bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in the level of intraspecific genetic variability in taxons of aphids, differing by character of evolutionary dynamics
Authors: Varabyova M. M. , Voronova N. V.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Aphids are an interesting model to study the level of the genetic variability since there are species, which differ in the level of host-plant specialization and the peculiarity of a life cycle among them. The mutations observed in COI gene allow defining the interspecific level of the genetic variability in aphids. Methods. The highly conservative COI gene was used to study the level of the genetic variability in aphids. Results. The analysis of nucleotide sequences of COI gene allowed discovering statistically significant differences between generalists with wide spectrum of host plants, generalists with narrow spectrum of host plants and specialists. In addition, the genetic differences were discovered between holocyclic and angolocyclic species of aphids. Conclusions. As a result of the work it was determined that the wide spectrum of host-plants and holocycly are associated with the high level of genetic variability of COI gene in aphids.Keywords: aphids, genetic variability, COI, life cycle, host-plant specialization.
Determination of osmotolerance of bread wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.), carrying dsRNA-suppressor of proline dehydrogenase gene
Authors: Voronova S. S. , Dubrovna O. V.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Analysis of tolerance to osmotic stress of transgenic wheat plants, carrying a dsRNA-suppressor of prolinedegidrigenase gene. Methods. Physiological and biochemical methods were used to characterize the transgenic plants. Results. It is shown that partial suppression of gene prolinedegidrigenase was accompanied not only increase the level of free proline, but higher levels of resistance of transgenic wheat plants to water deficit. It is found that transgenic plants do not differ from control by morphological parameters and timing of development. Conclusions. The interrelation between catabolism of proline and resistance to osmotic stress was identified, which may be due to the influence of proline or the expression of other genes of plant stress response, or positive impact of increased resistance to proline content in the early stages of stress. Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in vitro, dsRNA-suppressor proline dehydro-genase gene, osmotolerance.
Transient expression of GFP in plant tissue culture in vitro using viral-based module system
Authors: Kishchenko O. M. , Peterson A. A. , Vasylenko M. Yu. , Kuchuk M. V.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression using viral-based vectors is one of the most effective method for recombinant protein production in plant. Transient expression of GFP using viral-based module system was studied in plant tissue culture in vitro. Methods. Regenerated shoots and callus clones of Nicotiana benthamiana were agroinfiltrated with viral-based module system. Protein extracts from GFP-positive tissues were resolved by non-reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. GFP from gel was eluted and GFP fluorescence was measured by fluorescence spectrometry with excitation filter at 395 nm and emission filter at 510 nm. Results. Regenerated shoots and callus clones lines accumulated GFP at 242.0±0.7 and 221.6±4.1 μg per g fresh tissue, respectively. The obtained level of transient expression is comparable with other plant production systems in early stage development. Conclusions. The developed technique shows promise for production of therapeutic proteins and antigens in the short term (14–16 days) by transient expression system in plant tissue culture in vitro.

Keywords: viral-based module system, transient expression, recombinant proteins, plant tissue culture, GFP.
Bacterial diseases of tomatoes
Authors: Kolomiiets Yu. V.
Published: July 2020

Aim. The aim of our study was to study and identify pathogens of bacterial diseases of tomato in terms of open and covered ground. Methods. The study was conducted by standard microbiological and phytopathological methods. Pathogenic characteristics of isolates were studied in vegetative plants of tomatoes using suspensions of bacteria cells with titer 109 CFU/ml. Results. It was established that the main causes of mass diseases of tomato in covered and open ground in Ukraine are agents of bacterial cancer, bacterial black spotting and bacterial speck of tomato plants. Typical symptoms are wilting and die-off of young plants, blackening of fiber vascular bundles, black spotting of leaves and fruits, and fruit stem rot. It was studied morphological and cultural, as well as physiological and biochemical properties of the selected strains of the agents of tomatoes bacterial diseases. Conclusions. As a result of the research it was found that tomato diseases in the selected farms are caused by bacteria, namely by the agents of bacterial cancer C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, bacterial black spotting X. vesicatoria and bacterial speck of tomato plants P. syringae pv. tomato.

Keywords: isolated strains, virulence, bacterial diseases of tomato.
The free proline levels in transgenic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) T3 plants with double-stranded proline dehydrogenase gene RNA-suppressor
Authors: Komisarenko A. G. , Mykhalska S. I.
Published: July 2020

Aim. The investigation of the T3 transgenic sunflower plants osmotic tolerance there were developed. The levels of free proline in plant shoots and roots were estimated. Methods. Mature sunflower plants (T3 and wild type) were cultured in standard pots. Those genotypes were tested during 12-day artificial drying. The levels of free proline in plant shoots and roots were measured. Results. The proline contents in transgenic plants preferred those parameters of control plants both under normal and stress conditions. The proline levels in shoots and roots increased in all genotypes cultivated under stress conditions. The shoot/root proline ratio of control plants was constant during whole experiment, while in T3 plants this parameter changed due to high elevation in roots. Conclusions. The changes of shoot/root proline ratio of T3 plants were the result of free proline transfer among plant organs.

Keywords: Helianthus annuus L., transgenic plants, L-proline, shoot/root proline ratio.
Lifespan in adults of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. after exposure to microwave irradiation
Authors: Dyka L. D. , Strashnyuk V. Yu.
Published: July 2020

Aim. The purpose of investigation was to study the effect of microwave irradiation of varying intensity to lifespan in adults of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. Methods. Experiments were carried out on wild type Oregon-R strain. Two-day-old flies were irradiated by microwaves (frequency – 36.64 GHz, exposure time – 10 sec). The power density was 0.01, 0.1 and 1 W/m2. Lifespan was examined in the irradiated and non-irradiated (control) flies. Results. The females showed a reduction in life expectancy by power density of 0.01 and 1 W/m2, median decreased respectively by 6.0 % and 8.7 % (p < 0.05). In males, reduced life expectancy was found by microwave power density of 1 W/m2, the median fell by 11.8 % (p < 0.05). No effect was detected by irradiation intensity of 0.1 W/m2. Conclusions. Exposure to microwave irradiation can reduce the lifespan in Drosophila adults. The effect depends on the sex and power density of microwaves.

Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, lifespan, non-ionising radiations.
Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells in rats – descendants of the first generation of parents exposed inkorporated 131I
Authors: Neumerzhytska L. V. , Talko V. V. , Prokhorova E. M. , Atamanyuk N. P.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Among the problems that arose after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant belongs to the most important problem of the transmission effect of genomic instability through irradiated gametes parents first generation of their descendants. Determine the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of the offspring of rats that were exposed to the radioisotope 131I. Methods. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells in the offspring of the first generation of irradiated both parents exposed the females and intact males and irradiated malesan dintact females. Results. The results of experimental studies have shown that in the descendants of irradiated 131I females, the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells exceeds the control level (4.83 ± 0.59 % experience, 0.83 ± 0.36 % control). In offspring of exposed parents detected chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells. The frequency of aberrant metaphases was significantly higher than the control level (4.16 ± 0.54 % and 0.83 ± 0.36). Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells descendants of rats exposed to 131I males showed that chromosomal damage detected not statistically different from controls. Conclusions. Cytogenetic analysis showed the presence of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of the first generation progeny. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was significantly higher due to specific markers of radiation exposure: paired fragments, dicentric and acentric rings. Results of the study confirmed the findings of other authors on the high sensitivity of the organism in the prenatal period to the mutagenic effects of radiation on the induction of chromosomal instability transgenerational.

Keywords: rats, iodine-131I, offsprings, the first generation, cytogenetic effects, bone marrow cells.
Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv. plants with different chromosome number cultivated in vitro. Plants length and flavonoids in in vitro culture and in nature
Authors: Poronnik O. O. , Parnikoza I. Yu. , Miryuta N. Yu. , Myryuta G. Yu. , Grakhov V. P. , Navrotska D. O. , Kunakh V. A.
Published: July 2020

Aim. The aim of this work is to research two adaptability indices (leaf length and flavonoid content and spectrum) in eleven genotypes revealed in seeds germ of Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv. in standardized cultivation condition in vitro. Then these adaptability indices would compare with the same for native populations. Methods. We have used biochemical method for determination of flavonoid contents in plant leaves, HPLC method for research of flavonoid spectrum in plant leaves. Results. Heterogeneity of leaf length and flavonoid content has been shown. Both parameters difference have been detected in comparison with native populations. Flavonoid spectrum has no difference in comparison with native populations. Conclusions. Deschampsia antarctica genotypes under standardized cultivation condition in vitro have had longer leaves than plants in nature populations. Length of the leaves was varied depending on karyotype of corresponding genotype. Cultivated plants have had flavonoid spectrum similar to the same plants in nature. This fact allows to assume plants in vitro possible producent of secondary metabolites.

Keywords: Deschampsia antarctica, leaf length, flavonoids, chromosome number.
High throughput screening of tubulin inhibitors from parasitic fungi
Authors: Karpov P. A. , Demchuk O. M. , Ozheriedov S. P. , Spivak S. I. , Raievskyi O. V. , Samofalova D. O. , Blume Ya. B.
Published: July 2020

Aim. Implementation of 3D-modeling, molecular dynamics, high-throughput screening and molecular docking for search of new inhibitors of parasitic fungi tubulin. Methods. Protein structures were constructed using I-TASSER server and optimized by Gromacs. Ligands library was prepared in Mopac7 program and screened using UCSF Dock 6. Best ligands were docked in CCDC Gold. Results. It was reconstructed spatial molecular structure for 93 α-, 95 β- and 78 γ-tubulins from 76 species of pathogenic fungi genus: Microsporum, Arthroderma, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Emmonsia, Uncinocarpus, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Aspergillus, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia, Rhynchosporium, Marssonina, Scedosporium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Candida, Ceraceosorus, Malassezia, Anthracocystis, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, Ustilago, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Mucor, Rhizopus and Lichtheimia. Libraries of 3D-models of parasitic fungi tubulins and perspective ligands were created. Based on results of high-throughput virtual screening, 200 perspective agents were selected from more than 7 million compounds. After resulting molecular docking in CCDC GOLD, we specify 19 leading compounds. We propose these compounds as potent tubulin inhibitors and recommend them for in vitro testing as new fungicides. Conclusions. Based on results of high-throughput virtual screening in Grid, 19 new imidazole inhibitors of parasitic fungi tubulin were selected.Keywords: microtubule, tubulins, fungicides, imidazole derivatives, virtual screening, molecular docking.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov in medallic art and philately. To the 130th anniversary of his birth
Authors: Blume Ya. B. , Barshtein V. Yu.
Published: July 2020

This paper devoted to investigation and putting into scientific circulation art medals and philately objects dedicated to Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov and containing the information for the study of the history of biology. The special attention is paying to Ukraine’s role in the fate of this outstanding scientist. The first observations and conclusions of talented student relate to the period of his practice at Poltava research station. His brilliant scientific career ended with the arrest in Ukraine in 1940. Philatelic products devoted to Vavilov’s law of homology series in genetical mutability and routes of his scientific expeditions. Among the medals – prestigious award of Russian academy of sciences named by Vavilov. The art medals and philately objects providing information for the study of the history of biology have been described in the article. Some of them are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Keywords: Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, history of biology, art medal, postage stamp, art marked cover.
The factors and conditions of evolution – past and present
Authors: Piskun R. P. , Shkarupa V. M. , Molchan I. M. , Musatova K. V. , Hrynchak N. M.
Published: July 2020

Aim. As the genetic code is actually a protein’s code so still leaves in the shade the answer to the question that is our aim. Why in the certain time, in the right place happens the proper phenomenon during the formation of various configurations of cells, organs and organisms. Methods. Studying and analyzing the various scientific literature, we sought to theoretically give an answer to this question. Results. Synthetic theory of evolution is considering genome as a passive structure that encodes and transmits accidentally arising variations of genotypes. However, in recent years become more known the facts that indicate the genome is an active system that self-regulated and self-organized. The genome includes not only the material for evolution, but the mechanisms of its application for the creation of new genotypes and phenotypes in the future for active participation in the process of their own evolution. The modern scientific data confirm that most evolutionarily success is the genome that is capable of change. This means that in the genome there are mechanisms that control and create diverse and concerted restructuring of DNA. Conclusions. Evolution is the continuous development in which organisms survive. The evolution is typical for all levels of nature. The main active factors of evolution are a mutation, a recombination, a hybridization and a transgenesis.

Keywords: evolution, genes, factors, history.
Læren af Mali
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Fra redaktion
Danmarks udenrigspolitiske udfordringer
Authors: Brückner Peter
Published: July 2020

Udfordringen for dansk udenrigstjeneste er en flytning fra den atlantiske til den globale og den europæiske søjle. Det er et spørgsmål om rettidig omhu og om at udnytte de muligheder, som EU’s fælles udenrigspolitik giver.
På afgrundens rand
Authors: Glenthøj Rasmus
Published: July 2020

Rasmus Glenthøj skriver om et skelsættende år for Danmark, 1814, og hvad det betyder for Danmark idag.
Verden i 2030 – ifølge National Intelligence Council
Authors: Vestergaard Frede
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
I vor tid – med Bjøl
Authors: Østergård Uffe
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Mere islam, mindre terror?
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Fra redaktionen
Islamismen udfordrer verdens orden
Authors: Mozaffari Mehdi
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Ytringsfriheden i globaliseringens orkan-øje
Authors: Østergård Uffe
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Erdogans nabokrige er kurdernes held
Authors: Bagger Pola Rojan
Published: July 2020

Pola Rojan Bagger skriver om hvordan Syrien påvirker Erdogan og PKK's forhold.
Brasiliens overraskende protestbølge
Authors: Christensen Steen Fryba
Published: July 2020

Steen Fryba Christensen skriver om Brasiliens protestbevægelser som fandt sted i juni 2013.
Kampen for indflydelse i ‘det nye Østeuropa’
Authors: Tolstrup Jakob
Published: July 2020

Jakob Tolstrup skriver om hvordan Vesten kan være med til at styrke demokratiske bevægelser i Østeuropa istedet for at påtvinge dem demokrarti.
Bush, Obama. Same old drama!
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Verdenshavet og Frederiksholms Kanal
Rio+20 og Afrika
Authors: Aagaard Andersen Geert , Hallberg Borg Asger
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Vagtskifte i Beijing
Authors: Thøgersen Stig
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Georgiens valg
Authors: Tiefenböck Ota
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Lille krig med store konsekvenser
Authors: Faurby Ib
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Et land i krig (I)
Authors: Jakobsen Peter Viggo
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
På eget ansvar
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Fra redaktionen
Det elskede og hadede Vesten
Authors: Bazjanov Jevgenij
Published: July 2020

Noter i marginen
Arabiske oprør har hver deres unikke baggrund
Authors: Jensen Steffen
Published: July 2020

Steffen Jensen portrætterer et divers billede af det arabiske oprør, som ikke er en monolit enhed.
Oprøret i Iran lever i det stille
Authors: Sperling Vibeke
Published: July 2020

Vibeke Sperling om Irans stille oprør.
Mediestormen
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Verdenshavet og Frederiksholms Kanal
Stadig værre udsigter for Afghanistan
Authors: Ahmed Samina
Published: July 2020

Samina Ahmed skriver om sikkerhedssituationen i Afghanistan anno 2012.
Skuffelse i Frankrig
Authors: Pedersen Connie
Published: July 2020

Connie Pedersen fortæller om François Hollandes udfordringer, som ikke ændrer sig fra præsident til præsident - nemlig indenrigsproblemer der består i arbejdsløshed og kriminalitet.
Island på vej mod EU?
Authors: Boel Erik
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Den nye samarbejdspolitik
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Verdenshavet og Frederiksholms Kanal
Formandskabet – og danske fingeraftryk
Authors: Adler-Nissen Rebecca
Published: July 2020

Rebecca Adler-Nissen skriver om det kommende danske formandsskab i EU.
Sri Lanka i fredens skygge
Authors: Von Sperling Anna
Published: July 2020

Anna von Sperling om Sri Lankas ustabile fredperiode mellem Sri Lankas regerings og tamilerne.
Siden sidst
Authors: Andersen Brita Vibeke
Published: July 2020

Danmarks stemme
General Anesthesia for a Patient with GNE Myopathy: a case report
Authors: Kang Christine , An Ji-hye , Kwon Jae-Young , Hwang Boo-Young
Published: July 2020

GNE, or bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase, myopathy presents with symptoms of foot drop, followed by lower and upper extremity muscle weaknesses and sparing of the quadriceps. Myopathies usually increase the risks of complications related to general anesthesia. The anesthetic management of patients with GNEmyopathy has not been previously reported. Herein, we report a case of GNEmyopathy in a 37-year-old woman and discuss anesthetic considerations for elective laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy, focusing on the postoperative airway management. We avoided administering neuromuscular-blocking agents and instead used a laryngeal mask airway.
The anesthetic management combining the use of a laryngeal mask airway and desflurane without neuromuscular-blocking agents provided sufficient abdominal and diaphragmatic muscle relaxations for sustaining the pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery.
Programme Empreinte : évaluation des capsules vidéo web destinées aux parents d’adolescent.es et visant à prévenir la violence sexuelle
Authors: Julien Marily , Bergeron Manon , Hébert Martine
Published: July 2020

La forte prévalence de la victimisation sexuelle chez les jeunes et les possibles répercussions associées incitent au développement de programmes de prévention efficaces. Or, l’implication des parents afin de prévenir cette forme de violence est reconnue comme nécessaire : en ce sens, le programme Empreinte – Agir ensemble contre les agressions à caractère sexuel inclut un volet leur étant destiné, offert par l’entremise de courtes vidéos accessibles par le Web. L’objectif de cette intervention est d’amener les parents à jouer un rôle actif dans la prévention de la violence sexuelle en les incitant à créer des opportunités de discussions auprès de leur jeune. Cette étude vise à évaluer les effets de ces six capsules vidéo auprès de parents d’adolescent.es. Les résultats démontrent que le visionnement des vidéos a permis aux 78 parents d’améliorer leurs connaissances face à la violence sexuelle, leurs attitudes exemptes de préjugés et leur sentiment d’autoefficacité. De plus, 68 % des parents ont affirmé avoir entamé une discussion en lien avec la violence sexuelle avec un.e jeune de leur entourage dans le mois suivant leur visionnement des capsules vidéo. Enfin, l’appréciation envers les vidéos est fortement positive. L’utilisation de vidéos offertes par le Web afin d’impliquer les parents dans la prévention de la violence sexuelle auprès d’adolescent.es s’avère donc une avenue prometteuse.
pulseTD: RNA life cycle dynamics analysis based on pulse model of 4sU-seq time course sequencing data
Authors: Wang Xin , He Siyu , Li Jian , Wang Jun , Wang Chengyi , Wang Mingwei , He Danni , Lv Xingfeng , Zhong Qiuyan , Wang Hongjiu , Wang Zhenzhen
Published: July 2020

The life cycle of intracellular RNA mainly involves transcriptional production, splicing maturation and degradation processes. Their dynamic changes are termed as RNA life cycle dynamics (RLCD). It is still challenging for the accurate and robust identification of RLCD under unknow the functional form of RLCD. By using the pulse model, we developed an R package named pulseTD to identify RLCD by integrating 4sU-seq and RNA-seq data, and it provides flexible functions to capture continuous changes in RCLD rates. More importantly, it also can predict the trend of RNA transcription and expression changes in future time points. The pulseTD shows better accuracy and robustness than some other methods, and it is available on the GitHub repository (https://github.com/bioWzz/pulseTD_0.2.0).
Fakes, Delusions, or the Real Thing?
Authors: Van Schaik Sam
Published: July 2020

The explorer Albert Grünwedel’s Tibetan maps of Shambhala are a controversial and contested part of the history of the exploration of the Silk Routes. In the early 1900s Albert Grünwedel collected material related to archaeological sites at Kucha and Turfan including several Tibetan maps of the region, which he published in 1920 in the book Alt-Kutscha. Soon after publication, doubts were raised about the authenticity of the maps, which presented Kucha and Qocho in terms of the mythical realm of Shambhala, and they are still widely considered to be either fabrications or delusions. Judging from internal references to historical figures of the late twelfth century, the maps may derive from sources as early as the thirteenth century, and can be linked to an increasing interest in the Kālacakra tantra and the realm of Shambhala described therein. I conclude that the Alt-Kutscha maps should not be regarded as fakes, nor as historically descriptive maps, but as guides for pilgrims that reimagined these sites in terms of the sacred geography of tantric Buddhism, with particular reference to the mythology of Shambhala.
Cultural Politics of Old Things in Mid-Tang China
Authors: Tian Xiaofei
Published: July 2020

A cross-generic examination of the discursive representations of a changing rela- tionship to a specific subcategory of things that are observable in writings from early to medieval China, this essay suggests that these representations denote the appearance of a culture of sentimentality about old, worn-out things at the turn of the ninth century. This culture of sentimentality indicates a deep-seated anxiety about the blurred boundary, on a conceptual and ideological level, between humans and things, and bespeaks the complex dynamics in the relationship of self and other at a time of profound cultural and intellectual changes, in which the textual representations of dilapidated ordinary things of daily life participated. It anticipates and yet remains profoundly different from Northern Song antiquarianism, thus showing gaps and fissures in the neat, familiar teleological narrative of the “Tang-Song transition.”
Remembering the Past through Music
Authors: Wu Zeyuan
Published: July 2020

In the late seventeenth century, a Chinese Buddhist priest named Donggao Xinyue 東皋心越 (1639–1695) introduced a selection of qin 琴 songs (songs accompanied on the qin zither) to Japan. Over the following centuries, Japanese qin players continued to sing these songs in Chinese. This paper looks into this cross-cultural interaction from both Donggao’s and the Japanese perspectives, against the historical background of the Ming-Qing dynastic transition and the breakdown of the Sinocentric world order in East Asia. I argue that Donggao and Japanese literati understood the significance of these songs differently as they both connected the songs to their own cultural past. Nonetheless, they were brought together by the shared belief that the performance of qin songs would bridge the past and the present and hence realize their vision of the ideal civilization. Meanwhile, neither Donggao nor the Japanese literati regarded the qin—as well as the ideal society it symbolized—to be exclusively Chinese or Japanese. My analysis shows how the idea of being Chinese/Japanese was intertwined with the changing understandings of the hua–yi/ka-i 華夷 worldview during this period, and how it was negotiated through the cultural memories that shaped and reshaped the past. This particular case also explains how qin songs as a medium for cultural memory differed from other musical and non-musical forms.
Syntax of Hittite imma
Authors: Sideltsev Andrei
Published: July 2020

Building upon Melchert 1985, I assess the syntax of Hittite imma with special attention to its second-position requirement.
Image of the Dragon in RS 16.266 (= KTU1–3 1.83)
Authors: Richey Madadh
Published: July 2020

The fragmentary Ugaritic text RS 16.266 (= KTU1–3 1.83) contains a number of lexical and other problems exacerbated by the state of the tablet and difficulties in defining the plot and characters involved in the text. One of these lexical issues involves the analysis of two verbs that appear to be from the root √trp. In the present paper, I survey previous hypotheses as to the etymology and semantics of this verb and contrast the deficiencies of these with the merits of identifying a thus far unrecognized cognate set in lexemes from the root √trp in later Aramaic dialects, i.e., Syriac, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, and Mandaic. The verbs in this cognate set have the semantics ‘to strike (esp. of a snake)’, and thus clarify both the activity and morphology of the fearsome dragon described in RS 16.266.
Legal Maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyya) in Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī’s Jurisprudence and Fatwas
Authors: Shaham Ron
Published: July 2020

Subsequent to the crystallization of the legal schools, Muslim jurists felt the need to consolidate the massive corpus of legal opinion in order to aid students and practitioners of the law. The result was legal maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyya), concise theoretical statements that captured the objectives of the Sharia. An example is al-ḍarar yuzāl (“Harm must be removed”), which is based on the hadith lā ḍarar wa-lā ḍirār. This article analyzes the role of legal maxims in Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī’s (b. 1926 in Egypt) jurisprudence and fatwas, as found in his numerous books and articles. Its preliminary assumption is that Qaraḍāwī uses legal maxims to control and systematize the use of considerations of public welfare (maṣlaḥa), especially in the field of “the jurisprudence of reality” (fiqh al-wāqiʿ). Because this fiqh deals mainly with political topics on which there are hardly any guidelines in scripture, and stems therefore from mostly nontextual benefits (maṣāliḥ mursala), it is an area vulnerable to undisciplined use of utilitarian considerations by jurists. Legal maxims then come in handy when weighing the relevant benefit and harm related to each topic.
Gilding Textiles and Printing Blocks in Tenth-Century Egypt
Authors: King Anya H.
Published: July 2020

The surviving portion of the tenth-century Egyptian Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Tamīmī’s recently edited Ṭīb al-ʿarūs has several formulas relating to the dying and perfuming of textiles. Some refer to the use of carved molds to impress designs upon textiles. Tamīmī’s formulas treat in particular the application of gold leaf and perfumed dye pastes with blocks, but presuppose the technology of using blocks to apply designs to textiles and include a vocabulary of technical terms for the process. This textual evidence provides additional context for surviving early medieval Islamic block-printed gilded textiles. The attestation of the use of blocks to decorate textiles is contemporary with the use of blocks to print Arabic amulet texts, known by the tenth century from extant specimens and some literary evidence.
Viewing Proto-Dravidian from the Northeast
Authors: Kobayashi Masato
Published: July 2020

Continuing Pfeiffer 1972, Pfeiffer 2018 examines inherited Dravidian etyma of Kurux, one of the most northerly Dravidian languages. After an overview of the book, we discuss problems involved in Pfeiffer’s arguments, methods, and materials. Then we try to narrow down the conditions of some of the sound changes Pfeiffer proposes, in conformity with the Neogrammarian hypothesis of regularity. We also point out that closer study of word-final phonology would answer some of the pending questions of Kurux-Malto morphology. Finally, we argue that phonological and morphological reconstruction can unveil more features to help revise the subgrouping of Kurux-Malto in the Dravidian family.
Nuzi Temple Texts
Authors: Maidman M. P.
Published: July 2020

Brigitte Lion and Diana Stein have, in The Tablets from the Temple Precinct at Nuzi, joined forces to edit the texts of the sixty-nine Nuzi texts found in temples (Lion) and to publish and edit their 282 seal impressions (Stein). This masterful collaboration excels in many areas, including in-depth prosopographical analysis and thorough integration of the local seal practice into the orbit of textual analysis. This volume sets a standard of text edition and analysis that dwarfs the achievements of the students of Nuzi from the first two-thirds of the twentieth century and even since. Nevertheless, the raison d’être of this heterogeneous group of texts in the context of their storage in temples remains enigmatic.
Regressive Shoreface Depositional System of the Cretaceous Yolde Formation of the Gongola Sub-Basin Northern Benue trough N. E. Nigeria
Authors: Shettima B. , Bukar M. , Shettima B. , Shettima B. , Kamale H. I. , Yerima I. A. , Umaru A. O.
Published: July 2020

The characterization of lithofacies of the Yolde Formation at Briyel town in the Gongola Sub-basin of the Northern Benue Trough indicated coarsening upwards cycles composed transitional succession of six lithofacies that comprises of trough cross-beds, planar cross-beds, massive beds, ripple laminations, parallel laminations and mudstone. This coarsening and thickening upward symmetry is defined by a densely bioturbated mud dominated lower part transitionally grading into heterolithic interval composed thinly bedded sandstone and mudstones both of which developed below fair-weather wave base. This is capped by a succession of moderately bioturbated trough-planar crossbedded sandstone with poly-directional paleocurrent system. These assemblages reflect shoreface deposits and devoid of hummocky cross-stratification therein may account for a moderate wave oceanographic system. Evolution of this setting in the Gongola Sub-basin is indicative of a scenario of a broaden coastline in the coastal palaeogeography of the Yolde Formation typically suppressing due to frictional damping.
Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Chhabra Raj P. , Patel S.A.
Published: July 2020

This article provides an overview of the fundamentals and common applications of fluid mechanics in engineering settings, especially in the context of chemical and process engineering. Starting with the definition of a fluid, types of fluids, concept of continuum, and the Eulerian and Lagrangian viewpoints are introduced. This sets the stage for the development of the Reynolds transport theorem required to apply the laws of physics (conservation of mass and energy and Newton's laws of motion) to open systems in moving fluids. Integral and differential forms of these laws as applied to the moving fluids are obtained. Selected applications such as the estimation of frictional pressure drop in pipes and in packed columns are presented in detail. Similarly, the external flow of fluids over variously shaped objects such as sphere, cylinder, and circular discs is discussed next. The effects of solid boundaries on the detailed flow kinematics such as separation of shear layers and various flow regimes which directly influence the macroscopic flow are discussed briefly. The preceding treatment limited thus far to simple Newtonian fluids is then extended to more complex fluids such as non‐Newtonian and/or the flow of multiphase systems (gas–liquid, liquid–liquid, and gas–solid) in pipes, which are discussed in brief. The commonly used experimental tools in fluid mechanics for velocity, flow, temperature, and pressure measurements in single and multiphase flows are also introduced briefly, followed by the measurement of average holdup in multiphase flow situations. A short discussion of the other important areas of fluid mechanics not covered here is offered, supported by an extensive bibliography for further reading.
Apps, Sex, and Quantified Self
Authors: Scarcelli Cosimo Marco
Published: July 2020

The quantified self refers to the cultural phenomenon of using numbers to monitor and measure elements of everyday life in relation to their physical and emotional embodiment. It comprises a set of practices that are constantly increasing as a result of the diffusion of portable and wearable digital devices. Self‐tracking is not a novelty of contemporary society, however, it is important to underline that computing has radically transformed self‐tracking, making it an interconnected practice with important social, economic, cultural, and political implications. One of the most significant forms of digital media is represented by computer software applications, usually called “apps.” In the most prominent stores, Apple App Store and Google Play, it is possible to find numerous health‐related and self‐tracking apps, many of which focus on sexual and reproductive behaviors. This entry provides a brief classification of the principal apps related to sex and reproduction and discusses the most important interpretations offered by the literature in relation to the connections between the apps, gender, the quantified self, surveillance, the culture of numbers that is normalizing bodies and sexualities, privacy and data security, and alternative forms of data collection.
Sexbots and Posthuman Love
Authors: Malinowska Ania
Published: July 2020

This entry discusses human interactions with sexbots, that is, erotic software and material automatic personalities (sex robots), to provide insight into the new dimension of love in technology and media‐bound contemporary culture. It explains the working of erotic machines and digital entities (digients) as well as discusses their impact on the shaping of amorous and sexual relationships today. Outlining the inspirations behind sexbots and their technological/cultural origins, the entry discusses the tradition of nonhuman fetish and people's erotic engagement with digients and automata. With this, it analyzes the problems of posthuman love and the concerns related to the sexual fantasies that become true by means of advancing technological possibilities.
Censorship
Authors: Kumar Keval J.
Published: July 2020

Censorship is a multifaceted phenomenon which is “the handmaiden of power without which it is inconceivable. It is an instrument to assist in the attainment, preservation or continuance of somebody's power, whether exercised by an individual, an institution or a state. It is the extension of physical power into the realm of the mind and the spirit” (Article 19). It thus encompasses all interferences with human rights, especially freedom of expression. Censorship is also the handmaiden of gender‐based power and discrimination. However, traditional approaches to censorship now stand challenged by the new understandings of “gender,” “sexuality,” and “pornography” as well as by the deterritorialization of both mass media and new media. Such developments have rendered state regulations irrelevant except perhaps in “fire‐walled” dictatorial regimes. In liberal democracies, official censorship may be minimal but pressures of the market as well as from political, cultural, and economic lobbies give rise to self‐censorship and vigilante censorship. Social media such as Facebook, and search engines like Google have radically altered forms of explicit and implicit censorship; these “new” media use algorithms and Big Data analytics as well as “human moderators” to filter out “offensive” content. For instance, Instagram's policy on frontal nudity has a clear gender‐bias which women's online groups in India and the United States have opposed. This and other political‐cultural practices in media censorship around the globe are analyzed here from the perspectives of “gender” and “communication.”
History of Women in Journalism
Authors: Beasley Maurine H.
Published: July 2020

For four centuries women have turned to journalism as a means of gaining a voice in a male‐dominated world, although their participation varied due to different national cultures. Early newspapers were produced in family‐run printshops where women took over in the absence of men. During the 19th century, women created periodicals centered on reform movements such as abolition, education, suffrage, and, in the case of China, an end to foot‐binding. In the 20th century women were exploited as “sob sisters” and “stunt girls” for metropolitan newspapers, but nevertheless established themselves as reporters and war correspondents, even though hired chiefly to cover women's and society news. Women initially were virtually barred from radio and television newscasts, but the rise of the Civil Rights movement in the United States and women's liberation internationally greatly expanded their opportunities despite recurring prejudice.
Cyberfeminism in the Arab World
Authors: Tazi Maha
Published: July 2020

Cyberfeminism has emerged as one of the key recent innovations in feminism that harnesses the power of online technologies to promote gender equality and social justice. The advent of the internet has also significantly impacted the feminist movement in the Arab region in recent years, where Arab women's cyberactivism has contributed a new chapter to the history of both Arab feminism and the region. In the context of the Arab Spring, particularly, digital media have given women activists an unprecedented visibility through their strategic roles at three important stages: before the outbreak of the Arab revolutions to express “publicly” their social and political grievances without the fear of retaliation, during the series of uprisings in the mobilization, documentation of the events, and cultural dissemination phases, and, finally, in the aftermath of the Arab revolutions where women activists continue advocating, through digital storytelling and art and activism, the idea of the ongoing gender revolution today. Therefore, such a new technologically enabled visibility actually defies the traditional and widespread dichotomy of men versus women and public versus private that is used to characterize Arab and Muslim women's lives; the online sphere, therefore, becomes a “gateway” through which Middle Eastern women can access the public space, make their voices heard, and advocate for their rights as equal citizens.
Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus by Cu: Effective Electron Doping and Enhanced Photoresponse
Authors: Zheng Yue , Yang Hang , Han Cheng , Mao Hong Ying
Published: July 2020

Black phosphorus (BP) emerges as a monoelemental 2D semiconductor with a direct bandgap, exhibiting a hole‐dominated ambipolar transport characteristic. The modulation of charge carriers type and concentration is of great necessity for its applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, the effective electron doping of BP by surface functionalization of copper (Cu) is demonstrated. Moreover, the electron mobility of BP increases from 63 to 156 cm2 V−1 s−1 after Cu modification. The formation of electron accumulation layer within BP after Cu modification is further revealed by in situ photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations. No chemical reaction is observed at the Cu/BP interface where a notable electron transfer from Cu to BP occurs indicated by an ≈0.20 eV shift of P 2p peak to high binding energy after Cu functionalization. With the formation of local electric field at the interface, the dissociation of photogenerated excitons is facilitated, leading to an ≈6 times enhancement of the photoresponse for Cu‐modified BP.
Rational Construction of Self‐Standing Sulfur‐Doped Fe2O3 Anodes with Promoted Energy Storage Capability for Wearable Aqueous Rechargeable NiCo‐Fe Batteries
Authors: Yang Jiao , Zhang Qichong , Wang Zhixun , Wang Zhe , Kang Lixing , Qi Miao , Chen Mengxiao , Liu Wei , Gong Wenbin , Lu Weibang , Shum Perry Ping , Wei Lei
Published: July 2020

Aqueous rechargeable Ni‐Fe batteries featuring an ultra‐flat discharge plateau, low cost, and outstanding safety characteristics show promising prospects for application in wearable energy storage. In particular, fiber‐shaped Ni‐Fe batteries will enable textile‐based energy supply for wearable electronics. However, the development of fiber‐shaped Ni‐Fe batteries is currently challenged by the performance of fibrous Fe‐based anode materials. In this context, this study describes the fabrication of sulfur‐doped Fe2O3 nanowire arrays (S‐Fe2O3 NWAs) grown on carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) as an innovative anode material (S‐Fe2O3 NWAs/CNTF). Encouragingly, first‐principle calculations reveal that S‐doping in Fe2O3 can dramatically reduce the band gap from 2.34 to 1.18 eV and thus enhance electronic conductivity. The novel developed S‐Fe2O3 NWAs/CNTF electrode is further demonstrated to deliver a very high capacity of 0.81 mAh cm−2 at 4 mA cm−2. This value is almost sixfold higher than that of the pristine Fe2O3 NWAs/CNTF electrode. When a cathode containing zinc‐nickel‐cobalt oxide (ZNCO)@Ni(OH)2 NWAs heterostructures is used, 0.46 mAh cm−2 capacity and 67.32 mWh cm−3 energy density are obtained for quasi‐solid‐state fiber‐shaped NiCo‐Fe batteries, which outperform most state‐of‐the‐art fiber‐shaped aqueous rechargeable batteries. These findings offer an innovative and feasible route to design high‐performance Fe‐based anodes and may inspire new development for the next‐generation wearable Ni‐Fe batteries.
Quantifying the effect of polarity on the behavior of mixtures of n‐alkanes with dipolar solvents using polar soft‐statistical associating fluid theory (Polar soft‐SAFT)
Authors: Alkhatib Ismail I. I. , Vega Lourdes F.
Published: July 2020

We present results concerning the phase equilibria and excess properties of binary mixtures of n‐alkanes with a range of fluids from low to high dipolar strength, namely 1‐hexene, chloroform, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, dimethylformamide, and N‐methyl pyrrolidone modeled by polar soft‐statistical associating fluid theory. Polar interactions are considered through the theory of Gubbins and Twu, extended to chainlike fluids by Jog and Chapman, and a priori fixing the polar parameters of the pure fluids, instead of fitting to experimental data. The equation provides accurate predictions for low to moderate dipolar molecules with n‐alkanes, while the induced dipoles created by very strong dipolar fluids (μ ≥ 3.5 D), is implicitly considered by the appropriate selection of pure component parameters and a binary parameter which can be transferred to predict other properties. The equation is used to systematically study the effect of asymmetrical energy scales between polar and nonpolar fluids on vapor–liquid equilibria and excess properties.
Terahertz Radiation Transport in Photonic Glasses
Authors: Gentilini Silvia , Missori Mauro , Ghofraniha Neda , Conti Claudio
Published: July 2020

Multiple scattering of electromagnetic (EM) waves arises in disordered media with a refractive index varying on the scale of the wavelength. The diffusion approximation is a powerful tool to treat multiple scattering as a photon random walk, neglecting resonant phenomena. However, as the light intensity varies on a scale much smaller than the transport mean free path, resonances may occur in media formed by finite‐size scatterers and break the diffusion approximation. The energy and phase velocity are very useful tools to reveal the onset of the resonant transport regime. In this paper the study of the propagation of terahertz (THz) waves through 3D random media by employing terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) is addressed. Specifically, measurements of the electric field transmitted by samples of different thicknesses made of 1 mm diameter silica spheres dispersed in a paraffin matrix at different filling fractions are reported. This investigation has provided an accurate measurement of the EM field phase and, hence, information on the radiation propagation velocity that has enabled the first observation of a photonic glass at the THz range.
Topologically Protected and Highly Localized Surface Waves in Gyro‐Electromagnetic Metamaterials
Authors: Han Ning , Liu Jianlong , Gao Yang , Zhou Keya , Liu Shutian
Published: July 2020

Topological insulators are internally insulating but allow topologically protected surface waves at the boundary. In this work, the photonic analogue of topologically protected surface states in gyro‐electromagnetic metamaterials are discovered. It is analytically and numerically demonstrated that the surface waves appear not only in the k‐space common gap regions between the bulk states of the metamaterials and the vacuum state, but even can exist in an infinitely extended k‐space. Such surface waves have extremely large wave vectors along the propagation direction with high field localization on the surface. It is believed that the high field localization of surface waves could improve the compactness of photonic devices and facilitate the integration of photonic circuits.