bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Semantic Segmentation Method for Winter Wheat in North China Based on Improved HRNet
Authors: Wang Chunshan , Zhu Penglei , Yang Shuo , Zhang Lijie
Published: October 2024

Winter wheat is one of the major crops for global food security. Accurate statistics of its planting area play a crucial role in agricultural policy formulation and resource management. However, the existing semantic segmentation methods for remote sensing images are subjected to limitations in dealing with noise, ambiguity, and intra-class heterogeneity, posing a negative impact on the segmentation performance of the spatial distribution and area of winter wheat fields in practical applications. In response to the above challenges, we proposed an improved HRNet-based semantic segmentation model in this paper. First, this model incorporates a semantic domain module (SDM), which improves the model’s precision of pixel-level semantic parsing and reduces the interference from noise through multi-confidence scale class representation. Second, a nested attention module (NAM) is embedded, which enhances the model’s capability of recognizing correct correlations in pixel classes. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieved a mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 80.51%, a precision of 88.64%, a recall of 89.14%, an overall accuracy (OA) of 90.12%, and an F1-score of 88.89% on the testing set. Compared to traditional methods, our model demonstrated better segmentation performance in winter wheat semantic segmentation tasks. The achievements of this study not only provide an effective tool and technical support for accurately measuring the area of winter wheat fields, but also have important practical value and profound strategic significance for optimizing agricultural resource allocation and achieving precision agriculture.
General Epidemiology of Animal Viruses
Authors: Szczerba-Turek Anna
Published: October 2024

In recent years, the study of animal viruses and their epidemiology has been central to understanding the dynamics of viral infections in humans, livestock, wildlife, and pets [...]
Prediction of Potential Suitable Distribution Areas for Northeastern China Salamander (Hynobius leechii) in Northeastern China
Authors: Han Lei , Zhou Minghang , Zhang Ting , Zhao Wenge , Liu Peng
Published: October 2024

The Northeastern China Salamander (Hynobius leechii) is classified as a rare, nationally protected Class II wild animal in China. Its population is declining, and its habitat is deteriorating. This study aimed to predict the distribution of suitable habitats for the Northeastern China Salamander under both current and future climate scenarios, utilizing the MaxEnt model optimized through ENMeval parameters. Species distribution data were collected from field surveys, existing literature, amphibian records in China, and the Global Biodiversity Information Network. A total of 97 records were compiled, with duplicate records within the ENMTools grid unit removed, ensuring that only one record existed within every 5 km. Ultimately, 58 distinct distribution points for the Northeastern China Salamander were identified. The R software package ‘ENMeval 2.0’ was employed to optimize the feature complexity (FC) and regularization multiplier (RM), and the optimized model was applied to assess the suitable distribution regions for the Northeastern China Salamander under present and future climate conditions. The findings indicated that rainfall and temperature are the primary environmental factors influencing Hynobius. Currently, the suitable habitat for the Northeastern China Salamander constitutes 6.6% of the total area of Northeastern China. Projections for the periods of 2050 and 2070 suggest that suitable habitats for the Northeastern China Salamander will continue to expand towards higher latitudes across three climate scenarios. While this study focuses solely on climate change factors and acknowledges certain limitations, it serves as a reliable reference and provides essential information for the distribution and conservation of the Northeastern China Salamander.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Isolates from Yellow-Legged Seagulls (Larus michahellis) in Central Italy
Authors: Cagnoli Giulia , Bertelloni Fabrizio , Ceccherelli Renato , Ebani Valentina Virginia
Published: October 2024

Seagulls are synanthropic wild birds that can contaminate, through their droppings, beaches, urban and peri-urban environments. This concern is more serious when seagulls eliminate antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria. This study analyzed the fecal samples from 137 yellow-legged seagulls (Larus michahellis) from Central Italy. A total of 218 Escherichia coli strains were isolated and analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance and to identify the virulence genes characterizing different pathotypes. The disk diffusion method on all isolates found relevant resistance rates to ampicillin (38.99%), tetracycline (23.85%), and enrofloxacin (21.10%). On the basis of all results obtained with this test, 62 (28.44%) isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 6 (2.75%) as extensive drug-resistant (XDR). Molecular analyses conducted on the strains phenotypically resistant to carbapenems, cephalosporins, and penicillins found 9/37 (24.32%) strains positive for blaOXA-48, 52/103 (50.49%) for blaTEM, 12/103 (11.65%) for blaCMY2, 3/103 (2.91%) for blaCTX, and 1/103 (0.97%,) for blaSHV. PCR to detect virulence genes characterizing different pathotypes found that 40 (18.35%) isolates had the astA gene, indicative of the enteroaggregative (EAEC) pathotype, 2 (0.92%) had cnf1, 2 (0.92%) had cnf2, and 1 (0.46%) had cdt-IV. All five (2.29%) strains were reportable as necrotoxigenic (NTEC), while 4 (1.83%) had both eaeA and escV, reportable as enteropathogenic (EPEC). Measures to limit seagulls’ access where humans and other animals reside are pivotal to reduce the risk of infection with antimicrobial-resistant and pathogenetic E. coli strains.
Developmental Thermal Reaction Norms of Leatherback Marine Turtles at Nesting Beaches
Authors: Girondot Marc , Krueger Caleb J. , Cléomène Camille , Tran Zeenat , Chevallier Damien , Janzen Fredric J.
Published: October 2024

Accurate scientific information is critical for undertaking appropriate conservation and management practices for imperiled species. One source of concern is that research findings might vary for non-biological reasons, including experimental design and analytical methods. To illustrate, we provide detailed modern analysis of reproductive data for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). This species exhibits significant fluctuations in nesting densities across different regions, possibly driven by local rather than global factors. Key factors influencing these changes include hatching success and sex determination, both sensitive to incubation temperatures (e.g., lower temperatures yield more males, higher temperatures yield females). This study updates the understanding of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in this species using Bayesian statistics. Growth rate data from the West Pacific and Northwest Atlantic populations show a similar, monotone increase with temperature, affirming the reliability of the models used. The analysis of TSD patterns indicates that observed differences are more likely due to study methodologies and clutch-specific factors rather than regional differences. These findings challenge previous assumptions, showing that leatherback TSD does not conform to a simple on/off pattern but is influenced by multiple, interacting environmental factors. Population dynamics models must account for these complexities, recognizing that both sex ratios and hatching success are critical to understand the rapid changes observed in some leatherback populations.
Study on the Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, and Nutritional Attributes of Six Kinds of Jiangxi Local Breeds Cattle
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wei Yuting , Lu Guwei , Yang Youxiang , Pan Yuting , Fu Chuanpei , Tian Fazhan , Qiu Qinghua , Zhao Xianghui , Li Yanjiao , Chen Lingli , Wang Wenjun , Ouyang Kehui
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this study is to explore the carcass traits, meat quality, and nutritional attributes of local yellow cattle (Guangfeng, Ji’an, and Jinjiang) and buffalo (Poyanghu, Xiajiang, and Xinfeng mountain) in Jiangxi Province, and compare the differences among different breeds. The results showed that the dressing percentage, net meat percentage, and meat–bone ratio of Jinjiang cattle were highest, and that Jinjiang cattle had the best meat production performance. Regarding meat quality, the pH24h value of all breeds was at normal level, and no dark-cutting beef was produced. Poyanghu buffalo and Xinfeng mountain buffalo had higher redness (a*) values, and Guangfeng cattle had the best water retention and tenderness. The intermuscular fat of yellow cattle breeds was higher than that of buffalo breeds; Poyanghu buffalo had the highest crude protein content. The composition of amino acids and fatty acids was different among breeds, and the composition of Jiangxi breeds was healthy. The muscle fibers of buffalo breeds are generally smaller and denser than those of yellow cattle breeds. The MyHC-Ⅰ, MyHC-Ⅱa, and MyHC-Ⅱx were the main types of muscle fibers of Jiangxi local breeds, and the proportion varied with different breeds. This work elucidated the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and nutritional attributes of Jiangxi breed cattle to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the development of beef cattle industry.
Ceftazidime–Avibactam Versus Polymyxin-Based Combination Therapies: A Study on 30-Day Mortality in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Bloodstream Infections in an OXA-48-Endemic Region
Authors: Dumlu Rıdvan , Şahin Meyha , Derin Okan , Gül Özlem , Başgönül Sedef , Zengin Rehile , Arabacı Çiğdem , Şimşek Funda , Gençer Serap , Kocagöz Ayşe Sesin , Mert Ali
Published: October 2024

Background: Ceftazidime–avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is recommended as first-line treatment for Oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) β-Lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections, while polymyxin-based combination therapies (PBCTs) are used as a last resort when CAZ-AVI is unavailable. Research comparing the effectiveness of CAZ-AVI and PBCT in CRE blood stream infections (CRE-BSIs) is limited, mostly focusing on Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing isolates. In Turkey, OXA-48 is endemic and OXA-48-Like is common. Therefore, our study aimed to compare the impact of these treatments on 30-day mortality in patients with CRE-BSIs in endemic regions. Methods: Retrospective data from January 2019 to May 2023 were collected from four tertiary healthcare centers in Istanbul. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data of ICU patients treated with CAZ-AVI monotherapy or PBCT for CRE-BSIs were analyzed. The effect on 30-day survival was evaluated using Cox regression analysis post propensity score matching (PSM). Results: Out of 151 patients, 44.4% (n: 67) received CAZ-AVI and 55.6% (n: 84) received PBCT. All-cause mortality rates were 20% (n: 13) with CAZ-AVI and 36.9% (n: 31) with PBCT. Cox regression analysis post PSM indicated CAZ-AVI monotherapy significantly reduced the mortality risk compared to PBCT (HR: 0.16, 95%CI: 0.07–0.37, p < 0.001), while age increased the risk (HR: 1.02 per year, 95% CI 1.0–1.04, p: 0.01). Conclusions: In OXA-48-predominant areas, CAZ-AVI demonstrated significantly lower mortality in patients with CRE-BSIs compared to PBCT. The results were attributed to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic disadvantages of polymyxins compared to CAZ-AVI, and the impact of age-related physical conditions. Therefore, CAZ-AVI should be the preferred treatment for CRE-BSIs in OXA-48-endemic regions.
Further Evidence of Anthropogenic Impact: High Levels of Multiple-Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Found in Neritic-Stage Sea Turtles
Authors: Tsai Ming-An , Chen I-Chun , Chen Zeng-Weng , Li Tsung-Hsien
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Marine turtles are globally threatened and face daily anthropogenic threats, including pollution. Water pollution from emerging contaminants such as antimicrobials is a major and current environmental concern. Methods: This study investigated the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance and heavy metal resistance genes of 47 Vibrio isolates from different stages of sea turtles (oceanic stage vs neritic stage) from the Taiwanese coast. Results: The results show that a high proportion (48.9%; 23/47) of the Vibrio species isolated from sea turtles in our study had a multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) pattern. It was found that Vibrio spp. isolates with a MAR pattern and those with a MAR index value greater than 0.2 were both more likely to be observed in neritic-stage sea turtles. Furthermore, isolates from neritic-stage sea turtles exhibited greater resistance to the majority of antimicrobials tested (with the exception of beta-lactams and macrolides) than isolates from the oceanic-stage groups. Isolates from neritic sea turtles were found to be more resistant to nitrofurans and aminoglycosides than isolates from oceanic sea turtles. Furthermore, isolates with a MAR pattern (p = 0.010) and those with a MAR index value greater than 0.2 (p = 0.027) were both found to be significantly positively associated with the mercury reductase (merA) gene. Conclusions: The findings of our study indicate that co-selection of heavy metals and antimicrobial resistance may occur in aquatic bacteria in the coastal foraging habitats of sea turtles in Taiwan.
Optimization and Experimental Verification of Lower Articulation for Low-Floor Tram Using Meta-Model
Authors: Jin Ji-Won , Lee Jaewon , Choi Jeonghwan , Ji Haeyoung , Hwang Won-Ju
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to optimize the lower articulation of low-floor trams using a meta-model technique, followed by an experimental validation. The design variables were identified through structural analyses, and the optimization reduced the weight of the lower articulation by 20% while maintaining load-bearing performance. Strain gauges were attached to failure-prone areas for structural and fatigue testing. The results of the optimized design were compared with experimental data, confirming its validity. This method effectively reduces the cost and improves the performance of tram articulation devices. This study presents an effective approach for cost reduction and performance improvement in the lower articulation of low-floor trams.
Deodorising Garlic Body Odour by Ingesting Natural Food Additives Containing Phenolic Compounds and Polyphenol Oxidase
Authors: Hiramoto Tadahiro , Kakumu Yuya , Sato Shodai , Sekine Yoshika
Published: October 2024

Garlic consumption is a well-known cause of unpleasant breath and body odour, with volatile organosulfur compounds, such as diallyl disulfide (DADS) and allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) responsible for the characteristic odour. Certain foods that are rich in polyphenols (PPs) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) are known to deodorise garlic breath. However, no study into garlic body odour has been reported owing to the very low amounts of emitted volatile organosulfur compounds. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of ingesting natural food additives rich in both PPs and PPO on the emissions of skin-derived DADS and AMS using a passive flux sampler in conjunction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Three healthy male subjects were subjected to garlic-consumption testing, with all subjects commonly observed to exhibit remarkably higher dermal DADS- and AMS-emission fluxes after consuming 45 g of cooked garlic, which then gradually decreased toward their initial baseline levels. In comparison, remarkably lower emission fluxes of both organosulfur compounds were observed after consuming a natural food additive following garlic consumption in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal amount of ingested natural food additive required to reduce garlic body odour was found to be 1–2 g. Considering the metabolic pathway associated with garlic-derived sulfur compounds and elimination reactions involving PPs and PPO, allyl mercaptan is likely to be a key substance involved in reducing garlic body odour through the ingestion of natural food additives.
An Improved Random Forest Approach on GAN-Based Dataset Augmentation for Fog Observation
Authors: Cao Yucan , Zhao Panpan , Xu Balin , Liang Jingshu
Published: October 2024

The monitoring of fog density is of great importance in meteorology and its applications in environment, aviation and transportation. Nowadays, vision-based fog estimation from images taken with surveillance cameras has made a great supplementary contribution to the scarcely traditional meteorological fog observation. In this paper, we propose a new Random Forest (RF) approach for image-based fog estimation. In order to reduce the impact of data imbalance on recognition, the StyleGAN2-ADA (generative adversarial network with adaptive discriminator augmentation) algorithm is used to generate virtual images to expand the data of low proportions. Key image features related to fog are extracted, and an RF method, integrated with the hierarchical and k-medoid clustering, is deployed to estimate the fog density. The experiment conducted in Sichuan in February 2024 shows that the improved RF model has achieved an average accuracy of fog density observation of 93%, 6.4% higher than the RF model without data expansion, 3–6% higher than the VGG16, the VGG19, the ResNet50, and the DenseNet169 with or without data expansion. What is more, the improved RF method exhibits a very good convergence as a cost-effective solution.
Genes Related to Motility in an Ionizing Radiation and Estrogen Breast Cancer Model
Authors: Koning Tania , Calaf Gloria M.
Published: October 2024

Breast cancer is a major global health concern as it is the primary cause of cancer death for women. Environmental radiation exposure and endogenous factors such as hormones increase breast cancer risk, and its development and spread depend on cell motility and migration. The expression of genes associated with cell motility, such as ADAM12, CYR61, FLRT2, SLIT2, VNN1, MYLK, MAP1B, and TUBA1A, was analyzed in an experimental breast cancer model induced by radiation and estrogen. The results showed that TUBA1A, SLIT2, MAP1B, MYLK, and ADAM12 gene expression increased in the irradiated Alpha3 cell line but not in the control or the malignant Tumor2 cell line. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that FLERT2, SLIT2, VNN1, MAP1B, MYLK, and TUBA1A gene expressions were found to be higher in normal tissue than in tumor tissue of breast cancer patients. However, ADAM12 and CYR61 expressions were found to be higher in tumors than in normal tissues, and they had a negative correlation with ESR1 gene expression. Concerning ESR2 gene expression, there was a negative correlation with CYR61, but there was a positive correlation with FLRT2, MYLK, MAP1B, and VNN1. Finally, a decreased survival rate was observed in patients exhibiting high expression levels of TUBA1A and MAP1B. These genes also showed a negative ER status, an important parameter for endocrine therapy. The genes related to motility were affected by ionizing radiation, confirming its role in the initiation process of breast carcinogenesis. In conclusion, the relationship between the patient’s expression of hormone receptors and genes associated with cell motility presents a novel prospect for exploring therapeutic strategies.
Supramolecular Protein Assemblies: Building Blocks, Organism- or Cell-Specific Varieties, and Significance
Authors: Bunik Victoria I.
Published: October 2024

In recent decades, biology has made tremendous progress in the high-throughput analytic and genetic techniques used to characterize the molecular components of living cells and their interactions [...]
Simulation Experiment Research on the Production of Large Box Girders
Authors: Huang Yufeng , Yang Tongquan , Liu Bo , Xue Yang , Li Qingfu
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces system simulation technology into large-scale beam field production and uses the simulation software Arena (14.0) to construct a simulation model of the beam field production system considering the randomness of the actual beam field production process operation time. The relationship between the production efficiency of the beam yard and the working time system was studied. In this paper, the improvement in beam-making efficiency in the existing beam field that is achieved by the commonly used reinforcement pre-binding method in the existing beam field is analyzed and calculated, and the improvements in the production efficiency in the ordinary beam field and the intelligent beam field are quantitatively calculated and compared. The results show that (1) when the working time system is increased from 8 h/d to 12 h/d, the average occupancy time of the traditional beam-making pedestal is shortened by 11.5 h when the working time is extended by 1 h per day; (2) with the extension of the working time system, the advantages of the pre-binding method of reinforcement gradually decrease; and (3) the application of intelligent technology not only improves the production efficiency of the beam yard but also makes the beam yard’s production more flexible and more resistant to risks.
Cutting-Edge Technology Without Cutting: Treating Skin Cancer in This Era—A Case Series
Authors: Rao Babar , Moreno Alexis , Abbasi Muhammad Shahmir , Musolff Noah , Sanabria Bianca , Voiculescu Vlad
Published: October 2024

Background: Traditional treatment methods for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) include surgical excision with histological evaluation, yet advancements such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and superficial radiation therapy (SRT) offer non-invasive management alternatives. This study aims to evaluate the use of RCM for the evaluation of treatment outcomes after SRT in managing localized NMSC. Methods: A prospective interventional case series study was conducted on patients treated for NMSC with SRT between March 2020 and December 2023. Suspected NMSC lesions were initially evaluated with a handheld dermoscope and then imaged at multiple depths using a VivaScope 1500 RCM. Two dermatologists trained in RCM reviewed the images. Confirmed NMSC lesions were biopsied and treated with SRT, followed by RCM imaging at six months post-treatment to assess cancer clearance, scarring, and inflammation. Results: Of the 38 lesions (composed of SCC (24) and BCC (14)) treated affecting the 29 patients, all lesions showed no residual tumor activity upon conducting follow-up RCM (100% clearance). Scarring and mild erythema were noted clinically. Six lesions demonstrated moderate to severe inflammation at a 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: This study demonstrates successful non-invasive management of localized NMSC using RCM and SRT. RCM was able to non-invasively demonstrate complete tumor clearance achieved by SRT with minimal adverse effects. These findings support considering the use of RCM and SRT as primary diagnostic, monitoring, and treatment options for NMSC without the need for biopsies, especially for elderly patients or those unsuitable for surgery due to medical conditions.
Acyl Transfer Reactions of 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Furoates: Comparative Effects of Nucleophiles and Non-Leaving Groups
Authors: Pyun Sang-Yong , Hong Seung-Taek
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the acyl group transfer reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl 5-substituted-2-furoates, promoted by 4-substituted phenoxides/phenols in a 20 mol% DMSO aqueous solution at 25 °C. The reactions yielded nucleophilic substitution products and displayed second-order kinetics, with βacyl values ranging from −2.24 to −2.50, ρ(x) values between 3.18 and 3.56, and βnuc values of 0.81 to 0.84. These findings indicate an addition–elimination mechanism where the initial step is rate-determining. Comparative analysis with previous data revealed that the transition state structure remained largely consistent when altering the non-leaving group from thienyl to furyl under similar conditions. Notably, a shift in the rate-determining step was observed when changing the nucleophile from secondary amines/ammonium ions to 4-substituted phenoxides/phenols, highlighting the significant impact of nucleophile selection on the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in acyl transfer reactions.
Effect of a Physical Exercise Intervention on Physical Function Parameters and Blood Analytical Changes in Lung Cancer Survivors: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Soria-Comes Teresa , Climent-Gregori María , Maestu-Maiques Inmaculada , Inchaurraga-Álvarez Ignacio , Cuenca-Martínez Ferrán , Cauli Omar , Martínez-Arnau Francisco M.
Published: October 2024

Background: Lung cancer carries a high burden of systemic symptoms, including in survivors, leading to a reduced quality of life (QoL). We assessed whether a 12-week multicomponent supervised exercise programme, including muscular strength and aerobic training, was beneficial in patients who had undergone surgery for early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in terms of physical performance, QoL, and metabolic and nutritional analytical parameters. Methods: Physical performance was measured by gait speed, handgrip strength, 30 s sit-to-stand (30s-STS) test repetitions, distance covered in the 6 min walk test (6MWT), and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score. QoL was assessed with the EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, pre-albumin, creatinine, c-reactive protein, insulin-growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and the haemoglobin and hematocrit percentages were measured before and after the intervention in order to observe any beneficial effects related to metabolic markers. Results: After the intervention, the mean scores for the 6MWT (p < 0.001), STS (p < 0.001), 6MWT (p < 0.01), and SPPB (p < 0.01) had significantly improved. However, handgrip strength and nutritional analytical were unchanged. The EORTC-QLQ-C30 functions and symptoms significantly improved after the intervention (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). A significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and IGF-1 and a significant increase in pre-albumin in blood was also observed post-intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This supervised, community-based 12-week multicomponent was feasible (adherence rate 70.35%) and provided benefits not only to physical performance but also to the quality of life of patients with NSCLC.
Basilar Stenosis Reduces the Impact of Successful Recanalization on Outcome in Basilar Artery Occlusion
Authors: Hernandez Petzsche Moritz R. , Hoelter Philip , Rühling Sebastian , Schwarting Julian , Ikenberg Benno , Wunderlich Silke , Maegerlein Christian , Zimmer Claus , Berndt-Mück Maria , Boeckh-Behrens Tobias
Published: October 2024

Background: Evidence from randomized controlled trials has shown a benefit for endovascular treatment in basilar artery occlusion. We aimed to show the effect of the recanalization result on outcome and determine the role of underlying basilar stenosis in a real-world setting. Methods: A retrospective, single-center study of patients who received endovascular treatment for basilar artery occlusion from March 2008 to June 2022 was conducted. Clinical and outcome characteristics were gathered. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to predict poor outcomes (post-treatment mRS 5 or 6). MRS shift analysis was performed. Results: This study includes 210 patients (mean age, 71.4 years +/− 13.3 [standard deviation]; 124 men). The variables age (OR, 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01–1.08; p = 0.014), underlying basilar stenosis (OR: 4.86; 95% CI: 2.15–10.98; p < 0.001), admission NHISS (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04–1.13; p < 0.001), and TICI (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.09–3.25; p = 0.022) independently predicted a poor outcome. Patients with occlusions due to underlying stenosis had significantly worse recanalization rates. Median post-treatment mRS in all patients with embolic occlusion was 4; IQR, 2–5 (only patients with embolic occlusion: mTICI 0-2a, median: 5 [IQR, 4–5.5]; mTICI 2b, median: 4 [IQR, 2.5–6]; mTICI 3, median: 3 [IQR, 1–5]; p = 0.037). Median post-treatment mRS in all patients with occlusions due to underlying stenosis was 5; IQR, 4–6 (only patients with embolic occlusions: mTICI 0-2a, median: 6 [IQR, 4.5–6]; mTICI 2b, median: 6 [IQR, 4.25–6]; mTICI 3, median: 5 [IQR, 3.5–5.25]; p = 0.059). Conclusions: Successful recanalization is essential for preventing poor outcomes in basilar artery occlusion. Underlying basilar stenosis diminishes the effect of successful recanalization on the overall outcome.
Clinical Improvement and P63-Deficiency Correction in OLP Patients After Photobiomodulation
Authors: Mutafchieva Maria Zaharieva , Draganova Milena Nenkova , Yaneva Blagovesta Konstantinova , Zagorchev Plamen Ivanov , Tomov Georgi Tomchev
Published: October 2024

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the formation of symptomatic lesions in the mouth. P63 is essential for epidermal development and regeneration. Weak expression of this protein has been shown in OLP lesions. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been reported to reduce OLP symptoms, but its ability to correct the molecular perturbations of the disease has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PBM in OLP treatment by evaluating changes in p63 expression and their association with clinical response. Methods: Twenty OLP patients underwent PBM with a diode laser (810 nm), (0.50 W, 30 s, 1.2 J/cm2), 3 times weekly for a month. The treatment efficacy index (EI) was calculated based on pain-level values and clinical scores of lesions before and after therapy. Biopsies were taken before and after therapy, analyzed immunohistochemically for p63 expression, and compared with 10 healthy controls. Results: P63 levels in OLP lesions were significantly lower than those in normal oral mucosa. After treatment, the pain level and clinical scores of the lesions decreased significantly. The calculated EI showed PBM effectiveness in 90% of cases. Increased p63 positivity and staining intensity were observed after therapy. Conclusions: The established p63 deficiency in OLP lesions is likely an important molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. Laser irradiation at 810 nm increased p63 expression to a level close to that found in the healthy epithelium and significantly improved the symptoms and clinical signs of OLP. All of this determines the effectiveness of PBM therapy in the management of OLP.
Implementing the Circular Economy in the European Union and Spain: Links to the Low-Carbon Transition
Authors: Pablo-Romero Maria del P. , Sánchez-Braza Antonio , Torreblanca Cristóbal
Published: October 2024

This paper reviews and analyzes the process of the implementation of the circular economy in the European Union (EU) and Spain, and its links to the low-carbon transition. The EU implementation of the circular economy went through several stages. Since the adoption of the first action plan in 1993, the links between the circular economy and carbon transition goals have become intertwined. Recently, the EU approved the framework of new monitoring measures and indicators for the circular economy. The adopted actions have involved the adaptation of European legislation at the national level. Spain has participated in this process since 2017, when the Circular Economy Pact was signed. The subsequent approval of the Spanish Strategy for a Circular Economy in 2020 was developed, considering a close relationship between decarbonization and the circular economy. Lately, the circular economy implementation has been strengthened with the strategic project for economic recovery and transformation, linked to the recovery of COVID-19, and the roadmap for the sustainable management of mineral raw materials, with both documents including actions directly related to transforming the energy system. Data show that Spain has made significant improvements in the circular economy transition. However, Spain’s vulnerability to externalities is greater than that of the EU as a whole.
Cold Tolerance Assay Reveals Evidence of Climate Adaptation Among American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) Genotypes
Authors: Butnor John R. , Wilson Cornelia Pinchot , Bakır Melike , D’Amato Anthony W. , Flower Charles E. , Hansen Christopher F. , Keller Stephen R. , Knight Kathleen S. , Murakami Paula F.
Published: October 2024

The American elm (Ulmus americana L.), once a dominant species in North American floodplain forests, has suffered significant population declines due to Dutch elm disease (DED). Despite this, some elms persist, potentially exhibiting disease resistance and climate-adaptive traits that could facilitate restoration. Understanding these traits is crucial for selecting genotypes suited to current and future climatic conditions, particularly in colder regions. This study evaluated the mid-winter cold tolerance of American elm genotypes across a climatic gradient to ascertain evidence of local climate adaptation. We used relative electrolyte leakage (REL) to assess mid-winter cold tolerance of current-year shoots on eleven survivor genotypes from New England and one susceptible, control genotype from Ohio. The lethal temperature, at which 50% of cellular leakage occurs (LT50), was determined and compared with 30-year climate data to identify potential climate adaptation. Genotypes from colder regions exhibited greater cold hardiness, indicating local adaptation to climate. Observed mid-winter LT50 values (−42.8 °C to −37.7 °C) were in excess of the 30-year minimum air temperature, even at the coldest source location. This calls into question whether mid-winter cold tolerance is the critical period for injury to American elm and more attention should be given to environmental conditions that cause de-acclimation to cold. By understanding the adaptive capacity of American elm, managers can better select mother trees for regional seed orchards, ensuring the long-term success of restoration initiatives.
Gene Expression Profiling and Immune Pathway Dysregulation in Ribonucleoprotein Autoantibody-Positive Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Tan Siyuan , Damodaran Tirupapuliyur
Published: October 2024

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation across various organ systems. While anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies are commonly associated with SLE, the presence of anti-RNP antibodies is often linked to unique gene expression profiles and immune responses. This study aims to investigate the gene expression profiles in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) autoantibody-positive SLE patients by analyzing publicly available transcriptomic data. Methods: This study analyzed transcriptomic data from the GEO dataset GSE61635, which includes gene expression profiles from 79 anti-RNP-positive SLE patients and 30 healthy controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the GEO2R tool with a p-value < 0.05 and |log2fold change| > 1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. Tissue-specific and cell-type enrichment analyses highlighted the involvement of immune tissues. Results: A total of 1891 DEGs were identified between anti-RNP-positive SLE patients and healthy controls. Among the identified DEGs, SLC4A1 and EPB42 were notably downregulated, while PIP4K2A was highly upregulated. Enrichment analyses revealed significant dysregulation in antiviral response and immune regulation pathways. PPI network analysis highlighted key hub genes, suggesting a heightened antiviral state in these patients. Tissue-specific enrichment and cell-type enrichment identified the bone marrow and immune tissues as being highly affected by the altered gene expression. Additionally, gene frequency analysis highlighted RASD2 as being recurrently significant across multiple studies. Conclusions: The findings suggest that anti-RNP-positive SLE patients exhibit distinct gene expression and immune dysregulation profiles, particularly in antiviral and immune regulation pathways. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms driving SLE in this patient subset and may guide future therapeutic interventions.
Phenotypic Variability in Camurati–Engelmann Disease: A Case Report of a Family with the c.653G>A Pathogenic Variant in the TGFB1 Gene
Authors: Campos Talyta , Uchoa Elza , Santos Victor , Zatarin Raffael , Benício Rosenelle , Gomes Clayson , da Cruz Aparecido
Published: October 2024

Camurati–Engelmann Disease (CED), or Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the TGFB1 Gene, essential for bone regeneration. This study examines the genotype–phenotype relationship in a family diagnosed with CED, specifically focusing on a missense variant (c.653G>A, p.Arg218Cys). The family comprised a mother and her two children, all of whom were found to carry the same disease-causing variant. The second child exhibited severe symptoms by age six, including progressive weakness and joint pain, leading to wheelchair dependency. The mother displayed milder symptoms with preserved independence. The firstborn son, initially asymptomatic, developed gait abnormalities and pain during adolescence. Clinical evaluations revealed characteristic hyperostosis of long bones, with significant variability in symptom onset and severity among family members, potentially indicative of genetic anticipation. This case underscores the importance of genetic testing and interdisciplinary management in CED, as traditional treatments, including corticosteroids and NSAIDs, often yield limited efficacy and notable side effects. Our findings contribute to the understanding of CED’s pathophysiology and highlight the necessity for tailored therapeutic approaches. The identification of the common TGFB1 variant in this family reinforces the critical role of TGFB1 in bone metabolism and suggests avenues for further research into targeted therapies. Such reports enhance awareness and provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals managing rare genetic disorders.
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Heritage Education: A Multimedia Approach to ‘Phra Aphai Mani’
Authors: Kasemsarn Kittichai , Sawadsri Antika
Published: October 2024

Even though classic literature has cultural and educational value in heritage education, students often have trouble becoming interested because of the archaic language, a lack of good learning materials, the idea that the literature is not relevant, and complicated plots. This research aims to enhance heritage education by identifying barriers and drivers in youth engagement with classic Thai literature and exploring how Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles could be applied to increase motivation in learning classic literature through multimedia. Ten interviews with experts, 100 on-site questionnaires filled out by students aged 15–25 years, and a multimedia e-book were used together in this mixed-methods study. As a case study, the researchers asked both experts and students to read the Thai classic poem “Phra Aphai Mani: Escaping from the Sea Witch” and make suggestions for how it could be better. The results show that there are barriers to heritage education, such as ‘the story is not connected to the present’ (mean = 4.52/5), ‘archaic vocabulary and language barriers’ (mean = 4.36/5), and ‘learning materials’ (mean = 4.25/5). Surprisingly, Thai students showed more positive attitudes towards literature courses than expected based on international trends. Key drivers for enhancing heritage education include ‘classic literature in modern, easy-to-read language’ (mean = 4.65/5), ‘including multimedia’ (mean = 4.58/5), ‘the plot/story adapted to the current era’ (mean = 4.50/5), and ‘new presenting technologies’ (mean = 4.49/5). Next, as an innovative way to improve heritage education, this study developed a free e-book titled “Phra Aphai Mani: Escaping from the Sea Witch”, which includes motion graphics and other multimedia elements. This research contributes to knowledge by demonstrating how UDL can be applied to classic literature within heritage education, enhancing understanding of student needs, and creating more effective, inclusive multimedia teaching methods for preserving and transmitting cultural heritage.
Comparing Students’ Multicultural Awareness Development in Online vs. Face-to-Face Diversity Courses Before, During, and After COVID-19
Authors: Jaiswal Aparajita , Smith Ronald J. , Diatta-Holgate Horane , Morris Pamala V. , Acheson Kris
Published: October 2024

Creating a global workforce is a driving need for our time. Higher education institutions are prioritizing helping students develop an awareness of their own and other cultures, as they are expected to participate in a diverse workforce. This study examines a large data set of learning assessment data for undergraduate students from an agriculture course focused on diversity and social justice, using the Beliefs, Events and Values Inventory (BEVI) instrument to assess the multicultural awareness development of the students. The study compared the impact of the medium of instruction (face-to-face versus online) in helping students develop multicultural awareness. The results revealed that students did not differ much in multicultural awareness across the medium of instruction. Moreover, to understand the multicultural awareness of the students in the pre-COVID period, during COVID and in the post-COVID period, the pre-test BEVI scores of the students were compared using ANOVA. The goal of this analysis was to capture the change in worldview of the students from the pre-COVID period to during COVID and post-COVID periods. The results revealed that pre-test BEVI scores for the pre-COVID period showed a lower degree of multicultural awareness than students during the COVID and post-COVID times. Also, there was no significant difference in the pre-test BEVI scores for the students in the COVID and post-COVID periods. Overall, the study makes important contributions to higher education literature as it reveals that (1) medium has negligible impact on the multicultural awareness of the students, and that (2) student worldviews have shifted significantly since the height of the global pandemic.
Mattering Matters: Examining the Moderating Role of Mattering in Cyberbullying Victimization-Outcome Relationships Among College Students
Authors: Giumetti Gary W. , Kowalski Robin M.
Published: October 2024

Recognized as a public health threat, cyberbullying victimization (CV), or bullying experienced through digital technologies, is mostly studied among adolescents, but evidence among college students suggests that it is prevalent and linked with negative outcomes. One protective factor that might reduce the impact of CV is mattering, which involves feeling significant and valued by others. In this study, we explored five hypotheses, including examining the moderating role of mattering in four CV-outcome relationships (self-esteem, life satisfaction, depression, and academic performance). Data were collected across two time-points from 134 college seniors using online surveys. Mattering moderated the CV-life satisfaction relationship and the CV-self-esteem relationship, such that, at low levels of mattering, there was no relationship, but, at average/high levels of mattering, there were negative CV-outcome relationships. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the role of mattering in relation to CV among college students and paves the way for additional research examining mattering as a moderator of other CV-outcome relationships. The fact that college students in the current study who did not feel that they mattered were seemingly unaffected by cyberbullying victimization highlights the need for both additional research and interventions, particularly with these individuals.
Examining the Causal and Heterogeneous Influence of Three-Dimensional Urban Forms on CO2 Emissions in 285 Chinese Cities
Authors: Xiong Weiting , Zhang Yedong , Li Jingang
Published: October 2024

Despite the efforts to examine the influence of urban forms on CO2 emissions, most studies have mainly measured urban forms from a two-dimensional perspective, with relatively little attention given to three-dimensional urban forms and their causal relationships. Utilizing the built-up area dataset from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project and the carbon emission dataset from the China City Greenhouse Gas Working Group (CCG), we examine a causal and heterogeneous effect of three-dimensional urban forms on CO2 emissions—specifically urban height, density, and intensity—in 285 Chinese cities. The empirical results reveal a robust and positive causal effect of 3D urban forms on carbon emissions. Even when incorporating the spatial spillover effect, the positive effect of 3D urban forms remains. Moreover, GDP per capita and total population have a greater impact on urban CO2 emissions. Additionally, we find that the influence of 3D urban forms on CO2 emissions is U-shaped, with total population serving as a moderating factor in this effect. Importantly, there is significant geographic and sectoral heterogeneity in the influence of 3D urban forms on CO2 emissions. Specifically, the influence of 3D urban forms is greater in eastern cities than in non-eastern cities. Furthermore, 3D urban forms primarily influence household carbon emissions rather than industrial and transportation carbon emissions. Therefore, in response to the growing challenges of global climate change and environmental issues, urban governments should adopt various strategies to develop more rational three-dimensional urban forms to reduce CO2 emissions.
Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Mediates T Cell Migration into Pancreas-Draining Lymph Nodes for Initiation of the Autoimmune Response in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Li Yankui , Gunderson Rachel C. , Xu Zeyu , Ai Wenjia , Shen Fanru , Ye Jiayu , Xu Baohui , Michie Sara A.
Published: October 2024

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is caused by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets. Although naive autoreactive T cells are initially primed by islet antigens in pancreas-draining lymph nodes (pan-LNs), the adhesion molecules that recruit T cells into pan-LNs are unknown. We show that high endothelial venules in pan-LNs of young nonobese diabetic mice have a unique adhesion molecule profile that includes strong expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1). Anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody blocked more than 80% of the migration of naive autoreactive CD4+ T cells from blood vessels into pan-LNs. Transient blockade of MAdCAM-1 in young nonobese diabetic mice led to increased numbers of autoreactive regulatory CD4+ T cells in pan-LNs and pancreas and to long-lasting protection from T1D. These results indicate the importance of MAdCAM-1 in the development of T1D and suggest MAdCAM-1 as a potential therapeutic target for treating T1D.