bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of a climate‐sensitive species at an interior range margin
Authors: Ray Chris , Beever Erik A. , Rodhouse Thomas J.
Published: June 2016

Advances in understanding the factors that limit a species’ range, particularly in the context of climate change, have come disproportionately through investigations at range edges or margins. The margins of a species’ range might often correspond with anomalous microclimates that confer habitat suitability where the species would otherwise fail to persist. We addressed this hypothesis using data from an interior, climatic range margin of the American pika (Ochotona princeps), an indicator of relatively cool, mesic climates in rocky habitats of western North America. Pikas in Lava Beds National Monument, northeastern California, USA, occur at elevations much lower than predicted by latitude and longitude. We hypothesized that pika occurrence within Lava Beds would be associated primarily with features such as “ice caves” in which sub‐surface ice persists outside the winter months. We used data loggers to monitor sub‐surface temperatures at cave entrances and at non‐cave sites, confirming that temperatures were cooler and more stable at cave entrances. We surveyed habitat characteristics and evidence of pika occupancy across a random sample of cave and non‐cave sites over a 2‐yr period. Pika detection probability was high (~0.97), and the combined occupancy of cave and non‐cave sites varied across the 2 yr from 27% to 69%. Contrary to our hypothesis, occupancy was not higher at cave sites. Vegetation metrics were the best predictors of site use by pikas, followed by an edge effect and elevation. The importance of vegetation as a predictor of pika distribution at this interior range margin is congruent with recent studies from other portions of the species’ range. However, we caution that vegetation composition depends on microclimate, which might be the proximal driver of pika distribution. The microclimates available in non‐cave crevices accessible to small animals have not been characterized adequately for lava landscapes. We advocate innovation in the acquisition and use of microclimatic data for understanding the distributions of many taxa. Appropriately scaled microclimatic data are increasingly available but rarely used in studies of range dynamics.
Meaning threat can promote peaceful, not only military‐based approaches to intergroup conflict: The moderating role of ingroup glorification
Authors: Rovenpor Daniel R. , Leidner Bernhard , Kardos Peter , O'Brien Thomas C.
Published: June 2016

Most research on threat documents its negative consequences. Similarly, most research on intergroup contexts has emphasized their negative behavioral effects. Drawing on the Meaning Maintenance Model and recent perspectives on the potential for positivity in intergroup conflict, we predicted that meaning threat can produce both antisocial and prosocial responses to intergroup conflict, depending on people's preexisting meaning frameworks. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that under meaning threat, low ingroup glorifiers strengthened their support for peaceful conflict resolution, whereas high ingroup glorifiers strengthened their support for military‐based conflict resolution. In the context of the Israel–Palestinian conflict, Study 3 found that low glorification was associated with greater support for peace during “hot” (but not “cold”) conflict, because hot conflict reduced their meaning in life. These findings are consistent with the notion that when meaning is threatened, people affirm their preexisting values—whether prosocial or antisocial—even in the context of intergroup conflict.
Differential expression of antioxidant enzymes under arsenic stress in Enterobacter sp.
Authors: Jobby Renitta , Shah Kinjal , Shah Ruchi , Jha Pamela , Desai Nitin
Published: June 2016

Arsenic is a major contaminating heavy metal due to its frequent occurrence and toxicity. Out of different remediation approaches, bioremediation using bacteria has been extensively studied. In this study, 29 bacterial isolates were screened for their arsenic tolerance capacity. One of the isolate, MUM2 showed maximum arsenic tolerance (10mM). Antioxidant enzymes were assayed in this isolate under arsenic stress. Although, the CAT activity was found to increase significantly, the SOD activity showed a significant decrease under 9mM arsenic stress. The results obtained suggest a possible role of CAT in combating arsenic stress. Further studies at genetic level would help in developing highly tolerant strains for remediation of arsenic. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1642–1645, 2016
Research progress on ammonium bisulfate formation and control in the process of selective catalytic reduction
Authors: Zhou Chaoyang , Zhang Linan , Deng Yue , Ma Shuang‐Chen
Published: June 2016

The formation mechanism of ammonium bisulfate (ABS) in the process of SCR flue gas denitrification and some research progresses on ABS are reviewed in the paper. The main factors affecting the formation of ABS are investigated, the formation temperature of ABS is in the range of about 190°C−240°C; ABS exists in vapor phase at temperature between 320°C and 345°C, and begins to decompose when the temperature is higher than 345°C; the formation of the ABS can be reduced by reducing the amount of NH3 slip and SO3, in the flue gas. The adverse effects of ABS on catalyst and air preheater are discussed: ABS will cover the surface of catalyst and Bronsted acid sites, decreasing denitrification efficiency; it will deposit in the air preheater, fouling and corroding the air preheater and reduce its operational effectiveness; it also can reduce the resistivity of fly ash and the quality of the fly ash as well. The methods to control ABS formation and the measures to reduce its negative effects are proposed: Select appropriate operating temperature to reduce the ABS deposition over the SCR catalyst; replace the material of the air preheater components from steel to ceramic coating type and change the structure of the air preheater; Take proper methods to reduce NH3 slip and the oxidation rate of SO2, etc. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1664–1672, 2016
Limited validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in dementia: evidence from a confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Stott Joshua , Spector Aimee , Orrell Martin , Scior Katrina , Sweeney Joanne , Charlesworth Georgina
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a well‐validated, self‐report measure of both anxiety and depression. It is frequently used with people with dementia. However, its structural validity has never been examined in this population. The current study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess this.

Methods

Baseline data from two intervention studies for people with mild to moderate dementia were combined (N = 268). CFA was used to test whether a one, two or three factor structure best fit the data. Indices of model misspecification were examined to test for poor quality items, and models re‐specified accordingly. Finally, measurement invariance across gender and different levels of cognitive impairment was assessed.

Results

A one‐factor structure did not fit the data. Two and three factor structures fitted the data equally well. Model fit was improved by removal of two items. Measurement invariance was adequate across gender, but poor across groups with differing levels of cognitive impairment.

Conclusion

The HADS is acceptable and feasible but difficult to interpret in a dementia population. We suggest that it should be interpreted as measuring two separate factors of anxiety and depression and not one ‘distress’ factor. However, two items may need to be removed, affecting cut‐off scores. Poor measurement invariance means the HADS may not be a good tool for measuring differences in anxiety and depression between those with mild and those with moderate cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Sorority Membership on Eating Disorders, Body Weight, and Disordered‐Eating Behaviors
Authors: Averett Susan , Terrizzi Sabrina , Wang Yang
Published: June 2016

Eating disorders are currently the deadliest mental disorder in the United States, affecting an estimated 12%–25% of all college women. Previous research has found a positive correlation between sorority membership and eating disorders, but the causal link has not been firmly established. We contribute to the literature by investigating a possible causal link among sororities and diagnosed eating disorders, measurable weight outcomes, and disordered‐eating behaviors using data from the American College Health Association Survey. We handle the potential endogeneity of sorority membership using propensity score matching and instrumental variable methods to determine whether joining a sorority is a cause of the weight‐related outcomes we study. We find that sorority members exhibit worse weight‐related outcomes than those not in a sorority. However, our propensity score matching and instrumental variable results suggest that, other than BMI, this is merely a correlation, and there is little evidence that sorority membership is a cause of the outcomes we study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
USING THE PARENT–INFANT RELATIONSHIP GLOBAL ASSESSMENT SCALE TO IDENTIFY CAREGIVER–INFANT/TODDLER DYADS WITH ABUSIVE RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS IN SIX EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Hatzinikolaou Kornilia , Karveli Vassiliki , Skoubourdi Aggeliki , Zarokosta Foteini , Antonucci Gianluca , Visci Giovanni , Calheiros Maria Manuela , MagalhÃes Eunice , Essau Cecilia , Allan Sharon , Pithia Jayshree , Walji Fahreen , Ezpeleta Lourdes , Perez‐Robles Ruth , Fanti Kostas A. , Katsimicha Evita , Hadjicharambous Maria‐Zoe , Nikolaidis George , Reddy Vasudevi
Published: June 2016

The study examined whether the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood, Revised Edition (DC: 0–3R; ZERO TO THREE, 2005) Parent–Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR‐GAS) is applicable to six European countries and contributes to the identification of caregiver–infant/toddler dyads with abusive relationship patterns. The sample consisted of 115 dyads with children's ages ranging from 1 to 47 months. Sixty‐four dyads were recruited from community settings without known violence problems, and 51 dyads were recruited from clinical settings and already had been identified with violence problems or as being at risk for violence problems. To classify the dyads on the PIR‐GAS categories, caregiver–child interactions were video‐recorded and coded with observational scales appropriate for child age. To test whether the PIR‐GAS allows for reliable identification of dyads with abusive relationship patterns, PIR‐GAS ratings were compared with scores on the the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect's (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool‐Parental Version (ICAST‐P; D.K. Runyan et al., ), a questionnaire measuring abusive parental disciplinary practices. It was found that PIR‐GAS ratings differentiated between the general and the clinical sample, and the dyads with abusive patterns of relationship were identified by both the PIR‐GAS and the ICAST‐P. Interrater reliability for the PIR‐GAS ranged from moderate to excellent. The value of a broader use of tools such as the DC: 0–3R to promote early identification of families at risk for infant and toddler abuse and neglect is discussed.
“Unflattening” Our Ways of Seeing, Reading, and Writing
Authors: Vasudevan Lalitha , Rodriguez Kerr Kristine
Published: June 2016

Our first column for Volume 60 of JAAL focuses on the messages of expanded ways of seeing in knowledge construction that are contained in the pages of Unflattening, a comic book originally written by Nick Sousanis as his doctoral dissertation. Unflattening seeks to literally unflatten conceptions of meaning, reading, and writing through an active embrace of multimodality in its integration of images, design, and various genres of written text.
Digital Literacies for Disciplinary Learning: A Call to Action
Authors: Manderino Michael , Castek Jill
Published: June 2016

Digital Literacies for Disciplinary Learning explores intersections of digital and disciplinary literacies across multiple learning contexts. Topics addressed in the column come from variety of disciplines and include work with youth and adults, both in school and out of school. Digital enhancements will bring content to life and provoke questions, comments, and connections encouraging interactivity with readers. Jill Castek is a research assistant professor and director of the Literacy, Language, & Technology Research group at Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA. Michael Manderino is an assistant professor of literacy education at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA. You can contact Jill at jcastek@pdx.edu or on Twitter (@jillcastek) or Michael at manderino@niu.edu or on Twitter (@mmanderino).
The influence of specimen thickness and alignment on the material and failure properties of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber mats
Authors: Mubyana Kuwabo , Koppes Ryan A. , Lee Kristen L. , Cooper James A. , Corr David T.
Published: June 2016

Electrospinning is a versatile fabrication technique that has been recently expanded to create nanofibrous structures that mimic ECM topography. Like many materials, electrospun constructs are typically characterized on a smaller scale, and scaled up for various applications. This established practice is based on the assumption that material properties, such as toughness, failure stress and strain, are intrinsic to the material, and thus will not be influenced by specimen geometry. However, we hypothesized that the material and failure properties of electrospun nanofiber mats vary with specimen thickness. To test this, we mechanically characterized polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber mats of three different thicknesses in response to constant rate elongation to failure. To identify if any observed thickness‐dependence could be attributed to fiber alignment, such as the effects of fiber reorientation during elongation, these tests were performed in mats with either random or aligned nanofiber orientation. Contrary to our hypothesis, the failure strain was conserved across the different thicknesses, indicating similar maximal elongation for specimens of different thickness. However, in both the aligned and randomly oriented groups, the ultimate tensile stress, short‐range modulus, yield modulus, and toughness all decreased with increasing mat thickness, thereby indicating that these are not intrinsic material properties. These findings have important implications in engineered scaffolds for fibrous and soft tissue applications (e.g., tendon, ligament, muscle, and skin), where such oversights could result in unwanted laxity or reduced resistance to failure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2794–2800, 2016.
Comparative morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in Uropygi and Amblypygi (Arachnida): Complex correspondences support Arachnopulmonata
Authors: Klußmann‐Fricke B.‐J. , Wirkner C.S.
Published: June 2016

Although the circulatory system of arthropods has long been considered as rather simple, recent studies have demonstrated that in certain arthropod taxa, such as Malacostraca, some Chilopoda and also many Chelicerata, the vascular systems in particular are rather complex. Furthermore, a recent study has revealed that the prosomal ganglion of scorpions and spiders is supplied by an intricate network of arteries, the complexity of which bears a close resemblance to that of vertebrate capillary systems. In this study, we analyzed the hemolymph vascular systems of various species of Pedipalpi (i.e., Amblypygi and Uropygi). By combining modern techniques, such as MicroCT and cLSM, with computer‐based 3D‐reconstruction, we were able to produce comprehensive visualizations and descriptions of the vascular systems. Despite the lack of well‐corroborated phylogenetic hypotheses on arachnid relationships and the controversial assertion of relationships between the pulmonate arachnids, we aim to elucidate the evolution of complex vascular systems in Arachnida. By comparing these highly complex vascular systems not only with each other, but also with other pulmonate arachnids, we found numerous detailed correspondences in the general branching pattern as well as in the supply patterns of the prosomal ganglion. We argue that these numerous and detailed correspondences by their absence in other arachnids i.e. aplumonates, support Arachnopulmonata. J. Morphol. 277:1084–1103, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopic investigations of extremely scarce Pb–As sulfosalt minerals: baumhauerite, dufrénoysite, gratonite, sartorite, and seligmannite
Authors: Kharbish Sherif
Published: June 2016

The overmuch rare lead arsenic sulfosalts, baumhauerite (Pb3As4S9), dufrénoysite (Pb2As2S5), gratonite (Pb9As4S15), sartorite (PbAs2S4), and seligmannite (PbCuAsS3), were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra of the investigated minerals arise from the stretching and bending modes of the isolated and interconnected AsS3 pyramidal groups. The As–S stretching vibrations of the studied minerals occur between 390 and 340 cm−1, whereas those of S–As–S bending modes between 335 and 220 cm−1. The shorter bond distances of the As–S readily elucidate the blue shift from seligmannite to gratonite, sartorite, dufrénoysite, and baumhauerite and the increase in full width at half maximum in similar modes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 5th world symposium for lymphedema surgery—Recent updates in lymphedema surgery and setting up of a global knowledge exchange platform
Authors: Loh Charles Yuen Yung , Wu Jerry Chih‐Wei , Nguyen Alexander , Dayan Joseph , Smith Mark , Masia Jaume , Chang David , Koshima Isao , Cheng Ming‐Huei
Published: June 2016

The successful completion of the 5th World Symposium for Lymphedema Surgery (WSLS) marks another milestone in the development and advancement of the management of lymphedema. We present our experience in organizing such a scientific lymphedema conference as well as a summary of seven variable live surgeries used for treating lymphedema. An update of current knowledge and determination of future direction in the treatment of lymphedema was made possible via WSLS 2016. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:6–12. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation and Comparative Analysis of Different Binding Modes of Non‐nucleoside Agonists at the A2AAdenosine Receptor
Authors: Dal Ben Diego , Buccioni Michela , Lambertucci Catia , Marucci Gabriella , Santinelli Claudia , Spinaci Andrea , Thomas Ajiroghene , Volpini Rosaria
Published: June 2016

Non‐nucleoside agonists of adenosine receptors were analysed at the A2Aadenosine receptor to simulate and compare their possible binding modes. The docking studies were performed by using different arrangements of the binding cavity and various docking tools. Mutagenesis results reported in literature were used as reference data for the assessment of the different ligand arrangements observed in this study. The results suggest four possible binding modes, two of which appear compatible with an agonist activity and in agreement with the mutagenesis data. This study provides useful information for the design of new simplified compounds presenting agonist activity at the A2Aadenosine receptor.
Existence of positive periodic solutions of first‐order neutral differential equations
Authors: Candan Tuncay
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the existence of positive periodic solutions for first‐order neutral differential equation with distributed deviating arguments. We apply Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem to obtain our results. An example is given to support the theory. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of oscillations in a phase transition model
Authors: Caraballo Tomás , Colucci Renato
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we analyze a model presenting formation of microstructure depending on the parameters and the initial data. In particular, we investigate how the presence of stochastic perturbations affects this phenomenon in its asymptotic behavior. Two different sufficient conditions are provided in order to prevent the formation of microstructure: the first one for Stratonovich noise while the second for Itô noise. The main contribution of the paper is that these conditions are independent of the initial values unlike in the deterministic model. Thus, we can interpret our results as some kind of stabilization produced by both types of noise. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions for a diffusive epidemic model
Authors: Touil Asma , Youkana Amar
Published: June 2016

The aim of this paper is to study the existence and the asymptotic behavior of solutions for some reaction–diffusion equations arising in epidemic biology phenomena. We will show that for a rather broad class of nonlinearities, the solutions are global and uniformly bounded, and under suitable assumptions on the parameters of the system, these solutions converge as time goes to infinity to a disease‐free equilibrium point. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐relativistic Eigen spectra with q‐deformed physical potentials by using the SUSY approach
Authors: Eshghi M. , Mehraban H. , Ghafoori M.
Published: June 2016

The Schrödinger equation is solved for some of the q‐deformed physical potentials within the framework of supersymmetric approach and supersymmetric Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation method. The energy levels are obtained with the corresponding normalized wave functions in terms of hypergeometric functions. The energy equations for some special cases of these potentials are discussed, and some of the thermodynamic quantities of the canonical system and the optical quantities of the two‐level system are calculated for one of the potentials. Some of the numerical results are shown, too. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value management of diagnostic equipment with cancelation, no‐show, and emergency patients
Authors: Xiao Yongbo , Zhu Yan
Published: June 2016

Magnetic resonance imaging and other multifunctional diagnostic facilities, which are considered as scarce resources of hospitals, typically provide services to patients with different medical needs. This article examines the admission policies during the appointment management of such facilities. We consider two categories of patients: regular patients who are scheduled in advance through an appointment system and emergency patients with randomly generated demands during the workday that must be served as soon as possible. According to the actual medical needs of patients, regular patients are segmented into multiple classes with different cancelation rates, no‐show probabilities, unit value contributions, and average service times. Management makes admission decisions on whether or not to accept a service request from a regular patient during the booking horizon to improve the overall value that could be generated during the workday. The decisions should be made by considering the cancelation and no‐show behavior of booked patients as well as the emergency patients that would have to be served because any overtime service would lead to higher costs. We studied the optimal admission decision using a continuous‐time discrete‐state dynamic programming model. Identifying an optimal policy for this discrete model is analytically intractable and numerically inefficient because the state is multidimensional and infinite. We propose to study a deterministic counterpart of the problem (i.e., the fluid control problem) and to develop a time‐based fluid policy that is shown to be asymptotically optimal for large‐scale problems. Furthermore, we propose to adopt a mixed fluid policy that is developed based on the information obtained from the fluid control problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this improved policy works effectively for small‐scale problems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 287–304, 2016
No evidence for metabolic adaptation in thermic effect of food by dietary protein
Authors: Sutton Elizabeth F. , Bray George A. , Burton Jeffrey H. , Smith Steven R. , Redman Leanne M.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Determine whether prolonged consumption of high‐ or low‐protein diets modifies the thermogenic response to a standard meal.

Methods

Twenty‐four healthy individuals were randomized to overfeeding diets containing low (5%, n = 8), normal (15%, n = 9), or high (25%, n = 7) protein for 56 days while inpatients. The thermic effect of food (TEF) was measured over 4 h by indirect calorimetry following a standard meal (20% of energy, 20% protein) or a meal that matched the study diet (“study meal”).

Results

As expected, the TEF following the study meal (i.e., either low, normal, or high protein content) was significantly associated with dietary protein (P = 0.007), and the TEF was significantly increased in the high‐protein diet (15.4%) versus the normal‐protein (5.6%) and low‐protein diets (6.4%) (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). However, returning to a standard meal (20% protein) after 42 days of overfeeding the study diets, the TEF response did not differ from baseline between groups or within subjects regardless of the prolonged intake of the habitual study diet (high protein: P = 0.32, low protein: P = 0.11, normal protein: P = 0.79).

Conclusions

TEF is related to acute dietary protein intake but not altered by prolonged intake of high‐energy diets with high or low protein content.
Dietary supplementation with omega‐3 fatty acids and oleate enhances exercise training effects in patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Ortega Juan F. , Morales‐Palomo Felix , Fernandez‐Elias Valentin , Hamouti Nassim , Bernardo Francisco J. , Martin‐Doimeadios Rosa C. , Nelson Rachael K. , Horowitz Jeffrey F. , Mora‐Rodriguez Ricardo
Published: June 2016

Objective

We studied the effects of exercise training alone or combined with dietary supplementation of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω‐3PUFA) and oleate on metabolic syndrome (MSyn) components and other markers of cardiometabolic health.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients with MSyn underwent 24 weeks of high‐intensity interval training. In a double‐blind randomized design, half of the group ingested 500 mL/day of semi‐skim milk (8 g of fat; placebo milk) whereas the other half ingested 500 mL/day of skim milk enriched with 275 mg of Ω‐3PUFA and 7.5 g of oleate (Ω‐3 + OLE).

Results

Ω‐3 + OLE treatment elevated 30% plasma Ω‐3PUFA but not significantly (P = 0.286). Improvements in VO2peak (12.8%), mean blood pressure (−7.1%), waist circumference (−1.8%), body fat mass (−2.9%), and trunk fat mass (−3.3%) were similar between groups. However, insulin sensitivity (measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test), serum concentration of C‐reactive protein, and high‐density lipoprotein improved only in the Ω‐3 + OLE group by 31.5%, 32.1%, and 10.3%, respectively (all P < 0.05). Fasting serum triacylglycerol, glucose, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations did not improve in either group after 24 weeks of intervention.

Conclusions

Diet supplementation with Ω‐3PUFA and oleate enhanced cardiometabolic benefits of intense aerobic exercise training in patients with MSyn.
Severe, persistent, and fatal T‐cell immunodeficiency following therapy for infantile leukemia
Authors: Geerlinks Ashley V. , Issekutz Thomas , Wahlstrom Justin T. , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Cowan Morton J. , Dvorak Christopher C. , Fernandez Conrad V.
Published: June 2016

We describe five cases of children who completed chemotherapy for infantile acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and soon after were diagnosed with severe T‐cell, non‐HIV immunodeficiency, with varying B‐cell and NK‐cell depletion. There was near absence of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. All patients developed multiple, primarily opportunistic infections. Unfortunately, four patients died, although one was successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These immunodeficiencies appeared to be secondary to intensive infant ALL chemotherapy. Our report highlights the importance of the early consideration of this life‐threatening immune complication in patients who received chemotherapy for infantile ALL.
Effects of hybrid filler networks of carbon nanotubes and carbon black on fracture resistance of styrene‐butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Dong Bin , Liu Chang , Lu Yonglai , Zhang Liqun , Wu Youping
Published: June 2016

In this study, influences of hybrid filler networks of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) on fracture resistance of styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) composites were well investigated. The spherical CB was partially substituted by fibrous CNTs in two different ways: unequal replacement (1 phr CNTs replacing 4 phr CB) and equal replacement (1 phr CNTs replacing 1 phr CB). TheJ‐integral tests were employed to evaluate the crack initiation and propagation resistance. The strain amplification and distribution near the crack tip was measured by digital image correlation to explore the fracture resistance mechanism. Results revealed that the fracture resistance was effectively improved by unequal replacement. Meanwhile, for unequal replacement, higher content of CNTs resulted in a weaker strain amplification factor and larger amplification area near the crack tip, which contributed to the improved fracture resistance. However, opposite trends were observed for equal replacement. A synergistic effect in fracture resistance of SBR composites between CB and CNTs was realized for unequal replacement. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1425–1431, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Temperature and cooling field dependent exchange coupling in [Cr/Gd]5 multilayers
Authors: Jiao Z. W. , Chen H. J. , Jiang W. D. , Wang J. F. , Yu S. J. , Hou Y. L. , Lu B. , Ye Q. L.
Published: June 2016

Exchange coupling has been investigated in the [Cr/Gd] multilayers deposited at 25, 200, and C, where the Néel temperature () of antiferromagnetic Cr is slightly higher than the Curie temperature () of ferromagnetic Gd. It was found that the exchange coupling existed not only at , but also above the temperature () of antiferromagnetic orderings with incommensurate spin‐density wave structures transiting to paramagnetic state. These results can be discussed in terms of the crucial role played by the antiferromagnetic spins of Cr with commensurate spin‐density wave structures in the vicinity of the Cr/Gd interfaces. Moreover, the exchange coupling of the multilayers grown at different temperatures exhibited different dependencies on the measuring temperature and the cooling field, respectively. Positive exchange bias was observed in the multilayers grown at 200 and C. The interfacial roughness, grain size, and the antiferromagnetic orderings of Cr may be responsible for the anomalous exchange coupling of the multilayers. In addition, the competition between the exchange coupling at Cr/Gd interfaces and the external field‐Cr surface magnetic coupling can explain the appearance of negative or positive exchange bias.
Optical properties of superconducting EuFe2 (As1‐xPx)2
Authors: Neubauer David , Pronin Artem V. , Zapf Sina , Merz Johannes , Jeevan Hirale S. , Jiao Wen‐He , Gegenwart Philipp , Cao Guang‐Han , Dressel Martin
Published: June 2016

We present a broadband optical‐conductivity study of superconducting single‐crystalline EuFe(AsP) with three different substitutional levels. We analyze the normal‐state electrodynamics by decomposing the conductivity spectra using a Drude–Lorentz model with two Drude terms representing two groups of carriers with different scattering rates. The analysis reveals that the scattering rate of at least one of the Drude components develops linearly with temperature for each doping level. This points toward strong electron–electron correlations and a non‐Fermi‐liquid behavior in the P‐substituted superconducting Eu‐122 pnictides. We also detect a transfer of the spectral weight from mid‐infrared to higher frequencies and assign it to the Hund's‐rule coupling between itinerant and localized carriers. The conductivity spectra below the superconducting transition show no sharp features to be associated with the dirty‐limit superconducting s‐wave gaps. We interpret these results in terms of clean‐limit superconductivity in EuFe(AsP). The best parametrization fit can be achieved using a two‐gap model. We find that the larger gap at the hole pockets of the Fermi surface is likely to be isotropic, while the smaller gap at the electron pockets is anisotropic or even nodal.

Schematic phase diagram of EuFe(AsP). The indicated phases are: spin density wave (SDW), superconductivity (SC), magnetic ordering of Eu spins (, brown), and a spin‐glass state of the Eu subsystem (, green). Above the SC dome, a non‐Fermi‐liquid behavior (NFL) points toward a possible quantum critical point (QCP). The black arrows indicate the approximate positions of the compositions investigated in this study.
Reduction of low‐frequency noise in multilayer MoS2 FETs using a Fermi‐level depinning layer
Authors: Kim Yonghun , Park Woojin , Yang Jin Ho , Cho Chunhum , Lee Sang Kyung , Lee Byoung Hun
Published: June 2016

Two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are potential candidate materials for future thin‐film field effect transistors (FETs). However, many aspects of this device must be optimized for practical applications. In addition, low‐frequency noise that limits the design window of electronic devices, in general, must be minimized for TMD‐based FETs. In this study, the low‐frequency noise characteristics of multilayer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) FETs were investigated in detail, with two different contact structures: titanium (Ti) metal–MoS2 channel and Ti metal–TiO2 interlayer–MoS2 channel. The results showed that the noise level of the device with a TiO2 interlayer reduced by one order of magnitude compared with the device without the TiO2 interlayer. This substantial improvement in the noise characteristics could be explained using the carrier number of fluctuation model. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exchange bias at low fields exhibited by the interface between epitaxial layers of ferromagnetic and charge‐ordered rare‐earth manganites
Authors: Saha Rana , Vasu K. , Negi D. S. , Datta R. , Sundaresan A. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: June 2016

Epitaxial thin films of ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) and charge‐ordered, antiferromagnetic Y0.5Ca0.5MnO3 (YCMO) were deposited on SrTiO3 (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The heterostructure undergoes tetragonal distortion due to strong biaxial tensile strain imposed by the substrate. The LSMO–YCMO bilayers exhibit significant exchange bias (EB) across the interface even in a very small remnant magnetic field (∼5 Oe) present in the superconductor magnet. The unidirectional exchange anisotropy at the interface can be switched by reversing the polarity of the remnant magnetic field.

magnified image

Significant asymmetry in the M (H) loop is exhibited by the heterostructure interface under cooling in the presence of small remnant magnetic field (Hr ∼ 5 Oe). (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards retrieving critical relative humidity from ground‐based remote‐sensing observations
Authors: Van Weverberg Kwinten , Boutle Ian A. , Morcrette Cyril J. , Newsom Rob K.
Published: June 2016

Nearly all large‐scale cloud parametrizations require the specification of the critical relative humidity (RHcrit). This is the grid‐box mean relative humidity at which the subgrid fluctuations in temperature and water vapour are assumed to become so large that part of a subsaturated grid box becomes saturated and cloud starts to form. Until recently, the lack of high‐resolution observations of temperature and moisture variability has hindered achievement of a reasonable estimate of RHcrit. However, the advent of ground‐based Raman lidar now allows the acquisition of long records of temperature and moisture with subminute sample rates.

Lidar observations are inherently noisy and any analysis of higher‐order moments will be dependent on the ability to quantify and remove this noise. We present an exploratory study aimed at understanding whether current noise levels of lidar‐retrieved temperature and water vapour are sufficiently low to obtain a reasonable estimate of RHcrit. We show that vertical profiles of RHcrit can be derived with an uncertainty of a few per cent. RHcrit tends to be smallest near the boundary‐layer top and seems to be insensitive to the horizontal grid spacing at the scales investigated here (30–120 km). However, larger sensitivity was found to the vertical grid spacing. RHcrit is observed to decrease by 10% as the vertical grid spacing quadruples.

By way of example, the lidar‐retrieved RHcrit profiles were used to evaluate a parametrization that estimates RHcrit from variances diagnosed from the boundary‐layer parametrization. It is shown that this parametrization overestimates RHcrit by up to 10%, but captures the diurnal variability of RHcrit well, with lower values of RHcrit near the boundary‐layer top.

While we show that the uncertainties associated with the retrievals are large, lidar observations seem promising to diagnose and evaluate a very important parameter to predict cloud fraction in climate and numerical weather prediction models.
Water exchange rates and mechanisms in tetrahedral [Be(H2O)4]2+ and [Li(H2O)4]+ complexes using DFT methods and cluster‐continuum models
Authors: Regueiro‐Figueroa Martín , Esteban‐Gómez David , Pujales‐Paradela Rosa , Caneda‐Martínez Laura , de Blas Andrés , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos
Published: June 2016

The water exchange reactions in aquated Li+ and Be2+ ions were investigated with density functional theory calculations performed using the [Li(H2O)4]+·14H2O and [Be(H2O)4]2+·8H2O systems and a cluster‐continuum approach. A range of commonly used functionals predict water exchange rates several orders of magnitude lower than the experimental ones. This effect is attributed to the overstabilization of coordination number four by these functionals with respect to the five‐coordinated transition states responsible for the associative (A) or associative interchange (Ia) water exchange mechanisms. However, the M06 and M062X functionals provide results in good agreement with the experimental data: M062X/TZVP calculations yield a concerted Ia mechanism for the water exchange in [Be(H2O)4]2+·8H2O that gives an average residence time of water molecules in the first coordination sphere of 260 μs. For [Li(H2O)4]+·14H2O the water exchange reaction is predicted to follow an A mechanism with a residence time of inner‐sphere water molecules of 25 ps.
Reducing Carryover Effects on the Migration and Spawning Success of Sockeye Salmon through a Management Experiment of Dam Flows
Authors: Burnett N. J. , Hinch S. G. , Bett N. N. , Braun D. C. , Casselman M. T. , Cooke S. J. , Gelchu A. , Lingard S. , Middleton C. T. , Minke‐Martin V. , White C. F. H.
Published: June 2016

Effective dam management requires an understanding of the ecological impact of a facility and its operations on individual fish and fish populations. Traversing high flows downstream of dams is an energetically challenging activity that could influence survival and spawning success following passage. Carryover effects, however, are an underappreciated consequence of dam passage that have been overlooked by researchers and natural resource managers. We conducted a large‐scale management experiment to determine if the operation of dam attraction flows could be changed to reduce high sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka mortality following passage and increase spawning success. We tested two flow conditions: (i) a baseline condition—currently used by managers—that released high attraction flows directly adjacent to the entrance to a vertical‐slot fishway and (ii) an alternative condition that released attraction flows 10 m away from the fishway entrance to reduce the flows fish swim through while approaching the passage structure. We tagged 637 sockeye salmon with telemetry tags to monitor dam passage, post‐passage survival to spawning grounds and spawning success under the two flow conditions. Validated fish counters at the exit of the fishway and on spawning grounds were used to generate population level estimates of survival to spawning grounds. Individuals exposed to baseline flow conditions spent two times longer recovering from dam passage and exhibited 10% higher mortality following passage than those exposed to alternative flows. Release of alternative flows for 10 days assisted approximately 550 fish (or 3% of total spawners) in reaching spawning grounds. Once on spawning grounds, female spawning success was strongly influenced by individual spawning characteristics (longevity and date of arrival on spawning grounds) and not dam flow condition. Our findings highlight a cost‐effective solution that decreases mortality following passage simply by altering the location of dam flow releases and not reductions in discharge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“The Pictures Can Say More Things”: Change Across Time in Young Children's References to Images and Words During Text Discussion
Authors: Aukerman Maren , Chambers Schuldt Lorien
Published: June 2016

Although scholarship in New Literacies increasingly emphasizes multimodal reading, some traditional perspectives on comprehension pedagogy continue to advocate for focusing discussion on linguistic content of texts, concerned that allowing students to discuss illustrations could siphon attention from the words (linguistic content). Largely absent from this debate has been close examination of how young students explicitly reference images versus linguistic content during text discussions where both are accepted as viable information sources, particularly studies considering whether such referencing might change across time. Our study analyzes nine discussion transcripts to examine second graders' explicit references to images and linguistic content during discussions across a school year. We asked three questions: (1) How did students' relative verbal emphasis on images versus linguistic content change? (2) Did the frequency of references to images and linguistic content differ between more and less proficient decoders? and (3) How did the teacher's language change across time, and were any changes related to changes observed in students? We found that students mostly referenced images early in the year. Across time, students shifted toward greater referencing of linguistic content, but less proficient decoders referenced linguistic content less frequently than more proficient decoders. These findings support an expanded conception of emergent literacy and of early literacy pedagogy that encompasses textual oracy practices—specifically, young students' talk with one another about multimodal dimensions of text.
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Alters the Immune Properties of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Serena Carolina , Keiran Noelia , Ceperuelo-Mallafre Victoria , Ejarque Miriam , Fradera Rosa , Roche Kelly , Nuñez-Roa Catalina , Vendrell Joan , Fernández-Veledo Sonia
Published: June 2016

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are proposed as an alternative stem cell source to bone marrow-derived cells for immune cell therapy. However, microenvironmental factors may impact the functionality of this population in human adipose tissue (AT). We hypothesized that the fat depot in addition to the donor phenotype controls the immunomodulatory capacity of ASCs. Focusing on obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as metabolic disorders that might affect the immune response of ASCs, we compared the inflammatory response of ASCs from subcutaneous and visceral AT of age-matched donors (lean n = 4, body mass index [BMI] 21.98 ± 1.9; obese n = 4 BMI 33.1 ± 2.1 and T2D n = 4 BMI 35.3 ± 1.5). Obese and particularly T2D-derived ASCs showed increased expression of inflammatory markers, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and higher migration, invasion and phagocytosis capacities than those derived from lean donors. Remarkably, ASCs derived from obese and T2D subjects exhibited a reduction in typical immunosuppressive activities attributed to stem cells. Accordingly, obese and T2D-ASCs were less effective in suppressing lymphocyte proliferation, activating the M2 macrophage phenotype, and in increasing TGF-β1 secretion, than lean-derived ASCs. Treatment of lean hASCs with interleukin (IL)-1β mimicked the dysfunctional immune behavior of obese and T2D hASCs. Conversely, combined treatment with IL1RA and TGF-β1 reverted the phenotype of obese- and T2D-ASCs. These data indicate that the donor metabolic phenotype compromises the immunomodulatory properties of ASCs. These results are relevant not only for understanding the physiology of ASCs in terms of cell-based therapies but also for their role as key regulators of the immune response.

Video Highlight: https://youtu.be/ceWOIIZd7Jo
Growing Extraordinary Writers: Leadership Decisions to Raise the Level of Writing Across a School and a District
Authors: Calkins Lucy , Ehrenworth Mary
Published: June 2016

Increasingly, school leaders recognize the need for writing instruction to become a schoolwide priority. The writers’ workshop approach that was popularized 30 years ago is still relevant; it is still important to give students protected time to write, opportunities to address topics and audiences that matter, and timely feedback. Recent research emphasizes that students also benefit from explicit instruction in the craft and structure of specific types of writing and from working toward clear images of good writing. Teachers can accelerate students’ growth by developing shared expectations for good writing and a common language for talking about writing. Clear goals are important for teachers, too. Shared knowledge of effective writing instruction and ways to track writing growth over time lift the level of instruction across a school, supporting teacher‐to‐teacher collaboration. When student growth is regarded as feedback to teachers on their teaching, assessment‐based instruction helps schools participate in continuous improvement.
A fly's view of neuronal remodeling
Authors: Yaniv Shiri P. , Schuldiner Oren
Published: June 2016

Developmental neuronal remodeling is a crucial step in sculpting the final and mature brain connectivity in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Remodeling includes degenerative events, such as neurite pruning, that may be followed by regeneration to form novel connections during normal development. Drosophila provides an excellent model to study both steps of remodeling since its nervous system undergoes massive and stereotypic remodeling during metamorphosis. Although pruning has been widely studied, our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms is far from complete. Our understanding of the processes underlying regrowth is even more fragmentary. In this review, we discuss recent progress by focusing on three groups of neurons that undergo stereotypic pruning and regrowth during metamorphosis, the mushroom body γ neurons, the dendritic arborization neurons and the crustacean cardioactive peptide peptidergic neurons. By comparing and contrasting the mechanisms involved in remodeling of these three neuronal types, we highlight the common themes and differences as well as raise key questions for future investigation in the field. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:618–635. doi: 10.1002/wdev.241

This article is categorized under:

Nervous System Development > Flies