bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Account of Ancient Churchwarden Accounts of St. Michael's, Bath.
Authors: Pearson Charles Buchanan
Published: March 2007

The notices which have appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society of the accounts of God's house at Southampton, and other documents of a like nature, have led me to think that some accounts of the churchwardens' accounts preserved in the vestry of St. Michael's, Bath, might prove interesting to the members. Their existence was known only to a few, and as far as I am aware no accurate examination has ever yet been made of them, or if made, not published to the world. I became acquainted with them about a year ago, and gave a short account of their contents to the Bath Literary Club, in consequence of which the members determined to have them copied by a practised decipherer in the British Museum; and the Somerset Archæological Society has undertaken to print portions of them in their Transactions. As these, how-ever, will not circulate much beyond the county, and in many respects the documents in question differ a good deal from any already printed, as far as I have been able to ascertain, I think my paper this evening will not be regarded as a repetition of what is already known.
Historical Notices of the Family of Margaret of Logy, Second Queen of David the Second, King of Scots
Authors: Allan A. Stewart
Published: March 2007

Queen Margaret of Logy, the second consort of King David de Bruys, has been hitherto considered, by all our historians I believe without exception, as the only Scottish queen whose filiation and family are unknown. Even the late Mr. Riddell, nothwithstanding his well-known legal acumen and profound antiquarian research, was unable to, do more than prove that Margaret was notthe daughter, but the widow of a Logie, although she had been hitherto designated the daughter of Sir John of Logy in all the histories of Scotland, both old and new, where her parentage is stated. The accurate Lord Hailes styles her merely “Margaret Logie,” while in his Appendix, showing the succession of the kings of Scotland, with their marriages, children, and time of their death, he writes—“2. Margaret, daughter of Sir John Logie, Knt, 1363. She survived her husband.” (Annals of Scotland, edit. 1797, vol. ii., pp. 284–5, 288–9, 375–6; III. Append., p. 115 seq.; and third edit., 1819, vol. ii., pp.314–5, 318–321, 460–1.)
The Growth of Nationality in Canada
Authors: Robjohns Sydney
Published: March 2007

In recent lectures delivered at Birmingham Mr. Froude referred to the strained relations existing between England and the colonies, and indicated the temporary nature of the present arrangement. The question, in his opinion, is one which if left to the course of events will settleitself by the colonies drifting further away; but that if this people deem the continued union of the empire worth struggling for, and prepare themselves to encounter and overcome difficulties, then might accrue advantage to Great Britain and benefit to all Englishspeaking people. To quote Doctor Parker Peps, the country ”must be called upon to make a vigorous effort in this instance; but if our interesting friend should not be able to make that effort successfully, then a crisis must arise.” But Mr. Froude apparently falls into a similar error to Sir Julius Vogel, who imports Will into a subject which is one of natural forces only and purely. An important section of the Liberal party cannot “design or favour ” the break-up of the empire, at their will; neither can Mr. Froude nor Mr. Forster, whatever their wishes may be, suggest a practical basis of permament legislative union. Lord Blachford, Mr. Goldwin Smith, and others may indicates the tendency of natural forces, may mark on a chart the course of the Gulf Stream; but who can resist those forces? If one dare to predict at all, the growth of nationality in our colonies and the capacity of the Anglo-Saxon race point to another and a more beneficent result than even the federation of the British Empire, namely, the union consequent upon a common interest, opinion, language, and sympathy, of the English-speaking people throughout the world.
The Columban Clergy of North Britain, and their Harrying by the Norsemen
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: March 2007

In making some researches into the migrations of the Norsemen in early times, I have been much struck with the apparent absence in the ordinary sources of information of anything which could resuscitate for us a picture of the condition of things in North Britain at the beginning of the ninth century, when the isles and coasts of Scotland were so terribly harried by the pirates. Recently the profound researches of Dr. Reeves and Mr. Skene, both of them worthy to rank among the greatest names in our historic literature, have accumulated a great mass of material, from which, and from other sources, it is possible to clothe with interest the somewhat dry bones of the early annalists, and I have thought that a careful survey of this seldom trodden field would be acceptable to the Fellows of the Royal Historical Society, and if they deem it worthy I hope to give in a second paper a similar picture of the Irish religious foundations, whose wealth and insecurity were the chief temptations to the rovers and buccaneers of the ninth century. In this paper I have gathered to a focus the information I have been able to meet with about the condition and surroundings of the Columban clergy, and described the doings of the pirates from the year 793, which I believe was the first occasion when they molested our shores, to the year 806, when “the family” or brotherhood of Iona, the mother monastery of the order, was burnt, and its inmates massacred and scattered.
The Personal Expenses of Charles II. In the City of Worcester
Authors: Woof Richard
Published: March 2007

He accounts of the city of Worcester are comprised in a series of foolscap folio volumes, commencing with the year 1540, from which time they are complete, with the exception of the twenty-two years from 1600 to 1623, and they exhibit the whole revenue and expenditure of the faithful city, as annually audited by the proper civic authorities. These ancient tomes throw much light upon historic events, which have had local effect, as well as upon customs and transactions more peculiarly confined to the citizens and their city, but many searches have been made by historians and antiquaries for information of the eventful period of the battle of Worcester, without any result beyond a few casual items which possess little direct interest. In another series of records, called “Chamber Orders,” possessed by the Corporation of Worcester, entries occur which relate to this stirring time so far as it affected the corporate body, but it is not with these I have now to deal. No doubt many records were abstracted by the troopers of Cromwell, as I find at the audit of 1652:—

“Item payed Steephen Fields, who had payed to a souldier to regayne some of the records that were taken out of the Treasurie 5 s.”

The civic state sword also seems to have disappeared, as £5 8s. 6d.
The Mounds at Dunblane and the Roman Station of Alauna
Authors: Black William Thomas
Published: March 2007

The locality bearing marks of military works near Dunblane is called Laigh Hill in the Ordnance map, though it is composed of several ridges and eminences. Curiously, however, the configuration of the ground is not delineated, though on the scale of six inches to the mile, but the neighbouring part all round is traced minutely. The situation is one of great natural strength, as it is surrounded by the loop of the river Allan, and by a small brook that runs into it opposite Mr. Wilson's woollen factory. The line of the Caledonian railway passes through it from south to north, and also divides one of the camp sites from the other, so that one may be called the east camp and the other the west one. From the appearance of the neighbouring rising grounds, which are all rounded and smooth, it is not unlikely that Laigh Hill, instead of being an aggregate of mounds, was at one time a single hill, if not a double one. With this idea in mind, it may be conceived that these works have been excavated out of the natural hills, and not erected, and therefore that the original rounded eminence of Laigh Hill has disappeared. This mode of constructing fortifications is visible in several old British strongholds, as at Sarum, Camelet, and Caterthun, where the aggers may be of such vast size as one hundred feet in width at the base and twenty-five feet at the top, and as many high. The supposed west camp is of an oval shape, and is contained in the loop of the river Allan; the northern face of its plateau rests upon the precipice overhanging the water.
Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander Second Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and Founder of the Alexander Library, Trinity College, Dublin
Authors: Rogers Charles
Published: March 2007

The Will of Sir Jerome Alexander, a parchment transcript of which is preserved in the Chief Probate Office, Dublin, is a document of more than ordinary interest; even with its cumbrous repetitions we owe no apology for producing it in full:–

“In the name of God Amen. I, Sr Jerome Alexander of the City of Dublin, one of the unprofitable servants of Almighty God, being of a perfect sound disposing memory, praised bee God, this three and twentieth day of March in the yeare of the Raigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the Second of that name by the grace of God of England, Scotland, Fraunce and Ireland King Defender of the Faith &c. the two and twentieth, and hereby renounceing and admitting and declareing all former Wills and Testaments by mee at any time heretofore made to bee utterly void & of none effect, doe declare this to bee my last true Will and Testament in manner & form following and doe now soe declare it to bee. And first of all I resigne my soul into the hands of Jesus Christ my blessed Saviour and Redeemer, confidently trusting and assureing myselffe in by and through his onely merritts and mediation to receive life everlasting; and I doe hereby profess myselfe to dye as I have allways lived, a sonne of the Church of England, which is the most absolute and best forme of government in all the world,’ twere to bee heartily wished that it were practised in all the Churches of Christendome, and my body I commend unto the earth from whence it came to receive decent and comely buryall, without any greate pompe or ceremonies whatso-ever, not doubting but at the last day it shall bee raised againe and united unto my soule with it for to partake of immortall and everlasting happiness.
The Early Bristol Charters and Their Chief Object
Authors: Nicholls J. F.
Published: March 2007

At the introduction of the Feudal system into England, Bristol (which was a walled town before the Anglo-Saxon period) contained several different fiefs; these were all included in the Honour of Gloucester, the Earls † or Consuls of which exercised over their province an authority that was regal in everything save the name.
The Jacquerie
Authors: de Vericour
Published: March 2007

Every century seems generally characterized by some pre-eminent feature or aspiration, or marked tendencies, the study of which deserves the special attention of the student of history, as they facilitate the comprehension of the general progressive movements of humanity. Thus the fourteenth century is conspicuous by its numerous popular insurrections, evincing the yearnings of the people and their efforts to obtain greater justice at the hands of their masters. They appear as follows:—Wilhelm Tell, in 1308; Jacques van Artevelde, in 1354; Rienzi, 1354; Marino Faliero, 1355; the Jacquerie, 1358; Michele di Lando, 1378; and Wat Tyler, 1385. Recent researches and documents have thrown a new light on those historical episodes of the fourteenth century, and on none more so than on the Jacquerie.
The Free Grammar School of Bristol, and The Thorns, its Founders
Authors: Nicholls J. F.
Published: March 2007

Iceland, which lies but ninety-five miles distant from the nearest part of the American continent, was well known to the merchants of Bristol, who traded thither in the early part of the fifteenth century.

During William Cannynge's second Mayoralty in 1450, King Henry VI. specially exempted that distinguished merchant by name in a treaty made with Denmark, which prohibited all other Englishmen from trading with Iceland.
Orientation of Ancient Temples and Places of Worship
Authors: Warren Charles
Published: March 2007

On some ancient fragments are represented two or more historical sequences, forming together one picture, such as the scene of the temptation of Eve in conjunction with the expulsion from Paradise; and from these we may obtain an idea as to the tendency and power of the untutored mind to take an instantaneous many-sided view of the subject it contemplates, and it may assist us in realising that though our mental view is more extended and clearer than that of early races, yet it may also be much more limited in lateral range. That the educated mind does not assume power over the exercise of certain faculties, there can be no doubt; for this we have only to look into matters of everyday life: to see the unlettered mechanic guess, or, rather, instinctively calculate, the weight of materials; to hear the shopwoman, innocent of figures, total up her gains and losses, or enumerate her stock-in-trade with a rapidity and with a precision which could not be exceeded if all the appliances of science had been employed. And we again see it in the power which the Indian savage or European trapper possesses in tracking his way through the forest by signs and method of reasoning hardly intelligible to those whose minds are more cultivated.
Thomas Mulock: An Historical Sketch
Authors: Rich Elihu
Published: March 2007

Thomas mulock was born in Ireland in 1789; not in the north of Ireland, as has been stated, but in or near Dublin, his father having possessed a country house not far distant from that city. His father was an Irishman, and held the official position of comptroller of the stamp-office. His mother was of Swiss extraction, a Miss Hörner, granddaughter of the Burgomaster of Bale, a tall and stately lady, to whose mental qualities Mr Mulock was more probably indebted for his great natural abilities than to his father, who, however, was a man of good business habits, and of a fine genial temperament. Thomas Mulock was the second of twenty-two children born to this happy pair. When assembled round the family table, they formed so large a company that Mr Mulock was accustomed to compare them, jocularly, to a public meeting.
Report of the Council
Authors: Zerffi G. G. , Herbage WM.
Published: March 2007

In presenting their Report on the past year to the General Meeting of the Fellows, the Council of the Royal Historical Society gladly give the first place to their expression of thanks to the Committee of Inquiry (appointed 18th November, 1880), for their valuable assistance, for although nearly every suggestion of theirs for the future management of the Society has been anticipated in resolutions already passed by the Council, still they feel that had not such a Committee been instituted they would probably not have had it in their power to have obtained the information on which the resolutions have been based. The Council have further to report that on the 5 th January, 1881, the Rev. Charles Rogers asked the Council to be permitted to resign the appointments of Historiographer and Secretary of the Society then and there, and under the circumstances he was permitted to do so, and the resignation was accepted. His connection with the Society in any capacity therefore ceased.
On The Actor Lists, 1578—1642
Authors: Fleay F. G
Published: March 2007

IT is singular that no attempt had been made to gather up these documents so fertile in suggestion and still more rich in definite evidence on many disputed critical and historical questions prior to the publication of my ‘Shakespeare Manual” in 1876. Collier had printed many lists in his «History of the Stage,” but had not compared them or arranged them for comparison. My own former attempt is incomplete, partly because at that date I had no access to public libraries, and had to work on imperfect materials; partly because additional lists have been still more recently discovered. I have not wittingly neglected any data for the present essay, which, whatever its faults may be, claims at any rate to be the only thing of its kind at present existing.
Life and Writings of Dubravius, Bishop of Olmutz (1542—1553)
Authors: Wratislaw Albert H.
Published: March 2007

What angler has not been, if he be not still, a reader of Izaak Walton? And what reader of Izaak Walton has not observed his frequent quotations from Dubravius, and been amused by that wonderful account of the victory of a frog over a pike, of which Dubravius declares he was himself an eye-witness, but which reads far more like a dream than a reality? And the name of this same Dubravius has lately been brought before the public by Mr. Frank Buckland, as that of the author of an excellent recommendation in the management of fish-ponds, a means of producing food so sadly neglected in this country, viz.: to draw off the water every third or fourth year and sow a crop of oats on the rich mud collected at the bottom. It may not therefore be uninteresting, if I give a brief account of the life and writings of Dubravius, who was a man of considerable mark in his day in the political and ecclesiastical, as well as in the pisci-cultural world.
Some Considerations on the Origin of Monarchical Government
Authors: Gomme G. Laurence
Published: March 2007

There is nothing more beneficial to the philosophy of human thought than the scientific study of human institutions. To know how man's thought has grown to what it now is from the rudest atom of intellect must be a contemplation worthy of the greatest consideration, and that by the greatest minds. It is only of late years that it has been at all possible to penetrate into the reality of primordial society, whatever might have been the extent of its mythical existence; and this has been accomplished by the great inductive sciences. Comparative philology has led the van, and shown the track; it only remains for comparative jurisprudence to hesitate no longer on the threshold of its existence, but to follow up these indications, thereby bringing us nearer to our primeval ancestors, in thought as well as history; and, consequently, nearer to ourselves.
The Historical Development of Idealism and Realism
Authors: Zerffi Gustavus George
Published: March 2007

“Generalizations drawn from particulars are the jewels of knowledge, comprehending great store in a little room,” says the immortal Locke. The more I see of our learned societies, the more I study the curricula of our different schools and educational establishments, the more thoroughly am I convinced that we persistently neglect the study of general history from a higher and a philosophical point of view; in fact, we appear scarcely to have attained the faculty to distinguish between geography, archology, genealogy, biography, ethnology, chronicles, heraldry, statistical reports, numismatics, and extracts from registers. We call everything that has happened history, and consider an old civic record, as devoid of influence on the destinies of humanity as the name, age, occupation, and domestic relations of one of the mummies under a glass case in our British Museum, an historical document of value. We are apt to confuse the task of the antiquary or of a contributor to Notes and Queries with that of the historian.
Passages in the Life and Reign of Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings
Authors: Winters William
Published: March 2007

There is a singular story accompanying the eventful life of Godwine, the father of Harold, which is given by Mr. Freeman as gathered from the “half-mythical” chronicles of Ralph the Black, a writer who flourished early in the thirteenth century. He tells us how Cnut in a jealous fit sent Godwine to Denmark with letters, requesting those officials to whom they were addressed to cut off the bearer's head; but Godwine was too shrewd for his master, and like the “messenger of Pausanias” read the letter by the way—“expalluit novus Urias” which let him into the light of the awful secret. The legend goes on to show how, naturally enough, he recovered himself, and cleverly substituted other letters, which bore a different burden, directing the Danes to show great kindness to him, as he was a regent, and to give him the king's sister in marriage. The scheme appeared to answer, for all was satisfactorily carried out; and Cnut is said to have put the best face upon the matter; he received Godwine as a brother, and gave him the rank of “consul.”t A writer of the eleventh century speaks very contemptuously of Godwine and his family, prompted probably by his great dislike to Harold, i.e., “The numerous progeny of Earl Godwine was daily waxing stronger and stronger upon the earth.”‡
History of the County of Cilly
Authors: Wratislaw A. H.
Published: March 2007

It is often the province of the historian to trace the progress of small states, and observe their gradual transformation into large ones. It often also devolves upon him to notice the decay of large states and their gradual reduction to insignificant principalities, if not their total annihilation. The growth of the margravate of Brandenburg into the mighty kingdom of Prussia, and finally into the great German Empire of the pre-sent day, is a remarkable instance of the former; while the dissolution of the great duchy of Burgundy and its gradual absorption is one of the latter, although some portion of it has reconstituted itself in the small but prosperous kingdom of Belgium. But what I propose to bring before the Society falls under neither of these heads, but is the brief history of a power which might have had a career like that of Brandenburg or Austria, but the course of which was simply cut short by the failure of its dynasty in the very meridian of success and prosperity.
Rehearsal of Events which occurred in the North of Scotland from 1635 to 1645, in Relation to the National Covenant
Authors: Rogers Charles
Published: March 2007

A belief in his divine right, with the acceptance of Archbishop Laud's doctrine that the concomitant of religious unity was uniformity in worship, led Charles I. to provoke those hostilities which brought him to the scaffold. At the Reformation the Scottish Church adopted the Genevan system of government, which dispensed with bishops and a liturgy. Upon it James VI. ingrafted a modified episcopacy, and Charles determined to complete its uniformity with the Anglican establishment by forcing on it canons and a liturgy.
Historical Notices of, and Documents relating to, the Monastery of St. Anthony at Leith
Authors: Rogers Charles
Published: March 2007

The patriarch of monks, St Anthony, is one of the most notable saints in the Romish calendar. He was born A.D. 251, at Coma, or Great Heracleopolis, in Upper Egypt. His parents, who were Christians, kept him at home, fearing that through bad example his manners might be tainted. When he was under twenty his parents died, leaving him and an only sister, as their inheritance, an estate, in extent equal to a hundred and twenty British acres. Imperfectly instructed in sacred knowledge, Anthony was influenced by a strong religious enthusiasm. Inducing his sister to concur with him, he disposed of their inheritance, in the belief that he was thereby fulfilling the divine command. The money which he received for his land he distributed among the poor, and adopted the life of an ascetic. He did not eat before sunset, andoften fasted for two and three days together. He subsisted on bread, salt and water, abstained from washing his body, and clothed himself in a coarse shirt of hair.
The ‘Iklîk,’ by Hamdâni
Authors: Zerffi G. G.
Published: March 2007

The historian meets with greater difficulties in treating of Oriental history than in any other branch of his subject. The dawn of awakening consciousness in humanity had not yet reached broad daylight. All was still bathed in the golden rays of the rising sun, surrounded by the fantastic clouds of myths and fables. In the East the allegorical and the metaphorical have always proved serious stumbling-blocks in the path of the seeker after dry facts. We find towns personified as nations; nations reduced to mere names of places.
Historical Allusions in Sundry English Poets
Authors: Fleay F. G.
Published: March 2007

It is quite unnecessary, in addressing such a Society as this, for me to enlarge on the help that may be obtained in historical investigations from other researches that are purely literary. I may, however, venture to express a regret that so little mutual assistance is usually afforded by those who confine themselves, too exclusively, to one or other of these branches of seeking after truth. A remarkable instance of this want of co-operation is afforded us in the earliest of the poems, which I shall now bring under your notice: Chaucer's ‘Dream,’ or, as it has well been renamed in our time, his ‘Isle of Ladies.’ For as, on the one hand, by establishing the true meaning of this poem, we present to the historian new pastures, whence he may here and there glean, by comparison with known historical facts, some additions to the story of the time; so, on the other, by a due use of history, we may throw new light on the works of our first and almost our greatest poet. I know that the school of modern criticism, which trusts the counting of its fingers rather than the evidence of its ears or its reason, has pronounced this poem spurious; but I trust to show you that its agreement with history prevents our taking that view, which rests wholly on the ungrounded assumption that because Chaucer used no rhymes of –y and –ye in his later poems, he could not have done so in this, his very earliest that has come down to us.
Personal Traits of Mahratta Brahman Princes
Authors: Temple Richard
Published: March 2007

The essay which I am about to read should be taken as a continuation of a speech delivered by me before the Royal Geographical Society in February 1882, regarding the ‘birth-place and cradle of Mahratta power.’ The subject of the speech was in a great degree geographical, and the intention was to show how history is affected by geography. The subject of this essay is an analysis of human character as exhibited in vast spheres of action. Nevertheless, for a due understanding of the men it is necessary to bear the geography in mind, for the significance of the events cannot be apprehended without a general idea of the physical surroundings.
The Conquest of Norway by the Ynglings
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: March 2007

Having by your favour in a former paper tried to dissect the early history of Sweden, I propose to do the same now for Norway. My purpose is not to enter into the region of very early tradition where there is no foothold for criticism, but rather to try and throw some light on that border-ground where history and fable meet, and which is lit up, when illuminated at all, by very dim twilight.
Domestic Everyday Life, and Manners and Customs in this Country, from the Earliest Period to the end of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Harris George
Published: March 2007

In my former paper I endeavoured to describe the condition of the people at the earliest period with which we are acquainted, and the effect, upon their civilisation produced by the Roman invasion, through the intercourse consequently established between Great Britain and Rome, at that time the grand centre and source of art and civilisation. The darkest period in our national history has now been passed through. Two causes mainly appear to me, in the first instance, to further the progress of civilisation among a people: The intercourse of a barbarous nation with foreigners who are more civilised than the former; The growing intelligence of the natives them-selves, whose capacities are thus stimulated, and their energies roused. Many other causes, no doubt, contribute in turn to the further advancement and development of civilisation, such as the institutions which spring up, and the pursuits that are followed, in any nation. Nevertheless, these two main causes to which I have particularly alluded, appear to me to be the primary elements, and are what first contribute to set the machine in motion.
The Early Intercourse of the Danes and Franks
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: March 2007

The early history of Denmark may be divided into two portions. For the first we have as materials only the native sagas and legends, which have been preserved for us by Saxo Grammaticus and others. The second portion, which covers a period when Denmark had entered into relations, sometimes hostile and sometimes diplomatic, with the great Frankish empire to the south, is illustrated by occasional notices in the contemporary monastic annals. These notices are of course of the highest value and interest. It seems clear that, if we are ever to glean any profitable materials about the earlier period, we must first gain a firm foothold upon the later, where we can check tradition by contemporary narrative; and I now propose to re–examine the history of the Danes from the time when they first appear in the Frankish chronicles, down to the death of their famous King Godfred.
Es-Sukhra, The Locked-up Stone of Jerusalem
Authors: Cust Edward
Published: March 2007

The intense interest which has been associated with Jerusalem and the Holy Land by every class and every nation of Christians, has latterly been assisted by many concurrent circumstances. Steam has bridged the Mediterranean, and overcome the desert, effecting even the removal of Moslem prejudices hitherto insurmountable. The examination of the principal localities of Palestine, endeared to the pious of every nation, has aroused universal inquiry, and a visit to Jerusalem has superseded Italy, and even Greece and Egypt, in the “grand tour“ to which our own excursionists formerly limited their attention. A critical study of Biblical history has vindicated its proper place among the mere elegances and artistic delights of European travel, and the ground trodden by “the blessed feet” of the Messiah is now the beaten track of all the world, and the subject of nearly universal contemplation.
Further Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander
Authors: Prendergast John P.
Published: March 2007

In his paper entitled “Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander, Second Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland,” Dr Rogers has supplied a variety of details in the earlier part of the life of this Judge, which, added to those it has been my lot to pick up, serve to complete his biography. Early in life I happened to meet with a pamphlet in the fine collection of historical works concerning Ireland contained in the Library of King's Inns, Dublin, entitled “True Way to render Ireland Happy and Secure; or a Discourse wherein 'tis shewn that 'tis the Interest both of England and Ireland to encourage Foreign Protestants to Plant in Ireland, 410. Dublin: Andrew Crook, 1697,” in which is the following passage:—
Memorials of Dr John Old, the Reformer
Authors: Old William Watkins
Published: March 2007

In 1863 a correspondent in Notes and Queries inserted the following entry from “Mr James Haig's List of Books published in England prior to the year M.D.C., in the Library of the King's Inns, Dublin, 1858, p, 14:”—
Notes on the History of Eastern Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery, and Foreign Intercourse with Japan
Authors: Pfoundes C.
Published: March 2007

In the paper I had the honour of reading before this society on a previous occasion, I alluded to the early explorers and adventurers, whose efforts were directed towards “Japan,” no doubt incited by the accounts of Marco Polo, and other early voyagers and travellers. Numerous efforts were made by private individuals, as well as by the heads of great nations, to open up fresh routes. I am strongly of opinion that justice is not done to the intelligence and energy of these early explorers, whom it has been but too general a fashion to call buccaneers. Few written accounts have come down to us of the earlier explorers and adventurers. Few men of those times had the literary talent, even if they had the will, to have their adventures put down in writing; but there are other and more cogent reasons why so little has been handed down to us.
Notes from the Penrith Registers
Authors: King Edward
Published: March 2007

At the present time, when the Parochial Registers of this country are attracting more than usual notice, I think the following excerpts from the first volume of those of the Parish of Penrith, in the county of Cumberland, may not be uninteresting.
On the History of Theatres in London, from their First Opening in 1576 to their Closing in 1642
Authors: Fleay F. G.
Published: March 2007

In the time before the building of theatres the men's companies used to act in inn-yards on temporary stages; but the boys' companies seem to have had more permanent arrangements. The Paul's boys, for instance, acted in a singing room of their own till they were inhibited in 1589, and again from 1599 to 1606: the children of the Chapel also, in my opinion, acted in the Blackfriars building many years before it was rebuilt as a private theatre in 1596. But it is not with these temporary arrangements that this paper is concerned.
The Early History of the Mediterranean Populations, &c, in their Migrations and Settlements, Illustrated from Autonomous Coins, Gems, Inscriptions, &c.
Authors: Clarke Hyde
Published: March 2007

Although the results in this paper may appear to be novel, and are largely derived from sources newly opened up, in reality they are only the sequence of previous investigations. Long since there were published by me in the Journal of the Palestine Exploration Fund, and of the Anthropological Institute, and also in the Transactions of this Royal Historical Society, a list of place names. These tables showed the identity of the ancient names of cities in the Old World from India to Britain, and of those in the New World in wide regions.
The Struggle of the Christian Civilization from the Era of the Crusades to the fall of the East (1453)
Authors: Irons W. J.
Published: March 2007

The compromise between the ecclesiastical and civil powers of the Western Empire, effected at Worms (1122), did not touch the Byzantines. The Roman world, still nominally one, had indeed for 300 years and more maintained the some-what artificial position which obliged the West largely to ignore the East; and then led the East to regard the West as little more than a dependency. This had grown to be, in many ways, inevitable, even from the time of the Diocletian arrangement of the Empire; and it acquired special force amidst the various partitionings of Constantine's descendants and successors.
The Text of Henry I.'s Coronation Charter
Authors: Liebermann F.
Published: March 2007

The historical importance of Henry I.'s charter of liberties has been fully recognised by the leading writers of our time. Shortly quoted and confirmed by Stephen and Henry II. in their charters of liberties, it was called Magna Carta in the beginning of the thirteenth century, if not earlier; its influence on the constitutional struggle under King John has been often pointed out from the St. Albans chroniclers. Messrs. Round and Hall but lately showed its remarkable use in a French document of the same age. No apology, therefore, is needed, if herewith a first attempt is ventured to ascertain its authentic words from 28 texts. It has to be reconstructed, as none of the more than thirty originals once existing is preserved to us. Many former editors have, indeed, picked up in their notes one or other of the numberless variations between the manuscripts, but they have not tried to distinguish scribes' errors, intentional alterations, forging tendencies, and the differences resulting from the fact that several exemplars of equal authenticity went out from Westminster on or shortly after that fifth of August 1100, when Henry was crowned.
The Colonial Empire of the Portuguese to the Death of Albuquerque
Authors: Beazley C. Raymond
Published: March 2007

The first of modern colonial empires, the dominion of the Portuguese on the coasts and seas of Africa and India is in one sense more interesting than any of its successors. For it is, of course, essentially and peculiarly connected with the beginnings of that expansion of Europe and Christendom which, above all else, marks off the modern from the mediæval world. In other words, the growth of Portugal through discovery into a position of commercial and naval leadership is of general value to the whole of the Western world, in a way that is not shared by the similar and later growth of Spain, Holland, France or England. The development of these states belongs mainly to their own history. Immensely as they influenced one another, they none of them, to the same extent as Portugal, opened the way by which alone Europe could expand at all. None of them can rival her in the credit of breaking down the middle wall of superstitious terror which parted the unknown worlds along and beyond the ocean from the Christendom of Dante and Chaucer. None of them, in the same special originative way, can claim the glory that Camoens claims for his nation, the glory of

Opening up those wastes of tide,

No generation openèd before.
The Earldoms Under Edward I
Authors: Tout T. F.
Published: March 2007

I do not propose to lay before you to-night any new theory of the constitutional position of the earldoms under Edward I. My purpose is political rather than constitutional, and, where it is not political, biographical and topographical. I wish to attempt the task of describing simply and clearly what were the number and nature of the earldoms under Edward I., with what great houses they were connected, in what districts their strength mostly lay, what manner of men the earls themselves were, and in what relations they stood to the king. I fear that I have no novelty to bring forward. The details that I shall use will come nearly all from very obvious sources, such as the printed Calendars of Post Mortem Inquests, Dugdale's ‘Baronage,’ the Lords' ‘Reports on the dignity of a Peer,’ and the ordinary chronicles and printed records of the time. Many of my facts I came across in a task that has occupied me a good deal lately, and which I have found to be by no means an easy one. I have been trying to construct a territorial map of England under Edward I., with the special view of finding out in what districts lay the power of the chief baronial houses. My excuse for laying my facts before you is that, however trite and dull they may seem, they are not always known by those who might be expected to know them. When lecturers and text-book writers—to say nothing of more serious authors—are still sometimes content to repeat the grossest inaccuracies as to the power and position of the greater nobles—when the standard historical atlas makes the ‘Grafschaft Oxford’ the ‘Gebiet der Vere,’ and the ‘Grafschaft Westmoreland’ the ‘Gebiet der Nevill,’ the elementary truths that I wish to drive home cannot be said to have obtained very general acceptance.
The Principal Causes of the Renewal of the War Between England and France in 1803
Authors: Ekedahl Waldemar
Published: March 2007

The political development that our part of the world has undergone in later times, and the result of which is the modern European political system, is characterised principally by two circumstances. On the one hand, the nations feel themselves more and more real unities; they do not suffer themselves to be divided, or sold, or exchanged, as easily as before. The idea of nationality has forced its way strongly, and has demanded recognition with great persistency. This demand of the different nations for national independence, more clearly understood and more and more consciously realised in the process of time, need not, however, bring with it an isolation of the peoples from each other. For just as little as the individual without danger to the development of his life can shut himself out from communication with others, so such a thing is as little possible for nations. Besides the tendency now alluded to, and quite as strong, there is another whose aim is to join the nations with each other, and which makes itself felt in livelier intercommunication and a more intimate culture-connection between the peoples. No really important event in the life of one nation can come to pass without having a certain influence on that of the others. ‘There is,’ says Ranke, ‘no country's history in which universal history does not play a great part.’ This is of course especially applicable to the great events which have made historical eras.
The Old Irish on the Continent
Authors: Von Pflugk-Harttung Julius
Published: March 2007

Arestles spirit of wandering drove the ancient Irish away to farthest lands, from Iceland and Norway to Spain, Southern Italy, Constantinople and Jerusalem. They became of some importance as regards the kingdom of the Franks, and the parts adjacent. Unhappily, however, these thousands and thousands of men made no note of their doings, and in Irish annals they have left no, or but little, trace behind them; we are, therefore, forced to piece them together in laborious mosaic-work out of chance Continental traditions.
France and Cromwell
Authors: Haines Herbert
Published: March 2007

Whether we do, or do not, accept Mr. Palgrave's novel and somewhat daring estimate of Oliver Cromwell, as the drudge and tool of the army, we shall, at all events, probably agree with Von Ranke, that the Protector was personally responsible for the attack on Spain and for the French alliance.
Marston Moor
Authors: Firth C. H.
Published: March 2007

The present paper is not an attempt to write a narrative of the battle of Marston Moor, but an attempt to solve certain questions connected with its history, and to state the evidence concerning them. I propose, therefore, to discuss in detail the four following subjects: The numbers and the composition of the Royalist and Parliamentary armies; the order in which the forces composing the two armies were drawn up on the battlefield; the tactics of Cromwell and the cavalry under his command during the battle; the nature and value of the authorities for the history of the battle. This investigation has led me to reject a view which is adopted in all modern accounts of the battle, and had been hitherto accepted by myself. The received view is that the infantry of the Parliamentary right wing was entirely routed, while a portion of the centre stood firm. The conclusion which a reconsideration of the evidence obliges me to adopt in this paper is exactly the opposite. The Parliamentary centre was entirely routed, but a portion of the infantry of the right wing held their ground until the cavalry and infantry of the left wing came to their relief, and turned a defeat into a victory.
The National Study of Naval History II. New Methods of Research
Authors: Hall Hubert
Published: March 2007

In the present paper I propose only to refer to a single problem of the modern study of history, naval or otherwise—the exigencies of research.

Naval history is at length recognised as a subject of special study ; it has its historians, its scholars, students, and the general readers of its special publications, and it has a large and powerful society which represents their literary interests.
The Sheriff's Farm
Authors: Turner G. J.
Published: March 2007

A Sheriff's farm was the sum of money which he was required to pay annually at the Exchequer for his bailiwick. In virtue of this payment he was allowed to receive for his own use certain revenues paid to him in his official capacity. He was not entitled to all revenues so paid to him, but only to specific revenues; these he was said to farm. But he was not obliged to pay the whole of his farm directly to the king. In every year he would receive orders to apply portions of it in the discharge of all kinds of casual expenditure, civil, military, and domestic. He would also receive orders to apply other portions in the payment of annual salaries and fixed alms. Finally, he was allowed to make certain deductions from it for royal grants, by which the revenues farmed were diminished.
A Narrative of the Journey of Cecilia, Princess of Sweden, to the Court of Queen Elizabeth
Authors: Morison Margaret
Published: March 2007

Among the Royal MSS. at the British Museum is a pretty little volume of some seventy-two pages, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth, which seems practically to have escaped notice. It was written in the year 1565, by one James Bell, and gives an account of a somewhat remarkable journey across the north of Europe, which had just been accomplished by a Swedish princess, ostensibly in order to gratify her strong desire to visit the Court of the great English queen. It is uncertain whether the writer (of whom we have little further knowledge) was with the princess on her journey or not, but it was certainly by her desire that he wrote and presented this account of the voyage to Elizabeth.
The ‘Denarius Sancti Petri’ in England
Authors: Jensen O.
Published: March 2007

In the middle of the seventh century Rome became again, as in ancient times, the ‘centre of the universe’. Thousands of pilgrims came from distant lands, Spain, Gaul, and Britain, to worship at the shrines of the saints. We are told how these pilgrims, when first they caught sight of Rome in the distance, would fall on their knees, chant hymns, and march down to the city. Arrived there they would seek shelter in the various pilgrim-houses, where they would find fellow-countrymen to act as guides to the churches and catacombs; and after their return to their own country they would spread wonderful tales of the greatness and magnificence of the holy town and of the Papacy, until others were moved to set out on a like pilgrimage. Thus the bond between the nations and the ‘Mother of Mankind’ was stronger than one of mere political needs and advantages. It was religious zeal which sent the first newly converted Anglo-Saxons to Rome. In 689 Csedwalla, King of Wessex, after ruling for two years, took ship to Rome, seeking, as the greatest earthly honour to which he could attain, baptism in the atrium of St. Peter's. The Romans of old had been accustomed to see kings of distant lands either as captives following a triumph, or as vassals pleading before their tribunals. Their descendants now for the first time saw a barbarian king in their city. He was led by the Pope to the baptistery in the Lateran, and there on Easter Sunday, dressed in a white robe, his long hair loose, and bearing lighted tapers in his hand, he was baptised from Constantine's porphyry bow and given the name of Peter.
Canning and the Secret Intelligence From Tilsit. (July 16–23, 1807.)
Authors: Rose J. Holland
Published: March 2007

In order to understand the true import of the news which arrived at the Foreign Office from various quarters on July 16–23, 1807, it is necessary briefly to review the general situation. The coalition against France formed by the Powers, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, and Sweden, entered upon a new phase when Russia and Prussia signed the Convention of Bartenstein, April 26, 1807. Its aims were to strengthen the alliance between those two Powers, and to bring Great Britain and Sweden into more active co-operation in the Continental War, to put an end to the vacillation of Austria and bring her into the field once more, and, lastly, if possible to secure the adhesion of Denmark. This last clause was worded as follows:—The allies proposed ‘à se concerter avec l'Autriche, l'Angleterre, et la Suéde pour faire accéder le Danemark à cette convention.’ These words clearly left it open to the allies to use force in bringing Denmark to their side. It should further be noticed, as bearing on one part of our inquiry, that the Courts of Russia and Prussia bound themselves never to dissociate their fortunes but to act in the closest accord. The terms of the Convention of Bartenstein were forwarded to Downing Street by Mr. George Jackson, British chargé d'affaires at the Court of Prussia, and received a hearty welcome from Canning.