bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelet transfusion and tranexamic acid to prevent bleeding in outpatients with a hematological disease: A Dutch nationwide survey
Authors: Cornelissen Loes L. , Caram‐Deelder Camila , Meier Romy T. , Zwaginga Jaap Jan , Evers Dorothea ,   Dutch Blood Transfusion Related Research Consortium
Published: November 2020

Objectives

There is scarce evidence about the effectiveness of anti‐bleeding measures in hematological outpatients experiencing persistent severe thrombocytopenia. We aim to describe clinical practice and clinicians' considerations on the administration of prophylactic platelet transfusions and tranexamic acid (TXA) to outpatients with acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), or aplastic anemia (AA) in the Netherlands.

Methods

We conducted an online survey among members of the Dutch Society for Hematology.

Results

The survey was filled out by 73 respondents. Prophylactic platelet transfusions are widely used in acute leukemia and MDS outpatients receiving disease‐modifying treatments (87%‐98% of respondents). TXA is predominantly prescribed in case of bleeding (tendency) (71%‐88% of respondents). Conditions potentially increasing bleeding risks highly variably influence clinicians' decision making on anti‐bleeding regimens, which includes a wide range in adhered platelet thresholds.

Conclusion

Considering that both the contribution of prophylactic platelet transfusions as well as TXA to limiting bleeding is insufficiently evidence‐based, there is an urgent need for trials on optimal anti‐bleeding strategies in this outpatient population, which should encompass efficacy, logistic, financial, and quality‐of‐life aspects.
Industrial rearing of edible insects could be a major source of new biological invasions
Authors: Bang Alok , Courchamp Franck
Published: November 2020

The recent upsurge in the edible insect market has seen industrialisation and intensification without adequate regulatory policy guidelines in place. The species being reared and sold are often non‐native, in rearing centres not equipped to contain the species, and in areas without regional or national pre‐entry regulations, post‐entry monitoring guidelines and early response programmes to address escapee species. Such unregulated transport, trade and rearing of species, compounded by the policy and implementation loopholes at the regional, national and international levels will most likely lead to new biological invasions, as has been witnessed with other unregulated trade practices. To avoid this, it is necessary to monitor and regulate the species to be reared, to improve the quarantine guidelines of the rearing centres, and to be more stringent about the policies and practices that allow movements of non‐native species across international borders.
Patients with a relapsing course of steroid‐responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis exhibit persistent intrathecal CD4+ T‐cell activation
Authors: Pfeuffer Steffen , Ruck Tobias , Rolfes Leoni , Pawlowski Matthias , Pawlitzki Marc , Wiendl Heinz , Kovac Stjepana , Meuth Sven G.
Published: November 2020

Background and purpose

Steroid‐responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) is a rare condition defined by encephalopathy with acute or subacute onset, the presence of serum anti‐thyroid antibodies, and reasonable exclusion of alternative causes. Despite having strong response towards corticosteroid treatment, some patients exhibit a chronic‐relapsing course and require long‐term immunosuppression. Markers for early identification of those patients are still absent. Thus, we aimed to characterise clinical as well as laboratory parameters of our local SREAT cohort.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 22 SREAT patients treated in our hospital from January 2014.

Results

A total of 14 patients with a monophasic disease course and eight patients with multiple relapses were identified. Neither baseline characteristics nor routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters were able to distinguish between those patient groups. Flow cytometry following initial relapse therapy showed treatment‐resistant sequestration of activated CD4+ T cells in patients with a relapsing disease course, whereas other lymphocyte subsets showed uniform changes. Such changes were also present in long‐term follow‐up CSF examination.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate a potential biomarker for risk stratification in patients with SREAT. Currently, it remains unclear whether the observed two phenotypes are different spectra of SREAT or represent separate diseases in terms of pathophysiology.
Cognitive decline in older adults with epilepsy: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Choi Hyunmi , Thacker Evan L. , Longstreth William T. , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Boehme Amelia K.
Published: November 2020

Objective

Cognitive decline is a major concern for older adults with epilepsy. Whether and how much faster older adults with epilepsy experience cognitive decline beyond expected age‐related cognitive change remain unclear. We sought to estimate and compare rates of cognitive decline in older adults with and without epilepsy.

Methods

The Cardiovascular Health Study is a population‐based longitudinal cohort study of 5888 US adults aged 65+. Cognitive function was assessed annually with Modified Mini‐Mental State Exam (3MS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We used linear mixed models to estimate average rates of decline in 3MS and DSST scores by epilepsy status (prevalent, incident, or no epilepsy), adjusted for risk factors associated with cognitive decline.

Results

The rate of decline in 3MS was significantly faster in prevalent epilepsy (P < .001) and after incident epilepsy (P = .002) compared with no epilepsy. Prevalent epilepsy and apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) ε4 (ApoE4) had a synergistic interaction, whereby prevalent epilepsy and ApoE4 together were associated with 1.51 points faster annual decline in 3MS than would be expected if prevalent epilepsy and ApoE4 did not interact (P < .001). Older adults with prevalent epilepsy had a significantly lower initial DSST score and faster rate of decline compared to those with no epilepsy (P < .001).

Significance

Faster decline in global cognitive ability seen in this study validates concerns of patients. ApoE4 allele status was an effect modifier of the relationship between cognitive decline and prevalent epilepsy. Further research is warranted to explore biological mechanisms and possible interventions to mitigate cognitive decline.
Continuous texture evolution during staged solid solution of Al‐Cu‐Mg and the influence on fatigue resistance
Authors: Shen Fanghua , Li Wenfang , Xie Chunxiao , Zhou Zirong , Chen Juming , Yi Danqing , Chen Yuqiang , Jiang Bo , Sun Zhenzhong
Published: November 2020

Continuous texture evolution of the Al‐Cu‐Mg alloy during the staged solid solution and corresponding influence on fatigue property has been studied by means of X‐ray diffraction, electron back scattered diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The characteristic texture transition rate XCGB and orientation streamline approach was introduced to further investigate the behind mechanisms. The results show that the two‐step solid solution could significantly enhance the XCGB, thereby contributes to reduce the fatigue crack growth rate of Al‐Cu‐Mg T3 sheet during stage Π. The near Cube texture with high Schmid factor (SF) and low Taylor factor (TF) tends to induce significant crack deflection, crack closure and strengthened planar slip. The potential 60°<1, −1, 1> twin relation and mutual transformation existed between Goss and P texture would further reduce the fine random orientation grain and inter‐granular fatigue crack extension. Such above effects would be responsible for the excellent correspondence between XCGB and fatigue resistance.
Damage analysis of sandstone during the creep stage under the different levels of uniaxial stress using NMR measurements
Authors: Cheng Hao , Zhou Xiaoping , Pan Xiaokang , Berto Filippo
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements are carried out to evaluate the micro‐cracking characteristics of sandstones during the creep stage under the different levels of creep stresses. The variations in the parameters, including transverse relaxation time (T2) spectra distribution, percentage of the pore distribution, incremental value of porosity and ultrasonic P wave velocity are analysed. The results show that, during the creep stage, small pores in the rocks gradually evolve into large pores, resulting in an increase in damage of rocks. With the increase of the loading ratio, the increasing rate of porosity increases sharply, implying that the damage degree becomes more serious under the high loading ratio. When the loading ratio is larger than 0.7, the increasing rate of porosity and the decreasing rate of the P wave velocity both increases rapidly. During the creep stage, the relationship between micro‐crack and macro‐creep characteristics of rocks is established based on the analysis of the deformation and the porosity evolution during creep. It is found that, as the loading ratio increases, the increasing rate of porosity is linear with the creep strain. The NMR method offers a feasible option to identify micro‐cracking process of rocks during the creep stage, which can directly reflect the damage mechanism of rock caused by creep. The porosity of rocks is an effective parameter to evaluate the damage of rocks. The damage evolution of the specimen is highly anisotropic and is heavily related to the loading ratio during the creep stage. The relationship between the damage parameter and the loading ratio is exponential.
Victims of ancient hyperthermal events herald the fates of marine clades and traits under global warming
Authors: Reddin Carl J. , Kocsis Ádám T. , Aberhan Martin , Kiessling Wolfgang
Published: November 2020

Organismic groups vary non‐randomly in their vulnerability to extinction. However, it is unclear whether the same groups are consistently vulnerable, regardless of the dominant extinction drivers, or whether certain drivers have their own distinctive and predictable victims. Given the challenges presented by anthropogenic global warming, we focus on changes in extinction selectivity trends during ancient hyperthermal events: geologically rapid episodes of global warming. Focusing on the fossil record of the last 300 million years, we identify clades and traits of marine ectotherms that were more prone to extinction under the onset of six hyperthermal events than during other times. Hyperthermals enhanced the vulnerability of marine fauna that host photosymbionts, particularly zooxanthellate corals, the reef environments they provide, and genera with actively burrowing or swimming adult life‐stages. The extinction risk of larger sized fauna also increased relative to non‐hyperthermal times, while genera with a poorly buffered internal physiology did not become more vulnerable on average during hyperthermals. Hyperthermal‐vulnerable clades include rhynchonelliform brachiopods and bony fish, whereas resistant clades include cartilaginous fish, and ostreid and venerid bivalves. These extinction responses in the geological past mirror modern responses of these groups to warming, including range‐shift magnitudes, population losses, and experimental performance under climate‐related stressors. Accordingly, extinction mechanisms distinctive to rapid global warming may be indicated, including sensitivity to warming‐induced seawater deoxygenation. In anticipation of modern warming‐driven marine extinctions, the trends illustrated in the fossil record offer an expedient preview.
Legacy of archipelago history in modern island biodiversity – An agent‐based simulation model
Authors: Jõks Madli , Kreft Holger , Weigelt Patrick , Pärtel Meelis
Published: November 2020

Aim

Geological processes of island growth and erosion, in addition to eustatic sea‐level fluctuations, alter key physical properties of oceanic islands, such as area, elevation and isolation over time. These dynamics operate over similar time‐scales to the biogeographical processes of colonization, speciation and extinction, and thus should strongly affect island biodiversity patterns as we observe them today. Here, we study the effects of geological history and eustatic sea‐level fluctuations on biodiversity patterns in the Hawaiian, Galapagos and Canary Islands, using an agent‐based simulation model.

Location

Hawaiian Islands, Galapagos Islands and Canary Islands.

Time period

Geological history up to 20 Ma.

Taxa

Spermatophyta, Pteridophyta, Passeriformes, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

Methods

We analysed the effect of geological, eustatic and biogeographical processes via a spatially explicit agent‐based simulation model. We compared the emergent patterns with observed species richness and the proportion of single‐island endemics across the considered taxa and archipelagos.

Results

Our results suggested that both geological and eustatic processes have affected biodiversity assembly in the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands. In the Canary Islands, we found only the proportion of single‐island endemics to be affected by historical configurations.

Main conclusions

Our results highlight the key role of past geological and eustatic processes in affecting modern insular biodiversity patterns.
A republic of scholars or scholars of the republic? Reflections on the predicaments of academic freedom and university autonomy in Turkey
Authors: Fındıklı Burhan
Published: November 2020

It is widely recognised that academic freedom and university autonomy in Turkey are currently under pressure. Many scholars have produced articles discussing the Turkish predicament, linking it to the recent authoritarian and populist turn of the country. This paper offers a different interpretation, arguing how academic freedom and institutional autonomy have been approached and practised in Turkey from the past to the present, by focusing mainly on the evolution of the relations between higher education institutions and political power. Understanding how this relationship has been constructed and maintained may help us to grasp the context‐specific university practices restricting academic freedom and university autonomy.
Comercio y trabajo a la luz del pluralismo del Órgano de Apelación de la OMC
Authors: LANGILLE Joanna
Published: November 2020

Los Acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) pueden limitar la capacidad de sus Estados Miembros para reaccionar ante violaciones de los derechos y normas (internacionales) del trabajo tanto en su territorio como en el extranjero. Se expone aquí cómo el Órgano de Apelación de la OMC ha interpretado esos Acuerdos con un enfoque «pluralista», preservando el derecho de los Miembros a legislar, ampliando el alcance de las excepciones generales y atenuando los efectos desreguladores de ciertas disposiciones. Numerosas medidas de protección del trabajo podrían pues ser compatibles con las obligaciones de no discriminación del derecho mercantil internacional.
Philornis infection in blue‐black grassquits: impact on nestlings and risk factors involved
Authors: Biagolini Carlos , Macedo Regina H.
Published: November 2020

Parasitic botfly larvae (Philornis ssp., Diptera: Muscidae) are found in nests of several bird taxa, although prevalence and impact on nestling survival vary considerably among species. Here we describe patterns of botfly infestation in blue‐black grassquit Volatinia jacarina nestlings. We identified the most typically affected nestling body parts and assessed parasite prevalence, impact on nestling survival, and changes in nestling body shape. Additionally, we tested whether climatic conditions, nest morphology and habitat characteristics are associated with larvae abundance. Blue‐black grassquits had low breeding success (16% of eggs/nestlings survived to fledged; 19% of the nests fledged at least one), but most failures resulted from predation by vertebrate predators. We estimated that 1% of nestlings died due to botfly infestation, and the number of subcutaneous larvae (range 1–18) in a nestling's body did not predict fledging success. Infected chicks exhibited higher tarsus asymmetry. Thus, we argue that although botflies had a small impact on offspring survival, they may reduce fitness in adulthood. There was no evidence that environmental conditions and nest morphology are linked to the number of larvae on nestlings. Nesting areas with higher food supply had lower infestation rates. Possibly, food‐rich habitats allow parents to invest more time in offspring care (brooding nestlings), thus protecting them from fly attacks. Alternatively, vegetation composition could influence local invertebrate diversity, which could provide a natural trophic buffer against adult Philornis. The present study brings to light new perspectives concerning bird–botfly interaction.
Causes and consequences of variation in diet composition of nestling Canada jays
Authors: Freeman Nikole E. , Newman Amy E. M. , Sutton Alex O. , Kyser T. Kurt , Norris D. Ryan
Published: November 2020

Diet quality during development can impact growth, physiology, behaviour and survival. The Canada jay is a resident boreal passerine that caches a wide variety of perishable food items in late summer and autumn for its over‐winter survival and late‐winter reproduction. A previous experiment found evidence that food supplementation of Canada jay pairs during the nestling period had a positive effect on the condition of their nestlings. However, given that foods cached by adults vary widely in nutritional content, the composition of nestling diets could also have an important influence on offspring development. In a population of Canada jays in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, we investigated the influence of environmental conditions before and during the breeding season on nestling diet composition and the consequences of nestling diet composition on the body condition of nestlings and on their subsequent survival. Using stable‐carbon (δ13C) and ‐nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes, we estimated the proportion of three food groups (vertebrates + human food, invertebrates and plants) in feathers from almost 200 nestlings. Nestling diet in March and April was influenced by environmental conditions 5–6 months prior to hatching, with warmer and more variable autumn temperatures associated with a greater proportion of vertebrate flesh and human food in the diet. However, the proportion of vertebrates and human food in the diet had no influence on nestling body condition or whether an individual was observed the following fall. Our results, in conjunction with previous work on Canada jays, suggest that the quantity of food available to a nestling during development may be more important than diet composition.
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine blocks ovariectomy‐induced bone loss by suppressing Ca2+/calmodulin‐mediated osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Lee Ha Young , Cho Kwang Min , Kim Min Kyung , Lee Mingyu , Kim Hun , Choi Cheol Yong , Kim Kyeong Kyu , Park Joon Seong , Kim Hong‐Hee , Bae Yoe‐Sik
Published: November 2020

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone mineral density decreases due to abnormal activity of osteoclasts, and is commonly found in post‐menopausal women who have decreased levels of female hormones. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is an important biological lipid that can be converted to sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) by autotaxin. S1P is known to be involved in osteoclast activation by stimulating osteoblasts, but bone regulation by SPC is not well understood. In this study, we found that SPC strongly inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation. SPC‐induced inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation were not affected by several antagonists of S1P receptors or pertussis toxin, suggesting cell surface receptor independency. However, SPC inhibited RANKL‐induced calcineurin activation and subsequent NFATc1 activity, leading to decrease of the expression of Trap and Ctsk. Moreover, we found that bone loss in an experimental osteoporosis mouse model was recovered by SPC injection. SPC also blocked ovariectomy‐induced body weight increase and Nfatc1 gene expression in mice. We also found that SPC inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation in human macrophages. Since currently available treatments for osteoporosis, such as administration of female hormones or hormone receptor modulators, show serious side effects, SPC has potential as a new agent for osteoporosis treatment.
The Structure of Coordination: Transatlantic Policy Networks and the Mobilization of Business and Civil Society
Authors: Kourtikakis Kostas , Turkina Ekaterina , Postnikov Evgeny
Published: November 2020

External policy networks resolve two collective action problems in EU external relations: engaging nonstate actors from the EU and its partner countries in transnational policymaking and converting this engagement to feedback for policymakers. We use formal network analysis to understand the relationship between network structure and collective action by transnational nonstate actors. Our empirical focus is on the Transatlantic Business Council and the Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue networks, which engage business and consumer advocacy organizations in transatlantic economic policymaking. We find that both are highly centralized around EU and US government institutions, with relatively low, but rising, levels of interaction among nonstate organizations. This structure helps increase engagement by giving organizations opportunities to interact with government institutions, learn from their peers, and, for some, to exercise power. It also helps EU and US institutions harness policy feedback, especially from nonstate actors that have frequent interactions with their peers.
Accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral scanners on shade determination
Authors: Ebeid Kamal , Sabet Ahmed , Della Bona Alvaro
Published: November 2020

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of different intraoral scanners on shade determination.

Materials and methods

Ten different shades of Vita Mark II blocks were used. A disc‐shape specimen (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick) per ceramic block was fabricated. Ten color measurements per specimen were performed by each instrument (Vita Easyshade V [control], 3shape Trios, Cerec Omnicam, Cerec Primescan) and recorded in Vita Classic color system. The number of correct shade match per instrument for each shade was recorded. Instrumental accuracy was compared using Cochran Q test and repeatability was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha.

Results

There was a significant difference in the instrumental accuracy for shade determination (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the Easyshade V (78%) and the 3Shape Trios (66%) (p > 0.05), with the latter being similar to the other scanners Primescan(63%) and Omnicam (57%) (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found (p > 0.05) when different shades were evaluated by the same instrument. Similar repeatability was found for the different devices, ranging from 44.3% for Easyshade to 51.9% for Omnicam.

Conclusion

The evaluated instruments showed less than expected repeatability and accuracy on measuring different dental shades. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using instrumental shade determination, which should be accompanied by experienced human visual assessment.

Clinical significance

The outcome of this study might help clinicians evaluate the performance of intraoral scanners as a shade matching tool.
Nondestructive identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface using deep feature fusion by Vis/NIR spectroscopy and 1D‐CNN
Authors: Yu Guowei , Ma Benxue , Chen Jincheng , Li Xiaozhan , Li Yujie , Li Cong
Published: November 2020

Nondestructive identification of pesticide residues remains a challenge in terms of fruit safety assessment. In this study, a novel method based on visible/near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy (348.45–1,141.34 nm) combined with deep feature fusion was proposed, achieving nondestructive identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface. The spectra of Hami melons with clear water and three kinds of pesticide residues (chlorothalonil, imidacloprid, and pyraclostrobin) were collected in the diffuse reflectance mode. The one‐dimensional convolutional neural network (1D‐CNN), with increased width and depth through parallel convolution modules and concatenate layers, was presented to capture multiple deep features from Vis/NIR spectra and fuse them. This model had a better performance for four‐class identification as the accuracy of 95.83%, and outperformed other CNN models and conventional approaches (partial least squares discriminant analysis and support vector machine). Moreover, the proposed 1D‐CNN model could accurately differentiate whether there were pesticide residues with the identification accuracy as 99.17%. However, the prediction of imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin residues was not accurate due to the similar spectral features. The overall studies indicated that the 1D‐CNN model with deep feature fusion looked promising for nondestructive identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface based on Vis/NIR spectroscopy.

Practical applications

Visible and near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy, as a nondestructive technique, looks promising for evaluation of fruit quality and safety. One‐dimensional convolutional neural network, with deep feature fusion structure to capture multi‐scale spectral information, has a better identification of pesticide residues on the Hami melon surface. Vis/NIR spectroscopy with deep feature fusion can be applied in research and development of a nondestructive detector for pesticide residues on the thick‐skinned fruit surface in the future.
Nanogold‐based immunochromatographic strip test for rapid detection of clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Pengsuk Chalinan , Wangman Pradit , Chaivisuthangkura Parin , Sithigorngul Paisarn , Longyant Siwaporn
Published: November 2020

A nanogold‐based immunochromatographic strip test (VCG strip test) for the detection of all 70 isolates of Vibrio cholerae including O1, O139, and non‐O1/O139 (NVCs) was developed using two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), namely VC‐63 and VC‐201, which bound specifically to 10 and 15 kDa proteins. Direct detection of V. cholerae in experimentally spiked fresh seafood samples such as shrimp, blood clam, mussel, and oyster could be achieved with sensitivities of 107 CFU/ml, which was similar to that of the dot blotting test using each MAb. The detection sensitivity could be improved to 103 or 10 or 1 CFU/ml of original bacterial content after preincubation of the sample in alkaline peptone water for 6, 12, and 24 hr consecutively. However, the detection sensitivities were also dependent on the content of other bacteria in the sample that might compete or inhibit the growth of V. cholerae during the preenrichment step. Due to its broad specificity, simplicity and rapid result generation, the VCG strip test can be used for the preliminary detection of V. cholerae at point of care for both environmental and clinical strains to assist appropriate decision or epidemiological surveillance of virulent V. cholerae strains (including NVC strains), which are ubiquitous in the environment and seafood.
Limited Risk Sharing and International Equity Returns
Authors: ZHANG SHAOJUN
Published: November 2020

Limited stock market participation can potentially explain the disconnect between international asset prices and macro quantities. An incomplete markets model in which risk sharing for stockholders is high generates highly correlated equity returns and relatively smooth exchange rates. Risk sharing for nonstockholders is limited because of their nonparticipation in stock markets and borrowing constraints, reducing the aggregate consumption correlation and the correlation between aggregate consumption differentials and exchange rates. Financial integration widens the disconnect by benefiting stockholders but hurting nonstockholders. Survey data indicate that international risk sharing for stockholders is better than that for nonstockholders, consistent with the predictions.
Second‐trimester acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy: A brief review of the literature and a case report
Authors: Ramadan Mohamad K. , Khaza'al Janoub , Cha'ar Dunia , Bazzi Zeinab , Bachnak Ronza , Haibeh Pierre
Published: November 2020

Acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare life‐threatening medical emergency unique to pregnancy. It is characterized by progressive microvesicular fatty infiltration of maternal hepatocytes, but the exact etiology has yet to be elucidated. AFLP typically manifests in late third trimester or immediately postpartum and seldom during second trimester. Prompt delivery, irrespective of gestational age or severity, is crucial for arresting the insult and permitting recovery. We hereby report a 21‐year‐old Lebanese second‐gravid woman at 20 weeks' gestation diagnosed with AFLP depending on clinical features and compatible laboratory studies (score of 8 on Swansea criteria), in spite of early occurrence. A review and analysis of early AFLP (second trimester) compared to late (third trimester) was also presented. AFLP appearing during second trimester is as serious as the disease manifesting in late third trimester, with similar diagnostic difficulties, less association with hypertension, but with greater hesitation of obstetricians to affect prompt delivery and higher adverse perinatal outcome due to added effect of premature delivery in second trimester.
Neural Mechanisms of Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia: Insights from Neuroimaging
Authors: Liu Wei , Xiao Yan , Zheng Ting , Chen Guangxiang
Published: November 2020

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare movement disorder of the nervous system, and little is known about its pathogenesis. Currently, the diagnosis of PKD is primarily based on clinical manifestations, with little objective evidence. Neuroimaging has been used to explore the pathological changes in cerebral structure and function associated with PKD. The current review highlights recent advances in neuroimaging to provide a better understanding of the neural mechanisms and early diagnosis of this disorder. Several studies utilizing single‐photon emission computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography, and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging have found significant localized abnormalities in the caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, thalamus, and frontoparietal cortex in PKD patients. These studies have also revealed alterations in interhemispheric functional connectivity between the brain regions of bilateral cerebral hemispheres such as the putamen, primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex in these patients. In addition, proline‐rich transmembrane protein 2 gene mutations can affect the functional organization of the brain in PKD. These results suggest that the neural mechanisms of PKD are associated with the disruption of both structural and/or functional properties in basal ganglia‐thalamo‐cortical circuitry and interhemispheric functional connectivity. PKD can be considered a circuitry/network disorder and is not restricted to localized structural and/or functional abnormalities. Multimodal neuroimaging combined with gene analysis can provide additional valuable information for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of this disorder.
Towards Worker‐Driven Supply Chain Governance: Developing Decent Work Through Democratic Worker Participation
Authors: Reinecke Juliane , Donaghey Jimmy
Published: November 2020

The management of working conditions in global supply chains has become a pressing issue in supply chain research and practice. In the absence of effective public labor regulation, most of the focus to date has been on supplier auditing and compliance with codes of conduct. The question of how workers themselves can be part of the decent work governance architecture in a post‐Fordist era has received far less attention. Grounded in industrial democracy, this article proposes the concept of worker‐driven supply chain governance—the democratic participation of workers and their representatives in supply chain governance systems at both the transnational and workplace levels. It develops a sensitizing framework for understanding how buyer companies can foster decent work through enabling democratic participation of workers in their supply chains through trade unions and other representative structures. In doing so, this article demonstrates the potential of supply chain management scholarship to expand its reach through studying the role of worker representation in supply chain governance.
Evidence for the presence of chondrule‐ and CAI‐derived material in an isotopically anomalous Antarctic micrometeorite
Authors: Soens Bastien , Suttle Martin D. , Maeda Ryoga , Vanhaecke Frank , Yamaguchi Akira , Van Ginneken Matthias , Debaille Vinciane , Claeys Philippe , Goderis Steven
Published: November 2020

We report the discovery of a unique, refractory phase‐bearing micrometeorite (WF1202A‐001) from the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica. A silicate‐rich cosmic spherule (~400 µm) displays a microporphyritic texture containing Ca‐Al‐rich inclusion (CAI)‐derived material (~5–10 area%), including high‐Mg forsterite (Fo98‐99) and enstatite (En98‐99, Wo0‐1). The micrometeorite also hosts a spherical inclusion (~209 µm), reminiscent of chondrules, displaying a barred olivine texture. Oxygen isotopic compositions of the micrometeorite groundmass (δ17O = –3.46‰, δ18O = 10.43‰, ∆17O = –1.96‰) are consistent with a carbonaceous chondrite precursor body. Yet, a relict forsterite grain is characterized by δ17O = –45.8‰, δ18O = –43.7‰, ∆17O = –23.1‰, compatible with CAIs. In contrast, a relict low‐Ca pyroxene grain (δ17O = –4.96‰, δ18O = –4.32‰, ∆17O = –2.71‰) presumably represents a first‐generation silicate grain that accreted 18O‐rich gas or dust in a transient melting scenario. The spherical inclusion displays anomalous oxygen isotope ratios (δ17O = –0.98‰, δ18O = –2.16‰, ∆17O = 0.15‰), comparable to anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and fragments from Comet 81P/Wild2. Based on its major element geochemistry, the chondrule size, and oxygen isotope systematics, micrometeorite WF1202A‐001 likely sampled a carbonaceous chondrite parent body similar to, but distinct from CM, CO, or CV chondrites. This observation may suggest that some carbonaceous chondrite bodies can be linked to comets. The reconstructed atmospheric entry parameters of micrometeorite WF1202A‐001 suggest that the precursor particle originated from a low‐inclination, low‐eccentricity source region, most likely either the main belt asteroids or Jupiter family comets (JFCs).
Bacterial dispersal and drift drive microbiome diversity patterns within a population of feral hindgut fermenters
Authors: Stothart Mason R. , Greuel Ruth J. , Gavriliuc Stefan , Henry Astrid , Wilson Alastair J. , McLoughlin Philip D. , Poissant Jocelyn
Published: November 2020

Studies of microbiome variation in wildlife often emphasize host physiology and diet as proximate selective pressures acting on host‐associated microbiota. In contrast, microbial dispersal and ecological drift are more rarely considered. Using amplicon sequencing, we characterized the bacterial microbiome of adult female (n = 86) Sable Island horses (Nova Scotia, Canada) as part of a detailed individual‐based study of this feral population. Using data on sampling date, horse location, age, parental status, and local habitat variables, we contrasted the ability of spatiotemporal, life history, and environmental factors to explain microbiome diversity among Sable Island horses. We extended inferences made from these analyses with both phylogeny‐informed and phylogeny‐independent null modelling approaches to identify deviations from stochastic expectations. Phylogeny‐informed diversity measures were correlated with spatial and local habitat variables, but null modelling results suggested that heterogeneity in ecological drift, rather than differential selective pressures acting on the microbiome, was responsible for these correlations. Conversely, phylogeny‐independent diversity measures were best explained by host spatial and social structure, suggesting that taxonomic composition of the microbiome was shaped most strongly by bacterial dispersal. Parental status was important but correlated with measures of β‐dispersion rather than β‐diversity (mares without foals had lower alpha diversity and more variable microbiomes than mares with foals). Our results suggest that between host microbiome variation within the Sable Island horse population is driven more strongly by bacterial dispersal and ecological drift than by differential selective pressures. These results emphasize the need to consider alternative ecological processes in the study of microbiomes.
Weak genetic signal for phenotypic integration implicates developmental processes as major regulators of trait covariation
Authors: Conith Andrew J. , Hope Sylvie A. , Chhouk Brian H. , Craig Albertson R.
Published: November 2020

Phenotypic integration is an important metric that describes the degree of covariation among traits in a population, and is hypothesized to arise due to selection for shared functional processes. Our ability to identify the genetic and/or developmental underpinnings of integration is marred by temporally overlapping cell‐, tissue‐ and structure‐level processes that serve to continually 'overwrite' the structure of covariation among traits through ontogeny. Here, we examine whether traits that are integrated at the phenotypic level also exhibit a shared genetic basis (e.g. pleiotropy). We micro‐CT scanned two hard tissue traits, and two soft tissue traits (mandible, pectoral girdle, atrium and ventricle, respectively) from an F5 hybrid population of Lake Malawi cichlids, and used geometric morphometrics to extract 3D shape information from each trait. Given the large degree of asymmetric variation that may reflect developmental instability, we separated symmetric from asymmetric components of shape variation. We then performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to determine the degree of genetic overlap between shapes. While we found ubiquitous associations among traits at the phenotypic level, except for a handful of notable exceptions, our QTL analysis revealed few overlapping genetic regions. Taken together, this indicates developmental interactions can play a large role in determining the degree of phenotypic integration among traits, and likely obfuscate the genotype to phenotype map, limiting our ability to gain a comprehensive picture of the genetic contributors responsible for phenotypic divergence.
Reference values for serum chemistry of wild Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from the central Amazon
Authors: de Mello Daniela M. D. , de Melo Fabiana A. , da Silva Vera M. F.
Published: November 2020

Blood values of wild cetacean population are a valuable tool to drive proper management of threatened species. Reference intervals of 26 serum analytes were determined from 107 apparently healthy Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) wild‐caught in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (3°3′S, 64°51′W), central Amazon, Brazil. No differences were detected between males and females or between pregnant and nonpregnant females. Calves had higher serum calcium than juveniles and adults, and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in calves and juveniles than adults as a result of bone growth. Adults showed higher creatinine levels than juveniles due to higher body mass, and higher urea than calves. Positive correlation was found between body length and body weight with creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase activity; whereas calcium and alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase (CK) activities negatively correlated with these body parameters. Cardiac rate and respiratory frequency appear to have not correlated with any serum analyte, while stress level positively correlated with CK. Storage of frozen samples for 60 days at −80°C significantly altered 10 of the 19 analytes after one freeze–thaw cycle. Important differences were detected among age classes, stress level, and sample storage and should be taken into account before any clinical or physiological interpretations.
A bibliometric analysis of periodontology
Authors: Ahmad Paras , Slots Jørgen
Published: November 2020

This bibliometric study assessed periodontal/implant articles that were part of the five most‐cited dental articles in each of the years 2005‐2019. Periodontal/implant articles made up one to four articles in each of 14 years and totaled 40% of the yearly five most‐cited dental articles. The three core periodontal journals (Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Journal of Periodontology, and Periodontology 2000) increased ~50%‐100% in Journal Impact Factor from 2005 to 2015 and were among the 10 most‐cited dental journals in the 2015‐2019 period. The Journal of Clinical Periodontology and Periodontology 2000 were in several years assigned the highest Journal Impact Factor in dentistry. In summary, periodontal journals continue to publish high‐impact articles that are relevant for both oral health care and medicine.
Don't stop me now: Hampered retrieval of action plans following interruptions
Authors: Zickerick Bianca , Kobald S. Oliver , Thönes Sven , Küper Kristina , Wascher Edmund , Schneider Daniel
Published: November 2020

How can we retrieve action plans in working memory (WM) after being distracted or interrupted? The present EEG study investigated this question using a WM task in which a random sequence of single numbers (1–4 and 6–9) was presented. In a given trial, participants had to decide whether the number presented in the preceding trial was odd or even. Additionally, interfering stimuli were randomly presented in 25% of all trials, requiring the participants to either ignore a colored number (distraction) or respond to it (interruption) while maintaining the previously formed action plan in WM. Our results revealed a detrimental impact of interruptions on WM performance in trials after interrupting stimuli compared to trials without a preceding interference. This was reflected in decreased task accuracy and reduced stimulus‐ and response‐locked P3b amplitudes potentially indicating a hampered reactivation of stimulus–response links. Moreover, decreased contralateral mu suppression prior to a given response highlighted an impaired response preparation following interruptions. Distractions, on the other hand, did not negatively affect task performance but were followed by faster responses in subsequent trials compared to trials without prior interference. This result pattern was supported by stronger contralateral mu suppression indicating a facilitated response preparation. Overall, these results suggest that action representations in WM are resistant to distractions but do suffer from interruptions that disrupt or interfere with their implementation. We thus propose that the possibility of adequately preparing for an upcoming response is essential for behavioral guidance in the presence of external interference.
A Seasonal Dynamic Measurement Model for Summer Learning Loss
Authors: McNeish Daniel , Dumas Denis
Published: November 2020

Research conducted in US schools shows summer learning loss in test scores. If this summer loss is not incorporated into models of student ability growth, assumptions will be violated because fall scores will be overestimated and spring scores will be underestimated, which can be particularly problematic when evaluating teacher or school effectiveness. Statistical methods for summer loss have remained relatively undeveloped and often rely on lagged-time or piecewise models, which commonly saturate the mean structure and become reparameterizations of empirical means. Compound polynomial models have recently been introduced and simultaneously model within-year and between-year growth processes in test scores. However, these models operate with polynomial functions of time, which can have limited interpretative utility. In this article, we propose incorporating seasonality within the dynamic measurement modelling (DMM) framework. DMM reparametrizes non-linear growth models to directly estimate interpretable quantities (e.g. learning capacity as an upper asymptote on growth). Borrowing from ecological models proposed for body mass of cold-climate species, we show how DMM can incorporate seasonality to provide more interpretable parameters as well as to explicitly include summer learning loss as a parameter in the model.
The economics of liming in arable crop rotations: analysis of the 35‐year Rothamsted and Woburn liming experiments
Authors: Holland Jonathan E. , Behrendt Karl
Published: November 2020

Liming is a common management practice, but there exists uncertainty about the economic benefits. An economic analysis of the costs and profitability of liming arable crops was undertaken using data from the long‐term liming experiment at Rothamsted and Woburn. There was a strong liming effect on gross margins, but large differences in the economic benefit between crops. For some crops (such as spring barley), liming greatly improved the gross margin, while for spring oats liming provided very little increase. Most economic benefit was achieved with the high lime treatment, but the cumulative discounted cash flow indicated that it took approximately 20 years before a distinct difference developed between the lime treatments. Therefore, lime should be considered a capital investment and economic evaluation undertaken over a long period. Liming rate increased the net present value expressed as an annual equivalent (NPVa). An additional £436 ha−1 year−1 at Rothamsted and £208 ha−1 year−1 at Woburn of profit was gained from the adoption of the most profitable liming treatments over not liming. Sensitivity analysis indicated that total liming costs had a weak effect on NPVa, but crop price had a strong effect. The economic performance of liming differed between sites and was higher at Rothamsted than at Woburn, mostly because of soil differences. Liming greatly improves economic returns of most arable crops, but the magnitude of the long‐term economic benefit depends upon the sequence of crops within a given rotation.
Identification of three new HLA class I alleles: HLA‐B*50:73, ‐C*08:218 and ‐C*15:229
Authors: Balas Antonio , Moreno‐Hidalgo Miguel Á. , Alenda Raquel , García‐Sánchez Félix , Vicario José L.
Published: November 2020

Characterization of three new HLA class I alleles, B*50:73, C*08:218 and C*15:229.
What's in a name? Leveraging students' informal vocabulary in probability
Authors: Findley Kelly , Whitacre Ian , Atabaş Şebnem
Published: November 2020

Providing opportunities for students to express ideas in their own words is key to promoting authentic disciplinary engagement and robust conceptual understanding. In this article, we discuss our experiences and observations related to students' informal vocabulary in the context of a middle school probability unit. We noticed that students' informal naming provided critical glimpses into their conceptions and tensions about sample spaces. The use of student‐suggested names also served to compress previous discussions and facilitate higher‐level conceptual thinking in later conversations. We share our experiences with informal naming in one curricular context and conclude with perceived benefits to allowing space for student naming as a broader instructional practice.