bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes with large inner diameters
Authors: Yan JU. , Feng LI.YI. , Zhong Ren
Published: August 2005

Carbon nanotubes (2.4 g/g catalyst), with large inner diameters were successfully synthesized through pyrolysis of methane on a Ni-Cu-Al catalyst by adding sodium carbonate into the carbon nanotubes growth system. The inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes prepared by this method is about 20-60 nm, while their outer diameter is about 40-80 nm. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were employed to investigate the morphology and microstructures of the carbon nanotubes. The analyses showed that these carbon nanotubes have large inner diameters and good graphitization. The addition of sodium carbonate into the reaction system brings about a slight decrease in the methane conversion and the yield of carbon. The experimental results showed that sodium carbonate is a mildly toxic material which influenced the catalytic activity of the Ni-Cu-Al catalyst and resulted in the formation of carbon nanotubes with large inner diameters. The growth mechanism of the carbon nanotubes with large inner diameters is discussed in this paper.
Synthesis of α-amino amides via α-amino imidoylbenzotriazoles
Authors: Katritzky Alan , Mohapatra Prabhu , Singh Shailendra , Clemens Nicole , Kirichenko Kostyantyn
Published: August 2005

Reactions of isonitriles 11a-c with N-(?-aminoalkyl)benzotriazoles 10a-k afford N-(?-aminoimidoyl)benzotriazoles 12a-q which on hydrolysis by dilute hydrochloric acid gave ?-amino amides 14a-j.
Platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction: Effect of substrates, and long-term stability
Authors: Zhang J. , Vukmirovic M.B. , Sasaki K. , Uribe F. , Adzic R.R.
Published: August 2005

We describe a novel concept for a Pt monolayer electrocatalyst and present the results of our electrochemical, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy studies. The electrocatalysts were prepared by a new method for depositing Pt monolayers involving the galvanic displacement by Pt of an under potentially deposited Cu monolayer on substrates of Au (111), Ir(111), Pd(111), Rh(111) and Ru(0001) single crylstals, and Pd nanoparticles. The kinetics of O2 reduction showed significant enhancement with Pt monolayers on Pd(111) and Pd nanoparticle surfaces in comparisonwith the reaction on Pt(111) and Pt nanoparticles, respectively. This increase in catalytic activity is attributed partly to the decreased formation of PtOH, as shown by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results illustrate that placing a Pt monolayer on a suitable substrate of metal nanoparticles is an attractive way of designing better O2 reduction electrocatalysts with very low Pt contents.
Cardiac tissue engineering
Authors: Radisic Milica , Vunjak-Novakovic Gordana
Published: August 2005

We hypothesized that clinically sized (1-5 mm thick),compact cardiac constructs containing physiologically high density of viable cells (?108 cells/cm3) can be engineered in vitro by using biomimetic culture systems capable of providing oxygen transport and electrical stimulation, designed to mimic those in native heart. This hypothesis was tested by culturing rat heart cells on polymer scaffolds, either with perfusion of culture medium (physiologic interstitial velocity, supplementation of per fluorocarbons), or with electrical stimulation (continuous application of biphasic pulses, 2 ms, 5 V, 1 Hz). Tissue constructs cultured without perfusion or electrical stimulation served as controls. Medium perfusion and addition of per fluorocarbons resulted in compact, thick constructs containing physiologic density of viable, electromechanically coupled cells, in contrast to control constructs which had only a?100 ?m thick peripheral region with functionally connected cells. Electrical stimulation of cultured constructs resulted in markedly improved contractile properties, increased amounts of cardiac proteins, and remarkably well developed ultrastructure (similar to that of native heart) as compared to non-stimulated controls. We discuss here the state of the art of cardiac tissue engineering, in light of the biomimetic approach that reproduces in vitro some of the conditions present during normal tissue development.
Spectrophotometric investigation of the Fe(III)-disulphonate hydroquinone complex
Authors: Obradovic Mirjana , Mitic Snezana , Tosic Snezana , Pavlovic A.N.
Published: August 2005

Iron(III) form an indigo-blue complex with the disulphonated product of hydroquinone (K2S2Hy) in acid media with an absorption maxima at 600 nm. The time stability of the complex, dependence of the complex absorbance on pH and the influence of temperature and solvent were followed on the basis of spectrophotometric measurements. Using the Job, mole ratio and Henry?Franck?Ostwald methods, the composition and relative stability constant of this complex, in 80 vol.% ethanol as solvent, were determined (1:1;log??293 = 3.37). A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron has been developed and the calibration curve is linear in the concentration range from0.65 to 6.45 ?g cm-3. The effects of foreign ions on the determination of iron were investigated in order to assess the selectivity of the method. The method was applied for the determination of Fe(III) in the natural juice of beet.
Energetic and bonding study of hexamethylenetetramine and fourteen related cage molecules: An ab initio G3 (MP2) investigation
Authors: Ho H.O. , Li W.K.
Published: August 2005

The ab initio G3(MP2)method has been applied to hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and fourteen related cage systems. The agreement between the calculated and experimental molecular dimensions, which are available for five of the 15 cage species, ranges from satisfactory to excellent. In addition, the G3(MP2) heat of formation at 298 K for HMT is in excellent accord with experimental results. Hence, the calculated heats of formation for the other 14 cage systems should be reliable estimates.
Animal Models of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Hedlund Petter , Matsumoto Kenshi , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: August 2005

The neuroanatomy of the rat, as well as the morphology of the rat corpus cavernosum, is well characterized.
Several molecular biological methods, as well as in vitro preparations, are available for the corpus cavernosum (CC)
from rats or mice, and functional investigations of the erectile tissues from these species have revealed similar
responses to activation of nerves, endothelium, or pharmacological agents compared with other mammals. By recording
intracavernous pressure (ICP), erectile responses to stimulation of nerves at peripheral sites can be evaluated objectively in anesthetized animals. It is thereby possible to isolate and study the effects of regulatory mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system on erection, and to quantify the effect of pharmacological modulation on nerve‐induced responses as changes in ICP. In the conscious rodent model, erectile responses include activities in supraspinal and spinal regulatory units, which lead to activation of both autonomic and somatic pathways destined for the CC or the penile striated muscles. These components can be evaluated by recording ICP in conscious animals, allowing the investigator to avoid possible deleterious effects of anesthesia on supraspinal and spinal transmitter pathways that may be involved in the regulation of erection.
Enzymatic Regioselective Levulinylation of 2′‐Deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐Methylribonucleosides
Authors: Lavandera Iván , García Javier , Fernández Susana , Ferrero Miguel , Gotor Vicente , Sanghvi Yogesh S.
Published: August 2005

The levulinyl‐protected nucleosides are key building blocks for the solution‐phase synthesis of oligonucleotides. Short and efficient syntheses of 3′‐ and 5′‐O‐levulinylated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐methylribonucleosides have been developed from the corresponding nucleosides by enzyme‐catalyzed regioselective acylation in organic solvents or from 3′,5′‐di‐O‐levulinyl derivatives by regioselective enzymatic hydrolysis. Lipase‐mediated levulinylation of various nucleosides has been accomplished with acetonoxime levulinate as an acyl donor. Use of immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PSL‐C) has furnished 3′‐O‐levulinylated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides in excellent yields. Similarly, Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL‐B) has provided 5′‐O‐levulinylated nucleosides in high yields. 3′‐O‐Levulinylated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐methylribonucleosides were prepared via selective hydrolysis of 3′,5′‐di‐O‐levulinate esters using CAL‐B.
An Aminooxy‐Functionalized Non‐Nucleosidic Phosphoramidite for the Construction of Multiantennary Oligonucleotide Glycoconjugates on a Solid Support
Authors: Katajisto Johanna , Virta Pasi , Lönnberg Harri
Published: August 2005

In this unit, a method is described that allows construction of multiantennary oligonucleotide glycoconjugates on a solid support. A bis(hydroxymethyl)malondiamide‐based phosphoramidite that contains two phthaloyl‐protected aminooxy groups compatible with normal chain assembly is prepared. The aminooxy functions can be deblocked with a hydrazinium acetate treatment and subsequently oximated on‐support with fully acetylated 4‐oxobutyl α‐D‐mannopyranoside. The resulting reagent is then used to prepare a conjugate containing two non‐nucleosidic building blocks (i.e., four α‐D‐mannopyranosyl units) close to the 5′ terminus of the oligonucleotide.
Assays for Complement Proteins Encoded in the Class III Region of Human MHC
Authors: Varga Lilian , Füst George
Published: August 2005

Investigation of the complement proteins encoded in the class III region of the human MHC isclinically significant. A low level of components that make up the classical pathway is indicative of an underlying in vivo complement activation or primer complement deficiency. Hemolytic tests of C4 and C2 described are the only methods that allow quantitification of the functional complement proteins. The application of these sensitive techniques is unavoidable if inactive complement proteins are present. The complex hemolytic titration process protocol described in detail makes possible the use of this test. Assays to determine complement components belonging to the MHC III region were completed by a basic phenotyping test of the standard factor B alleles. This simple technique is a very useful first‐step assay for clinical laboratories engaged in genetic studies.
Culture, Expansion, and Differentiation of Murine Megakaryocytes
Authors: Shivdasani Ramesh A. , Schulze Harald
Published: August 2005

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the source of circulating platelets and are readily recognized by their large size and distinctive morphology. Their poor representation in hematopoietic tissues often requires considerable ex vivo expansion to generate cells for biochemical and cell biological studies. These experimental protocols describe the assessment of megakaryocytic potential within hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow by colony‐forming assays and expansion and enrichment of MKs from cultured fetal liver or spleen or bone marrow cells. Although these MKs are not synchronized in their maturation, they can be enriched over an albumin step‐gradient and one‐third to one‐half of recovered cells will typically elaborate proplatelets, the immediate precursors of blood platelets. Both protocols require recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO) as a growth factor. Support Protocols describe methods for preparing fetal liver cells, identifying mature rodent MKs by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, and staining (May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa) mixed populations on cytocentrifuged blood cell preparations.
Endocytosis Assays in Intact and Permeabilized Cells
Authors: Osborne Andrew , Flett Alexander , Smythe Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Clathrin‐coated pits and vesicles represent the major ports of entry into most eukaryotic cells. As well as performing housekeeping functions (e.g., allowing cells to take up essential nutrients), the endocytic pathway participates in a number of tissue‐specific events such as synaptic‐vesicle recycling, control of morphogen gradients during development, downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, and immune surveillance. To understand the role played by clathrin‐mediated uptake, it is therefore essential to have robust endocytosis assays in intact cells. The clathrin‐coated vesicle cycle requires a complicated interplay of proteins and lipids that is regulated in space and time. Reconstitution assays in permeabilized cells provide a powerful approach to understanding how this complex process is regulated.
Analysis of Cellular Senescence in Culture In Vivo: The Senescence‐Associated β‐Galactosidase Assay
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Debdutta , Gatza Catherine , Donehower Lawrence A. , Medrano Estela E.
Published: August 2005

Replicative senescence, a process first described almost 40 years ago, entails irreversible growth arrest with sustained metabolic functions, and it is also associated with increased resistance to apoptotic signals. Interest in this process has increased greatly over the last 10 years, as it has been demonstrated that senescence can function as a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. Although mounting evidence suggests that the senescent phenotype is associated with an extraordinarily complex array of gene expression patterns and interactions with the microenvironment, there is only one widely accepted marker for distinguishing such cells in vitro and in vivo. This marker is the senescence‐associated expression of a pH 6 β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal). Here, a method for analyzing SA‐β‐gal expression in cultured cells and in human and animal tissues is described, and important parameters to consider when performing such assays are also highlighted.
Using the Gibbs Motif Sampler to Find Conserved Domains in DNA and Protein Sequences
Authors: Thompson William , McCue Lee Ann , Lawrence Charles E.
Published: August 2005

The Gibbs Motif Sampler (Gibbs) is a software package for discovering conserved elements in biopolymer sequences. This unit describes the basic operation of the Web‐based interface to Gibbs, along with advanced examples of its use, and the Web interface todscan, a sequence database search program.
Using CorePromoter to Find Human Core Promoters
Authors: Zhang Michael Q.
Published: August 2005

The CorePromoter program is very useful for identification of transcriptional start sites (TSS) and core promoter regions when 5′‐upstream genomic DNA sequences of human genes are available. It is very simple to use and can be accessed either through the Web or after downloading to a local computer. The protocols in this unit introduce its basic methodology and discuss how to apply it to a sample problem in conjunction with other gene‐finding programs.
Gene Expression Analysis via Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Chen Yidong , Meltzer Paul S.
Published: August 2005

Expression profiling of biological samples using microarray technologies has proven to be a powerful tool for molecular classification and biomarker identification. Visualization of similarities between biological samples from their molecular signatures is essential in forming new hypotheses. Multidimensional scaling is one of the methods that converts the structure in the similarity matrix to a simple geometrical picture: the larger the dissimilarity between two samples (evaluated through gene expression profiling), the further apart the points representing the experiments in the picture should be. In this unit, we will discuss the mathematical fundamentals of this method, along with step‐by‐step procedures that allow users to quickly obtain the results, provided that all necessary resources are ready. Examples of applying the MDS program and the interpretation of these results are also provided in this unit
Proteomics and the Analysis of Proteomic Data: An Overview of Current Protein‐Profiling Technologies
Authors: Gulcicek Erol E. , Colangelo Christopher M. , McMurray Walter , Stone Kathryn , Williams Kenneth , Wu Terence , Zhao Hongyu , Spratt Heidi , Kurosky Alexander , Wu Baolin
Published: August 2005

In recent years, several proteomic methodologies have been developed that now make it possible to identify, characterize, and comparatively quantify the relative level of expression of hundreds of proteins that are coexpressed in a given cell type or tissue, or that are found in biological fluids such as serum. These advances have resulted from the integration of diverse scientific disciplines including molecular and cellular biology, protein/peptide chemistry, bioinformatics, analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, and the use of instrumental and software tools such as multidimensional electrophoretic and chromatographic separations and mass spectrometry. In this unit, some of the common protein‐profiling technologies are reviewed, along with the accompanying data‐analysis tools.
Protein Identification Using TurboSEQUEST
Authors: Lundgren Deborah H. , Han David K. , Eng Jimmy K.
Published: August 2005

SEQUEST is the most widely used software tool for identifying proteins in complex mixtures. It is a mature, robust program that identifies peptides directly from uninterpreted tandem mass spectra, thus making large‐scale proteomic studies possible. Thermo Electron's TurboSEQUEST provides a Windows‐based graphical user interface for running SEQUEST and interpreting results. The protocol in this unit describes the basic steps involved in processing mass spectrometric data and analyzing results using TurboSEQUEST. It also provides an overview of the SEQUEST algorithm and a discussion of data filtering methods, critical issues in data interpretation, and available resources that can facilitate proper interpretation of SEQUEST results.
N‐Acylhydrazone – vielseitige Elektrophile für die Synthese von Stickstoffverbindungen
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shū
Published: August 2005

Bei der Anwendung von N‐Acylhydrazonen als Elektrophilen in Reaktionen mit Nucleophilen wurden in jüngster Zeit wichtige Fortschritte erzielt. N‐Acylhydrazone, die sich auf einfache Weise herstellen und aufbewahren lassen, agieren in diesen Reaktionen als stabile Iminäquivalente. Die Hydrazidprodukte sind nützliche, oft chirale Bausteine, die durch N‐N‐Bindungsspaltung zu wertvollen Stickstoffverbindungen umgesetzt werden können. Eine bedeutende Anwendung finden N‐Acyl‐Gruppen außerdem als Template zur stereochemischen Steuerung metallkatalysierter Reaktionen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst jüngste Ergebnisse aus der Chemie der N‐Acylhydrazone zusammen und betrachtet aktuelle Entwicklungen.
N‐Acylhydrazones as Versatile Electrophiles for the Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shū
Published: August 2005

The use of N‐acylhydrazones as electrophiles in reactions with nucleophiles has recently made some important advances. N‐Acylhydrazones, which can be readily prepared and stored, act as stable imine surrogates in these reactions. The hydrazide products are useful, often chiral building blocks which can be transformed into various nitrogen‐containing compounds by cleavage of the NN bond. The N‐acyl groups often play important roles as templates for metal catalysis in controlling stereochemistry. This Minireview summarizes the most recent results of N‐acylhydrazone chemistry, and provides an overview of current developments in this field.
Estimating the human impact on populations of the endangered noble crayfish (Astacus astacus L.) in north‐western Poland
Authors: Schulz Holger K. , Śmietana Przemysław , Schulz Ralf
Published: August 2005

The Pomorskie Lakeland close to the town of Miastko shows the highest density of stocks of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus (L.) in the lowlands of north‐western Poland. In summer 2002, the present status of this highly threatened species was analysed by means of mark and recapture trapping.

Nine lakes with known occurrence of A. astacus were investigated. Each lake was surveyed with regard to the crayfish population density, water quality and potential recent and historical impact of fisheries and recreation. The estimated population density was evaluated statistically with respect to a set of potential environmental variables.

The estimated densities of A. astacus populations varied from very abundant (6.6 adult individuals per trap per night) to absent. Two lakes were found to contain the non‐indigenous crayfish Orconectes limosus (Raf.). The population density was not correlated with conductivity, pH, transparency, alkalinity, the concentration of ammonium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, or with the trophic status of the lakes. A. astacus occurred in lakes ranging from mesotrophic to eutrophic.

The results suggest that both occurrence and density of A. astacus populations depended on criteria associated with human activities that have altered the aquatic environment. Abundance of A. astacus was negatively correlated with eel (Anguilla anguilla) stocking intensity (r = −0.88; p < 0.01) and number of yearly net catches (r = −0.66; p < 0.05) and positively correlated with distance to nearest town (r = 0.72; p < 0.05).

It is concluded that the introduction of O. limosus most likely resulted from fishery activities, emphasizing the need for regulations to reduce the negative impact of lake fisheries on native crayfish stocks.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct estimation of entropy loss due to reduced translational and rotational motions upon molecular binding
Authors: Lu Benzhuo , Wong Chung F.
Published: August 2005

The entropic cost due to the loss of translational and rotational (T–R) degree of freedom upon binding has been well recognized for several decades. Tightly bound ligands have higher entropic costs than loosely bound ligands. Quantifying the ligand's residual T–R motions after binding, however, is not an easy task. We describe an approach that uses a reduced Hessian matrix to estimate the contributions due to translational and rotational degrees of freedom to entropy change upon molecular binding. The calculations use a harmonic model for the bound state but only include the T–R degrees of freedom. This approximation significantly speeds up entropy calculations because only 6 × 6 matrices need to be treated, which makes it easier to be used in computer‐aided drug design for studying many ligands. The methodological connection with other methods is discussed as well. We tested this approximation by applying it to study the binding of ATP, peptide inhibitor (PKI), and several bound water molecules to protein kinase A (PKA). These ligands span a wide range in size. The model gave reasonable estimates of the residual T–R entropy of bound ligands or water molecules. The residual T–R entropy demonstrated a wide range of values, e.g., 4 to 16 cal/K·mol for the bound water molecules of PKA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 277–285, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
β‐Hairpin formation in aqueous solution and in the presence of trifluoroethanol: A 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance conformational study of designed peptides
Authors: Santiveri Clara M. , Pantoja‐Uceda David , Rico Manuel , Jiménez M. Angeles
Published: August 2005

In order to check our current knowledge on the principles involved in β‐hairpin formation, we have modified the sequence of a 3:5 β‐hairpin forming peptide with two different purposes, first to increase the stability of the formed 3:5 β‐hairpin, and second to convert the 3:5 β‐hairpin into a 2:2 β‐hairpin. The conformational behavior of the designed peptides was investigated in aqueous solution and in 30% trifluoroethanol (TFE) by analysis of the following nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters: nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data, and CαH, 13Cα, and 13Cβ conformational shifts. From the differences in the ability to adopt β‐hairpin structures in these peptides, we have arrived to the following conclusions: (i) β‐Hairpin population increases with the statistical propensity of residues to occupy each turn position. (ii) The loop length, and in turn, the β‐hairpin type, can be modified as a function of the type of turn favored by the loop sequence. These two conclusions reinforce previous results about the importance of β‐turn sequence in β‐hairpin folding. (iii) Side‐chain packing on each face of the β‐sheet may play a major role in β‐hairpin stability; hence simplified analysis in terms of isolated pair interactions and intrinsic β‐sheet propensities is insufficient. (iv) Contributions to β‐hairpin stability of turn and strand sequences are not completely independent. (v) The burial of hydrophobic surface upon β‐hairpin formation that, in turn, depends on side‐chain packing also contributes to β‐hairpin stability. (vi) As previously observed, TFE stabilizes β‐hairpin structures, but the extent of the contribution of different factors to β‐hairpin formation is sometimes different in aqueous solution and in 30% TFE. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 150–162, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
C2‐Symmetric Bis‐sulfoxides: Synthesis of Both Enantiomers and Utilization in Organometallic Chemistry and in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Fernandez Inmaculada , Araujo Cristina S. , Alcudia Felipe , Khiar Noureddine
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tin(II) Chloride Mediated Addition Reaction of Bromonitromethane to Aldehydes.
Authors: Mahasneh Ali S.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Insertion Reactions of Difluorocarbene Generated by Pyrolysis of Hexafluoropropene Oxide to O—H Bond.
Authors: Mizukado Junji , Matsukawa Yasuhisa , Quan Heng‐dao , Tamura Masanori , Sekiya Akira
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted 1‐Thiocyanatobutadienes and Their Application in a Diels—Alder/[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement Tandem Reaction.
Authors: Lanaspeze Sebastien , Neier Reinhard
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Vinylthiylation of Octafluorotoluene and Its Derivatives
Authors: Amosova Svetlana V. , Gavrilova Galina M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on Novel Synthetic. Part 56. Single‐Step Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐Allylamines from Acetyl Derivatives of Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Mahender Gurram , Chowdhury Nikhil , Banerjee Joydeep
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Monofluoromethyl‐ and α‐Difluoromethylbenzylamines Through Regioselective Hydrogenolysis.
Authors: Kanai Masatomi , Ueda Koji , Yasumoto Manabu , Kuriyama Yokusu , Inomiya Kenjin , Ootsuka Takashi , Katsuhara Yutaka , Higashiyama Kimio , Ishii Akihiro
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Uncatalyzed Reductive Fission of Azoarenes to Aminoarene(s) by Hydrazine Hydrate.
Authors: Pasha M. A. , Nanjundaswamy H. M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sodium Trifluoroacetate: An Efficient Precursor for the Trifluoromethylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Chang Ying , Cai Chun
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mannich‐Type Reaction Promoted by an Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Suzuki Akihiro , Fuchibe Kohei
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Controlling Diastereoselectivity in the Reactions of Enantiomerically Pure α‐Bromoacyl‐imidazolidinones with Nitrogen Nucleophiles: Substitution Reactions with Retentions or Inversion of Configuration.
Authors: Treweeke N. R. , Hitchcock P. B. , Pardoe D. A. , Caddick S.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acylation of Aromatic Compounds with Isocyanates Catalyzed by Ytterbium(III) Triflate: Environmentally Friendly.
Authors: Su W. K. , Li J. J. , Yang D. W.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Efficient Conjugate Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles Catalyzed by Copper/Xanthene‐Type Bisphosphine Complexes.
Authors: Kim Daesung , Park Bu‐Mahn , Yun Jaesook
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Remote Asymmetric Induction by Sulfoxides: DIBAL Reduction and Et2AlCN Hydrocyanation of ortho‐(p‐Tolylsulfinyl)benzyl Ketones
Authors: Garcia Ruano Jose L. , Rodriguez‐Fernandez M. Mercedes , Fernandez‐Ibanez M. Angeles , Maestro M. Carmen
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modular Diamino‐ and Dioxophosphine Oxides and Chlorides as Ligands for Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C—C and C—N Coupling with Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Born Robert
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpectedly Superior Enantioselectivity for trans‐Stilbene cis‐Dihydroxylation over Anchored Triosmium Carbonyl Species in Confined Al‐MCM‐41 Channels.
Authors: Caps Valerie , Paraskevas Ioannis , Tsang Shik Chi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Heteroaryl 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Zhang Dazhi , Kirichenko Kostyantyn
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coupling of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐(bromomethyl)aziridines with Lithium Dialkylcuprates Towards 1,2‐Dialkylaziridines.
Authors: D'hooghe Matthias , Rottiers Mario , Jolie Robrecht , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2(5H)‐Furanones via Oxidative Ring Expansion of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐cyclobutenones.
Authors: Verniest Guido , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemical Reactions of Benzo[b]thiophene‐2,3‐diones with 2,3‐Dimethylbut‐2‐ene
Authors: Tatsugi Jiro , Shimazaki Naoki
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrrolidines from Aminonitriles.
Authors: Meyer Nino , Werner Frank , Opatz Till
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Synthesis of 3(α,β‐Diaryl vinyl)indoles under Conventional and Solvent‐Free Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Jaisankar Pichamuthu , Srinivasan Panayencheri C.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses and Electroluminescence of Carbazole‐Substituted Distyrylarylene.
Authors: Xu Jian , Zhan Yi‐Qiang , Hou Xiao‐Yuan , Xiao Fei
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Oxazolidines Derived from Ketones and Pseudoephedrine or Ephedrine.
Authors: Page Philip C. Bulman , et al. et al.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on the Reactivity of Fused Thiazole Toward Nucleophilic Reagents: Synthesis of New Thiazolo‐Derivatives of Potential Antischistosomal Activity.
Authors: Manhi Fatma M. , Mahmoud Madiha R.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Synthesis, Structure and Behavior in Solutions of Novel Phosphorylated Thiazolidin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Kozlov Vladimir A. , Odinets Irina L. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Churusova Svetlana G. , Yarovenko Sergey V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Mastryukova Tatyana A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chiral Bis‐thiazolines and Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Nishio Takehiko , Kodama Yasuhiro , Tsurumi Yuji
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural Modifications and Antimicrobial Activity of N‐Cycloalkenyl‐2‐acylalkylidene‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐benzothiazoles.
Authors: Latrofa Andrea , Franco Massimo , Lopedota Angela , Rosato Antonio , Carone Dora , Vitali Cesare
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Tetrahydropyrans from Baylis—Hillman Derivatives via n‐Bu3SnH‐Mediated 6‐endo/6‐exo‐trig Vinyl Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Shanmugam Ponnusamy , Rajasingh Paramasivan
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Rhodium Carbenoid Route to 3‐Aryl‐4‐hydroxycoumarins: Synthesis of Derrusnin.
Authors: Goldoni Luca , Cravotto Giancarlo , Penoni Andrea , Tollari Stefano , Palmisano Giovanni
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
InCl3×4H2O‐Promoted Green Preparation of Xanthenedione Derivatives in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Fan Xuesen , Hu Xueyuan , Zhang Xinying , Wang Jianji
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Nickel‐Catalyzed Route to Pyridines.
Authors: McCormick Michael M. , Duong Hung A. , Zuo Gang , Louie Janis
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylation of 3‐Cyano‐4‐methoxymethyl‐6‐methyl‐2(1H)‐pyridone by Active Halomethylene Compounds. The Molecular Structure of 3‐Amino‐2‐benzoyl‐4‐methoxymethyl‐6‐methylfuro[2,3‐b]pyridine.
Authors: Kaigorodova E. A. , Vasilin V. K. , Sidorova E. A. , Zavodnik V. E. , Krapivin G. D.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to N‐Substituted‐2,3‐dehydro‐4‐piperidones.
Authors: Sebesta Radovan , Pizzuti Maria Gabriella , Boersma Arnold J. , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyridazine Derivatives. Part 40. Reactivity of 5‐Alkynylpyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones Toward Hydrochloric Acid.
Authors: Coelho Alberto , Novoa Hector , Peeters Oswald M. , Blaton Norbert , Alvarado Mario , Sotelo Eddy
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Cyclocondensation of 2‐Acylethynyl‐1‐amino‐ and 2‐Alkoxycarbonylethynyl‐1‐amino‐anthraquinones with Pyridines.
Authors: Barabanov I. I.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity in vitro of New 2‐Aminobenzimidazole Derivatives. Part 2.
Authors: Nawrocka W. , Sztuba B. , Liszkiewicz H. , Kowalska M. W. , Wietrzyk J. , Nevozhai D. , Opolski A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2,4‐Diamino‐1,3,5‐triazine Analogues of Methotrexate with Potential Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Saczewski F. , Bulakowska A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpected Reaction of 3‐Benzoyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐phenylpiperidine with 1,2‐Diaminobenzene.
Authors: Soldatenkov A. T. , Kutyakov S. V. , Volkov S. V. , Mamyrbekova Zh. A. , Polyanski K. B.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Cyclocondensation of Dialdehydes with Chiral Diamines Forming Calixsalen Type Macrocycles.
Authors: Srimurugan Sankareswaran , Viswanathan Balasubramanian , Varadarajan Thirukkallam Kanthadai , Varghese Babu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hexamethyldisilathiane in Novel Chemical Transformations: Concept of “Counterattack Reagent”
Authors: Hwu Jih Ru , Lin Chien‐Fu , Tsay Shwu‐Chen
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed syn Hydrophosphination of Alkynes.
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Condition‐Driven Selective Syntheses of Dialkyl Diselenides Involving Elemental Selenium and Sodium Borohydride.
Authors: Krief Alain , Derock Michel
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Radical Cyclizations as Key Step for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Bi‐ and Tricyclic Sesquiterpene Lactones.
Authors: Jezek Eva , Schall Andreas , Kreitmeier Peter , Reiser Oliver
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Non‐Natural Amino Acids Based on the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of a Phenyl Group to Carboxylic Acid.
Authors: Moutevelis‐Minakakis Panagiota , Sinanoglou Charalambos , Loukas Vassilios , Kokotos George
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Wewakpeptins, Cyclic Depsipeptides from a Papua New Guinea Collection of the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena.
Authors: Han Bingnan , Goeger Doug , Maier Claudia S. , Gerwick William H.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective 1,2‐syn Alkynylation of an Open Chain Sugar: The Prominent Role of Zinc Chloride Addition.
Authors: Guillarme Stephane , Haudrechy Arnaud
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Enantiomer of Nelarabine.
Authors: Herbal Karim , Kitteringham John , Voyle Martyn , Whitehead Andrew J.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzoyl Cyanide: A Mild and Efficient Reagent for Benzoylation of Nucleosides.
Authors: Prasad Ashok K. , Kumar Vineet , Maity Jyotirmoy , Wang Zhiwei , Ravikumar Vasulinga T. , Sanghvi Yogesh S. , Parmar Virinder S.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biomimetic Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐9,10‐Deoxytridachione.
Authors: Moses John E. , Adlington Robert M. , Rodriguez Raphael , Eade Serena J. , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simple CVD Routes Towards Infiltration of Mesoporous TiO2.
Authors: Waters John P. , Smyth‐Boyle David , Govender Kuveshni , Green Alex , Durrant James , O'Brien Paul
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Single Crystalline Ag2S Nanowires on Silver Substrates.
Authors: Wen Xiaogang , Wang Shuhua , Xie Yutao , Li Xiao‐Yuan , Yang Shihe
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isotropic Giant Linear Magnetostriction and Large Magnetocaloric Effects in La(FexSi1‐x)13 Itinerant‐Electron Metamagnetic Compounds and Their Hydrides
Authors: Fujita A. , Fujieda S. , Fukamichi K.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Materials and Processing Designs for Magnesium Alloys — Grain Refining by Repeated Plastic Working and Solid‐State Synthesis of Mg2Si (Review)
Authors: Kondoh Katsuyoshi , Tsuzuki Ritsuko , Du Wenbo , Kamado Shigeharu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2004 Alcan Award Lecture: From Dinuclear to Triakontahexanuclear Complexes — Adventures in Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Thompson Laurence K.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Calculation of NMR Parameters in Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bond and Structure Activation by Anodic Electron Transfer: Metal—Hydrogen Bond Cleavage and cis/trans Isomerization in Coordination Compounds
Authors: Pombeiro Armando J. L. , Guedes da Silva M. Fatima C.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Closer Look at Photochemical Reactions of Transition‐Metal Compounds by Time‐Resolved EPR
Authors: Martino D. M. , Kleverlaan C. J. , van Slageren J. , Bussandri A. , van Willigen H. , Kiarie C.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iminium Ylides from Carbenes and Carbenoids: Generation and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Khlebnikov A. F. , Novikov M. S. , Kostikov R. R.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Occurrence, Biological Activity, and Convergent Organometallic Synthesis of Carbazole Alkaloids
Authors: Knoelker Hans‐Joachim
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Pharmacology of New Camptothecin Drugs
Authors: Driver Russell W. , Yang Li‐Xi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Non‐Isoprenoid Phenolic Acids and 3‐Alkylpyridines
Authors: Jain Subhash C. , Kumar Rohtash , Goswami Rajeev , Pandey Mukesh K. , Khurana Shilpi , Rohatgi Leena , Gyanda Kapil
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Noniterative Approach to the Total Asymmetric Synthesis of 15‐Carbon Polyketides and Analogues with High Stereodiversity
Authors: Vogel Pierre , Gerber‐Lemaire Gerber , Carmona Ana T. , Meilert Kai Torsten , Schwenter Marc‐Etienne
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Approaches to the Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Biologically Active Natural Products
Authors: Baron Anne , Ball Matthew , Bradshaw Benjamin , Donnelly Sam , Germany Olivier , Oller Pilar C. , Kumar Naresh , Martin Nathaniel , O'Brien Matthew , Omori Hiroki , et al. et al.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Geminally Difluorinated Pharmaceutical Agents: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Percy Jonathan M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Ding Jie , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Modeling of Fentanyl Analogues
Authors: Dosen‐Micovic Ljiljana
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Nakadomarin A, a Marine Manzamine Alkaloid
Authors: Nakagawa Masako , Nagata Toshiaki , Ono Koji , Nishida Atsushi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis: Mechanistic Investigations and Monolithic Electropromoted Reactors
Authors: Tsiplakides D. , Balomenou S. , Katsaounis A. , Archonta D. , Koutsodontis C. , Vayenas C. G.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sample Controlled Thermal Analysis and Kinetics
Authors: Criado J. M. , Perez‐Maqueda L. A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lectins: Tools for the Molecular Understanding of the Glycocode
Authors: Ambrosi Moira , Cameron Neil R. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biosynthesis of Flavocoenzymes
Authors: Fischer Markus , Bacher Adelbert
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
VANGUARD1: At the Forefront of Pollen Tube Growth
Authors: Eckardt Nancy A.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Reaction Stereodynamics: In Search of Paths to Overcome Steric Hindrances to Reactivity
Authors: Aquilanti Vincenzo , Pirani Fernando , Cappelletti David , Vecchiocattivi Franco , Kasai Toshio
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Topology and Stability of Conjugated Hydrocarbons. The Dependence of Total π‐Electron Energy on Molecular Topology
Authors: Gutman Ivan
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magic Angle Spinning: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Hennel Jacek W. , Klinowski Jacek
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Geochemical and Cosmochemical Materials
Authors: Lipschutz Michael E. , Wolf Stephen F. , Culp F. Bartow , Hanchar John M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Observation of NIR 4f–4f Luminescence through the Energy Transfer from the SOMO π* Doublet in Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical Lanthanide(III) Complexes
Authors: Kaizaki Sumio , Shirotani Dai , Tsukahara Yasunori , Nakata Hiroyasu
Published: August 2005

This study demonstrates the first observation of energy transfer from the doublet state of the nitronyl nitroxide radical ligand in LnIII complexes, exerting the light‐harvesting antenna effect on the NIR luminescence for the first time. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The N‐Lithiation of 2,4,6‐Triphenylborazine
Authors: Nöth Heinrich , Troll Alexander
Published: August 2005

The reaction of the borazine Ph3B3N3H3, 1, with a diethyl ether solution of LiMe/LiI/TMEDA yields [(Ph4B3N3H3)Li(tmeda)LiI(tmeda)], 2. However, when halide free LiMe is used in the presence of TMTA, then (Ph4B3N3H3)Li(tmta), 3, is formed which shows that a Me/Ph exchange occurs with the formation of LiPh which adds to 1 to form the borazinate 3. A Bu/Ph exchange is also observed in the reaction of 1 with LitBu/tmta. The product isolated from THF is compound [(Ph4B3N3H2Li–Li(thf)3], 6c, which results from deprotonation of and LiPh addition to 1. A straightforward 1:1 LiPh addition reaction is observed on treatment of the borazine Ph3B3N3Me3, 4, with LiPh in diethyl ether solution to give the borazinate (Ph4B3N3Me3)Li(OEt2), 5. Reaction of 1 with LiPh (ratio 1:1) in diethylether produces (Ph4B3N3H2Li)[Ph3B3N3H2Li(OEt2)2], 7, while an excess of LiPh leads to triple deprotonation and LiPh addition to the N atoms of compound (Ph3B3N3Li3) to give the adduct [Ph3B3N3Li3(OEt2)3][LiPh(OEt2)], 8. All new compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and X‐ray structure determinations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Current‐Voltage Characterisation of Monolayer‐Supported Au‐Nanoclusters by Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Jacobsen Volker , Zhu Tao , Knoll Wolfgang , Kreiter Maximilian
Published: August 2005

The current‐voltage characteristics of a double‐tunnel junction based on a gold crystallite with a diameter of ca. 2 nm, separated from a gold surface by ca. 1 nm was investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy. The sample architecture was built by attaching gold nanoparticles covered with 2‐mercaptosuccinic acid to an atomically flat gold surface which was covered by a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of 6‐amino‐1‐hexanethiol. Surface plasmon and infrared spectroscopy as well as STM imaging were employed to identify suitable preparation conditions and prove the existence of the desired architecture. No reproducible steps in the current‐voltage characteristics are observed on this system under ambient conditions. Nonetheless, a sound signature for tunnelling through the double‐tunnel junction is established by a quantitative fit of the averaged experimental data to a theoretical model of a single‐tunnel junction. Firstly, the current on the particle is strongly reduced at low absolute external voltage and secondly the current voltage characteristics are asymmetric. Since both deviations from theory are absent in reference experiments on the bare monolayer, they may serve as a robust signature for double‐tunnel junctions and open the door to the investigation of single‐electron tunnelling under ambient conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Effects of Organisation, Embedding and Surfactants on the Properties of Cadmium Chalcogenide (CdS, CdSe and CdS/CdSe) Semiconductor Nanoparticles
Authors: Frenzel Johannes , Joswig Jan‐Ole , Sarkar Pranab , Seifert Gotthard , Springborg Michael
Published: August 2005

An overview of recent density‐functional‐based studies on the structure, surface structure and electronic and optical properties of CdS, CdSe and CdS/CdSe semiconductor nanoparticles is given. In particular, the effects of organisation, embedding and surfactants on the properties of these particles are discussed and illustrated by our own results and literature examples. The surface stabilisation by ligands, core/shell embedding or superstructure organisation combined with electronic structure stabilisation of these nanoparticles directly influences their properties: for stabilised nanoparticles a size‐dependent decay of the lowest optical excitation energy towards the value of the bulk is found, as observed experimentally. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)