bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Markers in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Petrol and Petroleum Products
Authors: Hannah Anya Ojiugo , Ogechi Nwachuku Edna , Hellen A. Waribo , Samuel Bartimaeus Ebirien-Agana
Published: September 2021

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Abia State and Laboratory Department, JAROS Inspection Services Limited, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, between April 2018 and June 2018.

Methodology: A total of 204 samples comprising of 123 auto-mechanics and 81 non -auto-mechanics were assayed. Detailed information of the bio-data of the subjects including age, gender, medical history, health information and lifestyle were obtained from each participant. Blood samples were collected from for the analysis of inflammation markers, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP were determined using standard methods and techniques. The effect of age and duration of exposure on the inflammation parameters were considered.  Statistical Analysis System (SAS), STAT 15.1, developed by SAS Institute, North Carolina State University, USA was used for statistical analysis. Data were presented as Mean ± SEM, comparison of means of groups that are more than two was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the Tukey test of multiple comparison was used to test for variance within and across groups.

Results: There was significant increase in the means of IL-6, TNF-α and CRP in the exposed subjects (p <0.05) compared with the control subjects There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in the means of IL-6, TNF-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) between the age groups of the exposed and the control subjects. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the groups, based on duration of exposure. This suggests that the toxic effect does not depend on the age or duration of exposure but on other factors for the automechanics in Aba. 

Conclusion: This study shows that the exposure of automechanics may significantly increase the serum IL-6 TNF-α and Hs-CRP levels. Increase in the serum levels of the inflammation markers is predictive of the danger of future pathology in automechanics compared with non automechanics in Aba metropolis. Age and duration did not influence significant variation in the automechanics.
Assessment of Myocardial Salvage Index after Primary Percutaneous Intervention of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Using Myocardial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques
Authors: Naby Asmaa Ramadan Abd El , Elmasry Magdy Mohamed , Salama Mai M. Abd Elmoneim , Setiha Mohamed El Sayed El , Elsheikh Raghda Ghonimy
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The aim of this work was assessment of myocardial salvage using various magnetic resonance imaging techniques immediately after primary percutaneous coronary intervention of ST elevation myocardial infarction patients and at midterm follow up.

Methods: The current study was conducted on 30 patients referred to Aswan heart center or Cardiology department, Tanta University hospital with a diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction during the period from august2017 to December 2017. All patients were subjected to history taking ,clinical assessment ,12 lead ECG, Laboratory biomarkers including cardiac enzyme biomarkers, complete blood count, liver function test, renal function test and lipid profile primary then primary percutaneous coronary intervention was done then cardiac magnetic resonance imaging within 3 days and after 3 months including the following sequences: Steady-state free precession, T2 weighted triple inversion recovery sequence and Early and late gadolinium enhancement to measure the area at risk and myocardial salvage index.

Results: Myocardial salvage index was found to improve with improving thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow post intervention (p value=0.004), also the presence of microvascular obstruction (p value =0.034) and intramyocardial hemorrhage (p value=0.014) had a negative impact on myocardial salvage index. Peak cardiac enzyme biomarkers (troponin p value=0.001,CK p value=0.005,CKMB p value=0.002) were also associated with increased area at risk however did not affect the myocardial salvage index.

Conclusion: Proper management of the occluded coronary artery is a corner stone in improving myocardial salvage index which can be properly assessed with cardiac MRI.
Functional Brain Alterations in Individuals with Motor Conversion Disorder
Authors: Salem Mai Ahmed , Hakeem Mohammad Abdel , Shafey Rasha Ahmed El , Shamma Gamal Ibrahim Taha , Mubarak Ahmed Abdel Rahman
Published: September 2021

Background: Conversion disorder (CD) is characterized by neurological symptoms affecting voluntary motor control and incompatible with organic damage to the nervous system. Since novel insights have been gained with the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to explore potential functional alterations in various areas of the brain in a sample of Egyptian patients suffering from conversion disorder.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on patients who met the DSM-5 criteria for conversion disorder presented with weakness or paralysis aged from 18- 40 years old. Group A (Cases): include 30 patients with motor conversion disorder. Group B (Control): include 30 normal healthy individuals free from any psychiatric disorders. Structured Clinical Interview DSM-IV (SCID-I) and (SCID-II) were applied for psychometric evaluation.

Results: The cases had increased activity in the contralateral amygdala of the affected side of patients with CD. Cases also showed decreased activation of contralateral basal ganglia in the affected side as well as a decreased activity of the motor cortex contralateral to the affected side. There was a decrease in activation of SMA contralateral to the side of disability. There was an increase in the activity of the contralateral insula.

Conclusions: Functional abnormal alterations in motor and sensory systems are related to the presence of neurological symptoms in conversion disorder.
Effect of Oculus Guided Physical Therapy in Adjunct to Conventional Therapy in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients-A Research Protocol
Authors: Jachak Shrushti , Phansopkar Pratik , Chitale Neha
Published: September 2021

Background: Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent disorder affecting the quality of life of older people. Eventually, the protecting tissue at the ends of bones degrades. One of the commonest type is osteoarthritis of knee. Knee osteoarthritis is linked to three main symptoms: knee pain, swelling, and decreased quadriceps mobility. Knee osteoarthritis can be treated with various physical therapy interventions, physiotherapy shows effective results. Visual reality can be used for the physical rehabilitation. In this study an attempt is been made to use the oculus quest for rehabilitation of knee osteoarthritis patients in adjunct to the conventional treatment.

Objectives: To demonstrate the effect of a conventional treatment regimen on lower limb function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. To demonstrate the influence of virtual reality-based games on lower limb function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. In patients with knee osteoarthritis, the effect of virtual reality physical therapy in addition to traditional therapy was compared to the effect of simply conventional therapy.

Methods: The aim of this study is to look at the effects of VR-based exercise as an adjunct to conventional therapy. To that aim, a pre and post experimental design will be used, with a control group receiving just conventional therapy (strengthening, ultrasound, Maitland mobilization) and an experimental group receiving conventional treatment as well as the VR-based exercise. Data collected will be examined using the SPSS variant.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn based on the effect of virtual reality based exercises and conventional exercises. Which will help the therapist as well as patient in better treatment approach towards knee osteoarthritis.
Correlation of Histopathological Metastatic Invasive Prognosticators with Five Years Survival of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Patil Swati K.
Published: September 2021

Background: OSCC is the 3rd widespread malignancy in India followed by cervical and breast cancer. Histopathological findings in the tumor are the most prominent factors identified for OSCC progression. Clinical and histopathological prognosis in OSCC like perineural invasion, vascular invasion, lymph node invasion have been studied extensively by many researchers separately or in combination since many years. Bone invasion, muscle invasion and salivary gland invasion are explored less. In order to collectively correlate the role of all prognosticators with 5 years survival, the later prognosticators are included in our study in isolation which may predict accurately the probability of 5 year survival of OSCC. Also we have to search role of the prognosticator which is most commonly affecting 5 years survival of OSCC cases so that it may modify the potential consequence of management of OSCC.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the relevance of histopathological invasive prognosticators on 5 years survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients visiting Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha (MS).

Methodology: Departmental reports will be screened and specimen mounted slides of histopathologically diagnosed 200 OSCC patients, who undergone surgical resection will be observed under binocular microscope. Data of dead and survived OSCC patients undergone surgery 5 years back will be collected by telecommunication. Histopathological invasive prognosticators will be analyzed and correlated with 5-years survival after treatment.

Expected Results:

Collectively correlating the role of histopathological invasive prognosticators in our study may predict the probability of 5 years survival of OSCC cases more accurately.

Discovering diversed histopathological patterns of all metastatic prognosticators and their correlation with 5 years survival.

Identification of most effective histopathological invasive prognosticator predicting 5 year survival.

Conclusion: The most commonly found prognosticators in OSCC patients who died within 5 years versus others who survived for 5 years will be discovered.

In addition the most common histopathological pattern related to dead and survived patients after 5 years will be found which can modify the potential consequence of management of OSCC.
GCMS Profile of Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Potential in Beta vulgaris (L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extracts
Authors: Sargunam J. Harine , Thilakavathy S.
Published: September 2021

Plants, animals, and microorganisms have all been shown to have health benefits for humans. According to World Health Organization, plant medicines continue to be used by 80 percent of the world’s population in developing countries. Plant-derived secondary metabolites are macromolecules that are biosynthesized in plants and have a variety of biological properties that are beneficial to humans, including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the present investigation was done to determine the bioactive compounds present in Beta vulgaris (L.) leaves powder using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract matched the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of an ethanolic extract of Beta vulgaris (L.) revealed the presence of 25 bioactive compounds with different area percentages and structural details. The major bioactive compounds are 1,3,5,7- Tetroxane (73.1%), Decane (83.1%), Azulene (73.8%), 4-Hepten-2-one, 5-ethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl-(71.1%), 6-Amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H, 3H)-dione(65.1%), Phthalic acid, 4-bromophenyl ethyl ester(83.7%), Neophtadiene(93.1%), Neophytadiene (88.2%)Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester(84.8%), n-Hexadecanoic acid(84.3%), Phytol(86.0%), 9- octadecenoic acid, (E)(88.6%), 2-Hexadecen-1-ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-acetate,[R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-(64.0%), 1-Tricosene(72.3%) and 17-Pentatriacontene(65.6%). Most identified compounds have bioactivities such as Antimalaria, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Analgesic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Hypocholesterolemic, Hepatoprotective, and Anti-androgenic, so that they can be recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance. Therefore ethanol extract of Beta vulgaris (L.) leaves proves as a potential source of bioactive compounds of pharmacological importance.
Hauser–Kraus, Sammes, Staunton–Weinreb, and Tamura Annulations
Authors: de Koning Charles B. , Georgiou Kathy Hadje , Michael Joseph P. , Rousseau Amanda L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a detailed survey of the Hauser–Kraus, Sammes, Staunton–Weinreb, and Tamura annulation reactions, as reported in the literature through March 2021. These reactions provide an efficient means for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic compounds and related systems. The mechanism, scope, and limitations of each annulation reaction are covered, and typical methods for the preparation of the requisite starting materials (phthalides, homophthalic anhydrides, and related precursors) are provided. Applications of these annulation reactions as key steps in the synthesis of selected aromatic natural products are included, as are representative experimental procedures for accomplishing the annulation reactions.
Environmental Flows
Authors: Piégay Hervé
Published: September 2021

Environmental flows (or e‐flows) are measures implemented to mitigate the downstream environmental impacts of dams. Improvements may involve flow magnitude (e.g., minimum or high flows), duration, frequency, or seasonal regime. Different terms are used to characterize such flow improvements, also called water releases, according to their objectives. The aim is to modify the hydrological regime itself, or the hydraulic or geomorphic conditions, to satisfy human needs, ecological objectives, or both. The ecological targets may be fish species, invertebrates, riparian plants, macrophytes, algae, amphibians, reptiles, or birds. In situations where bedload transport is active, it may be ineffective to act on water flow to improve ecological conditions because the main impacted driver is sediment flow, not water flow. In such cases, the desired measures may be completed or sometimes replaced by gravel augmentation. The success of e‐flows is not certain, because they are fairly contingent on the particularities of each scenario, and adaptive management is therefore recommended to learn from the initial monitoring and adapt the strategy if needed.
Comparison of Selective Laser Melted Commercially Pure Titanium Sheet‐Based Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces and Trabecular‐Like Strut‐Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Torres-Sanchez Carmen , Borgman James M. , Sargeant Ben , Bell Hugo , Alabort Enrique , Lindsay Craig , Conway Paul P.
Published: September 2021

This systematic comparison between sheet‐based triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) and strut‐based ordered and disordered lattice topologies offers insights into parametric designs for tissue engineering scaffolds intended as implants. The study explores the effect of topology on compressive properties and in vitro osteoblastogenesis. TPMS‐sheet gyroid and IWP, Voronoi tessellation with different sharpness, and cubic orthogonal lattices are studied. Disparities between the design intent and the as‐manufactured scaffolds, intrinsic to selective laser processing, are considered to ensure that actual porosity and surface area per unit volume, two important factors in tissue engineering, are consistent across the set. Surface analysis reports the presence of microporosity created by partly sintered titanium particles. The TPMS topologies display a stretching‐dominated deformation and the strut‐based disordered ones a bending‐dominated double‐shear failure. Although the trabecular‐like structures exhibit an enhanced compressive behavior when the designed topology is smoothed, they are more prone to printing imperfections with sharper finishes. The in vitro studies reveal that the trabecular sharp topology displays a faster proliferation rate, explained by concavity‐driven cellular growth, but its smooth counterpart promotes a larger differentiation extent, outperforming TPMS, as it is aided by larger pore throats lined with microporosity at the scale of osteoblastic geometric features.
Hot Deformation Behavior of a Powder Metallurgy Superalloy with High γ′ Content
Authors: Qu Zonghong , Zhang Pingxiang , Liang Shujin , Lai Yunjin , Wang Jun , Song Jiaming
Published: September 2021

The hot deformation behavior of a powder metallurgy superalloy EP741NP is studied using isothermal compression testing on a Gleeble‐3500 thermomechanical simulator. Constitutive equations and processing maps are then constructed based on the experimental stress–strain data, and microstructural changes are analyzed by sectioning the compressed samples. The results show that most stress–strain curves are characterized by rapid work hardening and slow flow softening. Steady‐state flow stress is achieved under low strain rates and at high temperatures. Based on experimental stress–strain data, a constitutive equation compensated by strain is constructed, which provides an accurate prediction of flow stress behavior. Due to the dissolution of γ′, the effects of temperature on the processing map are more significant than strain rate and strain. The recrystallization rate at low temperature is limited by the γ + γ′ nucleation mechanism around grain boundaries and prior particle boundaries (PPBs), forming a unique necklace structure. The optimal processing conditions for the EP741NP superalloy are at temperatures of 1150–1170 °C and strain rates of 0.005–0.02 s−1, which produces a significantly refined microstructure free from PPB.
Failure Process Observation and Failure Mechanism of Ni‐Coated TC4 Alloy by Gradually Changed Curvature Bending Method
Authors: Zhao Jianhua , Wen Fulin , Jin Bingyan , Gu Cheng , Wang Yajun , Zheng Dengzhi
Published: September 2021

To observe the failure process of coating/substrate materials, a gradually changed curvature bending (GCCB) method is proposed, and the relevant equipment is developed. Before GCCB experiment, Ni‐coated Ti6Al4V (TC4) samples were prepared. The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the microstructure at Ti/Ni interface is discussed. With the increase in heat treatment time, intermetallic compounds of TiNi3, TiNi, and Ti2Ni start to form. Kirkendall void forms in Ni coating at first, and then the pore number decreases due to interdiffusion. Based on the interdiffusion of Ni into TC4 substrate, β‐Ti phase forms at the surface region. The whole failure process of Ni‐coated TC4 sample by GCCB experiment is observed and analyzed. With the increase in bending curvature, the fracture order of each layer is TiNi3 > Ti2Ni > TiNi. With the increase in heat treatment time, the bonding property of the coating first increases and then decreases, and the failure mode also changes. The failure occurs at TiNi3 layer when the heat treatment time is 60 min. When the heat treatment time is 120 min, the bonding property of the coating is the highest and surface vertical crack occurs. When treated 180 min, failure occurs at Ti2Ni layer.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Indole Synthesis through Aza‐Nazarov‐Type Cyclization of α‐Imino Gold Carbene Complexes and Arenes
Authors: Allegue Darío , Santamaría Javier , Ballesteros Alfredo
Published: September 2021

Here we report a gold(I)‐catalyzed and atom‐economical ortho‐N‐indolyl‐N‐pyrazolylbenzene synthesis from 1,2,3‐triazapentalenes and ynamides. The reaction occurs through the cleavage of the triazole ring and formation of a α‐imino gold carbene intermediate. An aza‐Nazarov‐type cyclization with participation of an arene ring is involved. The reaction consists in a formal [4+1] heterocycloaddition where the four‐carbon synthon is provided by the ynamide. Finally, indole synthesis could also be performed in a one‐pot procedure from their 1‐propargyl‐1H‐benzotrizaole precursors.

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Cumulative minority stress and suicide risk among LGBTQ youth
Authors: Green Amy E. , Price Myeshia N. , Dorison Sam H.
Published: September 2021

Exposure to minority stress is the primary mechanism through which lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth experience a greater risk for suicide. The current study examines the association of LGBTQ‐based cumulative minority stress with suicide risk using online survey data collected from 39,126 LGBTQ youth ages 13–24 in the United States. Youth who reported four types of minority stress had nearly 12 times greater odds of attempting suicide compared to those who reported none. Transgender and nonbinary youth and American Indian/Alaskan Native youth had higher odds of reporting three or more minority stress experiences. The strong association of cumulative risk with attempted suicide and disproportionate exposure among marginalized members of the LGBTQ community highlight the need for suicide prevention to prioritize those at greatest risk and for research examining LGBTQ suicide risk to employ cumulative risk models.
Copper‐catalyzed C−H Selenation of 2‐Substituted Benzo[b]furans with Diaryl Diselenides: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 3‐Selanylbenzo[b]furan Derivatives
Authors: Murata Yuki , Otake Naoaki , Sano Moeko , Matsumura Mio , Yasuike Shuji
Published: September 2021

Organoselenium compounds are potentially active substances. Herein, a novel method for the synthesis of 2‐substituted 3‐selanylbenzo[b]furans that uses Cu‐catalyzed C−H selenation, an efficient method for chemically transforming aromatic heterocycles, is described. The reactions of 2‐substituted benzo[b]furans with diaryl diselenides in the presence of 10 mol% copper iodide (CuI) at 120 °C in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) afforded the corresponding 2‐substituted 3‐selanylbenzo[b]furans in moderate‐to‐excellent yields. The reaction proceeds efficiently and both of the two selanyl groups of the diselenide are transferred to the coupling products.
The relationship between pinworm (Trypanoxyuris) infection and gut bacteria in wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
Authors: Martínez‐Mota Rodolfo , Righini Nicoletta , Mallott Elizabeth K. , Gillespie Thomas R. , Amato Katherine R.
Published: September 2021

Gut bacteria may coexist with other groups of organisms, such as nematode parasites, that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of primates; however, the possible effects of endoparasites on bacterial communities are frequently overlooked. Here we explored whether infection with Trypanoxyuris, an oxyurid gastrointestinal parasite, is associated with changes in the gut bacterial community of wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), by comparing gut bacterial communities of consistently infected individuals and individuals that never tested positive for Trypanoxyuris throughout different months across the year. We additionally controlled for other sources of variation reported to influence the primate microbiome including individual identity, social group, and seasonality. Trypanoxyuris infection was not related to differences in gut bacterial alpha diversity, but was weakly associated with differences in gut bacterial community structure. In contrast, among the covariates considered, both individual identity and social group were more strongly associated with variation in the howler gut bacterial community. Our results suggest that gastrointestinal parasites may be associated, to some extent, with shifts in the gut bacterial communities hosted by free‐ranging primates, although a causal link still needs to be established. Further studies of wild primate hosts infected with parasite species with different pathogenicity are needed to better elucidate health‐related consequences from the parasite‐microbiome interplay.
Parahydrogen Hyperpolarization Allows Direct NMR Detection of α‐Amino Acids in Complex (Bio)mixtures
Authors: Sellies Lisanne , Aspers Ruud L. E. G. , Feiters Martin C. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Tessari Marco
Published: September 2021

The scope of non‐hydrogenative parahydrogen hyperpolarization (nhPHIP) techniques has been expanding over the last years, with the continuous addition of important classes of substrates. For example, pyruvate can now be hyperpolarized using the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) technique, offering a fast, efficient and low‐cost PHIP alternative to Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for metabolic imaging studies. Still, important biomolecules such as amino acids have so far resisted PHIP, unless properly functionalized. Here, we report on an approach to nhPHIP for unmodified α‐amino acids that allows their detection and quantification in complex mixtures at sub‐micromolar concentrations. This method was tested on human urine, in which natural α‐amino acids could be measured after dilution with methanol without any additional sample treatment.
Influence of Isomerism on Radioluminescence of Purely Organic Phosphorescence Scintillators
Authors: Dong Chaomin , Wang Xiao , Gong Wenqi , Ma Wenbo , Zhang Meng , Li Jingjie , Zhang Yuan , Zhou Zixing , Yang Zhijian , Qu Shuli , Wang Qian , Zhao Zhu , Yang Guohui , Lv Anqi , Ma Huili , Chen Qiushui , Shi Huifang , Yang Yang (Michael) , An Zhongfu
Published: September 2021

There are few reports about purely organic phosphorescence scintillators, and the relationship between molecular structures and radioluminescence in organic scintillators is still unclear. Here, we presented isomerism strategy to study the effect of molecular structures on radioluminescence. The isomers can achieve phosphorescence efficiency of up to 22.8 % by ultraviolet irradiation. Under X‐ray irradiation, both m‐BA and p‐BA show excellent radioluminescence, while o‐BA has almost no radioluminescence. Through experimental and theoretical investigation, we found that radioluminescence was not only affected by non‐radiation in emissive process, but also highly depended on the material conductivity caused by the different molecular packing. This study not only allows us to clearly understand the relationship between the molecular structures and radioluminescence, but also provides a guidance to rationally design new organic scintillators.
A General Principle for DUV NLO Materials: π‐Conjugated Confinement Enlarges Band Gap**
Authors: Xiong Lin , Wu Li‐Ming , Chen Ling
Published: September 2021

Current nonlinear optical materials face a conventional limitation in the trade‐off between the band gap and birefringence, especially in the deep UV spectral region. To circumvent this dilemma, we propose a general principle, π‐conjugated confinement, to partially decouple the interunit π‐conjugated interactions by the separation of non‐π‐conjugated units. The goal is to further enlarge the band gap to a value larger than that of the singular π‐conjugated counterpart and to maintain a suitable density of π‐conjugated units to gain a large optical anisotropy. We reveal that π‐conjugated confinement is a shared structural feature for all DUV NLO materials known to date, and thus, it provides a novel and essential design criterion for future design synthesis. Guided by this principle, the carbonophosphates are predicted to be a new promising DUV candidate system. Sr3Y[PO4][CO3]3 (1) and Na3X[PO4][CO3] (X=Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, 2–5) exhibit not only greatly enhanced birefringence that is 3–24 times larger than that of singular phosphates but also enhanced band gaps that are 0.2–1.7 eV wider than those of singular carbonates.
Photo‐protective effect of cuttlefish ink melanin on human hair
Authors: Binsi P. K. , Muhamed Ashraf P. , Parvathy U. , Zynudheen A. A.
Published: September 2021

The photoprotective properties of exogenous melanin extracted from cuttlefish ink on human hair was assessed. Melanin extracted from cuttlefish ink was applied on black hair and irradiated using a solar simulator. The extent of photodegradation was determined by microstructural, morphological and mechanical testing. The UV–Vis spectra of melanin extracted from cuttlefish ink indicated strong absorption at UV region and moderate absorption in visible region. The melanin‐coated samples indicated significant protection to hair cuticle against UV radiations, as indicated by microscopic images (SEM). Conversely, visible cracks were evident on uncoated hair shafts, when exposed to UV‐radiations. Also, the melanin‐coated hair samples indicated negligible alterations in disulfide linkages, free sulfhydryl group content, water retention index and swelling index on UV exposure, as compared to that of uncoated samples. Similarly, the mechanical strength of the uncoated hair fibers was far compromised by UV irradiation compared to that of melanin‐coated hair fibers. The observations of the present study postulate cuttlefish melanin as a potential photoprotective agent in hair‐care formulations, which is otherwise considered as a process discard from cephalopod processing industry.
The synergistic effect of irregular alumina and round plates boron nitride binary‐particle system on the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites
Authors: Wu Yincai , Lin Fenglong , Lin Xintu , Liu Yuejun , Song Lijun , Hao Xihai , Li Jinlei , Wang Shenglong
Published: September 2021

As the main encapsulation material, epoxy resin has an urgent need to obtain higher thermal conductivity. So how to improve the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin is very important. In this work, a novel strategy is proposed that the irregular alumina (i‐Al2O3) and the round plate boron nitride (h‐BN) are integrated into epoxy resin to enhance the thermal conductivity. When the total amount of filler is 40%, and the volume ratio of auxiliary filler h‐BN and the basic filler i‐Al2O3 is 6: 34，The thermal conductivity of the epoxy composites is significantly increased 709% higher than that of pure epoxy resin. The roles of the main filler i‐Al2O3 and the auxiliary filler h‐BN in epoxy composites system were investigated. A possible mechanism was established that the h‐BN connects i‐Al2O3 to generate the heat conduction network. The blending of irregular particles and round plate method proposed in this work is a new avenue, which meets the need of industrialized design and fabricating, making an achievement of obtaining a kind of epoxy composites with a high thermal conductivity and excellent comprehensive properties.
Selective C‐alkylation Between Alcohols Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Molybdenum
Authors: Liu Jiahao , Li Weikang , Li Yinwu , Liu Yan , Ke Zhuofeng
Published: September 2021

The first implementation of a molybdenum complex with an easily accessible bis‐N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand to catalyze β‐alkylation of secondary alcohols via borrowing‐hydrogen (BH) strategy using alcohols as alkylating agents is reported. Remarkably high activity, excellent selectivity, and broad substrate scope compatibility with advantages of catalyst usage low to 0.5 mol%, a catalytic amount of NaOH as the base, and H2O as the by‐product are demonstrated in this green and step‐economical protocol. Mechanistic studies indicate a plausible outer‐sphere mechanism in which the alcohol dehydrogenation is the rate‐determining step.
Hydration of Alkynes to Ketones with an Efficient and Practical Polyoxomolybdate‐based Cobalt Catalyst
Authors: Xie Ya , Wang Jingjing , Wang Yunyun , Han Sheng , Yu Han
Published: September 2021

Hydration of alkynes to ketones is one of the most atom economical and universal methods for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. However, the basic reaction usually requires organic ligand catalysts or harsh reaction conditions to insert oxygen into the C≡C bond. Here, we report an inorganic ligand supported cobalt (III) catalyst, (NH4)3[CoMo6O18(OH)6], which is supported by a central cobalt (III) mononucleus and a ring‐shaped pure inorganic ligand composed of six MoVIO6 octahedrons to avoid the disadvantages of expensive and unrecyclable organic ligand catalysts or noble metal catalysts. Under mild conditions, the cobalt (III) catalyst can be used for the hydration of alkynes to ketones. The catalyst is non‐toxic, green, and environment friendly. The catalyst can be recycled at least six times with high activity. According to control experiments, a reasonable mechanism is provided.
New Opportunity for Carbon‐Supported Ni‐based Electrocatalysts: Gas‐Phase CO2 Methanation
Authors: Gonçalves Liliana P. L. , Serov Alexey , McCool Geoffrey , Dicome Mikaela , Sousa Juliana P. S. , Soares O. Salomé G. P. , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Petrovykh Dmitri Y. , Lebedev Oleg I. , Pereira M. Fernando R. , Kolen'ko Yury V.
Published: September 2021

The cost‐effectiveness and excellent performance of conductive‐carbon‐supported Ni‐based electrocatalysts make them attractive materials for hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions. However, they were previously unused in gas‐phase hydrogenation reactions. In this work, we have expanded the applicability of commercially available advanced Ni/C, NiMo/C and NiRe/C materials from electrocatalysis to heterogeneous catalysis of CO2 methanation. Our catalytic testing efforts indicate that the monometallic Ni/C material demonstrates the best CO2 methanation properties, achieving an excellent CO2 conversion of 83 % at 400 °C with nearly complete selectivity to CH4 of 99.7 %, plus exhibiting intact performance during 90 h of time‐on‐stream testing. Such catalytic properties are among the highest reported to date among carbon‐supported Ni‐based methanation catalysts. Excellent performance of Ni/C stems from the good dispersion of the Ni nanoparticles over N‐containing carbon support material.
Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of 4H‐Benzo[d][1,3]Oxazin‐4‐Ones Using Benzene‐1,3,5‐Triyl Triformate as the CO Source
Authors: Zheng Yan , Dong Mengke , Qu Erdong , Bai Jin , Wu Xiao‐Feng , Li Wanfang
Published: September 2021

A facile synthesis of 4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one derivatives by Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative cross‐coupling between N‐(ortho‐bromoaryl)amides and benzene‐1,3,5‐triyl triformate (TFBen) was developed. This procedure does not require the toxic and flammable gas CO as the carbonyl source and tolerates a wide scope of functional groups. Remarkably, 4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones incorporated to natural products and drugs can be constructed by this method.
Comparison of a modified flow cytometry osmotic fragility test with the classical method for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis
Authors: Shahal‐Zimra Yael , Nosgorodcky Yuval , Eshel Elizabeth , Rotem Zohar , Ross Liron , Pickholtz Itay , Rabizadeh Esther , Chezar Judith
Published: September 2021

Background

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common inherited hemolytic anemia. The flow cytometric test using eosin‐5′maleimide (EMA) is a well‐established diagnostic method. However, in order to improve HS detection, it is recommended that EMA and an osmotic fragility test (OFT) both be performed. OFT is time consuming and labor intensive. We used a flow cytometric (FOFT) adaptation of the classical OFT reported by Yamamoto. We compare the FOFT to the classical OFT including practical data and propose options for simplifying this method.

Methods

Suspected and known HS patients and controls were tested by the following methods: EMA, OFT, and FOFT including some modifications.

Results

The FOFT method is robust and correlates to loss of red blood cells. OFT and FOFT gave similar results in healthy controls and four HS patients. Normal range for FOFT in 70 adults is shown and can be used as a reference value. Neonates should have their own normal range defined. Overnight sample incubation at 37°C did not add information to the FOFT results.

Conclusion

Our modified Yamomoto FOFT can replace the classic OFT as the addition to EMA for the diagnosis of HS. The use of flow cytometry in both these methods requires small sample volume, is reproducible, simpler, and produces results more rapidly.
Role of diabetes in stroke: Recent advances in pathophysiology and clinical management
Authors: Bradley Sian A. , Spring Kevin J. , Beran Roy G. , Chatzis Dimitrios , Killingsworth Murray C. , Bhaskar Sonu M. M.
Published: September 2021

The increasing prevalence of diabetes and stroke is a major global public health concern. Specifically, acute stroke patients, with pre‐existing diabetes, pose a clinical challenge. It is established that diabetes is associated with a worse prognosis after acute stroke and the various biological factors that mediate poor recovery profiles in diabetic patients is unknown. The level of association and impact of diabetes, in the setting of reperfusion therapy, is yet to be determined. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the role of diabetes in stroke, therapeutic strategies for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and/or stroke in diabetes, and various therapeutic considerations that may apply during pre‐stroke, acute, sub‐acute and post‐stroke stages. The early diagnosis of diabetes as a comorbidity for stroke, as well as tailored post‐stroke management of diabetes, is pivotal to our efforts to limit the burden. Increasing awareness and involvement of neurologists in the management of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors is desirable towards improving stroke prevention and efficacy of reperfusion therapy in acute stroke patients with diabetes.
Lessons learned developing and testing family‐based interoceptive exposure for adolescents with low‐weight eating disorders
Authors: Hildebrandt Tom , Peyser Deena , Sysko Robyn
Published: September 2021

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) usually develops in early adolescence and is characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality. Family‐based therapy (FBT) is the leading evidence‐based treatment for adolescents with AN, but not all patients experience sufficient improvement. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the development and subsequent experience with a Family‐Based Interoceptive Exposure (FBT‐IE) for adolescents with a broader form of low‐weight eating disorders.

Methods

The novel IE‐based behavioral intervention is a six‐session family‐based treatment module designed to directly target and modify disgust by altering the prefrontal regulation of the insula response to aversive stimuli by decreasing visceral sensitivity (e.g., bloating). Each session teaches a new skill regarding tolerating distress to visceral sensations associated with disgust and an in‐vivo “IE exercise,” in which the family is provided with a meal replacement shake of unknown content and caloric density.

Results

In this novel treatment, the patient learns to tolerate disgust in the context of a challenging food stimulus as a way to increase consumption of restricted foods outside of session.

Conclusion

We discuss successes and challenges executing this treatment with patients with low‐weight eating disorders and propose future directions for the intervention.
Nest concealment is associated with reproductive traits across sympatric bird species
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Yan Han , Li Guopan , Li Shaobin
Published: September 2021

Nest‐site characteristics are thought to play an important role in reproductive performance in birds (e.g., influencing reproductive success and predation risk). Nest‐site characteristics such as concealment may be particularly critical at high elevation where nests are exposed to challenging environmental conditions. In this study, we conducted both conventional and phylogenetically controlled analyses to investigate whether nest concealment affected several reproductive traits across 21 sympatric bird species living on Tibet Plateau (3,400 m altitude). Qualitatively equivalent results were reached in analyses, regardless of phylogenetic controls. We found that clutch size, incubation period, nestling period, and nest success were strongly and positively associated with nest concealment across species. Our study addressed such a high‐elevation bird community that is lacking in the previous studies. This study adds to theory that while there are a few exceptions, overall evidence supports a positive effect of nest concealment on reproductive performance across coexisting alpine species.
Six central questions about biological invasions to which NEON data science is poised to contribute
Authors: Gill Nathan S. , Mahood Adam L. , Meier Courtney L. , Muthukrishnan Ranjan , Nagy R. Chelsea , Stricker Eva , Duffy Katharyn A. , Petri Laís , Morisette Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2021

Biological invasions are a leading cause of rapid ecological change and often present a significant financial burden. As a vibrant discipline, invasion biology has made important strides in identifying, mapping, and beginning to manage invasions, but questions remain surrounding the mechanisms by which invasive species spread and the impacts they bring about. Frequent, multiscalar ecological monitoring such as that provided through the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) can be an important tool for addressing some of these questions. We articulate a set of major outstanding questions in invasion biology, consider how NEON data science is positioned to contribute to addressing these questions, and provide suggestions to help equip a growing contingent of NEON data users in solving invasion biology problems. We demonstrate these ideas through four case studies examining the mechanisms of plant invasions in the U.S. Intermountain West. In Case Study I, we evaluate the relationships between native species richness, non‐native species richness, and probability of invasion across scales. In Case Studies II and III, we explore the relationship between environmental factors and non‐native species presence to understand invasion mechanisms. Case Study IV outlines a method for improving the ability to distinguish invasive plants from native vegetation in remotely sensed data by leveraging temporal patterns of phenology. There are many novel elements in the NEON sampling design that make it uniquely poised to shed light on the mechanisms that can help us understand invasibility, prediction, and progression, as well as on the variability, longevity, and interactions of multiple invasive species’ impacts. Thus, knowledge gained through analysis of NEON data is expected to inform sound decision‐making in unique ways for managers of systems experiencing biological invasions.
Ecometabolomics of plant–herbivore and plant–fungi interactions: a synthesis study
Authors: Sardans Jordi , Gargallo‐Garriga Albert , Urban Otmar , Klem Karel , Holub Petr , Janssens Ivan A. , Walker Tom W. N. , Pesqueda Argus , Peñuelas Josep
Published: September 2021

The functional adaptive responses of higher plants to biotic interactions with herbivores and fungi have long been topics of research. One constraint to obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the most general plant responses, however, has been the difficulty of studying all plant functional shifts simultaneously due to analytical limitations. Now this is possible with the advent of metabolomics. Using 151 records from the WEB of SCIENCE database, we have analyzed the development and application of metabolomic profiles to ecological studies in the last two decades. We have used meta‐analysis and pathway enrichment analyses to assess the whole set of constitutive and inducible defenses. Constitutive defenses against herbivores were mainly based on a significant high level of the metabolism of several amino acids with parallel increases in the concentrations of flavones (phenolics) and saponins (glycosides). Inducible defenses, though, were mainly based on the increases in concentration of methyl‐ketone, pantothenate, and Coenzyme A. Butyrate metabolism and the mitochondrial electron‐transport chain were upregulated, in agreement with previous reports that herbivory‐activated plant chemical defenses were mainly based on jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene‐associated pathways. The metabolic responses/acclimations to pathogenic fungi were mainly linked with increases in aspartate and pyruvate metabolism, the transfer of acetyl groups within mitochondria, and the upregulation of branched‐chain amino acids degradation pathways. These responses/acclimations were accompanied by higher concentrations of the most important groups of secondary metabolites such as phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonoids), quinones, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyamines and other compounds related to antistress mechanisms such as proline. The leaves of mycorrhized plants accumulated nucleotide sugars, sphingolipids, and methylhistidine. These responses were associated with maintaining the integrity of plant cell membranes under fungal hypha penetration. The responses were accompanied by increases in the concentrations of phenolics, blumenols, and alkaloids and decreases in the concentrations of polyamines, consistent with the mycorrhizal inhibition of polyamines. This summary provides a clear synthesis of the most successful plant strategies selected after millions of years of evolution and will be a very promising tool for the management of crops and ecosystems and for selecting the main lines in breeding studies for future research.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐f]phenanthridines From 1‐Arylpyrroles via Successive Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations
Authors: Zhang Jian , Shi Xinzhe , Doucet Henri
Published: September 2021

A Pd‐catalyzed annulative π‐extension reaction of 1‐arylpyrroles using 1,2‐dihalobenzenes as the coupling partners was investigated. The higher reactivity of pyrrole C2−H bond compared to C−H bonds of the aryl unit of 1‐arylpyrroles allows selective synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2‐f]phenanthridines via successive palladium‐catalyzed direct intermolecular followed by intramolecular direct arylation steps. From 1‐bromo‐2‐iodobenzenes bearing substituents at C4‐ or C5‐positions and ortho‐, meta‐ or para‐substituted 1‐arylpyrroles, the access to pyrrolo[1,2‐f]phenanthridines containing substituents at C5, C6, C7, C8, C10 and/or C11 positions is possible.
RNA Hydrolysis by Heterocyclic Amidines and Guanidines: Parameters Affecting Reactivity
Authors: Danneberg Friederike , Westemeier Hauke , Horx Philip , Zellmann Felix , Dörr Kathrin , Kalden Elisabeth , Zeiger Mirco , Akpinar Abdullah , Berger Robert , Göbel Michael W.
Published: September 2021

2‐Aminobenzimidazole 10, although a weak catalyst in the monomeric state, is a successful building block for effective artificial ribonucleases. In an effort to identify new building blocks with improved catalytic potential, RNA cleavage by a variety of heterocyclic amidines and guanidines has been studied. In addition to pKa values and steric effects, the energy difference between tautomeric forms seems to be another important parameter for catalysis. This information is available from quantum chemical calculations on higher levels, but semiempirical methods are sufficient to get a first estimate. According to this assumption, imidazoimidazol 18, characterized by isoenergetic tautomeric forms, is superior to 2‐aminoimidazol 6, the best candidate among the simple compounds. By far the largest effects are seen with 2‐aminoperimidine 24, which rapidly cleaves RNA even in the micromolar concentration range. The impressive reactivity, however, is related to a tendency of compound 24 to form polycationic aggregates which are the actual catalysts.
Investigating the Individual Importance of the Pam2Cys Ester Motifs on TLR2 Activity
Authors: Lu Benjamin L. , Li Freda F. , Kelch Inken D. , Williams Geoffrey M. , Dunbar P. Rod , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: September 2021

TLR2 agonists are at the forefront of vaccine research for a plethora of diseases, in particular they offer a promising tool for the treatment of cancer. A detailed knowledge of their structure–activity relationship informs the methodical design of vaccine constructs that include TLR2 agonists. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues of the TLR2 agonist Pam2Cys to further probe structure–activity relationships. These analogues replace one or other of the two ester groups with ether functionalities to elucidate the role of the carbonyls on TLR2 activity. Through this we demonstrate that the C3 ester carbonyl is dispensable, but the C2 carbonyl is essential for activity.