benzalkonium, chlorobutanol and polysorbate were also tested. The survival of cells exposed to test ophthalmic solutions was expressed as a percentage of cell survival in the control solution (distilled water added to media) after 48 h exposure.

Results:  HCEC survival was 20–30% in ophthalmic solutions diluted 10‐fold. The survival of HCEC was significantly greater in all solutions in the absence of preservative than in the presence of preservative. The survival of corneal and conjunctival epithelia was consistent with that of HCECs for all test ophthalmic solutions. The preservatives polysorbate and benzalkonium were highly cytotoxic with cell survival decreasing to 20% at the concentration estimated in commercial ophthalmic solutions. By comparison, the survival of cells exposed to chlorobutanol was 80% or greater.

Conclusions:  The cytotoxicity of ophthalmic solutions to HCEC, corneal epithelia and conjunctival epithelia decreased in the absence of preservative.
Bimanual microincision phacoemulsification in treating hard cataracts using different power modes
Authors: Liu Yizhi , Jiang Yuzhen , Wu Mingxing , Liu Yuhua , Zhang Tieying
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  To compare the performance of the Multiburst mode, the Shortpulse mode and the Whitestar technology of the Sovereign platform in treating hard cataracts with bimanual microincision phacoemulsification.

Methods:  101 eyes with hard cataracts (nuclear density Grade 3 and Grade 4 or above) were randomized into three groups. Bimanual microincision phacoemulsification was performed using the Multiburst mode, the Shortpulse mode and the Whitestar technology of the Sovereign phacoemulsification machine respectively. The average power, total duration of ultrasonic power release (US Time), effective phaco time, complications, best‐corrected visual acuity and rate of corneal endothelial cell loss were measured and compared among the study groups.

Results:  For hard cataracts of various nuclear densities, average ultrasonic power was highest in the Whitestar group followed by the Shortpulse group. The Multiburst group had the highest US Time, effective phaco time and rate of corneal endothelial cell loss whereas the Whitestar Group had the lowest. The differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant by variation analysis and the Fisher's least significant difference procedure. However, there were no significant differences between the US Time values of the Shortpulse Group and the Whitestar Group (P = 0.051). In the Multiburst Group, wound burn occurred in one eye, and three eyes had abnormal fluctuations in the anterior chamber depth.

Conclusions:  The Whitestar technology showed the best performance in this study. The Multiburst mode was proved to be a relatively unsuitable ultrasonic power mode in treating hard cataracts with bimanual microincision phacoemulsification.
Avastin as an adjunct to vitrectomy in the management of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a prospective case series
Authors: Yeoh Jonathan , Williams Christopher , Allen Penny , Buttery Robert , Chiu Daniel , Clark Ben , Essex Rohan , McCombe Mark , Qureshi Salmaan , Campbell William G
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Purpose:  Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a monoclonal antibody which targets all isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor A. Its potent anti‐angiogenic effects have been shown to cause regression of neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Avastin as an adjunct to vitrectomy in the management of severe diabetic eye disease.

Methods:  Sixteen patients (18 eyes) with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy were recruited into the study. All eyes underwent a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab 1.25 mg in 0.05 mL prior to vitrectomy surgery for the management of tractional retinal detachment or vitreous haemorrhage due to severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Results:  At 3 months, seven eyes had visual acuities which were better than baseline, four were unchanged and seven were worse. At 6 months, 14 eyes had visual acuities better than baseline, one was unchanged and three were worse. Seven of the 18 eyes (38.8%) had postoperative rebleeds, six of which required surgical washout.

Conclusion:  Avastin improved the ease of the surgery in these complex eyes and the early results are encouraging. We have found it to be particularly useful in diabetic eyes with traction detachments of short duration in which there is still active neovascularization.
Effects of the El Niño southern oscillation on Turbo torquatus (Gastropoda) and their kelp habitat
Authors: ETTINGER‐EPSTEIN PIERS , KINGSFORD MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2008

Abstract  Turbo torquatus (hereafter Turbo) were abundant and patchily distributed, especially in algal dominated habitats in shallow water (less then 10 metres) on rocky reefs in central New South Wales, Australia. Although the assemblage of algae was similar in barrens with and without crevices, Turbo were most abundant in crevices, suggesting that shelter was important. Experimental removal of the kelp canopy resulted in a great decrease in the number of Turbo. This was despite cleared patches containing more filamentous food algae, further highlighting the importance of shelter. The density of Turbo in kelp forests ranged from six to seven per square metre in times of abundance and less then one per square metre at other times over a 12‐year period. Variation in the resource base (i.e. food algae and kelp cover) was strongly linked to the abundance of Turbo. Abundance of Turbo was lowest when the density of adult kelp was low (less than 14 plants per square metre). The condition of kelp was severely affected during the 1997–1998 and 2002 El Niño events and was compromised 2–4 years after each event. These pulse events and related loss of shelter probably contributed to a decline in abundance of Turbo. This model was further supported when Turbo abundance increased with a subsequent increase in the density of kelp.
Spatial distribution of communal nests in a colonial breeding bird: benefits without costs?
Authors: GIEßELMANN URS CHRISTIAN , WIEGAND THORSTEN , MEYER JORK , VOGEL MELANIE , BRANDL ROLAND
Published: July 2008

Abstract The spatial organization of individuals, or groups of individuals, within a population can provide valuable information about social organization and population dynamics. We analysed the spatial distribution of nests of the sociable weaver (Philetairus socius) on two farms in the Kalahari. Sociable weavers build large communal nests on big savannah trees, forming a pattern of trees with and without nests. We used two spatial statistics, Ripley's K and the pair correlation function, to describe characteristics of the point patterns over a range of distances. (i) At distances of 200 and 300 m, communal nests were clustered. (ii) At distances greater than 1000 m, communal nests were regularly distributed. These findings are independent of the spatial distribution of trees. Furthermore, we used Moran's I to analyse spatial autocorrelation of nest sizes. We expected negative autocorrelation because of competition between nests. But on both farms there was no significant autocorrelation of nest sizes for any distance class. The regular distribution observed at larger distances may indicate competition and/or territoriality among different nests, but the lack of spatial autocorrelation between nest sizes suggests that these interactions may happen between nest clusters rather than between single nests. This was confirmed by significant clustering of nests on small scales. We thus suggest, that colonies ofP. sociusconsist of several nests on adjacent trees forming a cluster of subcolonies. The question why sociable weavers establish subcolonies instead of adding more chambers to the natal nest, could not simply be answered by limitation of nesting space. We suggest a strategy to avoid costs due to increasing colony size.
Seasonal, demographic and density‐related patterns of contact between Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii): Implications for transmission of devil facial tumour disease
Authors: HAMEDE RODRIGO K. , MCCALLUM HAMISH , JONES MENNA
Published: July 2008

Abstract  Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), is an emerging infectious cancer thought to be spread by biting. It is causing ongoing, severe population decline of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), the largest surviving marsupial carnivore and there are concerns that DFTD may lead to extinction of the devil. Whether extinction is likely depends on contact rates and their relationship to host density. We investigated contact rates using two different datasets. The first consisted of field observations of contact and biting behaviour around prey carcasses and, the second was a 3‐year longitudinal series of injuries in a marked devil population. During feeding interactions at carcasses, contact rates were significantly positively associated with population density and subadults delivered more bites than adult males and females. Injuries from the marked devil population did not differ between adult males and females. In two of the three years, penetrating biting (resulting in injury) increased markedly during the mating season and was more frequent in adults than in subadults. Among injured devils with wounds penetrating the dermal layer, adults were more frequently bitten in the head (the location of primary tumours) in the mating season than in other seasons, and had more head bites than subadults. Our results suggest that the mating season may be the key period for disease transmission. If most penetrating bites occur during mating interactions, DFTD transmission is likely to be frequency dependent, which means that there would be no threshold host density for disease persistence, and disease‐induced extinction is possible.
Crossing the Tasman Sea: Inferring the introduction history ofLitoria aureaandLitoria raniformis(Anura: Hylidae) from Australia into New Zealand
Authors: VÖRÖS JUDIT , MITCHELL ANTHONY , WALDMAN BRUCE , GOLDSTIEN SHARYN , GEMMELL NEIL J.
Published: July 2008

Abstract The amphibian fauna of New Zealand consists of three native species (Leiopelmaspp.), and threeLitoriaspecies introduced from Australia in the last 140 years. We conducted a molecular phylogeographical study that aimed to identify the Australian origins of two species,Litoria aureaandLitoria raniformis. We used partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (cox1) gene from 59 specimens sampled from across the range of both species to identify the probable source populations for the New Zealand introductions, and to describe the current genetic diversity among New ZealandLitoriapopulations. Our genetic data suggest thatL. aureawas introduced into the North Island of New Zealand from two regions in Australia, once from the northern part of coastal New South Wales and once from the southern part of coastal New South Wales. Our data indicate thatL. raniformisintroductions originated from the Melbourne region of southern Victoria and once established in the South Island of New Zealand, the species subsequently spread throughout both islands. In addition, we found a distinct haplotype inL. raniformisfrom Tasmania that strongly suggests, contrary to earlier reports, that this species was not introduced into New Zealand from Tasmania. Finally, we identified two very distinctive mitochondrial lineages ofL. raniformiswithin the mainland Australia distribution, which may be previously unrecognized species.
The spatial ecology of cane toads (Bufo marinus) in tropical Australia: Why do metamorph toads stay near the water?
Authors: CHILD TRAVIS , PHILLIPS BENJAMIN L. , BROWN GREGORY P. , SHINE RICHARD
Published: July 2008

Abstract Cane toads (Bufo marinus) have invaded large areas of Australia, killing many native predators as they have done so. The metamorph stage of the life cycle – the first terrestrial phase, immediately after transformation from the tadpole – is critical for ecological impact (because these animals are small enough to be prey for many native predators) and for potential control of toad populations (because small body size renders metamorphs vulnerable to desiccation). To quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of metamorph toads, and the biotic and abiotic factors that might affect their distributions, we surveyed toad breeding sites in Australia's wet‐dry tropics (Adelaide River floodplain, NT) in both the wet season and the dry season. Metamorphs were concentrated close to the water's edge during the dry season, especially at midday when desiccation rates were highest. During the wet season, metamorphs were widely dispersed through the landscape. Our surveys indicate that abiotic factors (risk of desiccation) are most favourable for metamorph toads close to the pond edge, but biotic factors (food supply, and risk of competition and cannibalism) are most favourable away from the water. Operative temperatures were spatially homogeneous and sublethal, and so are unlikely to influence metamorph distribution. Desiccation risk fluctuated on a diel cycle as well as seasonally. We predict that metamorph toads benefit from dispersing as soon as desiccation risk allows them to do so, and hence the distribution of metamorph toads will shift dynamically in response to weather‐mediated changes in rates of evaporative water loss.
Common reptiles unaffected by connectivity or condition in a fragmented farming landscape
Authors: SCHUTZ ADAM J. , DRISCOLL DON A.
Published: July 2008

Abstract  Species need to disperse at a broad range of spatial scales, the recognition of which has spawned programmes such as Wildlands and WildCountry that aim to restore large‐scale connectivity. To achieve connectivity, a first step is to understand how wildlife uses existing remnants. In this study we examine the effect of remnant isolation and condition on the reptile fauna of fragmented mallee habitats in southern Australia. In three replicate landscapes we use pitfall traps to survey reptiles in five landscape elements: Conservation Park, connected, disconnected and isolated fragments, and the agricultural matrix. Reptile species richness, abundance, abundance of snakes, skinks and the 10 most common species had no significant association with landscape elements, excluding the matrix. This was despite a substantial reduction in plant species richness in the fragments, particularly of shrubs. Only seven individual reptiles were captured in the matrix, most on one site with deep sandy soils. The farmland on clay soils appeared to be relatively impermeable for reptiles, although four species could traverse 100 m of cleared sand‐dune. The lack of an isolation effect suggests that populations in remnants are persistent, or that occasional dispersal by common reptiles maintains populations. In contrast with common species, fewer rare species were captured in remnants compared with the Conservation Park, implying that some species may be entirely excluded from the remnants. Our study suggests that the spatial configuration and condition of the fragments sustain populations of many common reptile species. Remnants will therefore be invaluable as attempts are made to restore landscape‐scale permeability. However, additional conservation effort should be made to restore plant species that have been lost from the agricultural landscape. Future research should aim to better define the suite of reptile species that may not be able to use the remnants at all.
A preliminary investigation of temporal patterns in semiarid ant communities: Variation with habitat type
Authors: BARROW LAUREN , PARR CATHERINE L.
Published: July 2008

Abstract  This study reports on preliminary findings of habitat‐contingent temporal variability in ant assemblages in Purnululu National Park in northern Australia's semiarid tropics, by sampling at the end of the dry season (October 2004) and the end of the wet season (April 2005). Six grids of 15 pitfall traps were established in each of the spinifex, sandplain and gorge habitats. Community composition was dominated by behaviourally dominant ants (Iridomyrmex spp.) and climate specialists (Melophorus and Meranoplus spp.). Ant activity was higher in the wet season sampling period, with greater species richness and abundance. Interestingly, temporal variation in ant assemblage richness, abundance and composition varied markedly with habitat type. While there were large differences between sampling periods for the spinifex and sandplain habitat, this was not the case in the gorges. These temporal changes in ant assemblages are postulated to be linked with major environmental differences between the two sampling periods, driven by seasonal climatic conditions. It is likely that these changes influenced the ant assemblages through species differences in physiological tolerance levels, ecological requirements and competitive ability. This study demonstrates the need, in highly seasonal environments, to consider the temporal context of studies in relation to habitat type, particularly when undertaking biodiversity surveys and monitoring.
A comparative study of competitive ability between two cactophilic species in their natural hosts
Authors: WERENKRAUT VICTORIA , HASSON ESTEBAN , OKLANDER LUCIANA , FANARA JUAN J.
Published: July 2008

Abstract Competition is a major aspect of the ecology of insect communities exploiting ephemeral and fragmented resources. We analysed the effect of intraspecific (single species culture) and interspecific (mixed species culture) competition on larval viability, developmental time and wing length in the cactophilicDrosophila buzzatiiandDrosophila koepferae(Diptera: Drosophilidae) reared in cultured media prepared with fermenting tissues of three common natural cactus hosts in nature at different densities. Our results show that all traits measured were affected by both intra‐ and interspecifc competition, although the effect of competition depended on theDrosophilaspecies and the rearing cactus. In fact, flies tended to have a lower viability, shorter wing size and longer developmental time as a function of increasing density in single species culture in bothD. buzzatiiandD. koepferae(intraespecific competition). Besides, the performance of both species was seriously affected (shorter body size, slower developmental times, lower viability) by the presence of heterospecific competitors except in the case ofD. koepferaereared in its primary host plant,Trichocereus terschekii. We also show thatD. koepferaesuccessfully utilizedOpuntia quimilo,which is absent in most parts of its distribution range. We discuss the roles of intra‐ and interspecific competition as determinants of the relative abundance of these two species in the arid zones of Southern South America.