bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical Statistical Analysis and Cluster Studies on Socio-Economic Status (SES) Dataset
Authors: Balasankar V. , Varma Penumatsa Suresh Suresh , Pandu Ranga Vital T.
Published: March 2021

Socio-economic status (SES) levels and conditions are extremely influential variables in the study of a particular area of society or any society. Social factors, for instance, the position of caste, religion, marital status, education levels, give good assessment results for us about a person’s goals and the method of achieving their objectives. Generally economic status of any family is needy upon the social factors, for instance, the size of the family, educators in family and levels, and the level of the friendly environment in the family. SES with machine learning (ML) especially cluster analysis is important to identify important features or dimensions of the SES dataset, evaluate the rakings of dimensions and dimensional reductions. In this research, we collected 1742 samples (household information) as per socio-economic ratios and area (rural and urban) wise ratios with good questionnaires between 2018 and 2019 from Rajamahandravaram, East Godavari District, AP, India. We conduct the statistical analysis and cluster analysis for identifying the important factors of SES levels and their problem analysis. In cluster analysis, we apply k-means, hierarchal clustering (HC), and hierarchal with principal component analysis (PCA). The good projection results related to HC and PCA-HC specifies passements of SES class values.
Real Time Resource Scheduling Framework for Smart City
Authors: Talmale Girish , Shrawankar Urmila
Published: March 2021

Smart City plays a vital role in social development. Real time scheduling of different tangible and intangible resource in distributed environment in smart is challenging problem. The different disaster management tasks smart city applications such as floods, earthquake, pandemic, fire, disaster relief, and control of hazardous area, major accidents, control of terrorism and other attacks require real time emergency resources scheduling. The existing techniques uses for smart city resource management are suffering from low resource utilization and high response time, migration and preemption overhead. This work paper presents cluster based real time resource scheduling framework for emergency situation in smart city. The edge computing resources are group into cluster. The proposed framework increases resources utilization and reduces response time, migration, preemption overheads. The emergency tasks are scheduled to these computing cluster are allow to migrate within the cluster to ensure to reduce migration, switching overhead, response time and increase resource utilization and success rate.
Engineering the early bone metastatic niche through human vascularized immuno bone minitissues
Authors: Colombo Maria Vittoria , Bersini Simone , Arrigoni Chiara , Gilardi Mara , Sansoni Veronica , Ragni Enrico , Candiani Gabriele , Lombardi Giovanni , Moretti Matteo
Published: March 2021

Bone metastases occur in 65%–80% advanced breast cancer patients. Although significant progresses have been made in understanding the biological mechanisms driving the bone metastatic cascade, traditional 2D in vitro models and animal studies are not effectively reproducing breast cancer cells (CCs) interactions with the bone microenvironment and suffer from species-specific differences, respectively. Moreover, simplified in vitro models cannot realistically estimate drug anti-tumoral properties and side effects, hence leading to pre-clinical testing frequent failures. To solve this issue, a 3D metastatic bone minitissue (MBm) is designed with embedded human osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone-resident macrophages, endothelial cells and breast CCs. This minitissue recapitulates key features of the bone metastatic niche, including the alteration of macrophage polarization and microvascular architecture, along with the induction of CC micrometastases and osteomimicry. The minitissue reflects breast CC organ-specific metastatization to bone compared to a muscle minitissue. Finally, two FDA approved drugs, doxorubicin and rapamycin, have been tested showing that the dose required to impair CC growth is significantly higher in the MBm compared to a simpler CC monoculture minitissue. The MBm allows the investigation of metastasis key biological features and represents a reliable tool to better predict drug effects on the metastatic bone microenvironment.
Stable Legendre–Lorentzian solitons in localized optical potentials
Authors: Fernandez-de la Garza J A , López-Aguayo S
Published: March 2021

We derive a family of optical solitons from a non-linear Schrödinger’s equation with an external potential in a (1 + 1)D system. The soliton solutions can be expressed in a closed form by using a Lorentzian apodization and associated Legendre functions, in contrast to the more common solitons using a Gaussian apodization. Similarly, an analytical and bounded form for the external optical potential is also found, and furthermore, a general formula for the power is obtained. Remarkably, we found that these solitons are stable in their propagation for certain values of power and width of the solitons. Finally, we report several interesting propagation dynamics for the unstable scenario: from loss of the beam’s inner structure by splitting of the initial soliton profile to breathing decaying solitons.
Categorical measures for finite group actions
Authors: Bergh D. , Gorchinskiy S. , Larsen M. , Lunts V.
Published: March 2021

Given a variety with a finite group action, we compare its equivariant categorical measure, that is, the categorical measure of the corresponding quotient stack, and the categorical measure of the extended quotient. Using weak factorization for orbifolds, we show that for a wide range of cases that these two measures coincide. This implies, in particular, a conjecture of Galkin and Shinder on categorical and motivic zeta-functions of varieties. We provide examples showing that, in general, these two measures are not equal. We also give an example related to a conjecture of Polishchuk and Van den Bergh, showing that a certain condition in this conjecture is indeed necessary.
Mamalu Poepoe: Enhancing Hawaii’s Biosecurity Through Interagency Collaboration
Authors: Kaufman Leyla V
Published: March 2021

Hawaii’s role as a hub for travel, commerce, and military transport is a major contributor to its vulnerability to invasive species incursions. Ports of entry, airports, and seaports, besides being important invasive species pathways are also sites that present the first opportunity for early detection and rapid response. Mamalu Poepoe is an interagency program to enhance invasive species detection at Hawaii’s main airports. The program brings together multiple state agencies including the Hawaii Departments of Transportation, Agriculture, Health, Land and Natural Resources, and the University of Hawaii. The program also collaborates with several projects under the University of Hawaii system such as the Hawaii Ant Lab and the Invasive Species Committees statewide. Priority target species in the program include: mosquitoes, the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus), Africanized honeybees (AHB: Apis mellifera scutellate Lepeletier), and invasive ants. Mamalu Poepoe fills an important gap in surveillance at Hawaii’s airports and enhances the state’s ability for early detection and rapid response of species that can severely affect human health, our environment, and the economy through collaborative efforts.
Diaspora Voting In Kenya: A Promise Denied
Authors: Wellman Elizabeth Iams , Whitaker Beth Elise
Published: March 2021

In 2010, Kenya extended voting rights to its estimated 3,000,000 citizens living abroad, thus joining a growing number of countries in Africa and around the world to recognize emigrant voting rights. Yet despite a politically engaged diaspora, intensive government outreach to emigrants, and high-stakes electoral competition, fewer than 3,000 Kenyans were permitted to vote from abroad in the 2013 and 2017 presidential elections. What explains the failure of the Kenyan government to implement diaspora voting on a broader scale? Drawing on original interviews and archival documents, this article analyses the tumultuous battle over the adoption and implementation of external voting in Kenya, focusing especially on legal, logistical, and political challenges. We argue that uncertainty about the number of Kenyan emigrants and their political preferences, paired with a highly competitive electoral climate, meant there was little political will to push for more widespread implementation of diaspora voting. Our analysis of external voting in Kenya has implications for diaspora participation in other competitive electoral contexts across the continent and beyond.
LILRB1: A Novel Diagnostic B-Cell Marker to Distinguish Neoplastic B Lymphoblasts From Hematogones
Authors: Saumell Tutusaus Silvia , Pirruccello Elaina , Fuda Franklin , Churchill Hywyn , Chen Dong , Zhang Cheng Cheng , Chen Weina
Published: March 2021

Objectives

New B-cell markers are needed for monitoring B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in the era of immunotherapies directed against CD19 and CD22. The expression of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1) on hematogones in bone marrow (BM) and neoplastic B lymphoblasts has not yet been systematically investigated.

Methods

We assessed LILRB1 expression pattern on B cells in 19 control BMs and 22 B-ALL cases by flow cytometry.

Results

In all cases, mature B cells and hematogones exhibited a consistent pattern of LILRB1 expression with variable intensity over different stages of maturation, including a characteristic V-shaped pattern on hematogones. While neoplastic B lymphoblasts in all cases expressed LILRB1, the pattern of expression was distinctly abnormal relative to hematogones (loss of the dynamic pattern in all cases and abnormal expression levels in 83% of cases).

Conclusions

LILRB1 is a novel diagnostic B-cell marker to aid in distinguishing neoplastic B lymphoblasts from hematogones.
The neuroimaging evidence of brain abnormalities in functional movement disorders
Authors: Sasikumar Sanskriti , Strafella Antonio P
Published: March 2021

Neuroimaging has been pivotal in identifying and reframing our understanding of functional movement disorders. If accessible, it compensates for the limitations of the clinical exam and is especially useful where there is overlap of functional symptoms with classical presentations of disease. Imaging in functional movement disorders has increasingly identified structural and functional abnormalities that implicate hypoactivation of the cortical and subcortical motor pathways and increased modulation by the limbic system. Neurobiological theories suggest an impaired sense of agency, faulty top-down regulation of motor movement and abnormal emotional processing in these individuals. This framework challenges our traditional understanding of functional movement disorders as distinct from the deceptive term of ‘organic’ diseases and proposes that these conditions are not considered as mutually exclusive. This update summarizes the literature to date and explores the role of imaging in the diagnosis of functional movement disorders and in detecting its underlying molecular network.
Genetic analysis of Pycr1 and Pycr2 in mice
Authors: Stum Morgane G , Tadenev Abigail L D , Seburn Kevin L , Miers Kathy E , Poon Pak P , McMaster Christopher R , Robinson Carolyn , Kane Coleen , Silva Kathleen A , Cliften Paul F , Sundberg John P , Reinholdt Laura G , John Simon W M , Burgess Robert W
Published: March 2021

The final step in proline biosynthesis is catalyzed by three pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases, PYCR1, PYCR2, and PYCR3, which convert pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) to proline. Mutations in human PYCR1 and ALDH18A1 (P5C Synthetase) cause Cutis Laxa (CL), whereas mutations in PYCR2 cause hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10 (HLD10). Here, we investigated the genetics of Pycr1 and Pycr2 in mice. A null allele of Pycr1 did not show integument or CL-related phenotypes. We also studied a novel chemically-induced mutation in Pycr2. Mice with recessive loss-of-function mutations in Pycr2 showed phenotypes consistent with neurological and neuromuscular disorders, including weight loss, kyphosis, and hind-limb clasping. The peripheral nervous system was largely unaffected, with only mild axonal atrophy in peripheral nerves. A severe loss of subcutaneous fat in Pycr2 mutant mice is reminiscent of a CL-like phenotype, but primary features such as elastin abnormalities were not observed. Aged Pycr2 mutant mice had reduced white blood cell counts and altered lipid metabolism, suggesting a generalized metabolic disorder. PYCR1 and -2 have similar enzymatic and cellular activities, and consistent with previous studies, both were localized in the mitochondria in fibroblasts. Both PYCR1 and -2 were able to complement the loss of Pro3, the yeast enzyme that converts P5C to proline, confirming their activity as P5C reductases. In mice, Pycr1; Pycr2 double mutants were sub-viable and unhealthy compared to either single mutant, indicating the genes are largely functionally redundant. Proline levels were not reduced, and precursors were not increased in serum from Pycr2 mutant mice or in lysates from skin fibroblast cultures, but placing Pycr2 mutant mice on a proline-free diet worsened the phenotype. Thus, Pycr1 and -2 have redundant functions in proline biosynthesis, and their loss makes proline a semi-essential amino acid. These findings have implications for understanding the genetics of CL and HLD10, and for modeling these disorders in mice.
RERE deficiency contributes to the development of orofacial clefts in humans and mice
Authors: Kim Bum Jun , Zaveri Hitisha P , Kundert Peter N , Jordan Valerie K , Scott Tiana M , Carmichael Jenny , Scott Daryl A
Published: March 2021

Deletions of chromosome 1p36 are the most common telomeric deletions in humans and are associated with an increased risk of orofacial clefting. Deletion/phenotype mapping, combined with data from human and mouse studies, suggests the existence of multiple 1p36 genes associated with orofacial clefting including SKI, PRDM16, PAX7 and GRHL3. The arginine–glutamic acid dipeptide (RE) repeats gene (RERE) is located in the proximal critical region for 1p36 deletion syndrome and encodes a nuclear receptor co-regulator. Pathogenic RERE variants have been shown to cause neurodevelopmental disorder with or without anomalies of the brain, eye or heart (NEDBEH). Cleft lip has previously been described in one individual with NEDBEH. Here we report the first individual with NEDBEH to have a cleft palate. We confirm that RERE is broadly expressed in the palate during mouse embryonic development, and we demonstrate that the majority of RERE-deficient mouse embryos on C57BL/6 background have cleft palate. We go on to show that ablation of Rere in cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, mediated by a Wnt1-Cre, leads to delayed elevation of the palatal shelves and cleft palate and that proliferation of mesenchymal cells in the palatal shelves is significantly reduced in Rereflox/flox; Wnt1-Cre embryos. We conclude that loss of RERE function contributes to the development of orofacial clefts in individuals with proximal 1p36 deletions and NEDBEH and that RERE expression in CNC cells and their derivatives is required for normal palatal development.
Scavenging Effects of Large Canids
Authors: Wirsing Aaron J , Newsome Thomas M
Published: March 2021

Synopsis

Many large predators are also facultative scavengers that may compete with and depredate other species at carcasses. Yet, the ecological impacts of facultative scavenging by large predators, or their “scavenging effects,” still receive relatively little attention in comparison to their predation effects. To address this knowledge gap, we comprehensively examine the roles played by, and impacts of, facultative scavengers, with a focus on large canids: the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), dingo (Canis dingo), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), gray wolf (Canis lupus), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and red wolf (Canis rufus). Specifically, after defining facultative scavenging as use or usurpation of a carcass that a consumer has not killed, we (1) provide a conceptual overview of the community interactions around carcasses that can be initiated by facultative scavengers, (2) review the extent of scavenging by and the evidence for scavenging effects of large canids, (3) discuss external factors that may diminish or enhance the effects of large canids as scavengers, and (4) identify aspects of this phenomenon that require additional research attention as a guide for future work.
A bycatch surprise: Scyllarus subarctus Crosnier, 1970 (Decapoda: Achelata: Scyllaridae) in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Tanduo Valentina , Osca David , Crocetta Fabio
Published: March 2021

Scyllarus  Fabricius, 1775 includes nine species worldwide, three of which have been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea: S. arctus (Linnaeus, 1758), S. caparti  Holthuis, 1952, and S. pygmaeus  Bate, 1888. A Scyllarus specimen not ascribable to any of the previous species was trawled in November 2020 in unconsolidated substrates in the Gulf of Naples, Italy. The sample was subsequently identified through an integrative taxonomic approach as Scyllarus subarctus  Crosnier, 1970, a species originally described from southern Angola (Eastern Atlantic Ocean) and apparently expanding northward along Western Africa. It is possible that this taxon may have been already present in the Mediterranean but went overlooked or undetected. Results obtained through molecular analyses underlined the necessity of an extensive update of the supraspecific taxonomy of scyllarids.
The price of distance: pricing-to-market and geographic barriers
Authors: Kano Kazuko , Kano Takashi , Takechi Kazutaka
Published: March 2021

Trade costs contribute to price differentials across geographically separated regions. However, when using price differential data, the identification of distance-elastic trade costs depends on how producers set prices in remote markets. To address this problem, we first empirically demonstrate that a variable markup model is more relevant than a constant markup model to describe the data variation. We then adopt a nonhomothetic preference framework to consider pricing-to-market and self-selection bias to pin down the distance effect. If these factors are not accounted for, the distance elasticity of trade costs is small. However, by incorporating these mechanisms, our empirical analysis using micro-level data reveals that the distance effect is significantly large, suggesting that the price of geographic barriers to regional trade is high.
To Name and Shame or Not, and If So, How? A Pragmatic Analysis of Naming and Shaming the Chinese Government over Mass Atrocity Crimes against the Uyghurs and Other Muslim Minorities in Xinjiang
Authors: Gallagher Adrian
Published: March 2021

Faced with crimes such as genocide there is an understandable plea for actors to name and shame the perpetrators involved. The problem is that studies show that while there are cases where this practice has a positive influence, there are many examples where it is not only ineffective, but also counterproductive as it leads to an increase in human rights violations. With this in mind, the article asks, is it right to name and shame the Chinese government over mass atrocities perpetrated against the Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities, and, if so, how? It uses a pragmatic approach to consider the ethical concerns that stem from this practice being used in this specific case. It draws links between the role that image and status play in two literatures: naming and shaming and China. It argues that the Chinese government's prioritization of image and status acts as a double-edged sword when it comes to naming and shaming as it could (1) fuel a backlash or (2) have a positive influence, especially in status-sensitive time periods. While questioning the overall effectiveness of this strategy in relation to China, it argues that a culmination of factors in the lead up to the 2022 Beijing Olympics creates a window of opportunity for naming and shaming to have a positive impact. It offers normative recommendations to shed light on how this practice should be done. At a broader level, the article makes three contributions to the literature on naming and shaming and pragmatist ethics.
A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis of the Serpin Superfamily
Authors: Spence Matthew A , Mortimer Matthew D , Buckle Ashley M , Minh Bui Quang , Jackson Colin J
Published: March 2021

Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are found in all kingdoms of life and play essential roles in multiple physiological processes. Owing to the diversity of the superfamily, phylogenetic analysis is challenging and prokaryotic serpins have been speculated to have been acquired from Metazoa through horizontal gene transfer due to their unexpectedly high homology. Here, we have leveraged a structural alignment of diverse serpins to generate a comprehensive 6,000-sequence phylogeny that encompasses serpins from all kingdoms of life. We show that in addition to a central “hub” of highly conserved serpins, there has been extensive diversification of the superfamily into many novel functional clades. Our analysis indicates that the hub proteins are ancient and are similar because of convergent evolution, rather than the alternative hypothesis of horizontal gene transfer. This work clarifies longstanding questions in the evolution of serpins and provides new directions for research in the field of serpin biology.
Stereotactic Electroencephalography Is Associated With Reduced Pain and Opioid Use When Compared with Subdural Grids: A Case Series
Authors: Scoville Jonathan P , Joyce Evan , Hunsaker Joshua , Reese Jared , Wilde Herschel , Arain Amir , Bollo Robert L , Rolston John D
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been shown to decrease length of hospital stay and opioid use.

OBJECTIVE

To identify whether surgery for epilepsy mapping via MIS stereotactically placed electroencephalography (SEEG) electrodes decreased overall opioid use when compared with craniotomy for EEG grid placement (ECoG).

METHODS

Patients who underwent surgery for epilepsy mapping, either SEEG or ECoG, were identified through retrospective chart review from 2015 through 2018. The hospital stay was separated into specific time periods to distinguish opioid use immediately postoperatively, throughout the rest of the stay and at discharge. The total amount of opioids consumed during each period was calculated by transforming all types of opioids into their morphine equivalents (ME). Pain scores were also collected using a modification of the Clinically Aligned Pain Assessment (CAPA) scale. The 2 surgical groups were compared using appropriate statistical tests.

RESULTS

The study identified 43 patients who met the inclusion criteria: 36 underwent SEEG placement and 17 underwent craniotomy grid placement. There was a statistically significant difference in median opioid consumption per hospital stay between the ECoG and the SEEG placement groups, 307.8 vs 71.5 ME, respectively (P = .0011). There was also a significant difference in CAPA scales between the 2 groups (P = .0117).

CONCLUSION

Opioid use is significantly lower in patients who undergo MIS epilepsy mapping via SEEG compared with those who undergo the more invasive ECoG procedure. As part of efforts to decrease the overall opioid burden, these results should be considered by patients and surgeons when deciding on surgical methods.
Double-Stage Complete Removal of Dumbbell-Shaped Trigeminal Schwannoma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Campero Alvaro , Baldoncini Matías , Román Guillermo , Villalonga Juan F
Published: March 2021

Intracranial trigeminal schwannomas are rare tumors.
1-4
The aim of this 3-dimensional operative video is to present a double stage complete removal of a dumbbell-shaped trigeminal schwannoma.

This is a 25-yr-old male with headaches, diplopia, and facial pain. The MRI shows a big tumor located at the level of the cerebellopontine angle, petroclival region, and middle fossa. Because of the size of the tumor and its growth within the cerebellopontine angle, we decided to operate the patient in two stages. For the first surgery, the patient was in a semi-sitting position, and a retrosigmoid approach was performed. The second surgery was performed 2 mo after the first operation in a supine position for a pretemporal transzygomatic approach. The pathological study was reported as a schwannoma, and the histological findings were spindle cell lesion with a storiform pattern and histiocytes.

The patient evolved without neurological deficit after the surgeries, and the postoperative MRI shows a complete resection of the tumor.

The patient gave the consent to use the images and surgical video.

Preoperative imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and surgical planning.
3-6
For these cases of trigeminal schwannomas with a large extension in the posterior fossa and middle fossa, we believe that the most prudent thing is to perform the surgery in 2 stages.
3
The Art of Cinematic Storytelling
Authors: Brine Kelly Gordon
Published: March 2021

The Art of Cinematic Storytelling: A Visual Guide to Planning Shots, Cuts, and Transitions is a practical introduction to the design of shots, cuts, and transitions for film, video, television, animation, and game design. The author-illustrator is a storyboard artist who has worked with and learned from over 200 professional directors and cinematographers. This book’s clear and concise explanations and vivid examples demystify the visual design choices that are fundamental to directing and editing. Hundreds of illustrations and diagrams support the text. The primary emphasis is on blocking actors and positioning the camera for mood, meaning, and continuity editing. This book delves deeply into controlling the audience’s understanding and perception of time and space; designing in-camera time transitions; compressing and expanding time; composing creative shots for cinematic storytelling; choosing between objective and subjective storytelling; motivating camera moves; choosing lenses; using screen geography and film grammar for clarity; planning shots with continuity editing in mind; knowing how and when to cut; beginning and ending scenes; and using storyboards for planning and communication. Several chapters are devoted to how to block and shoot action involving travel, pursuits, searches, dialogue, groups, and driving. While the approach is based largely on well-established techniques of cinematography and continuity editing, attention is also given to jump cuts, tableau shots, and unconventional framing. The topics are covered thoroughly and systematically, and this book serves both as an introductory text and as a reference work for more advanced students of film.
Camera Angles, Lenses, and Storytelling
Authors: Kelly Brine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 explains the differences that camera height and lens choices make to an image seen through a camera lens. The dramatic perspective changes that are created by using different camera heights are described and illustrated. The storytelling effects of lenses are examined. The details of how lenses can be used for such purposes as making objects at various distances seem closer or farther away, limiting what’s visible, compressing or expanding space, speeding up or slowing down action, zooming in or out, and throwing objects at chosen distances out of focus are all described and illustrated. Important compositional and storytelling effects of lens length on tilts, pans, and traveling shots are described and illustrated.
Designing Shots for Storytelling
Authors: Kelly Brine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 explains and illustrates how a director or cinematographer can make better storytelling choices when designing shots for film, video, or animation. Sequences of shots must be designed to emphasize the drama. If an entire scene is shot using a stationary wide shot, a single shot that pans left and right as needed, or a handheld camera that follows the characters around, the scene’s story will probably not be well told. This chapter explains why dramatizing most scenes means using the camera to record several shots from different angles that are designed both to emphasize the dramatic beats and to cut smoothly and clearly with each other. Some of the important design considerations that are explored are camera angles, shot size, camera movement, the direction of character movement in relation to the camera, and creating moods.
Walking and Running Characters
Authors: Kelly Brine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 12 describes and illustrates the visual storytelling effects of several approaches to filming a traveling character. The techniques that are shown can be applied to any character who is walking, running, bicycling, or traveling in any other way. Viewers can be made to infer things about a traveling character such as whether the character is strong, weak, safe, threatened, in a hurry, or being watched. Coverage can be objective, or it can be subjective so that viewers are made to identify with a character. Various cinematographic techniques are described that can be used to establish moods, heighten the drama, create suspense, add visual variety, and compress time. Techniques for cutting between a stationary camera and a traveling camera are described and storyboarded.
Blocking for Cinematic Storytelling
Authors: Kelly Brine
Published: March 2021

An essential part of every director’s work is blocking actors’ action in relation to the camera in order to design dramatic shots and sequences. Good blocking leads to effective visual storytelling. The blocking does not have to be perfectly natural as long as it appears natural to viewers, illustrates the dramatic beats, and handles time and space well. This chapter describes several useful approaches to blocking a simple scene. Different emphasis, moods, and pacing result from the choices that are made when choreographing the movement of the actors on a set, incorporating transitions into shots, and designing camera angles and moves. This set of examples illustrates the wide range of options that are available, as well as the type of brainstorming of shots, cuts, and transitions that a director should do before settling on one storytelling plan.
Punching the Clock
Authors: Ungemah Joe
Published: March 2021

Punching the Clock takes the best of psychological science to explore whether humans will effectively adapt to the gig economy and the Future of Work. Although the world of work is changing at unprecedented speed, the drives and needs of workers have not. Technology in the form of artificial intelligence and robotic process automation continues to transform jobs, taking away routine tasks from workers, both cognitive and physical alike. Work is broken down into smaller and smaller packets that can be seamlessly reintegrated into broader work products. Workers no longer need to be full-time employees or even reside on the same continent. Rather, tenuous relationships with contractors, freelancers, volunteers, or other third parties have become the norm, using talent platforms to find and complete work. Yet, inside the minds of workers, the needs and biases that govern behavior continue as if nothing has happened. Like any other social environment, workplaces key into deep psychological processes that have developed over millennia and dictate with whom and how workers interact. Psychologists working across disciplines have amassed a great deal of insight about the human psyche but have not always been adept at articulating the practical implications of this insight, let alone how the human psyche will likely react to the gig economy. This book fills this void in knowledge by explaining what is really going on in the minds of coworkers, bringing this to life with a few surprising stories from the real world. Unlike the external world, the human psyche is a relative constant, which raises questions about just how much of the Future of Work can be realized without breaking down the social fabric of the workplace.
Confidence
Authors: Ungemah Joe
Published: March 2021

This chapter retells the story of Captain Chesley Sullenberger who successfully crash-landed US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson, demonstrating how confidence, skill, and composure can lead to amazing results. This is contrasted to the follies of Nick Leeson who single-handedly broke Barings Bank (the oldest merchant bank) through a combination of greed and fear, demonstrating what happens when confidence outpaces true capability. The chapter is rounded out by a recent study about final salary arbitrations in Major League Baseball, highlighting how confidence, individual capability, and ego-threat interact to predict who chokes under pressure both in and out of the workplace. Those who have the most to lose tend to fall the hardest.
The Music in Berlin: Musical Networks
Authors: Alexander Phil
Published: March 2021

This chapter is a detailed discussion of the sophisticated network relations at play in Berlin’s klezmer and Yiddish music scene. Drawing on the work of Howard Becker and Mark Granovetter, it lays out the connections that bring different musicians together, including an analysis of important network hubs and significant weak ties that enable creative links across different musical and social territories. The historical context for these networks is also discussed in detail, including the earlier roles of venues, organizations, and personalities in uniting musicians, audiences, and enthusiasts. The second half of the chapter then offers a detailed breakdown of current musical styles, positing four overlapping stylistic (and in some senses social) categories that help the reader to navigate different expressions and groupings of Berlin klezmer: pioneers, modernists, fantasists, and transformers. Each one of the taxonomies is analyzed in terms of musical approach, repertoire, and relation to other groups. These are enriched in each case by a wealth of ethnographic detail, thick descriptions of particular performances (including the author’s own reactions and responses), and informative musical examples and transcriptions. The chapter concludes by placing the city of Berlin’s klezmer musical networks within the wider international scene of which they are a distinct but related part.
Ruins of Antiquity (Emperor and Galilean)
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: March 2021

“The Ruins of Antiquity” focuses on Ibsen’s Emperor and Galilean, a play that is given the subtitle “A World Historical Drama.” Along Hegelian lines, Ibsen’s work displays the strengths, but also the price of the rising Christian mindset. In particular, it shows how early Christianity was prone to overlooking the earthly beauty and joy that characterized Ancient cultures. Yet in his presentation of Emperor Julian and his increasing existential anguish, Ibsen goes beyond the Hegelian framework and sets the stage for his turn, in his contemporary drama, to a full concentration on modern life.
Teaching History (An Enemy of the People)
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: March 2021

“Teaching History” turns to An Enemy of the People, a play that brings to life the tension between a sole truth-teller and his community. It shows that this tension is only resolved in the main character’s commitment to break with the traditions of the town and, in a Nietzschean spirit, embrace a future-oriented educational project.
Nonphysical Abuse and Coercive Control
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores women’s experiences of nonphysical forms of abuse. Most women reported that the most difficult form of abuse they dealt with was nonphysical abuse, especially emotional abuse. Many women stated that nonphysical abuse deeply impacted on their sense of self and freedom and that it continued to affect them years after they separated from an abusive partner. Other forms of nonphysical abuse that the women highlighted included abusive tactics targeting their role as a mother, isolation within the relationship, and financial abuse. This chapter also considers the particular impacts of nonphysical abuse, including isolation, financial abuse, and threats about their visas, for women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, especially those with insecure visa status.
The Setting
Authors: Eden Jeff
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes how in the 1920s to 1930s, the Soviet state attempted to eradicate religion by targeting the most visible forms of devotional life. Tens of thousands of religious elites were arrested and executed; holy objects were seized; and churches, mosques, and synagogues were converted into granaries, warehouses, and museums of “Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism.” Meanwhile, Soviet populations were inundated with anti-religious propaganda, as local branches of the state-backed League of Militant Atheists proliferated. The chapter goes on to show how in the war years, however, religious repression ceased. The arrest and execution of religious figures was almost entirely curtailed. A pivotal moment came in 1943, when Stalin invited three Metropolitans of the Russian Orthodox Church to a late-night meeting in Moscow and offered them a “new deal,” allowing for unprecedented religious freedoms.
Conclusion
Authors: Eden Jeff
Published: March 2021

This concluding chapter reviews the two stories told in the book about Soviet Muslims in the Second World War: one about the devotional life of Muslim citizens, including soldiers, their families on the home front, and local religious leaders; the other about state dynamics. Regarding the effectiveness of Soviet religious propaganda during the Second World War, it offers summary thoughts connecting the resurgence of devotional life in wartime, the widespread perception that religiosity was now permitted by the state, and the state’s ambiguous, ineffectual approach to shaping religious policy. The chapter then places the book in the context of other studies of Islam in the Soviet Union.
Partisanship, Territorialism, and Transregional Networks of Belonging
Authors: Quadri Junaid
Published: March 2021

Chapter 1 sketches the historical and transregional context of the project, examining two acrimonious episodes local to twentieth-century Egypt to lay bare the ever-present background contexts of Muslim history and the greater Muslim world. Paying close attention to the social and political developments that dominated Egyptian intellectual life at the turn of the century, I examine two exchanges between Bakhīt and Rashīd Riḍā to lay out the terrain of partisanship and territorialism that so heavily structured Cairo’s intellectual scene in the early twentieth century. As a result of what Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen has termed the “Salafi Press,” the previous monopoly on Islamic interpretation held by the Azharī ulama began to loosen, and the latter began to sense their authority being threatened. These resulted in bitter polemics but also, I argue, a substantial reconfiguration of the intellectual landscape simply by virtue of the indefatigable onslaught of the Modernists, especially Riḍā. This state of affairs motivated the ulama to draw on resources that exceeded their specific context both historically and geographically, resulting in a certain rearrangement of authority that relied on older structural features of the madhhab to create new networks of belonging and allegiance.
Authority, Ijtihād, and Temporality
Authors: Quadri Junaid
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 traces changes in Ḥanafī conceptions of history by examining the manner in which authority is conceptualized within the school by both colonial-era writers and their predecessors. It locates self-representations of the school’s history as embedded within formal hierarchies of the relative standing (and authoritativeness) of Ḥanafī jurists. By examining Bakhīt’s ranking of Ḥanafī jurists, I reveal his refashioning of ijtihād within the school and its implications for a new conception of legal authority mirrored in Reformism’s insistence on an increasingly democratized and direct access to the primary texts of the Qurʾan and sunna, unmediated by the historical corpus of the fiqh tradition. I argue that this reworking of authority structures, in turn, relies on a new temporality, moving from one which sees ulama-subjects as inheritors of a tradition expressed through a continuous and organic history to one which displays a “historical consciousness,” privileging the Prophetic generation so as to be able to downgrade the “accretions” of the medieval interlude.
Conclusion
Authors: Quadri Junaid
Published: March 2021

The Conclusion considers the Egyptian intellectual landscape from the perspective of the last Shaykh al-Islām of the Ottoman Empire, Muṣṭafā Ṣabrī. Upon his exile from Istanbul, Ṣabrī spent a short time living in Egypt, concluding that the country had become thoroughly Europeanized. Relying especially on the theological question of free will and predestination, Sabri argued that Egyptian writers’ inclination toward a free will position was an indicator of European dominance. European thinkers had indeed criticized Muslims for being too deterministic in their evaluation of the question; the remainder of the Conclusion examines Egyptian responses to these critiques. Among them was a lecture given by Muḥammad Bakhīt which stressed human agency in the world, an analysis of which once more lays bare Bakhīt’s domestic rivalry with Reformist figures, his reliance on the transregional “social madhhab” in crafting modern solutions, his mode of responding to the challenges posed by colonialism, and his subjection of Ḥanafī tradition to transformation.
Bicultural Identity Integration
Authors: Benet-Martínez Verónica , Lee Fiona , Cheng Chi-Ying
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, the authors examine the social-personality processes underlying multiculturalism and multicultural identity and the cultural and societal factors that influence these phenomena. They focus the discussion on bicultural identity integration (BII), an individual difference construct describing the extent to which a bicultural individual experiences her two cultural identities as compatible and integrated versus oppositional and compartmentalized. Drawing from the literatures of acculturation, social-personality and cultural psychologies, and interculturalism studies, the authors review research on the antecedents and outcomes associated with BII. While there is extensive evidence showing that BII is psychologically consequential, and also an important moderator of how multicultural individuals respond to different kinds of cultural information and demands, there remains pressing needs to understand the developmental trajectories that influence BII, the role of macro societal and historical factors in how BII changes, and how BII can be used to understand multiculturalism in social collectives.
What Research Tells Us: Single Texts
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 delves into research comparing reading single printed texts versus digital versions. The beginning section considers what we know about using digital books with young children for different purposes: social interaction, linguistic or cognitive development, or engagement. Most of the chapter focuses on research with school-age readers. The discussion is organized around four issues. First, what kind of measures were used? Variables include user perception studies versus experiments, type of experimental questions, and speed. Second, does the length or genre of the text affect results? Third, what is the role of technology, including digital paging versus scrolling, along with adaptive text display? And fourth, how much are experimental results explained by the mindset (metacognition) we bring to reading in print versus digitally? Among the considerations are students’ ability to correctly predict success when reading in the two media (calibration) and motivation for reading.
What Research Tells Us: Multiple Texts
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 opens by looking at the growth of computers in education and of online search technology. Today’s easy availability of online documents is profoundly reshaping the reading students are asked to do, diminishing traditional focus on single texts. Skills for searching online, scrutinizing sources, and synthesizing results are now emphasized in school curricula. One consequence has been a parallel focus on these skills in middle school and high school standardized testing. We examine research on students’ success in mastering these skills and consider how the emphasis on multiple online texts may be changing what we mean by “reading”. Less is known about students’ comparative ability to handle multiple print versus multiple digital documents, though we review some existing research. Our discussion reveals the relevance of document authenticity, distinctiveness, and physical senses in how we comprehend and interpret texts.
What Research Tells Us About Audio (and Video)
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 7 explores the potential of audio as a learning platform. We lay the groundwork by looking at the historical relationship between spoken and written language, and at the evolution of recorded audio, from the phonograph up through books for the blind, books on tape, audiobooks, and podcasts. Compared with the research literature weighing reading in print versus digitally, relatively few studies have explored use of podcasts or audiobooks in educational settings, especially measured against reading equivalent written text. We review studies to date, distinguishing between audio files played alone (solo audio) and reading that combines listening to audio with following along in the text (audio + text). Simultaneous audio and text is a common technique with readers having learning challenges and with second language learners. Given rising use of video materials in education settings, we also consider research comparing viewing video versus reading text, and viewing video versus only listening to audio.
Strategies for Effective Reading with Audio (and Video)
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 8 draws upon what we learned about audio and video in Chapter 7 to explore strategies for using these materials in learning contexts. As with Chapter 6’s discussion of strategies for effective reading onscreen, we begin by talking about reading goals and who the reader is, along with application of print strategies, here to audio learning. After brief suggestions for use of audio by young children, the chapter focuses on audio and video strategies for school-age readers. Regarding solo audio, we identify tools for helping listeners focus on what they are hearing. For audio + text, we consider how general readers might benefit from the technique. The video discussion stresses the importance of being realistic about learning goals, as well as pointing out strategies for focusing the mind when viewing. The chapter closes with comments on the value of video annotation tools for enhancing learning.
New Orleans Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the emergence of jazz in New Orleans around the year 1900, and its first generation of performers. It examines the social and economic conditions in New Orleans, and the city’s rich musical traditions. The life and music of cornetist Buddy Bolden, often considered the first jazz musician, are examined in some depth, as are the contributions of other early jazz stars, including Freddie Keppard, Jelly Roll Morton, and King Oliver. The chapter concludes with an account of the early career of Louis Armstrong, which is continued in the next chapter.