bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Identity
Authors: Forstie Clare
Published: February 2020

Sexual identity research within sociology has largely examined the social contexts of sexuality as a central part of how we think about ourselves. While much of this research focuses on the experiences of marginalized people (gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, and other identities), critical attention has also been paid to the social construction of heterosexual or straight identities. Theoretical perspectives from fields like queer theory and psychology have informed this thinking, and activism and research specifically from queer theory has significantly influenced how researchers understand sexual identities. Intersections with other identities are also critical to understanding sexual identities, and much forward-thinking work on sexual identities examines gender, race, class, and ability simultaneously. This bibliography outlines research on sexual identity, beginning with key sources like Journals, Edited Volumes, and Online and Popular Sources. The Theoretical Foundations section includes classic works, best for those seeking an introduction to the field. The Studying Identity: Research Methods section addresses how sexual identities might be best studied, as well as ongoing methodological challenges. Also included are sections discussing how sexual identities have been defined, including histories of sexual identities, intersections with other identities and changing identity categories, research on sexual identity and the self, research that examines the relationship between sexual identity and behavior, and works discussing how sexual identities are understood in relationships and religion. Sections addressing collective sexual identities and identities in spaces examine how identities are used in social movements and how sexual identities shape and are shaped by communities. Finally, a section focused on the political economy of sexual identities addresses the relationships between sexualities, nations, economies, and policy. While the bulk of this bibliography focuses on sexual identities within the United States, sources examining sexual identities in a variety of national and transnational contexts are included in a number of sections.
Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities in the United States
Authors: Youngbull Natalie
Published: February 2020

Tribal colleges and universities (TCUs) are higher education institutions chartered by one or more tribal nation as an act of tribal sovereignty and self-determination. These institutions grew out of the social and political movements of the 1960s. The first TCU, Navajo Community College (now Dine College), was chartered in 1968. Currently, there are thirty-seven TCUs with seventy-seven campuses across thirteen states, with many campuses located on or near tribal reservations and communities. Overall enrollment across all TCUs is twenty-seven thousand and ranges from one hundred to one thousand within each respective institution. Degree offerings and services are responsive to identified community needs with all TCUs offering two-year degree programs and certificates. Currently, fourteen institutions have expanded several of their degree programs offerings into bachelor’s programs and five TCUs offer a master’s program. Similar to community colleges, TCUs are open admissions institutions. However, TCUs must maintain a majority American Indian/Alaskan Native full-time equivalent student enrollment to remain a member of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium, the governing body of TCUs, and continue receiving federal funding. TCUs receive federal funding through the Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978 (renamed the Tribally Controlled College and University Assistance Act of 1978), and twenty-nine TCUs became land grant institutions through the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994. TCUs are uniquely distinct higher education institutions whose mission statements and guiding principles embody the cultural knowledge, values, teachings, and histories of their respective tribal nation(s). TCUs’ missions are twofold: (i) to educate tribal members and (ii) to address tribally identified needs and priorities. Leadership and administration manage multiple duties/responsibilities in order to achieve the institution’s mission. Teaching is the priority for TCU faculty, but more faculty are conducting and producing research that is culturally guided and community- and place-based. Faculty have also produced culturally relevant models and frameworks in the spaces of student retention and success and environmental sustainability. Today, TCUs continue to work toward greater impacts within tribal communities and beyond through the development of new culturally-informed degree programs and curriculum, research across disciplines, appropriate collaborations, and American Indian/Alaskan Native student retention and persistence and transfer success at mainstream institutions.
Cross-Sector Research on Continuous Learning and Improvement
Authors: Peterson Amelia , Yurkofsky Maxwell , Mehta Jal
Published: February 2020

The body of literature on continuous learning and improvement is divided into applied research documenting or evaluating specific codified methods, and a more theoretical literature about how organizations can learn and improve. Both literatures emerged in the 1970s, and they remained distinct for some time. On the applied side, consultants to industry began to codify the approaches of high-performing companies, producing a set of methods that combined continuous improvement (CI) with a customer orientation, emphasis on teamwork, tools for structured decision making, and systems thinking. One of the earliest and most studied packages of these methods is called Total Quality Management (TQM). Studies documented consistent evidence of associations between TQM implementation and performance in the private sector, but a weaker relationship in the public sector. Theoretical research increasingly explained why this might be so, drawing productively on contingency theory to explain why methods from production may need to be adapted or reconsidered in service or public sectors. Yet the initial reluctance of scholars to follow the demands of managers in deciding what to study led to the underinvestment in direct research on individual CI methods like TQM, which may have contributed to its hype and rapid spread despite mixed results. This rapid spread was then largely explained by scholars via neoinstitutional theories, wherein organizations adopt CI methods as a way of securing legitimacy, rather than because of their technical value. Over time, scholars have taken up a more integrated role in theorizing, investigating, and evaluating CI initiatives, often grounding their empirical research in theories of organizational learning and using this theoretical foundation to deepen our understanding of the conditions under which and the mechanisms by which CI methods work. Yet, particularly in health care, they have struggled with the appropriate standards of evidence and research designs for evaluating CI methods. Again, theoretical perspectives have helped to delineate the challenges. For example, contingency and neoinstitutional theories raise questions about whether conformity with prescribed practices is the best indicator of effective take-up of CI, or whether adaptation is more desirable. This question arose particularly as methods spread to sectors with more fragmented and turbulent environments, difficult-to-monitor tasks, and uncertain technologies (e.g., many public sectors). Faced with growing understanding of the incompatibility of traditional CI methods with the complexity of many contexts, the latest generation of literature on CI in both the private and public sectors promotes more adaptive, less tightly codified methods.
Scale and Sustainability of Education Innovation and Improvement
Authors: Bush-Mecenas Susan , Anderson Eleanor
Published: February 2020

The feasibility of scaling up and sustaining educational innovations and efforts at improvement has been a subject of scholarly investigation for decades. Many scholars, as well as policymakers and educational leaders, seek to develop educational innovations that can improve schooling not only in a single setting but across multiple schools, districts, or even nationwide. Likewise, reformers typically intend for the improvements they facilitate to last well beyond the duration of a short-term grant or research program. Research has consistently revealed, however, that both scale and sustainability are highly challenging to achieve. While scaling and sustainability are joint goals, often linked empirically, they draw on distinct analytic constructs and pose different methodological challenges. We therefore divide our survey of the research base into separate sections for Scale and Sustainability, although we note the (many) points of overlap and alignment. Both scaling and sustainability have been the subject of theoretical debate as well as empirical investigation. Therefore, we begin our treatment of each topic with a section reviewing varying theoretical treatments of the construct: Theorizing Scale and Theorizing Sustainability. Following this conceptual introduction, each section includes discussion of two subsets of literature. The first concerns the dynamics of externally developed, evidence-based programs and innovations. With respect to scaling, the section Scale: Adoption and Replication addresses the spreading of an innovation developed in one place to other places, with attention to breadth and fidelity. With respect to sustainability, Sustaining Externally Developed Interventions concerns what happens to reform over time, especially after specialized funding or research ends. The second category we consider with regard both to scale and sustainability concerns the more recent turn toward ongoing local improvement efforts rooted in processes of inquiry. With regard to scaling, these studies focus on local variation, design, and adaptation, as explored in Scale: Adaptation and Continuous Improvement. With regard to sustainability, this concerns the ways in which schools and districts can build systems to support continuous improvement in the long term (Sustaining Continuous Improvement). We end with a section on Factors Enabling and Constraining Scaling and Sustainability, which addresses research both on scale-up and sustainability that draws attention to empirical factors that matter for both goals.
History of Global Media
Authors: Kunkel Sönke
Published: February 2020

Inspired by the “global turn” in the humanities and social sciences, the history of global media has developed into a burgeoning interdisciplinary field in recent years and now integrates a wide spectrum of diverse approaches and disciplines, ranging from media and communication studies over political science to history. This article reviews particularly the newer historical scholarship which has seen a major rise of output in recent years and has added much new empirical insight to the field. The focus is especially on works covering the 19th and 20th centuries and it concentrates first on newer works on global telegraphy and news agencies as well as on broader overviews. The second part of this article then maps works on the classic mass media in Africa, Asia, and Latin America: print, radio, and television, with a few glimpses toward cinema. It concludes with a section on the Cold War. Global media history means three things in the context of this article: (1) the history of media as global connectors and forces of globalization that enabled and promoted transnational flows of news, texts, pictures, information, ideas, and lifestyles; (2) the history of mass media in regions beyond the United States and Europe; and (3) the history of the ways in which governments and other historical actors used media to promote cross-national and international connections, messages, and interactions. The underlying understanding here, then, is that writing global media history involves as much a specific perspective on entanglements and interconnections as it is a programmatic effort to decenter existing European and US-centered national historiographies and enrich those with Latin American, African, and Asian experiences. The first studies on global media already appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. Mostly written by social scientists and communication scholars under contract by governments or UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), those works mapped the contemporary media environments of African, Asian, and Latin American countries, but usually also touched on historical developments. Common themes of those works were the media policies of the postcolonial state and the charge of cultural imperialism. Genuinely historical works on global mass media only began appearing from the mid-1980s on and initially focused on the interrelationships between diplomacy and global communications. Since the 2000s the historical study of global media has gradually broadened, and now overlaps considerably with other fields such as imperial history, business history, the history of public diplomacy and propaganda, and even ocean studies, making it a highly dynamic and fast-growing field.
Medieval Music
Authors: Wolinski Mary , Borders James
Published: February 2020

Medieval music generally refers to western European music between the late 8th and early 15th centuries, although topics concerning Christian liturgy and plainchant reach further back into history. The Latin-Christian realms considered here include Britain ranging from England to St. Andrews, Scotland, the Frankish Empire from France to central Europe, the Spanish territories of Galicia, León, Castile, and Catalonia, the Mediterranean region, Sicily, and the Italian peninsula. Questions of how the music of these peoples was composed, conceived, performed, and preserved during this lengthy period are as many and diverse as the backgrounds and interests of those seeking answers. During the early Middle Ages, music was transmitted orally and the churches of different regions had distinctive liturgies and chants. With the unification of the Christian Church under the Carolingians around the turn of the 9th century, chant came to be written down, early musical notation serving as a memory aid. The relationship of Frankish and other regional chant repertories to that of the papal city of Rome, various attempts to regularize Western plainchant, and the music theory that developed to comprehend it are among the most extensively studied topics of chant scholarship. Religious songs other than chant were also sung, often outside of Church services, in Latin or such vernacular languages as Galician, German, Czech, English, Italian, and Hebrew. Numerous love songs were written in Old Occitan, French, and German. Starting in the 9th century, polyphonic arrangements of chants called organum emerged. In the 12th century, one encounters polyphonic settings of strophic Latin poems called versus and conductus. Sacred polyphony was by then performed at a number of centers, although the organum and conductus composed for Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in the late 12th and early 13th centuries were the most widely disseminated and stylistically influential genres of their time. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, new genres of polyphonic composition emerged, notably the motet, various French and Italian secular songs, and Mass Ordinary movements. Instrumental music had existed since earliest times but it came to be notated only in the late 13th century in the form of monophonic dance tunes. Most composers of medieval sacred monophony are unknown except for certain authors of hymns, sequences, and chants. The courtly troubadours, trouvères, and Minnesänger are however often identified in manuscript song collections. By the 12th century, composers of polyphony like Leonin and Perotin were known and praised.
György Ligeti
Authors: Bauer Amy
Published: February 2020

György Sándor Ligeti (b. 1923–d. 2006) is arguably the most influential composer of the late 20th century. Over the course of six decades, he produced solo Chamber Works, choral compositions, Fluxus experiments, analog Electronic pieces, orchestral compositions, and works of music theatre. Ligeti was born in Transylvania of Hungarian-Jewish parents, where he first studied music at the Kolozsvár Conservatory. Although he lost his father and brother to the wartime concentration camps, Ligeti escaped a Nazi work camp and entered the Liszt Academy in 1945. He joined the Academy faculty on graduation, just as Communist dictates began to affect Budapest’s cultural and political life. Under the constraints of socialist realism, Ligeti embarked on a compositional career divided between acceptable works and more dissonant compositions “for the desk drawer.” During the 1956 Hungarian revolution Ligeti escaped to Vienna, and in 1957 worked at the electronic studio of West German radio in Cologne. His early Orchestral WorksApparitions (1958–1959) and Atmosphères (1961) cemented Ligeti’s reputation with the European avant-garde. Rejecting the dogmatism of the Darmstadt school, Ligeti embraced influences from early music, art, literature, science, and folk music, producing complex but often remarkably accessible works known for their eccentric humor and dark wit. In the 1970s Ligeti continued to refine and expand his style, producing everything from intimate solo works for harpsichord to the suitably grand opera Le Grand Macabre (1974–1977, revised in 1996). His music from the 1980s onward incorporated influences from African and other non-Western music, the canonic music of Conlon Nancarrow, and fractal geometry, but remained rooted in his native language and conservatory training. The championing of his music by leading performers, and numerous awards that followed his 70th birthday in 1993 contributed to the growing influence of Ligeti’s music in the last decades of the 20th century, by which time his students had established careers on several continents. Ligeti’s music is widely lauded for uniting intellectual sophistication with a respect for the sensual attributes of his materials, a perception supported by Interviews and theoretical writings that span his career. The publication of György Ligeti: Eine Monographie (Mainz, Germany: Schott, 1971) and Das musikalische Material und seine Behandlung in den Werken “Apparitions,” “Atmosphères” und “Requiem” von György Ligeti (Regensburg, Germany: G. Bosse, 1969) presaged an intense scholarly interest in Ligeti’s works which only intensified as his oeuvre expanded and he embraced new compositional challenges. Much of the scholarship on Ligeti thus revolves around the categories of musical technique and influences, not surprisingly given the composer’s focus in his own theoretical writings and lectures.
Archaeology of Oceania
Authors: Cochrane Ethan E.
Published: February 2020

Oceania comprises the islands of the Pacific Ocean and nearby seas originally settled from Island Southeast Asia by variably related populations over the last 50,000 years. The region is commonly divided into Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia, but much archaeological research also references the biogeographic regions Near and Remote Oceania. Near Oceania includes New Guinea and the neighboring Admiralty, Bismarck, and Solomon Islands, all inhabited in the Pleistocene and early Holocene, while Remote Oceania includes the remaining Oceanic islands to the north and east of the Solomons that were settled in two waves beginning approximately 3,000 and 1,000 years ago. Modern archaeology in Oceania has its roots in the comparative ethnology of the region at the beginning of the 20th century, an ethnology influenced by the accounts of European explorers and missionaries from the previous 200 years. This ethnological research described archaeologically relevant behavior, material culture, and landscapes, but it was not until 1947 that the first archaeological excavations were conducted—a late start on the world stage owing to the mistaken belief that there was little time-depth to Oceanic cultures. In the second half of the 20th century, the pace of archaeology in Oceania quickened, with research focused on the chronological sequences of various islands and archipelagos, the geographic origins of particular groups, and changes in political complexity over time. Archaeologists still investigate many of these issues, but the diversity of research topics has increased. Theoretically, archaeological research in Oceania is solidly processual (although additional frameworks are beginning to appear) and this is born out of a decades-old approach to islands as laboratories for comparisons of cultural variation and attendant explanatory processes, particularly evolutionary and ecological ones. More recently, historical archaeology and indigenous archaeology have become prominent perspectives.
Battle of Loos
Authors: Isherwood Ian
Published: February 2020

In September 1915, the British and French armies began a combined major offensive on the western front. The French offensive was aimed at the Champagne and Artois regions, while the British Expeditionary Force’s objective was near Lens, in the industrial region between La Bassee and Loos. The battle was instigated by the French high command, who believed that a simultaneous attack upon the German army would yield results within a theater of war that had become stalemated. Despite reservations about the offensive’s intended results and the ground chosen for the attack, the commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir John French, agreed to the offensive. Along with his subordinate, First Army’s commander Sir Douglas Haig, French planned an offensive that was the largest operation of the BEF on the western front to date. The battle itself began with a four-day preliminary bombardment of German trenches on 21 September. The bombardment did little damage and notably did little to German barbed wire, which proved to be a serious impediment for advancing infantry. On 25 September, the battle began in earnest with six divisions attacking using a new weapon, chlorine gas. This was the first time gas was used by the BEF, and it proved to be as much as a hinderance as an advantage in attack. Still, the first day saw some advances notably those of the 9th Scottish Division at the Hohenzollern Redoubt and the 47th and 15th divisions to the south. To capitalize on gains made during the first day, Sir John French called up the 21st and 24th Reserve Divisions, untested men who had been exhausted by days of marching. These New Army divisions were committed to battle immediately on the 26th in hastily prepared attacks without adequate artillery support against an entrenched enemy. They lost half their number. After the opening phase of the battle, the advantage then shifted to the defender, and the German army fought a series of counterattacks, the battle devolving into a stalemate. By the second week of October, it became clear that any gains by the BEF had been negligible, especially considering the high cost in lives. In the end, the “big push” of 1915 ended in failure, with more than 50,000 British casualties. As a result of what was seen as a significant failure on the part of staff work and generalship at Loos, Field Marshal Sir John French was replaced by his subordinate, Sir Douglas Haig.
Lucrecia Martel
Authors: Martin Deborah
Published: February 2020

Lucrecia Martel (b. 1966) is one of the best-known contemporary Latin American filmmakers. She is an innovative stylist who has gained worldwide recognition for her strange, oneiric, and sensorial feature films, which have won prizes at film festivals around the world. Martel has been seen as part of the wave of aesthetic experimentalism and the shift away from previous forms of filmmaking in Argentina that came to be known in the early 2000s as the “New Argentine Cinema,” and early criticism of her work is often preoccupied with locating it within that trend, which was seen as intrinsically linked with the context of economic crisis in Argentina. Feminist perspectives on Martel’s work were also among the first writings on her, later followed by a number of queer readings of her work. In addition, because of its formal innovations, critics of Martel’s work have also paid sustained attention to aesthetic and cinematographic questions, especially around sound and the extra-visual senses, including touch and the haptic. Martel’s first three features—La ciénaga (2001), La niña santa (2004), and La mujer sin cabeza (2008)—are often referred to as the “Salta Trilogy” and depict the life of the conservative middle classes in the provincial setting of Salta, Northwest Argentina, where Martel grew up. They have been read as critiquing gender, sexual, ethnic, and class power structures, while questions of phenomenology, the body, the senses, and the use of sound have also been to the fore. The more recent Zama (2017) is a departure from the earlier features in a number of respects: it is Martel’s first literary adaptation (of Antonio di Benedetto’s 1956 novel of the same name), the first of her features not to be set in Salta, and the first to have a male protagonist. Set in the colonial era, it is also Martel’s first historical film. However, it shares certain aesthetic and thematic tendencies with the earlier films. In particular, early readings of Zama indicate that it will be read as an exploration of the colonial underpinnings of the racist, classist society examined in the earlier features. In addition, Martel has made a number of short films. Of these, Rey Muerto (1995) and Nueva Argirópolis (2010) have attracted the most critical attention.
Ageism at Work
Authors: Pytlovany Amy
Published: February 2020

A demographic shift has been occurring in the workforce and is expected to continue in most industrialized nations across the globe. The popular press calls it “the graying of the workforce,” or “the silver tsunami,” reflecting a trend of an aging workforce. Older employees are remaining at their jobs longer and consequently age diversity within organizations has increased. Five different generations (Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z) are working together more than ever before. Increased age diversity has important implications for organizational processes and can have positive and negative consequences. As this trend continues, businesses must adapt to effectively manage age-diverse employees. If left unchecked, ageism at work can lead to numerous detrimental outcomes for organizations (e.g., reduced firm performance, employee turnover), teams (e.g., intergroup conflict), and individuals (e.g., selection discrimination, poor health). Research on this topic seeks to understand the content and process of age-based stereotyping, accuracy of stereotypes, outcomes of age bias, and conditions under which stereotypes are most likely to result in discrimination. Most of the work to date has focused on older workers; however, attention to younger worker age bias is increasing. Developing research streams strive to understand personal and contextual factors impacting ageism at work, and strategies for mitigating the negative effects of age diversity while fostering positive outcomes.
New Ventures
Authors: Li Haiyang
Published: February 2020

The growth of new ventures plays a significant role in job creation and economic development. New ventures, or entrepreneurial ventures, are broadly defined as those firms that are in their early stages of development and growth. Often they are in the process of bringing their initial products or services to the market and of developing their customer base. Relative to established firms, new ventures tend to have a higher propensity to fail because they often have limited resources and lack a “track record” with outside buyers and suppliers. This phenomenon, the “liability of newness,” has inspired scholars from many disciplines such as economics, sociology, psychology, and management to examine how to manage new ventures and improve their performance. Empirically, an eight-year time frame is often considered as a cutoff for being a new venture because it has been found that new ventures, on average, need eight years to reach profitability and twelve years to resemble established firms. However, there is disagreement on the year cutoffs. Some studies relaxed the time constraint by using ten years old as the cutoff point, while others used six years old as the cutoff point. Entrepreneurship is often defined as the creation of a new organization. In this sense, there are many overlaps between the domain of entrepreneurship and that of new ventures.
Gothic Art in Italy
Authors: Thompson Nancy
Published: February 2020

This article covers a period in Italy, c. 1250 to c. 1400, often characterized as the beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy. While many scholars in the past—from Giorgio Vasari in the 16th century to 19th- and 20th-century founders of the discipline—sought the “primi lumi,” or first lights, of the Renaissance in the 13th- and 14th-century art of Italy, more recent scholarship in the field is concerned with the contexts in which art in this period was commissioned, created, and received. Some of the larger contextual concerns that have driven scholarship since the late 20th century are the proliferation of the mendicant orders and their roles as patrons; the burgeoning mercantile economy that fueled artistic and architectural commissions; the political power of the communes and the ways that art and architecture reflected and created civic identity; the reception of works of art by a variety of audiences; and the importance of materials and techniques in the creative lives of artists. Additionally, due in large part to Vasari’s love of Florence and Florentine art, a great deal of scholarship in the field attends to Florentine art and to central Italian art more generally. This article reflects that bias and contains scholarship mainly on central Italian art. The title of this entry implies that it is concerned only with Italian art that is related in some way—visually, socially, theologically—to the art of northern Europe, where what art historians call the Gothic style originated in the 12th century. While some of the scholarship in this article centers on artistic exchange between northern Europe and Italy or examines Italian art that is Gothic in style, it is not limited to these issues. This article is intended to serve advanced undergraduates, beginning graduate students, and scholars seeking to do research in a new field, and it includes almost all books, many of them published within the past twenty years, with the intent that the bibliographies of the books will lead students and researchers to the older sources and periodical literature relevant to their scholarly interests.
Great Zimbabwe and its Legacy
Authors: Dewey William J.
Published: February 2020

Great Zimbabwe is arguably one of the largest (area-wise), and most impressive archaeological sites in southern Africa. While not the first southern African site to use stone walls in its architectural plan (the slightly earlier site of Mapungubwe holds that distinction), this World Heritage site is without doubt the most often visited, photographed, and studied archeological site in southern Africa. The dressed granite blocks were assembled without mortar into structures of impressive dimensions. The walls in the Great Enclosure are eleven meters high, six meters thick at their base, four meters at the top, and the circumference of the structure is 255 meters. Great Zimbabwe was the largest of many other smaller zimbabwes (or houses of stone) from the same period. All are located on the edge of the plateau, so as to be at the center of the annual seasonal movement of cattle between the highlands and lowlands (to avoid tsetse fly and sleeping sickness problems). Gold (and probably iron) was mined, worked, and traded internally and externally, but the real wealth of Great Zimbabwe was in the huge herds of cattle they controlled. From radiocarbon dates we know that the area around Great Zimbabwe was settled by the 5th century of the Christian era. Early walls were built in the 13th century, and people continued to inhabit the site till the 1500s, and perhaps longer. Most agree that the peak of economic prosperity, and when the majority of the building was done, was the period between 1300 and 1450. Great Zimbabwe’s decline was probably gradual, as power moved to states in the southwest (Butua and Khami) and northeast (Mutapa). Interpretation of Great Zimbabwe has undergone considerable change over the years from the early insistence on foreign construction, to the current accepted understanding of it being the result of local African development. Names of structures at the site have also changed with time (e.g., Circular Ruins, Elliptical Ruins, Elliptical Temple, Imba Huru [Great House] and Great Enclosure for the same structure), so it is imperative that researchers be cognizant of the historical context (colonial, white settler, post-independent times, etc.) of when they were written. The most famous material finds from Great Zimbabwe are the carved soapstone (or steatite, a type of talc-schist rock) birds. Because of the popularity of the topic of Great Zimbabwe and the long history of coverage, there are many thousands of citations relating to Great Zimbabwe. Much of the research has been dominated by historians and archaeologists. Art historians seeking to understand the material culture, especially architecture and sculptural objects, will not find much in Art Historical literature and instead will need to be more interdisciplinary and explore the research of these and other disciplines
Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression
Authors: Waller Donald M. , Keller Lukas F.
Published: February 2020

Inbreeding (also referred to as “consanguinity”) occurs when mates are related to each other due to incest, assortative mating, small population size, or population sub-structuring. Inbreeding results in an excess of homozygotes and hence a deficiency of heterozygotes. This, in turn, exposes recessive genetic variation otherwise hidden by heterozygosity with dominant alleles relative to random mating. Interest in inbreeding arose from its use in animal and plant breeding programs to expose such variation and to fix variants in genetically homogenous lines. Starting with Gregor Mendel’s experiments with peas, geneticists have widely exploited inbreeding as a research tool, leading R. C. Lewontin to conclude that “Every discovery in classical and population genetics has depended on some sort of inbreeding experiment” (see Lewontin’s 1965 article “The Theory of Inbreeding.” Science 150:1800–1801). Charles Darwin wrote an entire book on the effects of inbreeding as measured in fifty-two taxa of plants. He and others noted that most plants and animals go to great length to avoid inbreeding, suggesting that inbreeding has high costs that often outweigh the benefits of inbreeding. Benefits of inbreeding include increased genetic transmission while the costs of inbreeding manifest as inbreeding depression when deleterious, mostly recessive alleles otherwise hidden as heterozygotes emerge in homozygote form upon inbreeding. Inbreeding also reduces fitness when heterozygotes are more fit than both homozygotes, but such overdominance is rare. Recurrent mutation continuously generates deleterious recessive alleles that create a genetic “load” of deleterious mutations mostly hidden within heterozygotes in outcrossing populations. Upon inbreeding, the load is expressed when deleterious alleles segregate as homozygotes, causing often substantial inbreeding depression. Although inbreeding alone does not change allele frequencies, it does redistribute genetic variation, reducing it within families or populations while increasing it among families or populations. Inbreeding also increases selection by exposing deleterious recessive mutations, a process called purging that can deplete genetic variation. For all these reasons, inbreeding is a central concept in evolutionary biology. Inbreeding is also central to conservation biology as small and isolated populations become prone to inbreeding and thus suffer inbreeding depression. Inbreeding can reduce population viability and increase extinction risk by reducing individual survival and/or reproduction. Such effects can often be reversed, however, by introducing new genetic material that re-establishes heterozygosity (“genetic rescue”). The current availability of DNA sequence and expression data is now allowing more detailed analyses of the causes and evolutionary consequences of inbreeding.
Partial Sacrectomy for Resection of a Sacral Chordoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Gagliardi Martin Julian , Guiroy Alfredo , Sícoli Alfredo , Masanés Nicolás Gonzalez , Ciancio Alejandro Morales
Published: February 2020

Sacral chordomas are infrequent tumors that arise from remnants of the notochord. They are most often found in the sacrum and skull-base.
1,2
These lesions rarely metastasize and usually have an indolent and oligosymptomatic clinical course. Chordomas show low sensitivity to standard radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Operative resection with wide resection margins offers the best long-term prognosis, including longer survival and local control.
1,3
However, achieving a complete resection with oncological margins may be difficult because of the anatomic complexity of the sacrococcygeal region.
4
The main complications of sacral resection include infections, wound closure defects, and anorectal and urogenital dysfunction. The rate of these complications is significantly increased when the tumor involves the S2 level or above.

We report the case of a 64-yr-old male who presented with progressive sacrococcygeal pain and a feeling of incomplete evacuation. A heterogeneous, osteolytic lesion was found at the sacrococcygeal region. Full body imaging tests were negative for other lesions. A computed tomography (CT) guided biopsy was made. We usually use the midline approach in case we have to include the needle path in the resection. The pathology confirmed a sacrococcygeal, low-grade chordoma. We decided to perform an en bloc resection. A posterior, partial sacrectomy was planned distal to the S4 level.
Neutrino oscillations at low energy long baseline experiments in the presence of nonstandard interactions and parameter degeneracy
Authors: Yasuda Osamu
Published: February 2020

We discuss the analytical expression of the oscillation probabilities at low energy long baseline experiments, such as Tokai to HyperKamiokande (T2HK) and Tokai to HyperKamioka and Korea (T2HKK), in the presence of nonstandard interactions (NSIs). We show that these experiments are advantageous in the exploration of the NSI parameters ($\epsilon_D$, $\epsilon_N$), which were suggested to be nonvanishing to account for the discrepancy between the solar neutrino and Kamioka Liquid scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector data. We also show that, when the NSI parameters are small, parameter degeneracy in the CP phase $\delta$, $\epsilon_D$ and $\epsilon_N$ can be resolved by combining data of the T2HK and T2HKK experiments.
Reducing Nursing Student Anxiety in the Clinical Setting: An Integrative Review
Authors: Cornine Amanda
Published: February 2020

AIM

The aim of this review was to examine nonsimulation strategies to reduce undergraduate nursing student anxiety in the clinical setting.

BACKGROUND

The anxiety nursing students often experience during clinical rotations can affect their academic performance and interpersonal interactions.

METHOD

An integrative review was undertaken following guidelines by Whittemore and Knafl. The search was limited to articles published from 1999 to 2018 to increase the likelihood that they included the generations of students currently most prevalent in nursing programs, millennials and generation Z.

RESULTS

Most researchers (17 studies) supported their interventions as somewhat effective in reducing nursing student anxiety in the clinical setting. A number of limitations of the research were identified.

CONCLUSION

Various faculty-led and student-led interventions may reduce student anxiety in the clinical setting. Further rigorous research on this topic is needed to provide a strong evidence base for such interventions.
Attitudes Toward Spiritual Care and the Provision of Spiritual Care Interventions Among Jordanian Baccalaureate Nursing Students: Prevalence and Correlates
Authors: Musa Ahmad S.
Published: February 2020

AIM

The aim of this study was to identify aspects and frequencies of spiritual care intervention provided by baccalaureate nursing students and to explore factors associated with the frequency of spiritual care interventions.

BACKGROUND

Provision of spiritual care is a part of good quality nursing and is an important dimension in patients’ health and well-being.

METHODA

A cross-sectional descriptive and correlational design was employed. A convenience sample of 267 Jordanian baccalaureate nursing students completed a structured, self-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS

Participants had a low mean level of provision frequency for religious spiritual care interventions. Nursing students with a greater spiritual perspective, positive attitudes toward spiritual care, and adequate education and training in spiritual care were more likely to provide interventions more frequently.

CONCLUSIONS

Jordanian baccalaureate nursing students provide religious spiritual care interventions only infrequently. Implications for nursing education, clinical field experience, and nursing program curricula are explored.
Interbody Fusion and Percutaneous Reduction For Lumbar Spondylolisthesis With Mobile Microendoscopic Discectomy Technique
Authors: Xu Baoshan , Xu Haiwei , Zhang Hao , Ma Xinlong , Liu Yue , Yang Qiang , Jiang Hongfeng , Ji Ning , Li Ning
Published: February 2020

Study Design:

A minimally invasive surgical technique for lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of interbody fusion and percutaneous reduction for lumbar spondylolisthesis using mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED) technique.

Summary of Background Data:

Current surgical techniques for lumbar spondylolisthesis cause considerable trauma, so a minimally invasive technique is needed.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 62 patients of lumbar spondylolisthesis (40 patients of degenerative spondylolisthesis and 22 patients of isthmic spondylolisthesis) were treated with interbody fusion and percutaneous reduction using the MMED technique. A 2.5-cm longitudinal incision was made on the side of dominant symptoms, with paraspinous approach used for degenerative spondylolisthesis and transforaminal approach for isthmic spondylolisthesis. The fenestration and decompression were performed under MMED. The intervertebral space was released through an outer tube under direct vision, followed by bone graft and cage implantation. Percutaneous pedicle screws were used, with the residual spondylolisthesis further reduced. The patients were followed up to evaluate the clinical results.

Results:

The procedure was successful in all patients. Postoperative radiographs showed sufficient decompression and improvement of spinal alignment for both groups. The average reduction rate of the spondylolisthesis was 68% for degenerative spondylolisthesis group and 66% for isthmic spondylolisthesis group. The patients of 2 groups were followed up for 12–24 months. At the final follow-up, the Oswestry Disability Index and Visual Analogue Scale scores decreased significantly compared with preoperation for both groups. The clinical results were excellent in 22 cases, good in 16 and fair in 2 for degenerative spondylolisthesis group, and excellent in 11 cases, good in 10 and fair in 1 for isthmic spondylolisthesis group according to the Macnab Scale.

Conclusion:

Interbody fusion and percutaneous reduction with MMED provides a minimally invasive procedure for lumbar spondylolisthesis, with sufficient decompression, reduction, fusion, and satisfactory clinical results.
The synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone increases impulsive action in rats
Authors: Hyatt William S. , Hirsh Caitlin E. , Russell Lauren N. , Chitre Neha M. , Murnane Kevin S. , Rice Kenner C. , Fantegrossi William E.
Published: February 2020

A previous study from our laboratory has shown that the selective catecholamine reuptake inhibitor 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) persistently alters impulsive choice as measured by delay discounting. To further understand the proimpulsive effects of MDPV, we examined its capacity to modulate a different impulsive measure – impulsive action – using a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task with an inter-response time of 20 s. Three groups of male, Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 6) were first tested in daily sessions to understand the acute effects of cocaine (1.0–30.0 mg/kg), MDPV (0.1–3.0 mg/kg), or saline (1.0 ml/kg) on impulsive action. Both cocaine and MDPV increased impulsive action, most notably by decreasing timing error responses and response efficiency, but MDPV was more effective than cocaine. Additionally, MDPV suppressed operant responding in two of six animals at the highest dose tested. Next, the same animals received 10 postsession injections, once every other day, of either 30.0 mg/kg cocaine, 3.0 mg/kg MDPV, or 1.0 ml/kg saline based on their treatment group. An acute dose–effect redetermination was completed following the repeated administration studies, and once again MDPV and cocaine demonstrated proimpulsive effects. Interestingly, timing error responses were decreased in both MDPV and cocaine groups after an acute saline injection, potentially indicating persistent impulsive changes following the repeated administration phase of the experiment. These studies indicate that MDPV increases impulsive action acutely and that this increase may be potentiated following a series of repeated administrations.
Effects of naltrexone on alcohol, sucrose, and saccharin binge-like drinking in C57BL/6J mice: a study with a multiple bottle choice procedure
Authors: Morales Ileana , Rodríguez-Borillo Olga , Font Laura , Pastor Raúl
Published: February 2020

Chronic alcohol (ethyl alcohol, EtOH) binging has been associated with long-term neural adaptations that lead to the development of addiction. Many of the neurobiological features of EtOH abuse are shared with other forms of binging, like pathological feeding. The drinking-in-the-dark (DID) paradigm has been used extensively to study the neurobiology of EtOH binge-like drinking due to its ability to promote high intakes relevant to human behavior. DID can also generate high consumption of other tastants, but this procedure has not been fully adapted to study forms of binging behavior that are not alcohol-driven. In the present study, we used a modified version of DID that uses multiple bottle availability to promote even higher levels of EtOH drinking in male C57BL/6J mice and allows a thorough investigation of tastant preferences. We assessed whether administration of systemic naltrexone could reduce binging on EtOH, sucrose, and saccharin separately as well as in combination. Our multiple bottle DID procedure resulted in heightened levels of consumption compared with previously reported data using this task. We found that administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone reduced intakes of preferred, highly concentrated EtOH, sucrose, and saccharin. We also report that naltrexone was able to reduce overall intakes when animals were allowed to self-administer EtOH, sucrose, or saccharin in combination. Our modified DID procedure provides a novel approach to study binging behavior that extends beyond EtOH to other tastants (i.e. sucrose and artificial sweeteners), and has implications for the study of the neuropharmacology of binge drinking.