bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inaugural Address
Authors: Khan Ghulam Ishaq
Published: August 2018

Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Dr Ghaffar Chaudhry, Distinguished
Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my privilege to inaugurate the Fifth
Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development
Economists. During the past six years of its existence the Society,
which I founded in 1982, has become an institution devoted to the
pursuit of scientific virtuosity and academic rectitude. It has provided
a powerful medium through which a serious discussion of economic and
demographic issues related to Pakistan's economy has become possible. I
am happy to know that by this time over one hundred papers, written by
scholars from all over the world, have been presented in this forum. In
addition, the Inaugural Address, the Presidential Address, the
Quaid-i-Azam Lectures, and the Guest Lectures, presented in this forum
each year, provide a synoptic review of the fields of development
economics and demography, and of issues relating to the economics of
education, health and the role of women in the development process. This
massive intellectual output should strengthen the process of knowledge
creation by matching the theories of economic development with the
'reality' in the developing countries. The resulting literature, with a
focus on Pakistan, also provides rich source material and guidelines for
policy formulation in the field of socio-economic development. I must
add, however, that while due to the contributions of the Society we know
much more about the nature of the development problem, our knowledge of
how to solve it has probably not expanded as much.
An Islamic Perspective on Inequality in Pakistan
Authors: Jehle Geoffrey A.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the distribution of income in Pakistan,
and in each of its four provinces, from an explicit and formal Islamic
perspective. A cardinally significant Atkinson-Kolm-Sen relative index
of inequality reflecting that perspective is proposed and computed from
the full HIES data series for the years 1984-85, 1985-86, 1986-87, and
1987-88. There is evidence of a significant decline in overall
inequality in Pakistan from 1984-85 to 1987-88, but the level of
inequality remains very high. Inter-province and inter-urban/rural
differences in inequality profiles within Pakistan and each of its
provinces are found to be generally less. significant than
intra-province and intraurban/ rural differences.
Nature and Methodology of Islamic Economics: An Appraisal
Authors: Haque Ziaul
Published: August 2018

Islamic economics emerged as a discipline separate from the
general science of economics in the wake of the political process of
Islamisation of the Pakistani society and economy during 1977-88. In
formulating its fundamental principles, Islamic economics seeks to fuse
Islamic religion with economic science; that is, it tries to combine the
study of economic phenomenon of ordinary business of life with religious
beliefs, ethical norms, moral ideals, rules and laws, thus putatively
believing that the social science of economics is a secular discipline
which does not concern itself with value judgements, and that Islamic
economics is a plausible alternative to modern economics since it is
based on the values, norms and principles of Islam. [Ahmed (1981), p.
xiv; Chapra (1985), pp.19-29).]
Measuring the Education Gap in Primary and Secondary Schooling in
Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Naushin , Zahid G. M.
Published: August 2018

The investment in primary and secondary education is a
fundamental premise for achieving social and economic development, for
increasing labour productivity and for facilitating expansion in higher
education. Ensuring that new generations of children receive at least
primary education and that substantial proportions continue up to
secondary levels of schooling, an accurate monitoring of the educational
change becomes essential for assessing past progress and planning the
future course of educational development. This paper is an attempt in
this direction to examine the existing differentials and gaps in
enrolment, educational retention and capacity utilisation at primary and
secondary levels of schooling in Pakistan with special attention given
to the impact of educational plans and policies on these trends. The
study is based on both enrolment statistics and data on educational
institutions during the seventies and mid-eighties. The enrolment
statistics permit calculation of enrolment and continuation ratios for
measuring the magnitude of non-participation of children in schools,
while information on number of schools provides the possibility of
assessing the extent of utilisation of educational facilities and
measuring the gaps between existing and needed facilities for schools.
We have focused on primary and secondary schooling with a view to
recognise and address the basic issue concerning the development of
school education in Pakistan.
Government Budget Deficits and Exchange Rate Determination:
Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Burney Nadeem A. , Akjitar Naeem
Published: August 2018

It is now generally accepted that the real exchange rate is a
key relative price in an econom/ Changes in the real exchange rate
influence foreign trade flows, balance of payments, the structure and
level of production, allocation of resources, etc. While the real
exchange rate is an endogenous variable that responds to both exogenous
as well as policy-induced shocks, the nominal exchange rate is usually
taken as a policy instrument. The two rates, however, are found to be
related to each other. 2 For effective policy-making, it is imperative
to have some idea about different factors that influence the real
exchange rate. Equally important is the knowledge of the manner in which
the real exchange rate responds to changes in the exogenous variables.
While there is a general consensus that the impact of various exogenous
shocks on the exchange rate is transmitted through four broad channels,
namely, (i) absolute prices, (ii) relative prices, (iii) income, and
(iv) interest rates, the relative importance of each of these channels
is found to vary across countries. In general, it depends on the degree
of openness of the economy and the relative effectiveness of the fiscal
and the monetary sectors within a country.
Rural Poverty in Pakistan: Some Recent Evidence
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

Pakistan's growth record over the past two and a half decades
has been impressive. Real income per person has almost doubled. This
growth has been spurred on by a vigorous manufacturing sector, sustained
by an innovative agricultural sector, and aided in the 1970s by
large-scale remittances from Pakistanis in the Middle East. This is no
me~ record considering the high 3 percent per annum growth in
population. Open unemployment has remained low. Furthermore, increasing
real wagerates, brought on by the expanding domestic economy, the strong
demand for agricultural labour following the green revolution in the
earlier years, and migration of rural workers to the Middle East in the
1970s have managed to spread the gains from this growth. There is a
consensus of opinion that this growth has translated into declining
levels of poverty especially since the late 1970s [see, for example, de
Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985); Malik (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1989) and
Ercelawn (1989)]. Most studies on poverty in Pakistan are limited to
estimating the head-count ratios for single years based on the available
Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES); the most recent studies
use the 19S4-85 data set. The earlier studies were additioinally limited
by the grouped nature of the published data from these surveys and by
the somewhat arbitrary basis on which poverty lines were set. Only
recently, with the easier access to the original household level data
tapes and the improving quality of the data sets, has more detailed work
been undertaken.
Economics of Market Socialism and the Issue of Public Enterprise
Reform in Developing Countries (The Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Bardhan Pranab
Published: August 2018

Historically state socialism has had dramatic initial success
in creating a basic capital goods base in early stages of
industrialisation and in its spectacular feats of mass literacy and
public health campaigns made possible by mass-based organisations and
forces of human mobilisation unleashed by socialist revolutions in poor
countries like China, Vietnam or Cuba. But from the post-mortem reports
of the collapse of the command economy in different parts of the world
it is now clear that centralised state socialism is largely incapable of
coping with the technological demands of the increasing sophistication
in product quality and diversity and the needs of quick flexibility in
decision-making and risk-taking in a whole range of economic activities
spanning the technological spectrum from agriculture to semiconductors.
There is no doubt that a more decentralised market-mediated allocation
of resources and greater competition can correct much of the wastage and
dynamic efficiency of the bureaucratic command system and introduce more
agility and flexibility in economic decisions. But the big question is
how effective the stimulus of competition and markets can be without
large-scale private ownership.
Technical Change and Returns to Wheat Breeding Research in
Pakistan's Punjab in the Post-Green Revolution Period
Authors: Byerlee Derek
Published: August 2018

Rates of yield gain and returns to investtnent in wheat
breeding research are estimated for Pakistan's Punjab for the period
since the introduction of semidwarf varieties. Analysis of two
comprehensive data sets indicates that wheat breeders have maintained a
rate of yield gain in newer releases of semidwarf varieties of about 1
percent per year. Improved disease resistance of newer varieties may
have also prevented a yield decline of the order of 0.25 percent per
year. Yield gains on farms may be less (0.6 percent per year) because of
slow diffusion of new varieties. Given costs of wheat research, returps
to investment in wheat breeding have been above 20 percent and are over
15 percent even if all research costs at the national and international
level are included. However, more rapid diffusion of new varieties in
the Punjab could considerably increase returns to wheat
research.
Determinants of Money Multipliers
Authors: Bilquees Faiz
Published: August 2018

In the present day world of fairly well-developed banking
systems where money stock in an economy is jointly determined by the
policies of .the Central Bank, the scheduled banks and the non-bank
public, the determination of money stock is an important variable in the
formulation of an appropriate monetary policy. In Pakistan however very,
frequent and significant changes in money supply during the fiscal year
suggest strong arbitrariness in the formulation and implementation of
the monetary policy. There are various approaches to the process of
money stock determination, one approach is through money multipliers.
Changes in money multipliers reflect the portfolio decisions of the
commercial banks, non-bank public and the monetary authority. Extensive
developments in the theory and applied research in the formulation of
money multipliers by Friedman and Schwartz (1960); Brunner and Meltzer
(1964); Hosek (1970); Bomhoff (1977) and others have estimated money _
multipliers for the industrialised ecOnomies but with the exception of
Hosek they treat the determinants of the money multipliers as exogenous
and are taken as given. However the determinants of money multipliers
depend on various interest rates and measures of economic activity which
are not constant.
Domestic Resource Mobilisation: A Structural Approacb
Authors: Khan Saleem M.
Published: August 2018

The Mobilisation of domestic resources and their efficient
utilisation are two of the most crucial tasks in revitalising the
economy of Pakistan. Historically, low saving fotmation and relatively
higher targets of investment and economic growth made it imperative to
depend on external resources. Despite heavy domestic borrowing from both
private and public sectors, there still has remained an unmet resource
gap that has necessitated dependence on foreign capital. I In recent
years, the sources of foreign assistance have become scarce due to a
growing shortage in world saving and growing domestic demand for budget
appropriations in the western countries. If economic growth in Pakistan
is to be sustained and selfgenerating, investment in physical and human
development must be increased and mad more efficient. To meet this
challenge, most of the capital will have to come from domestic sources.
Hence, the focus of this paper is on harnessing domestic efforts to
increase saving formation and to enhance efficiency of capital
investments. Traditionally, the government of Pakistan has relied on
conventional approaches to increasing domestic saving. First, the
government has been encouraging greater saving by the private sector
through a package of national saving schemes and by allowing financial
institutions to introduce saving incentives. Saving-schemes and saving
incentives have not produced satisfying results. Table 1 shows saving
and investment in selected South Asian countries. Saving in Pakistan is
very low and, indeed, among the lowest even when compared with
neighbouring and other developing countries. Explanations of this
failure include the low levels of income and high rate of inflation in
the country.2 Moreover, the financial institutions have in general
remained inefficient.
Immunisation and Infant Mortality in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Zubeda
Published: August 2018

Our children are our future and if we want them to grow up
healthy and strong, we have to protect them from the six dreadful
diseases through immunisation which attack them in early childhood. This
can be achieved by giving the children one dose of BCG vaccine against
tuberculosis and zero dose of Polio at birth [Government of Pakistan
(1989»), three doses of DPT vaccine for prevention of diphtheria,
whooping cough and tetanus. Three doses of polio vaccine and one dose of
measles vaccine should be given before their first birthday. Since the
mother is the agent through which a child can receive the vaccinations,
it is important that mothers are made aware of the different kinds of
immunisation for the children and the times in the child's age at which
it should be given. This can only be done successfully, if the ministry
of health launches a fullscale publicity programme. For this purpose,
the services of local influential persons, for example the Imams of
mosques and school teachers should be sought. Social workers and
volunteers should also be included in the publicity programme. An
extensive advertising campaign through display of posters about the six
preventable diseases shown at all prominent public places, at the
hospitals and the health centres should be done. Pamphlets should be
handed out in the public, and even supplied on every door step. Public
awareness can be increased through radio and television.
The Behaviour of Stock Returns in an Emerging Market: A Case
Study of Pakistan
Authors: Khilji Nasir M.
Published: August 2018

In developed market economies, the stock market is a major
conduit of financial resources from surplus units to deficit units. This
transfer of funds is mutually advantageous to both parties. The
recipients of these funds, publicly owned companies, are enabled to
utilise them in profitable investments, while the surplus units,
ultimately households, are provided an opportunity in sharing in the
future profits of these enterprises. More importantly, by providing an
active market for existing corporate securities, the stock market is
also able to fulfil the liquidity needs of surplus units. The most
significant academic developments in finance in the past twentyfive
years have been portfolio theory, capital market theory, and efficient
market theory, collectively called modem finance theory. These modem
developments, based on the pioneering works of Markowitz (1959) and
Sharpe (1964), and accumulating empirical evidence suggest that
financial investors are well advised to make their decisions assuming
that security prices fully and instantaneously reflect all publicly
available information. This proposition is often referred to as the
random walk hypothesis, which implies that successive security
prices/returns are not statistically associated.
Some Tests for Differences in Consumption Patterns: The Impact of
Remittances Using Household Income and Expenditure Survey Data of
Pakistan 1987-88
Authors: Malik Sohail J. , Sarwar Naeem
Published: August 2018

It is argued generally that the observed pattern of use of
remittances! by emigrant families reduces their effectiveness for
economic development and growth. A large school of thought believes that
a considerable portion of the remittance money is spent on raising
current consumption, in making unproductive investment in real estate
such as residential houses, and in acquiring consumer durables, etc.
Such expenditure, apart from being inflationary in nature, also has a
strong demonstration effect on the consumption patterns of families that
do not receive remittances. Another aspect of the alleged
consumption-oriented use of remittances is the relatively high import
content of the consumption demand generated by remitted funds. This has
the adverse implication of offsetting some of the balance of payments
gains. There is, therefore, a need to critically examine the utilisation
pattern of remittances in terms of statistically testing for differences
in consumption behaviour between households that receive remittances and
those that do not. This study attempts such an analysis based on the
data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of
1987-88.
The Nature and Significance of the Medieval and Modern
Interpretations of Riba
Authors: Haque Ziaul
Published: August 2018

The present socio-cconomic fomlation in the urban, rural and
tribal areas of Pakistan is in transition from its semi-feudal phase to
an urbanised and industrialised economy and society. In this
trdnsformation to an industrialised market economy, industrial capital
and the new classes of entrepreneurs, financiers. industrialists.
businessmen and wage-labourers play crucial roles in the overall
production process. ' However, in the rural and tribal areas of Pakistan
the old feudal classes still dominate and tenaciously cling to
pre-
Strategies to Settle Existing Debts under an Islamised Banking
System
Authors: Anwar Muhammad
Published: August 2018

In the wake of the Islamisation of the financial system of a
country, an essential concern would be to transfer existing
interest-bearing debt into mutually agreeable interest-free contracts.
Such conversion is possible under an Islamised banking system because
every increase, other than interest, over and above the basic debt is
not forbidden. This study proposes a set of strategies that can be used
as a guide to renegotiate existing interest-bearing contracts into
equivalent interest-free contracts. The Federal Shariah Court in
Pakistan ordered the Government of Pakistan to change all such laws that
contain provision for interest by 30 June 1992. ,The government has
appealed against the decision in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Interestingly, the court's decision also notes that: "There have been
made prayers invariably in the petitions that the interest be wiped off,
or the interest paid already be counted towards payment of capital or
that directions be issued to the banks and other fmancial institutions
restraining them from claiming or recovering from the petitioners the
amount of interest due against them on the loans borrowed by them. In
this connection, we would like to make it clear that this court has a
limited jurisdiction as to declaring a law or provision of law whether
or not it is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. It has no
jurisdiction to grant any relief by way of issuing injunctions or
staying proceedings pending before a Court of Law. All such prayers are
thus misconceived and stand rejected" [PLD (1992), p. 180]. Obviously
the judgement does not resolve the problems raised by the petitioners in
the Shariah Court. However, it does raise an interesting question. If
th~ Supreme Court upholds the decision of the Federal Shariah Court and
the financial laws in Pakistan containing provision of interest are
amended then what would be the status of the existing debt? The people
in Pakistan, particularly the creditors and the debtors, are obviously
puzzled as they do not know the fate of their deals. As these are likely
to be settled in the framework of the Shariah laws, it is essential to
explore possible ways of settling debt under an Islamised banking
system.
The New Protectionism and the Nature of World Trade (The
Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Jones Ronald W.
Published: August 2018

Despite multilateral efforts since World War II to lower
barriers to trade among countries, there is ample evidence that
protectionism is still a powerful force serving to inhibit the exchange
of goods and services. It is the case that tariff levels have been
drastically reduced-for industrial countries from an average of 40
percent in 1947 to less than 5 percent today.! However, in recent
decades a variety of non-tariff barriers to trade has mushroomed in
popularity and the tendency to favour regional trading areas implies
discrimination among countries in trading relationships, counter to the
basic multilateral approach and most-favoured-nation treatment sponsored
by the various GAIT negotiating sessions. The increased pressures for
protectionism have in recent years been fueled by the world recession,
on occasion utilising the rhetoric of the "new trade theory", with its
emphasis on the existence of imperfectly competitive markets. It is a
common observation that the volume of world trade has expanded rapidly
in the past half century-even relative to world output? This could be
taken as primajacie evidence that protectionism is fighting a losing
battle. Such a conclusion would not be supportable if there are forces
in the world tending naturally to lead to more open trade, in which case
protectionism may only be slowing this trend. This is indeed the case,
and I wish to argue that the nature of world trade is systematically
changing: The fraction of trade represented by fmal consumer goods is
becoming smaller, replaced by increased trading activity in
goods-in-process, raw materials, and capital goods.
Mincerian Earnings Function for Pakistan
Authors: Tayyeb Shabbir
Published: August 2018

Due to its central role in various debates about the detenninants of individual earnings, the Mincerian earnings function (MEF) as given in Mincer (1974) has attracted the attention of many economists. The MEF has been estimated virtually for every country except Pakistan, where a necessary condition has been missing, i.e., national level data on the exact number of years of schooling completed has not been available; instead, in a majority of the relevant micro-level surveys, schooling has been measured only in terms of a 'categorical' variable with possible values being 'Primary and Incomplete Middle', 'Middle and Incomplete Matric', etc. At best, this data deficiency has restricted the existing estimated earnings functions to what we refer to as the 'Dummies earnings functions' (DEF) since they are constrained to specify schooling in terms of a set of dichotomous dummy variables. Using a nationally representative data on male eameG, this study tries to fill the above gap by estimating the MEF both in its 'strict' as well as the 'extended' forms. In terms of the 'strict' MEF, i.e., the one analogous to Mincer's (1974) specification which essentially treats earnings as a function of schooling and job-market experience, the main fmdings are that the marginal rate of return to schooling is 8 percent, the experience- earnings profile is consistent with the pattern suggested by the human capital theory and as much as 41 percent of the variance in log earnings is accounted for by the strictly defined MEF. By and large, these findings are consistent with those implied by estimated MEFs for comparable LDCs. Further, the present study also estimates 'extended' MEF, whose specification supplements that of the 'strict' MEF by adding variables to control for urban vs rural background, occupational categories, employment status, and provincial heterogeneity. The 'extended' MEFs are also estimated separately for urban and rural samples and for each province. Formal 'Chow-type F tests' conducted to test for homogeneity of the parameters of MEF across different sub-samples reveal 'pervasive' segmentation across the above strata.
Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Less Developed Countries
Authors: Abul F. M. Shamsuddin
Published: August 2018

This study examines the economic determinants of private foreign direct investment (FDI) by using a single-equation econometric model for 36 LDCs for the year 1983. The market size of the host country as measured by per capita GDP is found to be the most important factor in attracting FDI. The other important variables which influence FDI are found to be the cost factor (such as wage cost) and the investment climate in the host country (represented by such variables as per capita debt). The inflow of per capita public aid and economic instability, proxied by the volatility of prices, are other important factors affecting the flow of FDI. While larger market size and increased inflow of public aid attract FDI, the higher wage cost, poor investment climate, and economic instability in the host countries reduce the inflow of FDI. The model used to obtain these results is found to be structurally stable across countries.
Irrigation Inequalities in Pakistan 1960-1980: A District-level Analysis
Authors: Manzoor Ahmad
Published: August 2018

This study estimates the magnitudes of inequality in the distribution of irrigated areas at three points in time and extends the fmdings of Gill and Sampath (1990) using more disaggregated data. Specifically, it provides estimates of the level of inequality in the distribution of land and irrigation-related attributes among agricultural households across farm-size groups at provincial and district levels. It decomposes the levels of inequality in each province in terms of its two major components, namely, "betweendistricts" and "within-district" inequality, and tests a modified "Kuznet" hypothesis, according to which the relationship between the levels of inequality and the levels of development is an inverted "U". The major findings of the study are: There exists considerable inequality in the distribution of various land area variables across farm-size groups in all the districts of Pakistan, with considerable inter-district variations in their levels and movements over time; between the "within-district" inequality and "betweendistricts" ineqUality. The former represents 91 percent, 76 percent, 75 percent, and 65 percent of total inequalities for Sindh, the Punjab, Balochistan, and the NWFP, respectively. This means that more has to be done in terms of the irrigation distribution policy than in terms of removing the inter-district variations in irrigation development. And, finally, the modified "Kuznet" hypothesis is valid in explaining the inter-district variations in the levels of inequality in the distribution of at least some of the land area variables.
U. Kalpagam. Labour and Gender: Survival in Urban India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1994.300 pp.Index. Hardbound. Indian Rs 285.00.
Authors: Hina Nazli
Published: August 2018

There is increasing realisation that the development of a society depends crucially on the development of its human capital. It is the quality, potential, and efficiency of each person in the society that determines the pace of development. The exploitation of the inherent potential of the manpower to its fullest is a sine qua non of the successful exploitation of all the other resources. It is only of late that the profession has started focusing on the issues of gender. The book under review provides a deep insight into these issues in the context of labour and survival amongst urban workers in an Indian state. Its main theme is labour and gender. However, because at subsistence levels of living the objective is not to maximise utility but to maximise the chances of survival, the issues take on a third dimension. In traditional India, like other male-dominated, chauvinistic societies, gender roles were strictly defined. Females were assigned the responsibility of housework, whereas the males fulfilled the financial needs of the family. Lately, the traditional role of women in Indian society is changing. Increasing numbers of women are working in the formal and informal sectors as wage-earners. This book focuses on the problems faced by poor working women in the urban informal sector. Gender, as an analytical category of work, and survival, which has been ignored in most social research, provide interesting dimensions to the urban labour problem. In this regard, the author examines the role of planning and its effect on women workers in urban India, and studies the interaction between the state, the market, and the household. She suggests that the state should intervene in regulating the market forces to assure the survival of the very poor.
Who Gets Primary Schooling in Pakistan: Inequalities among and
within Families
Authors: Sathar Zeba A. , Lloyd Cynthia B.
Published: August 2018

The chances of Pakistani children's entering school and
completing the primary level are extremely low even in comparison witli
the relatively poor situation in other South Asian countries. This paper
uses the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey to explore some of
the determinants of parents' decisions about their children's schooling,
giving particular attention to factors at the household and community
levels. The results indicate that inequalities across households provide
a major explanation for variations among children in primary schooling
levels. Even the basic decisions relating to children's entry into
school and completion of the primary level are largely determined by
parents' education, particularly that of mothers, and household income.
Primary school is not compulsory and even attendance at public school
requires substantial monetary outlays. With only a small percentage of
school-age children in Pakistan having mothers with any education or
parents with sufficient income, the cycle of poverty and unequal
opportunity is perpetuated. The accessibility of "appropriate"
single-sex schools and the availability of quality schools are important
additional factors in children's schooling outcomes, particularly for
girls in the rural areas.
Naqvi, Syed Nawab Haider. Development Economics: A New Paradigm.
New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1993.208 pp.Indian Rupees 200.00.
Authors: Klein Lawrence R.
Published: August 2018

In this book Professor Naqvi expresses his dissatisfaction
with the attitude of economists, in general, towards the subject of
development economics. His book rejects "the viewpoint that development
economics is some brand of applied economics". From Professor Naqvi's
perspective, development economics is a legitimate subject in its own
right and should not be summarily treated as though its analysis can be
handled by the ordinary tools of general economics. It should stand with
welfare economics, econometrics, international trade, industrial
organisation, or labour economics as a separate subject with some
particular premises, conclusions, and methodology. Development
economics, according to Professor Naqvi, should be based on ethical
considerations of such phenomena as poverty, distribution, and
unemployment. In the study of general economic equilibrium, scholars
have shown how the existence theorems establish conditions for Pareto
optimality, but their assumptions are that income distribution is given,
that technique is given, and that all conditions for perfect competition
are met. While these are beautiful theorems with welfare economic
implications, they do not serve development economics well because
technological progress, evolving income distributions, and many market
imperfections are typical features of the very process of
development.
Intra-family Distribution in Developing Countries
Authors: Behrman Jere R.
Published: August 2018

Intra-household allocations appear to be quite important in
the determination of time use, human resource investments, and intra-
and inter-generational transfers in developing countries. The nature of
such allocations has important implications for the efficiency, equity,
and efficacy of the micro and macro-economic policies. In the past
decade and a half, there has been substantial progress in modelling
intrahousehold allocations in ways that lead to testable propositions
despite enormous data limitations regarding the nature of the allocation
of unobserved variables and the impact of unobserved heterogeneous
endowments. The parent -child exchange literature is a subset of these
studies that advances in two dimensions by allowing children to have
different preferences from their parents' and by incorporating a broader
notion of interactions, including the attention provided by the children
to their parents. Yet this literature has most of the problems that are
indicated with regard to the unified household preference models. The
exchange literature to date has assumed away het" erogeneity in
endowments which plays such a critical role in the studies that assume
the unified household preferences. It is also silent on how human
resource investments enter into the relations between parents and
children. The collective models of household behaviour emphasise that
different household members. usually husband and wife. may have
different preferences and a different command over resources.
Interesting theoretical results have been derived concerning the
conditions under which the income-sharing rules and the allocation of
non-assignable goods can be derived. But there are many limitations in
this literature. The literature on the collective models of household
behaviours is static and gives little consideration to the dynamic
processes and learning.
Kuttan Mahadevan and Prameswara Krishnan (eds). Methodology for
Population Study and Development. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
1993.
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The main concern of this volume is to explore various aspects
of the research methodology relating to population dynamics. The authors
belong to different disciplines, and in the nineteen contributions here
which are categorised under five major themes, they examine various
avenues relating to the assessment of population issues from their own
perspectives. The first two papers ("Implicit Theoretical Assumptions in
Research Designs" by Hubert M. Blalock Jr. and "Conceptual Models in
Population Studies" by K. Mahadevan) emphasise the need for greater
sensitisation of the researcher to a broad range of implicit assumptions
in the research design for data analysis, and to the utilisation of
appropriate conceptual frameworks for modern empirical research. Blalock
rightly points out the general tendency of researchers to develop what
he terms "intellectual blinders" to overlook the shortcomings of the
design they adopt, and the tendency to stress the weaknesses of the
unfavoured design strategies. He is also concerned about the
generalisability issues when convenience of choice in the subject's
location in social psychology is excused on the grounds that it is also
done by most others. He observes that the exposure of graduate students
to the methodological literature is brief and, in many cases, it is only
a "nuts and bolts treatment" of measurement issues with "a rather heavy
emphasis on whatever technique happens to be fashionable at the time, or
at their own universities, rather than a more thorough grounding on the
nature of the theoretical assumptions that undergird the particular
technique. As a result, they know how to use and churn out research
papers that enable them to display their expertise. But they are not
being trained to examine the approach in question from the standpoint of
gaining a deeper understanding of the theoretical rationale that
underlies it". (p. 34).
Determinants of Female Time Allocation in Selected Districts of
Rural Pakistan
Authors: Sultana Nargis , Nazli Hina , Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

This paper attempts to explain female time allocation for
rural women in selected districts of Pakistan. This topic is of
considerable importance for several reasons. At an academic leveL the
fact that the female labour force participation decision and the hours
worked are jointly determined raises interesting problems of modelling
and econometric estimation in taking account of the selectivity bias
thus introduced into OLS estimation. At the policy level, an insight
into the factors influencing female labour force participation is
extremely important in a developing country such as Pakistan where the
majority of females do not participate in mainstream economic
activities. The objective of this study is to determine the factors
affecting the optimum time allocation between market and housework of
females in rural Pakistan. In a male dominated society like Pakistan
with strong cultural taboos, a woman's labour force participation can be
expected to depend significantly on non-market factors. In this study we
examine, in particular, whether women's decisions not to work outside
the home are influenced more by social norms, for example purdah and
patriarchy, or by economic constraints such as lack of relevant
education and training, non-availability of job opportunities and low
wages etc.
A Comprehensive Macroeconomic Income Determination Model for an
Islamic Economy
Authors: Hussain Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Several attempts at modelling the income determination process
in an Islamic Economy have been made.l Almost all of these attempts are
related to income determination on the demand side of the economy only.
To the best of my knowledge no attempt has so far been made to capture
the supply-side effects on income determination. Some early Muslim
thinkers like Ibn Khaldun (1980) have emphatically stressed the
supply-side effects on income determination in a Muslim economy. The
main objective of this study is to make an effort to present a
comprehensive macroeconomic income determination model for an Islamic
economy that takes care of the demand side as far as the goods markets
and money markets are concerned and it also covers the supply side of
the economy as far as the optimal conditions for hiring of the labour
and capital in the factor markets are concerned.
Self-reliance Policy in Edible Oil and the Social Profitability
of Pakistan's Oilseed Crops
Authors: Mahmood Amir , Chaudhry M. Ghaffar
Published: August 2018

Like many other South Asian countries the advent of the green
revolution has led to increased productivity of many cash and food crops
in Pakistan and a noticeable movement towards food-sufficiency,
especially in case of wheat. One unintended outcome of these
achievements has been the neglect of the oilseed and edible oil sector
at all levels of research and government. With a widening in the edible
oil deficit, Pakistan has become increasingly dependent on imported
edible oils. At an annual average growth rate of9.6 percent, Pakistan's
edible oil imports have risen from 466.94 million kg. in 1980-81 to
1045.95 million kg. in 1991-92. By contrast the import costs during this
period have risen from Rs 2.62 billion to Rs 10.2 billion showing an
annual growth rate of nearly 13 percent. This unhappy state of affairs
has been the result of not only of the rapidly accelerating pace of
edible oil demand but also of deceleration in the growth rate of
domestic production [Government of Pakistan (1992)].
An Assessment of Warabandi (Irrigation Rotation) in Pakistan: A
Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz Khan , Hussain Zakir , Zeb-Un-Nisa .
Published: August 2018

A significant feature of Pakistan's agriculture is that it is
served by the Indus irrigation system, which is one of the largest
contiguous irrigation systems in the world. The system comprises of the
Indus River and its tributaries, three major storage reservoirs, 19
barrages/headworks, 43 canals, and 12 link canals and 43 canals covering
about 43,000 chaks or village settlements. The total length of the canal
system is about 40,000 miles with over 80,000 water courses, field
channels ' and ditches running for another million miles. About 100--106
million acre feet (MAP) of surface irrigation supplies are diverted
annually into the canal system. Only 60 percent of this water reaches
the farmgate due mainly to low efficiency in the delivery of water. The
historical review of the area, production and yield trends shows that
agricultural production in the past has increased mainly due to
expansion in irrigated acreage while the contribution of changes in
yields has been insignificant. In general, agricultural production can
be increased by either expanding the irrigated cropped area or by
raising the crop yields. It is highly unlikely that Pakistan will be
able to satisfy the food needs of the rapidly increasing population
through yield increases alone. This means that there ia a need to
increase the irrigated cropped area through additional water supplies
and by improving the efficiency of water use through using the water
resources in a scientific manner.
Supply Response in Pakistan with "Endogenous" Technology
Authors: Ahmed Ather Maqsood , Siddiqui Rizwana
Published: August 2018

Considering the significance of agriculture sector in
Pakistan's economy, one of the major objectives of agricultural policy
has been to raise the level of real income of the farmer by stabilising
the agricultural output through a system of price support programme. In
the recent past, a number of studies have confirmed that Pakistani
farmers respond to changes in output prices.! The prime objective of
these studies was to estimate price, acreage or yield elasticities based
on the Nerlovian Adjustment Model under alternative expectation schemes.
Naqvi and Burney (1992) estimated output supply and input demand
functions based on the profit function approach.2 Surprisingly, the
single-equation supply model has been used extensively for policy
analysis without noticing the fact that such a model does not guarantee
that the harvested share of each crop will always be non-negative and
the sum of shares of all crops will be unity. Similarly, models which
are based on applied duality theory do not take into account the actual
decision-making at the farm level. The sequence of events is such that
farmer first allocates area across crops and then chooses the input
levels conditioned on the allocation of area across crops. Mundlak
(1988) has shown that the optimisation model in this case will have to
be modified to provide for sequential solution for area allocation and
input use. This model clearly distinguishes the changes in optimal input
and output combinations for each crop from changes in the quasi-fixed
inputs across crops.
Regional Agricultural Underdevelopment in Pakistan
Authors: Chaudhary Mohammad Aslam
Published: August 2018

In this study an attempt has been made to analyse regional
agricultural growth in Pakistan in the light of the regional spread of
the Green Revolution and its impact on productivity and output growth of
this sector. The regional inequality in the spread of the Green
Revolution can lead to several other inequalities and it may cause
social and economic problems, for example, inequality in income, social
tension and political unrest. Therefore, its study is important. Our
main focus of the study is to identify linkages between the regional
spread of the Green Revolution and increase in productivity in the
agriculture sector. Such an inequality in the growth of agriculture
could also be a source of relative under development of a certain
region. To study such events and for comparison, an analysis of all the
regions of Pakistan has been carried out. Table 1, shows inequality in
the growth of agriculture in Pakistan and in its regions since 1960-61
to 1990-91.
Poverty Assessment: Pakistan's Case
Authors: M. Shaukat Ali
Published: August 2018

This study is an attempt to determine the poverty-line and the incidence of poverty in Pakistan by using data of the latest Household Integrated Economic Survey: 1990-91. The study uses a different approach. and methodology in respect of earlier studies of the subject. The approach is that of the "Basic Needs", which defines the poverty-line in terms of minimum expenditure on all needs, food as well as non-food. The methodology used in estimating the minimum expenditure on various needs is based on the "Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES)". For the year under review, the total poverty-line was estimated at Rs 374 per capita per month, with the food poverty-line at Rs 191. A comparison with the income levels reported in the Survey revealed that roughly 47 percent population had an income less than this threshold level expenditure on all needs, the shortfall or gap being almost 25 percent. The proportion of population with an income less than the threshold expenditure on food alone was found to be 10 percent. In certain respects, the results were quite different, quantitatively as well as qualitatively, from those of the earlier studies.
A Macroeconomic Model of an Interest-free System
Authors: Hamid Zangeneh
Published: August 2018

A number of economic models have been designed to evaluate and analyse the Islamic banking system. However, less attention has been paid to macro model-building in an Islamic framework even though most of the Keynesian, Classical, and Neo-classical economic systems are compatible with the tenets of Islamic economics. In this paper an interest-free economic system is formulated in terms of the familiar Neo-classical macroeconomics models. Even though the rules of conduct for Muslims in an Islamic economic system are different from those in the non-Islamic economic systems, it is shown that the Islamic economic system does exhibit properties that are consistent, reasonable, and familiar. For example, under some reasonable simplifying assumptions, the model shows that savings and investment do not necessarily have to fall because of the institution of an Islamic economic system, as some economists suggest. These depend on the rate of returu on mudarabah investment, just as they depend on the rate of return on investment (profits) in a credit-based economic system. These could be higher, lower, or remain the same relative to their levels in a credit-based economy under different conditions. The model also shows the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on the rate of inflation, the rate of return on mudarabah, and therefore on the investment demand. The model shows that, in general, an economic system based on Islamic principles is viable; it also provides unique solutions for income, employment, and prices.
Sohail J. Malik, Safiya Alta., and Nargis Sultana. Pakistan's Economic Performance 1947 to 1993: A Descriptive Analysis. Lahore: Sure Publishers. 1994. 444 pages. Hardbound. Rs 325.00/US$ 35.00.
Authors: Hina Nazli
Published: August 2018

Pakistan's economic history has seen many turnarounds since independence. The country emerged on the world-map with few manufacturing industries, very little educated and skilled labour, a limited endowment of financial resources, and the enormous problem of resettlement of refugees. In addition to this, political conflicts with India caused two wars and resulted in the separation of East Pakistan. However, the country's economic performance has been remarkable. This book reviews Pakistan's economic performance over a period of 47 years, from 1947 to 1993, and traces the history and development of various sectors of Pakistan's economy with the help of time-series data on key variables. Trends in these variables are depicted in graphs. The background data are provided in the 58 appendix tables at the end of the book. In each chapter, Pakistan's position in the world economy is judged by a comparative analysis in relation to other countries.