bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations of Galactic Radiation at Frequencies of 1200 and 3000 Mc/s
Authors: Piddington JH , Minnett HC
Published: September 2010

Measurements are described of galactic
radiation at frequencies of 1210 and 3000 Mc/s. The results provide extensions
of previous radio emission spectra by more than 2� octaves.

The intensity of radiation from near the
galactic centre was measured and an estimate made of the direction of the
maximum of such radiation. A new " discrete source " of peculiar
spectrum was discovered very close to the centre of the Galaxy. Evidence
suggests that the power output of this and some other sources in the radio
spectrum may exceed the total power output of the Sun.

Radiation was also observed from the direction
of the Crab Nebula, from the known " radio source " in Centaurus, and
from the Moon. Two nebulae (M 31 and NGC 7293) were investigated with negative
results. The spectra of two sources are given between the limits 18.3 and 1200
Mc/s.
The Surface Chemistry of Proteins. III. The Rigidity of Adsorbed Films at an Air-Water Interface
Authors: Cumper CWN , Alexander AE
Published: September 2010

The results presented in Part II of this
series on the adsorption of the proteins, β-globulin, pepsin, and insulin
at a white oil, 5 per cent, oleyl alcohol-water interface have been extended to
the petrol ether-water and air-water interfaces by studying the surface
rigidity of the films formed.

The previous picture of the process of
adsorption has been generally confirmed but there are certain differences
between the oil-water and air-water interfaces which are discussed.
Conjugation Energy
Authors: Brown RD
Published: September 2010

The relationship between conjugation
energies and self-atom-polarizabilities, previously derived from certain
approximate theoretical relationships, is obtained in a more accurate form by
an empirical least-squares calculation. An analogous relationship is also
derived from calculating conjugation energies when the overlap integral is
taken into account. A tabulation of all relevant polarizability data from the
literature is presented, and a method of extending the data to larger molecules
is described and exemplified. A possible alternative method of deriving
conjugation energies is briefly discussed.
The kinetics of Oxidation of N-Methylacridan: A Model for Coenzyme 1
Authors: Leach SJ , Baxendale JH , Evans MG
Published: September 2010

The rates of oxidation of N-methylacridan
by 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol have been measured between pH 2.74 and 6.91 at
20 to 22 �C in the presence of 8 to 22 per cent. ethanol. The reaction was of
the second order and was found to proceed by ' two simultaneous mechanisms,
both involving the conjugate acid of N-methylacridan. The oxidation of this
cation by the indophenol anion proceeded at a rate which was 19 times greater
than the oxidation by the uncharged indophenol molecule. It is shown that oxidation
probably occurs by hydrogen atom transfer rather than electron transfer. A
similar mechanism for the oxidation of dihydro-coenzyme I would account for its
slow reactivity towards molecular oxygen and the biological necessity for
mediating systems involving both hydrogen atoms and electrons.
The calculation of atomic polarization
Authors: Le Fevre RJW , Narayana Rao D.A.A.S.
Published: September 2010

By forming an equation for the potential
energy of a molecule and applying the condition that this is a minimum at
equilibrium, a general method of computing atomic polarizations becomes
available. Expressions, in terms of bond lengths, intervalency angles, link
moments, and force constants, are quoted for 10 types of polyatomic structures.
The AP's predicted are compared with those from experiment. New
measurements of the total polarizations as vapours are recorded for the species
CCl4, SiCl4, CS2, BCl3, and CH3.NO2.
Reaction between a mercury surface and some flotation reagents: and electochemical study. I. Polarization curves
Authors: Salamy SG , Nixon JC
Published: September 2010

The reactions between a mercury surface
and certain flotation reagents were studied with the aid of polarization
curves.

It is found that the reactions occur by
electrochemical mechanisms in which oxygen plays an important part.

Cyanide ion inhibits the mercury-xanthate
reaction by fixing the mercury ion concentration in equilibrium with the
mercury surface.

Sodium sulphite inhibits the
mercury-xanthate reaction by removing oxygen from solution.

Xanthate ion rather than xanthic acid is
responsible for the formation of a mercury-xanthate film on the mercury
surface.
Numerical calculations of molecular orbitals
Authors: Potts RB , Walker IS
Published: September 2010

The molecular orbitals of
3,4-benzophenanthrene are determined in order to illustrate in detail the use
of the alternant and symmetry properties of a molecule to simplify the
numerical calculations.
Reduction by dissolving metals. XI. The action of potassium and alcohols on some monobenzenoid substances
Authors: Birch AJ , Fogiel A , Harvey GJ
Published: September 2010

An investigation has been made of some of
the effects of structure and of conditions on the extent of reduction by
potassium and alcohols of a number of monobenzenoid substances (see Table 1).
Alternating current polarography of organic compounds. I. General introduction and theory
Authors: Breyer B , Bauer HH , Hacobian S
Published: September 2010

The theoretical
principles governing the alternating current polarography of organic compounds
are presented. The role of adsorption, and the relationship between the A.C.
and D.C. criteria of polarographic reversibility are discussed.
The chemical constituents of Australian Flindersia species. VI. The structure and chemisty of Flindersine
Authors: Brown RFC , Hobbs JJ , Hughes GK , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

The alkaloid, flindersine, is shown to be
2',2'-dimethyl-α-pyrano(5',6'-3,4)-2-quinolone and some aspects of its
chemistry are discussed. The constitutions of some derivatives of
4-hydroxy-2-quinolone are clarified and the synthesis of dictamnic acid is
described. The synthesis confirms the structure previously suggested for
dictamnine.
Colourning matters of Australian plants. IV. Haemocorin: A unique glycoside from Haemodorum corymbosum Vahl
Authors: Cooke RG , Segal W
Published: September 2010

The bulbous roots of Haemodorum corymbosum
Vahl. yield a red crystalline glycoside, haemocorin, which is readily
hydrolysed to cellobiose and the purple-red aglycone, C20H14O4.
The latter contains one methoxyl group and gives a diacetate and isomeric mono-
and dimethyl ethers. The absorption spectra and other properties of these
compounds suggest a polycyclic tautomeric enolone structure. Oxidation of a
dimethyl ether gives a compound C22H18O7,
believed to be a lactol ester, and a compound C20H14O5,
which is apparently a polycyclic aromatic anhydride. These results indicate
that the aglycone is a polycyclic enolic α-diketone, possibly of the
indandione type.
The Alkaloids of Lupinus varius L. I. Isolation of the Alkaloids
Authors: Crow WD , Riggs NV
Published: September 2010

The seeds of Lupinus varius L.
(Leguminosae), used in parts of Western Australia as sheep fodder, contain an
alkaloid LV-1, C15H22ON2 (0.20 per cent.),
(+)-epilupinine (0.13 per cent.), (+)-epilupinine-N-oxide (0.94 per cent.), and
traces of an alkaloid LV-2. The N-oxide represents the first reported natural
occurrence of such a compound in the lupinine group.
A radioactive tracer study of the behaviour of long chain organic molecules on solid surfaces
Authors: Young JE
Published: September 2010

The adsorption and possible mechanisms for
the surface transport of stearic acid and some of its derivatives on solids
have been investigated using radioactive tracers.� mono- and multimolecular layers of these
compounds were deposited on quartz glass, mica, and metal specimens, which were
then held at various temperatures for a short period. The resulting changes in
amount and distribution of activity were determined by autoradiography or an
appropriately designed Geiger tube.

On unreactive surfaces such as platinum or
quartz glass the pure acid is only weakly adsorbed and thermal desorption, in
general, readily occurs, especially of layers deposited on an initial
monolayer. Layers of copper or calcium soaps on all surfaces, either deposited
as such or formed in situ, are very much more stable. There is also some
evidence that desorption is favoured by the presence of water vapour. Both pure
acid and soap layers have some resistance to mechanical abrasion, but none to
dissolution by hot benzene unless the adsorption involves a chemical bond.

Part B of the present paper describes an
experimental search for a long-range surface diffusion, using the same surfaces
and adsorbates. It is shown that, under favourable conditions, material
desorbed from one part of a surface will readsorb elsewhere after movement over
considerable distances in the vapour phase. This mechanism may account for some
examples of apparent surface diffusion reported by earlier workers. If,
however, this vapour phase transport is suppressed, then no evidence can be
detected of a true surface diffusion over macroscopic distances.
Chemical constitution and anthelmintic activity. II. Preparation of some analogues of Phenothiazine
Authors: Cymerman-Craig J , Rogers WP , Warwick GP
Published: September 2010

A convenient synthesis of
2,3-dihydrobenzo-1,4-thiazine has been developed, and the preparation of a
number of substituted diphenylamines, phenothiazines, and phenoselenazines is
described.
Intensity distribution in long-spacing X-Ray patterns of a series of even long-chain n-Alcohols and n-Acids
Authors: Fridrichsons J
Published: September 2010

Characteristic intensity variations in
long-spacing patterns of even alcohols and acids with chain lengths of 20 to 28
are described. The variations are related to the carbon number of the chain and
could therefore be used for rapid identification of these long-chain compounds.
Iodination of N-Methylquinolinuim salts
Authors: Daams JB , Cymerman-Craig J , Ralph C , Willis D
Published: September 2010

Iodination of N-methylquinaldinium iodide
gives N-methylquinaldinium tri-iodide which with silver nitrate affords
quinoline-2-aldehyde methiodide. A possible mechanism is advanced. Iodination
of N-methyl-lepidinium iodide similarly yields N-methyl-lepidinium tri-iodide,
but in this case silver nitrate treatment gives no aldehyde. Excess of iodine
results in the diamagnetic bis(N-methyl-lepidinium)octa-iodide. The evidence
obtained from absorption spectra and electrical conductivity measurements
regarding ionic and intraionic dissociation of N-methylquinolinium polyiodides
is discussed.
The chemistry of Pyridine, Pyrimidine, and Pyrazine
Authors: Brown RD , Heffernan ML
Published: September 2010

The results of a study of pyridine,
pyrimidine, and pyrazine by the molecular- orbital method are reported, and a
detailed comparison is made with the chemical properties of these molecules.
Good agreement is found, indicating that the present theoretical technique is
satisfactory for interpreting and predicting the chemical properties of
nitrogen heterocycles.
Synthetic analgesics: Piperazine analogues of 6-Dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one ('Methadone')
Authors: Cymernam-Craig J , Harrissson RJ , Tate ME , Thorp RH , Ladd R
Published: September 2010

4,4-Diphenyl-6-(4-methyl-1-piperazino)heptan-3-one
(II ; R=Me) and 3,3-diphenyl-1-(4-methyl-1-piperazino)hexan-4-one (II ; R=H)
have been prepared, the former showing analgesic activity approaching that of
morphine, while the latter is inactive. Nevertheless, the methiodide (V) of the
inactive base has activity approaching that of morphine. An explanation for
these findings is advanced.
The coumarins of Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell
Authors: Hegarty MP , Lahey FN
Published: September 2010

The bark of Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell.
has been found to contain the known coumarin xanthoxyletin and two new isomeric
furoooumarins of formula C14H12O6 which have
been named halfordin and isohalfordin. By degradation, halfordin is shown to
possess structure (Ia) or (Ib)
and isohalfordin structure (Va) or (Vb). This constitutes the first recorded isolation of the
3-methoxyfurocoumarin system from natural sources.
Reactions of Aroyl Peroxides. II. Substituted Benzoyl Peroxides with Benzene
Authors: Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

Six symmetrically disubstituted benzoyl
peroxides have been reacted with benzene and the nature of the products has
been determined. The reactions of the m-methoxy-, p-methoxy-, p-chloro-, and
p-methylbenzoyl peroxides are very similar to the reaction of benzoyl peroxide
itself (Part I of this series (Lynch and Pausacker 1957)), but it has been
found that m-nitro- and p-nitrobenzoyl peroxide give very much higher yields of
the corresponding diphenyl. This is explained by assuming that the latter two compounds
are more susceptible to induced decomposition.
The formation of the Hexabromopalladate(II) Ion
Authors: Harris CM , Livingstone SE , Reece IH
Published: September 2010

Spectrophotometric studies on nitrobenzene
solutions containing the tetrabromopalladate(II) ion and bromide ions
demonstrate the formation of an unstable hexabromopalladate(II), [PdBr6]4-,
ion. The possible structure of this six-covalent complex is discussed.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions at high pressure
Authors: Strauss W
Published: September 2010

The rates of e number of nucleophilic
substitution reactions have been measured over a range of pressures to 3000
atm. Reactions where ions are produced in the rate-determining step are
accelerated 4.0-4.6 times, while where there is no change in the number of
ions, the acceleration is by a factor of 2.25. In the solvolysis of isopropyl
bromide, which proceeds by simultaneous SNl, SN2,
and E2 mechanisms, of differing
electrical type, it is shown that high pressures favour the SN1 mechanism.
Magnetic susceptibility of Tri-Coordinated copper(II) complexes
Authors: Kishita M , Muto Y , Kubo M
Published: September 2010

The magnetic susceptibilities of
salicylal-o-hydroxybenzylamine Cu(II), salicylal-o-hydroxyanil Cu(II),
acetylacetone-mono-(0-hydroxyanil) Cu(II), and benzoylacetone-
mono-(0-hydroxyanil) Cu(II), as well as their pyridinates, have been measured
by the Gouy method at room temperature. The effective
magnetic moments calculated from the . data of the pyridine-free complexes per
one copper atom are smaller than the theoretical moment, 1.73 B.M., for one odd
electron. Although it has been presumed from the method of synthesis, the
chemical analysis of the complexes, and the tridentate nature of the ligand
molecules that the copper atoms of the chelates have the unusual coordination
number 3, the subnormal magnetic moments suggest the presence of dimeric molecules,
in which two copper atoms are very close to each other as in cupric acetate
monohydrate. On the other hand, the pyridinates have normal magnetic moments
expected for tetra-coordinated copper complexes.
An electrokinetic study by the straming potential method of ion exchange at oxide mineral surfaces
Authors: Johansen PG , Buckanan AS
Published: September 2010

The streaming potential method has been
used to observe changes in the electrical double layer at the surfaces of the
minerals Al2O3, SnO2, Fe2O3,
and TiO2 in the presence of electrolytes.
In addition to the normal effects of preferential physical adsorption of ions,
ion exchange involving surface hydroxyl groups offers a useful hypothesis for
explaining the results. Anion-exchange mechanisms appeared to be of particular
importance in the reactions of phosphate, molybdate, and citrate with the oxide
surfaces. In general for the particular samples used, Al2O3
and SnO2 (having basic surfaces) exhibited
more pronounced anion exchange than Fe2O3
and TiO2 which had acidic surface.
The recording of D.C. Polarographic waves and the measurement of the instantaneous current at the end of the life of the mercury drop
Authors: McKenzie HA , Taylor MC
Published: September 2010

Because of the slowness of response of the
current detectors used in the infancy of polarography, it has become the custom
to measure the average current rather than the instantaneous current at some
given time near the end of the life of the mercury drop. McKenzie (1958a) has
pointed out that there are a number of theoretical advantages to be gained by
measurement of instantaneous diffusion current. The work reported in the
present paper shows that this measurement can be made accurately with conventional
electronic equipment. Owing to the inherent lag in automatic recording
polarographs which measure average current, it is not possible to obtain from
the records the half-wave potential and slope with good accuracy. It is shown
that the advantages of automatic recording and accuracy in determining the
half-wave potential and slope may be realized by recording instantaneous
current-voltage curves. Also abnormalities in current-time curves may be
readily detected. Apparatus using a conventional recorder and a preamplifier
which is a modification of that of Kelley and Miller (1952) is described. A
device which can be used to control pen drive is also described.
The stereochemistry and Hofmann degradation of Lupinine methiodides
Authors: Crow WD
Published: September 2010

Optical rotation studies on the epimers
(-)-lupinine and (+)-epilupinine and their methiodides lead to the conclusion
that while (+)-epilupinine methiodide has the normal trans-ring junction,
(-)-lupinine methiodide has a cis-ring junction.

Unlike the quaternary salts of
cryptopleurine, canadine, and tetrahydropalmatine, neither of the lupinine
methiodides could be racemized by refluxing with alkali.
The resolution of [Tris{cis-Diydroxybisethylene Diaminecobalt(III)}cobalt(III)] Nitrate
Authors: Goodwin H , Gyarfas EC , Mellor DP
Published: September 2010

The resolution of
[tris{cis-dihydroxybisethylenediaminecobalt(II)}cobalt(III)] nitrate (hexol
nitrate) into four of the eight theoretically possible optical isomers using
potassium d- and l-antimonyl tartrate is described. The reactions involved in the
formation of the optically active isomers of the hexol ion show less
stereospecificity than those of similar complexes studied by earlier
investigators.
Hydrogen Bonding in organic compounds. 1. o-Nitroanilines
Authors: Dyall LK , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The infra-red spectra of o-nitroanilines
do not indicate any intramolecular hydrogen bonding unless there are nitro
groups in both positions 2 and 6 to the amino group. An examination of the
literature shows that there is no unambiguous evidence from other sources of
such bonding in simple o-nitroanilines. An explanation is given of the
variation of the stretching frequencies of the nitro group in sterically
hindered compounds and in those with electron-donating ortho- and
para-substituents.
Paper ionophoresis of carbohydrates. I. Procedures and results for four electrolytes
Authors: Frahn JL , Mills JA
Published: September 2010

Details are given of procedures for
effecting paper ionophoresis of polyhydroxy compounds in the electrolytes
borax, sodium arsenite, basic lead acetate, and sodium hydroxide. and for
detecting the compounds after ionophoresis. Rates of migration are reported for
96 compounds, including all pentose and hexose sugars, the common
disaccharides, all sugar alcohols up to the heptitols, the cyclitols, a number
of glycols, and several glycosides and other derivatives of carbohydrates. Some
new or improved reagents have been developed for locating carbohydrates on
paper strips under various conditions. Sodium arsenite and basic lead acetate
are the most effective electrolytes for separating reducing sugars, basic lead
acetate is the best for separating sugar alcohols, and borax is the best for
simple glycols. Some success has been achieved in correlating the
configurations of stereoisomers with their mobilities in paper ionophoresis.
Studies of the optically active compunds of anacardiaceae exudates. Vi. The exudate from Pentaspadon officinalis Holmes
Authors: Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

The oil from the wood of Pentaspadon officinalis
Holmes (family Anacardiaceae) consists largely of
2-hydroxy-6-(heptadeca-cis-8',cis,-11'-dieny)benzoic acid. It is very similar
to the oil from P. motleyi Hook. f. and does not contain optically active cyclohexenones
of the type found in Campnosperma exudates.
Alternating Current Polarography: Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Data and Calculation Procedures
Authors: Bayer HH , Elving PJ
Published: September 2010

The accuracy of the data obtained by A.C.
polarography when measuring electrode parameters and in analytical work is
discussed in a critical review of the actual measurements and calculations
involved. The importance of correcting for the series resistances and of using
equations which take into account the phase differences between the faradaic
and capacitative currents is demonstrated. Other subjects discussed include the
nature of the dependence of the peak alternating current on depolarizer concentration,
effect of adsorption of depolarizer on the electrode, and simplified procedure
for quantitative analysis.
The Variable Electronegativity Method. V. Pyridine, the Pyridinium Cation, and the Evaluation of Core-Attraction Integrals
Authors: Brown RD , Heffernan ML
Published: September 2010

A study of pyridine and the pyridinium
cation by the VESCF method is reported. Several different methods of evaluating
core attractions and electron repulsion integrals have been tried to determine
their effect on the resultant energies and orbitals.

Satisfactory results for the π-electron
distribution and molecular dipole moment of pyridine are obtained. Values of
ionization potentials are little better than those given by other theoretical
methods and the variable electronegativity technique does not appear to improve
the theoretical treatment of ultraviolet spectra.

H�ckel MO parameters, evaluated from the
VESCF matrix elements, accord with values found in similar studies of other
heterocycles and also with values of parameters found necessary to account for
the chemical properties of quinoline.
The Intensity of the Hydroxyl Band in Infra-Red Spectra
Authors: Flynn TD , Werner RL , Graham BM
Published: September 2010

Values are reported for the molar
integrated absorption intensity of 37 alcohols and phenols dissolved in carbon
tetrachloride and measured at the fundamental stretching vibration of the O-H
group.

Current methods of measuring the intensity are
reviewed and a particular procedure recommended in the case of hydroxyl
compounds.

The effect of various substituent groups
on the absorption intensity is discussed, and correlation found between
absorption intensity, peak frequency, pKa,
value, and Hammett's σ value.
The Conversion of Oxygen in Compounds to Carbon Monoxide for Mass-Spectrometric Analysis
Authors: Lauder I , Zerner B
Published: September 2010

A method by which oxygen in many organic
compounds and some inorganic compounds can be converted to carbon monoxide for
mass-spectrometric analysis is described. The compound is decomposed in the
vapour state in the presence of excess bromine by contact with a clean or a
carbon-coated platinum wire at a bright red heat. The bromine acts as a
scavanger and removes hydrogen and hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide is obtained
quantitatively and may be isolated in a pure state, except when the compound
contains nitrogen, by freezing out the other decomposition products using
liquid air. Memory and dilution effects are very small.
Terpenoid Chemistry. II. Dysoxylonene and δ-Cadinene
Authors: Hildebrand RP , Sutherland MD
Published: September 2010

The sesquiterpene,
dysoxylonene, has been isolated and characterized as the diepoxide, m.p. 86-87 �C, and is shown to be nearly racemic δ-cadinene (cadina-4,10(1)-diene).
A Synthesis of Alkylpyridines
Authors: Cavill GWK , Ford DL , Solomon DH
Published: September 2010

The action of hydrochloric acid on a
pentane-1,5-dialdehyde bis-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, in acetic acid, yields
the corresponding pyridine. The method is a useful one, applicable to the
synthesis of various alkylpyridines. Its application to the synthesis of
2,3-dihydropyridines is also reported.
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Some Hydroxy Compounds in the 3 Micron Region
Authors: Cook JS , Reece IH
Published: September 2010

Infrared absorption spectra are reported
in the region 2.6 to 3.8 microns for the solid state and for solutions in
carbon tetrachloride of 10 sterically hindered hydroxy compounds. Absorption
types vary from that of 2,4,6-tri-t-butyl phenol, where the OH group is
completely " free " in both states, to that of 3,5-diaceto-p-cresol
where the bands are diffuse and are centred about 3.4 microns corresponding to
very strong hydrogen bonding. Deuteration studies suggest that splitting of the
free OH band in several cases may arise from azimuthal orientations of the OH
group and for tri-cyclohexyl carbinol -ΔH for this equilibrium has been estimated at 1 kcal/g-mole.
Chemistry of nonenzymic browning: XII. Bisulphite addition compounds of aldose sugars, osones, and some related compounds
Authors: Ingles DL
Published: September 2010

The sulphur dioxide released by aldose
bisulphite addition compounds and their amine derivatives has been measured by
the methods of Monier-Williams and Adams and Garber, and by direct iodine
titration in acid solution.

Bisulphite has been shown to react with
glucosone, glycerosone, reductone, 3-deoxy-glucosone, and dehydroascorbic acid
and crystalline addition compounds have been isolated from dehydroascorbic acid
and glycerosone.
Study of the Double-Layer by A.C. Polarography
Authors: Breyer B , Bauer HH , Beevers JR
Published: September 2010

Possible effects of the structure of the
double-layer on the a.c. polarographic phenomena observed have been considered.
Results obtained in the reduction of zinc and uranium, at potentials more
negative than the e.c.m., and of copper at potentials more positive than the
e.c.m., were explicable in terms of double-layer influences. A.C. polarograms
sometimes showed changes in double-layer structure much more clearly than
double-layer measurements per se, suggesting the utility of a.c. polarography
specifically in double-layer studies.
Kinetics of the Reaction between Silver and Nitric Acid
Authors: Batten JJ
Published: September 2010

The rate of dissolution of silver gauze in
nitric acid at various concentrations and temperatures was measured in a static
system. The solution process was measured by the weight of silver dissolved in
various time intervals. In general, induction periods were observed, but after
this period the dissolution proceeded with an appreciable velocity. To examine
the influence of acid concentration and temperature on the kinetics of the
reaction, the duration of the induction period, the rate of dissolution during
this period, and the subsequent maximum rate were taken as kinetic parameters
of the reaction.

The induction rate was found to be highly
dependent on the initial acid concentration (approx. seventh power), whereas
over most of the concentration range accessible to study, the maximum rate was
proportional to the square of the concentration. It was also observed that
increase in temperature sharply increases the induction rate, but has little
effect upon the subsequent maximum rate over most of the temperature range
studied.

The activation energy of the induction
rate was greater than 20 kcal/mole, whereas that of the maximum rate was about
4 kcal/mole over most of the temperature range studied. This difference in the
activation energy during and after the induction period is explained by a shift
in the mechanism controlling the rate of the process from a chemical reaction
at the surface to a diffusion process.
A Diterpene Triol from Beyeria leschenaultii var. drummondii
Authors: Jefferies PR , Rosich RS , White DE , Woods MC
Published: September 2010

The isolation of a monocinnamate of a
diterpene triol from Beyeria leschenaultii and the elucidation of its gross
structure (X) are described. Application of rotatory dispersion measurements
have shown that the A/B ring system of the diterpenoid is enantiomeric with
that of the steroids.
The Reactions of Lithium Tetraethylaluminate with Some Halides of Group IV and VB Elements
Authors: Dickson RS , West BO
Published: September 2010

Halides of tin, lead, phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth have been treated with solutions of lithium
tetraethylaluminate, and alkylation of the group IV and VB elements was
observed in every instance. Alkyls of the form MEt4
(M=Sn, Pb) or MEt3 (M=P,
As, Sb, or Bi) were isolated from the reaction mixtures. Side reactions, which
affect the yields of these alkyls, are discussed.
Quassin
Authors: Carman RM , Ward AD
Published: September 2010

Nuclear magnetic resonance evidence and
additional chemical evidence are reported which supports structure (II) for
quassin. A table of the N.M.R. assignments for quassin and four derivatives is
included.
The Structure of Three-Coordinated Copper(II) Complexes and the Infrared C=O Stretching Vibration
Authors: Kubo M , Kuroda M , Krishita M , Muto Y
Published: September 2010

A new type of binuclear structure having
copper atoms of ligancy 4 is proposed on the basis of infrared C=O stretching
vibrations for the so-called three-coordinated copper(II) complexes showing a
normal magnetic moment. In this binuclear structure, copper atoms are bridged
in pairs by two Cu-O-C-O-Cu links of syn-anti arrangement. Suggestion is made
that "three-coordinated" copper(II) complexes in the literal sense of
the word do not exist regardless of whether the complexes show normal or
subnormal magnetic moments.
Organo-Aluminium Compounds. III. Reactions of Triphenylaluminium with Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Mole T
Published: September 2010

The reactions of triphenylaluminium and
its etherate with benzophenone, acetophenone, ethyl benzoate, and benzaldehyde
have been studied. The stoicheiometry of reaction and the effect of
coordinating base were investigated. Diphenylaluminium chloride and
phenylaluminium dichloride as compared with triphenylaluminium show an enhanced
tendency to form stable complexes with carbonyl compounds. Results obtained
with benzaldehyde are relevant to the mechanism of the Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley
and Oppenauer reactions.
The catalytic hydrogenation of some N-substituted salicylideneimines and their metal complexes
Authors: Beretka J , West BO , O'Conner MJ
Published: September 2010

The C=N bonds in N-arylsalicylideneimines
are readily reduced by hydrogen in the presence of Adams's platinum catalyst,
forming N-aryl-o-hydroxybenzylamines. Copper(II), cobalt(II), and cobalt(III)
complexes of the imines are reduced to the metal and appropriate benzylamine
but larger amounts of catalyst are required for complete reduction of the
complexes than are necessary to reduce the free bases. The C=N bonds of
uncoordinated quadridentate ligands such as NN?-ethylenebis-(salicylideneimine)
may be similarly reduced but neither the C-=N bonds nor the metal ions can be
reduced in the Cu, Ni, or Co complexes derived from these and related ligands
even in the presence of very large amounts of catalyst.

The bidentate o-hydroxybenzylamines do not
react with nickel, cobalt, zinc, or manganese ions but the formation of copper
complexes has been demonstrated by continuous variation studies and the
isolation of complexes of the form Cu(II)L. CH3COO. The
quadridentate amines, however, react readily with bivalent metals.
The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of a-substituted cyclic ketones
Authors: Bolliger JE , Courtney JL
Published: September 2010

The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of
2-chlorocholestan-3-one and 2-bromo-cholestan-3-one gives the corresponding α-halo-lactones
(VIIIa) and (VIIIc). The α-bromo-lactone is readily rearranged and
converted into 2-methoxycarbonyl-3-oxa-5α-cholestane (Va) by boiling
methanol but the α-choloro-lactone is unaffected by this treatment. Both
the a-bromo-lactone and the or-chloro-lactone react with alkali to form
2-carboxy-3-oxa-5α-cholestane (Vb). α-Iodocholestan-3-one is
unexpectedly converted into cholest-1-en-3-one in about 50% yield by trifluoro-peracetic
acid.

�� 2-Bromofriedelan-3-one
did not undergo a Baeyer-Villiger reaction under the usual conditions, probably
owing to the steric hindrance of the carbonyl group. The per-acid oxidation of
2β-hydroxyfriedelan-3-0110 yielded mainly the 2,3-seco-dicarboxylic acid
and a smaller amount of the expected α-hydroxy-lactone. However 2β-acetoxyfriedelan-3-one
underwent a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the expected fashion to give a high
yield of the 2-acetoxy-lactone.
Measurement of the temperature variation of virial coefficients. I. Application to the second virial coefficient of n-butane
Authors: Bottomley GA , Spurling TH
Published: September 2010

An unconventional apparatus, described in
detail, determines, through a measured small volume increment, the temperature
dependence of the second virial coefficient of a vapour without the necessity
for isothermal expansion. Absolute pressure determinations are avoided by
working differentially, vapour against nitrogen reference gas. Results for
n-butane at 0-150� agree with established work.
Electrical conduction in the phthalocyanines. I. Optical properties
Authors: Fielding PE , MacKay AG
Published: September 2010

The polarized crystal and vapour spectra
of metal-free, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, cobalt, and iron phthalocyanines
are reported and the results compared with published data. Comparison between
these optical data and activation energies for dark conduction raises doubts as
to the ability of the "singlet" or "triplet" theories to
explain satisfactorily electrical conduction in organic semiconductors.
Porphyrins. VII. The synthesis of porphyrins by the Rothemund reaction
Authors: Badger GM , Jones RA , Laslett RL
Published: September 2010

Three meso-tetra(o-substituted phenyl)porphins
have been prepared by the Rothemund reaction, and a by-product has been
isolated from one reaction mixture. The mechanism of the Rothemund reaction is
discussed.
Flavan derivatives. X. 7,8,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflavanone and 7,8,3',4'- Tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol from Acacia species
Authors: Clark-Lewis JW , Nair V
Published: September 2010

The dihydroflavonol previously isolated
from Acacia excelsa is shown to be (�)-7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol.
A. salicina wood is found to contain (-)-7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone,
7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol, and 7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavonol. The
wood of A. cambagei contains the same flavonoids, principally the flavonol, and
traces of melacacidin.
Ethyl 2-cyano-6-methyl-8,8-ethylenedioxyoct-2-enoate and its transformation products
Authors: Cavill GWK , Whitfield FB
Published: September 2010

Ethyl
2-cyano-6-methyl-8,8-ethylenedioxyoct-2-enoate (XIII) has been synthesized from
D-(+)-citronellal. A novel conversion of compound (XIII) into the ethylene
acetal of ethyl α-(2-formyl-3-methylcyclopentyl)cyanoacetate, and
additional cyclization reactions, are discussed. Incidental to these
transformations, a synthesis of (+)-isoiridomyrmecin is described.
Degradation of carbohydrates. V. Isolation of intermediates in the formation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde
Authors: Anet EFLJ
Published: September 2010

3-Deoxyhexosuloses and 3,4-dideoxyhexosulos-3-enes have been
isolated as intermediates in the formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from D-fructose and L-sorbose.
Some new derivatives of these compounds have been prepared including
isopropylidene derivatives of their 2,4-dinitrophenylosazones.
The isolations support a mechanism previously reported and permit an
assessment of the relative importance of the different pathways.
Estimation of aromatic protons in methanol lignins of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus regnans from proton magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Bland DE , Sternhell S
Published: September 2010

Proton magnetic resonance estimations of
the fraction of protons attached directly to aromatic nuclei in some lignin
preparations from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus regnans indicate that aromatic
rings are present in the form of condensed structures. These results are in
agreement with other data on condensed structures in lignins. Other features of
p.m.r. spectra of the above materials are discussed.
Pyrrole studies. V. Applications of the Wittig reaction to the synthesis of substituted pyrroles
Authors: Jones RA , Lindner JA
Published: September 2010

��� trans-1-(2-Pyrrolyl)but-1-en-3-one, trans-1-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)but-1-en-3-one,
ethyl trans-2-(2-pyrrolyl)acrylate, ethyl
trans-2-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)acrylate, 2-vinylpyrrole, 1-methyl-2-vinylpyrrole,
and the cis and trans isomers of 2-styrylpyrrole, 1-methyl-2-styrylpyrrole, and
1-phenyl-2-(2-pyrrolyl)prop-1-ene have been prepared using the Wittig reaction.
The electronic and infrared spectra of these compounds are recorded. The
modified Wittig reaction, using diethyl phosphonates, is only satisfactory with
N-substituted carbonylpyrroles.
Flavan derivatives. XIV. The absolute configurations of some 1,2-diarylpropane derivatives and of some isoflavans
Authors: Clark-Lewis JW , Dainis I , Ramsay GC
Published: September 2010

The conversion of (+)-catechin tetramethyl
ether into (-)-2-chloro-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyisoflavan is shown to proceed by
1,2-migration of the 2-aryl group with inversion of configuration at the
3-position of the flavan nucleus (the migration terminus). The chloroisoflavan
was converted into (+)-cis-2-acetoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyisoflavan and
reduction of this gave (+)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol.
This was converted into the corresponding (+)-propane which gave (-)-methylsuccinic
acid on ozonolysis. The (+)-propane therefore possesses the (8)-configuration
corresponding to the (S)-configuration of the (+)-2,3-diarylpropan-1-ol and the
(3s)-configuration of the (+)-cis-2-acetoxy-isoflavan. (+)-cis-2-Ethoxy- and
(+)-cis-2-methoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyisoflavan have been converted into the
related (+)-1-alkoxy-2,3-diarylpropanes. Chlorination of the phloroglucinol
nucleus in (+)-catechin tetramethyl ether may occur during reaction with
phosphorus pentachloride and is shown to lead to
2,6-dichloro-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyisoflavan. Racemic cis- and laevorotatory
and racemic trans-2-acetoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyisoflavan have been prepared.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and optical rotatory dispersion data for a number of
isoflavans are reported. The absolute configurations of pterocarpin,
homopterocarpin, and pisatin are inferred.
The composition of grape cuticle wax
Authors: Radler F , Horn DHS
Published: September 2010

The cuticle wax of the grape is composed
of a soft wax (30%) readily removed by light petroleum and a hard wax (30%),
mainly oleanolic acid, removed by chloroform. The soft wax of the fresh grape
is composed chiefly of long-chain alcohols together with smaller amounts of
aldehydes, esters, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, oleanolic acid, and small amounts
of high molecular weight substances. The soft wax of dried grapes is similar in
composition but contains no aldehydes and larger amounts of high molecular weight
substances and oxidation products. The aldehydes, unusual wax components, are
straight chain and range from C16 to C32 with the even
chain-lengths predominating. They were destroyed by neutral alumina but can be
chromatographed on silicic acid.
Substituent effects in naphthalene. II. The strengths of the 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8-substituted 2-naphthoic acids
Authors: Wells PR , Adcock W
Published: September 2010

The apparent pKa values of 44 substituted
2-naphthoic acids, six substituted 1-naphthoic acids, and the unsubstituted
naphthoic acids have been determined for 50% v/v aqueous ethanol at 25�. The ΔpK values are examined in terms of Dewar and
Grisdale's simple expression for aromatic substituent effects. This expression
proves to be fairly satisfactory, but takes no account of substituent dipole
orientation, secondary resonance effects, nor π-inductive effects. A
survey of the naphthoic acid strengths demonstrates the importance of these
factors. In particular, unambiguous evidence for the important role played by
direct electrostatic interactions is obtained.
Chemical studies of the Proteaceae. I. Grevillea robusta A. Cunn, and Orites excelsa R. Br
Authors: Ritchie E , Taylor WC , Vautin STK
Published: September 2010

From the wood of Grevillea robusta a new
phenol, grevillol, was isolated in high yield, together with sitosterol. The
structure of grevillol was established as 5-n-tridecylresorcinol by
spectroscopic methods, chemical degradation, and synthesis. The wood of Orites
excelsa yielded only sitosterol.
Electronic spectra of impurities in crystals
Authors: Body RG , Ross IG
Published: September 2010

Perturbed matrix theory is
applied to the calculation of the position, intensity, and polarization of the
absorption band due to an impurity in a crystal. Many practical approximations
are derived. Especial emphasis is laid on the role of the second moment, S, of
the host's exciton band, a quantity experimentally determinable. The
approximations are compared with the exact results of model calculations for
which naphthalene was taken as host crystal. The theory is applied with success
to the spectra of isotopically impure naphthalene (first singlet transition,
S(0) = 1400cm-2 and benzene (3B1u, S(0) = 700cm-2
S(0) is the second moment of the exciton band at the transition origin, and is
related to S by a Franck-Condon factor.
Catalysis of the slow combustion of acetaldehyde by alkali halides
Authors: Poppleton BJ , Mulcahy MFR
Published: September 2010

Solid alkali halides catalyse the slow
combustion of acetaldehyde vapour at 100-125�. The catalysis (by chlorides) is
not sensitive to the nature of the cation (Li+, K+, Cs+,
Ca2+, Ba2+) but changes drastically with a change in
anion, the relative catalytic effects being in the order Br-�Cl-
> F-. I- probably exerts an inhibitory effect. The catalysis is
attributed tentatively to the sensitizing action of free halogen produced by
reaction of acetyl hydroperoxide with the halide.
There is a general kinetic similarity with the much weaker catalysis by glass
observed by previous workers.
Photochemical reactions of azo compounds. VI. Determination of quantum yields and some aspects of the mechanism of photochemical cyclodehydrogenation
Authors: Badger GM , Drewer RJ , Lewis GE
Published: September 2010

A satisfactory method has been developed
for the determination of quantum yields for the photochemical cyclization
reactions of aromatic azo compounds in strongly acidic solutions. With the
three azobenzenes selected for study there was no direct correlation between
the quantum yields of the cyclization reaction and Hammett substituent
constants. A general decrease in quantum yield and increase in yield fraction
of cyclized product were observed as the acidity of the reaction medium was
progressively raised. At 436 mμ and 25� �(azobenzene)
= 0.016-0.014 (14-18N H2SO4), �(4-chloroazobenzene)
= 0.006-0.005 (14-20N H2SO4), and �(4-methylazobenzene)
= 0.005-0.004 (12-18N H2SO4). Variations in quantum yield
with change in temperature to 15�, and with change in wavelength of the
exciting radiation to 405 mμ, were investigated
with azobenzene and were found to be quite small. A mechanism for the
cyclization reaction is now proposed in which a short-lived photoexcited
state of the cis-conjugate acid of
the azo compound is envisaged as the species involved in the ring-closure step.
The variations in quantum yields with changes of substituents and acidity are
discussed in relation to this mechanism, and extensions of the mechanism to
accommodate the observed ejection and migration of substituent groups from
positions of cyclization are considered.
An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration. V. Multistage operation
Authors: Weiss DE , Bolto BA , McNeill R , MacPherson AS , Siudak R , Swinton EA , Willis D
Published: September 2010

Multistage column experiments have been
performed using a mixed bed of finely divided weakly acidic and weakly basic
ion-exchange resins with thermal regeneration of the resins at 80�. A product
water fraction with a concentration of 200- 250 p.p.m.
can be obtained using such a column from a feed water containing 1000 p.p.m. of sodium chloride. When the same feed water is used
as the regenerant at 803 an effluent having a peak
concentration of about 5000 p.p.m. can be obtained. A
solution of 1000 p.p.m. magnesium sulphate can be
similarly demineralized. The performance of the resin
column is highly dependent on the pH value to which it has been buffered by
prior treatment with acid or alkali. It is also shown that thermal regeneration
is feasible when the resins are used in a softening cycle.
Vapour phase composition above molten salt mixtures: A mass spectrometric study
Authors: Bloom H , Hastie JW
Published: September 2010

A preliminary mass spectrometric study has
been carried out on salt vapours in equilibrium with both solid and liquid CdCl2, CsCl, PbCl2, and the salt systems CdCl2
+ RbCl, CdCl2+ CsCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, and PbCl2 + CsCl. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence
of complex molecules of the type AMCl3 in
the salt systems studied (where A is an alkali metal and M is a divalent
metal).
Molten salt mixtures. XI. Integral and partial molar volumes in the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl2 + CsCl
Authors: Bloom H , Boyd PWD , Laver JL , Wong J
Published: September 2010

The densities of molten PbCl2, CsCl, and RbCl and of the molten salt systems PbCl2
+ NaCl, PbCl2
+ RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl, + CsCl have been measured to an accuracy of �0.1% by an
Archimedean method over a considerable temperature range. Integral and partial
molar volume isotherms have been constructed for the above binary systems and
are interpreted to show that complex ions are formed in all but the PbCl2+NaCl system.
Isothiazole chemistry. III. Kinetics and mechanism of cyclization of cis-3-Thiocyanoacrylamide
Authors: Crow WD , Gosney I
Published: September 2010

The cyclization of
cis-3-thiocyanoacrylamide to isothiazol-3-one has been studied over the pH
range 0-5.5 and it is shown that two cyclization mechanisms exist. Within the
pH range 5.5-3.5, the only important mechanism is one involving a rapid,
unimolecular cyclization of the thiocyanoacrylamide anion, while at pH less
than 3.00, the process is essentially a slow cyclization of the neutral
molecule, followed by rapid proton loss. The large rate difference between the
two mechanisms is ascribed to a lowering of ΔF* in the anion cyclization mechanism
by a more favourable TΔS* term, and possible reasons for this are
discussed.
The measurement of small incremental Kerr effects shown by certain oximes as solutes in benzene
Authors: Le FFvre RJW , Pierens RK , Steel KD
Published: September 2010

The construction and
testing is described of photometric apparatus for the comparison of electric
birefringences caused in fluid dielectrics by sinusoidally varying applied
voltages. The sensitivity displayed is of the order required for measurement of
the small incremental Kerr constants shown by very dilute solutions. Acetoxime,
cyclohexanone oxime, and the α- and β-isomers of benzaldoxime have
therefore been examined as solutes in benzene at concentrations low enough for
monomeric forms to predominate in the dissolved species. No marked differences
between the α- and β-benzaldoximes have emerged. Certain
conformational indications relevant to the C=NOH group are noted at the end of
the paper.
Proton magnetic resonance studies of non-alternant hydrocarbons. I. Some comments on the aromatic character of the fulvenes
Authors: Heffernan ML , Jones AJ
Published: September 2010

The high-resolution proton
magnetic resonance spectra of 6- phenylfulvene, 6-methyl-6-phenylfulvene, and
6-dimethylaminofulvene have been studied in detail. The aromatic character of
the fulvenes is discussed in terms of the derived parameters, and observations,
in general, indicate that these compounds should be regarded as cyclic dienes.
Long-range coupling constants involving protons separated by five and six bonds
have been observed.