bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the Conversion of Linoleic Acid of Vegetable Oil to Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Lipolysis, and Sensory Properties of Cheddar Cheese
Authors: Khan Awais , Nadeem Muhammad , Al-Asmari Fahad , Imran Muhammad , Ambreen Saadia , Rahim Muhammad Abdul , Oranab Sadaf , Esatbeyoglu Tuba , Bartkiene Elena , Rocha João Miguel
Published: October 2023

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp. plantarum) on CLA production and sensory characteristics of cheddar cheese. Lp. plantarum can convert linoleic acid (LA) to CLA. To increase CLA in cheddar cheese and monitor the conversion of LA to CLA by Lp. plantarum, the LA content of cheese milk (3.4% fat) was increased by partially replacing fat with safflower oil (85% LA of oil) at 0, 3, 6, and 9% concentrations (T1, T2, T3, and T4). Furthermore, Lp. plantarum 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (8 log CFU mL−1) was added in all treatments along with traditional cheddar cheese culture (Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris). After 30 days of ripening, Lp. plantarum in T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6.75, 6.72, 6.65, and 6.55 log CFU g−1. After 60 days of ripening, Lp. plantarum in T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6.35, 6.27, 6.19, and 6.32 log CFU g−1. After 60 days of ripening, Lp. plantarum in T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6.41, 6.25, 6.69, and 6.65 log CFU g−1. GC-MS analysis showed that concentrations of CLA in the 90 days’ control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 were 1.18, 2.73, 4.44, 6.24, and 9.57 mg/100 g, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that treatments containing Lp. plantarum and LA presented higher concentrations of organic acids than the control sample. The addition of safflower oil at all concentrations did not affect cheese composition, free fatty acids (FFA), and the peroxide value (POV) of cheddar cheese. Color flavor and texture scores of experimental cheeses were not different from the control cheese. It was concluded that Lp. plantarum and safflower oil can be used to increase CLA production in cheddar cheese.
Aflatoxins Contamination in Feed Commodities: From Occurrence and Toxicity to Recent Advances in Analytical Methods and Detoxification
Authors: Smaoui Slim , D’Amore Teresa , Tarapoulouzi Maria , Agriopoulou Sofia , Varzakas Theodoros
Published: October 2023

Synthesized by the secondary metabolic pathway in Aspergilli, aflatoxins (AFs) cause economic and health issues and are culpable for serious harmful health and economic matters affecting consumers and global farmers. Consequently, the detection and quantification of AFs in foods/feeds are paramount from food safety and security angles. Nowadays, incessant attempts to develop sensitive and rapid approaches for AFs identification and quantification have been investigated, worldwide regulations have been established, and the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the AF degradation process has been explored. Here, occurrences in feed commodities, innovative methods advanced for AFs detection, regulations, preventive strategies, biological detoxification, removal, and degradation methods were deeply reviewed and presented. This paper showed a state-of-the-art and comprehensive review of the recent progress on AF contamination in feed matrices with the intention of inspiring interests in both academia and industry.
Micropore Structure of Deep Shales from the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formations, Southern Sichuan Basin, China: Insight into the Vertical Heterogeneity and Controlling Factors
Authors: Yang Hongzhi , Zhao Shengxian , Li Bo , Liu Yong , Zheng Majia , Zhang Jian , Liu Yongyang , Wang Gaoxiang , Yin Meixuan , Cao Lieyan
Published: October 2023

The microscopic pore throat structure of shale reservoir rocks directly affects the reservoir seepage capacity. The occurrence and flow channels of shale gas are mainly micron–nanometer pore throats. Therefore, to clarify the microstructural characteristics and influencing factors of the deep organic-rich shales, a study is conducted on the marine shale from the Upper Silurian to Lower Ordovician Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin. Petrographic lithofacies division is carried out in combination with petro-mineralogical characteristics, and a high-resolution scanning electron microscope, low-temperature nitrogen and low-temperature carbon dioxide adsorption, and micron-computed tomography are used to characterize the mineral composition and pore structure qualitatively and quantitatively, upon which the influencing factors of the microstructure are further analyzed. The results show that with the increase in burial depth, the total organic carbon content and siliceous mineral content decrease in the Wufeng formation to Long-11 subsection deep shale, while clay mineral content increases, which corresponds to the change in sedimentary environment from anoxic to oxidizing environment. Unexpectedly, the total pore volume of deep shale does not decrease with the increase in burial depth but increases first and then decreases. Using total organic carbon (TOC), siliceous mineral content showed a good correlation with total pore volume and specific surface area, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.7, confirming the predominant role of these two factors in controlling the pore structure of deep shales. This is mainly because the Longmaxi shale is already in the late diagenetic stage, and organic matter pores are generated in large quantities. Clay minerals have a negative correlation with the total pore volume of shale, and the correlation coefficient is 0.7591. It could be that clay minerals are much more flexible and are easily deformed to block the pores under compaction. In addition, the longitudinal heterogeneity of the deep shale reservoir structure in southern Sichuan is also controlled by the thermal effect of the Emei mantle plume on hydrocarbon generation of organic matter and the development of natural microfractures promoted by multistage tectonic movement. Overall, the complex microstructure in the deep shales of the Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin is jointly controlled by multiple effects, and the results of this research provide strong support for the benefit development of deep shale gas in southern Sichuan Basin.
Mineralogical, Petrological and Geochemical Characterisation of Chrysotile, Amosite and Crocidolite Asbestos Mine Waste from Southern Africa in Context of Risk Assessment and Rehabilitation
Authors: Schapira Jessica Shaye , Bolhar Robert , Master Sharad , Wilson Allan H.
Published: October 2023

Derelict asbestos mine sites in South Africa pose a considerable risk to human, environmental and socio-economic health. Comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical datasets for the existing hazardous geological materials still exposed in Southern African derelict asbestos mines remain largely non-existent, as very little published and up-to-date literature is available. In this study, three representative types of asbestos mineral fibres from derelict asbestos mines in Southern Africa, namely chrysotile from Havelock mine, amosite from Penge mine and crocidolite from Prieska mine, are characterized mineralogically and geochemically to critically evaluate actual hazards in rural and asbestos-fibre-contaminated regions. The samples were examined using polarising light microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (major and trace elemental analysis), X-ray diffraction (including Rietveld refinement), specific surface area analysis and bio-durability testing. Data are discussed in view of their potential toxicities on both human health and the environment in the context of developing countries. Finally, information on the mineralogical and geochemical status of asbestos mine waste and its importance as baseline data for rehabilitation considerations is also evaluated.
Nanostructured Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors and Batteries
Authors: Wu Xiang
Published: October 2023

Emerging renewable energy sources have received extensive attention in the past few decades [...]
Wettability of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Reinforced with TiO2 and Al2O3 Nanoparticles at Different Reflow Times
Authors: Mohamed Muzni Nur Haslinda , Mhd Noor Ervina Efzan , Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri
Published: October 2023

This study investigated the influence of reinforcing 0.50 wt.% of titanium oxide (TiO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles on the wettability performance of a Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy. The thermal properties of the SAC305 nanocomposite solder are comparable with thos of an SAC305 solder with a peak temperature window within a range of 240 to 250 °C. The wetting behaviour of the non-reinforced and reinforced SAC305 nanocomposite solder was determined and measured using the contact angle and spreading area and the relationships between them were studied. There is an increment in the spreading area (5.6 to 7.32 mm) by 30.71% and a reduction in the contact angle (26.3 to 18.6°) by 14.29% with an increasing reflow time up to 60 s when reinforcing SAC305 solder with 0.50 wt.% of TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles. The SAC305 nanocomposite solder has a better wetting performance compared with the SAC305 solder. As the reflow time increased, the spreading area increased and the contact angle decreased, which restricted intermetallic compound growth and thus improved wettability performance
Water Intake and Handgrip Strength in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES 2011–2014 Data
Authors: Wu Dongzhe , Qu Chaoyi , Huang Peng , Geng Xue , Zhang Jianhong , Shen Yulin , Rao Zhijian , Zhao Jiexiu
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to examine the relationship between daily total intake of water (DTIW) and handgrip strength (HGS) among US adults and to explore the impact of water intake on muscle function and health, providing a reference for public health policies and health education. Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted to analyze 5427 adults (48.37% female and 51.63% male) aged 20 years and above. DTIW was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recall interviews, and the HGS level was measured using a Takei Dynamometer. Weighted generalized linear regression models and restricted cubic spline plots were used to analyze the linear and nonlinear associations between DTIW and HGS level and to conduct a gender subgroup analysis and an interaction effect test. The results showed that there were significant differences in HGS and other characteristics among different quartile groups of DTIW (p < 0.05). There was a significant nonlinear trend (exhibiting an inverted U-curve) between DTIW and HGS (p for nonlinear = 0.0044), with a cut-off point of 2663 g/day. Gender subgroup analysis showed that the nonlinear trend (exhibiting an inverted U-curve) was significant only in males (p for nonlinear = 0.0016), with a cut-off point of 2595 g/day. None of the stratified variables had an interaction effect on the association between DTIW and HGS (p for interaction > 0.05). In conclusion, this study found a nonlinear association between DTIW and HGS levels, as well as a gender difference. This finding provides new clues and directions for exploring the mechanism of the impact of DTIW on muscle function and health and also provides new evidence and suggestions for adults to adjust their water intake reasonably.
Anti-Menopausal Effect of Soybean Germ Extract and Lactobacillus gasseri in the Ovariectomized Rat Model
Authors: Lee Sun-Hee , Lim Tae-Joong , Yun Eun Ju , Kim Kyoung Heon , Lim Sanghyun
Published: October 2023

Menopause is a significant phase in a woman’s life. Menopausal symptoms can affect overall well-being and quality of life. Conventionally, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to alleviate menopausal symptoms; however, depending on the conditions, HRT may lead to side effects, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of a combination of soybean germ extract (S30) containing 30% (w/w) isoflavone and a probiotic, Lactobacillus gasseri (LGA1), on menopausal conditions in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. We evaluated the impact of S30+LGA on body weight, estrogen markers, uterine and bone health, vascular markers, and neurotransmitter levels. The results revealed that treatment with S30+LGA1 significantly improved body weight and uterine and bone health. Moreover, S30+LGA1 demonstrated promising effects on lipid profile, liver function, and vascular markers and positively impacted serotonin and norepinephrine levels, indicating potential mood-enhancing effects. In conclusion, S30+LGA1, possessing anti-menopausal effects in vitro and in vivo, can be recommended as a soy-based diet, which offers various health benefits, especially for menopausal women.
Study of Biological Behavior and Antimicrobial Properties of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Chatzimentor Iason , Tsamesidis Ioannis , Ioannou Maria-Eleni , Pouroutzidou Georgia K. , Beketova Anastasia , Giourieva Veronica , Papi Rigini , Kontonasaki Eleana
Published: October 2023

(1) Background: An element that has gained much attention in industrial and biomedical fields is Cerium (Ce). CeO2 nanoparticles have been proven to be promising regarding their different biomedical applications for the control of infection and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological properties and antimicrobial behavior of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs). (2) Methods: The investigation of the NPs’ biocompatibility with human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) was evaluated via the MTT assay. Measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and alizarine red staining (ARS) were used as markers in the investigation of CeO2 NPs’ capacity to induce the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs. Induced inflammatory stress conditions were applied to hPDLCs with H2O2 to estimate the influence of CeO2 NPs on the viability of cells under these conditions, as well as to reveal any ROS scavenging properties. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of cell lysates with NPs was also investigated. Finally, the macro broth dilution method was the method of choice for checking the antibacterial capacity of CeO2 against the anaerobic pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. (3) Results: Cell viability assay indicated that hPDLCs increase their proliferation rate in a time-dependent manner in the presence of CeO2 NPs. ALP and ARS measurements showed that CeO2 NPs can promote the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs. In addition, the MTT assay and ROS determination demonstrated some interesting results concerning the viability of cells under oxidative stress conditions and, respectively, the capability of NPs to decrease free radical levels over the course of time. Antimicrobial toxicity was observed mainly against P. gingivalis. (4) Conclusions: CeO2 NPs could provide an excellent choice for use in clinical practices as they could prohibit bacterial proliferation and control inflammatory conditions.
Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels: From Polymer to Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhao Lingling , Zhou Yifan , Zhang Jiaying , Liang Hongze , Chen Xianwu , Tan Hui
Published: October 2023

Hydrogels prepared from natural polymer have attracted extensive attention in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, wound healing, and regenerative medicine due to their good biocompatibility, degradability, and flexibility. This review outlines the commonly used natural polymer in hydrogel preparation, including cellulose, chitosan, collagen/gelatin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, starch, guar gum, agarose, and dextran. The polymeric structure and process/synthesis of natural polymers are illustrated, and natural polymer-based hydrogels including the hydrogel formation and properties are elaborated. Subsequently, the biomedical applications of hydrogels based on natural polymer in drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and other biomedical fields are summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of natural polymers and hydrogels based on them are discussed. For natural polymers, novel technologies such as enzymatic and biological methods have been developed to improve their structural properties, and the development of new natural-based polymers or natural polymer derivatives with high performance is still very important and challenging. For natural polymer-based hydrogels, novel hydrogel materials, like double-network hydrogel, multifunctional composite hydrogels, and hydrogel microrobots have been designed to meet the advanced requirements in biomedical applications, and new strategies such as dual-cross-linking, microfluidic chip, micropatterning, and 3D/4D bioprinting have been explored to fabricate advanced hydrogel materials with designed properties for biomedical applications. Overall, natural polymeric hydrogels have attracted increasing interest in biomedical applications, and the development of novel natural polymer-based materials and new strategies/methods for hydrogel fabrication are highly desirable and still challenging.
Photonic Hook Initiated Using an Air–Liquid Interface
Authors: Yue Liyang , Yan Bing , Wang Zengbo , Minin Oleg V. , Minin Igor V.
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel photonic hook being initiated using an air–liquid interface (ALI). This bent light focus is produced by immersing a dielectric micro-cylinder partially at the edge of a thin liquid film whose thickness is smaller than the diameter of the micro-cylinder. Unlike the well-known properties of normal near-field focuses, this photonic hook propagates horizontally in the liquid along the ALI at specific depths and does not require the material processing of microscopic particles or the modulation of light irradiation for initiation. A morphological analysis indicates that the contrast in the refractive indexes of the ALI causes this phenomenon at the shadow end of the micro-cylinder with a transverse dimension smaller than the diffraction limit. Compared to previously discovered photonic hooks, the unique setup of this photonic hook can generate a force field that enables optical trapping in the region slightly beneath the ALI, and the related optical pressures have been simulated.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Supplementation Boosts the Phytohormonal Profile in ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’-Infected Citrus
Authors: Nehela Yasser , Killiny Nabil
Published: October 2023

The devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB), is associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter sp.’ and transmitted by citrus psyllids. Unfortunately, HLB has no known sustainable cure yet. Herein, we proposed γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a potential eco-friendly therapeutic solution to HLB. Herein, we used GC/MS-based targeted metabolomics combined with gene expression to investigate the role of GABA in citrus response against HLB and to better understand its relationship(s) with different phytohormones. GABA supplementation via root drench boosts the accumulation of endogenous GABA in the leaves of both healthy and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected trees. GABA accumulation benefits the activation of a multi-layered defensive system via modulating the phytohormone levels and regulating the expression of their biosynthesis genes and some pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in both healthy and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected plants. Moreover, our findings showed that GABA application stimulates auxin biosynthesis in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected plants via the activation of the indole-3-pyruvate (I3PA) pathway, not via the tryptamine (TAM)-dependent pathway, to enhance the growth of HLB-affected trees. Likewise, GABA accumulation was associated with the upregulation of SA biosynthesis genes, particularly the PAL-dependent route, resulting in higher SA levels that activated CsPR1, CsPR2, CsPR5, and CsWRKY70, which are prominent to activation of the SA-mediated pathway. Additionally, higher GABA levels were correlated with an enhanced JA profile and linked with both CsPR3 and CsPR4, which activates the JA-mediated pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that exogenous GABA application might be a promising alternative and eco-friendly strategy that helps citrus trees battle HLB.
Biochar Decreases Fertilizer Leaching and Promotes Miscanthus Growth in Saline-Alkaline Soil
Authors: Xu Manlin , Sun Qiqi , Liu Qiangbo , He Guo , Wang Congpeng , He Kang
Published: October 2023

Biochar has been widely reported to improve soil conditions and affect plant growth. However, its effectiveness is limited by soil type and production technology. Considering the application effect of biochar in saline alkali soil, there is currently a lack of in-depth mechanism explanations in the research. Therefore, we designed an experiment to explore the effect of biochar on plant growth in saline alkali soil and conducted soil column experiments in a greenhouse environment using composite inorganic fertilizer (NPK). The results showed that biochar significantly affected the distribution of soil nutrient content at different depths, with a significant increase in fertility levels in the surface and middle layers and a decrease in fertility levels in deep soils. Compared to using fertilizers alone, the combined use of biochar and fertilizers further expands the enrichment effect and significantly reduces the leaching of fertilizers into deeper layers. At the same time, the application of biochar also improved soil properties, including an increase in electrical conductivity and organic matter content, as well as an increase in soil enzyme activity. On the other hand, the application of biochar also increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of osmoregulation substances in plants, reducing the environmental stress that plants are subjected to. Therefore, our results indicate that biochar can reduce the leaching of fertilizers into deep soil layers, improve soil properties, and promotes the growth of Miscanthus in saline alkali soils.
Influence of Industrial Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Content in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.): Ecological and Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Ugulu Ilker , Khan Zafar Iqbal , Alrefaei Abdulwahed Fahad , Bibi Shehnaz , Ahmad Kafeel , Memona Hafsa , Mahpara Shahzadi , Mehmood Naunain , Almutairi Mikhlid Hammad , Batool Aima Iram , Ashfaq Asma , Noorka Ijaz Rasool
Published: October 2023

The primary objective of this study was to determine the heavy metal contents in the water–soil–coriander samples in an industrial wastewater irrigated area and to assess the health risks of these metals to consumers. Sampling was done from areas adjoining the Chistian sugar mill district Sargodha and two separate sites irrigated with groundwater (Site 1), and sugar mill effluents (Site 2) were checked for possible metal contamination. The water–soil–coriander continuum was tested for the presence of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The mean concentrations of all metals were higher than the permissible limits for all studied metals except for Mn in the sugar mill wastewater, with Fe (8.861 mg/L) and Zn (9.761 mg/L) exhibiting the highest values. The mean levels of Fe (4.023 mg/kg), Cd (2.101 mg/kg), Cr (2.135 mg/kg), Cu (2.180 mg/kg), and Ni (1.523 mg/kg) were high in the soil at Site 2 in comparison to the groundwater irrigated site where Fe (3.232 mg/kg) and Cd (1.845 mg/kg) manifested high elemental levels. For coriander specimens, only Cd had a higher mean level in both the groundwater (1.245 mg/kg) and the sugar mill wastewater (1.245 mg/kg) irrigated sites. An estimation of the pollution indices yielded a high risk from Cd (health risk index (HRI): 173.2), Zn (HRI: 7.012), Mn (HRI: 6.276), Fe (HRI: 1.709), Cu (HRI: 1.282), and Ni (HRI: 1.009), as all values are above 1.0 indicating a hazard to human health from consuming coriander irrigated with wastewater. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is strongly advised to reduce health hazards to people.
Research on Resilient Modulus Prediction Model and Equivalence Analysis for Polymer Reinforced Subgrade Soil under Dry–Wet Cycle
Authors: Luan Yingcheng , Lu Wei , Fu Kun
Published: October 2023

The subgrade soil of asphalt pavement is significantly susceptible to changes in moisture content, and therefore many projects introduce polymer-based reinforcement to ensure soil performance. This paper aims to incorporate a variable representing the dry–wet cycle into the prediction model of resilient modulus of polymer reinforced soil. The polymer adopted is a self-developed subgrade soil solidification material consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinyl oxide. The current resilient modulus prediction model is improved, notably involving the effects of the dry–wet cycle. Combined with finite element method (FEM) analysis, the actual stress state of pavement and the coupling effect of dry–wet cycle and vehicle load on the resilient modulus are studied. The deterioration in resilient modulus with the variation in seasonal climate and load response is also investigated. Results show that the deviator stress is negatively correlated with the resilient modulus while the bulk stress has a linearly positive relation. The decreasing rate at low deviator stress is larger than that at the high level. Moreover, the dry–wet cycle can reduce the resilient modulus and the reducing amplitude is the largest at the first dry–wet cycle. FEM analysis shows that the middle position of the subgrade slope has the largest initial resilient modulus with decreasing amplitude in the first year of dry–wet cycles, while the upper position shows a smaller change. The variation in resilient modulus is closely related to the changes in cumulative volumetric water content. Considering that different positions of subgrade bear the external vehicle load, the equivalent resilient modulus is more realistic for guiding the subgrade design.
The Micro-Flow Mechanism of Polymer Flooding in Dual Heterogeneous Reservoirs Considering the Wettability
Authors: Zhong Huiying , Shi Bowen , He Yuanyuan , Bi Yongbin , Zhao Yu , Xie Kun
Published: October 2023

There have been some studies conducted about the single factor viscoelasticity of polymer solution or wettability effect on the micro-flow mechanism of polymer flooding. In this paper, the flow mechanism of polymer solution in dual heterogeneous reservoir considering the wettability and gravity was studied. The influences of wettability and rock particle shape on flow characteristics were studied based on the characteristics of saturation and pressure distribution. Compared with the simulation results of polymer flooding in three different rock particle shapes porous media, the oil displacement efficiency of the circular particle model is the highest at 91.57%, which is 3.34% and 11.48% higher than that in the hexagonal and diamond models, respectively. The influence of wettability was studied by the circular particle model. The oil displacement efficiency under water-wet conditions was higher than that under oil-wet conditions. The displacement process considering gravity was affected by the crossflow caused by gravity and viscous force, and the micro-oil displacement efficiency was 9.87% lower than that of non-gravity. Considering the wettability, vertical crossflow will be formed. The oil displacement efficiency under water-wet conditions was 3.9% higher than in oil-wet conditions. The research results can not only expand and enrich the micro-flow mechanism of viscoelastic polymer solution, but also provide reference and guidance for polymer flooding scheme design.
Exploring the Potential of Roselle Calyx and Sappan Heartwood Extracts as Natural Colorants in Poly(butylene Succinate) for Biodegradable Packaging Films
Authors: Nansu Wordpools , Ross Sukunya , Waisarikit Amonrut , Ross Gareth M. , Charoensit Pensri , Suphrom Nungruthai , Mahasaranon Sararat
Published: October 2023

Recently, there has been a growing concern among consumers regarding the safety of packaging products, particularly due to the presence of potentially harmful substances like synthetic pigments and inorganic dyes. These substances, which are often used to attract consumer attention, can migrate and contaminate products over extended shelf storage periods. To address this issue, the focus of this research was the development of a biodegradable packaging film using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) incorporated with natural colorants extracted from roselle (RS) and sappan heartwood (SP). RS and SP serve as non-toxic and alternative pigments when compared to synthetic colorants. The biodegradable packaging films were prepared using blown film extrusion, encompassing different weight percentages of RS and SP (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%). The films exhibited distinct colors, with RS films appearing pink to purple and SP films exhibiting an orange hue. The water vapor transmission rate slightly decreased with an increasing content of RS and SP extracts, indicating improved barrier properties. Additionally, the films showed reduced light transmittance, as evidenced by the UV–Vis light barrier results. The degree of crystallinity in the films was enhanced, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Regarding mechanical properties, the PBS/RS and PBS/SP films exhibited slight increases in tensile strength and elongation compared to neat PBS films. Moreover, the blended films demonstrated higher stability after undergoing an aging test, further highlighting their potential for use in biodegradable packaging applications. The key advantages of these films lie in their non-toxicity, biodegradability, and overall environmental friendliness.
An Electron Spin Resonance Study Comparing Nanometer–Nanosecond Dynamics in Diblock Copolymers and Their Poly(methyl Methacrylate) Binary Blends
Authors: Andreozzi Laura , Martinelli Elisa
Published: October 2023

Block copolymers are a class of materials that are particularly interesting with respect to their capability to self-assemble in ordered structures. In this context, the coupling between environment and dynamics is particularly relevant given that movements at the molecular level influence various properties of macromolecules. Mixing the polymer with a second macromolecule appears to be an easy method for studying these relationships. In this work, we studied blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a block copolymer composed of PMMA as the first block and poly(3-methyl-4-[6-(methylacryloyloxy)-hexyloxy]-4′-pentyloxy azobenzene) as the second block. The relaxational properties of these blends were investigated via electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, which is sensitive to nanometric length scales. The results of the investigations on the blends were related to the dynamic behavior of the copolymers. At the nanoscale, the study revealed the presence of heterogeneities, with slow and fast dynamics available for molecular reorientation, which are further modulated by the ability of the block copolymers to form supramolecular structures. For blends, the heterogeneities at the nanoscale were still detected. However, it was observed that the presence of the PMMA as a major component of the blends modified their dynamic behavior.
Investigation on the Performance of Fire and Smoke Suppressing Asphalt Materials for Tunnels
Authors: Li Jiaquan , Liu Fei , Hu Mingjun , Zhou Changjun , Su Liujingyuan , Cao Peng
Published: October 2023

The volatilization of asphalt fumes not only affects the health of construction workers, but also damages the environment. It even affects the construction quality of asphalt pavement in tunnels. This article focuses on solving the emission of asphalt fumes to better protect human health and the environment, while satisfying the use of asphalt pavement. A flame retardant and smoke suppressant (compound) with Mg(OH)2 as the main component was developed, and flame retardant asphalt mixture and asphalt mastics were prepared to evaluate the flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties and performance effects. Firstly, its low- and high-temperature performances were investigated with BBR and DSR, respectively. Then, the indoor combustion test and the cone calorimeter test were used to evaluate the fire retardant smoke suppression effect of the asphalt mastic. Thirdly, the flame retardant effect of asphalt mastic mixed with the compound was further analyzed by the TG test and SEM. The pyrolysis temperature, mass loss, and microscopic state of the asphalt surface were used to verify and explain the flame retardant reaction effect and process of the compound. Finally, the asphalt mixture performance was evaluated, as well as the flame retardant smoke suppression effect by asphalt mixture combustion tests. The results showed that the flame retardant smoke suppression time of the flame retardant asphalt mixture was reduced by 66%, and the smoke emission area was reduced by 20%. The flame retardant smoke suppression effect of the asphalt mixture was improved by 44%. It is proven that this kind of fire retardant and smoke suppressing asphalt mastic and mixture met performance needs in use, and the fire retardant and smoke suppressing effect was obvious. This solution addresses the issue of asphalt smoke generated during the construction of asphalt pavement, providing better support for the construction of asphalt pavement in tunnels.
Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Liposoluble Extract of Artemisia terrae-albae
Authors: Dyusebaeva Moldyr A. , Berillo Dmitriy A. , Berganayeva Alya E. , Berganayeva Gulzat E. , Ibragimova Nailya A. , Jumabayeva Saltanat M. , Kudaibergenov Nurbolat Z. , Kanapiyeva Fatima M. , Kirgizbayeva Aray A. , Vassilina Gulzira K.
Published: October 2023

The global spread of multi-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has significantly complicated the treatment of chronic wounds. The development of novel drugs requires a substantial time investment. Hybrid materials such as nanoparticles stabilized by plant extracts are considered the best for creating efficient antiseptic substances. This paper is the first to discuss quantitative and qualitative analyses of the phytochemical constituents of the medicinal plant Artemisia terrae-albae, collected in Kazakhstan. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts, as well as of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized by Artemisia terrae-albae extract, were evaluated. AgNPs were characterized by an average size of 82 nm or larger with a negative surface charge. TEM analysis of the obtained suspension showed a nonuniform structure of particles synthesized at a low concentration of ethyl acetate solvent in water. The SPR peak of AgNPs@Art aq. extract was detected at 420 nm, while any clear SPR peak was observed for AgNPs@Art ethylacetate extract. Diluted Artemisia terrae-albae extracts did not exhibit pronounced antimicrobial activity due to the poor solubility of compounds in water. Nevertheless, the AgNPs@Art aq. and AgNPs@Art EtAc. extracts possessed antimicrobial activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains.
Multi-Phase Equilibrium Model of Oxygen-Enriched Lead Oxidation Smelting Process Based on Chemical Equilibrium Constant Method
Authors: Chen Xinzhou , Li Mingzhou , Liu Fupeng , Huang Jindi , Yang Minghao
Published: October 2023

With the increasingly complicated sources of lead smelting materials, it is becoming more difficult to optimize process parameters during the bottom-blowing lead oxidation smelting process. Building a bottom-blowing lead smelting thermodynamic model has significant importance for the green production of the lead smelting process. In this study, we built a multi-phase equilibrium thermodynamic model and simulation system for the oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing lead oxidation smelting process using the MetCal software platform (MetCal v7.81) according to the chemical equilibrium constant method. The equilibrium products composition and important technical indicators were calculated under factory operating conditions. Compared with the industrial data, the calculation results demonstrated that the average relative error of the calculation value of the mass fraction in the crude lead, lead-rich slag, and dust was 3.76%. The average relative error of important technical indicators, including dust rate, crude lead yield, lead-rich slag temperature, slag iron–silica ratio (RFe/SiO2), and slag calcium–silica ratio (RCaO/SiO2), was 6.39%. As a result, the developed modeling and simulation system was able to reflect the current state of the oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing lead smelting. It also demonstrated the potential to enhance the smelting process and optimize the process parameters. Therefore, it is expected to provide a useful tool for thermodynamic analysis.
Spatio-Temporal Process of the Linji School of Chan Buddhism in the 10th and 11th Centuries
Authors: Ge Zhouzi , Guo Yongqin
Published: October 2023

From the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127), the Linji School became the main branch of the Southern Chan Buddhism. Understanding the historical significance of the Linji School is crucial for comprehending the origins and development of Chan Buddhism in China and East Asia. This article adheres to the academic approach of studying Chan in its historical context, using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools to include in the research all seven generations of Linji monks, from the fourth to the tenth Linji generation, and reconstructing the spatial and temporal process of Linji’s transmission in the 10th and 11th centuries. The study found that the Linji monastic group maintained a tenuous relationship with secular power in their ideology during the Northern Song Dynasty, with their preaching distribution center far from the power center (the capital), located to the south of the Yangtze River. This situation allowed the Linji monastic group to avoid extinction during the transition between the Song and Jin Dynasties, and the monastic group later became a unique and thriving force.
Assessment of Combined Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorbance Hyperspectral Sensors for Prediction of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Parameters
Authors: Falcioni Renan , Antunes Werner Camargos , Oliveira Roney Berti de , Chicati Marcelo Luiz , Demattê José Alexandre M. , Nanni Marcos Rafael
Published: October 2023

Photosynthesis is a key process in plant physiology. Understanding its mechanisms is crucial for optimizing crop yields and for environmental monitoring across a diverse range of plants. In this study, we employed reflectance, transmittance, and absorbance hyperspectral sensors and utilized multivariate statistical techniques to improve the predictive models for chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) parameters in Hibiscus and Geranium model plants. Our objective was to identify spectral bands within hyperspectral data that correlate with ChlF indicators using high-resolution data spanning the electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet to shortwave infrared (UV–VIS–NIR–SWIR). Utilizing the hyperspectral vegetation indices (HVIs) tool to align importance projection for wavelength preselection and select the most responsive wavelength by variable importance projection (VIP), we optimized partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to enhance predictive accuracy. Our findings revealed a strong relationship between hyperspectral sensor data and ChlF parameters. Employing principal component analysis, kappa coefficients (k), and accuracy (Acc) evaluations, we achieved values exceeding 86% of the predicted ChlF parameters for both Hibiscus and Geranium plants. Regression models for parameters such as Ψ(EO), ϕ(PO), ϕ(EO), ϕ(DO), δRo, ρRo, Kn, Kp, SFI(abs), PI(abs), and D.F. demonstrated model accuracies close to 0.84 for R2 and approximately 1.96 for RPD. The spectral regions linked with these parameters included blue, green, red, infrared, SWIR1, and SWIR2, emphasizing their relevance for noninvasive evaluations. This research demonstrates the ability of hyperspectral sensors to noninvasively predict chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) parameters, which are essential for assessing photosynthetic efficiency in plants. Notably, hyperspectral absorbance data were more accurate in predicting JIP-test-based chlorophyll a kinetic parameters. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of hyperspectral sensors for deepening our understanding of plant photosynthesis and monitoring plant health.
Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Events Based on a PWS100 Disdrometer in the Alpine Mountains, Eastern Tianshan, China
Authors: Chen Puchen , Wang Puyu , Li Zhongqin , Yang Yefei , Jia Yufeng , Yang Min , Peng Jiajia , Li Hongliang
Published: October 2023

As a key component of the hydrological cycle, knowledge and comprehension of precipitation formation and evolution are of leading significance. This study investigates the statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution for heavy precipitation events with observations collected by a Present Weather Sensor (PWS100) disdrometer located in the alpine area of eastern Tianshan, China. The characteristics are quantified based on heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events classified using the rainfall intensity and the precipitation-related weather codes (US National Weather Service). On average, the heavy precipitation events in the headwaters of the Urumqi River are dominated by medium-sized (2–4 mm) raindrops. As well, we investigate mass-weighted mean diameter–normalized intercept parameter scatterplots, which demonstrate that the heavy precipitation events in alpine regions of the Tianshan Mountains can be identified as maritime-like clusters. The concentration of raindrops in heavy precipitation is the highest overall, while the concentration of raindrops in heavy snow is the lowest when the diameter is lower than 1.3 mm. The power–law relationships of radar reflectivity (Z) and rain rate (R) [Z = ARb] for the heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events are also calculated. The Z–R relationship of heavy rain and heavy snow in this work has a lower coefficient value of A (10 and 228.7, respectively) and a higher index value of b (2.6 and 2.1, respectively), and the hail events are the opposite (A = 551.5, b = 1.3), compared to the empirical relation (Z = 300R1.4). Furthermore, the possible thermodynamics and general atmospheric circulation that cause the distinctions in the raindrop size distribution characteristics between alpine areas and other parts of the Tianshan Mountains are also debated in this work. The headwaters of the Urumqi River in alpine areas have relatively colder and wetter surroundings in the near-surface layer than the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains during the precipitation process. Meanwhile, a lower temperature, a higher relative humidity, a more efficient collision coalescence mechanism, and glacier local microclimate effects (temperature jump, inverse glacier temperature, glacier wind) at the headwaters of the Urumqi River during the precipitation process are probably partly responsible for more medium- and large-size drops in the mountains.
Global Evaluation and Intercomparison of XCO2 Retrievals from GOSAT, OCO-2, and TANSAT with TCCON
Authors: Fang Junjun , Chen Baozhang , Zhang Huifang , Dilawar Adil , Guo Man , Liu Chunlin , Liu Shu’an , Gemechu Tewekel Melese , Zhang Xingying
Published: October 2023

Accurate global monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) is essential for understanding climate change and informing policy decisions. This study compares column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) between ACOS_L2_Lite_FP V9r for Japan’s Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), OCO-2_L2_Lite_FP V10r for the USA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), and IAPCAS V2.0 for China’s Carbon Dioxide Observation Satellite (TANSAT) collectively referred to as GOT, with data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Our findings are as follows: (1) Significant data quantity differences exist between OCO-2 and the other satellites, with OCO-2 boasting a data volume 100 times greater. GOT shows the highest data volume between 30–45°N and 20–30°S, but data availability is notably lower near the equator. (2) XCO2 from GOT exhibits similar seasonal variations, with lower concentrations during June, July, and August (JJA) (402.72–403.74 ppm) and higher concentrations during December, January, and February (DJF) (405.74–407.14 ppm). XCO2 levels are higher in the Northern Hemisphere during March, April, and May (MAM) and DJF, while slightly lower during JJA and September, October, and November (SON). (3) The differences in XCO2 (ΔXCO2) reveal that ΔXCO2 between OCO-2 and TANSAT are minor (−0.47 ± 0.28 ppm), whereas the most significant difference is observed between GOSAT and TANSAT (−1.13 ± 0.15 ppm). Minimal differences are seen in SON (with the biggest difference between GOSAT and TANSAT: −0.84 ± 0.12 ppm), while notable differences occur in DJF (with the biggest difference between GOSAT and TANSAT: −1.43 ± 0.17 ppm). Regarding latitudinal variations, distinctions between OCO-2 and TANSAT are most pronounced in JJA and SON. (4) Compared to TCCON, XCO2 from GOT exhibits relatively high determination coefficients (R2 > 0.8), with GOSAT having the highest root mean square error (RMSE = 1.226 ppm, <1.5 ppm), indicating a strong relationship between ground-based observed and retrieved values. This research contributes significantly to our understanding of the spatial characteristics of global XCO2. Furthermore, it offers insights that can inform the analysis of differences in the inversion of carbon sources and sinks within assimilation systems when incorporating XCO2 data from satellite observations.
The Impact of Production and Operations Management Practices in Improving Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Supply Chain Integration
Authors: Salah Ammar , Çağlar Dilber , Zoubi Khaled
Published: October 2023

While prior research has consistently established a significant link between production and operations management (POM) practices and organizational financial performance (OFP) across various contexts, the mechanisms driving this connection remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by examining the mediating role of supply chain management (SCM) integration in the relationship between POM practices and OFP within manufacturing firms. Drawing on established theories and concepts such as the resource-based view (RBV) of firm and operation strategies, this study employed a quantitative research design. Survey data were collected from 209 managers in Jordanian manufacturing firms and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results confirmed a positive and significant association between POM practices and both SCM integration and OFP. Furthermore, SCM integration partially mediated the impact of POM practices on OFP, thereby underscoring its role in transmitting positive effects to financial performance. This research contributes to the field by integrating POM practices with SCM integration and by elucidating the mechanisms through which these practices influence financial performance in Jordanian manufacturing firms. Through this, our understanding of these relationships for practitioners and researchers alike is enhanced.