bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boundary layer models for calving marine outlet glaciers
Authors: Schoof Christian , Davis Andrew D. , Popa Tiberiu V.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. We consider the flow of marine-terminating outlet glaciers that are laterally confined in a channel of prescribed width. In that case, the drag exerted by the channel side walls on a floating ice shelf can reduce extensional stress at the grounding line. If ice flux through the grounding line increases with both ice thickness and extensional stress, then a longer shelf can reduce ice flux by decreasing extensional stress. Consequently, calving has an effect on flux through the grounding line by regulating the length of the shelf. In the absence of a shelf, it plays a similar role by controlling the above-flotation height of the calving cliff. Using two calving laws, one due to Nick et al. (2010) based on a model for crevasse propagation due to hydrofracture and the other simply asserting that calving occurs where the glacier ice becomes afloat, we pose and analyse a flowline model for a marine-terminating glacier by two methods: direct numerical solution and matched asymptotic expansions. The latter leads to a boundary layer formulation that predicts flux through the grounding line as a function of depth to bedrock, channel width, basal drag coefficient, and a calving parameter. By contrast with unbuttressed marine ice sheets, we find that flux can decrease with increasing depth to bedrock at the grounding line, reversing the usual stability criterion for steady grounding line location. Stable steady states can then have grounding lines located on retrograde slopes. We show how this anomalous behaviour relates to the strength of lateral versus basal drag on the grounded portion of the glacier and to the specifics of the calving law used.
Discovery and characterization of submarine groundwater discharge in the Siberian Arctic seas: a case study in the Buor-Khaya Gulf, Laptev Sea
Authors: Charkin Alexander N. , Rutgers van der Loeff Michiel , Shakhova Natalia E. , Gustafsson Örjan , Dudarev Oleg V. , Cherepnev Maxim S. , Salyuk Anatoly N. , Koshurnikov Andrey V. , Spivak Eduard A. , Gunar Alexey Y. , Ruban Alexey S. , Semiletov Igor P.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. It has been suggested that increasing terrestrial water discharge to the Arctic Ocean may partly occur as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), yet there are no direct observations of this phenomenon in the Arctic shelf seas. This study tests the hypothesis that SGD does exist in the Siberian Arctic Shelf seas, but its dynamics may be largely controlled by complicated geocryological conditions such as permafrost. The field-observational approach in the southeastern Laptev Sea used a combination of hydrological (temperature, salinity), geological (bottom sediment drilling, geoelectric surveys), and geochemical (224Ra, 223Ra, 228Ra, and 226Ra) techniques. Active SGD was documented in the vicinity of the Lena River delta with two different operational modes. In the first system, groundwater discharges through tectonogenic permafrost talik zones was registered in both winter and summer. The second SGD mechanism was cryogenic squeezing out of brine and water-soluble salts detected on the periphery of ice hummocks in the winter. The proposed mechanisms of groundwater transport and discharge in the Arctic land-shelf system is elaborated. Through salinity vs. 224Ra and 224Ra / 223Ra diagrams, the three main SGD-influenced water masses were identified and their end-member composition was constrained. Based on simple mass-balance box models, discharge rates at sites in the submarine permafrost talik zone were 1. 7 × 106 m3 d−1 or 19.9 m3 s−1, which is much higher than the April discharge of the Yana River. Further studies should apply these techniques on a broader scale with the objective of elucidating the relative importance of the SGD transport vector relative to surface freshwater discharge for both water balance and aquatic components such as dissolved organic carbon, carbon dioxide, methane, and nutrients.
Diferencias de género y aprendizaje autorregulado: el efecto del rendimiento académico previo
Authors: Torrano Fermín , Soria María
Published: October 2017

En las dos últimas décadas el aprendizaje autorregulado se ha convertido en uno de los principales focos de la investigación psicoeducativa y en uno de los ejes primordiales de la práctica docente. En este contexto el objetivo de la presente investigación es examinar la existencia de diferencias de género en la motivación académica y en el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje, y comprobar qué ocurre cuando se controla el rendimiento académico previo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 374 alumnos de 2º curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). Se emplearon las escalas motivacionales del Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS) centradas en el alumno (metas personales y contextuales, creencias de autoeficacia y estrategias self-handicapping) y las escalas cognitivas del MSLQ en su versión española (CEAM II). Los resultados evidencian, en un primer momento, diferencias significativas entre chicos y chicas en todas las escalas motivacionales y de estrategias consideradas, excepto en metas aprendizaje y elaboración. Sin embargo, al controlar el efecto del rendimiento previo, se pudo constatar cómo algunas de estas diferencias desaparecían. A este respecto, se destaca la necesidad de que futuras investigaciones en este campo controlen el rendimiento académico previo, además de analizar con detenimiento los estereotipos que cada género desarrolla y el estilo o sesgo en la respuesta a los cuestionarios de autoinforme según el sexo.
Análisis de perfiles multivariados de valoración para la detección de alumnado con TDA-H
Authors: Sánchez Delgado Purificación , Bodoque Osma Ana Rosa , Jornet Melia Jesus Miguel
Published: October 2017

En este artículo se presentan los resultados del análisis realizado mediante análisis de conglomerados de k-medias para identificar perfiles multivariados de valoración para la identificación de niños con TDA-H. Para ello, se ha utilizado la Escala Magallanes (EMA-DDA), que requiere la evaluación del alumnado por parte de dos colectivos: padres y profesorado. Los estudios que se han realizado al respecto por parte de otros autores, si bien difieren en las escalas utilizadas, ponen de manifiesto que la nominación que realizan ambos colectivos suele discrepar no siendo concurrentes habitualmente en varias de las dimensiones que se evalúan. En un estudio anterior comprobamos que existían diferencias en varias de las dimensiones, desde el punto de vista univariado. Sin embargo, y considerando que la identificación se basa en umbrales que permiten la clasificación del alumnado, nos preguntamos si estas diferencias serían observables también a nivel multivariado entre ambos colectivos. La hipótesis interpretativa que asumimos, al igual que otros autores anteriormente, se basa sustancialmente en que ambos colectivos valoran al alumnado en diferentes contextos. Esta perspectiva podría apoyar, a nivel exploratorio, si esta apreciación puede estar a la base de las diferencias, y con ello poder orientar estudios posteriores de validación de carácter experimental o cuasi-experimental. El estudio realizado permite afirmar que hay una relación entre los perfiles multivariados que son producto de las valoraciones realizadas por ambos colectivos, por lo que apoya la línea de interpretación señalada anteriormente.
La gestión de la información en entornos personales de aprendizaje: estudio exploratorio en alumnado de último curso de grado
Authors: López Vicent Patricia , González Calatayud Víctor , Aguiar Perera María Victoria , Artiles Rodríguez Josué
Published: October 2017

Los Entornos Personales de Aprendizaje (PLE) son un enfoque pedagógico que pretende colocar a los estudiantes en una posición central en su propio proceso de aprendizaje. El presente trabajo analiza la gestión de la información dentro de los PLEs en cuanto a aspectos como Procesamiento de la Información, Gestión de la Información, Organización de la Información, Recuperación de la Información, Procesamiento ético de la información, Decodificación y Creación de la Información, a partir de una muestra de 2054 alumnos de último curso de grado de 50 universidades españolas, utilizando para ello una metodología cuantitativa exploratoria. Entre las conclusiones destaca que para gestionar la información los alumnos suelen usar buscadores generalistas, suelen guardar la información tanto en su ordenador como en Internet, a través de carpetas jerárquicas, aunque cabe mencionar que continúan utilizando el papel para representar ideas. Por último, las herramientas o recursos más utilizados para la búsqueda de información son los blogs o la Wikipedia.
Testing Social Cognitive Career Theory in Colombian adolescent secondary students: a study in the field of mathematics and science
Authors: Casas Yadira , Blanco-Blanco Ángeles
Published: October 2017

El objetivo del estudio es validar el modelo de intereses y elecciones vocacionales definido por la Teoría Cognitivo Social del Desarrollo de la Carrera (SCCT por sus siglas en inglés) en el contexto de la educación secundaria colombiana. Con ello se pretende contribuir a la investigación previa en varios sentidos. Primero, en términos de validación trascultural, se examina por primera vez el núcleo completo del modelo en el área científico-matemática con alumnado de educación secundaria latinoamericano. En segundo lugar, se estudia por primera vez el modelo cognitivo social en población no estadounidense étnicamente diversa, incluyendo grupos minoritarios. Finalmente, se analiza en este nuevo contexto el papel del apoyo social percibido en los procesos de desarrollo de la carrera. Los participantes fueron 2787 estudiantes colombianos de educación secundaria. Los sujetos completaron medidas de autoeficacia, expectativas de resultado, intereses, aspiraciones ocupacionales y apoyo social percibido para ingresar en carreras del área científico-matemática. Se usaron Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales para evaluar el ajuste del modelo hipotetizado a los datos, incluyendo análisis multigrupo para las submuestras definidas por género y por grupo étnico. En la muestra completa los resultados prestaron apoyo al modelo cognitivo social como marco para predecir los intereses y las aspiraciones ocupacionales de los estudiantes colombianos en el área científico-matemática (CFI=.96; RMSEA=.046). Todas las hipótesis formuladas fueron verificadas con excepción de las referidas a los efectos directos de la autoeficacia y de las expectativas de resultado sobre las aspiraciones ocupacionales. En conjunto, los predictores explicaron el 52% de la varianza de los intereses y el 40% de la varianza de las aspiraciones ocupacionales. Además, los resultados sugirieron que el modelo es invariante en razón del género y del grupo étnico de pertenencia (blanco, mestizo o afro-colombiano). El trabajo discute las implicaciones de estos resultados para la investigación futura y para la intervención en el ámbito del desarrollo vocacional.
Adoption and Factors Affecting Farmer’s Adoption of Technologies in Farming System: A Case Study of Improved Technologies in ICARDA’s Arabian Peninsula Regional Program
Authors: Dhehibi Boubaker , Nejatian Arash , Al-Wahaibi Hamdan , Atroosh Khader , Al Yafei Mohamed S. , Otaibi Ahmed Al , Hendi Mohamed Al , Belgacem Azaiez Ouled
Published: October 2017

The main objective of this study is to assess the rate of adoption of innovations introduced by the Arabian Peninsula Regional Program (APRP) of ICARDA and identify main constraints that limit the adoption process of these new technologies in the GCC countries and Yemen through using ADOPT (Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool). ADOPT predicts the proportion of a target population that might adopt an innovation over time. A focus group discussion (FGD) methodology was used to apply the ADOPT with a panel of farmers in each country and for each introduced technology. In the FGD we streamlined 22 discussion questions around four categories of influences on adoption: characteristics of the innovation, characteristics of the target population, the relative advantage of using the innovation, and learning of the relative benefit of the change.The results showed that predicted peak of adoption and time for reaching that peak vary between technologies, countries, and within the same country. The technology specific variables (e.g. yield potential and acceptability) are significant for explaining adoption behavior, implying that it is important to take farmers’ preferences to varietal characteristics into consideration in the design of a research and development program. Given the significant role played by extension and access related variables, increased emphasis on information dissemination, field demonstration, and farmers’ participatory research and training programs to popularize these technologies and enhance their adoption rate are required. This also suggests that policy intervention should be made on improving the knowledge status of farming households, and developing programs on the technological package which offer farmers a variety of choices among the appropriate pools of technology options. Such programs ultimately help farmers to develop more profit-oriented behavior (both economically and environmentally) which are necessary to enhance adoption rate, production, and food security in the long run for the GCC countries and Yemen.
Revision of the genus Spilopteron Townes, 1965 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Acaenitinae) from Japan
Authors: Ito Masato , Maeto Kaoru
Published: October 2017

Ten Japanese species of the genus Spilopteron Townes, 1965 are recognized. Five new species, S. albiventre sp. nov., S. brachyurum sp. nov., S. nigrum sp. nov., S. oblongulum sp. nov. and S. pseudonigrum sp. nov., are described from Japan. Morphological discrimination between most Japanese species is confirmed by sequence analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene, which indicates the following relationships: S. oblongulum sp. nov. + S. apicale (Matsumura, 1912), S. brachyurum sp. nov. + S. nigrum sp. nov. + S. pseudonigrum sp. nov., and S. tosaense (Uchida, 1934) + S. luteum (Uchida, 1930). A key to the Japanese species of Spilopteron is provided. This genus seems to have its center of diversity in the mid-latitude area of East Asia.
Interphase Chromosome Profiling: A Method for Conventional Banded Chromosome Analysis Using Interphase Nuclei
Authors: Babu Ramesh , Van Dyke Daniel L. , Dev Vaithilingam G. , Koduru Prasad , Rao Nagesh , Mitter Navnit S. , Liu Mingya , Fuentes Ernesto , Fuentes Sarah , Papa Stephen
Published: October 2017

Context.—

Chromosome analysis on bone marrow or peripheral blood samples fails in a small proportion of attempts. A method that is more reliable, with similar or better resolution, would be a welcome addition to the armamentarium of the cytogenetics laboratory.

Objective.—

To develop a method similar to banded metaphase chromosome analysis that relies only on interphase nuclei.

Design.—

To label multiple targets in an equidistant fashion along the entire length of each chromosome, including landmark subtelomere and centromere regions. Each label so generated by using cloned bacterial artificial chromosome probes is molecularly distinct with unique spectral characteristics, so the number and position of the labels can be tracked to identify chromosome abnormalities.

Results.—

Interphase chromosome profiling (ICP) demonstrated results similar to conventional chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization in 55 previously studied cases and obtained useful ICP chromosome analysis results on another 29 cases in which conventional methods failed.

Conclusions.—

ICP is a new and powerful method to karyotype peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate preparations without reliance on metaphase chromosome preparations. It will be of particular value for cases with a failed conventional analysis or when a fast turnaround time is required.
A Novel Approach to Improving Utilization of Laboratory Testing
Authors: Zhou Yaolin , Procop Gary W. , Riley Jacquelyn D.
Published: October 2017

Context.—

The incorporation of best practice guidelines into one's institution is a challenging goal of utilization management, and the successful adoption of such guidelines depends on institutional context. Laboratorians who have access to key clinical data are well positioned to understand existing local practices and promote more appropriate laboratory testing.

Objective.—

To apply a novel approach to utilization management by reviewing international clinical guidelines and current institutional practices to create a reliable mechanism to improve detection and reduce unnecessary tests in our patient population.

Design.—

We targeted a frequently ordered genetic test for HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis, a disorder of low penetrance. After reviewing international practice guidelines, we evaluated 918 HFE tests and found that all patients with new diagnoses had transferrin saturation levels that were significantly higher than those of patients with nonrisk genotypes (72% versus 42%; P < .001).

Results.—

Our “one-button” order that restricts HFE genetic tests to patients with transferrin saturation greater than 45% is consistent with published practice guidelines and detected 100% of new patients with HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis.

Conclusions.—

Our proposed algorithm differs from previously published approaches in that it incorporates both clinical practice guidelines and local physician practices, yet requires no additional hands-on effort from pathologists or clinicians. This novel approach to utilization management embraces the role of pathologists as leaders in promoting high-quality patient care in local health care systems.
El profesorado quebequense frente a la “gestión basada en resultados”. Un estudio cualitativo en cuatro Centros de Secundaria
Authors: Maroy Christian , Mathou Cécile , Vaillancourt Samuel
Published: October 2017

En el curso de los 15 últimos años, Quebec (Canadá) ha desarrollado una política de accountability - Gestión Basada en Resultados (GBR) – que concierne a todo el conjunto del sector de la educación obligatoria de esta provincia. Esta política se despliega en todos los niveles del sistema educativo y pone en práctica nuevas herramientas de planificación y de contractualización, así como también herramientas estadísticas que permiten hacer visibles los resultados (académicos) y establecer objetivos de rendimiento. La GBR implica una mirada de cambio de las prácticas del profesorado para hacerlas más “eficaces” y, así, contribuir a la realización de los objetivos de las políticas ministeriales: mejorar los índices de diplomados, las tasas de logro, reducir el abandono escolar. En este artículo analizamos las reacciones del profesorado de cuatro centros de secundaria a las demandas de cambio de las prácticas pedagógicas que les son indicadas por los gestores escolares. Para ello, nos basamos en una tipología de respuestas a las políticas educativas desarrollada por Cynthia Corbun (2004). Nuestro análisis muestra que las respuestas más frecuentes son el rechazo y el acomodo, pero también la renuncia a ciertas prácticas deseadas, así como las prácticas “imposibilitadas” por la puesta en marcha de la GBR, un tipo de respuesta que se agrega a la tipología de Corbun. Mostramos que estas respuestas varían según las prácticas establecidas por la organización institucional, también en función del contexto del centro educativo, y de las diversas estrategias y configuraciones de los actores implicados en ello.
El profesorado francés de Primaria frente a las políticas de rendición de cuentas: una evolución de su profesionalismo en un contexto de accountibility subjetiva
Authors: Dutercq Yves , Maleyrot Eric
Published: October 2017

Nuestra contribución trata la manera en que el profesorado francés de los centros educativos públicos de educación primaria reaccionan ante las políticas de rendimiento y de responsabilización que se han desarrollado los últimos años. Aspira a comprender en qué medida esto redefine su profesionalismo. En una primera parte, un análisis socio-histórico describe la evolución de las medidas de responsabilización a través de la sucesión de herramientas y de objetivos puestos en práctica para la ayuda individualizada para el éxito del alumnado. Examinamos, a continuación, cómo la responsabilidad del profesionalismo tradicional del profesorado es remodelada por estos nuevos dispositivos, teniendo en cuenta la auto-regulación y la escasa rendición de cuentas de la que es objeto el profesorado. En una segunda parte, nos centramos en la recepción del profesorado de dos dispositivos recientes: un instrumento externo para medir los resultados del alumnado; y un dispositivo que consiste en incorporar a un/a docente complementario en centros educativos que acogen un público desfavorecido. Analizamos las encuestas sobre estos temas entre 2011 - 2016, que muestran tanto resistencias como evolución de las prácticas profesionales que esas políticas de responsabilización suscitan. Para terminar, cuestionamos el profesionalismo “interno” del profesorado, frente a la visión del profesionalismo “externo” que espera la institución. Ante una política de responsabilización “suave”, los docentes reaccionan o actúan en un contexto que calificamos de accountability subjetiva, dejando translucir dos formas de profesionalidad: una tradicional, que sigue una pedagogía individual, y otra de dimensión colectiva, que acepta rendir cuentas.
Representaciones sociales de un grupo de docentes de la Ciudad de México sobre la evaluación del desempeño docente
Authors: Cuevas Cajiga Yazmín Margarita
Published: October 2017

En 2013, el ministerio de educación mexicano anunció una reforma educativa que tuvo como eje rector la evaluación del desempeño docente, proceso mediante el cual se regula el ingreso a la profesión, la permanencia en el servicio, la promoción a puestos de dirección escolar y la asignación de estímulos económicos. Sin embargo, en este país el gremio docente tiene una trayectoria singular, dado que la carrera de los profesores de primaria se cimentó en un sistema que consideraba la antigüedad y la actualización profesional como requisitos para obtener y conservar un puesto definitivo. Este artículo plantea la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo interpretan e incorporan los maestros de educación primaria la evaluación del desempeño docente que se propone en la reforma educativa 2013? Para responderla se tomó como marco de referencia a la teoría de las representaciones sociales. El estudio asumió el enfoque metodológico cualitativo. Se diseñó una entrevista semiestructurada que se realizó a 12 maestros de una zona escolar de la ciudad de México. Así, en las entrevistas se encontró que para los maestros la evaluación representa la posibilidad de perder su puesto de trabajo. Los maestros toman medidas para aprobar un examen, no para actualizarse o formarse con el objetivo de mejorar su práctica.
Trends in James Baldwin Criticism 2010–13
Authors: Miller D.Quentin
Published: October 2017

The acceleration of interest in Baldwin’s work and impact since 2010 shows no signs of
diminishing. This resurgence has much to do with Baldwin—the richness and passionate
intensity of his vision—and also something to do with the dedicated scholars who have
pursued a variety of publication platforms to generate further interest in his work. The
reach of Baldwin studies has grown outside the academy as well: Black Lives Matter
demonstrations routinely feature quotations from Baldwin; Twitter includes a “Son of
Baldwin” site; and Raoul Peck’s 2016 documentary, I Am Not Your Negro, has received
considerable critical and popular interest. The years 2010–13 were a key period in moving
past the tired old formula—that praised his early career and denigrated the works he wrote
after 1963—into the new formula—positing Baldwin as a misunderstood visionary, a
wide-reaching artist, and a social critic whose value we are only now beginning to
appreciate. I would highlight four additional prominent trends that emerged between 2010
and 2013: a consideration of Baldwin in the contexts of film, drama, and music;
understandings of Baldwin globally; Baldwin’s criticism of American institutions; and
analyses of Baldwin’s work in conversation with other authors.
Relationship between hemoglobin glycation index and extent of coronary heart disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cheng Po Chung , Hsu Shang Ren , Cheng Yun Chung , Liu Yu Hsiu
Published: October 2017

Background

Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Diabetic complications have recently been associated with a measure of glucose metabolism known as the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI). Currently there is insufficient information regarding a potential link between HGI and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HGI and extent of CHD in individuals with T2D.

Methods

This cross-sectional study screened individuals visiting the endocrinology clinic between June 2012 and May 2016 for eligibility. Enrollment criteria included individuals above 21 years of age with T2D diagnosed in the preceding ten years. Candidates with hemoglobin disorders, pregnancy, and existing coronary artery disease were excluded. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were sampled three months prior to angiography. The regression equation of predicted HbA1c = 0.008 × FPG + 6.28 described the linear relationship between these variables. HGI was calculated as the difference between the measured HbA1c and predicted HbA1c. Participants were classified into two groups according to the presence of supranormal (≥0) or subnormal HGI (<0).

Results

Among 423 participants, people with supranormal HGI harbored an increased prevalence of multiple vessel disease relative to those with subnormal HGI (Odds ratio (OR): 3.9, 95% CI [2.64–5.98], P < 0.001). Moreover, individuals with supranormal HGI more frequently demonstrated lesions involving the left anterior descending artery (OR: 3.0, 95% CI [1.97–4.66], P < 0.001). The intergroup difference in mean HbA1c was statistically nonsignificant (7.5 ± 1.0% versus 7.4 ± 1.1%, P = 0.80).

Discussion

This study demonstrated that HGI correlated with the extent of CHD in individuals with T2D. People with supranormal HGI harbored a higher prevalence of extensive cardiovascular disease compared to those with subnormal HGI. The relationship between HGI and extent of CHD enables cardiovascular risk stratification in at risk individuals. Overall, HGI provides useful information concerning cardiovascular risk in clinical practice.
Wavelength‐Selective Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Powering Greenhouses for Plant Growth at the Food‐Energy‐Water Nexus
Authors: Loik Michael E. , Carter Sue A. , Alers Glenn , Wade Catherine E. , Shugar David , Corrado Carley , Jokerst Devin , Kitayama Carol
Published: October 2017

Global renewable electricity generation capacity has rapidly increased in the past decade. Increasing the sustainability of electricity generation and the market share of solar photovoltaics (PV) will require continued cost reductions or higher efficiencies. Wavelength‐Selective Photovoltaic Systems (WSPVs) combine luminescent solar cell technology with conventional silicon‐based PV, thereby increasing efficiency and lowering the cost of electricity generation. WSPVs absorb some of the blue and green wavelengths of the solar spectrum but transmit the remaining wavelengths that can be utilized by photosynthesis for plants growing below. WSPVs are ideal for integrating electricity generation with glasshouse production, but it is not clear how they may affect plant development and physiological processes. The effects of tomato photosynthesis under WSPVs showed a small decrease in water use, whereas there were minimal effects on the number and fresh weight of fruit for a number of commercial species. Although more research is required on the impacts of WSPVs, they are a promising technology for greater integration of distributed electricity generation with food production operations, for reducing water loss in crops grown in controlled environments, as building‐integrated solar facilities, or as alternatives to high‐impact PV for energy generation over agricultural or natural ecosystems.
Combined Effects of Atmospheric and Seafloor Iron Fluxes to the Glacial Ocean
Authors: Muglia Juan , Somes Christopher J. , Nickelsen Levin , Schmittner Andreas
Published: October 2017

Changes in the ocean iron cycle could help explain the low atmospheric CO2 during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Previous modeling studies have mostly considered changes in aeolian iron fluxes, although it is known that sedimentary and hydrothermal fluxes are important iron sources for today's ocean. Here we explore effects of preindustrial‐to‐LGM changes in atmospheric dust, sedimentary, and hydrothermal fluxes on the ocean's iron and carbon cycles in a global coupled biogeochemical‐circulation model. Considering variable atmospheric iron solubility decreases LGM surface soluble iron fluxes compared with assuming constant solubility. This limits potential increases in productivity and export production due to surface iron fertilization, lowering atmospheric CO2 by only 4 ppm. The effect is countered by a decrease in sedimentary flux due to lower sea level, which increases CO2 by 15 ppm. Assuming a 10 times higher iron dust solubility in the Southern Ocean, combined with changes in sedimentary flux, we obtain an atmospheric CO2 reduction of 13 ppm. The high uncertainty in the iron fluxes does not allow us to determine the net direction and magnitude of variations in atmospheric CO2 due to changes in the iron cycle. Our model does not account for changes to iron‐binding ligand concentrations that could modify the results. We conclude that when evaluating glacial‐interglacial changes in the ocean iron cycle, not only surface but also seafloor fluxes must be taken into account.
Widespread Increases in Iron Concentration in European and North American Freshwaters
Authors: Björnerås C. , Weyhenmeyer G. A. , Evans C. D. , Gessner M. O. , Grossart H.‐P. , Kangur K. , Kokorite I. , Kortelainen P. , Laudon H. , Lehtoranta J. , Lottig N. , Monteith D. T. , Nõges P. , Nõges T. , Oulehle F. , Riise G. , Rusak J. A. , Räike A. , Sire J. , Sterling S. , Kritzberg E. S.
Published: October 2017

Recent reports of increasing iron (Fe) concentrations in freshwaters are of concern, given the fundamental role of Fe in biogeochemical processes. Still, little is known about the frequency and geographical distribution of Fe trends or about the underlying drivers. We analyzed temporal trends of Fe concentrations across 340 water bodies distributed over 10 countries in northern Europe and North America in order to gain a clearer understanding of where, to what extent, and why Fe concentrations are on the rise. We found that Fe concentrations have significantly increased in 28% of sites, and decreased in 4%, with most positive trends located in northern Europe. Regions with rising Fe concentrations tend to coincide with those with organic carbon (OC) increases. Fe and OC increases may not be directly mechanistically linked, but may nevertheless be responding to common regional‐scale drivers such as declining sulfur deposition or hydrological changes. A role of hydrological factors was supported by covarying trends in Fe and dissolved silica, as these elements tend to stem from similar soil depths. A positive relationship between Fe increases and conifer cover suggests that changing land use and expanded forestry could have contributed to enhanced Fe export, although increases were also observed in nonforested areas. We conclude that the phenomenon of increasing Fe concentrations is widespread, especially in northern Europe, with potentially significant implications for wider ecosystem biogeochemistry, and for the current browning of freshwaters.
Midlatitude Summer Drying: An Underestimated Threat in CMIP5 Models?
Authors: Douville H. , Plazzotta M.
Published: October 2017

Early assessments of the hydrological impacts of global warming suggested both an intensification of the global water cycle and an expansion of dry areas. Yet these alarming conclusions were challenged by a number of latter studies emphasizing the lack of evidence in observations and historical simulations, as well as the large uncertainties in climate projections from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Here several aridity indices and a two‐tier attribution strategy are used to demonstrate that a summer midlatitude drying has recently emerged over the northern continents, which is mainly attributable to anthropogenic climate change. This emerging signal is shown to be the harbinger of a long‐term drying in the CMIP5 projections. Linear trends in the observed aridity indices can therefore be used as observational constraints and suggest that the projected midlatitude summer drying was underestimated by most CMIP5 models. Mitigating global warming therefore remains a priority to avoid dangerous impacts on global water and food security.
Can Atmospheric Reanalysis Data Sets Be Used to Reproduce Flooding Over Large Scales?
Authors: Andreadis Konstantinos M. , Schumann Guy J.‐P. , Stampoulis Dimitrios , Bates Paul D. , Brakenridge G. Robert , Kettner Albert J.
Published: October 2017

Floods are costly to global economies and can be exceptionally lethal. The ability to produce consistent flood hazard maps over large areas could provide a significant contribution to reducing such losses, as the lack of knowledge concerning flood risk is a major factor in the transformation of river floods into flood disasters. In order to accurately reproduce flooding in river channels and floodplains, high spatial resolution hydrodynamic models are needed. Despite being computationally expensive, recent advances have made their continental to global implementation feasible, although inputs for long‐term simulations may require the use of reanalysis meteorological products especially in data‐poor regions. We employ a coupled hydrologic/hydrodynamic model cascade forced by the 20CRv2 reanalysis data set and evaluate its ability to reproduce flood inundation area and volume for Australia during the 1973–2012 period. Ensemble simulations using the reanalysis data were performed to account for uncertainty in the meteorology and compared with a validated benchmark simulation. Results show that the reanalysis ensemble capture the inundated areas and volumes relatively well, with correlations for the ensemble mean of 0.82 and 0.85 for area and volume, respectively, although the meteorological ensemble spread propagates in large uncertainty of the simulated flood characteristics.
Assessing the Roles of Fire Frequency and Precipitation in Determining Woody Plant Expansion in Central U.S. Grasslands
Authors: Brunsell N. A. , Van Vleck E. S. , Nosshi M. , Ratajczak Z. , Nippert J. B.
Published: October 2017

Woody plant expansion into grasslands and savannas is occurring and accelerating worldwide and often impacts ecosystem processes. Understanding and predicting the environmental and ecological impacts of encroachment has led to a variety of methodologies for assessing its onset, transition, and stability, generally relying on dynamical systems approaches. Here we continue this general line of investigation to facilitate the understanding of the roles of precipitation frequency and intensity and fire frequency on the conversion of grasslands to woody‐dominated systems focusing on the central United States. A low‐dimensional model with stochastic precipitation and fire disturbance is introduced to examine the complex interactions between precipitation and fire as mechanisms that may suppress or facilitate increases in woody cover. By using Lyapunov exponents, we are able to ascertain the relative control exerted on woody encroachment through these mechanisms. Our results indicate that precipitation frequency is a more important control on woody encroachment than the intensity of individual precipitation events. Fire, however, exerts a much more dominant impact on the limitation of encroachment over the range of precipitation variability considered here. These results indicate that fire management may be an effective strategy to slow the onset of woody species into grasslands. While climate change might predict a reduced potential for woody encroachment in the near future, these results indicate a reduction in woody fraction may be unlikely when considering anthropogenic fire suppression.
U‐Pb Dating and Lu‐Hf Isotopes of Detrital Zircons From the Southern Sikhote‐Alin Orogenic Belt, Russian Far East: Tectonic Implications for the Early Cretaceous Evolution of the Northwest Pacific Margin
Authors: Liu Kai , Zhang Jinjiang , Wilde Simon A. , Liu Shiran , Guo Feng , Kasatkin Sergey A. , Golozoubov Vladimir V. , Ge Maohui , Wang Meng , Wang Jiamin
Published: October 2017

The Sikhote‐Alin orogenic belt in Russian Far East is comprised of several N‐S trending belts, including the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous accretionary prisms and turbidite basin which are now separated by thrusts and strike‐slip faults. The origin and collage of the belts have been studied for decades. However, the provenance of the belts remains unclear. Six sandstone samples were collected along a 200 km long east‐west traverse across the major belts in the southern Sikhote‐Alin for U‐Pb dating and Lu‐Hf isotope analysis to constrain the provenance and evaluate the evolution of the northwest Pacific margin at this time. The result reveals that the sediments from the main Samarka belt was mainly from the adjacent Bureya‐Jiamusi‐Khanka Block (BJKB); the eastern Samarka belt and the Zhuravlevka turbidite basin were supplied by detritus from both the North China Craton (NCC) and the BJKB; the Taukha belt was mainly fed by sediments from the NCC; whereas the data from the Sergeevka nappes are insufficient to resolve their provenance. In the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, collision and subduction was important in the initial collage of most belts in Sikhote‐Alin. However, merely E‐W trending collage cannot explain the increasing importance of the NCC provenance from west to east. It is proposed that the main Samarka belt was located adjacent to the BJKB when deposited, whereas the other belts were farther south to accept the materials from the NCC. Sinistral strike‐slip faulting transported the eastern belts northward after their initial collage by thrusting.
Document Clustering
Authors: Anastasiu David C. , Tagarelli Andrea
Published: October 2017

In a world flooded with information, document clustering is an important tool that can help categorize and extract insight from text collections. It works by grouping similar documents, while simultaneously discriminating between groups. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the principal techniques used to cluster documents and introduce a series of novel deep‐learning‐based methods recently designed for the document clustering task. In our overview, we point the reader to salient works that can provide a deeper understanding of the topics discussed.
Association Rule Mining
Authors: Weiß Christian H.
Published: October 2017

Several rule mining approaches have been developed to detect patterns and regularities in big data. In the context of the market basket problem, methods from association rule mining are commonly used, whereas situations with additional temporal relationships require for procedures from sequential pattern analysis or episode mining. Although these methods have been mainly developed in computer science, many connections to statistics also exist.
Mixed Finite Element Methods
Authors: Auricchio F. , da Veiga L. Beirão , Brezzi F. , Lovadina C.
Published: October 2017

Within the well‐known and highly effective finite element method for the computation of approximate solutions of complex boundary value problems, we focus on the often‐calledmixed finite element methods, where in our terminology the word “mixed” indicates the fact that the problem discretization typically results in a linear algebraic system characterized by a null matrix on the main diagonal.

Accordingly, the goals of the present article are (i) to sketch out that several physical problems share such an algebraic structure once a discretization is introduced; (ii) to present a simple, algebraic version of the abstract theory that rules most applications of mixed finite element methods; (iii) to give several examples of efficient mixed finite element methods; and (iv) finally, to give some hints on how to perform a stability and error analysis, focusing on a representative problem.
Homogenization Methods and Multiscale Modeling: Nonlinear Problems
Authors: Geers Marc G. D. , Kouznetsova Varvara G. , Matouš Karel , Yvonnet Julien
Published: October 2017

This article focuses on computational multiscale methods for the mechanical response of nonlinear heterogeneous materials. After a short historical note, a brief overview is given of some recent activities in the field, with a particular focus on nonlinear homogenization methods. The two‐scale nonlinear computational homogenization (CH) scheme for mechanics is presented, along with details on representative unit cell aspects and statistics. Model performance is advocated through a decoupled implementation and multiscale schemes based on the nonuniform transformation field analysis. High‐performance parallel multiscale implementations of the CH scheme are addressed in more detail.
Clock Evolution and Adaptation: Whence and Whither?
Authors: Johnson Carl Hirschie , Kyriacou Charalambos P.
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Introductory Quotation

Setting the Stage: The Appearance of Circadian Clocks

Putative Selective Pressures

Cyanobacteria and the First Clock Genes

The Appearance of Clocks in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes

Clocks are Widespread in Plants: Mosses, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Rhythms Controlled by the ‘Clockwork Green’

Why not an Hourglass Timer?

The Clock as an Adaptation: Past and Present

The Circadian Clock as an Adaptation

Experimental Tests of Adaptive Significance before 1980

Laboratory Studies of Circadian Clocks and Reproductive Fitness since 1980

Evidence that the Clock is Still Adaptive from Studies of Organisms in Natural Environments

Clocks: Where did they come from? What are they Doing Now?

Acknowledgements
Control of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase in Plants
Authors: Nimmo Hugh G.
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

PPCKGenes and Their Roles

Signalling Pathways that ControlPPCKExpression inCAMandC4Plants

The ‘Bacterial‐Type’PEPC

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
The Organization and Control of Plant Mitochondrial Metabolism
Authors: McDonald Allison E. , Vanlerberghe Greg C.
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Organization of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain

Posttranslational Control of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Function

Integration of Mitochondrial Metabolism with Other Metabolic Pathways

Mitochondrial Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species

Additional Stress‐Induced Metabolic Pathways Associated with Plant Mitochondria

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Composition of Plant Cuticular Waxes
Authors: Jetter Reinhard , Kunst Ljerka , Samuels A. Lacey
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Methods Used for the Chemical Analysis of Plant Cuticular Waxes

Chemical Profiles of Plant Cuticular Waxes

Spontaneous Reactions of Cuticular Wax Constituents

Quantitative Composition of Cuticular Waxes

Dynamics of Wax Composition

Arrangement of Plant Cuticular Waxes
Microbial Communities in the Phyllosphere
Authors: Leveau Johan H.J.
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methodologies in Phyllosphere Microbiology

Getting to the Phyllosphere (and Leaving again)

Microbial Communities in the Phyllosphere

Microbial Perception of the Phyllosphere

Surviving (or not) in the Phyllosphere

Microbial Growth in the Phyllosphere

Microbial Interactivities in the Phyllosphere

Biocontrol in the Phyllosphere

Future Directions of Phyllosphere Microbiology
Filamentous Fungi on Plant Surfaces
Authors: Carver Tim L.W. , Gurr Sarah J.
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Adhesion Prior to Germination

Influence of Leaf Surface Characteristics on Spore Germination

Directional Emergence of Fungal Germ Tubes

The Special Case of thePGTofB.graminis

AGTGrowth, Appressorium Differentiation and Penetration

Entry into the Host Leaf

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Plant–Insect Interactions on Cuticular Surfaces
Authors: Müller Caroline
Published: October 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Access to the Plant Surface

Recognition Cues for Insects

Mimicry

Methods of Investigation

Application in Biological Pest Management

Conclusion
Ice‐Templated Protein Nanoridges Induce Bone Tissue Formation
Authors: Yang Mingying , Shuai Yajun , Sunderland Kegan S. , Mao Chuanbin
Published: October 2017

Little is known about the role of biocompatible protein nanoridges in directing stem cell fate and tissue regeneration due to the difficulty in forming protein nanoridges. Here an ice‐templating approach is proposed to produce semi‐parallel pure silk protein nanoridges. The key to this approach is that water droplets formed in the protein films are frozen into ice crystals (removed later by sublimation), pushing the surrounding protein molecules to be assembled into nanoridges. Unlike the flat protein films, the unique protein nanoridges can induce the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts without any additional inducers, as well as the formation of bone tissue in a subcutaneous rat model even when not seeded with MSCs. Moreover, the nanoridged films induce less inflammatory infiltration than the flat films in vivo. This work indicates that decorating biomaterials surfaces with protein nanoridges can enhance bone tissue formation in bone repair.
Printable Fabrication of Nanocoral‐Structured Electrodes for High‐Performance Flexible and Planar Supercapacitor with Artistic Design
Authors: Lin Yuanjing , Gao Yuan , Fan Zhiyong
Published: October 2017

Planar supercapacitors with high flexibility, desirable operation safety, and high performance are considered as attractive candidates to serve as energy‐storage devices for portable and wearable electronics. Here, a scalable and printable technique is adopted to construct novel and unique hierarchical nanocoral structures as the interdigitated electrodes on flexible substrates. The as‐fabricated flexible all‐solid‐state planar supercapacitors with nanocoral structures achieve areal capacitance up to 52.9 mF cm−2, which is 2.5 times that of devices without nanocoral structures, and this figure‐of‐merit is among the highest in the literature for the same category of devices. More interestingly, due to utilization of the inkjet‐printing technique, excellent versatility on electrode‐pattern artistic design is achieved. Particularly, working supercapacitors with artistically designed patterns are demonstrated. Meanwhile, the high scalability of such a printable method is also demonstrated by fabrication of large‐sized artistic supercapacitors serving as energy‐storage devices in a wearable self‐powered system as a proof of concept.