bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heritable disorders of the skeleton and associated tissues
Authors: Wordsworth Paul , Smith Roger , Halliday Dorothy
Published: November 2023

A large number of single gene disorders affect the skeleton and associated mesenchymal tissues. These include diseases affecting bone, the growth plate, articular cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and also other tissues such as the eyes and teeth that may contain elements, such as fibrillin or collagens, shared with skeletal tissues. Traditionally, these disorders have been classified according to the presence of shared clinical and radiographic characteristics (Table 22.1).
Miscellaneous conditions
Authors: Stoll Thomas , Brühlmann Pius , Weishaupt Dominik
Published: November 2023

Two types of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) can be distinguished. CRPS type 1 is also called Sudeck’s disease or Leriche’s syndrome after those who first described it in Germany (1900) and France (1939), respectively. The term CRPS type 1 increasingly replaces all the previously used synonyms such as algodystrophy or reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In addition to the symptoms and signs in CRPS type 1, patients with CRPS type 2 (causalgia) have experienced a nerve injury. This was first described by Mitchell in 1864 in a patient after a gunshot injury to a major limb nerve.
overview of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Poblete Ximena
Published: November 2023

The evidence from research carried out during the last thirty years has placed child abuse and neglect within the most serious health conditions affecting children. Increased knowledge on risk factors has helped to unravel a complex process, whereby child abuse is seen to occur as the result of an interaction between parents, a vulnerable child and a family ‘s social and cultural environment (Belsky 1993). There is enough research evidence to confirm the devastating effects that abuse has on a child ‘s overall health and we recognize the long-term effects of maltreatment, from childhood through to adulthood. Information from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) (Creighton 2001) reveals that 100 children die each year from abuse and that infants under 12 months of age are four times more likely to be homicide victims than the rest of the population, with at least one being killed every fortnight. According to the Department of Health statistics for England (Department of Health 1999), between 1997 and 1998 there were 30,000 children newly placed on Child Protection Registers and 78,200 children looked after by local authorities in foster homes and children ‘s homes.
Frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in advanced cancer
Authors: Potter Jean , Higginson Irene
Published: November 2023

Knowledge of the prevalence of symptoms is important for the care of patients. Symptoms are prerequisite to making diagnoses, and the identification of symptoms is an essential part of medical and nursing training. The prevalence of symptoms contributes to the identification of patients’ needs in terms of symptom control, and therefore provision of services. Furthermore, such information can direct research, audit, and care planning, especially since the development of new symptoms can herald disease progression, which in turn may be a prognostic indicator for determining survival.
Gastrointestinal bleeding in advanced cancer patients
Authors: Mancini Isabelle , Hendlisz Alain , Body Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2023

There are few data concerning the frequency of symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients with advanced cancer. In a survey of 800 advanced cancer patients admitted in a palliative care program, the incidence of GI bleeding was 2.25% (1). In the general population, hospitalization for acute GI bleeding is 1 per 1000 (2). The incidence among men is approximately double that among women, and the rate increases markedly with age and with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (3).
Education and training in the NHS in England
Authors: Percy David , Easmon Charles
Published: November 2023

The organization and funding of education and training systems within the NHS in England is complex and difficult to understand. This is largely because it results from the bringing together over the years of a number of differing systems without any attempt in the past to make sense of the whole rather than the individual parts. At the time of writing this failing is starting to be tackled, although this process will itself take a little while. Along with an appreciation of the need for the different disciplines that work together to learn together, where appropriate, so that they can better understand their different roles, the importance of seeing education and training as a whole system, linked with research and supporting and informing service delivery, is finally being widely recognized. Education and training is a means to an end, that of providing good quality health care, not an end in itself.
The principles of educational support in primary care
Authors: Spencer John
Published: November 2023

Education and training, and the ability to manage change successfully lie at the heart of the future development of general practice and primary care. Traditional models of continuing education and professional development will need to change significantly in the face of the new challenges. Clinical governance, personal and practice development plans, revalidation, evidence-based practice, and multiprofessional working all demand a different philosophy and approach to learning.
Research methods in medical education
Authors: Osonnaya Comfort , Carter Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Innovation in medical education is a global issue. Increasing needs and pressures from both within and outside medical institutions are obliging them to devote a great deal of efforts to improving and adapting their curricula and teaching methods.
Infectious complications of vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and the nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Gaskin Gill
Published: November 2023

Infection is an important cause of morbidity, and even mortality, in vasculitis and glomerular disease. The predisposing factors include immunological abnormalities, structural damage directly attributable to the diseases, and the wide range of drug regimens used to treat them (summarized in Table 5.1). The breadth of the resulting immunosuppression contributes to the wide range of infections seen, and some patients may be infected with multiple pathogens. Immunosuppressed patients with infection may deteriorate rapidly, and urgent investigation is required. Distinguishing infection from active inflammatory disease can be difficult in multisystem diseases such as vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Infectious complications of the diabetic patient with renal disease
Authors: Pham Phoung-Chi T , Pham Phuong-Thu T , Mathisen Glenn
Published: November 2023

Diabetic patients are predisposed to infectious complications due to variable impairment of their host defence mechanisms and diabetes-associated complications. Patients with renal disease, especially those with advanced renal impairment, are also at increased risks due to their depressed immune system (Chapter 1) and complications associated with renal failure. Diabetic patients with concomitant renal disease, whether due to diabetic or non-diabetic nephropathy, may be at particularly increased risks due to the potential combined adverse effects of depressed host defence mechanisms, malnutrition, vascular insufficiency, neuropathy, and urinary tract abnormalities.
Infections in peritoneal dialysis
Authors: off-Rubin Nina E Tolk , Varma Prem P , Rubin Robert H
Published: November 2023

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an established modality for the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Today over 20% of ESRD patients in the United States, more than 50% of ESRD patients in the United Kingdom, and over 90% of dialysis patients in Mexico are receiving CAPD. Several recent studies suggest that CAPD has survival rates comparable to haemodialysis, when adjusted for patient age and comorbid conditions. However, despite improvements in the technology of peritoneal dialysis, infection remains the most common problem plaguing CAPD patients and represents the most frequent cause for removal of peritoneal dialysis catheters and discontinuation of this form of renal replacement therapy.’
Infection and immunity
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

In July 1989, just four months before the Wall was reduced to souvenir-sized rubble, Berlin hosted the seventh International Congress of Immunology Societies. The brand new International Conference Centre buzzed with research students, lecturers, professors, clinicians, specialists in biochemistry, genetics, haematology, allergy, rheumatic disease, transplant surgery, from fifty countries, six and a half thousand of them altogether – plus some very nervous German security guards. It was the city’s chance to show what it could do, the World Cup of immunology.
Communication and collaboration
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 I described the collaboration of phagocytes, antibody, and complement in dealing with a typical bacterium. In Chapter 4 I mentioned that helper T lymphocytes collaborated with B lymphocytes to make a larger antibody response, and T lymphocytes with macrophages to improve their handling of intracellular pathogens, while in the reverse direction, antigen-presenting cells were needed to start the process of lymphocyte activation. I recounted all these interactions as if there was no doubt about them. In fact, however, it was not always so easy to prove that immunity really did work in this collaborative way.
A look ahead
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters will, I hope, have left you with an impression of the host–pathogen relationship as a continuously evolving balancing act – in the very long term as parasites adjust to their hosts over millions of years, in the medium term as pandemics rage across continents, pursued by vaccines, and in the very short term as a pathogen struggles to avoid elimination by the immune system for long enough to spread to another host. The story is by no means finished – indeed we are in the very middle of a period when things are happening faster than ever before. By looking back at what has changed within living memory, perhaps it may be easier to imagine what may be coming next.
My Forty-Year Journey In Formulating The Precepts
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

For More than forty years, I have had a keen interest in the evolution of American colonial and antebellum slavery and the related race relations law. I believe that I have read every published appellate case and statute on this subject from 1630 to 1865. After reflecting on those thou sands of statutes and cases and on innumerable related articles and books, I have concluded that, for those Americans in power, there were several premises, goals, and implicit agreements concerning the institution of slavery that at once defined the nature of American slavery and direcd how it was to be administered with the imprimatur of the legal process. Sometimes these premises and goals were articulated precisely in statutes, judicial opinions, and executive orders. At other times, they were implicit; since most in power understood and agreed with these pernicious propositions, it would have been superfluous to announce or codify the common understanding. But whether or not articulated as formal rules of law, there was a general consensus on principles or premises that led to the legitimization of slavery and of racism.
The Politics of Inferiority (1830–1865)
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

During the second stage in the development of title precept of inferiority, as this nation began to wander into the labyrinth of racial oppression, a few prophetic voices called out, warning of the dangers ahead, and beseeching us to stop and tum back. As early as 1688, fewer than seven decades after the first Africans had arrived in Virginia and many years before slavery would be fully institutionalized into law, a small group of German Mennonites and Quakers gathered near Philadelphia and passed a resolution declaring slavery immoral.
The Supreme Court’s Sanction of Racial Hatred
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

The Ultimate betrayal of African Americans that ended Recon struction gave rise to a reappearance of racial patterns, laws, and court decisions in the states that differed little from antebellum slavery jurisprudence. Following Reconstruction, in terms of failing to protect African Americans, the Supreme Court continued to legitimize the resurrection of the inferiority precept and gave sanction to acts of discrimination against African Americans. The Court did so partly by blinding itself to the unequal treat ment, and partly by creating unnecessary legal doctrine that had harsh racial consequences.

Whether a society grants or denies equal access rights to minorities reveals whether its government repudiates or sanctions perceptions of inferiority. In the post-Civil War era, racial hostility was often manifested in denials to African Americans of the right to equal and full access to public accommodations. States continued to implement and perpetuate the precept of black inferiority in innumerable ways, through the exclusion of African Americans from equal access to major public accommodations, rampant racial segregation, and all manner of unequal and adverse treatment.
“We Just Didn’ t Realize It Was Going To Be That Difficult”: Political Socialization the Hard Way
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De
Published: November 2023

When the Equal Rights Amendment was introduced in North Carolina in 1972, ratificationists hoped for a swift victory. Neither they nor their opponents realized that they were enlisting in a decade of struggle; neither anticipated the way in which their lives would change through an unfolding process of organizing, lobbying, and electioneering. Proponents expected to build on the political promises of the 1960s but were thwarted by an intensifying conser-vative trend. To suffer defeat as they did-narrowly and repeatedly-while at the same time developing a collective consciousness of empowerment was a profoundly paradoxical experience.
The Homeless of the 1980s: Case Reports from Clinicians’ Notebooks
Authors: Grunberg Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Hsuan-Li, as I shall call him, was born in 1949 in Hunan Province, which is located in the central part of mainland China. His father, a municipal judge, and his mother had high expectations for him and his six brothers and sisters. All seven obtained college degrees. The oldest, a woman currently residing in China, received a doctorate in drama and literature from an American University. The others, except for one still in school, received master’s degrees. One is now in Europe working as a business lawyer. Another is a professional printer living in the American Midwest.
Crisis Shelter and Housing Programs
Authors: Caton Carol L M
Published: November 2023

The homeless have sought shelter in a myriad of settings. Some have taken refuge under bridges, in church doorways, in subway tunnels, or on the heating grates of modem office buildings. Others have gone to low-cost hotels, hospitals, police stations, missions, and shelters. The increased demand for shelter services throughout the 1980s has given rise to new crisis shelters, offering the homeless an alternative to makeshift accommodations and living in streets and byways. Crisis shelters, targeted to subgroups within the homeless population such as single adult males, single adult females, families, and children and youth, provide a respite from the ravages of homelessness.
Independent Democrat
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

The onset of Belle’s illness and the expenses entailed made it difficult for Chase to find decent lodgings that were within his means. He was glad to move out of Dr. Bailey’s busy household where he had temporary quarters and into Mrs. Galvin’s boarding house on C Street nearby and close to the Capitol.1 Chase’s social life was as intermittent as his living conditions. Apart from formal dinners at the White House, any relief from his duties as a senator and his weekends in New Jersey centered around Dr. Bailey’s Saturday evenings. The inimitable doctor and his equally inimitable wife Margaret presided over a salon in the European tradition.
Defeat at the Summit
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

The year 1859 began inauspiciously for Chase. It was scarcely three weeks old when he learned that his friend Bailey was supporting Seward. Bailey, unusually candid with Chase, said that Seward was an older and more discerning political leader, an accurate assessment but nonetheless hurtful to Chase’s self-esteem. Bailey added that the New Yorker had a much better chance than Chase of carrying Pennsylvania and New Jersey, both of which were indispensable for a Republican victory. On all sides came word that Chase’s acknowledged free-trade stand was hurting his chances for the nomination as much as his alleged radicalism on the slavery issue.
War
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

It was known that the Lincolns were entertaining at their first State dinner on March 28, 1861. Carriages and cabs filled the circular drive in front of the entrance to the mansion, a reminder of the almost perpetual crush of office-seekers that still plagued the new administration. Even if they could not gain access to the building they were on the wait for Cabinet members and other influentials whom they hoped to buttonhole on their arrival. The new Secretary of the Treasury, escorting his lovely young daughter Kate, managed to push through the throng as they hastened to the entrance and moved through the main hall to the Blue Room, where some thirty guests were gathered. Mrs. Lincoln was already present to receive her guests when the Chases arrived. A plump, self-conscious little woman, her dress described as “gorgeous and highly colored,” made a vivid contrast to the men, some in black evening dress, others simply in everyday frock-coats and trousers.
Life Before Birth
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: November 2023

Every day issues raise the question of the moral status of the unborn; are embryos and fetuses part of the pregnant woman or are they persons? Are they sources for tissue, research tools, or are they pre-born children? Different conceptions of the unborn prevail in different contexts, giving rise to the charge of inconsistency. This book provides a framework for thinking clearly and coherently about the unborn. The first chapter elaborates the book’s basic idea, that all, and only, beings who have interests have moral standing, and only beings who posses conscious awareness have interests. This thesis, which is called “the interest view”, raises issues of considerable philosophical complexity, but is presented in language non-philosophers will be able to understand. Subsequent chapters apply the interest view, and explore the moral and legal aspects of a wide range of issues, including abortion, the legal status of the fetus outside abortion, maternal-fetal conflict, fetal research, and the use and disposition of extracorporeal embryos resulting from the new reproductive technologies. The philosophical discussion is enlivened by examples and actual cases which immediately catch, and sustain, the reader’s interest. Written in a lively style, this is a timely and important work that enables us to resolve contradictions in our current thinking about the unborn, and to approach new issues in a clear and rational manner.
Growth Monitoring for Health Promotion
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice
Published: November 2023

The original meaning of “monitoring “ is to remind or give warning. Growth monitoring consists of measuring, recording, and interpreting an individual ‘s growth over a sufficient period of time. It is an important part of health super vision and promotion, especially at those stages of life when rapid growth normally occurs. These include pregnancy, the neonatal period, infancy, and childhood. Worldwide, however, growth monitoring is particularly employed with young children in the first 5 years of life---during infancy and the so called preschool period. In addition, practical methods of maternal-fetal monitoring are being investigated and increasingly used in many parts of the world. Growth monitoring in early childhood is intended as a tool to (I) promote and sustain good health and growth in this vulnerable age group and (2) detect early growth failure due to an inadequate diet, infections, social influences or, very often, a combination of these factors.
Father, Brother, and Companion
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“Few are the Inducements that will tempt me to pass the Ocean again, if ever I am so happy as to return to my native Country.”-William Franklin to Betsy Graeme,1757 “Your son I really think one of the prettiest young gentlemen I ever knew from America. He seems to me [to] have a solidity of judgment, not very often to be met with in one of his years. This with the daily opportunities he has of improving himself in the company of his father, who is at the same time his friend, his brother, his intimate, and easy companion, affords an agreeable prospect, that your husband’s virtues and usefulness to his country, may be prolonged beyond the date of his own lifc.”-William Strahan to Deborah Franklin, 1757.
“Deprived of Their All”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L
Published: November 2023

“If I took a Rebel Prisoner, he was subject to be exchanged, according to the Laws of War and of nations-if I should happen to have fallen into the hands of Rebels, my life was subject to be taken as a Rebel to a Rebel state. The Laws of War and of nations have been wrested from the protection of subjects of an established Empire, & held sacred to those who have no national Character, & who are consequently not proper objects of the protection of those Laws.”-Court-Martial Proceedings for Richard Lippincott, 1782.
Introduction
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

Understanding the labor market is central to understanding the modern economy. It is the largest “single” market in most economies, with compensation to labor accounting for more than half of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Economic Community.1 The operation of this market is a fascinating and complicated process. Workers differ in their abilities, attitudes, and tastes. Productivity depends not only on a worker’s abilities, but on how well a worker is matched to a job. An exceptionally talented carpenter might be a mediocre waiter. Complicating matters, workers in a labor market typically do not know the full range of opportunities available- what firms have openings in what fields, and at what wages. They must devote time and energy to finding out. Similarly, finns do not know the talents of a particular applicant.
Direct Evidence on Reservation Wages
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

An individual’s sequence of reservation wages takes center stage in theoretical search models, but practical data problems preclude this in empirical work-a reservation wage cannot be directly observed. The best an empirical researcher might hope for are responses to a question such as “What is the lowest wage you would be willing to accept?”-perhaps asked frequently over the course of a single unemployment spell. Unfortunately, such data are rare. We found just a few studies that have access to more than one reservation wage observation per worker. Melnik and Saks (1977) have two reservation wage observations for a sample of college seniors at Michigan State. Lynch (1983) has multiple responses to a reservation wage question for some workers in her sample of London youth-but only a small number who remain unemployed between interviews held 6 months apart. Single interview responses have represented the primary source of direct evidence on reservation wages to date.
Conclusions
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

We have examined-at length-an impressive collection of empirical studies. Data range from answers to hypothetical questions (“What wage would you accept?”) to large and complex panel data sets. Statistical approaches range from simple interpretation of partial and multiple correlations to maximum likelihood estimation of tightly specified theoretical models. Objectives include program evaluation, investigating the determinants of the natural rate of unemployment, and tests of specific models. The feature common to all studies in our review is a relevance to some aspect of search in the labor market. Clearly, an enormous amount of energy and talent has been devoted to this area since Kasper’s 1967 study of “asking wages.” What have these efforts accomplished?
Introduction
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Writing software-instructions required to operate programmable computers, first introduced commercially during the l950s-has both intrigued and plagued engineers, managers, and customers since the beginning of the computer era. The development process consists of requirements analysis, system design, detailed program design, coding, testing, and installation, as well as redesign or repairs referred to as maintenance. Yet these phases are usually more iterative than sequential, and often unpredictable in time and costs, because the productivity of individual programmers tends to vary enormously and depend on elements difficult for management to control, such as personal talent and experience with particular applications.
Integrating Design And Manufacturing For Competitive Advantage
Authors: Susman Gerald I
Published: November 2023

This book focuses on managing the design, development, and introduction of new products, with particular emphasis on how design and manufacturing can work together to manage these processes effectively. There are at least two reasons for this focus. First, competitive pressures are leading companies to offer their customers higher-quality products at lower prices and to deliver these products more quickly. These goals cannot be achieved simultaneously only by improving efficiencies within each organizational function. Simultaneous advances in these goals will require systemic changes in the way these functions relate to each other. Second, technological breakthroughs are increasingly becoming a significant driver of competitive advantage in new as well as mature industries. Such breakthroughs can lead to improved product performance. A major issue concerns how to introduce new technology into new products in a disciplined and strategically focused manner.
Prototypes For Managing Engineering Design Processes
Authors: Slusher E Allen , Ebert Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Product engineering design (PED) is widely recognized as an important component in the competitive responses of manufacturing firms. Accordingly, major advances have occurred in many technical areas of design, for example, CAD, expert systems, embodiment design, and Taguchi methods. However, the benefits inherent in these tools are often unrealized because the overall management of the design process is not tailored to the special demands of each project. There is a tendency for project managers to use the same basic management approach for all projects. Although good managers intuitively make adjustments for the special demands of each new project, they must rely on their own limited personal experience. The purpose of this chapter is to improve engineering design management by developing a conceptual framework for classifying design situations and to show how the framework can be used to select a management process appropriate for a given project. Although each project must be uniquely managed, it is possible to identify four prototypical design situations and to make general recommendations for managing each type.
Dravidian Metaphony
Authors: Bright William
Published: November 2023

The development of South Dravidian phonology has shown, through its entire recorded and reconstructable history, extensive vocalic as-similation of the type which is known as metaphony, umlaut, or vowel mutation.1 Specifically, the vowels of radical (word-initial) open syllables have become lower when the following syllable contains the low vowel a. The points to be made in this paper are four.
Themes and Corollaries
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

At a Japan Society meeting in 1985, Mr. Den Fujita, the maverick president of McDonald’s Japan, was asked why Japan did not participate more actively and more generously in philanthropic activities either domestically or internationally. Mr. Fujita’s response was simple: “Because we are not Christian.” In fact, his response was too simple.
Establishing a Foundation-Law and Practice
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

The first and most important thing to be said about the Civil Code law governing private philanthropy and private philanthropic organizations in Japan is that far from providing exhaustive, detailed, and definitive rules, it offers merely a skeletal framework and a basis for guidance. Substance is given to the framework by the more informal practices and discretionary choices of the various government agencies whose responsibility is to administer the nonprofit provisions of the law.
Recent Developments and Future Directions
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have attempted to illustrate and support the contention that even when extending beyond the borders of Japan, Japanese philanthropy functions largely within the confines of a unique domestic culture and cannot correctly be understood without reference to that context. Everything from attitudes toward and perceptions of philanthropy, as reflected in governing laws, to the apparatus for raising funds and awarding grants reflects traces of Japanese history and culture. History is continually progressing and culture perpetually evolving; accordingly, philanthropy cannot remain static. Japanese philanthropy is not likely to metamorphose dramatically to reappear suddenly in altered form. It is not likely ever to duplicate the American model. Nonetheless, it has grown and continues to grow into an increasingly sophisticated and effective shape of its own. The final pages of this book briefly examine recent trends and potential future directions in Japanese corporate philanthropy.
Managing the Introduction of New Process Technology: An International Comparison
Authors: Tyre Marcie J
Published: November 2023

There is mounting evidence that, despite rapid advances in the technology of manufacturing equipment and systems, U.S. firms are failing to exploit these technologies for competitive benefit. Jaikumar, for instance, argues that U.S. managers “are buying the hardware of flexible automation-but they are using it very poorly. Rather than narrowing the competitive trade gap with Japan, the technology of automation is widening it further” (1986, p. 69). Thurow blames “America’s poor productivity, quality, and trade performance” squarely on inferior capabilities in introducing and using process technology (1987, p. 1660). According to the Manufacturing Studies Board, U.S. companies need to “reemphasize process improvements-selecting, using, and implementing available manufacturing technologies-as a critical competitive weapon” (1986, p. 17).
Organizational Change and the Internationalization of R&D
Authors: Westney D Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In the second half of the 1980s, Japanese avowals of their growing commitment to basic research and the increasing Japanese spending on research and development threw into sharp relief one of the major transformations of the final two decades of the twentieth century: the globalization of technology. As Ray Vernon pointed out, “The propensity of technology to cross national boundaries has been growing rapidly, mainly as a result of the improvement in communication and transport” (1987, p. 173). But the globalization of technology involves more than the growing permeability of national technology systems, with technology quickly moving from the most advanced to the less advanced nations. It increasingly extends to the growing interdependence of the science and technology systems of the highly industrialized countries, a development brought home to Americans with the negotiations between the Japanese and U.S. governments on U.S. military access to Japanese electronics technologies essential to the U.S. defense system.
Owners, Artisans, and Entrepreneurs
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

The problems of Philadelphia’s Afro-American businessmen in the decades following the Civil War were related to those which plagued the majority. They too had to face racism and conquer poverty. But the reasons why so few entrepreneurs were able to succeed were more complicated than these alone. The explanations offered by Afro-American contemporaries themselves ranged from lack of entrepreneurial talent or interest to lack of capital. But the first of these is belied by the biographies of many black Philadelphians; and the second, a handicap shared with other groups, had earlier been conquered by many of them. And neither is enough to explain not only why the community’s businesses remained small in number and size but why the relative resources and influence of their owners were actually shrinking. The situation was in fact complex, as different enterprises experienced different histories, not all were in trouble, and ingenious individuals found a variety of ways of making money. The community’s entrepreneurial history may best be explained through looking at the specific problems and attitudes illustrated by the lives of some of its more notable businessmen, together with the stories of some of its leading businesses, from cemetery management and catering through the manufacturing trades, barbering, and others, including illegal enterprises of several kinds. Some of the lesser reasons for decline include an apparently widespread distaste for the self-denying, even miserly life-style of some local “success” stories, changing fashions and technology, and simple bad luck. But the most important were related to racism, and to the situation of the black majority, as shown in the last chapter.
The Rise of College Baseball
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

“whoever wants to know the heart and mind of America, “ wrote Jacques Barzun at mid-twentieth century, “had better learn base ball, the rules and realities of the game. ‘ ‘1 Barzun ‘s aphorism was particularly true when applied to the heart of the collegiate extra curriculum in the nineteenth century. Baseball was the dominant sport of the 1800s in most American colleges, as it was in all of America until well into the twentieth century. Cricket, on the other hand, was played rather widely by collegians before intercollegiate competition began in the mid-nineteenth century. Though England gave America nearly all of its sports, cricket, the “national pastime “ of England in the nineteenth century, never became popular in American society.
The Early Failure of Faculty Inter-Institutional Control
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

When c11al Celloti maccnacken of New York University in 1905 called for an inner-institutional faculty conference to decide whether intercollegiate football should be banned or reformed, the resulting birth of the National Collegiate Athletic Association was not the first attempt to bring about faculty control of intercollegiate athletics. Neither was the creation of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives ( Big Ten) in 1895. The movement toward inter institutional faculty control of athletics began a generation before the NCAA, when faculties from Princeton and Harvard Universities independently formed faculty athletic committees.
Amateur College Sport: An Untenable Concept in a Free and Open Society
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The rise OF the professional coach was a major force in the early movement in American intercollegiate athletics to adopt a professional model. By the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, it was clear that the professional model produced victories. Only those with idealistic blinders on, such as Outingeditor Caspar Whitney, believed that the amateur sport model would outlast a professional one in America. Only Whitney, or someone of his ilk, could claim in 1894 that professional sport was dead in America and that true amateurism had conquered all. Men ‘s intercollegiate sport had accepted much of the spirit of professionalism as its own. Yet college athletics expressed an amateur ideal during this period, as it did nearly a century later. One might say that Americans for well over a century have tended to profess amateurism while they have exhibited the professional spirit in most areas of “amateur “ sport. This was no more apparent than in intercollegiate athletics. Why have Americans accepted the professional model, and why have they felt the need to justify their actions in the name of amateur athletics?
Brutality, Ethics, and the Creation of the NCAA
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

In american intehcollegjate history, novear has been as momentous as that beginning in mid-1905. It as a watershed year, as important to the direction that college athletics would take as the contemporary publication of Upton Sinclair ‘s The Junglewas to creating legislation in the meat packing industry. In both cases the time was ripe to change laissez-faire policy by establishing national guidelines over brutal and unethical practices. One dealt with animals and the other with athletes, and some saw similarities between the two, particularly with regard to football. Not surprisingly, President Theodore Roosevelt was intimately involved in the reform of both meat packing and intercollegiate athletics.
Symbolic Representation and Attentional Control in Pragmatic Competence
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: November 2023

Pragmatic competence entails a variety of abilities concerned with the use and interpretation of language in contexts. It includes speakers’ ability to use language for different purposes-to request, to instruct, to effect change. It includes listeners’ ability to get past the language and understand the speaker’s real intentions, especially when these intentions are not directly conveyed in the forms-indirect requests, irony and sarcasm are some examples. It includes command of the rules by which utterances are strung together to create discourse. This apparently simple achievement to produce coherent speech itself has several components-turn-taking, cooperation, cohesion.
Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Speech Act of Correction
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko , Beebe Leslie M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we examine American and Japanese performance of the speech act of correction by looking at how this speech act is performed with status unequals-a person of lower status addressing someone of higher status and a person of higher status addressing someone of lower status. By focusing on correction, we are not looking at opinions, but rather at situations where one person knows the other has made a factual error. By looking at situations between a professor and a student, we are choosing situations where the roles are clearly defined and the status relationships are relatively clear-cut. The difference in status here is not necessarily socio-economic, but rather a matter of the power structure within the classroom.
The Metapragmatic Discourse of American-Israeli Families at Dinner
Authors: Blum-Kulka Shoshana , Sheffer Hadass
Published: November 2023

In the broadest sense, interlanguage pragmatics is concerned with the ways in which nonnatives do things with words in a second language. The phenomena investigated from this perspective may relate to both pragmatic and discoursal knowledge; in practice, the emphasis has been on contrasting native and nonnative speech act performance, on detecting learners’ inappropriate speech act realization and accounting for pragmatic errors or deficits in terms of both source and communicative effects (see Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989 for an overview).
Murdock v. Memphis: Section 25 of the 1789 Judiciary Act and Judicial Federalism
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth-century history of Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 constituted one of the most important chapters in the evolution of American federalism. Tracing its origins to the controversies surrounding the creation of the federal court system in 1787 and

J789, Section 25 served as the primary focus for competing theories

of the federal union throughout the antebellum and Reconstruction periods. In the 1875 case of Murdock v. Memphis, that history came to a close. Ironically, though, just as the United States Supreme Court staved off a revolution in federalism almost accomplished by the 1867 re-enactment of Section 25, Congress finally got around to conferring plenary jurisdiction over federal questions on the national courts.

Section 25 of the first Judiciary Act, which gave appellate juris diction over federal-question cases to the United States Supreme
Corporate Reform in American Manufacturing and the Challenge to Economic Theory
Authors: Piore Michael J
Published: November 2023

Modern business organization has been a subject of social science research and theory at least since the mid-nineteenth century. In recent years, however, scholars have increasingly concentrated on a particular characterization of the modern enterprise. This characterization derives from the work of the business historian Alfred Chandler, as stylized and interpreted by Oliver Williamson. It is one of a vertically integrated, hierarchical organization, as contrasted with the egalitarian relations among units in a competitive marketplace. In the last decade, this organizational form has become a major focus of research even in theoretical economics, which in the past has been concerned primarily with markets.
Compatibility Standards and the Market for Telecommunications Services
Authors: Besen Stanley M , Saloner Garth
Published: November 2023

Not so long ago, technical standards in the United States telephone industry were determined primarily by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. To be sure, AT&T had to coordinate with foreign telecommunications entities, independent telephone companies, and the United States Department of Defense, but the degree of coordination was relatively minor, and AT&T had substantial latitude in deciding on the standards that would be used. However, three forces have caused this situation to change dramatically. First, because of the entry of large numbers of competing suppliers of equipment and services into the United States telecommunications industry, standard setting has moved from the technical concern of a single firm to a factor with important implications for competition. As a result, the processes by which standards are set are now subject to detailed scrutiny by both the regulatory authorities and the courts. In a sense, telecommunications standards have become too important to leave their determination solely to the telephone companies.
Toward the Perfect Work Place? The Experience of Home-based Systems Developers
Authors: Bailyn Lotte
Published: November 2023

Information technology makes it possible to free work from the constraints of location and time. No longer must employees commute daily to a central office place in order to perform their work. Telecommuting, estimates suggest, could save thousands of barrels of oil a day and significantly reduce the stress on individuals that stems from the current organization of work (Eder, 1983). But what to some is the hope of the future and the solution to many social ills is to others the harbinger of a new era of exploitation in an electronic sweatshop (cf. the AFL-CIO Resolution on Computer Homework, 1985). The technology alone will not determine which of these outcomes prevails (Elling, 1985, p. 28). Rather, that will depend on the people and tasks involved and on the structural, managerial, and cultural context in which the work gets done (Perini, 1991).
The Influence of Communication Technologies on Organizational Structure: A Conceptual Model for Future Research
Authors: Allen Thomas J , Hauptman Oscar
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a conceptual model that hypothesizes how information technologies may help with two key functions of communication in research and development. The first function is to provide state-of-the-art information on the organizational technologies that are used. This function is typically carried out through a functional organization structure, which groups together individuals with similar technical specialties. The second function is to coordinate the technical specialties applied to the same task or project. This is typically accomplished by a project form of organization, which groups together individuals working on the same task. The cost of selecting one structure is the loss of the advantages of the other. Information technologies, such as electronic mail, computer conferencing, bulletin boards, and document search and retrieval systems, may be used to augment the chosen structure and to compensate to some degree for its limitations.
Rationality, Truth, and Critique
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

My elaboration and defense, later in this book, of ecumenical political dialogue presuppose a particular conception-the “coherentist” conception-of rationality. It makes much more sense to address the issue of rationality directly than to presuppose an unarticulated and unexamined position on the issue. I therefore devote this chapter to a discussion both of rationality and of related issues. There is, in any event, a more general reason to pause to address the issue of rationality. In discussions of morality and religion, including (especially?) discussions of the proper relation of religion and morality to politics, the issue of rationality, even when not addressed systematically, often looms large: Are moral convictions rational? Less rational than scientific convictions? Are moral convictions religious in character less rational than secular moral convictions? Is it possible to adjudicate between or among, or at least to discuss, competing moral or religious convictions rationally? Must a politics that would be rational exclude justificatory reliance on moral, or at least on religious-moral, convictions? What is rationality anyway? What does it mean to say that a belief is rational? What are the criteria of the rationality of a belief? And so on. My discussion here of rationality is meant to serve as epistemological background to-and, to some extent, as epistemological grounding for-my elaboration and defense, in later chapters, of ecumenical politics.
Dynamic Structure
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J
Published: November 2023

Economists have traditionally been suspicious of changing tastes, and intellectual tastes change slowly. Nevertheless, it is time to reconsider the conventional wisdom that tastes are not the business of economists. Those who favor incorporating taste formation and taste change into economic analysis fall into two groups whose intersection is virtually empty. One group is primarily interested in the welfare implications of changing tastes, the other in the analysis of household behavior. Galbraith, who emphasizes the ability of producers to manipulate consumers through advertising, provides an articulate statement of the welfare view. Characterizing his own work, he writes, “The surrender of the sovereignty of the individual to the producer or producing organization is the theme, explicit or implicit, of two books, The Affluent Society... and The New Industrial State” [1970, p. 471].