bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welfare‐Reducing Integration Under Emission Taxes and Endogenous Competition Mode
Authors: Cho Sumi , Lee Dong‐Joon , Lee Sang‐Ho
Published: November 2024

This study examines asymmetric supply chain competition between integrated and non‐integrated supply chains under emission taxes when firms choose competition mode in the final goods market endogenously. We find that higher emission taxes may lead the non‐integrated downstream firm to adopt aggressive pricing to induce its upstream firm to lower prices, leveling competition with an integrated one. When the non‐integrated chain integrates, however, quantity contracts become dominant strategies, which might distort welfare under lower emission taxes if both environmental damage and product substitutability are sufficiently high. Our finding indicates the welfare‐reducing effects of government interventions post‐integration when emission tax policy and endogenous competition mode are relevant.
Reclassification of Two MLH1 Variants of Uncertain Significance Utilizing Clinical and Functional Data
Authors: Frederiksen Jane Hübertz , Birkedal Ulf , Bachmann Sarah , Eliesen Elisabeth Victoria , Rasmussen Lene Juel , Pedersen Katja Venborg , Al‐Zehhawi Lana , Boonen Susanne E. , Krogh Lotte , Rønlund Karina , Graversen Lise , Assenholt Jannie , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Wadt Karin , Gerdes Anne‐Marie , Hansen Thomas v. O.
Published: November 2024

Background

Pathogenic variants in the mismatch repair genes are associated with an elevated lifetime risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We previously identified two variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in the MLH1 gene, c.696_698del, p.(Cys233del) and c.1919C > G, p.(Pro640Arg), in Danish families with numerous occurrences of CRC.

Methods

To reclassify the variants we collected clinical data, initiated tumor and co‐segregation analysis, and performed RNA splicing analysis, subcellular localization, and protein stability studies.

Results

The functional analysis revealed that the c.696_698del, p.(Cys233del) variant had an effect at the RNA level, on subcellular localization, and on protein stability, while the c.1919C > G, p.(Pro640Arg) variant showed decreased expression in localization studies and decreased protein stability. These results suggest both variants disrupt DNA mismatch repair.

Conclusion

By applying all collected data and functional results we propose to reclassify the c.696_698del, p.(Cys233del) and the c.1919C > G, p.(Pro640Arg) variants as likely pathogenic (class 4) using MMR gene‐specific ACMG/AMP guidelines. Consequently, the two MLH1 variants can now be used for risk assessment of variant carriers, while family members without the variants can be excluded from intensified cancer surveillance and follow population recommendations.
α‐Tocopherol Long‐Chain Metabolite α‐T‐13′‐COOH Exhibits Biphasic Effects on Cell Viability, Induces ROS‐Dependent DNA Damage, and Modulates Redox Status in Murine RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Liao Sijia , Börmel Lisa , Müller Anke Katharina , Gottschalk Luisa , Pritsch Nadine , Preisner Lara Zoé , Samokhina Oleksandra , Schwarz Maria , Kipp Anna P. , Schlörmann Wiebke , Glei Michael , Schubert Martin , Schmölz Lisa , Wallert Maria , Lorkowski Stefan
Published: November 2024

Scope

The α‐tocopherol long‐chain metabolite α‐tocopherol‐13′‐hydroxy‐chromanol (α‐T‐13′‐COOH) is a proposed regulatory intermediate of endogenous vitamin E metabolism. Effects of α‐T‐13′‐COOH on cell viability and adaptive stress response are not well understood. The present study aims to investigate the concentration‐dependent effects of α‐T‐13′‐COOH on cellular redox homeostasis, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity in murine RAW264.7 macrophages as a model system.

Methods and results

Murine RAW264.7 macrophages are exposed to various dosages of α‐T‐13′‐COOH to determine its regulatory effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, expression of stress‐related markers, and the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes including superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione‐S‐transferases. The impact on cell viability is assessed by analyzing cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and cell apoptosis.

Conclusion

α‐T‐13′‐COOH influences ROS production and induces DNA damage in a dose‐dependent manner. The metabolite modulates the activity of ROS‐scavenging enzymes, with significant changes observed in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. A biphasic response affecting cell viability is noted: sub‐micromolar doses of α‐T‐13′‐COOH promote cell proliferation and enhance DNA synthesis, whereas supraphysiological doses lead to DNA damage and cytotoxicity. It hypothesizes an adaptive stress response, characterized by upregulation of ROS detoxification mechanisms, enhanced cell cycle arrest, and increased apoptosis, indicating a correlation with oxidative stress and subsequent cellular damage.
A GaN‐on‐SiC Millimeter‐Wave Low Noise Amplifier Using Hybrid‐Matching Technique for 5G n258 Applications
Authors: Lan Liang , Zhang Zhihao , Huang Chaoyu , Zhang Gary
Published: November 2024

This letter details the design and implementation of a millimeter‐wave (mm‐Wave) low noise amplifier (LNA) employing 150‐nm gallium nitride on silicon carbide (GaN‐on‐SiC) high electron mobility transistor technology, specifically tailored for fifth‐generation (5G) applications. The proposed GaN‐based LNA integrates a hybrid matching topology alongside a co‐design strategy, thereby optimizing the noise figure (NF) by minimizing interstage matching components. The fabricated LNA, spanning a total chip area of 2.3 × 1.4 mm², exhibits a linear gain in the range of 17.41–19.2 dB and maintains an NF within 2.32–3.06 dB. Additionally, commendable input/output return losses exceeding 7.5 dB are achieved across the 23–27.5 GHz, with the apparatus consuming approximately 150 mW.
Data‐Driven Tools to Evaluate Support Pressure, Radial Displacements, and Face Extrusion for Tunnels Excavated in Elastoplastic Grounds
Authors: Tristani Alec , Guayacán‐Carrillo Lina‐María , Sulem Jean
Published: November 2024

Two‐dimensional analysis of tunnel design based on the convergence–confinement method, although commonly used in tunnel design, may not always be applied. For example, in squeezing grounds, if the support is installed very close to the tunnel face, three‐dimensional numerical modeling is required but is computationally expensive. Therefore, it is usually performed before or after tunnel excavation. A machine learning approach is presented here as an alternative to costly computations. Two surrogate models are developed based on synthetic data. The first model aims to assess the support pressure and the radial displacement at equilibrium in the lining and the radial displacement occurring close to the face at the installation distance of the support. The second model is intended to compute the extrusion of the core considering an unlined gallery. It is assumed a circular tunnel excavated in a Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic perfectly plastic ground under an initial isotropic stress state. In particular, the bagging method is applied to neural networks to enhance the generalization capability of the models. A good performance is obtained using relatively scarce datasets. The modeling of the surrogate models is explained from the creation of the synthetic datasets to the evaluation of their performance. Their limitations are discussed. In practice, these two machine learning tools should be helpful in the field during the excavation phase.
Gratitude and Subjective Well‐Being in Older Chinese Adults in Nursing Homes: The Mediating Roles of Self‐Efficacy and Social Support
Authors: Liu Chunqin , Luo Qing , Song Liqin , Luo Dongyi , Chen Huifang , Hu Xinyang , Zhou Ying
Published: November 2024

Aim

With an aging global population, there has been a growing interest in the subjective well‐being (SWB) of older people. As a positive emotion, gratitude has been found to be significantly and positively associated with SWB. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between gratitude and SWB remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of social support and self‐efficacy in the relationship between gratitude and SWB among older Chinese adults in nursing homes.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A sample of 354 older adults in nursing homes aged 60 years and above was recruited across three nursing homes in Guangzhou, China. Participants completed the Gratitude Questionnaire‐Six‐Item Form, the World Health Organization's well‐being index, the General Self‐efficacy questionnaire and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate the relationships between gratitude, self‐efficacy, social support and SWB. A bootstrap test was performed to test mediating roles of self‐efficacy and social support.

Results

Gratitude was found to be significantly and positively associated with SWB (β = 0.294, p < 0.001). Self‐efficacy and social support independently mediated the relationship between gratitude and SWB (indirect effect of self‐efficacy: Standardised β = 0.105, 95% CI [0.061, 0.157]; indirect effect of social support: Standardised β = 0.116, 95% CI [0.444, 0.191], all p < 0.001). Additionally, the results indicated that the mediating effect of self‐efficacy was not significantly different from that of social support in the link between gratitude with SWB.

Conclusion

These findings presented strong evidence that self‐efficacy and social support provided the underlying mechanisms through which gratitude was associated with SWB in Chinese nursing home residents. This highlighted the need to develop interventions aiming at increasing gratitude, self‐efficacy and social support to promote SWB among elderly people.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Dose‐Related Effects and Bleeding Risk of Ketorolac in Pediatric Tonsillectomy
Authors: Kim Do Hyun , Jang David W. , Hwang Se Hwan
Published: November 2024

Objective

To investigate the safety and effectiveness of dose‐related ketorolac administration in children who underwent tonsillectomy.

Data Sources

Data sourced from PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, encompassing literature from their inception until June 2024.

Review Methods

The perioperative administration of ketorolac in comparison with a control group was included in this analysis. The outcomes assessed were postoperative pain levels; utilization patterns of analgesic medication in terms of quantity and frequency; and the incidence rates of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and bleeding.

Results

Eighteen studies with 11,729 patients that investigated. The ketorolac treatment group with postoperative bleeding had a higher incidence of primary bleeding (significant bleeding and operative bleeding control) compared to the control group. However, ketorolac treatment did not affect the risk of secondary bleeding. Subgroup analysis showed that 0.9 to 1 mg/kg of ketorolac significantly increases primary operative control (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0700 [1.6352; 10.1302]; I2 = 0.0%) and primary significant bleeding (OR = 2.3200 [1.1322; 4.7538]; I2 = 0.0%). On the other hand, 0.5 mg/kg ketorolac did not show any influence on primary operative control. The administration of ketorolac (both 0.9‐1 and 0.5 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease in postoperative pain (2‐24 hours), nausea, and vomiting compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Low‐dose (0.5 mg/kg) ketorolac administration to children could significantly reduce the risk of primary significant bleeding and surgical hemostasis compared to high‐dose administration (0.9‐1.0 mg/kg). In addition, low‐dose ketorolac administration could provide sufficient pain control and reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting.
A Facile Method to Incorporate Di‐Dopant Elements (F and Sb) into Crystalline Mesoporous Tin Dioxide Nano Powder at Ambient Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Aqeel Tariq , Greer Heather F.
Published: November 2024

A simple two step synthetic method for di‐doped crystalline mesoporous tin dioxide powder containing antimony and fluoride at ambient pressure and temperature has been developed. This approach produced materials with high surface areas and improved electrical and optoelectrical conductance. The two dopant elements; antimony and fluoride were introduced to tin dioxide by two approaches. Both approaches produced mesoporous tin dioxide with antimony and fluoride that are integrated in the framework. The structures of these materials are analyzed by powder X‐ray diffraction, N2 sorption analysis, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The conductance of the materials improved by factor of 13–34 compared to undoped mesoporous tin dioxide. The effect of the di‐doped elements on structure, conductance and optoelectronic properties of these materials are discussed in this paper.
Enhancing enset fiber‐reinforced polylactic acid composites through different surface treatments for emerging applications
Authors: Abraha Kahsay Gebresilassie , Debeli Dereje Kebebew , Ghani Muhammad Usman , Zhou Buguang , Tesfahunegn Awet Arefe , Guo Jiansheng
Published: November 2024

Environmental concerns and the over‐exploitation of natural resources have driven the search for eco‐friendly materials. Agro/industrial waste, often discarded, can be repurposed as fillers in biocomposites. However, bio‐fibers present challenges such as poor compatibility, high moisture absorption, and variable mechanical properties. This study examines various fiber surface modification techniques, including NaOH, silane, alkali‐silane, and pectinase enzyme treatments on enset fiber (EF) to produce sustainable reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites. Untreated EF/PLA composites were fabricated for comparison. Results showed that the applied EF surface treatments, especially using pectinase enzyme, significantly enhanced mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties. Pectinase‐treated EF/PLA composites displayed increased tensile strength by 55.99%, elongation at the break by 39.49%, tensile modulus by 32.59%, impact strength by 51.50%, flexural strength by 51.85%, flexural modulus by 60.90%, and improved thermal stability as compared to untreated composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses verified better fiber‐matrix interaction with clarity due to reduced non‐cellulosic components. Pectinase enzyme treatment emerged as the most effective, eco‐friendly method, enhancing the enset fiber's potential in polymer biocomposites, suitable for automotive interiors and packaging industries, reducing synthetic plastic pollution, and utilizing agricultural waste.

Highlights

Enset fibers were modified by NaOH, silane, NaOH/silane, and pectinase enzyme

The modified enset/PLA composites were prepared by compression molding

Surface treatments enhanced the enset‐PLA matrix interaction

Pectinase‐modified enset/PLA composite showed superior properties

Improved properties of enset composites make it ideal for various applications
Soluble Proteoglycans and Proteoglycan Fragments as Biomarkers of Pathological Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
Authors: Kemberi Marsioleda , Minns Alexander F. , Santamaria Salvatore
Published: November 2024

Proteoglycans and their proteolytic fragments diffuse into biological fluids such as plasma, serum, urine, or synovial fluid, where they can be detected by antibodies or mass‐spectrometry. Neopeptides generated by the proteolysis of proteoglycans are recognized by specific neoepitope antibodies and can act as a proxy for the activity of certain proteases. Proteoglycan and proteoglycan fragments can be potentially used as prognostic, diagnostic, or theragnostic biomarkers for several diseases characterized by dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, thoracic aortic aneurysms, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and cancer. Here, we review the main mechanisms accounting for the presence of soluble proteoglycans and their fragments in biological fluids, their potential application as diagnostic, prognostic, or theragnostic biomarkers, and highlight challenges and opportunities ahead of their clinical translation.
Precision medicine to identify, prevent, and treat pediatric obesity
Authors: Tillman Emma M. , Mertami Selsbiel
Published: November 2024

Pediatric obesity is a growing health concern that has many secondary adverse health implications. Personalized medicine is a tool that can be used to optimize diagnosis and treatments of many diseases. In this review, we will focus on three areas related to the genetics of pediatric obesity: (i) genetic causes predisposing to pediatric obesity, (ii) pharmacogenomics that may predict weight gain associated with pharmacotherapy, and (iii) pharmacogenomics of anti‐obesity pharmacotherapy. This narrative review evaluates genetic cause of pediatric obesity and how genetic findings can be used to optimize pharmacotherapy to minimize weight gain and optimize obesity treatment in pediatric patients. Pediatric obesity has many genetic causes including genomic obesity syndromes and monogenic obesity disorders. Several genetic etiologies of obesity have current or emerging targeted genetic therapies. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) targets associated with pharmacotherapy‐induced weight gain have been identified for antipsychotic, antiepileptic, antidepressant therapies, and steroids, yet to date no clinical guidelines exist for application use of PGx to tailor pharmacotherapy to avoid weight gain. As legislation evolves for genetic testing coverage and technology advances, this will decrease cost and expand access to genetic testing. This will result in identification of potential genetic causes of obesity and genes that predispose to pharmacotherapy‐induced weight gain. Advances in precision medicine can ultimately lead to development of clinical practice guidelines on how to apply genetic findings to optimize pharmacotherapy to treat genetic targets of obesity and avoid weight gain as an adverse event associated with pharmacotherapy.
Apparent Intensity Dependence of Shunts in PV Modules Revision of the Shunt Parameterization in the De Soto Model and PVsyst
Authors: Harder Nils‐Peter , Garcia José Cano
Published: November 2024

It is common practice in PV system simulation to use the De Soto model, which describes how to use the 1‐diode equivalent circuit model for modules. De Soto's model scales the shunt with irradiance, making it disappear toward zero W/m2. Also, the commercial software PVsyst uses a parameterization that reduces the shunt effect when the irradiance goes down. However, the solar cells that make up a module typically do not have an illumination‐dependent shunt. We therefore investigate the origin of the intensity‐dependent apparent shunt in modules. We show that this apparent shunt (derived from the slope of the quasi‐linear region from ISC onwards) is a misinterpretation for module I‐V curves and has little to do with a shunt conductance, although this slope method serves well for determining the shunt conductance of individual cells. Instead, the module I‐V curve slope of the quasi‐linear region from ISC onwards is strongly influenced by even small ISC mismatches between the cells. Such mismatch can occur from small illumination inhomogeneity even for A+ solar simulators in the laboratory, or from cell production variation. Abandoning the practice of using the I‐V curve slope to determine the shunt value for equivalent circuit models of modules (and the corresponding shunt scaling in the De Soto model or PVsyst) contributes to physically more meaningful I‐V curve parameterizations and bears the opportunity for further improved accuracy of PV system energy yield prediction.
Review and Practical Guide for Getting Started With Single‐Cell Proteomics
Authors: Lin Hsien‐Jung L. , Webber Kei G. I. , Nwosu Andikan J. , Kelly Ryan T.
Published: November 2024

Single‐cell proteomics (SCP) has advanced significantly in recent years, with new tools specifically designed for the preparation and analysis of single cells now commercially available to researchers. The field is sufficiently mature to be broadly accessible to any lab capable of isolating single cells and performing bulk‐scale proteomic analyses. In this review, we highlight recent work in the SCP field that has significantly lowered the barrier to entry, thus providing a practical guide for those who are newly entering the SCP field. We outline the fundamental principles and report multiple paths to accomplish the key steps of a successful SCP experiment including sample preparation, separation, and mass spectrometry data acquisition and analysis. We recommend that researchers start with a label‐free SCP workflow, as achieving high‐quality and quantitatively accurate results is more straightforward than label‐based multiplexed strategies. By leveraging these accessible means, researchers can confidently perform SCP experiments and make meaningful discoveries at the single‐cell level.
Parallel Analyses by Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) Reveal Complementary Proteomic Profiles in Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Patient Tissues and Cell Cultures
Authors: Wang Nan , Zhu Yiying , Wang Lianshui , Dai Wenshuang , Hu Taobo , Song Zhentao , Li Xia , Zhang Qi , Ma Jianfei , Xia Qianghua , Li Jin , Liu Yiqiang , Long Mengping , Ding Zhiyong
Published: November 2024

High‐plex proteomic technologies have made substantial contributions to mechanism studies and biomarker discovery in complex diseases, particularly cancer. Despite technological advancements, inherent limitations in individual proteomic approaches persist, impeding the achievement of comprehensive quantitative insights into the proteome. In this study, we employed two widely used proteomic technologies, mass spectrometry (MS) and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) to analyze identical samples, aiming to systematically assess the outcomes and performance of the different technologies. Additionally, we sought to establish an integrated workflow by combining these two proteomic approaches to augment the coverage of protein targets for discovery purposes. We used 14 fresh frozen tissue samples from triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC: seven tumors versus seven adjacent non‐cancerous tissues) and cell line samples to evaluate both technologies and implement this dual‐proteomic strategy. Using a single‐step protein denaturation and extraction protocol, protein samples were subjected to reverse‐phase liquid chromatography (LC) followed by electrospray ionization (ESI)‐mediated MS/MS for proteomic profiling. Concurrently, identical sample aliquots were analyzed by RPPA for profiling of over 300 proteins and phosphoproteins that are in key signaling pathways or druggable targets in cancer. Both proteomic methods demonstrated the expected ability to differentiate samples by groups, revealing distinct proteomic patterns under various experimental conditions, albeit with minimal overlap in identified targets. Mechanism‐based analysis uncovered divergent biological processes identified with the two proteomic technologies, capitalizing on their complementary exploratory potential.
Knee joint mechanics during gait after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a partial or full thickness quadriceps tendon autograft at 2 years after surgery
Authors: Ripic Zachary , Letter Michael , Parrino Rosalia , Adams William , Kaplan Lee D. , Baraga Michael G. , Best Thomas M. , Signorile Joseph F. , Eltoukhy Moataz
Published: November 2024

Background

Despite quadriceps weakness in individuals after quadriceps tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (QT‐ACLR), and its association with knee joint mechanics, no studies have addressed gait mechanics in both partial‐thickness (PT‐Q) and full‐thickness (FT‐Q) options for QT‐ACLR.

Objective

To assess gait mechanics across a QT‐ACLR cohort. We hypothesized that QT‐ACLR would show changes in knee joint mechanics compared to control participants (CON) and nonoperated limbs. Additionally, we hypothesized that FT‐Q operated limbs would show greater changes compared to PT‐Q and CON.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

University‐affiliated sports medicine institute.

Participants

Sixteen patients who underwent QT‐ACLR (7 FT‐Q: Age (years) = 28.6 ± 7.3, post‐op (months) = 23.5 ± 10.7, 9 PT‐Q: Age = 25.2 ± 4.3, post‐op = 24.4 ± 11.7) were recruited and compared to 11 CON (age = 23.4 ± 4.8).

Intervention

Participants underwent gait testing with force plate integrated motion capture.

Main Outcome Measures

Mixed repeated‐measures analyses of covariance, adjusted for gait speed, were used to determine significant main effects or interactions in peak knee flexion angle, sagittal knee range of motion, peak internal knee extension moment (KEM), and peak internal knee flexion moment.

Results

When measured an average of 2 years after surgery, no main effect for limb or limb by depth interaction were detected. A significant effect by group was observed for peak KEM (p = .03, η2 = .27) and peak knee flexion angle (p = .04, η2 = .24) in the loading response phase. FT‐Q (p = .02) and PT‐Q (p = .03) showed lower KEM compared to the CON group in both limbs. The FT‐Q group showed lower peak knee flexion angle compared to the CON group (p = .01).

Conclusions

Knee joint symmetry may be recovered 2 years following QT‐ACLR, but lower KEM compared to CON for both graft options and lower peak knee flexion angle than CON for the FT‐Q group may indicate a need for further investigation in QT‐ACLR.
Superior Conductive, Large Diameter CNT Composite Yarn of Insulative Polymer: Inferences of a Unidirectional Compression‐Stretching Technique
Authors: Farha Farial Islam , Chen Wei , Xu Fujun
Published: November 2024

Large diameter yet highly conductive Carbon Nanotube (CNT) yarn could have prospective control on high‐tech application field spanning from electronic devices to wearable textiles; although the development of such macroscopic CNTs is extremely challenging. Especially, while fabricating CNT composite yarn with polymer, insulative nature of polymeric materials inherently propagates poor electrical conductivity to CNT yarn. To address this, we have proposed an exciting approach to fabricate large dimension, highly conductive yet flexible CNT‐Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) composite yarn through unidirectional compression‐stretching process. Our technique allowed TPU molecules to be well dispersed into inner and inter‐CNT bundles facilitating well flexibility while the simultaneous functions of pressure and tension allowed more closely packed CNTs network within densified CNT yarn reducing the inherent voids and contact resistance. The consequent yarn possessed high conductivity of 1613 S/cm, attractive mechanical performance (tensile strength 1.3 GPa, Young's modulus 12 GPa, toughness 100.75 MJ/m3), exceptional anti‐abrasive ability (up to 46,350 cycles) endowing its multidirectional adaptability for smart textiles. Moreover, the desirable E‐heating performance together with excellent electrical stability allows successful exploitation of the prepared CNT yarn as stretchable heater. Such amazing integrated characteristics may allow the resultant yarn to replace traditional carbon fiber in various high‐tech arena as well.
The potent PHL4 transcription factor effector domain contains significant disorder
Authors: Fonda Blake D. , Murray Dylan T.
Published: November 2024

The phosphate‐starvation response transcription‐factor protein family is essential to plant response to low‐levels of phosphate. Proteins in this transcription factor (TF) family act by altering various gene expression levels, such as increasing levels of the acid phosphatase proteins which catalyze the conversion of inorganic phosphates to bio‐available compounds. There are few structural characterizations of proteins in this TF family, none of which address the potent TF activation domains. The phosphate‐starvation response‐like protein‐4 (PHL4) protein from this family has garnered interest due to the unusually high TF activation activity of the N‐terminal domain. Here, we demonstrate using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements that the PHL4 N‐terminal activating TF effector domain is mainly an intrinsically disordered domain of over 200 residues, and that the C‐terminal region of PHL4 is also disordered. Additionally, we present evidence from size‐exclusion chromatography, diffusion NMR measurements, and a cross‐linking assay suggesting full‐length PHL4 forms a trimeric or tetrameric assembly. Together, the data indicate the N‐ and C‐terminal disordered domains in PHL4 flank a central folded region that likely forms the ordered oligomer of PHL4. This work provides a foundation for future studies detailing how the conformations and molecular motions of PHL4 change as it acts as a potent activator of gene expression in phosphate metabolism. Such a detailed mechanistic understanding of TF function will benefit genetic engineering efforts that take advantage of this activity to boost transcriptional activation of genes across different organisms.
Novel dysregulated long non‐coding RNAs in the acute kidney injury‐to‐chronic kidney diseases transition unraveled by transcriptomic analysis
Authors: Puri Bhupendra , Majumder Syamantak , Gaikwad Anil Bhanudas
Published: November 2024

Acute kidney injury (AKI)‐to‐chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition involves a complex pathomechanism, including inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis where long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in their regulation. However, to date, only a few lncRNAs have been discovered to be involved in the AKI‐to‐CKD transition. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the dysregulated lncRNAs in the AKI‐to‐CKD transition in vitro and in vivo. To mimic AKI‐to‐CKD transition both in vivo and in vitro, bilateral ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) kidney injury was performed in Wistar rats (male), and normal rat kidney epithelial cell (NRK52E) cells were treated with exogenous transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). Further processing and analysis of samples collected from these studies (e.g., biochemical, histopathology, immunofluorescence, and RNA isolation) were also performed, and transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the dysregulated lncRNAs. Rats subjected to IR showed a significant increase in kidney injury markers (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney injury molecule‐1(KIM‐1), and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) along with altered cell morphology). Apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis markers were markedly increased during the AKI‐to‐CKD transition. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed 62 and 84 unregulated and 95 and 92 downregulated lncRNAs in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis revealed their involvement in various pathways, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) signaling pathways. These identified dysregulated lncRNAs significantly contribute to AKI‐to‐CKD transition, and their knockin/out can aid in developing targeted therapeutic interventions against AKI‐to‐CKD transition.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework and Metal–Organic Framework Assembly of Waterwheel PgC‐Noria Molecule: Regulating Microstructure Enables Iodine Transfer
Authors: Ren Wei‐Bo , Fu Yaomei , Zheng Haiyan , Hou Baoshan , Cui Dongxu , Zhao Liang , Zang Hong‐Ying , Wang Xinlong
Published: November 2024

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a type of crystalline porous materials self‐assembled from organic or metal–organic building blocks via intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which have received increasing attention due to their reversible and flexible hydrogen bonding properties. Currently, it remains a challenge to construct HOFs based on complex or porous organic cages as molecular building blocks. Herein, a 3D HOF (PgC‐HOF) featuring honeycomb‐shaped channels is crafted utilizing a sizable waterwheel‐like PgC‐noria organic molecule cage. The pivotal role of intermolecular multipoint hydrogen bonding interactions in upholding structural integrity and stability is underscored by the possession of 36 phenolic hydroxyl groups in PgC‐HOF. Interestingly, the introduction of calcium ions into the reaction system results in the formation of the metal–organic framework (PgC‐MOF), with the channel dimensions increasing from 6.8 to 9.1 Å. Furthermore, I2 sorption/release experiments are conducted on PgC‐HOF and PgC‐MOF, achieving an increase in the optimal adsorption amount from 1.45 to 2.19 g g−1 and a transition from an irreversible adsorbent to a reversible adsorbent.
Construction and Multifunctional Photonic Applications of Light Absorption‐Enhanced Silicon‐Based Schottky Coupled Structures
Authors: Wu Huijuan , Lian Shanshui , Zhang Jinqiu , Wang Bingkun , Bai Wenjun , Ding Guqiao , Yang Siwei , Liu Zhiduo , Zheng Li , Ye Caichao , Wang Gang
Published: November 2024

To expand the detection capabilities of silicon (Si)‐based photodetector and address key scientific challenges such as low light absorption efficiency and short carrier lifetime in Si‐based graphene photodetector. This work introduces a novel Si‐based Schottky coupled structure by in situ growth of 3D‐graphene and molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) on Si substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) techniques. The findings validate the “dual‐enhanced absorption” effect, enhancing the understanding of the mechanisms that improve optoelectronic performance. The synergistic effect of 3D‐graphene's natural nano‐resonant cavity and MoS2 QDs enhances light absorption efficiency and extends carrier lifetime. Introducing MoS2 QDs broadens and intensifies the built‐in electric field, promoting the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. The photodetector exhibits a wideband light response in the wavelength range of 380–2200 nm. It stably outputs photocurrent under high‐frequency (1 kHz) modulated laser (2200 nm), with a responsivity (R) of 40 mA W−1 and detectivity (D*) of 1.15 × 109 Jones. Photodetectors show the ability to process and encrypt complex binary signals and achieve versatility in “AND” gate and “OR” gate logic operations, as well as image sensing (240 × 200 pixels).
Polar Molecule Intercalation to Weaken P2─S Bonding in MnPS3 Toward Ultrahigh‐Capacity Sodium Storage
Authors: Tu Xueyang , Fan Ke , Peng Baixin , Zhang Shaoning , Ma Yiran , Fang Yuqiang , Huang Haitao , Huang Fuqiang
Published: November 2024

Layered transition metal trithiophosphates (TMPS3, TM = Mn, Fe, Co, etc.) with high theoretical capacity (>1 300 mAh g−1) are potential anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the strong bonding between P2 dimers and S atoms in TMPS3 hinders the efficient alloying reaction between P2 dimers and Na+, resulting in practical capacities much lower than theoretical values. Herein, a polar molecule diisopropylamine (DIPA) is intercalated into MnPS3 for the first time to improve the sodium storage performance effectively. Theoretical calculations show that the electron transfer between DIPA and MnPS3 induces more delocalized S p states and weaker P─S bonds, significantly enhancing the electrochemical activity and sodiation/desodiation reaction kinetics. Moreover, the expanded interlayer spacing from 6.48 to 10.75 Å enables faster Na+ diffusion and more active sites for Na+ adsorption. As expected, the DIPA‐MnPS3 exhibits an ultrahigh capacity of 1,023 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and excellent cycling performance (≈100% capacity retention after 4 200 cycles at 10 A g−1), far outperforming those metal thiophosphates anodes reported for SIBs. Interestingly, in situ and ex situ characterizations reveal a quasi‐topological intercalation mechanism of DIPA‐MnPS3. This work provides a novel strategy for the design of high‐performance anode materials for SIBs.
Controllable Ultrathin Nickel Nanoislands With Dense Discrete Space Charge Regions: Steering Hole Extraction for High‐Performance Underwater Multispectral Weak‐Light Photodetection
Authors: Wang Shuijing , Miao Tangying , Wang Yang , Xu Jinshan , Jia Fengyuan , Li Yang , Kou Jiahui , Xu Zhongzi
Published: November 2024

Undersea optical communication (UOC) is vital for ocean exploration and military applications. In the dim‐light underwater environment, photodetectors must maximize photon utilization by minimizing optical losses and carrier recombination. This can be achieved by integrating ultrathin metal nanostructures with photocatalysts to form Schottky junctions, which enhance charge separation and injection while mitigating metal‐induced light shading. The strategic design of discrete metal nanostructures providing numerous high‐depth space charge regions (SCRs) without overlap offers a promising approach to optimize hole transport paths and further suppress recombination. Here, a facile phase‐separation lithography technique is explored to fabricate tunable ultrathin Ni nanoislands atop n‐Si, yielding high‐performance photoelectrochemical photodetectors (PEC PDs) tailored for underwater weak‐light environments. This results indicate that key determinant of hole extraction behavior is the relationship between the spacing distance of adjacent Ni nanostructures (ds) and twice the SCR radius (Ws). PEC PDs with optimized 8 nm ultrathin Ni nanostructures featuring closely but non‐overlapping SCRs, exhibit a 55‐fold increase in photoresponsivity (2.2 mA W−1) and a 128‐fold enhancement in detection sensitivity (3.2 × 1011 Jones) at 0 V over Ni film, revealing the exceptional stability. Furthermore, this approach enables effective detection across UV–vis‐near infrared spectrum, supporting reliable multispectral UOC and underwater imaging capabilities.
Dynamic Self‐Healing of the Reconstructed Phase in Perovskite Oxides for Efficient and Stable Electrocatalytic OER
Authors: Zhai Yiyue , Ren Xiangrong , Zhang Jing , Gan Tao , Yang Na , Wang Bolun , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: November 2024

Neither electrocatalytic activity nor structural stability is inconsequential in water electrolysis. Unfortunately, they have to be compromised in practice, especially in the anodic redox chemistry of lattice oxygen. Herein, the discovery of a La1−xCexFeO3 perovskite is presented which shows both good stability and high catalytic activity. Using advanced operando characterizations, it is identified that the self‐healing evolution of the La1−xCexFeO3 perovskite plays a key role during water oxidation in the lattice oxygen‐mediated mechanism (LOM) pathway. Unlike irreversible reconstruction, the formation of reconstructed active‐phase α‐FeOOH is reversed by re‐crystallization of surface La1−xCexFeO3 upon return to noncatalytic conditions. The self‐healing transformation of the α‐FeOOH termination layer on the stable La1−xCexFeO3 core imparts remarkable long‐term stability as well as excellent electrocatalytic performance. As a result, a composition La0.9Ce0.1FeO3@FeOOH is designed that exhibits ultralow overpotentials of 257 and 312 mV to achieve 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. The findings provide insight into self‐healing behavior toward engineering perovskite oxides for efficient and stable oxygen electrocatalysis.
Probing the Interplay of Protein Self‐Assembly and Covalent Bond Formation in Photo‐Crosslinked Silk Fibroin Hydrogels
Authors: Tran Hien A. , Maraldo Anton , Ho Trinh Thi‐Phuong , Thai Mai Thanh , van Hilst Quinn , Joukhdar Habib , Kordanovski Marija , Sahoo Jugal Kishore , Hartsuk Onur , Santos Miguel , Wise Steven G. , Kaplan David L. , Do Thanh Nho , Kilian Kristopher A. , Lim Khoon S. , Rnjak‐Kovacina Jelena
Published: November 2024

Covalent crosslinking of silk fibroin via native tyrosine residues has been extensively explored; however, while these materials are very promising for biomedical, optical, soft robotics, and sensor applications, their structure and mechanical properties are unstable over time. This instability results in spontaneous silk self‐assembly and stiffening over time, a process that is poorly understood. This study investigates the interplay between self‐assembly and di‐tyrosine bond formation in silk hydrogels photo‐crosslinked using ruthenium (Ru) and sodium persulfate (SPS) with visible light. The effects of silk concentration, molecular weight, Ru/SPS concentration, and solvent conditions are examined. The Ru/SPS system enables rapid crosslinking, achieving gelation within seconds and incorporating over 90% of silk into the network, even at very low protein concentrations (≥0.75% wt/v). A model emerges where silk self‐assembly both before and after crosslinking affects protein phase separation, mesoscale structure, and dynamic changes in the hydrogel network over time. Silk concentration has the greatest impact on hydrogel properties, with higher silk concentration hydrogels experiencing two orders of magnitude increase in stiffness within 1 week. This new understanding and ability to tune hydrogel properties and dynamic stiffening aids in developing advanced materials for 4D biofabrication, sensing, 3D cancer models, drug delivery, and soft robotics.
Charge Separation‐Engineered Piezoelectric Ultrathin Nanorods Modulate Tumor Stromal Microenvironment and Enhance Cell Immunogenicity for Synergistically Piezo‐Thermal‐Immune Therapy
Authors: Wang Qian , Du Jun , Yang Fujun , Wu Sijia , Zhu Luna , Li Xueyu , Yang Han , Miao Yuqing , Li Yuhao
Published: November 2024

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by hypoxia and low immunogenicity, with a dense and rigid extracellular matrix (ECM) that impedes the diffusion of therapeutic agents and immune cells, thereby limiting the efficacy of immunotherapy. To overcome these challenges, an oxygen defect piezoelectric‐photothermal sensitizer, bismuth vanadate nanorod‐supported platinum nanodots (BVP) is developed. The integration of platinum enhances the photothermal effect and improves charge separation efficiency under ultrasound, leading to increased heat generation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen. Platinum also catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide in the TME to oxygen, which serves as both a ROS source and a means to alleviate tumor hypoxia, thereby reversing the immunosuppressive TME. Moreover, the coordination of bismuth ions with glutathione further amplifies cellular oxidative stress. The generated heat and ROS not only denature the collagen in the ECM, facilitating the deeper penetration of BVP into the tumor but also induce immunogenic cell death in tumor cells. Through the “degeneration and penetration” strategy, photoacoustic therapy effectively activates immune cells, inhibiting both tumor growth and metastasis. This study introduces a pioneering approach in the design of antitumor nanomedicines aimed at reversing the immunosuppressive characteristics of the TME.
Synthesis Framework for Designing PtPdCoNiMn High‐Entropy Alloy: A Stable Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chandran M Athira , Sahoo Sudeshna , Singh Ashutosh K. , Prasad Bhagavatula L. V.
Published: November 2024

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are an emerging class of advanced materials characterized by their multifunctionality and potential to replace commercial catalysts in electrocatalytic water splitting. The synergy among the various alloyed elements in HEAs makes them particularly promising for applications in electrocatalysis. However, preparation of HEA via bottom‐up approaches by avoiding the formation of mono, di, and tri metallic alloys in the nanoscale is challenging. This aspect is addressed, in this study by exploring the logical selection of solvents, reducing agents, and capping agents, along with their relative fractions, in the solvothermal synthesis of the HEA comprising platinum‐palladium‐cobalt‐nickel‐manganese (PtPdCoNiMn). It is established that the reducing capabilities of both the solvent and reducing agent are crucial for the reduction of each metal to form a single‐phase HEA. The synthesized HEA (20 wt.%)/functionalized carbon (FC) demonstrates excellent performance as an HER catalyst, exhibiting a low overpotential of 48.7 mV at −10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline electrolyte. This performance is characterized by high reaction kinetics and stability at elevated current densities. Furthermore, the catalyst shows impressive performance in both simulated and actual seawater. This development reduces the reliance on platinum while enhancing the long‐term durability and catalytic efficiency of the electrocatalyst.
Widely acclaimed but poorly named: Phylogeny and systematics of the African daisy genus Dimorphotheca (Asteraceae, Calenduleae)
Authors: Parker Thaabiet , Verboom G. Anthony , Ellis Allan G. , Manning John C. , Bergh Nicola G.
Published: November 2024

Phylogenetic relationships in the South African daisy genus Dimorphotheca have long been uncertain, with the taxonomy of the genus relying on a few morphological traits, most prominently capitulum sexual system (e.g., cypsela type) and ray colour, which may not be evolutionarily conserved. Here we present the first well‐sampled molecular phylogeny of Dimorphotheca, based on nuclear ribosomal (ITS, ETS) and plastid trnL‐trnF region DNA sequences from multiple accessions per species. Although the relationships suggested by these markers are broadly congruent, we do find some instances of incongruence which we resolve using a combined decomposition and deletion approach. Using our best estimate of phylogenetic relationships, we reconstruct the evolution of capitulum fertility and ray colour to assess the evolutionary conservatism of these traits and their taxonomic utility. We find support for the monophyly of Dimorphotheca, excluding the recently segregated Osteospermum polypterum, and our data thus support the modern, enlarged circumscription of the genus incorporating the former genus Castalis and Osteospermum sect. Acanthotheca and O. sect. Blaxium. Major subclades within Dimorphotheca are largely cohesive in terms of geographic distribution and morphological traits such as growth form and cypsela structure. While many species are resolved as monophyletic, the polyphyly of a few species suggests a need for taxonomic re‐evaluation. On the basis of both morphological and molecular data, we describe one new species, and elevate one variety to species level. A full taxonomic key to the enlarged genus is presented for the first time. Ancestral reconstructions show that capitulum sexual system and ray lamina colour are not evolutionarily conserved and that neither can therefore be used to delimit major lineages within Dimorphotheca. While our findings resolve some taxonomic problems, they also highlight the need for further species‐level taxonomic work on Dimorphotheca.
Pnictogen and Chalcogen Salts as Alkylating Agents
Authors: Campos Philipe Raphael O. , Alberto Eduardo E.
Published: November 2024

Alkylation reactions and their products are considered crucial in various contexts. Synthetically, the alkylation of a nucleophile is usually promoted using hazardous alkyl halides. Here, we aim to highlight the potential of pnictogen (ammonium or phosphonium) and chalcogen salts (sulfonium, selenonium, and telluronium) to function as alkylating agents. These compounds can be considered as non‐volatile electrophilic alkyl reservoirs. We will center our discussion on the strategies developed in recent years to expand the synthetic utility of these salts in terms of transferable alkyl groups, substrate scope, and product selectivity.