bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Properties of Graphene Oxide–Wood Tar-Based Composite Rejuvenated Asphalt
Authors: Feng Ling , Zhou Fuyan , Li Yongwei , Liu Kefei , Zhu Juncai , Gong Guoqing
Published: August 2024

This study aims at counteracting the problem of rejuvenated asphalt with poor performance and weak secondary anti-aging ability by improving the existing biomass rejuvenator. In this study, a carbon nanomaterial, graphene oxide (GO) with excellent anti-aging performance, was introduced to the wood tar-based rejuvenator (WR) to prepare a composite rejuvenator. Based on laboratory tests, the effects of the GO–wood tar-based composite rejuvenator (GWCR) on the performance of aged asphalt and on the secondary aging performance were investigated, and its rejuvenation mechanism was analyzed. The results indicate that the GWCR can increase the penetration, ductility, and creep rate (m) of aged asphalt while decreasing its softening point, rutting factor (G*/sinδ), and stiffness modulus (S). This indicates that the high-temperature resistance to the permanent deformation ability of aged asphalt degrades, while the low-temperature performance improves, and all values are slightly greater than those of the 70# original base asphalt. After PAV aging, the S value of the GO–wood tar-based composite rejuvenated asphalt (GWCRA) increased by 83.71%, while the m value decreased by 49.45%. The secondary aging resistance of the GWCRA is better than that of 70# original base asphalt, RA-75 rejuvenated asphalt, and wood tar-based rejuvenated asphalt. When adding the GWCR into aged asphalt, the content of saturates and aromatics in the asphalt increases by 1.08% and 11.1%, respectively. In contrast, the content of asphaltenes and resins decreases by 6.288% and 5.9%, respectively. As a result, the colloidal structure of the aged asphalt transfers from a gel to a sol–gel state. The surface roughness of the GWCRA increases by the synergistic effect of GO and wood tar, making its adhesion better than that of the 70# original base asphalt. Adding GO can improve the performance of wood tar rejuvenated asphalt (WRA) with high-temperature deformation resistance and resistance to secondary aging, and effectively make up for the defects in the performance of WRA rejuvenated asphalt, so as to extend the service life of asphalt pavements, thus increasing the value of wood tar engineering applications, which is of great practical significance.
Statistical Synthesis and Analysis of Functionally Deterministic Signal Processing Techniques for Multi-Antenna Direction Finder Operation
Authors: Zhyla Semen , Tserne Eduard , Volkov Yevhenii , Shevchuk Sergey , Gribsky Oleg , Vlasenko Dmytro , Kosharskyi Volodymyr , Kovalchuk Danyil
Published: August 2024

This manuscript focuses on the process of measuring the angular positions of radio sources using radio engineering systems. This study aims to improve the accuracy of measuring the angular positions of sources that radiate functionally determined signals and to expand the range of the unambiguous operation angles for multi-antenna radio direction finders. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were addressed: (1) defining the models of signals, noise, and their statistical characteristics, (2) developing the theoretical foundations of statistical optimization methods for measuring the angular positions of radio sources in multi-antenna radio direction finders, (3) optimizing the structures of radio direction finders with different configurations, (4) analyzing the accuracy and range of the unambiguous measurement angles in the developed methods, and (5) conducting experimental measurements to confirm the main results. The methods used are based on the statistical theory of optimization for remote sensing and radar systems. For the specified type of signals, given by functionally deterministic models, a likelihood function was constructed, and its maxima were determined for different multi-antenna direction finder configurations. The results of statistical synthesis were verified through simulation modeling and experiments. The primary approach to improving measurement accuracy and expanding the range of unambiguous angles involves combining antennas with different spatial characteristics and optimally integrating classical radio direction-finding methods. The following results were obtained: (1) theoretical studies and simulation modeling confirmed the existence of a contradiction between high resolution and the width of the range of the unambiguous measurements in two-antenna radio direction finders, (2) an improved signal processing method was developed for a four-antenna radio direction finder with a pair of high-gain and a pair of low-gain antennas, and (3) to achieve maximum direction-finding accuracy within the unambiguous measurement range, a new signal processing method was synthesized for a six-element radio receiver, combining processing in two amplitude direction finders and one phase direction finder. This work provides a foundation for further theoretical studies, highlights the specifics of combining engineering measurements in direction-finding systems, and offers examples of rapid verification of new methods through computer modeling and experimental measurements.
The Potential of Resveratrol-Rich Peanut Callus Extract in Promoting Hair Growth and Preventing Hair Loss
Authors: Vichit Wannisa , Saewan Nisakorn
Published: August 2024

Resveratrol has been found to stimulate the growth of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and protect them from oxidative damage. The topical application of resveratrol effectively enhanced hair growth and stimulated the transition of the hair cycle from the resting phase (telogen) into the active growth phase (anagen phase). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of resveratrol-rich peanut callus and sprout extracts on promoting hair growth and anti-hair loss effects in hDPCs and then select the most effective extract (callus) for further assessment in clinical applications. The peanut sprout and callus were produced from plant seeds and extracted with ethanol. Resveratrol was identified as the major constituent in the extracts obtained using the HPLC approach, although no resveratrol was found in the original seed extract. Hair cell proliferation, growth factor expression, and 5α-reductase (5-AR) inhibition assays were used to examine the extracts’ promotion of hair growth and inhibition of anti-hair loss in an in vitro hDPCs model, and standard resveratrol served as a positive reference. Initially, the cytotoxicity of the samples was assessed, revealing that 2.5% of all extracts and 0.02% of resveratrol exhibited a non-cytotoxic effect to hDPCs. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of peanut callus extract (15.50 ± 0.05%) was significantly less cytotoxic to hDPCs than sprout (12.30 ± 0.14%) and seed (11.69 ± 0.26%) extracts (p < 0.05). In vitro experiments indicated that peanut callus extract had the greatest proliferated hDPCs (20.44 ± 0.78%), increased the expression of growth factors (IGF-1, KGF, and HGF) and inhibited 5AR (27.83 ± 2.48%). Then, the callus extract and resveratrol as the positive standard were separately incorporated into a hair serum base and assessed for anti-hair loss effect in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 60 subjects, and the daily hair shedding count, one-minute combing, and forcible hair pluck tests were monitored for 12 weeks. The clinical study showed that the hair serum containing peanut callus extract and resveratrol were effective in reducing hair shedding (66.98% and 61.47%), decreased hair fall from combing by (83.92% and 68.19%), and increased the ratio of the anagen/telogen by (3.3 and 2.8, respectively). The results suggest that peanut callus extract has a significant amount of resveratrol and the potential to stimulate hair growth and prevent hair loss, making it an alternative bioactive option for cosmetic applications.
RETRACTED: Liu et al. A Publicly Verifiable E-Voting System Based on Biometrics. Cryptography 2023, 7, 62
Authors: Liu Jinhui , Han Tianyi , Tan Maolin , Tang Bo , Hu Wei , Yu Yong
Published: August 2024

The journal retracts the article, “A Publicly Verifiable E-Voting System Based on Biometrics” [...]
Using Historical Habitat Shifts Driven by Climate Change and Present Genetic Diversity Patterns to Predict Evolvable Potentials of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in Future
Authors: Li Fuli , Wang Chongyun , Peng Mingchun , Meng Wei , Peng Lei , Chen Dengpeng
Published: August 2024

Climate change is altering the geographical distribution and abundance of species. Abundant genetic variation generally indicates a stronger adaptability and evolutionary potentiality, especially in case of sharply changing climates or environments. With the past global climate fluctuations, especially the climate oscillation since the Quaternary, the global temperature changes related to glaciation, many relict plant species have formed possible refugia in humid subtropical/warm temperate forests, thus retaining a high level of genetic diversity patterns. Based on the contraction and expansion of the geographical distribution of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in the past driven by climate change, combined with the contemporary genetic diversity modeling, the distribution performance of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. in future climate change was predicted. The areas of highly suitable habitat will increase with climate change in the future. There were continuous and stable high suitable areas of T. wallichiana in the southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan as long-term stable climate refugia. We made the genetic landscape surface of T. wallichiana complex and discovered geographical barriers against gene flow. Genetic barriers spatially isolated the center of genetic diversity into three regions: west (east Himalaya), middle (Yunnan plateau, Sichuan basin, Shennongjia, and the junction of Guizhou and Guangxi provinces), and east (Mt. Huangshan and Fujian). Southern Tibet was isolated from other populations. The central and western Yunnan, the Sichuan basin, and surrounding mountains were isolated from the southern China populations. We found that the positive correlationships between the present species genetic diversity and suitability index during LGM, MH, and 2070. This infers that T. wallichiana has provisioned certain genetic diversity and has strong evolutionary potential under conditions of climate change.
Ultrafast Brain MRI at 3 T for MS: Evaluation of a 51-Second Deep Learning-Enhanced T2-EPI-FLAIR Sequence
Authors: Schuhholz Martin , Ruff Christer , Bürkle Eva , Feiweier Thorsten , Clifford Bryan , Kowarik Markus , Bender Benjamin
Published: August 2024

In neuroimaging, there is no equivalent alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, image acquisitions are generally time-consuming, which may limit utilization in some cases, e.g., in patients who cannot remain motionless for long or suffer from claustrophobia, or in the event of extensive waiting times. For multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, MRI plays a major role in drug therapy decision-making. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an ultrafast, T2-weighted (T2w), deep learning-enhanced (DL), echo-planar-imaging-based (EPI) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (FLAIRUF) that has targeted neurological emergencies so far might even be an option to detect MS lesions of the brain compared to conventional FLAIR sequences. Therefore, 17 MS patients were enrolled prospectively in this exploratory study. Standard MRI protocols and ultrafast acquisitions were conducted at 3 tesla (T), including three-dimensional (3D)-FLAIR, turbo/fast spin-echo (TSE)-FLAIR, and FLAIRUF. Inflammatory lesions were grouped by size and location. Lesion conspicuity and image quality were rated on an ordinal five-point Likert scale, and lesion detection rates were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed to compare results. Altogether, 568 different lesions were found. Data indicated no significant differences in lesion detection (sensitivity and positive predictive value [PPV]) between FLAIRUF and axially reconstructed 3D-FLAIR (lesion size ≥3 mm × ≥2 mm) and no differences in sensitivity between FLAIRUF and TSE-FLAIR (lesion size ≥3 mm total). Lesion conspicuity in FLAIRUF was similar in all brain regions except for superior conspicuity in the occipital lobe and inferior conspicuity in the central brain regions. Further findings include location-dependent limitations of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) as well as artifacts such as spatial distortions in FLAIRUF. In conclusion, FLAIRUF could potentially be an expedient alternative to conventional methods for brain imaging in MS patients since the acquisition can be performed in a fraction of time while maintaining good image quality.
Neuroimaging in Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: Key Concepts to Unlock Innovation
Authors: Russo Camilla , Aliberti Ferdinando , Ferrara Ursula Pia , Russo Carmela , De Gennaro Domenico Vincenzo , Cristofano Adriana , Nastro Anna , Cicala Domenico , Spennato Pietro , Quarantelli Mario , Aiello Marco , Soricelli Andrea , Smaldone Giovanni , Onorini Nicola , De Martino Lucia , Picariello Stefania , Parlato Stefano , Mirabelli Peppino , Quaglietta Lucia , Covelli Eugenio Maria , Cinalli Giuseppe
Published: August 2024

Craniosynostoses (CRS) are caused by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, with isolated nonsyndromic CRS accounting for most of the clinical manifestations. Such premature suture fusion impacts both skull and brain morphology and involves regions far beyond the immediate area of fusion. The combined use of different neuroimaging tools allows for an accurate depiction of the most prominent clinical–radiological features in nonsyndromic CRS but can also contribute to a deeper investigation of more subtle alterations in the underlying nervous tissue organization that may impact normal brain development. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive framework for a better understanding of the present and future potential applications of neuroimaging techniques for evaluating nonsyndromic CRS, highlighting strategies for optimizing their use in clinical practice and offering an overview of the most relevant technological advancements in terms of diagnostic performance, radiation exposure, and cost-effectiveness.
Collaborative Obstacle Detection for Dual USVs Using MGNN-DANet with Movable Virtual Nodes and Double Attention
Authors: He Zehao , Li Ligang , Xu Hongbin , Zong Lv , Dai Yongshou
Published: August 2024

To reduce missed detections in LiDAR-based obstacle detection, this paper proposes a dual unmanned surface vessels (USVs) obstacle detection method using the MGNN-DANet template matching framework. Firstly, point cloud templates for each USV are created, and a clustering algorithm extracts suspected targets from the point clouds captured by a single USV. Secondly, a graph neural network model based on the movable virtual nodes is designed, introducing a neighborhood distribution uniformity metric. This model enhances the local point cloud distribution features of the templates and suspected targets through a local sampling strategy. Furthermore, a feature matching model based on double attention is developed, employing self-attention to aggregate the features of the templates and cross-attention to evaluate the similarity between suspected targets and aggregated templates, thereby identifying and locating another USV within the targets detected by each USV. Finally, the deviation between the measured and true positions of one USV is used to correct the point clouds obtained by the other USV, and obstacle positions are annotated through dual-view point cloud clustering. Experimental results show that, compared to single USV detection methods, the proposed method reduces the missed detection rate of maritime obstacles by 7.88% to 14.69%.
PGD-Trap: Proactive Deepfake Defense with Sticky Adversarial Signals and Iterative Latent Variable Refinement
Authors: Zhuang Zhong , Tomioka Yoichi , Shin Jungpil , Okuyama Yuichi
Published: August 2024

With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), deepfakes, in which the face of one person is changed to another expression of the same person or a different person, have advanced. There is a need for countermeasures against crimes that exploit deepfakes. Methods to interfere with deepfake generation by adding an invisible weak adversarial signal to an image have been proposed. However, there is a problem: the weak signal can be easily removed by processing the image. In this paper, we propose trap signals that appear in response to a process that weakens adversarial signals. We also propose a new type of adversarial signal injection that allow us to reconstruct and change the original image as far as people do not feel strange by Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM)-based Iterative Latent Variable Refinement. In our experiments with Star Generative Adversarial Network (StarGAN) trained with the CelebFaces Attributes (CelebA) Dataset, we demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves more robust proactive deepfake defense.
Assessing Students’ Personality Traits: A Study of Virtual Reality-Based Educational Practices
Authors: Liang Hui , Zhang Zhaolin , Pan Junjun , Fu Jialin
Published: August 2024

Personality, as a crucial foundation for assessing human psychology and behavior, stands as a significant subject of interest among psychology researchers. Tailoring education to the needs of the student is likewise an important topic in the field of education, where the personality traits of students play a crucial role in their future professional and personal development. Presently, experts in the field predominantly employ questionnaires to evaluate personality traits. However, this approach has limitations, particularly for younger students, whose developing cognitive abilities might lead to inaccuracies in conveying information, thus impacting their performance in predictive assessments. Moreover, the questionnaire’s quantitative nature could inadvertently affect the respondents’ psychological responses. To address these challenges, we incorporate VR technology. Leveraging immersive and highly controllable features of VR, this study introduces a personality assessment framework tailored for students and develops a VR prototype system based on this framework for future performance evaluation. In our experimental evaluation, we engaged 96 students, ranging in age from 10 to 22, to participate in the testing process. The results of this evaluation indicate that our personality assessment framework performs effectively across four dimensions of personality evaluation. However, there remains a need for further analysis and enhancement in areas such as classification accuracy and the logical structure of scenario design. Additionally, it is essential to continue seeking more objective methods for personality assessment.
In-Plane Liftout and Push-to-Pull for In Situ Mechanical Testing of Irradiated Inconel X-750
Authors: Gomez-Hurtado Lucia R. , Yao Tiankai , Teng Fei , Matos Mario D. , Hawkins Laura , Yang Ge , Wang Yachun
Published: August 2024

A streamlined sample preparation method for nanomechanical testing is needed to improve the quality of specimens, reduce the cost, and increase the versatility of specimen fabrication. This work outlines an in-plane liftout focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication procedure to prepare electron-transparent specimens for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) nanomechanical testing. Ion etching and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques were used to lift out a [110] oriented grain from a neutron-irradiated bulk X-750 alloy. Careful control of voltages and currents ensured precision. Top surface thinning sweeps prevented resurfacing and redeposition while dog-bone geometries were shaped with a 1:4 gauge width-to-milling pattern diameter ratio. Nanotensile testing in the TEM with a picoindenter allowed for the estimation of an ultimate tensile strength of 2.41 GPa, and inspection revealed a high density of bubbles in the X-750 matrix. The proposed fabrication procedure is significant for preparing samples from radioactive materials, studying complex structures that are orientation-dependent, and analyzing desired planar areas.
A New Method for Evaluating the Brittleness of Shale Oil Reservoirs in Block Y of Ordos Basin of China
Authors: Zhang Jinyuan , Chen Junbin , Xiong Jiao , Nie Xiangrong , Gong Diguang , Li Ziyan , Lei Junjie
Published: August 2024

The brittleness index, as the most important parameter for brittleness evaluation, directly affects the compressibility of unconventional reservoirs. Currently, there is no unified calculation method for the brittleness index. This article uses a three-axis rock mechanics servo testing system to test the rock mechanics parameters of shale oil reservoirs in Block Y of the Ordos Basin and uses an X’Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer to test the rock mineral composition. The average volume fraction of quartz minerals, feldspar, and clay minerals in 36 samples of Block Y was tested to be 22.6%, 51.6%, and 18%, respectively. Calcite, dolomite, and pyrite are only present in a few samples. When the confining pressure is 30 MPa, the elastic modulus of the Chang 7 shale in this block is 14.72–34.58 GPa, with an average value of 23.77 GPa; The Poisson’s ratio ranges from 0.106 to 0.288, with an average of 0.182; The differential stress ranges from 100.8 to 260.1 MPa, with an average of 164.36 MPa; The peak strain ranges from 0.57 to 1.21, with an average of 0.91. This article compares several mainstream brittle index evaluation methods and identifies the most suitable brittle index evaluation method for Block Y. Using the Jarvie mineral composition method to calculate the brittleness index 1 (MBI), the average value of 36 experimental results is 0.5393. Using the Rickman normalized Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio average value to calculate the brittleness index 2 (EBI), the average value of 36 experimental results is 0.5204. Based on the stress-strain curve and energy method, a model for brittleness index 3 (DBI) is established, and the average value of 36 experimental results is 0.5306. The trend of the brittleness index calculated by the three methods is consistent, indicating the feasibility of the newly established brittleness evaluation method. From the perspectives of mineral composition, rock mechanics parameters, and energy, establishing a brittleness evaluation method for shale oil reservoirs and studying its evaluation method is of great significance for sweet spot prediction in reservoir engineering, providing theoretical support for the selection of fractured intervals in the Chang 7 shale oil reservoir in Block Y of the Ordos Basin.
The Advancements and Challenges in Organic Photovoltaic Cells: A Focused and Spotlight Review Using the Proknow-C
Authors: Leandro Paulo Gabriel Martins , Salvadori Fabiano , Izquierdo José Enrique Eirez , Cavallari Marco Roberto , Ando Junior Oswaldo Hideo
Published: August 2024

The global interest in environmental issues and sustainable energy has propelled extensive research in photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Brazil has emerged as one of the top ten solar energy producers and flexible PV suppliers in the world. In this context, organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have garnered attention due to their flexibility and ability to integrate into various surfaces, albeit facing challenges regarding lifespan and efficiency compared to silicon cells. This review examines the current state of research on OPVs and thin-film solar technologies, employing the systematic literature review methodology Proknow-C. The review includes an analysis of raw materials such as conductive polymers, fabrication processes including film deposition and encapsulation, and technological advancements that enhance the efficiency and stability of OPVs. Utilizing the Proknow-C methodology, a bibliographic portfolio was constructed to identify the current state of research in this field. Of 268 papers from major scientific databases, only 30 were deemed relevant to the theme, highlighting a significant research gap. This paper is a valuable resource for researchers, providing an updated overview and a foundation for future investigations in organic photovoltaics. The results emphasize the importance of materials such as conductive polymers and donor–acceptor molecules and the role of nanotechnology in advancing OPVs. Innovations in manufacturing techniques, such as inkjet and blade coating-based printing techniques, are shown to increase efficiency by providing precise control over film thickness and uniformity and reducing costs through lower material waste. Overall, this review highlights the necessity of further exploration and collaboration within the scientific community to address the challenges and propel advancements in organic photovoltaic cells. These advancements are crucial for transitioning to cleaner energy sources, reinforcing the ongoing significance of thin-film technologies in energy innovation.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Technological Processes in the Wastewater Treatment Using Flocculants Synthesised from Polymer Waste
Authors: Bajdur Wioletta M. , Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria , Myszograj Sylwia , Łazorko Katarzyna
Published: August 2024

The technological and environmental challenges promoted by the European Commission (EC) follow its objectives to minimise waste, ensure the rational use of resources and energy, use raw materials more efficiently, and increase recovery and recycling. The new hierarchy of handling products and waste has been a key challenge of the circular economy, enhancing the involvement of both businesses and consumers. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is an environmental management technique that makes it possible to assess the environmental impact of a product, a process, an industry, or even an entire sector of the economy. It is used worldwide with great success to study the various stages of technology, ensuring environmental safety. The experience of Polish and foreign research centres confirms the possibility of using the LCA technique to support the environmental risk assessment of technological innovations, therefore the LCA technique has been used to study the environmental impact of potential technologies for producing flocculants from polymer waste. LCA of newly synthesised flocculants has shown that sourcing flocculants from waste phenol–formaldehyde resins is highly beneficial to the environment due to the high toxicity of waste resins that produce phenol when exposed to physical factors.
Investigation of a Fuel-Flexible Diffusion Swirl Burner Fired with NH3 and Natural Gas Mixtures
Authors: Pacheco Gonçalo , Pereira José , Mendes Miguel , Coelho Pedro
Published: August 2024

The current investigation aims to develop a validated numerical model of a confined, swirl-stabilized diffusion flame. This model will assist in designing and optimizing novel combustion chambers while reducing computational costs. To achieve this objective, experimental and numerical studies were conducted on NH3/natural gas combustion using a laboratory-scale burner capable of operating under fuel-flexible conditions. The burner fired 5 kW flames of blended ammonia with natural gas in concentrations up to 100% NH3. The burner’s performance for relevant industrial applications was assessed through measurements of axial temperature profiles, exhaust temperature, and gas emissions. Numerical simulations were conducted by employing the commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+ 2020.2.1. Numerical simulations for steady-state were performed using a realizable k-ϵ turbulence model coupled with the EDC (eddy dissipation concept) for combustion. The investigation utilized a 3D periodic domain for the simulations and investigated mesh independence and the influence of the flame dynamics. The burner was able to operate with different fuel mixtures while maintaining stabilized flames under every condition. However, the appearance of increased ammonia slip was observed for 100% NH3 up to 1250 ppm (dry vol.). The present work demonstrates and assesses the readiness and potential of fuel-flexible burners as cost-effective and efficient transitional technologies for integrating ammonia and other sustainable fuels into combustion applications.
Non-Normative Oxidation Stability Indication of FAME Produced from Rapeseed and Used Cooking Oil
Authors: Grabowski Pawel , Szwarczyńska Angelika
Published: August 2024

The article describes the mechanism of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters and presents the effect of temperature as one of the factors accelerating this process. The consequences of aging for ester-based biofuels are discussed extensively. The article presents the results of aging of FAMEs obtained from frying oil and of FAMEs derived from unrefined rapeseed oil to examine the influence of temperature as a factor accelerating aging. Acid, peroxide and anisidine values were determined for each sample; additionally, IR spectra were measured. Based on the results, it was confirmed that temperature has a significant effect on the degradation of FAMEs. These changes are best represented by the anisidine value and the change in IR spectra. The paper presents the relationship between acid, peroxide and anisidine values. This paper also highlights the beneficial effect of natural antioxidants in the form of β–carotene, which is found in FAMEs derived from unrefined rapeseed oil.
Modulation and Control Schemes of Parallel FCC-CSC with DC Current Balance
Authors: Chen Xuehan , Gao Qiang , Wang Siqi , Xu Dianguo
Published: August 2024

Incorporating AC-type flying capacitors (FC) between series-connected devices is an effective way to enhance the rated voltage for high-power applications based on current source converters (CSCs). Through appropriate modulation and FC voltage control, it is possible to achieve improved DC bus voltage quality with reduced common-mode voltage (CMV) and low dv/dt. On the other hand, the parallel CSC is a popular choice for increasing the system’s rated current to accommodate higher power applications. The use of interleaved modulation techniques can improve the harmonic performance of parallel converters while reducing the need for passive filters. The modular flying capacitor clamped (FCC)-CSC structure can combine these advantages, achieving higher rated power along with improved power quality on both the DC and AC sides. Moreover, the enhanced AC quality contributes to the regulation of FC voltage and further improves the DC-side voltage quality. This paper analyzes the operation principle of the parallel FCC-CSC structure and proposes an interleaved space vector modulation (SVM) method to enhance the harmonic performance of the AC output. Additionally, an optimized zero-state replacement (ZSR) based FC voltage control and a DC-link current balance strategy built on this control are introduced. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Gradient Boosting Regression Tree Optimized with Slime Mould Algorithm to Predict the Higher Heating Value of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Shehab Esraa Q. , Taha Farah Faaq , Muhodir Sabih Hashim , Imran Hamza , Ostrowski Krzysztof Adam , Piechaczek Marcin
Published: August 2024

The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) has led to an unprecedented level of environmental pollution, worsening the global challenges posed by climate change. Researchers and policymakers have recently made significant strides in the field of sustainable and renewable energy sources, which are viable from technological, environmental, and economic perspectives. Consequently, the waste-to-energy programs enhance nations’ socioeconomic status while positively impacting the environment. To predict the higher heating value (HHV) of MSW fuel based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content, the current study introduces a Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT) model optimized with the Slime Mold Algorithm (SMA). This model was evaluated using an additional 50 data points after being trained with 202 MSW biomass data points. The performance of the model was assessed using three metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). The results indicated that our model outperformed previously developed models in terms of accuracy and reliability. Additionally, a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to facilitate the practical application of the model, allowing users to easily input data and receive predictions on the enthalpy of the combustion of MSW fuel.
Application of Low-Resolution Hall Position Sensor in Control and Position Estimation of PMSM—A Review
Authors: Akrami Milad , Jamshidpour Ehsan , Baghli Lotfi , Frick Vincent
Published: August 2024

This paper reviews the application of Hall position sensors in control and position estimation of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Accurate rotor position and motor speed data are essential for the high-efficiency control of PMSMs in modern industry. Rotor position and motor speed can be measured by mechanical position sensors, which are costly and less reliable, or by rotor position observers, which are sensitive to system models and changes in motor parameters. This paper examines the benefits, limitations, challenges, and uses of low-resolution Hall position sensors in PMSM drives, presenting them as a cost-effective solution for achieving a balance between performance and expense. In addition, the paper discusses recent solutions to issues related to misplaced Hall position sensors and fault-tolerant control algorithms, and gives an outlook to future developments in this area.
Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: Worldwide Presence in Biosolids, Environmental Impact, Identification Methods and Possible Routes of Degradation, Including the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process
Authors: Prus Zuzanna , Wilk Małgorzata
Published: August 2024

Biomass-to-biofuel conversion represents a critical component of the global transition to renewable energy. One of the most accessible types of biomass is sewage sludge (SS). This by-product from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contains microplastics (MPs) originating from household, industrial and urban runoff sources. Due to their small size (<5 mm) and persistence, MPs present a challenge when they are removed from sewage systems, where they mainly accumulate (~90%). The presence of MPs in SS poses environmental risks when biosolids are applied as fertilizer in agriculture or incinerated for the purpose of energy production. The key problem is the efficient and reliable identification and reduction of MPs in sewage systems, due to the lack of standardized procedures. The reduction methods for MPs might involve physical, chemical, biological, and hydrothermal approaches, including hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The HTC of SS produces hydrochar (HC), a solid biofuel, and presents a cutting-edge approach that simultaneously addresses secondary microplastic pollution and renewable biomass-derived energy production. In this article, we review briefly the MPs content in biosolids from different countries, and present HTC as a promising method for their removal from SS. In conclusion, HTC (i) effectively reduces the abundance of MPs in biosolids, (ii) produces an improved solid source of energy, and (iii) contributes to circular SS management.
State of Health Estimations for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on MSCNN
Authors: Wang Jiwei , Li Hao , Wu Chunling , Shi Yujun , Zhang Linxuan , An Yi
Published: August 2024

Lithium-ion batteries, essential components in new energy vehicles and energy storage stations, play a crucial role in health-status investigation and ensuring safe operation. To address challenges such as limited estimation accuracy and a weak generalization ability in conventional battery state of health (SOH) estimation methods, this study presents an integrated approach for SOH estimation that incorporates multiple health indicators and utilizes the multi-scale convolutional neural network (MSCNN) model. Initially, the aging characteristics of the battery are comprehensively analyzed, and then the health indicators are extracted from the charging data, including the temperature, time, current, voltage, etc., and the statistical transformation is performed. Subsequently, Pearson’s method is employed to analyze the correlation between these health indicators and identify those with strong correlations. A regression-prediction model based on the MSCNN model is then developed for estimating battery SOH. Finally, validation using a publicly available lithium-ion battery dataset demonstrates that, under similar operating conditions, the mean absolute error (MAE) for SOH estimation is less than 0.67%, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is less than 0.37%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) is less than 0.74%. The MSCNN has good generalization for datasets with different working conditions.
A Four Laws Structure for Looking at Economics through the Eyes of Thermodynamics
Authors: Costa Vítor A. F.
Published: August 2024

Thermodynamics is based on its Four Laws structure. Based on Thermodynamics and its Four Laws structure, this work presents and explores its economic counterpart, proposing an economic Four Laws structure to look at Economics through the eyes of Thermodynamics. The Economic Zeroth Law is based on the merchandise economic thermal equilibrium, thus defining the economic temperature. The Economic First Law is based on balance equations for the units of merchandise and monetary species. The economic Second Law is based on the observation that the traded merchandise units are transferred in the increasing unit price direction (in the decreasing economic temperature direction). This allows economic entropy to be defined through a differential equation, as well as the definition of economic irreversibility and economic entropy generation. The economic Third Law states that the merchandise economic entropy of an economic system at the null economic temperature (at an infinite merchandise unit price) is null. Conjugation of the economic Second and Third Laws sets how to evaluate the absolute value of the economic entropy of an economic system. The presented developments setting the proposed economic Four Laws structure introduce and explore a large set of concepts, variables, and relations that are of major relevance for looking at Economics through the eyes of Thermodynamics.
Expansion of Naturally Grown Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houzeau Forests into Diverse Habitats: Rates and Driving Factors
Authors: Wei Juan , Zhong Yongde , Li Dali , Deng Jinyang , Liu Zejie , Zhang Shuangquan , Chen Zhao
Published: August 2024

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houzeau), which is native to China, is considered to be an invasive species due to its powerful asexual reproductive capabilities that allow it to rapidly spread into neighboring ecosystems and replace existing plant communities. In the absence of human intervention, it remains poorly understood how indigenous moso bamboo forests naturally expand into surrounding areas over the long term, and whether these patterns vary with environmental changes. Using multi-year forest resource inventory data, we extracted moso bamboo patches that emerged from 2010 to 2020 and proposed a bamboo expansion index to calculate the average rate of patch expansion during this period. Using the first global 30 m land-cover dynamic monitoring product with a fine classification system, we assessed the expansion speeds of moso bamboo into various areas, particularly forests with different canopy closures and categories. Using parameter-optimized geographic detectors, we explored the significance of multi-factors in the expansion process. The results indicate that the average expansion rate of moso bamboo forests in China is 1.36 m/y, with evergreen broadleaved forests being the primary area for invasion. Moso bamboo expands faster into open forest types (0.15 < canopy closure < 0.4), shrublands, and grasslands. The importance of factors influencing the expansion rate is ranked as follows: temperature > chemical properties of soil > light > physical properties of soil > moisture > atmosphere > terrain. When considering interactions, the primary factors contributing to expansion rates include various climate factors and the combined effect of climate factors and soil factors. Our work underscores the importance of improving the quality and density of native vegetation, such as evergreen broadleaved forests. Effective management strategies, including systematic monitoring of environmental variables, as well as targeted interventions like bamboo removal and soil moisture control, are essential for mitigating the invasion of moso bamboo.
The Effects of Different Doses of 3-NOP on Ruminal Fermentation Parameters, Methane Production, and the Microbiota of Lambs In Vitro
Authors: Xuan Tianbao , Zheng Tingfang , Li Tiyu , Wu Baiyila , Li Tailin , Bao Wenjun , Qin Weize
Published: August 2024

3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) is a nitrooxy compound that specifically targets methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), ultimately resulting in a reduction in methane production. In this study, we undertook an in vitro investigation of the effects of different dosages of 3-NOP on ruminal fermentation parameters, methane production, and the microbial community. A single-factor completely randomized design was adopted, comprising a control treatment (C), where no 3-NOP was added to the fermentation substrate, and three 3-NOP treatments, where 0.025 mg (low-dose treatment, LD), 0.05 mg (medium-dose treatment, MD), or 0.1 mg (high-dose treatment, HD) was added to 1 g of fermentation substrate (DM basis), followed by incubation for 24 h in vitro. The results showed that, compared with the control treatment, the three dosages of 3-NOP reduced total gas production, methane production, and acetate production (all p < 0.01). In contrast, 3-NOP treatment increased H2 production and the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate (all p ≤ 0.02), resulting in a decrease in the acetate-propionate ratio (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the microbial profiles were not altered by the treatments, but the relative abundances of Prevotella, Methanobrevibacter, and Ophryoscolex were increased by the MD and HD treatments (all p < 0.01), whereas those of Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, Sphaerochaeta, RFN20, Entodinium, and Diplodinium were decreased by the HD treatment (all p ≤ 0.03). Moreover, the results of a correlation analysis showed that there was a certain correlation between these microorganisms and total gas production, methane production, H2 production, acetate, propionate, and butyrate. In summary, under in vitro conditions, the addition of 3-NOP to the diet affected the microbial community structure, thereby altering the ruminal fermentation pattern and reducing methane production. Our results indicated that 0.05 mg per g of dietary DM is the recommended inclusion ratio for 3-NOP in the diet of lambs.
The Use of Trichoderma spp. for the Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Waste Biomass via Fermentation: A Review
Authors: Lima Paula C. , Karimian Parastoo , Johnston Ema , Hartley Carol J.
Published: August 2024

The genus Trichoderma is widely recognized for its ability to secrete lignocellulosic enzymes, establishing it as a crucial technological resource for the bioconversion of agro-industrial waste biomass via fermentation. This review explores the potential of utilizing lignocellulosic waste from diverse industries as a sustainable nutrient source for producing Trichoderma spp. and various desirable metabolites via fermentation. Significant emphasis is placed on the enzymatic activities of Trichoderma species in two critical stages of second-generation biofuel production. Firstly, in the pre-treatment stage to break down complex polysaccharides of lignocellulosic biomass, thereby enhancing production efficiency and yield, and, secondly, during the hydrolysis process to produce fermentable sugars essential for biofuel production. Additionally, this review discusses other applications of Trichoderma fermentation, such as enhancing animal feedstock nutrition and employing its spores as biocontrol agents. Ongoing research efforts are directed at optimizing fermentation protocols, identifying suitable waste substrates, and genetic manipulation of strains to enhance the economic viability of Trichoderma’s biotechnological applications. This manuscript contributes to the field of circular biotechnology by offering a detailed review of recent progress on the integration of agro-industrial waste materials in Trichoderma-based bioconversion technologies, highlighting both current achievements and future research directions necessary to enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of waste biomass utilization.
Strain Improvement and Microbial Biosynthesis
Authors: Petrova Penka , Petrov Kaloyan
Published: August 2024

Recent industrial biotechnology developments have revealed the enormous potential of microbial fermentation as an alternative to the chemical syntheses of many valuable compounds [...]
Experimental Study on Early Fire Smoke Characteristics in a High-Volume Space: A Fire Detection Perspective
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Xi , Li Liming , Li Boning , Mei Zhibin
Published: August 2024

High-volume space structures are characterized by high combustible loads, rapid fire development, difficulty in firefighting, and potential building collapse risks, making early fire detection particularly crucial. The effectiveness of early fire detection technologies relies on their ability to adapt to the characteristics of smoke-dominant combustion products in the protected space. However, there is a lack of targeted research on the characteristics of the smoke generated during the early low-power stages of fires in high-volume spaces, which has not supported the development of early fire detection technologies for such environments. To address this, this paper presents an experimental study that, for the first time, collects data on fire smoke parameters such as temperature, velocity, concentration, and particle size at heights ranging from 6.5 m to 18.5 m using lightweight sensors. The study analyzes the characteristic and correlations of these parameters and their impact on early fire detection in high-volume spaces for the first time, presenting variation patterns in the plume velocity and particle size distribution of early fire smoke with height. It identifies three patterns of particle size distribution, contrasting with previous studies, and offers a qualitative explanation for these findings. This research enhances the understanding of early fire smoke signals in large spaces and offers valuable insights for developing more accurate and efficient fire detection strategies and technologies.
A Comparative Study of LC-MS and FIA-(ESI)MS for Quantitation of S-Allyl-L-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Supplements
Authors: Jiménez-Amezcua Ignacio , Díez-Municio Marina , Ruiz-Matute Ana Isabel , Soria Ana Cristina
Published: August 2024

The increasing consumption of food supplements demands the development of improved analytical methodologies to ensure their quality and authenticity. In this paper, two new approaches, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and flow injection analysis-(electrospray ionization) mass spectrometry (FIA-(ESI)MS), were optimized and validated for their application in the quantitative analysis of bioactive S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) in commercial aged garlic supplements (AGS). Although both methodologies were found to be useful for the sensitive and precise quantitation of SAC, the LC-MS approach allowed the differential determination of SAC and its bioactive diastereoisomer, S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC), together with the identification of a number of organosulfur compounds typical of garlic. Mass fingerprints by FIA-(ESI)MS were proposed as an advantageous alternative to LC-MS analysis when the fast (4 min/sample) screening of AGS for their SAC content is intended, as in applications aimed at high-throughput quality control or standardization. Finally, the results gathered by the application of these two methodologies evidenced the highly variable composition of commercial AGS, as well as the identification of a number of potential composition frauds affecting their genuineness and benefits on health.