bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of rearing technology used by sheep breeders in Slovenia
Authors: Cividini A. , Kompan D.
Published: November 2011

In Slovenia low and medium production systems are prevalent in sheep
breeding. The rearing technology depends on a large number of factors. The
main factors affecting the choice of rearing technology are sheep breed,
local conditions, season of mating and weaning time. In the present study the
rearing technology in sheep breeding was analyzed. This analysis included the
results of 293 questionnaires from sheep breeders of autochthonous
Jezersko-Solcava and Improved Jezersko-Solcava breed. Data were subjected to
the frequency analysis, using the FREQ procedure of the SAS Statistical
Software (1990). The population size in the flocks of these breeders was
mostly from 5 to 50 animals (73.3%). The lambing system is year-round (80%)
and seasonal (7.5%). The wanted litter size of 47% of breeders is just one
live born lamb. Breeders weaned their lambs at 60-90 days of age or even
later. Lambs stayed with their mothers almost till the end of lactation
(16-20 weeks) or till the sale to the market when they weighted 30-35 kg.
Early spring and summer born lambs stayed with their mothers on the pastures
with no supplement. Winter born lambs stayed with their mothers in the
stable, fed by hay and supplement (cereals or commercial concentrate). The
rearing technology used by Slovenian sheep breeders is sustainable and gives
the opportunity for conservation of autochthonous breeds in the original
environment.
Yield of cheese and sheep milk composition from synthetic population of Bulgarian dairy and East-Friesian breed
Authors: Ivanova T. , Raicheva E. , Pacinovski N.
Published: November 2011

Comparison between Synthetic population Bulgarian milk (SPBM) and
East-Friesian (EF) sheep was done for laboratory yield of cheese and milk
composition. The comparison of the means for the individual laboratory yield
of cheese showed significantly higher values in the ewes of SPBM on first
lactation (2,4735 g) compared to the EF breed (1,7608 g), (P<0,001). The
higher amount of cheese probably was connected with the tendency for higher
content of the fat, protein and dry matter. However on the second lactation
the two breeds showed the same values: SPBM 1,9370 g and EF breed 1,9282 g.
No significant differences in the quantity of milk and its composition
between the sheep on first and second lactation were observed for both
breeds.
Effect of the short-term progestagen treatments plus PMSG prior ram introduction on the estrus synchronization and the fertility of Ile de France ewes
Authors: Metodiev N. , Raicheva E.
Published: November 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the short-term
progestagen treatments plus PMSG prior ram introduction on the estrus
synchronization and the fertility of Ile de France ewes in the beginning of
mating season. The study was carried out with 36 pure-bred ewes (aged 4-6
years) during April 2009. The ewes were divided in 3 groups (n=12 for each
group): group I - vaginal sponge impregnated with 30mg FGA for six days, as
at the time of placement of sponge 125 ?g cloprostenolum was put i.m At the
time of removal of the sponge 250 UI PMSG was put i.m.; group II- the same as
the I group, but without cloprostenolum treatment: III group - control. The
teasers were introduced to ewes 24h after the sponge removal and ewes in
estrus was inseminated artificially. The following parameters were studied:
effect of estrus synchronization (EES) ewes in estrus was recorded twice
daily for the first 6 days after sponge removal; onset, end and duration of
estrus for group I and II, fertility (at first estrus) and fecundity
(calculated after lambing). The data for fertility and fecundity for the
control group was obtained as ewes were fertilized during 30 days from the
begging of the breeding. A significant effect of both schemes to estrus
synchronization was determined F=33,33, P<0,001). The EES, fertility and
fecundity for group I, II and III were - 91,66%, 63,64% and 142,0%; 91,66%,
45,45% and 140,0 %; 8,33%, 91,66% and 140,0% respectively. The mean onset,
end and duration of estrus was 51,27 h, 77,45 h and 27,27h for the I group
and 57,82h, 87,27h and 29,45 h respectively for the II group. We conclude
that the scheme applied for the first group is better to use for estrus
synchronization in the beginning of mating season.
Production systems and economics of sheep husbandry in southern Albania
Authors: Mavromati J. , Gjeta Z. , Mavromati E. , Kolaneci V. , Molla A.
Published: November 2011

Small ruminants in Albania seem to have a great importance within the
livestock sector. The small ruminants' populations count almost 2.7 million
heads, out of which 1.8 million are sheep. The estimated value of the
commercialized small livestock population is about 35 million Euros. The
total value of the small ruminant population is estimated at 140 million
Euros. More than 1.5 million heads of small ruminants are consumed each year
in the local market. Import of small ruminant?s meat was at a level of 599
ton/year (2010 data). This study aimed the assessment of the production
systems and economics of sheep husbandry in the southern regions of Albania.
The different husbandry systems employed (transhumant, non transhumant,
semi-intensive) showed only slight differences in terms of outputs, but not
the expected differences regarding inputs (feeds) and corresponding costs
(semi-intensive system). The economic assessment demonstrates very useful and
interesting results. Overall Gross Margin per ewe and lambs at weaning was in
the area of 6,369.00 ALL (1 Euro=136 Albanian Lek, ALL), the range of GM was
enormous between different farms (3,042.6 ALL - 11,322.4 ALL), mainly caused
by the large differences in feeding and labor costs per ewe.
In vitro efficacy of mycotoxins adsorption by natural mineral adsorbents
Authors: Bocarov-Stancic A. , Adamovic M. , Salma N. , Bodroza-Solarov M. , Vuckovic J. , Pantic V.
Published: November 2011

The paper describes in vitro model for evaluation of natural mineral
adsorbents ability to adsorb mycotoxins. Bentonite, diatomite and zeolite
were prepared in the Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral
Raw Materials, Belgrade. A total of six mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFL),
ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON),
diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin were tested in vitro. For adsorption
experiments crude extracts of mycotoxins, produced in the Department of
Microbiology of Bio-ecological Center in Zrenjanin, were used. The ability
for binding mycotoxins was evaluated in the electrolyte 0.1 M K2HPO4 which pH
value was adjusted to 3.0 and 6.9, respectively. Mass ratio of individual
mycotoxin and natural mineral adsorbent was 1:5000. The experimental mixtures
were incubated for 1 hour on a rotary shaker (185 rpm) at room temperature
(22-25oC). After incubation the extractions of unadsorbed mycotoxins from the
filtrates were performed with organic solvents, and their quantifications
were done by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). By the use of TLC method it was
noted that bentonite, diatomite and zeolite binded more than 95% of
applicated AFL. In the case of OTA only diatomite adsorbed that toxin -
adsorption index was 66.67%. Binding of DON has been observed only at pH 3.0
of electrolyte. Its adsorption index varied from 25.00 to 50.00% depending on
the type of mineral adsorbent. Effect of electrolyte pH value on the binding
of ZON was not so expressed. Its adsorption index ranged from 12.20 to
37.00%. In the case of type A trichothecenes (DAS and T-2 toxin) bentonite,
diatomite, and zeolite binded only T-2 toxin. The amount of adsorbed T-2
toxin ranged from 16.66 to 33.33%. The obtained results point out the need
for activation or processing of natural mineral adsorbens, especially
bentonite and zeolite, in order to increase the efficiency of adsorption of
the wider spectrum of mycotoxins.
Study of forage productive and qualitative indicators of some annual spring legumes in foothill regions of central northern Bulgaria
Authors: Lingorski V.
Published: November 2011

During the 2002-2004 period in RIMSA, Troyan (in Central Northern Bulgaria)
annualy was sown a field experiment with some spring legumes for green forage
production. The comparative study showed that a highest dry mass yield had
the white lupine (7.72 t/ha) - 97.95% above the standard crop (field pea)
productivity. The highest values (21.30 and 20.50%) of crude protein content
were observed for common vetch and white lupine. A maximum crude fat content
had field pea, followed of chickling vetch, soybean and common vetch. The
highest crude protein productivity had the white lupine, and it was with
106.58% higher than field pea.
Variability and heritability of type traits of Holstein-Friesian bull dams
Authors: Pantelic V. , Niksic D. , Trivunovic S.
Published: November 2011

Objective of this study was to calculate the variability and heritability of
type traits in the nucleus herd of bull dams by using the linear method of
evaluation, and to determine their importance in selection of cattle. Study
included 127 Holstein-Friesian cows selected as bull dams on cattle farms of
PKB Korporacija, Belgrade. By applying the Least square method, main
variationstatistical parameters were calculated: arithmeitc mean, standard
deviation, variation coefficient, standard error and variation range. Bull
dams of Holstein- Friesian breed had average milk production of 10245.98 kg,
with variation range from 6514 kg to 13251 kg. Average milk fat yield was
361.95 kg, and milk fat content 3,53%. Average values for type scores of
Holstein-Friesian bull dams were: rump height 5.40, chest width 7.09, body
depth 7.38, rump position 5.39, rump width 6.55, dairy form 7.35, rear legs
set (rear view) 5.22, rear legs set (side view) 5.28, hoof angle 5.27, fore
udder 6.65, front teats placement 5.43, teat length 4.76, udder depth 6.96,
rear udder height 7.13, suspensory ligament 7.08 and rear teats placement
5.89. Also, heritability coefficients and errors were calculated for all milk
and type traits. Type and body development scores are very important
indicators of production ability of cows, their potential to consume
sufficient quantities of food, produce high quality milk from the
technological aspect, reduce the use of energy in production and remain as
long as possible in exploitation.
Effect of feeding extruded flaxseed on milk quality of dairy cows
Authors: Biagi G. , Fustini M. , Canestrari G. , Palmonari A. , Panciroli N. , Formigoni A.
Published: November 2011

Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy cows
with extruded flaxseed (EF) on milk quality. After a 7-d adaptation period,
40 Holstein dairy cows in midlactation were divided in two experimental
groups, based on parity, milk yield and composition, and days in milk.
Animals were fed for 28 d a standard total mixed ration containing or not
(control) 1.8 kg/cow/d of a supplement based on extruded flaxseed (EF). Milk
yield was recorded daily and individual milk samples were collected weekly
for analysis. Milk yield was not affected by treatment and averaged 26.2 kg/d
throughout the study. Feeding EF reduced milk fat (3.95 vs. 4.24%; P=0.053)
and tended to reduce milk protein (3.32 vs. 3.50%; P=0.104). The milk from
cows fed EF contained more (P<0.01) stearic (12.0 vs. 7.8 mg/100 mg of fat),
oleic (21.2 vs. 18.0 mg/100 mg of fat), ?-linolenic (0.85 vs. 0.41 mg/100 mg
of fat) and vaccenic (1.43 vs. 0.62 mg/100 mg of fat) acids than control and
also more c9,t11 CLA (0.91 vs. 0.59 mg/100 mg of fat). Conversely, compared
with control, feeding EF reduced milk concentrations of palmitic acid (26.5
vs. 33.4 mg/100 mg of fat; P<0.01). The present results show that feeding EF
to dairy cows is an efficient strategy to enrich milk in beneficial fatty
acids such as vaccenic acid, CLA and omega-3 fatty acids. Nevertheless, the
milk fat reducing effect of flaxseed as well as other sources of
polyunsaturated fatty acids should be taken into account.
Effect of two natural antioxidants in combination with edible packaging on stability of low fat beef product stored under frozen condition
Authors: Kenawi M.A. , Zaghlul M.M.A. , Abdel-Salam R.R.
Published: November 2011

The chemical composition, expressible water (EW), water holding capacity
(WHC), pH value, total acidity (as lactic acid), thiobarbituric acid (TBA),
aerobic plate count, and sensory evaluation were determined in order to
evaluate the effect of two different natural antioxidants combined with
edible packaging on the stability of low fat beef product stored frozen for
six months. The data showed that there were no changes in the chemical
composition as a result of the addition of antioxidants. It also showed an
increase in the (E.W) values as the storage time progressed correlated by
decreasing in the (WHC) values. The increment in the (E.W) and the decrease
in the (WHC) were the highest among the untreated samples. The data
demonstrated decreasing in the pH values and increasing in the acidity values
for the treated and the untreated samples. The reduction of pH and the
increment of acidity were higher in the untreated samples compared by the
treated ones. TBA values increased over time for all samples. The increment
was rapid for the untreated sample. The reduction rate of color for the
untreated sample was higher than the treated ones followed by the green tea
treated sample, while flavor value for sample treated by the green tea was
the lowest value compared with the other samples. The results indicated that
the use of chitosan as edible film had delayed the proliferation of aerobic
plate count.
Evaluation of the dietary protein using an optimized HPLC method
Authors: Maros I. , Untea A. , Dragomir C. , Olteanu M.
Published: November 2011

Protein quality is determined by the type and concentration of the essential
amino acids and by their bioavailability. Hence, the content of dietary
essential amino acids from a protein or mixture of proteins is a factor which
determines the feeding quality of the protein. The purpose of the study was
to evaluate the quality of the protein from a high protein raw ingredient
(corn gluten) using a chromatographic method (HPLC) under optimized
experimental conditions. In this study, we used pre-column derivatization,
separation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV detection.
The optimized method was used to determine the amino acids from high-protein
raw ingredients commonly used in animal feeding (corn gluten, 61%CP). A set
of 6 amino acids analyses has been performed in 6 different days, each sample
being prepared in double. For characterization of data strings we used
quality parameters: average, standard deviation, standard error, confidence
level, precision, accuracy. For verifying the Gaussian shape of the strings
we used the Kernel Density. For identifying and rejecting the outliers from
the data strings we used the Q test. The very low values of the accuracy for
several amino acids (glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, valine,
phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine) determined us to introduce the dilution
stage (1:2) for the hydrolysed samples. The method can be considered as
repeatable (precision in different days) and accurate (evaluation by tracing
yields) for all the determined amino acids.
Possibilities of organic production in Vojvodina
Authors: Grdovic S. , Vitorovic G. , Petrujkic B. , Mitrovic B. , Nedeljkovic-Trailovic J.
Published: November 2011

During the past decade, the general attitude of the human population towards
health, nutrition quality and environment has remarkably changed. As a result
of the growing demand for organic products, especially organic milk, the
livestock organic production has increased. Figures from the Serbian Ministry
of agriculture estimate that around 75 percent of Serbia's agricultural land,
and some 650,000 hectares, can be used for organic food production within
three years. The ?rule of 30%? in organic production means that farm animals
kept in organic system must ingest at least 30% of meal dry matter from
pastures, makes forage quality of utmost importance. In order to estimate
possibilities of organic production in Fruska Gora region forage botanical as
well as chemical composition were analysed. A botanical analysis has
confirmed presence of plants with high yield and of high nutritive value.
Dominant presence of Dactilys glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L. was revealed
in the samples of mixed hay, while the Lucerne hay was predominantly composed
only by one leguminous species Medicago sativa L. Chemical analyses of hay
samples originating from Fruska Gora has pointed out that level of crude
proteins, cellulose, fats, macro and trace elements can completely satisfy
requirements of animals in organic farming and therefore can present a solid
base for further development of organic dairy farming. Possibilities for
further development of organic production are great, and it can be expected
that organic production will increase in the future and can become a
significant branch of livestock production.
The body constitution type influence on charolais breeds cattle meat production and quality
Authors: Jukna V. , Jukna C. , Peciulaitienė N. , Meskinytė-Kausilienė E.
Published: November 2011

The article presents data the most common body constitution types and their
impact on meat production and quality on Charolais breed. Four body
constitution types were researched in the breed: large, small, muscular and
lightweight (commercial) type. For each type were selected in 15-16
uncastrated bulls, which were reared Control feeding station in identical
feeding and storage conditions of up to 500 days age. Feeding control has
been carried out from 210 days to 500 days of age. After the fattening from
each group were slaughtered in 8 bulls. Investigated types of animals were
marked differences in body measurement sizes. At the end research of large
body constitution type bulls weighed 622.5 kg, small type 590.5 kg, muscular
type 612.0 kg and of lightweight type 606.7 kg (P<0.05, P> 0.05). The animal
of small type for 1 kg of weight gain consumed for 6.1 MJAE or 8.4 percent
feed more than a large type animals. Other types of animal feed costs were
only 1.2 to 1.7 percent higher than the large type animals. Carcass yield was
the highest muscular type animals and was composed 59.8 percent, 58.9 percent
of large type, 56.4 percent of lightweight (commercial) type and 54.2 percent
was of small type animals (P<0.01 - > 0.05). Different types of body
constitution animals were unequal of carcase hip thigh part mass and soft
parts yield. The type of body constitution animal did not influence on the
majority meat quality characteristics. The small type of animals meat was
significantly hardness than of other types body constitution animals
(P<0.05). It was concluded that for meat production purposeful to grow
animals it's best to focus on the large and muscular body constitution types
by increasing the number of such animal types.
Production of beef meat with functional food roperties
Authors: Sretenovic Lj. , Pantelic V. , Novakovic M. , Novakovic Z. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: November 2011

In this study the effects of ?Tradi-Lin? as a source of omega-3 fatty acids
(FA) in diets for fattening cattle were presented. ?Tradi-Lin? produced from
flax seed had 58% omega-3 and 15% omega-6 fatty acids of total
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Trial was carried out on three groups of
finishing beef cattle (C, T1 and T2) with 15 heads in each and was lasted 60
days. The diets used based on maize silage and concentrate mixture. Cattle
received 0, 300 and 700 g of ?Tradi-Lin? per day, respectively. At the end of
trial heads were slaughtered and major parameters of the chemical composition
and meat quality were determined. The results indicated that were no
differences in saturated (50.85; 50.21; 50.34%) and unsaturated (49.15;
49.79; 49.66%) FA between treatments in intramuscular fat of the m.
longissimus dorsi but ?Tradi-Lin? influenced the changes in structure of
intramuscular fat and increased PUFA from 4.91 (C) to 5.54 (T1) and 7.31%
(T2) ( P< 0.05). The increase of omega-3 FA from 0.36 (C) to 0.60 (T1) and
0.76% (T2) must be pointed out, ( P< 0.05). The omega-6 FA were also
increased from 4.51 (C) to 4.94 (T1) and 6.22% (T2) (P>0.05) but omega-6:
omega- 3 ratio was reduced from 12.25 (C) to 8.22 (T1) (P< 0.05) and
8.62(T2), (P<0.01). Trans unsaturated FA which are undesirable were decreased
from 3.37% (C) to 2.43% (T1) and 2.36% (T2)(P<0.05). From nutritional aspect
those results have a great importance, having in mind that omega-3 FA have a
vital role in human health.
Variability of production characteristics of distinguished lines of bees in western Serbia
Authors: Nedic N. , Stojanovic Z. , Jevtic G. , Plavsa N. , Matovic K.
Published: November 2011

Condition for achieving high performance results in beekeeping is focused on
the use of high-quality breeding queen bee. Because that a large amount of
research are based on the examination of properties of selected lines of bees
and choosing the best queen mothers in the aim of selection and improving the
production characteristics of honey bees from the territory of Serbia. The
amount of bees, brood, honey and pollen was investigated in two spring and
one autumn survey and productivity controlled in the pasture of accacia. Line
1 had the greatest amount of brood (1.23, 4.04 and 5.39), while line 3 had
the best spring development. The best quality of brood in all three exams had
the lines 1 and 3 (3.00, 3.00 and 2.95) as well as the best productivity
compared to the average yield of all other three lines. All tested lines were
exhibited variability, which provides enough possibility for their further
improvement and single out the mother queenbees with best results.
Morphometric parameters of gray and yellow honey bee from Serbia
Authors: Mladenovic M. , Pesev V. , Rados R. , Rasic S.
Published: November 2011

In the study of the morphometric parameters of honey bees from 6 sites of
southern Serbia (Panevlje, Bujanovac Lake, Vranje, Stubal, Repince and
Devca), it was found that the average value in gray honey bees for the tongue
length (in vivo) was 6.59 mm, length and width of the front wing were 8.96
and 3.09 mm, respectively, and the value of cubital index was 2.20. Length
and width of basitarsus had an average value of 1.99 and 1.07 mm, while the
average value of tarsal index was 1.82. Yellow honey bees from the area of
Banat Arandjelovo, Uljma and Fruska Gora had an average value of the tongue
length (in vivo) 6.40 mm. Average value of the front wing length was 9.05 mm;
while the wing width had value of 3.08 mm. Determined value of cubital index
was 2.33 and the average length and width of basitarsus were 2.04 and 1.16
mm, respectively. The value of tarsal index was 2.11. The total variability
of the tested parameters was determined in this study.
Biometric traits and variability of honey bees from Jablanica district
Authors: Mladenovic M. , Pesev V.
Published: November 2011

Morphometric parameters are used in order to study taxonomy, systematization,
and to determine the race of honey bees. Large number of morphological
parameters is studied both worldwide and in our country, so the honey bee has
become the most studied insect with about 42 morphometrics, quantitative
traits. In this paper, following biometric traits were identified: tongue
length, front wing length, front wing width, cubital index, length and width
of the third tergit, length and width of wax plate mirror, femur length,
tibia length, length and width of basitarsus and the tarsal index. Samples of
bees included in these studies were taken from the site Slavujevac,
Strojkovce and Leskovac from honey bee colonies of good health condition and
raised under the influence of natural selection. Based on the statistical and
descriptive statistics methods, the total variability and variation
coefficient for all individuals studied honey bee races were determined.
Shepherd’ problems during transition period to the European Union
Authors: Kukovics S. , Németh T.
Published: November 2011

Accession of Hungary to European Union on 1st May, 2004, made a lot of
effects on the whole agriculture including the sheep sector; however, the
transitional period in fact started from the beginning of 1990?s, and will be
finished at the beginning of 2014. In this paper the history of the sheep
industry devided into five periods, and the main events and factors affecting
the sheep production were summarised. The first period (up to 1990) could be
characterised by the uniformity. The second one (1990-2000) was the period of
reorganisation, diffusion, reduction, and re-start. The whole sheep sector
was privatised, the ownership changed, the wool industry was demolished, and
number of firms earning money from sheep industry increased. The third one
(2000-30th April 2004) was the period of hope (for the same level of subsidy
as in former EU member states), and the final preparation for EU membership.
The forth one (1st May 2004 - 2011) was and still is the learning period
(looking for the best ways to help the sector to be survive), and finally the
fifth one (2011-2014) will be the awaiting period for new circumstances. In
the present sheep sector the live slaughter lamb became the main and
dominating product (giving 95-96% of the average income), but the ration of
utilised lambs per ewes is lower than the necessary and possible level. The
wool does not have real value (2-3% of income), and the milk production fall
back to low level.
Production of poultry meat and eggs as functional food: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Peric L. , Rodic V. , Milosevic N.
Published: November 2011

In the last decades people became highly aware of the connection between food
and health, especially in developed countries of Europe and USA. Food can
only be considered functional if together with its basic nutritional impact
it has beneficial effects on human health. It must improve general conditions
and/or decrease the risk of the disease. Functional foods should be enhanced
with added ingredients not normally found in the product, providing health
benefits beyond their nutritional value. Functional foods are intended to be
consumed as part of the normal diet but offer the potential of enhanced
health or reduced risk of disease. Functional food could be rich in vitamins,
omega-3 fatty acids or antioxidants. Poultry meat and eggs have a potential
to be considered as a functional food because of the high level of conversion
of beneficial nutrients from feed to poultry products. Enrichment of eggs is
more pronounced than enrichment of meat because of the higher fat content.
Current position and future opportunities of poultry products in production
of functional food will be consider in this paper.
Biological and technological background of estrus synchronization and fixed-time ovulation induction in the pig
Authors: Brüssow K.P. , Wähner M.
Published: November 2011

A technology that allows for manipulating of estrus and ovulation, and would
then also allow for fixed-time insemination, can be of great benefit for
swine farms that operate using sow batch management. Such technology at least
in part, saves labor and permits the production of large batches of evenly
developed pigs. Thanks to the current knowledge on endocrine regulation of
follicle development and ovulation, and the availability of numerous
reproductively active substances such a technology is now available. This
'biotechnology of reproduction' will be reviewed. It covers procedures for
synchronizing estrus based on the use of altrenogest in gilts and of
batch-wise weaning in sows, for stimulating follicle development using eCG
and for inducing of ovulation using hCG or LH as well as GnRH analogues.
While the procedures for estrus synchronization stand alone, other procedures
require additional treatments. If fixed-time insemination is the goal, estrus
needs to be synchronized and follicular development and ovulation induced by
the use of GnRH analogues and hCG with ovulation occurring within 36-42 hrs.
It is a general recommendation to inseminate those animals twice, i.e. 24 and
40 hrs after ovulation induction. However, the aforementioned technology
requires healthy animals and a solid management and cannot be used to
compensate for poor management.
The share of tissues in pig carcass sides of autochthonous breeds depending on the body mass and sex
Authors: Petrovic M. , Radovic C. , Mijatovic M. , Radojkovic D. , Stanisic N. , Parunovic N.
Published: November 2011

Objective of this paper was to determine the distribution of tissues in four
major carcass side parts from fatteners of Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa and
Moravka breeds. The study included 42 animals (male castrated and female
pigs) of Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa strain (LM, n=19) and Moravka (M, n=23).
Animals were kept and reared in the same farm conditions with free ranges.
During fattening, animals were fed two complete mixtures containing 15 and
13% crude proteins. Dissection of left carcass sides and calculation of the
meat percentage were carried out according to EU reference method (EC,
No.3127/94). Obtained data was processed using GLM procedure of the software
package SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Inst.Inc., 2002-2003). Pre-slaughter body mass
influenced variation of the mass of warm and cooled carcass sides (P<.0001).
Pre-slaughter body mass of SBM and M had impact on variation of the
subcutaneous fat tissue and skin in the thigh and shoulder, and on bone
tissue in the shoulder. Fatteners of Moravka breed had higher average mass of
back-loin part of the carcass sides (P<0.01) and mass of subcutaneous fat
tissue including the skin (P<0.05) compared to Swallow-Belly Mangalitsa.
Share of muscle tissue of this carcass part in total mass of muscle tissue in
all four carcass side parts was higher in Moravka breed pigs (+2.18%,
P<0.01). Male castrated pigs had lower values of average mass of the
thigh/leg (P<0.05), lower values of muscle tissue mass in the thigh/leg
(P<0.01) and higher share of bone tissue (P<0.05) compared to female pigs. In
the belly-rib part, castrates had less intermuscular fat tissue (P<0.05) and
bone tissue (P<0.05) than female pigs.
Effects of enzymes supplementation on digestibility and energy utilizations of broilers diets with different metabolizable energy level
Authors: Glamocic D. , Polovinski-Horvatovic M. , Ivkovic M. , Beukovic D. , Bjedov S.
Published: November 2011

In this 3?2 factorial design trial with three different levels of
metabolizable energy (13.4, 13.00, 12.6 MJ/kg), with and without exogenous
enzymes (nutrition density was reduced by introducing sunflower meal in
different percentage to diet (0, 8 ? 16%)), the goal was to investigate the
effects of exogenous enzymes Roxazyme G2G (cellulase (endo-1,4-(?-glucanase),
?- glucanase (endo-1,3(4)-?-glucanase) and xylanase (endo-1,4- ? xylanase))
on digestibility and energy utilization. Effects of enzymes were most visible
in diet with 13.00 MJ/kg and 12.6 MJ/kg while this effect was unnoticed in
the group with 13.4 MJ/kg. Reducing of ME caused the decrease in
digestibility and metabolizability (ME/GE). The results suggest that
exogenous enzymes, used in this trial, increase digestibility of crude
proteins, NDF, hemicelluloses and ash (?<0.05), but the effects were most
evident in diets with the reduced level of metabolizable energy.
Contnet of trace elements and some radionuclides in lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Zivkov-Balos М. , Mihaljev Z. , Cupic Z.
Published: November 2011

The samples of lucerne were collected from twelve different locations in
Vojvodina during the summer period July- September 2004. Raw lucerne trees
were cut on the height of 4-5 cm under the ground in the amount of 2-3 kg.
The samples were air-dried, ground, powdered and mineralized by the method of
dry burning. The content of minerals, toxic elements and radionuclides in the
samples of lucerne was determined. Due to low concentrations of detected
toxic elements and radionuclides and contents of micro- and macro-elements,
the obtained results indicate that alfalfa from the examined localities is a
healthy and ecology sound feed component. However, with the aim of protecting
the environment and preservation of human health, continuous surveillance of
the content of toxic elements and radionuclides in lucerne, particularly in
localities with increased risk of contamination, is necessary. Special
attention should be given to the content and origin of mercury in soil and a
possibility of contaminating plants with this toxic element. The obtained
results could serve as a base for further investigations, regarding
radiation-hygienic control of herbal feedstuff for animals.
Fumonisin B1 in maize, wheat and barley grain in Serbia
Authors: Stankovic S. , Levic J. , Krnjaja V.
Published: November 2011

A wide variety of commodities in the world have been analyzed for fumonisins
contamination. However, they have mostly been reported in maize and
maize-based foods and feeds. Just a few scientific researches were conducted
to obtain results on natural contamination of wheat and barley with these
mycotoxins. This survey was conducted to evaluate fumonisin B1 contamination
in maize, wheat and barley grain in Serbia. A total of 203 maize, 180 wheat
and 120 barley samples were obtained from different local warehouses between
October 2007 and June 2009. Concentration of FB1 were analysed with the
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Positive results were found in
70.7%, 60.6% and 34.1%, in the maize, wheat and barley samples, respectively.
FB 1 concentration varied from 750 to 4900 ?g kg-1, and the mean levels
recorded were: 1225.7 kg-1 in maize; 852.7 ?g kg-1 in wheat; and 768.2 ?g
kg-1 in barley. The mycotoxin contamination of cereals was affected by
factors such as origin resistance, droughtstress, and insect damage and
differed between the years of investigation The results obtained in this
survey revealed that FB1 is frequent contaminant of cereal grains in Serbia.
Considering that these products are consumed in large amounts either directly
or as components of foods and feeds, the levels of contamination reported
herein indicate a potential threat to animal and public health.
Importance of toxigenic Fusarium species in animal food
Authors: Krnjaja V. , Levic J. , Stankovic S.
Published: November 2011

Numerous plant species, which are main components of various mixtures used in
animal nutrition, can be contaminated by mycotoxins created by large number
of pathogenic and toxigenic fungi (moulds). From the aspect of animal
nutrition, most important are cereals and oil crops (in form of meals)
because they constitute the highest share in preparation of animal food, and
on the other hand, they are especially sensitive to toxigenic fungi and can
contain mycotoxins above maximum allowed quantity. Contamination of plants or
certain plant parts, of which the grain is of major importance, occurs in the
field or during storage, as consequence of growth of toxigenic fungi.
Numerous factors favour and contribute to growth of moulds, such as
environment conditions, stress, sensitivity of genotype to fungi and insects,
moisture content, etc. Species of the Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium
genera, from the mycotoxicological aspect, are the most important pathogens
isolated in livestock feed in Serbia. However, the most studied plant
pathogenic fungi are Fusarium species, and there are several reasons for
this. Firstly, each year, in higher or lower percentage, they cause diseases
on maize, wheat, barley and other cereal species, which are major component
of animal and human nutriiton. Secondly, they have cause in certain years
mass incidence of mycotoxicosis in animals, esepcially in pigs. F.
graminearum is the most important pathogenic species for wheat, barley and
maize, F. poae for wheat and barley, whereas species from the section Liseola
(F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum) are more
significant for maize and sorghum. In addition to above mentioned, the
presence of other Fusarium species was determined, although in small
percentage, but very toxigenic and cannot be neglected as potential animal
food contaminants. Considering the prevelance of certain toxigenic species in
Serbia, three groups of mycotixins produced by Fusarium fungi species can be
considered as the most important from the aspect of animal health. Within the
group of trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON) is associated with situations
when pigs refuse to eat, whereas toxin T-2 can cause reproduction disorders
in sows. Other group includes zearalenone (ZON) and its derivatives which
cause estrogenism. Third group includes fumonisins which are associated with
specific syndroms of toxicity such as equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and
porcine pulmonary oedema (PPE). Growth and presence of Fusarium species in
grains and animal food, becuase of the production of mycotoxins, has been
current topic in many researches world wide.
Comparative analysis of fatty acid profile and cholestrol content in table eggs from different genotype hens
Authors: Pavlovski Z. , Skrbic Z. , Lukic M. , Lilic S. , Krnjaja V. , Stanisic N. , Petricevic V.
Published: November 2011

Alternative (non-conventional) poultry housing systems are introduced into
production, on the one hand for the benefit of poultry welfare and, on the
other hand because of the quality of eggs, i.e. the association/correlation
between quality of life of hens and quality of product is established. Data
obtained in the comparative analysis for proximate composition, fatty acid
profile and cholesterol content of whole egg of genotype (Hy line and Naked
N) housed in different systems (cage and free range) are presented in this
study. Eggs from Naked Neck hens reared in free range system had
statistically significantly higher content of dry matter, fat, protein and
ash compared to genotype Hy line housed in both systems. Eggs obtained from
genotype Hy line hens reared in free range system, in comparison to cage
system, had higher content of dry matter, fat and ash, although the
differences were not statistically significant, whereas the difference in the
protein/albumen content in Hy line hens housed in cages compared to free
range was statistically significant. Significantly lower content of n-6 fatty
acids was established in eggs from Naked Neck hens (13.32) compared to eggs
obtained from Hy-line hens housed on free range (17.46) and Hy-line hens
housed in cage system (18.02). Content of toxic elements (Cd < 0.001 mg/kg;
Pb < 0.05 mg/kg; As < 0.01 mg/kg; Hg < 0.005 mg/kg) in all three groups of
eggs was in compliance with standards stipulated in the Article 9a, Annex 5,
Rulebook on maximum residue limits for plant protective compounds in food and
feed for which maximum reside limits are established.
Mycotoxicoses of poultry caused by trichothecenes
Authors: Jakic-Dimic D. , Nesic K. , Sefer D.
Published: November 2011

Recent mycological and mycotoxicological analysis of many feed samples have
shown that this problem is still present. It is approved that mouldy feed can
contain various mycotoxins, but in our conditions among the most investigated
and usually present are some trichotecenes. Based on laboratory feed
inspection of samples sent to be analysed in the Institute of Veterinary
Medicine of Serbia in Belgrade it was concluded that fungi and mycotoxins
contamination are common. Although detected levels usually do not exceed
limits layed by actual legislation, having on mind cumulative effects and
possible chronical exposure of animals to their harmful influence,
appropriate and competent approach is necessary. In fact, even when direct
loses, as consequence of high mortality are not present, indirect loses due
to drop of performances and production and higher incidence of other deseases
must not be neglected.
Most frequent deviations from the principles of prevention against coccidiosis in poultry
Authors: Kapetanov M. , Stojanov I. , Zivkov-Balos M.
Published: November 2011

The coccidiosis is the most remarkable widespread parasitic poultry disease.
Due to its clinical or subclinical course which is even more significant,
high economical losses are evident. The health and the economical
implications of coccidiosis are emphasized in intensive poultry farming. In
this paper investigation was performed on the most frequent deviations in
application of preventive means against the coccidiosis. The data were
analyzed during the period from the year 2005 to 2010. In order to locate
possible factors that could contribute to the decreased prophylactic effects
of anticoccidials, the flocks of broiler chickens, laying hens and parents
were clinically examined and critical steps in farming technology were
evaluated in detail. The type of equipment and its performance, and the
duration of empty resting period between flocks were noted as the predominant
technical determinants. Also some oversights were found in the design of
programs for the control of coccidiosis, including the previously used
coccidiostats and their efficacy in chicken flocks, the availability of drugs
on market and the important elements of epizootiology of the disease. By
permanent hygiene practice on poultry farms the infectious pressure may
decrease. Anticoccidial drugs are mostly applied and are considered very
efficient. However, since coccidia can acquire resistance to antibiotics and
residual coccidiostats in consumer meat are found occasionally, their
prophylactic use may be limited. The immunoprophylaxis is the most promising
method so far. The use of anticoccidial vaccines in poultry stimulates its
own immunological capacities and moreover, it enables the production of safe
food and products. In recent years there is an increasing interest for the
immunoprophylaxis in our country. In our region, the vaccination against
coccidiosis is performed in about 90% of parent flocks and in 10 to 20% of
commercial layers. However, development of the immune response against
coccidia is complex and immune suppression can occur by different factors
such as stress inducing conditions, bacterial (salmonella) and viral (Reo,
IBDV, MDV, CAV) infections, aflatoxicosis and other. The noted deviations in
preventive measures applied to combat coccidiosis were clearly defined. The
obligative introduction of HACCP in intensive poultry production implicate
planned solutions for the control of coccidiosis.
The effect of scope of analyzed data on the value of the heritability coefficient of litter size traits in pigs
Authors: Radojkovic D. , Petrovic M. , Mijatovic M. , Radovic C. , Popovac M.
Published: November 2011

Low heritability of pig litter size traits at birth (number of live born
piglets - LBP and total born piglets - TBP) and weaning (number of reared
piglets - RP) is one of the major problems in their genetic improvement. The
effect of selection is directly proportional to trait heritability and
inversely proportional to the duration of generation interval. Objective of
this study was to establish presence of difference in regard to heritability
coefficient values of observed traits, as well as their accuracy depending on
the size of data used in the analysis. Heritability coefficients in this
study were calculated based on fertility results obtained for Swedish
Landrace sows on three pig farms (farms 1, 2 and 3) in the Republic of
Serbia. Observed traits - LBP, TBP and RP on farms 1, 2 and 3 were analyzed
in the first (2422, 1677 and 2015 litters), in the first two (4190, 2897 and
3377 litters), in the first three (5576, 3809 and 4425 litters) and all
available parities (9538, 6340 and 7750 litters) by applying the adequate
mixed model of the Least square method. Heritability of LBP calculated based
on fertility realized in the first partus ranged from 5.6 to 16.4 %, TBP
ranged from 7.0 to 16.8 % and RP ranged from 3.4 to 7.7 %. Introduction into
the analysis of the results pertaining to the second, third and subsequent
parities lead mainly to detection of lower values of heritability
coefficients for observed traits.
Cluster analysis as a tool to assess litter size in conjunction with the amount of embryonic and fetal losses in pigs
Authors: Fischer K. , Brüssow K.P. , Schlegel H. , Wähner M.
Published: November 2011

High numbers of live born and vital piglets are required for an effective
piglet production. It has been reported that embryonic losses in swine can be
as high as 20 to 50%. Generally, up to 30% of embryonic losses are considered
within the normal biological range. The aim of our study was first to
determine embryonic and fetal losses in sows of the German Landrace breed,
and second to identify sows, which are able to realize high numbers of intact
embryos and fetuses in combination with low rates of embryonic and fetal
losses. This study was conducted on a commercial farrow-finish operation and
involved 64 gilts. Gilts were synchronized for ovulation and inseminated
artificially (AI) twice at fixed times. Pregnant gilts were slaughtered on
Day 30 (n=34) and Day 80 (n=30) after second AI. Corpora lutea (CL) and
embryos/fetuses (E/F) were counted. The length of uterine horns was measured.
Based on the difference between the number of CL and the number of E/F,
embryonic and fetal losses were 36.9 and 37.9%, respectively. The results
obtained regarding the number of CL, the number E/F (intact and total), the
rate of embryonic or fetal losses and uterine space per E/F underwent a
cluster analysis. The results show that several gilts are able to realize
high numbers of intact E/F in combination with low rates of losses and
limited uterine space per E/F. Numbers of 15 to 20 intact fetuses on day 80
of pregnancy are considered as a minimum for an adequate litter size at the
end of pregnancy. In this study only 35% of gilts at Day 30 and 37% of gilts
at Day 80 demonstrate this potential. Cluster analysis is a useful
mathematical tool which helps to assess results of embryonic and fetal losses
and to group gilts according to their performance. As a consequence cluster
analysis provides clues which gilts or family structures should be analyzed
more intensively.
Antibacterial susceptibility of lactobacilli isolated from pork meat of conventional breeding
Authors: Bobcek B. , Gajdosová Ľ. , Kacániová M. , Lejková J. , Hleba L. , Kmeť V.
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was monitoring of antibiotic resistance of
Enterobacteriaceae genera isolated from musculus longissimus at thoracis and
musculus semimembranosus of pork. The pigs was feeding in two groups (control
and experimental wit selenium application). For the antibiotic susceptibility
testing disk diffusion method was used. Lactobacillus species were tested
against two antibiotics: ampiciline, tetracycline. For the detection and
identification of lactobacilli we used MRS and Rogose agar. For
identification of lactobacilli MALDI-TOF-MS were used. The higher resistance
of isolated bacteria were found on ampicillin (29%) and on tetracycline (46%)
in experimental group. The lower resistance of isolated bacteria were found
on ampicillin (25%) and on tetracycline (35%) in control group. The most
resistance bacteria of Lactobacillus genus was Lactobacillus plantarum in
control and experimental group, too. From MLT and MSM pork meat Lactobacillus
species Lactobacillus reuteri, L. crispatus, L.paracasei, L. farcimins and L
curvatus and from non-lactobacilli Lactococcus lastis, Pediococcus
pentosaceus were isolated (Table 2). The higher isolated species from
lactobacilli genera was Lactobacillus paracasei in control group with 35.63 %
and Lactobacillus reuteri in experimental group with 25.83%.