bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Briefing‐debriefing: Using a reflexive organizational learning model from the military to enhance the performance of surgical teams
Authors: Vashdi Dana R. , Bamberger Peter A. , Erez Miriam , Weiss‐Meilik Ahuva
Published: February 2007

We adopt an action‐research approach to examine the applicability of briefing‐debriefing sessions—a team‐based, reflexive learning model being used in the IsraelAir Force—to the surgical departments of a major, civilian tertiary center in Israel, and explore the potential impact of such a model on the incidence of preventable adverse events in these departments.Taking into account the similarities and differences between the two team contexts (i.e., surgical team and flight crew), we examine potential barriers to the implementation of such a briefing‐debriefing technology in the surgical world, discuss the ways in which such barriers have been largely overcome in the particular case examined, and present the model currently being implemented by the surgical departments in our study.Additionally, based on a grounded theory approach, we generate propositions regarding the way in which briefing‐debriefing frameworks might enhance the quality‐related outcomes of hospital surgical teams.Wepay particular attention to those aspects of the team‐based learning model—such as a focus on status‐free transparency and systems‐based analysis—intended to promote double‐ as opposed to simply single‐loop learning. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible, degradable, light‐curable, polyurethane‐based elastic hydrogels
Authors: Zhang Changhong , Zhang Ning , Wen Xuejun
Published: February 2007

A series of degradable polyurethane‐based light‐curable elastic hydrogels were synthesized from polycaprolactone diol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), lysine diisocyanate (LDI), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) through UV light initiated polymerization reaction. LDI was used as hard segment and polycaprolactone (PCL) and/or PEG were used as soft segments. By changing the PCL to PEG ratio during the prepolymer synthesis, polyurethanes with different soft segmental structures, hydrophilicity, and cytophilicity were obtained after light‐initiated polymerization. The chemical structures of the synthesized polymers were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties such as swelling, mechanical properties, andin vitrodegradation were evaluated. Materials containing a higher ratio of PEG exhibit higher water absorbance, higher degradation ratein vitro, and lower mechanical strength in the hydrated state. Mouse embryonal carcinoma‐derived clonal chondrocytes were used as a model cell type to study the cytocompatibility of the synthesized polymers. Chondrocyte attachment, proliferation rates, and morphologies varied with changes in the PCL/PEG ratio. With a higher PEG ratio, lower cell attachment and proliferation were observed. To improve the cell attachment and proliferation on high PEG content hydrogels, bioactive molecules, such as peptides and proteins, were conjugated or immobilized in the gel matrix during the light‐curing process. In this study, a short peptide, Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser, was used as a model biomolecule and incorporated into the gels during the light‐curing process and improved cell growth was observed. In summary, the use of PCL/PEG at different ratios, as well as the introduction of HEMA into polyurethane, allows the synthesis of a series of biocompatible elastic hydrogels with tunable physical and cytophilic properties through light‐initiated polymerization. This series of materials also allows for controlling cell attachment and growth by incorporating bioactive molecules during the light‐curing process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
The initial attachment and subsequent behavior regulation of osteoblasts by dental implant surface modification
Authors: Qu Zhe , Rausch‐Fan Xiaohui , Wieland Marco , Matejka Michael , Schedle Andreas
Published: February 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hydrophobic acid‐etched (A) and coarse‐blasted large‐grit and acid‐etched (SLA) surfaces as well as hydrophilic modified acid‐etched (modA) and modified coarse‐blasted large‐grit and acid‐etched (modSLA) surfaces on the behavior of MG63 cells grown on these surfaces through determination of cell attachment and cell proliferation, time‐lapse microscopy of fluorescence‐labeled cells, and determination of gene expression by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). No significant difference of cell attachment on various titanium surfaces was found. Increased cell proliferation was observed on the A surface and the SLA surface compared with the modA surface and the modSLA surface. After 2 days of incubation, on modSLA and modA surfaces a tendency of formation of cell clusters has been observed, which was most pronounced on modSLA surface. On the A and the SLA surface, cell cluster formation started after longer incubation periods. The expression level of the bone‐associated genes (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, type‐I‐collagen, osteoprotegerin, and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase) detected by RT‐PCR was highest on the modSLA surface. In conclusion it has been demonstrated that the modSLA surface results in an enhanced cluster formation of osteoblasts grown on this surface and in an increased expression of key osteogenic regulatory genes in osteoblasts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Modeling the nitrogenase FeMo cofactor with high‐spin Fe8S9X+ (XN, C) clusters. Is the first step for N2 reduction to NH3 a concerted dihydrogen transfer?
Authors: Mckee Michael L.
Published: February 2007

A high‐spin Fe8S9X+ (XN, C) cluster is used to model the reduction of molecular nitrogen to ammonia by the nitrogenase FeMo cofactor at the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p)/ECP(Fe,SDD) level of theory. A total of seventy‐three structures were optimized (including three transition state optimizations) to explore the structure and energetic of N2, C2H2, and CO coordination to the Fe8S9X+ cluster. After three protonation–reduction (PR) steps (modeled by addition of hydrogen atoms), N2, C2H2, and CO are predicted to bind to a Fe atom in the exo (cage does not open) position with binding energies of 7.6, 14.7, and 11.7 kcal/mol. With additional PR steps the coordination number of the core nitrogen atom is reduced from six to five and the bridging thiol group becomes a terminal SH2 group. The fifth and sixth PR steps occur on the core nitrogen and the open Fe site. Coordination of N2 is enhanced after six PR steps to give an intermediate ideally suited for a concerted dihydrogen transfer from the Fe and core nitrogen atoms to the coordinated N2. The identity of the central atom (nitrogen or carbon) has only a minor effect on the reaction steps. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007
Functional integrin subunits regulating cell–matrix interactions in the intervertebral disc
Authors: Gilchrist Christopher L. , Chen Jun , Richardson William J. , Loeser Richard F. , Setton Lori A.
Published: February 2007

Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix are key factors regulating cell survival, differentiation, and response to environmental stimuli in cartilagenous tissues. Much is known about the extracellular matrix proteins in the intervertebral disc (IVD) and their variations with region, age, or degenerative state of the tissue. In contrast, little is known of the integrin cell surface receptors that directly bind to and interact with these matrix proteins in the IVD. In almost all tissues, these integrin‐mediated cell–matrix interactions are important for transducing environmental cues arising from mechanical stimuli, matrix degradation fragments, and cytokines into intracellular signals. In this study, cells from the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus regions of porcine IVDs were analyzed via flow cytometry to quantify integrin expression levels upon isolation and after monolayer culture. Assays of cell attachment to collagens, fibronectin, and laminin were performed after functional blocking of select integrin subunits to evaluate the role of specific integrins in cell attachment. In situ distribution and co‐localization of integrins and laminin were also characterized. Results identify integrin receptors critical for IVD cell interactions with collagens (α1β1) and fibronectin (α5β1). Additionally, dramatic differences in cell–laminin interactions were observed between cells of the nucleus and anulus regions, including differences in α6 integrin expression, cell adhesion to laminin, and in situ pericellular environments. These findings suggest laminin–cell interactions may be important and unique to the nucleus pulposus region of the IVD. The results of this study provide new information on functional cell–matrix interactions in tissues of the IVD. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 829–840, 2007
Low‐level accelerations applied in the absence of weight bearing can enhance trabecular bone formation
Authors: Garman Russell , Gaudette Glenn , Donahue Leah‐Rae , Rubin Clinton , Judex Stefan
Published: February 2007

High‐frequency whole body vibrations can be osteogenic, but their efficacy appears limited to skeletal segments that are weight bearing and thus subject to the induced load. To determine the anabolic component of this signal, we investigated whether low‐level oscillatory displacements, in the absence of weight bearing, are anabolic to skeletal tissue. A loading apparatus, developed to shake specific segments of the murine skeleton without the direct application of deformations to the tissue, was used to subject the left tibia of eight anesthesized adult female C57BL/6J mice to small (0.3 g or 0.6 g) 45 Hz sinusoidal accelerations for 10 min/day, while the right tibia served as an internal control. Video and strain analysis revealed that motions of the apparatus and tibia were well coupled, inducing dynamic cortical deformations of less than three microstrain. After 3 weeks, trabecular metaphyseal bone formation rates and the percentage of mineralizing surfaces (MS/BS) were 88% and 64% greater (p < 0.05) in tibiae accelerated at 0.3 g than in their contralateral controls. At 0.6 g, bone formation rates and mineral apposition rates were 66% and 22% greater (p < 0.05) in accelerated tibiae. Changes in bone morphology were evident only in the epiphysis, where stimulated tibiae displayed significantly greater cortical area (+8%) and thickness (+8%). These results suggest that tiny acceleratory motions — independent of direct loading of the matrix — can influence bone formation and bone morphology. If confirmed by clinical studies, the unique nature of the signal may ultimately facilitate the stimulation of skeletal regions that are prone to osteoporosis even in patients that are suffering from confinement to wheelchairs, bed rest, or space travel. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 732–740, 2007
Blocking Wnt/LRP5 signaling by a soluble receptor modulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and suppresses met and metalloproteinases in osteosarcoma Saos‐2 cells
Authors: Guo Yi , Zi Xiaolin , Koontz Zach , Kim Alison , Xie Jun , Gorlick Richard , Holcombe Randall F. , Hoang Bang H.
Published: February 2007

We previously reported the Wnt receptor low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 5 (LRP5) was frequently expressed in osteosarcoma (OS) tissue and correlated with metastasis and a lower disease‐free survival. Subsequent in vitro analysis revealed that dominant‐negative, soluble LRP5 (sLRP5) can reduce in vitro cellular invasion. In the current study, we examined the molecular mechanisms of blocking canonical Wnt signaling by sLRP5 in Saos‐2 osteosarcoma cells. Transfection of sLRP5 caused a marked up‐regulation of E‐cadherin in this cell line. This increase in E‐cadherin, seen primarily at the cell–cell contact borders, was associated with down‐regulation of Slug and Twist, transcriptional repressors which mediate cancer invasion and metastasis. In contrast, N‐cadherin, a mesenchymal marker, was reduced by sLRP5. In addition, blocking Wnt signaling by sLRP5 modulated other epithelial and mesenchymal markers (keratin 8 and 18, fibronectin), suggesting a reversal of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) seen during cancer progression. SLRP5 also reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 14, consistent with a decrease in invasive capacity. SLRP5 transfection decreased both Met expression and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)‐induced cell motility. Taken together, these results support a role for Wnt/LRP5 signaling in invasiveness of a subset of OS cells. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:964–971, 2007
Oxidant and anti‐oxidant systems of synovial fluid from patients with knee post‐traumatic arthritis
Authors: Ostałowska Alina , Kasperczyk Sławomir , Kasperczyk Aleksandra , Słowińska Ludmiła , Marzec Marek , Stołtny Tomasz , Koczy Bogdan , Birkner Ewa
Published: February 2007

It has been suggested that patients with knee post‐traumatic arthritis (PA), associated or not to haemarthrosis (HA), display altered oxidant and anti‐oxidant systems in their synovial fluid. This study aimed to establish whether this is really the case. Synovial fluid samples were obtained by transdermal arthrocentesis from 69 patients with PA (36 of them had HA) and 22 control subjects. The activities of synovial fluid zinc‐copper superoxide dismutase (ZnCuSOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) isoenzymes, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and synovial fluid viscosity were measured in the study groups. Patients with PA had significantly increased activities of all antioxidant enzymes, except CAT, and MDA concentration than did the controls. However, synovial fluid viscosity was found to be decreased in the study group, mainly in the HA subgroup. Results suggest that excessive free radicals production may exist in synovial fluid of PA patients and may contribute to knee joint destruction. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 804–812, 2007
Fractalkine‐CX3CR1 axis regulates tumor cell cycle and deteriorates prognosis after radical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Matsubara Takeshi , Ono Takashi , Yamanoi Akira , Tachibana Mitsuo , Nagasue Naofumi
Published: February 2007

Background and Objectives

Fractalkine is the only CX3C chemokine, and its receptor, CX3CR1, is expressed on NK cells, CD8+ T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC). Although studies have reported that fractalkine regulates the host immune response, the roles of the fractalkine‐CX3CR1 axis in tumor biology and the clinical results of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown.

Methods

Fractalkine and CX3CR1 expression in HCC were evaluated and compared with the clinicopathologic features, including tumor progression determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody and patient prognosis after surgery.

Results

Tumors with high expression of both fractalkine and CX3CR1 had significantly fewer intra‐ and extrahepatic recurrences, a low PCNA labeling index (PCNALI), and different histological grades. Patients with tumors that expressed both had a significantly better prognosis in terms of disease‐free (DFS) and overall survival (OAS), and this finding was identified as one of the independent prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the fractalkine‐CX3CR1 axis plays a pivotal role in the prognosis of patients with HCC, which might arise from the known modulation of the host immune response, and that of the cell cycle in HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:241–249. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality following liver resection in US medicare patients: Does the presence of a liver transplant program affect outcome?
Authors: Dixon Elijah , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Pasieka Janice L. , Bathe Oliver F. , Sutherland Francis , Doig Christopher
Published: February 2007

Background

Hepatic resection is a complicated procedure, at times associated with significant morbidity. Liver transplantation programs may improve outcomes following resective liver surgery at the institutional level by a number of means, including: availability of ancillary services and personnel, specialized critical care, and added surgical expertise.

Objectives

To determine if the presence of a liver transplant program at a center improves outcomes following hepatic resection when compared to centers without an associated liver transplant program.

Methods

Using data from the national Medicare claims database, 30‐day mortality following all hepatic resections performed over a 2‐year period (1999, 2000) were studied. Regression techniques were used to assess the relationship between mortality at centers with an associated liver transplant program in comparison to those without, while controlling for potential confounding factors.

Results

The proportion of patients dying within 30 days among 4,661 patients that underwent hepatic resection was 6.65%. Factors that did increase the risk of dying after hepatic resection included: urgent or emergent surgery (vs. elective), primary liver cancer (vs. metastatic), male sex, increasing comorbidity score, low hospital volume, and extent of surgery. The presence of a liver transplant program within a center was not associated with any improvement in mortality.

Conclusion

At an institutional level, the presence of a liver transplant program was not associated with decreased 30‐day mortality following hepatic resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:194–200. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐3 (TIMP‐3) and its prognostic significance in resected non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Mino Nobuya , Takenaka Kazumasa , Sonobe Makoto , Miyahara Ryo , Yanagihara Kazuhiro , Otake Yosuke , Wada Hiromi , Tanaka Fumihiro
Published: February 2007

Background and Objectives

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐3 (TIMP‐3) inhibits the activity of metalloproteinases that play important roles in development and progression of malignant tumors. We conducted a retrospective study of TIMP‐3 expression in resected non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

TIMP‐3 expression was examined immunohistochemically in primary tumor specimens from 143 patients who underwent complete resection for NSCLC. Correlations between TIMP‐3 expression grade and tumor histology, TNM classification, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression grade, VEGF expression grade, intra‐tumoral microvessel density, proliferative index, apoptosis index, and prognosis were analyzed.

Results

TIMP‐3 expression was low in 40, moderate in 71, and high in 32 patients. Higher TIMP‐3 expression was seen in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (P = 0.001), and reduced TIMP‐3 expression was significantly associated with nodal involvement (P = 0.016) and advanced pathologic stage (P = 0.036). MMP‐2 expression was reduced along with enhanced TIMP‐3 expression (P = 0.010). The 5‐year overall survival rates of low, moderate, and high TIMP‐3 patients were 53, 64, and 84%, respectively (P = 0.037). Multivariate analysis confirmed that enhanced TIMP‐3 expression was an independent factor for a favorable prognosis (P = 0.037).

Conclusions

TIMP‐3 expression status was significantly correlated with pathologic stage and nodal involvement, and was an independent prognostic factor in resected NSCLC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:250–257. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cr:ZnSe prism for broadly tunable mid-infrared laser radiation generation
Authors: Doroshenko M E , Koranda P , Jelínková H , Šulc J , Němec M , Basiev T T , Komar V K , Gerasimenko A S , Puzikov V M
Published: February 2007

Compact broadly tunable Cr:ZnSe laser was constructed and described. Cr:ZnSe bulk crystal was grown by the Bridgman technique. In our best knowledge the bulk Cr:ZnSe prism was utilized as laser active media and simultaneously as an intra-cavity dispersive element for the first time. The maximal output pulse energy was 20 mJ. The generated radiation was tunable from 2000 up to 2750 nm. The repetition-rate was 1 Hz. The generated radiation beam spatial structure was close to TEM00.
Family ties: Managers can benefit from personal lives
Authors: Ruderman Marian N. , Graves Laura M. , Ohlott Patricia J.
Published: February 2007

The mantra that managers, to be effective, must be totally committed to work while disregarding their families and other aspects of their personal lives in order to be effective is coming into question. New research shows that attentiveness to family is tied to better performance at work.
An alternative approach to the image reconstruction for parallel data acquisition in MRI
Authors: Bauer Frank , Kannengiesser Stephan
Published: February 2007

Magnetic resonance imaging with parallel data acquisition requires algorithms for reconstructing the patient's image from a small number of measured k‐space lines.

In contrast to well‐known algorithms like SENSE and GRAPPA and its flavours we consider the problem as a non‐linear inverse problem. Fast computation algorithms for the necessary Fréchet derivative and reconstruction algorithms are given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obturator neuropathy complicating elective laparoscopic tubal occlusion
Authors: Jirsch Jeffrey D. , Chalk Colin H.
Published: February 2007

Isolated obturator neuropathy is rare. We report a woman who developed a severe obturator neuropathy from electrocautery during elective laparoscopic tubal ligation. This complication has not previously been described in association with the procedure, and the potential etiological role of an underrecognized anatomical variant, in which an accessory obturator nerve is present, is discussed. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Successful treatment of a child with late onset T‐cell post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder/lymphoma
Authors: Williams Kirsten M. , Higman Meghan A. , Chen Allen R. , Schwartz Cindy L. , Wharam Moody , Colombani Paul , Arceci Robert J.
Published: February 2007

We report a novel regimen for refractory post‐transplant T‐cell lymphoma (PTL). Our patient presented with non‐Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) related, T‐cell post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) 3.5 years after liver transplantation. Initially diagnosed as polyclonal PTLD, the disease progressed to a monoclonal, T‐cell PTL that was refractory to several chemotherapy regimens but responded to a regimen consisting of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and alemtuzumab. Consolidation therapy included high‐dose chemotherapy, autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue, and radiation therapy. She remains in remission 2.5 years later. T‐cell PTL is a rare disease with a poor prognosis; this regimen provides a novel, potentially curative approach for its treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:667–670. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular command surfaces for liquid crystal alignment
Authors: Hoogboom Johan , Elemans Johannes AAW , Rasing Theo , Rowan Alan E , Nolte Roeland JM
Published: February 2007

Devices based on liquid crystal display technology, ranging from watches to flat panel displays, have proliferated over the past few decades and can now be found in all conceivable aspects of everyday life. It is surprising that a crucial part in the construction of such displays, namely the alignment layer, which dictates the surface alignment of mesogenic molecules, relies essentially on a mechanical rubbing process which was invented 100 years ago. In this paper, recent developments in the construction of alignment layers (also called command layers) based on the self‐assembly of molecular and macromolecular components are discussed. Two topics are highlighted: (i) tuneable layers formed by hierarchical assembly of siloxane oligomers and phthalocyanine dyes on indium‐tin‐oxide surfaces and (ii) command layers formed by self‐assembly of porphyrin trimers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Sense of coherence and distress in cancer patients and their partners
Authors: Gustavsson‐Lilius Mila , Julkunen Juhani , Keskivaara Pertti , Hietanen Päivi
Published: February 2007

Strong sense of coherence (SOC) is assumed to promote and protect health in stressful situations, such as a serious illness. There is, however, surprisingly little research‐based discussion on the SOC–distress association in cancer patients and especially in their partners. The aim of this study was to clarify these issues.

The associations between SOC, depression, and anxiety were studied in 123 cancer couples. Data were collected with self‐report questionnaires at the time of diagnosis, 8 and 14 months later. The predictors of follow‐up distress and possible mediators of the cross‐lagged longitudinal data were analysed with SEM.

No gender differences in the patients' study variables were found, but the female partners displayed more distress symptoms than their male counterparts. The results supported the SOC theory. Strong SOC alleviated the development of distress. In addition, patient SOC tended to strengthen during the follow‐up. No direct crossover between baseline SOC and follow‐up distress was found. However, all patient and partner variables at the 14‐month follow‐up were related to each other, but not at baseline. This could indicate a gradual crossover process of the shared experience. Special attention in clinical practice should be given to the psychological well‐being of cancer patients' partners, especially female partners. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmentally friendly approach for nonlithographic nanostructuring of materials
Authors: Tiginyanu I. M. , Monaico E. , Albu S. , Ursaki V. V.
Published: February 2007

Self‐organized quasi‐ordered two‐dimensional hexagonal arrays of pores with diameters as low as 70 nm in n‐InP substrates subjected to anodic etching in aqueous solution of NaCl are reported. We show that proper periodic modulation of the applied potential with time allows one to reach 3D nanostructuring of the material. Anodization in salty water proves to be a cost‐effective and environmentally‐friendly tool for spatial nanostructuring of materials and nonlithographic manufacturing of semiconductor nanotemplates for nanofabrication. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elucidation of the in vitro metabolic profile of stable isotope labeled BAL19403 by accurate mass capillary liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and isotope exchange
Authors: Wind Mathias , Gebhardt Klaus , Grunwald Helge , Spickermann Jochen , Donzelli Massimiliano , Kellenberger Laurenz , Muller Marc , Fullhardt Pascal , Schmitt‐Hoffmann Anne , Schleimer Michael
Published: February 2007

The in vitro metabolic pattern of BAL19403, a novel macrolide antibiotic, was investigated by capillary liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS) in incubations with human microsomes. For the elucidation of the metabolic pathway, BAL19403 labeled with four deuterium atoms (D4) was used, and detection of metabolites performed using mixtures of the unlabeled (H4) BAL19403 and its D4 analogue (1:1) as substrate. All metabolites appeared with similar chromatographic behavior. MS/MS spectra of BAL19403 and its metabolites are dominated by non‐informative fragment ions. Therefore, the structure of the metabolites was elucidated mainly by accurate mass measurements with subsequent proposals of elemental compositions. Main biotransformations were N‐demethylation, lactone ring hydrolysis, and oxidation. Additionally, N‐dealkylation of the aromatic moiety was identified. This dealkylation results not only in formation of an aldehyde, according to the classical pathway, but also in formation of the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. Final elucidation of their structures was possible, since this dealkylation takes place vicinal to the deuterium‐labeled part of BAL19403 and interferes with D/H exchange. The degree of D/H exchange, determined by analysis of the metabolite isotopic pattern, was used to elucidate the adjacent functional group. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting joint frequency distributions of depth and velocity for instream habitat assessment
Authors: Schweizer Steffen , Borsuk Mark E. , Jowett Ian , Reichert Peter
Published: February 2007

Stream ecosystem structure and function are strongly influenced by patterns of velocity and depth. Simple methods for predicting the spatial distributions of these two variables, as functions of one‐dimensional reach and discharge characteristics, have been recently reported in the literature. These studies have provided valuable insight into the fundamental factors influencing stream behaviour and represent a practical alternative to multi‐dimensional hydrodynamic models. However, these previous studies have handled velocity and depth separately, while there is evidence that meso‐habitats and stream biota are associated with distinct combinations of the two variables. Therefore, we used survey data from 92 stream reaches in New Zealand to develop a model for the joint distribution of depth and velocity. We found that, for each reach, the bivariate distribution of relative velocity and relative depth could be described by a mixture of two end‐member distributions, one bivariate normal and the other bivariate lognormal, each with fixed parameters. The relative contribution of each shape for a particular reach at a particular discharge could then be related to the reach mean Froude number, the reach mean relative roughness, and the ratio of the survey discharge to the mean discharge. As these inputs can be readily estimated for changed channel morphology, our model should provide a useful approach for linking river rehabilitation strategies to hydraulics and ecology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of genetically engineered proteins studied by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). Part B: hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)
Authors: Suzuki Noriaki , Sarikaya Mehmet , Ohuchi Fumio S.
Published: February 2007

In Part A, we adopted principal component analysis (PCA) for the analysis of TOF‐SIMS data to assess the binding specificity of GBP‐1 to metallic Au, Ag and Pd. Within a given set of data, PCA aids in the interpretation of the TOF‐SIMS spectra by capitalizing on the differences from one spectrum to another. In Part B, we introduce another multivariate statistical method called ‘hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)’, where visualization of the similarity and difference in data is readily observed, from which a variety of adsorption conditions of GBP‐1 were characterized. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC201 standard: ISO/TR 18394:2006—surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy—derivation of chemical information
Authors: Kövér L.
Published: February 2007

ISO/TR 18394 provides guidance for the identification of chemical effects on x‐ray or electron‐excited Auger electron spectra as well as for applications of these effects in chemical characterization of surface/interface layers of solids. In addition to elemental composition, information can be obtained on the chemical state and the surrounding local electronic structure of the atom with the initial core hole from the changes of Auger electron spectra upon the alteration of its local environment. The methods of identification and use of chemical effects on Auger electron spectra, as described in this Technical Report, are very important for accurate quantitative applications of Auger electron spectroscopy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal pilots for a class of linear mixed models with Gaussian and compound symmetric data
Authors: Gurka Matthew J. , Coffey Christopher S. , Muller Keith E.
Published: February 2007

An internal pilot design uses interim sample size analysis, without interim data analysis, to adjust the final number of observations. The approach helps to choose a sample size sufficiently large (to achieve the statistical power desired), but not too large (which would waste money and time). We report on recent research in cerebral vascular tortuosity (curvature in three dimensions) which would benefit greatly from internal pilots due to uncertainty in the parameters of the covariance matrix used for study planning. Unfortunately, observations correlated across the four regions of the brain and small sample sizes preclude using existing methods. However, as in a wide range of medical imaging studies, tortuosity data have no missing or mistimed data, a factorial within‐subject design, the same between‐subject design for all responses, and a Gaussian distribution with compound symmetry. For such restricted models, we extend exact, small sample univariate methods for internal pilots to linear mixed models with any between‐subject design (not just two groups). Planning a new tortuosity study illustrates how the new methods help to avoid sample sizes that are too small or too large while still controlling the type I error rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopamine D1 receptor facilitation of depolarization‐induced release of γ‐amino‐butyric acid in rat striatum is mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway and involves P/Q‐type calcium channels
Authors: Arias‐Montaño J.‐A. , Floran B. , Floran L. , Aceves J. , Young J.M.
Published: February 2007

Transmission in the “direct” pathway through the basal ganglia, which has an important role in the control of motor movement, is markedly facilitated by the concurrent activation of dopamine D1 receptors. Consistent with this, Ca2+‐dependent, depolarization‐induced release of [3H]‐GABA from striatal slices from rats pretreated with reserpine was greatly increased in the presence of 1 μM SKF 38393, a dopamine D1‐like receptor agonist. The effect of SKF 38393 was mimicked by 1 mM 8‐bromo‐cyclic AMP (Br‐cAMP) and inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H‐89, mean inhibition 92% ± 4% with 10 μM H‐89 (n = 3). The effects of SKF 38393 and Br‐cAMP were not additive. The stimulatory effects of SKF 38393 and Br‐cAMP were practically abolished in the presence of the histamine H3 receptor agonist immepip (1 μM). The depolarization‐induced release of [3H]‐GABA in the presence of SKF 38393 was not significantly inhibited by 5 μM nimodipine, an L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker, or by 0.3 μM ω‐conotoxin MVIIA, a selective blocker of N‐type channels. However, preincubation of the slices with 0.95 μM ω‐agatoxin TK, a P/Q‐type channel blocker, followed by washing before changing to a depolarizing medium containing SKF 38393, resulted in a marked inhibition of the stimulated release of [3H]‐GABA, mean 68% ± 4% (n = 3). These observations provide evidence that dopamine D1 agonist facilitation of the depolarization‐induced release of GABA from striatal terminals is mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway and involves mainly P/Q‐type Ca2+ channels. Synapse 61:310–319, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics in the ultrastructure of asymmetric axospinous synapses in the frontal cortex of hibernating European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus)
Authors: Ruediger J. , Van der Zee E.A. , Strijkstra A.M. , Aschoff A. , Daan S. , Hut R.A.
Published: February 2007

Recent theories on the function of arousals from torpor in hibernating mammals focus on the repair of the central nervous system from damage accumulating during prolonged hypothermia. In this framework, we investigated the synaptic ultrastructure in Layer 2 of the frontal cortex from hibernating European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) sacrificed at four different phases in the torpor‐arousal cycle. Using electron microscopy, we quantified synapse number and morphometric data on asymmetric axospinous synapses. Length, width, and surface area of postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and the synaptic apposition length of the analyzed synapse were measured. Five groups of animals were compared during entrance into torpor (Torpor Early, TE, n = 6), late torpor (Torpor Late, TL, n = 5), beginning of euthermic arousal episodes (Arousal Early, AE, n = 5), late in the euthermic arousal episode (Arousal Late, AL, n = 5), and during continuous euthermy in spring (EU, n = 6). The results showed that during torpor and at the beginning of arousals the PSD length and synaptic apposition length are significantly increased compared to synapses during late arousal and in spring conditions. In contrast, the width and surface area of the PSDs are decreased in torpor. At the beginning of an arousal the width of the PSD increases and gains maximum value in late arousals (AL), returning to spring (EU) values. No differences were found in total number of synapses during the torpor‐arousal cycle. The results indicate reversible changes in ultrastructure of (asymmetric axospinous) synapses in the frontal cortex, which may be critical for the maintenance of cortical neuronal networks and for protection against potential deleterious effects of prolonged hypothermic phases of hibernation. Synapse 61:343–352, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The case against interest: Is it compelling?
Authors: Chapra M. Umer
Published: February 2007

The entire international financial system is now based on interest in spite of its prohibition by four of the world's major religions. However, the Muslim world is now trying to replace the conventional interest‐based system with one where there is greater reliance on profit‐and‐loss sharing (PLS) and where the debt is created not by pure lending and borrowing but by the sale or lease of real assets. The introduction of a new system raises the question of whether the case against interest is so compelling as to justify the difficulties and risks associated with it. This article is an attempt to answer this question. It argues that the main factor underlying the financial crises experienced by a large number of countries around the world over the last few decades is the excessive expansion of debt. The primary reason for this is the lack of adequate discipline in the financial system. The PLS system should help ensure greater discipline by making the bankers more careful in lending and the depositors more vigilant about the health of their banks. Asset‐based debt should further help by not allowing the debt to exceed the growth of the real economy. The introduction of such a discipline carries the potential of helping realize not only greater stability, but also greater efficiency and equity in the financial system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation and performance of Islamic banking in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmad Abu Umar Faruq , Hassan M. Kabir
Published: February 2007

This article examines current legal and regulatory issues of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. The most important issue in this context is the lack of a well‐defined regulatory and supervisory framework for Islamic banks for their effective functioning in line with the tenets of Shariah. Other major issues come from the absence of an interbank Islamic money market, following the same policy and guidelines for Islamic and conventional banking by the Bangladesh Bank, presence of a discriminatory legal reserve requirement for Islamic and conventional banking, prevalence of a restrictive environment in the capital market, and the lack of legal support and protection of Bangladesh Bank to avoid the associated risks of Islamic banks. For this purpose, it is suggested that Islamic banks in Bangladesh should have an independent banking act that controls, guides, and supervises their functions and provide legal support to the parties concerned. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of residential distance to hospitals with neonatal surgery care on prenatal management and outcome of pregnancies with severe fetal malformations
Authors: Pasquier J.‐C. , Morelle M. , Bagouet S. , Moret S. , Luo Z.‐C. , Rabilloud M. , Gaucherand P. , Robert‐Gnansia E.
Published: February 2007

Objectives

To examine the effect of maternal origin and distance between maternal residence and the nearest maternity ward with a neonatal surgical center in the same hospital, on prenatal diagnosis, elective termination of pregnancy, delivery in an adequate place and neonatal mortality for pregnancies with severe malformations requiring neonatal surgery, and to examine the effect of the place of delivery on neonatal mortality.

Methods

This was a retrospective study, through the France Central‐East malformation registry, of 706 fetuses with omphalocele (n = 123), gastroschisis (n = 99), diaphragmatic hernia (n = 222), or spina bifida (n = 262), but without chromosomal anomalies. Maternal origin was classified as Western European and non‐Western European. Adequate place for delivery was defined as birth in a Level‐III maternity ward with a neonatal surgical center in the same hospital.

Results

The prenatal diagnosis rate was 67.7% in 1990–1995 and 80.2% in 1996–2001 (odds ratio (OR), 2.07 (95% CI, 1.24–3.45)). On multivariate analysis, the rate was significantly lower for women living 11–50 km (adjusted OR, 0.49 (95% CI, 0.25–0.94)), or > 50 km (adjusted OR, 0.39 (0.20–0.74)) from the closest adequate place of delivery, compared with those living < 11 km from it, but there was no difference for maternal origin. Non‐Western European women had fewer elective terminations of pregnancy (adjusted OR, 0.34 (95% CI, 0.14–0.81)) and fewer deliveries in an adequate place (adjusted OR, 0.40 (95% CI, 0.18–0.89)). Neonatal mortality was lower in the case of delivery in an adequate place (adjusted OR, 0.22 (95% CI, 0.07–0.72)) and was not associated with maternal origin and distance from nearest maternity ward with a neonatal surgical center.

Conclusion

Rate of prenatal diagnosis decreases with increasing distance between parental residence and referral center. Non‐Western European women are diagnosed prenatally as often as are Western Europeans, but terminate their pregnancy less often, perhaps for cultural reasons. Non‐Western European women with malformed fetuses deliver in adequate centers less often, probably because of the way the perinatal care system is run. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of major morphological abnormalities of the levator ani
Authors: Dietz H. P.
Published: February 2007

Objectives

Morphological abnormalities of the levator ani are found in a significant minority of women presenting with symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction. In this study quantification of such injuries using tomographic three‐dimensional (3D) pelvic floor ultrasound was attempted.

Methods

In a prospective observational study undertaken at two tertiary urogynecological clinics, 262 consecutive women referred for complaints of lower urinary tract dysfunction and prolapse underwent an interview, clinical assessment and 3D translabial ultrasound imaging. Blinded offline analysis of volume datasets was performed at a later date using 4D View software. Main outcome measures were craniocaudal and ventrodorsal extent of defects of the pubovisceral muscle.

Results

Avulsion injuries were diagnosed in 50 women (19%; 21.3% of the vaginally parous). Defects were found unilaterally (right, n = 17; left, n = 12) and bilaterally (n = 21). In some women they affected the entire volume; in others defects were visible in only two of 16 slices. Hiatal area on Valsalva was correlated weakly with defect score (r = 0.28, P = 0.05) and total defect width (r = 0.4, P = 0.005). Defect score (P = 0.001) and maximum width (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in women who presented with symptoms of prolapse. Defect score was associated with cystocele as assessed clinically (P = 0.021) and on ultrasound (P = 0.014).

Conclusions

Depth and width of levator ani defects can be quantified by tomographic pelvic floor ultrasound. These parameters are associated with the likelihood of symptoms of prolapse and cystocele descent, but not with incontinence. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraoperative Ultrasound with Palpation is Still Superior to Intra‐arterial Calcium Stimulation Test in Localising Insulinoma
Authors: Wong M. , Isa S. H. Md , Zahiah M. , Azmi K. Nor
Published: February 2007

Aim

This study assessed the sensitivities of preoperative localisation modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), arteriography and arterial stimulation venous sampling (ASVS) using serum insulin and C‐peptide gradients to intraoperative techniques in localising insulin‐secreting tumours in our institution.

Methods

Fourteen patients with proven insulinoma, aged 20–66 years, who presented from 1997 to 2004, were studied retrospectively. All patients underwent ASVS where C‐peptide and/or insulin gradients were calculated. The results were compared with the preoperative findings of CT, MRI, arteriography, as well as intraoperative ultrasound and palpation.

Results

Intraoperative ultrasound with palpation correctly localised 10 of the 11 tumours with a sensitivity of 91%. Sensitivities of other localisation techniques were lower: 31% by CT, 50% by MRI, and 46% by arteriography. ASVS with insulin gradients alone allowed accurate localisation in 40% of patients while localisation using only C‐peptide gradients of more than 2 was 43%. The insulinomas, measuring 10–30 mm, were successfully removed in 13 patients—6 from the body, 4 from the tail, 2 from the head and 1 from the junction of the body and tail. All except 1 were cured by selective surgery and remained free of hypoglycaemia over the next 2–60 months of follow‐up. One patient had left lobectomy due to liver metastases from a malignant insulinoma and remained asymptomatic with medical therapy.

Conclusions

Intraoperative ultrasound with palpation is a highly sensitive method for the localisation of insulinoma compared with other preoperative localisation techniques.