bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Techniques in Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) Control and Resistance Management: History Review and Future Perspectives
Authors: Kadoić Balaško Martina , Mikac Katarina M. , Bažok Renata , Lemic Darija
Published: September 2020

Colorado potato beetle, CPB (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), is one of the most important pests of the potato globally. Larvae and adults can cause complete defoliation of potato plant leaves and can lead to a large yield loss. The insect has been successfully suppressed by insecticides; however, over time, has developed resistance to insecticides from various chemical groups, and its once successful control has diminished. The number of available active chemical control substances is decreasing with the process of testing, and registering new products on the market are time-consuming and expensive, with the possibility of resistance ever present. All of these concerns have led to the search for new methods to control CPB and efficient tools to assist with the detection of resistant variants and monitoring of resistant populations. Current strategies that may aid in slowing resistance include gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi, besides providing an efficient tool for gene functional studies, represents a safe, efficient, and eco-friendly strategy for CPB control. Genetically modified (GM) crops that produce the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have many advantages over agro-technical, mechanical, biological, and chemical measures. However, pest resistance that may occur and public acceptance of GM modified food crops are the main problems associated with Bt crops. Recent developments in the speed, cost, and accuracy of next generation sequencing are revolutionizing the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and field of population genomics. There is a need for effective resistance monitoring programs that are capable of the early detection of resistance and successful implementation of integrated resistance management (IRM). The main focus of this review is on new technologies for CPB control (RNAi) and tools (SNPs) for detection of resistant CPB populations.
Can Mating Disruption Be a Possible Route to Control Plum Fruit Moth in Mediterranean Environments?
Authors: Lo Verde Gabriella , Guarino Salvatore , Barone Stefano , Rizzo Roberto
Published: September 2020

Control of the plum fruit moth, Grapholita funebrana Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has been mainly based on the use of chemical insecticides, which can cause undesirable side effects, leading to a growing interest towards alternative sustainable strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the mating disruption technique on G. funebrana infestation in plum orchards, by comparing the number of male captures in pheromone-baited traps, and evaluating the damage to fruits in plots treated with the pheromone dispersers and in control plots. The study was carried out in 2012 and 2014 in three organic plum orchards, on the cultivars Angeleno, Friar, President and Stanley. To evaluate the pheromone emission curve of the dispensers from the openings to the end of the trials, a chemical analysis was carried out by solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry. In all years and orchards the mean number of males caught in traps placed in the treatment plots was always significantly lower than untreated plots. Pheromone emission from the dispensers was highest at the opening, and was still considerable at 54 days of field exposure, while it significantly decreased after 72 days of field exposure. Cultivar was confirmed to be an essential factor in determining the fruit infestation level. Pheromone treatment significantly reduced fruit infestation, but not economic damage.
Fast-Versus Slow-Resorbable Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials—Texture Analysis after 12 Months of Observation
Authors: Wach Tomasz , Kozakiewicz Marcin
Published: September 2020

The development of oral surgery and implantology has led to the need for better and more predictable materials. Various substitute materials are now used for bone regeneration. The replacement of scaffolding material by new bone tissue is the most important condition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the resorbability of bone substitute materials during regeneration to the jawbone. The study included 88 patients during the 12-month follow-up. All the patients had undergone oral surgical procedures using two different substitute materials—Cerasorb (high-rate resorbable (β-tricalcium phosphate)) and Endobone (low-rate resorbable (hydroxyapatite)). Texture analysis was performed in intraoral radiographs, in which regions of interest were established for the bone substitute materials and reference bone. Five texture features were calculated, namely the sum average (SumAverg), entropy (Entropy), and three Harr discrete wavelet transform coefficients. This study revealed that all 5 features described the healing process well. Entropy was decreased in both cases with time; however, in Cerasorb cases, the texture feature values were very close to those of the reference bone after 12 months of healing (p < 0.05). The wavelet transform coefficient at scale 6 also showed that longitudinal objects appeared in implantation sites, similar to trabecular bone (p < 0.05) after 12 months of healing. The slow-resorbing material restored the structure of the alveolar crest better in terms of producing large objects similar to the components of a barrel bone image (wavelet coefficients), but required a longer time for reconstruction. The fast-resorbing material showed a texture image with a similar scattering of structures to that of the reference bone (entropy) after 12 months.
Effect of Oxygen Variation on High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy
Authors: Tang Luyao , Fan Jiangkun , Kou Hongchao , Tang Bin , Li Jinshan
Published: September 2020

The element oxygen is expected to be a low-cost, strengthening element of titanium alloys due to its strong solid solution strengthening effect. High cycle fatigue behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V alloys with different oxygen contents (0.17%, 0.20%, 0.23% wt.%) were investigated in this paper. The results illustrated that Ti-6Al-4V-0.20O alloy possesses the highest fatigue strength and the lowest fatigue crack propagation rate. The fatigue fracture morphology verified that the fatigue cracks propagated transgranularly in both Ti-6Al-4V-0.17O and Ti-6Al-4V-0.20O alloys, and the fatigue cracks tended to extend intergranularly in the Ti-6Al-4V-0.23O alloy. The maximum nano-hardness varied from the <0001> direction to the <1¯21¯0> and <011¯0> directions with the increasing oxygen content, which suggested that the dominant slip system varied from prismatic slip to pyramidal slip. The number of the  type dislocations increased with the oxygen content, which indicated that the number of the first-order pyramidal and the second-order pyramidal  slip systems increased. The oxygen can significantly change the fatigue fracture mechanism of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: From transgranular fracture to intergranular fracture. These results are expected to provide valuable reference for the optimization of the composition and mechanical properties of titanium alloys.
Preparation and Magnetic Properties of CoFe2O4 Oriented Fiber Arrays by Electrospinning
Authors: Cheng Chen , Dai Jianfeng , Li Zengpeng , Feng Wei
Published: September 2020

The morphology of magnetic materials has a great influence on the properties, which is attributed to the magnetic anisotropy of the materials. Therefore, it is worth studying the fabrication of the aligned fiber and the change of its domain distribution. Nanoparticles and nanofibers were prepared by the hydrothermal and electrospinning methods, respectively. At the same time, the arranged nanofibers were collected by the drum collecting device. After the same annealing at 700 °C, it was found that the diameter of fibers collected by different collecting drums is similar. By studying the hysteresis loops of nanoarrays, it was found that they had strong anisotropy. The easy axis was parallel to the long axis, the Hc and Mr of the easy axis and the hard axis were 1330.5 Oe, 32.39 Am2/kg, and 857.2 Oe, 24.8 Am2/kg, respectively. Due to the anisotropy of the shape and the interaction between the particles, the Hc could not be enhanced. Therefore, the Ms and Hc of the nanoparticles were 80.23 Am2/kg and 979.3 Oe, respectively. The hysteresis loop and the change of magnetic moment during the demagnetization of the CoFe2O4 nanofiber array were simulated via micromagnetic software. The simulated Hc was 1480 Oe, which was similar to the experimental value.
Static Softening Behavior and Modified Kinetics of Al 2219 Alloy Based on a Double-Pass Hot Compression Test
Authors: Liu Lei , Wu Yunxin , Gong Hai , Ahmad Abdulrahaman Shuaibu , Dong Fang , Yu Huamin
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the static softening mechanism of a 2219 aluminum alloy was studied based on a double-pass isothermal compression test. For the experiment, different temperatures (623 K, 723 K, and 773 K), strain rates (0.1/s, 1/s, and 10/s), deformation ratios (20%, 30%, and 40%), and insulation periods (5 s, 30 s, and 60 s) were used. Based on the double-pass flow stress curves obtained from the experiment, the step rate expressed by the equivalent dynamic recrystallization fraction is dependent on the deformation parameters, which increases with the increase in strain rate and insulation time, while it decreases with the increase in temperature and strain. Based on the microstructure observed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), the static softening mechanism of the Al 2219 alloy is mainly static recovery and incomplete static recrystallization. A new expression for the static recrystallization fraction is proposed using the reduction rate of the sub-grain boundary. The dependent rule on the deformation parameters is consistent with the step rate, but it is of physical significance. In addition, the modified static recrystallization kinetics established by the new SRX fraction method was proven to have a good modeling and prediction performance under given deformation conditions.
Thermal Barrier Stability and Wear Behavior of CVD Deposited Aluminide Coatings for MAR 247 Nickel Superalloy
Authors: Kukla Dominik , Kopec Mateusz , Kowalewski Zbigniew L. , Politis Denis J. , Jóźwiak Stanisław , Senderowski Cezary
Published: September 2020

In this paper, aluminide coatings of various thicknesses and microstructural uniformity obtained using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were studied in detail. The optimized CVD process parameters of 1040 °C for 12 h in a protective hydrogen atmosphere enabled the production of high density and porosity-free aluminide coatings. These coatings were characterized by beneficial mechanical features including thermal stability, wear resistance and good adhesion strength to MAR 247 nickel superalloy substrate. The microstructure of the coating was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminide coatings were examined using microhardness, scratch test and standardized wear tests, respectively. Intermetallic phases from the Ni-Al system at specific thicknesses (20–30 µm), and the chemical and phase composition were successfully evaluated at optimized CVD process parameters. The optimization of the CVD process was verified to offer high performance coating properties including improved heat, adhesion and abrasion resistance.
Antiferromagnetic Ordering and Transport Anomalies in Single-Crystalline CeAgAs2
Authors: Szlawska Maria , Gnida Daniel , Ruszała Piotr , Winiarski Maciej J. , Samsel-Czekała Małgorzata , Schmidt Marcus , Grin Yuri , Kaczorowski Dariusz
Published: September 2020

Single crystals of the ternary cerium arsenide CeAgAs2 were grown by chemical vapor transport. They were studied by means of x-ray diffraction, magnetization, heat capacity and electrical transport measurements. The experimental research was supplemented with electronic band structure calculations. The compound was confirmed to order antiferromagnetically at the Néel temperature of 4.9 K and to undergo metamagnetic transition in a field of 0.5 T at 1.72 K. The electrical resistivity shows distinct increase at low temperatures, which origin is discussed in terms of pseudo-gap formation in the density of states at the Fermi level and quantum corrections to the resistivity in the presence of atom disorder due to crystal structure imperfections.
Coxsackievirus-B4 Infection Can Induce the Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus W in Primary Cells
Authors: Dechaumes Arthur , Bertin Antoine , Sane Famara , Levet Sandrine , Varghese Jennifer , Charvet Benjamin , Gmyr Valéry , Kerr-Conte Julie , Pierquin Justine , Arunkumar Govindakarnavar , Pattou François , Perron Hervé , Hober Didier
Published: September 2020

Human Endogenous Retrovirus W Envelope (HERV-W ENV) mRNA or protein can be found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and exocrine pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Further, previous observations have shown an association between enteroviral infection and development of T1D; specifically, coxsackievirus-B (CV-B) has been detected in the blood and pancreas of patients with T1D. Notably, viruses can activate HERV-W expression. Hence, we evaluated the effect of CV-B4 infection on HERV-W ENV mRNA expression. Primary human pancreatic ductal cells were obtained from five brain-dead donors. In the pancreatic cells of three donors, the HERV-W ENV mRNA level measured using RT-qPCR was upregulated upon CV-B4 infection. The HERV-W ENV protein was detected in the infected cells using the immunoblot assay. In human PBMCs inoculated with CV-B4 or when CV-B4 was incubated with an enhancing serum, the HERV-W ENV mRNA level was higher than the background RNA level. In monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from 5 of 13 donors, the HERV-W ENV mRNA level was higher in cultures inoculated with CV-B4 than in the control. Therefore, CV-B4 can upregulate or induce the transcription of a certain HERV-W ENV copy (or copies) in primary cell cultures, such as monocytes, macrophages, and pancreatic cells.
Zinc(II)—The Overlooked Éminence Grise of Chloroquine’s Fight against COVID-19?
Authors: Hecel Aleksandra , Ostrowska Małgorzata , Stokowa-Sołtys Kamila , Wątły Joanna , Dudek Dorota , Miller Adriana , Potocki Sławomir , Matera-Witkiewicz Agnieszka , Dominguez-Martin Alicia , Kozłowski Henryk , Rowińska-Żyrek Magdalena
Published: September 2020

Zn(II) is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2′s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are Zn(II) ionophores–this statement gives a curious mind a lot to think about. We show results of the first clinical trials on chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of COVID-19, as well as earlier reports on the anticoronaviral properties of these two compounds and of Zn(II) itself. Other FDA-approved Zn(II) ionophores are given a decent amount of attention and are thought of as possible COVID-19 therapeutics.
Recent Advances in Nanocarrier-Assisted Therapeutics Delivery Systems
Authors: Su Shi , M. Kang Peter
Published: September 2020

Nanotechnologies have attracted increasing attention in their application in medicine, especially in the development of new drug delivery systems. With the help of nano-sized carriers, drugs can reach specific diseased areas, prolonging therapeutic efficacy while decreasing undesired side-effects. In addition, recent nanotechnological advances, such as surface stabilization and stimuli-responsive functionalization have also significantly improved the targeting capacity and therapeutic efficacy of the nanocarrier assisted drug delivery system. In this review, we evaluate recent advances in the development of different nanocarriers and their applications in therapeutics delivery.
Micro-Oxygenation in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) Reactors Using a Silicon Membrane for Sulfide Oxidation
Authors: Valdés Freddy , Camiloti Priscila Rosseto , Bartacek Jan , Torres-Aravena Álvaro , Toledo-Alarcón Javiera , Zaiat Marcelo , Jeison David
Published: September 2020

Sulfide produced by sulphate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic reactors can seriously affect biogas quality. Microaeration has become a reliable way to remove sulfide, by promoting its oxidation. However, limited research is available regarding its application in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors. In this research, silicon membranes were studied as a mechanism to dose oxygen in USAB reactors. Two configurations were tested: the membrane placed inside the reactor or in an external module. Our results show that the external membrane proved to be a more practical alternative, providing conditions for sulfide oxidation. This led to a reduction in its concentration in the liquid effluent and biogas. External membrane configuration achieved a sulfide conversion rate of 2.4 g-S m2 d−1. Since the membrane was not sulfide-selective, methane losses were observed (about 9%). In addition, excessive oxygen consumption was observed, compared to the stoichiometric requirement. As is the case for many membrane-based systems, membrane area is a key factor determining the correct operation of the system.
Enhanced Antibiofilm Effects of N2 Plasma-Treated Buffer Combined with Antimicrobial Hexapeptides Against Plant Pathogens
Authors: Kim Bohyun , Seo Hyemi , Lee Jin Hyung , Kim Sunghyun , Choi Won Il , Sung Daekyung , Moon Eunpyo
Published: September 2020

Suppression of pathogenic bacterial growth to increase food and agricultural productivity is important. We previously developed novel hexapeptides (KCM12 and KCM21) with antimicrobial activities against various phytopathogenic bacteria and N2 plasma-treated buffer (NPB) as an alternative method for bacterial inactivation and as an antibiofilm agent of crops. Here, we developed an enhanced antibiofilm method based on antimicrobial hexapeptides with N2 plasma-treated buffer against plant pathogens. Our results demonstrated that hexapeptides effectively inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and the biofilm it formed. Potent biofilm formation-inhibiting effects of hexapeptides were observed at concentrations of above 20 µM, and samples treated with hexapeptide above 100 µM reduced the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm by 80%. 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging data revealed that the antimicrobial activity of hexapeptides was enough to affect the cells embedded inside the biofilm. Finally, combination treatment with NPB and antimicrobial hexapeptides increased the antibiofilm effect compared with the effect of single processing against multilayered plant pathogen biofilms. These findings show that the combination of hexapeptides and NPB can be potentially applied for improving crop production.
Effect of Heat Treatment and Light Exposure on the Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids
Authors: Ioannou Irina , Chekir Leila , Ghoul Mohamed
Published: September 2020

The application of food processes can lead to a modification of both the structure and the activities of flavonoids. In this article, the effect of heat treatment and exposure to light on the antioxidant activity of 6 model flavonoid solutions (rutin, naringin, eriodictyol, mesquitol, luteolin, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside) was studied. The evolution of the antioxidant activity measured after heat treatment of 130 °C at 2 h and an exposure to visible light for 2 weeks is measured by the ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) method and represented by a new parameter called ΔTEAC. The model solution of Mesquitol showed the highest increase in ΔTEAC after a heat treatment, a value of 200 mM was obtained. The increase in ΔTEAC is always greater with thermal treatment than with light exposure. Thus, temperature and light lead to different degradation pathways of the flavonoid. In vivo measurements were carried out with solutions of naringin, erodictyol, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside. Heated solutions of flavonoids do not exhibit toxicity on cells. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide have been determined and have shown an increased impact on the potential anti-cancer of these solutions by enhancing their cellular antioxidant activity, as well as modulation of the oxidative stress.
Pointer Defect Detection Based on Transfer Learning and Improved Cascade-RCNN
Authors: Zhao Weidong , Huang Hancheng , Li Dan , Chen Feng , Cheng Wei
Published: September 2020

To meet the practical needs of detecting various defects on the pointer surface and solve the difficulty of detecting some defects on the pointer surface, this paper proposes a transfer learning and improved Cascade-RCNN deep neural network (TICNET) algorithm for detecting pointer defects. Firstly, the convolutional layers of ResNet-50 are reconstructed by deformable convolution, which enhances the learning of pointer surface defects by feature extraction network. Furthermore, the problems of missing detection caused by internal differences and weak features are effectively solved. Secondly, the idea of online hard example mining (OHEM) is used to improve the Cascade-RCNN detection network, which achieve accurate classification of defects. Finally, based on the fact that common pointer defect dataset and pointer defect dataset established in this paper have the same low-level visual characteristics. The network is pre-trained on the common defect dataset, and weights are transferred to the defect dataset established in this paper, which reduces the training difficulty caused by too few data. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a 0.933 detection rate and a 0.873 mean average precision when the threshold of intersection over union is 0.5, and it realizes high precision detection of pointer surface defects.
Application of Convolutional Neural Network-Based Feature Extraction and Data Fusion for Geographical Origin Identification of Radix Astragali by Visible/Short-Wave Near-Infrared and Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Xiao Qinlin , Bai Xiulin , Gao Pan , He Yong
Published: September 2020

Radix Astragali is a prized traditional Chinese functional food that is used for both medicine and food purposes, with various benefits such as immunomodulation, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidation. The geographical origin of Radix Astragali has a significant impact on its quality attributes. Determining the geographical origins of Radix Astragali is essential for quality evaluation. Hyperspectral imaging covering the visible/short-wave near-infrared range (Vis-NIR, 380–1030 nm) and near-infrared range (NIR, 874–1734 nm) were applied to identify Radix Astragali from five different geographical origins. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to form score images to achieve preliminary qualitative identification. PCA and convolutional neural network (CNN) were used for feature extraction. Measurement-level fusion and feature-level fusion were performed on the original spectra at different spectral ranges and the corresponding features. Support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and CNN models based on full wavelengths, extracted features, and fusion datasets were established with excellent results; all the models obtained an accuracy of over 98% for different datasets. The results illustrate that hyperspectral imaging combined with CNN and fusion strategy could be an effective method for origin identification of Radix Astragali.
Prediction of Human Activities Based on a New Structure of Skeleton Features and Deep Learning Model
Authors: Jaouedi Neziha , Perales Francisco J. , Buades José Maria , Boujnah Noureddine , Bouhlel Med Salim
Published: September 2020

The recognition of human activities is usually considered to be a simple procedure. Problems occur in complex scenes involving high speeds. Activity prediction using Artificial Intelligence (AI) by numerical analysis has attracted the attention of several researchers. Human activities are an important challenge in various fields. There are many great applications in this area, including smart homes, assistive robotics, human–computer interactions, and improvements in protection in several areas such as security, transport, education, and medicine through the control of falling or aiding in medication consumption for elderly people. The advanced enhancement and success of deep learning techniques in various computer vision applications encourage the use of these methods in video processing. The human presentation is an important challenge in the analysis of human behavior through activity. A person in a video sequence can be described by their motion, skeleton, and/or spatial characteristics. In this paper, we present a novel approach to human activity recognition from videos using the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for activity classification and the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a new structure of the human skeleton to carry out feature presentation. The aims of this work are to improve the human presentation through the collection of different features and the exploitation of the new RNN structure for activities. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by the RGB-D sensor dataset CAD-60. The experimental results show the performance of the proposed approach through the average error rate obtained (4.5%).
A Hierarchical Learning Approach for Human Action Recognition
Authors: Lemieux Nicolas , Noumeir Rita
Published: September 2020

In the domain of human action recognition, existing works mainly focus on using RGB, depth, skeleton and infrared data for analysis. While these methods have the benefit of being non-invasive, they can only be used within limited setups, are prone to issues such as occlusion and often need substantial computational resources. In this work, we address human action recognition through inertial sensor signals, which have a vast quantity of practical applications in fields such as sports analysis and human-machine interfaces. For that purpose, we propose a new learning framework built around a 1D-CNN architecture, which we validated by achieving very competitive results on the publicly available UTD-MHAD dataset. Moreover, the proposed method provides some answers to two of the greatest challenges currently faced by action recognition algorithms, which are (1) the recognition of high-level activities and (2) the reduction of their computational cost in order to make them accessible to embedded devices. Finally, this paper also investigates the tractability of the features throughout the proposed framework, both in time and duration, as we believe it could play an important role in future works in order to make the solution more intelligible, hardware-friendly and accurate.
Clostridial C3 Toxins Enter and Intoxicate Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Fellermann Maximilian , Huchler Christina , Fechter Lea , Kolb Tobias , Wondany Fanny , Mayer Daniel , Michaelis Jens , Stenger Steffen , Mellert Kevin , Möller Peter , Barth Thomas F. E. , Fischer Stephan , Barth Holger
Published: September 2020

C3 protein toxins produced by Clostridium (C.) botulinum and C. limosum are mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, which specifically modify the GTPases Rho A/B/C in the cytosol of monocytic cells, thereby inhibiting Rho-mediated signal transduction in monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts. C3 toxins are selectively taken up into the cytosol of monocytic cells by endocytosis and translocate from acidic endosomes into the cytosol. The C3-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Rho proteins inhibits essential functions of these immune cells, such as migration and phagocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that C3 toxins enter and intoxicate dendritic cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Both immature and mature human dendritic cells efficiently internalize C3 exoenzymes. These findings could also be extended to the chimeric fusion toxin C2IN-C3lim. Moreover, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy revealed the localization of the internalized C3 protein in endosomes and emphasized its potential use as a carrier to deliver foreign proteins into dendritic cells. In contrast, the enzyme C2I from the binary C. botulinum C2 toxin was not taken up into dendritic cells, indicating the specific uptake of C3 toxins. Taken together, we identified human dendritic cells as novel target cells for clostridial C3 toxins and demonstrated the specific uptake of these toxins via endosomal vesicles.
The current state of the breeding base in the Smolensk region
Authors: Prishchep E. , Tsys V. , Leutina D.
Published: September 2020

Dairy cattle breeding in the Smolensk region is the most promising direction of development of agriculture. In this regard the purpose of the work has been to study and analyze the state of the breeding base in dairy cattle breeding in the region. Breeding base in the Smolensk region at present time is represented by three breeding farms (nucleuses) and 12 breeding farms fof breeding Brown Swiss, Sychevskaya, Vazuzskiy type of Sychevskaya breed, Holstein and Black-and-White breeds. In the breeding farms of the region in 2018 the number of cattle was 21 484 heads, which is by 19,4 % less than in 2017. The reduction of livestock has been occurred due to the reduction of cows by 15,4 % and reduction of offspring, but the sale of breeding young animals has been increased by 38 %. The term of economic use of cows according the breed has been varied from 3,2 (Holstein breed) to 4,7 calving (Brown Swiss). At intensive rearing of breeding heifers with their first fertilization at the age of 16– 18 months the average productivity of cows in the future may reach the level of 5500–6000 thousand kg of milk per lactation. Payback all costs under this is happening for 1,5–2,0 lactations. According to the valuation for 2018 highest yield of milk has been obtained in the herd in breeding farm OOO “Zolotaya Niva” (Holstein breed) – 9700 kg of milk and yield of fat 311 and protein 351 kg. Eff ective use of highly productive animals contributes to the improvement of the genealogical structure of the herd and the breed increases the chances of getting even more highly productive and valuable descendants.
Intensity of muscular system growth in purebred and crossbred steers depending on functional loads
Authors: Prokhorov I. , Lukyanov V. , Kalmykova O.
Published: September 2020

The intensity of muscular system growth is largely determined by functional loads on it, and the frequency of growth and development of muscular system is associated with successive differentiations and is largely due to age-related changes in the level of sex steroids. Since crossbreeding is one of the effective methods of expanding the slaughter contingent of cattle the study of the intensity of muscular system growth of carcasses in purebred and crossbred animals is relevant and has indisputable practical application. The results of researches devoted to the study of the influence of functional loads on the intensity of growth and development of muscular system in steers of Blackand-White breed and its hybrids with Aberdeen-Angus and Charolais have been presented in the article. Muscle mass of carcasses was the biggest in Charolais crossbreds at the age of 12, 15 and 18 months it was, respectively, 172,4; 213,8 and 253,6 kg, which is significantly more than in herdmates of the maternal breed and Aberdeen-Angus crossbreds. The periodicity of muscular system development in the anatomical parts of carcasses has been found that largely due to functional loads as a result of which there is a redistribution of the muscular component in them. The biggest intensity of growth is typical for the muscle mass of the abdominal part, the least-for the muscles of the forearm and lower leg. A quarter of all muscles of carcasses accounted for the thigh in which the largest and most valuable in the nutrient framework are the biceps, quadriceps, semimembranosus, semitendinous muscles. The relative weight of the muscles located in the anatomical regions of the axial part of the skeleton with the age of animals has being increased and the muscles of the peripheral part of the skeleton-naturally has being decreased.
Evaluation of the commercial characteristics of sheep pelts of rams of Dzhalginsky merino breed under different technologies of rearing
Authors: Andrushko A. , Zavgorodnyaya G. , Dmitrik I. , Pavlova M. , Plakhtyukova V. , Serdyukov I.
Published: September 2020

Balanced feeding providing the needs of animals for basic nutrients is a crucial factor in rearing. One of the eff ective methods of rearing of young sheep with a lack of feeding under the ewes is considered to be drinking lamb milk replacer (LMR). It is known that in sheep breeding with some methods of rearing young animals early weaning of lambs and rearing them on lamb milk replacer is of particular importance. In addition some breeds of sheep are multi-fertile and give from 2 to 5 lambs in one lambing. Providing the off spring with their own milk in such cases is not possible, so a full-fl edged not only in protein, but also in energy, LMR is of big importance when rearing young sheep. For lambs, the orphans and two and three lambing we need to apply when feeding a variety of recipes LMR. One of these is Servakid Pro in the production of French company Serval, which not allows the lamb to become weak due to the high level of sugar. It is used as a complete or partial milk replacer during the most important stages of growth during the fi rst 15 days of life and due to the natural taste is well used by young animals. The experiment on the use of this milk replacer has been shown that drinking during the preweaning period of LMR Servakid Pro not only did not aff ect negatively the qualitative characteristics of the skin of sheep pelts, but, thanks to the vitamin complex that is part of LMR even had a positive eff ect, which has been expressed in superiority over herdmates reared by standard technologies. Thus, according to histological parameters in the 2nd experimental group of rams with virtually identical parameters of density and thickness of the skin, the pilar layer (where the follicles are located) was developed more by 3,2 and 0,7 %, and the total thickness of the skin was biger by 16,0 and 2,5 % in comparison with herdmates of the control and 1st experimental groups, respectively. Sheep pelts of all groups of young animals participating in the experiment are a typical fur raw material, so we recommend that when incomplete consumption of mother’s milk by off spring (twins, triplets, orphans, small-milk ewes) use the above-mentioned lamb milk replacer.
Status, trends and problems of Belarusian export of machinery for agriculture (review)
Authors: Kovalev I. , Kostomakhin M.
Published: September 2020

Now in the Republic of Belarus the task of diversification of commercial and geographical structure of export of production of machinery-building branch is especially actual. Directive of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 3 “About priority directions of strengthening the economic security of the state”, approved by decree No. 26 of January 26, 2016, requires the need to ensure systematic diversification of exports to achieve equal distribution of exports between the three markets: the EAEU, the EU and other countries. The ratio between these markets by 2020 shall be a third – third – third, which will help balance foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus to develop new markets and consolidate our position, reduce the risk of dependence of economic growth from growth in individual countries and trading partners. The largest consumer of Belarusian tractors and other agricultural machinery for many years remains invariably agro-industrial complex of Russia. With Russia’s accession to the WTO and the active rise of its own mechanical engineering, Belarusian industrial enterprises are experiencing some difficulties with the sale of agricultural machinery products and first of all due to a reduction in demand for it in the Russian Federation, which is the main Belarusian foreign economic partner as well as in other CIS countries. In this regard, the leading domestic producers of agricultural machinery are forced to focus on more distant foreign markets.
Performance profile of cows of ural type at different level of milk productivity
Authors: Leshonok O. , Gridin V.
Published: September 2020

One of the tasks of selection and breeding work with dairy cattle is to assess the body type of cows in breeding herds. Body type plays an important role in the effi ciency of the use of animals in dairy cattle breeding only harmoniously developed cows when creating optimal conditions for housing and feeding, can show high milk productivity as well as they are less prone to the risks of premature culling for non-selective reasons. The selection of fi rst-calf heifers of Ural type of Black-and-White breed with milk productivity above 7000 kg of milk in breeding organizations of the Sverdlovsk region has been carried out. Materials on 2150 cows with average milk yield of 8622 kg of milk with the content of fat in milk of 3,90 % and protein – 3,20 % have been presented. With an increase in milk yield in fi rst-calf heifers there is a statistically signifi cant improvement in constitutional and performance features. Heifers have good parameters for the development of the body in height, which vary from 7,7 to 8,5 points, strong enough and deep body (fortress: 4,7–5,3 points; depth: 5,7–7,5 points), with well-defi ned milk forms (5,4–6,8 points). The udder of animals is characterized by a bath-shaped form (attachment density: 5,1–5,3 points; length of the front parts: 5,1–6,3 points) and an expressed escutcheon (width: 5,0–6,0 points; height: 7,8–8,3 points; central ligament: 4,9–5,3 points). For obtaining animals of dairy direction productivity with milk yield 7000 kg milk and more should make selection on the next parts of performance: rump high ≥ 7,0 points (from 145 centimeters); the depth of breast ≥ 6,0 points (not less 83 centimeters), length front share udder ≥ 5,0 points (from 21 centimeters), width rear share udder ≥ 5,0 points (not less 16 centimeters), express of dairy forms, central ligament ≥ 5,0 points.
The improvement of the type Karatomar of Black-and-White cattle breed under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan
Authors: Ovchinnikova L. , Babich E.
Published: September 2020

In the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past decade positive changes have been observed in increasing the number of farm animals, increasing their productivity, and increasing the gross production of milk, meat and other products. At the same time the development of dairy cattle breeding is mainly due to the breeding of Black-and-White, Red Steppe, Simmental breeds and their intra-breed types as well as imported from abroad Holstein breed. The purpose of the research was to analyze ways to improve the intra-breed type Karatomar of Black-and-White breed in Northern Kazakhstan. Research work has been carried out on breeding animals such as Karatomar type cattle of Black-and-White breed in LLP “Experimental farm Zarechnoe” in the Kostanay district in the Kostanay region. The dynamics of growth and development indicators, reproductive traits of heifers of a new intra-breed type Karatomar of Black-and-White cattle have been studied. A comprehensive assessment of their economically useful traits in the first lactation, determined by the resistance of animals to climatic and forage conditions, the efficiency of breeding of animals of different genotypes has been conducted. It has been found that the replacement heifers – daughters of American breeding sires inherited precocity and showed higher growth energy after 6 months of age and continued to grow rapidly until 18 months. The advantage in metabolism was in the daughters of Holstein sires of the American selection Orbit 4078, and the increased immune status of the organism in the daughters of the sire of the domestic selection Yamal 975 as the most adapted to the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The best ability to increasing the milk yield, stable lactation activity, high milk productivity, gross content of dry matter and nonfat milk solids have been characterized by the daughters of sires of the American selection Orbit 4078 and Lowrider 4129. Analysis of economic indicators of milk production has been shown that from cows – daughters of sires Orbit 4078 and Lowrider 4129 for 305 days of lactation received 15,8 and 15,2 % more milk of base fat, the expenditures of EFU per 1 kg of production was lower by 10,2 and 5,9 %. A higher level of profitability has been observed in the group of daughters of the sires Orbit 4078 – 35,5 % and Lowrider 4129 – 33,1 %, which was 8,5 and 10,8 % higher than in the group of daughters of the sire Yamal 975.
Conflitos indígenas na região norte do Estado do RS
Authors: Emiliano Darci , Pereira Vilmar Alves
Published: September 2020

Este artigo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre os conflitos indígenas da região Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, destacando a importância da mediação como possível alternativa e solução. Diante disso, compreende-se a impossibilidade da formação de consenso num contexto de ameaça ou perda de direitos que envolvem perda de identidade, de cultura, de propriedade, enfim questões que estão gerando uma tensão no norte do Rio Grande do Sul, entre indígenas e agricultores.  Assim, este estudo, associado à vivência de um indígena e estudante, oriundo dessa região, faz uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do assunto. Ele concluiu que os grupos envolvidos no conflito de terra (indígenas e não-indígenas) precisam ter preservadas suas concepções e visões sobre o mundo. Defende a premissa que toda e qualquer mediação, seja por meio de políticas públicas ou entidades representativas, ou pela Educação Ambiental Crítica, necessita atentar para as singularidades e individualidades, ao desenvolver ações junto aos envolvidos. É preciso construir um diálogo que reproduza, de fato, uma compreensão objetiva sobre as relações sociais, culturais e históricas, presentes nos conflitos de terra, as quais são mais relevantes que o aspecto econômico, a posse, e a propriedade.
Duas décadas da PNEA: Avanços e Retrocessos no Brasil
Authors: Garcia Maria Angelica , Zaneti Izabel Cristina Bruno Bacellar , Yonamine Sílvia Machado , Silverio Andreia Pereira , Cerqueira Erika Nazaré Gadelha Meira , Meira Maria Grazielle Lobato Silva
Published: September 2020

Este artigo apresenta os principais avanços, assim como os retrocessos técnicos e político-institucionais nas duas décadas de vigência da Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental – PNEA. Para tanto, foi feita pesquisa intensiva na ferramenta Google Acadêmico, em artigos, teses, dissertações e em outras publicações sobre educação ambiental e sobre suas políticas públicas, desenvolvidas entre 1999 e 2019. Observou-se uma tendência crescente de publicações com esse conteúdo no período (r²= 0,9594) de 1999 a 2019, mas um forte declínio em 2019. Todavia, preveem-se mudanças significativas nos planos, programas e projetos desenvolvidos pelo MMA e pelo MEC, seus órgãos gestores, devido às mudanças político-administrativas em desenvolvimento pelo governo federal (2019-2022).
Reciclagem: uma ferramenta para se trabalhar a Educação Ambiental de forma interdisciplinar nas escolas, promovendo a conscientização sobre a preservação do meio ambiente
Authors: Oréquio Valkíria Rizzo Terra de , Costa Rita de Cássia Pereira da , Fardim Simone Vieira Sant’Anna , Machado Marilene Almeida Gomes , Moço Fabianna Santana , Oliveira Lilian Pittol Firme de , Souza Ruth Ramos
Published: September 2020

O presente trabalho busca uma conscientização sobre a importância de se preservar o meio ambiente, apresentando a reciclagem com ferramenta eficaz de Educação Ambiental, bem como o entendimento da necessidade de prática educacional voltada à compreensão das responsabilidades do cidadão para com o meio ambiente, tendo como público-alvo de pesquisa 25 alunos da segunda etapa da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) do município de Presidente Kennedy. Com a intervenção, foi possível afirmar a importância da atuação do professor diante da Educação Ambiental, para que a informação passe a ser conteúdo aprendido pelos alunos e esses possam aplicar em seu cotidiano pequenas ações transformadoras, contribuindo para que a relação homem-meio se estabeleça de forma sustentável.
Educação Ambiental e a Ética da Responsabilidade
Authors: Jeronimo Maria Keila , Carvalho Denis Barros de
Published: September 2020

A natureza sofre inúmeras transformações por meio da ação humana. Com o advento da tecnociência a capacidade de intervenção modificou-se assustadoramente, provocando destruição e degradação ao ethos. A sociedade tecnológica põe em risco a vida de todos os seres vivos, vivemos em uma crise ambiental. A Educação Ambiental é um importante meio de transformação das ações humanas. O que nos faz valer do Princípio Responsabilidade, proposto Hans Jonas, como um novo agir para a civilização tecnológica. A partir da teoria jonasiana, analisamos sua possível contribuição no âmbito da ética ambiental para o desenvolvimento da Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental (LEI nº 9.795/ 1.999), como possibilidade de política pública voltada para o agir coletivo, prezando as ações de co-participação para o bem socioambiental.
A Educação Ambiental no contexto de um parque ecológico no interior de São Paulo
Authors: Lorenzi Lorena Jorge , Barbosa Nathalia Bianca Aparecida Sposito , Silva Adriele Evelyn Ferreira da , Salman Yasmin Mansur
Published: September 2020

A Educação Ambiental (EA) proporciona uma consciência crítica quanto à preservação do meio ambiente. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a percepção acerca de um parque ecológico junto aos seus funcionários e visitantes, bem como sensibilizar quanto a preservação ambiental. Foram realizadas entrevistas de forma aleatória aos funcionários (n=9) e visitantes (n=30), além de uma ação de EA com visitantes (n=13). A avaliação do local foi positiva, porém sendo citada possível melhora na gestão e infraestrutura. A ação de EA foi considerada importante para conscientização acerca do meio ambiente. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de ações de EA, além de ajudar na gestão do parque.
Nadir Görülen Nazolabial Kist
Authors: GÜLER Rıdvan , YILMAZ Utku Nezih
Published: September 2020

Nazolabial kist, çene yüz bölgesinin nadir görülen non-odontojenik kistlerinden birisidir. Bu kistler nazolakrimal duktusun epitelyal kalıntısından ortaya çıkan, nazolabial bölgenin nadir görülen, diş kaynaklı olmayan iyi huylu patolojileridir. Sıklıkla ekspansiyon gösterdiklerinden estetik sorunlara neden olurlar. Bundan dolayı erken dönemde semptomatik bulgular verebilirler. Nazolabial kistler sıklıkla tek taraflı olup, kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedir. Bu kitleler asemptomatik olabilecekleri gibi nasal obstrüksiyon, ağrı ya da yüzde asimetriye yol açabilirler. Bu olgu sunumunda nazolabial sulkus bölgesinde tutulum gösteren, nazolabial kist teşhisi konulan olgunun kliniği, diagnozu, radyolojik bulguları ve en uygun cerrahi tedavi yöntemlerinin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.
Döküntünün Eşlik Ettiği SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu: Olgu Sunumu
Authors: ETÇİOĞLU Erkut , AYDIN Abdülkadir , SEVİMLİ DİKİCİER Bahar
Published: September 2020

Çin'in Hubei eyaletindeki Wuhan kentinde akut solunum yolu hastalıklarına yol açan SARS-CoV-2 olarak adlandırılan bir koronavirüs, 2019’un son aylarında tanımlandı. COVID-19 olarak adlandırılan bu hastalık tüm dünyada hızla yayılması ile Mart 2020’de pandemi olarak nitelendirildi. Dünya çapında yayılması ve olgu sayısında artışla beraber hastalığın klinik belirtilerinde çeşitlilikler saptanmaya başlandı. Cilt bulguları COVID-19 hastalığı geçirenlerde nadir görülen bir klinik tablo olabilir. Bu yazıda, cilt bulguları görülen bir COVID-19 olgusu sunmaktayız.