Design and Planning of a Transdisciplinary Investigation into Farmland Pollinators: Rationale, Co-Design, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Hodge Simon , Schweiger Oliver , Klein Alexandra-Maria , Potts Simon G. , Costa Cecilia , Albrecht Matthias , de Miranda Joachim R. , Mand Marika , De la Rúa Pilar , Rundlöf Maj , Attridge Eleanor , Dean Robin , Bulet Philippe , Michez Denis , Paxton Robert J. , Babin Aurélie , Cougoule Nicolas , Laurent Marion , Martel Anne-Claire , Paris Laurianne , Rivière Marie-Pierre , Dubois Eric , Chauzat Marie-Pierre , Arafah Karim , Askri Dalel , Voisin Sebastien N. , Kiljanek Tomasz , Bottero Irene , Dominik Christophe , Tamburini Giovanni , Pereira-Peixoto Maria Helena , Wintermantel Dimitry , Breeze Tom D. , Cini Elena , Senapathi Deepa , Di Prisco Gennaro , Medrzycki Piotr , Hagenbucher Steffen , Knauer Anina , Schwarz Janine M. , Raimets Risto , Martínez-López Vicente , Ivarsson Kjell , Hartfield Chris , Hunter Pamela , Brown Mark J. F. , Stout Jane C. 
Published: August 2022

To provide a complete portrayal of the multiple factors negatively impacting insects in agricultural landscapes it is necessary to assess the concurrent incidence, magnitude, and interactions among multiple stressors over substantial biogeographical scales. Trans-national ecological field investigations with wide-ranging stakeholders typically encounter numerous challenges during the design planning stages, not least that the scientific soundness of a spatially replicated study design must account for the substantial geographic and climatic variation among distant sites. ‘PoshBee’ (Pan-European assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of Stressors on the Health of Bees) is a multi-partner transdisciplinary agroecological project established to investigate the suite of stressors typically encountered by pollinating insects in European agricultural landscapes. To do this, PoshBee established a network of 128 study sites across eight European countries and collected over 50 measurements and samples relating to the nutritional, toxicological, pathogenic, and landscape components of the bees’ environment. This paper describes the development process, rationale, and end-result of each aspect of the of the PoshBee field investigation. We describe the main issues and challenges encountered during the design stages and highlight a number of actions or processes that may benefit other multi-partner research consortia planning similar large-scale studies. It was soon identified that in a multi-component study design process, the development of interaction and communication networks involving all collaborators and stakeholders requires considerable time and resources. It was also necessary at each planning stage to be mindful of the needs and objectives of all stakeholders and partners, and further challenges inevitably arose when practical limitations, such as time restrictions and labour constraints, were superimposed upon prototype study designs. To promote clarity for all stakeholders, for each sub-component of the study, there should be a clear record of the rationale and reasoning that outlines how the final design transpired, what compromises were made, and how the requirements of different stakeholders were accomplished. Ultimately, multi-national agroecological field studies such as PoshBee benefit greatly from the involvement of diverse stakeholders and partners, ranging from field ecologists, project managers, policy legislators, mathematical modelers, and farmer organisations. While the execution of the study highlighted the advantages and benefits of large-scale transdisciplinary projects, the long planning period emphasized the need to formally describe a design framework that could facilitate the design process of future multi-partner collaborations.