bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Attitudes Towards Transactional Sex: The Interactive Relationship Between Gender and Attitudes on Sexual Behaviour
Authors: Hansen Michael A. , Johansson Isabelle
Published: January 2021

Introduction

This article explores explanations for attitudes towards the acceptability of transactional sex. The sparse research investigating attitudes towards transactional sex uncovers a link between gender equality, or feminism, and a lack of support for the trade in sex. However, there are no research agendas that attempt to explain variance in attitudes towards transactional sex where support for gender equality is widespread throughout a population.

Methods

We estimate regression models utilizing the 2017 Danish Values Survey (Den Danske Værdiundersøgelse) in order to predict views on the acceptability of transactional sex.

Results

While the trade in sex is legal in Denmark, we find that a majority of respondents hold negative attitudes towards transactional sex, which conveys a lack of congruence between public opinion and policy. Further, gender is a powerful predictor of attitudes towards transactional sex, with women finding it less acceptable. In addition, the analysis uncovers that general attitudes towards sexual behaviour are the largest predictor of views on the acceptability of transactional sex. That being said, we find that men’s views on the acceptability of transactional sex are more of a function of their general attitudes towards sexual behaviour than they are for women.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that, unlike men, women appear to differentiate between their attitudes towards general sexual behaviour and their views on sexual behaviour that they may associate with negative societal implications.
Selection of heat treatment conditions and prevention of secondary microbial contamination of liquid sugar: practical remarks
Authors: Błaszczyk Ilona , Iciek Jan
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the paper is to provide practical information on the selection of heat treatment conditions and the prevention of secondary microbial contamination of liquid sugar. The guidelines included in the paper were formulated on the basis of practical experience gained. The most important aspect often refers to the unnoticed cause of secondary contamination of liquid sugar after heat treatment, during its cooling in diaphragm heat exchangers along with the indication of the possibility of elimination of this cause. The article also presents the results of microbiological analysis in the field of heat resistance of microorganisms present in raw juice, obtained from the extractor. The data indicate the difficulty of thermal inactivation of mesophilic and thermophilic spores present in the studied environment. The cited results of microbiological analysis prove the usefulness of the measures to prevent secondary microbial contamination of the finished product.
The Relevance of Metaphysics to Behavior Analysis
Authors: Leslie Julian C.
Published: January 2021

Behavior analysis takes a natural science approach to human and animal behavior. Some basic tenets are widely agreed in the field but it can be argued that some other assumptions are implicit in our approach and, if unexamined, may impair progress. Since the time of David Hume, there has been a strong Western philosophical tradition of naturalism and realism. Although behavior analysis has from the outset embraced pragmatism, features of naturalism are embedded in the metaphysics of science and thus have been imported into behavior analysis. Many versions of naturalism imply dualism, but this can be avoided without abandoning a naturalist–realist position either by adopting the historicist approach of Rorty, which suggests that apparently a priori truths are often merely conventions of a philosophical tradition, or by accepting Wittgenstein’s view that there are hinge statements that are fundamental to our thinking but are not propositional beliefs and do not entail dualism. As an alternative, we can adopt the metaphysical assumptions of monism, possibly starting from William James’s approach of neutral monism. Revising our metaphysical assumptions while retaining the pragmatism that is central to behavior analysis may enable us to engage more effectively with cognitive psychology, to develop stronger links with ecological psychology and other approaches that reject representationalism, and to move beyond the debate about the status of private events.
Phase Shift Strategies in Phase Shifting Time Averaging Interferometry
Authors: Styk A. , Dziubecka - Bala H.
Published: January 2021

Classical time-averaging interferometry technique is widely used for MEMS/MOEMS dynamic behavior investigations. It provides useful information on resonant vibration frequencies and mode shapes in the form of Bessel fringe images. To evaluate the information on objects’ vibration amplitude distribution, one needs to further process Bessel fringe images (besselograms). Among different available approaches to besselograms processing, Temporal Phase Shifting is of particular interest since it provides the most accurate results. However, it requires an additional cumbersome correction routine via specially designed look-up-tables fitted to the calculation algorithm used. In this paper, we numerically investigate the possibility of reducing Bessel images argument (phase) evaluation error by different phase shifting strategies. Two different 5 step algorithms are investigated for that purpose. Additionally, a quick and robust correction procedure based on evaluated phase distribution is presented. It allows us to speed up the calculations significantly. Moreover, such an approach is much less susceptible to noise in comparison to a look-up-table solution.
IoT-based group size prediction and recommendation system using machine learning and deep learning techniques
Authors: Chopra Deepti , Kaur Arvinder
Published: January 2021

In an open source software development environment, it is hard to decide the number of group members required for resolving software issues. Developers generally reply to issues based totally on their domain knowledge and interest, and there are no predetermined groups. The developers openly collaborate on resolving the issues based on many factors, such as their interest, domain expertise, and availability. This study compares eight different algorithms employing machine learning and deep learning, namely—Convolutional Neural Network, Multilayer Perceptron, Classification and Regression Trees, Generalized Linear Model, Bayesian Additive Regression Trees, Gaussian Process, Random Forest and Conditional Inference Tree for predicting group size in five open source software projects developed and managed using an open source development framework GitHub. The social information foraging model has also been extended to predict group size in software issues, and its results compared to those obtained using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The prediction results suggest that deep learning and machine learning models predict better than the extended social information foraging model, while the best-ranked model is a deep multilayer perceptron((R.M.S.E. sequelize—1.21, opencv—1.17, bitcoin—1.05, aseprite—1.01, electron—1.16). Also it was observed that issue labels helped improve the prediction performance of the machine learning and deep learning models. The prediction results of these models have been used to build an Issue Group Recommendation System as an Internet of Things application that recommends and alerts additional developers to help resolve an open issue.
An overview of additive manufacturing technologies for musical wind instruments
Authors: Damodaran Ajith , Sugavaneswaran M. , Lessard Larry
Published: January 2021

This paper aimed to provide a foundation database for understanding the important applications of the different additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for musical wind instruments. A systematic review methodology was adopted in this study. The different AM techniques, materials used, the technical features, and processing parameters uniquely related to wind instruments were discussed. Selected heterogeneous applications demonstrate how AM techniques are being exploited in the innovation, improvement in aesthetics of the existing wind instruments, understanding the ancient music, and personalization with its capability to tune specific instrument design parameters for professional musicians.
Workload-adaptive and task-specific support for cockpit crews: design and evaluation of an adaptive associate system
Authors: Brand Yannick , Schulte Axel
Published: January 2021

This article describes and validates a concept of a workload-adaptive and task-specific associate system for military helicopter crews. We introduce a cognitive agent that behaves like an additional, artificial crew member. It adapts the extent of support by identifying the current and future task situation and workload of the crew. By choosing different intervention strategies, the associate system dynamically changes the task sharing between the crew and automation. We implemented the associate system into a helicopter simulator. The system supports helicopter pilots during Manned-Unmanned Teaming missions, where the crew of a manned helicopter operates several unmanned aircraft from the cockpit. To evaluate the prototype, we conducted a pilot-in-the-loop campaign and analyzed situations where the association system prevents or corrects human error.
Moral responsibility for computationally designed products
Authors: Douglas David M. , Howard David , Lacey Justine
Published: January 2021

Computational design systems (such as those using evolutionary algorithms) can create designs for a variety of physical products. Introducing these systems into the design process risks creating a ‘responsibility gap’ for flaws in the products they are used to create, as human designers may no longer believe that they are wholly responsible for them. We respond to this problem by distinguishing between causal responsibility and capacity responsibility (the ability to be morally responsible for actions) for creating product designs to argue that while the computational design systems and human designers are both casually responsible for creating product designs, the human designers who use these systems and the developers who create them have capacity responsibility for such designs. We show that there is no responsibility gap for products designed using computational design systems by comparing different accounts of moral responsibility for robots and AI (instrumentalism, machine ethics, and hybrid responsibility). We argue that all three of these accounts of moral responsibility for AI systems support the conclusion that the product designers who use computational design systems and the developers of these systems are morally responsible for any flaws or faults in the products designed by these systems. We conclude by showing how the responsibilities of accountability and blameworthiness should be attributed between the product designers, the developers of the computational design systems.
From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm
Authors: Weishaupt J. Timo
Published: January 2021

This illuminating book examines the origins and evolution of labor market policy in Western Europe in three phases: a manpower revolution during the 1960s and 1970s; a phase of international disagreement about the causes of and remedies for unemployment, which triggered a variety of policy responses in the late 1970s and 1980s; and, finally, the emergence of an activation paradigm in the late 1990s, the influence of which continues to reverberate today. J. Timo Weishaupt contends that the evolution of labor market policy is determined not only by historical trajectories or coalitional struggles, but also by policy makers' changing normative and cognitive beliefs. Including case studies of Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, this study will be of value to anyone interested in labor market policy and its governance.
Market Oversight Games
Authors: Schinkel Maarten Pieter
Published: January 2021

Market oversight games

Antitrust Avoidance by IPO

What Are Market Oversight Games?

Some Examples in Real Time

Matching Pennies

Market Oversight Games Complex

A Lesson from Pac-Man

Dodging Cartel Detection

How the Lion Gets the Christian

A Look inside the Cartel: The Lysine Tapes

A Look inside the Agency: The NMa Tapes

Leniency Games Antitrust Authorities Play

Ms. Pac-Man Proves Creativity Theorem

Three Corollaries with an Example Each

Epilogue: The De-nationalization of Money by Electronic Payment

Dankwoord

Notes
Marine Insurance in the Netherlands 1600–1870
Authors: Go Sabine , Harchaoui Sadik , Madkouri Halim El , Sijses Baukje
Published: January 2021

Marine insurance has been of great importance to the expansion of long distance trade and economic growth in the early modern period, in particular for seafaring nations such as the Dutch Republic. The Amsterdam market became Europe's leading insurance market and within the Republic other insurance systems also emerged. Little is known about the differing institutional frameworks governing these industries and the interaction between the institutions and the actors in the industry.

This study will examine the development of marine insurance in the Netherlands in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the province of Groningen from c. 1600 to 1870 from an institutional point of view. It will examine how the behaviour of authorities, insurers, underwriters and brokers was affected by the formal and informal constraints of the industry and how in turn their conduct has influenced the institutional framework and induced institutional change.

A comparative institutional analysis will be made of three insurance systems in the Netherlands, each with its own distinctive characteristics. The interaction between institutions and actors will be studied in relation to the effects of technological innovations and international geo-political changes. By examining developments over a period of two and half centuries the path of long-term institutional change becomes discernable.
A novel optimal route planning algorithm for searching on the sea
Authors: Yang Y. , Mao Y. , Xie R. , Hu Y. , Nan Y.
Published: January 2021

Emergency search and rescue on the sea is an important part of national emergency response for marine perils. Optimal route planning for maritime search and rescue is the key capability to reduce the searching time, improve the rescue efficiency, as well as guarantee the rescue target’s safety of life and property. The main scope of the searching route planning is to optimise the searching time and voyage within the constraints of missing search rate and duplicate search rate. This paper proposes an optimal algorithm for searching routes of large amphibious aircraft corresponding to its flight characteristics and sea rescue capability. This algorithm transforms the search route planning problem into a discrete programming problem and applies the route traceback indexes to satisfy the duplicate search rate and missing search rate.
A new ΔR value for the southern North Sea and its application in coastal research
Authors: Enters Dirk , Haynert Kristin , Wehrmann Achim , Freund Holger , Schlütz Frank
Published: January 2021

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) dating ofCerastoderma edule(Linnaeus 1767) andMytilus edulis(Linnaeus 1758) shells sampled in AD 1889 near the island of Wangerooge gave a new local correction factor ΔR of −85 ± 1714C years for the Wadden Sea area. The value is considerably higher than the available scattered data from the North Sea, which were obtained from pre-bomb growth rings of livingArctica islandica(Linnaeus 1767). This can be explained by the incorporation of14C-depleted terrestrial carbon into the shell material which compensates the intensified exchange of CO2between atmosphere and shallow coastal water, e.g. by tidal currents. Additionally, two examples of application of the new ΔRvalue in coastal research give deeper insights into the dynamics of bivalve shell preservation in the Wadden Sea and the need for further research to clarify the Holocene reintroduction ofMya arenaria(Linnaeus 1758) into European waters.
ON THE PRONORM OF A GROUP
Authors: BRESCIA MATTIA , RUSSO ALESSIO
Published: January 2021

Thepronormof a groupGis the set$P(G)$of all elements$g\in G$such thatXand$X^g$are conjugate in${\langle {X,X^g}\rangle }$for every subgroupXofG. In general the pronorm is not a subgroup, but we give evidence of some classes of groups in which this property holds. We also investigate the structure of a generalised soluble groupGwhose pronorm contains a subgroup of finite index.
Feeding intolerance and risk of poor outcome in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
Authors: Lin Yanjuan , Chen Meihua , Peng Yanchun , Chen Qiong , Li Sailan , Chen Liangwan
Published: January 2021

We conducted a prospective, observational study to determine the incidence of feeding intolerance (FI) within 7 d of initiating enteral nutrition (EN) in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to evaluate the association between FI and a poor prognosis. Patients who underwent CPB surgery at Fujian Medical University Union Hospital between March 2020 and June 2020 were enrolled. According to the presence or absence of FI within 7 d after EN, patients were divided into FI and non-FI groups. According to the occurrence of a poor prognosis (death, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, acute kidney injury, liver insufficiency, neurological events (cerebral infarction, cerebral haemorrhage and epilepsy) and prolonged mechanical ventilation (> 48 h)), patients were divided into poor prognosis and good prognosis groups. The mean age of the 237 CPB patients, including 139 men and ninety-eight women, was 53·80 (sd 12·25) years. The incidence of FI was 64·14 %. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed factors independently associated with poor prognosis after CPB included FI (OR 2·138; 95 % CI 1·058, 4·320), age (OR 1·033; 95 % CI 1·004, 1·063), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV cardiac function (OR 2·410; 95 % CI 1·079, 5·383), macrovascular surgery (OR 5·434; 95 % CI 1·704, 17·333) and initial sequential organ failure assessment score (OR 1·243; 95 % CI 1·010, 1·530). Thus, the incidence of FI within 7 d of EN after CPB was high, which was associated with a poor prognosis.
The overall plant-based diet index during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study in China
Authors: Wang Huanzhuo , Huang Li , Lin Lixia , Chen Xi , Zhong Chunrong , Li Qian , Li Nan , Gao Duan , Zhou Xuezhen , Chen Renjuan , Zhang Yu , Ye Beizhu , Hao Liping , Yang Xuefeng , Yang Nianhong , Wei Sheng
Published: January 2021

The high overall plant-based diet index (PDI) is considered to protect against type 2 diabetes in the general population. However, whether the PDI affects gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk among pregnant women is still unclear. We evaluated the association between PDI and GDM risk based on a Chinese large prospective cohort – the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort. Dietary data were collected at 13–28 weeks of pregnancy by a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. The PDI was obtained by assigning plant food groups positive scores while assigning animal food groups reverse scores. GDM was diagnosed by a 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate OR of GDM, with associated 95 % CI, comparing women in different PDI quartiles. Among the total 2099 participants, 169 (8·1 %) were diagnosed with GDM. The PDI ranged from 21·0 to 52·0 with a median of 36·0 (interquartile range (IQR) 33·0–39·0). After adjusting for social-demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors etc., the participants with the highest quartile of PDI were associated with 57 % reduced odds of GDM compared with women in the lowest quartile of PDI (adjusted OR 0·43; 95 % CI 0·24, 0·77;Pfor trend= 0·005). An IQR increment in PDI was associated with 29 % decreased odds of GDM (adjusted OR 0·71; 95 % CI 0·56, 0·90). Findings suggest that adopting a plant-based diet during pregnancy could reduce GDM risk among Chinese women, which may be valuable for dietary counselling during pregnancy.
Vitamin A in resistance to and recovery from infection: relevance to SARS-CoV2
Authors: Stephensen C. B. , Lietz G.
Published: January 2021

SARS-CoV2 infects respiratory epithelial cells via its cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, causing a viral pneumonia with pronounced inflammation resulting in significant damage to the lungs and other organ systems, including the kidneys, though symptoms and disease severity are quite variable depending on the intensity of exposure and presence of underlying conditions that may affect the immune response. The resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can cause multi-organ system dysfunction in patients requiring hospitalisation and intensive care treatment. Serious infections like COVID-19 often negatively affect nutritional status, and the resulting nutritional deficiencies may increase disease severity and impair recovery. One example is the viral infection measles, where associated vitamin A (VA) deficiency increases disease severity and appropriately timed supplementation during recovery reduces mortality and hastens recovery. VA may play a similar role in COVID-19. First, VA is important in maintaining innate and adaptive immunity to promote clearance of a primary infection as well as minimise risks from secondary infections. Second, VA plays a unique role in the respiratory tract, minimising damaging inflammation, supporting repair of respiratory epithelium and preventing fibrosis. Third, VA deficiency may develop during COVID-19 due to specific effects on lung and liver stores caused by inflammation and impaired kidney function, suggesting that supplements may be needed to restore adequate status. Fourth, VA supplementation may counteract adverse effects of SARS-CoV2 on the angiotensin system as well as minimises adverse effects of some COVID-19 therapies. Evaluating interactions of SARS-CoV2 infection with VA metabolism may thus provide improved COVID-19 therapy.
When Autocrats Threaten Citizens with Violence: Evidence from China
Authors: Carter Erin Baggott , Carter Brett L.
Published: January 2021

When do autocrats employ propaganda to threaten citizens with repression? Do threats of repression condition citizen behavior? This article develops a theory of propaganda-based threats in autocracies that builds on insights from experimental psychology. It argues that even credible threats of repression are costly, and so are reserved for moments when collective action is most likely. Since threats of repression are employed sparingly, the authors also expect them to be effective. The theory is tested using data from China, the world's most populous autocracy. The study analyzes all 164,707 articles published between 2009 and 2016 in the Workers' Daily, a state-run newspaper that focuses on domestic issues and targets a non-elite audience. It finds that the Chinese government employs propaganda-based threats of repression primarily around the anniversaries of ethnic separatist movements in Tibet and Xinjiang regions. Using an instrumental variables strategy, the study shows that these threats decrease protest rates by a substantively meaningful margin.
Contributions to the knowledge of lichenicolous fungi growing on baeomycetoid lichens andIcmadophila, with a key to the species
Authors: Zhurbenko Mikhail P. , Ohmura Yoshihito
Published: January 2021

Five species of lichenicolous fungi are described as new to science:Buelliella ohmuraeZhurb. & Diederich (onIcmadophila), with a non-granulose epihymenium, not or only slightly enlarged, pale brown apical cells of paraphysoids and 1-septate, smooth ascospores;Catillaria japonicaZhurb. & Hafellner (onDibaeisandPseudobaeomyces), with a medium to dark reddish brown epihymenium, exciple and hypothecium, rather frequently branched and anastomosed paraphyses with only slightly enlarged apical cells without a dark cap, andCatillaria-type asci;Cryptodiscus ihleniiZhurb. (onDibaeis), with persistently immersed ascomata, non-amyloid asci and hymenium, not or only slightly enlarged apical cells of paraphyses and narrowly obovate, 1-septate ascospores;Llimoniella chilensisZhurb. (onDibaeisand a sterile microsquamulose lichen), with a K+ green exciple and epihymenium and aseptate, broadly ellipsoid ascospores; andStigmidium phyllobaeidisZhurb., Etayo & Flakus (on apothecial discs ofPhyllobaeis), with a hemiamyloid interascal gel, not previously reported in that genus, well-developed, 1‒2(‒4)-celled periphysoids, elongate asci and hyaline, 1-septate ascospores. An undescribed species ofArthonia(onPseudobaeomyces) is briefly characterized.Sphaerellothecium coniodesis newly reported for Asia. A key to the 32 species of lichenicolous fungi and lichens known to occur on baeomycetoid lichens andIcmadophilais provided.
Should Handicapped People Be Allowed To Attend Nursing School?
Authors: Hull Kent
Published: January 2021

The recent Supreme Court decision in the Davis case, which allowed a federally-assisted college to exclude a severely hearing impaired woman from its registered nurse training program, has caused great concern among handicapped people and their advocates. Institutions of higher education also have reason for dissatisfaction with the decision since it fails to provide sufficient guidance for those recipients of federal funding to measure their compliance with section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. A letter dated October 5, 1979, from Patricia Harris, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), to college presidents is the latest official statement concerning the decision.
Why Nurses Form Unions
Authors: Katz Barbara F.
Published: January 2021

Labor relations, labor law, and the legal aspects of collective bargaining have long been of concern to nurses employed in hospitals. The basic collective bargaining policy of the American Nurses’ Association, for example, dates back to 1946, when its convention adopted an “Economic Security Program.” Unlike some other professional organizations, the ANA not only proposed a “collective bargaining” program, but also explicitly referred to it as such, as it still does. The ANA’s 1946 statement on economic security called for collective action on such traditional collective bargaining items as a 40-hour work week, higher minimum salaries, and improved fringe benefits, as well as on more uniquely professional matters such as participation by nurses in the planning and administration of nursing services.
When Patients are Prisoners They Lose Their Right to Refuse Life-Maintaining Treatments
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

Providing proper health care to prisoners is often more of a myth than a reality. Nonetheless, prison officials contend that the death of a prisoner due to inadequate medical care both undermines the confidence of society in the prison system, and can create an “explosive reaction” from other inmates who view the death as preventable. Therefore it is probably not surprising that when 24-year-old Kenneth Myers, serving seven to ten years at MCI Concord, a medium security prison in Massachusetts, refused to consent to hemodialysis for the treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis and uremia, prison officials went to court to obtain an order permitting them to forceably treat him.
Establishing Limits to Professional Autonomy: Whose Responsibility?
Authors: Aroskar Mila Ann
Published: January 2021

The social phenomenon known as professional nursing is kaleidoscopic. Nursing is embedded in an intricate network of relationships at all levels. This precludes any simple answer to the question of responsibility in setting limits to professional autonomy. It is useful to examine some of the pieces that one puts into one’s kaleidoscope to look at the question. Asking any question which involves multiple relationships risks finding several possible answers which then require significant decisions and choices having farreaching implications for individuals and groups. “Solutions” often challenge tenaciously held assumptions and values: this question is no different.
Employment Rights of Handicapped Nurses: Error in Trageser?
Authors: Hull Kent
Published: January 2021

Novella Trageser was hired by Libbie Rehabilitation Center in 1971, and in 1975 Libbie promoted her to Director of Nurses. She performed her duties capably, despite the fact that she had retinitis pigmentosa. During an inspection in 1976, a state certification officer from the Department of Health informally indicated disapproval of her employment because of her handicap. The home administrator relayed these comments to the board of directors, which resolved to dismiss her. Upon learning of this decision, Novella Trageser resigned and brought suit against the nursing home, partially on the basis of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
Pap Smears: Physicians Must Disclose Risk of Refusal
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

In 1972 the California Supreme Court helped set the standard for informed consent in the landmark case of Cobbs v. Grant. That case involved a middleaged gentleman who was operated on for an intractable peptic duodenal ulcer. He suffered complications which included loss of his spleen, a subsequent gastric ulcer, and a 50% gastrectomy. None of these well-recognized potential risks of ulcer surgery had been disclosed to him. The court determined that physicians must disclose the following information to patients, in lay terms, before performing procedures on them:

a description of the procedure and its success rates;

risks of death or serious bodily harm;

alternatives, and the dangers inherent in each; and

major problems of recuperation.
Laetrile: Should the Dying Patient Decide?
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

On July 1,1980, at four major medical institutions across the United States, the National Cancer Institute began testing Laetrile on cancer patients on whom all other therapy has failed. The study calls for 200 patients to receive the drug, along with a natural food diet. Results should be known in two years, and should demonstrate once and for all whether or not Laetrile has any cancer inhibiting effects. The study was undertaken primarily because of the large amount of publicity proponents of Laetrile have generated over the past five years, rather than any independent evidence that Laetrile may be an effective anticancer agent. Its commencement, however, provides a useful opportunity to review the legal status of Laetrile, and to suggest a possible approach to the controversy it has caused.
Informed Consent and the Nurse
Authors: Holder Angela R. , Lewis John W.
Published: January 2021

Informed consent, as the courts define it, is the patient's right to know, before agreeing to a procedure, what the procedure entails — the hazards, the possible complications, and expected results of the treatment. The patient must understand any reasonable alternatives to the proposed procedure, including, in most cases, the results that can be predicted from nontreatment. The choice among alternative risks involves value judgments falling outside the scope of medical decision-making, including the patient's views on social, economic, and other personal factors of which health professionals cannot possibly be aware.

The negotiations necessary to obtain the patient's informed consent are the responsibility of the person who will perform the procedure. If a physician is in charge, the physician may delegate the discussion to another but retains the legal responsibility to make sure the patient understands.
Invasion of Privacy in the Hospital
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

Hospitals are often busy places, and in the course of routine procedure many patients have their privacy violated. While patients have a right to privacy, sometimes called a “right to be let alone,” courts will not generally permit a patient to recover money damages unless it can be shown that the invasion was intentional and would be objectionable to a person of ordinary sensibilities. Two cases from the State of Maine illustrate the issues involved. The first is a 1976 case in which a physician, who had operated on a patient twice for cancer of the larynx, was taking a series of photographs of the patient's neck. On the day the patient died, the physician and a nurse came to the patient's room. The physician (or the nurse, at his direction) raised the dying patient's head and placed some blue operating room toweling under it for color contrast and proceeded to take photographs.
Hiding Medical Records Behind the Law
Authors: Greenlaw Jane L.
Published: January 2021

The nursing home nurses were faced with a troubling problem. An 87 year old woman, who had been a resident of the home for several years, had gradually become disoriented, confused, and nearly unable to communicate. Nursing care for this otherwise healthy woman continued as always — monitoring and maintaining her medical status with a necessary increase in physical care as her own self-care ability diminished. The problem was the woman's son: he was demanding to see his mother's chart because he believed that she had cancer and that this was being concealed from him. What should the nurses do?

The issue is complex and can best be examined in stages. The first question is: does the son have a legal right to see his mother's records? The answer is that in no state does a patient's son or other relative have an automatic legal right, by virtue of his relationship to the patient, to see an adult patient's medical record. Often, particularly with nursing home patients, a relative signs an agreement to assume financial responsibility for expenses incurred by a patient.
Malpractice Insurance for Nurses: Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

Should nurses carry their own malpractice insurance? This is a commonly asked question, to which no simple response can be given. The answer will be different for each individual nurse, and will depend upon a variety of factors; individual personal values will determine which factors are most important. Thus, while it is impossible to offer a definitive answer which is correct for all nurses, it is possible to provide a framework to aid in the development of individual answers. For purpose of discussion this column will examine the nursing malpractice insurance question from three perspectives — legal, ethical, and professional — though in reality, of course, the three overlap.

The legal issues raised by the malpractice insurance question are the most straightforward and therefore the easiest to deal with. The first question is: do nurses need malpractice insurance at all? Nurses are now viewed (legally and otherwise) as professionals accountable for their own actions.
Scheduling and simulation of maritime traffic in congested waterways: an application to the Strait of Istanbul
Authors: Özlem Şirin , Or İlhan , Altan Yiğit Can
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study is to develop a simulation model which is capable of mimicking actual vessel arrival patterns and vessel entrance decisions (which are made based on expert opinions generally) on congested, narrow waterways. The model is tested on the transit traffic pattern in the Strait of Istanbul. Based on a heuristic scheduling algorithm, this model decides entrance times and vessel types on the strait. The model, with different policies for day and night traffic, is run for a period of seven years with 20 replications for each year. The performance measures of the model are: average interarrival times, number of vessels passed and entrance times for each successive vessel pair in both traffic directions. The model results are congruent with the actual results of performance measures. Therefore, it may be deduced that the proposed algorithm can be a guide for operators regarding scheduling decisions in congested, narrow waterways.
Open group cognitive behaviour therapy on acute in-patient units
Authors: Boynton Victoria , Sanderson Christopher
Published: January 2021

Background:

Adult mental health in-patient units primarily provide a service for people deemed to be at significant risk to themselves or others, where treatment cannot be provided safely in the community. Whilst psychological interventions are indicated during episodes of acute mental distress, they are often psychoeducational and skills-based in nature. A common complaint amongst those admitted is the lack of psychological provision at a time of crisis when they most need to make sense of their difficulties

Aims:

This article reports on service users’ experiences of open group cognitive behavioural therapy where participants choose the therapeutic targets.

Method:

A total of 75 patients admitted to acute in-patient wards over a 6-month period accessed open group cognitive therapy as part of routine care. Participants completed an evaluation questionnaire that measured their experiences of the group and the usefulness of them within an in-patient setting.

Results:

A total of 27 participants completed anonymous questionnaires (36%) and the results indicated that participants felt understood, respected and accepted within the group and felt that the group setting was helpful for sharing experiences. In addition, all participants reported that following the group they would be more likely to access psychological therapies in the future.

Conclusions:

Open group therapy where participants define the therapeutic targets each session is feasible and achievable on acute in-patient units and patients report finding this useful.
EXTREMAL CASES OF RAPOPORT–ZINK SPACES
Authors: Görtz Ulrich , He Xuhua , Rapoport Michael
Published: January 2021

We investigate qualitative properties of the underlying scheme of Rapoport–Zink formal moduli spaces ofp-divisible groups (resp., shtukas). We single out those cases where the dimension of this underlying scheme is zero (resp., those where the dimension is the maximal possible). The model case for the first alternative is the Lubin–Tate moduli space, and the model case for the second alternative is the Drinfeld moduli space. We exhibit a complete list in both cases.
You Won’t Believe Our Results! But They Might: Heterogeneity in Beliefs About the Accuracy of Online Media
Authors: Luca Mario , Munger Kevin , Nagler Jonathan , Tucker Joshua A.
Published: January 2021

“Clickbait” media has long been espoused as an unfortunate consequence of the rise of digital journalism. But little is known about why readers choose to read clickbait stories. Is it merely curiosity, or might voters think such stories are more likely to provide useful information? We conduct a survey experiment in Italy, where a major political party enthusiastically embraced the esthetics of new media and encouraged their supporters to distrust legacy outlets in favor of online news. We offer respondents a monetary incentive for correct answers to manipulate the relative salience of the motivation for accurate information. This incentive increases differences in the preference for clickbait; older and less educated subjects become even more likely to opt to read a story with a clickbait headline when the incentive to produce a factually correct answer is higher. Our model suggests that a politically relevant subset of the population prefers Clickbait Media because they trust it more.
Bayesian Multivariate Mixed-Effects Location Scale Modeling of	Longitudinal Relations Among Affective Traits, States, and Physical	Activity
Authors: Williams Donald R. , Martin Stephen R. , Liu Siwei , Rast Philippe
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Intensive longitudinal studies and experience sampling methods are becoming more common in psychology. While they provide a unique opportunity to ask novel questions about within-person processes relating to personality, there is a lack of methods specifically built to characterize the interplay between traits and states. We thus introduce a Bayesian multivariate mixed-effects location scale model (M-MELSM). The formulation can simultaneously model both personality traits (the location) and states (the scale) for multivariate data common to personality research. Variables can be included to predict either (or both) the traits and states, in addition to estimating random effects therein. This provides correlations between location and scale random effects, both across and within each outcome, which allows for characterizing relations between any number of personality traits and the corresponding states. We take a fully Bayesian approach, not only to make estimation possible, but also because it provides the necessary information for use in psychological applications such as hypothesis testing. To illustrate the model we use data from 194 individuals that provided daily ratings of negative and positive affect, as well as their physical activity in the form of step counts over 100 consecutive days. We describe the fitted model, where we emphasize, with visualization, the richness of information provided by the M-MELSM. We demonstrate Bayesian hypothesis testing for the correlations between the random effects. We conclude by discussing limitations of the MELSM in general and extensions to the M-MELSM specifically for personality research.
New Precise Dating of the India‐Asia Collision in the Tibetan Himalaya at 61 Ma
Authors: An Wei , Hu Xiumian , Garzanti Eduardo , Wang Jian‐Gang , Liu Qun
Published: January 2021

The timing of the India‐Asia collision onset, essential to understanding the evolution of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen, has been widely investigated through multidisciplinary approaches. Among these, the India to Asia provenance reversal (IAPR) documented in the Indian passive margin successions has proved to be most effective. We present integrated stratigraphic, sedimentological, and provenance data on Upper Cretaceous‐Paleogene strata from the newly investigated Mubala section exposed south of the Yarlung‐Zangbo suture zone (YZSZ) in southern Tibet, which preserves continuous deep‐marine turbiditic and biogenic sedimentation on the distal Indian passive margin. Sandstone petrography, heavy minerals, detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotopes, and detrital Cr‐spinel geochemistry constrain the IAPR to later than 62.7 Ma (youngest zircon ages from the earliest Asian‐derived sandstone) and by 61.0 ± 0.3 Ma (SIMS age of a tuffaceous layer ∼30 m above this bed). The onset of intercontinental collision along the YZSZ began by 61 Ma.
Wave‐Driven Flow Along a Compact Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Thomson Jim , Lund Björn , Hargrove John , Smith Madison M. , Horstmann Jochen , MacKinnon Jennifer A.
Published: January 2021

Observations of surface waves and ice drift along a compact sea ice edge demonstrate the importance of waves in a marginal ice zone. An analytic model is presented for the along‐ice drift forced by the radiation stress gradient of oblique waves. A momentum balance using quadratic drag to oppose the wave forcing is sufficient to explain the observations. Lateral shear stresses in the ice are also evaluated, though this balance does not match the observations as well. Additional forcing by local winds is included and is small relative to the wave forcing. However, the wave forcing is isolated to a narrow region around 500‐m wide, whereas the wind forcing has effects on larger scales. The simplistic drag is assessed using observations of shear and turbulent dissipation rates. The results have implications for the shape and evolution of the ice edge, because the lateral shear may be a source of instabilities.
Contrasting Effect of Soil Moisture on the Daytime Boundary Layer Under Different Thermodynamic Conditions in Summer Over China
Authors: Xu Zhiqi , Chen Haishan , Guo Jianping , Zhang Wanchun
Published: January 2021

The investigation is still lacking concerning the effect of soil moisture (SM) on the evolution of planetary boundary layer (PBL) under different land conditions in a huge domain as large as China. We perform an explicit correlation analysis between daytime PBL height (PBLH) and SM for convective, neutral and stable boundary layer regimes (i.e., CBL, NBL, and SBL), respectively. A negative correlation exists between SM and daytime PBLH for CBL and NBL, exhibiting a spatial pattern of “east strong west weak”, albeit a positive correlation for SBL. The standard deviation of PBLH for CBL and NBL exhibits a spatial pattern of “northwest high southeast low”. Cloudy, humid, and stable atmosphere result in CBL shoaling. PBLH more correlates with the sensible heat flux (CBL: r = 0.25; NBL: r = 0.33) over dry areas, but over Northwest China the PBL depends more on meteorology likely owing to the extremely dry soil.
Tree‐Ring Reconstruction of the Atmospheric Ridging Feature That Causes Flash Drought in the Central United States Since 1500
Authors: Bolles Kasey C. , Williams A. Park , Cook Edward R. , Cook Benjamin I. , Bishop Daniel A.
Published: January 2021

Rapid drought intensification, or flash droughts, is often driven by anomalous atmospheric ridging and can cause severe and complex impacts on water availability and agriculture, but the full range of variability of such events in terms of intensity and frequency is unknown. New tree‐ring reconstructions of May–July mid‐tropospheric ridging and soil moisture anomalies back to 1500 CE in the central United States—a hotspot for flash drought—suggest that over the last five centuries, anomalies in these two variables combined to indicate flash‐drought conditions in ∼17% of years and exceptionally severe flash drought in ∼4% of years, similar to frequencies in recent decades. However, over one‐third of all inferred exceptional flash droughts occurred since 1900, suggesting the 20th century was highly flash‐drought prone. These results may guide future work to diagnose the roles of external, oceanic, and land‐surface forcing of warm‐season atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate over North America.
Whistler and Broadband Electrostatic Waves in the Multiple X‐Line Reconnection at the Magnetopause
Authors: Zhong Z. H. , Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Zhou M. , Le Contel O. , Tang R. X. , Deng X. H.
Published: January 2021

We investigate whistler‐mode waves and broadband electrostatic waves (EWs) within an ion diffusion region (IDR) at the magnetopause. The quasi‐parallel whistlers are observed in the separatrix regions associated with the electron anisotropy or loss cone, while the oblique whistlers, the Buneman‐type waves, and the oblique EWs are observed in the center of the current sheet associated with the accelerated electron or ion beams. The whistlers are linked with Buneman‐type waves by the electron Pacman distribution rather than the wave‐wave process. The accelerated cold electron beams excite the Buneman‐type instabilities and make the anisotropy or loss cone of hot electrons less apparent, which led to the conversion of the whistlers from quasi‐parallel to oblique. Additionally, the oblique EWs are associated with the ion beams produced by the multiple X‐line reconnection. These results provide a further understanding of the relation between plasma waves and plasma kinetics in the IDR.