bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Male Goby, Padogobius Martensii, To Aggressive Sound Playback Following Pre-Experimental Visual Stimulation
Authors: Lugli Marco
Published: April 2008

Three playback experiments with a freshwater goby, Padogobius martensii, examined the effects of recent aggressive experience on the response of the territorial fish to the aggressive sound alone. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted on a first group of fifteen resident males (i.e. males individually housed within laboratory tanks for at least 5 days). Experiment 1 simply consisted of playing back the sound to the resident male not exposed to social stimulation for at least 48 h. In experiment 2 the same male was exposed to its mirror image before the start of playback. Results showed that in experiment 1 males ignored or even tended to avoid the site of sound stimulation, whereas in experiment 2 they attended the sound site more frequently during the sound playback. In both experiments the mirror and the loudspeaker were placed on the same side of the tank. The third playback experiment was therefore developed to include mirror and loudspeaker on opposite sides of the tank. A different group of sixteen males was used for these experiments. Results showed that the sound playback may be more important than the mirror site in directing the approach response of the male. Furthermore, the magnitude of sound interference was positively correlated with the level of mirror aggressiveness shown by the male before playback. Functional implications of the responses to the aggressive sound alone for the territorial fish are discussed.
Sensitivity To Variability in Food Amount: Risk Aversion Is Seen in Discrete-Choice, But Not in Free-Choice, Trials
Authors: Roche John P. , Timberlake William , Mccloud Christie
Published: April 2008

A number of studies have observed that animals experiencing positive energy budgets tend to prefer alternatives offering constant amounts of food over those offering variable amounts of food, i.e. they tend to be risk averse. This observation, and the related finding that small animals experiencing negative energy budgets have been observed to prefer alternatives variable in food amount (i.e. to be risk prone), has often been explained by the hypothesis that animals choose the alternative with the highest expected utility. The present study examined if short-term differences in expected energy intake created by delays until when food is next available influence risk sensitivity in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Norway rats were presented with choices between two feeding sites, one offering constant amounts of food, one offering variable amounts of food. In one treatment, rats could only sample one feeding site per daily trial (discrete-choice trials), in a second, they could sample both sites within a trial (free-choice trials), and in a third, they could sample the second-choice site after an imposed delay of 30 s. In the free-choice treatment, rats were indifferent to variability in food amount whereas in the discrete-choice treatment rats displayed a significant preference for the constant alternative. Therefore, the sensitivity the rats showed toward variability in food amount was influenced by the rats' expected energy intake in the period after visiting the first-choice patch. Rats in the free-choice with delay treatment displayed risk indifference just as those in the free-choice treatment did, however, indicating that differences in expected energy intake over a 30-s interval did not influence risk sensitivity.
The Organisation of Behaviour in Hermit Crabs: Responses To Variation in Stimulus Strength
Authors: Hazlett Brian A.
Published: April 2008

Chemical stimuli were presented to individuals of the hermit crab Diogenes avarus to determine the nature of the interactions between stimuli that elicit conflicting responses. The odour of degraded snail flesh (a signal associated with potential empty shells) elicited an increase in both locomotion and the rate of grasping of gastropod shells. The odour of a visual predator (Matuta lunaris) elicited a cessation of locomotion by the hermit crabs. When snail flesh odour was presented in combination with various strengths of the predator odour (5% to 100%), the responses tended to show a step-function relationship to stimulus strength. Predator inhibition of snail-induced grasping dominated until predator strength was just 5% of full strength odour. However, 5% predator odour alone induced a response similar to full strength predator odour. In the case of locomotion, snail-induced increases predominated no matter what the strength of the predator odour. For both behaviours, responses of hermit crabs tended to be hierarchical rather than graded.
Carib Grackles Imitate Conspecific and Zenaida Dove Tutors
Authors: Lefebvre Louis , Templeton Jennifer , Brown Kathleen , Koelle Michelle
Published: April 2008

In Barbados, Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) forage in opportunistic aggregations that include territorial Zenaida doves (Zenaida aurita) and flocks of conspecifics. In searching for and handling food, grackles use complex beak movements and modulate priority of access with a mixture of postural signals and intra- and interspecific scramble (unaggressive) competition. We show in two experiments that wild-caught grackles learn as readily from a Zenaida dove as they do from a conspecific tutor, whether tutors use similar or different food-finding techniques. Grackles also imitate the technical variant that the hetero- and conspecific tutors were shaped to demonstrate: those who observed a Zenaida dove used the dove's closed beak pecking technique, while those who observed a conspecific used the grackle's open beak pulling, probing or prying. Our findings suggest that imitation, like other forms of social learning, is strongly influenced by a species' foraging ecology. In particular, the ability to imitate novel motor skills should be favored in opportunistic species which exhibit scramble competition and which use complex searching and handling techniques to forage on embedded foods.
Behavioural Indicators of Anxiety: an Empirical Test in Chimpanzees
Authors: Baker Kate C. , Aureli Filippo
Published: April 2008

Behavioural, pharmacological, and physiological evidence supports an association between displacement activities and anxiety in macaques. Information is scarce in other primate and non-primate species. This study contributes to the understanding of the relation between displacement activities and emotional states by investigating the correspondence between self-directed behaviour and an inherently stressful situation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data were collected on 81 captive chimpanzees housed in conditions varying from indoor single caging to indoor/outdoor enclosures containing up to 14 individuals. Observation of gentle and rough scratching, self-grooming, and yawning were used to test predictions concerning the response of individuals to neighbour vocalisation (i.e. the calls and noisy displays produced by neighbouring groups of chimpanzees), which has been previously demonstrated to increase the likelihood of intragroup agonistic behaviour. In socially-housed chimpanzees rough and gentle scratching and yawning were significantly more common after neighbouring individuals vocalised or displayed than before, but the effect lasted longer for rough-scratching. In addition, during periods characterised by higher levels of neighbour vocalisation, socially-housed chimpanzees performed rough scratching at higher rates. Self-grooming was not affected by the level of neighbour vocalisation. Single-caged chimpanzees, for whom neighbour vocalisation carries no risk of aggression by group members, showed no increase in self-directed behaviour when neighbour vocalisation level was high, suggesting that the risk of intra-group aggression, rather than neighbour vocalisation itself, elicits anxiety. While our study suggests that rough scratching is the most reliable indicator of anxiety in chimpanzees in the context of neighbour vocalisation, it also provides evidence that gentle scratching and yawning can be considered displacement activities in this species.
Shoal Choice Behaviour in Fish: the Relationship Between Assessment Time and Assessment Quality
Authors: Krause Jens , Rubenstein Dan , Brown David
Published: April 2008

In this study, we investigated the role of assessment time in group size discrimination and in particular the trade-off between the time cost involved in gathering information and the potential benefits derived from the acquired information. In a first experiment, we presented individual chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, with a choice between 4 vs 4 and 8 vs 8 conspecific stimulus fish. After release we recorded the time taken by test fish to make a choice between the two stimulus shoals in the presence and absence of a fright stimulus. Test fish significantly reduced their response time in the presence of a fright stimulus and larger shoals (8 vs 8) were more quickly approached than smaller ones (4 vs 4). In a control experiment, chub were given a choice between an empty cylinder and a shoal (of 4 or 8 fish). By subtracting the response time in the control treatment from that in the choice treatment, we estimated the time test fish spent choosing between stimulus shoals to be 24-55% of the overall response time. These results indicate that choosing between different groups is associated with a significant time cost. In a second experiment, we presented test fish with stimulus shoals that differed in size: 4 vs 5, 4 vs 6, 4 vs 7 and 4 vs 8, to investigate how the response time of fish and their ability to distinguish between shoals of different size were affected by the magnitude of the shoal size difference and the presence and absence of a fright stimulus. The ability to discriminate between shoals of different size increased with increasing shoal size difference whereas response time decreased. Both response time and discrimination ability were significantly reduced in the presence of a fright stimulus. The latter suggests that the benefits derived from group size discrimination were increasingly outweighed by the time costs of making group size assessments in the presence of potential danger; i.e. making fast assessments became relatively more important than making correct ones.
Mortality Risk of Spatial Positions in Animal Groups: the Danger of Being in the Front
Authors: Bumann Dirk , Krause Jens , Rubenstein Dan
Published: April 2008

We modified Hamilton's (1971) selfish herd model by introducing directional movement to the prey groups and the predators. The consequences of this modification with regards to differential predation risks are compared to Hamilton's original model (using stationary prey groups) and tested against empirical data. In model 1, we replicated Hamilton's original predator-prey system. In models 2 and 3, prey groups were mobile and predators were mobile (model 2) or stationary (model 3). Our results indicate that additional to the positive risk gradient from centre to periphery predicted by Hamilton's model for stationary groups, there might be another positive risk gradient from the rear to the front part in moving groups. Furthermore, models 2 and 3 suggest that moving groups should generally exhibit an elongated shape (longer than wide along the axis of locomotion) if risk minimisation is the only factor concerned. Also smaller inter-individual distances are predicted for front individuals than individuals elsewhere in the group. Empirical data based on the three-dimensional structure of fish shoals (using roach, Rutilus rutilus) were consistent with the above two predictions. A second experiment which involved lake chub, Semotilus atromaculatus, as prey and rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris, as predators, provided direct support for the hypothesis that individuals in front positions of groups incurred a significantly higher predation risk than fish in rear positions. Finally, we discuss the differential risks of different group positions in the context of potential foraging gains which provides the basis for a dynamic model of position preferences in group-living animals.
Experiments On Pair Bond Stability in Domestic Pigeons (Columba Livia Domestica)
Authors: Wosegien Angelika
Published: April 2008

Many long-lived birds form long-term pair bonds, but they sometimes divorce. Until now most suggestions concerning factors relevant to the stability of the pair bond in birds were based on correlational data, which do not allow conclusions about causal relationships. Here, the probability of divorce in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) was tested experimentally, and separately for both male and female. Breeding success and pair bond duration of pairs was manipulated. After separation from the mate for up to 60 days the subject (female or male) was allowed to court to a new mate for 4 hours. Then the subject was given a choice between the old and the new mate presented simultaneously on either side of the experimental cage. A further possibility to choose between the two mates was given in later stage in the familiar aviary. Female subjects without breeding success showed little courtship towards the old male, especially when they had nest-cooed a lot to the new male during the four hours exposure. In the latter cases they chose the new male in the experimental choice situation. The preference for the old mate in the choice situation by females with breeding success was positively related to the duration of the previous pair bond. All females that had been paired for at least 200 days (N = 11), chose their old males. On the other hand, 86% of the females that had been paired for less than 152 days, chose the new male. Forty percent of the male subjects with breeding success preferred the new female in the experimental choice situation. This preference was especially shown by males that had performed frequent nest-cooing during the four hours exposure period. In the aviary, however, all males with or without breeding success reoccupied their nest at once and started nest-cooing and finally courted the female which was able to defend access to the nest against other females. This was always the male's former mate. Males preferred to occupy a nest over courting with any particular female. The results are discussed in relation to existing hypotheses of divorce.
The Hamilton and Zuk Hypothesis Revisited: a Meta-Analytical Approach
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Poulin Robert
Published: April 2008

The Hamilton & Zuk (1982) hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection has been the subject of both inter- and intraspecific tests. Past reviews have used vote counting to determine whether this hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence. This study reanalysed 199 separate quantitative assessments of a central prediction of the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis using meta-analytical techniques. Overall, our meta-analysis showed that there was a significant negative effect of parasites on male showiness as predicted. However the magnitude of this effect varied between host taxa and between endo and ectoparasitic taxa. As a whole intraspecific correlations between parasite load and male showiness provided very little support for the hypothesis with only the effect of parasites on fish morphology matching the Hamilton & Zuk prediction. There was more support for the hypothesis from interspecific studies especially those based upon the original Hamilton & Zuk (1982) data set, although other bird studies provided weaker support. The generality of the Hamilton & Zuk hypothesis in respect to parasite mediated sexual selection across taxa is thrown into doubt by these results. However, in some specific host-parasite systems the role of parasites appears important and future intraspecific tests of parasite-mediated sexual selection should perhaps focus on such systems.
Size and Density Dependent Mating Tactics in the Simultaneously Hermaphroditic Seabass Serranus Subligarius (Cope, 1870)
Authors: Oliver Ann S.
Published: April 2008

This study examines factors within the mating system of Serranus subligarius (belted sandfish) that are likely to maintain simultaneous hermaphroditism as an evolutionarily stable strategy in a highly mobile, high density species. I focus on changes in mating behavior with size. Mating behavior was observed underwater in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico at St. Andrew Bay State Park. Every hermaphrodite can spawn in three roles over the course of the daily spawning period: female pair spawn, male pair spawn, and male streak spawn. Pair spawning fish trade eggs, taking turns fertilizing one another's eggs. Egg trading is not symmetrical; the smaller fish in a pair spawns more often in the female role than the larger fish. Overall, small fish ( 70 mm SL) pair spawn more frequently as females, while large fish ( 80 mm SL) pair spawn more often as males. A size advantage appears to exist for male function. However, large fish usually release at least one egg parcel per spawning
The Barnacle, Balanus Eburneus Gould (Cirripedia) Conditioned To Spawn in the Laboratory 1)
Authors: Landau Matthew , Finney Colin M. , D'Agostino A.
Published: April 2008

In New York waters the barnacle, Balanus eburneus, is found containing embryo masses from May to August. Adults collected from January to early April can be kept at 8° C as long as 12 months without affecting their capacity to reproduce when transferred to 21° C seawater.
Rearing of Petrolisthes Lamarckii (Leach, 1820) Under Laboratory Conditions (Decapoda, Porcellanidae)
Authors: Yaqoob Mohammad
Published: April 2008

The complete larval development under laboratory conditions of the porcellanid crab, Petrolisthes lamarckii is described and illustrated for the first time. There is a pre-zoeal stage of short duration, two zoeal stages, and a megalopal stage. This species is closely related to Petrolisthes rufescens. The larvae of both these species are very similar in many respects but can be distinguished from each other by certain features (table I). Comparison of some important zoeal characters in four Petrolisthes species of Karachi, namely, Petrolisthes rufescens, P. ornatus, P. boscii and P. lamarckii is made to distinguish their larvae in the plankton.
Notes On the Courtship and Mating Behavior in Penaeus Monodon Fabricius (Decapoda, Natantia) 1)
Authors: Primavera Jurgenne H.
Published: April 2008

Courtship and mating behavior in the sugpo or giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, are described. These are divided into three phases: parallel swimming of male and female; male turns ventral side up to female; and, male turns perpendicular to female, curves body around female and flicks both head and tail. Comparison with observations on P. japonicus and P. stylirostris is made.
Morphology of the Larval Stages of Clibanarius Sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796) (Decapoda, Diogenidae) Reared in the Laboratory
Authors: Brossi-Garcia Ana Luiza
Published: April 2008

Nous avons étudié le développement post-embryonnaire de Clibanarius sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796) provenant de São Sebastiâo, État de São Paulo, Brésil. Les larves ont été élevées au laboratoire dans un milieu dont la salinité était de 35°/°° et la témperature de 25 ± 2°C, avec Artemia salina comme nourriture. Nous avons observé quatre ou cinq stades zoé avant le stade mégalope. Tous ces stades sont dessinés et décrits de façon détaillée. D'autre part, des comparaisons morphologiques sont faites entre les données obtenues ici et celles déjà connues pour d'autres espèces appartenant au même genre. L'étude de la morphologie des larves est du plus grand intérêt pour l'établissement des rapports phylogénétiques parmi les Crustacés.
Un Harpacticoéde Nouveau Des Eaux Souterraines Phréatiques De L'Italie: Schizopera Lindae N. Sp. (Copepoda, Diosaccidae)*)
Authors: Apostolov Apostol , Pesce Giuseppe L.
Published: April 2008

A new harpacticoid copepod from phreatic groundwater of south Italy (Basilicata), viz. Schizopera lindae n. sp., is described. According to a recent review of the genus Schizopera by Apostolov (1982), the new species belongs to Schizopera s. str., being close to S. paradoxa (Daday) and to S. longicauda (Sars). From the above species, as well as from the others, S. lindae n. sp. is easily distinguishable by the armature of legs 1 to 4, and by the construction and armature of leg 5.
Neuro-Endocrine Activity During Ovarian Maturation in the Fairy Shrimp Streptocephal Us Dichotomus Baird, 1860 (Anostraca)
Authors: Munuswamy N. , Subramoniam T.
Published: April 2008

Les centres neurosécréteurs, tels que le cerveau et le pédoncule oculaire de S. dichotomus possèdent trois types de NSCs, se distinguant par la taille, la forme et les propriétés tinctoriales. Le pédoncule oculaire montre la présence d'un complexe organe X-glande du sinus au dessus de la région du pédoncule optique. Le NSM de la glande du sinus montre des variations cycliques pendant la reproduction. L'histologie des organes frontaux et leur inclusion dans le système neurosécréteur sont discutées. Les études cytologiques faites au cours des présentes recherches montrent une corrélation définie entre l'activité secrétrice des cellules du cerveau et le développement de l'ovaire. Les NSCs A et B du cerveau par exemple ont montré une intense NSM pendant le développement des oocytes. Ceci suggérerait que les cellules cérébrales A et B secrètent une hormone stimulatrice de l'ovaire. Dans le pédoncule oculaire les NSCs de type B et C ont montré une activité intense chez les femelles quiescentes sur le plan de la reproduction, ce qui suggère la production d'une hormone inhibitrice dans les NSCs du pédoncule oculaire. Chez S. dichotomus, en raison du chevauchement du cycle de reproduction, sans interphase importante il peut y avoir une production continue par les NSCs d'hormones destinées à la glande du sinus, et ainsi une phase distincte d'accumulation/liberation peut ne pas être évidente. Cependant, des expériences de ligature du pédoncule oculaire effectuées chez S. dichotomus à différentes phases du cycle de reproduction dénotent clairement l'analogie fonctionelle de la glande du sinus avec celle des Crustacés supérieurs.
Seasonal Distribution of Artemia Salina and Branchlnella Spinosa in a Saline Astatic Pond in South West Sardinia, Italy (Anostraca)
Authors: Mura Graziella
Published: April 2008

La distribuzione stagionale di Artemia salina e Brancfainella spinosa (Anostraca) è stata studiata in una pozza temporanea salmastra della costa occidentale della Sardegna. Artemia è presente da sola a salinità superiori al 70%, mentre per valori inferiori è presente anche Branchinella. Uno studio dettagliato della fluttuazioni annuali dei parametri chimicofisici ha dimostrato che il ciclo vitale di quest'ultima specie è assai più limitato in confronto a quello di Artemia. La biologia delle due specie è stata studiata in termini di schiusa, velocità di crescita, maturazione sessuale e riproduzione. Entrambe coesistono allo stadio di adulto per un lasso di tempo strettamente dipendente dagli eventi climatici. La breve sovrapposizione dei cicli osservata ha inoltre sollevato la questione di una possibile competizione, o di eventuali meccanismi per evitarla. Comunque le significative differenze rilevate per quanto concerne i tratti fondamentali del ciclo, e le differenze di dimensioni delle due specie in esame fanno ritenere che esista una separazione di nicchia. I risultati ottenuti vengono discussi e confrontati con altri casi segnalati in letteratura.
Biogeography of Alien Amphipods Occurring in Ireland, and Interactions With Native Species
Authors: Costello Mark J.
Published: April 2008

Five alien species of amphipod Crustacea have arrived in Ireland this century. The terrestrial Arcitalitrus dorrieni (originally Australasian) and freshwater Crangonyx pseudogracilis (North American) were probably accidentally introduced with garden and garden-pond plants respectively. They had arrived by 1936 and 1969 (respectively), but have had very limited expansion of their ranges since then. The marine Corophium sextonae (originally from New Zealand) arrived by 1982, probably by natural means, from south-west Britain. The freshwater Gammarus pulex was deliberately introduced from Britain in the 1950s to enhance fisheries. However, the effects of this species on freshwater fish (as food source or in introducing parasites) have never been assessed. G. tigrinus was probably introduced accidentally from North America by ships during World War 1. These species are replacing the native G. duebenii celticus and G. lacustris, perhaps through a combination of interspecific and intraspecific predation, and greater population growth in certain biotopes. Despite its former abundance and ubiquity in Ireland, the long-term survival of G. d. celticus (a subspecies rare outside Ireland) appears threatened. The only other freshwater amphipod in Ireland, the subterranean Niphargus kochianus irlandicus is unique to Ireland, but too little is known of its biology and ecology to assess its status. The effects of the introduced species on the ecology of freshwater and terrestrial systems in Ireland remain unknown.
Heptacarpus Pictus (Stimpson) Synonymized With Heptacarpus Sitchensis (Brandt) (Decapoda, Hippolytidae)
Authors: Fagarason Michael , Flynn Robyn , Wicksten Mary K.
Published: April 2008

Heptacarpus pictus (Stimpson, 1871) has been thought to be distinct from H. sitchensis (Brandt, 1851) based on the epipods: the former having epipods on the third maxillipcds and first and second pereopods, the latter having epipods on the third maxillipeds and first pereopods but not the second pereopods. The relative lengths of the antennular and antennal peduncles and the third maxillipeds to each other have been mentioned to be different in the two species. However, the description by Stimpson states that epipods of H. pictus were present on the first pereopods, not the second; the existing syntype of the species does not have epipods on the second pereopods. Study of over 280 specimens from British Columbia, Canada; California, U.S.A. and Baja California, Mexico, shows that individuals with epipods on the third maxillipeds and first pereopods occur throughout the range and that specimens also with epipods on the second pereopods occur in Monterey Bay and south of Point Conception, California. One individual was found with epipods on the third maxillipeds and first pereopods on both sides and an epipod on the second pereopod on the right side only. No other consistent differences in habitat, color or morphology were found between the specimens. We conclude that H. pictus is a junior synonym of H. sitchensis, and that shrimp with epipods on the second pereopods as well as the third maxillipeds and first pereopods constitute a morph of H. sitchensis.
New Record of Liocarcinus Mcleayi (Barnard, 1947), New Combination (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) From South Europe
Authors: Garcia Raso J. Enrique , Manjón-Cabeza E.
Published: April 2008

Four specimens of the brachyuran crab Liocarcinus mcleayi (Barnard, 1947) (new combination), were captured from the Cadiz littoral (southern Spain) on a substratum of coarse sand and fine gravel under bottom currents at depths of 13 to 24 m. These captures represent a new record of this species from Iberian and European waters and support the known African influence in the Spanish littoral of Cadiz. Based on an anatomical study, a new combination is proposed for the name of the species.
Production of the Crayfish Cambarus Bartonii (Fabricius, 1798) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in an Acidic Appalachian Stream (U.S.a.)
Authors: Perry Sue A. , Wolcott Lisa T. , Griffith Michael B.
Published: April 2008

The growth rate and annual production of the crayfish Cambarus bartonii were estimated in Crouch Run, a 3rd-order stream that drains a high-elevation catchment in West Virginia and which has been acidified because of acidic precipitation. Production of C. bartonii in Crouch Run was 525.8 mg AFDW m-2 yr-1 and was less than that for C. bartonii in Upper Ball Creek, a high-elevation circumneutral stream in North Carolina (961.0 mg AFDW m-2 yr-1, Huryn & Wallace, 1987). This difference seemed to be related to differences in the biomass of C. bartonii between the streams, because the P/B ratio for C. bartonii in Crouch Run was 7.4 compared with 5.8 in Upper Ball Creek.
Planktonic Copepods of Bahia De La Ascensión, Caribbean Coast of Mexico: a Seasonal Survey
Authors: Suárez-Morales E. , Gasca R.
Published: April 2008

The composition, abundance, and distribution of planktonic copepods collected at Bahia de la Ascensión, on the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, were analyzed during all three climatic periods of a year cycle (August, 1990-July, 1991). Highest mean copepod abundance was observed during the "nortes" period (524 org. 100 m-3), lowest values occurred during the dry season (91 org. 100 m-3). A total of 35 copepod species were identified, the most abundant were Acartia lilljeborgii, A. spinata, Labidocera scotti and L. mirabilis. Salinity gradients were weak and were not considered a relevant factor of the local copepod distribution. Spatial distribution of copepod densities throughout the year seemed to be related to different climatic regimes. From cluster analysis (Canberra Index), three facies could be identified: a bay facies, a neritic facies, and a mixed or semi-neritic facies. Copepod distribution during the three seasons was variable and showed the seasonal intensity of the marine influence in the system and the effect of the winds regime in the local copepod community.
A New Species of the Genus Pseudomysidetes (Mysidacea) From Japan and Reallocation of This Genus To the Heteromysini
Authors: Murano Masaaki , Bravo Manuel Rafael
Published: April 2008

A new species of Mysidacea, Pseudomysidetes japonicus, is described. The present new species is clearly distinguishable from the other two species of the genus, P. russelli W. M. Tattersall, 1951 and P. cochinensis Panampunnayil, 1977, in the size of the antennal scale, the number of subsegments in the carpopropodus of the 3rd-8th thoracopod endopods, the length of the penis, the shape of the telson, and the number of spines on the endopod of the uropod. P. japonicus represents the first record of this genus in Japan. On the basis of the rudimentary pleopods in both sexes and the length of the penis in the male, Pseudomysidetes is transferred from the tribe Leptomysini to the tribe Heteromysini. An update of the taxonomic key to genera and subgenera of the Heteromysini is suggested.
Abundance and Taxa Composition of Copepod Nauplii Over Southeastern Bering Sea Deep Water Spawning Grounds of Walleye Pollock, Theragra Chalcogramma
Authors: Coyle K.O. , Paul A.J. , Paul J.M.
Published: April 2008

This project examined the abundance, taxa, stage and size of copepod nauplii available as prey for walleye pollock larvae in its deep water spawning grounds of the southeastern Bering Sea. Nauplii of the genera Oithona, Eucalanus, and Metridia were the most commonly encounted types while Pseudocalanus and Microcalanus were rare. There was marked interannual variation in the taxa and abundance of copepod nauplii coexisting with the pollock larvae. Stages I-IV of Oithona were present at 0 to 8 l-1 at different depths. Individual stages III-VI of Metridia nauplii occurred at 0 to 6 l-1, while Eucalanus nauplii were present at 0.1 to 9 l-1, depending on stage and depth. Nauplii III-IV of the genera Pseudocalanus and III-VI Microcalanus were usually present at less than 1 l-1. In 1992, 54 to 56% of the nauplii had body lengths of 150-350 μm which are typical of those found in stomachs of first-feeding pollock larvae. In 1993 corresponding estimates were 64 to 68%. Copepod nauplii with body lengths of 150-350 μm were generally present at 1 to 15 l-1, but at one station their counts exceeded 20 l-1.
Redescription of Lamproglena Clariae Fryer, 1956 (Copepoda, Lernaeidae), With Notes On Its Occurrence and Distribution
Authors: Avenant-Oldewage A. , Marx Hazel M.
Published: April 2008

The morphology of the gill parasite Lamproglena clariae Fryer, 1956, from the Olifants River, Kruger National Park, South Africa, was studied with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural details of all appendages are given as well as a table and map with information on the occurrence and distribution of L. clariae in Africa. Important morphological findings include: the observation of only one claw on the maxilla; first time findings and descriptions of the nuchal organ, upper and lower lips, the fifth pair of legs and circular openings on all appendages.
Initiation and Outcome of Agonistic Contests in Male Form i cAmbarus Robustus Girard, 1852 Crayfish (Decapoda, Cambaridae)
Authors: Cornel Guiasu Radu , Dunham David W.
Published: April 2008

During agonistic contests between size-matched Cambarus robustus crayfish males of breeding form, the eventual winners and losers initiated approximately the same number of fights. However, winners and losers differed in the frequencies and types of initiation behaviours used. The losers used almost exclusively the more subtle Ambivalent Contact initiation behaviours, whereas the winners used primarily the aggressive Lunge and Claws Raised initiation behaviours. The eventual losers initiated the vast majority (81.5%) of the very first fights in the overall agonistic contests. The type of initiation behaviours used by these crayfish from the beginning of the agonistic contests allows us to predict the eventual status (dominant or subordinate) of each of the two combatants. Furthermore, the frequency of the Lunge initiation behaviours used by the winners is significantly and negatively correlated with the total time spent fighting. As the dominant-subordinate relationship between the two combatants of each pair becomes established, there is a reduction in both the number and the duration of fights.
An Improved Method for Marking Crayfish
Authors: Rui Zhang Guan
Published: April 2008

An improved method of marking crayfish by refinement of punching holes in uropods and telson and clipping pleura was developed. The method, with at least 10 800 codes, provides an economical and practical approach to temporarily mark and individually identify crayfish, and is particularly useful for marking a large field sample. The method was tested by marking Pacifastacus leniusculus both in laboratory and river. The marks on the crayfish, ranging from 30 to 75 mm carapace length (CL), from the river lasted more than one year (or 2-3 moults). The table of 10 800 codes, in which most reliable codes are also indicated, is given to facilitate further application. The method is suitable for field studies on population size, density and dispersal or migration of animals as no significant effects on the survival of marked crayfish of >30 mm CL were found. However, care must be taken if the method is applied to estimate growth because a remarkable reduction (~20%) in the moult increment of CL after marking treatment was observed in crayfish, ranging from 33.4 to 46.6 mm CL, under laboratory conditions.
Some Life History Observations On the Pea Crab, Pinnotheres Tsingtaoensis, Symbiotic With the Bivalve Mollusk, Sanguinolaria Acuta
Authors: Soong Keryea
Published: April 2008

The pea crab, Pinnotheres tsingtaoensis, symbiotic with the bivalve mollusk, Sanguinolaria acuta, was collected in the estuary of Bazhan Stream on the west coast of Taiwan from May, 1992 to November, 1993. More than 90% of the bivalves were infested and most infested specimens (90-97%) hosted one crab. Two cohorts, i.e., year classes, of the bivalves were observed in May, but only one was seen between July and November; the life span of the crab is less than 2 years at the site. Recruitment of both the bivalves and the crabs apparently occurred between November and May next year. Positive size correlation between hosts and symbionts was found in larger sized females, but was not consistent in smaller sized males. All females had a soft carapace whereas most males had a hard carapace; females were less likely to leave the hosts than males upon collection of the host bivalves. Females accompanied by males were more likely to carry eggs. Mating probably took place inside the hosts where female crabs remained stationary, with males visiting different bivalves and spending much time outside the bivalves.
Host and Locality Records of the Fish Ectoparasite, Argulus (Branchiura), From Ohio (U.S.a.)
Authors: Poly William J.
Published: April 2008

Argulus flavescens and A. appendiculosus were collected from five fish species in two major Ohio river basins during August-October, 1994. The golden redhorse, Moxostoma erythrurum, is a new host record for Argulus. The 1994 records as well as past host and distribution records of Argulus in Ohio and Lake Erie (U.S. and Canadian waters) have been compiled. Six species, A. flavescens, A. appendiculosus, A. lepidostei, A. stizostethii, A. americanus, and A. catostomi have been recorded from 15 Ohio fish species.
First Record of Spelaeogriphacea From Australasia: a New Genus and Species From an Aquifer in the Arid Pilbara of Western Australia
Authors: Humphreys W.F. , Poore Gary C.B.
Published: April 2008

Spelaeogriphacea are reported for the first time from Australia. A new genus and species, Mangkurtu mityula, are described and the only other two genera diagnosed. The species, the third extant in the order, seems more similar to the Brazilian Potiicoara brasiliensis than to the South African Spelaeogriphus lepidops but all have unique apomorphies. The species is found in the aquifer in the Tertiary Millstream Dolomite of the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It is part of a fauna with clear Gondwanan affinities. This fauna is distinct from those found in aquifers in the lower and upper parts of the same drainage basin.
On Two New Species of Geothelphusa Stimpson, 1858 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) From the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
Authors: Shy J.-Y. , Ng Peter K.L.
Published: April 2008

Two new species of potamid freshwater crabs of the genus Geothelphusa are described from the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan. Although both G. shokitai sp. nov. and G. minei sp. nov. are allied to G. candidiensis (type locality Taiwan), they differ from that species and from each other in the form of their carapaces, ambulatory leg proportions, and structure of their male first pleopods.
First Record of the King Crab Lithodes Turritus Ortmann, 1892 (Decapoda, Lithodidae) in Taiwanese Waters
Authors: Chan Tin-Yam , Yu Hsiang-Ping , Wu Shu-Ho
Published: April 2008

The king crab, Lithodes turritus Ortmann, 1892, is reported from relatively deep waters in Taiwan for the first time. It also represents the first record of the family Lithodidae from Taiwan. Comparisons with its closest congener, L. longispina Sakai, 1971, are provided. The present Taiwanese specimens are the largest reported for this species.
Participant Agreement in the Justification of Qualitative Findings
Authors: Ashworth Peter
Published: April 2008

Qualitative research carried out within human science must provide justification for its findings. However, the justification of empirical claims concerning human meanings has to be approached in new ways: Quantitative procedures of validation or the use of experimental control are inappropriate. Many researchers have attempted to follow Schutz's (1962) ''postulate of adequacy," which lays down as a condition of acceptability of a scientific account of human action that it be understandable by the actor in terms of commonsense interpretation of everyday life. For instance, Harré (1978) suggests "validating" descriptions by ensuring that subjects of the research approve them. Against this approach, it is insisted that human science research is essentially an interpersonal process, and that therefore research activities cannot avoid such Goffmanesque features of self-presentation as resistance to being understood and eager acceptance of understanding, which are both pervasive possibilities of all social interaction. Thus, the research participant's agreement or disagreement cannot be taken as evidence as to the adequacy of a qualitative research description or interpretation.
David Kolb's Experiential Learning Machine
Authors: Hopkins Richard
Published: April 2008

This article is a review of David Kolb's program of work on learning styles and experiential learning, which I find to be a problematic instance of psychologism. I argue that Kolb's approach ignores the process nature of experience and that attractive as it may be instrumentally, it ultimately breaks down under the weight of its structuralist reductions. Kolb attempts to account for experiential learning without a coherent theory of experience, such as might have been found in phenomenology, which he virtually ignores. Thus, Kolb neglects the constitutive effects of the noetic-noemic corelationship and the intentional reality of the person. I contrast Kolb's formulations with John Dewey's much more resilient conception of "habit" and close with a critical analysis of various ways in which Kolb's learning-style instruments are used for aggressive intervention in people's lives.
A Phenomenological Perspective on Certain Qualitative Research Methods
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: April 2008

In this article the phenomonelogical approach to qualitative research is compared with certain other qualitative approaches following other paradigms. The thesis is that a deepened understanding of phenomenological philosophy can provide the alternative framework that many of these authors have been seeking. The comparison with other approaches is made in terms of theoretical and methodical consistency. Theoretically, the argument is that the situation known as "mixed discourse" exists because practitioners have not sufficiently freed themselves from the criteria and practices of traditional paradigms in which most qualitative researchers have been trained. The shift from the collection of numerical data to linguistic data takes place without appropriate shift in theoretical context. This state of affairs should be overcome in order to strengthen qualitative research. On the other hand, many qualitative researchers carry on practices that seem to be analogous to phenomenological prescriptions which are explicitly usually misunderstood or resisted when stated directly and generically. Thus, greater theoretical clarity and consistency as well as deeper reflection or better utilization of imaginative possibilities still seem to be called for in order to bring better theoretical conceptualization and more consistent practices to qualitative research.
The Early history of Phenomenological Psychological Research in America
Authors: Cloonan Thomas F.
Published: April 2008

This article on the early history of phenomenological psychological research in the academic context in America focuses on the four approaches of the following respective psychologists: 1) Donald Snygg, Arthur W. Combs, and Anne C. Richards and Fred Richards; 2) Robert B. MacLeod; 3) Adrian L. van Kaam; and 4) Amedeo P. Giorgi. It begins by first addressing the "context" for this early history namely, the European origin of philosophical phenomenology and the connection of it with the psychology of its times in Europe, and then the American background for the development of a sensibility for phenomenology and an eventual connection of phenomenology with psychology. Each of the four positions was examined in terms of basic approach to the study of human experience and behavior. That is, examination was directed toward whether the respective position was under the aegis of psychology as a human science or as a natural science. Also examined were the research postures and the methodologies of the four positions in terms of their respective degrees of reflecting either the human science or the natural science approach, and in terms of their approximation to a phenomenological psychology. It was found that syncretism characterized the approaches of the first three positions, and that there was either an absence of phenomenological psychological method in the psychologies of those positions or, in the case of MacLeod, an undeveloped and non-worked-out method. Only the work of Amedeo Giorgi presented 1) a human science approach that was radical and not compromised by natural science syncretions, and 2) an articulated phenomenological psychological method based on Husserl's concept of intentionality and on mediation of Merleau-Ponty's philosophical phenomenological method.
The False Dasein: From Heidegger To Sartre and Psychoanalysis1
Authors: Mills Jon
Published: April 2008

The analysis of Dasein's struggle for authenticity will be the main focus of this article. By virtue of Dasein's ontological predispositions, selfhood is subjected to inauthentic existential modalities already constitutive of its Being. In the case of the false Dasein, fallenness is exacerbated in that Dasein constricts its comportment primarily to the modes of the inauthentic, thereby abdicating its potentiality-for-Being. The false Dasein results from ontical encounters within pre-existing deficient ontological conditions of Being-in-the-world that are thrust upon selfhood as its facticity. These deficient ontological structures predispose Dasein to develop intrapsychic psychological deficits that further contribute to Dasein's false existence. Through the medium of Heidegger's existential ontology, Sartrean bad faith, and psychoanalysis, I will demonstrate that the throes of selfhood encompass a dialectical course meandering through experiential modes of authenticity and falsehood, in which this very process itself is an authentic enterprise, that is, it is the necessary constitutional structure of Dasein itself as Being-toward-becoming its possibilities.
The Ak-Alakh "Frozen Grave" Barrow
Authors: Polosmak N.V.
Published: April 2008

The 30-year hiatus in the investigation of the frozen Scythian barrows of the Altai was occasioned by the inaccessibility of the region, the need to conserve finds on site and to involve specialists of many different fields, as well as the particular requirements of defrosting such graves. In the summer of 1990 a frozen grave barrow of the 4th-3rd c. B.C. was investigated at Ak-Alakh near the Chinese border. The mound (only 30 cm. high) was excavated by hand and found to cover a grave pit, 5 x 5 x 3m. deep, with a wooden frame and log covering. Its NE section contained the poorly preserved remains of several horses, their harness and saddles (covered with felt appliqué work). An inner burial chamber, completely filled with ice, contained burial goods and two coffins, each with one corpse. One was the body of a middle-aged Europcan-type man. His headdress, clothing, ornaments and weapons were present in varying states of preservation. The second was of a young European-type woman. Fragments of weapons, clothing and ornaments were found here too. The burials were of middle-ranking nobles and the finds add considerably to our knowledge of the decorative techniques and iconography of the period. The undisturbed condition of the grave also permits the reconstruction of many previously unknown items of clothing.
New Books On Ancient and Early Mediaeval Central Asia (1985-1990)
Authors: Lunin B.V.
Published: April 2008

Descriptions of 14 groups of recent publications in Russian dealing with the history, archaeology, art, peoples and coins of ancient and mediaeval Central Asia.
A Boeotian Lekanis From Chersonesus
Authors: Zolotarev M.I.
Published: April 2008

Recent archaeological investigations confirm the existence of a Greek settlement in SW Taurica in the late 6th c. B.C., probably a joint enterprise undertaken by the Dorian city of Heraclea and the Ionian town of Sinope. The reliable find at Chersonesus of the lid of a large black-figure Boeotian lekanis of the 3rd quarter of the 6th c. B.C. is the first on the Northern Black Sea coast. It is suggested that this vessel could have been brought to Taurica in the last quarter of the 6th c. B.C. by a Heraclean colonist who originally came from Boeotia.