bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of gene targets of developmental neurotoxicity focusing on DNA hypermethylation involved in irreversible disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis in rats
Authors: Kikuchi Satomi , Takahashi Yasunori , Ojiro Ryota , Takashima Kazumi , Okano Hiromu , Tang Qian , Woo Gye‐Hyeong , Yoshida Toshinori , Shibutani Makoto
Published: November 2020

We have previously found that maternal exposure to 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil (PTU), valproic acid (VPA), or glycidol (GLY) has a sustained or late effect on hippocampal neurogenesis at the adult stage in rat offspring. Herein, we searched for genes with hypermethylated promoter region and downregulated transcript level to reveal irreversible markers of developmental neurotoxicity. The hippocampal dentate gyrus of male rat offspring exposed maternally to PTU, VPA, or GLY was subjected to Methyl‐Seq and RNA‐Seq analyses on postnatal day (PND) 21. Among the genes identified, 170 were selected for further validation analysis of gene expression on PND 21 and PND 77 by real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR. PTU and GLY downregulated many genes on PND 21, reflecting diverse effects on neurogenesis. Furthermore, genes showing sustained downregulation were found after PTU or VPA exposure, reflecting a sustained or late effect on neurogenesis by these compounds. In contrast, such genes were not observed with GLY, probably because of the reversible nature of the effects. Among the genes showing sustained downregulation, Creb, Arc, and Hes5 were concurrently downregulated by PTU, suggesting an association with neuronal mismigration, suppressed synaptic plasticity, and reduction in neural stem and progenitor cells. Epha7 and Pvalb were also concurrently downregulated by PTU, suggesting an association with the reduction in late‐stage progenitor cells. VPA induced sustained downregulation of Vgf and Dpysl4, which may be related to the aberrations in synaptic plasticity. The genes showing sustained downregulation may be irreversible markers of developmental neurotoxicity.
Advanced fully integrated radiofrequency/optical‐coherence‐tomography irrigated catheter for atrial fibrillation ablation
Authors: Tiporlini Valentina , Ahderom Selam , Pratten Peter , Alameh Kamal
Published: November 2020

The inability of current catheter ablation procedures to accurately monitor lesion formation limits their safety and efficacy. An advanced fully integrated radiofrequency (RF)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) ablation catheter is developed, which enables real‐time monitoring during ablation. An OCT fiber array is especially designed, developed and integrated into an off‐the‐shelf irrigated RF ablation catheter. In‐vitro experimental studies performed on poultry and ovine hearts demonstrate the ability of the integrated RF/OCT system to provide information on the quality and orientation of catheter/wall contact. Experimental results show that adipose tissue can be accurately identified from normal myocardial tissue with 94% accuracy and lesion formation is monitored with an overall accuracy of 93%. The ability to predict pop events is also demonstrated, with an accuracy of 86%.
Upregulated microRNA‐126 induces apoptosis of dental pulp stem cell via mediating PTEN‐regulated Akt activation
Authors: Ge Rucun , Lv Yongtao , Li Peipei , Xu Lin , Feng Xiaoya , Qi Hongshun
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have potential applications in regenerative medicine. The molecular mechanisms underlying DPSCs viability and apoptosis are not completely understood. Here, we investigated the role of miR‐126 in DPSCs viability and apoptosis.

Material and methods

Senescent DPSCs were compared with early passage DPSCs. real‐time PCR and microARRAY were performed to identify the differential expression of miR‐126, and western blot was performed to detect the expression of PTEN. MTT assay was utilized to reveal the proliferative rate of both senescent and early passage DPSCs. Flow cytometry was used to examine the apoptotic rate of DPSCs. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was carried out to detect the interaction of miR‐126 and PTEN.

Results

Senescent DPSCs showed a high level of apoptosis. Further study showed that miR‐126 is upregulated in senescent DPSCs and its overexpression in early passaged DPSCs induced apoptosis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) was identified as a target of miR‐126. PTEN was downregulated in senescent DPSCs, whereas miR‐126 inhibition upregulated PTEN level, and subsequently activated Akt pathway and suppressed the apoptotic phenotype of senescent DPSCs. In addition, PTEN overexpression rescued apoptosis of DPSCs at later stage.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the miR‐126‐PTEN‐Akt axis plays a key role in the regulation of DPSCs apoptosis and provide a candidate target to improve the functional and therapeutic potential of DPSCs.
The first report of covalently grafted semiconductors; n‐TiO2‐P25@ECH@WO3 as a new, efficient, robust and visible‐light‐responsive photocatalyst
Authors: Bitaraf Mehrnoosh , Amoozadeh Ali
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor nanomaterials have gained great attention as potential photocatalysts to promote environmentally benign organic reactions. Degussa P25, known as commercial TiO2, is the most applicable semiconductor photocatalyst. However, the wide band‐gap of TiO2 limits its application. A simple way to address this issue is to form heterojunction structures.

RESULTS

In the present work, n‐TiO2‐P25@ECH@WO3 heterostructure photocatalyst was synthesized for the first time by a two‐step covalent grafting strategy. In this photocatalyst, two nano‐semiconductors, TiO2‐P25 and WO3 were anchored with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as the covalent linker. The properties of n‐TiO2‐P25@ECH@WO3 were investigated through Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐Ray (EDX) and UV‐visible/DRS techniques. Under blue LED light, n‐TiO2‐P25@ECH@WO3 oxidized benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with excellent selectivity and high yield.

CONCLUSION

In this study, n‐TiO2‐P25@ECH@WO3 heterostructure photocatalyst was successfully synthesized and evaluated. ECH as the organic linker stably grafted two nano‐semiconductors, n‐TiO2‐P25 and n‐WO3. The heterojunction that formed between n‐TiO2 and n‐WO3 significantly improved the light absorption performance with a considerable redshift to the visible region. Also, the photocatalyst showed an increased activity compared to individual semiconductors. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Short‐duration treatment with the novel non‐nucleoside inhibitor CDI‐31244 plus sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for chronic hepatitis C: An open‐label study
Authors: Chua Joel V. , Ntem‐Mensah Afua , Abutaleb Ameer , Husson Jennifer , Mutumbi Lydiah , Lam Ka Wing , Ghosh Alip , Romani Sara , Poonia Bhawna , Lee Sam , Luz Pascual M. , Frumkin Lyn R. , Kottilil Shyamsundaran
Published: November 2020

Combination regimens of direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection given for 8 or 12 weeks have high cure rates. Shortened treatment durations that maintain high cure rates may lessen treatment barriers related to affordability and drug adherence. We enrolled 12 treatment‐naïve adults with chronic genotype 1 HCV infection without cirrhosis in a single‐center, open‐label trial to receive 2 weeks of the highly potent and selective non‐nucleoside inhibitor (NNI) CDI‐31244 concurrent with 6 weeks of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. The main efficacy endpoints were sustained virologic response at 12 (SVR12) and 24 (SVR24) weeks after treatment completion. In all patients, plasma HCV RNA levels rapidly decreased during the first 2 days of treatment and were below the lower limit of quantification by the end of the 6‐week treatment period. Eight of 12 (67%) patients achieved both SVR12 and SVR24. Four patients had virological relapse at Week 10, 4 weeks after end of treatment. The most common adverse event was headache, occurring in five (42%) patients. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed no relevant drug interactions between CDI‐31244, sofosbuvir, and velpatasvir. In this pilot study of short‐duration combination therapy involving a novel NNI with a fixed‐combination DAA, 8 of 12 treatment‐naïve patients with chronic genotype 1 HCV infection without cirrhosis achieved virologic cure. Future trials might evaluate whether extending the NNI duration beyond 2 weeks with combination DAAs results in higher cure rates comparable with currently approved longer duration therapy.
Real‐world effectiveness of direct‐acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype‐2 infection after completed treatment
Authors: Cheng Tzu‐Sheng , Liang Po‐Cheng , Huang Chung‐Feng , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Ching‐I , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Hsieh Ping‐Hsin , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: November 2020

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a major cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and mortality. Eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) can greatly improve long‐term outcomes. Several direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs), including sofosbuvir (SOF) plus different NS5A inhibitors, as well as non‐SOF‐based DAAs, including glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB), have been approved for treating CHC genotype‐2 (GT‐2) patients in Taiwan. However, there is limited real‐world effectiveness data regarding these different regimens. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the real‐world efficacy in CHC GT‐2 patients who underwent these DAA regimens. We retrospectively enrolled CHC GT‐2 patients who were treated with SOF‐based DAAs or GLE/PIB at a single medical center. A total of 704 enrolled patients were treated with either SOF + ribavirin (RBV), SOF/daclatasvir (DCV) ± RBV, SOF/ledipasvir (LDV) ± RBV, SOF/velpatasvir (VEL) ± RBV, or with GLE/PIB. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) rate was 97.9%. The SVR rate was significantly lower in the SOF + RBV group (95.6%) than in the non‐SOF + RBV (98.9%) group, especially compared to the SOF/DCV (100%) and GLE/PIB groups (99.5%). Among patients treated with SOF + RBV, cirrhotic patients had significantly lower SVR rates than noncirrhotic patients (89.4% vs 98.2%). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with a younger age, hepatitis B virus coinfection, baseline cirrhosis, or those who received SOF + RBV were less likely to achieve SVR. In conclusion, for CHC GT‐2 patients, SOF in combination with DCV, LDV, or VEL, as well as GLE/PIB, achieved similar high efficacies, regardless of cirrhosis, treatment experience, or chronic kidney disease status. Therefore, the use of DAA therapy to eradicate HCV should not be delayed in these populations.
MiR‐483‐5p downregulation contributed to cell proliferation, metastasis, and inflammation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Xue‐Gang , Zhu Yong‐Wu , Wang Tao , Chen Bin , Xing Jin‐Chun , Xiao Wen
Published: November 2020

Inflammation status are especially for tumor growth, and microRNAs (miRNAs) confirmed to participate in cancer occurrence and progression. However, the role of miR‐483‐5p and the relation with inflammation have not been elucidated in renal cell cancer (RCC). In this study, we intended to explore miR‐483‐5p expression and the relationship of inflammation status in clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC). Using microarray and qRT‐PCR (Quantitative Real‐time Polymerase Chain Reaction), we investigated the miR‐483‐5p expression in plasma and ccRCC cancer tissues. Then, we analyzed the correlation of miR‐483‐5p with clinicopathological parameters and inflammation status in ccRCC. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was used to analyze the discrimination efficiency of miR‐483‐5p. in vitro experiments explored the biological role of miR‐483‐5p in renal cancer cells. miR‐483‐5p expression was upregulated in plasma of 5 patients with microarray and 12 patients with qRT‐PCR in ccRCC at day 7 postoperatively. In addition, low expression of miR‐483‐5p was found in 58 ccRCC cancer tissues when compared with non‐cancerous tissues. miR‐483‐5p could sufficiently discriminate ccRCC with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.739 (P < .0001) from normal tissues. Higher expression of miR‐483‐5p was positively related to lower tumor stage and higher relative expression of miR‐483‐5p was inversely related to neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (P = .03) and lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) (P = .026). Overexpression of miR‐483‐5p lead to reverse epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, restrain cell proliferation and metastasis of renal cancer cells. Our findings suggest that miR‐483‐5p expression is negatively correlation with inflammation status and may be a potential plasma biomarker for ccRCC.
Microbial structure of carbon source utilization in rice rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils with different short‐term tillage management
Authors: Tang Haiming , Li Chao , Li Weiyan , Wen Li , Shi Lihong , Cheng Kaikai , Xiao Xiaoping , Wang Ke
Published: November 2020

Carbon (C) plays an important role in the activity and diFversity of soil microbial community, but there is still limited information about how C source utilization soil microbial structure responds to soil organic carbon changes under the double‐cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) system in southern China's paddy fields. Therefore, the effects of short‐term (5‐year) tillage treatments on characteristics of C source utilization microbial structure in both rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils under double‐cropping were investigated by using metagenome sequencing technology. The experiment included four tillage treatments: conventional tillage with crop residue incorporation (return), rotary tillage with crop residue return, no‐tillage (zero‐tilllage) with crop residue return, and rotary tillage with crop residue removed as control. The results showed that relative abundance of Firmicutes, Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria in both rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils was increased by combined application of tillage with crop residue return practice. Regarding the cluster of orthologous groups of proteins categories, the largest group was 'amino acid transport and metabolism' with 0.223% unigenes, followed by 'general function prediction only' (0.205%), and 'nuclear structure' (0.005%) was the smallest group. And the gene ontology categories with different tillage treatments in following decreasing order: biological process (144,229, 42.4%) > cellular component (104,981, 30.8%) > molecular function (91,284, 26.8%). The principal coordinate analysis indicated that different parts of root zone and tillage treatments were the most and the second most important factors affecting the variation of C source utilization bacteria community, respectively. Therefore, the results showed that combined application of tillage with crop residue return practice significantly increased the C source utilization of soil microorganisms in the double‐cropped rice fields.
Leveraging Shape Memory Coupled Piezoelectric Properties in Melt Extruded Composite Filament Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Polyurethane
Authors: Chowdhury Anupam , Bairagi Satyaranjan , Ali Syed Wazed , Kumar Bipin
Published: November 2020

Multifunctional piezoelectric nanocomposites are promising in terms of strain sensors and actuators having ability to switch their dimensional states in a programmed temperature depending on their chemical compositions. In this research work, the effect of immiscible blends of polyurethane and polyvinylidene fluoride to induce polar β‐phase in the melt extruded composite filament and the effect of reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) in combined properties of piezoelectricity and shape memory behavior are studied with the aid of different characterization techniques. The thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry also reiterates the similar behavior of crystalline phases in melting transitions and compatibilization effect of r‐GO is well supported by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, some of these filaments possess promising shape memory behavior with recovery ratios up to 100%. One of the nanocomposite filament‐based energy harvesters generates average open circuit maximum voltage of ≈349 mV. These types of melt extruded nanocomposite filament‐based energy harvesters are promising in terms of miniaturized power sources fitting into different conformed surfaces having varied contours.
A Chlorzoxazone‐Baclofen Combination Improves Cerebellar Impairment in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1
Authors: Bushart David D. , Huang Haoran , Man Luke J. , Morrison Logan M. , Shakkottai Vikram G.
Published: November 2020

Background

A combination of central muscle relaxants, chlorzoxazone and baclofen (chlorzoxazone‐baclofen), has been proposed for treatment of cerebellar symptoms in human spinocerebellar ataxia. However, central muscle relaxants can worsen balance. The optimal dose for target engagement without toxicity remains unknown. Using the genetically precise Atxn1154Q/2Q model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, we aimed to determine the role of cerebellar dysfunction in motor impairment. We also aimed to identify appropriate concentrations of chlorzoxazone‐baclofen needed for target engagement without toxicity to plan for human clinical trials.

Methods

We use patch clamp electrophysiology in acute cerebellar slices and immunostaining to identify the specific ion channels targeted by chlorzoxazone‐baclofen. Behavioral assays for coordination and grip strength are used to determine specificity of chlorzoxazone‐baclofen for improving cerebellar dysfunction without off‐target effects in Atxn1154Q/2Q mice.

Results

We identify irregular Purkinje neuron firing in association with reduced expression of ion channels Kcnma1 and Cacna1g in Atxn1154Q/2Q mice. Using in vitro electrophysiology in brain slices, we identified concentrations of chlorzoxazone‐baclofen that improve Purkinje neuron spike regularity without reducing firing frequency. At a disease stage in Atxn1154Q/2Q mice when motor impairment is due to cerebellar dysfunction, orally administered chlorzoxazone‐baclofen improves motor performance without affecting muscle strength.

Conclusion

We identify a tight relationship between baclofen‐chlorzoxazone concentrations needed to engage target and levels above which cerebellar function will be compromised. We propose to use this information for a novel clinical trial design, using sequential dose escalation within each subject, to identify dose levels that are likely to improve ataxia symptoms while minimizing toxicity. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A New MRI Measure to Early Differentiate Progressive Supranuclear Palsy From De Novo Parkinson's Disease in Clinical Practice: An International Study
Authors: Quattrone Andrea , Antonini Angelo , Vaillancourt David E. , Seppi Klaus , Ceravolo Roberto , Strafella Antonio P. , Morelli Maurizio , Nigro Salvatore , Vescio Basilio , Bianco Maria G. , Vasta Roberta , Arcuri Pier Paolo , Weis Luca , Fiorenzato Eleonora , Biundo Roberta , Burciu Roxana G. , Krismer Florian , McFarland Nikolaus R. , Mueller Christoph , Gizewski Elke R. , Cosottini Mirco , Del Prete Eleonora , Mazzucchi Sonia , Quattrone Aldo
Published: November 2020

Background

Enlargement of the third ventricle has been reported in atypical parkinsonism. We investigated whether the measurement of third ventricle width could distinguish Parkinson's disease (PD) from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).

Methods

We assessed a new MR T1‐weighted measurement (third ventricle width/internal skull diameter) in a training cohort of 268 participants (98 PD, 73 PSP, 98 controls from our center) and in a testing cohort of 291 participants (82 de novo PD patients and 133 controls from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative, 76 early‐stage PSP from an international research group). PD diagnosis was confirmed after a 4‐year follow‐up. Diagnostic performance of the third ventricle/internal skull diameter was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve with bootstrapping; the area under the curve of the training cohort was compared with the area under the curve of the testing cohort using the De Long test.

Results

In both cohorts, third ventricle/internal skull diameter values did not differ between PD and controls but were significantly lower in PD than in PSP patients (P < 0.0001). In PD, third ventricle/internal skull diameter values did not change significantly between baseline and follow‐up evaluation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis accurately differentiated PD from PSP in the training cohort (area under the curve, 0.94; 95% CI, 91.1–97.6; cutoff, 5.72) and in the testing cohort (area under the curve, 0.91; 95% CI, 87.0–97.0; cutoff,: 5.88), validating the generalizability of the results.

Conclusion

Our study provides a new reliable and validated MRI measurement for the early differentiation of PD and PSP. The simplicity and generalizability of this biomarker make it suitable for routine clinical practice and for selection of patients in clinical trials worldwide. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Implementation of inkjet‐printed 3 dB coupler with equal power division and 45° output phase difference
Authors: Babale S.A. , Rahim S.K.A. , Himdi M. , Lawan S.H. , Sani F.D. , Usman A.D.
Published: November 2020

Implementation of a 3 dB coupler with flexible phase difference was presented in this paper. The coupler has equal power division and output phase difference of 45° as against the conventional coupler. It has advantage in many applications that require phase delay like phased antenna array, and beamforming network without necessarily requiring additional phase shifters. It was designed and implemented using the instant inkjet printing technique on a transparent Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate specially coated with resin. The coupler's response shows very good return loss and isolation of −28 and −48 dB, respectively. A bandwidth of 31.33% was achieved around the center frequency. However, an output phase difference of 45° was recorded with a slight phase variation of about ±1° within the specified bandwidth.
Improved body quantitative susceptibility mapping by using a variable‐layer single‐min‐cut graph‐cut for field‐mapping
Authors: Boehm Christof , Diefenbach Maximilian N. , Makowski Marcus R. , Karampinos Dimitrios C.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To develop a robust algorithm for field‐mapping in the presence of water–fat components, large field inhomogeneities and MR signal voids and to apply the developed method in body applications of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).

Methods

A framework solving the cost‐function of the water–fat separation problem in a single‐min‐cut graph‐cut based on the variable‐layer graph construction concept was developed. The developed framework was applied to a numerical phantom enclosing an MR signal void, an air bubble experimental phantom, 14 large field of view (FOV) head/neck region in vivo scans and to 6 lumbar spine in vivo scans. Field‐mapping and subsequent QSM results using the proposed algorithm were compared to results using an iterative graph‐cut algorithm and a formerly proposed single‐min‐cut graph‐cut.

Results

The proposed method was shown to yield accurate field‐map and susceptibility values in all simulation and in vivo datasets when compared to reference values (simulation) or literature values (in vivo). The proposed method showed improved field‐map and susceptibility results compared to iterative graph‐cut field‐mapping especially in regions with low SNR, strong field‐map variations and high values.

Conclusions

A single‐min‐cut graph‐cut field‐mapping method with a variable‐layer construction was developed for field‐mapping in body water–fat regions, improving quantitative susceptibility mapping particularly in areas close to MR signal voids.
Feasibility of human spinal cord perfusion mapping using dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging at 7T: Preliminary results and identified guidelines
Authors: Lévy Simon , Roche Pierre‐Hugues , Guye Maxime , Callot Virginie
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To explore the feasibility of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI at 7 Tesla for human spinal cord perfusion mapping and fill the gap between brain and spinal cord perfusion mapping techniques.

Methods

Acquisition protocols for high‐resolution single shot EPI in the spinal cord were optimized for both spin‐echo and gradient‐echo preparations, including cardiac gating, acquisition times and breathing cycle recording. Breathing‐induced MRI signal fluctuations were investigated in healthy volunteers. A specific image‐ and signal‐processing pipeline was implemented to address them. Dynamic susceptibility contrast was then evaluated in 3 healthy volunteers and 5 patients. Bolus depiction on slice‐wise signal within cord was investigated, and maps of relative perfusion indices were computed.

Results

Signal fluctuations were increased by 1.9 and 2.3 in free‐breathing compared to apnea with spin‐echo and gradient‐echo, respectively. The ratio between signal fluctuations and bolus peak in healthy volunteers was 5.0% for spin‐echo and 3.8% for gradient‐echo, allowing clear depiction of the bolus on every slice and yielding relative blood flow and volume maps exhibiting the expected higher perfusion of gray matter. However, signal fluctuations in patients were increased by 4 in average (using spin‐echo), compromising the depiction of the bolus in slice‐wise signal. Moreover, 3 of 18 slices had to be discarded because of fat‐aliasing artifacts.

Conclusion

Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI at 7 Tesla showed great potential for spinal cord perfusion mapping with a reliability never achieved thus far for single subject and single slice measurements. Signal stability needs to be improved in acquisition conditions associated with patients; guidelines to achieve that have been identified and shared.
Depression, anxiety, and stress in women with urinary incontinence with or without myofascial dysfunction in the pelvic floor muscles: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Reis Amanda M. , Brito Luiz G. O. , Lunardi Anna L. B. , Pinto e Silva Marcela P. , Juliato Cássia R. T.
Published: November 2020

Aims

To compare the prevalence of psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) in women with urinary incontinence (UI), according to the presence or absence of myofascial dysfunction (MD) in the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs).

Methods

Cross‐sectional study, with women with UI who are 18 years old and over. The diagnosis of MD was defined by the pain of any intensity during the palpation of PFM. All participants answered the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder for urinary symptoms and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale‐Short Form‐21 to check for the presence and degrees of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Results

Two hundred‐thirty‐four women with a mean age of 52.5 (±9.2) years were included. Almost half (51.7%) of women had MD. Women with MD showed higher mild and moderate anxiety scores (p = .005) and higher mild, moderate, and severe stress scores (p = .027) than women without MD. Depression scores were not associated with MD; however, women with and without MD reported severe or extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress.

Conclusions

The risk for depression, anxiety, and stress is high among women with UI regardless of the presence of MD. However, women with MD had higher scores for anxiety and stress than women with UI without MD.
Dynamics of Arrhenius activation energy in flow of Carreau fluid subject to Brownian motion diffusion
Authors: Ijaz Khan Muhammad , Qayyum Sumaira , Nigar Mehr , Chu Yu‐Ming , Kadry Seifedine
Published: November 2020

Nanofluid comprising nanometer sized materials, called nanoparticles. These liquids are built colloidal suspensions of nanomaterials in a continuous phase liquid. The nanomaterials utilized in nanoliquids are typically made of carbon nanotubes, oxides and metals. In this research, communication, the impact of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis is addressed in flow of non‐Newtonian fluid towards shrinking/stretching the surface. The energy equation is developed subjesct to dissipation, radiative flux (nonlinear) and Ohmic heating. The activation energy is further considered for chemical reaction. The nonlinear flow expressions are transformed into ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations. The obtained systems of ordinary differential equation's are numerically solved through Shooting method (bvp4c). The concentration, temperature and velocity profiles are determined graphically. Mass transfer, surface drag force and heat transfer rate are shown by tables. At last, entropy and Bejan number are discussed through graphs in which entropy showed increasing behavior for magnetic, radiation, Brinkman and diffusivity parameter but Bejan number showed opposite behavior for them.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ovarian Suppression in Premenopausal Women: No Change in Free‐Living Energy Expenditure
Authors: Gavin Kathleen M. , Melanson Edward L. , Hildreth Kerry L. , Gibbons Ellie , Bessesen Daniel H. , Kohrt Wendy M.
Published: November 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine whether suppression of ovarian function (gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist [GnRHAG]) for 24 weeks in premenopausal women approaching menopause causes changes in body composition and a decline in free‐living physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and whether endurance exercise training attenuates the changes.

Methods

Premenopausal women who were approaching menopause (mean [SD]: age 46 [3] years, BMI 26.3 [4.8] kg/m2) were randomized to 24 weeks of GnRHAG (n = 14), GnRHAG + Exercise (n = 11), or placebo (n = 9). Endurance exercise was performed 4 days per week with the goal of expending 200 to 300 kcal per session. Primary outcome measurements included body composition by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and PAEE by doubly labeled water, and resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry.

Results

Changes in TDEE, PAEE, REE, or body composition were not different between groups. However, within the GnRHAG group, fat mass increased (mean [SE]: total 1.7 [0.4] kg, trunk 0.9 [0.2] kg, leg 0.6 [0.2] kg) and fat‐free leg mass decreased (mean [SE]: −0.4 [0.2] kg) significantly.

Conclusions

In premenopausal women approaching menopause, ovarian hormone suppression resulted in increased adiposity without alterations in TDEE, PAEE, or REE.
Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Diverse Bariatric Surgery Population
Authors: Kreitinger Kimberly Y. , Lui Macy M. S. , Owens Robert L. , Schmickl Christopher N. , Grunvald Eduardo , Horgan Santiago , Raphelson Janna R. , Malhotra Atul
Published: November 2020

Objective

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common among bariatric surgery patients and is associated with perioperative risk. Preoperative screening is recommended, but some screening tools lack validation, and their relative performance is unclear in this population. The study objective was to compare the ability of four existing tools (STOP‐BANG, NO‐OSAS, No‐Apnea, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) to screen for moderate to severe OSA in a diverse bariatric cohort.

Methods

Data from patients presenting for first‐time bariatric surgery who underwent a sleep study within 1 year of the initial encounter were retrospectively reviewed. Performance of the four tools for detecting moderate to severe OSA was compared based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC).

Results

Of the included 214 patients (83.2% female, median age 39 years), 45.3% had moderate to severe OSA. Based on AUC, STOP‐BANG (0.75 [95% CI: 0.68‐0.81], N = 185), NO‐OSAS (0.76 [95% CI: 0.69‐0.82], N = 185), and No‐Apnea (0.69 [95% CI: 0.62‐0.76], N = 190) had similar performance (P > 0.16). Compared with STOP‐BANG and NO‐OSAS, ESS (0.61 [95% CI: 0.54‐0.68], N = 198) had a significantly lower AUC (P < 0.01). Hispanic/Latino self‐identification, sex, or obesity class did not significantly modify test performance.

Conclusions

STOP‐BANG and NO‐OSAS may be preferable to No‐Apnea and ESS when screening bariatric surgery patients for moderate to severe OSA. Efforts to screen bariatric patients for OSA are recommended.

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Ethnic differences in self‐assessed health in Scotland: The role of socio‐economic status and migrant generation
Authors: Cézard Geneviève , Finney Nissa , Kulu Hill , Marshall Alan
Published: November 2020

This study investigates ethnic differences in self‐assessed health in Scotland and their determinants, focusing on socio‐economic status and migrant generations. We use the Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS) and apply regression analysis to data for 4.6 million people. The analysis shows that the White British, Other White and Chinese groups reported better health than the White Scottish population, whereas Pakistani and Indian populations had worse health outcomes. For the latter two groups, this contrasts with previous findings of mortality advantage and thus highlights a morbidity–mortality paradox in these South Asian populations. Our findings imply that socio‐economic deprivation, health selection and acculturation explain health inequalities for some ethnic groups, but for other groups, especially those of Pakistani origin, other mechanisms deserve further exploration.
Magnetic Transition of Metallic Phase‐Change Materials
Authors: He Chao , Qiao Chong , Yang Zhe , Cheng Weiming , Tong Hao , Miao Xiangshui
Published: November 2020

The rarely studied magnetic transition in phase‐change materials (PCMs) is discussed. The Fe48Mo14Cr15C15B6Y2 PCM with a novel magnetic transition is prepared. The experimental results indicate that the magnetic properties of the amorphous and crystalline phases of Fe48Mo14Cr15C15B6Y2 are significantly different. The amorphous film exhibits a spin‐glass behavior due to a disordered atomic arrangement, while the crystalline film exhibits a ferromagnetic behavior owing to its long‐range ferromagnetic interaction. The findings provide important insights into magnetic PCMs, which can contribute to the rapid development and application of magnetic‐transition‐based devices.
Precipitation retrieval by the L1‐norm regularization: Typhoon Hagibis case
Authors: Wang Gen , Han Wei , Lu Shuai
Published: November 2020

This study examines precipitation retrieval by the L1‐norm regularization using the infrared brightness temperatures from the Himawari‐8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) of the typhoon Hagibis and analyses the advantages of high temporal resolution data. The AHI data covering the entire life cycle of typhoon Hagibis are implemented and we label “precipitation” and “non‐precipitation” fields‐of‐view (FOVs) based on the variation of brightness temperature gradient in AHI channels 8–16. In the precipitation FOVs, we implement the L1‐norm regularization where contribution rate of the “input variable” in the objective functional is obtained by approximating the degree of freedom for signal. The proposed approach is an effective method to obtain sparse solutions, which can express most or all atomic information by a small amount of atomic information. Several experiments reveal that the retrieved precipitation of typhoon Hagibis exhibits good structural similarity in consistency with the global precipitation measurement (GPM) precipitation values. In particular, the proposed approach provides better structural similarity (SSIM) and peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) value compared with the random forest method, which is beneficial in extreme precipitation.
Optical analysis of quantum dot with velocity‐dependent potential
Authors: Bahar M. K. , Ungan F. , Kaya H. , Akkoyun S.
Published: November 2020

In this study, for the first time, the velocity‐dependent potential (VDP) effects on the total refractive index changes (TRICs) and the total absorption coefficients (TACs) of the parabolic quantum dot with spherical confinement, generated by GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure, are comprehensively investigated. In order to obtain the subband energy spectra and the electronic wave function of the quantum dot system, the wave equation is numerically solved due to the VDP's complexity by using Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg method within the effective mass approximation. The nonlinear optical specifications of the quantum dot with velocity‐dependent potential (QDVDP) are analyzed using the compact density matrix formalism within the framework of the iterative method. To investigate the optical specifications of QDVDP, the isotropic form factor of VDP is taken into consideration as the harmonic oscillator type, F(r) = γρ0r2 (being γ and ρ0 are constants). Optical analysis is also executed for parabolic encompassing under the influence of VDP, as well as VDP, analyzing for TRICs and TACs of QDVDP, for which the result is quite a change compared to cases without VDP due to the symmetry‐breaking repercussion on system confinement of VDP. The main motivation of the present study is to clearly distinguish VDP effects on optical properties of the quantum dot, carrying out an analysis on optimal range and alternative parameter for optical properties.
Global exponential stabilization for a class of nonlinear systems by output feedback control with three gain‐scaling factors
Authors: Oh Sang‐Young , Choi Ho‐Lim
Published: November 2020

In this article, we consider a problem of global exponential stabilization for a class of nonlinear systems with the perturbed nonlinearity by output feedback. We provide a newly designed observer‐based output feedback controller with three gain‐scaling factors to deal with extended structure of nonlinearity and larger growth rate of nonlinearity over the existing results. Utilizing three gain‐scaling factors, we have more flexibility in selecting control parameters. Moreover, we present two procedures for selecting gain‐scaling parameters which are associated with stabilizing the system and improving the convergence rate of the system states and observer errors, respectively. Via numerical and practical examples, we illustrate the improved features of the proposed control scheme over the existing schemes.
Synergetic Hybridization Effect of Homogeneously Mixed Inorganic and Graphene Nanosheets on the Photocatalytic Activity of Semiconductor
Authors: Kwon Nam Hee , Lee Jang Mee , Gu Tae-Ha , Jin Xiaoyan , Hwang Seong-Ju
Published: November 2020

Using the homogeneous colloidal mixture of conductive metal oxide nanosheet (NS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) NS as hybridization matrices provides universal way of optimizing the photocatalyst functionality of semiconductor nanocrystals. A self‐assembly between CdS quantum dots (QDs) and RuO2/rGO NSs yields strongly coupled ternary nanohybrids with enhanced photocatalytic activity and increased porosity. Even with its lower RuO2 content, the ternary CdS−RuO2/rGO nanohybrid exhibits notably higher photocatalytic activities for visible‐light‐induced H2 evolution and photocurrent generation than binary CdS−RuO2/rGO homologues, underscoring the synergetic hybridization effect of flexible rGO and hydrophilic RuO2 NSs. In comparison with single RuO2/rGO NSs, their homogeneous mixture can play better roles of photosensitizers and cocatalysts, which is mainly responsible for remarkable improvement of photocatalytic activity upon the cohybridization with mixed RuO2/rGO NSs. The current study underscores that cohybridization with complementary inorganic and graphene NSs can provide an efficient and economically feasible methodology to explore novel high‐performance catalyst materials.
Corrosion Behavior of MgO–C Ladle Refractory by Molten Slag
Authors: Zhao Qing , Zheng Xiang , Liu Chengjun , Jiang Maofa , Saxén Henrik , Zevenhoven Ron
Published: November 2020

The damage of ladle refractory, which mainly occurs at the position of the slag line, results in an increasing need of maintenance and repair and can, in the worst case, lead to a breakout of melts causing potential risks for the personnel and damage of equipment. On the basis of this fact, the corrosion behavior of MgO–C refractory in contact with molten slag during the steel refining process is experimentally studied in this work. Rotating and static dipping tests of MgO–C refractory in CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–FeO slags are conducted, and the effects of composition of slag, carbon in refractory, and rotation speed on the corrosion behavior are investigated. Results show that the corrosion depth of the MgO–C refractory increases with FeO content of slag and rotation speed of MgO–C rod, whereas it decreases with an increase in slag basicity. Slag notably penetrates the surface layer of MgO–C refractory after the carbon is oxidized, causing an aggravation of the corrosion. Moreover, the corrosion mechanism of MgO–C refractory in molten slag during the refining process is studied and illustrated in this work.
Goshajinkigan increases peripheral capillary diameter in non‐diabetic and diabetic mice
Authors: Inagaki Koki , Furuta Masataka , Asada Izumi , Hisaka Shinsuke , Nose Mitsuhiko
Published: November 2020

Aim

Goshajinkigan (GJG) improves hyperesthesia and hypoesthesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NO in the vasodilatory effect of GJG in peripheral capillaries to clarify the mechanism related to DPN symptom improvement.

Methods

GJG was orally administered to non‐diabetic and streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic male mice. Auricular venule and arteriole diameters were measured by video capillaroscopy. The mice were pretreated with NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) to assess NO involvement.

Results

GJG increased venule and arteriole diameters in both non‐diabetic and diabetic mice. L‐NAME pretreatment inhibited GJG‐induced increases in capillary diameter.

Conclusion

The direct vasodilatory effect of GJG in peripheral arterioles and venules involved increased NO production.
Spontaneous mainstream anammox in a full‐scale wastewater treatment plant with hybrid sludge retention time in a temperate zone of China
Authors: Yuan Quan , Wang Kaijun , He Beiping , Liu Ruidong , Qian Liang , Wan Shuo , Zhou Yaxu , Cai Hulin , Gong Hui
Published: November 2020

Spontaneous anammox bacteria enrichment at mainstream conditions was reported in a full‐scale Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in a temperate zone of China. The mainstream anammox was observed after WWTP process retrofit, which constructed a hybrid sludge retention time (SRT) system by providing moving carriers in the anaerobic/anoxic tank and was initially designed to enhance the denitrification process in a conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process. The hybrid SRT system achieved 86.0 ± 4.6% total nitrogen (TN) removal via combined mainstream anammox and conventional denitrification. Autotrophic denitrification via mainstream anammox was confirmed by various shreds of evidence including high‐throughput sequencing, specific anammox activity test, and 15N isotopic tracing. Long‐term anammox bacteria existence in the biofilm of the carrier in anoxic zones was detected in a much higher relative abundance compared with other spots. The contribution of anammox activity to TN removal was estimated at around 20%–30%. The reasons leading to spontaneous anammox enrichment were mainly attributed to the carriers for slow‐growing bacteria growth and dissolved oxygen gradient in the anoxic tank (caused by intermittent aeration) for nitrite production. The insights of this full‐scale case study provide important perspectives for future mainstream anammox application, and also the design of an energy‐neutral WWTP process.

Practitioner points

Spontaneous mainstream anammox in a full‐scale WWTP after its retrofit in a temperate zone of China was reported.

Anammox bacteria enrichment and long‐term stability on moving carriers at mainstream conditions was achieved by modified hybrid SRT system.

The hybrid SRT system achieve stable nitrogen removal even in cold winter and high BOD/N situation by combining mainstream anammox with conventional denitrification.

Long term full‐scale operation demonstrated excellent nitrogen removal with about 20%–30% contribution of mainstream anammox.

This full‐scale case study provided perspectives for future optimizing mainstream anammox application, and also energy‐neutral WWTP process design.
Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Autofahrangst
Authors: Fischer Carolin , Schröder Annette , Heider Jens
Published: November 2020

Die Exposition im Straßenverkehr bei der kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung der Autofahrangst ist oftmals mit Fragen der praktischen Umsetzung sowie mit Haftungsfragen verbunden. Die folgende Handlungsempfehlung gibt einen Überblick über die Diagnostik, Ätiologie und psychometrische Erfassung der Autofahrangst und stellt versicherungsrechtliche Aspekte, die bei der Exposition im Straßenverkehr zu beachten sind, dar. Es wird ein Therapiemodul zur Behandlung der Autofahrangst vorgestellt, das konkrete Hinweise zur praktischen Umsetzung der Behandlung von Autofahrangst gibt.
The elephant at the fence: almsman, panhandler, friend or foe?
Authors: Fernando Prithiviraj , Ekanayaka Sampath K. K. , Pastorini Jennifer
Published: November 2020

Feeding of wild Asian elephants at the Udawalawe National Park perimeter electric fence by the general public is longstanding. We monitored the elephants and feeding activities, and conducted questionnaire surveys of stakeholders. Over 50 individual adult male elephants engaged in the activity. The exclusive male presence was consistent with a high-risk high-gain male strategy. The elephants were mostly offered fruits and vegetables. Over a thousand people a day watched and fed the elephants. Most people bought food for elephants from roadside stalls and vendors had significantly more sales if elephants were present. The feeding of elephants brought significant economic benefit to communities bordering the park. We found the impacts of feeding on the elephants and environment to be largely neutral. Impacts on people and conservation were mainly positive. Actions taken by authorities to stop the feeding have targeted the elephants and resulted in the decrease of feeding but not its elimination. Managing the activity instead would help increase economic benefits and ensure safe interaction between people and elephants. Such management, by directly benefitting local communities, could make them partners in the conservation process and form the basis of an effective outreach program.