bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mollusca [from the Arctic Bed]
Authors: Kennard Alfred Santer , Woodward Bernard Barham
Published: October 2009

The material on which the following notes are based was derived from two sources—(1) a large series sent by Mr. S. Hazzledine Warren, and (2) a number of examples collected by Messrs. A. S. Kennard & F. N. Haward, the result of washing several hundred-weight of the clay, the water in the pit being very convenient for that operation. Mr. Warren's collection consisted of four series marked ‘Upper Bed.’ ‘Middle Bed,’ ‘Lower Bed,’ and ‘General.’ We have considered it advisable to enumerate these separately, but we have incorporated our own series with the last.

It will be noted that the general list contains all the species from the three beds, with the exception of
Limnœa, stagnalis
.

Notes on the Species

Arion sp.

There are several granules representing the internal shell of this genus, but it is quite impossible to ascribe them to a given species. The northern limit of
Arion
is the isotherm of 8° C., but on the Alps its vertical limit is the isotherm of 3° to 4° C. It may here be observed that the isotherms quoted in this note are those for July.

Limax Arborum Bouch.-Chant

This species is common, but all the examples are dwarfed. Its northern limit is Iceland, lat. 66° 30′ N., with an isotherm of 8° C.; while in both Norway and Sweden its limit is the isotherm of 8° to 10° C. In the Alps its vertical range is the isotherm of 10°C.

Agriolimax Læ (Müll)

There are only four examples
The Mineral Composition of the Arctic Bed at Ponder's End
Authors: Davies George MacDonald
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory.

During the visit of the Geologists' Association, on March 11th, 1911, to the Great Eastern Railway Company's ballast-pit at Ponder's End, I collected a sample of the late Pleistocene marsh-deposit known as the Arctic Bed, with a view to washing out the fossils. A casual examination of the sandy residue left after washing suggested that a more systematic study of the mineral composition of the deposit would be of some interest. The need of more material was met by Mr. S. H. Warren, who very kindly supplied six samples, weighing 16 pounds when received, selected from different parts of the bed. These six samples form the basis of the present note.

II. Method of Examination.

The method of examination employed was as follows:—The air-dried sample was broken into small pieces, and desiccated in a steam-oven until the weight became constant. It was then washed, the muddy water being poured through a 60-mesh wire sieve, which collected most of the vegetable matter. A final separation of the clayey particles from the sand was obtained by well boiling the material, after which the sandy residue was dried and weighed. For quantitative purposes, a 50-gramme sample of the sand was treated with bromoform of specific gravity 2·85, and the portion that sank was weighed. The rest of the sand was panned down, and the concentration completed by bromoform. As a precaution against contamination, no sieves were used until the heavy minerals had been separated from the sand. The portion heavier than
Insect-Remains from the Midland and South-Eastern Coal Measures
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to Dr. L. Moysey for the opportunity of describing an interesting series of insect-wings obtained by him from the Shipley Clay-pit, about a mile and a half north of Ilkeston (Derbyshire). They formed a part of a valuable and interesting suite of remains, most of which have been already described by Dr. Moysey.

The material in which the insect-wings are found is greyish-brown ironstone occurring in the form of nodules, which lie in bands in a yellow clay, probably about 30 or 40 feet below the Top Hard Coal (
op. cit.
p. 506). The nodules also contain comminuted fragments of plants.

I am indebted to Dr. Malcolm Burr, M.A., for the opportunity of examining the Coal-Measures cores from the Kent Coal Concessions Company's bores in the east of Kent, during which examination I found the blattoid wings and other wing-remains which are described later in this paper.

Only a portion of the wing is preserved. It has a length of 84 millimetres, and a width from the outer to the inner margin of 33 mm. The complete wing must have had a length of not less than 100 mm. (4 inches) and a width of 35 to 40 mm. The increased breadth given to the wing takes into account a slight inflexion of the costal margin. The whole insect had in all probability a span of wing measuring 25·5 centimetres (10 inches or more).

Description.—The outer third of the wing is differentiated from the rest by
The Geological Structure of Central Wales and the Adjoining Regions
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The region herein discussed is that portion of Wales which lies, roughly, between the River Dovey and Pembrokeshire; it is bounded on the west by the coast of Cardigan Bay, and on the east by an irregular line coinciding in part with the base of the Wenlock rocks and in part with the margin of the Upper Palæozoic rocks.

It comprises, therefore, the whole of Cardiganshire and a great part of Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, together with portions of Montgomeryshire, Breconshire, and Radnorshire—an area exceeding 1800 square miles in extent. This tract is represented upon geological maps by ‘Lower Silurian’ colour, only diversified by small areas indicating igneous rocks, or by tracts of yellow dots indicating grits and sandstones.

Ever since the days when Sedgwick and Murchison laboured to introduce order among the old slaty and volcanic rocks of Wales the region defined above has always remained something of a geological puzzle: the apparent uniformity and unfossiliferous character of the strata over wide areas, and the compression which they have suffered by folding, faulting, and cleavage, combined to defy for a long time all attempts at unravelling its structure.

In more recent years the discovery of numerous fossiliferous beds among these strata has made possible the application of the zonal method, based in this case upon the range in time of various genera and species of graptolites. By this method, combined with close attention to the lithological characters of the rocks, attacks have been made upon this ‘geological wilderness,’
On an Inlier of Longmyndian and Cambrian Rocks at Pedwardine (Herefordshire)
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The inlier under consideration occupies a small strip of country, about a mile in length, around the hamlet of Pedwardine, near Bramptou Bryan, a village situated on the Ludlow-Knighton road, 11 miles west of Ludlow and 6 miles east of Knighton.

Through the district in question passes the great north-east and south-west line of disturbance which, extending through Lilleshall, Church Stretton, and Old Radnor, brings up the older formations at so many points along its course.

The presence at Pedwardine of Cambrian shales with
Dictyonema
was first mentioned by Lightbody, who observed that at one point these shales are covered unconformably by ‘Llandovery.’ Their occurrence at this locality is also noticed by Murchison, Callaway, and La Touche, the last-named observer referring in addition to the ‘Cambrian grits and pre-Cambrian rocks’ seen in Brampton Bryan Park (
op. cit.
p. 25).

Despite these early records, no attempt appears to have been made to fix the boundaries of the Cambrian beds, or to ascertain their relations to the surrounding formations. Further, the name ‘Cambrian’ does not appear on the old 1-inch map of the Geological Survey. In that map the whole strip is coloured as ‘Llandovery’ succeeded conformably by Wenlock Shales on the east, and faulted against Ludlow beds on the west; but the word ‘Fossils,’ which is written across the strip, would appear to refer to the
Dictyonema
, which is abundant in the Cambrian shales.

The district is dominated on the western side by the eastward-facing Ludlow escarpment, which ranges north
The Glaciation of the Black Combe District (Cumberland)
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Black Combe—a long whale-backed ridge of slate rising to a height of 1969 feet—is situated a few miles south of the mouth of Eskdale, and dominates the southward-trending extremity of Cumberland, which is separated from Lancashire by the Duddon valley and estuary. The coast-line of Cumberland, from St. Bees Head to Furness, is in the same latitude, and occupies a somewhat similar position—with the exception of its trend—, as the Cleveland shoulder of Yorkshire.

While working upon the solid formations of this area four or five years ago, my attention was diverted to the study of the superficial deposits, dry rock-valleys, and other signs of glacial activity, which presented many problems of great interest. The relations, for example, between the Lake-District Ice and the Irish-Sea Ice are well exhibited, and many of the glacial phenomena of the Isle of Man are here repeated.

My thanks are due to Mr. Herbert H. Thomas, Dr. J. E. Marr, Mr. G. Barrow, and Mr. G. W. Lamplugh for valuable suggestions and encouragement; also to Mr. E. L. Guilford, who accompanied me in the field, and placed many of his photographs at my disposal.

Between 1869 and 1878 several valuable papers dealing with the drifts of North-West Lancashire and parts of Cumberland were contributed by D. Mackintosh to the Geological Society and the ‘Geological Magazine’ Most of his remarks on the Black Combe district are confined to the distribution of the granitic drift, but he also describes a traverse through the Whicham
Description of the Teeth of Two New Species of Fishes from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of the North-Western Province
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: October 2009

Specific characters.—‘Upper’ dental plate narrow, triangular in shape, and scarcely curved; antero-lateral and posterolateral nearly straight, the inner border bulging downwards in its anterior half. Antero-lateral half of the coronal face raised into a prominent round ridge, which is partly subdivided by transverse constrictions into a few large rounded bosses; postero-lateral half flattened, curving a little upwards at the postero-lateral border.

Remarks.—This species is known only by two satisfactorily preserved ‘upper’ dental plates and a few fragments. The type-specimen (B.M. P10335) measures 12 mm. in width at its inner border, while the second specimen is somewhat larger. In the former five distinct bosses are seen on the rounded antero-lateral ridge, and there would probably be a sixth at the apex, which is broken away. In both cases the coronal face is much abraded, so that the punctations of the dentine, below the original surface, are conspicuous; but in the larger specimen there are still traces of sigmoidally-curved lines extending from the grooves between the antero-lateral border: these suggest that the dental plate results from the fusion of
Helodus
-shaped teeth in which the coronal eminence occupied the anterior half.

D. garwoodi
, which is named after its discoverer, differs from all other known species of the genus in the coarse heading of the antero-lateral eminence of its dental plate, the relative evenness of its postero-lateral half, and the slightness of its curvature. A fragment from the St. Louis Limestone of Illinois, which has been referred to
D. intermedius
, perhaps approaches it most
Description of some New Forms of Trepostomatous Bryozoa from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of the North-Western Province
Authors: Munro Madeline
Published: October 2009

Stenophragma, gen. nov.

Zoarium ramose or irregular, lobate and folded; branches generally hollow and lined by an epizoarium; zoœcia of varying size, the largest sometimes occupying distinct monticules at the surface; periodical thickening of the walls in the mature region well marked in many species; diaphragms present in the mature region, incomplete and very narrow, only attached to the proximal walls; acanthopores present or absent; no mesopores, but cells much smaller than the average are observed occasionally.

Zoarium composed of one to three layers, each having a thickness of 1 to 2·5 mm., epizoarium strong and wrinkled; branches hollow, irregularly lobate or folded, having a diameter of from 5 to 20 mm.; zoœcial apertures usually polygonal, sometimes subcircular; three to four ordinary zoœcia occupy 1 mm.; monticules quite conspicuous, each occupied by eight or more zoœcia nearly half as broad again as the rest, the centres of these groups being at distances of 4 to 5 mm. from one another. Zoœcial tubes thin-walled and oblique at first, then making an angle of about 120° they proceed directly to the surface, the walls at the same time becoming much thicker and the tubes broader; the walls are periodically constricted. The numerous narrow crescentic diaphragms arise at very constant levels in neighbouring zoœcia, and always from what were the proximal or lower walls of the zoœcial tubes (assuming, as seems probable, that the branches were erect); most of the diaphragms are curved inwards and even back towards the lower walls; usually they
On the Geology and Palæontology of the Warwickshire Coalfield
Authors: Vernon Robert Douglass
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Warwickshire, the nearest of the Midland coalfields to London, with an annual output of coal exceeding 3,500,000 tons, is of considerable economic importance. The potential value of this coalfield is also very great, because within recent years the coal-producing area has been nearly doubled, and it is still rapidly extending.

During the preparation of the reports by the Royal Commission on Coal Supplies, both in 1871 and in 1905, great difficulty was experienced by the Commissioners in estimating the coal-resources of Warwickshire, because the geology of the coalfield, especially with regard to the relationship of the so-called ‘permian’ to the Coal Measures, was not fully understood. Again, as recently as 1008, Dr. Walcot Gibson (08) expressed the opinion that ‘it would appear advisable, before making more ambitious attempts at development in the Triassic areas, to first determine the exact geological position and character of the so-called Permian.’ (
Op. cit.
p. 189.) It may be added that the current geological memoir and maps of the Warwickshire Coalfield were published more than fifty years ago; and further, until quite recently, there were no records of fossils from the Carboniferous rocks of the county. Thus, from the points of view of stratigraphy, of palæontology, and of economics, there was a clear need for research-work on this coalfield.

In 1909, on my election to a scholarship awarded by the Royal Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 ‘for research-work bearing upon industry,’ I was enabled to begin this investigation, which has been prosecuted
On the Discovery of a Palæolithic Human Skull and Mandible in a Flint-bearing Gravel overlying the Wealden (Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching (Sussex)
Authors: Dawson Charles , Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

S
everal
years ago I was walking along farm-road close to Piltdown Common, Fletching (Sussex), when I noticed that the road had been mended with some peculiar brown flints not usual in the district. On enquiry I was astonished to learn that they were dug from a gravel-bed on the farm, and shortly afterwards I visited the place, where two labourers were at work digging the gravel for small repairs to the roads. As this excavation was situated about 4 miles north of the limit where the occurrence of flints overlying the Wealden strata is recorded. I was much interested, and made a close examination of the bed. I asked the workmen if they had found bones or other fossils there. As they did not appear to have noticed anything of the sort, I urged them to preserved anything that they might find. Upon one of my subsequent visits to the pit, one of the men handed to me a small portion of an unusually thick human parietal bone. I immediately made a search, but could find nothing more, nor had the men noticed anything else. The bed is full of tabular pieces of ironstone closely resembling this piece of skull in colour and thickness; and, though I made many subsequent searches, I could not hear of any further find nor discover anything—in fact, the bed seemed to be quite unfossiliferous.

It was not until some years later, in the autumn of 1911, on a visit to the spot, that I
The ‘Kelloway Rock’ of Scarborough
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

O
ver
fifty years ago an important paper on ‘The Kelloway Rock of the Yorkshire Coast’ was published by John Leckenby in this Society's Journal. It dealt chiefly, if not entirely, with the development of the stratum in the neighbourhood of Scarborough. From this rock he recorded over thirty species of ammonites, many of which were new. Several of these were not figured, and they may be said to have remained almost unknown to science, except perhaps locally. Even of those figured it has been difficult to determine from the descriptions and illustrations what were their generic affinities—a task not altogether easy, even when the specimens themselves are handled.

It is obvious from the ammonite fauna which Leckenby described that the Kelloway Rock of Yorkshire comprises more than the Kellaways Rock of Wiltshire, that it is in part a calcareous equivalent of the Oxford Clay of the southern counties. But, at the same time, this does not state the whole of the facts: for the ammonite fauna of the Yorkshire stratum is not found, so far as many species are concerned, in the Oxford Clay of the southern counties; while certain species of the Kellaways Rock are absent from the Yorkshire deposit. It therefore becomes of interest to see what the ammonites are, and what zonal series they represent.

By the kindness of Prof. McKenny Hughes and Mr. Woods of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, all the types of the ammonites described by Leckenby which are in their possession have been sent
The Internal Cranial Elements and Foramina of
Dapedius granulatus
, from a Specimen recently found in the Lias at Charmouth
Authors: Frost George Allan
Published: October 2009

T
he
exterior of the skull of
Dapedius
has been described by Dr. A. S. Woodward in his paper entitled. ‘The Cranial Osteology of the Zoological Society in June 1893; but, owing to the scarcity of material available, the interior bones of the orbit and their foramina, and some other points regarding the exterior, have not yet been touched upon.

In consequence of my discovery of a very complete skull in the Lias at Chartmouth, I have attempted to described some of the points until now undetermined.

The skull was embedded in an ovoid nodule of light-coloured indurated Liassic marl, and has not been subjected to distortion by pressure, as is often the case in this formation. The nodule was lying on the foreshore between Charmouth and Lyme Regis, and had probably been washed out of the ledge known as the ‘fish-bed’ in the
semicostatus
zone, where I have found other remains of Ganoids. Close to this is the ‘saurian bed,’ where I got at about the same time an
Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris
, which in life was probably some 7 feet long, the body of which was enclosed in a large ovoid nodule of formation similar to the smaller one containing the head of the
Dapedius
. As we know, from the undigested scales found in the coprolites of the saurians which occur here, that the Ganoid fishes formed the bulk of their food, the juxtaposition of the two is what might be expected.

Being highly pyritized, the delicate international septum of the
The Geological History of the Malay Peninsula
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke
Published: October 2009

S
ince
1903 a few papers have been communicated by me to this Society and to the ‘Geological Magazine’ on special points of interest that have been encountered during field-work in the Malay Peninsula, and a number of local publications have appeared in the Federated Malay States, either in the Government Gazettes or as pamphlets issued by the Government Printing Department. These local publications deal with restricted areas, and are, moreover, difficult of access to those who wish to study the geology of the Peninsula. I think, therefore, that an attempt to communicate to the Society in a connected form such evidence as has been obtained since 1903 of the geological history of the Peninsula, but without going into much detail, will not be out of place.

The nature of the work carried on since 1903 has been economic; but, as is well known to field-geologists, it is impossible when engaged on such work to close one's eyes to a mass of interesting information that may have no direct economic bearing, and it is this information that is now presented. It is necessary to add that I make no claim to have completed a survey of the whole Peninsula; in fact, detailed geological surveying has been finished in two portions of the Peninsula only: namely, Ulu Pahang and the Kinta District of Perak, while Mr. William Richard Jones commenced the detailed survey of Selangor this year. Nevertheless, sufficient evidence has been gained in the last nine years to give a very
On the Structure of
Dadoxylon kayi
, sp. nov., from the Halesowen Sandstone at Witley (Worcestershire)
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the summer of 1912 I had an opportunity, thanks to the kindness of my friend, Mr. Henry Kay, of inspecting the remarkable series of petrified trunks discovered by him
in situ
in the Halesowen Sandstones, exposed in a mineral railway-cutting at Witley Colliery in the Lutley Valley, near Halesowen (Worcestershire). The sandstones also contain a great abundance of plant-fragments, associated with the above-mentioned stems, among these being pith-casts of
Calamites suckowi
Brongn.,
C. various
Sternb., and
Cordaites (Artisia) approximatus
Brongn., as also impressions of the stems of
Lepidodendron
sp. Impressions of many other obscure and fragmentary portions of bark or of the woody tissues of stems or branches also occur, but the coarse nature of the sandy matrix renders them too indistinct to warrant determination.

The large trunks of the trees, described in Mr. Kay's paper, have in some cases a diameter of 40 centimetres. The woody tissues are alone preserved. The bark and other more external tissues are either absent, or represented only by a thin film of coal. So far as I could judge from an examination of the specimens
in situ
, the pith appears to have been of very small diameter, the centre of the trunk consisting of a very narrow zone of softer and less compact material. Certainly no indication could be found of the presence of any large pith, or of a pith-cast similar to the
Artisia
(=
Sternbergia
) pith-casts of
Cordaites
. A further examination of the polished surfaces of portions of these trunks
The Bathonian Rocks of the Oxford District.
Authors: Odling M.
Published: October 2009

T
his
work undertaken at the suggestion of Prof. Sollas, who supervised the work, and at his suggestion a large number of rock-sections have been examined.

To Mr. W. W. Fisher, M. A. Public Analyst for Oxfordshire, Berkshire, & Buckinghamshire, I am indebted for much help and many valuable suggestions in carrying out the chemical analyses. I must also express my thanks to Mr. Linsdall Richardson for kindly verifying a number of my identifications, and for his help in the correlation of the beds with those of other districts.

My thanks are also due to Mr. R. C. Sikes, M.Inst.C.E., for permission to visit the Ardley Cutting, and to the Directors of the Oxford Portland-Cement Works, who, contrary to their regulations, readily granted me permission to examine their quarry.

II. G
eneral
D
escription
.

The rocks described in this paper form a well-defined series sharply separated from the underlying beds, consisting of the
Clypeus
Grits on the west and Northampton Sands on the east; and from the Oxford Clay, which nearly always conformably succeeds.

Throughout the series there is a general westward thickening, especially marked in the lower members of the Great Oolite.

The Cornbrash.

This consists of rubbly non-oolitic limestones of various degrees of coarseness containing the normal Cornbrash fauna. The total thickness appears to be only about 17 feet, of which the upper part is characterized by
Microthyris lagenalis
, the lower by
Terebratula intermedia
. Cephalopods are far from abundant, there being apparently but two records: namely,
Clydoniceras discus
from Kirtlington and
Supplementary Note on the Discovery of a Palæolithic Human Skull and Mandible at Piltdown (Sussex)
Authors: Dawson Charles , Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

I. Geology and Flint-Implements. [C. D.]

Since reading our paper on December 18th, 1912, we have continued our researches in the Piltdown gravel.

The whole bed is divided into four well-defined strata. The topmost consists of surface-soil, containing pieces of iron-stained subangular flint derived from some ancient gravel, similar to those beneath. This surface-soil also contains a mixture of pottery and implements of various ages.

Beneath is the second bed of undisturbed gravel, varying from a few inches to 3 feet in thickness. It is from the centre of this bed that the triangular Palæolithic implement mentioned and figured in our former paper was obtained. It contains rolled and subangular flints similar to those found in the strata above and below, and is mostly pale yellow in colour with occasional darker patches.

The third bed, though not always present, is well marked, where it does occur, by reason of its dark ferruginous appearance, and chiefly consists of pieces of ironstone and rolled and subangular flints deeply patinated and iron-stained. As in most other beds of this description, the ferruginous colour of the gravel and of the fossils within it often varies in intensity, from a dull pale-brown to a lustrous blue-black, within the space of a few inches, the latter colour being due to the presence of ferrous sulphide of iron. All fossils found by us (with the exception of the remains of deer) were discovered or have been traced to this third dark bed.

The dark bed rests unevenly
Appendix.—On the Exact Determination of the Median Plane of the Piltdown Skull
Authors: Smith G. Elliot
Published: October 2009

At the meeting of the Geological Society which was held on December 18th, 1912, I gave my first impressions of the cranial cast which Dr. Smith Woodward had sent me three days before the meeting.

On the present occasion it is not my intention to say anything further in reference to the brain of Eoanthropus (because I am preparing a full report upon it for presentation to the Royal Society); but, as there has been considerable criticism of the restoration of the brain-case, I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my opinion that none of the criticism has affected the accuracy of the preliminary note upon the cranial cast which I communicated to this Society in December 1912.

As the correct restoration of the cranium was the necessary preliminary to any detailed study of the form of the brain, Dr. Smith Woodward kindly permitted me to examine the fragments of the skull, and make an independent investigation with the view of determining what positions they originally occupied in the skull. This examination revealed a multitude of structural features which indicate precisely the true position and orientation of each of the fragments; and there is now no doubt that the reconstruction of the skull which Dr. Smith Woodward exhibited to the Geological Society in December 1912 was a much closer approximation to the truth than any of the various models so far exhibited in public by his critics.

In the course of my examination of the fragments last November,
The Geology of the Country around Huntly (Aberdeenshire)
Authors: Watt William Robert
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The district of which the geology is here described lies north and west of the Burgh of Huntly in Western Aberdeenshire. The general form of the area and its boundaries can be seen in the accompanying map (Pl. XL), which, with a few exceptions, includes all the localities mentioned in the following pages. Allrick Hill and the Glen Burn lie west of Clashmach Hill; the Hill of Milleath and ‘Torryhillock’ lie west of Broadland and Drumdelgie; Midplough lies north-east of Rothiemay Station and east of the Deveron.

With the superficial deposits this paper is scarcely concerned. The depression situated east of the high ground of Mungo, Hill of Kinnoir, and Battlehill, occupies the site of a former lake, and the thick deposit of clay hides the junctions along the hollow. Round Huntly many pits have been opened in the river-gravels deposited by the Bogie and the Deveron. Boulder Clay and glacially-striated rock-surfaces occur sparingly.

Save in the north, where the igneous rocks are continued, the area in question is hemmed in by crystalline rocks, part of the ‘Banffshire Series’ of Mr. Hinxman—consisting of quartzite, limestone, phyllite, and andalusite-mica-schist. These are well developed on the west of the area, while on the east occur phyllites, grits, and conglomerates.

On the east, the strike of foliation of these rocks varies, from north and south in the north, to north 60° east in the south. The dip of the foliation is vertical, or inclined to the east at a high angle.
The Composition of Rockallite
Authors: Washington Henry Stephens
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

An igneous rock of quite exceptional chemical and mineral composition and of unusual petrographic interest is the granitic rockallite. This forms, in part, the small islet of Rockall, situated in lat. 57° 36′ N. and long. 13° 42′ W., about 170 miles west of the Hebrides, and about half-way between Ireland and Iceland. The haycock-shaped islet is almost inaccessible, and only three specimens of the rock are known to be in existence. To quote from a letter (dated December 9th, 1913) received from Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.: ‘Although a number of attempts have been made to examine Rockall, yet, so far as I know, only two landings upon it have been effected. Even in these two cases it was only possible for sailors to jump from a boat on to a projecting point of the rock, and to knock off pieces which they threw into the boat. A carefully-equipped expedition made two voyages to the rock in 1896, but on both occasions had to give up all attempts at landing upon it.’

The rock has been described petrographically in great detail by Prof. Judd, who examined all three specimens, in a paper which forms one of the reports of the Irish expedition of 1896. To these reports the reader may be referred for descriptions of the islet and other information.

Prof. Judd's paper contains a chemical analysis of the ‘Inskip’ specimen, made by Mr. C. J. S. Makins. As this analysis is far from complete, ferrous oxide,
On a Bone Implement from Piltdown (Sussex)
Authors: Dawson Charles , Woodward A. Smith
Published: October 2009

During the past season we have spent much time in examining the Piltdown gravel, working round the margin of the area previously explored in detail. In proportion to the amount of material removed, however, discoveries were few. Rolled fragments of teeth of
Rhinoceros
and
Mastodon
, as highly mineralized as before, were again found in place in the dark gravel; and they seem to belong to the Pliocene species
Rh. etruscus
and
M. arvernensis,
already provisionally recorded. No human remains were met with; but a large piece of bone evidently worked by man compensates for much disappointment, and proves to be so singular that it is worthy of special description.

This bone implement was found about a foot below the surface, in dark vegetable soil, beneath the hedge which bounds the gravel-pit, and within 3 or 4 feet of the spoil-heap whence we obtained the right parietal bone of the human skull. On being washed away, the soil left not the slightest stain on the specimen, which was covered with firmly-adherent pale-yellow sandy clay, closely similar to that of the flint-bearing layer at the bottom of the gravel. The bone, therefore, cannot have lain buried in the soil for any long period, and was almost certainly thrown there by the workmen with the other useless débris when they were digging gravel from the adjacent hole. It is much mineralized with oxide of iron, at least on the surface, and it agrees in appearance with some small fragments of bone which we
The Plants of the Late Glacial Deposits of the Lea Valley
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: October 2009

Since Mr. Hazzledine Warren's paper was published in 1912 much work has been done in the pits at Ponder's End and Angel Road. Two other pits in the same district have also been investigated, these being situated at Hedge Lane and Temple Mills. Thanks to the efforts of Mr. Warren, Mr. A. Wrigley, and Mr. E.T. Newton, a large amount of botanical material has been collected, and the flowering plants have been sent to me for examination. The additions thus made to the list are so numerous, that we have now obtained one of the most interesting Arctic floras yet discovered in these low latitudes. Several of the species until the present time have been unrecognized in the fossil state, and two seem to be new to science. In these circumstances it seems advisable to place on record the new finds, especially as some of them may be of zonal value.

The geology of the plant-bearing deposits has already been dealt with by Mr. Warren, and it is therefore unnecessary to go into detail. The stratum which yields the plants conforms approximately to the contour of the existing Lea Valley; but it dips southward at a steeper angle than that of the present river, and therefore in that direction it gradually sinks below the water-level, though on the north it lies well above the river. At the point where the old valley of the Lea opens out into the valley of the Thames there is a sudden change, and these
Notes on the Mollusca [Lea Valley deposits]
Authors: Kennard A. S. , Woodward B. B.
Published: October 2009

A series of molluscan remains from Temple Mills, kindly forwarded by Mr. S. Hazzledine Warren, yielded the following species :―

Pupilla
(=
Jaminia
)
muscorum
(Linn.). 7 examples.

Limnæa pereger
(Müll.). 2 examples.

Limnæa truncatula
(Müll.). 3 examples.

Planorbis leucostoma
Millet. 1 example.

Succinea oblonga
Drap. 10 examples.

Succinea schumacheri
And. 2 examples.

Sphærium corneum
(Linn.). I valve.

Pisidium
sp.

All these species are known from Ponder's End and Angel Road.

Mr. Warren also sent us a quantity of material from Hedge-Lane pit, and we can cite the following species from this deposit :―

Limnæa pereger
(Müll.). 3 examples.

Planorbis crista
(Linn.). 1 example

Planorbis arcticus
Beck. 1 example.

Pisidium
sp.

Planorbis crista
(Linn.) is also known from Ponder's End.

Further material has been obtained from Angel Road, and we are now able to add
Hygromia hispida
(Linn.) to the list. Unfortunately, the example is impel~ect and immature ; but, so far as can be judged, it is identical with
Hygromia terrena
(Cless.), a common form in the German loess. This further material from the Lea Valley simply confirms the conclusions at which we had already arrived (Q. J. G. S. vol. lxviii, 1912, p. 239).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

This view includes the farthest corner of the eastern
The Ashgillian Succession in the Tract to the West of Coniston Lake
Authors: Edward Marr John
Published: October 2009

In a paper published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ for March 1913 (Q. J. G. S. vol. lxix, p. 1), I gave an account of the Ashgillian succession in the Cautley District, Yorkshire, and stated that the development of the Ashgillian Series in the North of England is far more satisfactorily shown around Cautley than in the neighbouring areas of the Lake District and Edenside. I have described this Cautley succession ‘as one which should be taken as the type for the Ashgillian Series of Northern England.’

It is, nevertheless, desirable that one should know how this Ashgillian Series is developed in the place from which it takes its name—namely, the stream and quarry of Ashgill west of Coniston Lake,—and I accordingly devoted several weeks during the summers of 1913 and 1914 to the study of the succession in the tract in which Ashgill lies. I have been much helped in this work by my son, Lieut. F. A. Marr.

The study of the rocks here is rendered more difficult than in the Cautley region, partly owing to their smaller thickness, as a result of which the fossils appear to have been largely broken before entombment, but especially owing to the great amount of cleavage, which causes much distortion of the fossils. But, after the experience gained in the Cautley region, this study has been rendered easier, and I now feel able to compare the succession of the Ashgill region with that of Cautley, though a final
The Geology of the District around Machynlleth and the Llyfnant Valley
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas , Pugh William John
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In 1909, one of us described the geology of the area around Plynlimon and Pont Erwyd, and a certain succession was then established. Subsequently, an area of 70 to 80 square miles north-west of Plynlimon has been mapped in detail, and the succession previously established proves to hold good, but some new light has been thrown upon the structure and its behaviour.

The present communication deals with the geology of an area of about 25 square miles, near the town of Machynlleth, where the succession, and especially the structure, present novel features which are described in some detail. The district lies on the border of the three counties of Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, and Cardiganshire, and is included in parts of the 1-inch Ordnance maps, N.S. 149 & 163, and O.S. 59 N.E., S.E. The 6-inch maps, Montgomery 25 S.E., S.W. & Montgomery 32 N.E., N.W., cover the area—with the exception of a narrow strip in the north-west, which is contained within Merioneth 46 S.E.

The district is drained by the River Dovey and its tributaries, of which the narrow glen called the Llyfnant Valley, lying near the southern margin, is the most picturesque. Near the town of Machynlleth, which stands on the eastern margin of the Dovey Valley, the floor of the valley expands from its normal width of about three-eighths of a mile to nearly a mile: below this point it becomes constricted, and afterwards opens out into a broad estuary, flanked on the south-east by extensive marshes.
Notes on the Trilobite Fauna of the Middle Cambrian of the St. Tudwal's Peninsula (Carnarvonshire)
Authors: Nicholas Tressilian Charles
Published: October 2009

Introduction

In a previous paper on the stratigraphy of the St. Tudwal's Peninsula (Carnarvonshire), an account has been given of the succession and lithology of the Cambrian rocks there exposed, together with approximate determinations of their contained fossils. By far the greater number of these occur in the beds named the Upper Caered Mudstones and the Nant-pig Mudstones, both of which are of Middle Cambrian (Paradoxidian) age.

It had been my intention to devote further time to the collection of fossils from these beds, in the hope of establishing subdivisions of zonal value and of throwing fresh light upon British Middle Cambrian faunas, which (at the time when my paper was written) stood in great need of detailed stratigraphical work. The situation has, however, been entirely changed by the remarkable discoveries of Mr. Illing at Nuneaton. He has shown that the beds formerly known as the Lower Oldbury Shales, renamed by him the Abbey Shales, contain a succession of Middle Cambrian horizons which teem with beautiful fossils, in a state of preservation far in advance of anything hitherto recorded from the Middle Cambrian of the British Isles. Not only are these Abbey-Shale fossils more varied, more numerous, and individually much better preserved than those from the St. Tudwal's Peninsula, but a comparison of the two renders it certain that the fossiliferous succession is far more complete at Nuneaton, and includes both lower and higher horizons than those found in Carnarvonshire. Under these circumstances, it does not seem that further investigation
The Stratigraphy and Petrology of the Lower Eocene Deposits of the North-Eastern Part of the London Basin
Authors: Boswell Percy George Hamnall
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction and Literature

1

.

Little attention has been paid by geologists to the Eocene deposits of Suffolk and Northern Essex,
and the remarks made by Mr. W. Whitaker in a Geological Survey publication in 1885, could be repeated
with truth to-day. He says:—

‘....I may express a hope that the older Tertiary beds of Suffolk may in future have more
attention from geologists than they have had in past years. The marvellous accumulations of fossils
in the Crags seem so to have fascinated observers as to have led them to pass by unnoticed the really
fine sections of the older beds that have been open for many years.’

The Lower Eocene deposits are exposed for the greater part in the scattered brickyards situated in
the valleys, the deposits being buried under a considerable thickness of Glacial Drift, and also Crag,
upon the plateau-land. In the course of time, an increasing number of these brickyards are being shut
down, owing to the centralization of the brick-making industry near the larger industrial towns, and
the adoption of the machine-making process. The earlier geological workers had the advantage of seeing
more exposures than are now visible, and, what is of greater importance, of being able to record more
complete sections of Lower Eocene strata than in most cases can now be seen.

Although numerous papers had been published upon the Pliocene deposits of East Anglia, very little of importance had been written upon the Eocene before Sir Joseph Prestwich's excellent series of papers
On Parka decipiens
Authors: Don Archibald William Robertson , Hickling George
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The fossil with which this paper deals has now been a subject of speculation for more than three-quarters of a century. The problem of its nature has persistently been forced upon all who happen to have worked in the localities where it occurs. Its abundance, as in the Forfarshire area, for instance, its peculiarities of form and preservation, and its almost meaningless appearance—all tend to produce in any responsive observer a desire to explain its nature.

This paper is a joint statement of two entirely-independent investigations. At the Dundee meeting of the British Association in 1912 one of us (A. W. R. D.) made a communication on the subject of
Parka
(30), and it was not until then that we each became aware of the other's work. On comparing our conclusions, we found that they were, for the most part, in entire agreement. It therefore seemed desirable that an already overburdened literature should not be unnecessarily weighted by two separate papers, and we then decided to make a joint statement.

Naturally enough, not every point noticed by one had been observed by the other; nor were the methods of investigation employed invariably identical, although for the most part we both made use of Schulze's macerating fluid. One of us (G. H.), for example, succeeded in cutting cross-sections of the plant (see Pl. LIV, figs. 11 & 12). Hence we feel that this joint paper is more complete, and, in a sense, more authoritative, than any communication from either
On a New Species of
Edestus
from the Upper Carboniferous of Yorkshire
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

The remarkable Upper Palæozoic fossil
Edestus
has already been proved to represent a row of symphysial teeth of an Elasmobranch fish, but it has hitherto been found only once in direct association with portions of jaws. A second specimen, still more instructive, has now been obtained by the Geological Survey from the upper part of the Millstone Grit at Brockholes, near Huddersfield, and I am indebted to Dr. Aubrey Strahan and Dr. F. L. Kitchin for the opportunity of studying it. The circumstances of its discovery are described in the Appendix by Mr. John Pringle.

The new fossil, shown of two-thirds the natural size in Pl I, fig. 1, displays a single example of
Edestus
, with a detached dental crown and another fragment of the same form, near the tapering ends of a symmetrical pair of cartilages (
c
) which evidently represent a jaw. Whether they are upper or lower is uncertain, on account of the shortness of the portions preserved; but, as the anterior ends suddenly begin to taper and eventually become very slender, they are probably the pterygo-quadrates of the upper jaw. The cartilage is well calcified in very small tesseræ, and, as shown both by the portions of jaws themselves and by remains in front of the fossil, the calcification penetrates more deeply than is usual in recent Elasmobranchs. The best-preserved outer surface of the cartilage, on the side of the specimen not shown in the figure, is slightly marked with scattered fine pittings, such as have already
Further Work on the Igneous Rocks associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol District
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In 1904 the Geological Society published a paper by Prof. Lloyd Morgan and myself on ‘The Igneous Rocks associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol District.’ Since that date enough additional information has been obtained, largely by digging trial-holes, to justify the present paper. The paper mentioned above summarizes the previous work on these rocks, and the references there given will not be repeated here. The following further communications have, however, been published:—

1

Prof. W. S. Boulton, in 1904, recorded many additional observations on the lava of Spring Cove, Weston-super-Mare, and its relations to the associated tuff and limestone. Prof. Boulton had already, at the meeting of the British Association at Southport in 1903, given a preliminary account of the section.

2

In 1904 a paper was published in the Bristol Naturalists' Society's Proceedings entitled ‘The Field Relations of the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of Somerset.’ In this paper the field-observations by all previous writers were collected together.

3

A short paper, ‘The Igneous Rocks of the Bristol District,’ which I prepared for the visit of the Geologists' Association to Bristol in 1907, summarizes the character of these rocks, but contains no fresh information.

The report by the Directors, on the excursions made during this visit, includes a short account of the Spring-Cove section with a plate of reproductions of photographs.

4

There is a brief description of these rocks in the chapter on the
The Lurgecombe Mill Lamprophyre and its Inclusions
Authors: Smith Herbert Gladstone
Published: October 2009

Rather less than a mile north of Ashburton (South Devon), on the eastern margin of the alluvium of the Yeo, which here flows past Lurgecombe Mill, an excavation has recently been made in the hope of obtaining a workable quantity of road-metal. The rock which formed the object of the working is a biotite-lamprophyre, the existence of which does not seem to have been previously recorded. The dyke is about 9 feet wide, and is exposed for a length of 144 feet in a direction a few degrees north of east; it is intruded into Carboniferous shales (the thrust, as mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey, runs east and west about 100 yards south of the quarry) with which are interbedded occasional cherts. An examination of the country in the immediate vicinity does not reveal any prolongation of the intrusion; it plunges underneath the shales of the rising ground at its eastern end, and disappears under the alluvium on the west. It is not exposed in the bed of the stream, although here the alluvium has been swept away, but it may take a sharp turn and pass under the stream above the weir. The shales in contact with the dyke are merely indurated; no new minerals have been developed in them in consequence of this intrusion, and the locality is outside the aureole of metamorphism of the Dartmoor granite; the nearest outcrop of this granite is nearly 2 miles away.

The intrusive rock is, for the greater