bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enterocystoplasty with Cystectomy and Subtotal Intracapsular Prostatectomy in the Male Dog
Authors: FRIES CINDY L. , BINNINGTON ALLAN G. , VALLI VICTOR E. , CONNOLLY JOHN G. , HOLMBERG DAVID L. , PENNOCK PAUL
Published: February 2008

Urinary diversion by implantation of the ureters into an isolated segment of jejunum was evaluated in eight clinically normal male dogs. Total cystectomy and subtotal intracapsular prostatectomy were performed, and the intestinal loop was sutured to the prostatic remnant. General health, renal function, acid‐base balance, urinary tract infection, and urinary continence were monitored during observation periods of 4 to 30 weeks.

All dogs survived the observation period and seven were in excellent general health at the time of euthanasia. Six of the 16 ureterointestinal anastomoses were complicated by complete ureteral obstruction. Absorption of urea from the intestinal loop was speculated as the reason for significant increases in serum urea nitrogen concentrations in all of the dogs. Serum creatinine concentrations generally remained within the normal range, but were significantly increased from preoperative baseline values by week 30. There was dilation of 12 renal pelves and ureters in seven dogs. Urine bacterial cultures were positive in six dogs, but histologic evidence of pyelonephritis was present in only five kidneys. Ejaculation was not affected by the procedure, but epididymitis was present in five dogs. The dogs could urinate consciously and did not dribble urine continuously; however, they urinated hourly. While the procedure was well tolerated by the dogs, the frequency of urination makes this technique unacceptable for most household pets.
Chemical Involution of the Equine Parotid Salivary Gland
Authors: SCHMOTZER W. B. , HULTGREN B. D. , HUBER M. J. , WATROUS B. J. , RIEBOLD T. W. , WAGNER P. C. , SHIRES G. M. H.
Published: February 2008

The efficacy of eliminating parotid salivary secretions by retrograde infusion of 10% formalin, 2% chlorhexidine, or 2% or 3% silver nitrate solutions was evaluated in 10 horses. Solutions were kept within the parotid salivary gland for 90 seconds after infusion through parotid duct cannulae and then allowed to drain freely. Severed parotid ducts and surgical incisions were left to heal by second intention. All agents eliminated glandular secretions. There was less necrosis and suppurative inflammation after formalin infusion than after chlorhexidine and silver nitrate. Silver nitrate (2% and 3%) caused the most necrosis and inflammation.
Treatment of Low Arterial Oxygen Tension in Anesthetized Horses with Clenbuterol
Authors: KEEGAN R. D. , GLEED R. D. , SANDERS E. A. , SEAMAN G. C. , WERTZ E. M. , SHORT C. E.
Published: February 2008

Clenbuterol (0.8 4mUg/kg intravenously) was administered to 10 anesthetized horses with an abnormally low Pao2(<90 mm Hg) despite controlled ventilation with an oxygen‐rich gas mixture. Results were compared with those from 10 controls to which no clenbuterol was given and in which conventional methods to increase Pao2were ongoing. Horses treated with clenbuterol had higher Pao2values for at least 90 minutes. Clenbuterol was associated with increased heart rate and profuse sweating. Clenbuterol can be administered intravenously to increase the Pao2of mechanically ventilated horses that have low arterial oxygen tension while under inhalation anesthesia. Further studies are warranted to define more precisely the circumstances under which clenbuterol may be used safely.
Complications and Long‐term Results after Partial Laryngectomy for the Treatment of Idiopathic Laryngeal Paralysis in 45 Dogs
Authors: ROSS J. THOMAS , MATTHIESEN DAVID T. , NOONE KATHLEEN E. , SCAVELLI THOMAS A.
Published: February 2008

Forty‐five dogs with severe respiratory signs caused by idiopathic, acquired laryngeal paralysis were treated by partial laryngectomy. The predominant postoperative complications were coughing in 28 dogs and pneumonia in 15 dogs. Eight dogs required a second operation to alleviate persistent or recurrent upper airway obstruction. Results of surgery were considered excellent in 11 dogs (25%), good in 18 dogs (40%), fair in 6 dogs (13%), and poor in 10 dogs (22%). Poorer results were obtained by surgical residents than by more experienced surgeons. Death in the immediate postoperative period was related to pneumonia (8 dogs) and laryngeal collapse (1 dog). Nine dogs died later of respiratory disease. Although partial laryngectomy is effective for the treatment of laryngeal paralysis, it is not recommended because of the high incidence of postoperative complications.
The Reliability of Endoscopic Examination in Assessment of Arytenoid Cartilage Movement in Horses Part I: Subjective and Objective Laryngeal Evaluation
Authors: HACKETT R. P. , DUCHARME N. G. , FUBINI S. L. , ERB H. N.
Published: February 2008

Videorecordings of the laryngeal activity of 108 unsedated horses were obtained at rest by passing a flexible videoendoscope into the nasopharynx through the right ventral meatus. All videotaped images were reviewed once, and 72 were reviewed twice, by three veterinarians. Laryngeal cartilage movement was assessed subjectively with a five‐tier grading system. The mean intraobserver agreement was 83.3% (range, 75.0%–90.2%) with a kappa statistic of .65 to .98. The mean interobserver agreement was 79.0% (range, 70.4%–80.6%) with a kappa statistic of .51 to .90. A computer program was developed to measure the leftright ratio of the rima glottidis. The mean left:right ratio for horses assigned a median laryngeal grade of I was 0.84 (range, 0.55–1.03); for grade II, 0.82 (0.50–1.12); for grade III, 0.59 (0.39–0.91); and for grade IV, 0.24 (0.07–0.35).
Pulsed Carbon Dioxide Laser for Cartilage Vaporization and Subchondral Bone Perforation in Horses Part I: Technique and Clinical Results
Authors: ROTH JEROME E. , NIXON ALAN J. , GANTZ VALERIE A. , MEYER DENNIS , MOHAMMED HUSSNI
Published: February 2008

A carbon dioxide laser, used in a rapidly pulsed mode, was evaluated for intra‐articular use in horses. Under arthroscopic guidance, a lensed 5 mm laser probe attached directly to a hand‐held carbon dioxide laser was inserted into one intercarpal joint of eight horses. In four horses, a cartilage crater 1 cm in diameter was created to the level of the subchondral bone of the articular surface of the third carpal bone. In four horses, the laser was directed perpendicular to the articular surface of the third carpal bone and activated to penetrate the cartilage and subchondral bone. The intercarpal joint of the opposite carpus in each horse was subjected to arthroscopic examination and insertion of the laser probe for an equivalent time. The laser was not activated and these joints served as sham operated controls. The horses were evaluated clinically for 8 weeks, then euthanatized, and the joints were examined radiographically, grossly, and histologically. Pulsed carbon dioxide laser vaporized cartilage readily but penetrated bone poorly. Cartilage vaporization resulted in no greater swelling, heat, pain on flexion, lameness, or synovial fluid reaction than the sham procedure. Laser drilling resulted in a shallow, charred hole with a tenacious carbon residue, and in combination with the thermal damage to deeper bone, resulted in increased swelling, mild lameness and a low‐grade, but persistent synovitis. The carbon dioxide laser is a useful intra‐articular instrument for removal of cartilage and has potential application in inaccessible regions of diarthrodial joints. It does not penetrate bone sufficiently to have application in subchondral drilling.
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction with a Vascular External Abdominal Oblique Myofascial Flap
Authors: ALEXANDER LISA G. , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M. , ENGLER STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

A myofascial island flap for abdominal wall reconstruction was based on the lumbar component of the external abdominal oblique muscle and supplied by a major neurovascular pedicle consisting of branches of the cranial abdominal artery, cranial hypogastric nerve, and a satellite vein. The flap was elevated and sutured into a 10 cm × 10 cm body wall defect in five dogs. The dogs were observed for 26 to 28 days. Abdominal wall contour and function were preserved. All dogs developed seromas, two of which became infected. One dog developed a hernia at the dorsal margin of the flap, which was repaired. At necropsy, there was no evidence of dehiscence in any of the dogs. Loose adhesions of omentum to the inner surface of the flap occurred in four dogs. Results of histologic examination confirmed the clinical impression of flap viability. The myofascial island flap has a wide range of mobility over the ventral and caudal areas of the abdomen and lateral thoracic wall. It has potential clinical use for reconstruction of defects within its arc of rotation.
Effect of Tamoxifen Citrate on Canine Immobilization (Disuse) Osteoporosis
Authors: WATERS DAVID J. , CAYWOOD DENNIS D. , TURNER RUSSELL T.
Published: February 2008

The effect of tamoxifen citrate on bone mass in immobilization osteoporosis was studied in 11 growing dogs. Immobilization osteoporosis was induced by fiberglass cast immobilization of the right hindlimb for 28 days, while the left hindlimb served as a nonimmobilized control. Six dogs received tamoxifen citrate (1.5 mg/kg per os) once daily for 28 days; five dogs received no treatment. All dogs were euthanatized on day 28 and bone samples were collected. Bone mineral content of the distal tibial metaphysis of casted and uncasted limbs was measured by single photon absorptiometry. Immobilization resulted in a significant reduction in bone mass in the casted limb of untreated and tamoxifen‐treated dogs. However, tamoxifen‐treated dogs had less severe immobilization osteoporosis than untreated dogs. The calculated bone mass sparing effect of tamoxifen was 24.4%. Because of the complexity of pathologic bone remodeling, use of a single therapeutic agent may not be the optimal means of preventing bone loss associated with immobilization.
Treatment of Forelimb Growth Plate Deformity in 11 Dogs by Radial Dome Osteotomy and External Coaptation
Authors: MACDONALD JANET M. , MATTHIESEN DAVID
Published: February 2008

Radial dome osteotomy and external coaptation were used to correct forelimb growth deformities with carpal valgus angles of 15 to 43 degrees in 11 dogs (12 forelimbs). Osteotomy sites were clinically healed by week 4. Appearance and function in 10 limbs was good to excellent. The angular deformity recurred in one dog by week 4 due to partial closure of the distal radial growth plate. Carpal valgus recurred in one dog by week 2 because the ulnar osteotomy healed before radial growth ceased.
Subdural Hematoma in a Dog
Authors: HOPKINS ANDREW L. , WHEELER SIMON J.
Published: February 2008

A traumatic subacute subdural hematoma in a dog was diagnosed by computed tomography and treated successfully by craniectomy and surgical drainage.
Endoscopic Examination of Normal Paranasal Sinuses in Horses
Authors: RUGGLES ALAN J. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , FREEMAN DAVID E.
Published: February 2008

The frontal, caudal maxillary, and rostral maxillary sinuses of 10 equine cadavers were examined endoscopically, and the findings were confirmed by sinusotomy. Similar endoscopic examinations were performed in five conscious, adult horses by using sedation and local anesthesia. Useful portals of entry for the arthroscope in adult horses were: for the frontal sinus, 60% of the distance in a lateral direction from midline to the medial canthus and 0.5 cm caudal to the medial canthus; for the caudal maxillary sinus, 2 cm rostral and 2 cm ventral to the medial canthus; and for the rostral maxillary sinus, 50% of the distance from the rostral end of the facial crest to the level of the medial canthus and 1 cm ventral to a line joining the infraorbital foramen and the medial canthus.

The frontal sinus portal was most useful for examination of the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses. The caudal maxillary sinus portal was most useful for examining the sphenopalatine sinus. Structures in the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses could be approached surgically by viewing them through the frontal sinus portal and guiding an instrument to them through the caudal maxillary sinus portal. Tooth root identification was reliable for the second and third upper molars in animals older than 5 years, but was more difficult for the rostral teeth and in younger animals.

Endoscopy was not difficult to perform and was well tolerated in standing, sedated horses. The only complication of this procedure was mild, local subcutaneous emphysema that resolved spontaneously within 14 days.
The Isolated Perfused Equine Skin Flap Preparation and Metabolic Parameters
Authors: BRISTOL DAVID G. , RIVIERE J. EDMOND , MONTEIRO‐RIVIERE NANCY A. , BOWMAN KARL F. , ROGERS RICHARD A.
Published: February 2008

A model for the study of equine cutaneous physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology was developed. Four 4 × 12 cm and twenty‐one 6 × 12 cm single‐pedicle axial pattern skin flaps based on the caudal superficial epigastric artery, and eight 6 × 12 cm flaps based on the saphenous artery and medial saphenous vein, were raised and sutured in a tubed configuration. On day 2, each flap was removed, the artery was cannulated, and the flap was perfused with a modified Krebs‐Ringer's albumin‐based medium for at least 6 hours. Flap viability was assessed by glucose use, lactate production, and histologic examination at the end of the perfusion period. The 4 × 12 cm flaps had evidence of skin necrosis, but the 6 × 12 cm flaps remained histologically viable. Results were compared to those previously reported from perfusion of porcine skin flaps based on the caudal superficial epigastric artery. While the ratios of glucose use to lactate production were similar, equine flaps used less glucose and produced less lactate per gram of tissue than similar pig flaps. Equine skin flaps perfused by saphenous vessels used more glucose and produced more lactate than flaps perfused by caudal superficial epigastric vessels. These results indicate that conclusions drawn from cutaneous physiology studies should not be extrapolated across species lines and that site‐specific skin should be used for cutaneous physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology studies. The identified skin flaps may have applications in equine reconstructive surgery.
Epidural vs. Intramuscular Oxymorphone Analgesia after Thoracotomy in Dogs
Authors: POPILSKIS SULLI , KOHN DENNIS , SANCHEZ JUAN A. , GORMAN PEGGY
Published: February 2008

Oxymorphone was administered epidurally (0.1 mg/kg) or intramuscularly (IM) (0.2 mg/kg) to 16 dogs undergoing thoracotomy, to compare the analgesic effectiveness. Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pain score were measured hourly. Arterial blood gases were measured at hour 1. A single dose of oxymorphone injected epidurally provided analgesia for up to 10 hours, whereas the IM route provided a comparable effect for less than 2 hours. There were statistically significant increases in heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures at hour 2 in the dogs treated IM over the dogs treated epidurally. We conclude that epidurally administered oxymorphone is highly effective in alleviating pain after thoracotomy in dogs and provides longer lasting analgesia than the IM route.
Fixation of Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures with 7.0 mm Cannulated Screws in Five Bulls
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , CRAWFORD WILLIAM H. , STONE WILLIAM C. , FRAMPTON J. WYATT
Published: February 2008

Salter‐Harris type I fractures of the femoral capital physis were repaired in five Holstein bulls with three 7.0 mm cannulated screws placed in lag fashion. Radiographically at months 7 to 10, the fractures were healed and there was periarticular bone production on the femoral necks and the dorsal acetabular rims. Four bulls had normal gaits, and one bull had muscle atrophy and barely detectable lameness.
Excision of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Horse
Authors: ORSINI JAMES A. , NUNAMAKER DAVID M. , JONES CARROLL J. , ACLAND HELEN M.
Published: February 2008

A large oral squamous cell carcinoma in a 27‐year‐old Arabian stallion was removed by partial excision of the incisive bone. There was no gross evidence of recurrence or metastasis 5 months later.
Trigger Points in 48 Dogs with Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Authors: JANSSENS LUC A. A.
Published: February 2008

Seven foci of pain (trigger points) were identified in the triceps brachii, infraspinatus, adductorpectineus, peroneus longus, gluteus medius, ileocostorum lumborum, and quadriceps femoris muscles in 48 lame dogs. The dogs had been lame for 1 day to 150 weeks (mean, 24 weeks). Thirty‐one dogs had been treated unsuccessfully with corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, analgesics, or acupuncture. Palpating the trigger points induced severe pain. Treatment consisted of weekly stimulation of the trigger points by needling or injection of a local anesthetic. The mean treatment period was 2.8 weeks. Excellent results and complete recovery were observed in 34 dogs (60%).
Treatment of Dogs in Hemorrhagic Shock by Intraosseous Infusion of Hypertonic Saline and Dextran
Authors: OKRASINSKI E. B. , KRAHWINKEL D. J. , SANDERS W. L.
Published: February 2008

Under isoflurane anesthesia, 50% of the calculated blood volume was removed from 11 dogs. After 30 minutes, five dogs were treated with hypertonic saline and dextran (HSD) (5 mL/kg) followed by isotonic saline solution (2 mL/kg) intraosseously. Six dogs (controls) received isotonic saline (7 mL/kg) intraosseously. All treatments were administered through the medullary cavity of the tibia over a 30‐minute period. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, packed cell volume, total protein, and blood gases were monitored for 4 hours. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and circulating volume (indicated by packed cell volume and total protein) were significantly improved after administration of HSD. We conclude that intraosseous infusion of HSD is efficacious in treating hemorrhagic shock and believe the technique may prove to be useful in clinical situations when intravenous lines cannot be established rapidly.
Urolithiasis in 68 Horses
Authors: LAVERTY SHEILA , PASCOE JOHN R. , LING GERALD V. , LAVOIE JEAN PIERRE , RUBY ANNETTE L.
Published: February 2008

Medical records of 68 horses with urolithiasis were examined. Calculi were in the bladder in 47 horses, urethra in 11 horses, kidneys in 15 horses, and ureter in two horses. They occurred at several sites in six horses. Common clinical signs included hematuria, altered micturition (pollakiuria, dysuria, urinary incontinence), and tenesmus. Weight loss, possibly attributable to chronic renal failure and colic, was associated more commonly with renal and ureteral calculi. Weight loss also occurred in 13% of horses with cystic calculi only. In male horses, most cystic calculi were removed by perineal (ischial) urethrotomy under epidural anesthesia. Although there were few surgical complications with urethrotomy, seven of 15 horses with follow‐up suffered recurrent urolithiasis.
Effects of Four Preparations of 0.05% Chlorhexidine Diacetate on Wound Healing in Dogs
Authors: LOZIER SCOTT , POPE ERIC , BERG JOHN
Published: February 2008

Four chlorhexidine diacetate (CHD) antiseptic wound lavage preparations were evaluated in vivo to determine their effects on second intention wound healing in the dog and in vitro to determine their relative antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus intermedius. Chlorhexidine was diluted to 0.05% in sterile water, 0.9% sodium chloride, lactated Ringers solution (LRS), and LRS that was allowed to form a precipitate with CHD. Control solutions included sterile water and LRS. There were no significant differences in wound contraction or epithelialization. Ail 0.05% CHD preparations provided 100% bacterial kill.
Effects of Flunixin Meglumine on Dogs with Experimental Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: DAVIDSON JACQUELINE R. , LANTZ GARY C. , SALISBURY S. KATHLEEN , KAZACOS EVELYN A. , BOTTOMS GERALD D.
Published: February 2008

Gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) was created experimentally and maintained for 90 minutes in 16 anesthetized, mixed‐breed dogs. After the GDV was corrected, normal saline solution (0.044 mL/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered to eight dogs (controls), and flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg IV) was administered to eight dogs. Microspheres labeled with radioactive cobalt, scandium, tin, or niobium were injected intravenously at baseline (before GDV) and minutes 90, 100, and 270, respectively, to determine tissue blood flows. Plasma endotoxin and prostacyclin were measured at the same intervals.

Electrocardiogram, mean arterial pressure, portal pressure, and cardiac output were recorded continuously. Dogs were euthanatized at minute 270 and necropsied. There was no significant difference between treatment groups for any measured variable at any time. Endotoxin levels increased significantly during GDV. Prostacyclin levels were lower in dogs treated with flunixin meglumine than in controls at minutes 210 and 270.

Histopathologic findings were similar for all dogs and consistent with those associated with endotoxemia. Flunixin meglumine treatment did not alter cardiac indices or tissue blood flows significantly. However, elevation of prostacyclin was inhibited by flunixin meglumine, which suggested that continued effects of endotoxic damage might be attenuated or inhibited.
Suspensory Apparatus Prosthesis in the Horse Part 1: In Vitro Mechanical Properties
Authors: MAJOR MICHAEL D. , GRANT BARRIE D. , WHITE KARL K. , RATZLAFF MARC H. , GALLINA ANTHONY M. , CRAWLEY GREGORY R.
Published: February 2008

Mechanical properties of equine suspensory apparatus preparations and three braided synthetic prostheses were evaluated in vitro. Force versus displacement plots and failure modes were recorded from single load‐to‐failure testing in 18 cadaver limbs before and after replacement of each suspensory apparatus with a prosthesis. Mean load at failure, energy to failure, and stiffness values of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses were lower than those of the suspensory apparatus and aramid prosthesis. The PTFE prosthesis failed by elongation or rupture of the prosthesis. Mechanical properties of the aramid prosthesis with collar augmentation were not significantly different from the suspensory apparatus. The main site of failure in both aramid prostheses was at the screw fixation to bone.
Suspensory Apparatus Prosthesis in the Horse Part 2: In Vivo Evaluation in a Suspensory Apparatus Disruption Model
Authors: MAJOR MICHAEL D. , GRANT BARRIE D. , WHITE KARL K. , RATZLAFF MARC H. , GALLINA ANTHONY M. , DONATI RICHARD M.
Published: February 2008

The suspensory apparatus of one forelimb was surgically disrupted in six adult horses by transecting the distal sesamoidean ligaments. A double‐braided prosthetic ligament made of aramid yarn was installed to support the flexor surface of the metacarpophalangeal joint. The prosthesis was routed through tunnels in the third metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx, and secured to bone with screws. Evaluation by radiography, synovial fluid analysis, cinematography, and dynamography was performed before surgery and at weeks 16 and 30. Supracondylar cortical lysis and periosteal proliferation were observed on postoperative radiographs. Synovitis and fragmentation of the prosthesis were apparent from synovial fluid evaluation. Weight bearing and metacarpophalangeal joint motion were decreased and loading was transferred in part to the opposite forelimb. Clinical lameness improved and weight bearing increased during the second half of the 30‐week period. At necropsy, there was abrasion of the prosthesis and the articular surfaces in contact with the prosthesis. Diffuse granulomatous synovitis developed in response to aramid fiber fragments within the synovium.
Arthrographic Analysis of Communication between the Tarsometatarsal and Distal Intertarsal Joints of the Horse
Authors: KRAUS‐HANSEN ANN E. , JANN HENRY W. , KERR DAVID V. , FACKELMAN GUSTAVE E.
Published: February 2008

The intra‐articular anatomy of 103 equine tarsi was studied by contrast radiography with image intensification and computerized tomography. There was communication between the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints in 21 of 55 (38%) interpretable tarsometatarsal arthrograms, and in 11 of 48 (23%) interpretable distal intertarsal arthrograms. The difference was not significant. The volume of contrast agent and the pressure of injection did not correlate with communication. Forced injection caused subcutaneous leakage of contrast medium but not communication. Communication occurred via the tarsal canal and the space between the third and the combined first and second tarsal bones. Injection of the distal intertarsal joint from the dorsomedial aspect of the limb, distal to the palpable distal border of the medial branch of the tendon of the tibialis cranialis muscle and between the central, third, and combined first and second tarsal bones, provided reliable access except in the presence of severe periosteal proliferations.
Implantation of an Uncemented Total Hip Prosthesis Technique and Initial Results of 100 Arthroplasties
Authors: DeYOUNG DAVID J. , DeYOUNG BONNIE A. , ABERMAN HAROLD A. , KENNA ROBERT V. , HUNGERFORD DAVID S.
Published: February 2008

A porous‐coated modular total hip system was developed for uncemented implantation in dogs. The operative technique was developed in cadaver bones and live animals. One hundred uncemented total hip arthroplasties were performed in 92 dogs. Results were successful in 98% of the joints during follow‐ups of 3 months or more. Complications included three luxations of the prosthetic joint, two fissure fractures of the femoral cortex, and one complete displacement of the acetabular component from its bony bed. Four complications were resolved successfully.
Mechanical Evaluation of Half‐Pin (Type 1) External Skeletal Fixation in Combination with a Single Intramedullary Pin
Authors: McPHERRON MELISSA A. , SCHWARZ PETER D. , HISTAND MICHAEL B.
Published: February 2008

Half‐pin (type 1) external skeletal fixators with four, three, and two fixation pins and an intramedullary pin, and four‐pin external skeletal fixators without an intramedullary pin were applied to prepared canine femurs. Load to failure, load to yield, safe load, and stiffness under compressive and torsional loads were calculated. When tested in compression, all measurements for the four‐pin fixators with an intramedullary pin were significantly higher than for the two‐pin fixators with an intramedullary pin. The values for all parameters except load to yield were significantly higher for the four‐pin fixators with an intramedullary pin than for the four‐pin fixators without an intramedullary pin. When tested in torsion, all measurements for the four‐pin fixators with an intramedullary pin were significantly higher than for the two or three‐pin fixators with an intramedullary pin.
Effects of Arytenoid Abduction and Modified Castellated Laryngofissure on the Rima Glottidis in Canine Cadavers
Authors: LOZIER SCOTT , POPE ERIC
Published: February 2008

The percentages of change in cross‐sectional area and dorsoventral height of the rima glottidis were measured after seven types of laryngoplasty in 30 postmortem canine specimens. The mean increases in area after each procedure were, in decreasing order, bilateral cricoarytenoid disarticulation with interarytenoid sesamoid band transection before placement of arytenoid abduction sutures 350%± 42%, bilateral placement of arytenoid abduction sutures 318%± 40%, bilateral cricothyroid disarticulation before placement of arytenoid abduction sutures 255%± 51%, modified castellated laryngofissure 244%± 30%, unilateral cricoarytenoid disarticulation with interarytenoid sesamoid band transection before placement of an arytenoid abduction suture 161%± 25%, unilateral placement of an arytenoid abduction suture 151%± 24% and unilateral cricothyroid disarticulation before placement of an arytenoid abduction suture 108%± 25%. Bilateral cricoarytenoid disarticulation with interarytenoid sesamoid band transection before placement of arytenoid abduction sutures resulted in a significantly greater increase in rima glottidis area than modified castellated laryngofissure and all unilateral arytenoid abduction techniques. Modified castellated laryngofissure resulted in a significantly greater increase than unilateral placement of an arytenoid abduction suture and cricothyroid disarticulation before placement of an arytenoid abduction suture. Bilateral disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint before placement of arytenoid abduction sutures resulted in significant collapse of the dorsoventral height of the rima glottidis.
Pleural Compartmentalization in a Dog with a Pleuroperitoneal Shunt
Authors: BRUMM FRIEDERIKE R. , SMEAK DANIEL D.
Published: February 2008

Four years after successful implantation of a pleuroperitoneal shunt in a dog with persistent pleural effusion, signs of lethargy and dyspnea reappeared. Although the shunt was still functional, compartmentalization of the right pleural space eventually isolated a pocket of fluid, causing dyspnea. Symptomatic relief was achieved for at least 11 months by contralateral implantation of a second shunt.
Continent Jejunal Reservoir (Kock Pouch) for Urinary Diversion in Dogs
Authors: MCCARTHY ROBERT J. , LIPOWITZ ALAN J. , O'BRIEN TIMOTHY D.
Published: February 2008

Urinary diversion by transplantation of both ureters into a reservoir constructed from 60 cm of jejunum was performed in six clinically normal dogs. The reservoir was connected to a stoma on the abdominal wall through a valve constructed from a short segment of intussuscepted bowel to provide continence. The reservoir was emptied three times daily by catheterization. One dog did not survive the surgical procedure and two dogs died within 1 week of surgical complications. The postoperative capacity of the reservoir in surviving dogs was 100 to 200 mL; it increased during the first month to 600 to 750 mL. Continence was excellent in two dogs. One dog was continent until month 2, when partial slippage of the intussusception occurred. A reversible hyponatremic, hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic acidosis developed. Bacteriuria was not responsive to systemic or local instillation of antibiotics. Ascending pyelonephritis, hydroureter, and hydronephrosis occurred in two dogs. Struvite urinary calculi formed in one dog. The procedure as described would be unsuitable for clinical use in dogs.
Short‐Bowel Syndrome in Four Dogs
Authors: YANOFF SUSAN R. , WILLARD MICHAEL D. , BOOTHE HARRY W. , WALKER MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

Short bowel syndrome occurred in four dogs after extensive (74% to 88%) small intestinal resection. Weight loss and diarrhea were the principal clinical signs. Treatment was based on the severity of clinical signs. One dog is alive after 27 months. Three dogs died within 3 months. The prognosis depends on the extent and site of resection, degree of intestinal adaptation, preoperative condition, and postoperative care.
Arthrodesis for Congenital Flexural Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Authors: WHITEHAIR KAREN J. , ADAMS STEPHEN B. , TOOMBS JAMES P. , PARKER JILL E. , PROSTREDNY JOSEPH M. , WHITEHAIR JON G. , AIKEN SEAN W.
Published: February 2008

A llama, a miniature horse, and a miniature donkey with severe bilateral congenital flexural deformities of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints were treated successfully by arthrodesis with dynamic compression plating or external skeletal fixation. The flexor tendons were more taut than the suspensory ligaments and were transected. In the llama, the suspensory ligament was transected, and overcorrection caused ischemic necrosis of one distal limb and subluxation of the other fetlock joint. In the horse and donkey, the suspensory ligament was preserved and wedge osteotomy was performed to correct the deformity.
Arthroscopic Approach and Intra‐articular Anatomy of the Palmaroproximal or Plantaroproximal Aspect of Distal Interphalangeal Joints
Authors: VACEK JOHN R. , WELCH ROBERT D. , HONNAS CLIFFORD M.
Published: February 2008

An arthroscopic approach to the palmaroproximal or plantaroproximal pouch of the distal interphalangeal joint was developed in six cadaver limbs and seven limbs of three clinically normal horses. The dorsal aspect of the proximal border and the proximal articular margin of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, the palmar aspect of the distal articular margin of the middle phalanx, the collateral sesamoidean ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone, and the joint capsule attachments were readily accessible. Distending the joints with fluid gave access to portions of the articular surface between the distal sesamoid bone and the middle phalanx in all joints, and to a small portion of the distal phalanx in two hind distal interphalangeal joints. Two horses allowed to recover from anesthesia were not lame on days 30 and 37, respectively. Problems encountered initially were difficulty entering the joint, hemarthrosis, and minimal iatrogenic cartilage damage.
Arthroscopic Removal of an Osteochondral Fragment from the Middle Phalanx of a Horse
Authors: VAIL TIMOTHY B. , McILWRAITH C. WAYNE
Published: February 2008

An intraarticular osteochondral chip fracture of the distal dorsolateral aspect of the right hind middle phalanx in a 4‐year‐old Dutch Warmblood gelding was removed arthroscopically. Accessibility and visibility of the fragment were excellent, and there was minimal soft tissue trauma.
Regional Perfusion of the Equine Carpus for Antibiotic Delivery
Authors: WHITEHAIR KAREN J. , BLEVINS WILLIAM E. , FESSLER JOHN F. , SICKLE DAVID C. VAN , WHITE MELVIN R. , BILL ROBERT P.
Published: February 2008

Regional perfusion of carpal tissues by forced intramedullary administration of fluids was evaluated in 10 horses. Results of subtraction radiography after perfusion with a contrast medium demonstrated that perfusate was delivered to the carpal tissues by the venous system. Perfused India ink was distributed uniformly in the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal synovial membranes. Histologically, the ink was within the venules of the synovial villi. Immediately after perfusion with gentamicin sulfate (1g), the gentamicin concentrations in the synovial fluid and synovial membrane of the antebrachiocarpal joint were 349±240 μg/mL and 358±264 μg/g, respectively. When gentamicin concentrations in the synovial fluid of the antebrachiocarpal joint and serum were measured 0, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after carpal perfusion, the mean peak gentamicin concentration in the synovial fluid was 589 ± 429 μg/mL. At hour 24, the mean gentamicin concentration in the synovial fluid was 4.8 ± 2.0 μg/mL. The resulting peak gentamicin concentration in the serum was 23.7 ± 14.5 μg/mL immediately after the perfusion; it decreased below the desired trough level of 1 μg/mL between hours 4 and 8.
Xylazine‐Ketamine and Detomidine‐Tiletamine‐Zolazepam Anesthesia in Horses
Authors: WAN PAUL Y. , TRIM CYNTHIA M. , MUELLER P. O. ERIC
Published: February 2008

Eight horses were anesthetized three times, by intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), detomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and tiletamine‐zolazepam (1.1 mg/kg), or detomidine (0.04 mg/kg) and tiletamine‐zolazepam (1.4 mg/kg). The sequences were randomized. The duration of analgesia and the times to sternal and standing positions were recorded. Heart rate, arterial pressure, pHa, PaCO2, and PaO2were measured before and during anesthesia. The duration of analgesia with the two doses of detomidine‐tiletamine‐zolazepam, 26 ± 4 minutes and 39 ± 11 minutes, respectively, was significantly longer than the 13 ± 6 minutes obtained with xylazine‐ketamine. Bradycardia occurred after administration of detomidine, but heart rates returned to baseline values 5 minutes after administration of tiletamine and zolazepam. Arterial pressure was significantly higher and PaO2significantly lower during anesthesia with detomidine‐tiletamine‐zolazepam than with xylazine‐ketamine. Some respiratory acidosis developed with all anesthetic combinations. The authors conclude that detomidine‐tiletamine‐zolazepam can provide comparable anesthesia of a longer duration than xylazine and ketamine, but hypoxemia will develop in some horses.
Minimal Anesthetic Concentration and Cardiopulmonary Dose‐Response of Halothane in Ducks
Authors: LUDDERS JOHN W.
Published: February 2008

The minimal anesthetic concentration (MAC) for halothane and cardiopulmonary dose‐responses at several concentrations of halothane were determined during spontaneous ventilation in nine young adult Pekin ducks. The MAC for halothane was 1.04±0.11 (mean±SD). There were dose‐dependent decreases in ventilation, significant reductions in inspiratory and expiratory times, and prolongation of expiratory pause times. The end‐tidal halothane concentration at apnea in five ducks was < 1.53% and anesthetic index was < 1.51. Heart rate increased significantly as the concentration of halothane was increased, but arterial blood pressure did not change. Cardiac arrhythmias developed in five ducks at end‐tidal halothane concentrations as low as 1.15%, and one duck died of cardiac arrest.
Closed Transventricular Dilation of Discrete Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis in Dogs
Authors: LINN KATHLEEN , ORTON E. CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2008

Discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis with peak systolic pressure gradients of more than 60 mm Hg was treated by closed transventricular dilation in six young dogs. Peak systolic pressure gradients were measured by direct catheterization before surgery, immediately after dilation, and 3 months after surgery. Maximum instantaneous pressure gradients were measured by continuous wave Doppler echocardiography before surgery and 6 weeks to 9 months after surgery. All dogs survived the procedure, and two dogs were clinically normal after 9 and 14 months. Two dogs died at week 6 and month 7. One dog was receiving medication for pulmonary edema 15 months after surgery. One dog underwent open resection of the subvalvular ring at month 3, and was clinically normal 6 months after the second procedure. Complications included intraoperative ventricular fibrillation in one dog, and mild postoperative aortic insufficiency in one dog. Closed transventricular dilation resulted in an immediate 83% decrease in the peak systolic pressure gradient from a preoperative mean of 97 ± 22 mm Hg to a mean of 14 ± 15 mm Hg. However, systolic pressure gradients measured by direct catheterization at month 3 (77 ± 26 mm Hg), and by Doppler echocardiography at week 6 to month 9 (85 ± 32 mm Hg) were not significantly different from preoperative values, which suggested recurrence of the aortic stenosis. Closed transventricular dilation should not be considered a definitive treatment for discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis in dogs, but may be useful in young dogs with critical aortic stenosis as a bridge to more definitive surgery.
Comparison of an Antimicrobial Adhesive Drape and Povidone‐lodine Preoperative Skin Preparation in Dogs
Authors: OSUNA DEBORA J. , DEYOUNG DAVID J. , WALKER RICHARD L.
Published: February 2008

The antimicrobial efficacy of an adhesive drape applied after a 1‐minute alcohol scrub was compared to a povidone‐iodine (PI) skin preparation technique in dogs. Each technique was applied to both sides of 15 adult anesthetized dogs on premeasured, clipped areas of skin. Skin bacteria were quantified before, immediately after, and 1 hour after skin preparation. Predominant skin bacteria were isolated by swabbing the skin. The percentages of bacterial reduction immediately after and 1 hour after skin preparation, percentages of negative culture results, cultures with more than five colony‐forming units, and the frequency of skin reactions were calculated and analyzed statistically. Drape adhesion was assessed subjectively. The percentage reduction in skin bacteria was significant for both techniques and comparable to that reported in humans. The adhesive drape was significantly less effective in both the immediate and 1‐hour periods. Lift occurred in 66% of drape applications but was not associated with high bacterial counts. Acute contact dermatitis was more frequent after skin preparation with PI. There was no difference between the techniques in recovery of potential skin pathogens. The authors conclude that application of this antimicrobial adhesive drape after a 1‐minute alcohol scrub is not as effective in the reduction of skin bacteria in dogs as is PI preparation of the skin.
A Retrospective Evaluation of Stifle Osteoarthritis in Dogs with Bilateral Medial Patellar Luxation and Unilateral Surgical Repair
Authors: ROY ROBERT G. , WALLACE LARRY J. , JOHNSTON GARY R. , WICKSTROM STEVEN L.
Published: February 2008

The effects of surgical and nonsurgical therapy on the development of osteoarthritis were compared in 12 dogs with bilateral medial patellar luxation and unilateral surgical repair. Evaluations included severity of lameness and patellar luxation, ligamentous stability, range of motion, and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis before surgery and at a mean of 33 months after surgery. Stifles without surgical treatment served as controls for the contralateral stifles with surgery. All stifles treated surgically had reduced patellofemoral joints, normal range of motion, and improved limb use. Osteoarthritis progressed significantly and comparably in both groups of stifles. Progression of osteoarthritis was not correlated with luxation grade, body weight, or interval from surgery to follow‐up. Age at surgery was correlated positively with severity of osteoarthritis in the stifles treated surgically.
Distraction Osteogenesis Using Modified External Fixation Devices in Five Dogs
Authors: YANOFF SUSAN R. , HULSE DONALD A. , PALMER ROSS H. , HERRON MICHAEL R.
Published: February 2008

Distraction osteogenesis was used to treat five dogs with limb deformities or limb shortening. The affected bones underwent osteotomy, and modified external fixators were attached. Complications included pin loosening, implant breakage, and soft‐tissue contracture. Adequate limb length was attained in all cases, but clinical results varied from poor to excellent. Two dogs were not lame after the procedure, two dogs had improved function but were still lame, and one dog had complications necessitating amputation.
Magnetic Motor Evoked Potentials for Assessing Spinal Cord Integrity in Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Disease
Authors: SYLVESTRE ANNE M. , COCKSHUTT JOANNE R. , PARENT JOANE M. , BROOKE JOHN D. , HOLMBERG DAVID L. , PARTLOW GARY D.
Published: February 2008

Magnetically elicited transcranial motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were studied in 37 dogs with type 1 intervertebral disc (IVD) disease. The waveforms were recorded from both cranial tibial muscles before and after surgery. The latencies and amplitudes obtained were compared to those of a control population (n = 14). MEPs were recordable in all dogs with mild or no neurologic deficits, but they were recordable in only 50% of ambulatory dogs that were severely ataxic. MEPs could not be elicited from nonambulatory dogs. There was a significant attenuation of the amplitudes in all clinical cases, even if the dogs demonstrated back pain alone. Significantly prolonged latencies were associated with neurologic deficits. MEPs were not good predictors of neurologic recovery. The responses obtained from the side where the disc material was found were not different from those recorded from the opposite side. MEPs were very sensitive to lesions of the spinal cord, as indicated by the significant changes in the waves in patients with mild or no neurologic deficits and in the loss of response in dogs that still demonstrated purposeful movement. Neurologic exams provided more accurate diagnoses and prognoses than did MEPs in dogs with IVD disease.
Vascular and Morphologic Changes in Canine Femora after Uncemented Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: BOUVY BERNARD M. , MANLEY PAUL A.
Published: February 2008

The effects on femoral remodeling of medullary reaming and insertion of a porous endopros‐thesis in uncemented hip arthroplasty (UHA) were measured. A unilateral hip hemiarthroplasty (HA) was performed in 12 dogs, with six dogs receiving full‐sized and six dogs receiving undersized femoral endoprostheses. A prosthetic head and neck, or acetabular cup, was not implanted. A control group of six dogs underwent femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) only. All dogs were killed 4 weeks after the surgical procedure. Porosity, vascularity, and bone formation were quantified in each femur of the dogs that had been operated on and in each femur of two unoperated dogs. Full‐sized did not differ from undersized HA bones in vascularity, porosity, or bone formation. Femurs in which hemiarthroplasties had been performed (full‐sized and undersized) had a three‐fold increase in porosity, vascularity, and bone formation compared to the contralateral and the FHNE femurs. Changes in porosity and vascularity were greatest (p < .05) at the metaphyseal level and in the medial and caudal quadrants. There was a strong correlation (R2 0.77 to 0.93, and p − .0001) between the increase in porosity and vascularity. These results support the hypothesis that medullary reaming followed by uncemented prosthetic stem implantation contribute to remodeling of the proximal portion of the femur after UHA.
A Retrospective Study of Inguinal Hernia in 35 Dogs
Authors: WATERS DAVID J. , ROY ROBERT G. , STONE ELIZABETH A.
Published: February 2008

Inguinal hernia was associated with trauma in five dogs and was considered nontraumatic in 30 dogs. There were 11 males, 13 intact females, and six spayed females with nontraumatic inguinal hernia. Six dogs had bilateral hernias. Five dogs were younger than 4 months at the time of diagnosis. In 11 older dogs with nontraumatic inguinal hernia, the hernias were identified less than 7 days before surgical repair; in 14 older dogs, the hernias had been recognized for 1 to 60 months. Clinical signs in dogs without small intestinal incarceration were usually limited to a visible or palpable mass without pain or systemic illness. Hemiorrhaphy approaches included inguinal, midline with contralateral ring evaluation, and celiotomy with or without inguinal exposure. Fat and omentum were the most common hernial contents. Small intestine was within the hernias of 12 dogs. Six dogs had nonviable small intestine. Postoperative complications included two incisional infections, one incisional dehiscence, two cases of peritonitis and sepsis associated with bowel leakage after intestinal resection and anastomosis, and one hernia recurrence. The overall prevalence of postoperative complications was 17%, and the mortality rate was 3%. Vomiting for 2 to 6 days was predictive of nonviable small intestine. Dogs younger than 2 years were at 11 times greater risk for nonviable small intestine than dogs older than 2 years. Four of five dogs with nontraumatic inguinal hernia and nonviable small intestine were intact males, whereas none of 13 intact females were affected. Only one of 14 dogs with longstanding hernias had nonviable small intestine.