bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The intonation of wh-questions in Franco-Ontarian
Authors: Baligand Renée , James Eric
Published: February 2018

The melodic structure of an interrogative utterance frequently depends on the grammatical structure of the sentence in question. In addition to the enunciative sentence of the kindvous venez?which bears a particular acoustic mark of interrogation, a rise in fundamental frequency in sentence-final position, there exist also interrogative utterances signalled by inversion of word order and still others marked by lexical means, the WH-questions. It is the intonation of this latter type of sentence which we intend to examine in the Canadian-French spoken in Ontario.

The intonation of interrogative sentences has for some years been the object of important research in different languages. Wells (1945) and Trager and Smith (1951) note in English an intonation curve at the following levels: 2 - 3 - 1 - without any tonal prominence on the interrogative word. Armstrong and Ward (1926), Jones (1932) and Faure (1948) also find that this type of interrogative sentence has a descending intonation. Fries (1964) finds no specific intonation pattern in a spontaneous corpus from which he studiedyes-noquestions. For German, Von Essen (1956) notes two intonation patterns: one rising (question intonation) and one falling (interrogative intonation).
Forme et fonction de-hein?D’après un corpus de francais ontarien
Authors: Maury Nicole
Published: February 2018

A Propos de la répartition des moyens interrogatifs relevés dans un corpus defrançais ontarien(Maury 1973) nous avions affleuré le problème de la fonction interrogative des éléments post-posés et notamment dehein?, en soulignant la variété observée dans la courbe mélodique des échantillons analysés instrumentalement.

L’étude publiée par Avis (1973) dans cette même revue à propos deeh?interrogatif en anglais—que ceeh?soit ou non spécifiquement canadien—nous a incitée à reprendre, à partir de nos données, l’examen de cet élément monophonique, qui se trouve bien évidemment exclu des manuels pédagogiques et est qualifié de façons diverses par les études analytiques—lorsqu’il s’y trouve pris en compte.
Componential analysis: the sememe and the concept of distinctiveness
Authors: Huddleston Rodney
Published: February 2018

The term ‘componential analysis’ is used here to refer to the theory of semantic structure developed by Goodenough (1956, 1965, etc.), Lounsbury (1956, 1964, etc.) and others. Obviously the notion of a semantic component - or ‘feature,’ or whatever other term is applied - is common to a wide variety of semantic theories, and ‘componential analysis’ is sometimes used (e.g. by Lyons 1968) to cover the whole of this wider field; nevertheless the Goodenough-Lounsbury theory is sufficiently unified and different from others to warrant separate treatment.

Although the theory is intended to be, and undoubtedly is, much more widely applicable, a great deal of the descriptive work in componential analysis is in the field of kinship terminologies, and the basic concepts of the theory may conveniently be exemplified from this semantic domain. Drawing on the sign theory of Charles Morris, Goodenough distinguishes between the denotatum, designatum and significatum of a word (1965: 286 n.3):
Rule-ordering in child phonology
Authors: Salus Mary W. , Salus Peter H.
Published: February 2018

In his recent dissertation, David Stampe (1972) discusses the notions of natural processes in child phonology. Earlier, Ingram (1971) discussed the concepts and formulations of phonological rules in child language. What we propose to demonstrate here is that the rules inherent in acquisitional phonology are ordered and, moreover, that these rules are ordered implicationally (in the sense of “unilateral implication” enunciated by Jakobson in discussing the stratified structure of the phoneme inventory). Our contention is that there are rules in child phonology, that these rules are ordered, and that while the entire inventory of rules does not appear in any child’s phonology, the presence of any one necessitates the presence of others - in a specific order.
Analogy, simplification, and the history of French
Authors: Walker Douglas C.
Published: February 2018

In traditional studies of historical phonology, there is frequently a division between sound change and analogy. Sound change is said to proceed gradually and inexorably under strictly phonetic conditions; “La règle générale est que les transformations phonétiques s’opèrent avec une constance absolue c’est-à-dire que les mêmes phonèmes placés dans les mêmes conditions, se développent d’une manière identique.” (Schwan-Behrens 1963: 12). Occasionally, when the conditions are not apparent, there may be some concern until further research uncovers the conditioning factors. Such was the case with Verner’s law, for example. Yet in any interesting situation, there remains a body of forms for which the proper phonetic environment cannot be found. The items just do not follow the normal phonetic “laws.” In these cases, analogy is often called on to explain the discrepancy, and also to account for the reintroduction of regularity into a system “ravaged” by the forces of phonological change; “L’analogie joue un rôle considérable en roman (et en français) qui s’est reconstitué, comme on l’a dit, sur les ruines du latin où les ravages d’une évolution phonétique brutale avaient entièrement boulversé le système des oppositions morphologiques et de leurs valeurs” (Guiraud 1965: 63).
L’usage de la préposition “sur” en franco-ontarien
Authors: Mougeon Raymond , Bélanger Monique , Canale Michael , Ituen Steven
Published: February 2018

Après avoir examiné successivement l’usage de l’auxiliaire avoir ou être au passé composé et plus que parfait et l’usage de la préposition POUR (Mougeon et Carroll, 1976; Canale, Mougeon, Bélanger, Ituen, 1976), nous allons dans la présente étude décrire l’usage de SUR et DESSUS dans le français parlé et écrit d’élèves bilingues fréquentant des écoles secondaires de langue française à Sudbury, Welland et dans le canton de Rayside/Azilda. Notre description se fera par rapport à plusieurs normes: le français standard, le français de l’Ontario formel écrit et le français parlé par les jeunes Québécois unilingues, ce afin de mieux cerner les caractéristiques de l’usage des jeunes Franco-ontariens. Avant de rentrer dans le détail de notre étude, nous allons brièvement exposer certaines des règles d’usage du français standard concernant SUR et DESSUS. Ceci servira d’arrière plan à l’analyse des résultats de notre étude.
On a Morphophonemic Innovation in Old French
Authors: Walker Douglas C.
Published: February 2018

Vowel nasalization and the subsequent development of these nasalized vowels constitute one of the most intensively studied areas in French historical phonology. Despite this attention, however, the set of problems associated with these phenomena is not exhausted. I will argue here, for example, that nasalization in French provides evidence for the crucial role of allophonic information (redundant phonetic detail) in initiating and conditioning phonological regularities, thus violating the local determinacy constraint (Chomsky 1964) placed on the phonemic level of representation. The same evidence also illustrates an infrequent type of historical change, and reinforces the impression that much fertile ground remains to be tilled in this particular field.
La règle de Canadian Raising et l’analyse en structure syllabique
Authors: Paradis Carole
Published: February 2018

Il est plus éeconomique et naturel de rendre compte de certaines régles phonologiques lorsque nous analysons les contextes dans lesquels elles s’appliquent en tenant compte de la structure syllabique. La première théorie qui a été élaborée sur cette base, dans le cadre génératif, est celle de Kahn (1976). Par la suite, d’autres ont suivi. Celle que je retiendrai pour nos fins est la théorie de Liberman et Prince (1977). C’est en me servant de leurs théories que je vais démontrer, dans la deuxième partie de cet article, certains avantages que comporte une telle analyse, L’analyse en structure syllabique fait très bien ressortir le rôle de l’accent dans la formation des syllabes. Je crois que la structure de ces dernières doit être prise en considération pour rendre compte d’une règle comme celle que l’on a baptisé “Canadian Raising.” Les principales données qui furent utilisées pour la formulation de la règle de Canadian Raising ont été rapportées, il y a plus de 35 ans, par Joos (1942). Chambers (1973) a repris la question et nous offre une réanalyse dans le cadre de la théorie de Chomsky et Halle (1968; voir aussi King 1972, Picard 1977). C’est la formulation de la règle de Canadian Raising que Chambers a présentée que je vais réviser dans la deuxième partie de l’article. La première partie servira à la présentation de cette règle.
Stress in English: Four Levels or Three?
Authors: Hewson John
Published: February 2018

Now that theCJL/RCLhas completed a quarter of a century of publication, it is interesting to look back through the early numbers and to note the liveliness of the contributions to the fledgling review of the newly-founded Association. Strong opinions were sometimes offered on matters of linguistic practice and principle; one of these in fact touched off a debate that appeared in the pages of theCJL/RCLin the late fifties. It concerns the interpretation of the English suprasegmentals, especially the number of stress distinctions to be found in English. It was a controversy that went on over a period of a year and a half, and was never resolved to complete satisfaction. On the one side there were the defenders of the American behaviourist position outlined by Trager and Smith (Robinson, Theall and Wevers 1959). This position—that there are four distinctive levels of stress in English—had been given quasi-official status by its reappearance in an introductory textbook (Hill 1958), and had obviously provoked extensive discussion at the 1958 Canadian Summer School of Linguistics in Alberta, out of which discussion came the original article (Drysdale, Mackey and Scargill 1958) declaring that whereas one could get all kinds ofphoneticdifferences of stress, there were only threedistinctivelevels, not four. The then-editor of theCJL/RCL, Jean-Paul Vinay, took the side of Drysdale, Mackey and Scargill, and added his name to theirs.
Chapter VI: Darwin
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

In this year falls the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Charles Darwin—one of those rare individuals who have altered the main trend of thought and inaugurated a new attitude and a new outlook in human affairs.—JULIAN HUXLEY, Contemporary Review, October 1932.

Language has justly been considered as one of the chief distinctions between man and the lower animals. But man, as a highly competent judge, Archbishop Whately, remarks, ‘is not the only animal that can make use of language to express what is passing in his mind, and can understand, more or less, what is so expressed by another.’—DARWIN, Descent of Man, Chap. III.

The investigation of language, as pointed out in the last chapter, had been carried on for a hundred years in the belief that language was a unique characteristic of man, and did not extend to the animal world beneath him. But with the publication of the Descent of Man in 1871 the whole problem of language was suddenly expanded into a much wider region. Darwin, in that book, distinctly challenged the human boundaries that had been set to language as being artificial and arbitrary, and extended the problem over into the animal world, maintaining that the difference between the language of man and the cries of animals was not a difference in kind, as had been formerly thought, but a difference in degree only, a difference in definiteness of connotation and distinctness of articulation. This difference in language followed naturally, he maintained, upon the difference in degree of their mental development.
Chapter I: The Pre-conscious World: A Space-and-Time Picture
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

But deepest of all illusory Appearances are your two grand world-enveloping Appearances, Space and Time.—CARLYLE, Sartor Resartus, 1830.

The Prime, that willed ere wareness was,Whose Brain perchance is Space, whose Thought its laws.

THOMAS HARDY, The Dynasts.

Question one. What were the nature and characteristics of the world in its three main divisions of matter, plant life, and animal life, before it emerged to its fourth main division in the explicitly conscious life of man? The answer to this question carries us backward in time to a period so remote from the present that no answer would be at all possible were it not that in his emergence to consciousness man rose above the time-stream of sense, and by the help of language has been able to recover and reconstruct the otherwise irrecoverable past. While the actual sense-facts which constituted the natural environment contemporary with man’s emergence have long since vanished in the stream of change, we know now, from our knowledge of the past and present, that in any piece of virgin timber or park land of to-day we should have, substantially and typically, the same natural environment from which man emerged thousands of years ago. We should have, first of all, the same inorganic world of fixed geographic relations and definite structures: sun, moon, stars, clouds, winds, waters, soil, rocks, etc.; second, the differentiated forms of organic insentient life: grass, flowers, shrubs, trees, etc.; third, the various forms of sentient life: fishes, birds, reptiles, mammals; all these multitudinous forms, inorganic and organic, differentiated from each other and united with each other in a complete network of space, time, and causal relations.
Chapter VII: The Barrier of Space and Time
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

Space and Time as infinite and all-embracing wholes are a priori intuitions which are the condition of and antecedent to all our knowledge of particular objects in space and time.—KANT, Critique of Pure Reason, 1781.

What, then, is the barrier between the animals and man, that excludes the animals from man’s mental world? It is the barrier primarily of Space and Time. This, I think, can be made clear.

First, consider Time. It is clear, to begin with, that the dog holds in his memory, at least in some dim way, the time-span, or the time experiences, within the physical duration of his own life. The dog will go to-day where he found food yesterday. Darwin’s dog recognized him after an absence of five years and two days. Odysseus’s dog, Argus, according to Homer, recognized his master, even through his beggar’s disguise, after an absence of twenty years. There is no doubt that the dog has memory of this kind, which shows that he has some grasp of time within his own life-span. Whether it is conscious memory with an explicit measurement of a stretch of time between a point in past time and the present moment, as is the case with man’s memory, is extremely doubtful. It seems to be rather a recognition of the master’s identity, or sameness, through a succession of experiences, each of which is for the dog a present experience without any explicit differentiation of time into past and present.
Chapter VIII: Man
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

The termination of the world in a man appears to be the last victory of intelligence.… The great Pan of old, who was clothed in a leopard-skin to signify the beautiful variety of things, and the firmament, his coat of stars—was but the representative of thee, O rich and various Man ! thou palace of sight and sound, carrying in thy senses the morning and the night and the unfathomable galaxy; in thy brain, the geometry of the City of God; in thy heart, the bower of love and the realms of right and wrong. An individual man is a fruit which it cost all the foregoing ages to form and ripen. … Each individual soul is such, in virtue of its being a power to translate the world into some particular language of its own.—EMERSON, The Method of Nature.

If we now relate this unique characteristic of man in a definite and explicit way with the general Time-and-Space picture which we have been drawing, we shall see plainly the full significance of this last step—where mind in man emerges to freedom from space and time, and encompasses them in its grasp—in the unfolding life and mind of the world.

Recall again our working hypothesis, the organic unity of the world from matter to man. For aeons, if science speaks truly, our earth, to human perception at least, stood stark and naked, a mineral mass. In the process of time this seeming mineral mass clothed itself in life, in sensitivity, in mind. These later emergents, if the world is, as science asserts, an organic whole, are not adventitious decorations like tinsel on a Christmas tree, nor alien visitants extraneous to reality. They are the children of the earth who owe to her creating and shaping energy their multivarious forms and powers, physical and mental, and derive from her directly and indirectly their hourly nourishment, all without design on their own part.
Chapter IX: Language
Authors: Wilson Richard Albert
Published: February 2018

Nature gives no power in vain. She not only gave to man the power to invent language, but made the power his specific characteristic and the dynamic principle of his destiny. This power came from her hand as a living principle. … Reason was incapable of action without a word-symbol, and the first moment of rationality must also have been the first beginning of interior language. … Man feels with his mind and speaks while he thinks; therefore, the development of language is as natural to man as his nature.—HERDER, The Origin of Language, 1772.

Obviously, what man required was a system of mental symbols of some kind or other in the inner world of mind, to represent the system of actual types in the outward world of sense. Each species or type of object in the outward world of nature would require its corresponding symbol in the inward world of mind. Without such mental symbols no articulated advance could be made in that process which we now speak of familiarly as the accumulation of the knowledge of the world. The advance could be made only step by step, and each step would have to be recorded, registered, and fixed by means of its symbol within the rising mental fabric. The discovery or creation of adequate symbols of reason, then, was an obvious necessity for man even to get definitely started at all upon the elaboration or actualization of the world of mind.
On the Origin of -s- in Spanish hasta
Authors: Cowan William
Published: February 2018

One of the conundrums of the historical phonology of Spanish is the seemingly intrusive -s- in the word hasta ‘until.’ Its putative etymon, the Arabic ḥattā ‘up to, until, as far as, even, in order to’ does not have this -s- and, as far as is known, has never had it. The most recent serious discussion of and accounting for this -s- that I am aware of is that presented by Malkiel (1979) in which, dismissing previous lexical and phonological attempts as inadequate, he suggests that hasta (earlier fasta) resulted from a contamination of its predecessor fata, coming unambiguously from ḥattā, with a Romance form fascas ‘nearly, almost,’ derived in part from Latin usque ‘until.’ Both fata and fascas then went out of use, and fasta (> hasta) alone remains. In spite of the wealth of documentation adduced by Malkiel, his evidence adds up to this: before roughly 1300, there was a -word fata ‘until’ and a word fascas ‘almost’; after 1300 both fell out of use, and there was a new word fasta ‘until.’ The rest is speculation.
Canadian English in its North American context
Authors: Avis Walter S.
Published: February 2018

A few years ago, a writer in a Canadian magazine complained that the word snye was not defined in any dictionary even though the Canadian Board on Geographical Names had certified it as “a lawful and proper generic term.” Later, another writer in another journal complained that none of his dictionaries included the word mukluk. About the same time, a Canadian novelist writing about a semi-rural part of Queen’s, near New York City, referred to a character living “near the end of a concession road”; unwittingly, he was using a term that would be quite unintelligible to Americans and, no doubt, to some Canadians. Still another Canadian, a historian, having found the word carcajou in an eighteenth-century document on the fur trade, glossed it as “the American badger”; had he had access to a Canadian dictionary, he could have ascertained that carcajou was a common traders’ synonym for wolverine, the word having come into Canadian English from Canadian French, the coureur de bois having borrowed it from the Cree, who also gave the English traders the term quickhatch, yet another Canadian synonym, one that entered another door, so to speak.

These anecdotes illustrate the long-felt need for readily accessible information about Canadian English, past and present. Happily, the situation has much improved in recent years, ever since the first volume of the Dictionary of Canadian English series became available in 1962; this series, completed in 1967 and revised in many particulars since, was the first extensive attempt to satisfy the need for Canadian dictionaries. To this series belongs the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (Toronto: Gage, 1967), which attempts to provide a historical record of words that are peculiarly Canadian.
French Influences on Saussure
Authors: Koerner Konrad
Published: February 2018

0.1 For some ten years now, it has been my claim that it was through linguistic writings of his time, and not through extra-linguistic publications, that Saussure’s views took shape. This is not to say that there was no influence on him from disciplines other than linguistics, but this kind of influence was due to what I have termed the “climate of opinion” of the period, and it remained largely at the surface of things, certain frequently reiterated claims of a strong impact of Durkheim’s sociology, Tarde’s as well as Walras’ political economy, etc. notwithstanding (cf. Rijlaarsdam 1978: 260-64; Bierbach 1978 passim). Saussure’s acquaintance with disciplines outside linguistics, I maintain, was at best second-hand and remained superficial. This is not only true of the psychologism underlying his theoretical argument, a psychologism found elsewhere in the linguistic literature (e.g., Paul 1880, 1909; Baudouin de Courtenay 1894), but also of his sociologism, his repeated statement that language was a “fait social”. In short, if we want to place Saussure’s theory of language-and of linguistics for that matter-in an epistemological context, we would do better by acquainting ourselves with thelinguisticliterature of his day rather than deducing from certain superficial similarities and terminological borrowings a direct influence of a field outside the study of language on Saussure’s linguistic reasoning. (We should remember that Saussure never wrote a book on general linguistics, but that he was trying, through comparisons, metaphors, and references to what was general knowledge of his day, to convey his largely novel ideas to twenty-year-old students.)
Successive Approximations in Second Language Phonology
Authors: Piper Terry
Published: February 2018

Research in second language phonology has, until recently at least, been principally concerned with the interference of the learner’s first language in his acquisition of a new sound system. In practice, the belief that interference from the first language is the major source of pronunciation problems is well established among second language teachers, and teachers have traditionally been trained to recognize and remedy, if not try to prevent, the errors resulting from this interference. Recently, however, researchers (for example, Garnica and Herbert 1979) have begun to conclude that interference is not a sufficient explanation, and that the second language learner’s developing phonology, his approximative system, is undoubtedly influenced by many other factors.
Grammatical Constraints on Code-Mixing: Evidence from Hindi-English
Authors: Singh Rajendra
Published: February 2018

Paradis (1980:501) observes that

bilingual language switching has been studied from many angles. Linguistic studies have investigated where in the sentence a switch is more likely to occur, whether within or between constituents, for instance. Social psychologists have probed the reason why a bilingual is likely to switch between languages. Sociolinguistic studies, by far the most numerous, have looked into the external social conditions that control when switches are likely to occur. How bilinguals are able to keep their languages apart and are able to switch from one to the other has been the subject of investigation of psycholinguistic studies, and the neurolinguist has asked what brain mechanisms are responsible for the switching.
Reduction of Spanish Word-Final /s/ and /n/
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: February 2018

The non-linear analysis of Spanish phonology as proposed by Harris (1984) and others promises to augment the explanatory power of currently available phonological descriptions, and may offer significant insights into the description of phonological differences among dialects. However, the interaction between previously held notions of phonological processes and the new theoretical analysis has not yet been fully explored, and the claim that the latter apparatus must necessarily completely supplant the former is perhaps over ambitious. The present note will deal with competing analyses of two frequent processes in Spanish, velarization of underlying /n/ and aspiration of underlying /s/, both of which have been used in support of the latest theoretical proposals. I will attempt to demonstrate that the data used to formulate these proposals have been excessively idealized. The full range of complexity and variation which surrounds these and similar phenomena necessitates a more ramified analysis, and even an idealization which does not distort the fundamental nature of the two processes casts doubt on the simple analysis suggested as a replacement for orthodox generative and traditional structuralist analyses.
Competing analyses of the Vulgar Latin vowel system
Authors: Walker Douglas C.
Published: February 2018

The ways in which the vowel system of Vulgar Latin (VL) differs from that of Classical Latin (CL) have been well documented. These differences arise from historical innovations including:

(1)

the monophthongization of the diphthongs [oj] œ and [aj] œ to [ē] and respectively,

(2)

the lowering of the short vowels to respectively, and the consequent introduction of a new phonemic degree of vowel height for the front unrounded and back rounded vowels,

(3)

the neutralization of the phonemic CL length differences, all stressed vowels now being long whatever the length of their CL source, and all unstressed vowels being short, and

(4)

the introduction of phonemic stress, since the position of stress is no longer synchronically predictable because of the neutralization of vowel length mentioned in (3).
The etymology of ‘king’ in Soviet Turkic languages
Authors: Austin P. M.
Published: February 2018

In the modern turkic languages there are three words for a non-Muslim, European monarch: kral, kiral, korol. Obviously these words have the same common origin. This paper is an attempt at an explanation of the etymology of the last.

Kral is the term for “king” common to all the South Slavic languages. Although it is not attested in the canon of Old Church Slavonic, it must have been borrowed early enough from the Prankish root karl—that is, Charlemagne—to allow it to undergo the changes common to all roots of the type TorT. The language known as Turkish or Osmanli borrowed this root from the conquered Balkan Slavs to denote a non-Muslim monarch.
Indo-European Basic Colour Terms
Authors: Shields Kenneth
Published: February 2018

Berlin and Kay (1969) present strong evidence that “all languages share a universal system of basic colour categorization” and that “the basic color-term inventories of most languages expand through time by lexicalizing these categories in a highly constrained, universal order” (Kay and McDaniel 1978:610). The validity of these conclusions has also been demonstrated by Collier et al. (1976) and by Kay and McDaniel (1978). The evolutionary process identified by Berlin and Kay can be represented schematically as follows:

where the arrow may be read ‘is encoded before’ (Kay and McDaniel 1978: 615). In other words, languages proceed through a series of stages in the development of their basic colour-term lexicon, with the most simplistic system containing only terms for white (light) and black (dark). Any expansion of this fundamental system will first result in the addition of a term for red and then in the addition of a term for green or yellow. If further expansion takes place, “yellow or green, whichever did not emerge at the previous stage, now emerges” (Berlin and Kay 1969:18), followed by terms for blue and brown. When a system develops beyond Stage VI, “there is a rapid expansion to the full roster of eleven basic color categories,” although no particular order of appearance among terms for purple, pink, orange, or gray has been ascertained (Berlin and Kay 1969:21-22).
Morphological Productivity and Phonological Transparency
Authors: Anshen Frank , Aronoff Mark
Published: February 2018

With a few important exceptions, such as Berko (1958) and Derwing and Baker (1977), linguistic morphology has always been a descriptive science, content with investigating actually occurring words and extracting patterns from these. Consequently, it has suffered from a difficulty common to all descriptive endeavours, the fear of obscuring individual cases in abstracting to general principles. In turn, as a result of this deficiency, morphological theory has tended to expend its energy not on general patterns, but rather on single words: more thought has been devoted to the one English word sang than to most other topics. In an earlier paper, Aronoff and Schvaneveldt (1978) showed how an experimental technique borrowed from cognitive psychology, the Lexical Decision Task, could be used to investigate morphological patterns without focusing primary attention on single actually occurring words. The essence of the technique is to ask native speakers of a language (English in this case) whether certain stimuli are words of their language or not.
Focus and Constituent Order in Haida
Authors: Edwards Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2018

Haida is a linguistic isolate spoken on Prince of Wales Island in south-east Alaska and on the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia. Swanton (1911:267) asserts there is one basic order for Haida sentences having noun constituents (Subject-Object-Verb) and another for sentences with pronoun constituents (Object-Subject-Verb). When nouns and pronouns both occur, it is the noun that precedes, regardless of whether it is the syntactic Subject or Object. Eastman claims there is “no one basic order typology in terms of the order of meaningful elements in sentences, although both an SOV and OSV order are common” (1979:148). Edwards (1978:7) suggests that “in Haida linear ordering with respect to Subject is less important than the classification of the element as noun or pronoun and its communicative importance.” In this paper, constituent order will be seen to be a determinant of information focus in Haida utterances from the point of view of the analyst.
Walter S. Avis: Gōd Wīs Secg
Authors: Wanamaker Murray G.
Published: February 2018

A word about the title—Wally (as he was known to most of us) was vitally interested in the English language, including, of course, Old English, which he taught. So it seemed appropriate to use Old English words as attributes to his memory. Perhaps this whole tribute should be in Old English, or, more appropriately, in one of the rarer dialects of Canadian English. But I shall be more realistic. All of you knew Wally personally and/or by reputation. You can fill in gaps from your own remembrance of him.

Gōd Wīs Secg: ‘He wæs gīd’ in all senses of good—a good scholar, a good colleague, a good husband and father, a good friend, a good Canadian, a good citizen of the world. Secg? ‘Secg’ is an interesting word because in the masculine form it means ‘man, warrior, retainer,’ and other things, but in the feminine it means ‘sword.’ Secg is glossed as a poetic word, so I chose it in preference to, say, wer, or man; for Wally had a kind of poetic quality. Formidable in appearance and in scholarship—a fighter, a linguistic swordsman who could be overwhelming—he was essentially a kind and gentle person. Never one for self-praise, he carried his learning lightly and, like a retainer or servant, he was ever ready to share his knowledge and to assist the rest of us.
Haliburton’S Eye and Ear
Authors: Bailey Richard W.
Published: February 2018

Walter S. Avis was so thoroughly a Canadian that it is perhaps necessary to take special note of his contributions to the international community of scholars devoted to the study of English and the English-speaking peoples. Certainly his broad perspective is everywhere revealed in his scholarship. In his study of Canadian eh?, for instance, he speaks of the corpus he collected when his reading was “arbitrarily limited to books in my own library, to newspapers and periodicals that passed normally through my hands, to radio and TV programs, and to such oral examples as I had the opportunity to observe and set down” (1978:174). Yet such “arbitrary limits” encompassed writers and speakers who represent Britain, Canada, the United States, South Africa, and Australia and covered uses from the eighteenth century to the present. With the best of scholars, Avis was meticulous, thorough, wide-ranging, and devoted to the real evidence of real people speaking and writing.
The Gaelic Substratum in the English of Glengarry County and its Reflection in the Novels of Ralph Connor
Authors: Pringle Ian
Published: February 2018

One of the many aspects of the study of Canadian English which the late Walter S. Avis pioneered was the study and analysis of the literary representation of a Canadian dialect, first in his M.A. thesis, “The Speech of Sam Slick” (1954), subsequently in the “Note on the Speech of Sam Slick” in the introductory matter of R. E. Watters’ Sam Slick Anthology (1969), and the application of that study in the edition he prepared of that text for linguistically naive modern Canadian readers. Like all those who work in Canadian English, those of us working on the Linguistic Survey of the Ottawa Valley owe a great debt to Walter Avis, not only for his outstanding work in the lexicography of Canadian English and his studies of the Loyalist based dialects of Southern Ontario, but also for many more immediate favours and services: his whole-hearted support of our project, his answers to queries about particular lexical items, his visits to the project and the commentaries he made on our tapes and our transcriptions of them and, outstandingly, his willingness to let us borrow tapes which he himself had made of Valley speakers, and to let us use them for our own purposes. The study which follows tries to reflect something of our debt by discussing the literary representation of another Canadian dialect, one which is spoken within the area under investigation by the Linguistic Survey of the Ottawa Valley, and one heavily influenced by the Loyalist dialects of Southern Ontario which feature so largely in Avis’s work. The dialect in question is the dialect of Glengarry County, Ontario, and more particularly the two northern townships of Glengarry County, and the representation of the dialect of that area in the Glengarry novels of Ralph Connor.
Rubella antibodies in cord blood sera in Portugal: association with maternal age and vaccination status
Authors: Frade J. , Nunes C. , Mesquita J. R. , São José Nascimento M. , Gonçalves G.
Published: February 2018

This study evaluated the impact of maternal vaccination against rubella on the levels of specific rubella IgG (rIgG) in 198 newborn cord sera samples. Detailed maternal vaccination data were available. Specific rIgG was measured using a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Most mothers (78.8%) had been vaccinated against rubella at least once in their lives. In 15 (7.6%) cord sera samples, the concentration of specific rIgG was below 11 IU/ml, which was classified as seronegative. Statistical analysis using multiple logistic regression (n = 198) showed that newborns of mothers born between 1986 and 1995, and those born to unvaccinated mothers, were more likely to be seronegative (odds ratio (ORs) 5.2 and 4.9, respectively, adjusted for sex and gestational age). For vaccinated mothers (n = 156), those born between 1986 and 1995 were more likely to have seronegative newborns (OR 11.5 adjusting for sex, gestational age and time since last vaccination). Mothers of the 15 (7.6%) seronegative newborns might have been susceptible to rubella during pregnancy. Checking the vaccination status therefore recommended.
Networks of piecewise linear neural mass models
Authors: COOMBES S. , LAI Y. M. , ŞAYLI M. , THUL R.
Published: February 2018

Neural mass models are ubiquitous in large-scale brain modelling. At the node level, they are written in terms of a set of ordinary differential equations with a non-linearity that is typically a sigmoidal shape. Using structural data from brain atlases, they may be connected into a network to investigate the emergence of functional dynamic states, such as synchrony. With the simple restriction of the classic sigmoidal non-linearity to a piecewise linear caricature, we show that the famous Wilson–Cowan neural mass model can be explicitly analysed at both the node and network level. The construction of periodic orbits at the node level is achieved by patching together matrix exponential solutions, and stability is determined using Floquet theory. For networks with interactions described by circulant matrices, we show that the stability of the synchronous state can be determined in terms of a low-dimensional Floquet problem parameterised by the eigenvalues of the interaction matrix. Moreover, this network Floquet problem is readily solved using linear algebra to predict the onset of spatio-temporal network patterns arising from a synchronous instability. We further consider the case of a discontinuous choice for the node non-linearity, namely the replacement of the sigmoid by a Heaviside non-linearity. This gives rise to a continuous-time switching network. At the node level, this allows for the existence of unstable sliding periodic orbits, which we explicitly construct. The stability of a periodic orbit is now treated with a modification of Floquet theory to treat the evolution of small perturbations through switching manifolds via the use of saltation matrices. At the network level, the stability analysis of the synchronous state is considerably more challenging. Here, we report on the use of ideas originally developed for the study of Glass networks to treat the stability of periodic network states in neural mass models with discontinuous interactions.
Split intransitivity in English
Authors: BAKER JAMES
Published: February 2018

This article proposes a hierarchy of functional heads encoding the features [±control], [±initiation], [±state], [±change] and [±telic] (see Ramchand 2008). It is argued that this allows for a superior analysis of split intransitivity in English than the traditional notion of ‘unaccusativity’ – the idea that there are two classes of intransitive verbs which differ in relation to the underlying status/positions of their arguments. Rather, it is shown – on the basis of a systematic consideration of a wide range of English verbs – that the proposed diagnostics for unaccusativity in English identify multiple classes, whose behaviour can be captured in terms of the proposed hierarchy. Good correlation is found between the classes identified by the English diagnostics and Sorace's (2000) Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy (ASH), providing further support for the cross-linguistic applicability of the ASH to split intransitive patterns.
But first, let's think again!
Authors: ABRAHAMSSON NICLAS
Published: February 2018

On the basis of their review of studies, Mayberry and Kluender (2017) propose that the human language learning ability becomes severely compromised if it is not developed in tandem with brain development in early childhood, but that it functions more or less flawlessly, even in adulthood, if language acquisition had at one time proceeded according to the maturational timetable. Mayberry and Kluender therefore suggest that the critical period hypothesis (CPH) for language is unambiguously tied to the timing of L1 acquisition, but that its relevance to L2 acquisition is less clear, the implication being that the well-documented AoA effects in the SLA literature are due to non-maturational (i.e., psychological, experiential, cross-linguistic, etc.) causes.
Consumer accounts of favourable dietary behaviour change and comparison with official dietary guidelines
Authors: Ares Gastón , Aschemann-Witzel Jessica , Vidal Leticia , Machín Leandro , Moratorio Ximena , Bandeira Elisa , Curutchet María Rosa , Bove Isabel , Giménez Ana
Published: February 2018

Objective

The current study aimed to assess Uruguayan consumers’ accounts of their own need to change their dietary patterns, their intended changes and the barriers related to doing so, and to compare the intentions and barriers with the recommendations of the national dietary guidelines.

Design

An online survey with 2381 Uruguayan employed adults, aged between 18 and 65 years, 65 % females, was conducted. Participants had to answer two open-ended questions related to changes they could make in the foods they eat and/or the way in which they eat to improve the quality of their diet and the reasons why they had not implemented those changes yet. Content analysis using inductive coding by two researchers was used to analyse the responses.

Results

Consumers mainly intended to change consumption of types of foods, particularly eating more fruits, vegetables and legumes and consuming less flour, but also intended to alter their eating patterns. Lack of time and the fact that healthy foods are perceived as being more expensive than unhealthy foods were major barriers to behaviour change. Some of the recommendations of the dietary guidelines, particularly those related to enjoying cooking and meals and engaging in it as a social activity, were not represented in consumer accounts.

Conclusions

Accompanying policies to the dietary guidelines need to underline the importance of changes in dietary patterns, including greater enjoyment and sharing food preparation and meals in the company with others, address misconceptions about flour, and provide concrete, consumer-derived recommendations on how to enact the guidelines.
Doctors as Stewards of medicare, or not: CAMSI, MRG, CDM, DRHC and the thin alphabet soup of physician support
Authors: Duffin Jacalyn
Published: February 2018

Physicians are deeply involved in Canadian medicare because it is through medicare that they are paid. However, from its origins to the present physicians –as a profession – have not been strong supporters of medicare. Fearing loss of income and individual autonomy, they have frequently opposed it with criticisms, strikes, threatened job action and lawsuits. Some opponents are unaware that medicare was a boon to physician income, and many fail to connect medicare with responsibility for improving the health status of the country. This paper will trace physician involvement, support and opposition to medicare from its inception to the present, with special attention to small physician organizations that have supported medicare. It will close with a proposal for how doctors could display greater stewardship.
Deliberative participation and personality: the effect of traits, situations, and motivation
Authors: Jennstål Julia
Published: February 2018

Inclusiveness is essential to deliberative democracy, but factors influencing citizens’ willingness to participate in deliberation need to be better understood. In the case of deliberative minipublics, demographic, and attitudinal attributes demonstrably correlate with willingness to participate, and thus arguably affect the inclusiveness of deliberative events. Similarly, features of deliberative situations also influence participation – whether it will be decisive, for example. However, what is lacking is a framework for how individual and situational characteristics interact, and the role of background political and cultural settings in influencing this dynamic. Advances in personality psychology offers a useful framework for addressing this lacuna, as well as providing tools for understanding how effective participation can be enhanced. In this article, I explore how personality interacts with situational features to influence patterns of deliberative participation, as well as the motivations that are associated. These effects are illustrated by drawing on data from a field experiment, involving minipublic deliberation in Sweden on the issue of begging by internal EU migrants. The findings support the relevance of personality as a predictor of participation in deliberation, which interacts with features of deliberative situations to induce particular motivations to either participate or refuse.
Adolescence and the next generation
Authors: Patton George C. , Olsson Craig A. , Skirbekk Vegard , Saffery Richard , Wlodek Mary E. , Azzopardi Peter S. , Stonawski Marcin , Rasmussen Bruce , Spry Elizabeth , Francis Kate , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Kassebaum Nicholas J. , Mokdad Ali H. , Murray Christopher J. L. , Prentice Andrew M. , Reavley Nicola , Sheehan Peter , Sweeny Kim , Viner Russell M. , Sawyer Susan M.
Published: February 2018

Adolescent growth and social development shape the early development of offspring from preconception through to the post-partum period through distinct processes in males and females. At a time of great change in the forces shaping adolescence, including the timing of parenthood, investments in today’s adolescents, the largest cohort in human history, will yield great dividends for future generations.