bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative structure of the osmophores in the flowers of Stanhopea graveolens Lindley and Cycnoches chlorochilon Klotzsch (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Antoń Sebastian , Kamińska Magdalena , Stpiczyńska Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The structure of the osmophores in Stanhopea graveolens and Cycnoches chlorochilon was studied by means of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The scent glands are located in the basal part of the labellum. The surface of the osmophores is wrinkled or rugose, which increases the area of fragrance emission. On the surface of the epidermis, remnants of secretion are noticeable in S. graveolens, but these are absent in C. chlorochilon. The osmophore tissue is composed of secretory epidermal cells and several layers of subepidermal parenchyma, and it is supplied by vascular bundles that run in ground parenchyma. The secretory cells have large nuclei, a dense cytoplasm with numerous ER profiles, lipid droplets, and plastids with a substantial amount of starch, which are probably involved in the synthesis of volatile substances. In the cell walls of the osmophore cells, numerous pits with plasmodesmata occur that are likely to take part in symplastic transport of the scent compounds. The structure of the osmophores is similar in both investigated species. Both S. graveolens and C. chlorochilon are pollinated by euglossine bees, and such similarity results from adaptation to effective scent emission and attraction of pollinators.
The ecological features of flowers and inflorescences of two species of the genus Petasites Miller (Asteraceae)
Authors: Haratym Weronika , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

The structural features of flowers and inflorescences of Petasites hybridus and P. albus were compared. Only individuals producing flower heads with male flowers and few female flowers were found in the studied populations. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for examination. The present study shows that the stems of the above- -mentioned species differed in height and number of flower heads, but the number of flowers per head was similar. Larger flowers were found on the stems of P. albus. The following features has been found to play an important role in pollination ecology: the strongly contrasting colours of the floral parts; on the petals, the occurrence of several types of cells which can increase the attractiveness of the flowers by refracting sunlight in a different way; production of odorous oils by the petal cells; production of significant amounts of pollen offered to insects by the well-developed pollen presenters; the development of nectaries and nectar production by the male flowers as well as the development of colour attractants by the corolla, anthers, and bracts.
The relationship between flowering phenology and pollen seasons of Alnus Miller
Authors: Dąbrowska Agnieszka , Kaszewski Bogusław Michał
Published: April 2013

The dynamics of flowering and pollen release in anemophilous plants and the length of the particular phases depend largely on the geobotanical features of a region, its climate, meteorological factors, biological characteristics of vegetation, and abundance of pollen resources. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the flowering phases in eight Alnus taxa and the dynamics of occurrence and abundance of airborne pollen grains as well as the meteorological factors (maximum and minimum temperature, relative air humidity, maximum wind speed, and precipitation). The flowering phenophases and pollen seasons were studied in 2008–2011. Phenological observations of flowering were conducted in the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Botanical Garden in Lublin and they involved the following taxa: Alnus crispa var. mollis, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. incana ‘Aurea’, A. incana ‘Pendula’, A. maximowiczii, A. rubra and A. subcordata. Spearman’s r correlation coefficients were calculated in order to determine the relationship between the dynamics of inflorescence development and meteorological conditions. Aerobiological monitoring using the gravimetric method was employed in the determination of Alnus pollen content in the air. The annual phenological cycles in 2008-2011 varied distinctly in terms of the time of onset of successive flowering phases in the Alnus taxa studied, which depended largely on the taxonomic rank and meteorological factors. The following flowering sequence was revealed in the 2008-2011 growing seasons: A. subcordata (December or January), A. incana ‘Pendula’, A. incana, A. maximowiczii, A. rubra, A. glutinosa, A. incana ‘Aurea’ (February or March), and A. crispa var. mollis (April). The study demonstrated that the pollen of the taxa persisted in the air, on average, from mid-December to early May. The mean length of the flowering period, which coincided with various phases of the pollen season, was 17 days. The Alnus pollen season in 2008 started at the end of January and lasted until mid-March. In 2009, 2010, and 2011, the beginning of the pollen season was recorded in the first week of March and the end in the first week of April. The maximum concentration of airborne Alnus pollen was found at the full bloom stage of mainly A. glutinosa and A. rubra. Inflorescence development was most closely related to temperature and relative air humidity; there was a weaker relationship with wind speed and precipitation.
Response of hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana L.) to UV-B radiation
Authors: Stokłosa Agnieszka , Madani Hamid , Upadhyaya Mahesh K.
Published: April 2013

This greenhouse experiment evaluated the response of hoary alyssum plants, up to the rosette phase, to different levels of UV-B radiation. The experiment was carried out in the chambers, equipped with UV-B lamps, emitting biologically effective UV-B radiation of 0 (control), 4, 6 or 8 kJ. As a result, specific traits of the plants such as: leaf number, lamina length, leaf area, specific leaf weight, relative chlorophyll content and shoot biomass were unaffected by any of the UV-B treatments. Significant reductions in the share of large leaves, leaf stalk length and root biomass were noted for plants growing under 8 kJ UV-BBE.
Deriving isolates of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis DC. f.sp. avenae Em. Marchal.) in common oat (Avena sativa L.) and using them to identify selected resistance genes
Authors: Okoń Sylwia , Kowalczyk Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

Powdery mildew in common oat is caused by Blumeria graminis DC. f.sp. avenae Em. Marchal. Host-pathogen tests are commonly used to identify and locate resistance genes to powdery mildew in cereals. The aim of the study was to determine the virulence of powdery mildew isolates obtained from powdery mildew populations harvested in Poland and to identify OMR1, OMR2 and OMR3 resistance genes to powdery mildew in F2 populations of inter-cultivar hybrids of common oat: Bruno × Fuchs, Jumbo × Fuchs and Mostyn × Fuchs. On the basis of the analysis conducted, isolates enabling division of the studied populations into groups of resistant and susceptible plants were selected. M10 and M14 isolates were chosen for the population which was obtained from crossbreeding of ‘Bruno’ with ‘Fuchs’; these isolates demonstrated avirulence to Bruno cultivar containing OMR1 gene. In order to divide population obtained from crossbreeding of ‘Jumbo’ with ‘Fuchs’, M13 and M16 isolates were chosen; they demonstrated avirulence to the cultivar Jumbo containing the OMR2 gene. On the basis of the tests conducted, it was impossible to select isolates characterised by avirulence to the OMR3 gene. In the F2 population of Bruno × Fuchs and Jumbo × Fuchs hybrids, a division was made into resistant and susceptible plants. The obtained results were verified by the 2 test; the proportion in the dispersion matching model was found to be 3 resistant plants: 1 sensitive plant both in the Bruno × Fuchs and Jumbo × Fuchs populations. Such dispersion indicated that the resistance to powdery mildew in the studied cultivars Bruno and Jumbo was conditioned by single dominant genes.
Response of winter rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg., Sinsk) to foliar fertilization and different seeding rates
Authors: Kwiatkowski Cezary A.
Published: April 2013

A field experiment in growing winter rape was carried out during the period 2009-2011 in a family farm (owned by Mr. M. Bednarczyk) located in Jaroszewice (Lublin region), on podzolic soil. Plant biometric features as well as yield and seed qualitative parameters (oil, protein and glucosinolate content) were evaluated depending on the following rates of soil NPK fertilizers and on foliar fertilization (autumn spraying with the fertilizer solution): 100% and 75% of NPK as well as urea + nickel chelate + MgSO4H2O; 100% and 75% of NPK as well as urea + Plonvit R + MgSO4H2O). Plots without foliar fertilization (only 100% of NPK) were the control treatment. The other experimental factor was the seeding rate (2.5 kg×ha-1 – 30 cm row spacing; 4 kg×ha-1 – 18 cm row spacing). Foliar spraying was done once in the autumn in the second decade of October. Tillage as well as mechanical and chemical control of agricultural pests in the plantation were typical for this plant species and consistent with the recommendations for winter rape protection. A hypothesis was made that the application of foliar fertilizers would have a beneficial effect on winter rape productivity, at the same time maintaining the high quality of raw material. It was also assumed that a reduction in the seeding rate of winter oilseed rape would result in reduced plant lodging and an increased number of siliques per plant; as a consequence, seed and oil productivity would be at a level not lower than that obtained at the higher seeding rate. The present study has proved that foliar fertilization of winter oilseed rape in the autumn period contributes to improved plant winter hardiness and increased productivity. The application of foliar fertilizers also enables the rates of basic mineral NPK fertilizers to be reduced by 25% without detriment to seed yield. Foliar fertilizers have been found to have a weaker effect on changing the chemical composition of rapeseed. The study has shown that, from the productive point of view, it is justified to use the lower seeding rate (2.5 kg×ha-1), since winter rape yield (seed and oil yield) did not significantly differ from that found in the case of the higher seeding rate (4.0 kg×ha-1).
Morphological characters, plant phenology and yield of spring barley (Hordeum sativum L.) depending on cultivar properties and sowing date
Authors: Noworolnik Kazimierz
Published: April 2013

During the period 2008-2010, microplot experiments on spring barley were carried out in the experimental field of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Puławy, on a good wheat soil complex. The following cultivars were compared: ‘Conchita’, ‘Kormoran’, ‘Rufus’, ‘Skald’, ‘Skarb’ (2008-2009) as well as ‘Afrodite’, ‘Aliciana’, ‘Bordo’, ‘Skald’, and ‘Suweren’ (2009-2010), in terms of their morphological characters determining grain yield and their response to sowing date: 7-12 April and 17-22 April. Among the spring barley cultivars tested, there were large differences in productive tillering of plants, number of ears per unit area, and grain yield. Smaller differences related to number of grains per ear and 1000 grain weight. The cultivars ‘Suweren’ and ‘Skarb’ were characterized by high grain yield thanks to greater plant tillering and higher number of ears. The cultivar ‘Bordo’ was marked by the highest number of grains per ear, while cv. ‘Kormoran’ had the highest 1000 grain weight. A delayed sowing date caused a shortening of the growing season by 8-9 days and a shortening of all plant growth stages. This negatively affected number of ears per unit area and grain yield, but did not result in significant changes in number of grains per ear and 1000 grain weight. ‘Suweren’ and ‘Skarb’, i.e. cultivars with higher tillering ability, can be considered to be cultivars more tolerant to delayed sowing date.
Gunter Pritsch - "Bienenweide", published by Kosmos, Stuttgart, 2007
Authors: Wróblewska Anna
Published: April 2013

The reviewed book “Bienenweide” (“Bee pastures”) is a compendium of knowledge on honey bee plants. Its advantage is its rich photographic documentation in the form of excellently reproduced colourful photographs and tabulated data which are easily accessible for the reader. It can be a valuable scientific resource for researchers involved in evaluation of the apicultural value of both crop plants and plants found in natural plant communities. This book can also provide valuable information to practi-cing beekeepers interested in species selection designed to expand food resources for the honey bee and other pollinators. It can also be re-commended as the literature of the subject to university students in the fields of agriculture and horticulture.
Fungi colonizing dead leaves of herbs
Authors: Kowalik Maria
Published: April 2013

The material was collected from the Botanical Garden and the Collegium Medicum Medicinal Plant Garden of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. The investigated species were: lemon balm (Mellisa officinalis L.), common lavender (Lavendula angustifolia Mill.), horsemint (Mentha longifolia L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), and wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.). The aim of the investigation was to identify fungi causing the death of leaf tissues of herbs from the mint family Lamiaceae. In mycological investigations, 180 fragments of each plant leaves (1,080 dead leaf fragments in total) were placed in a 2% PDA medium. Over 970 colonies of fungi belonging to 48 species were isolated from the dead leaf tissues of the six herb species. Alternaria alternata (toxin-producing), Epicoccum nigrum and Sordaria fimicola were the most frequently isolated. The largest numbers of colonies and species of fungi were isolated from horsemint, while the lowest numbers were from wild marjoram leaves. It was shown that the death of leaves of selected herb species from the Lamiaceae family was caused by various fungi. The results of the mycological analysis confirmed the diversity of species colonizing the leaves of the herbs.
The effect of bulb size and application method of asahi sl biostimulator on the growth and yield of Allium moly L.
Authors: Laskowska Halina , Pogroszewska Elżbieta , Durlak Wojciech , Kozak Danuta
Published: April 2013

An experiment aimed at examining the effect of bulb size and the method of application of Asahi SL biostimulator on the growth and yield of Allium moly L. was conducted in the years 2005–2008. Four sizes of bulbs were used in the experiment (3–4, 4–5, 5–6, and 6–7 cm in circumference). Asahi SL was applied in the following combinations: bulb soaking for 45 minutes in the biostimulator solution prior to planting; plant spraying at the green bud stage; soaking combined with plant spraying; and the control treatment without application of the stimulator. Asahi SL was applied at a concentration of 0.2%. After the first frost, the experimental plots were mulched with wheat straw. During the experiment, the decorative value of the plants was evaluated and the following features were determined: inflorescence stem length, inflorescence diameter, and number of flowers per inflorescence. Total yield was evaluated after bulb harvest. The size of Allium moly bulbs planted was found to determine the quality of inflorescence stems and total yield of daughter bulbs expressed in their number and weight. Inflorescence stems of high ornamental value and high total yield of daughter bulbs resulted from planting bulbs of 5–6 and 6–7 cm in circumference. The application of 0.2% solution of Asahi by spraying green buds or the combination of spraying and bulb soaking prior to planting are very beneficial for the quality of inflorescence stems and yield of daughter bulbs. The application of 0.2% solution of Asahi SL by plant spraying leads to an increase in total quantitative yield of bulbs by 10% or 8% in case of the combined use of both application methods. Bulb soaking combined with plant spraying leads to an.
Effect of organic media on growth and development of patiola F1 horned violet (Viola cornuta L.)
Authors: Janicka Dorota , Dobrowolska Agnieszka
Published: April 2013

The specificity of horticultural production makes it possible to use substrates based on compost from municipal and industrial waste, particularly in the cultivation of ornamental plants. Experiments were conducted in the years 2005–2007. Six horned violet cultivars (Viola cornuta  L.) from Patiola F1 group and four substrates were used in them: I – sphagnum peat; II – substrate from peat and compost 1 (1:1 v/v); III – substrate from peat and compost 2 (1:1 v/v); IV – coconut fibre. Compost 1 was prepared using municipal sewage sludge (35%), potato pulp (35%) and straw (30%). Compost 2 was prepared using municipal sewage sludge (35%), potato pulp (35%) and sawdust (30%). Composts after 10 months of composting were used in the research. The addition of municipal sewage sludge composts did not cause observable adverse changes in plants grown. Composts made from municipal sewage sludge are rich in nutrients. Plants that are grown in substrates with the addition of composts and in a peat substrate grow and develop properly without the necessity of introducing top dressing.
Characteristics of achenes in Potentilla collina group (Rosaceae)
Authors: Kołodziejek Jeremi , Gabara Barbara
Published: April 2013

Achenes morphology in taxa from Potentilla collina s.l. i.e., P. collina Wibel s.s., P. leucopolitana P.J. Müller, P. thyrsiflora Hülsen ex Zimmet., P. thyrsiflora var. isosepala Th. W., P. silesiaca Uechtr. And P. wimanniana Günther and Schummel was examined with stereoscope and scanning electron microscopy. Achenes of these taxa varied slightly in shape, size and colour, while marked differences among them appeared in the surface sculpture and in the dimensions of aril, dorsal ridge and ribs. SEM analyses allowed to distinguish two distinct morphological types of achenes. Type I - with ruminate sculpture and aggregates of some material, various in shape and size, at the surface of partly destroyed epidermal cells covering fruit wall in P. leucopolitana, P. wimanniana and P. thyrsiflora. Type II - with ruminate-reticulate sculpture due to well preserved epidermal cells in P. silesiaca and P. thyrsiflora var. isosepala. The obtained results have supported Błocki’s suggestion to treat P. thyrsiflora var. isosepala as a separate species named P. isosepala. However, similarities in the surface sculpture of achenes in some taxa of P. collina group did not facilitate their classification, therefore this feature may be a valuable taxonomical criterium only in combination with others.
Lipid peroxidation in plant cells, its physiological role and changes under heavy metal stress
Authors: Skórzyńska-Polit Ewa
Published: April 2013

Lipid peroxidation, which is a natural and essential process, can occur in a non-enzymatic and/or enzymatic way in plant cells. Some of its products have cytotoxic effects on cells, but others function as plant effectors. The lipid peroxidation in plants exposed to heavy metal stress depends on the metal, plant organ, plant species and its genotype.
Nymphaeetum albae Vollmar 1947 em. Oberd. in Oberd. et al. 1967, a plant association new to Poland
Authors: Spałek Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

The paper presents a water plant community new to Poland - Nymphaeetum albae Vollmar 1947 em. Oberd. in Oberd. et al. 1967, belonging to the i class. It was discovered in fishponds in Pokój near Namysłów, Lasowice Małe near Kluczbork and small ponds in Staniszcze Małe near Opole in Silesia (SW Poland). Floristic composition and ecological requirements of this association are presented in the paper. Nymphaeetum albae is considered to be a rare and endangered plant community in Europe.
Stratification conditions determining seed dormancy release of European bladder nut (Staphylea pinnata L.)
Authors: Tylkowski Tadeusz
Published: April 2013

European bladder nut has its northern limit in Poland and is legally protected. Climatic conditions, edible seeds attractive for small animals and seed dormancy to a large extent affect its restocking under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to determine conditions for seed dormancy release. Nuts dried after collection to ca 11% of moisture content (fresh weight basis) may be stored without loss of seed viability for over 1 year in a cold store at the temperature of -3oC. For the purpose of seed dormancy release nuts need to be stratified. Seed dormancy release was found highest after the application of warm-followed-by-cold stratification, first for 4-6 weeks at the temperature of 15oC or at cyclically alternating temperature of 10~20oC (24+24 h/cycle), followed by 16-18 weeks at 3oC. Seeds germinate at 3oC with the same rate as at cyclically alternating temperature of 3~15oC (16+8 h/day). Drying of nuts at room temperature to approx. 11% during the warm stratification phase (after 2 or 4 weeks) and further stratification resulted in a significant increase in seed germinability. In some seed lots scarification of nuts (dried during the warm stratification phase) contributes to a further significant increase of seed germinability.
Anthracene derivatlves in some species of Rumex L genus
Authors: Smolarz Helena D. , Wegiera Magdalena , Wianowska Dorota , Dawidowicz Andrzej L.
Published: April 2013

Eight anthracene derivatives (chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, barbaloin, sennoside A and sennoside B) were signified in six species of Rumex L. genus: R. acetosa L., R. acetosella L., R. confertus Willd., R. crispus L., R. hydrolapathum Huds. and R. obtusifolius L. For the investigations methanolic extracts were prepared from the roots, leaves and fruits of these species. Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied for separation, identification and quantitative determination of anthracene derivatives. The identity of these compounds was further confirmed with UV-VIS. Received data were compared. The roots are the best organs for the accumulation of anthraquinones. The total amount of the detected compounds was the largest in the roots of R. confertus (163.42 mg/g), smaller in roots R. crispus (25.22 mg/g) and the smallest in roots of R. hydrolapathum (1.02 mg/g).
SEM observations of pollen grains, fruits and seeds of the Pieniny Mountains (South Poland) endemic species Erysimum pieninicum (Zapał.) Pawł. (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Maciejewska Irmina , Bednorz Leszek , Fujiki Toshiyuki
Published: April 2013

Erysimum pieninicum (Zapał.) Pawł. (Brassicaceae) is an endemic species, growing only in Pieniny Mts. The aim of the presented work was to investigate its pollen morphology as well as its ultrastructural traits of pericarp and seed-coat. Pollen grains of this species were of small size, 3-zonocolpate with reticulate ornamentation. The external siliqua surface was of rugose sculpture, covered by numerous, stellate hairs. The internal surface of the fruit was naked and characterized by striate sculpture. The seed-coat ornamentation of E. pieninicum was of blister type.
Rare and threatened pondweed communities in anthropogenic water bodies of Opole Silesia (SW Poland)
Authors: Nowak Arkadiusz , Nowak Sylwia , Czerniawska-Kusza Izabela
Published: April 2013

The paper presents results of geobotanic studies conducted in anthropogenic water bodies like excavation ponds, fish culture ponds, other ponds, dam reservoirs, ditches, channels and recreational pools incl. watering places in Opole Silesia and surroundings in the years 2002-2005. The research focused on occurrence of threatened and rare pondweed communities. As the result of the investigations of several dozen of water bodies, 28 localities of rare pondweed communities were documented by 75 phytosociological relevés. Associations of Potametum trichoidis J. et R Tx. in R. Tx. 1965, Potametum praelongi Sauer 1937, P. alpini Br.-Bl. 1949, P. acutifolii Segal 1961, P. obtusifolii (Carst. 1954) Segal 1965 and P. perfoliati W. Koch 1926 em. Pass. 1964 were found as well as communities formed by Potamogeton berchtoldii, P. nodosus and P. pusillus. The study confirms that anthropogenic reservoirs could serve as last refugees for many threatened pondweed communities, which decline or even extinct in their natural habitats. The results indicate that man-made habitats could shift the range limits of threatened species and support their dispersal. The authors conclude that habitats strongly transformed by man are important factors in the natural syntaxonomical diversity protection and should not be omitted in strategies of nature conservation.
Impact of air pollution on the occurrence of Rhytisma acerinium "tar-spot" on mapie leaves
Authors: Kosiba Piotr
Published: April 2013

The aim of the study was, to find out whether the occurrence of Rhytisma acerinium and the variability of numbers of the "tar-spot" fungus on Acer platanoides leaves depend on the degree of environmental pollution. A significant variability was found between sites in relation to contents of chemical elements in soils, leaves and numbers of "tar-spots". The similarity of sites presented in dendrograms classified them as industrial, urban-agglomeration and vehicle-transport areas. The factor and PCA analyses showed that two factors differentiate the soil of the sites in respect of Fe, Cu, Co, Mo, Cr, Ni, Cd and N, S, Mn, Pb. In case of leaves of A. platanoides populations differentiate them in respect of N, S, Fe, Pb, Zn, Co, Be, Cr, Cd and Mn, Cu, Mo. The different air pollutions affect significantly the numbers of "tar-spots" on leaves. Sites with the highest contents of elements do not show "tar-spots", and the factors restricting their occurrence are the high contents, mainly of N, S (NOX, SOX) and heavy metals. In sites, with the lowest contents of these elements massive infections take place. The occurrence of R. acerinium corresponding with the level of site pollution can be used as a tool for evaluation of the degree of environmental pollution.
Two tomato endoglucanases have a function during syncytium development
Authors: Lichocka Małgorzata , Golinowski Władysław
Published: April 2013

Globodera rostochiensis, as well as other cyst nematodes, induces formation of a multinucleate feeding site, called syncytium, in host roots. In tomato roots infected with a potato cyst nematode, the syncytium is initiated in the cortex or pericycle. Progressive cell wall dissolution and subsequent fusion of protoplasts of newly incorporated cells lead to syncytium formation. Expansion and development of a syncytium strongly depends on modifications of a cell wall, including its degradation, elongation, thickening, and formation of ingrowths within it in close contact with tracheary elements. Recent reports have demonstrated that during formation of syncytium, numerous genes of plant origin, coding for cell wall-modifying enzymes are up-re-gulated. In this research, we studied a detailed distribution and function of two tomato 1,4-β-endoglucanases in developing feeding sites induced by G. rostochiensis. In situ localization of tomato LeCel7 and LeCel8 transcripts and proteins demonstrated that these enzymes were specifically up-regulated within syncytium and in the cells adjacent to the syncytium. In non-infected roots an expression of LeCel7 and LeCel8 was observed in the root cap and lateral root primordia. Our data confirm that cell wall-modifying enzymes of plant origin have a role in a modification of cell wall within syncytia, and demonstrate that plant endoglucanases are involved in syncytia formation.
Nomenclatural changes in L/par/s-complex (Malaxidinae, Epidendroideae)
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Margońska Hanna B. , Kułak Magdalena
Published: April 2013

Explanation of taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of few taxa of Liparis sensu lato are compiled. Taxonomic status of Disticholiparis is confirmed. New nomenclatural combinations within Stichorkis are proposed.
Algae commensal community in Genlisea traps
Authors: Wołowski Konrad , Płachno Bartosz Jan
Published: April 2013

The community of algae occurring in Genlisea traps and on the external traps surface in laboratory conditions were studied. A total of 29 taxa were found inside the traps, with abundant diatoms, green algae (Chlamydophyceae) and four morphotypes of chrysophytes stomatocysts. One morphotype is described as new for science. There are two ways of algae getting into Genlisea traps. The majority of those recorded inside the traps, are mobile; swimming freely by flagella or moving exuding mucilage like diatoms being ablate to colonize the traps themselves. Another possibility is transport of algae by invertebrates such as mites and crustaceans. In any case algae in the Genlisea traps come from the surrounding environment. Two dominant groups of algae (Chladymonas div. and diatoms) in the trap environment, show ability to hydrolyze phosphomonoseters. We suggest that algae in carnivorous plant traps can compete with plant (host) for organic phosphate (phosphomonoseters). From the spectrum and ecological requirements of algal species found in the traps, environment inside the traps seems to be acidic. However, further studies are needed to test the relations between algae and carnivorous plants both in laboratory conditions and in the natural environment. All the reported taxa are described briefly and documented with 74 LM and SEM micrographs.
Liquid shoot culture of Salvia officinalis L. for micropropagation and production of antioxidant compounds; effect of triacontanol
Authors: Grzegorczyk Izabela , Wysokińska Halina
Published: April 2013

Liquid shoot culture of Salvia officinalis L. in MS medium containing IAA (0.1 mg l-1) and BAP (0.45 mg l-1) was developed and evaluated in relation to shoot multiplication and antioxidant compound (carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid) accumulation. In the liquid medium, on average, 3 new shoots per explant (shoot tip) were obtained within 3 weeks. The shoots produced 8.2±0.02 mg of diterpenoids and 31.2±0.29 mg of rosmarinic acid per gram of dry weight. Shoot proliferation and diterpenoid content increased when triacontanol (5, 10 or 20 pg l-1) was added to the liquid medium. In optimum conditions (at 20 pg l-1 TRIA) almost 7 shoots were formed per explant after 3 weeks. An increase in diterpenoid production (expressed as the sum of carnosol and carnosic acid) ranged from 30% to 50% and dependended on triacontanol concentration tested. The level of diterpenoids in triacontanol-treated shoots was similar to the content of compounds in commercial herbal product (dried leaves of S. officinalis) (10-12 mg g-1 dry wt). Triacontanol did not increase rosmarinic acid production, but the content of the phenolic as compound in shoots grown in liquid culture (31 mg g-1 dry wt) was even 24 times higher compared to samples of dried leaves of S. officinalis plants. We also demonstrated that the highest amounts of CA, Car and RA were accumulated in young, top parts of sage shoots. This observation could be useful for improving the selection of material for the extraction of natural antioxidants from S. officinalis.
Notes on the subtribe Chloraeinae (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Tukałło Piotr
Published: April 2013

The current and past taxonomic status of Chloraeinae is presented; concepts of subtribe origin are also discussed. Two genera are described as new to science: Chileorchis Szlach., gen. nov., Correorchis Szlach., gen. nov. and six new combinations at the species level are validated. Two other genera, Bieneria Rchb.f. and Ulantha Hook., are reinstated. Additionally, a key to genera of Chloraeinae is provided.
Between-population variation in plant performance traits and elemental composition of Colchicum autumnale L. and its relation to edaphic environments
Authors: Mróz Lucyna
Published: April 2013

Variation in vegetative and reproductive performance and leaf mineral composition among 25 populations of Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron) from soils derived from six parent materials (limestone, marl, sandstone, greenstone, melaphyre and serpentine) in southwestern Poland has been investigated. The plant size (PS), total le-af area (TLA), leaf shape (LS), number of fruits per plant (NFP), number of seeds per plant (NFP), total weight seed per plant (TWSP) were estimated, and concentrations of seventeen elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo) were analyzed in leaf and soil samples. In soil samples, also soil pH, organic matter content and sand, silt and clay content were determined. All soils (except melaphyre soil) contained elevated levels of Cr. Concentrations of soil Ni and Zn, Pb, Cd in serpentinite soil and polluted marl soils (respectively) were significantly higher than those of other examined soils. Meadow saffron leaves from all sites (except marl sites) contained elevated levels of Cr, Co and Ni. Statistical analysis, carried out with principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that a good correlation exists between the element content in leaves and plant performance traits and soil environment. The leaf Ca content and NFP were correlated and were much higher in populations from metal (except Cr) and nutrient-poor marl soils than in those from metal (except Ni in serpentine soil)and nutrient moderate rich soils derived from melaphyre, greenstones, serpentinite, limestones and sandstones and in those from metal-rich and nutrient-poor polluted marl soils. Meadow saffron plants tended to take up higher amounts of N, P, K, Mn, Cu and Na and lower amounts of S and had much higher TLA in populations from sandstone soils than those in populations from serpentinite, melaphyre, greenstone, marl and limestone soils. The leaf Co, Ni, Cr, Mg concentrations were correlated and were much higher in populations from serpentinite, melaphyre, greenstone, polluted marl and limestone soils than those from marl and sandstone soils. The pattern of variation in NFP and TLA across the different soil types was the opposite of that for leaf N, Cu, Na, Ni, Mg and S concentrations. Redundancy analysis (RDA) enables identification of the soil variables that best explain the variance pattern of plant response. The variation explained by the soil variables (15 soil elements and soil pH) was high (79%). The forward selection of soil variables identified soil Co, Mo, Ni, Ca and Zn concentrations as significantly influencing the ordination plant traits. The variation explained by these selected variables was 55%. Thus the five soil variables appeared to be the main factors determining the pattern variation of vegetative, reproductive and nutrient traits of Colchicum autumnale.
Post-fire succession on abandoned fields in coniferous forest habitat (Nord-East Poland)
Authors: Kwiatkowska-Falińska Anna J.
Published: April 2013

In July, 1992, fire swept through the Jelonka Reserve (52o35'33"N; 23o22'10"E). Litter, herbs layer and juniper shrubs were razed and the tree trunks of Pinus sylvestris and Populus tremula damaged, which resulted in their death the following year. Five research plots of 25 m2 each were established in the post-fire area. The species present there and their degrees of coverage were listed on the Londo scale between 1993 and 2002. The calculation of average degrees of coverage for individual populations allowed for the establishing of a chronological pattern of post-fire succession. The following findings have been made: 1) the primary function in colonization belongs to species of guerilla strategy of growth whose dormant buds survived fire underground (Holcus mollis, Calluna vulgaris and Populus tremula) or phalanx strategy of growth (Corynephoms canescens); 2) the dominants of the initial succession stage are perennial grasses, not therophytes; 3) the spatial pattern of succession is influenced by the occurrence of H. mollis or C. canescens in a particular location; 4) the initial stage terminates with the occurrence and further growth of C. vulgaris clumps; the post-fire succession in the Jelonka Reserve attained a brushwood stage faster in comparison to secondary succession, formerly triggered by the cessation of cultivation on arable land.
The variability of natural populations of Brachypodium pinnatum and B. sylvaticum based on morphological features
Authors: Paszko Beata
Published: April 2013

The morphological diversity in 25 populations of two native species of Brachypodium occurring in Poland, was studied. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of morphometric data segregate specimens or populations of Brachypodium into two groups, corresponding to the two species. In most of morphological characters, B. pinnatum and B. sylvaticum are similar to each other. However, in terms of characteristics, such as the hairiness of culms and leaf-sheaths both can also vary much within a single population. In comparison with B. pinnatum, B. sylvaticum always has pubescent abaxial palea surfaces. Apparent differences were not detected between the two ecotypes of B. pinnatum named "Grassland" and "Woodland".
Comparative cytogenetic analysis of diploid and hexaploid Chenopodium album Agg
Authors: Kolano Bożena , Siwińska Dorota , Małuszyńska Jolanta
Published: April 2013

Two cytotypes of Chenopodium album, diploid (2n=2x=18) and hexaploid (2n=6x=54), were analysed using flow cytometry and a FISH experiment. The genome size was indicated as 1.795 pg for the diploid and 3.845 pg for the hexaploid plants which suggested genome downsizing in the evolution of hexaploid cytotype. Double FISH with 25S rDNA and 5S rDNA allowed three to five homologue chromosome pairs to be distinguished depending on the cytotype. The Variation in size and number of rDNA sites between the polyploid C. album and its putative diploid ancestor indicated that rDNA loci underwent rearrangements after polyploidization. Flow cytometry measurements of the relative nuclear DNA content in the somatic tissue of C. album revealed extensive endopolyploidization resulting in tissues comprising a mixture of cells with a different DNA content (from 2C to 32C) in varying proportions. The pattern of endopolyploidy was characteristic for the developmental stage of the plant and for the individual organ. Polysomaty was not observed in the embryo tissues however endopolyploidization had taken place in most tested organs of seedlings. The endopolyploidy in diploid and hexaploid C. album was compared to find any relationship between the pattern of polysomaty and polyploidy level in this species. This revealed that polyploid plants showed a decline in the number of endocycles as well as in the frequency of endopolyploidy cells compared to diploid plants.
Spatial structure of a natural mixed topodeme of subalpine Sorbus taxa
Authors: Gömöry Dušan , Krajmerová Diana
Published: April 2013

Spatial distribution and genetic variation of a population of Sorbus chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz and putative hybrids between S. chamaemespilus, S. aria and S. aucuparia growing in the nature reserve Skalnä Alpa (central Slovakia) were studied. The analysis of spatial patterns using Ripley's K-function revealed a significant clustering of the adults of both S. chamaemespilus and hybrid taxa at distances up to ~15 m and a strong affinity between both taxonomical groups, indicating similar ecological requirements. Bivariate point-pattern analysis considering cardinal direction showed that juvenile individuals of S. chamaemespilus are clustered around the adults up to the distance of ~2 m, whereas in hybrid taxa with larger and more dense crowns, juveniles are clustered at distances more than ~3 m from the adults. The analysis of genetic variation in a subset of adult shrubs using 4 nuclear microsatellite loci revealed that unlike expected, there was no variation in S. chamaemespilus but several genotypes were found in the group of hybrid taxa. Implications for the reproduction system and conservation of the investigated taxa are discussed.
Is Viola uliginosa critically endangered in Poland? - New data on the distribution of the species
Authors: Krawczyk Rafał , Nobis Agnieszka , Nobis Marcin , Cwener Anna
Published: April 2013

Viola uliginosa Besser is a European species mainly known from the Baltic Region. It is endangered in a significant part of its range. Research carried out in the southeastern part of Poland led to the discovery of numerous sites of Viola uliginosa. Fourteen new localities of this species were found in the area of the Kotlina Sandomierska basin. This paper presents information concerning the localization of all new sites, the abundance of Viola uliginosa at the sites and habitats this species occupies. A discussion regarding the endangered status of this species in the Polish flora is given.
Basicladia chelonum (Collins) W.E. Hoffmann et Tilden (Chlorophyta, Cladophorophyceae) from Cuba (Caribbean): new observation of the ultrastructure of its vegetative cells
Authors: Czerwik-Marcinkowska Joanna , Mrozińska Teresa , Webb-Janich Maria
Published: April 2013

Basicladia chelonum (Collins) W.E. Hoffmann and Tilden (1930) principally known from North America and Hawaii was recently (2004) found in Cuba (Caribbean) from artificial pool growing on shells of musk turtles (Trachemys decussata Gray). Specimens collected in Cuba were subjected to detailed examinations also using a transmission electron microscope. On one hand, these studies confirmed many features of this species previously described by earlier authors in the specimens from Texas. On the other hand, the present studies revealed structures unknown so far (pyrenoid structure), which allowed for new analysis of this species. These investigations also have shown that Basicladia chelonum exhibits close similarity to the genus Cladophora and other representatives of the class Cladophorophyceae. The similarities include : siphonocladous level of organization of thallus, numerous chloroplasts forming a network and other structures. Conversely, the pyrenoid in vegetative cells of Basicladia chelonum distinguishes it markedly from representatives of the genus Cladophora, which have bilenticular pyrenoids divided into two hemispheres by a single thylakoids and each hemisphere is covered by a bowlshaped starch grain (Van Hoek et al. 1995). Since in Cladophora the ultrastructure of the pyrenoid is highly constant and characteristic, this contrasts with the genus Basicladia and, therefore, more firmly establishes position of the latter as an independent unit within Cladophorophyceae.
The current distribution in Poland of some European neophytic bryophytes with supposed invasive tendencies
Authors: Fudali Ewa , Szczepański Mirosław , Rusińska Anna , Rosadziński Stanisław , Wolski Grzegorz
Published: April 2013

The paper presents a brief review of published so far and recently recorded unpublished bryological data concerning the distribution in Poland of two neophytic (sensu Meusel 1943) mosses: Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. and Orthodontium lineare Schwaegr.to estimate their current influence on native bryoflora. The data clearly indicate the constant spreading of these species towards the east, however, there is no direct evidence that they have been limiting the occurrence of native moss species. They are acidophilous species, so the acidification of the environment probably promotes their expansion. Maps of the most current distribution of Campylopus introflexus and Orthodontium lineare in Poland (in a system of ATMOS-grid squares) are provided, as well as a description of the first locality in Poland of another European bryo-neophyte species Leptophascum leptophyllum Mull. Hal.
Taxonomy and distribution of Macrosciadium alatum (Bieb.) V. Tichomirov and Lavrova (Apiaceae): A new alien species in the flora of Europe
Authors: Nobis Marcin , Nobis Agnieszka , Kozak Maciej
Published: April 2013

The paper presents the taxonomical position and the description of the characteristic features of Macrosciadium alatum (=Ligusticum alatum). The species was recorded in the Western Bieszczady Mts (the northern part of the Carpathians) in July 2007 and is new to the flora of Europe. Its natural range comprises mainly the Caucasus region and the origin of M. alatum in south-east Poland is quite puzzling. The species has most likely been deliberatelly brought into the area. M. alatum spreads quite intensively. It penetrates semi-natural vegetation systems and seems to be expansive.
Changes in macroelement content in Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibith. and Sm. during the growing season
Authors: Tomaszewicz Henryk , Ciecierska Hanna
Published: April 2013

This study presents the results of monitoring studies carried out to determine the chemical composition of Nuphar lutea in two phytocoenoses of Nupharo-Nymphaeetum albae Tomasz. 1977 occurring in two lakes of different trophic types (eutrophic Lake Łaśmiady and oligo-humotrophic Lake Pływające Wyspy). The leaves (collected starting in May), rhizomes and roots of Nuphar lutea as well as water and sediment samples were collected from March to November in the above phytocoenoses (for 3 years in Lake Pływające Wyspy and for 4 years in Lake Łaśmiady). The samples were analysed for several parameters including: phosphate, nitrate, total nitrogen, potassium, sodium, calcium, total iron, sulphate and silica dissolved. In addition the manganese, cadmium, zinc and lead contents were determined in the leaves, rhizomes and roots of the plants collected in July (at the height of the growing season). It was found that the differences in the chemical composition of water and sediments between the lakes studied were more pronounced than in the case of leaves, rhizomes and roots of Nuphar lutea.
Variation of phenolic acids from herb and roots of Salsola kali L.
Authors: Skalicka-Woźniak Krystyna , Sokołowska-Krzaczek Anna , Czubkowska Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic acids present as free and liberated from their conjunction with sugars and alcohols after hydrolysis in Salsola kali L was done, together with comparison of their content in roots and herb. Analysis was conducted by 2D-TLC and HPLC methods. Eleven phenolic acids were identified such as: protocatechuic, caffeic, gentisic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, syryngic, vanillic, ferulic, α- and ß-resorcylic. Differences in composition of fraction of free phenolic acids and those liberated after hydrolysis were noticed. The amount of individual compounds were in the range between 0.10±0.04 mg/100 g of dry weight for p-OH-benzoic acid and 6.40±1.75 mg/100 g of dry weight for ferulic acid.
The use of quantitative characters in determination of frequently misdiagnosed species within Lepidium L. sect. Dileptium (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Rostański Adam , Wąsowicz Paweł
Published: April 2013

A morphometric study of the three species of Lepidium L. sect. Dileptium DC. is presented. Multivariate methods (cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis) were employed to investigate phenetic relations between examined individuals. As a result a set of quantitative characters useful in species determination was proposed and discussed.