bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structural, and Electrical Characterization of two Novel Coordination Polymers based on a [1,2,3]‐Triazole Carboxylic Acid Derivative Ligand
Authors: Lin Jin‐Rui , Yao Ji‐Yuan , Wang Wen‐Xiang , Zhao Hong
Published: December 2010

Two new one‐dimensional chain coordination polymers were synthesized by reaction of 5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carboxylic acid (Hmptca) and CuCl2, or NiCl2, respectively, under hydrothermal conditions. Both have non‐centrosymmetric polar packing arrangements (polar point group Cs), which result in dielectric properties.
Preliminary Report: Search for a Transgastric Approach for Managing Gastrogastric Fistulas
Authors: Torres‐Villalobos Gonzalo , Leslie Daniel B. , Hunter David , Buchwald Henry , Martin‐del‐Campo Luis A. , Ikramuddin Sayeed
Published: December 2010

Background

Revision surgery to eliminate a gastrogastric fistula (GGF) is often associated with high morbidity.

Methods

This report describes a percutaneous transgastric approach for revision surgery in three patients with GGF using a transgastric, totally extraperitoneal approach.

Results

The access was performed successfully in all the patients. There were no intraoperative complications, and the patients had an uneventful recovery. One patient had a recurrence 8 months after the procedure but had achieved satisfactory weight loss during the period. We were able to perform a second percutaneous transgastric repair. The second patient showed an asymptomatic recurrence of the fistula, which was later completely repaired. The third patient has had moderate weight loss.

Conclusions

Although current results are not optimal, we believe that this approach could represent an alternative for patients with a hostile abdomen or in whom co‐morbidities comprise a prohibitive factor. Further experience, technical improvements, and longer follow‐up are needed to evaluate and optimize this approach and evaluate its potential use in other surgical areas.
Prospective Volumetric Assessment of the Liver on a Personal Computer by Nonradiologists Prior to Partial Hepatectomy
Authors: Dello Simon A. W. G. , Stoot Jan H. M. B. , van Stiphout Rogier S. A. , Bloemen Johanne G. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Dejong Cornelis H. C. , van Dam Ronald M.
Published: December 2010

Background

A small remnant liver volume is an important risk factor for posthepatectomy liver failure. ImageJ and OsiriX® are both free, open‐source image processing software packages. The aim of the present study was to compare ImageJ and OsiriX® in performing prospective computed tomography (CT) volumetric analysis of the liver on a personal computer (PC) in patients undergoing major liver resection.

Methods

Patients scheduled for a right hemihepatectomy were eligible for inclusion. Two surgeons and one surgical trainee measured volumes of total liver, tumor, and future resection specimen prospectively with ImageJ and OsiriX®. A radiologist also measured these volumes with CT scanner‐linked Aquarius iNtuition® software. Resection volumes were compared with the actual weights of the liver specimens removed during surgery, and differences between the measured liver volumes were analyzed.

Results

A total of 15 patients (8 men, 7 women) with a median age of 63 years (48–79 years) were included. There was a significant correlation between the measured weights of resection specimens and the volumes calculated prospectively with ImageJ and OsiriX® (r = 0.89; r = 0.83, respectively). There was also a significant correlation between the volumes measured with radiological software iNtuition® and the volumes measured with ImageJ and OsiriX® (r = 0.93; r = 0.95, respectively).

Conclusions

There were no major differences in total liver volumes, resection volumes, or tumour volumes for these three software packages. Prospective hepatic CT volumetry with ImageJ or OsiriX® is reliable and can be accurately used on a PC by nonradiologists. ImageJ and OsiriX® yield results comparable to the radiological software iNtuition®.
Close relationship between leaf life span and seedling relative growth rate in temperate hardwood species
Authors: Seiwa Kenji , Kikuzawa Kihachiro
Published: December 2010

The life span of resource‐acquiring organs (leaves, shoots, fine roots) is closely associated with species successional position and environmental resource availability. We examined to what extent leaf life span is related to inter‐ and intraspecific variation in seedling relative growth rate (RGR). We examined relationships between relative growth rate in mass (RGRM) or height (RGRH) and leaf life span, together with classical RGRM components [net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf weight ratio (LWR), and leaf area ratio (LAR)] for seedlings of five hardwood species of different successional position across a wide range of environmental resource availability, including the presence or absence of leaf litter in shaded forest understory, small canopy gaps, and large canopy gaps. Both SLA and LAR were negatively correlated with RGRM along the environmental gradient for all species. However, positive correlations were observed among species within microsites, indicating that these two components cannot consistently explain the variation in RGRM. Both NAR and LWR affect interspecific, but not intraspecific, variation in RGRM. Leaf life span was negatively correlated with either RGRM or RGRH in both inter‐ and intraspecific comparisons. Species with short‐lived, physiologically active leaves have high growth rates, particularly in resource‐rich environments. Consequently, leaf life span is a good predictor of seedling RGR. Leaf life span affects plant performance and has a strong and consistent effect on tree seedling growth, even among contrasting environments.
Effects of NanoTag Markers in Palm Methyl Esters and Their Blends with Petroleum Diesel
Authors: Lau Harrison Lik Nang , Kok Ying Chee , Choo Yuen May
Published: December 2010

Given the critical need to address smuggling and unauthorised usage of subsidised diesel, the Malaysia Government introduced fuel marking for subsidised diesel under the NanoTag Program in April 2006. NanoTag markers mixture consists of VisioTag (dye) and NanoTag (immunoassay marker) were spiked into palm methyl esters (PME) and its diesel blends. The blending ratio tested was 5, 10 and 20% (by volume) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in diesel fuel. Both NanoTag and VisioTag markers were found to be stable in PME and blended fuel after 9 months of storage. The concentration of the NanoTag marker (MTK‐021) remains consistent as determined by HPLC–UV detector. No colour change or discolouration was observed for the VisioTag marker. Other important fuel quality parameters such as acid value, oxidative stability, and moisture content of the samples were studied. The results showed that NanoTag markers pose no significant measurable effects on blended PME and diesel fuel quality upon storage up to B20.
ON THE PARTITION MONOID AND SOME RELATED SEMIGROUPS
Authors: FITZGERALD D. G. , LAU KWOK WAI
Published: December 2010

The partition monoid is a salient natural example of a *-regular semigroup. We find a Galois connection between elements of the partition monoid and binary relations, and use it to show that the partition monoid contains copies of the semigroup of transformations and the symmetric and dual-symmetric inverse semigroups on the underlying set. We characterize the divisibility preorders and the natural order on the (straight) partition monoid, using certain graphical structures associated with each element. This gives a simpler characterization of Green’s relations. We also derive a new interpretation of the natural order on the transformation semigroup. The results are also used to describe the ideal lattices of the straight and twisted partition monoids and the Brauer monoid.
THE STRICT TOPOLOGY ON THE DISCRETE LEBESGUE SPACES
Authors: MAGHSOUDI SAEID , NASR-ISFAHANI RASOUL
Published: December 2010

Let Σ be a set and σ be a positive function on Σ. We introduce and study a locally convex topology β1(Σ,σ) on the space ℓ1(Σ,σ) such that the strong dual of (ℓ1(Σ,σ),β1(Σ,σ)) can be identified with the Banach space $(c_0(\Sigma ,1/\sigma ),\|\cdot \|_{\infty ,\sigma })$. We also show that, except for the case where Σ is finite, there are infinitely many such locally convex topologies on ℓ1(Σ,σ). Finally, we investigate some other properties of the locally convex space (ℓ1(Σ,σ),β1(Σ,σ)) , and as an application, we answer partially a question raised by A. I. Singh [‘L∞0(G)* as the second dual of the group algebra L1 (G) with a locally convex topology’, Michigan Math. J.46 (1999), 143–150].
Accuracy of a digital skinfold system for measuring skinfold thickness and estimating body fat
Authors: Amaral Teresa F. , Teresa Restivo Maria , Guerra Rita S. , Marques Elisa , Chousal Maria F. , Mota Jorge
Published: December 2010

The use of skinfold thickness measurements to evaluate the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue and to predict body fat has recognised advantages. However, the different types of skinfold calliper available present limitations that make them unattractive and perhaps less used in daily practice. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy and functionality of a new digital skinfold system, the Liposoft 2008+Adipsmeter V0 (LA), for measuring skinfold thickness and determining body fat proportion (%BF). Skinfold thickness measurements made by the LA were compared with those obtained with a Harpenden (H) calliper from two samples of adults (n45) and older adults (n56) in a university-based cross-sectional study. A comparison was also conducted between estimated %BF from skinfolds and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bland and Altman plots show that skinfolds measured by the LA and H calliper are in high agreement, with a mean difference of 0·3 (95 % CI − 3·1, 3·4) mm. In regard to the %BF estimated from LA and H skinfolds measurement, the LA produced a similar approximation to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry %BF, with a mean difference of 0·2 (95 % CI − 0·8, 1·2) %, compared with %BF obtained with the H calliper. The LA system is an accurate instrumentation and represents an innovation in the evaluation of skinfold thickness and body composition based on anthropometric measurement.
Egg consumption as part of an energy-restricted high-protein diet improves blood lipid and blood glucose profiles in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pearce Karma L. , Clifton Peter M. , Noakes Manny
Published: December 2010

The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein low-cholesterol, HPLchol) on plasma lipids, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A total of sixty-five participants with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (age 54·4 (sd8·2) years; BMI 34·1 (sd4·8) kg/m2; LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 2·67 (sd0·10) mmol/l) were randomised to either HPHchol or HPLchol. Both hypoenergetic dietary interventions (6–7 MJ; 1·4–1·7 Mcal) and total carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 40:30:30 % were similar but differed in cholesterol content (HPHchol, 590 mg cholesterol; HPLchol, 213 mg cholesterol). HPHchol participants consumed two eggs per d, whereas HPHchol participants replaced the eggs with 100 g of lean animal protein. After 12 weeks, weight loss was 6·0 (sd0·4) kg (P < 0·001). LDL-C and homocysteine remained unchanged. All the subjects reduced total cholesterol ( − 0·3 (sd0·1) mmol/l,P < 0·001), TAG ( − 0·4 (sd0·1) mmol/l,P < 0·001), non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C, − 0·4 (sd0·1) mmol/l,P < 0·001), apo-B ( − 0·04 (sd0·02) mmol/l,P < 0·01), HbA1c ( − 0·6 (sd0·1) %,P < 0·001), fasting blood glucose ( − 0·5 (sd0·2) mmol/l,P < 0·01), fasting insulin ( − 1·7 (sd0·7) mIU/l,P < 0·01), systolic blood pressure ( − 7·6 (sd1·7) mmHg,P < 0·001) and diastolic blood pressure ( − 4·6 (sd1·0) mmHg;P < 0·001). Significance was not altered by diet, sex, medication or amount of weight loss. HDL-C increased on HPHchol (+0·02 (sd0·02) mmol/l) and decreased on HPLchol ( − 0·07 (sd0·03) mmol/l,P < 0·05). Plasma folate and lutein increased more on HPHchol (P < 0·05). These results suggest that a high-protein energy-restricted diet high in cholesterol from eggs improved glycaemic and lipid profiles, blood pressure and apo-B in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Meaning as Hypothesis: Quine’s Indeterminacy Thesis Revisited
Authors: Grigoriev Serge
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT: Despite offering many formulations of his controversial indeterminacy of translation thesis, Quine has never explored in detail the connection between indeterminacy and the conception of meaning that he had supposedly derived from the work of Peirce and Duhem. The outline of such a conception of meaning, as well as its relationship to the indeterminacy thesis, is worked out in this paper; and its merits and implications are assessed both in the context of Quine’s own philosophical agenda, and also with a view to a very different approach to meaning and understanding exemplified by the work of Gadamer.
The mean velocity profile of a smooth-flat-plate turbulent boundary layer at high Reynolds number
Authors: OWEIS GHANEM F. , WINKEL ERIC S. , CUTBRITH JAMES M. , CECCIO STEVEN L. , PERLIN MARC , DOWLING DAVID R.
Published: December 2010

Smooth flat-plate turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) have been studied for nearly a century. However, there is a relative dearth of measurements at Reynolds numbers typical of full-scale marine and aerospace transportation systems (Reθ = Ueθ/ν > 105, where Ue = free-stream speed, θ = TBL momentum thickness and ν = kinematic viscosity). This paper presents new experimental results for the TBL that forms on a smooth flat plate at nominal Reθ values of 0.5 × 105, 1.0 × 105 and 1.5 × 105. Nominal boundary layer thicknesses (δ) were 80–90mm, and Karman numbers (δ+) were 17000, 32000 and 47000, respectively. The experiments were conducted in the William B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel on a polished (k+ < 0.2) flat-plate test model 12.9m long and 3.05m wide at water flow speeds up to 20ms−1. Direct measurements of static pressure and mean wall shear stress were obtained with pressure taps and floating-plate skin friction force balances. The TBL developed a mild favourable pressure gradient that led to a streamwise flow speed increase of ~2.5% over the 11m long test surface, and was consistent with test section sidewall and model surface boundary-layer growth. At each Reθ, mean streamwise velocity profile pairs, separated by 24cm, were measured more than 10m from the model's leading edge using conventional laser Doppler velocimetry. Between these profile pairs, a unique near-wall implementation of particle tracking velocimetry was used to measure the near-wall velocity profile. The composite profile measurements span the wall-normal coordinate range from y+ < 1 to y > 2δ. To within experimental uncertainty, the measured mean velocity profiles can be fit using traditional zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) TBL asymptotics with some modifications for the mild favourable pressure gradient. The fitted profile pairs satisfy the von-Kármán momentum integral equation to within 1%. However, the profiles reported here show distinct differences from equivalent ZPG profiles. The near-wall indicator function has more prominent extrema, the log-law constants differ slightly, and the profiles' wake component is less pronounced.
Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Authors: Mojtabai R. , Olfson M. , Sampson N. A. , Jin R. , Druss B. , Wang P. S. , Wells K. B. , Pincus H. A. , Kessler R. C.
Published: December 2010

Background

The aim was to examine barriers to initiation and continuation of treatment among individuals with common mental disorders in the US general population.

Method

Respondents in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication with common 12-month DSM-IV mood, anxiety, substance, impulse control and childhood disorders were asked about perceived need for treatment, structural barriers and attitudinal/evaluative barriers to initiation and continuation of treatment.

Results

Low perceived need was reported by 44.8% of respondents with a disorder who did not seek treatment. Desire to handle the problem on one's own was the most common reason among respondents with perceived need both for not seeking treatment (72.6%) and for dropping out of treatment (42.2%). Attitudinal/evaluative factors were much more important than structural barriers both to initiating (97.4% v. 22.2%) and to continuing (81.9% v. 31.8%) of treatment. Reasons for not seeking treatment varied with illness severity. Low perceived need was a more common reason for not seeking treatment among individuals with mild (57.0%) than moderate (39.3%) or severe (25.9%) disorders, whereas structural and attitudinal/evaluative barriers were more common among respondents with more severe conditions.

Conclusions

Low perceived need and attitudinal/evaluative barriers are the major barriers to treatment seeking and staying in treatment among individuals with common mental disorders. Efforts to increase treatment seeking and reduce treatment drop-out need to take these barriers into consideration as well as to recognize that barriers differ as a function of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.
Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front:Women of China(1949–1966)
Authors: Zheng Wang
Published: December 2010

This article is a study of socialist feminist cultural practices in the early PRC. It investigates stories behind the scenes and treats the All-China Women's Federation's official journalWomen of Chinaas a site of feminist contention to reveal gender conflicts within the Party, diverse visions of socialist transformation, and state feminist strategies in the pursuit of women's liberation. A close examination of discrepancies between the covers and contents of the magazine explicates multiple meanings in establishing a socialist feminist visual culture that attempted to disrupt gender and class hierarchies. Special attention to state feminists' identification with and divergence from the Party's agenda illuminates a unique historical process in which a gendered democracy was enacted in the creation of a feminist cultural front when the Party was consolidating its centralizing power. The article demonstrates a prominent “gender line” in the socialist state that has been neglected in much of the scholarship on the Mao era.
Trends in slaughter pig production and antimicrobial consumption in Danish slaughter pig herds, 2002–2008
Authors: VIEIRA A. R. , PIRES S. M. , HOUE H. , EMBORG H.-D.
Published: December 2010

Overuse of antimicrobials in food-animal production is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of resistant bacterial populations. Data on non-human antimicrobial usage is essential for planning of intervention strategies to lower resistance levels at the country, region or herd levels. In this study we evaluated Danish national antimicrobial usage data for five antimicrobial classes used in slaughter pigs in different herd sizes and data on the number of slaughter pigs produced per herd, between 2002 and 2008, in Denmark. The objective was to ascertain if there is an association between herd size and amount of antimicrobials consumed. During this period, the overall number of herds with slaughter pigs decreased by 43%, with larger herds becoming more prevalent. The tetracycline treatment incidence (TI) rate increased from 0·28 to 0·70 animal-defined daily dose (ADD)/100 slaughter pig-days at risk while macrolide TI presented a more moderate increase, from 0·40 to 0·44 ADD/100 slaughter pig-days at risk during the study period. Linear regression analyses revealed a significant association between herd size and TI rates for tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides/trimethoprim and cephalosporins, with small herds presenting significantly higher TI than moderate, large and the largest herds. This study highlights the importance of establishing an antimicrobial consumption monitoring programme, integrated with comprehensive food-animal production surveillance. Further research should be performed to address the potential causes of the detected associations between herd sizes and antimicrobial consumption in pigs.
Functional and dynamic programming in the design of parallel prefix networks
Authors: SHEERAN MARY
Published: December 2010

A parallel prefix network of width n takes n inputs, a1, a2, . . ., an, and computes each yi = a1 ○ a2 ○ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ○ ai for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, for an associative operator ○. This is one of the fundamental problems in computer science, because it gives insight into how parallel computation can be used to solve an apparently sequential problem. As parallel programming becomes the dominant programming paradigm, parallel prefix or scan is proving to be a very important building block of parallel algorithms and applications. There are many different parallel prefix networks, with different properties such as number of operators, depth and allowed fanout from the operators. In this paper, ideas from functional programming are combined with search to enable a deep exploration of parallel prefix network design. Networks that improve on the best known previous results are generated. It is argued that precise modelling in a functional programming language, together with simple visualization of the networks, gives a new, more experimental, approach to parallel prefix network design, improving on the manual techniques typically employed in the literature. The programming idiom that marries search with higher order functions may well have wider application than the network generation described here.
MALIGNANT FAITH AND COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING: REALISM INADAM BEDE
Authors: Singleton Jon
Published: December 2010

I begin this essay by quoting twobooks that deeply shaped George Eliot's thinking because I want to draw attention to the problem of “faith” in her writings, which I believe illuminates an important aspect of her realist project. I am not so much interested in her well-documented personal loss of faith, or her deconstruction of Victorian Christianity into religious humanism (Knoepflmacher 44–59; Wright 173–201; Dolin 165–89), as I am in her positive theorization of faith, throughout her early writings, as a cognitive structure that shapes perception, interpretation, and action. Faith materializes as beliefs shape perception, perceptions shape belief, in hermeneutical spirals coiling out to exert benign or malignant force on believers’ material lives. For Eliot, Christian faith enables social violence, and literature must both expose this malignant relationship and instill more benign (and less totalizing) cognitive patterns for bringing one's faith to bear on materiality. Among other effects, such a transformation changes the way the Bible itself can be read. The realism Eliot articulates inAdam Bede(1859) and elaborates for the rest of her career is modeled on her understanding of the cognitive structure of faith – and calculated to infiltrate and eradicate it.
DIGITAL SCHOLARLY RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF VICTORIAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE
Authors: Stauffer Andrew M.
Published: December 2010

My aim in this essay is to provide a categorical map to the landscape of digital resources available to enrich scholarship on Victorian literature and culture. But I also want to reflect for a moment on the general state of digital scholarly work within the larger institutional structures of our disciplines. For over a decade now, digital resources relevant to the study of nineteenth-century literature and culture have been proliferating, becoming part of the way we live now as scholars and teachers. Yet reviews of such resources in standard channels have thus far been rare. There are a number of reasons for this state of affairs, all related primarily to the fact that digital projects have developed outside the well-settled infrastructure that has supported the academic book. This infrastructure is familiar to us, involving a network of institutions that includes publishers, libraries, scholarly societies, humanities departments, and academic journals like Victorian Literature and Culture. The scene of production of digital scholarship is, by contrast, variable and dynamic, involving experimental platforms, emergent collaborations, competing standards, rapidly-evolving technologies, and unfamiliar genres. Perhaps most crucially, digital scholarly resources in our field have only recently (with the advent of NINES [http://www.nines.org] in 2005) begun to receive systematic peer-review, of which post-publication reviews in academic journals have been a part. Because digital projects are more process than finished product (i.e., they are never “done” in the way a book is), they have tended to elude the reviewers. As a result of this unsettled environment, digital scholarship still abides in the shadows of the printed monographs, articles, and editions by which we have long measured achievement in the field.
Energy and nutrient intakes in relation to sex and socio-economic status among school adolescents in urban Cameroon, Africa
Authors: Dapi Léonie N , Hörnell Agneta , Janlert Urban , Stenlund Hans , Larsson Christel
Published: December 2010

Objective

To assess energy and nutrient intakes and physical activity of adolescents in urban Cameroon according to sex and socio-economic status (SES).

Design

Cross-sectional study with adolescents randomly selected from schools in low-, middle- and high-SES areas. Weight and height were measured and information about food intake and physical activity was obtained through repeated individual 24 h recalls. Under- and over-reporting of energy intake and inadequacy of nutrient intake were assessed.

Setting

Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Subjects

Boys and girls aged 12–16 years (n227).

Results

Boys had a lower BMI and reported higher energy expenditures and physical activity levels (PAL) than girls. Under-reporting of energy intake was large among boys and girls regardless of PAL; boys under-reported more than girls. Among those with low PAL, over-reporting of energy intake was common. Over 50 % of boys and girls had protein below the recommendations. The intake of fat varied; 26 % of the adolescents were below and 25 % were above the recommendations. Inadequate intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B3and Fe were more common among girls, while boys more often had inadequate intake of vitamin A. Adolescents with low SES were more likely to be below the recommendations for fat and vitamins B2, B3, B6and B12than those with high SES.

Conclusions

A high proportion of boys and girls reported inadequate intakes. However under- and over-reporting were also very common. Boys under-reported energy intake more than girls and inadequate nutrient intake was more frequently reported by adolescents with low SES than by those with high SES.
Evaluating the training of clinical supervisors: a pilot study using the fidelity framework
Authors: Culloty Tonia , Milne Derek L. , Sheikh Alia I.
Published: December 2010

Theevaluation of supervisor training has featured weak measurement and lacked a coherent framework, limiting effectiveness. A literature review was first conducted to clarify the current status of supervisor workshop evaluations, related to the promising fidelity framework. This consists of five criteria: the workshop'sdesign, thetraining(competence of the trainer), thedeliveryof the workshop, the learning of the participants (receipt), and the clinical practice outcomes (enactment). Second, we applied this framework to the training of supervisors (n= 17) in a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) approach, by analysing one trainer leading two successive supervisors’ workshops. The review of the literature indicated that there were significant psychometric and conceptual deficiencies in the current evaluation of supervisor training. The data from the case-study analysis suggest that the manual-based workshop could be delivered with high fidelity by this trainer (e.g. the CBT approach to supervision received 89% approval). The fidelity framework provided a systematic, feasible and coherent rationale for the evaluation of supervisor training. Our preliminary findings indicated that the workshop was successful. To fulfil its promise as an improved way of evaluating supervisor training, the framework should be piloted with other trainers, instruments and workshops, using controlled designs.
Do Business Ethics Pay Off?
Authors: Strobel Maria , Tumasjan Andranik , Welpe Isabell
Published: December 2010

The ability to attract highly qualified employees constitutes a significant competitive advantage, and is ultimately linked to an organization’s economic success. Creating and maintaining organizational attractiveness is therefore crucial to organizations. While previous research has demonstrated that an organization’s ethical conduct (e.g., corporate social responsibility) enhances its attractiveness for potential employees, there is no empirical evidence on whether the ethical behavior of an organization’s leaders can also affect organizational attractiveness. Using both experimental and correlational data we investigate the influence of leader ethical behavior on organizational attractiveness and examine the underlying mechanisms behind this relationship. In line with our hypotheses, ethical leader behavior leads to significantly higher ethical leadership ratings and to significantly higher ratings of organizational attractiveness. Furthermore, higher ethical leadership ratings were associated with stronger intentions to pursue employment with the respective organization. This effect was simultaneously mediated by organizational prestige and the general attractiveness of the organization.
Anti‐correlated variability in subduction rate of the western and eastern North Pacific Oceans identified by an eddy‐resolving ocean GCM
Authors: Chen Ju , Qu Tangdong , Sasaki Yoshi N. , Schneider Niklas
Published: December 2010

Analysis of results from an eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation model has revealed the existence of an anti‐correlated variability in subduction rate of the western and eastern North Pacific Oceans, consistent with the leading mode of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A composite analysis shows that during the positive phase of PDO, the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) generally gets deeper in the west and shallower in the east, being closely related to the variability in surface heat flux stemming from an enhanced Aleutian Low, and the situation during the negative phase of PDO is reversed. Changes in MLD are primarily responsible for the anti‐correlated variability in subduction rate, though changes in subtropical gyre circulation also play a role. The result also provides useful evidence for the interior and western boundary pathways, through which variability in eastern subtropical mode water can be conveyed into the equatorial region.
Flux and energy analysis of species in hollow cathode magnetron ionized physical vapor deposition of copper
Authors: Wu L. , Ko E. , Dulkin A. , Park K. J. , Fields S. , Leeser K. , Meng L. , Ruzic D. N.
Published: December 2010

To meet the stringent requirements of interconnect metallization for sub-32 nm technologies, an unprecedented level of flux and energy control of film forming species has become necessary to further advance ionized physical vapor deposition technology. Such technology development mandates improvements in methods to quantify the metal ion fraction, the gas/metal ion ratio, and the associated ion energies in the total ion flux to the substrate. In this work, a novel method combining planar Langmuir probes, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and gridded energy analyzer (GEA) custom instrumentation is developed to estimate the plasma density and temperature as well as to measure the metal ion fraction and ion energy. The measurements were conducted in a Novellus Systems, Inc. Hollow Cathode Magnetron (HCMTM) physical vapor deposition source used for deposition of Cu seed layer for 65–130 nm technology nodes. The gridded energy analyzer was employed to measure ion flux and ion energy, which was compared to the collocated planar Langmuir probe data. The total ion-to-metal neutral ratio was determined by the QCM combined with GEA. The data collection technique and the corresponding analysis are discussed. The effect of concurrent resputtering during the deposition process on film thickness profile is also discussed.
Temperature rise in InGaN/GaN vertical light emitting diode on copper transferred from silicon probed by Raman scattering
Authors: Alarcón-Lladó Esther , Bin-Dolmanan Surani , Lin Vivian Kai Xin , Teo Siew Lang , Dadgar Armin , Krost Alois , Tripathy Sudhiranjan
Published: December 2010

The authors report on a Raman scattering study of self-heating in InGaN/GaN-based thin film vertical light emitting diode (VLED) on copper successfully transferred from silicon (111). The LED structures grown on bulk Si are transferred to a copper substrate host using electroplating and sacrificial removal of silicon by grinding, lapping and dry etching. The light emission characteristics of such VLEDs are studied by electroluminescence measurements. Due to self-heating at very high injection current, the temperature of the p-side down VLED without encapsulation and packaging increases rapidly and correlates well with the I-V characteristics. The Raman measurements allow probing of temperature profiles when these VLEDs are driven at current up to 1 A.
Modeling and spectral simulation of matrix-isolated molecules by density functional calculations: A case study on formic acid dimer
Authors: Ito Fumiyuki
Published: December 2010

The supermolecule approach has been used to model molecules embedded in solid argon matrix, wherein interaction between the guest and the host atoms in the first solvation shell is evaluated with the use of density functional calculations. Structural stability and simulated spectra have been obtained for formic acid dimer (FAD)-Arn (n = 21–26) clusters. The calculations at the B971/6-31++G(3df,3pd) level have shown that the tetrasubstitutional site on Ar(111) plane is likely to incorporate FAD most stably, in view of consistency with the matrix shifts available experimentally.
Quantum behavior of a superconducting loop interrupted by a double-barrier Josephson junction
Authors: De Luca R.
Published: December 2010

The Hamiltonian of a superconducting thin loop interrupted by a double-barrier Josephson junction is derived. The parameter ε, which takes account of the difference in the Josephson coupling of the two single junctions in the SISIS structure, is seen to allow variation of the energy gap ΔE01 between the ground state and the first excited flux number state of the system. An additional parameter γ, describing the coupling between the outer electrodes of the double-barrier Josephson junction, is introduced. Persistent currents in the system are studied in terms of the usual parameter α, representing the ratio between the Josephson energy and the magnetic energy, and of the externally applied flux.
Magnetodielectric properties of nanodisc bismuth ferrite grown within Na-4 mica nanochannels
Authors: Hajra Partha , Pal Mrinal , Datta Anindya , Chakravorty Dipankar , Meriakri Vyacheslav , Parkhomenko Michael
Published: December 2010

Bismuth Ferrite nanodiscs of ∼0.6 nm thickness and 4.5 nm diameter have been synthesized within Na-4 mica nanochannels. The nanocomposite shows weakly ferromagnetic behavior. The zero field cooled magnetization data indicate a spin glass like behavior by the nanodisc surfaces with a freezing temperature of 10 K. The material shows superparamagnetic and strongly ferroelectric behavior at room temperature. A magnetodielectric coupling has been observed. The change in dielectric constant as a function of magnetic field up to 1.2 T is found to be ∼12% at room temperature, which is much higher than that reported so far in the case of bulk bismuth ferrite systems. The dielectric response of this nanocomposite system has been studied in very high frequency range between 80 and 120 GHz at room temperature. The data indicate the presence of resonance interaction.
Finite difference method for solving the Schrödinger equation with band nonparabolicity in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Cooper J. D. , Valavanis A. , Ikonić Z. , Harrison P. , Cunningham J. E.
Published: December 2010

The nonparabolic Schrödinger equation for electrons in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is a cubic eigenvalue problem (EVP) which cannot be solved directly. While a method for linearizing this cubic EVP has been proposed in principle for quantum dots [Hwang et al., Math. Comput. Modell., 40, 519 (2004)] it was deemed too computationally expensive because of the three-dimensional geometry under consideration. We adapt this linearization approach to the one-dimensional geometry of QCLs, and arrive at a direct and exact solution to the cubic EVP. The method is then compared with the well established shooting method, and it is shown to be more accurate and reliable for calculating the bandstructure of mid-infrared QCLs.
Van der Waals torque induced by external magnetic fields
Authors: Esquivel-Sirvent R. , Cocoletzi G. H. , Palomino-Ovando M.
Published: December 2010

We present a method for inducing and controlling van der Waals torques between two parallel slabs using a constant magnetic field. The torque is calculated using the Barash theory of dispersive torques. In III–IV semiconductors such as InSb, the effect of an external magnetic field is to induce an optical anisotropy, in an otherwise isotropic material, that will in turn induce a torque. The calculations of the torque are done in the Voigt configuration, with the magnetic field parallel to the surface of the slabs. As a case study we consider a slab made of calcite and a second slab made of InSb. In the absence of magnetic field there is no torque. As the magnetic field increases, the optical anisotropy of InSb increases and the torque becomes different from zero, increasing with the magnetic field. The resulting torque is of the same order of magnitude as that calculated using permanent anisotropic materials when the magnetic fields is close to 1 T.
A large and reproducible metamagnetic shape memory effect in polycrystalline Ni45Co5Mn37In13 Heusler alloy
Authors: Li Z. , Jing C. , Zhang H. L. , Yu D. H. , Chen L. , Kang B. J. , Cao S. X. , Zhang J. C.
Published: December 2010

We present a detailed study of strain behavior associated with martensitic transition in polycrystalline Ni45Co5Mn37In13 Heusler alloy. A spontaneous phase transition strain with the value of about 0.4% in this alloy can be acquired by applying and removing magnetic field, exhibiting a large two-way metamagnetic shape memory effect (MSME) with nonprestrain. This effect is originated from magnetoelastic coupling due to a large difference in Zeeman energy between austenitic and martensitic phases. In addition, it was also found that even after three magnetic field cycles at 320 K, the two-way MSME is still reproducible. Such characteristic could be ascribed to a random orientation of martensite variants in present alloy.
Multidiagnostic analysis of ultrafast laser ablation of metals with pulse pair irradiation
Authors: Amoruso S. , Bruzzese R. , Wang X. , O’Connell G. , Lunney J. G.
Published: December 2010

Copper targets are irradiated in the ablation regime by pairs of equal, time-delayed collinear laser pulses separated on a timescale going from ≈2 ps to ≈2 ns. The ablation plume is characterized by ion probe diagnostic, fast imaging, and temporally and spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy. The variation in the ablation efficiency with the delay between the pulses is analyzed by measuring the ablation crater profile with a contact profilometer. The second laser pulse modifies the characteristics of the plasma plume produced by the first pulse and the ablation efficiency. The different mechanisms involved in double pulse ultrafast laser ablation are identified and discussed. The experimental findings are interpreted in the frame of a simple model of the interaction of the second pulse with the nascent ablation plume produced by the first pulse. This model yields consistent and quantitative agreement with the experimental findings predicting the observed experimental trends of the ablation depth reduction and ion yield increase with the delay between the pulses, as well as the characteristic timescale of the observed changes. The possibility of controlling the characteristics of the plumes produced during ultrafast laser ablation via an efficient coupling of the energy of the second pulse to the various ablation components produced by the first pulse is of particular interest in ultrafast pulsed laser deposition and microprobe analyses of materials.
Viscous evolution of point vortex equilibria: The collinear state
Authors: Jing Fangxu , Kanso Eva , Newton Paul K.
Published: December 2010

We describe the viscous evolution of a collinear three-vortex structure that corresponds initially to an inviscid point vortex fixed equilibrium, with the goal of elucidating some of the main transient dynamical features of the flow. Using a multi-Gaussian “core-growth” type of model, we show that the system immediately begins to rotate unsteadily, a mechanism we attribute to a “viscously induced” instability. We then examine in detail the qualitative and quantitative evolution of the system as it evolves toward the long-time asymptotic Lamb–Oseen state, showing the sequence of topological bifurcations that occur both in a fixed reference frame and in an appropriately chosen rotating reference frame. The evolution of passive particles in this viscously evolving flow is shown and interpreted in relation to these evolving streamline patterns.
Coupled surface plasmon interference lithography based on a metal-bounded dielectric structure
Authors: Guo Xiaowei , Dong Qiming
Published: December 2010

We propose a coupled surface plasmon (SP) interference lithography based on a metal-bounded dielectric structure. The long and short range SP interferences at different dielectric thicknesses in the structure are analyzed. The interference in Kretschmann structure under the same conditions is also compared. Numerical results show the coupled SP interference offers better lithography performance as compared with the Kretschmann SP interference. This proposed technique provides potential for fabrication of periodic nanostructures.
Nondestructive measurement and high-precision evaluation of the electrical conductivity of doped GaAs wafers using microwaves
Authors: Liu Linsheng , Ju Yang
Published: December 2010

A nondestructive method for measuring the electrical conductivity of doped GaAs wafers using a compact microwave instrument is presented. Based on the characteristics of the microwave detector and the fact that the microwave measurement is independent of the thickness of the wafer, the analytical and explicit expressions to evaluate the electrical conductivity of the wafer are derived. Using this method, only the voltages of the reflected signals for two wafer samples whose conductivities are known are required to calibrate the two undetermined constants in the equation. Then, the conductivity of any other wafer can be evaluated by substituting the measured voltage of the reflected signal into the explicit expressions. Seven different doped GaAs wafers with thickness larger than 350 μm and conductivities in the range of 1.3 × 104 S/m to 7.6 × 104 S/m are measured in the experiment, two of which are used for calibration. The evaluated results agree well with those obtained by the conventional Hall effect measurement method, with an evaluation error less than ±4.5%. The proposed method is potentially useful for the contactless and nondestructive evaluation of the electrical conductivity of any kind of semiconductor wafer.
Amplitude and phase effects on the synchronization of delay-coupled oscillators
Authors: D’Huys O. , Vicente R. , Danckaert J. , Fischer I.
Published: December 2010

We consider the behavior of Stuart–Landau oscillators as generic limit-cycle oscillators when they are interacting with delay. We investigate the role of amplitude and phase instabilities in producing symmetry-breaking/restoring transitions. Using analytical and numerical methods we compare the dynamics of one oscillator with delayed feedback, two oscillators mutually coupled with delay, and two delay-coupled elements with self-feedback. Taking only the phase dynamics into account, no chaotic dynamics is observed, and the stability of the identical synchronization solution is the same in each of the three studied networks of delay-coupled elements. When allowing for a variable oscillation amplitude, the delay can induce amplitude instabilities. We provide analytical proof that, in case of two mutually coupled elements, the onset of an amplitude instability always results in antiphase oscillations, leading to a leader-laggard behavior in the chaotic regime. Adding self-feedback with the same strength and delay as the coupling stabilizes the system in the transverse direction and, thus, promotes the onset of identically synchronized behavior.
Stress analysis and ferroelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.96Nb0.04O3 thin film grown on different thickness of BaPbO3 electrodes
Authors: Wen Xin-Yi , Yu Jun , Wang Yun-Bo , Zhou Wen-Li , Gao Jun-Xiong
Published: December 2010

Pb ( Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 ) 0.96 Nb 0.04 O 3 (PZTN) thin films were deposited on BaPbO3 (BPO) electrodes by rf-magnetron sputtering. 34, 68, 135, and 270 nm thick BPOs were adopted in this study. The preferred orientation changes from slightly (100)/(001) to slightly (101)/(110) as the BPO thickness increased. The mean grain sizes obtained by Williamson–Hall plots are 81 nm, 120 nm, 146 nm, and 90 nm, respectively. The same tendency was observed by atomic force microscopy method. In residual stress analysis, tensile stress was observed in every film. The stress magnitude is the maximum in the film with 135 nm thick BPO. Through a simple calculation, we suggest that the tensile stress in our films mainly originates from the phase transformation stresses. We also note that the ferroelectric and dielectrics properties are improved with the raise of tensile stresses. A possible reason is that the tensile stress benefits the tetragonal–monoclinic phase transition in the PZTN films with composition near morphotropic phase boundary. The other possible reason is that the raise of the tensile stress is consistent with the increasing of grain size, which decreases the grain boundary density and facilitate domain mobility.