bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Location Data From Mobile Phones to Study Participation in Mass Protests
Authors: Rotman Assaf , Shalev Michael
Published: April 2020

Automatically collected behavioral data on the location of users of mobile phones offer an unprecedented opportunity to measure mobilization in mass protests, while simultaneously expanding the range of researchable questions. Location data not only improve estimation of the number and composition of participants in large demonstrations. Thanks to high spatial and temporal resolution they also reveal when, where, and with whom different sociopolitical sectors join a protest campaign. This article compares the features and advantages of this type of data with other methods of measuring who participates in street protests. The steps in preparing a usable data set are explained with reference to a six-week campaign of mass mobilization in Israel in 2011. Findings based on the Israeli data set illustrate a wide range of potential applications, pertaining to both the determinants and consequences of protest participation. Limitations of mobile location data and the privacy issues it raises are also discussed.
A Two-stage Multilevel Randomized Response Technique With Proportional Odds Models and Missing Covariates
Authors: Hsieh Shu-Hui , Lee Shen-Ming , Li Chin-Shang
Published: April 2020

Surveys of income are complicated by the sensitive nature of the topic. The problem researchers face is how to encourage participants to respond and to provide truthful responses in surveys. To correct biases induced by nonresponse or underreporting, we propose a two-stage multilevel randomized response (MRR) technique to investigate the true level of income and to protect personal privacy. For a wide range of applications, we present a proportional odds model for two-stage MRR data and apply inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation methods to deal with covariates on some subjects that are missing at random. A simulation study is conducted to investigate the effects of missing covariates and to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. The practicality of the proposed methods is illustrated with the regular monthly income data collected in the Taiwan Social Change Survey. Furthermore, we provide an estimate of personal regular monthly mean income.
Research Progress Regarding Surgical Margins, Molecular Margins, and Prognosis of Laryngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Beibei Ye , Rong Yang , Yunfei Yan , Wenchao Zhang
Published: April 2020

Background:

Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck. Researchers have refined the study of surgical margin in the anatomical subarea of the larynx to determine the most appropriate distance of the surgical margin for laryngeal carcinoma, to achieve accurate resection of laryngeal carcinoma and to improve the possibility of retention of laryngeal function.

Methods:

A comprehensive review of the primary literature was performed from 2009 to 2019 utilizing keywords laryngeal carcinoma, surgical margin, molecular margin, and prognostic factor. Articles were included at the discretion of the authors based on novel and/or contributions to the literature.

Results:

The prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma significantly correlates with the status of surgical margins. Patients with positive surgical margins have higher recurrence and metastasis rates and worse prognosis. Patients with negative pathological surgical margin but with the expression or altered expression levels of one or more tumor-related molecular biomarkers had high rates of recurrence and metastasis, and poor prognosis.

Conclusions:

Clinical intervention can improve the prognosis of patients with positive surgical margins. Patients with close margins should be followed closely. Among patients with negative surgical margins, patients with abnormal molecular margin results should be closely followed up. However, the specific selection of one or several molecular biomarkers as the detection index of molecular margin currently requires multicenter prospective or retrospective large sample study as guidance.
Profiling of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in an Acute Care Hospital Setting
Authors: Matar Nayla , Smaily Hussein , Cherfane Patrick , Hanna Cyril
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To identify the main complaints, diagnostic tools, as well as the treatment plan in patients presenting with oropharyngeal dysphagia in the acute care settings.

Methods:

The electronic medical chart of 100 consecutive hospitalized patients who presented an oropharyngeal dysphagia were retrospectively reviewed from January 2017 to January 2019.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 76.03 (standard deviation = 16.06) years old with 71% of patients being males. The most common admission diagnosis was pneumonia (30%), followed by stroke (28%). The swallowing evaluation was performed on the regular floor in 85% of patients and in the intensive care unit in 15% of patients. The main reasons for the swallowing evaluation are suspicion of aspiration by the medical or nursing teams (60%), systematic evaluation (20%), ear, nose and throat (ENT) complaints by the patient (14%), and aspiration pneumonia (6%). Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensitivity testing was the most common diagnostic tool used alone in 88% of patients. Diet and postural modifications were prescribed to 71% and 62% of the patients, respectively. Swallowing exercises were performed in 43% of patients. Overall, otolaryngologist interventions resulted in an increased rate of patients getting oral intake compared to nonoral feeding routes ( P = .05).

Conclusions:

This study adds knowledge about the causes and characteristics of oropharyngeal dysphagia in an acute tertiary medical setting. It also provides insights regarding the role, and the consequences of a swallowing intervention led by an ENT specialist in collaboration with the members of the health team.
Investigating the Role of Opening Partners While Chasing on the Outcome of Twenty20 Cricket Matches
Authors: Talukdar Priyanka
Published: April 2020

In cricket, irrespective of the format of the game, batting always happens in pairs. The two batsmen who bat together are called as batting partners. The pair of batsmen who come to bat at the beginning of any innings are called opening batsmen or opening partners. In Twenty20 cricket, the opening partners must start their innings with a definite strategy. In one hand, they have the advantage of only two fielders outside the 30-yard circle for the first six overs (technically called as the powerplay overs), and so both openers are expected to play high scoring shots and attempt to score runs quickly. On the other hand, the odds against them are the ball is new, so is the pitch and the bowlers are fresh and energetic. When any one of the opening batsmen loses his wicket, the partnership comes to an end. This study tries to figure out the influence of the opening partnership of the second innings on the outcome of Twenty20 matches. Pressure Index (developed by earlier researchers), effects of venue or ground and target score are used as explanatory variables in the logistic regression model to check if the performance of opening partnership influences the outcome of Twenty20 matches along with other variables. The data used for the exercise is from Twenty20 international cricket matches played within the period January 2012 to June 2018. The study finds that opening partnership while chasing is a significant factor in deciding the match outcome during the run chase for the said dataset. Also, the best opening batting partners have been identified.
Social Validity in Early Language Interventions for Dual Language Learners: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Larson Anne L. , An Zhe Gigi , Wood Carla , Uchikoshi Yuuko , Cycyk Lauren M. , Scheffner Hammer Carol , Escobar Kelly , Roberts Kate
Published: April 2020

The social validity of intervention research has been emphasized in special education and related fields for decades. There is relatively little focus on social validity that considers culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Eleven articles met the inclusionary criteria for this systematic review and were evaluated to describe social validity in early language intervention research—specifically with young (birth through 5 years) dual language learners (DLLs). We examined how social validity was considered and addressed, how social validity was measured, and the results of social validity assessments. Definitions of social validity were generally vague, and researchers in most studies only considered social validity post intervention rather than prior to starting or during the interventions. Participants generally viewed interventions positively, but incomplete data were often reported.
Sexual differences in mitochondrial and related proteins in rat cerebral microvessels: A proteomic approach
Authors: Cikic Sinisa , Chandra Partha K , Harman Jarrod C , Rutkai Ibolya , Katakam Prasad VG , Guidry Jessie J , Gidday Jeffrey M , Busija David W
Published: April 2020

Sex differences in mitochondrial numbers and function are present in large cerebral arteries, but it is unclear whether these differences extend to the microcirculation. We performed an assessment of mitochondria-related proteins in cerebral microvessels (MVs) isolated from young, male and female, Sprague-Dawley rats. MVs composed of arterioles, capillaries, and venules were isolated from the cerebrum and used to perform a 3 versus 3 quantitative, multiplexed proteomics experiment utilizing tandem mass tags (TMT), coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). MS data and bioinformatic analyses were performed using Proteome Discoverer version 2.2 and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We identified a total of 1969 proteins, of which 1871 were quantified by TMT labels. Sixty-four proteins were expressed significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in female samples compared with male samples. Females expressed more mitochondrial proteins involved in energy production, mitochondrial membrane structure, anti-oxidant enzyme proteins, and those involved in fatty acid oxidation. Conversely, males had higher expression levels of mitochondria-destructive proteins. Our findings reveal, for the first time, the full extent of sexual dimorphism in the mitochondrial metabolic protein profiles of MVs, which may contribute to sex-dependent cerebrovascular and neurological pathologies.
Evaluating Spatial Thinking Ability Using Item Response Theory: Differential Item Functioning Across Math Learning Disabilities and Geometry Instructions
Authors: Choo Sam , Park Sunhi , Nelson Nancy J.
Published: April 2020

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education initiatives have placed pressure on teachers to bring technology tools into classroom, including three-dimensional (3D) printing. Yet, little research has examined what specific math skills are required for 3D printing technology. This article describes a follow-up analysis of findings from a quasi-experimental study that tested feasibility of 3D geometry instruction, Anchored Instruction with Technology Applications (AITA), designed to help students visualize and construct 3D models based on Enhanced Anchored Instruction. Although we found that AITA improved math outcomes of students with math learning disabilities (MLD) in the previous analysis, we only used composite scores encompassing a variety of math and spatial tasks. In this study, we employed item response theory and differential item functioning to examine the impacts of MLD on students’ spatial thinking skills, understand the types of items to assess the intended skills in a valid way, and provide a detailed information of whether student ability and MLD status have caused different results to assess students’ spatial thinking skills. Results showed that students with MLD struggle to learn spatial thinking skills, and AITA was a significant positive indicator to improve spatial thinking skills for both students with and without MLD.
“They Told Me What I Was Before I Could Tell Them What I Was”: Black Girls’ Ethnic-Racial Identity Development Within Multiple Worlds
Authors: Mims Lauren C. , Williams Joanna L.
Published: April 2020

Current research on ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development among Black youth derives primarily from studies that focus on the impact of parental racial socialization from a racial/monoidentity perspective without accounting for the roles of youth’s other worlds (i.e., schools, classrooms, and peers) and the intersection of their social identities in their identity development experiences. In using Phelan, Davidson, and Cao’s Multiple Worlds model as a framework as well as Black girls’ own words, we explore the beliefs and attitudes Black girls hold about race and their own racial categorization, as well as the processes that contribute to their learning about race (and racism) during early adolescence. We find that the Black girls in the present study are making meaning of their ERI, in part, in response to stereotypical and biased messages about their identities within their multiple worlds (i.e., schools, classrooms, families, and peers). The findings support the need for an expanded view of the messages and experiences that influence the ERI development process by illustrating that schools, classrooms, peers, and families are important socializing environments that influence the ERI development process for Black girls.
Connecting Group Dynamics, Governance, and Performance: Evidence From Charter School Boards
Authors: Ford Michael R. , Ihrke Douglas M.
Published: April 2020

In this article, we build on the existing literatures on small group dynamics and public and nonprofit governance by exploring the link between small group dynamics, governance, and nonprofit performance. The results provide evidence that nonprofit governing boards can improve organizational performance by improving their governance behaviors. Specifically, we link survey data from Minnesota nonprofit charter school board members to hard measures of organizational performance in a path analysis predicting school-level math and reading proficiency levels. We find that boards exhibiting better group dynamics are more active in key governance areas, and that active governance is linked to increased organizational outcomes. Our findings advance scholarly understanding of nonprofit governance by identifying a pathway between nonprofit board governing dynamics and sustainable organizational performance gains. We conclude with practical advice on how nonprofit boards can increase their organizational performance through improved small group dynamics.
Study on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PET by the synergy between Fe2O3 and new phosphorus-containing silicone flame retardant
Authors: Peng Yun , Niu Mei , Qin Ruihong , Xue Baoxia , Shao Mingqiang
Published: April 2020

To reduce the environmental hazard from the flame retardant, a halogen-free phosphorus-containing silicone flame-retardant poly N, N dimethylene phosphate aminopropyl siloxane (PDPSI) was prepared following the Mannich reaction. Then, PDPSI and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were used for the preparation of synergistic flame-retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame-retardant test results revealed that at 2% PDPSI/Fe2O3 content and 1:2 mass ratio of PDPSI to Fe2O3, the limit oxygen index value of the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composite material was 27.9%, reaching the flame-retardant level and passing the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. In addition, the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composites had a char residue content of 17.5% at 700°C, an increase of 30.6% compared to that of the pristine PET. In the cone calorimeter test, the addition of PDPSI/Fe2O3 significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) rate, and total smoke production (TSP) value of the resulting PET composites. PHRR and THR decreased by 66.05% and 14.3%, respectively. The TSP value decreased from 14.4 m2 to 8.1 m2, a decrease of 43.8%. The scanning electron microscopy images and Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the char residue showed a significant synergy between Fe2O3 and PDPSI, changing the structure of the carbon layer in continuous and dense form, thus the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PET composites improved. In addition, the tensile strength of the PET composite was 42.11 MPa, which was only 1.84% less than that of the pristine PET.
Use of synthetic jet to a fully-active flapping foil for power extraction enhancement
Authors: Li Yadong , Zhou Guoqing , Wu Jie
Published: April 2020

The power extraction performance of a fully-active flapping foil with synthetic jet is numerically investigated in this work. An elliptic airfoil with ratio of 8, which is placed in a two-dimensional laminar flow, is adopted to extract power from the flow. The foil implements the imposed translational and rotational motions synchronously. A pair of synthetic jets with the same frequency and strength is integrated into the upper and lower surfaces of flapping foil. As a result, the flow field around the foil could be affected by the synthetic jets greatly. At the Reynolds number of 1000 and the pitching axis location of half chord, the effects of the jet strength, the inclined angle between the jet direction and the chord line, as well as the phase angle between the synthetic jets and the flapping motion on the power extraction performance are systematically investigated. Compared with the traditional flapping foil, it is demonstrated that the enhancement of power extraction efficiency can be achieved with the help of synthetic jets. Based on the numerical analysis, it is indicated that the jet flow on the foil surfaces alters the vortex-shedding process and modifies the pressure distribution on the foil surface. As a result, the overall power extraction of the flapping foil can be benefitted.
Numerical modelling of multi-material graded joints under shear loading
Authors: dos Reis Mateus Q , Carbas Ricardo JC , Marques Eduardo AS , da Silva Lucas FM
Published: April 2020

Due to environmental concerns, modern transportation solutions demand drastic reductions of fuel consumption and emissions, which can only be achieved with advanced structures using high-performance lightweight materials. For joining these dissimilar materials, adhesive bonding appears as an optimal solution, since mechanical fastening adds weight to the structure, and welding technology is not easily applicable to reinforced plastics and composites. However, one of the major drawbacks associated with bonded joints is the presence of stress concentrations at the overlap ends, especially in single lap joints. In order to reduce these stress concentrations, several techniques have been developed. One of these is the functionally graded adhesive, in which the adhesive properties gradually vary along the overlap length, leading to a more uniform stresses distribution and improving the joint strength. However, the manufacture of an adhesive layer with properties which gradually vary is complex in practice and so is the creation of numerical models that represent these configurations. In the present work, a numerical model for different-graded distribution of adhesive properties along the overlap was developed, using programmed step functions on finite element analysis background in order to discretize and simplify the continuous properties distribution gradient. Cohesive zone modelling was introduced in the numerical model, enabling it to effectively predict graded joint strength. The model was validated with experimental results of functionally graded joints available in the literature. The numerical model developed presents itself as a powerful tool to predict joint strength for functionally graded joints, without imposing large computational demands.
A modified pseudospectral method for indirect solving a class of switching optimal control problems
Authors: Mehrpouya Mohammad A
Published: April 2020

In the present paper, an efficient pseudospectral method for solving the Hamiltonian boundary value problems arising from a class of switching optimal control problems is presented. For this purpose, based on the Pontryagin's minimum principle, the first-order necessary conditions of optimality are derived. Then, by partitioning the time interval related to the problem under study into some subintervals, the states (and costates) and control functions are approximated on each subintervals with piecewise interpolating polynomials based on Legendre–Gauss–Radau points and a piecewise constant function, respectively. As a result, solution of the problem is turned into solution of a number of algebraic equations, in which the values of the states (and costates) and control functions at Legendre–Gauss–Radau points as well as switching and terminal points are allowed to be unknown. Numerical examples are presented at the end to show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Computational investigation of multi-phase flow effects on the performance of the steam turbine exhaust hood
Authors: Sadasivan Sreeja , Kumar Arumugam Senthil , Aggarwal Mahesh C
Published: April 2020

In this research work, a computational modeling of multi-phase flow through an asymmetric exhaust hood is presented. The three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations along with the standard [Formula: see text] turbulent model and the Eulerian–Eulerian multi-phase equations were solved. The coupling of the last stage turbine blades and the exhaust hood has been carried out using the actuator disc model, which is less computationally demanding. The finite volume-based commercial computational fluid dynamics solver, ANSYS FLUENT, is used for the present numerical simulations. The effects of wetness on the flow structure and the pressure recovery capacity of a steam turbine exhaust hood have been investigated. One of the salient findings is that the pressure recovery capacity of a steam turbine exhaust hood enhances due to wetness effects. Wetness-induced turbulence damping is noted to be playing a crucial role in the enhancement of pressure recovery capacity of an exhaust hood.
Accurate confidence intervals for proportion in studies with clustered binary outcome
Authors: Shan Guogen
Published: April 2020

Clustered binary data are commonly encountered in many medical research studies with several binary outcomes from each cluster. Asymptotic methods are traditionally used for confidence interval calculations. However, these intervals often have unsatisfactory performance with regards to coverage for a study with a small sample size or the actual proportion near the boundary. To improve the coverage probability, exact Buehler’s one-sided intervals may be utilized, but they are computationally intensive in this setting. Therefore, we propose using importance sampling to calculate confidence intervals that almost always guarantee the coverage. We conduct extensive simulation studies to compare the performance of the existing asymptotic intervals and the new accurate intervals using importance sampling. The new intervals based on the asymptotic Wilson score for sample space ordering perform better than others, and they are recommended for use in practice.
Gendered caregiving and structural constraints: An empirical ethical study
Authors: Zou Xiang , Nie Jing-Bao , Fitzgerald Ruth
Published: April 2020

Background:

The pressing issue of aged care has made gendered caregiving a growing subject of feminist bioethical enquiry. However, the impact of feminism on empirical studies in the area of gendered care in Chinese sociocultural contexts has been less influential.

Objectives:

To examine female members’ lived experiences of gendered care in rural China and offer proper normative evaluation based on their experiences.

Research design:

This article adopted an empirical ethical approach that integrates ethnographical investigation and feminist ethical inquiry.

Participants and research context:

This article focused on three cases of gendered caregiving for sick older members collected from a 6-month fieldwork conducted in a primary hospital in rural China.

Ethical consideration:

Approval was obtained from the university ethics committee.

Findings:

The empirical work highlights caregivers’ voices of weiqu (a sense of unfairness) resulting from their constrained choice when being pressured to engage in caregiving, which is associated with a disadvantageous socio-institutional and structural backdrop in current rural China. Informed by the conception of structural injustice, the normative analysis of this article traced various forms of social norms, structural deficiencies and ageing welfare institutions, as they intertwine and transmit into additional care deficiencies against rural families and their female caregivers.

Conclusion:

This article identified the constraint of gender hierarchy and its intersection with external social structure that exacerbate gendered oppression and exploitation of female labour in rural China. Normatively, this article argues that the current configuration of rural family care, featured by structural impediments and exploration of female labour, is unjust. Some policy recommendations are proposed to empower caregivers and advance care for rural older people.
Virtual Gaming Simulation: An Interview Study of Nurse Educators
Authors: Verkuyl Margaret , Atack Lynda , Kamstra-Cooper Krista , Mastrilli Paula
Published: April 2020

Background. Two methods that provide high fidelity experiences outside of clinical settings are laboratory simulation and virtual simulation. Virtual gaming simulations are emerging and currently, there are no guidelines regarding the process.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to conduct interviews with nursing educators who use virtual gaming simulation in education to better understand the extent of use, the process, the challenges and benefits they experience, and their recommendations.

Design. A qualitative, descriptive study, using purposive maximum variation sampling and interviews was conducted.

Setting/Participant. Participants were selected from nursing programs in different Canadian and American educational institutions who had teaching experience using virtual gaming simulations with nursing students in higher education.

Methods. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide with opened-ended questions. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data analysis was completed using a thematic approach.

Results. The final sample consisted of 17 participants, 11(65%) were from Canada and the remaining 6(35%) were from the United States. The data yielded three themes: Benefits of gaming for the student; Preparing students and educators for success and, The virtual gaming simulation process. Participants described the challenges of using virtual gaming simulation in education and made recommendations for best practice and future research.

Conclusion. The results of this study can be used as guideposts for educators who embark on this new learning experience and researchers who wish to expand the body of knowledge in this emerging field.
Principals and District Leaders Navigating the Marketplace: Lessons From Texas, New York, and Pennsylvania
Authors: Kotok Stephen , DiMartino Catherine , DeMatthews David E.
Published: April 2020

Due to the growth of school choice across the United States as well as declining enrollment in some districts, schools are experiencing increasing competition for students. As a result, principals and school district leaders in high-choice districts are now expected to develop strategies such as branding, marketing, and community outreach to attract and retain students. Yet, there is a lack of literature exploring whether principals and district leaders are prepared to navigate these competitive spaces effectively, ethically, and equitably. Our study examines how principals and district leaders experience competition as well as their perspectives and practices in terms of marketing their school. In order to understand this complex process, we juxtapose theoretical perspectives on family and community partnerships with more mainstream market theories and critiques. We then apply these frameworks on three unique cases along the Texas–Mexico border, a low-income area of New York City, and rural Pennsylvania. Data were collected primarily through interviews with principals, superintendents, and other district leaders. We find that in all three cases, principals and district leaders felt they had to engage in marketing practices. Yet, some principals clearly embraced market-based rhetoric while others viewed strong community engagement as a means for maintaining enrollment. The three cases also reveal critical equity issues regarding principal experience, district support, and preexisting market hierarchies. We conclude with a discussion considering how districts can create equitable conditions for marketing and how leadership preparation programs can prepare principals and school leaders to work ethically and effectively in competitive spaces.
Efficacy and Safety of TurboHawk Plaque Rotation Combined With Drug-coated Balloon in Treating Diabetic Patients With Lower Extremity Arterial Disease
Authors: Wang Kehua , Li Ying , Gao Fengli , Gong Haiwen , Li Xueru , Ren Xiaolu
Published: April 2020

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TurboHawk plaque rotation system combined with drug-coated balloon in treating lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) of diabetes patients, a total of 145 diabetic patients with LEAD from March 2015 to September 2016 were recruited in our study. Lower extremity arterial disease was diagnosed by ultrasound and CT angiography (CTA). According to the surgical method, 65 cases underwent TurboHawk plaque rotation combined with drug-coated balloon (group A), 80 cases underwent simple drug-coated balloon expansion (group B). The characteristics of lesion, function test, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and postoperative complications were analyzed. All the patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after operation. At baseline, there was no difference in all the characteristics between the 2 groups. The early postoperation minimum lumen diameter (MLD), lumen stenosis rate, and ABI in 2 groups both improved. As the follow-up time increased, patients in group A had significantly higher MLD and ABL value, as well as lower level of lumen stenosis rate, restenosis rate, late lumen loss, and target lesion revascularization (all P < .05). Accordingly, functional testing revealed the 6-minute walk distance, 6-minute claudication distance, resting ABI, and post-exercise ABI in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (all P < .05). Besides, major graft reintervention (4.62% vs 11.25%) and major adverse limb events (6.15% vs 12.5%) in group A occurred less frequently than group B (all P < .05). In conclusion, the long-term effect of the combined approach was better than only drug-coated balloon in LEAD in Chinese diabetes patients.
Using Placemaking Methodologies to Transform Degraded Public Spaces into Places
Authors: da Cruz Moscarelli Fernanda
Published: April 2020

Communities living in Latin American slums present more vulnerability of diseases, high rates of infant mortality, and low life expectancy, generally as a result of the high levels of soil contamination. Furthermore, in our case study of the 4th District of Porto Alegre, the community depends on recycling materials from waste for their livelihood. In consequence, the public spaces are used as a garbage dump, accentuating health problems and making social interactions difficult. In this context, our applied research group aims to construct social spaces, improving the inhabitants’ quality of life through participative methodologies that encourage the use of the public spaces of these districts without prejudice of the economic system based on garbage. Our strategy relies on the actions and interactions of humans and the place in sub developed urban areas.
“You’re sitting on a hot soccer field drinking Gatorade…I’m sitting in a yacht club just enjoying the view, enjoying the drinks”: Parental reproduction of social class through school sport sailing
Authors: Schmitt Anne , Atencio Matthew , Sempé Gaëlle
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the utilisation of light sailing within school sport programmes in Western France and California. Sailing has been identified as a key activity for upper class participation in both France and the USA because it heavily involves intellectual skills, including preparation, tactical decision making, leadership and problem solving. Following on from this, we develop the social class concepts of Pierre Bourdieu (1979) to demonstrate how cultural and economic capitals are sought after and reproduced in comparative school sailing environments to maintain upper class social values and positions. We highlight interview commentary and field observations from a 1.5-year comparative ethnographic study of youth sailors and supporting adults, including coaches, teachers and parents. Our findings indicate that Western French and Californian upper class student sailors and their adult supporters are differentiated from each other in terms of how they prioritise either economic or cultural capital acquisition. This finding aligns with Bourdieusian conceptual distinctions of culturally dominant class and economically dominant class values and membership. Upper class status reinforcement and capital reproduction in these divergent ways reflects distinctive national cultures as well as social and economic structures underpinning youth/school sport and educational participation.
Evaluating lists of high-frequency words: Teachers’ and learners’ perspectives
Authors: Dang Thi Ngoc Yen , Webb Stuart , Coxhead Averil
Published: April 2020

With a number of word lists available for teachers to choose from, teachers and students need to know which list provides the best return for learning? Four well-established lists were compared and it was found that BNC/COCA2000 (British National Corpus / Corpus of Contemporary American English 2000) and the New General Service List (New-GSL) provided the greatest lexical coverage in spoken and written corpora. The present study further compared these two lists using teacher perceptions of word usefulness and learner vocabulary knowledge as the criteria. First, 78 experienced teachers of English as a second language / English as a foreign language (ESL/EFL) rated the usefulness of 973 non-overlapping items between the two lists for their learners. Second, 135 Vietnamese EFL learners completed 15 yes/no tests which measured their knowledge of the same 973 words. Teachers perceived that the BNC/COCA2000 had more useful words. Items in this list were also better known by the learners. This suggests that the BNC/COCA2000 is the more useful high-frequency wordlist for second language (L2) learners.
Naked statistical evidence and incentives for lawful conduct
Authors: Dahlman Christian
Published: April 2020

The problem of ‘naked statistical evidence’ is one of the most debated issues in evidence theory. Most evidence scholars agree that it is deeply problematic to base a verdict on naked statistical evidence, but they disagree on why it is problematic, and point to different characteristics of naked statistical evidence as the root of the problem. In this article, the author discusses the merits of different solutions to the problem of naked statistical evidence, and argues for the incentive-solution: verdicts based on naked statistical evidence are unacceptable as they do not contribute in a positive way to the incentive structure for lawful behaviour.
Experts and pretenders: Examining possible responses to misconduct by experts in criminal trials in England and Wales
Authors: Freer Elaine
Published: April 2020

Much academic literature explores the reliability of expert evidence in criminal proceedings in England and Wales. However, almost no attention has been paid to misconduct by experts giving evidence in criminal cases. Whilst rare, its serious impact on the administration of justice and public trust in it means that this area requires analysis. This article explores possible responses to expert witness misconduct occurring in the context of criminal proceedings in England and Wales, noting particularly the differences in responses available, depending firstly upon whether the expert is a registered professional, and secondly whether the expert has stepped outside of their expertise; did not have relevant expertise at all, or was dishonest. Professional disciplinary procedures focus on ‘fitness to practise’, and it is argued that this is sufficient where a registered professional has overstepped their expertise, but has not displayed mala fides. On the contrary, where someone gives evidence purporting to have expertise that they do not, or lies about their conduct as an expert in the case, criminal sanctions are available, appropriate, and should be used. These include contempt of court; perverting the course of justice; fraud by false representation, and perjury.
Wealth inequality and inter-governorate migration: Evidence from Egypt
Authors: Arouri Mohamed , Cuong Nguyen Viet
Published: April 2020

Migration is one of the key livelihood strategies for households, especially those in low-income and middle-income regions. In this study, we investigate whether the economic level and inequality of wealth can affect inter-governorate migration in Egypt. Using gravity models and data from Population and Housing Censuses of Egypt, we are able to measure the push as well as pull effects of economic and wealth inequality levels on internal migration flows. Although there are a large number of studies on the effect of economic levels on migration, there is little if anything known about the effect of wealth inequality between the origin and destination areas on migration. We measure wealth levels using the household asset index. We find that people tend to move to governorates with high wealth levels as well as high wealth inequality. There is a positive association between wealth inequality and economic growth in Egypt. Governorates with high wealth inequality tend to experience high economic growth and therefore attract more migrants. This study’s findings also suggest that unlike non-work migration, the low wealth level in origin governorates is a push factor for work migration.
‘Where would you be in the picture?’: Using reader-response with children in primary school
Authors: Scherer Lexie
Published: April 2020

This paper explores learning to read for minority children who are emergent readers (aged 6–7). The research took place in a multicultural, multi-faith inner city primary school. The research concerned children learning to read and the meanings they made of the books they learnt to read with. The article concludes that using reader-response with young children can help us understand children’s worlds and lived experiences with reading and learning to read at school. The combination of harnessing reader-response in qualitative, sociological research, which brings together concepts from literature studies, and methodologies from the Sociology of Childhood is a novel approach explored here. The article contributes to new knowledge around the issue of involving children in the teaching and learning of literacy from children’s own perspectives.
How can political liberalism respond to contemporary populism?
Authors: Reid Andrew
Published: April 2020

Populism – which positions a ‘true people’ in opposition to a corrupt elite – is often contrasted with liberalism. This article initially outlines the incompatibility between populism and normative theories of political liberalism. It argues that populism is an unreasonable form of politics by liberals’ standards because: it unfairly excludes those who are not deemed to be part of the true ‘people’; and it is objectionably anti-pluralist in the way that it assumes unity amongst the ‘people’. Despite this, it is hard to derive specific duties to contain or challenge populism per se from a liberal perspective, though such a duty might be present for some forms of contemporary right-wing populism that combine populism with illiberal goals. Underpinning this view is a belief that many populist movements articulate grievances that are at least somewhat legitimate. The article concludes by arguing that there might be circumstances where a populist movement could, against this backdrop of injustice, advance the liberal cause. However, this is not because there are ways of dissolving the tension between political liberalism and populism, but because political liberals might be justified in violating the regulatory norms that they believe ought to govern politics in some, exceptional, circumstances.
Disseminating Knowledge to Providers on Exercise Training After Solid Organ Transplantation
Authors: Janaudis-Ferreira Tania , Mathur Sunita , Tansey Catherine M. , Blydt-Hansen Tom , Hartell David
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

The objectives of our dissemination project were (1) to disseminate the evidence supporting exercise training in solid organ transplantation to exercise professionals, health-care professionals, physicians, and directors of transplant programs in order to enhance their ability to apply evidence to practice and (2) to build a community of exercise professionals and researchers across Canada.

Methods:

We used the 5-step Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute model for knowledge translation to guide our project: (1) evidence assessment, (2) audience and partner identification, (3) dissemination, (4) implementation, and (5) evaluation. After meeting with experts in the field, conducting a literature review, and identifying an appropriate audience, we took our presentations on the road across Canada.

Results:

We visited 10 transplant centers and held interactive knowledge translation sessions in each center. To provide sustainability and to facilitate the adoption of the research evidence, we founded the Canadian Network for Rehabilitation and Exercise for Solid Organ Transplant Optimal Recovery network and created its website.

Conclusions:

Our project raised awareness of the importance of exercise among many health professionals in Canada and built a community of exercise professionals and researchers in the field of transplantation through the rehabilitation network. It also led to the creation of online resources that will facilitate the implementation of rehabilitation programs in transplant centers.
Pitch and Duration Mismatch Negativity and Heschl’s Gyrus Volume in First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Individuals
Authors: Salisbury Dean F. , Shafer Anna R. , Murphy Timothy K. , Haigh Sarah M. , Coffman Brian A.
Published: April 2020

Background. The mismatch negativity (MMN) brainwave indexes novelty detection. MMN to infrequent pitch (pMMN) and duration (dMMN) deviants is reduced in long-term schizophrenia. Although not reduced at first psychosis, pMMN is inversely associated with left hemisphere Heschl’s gyrus (HG) gray matter volume within 1 year of first hospitalization for schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis, consistent with pathology of left primary auditory cortex early in disease course. We examined whether the relationship was present earlier, at first psychiatric contact for psychosis, and whether the same structural-functional association was apparent for dMMN. Method. Twenty-seven first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum (FESz) and 27 matched healthy comparison (HC) individuals were compared. EEG-derived pMMN and dMMN were measured by subtracting the standard tone waveform (80%) from the pitch- and duration-deviant waveforms (10% each). HG volumes were calculated from T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging using Freesurfer. Results. In FESz, pMMN amplitudes at Fz were inversely associated with left HG (but not right) gray matter volumes, and dMMN amplitudes were associated significantly with left HG volumes and at trend-level with right HG. There were no structural-functional associations in HC. Conclusions. pMMN and dMMN index gray matter reduction in left hemisphere auditory cortex early in psychosis, with dMMN also marginally indexing right HG volumes. This suggest conjoint functional and structural pathology that affects the automatic detection of novelty with varying degrees of penetrance prior to psychosis. These brainwaves are sensitive biomarkers of pathology early in the psychotic disease course, and may serve as biomarkers of disease progression and as therapeutic outcome measures.
Collaboration to Create Culture Change: Combating Hazing at Kingsman University
Authors: Davis Kimberly R. , Molleno Catherine G. , Thomas Blake M.
Published: April 2020

At Kingsman University (KU), fraternity and sorority life is as central to campus culture as its athletic teams. Included in that culture are alcohol abuse, mistrust of the institution, and failure to act when a situation turns dire. Furthermore, some people suspect that fraternities and sororities perpetuate racism. Following a near-fatal incident of a first-year student by fraternity hazing at a chapter that was already on alert, the KU President called leaders from around campus to spearhead an overdue culture change. Undergraduate students worked alongside upper-level administrators and campus departments to formulate recommendations to eliminate KU’s notorious hazing culture.
Fault diagnosis method of mechanical power system based on image processing technology
Authors: Qi Liangtao , Qiu Lei , Zhou Xiao
Published: April 2020

Fault detection and diagnosis become one of today’s hot spots, which describes that image information is an important form of fault information, it can quickly through the image processing technique, and can accurately extract the characteristic signal. This article selects the color of the particle image, the integrated use of digital image processing, pattern recognition theory, the characteristic parameters of tribology knowledge, as well as the extraction, optimization, and digital; verifies the feasibility of iron spectrum of abrasive fault recognition, and provides a new efficient ferrographic wear particle image recognition method. Firstly, the grindstone image of the original color diesel engine was preprocessed, and the grindstone image of the ferrograph was identified by directly selecting grindstone from the preprocessed ferrograph image and selecting the target grindstone. According to the two types of abrasive particles, the characteristic parameters were first classified, and then the values of the characteristic parameters were obtained through the training and learning of the sample abrasive particles. In view of the large number of characteristic parameters of ferro-spectrum abrasive particles, this article determined the characteristic parameters suitable for the identification of abrasive particles in this article through the feature optimization and proved the correctness of the identification of characteristic parameters of abrasive particles through the test.