bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light habitats and the role of polarized iridescence in the sensory ecology of neotropical nymphalid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Douglas Jonathan M. , Cronin Thomas W. , Chiou Tsyr-Huei , Dominy Nathaniel J.
Published: February 2007

The exploitation of polarized light may increase perceived visual contrast independent of spectrum and intensity and thus have adaptive value in forest habitats, where illumination varies greatly in brightness and spectral properties. Here we investigate the extent to which Costa Rican butterflies of the family Nymphalidae exhibit polarized wing reflectance and evaluate the types of habitats in which the trait is commonly found. We also examine the degree of polarized reflectance of wing patterns in representative species belonging to the nymphalid subfamilies Charaxinae, Heliconiinae, Morphinae and Nymphalinae. Polarized reflectance was evaluated using museum specimens illuminated with a light source that simulated the spectrum of ambient sunlight and viewed through a polarized filter. Of the 144 species examined,75 species exhibited polarized reflectance patterns. These species were significantly more likely to occupy forest habitats than open habitats. A concentrated changes test performed on a phylogeny of the Nymphalidae, with the Papilionidae as an outgroup, provides further support for the correlated evolution of polarized iridescence and life in a forest light environment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the production and detection of polarized light may have adaptive communicative value in those species inhabiting forest habitats with complex light conditions. The potential utility of polarized iridescence and iridescent wing coloration within differing ambient spectral environments is discussed to provide a basis for future investigation of the polarized light ecology of butterflies.
Larval feeding duration affects ecdysteroid levels and nutritional reserves regulating pupal commitment in the yellow fever mosquitoAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Telang Aparna , Frame Laura , Brown Mark R.
Published: February 2007

What little is known about the endocrine regulation of mosquito development suggests that models based on Lepidoptera and Drosophila may not apply. We report on basic parameters of larval development and the commitment to metamorphosis in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti that are affected by varying the length of feeding time for last instar larvae. A critical mass for pupal commitment was achieved after 24 h of feeding by last instars, also the age at which tissue production and hemolymph titers of ecdysteroids are increasing. A greater proportion of last instars successfully pupated and eclosed as adults as the length of their feeding time increased. Less than 24 h of feeding time resulted in last instars that were developmentally arrested; these larvae tolerated starvation conditions for up to 2 weeks and retained the capacity to pupate if re-fed. Starvation tolerance may be a common trait among container-inhabiting species, and this period is an important factor to be considered for vectorial capacity and control measures. To distinguish cues for metamorphosis related to a larva's nutritional status versus its age, newly molted last instars were fed for different periods of time but sampled at the same age; ecdysteroid levels,body mass and nutrient reserves were then measured for each group. Our data suggest that metamorphic capacity is dependent on a larva's nutritional condition and not just the age at which ecdysteroid titers increase. Last instars that have fed for a particular length of time may initiate their metamorphic molt when both threshold levels of nutrient reserves and ecdysteroid titer have been met. Future studies will lead to a conceptual model specific for the nutritional and hormonal regulation of mosquito post-embryonic development. This model should facilitate the exploitation of current and novel insect growth regulators that are among favored strategies for vector population suppression.
Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship Prediction of the Half-Wave Potential for Substituted Nitrobenzenes in Five Nonaqueous Solvents
Authors: Fatemi Mohammad Hossein , Hadjmohammadi Mohammad Reza , Kamel Kamyar , Biparva Poriya
Published: February 2007

Half-wave potentials (E1/2) are an important electrochemical property of organic compounds, which depends on both solute and solvent. In this work, a quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) study was carried out to predict the reduction E1/2 behavior of 15 substituted nitrobenzenes in five solvents, including acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran. For selection of the most relevant descriptors, a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) technique was used. Five descriptors that appeared in the MLR model were: minimum charges of the oxygen atom in the nitro group, Guttmann acceptor number of the solvent, dipole moment of solute, dipole moment of the solvent, and Hammet substitution constant (σ). The leave-one out cross validation method was used to evaluate the credibility of the model. Statistical parameters derived from this test are: R2 = 0.960, Q2 = 0.959, and SPREES = 0.046. These indicate the suitability of the constructed model.
Ab Initio and DFT Calculations on 2-Aminopyrimidine, 2-Amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine, and Their Dimers
Authors: Hasanein Ahmed Abd El-gawad , Senior Samir Abd El-aziz
Published: February 2007

Optimum molecular geometries of 2-aminopyrimidine and 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine have been calculated by using MP2 and B3LYP methods with different extended basis sets. Dimer interactions for these two pyrimidine derivatives have been also investigated. Full geometry optimization at MP2 and B3LYP levels has been performed for the dimers. BSSE correction was made using the counterpoise method, and the H-bond energies have been calculated.
Synthesis, X-ray Structures, and Solution Properties of Vanadium(III) and -(IV) Complexes with N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine
Authors: Kanamori Kan , Kusajima Koji , Yachi Hiroyuki , Suzuki Honoh , Miyashita Yoshitaro , Okamoto Ken-ichi
Published: February 2007

New vanadium(III) and -(IV) complexes with N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (H2hppma) have been prepared, and their structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography. As for the vanadium(III) complex, the vanadium(III) center has a center of symmetry and adopts an ordinary octahedral structure, in which the H2hppma ligand coordinates as a monoanion (Hhppma) in a facial fashion. The vanadium(IV) complex with H2hppma has been determined to be an unusual non-oxo or bare vanadium(IV) complex. In this complex, the H2hppma ligand coordinates as a dianion (hppma) in a meridional fashion. Both complexes are fairly unstable in an aerobic solution and decompose to an oxovanadium(IV) complex.
Separation Characteristics of a Phosphatidylcholine-Coated ODS Column for Direct Sample Injection Analysis of Biological Fluid Samples
Authors: Hasegawa Takuya , Fukumoto Yasuharu , Ishise Jotaro , Hattori Ryota , Zhu Yanbei , Umemura Tomonari , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: February 2007

An octadecylsilyl silica (ODS) column coated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) was prepared by using a dynamic coating method, and its separation characteristics were evaluated for direct sample injection analysis of biological fluids. First, fundamental separation behaviors of various kinds of large and small molecules/ions were examined by HPLC using the PC-coated ODS column with UV absorption detection, for which pure water was used as a mobile phase. In the experiments, proteins (large molecules) were rapidly eluted in the range of 2.07 min (dead time)–3.20 min, while small molecules, such as inorganic anions, amino acids, organic acids, and organic drugs, were eluted after 3.50 min. The fact that proteins and small molecules/ions were separated on the PC-coated ODS column suggested that the present column can be used for direct sample injection analysis of biological fluid samples, such as urine and blood serum. Thus, the PC-coated ODS column was used in the analysis of arsenic species in urine and in the analysis of nicotinamide, theophylline, tryptophan, and caffeine in a model blood serum solution without any sample pretreatment.
Morphology and Specific Surface Free Energies of Ruby Single Crystal Grown from Molybdenum Trioxide Flux Studied by Contact Angle of Liquid Droplets
Authors: Suzuki Takaomi , Iguchi Eiichi , Teshima Katsuya , Oishi Shuji
Published: February 2007

Contact angles of water and formamide droplets on a ruby crystal grown from MoO3 flux were determined. The specific surface free energies of the () and (0001) faces, calculated using the Fowkes approximation, were 48 ± 1 and 65 ± 1 mN m−1, respectively. The length of the normal lines from the center of the crystal to () and (0001) faces were 1.06 and 1.45 mm, respectively. The relationship between the specific surface free energy and the morphology of the crystal satisfies Wulff’s relationship.
1,1,4,4-Tetra(2-furyl, 2-thienyl, and 2-selenienyl)butatrienes: Synthesis, Properties, and Molecular Structures
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Muro Seiji , Enomoto Tetsuya , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji
Published: February 2007

Tetra(2-furyl, 2-thienyl, and 2-selenienyl)butatrienes and their derivatives have been prepared by dimerization of ate-type complexes derived from the corresponding 1,1-dichloro-2,2-diarylethenes using appropriate copper complexes in moderate to high yields. These new butatrienes are relatively stable crystalline substances with intense absorption bands at long wavelengths. The electronic properties of the substituents at the 5-position of aryl groups remarkably influence the wavelength of the longest absorption and the π-electron distribution of butatriene moiety. Their redox potentials, measured by cyclic voltammetry, have higher amphoteric redox properties than those of tetraphenylbutatriene. The crystal structures of tetrakis(5-trimethylsilyl)-substituted derivatives show the following two features: (1) the thiophene and selenole derivatives have pseudo-D2 structures, while the furan derivative has a C2 symmetric structure probably due to the counterbalance between the energy of conjugation and the nonbonded chalcogen–chalcogen interaction; (2) the central double bonds of these butatrienes are considerably short.
Photostimulated Crystal Lattice Change Induced by the Photochemical Ring-Opening Reaction of Diarylethene Molecules
Authors: Hamazaki Takuro , Matsuda Kenji , Kobatake Seiya , Irie Masahiro
Published: February 2007

Single crystals of the closed-ring isomer of the diarylethene derivative 1,2-bis(2-methyl-6-styryl-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene underwent a ring-opening reaction with high conversion while keeping their crystalline shape and transparency. Polar plots of the absorption anisotropy revealed that the closed-ring isomer in the crystal maintained an ordered alignment even at high conversion, and the transparency of the single crystal remained intact during photoreaction. X-ray crystal structural analysis showed that the length of the b axis of the unit cell increases as the photoreaction proceeds. The photostimulated crystal-lattice change is attributed to the rotational movement of the thiophene rings of the molecule during the photochemical ring-opening reaction.
Synthesis of Selenoketone–Platinum Complex
Authors: Shigetomi Toshiyuki , Shioji Kosei , Okuma Kentaro , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: February 2007

The synthesis of selenoketone–platinum complexes 3a–3c was achieved by reacting selenoketones 4 with (η2-ethylene)bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) (1). 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylindan-2-selone–platinum complex 3b was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis to be an η2-selenoketone–platinum complex. Interestingly, only one isomer of selenofenchone–platinum complex 3c was formed by this reaction.
Perrhenic Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration from Primary Amides, Aldoximes, N-Monoacylureas, and α-Substituted Ketoximes to Nitrile Compounds
Authors: Furuya Yoshiro , Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: February 2007

The dehydration reaction of primary amides is one of the most fundamental methods for the synthesis of nitriles, and the development of environmentally benign catalytic reaction processes is needed. We surveyed a variety of metal catalysts and found that perrhenic acid was extremely effective for the dehydration of not only primary amides but also aldoximes. Typically, 1 mol % of perrhenic acid gave the corresponding nitriles from amides or aldoximes under azeotropic reflux conditions with the removal of water in toluene or mesitylene. In addition, perrhenic acid is an extremely efficient catalyst for the Beckmann fragmentation of α-substituted ketoximes to functionalized nitriles. This new catalytic system can be applied to the gram-scale synthesis of nitriles without further modifications.
Complex Made from Tetrasodium N,N-Bis(carboxylatomethyl) Glutamate and Sodium Oleate that Forms a Highly Ordered Lamella in Gel Phase
Authors: Jeong Yeonhwan , Uezu Kazuya , Kobayashi Masataka , Sakurai Shinichi , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Inoue Katuaki , Sasaki Sono , Shimada Naohiko , Takeda Yoichi , Kaneko Kenji , Sakurai Kazuo
Published: February 2007

When we mixed two transparent aqueous solutions of tetrasodium N,N-bis(carboxylatomethyl) glutamate (GLDA) and sodium oleate (OleNa), a white gel phase was formed when the total solute concentrations were higher than about 2.8 wt %, indicating that complexation between GLDA and OleNa caused the gelation. The appearance of the gel was completely opaque, the gel displayed thixotropy, and the gel state changed to the sol state upon heating. Optical microscopy showed that the gel consisted of very long fibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the long fibers were made from many bundled, straight fibrils with a width of 200–1000 nm. The fibril consisted of lamellae parallel to the axial direction of the fibril. X-ray scattering confirmed the lamellar structure with a spacing of 4.5 nm, and the spacing was independent of the concentration and the molar ratio of GLDA and OleNa. The area of the lamellar first peak reached a maximum at the molar ratio of GLDA:OleNa = 4:1, i.e., this ratio is the stoichiometry of the GLDA/OleNa complex. This stoichiometric number was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Changes in Protein Content during Wheat Maturation—What is Measured by near Infrared Spectroscopy?
Authors: Gergely Szilveszter , Salgó András
Published: February 2007

The amount and variation in content of different proteins changes considerably during maturation and these changes were non-destructively monitored in developing grain using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Characteristic changes in two protein absorption bands were identified (2055–2065 nm, identified as amide A/II and 2175–2180 nm, identified as amide I/III) and it was concluded that the different dynamics of protein development (accumulation of proteins as well as gluten network formation) could be followed sensitively by monitoring these two different regions of NIR spectra. Amide A/II represents the effect of protein network formation during maturation based on the vibrations of inter-chain hydrogen bonded N–H groups in polypeptides. Amide I/III is the manifestation of protein accumulation, as in the formation of gliadins and glutenins that interact together to form a gluten network. NIR spectroscopy is shown to be effective in monitoring plant physiological processes both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the spectra have more hidden information for predicting the stage of growth in wheat seed.
Robust Modelling of Soil Diffuse Reflectance Spectra by “Bagging-Partial Least Squares Regression”
Authors: Rossel R.A. Viscarra
Published: February 2007

Visible (vis), near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (mid-IR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) coupled with partial least squares regression (PLSR) are increasingly being used in the agricultural and environmental sciences as an efficient complement to conventional laboratory analysis. The DRS techniques are rapid, relatively cheap and more efficient for obtaining data than conventional analysis, especially when a large number of samples and analyses are required. A single spectrum may be used to predict various physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The robustness of PLSR models and their predictions may be improved by combining the implementation of PLSR with bootstrap aggregation or “bagging”. Bagging aims to reduce the variance of predictions by aggregating a number of models obtained in the course of re-sampling. The aim of this work was to test the implementation of bagging with PLSR (bagging-PLSR) using vis-NIR and mid-IR soil diffuse reflectance spectra to predict soil organic carbon (OC). Bagging-PLSR was shown to: (i) be more robust than PLSR alone, (ii) be less prone to over fitting and improve prediction accuracy and (iii) provide a measure of the uncertainty of the models and their predictions.
Infrared Spectroscopy—Enabling an Evidence-Based Diagnostic Surveillance Approach to Agricultural and Environmental Management in Developing Countries
Authors: Shepherd Keith D. , Walsh Markus G.
Published: February 2007

Science-based approaches to agricultural and environmental management are needed to accelerate development progress in the world's poorest countries. We present a diagnostic surveillance framework modelled on medical diagnostic approaches for evidence-based management of agriculture and environment in developing countries. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy can play a pivotal role in making the surveillance framework operational, by providing a rapid, low cost and highly reproducible diagnostic screening tool. We review the wide applicability of IR spectroscopy for setting up measurement systems for the management of soils, crops, agricultural inputs, livestock health, agricultural products and water quality. IR spectroscopy is already being used in the design of soil surveillance systems, but the principles are generally applicable. A new evidence-based interpretation approach to plant analysis, combining plant and soil IR spectroscopy measurements, is proposed. Finally, an idealised design is proposed for making IR spectroscopy-based diagnostic surveillance operational in developing countries over the next ten years. Large area surveillance frameworks for agricultural and environmental problems will deploy integrated spectral indicators of soil, crop and livestock health and water quality. Spectral indicators will help to quantify risk factors associated with problems and assess intervention impacts. Smallholder farmers will have access to IR spectroscopy-based analysis of soils, crops and inputs through a network of hand-held or mobile IR spectroscopy units. Agricultural processing industries will make extensive use of IR spectroscopy on the factory floor to add value to agricultural produce and improve food safety. Regional centres of scientific and technological excellence will be required to support (i) high quality laboratory reference analyses, (ii) development of IR spectroscopy calibration databases and interpretation systems and (iii) up-grading of scientific and technical skills through training and education. Key challenges for adoption of this design include (i) building human capacity in science- and technology-based approaches, (ii) development of rugged low cost IR spectroscopy instrumentation and (iii) development of decision support systems to interpret IR spectroscopy data into management recommendations.
Spectral Pre-Treatments of Hyperspectral near Infrared Images: Analysis of Diffuse Reflectance Scattering
Authors: Burger James , Geladi Paul
Published: February 2007

Scattering effects are often encountered when measuring diffuse reflectance near infrared (NIR) spectra of solid and semi-solid materials. How does this phenomenon effect hyperspectral imaging of powders? A series of hyperspectral NIR images of particle size fractions of commercial grade salt and sugar were acquired. Spectral pre-processing techniques, including Kubelka–Munk, standard normal variate and absorbance transforms, unit length or unit area normalisation, first and second derivative transforms, and several variants of multiplicative scatter corrections (MSC) were applied to the images and examined for their effectiveness at reducing or eliminating scatter effects. Principal component analysis (PCA) scoreplots produced expected results: derivative transforms reduced variance, but did not eliminate the particle size dependencies; piecewise MSC transforms reduced the data to two clusters, one for salt and one for sugar. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to examine the impact of the pre-processing transforms on prediction of particle size. RMSEP values between 10 and 50 μm were determined for particle fractions ranging between 140 and 315 μm for all transforms except the piecewise MSC; in spite of the reduction in additive and multiplicative effects, enough correlated variance remained after application of the pre-processing transforms to allow prediction of particle size ranges from PLS models. Additional scatter effect information was obtained by examining particle size distribution histograms and spatial particle size mappings facilitated by the hyperspectral images.
Enforcement or Management: Two Schools of Thought in the Institutional Design of the Kyoto Regime
Authors: Sugiyama Taishi
Published: February 2007

The international negotiations on climate change continue to prepare for the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). If the political momentum behind this treaty is to be maintained, fundamental change may be needed. To this effect, a distinction is made between the Enforcement School and the Management School in designing a compliance regime for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. The distinction is important because without it, one school of thought tends to naively negate the elements of the other. Recognizing the logical chain of reasoning in both approaches will benefit the (re)design of the Protocol by streamlining activities and establishing a better regime. The reasoning of both schools of thought is analysed. Firstly, there are those who advocate stringent enforcement, favour sanctions to achieve compliance and dismiss all discretionary elements. Further, when its supporters see that the Protocol's targets are ambitious, they favour international market mechanisms, universal and simple rules to implement these, with national emission trading as a domestic policy option. Questions frequently addressed to this school ask whether national environmental numerical targets are enforceable by the democratic process, and whether economy-wide emission trading is politically and institutionally feasible. In contrast, those who advocate facilitative and cooperative compliance support another logic: no sanctions for noncompliance, discretionary elements in the hands of the Parties, incremental change in traditional environmental domestic policy instruments. Questions frequently asked of them include whether Parties would make efforts in the absence of sanctions and whether these would be cost-effective. While the ideas of the Enforcement School have a successful record in some issue areas including domestic SOx regulation in United States, the Kyoto Regime is too young to be burdened with these notions. Past experiences of multilateral environmental agreements suggest that the Kyoto regime should be designed in line with the ideas of the Management School, at least for its fledgling stage, including the First Commitment Period.
Kyoto Protocol: Trade versus the Environment
Authors: Loose Helen
Published: February 2007

Could the signatories to the Kyoto Protocol find themselves up against the WTO? This paper examines how the climate change agreement could conflict with trade rules, and shows that there are potentially serious conflicts in the interface between the WTO and the Kyoto Protocol. It argues for dialogue and debate before it is too late.
Why Green Taxation?
Authors: Hjøllund Lene , Svendsen Gert Tinggaard
Published: February 2007

According to economists, solving environmental problems is simple. Politicians should simply impose a uniform tax on harmful emissions. However, the actual design of such green taxation shows that politicians do not follow their advice. CO2 taxation in OECD, for example, is highly differentiated and greatly favours industry. In fact, CO2 tax rates for industry are, on average, six times lower than those for households. We argue that the reason for this tax differentiation is that industry, in contrast to households, has a strong capability to lobby. Therefore, green taxation is effectively blocked and the desired environmental results are not being achieved. Why then is green taxation persistently applied in relation to industry? We argue that strong fiscal incentives drive this policy choice at the expense of environmental concerns because this allows environmental bureaucracies to maximize budgets.
Study on Tar Property from Coal Mild Gasification with Calcium Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Tingyu Zhu , Yang Wang
Published: February 2007

Tars in both the presence and absence of calcium oxide were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that tar yields reach the maximum at 650 degrees in the absence of calcium oxide. It is in accordance with Tyler's results. But when calcium oxide is added, the temperature of tar maximum yield is only 550 degrees C. It is also demonstrated that the ratio of H/C, BTX, PCX and other light content in tar increase while the ratio of (O+N+S)/C and oxide compound in tar decrease in the presence of calcium oxide. It is noted that the maximum composition of alkanes in tar is C14∼C20 in the presence of calcium oxide while is C8∼C15 in the absence of calcium oxide. The yield of phenolic compounds was higher in the presence of calcium oxide than the raw coal alone. The result disagrees with the reported literature. The difference may arise from differences in temperature and gas or solid residence time, or from the difference of activity of calcium oxide used.
Food Security, Agricultural Subsidies, Energy, and the Environment: A Process of ‘Glocalization’ in Sri Lanka
Authors: Mendis Patrick
Published: February 2007

This paper analyzes the interplay of policy dilemma in the areas of food security, agricultural subsidies, energy consumption, and the environment in the “glocalization” process of Sri Lanka. It demonstrates that the domestic agricultural and food sector is intricately interconnected with the global economy and world market forces. While this paper gives a primary focus on domestic rice production and wheat import policies, it further examines the environmental consequences and public health issues that are associated with the process of “glocalization” as part of globalization. This “glocalization” has led to a series of intended and unintended externalities for Sri Lanka whose economic integration is irreversibly linked to agricultural and subsidy policies of other food exporting and producing countries of Asia and the United States.
Natural and Anthropogenic Environmental Problems
Authors: Lerche Ian
Published: February 2007

Naturally occurring processes continually alter the Earth's atmosphere, topography, biomass and biofaunal loads and their distributions around the world. When these processes adversely impact the environment relative to the perceived needs of humanity, they are considered natural environmental problems. Remediation can be performed but preventative measures seem difficult to provide. Anthropogenic processes are those produced by Man's activities in exploiting and modifying the environment. In general, there is usually a negative effect on the environment caused by such anthropogenic processes. Remediation can be performed and, moreover, preventative measures can also be provided. This paper provides an overview of the influence of both natural and anthropogenic processes on the environment. Remediation methods are considered as part of the entrepreneurial activities of mankind, while preventative measures are viewed from the self-preservation perspective of humanity. Finally, some basic rules of engagement are given when one is handling environmental problems, which enable a logical, ordered approach to be taken subject to the expediencies of cost/benefit/health and intrinsic need. Arguments can also be given to evaluate quantitatively the relevant conditions for prioritizing remediation and avoidance procedures.
James's Fractured Fairy-Tale: How the Governess Gets Grimm
Authors: Butterworth-McDermott Christine
Published: February 2007

This article details how the Governess's manuscript in "The Turn of The Screw" uses the fairy tales of Cinderella and Bluebeard. While the Governess hopes the Uncle will be Prince Charming, as events at Bly progress, she finds herself sucked into a Bluebeard narrative, in which she is the threatened "second wife" (after Miss Jessel). Her determination to force "Bluebeard" into "Cinderella," and the tragic consequences of her actions, show how a belief in romantic literature can twist a young woman's psyche, creating out of happily-ever-after a story of ugliness and horror and pain.
Ornamental Identity: Commodity Fetishism, Masculinity, and Sexuality in The Golden Bowl
Authors: Davidson Guy
Published: February 2007

The Golden Bowl marks a shift in James's account of the relations between the commodity form, sexuality, and gendered identities. Whereas James's earlier fictions develop their interest in the interimplication of consumer and sexual desires through an emphasis on the exchangeability of the female body, in this novel the pre-eminent human commodity is a male, Amerigo. The connections drawn between commodity fetishism and masculinity in the representation of the Prince have implications that call into question the naturalness of heterosexuality and orthodox gender identities.
Governess as Ghostwriter: Unauthorized Authority and Uncanny Authorship in Henry James's "The Turn of the Screw"
Authors: Jang Kiyoon
Published: February 2007

This essay reads "The Turn of the Screw" to show Henry James's turn-of-the-century vision of the author as a ghost-like discourse-producer whose textual proprietorship is acknowledged by his/her absent presence in the circulation and consumption of a text. The governess in the novella represents this Jamesian author figure by means of her self-transformation from ghostwriter, a writer who creates the text for the names of her para/textual superiors, to ghost writer, a ghost who authors the text. The essay concludes by suggesting the Jamesian author figure/ghost writer as a critique of, and alternative to, the Foucauldian notion of fin-de-siècle authorship based on the author-function.
"Daisy Miller" and the Romantic Poets
Authors: Meyers Jeffrey
Published: February 2007

In "Daisy Miller" (1878), Henry James alludes to Shelley, Keats, and Byron, three defiant Romantic poets of dubious reputation who died young in a foreign country, to create a rich context for his tale of an innocent abroad. James sets Daisy's excitement and pleasure in her travels on Lake Geneva and in Rome in the historical context of the Protestant Cemetery, the Château of Chillon, and the Colosseum, places filled with blood, pain and death, which foreshadow her untimely end.
"Attracted by a Dusky Object": Henry James's "The Patagonia" and Its Atlantic Context
Authors: Ribbat Christoph
Published: February 2007

Instead of treating "The Patagonia" as a lesser experiment in the international theme, this essay analyzes the story as a transnational text. Against the background of the social and cultural history of the Atlantic, it discusses symbolic connections between the illicit affair and suicide of protagonist Grace Mavis on the one hand and the colonial imaginary, technology, and observation on the other. It examines possible influences of late nineteenth-century images of Patagonia on James's story, arguing that the tale plays with the idea of innocent exploration only in order to expose the notion as fictitious.
Wishing to Be Interviewed in Henry James's The Reverberator
Authors: Rubery Matthew
Published: February 2007

While Henry James's journalists have long been taken as the author's protest against the invasion of privacy, this essay suggests that it is not the journalist who poses the greatest threat to privacy but rather the public itself. James's fiction addresses people's willingness to share their most intimate experiences during the journalistic interview in a way that ran counter to James's own preference for impersonal narration. A reading of James's The Reverberator suggests the interview may be a problem whose implications reach well beyond the limited interaction with the journalist to all conversation involving the selective disclosure of information with an unseen audience in mind.
The "Impossible" Miriam Rooth: Performance, Painting, and Spectatorship in The Tragic Muse
Authors: Storm William
Published: February 2007

The Tragic Muse embodies the problem of how arts other than the literary (primarily theatrical performance and portraiture) are conveyed in narrative, an aesthetic issue reflected chiefly in the elusive and contradictory aspects of actress Miriam Rooth. One reference to Miriam ("beautiful actual fictive impossible") reflects James's sense of contrary qualities that arise partly because she is portrayed only through spectatorship-- the altering observations of other characters. Miriam's histrionic temperament, and her varied acting roles, add to what is finally a problem of representation itself, particularly in regard to how visual and kinetic arts coexist in narrative, albeit "scenic," description.
"Dalit Rights are Human Rights": Caste Discrimination, International Activism, and the Construction of a New Human Rights Issue
Authors: Bob Clifford
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes recent efforts by India's Dalits (Untouchables) to transform centuries-old caste-based discrimination into an international human rights issue. Comparing early failures and later successes in international activism, the article demonstrates that the Dalits have achieved limited but important advances among transnational NGOs, international organizations, and foreign governments since the late 1990s. What explains these successes—and what lessons does the Dalit experience hold for other groups seeking to transform domestic grievances into internationally recognized human rights issues? The article makes two primary arguments. First, organizational changes among Dalit activists played a major role in these successes, most importantly the formation of a unified Dalit network within India and the subsequent creation of a transnational solidarity network. Second, rhetorical changes played a key role, as Dalits moved from their long-standing focus on caste-based discrimination to a broader framing within the more internationally acceptable terminology of discrimination based on "work and descent." The article concludes by discussing broader implications for international human rights activism by other aggrieved groups.
Balancing Human Rights? Methodological Problems with Weights, Scales and Proportions
Authors: Cali Başak
Published: February 2007

This article takes issue with the argument that human rights are not absolute and should be balanced in relation to competing communal aims. The balancing of qualified human rights is a key practice of the European Court of Human Rights and a great deal depends on a clear analysis of the ramifications of balancing for our understanding of human rights aims. The author does not seek to propose an alternative to balancing, but aims to show that it is not necessarily coherent with human rights principles or the kinds of functions international human rights institutions are thought to perform.
Rights and Place: Using Geography in Human Rights Work
Authors: Carmalt Jean Connelly
Published: February 2007

Human rights practitioners have become increasingly concerned with how to translate universal norms into locally meaningful standards. The field of human geography offers several methodologies and theories that help with this endeavor. Using a geographic perspective for human rights work means focusing on physical access, available personnel, and other components of implementation at a local level. Moreover, it approaches human rights work with the assumption that physical space is built by human actions, and that the way in which it is created plays a role in how human rights violations occur. Taking a geographical perspective to human rights violations creates more effective implementation techniques and new causes of action. These are illustrated through a general overview of the field of human geography and through application to two human rights: the right to housing and the right to free political speech.
Towards a New Partnership? Indigenous Political Mobilization and Co-optation During the First UN Indigenous Decade (1995-2004)
Authors: Corntassel Jeff
Published: February 2007

This article critically examines the effectiveness of emergent transnational Indigenous rights networks during the first United Nations (UN) Indigenous Decade (1995â2004). Keck and Sikkink's five-part model is utilized in the analysis but is found to be inadequate when gauging the overall effectiveness of Indigenous political mobilization during the first UN decade. A sixth factor, co-optation, better explains the impacts of "mainstreaming" Indigenous rights within the UN system (through blunting and channeling processes) and the subsequent shortcomings of the first UN Indigenous Decade. Potential future strategies for global Indigenous political mobilization outside of the UN system are discussed.
Religious Legal Traditions, Muslim States and the Convention on the Rights of the Child: An Essay on the Relevant UN Documentation
Authors: Hashemi Kamran
Published: February 2007

Along with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has received the most religion-based reservations by Muslim states on various articles and/or on the treaty as a whole. Conversely, the Convention is the only international treaty that contains an explicit reference to Islamic law. Based on relevant United Nations documentation, this article undertakes a comparative study in order to elaborate upon ways that religious legal traditions impact upon implementation of the Convention by Muslim states. The article also examines the relevance of the reservations to the implementations of the treaty by reserving states.
Truth with Consequences: Justice and Reparations in Post-Truth Commission Peru
Authors: Laplante Lisa J , Theidon Kimberly Susan
Published: February 2007

Truth commissions have become key mechanisms in transitional justice schemes in post conflict societies in order to assure transitions to peace, the rule of law, and respect for human rights. However, few studies examine what must happen to ensure that the transition process initiated by a truth commission successfully continues after the commission concludes its truth-gathering work and submits its final report. This article argues that while attention often focuses on prosecutions and institutional reforms, reparations also play a critical role. The authors share their observations of how government agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), civil society sectors and victim-survivor's associations struggle over reparations in post truth commission Peru, offering a preliminary analysis of key theoretical suppositions about transitional justice: they explore whether the act of telling the truth to an official body is something that helps or hinders a victim-survivor in his or her own recovery process, and whether in giving testimonies victim-survivors place particular demands upon the state. The authors conclude that while testimony giving may possibly have temporary cathartic effects, it must be followed by concrete actions. Truth tellers make an implicit contract with their interlocutors to respond through acknowledgment and redress.
Towards Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation: The Normative Basis and Procedural Possibilities before the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the African Union
Authors: Murray Rachel, Dr , Viljoen Frans
Published: February 2007

The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, through the work of its Commission, has been interpreted in an increasingly dynamic fashion since its establishment in 1986. Through some innovative jurisprudence on the extensive range of rights available in the Charter, the Commission is starting to be taken seriously. However, one area that has been on the margins of international human rights law, sexual orientation, has also remained largely outside the consideration of the African Commission. This is despite the fact that violations continue against gays and lesbians across the African continent. This article seeks to outline how the African Charter regards the issue of gay and lesbian rights and how those working in this area can make use of the mechanisms available through the African Commission.
Rehabilitation and Community Integration of Trafficking Survivors in the United States
Authors: Shigekane Rachel
Published: February 2007

Little has been reported on how survivors of trafficking integrate into new communities and what types of rehabilitation services and programs they may need to live independently and self-sufficiently. The release of federal funds under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 to assist certain survivors of trafficking has spurred the rapid and eclectic development of advocacy programs and services. This article explores the needs of survivors of trafficking, the variety of services and advocacy programs that are developing to assist them, and the complex reactions of immigrant communities to incidents of trafficking.
Darkness Transformed: Illness in the Work of Kajii Motojirō
Authors: Dodd Stephen
Published: February 2007

Illness is a useful metaphor to understand Kajii Motojirō's place in the intellectual context of his times. His stay at a hot-spring resort for 16 months due to tuberculosis-related problems represented a kind of quarantine from the cultural and literary center of Tokyo. On the other hand, his illness provided a form of empowerment, opening links to other socially and politically marginalized groups. He found echoes to his own literary approach in Charles Baudelaire's melancholic modernist writings. As he approached death, Kajii articulated a concept of darkness that attempted to go beyond deï¬nitions of both life and death.
"Self-responsibility" and the Nature of the Postwar Japanese State: Risk through the Looking Glass
Authors: Hook Glenn D , Hiroko Takeda
Published: February 2007

This article examines the relationship between the postwar Japanese state and the citizen by focusing on how the state has deployed the discourse of "self-responsibility" in recalibrating the citizen's exposure to external and internal risks. In the context of a more pro-active military role and the pressures of globalization, the citizen is increasingly being required to mediate a range of risks. The article develops this argument by analyzing the Japanese state's response to the exposure of citizens to external risks in the war in Iraq and internal risks in the employment market following the bursting of the "bubble economy."
The Political Economy of Postwar Family Policy in Japan: Economic Imperatives and Electoral Incentives
Authors: Lambert Priscilla A
Published: February 2007

In recent years, Japanese family policy has shifted from policies that reinforce traditional gender roles to policies that enable women to balance work and family. This article focuses on the political economy of maternity leave, parental leave, and childcare policy in the postwar period prior to changes in the 1990s. The analysis reveals that while traditional views of women's caregiving roles dominated the political agenda, they were subject to a more flexible interpretation when the economic needs of the family or society warranted it. Speciï¬cally, labor shortages, the demand for female labor, and the electoral fortunes of the Liberal Democratic Party were key factors driving the expansion of publicly funded childcare and leave legislation.
Securing Japan: The Current Discourse
Authors: Samuels Richard J
Published: February 2007

A debate over grand strategy is underway in Japan, and its terms are familiar. Like their nineteenth- and twentieth-century predecessors, Japanese security planners choose between economic and military instruments, between hard and soft power, among alliance partners, and for or against construction of multilateral security regimes. The revisionists who came to power in the early 2000s may supplant the Yoshida Doctrine with one of their own. Many are critical of the U.S. alliance and eager to achieve greater sovereignty, but few advocate a complete break. All agree that a nondemocratic China is inimical to Japanese interests. The "middle power" road—amended to allow a fuller hedge against Chinese power and American decline—is in the ofï¬ng.
Microfirms and Industrial Districts in Japan: The Dynamics of the Arita Ceramic-ware Industry in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Tolliday Steven , Yonemitsu Yasushi
Published: February 2007

Interpretations of the structure and dynamics of Japanese small ï¬rms and industrial districts have diverged widely in recent years. This article focuses on the relatively neglected area of microï¬rms in traditional consumer goods industries (jiba sangyō). A case study of the Arita ceramic tableware industry makes possible a detailed historical examination of the social, technical, and personal dilemmas of such a local cluster. It accounts for the success and recent problems of the industry and also explores issues such as the local roots of craft and innovation, sociocultural traditions of trust and cooperation, and the crucial relations between producers and distribution networks.
Naturalism and Narrative, Or, What Computers and Human Beings Can't Do
Authors: Chodat Robert
Published: February 2007

Recent efforts to merge literary studies and cognitive science are insufficiently cognizant of important philosophical critiques of AI. Philosophers such as Dreyfus, Haugeland, and Taylor expose the naturalistic and atomistic biases of cognitivist research through their holistic emphasis on context and situated understanding. Yet these philosophical arguments are themselves haunted by important questions, which come to light in Powers's Galatea 2.2. Powers's novel dramatizes the philosophical criticisms of cognitivist theory, yet it undermines the strong connection that AI's critics often posit between narrative and moral identity. It questions not only the epistemological assumptions of computational models, but also the ethical presuppositions informing cognitivism's philosophical opponents.
The Metropolis and Mental Life in the Novel
Authors: Choi Julie
Published: February 2007

The work of the early sociologist Georg Simmel provides unparalleled insight into the complex subjective consequences of the growth of an increasingly objective modern culture. This article provides a close reading of Simmel's famous essay, "The Metropolis and Mental Life," to argue that the novel is the sustained realistic treatment of mental life in the large context of the money economy encapsulated in the idea of the metropolis. Simmel's multi-faceted reading of "mental life" in the metropolis—its intellectualistic quality, calculating and precise nature, the inability to feel, investment in intensity and uniqueness, freedom and attendant loneliness in the face of impersonal distance—permits us to read the diverse novel experiences of subjective life we begin to see represented in the new genre we call the novel as manifestations of the deeply contradictory experience of a metropolitan modernity.