bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of the organisational structure of tax authorities on tax and accounting fraud
Authors: Miao Senlin , Wen Fenghua
Published: February 2024

Using tax centralisation reform enacted to eliminate decentralised tax authorities, we find firms have lower probabilities of tax and accounting fraud since its implementation. Our analysis shows the negative impact of the reform on tax and accounting fraud becomes stronger among firms with weaker tax enforcement, indicating that the reform plays a corporate governance role through strengthening tax enforcement. Additionally, we find this effect is stronger when firm‐level governance is weaker and stronger in firms with higher agency costs. Finally, the reform effect is weaker among non‐state‐owned enterprises with political connections to the central government.
Fetal indusium griseum is a possible biomarker of the regularity of brain midline development in 3T MR imaging: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Pogledic Ivana , Bobić‐Rasonja Mihaela , Mitter Christian , Štajduhar Andrija , Schwartz Ernst , Milković‐Periša Marija , Baltzer Pascal A. , Lequin Maarten , Krampl‐Bettelheim Elisabeth , Kasprian Gregor , Judaš Miloš , Prayer Daniela , Jovanov‐Milosevic Natasa
Published: February 2024

Introduction

This study aimed to assess the visibility of the indusium griseum (IG) in magnetic resonance (MR) scans of the human fetal brain and to evaluate its reliability as an imaging biomarker of the normality of brain midline development.

Material and methods

The retrospective observational study encompassed T2‐w 3T MR images from 90 post‐mortem fetal brains and immunohistochemical sections from 41 fetal brains (16–40 gestational weeks) without cerebral pathology. Three raters independently inspected and evaluated the visibility of IG in post‐mortem and in vivo MR scans. Weighted kappa statistics and regression analysis were used to determine inter‐ and intra‐rater agreement and the type and strength of the association of IG visibility with gestational age.

Results

The visibility of the IG was the highest between the 25 and 30 gestational week period, with a very good inter‐rater variability (kappa 0.623–0.709) and excellent intra‐rater variability (kappa 0.81–0.93). The immunochemical analysis of the histoarchitecture of IG discloses the expression of highly hydrated extracellular molecules in IG as the substrate of higher signal intensity and best visibility of IG during the mid‐fetal period.

Conclusions

The knowledge of developmental brain histology and fetal age allows us to predict the IG‐visibility in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and use it as a biomarker to evaluate the morphogenesis of the brain midline. As a biomarker, IG is significant for post‐mortem pathological examination by MRI. Therefore, in the clinical in vivo imaging examination, IG should be anticipated when an assessment of the brain midline structures is needed in mid‐gestation, including corpus callosum thickness measurements.
The International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society (IFESS): Highlights from the IFESS conference at Rehabweek 2023
Authors: Hamzaid Nur Azah , Manaf Haidzir , Azmi Nur Liyana , Milosevic Matija , Spaich Erika G. , Yoshida Ken , Gorgey Ashraf S. , Ferrante Simona
Published: February 2024

The annual conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society (IFESS) was held in conjunction with the 7th RehabWeek Congress, from September 24 to 28, 2023 at the Resorts World Convention Centre on Sentosa Island, in Singapore. The Congress was a joint meeting of the International Consortium on Rehabilitation Technology (ICRT) together with 10 other societies in the field of assistive technology and rehabilitation engineering. The conference features comprehensive blend of technical and clinical context of FES, a sustained value the society has offered over many years. The cross‐ and inter‐ disciplinary approach of medicine, engineering, and science practiced in the FES community had enabled vibrant interaction, creation, and development of impactful and novel contributions to the field of FES, translating FES directly into highly relevant and sustainable solutions for the users.
Intraocular pressure‐related side‐effects after endothelial keratoplasty
Authors: Madsen Morten B. M. , Ivarsen Anders , Telinius Niklas , Hjortdal Jesper
Published: February 2024

Purpose

To investigate circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, pupillary function and diameter after phacoemulsification and lens implantation alone or combined with endothelial keratoplasty (EK).

Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of data from a randomized, single‐masked trial, that included 72 patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and cataract, equally allocated (1:1) to ultrathin Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty or Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty. The cataract extraction (CE) group included 40 patients undergoing cataract surgery only. All patients were treated with phacoemulsification and lens implantation.

Results

RNFL thickness was significantly lower in the CE group than after EK for the global (p < 0.01), nasal (p = 0.04), and temporal sectors (p = 0.01) 12 months after surgery. RNFL thickness was comparable between patients treated with rebubbling and others (p ≥ 0.16 for all comparisons) after 12 months. The CE group and patients treated with EK demonstrated a comparable scotopic (p = 0.34) and photopic pupil diameter (p = 0.95) as well as a comparable maximum (p = 0.83) and average pupillary constriction velocity (p = 0.95) after 12 months. In contrast, patients treated with rebubbling had a significantly smaller scotopic pupil diameter (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

In this study, no evidence was found indicating a negative impact on the RNFL thickness after EK when compared to CE 12 months after surgery. Iris function and pupil diameter were comparable between the CE group and patients treated with EK after 12 months.
Impact of stimulant treatment on refractive errors and pupil diameter in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: López‐Hernández A. Eusebio , Miquel‐López Carmen , García‐Medina José Javier , García‐Ayuso Diego
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and visual impairment remains poorly understood, and the impact of visual impairment on the development of ADHD is uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the refractive profile and ocular biometric characteristics in patients diagnosed with ADHD and compare them with a control group. Additionally, we aimed to explore the potential influence of sex and medication intake.

Methods

A cohort of 100 participants, including 50 individuals with ADHD and 50 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects, was included in this study. Ocular biometric parameters were measured, and refractive error was assessed using cycloplegic and non‐cycloplegic autorefraction. Subgroup analyses were performed within the ADHD group based on sex, medication intake and age to investigate potential associations with the ocular findings.

Results

We observed no statistically significant differences in axial length, corneal topography parameters or anterior chamber characteristics between ADHD and control subjects. However, subgroup analysis within the ADHD group revealed that the prevalence of ametropia under cycloplegia was significantly higher in unmedicated (69.6%) compared to medicated (37.5%) (X2(2) = 7.320, p = 0.026) participants. Pupil diameter was significantly larger in medicated (3.91 mm) compared to unmedicated (3.58 mm; p = 0.017) individuals. Males had flatter (p = 0.004) and thicker (p = 0.008) corneas than females. Older ADHD participants had higher refractive error (p = 0.008 for non‐cycloplegic and p = 0.0.003 for cycloplegic), axial length (p = 0.002) and corneal astigmatism (p = 0.049).

Conclusions

Our study provides compelling evidence that individuals diagnosed with ADHD exhibit a similar incidence of refractive errors and ocular parameters compared to normal subjects. Nonetheless, the prevalence of refractive errors appears to be higher in unmedicated ADHD patients, suggesting the potential benefit of stimulant treatment. Additionally, stimulant use is associated with an increase in pupil diameter.
Comparison of personality traits of two anti‐oppression groups: Vegans and anarchists
Authors: Desjardins Sophie , Giroux Annabelle , Gamache Dominick
Published: February 2024

Veganism and anarchism are burgeoning worldwide, yet very few studies have examined the psychological characteristics of people belonging to these two anti‐oppression groups. The present study investigated whether vegans and anarchists, on the one hand, and activists and non‐activists belonging to these two groups, on the other hand, exhibit distinct personality profiles. To this end, a sample of 180 adults who self‐identify as vegans or anarchists completed an online socio‐demographic questionnaire, the HEXACO Personality Inventory, and the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. A discriminant function analysis showed that anarchists are more likely than vegans to self‐identify as belonging to a gender other than female or male, or to identify with no gender at all. Further, the proportion of men was larger in the anarchist group than in the vegan group. In terms of personality traits, vegans scored higher on the Conscientiousness, Emotionality, and Honesty–Humility dimensions than anarchists did. Anarchists scored higher than vegans on Openness to Experience and Psychopathy. Activists and non‐activists were not distinguished based on gender or personality traits. While the dynamics of power and oppression toward humans and toward animals share common factors, the present results suggest that veganism and anarchism attract anti‐oppression advocates with distinct personality profiles.
Effect of rice bran extract on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production
Authors: Manlapig Jamal James D. , Kawakami Suzuna , Matamura Masaya , Kondo Makoto , Ban‐Tokuda Tomomi , Matsui Hiroki
Published: February 2024

This study was done to investigate which components of rice bran (RB) are involved in the inhibition of methanogenesis by fractionating the rice bran and adding it to a rumen in vitro culture system. The RB extract obtained using ethanol and water was screened in an in vitro fermentation system. The experimental treatment conditions were as follows: a control group containing a substrate without supplements; substrates with 0.06 g of RB; 0.6 mL of ethanol; 0.6 mL of distilled water (DW); 0.6 mL of ethanol‐soluble fraction (ESF); 0.06 g of ethanol‐insoluble rice bran (EIRB); 0.6 mL of water‐soluble fraction (WSF); and 0.06 g of water‐insoluble rice bran (WIRB). Based on the result of the analysis, the addition of ESF significantly decreased CH4 and CH4/g dry matter digested, methanogen population (p < 0.05), while gas and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were comparable with the control group. Total short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA), and proportion of propionate were reduced, and the proportion of butyrate was increased by the addition of ethanol and ESF (p < 0.05). This result suggests that the supplementation of 10% ESF can substantially reduce methane production in vitro without a negative effect on substrate digestibility.
Penecontemporaneous polygonal faulting triggered by sand overloading onto unconsolidated clays: Evidence from the northern South China Sea
Authors: Meng Qingfeng , Hao Fang
Published: February 2024

Layer‐bound polygonal fault systems (PFS) are a prevalent feature in fine‐grained sediments across many continental margin basins worldwide, yet their origin remains enigmatic. In this study, we report on the structural characteristics of polygonal faults recently discovered in Middle Miocene mudrocks of the Yinggehai Basin, northern South China Sea. Our data reveal that the polygonal arrays of normal faults, which comprise master faults and minor synthetic/antithetic faults with complex tiers, exhibit either straight or curvilinear traces with frequent orthogonal intersections, forming a highly interconnected fault network. We observe several sub‐circular to elliptical‐shaped depressions that lie above the faulted interval and are filled with syn‐deformation deposits, with the long axis of these depressions aligned sub‐parallel to the structure contour lines. Our findings suggest that the polygonal faults emerged during the sediment deposition and compaction preceding the deposition of overlying sediments. The faults were created through the nucleation of penecontemporaneous faults due to the overloading of sandy sediments onto unconsolidated clays, followed by the propagation of the faults along with continuous sediment deposition. The cessation of fault propagation coincided with the termination of sedimentation in the faulted interval. Additionally, the local horizontal stress anisotropy resulting from topographic‐gravitational effects may have played a crucial role in the development of polygonal faults. Our study provides novel insights into early sediment deformations in the northern South China Sea region and sheds light on the timing and genesis of PFS.
Patient perspective in perceived comparative genetic mutation risk: An exploratory review
Authors: Cilli Eleonora , Guerra Federica , Ranieri Jessica , Brancati Francesco , Di Giacomo Dina
Published: February 2024

The genetic risk of chronic diseases represents a complex medical setting in which individuals need to adapt to health conditions that manage daily living towards to healthy behaviours. This exploratory review focused on psychological counselling for genetic risk diagnosis. This study aimed to address the psychological management of the impact of genetic risk on chronic diseases. We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Scopus for articles from May 2012 to August 2023. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the included studies was conducted. Based on the exclusion/inclusion criteria, the literature search yielded 250 studies. Seventeen full texts were assessed for eligibility and 207 articles were excluded. Observational (n = 15) and randomised clinical trials (n = 2) were examined. Most studies have been conducted on oncological diagnoses; the emotional dimensions examined have been worry, depression, anxiety and stress in most diseases. Psychological measures are based on self‐reports and questionnaires; few studies have investigated the connections between quality of life, psychological traits and emotional dimensions. The complexity of clinics and from daily diagnostic and treatment practices to the everyday experience of those living with the risk of disease might be addressed in counselling settings to improve quality of life in genetic risk, increasing mental adaptation to tailored chronic conditions. Thus, the empowerment of communication of genetic risk information should be part of the general trend towards personalised medicine.
The interplay between the PI3K/AKT pathway and circadian clock in physiologic and cancer‐related pathologic conditions
Authors: Khezri Mohammad Rafi , Hsueh Hsiang‐Yin , Mohammadipanah Somayeh , Khalili Fard Javad , Ghasemnejad‐Berenji Morteza
Published: February 2024

The circadian clock is responsible for the regulation of different cellular processes, and its disturbance has been linked to the development of different diseases, such as cancer. The main molecular mechanism for this issue has been linked to the crosstalk between core clock regulators and intracellular pathways responsible for cell survival. The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is one of the most known intracellular pathways in the case of cancer initiation and progression. This pathway regulates different aspects of cell survival including proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and response to environmental stimuli. Accumulating evidence indicates that there is a link between the PI3K/AKT pathway activity and circadian rhythm in physiologic and cancer‐related pathogenesis. Different classes of PI3Ks and AKT isoforms are involved in regulating circadian clock components in a transcriptional and functional manner. Reversely, core clock components induce a rhythmic fashion in PI3K and AKT activity in physiologic and pathogenic conditions. The aim of this review is to re‐examine the interplay between this pathway and circadian clock components in normal condition and cancer pathogenesis, which provides a better understanding of how circadian rhythms may be involved in cancer progression.
Pulmonary thrombosis associated with COVID‐19 pneumonia: Beyond classical pulmonary thromboembolism
Authors: Suárez‐Castillejo Carla , Calvo Néstor , Preda Luminita , Toledo‐Pons Nuria , Millán‐Pons Aina Rosa , Martínez Joaquín , Ramón Luisa , Iglesias Amanda , Morell‐García Daniel , Bauça Josep Miquel , Núñez Belén , Sauleda Jaume , Sala‐Llinas Ernest , Alonso‐Fernández Alberto
Published: February 2024

Background

Classical pulmonary thromboembolism (TE) and local pulmonary thrombosis (PT) have been suggested as mechanisms of thrombosis in COVID‐19. However, robust evidence is still lacking because this was mainly based on retrospective studies, in which patients were included when TE was suspected.

Methods

All patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia underwent computed tomography and pulmonary angiography in a prospective study. The main objective was to determine the number and percentage of thrombi surrounded by lung opacification (TSO) in each patient, as well as their relationship with percentage of lung involvement (TLI), to distinguish classical TE (with a random location of thrombi that should correspond to a percentage of TSO equivalent to the TLI) from PT. We determined TLI by artificial intelligence. Analyses at patient level (TLI and percentage of TSO) and at thrombi level (TLI and TSO) were performed.

Results

We diagnosed TE in 70 out of 184 patients. Three (2–8) thrombi/patient were detected. The percentage of TSO was 100% (75–100) per patient, and TLI was 19.9% (4.6–35.2). Sixty‐five patients (92.9%) were above the random scenario with higher percentage of TSO than TLI. Most thrombi were TSO (n = 299, 75.1%). When evaluating by TLI (<10%, 10%–20%, 20%–30% and >30%), percentage of TSO was higher in most groups. Thrombi were mainly in subsegmental/segmental arteries, and percentage of TSO was higher in all locations.

Conclusions

Thrombi in COVID‐19 were found within lung opacities in a higher percentage than lung involvement, regardless of TLI and clot location, supporting the hypothesis of local PT rather than “classic TE”.
The risk of unprovoked seizure occurrence after status epilepticus in adults
Authors: Lattanzi Simona , Orlandi Niccolò , Giovannini Giada , Brigo Francesco , Trinka Eugen , Meletti Stefano
Published: February 2024

Objective

Status epilepticus (SE) may lead to long‐term consequences. This study evaluated the risk and predictors of seizure occurrence after SE, with a focus on SE due to acute symptomatic etiologies.

Methods

Prospectively collected data about adults surviving a first non‐hypoxic SE were reviewed. The outcome was the occurrence of unprovoked seizures during the follow‐up. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis and log‐rank test were used to analyze the time to seizure occurrence and determine the statistical significance between etiological groups. Three subcategories within acute etiology were considered according to the presence of the following: (1) structural lesion (acute‐primary); (2) brain involvement during systemic disorders (acute‐secondary); and (3) drug or alcohol intoxication/withdrawal (acute‐toxic). Cox proportional hazards model was adopted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Two hundreds fifty‐seven individuals were included. Fifty‐four subjects (21.0%) developed seizures after a median of 9.9 (interquartile range 4.3–21.7) months after SE. The estimated 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐year rates of seizure occurrence according to acute SE etiologies were 19.4%, 23.4%, and 30.1%, respectively, for acute‐primary central nervous system (CNS) pathology; 2.2%, 2.2%, and 8.7%, respectively, for acute‐secondary CNS pathology; and 0%, 9.1%, and 9.1%, respectively, for acute‐toxic causes. Five‐year rates of seizure occurrence for non‐acute SE causes were 33.9% for remote, 65.7% for progressive, and 25.9% for unknown etiologies. In multivariate Cox regression model, progressive etiology (adjusted HR [adjHR] 2.27, 95% CI 1.12–4.58), SE with prominent motor phenomena evolving in non‐convulsive SE (adjHR 3.17, 95% CI 1.38–7.25), and non‐convulsive SE (adjHR 2.38, 95% CI 1.16–4.90) were independently associated with higher hazards of unprovoked seizures. Older people (adjHR .98, 95% CI .96–.99) and people with SE due to acute‐secondary CNS pathology (adjHR .18, 95% CI .04–.82) were at decreased risk of seizure occurrence.

Significance

SE carries a risk of subsequent seizures. Both the underlying cause and epileptogenic effects of SE are likely to contribute.
The hidden roots of wetland methane emissions
Authors: Määttä Tiia , Malhotra Avni
Published: February 2024

Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4) globally. Climate and land use change are expected to alter CH4 emissions but current and future wetland CH4 budgets remain uncertain. One important predictor of wetland CH4 flux, plants, play an important role in providing substrates for CH4‐producing microbes, increasing CH4 consumption by oxygenating the rhizosphere, and transporting CH4 from soils to the atmosphere. Yet, there remain various mechanistic knowledge gaps regarding the extent to which plant root systems and their traits influence wetland CH4 emissions. Here, we present a novel conceptual framework of the relationships between a range of root traits and CH4 processes in wetlands. Based on a literature review, we propose four main CH4‐relevant categories of root function: gas transport, carbon substrate provision, physicochemical influences and root system architecture. Within these categories, we discuss how individual root traits influence CH4 production, consumption, and transport (PCT). Our findings reveal knowledge gaps concerning trait functions in physicochemical influences, and the role of mycorrhizae and temporal root dynamics in PCT. We also identify priority research needs such as integrating trait measurements from different root function categories, measuring root‐CH4 linkages along environmental gradients, and following standardized root ecology protocols and vocabularies. Thus, our conceptual framework identifies relevant belowground plant traits that will help improve wetland CH4 predictions and reduce uncertainties in current and future wetland CH4 budgets.
Evaluating appetite/satiety hormones and eating behaviours as predictors of weight loss maintenance with GLP‐1RA therapy in adolescents with severe obesity
Authors: Bensignor Megan O. , Kelly Aaron S. , Kunin‐Batson Alicia , Fox Claudia K. , Freese Rebecca , Clark Justin , Rudser Kyle D. , Bomberg Eric M. , Ryder Justin , Gross Amy C.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Whilst glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP1‐RAs) are effective for treating adolescent obesity, weight loss maintenance (WLM; preventing weight regain) remains a challenge. Our goal was to investigate appetite/satiety hormones and eating behaviours that may predict WLM with exenatide (a GLP1‐RA) versus placebo in adolescents with severe obesity.

Methods

Adolescents who had ≥5% body mass index (BMI) reduction with meal replacement therapy were randomized to 52 weeks of once‐weekly exenatide extended release or placebo. In this secondary analysis, eating behaviours and appetite/satiety regulation hormones post‐meal replacement therapy (pre‐randomization to exenatide or placebo) were evaluated as possible predictors of WLM. Percent change in BMI from randomization to 52 weeks served as the primary measure of WLM.

Results

The analysis included 66 adolescents (mean age 16.0 years; 47% female). Lower leptin response to meal testing was associated with greater WLM in terms of BMI percent change in those receiving exenatide compared to placebo (p = 0.007) after adjusting for sex, age and BMI. There were no other significant predictors of WLM.

Conclusions

Prior to exenatide, lower leptin response to meals was associated with improved WLM with exenatide compared to placebo. The mostly null findings of this study suggest that GLP1‐RA treatment may produce similar WLM for adolescents with obesity regardless of age, BMI, sex and eating behaviours.
Metabolism, fibrosis, and apoptosis: The effect of lipids and their derivatives on keloid formation
Authors: Li Chen‐yu , Xie Ru‐xin , Zhang Shi‐wei , Yun Jiao , Zhong Ai , Cen Ying , Chen Jun‐jie
Published: February 2024

Keloids, pathological scars resulting from skin trauma, have traditionally posed significant clinical management challenges due to their persistence and high recurrence rates. Our research elucidates the pivotal roles of lipids and their derivatives in keloid development, driven by underlying mechanisms of abnormal cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix deposition. Key findings suggest that abnormalities in arachidonic acid (AA) synthesis and non‐essential fatty acid synthesis are integral to keloid formation. Further, a complex interplay exists between lipid derivatives, notably butyric acid (BA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), and the regulation of hyperfibrosis. Additionally, combinations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with BA and 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐Prostaglandin J2 have exhibited pronounced cytotoxic effects. Among sphingolipids, ceramide (Cer) displayed limited pro‐apoptotic effects in keloid fibroblasts (KFBs), whereas sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) was found to promote keloid hyperfibrosis, with its analogue, FTY720, demonstrating contrasting benefits. Both Vitamin D and hexadecylphosphorylcholine (HePC) showed potential antifibrotic and antiproliferative properties, suggesting their utility in keloid management. While keloids remain a prevalent concern in clinical practice, this study underscores the promising potential of targeting specific lipid molecules for the advancement of keloid therapeutic strategies.
Genetic justification ofCOVID‐19 patient outcomes usingDERGA, a novel data ensemble refinement greedy algorithm
Authors: Asteris Panagiotis G. , Gandomi Amir H. , Armaghani Danial J. , Tsoukalas Markos Z. , Gavriilaki Eleni , Gerber Gloria , Konstantakatos Gerasimos , Skentou Athanasia D. , Triantafyllidis Leonidas , Kotsiou Nikolaos , Braunstein Evan , Chen Hang , Brodsky Robert , Touloumenidou Tasoula , Sakellari Ioanna , Alkayem Nizar Faisal , Bardhan Abidhan , Cao Maosen , Cavaleri Liborio , Formisano Antonio , Guney Deniz , Hasanipanah Mahdi , Khandelwal Manoj , Mohammed Ahmed Salih , Samui Pijush , Zhou Jian , Terpos Evangelos , Dimopoulos Meletios A.
Published: February 2024

Complement inhibition has shown promise in various disorders, including COVID‐19. A prediction tool including complement genetic variants is vital. This study aims to identify crucial complement‐related variants and determine an optimal pattern for accurate disease outcome prediction. Genetic data from 204 COVID‐19 patients hospitalized between April 2020 and April 2021 at three referral centres were analysed using an artificial intelligence‐based algorithm to predict disease outcome (ICU vs. non‐ICU admission). A recently introduced alpha‐index identified the 30 most predictive genetic variants. DERGA algorithm, which employs multiple classification algorithms, determined the optimal pattern of these key variants, resulting in 97% accuracy for predicting disease outcome. Individual variations ranged from 40 to 161 variants per patient, with 977 total variants detected. This study demonstrates the utility of alpha‐index in ranking a substantial number of genetic variants. This approach enables the implementation of well‐established classification algorithms that effectively determine the relevance of genetic variants in predicting outcomes with high accuracy.
Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: At the intersection between the brain and the immune system: Non‐coding RNAs spanning learning, memory and adaptive immunity
Authors: Musgrove Mason R. B. , Mikhaylova Marina , Bredy Timothy W.
Published: February 2024

Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are highly plastic RNA molecules that can sequester cellular proteins and other RNAs, serve as transporters of cellular cargo and provide spatiotemporal feedback to the genome. Mounting evidence indicates that ncRNAs are central to biology, and are critical for neuronal development, metabolism and intra‐ and intercellular communication in the brain. Their plasticity arises from state‐dependent dynamic structure states that can be influenced by cell type and subcellular environment, which can subsequently enable the same ncRNA with discrete functions in different contexts. Here, we highlight different classes of brain‐enriched ncRNAs, including microRNA, long non‐coding RNA and other enigmatic ncRNAs, that are functionally important for both learning and memory and adaptive immunity, and describe how they may promote cross‐talk between these two evolutionarily ancient biological systems.

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Turkish adaptation of the reproductive autonomy scale: Validity and reliability study
Authors: Hazar Seda , İnal Ceylan Güzel , Nacar Gülçin , Taşhan Sermin Timur
Published: February 2024

Objective

This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the reproductive autonomy scale by adapting it to Turkish society.

Materials and Methodology

Designed with a methodological method, the study was conducted with an online form created by using Google Forms with 308 married women of reproductive age between the ages of 15 and 49 who use WhatsApp or Instagram. The cultural adaptation process of the scale was carried out in three stages: language validity, content validity, and pilot application. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the scale's construct validity. The scale's reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficient and test–retest analyses.

Findings.

As a result of the exploratory factor analysis conducted in the study, it was determined that reproductive autonomy scale (RAS) consists of 14 items and 3 subscales. Good fit index values were obtained in confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficients for the RAS total and subscale were found to be 0.66, 0.64, 0.89, and 0.92, respectively. Additionally, test–retest analysis of the scale was determined to have a high correlation.

Conclusion

The reproductive autonomy scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for measuring the reproductive autonomy of Turkish society.
Effect of intra‐articular platelet‐rich plasma or hyaluronic acid on limb function recovery in dogs withTPLOfor cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Volz F. , Eberle D. , Kornmayer M. , Zablotski Y. , Meyer‐Lindenberg A.
Published: February 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the recovery of limb function following a single intra‐articular injection of platelet‐rich plasma or hyaluronic acid in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture treated with tibial plateau levelling osteotomy compared to dogs receiving no injection intraoperatively.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐two dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, body weights of 20 to 40 kg, and no other orthopaedic conditions were enrolled in this prospective, randomised, double‐blind, controlled study at the small animal clinic at LMU Munich. All dogs underwent tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Based on random allocation, they received either a single intra‐articular injection of platelet‐rich plasma, hyaluronic acid or no injection intraoperatively. Gait analysis, clinical examinations, radiography of the stifle joint for osteoarthritis progression and two validated owner questionnaires were compared among groups at three timepoints postoperatively (6 weeks, 3 and 6 months). Limb function was primarily assessed by measuring the ground reaction forces.

Results

At all times postoperatively, no differences were observed among groups regarding clinical examinations, osteoarthritis score values, ground reaction forces or owner questionnaires. All dogs showed significant improvement in limb function clinically, in all ground reaction forces and in the validated questionnaires. Osteoarthritis progressed minimally during rechecks in all dogs regardless of the additional injection or not.

Clinical Significance

All dogs treated with tibial plateau levelling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament rupture showed improvements in limb function. No additive effect on faster recovery was demonstrated with the additional intra‐articular injection of platelet‐rich plasma or hyaluronic acid. Addition of platelet‐rich plasma/hyaluronic acid injections during tibial plateau levelling osteotomy is unnecessary considering the lack of benefit observed up to 6 months postoperatively.
Length–weight relationships and condition factors of five fish species from the coastal region of West Bengal, India
Authors: Mondal Niladri , Chini Deep Sankar , Kar Avijit , Patra Shampa , Patra Bidhan Chandra
Published: February 2024

The present study presents the length–weight relationships of five brackish water fish species from the coastal region of West Bengal for which this relationship not known to the present time, including Stigmatogobius sadanundio, Brachygobius nunus, Microphis cuncalus, Butis melanostigma and Puntius vittatus. The slope (b) value of the regression ranges between 2.551 and 3.319, with high correlation values (r2 ≥ .943). The relative condition factor (Kn) was also calculated, being >1.0 for all species examined in the present study, indicating of the overall condition of the fish species.
The native distribution of a common legume shrub is limited by the range of its nitrogen‐fixing mutualist
Authors: Alon Moshe , Waitz Yoni , Finkel Omri M. , Sheffer Efrat
Published: February 2024

Plant–microbe mutualisms, such as the legume‐rhizobium symbiosis, are influenced by the geographical distributions of both partners. However, limitations on the native range of legumes, resulting from the absence of a compatible mutualist, have rarely been explored.

We used a combination of a large‐scale field survey and controlled experiments to determine the realized niche of Calicotome villosa, an abundant and widespread legume shrub.

Soil type was a major factor affecting the distribution and abundance of C. villosa. In addition, we found a large region within its range in which neither C. villosa nor Bradyrhizobium, the bacterial genus that associates with it, were present. Seedlings grown in soil from this region failed to nodulate and were deficient in nitrogen. Inoculation of this soil with Bradyrhizobium isolated from root nodules of C. villosa resulted in the formation of nodules and higher growth rate, leaf N and shoot biomass compared with un‐inoculated plants.

We present evidence for the exclusion of a legume from parts of its native range by the absence of a compatible mutualist. This result highlights the importance of the co‐distribution of both the host plant and its mutualist when attempting to understand present and future geographical distributions of legumes.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis on absolute eosinophil counts and the risk of asthma in preschool children with wheezing: An EAACI Task Force Report
Authors: Adamiec Aleksander , Cieślik Maja , Mączka Katarzyna , Tarnoruda Joanna , Jensen Signe , Chawes Bo , Bønnelykke Klaus , Konradsen Jon R. , Söderhäll Cilla , Makrinioti Heidi , Camargo Carlos A. , Hasegawa Kohei , Ambrożej Dominika , Jartti Tuomas , Ruszczyński Marek , Feleszko Wojciech ,   for the EAACI Task Force on Preschool Wheeze
Published: February 2024

Preschool children with wheezing disorders pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and consume substantial healthcare resources. Peripheral eosinophil blood count (EBC) has been proposed as a potential indicator for future asthma development. This review by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Preschool Wheeze Task Force aimed to provide systematic evidence for the association between increased EBC and the risk of future asthma, as well as to identify potential cutoff values. In February 2023, a search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify studies comparing EBCs in preschool children with wheezing who continued to wheeze later in life and those who did not. Included observational studies focused on children aged <6 years with a wheezing disorder, assessment of their EBCs, and subsequent asthma status. No language or publication date restrictions were applied. Among the initial 3394 studies screened, 10 were included in the final analysis, involving 1225 patients. The data from these studies demonstrated that high EBC in preschool children with wheezing is associated with future asthma development, with odds ratios of 1.90 (95% CI: 0.45–7.98, p = .38), 2.87 (95% CI: 1.38–5.95, p < .05), and 3.38 (95% CI: 1.72–6.64, p < .05) for cutoff values in the <300, 300–449, and ≥450 cells/μL ranges, respectively. Defining a specific cutoff point for an elevated EBC lacks consistency, but children with EBC >300 cells/μL are at increased risk of asthma. However, further research is needed due to the limitations of the included studies. Future investigations are necessary to fully elucidate the discussed association.
The C4 photosynthesis bifunctional enzymes, PDRPs, of maize are co‐opted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes to promote infection of a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus
Authors: Xie Jipeng , Fei Xiaohong , Yan Qin , Jiang Tong , Li Zhifang , Chen Hui , Wang Baichen , Chao Qing , He Yueqiu , Fan Zaifeng , Wang Lijin , Wang Meng , Shi Liang , Zhou Tao
Published: February 2024

In maize, two pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) regulatory proteins, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2, are respectively specific to the chloroplast of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Functionally, ZmPDRP1/2 catalyse both phosphorylation/inactivation and dephosphorylation/activation of ZmPPDK, which is implicated as a major rate‐limiting enzyme in C4 photosynthesis of maize. Our study here showed that maize plants lacking ZmPDRP1 or silencing of ZmPDRP1/2 confer resistance to a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We verified that the C‐terminal domain (CTD) of ZmPDRP1 plays a key role in promoting viral infection while independent of enzyme activity. Intriguingly, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 re‐localize to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes (VRCs) following SCMV infection. We identified that SCMV‐encoded cytoplasmic inclusions protein CI targets directly ZmPDRP1 or ZmPDRP2 or their CTDs, leading to their re‐localization to cytoplasmic VRCs. Moreover, we found that CI could be degraded by the 26S proteasome system, while ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 could up‐regulate the accumulation level of CI through their CTDs by a yet unknown mechanism. Most importantly, with genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence that BSCs‐specific ZmPDRP2 could accumulate in MCs of Zmpdrp1 knockout (KO) lines, revealing a unique regulatory mechanism crossing different cell types to maintain balanced ZmPPDK phosphorylation, thereby to keep maize normal growth. Together, our findings uncover the genetic link of the two cell‐specific maize PDRPs, both of which are co‐opted to VRCs to promote viral protein accumulation for robust virus infection.
Protective effect of isoquercitrin on UVB‐induced injury in HaCaT cells and mice skin through anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and regulation of MAPK and JAK2‐STAT3 pathways
Authors: Li Yingyan , Ma Yunge , Yao Yike , Ru Guohua , Lan Chong , Li Liyan , Huang Tao
Published: February 2024

Natural products are favored in the study of skin photodamage protection recently. Isoquercetin, namely 3‐O‐glucoside of quercetin, can be isolated from various plant species. In present research, the protective effect of isoquercitrin on UVB‐induced injury in cells and mice skin were investigated. Our study reveals that 400 μM of isoquercitrin exhibits the best viability on UVB‐irradiated HaCaT cells, and beneficial effects against oxidative stress UVB‐induced in skin tissue by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and simultaneously enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additionally, isoquercitrin was identified as an anti‐inflammatory agent by reducing the level of COX‐2 by Western blot analysis, and inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α by ELISA, and UVB‐induced epidermal thickening evidenced by H&E staining. It also effectively prevented UVB‐induced collagen fibers from degradation identified by Masson staining. Isoquercitrin significantly inhibited MAPK pathway by downregulating the levels of AP‐1, MMP‐1, MMP‐3, phospho‐p38, phospho‐JNK, phospho‐ERK, cleaved caspase‐9, cleaved caspase‐3, and JAK2‐STAT3 pathway by western blot analysis. In conclusion, isoquercitrin pretreatment protected mice skin from UVB irradiation‐induced injury effectively, and the underlying mechanism may involve MAPK and JAK2‐STAT3 signaling pathways.
Inhibition and potentiation of the exercise pressor reflex by pharmacological modulation of TRPC6 in male rats
Authors: Ducrocq Guillaume P. , Anselmi Laura , Stella Salvatore L. , Copp Steven W. , Ruiz‐Velasco Victor , Kaufman Marc P.
Published: February 2024

We determined the role played by the transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel in evoking the mechanical component of the exercise pressor reflex in male decerebrated Sprague–Dawley rats. TRPC6 channels were identified by quadruple‐labelled (DiI, TRPC6, neurofilament‐200 and peripherin) immunohistochemistry in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells innervating the triceps surae muscles (n = 12). The exercise pressor reflex was evoked by statically contracting the triceps surae muscles before and after injection of the TRPC6 antagonist BI‐749327 (n = 11; 12 μg kg−1) or SAR7334 (n = 11; 7 μg kg−1) or the TRPC6 positive modulator C20 (n = 11; 18 μg kg−1). Similar experiments were conducted while the muscles were passively stretched (n = 8–12), a manoeuvre that isolated the mechanical component of the reflex. Blood pressure, tension, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and blood flow were recorded. Of the DRG cells innervating the triceps surae muscles, 85% stained positive for the TRPC6 antigen, and 45% of those cells co‐expressed neurofilament‐200. Both TRPC6 antagonists decreased the reflex pressor responses to static contraction (−32 to −42%; P < 0.05) and to passive stretch (−35 to −52%; P < 0.05), whereas C20 increased these responses (55–65%; P < 0.05). In addition, BI‐749327 decreased the peak and integrated RSNA responses to both static contraction (−39 to −43%; P < 0.05) and passive stretch (−56 to −62%; P < 0.05), whereas C20 increased the RSNA to passive stretch only. The onset latency of the decrease or increase in RSNA occurred within 2 s of the onset of the manoeuvres (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results show that TRPC6 plays a key role in evoking the mechanical component of the exercise pressor reflex.

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Key points

The exercise pressor reflex plays a key role in the sympathetic and haemodynamic responses to exercise. This reflex is composed of two components, namely the mechanoreflex and the metaboreflex.

The receptors responsible for evoking the mechanoreflex are poorly documented. A good candidate for this function is the transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel, which is activated by mechanical stimuli and expressed in dorsal root ganglia of rats.

Using two TRPC6 antagonists and one positive modulator, we investigated the role played by TRPC6 in evoking the mechanoreflex in decerebrated rats.

Blocking TRPC6 decreased the renal sympathetic and the pressor responses to both contraction and stretch, the latter being a manoeuvre that isolates the mechanoreflex. In contrast, the positive modulator increased the pressor reflex to contraction and stretch, in addition to the sympathetic response to stretch.

Our results provide strong support for a role played by the TRPC6 channel in evoking the mechanoreflex.
The Impact of Athletic Identity, Psychological Flexibility, and Value Consistent Living on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Retired Elite Rugby Players
Authors: Mooney Jacqueline , Bethell Andrew , Wagstaff Chris , White Ross
Published: February 2024

Retirement from sport is widely accepted as an important period of change for athletes. Existing studies have focused on investigating the mental health and well-being of current players, while limited research has explored the impact of retirement on elite rugby players. The present study aimed to examine how athletic identity, psychological flexibility, and valued living impact subjective well-being and psychological distress in retired elite rugby players. A cross-sectional, between-subject, factorial design was adopted. Seventy-seven retired elite rugby players were recruited to the Tackling Next Steps project and completed an online survey between March 2021 and December 2021. Suboptimal levels of subjective well-being were reported by 64% of retired players, and 43% reported clinical levels of distress. Valued living and psychological flexibility were shown to significantly predict subjective well-being. The results show that promoting psychological flexibility and valued living may have positive effects on subjective well-being in retired rugby players.
The Roles of Perceived Safety Climate and Innovativeness in the Performance of Sport and Recreation Organizations
Authors: Kim Minjung , Kim Han Soo , Oja Brent D. , Hill Jasamine , Zvosec Claire , Doh Paul Yuseung
Published: February 2024

The recent COVID-19 pandemic created an unpredictable environment regarding the safety operations of sport and recreation organizations. This study was designed to examine how safety climate and organizational innovativeness could promote preferred organizational behavior outcomes in college campus sport and recreation centers. A total of 227 sport and recreation employees were recruited through the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association. With the collected data, we employed structural equation modeling to assess the research hypotheses. The results indicated that safety climate and innovativeness positively influenced job engagement, therefore leading to enhanced safety compliance and employee innovativeness, which ultimately resulted in higher levels of organizational performance. Peer safety compliance was also found to be a moderator in the relationship between job engagement and safety compliance. In this study, the authors offer new insights into sport organizational performance by emphasizing safety and innovation.