bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural–urban transition in China: illegal land use and construction
Authors: Tang Wing‐Shing , Chung Him
Published: March 2003

This paper takes issue with the desakota model developed by Terry McGee by elucidating the illegal land use and construction in the rural–urban transition zone in China, with the additional case study of Tianhe Village in Guangzhou City. The paper emphasises the need to examine the geography of illegal activities along the approach of geographies of difference. It has shown that illegal land use and construction is prevalent in rural China. In rural areas where cultivated land has been converted to non‐agricultural purposes, peasants are left with no alternative but to use land and construct buildings illegally. Some have increased their income by leasing out flats to migrant workers, whereas others have not been able to do this. This study has revealed that underneath the positive and integrative picture portrayed by the desakota model is its negative and disintegrative counterpart. Illegal land use and construction is one such example. Unless we incorporate both into our studies, we will not be able to comprehend the urban morphology of Chinese city regions in the new millennium.
China’s transport and communications firms: transforming national champions into global players
Authors: Rimmer Peter J. , Comtois Claude
Published: March 2003

China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) exposes its state‐owned maritime, aviation and telecommunications operators to unprecedented competition. This development raises a series of critical issues about China’s transition from a state‐planned regime towards a real market economy. How will China’s leading state‐owned firms in deep‐sea container shipping, air passenger transport and telecommunications respond to the dilemma posed by the World Trade Organisation and to what extent has Hong Kong been involved in China’s transport and communications restructuring process? These broad issues are addressed by examining progress on the Chinese Government’s post‐1993 plans to restructure each of the key state enterprises in sea‐land transport, air transport and telecommunications. Specifically we are concerned with the degree to which China’s national champions in these transport and communications arenas have been remade into global players. Particular attention is paid to the role of Hong Kong in this transformation since its return to China in 1997. Our studies show that China has transformed its national champions into a global players in container shipping. The process may be beginning to happen in air transport but has yet to get underway in telecommunications.
The origins of modern citizenship in China
Authors: Harris Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the emergence in China from the 1890s onwards of several distinct but interrelated interpretations of citizen and citizenship. It shows how these differing interpretations have drawn on a variety of political influences and traditions, some relating to the cultural and political worldview of late Qing and early Republican China, and some absorbed from Europe and Japan. It notes that they have acquired renewed potential during the last two decades or so, as elite groups in the Chinese People’s Republic attempt to construct new approaches to the state and society in the wake of the collapse of Maoist socialism and under the influence of market–orientated economic reforms.
China’s Spatial Disparity Within the Context of Industrial Production Efficiency: A Macro Study by the Data‐Envelopment Analysis (DEA) System
Authors: Tong Christopher S.P.
Published: March 2003

Regional disparity and production efficiency are two important and closely related issues in contemporary China. These issues are closely related because the increased degree of disparity in development across the provinces in recent years can, to a large extent, be attributed to the disparity in production efficiency across the provinces. The objective of this study is to re‐examine China’s production efficiency at the macro level by using the data‐envelopment analysis system (DEA). Findings of this study suggest that pure technical industrial production efficiency across the provinces had, on average, deteriorated in 1991 when compared to the beginning of the reform period.
The Effect of Exchange Rate on Bilateral Trade Balance: New Evidence from Malaysia and Thailand
Authors: Baharumshah Ahmad Zubaidi
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to identify the major economic factors that influence the bilateral trade balances of Malaysia and Thailand with the US and Japan. To this end, an unrestricted VAR model was estimated using quarterly frequency data from 1980: I to 1996: IV. The Johansen results indicate a stable long‐run relation between trade and three macro variables: exchange rate, domestic income and foreign income. The main findings of this paper are: (i) the real effective exchange rate is an important variable in the trade balance equation and devaluation improves the trade balances of both economies in the long‐run; (ii) the other important variables that determine trade balance include domestic and foreign incomes; (iii) the results indicate no J‐curve effect and causal run from exchange rate to trade balance, (iv) the real effects of devaluation are distributed over a period of eight to nine quarters.
APEC and the Asian Economic Crisis: Early Signals from Productivity Trends
Authors: Färe Rolf , Grosskopf Shawna , Margaritis Dimitri
Published: March 2003

This paper provides empirical estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) trends in a sample of 17 APEC countries over the period 1975 to 1996. TFP growth is an important measure of an economy's performance and if measured correctly it can provide valuable guidance on issues related to the assessment of sustainable growth trends. We use the Malmquist index to measure TFP growth and decompose it into an efficiency change and a technical change component. This decomposition provides extra insight on assessing sustainable growth trends. The measurement technique itself is regarded as a significant improvement over previous conventional measures of TFP growth. The results are very interesting. Japan, Thailand and primarily Indonesia and Malaysia are identified as countries exhibiting on average negative TFP growth rates in the 1975‐1990 period. In all these countries as well as in South Korea and Taiwan the main cause of low TFP growth is a poor (negative) efficiency record. The average TFP growth rate for Japan and Malaysia is positive in the 1975‐1996 period but the efficiency change component remains negative. In all these countries the main contributor to labour productivity growth is capital accumulation. Unlike previous studies we find no evidence of a poor TFP growth performance for Singapore. Furthermore, we estimate that most of Singapore's labour productivity growth is driven by efficiency change. Estimates of rates of convergence towards the frontier economy that is estimated (not assumed as in other studies) to be the US, are also reported.
Monetary Policy Implementation in Japan: What They Say versus What They Do
Authors: Werner Richard A.
Published: March 2003

Since the 1970s, many central banks – including the Bank of England, the Bank of France, the Bank of Korea and the Bank of Japan – have announced that they have ceased direct credit controls. Researchers have tended to accept ‘what they say’, without gathering empirical evidence on ‘what they do’. The Bank of Japan announced that it was abandoning direct credit controls in 1982. Since then, the monetary policy literature on Japan has focussed on formal policy tools, such as interest rates. This paper presents empirical research on the actual implementation of monetary policy by the Japanese central bank. The emphasis is on the period in the mid‐ to late‐1980s when monetary policy was stimulatory and real‐estate‐related lending expanded rapidly, and the period in the early 1990s, when asset prices fell, resulting in the subsequent banking crisis and recession. The paper first briefly surveys the literature. Empirical research is then presented in three parts. Secondary sources are accessed to gain information on the mechanism of monetary policy conduct. New field work is then presented, which uses primary sources to probe the details of monetary policy implementation. Finally, econometric evidence is gathered to test various hypotheses concerning monetary policy procedures. The research successfully establishes the details and nature of the Bank of Japan’s monetary policy implementation during the 1980s and early 1990s. The findings suggest the need for a modification of the generally prevailing view, as well as the need for further research on the actual implementation of monetary policy in other countries.
Locus of Control, Attributional style, and Academic Achievement: Comparative Analysis of Korean‐Chinese, and Chinese Students
Authors: Park Young Shin , Kim Uichol
Published: March 2003

The authors conducted two studies to examine the relationship between attributional style, locus of control, and academic achievement. Using the scales developed by the first author (Park, 1995), the first study compared the attributional style and locus of control of honor students (those who received scholarship) with those who were on academic probation. The results indicated that compared to students on academic probation, honor students were more likely to score higher on internal locus of control and lower on external locus of control. They were more likely to attribute their success to effort and the influence of other people. For failure, the honor students were less likely to attribute their failure to a lack of ability and lack of support from significant others. The second study examined the relationship between the locus of control and academic achievement among three samples: Korean, Korean‐Chinese, and Chinese university students. A 40‐item locus of control questionnaire and background information section containing sex and self‐reported academic grade were administered. The results showed that the Korean sample had the highest internal locus of control score and the lowest external locus of control score. The Korean‐Chinese sample, in contrast, scored highest on external locus of control. These results are consistent with past research investigating the cultural influence upon the individual’s locus of control. Furthermore, as found in the first study, a significant relationship was found between locus of control and academic grade. For the Korean sample, students with higher academic grades scored higher on internality and lower on externality. For the Chinese sample, students with higher academic grades scored higher on internality. There were no significant differences for the Korean‐Chinese sample. Interpretations and implications of cross‐cultural and within‐sample findings are discussed.
Two Moralities: Reinterpreting the Findings of Empirical Research on Moral Reasoning in Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Kwang‐Kuo
Published: March 2003

This paper reinterprets the findings of previous empirical research on moral reasoning and moral judgment conducted in Taiwan using Kohlberg’s research paradigm. It consists of three major parts. The first part explores Kohlberg's theory of moral development and its limitations. Gibb’s (1979) two‐phase model is used to emphasize the necessity of studying cultural heritage in understanding the prevalent moral reasoning of existential phase adults in a given society. The second part presents an analysis of Confucian ethics (Hwang, 1995), and proposes a conceptual scheme for discerning the significant features of Confucian ethics by referring to distinctions between positive/negative and imperfect/perfect duties. The discretionary features of Confucian ethics are further analyzed in terms of Shweder et al.’s (1990) scheme for discerning a rationally defensible moral code. In addition, the Confucian moral dilemma and its modern fate in the New‐Culture Movement of the May Fourth period on mainland China, and the 1960s Gong De Movement in Taiwan are discussed. The third part of this paper reinterprets the findings of several empirical studies on moral reasoning in Taiwanese society. Special attention is paid to Cheng’s (1991) data from interviews with a group of college students using Kohlberg’s moral dilemma. The implication of her findings is discussed on the basis of the new conceptual scheme.
Beyond Distributive Justice: The Reasonableness Norm in Chinese Reward Allocation
Authors: Zhang Zhixue , Yang Chung‐fung
Published: March 2003

Western theorists have generally construed reward allocation as mainly a rational action by the notion that allocation decision‐making is based solely on people’s justice concern. We argued that reward allocation, as a social act taking place in a specific social‐situational context, is influenced both by some social interactive factors such as the relationship and social interactions between the participants, and by the pervasive social norms governing people’s conduct in a particular society. This study aimed at examining the influence of two such factors, guanxi (equivalent to relationship) and renqing (equivalent to human affect), on Chinese allocation decision‐making under a distributive situation. We hypothesized that Chinese allocators would base their decision not only on their judgment of the participants’ contributions but also on their guanxi with the participant. Specifically, we predicted that the emphasis on guanxi and renqing would be manifested in the Chinese allocator’s employment of the reasonableness norm dictating that both reason (li) and affect (qing) are considered in making allocation decisions. To test this hypothesis, we adopted the scenario approach and asked subjects to hypothetically allocate a reward to one of six guanxi partners. The 228 participants were divided into six groups; in each group they were instructed to do the allocation based on one of the five norms respectively: fairness (he li), renqing, equity (gong zheng), “ought to,” reasonableness (heqinghe li), and to indicate what they “would” allocate. The findings confirmed that the reasonableness norm was the one which subjects adopted in reward allocation. The results were discussed in the context of Chinese culture.
The relational self: Closeness to ingroups depends on who they are, culture, and the type of closeness
Authors: Uleman James S. , Rhee Eun , Bardoliwalla Nenshad , Semin Gün , Toyama Midori
Published: March 2003

Cultural differences in individualism and collectivism (I‐C) describe important variations in how the self relates to others, but existing scales may be too broad‐band to precisely measure this aspect of I‐C. They also do not distinguish among particular ingroups and types of interdependence with them. The Circles of Closeness scale addresses these limitations. Initial results from Euro‐American, Asian‐American, Dutch, Turkish, and Japanese samples of college students are presented. The scales have high alpha reliability. Different results were obtained for three ingroups – immediate family, relatives, and friends – and six closeness types – emotional, supportive, identity, reputational, similarity, and harmony. These factors significantly interacted with each other, arguing for a more differentiated view of I‐C.
Monocultural and cross‐cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Shu
Published: March 2003

Comprehensive comparison and conceptual analysis of cross‐cultural, cultural, and indigenous psychologies in terms of their aims and theoretical and methodological perspectives lead to the conclusion that the first two are special cases of the third. Two basic types of indigenous psychology are distinguished on the basis of conceptual analysis: monocultural indigenous psychologies (including monocultural cultural psychologies) and cross‐cultural indigenous psychologies (including both cross‐cultural psychology and cross‐cultural cultural psychology). Corresponding to these two types of indigenous psychology are two basic ways to conduct indigenous research, namely, the monocultural indigenous approach and the cross‐cultural indigenous approach. Both approaches require achievement of the condition of indigenous compatibility, which stresses the sufficient congruity of the researcher's theory, methods, and results with the studied psychological or behavioral phenomenon and/or its sociocultural context. Finally, several ways to integrate research findings obtained by the monocultural and cross‐cultural indigenous approaches are delineated and discussed with respect to their function in creating an indigenously derived global psychology.
Personal and cultural differences in responding to criticism in three countries
Authors: Bresnahan Mary Jiang , Shearman Sachiyo Morinaga , Lee Sun Young , Ohashi Rie , Mosher David
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated whether verbal aggression, argument approach, argument avoidance or assertiveness had any effect on how participants in three countries responded to criticism. Consistent with the first hypothesis, men were significantly more aggressive, assertive, less avoidant, and approached argument more than women. However, men did not respond more assertively to criticism. As predicted in the second hypothesis, US Americans responded more assertively to criticism than did Japanese and Chinese. The third hypothesis predicted that verbal aggression, argument approach, argument avoidance and assertiveness would be associated with a more assertive response to criticism. The data obtained were only partially consistent with the third hypothesis. While only a small number of participants in this study indicated that they would respond to criticism with silence, US Americans used silence to mean anger while for Chinese silence showed personal embarrassment. Very few Japanese selected silence as an option for responding to a neighbor’s criticism. The implications of these results are discussed.
Attachment, ego–identity development and exploratory interest in university students
Authors: Reich Warren A. , Siegel Harold I.
Published: March 2003

We investigated the relationships between attachment security, ego–identity development and exploratory interest in 161 university students who completed categorical and dimensional scales of attachment style, an ego–identity development scale based on Erikson’s theory, and an exploratory interest scale. Factor analysis yielded three interpretable dimensions of exploratory interest: intellect, escape and activity. High ego development was associated with attachment security. Exploratory interest was weakly associated with attachment security, but more strongly associated with high ego–identity development. Further analyses revealed that ego–identity development predicts escape only for those with a negative model of self (i.e. preoccupied and fearful attachment styles), an ego–identity development predicts activity only for those with a positive model of self (i.e. secure and dismissing attachment styles).
Food Security in Asia
Authors: Peng Chao Yang , Findlay Christopher , Stringer Randy
Published: March 2003

Rapid economic and agricultural sector growth have enhanced greatly food security in Asia during the past three decades. Most studies suggest this positive trend will continue into the next century. This paper reviews past trends and future prospects in access and availability of food in Asia at the national level. The paper concludes that the positive overall trend in increased food security relies on the capacity of Asian economies to address several key policy issues, including sustained economic growth, population pressure, structural changes in domestic economies, shifts in international comparative advantage, technological changes, developments in the domestic and international food markets, and environmental sustainability. The paper identifies cost‐effective ways to increase food security in light of these issues and suggests that Asia’s food security can be maintained only if international and domestic policies, institutional frameworks, and public expenditure patterns are conducive to cost–effective and sustainable agriculture development.
The Environment and Sustainable Development in the Asia‐Pacific: Views and Policies
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: March 2003

Policies in relation to the environment and sustainable development in the Asia‐Pacific need to be related to the international debate about such issues. This article surveys the literature on the environmental problems to which economic development is giving rise. Attention is paid to urbanisation, agriculture, aquaculture, mining, resource depletion, energy supplies and air quality, and to Asian policy responses to environmental change and calls for sustainable development.
Transfer of Technology: An Update
Authors: Enos John , Yun Mikyung
Published: March 2003

This update on transfer of technology in the Asian‐Pacific region takes the original survey (Enos 1989) as its model, dealing in some detail with vehicles for technology transfer, more summarily with types of technology transferred. In conclusion, this article draws attention to some issues neglected in the literature and raises the question whether, in the prevailing world political climate of deregulation, the issue of transfer of technology will remain in the political arena.
Korean Economic Developments and Prospects
Authors: Kwon O. Yul
Published: March 2003

South Korea’s economic success is well‐documented. It shows that a country can leap from being one of the poorest in the world to one of the richest (an OECD member) in just one generation. This paper first reviews the broad literature, both in English and Korean, on Korean economic developments and the major contributing factors over the last 33 years (1963–95). It then attempts to shed some light on the prospects for the Korean economy. Major contributing factors for Korea’s rapid economic development include a high accumulation of physical and human capital, a high saving rate, an export‐led development strategy, state intervention in the economy, efficient management and conducive culture. The prospects of the Korean economy appear bright but it would be difficult for other developing countries to emulate the Korean model.
Labour Markets in the ASEAN‐4 and the NIEs
Authors: Manning Chris
Published: March 2003

This paper updates the survey of labour markets in East Asia in APEL 4(2), September 1990. After an introductory section on major economic changes in the region, it describes trends in the labour supply, employment, wages and unemployment. The following sections give an account of developing labour market institutions, industrial relations and government regulation. The last section deals briefly with the impact of the Asian financial crisis.
The Social Impact of the Asian Crisis: What Do We Know Two Years On?
Authors: Booth Anne
Published: March 2003

Following the dramatic economic crisis of 1997–98, governments felt compelled to act even though it was far from clear who, and where, the worst affected people were, and what, if anything, could or should be done to alleviate their plight. This paper summarises what is known about the social impact of the crisis, and examines the policy debates up to the latter part of 1999.
The Economics of the ‘Arc of Instability’
Authors: Duncan Ron , Chand Satish
Published: March 2003

Why are the Melanesian states of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu experiencing considerable civil unrest and, in this respect, why are they so different from the other small island states of the Pacific region? It is argued that while, like the other Pacific island countries, they have had poor economic growth and high birth rates, they do not have easy emigration to high‐income countries. Therefore, they have large pools of under‐employed people. Other distinguishing characteristics are their richness in natural resources and weak central governments relative to local‐level power structures. The civil unrest derives from competition for the natural resources in an environment of weak states and hence poorly defined and enforced property rights, and moreover, the large pool of under‐employed provides ample scope for the creation of grievances to back up the claim for the resources. One message for donor nations is that the provision of compensation to settle the grievances will likely only generate further grievances and not resolve the basic problem.
A Generalization of the Childs‐Moran Result for Orthoscheme Probabilities
Authors: Nomakuchi Kentaro
Published: March 2003

van der Vaart (1953, 1955) introduced the orthoscheme probability Rn(c1,...,cn−1), meaning the orthant probability of an n‐dimensional normal random vector with zero mean and tridiagonal correlation matrix with elements c1,...,cn−1 on the upper diagonal. Childs (1967) conjectured and Moran (1983) proved that the generating function of {Rn(½,...,½)} equals tan z + sin z. This paper derives the generating function of {Rn(τ,½,...,½)}.
A Note on the Characterization of Positive Linnik Laws
Authors: Lin Gwo Dong
Published: March 2003

Recently, Jayakumar & Pillai (1996) gave an interesting characterization of the positive Linnik laws in terms of the spectrum function of an infinitely divisible law. This paper improves their result and simplifies their proof. It proves another characterization result in terms of the Pareto law. Further, it represents the positive Linnik random variable as a function of independent gamma random variables.
Criteria for the Unique Determination of Probability Distributions by Moments
Authors: Pakes Anthony G. , Hung Wen‐Liang , Wu Jong‐Wuu
Published: March 2003

A positive probability law has a density function of the general form Q(x)exp(−x1/λL(x)), where Q is subject to growth restrictions, and L is slowly varying at infinity. This law is determined by its moment sequence when λ< 2, and not determined when λ> 2. It is still determined when λ= 2 and L(x) does not tend to zero too quickly. This paper explores the consequences for the induced power and doubled laws, and for mixtures. The proofs couple the Carleman and Krein criteria with elementary comparison arguments.
Theory & Methods: Partition‐based Goodness‐of‐fit Tests on the Line and the Circle
Authors: Feltz Carol J. , Goldin Gerald A.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a way of constructing new, consistent generalizations of the Cramér–von Mises test on the line, and the Watson Un2 test on the circle, based on classes of partitions invariant under various groups of coordinate transformations. It is illustrated with a set of data where there is reason to look for clustering in more than one local region. The framework developed extends the authors' earlier work generalizing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Kuiper goodness‐of‐fit tests, and provides a conceptually unifying description. For this construction, the distribution for the null hypothesis does not have to be uniform, and tests can be invariant under general coordinate transformations. The properties of some specific tests are explored through numerical simulations.
Theory & Methods: Approximate Identifiability, Moments and Censored Data
Authors: Berman Simeon M.
Published: March 2003

It is well known that the joint distribution of a pair of random variables (X,Y) is not identifiable on the basis of the joint distribution of the function (min (X,Y), 1[X < Y]). This paper introduces the concept of approximate identifiability and studies its relevance to the function (min (X,Y), Y). It shows that the distribution of (X,Y) is approximately identifiable on the basis of the distribution of (min (X,Y), Y). The identification is explicitly executed by a method of moments. The method is applied to the analysis of censored distributions arising in the theory of clinical trials and is compared to the standard method of Kaplan and Meier.
Theory & Methods: On the importance of being smooth
Authors: Brown B. M.
Published: March 2003

This paper makes the proposition that the only statistical analyses to achieve widespread popular use in statistical practice are those whose formulations are based on very smooth mathematical functions. The argument is made on an empirical basis, through examples. Given the truth of the proposition, the question ‘why should it be so?’ is intriguing, and any discussion has to be speculative. To aid that discussion, the paper starts with a list of statistical desiderata, with the view of seeing what properties are provided by underlying smoothness. This provides some rationale for the proposition. After that, the examples are considered. Methods that are widely used are listed, along with other methods which, despite impressive properties and possible early promise, have languished in the arena of practical application. Whatever the underlying causes may be, the proposition carries a worthwhile message for the formulation of new statistical methods, and for the adaptation of some of the old ones.
Theory & Methods: Modified classification and regression tree splitting criteria for data with interactions
Authors: Bremner Alexandra P. , Taplin Ross H.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes modified splitting criteria for classification and regression trees by modifying the definition of the deviance. The modified deviance is based on local averaging instead of global averaging and is more successful at modelling data with interactions. The paper shows that the modified criteria result in much simpler trees for pure interaction data (no main effects) and can produce trees with fewer errors and lower residual mean deviances than those produced by Clark & Pregibon’s (1992) method when applied to real datasets with strong interaction effects.
Theory & Methods: Estimation of bivariate characteristics using ranked set sampling
Authors: Al‐Saleh Mohammad Fraiwan , Zheng Gang
Published: March 2003

The superiority of ranked set sampling (RSS) over simple random sampling (SRS) for estimating the mean of a population is well known. This paper introduces and investigates a bivariate version of RSS for estimating the means of two characteristics simultaneously. It turns out that this technique is always superior to SRS and the usual univariate RSS of the same size. The performance of this procedure for a specific distribution can be evaluated using simulation or numerical computation. For the bivariate normal distribution, the efficiency of the procedure with respect to that of SRS is evaluated exactly for set size m= 2 and 3. The paper shows that the proposed estimator is more efficient than the regression RSS estimators proposed by Yu & Lam (1997) and Chen (2001). Real data that consist of heights and diameters of 399 trees are used to illustrate the procedure. The procedure can be generalized to the case of multiple characteristics.
Theory & Methods: Estimating the parameters of Poisson‐exponential models
Authors: Koutrouvelis Ioannis A. , Meintanis Simos
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes two methods of estimation for the parameters in a Poisson‐exponential model. The proposed methods combine the method of moments with a regression method based on the empirical moment generating function. One of the methods is an adaptation of the mixed‐moments procedure of Koutrouvelis & Canavos (1999). The asymptotic distribution of the estimator obtained with this method is derived. Finite‐sample comparisons are made with the maximum likelihood estimator and the method of moments. The paper concludes with an exploratory‐type analysis of real data based on the empirical moment generating function.
Dealing with Ties in Failure Time Data
Authors: Ng Meei Pyng , Watson Ray
Published: March 2003

In dealing with ties in failure time data the mechanism by which the data are observed should be considered. If the data are discrete, the process is relatively simple and is determined by what is actually observed. With continuous data, ties are not supposed to occur, but they do because the data are grouped into intervals (even if only rounding intervals). In this case there is actually a non–identifiability problem which can only be resolved by modelling the process. Various reasonable modelling assumptions are investigated in this paper. They lead to better ways of dealing with ties between observed failure times and censoring times of different individuals. The current practice is to assume that the censoring times occur after all the failures with which they are tied.
Tied Houses, Taxes, and Technology: Concentration in the Brewing Industry of New South Wales, 1882 to 1932
Authors: Stubbs Brett J.
Published: March 2003

The brewing industry in New South Wales reached its numerical peak of about eighty breweries in the 1880s, and then declined to five breweries by the 1930s. Three of these, controlled by two firms, supplied virtually the whole state. This numerical ebb represents a process of industry concentration, driven by the necessity to maximize efficiency through economies of scale. This article examines increased concentration through cost pressures which encouraged it, and transport and other improvements which facilitated it. The former included: restrictive licensing, licence reduction, and diminishing demand, and the consequent need to tie hotels to secure markets; the colonial beer duty, the federal beer excise, and related government supervision; and the introduction of new technology to the brewing industry to satisfy changing fashions. Accompanying its numerical decline went a spatial contraction, the result of market expansion by Sydney breweries, facilitated by rail transport and by improvements in the chemical stability of beer.
Options for Electricity Transmission Regulation in Australia
Authors: Gans Joshua S. , King Stephen P.
Published: March 2003

The pricing of access to electricity transmission networks in Australia is currently under review. Several options have been proposed including those based on nodal pricing and the assignment of transmission rights contracts. As most of the marginal costs of transmission are recovered through wholesale electricity prices we focus on the key issue of regulation and investment incentives. We find that current options are unlikely to be adequate in terms of encouraging socially optimal levels and timing of new transmission investment. As an alternative, we propose a regulatory scheme, based on a related idea by Sappington and Sibley that can overcome this problem. Our scheme can potentially generate first best results and is readily applicable given the current institutional structure of electricity markets in Australia.
The Discourse and Practice of Counter‐Terrorism in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Crelinsten Ronald D.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the post‐Cold War tendency to broaden the counter‐terrorism mandate to include other phenomena such as organised crime, drug‐trafficking and illegal immigration. This redefinition has important implications for democracy, both at the level of discourse and at the level of practice. At the level of discourse, the plasticity of the word “terrorism” and its application to a wide variety of phenomena is a form of claims making activity by a variety of agencies fighting for budgetary allocations in an era of cost‐cutting and deficit reduction. At the level of practice, the counter‐terrorism mandate is being expanded to include the range of phenomena covered in the widening discourse and this, in turn, has led to a blurring of boundaries between internal and external security, police and military models of control, and public and private sectors. All this has an impact on the openness of government, the accountability of agencies of social control, the adherence to the rule of law in the fight against terrorism and related phenomena, and the possibility of informed consent by a public made fearful by the claims‐making discourse as it is disseminated through the mass media.
Commonwealthmen and Republicans: Dr. H.V. Evatt, the Monarchy and India
Authors: Bongiorno Frank
Published: March 2003

H.V. Evatt's foreign policy has attracted considerable historical attention, but his response as Australian External Affairs Minister to Commonwealth constitutional issues remains neglected. Evatt sought to retain India in the Commonwealth in 1948–49, but he insisted that India ought to recognise the king's prerogatives in its constitutional arrangements. He had developed his defence of the monarchy and its place in the empire in his writings of the inter‐war years, and sought to apply these ideas in his Commonwealth diplomacy of the late 1940s. Evatt's failure to have these ideas accepted resulted from his attempt to impose an ideal of the relationship between the monarchy and the Commonwealth, derived from his understanding of the evolution of constitutional relations between the United Kingdom and the old dominions, to the very different context of Asian postwar decolonisation.
The Triumph of the Non‐Idealist Intellectuals? An Investigation of Fiji's 1999 Election Results
Authors: Fraenkel Jon
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the results of Fiji's 1999 elections. It looks at the reasons for the overwhelming victory of the Fiji Labour Party and the extent of voting across Fiji's racial divide. The paper argues that there was, in fact, very small indigenous Fijian support for the FLP. The victory of the Fiji Labour Party instead owed its origins to (i) the collapse in the vote for the major rival Indo‐Fijian party, the National Federation Party, (ii) the rise of the newly‐formed Christian Democratic Alliance and the associated fall in the vote for the former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka's SVT and (iii) the introduction of the preferential voting system. The paper concludes with a critical examination of the new voting system, arguing that proportional representation might be better suited for Fiji's specific political situation.
Lee Kuan Yew's Fabian Phase
Authors: Barr Michael D.
Published: March 2003

Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first Prime Minister and its current Senior Minister, was undoubtedly genuine in his belief in Fabian socialism in his university days, but there has been very little detailed attention paid to the later development and eventual abandonment of his socialist ideas, or his attitude to the welfare state. This article explores the conflicts and paradoxes in Lee's own accounts of his early socialism and argues that Lee never intended to build a welfare state in Singapore, Malaya or Malaysia, but that despite the apparent contradiction, he regarded himself genuinely as a socialist in the early years of the People's Action Party (PAP) government. The basis for this conclusion is four‐fold: a study of Lee's reminiscences of his ‘socialist youth’; a study of the politics of the major welfare issue facing the first PAP Government; a brief examination of the PAP's record during the period of Singapore's membership of Malaysia, and; a study of Lee's statements regarding socialism and welfarism at the time. The article also considers the relationship between Lee's socialism and British and Chinese socialism.
Taking Civil Rights Seriously
Authors: Chesterman John
Published: March 2003

For a variety of reasons Australians possess a curious lack of understanding about the gaining of civil rights by Indigenous people. These reasons include the lack of a clear civil rights ‘moment’ in Australian history and the negative connotations now associated with civil rights when compared to the more radical Indigenous rights. This article explores the reasons for Australia's public amnesia about Indigenous people's acquisition of civil rights, and makes a case for repositioning this occurrence as a key time in Australian political history.
From Contestation to Autonomy: The Staging and Framing of Anti‐Hanson Contention
Authors: Scalmer Sean
Published: March 2003

The rise of Hansonism provoked a campaign of demonstrations, rallies, marches and walkouts. This movement was frequently received within the media as violent, disruptive, and illiberal. However, I argue that anti‐Hanson contention represented a noteworthy form of active citizenship. It contested the presence of the One Nation Party, undermined the ideological claim that Hanson represented ‘ordinary’ Australians, and garnered substantial publicity. The anti‐Hanson campaign was concerned not only with the staging of dissent in public space, but with how that dissent was framed within the public sphere. Reflecting these public dynamics, the anti‐Hanson movement moved over time from a reliance on contestational gatherings, that directly opposed the One Nation Party in physical space to autonomous gatherings, that attempted to create separate spaces of anti‐racist politics. Ultimately, therefore, the campaign can be understood as a flexible, democratic and self‐reflexive form of political mobilisation.
Selling Goodwill: Peter Russo and the Promotion of Australia‐Japan Relations, 1935‐1941
Authors: Torney‐Parlicki Prue
Published: March 2003

This article examines the contribution of Dr Peter Russo (1908‐1985) to Australia‐Japan relations from 1935 to 1941. Born and educated in Australia, Russo went to Japan in 1931 as the recipient of a travelling scholarship, and in 1934 he was appointed to a lectureship in modern languages at the Tokyo University of Commerce. In 1935, acting in his capacity as delegate for Japan's principal organisation for international cultural relations, he undertook a successful lecture tour in Australia, and in the same year acted as adviser to Japanese diplomat, Katsuji Debuchi, on a goodwill tour of Australia and New Zealand. Over the next five years Russo worked to consolidate these efforts, but as the Pacific War drew closer his loyalty to Australia was increasingly brought into question. The article will trace the development of Russo's role in promoting Australia‐Japan relations between 1935 and his return to Australia amid suspicion and controversy in 1941.
What was different about the German Democratic Republic?
Authors: Milfull John
Published: March 2003

For the last few years, I have been planning to write a book called Unwrapped Past and Empty Present: GDR Culture in Retrospect. The post‐unification process has not been easy, and the other day I even came across a statement in the press that “other postcommunist countries did not seem to have faced the same difficulties as the former GDR”. Although this is a highly questionable comment, ignoring the plight of large sections of the population under “successful” postcommunist governments and the far higher living standards of the GDR population, despite de‐industrialisation and massive unemployment, it contains a grain of truth. The more I read about and discuss the East German situation before and after 1989, the more I become convinced that there were vital differences, not only in Soviet policy towards the GDR and other Warsaw Pact states, but perhaps more importantly, in the attitudes of the East German party, the intellectuals and the population at large to the idea of “nation”, to the Soviet Union and even to “socialism as it existed in reality”. After a stint in Potsdam cramming post‐1989 memoirs, I should like to address these issues in a first try at a possible introduction to my planned book.
Holocaust Compensation Payments and the Global Search for Justice for Victims of Nazi Persecution
Authors: Huber Thomas
Published: March 2003

Dormant bank accounts, insurance policies, communal property, and most recently the question of compensation for slave and forced labour: more than fifty years after the Second World War, the crimes committed by the National Socialist rÃ©gime have returned to the agenda. Negotiations between governments, class‐action lawyers, and Jewish and non‐Jewish organisations have led to a series of agreements to compensate Holocaust victims. These agreements also have consequences for the study of the Holocaust: a global commitment to archival openness; the globalisation of historical research; a “reorientation” in the study of the economic aspect of the Holocaust, and the globalisation of the memory of the Holocaust. This article elaborates on these aspects and demonstrates how the parties involved (governments, NGOs) have made “competitive use of history” in order to advance and further their cause.
Free Market Experiments in the Laboratory of Democracy: The Long Decade of Policy Reform in New Zealand those risks
Authors: Schwartz Herman
Published: March 2003

Books reviewd in this essay:

Christine Cheyne, Mike O’Brien and Michael Belgrave, Social Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand: A Critical Introduction

Brian Easton, The Commercialisation of New Zealand

Paul Dalziel and Ralph Lattimore, The New Zealand Macroeconomy: A Briefing on the Reforms

RC Mascarenhas, Government and the Economy in New Zealand

Raymond Miller (ed.), New Zealand Politics in Transition

Geoffrey Palmer and Michael Palmer, Bridled Power: New Zealand Government Under MMP
The Future of Government: Mixed Economy or Minimal State?
Authors: Quiggin John
Published: March 2003

After nearly a century of expansion, the role of government has contracted, at least in qualitative terms, over the past 20 years. The assumption that this is a natural and inevitable trend is mistaken. The success of the 'mixed economy' in the period from 1945 to 1970, and the limited benefits generated so far by reforms aimed at a contraction of the role of government, suggest that radical contraction of the role of government is unlikely to be beneficial. Some of the privatisations of the recent past will ultimately have to be reversed either through renationalisation or through the establishment of new public entrants to markets where older public enterprises have been sold off.
From ‘Fightback’ to ‘Biteback’: The Rise and Fall of a National Dental Program
Authors: Lewis Jenny
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a case study of policy introduction, implementation and termination. It demonstrates how the coupling of a well‐defined problem with a workable solution by advocates can generate policy change, even in an area where there has previously been scant governmental interest. It also reveals that increased public funding associated with policy implementation can provide administrators with the legitimacy and authority to advance reform. Finally, this case study indicates the fragility of policies which: have short histories of governmental attention and financing; cross major party political differences towards federalism and Commonwealth/state responsibilities; and solely benefit repressed interests.
Perspectives from the Senior Executive Service
Authors: Hall‐Taylor Brenda
Published: March 2003

Much of the research and scholarship on public administration relies heavily on an ‘outsider’ perspective. There is very little ‘insider’ discussion on the priorities, concerns and personal constructs which influence senior executives’ careers. This small qualitative study captures the perspectives of members of the Senior Executive Service (SES) within Australian public sector agencies and identifies key issues for them as senior executives.
Senior Public Servants, Political Discrimination and Dismissals
Authors: Spry Max
Published: March 2003

In recent years literature on public administration in Australia has often referred to the increasing politicisation of both the federal and state public services. Increasingly, senior members of the bureaucracy are appointed on contract. Such contracts can often be terminated without the need to give reasons. Presumably some dismissals will be motivated by partisan, or party‐political, considerations. Where this is so, what role might there be for anti‐discrimination legislation, particularly that denying discrimination on the grounds of political belief or activity in the workplace?