bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Development and Sport Skill Performance: Directions for Motor Behavior Research
Authors: Thomas Jerry R. , French Karen E. , Humphries Charlotte A.
Published: August 2016

In this paper we propose that research in motor behavior has failed to meet the obligation of studying how children learn important sport skills. In particular, understanding the specific sport knowledge base is essential to studying skilled sport behavior. To support this view we review the research in the cognitive area relative to the development of expertise. We then attempt to justify why a similar approach is useful for motor behavior researchers and why they should undertake the study of sport skill acquisition. Finally, we offer a paradigm within which sport skill research might take place.
The Influence of Leader Behaviors, Coach Attributes, and Institutional Variables on Performance and Satisfaction of Collegiate Basketball Teams
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Friedrichs Warren D.
Published: August 2016

Based on Chelladurai and Carron's (1978) multidimensional theory of leadership, this study examined the relationship of leader behaviors, coach attributes, and institutional variables to team performance and athlete satisfaction. Collegiate basketball players (n = 251) representing 23 NAIA teams assessed their coach's leader behaviors and also indicated their satisfaction with various facets of their athletic experience. Regression analyses revealed that neither institutional nor coach attribute variables were significantly related to team performance or satisfaction. Leader behaviors, however, were found to be significantly related to these team outcomes. Analyses with individual satisfaction scores revealed that size of school, coach attributes, and leader behaviors were predictive of athlete satisfaction. Coaches who engaged in more frequent rewarding behavior, social support behavior, and a democratic style of decision-making produced more satisfied athletes. Moreover, younger coaches and those with better previous win/loss records were related to higher levels of athlete satisfaction.
Anterior Knee Pain Syndrome: Role of the Vastus Medialis Oblique
Authors: Westfall Diane C. , Worrell Teddy W.
Published: August 2016

Anterior knee pain syndrome (AKPS) represents a significant problem for patients and sports medicine clinicians. Many predisposing factors have been associated with AKPS. Considerable attention has been given to quadriceps strengthening. Specifically the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle is targeted for selective strengthening. Because of the VMO's oblique attachment to the patella, researchers report that proper dynamic alignment of the patella is dependent on VMO control. Given the lack of scientific information and agreement concerning the rehabilitation of patients with AKPS, the clinician and patient often become frustrated with the lack of progress during rehabilitation. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to clarify the current literature concerning the role of the VMO.
Analysis of Peak Oxygen Consumption and Heart Rate during Elliptical and Treadmill Exercise
Authors: Mercer John A. , Dufek Janet S. , Bates Barry T.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To compare peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill (TM) running and exercise on an elliptical trainer (ET).

Design:

A graded exercise test (GXT) during TM running and ET exercise.

Participants:

Physically active college students (N = 14; 25 ± 4.6 years). Each completed a TM GXT and ET GXT on separate days.

Results:

There were no differences in either VO2peak or peak HR between TM (53.0 ± 7.7 ml · kg–1 · min–1, 193.4 ± 9.4 bpm) and ET (51.6 ± 10.7 ml · kg–1 · min–1, 191.2 ± 11.5 bpm; P > .05). Correlations between HR and VO2 data for all stages of exercise for all subjects were similar between machines (ET: r = .88; TM: r = .95; P > .05).

Conclusion:

No adjustments to the target HR used during TM running are necessary when using the ET.
Defining and Measuring Functional Limitations and Disability in the Athletic Shoulder
Authors: Keskula Douglas R. , Lott Jason
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To define, identify, and briefly describe functional outcome measures for assessing functional limitations and disability in athletes with shoulder conditions.

Data Sources:

The MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched for English-language articles published from 1982 to 2000, using the termsfunctional outcomes, shoulder, questionnaires, disability,andfunctional limitations,among others.

Study Selection:

The authors identified disease-specific self-report questionnaires that assess functional limitations and disability in patients with shoulder dysfunction.

Data Synthesis:

When describing outcome measures, the authors considered the items to be assessed, the measurement properties, and the practicality of the test. They categorized the available measures designed to assess patients with shoulder instability or general shoulder conditions.

Conclusions:

The ability to define and measure function is a fundamental consideration in managing athletes with shoulder dysfunction. The measures described might be useful in assessing functional limitations and disability in such athletes.
The Effect of Muscle Fatigue on Muscle Force-Couple Activation of the Shoulder
Authors: Henry Timothy J. , Lephart Scott M. , Giraldo Jorge , Stone David , Fu Freddie H.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Muscle fatigue is an important concept in regard to the muscle function of the shoulder joint. Its effect on the muscle force couples of the glenohumeral joint has not been fully identified.

Objective:

To examine the effects of muscle fatigue on muscle force-couple activation in the normal shoulder.

Design:

Pretest, posttest.

Patients:

Ten male subjects, age 18–30 years, with no previous history of shoulder problems.

Main Outcome Measures:

EMG (area) values were assessed for the anterior and middle deltoid, subscapularis, and infraspinatus muscles during 4 dynamic stabilizing exercises before and after muscle fatigue. The exercises examined were a push-up, horizontal abduction, segmental stabilization, and rotational movement on a slide board.

Results:

No significant differences were observed for any of the muscles tested.

Conclusions:

The results of our study indicate that force-couple coactivation of the glenohumeral joint is not significantly altered after muscle fatigue.
Effects of Extensive Training on Female Teenage Gymnasts’ Active and Passive Ankle-Joint Position Sense
Authors: Aydin Taner , Yildiz Yavuz , Yildiz Cemil , Kalyon Tunç Alp
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To compare the ankle-joint position-sense patterns of gymnasts and nongymnasts.

Design:

Proprioceptive ability was evaluated with active and passive angle-reproduction tests.

Participants:

40 subjects assigned to 2 groups: group 1 (n = 20), healthy subjects, and group 2 (n = 20), teenage female gymnasts.

Measurements:

Joint-position sense was actively measured with a Cybex NORM™ isokinetic dynamometer and passively with a proprioception-testing device.

Results:

A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean values of the gymnasts’ and controls’ ankles. Results revealed statistically significant differences (P < .05) between the 2 groups. No statistically significant difference between the dominant and nondominant ankles in the 2 groups was observed.

Conclusions:

The results suggest that extensive training might affect ankle-joint position sense, but genetics and natural selection could be the reason. It is thought that athletes are able to develop enhanced neurosensory pathways as a result of long-term training.
Do Functional-Performance Tests Detect Impairment in Subjects with Ankle Instability?
Authors: Munn Joanne , Beard David J. , Refshauge Kathryn M. , Lee Raymond W.Y.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine whether the triple-crossover hop and timed shuttle run are able to discriminate between injured and uninjured limbs in subjects with functional ankle instability.

Design and Setting:

A comparative study involving the assessment of functional performance, conducted in a university gymnasium.

Participants:

A volunteer sample of 16 university-age subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability.

Outcome Measures:

The triple-crossover hop for distance and timed shuttle run measured functional performance, with the uninjured limb acting as a control. Subjects also rated their ankle symptoms using a self-report questionnaire.

Results:

The triple-crossover hop and shuttle run did not detect functional deficit despite subjects’ self-report scores indicating functional impairment.

Conclusions:

Results of the triple-crossover hop and shuttle run used in the clinic should be interpreted with caution, because they will not necessarily identify functional impairment.
Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis Obliquus Activity during a Straight-Leg Raise and Knee Extension with Lateral Hip Rotation
Authors: Livecchi Nicole M. , Armstrong Charles W. , Cordova Mitchell L. , Merrick Mark A. , Rankin James M.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To compare average electromyogram (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) during straight-leg raise (SLR) and knee extension (KE) with the hip in neutral and lateral rotation.

Design:

1 × 4 factorial repeated-measures.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

13 male college students.

Intervention:

SLR with hip flexed at 40°, in neutral position, and maximally laterally rotated and KE with hip in neutral and maximally laterally rotated.

Main Outcome Measure:

Average EMG activity during each of the 4 conditions, normalized against peak muscle activity during that trial.

Results:

No differences were observed between exercises in VMO activity (F3,36 = 0.646, P > .05), VL activity (F3,36 = 1.08, P > .05), or VMO:VL ratio (F3,36 = 0.598, P > .05).

Conclusions:

Electrical activity of the VMO or VL and VMO:VL ratio do not change with hip position or exercise.
Construct Validity and Interrater Agreement of the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale
Authors: Brewer Britton W. , Avondoglio Joshua B. , Cornelius Allen E. , Van Raalte Judy L. , Brickner John C. , Petitpas Albert J. , Kolt Gregory S. , Pizzari Tania , Schoo Adrian M.M. , Emery Kelley , Hatten Stephen J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Adherence to clinic-based rehabilitation might influence outcomes.

Objective:

To examine the construct validity and interrater agreement of a measure of adherence to clinic-based rehabilitation.

Design:

Repeated-measures in both study 1 and study 2.

Participants:

43 student rehabilitation practitioners in study 1 and 12 patients undergoing rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in study 2.

Interventions:

Participants in study 1 rated the adherence of a simulated videotaped patient exhibiting high, moderate, and low adherence. Two certified athletic trainers rated the adherence of patients at 4 consecutive appointments in study 2.

Main Outcome Measure:

The Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale.

Results:

In study 1, adherence ratings increased in a linear fashion across the 3 levels of adherence, and rWG(J) and rater-agreement-index values ranging from .84 to .95 were obtained. In study 2, the rater-agreement index was .94.

Conclusions:

Strong support was found for the construct validity and interrater agreement of the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale.
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes: What Sport-Rehabilitation Specialists Need to Know
Authors: Evans Christian C. , Cassady Sandra L.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To describe the underlying conditions that predispose athletes to sudden cardiac death (SCD) and review signs and symptoms that indicate an athlete is at risk.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE, the Los Angeles Times and Triathlon Times archives, and other sources identified in the references of articles initially located therein. A total of 43 references were included.

Conclusions:

Most cases of SCD in younger athletes (≤35 years) are attributable to multiple hereditary conditions, with familial hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy being the primary cause, whereas the major cause of SCD in older athletes (>35 years) is coronary artery disease. Health-care professionals evaluating athletes should pay particular attention to past medical and family history. Items in an athlete’s screening that suggest increased risk include a history of chest pain, syncope, excessive shortness of breath, irregular heart rate or murmur, or a history of SCD in an immediate family member.
Certified Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
Authors: Stone Marcus B. , Edwards Jeffrey E. , Stemmans Catherine L. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Palmieri Riann M. , Krause B. Andrew
Published: August 2016

Context:

Despite recent evidence to suggest that exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) might be primarily of neuromuscular origin, the authors surmise that most information available to certified athletic trainers (ATCs) emphasizes the role of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in EAMC.

Objective:

To investigate ATCs' perceptions of EAMC.

Design:

7-question, Web-based, descriptive, cross-sectional survey.

Subjects:

997 ATCs.

Main Outcome Measures:

Responses to 7 questions regarding the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC.

Results:

Responders indicated humidity, temperature, training, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance as causative factors of EAMC. Fluid replacement and stretching the involved muscle were identified as very successful in treating and preventing EAMC. Proper nutrition and electrolyte replacement were also perceived as extremely successful prevention strategies.

Conclusions:

ATCs' perceptions of the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC are primarily centered on dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Other prominent ideas concerning EAMC should be implemented in athletic training education.
The Effectiveness of Exercise in Treating Patellofemoral-Pain Syndrome
Authors: Loudon Janice Kaye , Gajewski Byron , Goist-Foley Heather L. , Loudon Karen Lee
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the effect of exercise on patients with patellofemoral-pain syndrome (PFPS).

Patients:

29 subjects with unilateral PFPS, assigned to control, home-exercise (HE), or physical therapy (PT) group.

Intervention:

8-wk exercise program.

Main Outcome Measures:

A knee survey, visual analog scale (VAS), and 5 weight-bearing tests.

Results:

MANOVA indicated an overall statistical difference between groups (P< .05). The HE and PT groups experienced less pain than control, and PT experienced less pain than HE (P< .05). In overall knee function and most weight-bearing tests, HE and PT were stronger and more functional than control (P< .05). For anteromedial lunge only PT was stronger and more functional than control (P< .05).

Conclusions:

Intervention helps PFPS, but there appear to be no differences between home and in-clinic interventions.
Return to Sport after Serious Injury: A Retrospective Examination of Motivation and Psychological Outcomes
Authors: Podlog Leslie , Eklund Robert C.
Published: August 2016

Context:

It is argued in self-determination theory that the motivation underlying behavior has implications for health and well-being independent of the behavior itself.

Objective:

To examine associations between athlete motivations for returning to sport after injury and perceived psychological return-to-sport outcomes.

Design:

A correlational survey design was employed to obtain data in Canada, Australia, and England.

Participants:

Elite and subelite athletes (N = 180) with injuries requiring a minimum 2-month absence from sport participation.

Main Outcome Measures:

Participants completed an inventory measuring perceptions of motivation to return to sport from a serious injury and psychological return-to-sport outcomes.

Results:

Correlational analyses revealed that intrinsic motivations for returning to competition were associated with a positive renewed perspective on sport participation. Conversely, extrinsic motivations for returning to sport were associated with increased worry and concern.

Conclusions:

The motivation underlying return to sport might play an important role in return-to-sport perceptions among elite and subelite athletes.
Rehydration after Exercise Dehydration in Heat: Effects of Caffeine Intake
Authors: Dias João C. , Roti Melissa W. , Pumerantz Amy C. , Watson Greig , Judelson Daniel A. , Casa Douglas J. , Armstrong Lawrence E.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Dieticians, physiologists, athletic trainers, and physicians have recommended refraining from caffeine intake when exercising because of possible fluid-electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.

Objective:

To assess how 16-hour rehydration is affected by caffeine ingestion.

Design:

Dose–response.

Setting:

Environmental chamber.

Participants:

59 college-age men.

Intervention:

Subjects consumed a chronic caffeine dose of 0 (placebo), 3, or 6 mg · kg−1 · day−1 and performed an exercise heat-tolerance test (EHT) consisting of 90 minutes of walking on a treadmill (5.6 km/h) in the heat (37.7 °C).

Outcome Measures:

Fluid-electrolyte measures.

Results:

There were no between-group differences immediately after and 16 hours after EHT in total plasma protein, hematocrit, urine osmolality, specific gravity, color, and volume. Body weights after EHT and the following day (16 hours) were not different between groups (P > .05).

Conclusion:

Hydration status 16 hours after EHT did not change with chronic caffeine ingestion.
Golf after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Review of 46 Patients
Authors: Liem Dennis , Van Fabeck Katharina , Poetzl Wolfgang , Winkelmann Winfried , Gosheger Georg
Published: August 2016

Context:

With the rising number of patients with total hip arthroplasty, there is demand for sporting activities for these patients to stay physically active.

Objectives:

The goal of this study was to evaluate satisfaction and golfing performance for golfers after total hip arthroplasty.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients:

Data of 46 golfers with an average age of 66.5 years (46–79 years) with an average follow up of 58.8 months (7–253 months) after total hip arthroplasty was analysed.

Results:

37 patients (80.4%) were able to return completely pain free, 9 patients still had pain during golf (19.6%). While satisfaction was high regardless of gender or affected side, only male golfers significantly improved their handicap and driving distance. Time spent on the golf course was the same pre- and postoperatively. Average time for returning to practice was 3.8 months; time until a full round of golf was 5.2 months. Postoperative physiotherapy was a significant factor in achieving an improved performance postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Golfers can return to the golf course with the same frequency and performance level to stay physically active after total hip arthroplasty.
Collegiate Athletes’ Perceptions of Adhesive Ankle Taping: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Hunt Erika , Short Sandra
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To study athletes perceptions of adhesive ankle taping.

Design:

A qualitative study where athletes were interviewed regarding adhesive ankle taping.

Setting:

The University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, ND, USA.

Participants:

Eleven collegiate athletes, all currently taping their ankles, representative of three groups: recent injury, past injury, and no prior injury.

Results:

Taping resulted in feelings of increased confidence, increased strength, and decreased anxiety for injury or reinjury. Differences were found in responses given by the participants in the three groups.

Conclusions:

Taping has a psychological impact on athletes. Athletic trainers should make sure they educate athletes about the uses and functions of adhesive tape.
Duration of Maintained Hamstring ROM Following Termination of Three Stretching Protocols
Authors: Ford Philip , McChesney John
Published: August 2016

Context:

Literature supports habitual stretching for increasing an individual’s flexibility; however, immediate gains in range of motion have received limited investigation.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine the retention of active knee extension range of motion (AKE ROM) after a single bout of stretching.

Design:

Subjects participated in three experimental stretching groups: contract-relax, agonist contract (CRAC); static stretch; and active control stretch. AKE ROM was measured by an analog inclinometer fixed to a modified Orthotron II for pretreatment and posttreatment measurements at 0, 3, 7, 12, 18, and 25 minutes.

Participants:

32 active male and female college age students.

Results:

Analysis suggested that stretching as a combined treatment effect demonstrated an increase in AKE ROM that lasted for 25 minutes; however, no specific method of stretching was found to be more beneficial.

Conclusion:

Stretching utilizing CRAC, static, or active control techniques lend support to their use for the purpose of increasing and retaining ROM prior to physical activity.
The Reliability of the Lateral Step Test
Authors: King Annabelle , Hancock Mark , Munn Joanne
Published: August 2016

Context:

Functional strength measures correlate more closely with functional performance than non-functional strength measures.

Objectives:

To determine the reliability of the lateral step test as a measure of maximal strength.

Design:

Intertester repeated measures.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

Twenty four healthy, pain free subjects.

Intervention:

Two protocols (A and B) were evaluated. The protocols were identical except protocol B involved a three second pause. Participants performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) for each protocol on two occasions separated by one week.

Main Outcome Measures:

Step height (nearest cm) representing

Results:

Both protocols demonstrated excellent reliability, protocol A: ICC = 0.94 (95% CI, 0.87 to 0.97), SEM = 1.47 cm. Protocol B: ICC= 0.94 (95%CI, 0.85 to 0.97).Percent close agreement within 2 cm was 83.3% for protocol A and 79.1% for protocol B.

Conclusion:

Both protocols demonstrated excellent inter-tester reliability as measures of functional lower limb strength.
Effects of a Resistance Training Program in Multiple Sclerosis Spanish Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Pérez C. Ayán , Sánchez V. Martín , Teixeira F. De Souza , Fernández J.A. De Paz
Published: August 2016

Context:

Physical exercise is regarded as a useful tool in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Generally, physical rehabilitation have been based on the prescription of aerobic exercises, while fewer programs have been aimed at developing muscular strength.

Objective:

To establish whether the physical fitness of MS sufferers can be improved by a training program for developing muscular strength.

Design:

Before and after study

Setting:

University multipurpose room

Participants:

36 patients, all able to walk, belonging to the Leon Multiple Sclerosis Association.

Interventions:

The physical exercise programme consisted in resistance training sessions, based mainly on callisthenic, or bodyweight, exercises, during six weeks.
Guidelines for Return to Duty (Play) after Heat Illness: A Military Perspective
Authors: O’Connor Francis G. , Williams Aaron D. , Blivin Steve , Heled Yuval , Deuster Patricia , Flinn Scott D.
Published: August 2016

Since Biblical times, heat injuries have been a major focus of military medical personnel. Heat illness accounts for considerable morbidity during recruit training and remains a common cause of preventable nontraumatic exertional death in the United States military. This brief report describes current regulations used by Army, Air Force, and Navy medical personnel to return active duty warfighters who are affected by a heat illness back to full duty. In addition, a description of the profile system used in evaluating the different body systems, and how it relates to military return to duty, are detailed. Current guidelines require clinical resolution, as well as a profile that that protects a soldier through repeated heat cycles, prior to returning to full duty. The Israeli Defense Force, in contrast, incorporates a heat tolerance test to return to duty those soldiers afflicted by heat stroke, which is briefly described. Future directions for U.S. military medicine are discussed.
Determining Meaningful Changes in Pelvic-On-Femoral Position during the Trendelenburg Test
Authors: Youdas James W. , Mraz Sara T. , Norstad Barbara J. , Schinke Jennifer J. , Hollman John H.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Hip abductor muscle weakness is related to many lower extremity injuries. A simple procedure, the Trendelenburg test, may be used to assess hip abductor performance in patient populations.

Objective:

To describe the minimal detectable change (MDC) in pelvic-on-femoral (P-O-F) position of the stance limb during the Trendelenburg test.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

45 healthy women (28 ± 8 years) and 45 healthy men (33 ± 11 years).

Main Outcome Measures:

P-O-F position in degrees in single-leg stance. Results: Baseline P-O-F position (hip adduction) was 83° ± 3° with a range from 76° to 94°. The intratester reliability (ICC3,1 for measurement of P-O-F position using a universal goniometer was 0.58 with a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 2°. The minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated to be 4°.

Conclusions:

If a person’s P-O-F position changes less than 4° between measurements, then the P-O-F position is within measurement error and it can be determined that there has been no change in the performance of the hip abductor muscles when examined by the Trendelenburg test.
Effects of Different Warm-Up Periods on Knee Proprioception and Balance in Healthy Young Individuals
Authors: Subasi Sevgi S. , Gelecek Nihal , Aksakoglu Gazanfer
Published: August 2016

Context:

There is limited information on the effects of different warm-up periods on proprioception and balance in the context of injury prevention.

Objective:

To determine the effects of warm-up exercises on knee proprioception and balance and to compare the effectiveness of warming up periods.

Design:

Pretest/posttest.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

30 healthy subjects (19 women, 11 men; mean age 20.70 ± 0.99 years).

Interventions:

Exercise groups performed warm-up exercises (group 1, 5 minutes; group 2, 10 minutes). Joint Position Sense (JPS) was tested at 15°, 30°, and 60° knee flexion (KF) on a JPS device. Balance was measured using the Neurocom Balance Master System.

Main Outcome Measures:

JPS absolute error (AE) was measured at 15°, 30°, and 60° KF and postural control was measured.

Results:

After exercise, we found significant improvements for AE of JPSs of 30° right (R) KF, 15° left (L) KF, and 60° L KF in group 1. In group 2, AE of JPS values increased for all angles of both knees except 60° R KF. AE of JPS values of 15° R KF, 30° R KF, 15° L KF, 60° L KF were significantly different in group 2 compared with group 1. In balance measurements, there were significant improvements for standing on foam with eyes closed (EC) position, velocity and R-L unilateral stance EC in group 1. There were significant improvements for velocity, end point, maximum excursion, and L unilateral stance EC in group 2.

Conclusions:

Both warm-up periods have positive effects on knee proprioception and balance. The 10-minute warm-up exercise improved proprioception by a greater amount than the 5 minutes warm-up exercise.
Sport Activity after Total Hip Arthroplasty: Changes in Surgical Technique, Implant Design, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Jacobs Cale A. , Christensen Christian P. , Berend Michael E.
Published: August 2016

Over the past 10–15 years, many aspects of total hip arthroplasty (THA) have changed. First and foremost, the patients themselves have changed. Since 1990, the age group that has demonstrated the greatest increase in THA was patients between the ages of 45 and 64. As younger, healthier patients are having surgery, a greater emphasis is being placed on postoperative function, activity, and exercise. The rationale for increased postoperative activity is 2-fold: the obvious cardiovascular benefits of exercise and greater patient desire to return to recreational sporting activities. The purpose of this review is to discuss how recent changes in surgical technique, implant design, and pre- and postoperative rehabilitation have affected postoperative athletic activity for THA patients. Although these topics have been addressed often in the orthopedic literature, to our knowledge no published articles have summarized this information for a targeted audience of rehabilitation specialists.
Comparison of Training between 2 Cycle Ergometers on Dynamic Balance for Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Bouillon Lucinda E. , Sklenka Douglas K. , Driver Amy C.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Interval cycle training could positively influence dynamic balance in middle-aged women.

Objective:

To compare training effects of a strength ergometer and a standard ergometer on 3 dynamic balance tests.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

Seventeen women were randomly assigned to standard (n = 10) or strength cycle ergometry (n = 7). A control group consisted of 7 women.

Intervention:

Ergometry interval training (3 sessions/wk for 4 wk).

Main Outcome Measures:

Three balance tests—the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), timed up-and-go (TUG), and four-square step test (FSST)—were performed at pretraining and 4 wk posttraining.

Results:

Four SEBT directions improved and faster scores for FSST and TUG tests for the standard-cycle group were found, whereas the strength-cycle group only improved their TUG scores. No changes posttraining for the control group.

Conclusions:

Stationary cycle training should be included in the dynamic balance-rehabilitation protocol for middle-aged women.
Functional Rehabilitation Interventions for Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review
Authors: Webster Kathryn A. , Gribble Phillip A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Functional rehabilitation is often employed for ankle instability, but there is little evidence to support its efficacy, especially in those with chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Objective:

To review studies using both functional rehabilitation interventions and functional measurements to establish the effectiveness of functional rehabilitation for both postural control and self-reported outcomes in those with CAI.

Evidence Acquisition:

The databases of Medline, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed were searched between the years 1988 and 2008. Inclusion criteria required articles to have used a clinical research trial involving at least 1 functional rehabilitation intervention, have at least 1 outcome measure of function and/or functional performance, and to have used at least 1 group of subjects who reported either repeated lateral ankle sprains or episodes of “giving way.” The term functional was operationally defined as dynamic, closed-kinetic-chain activity other than quiet standing.

Evidence Synthesis:

Six articles met the inclusion criteria. The articles reviewed used multiple functional means for assessment and training, with a wobble board or similar device being the most common. Despite effect sizes being inconsistent for measures of dynamic postural control, all interventions resulted in improvements. Significant improvements and strong effect sizes were demonstrated for self-reported outcomes.

Conclusions:

The reviewed studies using functional rehabilitation interventions and functional assessment tools were associated with improved ankle stability for both postural control and self-reported function, but more studies may be needed with more consistent effect sizes and confidence intervals to make a definitive conclusion.
Effects of Exercise Training on Heart-Rate-Variability Indices in Individuals With Down Syndrome
Authors: Giagkoudaki Fani , Dimitros Eleftherios , Kouidi Evangelia , Deligiannis Asterios
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate the effects of an exercise-training program on heart-rate-variability (HRV) indices in individuals with Down syndrome (DS).

Design:

Controlled clinical trial.

Participants:

10 people with DS, age 24.2 ± 5.1 y (group A), and 10 age-matched healthy sedentary individuals (group B).

Method:

At baseline all subjects underwent a clinical examination and an ambulatory 24-h Holter monitoring for the evaluation of cardiac autonomic-nervous-system (ANS) activity by time- and frequency-domain analysis.

Intervention:

After initial evaluation, group A followed a 6-mo exercise-training program and thereafter underwent the same HRV analysis.

Results:

At the beginning of the study, group A showed a higher LF:HF ratio than group B, indicating impaired sympathovagal balance, likely because of lesser vagal modulation. Moreover, both time- and frequency-domain indices in group A were significantly lower than in group B. At the end of the study, exercise training was found to improve the sympathovagal balance, mainly by increasing vagal activity, in group A.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that individuals with DS have ANS dysfunction that can be improved by exercise’s increasing the parasympathetic modulation.
A Randomized, Controlled Study of a Rehabilitation Model to Improve Knee-Function Self-Efficacy With ACL Injury
Authors: Thomeé Pia , Währborg Peter , Börjesson Mats , Thomeé Roland , Eriksson Bengt I. , Karlsson Jon
Published: August 2016

Context:

The Knee Self-Efficacy Scale (K-SES) has good reliability, validity, and responsiveness for patients’ perceived knee-function self-efficacy during rehabilitation after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Preoperative knee-function self-efficacy has also been shown to have a predictive ability in terms of outcome 1 y after ACL reconstruction.

Objective:

To evaluate a new clinical rehabilitation model containing strategies to enhance knee-function self-efficacy.

Design:

A randomized, controlled study.

Setting:

Rehabilitation clinic and laboratory.

Patients:

40 patients with ACL injuries.

Intervention:

All patients followed a standardized rehabilitation protocol. Patients in the experimental group were treated by 1 of 3 physiotherapists who had received specific training in a clinical rehabilitation model. These physiotherapists were also given their patients’ self-efficacy scores after the initial and 4-, 6-, and 12-mo follow-ups, whereas the 5 physiotherapists treating the patients in the control group were not given their patients’ self-efficacy scores.

Main Outcome Measures:

The K-SES, the Tegner Activity Scale, the Physical Activity Scale, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control.

Results:

Twenty-four patients (12 in each group) completed all followups. Current knee-function self-efficacy, knee symptoms in sports, and knee quality of life improved significantly (P = .05) in both groups during rehabilitation. Both groups had a significantly (P = .05) lower physical activity level at 12 mo than preinjury. No significant differences were found between groups.

Conclusion:

In this study there was no evidence that the clinical rehabilitation model with strategies to enhance self-efficacy resulted in a better outcome than the rehabilitation protocol used for the control group.
The Effect of Plyometric Training on Peroneal Latency
Authors: Henry Benjamin , McLoda Todd , Docherty Carrie L. , Schrader John
Published: August 2016

Context:

Peroneal reaction to sudden inversion has been determined to be too slow to overcome the joint motion. A focused plyometric training program may decrease the muscle's reaction time.

Objective:

To determine the effect of a 6-wk plyometric training program on peroneus longus reaction time.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

48 healthy volunteers (age 20.0 ± 1.2 y, height 176.1 ± 16.9 cm, weight 74.5 ± 27.9 kg) from a large Midwestern university. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a training group or a control group.

Interventions:

Independent variables were group at 2 levels (training and no training) and time at 2 levels (pretest and posttest). The dependent variable was peroneal latency measured with surface electromyography. A custom-made trapdoor device capable of inverting the ankle to 30° was also used. Latency data were obtained from the time the trapdoor dropped until the peroneus longus muscle activated. Peroneal latency was measured before and after the 6-wk training period. The no-training group was instructed to maintain current activities. The training group performed a 6-wk plyometric protocol 3 times weekly. Data were examined with a repeated-measures ANOVA with 1 within-subject factor (time at 2 levels) and 1 between-subjects factor (group at 2 levels). A priori alpha level was set at P < .05.

Main Outcome Measures:

Pretest and posttest latency measurements (ms) were recorded for the peroneus longus muscle.

Results:

The study found no significant group-by-time interaction (F1,46 = 0.03, P = .87). In addition, there was no difference between the pretest and posttest values (pretest = 61.76 ± 14.81 ms, posttest = 59.24 ± 12.28 ms; P = .18) and no difference between the training and no-training groups (training group = 59.10 ± 12.18 ms, no-training group = 61.79 ± 15.18 ms; P = .43).

Conclusions:

Although latency measurements were consistent with previous studies, the plyometric training program did not cause significant change in the peroneus longus reaction time.
Psycholinguistic Changes in Athletes' Grief Response to Injury After Written Emotional Disclosure
Authors: Mankad Aditi , Gordon Sandy
Published: August 2016

Context:

Grief can be a common psychological characteristic of long-term injury, but few athletes are taught how to effectively deal with these intense emotions.

Objective:

To examine the effectiveness of Pennebaker's standard writing paradigm in improving athletes' psychological response to injury after engaging in written disclosure.

Design:

Repeated-measures design with 6 data-collection time points.

Setting:

Sport-injury clinics.

Participants:

9 elite long-term-injured athletes.

Measures and Intervention:

Participants were administered the Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory and the Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey at 3 times preintervention and postintervention. Intervention comprised three 20-min writing sessions. Linguistic analyses were carried out using the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count to determine whether changes in word categories would be associated with postintervention changes in grief characteristics and rehabilitation-belief subscales.

Results:

There were significant differences in athletes' grief characteristics postintervention, with athletes feeling less devastated, dispirited, cheated, and restless by their injury and increasing the reorganization of their thoughts. Corresponding evidence from text analyses further supported these changes, with athletes linguistically demonstrating that they were actively working through their grief-related response using improved cognitive processing (F2,16 = 5.15, P = .019, η2 = .39) and the disinhibition of positive and negative affect (F2,16 = 4.05, P = .038, η2 = .34). There were no significant changes in athletes' rehabilitation beliefs, which remained high throughout the testing period.

Conclusions:

Overall, the findings demonstrated that written emotional disclosure was effective in enhancing psychological rehabilitation by contributing to a greater personal understanding of the injury event and attenuating athletes' grief-related response.
The Relationship Between Hip-Abductor Strength and the Magnitude of Pelvic Drop in Patients With Low Back Pain
Authors: Kendall Karen D. , Schmidt Christie , Ferber Reed
Published: August 2016

Context:

It has been theorized that a positive Trendelenburg test (TT) indicates weakness of the stance hip-abductor (HABD) musculature, results in contralateral pelvic drop, and represents impaired load transfer, which may contribute to low back pain. Few studies have tested whether weakness of the HABDs is directly related to the magnitude of pelvic drop (MPD).

Objective:

To examine the relationship between HABD strength and MPD during the static TT and during walking for patients with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) and healthy controls (CON). A secondary purpose was to examine this relationship in NSLBP after a 3-wk HABD-strengthening program.

Design:

Quasi-experimental.

Setting:

Clinical research laboratory.

Participants:

20 (10 NSLBP and 10 CON).

Intervention:

HABD strengthening.

Main Outcome Measures:

Normalized HABD strength, MPD during TT, and maximal pelvic frontal-plane excursion during walking.

Results:

At baseline, the NSLBP subjects were significantly weaker (31%; P = .03) than CON. No differences in maximal pelvic frontal-plane excursion (P = .72), right MPD (P = 1.00), or left MPD (P = .40) were measured between groups. During the static TT, nonsignificant correlations were found between left HABD strength and right MPD for NSLBP (r = −.32, P = .36) and CON (r = −.24, P = .48) and between right HABD strength and left MPD for NSLBP (r = −.24, P = .50) and CON (r = −.41, P = .22). Nonsignificant correlations were found between HABD strength and maximal pelvic frontal-plane excursion for NSLBP (r = −.04, P = .90) and CON (r = −.14, P = .68). After strengthening, NSLBP demonstrated significant increases in HABD strength (12%; P = .02), 48% reduction in pain, and no differences in MPD during static TT and maximal pelvic frontal-plane excursion compared with baseline.

Conclusions:

HABD strength was poorly correlated to MPD during the static TT and during walking in CON and NSLBP. The results suggest that HABD strength may not be the only contributing factor in controlling pelvic stability, and the static TT has limited use as a measure of HABD function.
The Influence of High-Voltage Electrical Stimulation on Edema Formation After Acute Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Snyder Alison R. , Perotti April L. , Lam Kenneth C. , Bay R. Curtis
Published: August 2016

Context:

Electrical stimulation is often used to control edema formation after acute injury. However, it is unknown whether its theoretical benefits translate to benefits in clinical practice.

Objectives:

To systematically review the basic-science literature regarding the effects of high-voltage pulsed stimulation (HVPS) for edema control.

Evidence Acquisition:

CINAHL (1982 to February 2010), PubMed (1966 to February 2010), Medline (1966 to February 2010), and SPORTDiscus (1980 to February 2010) databases were searched for relevant studies using the following keywords: edema, electrical stimulation, high-volt electrical stimulation, and combinations of these terms. Reference sections of relevant studies were hand-searched. Included studies investigated HVPS and its effect on acute edema formation and included outcome measures specific to edema. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality and level of evidence were assessed for each included study. Effect sizes were calculated for primary edema outcomes.

Evidence Synthesis:

Studies were critiqued by electrical stimulation treatment parameters: mode of stimulation, polarity, frequency, duration of treatment, voltage, intensity, number of treatments, and overall time of treatments. The available evidence indicates that HVPS administered using negative polarity, pulse frequency of 120 pulses/s, and intensity of 90% visual motor contraction may be effective at curbing edema formation. In addition, the evidence suggests that treatment should be administered in either four 30-min treatment sessions (30-min treatment, 30-min rest cycle for 4 h) or a single, continuous180-min session to achieve the edemasuppressing effects.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that the basic-science literature provides a general list of treatment parameters that have been shown to successfully manage the formation of edema after acute injury in animal subjects. These treatment parameters may facilitate future research related to the effects of HVPS on edema formation in humans and guide practical clinical use.
Clinical Outcomes Assessment in Sport Rehabilitation
Authors: Evans Todd A. , Lam Kenneth C.
Published: August 2016

Evidence-based practice is an established guiding principle in most medical and health care disciplines. Central to establishing evidence-based practice is the assessment of clinical outcomes. Clinical outcomes represent a form of evidence on which to base medical decisions, as well as providing the mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of evidence-based interventions. However, clinical outcomes are not routinely assessed in sport rehabilitation. If sport rehabilitation clinicians fail to incorporate clinical outcomes assessment and, as a result, evidence into daily practice, they may be missing an opportunity to improve patient care and putting their professional reputation at risk within the medical community. The purposes of the article are to highlight the emergence of clinical outcomes assessment in the medical community and the current health care system, illustrate the role of clinical outcomes assessment as it pertains to providing the best patient care, and identify challenges that could potentially impede the implementation of outcomes assessment in sport rehabilitation.
Reliability of the Landing Error Scoring System-Real Time, a Clinical Assessment Tool of Jump-Landing Biomechanics
Authors: Padua Darin A. , Boling Michelle C. , DiStefano Lindsay J. , Onate James A. , Beutler Anthony I. , Marshall Stephen W.
Published: August 2016

Context:

There is a need for reliable clinical assessment tools that can be used to identify individuals who may be at risk for injury. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a reliable and valid clinical assessment tool that was developed to identify individuals at risk for lower extremity injuries. One limitation of this tool is that it cannot be assessed in real time and requires the use of video cameras.

Objective:

To determine the interrater reliability of a real-time version of the LESS, the LESS-RT.

Design:

Reliability study.

Setting:

Controlled research laboratory.

Participants:

43 healthy volunteers (24 women, 19 men) between the ages of 18 and 23.

Intervention:

The LESS-RT evaluates 10 jump-landing characteristics that may predispose an individual to lower extremity injuries. Two sets of raters used the LESS-RT to evaluate participants as they performed 4 trials of a jump-landing task.

Main Outcome Measures:

Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) values for the final composite score of the LESS-RT were calculated to assess interrater reliability of the LESS-RT.

Results:

Interrater reliability (ICC2,1) for the LESS-RT ranged from .72 to .81 with standard error of measurements ranging from .69 to .79.

Conclusions:

The LESS-RT is a quick, easy, and reliable clinical assessment tool that may be used by clinicians to identify individuals who may be at risk for lower extremity injuries.