bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeito da adição de teores crescentes de ureia na cana-de-açúcar em dietas de vacas em lactação sobre a produção e composição do leite e viabilidade econômica
Authors: Souza R.C. , Reis R.B. , Lopez F.C.F. , Mourthe M.H.F. , Lana A.M.Q. , Barbosa F.A. , Sousa B.M.
Published: May 2015

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de teores crescentes de ureia (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0%) na matéria natural da cana-de-açúcar sobre a produção e composição do leite, eficiência alimentar e viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas em lactação, com produção média inicial de 21,3±0,8kg/dia de leite e com 83±7 dias em lactação, distribuídas em delineamento ensaio de reversão do tipo switch-back, 3x3. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso único e concentrado, na relação de 50:50 (base MS). Não houve efeito da suplementação dos diferentes teores de ureia sobre a produção e composição do leite. Contudo, a eficiência alimentar (produção de leite/consumo de matéria seca) foi melhor nas dietas em que se utilizou ureia, sendo 1,14; 1,17 e 1,17, respectivamente, para as dietas com 0,0; 0,5 e 1,0% de ureia (P<0,05). Considerando-se apenas o custo alimentar, todas as dietas apresentaram saldo positivo, sendo que a dieta com 1,0% de ureia apresentou o melhor saldo.
Efeito da protease sobre o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes em frangos de corte
Authors: Matias C.F.Q. , Rocha J.S.R. , Pompeu M.A. , Baião R.C. , Baião N.C. , Lara L.J.C. , Clímaco W.L.S. , Pereira L.F.P. , Caldas E.O. , Teixeira M.P.F. , Cardeal P.C.
Published: May 2015

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da protease sobre o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes em dietas contendo farinha de penas (2,0% na fase inicial e 3,0% na fase de crescimento) para frangos de corte machos, Cobb(r), de um a 32 dias de idade. Foram alojadas 336 aves em gaiolas metálicas equipadas com bandeja para coleta total de excretas. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (com e sem adição da enzima protease 0,05% e duas valorizações da matriz nutricional da enzima), sendo sete repetições por tratamento, de 12 aves cada. Observou-se, na fase inicial, maior CMPB (P≤0,05) para as aves que, independentemente da adição de protease, consumiram ração com valorização da matriz nutricional da enzima. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o CMMS e o CMEE (P>0,05). Na fase de crescimento, houve interação entre os tratamentos para as variáveis CMPB e CMEE. Os frangos alimentados com dieta valorizada sem adição de enzima (controle negativo) apresentaram melhores resultados (P≤0,05) para CMPB e CMEE. Nos tratamentos com enzima, o melhor CMEE (P≤0,05) foi obtido com o tratamento sem valorização da matriz nutricional (over the top). Conclui-se que níveis reduzidos e enzima sem valorização melhoram os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes na fase adulta de frangos de corte.
IL GIOVANE JANKÉLÉVITCH TRA SIMMEL E BERGSON
Authors: Ferrari Massimo
Published: May 2015

L'articolo ricostruisce l'interpretazione della filosofia della vita di Simmel che il giovane Jankélévitch propose in un articolo del 1925 apparso sulla Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale. Da queste pagine emerge non solo la profonda dimestichezza di Jankélévitch con Simmel, ma anche il tentativo compiuto da Jankélévitch per correggere l'elan vital di Bergson attraverso la concezione simmeliana della vita e della "tragedia della cultura".
CRISI E RINASCITA DELL'EUROPA: ECHI DEL DIBATTITO FENOMENOLOGICO
Authors: Lenoci Michele
Published: May 2015

Il saggio, attraverso un'analisi delle riflessioni di Husserl e Scheler, si propone di esaminare la loro concezione sull'Europa e la tradizione culturale europea, mettendo in rilievo l'evoluzione e lo sviluppo delle loro posizioni avanti e dopo la prima Guerra mondiale.
IUS-LEX-CORPUS: CORPUS MYSTICUM
Authors: Pozzo Riccardo
Published: May 2015

Sfruttando gli ingenti materiali a disposizione degli studiosi dal 1964 negli archivi, nelle banche dati, nei dizionari e nei lessici d'autore dell'ILIESI-CNR, il contributo considera una serie di momenti nella storia del pensiero, dalla politeía antica al cosmopolitismo moderno, che mettono in risalto le implicazioni filosofiche presenti nella polisemia del trinomio lex-ius-corpus.
Existe algo que se possa chamar de "arqueologia brasileira"?
Authors: Neves Eduardo Góes
Published: May 2015

O texto formula a questão da existência de um corpo de problemas e dados particulares que sejam exclusivos, ou ao menos uma prerrogativa, da arqueologia brasileira. Como resposta, propõe um exame das características do próprio registro arqueológico, suas ambiguidades e lacunas.
A agroecologia: uma ilustração da fecundidade da pesquisa multiestratégica
Authors: Lacey Hugh
Published: May 2015

Os objetivos deste artigo são (1) salientar o fato de que a pesquisa conduzida sob as estratégias agroecológicas serve para ilustrar a fecundidade da pesquisa multiestratégica e (2) apontar a relevância da agroecologia no Brasil, bem como sua crescente importância na produção dos alimentos no mundo inteiro.
A conservação da biodiversidade entre os saberes da tradição e a ciência
Authors: Silva Ana Tereza Reis da
Published: May 2015

Este artigo analisa em que medida a proteção ambiental pode servir a valores como o bem-estar humano e a justiça socioambiental, tendo em conta a hegemonia de pressupostos vinculados à preservação romântica da natureza intocada ou à conservação da biodiversidade para responder ao modelo vigente de produção. Para tanto, analisamos primeiramente as ideias que inspiraram a proteção ambiental no Brasil e a predominância de uma visão que considera as populações tradicionais como entraves à proteção da biodiversidade; a seguir, analisamos as contradições que o conceito de "desenvolvimento sustentável" evoca, uma vez que expressa afinidade com o desenvolvimento econômico extensivo, pautado pelo avanço tecnocientífico; e, finalmente, a partir dos aportes teóricos do modelo da interação entre a ciência e os valores (M-CV), referenciaremos a hipótese de uma cooperação possível entre os saberes tradicionais e a ciência para comunicar uma conservação da biodiversidade inspirada por valores para além do mercado.
Construindo imagens e territórios: pensando a visualidade e a materialidade do sensoriamento remoto
Authors: Monteiro Marko
Published: May 2015

Reflete sobre a questão da imagem na ciência, pensando em como práticas visuais participam da construção de saberes e territórios. A crescente centralidade do visual em práticas científicas contemporâneas evidencia a necessidade de reflexão para além da imagem. O objeto da discussão se constituirá de imagens científicas usadas no monitoramento e na visualização do território. O artigo trata das relações entre a visualidade e os pesquisadores que a constroem; as infraestruturas dessa construção; e as instituições e políticas de monitoramento do território. Argumenta-se que tais imagens-relações, mais que visualizar, ajudam a constituir o território de formas específicas. Explorar esse processo possibilita uma compreensão mais complexa das formas pelas quais a ciência e a tecnologia ajudam a construir realidades.
Building capacity for dementia care in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Gonzalez Francisco J. , Gaona Ciro , Quintero Marialcira , Chavez Carlos A. , Selga Joyce , Maestre Gladys E.
Published: May 2015

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have limited facilities and professionals trained to diagnose, treat, and support people with dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment. The situation for people with dementia is poor, and worsening as the proportion of elderly in the general population is rapidly expanding. We reviewed existing initiatives and provided examples of actions taken to build capacity and improve the effectiveness of individuals, organizations, and national systems that provide treatment and support for people with dementia and their caregivers. Regional barriers to capacity building and the importance of public engagement are highlighted. Existing programs need to disseminate their objectives, accomplishments, limitations, and overall lessons learned in order to gain greater recognition of the need for capacity-building programs.
Cognitive impairment in individuals with low educational level and homogeneous sociocultural background
Authors: Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Nitrini Ricardo
Published: May 2015

Prevalence studies of dementia and cognitive impairment in different cultures and environments are necessary. OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in a rural homogeneous population from flooded areas in the Amazonian Basin. METHODS: A total of 163 subjects were interviewed with neurological, cognitive and functional evaluation. The individuals were classified as demented or cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND). RESULTS: cognitive impairment was observed in 11.4% (n=18 individuals). Ten out of the 18 were diagnosed as CIND and eight with dementia. The prevalence rate of dementia was 4.9% in subjects aged 50 years or over and of CIND was 6.1%. Considering only the elder group (>64 years of age), there was a 12.3% prevalence of dementia and 7.7% of CIND. CONCLUSION: In a homogeneous population, we observed a similar prevalence of dementia to rates reported by studies in Brazil and in other developed and developing countries.
The Leganés cognitive test correlates poorly with MRI evidence of global cortical atrophy in an underserved community A population-based and nested case-control study in rural Ecuador (The Atahualpa Project)
Authors: Brutto Oscar H. Del , Mera Robertino M. , Zambrano Mauricio , Lama Julio
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether the Leganés cognitive test (LCT) correlates with global cortical atrophy (GCA) and can be used as a surrogate for structural brain damage. METHODS: Atahualpa residents aged ≥ 60 years identified during a door-to-door survey underwent MRI for grading GCA. Using multivariate generalized linear models, we evaluated whether continuous LCT scores correlated with GCA, after adjusting for demographics, education, cardiovascular health (CVH) status, depression and edentulism. In a nested case-control study, GCA severity was assessed in subjects with LCT scores below the cutoff level for dementia (≤ 22 points) and in matched controls without dementia. RESULTS: Out of 311 eligible subjects, 241 (78%) were enrolled. Mean age was 69.2±7.5 years, 59% were women, 83% had primary school education, 73% had poor CVH status, 12% had symptoms of depression and 43% had edentulism. Average LCT score was 26.7±3, and 23 (9.5%) subjects scored ≤ 22 points. GCA was mild in 108, moderate in 95, and severe in 26 individuals. On the multivariate model, mean LCT score was not associated with GCA severity (β=0.06, SE=0.34, p=0.853). Severe GCA was noted in 6 / 23 case-patients and in 8 / 23 controls (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.14-2.81, p=0.752, McNemar's test). CONCLUSION: The LCT does not correlate with severity of GCA after adjusting for potential confounding variables, and should not be used as a reliable estimate of structural brain damage.
Burden, anxiety and depression in caregivers of Alzheimer patients in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Medrano Martin , Rosario Rebeca López , Payano Anyolina Núñez , Capellán Natacha Reynoso
Published: May 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a major impact by limiting the ability to live independently. This condition of dependency involves all members of the family, particularly those who take direct care of patients. The changes that take place in caregivers' lives may alter their health and have an effect on the care of the sick. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of burden, anxiety and depression in caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 67 family caregivers from the Alzheimer's Clinic Research Unit, Memory and Alzheimer, in the city of Santiago, Dominican Republic. Caregivers were evaluated for burden intensity with the Zarit scale and for both depression and anxiety using the respective Hamilton scales. Descriptive statistical analysis and Pearson correlation were used. RESULTS: 84% of caregivers were female, and 52% were older than 50 years. A total of 36% exhibited caregiver burden; 19% anxiety symptoms; and 43% depressive symptoms. No statistical significance was found between age, sex and number of hours of care. A significant association was found in the Pearson correlation coefficient between caregiver burden, anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION: Caregiver burden was associated with anxiety and depression. It is important for health professionals to include caregiver assessments in the treatment protocols of dementia. Policy should include support programs for carers.
Depression in elderly women resident in a long-stay nursing home
Authors: Lampert Melissa Agostini , Rosso Ana Luiza Pereira
Published: May 2015

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among the elderly: it is present in 23-40% of community-dwelling elderly and in 25-80% of institutionalized elderly. Depressive symptoms are most prevalent in elderly women because they more readily seek healthcare services, are more vulnerable to stress and live longer than men. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of depression and its comorbidities in a long-stay nursing home (NH). METHODS: This retrospective, descriptive, epidemiological study was performed at a NH in southern Brazil and comprised the first part of a larger project to determine depression and its relationship with psychosocial factors in NH residents. Sociodemographic and medical data were obtained through the examination of medical files from November 2012 to January 2013. Depression was defined as the diagnosis reported by physicians in medical files and scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (15-item version) above 5. Other clinical and psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from medical files. RESULTS: Out of a total of 142 elderly women, 51.4% had at least one psychiatric disorder, the most common being depression, affective bipolar disorder and mental retardation. Almost one third (32.3%) of the elderly women were depressed. The ward containing the highest number of cognitively and physically independent women contained 41.3% of the total depressed elderly. A total of 52.1% of all depressed elderly had other associated clinical or psychiatric disorders, with mental retardation and hypothyroidism being the most frequent. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dementia was high in this NH. Further studies evaluating the psychosocial factors involved in depressed elders should be conducted in an effort to prevent depression and promote mental health in institutionalized elders.
Alois Alzheimer and vascular brain disease: Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain
Authors: Engelhardt Eliasz , Grinberg Lea T.
Published: May 2015

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of neurofibrillary changes in brain neurons of a demented patient, identifying a novel disease, soon named after him by Kraepelin. However, the range of his studies was broad, including vascular brain diseases, published between 1894 and 1902. Alzheimer described the clinical picture of Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain, differentiating it from other similar disorders. He stated that autopsy allowed pathological distinction between arteriosclerosis and syphilis, thereby achieving some of his objectives of segregating disorders and separating them from syphilis. His studies contributed greatly to establishing the key information on vascular brain diseases, predating the present state of knowledge on the issue, while providing early descriptions of what would be later regarded as the dimensional presentation of the now called "Vascular cognitive impairment", constituted by a spectrum that includes a stage of "Vascular cognitive impairment not dementia" and another of "Vascular dementia".
Climate Change May Alter Both Establishment and High Abundance of Red Brome (Bromus rubens) and African Mustard (Brassica tournefortii) in the Semiarid Southwest United States
Authors: Curtis Caroline A. , Bradley Bethany A.
Published: May 2015

Nonnative, invasive plants are becoming increasingly widespread and abundant throughout the southwestern United States, leading to altered fire regimes and negative effects on native plant communities. Models of potential invasion are pertinent tools for informing regional management. However, most modeling studies have relied on occurrence data, which predict the potential for nonnative establishment only and can overestimate potential risk. We compiled locations of presence and high abundance for two problematic, invasive plants across the southwestern United States: red brome (Bromus rubens L.) and African mustard (Brassica tournefortii Gouan). Using an ensemble of five climate projections and two types of distribution model (MaxEnt and Bioclim), we modeled current and future climatic suitability for establishment of both species. We also used point locations of abundant infestations to model current and future climatic suitability for abundance (i.e., impact niche) of both species. Because interpretations of future ensemble models depend on the threshold used to delineate climatically suitable from unsuitable areas, we applied a low threshold (1 model of 10) and a high threshold (6 or more models of 10). Using the more-conservative high threshold, suitability for Bromus rubens presence expands by 12%, but high abundance contracts by 42%, whereas suitability for Brassica tournefortii presence and high abundance contract by 34% and 56%, respectively. Based on the low threshold (worst-case scenario), suitability for Bromus rubens presence and high abundance are projected to expand by 65% and 64%, respectively, whereas suitability for Brassica tournefortii presence and high abundance expand by 29% and 28%, respectively. The difference between results obtained from the high and low thresholds is indicative of the variability in climate models for this region but can serve as indicators of best- and worst-case scenarios.
Public accountability in planning for new housing areas
Authors: Kang Vitnarae , Korthals Altes Willem K.
Published: May 2015

Planning new housing areas involves balancing many interests and local authorities must make decisions in a way that is accountable. Formal accountability is organised differently in plan-led and development-led planning systems. In plan-led systems, accountability relates to the question of whether development takes place in accordance with the plan, whereas in development-led systems, it relates to whether development is guided by a set of principles. In practice, however, planning systems mix plan-led and development-led ways of working. This paper compares accountability arrangements in a housing development project in a development-led system (Clay Farm and Glebe Farm in the Cambridge Southern Fringe in the UK) with one in a plan-led system (Keijzershof located between Rotterdam and The Hague in the Netherlands). These arrangements are analysed for both the link between strategic planning and development project planning and the link between development project planning and the development on the ground.
Bridging the emergency relief and long-term development gap
Authors: Fitzmaurice Stephen
Published: May 2015

This paper looks at the difficult gap between emergency response and ‘building back better’ infrastructure. Emergency responders often face having to make quick life-saving planning decisions in which developing resilient infrastructure may not be their primary concern. However, the issues they face are often as a result of the consequences of poorly planned and constructed infrastructure. The issue has been described as a ‘development gap’ between emergency relief and longer-term recovery. Various case studies support the analysis of the various approaches to planning and what can be done to overcome this gap in both developing and developed countries.
Triumph of parks: how socio-economic dynamics change urban green
Authors: Cavallo Roberto , Komossa Susanne , Gadet Jos
Published: May 2015

This paper explores the current paradigm shift regarding the use, function and design of city parks in Amsterdam. Looking back in history, city parks are relatively new phenomena within the urban tissue. Dating from the late eighteenth century, they announced a completely new kind of public realm within cities. During the 1920s a novel type of park came into being in Germany, which put its mark on Dutch parks designed after World War II. Today parks have again changed character. On the basis of the results of Het Grote Groenonderzoek 2013 (the Great Green Survey) of the municipality of Amsterdam, this change can be quantified and qualified. Moreover, specific trends and tendencies can be distinguished. In fact, ‘street photography’ and a design analysis of Amsterdam's current parks have confirmed these results as well. Recent designs for Flevopark and Parool Triangle are examples of how ‘designing with green’ can contribute in an inspiring way to ongoing and future urban transformations. Finally, this paper tries to reflect on the transformation from an industrial-service economy towards a knowledge-based economy, where the quality of green public space in the urban fabric is a decisive location factor for knowledge workers and businesses.
Dividend Taxes and Stock Volatility
Authors: Syron Ferris Erin E.
Published: May 2015

How do dividend taxes affect stock volatility? In this paper, I use a decrease in dividend taxes as a natural experiment to identify their impact on firm's price volatility. If a risk-averse executive faces price risk through his incentive contract, changes in stock volatility due to dividend taxes may increase agency costs and therefore decrease overall welfare. Stock volatility decreased after the tax cut for firms where an executive has large holdings of shares and options relative to firms where an executive has small holdings of shares and options. Therefore, with a risk-averse executive and risk-neutral shareholders, dividend taxes may exacerbate agency costs. The increase in agency costs will decrease shareholder welfare, which can be partially offset by the use of options in the employment contract.
Regulamentação e Efeitos Jurídicos da Destinação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde
Authors: Juliana Solange Schmidt  , Alexandre Ferrari Augusto  , Ariadne de Andrade Costa  , Reginaldo Pereira
Published: May 2015

O presente artigo trata da regulamentação e efeitos jurídicos da destinação dos resíduos de serviços de saúde, em especial daqueles ligados aos impactos destes sobre o meio ambiente e a vida dos seres humanos. Por se tratar de tema amplo, que possibilita análises a partir de vieses multidisciplinares e interdisciplinares, o presente artigo limitar-se-á sobre as normas regulamentadoras que tratam da destinação dos resíduos de serviços de saúde, assim como os efeitos jurídicos pertinentes, particularmente aqueles oriundos da Política Nacional e nos Planos de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde.
Transtornos Mentais e Medida de Segurança: Uma Análise Fundamentada no Direito Humano à Saúde
Authors: Bruna Tássia Souza Nakayama  , Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura
Published: May 2015

O direito à saúde mental deve ser compreendido como uma transdisciplina integradora de saberes relativos à condição humana, merece visibilidade e tratamento especial. O antigo modelo assistencial psiquiátrico difundido pelo mundo, entrou em processo de desconstrução e continua recebendo ferrenhas críticas em função de sua improdutividade e anacronismo por apresentar um caráter violento, desumano, socialmente excludente e violatório dos direitos e da cidadania, o que culminou em gerar uma consciência crescente acerca da importância de se lutar pela preservação dos direitos à singularidade, à subjetividade e à diferença. No que diz respeito às pessoas com transtorno mental que cometeram delitos, o estigma e a complexidade são multiplicados. O Código Penal prevê que para estas pessoas a pena seja substituída pela medida de segurança, que se dará (não preferencialmente) em regime fechado, em hospitais de custódia e tratamento, e em ambulatórios, ou nos Centros de Assistência Psicossocial. Com o advento da Lei 10.216/2001, criou-se um instrumento de defesa dos direitos humanos das pessoas com transtorno mental, uma vez que esta assimila os princípios e objetivos da Reforma Psiquiátrica de forma a promover a integralidade e a humanização dos serviços prestados, englobando o respeito aos direitos destas pessoas e a melhoria da qualidade de suas vidas, na perspectiva dos seus direitos humanos, contudo a realidade não abarca o cumprimento geral previsto neste instrumento. Este artigo discute a medida de segurança e o direito das pessoas com transtornos mentais que cometeram delitos no cenário brasileiro.
On The Mechanisms of Nitrite Utilization by Escherichia coli Cells during Stationary Growth
Authors: Ри Н.А. , Ree N.A.
Published: May 2015

Periplasmic Nrf nitrite reductase is the main nitrite utilizing enzyme in Escherichia coli cells when concentration of substrate in the medium is low. The model of
nitrite utilization by E. coli cells, cultivated during stationary growth in the chemostat, was earlier created. The model took into account the dynamic of
the nrf and nir operons, coding enzymes that metabolize and transport nitrite. The model analysis revealed that to describe the kinetic
of nitrite accumulation in the chemostat at micromolar nitrite concentrations, additional assumption about higher nitrite utilization rate in the cell then that was estimated from genetic
investigations is to be incorporated in the model. In this study it was shown that the discrepancy between genetic and physiological investigation results under low nitrite concentrations
may be explained by properties of Nrf enzyme, which catalytic activity and stability depends on its localization in the periplasm, and its secretion to the periplasm is determined on
the presence of membrane potential. The model analysis revealed that at low nitrite concentration local change of enzyme concentration during transition from cellular cytoplasm to periplasm
under membrane potential influence is sufficient for higher periplasmic Nrf activity achievement, than it can be expected according to nrf operon expression level.
Herbivore preference drives plant community composition
Authors: Kempel Anne , Razanajatovo Mialy , Stein Claudia , Unsicker Sybille B. , Auge Harald , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Fischer Markus , Prati Daniel
Published: May 2015

Herbivores are important drivers of plant species coexistence and community assembly. However, detailed mechanistic information on how herbivores affect dominance hierarchies between plant species is scarce. Here, we used data of a multi‐site herbivore exclusion experiment in grasslands to assess changes in the cover of 28 plant species in response to aboveground pesticide application. Moreover, we assessed species‐specific values of plant defense of these 28 species measured as the performance of a generalist caterpillar, and the preference of the caterpillar and a slug species in no‐choice and choice feeding experiments, respectively. We show that more preferred species in the feeding experiments were those that increased in cover after herbivore exclusion in the field, whereas less preferred ones decreased. Herbivore performance and several measured leaf traits were not related to the change in plant cover in the field in response to herbivore removal. Additionally, the generalist slug and the generalist caterpillar preferred and disliked the same plant species, indicating that they perceive the balance between defense and nutritional value similarly. We conclude that the growth‐defense trade‐off in grassland species acts via the preference of herbivores and that among‐species variation in plant growth and preference to herbivores drives plant community composition.
Modelling Fluctuations in Water Depth During the Cretaceous
Authors: Harrison C. G. A.
Published: May 2015

The Cretaceous was a time of decreased freeboard, when large portions of all continents were flooded by shallow marine waters. Suggested causes for this decrease in freeboard are a decrease in the volume of the ocean basins caused by more rapid sea floor spreading rates during the Cretaceous (Kominz, 1984) and a thermal bulge in the Pacific during this time (Schlanger et al., 1981). Kominz (1984) has analysed the possible errors involved in attempting to determine the volume of the ridge crests during the Cretaceous, and came to the conclusion that sea level was 228 m higher than today 80 m.y. ago. This included an estimate for the amount of continental ice present today, which was assumed to he absent during the Cretaceous. Schlariger et al. (1981) estimated a sea level rise of 80 m 70 m.y. ago, by studying thermal subsidence of areas in the Pacific which were known to show very large volcanic activity between 110 and 70 m.y. ago. A recent compilation of the causes of sea level change, in which ridge crest volume, thermal subsidence, ice volume, thermal shrinking of the water column, increased sediment load today compared with the Cretaceous, and increased oceanic area due to continental collision following closure of Tethys were all considered, gave a sea level increase 80 m.y. ago of 278 in (Harrison, 1985).

Of particular interest to the readers of this volume are the sea level changes which produce the transgressive-regressive cycles seen in the sedimentary deposits of the Western
Distribution and Significance of Widespread, Time-Parallel Pelagic
Limestone Beds in Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of the Central
Great Plains and Southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Hattin Donald E.
Published: May 2015

The Greenhorn Limestone is a remarkable pe1agic/hemipe1agic carbonate-rich unit that marks late Cenomanian-midd1e Turonian peak and near-peak transgressional conditions in the Western Interior Sea. Parts of the section consisting of or equivalent to the Hart-land and Jetmore Members comprise a sequence of generally laminated chalky, marly, or calcareous shale beds that alternate with bioturbated chalk, chalky limestone, or hard brittle limestone beds. Progressive westward lithologic change to less calcareous facies reflects influence of the Sevier orogenic belt as a major source for Greenhorn terrigenous detritus. Limestone beds of the Hartland-Jetmore sequence are time parallel and most can be traced across vast expanses of the study area. Any two of these marker beds serve to define a 1ithochronozone within which, or within a succession of which, regional variations of biota, facies, strati-graphic thickness, remanent magnetism, and geochemistry can be investigated with chronologic precision not afforded by other methods. Few such analyses have been carried out but the marker beds have been useful in demonstrating the widespread effects of short-term events, an example being that which produced the foraminiferal calcarenite that lies between marker beds JT-1 and JT-2 at many Greenhorn localities between north-central Kansas and western New Mexico. Analysis of thickness variations between marker beds has shown the presence of condensed Greenhorn sections, commonly rich in calcarenite, that apparently were deposited over topographic highs on the sea floor. General correspondence of condensed sections with structural features strongly suggests that Greenhorn deposition was influenced by contemporaneous tectonism. Precise regional correlation of time-parallel Greenhorn limestone beds also makes possible detailed regional comparisons of geochemical data not only for a given lithochronozone but also through a succession of precisely correlated stratigraphic intervals. This approach will permit rigorous testing of models that have been proposed to account for the strati-graphic rhythmicity that characterizes much of the Greenhorn section in the central Great Plains and Southern Rocky Mountains.
The Dakota Group and the Kiowa-Skull Creek Cyclothem in the Canon City -
Pueblo Area, Colorado
Authors: Gustason Edmund R. , Kauffman Erle G.
Published: May 2015

The Lower Cretaceous (Aptian (?) - Albian) Dakota Group, as exposed along the Skyline Drive, near Canon City, Colorado, and along the Arkansas River, near Pueblo, Colorado, is divided into four distinct lithologically-sitnilar and genetically related formations. In ascending order, these are: (1) the Lytle Formation; (2) Plainview Formation; (3) Glencairn Formation; and (4) Muddy Sandstone.

The Lytle Formation is composed of white to light gray, friable, poorly sorted, cross-stratified, pebbly sandstone, deposited by braided fluvial systems draining the Mogollon Highlands and Sevier Orogenic belt. The Plainview Formation is composed of interbedded brown-weathering fluvial sandstone and carbonaceous shale. The Clencairn Formation is composed of five upward-coarsening, marine shale to sandstone, progradational shoreface sequences, separated by regional transgressive disconformities. The Muddy Sandstone, a massive, brown-weathering, cross-stratified fluvial sandstone, that grades upward into interbedded fluvial and marginal marine sandstone and shale, represents aggradation of a previously eroded paleotopography during base level rise.

The Dakota Group records two major third-order tectonoeustatic sealevel changes: the Kiowa-Skull Creek and Greenhorn transgressive-regressive cycles. The Plainview and Glencairn Formations were deposited during the Kiowa-Skull Creek cycle, representing coastal plain aggradation, followed by transgression of, and small-scale fluctuations of the Kiowa-Skull Creek strandline as the cycle approached peak transgression. The fourth progradational sequence represents peak transgression. The Kiowa-Skull Creek regression is recorded as a widespread, regional erosional unconformity, which developed on top of Glencairn-Kiowa-Skull Creek deposits. The initial transgression of the Greenhorn seaway into the Canon City - Pueblo areas is recorded by the Muddy Sandstone, which aggraded this erosional paleotopography.
Stratigraphy and Paleobiology of the Lincoln Limestone Member, Greenhorn
Limestone, Rock Canyon Anticline, Colorado
Authors: Sageman B.B. , Johnson C.C.
Published: May 2015

The Lincoln Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Limestone is characterized by calcareous shale and calcarenite beds deposited during the transgressive phase of the Greenhorn Cyclothem. At Rock Canyon anticline the Lincoln Member is conformably underlain by the Graneros Shale and overlain by the Hartland Shale Member of the Greenhorn Limestone. A detailed study of the Lincoln divides the member into a lower and an upper interval, based on lithostratigraphic, geochemical and paleobiologic criteria. The lower unit is characterized by laminated, weakly calcareous shales, relatively high organic carbon content (Corg ∼ 2.5%), and a macrofaunal assemblage transitional between the Graneros Shale and overlying Greenhorn deposits. The upper Lincoln interval is characterized by frequent alternation of laminated shale and ripple-bedded calcarenite beds with associated high Corg values in the shale beds (>2.0%) and lower Corg values in the calcarenite beds (<1.0%). Faunal composition through this upper interval records development of the first typical Greenhorn biota in the calcarenite beds. In the upper interval, the interbedding of contrasting lithofacies and biofacies suggests a dynamic paleooceanographic system poised between a relatively quiet water, oxygen-deficient environment during shale deposition, and well-circulated, well-oxygenated benthic conditions during calcarenite deposition. The Lincoln Limestone Member thus represents one complete 4th order marine cycle within the Greenhorn Cyclothem beginning with lithofacies and biofacies characteristic of a stillstand event in the lower Lincoln interval, progressing to deposits characteristic of an overall transgressive pulse in the upper Lincoln interval.
Depositional Cycles in the Niobrara Formation, Colorado Front
Range
Authors: Barlow Lisa K. , Kauffman Erle G.
Published: May 2015

High-resolution event stratigraphy of the Niobrara Formation in Colorado at Pueblo and along the northern Colorado Front Range provides a more precise and detailed framework for correlation than traditional lithologic and biostratigraphic methods. Bentonites and shale-limestone bedding couplets can be successfully correlated regionally. The bedding couplets are believed to be reflective of Milankovitch-style climatic cycles. Difficulties in correlation of bedding couplets in the Fort Hays Limestone Member between Pueblo and the northern Front Range are attributed to disconformities within this member in the latter area. Detailed lithostratigraphic, paleoecologic and geochemical studies of the lower Niobrara Formation (Fort Hays Limestone Member, shale and limestone, lower shale and lower limestone units of the Smoky Hill Shale Member) show significant contrast in paleoecologic and geochemical data between the lower shale unit and bounding units. Decreased bioturbation and increased organic carbon content in the lower shale unit suggest a change in bottom water conditions from a well-oxygenated environment in the bounding units to poorly oxygenated and possibly intermittently anoxic environments during deposition of the lower shale unit. A negative excursion in oxygen isotopic values in the lower shale unit suggests a model of a brackish water cap and salinity stratified seaway which resulted in poor vertical mixing of the water column to explain the change in bottom water conditions. The observed change in bottom water environments can be placed in the context of transgressive-regressive (fourth-order) cycles which are superimposed on the third-order Niobrara marine cycle; early to middle transgression, as represented by the lower shale unit, is associated with poorly oxygenated to anoxic intervals.
Organic and Inorganic Constituents of the Niobrara Formation in Weld
County, Colorado
Authors: Precht Wi11iam F. , Pollastro Richard M.
Published: May 2015

Detailed analyses of deeply-buried chalks from cores of both the Smoky Hill Chalk and Fort Hays Limestone Members of the Niobrara Formation were performed. The identified inorganic and organic constituents, and sedimentary structures helped to characterize the lithofacies, biofacies, burial diagenesis, bulk rock and clay mineralogies, and organic geochemistry of the Niobrara Formation in Weld County, Colorado.

Many depositional and diagenetic relationships are observed: 1) the chalks are comprised primarily of whole and fragmented coccoliths with subordinate planktonic foraminifera, inoceramid prisms, oysters, and other skeletal grains; 2) deposition was predominantly below wave-base in tens-to-hundreds of meters of water; 3) petrographic evidence supports the idea that subsequent burial, mechanical compaction, and pressure-solution (chemical solution-transfer) are the primary processes responsible for porosity reduction; 4) porosity of the chalk is inversely proportional to maximum depth of burial and to the amount of non-carbonate (acid-insoluble residue content) in the chalk; 5) total organic carbon content in the chalk is proportional to the amount of acid-insoluble residue and relative abundance of pyrite in the acid-insoluble fraction; and 6) mixed-layer illite/smectic clay as a geo-thermometer in bentonite beds from the Niobrara Formation indicate that these rocks are thermally mature with respect to oil generation.
Application of Pain Quantitative Analysis Device for Assessment of Postoperative Pain after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Mifune Yutaka , Inui Atsuyuki , Nagura Issei , Sakata Ryosuke , Muto Tomoyuki , Harada Yoshifumi , Takase Fumiaki , Kurosaka Masahiro , Kokubu Takeshi
Published: May 2015

Purpose :

The PainVision™ system was recently developed for quantitative pain assessment. Here, we used this system to evaluate the effect of plexus brachialis block on postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Methods :

Fifty-five patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were included in this study. First 26 cases received no plexus brachialis block (control group), and the next 29 cases received the plexus brachialis block before surgery (block group). Patients completed the visual analog scale at 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after surgery, and the intensity of postoperative pain was assessed with PainVision™ at 16 hours. The postoperative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents was also recorded.

Results :

The pain intensity at 16 hours after surgery assessed by PainVision™ was significantly lower in the block group than in the control group (block, 252.0 ± 47.8, control, 489.0 ± 89.1, P < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the VAS values at 16 hours between the 2 groups (block, 4.3 ± 0.6, control, 5.7 ± 0.4, P = N.S.). The pain intensity and VAS at 16 hours after surgery were highly correlated (r = 0.59, P = 0.006 in the block group and r = 0.62, P = 0.003 in the control group). The effect size of the assessment by PainVision™ was bigger than that of VAS (r=0.31 in VAS and 0.51 in Pain vision).

Conclusion :

The PainVision™ system could be useful to evaluate postoperative pain because it enables the quantification and comparison of pain intensity independent of individual pain thresholds.
Estrogen Receptor α Regulates β-Cell Formation During Pancreas Development and Following Injury
Authors: Yuchi Yixing , Cai Ying , Legein Bart , De Groef Sofie , Leuckx Gunter , Coppens Violette , Van Overmeire Eva , Staels Willem , De Leu Nico , Martens Geert , Van Ginderachter Jo A. , Heimberg Harry , Van de Casteele Mark
Published: May 2015

Identifying pathways for β-cell generation is essential for cell therapy in diabetes. We investigated the potential of 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling for stimulating β-cell generation during embryonic development and in the severely injured adult pancreas. E2 concentration, ER activity, and number of ERα transcripts were enhanced in the pancreas injured by partial duct ligation (PDL) along with nuclear localization of ERα in β-cells. PDL-induced proliferation of β-cells depended on aromatase activity. The activation of Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) gene expression and β-cell growth in PDL pancreas were impaired when ERα was turned off chemically or genetically (ERα−/−), whereas in situ delivery of E2 promoted β-cell formation. In the embryonic pancreas, β-cell replication, number of Ngn3+ progenitor cells, and expression of key transcription factors of the endocrine lineage were decreased by ERα inactivation. The current study reveals that E2 and ERα signaling can drive β-cell replication and formation in mouse pancreas.
Obesity Appears to Be Associated With Altered Muscle Protein Synthetic and Breakdown Responses to Increased Nutrient Delivery in Older Men, but Not Reduced Muscle Mass or Contractile Function
Authors: Murton Andrew J. , Marimuthu Kanagaraj , Mallinson Joanne E. , Selby Anna L. , Smith Kenneth , Rennie Michael J. , Greenhaff Paul L.
Published: May 2015

Obesity is increasing, yet despite the necessity of maintaining muscle mass and function with age, the effect of obesity on muscle protein turnover in older adults remains unknown. Eleven obese (BMI 31.9 ± 1.1 kg · m−2) and 15 healthy-weight (BMI 23.4 ± 0.3 kg · m−2) older men (55–75 years old) participated in a study that determined muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and leg protein breakdown (LPB) under postabsorptive (hypoinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and postprandial (hyperinsulinemic hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic clamp) conditions. Obesity was associated with systemic inflammation, greater leg fat mass, and patterns of mRNA expression consistent with muscle deconditioning, whereas leg lean mass, strength, and work done during maximal exercise were no different. Under postabsorptive conditions, MPS and LPB were equivalent between groups, whereas insulin and amino acid administration increased MPS in only healthy-weight subjects and was associated with lower leg glucose disposal (LGD) (63%) in obese men. Blunting of MPS in the obese men was offset by an apparent decline in LPB, which was absent in healthy-weight subjects. Lower postprandial LGD in obese subjects and blunting of MPS responses to amino acids suggest that obesity in older adults is associated with diminished muscle metabolic quality. This does not, however, appear to be associated with lower leg lean mass or strength.
Increased Bile Acid Synthesis and Deconjugation After Biliopancreatic Diversion
Authors: Ferrannini Ele , Camastra Stefania , Astiarraga Brenno , Nannipieri Monica , Castro-Perez Jose , Xie Dan , Wang Liangsu , Chakravarthy Manu , Haeusler Rebecca A.
Published: May 2015

Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) improves insulin sensitivity and decreases serum cholesterol out of proportion with weight loss. Mechanisms of these effects are unknown. One set of proposed contributors to metabolic improvements after bariatric surgeries is bile acids (BAs). We investigated the early and late effects of BPD on plasma BA levels, composition, and markers of BA synthesis in 15 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We compared these to the early and late effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in 22 patients with T2D and 16 with normal glucose tolerance. Seven weeks after BPD, insulin sensitivity had doubled and serum cholesterol had halved. At this time, BA synthesis markers and total plasma BAs, particularly unconjugated BAs, had markedly risen; this effect could not be entirely explained by low FGF19. In contrast, after RYGB, insulin sensitivity improved gradually with weight loss and cholesterol levels declined marginally; BA synthesis markers were decreased at an early time point (2 weeks) after surgery and returned to the normal range 1 year later. These findings indicate that BA synthesis contributes to the decreased serum cholesterol after BPD. Moreover, they suggest a potential role for altered enterohepatic circulation of BAs in improving insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism after BPD.
Growth Hormone Inhibits Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Adult Mice
Authors: Cordoba-Chacon Jose , Majumdar Neena , List Edward O. , Diaz-Ruiz Alberto , Frank Stuart J. , Manzano Anna , Bartrons Ramon , Puchowicz Michelle , Kopchick John J. , Kineman Rhonda D.
Published: May 2015

Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are reported to have low growth hormone (GH) production and/or hepatic GH resistance. GH replacement can resolve the fatty liver condition in diet-induced obese rodents and in GH-deficient patients. However, it remains to be determined whether this inhibitory action of GH is due to direct regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Therefore, an adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific, GH receptor (GHR) knockdown (aLivGHRkd) mouse was developed to model hepatic GH resistance in humans that may occur after sexual maturation. Just 7 days after aLivGHRkd, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) was increased in male and female chow-fed mice, compared with GHR-intact littermate controls. However, hepatosteatosis developed only in male and ovariectomized female aLivGHRkd mice. The increase in DNL observed in aLivGHRkd mice was not associated with hyperactivation of the pathway by which insulin is classically considered to regulate DNL. However, glucokinase mRNA and protein levels as well as fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels were increased in aLivGHRkd mice, suggesting that enhanced glycolysis drives DNL in the GH-resistant liver. These results demonstrate that hepatic GH actions normally serve to inhibit DNL, where loss of this inhibitory signal may explain, in part, the inappropriate increase in hepatic DNL observed in NAFLD patients.