bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hafnium and Hafnium Compounds
Authors: Nielsen Ralph H. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Hafnium, Hf, is in Group 4 (IVB) of the Periodic Table as are the lighter elements, zirconium and titanium. Hafnium is a heavy gray‐white metallic element never found free in nature. It is always associated with the more plentiful zirconium. The two elements are almost identical in chemical behavior. Hafnium is obtained as a by‐product of the production of hafnium‐free nuclear grade zirconium. The refining of hafnium for its principal uses is by van Arkel‐de Boer process. Most hafnium compounds require no special safety precautions because hafnium is nontoxic under normal exposure. It is reported as having negative effect on the environment. Hafnium metal is used in alloying and in control rods for nuclear reactors. Hafnium oxide, hafnium carbide and hafnium nitride are the most important compounds of hafnium. They are the most refractory of all the compounds.
Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds
Authors: H. Nielsen Ralph , H. Schlewitz James , Nielsen Henry ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Zirconium occurs naturally as a silicate in zircon, the oxide baddeleyite, and in other oxide compounds. Zircon has been known as a gem material since biblical times. Zirconium is a highly active metal and is resistant to corrosion by water, steam, mineral acids,alkalies, salts, etc. Zirconium is highly refractory and the ore is cracked with only strong reagents and high temperatures. Various processes accomplish this, such as electric furnace, cautic fusion, chlorination, fluorosilicate fusion. Zirconium and hafnium always occur together in natural minerals and separation of the two are discussed. Zirconium is not considered a hazard to the environment. Zircon ceramics, opacifiers, refractories, foundry application are the leading end uses for zirconium. Other end uses include abrasives, chemicals, metal alloys, and welding rod coatings. There are many zirconium compounds in the form of hydrides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, halides, organometallics, chalcogenides, oxides, etc. Information is given on many of these compounds.
Crosslinking Dyes
Authors: Zhang Shufen , Tang Bingtao , Yang Jingjing , Tang Yanfen , Ma Wei
Published: April 2013

This article presents a detailed review of the development of crosslinking dyes and their crosslinking dyeing behaviors. Crosslinking dyes were developed in the 1960s to solve the problem of low utilization of reactive dyes due to hydrolysis of the reactive groups. Basazol dyes were the first dyes to exhibit linkage to the fibers through crosslinkers. Later, a series of crosslinking dyes was developed. Based on the number of crosslinking groups, crosslinking dyes can be divided into those that contain 1–2 crosslinking groups, which includes Basazol crosslinking dyes, Indosol crosslinking dyes, aminoalkyl crosslinking dyes, and the early produced crosslinking dyes of China and those that contain multiple crosslinking groups, which include polyethylene polyamine crosslinking dyes, polyallylamine crosslinking dyes, and polyvinylamine crosslinking dyes. The structure and dyeing characteristics of these crosslinking dyes are discussed. Here the crosslinkers used for crosslinking dyes with 1–2 crosslinking groups and their crosslinking dyeing behaviors are introduced. It is shown that the crosslinking dyes that contain multiple crosslinking groups crosslink with each other and simultaneously crosslink with fibers through crosslinkers to form covalent bonds.
A Cross‐Lagged Structural Equation Model of Relational Aggression, Physical Aggression, and Peer Status in a Chinese Culture
Authors: Tseng Wan‐Ling , Banny Adrienne M. , Kawabata Yoshito , Crick Nicki R. , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen
Published: April 2013

This short‐term longitudinal study examined the associations among relational aggression, physical aggression, and peer status (i.e., acceptance, rejection, and perceived popularity) across three time points, six months apart, in a Taiwanese sample. Participants were 198 fifth grade students (94 girls and 104 boys; Mean age = 10.35 years) from Taipei, Taiwan. Study variables were assessed using peer nomination procedure. Results from the cross‐lagged structural equation models demonstrated that there were longitudinal associations between relational aggression and each of the peer status constructs while only one longitudinal association was found for physical aggression such that physical aggression positively predicted subsequent peer rejection. The longitudinal associations did not vary with gender. Results also showed high stabilities of relational aggression, physical aggression, and the three peer status constructs over 1 year as well as high concurrent association between relational and physical aggression. In addition, relational aggression and physical aggression were concurrently related to less acceptance, more rejection, and less perceived popularity, especially at the outset of the study. Findings of this study demonstrated both similarities and differences in relation to previous literature in primarily Western cultures. This study also highlights the bidirectional and complex nature of the association between aggression and peer status, which appears to depend on the form of aggression and on the particular indicator of peer status under study. Aggr. Behav. 39:301–315, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maximizing the Energy Density of Dielectric Elastomer Generators Using Equi‐Biaxial Loading
Authors: Huang Jiangshui , Shian Samuel , Suo Zhigang , Clarke David R.
Published: April 2013

Dielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) for harvesting electrical energy from mechanical work have been demonstrated but the energy densities achieved are still small compared with theoretical predictions. In this study, significant improvements in energy density (560 J/kg with a power density of 280 W/kg and an efficiency of 27%) are achieved using equi‐biaxial stretching, a mechanical loading configuration that maximizes the capacitance changes. The capacitance of dielectric elastomers subjected to equi‐biaxial stretches is demonstrated to be proportional to the fourth power of the stretch. Quantification of the individual energy contributions indicates that attaining higher conversion efficiencies is limited by viscous losses within the acrylic elastomer, suggesting that still higher conversion efficiencies with other elastomers should be attainable with our novel mechanical loading design.
Meta‐analysis of association between obsessive‐compulsive disorder and the 3′ region of neuronal glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1
Authors: Stewart S.E. , Mayerfeld C. , Arnold P.D. , Crane J.R. , O'Dushlaine C. , Fagerness J.A. , Yu D. , Scharf J.M. , Chan E. , Kassam F. , Moya P.R. , Wendland J.R. , Delorme R. , Richter M.A. , Kennedy J.L. , Veenstra‐VanderWeele J. , Samuels J. , Greenberg B.D. , McCracken J.T. , Knowles J.A. , Fyer A.J. , Rauch S.L. , Riddle M.A. , Grados M.A. , Bienvenu O.J. , Cullen B. , Wang Y. , Shugart Y.Y. , Piacentini J. , Rasmussen S. , Nestadt G. , Murphy D.L. , Jenike M.A. , Cook E.H. , Pauls D.L. , Hanna G.L. , Mathews C.A.
Published: April 2013

The neuronal glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 is a candidate gene for obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) based on linkage studies and convergent evidence implicating glutamate in OCD etiology. The 3′ end of SLC1A1 is the only genomic region with consistently demonstrated OCD association, especially when analyzing male‐only probands. However, specific allele associations have not been consistently replicated, and recent OCD genome‐wide association and meta‐analysis studies have not incorporated all previously associated SLC1A1 SNPs. To clarify the nature of association between SLC1A1 and OCD, pooled analysis was performed on all available relevant raw study data, comprising a final sample of 815 trios, 306 cases and 634 controls. This revealed weak association between OCD and one of nine tested SLC1A1 polymorphisms (rs301443; uncorrected P = 0.046; non‐significant corrected P). Secondary analyses of male‐affecteds only (N = 358 trios and 133 cases) demonstrated modest association between OCD and a different SNP (rs12682807; uncorrected P = 0.012; non‐significant corrected P). Findings of this meta‐analysis are consistent with the trend of previous candidate gene studies in psychiatry and do not clarify the putative role of SLC1A1 in OCD pathophysiology. Nonetheless, it may be important to further examine the potential associations demonstrated in this amalgamated sample, especially since the SNPs with modest associations were not included in the more highly powered recent GWAS or in a past meta‐analysis including five SLC1A1 polymorphisms. This study underscores the need for much larger sample sizes in future genetic association studies and suggests that next‐generation sequencing may be beneficial in examining the potential role of rare variants in OCD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and properties of modified bismaleimide resins based on phthalide‐containing monomer
Authors: Xiong Xuhai , Ren Rong , Chen Ping , Yu Qi , Wang Jing , Jia Caixia
Published: April 2013

A series of bismaleimide resins based on phthalide‐containing monomer have been prepared by the copolymerization reaction of 3,3‐bis[4‐(4‐maleimidophenoxy)phenyl] ‐phthalide (PPBMI), 4, 4'‐dimaleimido diphenylmethane (MBMI) and 2, 2'‐diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA) in different feed ratios. The curing behavior, thermal, mechanical and physical properties and compatibility of all resultant resins were carefully characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), notched Izod impact test, water absorption test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC investigations showed that with an increase of the weight ratio of PPBMI, the dominating exothermic polymerization temperature (Tp) increased. The glass transitions were observed from DMA thermograms for the cured BMI resins in the temperature range from 277°C to 311°C and decreased with increasing PPBMI content. The TGA results indicated the thermal stability was improved as PPBMI content increased. The investigations of the mechanical properties showed a complicated trend with an increase in PPBMI content. In addition, the equilibrium water uptake of the modified resins was reduced as PPBMI content increased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1084‐1091, 2013
In vitro bioactivity and degradability of β‐tricalcium phosphate porous scaffold fabricated via selective laser sintering
Authors: Shuai Cijun , Zhuang Jingyu , Hu Huanlong , Peng Shuping , Liu Defu , Liu Jinglin
Published: April 2013

Porous scaffolds consisting of β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) were successfully fabricated via selective laser sintering. The scaffolds had a controlled microstructure and totally interconnected porous structure. The microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The bioactivity and degradability of scaffolds were evaluated through the simulated body fluid (SBF) cultivation experiment. The formation of a biologically active carbonate apatite layer on the surface after immersion in SBF was demonstrated using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Fast nucleation and growth of the carbonate apatite crystals were observed to occur all through the specimen surfaces. The phenomenon was explained in terms of the distribution and dispersion of inorganic phases in the scaffolds and the ionic activity products of the apatite in the SBF. The calculation results of weight loss and Ca/P molar ratio also suggest the good bioactivity and degradability of the scaffolds. These indicate that the β‐TCP porous ceramic scaffold is a potential candidate scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
PfaH2: A novel hydrophobin from the ascomycete Paecilomyces farinosus
Authors: Zelena Katerina , Takenberg Meike , Lunkenbein Stefan , Woche Susanne K. , Nimtz Manfred , Berger Ralf G.
Published: April 2013

The pfah2 gene coding for a novel hydrophobin PfaH2 from the ascomycete Paecilomyces farinosus was identified during sequencing of random clones from a cDNA library. The corresponding protein sequence of PfaH2 deduced from the cDNA comprised 134 amino acids (aa). A 16 aa signal sequence preceded the N‐terminus of the mature protein. PfaH2 belonged to the class Ia hydrophobins. The protein was isolated using trifluoroacetic acid extraction and purified via SDS‐PAGE and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The surface activity of the recently described PfaH1 and of PfaH2 was compared by the determination of contact angles (CAs) on glass slides and Teflon tape, and the CA of distilled water droplets was measured on glass slides coated with hydrophobin PfaH1 or PfaH2. Surprisingly, both hydrophobins adsorbed to hydrophilic surfaces and changed their physicochemical properties to a similar quantitative extent, although little aa sequence homology was found.
An integrated two‐stage anaerobic digestion and biofuel production process to reduce life cycle GHG emissions from US dairies
Authors: Coats Erik R. , Searcy Erin , Feris Kevin , Shrestha Dev , McDonald Armando G. , Briones Aurelio , Magnuson Timothy , Prior Maxine
Published: April 2013

Over 9 million dairy cows generate an estimated 226 billion kg of wet manure annually in the USA. To help mitigate dairy greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the degradation of this organic‐rich waste, manure can be processed via anaerobic digestion (AD) to methane and ultimately electricity. This potential value of AD has generated high‐level dairy‐industry support for broad‐scale technology deployment; however, on‐the‐ground AD realization has been impeded by process stability/reliability concerns and poor economics. Considering these challenges but recognizing that AD represents a fundamentally sound manure‐management approach, an interdisciplinary research team has completed proof‐of‐concept investigations on an integrated process that will concurrently improve manure management economics and reduce dairy GHG emissions. The integrated processes center on a two‐stage fermentation/AD system that can generate methane quantity/quality comparable to conventional single‐stage AD. Molecular level investigations confirm that the AD is highly enriched with a unique and synergistic microbial population which yielded a more resilient and stable process. Beyond AD, algae grown on nitrogen/phosphorus‐rich AD supernatant in a photobioreactor yielded biomass concentrations approaching 1.0 g L–1; despite an apparent growth lag/inhibition associated with excess organic acids and ammonia, algae growth was significant. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrated that the two‐stage AD configuration coupled with algae production can reduce GHG emissions by approximately 60% as compared with a traditional anaerobic lagoon. The end result is a manure‐management platform that can increase US dairy viability and sustainability. Ongoing investigations are aimed at process refinement with an ultimate commercialization goal. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Use of perfluorocarbons to enhance the performance of perfused three‐dimensional hepatic cultures
Authors: Shi Gengbei , Coger Robin N.
Published: April 2013

Bioartificial liver devices (BALs) are extracorporeal systems designed to temporarily bridge patients until a suitable donated liver is available for transplantation and also have value for pharmaceutical testing applications. Yet critical issues exist that limit the functional performance of their current designs. One of these concerns scale up issues connected to oxygen (O2) delivery to the cells housed within their three‐dimensional (3D) configurations, and its consequences to device performance. As primary blood substitute candidates with extraordinarily high O2capacity, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) offer hope as one strategy for addressing the O2delivery issue encountered when scaling up the tissue space of current BAL designs. This study utilizes a PFC‐based second‐generation O2carrier OXYCYTE®, as an additive to regular nutrient medium, for augmenting O2delivery in a customized 3D tissue assembly system. The results demonstrate that the addition of PFCs significantly increases the O2capacity of regular medium and that net cytochrome P450 activity levels are considerably increased under flow in PFC‐treated systems, as compared to controls. This work thus clarifies the benefits of using PFCs to enhance the functional performance of 3D liver systems. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical EngineersBiotechnol. Prog., 29:718–726, 2013
Breast cancer molecular subtypes and survival in a hospital‐based sample in Puerto Rico
Authors: Ortiz Ana Patricia , Frías Orquidea , Pérez Javier , Cabanillas Fernando , Martínez Lisa , Sánchez Carola , Capó‐Ramos David E. , González‐Keelan Carmen , Mora Edna , Suárez Erick
Published: April 2013

Information on the impact of hormone receptor status subtypes in breast cancer (BC) prognosis is still limited for Hispanics. We aimed to evaluate the association of BC molecular subtypes and other clinical factors with survival in a hospital‐based female population of BC cases in Puerto Rico. We analyzed 663 cases of invasive BC diagnosed between 2002 and 2005. Information on HER‐2/neu (HER‐2) overexpression, estrogen (ER), and progesterone (PR) receptor status and clinical characteristics were retrieved from hospitals cancer registries and record review. Survival probabilities by covariates of interest were described using the Kaplan–Meier estimators. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess factors associated with risk of BC death. Overall, 17.3% of BC cases were triple‐negative (TN), 61.8% were Luminal‐A, 13.3% were Luminal‐B, and 7.5% were HER‐2 overexpressed. In the multivariate Cox model, among patients with localized stage, women with TN BC had higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–5.12) as compared to those with Luminal‐A status, after adjusting for age at diagnosis. In addition, among women with regional/distant stage at diagnosis, those with TN BC (HR: 5.48, 95% CI: 2.63–11.47) and those HER‐2+, including HER‐2 overexpressed and Luminal‐B, (HR: 2.73, 95% CI:1.30–5.75) had a higher mortality. This is the most comprehensive epidemiological study to date on the impact of hormone receptor expression subtypes in BC survival in Puerto Rico. Consistent to results in other populations, the TN subtype and HER‐2+ tumors were associated with decreased survival.
The Structure of Glycerol Trinitrate Reductase NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter Reveals the Molecular Reason for Nitro‐ and Ene‐Reductase Activity in OYE Homologues
Authors: Oberdorfer Gustav , Binter Alexandra , Wallner Silvia , Durchschein Katharina , Hall Mélanie , Faber Kurt , Macheroux Peter , Gruber Karl
Published: April 2013

In recent years, Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) and their homologues have found broad application in the efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of activated CC bonds with high selectivities and yields. Members of this class of enzymes have been found in many different organisms and are rather diverse on the sequence level, with pairwise identities as low as 20 %, but they exhibit significant structural similarities with the adoption of a conserved (αβ)8‐barrel fold. Some OYEs have been shown not only to reduce CC double bonds, but also to be capable of reducing nitro groups in both saturated and unsaturated substrates. In order to understand this dual activity we determined and analyzed X‐ray crystal structures of NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter, both in its apo form and in complex with 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and with 1‐nitro‐2‐phenylpropene. These structures, together with spectroscopic studies of substrate binding to several OYEs, indicate that nitro‐containing substrates can bind to OYEs in different binding modes, one of which leads to CC double bond reduction and the other to nitro group reduction.
Materials‐Based Receptors: Design Principle and Applications
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Sareen Divya , Kaur Paramjit , Miyake Hiroyuki , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: April 2013

This review focuses on recent developments and growth potential in colorimetric and/or fluorimetric chemosensors based on rationally designed materials and suitable for use in highly selective and sensitive naked‐eye detection of environmental and biological analytes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding of RE5‐xLixGe4 (RE: Nd, Sm and Gd; x ≅ 1) with the Orthorhombic Gd5Si4 Type.
Authors: Suen Nian‐Tzu , You Tae‐Soo , Bobev Svilen
Published: April 2013

The compounds Sm3.97Li1.03Ge4, Nd3.97Li1.03Ge4, and Gd3.96Li1.03Ge4 are synthesized by solid state reactions of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (sealed Nb container in an evacuated silica tube, 1358 K, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Growth, Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of a New Layered Fluorine Beryllium Borate, Sr0.23Ca0.77Na2Be2B2 O6F2.
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Yao Wenjiao , Wang Xiaoyang , Zhai Naixia , Chen Chuangtian
Published: April 2013

The title fluorine beryllium borate crystal is grown by high temperature solid state reaction of CaCO3, SrCO3, BeO, B2O3, and NaF in stoichiometric amounts (710°C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Antiferromagnetic Ordering in an Intermediate Valence Compound Ce9Ru4Ga5.
Authors: Kaczorowski Dariusz , Murashova Elena , Kurenbaeva Zhanaphia
Published: April 2013

The novel Ce9Ru4Ga5 is prepared by arc melting and shows an unusually short Ce—Ru distance in its structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Magnetic and Transport Study of Monovalent Na‐Doped Manganite Pr0.55Na0.05Sr0.4MnO3.
Authors: Thaljaoui R. , Boujelben W. , Pekala M. , Pekala K. , Mucha J. , Cheikhrouhou A.
Published: April 2013

The manganite Pr0.55Na0.05Sr0.4MnO3 is prepared by standard solid state reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic, Highly Enantioselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama—Michael Reaction of Acyclic Dienol Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Gupta Vaishali , Sudhir V. Sai , Mandal Tanmay , Schneider Christoph
Published: April 2013

This reaction is accomplished for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine Catalyzed Hofmann Rearrangement of Carboxamides Using Oxone as Terminal Oxidant.
Authors: Yoshimura Akira , Middleton Kyle R. , Luedtke Matthew W. , Zhu Chenjie , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: April 2013

The reaction is proposed to proceed via electron‐deficient active species generated from hydroxy(phenyl)iodonium ion or hypervalent aminoiodane and (F3C)2CH—OH.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Tosyloxylation of Ketones Using Iodoaryloxazoline Catalysts: Insights on the Stereoinduction Process.
Authors: Guilbault Audrey‐Anne , Basdevant Benoit , Wanie Vincent , Legault Claude Y.
Published: April 2013

An unprecedented mode of stereoinduction from chiral oxazolines is discovered, with the stereogenic center alpha to the oxazolines oxygen atom being significant.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Carbonyl‐Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Griffith Allison K. , Vanos Christine M. , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: April 2013

This strategy relies on a conceptual change from traditional [2 + 2] cycloaddition/cycloreversion concepts towards a [3 + 2] manifold.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative Amide Synthesis: Azide as a Nitrogen Source.
Authors: Fu Zhenqian , Lee Jeongbin , Kang Byungjoon , Hong Soon Hyeok
Published: April 2013

First time, amides are directly obtained by reaction of alcohols with azides.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylation of Alkenes by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Iqbal Naeem , Choi Sungkyu , Kim Eunjin , Cho Eun Jin
Published: April 2013

This radical‐based trifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes shows broad substrate scope and high E‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Chiral β‐Stereogenic Alcohols: Bypassing Discrete Formation of Epimerizable Aldehydes.
Authors: Schmitt Daniel C. , Dechert‐Schmitt Anne‐Marie R. , Krische Michael J.
Published: April 2013

Ligand IRC in its (S) or (R) form is found to be optimal for the direct C—H allylation of β‐substituted chiral primary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Skeleton Transformation Reaction of α‐Pyrone Derivatives to Spirobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Derivatives Using Dimethylsulfoxonium Methylide.
Authors: Miura Takuya , Yadav Navnath Dnyanoba , Iwasaki Hiroki , Ozeki Minoru , Kojima Naoto , Yamashita Masayuki
Published: April 2013

In situ generated dimethylsulfoxonium methylide is used to synthesize the title compounds in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Acyclic Ketones: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (—)‐Mesembrine.
Authors: Zhang Qian‐Qian , Xie Jian‐Hua , Yang Xiao‐Hui , Xie Jian‐Bo , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: April 2013

The spiro pyridine‐aminophosphine catalyst ligands (I) are successfully applied in the title reaction to afford the alcohol products with excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Catalyst for the Asymmetric Henry Reaction: Synthesis of β‐Nitroethanols in High Enantiomeric Excess.
Authors: White James D. , Shaw Subrata
Published: April 2013

The catalyst system including ligand (I) is successfully applied to the reaction of a broad spectrum of aldehydes with nitromethane and can be extended to a diastereoselective preparation of analogues (XIII) in the presence of nitropropane.
ChemInform Abstract: Tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)phosphine‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Formation Reaction: Mutual Addition of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ethyl Acrylate.
Authors: Teng Jun‐Jiang , Qiao Yan‐Hui , Zhang Qing , Li Chun‐Hai , Huang Min
Published: April 2013

An efficient and rapid access to various 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds and allylic alcohol derivatives from readily available starting materials under mild reaction conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Au(III)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amidation of Benzylic C—H Bonds.
Authors: Zhang Yan , Feng Bainian , Zhu Chengjian
Published: April 2013

Novel and highly efficient Au‐catalyzed amidations of benzylic C—H bonds with sulfonamides and carboamides are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/Norbornene Catalysis: A Versatile Aryl C—H Hydroxyalkylation, Alkyl Cinnamate Formation.
Authors: Jafarpour Farnaz , Jalalimanesh Nafiseh
Published: April 2013

Acrylates and aliphatic alcohols are appropriate reagents in palladium‐catalyzed, norbornene‐mediated domino ortho‐alkylation/Heck reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Metal‐Free Catalytic Sulfoxidation under Visible Light and Air.
Authors: Gu Xiangyong , Li Xiang , Chai Yahong , Yang Qi , Li Pixu , Yao Yingming
Published: April 2013

A metal‐free aerobic selective sulfoxidation photosensitized by Rose Bengal or solid‐supported Rose Bengal is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II) Complexes with Chelating Biscarbene Ligands in the Catalytic Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Micksch Maik , Strassner Thomas
Published: April 2013

This reaction gives excellent yields even with low catalyst loadings.
ChemInform Abstract: Chugaev‐Type Bis(acyclic diaminocarbenes) as a New Ligand Class for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Mizoroki—Heck Reaction.
Authors: Owusu Millicent O. , Handa Sachin , Slaughter LeGrande M.
Published: April 2013

The structurally optimized catalyst is successfully applied to the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,2‐Benzoquinones with Arynes and Its Utility in One‐Pot Reactions.
Authors: Kaicharla Trinadh , Bhojgude Sachin Suresh , Biju Akkattu T.
Published: April 2013

The arynes react with 1,2‐benzoquinones to give dioxobenzobicyclooctadienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Iodolactonization of Disubstituted Olefinic Acids Using a Bifunctional Catalyst.
Authors: Fang Chao , Paull Daniel H. , Hethcox J. Caleb , Shugrue Christopher R. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: April 2013

A bifunctional BINAP‐derived amidine is shown to be highly efficient for the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious Synthesis of the Cores of Naturally Occurring Cyclic Polyethers Using a Divergent Ring Rearrangement Metathesis Strategy.
Authors: Escavabaja Philippe , Viala Jacques , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: April 2013

The expeditious and stereocontrolled preparation of the bicyclic cores of cyclic polyethers of the dysiherbaine and acetogenin families includes an unprecedented ring rearrangement metathesis, involving the pyran moiety of oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Arylation of Allylamines with Thiophenes and Furans.
Authors: Jiang Zhen , Zhang Lingjuan , Dong Chaonan , Cai Zhongzheng , Tang Weijun , Li Huanrong , Xu Lijin , Xiao Jianliang
Published: April 2013

In the presence of appropriate oxidants and a palladium catalyst N,N‐diprotected allylamines undergo terminal γ‐arylation with thiophenes and furans.
ChemInform Abstract: Enols as Feasible Acid Components in the Ugi Condensation.
Authors: Castellano Teresa G. , Neo Ana G. , Marcaccini Stefano , Marcos Carlos F.
Published: April 2013

A high‐yielding three‐component reaction of imines, heterocyclic enols, and isocyanides is described to give a variety of heterocyclic enamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Enantioenriched Iodinated Pyrrolinones by Iodocyclization of α‐Amino‐ynones.
Authors: Spina Rosella , Colacino Evelina , Gabriele Bartolo , Salerno Giuseppe , Martinez Jean , Lamaty Frederic
Published: April 2013

During the synthesis of compounds (IV) partial racemization occurs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of trans‐Perhydroindolic Acids and Their Application in Asymmetric Domino Reactions of Aldehyde Esters with β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Shen Jiefeng , Liu Delong , An Qianjin , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: April 2013

A synthetic route towards trans‐perhydroindolic acid (VI), a key intermediate for preparation of trandolapril, as a mixture of four isomers is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,2‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Heteroaryl α‐Ketoesters for Synthesis of Heteroaromatic α‐Hydroxy Esters.
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhu Ting‐Shun , Xu Ming‐Hua
Published: April 2013

Compared to established Friedel‐Crafts approaches the current method shows no dependence on the electronic nature of the substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Screening of Some Novel 2‐(2‐Benzisoxazol‐3‐yl)ethyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles.
Authors: Shastri R. A.
Published: April 2013

Most of the title compounds (III) show good antibacterial and promising antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Ruthenium Porphyrin‐Catalyzed Tandem Nitrone Formation/1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition for Isoxazolidines. Synthesis, in silico Docking Study and in vitro Biological Activities.
Authors: Reddy Annapureddy Rajasekar , Guo Zhen , Siu Fung‐Ming , Lok Chun‐Nam , Liu Fuli , Yeung Kai‐Chung , Zhou Cong‐Ying , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: April 2013

The described method features a broad scope of alkene compounds, excellent compatibility of various functionalities, neutral reaction conditions, and high regio‐, chemo‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of Pyrazolyloxothiazolidine Derivatives.
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Ibrahim Yusria R. , El‐Sheref Essmat M. , Aly Ashraf A. , Braese Stefan , Brown Alan B.
Published: April 2013

The title compounds (III) are obtained via microwave‐accelerated reaction of thioureas (I) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazonoyl Halides as Precursors for Synthesis of Novel Bioactive Thiazole and Formazan Derivatives.
Authors: Farghaly Thoraya A. , Abbas Eman M. H.
Published: April 2013

Some of the novel derivatives synthesized, especially compounds (IIIa), (IIIb), (Vb), and (VIIb), exhibit promising activities against antibacterial and antifungal species.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Preparation of Unsymmetrical Bis(1,2,3‐triazole) Derivatives and Application in Bis(1,2,3‐triazole)‐Modified Peptidomimetic Synthesis.
Authors: Niu Teng‐fei , Gu Lin , Wang Liang , Yi Wen‐bin , Cai Chun
Published: April 2013

Sequential and one‐pot approaches to the preparation of unsymmetrical bistriazoles are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: (Iminophosphorane)copper(I) Complexes as Highly Efficient Catalysts for 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azides with Terminal and 1‐Iodoalkynes in Water: One‐Pot Multi‐Component Reaction from Alkynes and in situ Generated Azides.
Authors: Garcia‐Alvarez Joaquin , Diez Josefina , Gimeno Jose , Suarez Francisco J. , Vincent Cristian
Published: April 2013

(Iminophosphorane)copper complexes, e.g. IPC, are efficient catalysts for the synthesis of triazoles under mild and aerobic conditions in aqueous media.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Huisgen Cyclization Using Heterogeneous Copper Catalysts Supported on Chelate Resins.
Authors: Monguchi Yasunari , Nozaki Kei , Maejima Toshihide , Shimoda Yutaka , Sawama Yoshinari , Kitamura Yoshiaki , Kitade Yukio , Sajiki Hironao
Published: April 2013

New copper catalysts supported on commercially available chelate resins possessing iminodiacetic acid (DIAION CR11) and polyamine moieties (DIAION CR20) are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Catalyst for Synthesis of (E)‐3‐Arylidene(thio)chroman‐4‐ones under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Li Hong‐Ya , Li Shu‐Na , Wang Quan , Wang Shu‐Xiang , Zhu Bao‐Cheng
Published: April 2013

Both employed imidazolium ionic liquids are found to be efficient catalysts in the title synthesis of arylidenechromanone derivatives (III) (21 examples in all).
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Substrate Dependence on the Chemoselectivity of the Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Aryl Substituted 1,7‐Enynes.
Authors: Huang Chuhui , Kothandaraman Prasath , Koh Bing Qin , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: April 2013

The substitution pattern of the starting material as well as the steric and electronic nature of the gold catalyst influence the chemoselectivity of this cycloisomerization.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Aryl‐6‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline‐4‐carbonitriles (VII) as Solvent and pH Independent Green Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Enoua Guy Crepin , Uray Georg , Stadlbauer Wolfgang
Published: April 2013

synthesis and electronic spectra
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Intramolecular Electrophilic Aromatic Cyclization in Allylamines: A General Route to Synthesis of Quinolines, Pyrazolo[4,3‐b]pyridines, and Thieno[3,2‐b]pyridines.
Authors: Batchu Harikrishna , Bhattacharyya Soumya , Batra Sanjay
Published: April 2013

A unique method is developed to cyclize α‐aminomethyl β‐aryl or hetaryl substituted acrylic esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4,6‐Disubstituted 2‐(4‐Morpholinyl)pyrimidines by Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Triorganoindium Compounds.
Authors: Martinez M. Montserrat , Perez‐Caaveiro Cristina , Pena‐Lopez Miguel , Sarandeses Luis A. , Perez Sestelo Jose
Published: April 2013

This method allows the synthesis of symmetrical and non‐symmetrical 4,6‐disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives, which is a motif found in bioactive molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of 1H‐Indolo[1,2‐c]quinazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Hao , Jin Yibao , Liu Hongxia , Jiang Yuyang , Fu Hua
Published: April 2013

The products can be easily constructed from o‐bromo‐ and o‐iodo‐phenyl indoles and amidines as starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Aminopyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives from 5‐Acetyl‐6‐amino‐4‐methylsulfanyl‐ or 5‐Acetyl‐6‐amino‐4‐methylsulfonylpyrimidines.
Authors: Komkov A. V. , Voronkova V. A. , Shashkov A. S. , Dorokhov V. A.
Published: April 2013

Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines are successfully obtained starting from pyrimidines bearing vicinal acetyl and methylsulfanyl [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Condensation of Amines and Vicinal Diols to Substituted Piperazines.
Authors: Lorentz‐Petersen Linda L. R. , Nordstroem Lars Ulrik , Madsen Robert
Published: April 2013

Piperazines are prepared without any additives by using 1,2‐diamines and 1,2‐diols or via double condensation between a primary alkylamine and 1,2‐diol.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Fused Seven‐Membered Rings Through Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Sang Peng , Yu Ming , Tu Hangfei , Zou Jianwei , Zhang Yuhong
Published: April 2013

An efficient methodology for the synthesis of fused seven‐membered rings (III) from indole derivatives and 2‐halophenols is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbon—Silicon Bond Activation for Synthesis of Benzosilole Derivatives.
Authors: Onoe Masahiro , Baba Katsuaki , Kim Yoonjoo , Kita Yusuke , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2013

This method yields benzosiloles from 2‐silylphenylboronic acids under mild conditions and with tolerance for a variety of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward and Highly Efficient Synthesis of Diselenocarbamates.
Authors: Pan Xiangqiang , Zhu Jian , Zou Jianping , Zhang Zhengbiao , Cheng Zhenping , Zhou Nianchen , Zhang Wei , Zhu Xiulin
Published: April 2013

Aminium diselenocarbamates, generated in situ from amines and carbon diselenide, react with a broad spectrum of alkyl halides to give the target compounds in a one pot manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium Compounds in Click Chemistry: Copper Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azidomethyl Arylselenides and Alkynes.
Authors: Seus Natalia , Saraiva Maiara T. , Alberto Eduardo E. , Savegnago Lucielli , Alves Diego
Published: April 2013

The title reaction allows an efficient access to biologically important selenium‐containing triazoles like (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosylated Methoxy—Macrolactins from a Marine Sediment Bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
Authors: Shin Hee Jae , Tareq Fakir Shahidullah , Kim Ji Hye , Lee Min Ah , Lee Hyi‐Seung , Lee Yeon‐Ju , Lee Jong‐Seok
Published: April 2013

Isolation and structure elucidation of three new macrolactins (I)—(III) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by TiO2 and Related Titanium Containing Solids
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Navalon Sergio , Corma Avelino , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: April 2013

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highlights on Inorganic Solid State Chemistry and Energy Materials
Authors: Liu Ai Ping , Dong Wen Jun
Published: April 2013

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review of CdO thin Films
Authors: Chandiramouli R. , Jeyaprakash B. G.
Published: April 2013

Review: preparation, properties, applications; 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetocaloric Materials Strained Relations
Authors: Nordblad Per
Published: April 2013

Review: 6 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Entropic Routes for Nano‐bands and Nano‐particles
Authors: Li H. P. , Dey G. K. , Sekhar J. A.
Published: April 2013

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Group XII Metal‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Diversity, Intramolecular Interactions, and Applications
Authors: Budagumpi Srinivasa , Endud Salasiah
Published: April 2013

Review: 188 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organo‐transition Metal Cluster Complexes
Authors: Humphrey Mark G. , Cifuentes Marie P.
Published: April 2013

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Counteranion‐Directed Catalysis: Concept, Definition, and Applications
Authors: Mahlau Manuel , List Benjamin
Published: April 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic and Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Ylijoki Kai E. O. , Stryker Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2013

Review: 272 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Open‐Chain Steroidal Glycosides: A Diverse Class of Plant Saponins
Authors: Challinor Victoria L. , De Voss James J.
Published: April 2013

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protective Groups in the Chemical Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides
Authors: Aralov A. V. , Chakhmakhcheva O. G.
Published: April 2013

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic Xanthone Natural Products: Structure, Biological Activity and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Winter Dana K. , Sloman David L. , Porco, John A Jr.
Published: April 2013

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic C—H Activation Reactions
Authors: Pan Subhas Chandra
Published: April 2013

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metalloporphyrin‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Atom/Group Transfer Reactions
Authors: Ruppel Joshua V. , Fields Kimberly B. , Snyder Nicole L. , Zhang X. Peter
Published: April 2013

Review: 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Benzocyclobutenones and Related Compounds
Authors: Flores‐Gaspar Areli , Martin Ruben
Published: April 2013

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Activating Group Recycling: A Fresh Approach to Arene Functionalization
Authors: Schomaker Jennifer M. , Grigg R. David
Published: April 2013

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions of Aromatic Bis‐triflates: Electronic versus Steric Effects
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Patonay Tamas , Langer Peter
Published: April 2013

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Intermolecular Interactions on Spectral‐Luminescent Properties of a Polyatomic Molecule
Authors: Komarov Platon Valerievich , Plotnikov Viktor Georgievich
Published: April 2013

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Nanotubes, Channels and Cages
Authors: Heddle Jonathan G. , Tame Jeremy R. H.
Published: April 2013

Review: 174 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Overview of Rheological Parameters Affecting Stability of SCC
Authors: Peng Ya , Jacobsen Stefan , De Weerdt Klaartje , Pedersen Bard , Marstrander Britt Blom
Published: April 2013

Review: (SCC: self‐consolidating concrete) 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Trends in Conformational Analysis
Authors: Mazzanti Andrea , Casarini Daniele
Published: April 2013

Review: 203 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Ubiguitous DOTA and Its Derivatives: The Impact of 1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic Acid on Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Stasiuk Graeme J. , Long Nicholas J.
Published: April 2013

Review: 148 refs.
Improved pre‐treatment of porous stainless steel substrate for preparation of Pd‐based composite membrane
Authors: Xu Nong , Ryi Shinkun , Li Anwu , Grace John R. , Lim Jim , Boyd Tony
Published: April 2013

The integrity and robustness of Pd‐based composite membranes depend heavily on the quality of the metallic substrate. This paper presents an improved method for pre‐treating the substrate. Detailed pre‐treatment steps of these porous stainless steel substrates included washing, polishing, etching, coating the first alumina layer, calcining the first alumina layer, coating the second alumina layer, calcining the second alumina layer and repair. The repair cycle was the most helpful step, greatly improving the membrane reproducibility and stability. Repeat coating with dilute suspensions of alumina particles of 0.3 µm mean diameter can repair defects on the top alumina layer. The hydrogen permeation flux was 268 × 10−4 N m3/(m2 h Pa) after one repair cycle, decreasing by 14% after an additional repair cycle. The hydrogen permeation flux of the pre‐treated porous stainless steel substrate was thus maintained at a level comparable with previous work. Surface topography revealed that the average roughness was reduced from 1.15 to 0.47 µm, and the surface Maximum Peak to Valley decreased from 17.5 to 6.0 µm/mm2 as a result of the pre‐treatment.
Long‐term statistical stability of industrial plants: Performance indicators and monitoring of an industrial pet plant
Authors: Filgueiras Viviane , Lima Enrique Luis , Pinto José Carlos
Published: April 2013

In the present work, usual statistical process control (SPC) definitions are reformulated to allow for long‐term analyses, giving rise to extended statistical process control (ESPC) procedures. In order to allow for implementation of the ESPC approach, t‐ and F‐control charts and monitoring indexes (NEPM, EPY and OEP) are designed in this work and are used to monitor the performance of a real industrial poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) site based on six process outputs (intrinsic viscosity, crystallinity, acetaldehyde concentration and colours a, b and L). As shown in this manuscript, ESPC tools allow for proper and systematic analysis of huge amounts of industrial data, using simple, fast and efficient statistical techniques, which can be used to improve the quality of the process operation in most industrial polymerisation plants.
Gelsolin expression increases β1‐integrin affinity and L1210 cell adhesion
Authors: Langereis Jeroen D. , Koenderman Leo , Huttenlocher Anna , Ulfman Laurien H.
Published: April 2013

Integrins are functionally regulated by “inside‐out” signaling, in that stimulus‐induced signaling pathways act on the intracellular integrin tail to regulate the activity of the receptor on the outside. Both a change in conformation (affinity) and clustering (avidity/valency) of the receptors occurs, but the mechanisms that regulate inside out signaling are not completely understood. Previously, we identified gelsolin in a proteomics screen to identify proteins involved in inside‐out control of integrins using the lymphocytic leukemia cell line L1210. Furthermore, we showed that gelsolin was involved in affinity regulation of β1‐integrins in the leukemic cell line U937. Here, we examined how gelsolin regulates β1‐integrin affinity in the leukemia cell line L1210. We show that gelsolin is mainly expressed at the cell membrane and is present near β1‐integrins. The role for actin polymerization in integrin affinity regulation was examined using the actin modulating agent jasplakinolide, which decreased β1‐integrin affinity. Similarly, knock‐down of gelsolin in L1210 cells also decreased β1‐integrin affinity and cell adhesion to collagen. These data suggest that increased actin polymerization through gelsolin regulates β1‐integrin affinity and cell adhesion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Anti‐herpetic Activity of Phosphoramidate ProTides
Authors: Maiti Munmun , Persoons Leentje , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert , Balzarini Jan , Herdewijn Piet
Published: April 2013

Among the many prodrug approaches aimed at delivering nucleoside monophosphates into cells, the phosphoramidate ProTide approach is one that has shown success, which has made it possible for some of the phosphoramidates to enter into clinical trials. Herein, we report the synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of phosphoramidate ProTides designed to bypass the thymidine kinase (TK) dependence of the parent nucleoside analogues. Phosphoramidate derivatives of (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU) that contain L‐alanine or pivaloyloxymethyl iminodiacetate (IDA‐POM) exhibit anti‐HSV‐1 and anti‐VZV activity in cell cultures, but they largely lost antiviral potency against TK‐deficient virus strains. Among deazapurine nucleosides and their phosphoramidate derivatives, the 7‐deazaadenine containing nucleosides and their phosphoramidate triester derivatives showed weak antiviral activity against VZV. Apparently, intracellular nucleotide delivery with these phosphoramidates is partly successful. However, none of the compound prodrugs showed superior activity to their parent drugs.
A mathematical model of natural killer cell activity
Authors: Scherbakova Anna , Lust Helen , Everaus Hele , Aints Alar
Published: April 2013

Natural killer (NK) cells are capable of lysing their target cells with the help of perforin. The application of these cells for immunotherapy requires the estimation of their potency for the purpose of validation and batch‐to‐batch comparison. Cytotoxicity measurements have been carried out at only a few effector target ratios, therefore, allowing only semiquantitative assessment at best. By using a novel approach of varying the effector target ratio continuously and careful analysis of the experimental data after the reactions, we have achieved a precision necessary for constructing a mathematical model of cytotoxic reaction. Curve‐fitting to experimental data indicates that NK cell cytotoxicity follows the law of mass action and fits the model of a single ligand–receptor interaction. The method allows to use the value of half‐maximal lysis to describe the potency of cytotoxic NK cells numerically. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry