bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of red cell transfusion in a large contemporary obstetric cohort
Authors: Enright Siobhan , Varadkar Sonia , Demaio Alison , Flynn Catherine , Ni Áinle Fionnuala , Hehir Mark P.
Published: October 2018

Background

Hemorrhage is a critical contributor to maternal morbidity but estimation of blood loss at delivery is frequently inaccurate. Due to this inaccuracy we sought to examine blood transfusion as a surrogate marker for morbidity in a large non-population based consecutive cohort.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively gathered data was carried out at two university institutions serving a heterogeneous urban obstetric population from January to December 2016. Data were analyzed to determine whether individual characteristics were associated with perinatal transfusion. Hematological indices and requirement for other blood products were also characterized.

Results

A total of 16,581 deliveries were recorded during the study and 1.7% (289/16,581) of the cohort required red cell transfusion. Those who received transfusion were more likely to be nulliparous, and to deliver <37 weeks’ or >42 weeks’ gestation. They were also more likely to have a macrosomic infant (birthweight >4 kg) and to have had a multiple pregnancy. Characteristics not associated with risk of transfusion included obesity [18% (52/289) vs. 15% (2445/16,292); P=0.18], and maternal age ≥35 years [28% (82/289) vs. 33% (5537/16,292); P=0.05]. Additional blood products were necessary in a small number of patients who received red cells.

Conclusion

The rate of transfusion in a contemporary Irish cohort has risen compared with previous data. Several variables associated with transfusion are consistent with older studies but importantly; maternal obesity and advanced maternal age are not associated with transfusion. These data may encourage the investment of resources in a population previously considered low-risk and, following future studies, to improve strategies aimed at limiting blood transfusion.
Predication and Modality in Kant’s Critique of the Ontological Argument
Authors: Pasternack Lawrence
Published: October 2018

There is perhaps no more famous objection to the Ontological Argument (OA) than Kant’s contention that existence is not a predicate (E~P). However, this is not his only objection against the Ontological Argument. It is rather part of a more comprehensive attack on the OA, one that contains at least four distinct arguments, only one of which involves (E~P). It is the purpose of this paper to explore Kant’s case for (E~P), consider three contemporary strategies used to reinforce it, assess their merits, and then finally briefly present Kant’s three further arguments
Hidden Antinomies of Practical Reason, and Kant’s Religion of Hope
Authors: Zuckert Rachel
Published: October 2018

In the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant argues that morality obliges us to believe in the immortality of the soul and the existence of God. I argue, however, that in two late essays - “The End of All Things” and “On the Miscarriage of all Philosophical Trials in Theodicy” - Kant provides moral counterarguments to that position: these beliefs undermine moral agency by giving rise to fanaticism or fatalism. Thus, I propose, the Kantian position on the justification of religious belief is ultimately antinomial. One ought, moreover, to understand Kant’s considered position concerning the immortality of the soul and the existence of God to be similar to that he proposes concerning the theoretical ideas of reason in the Appendix to the Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason: they are necessary as regulative ideas guiding moral action, not endorsed or even postulated as propositions. In other words, they are subject matters not of belief, but of hope.
Innovative technologies for chemical security
Authors: Forman Jonathan E. , Timperley Christopher M. , Aas Pål , Abdollahi Mohammad , Alonso Isel Pascual , Baulig Augustin , Becker-Arnold Renate , Borrett Veronica , Cariño Flerida A. , Curty Christophe , Gonzalez David , Kovarik Zrinka , Martínez-Álvarez Roberto , Mikulak Robert , de Souza Nogueria Evandro , Ramasami Ponnadurai , Raza Syed K. , Saeed Ahmed E. M. , Takeuchi Koji , Tang Cheng , Trifirò Ferruccio , van Straten Francois Mauritz , Waqar Farhat , Zaitsev Volodymyr , Zina Mongia Saïd , Grolmusová Katarína , Valente Guy , Payva Marlene , Sun Siqing , Yang Amy , van Eerten Darcy
Published: October 2018

Advances across the chemical and biological (life) sciences are increasingly enabled by ideas and tools from sectors outside these disciplines, with information and communication technologies playing a key role across 21stcentury scientific development. In the face of rapid technological change, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention (“the Convention”), seeks technological opportunities to strengthen capabilities in the field of chemical disarmament. The OPCW Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) in its review of developments in science and technology examined the potential uses of emerging technologies for the implementation of the Convention at a workshop entitled “Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security”, held from 3 to 5 July 2017, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event, organized in cooperation with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Brazilian Chemical Society, was attended by 45 scientists and engineers from 22 countries. Their insights into the use of innovative technological tools and how they might benefit chemical disarmament and non-proliferation informed the SAB’s report on developments in science and technology for the Fourth Review Conference of the Convention (to be held in November 2018), and are described herein, as are recommendations that the SAB submitted to the OPCW Director-General and the States Parties of the Convention. It is concluded that technologies exist or are under development that could be used for investigations, contingency, assistance and protection, reducing risks to inspectors, and enhancing sampling and analysis.
How Cells Fold the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Borrell Víctor
Published: October 2018

Folding of the cerebral cortex is as highly intriguing as poorly understood. At first sight, this may appear as simple tissue crumpling inside an excessively small cranium, but the process is clearly much more complex and developmentally predetermined. Whereas theoretical modeling supports a critical role for biomechanics, experimental evidence demonstrates the fundamental role of specific progenitor cell types, cellular processes, and genetic programs on cortical folding.

Dual Perspectives Companion Paper:How Forces Fold the Cerebral Cortex, by Christopher D. Kroenke and Philip V. Bayly
The Development of Neuronal Polarity: A Retrospective View
Authors: Banker Gary
Published: October 2018

In 1988, Carlos Dotti, Chris Sullivan, and I published a paper on the establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture, which continues to be frequently cited 30 years later (Dotti et al., 1988). By following individual neurons from the time of plating until they had formed well developed axonal and dendritic arbors, we identified the five stages of development that lead to the mature expression of neuronal polarity. We were surprised to find that, before axon formation, the cells pass through a multipolar phase, in which several, apparently identical short neurites undergo periods of extension and retraction. Then one of these neurites begins a period of prolonged growth, becoming the definitive axon; the remaining neurites subsequently become dendrites. This observation suggested that any of the initial neurites were capable of becoming axons, a hypothesis confirmed by later work. In this Progressions article, I will try to recall the circumstances that led to this work, recapture some of the challenges we faced in conducting these experiments, and consider why some of today's neuroscientists still find this paper relevant.
Postoperative Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis Associated with Intravitreal Injection of Vancomycin
Authors: Parreira Sónia , Andrade Gabriel , Nascimento Heloisa , Muccioli Cristina
Published: October 2018

PURPOSE: To present a case of hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis (HORV) associated with intravitreal injection of vancomycin after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).METHODS: Single case report.RESULTS: A 67-year-old woman presented with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/400 in left eye. For clinical suspicion of chronic endophthalmitis, empirical treatment was initiated with vancomycin and ceftazidime without clinical improvement. The patient was submitted to pars plana vitrectomy. During surgery rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was observed and treated. At the end of surgery, intravitreal vancomycin was injected. After 18 days BCVA was counting fingers and fundus examination showed diffuse retinal vascular sheathing, intraretinal hemorrhages and ischemic macular whitening. The clinical diagnosis was compatible with HORV secondary to retinal toxicity due to intraocular vancomycin.CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates the importance of including intravitreal vancomycin during PPV surgery on the list of potential causes when investigating a case of suspected hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis.
AAO 2018 in conjunction with PAAO
Authors: Dantas Paulo E.C.
Published: October 2018

AAO 2018 in conjunction with PAAO
JOHNSON&JOHNSON
Authors: Dantas Paulo E.C.
Published: October 2018

JOHNSON&JOHNSON
MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN, PAOF BOARD
Authors: Ventura Liana M. V. O.
Published: October 2018

MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN, PAOF BOARD
Heroes, Presidents, and Politics
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2018

In 2008, we needed a hero. We still do.

Political narratives are all about heroes, and never was it more plainly evident than in the 2008 presidential contest between Barack Obama and John McCain. Like all candidates, Obama and McCain worked to craft their own heroic narratives, from despair to redemption to, each hoped, glory. And sociologists watched as the American public joined in on this process, seeing their hopes, dreams, and concerns filtered through opinion polls that were used to form the politicians into just the heroes these times called for. Candidates and voters colluded in myth-making in that block-buster election, but how has the victor's heroic reputation served him as he holds office?
Determinantes do Desempenho Empreendedor e Inovador nas Regiões Transfronteiriças
Authors: Natário Maria Manuela , Martins Braga Ascensão , Fernandes Gonçalo Poeta
Published: October 2018

Este trabalho de pesquisa incide sobre novas abordagens e conhecimentos relativos aos processos de empreendedorismo e inovação que podem ocorrer em regiões de fronteira. Os principais resultados alcançados provêm de um estudo exploratório com as empresas das regiões de fronteira da Beira Interior Norte e Província de Salamanca, localizadas respetivamente na fronteira de Portugal e Espanha. Apesar das condições desfavoráveis desta região de fronteira, em face da sua evolução demográfica e desarticulação económica verificada nas últimas três décadas, detetam- se fatores que influenciam o desempenho empreendedor das empresas desta região. Assim, esta pesquisa mostra como o ambiente empresarial pode ser incentivado e renovado nas regiões de fronteira periféricas, como a região em estudo, através do desenvolvimento de redes locais, da intensificação da internacionalização e do reforço das infraestruturas locais relacionadas com as indústrias regionais e locais. Consequentemente, esta pesquisa oferece um caso pioneiro baseado num tipo de empreendedorismo que, em essência, é diferente do verificado em regiões centrais, isto é, de dinâmicas positivas de desenvolvimento e de forte urbanidade. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores considerados importantes para influenciar o desempenho inovador e empreendedor das regiões de fronteira prendem-se com a tipologia da empresa em setores predominantemente enraizados na região, com os recursos e o processo de criação facilitado por menor burocracia, com o perfil do empresário, com a internacionalização do mercado-alvo e com os canais de divulgação e comercialização adotados.
Calidad de los hallazgos de auditoría. Análisis de caso de las contralorías territoriales de Colombia
Authors: Restrepo-Medina Manuel Alberto
Published: October 2018

El presente artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la calidad de los hallazgos de auditoría producidos por las contralorías territoriales colombianas, medida a través de la aplicación de una matriz que detalla el cumplimiento de las etapas de validación en su configuración. Los resultados indican que, en los tres niveles observados, contralorías departamentales, distritales y municipales, la evaluación de su calidad oscila alrededor del 30% del nivel ideal de desempeño de estas entidades.
Risk in Mountain Tourism
Authors: Hyski Marcin
Published: October 2018

The subject of the article is the risk associated with the tourist and recreational activity carried out in mountain areas, with particular regard to the winter season. Identification of this risk is the purpose of this paper, while attention has also been focused on issues related to the protection of the effects of this risk using the insurance method. Risk is an inherent attribute of all human activity, especially in the practice of dangerous sports, where accidents, harms and injuries occur. Risk means that the tourist counts with the possibility of a variety of threats that may prevent his or her goals. It is not always possible to protect against such events. In addition, it should be noted that insurance, as a risk management method, does not protect against the direct effects of risk implementation but only allows to cover their financial consequences. Complete elimination of risk is not possible. However, different strategies need to be taken to make the activity in the mountains more secure.
Attractions Selected from Cluster “Beskidzka 5”
Authors: Chudy Wojciech , Chudy - Hyski Dorota
Published: October 2018

Tourist attractions are not only the elements of nature, but also the attitude of local people towards tourists and other tourist infrastructure. The theme of the article are selected tourist attractions which are located in the area of tourism cluster “Beskidzka 5”. Issues are taken due to the increasing role of tourism in society. Attractions pack tourist in, that is why demand on the other services increases. Therefore we have to take care about right development and preservation. The aim of the article is a presentation one of the elements of the tourist area of the cluster “Beskidzka 5”. Cluster “Beskidzka 5” is presented for realizing this subject and its tourist attractions, which are attractive for potential tourist.
Activity and Competences of a Music Education Teacher: Expectations of Lithuanian and Foreign Students
Authors: Lasauskienė Jolanta
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the present study was to investigate student music teachers’ expectations towards their future professional activity and competences of a music teacher. Two groups of students (76 Lithuanian and 64 foreign), who chose studies at Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, participated in the research. In this article, the results from the qualitative survey carried out in 2017 will be highlighted. The results showed that in music education it is particularly important to combine orientation towards pedagogical activities with orientation towards the spread of the learner’s personality. The music students at the University describe their future professional activities as broad and multidimensional ones but they also emphasise the importance of personal values, implementation of general, subject-specific, professional (didactic) competences and continuous improvement. Participation in musical and artistic activities plays a specific role in the spread of professional identity of a music teacher.
Soil viral extraction protocol for ssDNA & dsDNA viruses v3
Authors: Trubl Gary , Natalie Solonenko not provided , Li Yueh-Fen
Published: October 2018

Protocol for resuspending viruses from soils and sediments. See attached file for considerations, adaptations, and references. This version does not include CsCl purification, see version 2 for CsCl information.
Taboo Narratives: Teaching Palestine and the Palestinians
Authors: Farah Randa
Published: October 2018

To speak “truth to power” is not merely an intellectual task but a mission statement and a moral compass, especially for anthropologists. Writing and speaking out about the effects of settler-colonialism on Palestinians has become the litmus test of such a stance. In western societies, especially in North America, Palestine is a taboo subject, where fear of being denied tenure or even expelled for speaking out has prevented a protracted history of Palestinian suffering, dispossession, and expulsion from being heard or known. Teaching about it therefore acquires a heightened significance and demands the deconstruction of dominant myths, despite the difficulties.
Políticas educativas y cultura investigativa en la formación de educadores
Authors: Camacho Diana Marcela , Martínez Coronado Cielo , Pedraza Ortiz Alexandra
Published: October 2018

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo pre­sentar el panorama normativo actual alrededor de la construcción de una cultura investigativa para la formación de docentes en Colombia, según las leyes nacionales y algunos entes internacionales que apoyan dichos procesos, a razón de develar la importancia de la formación investigativa de los educadores en pro del desarrollo de la Nación y su contribución a la calidad de la educación.
Stimulated angiogenesis and its role in reparative skin regeneration
Authors: Shestakova V. G.
Published: October 2018

The review summarizes, analyzes and systematizes the literature on the effect of the development of the microcirculatory bed in the area of skin damage on the nature of repair with spontaneous wound healing, and also under the influence of various physical, chemical and biological factors. It is shown that the microenvironment, the leading role in which belongs to microvessels, controls the dynamics of the recovery process and has a direct relationship to the formation of regenerate.
Analysis of phagocytic activity of macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupfer cells
Authors: El'chaninov A. V. , Lokhonina A. V. , Makarov A. V. , Arutyunyan I. V. , Grinberg M. V. , Ladygina G. A. , Knyazeva L. A. , Bol'shakova G. B. , Fatkhudinov T. Kh.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the study was to compare the phagocytic activity of macrophages of monocytic origin both without activation and under the influence of factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype. Material and methods. Peripheral blood monocytes and Kupper liver cells of male Wistar rats were obtained by gradient centrifugation. The Kupffer cells and rat monocytes were transferred to RPMI growth medium. To activate in the direction of the M1-phenotype, LPS and IFN-γ were introduced into the medium. To activate the M2 phenotype, IL 4, IL10, and IL 13 were added to the medium. The obtained macrophage cultures were stained with antibodies to CD68. To study the phagocytic activity of macrophages, the cells were placed on plates for intravital microscopy and latex beads were added to the culture medium. Results. The macrophage cultures of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells expressed CD68 at a high level, the addition of activation factors did not change the expression of the marker. 1 hour after the addition of latex particles to the culture medium, unactivated monocytic macrophages statistically significantly absorbed particles more than Kupffer cells. Activation by factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype led to an increase in the phagocytic activity of both macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells. The most activating effect on phagocytic activity was provided by induction factors of the M1 phenotype. Conclusions. For macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells, a different dynamics of phagocytic activity is characteristic. Monocytic macrophages initially have a more pronounced absorption capacity, which gradually increases during the experiment. For Kupffer cells, a sharp fluctuation of phagocytic activity is characteristic: rapid growth and rapid saturation.
Histochemical changes in skin burn wound regeneration after application of titanium nickelide alloy supernatant
Authors: Uruzbaev R. M. , Bychkov V. G. , Yuzhakova E. A.
Published: October 2018

Objective : to determine the content and distribution in the tissues of the skin of various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) against the background of the local action of the supernatant of the titanium nickelide alloy, to reveal the positive effect of the substrate on the dynamics of the formation of the regenerative process. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 25 Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse, 1839). In stages 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, an overdose of sevoran anesthesia followed by decapitation was used to take the skin flap. The material was processed and poured into paraffin according to the standard conventional procedure. Histological sections were stained with alcian blue with a pH of 1.0 and 2.5, according to Tenzer-Unna. To determine the content of nickel and titanium cations, the electron-probe analysis method applied to the skin grafts taken in all experimental groups was used. Results. the increased accumulation of GAG in the dermis of the control group of animals occurred for a period of 21 days, while in the experiment their maximum was reached already by 14 days. Variations in GAG content in the epidermis and derivatives are associated with a change in the proliferative and biosynthetic activity of the cells of these structures at different periods of the experiment. Given the negative charge of sulfated aminoglycans and the hydrophilic base of the supernatant, penetration of the base metal cations of the supernatant into damaged tissues was detected by scanning microscopy. Conclusions. The reparative processes with the supernatant of the titanium nickelide alloy are more intensive, due to the limitation of the destructive process within the epidermis and the dermis, the reduction of purulent necrotic complications in the healing process, the interaction of nickel and titanium anions and cations in mineral and water metabolism. This ensures an earlier occurrence and uniform maturation of the young connective tissue, epithelization with normalization of cell proliferation and differentiation processes.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Şehir Markası Algısı: Bandırma Örneği
Authors: TEKTAŞ Necla , TEKTAŞ Mehmet
Published: October 2018

Şehir markası; geçmişten
günümüze şehrin sahip olduğu kültürel mirası ve onu meydana getiren toplumsal
yapıyı, beşeri özellikleri, kimliği, sanatı, mimarisi gibi birçok faktörü kapsayan
bir kavramdır. Çalışma öğrencilerin şehir markası algıları ve şehirden
memnuniyet derecelerini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Veriler 2017-2018
bahar döneminde Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi öğrencilerinden kolayda
örnekleme yöntemiyle anket uygulanarak toplanmıştır. Uygulanan anket iki
bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde öğrencilerin demografik bilgileri ve
ikinci bölümde şehir markası ölçeği yer almaktadır.  İstatistik analizlerde frekans analizi,
faktör analizi ve regresyon analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin
şehir markalaşmasında şehirden beklentileri ve şehirden memnuniyetleri
değerlendirilmiş ve yorumları yapılmıştır.
Endovascular treatment of acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Chernyavskiy M. A. , Kudaev Y. A. , Chernov A. V. , Zherdev N. N. , Chernova D. V.
Published: October 2018

Thromboembolism of pulmonary artery is life-threatening condition due to acute right ventricle failure and cardiogenic shock. System thrombolysis is the main way of reperfusion in massive pulmonary embolism with a very high risk of fatal hemorrhage complications. There is a popular revascularization method in two last decades such as endovascular treatment. It allows to recover the blood flow into occluded pulmonary arteries up to three weeks after confirmed embolism episode and to decrease major bleeding risks. Now trials corroborate the high efficacy and safety of interventional treatment the usage of which would allow to improve prognosis in massive pulmonary embolism.
Puentes y Cercos
Authors: Campos Pérez Luis
Published: October 2018

¿Cuáles han sido los patrones históricos y las fuerzas geopolíticas que han moldeado la integración centroamericana? Esta es la pregunta principal que se trata de responder en esta obra. Con un ojo en el presente y otro en el pasado, se exploran de manera general las dinámicas fundamentales que han constreñido o potencializado la integración de Centroamérica. El eje metodológico de este análisis comprende una revisión de las interpretaciones de los agentes y/o grupos económica y políticamente dominantes en el istmo, así como de la conducta e intereses de potencias extraístmicas en Centroamérica, en cuyo punto de convergencia terminan produciéndose imágenes geopolíticas híbridas sobre su valor geoestratégico, en base a su ubicación, espacio y recursos.
Esta obra se enfoca en cinco tendencias geopolíticas que encuadran la integración centroamericana: el papel de la soberanía territorial sobre la formación del poder y las identidades nacionales, la influencia de potencias extraístmicas como fuerza formadora de las visiones acerca del valor y la identidad geopolítica de Centroamérica, el relanzamiento y expansión del proceso de integración desde los Estados y más allá de ellos, así como las fuerzas internacionales favorables al mismo, y finalmente el desafío emergente presentado por el espectro ideológico neonacionalista, como fuerza opuesta a la integración de mercados, economías, poblaciones y políticas.
Anterior Spinal Growth Tethering for Skeletally Immature Patients with Scoliosis
Authors: Newton Peter O. , Kluck Dylan G. , Saito Wataru , Yaszay Burt , Bartley Carrie E. , Bastrom Tracey P.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Anterior spinal growth tethering (ASGT) has been shown to alter spinal growth with the potential to correct scoliosis while maintaining spine flexibility. The purpose of this study was to report the 2 to 4-year outcomes of ASGT in skeletally immature patients with thoracic scoliosis.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective review of patients with thoracic scoliosis who underwent ASGT with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. Patient demographics, perioperative data, and radiographic outcomes are reported. A “successful” clinical outcome was defined as a residual curve of <35° and no posterior spinal fusion indicated or performed at latest follow-up.

Results:

Seventeen patients met the inclusion criteria. The etiology was idiopathic for 14 and syndromic for 3. The mean follow-up was 2.5 years (range, 2 to 4 years). Preoperatively, all patients were at Risser stage 0, with a mean age at surgery of 11 ± 2 years (range, 9 to 14 years). There was an average of 6.8 ± 0.5 vertebrae tethered per patient. The average thoracic curve magnitude was 52° ± 10° (range, 40° to 67°) preoperatively, 31° ± 10° immediately postoperatively, 24° ± 17° at 18 months postoperatively, and 27° ± 20° at latest follow-up (51% correction; range, 5% to 118%). Revision surgery was performed in 7 patients: 4 tether removals due to complete correction or overcorrection, 1 lumbar tether added, 1 tether replaced due to breakage, and 1 revised to a posterior spinal fusion. In 3 additional patients, posterior spinal fusion was indicated due to progression. Eight (47%) of the patients had a suspected broken tether. Ten (59%) of the 17 were considered clinically successful.

Conclusions:

Despite most patients having some remaining skeletal growth at the time of review, the results of the current study demonstrate that at mid-term follow-up, ASGT showed a powerful, but variable, ability to modulate spinal growth and did so with little perioperative and early postoperative risk. Fusion was avoided for 13 of the 17 patients. The overall success rate was 59%, with a 41% revision rate. Understanding the parameters leading to success or failure will be critical in advancing a reliable definitive nonfusion treatment for progressive scoliosis in the future.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Determination of the Fault Zone by the Level of Short-Circuit Currents
Authors: Romaniuk F. A. , Buloichyk E. V. , Shevaldin M. A.
Published: October 2018

The methods of determination the fault zone according to the parameters of the emergency mode, which can be used to improve the performance of technical perfection of current protection lines of distributive 6–10 kV one-way power networks, are considered. The advantage of the algorithm of determination the zones of short circuit (SC) according to the level of emergency currents as compared to the remote unilateral method addressing the parameters of the damaged loop corrupted loops (loops) is noted. Calculation of the estimated distance to the point of SC on the basis of difference of damaged phase currents has been proposed, that enables the independence of the obtained result on the type of the fault. A technique for increasing the reliability of the method for determination the short-circuit zone by the level of emergency currents based on information about the type of damage has also been proposed. The effect of load currents and contact resistances of different levels on the magnitude and nature of the changes in the errors of the calculated distance to the short circuit was investigated by the method of computational experiment. The levels of contact resistances relative to the total resistance of the line depending on the place of SC occurrence are determined that provides reliable determination of the fault zone; it is demonstrated that the nature of their alteration is approximately the same for lines of medium and long length. The expediency of correction of the calculated distance to the fault location in many cases of short circuits through the contact resistance so to improve the protection capacity of the high-speed current protection stage is demonstrated. Based on the results of the computational experiment, correction factors for the correction of the value of the emergency current have been obtained; on the basis of the latter the fault zone is determined. The estimation of efficiency of the proposed method of correction has been carried out; it is shown that its application makes it possible to improve the accuracy of determination the fault zone and to expand the zone of instantaneous shutdown of short circuit. The dynamic properties of the proposed algorithm for different modes of the line operation have been investigated; it is ascertained that, in the worst case, the determination of the short circuit zone for a time not exceeding 27 ms is provided.
Design of Large Connectors of Overhead Power Lines
Authors: Korotkevich M. A. , Prokofieva N. V.
Published: October 2018

It is found that the voltage at the lowest points of the wire or cable sag and at the points of their suspension on the pillars in the same span, determined in accordance with the properties of a perfectly flexible filament (similar to which the wires and cables are located in the span), differ slightly, and taking the difference of the mentioned values into account is only of methodologycal importance. The article presents the results of the calculation of wire and cable sag of large spans of power transmission line of 500 m or more length using both the traditional theory of the catenary line and the theory of equal resistance, when the cross-sectional area of a wire or cable, proportional to their tension, is considered variable in the span length, which provides the same probability of breaking them at any point of the span. When calculating the wires and cables in normal and emergency conditions, the largest sags are determined, which take place either at a higher ambient temperature or at a load of the wire with ice. The wire must be mounted in such a way as to ensure the normalized permissible dimensions to crossed engineering structures, water barriers or land, that are determined depending on the nominal voltage of the line. It is noted that the values of the wire and cable sags determined using the theory of the catenary line for the transition spans are less (although slightly) as compared to the data obtained on the basis of the theory of the equal resistance circuit. This must be taken into account in the design process.
Intelligent LED Lighting System
Authors: Maronchuk I. I. , Shirokov I. V. , Velchenko A. A. , Mironchuk V. I.
Published: October 2018

The article presents the development of an intelligent control system for LED lighting, applicable to autonomous electric lighting installations, outdoor lighting fixtures on posts to illuminate highways, roads, streets and surrounding areas. The system combines all local lighting systems in which the motion sensor and the LED luminaire are integrated into one network. Turning on the LED luminaire at reduced power is carried out automatically when the level of external natural light is less than a certain threshold value. In the case of appearance of an object moving along the motion sensors of neighboring local lighting systems, the speed and direction of movement of the object are determined. In accordance to the speed and direction of the object movement the number of local lighting systems is determined whose LED lamps should be switched on at a higher power and the appearance of the object at the next design point is predicted. The increase in the power of LED lamps is carried out smoothly when the object is approaching the corresponding local lighting system. Due to the dynamic control of the power of the LED luminaires, as moving objects appear in the coverage area of the intelligent lighting system, significant energy savings are achieved. Traffic safety conditions are increased, as the number of LED lamps operating with increased power is determined by the speed of the object, and its possible braking distance will be significantly less than the illuminated section of the roadway. Smooth changes in the power of LED lamps reduce the pressure on the driver of the vehicle. The choice of the motion sensor based on the autodyne radio blocking, which detects moving objects in a given sector of the controlled space, regardless of the time of day and weather conditions, is grounded.
Regularities of the Development of Coastal Processes on Water Reservoirs of Hydroelectric Power Plants of Belarus
Authors: Levkevich V. E.
Published: October 2018

. According to field observations, currently in the Republic there is an active destruction of the bedrock costs and slopes of more than 80 % of water bodies. The total length of the coasts of reservoirs that are subjected to processing is about 350 km with a maximum regression of more than 40 m. The reasons of activation of process of processing of the coast caused by construction of new reservoirs of power engineering purpose are considered. The length of the coasts of the new reservoirs exposed to abrasion processing will increase in the near future by more than 30 km, which will have some impact on the surrounding areas and objects of the regional economy. As for the channel-type reservoirs, processing of the cost is being expanded only in the near-dam part of the reservoir and reaches 40 % of the coastline. At the same time, the value of this indicator might be up to 70 % of the length of the coasts of the lake-type reservoirs. Having taken this problem into account, it became necessary to generalize the corresponding accumulated factual data and the results of scientific research. Therefore, the results of theoretical studies of the process of processing of coastal slopes of reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants of Belarus presented by the author, along with the updated data, are of practical importance for decision-making in the regulation of engineering activities for coastal protection. The article presents the theoretical issues of the development of abrasion processes in the banks of reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants in Belarus, based on the data of field observations and laboratory studies. On the basis of the law of conservation of mass and taking into account hydrological features of reservoirs, geological structure of relief and granulometric composition of soils forming the bank, balance mathematical models of development of the equilibrium coastline and the profile of the dynamic equilibrium of the banks that are subjected to processing are developed, criteria for the stability of slopes have been obtained.
Return on Investment from Biochar Application
Authors: Sorensen Ronald B. , Lamb Marshall C.
Published: October 2018

Core Ideas

Biochar application costs range between $2900 and $17,900/ac depending on spreader volume and total mass biochar applied.

Return on investment ranges from $427 to $2590/ac/year for 10 years.

Cost of sequestered CO2 is $18 to $33/ton CO2/year for 10 years depending on efficiency.

Cost effective application of biochar is to pay by mass using the largest spreader available.

Current literature has yet to fully address the cost of biochar application or the return on investment to the grower. The objectives were to identify possible on‐farm spinner spreader equipment, spreader capacity, application expenses, and rate of return needed for growers to broadcast biochar economically. Biochar from red oak (Quercus rubra) processed using fast pyrolysis with a density of 36.5 lb/ft was used in all scenarios. Spinner spreader volumes ranged from 50 to 255 ft3 and a manure spreader with a volume of 720 ft3. Crop response to increased biochar was not consistent, either positive or negative, thus, the return on investment may only be dependent on government, private, or commercial incentives. Possible application cost techniques investigated were by density ($/ft3), by the load ($/load), or by mass ($/ton). The actual cost to purchase and transport biochar to the field location was $290/ton. The estimated total number of loads required to apply biochar ranged from 1 to 66 loads depending on spreader volume and biochar rate. Application expenses ranged from $2900 to $17,926/ac. The most economical and efficient application technique would be to pay by “mass” using the largest volume spreader. Across all spreader volumes and biochar rates, the required payments to achieve a 7% return on investment ranged from $427 to $2589/ac/year for 10 year. This equates to $18 to $33/ton/ac/year of sequestered CO2 over 10 year at 80 and 60% carbon to CO2 efficiency, respectively.
Streaming Potential Coupling Coefficient and Transport Properties of Unsaturated Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Cherubini A. , Garcia B. , Cerepi A. , Revil A.
Published: October 2018

Core Ideas

Streaming potential coupling coefficient is dependent on saturation in carbonate rocks.

Salinity influences the streaming potential coupling coefficient.

Water relative permeability can be estimated from streaming potential measurements.

Transport properties of carbonate rocks can be modeled using the van Genuchten approach.

We measured the streaming potential coupling coefficient of natural saturated and unsaturated carbonate rocks. Saturation was achieved with NaCl brines with salinities ranging from 2 × 10−3 to 2.0 mol L−1. The magnitude of the coupling coefficient increased with decreasing salinity, similarly to the trend observed for sandstones. The permeability had a low impact on the values of the streaming potential coupling coefficient at high and low salinity. The zeta potential was calculated at full saturation using a modified version of the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation that accounts for surface electrical conductivity. Under atmospheric conditions, the magnitude of the zeta potential decreased with the increase in salinity. We also explored the relationships between the streaming potential coupling coefficient and water saturation in three partially saturated limestones using a steady‐state flow experiment. We found good agreement between the van Genuchten approach and experimental data, and fitted both the relative permeability and capillary pressure curves with the same value of the van Genuchten exponent mv. We validated the predictive water relative permeability model described by Revil in water‐wet rocks when the second fluid phase is non‐polar.
Simulating Surface and Subsurface Water Balance Changes Due to Burn Severity
Authors: Atchley Adam L. , Kinoshita Alicia M. , Lopez Sonya R. , Trader Laura , Middleton Richard
Published: October 2018

Core Ideas

Burn severity data informed a hydrologic model to assess water balance changes.

Loss of vegetation and evapotranspiration exceeded impact of increased runoff.

High burn severity may cause drier site conditions due to increased runoff.

Change in evapotranspiration acts at long timescales while runoff is event based.

Forest fires have a significant impact on hydrology, such as reduced infiltration rates leading to increased flooding. However, post‐fire water balance changes and the competing hydrologic response of increased runoff and evapotranspiration as a function of burn severity are not well understood. Comparing pre‐ and post‐fire water balance changes is challenging because measurements of fire‐disturbed landscapes with the previously undisturbed character are impractical due to non‐repetitive observational conditions. We used a physically based modeling experiment to incorporate burn severity data from the Las Conchas fire to approximate model parameterization to evaluate continuous water balance progression for pre‐ and post‐fire simulations using the same forcing conditions. Fire disturbance decreased evapotranspiration and increased overland flow response to precipitation events. The reduction of evapotranspiration often dominated the new water balance compared with the increase in overland flow, resulting in higher soil moisture. However, this modeling experiment also identified a tipping point where increased overland flow from high burn severity sites eclipses the effect of reduced evapotranspiration on the water balance, causing comparatively drier post‐fire soils. In particular, high burn severity sites approach a threshold that results in larger changes to overland flow than changes in evapotranspiration, potentially moving the site to an overland flow dominated regime. The shifts in water balance components have implications for how site conditions will change under a range of burn severity scenarios.
Detecting trends in freshwater trace element concentrations: methodological issues and data treatment
Authors: Rodríguez-Murillo Juan Carlos , Nirel Pascale , Filella Montserrat
Published: October 2018

Despite the fact that the increased use of elements linked to the Anthropocene is frequently assumed to lead to an increase in the concentrations of the elements in surface waters, temporal trends of trace element (TE) concentrations have rarely been checked. A temporally extended, traceable dataset of TE concentrations in the waters of Lake Geneva, Switzerland (1996–2015) has been used here to explore methodological and data treatment issues that arise when attempting to rigorously determine temporal trends in freshwater TE concentrations. The trace elements studied (Cd, Co, Gd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sr) have been chosen to cover a wide range of chemical and utilisation conditions. We show that detecting temporal trends from monitoring program data is feasible, even when trends are weak, provided that rigorous data treatment methods are applied. Aspects related to the effect of data quality are discussed in detail. However, ascertaining the statistical significance of any trends calculated remains a difficult issue. With the exception of Co and Sr, that show no significant changes, and Pb, that shows a general decrease, concentrations in lake waters of the trace elements considered have increased significantly, particularly between 2006 and 2015.
Prediction of erosional rates for cohesive sediments in annular flume experiments using artificial neural networks
Authors: Skulovich Olya , Ganal Caroline , Nüßer Leonie K. , Cofalla Catrina , Schuettrumpf Holger , Hollert Henner , Seiler Thomas-Benjamin , Ostfeld Avi
Published: October 2018

Artificial neural network is used to predict development of suspended sediment concentration in annular flume experiments on cohesive sediment erosion. Natural sediment for the experiments was taken from the River Rhine and subjected to a consecutive increase in the bed shear stress. The development of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) was measured and then utilized for artificial neural network training, validation, and testing, including independent testing on new data sets. Several network configurations were examined, in particular, with and without autoregressive input. Additionally, relative importance of auxiliary physical-chemical parameters was analyzed. Artificial neural network with autoregressive input showed very high precision in the SPM prediction for all independent test cases achieving average mean squared error 0.034 and regression value 0.998. It was found that for an abundant training sample, the SPM parameter itself is enough to obtain high quality prediction. At the same time, physical-chemical parameters may provide some improvement to the artificial neural network prediction in cases that comprise values unprecedented in the training sample.
Clean-development-mechanism-based optimal hydropower capacity design
Authors: Hatamkhani Amir , Alizadeh Hosein
Published: October 2018

This paper deals with optimal design of a hydropower project's capacity when an analyst may take into account different economic analysis approaches and considerations including market price method, alternative thermal power plant method, externalities and clean development mechanism (CDM). We formulate the problem using mixed-integer nonlinear programming including an economic objective function and governing hydropower constraints. Due to non-convexity of the program, we employ an effective simulation-optimization approach coupling particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software which we customize for hydropower simulation using scripting capabilities of the software. The developed modelling framework is applied to the Karun II hydropower project in Iran, where we aim CDM-based optimal design of the project and also compare two economic hydropower analysis methods, i.e. market price and alternative thermal plant. Results show how inclusion of externality and CDM can affect the project's design and measures.