bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LONELINESS IN NORTH AMERICA AND SPAIN
Authors: Rokach Ami , Moya Miguel C. , Orzeck Tricia , Exposito Francisca
Published: May 2006

The present study examined the influence of cultural background on the experience of loneliness. Six hundred and thirty-seven participants from North America and 454 from Spain volunteered to answer an 82-item questionnaire which examined the quality of their loneliness experiences.
The factors which comprise the experience of loneliness are Emotional distress, Social inadequacy and alienation, Growth and discovery, Interpersonal isolation, and Self-alienation. Results indicated that cultural background, indeed, affects the experience of loneliness. North Americans scored
higher on all five factors, and a similar trend was evident when men and women were compared across cultures.
INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM: THE CASE OF LEBANON
Authors: Ayyash-Abdo Huda
Published: May 2006

This study focused on whether people with different individualistic and collectivistic (I-C) tendencies speak different languages, belong to different religious groups and are of different gender. These three independent variables were examined using data from 517 college students in Lebanon: a multi-lingual society where both worldviews (I and C) co-exist. The Twenty Statement Test, Triandis' Attitude items, and ten of Schwartz's Value items were used to empirically test the I-C orientations and the above variables. Results indicated that language plays a primary role in individuals' orientations; respondents who used the Arabic language were consistently more collectivist than those who used either English or French. The discussion focused on the role of second language, specifically, English or French, which when learned by Arabic native speakers, enhanced the accessibility of private self-cognitions. Religion seemed to impact individuals' orientations in certain domains, but not consistently. Gender did not appear to be of significance in I-C orientation in this study.
COMPARISON OF PATTERNS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN SAUDI ARABIA AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Amir Taha
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present study was to compare the patterns of substance abuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). One hundred and twenty substance abusers from the KSA and 79 substance abusers from the UAE participated. All participants were males.
Age, education, age at onset of abuse, substances abused, duration of abuse, mode of abuse, and employment were investigated. Analysis of the data revealed some similarities including age, employment, and substances prevalent among poly-substance abusers. Differences in patterns of substance
abuse included age at onset, prevalence of polysubstance abuse, and substances prevalent among single-substances abusers. The findings are discussed and compared with previous reports. Recommendations for future studies are made.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEAM IDENTIFICATION AND WILLINGNESS OF SPORT FANS TO CONSIDER ILLEGALLY ASSISTING THEIR TEAM
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Hunter Jamie L. , Ryan Jacob A. , Wright Leigh Ann
Published: May 2006

Previous research had indicated that a sizeable minority of sport fans admit a willingness to anonymously injure a star player or coach of a rival team. Highly identified fans were particularly likely to consider these acts. The current investigation attempted to extend the previous
work by examining the frequency with which individuals would consider, under the protection of anonymity, engaging in anti-social acts of cheating that are either illegal or violate societal norms. A sizeable minority of a college student sample admitted a willingness to consider a number
of such acts and, as hypothesized, there was a significant positive correlation between team identification and reports of willingness.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THINKING PATTERNS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
Authors: Duvall Cheryl King
Published: May 2006

This study examines the relationship between thinking patterns and physiological symptoms of stress in individuals with an auto-immune syndrome. Using the Stress Processing Report (SPR), 216 females reported symptoms of stress, illness, and significant stressful life events. Scores
on four dimensions (self, others, process and goals) were significantly lower in the individuals with the auto-immune disorder when compared to the control group of 277 females from the general population. The sample group was then divided into high and low stress groups by the
number of subjective symptoms of stress reported. Scores were found to be significantly lower in the high stress group when compared to the low stress group. Results indicate that individuals with the auto-immune disorder have more dysfunctional thinking patterns than the general population,
and that these patterns correlate with the severity of their subjective complaints.
DREAM LIFE AND INTRAPSYCHIC BOUNDARIES IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: Funkhouser Arthur T. , Würmle Othmar , Cornu Claude M. , Bahro Marcel
Published: May 2006

Sixty-one mentally healthy elderly Swiss subjects (mean age: 71.8 5.5 years) participated in a 1998 investigation into the effects of “dream-telling”. Along with a number of questions about their living situation and other tests, the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire (BQ)
was administered twice, at the beginning and again at the end of the twenty-six week study period. Retest reliability of the questionnaire was acceptably high (r = 0.872). The study presented here examines some relationships between factors as measured by two screening questions and
by follow-up questions and the BQ scores. In the screening questions, for example, it was found that those who had had psychotherapy or had taken dream courses had significantly thinner boundaries than those who had not. This relationship did not hold, though, for those who said they paid
attention to their dreams. Further questions in the follow-up phase showed also that those with thinner boundaries were more concerned with dreams. It was not clear, however, why indecisive persons in this elderly population sample should have thinner boundaries nor why those with thinner
boundaries are more discontented with their bodily situations and/or with their family situations.
PREDICTORS OF YOUNG AUSTRALIANS' ATTITUDES TOWARD ABORIGINALS, ASIANS AND ARABS
Authors: Islam Mir Rabiul , Jahjah Mirna
Published: May 2006

Measures of stereotypes, affect, perceived threat and relative deprivation were used to predict attitudes toward three minority groups in Australia: Aboriginals, Asians and Arabs. Participants included 139 Anglo-Saxon volunteer university students (60 male, 79 female). The findings
highlighted the fact that attitudes were significantly positive towards Aboriginals compared with attitudes towards Asians and Arabs. However, Asian stereotypes were distinctively positive compared to the two other target groups. Multiple regression analyses indicated that affective measures
were often better predictors of attitudes towards minority groups. Overall, the results indicated the importance of emotional stakes as crucial components of racial attitudes in Australia. The implications of these findings suggest that attitude change programs, which have traditionally been
based on simply changing cognitive aspects of attitudes (e.g., knowledge structures, facts about racial groups) should also take into consideration the roles of affective features of attitudes (e.g., anxiety, distrust, frustration evoked by racial groups).
PARENTS OF DISABLED CHILDREN: PERSONALITY TRAITS
Authors: Veisson Marika
Published: May 2006

In this study 89 mothers and 49 fathers of disabled children were questioned and the results compared with Estonian norms. A five-factor personality inventory in the Estonian language was used. The results showed that mothers of disabled children had significantly lower Extraversion,
Openness and higher Neuroticism than the norms for Estonian women. The results demonstrated also that fathers of disabled children were significantly lower in Extraversion and Openness, but significantly higher in Conscientiousness than indicated in the norms for men.
THE HEART HAS ITS REASON AND THE REASON HAS ITS HEART: THE INSIGHT OF KOHLBERG AND GILLIGAN IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND COUNSELING
Authors: Linn Ruth
Published: May 2006

This paper reflects on the work of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan as a missing chapter in the counseling curricula, and discusses the explanatory power of each theory. The paper illustrates how Kohlberg's theory mirrors the “separate” truth of theories of development, and the alternative truths suggested by Gilligan.
THE INFLUENCE OF FEMINIST SELF-DEFINITION ON THE DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES OF MANAGERS
Authors: Pines Ayala Malach , Dahan-Kalev Henriette , Ronen Sigalit
Published: May 2006

The only consistent gender difference in management style reported in the literature is the more democratic style of women. Democratic leadership is a cornerstone of the feminist approach. The current exploratory study attempted to differentiate between the effect of feminist self-definition
and gender in explaining differences in democratic attitudes of managers. Israeli male (43) and female (28) managers were questioned about their managerial attitudes and whether they are feminist or non-feminist. Results suggest that a surprisingly high number of both male and female managers
defined themselves as feminist. Furthermore, feminist selfdefinition was found to explain several democratic managerial attitudes better than gender.
EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE IN INTROVERT AND EXTRAVERT NONCOFFEE DRINKERS
Authors: Amir Taha , Alshibani Fatma , Alghara Thoria , Aldhari Maitha , Alhassani Asma , Bahry Ghanima
Published: May 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of caffeine on the vigilance performance of introvert and extravert noncoffee drinkers. Forty-seven introvert and 43 extravert subjects participated in this study. All participants were female university students who do not drink
coffee. Participants in both groups were given caffeinated regular coffee with approximately 140 mg of caffeine, and a coffee-like caffeine-free beverage in two separate sessions and in random order. Forty-five to 60 minutes later participants were tested using a computerized vigilance task
and their performance was measured in d prime(d′). There was a significant potentiating effect of caffeine on vigilance in both introverts and extraverts. There was no significant effect of personality type or interaction between caffeine and personality type. Alterations
in the parameters of the experiment are suggested for future research.
PARTNER PREFERENCES AMONG HOMOSEXUAL MEN AND WOMEN: WHAT IS DESIRABLE IN A SEX PARTNER IS NOT NECESSARILY DESIRABLE IN A ROMANTIC PARTNER
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Medina Roberta , Joshi Anupama
Published: May 2006

The present study examined the degree to which various partner characteristics are preferred by homosexual men and women in a short-term sexual relationship versus a long-term romantic relationship. A non-college sample of adults (N = 80) individually rated the desirability of
various attributes in a “short-term sexual” or a “long-term romantic” partner (randomly assigned). The results indicated that participants clearly distinguished between these two types of relational partner. Specifically, and consistent with hypotheses, both men and
women emphasized internal mental attributes (e.g., intellect), prosocial personality characteristics (e.g., interpersonal sensitivity, responsiveness) and characteristics reflective of family orientation (e.g., desire for children) more in a long-term romantic, than in a short-term sexual,
partner. Conversely, and consistent with earlier work using heterosexual samples, men and women desired higher levels of physical appeal (e.g., physical attractiveness, sexy appearance) from a potential sex partner than from a potential romantic partner. Sex differences also were found. Men
desired honesty and trustworthiness from a short-term sex partner more than did women, and women valued a long-term romantic partner's family orientation more than did men.
AGREEMENT IN PERSONALITY TRAIT RATINGS: AT FIRST AND OVER TIME
Authors: Sullivan Michael P. , Chapdelaine Andrea
Published: May 2006

Despite conventional wisdom to the contrary, researchers have failed to consistently find a relationship between acquaintance and interjudge agreement in perceptions of personality traits. One hundred and thirty-one participants divided into 29 small groups rated themselves and other
group members on seven personality traits three times over the course of six months with initial measures completed within the first week of acquaintance. Improving upon previous designs to include the initial acquaintance period revealed that agreement in judgments of group members'
emotional stability and conscientiousness increased within the first eight weeks of acquaintance. After eight weeks, agreement did not increase for any of the traits. Results are interpreted to bridge the gap between empirical findings and lay knowledge of the acquaintance process.
PHYSIQUE ANXIETY AND SELF-EFFICACY INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTIONS OF PHYSICAL EVALUATION
Authors: Marquez David X. , Mcauley Edward
Published: May 2006

The present study integrated concepts from social cognitive and self-presentational theories to determine the relationships among social physique anxiety, self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and state anxiety in situations of varying physical evaluation potential. These situations
included scenarios considered to be high in physical evaluation, low in physical evaluation, and an exercise condition scenario, considered as high and low in physical evaluation by different individuals. Results demonstrated that the highest levels of state anxiety were found in the high
physical evaluation/threat conditions and the lowest levels of anxiety were reported in the low physical evaluation/threat conditions. Additionally, the results demonstrated that being female and higher in physique anxiety resulted in greater self-reported state anxiety when encountering
a physically evaluative condition of high threat potential. In exercise conditions, it was found that more efficacious individuals reported less state anxiety, however, in low physical evaluation conditions none of the variables predicted state anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of the
integration of concepts from the social cognitive perspective and self-presentation theory and social physique anxiety as a dispositional quality.
THE EFFECT OF HESITANCY TOWARD AND THE MOTIVATION FOR SELF-DISCLOSURE ON LONELINESS AMONG JAPANESE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Matsushima Rumi , Shiomi Kunio
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the factors of hesitancy toward and the motivation for self-disclosure on loneliness. Five scales about self-disclosure and loneliness were administered to 235 junior high school students. This study examined the postulated model:
hesitancy toward and motivation for self-disclosure → self-disclosure → loneliness. Findings suggest that Release of One's Feelings strongly promotes self-disclosure and Anxiety about the Target causes hesitancy toward engaging in self-disclosure. Furthermore, hesitancy toward
personal or private self-disclosure has an effect on loneliness.
SELF-IDENTITY IN PLANNED BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE: PAST BEHAVIOR AND ITS MODERATING EFFECTS ON SELF-IDENTITY-INTENTION RELATIONS
Authors: Fekadu Zelalem , Kraft Pål
Published: May 2006

The self-identity and past behavior measures were included in a structured TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) questionnaire, with the major aim of providing support for the hypothesized main and interaction effects. Results supported the validity of the TPB model, with subjective norm as the strongest predictor of intention. In addition, self-identity (β=.10,p<.049), and past behavior (β=.25,p<.001) emerged as significant predictors of intention in the augmented model. Moreover, a moderation effect was observed for past behavior on self-identity- intention relations (β=-.15,p<.001), the significance of which was confirmed by simple slope analysis. Based on the findings, the possibility of integrating the self-identity perspective within the TPB is suggested. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
SELF-EFFICACY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: Lane John , Lane Andrew
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present study was to examine the predictive effectiveness of self-efficacy in an academic setting. Seventy-six postgraduate students completed a questionnaire to assess efficacy expectations toward competencies perceived to underpin performance on the course. As there
was a 13-week difference in time between completing the self-efficacy questionnaire and completing the performance criterion, it was considered important to assess the stability of self-efficacy measures. To this end, participants completed the same items one week later. Test-retest reliability
results indicated that efficacy to cope with “intellectual demands”, “pass first time”, and “achieve a specific grade” were relatively stable. Performance was assessed using end of the semester grades. Regression results showed that “self-efficacy
to cope with the intellectual demands of the program” predicted 11.5% of performance variance. Given that there was a 13- week time gap between self-efficacy and performance and that the complexity of the task was high, findings from the present study suggest that self-efficacy
has some utility in an academic setting.
PREFERENCES FOR BEHAVIORAL STYLE OF MINORITY AND MAJORITY MEMBERS WHO ANTICIPATE GROUP INTERACTION
Authors: Hiel Alain Van , Mervielde Ivan
Published: May 2006

The present research investigates whether prospective minority and majority members ascribe high effectiveness to particular behavioral styles in order to exert social influence in a forthcoming group interaction. It was hypothesized that consistency, assertiveness, competence, and
honesty would be rated as effective for minorities, whereas the role of agreeableness would be stressed for majorities. A behavioral-style inventory based on Bassili and Provencal (1988) showed sufficient reliability. The results confirmed the hypotheses, and the implications of the actor-perspective
on social influence is discussed.
“ALLY MCBEAL VS. ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER”: COMPARING MASS MEDIA, INTERPERSONAL FEEDBACK AND GENDER AS PREDICTORS OF SATISFACTION WITH BODY THINNESS AND MUSCULARITY
Authors: Vartanian Lesa Rae , Giant Carrie L. , Passino Rhonda M.
Published: May 2006

Susceptibility to appearance-related mass media, interpersonal feedback, and instrumentality were compared as predictors of body satisfaction and shape concerns regarding thinness and muscularity in a sample of 287 undergraduate men and women. Results indicate that both genders experience body dissatisfaction, but along different shape dimensions; susceptibility to appearance-related mass media and negative appearance-related feedback appear to operate in similar ways to affect men's and women's overall body satisfaction. Directions for additional research are discussed.
A NEW LOOK AT THE OLD “LITTLE EMPEROR”: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE PERSONALITY OF ONLY CHILDREN IN CHINA
Authors: Zhang Yuching , Kohnstamm Geldolph A. , Cheung Ping Chung , Lau Sing
Published: May 2006

In order to study the perception of Chinese parents of their children, audio-taped free descriptions of children's personality characteristics were obtained from 401 Chinese parents living in Beijing and Fuzhou. The free descriptions by parents showed that, as children's age
increased, different categories of descriptors were typically used. Only for children at ages 3– 5 did negative descriptors associated with the so-called “little emperor” stereotype prevail in parents' free descriptions. On the other hand, the proportion of negative
descriptors in the Conscientiousness category increased with children's age. This was an indication of the persisting importance given by Chinese parents to characteristics associated with school performance, effort, and diligence. The results showed that there were no signs of a spoiling
attitude in Chinese parents. The high proportions of negative descriptions given by Chinese parents should be interpreted as an expression of great concern for the future of their children, rather than as a sign of hostility towards their children.
SOCIAL LABELING AND COMPLIANCE: AN EVALUATION OF THE LINK BETWEEN THE LABEL AND THE REQUEST
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas
Published: May 2006

Research on the effect of a negative social labeling on compliance has shown divergent results. Sometimes, a negative labeling made after a first request leads to decreased compliance with a further request, while, in other cases, this labeling leads to increased compliance. These contradictory
results could come from the presence or absence of a link between the label and the nature of the further request. An experiment was carried out in which subjects were the target of an initial negative label (unpleasant remark on the fact they ate horse meat presented on top of a shopping
bag they had agreed to keep an eye on). Then, a few seconds later, they had the opportunity to carry out a prosocial behavior linked with the label (a petition in favor of animals) or without a link with it (a petition for the diminution of pollution). Results showed that compliance with the
later request was affected by the initial labeling only when there was congruence between the request and the label.
ATTITUDES AND STEREOTYPES ABOUT ATTITUDES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
Authors: Grant Malcolm J. , Ross Abraham S. , Button Cathryn M. , Hannah T. Edward , Hoskins Rhoda
Published: May 2006

In the first of two telephone-survey studies, factor analysis of the attitudes of 159 respondents revealed a general conservatism factor and two forms of liberalism, traditional and radical. Conservatism increased with age, traditional liberalism was strongest in women
and middleaged persons, and radical liberalism was stronger in men and decreased with age. In the second study, 240 respondents estimated the attitudes of a young, middle-aged, or old male or female target. Evidence of an “old-is-conservative” stereotype was clearest among young
participants. Among old participants, the stereotype was evident only when the target was male. People associated traditional liberalism more with women than with men and radical liberalism more with men than with women. Both kinds of liberalism were expected to decrease with age. The authors
conclude that age plays as important a role as gender in the attitude impressions people form during initial encounters.
THE REVISED SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS SCALE: AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTOR STRUCTURE, RELIABILITY, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Alanazi Falah M.
Published: May 2006

The study investigated psychometric properties and gender differences in the responses of 1185 Saudi high school and university students to an Arabic version of the Revised Self-Consciousness Scale (Scheier & Carver, 1985). Findings replicated the three-factor structure. The original three subscales (private, public, and social anxiety) were factorially reproduced, and were found to have acceptable levels of reliability. Strong gender differences were found. High school females scored significantly and consistently higher than males on all three subscales. University female students scored significantly and consistently higher than males on private self-consciousness only. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies and in relation to the Saudi Arabian culture.
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS OF RETIREMENT SATISFACTION AMONG WORKERS AND RETIRED PEOPLE
Authors: Fouquereau Evelyne , Fernandez Anne , Mullet Etienne
Published: May 2006

The objective was to study ordinary people's judgments, through the use of external indices, of the expected degree of retirement satisfaction and to characterize the cognitive process involved in making these judgments. The method used was an application of Integration Information
Theory (IIT). The total sample was formed of two subsamples of 50 workers and 53 recently retired people. The main results showed that the overall degree of retirement satisfaction and the factors taken into account in the judgment process are surprisingly similar in both groups. There was
also no fundamental difference in integration patterns between workers and retirees. All participants used an additive rule.
EARLY DETECTION OF SOCIAL ANXIETY: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A TEACHER QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL ANXIETY IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Bokhorst Koos , Goossens Frits A. , de Ruyter Piet A.
Published: May 2006

Socially anxious children have been described in the literature as at risk of developing increasing emotional problems and of being deprived of valid learning experiences with peers. In order to enable teachers to detect social anxiety in preschoolers the authors developed a scale.
The TRSA-“junior” (Teacher Rating Scale of Social Anxiety-“junior”) is a brief Likert-type questionnaire for the identification of social anxiety in 5-to 6-year-old children. Reliability (internal consistency plus test-retest correlation) collected in 2 samples was
high. Convergent and divergent validity of this newly developed rating-scale were also studied. A high level of social anxiety correlated with a low level of social participation, as observed on the playground. The TRSA-“junior” score correlated with “internalizing”
as measured by the Behavior Questionnaire for Toddlers and Preschoolers (BQTP) and the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), and with the subscales “anxious-depressed”, “thought problems”, “social problems” and “withdrawn behavior” of the CBCL. In
the second study a high score on social anxiety appeared to be related to less positive sociometric judgments by peers. The authors conclude that the TRSA-“junior” may aid in the identification and prevention of social anxiety at an early age. In addition, the scale would appear
to be a useful instrument in research, given its sound psychometric qualities.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SUBSTANCE USE AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Malaka Dorothy , Phaswana Nancy
Published: May 2006

The present study sought to investigate the relationships between substance use and psychological variables among 799 first-year South African university students chosen by random sampling. Psychological correlates (in terms of minor psychiatric morbidity, perceived stress, sensation-seeking,
self-esteem, subjective health, and anomia) of substance use were found to be associated with the use of specific substances. Sensation-seeking was associated with the use of cannabis, alcohol and tobacco; minor psychiatric morbidity with cannabis and alcohol use; and anomia with cannabis
use. Logistic regression on cannabis use identified male gender and sensation-seeking as independent predictors for current cannabis use.
THE EFFECTS OF EVALUATIVE CONTEXT ON PERFORMANCE: THE ROLES OF SELF-AND SOCIAL-EVALUATIONS
Authors: Parker Robert J.
Published: May 2006

This study proposed that evaluative situations influence individual performance by raising concerns about self-and social-evaluations. When an individual performs a task, the individual's performance may be subject to two types of evaluation: self-evaluation and evaluation by others. Often, the basis of evaluation is the performance of others, i.e., social comparison. In such cases, an individual may increase performance to protect self-and social-esteem. Further, the individual's sensitivity to esteem threats, as measured by identity orientation, may moderate the performance increase. This study examined performance in two evaluative situations: peer groups and goal setting. Experimental results support the proposed theory in the case of peer evaluations. Regarding goals, results suggest that self-evaluation may not contribute to performance increases associated with goal setting.
THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ACHIEVEMENT, GOAL ORIENTATION, AND STUDY STRATEGIES
Authors: Al-Emadi Abdulqader A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to test a model of relations among goal orientation, study strategies and achievement. The model postulated that academic achievement and goal orientations are related where achievement is related positively to mastery and performance goals but related
negatively to avoidance. The mastery goal was postulated as a positive predictor of deep processing but a negative predictor of disorganization; the performance goal was posited as a positive predictor of surface processing and deep processing and a negative predictor of disorganization. The
performance avoidance goal was posited as a positive predictor of disorganization, but a negative predictor of deep processing and surface processing. As predicted, the mastery goal was a positive predictor of deep processing, the performance goal was a positive predictor of surface processing
and avoidance was a positive predictor of disorganization. Achievement was a positive predictor of both surface processing and disorganization
RATING COMIC BOOK VIOLENCE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF GENDER AND TRAIT HOSTILITY
Authors: Kirsh Steven J. , Olczak Paul V.
Published: May 2006

This study assessed the influence of gender and trait hostility on perceptions of extremely-violent and mildly-violent comic books. Participants rated comic books on a variety of factors, including levels of violence and humor. Gender, but not trait hostility, was significantly related
to the comic book ratings. The methodological and psychological implications of these findings are discussed.
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 30 NUMBER 1
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: May 2006

This issue is an important milestone for the journal; the start of our 30th year of publication. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal has weathered its infancy, childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Now in its prime, it looks forward with enthusiasm
to continued professional maturity and service to its readership and discipline.
PERCEIVED PARENTAL CHILD REARING AND SUICIDAL IDEATION IN CHINESE ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Wong Iris N. , de Man Anton F. , Leung Patrick W. L.
Published: May 2006

Three hundred and sixty-five Chinese adolescent boys and girls participated in a study of the relationship between perceived maternal and paternal warmth and control in child rearing, and suicidal ideation. Results of correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses of data generated
by the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, the Autonomy-Control Scale, and the Scale for Suicide Ideation showed that Chinese adolescents who experienced their mothers as less warm and affectionate tended to suffer from greater suicidal ideation, with girls generally reporting higher
levels of ideation than boys.
ATTRIBUTIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR POVERTY AMONG LEBANESE AND PORTUGUESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON
Authors: Abouchedid Kamal , Nasser Ramzi
Published: May 2006

This study examines poverty attitudes among Portuguese and Lebanese students (n=372) along Feagin's fatalistic, individualistic, and structuralistic dimensions. Results show that class and nationality are important variables for predicting the causes of poverty in cross-cultural terms. Lebanese students had higher agreements on the fatalistic dimension of poverty than did Portuguese. Significant differences were found between the middle-class Portuguese and Lebanese students on the individualistic and fatalistic dimensions. Middle-class Lebanese students were significantly more fatalistic than their Portuguese counterparts. Furthermore, middle-class Lebanese students documented greater individualistic interpretations of poverty than did Portuguese. MANCOVA test, which used class crossed with nationality on the poverty dimensions, and gender as a covariate did not yield significant differences between means. Wilks' Lambda regression coefficient showed a significant interaction between-class and nationality on the fatalistic dimension. Although the results portray different scores of poverty from those in previous studies, Lebanese students' structuralistic attributions are explained by the present economic and social crises of their country which transcend a strong orientation of system blame. Recommendations are offered for future crosscultural research on poverty.
PARENTING PRACTICES, SOCIAL SKILLS AND PEER RELATIONSHIPS IN ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Deković Maja , Meeus Wim
Published: May 2006

The influence of parents on their offsprings' peer relations is not limited to childhood but continues throughout the adolescent years. Little is, however, known about which mechanisms link adolescent functioning in family and peer systems. This study focuses on social skills as
a mediator between characteristics of the parent-child relationship and peer relations. Data from a cross-sectional study among 508 12–18-year olds were used for analyses. Findings showed that adolescents' social skills mediated the effects of some parental practices, such as responsiveness,
autonomy, cohesion, as well as parental attachment on the degree of peer activity, the attachment to peers and perceived social support from peers to some extent. Nonetheless, direct parental influence on peer relations remained apparent after controlling for the effects of social skills.
No effects of gender and age were found. The overall picture is that social skills of adolescents as well as parenting factors, parental attachment and family climate are associated with the quality and intensity of peer relations.
INFLUENCES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT ON DECISIONS INVOLVING JUDGMENTAL BIASES
Authors: Jundt Dustin K. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: May 2006

This study examines the influences of positive and negative affect on decisions involving seven judgmental biases. For nonpersonally relevant biases, it was hypothesized that negative affect would lead to more in-depth thinking and less biased decisions while positive affect would lead
to shallower thinking and more biased responses. For the personally relevant self-serving bias, it was hypothesized that negative affect would lead to more shallow processing and more biased responses, while positive affect would lead to more in-depth processing and less biased responses.
Significantly biased responses were found for all of the judgmental biases. Results supported the hypotheses for the self-serving biases, but not for the nonpersonally relevant biases, suggesting that affect may have differential influences on personally relevant and nonpersonally relevant
judgments.
INVESTIGATING THE ROLES OF GAMBLING INTEREST AND IMPULSIVE SENSATION SEEKING ON CONSUMER ENJOYMENT OF PROMOTIONAL GAMES
Authors: Mcdaniel Stephen R.
Published: May 2006

Promotional games are an increasingly utilized form of sales promotion; yet, few studies exist in this area. Some research suggests that promotional game participants may be similar to gamblers in terms of lifestyles and personality traits, such as sensation seeking. The current study
extends existing research on this topic, by utilizing a telephone survey of randomly selected adults from two major cities in the U.S. (N=555), to examine this notion. Results support the similarity between promotional game participants and gamblers. Respondents' race, gambling
interest levels, variety of gambling activities and sensation seeking are all found to be associated with liking to participate in promotional games.
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS REGARDING CONFLICTS BETWEEN FRIENDS IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Authors: Joshi Anupama , Ferris Jennifer C.
Published: May 2006

With a focus on conflict as an interpersonal event rather than a social outcome, the present study investigated children's causal attributions regarding conflicts with friends during middle childhood. Thirty-nine girls and 34 boys responded to an open-ended question about causes
of conflicts with friends. Children attributed conflicts between friends to human or relationship characteristics, interactional conditions, or person characteristics. As expected children were more likely to consider conflicts as results of mutual factors than of individual influence (p<
.0001). Also, more children considered causes of conflicts to be of an impermanent rather than of a stable nature (p< .01). Children's responses to the open-ended format revealed their very complex understanding of conflict in friendship.
EFFECTS OF GENDER AND EDUCATION ON THE MORAL REASONING OF KUWAIT UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Al-Ansari Eissa M.
Published: May 2006

The moral reasoning of 189 undergraduate students from the College of Education, Kuwait University was studied, using the Defining Issues Test (DIT) by Rest (1990). The subjects ranged in age from 18 to 26 years (mean age =20.83). The results revealed that the sample reasoned predominantly
at stage 4. Principled Morality Percentage Score (P%-score) was found to be below the norms reported in the literature for this group. There were no gender differences in moral reasoning. However, formal education did have a significant effect on moral judgment scores. In the light
of this cross-cultural study as well as of other similar studies, a series of questions related to the understanding of moral development has been raised for further examination.
PERSONALITY AND PERSON PERCEPTION IN AFRICA
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: May 2006

The paper reviews personality and social behavior in Africa. Three distinctive components of the people inhabiting present-day sub-Saharan Africa are identified: (1) traditional persons who are yet little affected by modernization, (2) transitional persons, and (3) modern individuals.
The socialization of traditional and transitional persons can be illustrated in the form of a model in three dimensions: the authority dimension (vertical, diachronic, historic); the group dimension (horizontal, synchronic, social); the body – mind – environment dimension. Various
personhood attributes are identified along the three dimension such as that the traditional person is socialized primarily by people, while the modern person is socialized primarily by objects. By being exposed to people, the traditional person will develop more social intelligence than technological
intelligence.
THE MARITAL SATISFACTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR OLDER PERSONS: FACTOR STRUCTURE IN A FRENCH SAMPLE
Authors: Fouquereau Evelyne , Baudoin Christine
Published: May 2006

The factor structure of the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for Older Persons (Haynes et al., 1992) for a sample of elderly French persons was examined. For the sample as a whole, as well as for women and men separately, the fit between the French data and the structure postulated
by Haynes et al. was satisfactory. The meaning of the Communication / Companionship factor was the same in France as in the U.S. It proved to be a broad factor that expresses satisfaction in a wide variety of marital areas. The meaning of the Sex / A ffection factor was
slightly different in the French and U.S. samples. The proper name for this factor in the French sample would be Sex. Finally, the same pattern of correlation coefficients found in the U.S. sample between the two factors and a number of additional items was found for the French. In
particular, Communication / Companionship scores were strongly linked to overall marital satisfaction, and Sex / A ffection scores were only moderately correlated with overall marital satisfaction.
ARE LEADERS SMARTER OR DO THEY JUST SEEM THAT WAY? EXPLORING PERCEIVED INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCE AND LEADERSHIP EMERGENCE
Authors: Rubin Robert S. , Bartels Lynn K. , Bommer William H.
Published: May 2006

Both intelligence (Bass, 1990) and self-monitoring (Cronshaw & Ellis, 1991) have been shown to be strong individual predictors of leadership emergence in small groups. The present study proposed a potential mediator in the leadership emergence process. Specifically, it was hypothesized
that perceived intellectual competence would mediate the emergent leadership process. Undergraduate business students (N = 347) from a large mid-western university participated in an academic assessment center in conjunction with an organizational behavior course. Findings indicated
that the proposed model fits the data quite well and mediator analysis demonstrated that the perception of intellectual competence might be an important mechanism for leadership attainment in small groups.
“AM I FOR REAL?” PREDICTING IMPOSTOR TENDENCIES FROM SELF-HANDICAPPING AND AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS
Authors: Cowman Shaun E. , Ferrari Joseph R.
Published: May 2006

Impostors are individuals who believe their successes are not due to their own ability, but because of either luck or the notion that they must work harder than others. The relationship between impostor tendencies and different behavioral and affective variables was examined. With the
present study's sample (N = 436), controlling for social desirability, impostor tendencies were significantly correlated with behavioral self-handicapping (r = .52, p < .001), and with shame-proneness (r = .54, p < .001) more than guilt-proneness (r
= .28, p < .001). Regression analyses indicated that self-handicapping and shame-proneness were the best predictors of impostor tendencies (r2 = 0.43). Based on these results it seems that strong impostor tendencies are related to, and best predicted by, self-handicapping
behaviors and shameprone affect.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ATTRIBUTION STATES: THE COVALENT SECURITY ATTRIBUTION MODEL
Authors: Bogumil David Daniel
Published: May 2006

The attribution of the causality regarding the quality of life in a community and the security within a community differs between user and non-user groups of illegal drugs. An attribution theoretical model based on intergroup relations presents a new conceptualization of dyadic relations
as the Covalent Security Attribution model. The Covalent Security Attribution model of user and non-user intergroup dynamics provides an exegesis of group cognitive consistency and the attribution process. This inquiry provides a heuristic examination of the Covalent Security Attribution model
of adolescent substance abuse.
ALEXITHYMIC MENTALISING: THEORY OF MIND AND SOCIAL ADAPTATION
Authors: Wastell Colin A. , Taylor Alan J.
Published: May 2006

Alexithymic individuals are unable to enter into empathic intimate relationships and yet are capable of socially appropriate behavior outside of intimate relationships. The construct of theory of mind is outlined and used to explore a possible mechanism to account for social adaptiveness
in alexithymia. This study tested the mentalising ability of subjects high on alexithymia. Alexithymic subjects' performance was no different from that of subjects drawn unsystematically from the same population. Alexithymic subjects were able to correctly complete the false belief task,
indicating that, from a prediction point of view, the deficits in interpersonal processing were not in the area of belief estimation. The use of tacit social knowledge in a Theory Theory of Mind process is proposed as a means by which alexithymic individuals guide their social behavior. The
implications of this result are discussed with respect to the measurement of mentalising ability.
PERSONALITY TRAITS AS SELF-EVALUATED AND AS JUDGED BY OTHERS
Authors: Farah Adnan , Atoum Adnan
Published: May 2006

Differences in personality traits as self-perceived and as judged by others were examined. A target sample of 80 students were photographed on slide pictures and asked to take the calm-anxious and introvert-extrovert lists. Another sample of 193 students served as judges by watching
the target slide pictures and judged them on how calm-anxious and introvert-extrovert they appeared. Results showed that target subjects perceived themselves to be calmer and more extrovert than judgments made by others who watched the target slide pictures and judged them. This indicates
that individuals see their personality traits in a more favorable way than others see them in terms of anxiety and introversion judgments.
THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER: THE DYNAMICS OF RECIPROCITY AND THE ATTRIBUTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOR
Authors: Bogumil David Daniel
Published: May 2006

International relations research has examined the relationship of the United States and Russia using a theoretical framework of reciprocity. The reciprocity research has subsumed the attributional characteristics of these actions and events that have shaped this relationship. This study
evaluates the relationship between the United States and Russia. This dyadic relationship is examined by a reconceptualization of the character of reciprocal interaction between the United States and Russia. Reciprocity and attribution theory provide a heuristic to elucidate the transition
to a New World Order. The international relations research on reciprocity reveals the general case for reciprocity between the United States and Russia. Attribution theory permits the decomposition of the perceptual and behavioral states of dyadic interactants.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF-RATED ABILITY
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: May 2006

Two hundred and one adults completed two questionnaires: the first estimating their scores and that of their partner on nine scales from the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB); the second on beliefs about IQ tests. There was overall no sex difference between participants on self-
and partner- ratings though there was an expected difference on numerical ability. Factor analysis revealed two factors labeled cognitive ability and dexterity. Regressing the eight specific abilities onto the overall score showed five abilities with significant beta weights
(particularly verbal and numerical abilities) accounting for nearly three-quarters of the variance. Regressing seven demographic factors onto the overall score showed the participants' wealth, education and political beliefs to be the best predictors: richer, longer educated, more right-wing
people thought they had higher IQ scores.
EFFECTS OF STRESS COPING STRATEGIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES DURING SPEECHES IN JAPANESE AND ENGLISH
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Yagi Akihiro , Miyata Yo
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between personal levels of active and passive coping through physiological and psychological responses during stressful tasks. Participants were 78 Japanese male and female undergraduate students. They were assigned to
give 3-minute speeches in Japanese and English. Their ECG and EOG were measured, and their anxiety and nervousness were assessed. Before the experiment, each participant's tendency to use active or passive coping strategies was assessed by a questionnaire. The results showed that passive
coping was related to blink rate, anxiety, and nervousness. Active coping was related to nervousness. Based on the median score for passive coping, participants were classified as high (n=37) or low (n=41). The high group had a significantly increased blink rate and anxiety level
compared to the low group. Passive coping strategies increased nervousness; however, active coping strategies may have had a moderating effect on nervousness.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MINDSCAPES AND ATTITUDES: AN EXPLORATORY CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: Hentschel Uwe , Sumbadze Nana
Published: May 2006

In order to elicit correlates of Maruyama's (1992) mindscape types, 144 respondents from Germany, the Netherlands and the Republic of Georgia (70 men, 74 women, 48 from each country) were given TOB figures and mindscape pictures. Furthermore, their attitudes towards two technology items (high-speed trains and nuclear power) were registered. An optimal scaling procedure (OVERALS) was used for analyzing the cultural and gender-specific differences with regard to the mindscape types. Group differences in the high-tech attitudes were tested by means of Chi-square analyses. The meaning of the results is discussed from the viewpoints of hypothesis testing as contrasted to the construction of an open-ended taxonomy.