bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocompatible Bright YVO4:Eu Nanoparticles as Versatile Optical Bioprobes
Authors: Shen Jie , Sun Ling‐Dong , Zhu Jia‐Dan , Wei Liu‐He , Sun Hong‐Fang , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: October 2010

Lanthanide nanoparticles (NPs), characterized by their large Stokes’ shifts, narrow emission bands and high photochemical stability, are promising candidates for optical probes in biological research. As a typical red emission material, Eu3+‐doped YVO4 is investigated in pursuit of an integral methodology for Ln‐based bioprobes. Assisted with phosphino‐polyacrylic acid, YVO4:Eu NPs with a luminescent quantum yield of ca. 54% are synthesized via a one‐pot hydrothermal reaction. The obtained NPs exhibit good water/buffer stability and feasible biomodification benefiting from the surface carboxylic acid groups. However, having an inorganic core of ca. 20 nm, these NPs do not affect the conformation of surface conjugated proteins (bovine serum albumin), as confirmed with the circular dichroism spectrum. A specific recognition protocol is demonstrated by biotinated YVO4:Eu NPs in quantitative fluoroimmunoassay and microchip assay. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the Ln NPs, which is an important aspect towards biological application, is demonstrated with the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Cell imaging studies conducted with spectral mapping technique and confocal fluorescent microscopy demonstrate the YVO4:Eu NPs to be a type of competitive luminescent probes for in vitro applications.
Characterization of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells
Authors: Gerber Jonathan M. , Qin Lu , Kowalski Jeanne , Smith B. Douglas , Griffin Constance A. , Vala Milada S. , Collector Michael I. , Perkins Brandy , Zahurak Marianna , Matsui William , Gocke Christopher D. , Sharkis Saul J. , Levitsky Hyam I. , Jones Richard J.
Published: October 2010

Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors have redefined the care of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), these agents have not proved curative, likely due to resistance of the leukemia stem cells (LSC). While a number of potential therapeutic targets have emerged in CML, their expression in the LSC remains largely unknown. We therefore isolated subsets of CD34+ stem/progenitor cells from normal donors and from patients with chronic phase or blast crisis CML. These cell subsets were then characterized based on ability to engraft immunodeficient mice and expression of candidate therapeutic targets. The CD34+CD38− CML cell population with high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was the most enriched for immunodeficient mouse engrafting capacity. The putative targets: PROTEINASE 3, SURVIVIN, and hTERT were expressed only at relatively low levels by the CD34+CD38−ALDHhigh CML cells, similar to the normal CD34+CD38−ALDHhigh cells and less than in the total CML CD34+ cells. In fact, the highest expression of these antigens was in normal, unfractionated CD34+ cells. In contrast, PRAME and WT1 were more highly expressed by all CML CD34+ subsets than their normal counterparts. Thus, ALDH activity appears to enrich for CML stem cells, which display an expression profile that is distinct from normal stem/progenitor cells and even the CML progenitors. Indeed, expression of a putative target by the total CD34+ population in CML does not guarantee expression by the LSC. These expression patterns suggest that PROTEINASE 3, SURVIVIN, and hTERT are not optimal therapeutic targets in CML stem cells; whereas PRAME and WT1 seem promising. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The behavioral phenotype of FMR1 mutations
Authors: Boyle Lia , Kaufmann Walter E.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the behavioral phenotype of FMR1 mutations, including fragile X syndrome (FXS) in order to better understand the clinical involvement of individuals affected by mutations in this gene. FXS is associated with a wide range of intellectual and behavioral problems, some relatively mild and others quite severe. FXS is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability and one of the most prevalent genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder. Learning difficulties, attentional problems, anxiety, aggressive behavior, stereotypies, and mood disorders are also frequent in FXS. Recent studies of children and adults have identified associations between FMR1 premutation and many of the same disorders. We examine the neurobehavioral phenotypes of FXS and FMR1 premutation as they manifest across the lifespan of the individual. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive‐behavioral features of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome and other subtelomeric microdeletions
Authors: Fisch Gene S. , Grossfeld Paul , Falk Rena , Battaglia Agatino , Youngblom Janey , Simensen Richard
Published: October 2010

Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a complex congenital malformation produced by a loss of genomic material at the locus 4p16.3. In addition to its dysmorphic features, the deletion produces a range of intellectual disability (ID). Many clinical aspects of WHS are well‐characterized; however, the cognitive‐behavioral characteristics have been rarely examined in a systematic fashion. The purpose of our study was to examine the cognitive‐behavioral features of WHS and to compare them to children with other subtelomeric deletions that also produce ID. We recruited 45 children with subtelomeric deletions and examined their cognitive‐behavioral abilities using a neuropsychological assessment battery composed of standardized instruments. Nineteen children were diagnosed with WHS and 26 children with one of three other subtelomeric deletions—11q25 (Jacobsen syndrome), deletion 2q37, and inversion duplication deletion 8p21–23. We found children with WHS to be more severely impacted cognitively than children from any of the other groups. Their overall adaptive behavior was lower as well. However, children with WHS exhibit strengths in socialization skills comparable to the levels attained by the other groups we assessed. Importantly, the proportion of children with WHS with autism or autistic‐like features is significantly lower than the rates of autism found in the other subtelomeric disorders we examined. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered expression of microRNA‐203 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and its role in fibroblast activation
Authors: Stanczyk Joanna , Ospelt Caroline , Karouzakis Emmanuel , Filer Andrew , Raza Karim , Kolling Christoph , Gay Renate , Buckley Christopher D. , Tak Paul P. , Gay Steffen , Kyburz Diego
Published: October 2010

Objective

MicroRNA (miRNA) are recognized as important regulators of a variety of fundamental biologic processes. Previously, we described increased expression of miR‐155 and miR‐146a in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and showed a repressive effect of miR‐155 on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). The present study was undertaken to examine alterations in expression of miR‐203 in RASFs and analyze its role in fibroblast activation.

Methods

Differentially expressed miRNA in RASFs versus osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) were identified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based screening of 260 individual miRNA. Transfection of miR‐203 precursor was used to analyze the function of miR‐203 in RASFs. Levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and MMPs were measured by real‐time PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. RASFs were stimulated with IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 5‐azacytidine (5‐azaC). Activity of IκB kinase 2 was inhibited with SC‐514.

Results

Expression of miR‐203 was higher in RASFs than in OASFs or fibroblasts from healthy donors. Levels of miR‐203 did not change upon stimulation with IL‐1β, TNFα, or LPS; however, DNA demethylation with 5‐azaC increased the expression of miR‐203. Enforced expression of miR‐203 led to significantly increased levels of MMP‐1 and IL‐6. Induction of IL‐6 by miR‐203 overexpression was inhibited by blocking of the NF‐κB pathway. Basal expression levels of IL‐6 correlated with basal expression levels of miR‐203.

Conclusion

The current results demonstrate methylation‐dependent regulation of miR‐203 expression in RASFs. Importantly, they also show that elevated levels of miR‐203 lead to increased secretion of MMP‐1 and IL‐6 via the NF‐κB pathway and thereby contribute to the activated phenotype of synovial fibroblasts in RA.
Proteomic analysis of articular cartilage vesicles from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage
Authors: Rosenthal Ann K. , Gohr Claudia M. , Ninomiya James , Wakim Bassam T.
Published: October 2010

Objective

Articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) are extracellular organelles found in normal articular cartilage. While they were initially defined by their ability to generate pathologic calcium crystals in cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients, they can also alter the phenotype of normal chondrocytes through the transfer of RNA and protein. The purpose of this study was to analyze the proteome of ACVs from normal and OA human cartilage.

Methods

ACVs were isolated from cartilage samples from 10 normal controls and 10 OA patients. We identified the ACV proteomes using in‐gel trypsin digestion, nanospray liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptides, followed by searching an appropriate subset of the Uniprot database. We further differentiated between normal and OA ACVs by Holm‐Sidak analysis for multiple comparison testing.

Results

More than 1,700 proteins were identified in ACVs. Approximately 170 proteins satisfied our stringent criteria of having >1 representative peptide per protein present, and a false discovery rate of ≤5%. These proteins included extracellular matrix components, phospholipid binding proteins, enzymes, and cytoskeletal components, including actin. While few proteins were seen exclusively in normal or OA ACVs, immunoglobulins and complement components were present only in OA ACVs. Compared to normal ACVs, OA ACVs displayed decreases in matrix proteoglycans and increases in transforming growth factor β–induced protein βig‐H3, DEL‐1, vitronectin, and serine protease HtrA1 (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

These findings lend support to the concept of ACVs as physiologic structures in articular cartilage. Changes in OA ACVs are largely quantitative and reflect an altered matrix and the presence of inflammation, rather than revealing fundamental changes in composition.
Suboptimal outcome following sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
Authors: Maeda Y , Lundby L , Buntzen S , Laurberg S
Published: October 2010

Background

The aim of the study was to identify the incidence of suboptimal therapeutic responses and adverse events associated with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence, and to determine their influence on treatment outcome.

Methods

Prospectively collected data from 176 patients who underwent SNS were reviewed retrospectively. Patient variables and reportable events were analysed by binary regression to identify the predictors of treatment outcome.

Results

Overall, 592 reportable events were recorded from 150 patients (85·2 per cent) at a median of 11 (interquartile range (i.q.r.) 4–26) months. Loss of efficacy (212 events, 87 patients), lack of efficacy (186 events, 68 patients) and pain/discomfort (126 events, 67 patients) accounted for 88·5 per cent of reportable events. Loss of efficacy (odds ratio (OR) 2·52, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·33 to 4·79; P = 0·007), lack of efficacy (OR 2·80, 1·46 to 5·36; P = 0·002) and pain in the leg (OR 4·07, 1·34 to 12·33; P = 0·013) were predictors of unfavourable outcome in the medium to long term. At a median follow-up of 33 (i.q.r. 20–52) months, 31 patients (17·6 per cent) had explantation of the device or discontinued treatment.

Conclusion

Suboptimal therapeutic responses and adverse events are not uncommon when SNS is employed for faecal incontinence. They have a negative impact on treatment outcome.
Anionic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes with N,N′‐Bis(fluoroaryl) and N,N′‐Bis(perfluoroaryl) Substituents
Authors: Hobbs Matthew G. , Knapp Chrissy J. , Welsh Patrick T. , Borau‐Garcia Javier , Ziegler Tom , Roesler Roland
Published: October 2010

A series of rhodium complexes, [Rh(cod)(NHC‐Fx)(OH2)] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene; NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene), incorporating anionic N‐heterocyclic carbenes with 2‐tert‐butylmalonyl backbones and 2,6‐dimethylphenyl (x=0), 2,6‐difluorophenyl (x=4), 2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl (x=6), and pentafluorophenyl (x=10) N,N′‐substituents, respectively, has been prepared by deprotonation of the corresponding zwitterionic precursors with potassium hexamethyldisilazide, followed by immediate reaction of the resulting potassium salts with [{RhCl(cod)}2]. These complexes could be converted to the related carbonyl derivatives [Rh(CO)2(NHC‐Fx)(OH2)] by displacement of the COD ligand with CO. IR and NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the degree of fluorination of the N‐aryl substituents has a considerable influence on the σ‐donating and π‐accepting properties of the carbene ligands and could be effectively used to tune the electronic properties of the metal center. The carbonyl groups on the carbene ligand backbone provided a particularly sensitive probe for the assessment of the metal‐to‐ligand π donation. The ortho‐fluorine substituents on the N‐aryl groups in the carbene ligands interacted with the other ligands on rhodium, determining the conformation of the complexes and creating a pocket suitable for the coordination of water to the metal center. Computational studies were used to explain the influence of the fluorinated N‐substituents on the electronic properties of the ligand and evaluate the relative contribution of the σ‐ and π‐interactions to the ligand–metal interaction.
Emerging Technologies and World's Economy Stimulate the Markets for High‐tech Metals
Authors: Angerer G.
Published: November 2010

Die Sicherung der Rohstoffzugänge zählt zu den großen Herausforderungen der Zukunft für Politik und Wirtschaft, deren Bedeutung mit den aufgetretenen Verwerfungen auf den Rohstoffmärkten in das Bewusstsein der Akteure rückte. Es wäre fatal, wenn die Entwicklung, Nutzung und Vermarktung von Zukunftstechnologien, welche die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen und europäischen Wirtschaft und den Wohlstand der Gesellschaft begründet, durch Engpässe bei der Versorgung mit Rohstoffen behindert oder gar gestoppt würde. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Nachfrageseite der Rohstoffversorgung und zeigt, dass die Treiber technischer Fortschritt und Weltwirtschaft starke Impulse auf die Rohstoffmärkte ausüben.
Alkaline Activation of Bentonites
Authors: Flachberger H. , Ohrdorf K.‐H.
Published: November 2010

Bentonite sind ein Mineralgemisch mit dem Hauptmineral Montmorillonit, werden der Gruppe der Industrieminerale zugeordnet und sind zumeist vulkanischen Ursprungs. Systematische experimentelle Untersuchungen an Bentonit‐Proben aus sechs verschiedenen Lagerstätten der drei europäischen Hauptförderregionen Milos, Bayern und Sardinien zeigten, dass die Optimierung der Prozesstechnik signifikante Verbrauchseinsparungen ermöglicht und damit einen Beitrag zur effizienten Nutzung von Rohstoffen leistet. Die präsentierten Forschungsergebnisse bergen das Potenzial in sich, auch im industriellen Maßstab mit Erfolg umgesetzt zu werden.
Innovation Dynamics in Resource‐intensive Production Processes
Authors: Ostertag K. , Sartorius Ch. , Tercero Espinoza L.
Published: November 2010

Der Beitrag analysiert die Innovationsdynamik in rohstoffnahen Produktionsprozessen. Dabei stützt er sich hauptsächlich auf Patentdaten und unterscheidet die Bereiche Langlebigkeit, Materialeinsparung und Recycling sowie die Technologien im Förderschwerpunkt r2 – Innovative Technologien für Ressourceneffizienz – rohstoffintensive Produktionsprozesse des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung. Gemessen an der Patentdynamik halten die ersten beiden Bereiche mit der allgemeinen Zunahme der Patentanmeldungen Schritt, wogegen sie im Bereich Recycling weltweit und in Deutschland stagnieren. Die Dynamik auf dem technologischen Gebiet des r2‐Förderschwerpunkts weicht von diesem Muster kaum ab. Es fällt jedoch auf, dass die deutschen Patentanteile hier geringer sind. Ein Ländervergleich macht weitere regionale Spezialisierungsmuster deutlich. Die Aufholprozesse schnell wachsender Volkswirtschaften, wie z. B. Korea und China, werden auch hier sichtbar.
Resource Recovery from Combustion Residues
Authors: Mocker M. , Löh I. , Stenzel F.
Published: November 2010

Aufgrund der begrenzten Vorräte natürlich vorkommender Rohstoffe ist eine Rohstoffrückgewinnung in unserer Gesellschaft unerlässlich. Wertvolle Rohstoffe sind auch in den Rückständen von Verbrennungsanlagen enthalten. Von diesen Rückständen fielen deutschlandweit bisher 32 Mio. t pro Jahr an, die überwiegend baustofflich verwertet wurden. Bei diesem Verwertungsweg findet jedoch keine spezifische Wiederverwendung statt, viele wertvolle Inhaltsstoffe werden allenfalls in den Rückständen toleriert. Gezielte Anwendungen wären die Phosphorrückgewinnung, die Herstellung von Düngemitteln oder das Metallrecycling. Dafür sind jedoch spezielle Verfahren notwendig, wie z. B. der ATZ‐Eisenbadreaktor, der sich grundsätzlich zur Rückgewinnung von Phosphor und von Metallen eignet.
A New Chiral Quinoxaline Derivative with Ferroelectric Property
Authors: Chen Lizhuang , Han Guangfan , Ye Hengyun , Xiong Rengen
Published: November 2010

Reaction of 1,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethane‐1,2‐dione and (1R,2R)‐(−)‐diaminocyclohexane afforded a homochiral quinoxaline derivative (4aR,8aR)‐2,3‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐decahydroquinoxaline (1). Fluorescent analysis exhibits an intense blue emission band at 386 nm. Crystallographic analysis showed that it belongs to chiral space group P21 with ferroelectric behavior, and a typical ferroelectric feature of electric hysteresis loop was obtained. The dielectric constant of compound 1 was measured at room temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Anchored Cu(II) Complexes: Heterogeneous Catalysts for Preparation of Diaryl Ethers
Authors: Islam Manirul , Mondal Sanchita , Manir Mobarak , Singha Roy Anupam , Mondal Paromita , Hossain Dildar
Published: November 2010

Polymer anchored Cu(II) Schiff base complexes have been prepared and characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), spectrometric methods like diffuse reflectance spectra of solid (DRS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These catalysts show excellent catalytic activity in the O‐arylation reaction of aryl halides with phenol in acetonitrile using Cs2CO3 at 70°C under an open air condition to give diaryl ethers in high yields. The effects of various parameters such as solvent, catalyst from different copper salt and base on the reaction system have been studied. The reaction is applicable to a wide variety of substituted aryl halides and phenols with different steric and electronic properties. These catalysts are recovered by simple filtration and the reusability experiments show that these catalysts can be used five times without much loss in the catalytic activity.
Efficient Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines via the Hantzsch Reaction Using Iron Loaded Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Hosseini Mariam , Oskooie Hossein A. , Baghernejad Bita , Farzaneh F.
Published: November 2010

A simple and convenient protocol is described for the preparation of polyhydroquinolines via one‐pot, multi component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, ethylacetoacetate, ammonium acetate and dimedone using iron loaded mesoporous materials as an efficient catalyst in good yields.
Carbon Nanotubes with Phthalocyanine‐Decorated Surface Produced by NH3‐Assisted Microwave Reaction and Their Catalytic Performance in Li/SOCl2 Battery
Authors: Xu Zhanwei , Li Hejun , Sun Huihui , Zhang Qinglin , Li Kezhi
Published: November 2010

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)‐templated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) assemblies are prepared by microwave reaction with the aid of NH4Cl. The assemblies of CoPc/MWCNTs are added to the electrolyte of Li/SOCl2 battery to show their potential application in the field of catalysis. The assemblies display a uniform coaxial nanotube structure. In the control test, the CoPc/MWCNTs synthesized without NH4Cl exhibit the aggregation of the nanotubes of CoPc/MWCNTs. It indicates that the use of NH4Cl as gas source is efficient in enhancing diffusion of the MWCNTs and controlling the growth of CoPc. The catalytic reduction of SOCl2 can be carried out by CoPc molecules outside the assemblies and the MWCNTs inside the assemblies. The assemblies of CoPc/ MWCNTs exhibit excellent electrochemical catalytic activity to Li/SOCl2 battery. The discharge energy of Li/SOCl2 battery catalyzed by CoPc/MWCNTs is 144% higher than that of the battery without catalyst, and is 94% higher than the energy of Li/SOCl2 battery catalyzed by bulk CoPc.
Weak Interactions Involving Fluorine in Suppramolecular Assemblies of Cu(II) Complexes
Authors: Ge Chunhua , Zhang Xiangdong , Yin Jing , Zhang Rui
Published: November 2010

Syntheses and X‐ray structural characterizations of two new Cu(II) complexes Cu(tfbz)2(Htfbz)2(phen) (1) (Htfbz=2,4,5‐trifluorobenzoic acid, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) and [Cu(pfbz)2(phen)]2(Hpfbz)2 (2) (Hpfbz=pentafluorobenzoic acid) are reported. The first complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with the crystal cell parameters a=1.9903(4) nm, b=1.3688(3) nm, c=1.3623(3) nm, β=97.90(3)°, V=3.6762(13) nm3 and Z=4. The second complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P‐1 with the crystal cell parameters a=1.7965(4) Å, b=1.9236(2) Å, c=2.0916(2) Å, α=110.156(2) °, β=105.040(3) °, γ=98.123(3) °, V=6.3372(17) nm3 and Z=4. The crystallographic analyses revealed that F···H–C hydrogen bonds in both complexes lead to formation of infinite three‐dimensional supramolecular networks. A large number of F···F interactions in complex 2 ensure the stability of intricate crystal structure.
Atmospheric Chemistry of HCF2O(CF2CF2O)xCF2H (x=2–4): Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Chlorine‐Atom‐Initiated Oxidation
Authors: Sulbaek Andersen Mads P. , Andersen Vibeke F. , Nielsen Ole J. , Sander Stanley P. , Wallington Timothy J.
Published: October 2010

Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to measure k(Cl+HCF2O(CF2CF2O)xCF2H)=(5.3±1.5)×10−17 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 in 700 Torr of N2/O2 diluent at 296±1 K. The Cl‐initiated atmospheric oxidation of HCF2O(CF2CF2O)xCF2H, x=2,3 and 4, gave COF2 in molar yields of (593±41) %, (758±71) % and (939±73) %, respectively, with no other observable carbon‐containing products (i.e., essentially complete conversion of the hydrofluoropolyethers into COF2). Quantitative infrared spectra for HCF2O(CF2CF2O)xCF2H (x=2–4) were recorded and used to estimate the radiative efficiencies of the title compounds (1.07, 1.33, and 1.36 W m−2 ppb−1). Global warming potentials (100 year time horizon) of 3870, 4730 and 5060 were estimated for HCF2O(CF2CF2O)xCF2H, x=2, 3 and 4, respectively. The results are discussed with respect to the atmospheric chemistry and environmental impact of hydrofluoropolyethers.
Zebrafish limb development is triggered by a retinoic acid signal during gastrulation
Authors: Grandel Heiner , Brand Michael
Published: October 2010

Studies in mouse and zebrafish show that vertebrate forelimb development is initiated by retinoic acid (RA). An RA signal leads to transcription of tbx5 in forelimb precursors which is necessary and sufficient for limb development. However, the timing of the RA signaling event has remained controversial as have source tissue and tissue interactions. We have thus determined the contribution of RA to zebrafish pectoral fin development at different developmental stages. Specifically, an early gastrula stage RA signal triggers the process that leads to determination of tbx5‐expressing limb precursors, while a later somitogenesis stage RA signal maintains these precursors. Preceding the lack of tbx5‐expressing limb precursors in RA deficient zebrafish embryos, aldh1a2 and cyp26a1 expression domains are distorted along the gastrula margin suggesting that positional values in the ventrolateral mesodermal anlagen are affected. We propose that limb precursor determination requires RA dependent specification of lateral plate territories during gastrulation. Developmental Dynamics 240:1116–1126, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cystatin cures visceral leishmaniasis by NF‐κB‐mediated proinflammatory response through co‐ordination of TLR/MyD88 signaling with p105‐Tpl2‐ERK pathway
Authors: Kar Susanta , Ukil Anindita , Das Pijush K.
Published: October 2010

Cystatin could completely cure experimental visceral leishmaniasis by switching the differentiation of Th2 cells to Th1 type, as well as upregulating NO, and activation of NF‐κB played a major role in these processes. Analysis of upstream signaling events revealed that TLR 2/4‐mediated MyD88‐dependent participation of IL‐1R‐activated kinase (IRAK)1, TNF receptor‐associated factor (TRAF)6 and TGFβ‐activated kinase (TAK)1 is essential to induce cystatin‐mediated IκB kinase (IKK)/NF‐κB activation in macrophages. Cystatin plus IFN‐γ activated the IKK complex to induce phosphorylation‐mediated degradation of p105, the physiological partner and inhibitor of the MEK kinase, tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl‐2). Consequently, Tpl‐2 was liberated from p105, thereby stimulating activation of the MEK/ERK MAPK cascade. Cystatin plus IFN‐γ‐induced IKK‐β post‐transcriptionally modified p65/RelA subunit of NF‐κB by dual phosphorylation in infected phagocytic cells. IKK induced the phosphorylation of p65 directly on Ser‐536 residue whereas phosphorylation on Ser 276 residue was by sequential activation of Tpl‐2/MEK/ERK/MSK1. Collectively, the present study indicates that cystatin plus IFN‐γ‐induced MyD88 signaling may bifurcate at the level of IKK, leading to a divergent pathway regulating NF‐κB activation by IκBα phosphorylation and by p65 transactivation through Tpl‐2/MEK/ERK/MSK1.
CD70–CD27 interactions provide survival and proliferative signals that regulate T cell receptor‐driven activation of human γδ peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: deBarros Ana , Chaves‐Ferreira Miguel , d'Orey Francisco , Ribot Julie C. , Silva‐Santos Bruno
Published: October 2010

Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are potent anti‐tumor lymphocytes that specifically respond to pyrophosphate (phospho‐) antigens, which constitute the basis of current γδ T‐cell‐based immunotherapy strategies. Despite a clear involvement of the TCR, the costimulation requirements of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells remain ill‐defined. Here, we show that the expression of the CD27 receptor by the vast majority of Vγ9Vδ2 peripheral blood lymphocytes endows them with enhanced proliferative capacity upon ligation by its unique ligand CD70, a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member expressed on lymphoma B‐cells but also on TCR‐activated γδ T cells. Moreover, Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell treatment with soluble recombinant CD70 induced calcium signals and increased transcription of anti‐apoptotic Bcl2a1 and cell‐cycle‐promoting Cyclin D2 genes. We further demonstrate that the manipulation of CD70–CD27 interactions significantly impacted on Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell survival, proliferation and cytokine secretion, in both loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function experiments. Thus, CD27 coreceptor signals strongly promoted the expansion of Th1‐biased, CD27+ Vγ9Vδ2 peripheral blood lymphocytes in the context of TCR‐mediated stimulation with phosphoantigens. These data collectively establish a novel role for the CD70–CD27 axis in human γδ T‐cell activation and hence open new perspectives for its modulation in clinical settings.
Determination of bound 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) and bound monochloropropanediol (MCPD) in refined oils
Authors: Kuhlmann Jan
Published: October 2010

A new method for the parallel determination of bound 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) and 2‐ and 3‐chloropropanediol (2‐ and 3‐MCPD) in oil matrices is presented. It is based on an improved alkaline catalysed release of MCPD and glycidol, followed by a transformation of glycidol to monobromopropanediol (MBPD), derivatisation with phenylboronic acid (PBA) and analysis by GC–MS. Quantification was performed using isotopic labelled standards. Method validation was carried out for the complete method procedure using glycidyl stearate and 3‐chloropropanediol‐1,2‐bis‐palmitoyl ester as reference compounds. Linearity was verified (r2>0.999) within the concentration range from 0.1 to 5.7 mg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) for bound glycidol was 0.025 mg/kg in absence of 3‐MCPD. Due to a lack of certified reference material a validation of bound 2‐MCPD analysis was not feasible, but an indirect approach yielded a semi‐quantitative estimation. The method was applied to the analysis of several different oils. None of the analytes was detected in virgin or crude oils. In contrast bound MCPD and bound glycidol was detected ubiquitously in refined oils. The determined concentrations of 3‐MCPD and glycidol in the tested samples varied in 2 orders and 4 orders of magnitude, respectively. Bound 2‐MCPD was estimated to occur commonly in refined oils.

Practical application: The presented application is advantageous to other methods that are either not suitable for the parallel determination of bound glycidol and bound 2‐ and 3‐MCPD within on step or are based on an estimation of bound glycidol contents by calculation. In comparison to those methods based on the direct determination of the single mother compounds this approach to convert the eventually unclear assembly of different MCPD‐ and glycidyl derivatives into the basic analytes glycidol and 2‐ and 3‐MCPD simplifies identification and quantification, enhances the analytical sensitivity and lowers the risk of underestimation. Furthermore, the investigation of basic transformations that may occur during sample preparation can be helpful for a better understanding of the complex chemistry in MCPD and glycidol analysis. Results from analysis of different oils and fats can be used for an estimation of the occurrence and distribution of bound MCPD and bound glycidol.
Synthesis of a Bis(1,2,3‐phenylene) Cryptand and Its Dual‐Response Binding to Paraquat and Diquat
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Zheng Bo , Xia Binyuan , Zhu Kelong , Wu Chuande , Huang Feihe
Published: October 2010

A bis(1,2,3‐phenylene) cryptand has been synthesized and used to prepare 1:1 complexes with paraquat and diquat, with association constants of 2.2 × 103 M–1 and 3.7 × 103 M–1, respectively, in CHCl3/CH3CN (1:1). In the solid state this cryptand forms a taco complex with paraquat, which has never been found before in cryptand/paraquat complexes. Furthermore, its binding to paraquat and diquat in solution can be switched off (and back on) by addition of acid or K+ (and then base or 18‐crown‐6).
A Simple and Effective Way to Integrate Nile Blue Covalently onto Functionalized SWCNTs Modified GC Electrodes for Sensitive and Selective Electroanalysis of NADH
Authors: Saleh Farhana S. , Rahman Mohammad R. , Kitamura Fusao , Okajima Takeyoshi , Mao Lanqun , Ohsaka Takeo
Published: October 2010

A simple and new way to assemble Nile blue (NB) covalently onto the surface of functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode (NB/f‐SWCNTs/GC electrode) was described. The NB/f‐SWCNTs/GC electrode catalyzes effectively the oxidation of NADH with a remarkably decreased overpotential (ca. 700 mV) compared with that at the bare GC. The reaction was found to obey a so‐called Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the related kinetic parameters were determined. This modified electrode possesses promising characteristics as NADH sensor; a wide linear dynamic range of 0.2 to 200 µM, low detection limit of 0.18 µM, fast response time (1–2 s), high sensitivity (24 µA cm−2 mM−1), anti‐interference ability and anti‐fouling.
Electrochemical DNA Sensing at Single‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Chemically Assembled on Gold Surfaces
Authors: Santiago‐Rodríguez Lenibel , Sánchez‐Pomales Germarie , Cabrera Carlos R.
Published: October 2010

An electrochemical DNA sensor was constructed using single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) attached to a self‐assembled monolayer of 11‐amino‐1‐undecanethiol on a gold surface. The voltammetric peak of methylene blue (MB), which interacts with the DNA guanine bases specifically, was used to follow the DNA hybridization process. After DNA hybridization with its complementary DNA strand, the MB electrochemical signal response decreased and the change in MB signal response was used as the basis for the electrochemical sensing of DNA hybridization. The as described DNA sensor demonstrated to have good stability, selectivity, a linear response over the DNA concentration range from 100 to 1,000 nM and a limit of detection of 7.24 nM.
Stabilized Lipid Films in Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Nikolelis Dimitrios P. , Hianik Tibor , Nikoleli Georgia‐Paraskevi
Published: October 2010

Lipid membrane based electrochemical biosensors have been exploited for the last 40 years. However, a major obstacle that limited their applications and commercialization was their fragility. Recent advances in stabilization of lipid membranes have tremendously increased the number of publications in the last 5 years. The objective of the present article is to present procedures for the stabilization of lipid film biosensors and recent advances in their analytical uses. These novel devices are used as chemo‐ and biosensors for the quantification of environmental contaminants and food toxicants. Recent research is directed to the construction of a portable mini electrochemical device that will be commercialized and readily be used by non‐skilled personnel for in the field measurements.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Poly(benzopyrene) Films Doped with Eriochrome Black T as a Pb2+‐Sensitive Sensors
Authors: Lisak Grzegorz , Wagner Michal , Kvarnström Carita , Bobacka Johan , Ivaska Ari , Lewenstam Andrzej
Published: October 2010

Poly(benzopyrene) films were electrosynthesized on glassy carbon disk electrodes from benzo(a)pyrene by cyclic voltammetry in the presence of eriochrome black T, which forms strong complexes with lead ions. In consequence, by conditioning the films in high concentration of lead (0.1 mol dm−3 Pb(NO3)2) potentiometric sensitivity to lead ions down to 10−5 mol dm−3 Pb2+ was induced, and a novel type of lead‐sensitive electrode was obtained. The electrode is characterized by high stability of the potential readouts, good reproducibility of the calibration curves as well as a minor hysteresis effects. The performance of our lead‐sensitive electrode was favourable compared to PEDOT and PPy‐based electrodes doped with eriochrome black T. We conclude that poly(benzopyrene) doped with eriochrome black T is a new electroactive material that may be applied in sensor technology.
Effectiveness of self‐esteem and social skills group therapy in adolescent eating disorder patients attending a day hospital treatment programme
Authors: Lázaro L. , Font E. , Moreno E. , Calvo R. , Vila M. , Andrés‐Perpiñá S. , Canalda G. , Martínez E. , Castro‐Fornieles J.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To evaluate self‐esteem and social skills in adolescent eating disorder patients before and after specific group therapy as part of a Day Hospital Programme.

Method

One hundred and sixty adolescent eating disorder patients, classified as anorexia nervosa and related disorders (AN‐rd) (N = 116) or bulimia nervosa and related disorders (BN‐rd) (N = 44) received structured group therapy for developing self‐esteem and social skills.

Results

BN‐rd patients had poorer perceptions of some self‐esteem and social skills variables. After group therapy, both groups presented significant improvements in their perceptions of physical appearance, their self‐concept related to weight and shape and to others, happiness and satisfaction, social withdrawal and leadership. BN‐rd patients presented more changes on many of the variables.

Discussion

Specific self‐esteem and social skills group therapy in patients with eating disorders can be useful in improving certain core features. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
High Temperature Operation of a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack Based on a New Ionomer Membrane
Authors: Aricò A. S. , Di Blasi A. , Brunaccini G. , Sergi F. , Dispenza G. , Andaloro L. , Ferraro M. , Antonucci V. , Asher P. , Buche S. , Fongalland D. , Hards G. A. , Sharman J. D. B. , Bayer A. , Heinz G. , Zandonà N. , Zuber R. , Gebert M. , Corasaniti M. , Ghielmi A. , Jones D. J.
Published: November 2010

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell stacks assembled with Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells and SolviCore MEAs based on the Aquivion™ E79‐03S short‐side chain (SSC), chemically stabilised perfluorosulphonic acid membrane developed by Solvay Solexis were investigated at CNR‐ITAE in the EU Sixth Framework ‘Autobrane' project. Electrochemical experiments in fuel cell short stacks were performed under practical automotive operating conditions at pressures of 1–1.5 bar abs. over a wide temperature range, up to 130 °C, with varying levels of humidity (down to 18% R. H.). The stacks using large area (360 cm2) MEAs showed elevated performance in the temperature range from ambient to 100 °C (cell power density in the range of 600–700 mWcm–2) with a moderate decrease above 100 °C. The performances and electrical efficiencies achieved at 110 °C (cell power density of about 400 mWcm–2 at an average cell voltage of about 0.5–0.6 V) are promising for automotive applications. Duty‐cycle and steady‐state galvanostatic experiments showed excellent stack stability for operation at high temperature. A performance comparison of AquivionTM and NafionTM‐based MEAs under practical operating conditions showed a significantly better capability for the Solvay Solexis membrane to sustain high temperature operation.
Site‐specific Surface Chemistry on Nanotubes
Authors: Burghaus U. , Zak A. , Rosentsveig R.
Published: October 2010

A simple ultra‐high vacuum sample temperature ramping technique can be used to characterize the confinement effects and different adsorption sites on nanotube (NT) bundles deposited on a support such as silica. Results for inorganic NTs such as WS2 and TiO2 NTs are compared with data for carbon nanotubes and inorganic WS2 fullerene‐like nanoparticles.
Characterization of absorbent polymers for the removal of volatile hydrophobic pollutants from air
Authors: Montes María , Daugulis Andrew J. , Veiga Maria C. , Kennes Christian
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: An emerging innovation for the treatment of polluted air consists in using a liquid–solid biphasic system, in which the sequestering phase contains inert polymer beads. The different polymers tested here for this purpose were; Hytrel® G3548L, Hytrel® G4078W, styrene butadiene copolymer, 28% and 31%, silicone rubber, PEBAX® 2533, and rubber tires. The selection of the most effective polymer(s) first requires a determination of the uptake of the pollutants by the solid phase in terms of key polymer properties such as partition coefficient, diffusion coefficient and biodegradability.

RESULTS: A significant difference was found in the uptake levels of α‐pinene from the gas phase for the different polymers tested. Based on partition coefficient measurements, relatively non‐polar polymers such as Kraton® tend to uptake α‐pinene better than polar ones, such as Hytrel®. A reduction in the partition coefficient of α‐pinene into polymers in the presence of water has also been observed. It was also proven that the tested polymers are not biodegradable.

CONCLUSIONS: The uptake of α‐pinene by the different polymers tested was determined and it was shown that such polymers could be used for air pollution control. Furthermore, their non‐biodegradability justifies their use as absorbents. This paper provides a new opportunity to work with biofilters (BFs)/biotrickling filters (BTFs) using polymers as a sequestering phase. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic appearances of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the submandibular gland confirmed with sonographically guided core needle biopsy
Authors: Eun Bahn Young , Lee Sang Kwon , Kwon Sun Young , Kim Sang Pyo
Published: October 2010

A 71‐year‐old man presented with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the submandibular gland 52 months after initial diagnosis of MALT lymphoma of the lung. Ultrasonography showed a well‐demarcated, markedly hypoechoic, heterogeneous solid mass with linear echogenic strands and hypervascularity. Ultrasound‐guided core‐needle biopsy demonstrated histological findings of MALT lymphoma. Sonographic features of MALT lymphoma of the submandibular gland are characteristic and ultrasound‐guided core‐needle biopsy may be a suitable replacement for surgical biopsy. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Development and evaluation of a fluorogenic real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection of dengue 3 virus
Authors: Tan Irene L. , Dimamay Mark Pierre S. , Buerano Corazon C. , Alfon Jhoe Anthony R. , Tanig Carol Z. , Matias Ronald R. , Natividad Filipinas F.
Published: October 2010

A dengue‐3‐specific real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was developed using the novel Light Upon eXtension (LUX™) fluorogenic technology. A labeled forward primer and a standard reverse primer that target a conserved region within the non‐structural 1 (NS1) gene of dengue 3 strains were designed. The dengue‐3‐specific assay did not recognize other dengue serotypes and related flaviviruses. Using a tenfold serial dilution of plasmid DNA containing the dengue 3 NS1 gene as standards, the range of dengue virus detection was determined to be from 103 to 109 copies/ml or from 80 to 8 × 107 copies/reaction with an average correlation coefficient of ≥0.99. The mean intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) at 2.01% and the mean inter‐assay CV at 2.68% suggest the repeatability of the procedure. Moreover, the fluorogenic assay was evaluated by using clinical specimens and comparing test results with historical data obtained from conventional RT‐PCR, which served as the criterion standard. Using patient sera as test samples, the assay demonstrated 95.45% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively. These results reveal that the real‐time RT‐PCR assay may be utilized as a rapid, convenient, and sensitive tool for the detection of dengue 3 in clinical and laboratory specimens. J. Med. Virol. 82:2053–2063, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rhinovirus species and their clinical presentation among different risk groups of non‐hospitalized patients
Authors: Watanabe Aripuana , Carraro Emerson , Kamikawa Janete , Leal Élcio , Granato Celso , Bellei Nancy
Published: October 2010

Infections caused by Human Rhinoviruses (HRVs) account for 25–50% of respiratory illnesses among individuals presenting influenza‐like illness (ILI). HRVs could be classified in at least three species: HRV‐A, HRV‐B, and HRV‐C. The HRV‐C species has frequently been described among children and has led to severe illness resulting in hospitalization; however, the occurrence among adults is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical presentation and species distribution of HRV infections in different populations during 2001–2008. A total of 770 samples were collected. Subjects consisted of 136 adults from the general community and 207 health‐care workers (2001–2003), 232 renal‐transplanted outpatients (2002–2004), 70 children with congenital heart disease (2005) and 125 children from a day‐care center (2008). Amplification of HRV genes was performed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HRV was detected in 27.4% of samples (211/770), with 72 children (36.9%) and 139 adults infected (24.2%). A total of 89.61% (138/154) unknown HRV strains were sequenced, and 79.22% (122/138) were analyzed. We identified 74 isolates (60.7%) of the HRV A species, 21 (17.2%) of the HRV B species and 27 isolates (22.1%) of the HRV C species. HRV species A and B caused ILI among adult patients, whereas HRV‐C did not. The dynamics of infection among different species deserve further analysis. J. Med. Virol. 82:2110–2115, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence, dominance, and possible decline of CXCR4 chemokine receptor usage during the course of HIV infection
Authors: Meehan Conor J. , Hedge Jessica A. , Robertson David L. , McCormack Grace P. , Travers Simon A.A.
Published: October 2010

Binding to a chemokine receptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, by the gp120 glycoprotein is an essential step in the pathway by which HIV enters host cells. Recently, CCR5 antagonists have been developed that obstruct binding of CCR5 by gp120, thus inhibiting host cell entry. Resistance to such CCR5 antagonists may emerge, however, through the selection of viral strains capable of utilizing CXCR4 receptors. This study explores the evolutionary context of emergence, and in many cases decline, of dominant CXCR4‐usage (X4) during disease progression within a number of individuals. Of seven individuals exhibiting a switch to dominant CXCR4 usage, such dominance is transient in five of them with CCR5‐usage (R5) re‐emerging to dominate the viral population later in disease progression. Three individuals conform to documented X4 transience in that the re‐emergence of R5 dominance is an outgrowth from the predominant R5 strain. However, in two individuals we observe a novel pathway for R5 re‐emergence in that R5 strains emerge to dominate late in disease progression through continued evolution of the X4 population. This suggests that the molecular mechanism of such switches between R5 and X4‐usage is strain specific and that no single mechanism is shared between individuals. These findings have implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of potential emergence of resistance to CCR5 antagonists through use of the CXCR4 receptor and support the importance to have an appropriately optimized background therapy for use with entry inhibitors and, as for all HAART, to monitor drug resistance in a comprehensive manner. J. Med. Virol. 82:2004–2012, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fas gene polymorphism influences herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in South African women
Authors: Chatterjee Koushik , Dandara Collet , Gyllensten Ulf , van der Merwe Lize , Galal Ushma , Hoffman Margaret , Williamson Anna‐Lise
Published: October 2010

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide that causes genital infection. Among several factors responsible, host genetic factors may play an important role in susceptibility to HSV‐2 infection. Apoptosis is a vital mechanism in eliminating virus‐infected cells and controlling viral infections. Apoptosis can be regulated and triggered by the interaction between Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL). Polymorphisms in genes encoding Fas and FasL might result in altered apoptosis and contribute in susceptibility to viral infections. Two polymorphisms in Fas gene (FasR‐1377G > A, FasR‐670A > G) and one in FasL gene (FasL‐844T > C) have been well studied and associated with different diseases. These polymorphisms were investigated in 407 South African women of black African and mixed‐ancestry origin to determine if they were associated with HSV‐2 seropositivity. Two hundred sixty‐five women were HSV‐2 infected and 142 were non‐infected. HSV‐2 was detected using HerpeSelect ELISA test and genotyping was performed using TaqMan assay. FasR‐1377A allele showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.008) with reduced risk of HSV‐2 infection. Analyzing the FasR haplotypes also showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.0001) with FasR‐1377/FasR‐670 AG haplotype and reduced risk of HSV‐2 infection. There was no significant association found with FasR‐670A > G and FasL‐844T > C polymorphisms and risk of HSV‐2 infection. This is, to our knowledge, the first time a non‐HLA genetic link with HSV‐2 infection has been reported. J. Med. Virol. 82:2082–2086, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.