bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Methylene‐ and Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives
Authors: Audran Gérard , Pellissier Hélène
Published: March 2010

Since the methylenecyclopropane moiety is found in many biologically active natural substances, the synthesis of methylene‐ and alkylidenecyclopropanes remains a considerable challenge. In addition, an attractive feature is their surprising stability, accompanied by a high level of strain, conferring on them an otherwise unattainable chemical reactivity. The growing interest in the chemistry of these compounds has in its turn stimulated the development of alternative approaches to their skeleton, aimed at selectively introducing structural and chemical diversification. The three principal methods to synthesize these important compounds are based on the formation of the cyclopropane ring, the use of preformed cyclopropanes, and the use of preformed methylene‐ and alkylidenecyclopropanes.

 

Abbreviations: Ac: acetyl; Ar: aryl; Bn: benzyl; Boc: tert‐butoxycarbonyl; Box: bisoxazoline; BTMSA: bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; Bu: butyl; Bz: benzoyl; C: cyclo; Cod: cyclooctadiene; Cp: cyclopentadienyl; Cy: cyclohexyl; Dba: (E,E)‐dibenzylideneacetone; DBU: 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene; DCE: 1,2‐dichloroethane; de: diastereomeric excess; DEAD: diethyl azodicarboxylate; DMAc: N,N‐dimethylacetamide; DME: 1,2‐dimethoxyethane; DMF: dimethylformamide; DOSP: N‐p‐dodecylbenzenesulfonylprolinate; Dppb: 1,4‐bis(diphenyl)phosphinoborane; Dppe: bis(diphenylphosphino) ethene; E: electrophile; ee: enantiomeric excess; Et: ethyl; Hex: hexyl; L: ligand; LDA: lithium diisopropylamide; LG: leaving group; MCPBA: 3‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid; Me: methyl; MEM: methoxyethoxymethyl; MOM: methoxymethyl; Mp: morpholinyl; Ms: mesyl; Naph: naphthyl; NFSI: N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide; Ns: nosyl; Nu: nucleophile; Pent: pentyl; Ph: phenyl; PMB: p‐methoxybenzoyl; Pr: propyl; Py: pyridyl; SEM: 2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl; TASF: tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethyl silicate; TBAF: tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride; TBS: tert‐butyldimethylsilyl; TEA: triethylamine; Tedicyp: cis,cis,cis‐1,2,3,4‐tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane; Tf: trifluoromethanesulfonyl; TFP: tris(2‐furyl)phosphine; THF: tetrahydrofuran; THP: tetrahydropyran; TMS: trimethylsilyl; Tol: tolyl; Ts: 4‐toluenesulfonyl (tosyl).
Synthesis, in‐vitro Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Studies of Novel Azetidinone Derivatives
Authors: Keri Rangappa S. , Hosamani Kallappa M. , Reddy Harisha S. , Shingalapur Ramya V.
Published: March 2010

Developing novel antimicrobial drugs is increasingly important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. A series of novel 3‐chloro‐4‐[4‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐4‐ylmethoxy)phenyl]‐1‐phenylazetidin‐2‐ones 5a–o have been synthesized from 4‐bromomethylcoumarins 1a–e and 4‐aryliminomethyl‐phenols 3a–c. These compounds were screened for their in‐vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin resistant enteroccoccus) and two Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentery) bacterial strains and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Penicillium. Results revealed that compounds 5c, 5f, 5h, 5j, and 5m showed excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms. The brine‐shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in‐vitro cytotoxic properties and two compounds, 5h and 5m, possessing LD50 = 7.154×10–4 M and 5.782×10–4 M, respectively, displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina. The presence of a chlorine group in the coumarin moiety, its effect on their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities is discussed. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and MS.
Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 1114–1121)
Authors: Khan R N , Jindal V
Published: March 2010

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Short-term outcomes from a prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic and open surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Neudecker J , Klein F , Bittner R , Carus T , Stroux A , Schwenk W
Published: March 2010

The original article to which this Corrigendum refers was published in British Journal of Surgery 2009; 96: 1458–1467.
Analytical Solution of the Reaction‐Diffusion Process in a Permeable Spherical Catalyst
Authors: Danish M. , Kumar Sh. , Kumar S.
Published: March 2010

The limitations of the existing Adomian solution for the reaction‐diffusion process in a spherical catalyst were shown and an improved solution, overcoming these restrictions, was proposed by using a novel scheme of the restarted Adomian method coupled with orthogonal polynomials. This scheme is also applicable to other similar problems and yields short and accurate expressions, thus confirming the general and effective nature of the approach.
Möglichkeiten der Online‐NIR‐Spektroskopie im Bereich der Fertigungsindustrie am Beispiel der umfassenden Produktionskontrolle von dekorativen Schichtstoffen
Authors: Kandelbauer A. , Kessler R. W. , Wuzella G. , Dolezel‐Horwath E.
Published: March 2010

Anhand aktueller Ergebnisse aus online‐spektroskopischen Studien wird beispielhaft für die Fertigung von dekorativen Laminaten gezeigt, wie der Einsatz von Online‐NIR‐Spektroskopie als hilfreiches Werkzeug für die laufende Überwachung eines Fertigungsprozesses genutzt werden kann. Mittels NIR‐Spektroskopie ist es nicht nur möglich, in einer Online‐Messung direkt an der Anlage den Wassergehalt von mit Harz imprägniertem Papier während der Produktion mit guter Genauigkeit (R2 = 0,89) zu messen. Es gelingt auch mit einer sehr hohen Präzision (R2 = 0,99), die Zusammensetzung der Imprägniermischung hinsichtlich verschiedener Harztypen (Melamin‐ bzw. Harnstoff‐Formaldehydharzen) zu bestimmen.
Online‐Analyse von Mikroreaktionsprozessen mittels Pushbroom Imaging
Authors: Trefz P. , Boldrini B. , Kessler R. W. , Löbbecke S.
Published: March 2010

Trotz zahlreicher Forschungsarbeiten und Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Mikroreaktionstechnik befindet sich die Technologie nach wie vor auf der Schwelle zwischen akademischer Forschung und industrieller Applikation. Ein problematischer Faktor auf dem Weg zur Realisierung mikrostrukturierter Produktionsanlagen ist das Fehlen geeigneter prozessanalytischer Methoden, um orts‐ und zeitaufgelöste Messungen direkt im Mikrokanal durchführen zu können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Pushbroom Imaging Technologie als mögliche Lösung für diese Problemstellung aufgezeigt. Dabei wird der Pushbroom Imager sowohl als Online‐Spektrometer als auch als Multikanalspektrometer für quantitative Messungen und zur Reaktionsverfolgung direkt im Mikrokanal eingesetzt.
Prozessanalytische In‐situ‐Sonden zur Inline‐Charakterisierung dispergierter Partikel
Authors: Bluma A. , Höpfner T. , Lindner P. , Rehbock C. , Beutel S. , Scheper T.
Published: March 2010

Bei biotechnologischen Prozessen werden speziell im Bereich des Downstream Processing zunehmend anspruchsvollere Anforderungen an die Aufarbeitungstechniken und deren Dokumentation gestellt, um eine kostengünstige und effiziente Qualitätssicherung zu realisieren. Für eine optimale Prozessführung mit hoher Produktausbeute ist eine zeitnahe und zuverlässige Dokumentation der relevanten Prozess‐ und Regelgrößen durch Sensoren unerlässlich [1, 2], wobei eine kostengünstige und effektive Charakterisierung von bewegten Partikeln bis heute eine Herausforderung für die Messtechnik darstellt [3]. Die FDA (Food and Drug Administration) hat durch die PAT‐Initiative (Process Analytical Technology) eine Plattform geschaffen, die fordert, die Prozessinformation in den Vordergrund zu setzen und den Prozess selbst möglichst transparent zu gestalten, d. h. zukünftige Analysesysteme müssen auf innovativen Messprinzipien mit modernen Methoden der Datenauswertung basieren. Dabei gewinnen Verfahren wie Echtzeitanalyse, Inline‐Messtechnik und multifunktionale Datenanalyse immer mehr an Bedeutung.
Antimicrobial Activity in Thin Films of Pseudobrookite‐Structured Titanium Oxynitride under UV Irradiation Observed for Escherichia coli
Authors: Aiken Zoie A. , Hyett Geoffrey , Dunnill Charles W. , Wilson Mike , Pratten Jonathan , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: March 2010

It has been possible to observe a 99.98% reduction in the viable count of colonies of E. coli on a film of titanium oxynitride when exposed to 365 nm light. This film of the recently discovered Ti2.85O4N, isostructural to pseudobrookite, was grown on a glass substrate using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD).
a‐SiOx Coatings Grown on Dental Materials by PECVD: Compositional Analysis and Preliminary Investigation of Biocompatibility Improvements
Authors: Mandracci Pietro , Ceruti Paola , Ricciardi Carlo , Mussano Federico , Carossa Stefano
Published: March 2010

Silicon‐oxygen amorphous thin film alloys (a‐SiOx) are grown at room temperature by plasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD on two dental materials; a ceramic and a microcomposite resin. A compositional analysis of substrates and films is performed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), while the sample morphologies are investigated by optical microscopy. Some preliminary investigations on the interaction of substrates and coatings with cells give indications in favor of a‐SiOx biocompatibility, and show that the application of coatings based on this material may have a good potential for the reduction of cytotoxicity in dental materials.
The making of hemidesmosome structures in vivo
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Labouesse Michel
Published: March 2010

Hemidesmosomes are evolutionarily conserved attachment complexes linked to intermediate filaments that connect epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix. They provide tissue integrity and resistance to mechanical forces. Alterations in hemidesmosome structures are responsible for skin blistering, carcinoma invasion, and wound‐healing defects. Valuable information about hemidesmosome assembly and disassembly has been obtained from in vitro cell culture studies. However, how these processes take place in vivo still remains elusive. Here, we discuss recent data about the formation and reorganization of hemidesmosomes in several in vivo model systems, particularly zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans, focusing on various factors affecting their dynamics. Mechanisms found in different organisms reveal that hemidesmosome formation and maintenance in vivo are carefully controlled by ECM protein folding, ECM‐receptor expression and trafficking, and by post‐translational modification of hemidesmosome components. These findings validate and extend the in vitro studies, and shed light on our understanding about hemidesmosomes across species. Developmental Dynamics 239:1465–1476, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel Detection of Different DNA Sequences on One Gold Electrode
Authors: Bütow Sandra , Lisdat Fred
Published: March 2010

Motivated by the potential of electrochemical techniques to analyze hybridization events fast and in a simple and cost‐effective way we present here a detection system allowing a parallel electrochemical DNA analysis. For this purpose different probe DNA strands have been immobilized on one electrode. By the use of two different target DNA sequences, both marked with the redox active methylene blue, we can show that hybridization with the complementary probe sh“NA strands can occur without steric hindrance. Each target has been recognized down to 3nM with a very high specificity of the sensor. In addition, we can detect two different ssDNA targets labeled with different redox active molecules, methylene blue and ferrocene, on one sensor surface simultaneously.
Radii of Redox Components from Absolute Redox Potentials Compared with Covalent and Aqueous Ionic Radii
Authors: Heyrovska Raji
Published: March 2010

Aqueous standard potentials, referred to that of the SHE as zero, were recently shown to vary linearly with gaseous ionization potentials, with the absolute potential of SHE as the intercept. This enabled arriving at the absolute redox potentials of elements. Here, the distances between the oxidized and reduced forms in aqueous solutions have been evaluated. From the linear dependence of these distances on the covalent radii of atoms, the radii of the redox components have been obtained. The latter also vary linearly with the aqueous ionic radii estimated earlier from ion‐water distances, and indicate the presence of aqueous molecular anions.
Cytochrome P4501A biomarker indication of oil exposure in harlequin ducks up to 20 years after theExxon Valdezoil spill
Authors: Esler Daniel , Trust Kimberly A. , Ballachey Brenda E. , Iverson Samuel A. , Lewis Tyler L. , Rizzolo Daniel J. , Mulcahy Daniel M. , Miles A. Keith , Woodin Bruce R. , Stegeman John J. , Henderson John D. , Wilson Barry W.
Published: March 2010

Hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression was measured, as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, in livers of wintering harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) captured in areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, oiled by the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and in birds from nearby unoiled areas, during 2005 to 2009 (up to 20 years following the spill). The present work repeated studies conducted in 1998 that demonstrated that in harlequin ducks using areas that received Exxon Valdez oil, EROD activity was elevated nearly a decade after the spill. The present findings strongly supported the conclusion that average levels of hepatic EROD activity were higher in ducks from oiled areas than those from unoiled areas during 2005 to 2009. This result was consistent across four sampling periods; furthermore, results generated from two independent laboratories using paired liver samples from one of the sampling periods were similar. The EROD activity did not vary in relation to age, sex, or body mass of individuals, nor did it vary strongly by season in birds collected early and late in the winter of 2006 to 2007, indicating that these factors did not confound inferences about observed differences between oiled and unoiled areas. We interpret these results to indicate that harlequin ducks continued to be exposed to residual Exxon Valdez oil up to 20 years after the original spill. This adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that oil spills have the potential to affect wildlife for much longer time frames than previously assumed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1138–1145. © 2010 SETAC
Toxicity of the molybdate anion in soil is partially explained by effects of the accompanying cation or by soil pH
Authors: Buekers Jurgen , Mertens Jelle , Smolders Erik
Published: March 2010

Previous studies have shown that toxicity of cationic trace metals in soil is partially confounded by effects of the accompanying anions. A similar assessment is reported here for toxicity of an oxyanion, i.e., molybdate (MoO 42−), the soil toxicity of which is relatively unexplored. Solubility and toxicity were compared between the soluble sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) and the sparingly soluble molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Confounding effects of salinity were excluded by referencing the Na2MoO4 effect to that of sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH decrease from the acid MoO3 amendment was equally referenced to a hydrochloric (HCl) treatment or a lime-controlled MoO3 treatment. The concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) in soil solution or calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01 M extracts were only marginally affected by either MoO3 or Na2MoO4 as an Mo source after 10 to 13 days of equilibration. Effects of Mo on soil nitrification were fully confounded by associated changes in salinity or pH. Effects of Mo on growth of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L) were more pronounced than those on nitrification, and toxicity thresholds were unaffected by the form of added Mo. The Mo thresholds for wheat growth were not confounded by pH or salinity at incipient toxicity. It is concluded that oxyanion toxicity might be confounded in relatively insensitive tests for which reference treatments should be included. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1274–1278. © 2010 SETAC
HLLC scheme with novel wave‐speed estimators appropriate for two‐dimensional shallow‐water flow on erodible bed
Authors: Soares‐Frazão Sandra , Zech Yves
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a first‐order HLLC (Harten‐Lax‐Van Leer with contact discontinuities) scheme to solve the Saint‐Venant shallow‐water equations, including morphological evolution of the bed by erosion and deposition of sediments. The Exner equation is used to model the morphological evolution of the bed, while a closure equation is needed to evaluate the rate of sediment transport. The system of Saint‐Venant–Exner equations is solved in a fully coupled way using a finite‐volume technique and a HLLC solver for the fluxes, with a novel wave‐speed estimator adapted to the Exner equation. Wave speeds are usually derived by computing the eigenvalues of the full system, which is highly time‐consuming when no analytical expression is available. In this paper, an eigenvalue analysis of the full system is conducted, leading to simple but still accurate wave‐speed estimators. The new numerical scheme is then tested in three different situations: (1) a circular dam‐break flow over movable bed, (2) an one‐dimensional bed aggradation problem simulated on a 2D unstructured mesh and (3) the case of a dam‐break flow in an erodible channel with a sudden enlargement, for which experimental measurements are available. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disorder‐specific inferior prefrontal hypofunction in boys with pure attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure conduct disorder during cognitive flexibility
Authors: Rubia Katya , Halari Rozmin , Cubillo Ana , Mohammad Abdul‐Majeed , Scott Stephen , Brammer Michael
Published: March 2010

Background. Problems with cognitive flexibility have been observed in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in patients with conduct disorder (CD), characterized by the violation of societal rules and the rights of others. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of cognitive switching, however, has only been investigated in patients with ADHD, including comorbidity with CD, finding frontostriatal and temporoparietal underactivation. This study investigates disorder‐specific functional abnormalities during cognitive flexibility between medication‐naïve children and adolescents with noncomorbid CD and those with noncomorbid ADHD compared to healthy controls. Methods. Event‐related fMRI was used to compare brain activation of 14 boys with noncomorbid, childhood‐onset CD, 14 boys with noncomorbid ADHD, and 20 healthy comparison boys during a visual–spatial Switch task. Results. Behaviorally, children with ADHD compared to children with CD had significantly slower reaction times to switch compared to repeat trials. The fMRI comparison showed that the patients with ADHD compared to both controls and patients with CD showed underactivation in right and left inferior prefrontal cortex. No disorder‐specific brain underactivation was observed in patients with CD. Only when compared with controls alone, the disruptive behavior group showed reduced activation in bilateral temporoparietal and occipital brain regions. Conclusions. The findings extend previous evidence for disorder‐specific underactivation in patients with ADHD compared to patients with CD in inferior prefrontal cortex during tasks of inhibitory control to the domain of cognitive flexibility. Inferior prefrontal underactivation thus appears to be a disorder‐specific neurofunctional biomarker for ADHD when compared with patients with CD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NGF release from thermo‐responsive collagen‐polyNIPAam polymer networks supports neuronal cell growth and differentiation
Authors: Doleski Susanne , Yao Li , Pandit Abhay , Elvira Carlos
Published: March 2010

The combination of thermo‐sensitive polymer and natural macromolecules such as collagen type I can produce biomimetic scaffolds with enhanced properties for clinical translation. This study describes the preparation of semi‐Interpenetrated Networks (semi‐IPNs) of crosslinked poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), or PNIPAam, with collagen type I. The collagen‐PNIPAam networks with varying collagen content were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques and their thermal responsiveness was evaluated by swelling experiments, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. Rheological studies were performed at constant frequency and oscillating stress. PNIPAam and semi‐IPNs were preloaded with nerve growth factor (NGF), and the NGF releasing profiles at different temperatures were studied using Enzyme‐Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). The growth and differentiation of PC12 cells on NGF PNIPAam and collagen‐PNIPAam scaffolds were investigated in this study. Neurite length and neurite number of differentiated PC12 cells increased with the increase in collagen content in the scaffolds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Polyester copolymer scaffolds enhance expression of bone markers in osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Idris Shaza Bushra , Arvidson Kristina , Plikk Peter , Ibrahim Salah , Finne‐Wistrand Anna , Albertsson Ann‐Christine , Bolstad Anne Isine , Mustafa Kamal
Published: March 2010

In tissue engineering, the resorbable aliphatic polyester poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) is used as scaffolds in bone regeneration. Copolymers of poly(L‐lactide)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone) [poly(LLA‐co‐CL)] and poly(L‐lactide)‐co‐(1,5‐dioxepan‐2‐one) [poly(LLA‐co‐DXO)], with superior mechanical properties to PLLA, have been developed to be used as scaffolds, but the influence on the osteogenic potential is unclear. This in vitro study of test scaffolds of poly(LLA‐co‐CL) and poly(LLA‐co‐DXO) using PLLA scaffolds as a control demonstrates the attachment and proliferation of human osteoblast‐like cells (HOB) as measured by SEM and a methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay, and the progression of HOB osteogenesis for up to 3 weeks; expressed as synthesis of the osteoblast differentiation markers: collagen type 1 (Col 1), alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin and runt related gene 2 (Runx2). Surface analysis disclosed excellent surface attachment, spread and penetration of the cells into the pores of the test scaffolds compared to the PLLA. MTT results indicated that test scaffolds enhanced the proliferation of HOBs. Cells grown on the test scaffolds demonstrated higher synthesis of Col 1 and OC and also increased bone markers mRNA expression. Compared to scaffolds of PLLA, the poly(LLA‐co‐CL) and poly(LLA‐co‐DXO) scaffolds enhanced attachment, proliferation, and expression of osteogenic markers by HOBs in vitro. Therefore, these scaffolds might be appropriate carriers for bone engineering. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Anti‐inflammatory properties of bioactive titanium metals
Authors: Yang Bangcheng , Gan Lu , Qu Yang , Yue Chongxia
Published: March 2010

Anti‐inflammatory properties of bioactive titanium metals prepared by anodic oxidation (AO‐Ti) and alkali‐heat (AH‐Ti) treatments were studied by bacterial adhesion test and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay methods. The bioactivities of the metals were also evaluated by apatite formation ability and osteoblasts culture experiments. Both metals could induce apatite formation and support osteoblasts proliferation. At the condition with normal incandescent light shine, both bioactive titanium metals had antibacterial adhesion properties compared with the titanium metal without treatment. The MPO activity assay proved that they both showed anti‐inflammatory properties in vivo. The bioactive AO‐Ti had better anti‐inflammatory properties than the AH‐Ti. It indicated that it is possible to optimize the anti‐inflammatory properties of the bioactive titanium metals by different preparation methods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Calcium requirements and metabolism in Chinese-American boys and girls
Authors: Wu Lu , Martin Berdine R , Braun Michelle M , Wastney Meryl E , McCabe George P , McCabe Linda D , DiMeglio Linda A , Peacock Munro , Weaver Connie M
Published: March 2010

Calcium requirements of North American adolescents were set at 1300 mg/day based on data from white girls. Calcium requirements for Asian-American adolescents have not been studied. Using metabolic balance protocols and a range in calcium intakes, skeletal calcium retention was determined in Chinese-American adolescents. A sample of 29 adolescents, 15 boys aged 12 to 15 years and 14 girls aged 11 to 15 years, was studied twice on paired calcium intakes ranging between 629 to 1835 mg/day using a randomized-order crossover design. Calcium absorption and bone turnover rates using double-stable calcium isotope kinetic analysis on two calcium intakes per subject were measured and compared in boys and girls. Girls and boys had low habitual mean calcium intakes of 648 and 666 mg/day, respectively, and low mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of 19.1 and 22.2 ng/mL, respectively. True fractional calcium absorption varied inversely with calcium load. Boys had significantly higher bone turnover rate than girls at the same calcium intake. Calcium retention increased with calcium intake; calcium intakes to achieve maximal calcium retention were 1100 mg/day in boys and 970 mg/day in girls. Recommendations for calcium requirements should be lowered for Chinese-American adolescents. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Osteosarcoma
Authors: Gorlick Richard , Khanna Chand
Published: March 2010

It has been difficult to identify the molecular features central to the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma owing to a lack of understanding of the cell or origin, the absence of identifiable precursor lesions, and its marked genetic complexity at the time of presentation. Interestingly, several human genetic disorders and familial cancer syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are linked to an increased risk of osteosarcoma. Association of these same genetic alterations and osteosarcoma risk have been confirmed in murine models. Osteosarcoma is associated with a variety of genetic abnormalities that are among the most commonly observed in human cancer; it remains unclear, however, what events initiate and are necessary to form osteosarcoma. The availability of new resources for studying osteosarcoma and newer research methodologies offer an opportunity and promise to answer these currently unanswered questions. Even in the absence of a more fundamental understanding of osteosarcoma, association studies and preclinical drug testing may yield clinically relevant information. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Intracellular chloride regulates cell proliferation through the activation of stress‐activated protein kinases in MKN28 human gastric cancer cells
Authors: Ohsawa Rumi , Miyazaki Hiroaki , Niisato Naomi , Shiozaki Atsushi , Iwasaki Yoshinobu , Otsuji Eigo , Marunaka Yoshinori
Published: March 2010

Recently, we reported that reduction of intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) inhibited proliferation of MKN28 gastric cancer cells by diminishing the transition rate from G1 to S cell‐cycle phase through upregulation of p21, cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, in a p53‐independent manner. However, it is still unknown how intracellular Cl− regulates p21 expression level. In this study, we demonstrate that mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in the p21 upregulation and cell‐cycle arrest induced by reduction of [Cl−]i. Culture of MKN28 cells in a low Cl− medium significantly induced phosphorylation (activation) of MAPKs (ERK, p38, and JNK) and G1/S cell‐cycle arrest. To clarify the involvement of MAPKs in p21 upregulation and cell growth inhibition in the low Cl− medium, we studied effects of specific MAPKs inhibitors on p21 upregulation and G1/S cell‐cycle arrest in MKN28 cells. Treatment with an inhibitor of p38 or JNK significantly suppressed p21 upregulation caused by culture in a low Cl− medium and rescued MKN28 cells from the low Cl−‐induced G1 cell‐cycle arrest, whereas treatment with an ERK inhibitor had no significant effect on p21 expression or the growth of MKN28 cells in the low Cl− medium. These results strongly suggest that the intracellular Cl− affects the cell proliferation via activation of p38 and/or JNK cascades through upregulation of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (p21) in a p53‐independent manner in MKN28 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:764–770, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dlx homeobox gene family expression in osteoclasts
Authors: Lézot F. , Thomas B.L. , Blin‐Wakkach C. , Castaneda B. , Bolanos A. , Hotton D. , Sharpe P.T. , Heymann D. , Carles G.F. , Grigoriadis A.E. , Berdal A.
Published: March 2010

Skeletal growth and homeostasis require the finely orchestrated secretion of mineralized tissue matrices by highly specialized cells, balanced with their degradation by osteoclasts. Time‐ and site‐specific expression of Dlx and Msx homeobox genes in the cells secreting these matrices have been identified as important elements in the regulation of skeletal morphology. Such specific expression patterns have also been reported in osteoclasts for Msx genes. The aim of the present study was to establish the expression patterns of Dlx genes in osteoclasts and identify their function in regulating skeletal morphology. The expression patterns of all Dlx genes were examined during the whole osteoclastogenesis using different in vitro models. The results revealed that Dlx1 and Dlx2 are the only Dlx family members with a possible function in osteoclastogenesis as well as in mature osteoclasts. Dlx5 and Dlx6 were detected in the cultures but appear to be markers of monocytes and their derivatives. In vivo, Dlx2 expression in osteoclasts was examined using a Dlx2/LacZ transgenic mouse. Dlx2 is expressed in a subpopulation of osteoclasts in association with tooth, brain, nerve, and bone marrow volumetric growths. Altogether the present data suggest a role for Dlx2 in regulation of skeletal morphogenesis via functions within osteoclasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:779–787, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidation of phenol in a bioremediation medium using chlorine dioxide
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Nikakhtari Hossein , Nemati Mehdi , Hill Gordon , Headley John
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: High concentrations of phenol in wastewater are difficult to remove by purely biological methods. Chemical oxidation is one way to treat high concentrations of phenol but complete oxidation will make the treatment process uneconomical. For the purpose of integrating chemical and biological treatment, the oxidation of phenol using chlorine dioxide was investigated in a medium suitable for bioremediation. The effects of chlorine dioxide concentration (500 to 2000 mg L−1), temperature (10 to 40 °C) and pH (3 to 7) on the oxidation of 2000 mg L−1 of phenol were determined.

RESULTS: Chlorine dioxide concentration was found to be the dominant parameter for the removal of phenol in the nutrient rich medium. The optimal concentration of chlorine dioxide to completely oxidize 2000 mg L−1 of phenol was 2000 mg L−1. Compared with Fenton's reagent, half as much chlorine dioxide was needed to oxidize 2000 mg L−1 phenol. The reaction of chlorine dioxide with phenol was very fast and reached equilibrium within 10 min. The main oxidation products were identified as 1,4‐benzoquinone and 2‐chloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone.

CONCLUSION: Compared with Fenton's reagent, chlorine dioxide is a superior oxidant for removal of phenol from both pure water and bioremediation medium. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment of ampicillin‐loaded wastewater by combined adsorption and biodegradation
Authors: Shen Liang , Liu Yu , Xu Hai‐Lou
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the treatment of ampicillin (AMP)‐loaded wastewater in airlift reactors where biofilms were developed on granular activated carbon (GAC). A series of batch experiments were thus carried out in order to differentiate potentials of adsorption and biodegradation which would jointly contribute to the AMP removal.

RESULTS: Results showed that almost all influent AMP was removed in two reactors supplemented with 4 and 8 mg L−1 AMP, respectively. Batch experiments revealed that the percentage of the AMP removed through biodegradation increased along with the development of biofilms on GAC. For the mature biofilm‐covered GAC, adsorption accounted for about 60% of the observed AMP removal, whereas the other 40% could be attributed to biodegradation. Possible degraders of AMP were also identified, such as Acinetobacter sp., Flavobacterium sp., Pseudoxanthomonas sp., Delftia sp. and Sphingobium sp.

CONCLUSION: The airlift biofilm reactor with GAC as carrier would be a feasible technology for treating AMP‐loaded wastewater due to the joint action of adsorption and biodegradation of AMP by the biofilm‐covered GAC. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Nitrone cycloaddition to quinones: A novel strategy for the synthesis of benzisoxazolidenes
Authors: Paul Rony Rajan , Varghese Vimal , Beneesh P. B. , Sinu C. R. , Suresh E. , Anabha E. R.
Published: March 2010

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1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reaction involving nitrones and benzoquinones resulting in the formation of benzisoxazolidene is described. As the nitrone is selectively added to carbon–carbon double bond of the benzoquinone, the quinone‐nitrone reaction is considered as a special case among quinone‐1,3‐dipole cycloaddition reactions. Molecular orbital calculation was performed to examine the electronic effects involved in the regioselectivity of the reaction. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Efficient synthesis of benzimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidinone derivatives via catalyst‐free reactions of Baylis–Hillman acetates, alcohols, and amines with 2‐aminobenzimidazole
Authors: Wang Yan , Shafiq Zahid , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Chen Yong‐Jun
Published: March 2010

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Benzimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidinone and its derivatives were easily prepared in good to excellent yields via tandem reactions of 2‐aminobenzimidazole with Baylis–Hillman acetates, alcohols, and amines without the use of catalyst and additive in one‐pot process. The method provided an efficient and facile route to the title fused heterocyclic compounds with different functional groups. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Studies in synthesis of new psoralenamines
Authors: Patel Jagdish M. , Soman Shubhangi S.
Published: March 2010

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New amino psoralen derivatives have been synthesized via bromination. Bromination of 3,5‐substituted psoralens has been studied. The second position of the furan ring is more susceptible to bromination than the α‐position of the chromen‐2‐one ring in psoralens. Hence, the target psoralenamines were synthesized starting with 3‐bromo‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐chromen‐2‐one, which was condensed with different α‐halo ketones and cyclized in ethanolic potassium hydroxide to get the desired 6‐bromo psoralens, which were finally converted into psoralenamines. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
One‐pot, three‐component synthesis of spironaphthopyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐5,3′‐indolines in water
Authors: Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Amanpour Tayebeh , Sayyafi Maryam , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: March 2010

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A clean, one‐pot and three‐component synthesis of new spironaphthopyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐5,3′‐indoline derivatives by cyclo‐condensation reaction of isatins, 2‐naphthol, and barbituric acids in aqueous media is reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A novel camphorsulfonyloxylactonization of alkenoic acids
Authors: Zhu Min , Sun Na‐Bo , Li He , Yan Jie
Published: March 2010

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The novel reaction of [hydroxyl (((+)‐10‐camphorsulfonyl)oxy)iodo]benzene (1) with alkenoic acids was reported. When 1 reacted with various 4‐pentenoic acids in CH3CN, camphorsulfonylactons were obtained in excellent yields in short times, some had two diastereoisomers, whereas 1 reacted with 5‐hexenoic acid, giving middle yield of camphorsulfonylacton; however, 3‐butenoic and trans‐3‐hexenoic acids reacted with 1 slowly in CH2Cl2, only unsaturated lactones were provided. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Application of simple clustering on space‐time mapping of mean monthly rainfall pattern
Authors: Nasseri Mohsen , Zahraie Banafsheh
Published: March 2010

Rain gauges in many watersheds are not enough to represent the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation. Many agricultural activities can be highly sensitive to these variations and therefore different monthly or annual precipitation statistics have been widely used in the literature for agricultural planning and management. For example, mean monthly rainfall has been used as one of the main criteria for classifying suitable regions for dryland farming. In this paper, a method for space‐time estimation of cumulative mean monthly rainfall (CMMR) is presented. The proposed method for estimating CMMR pattern is based on developing time‐varying variogram coupled with ordinary Kriging (OK). OK is selected as a spatial exploration method and all of its parameters are optimised using weighted least square method. K‐means clustering has also been applied to increase the model efficiency. Space‐time estimation of CMMRs in each cluster has been carried out based on the observed CMMRs of the rain gauges in each specific cluster. The proposed method is tested using 25 years of monthly rainfall records of 14 rain gauges in the Maroon watershed in south of Iran. The results of the case study have shown that both methods (estimation with and without clustering) are proper choices for space‐time modelling of rainfall pattern; however, the method in which the rain gauges are classified to different clusters has shown a better statistical performance in terms of normalised mean square error. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A Raman spectroscopic study on the active site of sodium cations in the structure of Na2Ti3O7 during the adsorption of Sr2+ and Ba2+ cations
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Yang Dongjiang , Waclawik Eric R. , Ke Xuebin , Zheng Zhanfeng , Zhu Huaiyong , Frost Ray L.
Published: March 2010

A detailed study on the structural deformation of trititanate nanofibers after the adsorption of divalent strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) cations was conducted by using Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the Raman bands at 309 cm−1 corresponding to very long TiO bonds (2.2 Å) and at 883 cm−1 corresponding to the very short TiO bonds (1.7 Å) decreased in intensity after the adsorption of Ba2+ and Sr2+ cations. Additionally, the band at 922 cm−1 corresponding to an intermediate length TiO bond was observed to weaken with the adsorption of divalent cations, indicating that the TiO6 octahedra in Na2Ti3O7 are more regular. These results suggest that the active sodium (Na+) cations in Na2Ti3O7 should be located at the corner of the TiO6 octahedral slabs, i.e. the plane (003). This was further confirmed by a large decrease of diffraction intensity of the plane (003) observed in the XRD pattern. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degrees of dysplasia and the use of cidofovir in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Gupta Hina T. , Robinson Robert A. , Murray Ryan C. , Karnell Lucy H. , Smith Richard J. H. , Hoffman Henry T.
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign disease characterized by recurrent lesions in the airway. The prevalence and degree of dysplasia that is present in the natural course of RRP is not well established. Adjuvant therapies, such as cidofovir, have been tried with the goal of decreasing the interval between repeat surgical treatments, the mainstay of therapy. Although, the off‐label use of cidofovir to treat RRP has been common, there have been concerns regarding carcinogenic transformation following the use of cidofovir. This study aims to explore the association between increasing degree of papilloma dysplasia and the use of cidofovir in the context of the natural progression of dysplasia in RRP.

Study Design:

Retrospective case series.

Methods:

Demographic data and surgical history were obtained through chart reviews for this retrospective case series of 13 patients with RRP who had histopathologic biopsies done before and after exposure to cidofovir. Pathologic data collected over 10 years from serial excisions at the University of Iowa Hospitals were reviewed by a single pathologist, and the highest degree of dysplasia was noted per excision time.

Results:

Of the 176 specimens collected in these 13 patients with serial papilloma biopsies, 5.7% had no dysplasia, 57.4% had mild dysplasia (grade 1), 28.4% had moderate dysplasia (grade 2), and 8.5% had severe dysplasia (grade 3). A comparison of each patient's multiple biopsies across time suggested that the dysplastic grade was worse in two patients, better in four patients, and virtually unchanged in seven patients. There was no clear‐cut pattern between the use of cidofovir and the degree of dysplasia over time.

Conclusions:

These results strongly suggest that intralesional cidofovir therapy does not correlate with worsening dysplastic progression. Dysplasia is relatively common in the setting of RRP; however, the prognostic significance of this finding is unknown. Additional research is needed to delineate the natural progression of dysplasia and its clinical significance in RRP, as well as the efficacy of cidofovir. Laryngoscope, 2010
What makes a good flap go bad?: A critical analysis of the literature of intraoperative factors related to free flap failure
Authors: Pattani Kavita M. , Byrne Patrick , Boahene Kofi , Richmon Jeremy
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this article is to discuss the various factors related to poor outcome in free flap reconstructions of the head and neck (H&N). Free tissue transfer has become the standard reconstruction technique for complex H&N defects. With the evolution of free flap use in H&N surgery, numerous factors have been proposed that adversely affect flap outcome, many with the support of only anecdotal experience. We seek to critically review the literature to assess what evidence exists for the relation of various intraoperative factors to free flap complications.

Study Design:

Literature review.

Methods:

A review of the contemporary literature (1995 to present) on free flap reconstruction of the H&N was undertaken. A PubMed search using the terms head and neck, reconstruction, free flap, microvascular, failure, complications, fluids, intraoperative, hypertension, hypotension, nitrous oxide, temperature, and morbidity in various combinations was completed. Appropriate articles were selected and analyzed.

Results:

Studies report various factors thought to influence flap outcomes, often with divergent conclusions. Nonetheless, the body of evidence implicates several intraoperative factors to contribute to free flap complications including: >7 L intraoperative fluid administration, significant medical comorbidity, and prolonged operative time. There is no evidence supporting hypotension, pressors, colloids, and nitrous use in free flap failure.

Conclusions:

Although various dogmas related to the intraoperative care of free flap patients exist, including avoidance of hypotension and pressor use, there is no available clinical evidence to support these practices. Although free flap failure is uncommon, a better understanding of its causes is necessary to avoid this disastrous complication. Laryngoscope, 2010
Adjustable laterofixation of the vocal fold in bilateral vocal fold paralysis
Authors: Ezzat Waleed F. , Shehata Mohammed , Kamal Ihab , Riad Magdy Amin
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To describe a modification of VF laterofixation in patients with bilateral vocal fold paralysis (VFP), which allows adjusting the sutures tension according to voice and airway patency in the first postoperative day.

Study Design:

Prospective case study.

Methods:

Twenty‐one patients with recent bilateral VFP were treated by the modified laterofixation technique in Ain‐Shams University hospitals between May 2007 and February 2009. Eight male patients and 13 females were included. The median age of the group was 36 years. The standard laterofixation procedure was performed; the Prolene sutures were inserted through the thyroid ala cartilage and looped around the paralyzed VF just anterior to the vocal process. The ultimate tension of the suture was adjusted later in the first postoperative day to gain feedback from the conscious patient about the airway patency and voice quality.

Results:

Satisfactory immediate result was achieved in 16 patients, with adequate airway, voice, and swallowing. Three other patients required bilateral procedures, one patient needed revision surgery. The procedure failed to achieve a satisfactory airway in one patient who remained dependant on a tracheotomy.

Conclusions:

The modified laterofixation technique is a reliable first line treatment for recent bilateral VFP. Laryngoscope, 2010
Clinical behavior of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Presentation and survival
Authors: Lin Harrison W. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine the prevalence and extent of disease characteristics of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FV‐PTC) and the survival impact of this histopathological diagnosis compared to classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (C‐PTC).

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional population analysis of a national cancer database.

Methods:

Cases of C‐PTC and FV‐PTC were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database for 1988 to 2006 and staged. Surgical extent and radioactive iodine (RAI) use were determined. Demographic and staging parameters were statistically compared according to tumor histology. Survival differences according to histology were determined with a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, sex, T stage, N stage, surgical therapy, and RAI.

Results:

A total of 46,699 patients were identified (68.4% C‐PTC and 31.6% FV‐PTC). Age at presentation and sex distribution were similar between FV‐PTC (47.9 years; 79.3% female) and C‐PTC patients (46.2 years; 77.3% female). Although nodal disease prevalence was significantly lower in FV‐PTC compared to C‐PTC (14.8% vs. 27.8%, respectively; P < .001), T stage was not significantly different (P = .450). Mean overall survivals for patients with FV‐PTC (204.5 months) and C‐PTC (205.3 months) were not significantly different (P = .373). Cox regression analysis revealed that advanced age (P < .001), male sex (P < .001), advanced T stage (P < .001), and positive nodal disease (P < .001) were associated with reduced overall survival, whereas histopathological subtype was not (P = .360).

Conclusions:

Disease presentation (with exception of nodal metastasis) and survival in patients with FV‐PTC are statistically similar to that of C‐PTC, and accordingly these patients carry very similar prognoses. Laryngoscope, 2010