bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juventudes plurais na escola (des)ordenando tempos e espaços na contemporaneidade
Authors: Garbin Elisabete Maria , Basso Soares Severo Rita Cristine
Published: April 2014

Este artigo, oriundo de pesquisas no campo dos Estudos Culturais e estudos sobre juventudes contemporneas tm como objetivo visibilizar e problematizar prticas juvenis que tensionam e deslocam espaos e tempos escolares contemporneos. A pesquisa configura-se em estudo de cunho etnogrfico e a principal ferramenta para a construo dos dados o dirio de campo que abarca registros fotogrficos, entrevistas e conversas. Os sujeitos observados circulam em espaos escolares de duas escolas pblicas de Porto Alegre/RS. O estudo dialoga com autores como Bauman, Hall, Sibilia, Maffesoli, Canevacci, Garbin, Xavier, dentre outros. O foco destacado como a escola contempornea se articula com esses tensionamentos, pois espaos escolares ganham novas linguagens e sensibilidades criando outros contornos para as relaes interpessoais na escola. Logo, infere-se que a escola com toda a solidez construda na modernidade, no contexto contemporneo, de modo controverso, busca por meio de alguns fazeres pedaggicos, se reconfigurar.
Integração universitária e inserção profissional: um estudo comparativo entre Portugal e França
Authors: Machude Abudo , Mwewa Christian Muleka , Renta Davis Ana Inés
Published: April 2014

Neste trabalho visamos a analisar o papel dos servios de apoio para a integrao acadmica e insero profissional. Foram observados trs servios na Universidade do Porto (Portugal) e um servio da Universidade de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (Frana). Os resultados destas anlises apresentam diferenas em relao s disposies legais que permitiram a criao de servios de apoio para a integrao acadmica e profissional, apesar de seu princpio comum, para auxiliar os estudantes e graduados na orientao profissional para o sucesso acadmico e a rpida integrao no mercado de trabalho.
Analyse critique de la littérature scientifique portant sur l’innovation dans le secteur public : bilan et perspectives de recherche prometteuses
Authors: Touati Nassera , Denis Jean-Louis
Published: April 2014

Cet article se propose de synthétiser l’état des connaissances sur l’innovation dans le secteur public en se centrant sur trois questions de recherche : la diffusion et l’adoption des innovations, leur génération et leur implantation. Les études ayant choisi une approche dite de variance se sont essentiellement intéressées à la question de l’adoption des innovations. Ce courant de recherche cherche à mettre en évidence les facteurs influençant l’adoption des innovations. Les enseignements tirés de ces travaux sont souvent contradictoires en raison des liens complexes entre variables. Les études ayant choisi une approche processuelle offrent une interprétation plus riche des processus d’innovation en étudiant les interactions dynamiques entre l’innovation et le contexte. Cela dit, selon les visions théoriques mobilisées, les travaux existants ont surtout insisté sur les enjeux de nature politique; peu de travaux ont porté sur les enjeux d’apprentissage, d’où l’intérêt de développer un agenda de recherche sur ces enjeux, en s’intéressant également aux enjeux d’ancrage des innovations. Enfin, il s’agirait aussi de s’attarder sur les innovations complexes qui impliquent plusieurs organisations interdépendantes.
Favoriser l’innovation dans l’élaboration des politiques : un nouveau rôle pour les politiciens
Authors: Sørensen Eva
Published: April 2014

Dans de nombreux pays occidentaux, l’innovation dans le secteur public grimpe au sommet des préoccupations de la recherche et des réformes. L’innovation est de plus en plus vue comme l’une des principales manières d’améliorer l’efficacité et le rendement de la prestation des services publics, mais la nécessité de l’innovation sur le plan des politiques a été largement ignorée. Elle représente pourtant un aspect crucial de l’innovation dans le secteur public. De nouvelles avenues au sein de la théorie de l’innovation et de la théorie de la gouvernance soulignent le rôle important de la collaboration dans la promotion de l’innovation, tant dans le secteur public que privé. Cependant, les efforts consentis afin d’augmenter la capacité du secteur public à mettre en oeuvre des projets de collaboration innovante en matière de politiques nécessitent le développement d’un nouveau rôle pour les politiciens, comme l’illustrent deux études de cas danois portant sur de tels projets et présentées dans cet article.
L’innovation au sein des entreprises et du gouvernement : se tourner vers l’avenir
Authors: Borins Sandford
Published: April 2014

Cet article traite des effets de la mise en oeuvre des deux politiques les plus tentaculaires des cinq dernières années – la stimulation économique en réponse à la crise économique mondiale et l’austérité en vue de réduire les déficits gouvernementaux – sur l’innovation dans le secteur public. L’immédiateté que suppose la stimulation économique a limité la capacité des fonds de relance à soutenir l’innovation dans le secteur public. L’austérité a un effet mixte : une impulsion positive à trouver de nouveaux mécanismes de prestation de services, mais un impact négatif en raison d’une réduction de la marge de manoeuvre utilisée pour soutenir l’innovation. Cet article présente également les résultats d’une étude sur les demandes déposées aux Innovations in American Government Awards 2010. Les résultats montrent une hausse pour des partenariats interorganisationnels, dont les partenariats de cofinancement, comparativement à il y a deux décennies.
Veille, innovation et planification stratégique : un défi de complémentarité
Authors: Rajotte Alain
Published: April 2014

Cet article aborde les défis de la veille stratégique dans un contexte où l’innovation constitue une priorité de l’action gouvernementale. La situation actuelle au sein de l’administration publique québécoise est apparentée à celle qui prévaut dans la plupart des économies avancées, notamment le manque d’encadrement et de liens effectifs avec les priorités gouvernementales. Nonobstant certains aspects particuliers, l’auteur soutient que les mesures requises à une veille stratégique gouvernementale adéquate favorisant l’innovation sont indissociables des défis de la planification stratégique à l’ère de la mondialisation.
Recombineering: Genetic Engineering in Bacteria Using Homologous Recombination
Authors: Thomason Lynn C. , Sawitzke James A. , Li Xintian , Costantino Nina , Court Donald L.
Published: April 2014

The bacterial chromosome and bacterial plasmids can be engineered in vivo by homologous recombination using PCR products and synthetic oligonucleotides as substrates. This is possible because bacteriophage‐encoded recombination proteins efficiently recombine sequences with homologies as short as 35 to 50 bases. Recombineering allows DNA sequences to be inserted or deleted without regard to location of restriction sites. This unit first describes preparation of electrocompetent cells expressing the recombineering functions and their transformation with dsDNA or ssDNA. It then presents support protocols that describe several two‐step selection/counter‐selection methods of making genetic alterations without leaving any unwanted changes in the targeted DNA, and a method for retrieving onto a plasmid a genetic marker (cloning by retrieval) from the Escherichia coli chromosome or a co‐electroporated DNA fragment. Additional protocols describe methods to screen for unselected mutations, removal of the defective prophage from recombineering strains, and other useful techniques. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 106:1.16.1‐1.16.39. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Eradication of Mycoplasma Contaminations from Cell Cultures
Authors: Uphoff Cord C. , Drexler Hans G.
Published: April 2014

Mycoplasma contaminations have a multitude of effects on cultured cell lines that may influence the results of experiments or pollute bioactive substances isolated from the eukaryotic cells. The elimination of mycoplasma contaminations from cell cultures with antibiotics has been proven to be a practical alternative to discarding and re‐establishing important or irreplaceable cell lines. Different fluoroquinolones, tetracyclins, pleuromutilins, and macrolides shown to have strong anti‐mycoplasma properties are employed for the decontamination. These antibiotics are applied as single treatments, as combination treatment of two antibiotics in parallel or successively, or in combination with a surface‐active peptide to enhance the action of the antibiotic. The protocols in this unit allow eradication of mycoplasmas, prevention of the development of resistant mycoplasma strains, and potential cure of heavily contaminated and damaged cells. Consistent and permanent alterations to eukaryotic cells attributable to the treatment have not been demonstrated. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 106:28.5.1‐28.5.12. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment and applications of NASA ozone data products derived from Aura OMI/MLS satellite measurements in context of the GMI chemical transport model
Authors: Ziemke J. R. , Olsen M. A. , Witte J. C. , Douglass A. R. , Strahan S. E. , Wargan K. , Liu X. , Schoeberl M. R. , Yang K. , Kaplan T. B. , Pawson S. , Duncan B. N. , Newman P. A. , Bhartia P. K. , Heney M. K.
Published: April 2014

Measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), both on board the Aura spacecraft, have been used to produce daily global maps of column and profile ozone since August 2004. Here we compare and evaluate three strategies to obtain daily maps of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone from OMI and MLS measurements: trajectory mapping, direct profile retrieval, and data assimilation. Evaluation is based on an assessment that includes validation using ozonesondes and comparisons with the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemical transport model. We investigate applications of the three ozone data products from near‐decadal and interannual time scales to day‐to‐day case studies. Interannual changes in zonal mean tropospheric ozone from all of the products in any latitude range are of the order 1–2 Dobson units while changes (increases) over the 8 year Aura record investigated vary by 2–4 Dobson units. It is demonstrated that all of the ozone products can measure and monitor exceptional tropospheric ozone events including major forest fire and pollution transport events. Stratospheric ozone during the Aura record has several anomalous interannual events including split stratospheric warmings in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics that are well captured using the data assimilation ozone profile product. Data assimilation with continuous daily global coverage and vertical ozone profile information is the best of the three strategies at generating a global tropospheric and stratospheric ozone product for science applications.
Quantifying uncertainties of cloud microphysical property retrievals with a perturbation method
Authors: Zhao Chuanfeng , Xie Shaocheng , Chen Xiao , Jensen Michael P. , Dunn Maureen
Published: April 2014

Quantifying the uncertainty of cloud retrievals is an emerging topic important for both cloud process studies and modeling studies. This paper presents a general approach to estimate uncertainties in ground‐based retrievals of cloud properties. This approach, called the perturbation method, quantifies the cloud retrieval uncertainties by perturbing the cloud retrieval influential factors (like inputs and parameters) within their error ranges. The error ranges for the cloud retrieval inputs and parameters are determined by either instrument limitations or comparisons against aircraft observations. With the knowledge from observations and the retrieval algorithms, the perturbation method can provide an estimate of the cloud retrieval uncertainties, regardless of the complexity (like nonlinearity) of the retrieval algorithm. The relative contribution to the uncertainties of retrieved cloud properties from the inputs, assumptions, and parameterizations can also be assessed with this perturbation method. As an example, we apply this approach to the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program baseline retrieval, MICROBASE. Only nonprecipitating single‐phase (liquid or ice) clouds have been examined in this study. Results reveal that different influential factors play the dominant contributing role to the uncertainties of different cloud properties. To reduce uncertainties in cloud retrievals, future efforts should be emphasized on the major contributing factors for considered cloud properties. This study also shows high sensitivity of cloud retrieval uncertainties to different cloud types, with the largest uncertainties for deep convective clouds. Limitations and further efforts for this uncertainty quantification method are discussed.
Wave heights in the 21st century Arctic Ocean simulated with a regional climate model
Authors: Khon V. C. , Mokhov I. I. , Pogarskiy F. A. , Babanin A. , Dethloff K. , Rinke A. , Matthes H.
Published: April 2014

While wave heights globally have been growing over recent decades, observations of their regional trends vary. Simulations of future wave climate can be achieved by coupling wave and climate models. At present, wave heights and their future trends in the Arctic Ocean remain unknown. We use the third‐generation wave forecast model WAVEWATCH‐III forced by winds and sea ice concentration produced within the regional model HIRHAM, under the anthropogenic scenario SRES‐A1B. We find that significant wave height and its extremes will increase over different inner Arctic areas due to reduction of sea ice cover and regional wind intensification in the 21st century. The opposite tendency, with a slight reduction in wave height appears for the Atlantic sector and the Barents Sea. Our results demonstrate the complex wave response in the Arctic Ocean to a combined effect of wind and sea ice forcings in a climate‐change scenario during the 21st century.
A randomized controlled phase II trial of riluzole in early multiple sclerosis
Authors: Waubant Emmanuelle , Maghzi Amir‐Hadi , Revirajan Nisha , Spain Rebecca , Julian Laura , Mowry Ellen M. , Marcus Jacqueline , Liu Shuang , Jin Chengshi , Green Ari , McCulloch Charles E. , Pelletier Daniel
Published: April 2014

Objectives

We evaluated the effect of riluzole versus placebo added to weekly IM interferon beta‐1a in early multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

This is a randomized (1:1), double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of riluzole 50 mg twice daily in subjects with MS onset less than 1 year prior. Trial participation was up to 3 years. The primary endpoint was change in percent brain volume change. Secondary endpoints included changes in normalized gray and normal‐appearing white matter volumes, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), MS Functional Composite and Symbol Digit Modalities Test scores. Mixed model regression analysis was used to compare the changes over time between groups.

Results

Forty‐three subjects were randomized to study drug (22 riluzole, 21 placebo). Baseline characteristics were overall similar between groups except for older age (P = 0.042), higher normalized cerebrospinal fluid volume (P = 0.050), lower normalized gray matter volume (P = 0.14), and thinner RNFL (P = 0.043) in the riluzole group. In the primary analysis, percent brain volume change in the placebo group decreased at a rate of 0.49% per year whereas the riluzole group decreased by 0.86% per year (0.37% more per year; 95% CI −0.78, 0.024; P = 0.065). Although age did not influence the rate of brain volume decline, the difference between groups was attenuated after adjustment for baseline normalized gray matter and lesion volume (0.26% more per year in riluzole group; 95% CI −0.057, 0.014; P = 0.22). Analyses of secondary outcomes showed no differences between groups.

Interpretation

This trial provides class 1 evidence that riluzole treatment does not meaningfully reduce brain atrophy progression in early MS.
Artificial Light‐Harvesting Material Based on Self‐Assembly of Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Pu Fang , Wu Li , Ju Enguo , Ran Xiang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: April 2014

Artificial light‐harvesting antenna materials as potential mimics for photosynthetic systems have attracted intense attention recently. Herein, a new modular approach to construct light‐harvesting material, which involves the self‐assembly of coordination polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) at room temperature, is presented. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurs between donor and acceptor molecules encapsulated in the CPNs, and the emission signal of acceptor is amplified significantly. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of artificial light‐harvesting material generated from biomolecule‐based coordination polymer nanoparticles. The modularity of the material makes it convenient to manipulate the system by changing the composite of CPNs and the type and amount of dyes confined, implying it is a general strategy. The material functions not only in fluid medium, but also in the form of solid state, which extends its application areas greatly. Furthermore, photocurrent generation can be realized by the dye‐encapsulated CPNs system upon irradiation with visible light, implying the potential usefulness in light‐energy conversion and photoelectronic applications. Besides, the creation of FRET system provides a platform to mimic dual‐channel logic gate at nanoscale level, which is beneficial to the construction of integrated logic devices with multiple functions.
Synthesis and 3D Printing of Biodegradable Polyurethane Elastomer by a Water‐Based Process for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Hung Kun‐Che , Tseng Ching‐Shiow , Hsu Shan‐hui
Published: April 2014

Biodegradable materials that can undergo degradation in vivo are commonly employed to manufacture tissue engineering scaffolds, by techniques including the customized 3D printing. Traditional 3D printing methods involve the use of heat, toxic organic solvents, or toxic photoinitiators for fabrication of synthetic scaffolds. So far, there is no investigation on water‐based 3D printing for synthetic materials. In this study, the water dispersion of elastic and biodegradable polyurethane (PU) nanoparticles is synthesized, which is further employed to fabricate scaffolds by 3D printing using polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a viscosity enhancer. The surface morphology, degradation rate, and mechanical properties of the water‐based 3D‐printed PU scaffolds are evaluated and compared with those of polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds made from the solution in organic solvent. These scaffolds are seeded with chondrocytes for evaluation of their potential as cartilage scaffolds. Chondrocytes in 3D‐printed PU scaffolds have excellent seeding efficiency, proliferation, and matrix production. Since PU is a category of versatile materials, the aqueous 3D printing process developed in this study is a platform technology that can be used to fabricate devices for biomedical applications.
Yield Optimization of Spray‐Dried Natural Rubber and Properties of Its Silica‐Filled Composite
Authors: Jaiphuephae Tippapong , Poochinda Kunakorn , Poompradub Sirilux
Published: April 2014

Natural rubber powder (NRP) was prepared by spray drying and optimized via statistical experimental design. The yield of NRP obtained significantly depended on the percentage of dry rubber content (DRC) and the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The optimum condition for spray drying was found to be with an inlet air temperature of 130°C, a feed rate of 4 mL min−1, nozzle flow rate of 600 L h−1, 15% DRC, and 12 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) of SDS. Under these conditions, a NRP yield of 44.9%, and a total solid recovery of 98.7% with a moisture content of 0.4% was obtained. The resultant NRP particles were almost spherical with a diameter of less than 10 μm. The mechanical properties of NRP, in terms of the modulus, tensile strength, and hardness were greater than that for conventional block rubber (STR). Moreover, the addition of silica filler (25 phr) yielded better mechanical properties when prepared by spray drying (Si/NRP) than by the conventional silica‐filled block rubber (Si/STR). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the silica was more remarkably evenly dispersed in the rubbery matrix of the Si/NRP composite compared to the agglomerated clumps found in the Si/STR composite prepared by the conventional mechanical mixing method.
The Production of Safe Food According to Firm Size and Regulatory Exemption: Application to FSMA
Authors: Pouliot Sebastien
Published: April 2014

One feature of recent food regulations is that they treat small and large farms/firms differently. In this article, the relationship between firm output and food safety depends on firm‐specific efficiency factors and how output and food safety interact in the cost function. The model shows that conditional on the distribution of firm output and food safety, new food safety regulations may increase the number of firms, with or without an exemption for small firms. Food safety regulations affect the composition of firms and may even create entry by less efficient firms. The article discusses implications of the Food Safety Modernization Act which includes exemption for small firms.
Erratum to “Detection of rarely identified multiple mutations in MECP2 gene do not contribute to enhanced severity in Rett syndrome”, Am J Med Genet Part A 161A:1638–1646
Authors: Chapleau Christopher A. , Lane Jane , Kirwin Susan , Schanen Carolyn , Vinette Kathy M. B. , Stubbolo Danielle , MacLeod Patrick , Glaze Daniel G. , Motil Kathleen J. , Neul Jeffrey L. , Skinner Steven A. , Kaufmann Walter E. , Percy Alan K.
Published: April 2014

© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps is associated with increased expression of trefoil factor family peptides
Authors: Li Ping , Turner Justin H.
Published: April 2014

Background

Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are mucin‐associated secretory products that are produced in the airways and gastrointestinal tract. These peptides appear to play an important role in mucosal healing and epithelial protection and are overexpressed in chronically inflamed gastrointestinal tissues. We hypothesize that TFF peptides may also be differentially expressed in the sinonasal tissue of patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Ethmoid sinus tissue was obtained from patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (n = 12), CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (n = 12), and nondiseased controls (n = 7). Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were extracted from samples and expression of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 were assessed using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction qRT‐PCR and Western blots, respectively. Tissue localization of TFF expression was confirmed using immunohistochemistry.

Results

TFF1 and TFF3 were both highly expressed in sinonasal tissue, while TFF2 was expressed at near‐undetectable levels. CRSsNP tissue had a statistically significant increase in the expression of both TFF1 and TFF3. No difference in TFF expression was found between control and CRSwNP patients.

Conclusion

TFF1 and TFF3 are overexpressed in CRSsNP. The role of TFF peptides in mucosal protection and repair suggests a possible important physiologic role in maintaining the sinonasal epithelial barrier and modulating innate immunity in the sinonasal tract.
Utilization of industrial waste electric arc furnace dust as iron oxide sorbent for hydrogen sulfide removal
Authors: Zeng Danlin , Liu Shenglan , Wang Guanghui , Qiu Jianghua , Chen Hongxiang
Published: April 2014

Leaching iron from the electric arc furnace dust by using sulfuric acid to prepare iron oxide sorbent for H2S removal was studied in this paper. The influences of sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature and the dosage of hydrochloric acid on the iron leaching yield were investigated in the leaching process. The iron oxide sorbent was prepared by the filtrate from the leaching process. The experimental results show that the iron species in the dust were transferred into γ‐Fe2O3 · H2O crystal of higher activity for H2S removal in the sorbent. The desulfurization test revealed that the breakthrough sulfur capacity of the sorbent is similar to that of the commercial active carbon on the same test conditions. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization of a thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus onto amino‐functionalized silica beads
Authors: Dong Qing , Yan Xufan , Zheng Minhui , Yang Ziwen
Published: April 2014

This study focuses on the preparation and application of a recombinant thermophilic inorganic pyrophosphatase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus on amino‐functionalized silica beads. The amino‐functionalized silica beads were prepared by coating with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane by silanization. The thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase was rapidly and successfully immobilized onto the amino‐functionalized silica beads with glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent (within 12 min, >95.4% protein was immobilized onto the support). The results show that the protein could be immobilized efficiently, with up to 1 mg of protein/g of support with 92.9% activity. Compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme displayed a high activity toward inorganic pyrophosphate, less sensitivity toward the pH, and increased thermal stability. The immobilized enzyme retained 56.9% of its initial activity after hydrolysis of the inorganic pyrophosphate after 12 consecutive cycles (total = 330 min) at high temperature; this indicated a high protein stability suitable for practical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40700.
Synthesis and Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of New N‐3 Substituted Thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione Derivatives Bearing the Pyrazole Moiety
Authors: Desai Nisheeth C. , Satodiya Hitesh M. , Kotadiya Ghanshyam M. , Vaghani Hasit V.
Published: April 2014

Two new series of N‐3 substituted thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione derivatives bearing the pyrazole moiety (5a–j and 7a–j) were synthesized and assessed in vitro for their efficacy as antibacterial agents against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial strains. Among the tested compounds, 7b, 7c, 7i, and 7j were found to be active against gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 6.25–25 µg/mL, and some compounds were also tested against methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Compounds 7c and 7j inhibited the growth of MRSA at MIC values of 6.25 and 12.5 µg/mL, respectively. The influence of the lipophilicity (C log P) on the biological profile (MIC) of the prepared products was also discussed. From the standpoint of structure–activity relationship studies, it was observed that the lipophilic profiles of the compounds were crucial for their antibacterial activities. Further, the results of the MTT cytotoxicity studies on a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (NIH 3T3) suggested that compounds 7b, 7c, 7i, and 7j were endowed with low levels of cytotoxicity.
Molecular network analysis enhances understanding of the biology of mental disorders
Authors: Grennan Kay S. , Chen Chao , Gershon Elliot S. , Liu Chunyu
Published: April 2014

We provide an introduction to network theory, evidence to support a connection between molecular network structure and neuropsychiatric disease, and examples of how network approaches can expand our knowledge of the molecular bases of these diseases. Without systematic methods to derive their biological meanings and inter‐relatedness, the many molecular changes associated with neuropsychiatric disease, including genetic variants, gene expression changes, and protein differences, present an impenetrably complex set of findings. Network approaches can potentially help integrate and reconcile these findings, as well as provide new insights into the molecular architecture of neuropsychiatric diseases. Network approaches to neuropsychiatric disease are still in their infancy, and we discuss what might be done to improve their prospects.
Chemometrics for the analysis of chromatographic data in metabolomics investigations
Authors: Cook Daniel W. , Rutan Sarah C.
Published: April 2014

Metabolomics aims to better understand biological systems through the chemical analysis of an organism's metabolic profile. One common method of analysis is mass spectrometry preceded by chromatographic separations. Samples produced by metabolomics investigations can contain hundreds to thousands of compounds, which can put great strain on the instrumental analysis. In order to improve these analyses, the data analysis must not be overlooked. The ever‐evolving field of chemometrics provides many useful tools for the analysis of chromatographic data. These include methods for preprocessing data to extract a maximum amount of information from the data as well as pattern recognition in order to find the compounds that vary the most in relation to the perturbation to the biological system under study. This article aims to highlight and provide future outlooks on current chemometric methods for chromatographic‐based metabolomics investigations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distance algorithm based procedure for non‐negative least squares
Authors: Rajkó Róbert , Zheng Yu
Published: April 2014

In chemistry and many other scientific disciplines, non‐negativity‐constrained estimation of models is of practical importance. The time required for estimating true least squares non‐negativity‐constrained models is typically many times longer than that for estimating unconstrained models. That is why it is necessary to find faster and faster non‐negative least squares (NNLS) algorithms. Very recently, the distance algorithm has been developed, and this algorithm can be adapted to solve NNLS regression task faster (in some cases) than the conventional algorithms. Based on some simulated investigation, DA_NNLS was the fastest for small‐sized and medium‐sized linear regression tasks. The visualization (geometry) of the NNLS task being solved by our new algorithm is discussed as well. Besides linear algebra, convex geometrical concepts and tools are suggested to investigate, to use, and to develop in chemometrics for exploiting the geometry of chemometry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high‐count monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis using the 2008 guidelines
Authors: Call Timothy G. , Norman Aaron D. , Hanson Curtis A. , Achenbach Sara J. , Kay Neil E. , Zent Clive S. , Ding Wei , Cerhan James R. , Rabe Kari G. , Vachon Celine M. , Hallberg Emily J. , Shanafelt Tait D. , Slager Susan L.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

The 1996 National Cancer Institute Working Group (NCI‐WG 96) guidelines classified disease in individuals who had a B‐cell clone with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) immunophenotype as CLL if their absolute lymphocyte count was ≥5 × 109/L. The 2008 International Workshop on CLL guidelines (IWCLL 2008) classified disease as CLL if the absolute B‐cell count was ≥5 × 109/L or as monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) if the absolute B‐cell count was <5 × 109/L. The objective of the current study of Olmsted County, Minnesota, was to assess the effects of these changes on incidence rates and presentation from 2000 to 2010.

METHODS

Using diagnostic indices available through the Rochester Epidemiology Project and the Mayo CLL database, the authors identified all patients with newly diagnosed CLL and high‐count MBL from 2000 to 2010. Age‐specific and sex‐specific incidence rates were determined.

RESULTS

According to NCI‐WG 96 criteria, there were 115 patients with CLL and 8 patients with MBL during the period studied. Using the IWCLL 2008 classification, there were 79 patients with CLL and 40 patients with MBL. Rai stage distribution (low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk) using NCI‐WG 96 criteria was 60.9%, 33.9%, and 5.2%, respectively, compared with 43%, 49.4%, and 7.6%, respectively, using IWCLL 2008 criteria. The age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000) for CLL and MBL were 10.0 and 0.66, respectively, using NCI‐WG 96 criteria versus 6.8 and 3.5, respectively, using IWCLL 2008 criteria. The median time to treatment according to NCI‐WG 96 criteria was 9.2 years versus 6.5 years with IWCLL 2008 criteria.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of the IWCLL 2008 guidelines reduced the incidence of CLL, altered the distribution of initial Rai stage at diagnosis, and shortened the median time to treatment. Cancer 2014;120:2000–2005. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Filial attachment and its disruption: Insights from the guinea pig
Authors: Hennessy Michael B.
Published: April 2014

Guinea pigs are precocial rodents that show evidence of a selective attachment to the mother who, in turn, exhibits little active maternal care. Effects of separation in guinea pigs are, therefore, more likely to reflect the disruption of attachment than the removal of, or alterations in, patterns of maternal care. Here, effects in guinea pigs of the presence or absence of the mother on psychobiological endpoints and of maternal separation on depressive‐like behavior are reviewed. It is argued that results with guinea pigs often align more closely with those of nonhuman primates than those of laboratory rats and mice, and that the guinea pig offers a valuable translational model for studies of the consequences of attachment and its disruption. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1747–1754, 2014.
A Two‐Stage Inductive Voltage Divider Using a Special Winding Method
Authors: Tsutsumi Shintaro
Published: April 2014

Inductive voltage dividers (IVDs) are widely used in the field of ac measurements, such as impedance measurements at audio frequencies. The two‐stage guarded IVD was developed by D.N. Homan and T.L. Zapf about 40 years ago. However, it is not easy to construct a two‐stage guarded IVD. Therefore, we have developed a two‐stage IVD using a special winding method without guarding by magnetic and electrical shields. To reduce the admittances of the winding wires, corrugated polypropylene board is used for the new two‐stage IVD. In addition, the ratio winding and excitation winding are wound toroidally around two FINEMET ring cores using PEW flat cable 0.7 mm in diameter. As a result, the in‐phase ratio errors are within 10−8 of the input at frequencies of 1 kHz or below. In this report, the winding methods and measurement results of the new two‐stage IVD are described.
Evaluation of total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in extra virgin olive oils
Authors: Purcaro Giorgia , Codony Rafael , Pizzale Lorena , Mariani Carlo , Conte Lanfranco
Published: April 2014

Olive oil phenolic compounds have been correlated to several health benefits. Nevertheless, the use of such information for commercial purposes was forbidden until 2006, when a European Regulation on health claims in food products was enacted (Reg. 1924/2006). In the case of olive oil, Regulation 432/2012 states that the health effect can be claimed only if the oil contains more than 5 mg of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives (e.g., oleuropein complex and tyrosol) in 20 g of oil. The present work deals with the optimization of a method for performing hydrolysis after the extraction of polyphenols from olive oil was optimized, followed by derivatization and gas chromatographic analysis. The derivatization step was carefully optimized comparing different reagents and testing their efficiency, both on a standard solution and in a real sample conveniently spiked. Some commercial samples were analyzed and the results compared with the total amount of polyphenols calculated according the recommended method reported by the International Olive Council. A good correlation was obtained between the two methods (higher than 0.900).

Practical applications: The proposed method is useful to determine if a marketed oil can claim health benefit according to the European Regulation n. 432/2012. The possibility to use such a claim is very important from a marketing point of view for the olive oil company; however, at present there is not any official method to assess the requirements. This method is rapid and gives efficient and reliable results using a common GC‐FID for the final determination.

A GC method to evaluate European health claim requirements related to polyphenol contents in olive oil.
Synthesis of 1‐(1H‐Tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐2H‐isoindole Derivatives through Ugi Four‐Component and Silver‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Wu Ran , Gao Shang , Chen Xu , Yang Guanghui , Pan Lingling , Hu Gaobo , Jia Ping , Zhong Weihui , Yu Chuanming
Published: April 2014

A facile and efficient one‐pot, two‐step synthesis of 1,2‐disubstituted 3‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐2H‐isoindoles through Ugi four‐component reaction/AgNO3‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐alkynylbenzaldehydes, amines, isonitriles, and Me3SiN3 is described. This transformation proceeds through 5‐exo‐dig cyclization, [1,3]‐H shift, and [1,5]‐H shift to generate the products in moderate to excellent yields.
Tracing variability of run‐off generation in mountainous permafrost of semi‐arid north‐eastern Mongolia
Authors: Lange Jens , Kopp Benjamin Johannes , Bents Matthias , Menzel Lucas
Published: April 2014

The headwaters of mountainous, discontinuous permafrost regions in north‐eastern Mongolia are important water resources for the semi‐arid country, but little is known about hydrological processes there. Run‐off generation on south‐facing slopes, which are devoid of permafrost, has so far been neglected and is totally unknown for areas that have been affected by recent forest fires. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study applied artificial tracers on a steppe‐vegetated south‐facing and on two north‐facing slopes, burned and unburned. Combined sprinkling and dye tracer experiments were used to visualize processes of infiltration and water fluxes in the unsaturated zone. On the unburned north‐facing slope, rapid and widespread infiltration through a wet organic layer was observed down to the permafrost. On the burned profile, rapid infiltration occurred through a combusted organic and underlying mineral layer. Stained water seeped out at the bottom of both profiles suggesting a general tendency to subsurface stormflow (SSF). Ongoing SSF could directly be studied 24 h after a high‐intensity rainfall event on a 55‐m hillslope section in the burned forest. Measurements of water temperature proved the role of the permafrost layer as a base horizon for SSF. Repeated tracer injections allowed direct insights into SSF dynamics: A first injection suggested rather slow dispersive subsurface flow paths; whereas 18 h later, a second injection traced a more preferential flow system with 20 times quicker flow velocities. We speculate that these pronounced SSF dynamics are limited to burned slopes where a thermally insulating organic layer is absent. On three south‐facing soil profiles, the applied tracer remained in the uppermost 5 cm of a silt‐rich mineral soil horizon. No signs of preferential infiltration could be found, which suggested reduced biological activity under a harsh, dry and cold climate. Instead, direct observations, distributed tracers and charcoal samples provided evidence for the occurrence of overland flow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy versus step‐and‐shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy in the treatment of large nerve perineural spread to the skull base: a comparative dosimetric planning study
Authors: Gorayski Peter , Fitzgerald Rhys , Barry Tamara , Burmeister Elizabeth , Foote Matthew
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with large nerve perineural (LNPN) infiltration of the base of skull is a radiotherapeutic challenge given the complex target volumes to nearby organs at risk (OAR). A comparative planning study was undertaken to evaluate dosimetric differences between volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) versus intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of LNPN.

Methods

Five consecutive patients previously treated with IMRT for LNPN were selected. VMAT plans were generated for each case using the same planning target volumes (PTV), dose prescriptions and OAR constraints as IMRT. Comparative parameters used to assess target volume coverage, conformity and homogeneity included V95 of the PTV (volume encompassed by the 95% isodose), conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI). In addition, OAR maximum point doses, V20, V30, non‐target tissue (NTT) point max doses, NTT volume above reference dose, monitor units (MU) were compared.

Results

IMRT and VMAT plans generated were comparable for CI (P = 0.12) and HI (P = 0.89). VMAT plans achieved better V95 (P = < 0.001) and reduced V20 and V30 by 652 cubic centimetres (cc) (28.5%) and 425.7 cc (29.1%), respectively. VMAT increased MU delivered by 18% without a corresponding increase in NTT dose.

Conclusion

Compared with IMRT plans for LNPN, VMAT achieved comparable HI and CI.
Toward In Situ Compatibilization of Polyolefin Ternary Blends through Morphological Manipulations
Authors: Khalili Reza , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Wagenknecht Udo , Heinrich Gert
Published: April 2014

This investigation addresses the possibility of compatibilization in the polyolefinic ternary blends without the need for external reactive agents. A series of binary and ternary blends were prepared comprising high density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide 6, in which morphological changes from core‐shell to individually disperse were assessed by experimental and theoretical approaches. The compatibilization action of polyolefinic constituents in ternary blends was also discussed based on mechanical properties assessments. In addition, the interfacial adhesion situation and stress transmission across the interphase in the blends showing core‐shell morphology was thoroughly studied.
Rapid Hybridization of Chitosan‐Gold‐Antibodies via Metal‐free Click in Water‐based Systems: A Model Approach for Naked‐eye Detectable Antigen Sensors
Authors: Jirawutthiwongchai Jatesuda , Draeger Gerald , Chirachanchai Suwabun
Published: April 2014

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) expression after hybridization of chitosan–gold nanoparticle‐antibody (CS‐AuNPs‐Ab) based on: i) metal‐free click chemistry, and, ii) in water system as an approach for a rapid antigen sensing, is proposed. The chitosan‐hydroxybenzyl triazole complex enables us to carry out the conjugation of mPEG and trifluoromethylated oxanorbornadiene (OND) in water. CS‐mPEG‐OND further allows metal‐free click to hybridize chitosan (CS) with azido‐modified gold nanoparticles (azido‐AuNPs) in aqueous solution at room temperature. The CS‐mPEG‐OND conjugated with LipL32 antibody (Ab) not only effectively binds with LipL32 antigen (Ag) but also performs the cycloaddition with azido‐AuNPs to display a change in color within 2 min. The phenomenon leads to a simple and efficient naked‐eye antigen detection technique.

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Multiple positive solutions of degenerate nonlocal problems on unbounded domain
Authors: Fan Haining , Liu Xiaochun
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we study the existence of multiple positive solutions for a degenerate nonlocal problem on unbounded domain. Using the Ekeland's variational principle combined with the mountain pass theorem, we show that problem admits at least two positive solutions under several different conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton NMR determination of crystallinity in poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Roland C. M. , Walton J. H. , Miller J. B.
Published: April 2014

The results of proton NMR T1xz measurements on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films and fibers processed under various conditions are presented. Consistent with previous results, two domains are found in isotropic, amorphous PET. The NMR results provide an accurate measure of crystallinity in PET films and fibers, without requiring any assumptions about the semi‐crystalline morphology of the polymer. The NMR technique is particularly advantageous for PET fibers where orientation effects interfere with the more traditional density determination of crystallinity.
NMR observations of isolated and stretched polymer chains in their crystalline inclusion compounds formed with small‐molecule host clathrates
Authors: Vasanthan N. , Shin I. D. , Howe C. P. , Tonelli A. E.
Published: April 2014

Several small‐molecule hosts form clathrates or inclusion compounds (ICs) with polymers. In these polymer‐ICs the guest polymer chains are confined to occupy narrow channels in the crystalline matrix formed by the host. The walls of the IC channels are formed entirely from the molecules of the host, and they serve to create a unique solid‐state environment for the included polymer chains. Each polymer chain included in the narrow, cylindrical IC channels (ca 5.5 Å in diameter) is highly extended and also separated by the host matrix channel walls from neighboring polymer chains. The net result is a solid‐state environment where extended, stretched (as a consequence of being squeezed) polymer chains reside in isolation from their neighbors inside the narrow channels of the crystalline matrix provided by the small‐molecule host. Comparison of the behavior of isolated, stretched polymer chains in their crystalline ICs with observations made on ordered, bulk samples of the same polymer are beginning to provide some measure of the contributions made by the intrinsic nature of a confined polymer chain and the pervasive, cooperative, interchain interactions which can complicate the behavior of bulk polymer samples. Just as dilute polymer solutions at the θ temperature have been effectively used to model disordered, bulk polymer phases (both glasses and melts), polymer‐ICs may be utilized to increase our understanding of the behavior of polymer chains in their ordered, bulk phases as found in crystalline and liquid‐crystalline samples. Solid‐state NMR observations of polymer‐ICs can provide detailed conformational and motional information concerning the included, stretched and isolated polymer chains.
13C CP/MAS NMR studies of morphological changes in polypropylene: 1—Annealing of quenched films
Authors: Caldas V. , Morin F. G. , Brown G. R.
Published: April 2014

High‐resolution 13C cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) spectra of the crystalline component of quench‐cooled isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were obtained by using a pulse sequence that incorporates a delay period with a reduced spin locking field prior to cross‐polarization, thus exploiting the differences in 1H T1p relaxation times between the various phases. The spectra of samples annealed at high temperature have resolved splitting, ranging between 0.2 and 1.1 ppm, for all carbon resonances. The methyl resonance is composed of three resolved peaks whose relative areas, as obtained through peak deconvolution, depend on the anneal temperature. Large changes in these peak areas coincide with an exothermic transition observed by differential scanning calorimetry. The spectra of the interfacial and amorphous phases, obtained by subtraction, indicate a reduction in the amorphous content at anneal temperatures >100°C while the interfacial component appears to increase owing to recrystallization and the formation of more amorphous/crystal interfaces.