bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PSYCHROPHILISM IN A YEAST
Authors: Baxter R. M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

In a psychrophilic Candida species, survival, respiration of intact cells, activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, and entry of glucosamine into the cell were more sensitive to temperatures above 10 °C than in a mesophilic species, Candida lipolytica. However, growth was more sensitive to temperature than any of these other properties. Respiration of the psychrophile was more rapid than that of the mesophile at all temperatures up to 30°, the difference being most striking at 0°–10 °C. It is suggested that the upper temperature limit for growth of the psychrophile is set by the reversible inactivation of some vital reaction not yet identified.Uptake of glucosamine in the psychrophile was rapid and the rate only slightly influenced by temperature between 0° and 30°. In contrast there was scarcely any uptake by the mesophile at 0° and 10°, and the rate at 20° was much lower than that at 30°. It is suggested that the lower temperature limit of growth for the mesophile is set by the temperature dependence of the mechanisms for transporting substrates into the cell, and that an increased permeability at low temperatures may be an important factor in permitting some organisms to thrive in the cold.
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN HEAT- AND ELECTRON-STERILIZED SOIL SEEDED WITH MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Peterson G. H.
Published: February 2010

Colonization of heat- and electron-sterilized soil by soil microorganisms was investigated. Arthrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, and Trichoderma viride grew well in electron-sterilized soil. Such soil was unfavorable for the growth of Myxococcus fulvus. The growth of Arthrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., X. vesicatoria, and M. fulvus was inhibited at least for 19 hours in autoclaved soil. The duration of inhibition varied with the type of organism tested and the length of time the soil was exposed to heat during the sterilization period. A natural population of soil microorganisms seeded into autoclaved soil grew well after a 15-hour lag period while it showed no lag phase in the irradiated soil.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TIPULA IRIDESCENT VIRUS PARTICLE
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: February 2010

Fibrous material forms in the cytoplasm of cells infected with Tipula iridescent virus. Groups of spherical bodies develop in this material and coalesce to form the core of the virus particle. The outer shell appears to be formed from the fibrous material.
INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY METHOD IN SERODIAGNOSIS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS
Authors: Kelen A. E. , Ayllon-Leindl L. , Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: February 2010

The principle of the indirect fluorescent antibody-staining procedure was adapted for use in the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis and the technique compared with other serological tests most commonly employed at present.The results obtained with normal and immune rabbit sera as well as human patients' sera indicate that the indirect fluorescent antibody test for toxoplasmosis is specific in a degree comparable to the complement fixation test, and is sensitive enough for routine laboratory use, its sensitivity being somewhat higher than that of the complement fixation test. The Sabin–Feldman dye test gave positive results with human sera from cases clinically unrelated to toxoplasmosis much more frequently and usually in higher titers than did the complement fixation and the fluorescent antibody tests. On the other hand, the dye test showed a few negative results on sera for which the other tests proved to be positive. The indirect fluorescent antibody test for toxoplasmosis is safer and simpler to perform than the dye test, as living organisms are not used in the test, and prepared smears of killed toxoplasma suspension on cover slips can be kept antigenically active in the frozen state for at least 6 months.The indirect fluorescent antibody test for toxoplasmosis is recommended for use in the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis either as a single test or as a supplementary test for checking complement fixation negative sera or the results obtained by the dye test.
SAPROSPIRA GRANDIS GROSS; AND SUGGESTIONS FOR RECLASSIFYING HELICAL, APOCHLOROTIC, GLIDING ORGANISMS
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

not available
ERYTHROCYTE AFFINITY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF TYPHOID ENDOTOXIC EXTRACT
Authors: Bokkenheuser V. , Neter E.
Published: February 2010

A solution of a dehydrated extract derived from Salmonella typhi (TO-901) produced effects characteristic of endotoxins, reacted specifically with homologous antibodies, and was capable of modifying erythrocytes for hemagglutination. The affinity for erythrocytes was enhanced by heating or NaOH treatment of the antigen. Ultracentrifugation of the NaOH-treated material revealed a single, rather narrow peak, migrating with a sedimentation rate of 7 to 8. These were the smallest elements with antigenic determinant groups and comprised both erythrocyte-attachable and non-attachable particles. Attempts to release the antigen from modified erythrocytes failed. Removal of particles with red cell affinity from the endotoxic solution did not measurably reduce its antibody-neutralizing capacity, nor its toxicity to rabbits challenged with epinephrine. Rabbits injected with autologous erythrocytes modified with large (500 μg/ml) amounts of antigen and subsequently washed 6 times showed a moderate response, both with regard to toxicity and antibody formation. The last washing fluid also engendered antibody formation. Injection of red blood cells modified with smaller (30 μg/ml) amounts of the same antigen stimulated specific antibody formation to a slight degree, and the last washing fluid failed to do so.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTOBACILLI FROM CHEDDAR CHEESE: I. AN EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Authors: Smith R. E. , Cunningham J. D.
Published: February 2010

Characterization studies were conducted on 230 cultures of lactobacilli isolated from Canadian Cheddar cheese, and on an additional 15 named cultures from various sources. Preliminary investigation included reactions with 19 carbohydrates, yeast glucose litmus milk, and arginine, hippurate, and aesculin broths. This resulted in the appearance of six major groups, tentatively designated as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermenti, and an unclassifiable group. Subgroups of the divisions were noted. Sixty-eight cultures were chosen for detailed study. Tests performed included the production of catalase, nitrite, hydrogen sulphide, indole, and polysaccharide; the hydrolysis of starch, gelatin, Tweens 40 and 60, polypectate, and casein; and tolerance of growth temperatures, sodium chloride, and phenol. Titratable acidity in skim milk was determined, and morphological studies were carried out. Accumulated data indicated that the group previously designated as L. helveticus, and the unclassified group, consisted of variants of L. plantarum, L. casei, or intermediates.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE SHIFTS ON THE INTRACELLULAR LEVEL OF NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS
Authors: Scherbaum Otto H. , Chou Shao-Chia , Seraydarian Krikor H. , Byfield John E.
Published: February 2010

Mass cultures of Tetrahytnena pyriformis GL were subjected to seven cyclic changes in incubation temperature to induce synchronized division. Cultures were sampled before, during, and after exposure to the treatment. Acid extracts were assayed for their nucleoside triphosphate and protein content. It was found that the NTP/protein ratios decreased as a result of each heat shock (34 °C) by an average of 22%, while each subsequent period at optimum incubation temperature (29 °C) resulted in an average increase in the NTP/protein ratio of 36% above the initial value. During the final recovery period of 80 minutes between the last heat shock and the first synchronized division, a significant increase in the NTP/protein ratio was observed.The results are discussed in connection with the problem of the energy requirements for cell division.
STUDIES OF ASPOROGENIC MUTANTS OF BACILLUS CEREUS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS WITH CALCIUM AND ZINC
Authors: Cooney J. J. , Lundgren D. G.
Published: February 2010

The physiology of spore formation was studied in Bacillus cereus and a temperature-sensitive asporogenic mutant. The parent organism sporulates when cultured in a minimal medium at either 28 °C or 37 °C while the mutant sporulates only at 28 °C. The blocking of sporulation at 37 °C has been referred to as "abortive" sporulation. Uptake of calcium and zinc was followed during growth and sporulation or "abortive" sporulation. Calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA) levels in sporogenic cultures increased as the medium calcium was increased. The asporogenic mutant took up less calcium and synthesized little DPA. Heat resistance of spores increased as the calcium and DPA increased. Over 99% of Ca45or Zn65were released from labelled spores when autoclaved to release DPA. Chemical fractionations were made of cells labelled with Zn65and Ca45and harvested at different times during the culture cycle. Smaller percentages of calcium than of zinc were located in the cold trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction. The alcohol-soluble, ether-insoluble fraction of spores contained a greater percentage of calcium than was found in vegetative cells. Cells which had undergone "abortive" sporulation contained the same percentage of calcium in this fraction as homologous vegetative cells.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: XI. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYTIC PHENOMENON
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Matula Tibor I.
Published: February 2010

Five marine bacteria examined were found to differ considerably in lytic susceptibility. Some lysed completely below 0.15 M NaCl while suspensions of others contained some whole cells at 0.025 M NaCl. In general NaCl and LiCl were more effective than KCl or NH4Cl in protecting against lysis and the loss of ultraviolet-absorbing materials from the cells. KCl could spare the requirement for NaCl to prevent lysis. Mg++and other divalent cations at 0.05 M or less completely prevented lysis of all but one of the organisms. Sulphate salts stabilized the cell suspensions better on incubation than did chlorides for four of the organisms. For the fifth the reverse was true. The lytic action of ethanol and glycerol could be prevented by NaCl or sucrose. The concentrations of the latter required to prevent lysis remained unchanged when ethanol or glycerol was included in the suspending medium. Cells washed essentially free of electrolytes with 0.5 M sucrose retained their morphological characteristics. The observations are considered in relation to the distinction between marine bacteria, halophiles, and terrestrial bacteria and to current theories of the mechanism of lysis of bacterial cells. The results are not consistent with the hypotheses either that primarily osmotic effects are involved or that electrolytes are required to maintain the cell wall.
THE FLAGELLATION, MOVEMENT, AND ENCYSTMENT OF SOME PHYCOMYCETOUS ZOOSPORES
Authors: McKeen W. E.
Published: February 2010

The anterior flagellum of the zoospores of Phytophthora fragariae, P. megasperma, P. cambivora, Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya americana, and Pythium aphanidermatum projects straight in front of the zoospore and never moves except during encystment whereas the posterior flagellum is active during the swimming period. In the secondary zoospore the anterior and posterior flagella are attached a short distance apart in the center of the depression on the concave side and respectively pass forward and backward through a groove and form a central axis about which the zoospore rotates. Hyaline vesicles which also have been called beads or paddles form at the base of the flagella at the beginning of encystment and glide part or all the way down the flagella. Movement of flagella after they are released from the zoospore is reported for the first time. Encystment may result from contact stimulus except in the case of Allomyces anomalus. A filament on which vesicles may occur may be secreted or retracted by the Allomyces zoospore.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME ORGANIC AMENDMENTS AND FUNGICIDES IN REDUCING ACTIVITY AND SURVIVAL OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI IN SOIL
Authors: Papavizas G. C. , Davey C. B. , Woodard R. S.
Published: February 2010

Cellulose powder, oat straw, and soybean hay enriched with NH4NO3 to produce C/N ratios of 60, 30, and 10, respectively, were just as effective as the fungicide PCNB and more effective than the fungicides H 3944 and CP 30249 in reducing the saprophytic activity of Rhizoctonia solani in artificially infested non-sterilized soils 4 weeks after incorporation. One week after incorporation only oat straw and the three fungicides at 50 and 100 p.p.mf. of the active ingredient reduced R. solani activity appreciably. The effectiveness of CP 30249 and PCNB in reducing the saprophytic activity of 5 R. solani clones in soil depended on the fungicide and inoculum concentrations and on the different sensitivities of the clones. Oat straw with C/N ratios of 30 and 80 was more effective in reducing the survival of R. solani in precolonized substrate segments than oat straw with C/N ratio 10 and PCNB at 25 and 50 p.p.m. High decolonizing ability of oat straw with low N content was associated with increased numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria in soil. The sensitivity of R. solani to amendment decomposition and fungicidal action was greater before the fungus saprophytically colonized the substrate than after it became established within the substrate.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ALKALOID PRODUCTION BY CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (FR.) TUL. CORRELATION WITH CHANGES IN MYCELIAL POLYOL, CARBOHYDRATE, LIPID, AND PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

Production of ergot alkaloids by cultures of Claviceps purpurea was regulated by altering single experimental variables and the pattern of changes in mycelial constituents examined. Cultures which produced alkaloid ceased to accumulate polyols, carbohydrate, and lipid in the mycelium just prior to the onset of alkaloid synthesis whereas the concentration of water-extractable nitrogen and ribonucleic acid remained high or increased. Cultures which failed to produce alkaloid continued to accumulate carbohydrate, polyols, and lipid, but not nitrogenous constituents in the mycelium throughout the late growth phase. The differences between producing and non-producing cultures were consistent irrespective of method used to control the formation of alkaloid. The results suggest that production occurs only under conditions where the accumulation of certain non-nitrogenous cell components has ceased. No consistent correlation was observed between alkaloid production and changes in condensed inorganic phosphate or orthophosphate in the mycelium.
THE INCIDENCE OF ENCAPSULATED STAPHYLOCOCCI AND ANTICAPSULAR ANTIBODIES IN NORMAL HUMANS
Authors: Wiley Bill B.
Published: February 2010

A group of 109 healthy adult blood donors was examined to determine the incidence of anticapsular antibodies capable of eliciting a specific capsular reaction when tested against an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus. At the same time the carrier rate for naturally occurring encapsulated S. aureus variants was determined. Of the healthy blood donors 80.7% possessed anticapsular antibodies in sufficient titer to elicit a specific capsular reaction. Almost half the carriers of staphylococci carried naturally occurring encapsulated strains of S. aureus. In a group of subjects below the age of 13 years, a lower incidence of anticapsular antibodies was found.
THE COMPLEMENT-DEPENDENT BACTERIOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF NORMAL HUMAN SERUM: II. CELL WALL COMPOSITION OF SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT STRAINS
Authors: Wardlaw A. C.
Published: February 2010

A comparative study has been made of the chemical composition of cell walls from two strains of Escherichia coli—one rough strain which was very sensitive to killing and lysis by normal human serum, and one smooth strain which was relatively insensitive to killing and was not lysed at all. The major components in the cell walls of both strains were protein and (or) polypeptide (70–80%) and lipid (14%), no significant differences in either component being detected between the two strains. A marked difference was, however, detected in the lipopolysaccharide fraction which was present to the extent of only 1% in the walls of the rough, serum-sensitive strain and 9% in the smooth, serum-resistant strain. Moreover, the two lipopolysaccharides were qualitatively different in sugar composition, that from the resistant strain yielding glucose, galactose, rhamnose, and two minor sugar components, while that from the sensitive strain yielded glucose only. These findings are discussed in relation to the three-layer theory for the structure of the coli cell wall and in relation to the serum factors (antibody, properdin, complement, and lysozyme) which may participate in the destruction of bacteria by serum.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON SURFACE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE EXTREME HALOPHILE, HALOBACTERIUM CUTIRUBRUM
Authors: Kushner D. J. , Bayley S. T.
Published: February 2010

At low pH values much of the surface structure of Halobacterium cutirubrum is maintained, even in the absence of the high salt concentration normally needed to keep this organism from dissolving. If the pH is then raised in solutions of low ionic strength, the cells dissolve. Sphere formation takes place below pH 3 in the absence of salt, and at pH values of about 4 and about 11 in the presence of 4.5 M NaCl. In the latter, there is at first little leakage of intracellular constituents, and the surface of the spheres retains the woven pattern characteristic of the surface of the untreated cell. Below pH 3, this pattern disappears, and the cells become almost completely or completely permeable. In 1% acetic acid, NaCl and KCl have the same effect on cell morphology, in contrast to their differential effects on intact cells. The morphological changes observed appear primarily due to changes in the cell membrane, and are not caused by osmotic pressure.
PLASMA LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ELEVATING AGENT OF MICE: DISTRIBUTION IN TISSUES AND EFFECT ON LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYME PATTERNS
Authors: Plagemann P. G. W. , Gregory K. F. , Swim H. E. , Chan K. K. W.
Published: February 2010

It was confirmed that mice bearing many transplantable tumors are infected with a virus-like agent which causes a 5- to 10-fold elevation in the plasma lactic dehydrogenase activity of infected mice without tumors. The agent is non-identical with the polyoma virus and without effect on adult rats and hamsters. Maximum titers of 109to 1010ID50per ml of plasma were observed within 36 hours after infection. Subsequently the titer decreased to 105to 107ID50per ml and remained constant thereafter. The plasma lactic dehydrogenase reached maximum activity about 96 hours after infection and remained elevated indefinitely. The virus was present in feces and in a variety of tissues and organs in relatively high concentrations. Liver and spleen yielded the highest titers.Five electrophoretically distinct forms (isozymes) of lactic dehydrogenase were separated from mouse tissues. Infection of mice resulted in an increase of the slowest migrating isozyme in the plasma. Liver, spleen, and erythrocytes were each found to contain only this isozyme while other tissues and organs contained mixtures of lactic dehydrogenase isozymes. The plasma of tumor-bearing mice contained more of the slowest migrating isozyme than infected mice without tumors.
SPECIFICITY OF THE SALT REQUIREMENT OF HALOBACTERIUM CUTIRUBRUM
Authors: Boring J. , Kushner D. J. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

The response of the extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum, to suspension in graded concentrations of various salts was examined. Decrease in turbidity, release of cell constituents, and morphological alterations were used as measures of damage to cells. Sodium chloride, MgCl2, CaCl2, or CH3COONa in concentrations of 3.5 M or higher were required to maintain the cells as rods, while much less concentrated solutions of the salts prevented gross release of cytoplasmic constituents. The requirement for salt was not solely a requirement for a suitable osmotic pressure. The salts which replaced NaCl in maintaining cellular integrity appeared to function on the basis of a mole for mole replacement of sodium ion by the cation. No evidence was found for differential release of large (nucleic acids) or small (inorganic phosphate) molecules when bacteria were suspended in decreasing concentrations of NaCl or MgCl2. A number of salts preserved cellular integrity of H. cutirubrum, but high concentrations of NaCl were essential for growth of the bacterium.
A FLOCCULATION TEST FOR SALMONELLA ANTIBODIES USING SENSITIZED BENTONITE PARTICLES
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

A rapid slide flocculation test using bentonite particles sensitized with salmonella O somatic antigen extracts has been described. A polyvalent antigen was also prepared using a number of salmonella O extracts thereby making the test useful for the screening of either a monovalent antibody or covering a wide range of O groups. The sensitized test antigen can be lyophilized and, when rehydrated, yields reproducible results. This investigation marks the first reported successful sensitization of bentonite with polysaccharide material. The practical application of this test is now undergoing investigation.
A FORTIFIED MEDIUM FOR LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS STRAIN R-26 IN THE BIOASSAY OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: Lee Kwan-Hua , Yuzuriha Yoko Okano
Published: February 2010

The Hoff-Jorgensen method for the quantitative determination of deoxyribonucleic acid was successfully simplified by using commercial acid- and enzymehydrolyzates of casein, together with supplements of uracil and pyridoxine, in place of laboratory-prepared hydrolyzates in the assay medium.
GAMMA IRRADIATION OF SALMONELLA SPECIES IN FROZEN WHOLE EGG
Authors: Comer A. G. , Anderson G. W. , Garrard E. H.
Published: February 2010

A definite variation in sensitivity to gamma radiation was found among 18 Salmonella species commonly occurring in frozen whole egg. The dose levels required for a 107-fold reduction of these species ranged from 0.36 Mrad to 0.54 Mrad. Variation in sensitivity to radiation was also detected with three cultures of S. pullorum which appeared similar except in origin. Variation in sensitivity within all species of Salmonella studied apparently indicates that no one species can be considered most resistant. These studies reveal that a level of 0.54 Mrad of gamma radiation would reduce the salmonellae to a safe level in frozen egg. As a result, the product treated by the above method could be commercially acceptable and present no public health problem with respect to salmonellae.
LETHAL BIOSYNTHESIS OF A BACTERIOCIN, VIBRIOCIN, BY V. COMMA: I. VIBRIOCIN PRODUCTION AND SENSITIVITY IN RELATION TO REDOX POTENTIALS AND STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE
Authors: Farkas-Himsley H. , Seyfried P. L.
Published: February 2010

The relationship between vibriocin production by streptomycin-sensitive (SMs) Vibrio comma and a specific redox potential is described. Streptomycin-resistant (SMr) mutants are shown to be predominantly sensitive to vibriocin and thus serve as indicator strains. Vibriocin sensitivity can be demonstrated under aerobic but not anaerobic test conditions. A discussion is given, implicating bacteriocins as a factor contributing to the "Welsch phenomenon" wherein the growth of a mixed population of SMs and SMr bacteria in broth results in a steady decrease of the SMr mutants to the level normally present in a sensitive culture.
SPECIALIZED STRUCTURE IN THE REGION OF THE FLAGELLA TUFT IN SPIRILLUM SERPENS
Authors: Murray R. G. E. , Birch-Andersen A.
Published: February 2010

Sections of Vestopal embeddings stained with uranyl acetate show that the flagella originate within the plasma membrane of Spirillum serpens. The tuft or bundle of flagella originate as a knob just inside the plasma membrane and pass through the membranes individually but in a defined area. Immediately surrounding this area, and extending over the rest of the end of the cell, a fine polar membrane lies parallel to and about 200 Å inside a somewhat accentuated plasma membrane and the two are linked by delicate bars. Over this region the outer portion of the cell wall loses its usual waviness; under this region the ribosomes in the cytoplasm do not approach as closely as they do to the peripheral plasma membrane, and this retreat is even more extensive in the central portion beneath the area of insertion. The central portion is generally free of membranous organelles and of nucleoplasms; mesosomes or membranous intrusions are commonly found outside the outer border of the polar membrane. The degree of extension of the flagella bases and connection with the described structures remain unknown.
MORPHOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND HOST RANGE OF A SPECIES OF PYTHIUM
Authors: Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

A species of Pythium (probably P. acanthicum Drechs.) is described which is able to parasitize 80% of a wide range of 98 species of fungi tested. Nine of the test fungi were not parasitized, and 10 actively inhibited the Pythium, with Ustilago maydis exhibiting the strongest inhibition. The roots of sunflower, corn, wheat, flax, beet, morning glory, sweet pea, Polish rape, and green pea were attacked, producing browning of the root tips. The organism produced a rapid, watery soft rot when inoculated into cucumber and potatoes. The organism requires a fat-solvent extractable substance for development of its sexual stages. It can obtain this substance from both living and dead host tissues, but not from its own killed vegetative mycelium.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SO-CALLED 'CYSTITES' OF THE GENUS ARTHROBACTER
Authors: Stevenson I. L.
Published: February 2010

The development and significance of the enlarged 'cystite' forms of Arthrobacter globiformis and Arthrobacter pascens have been investigated. It was found that pure populations of cystites could be grown by introducing inoculum from a rich medium into a minimal medium. The enlarged cells produced under these conditions ranged from two to four times the size of the small coccoid forms typical of old cultures of Arthrobacter. When these cystite forms were transferred to an adequate medium, initial growth appeared like the germ tubes of fungal spores. Continued growth resulted in the formation of cross walls with subsequent fragmentation. Successive divisions brought about a gradual decrease in fragment size until the small coccoid cells typical of the stationary phase cells are formed. The results suggest that the cystites are really morphologically aberrant forms which are produced at the time of nutritional stress. No evidence was found to support the theories that cystites are specialized spore forms.
CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES OF ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS
Authors: Gillespie D. C.
Published: February 2010

A quantitative study was undertaken to characterize the cell walls of Arthrobacter globiformis. Varying amounts of galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and muramic acid were found, depending on the strain of the organism, the growth medium, and the stage of growth of the cells. The data indicated that walls obtained from pleomorphic cells are less highly polymerized than are those obtained from coccoid cells. Examination of isolated wall polysaccharide showed a wide variation in the galactose content.
COMPOSITION OF CELL WALL MUCOPEPTIDE FROM ARTHROBACTER GLOBIFORMIS
Authors: Gillespie D. C.
Published: February 2010

Analysis of the cell wall mucopeptide of Arthrobacter globiformis showed that it is composed mainly of muramic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine, glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine. It also contains small and variable amounts of glycine and aspartic acid. No significant qualitative differences were detected between strains of the organisms or between walls of the same organism grown on different media or harvested at two different stages of growth. The most striking quantitative difference was the presence of a higher proportion of amino sugars in walls obtained from pleomorphic cells than from those of coccoid cells. The results are discussed in terms of cell wall structure.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE SPECIFIC NITRITE REDUCTASE FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI, STRAIN K12
Authors: Zarowny Donald P. , Sanwal B. D.
Published: February 2010

A nitrite reductase specific for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was purified approximately 30-fold from Escherichia coli, strain K12. The enzyme was metal sensitive, being inhibited by certain chelating agents and stimulated by others. The optimum pH for enzymic activity was 7.8–8.0 and the Michaelis constants for nitrite and NADH were 4.0 × 10−5 moles/l, and 3.3 × 10−4 moles/l., respectively. The partially purified enzyme did not show a flavin requirement and ammonia was not the product of the enzymic reaction.
TRANSDUCTION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AND NOVOBIOCIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Collins Anne M. , Roy T. E.
Published: February 2010

Two of 21 strains of naturally lysogenic, chloramphenicol-resistant staphylococci yielded phage on ultraviolet induction which transduced chloramphenicol resistance to chloramphenicol-sensitive staphylococci. One donor was of phage group III and yielded phage which transduced group III strains only; the other was of group I and its phage transduced group I strains and one group III strain.Some phages derived from naturally lysogenic strains seem lacking in ability to transduce chloramphenicol resistance even to known acceptor strains. On the other hand, those phages capable of transducing chloramphenicol resistance were also able to transduce tetracycline resistance independently.Transduction failed to show linkage of the markers for tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance or for tetracycline and penicillin resistance.Transduction of novobiocin resistance was only proved in one of several phage–staphylococcus systems.
ISOCITRATE LYASE IN AN ALGINOLYTIC BACTERIUM
Authors: Williams Joy , Todd R. L. , Payne W. J.
Published: February 2010

Glyoxylate has been discerned as an apparent intermediate in mannuronate dissimilation by A. alginicum. Isocitrate lyase was demonstrated in extracts of the bacterium, even after prolonged culture on seawater nutrient broth. Resting cells were able to oxidize glyoxylate slowly, but none of the enzymes usually accounting for glyoxylate catabolism were found in cell-free extracts.
STUDIES OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS: 1. PLAQUE ASSAY AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS IN BOVINE KIDNEY CELLS
Authors: Sabina Leslie R. , Parker Raymond C.
Published: February 2010

A reproducible plaquing procedure for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) in an established bovine kidney cell line is reported. The validity of this system for quantitative analysis has been established by conventional methods.After infection at different multiplicities, one-step growth curves have shown that the eclipse period for IBRV lasts approximately 4 hours and that the infectious virus increases at a logarithmic rate for 12 to 14 hours. The virus yield with the low and high input is 30 PFU and 210 PFU per cell, respectively. Only 1 to 9% of the total virus is released at 24 hours postinfection. The data presented indicate the half-life of IBRV at 37 °C and 42 °C to be 16 and 3.5 hours, respectively. A comparison of hyperimmune bovine and rabbit sera has shown that 92% of the infective particles are neutralized within 30 minutes.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF MYXOBACTERIA ON BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Kletter B. , Henis Y.
Published: February 2010

The growth of Myxococcus fulvus and Myxococcus virescens on a number of bacteria was followed in a liquid medium. Multiplication of the myxobacteria was accompanied by their adsorption on the bacterial cells, by their coagglutination, and by their adsorption on the glass surface of the culture flask. Lysis of the agglutinated bacterial cells and release of their proteins to the growth medium took place prior to an increase in the lytic activity of the growth medium towards the tested bacteria. Soluble proteins reached a higher level in media containing Gram-negative than in those containing the Gram-positive organisms. No difference was observed in the multiplication rate, sporulation, or pigmentation of the myxobacteria tested, when grown on either Gram-positive or Gram-negative organisms. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a test organism, no antibiotic activity in any of the growth media could be detected.
ROLE OF MARINE FUNGI IN THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE OCEANS: III. GROWTH FACTOR REQUIREMENTS OF THE ASCOMYCETE HALOSPHAERIA MEDIOSETIGERA
Authors: Sguros Peter L. , Simms Jacqueline
Published: February 2010

Certain growth factor requirements of the cellulolytic marine ascomycete, Halosphaeria mediosetigera, in glucose – inorganic salts media, have been determined. Yeast extract, containing required nutrilites, proved superior to other empirical mixtures in the support of mycelial growth. Aqueous extracts of several varieties of wood flour could not replace yeast extract. Gulf Stream seawater was unable to provide the necessary growth factors. An absolute requirement for 5 to 10 μg thiamine per liter has been demonstrated for maximal mycelial development. Further data showed a requirement for biotin which was both partial and transient.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON GROWTH AND CAROTENOGENESIS OF SARCINA LITORALIS
Authors: Nandy S. C. , Sen S. N.
Published: February 2010

The effect of some environmental factors on growth and carotenogenesis of S. litoralis has been studied. Both the growth and carotenoid formation appear to be maximum at the same values of pH and sodium chloride concentration of the medium and temperature of incubation. The optimum relative humidity for growth and carotenoid formation differ slightly. Diffused daylight is found to have no effect either on growth or on carotenogenesis. Maximum growth takes place within a much shorter period of incubation than required for maximum carotenoid formation. Carotenogenesis of S. litoralis is influenced by oxygen.Ultraviolet light (2537 Å) prevents both growth and carotenogenesis of S. litoralis. Inhibition of carotenoid synthesis is found to be related to the time of exposure to ultraviolet light except when irradiated for a very short period.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE COLONIAL VARIANTS OF THE SMITH STRAIN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Shimizu Takamasa , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

The Smith strain of staphylococcus, used in many laboratories for "virulence" studies, is known to be genetically unstable. The strain has been shown to have more than one colony type, and reports concerning its phage type and its phage typability have been conflicting. In our work, four "Smith" strains were obtained from four different laboratories. Three of these strains produced three colony variants—compact, diffuse, and mucoid—whereas the fourth strain produced only the compact and mucoid variants. Results with phage typing were not always consistent but the compact colony variants were much more susceptible to lysis by phage than the parent strains, and the diffuse variants appeared to be completely resistant to lysis by phage. The results confirm reports in the literature that the Smith strain is genetically unstable and gives rise to a number of different colony forms with varying phage susceptibility.
A CONTINUOUS-FLOW CULTURE APPARATUS: THE CYCLONE COLUMN UNIT
Authors: Dawson P. S. S.
Published: February 2010

An open-type continuous-flow culture apparatus is described, with a working capacity of 500 ml culture. The glass culture vessel, of novel design, permits strict chemostat operation, and has the additional advantages of preventing wall growth, of operating without need for antifoam addition, and of growing filamentous microorganisms without plugging the apparatus. The agitation and mixing produce completely homogenous conditions in the culture; consequently representative sampling and product removal are obtained. Species of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and micro- and macro-fungi have been grown in the apparatus, in runs which exceeded 4 months" duration. The apparatus is simple to use, reliable in operation, and suitable for wide laboratory use with non-pathogenic organisms.
STUDIES ON ASPERGILLI X.: UTILIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Agnihotri V. P.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of starch, dextrin, inulin, and glycogen by A. clavatus Desmazieres, A. sclerotiorum Huber, A. indicus Mehrotra and Agnihotri, and A. allahabadii Mehrotra and Agnihotri was studied through circular paper chromatography. These polysaccharides were evidently assimilated through transglycosidation. It was noticed that these fungi, during the process of utilization of these polysaccharides, produced some additional oligosaccharides some of which could not be identified.All four molds showed better growth on starch, dextrin, and glycogen than on glucose (final hydrolytic product of these polysaccharides); however, these organisms showed better growth on fructose than on inulin.
EFFECT OF PLATING MEDIUM AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF FUNGI IN SOIL-DILUTION PLATES
Authors: Kaufman Donald D. , Williams Lansing E. , Sumner Charles B.
Published: February 2010

The effects of 20, 25, or 30 °C incubation temperatures for dilution-plates and of five plating media (Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Medium (OAES), Liftman"s crystal-violet agar, dextrose-peptone agar, soil-extract agar, and glucose-nitrate soil-extract agar) on total numbers and types of fungi isolated from two soils (sugar beet or corn cropped) by a soil-dilution plate method were determined. The data revealed that significant differences existed among the three variables as well as their interactions. Although numbers of colonies of fungi isolated were not affected significantly, the types of fungi (number of individual genera) isolated were significantly greater in sugar beet than in corn cropped soils. In nearly all instances, the greatest total number and types of fungi were isolated at temperatures of 20 or 25 °C. Although each medium appeared to favor one or more groups of fungi, the overall frequency and distribution of fungi was essentially the same on all media. On the basis of its transparency, total number and types of fungi isolated, the elimination of bacteria and actinomycetes, and its restriction of rapidly growing fungi, the OAES medium was deemed the most suitable for use in the soil-dilution plate method.
THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF D-ALLOSE-6-KINASE FROM AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Gibbins L. N. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

The inducible enzyme, D-alIose-6-kinase, has been purified 25-fold from cell-free extracts of Aerobacler aerogenes. The enzyme, which was free of D-phosphoall-ose isomerase activity, had an optimum pH at 6.5, and, at 0 °C, was most stable between 6.5 and 7.5. A requirement for Mg++was demonstrated, Ca++ions being only 37% as effective as Mg++at a concentration of 0.005 M. The activation by 0.005 M MgCl2was reduced 50% by 0.01 M Versene. Of 23 sugars and related compounds tested, the kinase phosphorylated D-allose (100), D-glucose (20), D-ribose (6.3), D-galactose (3.5), and allitol (2.8). The Kmfor D-allose as substrate was 0.98X10"3M. CTP is about 50% and UTP about 43% as effective as ATP as phosphate donors. The enzyme is sensitive to Hg++ions and sulp-hydryl reagents.The product of the reaction of the enzyme with D-allose and ATP was identified as D-allose-6-phosphate by determination of acid-labile phosphate, by periodate oxidation studies, and by chromatography of the dephosphorylated sugar moiety.
AN IMMUNOLOGICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE IDENTITY OF ASSIMILATORY AND DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTASE FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Murray E. D. , Sanwal B. D.
Published: February 2010

The properties of the respiratory (dissimilatory) form of nitrate reductase and the assimilatory form of the same enzyme from E. coli cells were investigated. It was shown that each enzyme form was attached to cellular "particulate" material. Although each enzyme is reported in the literature to differ in its electron donor requirements, no differential assay could be established.Immunochemical investigations showed that the specific antibody against the highly purified respiratory form of enzyme could cross react with the assimilatory enzyme. Induction studies indicated that the increase in activity of the assimilatory form of nitrate reductase paralleled the increase in antigenic activity. These similarities between the respiratory and assimilatory form of nitrate reductase would indicate that few, if any, differences exist between the two forms.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF PASTEURELLA PESTIS BY MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE LYSIS
Authors: Chadwick Paul
Published: February 2010

Strains of Pasteurella pestis, grown on Fildes" or sulphite agar, or on a selective medium, at 30 °C formed microcolonies containing from 20 to 50 bacilli in 5 to 6 hours. These microcolonies were treated with a P. pestis bacteriophage and subsequently incubated at 18 °C. Lytic changes in the microcolonies began about 3 hours after application of the phage and the microcolonies were largely destroyed 2 hours later. The phage lysed microcolonies of several strains of Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, two of Escherichia coli, and one of Shigella dysenteriae at 30 °C but at 18 °C it was active only on E. coli K12 C600 besides P. pestis. The susceptible E. coli strain did not grow on the selective medium, which could therefore be used to increase the specificity of the test. Methods for performing this test in practice are discussed. The technique would allow P. pestis to be identified about 10 hours after inoculation of an agar plate with infected material. Although slower than a fluorescent antibody reaction performed on a direct smear of infected material, this phage-lysis procedure may find a place as a semirapid confirmatory test for P. pestis.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEINASES OF AN OBLIGATELY PSYCHROPHILIC RED-PIGMENTED BACTERIUM AND OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Mcdonald I. J. , Chambers Alice K.
Published: February 2010

Supernatants of cultures of a red-pigmented psychrophilic bacterium and of a strain of Serratia marcescens contained proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyzed casein,/3-IactogIobuIin and haemoglobin. With casein as the substrate, optimum activity of the enzyme system of the psychrophile was at pH 10 and at 40-45 °C; optimum activity of the 5. marcescens enzyme system was at pH 9.0 and 45° C. Calcium stimulated activity and protected proteinases of both organisms against heat inactivation. Proteinases of both organisms possess high temperature characteristics and relatively high temperature optima. The results indicated that the proteinase system of the red psychrophile differs from those of some other cold-tolerant bacteria {Cytophaga and Pseudomonas) and that it is similar to but not identical with the proteinase system of Serratia marcescens.
LYSOGENY AMONG THE ENTEROTOXIGENIC STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Read Jr R. B. , Pritchard W. L.
Published: February 2010

Twenty cultures of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus representing strains that produce enterotoxin A, B, or enterotoxin of a serological type(s) other than A or B were examined for temperate phages by use of 118 strains of S. aureus as indicator organisms. All enterotoxigenic cultures were found to be lysogenic. Phage activity pattern as well as neutralization studies indicated greater similarity among the temperate phages of cultures that produced enterotoxin B than among those producing other types of enterotoxin.5. aureus S-6, an enterotoxin B producer, was found to be monolysogenic. Nonlysogenic and defectively lysogenic cells were isolated from this organism at a frequency of 1 in 150 and 1 in 225 respectively of ultraviolet irradiation survivors. Fermentations of the nonlysogenic and defectively lysogenic isolates from S. aureus S-6 demonstrated that phage in the prophage, vegetative, or free state was not essential for the production of enterotoxin.
BROWN FAT LESIONS AND REGENERATION IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-l VIRUS INFECTION, AND AFTER LOCALIZED FREEZING
Authors: Grodums E. Irene , Dempster George
Published: February 2010

Prompt regeneration of brown fat tissue in the albino mouse is observed following experimental infection with Coxsackie B-l virus. The sequence of changes is recorded in detail.The inflammatory response and regenerative process differ in the central and peripheral zones of the brown fat lobules. Cell lysis is predominant in the central zone while a necrotic process often accompanied by the formation of lipogran-ulomas is seen in the peripheral zones.Similar inflammatory and regenerative changes are observed following localized damage of the brown fat tissue inflicted by freezing.
CELLULAR CHANGES ACCOMPANYING THE SWARMING OF PROTEUS MIRABILIS: I. OBSERVATIONS OF LIVING CULTURES
Authors: Hoeniger J. F. M.
Published: February 2010

This paper reinvestigates the gross changes which follow the inoculation of Proteus mirabilis onto an agar plate. The sequence of development observed by earlier workers was confirmed: namely, the development of a primary colony at the site of inoculation, followed by alternating periods of swarming and consolidation. The paper"s main contribution is the demonstration, by means of time-lapse photography through the phase-contrast microscope, of the cellular changes which occur during the various stages—in particular, the differentiation of short rods into swarmers, the swarming process itself, the subsequent breakdown of the swarmers into progressively shorter units, and the multiplication of these rods. Of special note is the clear demonstration that most of the swarmers are normal viable cells.
THE VARIABLE RELATION OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION TO CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS BY ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Webb T. E. , Colvin J. Ross
Published: February 2010

Oxygen uptake by whole cells or lysed cells of A. xylinum at pH 8.0 is only 3% of that of the same preparation at pH 6.0. Because the amount of cellulose synthesized by both types of preparation is the same at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0, not more than 3% of the oxygen uptake of cells of A. xylinum at pH 6.0 is directly linked to cellulose formation. When tomato supernatant is used as a substrate at pH 6.0 an increase in cellulose synthesis is accompanied by a decrease in oxygen uptake by whole cells. Even at constant pH, oxygen consumption is therefore a poor measure of cellulose synthesis. In spite of the large fractions of available glucose incorporated into cellulose, only a very small part of the total metabolism of the organism is devoted to synthesis of cellulose.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL MICROORGANISMS: II. INTERACTIONS OF APHELENCHOIDES PARIETINUS (BASTIAN, 1865) STEINER 1932 WITH ACTINOMYCETES, BACTERIA, AND FUNGI
Authors: Katznelson H. , Henderson V. E.
Published: February 2010

The influence of actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi on Aphelenchoides parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932, a fungus-feeding nematode, was studied. Thirty percent of the actinomycete cultures tested showed some "attraction" for this nematode on agar plates. The filtrates from a number of these actinomycete cultures favored accumulation of nematodes on areas of agar on which the fluids were spotted. In some instances the nematodes were repelled from these areas. Of the 60 bacterial isolates from rhizosphere soil only one "attracted" the nematode; most of the others repelled it. The filtrates from most of these bacterial cultures were similarly unfavorable. The nematode aggregated strongly around 43 of 54 cultures of fungi, and propagated on 32 of these. The results suggest that the microflora of the root zone may exert a marked effect on the accumulation of this nematode therein.