bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural colourants analysis and biological activities. Association to molecular markers to explore the biodiversity of Opuntia species
Authors: Salem Nidhal , Lamine Myriam , Damergi Bilel , Ezahra Fatma , Feres Nedia , Jallouli Selim , Hammami Majdi , Khammassi Saber , Selmi Sawsen , Elkahoui Salem , Limam Ferid , Tabben Olfa
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Synthetic colourants are subject to various allergies. As a result, the use of plant‐based additives has proved promising.

Objective

It is in this perspective that our objective was undertaken to investigate natural colourants from edible cactus. Opuntia species populations were single‐sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprinted, the analysis of betalains and phenolic compounds and the evaluation of their biological potentials were also characterised.

Results

Photometric quantification of betalains and phenols showed an interspecific variation across Opuntia species. Opuntia ficus indica fruits showed the highest betalain [betaxanthins; 843.67 and betacyanins; 1400 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)] and polyphenol contents. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) analysis showed that the variation of individual phenols profile was influenced by interspecific and genetic factors. Isorhamnetin‐O‐(di‐deoxyhexosyl‐hexoside) was the major compound and its content varied according to Opuntia species, while catechol was the predominant phenolic compound in O. humifusa with 1.88 μg/g DW. Concerning cactus species, Opuntia colourants exhibited a potent antiradical activity [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) up to 1 μg/mL]. Opuntia species were effective against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains [inhibition zone (IZ) up to 27 mm]. A high genetic diversity within Opuntia genotypes based on SSR markers was revealed. UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) dendrogram and PCoA (principal coordinate analysis) based on natural pigments and antimicrobial profiles indicated significant variation. The correlation approach proved the presence of a probably metabolic relationship between genetic markers, pigments and their biological activities.

Conclusion

A possible association between molecular approach and metabolic profile analysis of Opuntia allows tracing the relationship among species for its genetic conservation.
Nanostructures from protected L/L and D/L amino acid containing dipeptides
Authors: Giri Rajat Subhra , Pal Saikat , Roy Sayanta , Dolai Gobinda , Manne Srinivasa Rao , Paul Sandip , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: June 2020

The self‐assembly of N‐ and C‐protected alternating L/L and D/L amino acids containing dipeptides, Boc‐L‐Val‐L‐Ile‐OMe (1), Boc‐D‐Val‐L‐Ile‐OMe (2), Boc‐L‐Ile‐L‐Val‐OMe (3), and Boc‐L‐Ile‐D‐Val‐OMe (4) has been investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images indicated that 1 and 3 self‐associated to form highly organized straight net microrods, whereas 2 and 4 self‐assembled to form hexagonal hollow microtube‐like architecture in the acetonitrile‐water medium. To understand the physical basis of such differential behavior, we performed X‐ray diffraction pattern analyses. The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD) study revealed that 1 and 2 self‐assembled to form slightly different helix‐like architectures. The higher‐order association of 2 exhibited a hollow hexagonal tube‐like superstructure. The thermal stability of the nanostructures also varied based on the chiroptical composition of the dipeptides. Experimental findings were corroborated well with computational studies. The obtained results may be helpful in nano‐biotechnology as well as in material science.
Statistical post‐processing of heat index ensemble forecasts: Is there a royal road?
Authors: Baran Sándor , Baran Ágnes , Pappenberger Florian , Ben Bouallègue Zied
Published: June 2020

We investigate the effect of statistical post‐processing on the probabilistic skill of discomfort index (DI) and indoor wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGTid) ensemble forecasts, both calculated from the corresponding forecasts of temperature and dew point temperature. Two different methodological approaches to calibration are compared. In the first case, we start with joint post‐processing of the temperature and dew point forecasts and then create calibrated samples of DI and WBGTid using samples from the obtained bivariate predictive distributions. This approach is compared with direct post‐processing of the heat index ensemble forecasts. For this purpose, a novel ensemble model output statistics model based on a generalized extreme value distribution is proposed. The predictive performance of both methods is tested on the operational temperature and dew point ensemble forecasts of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts and the corresponding forecasts of DI and WBGTid. For short lead times (up to day 6), both approaches significantly improve the forecast skill. Among the competing post‐processing methods, direct calibration of heat indices exhibits the best predictive performance, very closely followed by the more general approach based on joint calibration of temperature and dew point temperature. Additionally, a machine learning approach is tested and shows comparable performance for the case when one is interested only in forecasting heat index warning level categories.
Consumer‐diet discrimination of δ13C and δ15N: Source‐ and feeding‐oriented patterns based on gut content analysis in a large subtropical river of China
Authors: Wang Sai , Luo Bang‐Ke , Qin Ying‐Jun , Su Lin‐Hui , Stewart Simon D. , Wang Tuan‐Tuan , Tang Jin‐Peng , He Bai‐Dong , Zhang Jin‐Hua , Lin Hsing‐Juh , Yang Yang
Published: June 2020

Understanding the trophic discrimination (∆13C and ∆15N) between consumers and diets in fluvial systems remains difficult because of the variable food sources and complex predator–prey interactions from headwaters to the estuaries. Here, stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in fish and invertebrates from a large subtropical river in southern China were determined to explore trophic discrimination in conjunction with a gut content analysis. The ∆13C values showed significant differences (p < .05) among functional feeding groups, with fish, shrimp, and insect scrapers presenting higher ∆13C values (1.20 ± 0.23‰ to 1.51 ± 0.31‰) than other groups. The ∆15N values varied significantly between invertebrates (0.64 ± 0.17‰ of insect collector‐gatherers to 1.63 ± 0.36‰ of shrimp predators) and fish (1.98 ± 0.19‰ of detritivores to 2.71 ± 0.43‰ of crustaceavores) and exhibited an increasing tendency from primary to secondary consumers. A linear regression analysis revealed that the longitudinal changes in ∆13C and ∆15N were closely associated with the δ13C of periphyton, the δ15N of particulate organic matter (POM) in water, and the relative contribution (%) of periphyton and organic detritus to the diet composition of consumers. These results indicated that discrimination factors might not only be influenced by the isotope signatures of basal food sources but also downstream shifts in dominant food items utilized by consumers. In particular, trophic discrimination between periphyton– and detritus–based food chains, such as “epilithic diatoms–shrimp scrapers–crustaceavorous fish” and “POM–bivalves–molluscivorous fish,” displayed regionally specific patterns. When back‐calculating to the diet assimilation and trophic position in subtropical streams and rivers, we suggest using the basin‐scale ∆13C value of 0.96 ± 0.26‰ for all consumers and ∆15N values of 1.07 ± 0.32‰ for invertebrates and 2.38 ± 0.37‰ for fish.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Protic Triaminocyclopropenium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Curnow Owen J. , Walst Kelvin J. , Yunis Ruhamah
Published: June 2020

A range of protic triaminocyclopropenium salts with cations of the general formula [C3(NR2)2(NR'H)]+ (R=Me, Et; R’=H, Et, Pr, Bu, Pe, Hex, allyl, CH2CH2OMe) have been prepared by treatment of diaminoalkoxycyclopropenium salts with primary amines. Most salts were prepared with the bistriflamide anion, but the cation [C3(NEt2)2(NBuH)]+ was also combined with methylsulfate, dicyanamide, and tetrafluoroborate. The triprotic ionic liquid (IL) [C3(NPhH)3]NTf2 was also prepared and characterized. These protic ILs are characterised by thermal (DSC and TGA), density, viscosity and conductivity. The miscibility/solubility studies of these protic ILs has been determined in range of polar and non‐polar organic solvents. Comparisons have been made with similar series of aprotic bistriflamide (NTf2–) and dicyanamide (DCA) salts that have been reported previously.
A Detailed DFT Study on Electronic Structures and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Doped C30
Authors: Paul Debolina , Deb Jyotirmoy , Sarkar Utpal
Published: June 2020

We present a systematic study on structural, electronic, optical properties of C30 fullerene and its six doped counterparts, C10X10Y10 (where, X=B, Al and Y=N, P, As) based on density functional theory calculation. All the fullerenes are energetically stable with cohesive energy per atom ranging from −5 to −8 eV. Chemical reactivity parameters are significantly enhanced due to doping. Further, nonlinear optics reveal that dopants bring remarkable change in polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of C30 derivatives. This work ensures the important implementations of these systems in nonlinear optics as well as for designing optical protective materials. Finally, the electronic absorption spectra predict the possibility of using C30 and heterofullerenes as photocatalyst in the visible region and UV light protection material in the UV region.
Instantaneous In Vivo Imaging of Acute Myocardial Infarct by NIR‐II Luminescent Nanodots
Authors: Mateos Sergio , Lifante José , Li Chunyan , Ximendes Erving C. , Muñoz‐Ortiz Tamara , Yao Jingke , de la Fuente‐Fernández María , García Villalón Ángel Luis , Granado Miriam , Zabala Gutierrez Irene , Rubio‐Retama Jorge , Jaque Daniel , Ortgies Dirk H. , Fernández Nuria
Published: June 2020

Fast and precise localization of ischemic tissues in the myocardium after an acute infarct is required by clinicians as the first step toward accurate and efficient treatment. Nowadays, diagnosis of a heart attack at early times is based on biochemical blood analysis (detection of cardiac enzymes) or by ultrasound‐assisted imaging. Alternative approaches are investigated to overcome the limitations of these classical techniques (time‐consuming procedures or low spatial resolution). As occurs in many other fields of biomedicine, cardiological preclinical imaging can also benefit from the fast development of nanotechnology. Indeed, bio‐functionalized near‐infrared‐emitting nanoparticles are herein used for in vivo imaging of the heart after an acute myocardial infarct. Taking advantage of the superior acquisition speed of near‐infrared fluorescence imaging, and of the efficient selective targeting of the near‐infrared‐emitting nanoparticles, in vivo images of the infarcted heart are obtained only a few minutes after the acute infarction event. This work opens an avenue toward cost‐effective, fast, and accurate in vivo imaging of the ischemic myocardium after an acute infarct.
3D Immunocompetent Organ‐on‐a‐Chip Models
Authors: Maharjan Sushila , Cecen Berivan , Zhang Yu Shrike
Published: June 2020

In recent years, engineering of various human tissues in microphysiologically relevant platforms, known as organs‐on‐chips (OOCs), are explored to establish in vitro tissue models that recapitulate the microenvironments found in native organs and tissues. However, most of these models have overlooked the important roles of immune cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in modulating the tissue microenvironments during pathophysiology. Significantly, gradual progress is being made in the development of more sophisticated microphysiologically relevant human‐based OOC models that allow the studies of the key biophysiological aspects of specific tissues or organs, interactions between cells (parenchymal, vascular, and immune cells) and their extracellular matrix molecules, effects of native tissue architectures (geometry, dynamic flow, or mechanical forces) on tissue functions, as well as unravelling the mechanism underlying tissue‐specific diseases and drug testing. In this progress report, the different components of the immune system, as well as immune OOC platforms and immunocompetent OOC approaches that have simulated one or more components of the immune system, are discussed. The challenges to recreate a fully functional tissue system in vitro with a focus on the incorporation of the immune system are also outlined.
Design Principles of Single Atoms on Carbons for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fang Lingzhe , Feng Zhange , Cheng Lei , Winans Randall E. , Li Tao
Published: June 2020

The study of lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries has generated various rationally designed cathodes and modified separators. However, the shuttle of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish kinetics of transformation of LiPSs to Li2S2/Li2S still hinder the achievement of long‐life cycling and high‐rate of Li‐S batteries. Even though several kinds of nanocatalysts have been studied, the catalytic effects for Li‐S batteries are not ideal. Single atoms (SAs) with high surface free energy are found to serve as both anchoring and electrocatalytic centers for LiPSs. Atomically dispersed metal catalysts on carbon provide conductive and flexible hosts for dielectric sulfur. Moreover, SAs as the uniform lithiophilic sites can reduce the nucleation overpotential and ensure uniform plating of Li. In this review, the latest strategies for preparation of SAs supported on carbons are provided for the application of Li‐S batteries, including cathodes, modified separators, and Li metal anodes. In addition, it also discusses how SAs with high catalytic activity can help build better Li‐S batteries and the design principles for SAs. Finally, the future directions of SAs in energy storage applications are proposed.
Genomic data and morphological re‐assessment reveals synonymy and hybridisation among Seringia taxa (Lasiopetaleae, Malvaceae) in remote north‐western Australia
Authors: Binks Rachel M. , Wilkins Carolyn F. , Markey Adrienne S. , Lyons Michael N. , Byrne Margaret
Published: June 2020

Conservation of rare or threatened species requires a range of information, including a sound taxonomic foundation, to ensure appropriate management. However, rare species are often known from a limited number of specimens, and that can hinder taxonomic understanding. Seringia exastia and S. katatona are two conservation‐listed taxa that were poorly known in the remote Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. Recent surveys discovered additional populations of both species but also revealed extensive morphological variation that obscured the boundary between the two species and a third, more widespread species, S. nephrosperma. We applied genomic data (>5000 SNP loci) to investigate species boundaries and hybridisation within this group. We found unequivocal evidence that S. katatona is a hybrid between S. exastia and S. nephrosperma, which is consistent with its intermediate morphology in diagnostic characters between the two highly divergent parents. Unexpectedly, we also uncovered a lack of genome‐wide differentiation and polyphyly between S. exastia and an intended outgroup taxon, S. elliptica. These results have significant taxonomic implications, for which reason we present a revised taxonomic treatment that shows S. katatona to be a nothospecies, S. ×katatona, and synonymises S. elliptica under S. exastia, the oldest effectively published name. These taxonomic revisions present new information that will enable reconsideration of the current conservation status of these taxa and inform their management in northern Western Australia.
Utilization of UV‐A and UV‐C radiation in advanced oxidation processes with the intention of removing color and organic matter from the gross leachate of a stabilized sanitary landfill
Authors: Pereira Samara Teixeira , Rocha Elisângela Maria Rodrigues , da Silva Elson Santos , da Silva Giulia Beatriz Mota , Alves Maria Luisa Palitot Remigio
Published: June 2020

The present work investigated color and biochemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from treated landfill leachate via advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) artificially emitted. The AOP H2O2/UV, TiO2/UV, and photolysis were tested in two bench‐scale photoreactors: The first one with UV‐C lamp and the other with UV‐A lamp associated or not with coagulation / flocculation pretreatment. Crude leachate samples with pH ranging from 8 to 3 were used, and time varied in 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Experiments were performed in two stages: step 1 with a 20 mL volume from each sample and step 2 with repetition of the best results from the previous step, adopting the 150 mL volume. In step 1, the AOP applied in the crude leachate sample showed the best results, standing out H2O2/UV‐C with 30 minutes and TiO2/UV‐A with 60 minutes. In step 2, H2O2/UV‐C had a 60% color removal and 25% COD reduction, while TiO2/UV‐A had a 10% color removal and 20% COD reduction. Therefore, the H2O2/UV‐C process was the most efficient, because the complex characteristics of the effluent interfered in the TiO2/UV‐A efficiency, but it is necessary to eliminate the process interferences. The use of artificial radiation is a viable alternative; however, it can be costly, being relevant in the associations between processes with artificial UV and solar UV, as the natural radiation becomes more attractive and allows the process operating costs reduction.
Evaluation After Cochlear Implant Surgery
Authors: Stock Annika , Bozzato Victoria , Kloska Stephan P. , Bozzato Alessandro , Hoppe Ulrich , Hornung Joachim , Dörfler Arnd , Struffert Tobias
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Assessment of the cochlear implant (CI) electrode array position using flat-detector computed tomography (FDCT) to test dependence of postoperative outcome on intracochlear electrode position.

Methods

A total of 102 patients implanted with 107 CIs underwent FDCT. Electrode position was rated as 1) scala tympani, 2) scala vestibuli, 3) scalar dislocation and 4) no deconvolution. Two independent neuroradiologists rated all image data sets twice and the scalar position was verified by a third neuroradiologist. Presurgical and postsurgical speech audiometry by the Freiburg monosyllabic test was used to evaluate auditory outcome after 6 months of speech rehabilitation.

Results

Electrode array position was assessed by FDCT in 107 CIs. Of the electrodes 60 were detected in the scala tympani, 21 in the scala vestibuli, 24 electrode arrays showed scalar dislocation and 2 electrodes were not placed in an intracochlear position. There was no significant difference in rehabilitation outcomes between scala tympani and scala vestibuli inserted patients. Rehabilitation was also possible in patients with dislocated electrodes.

Conclusion

The use of FDCT is a reliable diagnostic method to determine the position of the electrode array. In our study cohort, the electrode position had no significant impact on postoperative outcome except for non-deconvoluted electrode arrays.
Knockout of vascular smooth muscle EGF receptor in a mouse model prevents obesity-induced vascular dysfunction and renal damage in vivo
Authors: Stern Christian , Schreier Barbara , Nolze Alexander , Rabe Sindy , Mildenberger Sigrid , Gekle Michael
Published: June 2020

Aims/hypothesis

Obesity causes type 2 diabetes leading to vascular dysfunction and finally renal end-organ damage. Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) EGF receptor (EGFR) modulates vascular wall homeostasis in part via serum response factor (SRF), a major regulator of VSM differentiation and a sensor for glucose. We investigated the role of VSM-EGFR during obesity-induced renovascular dysfunction, as well as EGFR–hyperglycaemia crosstalk.

Methods

The role of VSM-EGFR during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes was investigated in a mouse model with inducible, VSM-specific EGFR-knockout (KO). Various structural and functional variables as well as transcriptome changes, in vivo and ex vivo, were assessed. The impact of hyperglycaemia on EGFR-induced signalling and SRF transcriptional activity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated at the cellular level.

Results

We show that VSM-EGFR mediates obesity/type 2 diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction, remodelling and transcriptome dysregulation preceding renal damage and identify an EGFR–glucose synergism in terms of SRF activation, matrix dysregulation and mitochondrial function. EGFR deletion protects the animals from HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction, creatininaemia and albuminuria. Furthermore, we show that HFD leads to marked changes of the aortic transcriptome in wild-type but not in KO animals, indicative of EGFR-dependent SRF activation, matrix dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, the latter confirmed at the cellular level. Studies at the cellular level revealed that high glucose potentiated EGFR/EGF receptor 2 (ErbB2)-induced stimulation of SRF activity, enhancing the graded signalling responses to EGF, via the EGFR/ErbB2–ROCK–actin–MRTF pathway and promoted mitochondrial dysfunction.

Conclusions/interpretation

VSM-EGFR contributes to HFD-induced vascular and subsequent renal alterations. We propose that a potentiated EGFR/ErbB2–ROCK–MRTF–SRF signalling axis and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie the role of EGFR. This advanced working hypothesis will be investigated in mechanistic depth in future studies. VSM-EGFR may be a therapeutic target in cases of type 2 diabetes-induced renovascular disease.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in: (1) share_it, the data repository of the academic libraries of Saxony-Anhalt (10.25673/32049.2); and (2) in the gene expression omnibus database with the study identity GSE144838 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE144838).
Deliberate self-harm and associated risk factors in young adults: the importance of education attainment and sick leave
Authors: Lunde Ketil Berge , Mehlum Lars , Melle Ingrid , Qin Ping
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The prevalence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) is high in young adults. However, few studies have examined risk in this specific age group. We, therefore, examined the relative influence and interactive nature of a wide range of potential sociodemographic and sick leave related risk factors in young adults, aged 18–35 years, using Norwegian register data.

Methods

All subjects with at least one episode of hospital presentation for DSH registered in the Norwegian Patient Register during the period 2008–2013 were compared with age, gender and date matched population controls using a nested case–control design. The relative influence of factors and their interactions were assessed using conditional logistic regression and recursive partitioning models.

Results

9 873 study cases were compared to 186 092 controls. Socioeconomic status, marital status, sick leave and several demographic factors influenced risk for DSH. Specifically, low education (OR 7.44, 95% CI 6.82–8.12), current sick leave due to psychiatric disorders (OR 18.25, 95% CI 14.97–22.25) and being previously married (OR 3.83, 95% CI 3.37–4.36) showed the highest effect sizes. Importantly, there was an interaction between education and sick leave, where those with either low education and no sick leave (OR 13.33, 95% CI 11.66–15.23) or high education and sick leave (OR 18. 87, 95% CI 17.41–24.21) were the subgroups at highest risk.

Conclusion

DSH in young adults is associated with multiple sociodemographic and health disadvantages. Importantly, the two high-risk subgroups imply different pathways of risk and a need for differentiated preventative efforts.
VMF3o: the Vienna Mapping Functions for optical frequencies
Authors: Boisits Janina , Landskron Daniel , Böhm Johannes
Published: June 2020

The troposphere is considered as one of the major error sources in space geodetic techniques. Thus, accurate troposphere delay models are essential to provide high-quality products, such as reference frames, satellite orbits, or Earth rotation parameters. In this paper, a new troposphere delay model for satellite laser ranging, the Vienna Mapping Functions 3 for optical frequencies (VMF3o), is introduced. The model parameters are derived from ray-traced delays generated by an in-house ray-tracing software. VMF3o comprises not only zenith delays and mapping functions, but also linear horizontal gradients, which are not part of the standard SLR analysis yet. The model parameters are dedicated to a signal wavelength of 532 nm. Since some SLR stations operate also with other wavelengths, VMF3o provides a correction formula to transform the model parameters to any requested wavelength between 350 and 1064 nm. A test demonstrates that the correction formula approximates slant delays calculated at different wavelengths very accurately. The remaining error for slant delays at a wavelength of 1064 nm adds up to only a few millimetres at $$10^{\circ }$$

10
∘

elevation angle. A comparison study of the modelled delays that are derived from VMF3o and ray-traced delays was carried out to examine the quality of the model approach. The remaining differences of modelled and ray-traced delays are expressed as mean absolute error. At $$5^{\circ }$$

5
∘

elevation angle, the mean absolute error is only a few millimetres. At $$10^{\circ }$$

10
∘

elevation angle, it is at the 1 mm level. The results of the comparison also reveal that introducing linear horizontal gradients reduces the mean absolute error by more than 80% for low elevation angles.
Outcome of anal symptoms and anorectal function following two obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS)—a nested case-controlled study
Authors: Okeahialam Nicola Adanna , Thakar Ranee , Naidu Madhu , Sultan Abdul H.
Published: June 2020

Introduction and hypothesis

Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is a significant risk factor for developing anal incontinence. It can therefore be hypothesised that recurrent OASI in a subsequent delivery may predispose women to further anal sphincter dysfunction.

Methods

A nested case-controlled study based on data collected prospectively between 2006 and 2019. Women matched for age and ethnicity, with a history of one OASI and no sphincter damage in a subsequent delivery (control) were compared to women sustaining a second OASI. Assessment was carried out using the St Mark’s score (SMIS), anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound scan (findings quantified using the modified Starck score).

Results

Eighty-four women were included and equally distributed between the two groups, who were followed up 12 weeks postnatally. No difference in SMIS scores was found. Maximum resting pressure (MRP, mmHg) and maximum squeeze pressure (MSP, mmHg) were significantly reduced in the study group. Median (IQR) MRP in the study group was 40.0 (31.3–54.0) versus 46.0 (39.3–61.5) in the control group (p = 0.030). Median (IQR) MSP was 73.0 (58.3–93.5) in the study group versus 92.5 (70.5–110.8) (p = 0.006) in the control group. A significant difference (p = 0.002) was found in the modified Starck score between the study group (median 0.0 [IQR 0.0–6.0]) and control group (median 0.0 [IQR 0.0–0.0]).

Conclusions

We have demonstrated that women with recurrent OASI do not have significant anorectal symptoms compared to those with one OASI 12 weeks after delivery, but worse anal sphincter function and integrity. Therefore, on long-term follow-up, symptoms may possibly develop. This information will be useful when counselling women in a subsequent pregnancy.
Dual-source computed tomography of the lung with spectral shaping and advanced iterative reconstruction: potential for maximum radiation dose reduction
Authors: Wetzl Matthias , May Matthias S. , Weinmann Daniel , Hammon Matthias , Treutlein Christoph , Zeilinger Martin , Kiefer Alexander , Trollmann Regina , Woelfle Joachim , Uder Michael , Rompel Oliver
Published: June 2020

Background

Radiation dose at CT should be as low as possible without compromising diagnostic quality.

Objective

To assess the potential for maximum dose reduction of pediatric lung dual-source CT with spectral shaping and advanced iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE).

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analyzed dual-source CT acquisitions in a full-dose group (FD: 100 kV, 64 reference mAs) and in three groups with spectral shaping and differing reference mAs values (Sn: 100 kV, 96/64/32 reference mAs), each group consisting of 16 patients (age mean 11.5 years, standard deviation 4.8 years, median 12.8 years, range 1.3–18 years). Advanced iterative reconstruction of images was performed with different strengths (FD: ADMIRE Level 2; Sn: ADMIRE Levels 2, 3 and 4). We analyzed dose parameters and measured noise. Diagnostic confidence and detectability of lung lesions as well as anatomical structures were assessed using a Likert scale (from 1 [unacceptable] to 4 [fully acceptable]).

Results

Compared to full dose, effective dose was reduced to 16.7% in the Sn 96 group, 11.1% in Sn64, and 5.5% in Sn32 (P<0.001). Noise values of Sn64ADM4 did not statistically differ from those in FDADM2 (45.7 vs. 38.9 Hounsfield units [HU]; P=0.132), whereas noise was significantly higher in Sn32ADM4 compared to Sn64ADM4 (61.5 HU; P<0.001). A Likert score >3 was reached in Sn64ADM4 regarding diagnostic confidence (3.2) and detectability of lung lesions (3.3). For detectability of most anatomical structures, no significant differences were found between FDAM2 and Sn64ADM4 (P≥0.05).

Conclusion

In pediatric lung dual-source CT, spectral shaping together with ADMIRE 4 enable radiation dose reduction to about 10% of a full-dose protocol while maintaining an acceptable diagnostic quality.
The prevalence of fibromyalgia in axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Jones Gareth T. , Mallawaarachchi Bhadra , Shim Joanna , Lock Jonathan , Macfarlane Gary J.
Published: June 2020

Comorbid fibromyalgia, in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) has been shown to influence disease activity and function, and quality of life. Although several papers exist, there is no comprehensive and robust systematic review to determine the prevalence of fibromyalgia in this patient group. Thus, the aim of the current study was to provide a definitive estimate of prevalence of fibromyalgia in axSpA, and in axSpA sub-classifications. A systematic literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), and Cochrane Library, updated to April 2020, combining keywords and relevant MeSH headings, to identify papers reporting the prevalence of fibromyalgia in axSpA, or data from which this could be computed. This was then combined in a meta-analysis with data from the Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis (SIRAS), a national axSpA register in Scotland. Data was pooled using random or fixed effects models where heterogeneity was greater or lesser than 75%. From 3401 manuscripts initially identified, 15 papers were included in the final review, plus SIRAS, giving data from 16 separate sources. The prevalence of fibromyalgia, among a total of 5214 patients, was 16.4% (95% CI 12.3–20.5%). Prevalence varied with axSpA sub-classification: ankylosing spondylitis: 13.8% (9.1–18.6%); MRI positive non-radiographic axSpA 20.3% (6.5–34.1%); and ‘clinical’ disease: 11.1% (6.0–16.2%). Overall, around 1 in 6 patients with axSpA also meet criteria for fibromyalgia. While estimates from individual studies vary, comorbid fibromyalgia represents a considerable burden across all sub-classifications of axSpA. This emphasises that focusing management solely on inflammatory disease in this patient group is unlikely to yield optimal improvements in quality of life.
Indian Ocean tripole mode and its associated atmospheric and oceanic processes
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Li Jianping , Zhao Sen , Zheng Fei , Feng Juan , Li Yang , Xu Yidan
Published: June 2020

Differing from the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) that has sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) of opposing signs over the tropical southeastern and western Indian Ocean, a tripole pattern, characterized by positive (negative) SSTAs over the tropical central (southeastern and western) Indian Ocean, is observed and named the Indian Ocean tripole (IOT). This study proposes the concept of the IOT and further investigates the associated atmospheric and oceanic processes. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, the IOT (IOD) is represented by the third (second) leading mode of the monthly SSTAs in the tropical Indian Ocean, explaining about 8.2% (10.3%) of the total variance. The IOT peaks in boreal summer, while the IOD has its mature phase in boreal fall. The spatio-temporal differences, together with the significant separation of these two EOF patterns, illustrate that the IOT is independent of the IOD. Heat budget diagnoses indicate that the anomalous temperature over the southeastern and western Indian Ocean is mainly generated by the net heat flux during April–May and by the total ocean advection in June–August. In contrast, the anomalous temperature is mainly driven by the advection of the mean temperature by the anomalous current in April and the residual term in May–June over the central Indian Ocean, which is replaced by advection of the anomalous temperature by the mean zonal current in July.
Correction to: Ultrasensitive RT-QuIC assay with high sensitivity and specificity for Lewy body-associated synucleinopathies
Authors: Rossi Marcello , Candelise Niccolò , Baiardi Simone , Capellari Sabina , Giannini Giulia , Orrù Christina D. , Antelmi Elena , Mammana Angela , Hughson Andrew G. , Calandra-Buonaura Giovanna , Ladogana Anna , Plazzi Giuseppe , Cortelli Pietro , Caughey Byron , Parchi Piero
Published: June 2020

he article Ultrasensitive RT‑QuIC assay with high sensitivity and specificity for Lewy body‑
Surgical techniques and functional evaluation for vestibular lesions in the mouse: unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN)
Authors: Simon François , Pericat David , Djian Cassandre , Fricker Desdemona , Denoyelle Françoise , Beraneck Mathieu
Published: June 2020

Objective

Unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) are two surgical methods to produce vestibular lesions in the mouse. The objective of this study was to describe the surgical technique of both methods, and compare functional compensation using vestibulo-ocular reflex-based tests.

Methods

UL and UVN were each performed on groups of seven and ten mice, respectively. Main surgical landmarks were the facial nerve, the external auditory canal and the sternomastoid and digastric muscles. For UL, the sternomastoid muscle was elevated to expose the mastoid, which was drilled to destroy the labyrinth. For UVN, the bulla was drilled opened and a transcochlear approach enabled the identification of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve exiting the brainstem, which was sectioned and the ganglion of Scarpa suctioned. Behaviour and vestibular function were analysed before surgery and at 1, 4, 7 days and at 1 month postlesion using sinusoidal rotation, off-vertical axis rotation, static head tilts and angular velocity steps.

Results

UL is a faster and safer procedure than UVN (operative time 16.3 vs 20.5 min, p = 0.19; survival rate 86% vs 60%, p = 0.25). UVN was more severe with significantly worse behavioural scores at day 4 and day 7 (p < 0.001). Vestibular compensation was overall similar during the first week and at 1 month (non-statistically significant difference).

Conclusion

Both UL and UVN procedures can routinely be performed in the mouse with similar post-operative recovery and behavioural compensation. The operative risk of vascular or neurological damage is smaller in UL compared to UVN. UVN may be required for specific research protocols studying central cellular process specifically related to the destruction of the ganglion of Scarpa and following vestibular nerve degeneration.
A clinician’s guide for developing a prediction model: a case study using real-world data of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Veen Kevin M. , de Angst Isabel B. , Mokhles Mostafa M. , Westgeest Hans M. , Kuppen Malou , Groot Carin A. Uyl-de , Gerritsen Winald R. , Kil Paul J. M. , Takkenberg Johanna J. M.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

With the increasing interest in treatment decision-making based on risk prediction models, it is essential for clinicians to understand the steps in developing and interpreting such models.

Methods

A retrospective registry of 20 Dutch hospitals with data on patients treated for castration-resistant prostate cancer was used to guide clinicians through the steps of developing a prediction model. The model of choice was the Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Using the exemplary dataset several essential steps in prediction modelling are discussed including: coding of predictors, missing values, interaction, model specification and performance. An advanced method for appropriate selection of main effects, e.g. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, is described. Furthermore, the assumptions of Cox proportional hazard model are discussed, and how to handle violations of the proportional hazard assumption using time-varying coefficients.

Conclusion

This study provides a comprehensive detailed guide to bridge the gap between the statistician and clinician, based on a large dataset of real-world patients treated for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Variation in oleoresin yield and anatomical traits among Sindora glabra populations in Hainan, China
Authors: Yu Niu , Li Qiongqiong , Yang Jinchang , Yin Guangtian , Li Rongsheng , Zou Wentao
Published: June 2020

Key message

Geography and tree diameter were the major factors in determining oleoresin yield in Sindora glabra. The tangential diameter and area of secretory canals are reliable indicators of the oleoresin amount.

Sindora glabra is a native tropical plant of China that exudes copious amounts of oleoresin from wounds on the stem. Elucidation of the mechanism affecting the oleoresin yield is of particular importance for development and selection of superior germplasm. In this study, the variation in oleoresin yield and anatomical traits of the stem of S. glabra were investigated in four main natural populations in Hainan. The results showed that annual oleoresin yield varied considerably among populations. The oleoresin yield exhibited an increasing trend with the increment of tree stem diameter until the diameter was over 80 cm. Moreover, oleoresin production in the wet season was higher than in dry season. The analysis of oleoresin chemical composition indicated that the four populations belong to the same chemotype despite the amount of four types of sesquiterpenes varying greatly among areas. Anatomical analysis revealed that quantitative traits of secretory canals including tangential diameter, area, density and frequency were significantly different among populations and tree diameters. Furthermore, the tangential diameter and area of secretory canals were positively correlated with oleoresin yield. These results suggested that the tangential diameter and area of secretory canals are reliable indicators of the oleoresin amount and can be used for selection purposes in S. glabra.
Retinoic acid receptor γ activation promotes differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into esophageal epithelium
Authors: Koterazawa Yasufumi , Koyanagi-Aoi Michiyo , Uehara Keiichiro , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Aoi Takashi
Published: June 2020

Background

The esophagus is known to be derived from the foregut. However, the mechanisms regulating this process remain unclear. In particular, the details of the human esophagus itself have been poorly researched. In this decade, studies using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have proven powerful tools for clarifying the developmental biology of various human organs. Several studies using hiPSCs have demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) signaling promotes the differentiation of foregut into tissues such as lung and pancreas. However, the effect of RA signaling on the differentiation of foregut into esophagus remains unclear.

Methods

We established a novel stepwise protocol with transwell culture and an air–liquid interface system for esophageal epithelial cell (EEC) differentiation from hiPSCs. We then evaluated the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which is a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α, RARβ and RARγ agonist, on the differentiation from the hiPSC-derived foregut. Finally, to identify which RAR subtype was involved in the differentiation, we used synthetic agonists and antagonists of RARα and RARγ, which are known to be expressed in esophagus.

Results

We successfully generated stratified layers of cells expressing EEC marker genes that were positive for lugol staining. The enhancing effect of ATRA on EEC differentiation was clearly demonstrated with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistology, lugol-staining and RNA sequencing analyses. RARγ agonist and antagonist enhanced and suppressed EEC differentiation, respectively. RARα agonist had no effect on the differentiation.

Conclusion

We revealed that RARγ activation promotes the differentiation of hiPSCs-derived foregut into EECs.
Material selection for tooth-supported single crowns—a survey among dentists in Germany
Authors: Rauch Angelika , Schrock Annett , Schierz Oliver , Hahnel Sebastian
Published: June 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to survey dentists in Germany to identify their favored materials for the fabrication of tooth-supported single crowns (SCs) depending on the location of the abutment teeth and the preparation margin.

Materials and methods

The survey included questions regarding demographic characteristics of dentists/their dental practice and preferred restorative materials for the fabrication of SCs for abutment teeth 16, 11, 34, and 36 with either supra- or subgingival preparation margins.

Results

Between August 2019 and February 2020, 721 dentists participated in the survey; responses from 33 dentists were excluded from data analysis because the dentists did not work in Germany or provided less than one fixed dental prosthesis/month. Dentists favored ceramic materials independent of the location of the abutment tooth and preparation margin (56.6–92.2%). CAD/CAM resin composites or full metals were preferred by only a few participants. A significantly higher proportion of dentists recommended porcelain fused to metal for subgingival preparation margins than for supragingival margins (p < 0.001). Characteristics of dentists/dental practices influenced a single scenario (11 subgingival) that was dependent on the dentist’s time since graduation. When asked to specify the ceramic materials, numerous participants wrote a free response (5.7–7.8%) or did not answer (0.7–4.8%).

Conclusions

Dentists in Germany selected restorative materials for SCs depending on the clinical scenario. Since numerous dentists did not specify the ceramic materials, postgraduate information and education might help to extend expertise.

Clinical relevance

The results of this survey provide insight into the favored materials of dentists for the fabrication of tooth-supported SCs.
Usefulness of hemoglobin examination in gingival crevicular fluid during supportive periodontal therapy to diagnose the pre-symptomatic state in periodontal disease
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Numabe Yukihiro , Hashimoto Shuichi , Uehara Sunao , Wu Ya-Hsin , Ogawa Tomohisa
Published: June 2020

Objectives

The absence of bleeding on probing (BOP) is a good predictor of disease stability. This study investigated whether detection of hemoglobin (Hb) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) indicates minute signs of periodontal disease, even in BOP (−) cases.

Materials and methods

GCF was collected from gingival sulci of 152 sound maxillary and mandibular teeth from 76 patients who had entered supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) using the split-mouth design. As clinical parameters, plaque index, GCF amount, gingival index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, BOP, and alveolar bone resorption ratio were then recorded. As biochemical parameters, Hb amount, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and protein amount in GCF were measured. Periodontal conditions of diseased sites (PD ≥ 4 mm, BOP (+)) and healthy sites (PD ≤ 4 mm, BOP (−)) were further classified into two groups using the Hb cutoff value determined by PD and BOP and analyzed.

Results

Despite being healthy, ALP activity and protein amount in sulci of the group with Hb level greater than the cutoff value were significantly higher than those in the group with Hb level less than the cutoff value (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

This study indicates that Hb examination is a promising candidate marker of pre-symptomatic periodontal disease because Hb presence in GCF suggests slight tissue damage, even in healthy sites defined as BOP (−).

Clinical relevance

Hb examination of GCF is a powerful diagnostic tool for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of periodontal disease.
Coulometric response characteristics of solid contact ion-selective electrodes for divalent cations
Authors: Han Tingting , Mousavi Zekra , Mattinen Ulriika , Bobacka Johan
Published: June 2020

The chronoamperometric and coulometric response of solid contact ion-selective electrodes (SCISEs) for the detection of divalent cations was investigated in order to provide a more complete description of the mechanism of the recently introduced coulometric transduction method for SCISEs. The coulometric transduction method has earlier been employed only for SCISEs that were selective to monovalent ions. The SCISEs utilized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS−) as the solid contact (ion-to-electron transducer). PEDOT(PSS) was electrodeposited on glassy carbon and covered with plasticized PVC-based ion-selective membranes (ISMs) that were selective towards divalent cations (Ca2+, Pb2+). In contrast to earlier studies, the results obtained in this work show that the coulometric response for the Pb2+-SCISE was limited mainly by ion transport in the PEDOT(PSS) layer, which was not the case for the Ca2+-SCISE, nor was it observed earlier for the monovalent ions. The exceptional behavior of the Pb2+-SCISE was explored further by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and it was shown that the effective redox capacitance of PEDOT(PSS) was significantly higher for the Pb2+-SCISE than for the Ca2+-SCISE although the polymerization charge of PEDOT(PSS) was the same. The slow transport of Pb2+ in PEDOT(PSS) was tentatively related to complexation between Pb2+ and PEDOT(PSS).