bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small-Sample Production Prediction of Fractured Wells Using Multitask Learning
Authors: Li Xuechen , Ma Xinfang , Xiao Fengchao , Xiao Cong , Wang Fei , Zhang Shicheng
Published: February 2022

Domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research on applying machine learning to post-fracture production prediction in recent decades and made great achievements in Bakken, Eagle Ford, Marcellus, and other large-scale oil and gas fields. However, few studies focus on small-sample production prediction of fractured wells, which is urgently needed in small-scale and newly developed reservoirs. In this work, we propose a novel small-sample production prediction framework based on multitask learning (MTL), including multitype data collection, task selection, data preprocessing, model training, and multitask production prediction. As for the trained model, feature extraction is first used through the deep hybrid network (DHN) by fully leveraging available multitype data such as numerical, sequence, and image. Then a multitask module based on the cross-stitch network (CSN) is integrated to automatically determine the information sharing degree of multiple production prediction tasks. In this way, data augmentation and model regularization are indirectly realized to handle the overfitting problem caused by insufficient training data. Finally, the proposed framework is applied to a small-sample field case with 59 fractured horizontal wells in northwest China. The comparison results show that the developed MTL-based model performs better than traditional single-task models in both prediction accuracy and learning efficiency. It provides an accurate and efficient tool for small-sample production prediction and can be used for reference to other small-sample domains in the petroleum industry.
Analogy between Vertical Upward Cap Bubble and Horizontal Plug Flow
Authors: Arabi Abderraouf , Saidj Faiza , Al-Sarkhi Abdelsalam , Azzi Abdelwahid
Published: February 2022

The intermittent gas-liquid flow can be seen in both vertical upward and horizontal pipes. In a vertical pipe, the gas pockets of intermittent flow can be present as cap bubbles (cap bubble flow) or Taylor bubbles (slug flow), while in a horizontal configuration, the intermittent flow can be as plug or slug flows. Extensive literature survey has shown a lack of deep understanding of the difference between the vertical upward cap bubble and horizontal plug flow regimes.

This paper explains the hydrodynamic similarities between vertical cap bubble flow and horizontal plug flow regimes. Moreover, the differences between the cap bubble and slug flow in vertical pipes are explained in detail. The study was carried out using a collected database from the open literature of different flow parameters. A comparison between the behavior of the void fraction, bubble structure velocity, slippage number, slug frequency, and slug length demonstrated the similarity between cap bubble and plug flows. It was also demonstrated, from the evolution of the void fraction, that the gas-to-liquid superficial velocities ratio plays a significant role in the cap bubble-to-slug flow transition. These results highlight the existence of an analogy between vertical cap bubble and horizontal plug flow. In addition, the difference between the flow structures and flow parameters behavior between cap bubble and slug flow, demonstrated in this study, highlights the need to differentiate between the two flow patterns.
A Novel Design of Heterojunction Double Ferroelectric MOSFET (HDF-MOSFET) with Steep Subthreshold Slope and High Ion/Ioff Current Ratio
Authors: SANI MOJTABA HOSSEIN ZADEH , Li Shujuan
Published: February 2022

In this work, three novel structures using ferroelectric material are designed and simulated. The proposed structures are Improved Priority, Single Ferro (SF-MOSFET), Double Ferro (DF-MOSFET), and Heterojunction Double Ferro (HDF-MOSFET), respectively. Unlike other structures, these structures have a contact gate and two ferroelectric layers, and an insulation layer between these layers. HfO2 is used instead of the common perovskite ferroelectric layers such as zirconium lead titanate (PbZrTiO3) and strontium bismuth tantalum (SrBi2Ta2O9), which makes it compatible with the CMOS process as well as the scalability of the device. Ferroelectric layers, Insulation and Ferroelectric layers are stacked (F-I-F). Placing double ferro layers in the form of a stack increases the polarization effects and improves the application of the structure in memory. The memory performance can be saved even after the power is turned off and the readout properties are not destructive for double ferroelectric stack. perovskite Lead Zirconium Titan ate (PZT) is chosen as the ferroelectric materials. The DF-MOSFET structure, value of on-state current Ion=10−2, off-state current Ioff=10−15, and memory Windows MW=0.9V for memory applications. In the barrier layer of HDF-MOSFET structure, from composite materials that have used TiO2=60% and HfO2=40%, the amount of Ion=10−4.8, Ioff=10−35.2 and Ion/Ioff = 2.51×1035 is obtained, which is a suitable application for high frequency.
Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol For Enhancing The Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Communication
Authors: Ali Zainab Hassan , Ali Hesham Arafat
Published: February 2022

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) have been significantly expanding to perform automotive services related to enhancing road networks, congestion flow, and even real-time traffic jams. Amid modern transportation systems, traffic quality has been relied on exchanging massive amounts of up-to-date information about their physical position and status with traffic management centers; this yields what’s called the ”data dissemination” problem. This type of phenomenon allows data propagation in a collaboratively and efficient manner to boost realtime performance. However, it brings several limitations in bandwidth usage and power consumption resulting in the premature end of network lifetime, as well as continuous break in path connection leading to lack of communication reliability and increasing packet loss probability. As a result, adjusting the rate of data dissemination over the network has become inescapable. The main objective of this study is to present a vehicle system design methodology that has the potential to achieve sufficient energy conservation as well as overcome real-time constraints. A dynamic real-time interaction architecture for vehicular networks based on an energy-efficient and QoS-aware routing technique and effective path estimation allowing for control of excessive dissemination of data traffic across the vehicular networks is proposed. The proposed architecture is also subjecting a new integration model between Software-Define Network (SDN) and fog computing for enhancing VANET performance. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture introduced an accurately controlling methodology in the transmission rate of data packets of VANET. There is a 60%-70% enhancement of the whole power consumption and network throughput, depending on the implementation of the proposed geographical routing methodology. The overall performance is enhanced in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, end-to-end delay time, and routing overhead.
Sturgeons In Large Rivers: Detecting The Near-Extinct Needles In A Haystack Via Edna Metabarcoding From Water Samples
Authors: Meulenbroek Paul , Hein Thomas , Friedrich Thomas , Valentini Alice , Tibor Eros , Schabuss Michael , Zornig Horst , Lenhardt Mirjana , Pekarik Ladislav , Jean Pauline , Dejean Tony , Pont Didier
Published: February 2022

Sturgeon populations are declining worldwide and are the target of extensive conservation efforts. Addressed in several pieces of legislation, sturgeons have received considerable attention as flagship or umbrella species. Despite the need for a better understanding of the distribution and population status, the use of traditional sampling methods failed in the past, thereby hampering reliable assessments, a prerequisite for conservation. Here, we describe the development and application of an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding approach for detecting rare sturgeons in large rivers. Exemplarily, we developed a reference database for five native Danube sturgeons (Acipenser stellatus, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Acipenser ruthenus, Acipenser nudiventris, and Huso huso) and two non-native species (Acipenser baerii and Acipenser transmontanus), assessed these ex situ, and used eDNA as a detection tool along the entire length of the Danube (Europe, ~2850 km) and major tributaries. In ex situ analyses, all assays yielded positive amplifications for the assessed sturgeon species. In the Danube, the presence of A. ruthenus was confirmed at 14 of 29 sites (48.3%), and in 2 of 18 tributary sites (11.1%), providing the first comprehensive large-scale biogeographical snapshot of this species. Relative species abundance varied between 0% and 2.5%, with sites registering positive detections being clustered in 3 sections of the Danube. Our findings enabled us to confirm the advantages of eDNA monitoring over traditional sampling methods and therefore we consider it to be a promising approach for application in conservation measures, fisheries management, scientific studies, and adaptive management plans for sturgeons on a global scale.
A Hybrid Tuned Mass Damper for Response Mitigation of Offshore Platforms
Authors: Cao Quoc Huong
Published: February 2022

A new hybrid type of the Tuned Mass Damper (HTMD), which consists of a Tuned Liquid Column Damper (TLCD) fixed on the top of a traditional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), is developed for vibration control of an offshore platform. The results obtained from the parametric investigation show that the mass ratio between TLCD and TMD significantly affects the HTMD's performance. To assess the effectiveness and robustness of HTMD, extensive comparisons are made between an optimized HTMD and an optimum TMD with the same weight as the HTMD. The numerical computations indicate that the proposed HTMD offers a higher level of effectiveness in suppressing structural vibrations compared with a traditional TMD. However, the optimum HTMD is not robust in resisting the variation of the structural stiffness.
Effect of llama (Lama glama) manure and Trichoderma strain T1R3 on arsenic uptake by Swiss chard and broad bean crops. A strategy to minimize health risks
Authors: Yañez Luciano Matias , Alfaro Jimena Agustina , Carreras Natalia Maria Elisa Ávila , Mitre Graciela Bovi
Published: February 2022

The town of Pastos Chicos (Jujuy-Argentina), presents arsenic (As) concentrations in soil (49 mgAs kg−1) and water (1.44 mgAs L−1) significantly above the maximum allowable limits set by National Laws No 24,585 and N° 24,051. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of llama manure (Lama glama) and Trichoderma strain T1R3 on As uptake and toxicity in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and broad bean (Vicia faba L.) crops, while assessing potential human health risks. Results indicated that Trichoderma strain T1R3 inoculation stimulated broad bean plant growth by reducing As stress. Swiss chard crops treated with 5% manure and a manure/Trichoderma T1R3 combination reduced As absorption from 32.46 to 64.02% in roots, and from 35.2 to 44.5% in leaves. Broad bean crops inoculated with Trichoderma T1R3 showed a significant mitigation of toxicant accumulation in the leaves (67.42%). Also, the manure/Trichoderma T1R3 combination reduced As accumulation (57.46%) in broad bean roots. The efficacy of llama manure and of the llama manure/Trichoderma T1R3 combination in reducing health hazards that derive from As intake by consuming chard leaves was also reflected in Hazard Quotient < 1 values. Although Cancer Risk values decreased considerably, these showed there was a considerable carcinogenic risk for humans consuming chard leaves. These observations reveal that adding llama manure and Trichoderma T1R3 might mitigate As uptake by crops, thus reducing human health risks. This study advanced our understanding the complex llama manure/Trichoderma strain interactions in As-contaminated soils, which are imperative for developing the effective mitigations strategies.
Determination And Environmental Risk Assessment Of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants In Sediments Of The South China Sea
Authors: Pan Xin , Liu Aifeng , Zheng Minggang , Liu Jianxin , Du Ming , Wang Ling
Published: February 2022

As ubiquitous contaminants in environment, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) would eventually settle in marine sediment. In this study, concentrations, spatial distributions, and ecological risks of seven OPFRs in sediment samples of the South China Sea (SCS) were investigated for the first time. Total concentration of all OPFRs ranged from 2.5 to 32.3 ng/g dry weight (dw), in which the abundance of tri-cresyl phosphates (TCPs) was the highest. OPFRs in the SCS was at a medium level compared with those from other parts of the world. The nearshore ocean current, ship transportation and riverine inputs might influence the spatial distributions of OPFRs. The total inventory of six OPFRs in sediment was estimated to be 202.8 tons (16.7×104 km2). Hazard Quotient (HQ) of OPFRs ranged from 0 to 3.2E-02, indicating ignorable ecological risk of OPFRs in sediments of the SCS. This study provides insight for the occurrence of current-use OPFRs in the SCS which deserved long-term concern in future due to their continuous terrigenous inputs.
Geographical disparities in adult obesity prevalence: small-area analysis of the Chilean National Health Surveys
Authors: Urquidi Cinthya , Sepulveda-Peñaloza Alejandro , Cumsille Francisco , Garrido Marcela , Matus Patricia , Vera German
Published: February 2022

BackgroundPrevious representative health surveys conducted in Chile evidenced a high obesity prevalence rate among adults, especially in female and urban areas. Nevertheless, these have limited utility for targeted interventions and local source allocation for prevention. This study analyzes the increments in adult obesity prevalence rates and the geographic variation at the regional level. We also assessed whether the obesity rates have different patterns on a smaller geographic level than national and regional ones.MethodsThis ecological study analyzed data from two representative national samples of adults ≥18 years old, who participated in the last Chilean health surveys, 2009 (n=5,412) and 2016 (n=6,233). Obesity (body mass index≥30 Kg/m2) rates were calculated on the national, regional, and Health Service (HS) levels, being HS the smallest unit of analysis available. Obesity rates and relative increase to early identify target populations and geographic areas, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were calculated using the sampling design of the national surveys, at the national and regional level, and by gender, age groups, and socioeconomic status. The Fay-Herriot (FH) models, using auxiliary data, were fitted for obesity rates estimates at the HS level.ResultsThe relative increase of obesity rate was 37.1% (95%CI 23.3-52.9) at the national level, with a heterogeneous geographic distribution at the regional one. Southern Regions had the highest obesity rates in both surveys (Aysén: 35.2%, 95%CI 26.9-43.5 in 2009, 44.3% 95%CI 37-51.7 in 2016), but higher increases were predominantly in the northern and central areas of the country (relative increase 91.1% 95%CI 39.6-110.1 in Valparaiso and 81.6 95%CI 14.4-196.2 in Tarapacá). Obesity rates were higher in females, older age, and lower socioeconomic groups; nevertheless, relative increases were higher in the opposite ones. The Fay-Herriot estimates showed an obesity rates variation at the HS level, where higher rates tend to converge to specific HS areas of each Region.ConclusionAdult obesity rates and relative increase are diverse across subnational levels and substantially differ from the national estimates, highlighting a pattern that converges to areas with medium-low-income households. Our results emphasize geographical disparities in obesity prevalence among adults.
Identifying Australian Policy Makers’ Perceptions of eHealth Interventions for Smoking Cessation: Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Subahe Alaa , Baker Philip , Carroll Julie-Anne
Published: February 2022

Background: The increasing volume of research on electronic health (eHealth) smoking cessation interventions presents a challenge for policymakers and service providers when they try to decide which strategies to select for health promotion programs. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of Australian policymakers and service providers regarding the effectiveness and quality of eHealth and mHealth interventions for smoking cessation against the evidence in a recent systematic review. Methods: This cross-sectional study invited 38 Australian public health policymakers and service providers in smoking cessation to participate in an online survey assessing their knowledge of the current available evidence-base. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the results of the survey against the published review. Results: Eighteen participants completed the survey. Comparison identified that the majority of participants failed to correctly identify the effects and the quality of the evidence of popular smoking cessation interventions. They lacked knowledge of the usefulness and quality of some eHealth and mHealth interventions for smoking cessation. Conclusions: The finding of this study indicates that the prior perceptions and beliefs held by Australian policymakers and service providers about the effects of eHealth and mHealth interventions for smoking cessation are significantly detached enough from the evidence-base to affect the provision of effective interventions to smokers who want to quit. This has potentially widespread implications for improving health promotion andcommunication between policymakers, service providers, and the current smokingpopulation.
A Novel Treatment for Proximal Clavicle Fracture Combined With Sternoclavicular Dislocation
Authors: Zhang Yadi , Xing Baorui , Hou Xiuxiu , Li Yunmei
Published: February 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of sternoclavicular hook plate and anterior sternoclavicular ligament repair in proximal clavicle fractures.Methods: Between October 2016 and December 2020, a total 16 patients (9 male and 7 female patient, with a mean age of (42.25±10.24) years (range,25-56 years) with unstable proximal clavicle fractures (Throckmorton, type D) were treated with sternoclavicular hook plate, and anterior sternoclavicular ligament repair. Affected side, cause of the injuries, dislocation type, associated injuries, interval between injury and surgery, and duration of follow-up were recorded. The outcomes were evaluated with radiographic assessment, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons’ Form(ASES). All the patients were evaluated on postoperative 3rd, 6th, and 12th months.Results: According to the ASES scoring system, the average score was 49.50±3.76 (preoperative score),86.94±5.09 (3 months follow-up), 88.32±3.07 (6 months follow-up) and91.00±2.92 (12 months follow-up).Statistics differences was showed between preoperative and 3,6,12 months follow-up score of ASES SCJ score (p < 0.05).The postoperative physical function was better than the preoperative function.Conclusion: Fixation using a sternoclavicular hook plate combined with repair of the ligament and capsule isrelatively easy to do; it provides micromotion, which is beneficial for the movement of the shoulder girdle. Our study indicates that open reduction and sternoclavicular hook plate fixation for the treatment of traumatic sternoclavicul-ar joint dislocations or fracture is a safe, relatively straightforward surgical procedure that can lead to satisfactory outcomes.
Incidental Encoding and Retrieval of Episodic-Like Memory in Rats: A Novel Behavioral Task
Authors: Radostova Dominika , Kuncicka Daniela , Krajcovic Branislav , Hejtmanek Lukas , Petrasek Tomas , Svoboda Jan , Stuchlik Ales , Brozka Hana
Published: February 2022

There is a pressing need for an ecologically relevant behavioral task that would enable the study of elementary aspects of episodic memory. In everyday life, episodic memories are acquired incidentally in a single-encounter fashion and are composed of sub-events separated by time gaps. We designed a behavioral task called One-Trial Trace Escape Reaction (OTTER), in which rats incidentally associated two temporally discontinuous stimuli. In OTTER, rats associate a neutral acoustic cue (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US) which occurs two seconds later: we call this sequence CS-2s-US. In the first few sessions, rats are habituated to two similar environmental contexts (A and B); each context consists of interconnected dark and light sub-areas. Next, in the pairing session, rats experience CS-2s-US in the dark sub-area of one of the environmental contexts (either A or B). The US is terminated immediately after a rat escapes into the light sub-area. During the recall session 24 hours later, rats are presented with only the CS in the alternate environmental context (B or A) and their behavioral response is observed. Our results show that 50% of handled rats and 14% of non-handled rats responded to the CS by escaping to the light sub-area although they experienced only a single CS-2s-US pairing. The capacity to acquire a CS-2s-US association in a single CS-2s-US pairing indicates that rodents are able to form incidental temporal associations. The OTTER behavioral task offers a flexible high throughput tool to study memories acquired incidentally after a single experience.
The complete chloroplast genomes of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Vitaceae) from different regions of China: Molecular structure, comparative analysis and development of DNA barcodes for its geographical origin discrimination
Authors: Dong Shujie , Zhou Manjia , Zhu Jinxing , Wang Qirui , Ge Yuqing , Cheng Rubin
Published: February 2022

Background Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal plant widely distributed in the subtropical areas of China. It belongs to the Cayratieae tribe, family Vitaceae, and exhibited significant anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. However, obvious differences were observed on the quality of T. hemsleyanum root from different regions, requiring the discrimination strategy for the geographical origins. Result This study characterized five complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of T. hemsleynum samples from different regions, and conducted a comparative analysis with other representing species from family Vitaceae to reveal the structural variations, informative markers and phylogenetic relationships. The sequenced cp genomes of T. hemsleyanum exhibited a conserved quadripartite structure with full length ranging from 160,124 bp of Jiangxi Province to 160,618 bp of Zhejiang Province. We identified 112 unique genes (80 protein-coding, 28 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes) in the cp genomes of T. hemsleyanum with highly similar gene order, content and structure. The IR contraction/expansion events occurred on the junctions of ycf1, rps19 and rpl2 genes with different degrees, causing the differences of genome sizes in T. hemsleyanum and Vitaceae plants. The number of SSR markers discovered in T. hemsleyanum was 56-57, exhibiting multiple differences among the five geographic groups. Phylogenetic analysis based on conserved cp genome proteins strongly grouped the five T. hemsleyanum species into one clade, showing a sister relationship with T. planicaule. Comparative analysis of the cp genomes from T. hemsleyanum and Vitaceae revealed five highly variable spacers, including 4 intergenic regions and one protein-coding gene (ycf1). Furthermore, five mutational hotspots were observed among T. hemsleyanum cp genomes from different regions, providing data for designing DNA barcodes trnL and trnN. The combination of molecular markers of trnL and trnN clustered the T. hemsleyanum samples from different regions into three groups, thus successfully separating specimens of Sichuan and Zhejiang from other areas. Conclusion Our study obtained the chloroplast genomes of T. hemsleyanum from different regions, and provided a potential molecular tracing tool for determining the geographical origins of T. hemsleyanum, as well as important insights into the molecular identification approach and and phylogeny in Tetrastigma genus and Vitaceae family.
The Remanufacturing Process and Performance of ZM6 Alloy Gearbox by Laser Cladding
Authors: Ren Weibin , Ruiyu Wu , Peng Wu , Yujiang Wang , Yuzhong Ren , Yaping Li
Published: February 2022

In view the fact that the excessive element burning, the powder deflagration and the loose structure of the ZM6 alloy gearbox through laser cladding process, the process and method of homogeneous alloy coating prepared by laser cladding under ultra-low oxygen content was proposed, the good microstructure and mechanical properties of the remanufactured part were verified. The experiment results show that, there are no internal defects such as loose or gas hole in the laser remanufactured zone, the microstructure fineness density of the remanufactured part is close to the original substrate, the element difference is relatively small. The contents of Mg, Zr, Nd, Zn and other major elements remain basically constant. The coating and substrate are mainly composed of equiaxed crystalline grains. The crystalline grains of the coating are obviously finer than those of the substrate, further the precipitation of granular or microspherical intragranular and intergranular strengthening phases is more dispersed and uniform, which is mainly composed of α-Mg and β-Mg12Nd phase composition. There is no obvious coarsening in the heat affected zone. The microhardness from the top layer to the interface is between 56.4~63.2 HV0.1, The microhardness of the heat affected zone is between 54.2~56.4 HV0.1, which are higher than that of other parts of the substrate. The maximum bending load borne of the coating is between 152~167 N, the bending strength is distributed between 205~220 MPa, and the friction coefficient of the coating is distributed between 0.26~0.42. The relevant mechanical properties are meet the remanufacturing standards.
Critical non-Hermitian Skin Effect in a Single Closed non-Hermitian Chain
Authors: Siu Zhuo Bin , Rafi-Ul-Islam S. M. , Jalil Mansoor B.A.
Published: February 2022

A critical non-Hermitian skin effect (CNHSE) was recently discovered in which the eigenenergy spectrum of a coupled system comprising two 1D non-Hermitian (NH) chains exhibits an abrupt change when the length of the system increases beyond a critical length. Here, we overturn the conventional wisdom that multiple chains are required for the CNHSE by showing that a similar abrupt transition in the eigenenergy spectrum occurs with increasing length in a single finite 1D chain when the two ends of the chain are connected by a weak terminal coupling to form a closed loop. We illustrate this phenomenon using the classic Hatano-Nelson and Su-Schrieffer-Heeger NH systems, and show that it can co-exist with the conventional CNHSE in coupled NH loops.
Antifeedant potency of Mentha spicata aqueous extracts against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
Authors: Peprah-Yamoah Emmanuel , Afrifa-Yamoah Ebenezer , Ofori Hayford , Adua Eric
Published: February 2022

The rising trends of insect resistance, coupled with escalating environmental pollution from synthetic pesticides, heighten the need for a more effective and, non-hazardous agents to control insect/pests. Different aqueous extracts of Mentha spicata were screened for their phytochemical constituents and their antifeedant activities against Spodoptera frugiperda . Screening of the different aqueous extracts of Mentha spicata obtained by cold maceration revealed the presence of phenolics and tannins. The concentration of phenols and tannins in the water, glycerine, and glycerine plus water (glycerine-water) extracts were significantly different (p < 0.05). Mentha spicata water extract had a greater antifeedant activity against Spodoptera frugiperda as compared to glycerine and glycerine-water (60:40, v/v) extracts at a concentration of 5g/100 mL. The estimated % antifeedant activity recorded were 97 as against 8.21 and 49.81, respectively. Aqueous neem seed water extracts gave an estimated % antifeedant activity of 93.07 and it served as a control. Saponins were absent in all extracts and only water extracts had alkaloids present. The simple, non-hazardous, and cost-saving extraction method demonstrated could be applied in both commercial and subsistent farming to counteract the damnable effects of Spodoptera frugiperda infestation.
Memory cytotoxic SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific CD4+ T cells associate with viral control
Authors: Dong Tao , Liu Guihai , Felce Suet , Yao Xuan , Yin Zixi , Fries Anastasia , Mentzer Alexander , Dong Danning , Wang Wenbo , Dejnirattisai Wanwisa , Supasa Piyada , Liu Chang , Wing Peter , Rostron Timothy , Waugh Craig , Clark Sally-Ann , Clark Kevin , Sopp Paul , Hublitz Philip , Beveridge Ryan , Fry Jeremy , McKeating Jane , Mongkolsapaya Juthathip , Screaton Gavin , Ogg Graham , Knight Julian , Peng Yanchun
Published: February 2022

Little is known of the role of cytotoxic CD4+ T-cells in the control of viral replication. Here, we investigate CD4+ T-cell responses to three dominant SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and evaluate antiviral activity, including cytotoxicity and antiviral cytokine production. Diverse T cell receptor (TCR) usage including public TCRs were identified; surprisingly, cytotoxic CD4+ T-cells were found to have signalling and cytotoxic pathways distinct from classical CD8+ T-cells, with increased expression of chemokines and tissue homing receptors promoting migration. We show the presence of cytolytic CD4+ T-cells during primary infection associates with COVID-19 disease severity. Robust immune memory 6-9 months post-infection or vaccination provides CD4+ T-cells with potent antiviral activity. Our data support a model where CD4+ killer cells drive immunopathogenesis during primary infection and CD4+ memory responses are protective during secondary infection. Our study highlights the unique features of cytotoxic CD4+ T-cells that use distinct functional pathways, providing preventative and therapeutic opportunities.
Inequitable Access of People Who Injected Drugs to HCV Care in Tangier, Morocco: An Explorative Qualitative Study
Authors: Serghini Fatima Zohra , Belrhiti Zakaria
Published: February 2022

BackgroundWorldwide, approximately 16 million people inject drugs, 5 to 6 million people are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In Morocco, people who inject drugs (PWID) exceeds 1500 and the majority lives in the northern region of Morocco (Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima). Evidence suggests that 75% of them are infected with HCV. However, PWID suffers from inequitable access to hepatitis C care. For instance, 75 % of PWID affiliated to Hassnouna Association for the Support of Drug Users (AHSUD) do not have access to HCV treatment in Tangier. In this study, we aimed at exploring the underlying mechanisms and contextual conditions that hinders PWID from accessing HCV treatment. MethodsWe adopted qualitative multiple embedded case study design. We conducted 19 semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion with PWIDs, community stakeholders and caregivers. We also carried out document review. We performed qualitative data analysis using NVivo software using concept, hypothesis and nvivo coding. We summarised key findings in the forms of barriers and facilitators. Results Access to care for PWID is constrained by individual, group, healthcare and socio-institutional factors. Individual factors include poor compliance to treatment, non-integration of care in personal priorities, level of knowledge of the disease with mistrust in government owned health institutions. At healthcare level, access to HCV care is also constrained by lack of appropriate management of co-morbidities and adequate management of drug dependence. Social barriers include poor access to housing, lack of family support, social-institutional, gender-based stigmatisation and criminalisation of drug use. This is often responsible for negative experiences of care, feeling of discomfort and perceived mistrust in government owned healthcare services .Such contextual prevent them from an appropriate access to HCV. An emerging result is that PWID are sharing and learning health related knowledge from their peers. This reinforces their perceived self-efficacy and social support and enhance the likelihood of following HCV treatment. Discussion and conclusion Poor access to HCV treatment for PWID involved an intertwined set of individual (level of knowledge, healthcare poor management of comorbidities and drug dependency) and institutional factors (social stigma, gender based discrimination…. etc). To allow better access to HCV for PWID, more attention should be placed in peer education (the main channel of information for IDUs) and broader political and societal changes are needed to de-stigmatize the use of drugs in Morocco.
Impact of indoor heating and overnight stagnation on tap water: Dynamics in water quality, biomass, bio-activity and bacterial community structure
Authors: Zhang Haihan , Liu Xiang , Huang Tinglin , Ma Ben , Niu Limin , Zhao Kexin , Huang Yuwei
Published: February 2022

The drinking water distribution system is an important link with water supply system and it affects the quality of the drinking water. Indoor pipeline water quality is regulated by physical, hydraulic and biological elements, such as indoor temperature and stagnation. In this study, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and flow cytometry were used to assess the indoor heating and overnight stagnation on the variation in bacterial community structure and the Intact cell count. The results exhibited that the average intact cell count was 6.99 × 104 cells/mL and the low nucleic acid (LNA) bacteria was 4.48 × 104 cells/mL after stagnation. The average concentration of total and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was 3.64 × 10-12 gATP/mL and 3.13 × 10-17 gATP/cell in stagnant water, respectively. The growth of LNA cells played a crucial role in increasing ATP. The dominant phylum was Proteobacteria with average abundance of 87.21%, followed by Actinobacteria (8.25%). Pseudomonas sp. and Mycobacterium sp. increased 1.2-fold and 5.8-fold in stagnant water. Structural equation model and redundancy analysis illustrated that temperature, residual chlorine and Fe concentration significantly affected bacterial count and bacterial community. Taking together, these results show responses of drinking water quality to overnight stagnation and indoor heating, and provide scientific basis for drinking water security management.
Ductile fracture behavior in micro-scaled progressive forming of Magnesium-Lithium alloy sheet
Authors: WANG Jilai , Xiao Zhifei , Wang Xin , Sun Yan , Sun Chaoyang
Published: February 2022

Micro-scaled progressive sheet metal forming is a promising process for producing bulk microparts, given itsadvantages of high efficiency and low cost. To enhance forming quality andefficiency, it is important to have an in-depth understanding of the forming mechanism andmodel the forming process and fracture behavior accurately. However, prediction of fracture formation in sheet materials at the micro scale has not yet been well explored, and thus current knowledgeis not sufficient to support the continued development and application of microforming technology. This study investigated progressive sheet forming of magnesium–lithium alloy sheets of different grain sizes to produce bulk microparts directly from sheet metal via shearing, extruding, piercing, and blanking. Using the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) damage model, the effects of the size factor on the formation and evolution of voids were considered, and the shear-modified GTN model was established by combining Thomason’s and Lemaitre's damage mechanics models. The modified model could predict not only the ductile fracture behavior dominated by tension under high stress triaxiality at the micro scale, but also the damage behavior controlled by shear deformation under low stress triaxiality. The progressive forming process was simulated using the modified model, which was verified by experimentation and simulation. Comparisons of the experiments and simulations revealed the size effects on the forming defects and fracture behaviors of microparts during progressive sheet forming. The results show that the stress during deformation is mainly concentrated at the edge of mircoparts, and irregular geometric defects include burr, rollover, incline, and bulge become deteriorated with the increase of the initial grain size. This study enhances the understanding and prediction of ductile fracture in the micro-scaled progressive forming of sheet metals.
Giardia Duodenalis Colonization Slightly Affects Gut Microbiota And Haematological Parameters In Clinically Healthy Dogs
Authors: Peruzzo Arianna , Vascellari Marta , Massaro Andrea , Mancin Marzia , Stefani Annalisa , Orsini Massimiliano , Danesi Patrizia , Petrin Sara , Carminato Antonio , Santoro Michele Matteo , Speranza Roberto , Losasso Carmen , Capelli Gioia
Published: February 2022

Giardia duodenalis (G. duodenalis) is a worldwide cause of acute diarrheal disease both in humans and in animals. Domestic dogs may either harbor the parasite subclinically or showing the infection typical clinical signs. However, because giardiosis is a recognized veterinary threat, testing for this agent is often performed when canine patients are presented to veterinarians. Usually, animals are treated with antiparasitic agents in case of positive test, regardless of the severity of enteric clinical signs. Here we report for the first time a study comparing two groups of clinically healthy German shepherd dogs differing for G. duodenalis colonization. Gut microbiota, the haematological, biochemical and faecal parameters related to the intestinal function were investigated. The results display a scenario in which G. duodenalis exerts an effect upon the gut microbiota affecting the proportion of few bacterial taxa known to be associated with improved lipids metabolism and protection from gut inflammation. This also suggest that the antiparasitic treatments that are usually administered to G. duodenalis positive dogs might be avoided in clinically healthy subjects, since the presence of G. duodenalis does not substantially modify the microbial ecology of the intestinal lumen nor the haematological markers of disease.
Synovial Membrane-derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells From Osteoarthritic Joints in Dogs Possess Lower Chondrogenic-, and Higher Osteogenic Capacity Compared to Normal Joints
Authors: Teunissen Michelle , Ahrens Nora , Snel Lianne , Narcisi Roberto , Kamali Amir , Osch Gerjo van , Meij Björn , Mastbergen Simon , Sivasubramaniyan Kavitha , Tryfonidou Marianna
Published: February 2022

Background Synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (SM-MPCs) are a promising candidate for the cell-based treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) considering their in vitro and in vivo capacity for cartilage repair. However, the OA environment may adversely impact their regenerative capacity. There are no studies for canine (c)SM-MPCs that compare normal to OA SM-MPCs, even though dogs are considered a relevant animal model for OA. Therefore, this study compared cSM-MPCs from normal and OA synovial membrane tissue to elucidate the effect of the OA environment on MPC numbers, indicated by CD marker profile and colony-forming unit (CFU) capacity, and the impact of the OA niche on tri-lineage differentiation. Methods Normal and OA synovial membrane were collected from the knee joints of healthy dogs and dogs with rupture of the cruciate ligaments. The synovium was assessed by histopathological OARSI scoring and by RT-qPCR for inflammation/synovitis-related markers. Presence of cSM-MPCs in the native tissue was further characterized with flow cytometry, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, using the MPC markers; CD90, CD73, CD44, CD271, and CD34. Furthermore, cells isolated upon enzymatic digestion were characterized by CFU capacity, and a population doublings assay. cSM-MPCs were selected based on plastic adherence, expanded to passage 2 and evaluated for the expression of MPC-related surface markers and tri-lineage differentiation capacity. Results Synovial tissue collected from the OA joints had a significantly higher OARSI score compared to normal joints, and significantly upregulated inflammation/synovitis markers S100A8/9, IL6, IL8 and CCL2. Both normal and OA synovial membrane contained cells displaying MPC properties, including a fibroblast-like morphology, CFU capacity, and maintained MPC marker expression over time during expansion. However, OA cSM-MPCs were unable to differentiate towards the chondrogenic lineage and had low adipogenic capacity in contrast to normal cSM-MPCs, whereas they possessed a higher osteogenic capacity. Furthermore, the OA synovial membrane contained significantly lower percentages of CD90+, CD44+, CD34+ and CD271+ cells.Conclusions The OA environment has adverse effects on the regenerative potential of cSM-MPCs, corroborated by decreased CFU, population doubling and chondrogenic capacity compared to normal cSM-MPCs. OA cSM-MPCs may be a less optimal candidate for the cell-based treatment of OA than normal cSM-MPCs.
Different methods for physical and chemical elimination of strobilurin fungicides from wastewater
Authors: Sheta Ahmed I. , Ayad Miriam F. , El-Kosasy Amira M. , Tawakkol Shereen M. , Fayed Ahmed S.
Published: February 2022

Molecular imprinting was developed as a method for selective adsorption. This makes molecular imprinting, a good option for elimination of different environmental interferents especially from wastewater. However, bio-polymeric adsorbents e.g. calcium alginate and chitosan-calcium alginate beads were used in wastewater treatment in different occasions, molecular imprints were found to be of superior elimination capacity than natural adsorbents. Conditions for optimum elimination were concluded to be 4 hrs shaking (150 rpm) at room temperature and pH 10 for 1 g alginate beads to eliminate 210 mg pesticide, pH 4 or 10 for 1 g chitosan-alginate beads to eliminate 480 and 1140 mg pesticide, respectively. However, with the same conditions at pH range 2-8, each gram of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) could be used in elimination of 3290-3760 mg pesticide, and 1 g of molecularly imprinted resin (MIR) could eliminate 3280-3320 mg pesticide, which increased with increasing the shaking time to one day.Also, resins, either alone or in combination with graphene oxide (GO) succeeded to act as a photocatalyst in chemical degradation of more than 65% of strobilurins under visible light, with high elimination capacity.
Wear of micro diamond tool in ultra-precision turning under dry and minimum quantity lubrication conditions
Authors: Zong W J , Zhuang Guilin , Tang Yifu
Published: February 2022

Cutting force and cutting heat are two main reasons for the wear of diamond tools. An effective way to reduce the cutting temperature is minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). To explore the effect of MQL on the cutting temperature, a calculation model for the cutting temperature of micro diamond tool under dry friction condition is established firstly by using the Fourier's law of heat conduction, through which the maximum temperature of the tool can be acquired. Regarding the boundary film as a layer of heat-conducting medium, a revised calculation model for the temperature distribution on tool rake face under MQL condition with different cutting fluids is further established. As expected, the wear volume of micro diamond tool can be successfully predicted by using the Usui wear rate model in response to different cutting fluids and different cutting distances. Finally, cutting experiments with different cutting fluids are performed to verify the established models. The experimental observations agree well with the theoretical prediction results. Such satisfactory consistency confirms that the cutting fluid with low viscosity can reduce the cutting temperature and inhibit tool wear effectively.
5-Fluorouracil induces an acute reduction in neurogenesis and persistent neuroinflammation in a mouse model of the neuropsychological complications of chemotherapy
Authors: Subramaniam Courtney Brooke , Wardill Hannah R. , Davies Maya R. , Heng Vivien , Gladman Marc A. , Bowen Joanne M.
Published: February 2022

The neuropsychological symptoms of chemotherapy treatment remain a major challenge with their prevention hampered by insufficient understanding of pathophysiology. While long term neuroimmune changes have been identified as a hallmark feature shared by neurological symptoms, the exact timeline of mechanistic events preceding and driving neuroinflammation remain unclear. We therefore aimed to longitudinally characterise the neuroimmunological changes following systemic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to gain insight into the timeline of events preceding the well-documented chronic neuroinflammation seen following chemotherapy. Eighteen female C57Bl/6 mice received a single intraperitoneal dose of 5-FU and groups were killed at days 1 and 2 (acute timepoint), days 4 and 8 (subacute timepoint) as well as days 16 and 32 (chronic timepoint). A further six mice were used to control for the effect of ageing and stress, with tissues collected on day 1 and day 32. Levels of neurogenesis were determined through immunofluorescent staining of doublecortin (DCX). The activation of microglia and astrocytes were assessed using immunofluorescence staining of ionised calcium binding adaptor molecular-1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) respectively. 5-FU treatment caused significant decreases to DCX staining (p=0.0030) as well as increases in microglial activation in the prefrontal cortex (p=0.0256), CA3 region (p=0.0283) and dentate gyrus (p=0.0052) of the hippocampus at acute timepoints. Whereas astrocytic reactivity was observed across multiple brain regions at subacute and chronic timepoints. This study has identified acute objective neuroinflammatory changes suggesting that the role of early intervention should be explored to prevent the development of neuropsychological deficits following chemotherapy.
A Robust Embedded Load Cell Sensor for Tool Life Prognosis and Smart Sawing of Medium Carbon Steel
Authors: Jeng Yeau-Ren , Tsai Ping-Chi , Tseng Chien-Wei
Published: February 2022

An embedded load cell sensor is proposed for the tool life prognosis and thrust force control of a band saw machine. The sensor enables the tool life and surface quality of the machined workpiece to be effectively improved through the use of a single sensing device strategically located in the cutting machine. The feasibility of the proposed sensor is demonstrated experimentally using a double-column horizontal sawing machine with medium carbon steel bars as the workpiece material. An investigation is performed into the effects of the cutting force, feed rate, and machining time on the tool wear and surface roughness of the machined workpiece. It is shown that the thrust force, tool wear and surface roughness of the machined workpiece are strongly correlated and increase over time. Based on the experimental results, a feedback control system is proposed for maintaining a constant thrust force on the band saw during cutting under even the most challenging conditions. Overall, the results confirm that the embedded load cell sensor and force monitoring and control methodology proposed in the present study provide an effective approach for maintaining the optimal cutting conditions in the sawing of medium carbon steel and improving the tool life and machined part quality.