bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial models of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope distributions (isoscapes) across a shelf sea: An INLA approach
Authors: St. John Glew Katie , Graham Laura J. , McGill Rona A. R. , Trueman Clive N.
Published: January 2019

Spatial models of variation in the isotopic composition of structural nutrients across habitats (isoscapes) offer information on physical, biogeochemical and anthropogenic processes occurring across space, and provide a tool for retrospective assignment of animals or animal products to their foraging area or geographic origin. The isotopic differences among reference samples used to construct isoscapes may vary spatially and according to non‐spatial terms (e.g. sampling date, or among individual or species effects). Partitioning variance between spatially dependent and spatially independent terms is a critical but overlooked aspect of isoscape creation with important consequences for the design of studies collecting reference data for isoscape creation and the accuracy and precision of isoscape models.

We introduce the use of integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) to construct isoscape models. Integrated nested Laplace approximation provides a computationally efficient framework to construct spatial models of isotopic variability explicitly addressing additional variation introduced by including multiple reference species (or other recognized sources of variance).

We present carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isoscape models extending over c. 1 million km2 of the UK shelf seas. Models were built using seven different species of jellyfish as spatial reference data and a suite of environmental correlates. Compared to alternative isoscape prediction methods, INLA‐spatial isotope models show high spatial precision and reduced variance. We briefly discuss the likely biogeochemical explanations for the observed spatial isotope distributions. We show for the first time that sulphur isotopes display systematic spatial variation across open marine shelf seas and may therefore be a useful additional tool for marine spatial ecology.

The INLA technique provides a promising tool for generating isoscape models and associated uncertainty surfaces where reference data are accompanied by multiple, quantifiable sources of uncertainty.
Prevention of rhabdomyolysis‐induced acute kidney injury – A DASAIM/DSIT clinical practice guideline
Authors: Michelsen Jens , Cordtz Joakim , Liboriussen Lisbeth , Behzadi Meike T. , Ibsen Michael , Damholt Mette B. , Møller Morten H. , Wiis Jørgen
Published: January 2019

Background

Rhabdomyolysis‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition. We aimed to summarise the available evidence on this topic and provide recommendations according to current standards for trustworthy guidelines.

Methods

This guideline was developed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The following preventive interventions were assessed: (a) fluids, (b) diuretics, (c) alkalinisation, (d) antioxidants, and (e) renal replacement therapy. Exclusively patient‐important outcomes were assessed.

Results

We suggest using early rather than late fluid resuscitation (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). We suggest using crystalloids rather than colloids (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence). We suggest against routine use of loop diuretics as compared to none (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). We suggest against use of mannitol as compared to none (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). We suggest against routine use of any diuretic as compared to none (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). We suggest against routine use of alkalinisation with sodium bicarbonate as compared to none (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence). We suggest against the routine use of any alkalinisation as compared to none (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence). We suggest against routine use of renal replacement therapy as compared to none (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence). For the remaining PICO questions, no recommendations were issued.

Conclusion

The quantity and quality of evidence supporting preventive interventions for rhabdomyolysis‐induced AKI is low/very low. We were able to issue eight weak recommendations and no strong recommendations.
Shifting Age of Peak Binge Drinking Prevalence: Historical Changes in Normative Trajectories Among Young Adults Aged 18 to 30
Authors: Patrick Megan E. , Terry‐McElrath Yvonne M. , Lanza Stephanie T. , Jager Justin , Schulenberg John E. , O'Malley Patrick M.
Published: January 2019

Background

This study examined the extent to which the developmental pattern of prevalence of binge drinking in the past 2 weeks from ages 18 through 30 has changed across 29 cohorts of U.S. young adults, and whether the changes differed by gender.

Methods

Analyses used national longitudinal data from 58,019 12th‐grade students (from graduating high school classes 1976 to 2004) participating in the Monitoring the Future study followed through modal age 30 (with age 29/30 data collected from 1987 to 2016). Weighted time‐varying effect modeling was used to model cohort group differences in age‐related patterns of binge drinking.

Results

The age of peak binge drinking prevalence increased across cohorts (from age 20 in 1976 to 1985 to 22 in 1996 to 2004 for women, and from 21 in 1976 to 1985 to 23 in 1996 to 2004 for men). Historical change in the developmental pattern of binge drinking across all ages of young adulthood differed for men and women. Even after controlling for key covariates, women in the more recent cohort group reported significantly higher binge drinking prevalence than women in earlier cohorts from ages 21 through 30. Men in the more recent cohort group reported higher binge drinking prevalence at ages 25 to 26, but prevalence levels then converged to those seen in earlier cohort groups by age 30.

Conclusions

An older age of peak binge drinking and a decreased rate of decline in the prevalence of binge drinking in later young adulthood among more recent cohorts have resulted in an extension of individual and societal risks associated with binge drinking, particularly for women, across young adulthood. High‐risk alcohol use prevention efforts are needed throughout at least the third decade of life.
Biocontrol of Harrisia cactus Harrisia martinii by the mealybug Hypogeococcus festerianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in salt‐influenced habitats in Australia
Authors: Houston Wayne A , Elder Rod
Published: January 2019

This study provides new information on the efficacy of Harrisia mealybug Hypogeococcus festerianus Lizer y Trelles control of Harrisia cactus Harrisia martinii, a major weed of grazing lands, after the last reported field assessments in 1985. In particular, the effectiveness of H. festerianus in a salt‐influenced environment, on the marine plains of tropical Australia, was evaluated, under both high‐density and low‐density Harrisia cactus cover conditions. Effectiveness of the biocontrol agent was evaluated by assessing mealybug occurrence levels and groundcover estimates of Harrisia cactus over time. Similar to studies from the 1970s, mealybugs reduced dense stands of Harrisia cactus to low levels within 4 years, although plants were only killed after being heavily infected for a few years. New plants were also infected with mealybugs and did not reach more than one or two small unhealthy stems in size. For the first time, successful inoculation of relatively sparse infestations of Harrisia cactus infestations was demonstrated. The mealybug established in ~70% of treated clumps and, as in dense infestations, substantial mortality and reduction in area of cactus cover was apparent 4 years post‐inoculation. The Harrisia mealybug also dispersed to adjacent uninfested areas at two locations, indicating that sustainable long‐term biocontrol may be possible even in low‐density infestations. This study confirmed the efficacy of H. festerianus as a control agent in these physically extreme marine plain environments in both dense and scattered populations. The relatively low effort (a few ad hoc releases) to achieve establishment and natural dispersal to low‐density situations as compared with annual herbicide control efforts augurs well for real‐world situations where grazers are time constrained.
Was Hugo Chávez to Blame? Media Depictions of Polarisation in Venezuela, 1998–2013
Authors: MACLEOD ALAN
Published: January 2019

This article explores how seven leading western newspapers covered the topic of polarisation in Venezuelan society during the Chávez era. It found that the media largely ignored the debate as to whether Hugo Chávez was the catalyst or consequence of polarisation. It virtually unanimously presented him as a divisive, polarising character destroying democracy, contrary to the lived experiences of many Venezuelans, while ignoring other possible explanations for the polarisation. It also found that there was a strong similarity in how the liberal and conservative, British and American press covered the issue, with virtually no differences in explanations or outlook, thus manufacturing consent for the elite view of the issue.
Probe dependence of allosteric enhancers on the binding affinity of adenosine A1‐receptor agonists at rat and human A1‐receptors measured using NanoBRET
Authors: Cooper Samantha L. , Soave Mark , Jörg Manuela , Scammells Peter J. , Woolard Jeanette , Hill Stephen J.
Published: January 2019

Background and Purpose

Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates a number of physiological and pathological processes via activation of adenosine A1‐receptors. The activity of adenosine can be regulated at the level of its target receptor via drugs that bind to an allosteric site on the A1‐receptor. Here, we have investigated the species and probe dependence of two allosteric modulators on the binding characteristics of fluorescent and nonfluorescent A1‐receptor agonists.

Experimental Approach

A Nano‐luciferase (Nluc) BRET (NanoBRET) methodology was used. This used N‐terminal Nluc‐tagged A1‐receptors expressed in HEK293T cells in conjunction with both fluorescent A1‐receptor agonists (adenosine and NECA analogues) and a fluorescent antagonist CA200645.

Key Results

PD 81,723 and VCP171 elicited positive allosteric effects on the binding affinity of orthosteric agonists at both the rat and human A1‐receptors that showed clear probe dependence. Thus, the allosteric effect on the highly selective partial agonist capadenoson was much less marked than for the full agonists NECA, adenosine, and CCPA in both species. VCP171 and, to a lesser extent, PD 81,723, also increased the specific binding of three fluorescent A1‐receptor agonists in a species‐dependent manner that involved increases in Bmax and pKD.

Conclusions and Implications

These results demonstrate the power of the NanoBRET ligand‐binding approach to study the effect of allosteric ligands on the binding of fluorescent agonists to the adenosine A1‐receptor in intact living cells. Furthermore, our studies suggest that VCP171 and PD 81,723 may switch a proportion of A1‐receptors to an active agonist conformation (R*).
Switch of psoriasis therapy from a fumaric acid ester mixture to dimethyl fumarate monotherapy: Results of a prospective study
Authors: Falkvoll Sandra , Gerdes Sascha , Mrowietz Ulrich
Published: January 2019

Background

Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are used for systemic therapy of moderate to severe psoriasis. Until recently, only a mixture of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and three salts of ethyl hydrogen fumarate was available. However, a drug containing DMF as the sole ingredient was registered for the same indication in 2017. This prospective study aimed to investigate the switch from the currently used FAE mixture to DMF alone.

Patients and methods

Forty patients were consecutively recruited, for whom the FAE mixture was switched to DMF alone on the basis of the last DMF‐equivalent dose without interrupting treatment. At the first check‐up after switching, the efficacy and tolerability of the DMF drug was compared with that of the previous treatment.

Results

The data show that the efficacy remained unchanged in the majority of patients. Tolerability (e.g. gastrointestinal complaints and flushing) of the DMF drug was rated equal or better in most patients than with the previous treatment.

Conclusions

The results show that it is possible to switch psoriasis patients under stable therapy with the FAE mixture to the DMF drug directly and without interruption.
Supply Chain Contracts and Inventory Shrinkage: An Empirical Analysis in the Grocery Retailing Industry
Authors: Choi Min , Rabinovich Elliot , Richards Timothy J.
Published: January 2019

Contracts in grocery supply chains based on Scan‐Based Trading (SBT) have recently emerged as alternatives to contracts based on Vendor‐Managed Inventory (VMI) as governance mechanisms between retailers and vendors. In contrast to VMI, vendors under SBT remain the owners of inventory delivered to retailers until it is sold to consumers. While SBT contracts offer clear benefits to retailers and suppliers, they also carry unique inventory risks which result from retailers marketing and selling supplier‐owned inventory without bearing all the cost of mismanagement. Further risks in both of these arrangements arise from vendors’ contracting out store deliveries to third party logistics (3PL) providers as opposed to taking on the responsibility for deliveries themselves. This paper examines the effect of SBT on inventory shrink relative to VMI using data from a supplier delivering directly to stores using a combination of 3PL and supplier employees. We find that shrink levels tend to be higher under SBT relative to VMI. We also observe that supplier decisions to contract store deliveries out to 3PL providers yield higher shrink levels under SBT and VMI contracts. Based on average inventory replenishment amounts at retail stores, SBT contracts account for 10.20% in shrink relative to VMI contracts. In addition, 3PL contracts account for 2.92% in shrink relative to the amounts observed when the vendor bears responsibility for store deliveries. Our findings highlight potential losses in efficiency in grocery supply chains reflected in higher shrink under SBT and 3PL contracts that may undercut the promised benefits from these arrangements.
Motor development in children with Dravet syndrome
Authors: Verheyen Karen , Verbecque Evi , Ceulemans Berten , Schoonjans An‐Sofie , Van De Walle Patricia , Hallemans Ann
Published: January 2019

Aim

The aim of this study is to describe the course of motor development in children with Dravet syndrome.

Method

Forty‐three participants (21 males, 22 females; mean age at last assessment 53.89mo±42.50mo) met the inclusion criteria of having a confirmed diagnosis of Dravet syndrome and presence of data on motor development. All data between 1985 and 2018 were derived retrospectively from their medical records. Gross motor milestones and motor age equivalents were used to describe motor development. Standardized neurodevelopmental assessment and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development defined the overall motor development. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, and the Beery‐Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual‐Motor Integration were used to describe development in specific motor domains.

Results

Children with Dravet syndrome showed a delay in both sitting (seven out of 14) and walking independently (11 out of 25). Overall motor age equivalents revealed a delay in 29 out of 38 assessments (age 9–115mo). All assessments of children older than 2 years (16 out of 16) showed a delay. Gross motor delay was present in seven out of seven and fine motor delay in 10 out of 13 assessments (age 19–167mo).

Interpretation

Motor development is delayed in the majority of children with Dravet syndrome older than 2 years and increases with age.

What this paper adds

A delay in motor development is present in most children with Dravet syndrome older than 2 years.

Large diversity in early gross motor milestones confirms heterogeneity in Dravet syndrome.
The cost of Rett syndrome
Authors: Lotan Meir
Published: January 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Rodocanachi Roidi et al. on pages 957–963 of this issue.
Infant hand development in unilateral cerebral palsy: filling the knowledge gap
Authors: Holmefur Marie
Published: January 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Sakzewski et al. on pages 563–569 of this issue.
Aid‐supported governance reforms in Solomon Islands: Piecemeal progress or persistent stalemate?
Authors: Sahin Selver B. , Shahin Evgeniia
Published: January 2019

Motivation

Despite seeming donor–recipient consensus on the importance of effective governance, aid‐linked reforms often fall short of the expected outcomes. Solomon Islands provides a highly relevant case to explore the dynamics of institutional reform processes, and understand why, even in a relatively favourable operating environment, structural reforms are difficult to implement.

Purpose

This article aims to provide empirically grounded analysis of key factors that hinder institutional change in fragile aid‐receiving countries by addressing the reciprocal (rather than unilateral) constraints and trade‐offs faced by both recipients and donors, and examining their implications for the emerging institutional trajectories in host states.

Approach and Methods

This study is based on the use of a single case study that involves in‐depth review of related academic and policy literature, and media reports through the lens of “mutual dependencies.”

Findings

Solomon Islands’ recent experience with the regulation of Constituency Development Funds and tertiary scholarships makes it clear that by continuously postponing the implementation of relevant policies, domestic authorities try to avoid the potential costs institutional reforms are likely to create. Similarly, donors concerned about their own strategic interests and power relationships with other actors remain unable to enforce full implementation of such reforms. The process in Solomon Islands further confirms that political trade‐offs facing all actors in different forms have a constraining effect on the achievement of desired policy objectives.

Policy Implications

Policy reforms require domestic authorities to develop specific mechanisms that have the potential to secure popular support in favour of proposed structural changes. Donors need new and more evidence‐based approaches that may help balance between their strategic concerns and the achievement of institutional outcomes.
Quantifying uncertainty in the wild‐caught fisheries goal of the Ocean Health Index
Authors: Afflerbach Jamie C. , Frazier Melanie , Froehlich Halley E. , Anderson Sean C. , Halpern Benjamin S.
Published: January 2019

Sustainability indices are proliferating, both to help synthesize scientific understanding and inform policy. However, it remains poorly understood how such indices are affected by underlying assumptions of the data and modelling approaches used to compute indicator values. Here, we focus on one such indicator, the fisheries goal within the Ocean Health Index (OHI), which evaluates the sustainable provision of food from wild fisheries. We quantify uncertainty in the fisheries goal status arising from the (a) approach for estimating missing data (i.e., fish stocks with no status) and (b) reliance on a data‐limited method (catch‐MSY) to estimate stock status (i.e., B/BMSY). We also compare several other models to estimate B/BMSY, including an ensemble approach, to determine whether alternative models might reduce uncertainty and bias. We find that the current OHI fisheries goal model results in overly optimistic fisheries goal statuses. Uncertainty and bias can be reduced by (a) using a mean (vs. median) gap‐filling approach to estimate missing stock scores and (b) estimating fisheries status using the central tendency from a simulated distribution of status scores generated by a bootstrap approach that incorporates error in B/BMSY. This multitiered approach to measure and describe uncertainty improves the transparency and interpretation of the indicator and allows us to better understand uncertainty around our OHI fisheries model and outputs for country‐level interpretation and use.
Fish assemblage–environment relationships suggest differential trophic responses to heavy metal contamination
Authors: Krause Kevin P. , Wu Chin‐Lung , Chu Maria L. , Knouft Jason H.
Published: January 2019

While ecotoxicology has long recognised the importance of identifying levels at which contaminants pose threats to biota, most estimates of species responses to toxicants are derived from controlled laboratory studies and may hold limited relevance to natural systems. However, designing appropriate field‐based studies investigating contaminant induced changes in assemblages has been challenging, partially due to the difficulty in identifying comparable uncontaminated reference sites. The aim of this study is to characterise the effects of heavy metal contamination on natural fish assemblages using an ecologically relevant catchment‐scale design. We hypothesise that environmental variables, including discharge, sediment, and landscape variables, can be used to characterise differences in fish species richness and abundances between sites contaminated with heavy metals and uncontaminated reference sites.

We apply a geographic information systems approach that uses assemblage–environment relationships developed using hydrologic model outputs, land cover, and topographic data from uncontaminated reference sites to predict expected fish species richness and abundance at sites contaminated with heavy‐metals within the Big River catchment in south‐eastern Missouri, U.S.A. These predicted levels of richness and abundance are then compared to observed assemblages at contaminated sites to estimate the potential impacts of historical lead mining activities on freshwater taxa.

We developed models that characterised variation in Centrarchidae (bass and sunfish) richness and abundance, Cyprinidae (minnows) abundance, and Percidae (darters) richness using variables including streamflow regime, suspended sediment concentration, and land cover at uncontaminated sites. Using these relationships, we predicted expected fish species richness and abundance at heavy metal contaminated sites across the Big River catchment and found a significant reduction in centrarchid abundance from field‐collected data compared to predicted estimates.

Our results suggest that centrarchids, which tend to occupy a higher trophic level than cyprinids and percids, have lower abundances at sites contaminated with heavy metals than predicted by assemblage–environment relationships. These decreases in abundance are not associated with decreases in centrarchid species richness, cyprinid abundance, or percid richness.

This geographic information systems‐based approach provides a useful and ecologically relevant framework for understanding the response of taxa to the presence of contaminants without assuming habitat equivalence across sites. Our findings also suggest the need for further research regarding how heavy metals impact fishes of varying trophic levels in natural settings.
Full‐genome characterization of the RIVM‐HAV16‐090‐like hepatitis A virus strains recovered from Japanese men who have sex with men, with sporadic acute hepatitis A
Authors: Watanabe Shunji , Morimoto Naoki , Miura Kouichi , Takaoka Yoshinari , Nomoto Hiroaki , Tsukui Mamiko , Isoda Norio , Ohnishi Hiroshi , Nagashima Shigeo , Takahashi Masaharu , Okamoto Hiroaki , Yamamoto Hironori
Published: January 2019

Aim

The major transmission mode of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Japan is the fecal–oral route by contaminated foods. In contrast, HAV infection is well documented as a sexually transmitted disease in Europe and North America. The present study was undertaken to determine the full‐genome sequence of HAV and trace the transmission route of HAV in Japanese men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods

In 2018, we encountered three Japanese MSM with acute hepatitis A co‐infected with HIV for 4–12 years. Serum samples obtained from these patients were used for HAV full‐genome analyses.

Results

Isolated HAV strains were segregated into subgenotype IA. The three HAV strains shared 100% identity within the 481‐nucleotide partial sequence. The entire nucleotide sequence showed that the three strains were 99.97% similar to each other with only two nucleotide substitutions. At the amino acid level, the three strains differed from each other by only one or two amino acids. All three strains obtained in the present study were >99.6% identical to the 66 reported strains isolated from Taiwan and European countries during 2015–2017. In addition, these 66 strains include the RIVM‐HAV16‐090 (EuroPride) strain, which has been involved in HAV outbreaks among MSM worldwide.

Conclusions

We determined for the first time the full‐genome sequence of HAV isolated from Japanese MSM with acute hepatitis A and found that the strains were identical to those from MSM worldwide. Thus, these HAV strains were imported to Japan from foreign countries through MSM.
DNA damage repair alterations are frequent in prostatic adenocarcinomas with focal pleomorphic giant‐cell features
Authors: Lotan Tamara L , Kaur Harsimar B , Alharbi Abdullah M , Pritchard Colin C , Epstein Jonathan I
Published: January 2019

Aims

Prostatic adenocarcinomas with focal pleomorphic giant‐cell features constitute a rare tumour subtype with abysmal clinical outcomes. More than one‐third of patients with this histology die within a year of the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer. We aimed to perform molecular profiling of these tumors to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Methods and results

Here, we performed next‐generation sequencing with a highly validated targeted panel (UW‐OncoPlex) on somatic tumour DNA extracted from eight cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma with focal pleomorphic giant‐cell features, including cases with and without prior treatment for prostate cancer. We found that DNA damage repair mutations are common in this rare subset of prostate tumours, with two of eight having bi‐allelic pathogenic mutations in homologous DNA repair genes (including BRCA2 and NBN) and two of eight having bi‐allelic pathogenic mutations in mismatch repair genes (including MSH2 and MLH1).

Conclusion

These data are consistent with emerging data showing that DNA repair alterations are enriched among castration‐resistant prostate cancer and aggressive subsets of primary tumours. Given that these patients are potential candidates for poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitor and/or immune checkpoint blockade, and have a poor prognosis with standard therapy, we recommend that tumour and germline DNA sequencing with or without mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry be considered for all prostatic adenocarcinomas with focal pleomorphic giant‐cell features.
The experience and role of partners in helping to meet the support needs of adolescents and young adults with cancer
Authors: Davies Jane
Published: January 2019

Aim

To explore the experiences and needs of partners who are supporting adolescents and young adults with cancer.

The diagnosis of cancer at any age is significant. Uniquely, in adolescents and young adults this is set against the backdrop of early adult development. This is at a time when young people may be embarking on new experiences and the development of romantic relationships is no exception. There is limited evidence of how partners cope during this time and what their role is alongside how the relationship may change over time.

Design

An exploratory qualitative study using narrative enquiry.

Methods

The protocol was approved in February 2018 and data will be collected between May – December 2018. The theoretical approach will incorporate positioning theory by considering the contextual situation of the partner with reference to their stories, including their rights and duties. Two interviews will be undertaken which will be approximately 2 months apart, where participants will be asked to share their stories. They will also be given a diary at the end of the first interview to record their thoughts about their role and relationship. The diary and interview data will be thematically analysed.

Discussion

It is envisaged that the study will culminate in the identification of key themes which will illuminate the experiences, needs and roles of partners of adolescents and young adults with cancer.

Impact

These findings will inform the development of guidance which will help partners in the future in this area of practice.
Changes in health behaviours and health status of novice nurses during the first 2 years of work
Authors: Han Kihye , Kim Yeon‐Hee , Lee Hye Young , Cho Hyeonmi , Jung Young Sun
Published: January 2019

Aims

To explore changes in health behaviours and health status of novice nurses during the first 2 years of work.

Background

Novice nurses experience many difficulties in maintaining healthy behaviours while adapting to clinical settings. However, studies about the health of novice nurses have not focused on changes over time.

Design

Longitudinal descriptive study with self‐reported questionnaires.

Methods

Data were collected from 493 novice nurses who started work between September 2014 ‐ December 2015 at a tertiary hospital in Seoul. Dietary behaviours, sleep, depressive symptoms, perceived stress and health status were measured at six time points during the first 2 years of work (the first day of orientation before ward placement, 6 weeks after starting work and 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of work). Changes were examined using means or percentages and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Unhealthy dietary behaviours increased across 6 months, continuing for 2 years. Sleep quality and quantity, depressive symptoms, perceived stress and health status first worsened and then improved; however, they were worse than at baseline.

Conclusion

Organizational support for novice nurses is urgently needed. Workplace health education programmes will help them adjust to rotating shift work and maintain better health status.
Intervention fidelity in postintensive care follow‐up consultations at ten sites in the RAPIT‐trial: A mixed‐methods evaluation
Authors: Jensen Janet F. , Overgaard Dorthe , Bestle Morten H. , Christensen Doris F. , Rattray Janice , Egerod Ingrid
Published: January 2019

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate intervention fidelity of nurses’ delivery of the RAPIT recovery program for postintensive care patients.

Background

Interventions addressing patient problems after intensive care lack description of the process of delivery and the evidence of their effectiveness. This is needed to understand how these interventions work.

Design

Multistage intervention framework in a mixed‐methods design. Intervention fidelity strategies were assessed for intervention design, training, delivery, receipt, and enactment with quantitative and qualitative methods inspired by the Medical Research Council and the National Institutes of Health Fidelity Framework.

Methods

Data collection was embedded in a multicenter randomized controlled trial to explore intervention fidelity of a recovery program (December 2012–February 2017). Ten Danish intensive care units participated in the RAPIT‐trial including 386 patients and 27 nurses. Quantitative data covered training and delivery. Qualitative data explored design, quality of delivery, receipt, and enactment seen from nurses’ and patients’ perspectives. Data were analysed statistically and by systematic deductive‐inductive thematic analysis.

Findings

A framework for participatory enactment of a complex intervention was developed and demonstrated delivery with high consistent fidelity across sites. Low delivery doses and variations were related to the program, patient, provider nurses and context.

Conclusion

Our study provides insight into the process of intervention fidelity of a nurse‐led postintensive care recovery program and potentially enables professionals to understand key factors in cross‐site implementation. Although we demonstrate consistent delivery and variations suggest that some patients may benefit more than others.
The effect of violence prevention strategies on perceptions of workplace safety: A study of medical‐surgical and mental health nurses
Authors: Havaei Farinaz , MacPhee Maura , Lee Seung Eun
Published: January 2019

Aims

To explore associations between specific violence prevention strategies and nurses’ perceptions of workplace safety in medical‐surgical and mental health settings.

Background

Workplace violence is on the rise globally. Nurses have the highest risk of violence due to the nature of their work. Violence rates are particularly high among USA and Canadian nurses. Although multiple violence prevention strategies are currently in place in public healthcare organizations in British Columbia, Canada, it is unknown whether these approaches are associated with nurses’ perceptions of workplace safety.

Design

This is an exploratory correlational design using secondary data.

Methods

Using data obtained from a province‐wide survey of nurses between March 2017 ‐ January 2018, this study included 771 nurses from medical‐surgical and 189 nurses from mental health settings. Data were analysed using ordinal logistic regressions.

Results

For medical‐surgical and mental health nurses, greater perceptions of workplace safety were related to employers listening to them with respect to violence prevention strategies. Nurses in both settings were more likely to feel safe when they were not expected to physically intervene during a code white situation. Medical‐surgical nurses were more likely to feel safe when code white incident reviews were conducted and fixed alarms were used. Mental health nurses were more likely to report feeling safe when they had enough properly trained code white responders on their unit.

Conclusion

Nurse‐employer engagement is critical to nurses’ perceptions of feeling safe at work. Engagement opportunities include nurses’ involvement in discussions about appropriate violence prevention strategies, collaborative debriefing after violent incidents and co‐development and updates of patients’ behavioural care plans.
Antimicrobial activity of the biopolymer chitosan against Streptococcus iniae
Authors: Beck Benjamin H. , Yildirim‐Aksoy Mediha , Shoemaker Craig A. , Fuller Sidney Adam , Peatman Eric
Published: January 2019

The antimicrobial activity and mode of action of chitosan were evaluated against Streptococcus iniae, a pathogenic Gram‐positive bacterium of fish worldwide. Cell proliferation kinetics were examined following exposure to varying concentrations of chitosan. The action of chitosan on S. iniae was also investigated by measuring agglutination activity, conductivity, and extracellular and intracellular bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Chitosan exhibited antibacterial activity against S. iniae at concentrations of 0.1% and above and was lethal at a concentration of 0.4% and higher. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of chitosan at the inhibitory level of bacterial growth appears to hinge upon the interaction between chitosan and the oppositely charged bacterial surface. This interplay causes agglutination, which was readily observed grossly and microscopically. After interacting with the cell surface via adsorption, an efflux of intracellular ATP was documented, which suggests that chitosan disrupts the bacterial cell causing leakage of cytosolic contents and ultimately cell death. Results suggest chitosan may be worth evaluating as a natural alternative to antibiotic against S. iniae infection of fish.
Is echocardiography necessary for all single umbilical artery fetuses? A retrospective study in a selected Chinese population
Authors: Wang Jian , Ye Yujiao , Xin Tiantian , Zhang Xi , Chen Sun , Wu Yurong , Sun Kun
Published: January 2019

Aim

Previous evidence on the relationship between single umbilical artery (SUA) and congenital heart disease (CHD) is controversial. We thus conducted a retrospective study to explore the potential risk factors associated with CHD in SUA fetuses, and verify if all these SUA fetuses should be referred for detail fetal echocardiography.

Methods

We reviewed medical records of SUA fetuses referred to Xinhua Hospital for fetal echocardiography between September 2009 and February 2014. All the pregnancies were divided into two groups of CHD and non‐CHD according to the results of fetal echocardiography. The maternal and fetal characteristics were compared via χ2 test and Fishers’ test. Furthermore, Poisson regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with CHD in SUA pregnancies.

Results

Nineteen CHD cases (12.5%) were detected among 152 SUA fetuses, all with abnormal cardiac views during obstetric screening ultrasound (P < 0.001). χ2 test showed that abnormal cardiac screening findings, extracardiac abnormality and infection or threatened abortion during first trimester were significantly associated with prenatal detection of CHD (P < 0.001). Multivariable Poisson regression after adjustment found that SUA fetuses with extracardiac abnormality had 4.74 (95% confidence interval: 1.89, 11.90) times higher risk of CHD.

Conclusion

Incidence of CHD was higher in SUA cases, and CHD fetuses could be screened efficiently by abnormal cardiac screening during obstetric screening ultrasound. SUA fetuses with extracardiac abnormality and maternal risk factors have higher risk of CHD, and should be strongly recommended for fetal echocardiography. In contrast, SUA fetuses without above situations might only need routine obstetric follow‐up.
Emotional socialisation and burnout in medicine and the role of medical educators
Authors: Laws Elinor , Samuriwo Ray , Webb Katie , Bullock Alison
Published: January 2019

The authors highlight the importance of exploring the role that nurses and other healthcare professionals play in supporting medical students and doctors to develop their emotional competence.
Hyperuricemia is associated with acute kidney injury and all‐cause mortality in hospitalized patients
Authors: Kang Min Woo , Chin Ho Jun , Joo Kwon‐Wook , Na Ki Young , Kim Sejoong , Han Seung Seok
Published: January 2019

Aim

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for high morbidity and mortality in several diseases. However, the relationship between uric acid (UA) and the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality remain unresolved in hospitalized patients.

Methods

Data from 18 444 hospitalized patients were retrospectively reviewed. The odds ratio (OR) for AKI and the hazard ratio (HR) for all‐cause mortality were calculated based on the UA quartiles after adjustment for multiple variables. All analyses were performed after stratification by sex.

Results

The fourth quartile group (male, UA > 6.7 mg/dL; female, UA > 5.4 mg/dL) showed a higher risk of AKI compared with the first quartile group (male, UA < 4.5 mg/dL; female, UA < 3.6 mg/dL), with the following OR: 3.2 (2.55–4.10) in males (P < 0.001); and 3.1 (2.40–4.19) in females (P < 0.001). There were more patients who did not recover from AKI in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile, with the following OR: 2.0 (1.32–3.04) in males (P = 0.001) and 2.4 (1.43–3.96) in females (P = 0.001). The fourth quartile group had a higher risk of all‐cause mortality compared with the first quartile group, with the following HR: 1.4 (1.20–1.58) in males (P < 0.001) and 1.2 (1.03–1.46) in females (P = 0.019). The in‐hospital mortality risk was also higher in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile, which was significant only in males (OR, 2.1 (1.33–3.31) (P = 0.002)).

Conclusion

Hyperuricemia increases the risks of AKI and all‐cause mortality in hospitalized patients.
New tools for monitoring hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis
Authors: McLachlan Deirdre H.
Published: January 2019

This article is a Commentary on Nietzel et al., 221: 1649–1664.
Treatment of obesity in older persons—A systematic review
Authors: Haywood Cilla , Sumithran Priya
Published: January 2019

The study aims to systematically review the available evidence regarding weight loss interventions (lifestyle, surgical, and pharmacological) for obesity in adults aged over 60 years. A search of prospective, randomized studies took place in January 2018, on Medline (Web of Science) and PubMed databases. Search terms included the following: elderly, obese, hypocaloric, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Abstracts were screened for eligibility. A total of 256 publications regarding lifestyle interventions were identified; of these, 69 studies were eligible. As no eligible studies were identified for pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery, the search was broadened to include non‐ randomized studies. Four pharmacotherapy and 66 surgery studies were included. Lifestyle intervention had similar weight loss efficacy in older compared with younger people, with positive effects on a number of relevant outcomes, including physical function and cardiovascular parameters. There was little data regarding obesity pharmacotherapy in older persons. The available data for bariatric surgery indicate comparable weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes, with similar or slightly higher complication rates in older compared with younger people. Older age alone should not be considered a contraindication to intensive lifestyle or surgical intervention for obesity. There are insufficient data to guide clinical decisions regarding obesity pharmacotherapy in older people.
The Clinical Features of Painful Small‐Fiber Neuropathy Suggesting an Origin Linked to Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Zouari Hela G. , Wahab Abir , Ng Wing Tin Sophie , Sène Damien , Lefaucheur Jean‐Pascal
Published: January 2019

Objective

We attempted to determine whether clinical features could differentiate painful small‐fiber neuropathy related to primary Sj€ogren's syndrome (pSS‐SFN) from idiopathic SFN (idio‐SFN).

Methods

Validated clinical questionnaires and neurophysiological investigations specific for pain and SFN assessment were performed in 25 patients with pSS‐SFN and 25 patients with idio‐SFN.

Results

Patients with idio‐SFN had more frequent severe burning sensations and higher mean anxiety scores and daily pain intensity compared to patients with pSSSFN. Conversely, patients with pSS‐SFN had reduced electrochemical skin conductance measured by Sudoscan_, and almost half of them had the sensation of walking on cotton wool.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that idio‐SFN more specifically involved small sensory fibers than pSS‐SFN, in which subtle dysfunction of larger sensory fibers and damage of distal autonomic sudomotor innervation may occur. A practical algorithm is proposed to help to differentiate SFN associated with pSS from idio‐SFN, based on information very easy to obtain by clinical interview.
Summer loggings and bird protection: On regulation and derogations
Authors: Pappila Minna
Published: January 2019

Forest loggings during the nesting season are increasing in Finland. The aim of this article is to evaluate how current regulation applies to summer loggings, paying special attention to the protection of birds. The European Union Birds Directive and the Finnish Nature Conservation Act prohibit the deliberate killing and disturbance of birds. Regardless, it seems that in practice none of these rules is applied to birds and summer loggings as forestry is not considered ‘deliberate’ killing or disturbance, even if thousands of birds are killed in summer loggings every year. European biodiversity targets and the principle of minimizing harms would emphasize implementing and monitoring existing national law and soft law more actively than currently is the case.
Autarquia e escola: a gestão do pessoal não docente
Authors: De Carvalho Maria João , Felizardo Armando
Published: January 2019

Em Portugal assistimos à mudança gradual do paradigma das políticas educativas, sendo que o poder local tem, progressivamente, adquirido novas competências no domínio da educação. Assim, procuramos conhecer o modo como se articulam a autarquia e a escola na gestão do Pessoal Não Docente. Para o efeito realizamos um estudo de caso, com recurso à entrevista semiestruturada e à análise de conteúdo na interpretação e análise dos dados. Foi possível concluir que a competência da gestão do Pessoal Não Docente é desvalorizada, e que a relação que se estabelece entre a escola e a autarquia nem sempre se revela articulada.
Comunidades de práctica como marco comprensivo del talento docente
Authors: Barrios-Martínez Darcy Milena , Zuluaga-Ocampo Zulma Patricia , García-Cepero María Caridad , Gómez-Hernández Félix Antonio , Santamaría Andrea , Castro-Fajardo Laura Estefanía , Sánchez-Vallejo Andrea
Published: January 2019

Este artículo presenta algunos resultados de la investigación Rutas de emergencia del talento docente, cuyo objetivo principal fue identificar y examinar factores asociados a la emergencia del talento de docentes que hacían uso pedagógico sobresaliente de las tecnologías. Se emplearon entrevistas y grupos focales, cuyo análisis destaca el trabajo en Comunidades de Práctica (CoP) como ecosistema fundamental para la emergencia del talento docente; la experiencia pedagógica es el eje cohesionador. Además, la multiafiliación se revela como una dinámica que amplía las posibilidades de negociación de significados sobre la experiencia, y como proceso que incide en la construcción de identidad docente.
Sinestesias en la notación gráfica: lenguajes visuales para la representación del sonido
Authors: Buj Corral Marina
Published: January 2019

Para representar los distintos fenómenos sonoros, la notación gráfica —escritura musical originada a mediados del pasado siglo— hace uso de una gran variedad de elementos del lenguaje visual. En este tipo de notación, la partitura actúa no solo como registro y motor de la experimentación musical llevada a cabo por los compositores de vanguardia, sino también como territorio de ensayos y pruebas con los diferentes lenguajes visuales. Este artículo profundiza en el conocimiento de los distintos lenguajes visuales utilizados en la notación gráfica con el fin de comprender cómo se relaciona el concepto musical de cada obra y compositor con el lenguaje visual elegido para su representación gráfica. Así, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio interdisciplinar de determinadas obras representativas de la notación gráfica realizada desde mediados del siglo XX hasta nuestros días, seleccionando los lenguajes visuales del cómic, el collage, la escultura, el vídeo y la película, la fotografía y el dibujo. Esta pone de manifiesto la naturaleza sinestésica de la notación gráfica y destaca el carácter creativo de esta forma de escritura musical, generadora de nuevos procesos sonoros y artísticos, así como de sugerencias y recursos interpretativos. Se enfoca en el estudio de la notación gráfica como fenómeno sinestésico, musical y plástico, tomando como punto de partida el lenguaje visual propio de cada partitura para comprender cómo dialogan imagen y sonido en cada caso, cómo el pensamiento musical se materializa en una obra que es también plástica, y viceversa, cómo una obra plástica genera nuevos procesos sonoros.
Desapariciones. Usos locales, circulaciones globales. Gabriel Gatti (Ed.). Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores - Universidad de los Andes, 2017. 288 pp.
Authors: Martínez María
Published: January 2019

La obra Desapariciones. Usos locales, circulaciones globales, edi­tada por Gabriel Gatti, parte de una premisa aparentemente sen­cilla pero de consecuencias complejas y llena de aristas: que las categorías ‘desaparecidos’ y ‘desaparición’ han circulado global­mente, y que en su aterrizaje local han adquirido especificidades a las que es necesario atender, pues modifican, incluso quiebran, las definiciones originarias y universalizadas.