bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Effects of Back Sloping on Some Starter Culture Strains and the Organoleptic Qualities of their Yoghurt Products
Authors: Olukotun G. B. , Salami S. A. , Okon I. J. , Ahmadu J. H. , Ajibulu O. O. , Bello Z.
Published: August 2021

Fermented milk is an essential commodity in Africa and beyond. Many techniques have been developed over time for the manufacture of different forms of yoghurt products. One of these Traditional methods includes back slopping). The advantages of this method include faster fermentation rates due to reduction in lag time, and subsequent production of relevant metabolites as well as allowing for a more reliable product formation on a consistent basis. The aim of this study was to better understand, the effects of back sloping on the microbial community as well as on the organoleptic characteristics of the yoghurts produced using the method. The model from this work could be used to study the dynamics of the microbial community associated with back-slopping practices and the understanding of possible associated defects in order to allow better control over the application of the method on commercial levels. We characterized the yoghurt produced from both microbial compositional study using culture-dependent morphological examinations on MRS, M17, Nutrient Agar and Potato dextrose Agar, as well as from organoleptic point of view. The results show that back sloping up to three-fold (batch) gave increasing acceptance but decreased afterwards. Acidification activity which determines proteolysis of casein for coagulation to take place also increased up to three folds. Residual lactose, syneresis and moisture content also decreased favourably by three fold order. Therefore, back sloping could be recommended on commercial level especially in the developing countries where facilities for consistent supply of pouched starter culture are limited because, aside the above mentioned advantages, this process also favours the growth of bacteria which release antimicrobial substances thereby ensuring the growth of the same species while reducing the growth of other organisms thereby preserving the products’ quality.
Aspergillus Producing-Ochratoxin A During Coffee Processing in Cameroon: A Short Literature Review and Analysis
Authors: Nadege Nganou Donkeng , Francky Nodem Sohanang Steve
Published: August 2021

The present study was aimed at determining the distribution of ochratoxin A (OTA) in different types of coffee using short review and analysis. Mycotoxins have undoubtedly presented a global challenge to human health since the earliest times, and this threat will mainly increase as the demand for the available food supply increases in response to the growth of the world population. The most important naturally occurring mycotoxins in human food are aflatoxin, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin. OTA is the most prevalent and toxic and is produced by both Aspergillus and Penicillium. Coffee production has high socio-economic importance in most African countries. However, postharvest treatment and storage conditions represent optimal environments for the occurrence of fungi responsible for mycotoxins production in coffee beans. Preliminary data revealed the wild diversity of coffee beans with the presence of other fungal genera such as Mucor, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Wallemia and Acremonium. In addition, the authors found the production ability of A. niger, A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus to produce Ochratoxin-A at concentrations of 0.31, 5.07 and 13.08 µg.kg-1. The outcome of this short review can be used for the building of a risk evaluation procedure aiming to provide specific actions to reduce the exposure to OTA in coffee beans and to improve the exchange of coffee products throughout the world.
Influence of Profile Characteristics of Village Agricultural Workers on Role Performance in Odisha
Authors: Panda Anmol , Amardeep .
Published: August 2021

Aim: To study the personal, psychological, communication and professional characteristics of Village Agricultural workers (VAWs).

Study Design: Analytical research design was adopted to use facts or information already available to make a critical evaluation

Place and Duration of Study: Nine districts of Odisha were randomly selected from major three revenue administrative divisions Cuttack, Berhampur and Sambalpur between first week of December 2019 to first week of February 2020.

Methodology: Village Agricultural Workers (VAWs) of Odisha state served as the population for the study. As many as 728 VAWs in the selected nine districts constituted the sampling frame. After the discussion with the experts and various limitations of the researcher, 40 per cent of the VAWs from the sampling frame were chosen for the study. Thus, the final sample size comprised of 292 (40% of 728) VAW respondents. The method of proportional allocation in stratified sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respondents. VAWs from each selected district were selected randomly following proportional allocation. Based on the literature, a total of 14 characteristics were taken to document the profile of the Village Agricultural Workers (VAW) who were working in state agricultural department.

Results: The results indicated that most of the Village Agricultural workers (VAWs) were middle aged (73.63%), male (66.44%) had formal education up to intermediate level (72.94%). Professional characteristics revealed that almost four-fifths (79.80%) have service experience of 6-14 years and had medium level (74.32%) of training exposure. Most (57.19%) of the VAWs had area of jurisdiction under 9 to 36 villages and majority (87.67%) visiting 3 to 4 times a week. Study found that 78.08 percent of VAWs had high orientation towards extension profession with majority (74.32%) of VAWs perceiving neutral organizational climate in agricultural offices and 64.38 percent are having medium level of organizational commitment. Psychological characteristics revealed that 66.78 percent of VAWs have medium level of self-confidence with moderate job satisfaction (64.38%) and moderate leadership ability (79.11%). Communication characteristics of VAWs shows moderate level of Communication competence of VAWs (64.38%). Role performance analysis shows that majority of VAWs has medium (70.55%) level of role performance.

Conclusion: The analysis of these profile characteristics could be crucial in understanding efficiency of state department, agricultural offices and VAWs’ own individual career development. It could be crucial for policymakers in preparing appropriate interventions to enhance role performance of VAWS through training programs.
Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity of Leaf of Hoslundia opposita Vahl and Docking of its Phytochemical Components with Uropathogenic Strain F11(ID:3NRP) and NFeoB from Escherichia coli BL21(ID:5FH9)
Authors: Edewor T. I. , Ogundola A. F. , Akintola A. O. , Adepoju A. J. , Ibikunle G. J. , Mmuo A. J. , Semire B. , Owa S. O.
Published: August 2021

Hoslundia opposita Vahl is a multi-purpose medicinal plant used traditionally to treat gonorrhea, cystitis, cough, fever, snake bites, convulsion in many parts of Africa. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity of the leaves of Hoslundia opposita Vahl and to dock its phytochemical components with uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain F11(ID:3NRP) and NFeoB from Escherichia coli BL21(ID:5FH9). Harborne’s method was used for the identification of the class of phytochemicals while GC-MS was used to identify the type of phytochemicals. Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine the total phenolic content while aluminum colorimetric assay was used to estimate the total flavonoid content. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The molecular docking simulation method was used to investigate the interactions of the phytochemicals with the Escherichia coli receptors. In the phytochemical studies, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and saponins were identified to be present in the methanolic leaf extract while steroids, alkaloids and anthraquinones were absent. The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed presence of 17 compounds out of which 14 were identified. The compounds with appreciable quantity in the leaf extract were 1, 2, 3-benzetriol (38.11%), n-hexadacanoic acid (13.52%) and catechol (9.98%). Assessment of the antioxidant activity using DPPH gave a scavenging activity of 79.86% at 500ug/ml compared with ascorbic acid having a scavenging activity of 90.85% at the same concentration. Evaluation of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents at 500 ug/ml gave the values of 262.54 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 6.24 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract respectively compared with gallic acid and quercetin with maximum concentrations of 385.12 and 12.46 respectively. This shows that the extract has significant antioxidant activity and can be explored as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of Hoslundia opposita showed the presence of trans-3-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid, octadecyl ester which was active against Escherichia coli. Docking results with 3NRP and 5FH9 showed binding affinities of -6.1, -6.6, 7.2and -7.0,7.4, 8.5 kJ/mol with the commercial drugs : ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tetracycline respectively while that of trans 3-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid, octadecyl ester identified in the leaves were 5.6 and 5.9 kJ/mol.
Competition issues in the U.S. beef industry
Authors: Bolotova Yuliya V.
Published: August 2021

This article analyzes the dynamics of the U.S. beef industry in light of the alleged input and output price‐fixing cartel of the four largest beef packers revealed in the antitrust lawsuits filed by fed cattle producers and beef buyers in 2019. Empirical evidence suggests that beef production, the farm, wholesale, and retail values of beef, and marketing margins increased, but farm sector share decreased in the cartel period (2015–2019), as compared with a prior period (2010–2014). The wholesale beef pricing by beef packers shifted from being consistent with a perfectly competitive industry pricing in the pre‐cartel period to being consistent with the oligopoly and monopoly pricing in the cartel period. The retail beef pricing by food retailers was consistent with an oligopoly pricing in both periods. Beef packers and food retailers shifted to an output (beef) price stabilization practice in the cartel period.
Smart 131I‐Labeled Self‐Illuminating Photosensitizers for Deep Tumor Therapy
Authors: Guo Jingru , Feng Kai , Wu Wenyu , Ruan Yiling , Liu Huihui , Han Xiuping , Shao Guoqiang , Sun Xiaolian
Published: August 2021

Stimulating photosensitizers (PS) by Cerenkov radiation (CR) can overcome the light penetration limitation in traditional photodynamic therapy. However, separate injection of radiopharmaceuticals and PS cannot guarantee their efficient interaction in tumor areas, while co‐delivery of radionuclides and PS face the problem of nonnegligible phototoxicity in normal tissues. Here, we describe a 131I‐labeled smart photosensitizer, composed of pyropheophorbide‐a (photosensitizer), a diisopropylamino group (pH‐sensitive group), an 131I‐labeled tyrosine group (CR donor), and polyethylene glycol, which can self‐assemble into nanoparticles (131I‐sPS NPs). The 131I‐sPS NPs showed low phototoxicity in normal tissues due to aggregation‐caused quenching effect, but could self‐produce reactive oxygen species in tumor sites upon disassembly. Upon intravenous injection, 131I‐sPS NPs showed great tumor inhibition capability in subcutaneous 4T1‐tumor‐bearing Balb/c mice and orthotopic VX2 liver tumor bearing rabbits. We believed 131I‐sPS NPs could expand the application of CR and provide an effective strategy for deep tumor theranostics.
Production and separation of acetic acid from pyrolysis oil of lignocellulosic biomass: a review
Authors: Sarchami Tahereh , Batta Neha , Berruti Franco
Published: August 2021

Bio‐oil from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis is a promising feedstock as a precursor for the production of transportation fuels and value‐added chemicals. The presence of significant concentrations of oxygen, water, and acids makes it difficult to use bio‐oil directly as a transportation fuel without costly upgrading. The acidity of pyrolysis liquids is mainly derived from volatile acids, such as acetic acid, causing chemical instability and corrosion. The extraction of acids from bio‐oil can therefore offer strategies for improved applications and economic value. Moreover, acetic acid is a valuable reagent and the building block for several commercially important chemicals. This review presents the results of important research related to the production of bio‐oil‐derived acetic acid. The discussion is intended to summarize the effect of biomass type and pretreatment method, pyrolysis processing conditions, and separation techniques on acetic acid production via pyrolysis. On this basis, acetic acid characterization techniques are also presented along with an overview of acetic acid applications and economic considerations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Yttrium‐mediated red fluorescent carbon dots for sensitive and selective detection of calcium ions
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Li , Yue Juan , Cao Lei , Liu Pai , Dong Wen‐Fei , Liu Guixia
Published: August 2021

As the second messenger in cells, calcium ions are indispensable in various physiological activities of the body. In this work, a special red fluorescent carbon dot was designed and synthesized using the secondary hydrothermal method with yttrium, p‐phenylenediamine, and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid as precursors for the detection of calcium ions. The designed carbon dot exhibited bright red fluorescence, and the fluorescence emission wavelength showed good photostability. When the calcium ion concentration was controlled from 0 to 400 μM, the carbon dot tended to respond to fluorescence quenching. At the same time, a test paper experiment was carried out, which proved the potential application of the nano‐sensor in detecting calcium ions.
Biomimetic Cubane‐Type Manganese Complex: Structurally Inspired by Photosystem II
Authors: Kim Jennifer Juhyun , Kim Namseok , Yoon Sungho
Published: August 2021

A biomimetic system comprising a cubane‐type tetranuclear complex with a [Mn4O4] center similar to the core of the oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII), which is responsible for producing molecular oxygen, was synthesized from bulky carboxylate ligands and manganese by an expedient process. The synergistic effect of the exterior ligands attached to the core and the interatomic interactions led to a cubane‐type morphology. This study lays the foundation for further study of metallic complexes analogous to biotic matter and contributes to structural knowledge of the second coordination sphere. In addition, the findings may shed light on the mechanism of oxygen evolution during photosynthesis.
A real‐world comparison of docetaxel versus abiraterone acetate for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
Authors: Tsaur Igor , Heidegger Isabel , Bektic Jasmin , Kafka Mona , van den Bergh Roderick C. N. , Hunting Jarmo C. B. , Thomas Anita , Brandt Maximilian P. , Höfner Thomas , Debedde Eliott , Thibault Constance , Ermacora Paola , Zattoni Fabio , Foti Silvia , Kretschmer Alexander , Ploussard Guillaume , Rodler Severin , von Amsberg Gunhild , Tilki Derya , Surcel Christian , Rosenzweig Barak , Gadot Moran , Gandaglia Giorgio , Dotzauer Robert ,   EAU‐YAU Prostate Cancer Working Party
Published: August 2021

Background

Docetaxel (D) or secondary hormonal therapy (SHT) each combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) represent possible treatment options in males with metastasized hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Real‐world data comparing different protocols are lacking yet. Thus, our objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of abiraterone acetate (AA)+ADT versus D+ADT in mHSPC.

Methods

In a retrospective multicenter analysis including males with mHSPC treated with either of the aforementioned protocols, overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival 1 (PFS1), and progression‐free survival 2 (PFS2) were assessed for both cohorts. Median time to event was tested by Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test. The Cox‐proportional hazards model was used for univariate and multivariate regression analyses.

Results

Overall, 196 patients were included. The AA+ADT cohort had a longer PFS1 in the log‐rank testing (23 vs. 13 mos., p < 0.001), a longer PFS2 (48 vs. 33 mos., p = 0.006), and longer OS (80 vs. 61 mos., p = 0.040). In the multivariate analyses AA+ADT outperformed D+ADT in terms of PFS1 (HR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.183–0.623; p = 0.001) and PFS2 (HR = 0.33 95% CI = 0.128–0.827; p = 0.018), respectively, while OS and toxicity rate were similar between both groups.

Conclusions

AA+ADT is mainly associated with a similar efficacy and overall toxicity rate as D+ADT. Further prospective research is required for validation of the clinical value of the observed benefit of AA+ADT for progression‐free end‐points.
A Comprehensive Search of the Primary and Secondary Metabolites and Radical Scavenging Potential of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Joshi Robin , Sharma Aakriti , Nadda Gireesh , Kumar Dinesh
Published: August 2021

Trillium govanianum rhizomes are traditionally consumed as a raw powder and decoction for the treatment of health complications. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate whether aqueous and alcoholic extracts of T. govanianum rhizomes under hot and cold extraction conditions have similar or dissimilar chemical, nutrient, and antioxidant profiles. The total phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and energy values were estimated in all the conditionally prepared samples. The total phenolics (21.23±1.4 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (70.57±3.24 mg RE/g extract) were found higher in hot ethanolic extract (TGHEt), while cold water extract (TGGC) showed higher nutrients including amino acids (10.545±0.219 mg/g) and nucleosides (1.803±0.018 mg/g). The nutrient energy value (2.60 and 2.49 Kcal/g extract) was higher in cold and hot ethanolic extracts. Further, TGHEt scavenged the DPPH. (IC50; 870±22 μg/mL) and ABTS.+ (IC50; 80±1.49 μg/mL) effectively and proved its highest antioxidant activity compared to other samples. In LC/MS/MS‐based metabolite profiling, twenty‐six metabolites (fatty acids, steroidal saponins, triterpene saponins, ecdysteroid hormones) were confirmed with mass fragmentation and literature, while one hundred nine metabolites were identified using the METLIN database. The principal component analysis showed clustering of hot condition extracts while cold extracts were differentially located in quadrants. The heatmaps exhibited the associations and differences between metabolite composition, solvents, and extraction conditions. The identified metabolites speculatively predicted the biosynthesis pathway of T. govanianum. Findings also illustrated that T. govanianum is a source of bioactive nutritional components and saponins. The current metabolite profiling of T. govanianum will help in its agricultural and biotechnological interventions for higher quality produce.
Surface Density of Ligands Controls In‐Plane and Aggregative Modes of Multivalent Glycovesicle‐Lectin Recognitions
Authors: Yadav Shivender , Naresh Kottari , Jayaraman Narayanaswamy
Published: August 2021

Glycovesicles are ideal tools to delineate finer mechanisms of the interactions at the biological cell membranes. Multivalency forms the basis which, in turn, should surpass more than one mechanism in order to maintain multiple roles that the ligand‐lectin interactions encounter. Ligand densities hold a prime control to attenuate the interactions. In the present study, mannose trisaccharide interacting with a cognate receptor, namely, Con A, is assessed at the vesicle surface. Synthetic (1→3)(1→6)‐branched mannose trisaccharides tethered with a diacetylene monomer and glycovesicles of varying sugar densities were prepared. The polydiacetylene vesicles were prepared by maintaining uniform lipid concentrations. The interactions of the glycovesicles with the lectin were probed through dynamic light scattering and UV‐Vis spectroscopy techniques. Binding efficacies were assessed by surface plasmon resonance. Aggregative and in‐plane modes of interactions show ligand‐density dependence at the vesicle surface. Vesicles with sparsely populated ligands engage lectin in an aggregative mode (trans‐), leading to a cross‐linked complex formation. Whereas glycovesicles embedded with dense ligands engage lectin interaction in an in‐plane mode intramolecularly (cis‐). Sub‐nanomolar dissociation constants govern the intramolecular interaction occurring within the plane of the vesicle, and are more efficacious than the aggregative intermolecular interactions.
Ventricular pacemaker lead in the left hemithorax: Mechanisms and evidence‐based management of a late‐onset hazardous complication
Authors: Marazzato Jacopo , Caravati Fabrizio , Blasi Federico B. M. , Refugjati Taulant , Vilotta Manola , Torchio Federica , Musazzi Andrea M. , Beghi Cesare , De Ponti Roberto
Published: August 2021

Late‐onset migration of pacing leads in the left hemithorax is a rare but potentially life‐threatening complication. Radiological examinations are required to detect any involvement of either left ventricle or lung parenchyma, prompting immediate surgical extraction in this setting. Identification of high‐risk patients is mandatory to prevent this complex iatrogenic complication.
A patient with hepatocellular carcinoma who developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after corticosteroid treatment
Authors: Sato Shintaro , Yamada Sho , Nishizawa Tomotaka , Oba Tomohiro , Kawabe Rie , Yamakawa Hideaki , Akasaka Keiichi , Amano Masako , Matsushima Hidekazu
Published: August 2021

Lung or head and neck cancer have been indicated as solid cancers associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), but the relationship with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. We report a case of HCC in which the presence of cirrhosis and corticosteroid administration may have caused the development of IPA.
Dual Functionalization of Alkynes Utilizing the Redox Characteristics of Transition Metal Catalysts
Authors: Ghosh Sudipta , Chakrabortty Rajesh , Ganesh Venkataraman
Published: August 2021

Tri‐ and tetrasubstituted alkene scaffolds are prominent building blocks in many bioactive natural products, drug molecules, and key intermediates in various synthetic transformations. The dual functionalization of alkynes promises an easy introduction of functional groups across the triple bond with a high step and atom economy, exemplifying a class of reactions to construct tri‐ and tetrasubstituted alkene scaffolds. This review discusses the versatility and advances in the transition metal‐catalyzed redox dual functionalization of alkynes, their unique mechanistic features, and the synthetic applications of the methodology. This collection focuses on the formation of simultaneous C−C/C−X bonds involving various oxidation states of the metals in the catalytic cycle. Apart from the classical redox reactivity, radical‐mediated functionalizations are also discussed in detail.
Presodiation Strategies for the Promotion of Sodium‐Based Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Song Zirui , Zou Kangyu , Xiao Xuhuan , Deng Xinglan , Li Shuo , Hou Hongshuai , Lou Xiaoming , Zou Guoqiang , Ji Xiaobo
Published: August 2021

Nowadays sodium‐based energy storage systems (Na‐based ESSs) have been widely researched as it possesses the possibility to replace traditional energy storage media to become next generation energy storage system. However, due to the irreversible loss of sodium ions in the first cycle, development of Na‐based ESSs is limited. Presodiation, as a strategy of adding excess sodium ions to the system in advance, accomplishes the enhancement of electrochemical performance. In this minireview, different presodiation strategies applied in sodium‐based energy storage systems will be summarized in detail, their functions and corresponding mechanisms will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the current novel application of presodiation method in other aspects of Na‐based ESSs will be mentioned additionally. At last, in the view of present research status of presodiation, issues that can be mitigated are put forward and guidelines are given on how to deliberate in‐depth presodiation technology in the future, dedicating to promote the further development of Na‐based ESSs.
Outcomes of upfront autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma who are 75 years old or older
Authors: Munshi Pashna N. , Vesole David H. , St. Martin Andrew , Davila Omar , Kumar Shaji , Qazilbash Muzaffar , Shah Nina , Hari Parameswaran N. , D’Souza Anita
Published: August 2021

Background

Consolidative autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHCT) is commonly used for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We studied AHCT use and outcomes in patients with MM ≥75 years old.

Methods

Patients with MM ≥75 years old receiving AHCT between 2013 and 2017 in the United States were identified using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database. Relapse and/or progression (REL), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were modeled using Cox proportional hazards models. Covariates used were age, sex, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), HCT‐comorbidity index (HCT‐CI), International Staging System and/or Durie‐Salmon stage, high‐risk cytogenetics, melphalan dose, and disease status at and 1 year after transplant. AHCT utilization rate using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to estimate specific incidence among ≥75 years old by race and gender.

Results

Of 360 patients, 63% were male, 84% were White, 56% had KPS <90, and 57% had HCT‐CI ≥3. The 100‐day transplant‐related mortality was 1% (0%‐2%) with a 2‐year REL rate of 27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22%‐33%), PFS of 66% (95% CI, 60%‐72%), and OS of 83% (95% CI, 78%‐87%). On multivariate analysis, only high‐risk cytogenetics was associated with REL risk and decreased PFS. In White males, transplant utilization rate was 5.2%‐5.8% compared to 3.5%‐4.0% in African American males (P = .02). There was 3.37‐3.79% transplant utilization in White females compared to 1.88‐2.12% in African American females (P < .01).

Conclusions

The use of AHCT was associated with excellent 2‐year outcomes in this selected MM population ≥75 years old. Transplant utilization for patients ≥75 years old remains low with significant racial and gender disparities.
Chiral Chromium(III) Complexes as Promising Candidates for Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Poncet Maxime , Benchohra Amina , Jiménez Juan‐Ramón , Piguet Claude
Published: August 2021

The search for chiral chromophores with efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is an on‐going hot topic in chemistry due to their potential applications in emerging fields such as spintronics and photonics. Beyond the largely exploited p‐block, 4d/5d‐block and f‐block chiral entities, chiral chromium(III) complexes have recently attracted interest because of the abundancy of chromium in the earth's crust, its kinetic inertness and its promising metal‐centered Cr(2E) and Cr(2T1) phosphorescence. The associated spin‐flip transitions could provide large dissymmetric factor (
) and high luminescence quantum yields (ϕ) when six‐membered strong‐field chelate rings are coordinated to chiral six‐coordinate Cr(III) centers. In this minireview, we intend to focus our attention on the state‐of‐the‐art for the design of pseudo‐octahedral chiral mononuclear Cr(III) complexes for which chiroptical properties were investigated. The promising electronic properties of these complexes together with their low cost make these underexplored systems appealing candidates for CPL applications.
Vav2 is required for Netrin‐1 receptor‐class‐specific spinal motor axon guidance
Authors: Tsou Yi‐Syue , Wang Chih‐Yang , Chang Ming‐Yuan , Hsu Tsung‐I , Wu Meng‐Ting , Wu Yi‐Hsin , Tsai Wan‐Ling , Chuang Jian‐Ying , Kao Tzu‐Jen
Published: August 2021

Background

Proper guidance of neuronal axons to their targets is required to assemble neural circuits during the development of the nervous system. However, the mechanism by which the guidance of axonal growth cones is regulated by specific intermediaries activated by receptor signaling pathways to mediate cytoskeleton dynamics is unclear. Vav protein members have been proposed to mediate this process, prompting us to investigate their role in the limb selection of the axon trajectory of spinal lateral motor column (LMC) neurons.

Results

We found Vav2 and Vav3 expression in LMC neurons when motor axons grew into the limb. Vav2, but not Vav3, loss‐of‐function perturbed LMC pathfinding, while Vav2 gain‐of‐function exhibited the opposite effects, demonstrating that Vav2 plays an important role in motor axon growth. Vav2 knockdown also attenuated the redirectional phenotype of LMC axons induced by Dcc, but not EphA4, in vivo and lateral LMC neurite growth preference to Netrin‐1 in vitro. This study showed that Vav2 knockdown and ectopic nonphosphorylable Vav2 mutant expression abolished the Src‐induced stronger growth preference of lateral LMC neurites to Netrin‐1, suggesting that Vav2 is downstream of Src in this context.

Conclusions

Vav2 is essential for Netrin‐1‐regulated LMC motor axon pathfinding through Src interaction.
Resource allocation effects on the timing of reproduction in an avian habitat specialist
Authors: Cutting Kyle A. , Rotella Jay J. , Waxe James A. , O'Harra Aaron , Schroff Sean R. , Berkeley Lorelle , Szczypinski Mark , Litt Andrea R. , Sowell Bok F.
Published: August 2021

Variation in nutrient allocation can influence the timing of breeding and ultimately reproductive output. Time and space constraints might exist, however, if fewer food resources are available to meet the costs of reproduction early during the reproductive season. Here, for the first time, we test whether nutrient‐allocation strategies for reproduction in a shrub‐dependent avian species differ with timing of breeding in different ecoregions: a high‐elevation landscape, containing spatially complex vegetation (Rocky Mountains) vs. a low‐elevation, more homogenous landscape (Great Plains). We analyzed data collected from radio‐telemetry and stable isotopes to assess the degree to which endogenous (body) reserves are used for reproduction and whether variation in allocation strategies was associated with time of year, ecoregion, habitat quality (including sagebrush type and plant greenness), or maternal characteristics. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we found that females relied on a similar amount of endogenous reserves for reproduction in first nesting and renesting attempts. Additionally, endogenous contributions declined more rapidly throughout the nesting season in the Rocky Mountains than in the Great Plains. Individuals in high‐ and intermediate‐elevation sagebrush types in the Rocky Mountains used similar amounts of endogenous reserves, whereas females nesting in low‐elevation sagebrush used less. Females nesting at intermediate elevations, which experience the greatest flush of new green vegetation during the nesting season, switched their reliance from endogenous‐to‐exogenous sources for reproduction as green vegetation became available during spring. Our study highlights adaptations of a nutrient‐allocation strategy across areas with varying levels of resources in time and space in a habitat specialist bird. Nutrient allocation by individuals residing in high‐elevation areas favors a strategy that mainly uses nutrients gained from wintering habitats, whereas individuals residing in low‐elevation areas mainly use exogenous sources for reproduction.
Gustatory sweating in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Klarskov Carina Kirstine , von Rohden Elena , Thorsteinsson Birger , Tarnow Lise , Lommer Kristensen Peter
Published: August 2021

Objective

Gustatory sweating (GS) is characterized by profuse sweating during or immediately after ingestion of food and is known as a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GS and to characterize the sweating in a cohort of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) as compared with a control group.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, 665 outpatients with T1DM and 505 outpatients with T2DM filled in an 8‐point questionnaire about GS. Answers were paired with medical data from the electronic patient records to explore associations with DM complications. The control group consisted of 1158 persons without DM answering the same questionnaire in an online version.

Results

In people with T1DM and T2DM, the prevalence of GS was 10% (95% CI 7%–12%) and 13% (95% CI 10%–16%), respectively. In the control group, the prevalence of GS was 5% (95% CI 3%–6%). Most commonly, people sweat on the face and/or head and upper body with a duration of 10–30 min albeit in the control group <10 min. In patients with T1DM, increased HbA1c was associated with GS (OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.05–1.6], p = .016), and in T2DM, younger age (OR 0.95 [95% CI 0.92–0.99), p = .006), presence of severe peripheral neuropathy (OR 2.33 [95% CI 1.04–5.2], p = .039) and absence of proliferative retinopathy were associated with GS (OR 0.22 [95% CI 0.07–0.71], p = .011).

Conclusion

We found the prevalence of gustatory sweating of 11% in a hospital‐based cohort of patients with T1DM and T2DM. This was twice as high as in non‐diabetic control persons. Associations between GS and known diabetes complications could only be demonstrated in T2DM. Compared with a control group without DM, odds for GS are higher in people with DM and age >45.
Synthesis of Thio‐/Selenopyrrolines via SnCl4‐Catalyzed (3+2)‐Cycloadditions of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Thio‐/Selenocyanates
Authors: Singh Prasoon Raj , Kalaramna Pratibha , Ali Shamsad , Goswami Avijit
Published: August 2021

A straightforward protocol has been developed to access thio‐/selenopyrrolines through a (3+2)‐cycloaddition of aryl thio‐/selenocyanates with donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) in the presence of SnCl4 as a Lewis acid catalyst. Further, good chemoselectivity was observed when DACs were treated with 3‐cyano phenyl thiocyanate. These results suggest that thiocyanate is more reactive than nitrile moiety in such (3+2)‐cycloaddition reactions.
Trichloromethylative Olefin Cycloamination by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Harada Shinji , Masuda Ryuya , Morikawa Takahiro , Nishida Atsushi
Published: August 2021

The trichloromethyl group is an important functionality. It is a useful synthetic moiety and appears in the structures of natural and biologically active compounds; hence, developing synthetic methods for its introduction into structural motifs is an important objective. Herein, we report an efficient chemistry for the trichloromethylations and cycloaminations of olefin. These reactions are realized in a single step and triggered by the addition of the trichloromethyl radical, generated from bromotrichloromethane by photoredox catalysis, to a double bond, with the resulting intermediate trapped through intramolecular reaction with an amino group. This process facilitates the construction of N‐heterocycles having trichloromethyl units and tetrasubstituted carbons from simple compounds under mild conditions.
Eco‐friendly biomolecule‐nanomaterial hybrids as next‐generation agrochemicals for topical delivery
Authors: Li Peng , Huang Yun , Fu Changkui , Jiang Shang Xu , Peng Wei , Jia Yi , Peng Hong , Zhang Ping , Manzie Narelle , Mitter Neena , Xu Zhi Ping
Published: August 2021

The agrochemical is often applied to enhance the agricultural production. Nanotechnology has advanced agricultural biotechnology in the new “agri‐tech revolution.” Eco‐friendly nanoparticles as carriers can essentially actualize the application of biomolecules as sustainable agrochemicals to increase their biological performance and reduce deterioration of the ecosystem. Particularly, these nanocarrier‐biomolecule hybrids will be ideal for topical applications to enhance the crop yield and quality. This review summarizes the current efforts in developing nanoparticles as carriers of biomolecules for topical delivery. First, the applicable biomolecules for plant growth regulation and the pathogen control are briefly introduced. The criteria and strategies for research and industrial development of nanocarrier‐biomolecule hybrids are then proposed, which better involves both researchers and manufacturers in the beginning for an efficient R&D process. The review further discusses several typical nanoparticle‐biomolecule hybrids as the candidates of next‐generation agrochemicals with advanced scientific merits and high perspectives of industrialization as the conclusion.

image
Flooding depth and duration concomitantly influence the growth traits and yield of rice*
Authors: Meng Yan , Yu Shuangen , Yu Yanmei , Jiang Lixia
Published: August 2021

Food security concerns regarding decreased rice yields due to flooding are growing, especially concerning those due to the frequent occurrence of floods caused by extreme climate events, which pose a severe threat to the growth and yield of rice. While rice planting is widespread and gradually expanding worldwide, the effect of flooding stress on the growth traits and yield of rice has not been fully elucidated. To assess the effect of flooding stress on the growth traits and yield of rice, a pot experiment was conducted with three flooding depths and three flooding durations. The effects of flooding stress at the panicle initiation stage on plant height, leaf area index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, biomass accumulation, and yield components were explored. Following the application of flooding stress, compared to that of the non‐flooding stress application, 1/3‐hr–7‐day, 2/3‐hr–7‐day, and 3/3‐hr–7‐day flooding stress levels led to significant increases in plant height by 10.5%, 11.7%, and 14.8% in 2019 and by 9.9%, 10.3%, and 13.0% in 2020, respectively (p < .05). Compared to the non‐flooding stress treatment, the 1/3‐hr–7‐day, 2/3‐hr–7‐day, and 3/3‐hr–7‐day flooding stress treatments led to 14.98%–21.16%, 35.11%–46.85%, and 81.26%–84.49% decreases in rice yield, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that flooding stress has a negative influence on the growth traits and yield of rice. Therefore, the variations in growth traits and yield loss should be explored when rice is flooded.
Repeat procedures for recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation: A propensity‐matched score comparison between left atrial linear ablation with radiofrequency and posterior wall isolation with the cryoballoon
Authors: Bisignani Antonio , Pannone Luigi , Bala Gezim , Kazawa Shuichiro , Calburean Paul , Overeinder Ingrid , Monaco Cinzia , Lipartiti Felicia , Miraglia Vincenzo , Rizzi Sergio , Al Housari Maysam , Mojica Joerelle , Strazdas Antanas , Osório Thiago Guimarães , Sieira Juan , Iacopino Saverio , Almorad Alexandre , Ströker Erwin , Sorgente Antonio , Brugada Pedro , de Asmundis Carlo , Chierchia Gian‐Battista
Published: August 2021

Aims

To evaluate the clinical outcome in patients undergoing repeat procedures for recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation following an index cryoballoon (CB‐A) pulmonary vein isolation ablation on a mid‐term follow‐up of 12 months.

Methods

In this propensity score‐matched comparison, 50 patients undergoing left atrial posterior wall isolation (LAPWI) with the CB‐A were matched to 50 patients treated with additional linear ablation using radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA).

Results

Meantime to repeat the procedure was 9.74 ± 4.36 months. At 12 months follow‐up freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATas) was achieved in 82% of patients in the LAPWI group and in 62% of patients in the linear ablation group (P = .03). Regression analysis demonstrated that relapses during the blanking period and LA dimensions were independent predictors of ATas recurrences following the repeat procedure.

Conclusion

LAPWI using CB‐A is associated with a significantly higher freedom from atrial arrhythmias when compared with the RFCA mediated left atrial linear lesions on a mid‐term follow‐up of 12 months in patients with persAF undergoing a redo procedure.
Lies, damned lies, and statistics: The uncertainty over COVID‐19 numbers in India
Authors: Mahasuar Kiran
Published: August 2021

This paper intends to ascertain the veracity of reported data on deaths and testing pertaining to the novel coronavirus in India. We use a widely used forensic audit technique called Benford's law to analyze the data, and our findings suggest anomalies in the reported numbers and the reported data for most of the states do not adhere to the Benford distribution. The implications of these findings are manifold, especially on the trajectory of policy‐making, vaccination strategy, and preparedness for future waves and new variants. We strongly argue for the need for a robust data collection and reporting mechanism, creating a central data repository, and instituting a data‐driven policy framework as key steps in the process management bulwark for managing such future pandemics and other events concerning public health.
Milestones toward cochlear gene therapy for patients with hereditary hearing loss
Authors: Yoshimura Hidekane , Nishio Shin‐Ya , Usami Shin‐Ichi
Published: August 2021

A number of genes are reportedly responsible for hereditary hearing loss, which accounts for over 50% of all congenital hearing loss cases. Recent advances in genetic testing have enabled the identification of pathogenic variants in many cases, and systems have been developed to provide personalized treatment based on etiology. Gene therapy is expected to become an unprecedented curative treatment. Several reports have demonstrated the successful use of cochlear gene therapy to restore auditory function in mouse models of genetic deafness; however, many hurdles remain to its clinical application in humans. Herein, we focus on the frequency of deafness genes in patients with congenital and late‐onset progressive hearing loss and discuss the following points regarding which genes need to be targeted to efficiently proceed with clinical application: (a) which cells' genes are expressed within the cochlea, (b) whether gene transfer to the targeted cells is possible using vectors such as adeno‐associated virus, (c) what phenotype of hearing loss in patients is exhibited, and (d) whether mouse models exist to verify the effectiveness of treatment. Moreover, at the start of clinical application, gene therapy in combination with cochlear implantation may be useful for cases of progressive hearing loss.
Clinical translation of hyperpolarized13C pyruvate and urea MRI for simultaneous metabolic and perfusion imaging
Authors: Qin Hecong , Tang Shuyu , Riselli Andrew M. , Bok Robert A. , Delos Santos Romelyn , van Criekinge Mark , Gordon Jeremy W. , Aggarwal Rahul , Chen Rui , Goddard Gregory , Zhang Chunxin Tracy , Chen Albert , Reed Galen , Ruscitto Daniel M. , Slater James , Sriram Renuka , Larson Peder E. Z. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Kurhanewicz John
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The combined hyperpolarized (HP)13C pyruvate and urea MRI has provided a simultaneous assessment of glycolytic metabolism and tissue perfusion for improved cancer diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation in preclinical studies. This work aims to translate this dual‐probe HP imaging technique to clinical research.

Methods

A co‐polarization system was developed where [1‐13C]pyruvic acid (PA) and [13C,15N2]urea in water solution were homogeneously mixed and polarized on a 5T SPINlab system. Physical and chemical characterizations and toxicology studies of the combined probe were performed. Simultaneous metabolic and perfusion imaging was performed on a 3T clinical MR scanner by alternatively applying a multi‐slice 2D spiral sequence for [1‐13C]pyruvate and its downstream metabolites and a 3D balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) sequence for [13C,15N2]urea.

Results

The combined PA/urea probe has a glass‐formation ability similar to neat PA and can generate nearly 40% liquid‐state13C polarization for both pyruvate and urea in 3‐4 h. A standard operating procedure for routine on‐site production was developed and validated to produce 40 mL injection product of approximately 150 mM pyruvate and 35 mM urea. The toxicology study demonstrated the safety profile of the combined probe. Dynamic metabolite‐specific imaging of [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]lactate, [1‐13C]alanine, and [13C,15N2]urea was achieved with adequate spatial (2.6 mm × 2.6 mm) and temporal resolution (4.2 s), and urea images showed reduced off‐resonance artifacts due to theJCNcoupling.

Conclusion

The reported technical development and translational studies will lead to the first‐in‐human dual‐agent HP MRI study and mark the clinical translation of the first HP13C MRI probe after pyruvate.
An Assessment of Fish Herding Techniques: Management Implications for Mass Removal and Control of Silver Carp
Authors: Ridgway Josey L. , Lawson Katelyn M. , Shier Stephen A. , Calfee Robin D. , Chapman Duane C.
Published: August 2021

We assessed the effectiveness of herding techniques on adult Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in a tributary to the Missouri River. Sites (600 m) were contained using block nets and treated with one of five herding techniques: (1) a method commonly used by commercial fishers in the United States (commercial technique), (2) pulsed-DC electrofishing (electric technique), (3) broadband sound administered with underwater speakers (sound technique), (4) both sound and electric in combination (combination technique), and (5) solely the boat, with no added stimulus (control). Treatments were administered at sites with repeated 20-min runs (3×) in a slow, bank-to-bank pattern downstream through a 4.5-m opening between the block net and shoreline. Herding effectiveness was quantified by run category (cumulative for the second and third runs) using adaptive resolution imaging sonar. Mean herding effectiveness of the combination technique was three to four times greater than that of the other techniques regardless of the number of runs included. The effectiveness of the combination technique was significantly greater than the sound technique and control with inclusion of the second run and the commercial technique with inclusion of the third run. All herding techniques, excluding the combination technique, were statistically similar to the control. Inclusion of the second run was advantageous for all techniques, as herding effectiveness increased 54–103%, whereas inclusion of the third run was less beneficial (9–17% increase). Repeated runs allowed fish additional time to vacate the sample reach, but behavioral responses (i.e., acclimation or sensitization) were likely technique dependent. This study describes which techniques are most effective for herding Silver Carp and provides insight for improving mass removal efforts.
Multi‐innovation gradient parameter estimation for multivariable systems based on the maximum likelihood principle
Authors: Xia Huafeng , Xu Sheng , Zhou Cheng , Chen Feiyan
Published: August 2021

This article considers the parameter estimation problems of linear multivariable systems with unknown disturbances. For the parameter matrices in the multivariable systems, the model decomposition technique is used to reduce the computational complexity by decomposing the multivariable system into several subsystems with only the parameter vectors. By means of the negative gradient search, a decomposition‐based maximum likelihood recursive extended stochastic gradient algorithm is derived. In order to improve the parameter estimation accuracy, by introducing the multi‐innovation identification theory, a decomposition‐based maximum likelihood multi‐innovation extended stochastic gradient algorithm is proposed. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.