bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caspase-8 activity mediates TNFα production and restricts
Coxiella burnetii
replication during murine macrophage infection
Authors: Osbron Chelsea A. , Lawson Crystal , Hanna Nolan , Koehler Heather S. , Goodman Alan G.
Published: June 2024

Coxiella burnetii
is an obligate intracellular bacteria that causes the global zoonotic disease Q Fever. Treatment options for chronic infection are limited, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies requires a greater understanding of how
C. burnetii
interacts with immune signaling. Cell death responses are known to be manipulated by
C. burnetii
, but the role of caspase-8, a central regulator of multiple cell death pathways, has not been investigated. In this research, we studied bacterial manipulation of caspase-8 signaling and the significance of caspase-8 to
C. burnetii
infection, examining bacterial replication, cell death induction, and cytokine signaling. We measured caspase, RIPK, and MLKL activation in
C. burnetii
-infected tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)/cycloheximide-treated THP-1 macrophage-like cells and TNFα/ZVAD-treated L929 cells to assess apoptosis and necroptosis signaling. Additionally, we measured
C. burnetii
replication, cell death, and TNFα induction over 12 days in RIPK1-kinase-dead, RIPK3-kinase-dead, or RIPK3-kinase-dead-caspase-8
−/−
bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to understand the significance of caspase-8 and RIPK1/3 during infection. We found that caspase-8 is inhibited by
C. burnetii
, coinciding with inhibition of apoptosis and increased susceptibility to necroptosis. Furthermore,
C. burnetii
replication was increased in BMDMs lacking caspase-8, but not in those lacking RIPK1/3 kinase activity, corresponding with decreased TNFα production and reduced cell death. As TNFα is associated with the control of
C. burnetii
, this lack of a TNFα response may allow for the unchecked bacterial growth we saw in caspase-8
−/−
BMDMs. This research identifies and explores caspase-8 as a key regulator of
C. burnetii
infection, opening novel therapeutic doors.
Continuous
in vitro
propagation of
Babesia microti
Authors: Fuller Lee
Published: June 2024

The currently accepted initiation of Babesia infection describes a sporozoite stage infused into the host, along with other saliva components, by the tick vector. This sporozoite can enter and initiate erythrocyte infection directly. In the particular case of
Babesia microti
, however, that sporozoite loses the ability to further propagate
in vitro
once deprived of its natural host. True
B. sensu stricto
do not require the host collaboration described in this study. Hence it has become a current topic of research involving
B. microti
(
B. sensu lato
), a rather unique species that requires host collaboration to maintain an erythrocyte propagation cycle. The main attachment protein is synthesized by this parasite in excess and exported to the host from the erythrocyte infrastructure to immunize the host at all stages of infection. The synthesis of host immune IgM antibody is necessary for the propagation of
B. microti
, being central to entry into uninfected host erythrocytes. Sequential use of the host immune system then involves complement factor C3b to complete the three-part assembly necessary to initiate the rhoptry sequence for invasion of uninfected erythrocytes and further propagation. These several components must be furnished within the
in vitro
culture medium and the sequence of these reactions is discussed. The corollary view of the parasite survival versus the host immune defenses is also discussed as it involves the same host factors promoting continuing parasite growth. This is the first description of continuous
in vitro
propagation of
B. microti
.
Complex regulation of mitochondrial signaling by human adenovirus minor capsid protein VI
Authors: Schubert Erik , Mun Kwangchol , Larsson Mårten , Panagiotou Styliani , Idevall-Hagren Olof , Svensson Catharina , Punga Tanel
Published: June 2024

The controlled release of mitochondrial content into the cytosol has emerged as one of the key steps in mitochondrial signaling. In particular, the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytosol has been shown to activate interferon beta (IFN-β) gene expression to execute the innate immune response. In this report, we show that human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) infection induces the release of mtDNA into the cytosol. The release of mtDNA is mediated by the viral minor capsid protein VI (pVI), which localizes to mitochondria. The presence of the mitochondrial membrane proteins Bak and Bax are needed for the mtDNA release, whereas the viral E1B-19K protein blocked pVI-mediated mtDNA release. Surprisingly, the pVI-mediated mtDNA release did not increase but inhibited the IFN-β gene expression. Notably, the pVI expression caused mitochondrial leakage of the HSP60 protein. The latter prevented specific phosphorylation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) needed for IFN-β gene expression. Overall, we assign a new mitochondria and IFN-β signaling-modulating function to the HAdV-C5 minor capsid protein VI.

IMPORTANCE

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens causing various self-limiting diseases, including conjunctivitis and the common cold. HAdVs need to interfere with multiple cellular signaling pathways during the infection to gain control over the host cell. In this study, we identified human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5) minor capsid protein VI as a factor modulating mitochondrial membrane integrity and mitochondrial signaling. We show that pVI-altered mitochondrial signaling impedes the cell’s innate immune response, which may benefit HAdV growth. Overall, our study provides new detailed insights into the HAdV-mitochondria interactions and signaling. This knowledge is helpful when developing new anti-viral treatments against pathogenic HAdV infections and improving HAdV-based therapeutics.
Generation of single-round infectious rotavirus with a mutation in the intermediate capsid protein VP6
Authors: Kotaki Tomohiro , Kanai Yuta , Onishi Megumi , Minami Shohei , Chen Zelin , Nouda Ryotaro , Nurdin Jeffery A. , Yamasaki Moeko , Kobayashi Takeshi
Published: June 2024

Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in infants. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, vaccine-derived infections have been reported, which warrants development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines. A single-round infectious virus is a promising vaccine platform; however, this platform has not been studied extensively in the context of rotavirus. Here, we aimed to develop a single-round infectious rotavirus by impairing the function of the viral intermediate capsid protein VP6. Recombinant rotaviruses harboring mutations in VP6 were rescued using a reverse genetics system. Mutations were targeted at VP6 residues involved in virion assembly. Although the VP6-mutated rotavirus expressed viral proteins, it did not produce progeny virions in wild-type cells; however, the virus did produce progeny virions in VP6-expressing cells. This indicates that the VP6-mutated rotavirus is a single-round infectious rotavirus. Insertion of a foreign gene, and replacement of the VP7 gene segment with that of human rotavirus clinical isolates, was successful. No infectious virions were detected in mice infected with the single-round infectious rotavirus. Immunizing mice with the single-round infectious rotavirus induced neutralizing antibody titers as high as those induced by wild-type rotavirus. Taken together, the data suggest that this single-round infectious rotavirus has potential as a safe and effective rotavirus vaccine. This system is also applicable for generation of safe and orally administrable viral vectors.

IMPORTANCE

Rotavirus, a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, causes an annual estimated 128,500 infant deaths worldwide. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, they are replicable and may cause vaccine-derived infections. Thus, development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is important. In this study, we report the development of a single-round infectious rotavirus that can replicate only in cells expressing viral VP6 protein. We demonstrated that (1) the single-round infectious rotavirus did not replicate in wild-type cells or in mice; (2) insertion of foreign genes and replacement of the outer capsid gene were possible; and (3) it was as immunogenic as the wild-type virus. Thus, the mutated virus shows promise as a next-generation rotavirus vaccine. The system is also applicable to orally administrable viral vectors, facilitating development of vaccines against other enteric pathogens.
Inflammatory caspase substrate specificities
Authors: Exconde Patrick M. , Bourne Christopher M. , Kulkarni Madhura , Discher Bohdana M. , Taabazuing Cornelius Y.
Published: June 2024

Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that act as molecular scissors to cleave substrates and regulate biological processes such as programmed cell death and inflammation. Extensive efforts have been made to identify caspase substrates and to determine factors that dictate substrate specificity. Thousands of putative substrates have been identified for caspases that regulate an immunologically silent type of cell death known as apoptosis, but less is known about substrates of the inflammatory caspases that regulate an immunostimulatory type of cell death called pyroptosis. Furthermore, much of our understanding of caspase substrate specificities is derived from work done with peptide substrates, which do not often translate to native protein substrates. Our knowledge of inflammatory caspase biology and substrates has recently expanded and here, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of caspase substrate specificities, with a focus on inflammatory caspases. We highlight new substrates that have been discovered and discuss the factors that engender specificity. Recent evidence suggests that inflammatory caspases likely utilize two binding interfaces to recognize and process substrates, the active site and a conserved exosite.
Heat Shock Proteins on Tumor Cell Surface as Target for Anti-Tumor Therapy (A Review)
Authors: Makarova A. O. , Kostenko V. V. , Ovsyanikova O. V. , Svirshchevskaya E. V. , Lutsenko G. V. , Sapozhnikov A. M.
Published: June 2024

According to WHO, cancer is the cause of ~5 million deaths annually. To date, there is no universal solution to fight cancer despite outstanding achievements of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. In this regard, there is a need to develop new approaches to antitumor therapy, in particular based on the search and use of targeted molecules that allow killing tumor cells of various types with high efficiency without significant toxic effects on healthy organs and tissues. This review presents the characteristics of the main proteins of the heat shock proteins (HSP) family, the features of their expression in tumor cells, and the possibility of using monoclonal antibodies against these proteins as a guiding vector for antitumor immunotherapy.
Assessing the causal role of physical activity and leisure sedentary behaviours with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Xiao Lu , Li Weina , Li Fawei , Chen Xingjuan , Xu Yun , Hu Ying , Fu Yingkun , Feng Ling
Published: June 2024

Background

Observational studies show that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) tend to be sedentary during leisure time. Physical activity (PA) may reduce the risk of COPD, but the causal relationship is unclear. We used a Mendelian randomisation (MR) method to elucidate the association of leisure sedentary behaviours (LSB) and PA with lung function and COPD.

Methods

Data on LSB (n=422 218), PA (n=608 595), COPD (n=299 929) and lung function (n=79 055) were obtained from the large-scale genome-wide association study. Causal inference used inverse variance-weighted, MR-Egger and weighted median. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy, and radial MR was used to distinguish outliers. The primary outcome was analysed by multifactorial MR adjusted for daily smoking.

Results

The inverse variance weighted analysis indicated that increased moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) is associated with higher levels of forced vital capacity (FVC) (beta=0.27, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.42; p=3.51×10–4). For each increment of 2.8 hours in television watching, the odds of COPD were 2.25 times greater (OR=2.25; 95% CI 1.84 to 2.75; p=2.38×10–15). For early-onset COPD, the odds were 2.11 times greater (OR=2.11; 95% CI 1.56 to 2.85; p=1.06×10–6), and for late-onset COPD, the odds were 2.16 times greater (OR=2.16; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.84; p=3.12×10–8). Similarly, the odds of hospitalisation for COPD were 2.02 times greater with increased television watching (OR=2.02; 95% CI 1.59 to 2.55; p=4.68×10–9). Television watching was associated with lower FVC (beta=−0.19, 95% CI −0.28 to −0.10; p=1.54×10–5) and forced expiratory volume in the 1 s (FEV1) (beta=−0.16, 95% CI −0.25 to −0.08; p=1.21×10–4) levels. The results remained significant after adjustment for smoking.

Conclusions

Our study suggests a potential association with LSB, particularly television watching, is associated with higher odds of COPD and lower indices of lung function as measured continuously, including FEV1 and FVC. Conversely, an increase in MVPA is associated with higher indices of lung function, particularly reflected in increased FVC levels.
Laparoscopic lateral suspension (Dubuisson) in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Luo Can , Wei Dongmei , Chen Yueyue , Mei Ling , Niu Xiaoyu
Published: June 2024

Background

Currently, the global ageing population is becoming increasingly severe, and the incidence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is rising year by year, which seriously impacts the psychosomatic health and the quality of life in female patients. Surgical treatments for POP still face enormous challenges.

Methods

The aim of this review is to discuss the laparoscopic lateral suspension (LLS) approach to the management of POP. We use MeSH terms for each topic to retrieve relevant literature from the PubMed and Embase databases. Our group reviewed, synthesised and summarised included studies.

Results

LLS has been widely applied in the treatment of middle pelvic compartment defects. In comparison to sacrocolpopexy (SC), the most significant advantage of LLS is that it avoids dissecting the complex sacral region and possesses simple surgical procedures. But its cure, recurrence, reoperation and complication rates have been widely discussed. Issues regarding its value and its potential equivalence in surgical therapeutic effects compared with SC have gained continuous attention.

Conclusions

Based on the existing research, LLS demonstrates advantages in the treatment of POP, particularly in cases of middle pelvic compartment defects. However, solely based on current clinical studies, it is premature to establish superiority or inferiority compared with SC. LLS is not yet a substitute for SC.
Relationship between the change of ATP level controlled by ectonucleotidases and endometriosis-associated infertility and pain
Authors: Wang Yiling , Zhai Qingjie , Tian Zhao , Chang Xiaohong , Zhu Honglan
Published: June 2024

Background

The dysfunction of the immune system is one of the pathogeneses of endometriosis. Immune cells can not only affect the microenvironment of the endometrium by secreting cytokines and defensins but also promote angiogenesis, growth and invasion of endometrial stromal cells.

Result

ATP is a key mediator in the immune mechanism of endometriosis and plays a crucial role in endometriosis. While ATP acts as a purinergic signalling molecule, it has a close relationship with the pain of endometriosis via activating ATP receptors, including P2X3, P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y receptors, after being activated by the immune system. Besides, ATP levels reflect the impairment of mitochondrial function in granulosa cells, which could lead to infertility. The modulation of ATP expression levels is controlled by ectonucleotidases. The content of ectonucleotidases is altered in endometriosis which may be emerging non-invasive biomarkers.

Conclusion

In the present review, we briefly introduce the relationship between the change of ATP level controlled by ectonucleotidases and endometriosis-associated infertility and pain, and illustrate our prospects for future research.
Protective function of sclerosing cholangitis on IBD
Authors: Bedke Tanja , Stumme Friederike , Tomczak Miriam , Steglich Babett , Jia Rongrong , Bohmann Simon , Wittek Agnes , Kempski Jan , Göke Emilia , Böttcher Marius , Reher Dominik , Franke Anissa , Lennartz Maximilian , Clauditz Till , Sauter Guido , Fründt Thorben , Weidemann Sören , Tiegs Gisa , Schramm Christoph , Gagliani Nicola , Pelczar Penelope , Huber Samuel
Published: June 2024

Objective

There is a strong clinical association between IBD and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic disease of the liver characterised by biliary inflammation that leads to strictures and fibrosis. Approximately 60%–80% of people with PSC will also develop IBD (PSC-IBD). One hypothesis explaining this association would be that PSC drives IBD. Therefore, our aim was to test this hypothesis and to decipher the underlying mechanism.

Design

Colitis severity was analysed in experimental mouse models of colitis and sclerosing cholangitis, and people with IBD and PSC-IBD. Foxp3
+
Treg-cell infiltration was assessed by qPCR and flow cytometry. Microbiota profiling was carried out from faecal samples of people with IBD, PSC-IBD and mouse models recapitulating these diseases. Faecal microbiota samples collected from people with IBD and PSC-IBD were transplanted into germ-free mice followed by colitis induction.

Results

We show that sclerosing cholangitis attenuated IBD in mouse models. Mechanistically, sclerosing cholangitis causes an altered intestinal microbiota composition, which promotes Foxp3
+
Treg-cell expansion, and thereby protects against IBD. Accordingly, sclerosing cholangitis promotes IBD in the absence of Foxp3
+
Treg cells. Furthermore, people with PSC-IBD have an increased Foxp3
+
expression in the colon and an overall milder IBD severity. Finally, by transplanting faecal microbiota into gnotobiotic mice, we showed that the intestinal microbiota of people with PSC protects against colitis.

Conclusion

This study shows that PSC attenuates IBD and provides a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms involved in this effect.
Effectiveness of mailed outreach and patient navigation to promote HCC screening process completion: a multicentre pragmatic randomised clinical trial
Authors: Singal Amit G , Narasimman Manasa , Daher Darine , Yekkaluri Sruthi , Liu Yan , Lee MinJae , Cerda Vanessa , Khan Aisha , Seif El Dahan Karim , Kramer Jennifer , Gopal Purva , Murphy Caitlin , Hernaez Ruben
Published: June 2024

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is plagued by failures across the cancer care continuum, leading to frequent late-stage diagnoses and high mortality. We evaluated the effectiveness of mailed outreach invitations plus patient navigation to promote HCC screening process completion in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

Between April 2018 and September 2021, we conducted a multicentre pragmatic randomised clinical trial comparing mailed outreach plus patient navigation for HCC screening (n=1436) versus usual care with visit-based screening (n=1436) among patients with cirrhosis at three US health systems. Our primary outcome was screening process completion over a 36-month period, and our secondary outcome was the proportion of time covered (PTC) by screening. All patients were included in intention-to-screen analyses.

Results

All 2872 participants (median age 61.3 years; 32.3% women) were included in intention-to-screen analyses. Screening process completion was observed in 6.6% (95% CI: 5.3% to 7.9%) of patients randomised to outreach and 3.3% (95% CI: 2.4% to 4.3%) of those randomised to usual care (OR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.44 to 2.92). The intervention increased HCC screening process completion across most subgroups including age, sex, race and ethnicity, Child-Turcotte-Pugh class and health system. PTC was also significantly higher in the outreach arm than usual care (mean 37.5% vs 28.2%; RR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.35). Despite screening underuse, most HCC in both arms were detected at an early stage.

Conclusion

Mailed outreach plus navigation significantly increased HCC screening process completion versus usual care in patients with cirrhosis, with a consistent effect across most examined subgroups. However, screening completion remained suboptimal in both arms, underscoring a need for more intensive interventions.

Trial registration number

NCT02582918.
Disentangling the relationship between social cognition, executive functions and behaviour changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Palumbo Francesca , Iazzolino Barbara , Callegaro Stefano , Canosa Antonio , Manera Umberto , Vasta Rosario , Grassano Maurizio , Matteoni Enrico , Cabras Sara , Pellegrino Giorgio , Salamone Paolina , Peotta Laura , Casale Federico , Fuda Giuseppe , Moglia Cristina , Chio Adriano , Calvo Andrea
Published: June 2024

Background

Social cognition (SC) deficits are included in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTDS) revised diagnostic criteria. However, the impact of SC assessment on cognitive classification and the cognitive–behavioural correlates of SC remain unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of SC assessment on ALS-FTDS categorisation and explore the relationship of SC with executive functions (EF) and behaviour changes in a cohort of ALS patients.

Methods

121 patients and 56 healthy controls from the Turin ALS Centre underwent cognitive/behavioural testing, including the SC subdomains of facial emotion recognition, and cognitive and affective theory of mind (ToM).

Results

Patients performed significantly worse than controls in all SC explored domains, and 45% of patients exhibited a deficit in at least one SC test, dissociated from the presence of EF deficits. In 13% of cases, the SC deficit was isolated and subclinical. SC assessment contributed to the attribution of cognitive impairment in 10% of patients. Through a statistical clustering approach, we found that ToM only partially overlaps with EF while behaviour changes are associated with emotional disorders (anxiety and depression).

Conclusions

SC is overall independent of EF in ALS, with ToM only partially associated with specific EF measures, and behaviour changes associated with emotional disorders. The influence of SC on cognitive categorisation and the frequent identification of a subclinical SC impairment have implications in a clinical setting, considering the substantial impact of cognitive impairment on disease burden and therapeutic choices.
Development of a speargun projectile penetrometer in soil
Authors: Rong Junlin , Nazem Majidreza , Chow Shiao Huey , Zhou Annan , Moridpour Sara
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the applicability of a speargun projectile penetrometer (SPP) for offshore site investigation purposes using experimental testing. The SPP can shoot penetrometers using an elastic/pneumatic force. The speargun is easy to handle, can generate significant kinetic energy, and requires a single operator to perform the test. A laboratory test platform was utilised to hold the SPP and ensure vertical launch, while a laser displacement sensor was employed to monitor the penetration depth and record the corresponding time history. The result demonstrated that the speargun-launched method achieves significantly higher embedment depth compared to an equivalent free-falling penetrometer. In particular, the new method produces sufficiently deep penetration in dense sand, thus overcoming the typical penetrometer tilting issue caused by shallow penetration. These findings provide a preliminary insight into the SPP, allowing for exploration beyond the boundaries of traditional penetrometers in laboratory testing and offshore site investigation.
On the interplay between boundary conditions and the Lorentzian Wetterich equation
Authors: Dappiaggi Claudio , Nava Filippo , Sinibaldi Luca
Published: June 2024

In the framework of the functional renormalization group and of the perturbative, algebraic approach to quantum field theory (pAQFT), in D’Angelo et al. [Ann. Henri Poinc. 25 (2024) 2295–2352] it has been derived a Lorentzian version of a flow equation à la Wetterich, which can be used to study nonlinear, quantum scalar field theories on a globally hyperbolic spacetime. In this work, we show that the realm of validity of this result can be extended to study interacting scalar field theories on globally hyperbolic manifolds with a timelike boundary. By considering the specific examples of half-Minkowski spacetime and of the Poincaré patch of Anti-de Sitter, we show that the form of the Lorentzian Wetterich equation is strongly dependent on the boundary conditions assigned to the underlying field theory. In addition, using a numerical approach, we are able to provide strong evidences that there is a qualitative and not only a quantitative difference in the associated flow and we highlight this feature by considering Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on half-Minkowski spacetime.
Hyper-Kähler instantons, symmetries, and flat spaces
Authors: Araneda Bernardo
Published: June 2024

We find all hyper-Kähler 4-manifolds admitting conformal Kähler structures with respect to either orientation, and we show that these structures can be expressed as a combination of twistor elementary states (and possibly a self-dual dyon) in locally flat spaces. The complex structures of different flat pieces are not compatible however, reflecting that the global geometry is not a linear superposition. For either orientation, the space must be Gibbons–Hawking (thus excluding the Atiyah–Hitchin metric), and, if the orientations are opposite, it must also be toric and have an irreducible Killing tensor. We also show that the only hyper-Kähler 4-metric with a non-constant Killing–Yano tensor is the half-flat Taub–NUT instanton.
Fano varieties with conjecturally largest Fano index
Authors: Wang Chengxi
Published: June 2024

For Fano varieties of various singularities such as canonical and terminal, we construct examples with large Fano index growing doubly exponentially with dimension. By low-dimensional evidence, we conjecture that our examples have the largest Fano index for all dimensions.
Dynamic wake behavior and aerodynamic characteristics of a custom airfoil under combined pitching and heaving motion
Authors: Vineeth V. K. , Patel Devendra Kumar
Published: June 2024

The two-dimensional laminar flow over a simultaneously pitching-heaving teardrop airfoil is studied numerically. The influence of frequency and amplitude on the wake structure and aerodynamic performance is investigated at a constant Reynolds number, [Formula: see text]. The computational modeling accurately depicts the changes in the wake structure that occur between the von Karman, reverse von Karman and deflected conditions. Investigations at low flapping frequencies and amplitudes identified the presence of additional wake structures that had not been reported previously. The interaction between the flapping frequency and vortex shedding frequency appears to govern the formation of such multiple vortex wakes. The wake structures identified are presented in the form of a wake map where the transitions between the wake structures are visible. This study correlates the wake arrangement with the variation in force coefficients and explains why the presence of a reverse von Karman street is necessary but not a sufficient condition for thrust production. The time history of the drag coefficient and the phase relation between lift and drag show the dynamics of the wake. The variation of force coefficients and efficiency at different flapping conditions is evaluated, and the influence of flapping parameters is assessed. The underlying vortex interactions that influence the aerodynamic performance are identified. The development and distribution of stress fields developed due to periodic fluctuations behind the flapping airfoil have not been discussed previously. The velocity fluctuations in the wake due to the periodic flapping are presented, and regions of maximum stress distribution are identified.
Cosmographic analysis of holographic nonzero torsion framework
Authors: Jawad Abdul , Ahsan Aitazaz , Rani Shamaila
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we use the cosmographic approach to discuss Friedmann space-time in the presence of torsion. For this, we explore equations of motion that explain creation in an isotropic and homogeneous cosmic backdrop with nonzero torsion. Here, we consider the energy density of holographic dark energy model [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is a dimensionless parameter depending on redshift parameter [Formula: see text] is the reduced Planck mass and [Formula: see text] represents the holographic length scale. We examine this dark energy model with both constant and variable holographic length scales in terms of Hubble parameter to determine the best-fit scale. The interaction between dark sector components is taken to evaluate cosmographic parameters, like Hubble, equation of state, deceleration, jerk, snap, lerk and statefinder parameters. We consider four [Formula: see text] parametrizations, which are Chevallier–Polarski–Linder, Jassal–Bagla–Padmanabhan, Wetterich and Ma–Zhang for both cases. We obtain consistent results for specific choices of constant parameters in the underlying scenario.
Editors’ Choice—Review—Advances in Electrochemical Sensors: Improving Food Safety, Quality, and Traceability
Authors: Sakthivel Kogularasu , Balasubramanian Sriram , Chang-Chien Guo-Ping , Wang Sea-Fue , Ahammad  , Billey Wayant , Platero Justin , Soundappan Thiagarajan , Sekhar Praveen
Published: June 2024

Electrochemical sensors have become a pivotal tool in ensuring the safety and security of the global food supply chain, which is crucial for public health, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. Modern food systems, with their complex global distribution and varied processing methods, require advanced solutions for detecting contaminants and maintaining food quality. This review delves into recent advancements in electrochemical food sensor technology, highlighting their operating principles, types, cutting-edge materials, and methods enhancing their effectiveness. These sensors are adept at identifying a broad range of foodborne pathogens, chemical contaminants, and adulterants while monitoring food freshness and quality. Innovations include using nanomaterials and conductive polymers and shifting towards miniaturized, portable devices for on-site and real-time analysis. The review also addresses challenges such as sensitivity, selectivity, and matrix effects, pointing out emerging trends and future research avenues to overcome these hurdles. Regulatory and standardization issues relevant to adopting these technologies in food safety protocols are also considered. Highlighting the last three years, this review emphasizes the indispensable role of electrochemical sensors in boosting food safety and security and the need for ongoing innovation and cross-disciplinary cooperation to advance this area.
Supplementary Table S6 from Evaluation of Copanlisib in Combination with Eribulin in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Models
Authors: Guo Zhanfang , Luo Jingqin , Mashl R. Jay , Hoog Jeremy , Maiti Piyush , Fettig Nikki , Davies Sherri R. , Aft Rebecca , Held Jason M. , Govindan Ramaswamy , Ding Li , Li Shunqiang , von Morze Cornelius , Wulf Gerburg M. , Shoghi Kooresh I. , Ma Cynthia X.
Published: June 2024

Statistical Analysis Comparing Changes in the Levels of Proteins by RPPA Among Different Treatment Groups for 8 PDX Models
Turismo espacial e a regulação dos limites do espaço: discutindo as teorias funcionalista e espacialista
Authors: Virissimo Marcello Cristovão Guedes , Ferreira Luciano Vaz
Published: June 2024

This study aims to discuss the application of functionalist and spatialist theories in the delimitation of space within the context of the private exploitation of space tourism. From a methodological point of view, the research is a literature review, based on the main authors in the field, and a documentary analysis, which relies on international documents, international treaties, and national legislation. The work is divided into three chapters: the first focuses on problematizing the boundaries between airspace and outer space; the second looks at functionalist theory; and the third is dedicated to spatialist theory.
Decoding AI in Contemporary Art: A Five-Trope Classification for Understanding and Categorization
Authors: Salimbeni Guido , Benford Steve , Reeves Stuart , Martindale Sarah
Published: June 2024

The article presents a historical overview of the classification of contemporary artworks that either have utilized artificial intelligence as a tool in their creation or focus on AI as their central theme or subject matter. The authors analyze artworks and descriptions, focusing on artists’ motivations and AI’s role in their practice, identifying five distinct tropes in AI art. The authors compare artworks with respect to key questions, creating a useful tool for art historians, curators, researchers, and artists. This historical classification provides a structured approach to understanding AI art’s creative significance and attributes as it has developed over time.
Contextualizing Polarimetric Retrievals of Boundary Layer Height Using State-of-the-Art Boundary Layer Profiling
Authors: Carlin Jacob T. , Smith Elizabeth N. , Giannakopoulos Katherine
Published: June 2024

Knowledge about the depth of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is crucial for a variety of applications, but direct observations of PBL depth are spatiotemporally sparse. Recent studies have proposed using operational dual-polarization weather radars to observe the evolution of PBL depth by capitalizing on unique differential reflectivity (ZDR) signatures of Bragg scatter at the top of the PBL. While this approach appears promising and cost-effective, uncertainties remain about the representativeness of these estimates and how its efficacy may vary by geography and climatology. To address these outstanding uncertainties, this study compares collocated observations collected from two WSR-88D radars and two state-of-the-art mobile boundary layer profiling systems and evaluates the proposed methodology over the full diurnal cycle. Results indicate good overall correspondence between the profiling- and radar-based PBL depth estimates, with an abrupt divergence during the early evening transition and large discrepancies overnight. Relatively large root-mean-square-deviations (RMSDs) coupled with small biases match expectations when comparing spatially averaged data with point observations during PBL growth, which capture frequent fluctuations. A qualitative examination of the radar data reveals signatures of elevated residual layers, clouds, and ground clutter, all of which can obfuscate the desired surface-based PBL signal but which may have their own utility. The prominence of the Bragg scatter signal is found to be correlated with the observed moisture gradient at the top of the PBL, reflecting climatological variability that should be considered. These findings motivate further work to improve the automated detection of Bragg scatter layers from polarimetric radar data.

Significance Statement

Knowledge of the height of the planetary boundary layer matters for weather forecasting, air quality, and renewable energy production. Currently, boundary layer height measurements are taken at select locations twice a day. However, a method to use the existing national network of polarimetric weather radars for this purpose has been proposed. This work evaluates this method against specialized boundary layer measurements. The results show that the method is generally reliable during the daytime and could be used for a variety of applications including climatologies and model evaluation. There remain a number of situational caveats, including residual turbulence, clouds/precipitation, ground clutter, and certain meteorological environments, that may require modification of the approach and need to be considered in future work.
All Dressed Up With No Place to Go? National Board Certification and Teacher Leadership
Authors: Shirrell Matthew , Saha Anshu
Published: June 2024

Purpose: Teacher leadership distinguishes, implicitly or explicitly, among teachers based on their expertise, but the notion of teaching expertise is contested, even among educators. Despite the potential for expert teachers to positively influence their colleagues’ practices, we know little about the supports and obstacles to expert teacher leadership. This study examines the ways that the leadership of a particular group of expert teachers—National-Board-certified teachers—is understood and enacted in schools. Methods: Survey data from staff in six elementary schools were used to analyze Board-certified teachers’ centrality in their schools’ work-related social networks. Survey results were used to select 26 participants for semistructured interviews focused on their understandings of the relationships between teaching expertise, Board certification, and leadership, which were analyzed using alternating rounds of open and closed coding. Findings: Board-certified teachers were more central to their schools’ networks than non-Board-certified teachers, although Board-certified teachers interacted with one another more than with non-Board-certified teachers. Board-certified teachers were seen as having expanded influence beyond their classrooms, which some saw as supporting their leadership, but others saw as disconnected from, or even undermining, their leadership. Implications for Research and Practice: Teacher leadership requires a supporting infrastructure in the form of leadership positions, routines, and tools that align with leaders’ expertise. Developing a shared understanding of teaching expertise is key to Board-certified teacher leadership, as well as other teacher leadership efforts.
Book review: Rochona Majumdar, Art Cinema and India’s Forgotten Futures: Film and History in the Postcolony
Authors: Menon Dilip M.
Published: June 2024

Rochona Majumdar, Art Cinema and India’s Forgotten Futures: Film and History in the Postcolony (Columbia University Press, 2021), 307 pp.
Does the Buck Stop Somewhere? Blame Games and State Capture in the Legalization of the Israeli Land Grab
Authors: Mnaili Youssef
Published: June 2024

This article explores the intricate relationship between the Israeli state and Jewish settlers in the occupied Palestinian West Bank after the Oslo Accords (1993). It shows that, despite the accords, which prohibited the establishment of new settlements, such activities persisted. Instead, the accords triggered the seemingly spontaneous emergence of numerous illegal “hilltop settlements,” tolerated by higher echelons of government and actively supported by lower levels. These settlements subsequently underwent a gradual post hoc formalization process, ultimately leading to their full legalization. The article elucidates how a faction within Israeli society influenced segments of the government, employing blame games as a strategy to rationalize the legitimization of the Israeli land grab. Notably, it highlights the strategic and deceptive tactics employed by various Israeli governments in their dealings with the settler movement. The article concludes by reflecting on the political implications of the settler movement's success for the democratic character of the Israeli state.
Exploration of the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Mindfulness on Orthorexia Nervosa and Perfectionism
Authors: Kalika Eliza , Hussain Misba , Egan Helen , Mantzios Michail
Published: June 2024

Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with healthy eating, accompanied by increasingly restrictive dietary practices over time. In light of the increased attention to ON, it is noteworthy that the existing body of research, specifically with regard to mindfulness and self-compassion remains constrained in scope and depth. A total of 151 participants over the age of 18 completed scales measuring Orthorexia, Self-Compassion, Mindfulness, and Perfectionism. The findings revealed that individuals exhibiting high levels of ON tended to have low levels of self-compassion and mindfulness, along with high levels of perfectionism. Furthermore, the results indicated that self-compassion and mindfulness acted as mediators in the relationship between perfectionism and orthorexia nervosa. These findings deepen our comprehension of orthorexia and underscore the role of self-compassion and mindfulness, or their absence, as mediating factors in this context. The implications of these results and potential future directions are discussed.
Escherichia coli infected scalp abscess with osteomyelitis following a cephalhaematoma in a neonate
Authors: Palayullakandi Achanya , Gunasekaran Pradeep Kumar , Saini Arushi Gahlot , Sood Apoorva , Bhatia Anmol , Kumar Jogender
Published: June 2024

We discuss an illustrative case of Escherichia coli infected scalp abscess with osteomyelitis following a cephalhaematoma in a 19-day-old neonate. Cephalhaematoma is a common occurrence in neonates after prolonged labour, instrument-assisted, and traumatic deliveries and resolves spontaneously in the majority of cases. Infection may follow haematogenous dissemination or direct inoculation via a skin breach. Complications such as scalp abscess, sepsis, and osteomyelitis of the skull present with local signs, including increasing size, local erythema and tenderness, and fluctuant swelling.
Adsorptive removal of Direct Red 31 and Direct Orange 26 azo dyes from aqueous solutions using Ficus nano zero valent copper: Linear, non-linear, response surface methodology (RSM), and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling
Authors: Abd El-Aziz Hossam Mohammed , Zayed Mohamed A. , Abdel-Gawad Soha Ali
Published: June 2024

In this regard, green preparation of nanoscale-zero-valent copper was accomplished using Ficus benjamina leaves successfully. Ficus nano zero valent copper (Ficus-nZVCu) was characterized utilized scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that 63% of DR31 dye and 56% of DO26 dye were removed within the optimum conditions (0.3 g L-1, 30 min, 50 mg L-1, and pH 6). A Langmuir model was found to be the most fitting system for the removal process for DR31 and DO26. A Pseudo-second order kinetics model is the fit model of the removal processes for DR31 and DO26. The regenerated adsorbent still retained good adsorption capability after the fifth round of recycles. Ficus-nZVCu adsorbent is intensely recommended as a confident material for removing DR31 and DO26 anionic dyes from both prepared and actual wastewater samples. The co-presence of DR31 and DO26 did not affect each other's.
Electronic symptom monitoring for home-based palliative care: A systematic review
Authors: Mao Suning , Liu Liu , Miao Cheng , Wang Tianyi , Chen Yue , Jiang Zhishen , Hua Chengge , Li Chunjie , Cao Yubin
Published: June 2024

Background:

Coordination and communication challenges in home-based palliative care complicate transitions from hospital care. Electronic symptom monitoring enables real-time data collection, enhancing patient-provider communication. However, a systematic evaluation of its effectiveness in home-based palliative care is lacking.

Aim:

To analyze the feasibility, effectiveness, and limitations of electronic symptom monitoring in home-based palliative care, assess the evidence quality, identify the evidence gap, and suggest implications for future research and practice.

Design:

This study uses systematic review, meta-analysis, and narrative synthesis (CRD42023457977) to analyze relevant studies until September 2023.

Data sources:

Electronic searches in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Embase until September 2023, complemented by hand-searching of references and citations.

Results:

This study included twenty studies. The majority of patients positively engage in electronic symptom monitoring, which could improve their quality of life, physical and emotional well-being, and symptom scores without a significant increase in costs. However, firm conclusions about the effects of electronic symptom monitoring on outcomes like survival, hospital admissions, length of stay, emergency visits, and adverse events were limited due to significant variability in the reported data or inadequate statistical power.

Conclusion:

Introducing electronic symptom monitoring in home-based palliative care holds potential for enhancing patient-reported outcomes, potentially decreasing hospital visits and costs. However, inconsistency in current studies arising from diverse monitoring systems obstructs comparability. To advance, future high-quality research should employ standardized follow-up periods and established scales to better grasp the benefits of electronic symptom monitoring in home-based palliative care.
A systematic review on the impact of financial insecurity on the physical and psychological well-being for people living with terminal illness
Authors: Walker-Pow Ross , Bruun Andrea , Kupeli Nuriye , Bosco Alessandro , White Nicola
Published: June 2024

Background:

People living with terminal illness are at higher risk of experiencing financial insecurity. The variance in definitions of financial insecurity, in addition to its impact on the well-being of this population has not yet been systematically analysed.

Aim:

To understand the definition, prevalence and impact of financial insecurity on the physical and psychological well-being of people living with terminal illness.

Design:

A systematic review with a narrative synthesis (prospectively registered; CRD42023404516).

Data sources:

Medline, Embase, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from inception to May 2023. Included studies had to measure or describe the impact of financial insecurity on an aspect of participants’ physical or mental well-being. Study quality was assessed using the Hawker tool.

Results:

A total of 26 studies were included in the review. Financial insecurity was defined using many different definitions and terminology. Out of 4824 participants, 1126 (23%) reported experiencing high levels of financial insecurity. Nine studies reported 21 unique analyses across three domains of physical well-being. Out of those 21 analyses, 10 (48%) reported a negative result (an increase in financial insecurity was reported with a decrease in physical well-being). Twenty-one studies reported 51 unique analyses across nine domains of psychological well-being. Out of these analyses, 35 (69%) reported a negative result (an increase in financial insecurity was reported with a decrease in psychological well-being).

Conclusions:

People living with terminal illness require support with their financial situation to ensure their well-being is not negatively impacted by financial insecurity.