bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OceanSenses 2022: Using Our Primary Senses to Connect with the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Mohadjer Solmaz , Panieri Giuliana , Stiller-Reeve Mathew , Aune Vibeke , Clerici Monica , Holm Villads Dyrved , Losleben Katrin , Maric Filip , Os Vibeke , Poto Margherita Paola , Poddevin Victor , Zimmermann Heike Jane
Published: February 2023

Understanding how warming temperatures will alter the Arctic region and how these changes impact other parts of the globe are both scientifically valid and societally relevant. However, many perceive the Arctic Ocean and related environmental issues as remote, disconnected, and irrelevant to their lives. This is partly because scientific research in the Arctic Ocean is often undertaken with little input from or communication with the public. In particular, school communities which act as important gateways to the public, have few opportunities to engage in and contribute to knowledge generation and sharing related to the Arctic Ocean. To address this issue, the 2022 AKMA2 OceanSenses expedition (11-23 May) bridged researchers with other societal actors including schoolteachers and artists to integrate different kinds of knowledge and co-create educational materials that allow for a closer connection to the Arctic Ocean. Since our five senses (touch, sight, smell, hearing, and taste) are the primary channels through which we experience the world, the educational materials developed during this expedition were based on these senses. We created a series of lesson plans to engage learners of different ages (from kindergarten to secondary education) to explore different aspects of the Arctic Ocean. Lesson topics range from ocean acidification and seafloor methane seep environments to Arctic ecosystems and food webs. Each lesson takes a unique approach to introduce and explore the lesson topic. For example, the lesson based on “smell” is a boardgame that covers some of the chemicals found in the deep ocean. Players work collaboratively to identify chemical compounds (e.g., methane and sulfur) by smelling already prepared testers. The lesson based on “hearing” encourages students to make sounds of their own to re-create and discuss a selection of sounds recorded on board and in the ocean by the expedition participants. For the lesson based on “touch”, students use modelling clay to sculpt enlarged foraminifera (single cell organisms that live in the ocean), allowing them to feel and learn about these very small organisms that scientists use to learn about past environments. In the “sight” lesson, students learn how water filters out color in the sea and how organisms adapt to live in different light conditions. They do this by searching for marine organisms made from paper cutouts with different colors while wearing blue goggles in a dark room. In this presentation, we share and discuss examples of our multisensory lesson plans. These lesson plans and accompanying materials will be available on the expedition website (https://akma-project.com/akma2-oceansenses) by April 2023.   
Recurrent 3He-rich solar energetic particle injections observed by Solar Orbiter at ~0.5 au
Authors: Bucik Radoslav , Mason Glenn M. , Nitta Nariaki V. , Krupar Vratislav , Rodriguez Luciano , Ho George C. , Hart Samuel T. , Dayeh Maher A. , Rodríguez-Pacheco Javier , Gómez-Herrero Raúl , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F.
Published: February 2023

We report Solar Orbiter observations of six recurrent solar energetic particle injections in 2022 March 3–6 at ~0.5 au. The injections were associated with jets emanating from a plage near a large sunspot in NOAA active region 12957. We saw large jets in injections with high 3He and Fe enrichments and minor jets in injections with no or lower enrichments. Furthermore, the event with the highest enrichment showed a more compact configuration of the underlying photospheric magnetic field. The higher fluences as well as harder spectra were seen in the event with a wider jet-like eruption. However, in this case, the buildup time might be required to produce such spectra. Extreme ultraviolet images from Solar Orbiter revealed a crisscrossing network at the base of jets not seen from 1 au that might be suitable for the recurrent events.
Nutrient and trace element budgets of fields in organic farming– examples from Austria
Authors: Sager Manfred , Doppelbauer Lisa , Reithofer Christoph , Erhart Eva , bonell Marion
Published: February 2023

Abstract In organic farming, the C and N budget in the soil can be improved by growing clover grass to increase the levels of humus and nitrogen soil content. Other elements may be supplied through organic fertilization as well as the recycling of straw and organic waste. Three case studies attempting to close nutritional cycles on site are presented, to avoid input of external fertilizers. The first case study examined an inter-farm exchange of organically grown clover grass for conventional cattle manure and organic cattle slurry of about equal total nitrogen contents. In this cooperation the farm providing the clover grass lost K, while receiving a surplus of all other elements analyzed (Ba, Ca, Cu, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, Zn). In the second case study, input of cattle slurry versus output of barley grains and straw was examined. Cattle slurry containing about equal amounts of N, K and P found in summer barley grains plus straw per hectare was applied, increasing Ba, Cu, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, and V on site, whereas Ca and Mo decreased. At half the concentration of slurry, in addition to Ca and Mo, the levels of Ba, Cu, K and Mg decreased as well. If straw was left on the field, all of the elements investigated increased. The third case study analyzed the fertilization effect of digestate from alfalfa-based biogas production on a non-legume cover crop mixture followed by summer barley. Fertilization with liquid digestate led to higher amounts of dry matter and higher contents of Ca, K, Na, P and Sr in cover crop biomass per hectare but had no effect on the yields of the following summer barley. Analysis of soil nitrate before, during and after the cover crop period showed no signs of nitrate leaching. Therefore, the fertilizer N could successfully be stored in plant biomass over the critical winter period for the following crop. The three case studies show that innovative methods of clover grass use can successfully close nutrient cycles on stockless organic farms so they can subsist without a need for external supplies.  
Terrestrial Planet Formation in Systems with Three Giant Planets
Authors: Habibi Farhang , Haghighipour Nader
Published: February 2023

Motivated by the discovery of exoplanetary systems with multiple giant planets, we present the results of a systematic study of the possibility of terrestrial planet formation in systems with three Jupiter-like planets. We began by carrying out a large number of orbital integrations for different values of the mass, semimajor axis and orbital eccentricities of giant bodies and identified the regions of the parameter space for which the three-planet system is stable. Formation of terrestrial planet was then studied in the stable system where we simulated the stage of giant impacts considering the perturbation of the three giant planets. Results show that as expected, terrestrial planet formation can proceed constructively in systems where giant planets are in low-eccentricity orbits. Results also show that despite its mass and eccentricity, the farther planet plays a weaker role in the formation and composition of the final planets. We present results of our simulations and discuss their implications for the orbital assembly and composition of terrestrial planets in systems with more than two giant planets.  
 
Growing Pacific Linkage with Western North Atlantic Explosive Cyclones
Authors: Stuivenvolt-Allen Jacob , Wang Simon S.-Y. , Chikamoto Yoshimitsu , Meyer Jonathan , Johnson Zachary
Published: February 2023

Explosive cyclones (ECs), defined as developing extratropical cyclones that experience pressure drops of at least 24 hPa in 24 hours, are impactful weather events which occur along highly populated coastal regions in the eastern United States. These storms occur due to a combination of atmospheric and surface processes, such as jet stream intensification and latent heat release. Even though previous literature has elucidated the role of these processes in EC formation, the sources of interannual variability that impact seasonal EC frequency are not well known. To analyze the sources of interannual variability, we track cases of ECs and dissect them into two spatial groups: those that formed near the east coast of North America (coastal) and those in the North Central Atlantic (high latitude). The frequency of high-latitude ECs is strongly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, a well-known feature, whereas coastal EC frequency exhibits a growing relationship with an atmospheric wave-train emanating from the North Pacific in the last 30 years. This wave-train pattern of alternating high-and-low pressure resulted in heightened upper-level divergence and baroclinic instability along the east coast of North America. Using a coupled model experiment, we show that the tropical Pacific Ocean and North Pacific oceans are the main driver of this atmospheric wave train and the subsequent enhancement seasonal baroclinic instability in the North Atlantic.
Broken pebbles and cobbles from the middle-upper Miocene siliciclastic deposits of the Peloritani Mountains (Sicily, Italy): evidence of extensional paleotectonics?
Authors: Maniscalco Rosanna , Somma Roberta , Spoto Sebastiano Ettore
Published: February 2023

In the Peloritani Mountains (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy), evidence of several fractured pebbles and cobbles was found in the coarse-grained siliciclastic deposits of the middle-upper Miocene San Pier Niceto Formation. The pattern of this pebble/cobble fracturing is analogous in type and orientation. These broken pebbles and cobbles appear fractured and affected by normal subparallel faults in a single clastic element, with mm- to cm offset. Such peculiar structures have been commonly associated with active tectonics in recent deposits. The present research is therefore devoted to the study of the middle-upper Miocene San Pier Niceto Fm. in Peloritani Mountains for i) characterizing the morphologic properties and orientation of clasts, ii) defining the spatial orientation of faults and principal stresses, iii) understanding their tectono-sedimentary genesis. The goal is to ascertain that broken clasts may or may not represent paleoseismic evidence and coseismic deformation during the initial stages of the extensional tectonics in the still active area of the Calabrian Arc.
Monsoon Planet: Bimodal rainfall distribution due to barrier-structure in pressure field
Authors: Katzenberger Anja , Levermann Anders , Feulner Georg , Petri Stefan
Published: February 2023

Monsoon systems are transporting water vapour and energy across the globe, making them a central component of the global circulation system. Changes in different forcing parameters have the potential to fundamentally change the monsoon characteristics as indicated in various paleoclimatic records. Here, we use the Atmosphere Model version 2 developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL-AM2) and couple it with a slab ocean to analyse the monsoon's sensitivity to changes in different forcing parameters on a planet with idealized topography. This Monsoon Planet concept of an Aquaplanet with a broad zonal land stripe allows to reduce the influence of topography and to access the relevant meridional monsoon dynamics. In the simulations that enable monsoon dynamics, a bimodal rainfall distribution develops during the monsoon months with one maximum over the tropical ocean and the other one over land. The intensity and expansion of the land monsoon depends on the relative height of a local maximum in the surface pressure field that is acting as a barrier and determines the landward moisture transport. This dynamic is emerging during the course of one year, but also occurs when varying different parameters in a sensitivity analysis (slab ocean depth, sulfate aerosols, carbon dioxide, solar constant, land albedo). This structure of a bimodal rainfall distribution and a pressure-barrier located between the two maxima is also present in the Westafrican monsoon.
COST action (OFF-SOURCE, CA21112)- Offshore Freshened Groundwater: An unconventional water resource in coastal regions?
Authors: Hong Wei-Li , Micallef Aaron , Bertoni Claudia , Giustiniani Michela , Schwalenberg Katrin , Thomas Ariel , Quiroga-Jordan Elizabeth , Wazaz Hiba
Published: February 2023

Freshwater resources in coastal regions are under enormous stress due to population growth, pollution, climate change and political conflicts, and many coastal cities have already suffered extreme water shortages. OFF-SOURCE will address if and how offshore freshened groundwater (OFG) – groundwater stored in the sub-seafloor with a total dissolved solid concentration below that of seawater - can be used as an unconventional source of freshwater in coastal regions. Specifically, the Action will identify where OFG is found in waters of COST Member Countries and in which volumes, delineate the most appropriate approaches to characterise OFG, identify the most cost-effective strategy to utilise this resource, and assess the environmental and legal challenges to sustainable OFG use. These activities will be carried out by a new scientific, gender-balanced and inclusive network of experienced and early-career scientists and stakeholders from diverse and complementary scientific disciplines. Such a network will foster cross­disciplinary and inter-sectoral interaction between currently isolated fields of research to reduce the gap between science, policy making and society. There are five different working groups (WGs) that aim for the critical tasks of this action: Assessment (WG1), Characterization (WG2), and Utilization (WG3) of OFG, the Challenges faced by the community (WG4), as well as Training and Dissemination of up-to-date knowledge about OFG (WG5). This interaction will foster new ideas and concepts that will lead to breakthroughs in OFG characterisation and exploitation, translate into future market applications, and deliver recommendations to support effective resource management. By providing high quality training opportunities for early career investigators, particularly from less research intensive countries, the Action will develop a pool of experts to address future scientific challenges related to OFG.
Response of the estuarine turbidity maximum to a changing hydrodynamic environment in the Pearl River estuary
Authors: Ma Mengyao , Zhang Wenyan , Porz Lucas , Schrum Corinna
Published: February 2023

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays an important role in both physical and biogeochemical processes in the estuarine system, and the variation of SPM concentrations have multiple environmental and societal implications. Previous research has shown that gravitational circulation, tidal trapping, sediment resuspension and deposition, and runoff of rivers are the primary controlling factors for the formation of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in the Pearl River estuary (PRE). However, the mechanistic connection between surface riverine sediment plumes and the ETM, and the spatial and temporal variation of the ETM caused by human-induced morphological change and climate- and land subsidence-induced sea level change remain largely unknown. In our study, Landsat data from the 1970s to 2010s were analyzed to identify the variation of the surface sediment concentration. A 3-Dimensional hydrodynamics-sediment transport model (SCHISM) were used to investigate the impacts of decadal-changes (1970s-2010s) of morphology, riverine sediment discharge and sea level on the spatial and temporal variation of ETM. Sediment trapping mechanisms (e.g. topographic and tidal trapping, estuarine fronts) were investigated for their influence on the variation of the ETM to clarify the nonlinear relationships between various sediment trapping processes and the ETM in the PRE. With this study, we aim to better understand the response of the ETM to past and future environment changes caused by both climate and human activities.
Identifying sources of hydrogen isotope fractionation in plant carbohydrates and lipids under low carbohydrate supply
Authors: Holloway-Phillips Meisha , Wacker Anina , Hoch Günter , Nelson Daniel B. , Lehmann Marco , Kahmen Ansgar
Published: February 2023

Appreciation for the influence of plant metabolism on the hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of plant compounds has increased in recent years, adding new opportunities to understand how plants respond to environmental change. In general, where carbon supply is limited (e.g. at the beginning of the growth season, in darkness, under low CO2), the resulting δ2H of newly produced plant compounds tends to be 2H-enriched. The source of the 2H-enrichment has yet to be identified but hypotheses include: 1) a direct effect of reduced photosynthesis; 2) change in the partitioning of photoassimilates to sucrose/transitory starch; 3) use of longer-term starch reserves; and/or, 4) increased isotopic exchange with water suggesting increased metabolite cycling. To test these ideas, we utilised samples collected from a study which grew tree saplings under 100% and 6% of ambient sunlight in the field (Weber et al. 2018, New Phytologist, 222: 171-182).  In general, relative growth rate was attenuated by a species-specific amount that ensured homeostasis of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations; however, not before an initial two-fold reduction in NSC levels – the time period the current study focussed on. Cellulose was purified and n-alkanes extracted from leaves of six deciduous species (Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus avium, Quercus petraea and Tilia platyphyllos) in July 2016, around one year after the shade treatment began. The isotopic difference of cellulose between shaded and full sunlit grown leaves (εshade-sun) was significantly different from zero, with species-specific offsets ranging between 20 to 70‰. In comparison, the treatment effect was minimal for the C-chain length concentration weighted δ2H values of n-alkanes, ranging between -7 to +10‰. To narrow down the source of 2H-enrichment in leaf cellulose, the δ2H of sucrose and starch are currently being analysed in samples collected from stem wood (without bark) before bud-break in March 2016, and in leaf and stem material sampled after leaf-out in July 2016. An increase in sucrose δ2H values from shade leaves relative to controls would support Hypothesis 1 and 2; 2H-enriched storage starch relative to leaf sucrose would support Hypothesis 3; and an increase in the δ2H of sucrose in stem wood relative to storage starch (before bud-break), would support Hypothesis 4. Our study has important implications for interpreting 2H-enrichment of plant compounds with respect to reduced C supply.
Interpolation of hydrological time series via Dynamic Mode Decomposition
Authors: Libero Giulia , Ciriello Valentina
Published: February 2023

The distribution and availability of water resources all around the world are strongly affected by climate change. To deal with any negative impact, the research community is asked to provide accurate information to guide adaptation and mitigation strategies. The effort is supported by the increasing availability of data, which is fueling studies about climate-related phenomena. A massive contribution comes from satellite technologies, which have evolved rapidly in the past few decades, and now provide data with improved spatial coverage and time resolution. However, an important issue related to this type of product is still represented by missing data. The gap between data, especially if long-lasting, breaks the continuity of the observations and limits further application of the time series. Different data-driven methods have been tested to bridge these gaps, and even to reconstruct the series in the past. A new viable approach could be represented by the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), a data-driven model reduction technique that originated in the fluid dynamics community, capable of extracting coherent structures directly from spatiotemporal complex system data. The DMD method allows to automatically embed seasonal variations and capture trends in the data, for this reason, it is used for the detection of patterns, the extraction of reduced order models, and the prediction of time series based on previous observations. A suite of DMD algorithms is available to handle different applications. Here, we use different DMD algorithms and analyze their capability to reconstruct and interpolate time series of total water storage anomalies as provided by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. The mission is focused on monitoring mass distribution changes on Earth through the measurement of Earth’s gravity field variations. Changes in gravity detected by GRACE can be used to derive estimates of water distribution on the planet and hence provide pioneering data to draw an integrated global view of how Earth’s water cycle is evolving. GRACE data are freely available and provided to the users as global matrices of centimeters of equivalent water thickness anomalies relative to a baseline mean. The native resolution is 3 degrees, but a matrix of scale factors can be applied to adapt the data on a global regular grid at a resolution of 0.5 degrees in both latitude and longitude. Data are available from April 2002 to the present, on a monthly scale, but the series is affected by some short-term gaps and a major interruption of approximately 1 year, due to the transition between the first GRACE mission, flown from March 2002 to October 2017, and the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE‐FO) mission launched in May 2018. In this study, the DMD method is applied to capture the hidden information embedded in the large amount of data collected by GRACE missions and then to use them to interpolate the short-term gaps and bridge the larger one-year gap.
Explosive Cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea exploiting ERA5 dataset: detection, classification, statistical and synoptic analysis of their occurrance
Authors: Carniel Cosimo Enrico , Ferretti Rossella , Ricchi Antonio , Curci Gabriele , Miglietta Mario Marcello , Reale Marco , Serafini Piero , Wellmeyer Evan David , Zardi Dino
Published: February 2023

In the semi-enclosed basin of the Mediterranean Sea, a wide variety of cyclone mechanisms are known to develop, including baroclinic waves coming from the Atlantic, Mediterranean cyclones originating from the cut-off of baroclinic waves, Warm Seclusions, Tropical-Like Cyclones (TLC), Rapid-Cyclogeneses (RC) and Intense Mediterranean Cyclones (IMC). Depending on the cyclone's type, the characteristic frequency of appearance can vary, ranging from tens per month to around 1-1.5 per year, as in the TLC case. RCs are among the rarest and probably most intense and destructive cyclone events that can develop in nature; they usually originate at high latitudes, during wintertime, and mainly over the sea, preferring areas with high Sea Surface Temperature (SST) gradients. It is generally accepted that these events are described by quick drop of pressure, close to 1hPa/hr for 24 hours, within the eye of the cyclone. Several recent studies investigated the formation of RC’s over Mediterranean Basin (MB). RCs formation is an extremely complicated process, and in the MB  it is mostly driven by dry air intrusions from the stratosphere and by the trigger of Atmospheric Rivers.Using ERA5 dataset, we firstly conducted a physical and dynamical analysis of the most intense cyclone events occurred in the Mediterranean basin in the period 1979-2020, identifying factors which triggered, generated and contributed to the intensification of such events. According to Sanders’ and Gyakum’s definition of Bergeron, a parameter which describes RCs’ deepening rate and varies from 28mb/(24h) at the pole to 12 mb/(24h) at latitude 25°N, we were able to classify them in the three aforementioned categories. With the help of EOF analysis, we outlined synoptic configuration more likely to drive the phenomena, highlighting the role of SCAND index and NAO-. Moreover, we have investigated the deepening with a new promising approach involving the use of 6 hours timespans, in order to single out the cyclones with higher gradients of pressure and faster evolution in semi enclosed basins. Further analysis is being undertaken to determine the cyclones’ phase and their main morphological characteristics, as well as their correlation with atmospheric rivers and SST anomalies exhibited by the Central Mediterranean Basin.
ACE-FTS water vapour trends in the stratosphere-mesosphere
Authors: Sheese Patrick , Walker Kaley , Jeffery Paul , Boone Chris
Published: February 2023

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) is a high spectral resolution (0.02 cm-1) spectrometer on the SciSat satellite that has been taking solar occultation measurements of the Earth’s limb since February 2004. ACE-FTS measures vertical profiles of temperature/pressure and concentrations of over 60 trace gases, including ozone and water vapour, with a vertical resolution of ~2-6 km. From the beginning of the mission, ACE-FTS water vapour data exhibits a significant positive trend on the order of a few percent per decade throughout the stratosphere and mesosphere, in agreement with similar measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instruments. This study will investigate the link between ACE-FTS water vapour trends and decadal variations in other atmospheric parameters, including local and tropopause temperatures, ozone and methane concentrations, and solar flux, and will discuss how ACE-FTS measurements of HDO can be used to continue measuring background water vapour trends post-eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano, which injected ~160 Tg of water vapour (more than 10% of the stratospheric water vapour budget) into the stratosphere.
An emergent constraint exposes widespread underestimation of drought impacts by Earth System Models
Authors: Green Julia K. , Zhang Yao , Luo Xiangzhong , Keenan Trevor
Published: February 2023

The response of vegetation canopy conductance (gc) to changes in moisture availability (ϒgc) during drought is a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. Representing ϒgc accurately in Earth System Models (ESMs) is particularly problematic because no regional scale gc observations exist with which to evaluate it. Here, we overcome this challenge by deriving an emergent constraint on ϒgc across ESMs from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We leverage an ensemble of satellite, reanalysis and station-based estimates of surface temperatures, which are physically and statistically linked to ϒgc due to the local cooling effect of gc. We find that models systemically underestimate ϒgc by ~50%, particularly in semi-arid grasslands, croplands, and savannas. Based on the mediating effect of gc on carbon, water and energy fluxes through land-atmosphere interactions, the underestimation of modeled ϒgc in these regions contributes to biases in temperature, transpiration and gross primary production. Our results provide a novel benchmark to improve model representation of vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere feedbacks in these regions, thus improving forecasting ability of climate extremes under future climate change scenarios.
Multiple target horizon exploration for the implementation of an integrated geothermal system for Göttingen, Germany
Authors: Leiss Bernd , Peacock David C. P. , Abdelkhalek Ali , Romanov Dmitry
Published: February 2023

To boost the contribution of geothermal energy to Europe’s energy transition, exploration and exploitation must extend to new regions and play types. The MEET (Multidisciplinary and multi-context demonstration of EGS exploration and Exploitation Techniques and potentials) project included analysis of the potential for an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) in the metasedimentary rocks of the Variscan Fold and Thrust Belt in the subsurface at the University of Göttingen, Germany. A feasibility study related to the integration of EGS into the existing district heating system of the Göttingen University campus, which currently uses a natural gas-based combined heat and power plant, presents several scenarios with minimum requirements for cost-effectiveness of the EGS, e.g. a brine flow rate of 30 l/s and brine temperature of 130°C. Mohr diagrams are used to predict the responses of the rocks to thermal and hydraulic stimulation, using information from geological analogue studies in the nearby Harz Mountains, and petrophysical data measured in the laboratory.We focus on targeting multiple geological horizons to reduce the exploration risk and to optimize the geothermal energy system, including the development of deep, medium deep and shallow geothermal systems for heating, cooling, and heat storage. A concept based on these geothermal systems together with other renewable energies and energy-efficiency measures is proposed. The geology at Göttingen is suitable for such an integrated geothermal system. It includes Variscan basement rocks below ~1500 m, Zechstein layers with salt, gypsum and carbonate layers (up to 500 m thick), and Mesozoic sandstones and possibly karstified carbonates. Unconsolidated Pleistocene sediments are suitable for shallow geothermal systems. The multiple target horizons approach can be more appealing for funding because of the possibilities of higher output and greater efficiency. It will also decrease the exploration risk because fall-back options are available. Involvement and engagement of different stakeholders is a potential barrier to such an integrated approach.MEET received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement № 792037
Are we past the point where it is acceptable to err on the side of least drama?
Authors: Haustein Karsten
Published: February 2023

Climate change communication has been and remains to be challenging, even when there is no controversy amongst actual climate science experts anymore. However, it is an uphill battle in cases where the science is less clear or where consensus has emerged only very recently. Exemplified for global and regional (or national for that matter) warming levels to date (with reference to the quasi-preindustrial baseline 1850-1900), I will demonstrate what sci-comm problems we face and which ways there are to resolve it. This includes the discussion of strategies to raise awareness within the expert community as well as suggestions for clear, salient and perhaps emotional communication to the public (or media for that matter). The fact that we get ever close to the 1.5°C warming threshold adds considerable urgency to the issue.I will first introduce the method(s) to estimate the human-induced level of global and regional warming, i.e. how much of the observed warming of the past 150 years is attributable to anthropogenic climate change. I will then highlight the comms failures along the lines of erring on the side of least drama and ask the question when such tendency to 'remain on the safe side' are bordering on actual (unconscious) misinformation. In the second step, I will present results from a questionnaire where we have sampled the climate change knowledge of school students (age 14-19), with particular regard to the attributable warming fraction of global and regional climate. The results will be discussed in light of the unclear messaging from scientists, followed by what I think are the best long-term strategies to improve the situation.
Mapping methane and carbon dioxide point sources from space with EMIT
Authors: Thorpe Andrew , Green Robert , Thompson David , Brodrick Philip , Chapman John , Elder Clayton , Irakulis Loitxate Itziar , Cusworth Daniel , Ayasse Alana , Duren Riley , Guanter Luis , Frankenberg Christian
Published: February 2023

Carbon dioxide and methane are the two primary anthropogenic climate-forcing agents and are the dominant source of uncertainty in the global carbon budget. We present the first observations of methane and carbon dioxide point source plumes from the oil&gas, waste management, and energy sectors using the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) imaging spectrometer. An initial analysis of results from selected countries in the Middle East and Central Asia indicate that Turkmenistan has both the greatest number and largest methane emissions observed in this study. EMIT measures 285 distinct wavelengths between 381 and 2493 nm with a 7.4 nm spectral resolution and an 80 km image swath with a 60 m spatial resolution. EMIT’s daily coverage is equivalent to an area the size of South Africa and its revisit frequency will permit an assessment of emissions over time. By providing the locations of emission sources, these results offer the potential to improve our understanding of global greenhouse gas budgets and to inform mitigation strategies.Figure 1: Example of 12 methane plumes observed by NASA’s Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission east of Hazar, Turkmenistan.
CLaMS simulations of aerosol transport from the Asian monsoon anticyclone into the extratropical UTLS
Authors: Tritscher Ines , Vogel Bärbel , Müller Rolf
Published: February 2023

The Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in the Northern Hemisphere during summer was first discovered in satellite observation of aerosol particles in the Upper Troposphere / Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) by Vernier et al. (2011; 2015). It is related to the Asian monsoon anticyclonic circulation at UTLS altitudes. Motivated by the current lack of detailed understanding of the origin of ATAL particles and the transport of aerosols from the Asian monsoon anticyclone into the extratropical UTLS, we propose a model study based on simulations with the three-dimensional chemical transport model CLaMS. Simulations will be performed for the Asian summer monsoon 2017. In the framework of the StratoClim project, an aircraft measurement campaign was conducted in Kathmandu (Nepal) in summer 2017. A variety of trace gases and aerosol characteristics have been measured for the first time in the Asian monsoon anticyclone up to 20 km altitude. By using artificial tracers of air mass origin (Vogel et al., 2015; 2016; 2019), we plan to analyze the transport of aerosol particles into the extratropical UTLS with the help of the new ERA-5 reanalysis data from ECMWF.
Transport of selected organophosphorus pesticides through alluvial sediment with the addition of microbially inoculated chars
Authors: Jevrosimov Irina , Kragulj Isakovski Marijana , Apostolović Tamara , Rončević Srđan , Tamindžija Dragana , Maletić Snežana
Published: February 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the transport behavior of two selected organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos-CP and chlorpyrifos-methyl-CPM) through Danube alluvial sediment in the absence and in the presence of microbially inoculated chars originated from sugar beet shreds (biochar produced at 400°C and three hydrochars produced at 180, 200, and 220°C). Bacillus megaterium strain was used for microbial inoculation of investigated carbon-based adsorbents. Column experiments were used to simulate sorption in non-equilibrium conditions. Obtained results were modeled using the advective-dispersive equation (ADE). For column experiments only with alluvial sediment retardation coefficient (Rd) was in the range (Rd=15.5-16) and higher biodegradation was observed for CPM (λ=4.15) than for CP (λ=1.80). The retardation coefficient (Rd) for investigated compounds in column experiments with the addition of inoculated carbon-based materials ranged from (Rd=20-275). The addition of inoculated carbon based materials in a column filled with alluvial sediment significantly increases the retardation coefficient (Rd). This may be a consequence of simultaneous adsorption on the organic matter of the alluvial sediment, on carbon-based materials and results of biosorption. The biodegradation (λ) of the investigated compounds in a column filled with the addition of inoculated adsorbents was in range (λ=0.4-4.5) and was lower compared to the column without the addition of chars. A higher retardation coefficient (Rd) in column experiments with the addition of inoculated chars was observed for biochar than for hydrochars, which is directly correlated with the higher specific surface area (SSA) of the investigated biochar. Generally, the addition of inoculated carbon-based materials to contaminated sediments has the potential as a remediation technique to inhibit the leaching of pollutants to groundwaters and affect their immobilization.Keywords: transport, biochar, hydrochar, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, sugar beet shredsAcknowledgment Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Research Executive Agency (REA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Grant agreement No. 10105954
Progess in non-Markovian (and Fractional) StochasticClimate Modelling: A GLE-based perspective
Authors: Watkins Nicholas Wynn , Calel Raphael , Chapman Sandra , Chechkin Aleksei , Ford Ian , Klages Rainer , Stainforth David
Published: February 2023

The mathematical stochastic energy balance models (SEBMs) pioneered by Hasselmann and Mitchell  have long been known to climate scientists to be important aids to gaining both qualitative insight and quantitative information about global mean temperatures. SEBMs are now much more widely visible, after the award of the 2021 Physics Nobel Prize to Hasselmann,  Manabe and Parisi. The earliest univariate SEBMs were, however, built around the simplest linear and Markovian stochastic process, enabling Hasselmann and his successors to exploit their equivalence to the Langevin equation of 1908. Multivariate SEBMs have now been extensively studied  but this presentation focuses on the continuing value of univariate SEBMs, especially when coupled to economic models, or when used to study longer-ranged memory than the exponential type seen in Hasselmann's Markovian case.I will highlight how we and others are now going beyond the first SEBMs to incorporate more general temporal dependence, motivated by increasing evidence of non-Markovian, and in particular long-ranged, memory in the climate system. This effort has brought new and interesting challenges, both in mathematical methods and physical interpretation. I will highlight our recent paper [Calel et al, Nature Communications, 2021] on using a Markovian Hasselmann-type EBM to study the economic impacts of climate change and variability and our other ongoing work on generalisations (in particular fractional ones) of Hasselmann SEBMs.This presentation updates our preprints [Watkins et al, arXiv; Watkins et al, in preparation for submission to Chaos] to show how the overdamped generalised Langevin equation can be mapped onto an SEBM that generalises Lovejoy et al's FEBE and I will give a progress report on this work. I will also briefly discuss  the relation of such non-Markovian SEBMs to fluctuation-dissipation relations.
Enhancing environmental sensor data quality control with graph neural networks
Authors: Lasota Elżbieta , Polz Julius , Chwala Christian , Schmidt Lennart , Lünenschloß Peter , Schäfer David , Bumberger Jan
Published: February 2023

The rapidly growing number of low-cost environmental sensors and data from opportunistic sensors constantly advances the quality as well as the spatial and temporal resolution of weather and climate models. However, it also leads to the need for effective tools to ensure the quality of collected data.Time series quality control (QC) from multiple spatial, irregularly distributed sensors is a challenging task, as it requires the simultaneous integration and analysis of observations from sparse neighboring sensors and consecutive time steps. Manual QC is very often time- and labour- expensive and requires expert knowledge, which introduces subjectivity and limits reproducibility. Therefore, automatic, accurate, and robust QC solutions are in high demand, where among them one can distinguish machine learning techniques. In this study, we present a novel approach for the quality control of time series data from multiple spatial, irregularly distributed sensors using graph neural networks (GNNs). Although we applied our method to commercial microwave link attenuation data collected from a network in Germany between April and October 2021, our solution aims to be generic with respect to the number and type of sensors, The proposed approach involves the use of an autoencoder architecture, where the GNN is used to model the spatial relationships between the sensors, allowing for the incorporation of contextual information in the quality control process. While our model shows promising results in initial tests, further research is needed to fully evaluate its effectiveness and to demonstrate its potential in a wider range of environmental applications. Eventually, our solution will allow us to further foster the observational basis of our understanding of the natural environment.
The central Chile megadrought: World 's champion?
Authors: Garreaud Rene
Published: February 2023

The last decade (2010–2021) was drier than average in all major Mediterranean Climate Regions (MCRs), except for the Mediterranean Basin, with mean rainfall deficits from -2% (Southwest Australia) to -33% (central Chile). In most cases, dry years have prevailed but intermingled with wet years except for central Chile, along the west coast of subtropical South America, where all years since 2010 were below average. This conforms the so-called central Chile mega drought, the driest decade in local history since at least the 14th century and, as we show in this work, for any of the MCRs since 1901. Within the megadrought, accumulation dropped to <70% of the mean during 2019 and 2021, causing an unprecedented decline in vegetation, shortage of potable water and other detrimental impacts in central Chile.In addition to placing the central Chile megadrought in planetary context, we summarize the underlying mechanisms behind this climate extreme. While climatic anomalies during the last decade are broadly consistent with projections, natural variability originating in the subtropical southwest Pacific was conducive for dry conditions across the Pacific has been acting in concert with climate-change signal. As a result, the observed mean precipitation deficit was about three times larger than expected for the early decades of this century, more akin to those predicted for 2070-2090 under a heavy greenhouse gases emission scenario. 
On Unsupervised Learning from Environmental Data
Authors: Kanevski Mikhail
Published: February 2023

Predictive learning from data usually is formulated as a problem of finding the best connection between input and output spaces by optimizing well-defined cost or risk functions.In geo-environmental studies input space is usually constructed from the geographical coordinates and features generated from different sources of available information (feature engineering), by applying expert knowledge, using deep learning technologies and taking into account the objectives of the study. Often, it is not known in advance if the input space is complete or contains redundant features. Therefore, unsupervised learning (UL) is essential in environmental data analysis, modelling, prediction and visualization. UL also helps better understand the data and phenomena they describe as well as in interpreting/communicating modelling strategies and the results in the decision-making process.The main objective of the present investigation is to review some important topics in unsupervised learning from environmental data: 1) quantitative description of the input space (“monitoring network”) structure using global and local topological and fractal measures, 2) dimensionality reduction, 3) unsupervised feature selection and clustering by applying a variety of machine learning algorithms (kernel-based, ensemble learning, self-organizing maps) and visualization tools.Major attention is paid to the simulated and real spatial data (pollution, permafrost, geomorphological and wind fields data).  Considered case studies have different input space dimensionality/topology and number of measurements. It is confirmed that UL should be considered an integral part of a generic methodology of environmental data analysis. Comprehensive comparisons and discussions of the results conclude the research.  
Determining the Relation Between Electron-Neutral Collisions and Thermal Electron Temperature Profiles in the Mars Ionosphere
Authors: Turner Anna , Fowler Christopher , Andersson Laila
Published: February 2023

The thermal electron temperature, Te, is an important quantity in planetary ionospheres because many photochemical reaction rates depend on it. Te thus plays a role in driving ion composition, structure and dynamics. In addition, enhancements in Te with altitude have been shown to drive ambi-polar electric fields that can energize cold planetary ions and lead to ion escape to space.The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission acquires Te profiles on each orbit and as a result, a comprehensive data set exists that spans the full range of Mars local times, latitudes and solar zenith angles, allowing us to determine which physical processes control the Te profile shapes and temperature values. We focus on the “transition region,” where Te values can rapidly increase from small values (<500 K) at lower altitudes, to larger values (>1000 K), over a relatively narrow altitude range. The suite of plasma instruments carried by MAVEN allows us to investigate the role of, for example, electron-neutral collisions, ion temperature, wave heating, etc. This study focuses on the effect of electron-neutral collisions on the location and width of the Te transition region. We utilize observations of the neutral atmosphere made by MAVEN’s Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) instrument to calculate electron–neutral collision frequencies, which are compared to measured Te profiles. The calculated collision frequencies provide insight on when collisional processes dominate (over transport and electromagnetic waves, for example), and allow us to identify trends between driving processes and the shape and location of the Te transition region. Understanding the physical processes that control the form of Te profiles will inform us of the mechanisms key to structuring the current day Mars ionosphere. Such understanding will also provide key insight needed for studies of ionospheric escape to space and long-term evolution of the Martian atmosphere. 