bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal assessment of dust loading over the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Gherboudj Imen , Ghedira Hosni
Published: May 2014

Evaluation of the spatiotemporal distribution of dust loading over the UAE is a great challenge because of its dependence on many climatic parameters and surface features. Indeed, the region has the world's largest confluences of natural and anthropogenic dust emissions. Those being the case, ground‐based and remotely sensed data are used conjointly to characterize the dust loading at both local and large scales. The ground‐based measurements comprise AERONET aerosol optical properties measurements represented by the aerosol optical thickness (AOT870) and Angstrom component (α500/870) collected at high temporal resolution between 2004 and 2007 over several stations. The remotely sensed data consists of diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) estimated from retrieved MSG/SEVRI images using Helioclim‐III (CEP: Centre for Energy and Processes, MINES ParisTech) or Artificial Neural Network (ReCREMA: Research Center for Renewable Energy Mapping and Assessment, MASDAR Institute) from 2004 to 2010 over the same locations. On correlating the monthly average DHI estimates to the monthly AOT870 measurements, higher correlation was found with the ReCREMA products rather compared to the Helioclim‐III products. Therefore, the monthly AOT870 and α500/870 values have been retrieved from the available DHI estimates over the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The resulting maps offer a clear guide to patterns of the monthly dust severity variability. Temporally, the dust loading occur mainly during the March–May/June–August (MAM/JJA) period where the obtained monthly AOT870 and Angstrom component (α500/870) can both reach an approximate value of ∼0.6. Spatially, the dust loading over the region follow the climatic parameters with almost homogeneous distribution expected between May and July where AOT870 and α500/870 exhibit high large‐scale spatial variability. On the basis of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and ground‐based wind speed and direction data, the dust blows mainly from the southwest/southeast and the northeast sides.
Detection of relaxin receptor in the dorsoradial ligament, synovium, and articular cartilage of the trapeziometacarpal joint
Authors: Clifton Kari B. , Rodner Craig , Wolf Jennifer Moriatis
Published: May 2014

Basilar thumb osteoarthritis (OA) is postulated to occur due to ligament attenuation of the trapeziometacarpal (TM) joint. Relaxin is a peptide hormone, which loosens ligaments before childbirth, through remodeling of the extracellular matrix via upregulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). We postulated that relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP‐1), the receptor for circulating relaxin, was present in tissues of the TM joint. Ligaments and synovium were sampled from 15 patients during surgery for TM arthritis. We obtained trapezial cartilage from two autopsy donors and four patients. Tissues were fixed, paraffin embedded, and sectioned at 5 µm, then were immunostained for RXFP‐1, as well as MMP‐1, and MMP‐13, using rabbit anti‐human polyclonal antibodies. Eight DRL samples showed positive immunostaining for relaxin receptor, with 14/15 positively stained in synovium. Greater staining was seen in specimens obtained from women with more severe TM arthritis. Trapezial cartilage demonstrated receptor staining within chondrocytes in the middle and deep zones. Immunostaining for MMPs co‐localized with relaxin receptor staining. Relaxin receptors are present at the ligament, cartilage, and synovium of the TM joint, indicating that it is a potential target for relaxin. This suggests that circulating relaxin may impact joint stability. The role of relaxin in cartilage and synovium may be related to its role in collagen regulation as a possible tissue response to OA. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1061–1067, 2014.
Oscillation criteria for higher order nonlinear dynamic equations
Authors: Grace Said R. , Hassan Taher S.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we will consider the higher‐order functional dynamic equations of the form

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201300157:equation:mana201300157-math-0001on an above‐unbounded time scale , where and , . The function is a rd‐continuous function such that . The results extend and improve some known results in the literature on higher order nonlinear dynamic equations.
Engineering Aqueous Fiber Assembly into Silk‐Elastin‐Like Protein Polymers
Authors: Zeng Like , Jiang Linan , Teng Weibing , Cappello Joseph , Zohar Yitshak , Wu Xiaoyi
Published: May 2014

Self‐assembled peptide/protein nanofibers are valuable 1D building blocks for creating complex structures with designed properties and functions. It is reported that the self‐assembly of silk‐elastin‐like protein polymers into nanofibers or globular aggregates in aqueous solutions can be modulated by tuning the temperature of the protein solutions, the size of the silk blocks, and the charge of the elastin blocks. A core‐sheath model is proposed for nanofiber formation, with the silk blocks in the cores and the hydrated elastin blocks in the sheaths. The folding of the silk blocks into stable cores—affected by the size of the silk blocks and the charge of the elastin blocks—plays a critical role in the assembly of silk‐elastin nanofibers. Furthermore, enhanced hydrophobic interactions between the elastin blocks at elevated temperatures greatly influence the nanoscale features of silk‐elastin nanofibers.

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Abrogation of STAT3 signaling cascade by zerumbone inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma xenograft mouse model
Authors: Shanmugam Muthu K. , Rajendran Peramaiyan , Li Feng , Kim Chulwon , Sikka Sakshi , Siveen Kodappully Sivaraman , Kumar Alan Prem , Ahn Kwang Seok , Sethi Gautam
Published: May 2014

Persistent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of the characteristic features of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and often linked to its deregulated proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. In the present report, we investigated whether zerumbone, a sesquiterpene, exerts its anticancer effect through modulation of STAT3 activation pathway. The pharmacological effect of zerumbone on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases and phosphatase, and apoptosis was investigated using both RCC cell lines and xenograft mouse model. We observed that zerumbone suppressed STAT3 activation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in RCC cells. The suppression was mediated through the inhibition of activation of upstream kinases c‐Src, Janus‐activated kinase 1, and Janus‐activated kinase 2. Pervanadate treatment reversed zerumbone‐induced downregulation of STAT3, suggesting the involvement of a tyrosine phosphatase. Indeed, we found that zerumbone induced the expression of tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 that correlated with its ability to inhibit STAT3 activation. Interestingly, deletion of SHP‐1 gene by siRNA abolished the ability of zerumbone to inhibit STAT3 activation. The inhibition of STAT3 activation by zerumbone also caused the suppression of the gene products involved in proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Finally, when administered i.p., zerumbone inhibited STAT3 activation in tumor tissues and the growth of human RCC xenograft tumors in athymic nu/nu mice without any side effects. Overall, our results suggest for the first time that zerumbone is a novel blocker of STAT3 signaling cascade and thus has an enormous potential for the treatment of RCC and other solid tumors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probing signal amplification by reversible exchange using an NMR flow system
Authors: Mewis Ryan E. , Atkinson Kevin D. , Cowley Michael J. , Duckett Simon B. , Green Gary G. R. , Green Richard A. , Highton Louise A. R. , Kilgour David , Lloyd Lyrelle S. , Lohman Joost A. B. , Williamson David C.
Published: May 2014

Hyperpolarization methods are used in NMR to overcome its inherent sensitivity problem. Herein, the biologically relevant target nicotinamide is polarized by the hyperpolarization technique signal amplification by reversible exchange. We illustrate how the polarization transfer field, and the concentrations of parahydrogen, the polarization‐transfer‐catalyst and substrate can be used to maximize signal amplification by reversible exchange effectiveness by reference to the first‐order spin system of this target. The catalyst is shown to be crucial in this process, first by facilitating the transfer of hyperpolarization from parahydrogen to nicotinamide and then by depleting the resulting polarized states through further interaction. The 15 longitudinal one, two, three and four spin order terms produced are rigorously identified and quantified using an automated flow apparatus in conjunction with NMR pulse sequences based on the only parahydrogen spectroscopy protocol. The rates of build‐up of these terms were shown to follow the order four~three > two > single spin; this order parallels their rates of relaxation. The result of these competing effects is that the less‐efficiently formed single‐spin order terms dominate at the point of measurement with the two‐spin terms having amplitudes that are an order of magnitude lower. We also complete further measurements to demonstrate that 13C NMR spectra can be readily collected where the long‐lived quaternary 13C signals appear with significant intensity. These are improved upon by using INEPT. In summary, we dissect the complexity of this method, highlighting its benefits to the NMR community and its applicability for high‐sensitivity magnetic resonance imaging detection in the future. © 2014 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of magnification on sonographically measured nerve cross‐sectional area
Authors: Jelsing Elena J. , Presley James C. , Maida Eugene , Hangiandreou Nicholas J. , Smith Jay
Published: May 2014

Introduction: The primary aim of this investigation was to determine whether use of write‐zoom magnification affects sonographically determined cross‐sectional area (CSA) of peripheral nerves. Methods: CSAs of the median (MN) and posterior interosseous (PIN) nerves were measured in 22 limbs from 11 asymptomatic volunteers using both standard imaging and write‐zoom magnification. CSA measurements were repeated on the same images 1 week later. Results: The average CSA of write‐zoomed images for the MN was significantly larger at both measurement sessions (week 1: 11.1 mm2 write‐zoom vs. 10.0 mm2 standard, P = 0.019; week 2: 11.8 mm2 vs. 10.4 mm2, P = 0.023). Similar differences were noted for the PIN (week 1: 2.3 mm2 vs. 1.9 mm2, P = 0.002; week 2: 2.5 mm2 vs. 1.9 mm2, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Write‐zoom magnification may significantly increase the measured CSA of peripheral nerves. These changes appear to be more substantial when smaller nerves are measured. Muscle Nerve 51: 30–34, 2015
Intact muscle compartment exposed to botulinum toxin type a shows compromised intermuscular mechanical interaction
Authors: Yucesoy Can A. , Turkoğlu Ahu Nur , Umur Sevgi , Ateş Filiz
Published: May 2014

Introduction: We tested the hypothesis that BTX‐A diminishes epimuscular myofascial force transmission (EMFT) within an intact muscle compartment. Methods: The tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscles were kept at constant length, whereas the position of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was changed exclusively. Two groups of Wistar rats were tested: a control group (no BTX‐A injected) and a BTX group (0.1 unit of BTX‐A injected into the mid‐belly of TA). Results: In controls, distally altered EDL position affected EDL distal and proximal forces and proximodistal force differences, indicating substantial EMFT. In the BTX group, EDL forces measured at the most proximal position did not change significantly with altered muscle position, and EDL proximodistal force differences became minimized. Conclusions: Use of BTX‐A diminishes EMFT. It may be relevant clinically that BTX‐A compromises intermuscular mechanical interaction, as recent studies have shown that such an interaction plays a role in the abnormal mechanics of spastic muscle. Muscle Nerve 51: 106–116, 2015
Anatomical study of the iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and genitofemoral nerves using high‐resolution ultrasound
Authors: Tagliafico Alberto , Bignotti Bianca , Cadoni Angela , Perez Maribel Miguel , Martinoli Carlo
Published: May 2014

Introduction: In this study we aimed to determine whether high‐resolution ultrasound (US) can identify the iliohypogastric (IH), ilioinguinal (II), and genitofemoral (GF) nerves and their relations. Methods: This investigation, initially undertaken in cadavers, was followed by a high‐resolution US study in 30 healthy adult volunteers (180 nerves) by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists on separate occasions, using 2 different approaches (proximal to distal and distal to proximal). A 0–3 scale was used to assess nerve visibility. Location and course of the IH, II, and GF nerves and their relations to adjacent anatomical structures were analyzed. Results: Nerves and their terminal branches were better visualized with the distal‐to‐proximal approach (P < 0.05). Visualization of the terminal branches was possible in up to 60% of volunteers. Conclusions: High‐resolution ultrasound (US) can identify the IH, II, and GF nerves at the level of the abdominal wall and the terminal branches in the majority of volunteers. Muscle Nerve 51: 42–48, 2015
Bis(4‐nitrophenyl) phosphate as an efficient organocatalyst for ring‐opening polymerization of β‐butyrolactone leading to end‐functionalized and diblock polyesters
Authors: Makiguchi Kosuke , Saito Tatsuya , Satoh Toshifumi , Kakuchi Toyoji
Published: May 2014

The ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of β‐butyrolactone (β‐BL) has been studied using the organocatalysts of diphenyl phosphate (DPP) and bis(4‐nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP). The controlled ROP of β‐BL was achieved using BNPP, whereas that of using DPP was insufficient because of its low acidity. For the BNPP‐catalyzed ROP of β‐BL, the dual activation property for β‐BL and the chain‐end models of poly(β‐butyrolactone) (PBL) were confirmed by NMR measurements. The optimized polymerization condition for the ROP of β‐BL proceeded through an O‐acyl cleavage to produce the well‐defined PBLs with molecular weights up to 10,650 g mol−1 and relatively narrow polydispersities of 1.19–1.39. Functional initiators were utilized for producing the end‐functionalized PBLs with the ethynyl, maleimide, pentafluorophenyl, methacryloyl, and styryl groups. Additionally, the diblock copolymers consisting of the PBL segment with the polyester or polycarbonate segments were prepared by the BNPP‐catalyzed ROPs of ε‐caprolactone or trimethylene carbonate without quenching. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2032–2039
IQP‐GC‐101 Reduces Body Weight and Body Fat Mass: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Chong Pee‐Win , Beah Zhi‐Ming , Grube Barbara , Riede Linda
Published: May 2014

IQP‐GC‐101 is a patented blend of the standardized extracts of Garcinia cambogia, Camellia sinensis, unroasted Coffea arabica, and Lagerstroemia speciosa. These individual ingredients of IQP‐GC‐101 have each shown promise in promoting weight loss; however, the efficacy of the blend has not been established. This randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel group study conducted over 14 weeks (including a 2‐week run‐in phase) aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of IQP‐GC‐101 in reducing body weight and body fat mass in overweight Caucasian adults. Subjects took three IQP‐GC‐101 or placebo tablets, twice a day, 30 min before main meals. All subjects also adhered to a 500 kcal/day energy deficit diet with 30% of energy from fat. Ninety‐one overweight and mildly obese subjects (46 in the IQP‐GC‐101 group, 45 in the placebo group) completed the study. After 12‐week intervention, IQP‐GC‐101 resulted in a mean (±SD) weight loss of 2.26 ± 2.37 kg compared with 0.56 ± 2.34 kg for placebo (pU = 0.002). There was also significantly more reduction in body fat mass, waist circumference, and hip circumference in the IQP‐GC‐101 group. No serious adverse events were reported. The use of IQP‐GC‐101 has been shown to result in body weight and body fat reduction in the current study, with good tolerability. © 2014 InQpharm Group Sdn Bhd. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trust dynamic task allocation algorithm with Nash equilibrium for heterogeneous wireless sensor network
Authors: Guo Wen Zhong , Chen Jia Ye , Chen Guo Long , Zheng Hai Feng
Published: May 2014

Task allocation is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and the existing traditional solutions to this problem in high‐performance computing cannot be directly implemented in WSNs because of limitations such as resource availability and shared communication medium. In this paper, we address the task allocation problem for a heterogeneous WSN, and a trust dynamic task allocation algorithm is proposed. Firstly, to ensure the nodes in the same coalition are mutually closer in distance, a discrete particle swarm optimization (PSO) is designed to generate a structure of the parallel coalitions. Secondly, in order to minimize the execution time of the tasks, save the energy cost of the nodes and balance the load of the network, we design task strategies and payoff functions by invoking the game theory in WSNs and propose a PSO with the redesigned fitness function to find the Nash equilibrium point for the purpose of improving the effectiveness of scheduling and the reliability of the network. In this step, the sink node will play the role of trust manager, and it will allocate tasks based on the Nash equilibrium point, which is a trust solution to make sure all tasks can be finished. Finally, the extensive experiments are conducted to compare our algorithm with two other algorithms. The experimental results show the feasibility and effectiveness of our algorithm, which can obtain a good balance between local solution and global exploration and achieve superior energy efficiency and network reliability within a short period. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying an OpenID anti‐phishing scheme for cyberspace
Authors: Abbas Haider , Qaemi Mahmoodzadeh Moeen , Aslam Khan Farrukh , Pasha Maruf
Published: May 2014

OpenID is widely being used for user centric identity management in many Web applications. OpenID provides Web users with the ability to manage their identities through third party identity providers while remaining independent of the subject that actually uses the identities to authenticate individuals. Starting from the early stages of its inception, OpenID has received a large amount of acceptance and use in the current Web community because of its flexibility and ease of use. However, in addition to its benefits and flexibilities, OpenID faces its own share of vulnerabilities and threats, which have made its future and large‐scale use in cyberspace questionable. OpenID Phishing is one such attack that has received much attention and that requires a comprehensive solution. This paper aims at identifying and discussing a solution to OpenID Phishing by proposing a user authentication scheme that allows OpenID providers to identify a user using publicly known entities. The research will help in next‐generation cyber security innovations by reducing the authentication dependency on user credentials, that is, login name/password. The authentication scheme is also validated through detailed descriptions of use cases and prototype implementation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradation Mechanisms of Iron Oxide Monocrystalline Nanoflowers and Tunable Shield Effect of Gold Coating
Authors: Javed Yasir , Lartigue Lénaic , Hugounenq Pierre , Vuong Quoc Lam , Gossuin Yves , Bazzi Rana , Wilhelm Claire , Ricolleau Christian , Gazeau Florence , Alloyeau Damien
Published: May 2014

Understanding the relation between the structure and the reactivity of nanomaterials in the organism is a crucial step towards efficient and safe biomedical applications. The multi‐scale approach reported here, allows following the magnetic and structural transformations of multicore maghemite nanoflowers in a medium mimicking intracellular lysosomal environment. By confronting atomic‐scale and macroscopic information on the biodegradation of these complex nanostuctures, we can unravel the mechanisms involved in the critical alterations of their hyperthermic power and their Magnetic Resonance imaging T1 and T2 contrast effect. This transformation of multicore nanoparticles with outstanding magnetic properties into poorly magnetic single core clusters highlights the harmful influence of cellular medium on the therapeutic and diagnosis effectiveness of iron oxide‐based nanomaterials. As biodegradation occurs through surface reactivity mechanism, we demonstrate that the inert activity of gold nanoshells can be exploited to protect iron oxide nanostructures. Such inorganic nanoshields could be a relevant strategy to modulate the degradability and ultimately the long term fate of nanomaterials in the organism.
Mechanical Properties, Formability, and Corrosion Behavior of Dual Phase Weathering Steels Developed by an Inter‐Critical Annealing Treatment
Authors: Allam Tarek , Abbas Mahmoud
Published: May 2014

Dual phase weathering (DP‐weathering) steels were developed by inter‐critical annealing treatments from a commercial hot‐rolled weathering steel. The effects of martensite volume fraction (MVF) and microstructural changes accompanied the martensitic transformation on mechanical properties, formability, and corrosion behavior were investigated by metallography, mechanical, and corrosion testing. The investigations revealed that the final microstructures consisted mostly of island‐shape martensite particles impeded in a ferrite matrix except for the highest temperature of 840 °C. Depending on MVF and martensite morphology, a wide range of mechanical properties was achieved; yield strength of 370–408 MPa and tensile strength of 580–689 MPa. The coupling of the results from metallography and mechanical testing emphasized the enhanced formability of the developed DP‐weathering steels. The optimum combination of strength and formability was achieved for specimens treated at 810 °C and attained a MVF of 26%. Although, the presence of martensite phase raised the corrosion rate of DP‐weathering steels during the initial corrosion cycles, it accelerated the nucleation process of the protective FeOOH layer. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) investigations demonstrated that the rust layers formed on DP‐weathering steels composed mainly of γ‐FeOOH, α‐FeOOH, and FexO.
Investigation of Slag Foaming by Additions of Briquettes in the EAF during Stainless Steel Production
Authors: Davydenko Arkadiy , Karasev Andrey , Lindstrand Gunnar , Jönsson Pär
Published: May 2014

Nowadays, an effective application of energy required for stainless steel production in the electric arc furnace (EAF) by a slag foaming practice and recycling of waste products play two of the most significant roles for a sustainable steel production. In this study, briquettes were used to obtain a combined slag foaming and waste product reduction in the EAF process. Briquettes with different densities produced partly from waste products were tested in an industrial scale to study slag foaming in the EAF process during stainless steel production. The slag foaming tendency was determined based on visual estimations of slag foaming, evaluations of the slag density before and after addition of different briquettes, and by calculating a foaming index. The influence of the main parameters of briquettes (composition, density) and the furnace slag (composition, basicity, and, etc.) on slag foaming was studied. It was found that both heavy and light briquettes can be used for slag foaming. The heavy briquettes, with FeCr, produce about half the amount of gas compared to the light briquettes, without FeCr. The main part of the gas, >80%, was generated during the first 2–3 min, Moreover, the highest slag foaming rate was obtained for slags with a basicity in the range of 1.31–1.49.
Contrasting aerial moose population estimation methods and evaluating sightability in west‐central Alberta, Canada
Authors: Peters Wibke , Hebblewhite Mark , Smith Kirby G. , Webb Shevenell M. , Webb Nathan , Russell Mike , Stambaugh Curtis , Anderson Robert B.
Published: May 2014

Population assessment is a primary component of ungulate management, but managers are continuously under pressure to reduce survey cost. Another concern in aerial surveys is accounting for undetected animals (i.e., visibility bias). Currently, a stratified random block‐survey design (hereafter, block‐surveys) is used to develop moose (Alces alces) population estimates in several regions of North America. In this case study, we evaluated the application of distance sampling as an alternative to block‐surveys in Alberta, Canada. We conducted distance‐sampling surveys in 2010 and 2012 and compared density estimates, precision (coeff. of variation) and flight effort (hr/100 km2 of survey area) to block‐surveys flown in 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2012. To assess sightability bias and subsequently correct for moose missed on the transect line, we developed a predictive sightability model using 41 sightability trials with 21 radiocollared moose in 2009 and 2010. Without correcting for visibility bias on the transect line, distance sampling was more efficient in terms of flight‐hours than block‐surveys, while providing population estimates with similar or higher precision. Estimated sightability on the transect line was 67% in 2010 and 46% in 2012, which was used to re‐scale the detection functions. Considering that population estimates from block‐surveys as applied in Alberta are based on observable moose, distance sampling with a sightability correction likely provided more accurate estimates. Our results support the application of distance sampling as an alternative to block‐surveys, but we suggest further investigation of methods for correcting visibility bias on the transect line. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Antiviral Therapy Decreases Recurrence of Hepatitis B Virus‐related Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Yanming , Zhang Zhansai , Zhao Yanfang , Wu Lupeng , Li Bin
Published: May 2014

Background

The long‐term outcome after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unsatisfactory because of the high incidence of recurrence. The present study was intended to assess the impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level and nucleos(t)ide analog therapy on posthepatectomy recurrence of HBV‐related HCC.

Methods

Eligible studies were identified through a computerized literature search. The pooled relative risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was calculated using Review Manager 5.1 Software.

Results

Twenty studies with a total of 8,204 participants were included for this meta‐analysis. Pooled analysis showed that high viral load was significantly associated with risk of recurrence (RR: 1.85, 95 % CI: 1.41–2.42; P < 0.001), poorer disease‐free survival (DFS) (RR: 1.96, 95 % CI: 1.62–2.38; P < 0.001), and poorer overall survival (OS) (RR: 1.47, 95 % CI: 1.22–1.77; P < 0.001) of HBV‐related HCC after surgical resection. Nucleos(t)ide analog therapy significantly decreased the recurrence risk (RR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.59–0.80; P < 0.001) and improved both DFS (RR: 0.70, 95 % CI: 0.58–0.83; P < 0.001) and OS (RR: 0.46, 95 % CI: 0.32–0.68; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

High DNA level is associated with posthepatectomy recurrence of HBV‐related HCC. Nucleos(t)ide analog therapy improves the prognosis of HBV‐related HCC after resection.
Analysis of Prospective Trauma Registry Data in Francophone Africa: A Pilot Study from Cameroon
Authors: Juillard Catherine J. , Stevens Kent A. , Monono Martin Ekeke , Mballa Georges Alain Etoundi , Ngamby Marquise Kouo , McGreevy Jolion , Cryer Gill , Hyder Adnan A.
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Injury rates in sub‐Saharan Africa are among the highest in the world, but prospective, registry‐based reports from Cameroon are limited. We aimed to create a prospective trauma registry to expand the data elements collected on injury at a busy tertiary center in Yaoundé Cameroon.

Methods

Details of the injury context, presentation, care, cost, and disposition from the emergency department (ED) were gathered over a 6‐month period, by trained research assistants using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate models were built to explore variable relationships and outcomes.

Results

There were 2,855 injured patients in 6 months, comprising almost half of all ED visits. Mean age was 30 years; 73 % were male. Injury mechanism was road traffic injury in 59 %, fall in 7 %, penetrating trauma in 6 %, and animal bites in 4 %. Of these, 1,974 (69 %) were discharged home, 517 (18 %) taken to the operating room, and 14 (1 %) to the intensive care unit. The body areas most severely injured were pelvis and extremity in 43 %, head in 30 %, chest in 4 %, and abdomen in 3 %. The estimated injury severity score (eISS) was <9 in 60 %, 9–24 in 35 %, and >25 in 2 %. Mortality was 0.7 %. In the multivariate analysis, independent predictors of mortality were eISS ≥9 and Glasgow Coma Score ≤12. Road traffic injury was an independent predictor for the need to have surgery. Trauma registry results were presented to the Ministry of Health in Cameroon, prompting the formation of a National Injury Committee.

Conclusions

Injuries comprise a significant proportion of ED visits and utilization of surgical services in Yaoundé. A prospective approach allows for more extensive information. Thorough data from a prospective trauma registry can be used successfully to advocate for policy towards prevention and treatment of injuries.
The Extent of Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal Injuries after Earthquakes; Describing a Role for Reconstructive Surgeons in an Emergency Response
Authors: Clover A. J. P. , Jemec B. , Redmond A. D.
Published: May 2014

Background

Earthquakes are the leading cause of natural disaster‐related mortality and morbidity. Soft tissue and musculoskeletal injuries are the predominant type of injury seen after these events and a major reason for admission to hospital. Open fractures are relatively common; however, they are resource‐intense to manage. Appropriate management is important in minimising amputation rates and preserving function. This review describes the pattern of musculoskeletal and soft‐tissue injuries seen after earthquakes and explores the manpower and resource implications involved in their management.

Methods

A Medline search was performed, including terms “injury pattern” and “earthquake,” “epidemiology injuries” and “earthquakes,” “plastic surgery,” “reconstructive surgery,” “limb salvage” and “earthquake.” Papers published between December 1992 and December 2012 were included, with no initial language restriction.

Results

Limb injuries are the commonest injuries seen accounting for 60 % of all injuries, with fractures in more than 50 % of those admitted to hospital, with between 8 and 13 % of these fractures open. After the first few days and once the immediate lifesaving phase is over, the management of these musculoskeletal and soft‐tissue injuries are the commonest procedures required.

Conclusions

Due to the predominance of soft‐tissue and musculoskeletal injuries, plastic surgeons as specialists in soft‐tissue reconstruction should be mobilised in the early stages of a disaster response as part of a multidisciplinary team with a focus on limb salvage.
Impact of Introduction of Laparoscopic Surgery on Management of Unresolved Intra‐Abdominal Malignancies in a West African Hospital
Authors: Adisa Adewale O. , Lawal Oladejo O. , Adesunkanmi Abdul‐Rasheed K. , Adejuyigbe Olusanya
Published: May 2014

Background

Intra‐abdominal malignancies often pose diagnostic problems to surgeons in resource‐challenged centers such as ours due to limitations in modern imaging and other facilities. This prompted the adoption of laparoscopy in our hospital as an adjunctive tool in diagnosing these conditions.

Method

Pre‐ and per‐operative data of consecutive cases of clinically unresolved advanced intra‐abdominal tumors subjected to laparoscopy from January 2009 through June 2013 were reviewed. Anatomic diagnosis and tissue biopsies were carried out during the procedures.

Results

Of the 152 patients seen with intra‐abdominal tumors, 74 (48.7 %) had advanced conditions that could not be resolved clinically. Of these, 33 (44.6 %) were able to afford and had computed tomography (CT), scan while the remaining (N = 41; 55.4 %) less endowed only had an ultrasound scan. This cohort underwent laparoscopic evaluation, and biopsies confirmed the following: 27 (36.5 %) metastatic adenocarcinomas, 12 (16.2 %) primary hepatic malignancies, 11 (14.9 %) cases each of lymphomas and colonic adenocarcinomas, 4 (5.4 %) gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 3 (4.1 %) pancreatic carcinomas, 2 (2.7 %) cases each of carcinoid tumors and abdominal tuberculosis, and one case each of schistosomiasis and HIV‐related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Additionally, 26 (35.1 %) had ascites, while 29 (39.1 %) had peritoneal surface malignancies. With local adaptations and improvisations, laparoscopy was cheaper than an abdominal CT scan in our setting, with the additional benefit of obtaining tissue diagnosis to institute treatment.

Conclusion

Although laparoscopy is commonly used for staging intra‐abdominal tumors, we found it useful in complementing clinical diagnosis and attaining histopathological confirmation in a setting where access to and funding of modern imaging is limited.
Prevalence of Surgical Conditions in Individuals Aged More Than 50 Years: A Cluster‐Based Household Survey in Sierra Leone
Authors: Wong Evan G. , Kamara Thaim B. , Groen Reinou S. , Zogg Cheryl K. , Zenilman Michael E. , Kushner Adam L.
Published: May 2014

Background

With the demographic transition disproportionately affecting developing nations, the healthcare burden associated with the elderly is likely to be compounded by poor baseline surgical capacity in these settings. We sought to assess the prevalence of surgical disease and disability in the elderly population of Sierra Leone to guide future development strategies.

Methods

A cluster randomized, cross‐sectional household survey was carried out countrywide in Sierra Leone from January 9th to February 3rd 2012. Using a standardized questionnaire, household member demographics, deaths occurring during the previous 12 months, and presence of any current surgical condition were elucidated. A retrospective analysis of individuals aged 50 and over was performed.

Results

The survey included 1,843 households with a total of 3,645 respondents. Of these, 13.6 % (496/3,645) were aged over 50 years. Of the elderly individuals in our sample, 301 (60.7 %) reported a current surgical condition. Of current surgical disease identified among elderly individuals (n = 530), 349 (65.8 %) described it as disabling, and 223 (42.1 %) sought help from traditional medicine practitioners. Women (odds ratio [OR] 0.60; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.40–0.90) and individuals living in urban settings (OR 0.44, 95 % CI 0.26–0.75) were less likely to report a current surgical problem. Of the 230 elderly deaths in the previous year, 83 (36.1 %) reported a surgical condition in the week prior.

Conclusions

The unmet burden of surgical disease is prevalent in the elderly in low‐resource settings. This patient population is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, and more resources should be allocated to address their surgical needs.
Physical properties and biocompatibility of UHMWPE-derived materials modified by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Bykova Iu. , Weinhardt V. , Kashkarova A. , Lebedev S. , Baumbach T. , Pichugin V. , Zaitsev K. , Khlusov I.
Published: May 2014

The applications of synchrotron radiation (SR) in medical imaging have become of great use, particularly in angiography, bronchography, mammography, computed tomography, and X-ray microscopy. Thanks to recently developed phase contrast imaging techniques non-destructive preclinical testing of low absorbing materials such as polymers has become possible. The focus of the present work is characterization and examination of UHMWPE-derived materials widely used in medicine, before and after their exposure to SR during such testing. Physical properties, such as wettability, surface energy, IR-spectroscopy, roughness, optical microscopy, microhardness measurements of UHMWPE samples were studied before and after SR. The relationship between a growth of UHMWPE surface hydrophilicity after SR and surface colonization by stromal cells was studied in vitro. Obtained results demonstrate that SR may be used as prospective direction to examine bulk (porous) structure of polymer materials and/or to modify polymer surface and volume for tissue engineering.
Cost Sharing and Hereditary Cancer Risk: Predictors of Willingness‐to‐Pay for Genetic Testing
Authors: Matro Jennifer M. , Ruth Karen J. , Wong Yu‐Ning , McCully Katen C. , Rybak Christina M. , Meropol Neal J. , Hall Michael J.
Published: May 2014

Increasing use of predictive genetic testing to gauge hereditary cancer risk has been paralleled by rising cost‐sharing practices. Little is known about how demographic and psychosocial factors may influence individuals’ willingness‐to‐pay for genetic testing. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Risk Assessment Program Registry includes individuals presenting for genetic risk assessment based on personal/family cancer history. Participants complete a baseline survey assessing cancer history and psychosocial items. Willingness‐to‐pay items include intention for: genetic testing only if paid by insurance; testing with self‐pay; and amount willing‐to‐pay ($25–$2,000). Multivariable models examined predictors of willingness‐to‐pay out‐of‐pocket (versus only if paid by insurance) and willingness‐to‐pay a smaller versus larger sum (≤$200 vs. ≥$500). All statistical tests are two‐sided (α = 0.05). Of 385 evaluable participants, a minority (42 %) had a personal cancer history, while 56 % had ≥1 first‐degree relative with colorectal cancer. Overall, 21.3 % were willing to have testing only if paid by insurance, and 78.7 % were willing‐to‐pay. Predictors of willingness‐to‐pay were: 1) concern for positive result; 2) confidence to control cancer risk; 3) fewer perceived barriers to colorectal cancer screening; 4) benefit of testing to guide screening (all p < 0.05). Subjects willing‐to‐pay a higher amount were male, more educated, had greater cancer worry, fewer relatives with colorectal cancer, and more positive attitudes toward genetic testing (all p < 0.05). Individuals seeking risk assessment are willing‐to‐pay out‐of‐pocket for genetic testing, and anticipate benefits to reducing cancer risk. Identifying factors associated with willingness‐to‐pay for genetic services is increasingly important as testing is integrated into routine cancer care.
Attenuation of unfolded protein response and apoptosis by mReg2 induced GRP78 in mouse insulinoma cells
Authors: Liu Lu , Chowdhury Subrata , Fang Xin , Liu Jun-Li , Srikant Coimbatore B.
Published: May 2014

Murine regenerating (mReg) genes have been implicated in preserving islet cell biology. Expanding on our previous work showing that overexpression of mReg2 protects MIN6 insulinoma cells against streptozotocin‐induced apoptosis, we now demonstrate that mReg2 induces glucose‐regulated peptide 78 (GRP78) expression via the Akt–mTORC1 axis and protects MIN6 cells against ER stress induced by thapsigargin and glucolipotoxicity. Activation of mTORC1 activity results from both mReg2‐induced increased mTOR phosphorylation as well as increased expression of Raptor and GβL. Inhibition of Akt and mTORC1 blunted the ability of mReg2 to induce GRP78 and attenuate unfolded protein response (UPR). Knockdown of GRP78 sensitized the cells overexpressing mReg2 to UPR without affecting its ability to activate Akt–mTORC1 signaling. Induced expression of mReg2 may protect insulin producing cells from ER stress in diabetes.
Ultrastable atomic force microscopy: Improved force and positional stability
Authors: Churnside Allison B. , Perkins Thomas T.
Published: May 2014

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an exciting technique for biophysical studies of single molecules, but its usefulness is limited by instrumental drift. We dramatically reduced positional drift by adding two lasers to track and thereby actively stabilize the tip and the surface. These lasers also enabled label‐free optical images that were spatially aligned to the tip position. Finally, sub‐pN force stability over 100 s was achieved by removing the gold coating from soft cantilevers. These enhancements to AFM instrumentation can immediately benefit research in biophysics and nanoscience.
Peroxisomal plant nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein is imported by peroxisomal targeting signal type 2 (PTS2) in a process that depends on the cytosolic receptor PEX7 and calmodulin
Authors: Corpas Francisco J. , Barroso Juan B.
Published: May 2014

Nitric oxide (NO) production in plant peroxisomes by l‐arginine‐dependent NO synthase activity has been proven. The PEX5 and PEX7 PTS receptors, which recognize PTS1‐ and PTS2‐containing proteins, are localized in the cytosol. Using AtPex5p and AtPex7p knockdown in Arabidopsis by RNA interference (RNAi) designated as pex5i and pex7i, we found that the l‐arginine‐dependent protein responsible for NO generation in peroxisomes appears to be imported through an N‐terminal PTS2. Pharmacological analyzes using a calcium channel blocker and calmodulin (CaM) antagonist show that the import of the peroxisomal NOS protein also depends on calcium and calmodulin.
Subtype‐dependent prognostic relevance of an interferon‐induced pathway metagene in node‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Callari Maurizio , Musella Valeria , Di Buduo Eleonora , Sensi Marialuisa , Miodini Patrizia , Dugo Matteo , Orlandi Rosaria , Agresti Roberto , Paolini Biagio , Carcangiu Maria Luisa , Cappelletti Vera , Daidone Maria Grazia
Published: May 2014

The majority of gene expression signatures developed to predict the likelihood to relapse in breast cancer (BC) patients assigns a high risk score to patients with Estrogen Receptor (ER) negative or highly proliferating tumors. We aimed to identify a signature of differentially expressed (DE) metagenes, rather than single DE genes, associated with distant metastases beyond classical risk factors.

We used 105 gene expression profiles from consecutive BCs to identify metagenes whose prognostic role was defined on an independent series of 92 ESR1+/ERBB2− node‐negative BCs (42 cases developing metastases within 5 years from diagnosis and 50 cases metastasis‐free for more than 5 years, comparable for age, tumor size, ER status and surgery). Findings were validated on publicly available datasets of 684 node‐negative BCs including all the subtypes.

Only a metagene containing interferon‐induced genes (IFN metagene) proved to be predictive of distant metastasis in our series of patients with ESR1+/ERBB2− tumors (P = 0.029), and such a finding was validated on 457 ESR1+/ERBB2− BCs from public datasets (P = 0.0424). Conversely, the IFN metagene was associated with a low risk of metastasis in 104 ERBB2+ tumors (P = 0.0099) whereas it did not prove to significantly affect prognosis in 123 ESR1−/ERBB2− tumors (P = 0.2235). A complex prognostic interaction was revealed in ESR1+/ERBB2− and ERBB2+ tumors when the association between the IFN metagene and a T‐cell metagene was considered.

The study confirms the importance of analyzing prognostic variables separately within BC subtypes, highlights the advantages of using metagenes rather than genes, and finally identifies in node‐negative ESR1+/ERBB2− BCs, the unfavorable role of high IFN metagene expression.
The political economy of foreign direct investment—Evidence from the Philippines
Authors: Drope Jeffrey , Chavez Jenina Joy , Lencucha Raphael , McGrady Benn
Published: May 2014

Much of the conventional wisdom about the political economy of foreign direct investment suggests that many developing country governments lower regulatory and/or legislative standards in order to woo potential investors. Using the case of the tobacco industry's efforts to influence excise tax policy reforms in the Philippines, we find a much more complex reality. Over a period of more than 15 years of concerted efforts and significant financial investment, a large multinational tobacco firm was consistently unable to realize its tax policy goals with serious, negative implications for the firm. In the most recent major policy confrontation over excise tax reform that led to one of the largest tax increases on tobacco products ever in a developing country, a number of major variables mitigated the powerful firm's influence. These variables included strong support for tax reform from a number of influential political actors and a well-organized civil society movement, which led to broader public support for both public health and fiscal reasons. Global governance around economic policy and the effects of domestic institutional structures also had marked effects on the outcomes.
MEDICAL DEVICES EARLY ASSESSMENT METHODS: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Markiewicz Katarzyna , van Til Janine A. , IJzerman Maarten J.
Published: May 2014

Objectives:The aim of this study was to get an overview of current theory and practice in early assessments of medical devices, and to identify aims and uses of early assessment methods used in practice.

Methods:A systematic literature review was conducted in September 2013, using computerized databases (PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus), and references list search. Selected articles were categorized based on their type, objective, and main target audience. The methods used in the application studies were extracted and mapped throughout the early stages of development and for their particular aims.

Results:Of 1,961 articles identified, eighty-three studies passed the inclusion criteria, and thirty were included by searching reference lists. There were thirty-one theoretical papers, and eighty-two application papers included. Most studies investigated potential applications/possible improvement of medical devices, developed early assessment framework or included stakeholder perspective in early development stages. Among multiple qualitative and quantitative methods identified, only few were used more than once. The methods aim to inform strategic considerations (e.g., literature review), economic evaluation (e.g., cost-effectiveness analysis), and clinical effectiveness (e.g., clinical trials). Medical devices were often in the prototype product development stage, and the results were usually aimed at informing manufacturers.

Conclusions:This study showed converging aims yet widely diverging methods for early assessment during medical device development. For early assessment to become an integral part of activities in the development of medical devices, methods need to be clarified and standardized, and the aims and value of assessment itself must be demonstrated to the main stakeholders for assuring effective and efficient medical device development.