bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FINANCIAL LITERACY IN INDIA
Authors: Ali Prof. Syed , Jabeen Dr. Urooj Afshan
Published: June 2024

This chapter aims to know the status of financial literacy in India and the world,, state-wise, gender-wise differences and level of difference between general literacy and financial literacy in India, besides the economic importance of financial literacy and the steps taken for improvement in the financial literacy. The study used secondary data from different sources. The data were analyzed and conclusions drawn. The financial literacy rate in India ( 35 percent ) is slightly higher than the world average ( 33 percent). The financial literacy rate of all the states in India is much lower than the general literacy rate. All India general literacy rate is 77 percent but the financial literacy rate is 35 percent only. Women’s financial literacy rate is lower than the male. The study suggested that all the stake-holders, including policy makers, should educate and improve the level of financial literacy for bright financial decision-making, which is needed for economic growth. The study also suggested for developing global guidelines and standards for financial literacy and implements those rules and standards.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A MANUAL OPERATED PLASTIC MULCH LAYING MACHINE
Authors: Madhu Malathi K. , Sudhakar Reddy Er. P. , Balchand Dr. Ch.
Published: June 2024

Mulching involves the application of plastic sheeting around plants, yielding various benefits such as enhanced moisture retention, weed control, elevated soil temperature, reduced crop contamination, diminished soil compaction, improved germination rates, and water impermeability. Mulching is regarded as a superior water conservation method, particularly valuable in regions facing water scarcity. Diverse mulch materials, including organic and inorganic options, are utilized. Plastic mulches come in various thicknesses, sizes, and colours to suit specific requirements. Among these, black plastic sheeting stands out as an excellent choice for mulching. A manually operated mulch laying machine with a punching mechanism has been developed to streamline multiple tasks in a single pass. This machine not only lays plastic mulch but also firmly presses it onto the prepared bed, covers the edges of the mulch sheet, and creates punched holes at desired intervals simultaneously. It comprises two concave discs, two press wheels, and punching wheels for perforating the sheet where crops are planted. Mulch roll holders are affixed to the main frame for ease of use.The evaluation of the newly developed mechanized apparatus involved the utilization of 16-micron thick mulch paper, disc inclinations set at 30°, 35°, and 45° punch intervals of 400 mm and three distinct forward velocities (0.74, 0.936, and 1.125 km h-1). This evaluation aimed to investigate their impact on parameters such as effective field capacity, field efficiency and punching efficiency. The effective field capacity was determined to be 0.0618 ha hr-1. The manually operated mulch laying machine exhibited varying levels of field efficiency, registering percentages within the range of 82.6%, 83.4%, and 83.5% at different forward speeds. The punching efficiency of the manually operated mulch laying machine was found to be 81.5%. The optimal configuration involved the use of 16-micron thick mulch paper, a 45°disc angle, and an operational speed of 0.74 km h-1, demonstrating superior performance across all selected performance metrics when coupled with a 400 mm punch spacing.
ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE PRASEODYMIUM DOPED MULTIFERROIC COMPOSITES
Authors: Doley Hage
Published: June 2024

In this study Solid solution of (Ba5PrTi3V7O30)1-x(BiFeO3)xfor different values of x is fabricated using a high-temperature solid-state reaction technique. Basic crystal qualities are analyzed using XRD (X-Ray Diffract o gram). For x = 0.5, the crystal structure of the composite is Tetragonal. From SEM (SEM: JOEL-IT300) study it is found that there is an emergence of columnar shape grains as the content of BiFeO3 increases in the composite. Electrical properties such as Dielectric constant and loss tangent at various frequencies (4Hz-1000Hz) and at wide temperature ranges (RT-500°C) are measured using an Impedance analyzer (HIOKI-IM3536). All the sample was found to have ferroelectric characters and as BiFeO3 content increases the dielectric constant was found to decrease and the loss tangent increased. Magnetic measurement is done using PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) at a temperature range (of 10-350K). B-H hysteresis loop was detected at room temperature. It was found that the dielectric characteristic and magnetic property of solid solution improves when it is mixed with a ferroelectric material.
INVESTIGATING THE BINDING INTERACTIONS AND STABILITY OF MODIFICATIONS OF FURANOCOUMARINS TO CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 4 USING MOLECULAR DOCKING AND MD SIMULATIONS
Authors: Sarma Srutishree , Biswakarma Nishant , Basumatary Moumita , Kishor Gour Nand , Chandra Deka Ramesh
Published: June 2024

The cell-cycle regulator, CDK4 (Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4) is found to be hyperactive in cancer cells leading to unrestricted cell division. The established antagonists of CDK4 are associated with various toxicities in humans. Furanocoumarins produce chemotherapeutic effects in a variety of cancer cells including direct inhibition of CDK4. Thus, designing furanocoumarin derived compounds and evaluating their inhibitory behaviour against CDK4 is aimed to improve efficiencies of known inhibitors. In this study, we carried out 8 modifications by substituting the acetonide ring of a furanocoumarin oxypeucedanin hydrate acetonide to different positions of another furanocoumarin notopterol. Following this, we performed docking studies of these eight modifications to the ligand binding zone of CDK4, along with a well known inhibitor of the protein, abemaciclib which was used as the control. Thereafter, rank_1 and rank_2 of the best scored ligand- modification_7, along with abemaciclib were progressed to subsequent MD (Molecular Dynamics) simulations. The modifications bound to CDK4 with appreciable negative binding energies, modification_7 being the highest scored ligand, as obtained from molecular docking calculations. Modification_7 was reasonably stable inside the ligand binding pocket of CDK4 as obtained from MD simulations. This study contributes insights on the inhibitory tendencies of natural compound like molecules against cell-cycle related proteins, hence guiding experimentalists in inventing better inhibitors.
ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF HYDROCHLOROETHERS (HCES) INITIATED BY • OH, CL-ATOMS, AND • NO3: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Authors: Priya Kakati Udeshna , Bhattacharjee Banani , Kishor Gour Nand , Paul Subrata
Published: June 2024

In this chapter, we explored the atmospheric insight of the oxidation of hydrochloroethers (HCEs) initiated by •OH, Cl-atoms, and •NO3 species and explained how they influence the environment. In the modern era, HCEs have consistently attracted researchers and are broadly employed in laboratories and industries as an alkylating agent, protecting groups, etc. HCEs have been contemplated as the third-generation substitute for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Their appealing qualities such as high reactivity towards tropospheric oxidants, shorter atmospheric lifetimes, zero ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), and low global warming potentials (GWPs), may give a solution to the environmental concerns. They have already been used in several countries as potential substitutes for chemicals used in laboratories, as well as cleaners, varnishes, paints, and solvents for fats and oils, as well as in the production of insecticides. However, one must gauge these compounds’ atmospheric chemistry and impacts on the ecosystem before their widespread commercial application. This study systematically does a thorough evaluation of the existing literature concerning the kinetic studies on HCEs to show their reactivity towards oxidants and understand the possible degradation of oxidation product radicals formed. Moreover, understanding the findings of atmospheric implications like atmospheric lifetimes, and GWPs.
A REVIEW ON PERVASIVE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC ACIDS
Authors: Basumatary Moumita , Neog Shilpa , Sarma Srutishree , Kishor Gour Nand , Chandra Deka Ramesh
Published: June 2024

Emissions of volatile organic acids can cause detrimental impact on the air quality as well as risk to human health and environment. These organic acids are found all through the troposphere at high level concentration in the ppb range. In the forested and rural regions, divergent study reveals strong variations in volatile organic acids concentration, with a considerable decrease from summer to winter. The atmospheric sources of volatile organic acids comprise of mainly emissions from biogenic, anthropogenic and precursors photochemical transformation in the gaseous, particulate and aqueous phases. We also appraise the predominant sources of volatile organic acids, principal sinks of such compounds and their benefaction to tropospheric concentration for various environments. At the tropospheric level, these organic compounds are initiated with the atmospheric oxidants like hydroxyl (OH) radicals, ozone (O3) molecules, nitrate (NO3) radicals, chlorine (Cl) atoms and play a significant role in the lower region of the troposphere. In this review, moreover, the mechanism, kinetics and atmospheric lifetime of the tropospheric reactions of both the biogenic as well as anthropogenic organic acids are bestowed and discussed succinctly.
METAL ORGANIC FRAME WORKS
Authors: Varghese V Binsy
Published: June 2024

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of materials that consist of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic ligands to form ultra high porosity materials with enormous internal surface areas and highly structured frameworks. The extraordinary degree of variability for both the organic and inorganic components of their structures make MOFs tunable for potential applications in various fields. In the present review article a detailed discussion about primary and secondary building blocks of MOFs, classification of MOFs and methods of synthesis are included. The methods of Characterisation and factors which decide the stability, properties are also described. The applications of MOFs in various fields such as gas storage and separation, sensors, catalysis and biomedical field are also discussed.
NANOPARTICLES FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC REMEDIATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
Authors: Nageswara Rao Tentu , Prashanthi Y. , Manohranaidu Tentu
Published: June 2024

Photocatalytic pesticide degradation using nanoparticles is a promising technique for remediating contaminated water and soil. Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide nanoparticles can act as catalysts to accelerate the oxidation of organic pollutants by sunlight or artificial light sources. The process involves the formation of reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, which can degrade pesticide molecules into innocuous byproducts like carbon dioxide and water. Photocatalytic pesticide degradation using nanoparticles has several advantages over traditional methods, including low cost, high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and low secondary pollution. However, there are some challenges and limitations that must be addressed, such as the nanoparticles' stability, recyclability, and toxicity, the impact of water quality parameters, and the scale-up and integration of the technology.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND ACTION AGAINST MICROBS
Authors: Dewangan Yukti , Radha Krishnan Dr. , Piyush Kumar Thakur Dr.
Published: June 2024

Currently, treating infectious diseases caused by microorganisms resistant to antibiotics is a huge concern for the entire globe. Finding alternate methods to cure diseases caused by resistant infections are urgently needed. And the Well-known and effective antibacterial agents are silver nanoparticles. This summary includes a retrospective of earlier reviews that have been written as well as recent unique addition on the development of research on the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. The important subjects covered include bacterial resistance, cytoplasmic swelling (damage), Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) interaction, free radical production, release of Ag nanoparticles and Ag ions, and the link between resistance to Ag ions and resistance to AgNPs. The overview's main objective is to present a concise summary of the current idea of research on the antibacterial properties of AgNPs.
RECOVERY OF PRECIOUS AND OTHER METALS FROM ELECTRONIC WASTE: A REVIEW
Authors: Suhas Mr. , Monika Chaudhary Dr. , Chaudhary Shubham
Published: June 2024

Printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are essential parts of electronic equipment, are regarded as major e-waste sources that pollute our environment. These materials have a detrimental impact on the health of humans, animals, and plants since they are made up of hazardous heavy metals. To recover the valuable and eliminate the dangerous metals from e-waste, a number of physical and chemical methods have been used. The old physical and chemical methods of preventing the buildup of e-waste have been shown to have intrinsic disadvantages, such as the creation of hazardous gases and toxic byproducts. Additionally, the current environment places significant obstacles in the form of high execution costs and additional waste production from traditional approaches. By using environmentally friendly techniques like biosorption and bioleaching, these constraints may be circumvented. Consequently, this review's goal is to assess the potency of biosorption and bioleaching methods in recovering the metals from e-waste in addition to other techniques.
NANOSTRUCTURES
Authors: Bhattacharyya Soubhik , Sankar Chintapalli Gowri , Rani Behera Snigdha
Published: June 2024

Nanostructures are substances or objects with at least one dimension between one and one hundred nanometers. The production, evaluation, and practical application of nanostructures are the main focuses of the numerous areas of nanotechnology. They talk on the creation and utilisation of nanostructures that are frequently researched and applied in nanotechnology in this section of the book. Simple techniques like solutions processing and sophisticated ones like enhanced lithography are used to create nanostructures. Contemporary research endeavours in the realm of nanostructure development primarily focus on the exploration of fundamental material characteristics, encompassing mechanical, electrical, and optical properties at the nanoscale. Additionally, researchers aim to innovate fresh applications within several engineering disciplines. Furthermore, significant endeavors have been made in the realm of nanostructure creation. We explore several distinctive characteristics of nanostructures in this chapter and talk about the applications were most vigorously explored.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Authors: Sindhu Akinapally , Lavudya Sushma , Gopi Krishna B. , Shankariah G. , Bhagawan D. , Himabindu V.
Published: June 2024

Rapid urbanization and abrupt expansion of industrialization like textile, pharmaceutical, fertilizer, mining, tanneries, distilleries and landfill leachate which intern result in the generation of wastewater formation of diversified recalcitrant and compounds. Owing to their low biodegradability index, the wastewater containing the recalcitrant compounds cannot be treated with the biological methods. Therefore, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have to adopt other than the conventional treatment methods to treat the wastewaters prior the discharge into the streams. Initially, AOPs were applied for potable water treatment in 1980s by generating and utilizing hydroxyl and sulfate radicals. These radicals are strong oxidants which can easily degrade the recalcitrant compounds in wastewaters or increase the biodegradability index. The AOPs which are used are Fenton oxidation, electrooxidation, electrocoagulation, hydrodynamic cavitation, ozonation and sonication. The AOPs when clubbed with biological methods for treatment can yield higher efficiencies for degrading the recalcitrant compounds. In this chapter, the main objective is to summarize how different AOPs and biological methods work with wastewater treatment.
ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NANOMATERIALS
Authors: Bhawana K. Madavi Ms.
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of analytical strategies used to assess the environmental impacts of nanomaterials. It covers fate and transport, ecotoxicological assessment, sampling, sample preparation, nanomaterial characterization, risk assessment, and regulatory considerations. Real-world case studies and future directions in the field are also discussed. Analytical strategies play a crucial role in understanding nanomaterial behaviour and toxicity, ensuring responsible use to protect human health and the environment.
SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF PURE AND Cu DOPED ZnS NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Kalaiselvi N. , Madhu K. U.
Published: June 2024

The structural and electrical parameters of both pure and copper doped ZnS nanoparticles are reported in this paper. The nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. The influence of the dopant on the structural behavior was examined by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The dielectric constant(εr), dielectric loss factor(tanδ), and the electrical conductivity measurements were carried out for the pure and doped samples.
ADVANCEMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MATERIAL SCIENCE
Authors: Saravanan M. , Vetha Potheher I.
Published: June 2024

Nanoscience investigates phenomena at the nanometer scale, unveiling unique material behaviors in this miniature realm. Emerging as a recent field, nanotechnology utilizes this knowledge to engineer and manipulate at the nanoscale. Despite its recent inception, nanotechnology's concepts are still evolving, with nonscientists and nanotechnologists collaboratively exploring this uncharted territory. This essay adopts a broad definition of nanotechnology, encompassing various aspects of manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular levels. While nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field, it draws upon established sciences like physics, chemistry, biology, and quantum mechanics that have long explored the intricacies of atoms and molecules. This chapter aims to provide insights into the evolving landscape of nanotechnology, emphasizing the convergence of nanoscience and technology in the pursuit of innovative solutions.
SOLUBILLITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCING THE SOLUBILITY OF DAPSONE
Authors: Usha M. , Sankeerthana P. , Jayasri R. , Niharika S. , Madhuri S. , Krishna Sailaja Dr. A.
Published: June 2024

Dapsone is antibacterial medication which is used in the treatment of leprosy and dermatological conditions like dermatitis herpetiformis. It belongs to a sulfones class of drugs. It belongs to class-2 drug of BCS which has low solubility and high permeability. The main aim of the study is to develop different formulations of dapsone to increase the solubility and bioavailability. The different techniques for improving, solvent evaporation method, fusion method, nanosuspension, Micronization . The prepared product was evaluated for drug content, solubility and melting point. The formulations are prepared by each technique. The formulations were developed by nanoprecipitation, micronisation, solvent evaporation and fusion method and nanosuspension technique. Out of the all formulations, optimised formulation prepared by nanoprecipitation exhibiting drug content of 88.3% and solubility has been increased to 96%. Optimised formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method exhibiting drug content of 90% and solubility has been increased to 102%. Optimised formulation prepared by fusion method exhibiting drug content of 113% and solubility has been increased to 116%. Optimised formulation prepared by micronisation method exhibiting drug content of 112% and solubility has been increased to 88%. Optimised formulation prepared by nanosuspension method exhibiting drug content of 100% and solubility has been increased to 92.5%.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF RESIDUAL CHLORO-LIGNIN USING NANOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Saini Parul , Chitranshi Rishabh , Dutta Rajiv
Published: June 2024

The contamination of chloro-lignin in the environment poses significant ecological threats due to its persistence and toxic nature. Traditional methods of remediation have shown limited success in dealing with this hazardous pollutant. However, recent advancements in bioremediation techniques utilizing non-particles have demonstrated promising results. This chapter explores the various innovative approaches for bio-remediation of residual chloro-lignin, with a focus on the use of non-particles.
ELECTRO-ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: ADDING NEW DIMENSIONS TO SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Authors: Baruah Ashitosh , Pratim Boruah Partha
Published: June 2024

In comparison to conventional methods, organic electro-synthesis produces less waste, uses fewer chemicals, and frequently requires fewer stages in the reaction process. This has garnered a lot of attention as a potent green tool for synthesis. Even with all the benefits, there is still a hurdle preventing the broad use of this knowledge-based technology. This has led to a knowledge gap between experienced electrochemists and those new in the field. This chapter therefore focuses on providing a general overview of the new emerging research field and motivating researchers to investigate this topic, since it deserves more exploration in today's green movement. The authors believe that the readers will develop a keen interest of the topic after reading the chapter.
A REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF COPPER CATALYZED AZIDE ALKYNE CLICK CHEMISTRY IN POSTMODIFICATION OF POLYMERS
Authors: D. Jadhav Suraj , S. Ankushrao Sanjay , S. Patil Yuvraj , A. Ghanwat Anil
Published: June 2024

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the progress of polymers through modification into graft copolymers. Click chemistry was used to synthesize graft copolymers, mostly through the Copper catalyzed Azide-Alkyne cycloaddition process, in order to get a high yield of product quickly. For postmodification, the clickable group on the polymer backbone was grafted by different polymer or chains. This succinct review emphasizes the most recent research on grafted copolymers produced by copper catalyzed azide alkyne click chemistry.
NANOSTRUCTURES
Authors: Suhail Atif
Published: June 2024

In the past years, the concept of artificially designing distinct surface morphologies at the nanoscale was deemed challenging and impractical. However, recent advancements in materials chemistry and engineering have revolutionized the field of materials science, enabling the manipulation and design of materials at the molecular and atomic levels. This progress has led to the emergence of real-time and commercial applications of quantum physics and quantum materials in various aspects of our everyday lives. Notably, devices based on quantum dots have gained popularity in nanotechnology-based industries.Inspired by the possibility of molecular manipulation and surface engineering at the nanoscale, material scientists have successfully designed unique nanostructures of one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) with special physical and chemical properties. These nanostructures, including nanobelts, nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanoplates, nanoneedles, nano-dumbbells, nanodots, nanowires, nanorices, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoflowers, have found extensive engineering applications as sensors, catalysts, nanodevices, optoelectronics, magnetic materials, drug delivery systems, and more.This book chapter concentrates on synthesis and applications of various 1D and 2D nanostructure materials such as nanorods, nanoflowers, nanotubes, and nanosheets based on various materials like gold, nickel, iron, zinc, molybdenum, titanium, stannous, bismuth, copper, and others. Nanostructures such as nanotubes, nanoflowers, nanorods, and nanosheets of these materials are discussed, along with their respective synthesis protocols and characterization using FESEM and TEM imaging. Key applications of these nanostructures are highlighted, and recent updates, new nanosystems, and references are provided for further exploration.
DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOUR OF CUO NANOPARTICLES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: N. Hegde Vinayakprasanna
Published: June 2024

Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were created through the solution combustion technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed to ascertain the crystal structure and crystallite size of these particles. Furthermore, the dielectric properties of CuO nanoparticles were examined at both room temperature and elevated temperatures. The investigation encompassed the evaluation of ac conductivity (σ_dc), dielectric constant (k), tan d and electric modulus (M) with respect to changes in frequency and temperature. The findings revealed that the dielectric characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant dependence on both frequency and temperature.
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE FERRITES
Authors: Smita Tolani Ms. , Kishorchandra Rewatkar Dr.
Published: June 2024

In this review, we have focused on reciprocal and non- reciprocal wave new generation ferrite microwave devices which are low cost, smaller in size, efficient, with enhanced compatibility. Ferrite-based microwave components, such as isolators, circulators, filters, phase shifters, etc., will be in high demand in the coming years. These electronic components lead to improved assembly integration, planar circuit designs and enhanced systems.
POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES FOR TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: Biswajit Sarma Dr. , Anup Malakar Dr. , Kajal Dutta Dr.
Published: June 2024

Polymeric nanoparticles are found to have high potential for drug delivery for the treatment of various diseases. Polymeric materials are suitable for drug delivery because of their high possibilities of surface modifications. Polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and vesicles etc. are used for polymeric drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable interest over recent years due to their properties resulting from their small size. Advantages of polymeric NPs as drug carriers include their potential use for controlled release, the ability to protect drug and other molecules with biological activity against the environment, improve their bioavailability and therapeutic index. The term “nanoparticle” comprises both nanocapsules and nanospheres, which differ with respect to their morphology. Because of their gene loading capacity, stability and tunable properties polymeric materials have emerged as potential carrier in formulating a efficient gene delivery system. To ensure appropriate release of the gene as well as easy removal of the carrier after gene release, selection of polymeric materials is vital. Polymeric-based nanoparticles have an incredible potential to combat the novel coronavirus illness (COVID-19) due to their intrinsic competitive advantages. Polymeric Nanoparticle because of their small size, have distinct properties compared to the bulk form of the same material, thus offering many new developments in the fields of biosensors, biomedicine, and bio nanotechnology. In this review article we have mainly discussed about the application of polymeric nanoparticles in the field of drug delivery for various common diseases.
ACIDO BASIC EQUILIBRIA OF NON-TOXIC, DITOPIC AZELAIC AND TEREPHTHALIC ACID DIHYDRAZIDES & AMINO ACIDS PROLINE AND LYSINE IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM
Authors: Nirmala Devi Danabala Dr. , Satyanarayana Prof A. , Umarani Bhagavathula Dr. , Shyamala Dr. P
Published: June 2024

Many biological reactions, including the enzyme catalysis depend on the pH of the biological fluids. This is due to the pH-dependent activity of biomolecules that possess acidic and basic chemical groups. For example, an enzyme must be ready to lose or gain a proton at a particular instant during a biological reaction. It must also revert to the original protonation state to regenerate the active enzyme. This requires a match between the pKa of the corresponding chemical group and the ambient pH, which is one of the fundamental physiological variables. Therefore, determination of the pKa values of various protonation equilibria of a biologically important molecule is vital in understanding its in vivo behaviour. Computation of pKa values is challenging if the molecule possesses a number of protonation states with overlapping equilibria. Further, in the case of molecules containing homotopic chemical groups, association or ionization of proton at one centre affects the other. Accurate determination of protonation equilibria therefore requires meticulous data acquisition followed by analysis using efficient algorithms.
CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF NICOTINIUM P-TOLUENESULFONATE MONOHYDRATE (NPT) CRYSTAL
Authors: Suminda Ms. , Bidkin Igor , Sonia Dr.
Published: June 2024

Researchers have shown considerable enthusiasm for investigating novel organic materials that have the potential to show pharmaceutical and nonlinear optical (NLO) effects. Due to its vital function in effectively treating human illnesses, nicotinic acid, a key hydrophilic molecule included under the vitamin B complex, has garnered considerable attention in the pharmaceutical sector. During the current investigation, a good quality nicotinium p-toluenesulfonate monohydrate (NPT) single crystal was obtained with the help of SEST by taking equimolar amounts of nicotinic acid (NA) along with p-toluenesulfonic acid. Structural characterization of NPT was performed by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) and the structure was found well in accordance with the literature. The performance of NPT was assessed using various techniques. These investigations confirm its potential as a highly promising material with significant implications for a diverse range of applications in the field of nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.
ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED 1, 8-NAPHTHYRIDINYL HETEROCYCLES
Authors: Shireesha Kavati , Kavitha Siddoju Dr. , Kumara Swamy Jella Dr.
Published: June 2024

Due to the utility of these composites as medicines, heterocyclic chemistry is veritably important to medicinal druggists. Multitudinous heterocyclic substances are being used as medicinal agents and are also necessary for mortal life. 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivations Are a Significant Class of Heterocyclic Chemicals Due to Their Wide Range of Natural Conduct. Numerous 1,8- naphthyridine derivations were created as a result of nalidixic acid's remarkable clinical effectiveness as an antibacterial medicine.
INVESTIGATION OF ZINC COBALTITE (ZNCO2O4) AS A HOLE TRANSPORT LAYER (HTL) FOR PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELL
Authors: Rummaja I. D. , Idris M. I. , Napiah Z. A. F. , Norddin N. , Rashid M.
Published: June 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent an economically viable and efficient photovoltaic alternative to conventional silicon solar cells, boasting attributes like remarkable mobility, direct bandgap, prolonged carrier lifespan, and robust light absorption. Nonetheless, the conventional materials applied for the holes transport layer (HTL) in PSCs, such as PEDOT:PSS, SPIRO-OMETAD, and copper(I) iodide, grapple with durability issues and diminished carrier mobility. In response, Zinc Cobaltite (ZnCO2O4), renowned for its hole transport capabilities, expansive optical bandgap, and amenable solution processability, emerges as a promising contender for HTL replacement. Through synergistic application of OghmaNano software simulations and the Taguchi method, scrutiny was directed towards the FTO/TiO2/CsPbI3/ZnCO2O4/Au device configuration. By manipulating the ZnCO2O4 layer thickness, optimization was achieved, leading to a commendable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.23% at a ZnCO2O4 thickness of 300nm. Robustly supported by ANOVA analysis, the paramount influence on PCE was attributed to ZnCO2O4 thickness as the HTL, followed by environmental temperature and ZnCO2O4's bandgap. Significantly, ZnCO2O4 thickness wielded an impactful 70% effect on PCE, underscoring its potential to catalyze enhanced PCE through targeted adjustments in thickness.
ERRORS AND TYPES OF ERRORS
Authors: Tejeswara Rao Voonna Dr.
Published: June 2024

An inverse indicator of a result's correctness is its error. The outcome is more accurate the less inaccuracy there is. The difference between the correct value and the observed value is the mathematical definition of error
SAMPLING
Authors: Tejeswara Rao Voonna Dr.
Published: June 2024

Sample size, sampling unit, gross sample, laboratory sample, homogeneous and heterogeneous samples, statistical standards for good sampling, and sampling basis and purpose are all covered.The BCone and quartering method, the long pile and alternate shovel method, the safeguards for maintaining solid samples, and the sampling of metals and other solids—particularly gold, silver, iron, and other metals—as well as rods, wires, sheets, and plates.
TIME THEORY IN MANAGEMENT
Authors: G. Chauhan Mr. Rakeshkumar
Published: June 2024

In management, time theory is presented as a dynamic paradigm that views time as a strategic resource affecting decision-making, productivity, and an organization's overall course. For managers to effectively navigate the complexity of the management environment, they must become proficient in time management, adjust timing strategies to the situation, and comprehend the psychological aspects of time. Time theory shows up as a useful instrument that opens doors to productivity, creativity, and successful organizations.
A BRIEF REVIEW ON CANCER: RADIOTHERAPY AS A TREATMENT MODALITY ALONG WITH ITS ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Kaushik Dr. Apaar
Published: June 2024

Cancer is a group of disorders where abnormal cells start growing at an exponentially high rate with or without initiation of the cell cycle, and not even checked at the different checkpoints of the cell cycle. Cell cycle comprises of two phases: interphase and mitotic phase.
SNAKE ENVENOMATION & NOVEL THERAPEUTICS
Authors: R Dr. Harish , Biradar Dr. Gururaj , K S Mrs. Vidhya , S Dr. Ashakiran , Doddamane Dr. Kotresh
Published: June 2024

Snakes are poikilothermic vertebrates. Snake venom is recognized as one of the most complex toxins found in the world. Comprising a multifaceted blend of peptides, polypeptides, enzymes, glycoproteins, and various other components, snake venom exhibits the potential for a wide range of toxicological impacts. Snakebite envenomation remains a significant global health issue, particularly in regions where venomous snake populations are prevalent. In recent years, the field of nanomedicine has emerged as a promising avenue for overcoming these challenges. This chapter explores the potential of nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic strategy for neutralizing snake venom in humans. The concept revolves around utilizing engineered nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for venom-neutralizing agents. These nanoparticles can be functionalized with specific targeting ligands to ensure efficient localization at the site of venom injection. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can be designed to encapsulate or conjugate venom-neutralizing compounds, such as small molecules, peptides, or antibodies, enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. This chapter outlines the current state of research in nanoparticle-based snakebite treatment, including various nanoparticle formulations, venom-neutralizing agents, and preclinical studies. It also highlights the potential challenges and considerations associated with this approach, such as nanoparticle toxicity, immunogenicity, and regulatory approval. In conclusion, the application of nanoparticles for neutralizing snake venom in humans holds great promise for addressing the limitations of current snakebite treatments.
FUTURE OF PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS
Authors: Ghosh Poulamee
Published: June 2024

Probiotics and prebiotics are the emerging topics in today’s world. Traditionally probiotics were used in protecting the gut flora but there are various research that proves that probiotics can show other beneficial effects too. Prebiotics are those foods that helps in growth and activity of the beneficial bacteria and fungi. In this chapter, the author will elaborate on the various kinds of probiotics and prebiotics which will help the food and pharmacological market to grow in the world. However, the interested reader is also referred to the references listed at the end of this chapter for developing a more holistic notion of this subject.
ADVANCED PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS PROBLEMS IN DOWN SYNDROME
Authors: J. Ayesha Dr. , Chetan Dr. G. Sai
Published: June 2024

In the past, physiotherapy for individuals with Down syndrome often focused primarily on addressing physical impairments such as hypotonia (low muscle tone) and joint laxity. Therapeutic interventions typically included exercises aimed at improving muscle strength, balance, and motor skills. However, as understanding of Down syndrome has deepened, physiotherapy approaches have become more holistic and person-centered.In the past, physiotherapy for individuals with Down syndrome often focused primarily on addressing physical impairments such as hypotonia (low muscle tone) and joint laxity. Therapeutic interventions typically included exercises aimed at improving muscle strength, balance, and motor skills. However, as understanding of Down syndrome has deepened, physiotherapy approaches have become more holistic and person-centered.In the past, physiotherapy for individuals with Down syndrome often focused primarily on addressing physical impairments such as hypotonia (low muscle tone) and joint laxity. Therapeutic interventions typically included exercises aimed at improving muscle strength, balance, and motor skills. However, as understanding of Down syndrome has deepened, physiotherapy approaches have become more holistic and person-centered.Contemporary physiotherapy for individuals with Down syndrome emphasizes early intervention and individualized care. Therapists assess each person's unique strengths, challenges, and goals, tailoring interventions to optimize physical function, independence, and quality of life. This approach encompasses a wide range of strategies, including strength training, mobility exercises, sensory integration techniques, and adaptive equipment recommendations.
LATEST ADVANCEMENT IN MINI IMPLANTS
Authors: Paul Dr. Rahul , Yadav Dr. Deepti , Sharma Dr. Ish Kumar , Sairal Dr. Anudeep
Published: June 2024

Orthodontic Anchorage Reinforcement with Mini-Implants Orthodontic treatment often relies on anchorage, the means by which force is applied to teeth for movement. Traditional methods have limitations, leading to the development of mini- implants, also known as temporary anchorage devices (TADs). These devices offer advantages such as enhanced stability, reduced treatment time, and expanded treatment options compared to traditional anchorage methods. Introduction to Mini-Implants Mini-implants are small screws implanted into the bone to provide anchorage for orthodontic forces. Unlike traditional implants, they do not require osseointegration and rely on mechanical retention within the bone. Mini-implants have dimensions ranging from 1.5-2mm in diameter and 6-10mm in length. They are primarily made of titanium, providing strength and biocompatibility. Advantages of Mini-Implants Mini-implants offer several advantages over traditional anchorage methods. They provide absolute anchorage, meaning they are stable and do not rely on patient compliance. This stability leads to more consistent treatment outcomes. Additionally, mini-implants can be placed at various locations in the maxilla and mandible to address different types of malocclusion. Types and Placement of Mini-Implants There are two main types of mini-implants: micro-implants and bone screws. Micro-implants are inserted between teeth, while bone screws are placed externally, typically in regions with excellent bone quality. Bone screws are larger in size and made of stainless steel for increased stability. Complications and Success Rates While complications with mini-implants are rare, they can include gingival overgrowth and screw loosening. Proper dental hygiene and screw design can mitigate these risks. Compared to micro-implants, bone screws offer greater stability and success rates due to their larger size and placement in areas with better bone quality. Nanotechnology in Temporary Anchorage Devices Nanotechnology holds promise for improving temporary anchorage devices by enhancing their antibacterial properties and reducing inflammation. Surface modifications using nanoparticles can prevent peri-implantitis and improve patient comfort during treatment. Orthodontic Applications of Mini-Implants Mini-implants are used in various orthodontic procedures, including molar distalization and maxillary protraction. They provide skeletal anchorage, reducing reliance on patient cooperation and minimizing unintended tooth movement. Mini-implants offer a non-surgical, non-extraction treatment approach with predictable outcomes. Future Directions Continued research into mini-implants and their applications is needed to optimize treatmentoutcomes and minimize complications. Advances in nanotechnology may further enhance the effectiveness and safety of temporary anchorage devices. With ongoing innovation, mini- implants have the potential to revolutionize orthodontic treatment and improve patient care.
ESSENTIALS ON GUIDED BONE REGENERATION (GBR)
Authors: S Blesson Dr. Ashida
Published: June 2024

Guided Bone Regeneration, a recent therapeutic advancement for regaining the lost bone structure for further implant placement. Various authors during the last three decades have used barrier membranes for creating space for regeneration. This procedure is based on the principle of that of Guided Tissue Regeneration. For successful results of this therapy, two main components are necessary: barrier membranes (for creating space) and bone graft materials which act as core for bone formation. In the course of time, these components have been advanced for better results. The procedure of Guided Bone Regeneration, initiates with an incision and is followed by the placement of membrane and graft. Procedural complications as well as post-operative complications need to be avoided which is possible by following the prescibed technique. This technique has been proved to be a successful way to regenerate the resorbed bone and hence leading to successful implant placement.
DOSAGE FORM DESIGN
Authors: S. Mishra Dr. Suchitra , Kharwade Dr. Rohini
Published: June 2024

The best drug in the treatment of any disease is one that immediately meets the need for the drug in the blood (or site of action) and remains constant throughout the recovery period. This can be done by administering the dosage at a certain dose and a certain frequency. Therefore, a drug can be used in different ways for different types of drugs. Information about various drugs has changed and evolved rapidly over the past few years with the advent of new technologies. Recently, new ideas and government regulations regarding bioavailability, bioequivalence and validation are affecting the development, modifications and production of drug formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of drug have a significant impact on safeness and compitancy. Poor physical properties often lead to difficulties in establishing dose-response relationships (SARs) and a lack of compitancy in clinical trials. This could lead to further changes in capacity throughout the development process, higher medical costs, and worst of all, the abandonment of late diagnostic tests. Knowing the basic physical and chemical characteristics helps to isolate and eliminate probes so that molecular defects can be modified or corrected at the design stage. The purpose of this chapter is to present the facts and details on the production of quantitative data, the important physical properties of selected molecules and how these properties can be analyzed and incorporated into research, the visualization and development of the final dose.
FUTURISTIC TRENDS IN DENTISTRY
Authors: Shunmugavelu Dr. Karthik , Dhinakaran Dr. Evangeline Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is taking hold in public health, especially in dentistry because everyone are looking to make a diagnosis using technology that allows them to work faster and accurately, reducing the costs, less time consuming and the less count in number of medical errors. Artificial Intelligence has proved to be a boon in the field of health care and in dentistry. In the future, AI-based comprehensive care systems are expected to have high-quality patient care and help researchers know and treat more about diseases. Even though there are some misconceptions and limitations about Artificial Intelligence, it continues to be successful due to its advantages in providing exact and accurate results. Along with AI, certain trends are in use, like 3D printing, Teledentistry, Machine Learning, and Smart Dental Devices. These are just a few of the many ways that technology is changing dentistry. As technology continues to advance, there will be more innovative and ground breaking developments in this field in the coming years. Albert Einstein said, “Imagination is the highest form of research.” so one needs to be National Dental Thinker providing innovative Dental Solutions. Nanotechnology, stem cells, and gene therapy are also innovative methods that are used in dentistry. This review describes few present and future applications of all the above trends in dentistry.
DIET AND BEHAVIOUR AMONG PEOPLE WITH NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES: A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Annadurai Dr. Kabilan
Published: June 2024

From the standpoint of public health, this chapter examines the complex interaction that exists between behavior, nutrition, and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). In order to guarantee a higher quality of life, the preamble highlights the significant influence of nutrition on NCDs, including diabetes, cardiovascular illnesses and cancer. It also highlights the necessity of early intervention. Alarming data on NCD-related mortality worldwide are shown in the epidemiological burden section, with an emphasis on diabetes, cancer, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The chapter explores metabolic risk variables, emphasizing the role that obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia play in NCDs. It talks about the complex relationship that exists between high cholesterol, diabetes, and the development of diabetic neuropathy. Additionally, the impact of dietary choices and other lifestyle factors on cholesterol levels is investigated. There is a discussion of how food consumption behavior affects non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with a focus on how changes in global dietary patterns affect the development of NCDs. The scientific evidence section sheds light on the connection between diet and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), supporting plant-based diets, increasing intake of fruits and vegetables and highlighting the dangers of processed and red meat. The utilization of cutting-edge technology, heart-healthy meals and physical activity are all recommended as prevention and management measures in detail. In order to improve diets, the chapter ends with a discussion of basic relaxing techniques and an argument for population-based approaches to policy making. It highlights how urgent it is to address bad eating habits because they are a major global cause of mortality and disability and encourages cooperation across stakeholders in order to put evidence-based policy solutions into practice.