bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a measure that integrates positive and negative affect and personality: The comprehensive personality and affect scales
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Van Whitlock Rod
Published: September 2002

The development, reliability and validity of a new measure of personality and affect, the Comprehensive Personality and Affect Scales (COPAS) was investigated in three studies of college students. In study 1, the factor structure of personality, negative affect, and positive affect was assessed, with five‐factors found in each of the three analyses. Fifteen scales (Personality: Emotionality, Extroversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness; Negative Affect: Depression, Hostility, Agitation, Anxiety, and Social Anxiety; Positive Affect: Contentment, Joy, Love, Vigor, and Excitement) were constructed based on results of the factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the measurement model. In study 2, the reliability and construct validity of each of the 15 factor‐derived scales was assessed in both referred and non‐referred college students. Study 3 investigated the utility of the COPAS scales in differentiating referred and non‐referred college students. Results indicated that reliability of the scales was good to excellent, while convergent and divergent validity was good for most scales. The COPAS scales were also shown to differentiate between referred and non‐referred samples of college students. Overall, the COPAS was shown to be suitable for research with college student populations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1135–1156, 2002.
Reasons for therapy termination in a university psychology clinic
Authors: Renk Kimberly , Dinger Tara M.
Published: September 2002

This study examined the reasons for therapy termination documented by graduate student therapists. The closed case files of individual adult clients who had terminated their therapy experience at a university‐based psychology clinic were reviewed. Results indicated that the most frequent reasons for termination documented by graduate student therapists were that clients stopped attending therapy sessions without providing their therapists with notice or reason and that clients reached a satisfactory termination point in their therapy experience. A substantial number of clients terminated therapy because of difficulties unrelated to therapy, seeking services elsewhere, or dissatisfaction with therapy services. Level of depressive symptomatology and the number of sessions attended differed across clients who had different reasons for termination. By addressing such client concerns early in the therapy experience, premature termination may be prevented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1173–1181, 2002.
Introduction: The (overlooked) virtues of “unvirtuous” attitudes and behavior: Reconsidering negativity, complaining, pessimism, and “false” hope
Authors: Held Barbara S. , Bohart Arthur C.
Published: September 2002

The attitudes and behaviors examined in this special section—namely, negativity, complaining, pessimism, and “false” hope—have not typically been viewed as virtuous either in popular culture or in professional psychology. In reconsidering these attitudes and behaviors, each of the authors demonstrates how there may actually be virtue, or at least something positive, in what has typically been cast in a negative light. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 961–964, 2002.
The tyranny of the positive attitude in America: Observation and speculation
Authors: Held Barbara S.
Published: September 2002

According to both popular and professional indicators, the push for the positive attitude in America is on the rise. After considering the popular culture zeitgeist, I compare and contrast two recent professional psychology movements—those of positive psychology and postmodern therapy—both of which rest on a foundation of optimism and positive thinking despite their opposing views about a proper philosophy of science. I then present cross‐cultural empirical research that calls into question the typical (North American) assumption that a positive attitude is necessary for (a sense of) well‐being. I also consider findings in health psychology, clinical/counseling psychology, and organizational behavioral science, findings which call into question the assumption that accentuating the positive (and eliminating the negative) is necessarily beneficial in terms of physical and mental health. The clinical/therapeutic implications of this analysis are addressed, as I put forth my conjecture about the existence of what I call the “tyranny of the positive attitude” in the form of a question: If there indeed now exists unprecedented pressure to accentuate the positive, could it then be that the pressure itself to be happy and optimistic contributes to at least some forms of unhappiness? © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 965–991, 2002.
The positive psychology of negative thinking
Authors: Norem Julie K. , Chang Edward C.
Published: September 2002

As the positive psychology movement gains momentum, both within psychology and in the broader culture, it becomes increasingly important to ensure that the complexity of individual personality and psychological processes do not get lost in a “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach to improving human functioning. In this article, we consider some of the ways that the costs and benefits of different kinds of optimism and pessimism may vary across different individuals, situations, and cultural contexts. We use defensive pessimism research to illustrate that there are times when pessimism and negative thinking are indeed positive psychology, as they lead to better performance and personal growth. We also consider the ways in which dominant American culture—and research in psychology—may underestimate some of the costs of optimism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 993–1001, 2002.
Whining, griping, and complaining: Positivity in the negativity
Authors: Kowalski Robin M.
Published: September 2002

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the positive psychology movement. The emphasis of positive psychology is on human virtue rather than on human vice, on human strength rather than human frailty. In an effort to focus on what is good about human nature, however, the positive psychology movement has neglected to examine the redeeming features of seemingly aversive behaviors. Thus, the purpose of the present article is to broaden the scope of positive psychology by examining, in addition to its negative facets, the positive features of one particular aversive behavior, complaining. After defining complaining, we address the personal, relational, interpersonal, and material benefits of complaining to show that there is, indeed, positivity in the negativity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1023–1035, 2002.
“False” hope
Authors: Snyder C.R. , Rand Kevin L. , King Elisa A. , Feldman David B. , Woodward Julia T.
Published: September 2002

“False” hope is condemned in the literature on the grounds that it reflects the counterproductive use of: (a) expectations based on illusions rather than reality, (b) inappropriate goals, and (c) poor strategies to reach desired goals. Snyder, Harris, et al.'s (1991) hope theory involving self‐referential thoughts about finding routes to desired goals (pathways) and the motivation to use those routes (agency) is used as a framework for examining these three criticisms of false hope. It is concluded that the presently available evidence does not support any of the false‐hope criticisms. The implications of hope‐related issues for the applied clinical arena are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1003–1022, 2002.
Growth arrest in G1 protects against oxygen‐induced DNA damage and cell death
Authors: Rancourt Raymond C. , Hayes Daniel D. , Chess Patricia R. , Keng Peter C. , O'Reilly Michael A.
Published: September 2002

Although oxygen is required for normal aerobic respiration, hyperoxia (95% O2/5% CO2) damages DNA, inhibits proliferation in G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, and induces necrosis. The current study examines whether growth arrest in G1 protects pulmonary epithelial cells from oxidative DNA damage and cell death. Mv1Lu pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells were chosen for studies because hyperoxia inhibits their proliferation in S and G2 phase, while they can be induced to arrest in G1 by altering culture conditions. Hyperoxia inhibited proliferation, increased intracellular redox, and rapidly reduced clonogenic survival. In contrast, Mv1Lu cells treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, deprived of serum or grown to confluency, arrested and remained predominantly in G1 even during exposure. Growth arrest in G1 significantly enhanced clonogenic survival by 10–50‐fold. Enhanced survival was not due to reduction in the intracellular redox‐state of the cells, but instead was associated with reduced DNA strand breaks and p53 expression. Our findings suggest that the protective effects of G1 is mediated not simply by a reduction in intracellular ROS, but rather through an enhanced ability to limit or rapidly recognize and repair damaged DNA. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 26–36, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of the expression of p16INK4aand p14ARFby hnRNP A1 and A2 RNA binding proteins: Implications for cellular senescence
Authors: Zhu Deguang , Xu Gang , Ghandhi Shanaz , Hubbard Karen
Published: September 2002

Cellular senescence is a terminal growth phase characteristic of normal human diploid fibroblasts. Altered gene expression during cellular senescence is numerous compared to that of younger proliferative cells in culture. We have previously reported that the levels and activities of hnRNP A1 and A2 RNA binding proteins are decreased in senescent human fibroblasts. Both proteins are multifunctional and may influence the expression of mRNA isoforms during development. In this study, we tested whether overexpression of either protein could modulate the mRNA isoforms of the INK4a locus, specifically p14ARFand p16INK4a. Both INK4a mRNA isoforms have been shown to be growth suppressors and deletions of this locus allow cells to escape cellular senescence. We have found that increasing the ratio of either hnRNP A1 or A2 over that of splicing factor SF2/ASF results in the preferential generation of the p14ARFisoform. Overexpression of A1 or A2 RNA binding proteins also appear to increase the steady state mRNA levels of both isoforms, suggesting that in addition to alternative splicing, A1 and A2 may effect p14ARFand p16INK4amRNA stability. A constitutive decrease in the ratio of hnRNP A1 or A2 to SF2/ASF in senescent fibroblasts is typically accompanied by an increase in the level of p16INK4aisoform. Our studies suggest that hnRNP A1 and A2 may exert an important role during replicative senescence by altering expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins through mRNA metabolism. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 19–25, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proliferation of IL‐6‐independent multiple myeloma does not require the activity of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2)
Authors: Zhang Bin , Fenton Robert G.
Published: September 2002

The evolutionarily conserved Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is thought to be essential for proliferation of eukaryotic cells. The human multiple myeloma (MM) cell line 8226 encodes an activated K‐ras allele and proliferates without requirement for the main MM growth and survival factor IL‐6. Surprisingly, the addition of the MEK1/2 inhibitors PD98059 or U0126 to 8226 cultures at doses that block virtually all ERK1/2 activity had minimal effects on the rapid proliferation of this cell line. In contrast, proliferation of the IL‐6‐dependent MM cell line, ANBL‐6 was blocked by PD98059. Levels of activated forms of the other classical MAP kinases (JNK and p38) were very low during MM cell proliferation and, therefore, do not substitute for the mitogenic activities normally regulated by ERK kinases. These data demonstrate that proliferation of 8226 cells does not require ERK1/2 activity, and suggest that IL‐6‐independent growth of MM may correlate with independence from a requirement for ERK activity. Other signal transduction pathways that appear to regulate cell cycle progression in these cells were examined. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 42–54, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of the 18 kDa and 22/24 kDa FGF‐2 isoforms results in differential drug resistance and amplification potential
Authors: Dini Germana , Funghini Silvia , Witort Ewa , Magnelli Lucia , Fanti Elena , Rifkin Daniel B. , Del Rosso Mario
Published: September 2002

We investigated the role of low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) in the expression of transformation‐related phenotypic alterations, drug sensitivity modulation, and gene amplification potential. For this purpose, we used NIH 3T3 and A31 cells transfected with different cDNA FGF‐2 constructs allowing expression of the different proteins. Both cell lines showed marked phenotypic alterations when expressing the LMW FGF‐2 or the four HMW FGF‐2 isoforms: they acquired a transformed morphology, grew at higher saturation densities in 10% serum, and exhibited anchorage‐independent growth and increased invasive potential. However, HMW FGF‐2‐expressing cells also grew in 1% serum and their invasive potential was lower than in cells expressing all FGF‐2 forms or LMW FGF‐2 alone. We have grown the different cell lines under a selective pressure of N‐(phosphonacetyl)‐l‐aspartate (PALA), a drug which specifically inhibits the aspartate transcarbamylase activity of the multifunctional carbamyl‐P‐synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydro‐orotase genes (CAD) enzyme (and thus inhibits de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis) and selects for cells with amplified copies of the CAD gene. Our results demonstrate that aberrant expression of the LMW FGF‐2 and/or HMW FGF‐2 isoforms differently modulates drug resistance and gene amplification properties in the NIH 3T3 and A31 cell lines by differential amplification of the CAD gene. Coexpression of all isoforms appears to be necessary to obtain cumulative effects and nuclear‐targeted HMW FGF‐2 has a pivotal role in such a cooperation. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 64–72, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix protein glycation impairs agonist‐induced intracellular Ca2+ signaling in endothelial cells
Authors: Bishara Nour B. , Dunlop Marjorie E. , Murphy Timothy V. , Darby Ian. A. , Sharmini Rajanayagam M.A. , Hill Michael A.
Published: September 2002

Studies have shown diabetes to be associated with alterations in composition of extracellular matrix and that such proteins modulate signal transduction. The present studies examined if non‐enzymatic glycation of fibronectin or a mixed matrix preparation (EHS) alters endothelial cell Ca2+ signaling following agonist stimulation. Endothelial cells were cultured from bovine aorta and rat heart. To glycate proteins, fibronectin (10 μg/ml), or EHS (2.5 mg/ml) were incubated (37°C, 30 days) with 0.5 M glucose‐6‐phosphate. Matrix proteins were coated onto cover slips after which cells (105 cells/ml) were plated and allowed to adhere for 16 h. For measurement of intracellular Ca2+, cells were loaded with fura 2 (2 μM) and fluorescence intensity monitored. Bovine cells on glycated EHS showed decreased ability for either ATP (10−6 M) or bradykinin (10−7 M) to increase Ca2+i. In contrast, glycated fibronectin did not impair agonist‐induced increases in Ca2+i. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, ATP elicited a transient increase in Ca2+i consistent with intracellular release. Re‐addition of Ca2+ resulted in a secondary rise in Ca2+i indicative of store depletion‐mediated Ca2+ entry. Both phases of Ca2+ mobilization were reduced in cells on glycated mixed matrix; however, as the ratio of the two components was similar in all cells, glycation appeared to selectively impair Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Thapsigargin treatment demonstrated an impaired ability of cells on glycated EHS to increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ consistent with decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores. Further support for Ca2+ mobilization was provided by increased baseline IP3 levels in cells plated on glycated EHS. Impaired ATP‐induced Ca2+ release could be induced by treating native EHS with laminin antibody or exposing cells to H2O2 (20–200 μM). Glycated EHS impaired Ca2+ signaling was attenuated by treatment with aminoguanidine or the antioxidant α‐lipoic acid. The results demonstrate that matrix glycation impairs agonist‐induced Ca2+i increases which may impact on regulatory functions of the endothelium and implicate possible involvement of oxidative stress. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 80–92, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flavanones structure‐related inhibition on TPA‐induced tumor promotion through suppression of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases: Involvement of prostaglandin E2 in anti‐promotive process
Authors: Ko Ching‐Huai , Shen Shing‐Chuan , Lin Hui‐Yi , Hou Wen‐Chi , Lee Woan‐Ruoh , Yang Ling‐Ling , Chen Yen‐Chou
Published: September 2002

Biological functions of flavanones have been studied extensively, however, the structure‐related activities of flavanones on 12‐o‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced promotive effects are still unclear. In this study, flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone showed the most significant dose‐dependent inhibition on TPA‐induced proliferative effects among eight tested flavanones in NIH3T3 cells. TPA‐induced mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), c‐Jun, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) protein expressions in a time‐dependent manner, and the maximal inductive time point is at 1 h for MAPK phosphorylation and 6 h for others. Flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone showed the dose‐dependent inhibition on TPA‐stimulated MAPK phosphorylation, COX‐2, ODC, c‐Jun protein expressions. Induction of, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was detected in TPA‐treated NIH3T3 cells, and flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone inhibited significantly PGE2 production induced by TPA. Addition of PGE2 reverses the inhibitory activities of flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone on TPA‐induced proliferation. And, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERKs, inhibited TPA‐induced MAPK phosphorylation, accompanied by decreasing COX‐2, c‐Jun, and ODC protein expression, and showed dose‐dependent inhibition on TPA‐induced proliferation in cells. These results demonstrated that PGE2 is an important mediator in TPA‐induced proliferation, and MAPK phosphorylation was located at the upstream of COX‐2, c‐Jun, and ODC gene expressions in TPA‐induced responses. Furthermore, flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone (100 μM) suppressed TPA‐induced colony formation associated with blocking MAPK phosphorylation, ODC, c‐Jun, and COX‐2 proteins expression. And, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone did not perform potent anti‐radical activities among these eight tested compounds. In conclusion, this study provided molecular evidences to demonstrate that flavanone, 2′‐OH flavanone, 4′‐OH flavanone, 6‐OH flavanone were potent inhibitors on TPA‐induced responses without notable cytotoxicity through suppression of PGE2 production; and anti‐radical activity of flavanones was not correlated with preventing the occurrence of tumor promotion. We proposed that blocking TPA‐induced intracellular signaling responses might be involved in the anti‐promotive mechanism of flavanones. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 93–102, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits mitogen‐induced growth in aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Baldini P.M. , De Vito P. , Fraziano M. , Mattioli P. , Luly P. , Di Nardo P.
Published: September 2002

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a polypeptide able to affect cardiovascular homeostasis exhibiting diuretic, natriuretic, and vasorelaxant activities. ANF shows antimitogenic effects in different cell types acting through R2 receptor. Excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells is a common phenomenon in diseases such as atherosclerosis, but the role of growth factors in the mechanism which modulate this process has yet to be clarified. The potential antimitogenic role of ANF on the cell growth induced by growth factors appears very intriguing. Aim of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of ANF on rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells proliferation induced by known mitogens and the mechanism involved. Our data show that ANF, at physiological concentration range, inhibits RASM cell proliferation induced by known mitogens such as PDGF and insulin, and the effect seems to be elicited through the modulation of phosphatidic acid (PA) production and MAP kinases involvement. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 103–109, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulatory volume decrease is actively modulated during the cell cycle
Authors: Wang Liwei , Chen Lixin , Zhu Linyan , Rawle Michelle , Nie Sihuai , Zhang Jin , Ping Zhong , Kangrong Cai , Jacob Tim J.C.
Published: September 2002

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, CNE‐2Z, when swollen by 47% hypotonic solution, exhibited a regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The RVD was inhibited by extracellular applications of the chloride channel blockers tamoxifen (30 μM; 61% inhibition), 5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB, 100 μM; 60% inhibition), and ATP (10 mM; 91% inhibition). The level and time constant of RVD varied greatly between cells. Most cells conducted an incomplete RVD, but a few had the ability to recover their volume completely. There was no obvious correlation between cell volume and RVD capacity. Flow cytometric analysis showed that highly synchronous cells were obtained by the mitotic shake‐off technique and that the cells progressed through the cell cycle synchronously when incubated in culture medium. Combined application of DNA synthesis inhibitors, thymidine and hydroxyurea arrested cells at the G1/S boundary and 87% of the cells reached S phase 4 h after being released. RVD capacity changed significantly during the cell cycle progression in cells synchronized by shake‐off technique. RVD capacity being at its highest in G1 phase and lowest in S phase. The RVD capacity in G1 (shake‐off cells sampled after 4 h of incubation), S (obtained by chemical arrest), and M cells (selected under microscope) was 73, 33, and 58%, respectively, and the time constants were 435, 769, and 2,000 sec, respectively. We conclude that RVD capacity is actively modulated in the cell cycle and RVD may play an important role in cell cycle progress. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 110–119, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological treatment of wastewater from a polymer coating process
Authors: Doan Huu D , Wu Jiangning
Published: September 2002

Wastewater containing propylene glycol methyl ether from a powder and E‐coating plant was treated biologically. The wastewater was circulated through a packed column at rates of 0.014, 0.028, and 0.042 m3 m−2 s−1 (14, 28, and 42 kg m−2 s−1) with an airflow in a countercurrent direction. Various air flowrates from 0.034 to 0.10 m3 m−2 s−1 (0.041–0.12 kg m−2 s−1) were used. The removal of the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater did not change significantly with the air flowrate. After 4 days of treatment in the packed column the BOD was reduced by about 70% while a BOD reduction of 10% was observed with the wastewater in a stagnant tank. BOD removal with aeration in the packed column was about 40% higher than that without aeration. At the air flowrate of 0.068 m3 m−2 s−1 and the liquid flowrate of 0.028 m3 m−2 s−1, BOD removal for the wastewater seeded with Polyseed® increased by about 25% compared with that of the unseeded wastewater. In order to minimize the power consumption, cyclic pumping of the liquid to the packed column with aeration was also tested. For the liquid‐pumping cycle of 2‐h on and 4‐h off, BOD removal was about the same as that with a continuously pumping operation.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Bias‐free results in the spectrophotometric determination of chemical oxygen demand in bleached textile mill effluents
Authors: Torrades Francesc , Cecília Elvira
Published: September 2002

A calibration methodology that enables validation of the analytical procedure used in those cases where no placebo or standard reference material is available is applied here. The total Youden blank is used to eliminate the constant error component, and analytical measurements in the presence of the matrix at two different levels of the test portion, in order to avoid its interactive interference, are made. Moreover, the results obtained in the determination of chemical oxygen demand following a closed reflux spectrophotometric method are compared with those obtained when a definitive analytical method is applied, in order to show the absence of direct interference from the matrix.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Intermediate accumulation and efficiency of anaerobic digestion treatment of surfactant (alcohol sulfate)‐rich wastewater at increasing surfactant/biomass ratios
Authors: Feitkenhauer Heiko , Meyer Ulrich
Published: September 2002

Textile (eg cotton) finishing industry wastewater is characterised by high concentrations of surfactants (up to 2 g dm−3) and of readily biodegradable biopolymers (COD 5–15 g dm−3). The anionic surfactant decyl sulfate (DS) was chosen as model surfactant and soluble starch (size) as model compound for the readily biodegradable fraction of the wastewater. Twenty‐two batch experiments with increasing DS/biomass ratio (and starch/biomass ratio) were started simultaneously. Biomass concentrations ranged from 50 to 15 000 mg dm−3. Minor inhibition effects were found for the surfactant degradation itself at all DS/biomass ratios (maximum biodegradation rate 7.7 mgDS gbiomass−1 h−1). The starch hydrolysis started without a lag‐phase at DS/biomass ratios of up to 0.15 gDS gbiomass−1. The lag‐phase was prolonged to about 100 h at a very high DS/biomass ratio (3 gDS gbiomass−1). The relative importance of the accumulated intermediates was dependent on the DS/biomass ratio. Above 0.3 gDS gbiomass−1 10% of the substrate organic carbon accumulated as ethanol, but no ethanol accumulation was observed at low DS/biomass ratios. Moderate DS/biomass ratios caused a considerable delay of the methanogenesis; high DS/biomass ratios prevented the methanogenesis almost completely.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Aqueous two‐phase systems for the recovery of a recombinant viral coat protein from Escherichia coli
Authors: Rito‐Palomares Marco , Middelberg Anton P J
Published: September 2002

In this study the use of an aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) following the direct chemical extraction of a recombinant viral coat protein, from the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli, is evaluated. The driving force is the need to establish an economically‐viable process for the manufacture of a vaccine against human papilloma infection. The partition behaviour of recombinant L1 protein, the major structural protein of the virus, and DNA was investigated in a polyethylene glycol (PEG)–phosphate system. An evaluation of system parameters including PEG molecular mass and the concentrations of PEG and phosphate was conducted, to estimate conditions under which the L1 protein and DNA partition to opposite phases. ATPS extraction comprising a volume ratio of 1.00, PEG 1000 (18.0%(w/w)) and phosphate (15.0%(w/w)) provided the conditions for accumulation of DNA into the bottom phase and concentration of L1 protein into the opposite phase (ie partition coefficient of DNA; ln KDNA < 0.0 and partition coefficient of L1; ln KL1 > 2.5). The findings reported here demonstrate the potential of ATPS to recover recombinant protein released from E coli by direct chemical extraction.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Filtration of biomass with laboratory‐scale submerged hollow fibre modules – effect of operating conditions and module configuration
Authors: Chang Sheng , Fane Anthony G
Published: September 2002

The filtration behaviour of submerged hollow fibres, the effect of gas flow rate, feed concentration, module configuration and fibre diameter have been assessed by filtration of yeast suspensions. The fouling behaviour of the submerged hollow fibre was affected by the average imposed flux, flux distribution, and local critical flux. The results suggest that stable performance is obtained when the averaged imposed flux (Jmi) is lower than the critical flux (Jcr) although an initial deposition may occur due to the high local initial flux. In addition, the module configuration had a critical influence on filtration performance. Comparison between tight and loose modules indicated that the loose module [1.0 > (fixed ends distance/fibre length) > 0.95] was significantly better than the tight bundle at high feed concentration or low gas flow rates due to reduced inter‐fibre clogging. The study also showed that the smaller fibre was better than the larger fibre for filtration with bubbling with the submerged hollow fibre system.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodegradability of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates subjected to wet air oxidation
Authors: Patterson Darrell A , Metcalfe Ian S , Xiong Feng , Livingston Andrew G
Published: September 2002

Shake flask experiments were conducted to determine the biodegradability of aqueous linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and LAS (1600 mg dm−3) subjected to wet air oxidation (WAO), to assess the suitability of WAO as a pre‐treatment for biological degradation. The effects of WAO temperature (180–240 °C) and the concentration of the orthophosphoric acid catalyst (0–1.0 mol dm−3) were investigated. Results showed that a higher WAO temperature increased the biodegradability of the WAO effluent. This was due to a greater removal of both recalcitrant sulfonated organics and organic concentration (TOC and COD). Conversely, greater orthophosphoric acid concentrations decreased the biodegradability of the WAO effluents. This was because the higher acid concentration increased the ionic strength and changed the WAO intermediate and product distribution, inhibiting microbial action. Nevertheless, the effluents from both variations of WAO were still more biodegradable than LAS at equivalent concentrations. However, since higher WAO temperatures can substantially increase capital costs, future work should focus on developing a WAO catalyst that both desulfonates and mildly oxidises LAS at moderate temperatures (200 °C).

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Equilibria and kinetics for reactive extraction of lactic acid using Alamine 336 in decanol
Authors: Wasewar Kailas L , Heesink A Bert M , Versteeg Geert F , Pangarkar Vishwas G
Published: September 2002

Lactic acid is an important commercial product and extracting this from aqueous solution is a growing requirement in fermentation‐based industries. The design of an amine extraction process requires (i) equilibrium and (ii) kinetic data for the acid–amine (solvent) system used. The equilibrium complexation constants for ratios of (1:1) and (2:1) have been estimated. The kinetics of extraction of lactic acid by Alamine 336 in decanol has also been determined. The reaction between lactic acid and Alamine 336 in decanol in a stirred cell falls in Regime 3, ie extraction accompanied by a fast chemical reaction occurring in the diffusion film. The reaction has been found to be zero order in Alamine 336 and first order in lactic acid with a rate constant of 0.21 s−1. These data will be useful in the design of extraction processes.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings in a case of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis mimicking thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Zacharia Titty Thomas , Perumpallichira James Joseph , Sindhwani Vivek , Chavhan Govind
Published: September 2002

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis is a common disease of unknown cause and is usually self‐limiting, with complete resolution of symptoms occurring spontaneously or after steroidal treatment. We report a case of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis in a 62‐year‐old woman whose clinical presentation was consistent with thyroid carcinoma. Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography revealed marked enlargement of the left lobe of the thyroid and markedly hypoechoic, ill‐defined focal areas in both lobes. No flow was noted on color Doppler sonographic examination. Fine‐needle aspiration of the thyroid was performed, and histopathologic examination of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. The patient received prednisolone therapy (20 mg/day) for 2 weeks and recovered well. This case report is the first to describe the gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic appearances of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. This disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinical signs and symptoms of thyroid carcinoma. Histopathologic examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:442–444, 2002
Sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol treatment of a symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component in a patient with thyroid hemiagenesis
Authors: Braga‐Basaria Milena , Basaria Shehzad , Mesa Cléo , Stolf Anderson R. , Graf Hans
Published: September 2002

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare anomaly that is usually discovered incidentally during the evaluation of unrelated thyroid disorders. We present the case of a patient with hemiagenesis of the left thyroid lobe and a large, recurrent, symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component that occupied most of the right lobe. She had previously undergone multiple unsuccessful aspirations of the cyst. The patient was successfully treated with an intranodular injection of ethanol under sonographic guidance. The success of this procedure resulted in the resolution of symptoms and avoidance of surgical resection of the right lobe, with resulting hypothyroidism. We recommend that ethanol injections be considered for treatment of symptomatic cystic or benign solid nodules in patients with thyroid hemiagenesis and in those who have undergone hemithyroidectomy and have symptomatic nodules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:445–449, 2002
Validity of sonographic screening for the detection of abdominal cancers
Authors: Mizuma Yoshihiro , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Ozasa Kotaro , Hayashi Kyohei , Kawai Keiichi
Published: September 2002

Purpose

This study assessed the prevalence of abdominal cancers and the validity of sonographic screening for abdominal cancers in an asymptomatic population.

Methods

We investigated the findings of the first sonographic screening of 16,024 residents of Osaka Prefecture. A comparison of records was carried out between the list of those screened and the Osaka Cancer Registry to identify false‐negative results of our screening.

Results

The rate of subjects who required further testing after screening was 4.76% (762/16,024). Eleven of the 762 subjects with a positive sonographic screening study had abdominal cancers detected on further testing. Three subjects had false‐negative screening results. The positive predictive value of sonographic screening was 1.4% (11/762), and the rate of screening‐detected cancers was 0.069% (11/16,024). The prevalence of abdominal cancers was 0.087% (14/16,024), the sensitivity of screening sonography for the detection of abdominal cancers was 78.6% (11/14), and the specificity was 95.3% (15,259/16,010). Seven of 11 screening‐detected cancers were resected curatively, and 6 of these patients are still alive. Five of these 6 cancers were renal cell carcinomas.

Conclusions

The sensitivity of screening sonography was relatively high and the specificity was sufficient among our asymptomatic population. The present study suggests that the target organ for sonographic screening to detect curable cancers should be the kidneys. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:408–415, 2002
Renal sonography in the diagnosis of renal obstruction or hydronephrosis in patients with cervical cancer
Authors: Vanderpuye Verna
Published: September 2002

Purpose

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the role of renal sonography and its use as an alternative to intravenous urography in detecting ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis in patients with cervical cancer.

Materials and Methods

Patients with biopsy‐confirmed carcinoma of the cervix who were referred to the radiotherapy center from February 6, 2001, through July 20, 2001, were enrolled in this trial. All patients had previously undergone clinical staging by physical examination and either intravenous urography or CT scanning as the standard tests for diagnosing ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis. All patients underwent renal sonography as an alternative diagnostic tool for diagnosing ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis.

Results

Forty patients were enrolled. Their mean age was 46 years (range, 26–65 years). According to the FIGO staging system, 12% of the patients had clinical stages 1B2 and 2A disease, 20% had stage 2B, 8% had stage 3A, 50% had stage 3B, and 10% had a postoperative recurrence of cervical cancer. Thirty‐four patients had had intravenous urography and 6 had had CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and overall accuracy rates for renal sonography were 76.5% (13/17), 100% (23/23), 100% (13/13), 85% (23/27), and 90% (36/40), respectively. Seventy‐five percent (3/4) of the false‐negative results occurred in patients with pelvic sidewall thickening on physical examination.

Conclusions

Renal sonography may be used as an effective and relatively low‐cost means of diagnosing ureteral obstruction in patients with cervical cancer without clinically evident pelvic sidewall thickening. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:424–427, 2002
Giant iliopsoas bursitis: Sonographic findings with magnetic resonance correlations
Authors: Bianchi Stefano , Martinoli Carlo , Keller Alain , Bianchi‐Zamorani Maria Pia
Published: September 2002

We present the case of a 40‐year‐old man with rheumatoid arthritis who had a painless left inguinal mass. Sonographic examination revealed a large soft tissue mass with mixed internal echotexture and regular borders extending inside the pelvis and into the proximal portion of the thigh. Sonography also showed communication between the bursa of the iliopsoas muscle and the hip cavity, with intra‐articular synovitis and erosion of the ileum. Giant iliopsoas bursitis secondary to hip involvement in rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed on the basis of the sonographic findings. This diagnosis was confirmed by MRI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:437–441, 2002
Sonographic evaluation of liver nodularity: Inspection of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver
Authors: Filly Roy A. , Reddy Shireesha G. , Nalbandian Allen B. , Lu Ying , Callen Peter W.
Published: September 2002

Purpose

We determined the diagnostic performance of assessing the nodularity of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver as a predictor of cirrhosis.

Methods

One sonologist retrospectively reviewed the sonograms of 100 patients at risk for cirrhosis based on clinical data and laboratory tests. A second sonologist reviewed the sonograms of a subset of 25 patients to assess for inter‐reader variability, while the first sonologist re‐reviewed the sonograms of a different subset of 25 patients for intrareader variability. Sonograms of all patients were obtained with standard sector‐ or curved‐array transducers. Biopsy confirmation of cirrhosis was used as the standard for diagnostic accuracy.

Results

Fifty of the 100 patients had a pathologic diagnosis of cirrhosis. The sensitivity of inspection of the deep surface versus the superficial surface was 86% versus 53% (p = 0.0003), respectively. Sensitivity was not dependent on pathologic type. Intrareader agreement was better for deep than for superficial surface observations. The overall inter‐reader agreement was fair and comparable for both deep and superficial surface methods.

Conclusions

The sensitivity for detecting cirrhosis based on surface nodularity is greater for deep than for superficial surface observations. As the prevalence of disease increases, the accuracy of assessment of the deep surface in predicting cirrhosis increases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:399–407, 2002
Various Doppler sonographic appearances and challenges in prenatal diagnosis of vasa praevia
Authors: Seince Nathalie , Carbillon Lionel , Perrot Nicolas , Uzan Michèle
Published: September 2002

Rupture of vasa praevia is associated with a high rate of fetal or neonatal mortality. Since the recent development of color and spectral Doppler sonography, prenatal diagnosis of vasa praevia has been increasing but is not yet consistent. We report 2 cases that were diagnosed prenatally, enabling cesarean section to be performed under optimal conditions to prevent complications. A better knowledge of the characteristic Doppler sonographic appearances and the risk factors associated with vasa praevia could greatly facilitate the prenatal diagnosis of this condition and hence the fetal prognosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:450–454, 2002
‘Crowding in’ care, security and micro‐enterprise formation: revisiting the role of the state in poverty reduction and in development
Authors: Lund Frances
Published: September 2002

A central issue for both economic and social policies aimed at addressing poverty is the appropriate role of the state, and the interaction between public and private measures of support. One tradition in economics has been concerned that public spending will ‘crowd out’ private savings and private pension provision. The substantial South African programme of state assistance to elderly people presents a unique opportunity to understand the impact of state intervention. The non‐contributory old age pension raises household incomes, and ‘crowds in’ care of the elderly and of children, enhances household security, and stimulates the formation of very small businesses, as well as local markets. The positive performance of this programme, both in poverty reduction and as a development tool, is used to raise broader questions for international social policies which are designed on increasingly outdated notions of ‘households’ and of ‘work’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From the politics of poverty to the politics of identity? Child rights and working children in Bangladesh
Authors: White Sarah C.
Published: September 2002

Drawing on primary research in development organizations and with working children themselves, this paper questions the logic of child rights, and its validity for the cultural context of Bangladesh. A strong stress on child rights at the programme level may not be sustainable and can have contradictory outcomes for poor children. Working children place a premium on the quality of relationships and show a strong sense of (in)justice and entitlement. This suggests ‘child rights’ work should re‐examine the cultural constitution of entitlements and responsibilities and how these intermesh with the material, social and political factors that make and keep children poor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inequality and the polarizing impact of microcredit: evidence from Zambia's copperbelt
Authors: Copestake James
Published: September 2002

While much research has addressed the impact of microcredit on poverty, less attention has been paid to inequality. This paper draws on research on the Zambian Copperbelt to show how impact on income distribution depends upon who obtains loans, who graduates to larger loans, who exits and group dynamics. Some initial levelling up of business income was found, but the more marked overall effect among borrowers was of income polarisation. To gain a full picture, more research is needed into the wider impact of the big gainers not only on their competitors, customers and employees, but also on political tolerance of inequality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the measurement of poverty and vulnerability in the South African context
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar
Published: September 2002

It is sometimes argued that poverty is multi‐dimensional and that the borderline between the poor and the non‐poor is vague. In this paper fuzzy set theoretic poverty measures are used to examine vulnerability and ‘definite poverty’ in various dimensions of the quality of life. The focus of the paper is on inter‐provincial rankings in these dimensions at the time of the 1996 Census in South Africa. While various methodological difficulties are noted, the analysis suggests that the distinction between human and financial poverty, and that between definite poverty and extreme vulnerability, are important for policy, in particular as regards the inter‐provincial distribution of funds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critical assessment of Jamaica's national poverty eradication programme
Authors: Duku Osei Philip
Published: September 2002

In recent times there have been a proliferation of national, sectoral and local development policies on poverty eradication in the developing countries. This study of the Jamaican poverty reduction initiative aimed to find out whether some of these programmes have transcended some of the elementary policy problems that have been widely covered in the development management literature since the 1960s. The Government of Jamaica contends that its overall social policy, and especially the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NPEP), instituted from 1997–2000 may have contributed towards the reduction of absolute poverty levels that have been recorded in the last half‐decade. This writer argues otherwise. This is because a close examination of the management of the NPEP per se revealed deep‐seated problems. These included a weak political analysis, poor co‐ordination at the macro and street levels and a lack of adequate institutional support from the bureaucracy. The essay suggests ways towards improved governance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Livelihood asset status tracking: an impact monitoring tool?
Authors: Bond Richard , Mukherjee Neela
Published: September 2002

This paper raises the issue of what kind of monitoring system can serve the learning needs of livelihood improvement projects which follow a process approach. It is concerned, in particular, with monitoring not only achievement of planned project outputs, but also with higher level project impacts normally needed to achieve project purpose or goal. A simple and rapid method to track the livelihood asset status at the household level is introduced. It is based on local perceptions and converts qualitative judgement to quantitative analytical data. Some initial field results are discussed along with problems, possible solutions, points for best practice and further research possibilities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational NGDOS and participatory forms of rights‐based development: converging with the local politics of citizenship in Cameroon
Authors: Hickey Sam
Published: September 2002

The transmission of ‘participatory development’ by transnational non‐governmental development organizations (NGDOs) to local ‘partners’ in developing countries is today widely criticized, often because of an apparent failure to attain the essentially political goal of ‘empowerment’. This article argues that this problem relates closely to a failure amongst NGDOs to engage with the political context in which ‘citizenship participation’ is contested in developing countries. Case study material reveals how one participatory development intervention has converged with a particular moment in the trajectory of citizenship formation amongst the target group, and with the local politics of citizenship in Cameroon more broadly, in ways that have, at best, ambiguous implications for the ‘empowerment’ of the local participants. The paper concludes by discussing how ‘rights‐based’ approaches might overcome these problems, and the challenge that this poses for the transnational development community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.