bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Printing Microbial Dark Matter: Using Single Cell Dispensing and Genomics to Investigate the Patescibacteria/Candidate Phyla Radiation
Authors: Wiegand Sandra , Dam Hang T. , Riba Julian , Vollmers John , Kaster Anne-Kristin
Published: June 2021

As of today, the majority of environmental microorganisms remain uncultured. They are therefore referred to as “microbial dark matter.” In the recent past, cultivation-independent methods like single-cell genomics (SCG) enabled the discovery of many previously unknown microorganisms, among them the Patescibacteria/Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR). This approach was shown to be complementary to metagenomics, however, the development of additional and refined sorting techniques beyond the most commonly used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is still desirable to enable additional downstream applications. Adding image information on the number and morphology of sorted cells would be beneficial, as would be minimizing cell stress caused by sorting conditions such as staining or pressure. Recently, a novel cell sorting technique has been developed, a microfluidic single-cell dispenser, which assesses the number and morphology of the cell in each droplet by automated light microscopic processing. Here, we report for the first time the successful application of the newly developed single-cell dispensing system for label-free isolation of individual bacteria from a complex sample retrieved from a wastewater treatment plant, demonstrating the potential of this technique for single cell genomics and other alternative downstream applications. Genome recovery success rated above 80% with this technique—out of 880 sorted cells 717 were successfully amplified. For 50.1% of these, analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was feasible and led to the sequencing of 50 sorted cells identified as Patescibacteria/CPR members. Subsequentially, 27 single amplified genomes (SAGs) of 15 novel and distinct Patescibacteria/CPR members, representing yet unseen species, genera and families could be captured and reconstructed. This phylogenetic distinctness of the recovered SAGs from available metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) is accompanied by the finding that these lineages—in whole or in part—have not been accessed by genome-resolved metagenomics of the same sample, thereby emphasizing the importance and opportunities of SCGs.
Analysis of Methylation Dynamics Reveals a Tissue-Specific, Age-Dependent Decline in 5-Methylcytosine Within the Genome of the Vertebrate Aging Model Nothobranchius furzeri
Authors: Zupkovitz Gordin , Kabiljo Julijan , Kothmayer Michael , Schlick Katharina , Schöfer Christian , Lagger Sabine , Pusch Oliver
Published: June 2021

Erosion of the epigenetic DNA methylation landscape is a widely recognized hallmark of aging. Emerging advances in high throughput sequencing techniques, in particular DNA methylation data analysis, have resulted in the establishment of precise human and murine age prediction tools. In vertebrates, methylation of cytosine at the C5 position of CpG dinucleotides is executed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) whereas the process of enzymatic demethylation is highly dependent on the activity of the ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) family of enzymes. Here, we report the identification of the key players constituting the DNA methylation machinery in the short-lived teleost aging model Nothobranchius furzeri. We present a comprehensive spatio-temporal expression profile of the methylation-associated enzymes from embryogenesis into late adulthood, thereby covering the complete killifish life cycle. Data mining of the N. furzeri genome produced five dnmt gene family orthologues corresponding to the mammalian DNMTs (DNMT1, 2, 3A, and 3B). Comparable to other teleost species, N. furzeri harbors multiple genomic copies of the de novo DNA methylation subfamily. A related search for the DNMT1 recruitment factor UHRF1 and TET family members resulted in the identification of N. furzeri uhrf1, tet1, tet2, and tet3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high cross-species similarity on the amino acid level of all individual dnmts, tets, and uhrf1, emphasizing a high degree of functional conservation. During early killifish development all analyzed dnmts and tets showed a similar expression profile characterized by a strong increase in transcript levels after fertilization, peaking either at embryonic day 6 or at the black eye stage of embryonic development. In adult N. furzeri, DNA methylation regulating enzymes showed a ubiquitous tissue distribution. Specifically, we observed an age-dependent downregulation of dnmts, and to some extent uhrf1, which correlated with a significant decrease in global DNA methylation levels in the aging killifish liver and muscle. The age-dependent DNA methylation profile and spatio-temporal expression characteristics of its enzymatic machinery reported here may serve as an essential platform for the identification of an epigenetic aging clock in the new vertebrate model system N. furzeri.
Multi-Channel 4D Parametrized Atlas of Macro- and Microstructural Neonatal Brain Development
Authors: Uus Alena , Grigorescu Irina , Pietsch Maximilian , Batalle Dafnis , Christiaens Daan , Hughes Emer , Hutter Jana , Cordero Grande Lucilio , Price Anthony N. , Tournier Jacques-Donald , Rutherford Mary A. , Counsell Serena J. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Edwards A. David , Deprez Maria
Published: June 2021

Structural (also known as anatomical) and diffusion MRI provide complimentary anatomical and microstructural characterization of early brain maturation. However, the existing models of the developing brain in time include only either structural or diffusion MRI channels. Furthermore, there is a lack of tools for combined analysis of structural and diffusion MRI in the same reference space. In this work, we propose a methodology to generate a multi-channel (MC) continuous spatio-temporal parametrized atlas of the brain development that combines multiple MRI-derived parameters in the same anatomical space during 37–44 weeks of postmenstrual age range. We co-align structural and diffusion MRI of 170 normal term subjects from the developing Human Connectomme Project using MC registration driven by both T2-weighted and orientation distribution functions channels and fit the Gompertz model to the signals and spatial transformations in time. The resulting atlas consists of 14 spatio-temporal microstructural indices and two parcellation maps delineating white matter tracts and neonatal transient structures. In order to demonstrate applicability of the atlas for quantitative region-specific studies, a comparison analysis of 140 term and 40 preterm subjects scanned at the term-equivalent age is performed using different MRI-derived microstructural indices in the atlas reference space for multiple white matter regions, including the transient compartments. The atlas and software will be available after publication of the article1.
Loss of BAF Complex in Developing Cortex Perturbs Radial Neuronal Migration in a WNT Signaling-Dependent Manner
Authors: Sokpor Godwin , Kerimoglu Cemil , Nguyen Huong , Pham Linh , Rosenbusch Joachim , Wagener Robin , Nguyen Huu Phuc , Fischer Andre , Staiger Jochen F. , Tuoc Tran
Published: June 2021

Radial neuronal migration is a key neurodevelopmental event indispensable for proper cortical laminar organization. Cortical neurons mainly use glial fiber guides, cell adhesion dynamics, and cytoskeletal remodeling, among other discrete processes, to radially trek from their birthplace to final layer positions. Dysregulated radial migration can engender cortical mis-lamination, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenetic factors, including chromatin remodelers have emerged as formidable regulators of corticogenesis. Notably, the chromatin remodeler BAF complex has been shown to regulate several aspects of cortical histogenesis. Nonetheless, our understanding of how BAF complex regulates neuronal migration is limited. Here, we report that BAF complex is required for neuron migration during cortical development. Ablation of BAF complex in the developing mouse cortex caused alteration in the cortical gene expression program, leading to loss of radial migration-related factors critical for proper cortical layer formation. Of note, BAF complex inactivation in cortex caused defective neuronal polarization resulting in diminished multipolar-to-bipolar transition and eventual disruption of radial migration of cortical neurons. The abnormal radial migration and cortical mis-lamination can be partly rescued by downregulating WNT signaling hyperactivity in the BAF complex mutant cortex. By implication, the BAF complex modulates WNT signaling to establish the gene expression program required for glial fiber-dependent neuronal migration, and cortical lamination. Overall, BAF complex has been identified to be crucial for cortical morphogenesis through instructing multiple aspects of radial neuronal migration in a WNT signaling-dependent manner.
Late Gastrointestinal Tolerance After Prostate Radiotherapy: Is the Anal Canal the Culprit? A Narrative Critical Review
Authors: Sargos Paul , Faye Mame Daro , Bacci Manon , Supiot Stéphane , Latorzeff Igor , Azria David , Niazi Tamim M. , Vuong Te , Vendrely Véronique , de Crevoisier Renaud
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Late gastro-intestinal toxicities (LGIT) secondary to pelvic radiotherapy (RT) are well described in the literature. LGIT are mainly related to rectal or ano-rectal irradiation; however, involvement of the anal canal (AC) in the occurrence of LGIT remains poorly described and understood.

Materials and Methods

The aim of this work was to explore the potential role of the AC in the development of LGIT after prostate irradiation and identify predictive factors that could be optimized in order to limit these toxicities. This narrative literature review was realized using the Pubmed database. We identified original articles published between June 1997 and July 2019, relating to LGIT after RT for localized prostate cancer and for which AC was identified independently. Articles defining the AC as part of an anorectal or rectal volume only were excluded.

Results

A history of abdominal surgery or cardio-vascular risk, anticoagulant or tobacco use, and the occurrence of acute GIT during RT increases the risk of LGIT. A dose-effect relationship was identified between dose to the AC and development of LGIT. Identification and contouring of the AC and adjacent anatomical structures (muscles or nerves) are justified to apply specific dose constraints. As a limitation, our review mainly considered on 3DCRT which is no longer the standard of care nowadays; we did not identify any reports in the literature using moderately hypofractionated RT for the prostate and AC specific dosimetry.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the AC may have an important role in the development of LGIT after pelvic RT for prostate cancer. The individualization of the AC during planning should be recommended in prospective studies.
Establishment of a Prognostic Nomogram for Patients With Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Incorporating TNM Stage, Post-Induction Chemotherapy Tumor Volume and Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Load
Authors: Jiang Yu-Ting , Chen Kai-Hua , Yang Jie , Liang Zhong-Guo , Qu Song , Li Ling , Zhu Xiao-Dong
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To establish and validate an effective nomogram to predict clinical outcomes for patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC).

Materials and Methods

The clinicopathological parameters and follow-up information of 402 locoregionally advanced NPC patients (training cohort, n = 302; validation cohort, n = 100) were retrospectively enrolled. The nomogram was built with the important prognostic variables identified by Cox regression analysis. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. The predictive power and clinical utility of the nomogram were assessed using the Harrell concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. We compared the eighth staging system model with the nomogram to analyze whether the model could improve the accuracy of prognosis

Results

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA load, the gross tumor volume (GTVnx), and cervical lymph node tumor volume (GTVnd) after induction chemotherapy were the independent predictors of OS and PFS. The calibration curves indicated superb agreement between the nomogram-predicted probabilities and observed actual probabilities of survival. The C-index and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of the nomogram integrating these significant factors and N stage, and TNM stage were higher than those of the eighth TNM system alone. In addition, the decision curve analyses demonstrated the clinical value and higher overall net benefit of the nomogram. High-risk groups identified by the nomogram had significantly poorer OS and PFS than the low-risk group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The multidimensional nomogram incorporating TNM stage, EBV DNA load, and tumor volume after induction chemotherapy led to a more precise prognostic prediction and could be helpful for stratifying risk and guiding treatment decisions in locoregionally advanced NPC patients who have undergone induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiation.
Racial Differences in Clinical Outcomes for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Immune-Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Olsen T. Anders , Martini Dylan J. , Goyal Subir , Liu Yuan , Evans Sean T. , Magod Benjamin , Brown Jacqueline T. , Yantorni Lauren , Russler Greta Anne , Caulfield Sarah , Goldman Jamie M. , Harris Wayne B. , Kucuk Omer , Carthon Bradley C. , Master Viraj A. , Nazha Bassel , Bilen Mehmet Asim
Published: June 2021

Background

Immune-checkpoint-inhibitors (ICIs) have become the cornerstone of metastatic renal-cell-carcinoma (mRCC) therapy. However, data are limited regarding clinical outcomes by race. In this study, we compared the real-world outcomes between African American (AA) and Caucasian mRCC patients treated with ICIs.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 198 patients with mRCC who received ICI at the Emory Winship Cancer Institute from 2015-2020. Clinical outcomes were measured by overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall response rate (ORR) defined as a complete or partial response maintained for at least 6 months per response evaluation criteria in solid tumors version 1.1. Univariate and multivariable analyses were carried out for OS and PFS by Cox proportional-hazard model and ORR by logistical-regression model. Descriptive statistics compared rates of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and non-clear-cell-RCC (nccRCC) histology were assessed using Chi-square test.

Results

Our cohort was comprised of 38 AA and 160 Caucasian patients. Most were diagnosed with clear-cell-RCC (ccRCC) (78%) and more than half received (57%) PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Most patients were intermediate or poor-risk groups (83%). Comparing to Caucasians, our AA cohort contained more females and nccRCC cases. Kaplan-Meier method showed AAs had no statistically different median OS (17 vs 25 months, p=0.368) and PFS (3.1 vs 4.4 months, p=0.068) relative to Caucasian patients. On multivariable analysis, AA patients had significantly shorter PFS (HR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.01-2.3, p=0.045), similar ORR (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.42-2.57, p=0.936) and comparable OS (HR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.61-1.95, p=0.778) relative to Caucasians.

Conclusions

Our real-world analysis of ICI-treated mRCC patients showed that AAs experienced shorter PFS but similar OS relative to Caucasians. This similarity in survival outcomes is reassuring for the use of ICI amongst real-world patient populations, however, the difference in treatment response is poorly represented in early outcomes data from clinical trials. Thus, the literature requires larger prospective studies to validate these findings.
Lactoferrin Against SARS-CoV-2: In Vitro and In Silico Evidences
Authors: Campione Elena , Lanna Caterina , Cosio Terenzio , Rosa Luigi , Conte Maria Pia , Iacovelli Federico , Romeo Alice , Falconi Mattia , Del Vecchio Claudia , Franchin Elisa , Lia Maria Stella , Minieri Marilena , Chiaramonte Carlo , Ciotti Marco , Nuccetelli Marzia , Terrinoni Alessandro , Iannuzzi Ilaria , Coppeda Luca , Magrini Andrea , Bernardini Sergio , Sabatini Stefano , Rosapepe Felice , Bartoletti Pier Luigi , Moricca Nicola , Di Lorenzo Andrea , Andreoni Massimo , Sarmati Loredana , Miani Alessandro , Piscitelli Prisco , Valenti Piera , Bianchi Luca
Published: June 2021

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a cationic glycoprotein synthetized by exocrine glands and is present in all human secretions. It is also secreted by neutrophils in infection and inflammation sites. This glycoprotein possesses antimicrobial activity due to its capability to chelate two ferric ions per molecule, as well as to interact with bacterial and viral anionic surface components. The cationic features of Lf bind to cells, protecting the host from bacterial and viral injuries. Its anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by the ability to enter inside the nucleus of host cells, thus inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokine genes. In particular, Lf down-regulates the synthesis of IL-6, which is involved in iron homeostasis disorders and leads to intracellular iron overload, favoring viral replication and infection. The well-known antiviral activity of Lf has been demonstrated against DNA, RNA, and enveloped and naked viruses and, therefore, Lf could be efficient in counteracting also SARS-CoV-2 infection. For this purpose, we performed in vitro assays, proving that Lf exerts an antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 through direct attachment to both SARS-CoV-2 and cell surface components. This activity varied according to concentration (100/500 μg/ml), multiplicity of infection (0.1/0.01), and cell type (Vero E6/Caco-2 cells). Interestingly, the in silico results strongly supported the hypothesis of a direct recognition between Lf and the spike S glycoprotein, which can thus hinder viral entry into the cells. These in vitro observations led us to speculate a potential supplementary role of Lf in the management of COVID-19 patients.
Enhanced Electrochemical Property of Li1.2−xNaxMn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 Cathode Material for the New Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Gao Yumei , Hui Yuchong , Yin Hang
Published: June 2021

The Li-rich Mn-based oxide Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 has been extensively studied as a cathode material of the battery module for new optoelectronic devices. To improve and enhance the electrochemical performance, sodium doping is one of the effective approaches. According to the density functional theory of first-principles, the band gap, partial density of states, lithiation formation energy, electron density difference, and potential energy of electrons for Li1.2−xNaxMn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 were simulated with Materials Studio, Nanodcal, and Matlab. When the sodium doping amount x = 0.10 mol, simulations show that Li1.2−xNaxMn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 has a better conductivity. The potential maps of Li1.2−xNaxMn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 obtained in Matlab demonstrate that the potential barrier is lower and the rate capability is enhanced after sodium doping. Results of analyses and calculations agree with the experimental result of Chaofan Yang’s group. This theoretical method could be a great avenue for the investigation of the battery application of new optoelectronic devices. Also, our findings could give some theoretical guidance for the subsequent electrochemical performance study on doping in the field of lithium-ion batteries.
Effect of Planting Density and K2O:N Ratio on the Yield, External Quality, and Traders' Perceived Shelf Life of Pineapple Fruits in Benin
Authors: Djido Ulrich , Fassinou Hotegni Nicodeme V. , Lommen Willemien J. M. , Hounhouigan Joseph D. , Achigan-Dako Enoch G. , Struik Paul C.
Published: June 2021

Quality, shelf life, and yield of a pineapple fruit are the important attributes for the producers and customers in the pineapple value chain of Benin, whereas poor quality, short shelf life, and low yield are the main constraints. We quantified the effects of planting density and K2O:N fertilizer ratio on the pineapple yield, external quality, and perceived shelf life in four on-farm experiments with cv. Sugarloaf in Benin; two experiments were installed in the long rainy season and two in the short rainy season. A split-plot design was used with the planting density as the main factor at three levels: 54,000, 66,600, and 74,000 plants.ha−1. The K2O:N ratio was a subfactor with three levels: K2O:N = 0.35 (farmers' practice), K2O:N = 1, and K2O:N = 2. The results showed that both factors had no effect on the crop development variables (such as the number of functional leaves and D-leaf length) at the moment of flowering induction. The planting density had no effect on the total weight per fruit, infructescence weight, total fruit length, infructescence length, crown length, or the fruit shelf life as perceived by traders. The yield increased from 54.9–69.1 up to 90.1 t.ha−1 with an increase in the planting density. The yield increase was not at the expense of the fruit weight. Increased K2O:N ratio led to a higher fruit weight whereas the fruit length was not affected. The shelf life of fruits produced at a K2O:N ratio of 1 and as perceived by traders was 6 days longer than that of fruits produced at a ratio of 0.35 (farmers' practice). Based on these results, we suggest the fresh pineapple farmers in Benin to use a combination of 66,600 plants.ha−1 with a K-fertilization scheme based on a K2O:N ratio of 1 to meet the expectation of both producers and customers in terms of fruit yield and fruit quality.
Prospects for Trifolium Improvement Through Germplasm Characterisation and Pre-breeding in New Zealand and Beyond
Authors: Egan Lucy M. , Hofmann Rainer W. , Ghamkhar Kioumars , Hoyos-Villegas Valerio
Published: June 2021

Trifoliumis the most used pastoral legume genus in temperate grassland systems, and a common feature in meadows and open space areas in cities and parks. Breeding ofTrifoliumspp. for pastoral production has been going on for over a century. However, the breeding targets have changed over the decades in response to different environmental and production pressures. Relatively small gains have been made inTrifoliumbreeding progress.Trifoliumbreeding programmes aim to maintain a broad genetic base to maximise variation. New Zealand is a global hub inTrifoliumbreeding, utilising exotic germplasm imported by the Margot Forde Germplasm Centre. This article describes the history ofTrifoliumbreeding in New Zealand as well as the role and past successes of utilising genebanks in forage breeding. The impact of germplasm characterisation and evaluation in breeding programmes is also discussed. The history and challenges ofTrifoliumbreeding and its effect on genetic gain can be used to inform future pre-breeding decisions in this genus, as well as being a model for other forage legumes.
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Small Peptides in Maize
Authors: Liang Yan , Zhu Wanchao , Chen Sijia , Qian Jia , Li Lin
Published: June 2021

Small peptides (sPeptides), <100 amino acids (aa) long, are encoded by small open reading frames (sORFs) often found in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (or other parts) of mRNAs, in long non-coding RNAs, or transcripts from introns and intergenic regions; various sPeptides play important roles in multiple biological processes. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive study of maize (Zea mays) sPeptides using mRNA sequencing, ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), and mass spectrometry (MS) on six tissues (each with at least two replicates). To identify maize sORFs and sPeptides from these data, we set up a robust bioinformatics pipeline and performed a genome-wide scan. This scan uncovered 9,388 sORFs encoding peptides of 2–100 aa. These sORFs showed distinct genomic features, such as different Kozak region sequences, higher specificity of translation, and high translational efficiency, compared with the canonical protein-coding genes. Furthermore, the MS data verified 2,695 sPeptides. These sPeptides perfectly discriminated all the tissues and were highly associated with their parental genes. Interestingly, the parental genes of sPeptides were significantly enriched in multiple functional gene ontology terms related to abiotic stress and development, suggesting the potential roles of sPeptides in the regulation of their parental genes. Overall, this study lays out the guidelines for genome-wide scans of sORFs and sPeptides in plants by integrating Ribo-seq and MS data and provides a more comprehensive resource of functional sPeptides in maize and gives a new perspective on the complex biological systems of plants.
Inequality in Risk-Taking: Evidence From Location Tracking in Mexican Cities During COVID 19
Authors: Rogers Melissa Ziegler , Zeng Yuzhu , Marx Andrew , Poynor Mia , Lu Morgan
Published: June 2021

Among the many striking features of the COVID 19 pandemic is the geographic heterogeneity of its incidence and its disproportionate effects on low income people. We examine links between individual risk and COVID 19 outcomes in the federal context in Mexico characterized by high socioeconomic and political heterogeneity. Using highly detailed individual mobility data for five Mexican cities, we document the relationship between local income and education factors and the behaviors associated with COVID 19 risk after the national lockdown: staying home, going to work, and going other places. While low income people are disproportionately likely to contract COVID 19 and die from illnesses associated with COVID 19 in Mexico, we find very mixed evidence that people living in low income urban census blocs are engaging in observably riskier behaviors. Both before and after the national lockdown, people in low income locations spend more time at home and less time going other places, suggesting a lower overall risk of contracting the virus based on voluntary movement. However, people in low income and less educated places appear to shift their movement less in response to Mexico’s national lockdown. Less educated people, in particular, show much less change in their movement patterns in response to the lockdown. At the same time, we find enormous variance between cities and in some cities such as Mexico City and Ecatepec people in low income places changed their behavior more after the lockdown. Understanding the reasons for these income and education differences in outcomes is crucial for policy responses–whether the government should focus on educating individuals about their behavior, or whether the response requires a much more difficult overhaul of societal protections.
When Collaborating in Constructive Task With Spouse: Attachment Orientation Predicts Exploratory Behavior Among Older Couples
Authors: Wang Yan , Cao Xiancai , Li Fengzhan , Wang Dahua
Published: June 2021

In order to examine the function of the attachment system in later life, this study investigated the relationships between attachment orientation and exploratory behavior in a collaborative constructive activity with one’s spouse among older adults. In total, 49 older couples completed a collaborative constructive task, and their behaviors were videotaped. Each participant’s exploratory behavior (i.e., engagement, enjoyment, and distress) was coded by independent raters. The results revealed older adults highly engaged in the collaborative activity. In addition, based on the actor-partner interdependence model, the results indicated that attachment avoidance positively predicted the individuals’ enjoyment as well as their partners’ distress during the collaborative activity. The current findings extend the literature regarding the effects of attachment on exploration from early adulthood to later life, from the workplace to family life, and from individual’s own behavior to collaborative situation.
Marital Surname Change and Marital Duration Among Divorcées in a Canadian County
Authors: MacEacheron Melanie
Published: June 2021

Women’s marital surname change has been discussed as comprising one possible signal of intention to remain married, and may be perceived as such, and valued, by husbands. Here, the practice was investigated as a potential predictor of marital duration among couples who went on to divorce. An archival analysis was based on a search of all available, opposite-sex divorces filed over an 8-month period in a Canadian county. Among couples (n= 107) divorcing, marriages the women in which underwent marital surname change lasted 60% longer, controlling for wife’s age at the time of marriage. When the woman’s marital surname change/retention was used as a regression predictor of number of children of the marriage alongside marriage duration in years, only the latter was predictive. No husband took his wife’s surname. Giving the maternal surname (along with the paternal surname) to children occurred at a negligible frequency. Potential reasons for these findings including costly signaling and, ultimately, paternity uncertainty, as well as possible implications for public policy, are discussed.
Work as Meaningful and Menacing Phenomenon for South African Middle Managers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Self-Transcendence in Cultivating Meaning and Wellbeing
Authors: Flotman Aden-Paul
Published: June 2021

Self-transcendence has become and remains an important research theme. Little is known about the role of self-transcendence in cultivating meaningful work and its impact on the wellbeing of middle managers in the face of adversity, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meaning middle managers attach to their work by investigating the role of self-transcendence in cultivating meaning and wellbeing in a cohort of seven South African middle managers employed in cross-boundary service industry settings. Data were collected through unstructured narratives. Findings confirm that self-transcendence serves as a coping mechanism during adversity and that it facilitates the re-negotiation of meaning, resulting in three potential shifts: the shift from a blame orientation to a work orientation, the shift from reflection to reflexivity and the shift from self-consciousness to other-consciousness. The findings also highlight how self-transcendence enables the exploration of the adaptive benefits of anxiety. The findings contribute new insights into the construct of self-transcendence and extend research on existential positive psychology. It is suggested that organizations invest in reflexive practices as a tool to promote deep learning and connectivity by exploring dialectical processes through reflexive work.
Facemask Wearing Among Chinese International Students From Hong Kong Studying in United Kingdom Universities During COVID-19: A Mixed Method Study
Authors: Lai Agnes Yuen-kwan , Sit Shirley Man-man , Lai Theresa Tze-kwan , Wang Man-ping , Kong Cecilia Hoi-mei , Cheuk Jessica Yuet-ying , Feng Yibin , Ip Mary Sau-man , Lam Tai-hing
Published: June 2021

Background: The mental health of international students studying abroad has been neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: This mixed-method study examined perceived public attitudes, personal beliefs, practice and stress toward facemask wearing as a preventive measure against COVID-19 among international University students from Hong Kong studying in the United Kingdom (UK) in the early stage (January–March 2020) of the pandemic.

Methods: Our study included 2 parts: (i) an exponential, non-discriminative snowball sampling strategy was used to recruit 91 Chinese students studying in the UK to complete an online questionnaire survey, and (ii) online Zoom focus group interviews were conducted with 16 students who completed the online survey to gain an in-depth understanding of their experiences and coping methods during the pandemic.

Results: Of the 91 students, 92.3% reported the UK public did not view facemask wearing as a preventive measure. 98.9% believed facemask wearing was an effective preventive measure, but 56% wore facemasks more than half of the time when out in public. 50.5% had internal conflicts of stress both when wearing and not wearing facemasks, which was more common in females than males [(62.5 vs. 31.5%), P = 0.004, Relative Risk (RR): 1.99 (1.17, 3.38)]. 61.5% reported public prejudiced attitudes against facemask wearing, also more common in females than males (71.4 vs. 45.7%), P = 0.02, RR: 1.56 (1.05, 2.32). The qualitative findings corroborated with the quantitative findings and reported that peer and family support were important for them to face such difficulties, and positive thinking and adaptability were effective methods on stress management.

Conclusions: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, Chinese international students have been faced with a difficult, confusing, and sensitive situation. Owing to the ongoing pandemic, rising xenophobia and racist behaviors and the resumption of students' studies studies in the U.K., support from global communities are needed in their pursuit of quality education overseas. Our findings have significant implications on the proactive roles that governments should have, and the need for clear and accurate public health messaging to change public attitudes and mitigate prejudice. Academic institutions and mental health professionals need to proactively provide additional support to Chinese international students.
The Effect of Urbanization on Population Health: Evidence From China
Authors: Jiang Tuan-Biao , Deng Zi-Wei , Zhi Yu-Peng , Cheng Hao , Gao Qing
Published: June 2021

This paper explores the relationship between urbanization rate and death incidence by applying panel threshold regression model to the inland provinces of China. The empirical results highlight that there is a nonlinear single threshold effect between urbanization and population health indicators. In China's inland provinces, the negative impact of urbanization on death rate is reduced when per capita GDP exceeds the threshold, that is, the positive impact of urbanization on population health is significantly weakened. Similarly, this result can also be applied to the north provinces, while there is a no threshold effect in south. These asymmetric effects are strongly related to geographical location, historical background, economic development conditions, and health policies. Therefore, in the urbanization process, while promoting the steady development of population urbanization, the government should also increase health investment to improve the system and mechanism, formulate policies to raise health awareness, protect residents' health and reduce the waste of health resources.
A Long-Term Engagement with a Social Robot for Autism Therapy
Authors: Rakhymbayeva Nazerke , Amirova Aida , Sandygulova Anara
Published: June 2021

Social robots are increasingly being used as a mediator between a therapist and a child in autism therapy studies. In this context, most behavioural interventions are typically short-term in nature. This paper describes a long-term study that was conducted with 11 children diagnosed with either Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or ASD in co-occurrence with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It uses a quantitative analysis based on behavioural measures, including engagement, valence, and eye gaze duration. Each child interacted with a robot on several occasions in which each therapy session was customized to a child’s reaction to robot behaviours. This paper presents a set of robot behaviours that were implemented with the goal to offer a variety of activities to be suitable for diverse forms of autism. Therefore, each child experienced an individualized robot-assisted therapy that was tailored according to the therapist’s knowledge and judgement. The statistical analyses showed that the proposed therapy managed to sustain children’s engagement. In addition, sessions containing familiar activities kept children more engaged compared to those sessions containing unfamiliar activities. The results of the interviews with parents and therapists are discussed in terms of therapy recommendations. The paper concludes with some reflections on the current study as well as suggestions for future studies.
Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhong Yongjin , Tang Quan , Tan Bowen , Huang Ruijie
Published: June 2021

Background: Dental caries is a long-standing oral health problem for children all over the world. The available evidence shows that the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood caries is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether there was a correlation of prenatal smoking and dental caries in children.

Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for observational studies assessing the relationship between maternal smoking during the pregnancy and childhood caries. According to the predesigned eligibility criteria and items, studies selection, and data extraction were conducted, respectively. The effect estimates were pooled using a fixed-effect model or a random-effect model. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was adopted to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. All analyses were carried out through Stata 12.0 software.

Results: Our systematic review included a total of 11 studies, of which 6 cross-sectional studies and 3 longitudinal studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimates indicated maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with dental caries in children both in cross-sectional studies (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.47–1.67) and longitudinal studies (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.07–1.48). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the overall effect estimates were robust.

Conclusions: There is a significant correlation of maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood caries. However, the causal relationship between them cannot be determined. More prospective and extensive studies on this theme is needed for verification. Even so, it is necessary for pregnant women and women of reproductive age to quit smoking. Strategies must be developed to raise public awareness about the impact of prenatal smoking on children's oral health.
Kinetics of Plasma Cytokines, Angiopoietin-2, and C-Reactive Protein in Dogs With Gastric Dilatation Volvulus
Authors: Brunner Anna , Schuller Simone , Hettlich Bianca , Marti Eliane , Lehmann Anna , Peters Laureen M. , Adamik Katja-Nicole
Published: June 2021

Background:The degree of systemic inflammation, reperfusion injury and endothelial activation are potentially important determinants of clinical outcomes in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV).

Objective:To evaluate plasma concentrations and kinetics of inflammatory markers in dogs with GDV over a time frame of 48 h, and to compare to healthy dogs.

Design and Setting:Prospective, observational cohort study in client-owned dogs with GDV.

Materials and Methods:Fifteen dogs with GDV and 9 healthy control dogs were enrolled. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), keratinocyte chemotactic-like, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, Angiopoietin (Ang)-2, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at admission (prior any therapeutic intervention, (T0), immediately after surgery (T1), 24 ± 4 h (T24), and 48 ± 4 h (T48) post-surgery. Cytokines were measured using multiplex magnetic bead assay. Plasma Ang-2 was measured with a commercial human ELISA test kit validated for dogs.

Results:Dogs with GDV had significantly higher plasma concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10 compared to healthy control dogs at all time points. Concentrations of IL-6 were significantly higher at T1 and T24, concentrations of MCP-1 at T24, and concentrations of CRP at T24 and T48. A significant increase between T0 and T1 was found for IL-6, IL-10, and CRP, between T1 and T24 for IL-8, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and CRP, and between T24 and T48 for IL-15, Ang-2, and CRP. A significant decrease between T0 and T1 was found for IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IL-18, and Ang-2; between T1 and T24 for IL-6 and KC-like; and between T24 and T48 for IL-6.

Conclusion:In GDV dogs, a mild pro-inflammatory reaction was present at admission, which peaked immediately after and up to 24 h post-surgery, mainly represented by IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and CRP, and which decreased at T48. In addition, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was increased in GDV dogs at all time points.
Dietary Supplementation With Xylo-oligosaccharides Modifies the Intestinal Epithelial Morphology, Barrier Function and the Fecal Microbiota Composition and Activity in Weaned Piglets
Authors: Su Jiayi , Zhang Wanghong , Ma Cui , Xie Peifeng , Blachier Francois , Kong Xiangfeng
Published: June 2021

The present study determined the effects of dietary xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the morphology of jejunum and ileum epithelium, fecal microbiota composition, metabolic activity, and expression of genes related to colon barrier function. A total of 150 piglets were randomly assigned to one of five groups: a blank control group (receiving a basal diet), three XOS groups (receiving the basal diet supplemented with 100, 250, and 500 g/t XOS, respectively), as well as a positive control group, used as a matter of comparison, that received the basal diet supplemented with 0.04 kg/t virginiamycin, 0.2 kg/t colistin, and 3,000 mg/kg ZnO. The trial was carried out for 56 days. The results showed that the lowest dose tested (100 g/t XOS) increased (P < 0.05) the ileal villus height, the relative amount of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp., and the concentration of acetic acid and short-chain fatty acid in feces when compared with the blank control group. In conclusion, dietary 100 g/t XOS supplementation modifies the intestinal ecosystem in weaned piglets in an apparently overall beneficial way.
Overview of the causes and management of drug shortages in the United States and in Hungary
Authors: Turbucz Béla , Hankó Balázs
Published: June 2021

Drug shortages are a multifactorial international concern that is increasingly reported all over the world. A continuously rising number of cases could be observed since 2001, but the issue is particularly significant since 2009. In Hungary, the same increasing tendency was observed; while in 2012 464 shortages occurred, in 2020 1466 cases were reported. According to the Food and Drug Administration, there are three root causes behind the shortages, but several factors can be derived from them. This paper aims at conducting a comprehensive review of literature, exploring these factors in detail and thereby explaining how each of these factors contributes to shortages. Furthermore, it will illustrate how the lack of sufficient information due to an imperfect warning system also contributes to the issue. As the problem affects every stakeholder in the supply chain from patients to Marketing Authorisation Holders, each party should be involved in the development and implementation of mitigating strategies that can provide the basis of policy measures. The article highlights how international trends both in terms of affected therapeutic areas and causes of shortages are reflected in the Hungarian markets; therefore similar approaches could be adapted to tackle the issue domestically and deliver enduring solutions.
Implementation of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) in QbD based formulation development in ophthalmology
Authors: Pallagi Edina , Bíró Tivadar , Fekete Helga , Aigner Zoltán , Csóka Ildikó
Published: June 2021

Development of drug delivery systems for chronic disorders needs a complex thinking in order to ensure the quality of the product. A multidisciplinary approach of pharmaceutical technology, regulatory and behavioral sciences on the basis of the Quality by Design methodology can be a proper tool for this to handle formulators’, patients’, and also doctors’ needs in therapy planning in case of chronic ophthalmologic disorders. According to the present state-of-the-art”, patient perceptions are collected in the form of the “Patient Reported Outcome Measurements” during the clinical trials, but no feedback is given to the formulation development in order to take these aspects into consideration when designing a new product. This work aims to link the key performance indicators from patients’ point of view to the pharmaceutical development and show a new approach to product development by evaluating the patient and formulator aspect as critical quality attributes within the classical Quality by Design workflow. This study can be the basis of the formulation design and development of a new ophthalmic formulation as it revealed the patient critical needs and requirement.
Fixed Wing Aircraft Automatic Landing with the Use of a Dedicated Ground Sign System
Authors: Brukarczyk Bartłomiej , Nowak Dariusz , Kot Piotr , Rogalski Tomasz , Rzucidło Paweł
Published: June 2021

The paper presents automatic control of an aircraft in the longitudinal channel during automatic landing. There are two crucial components of the system presented in the paper: a vision system and an automatic landing system. The vision system processes pictures of dedicated on-ground signs which appear to an on-board video camera to determine a glide path. Image processing algorithms used by the system were implemented into an embedded system and tested under laboratory conditions according to the hardware-in-the-loop method. An output from the vision system was used as one of the input signals to an automatic landing system. The major components are control algorithms based on the fuzzy logic expert system. They were created to imitate pilot actions while landing the aircraft. Both systems were connected with one another for cooperation and to control an aircraft model in a simulation environment. Selected results of tests presenting control efficiency and precision are shown in the final section of the paper.
Integrated DA Coordination of DER Considering Reliability Constraints for Participation in the Renewable Energy Certificate Market in South Korea: A Case Study in a DER Complex
Authors: Lee Jaeho , Jo Hyunsik
Published: June 2021

Due to the penetration of renewable energy sources increasing in South Korea, problems related to system reliability have been emerging. Thus, localized control methods have also been gaining attention as one of the measures. However, due to the AOs (asset owners) lacking management experience of coordinating resources between the BESS (battery energy storage system) and the renewable device, there have been multiple issues related to damages caused by fire. Thus, the governmental reliability committee in South Korea has recently mandated an order adding reliability constraints to the SoC (state of charge) management and incentives for the AOs to follow the reliability constraints as specified, despite concerns from the AOs that the order possibly reduces their revenues. Thus, this study provides a structured analysis, for the first time, on how the incentive and the reliability constraints influence and interact with each other in coordinated operating schemes between BESSs and renewables as integrated scheduling systems. In the base case, the current scheduling method was applied. In case 1, profit maximization was introduced to confirm the effectiveness of the structured operation. In case 2, a reliability constraint was added, and a reliability constraint with incentives was added in case 3 to confirm the effects thereafter on the revenue streams.