bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revitalizing small historic townscapes in Southern province, Sri Lanka: identifying core elements of town's identities based on residents' and visitors' cognition of towns
Authors: Silva Kapila Dharmasena
Published: August 2016

This research addresses the issues of preservation and revitalization of small-scale towns in the Southern Province in Sri Lanka. These towns were originated during the colonial occupation in the country in 18th and 19th centuries as service centers along main arteries that connected the main urban centers of the region. Although they currently do not have specific historical monuments, as grouping of buildings and as townscapes they possess specific identity by which one can distinguish them from the similar kind of towns in the other part of the country. However, the pressure for the growth and development has threatened this specific identity and the visual character of these towns. There is the need for the revitalization as well as preservation of these towns. Thus the major concern is how to struck the balance between the need for growth and change and the need for preservation and continuity. In this endeavor it is important to identify what components of these towns are to be preserved and what components are to be developed. The present study attempts to identify the core-characteristics of the physical settings to be preserved as well as to be developed in these towns. Hence, the final outcome of the project would be useful in two ways. First it will provide a basis to formulate a method that can be adopted in identifying the core elements of town's identity in preservation programs; second it will be useful in formulating a conceptual framework for the development and revitalization of these towns with a concern for preservation.
Application of value management in construction
Authors: Perera Srinath , Karunasena Gayani , Selvadurai Kaushalya
Published: August 2016

The concept of value management (VM) is becoming more relevant to Sri Lankan construction industry. Value Management provides structured, documentable consideration of project stakeholders to ensure that projects are required, framed to satisfy values and sufficiently supported by all stakeholders to ensure successful completion (Austin and Thomson 2001). This is supported by the definition of Albert and Betty (1996) that VM is a structured, systematic, flexible, team oriented approach for assessing the relationship between function, cost and worth. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the development and increasing relevance of VM in the Sri Lankan construction industry in the last decade and to describe the VM systems which have developed within the industry. An outline also is given of the objectives of VM and the methods developed for the application of VM. The paper concludes with the identification of benefits of the process and justifying its relevance with brief case studies which had been carried out to demonstrate the success of the process.
Architectural conservation of traditional mural paintings: the Sri Lankan experience
Authors: Perera T. D. Nishantha
Published: August 2016

Architectural conservation provides necessary methodologies and skills to conserve traditional Sri Lankan mural paintings that are user objects in the ancient image houses. Most of these paintings are in dilapidated conditions due to natural decay and human intervention. Reduction of the rate of decay is the most important aspect of their conservation.In this experimental study, we found that methods based on synthetic material that are currently used do not reduce the rate of decay of paintings, only those methods that stabilize the behavior of paintings reduce the rate of decay. It was established that methods based on traditional material could effectively stabilize the behavior of paintings. Based on these findings, appropriate methods of conservation are developed. Prime attention is given to filling, fixation and consolidation. The possibility of using cleaning and reintegration as tools of preservation is discussed.
Focal Hepatic Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake Mimics Liver Metastasis Following External Beam Radiation for Gastroesophageal Cancers: A Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Wei Randy , Chaurasia Avinash , Yu Suhong , Lall Chandana , Klempner Samuel J
Published: August 2016

Patients with locally advanced gastroesophageal cancers frequently undergo concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (CRT). 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) in combination with computed tomography is used for disease staging and assessing response to therapy. 18FDG-PET interpretation is subject to confounding influences including infectious/inflammatory conditions, serum glucose, and concurrent medications. Radiotherapy induces tissue damage, which may be associated with FDG-avidity; however, few reports have described the focal areas of hepatic uptake following concurrent chemoradiation (CRT). Distinguishing hepatic FDG uptake from disease progression represents an important clinical scenario. Here, we present two cases of unexpected FDG uptake in the liver after CRT and review the literature describing incidental liver uptake on FDG-PET.
THE PHYTOPLANKTON SPRING OUTBURST AND ITS CONDITIONS IN LAKE ERKEN (SWEDEN)1
Authors: Pechlaner Roland
Published: August 2016

In Lake Erken a conspicuous peak in the standing crop and production rate of phytoplankton occurs regularly in the ice‐out period. The environmental changes associated with this outburst were studied in spring 1960. The availability of radiant energy is the key factor for the instigation of the phytoplankton “explosion,” but some lag in the response of the algae to the increase of radiation is caused by the necessity for light adaptation even when the intensities of photosynthetically usable energy are still very low. The growth rates of phytoplankton as measured by cell volume and by chlorophyll content are similar. The specific growth coefficient (in log. units per day) of the dominant species Stephanodiscus hantzschii pusillus is considerably higher (0.09) than that of the entire assemblage of algae (0.065). Two weeks after ice‐out the biomass, production rate, and relative photosynthetic efficiency (carbon uptake per unit biomass and unit radiation) of phytoplankton decrease sharply. Depletion of inorganic nutrients, especially nitrogen, is apparently the main cause for the end of the spring bloom. Grazing affects only a small fraction of the phytoplankton; exploitation of diatoms by the zooplankton is negligible during the spring outburst.
A model of microenvironments in deep‐sea sediments: Formation and effects on porewater profiles1
Authors: Jahnke Richard
Published: August 2016

The influence of suboxic microenvironments on the deep‐ocean porewater nitrogen system is investigated via a porewater‐sediment model in which respiration is confined exclusively to discrete sedimentary particles. The formation of suboxic zones within particles that are surrounded by oxygenated porewaters is favored by large particle size, rapid rates of oxygen consumption, and slow internal diffusivity. Of these parameters, the retardation of diffusion due to the presence of organic membranes and organism tests and the increase in respiration rates by the concentration of oxygen consumption into a small proportion of the total particles present represent the most likely mechanisms by which microenvironments form. Once present, however, the main influence of suboxic microzones is to decrease the magnitude of the nitrate maximum, shift the depth of the maximum to a shallower sediment horizon, and decrease the buildup of nitrogen gas in the porewaters.
Production and use of detritus in various freshwater, estuarine, and coastal marine ecosystems
Authors: Mann K. H.
Published: August 2016

In both freshwater and marine habitats, vascular marine plants arc little used by animals that graze directly on them, because they have a relatively high content of indigestible fiber and a low content of nitrogen. The chief emphasis of detritus research in the 1970s was to show how microorganisms progressively reduce the content of fiber and increase the content of nitrogren in vascular plant detritus, rendering it nutritious for animals. Algal (seaweed, diatom, etc.) detritus starts with a lower fiber content and a higher nitrogen content. Many animals can use it directly, and a very short period of microbial colonization renders it highly nutritious. As a result, a high proportion of the algal carbon originally produced passes into animals via detrital food webs, while a low proportion of vascular plant carbon does so. Much more of the latter simply supports microbial respiration.

In the 1980s it was shown, particularly for freshwater habitats, that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by plants while living or in the early stages of decomposition readily precipitates on surfaces and forms amorphous particulate matter with a low content of refractory material. These particles are highly nutritious for animals and are used directly by freshwater fish such as Sarotherodon (= Tilapia), which is commercially important, especially in Africa and South America. It is suggested that the DOM pathway may be ecologically more significant than the POM (particulate organic matter) pathway and that processes analogous to those shown for lakes and rivers probably occur in estuarine and coastal waters.

There is much circumstantial evidence to suggest that planktonic food webs based on DOM are much more important than previously thought. The conversion of DOM to POM through the “microbial loop” and its utilization in higher trophic levels is an urgent topic for further study.
Freshwater and marine coupling in estuaries of the Mississippi River deltaic plain1
Authors: Madden Christopher J. , Day John W. , Randall John M.
Published: August 2016

The estuaries of Louisiana’s Mississippi River deltaic plain (MRDP) exhibit sharp physical and biological contrasts due to their different successional stages in delta development. The Atchafalaya‐Fourleague Bay complex is a young deltaic system with high freshwater and sediment inputs. The area has been undergoing rapid land building since 1973. The Barataria Basin estuary occupies a deltaic land mass which formed over 2000 b.p. and has since been isolated from riverine inflow and sediment renewal. It is experiencing a high rate of land loss. A comparison of these estuaries offers an excellent opportunity to observe coupling of freshwater and marine environments at the extremes of their scale of interaction. In the Atchafalaya system, riverine input is highly seasonal, and the estuary receives most of its sediment input and high loadings of nutrients during spring. However, high turbidity and colder temperatures limit phytoplankton productivity during this time. During the period of low flow in summer and fall, GulfofMexico waters dominate Fourleague Bay and provide an important interlude of clearer water when riverborne and regenerated nutrients can be maximally exploited by phytoplankton. The Barataria Basin estuary does not exhibit the strong seasonality found in Fourleague Bay. Barataria receives no direct riverine input, and the main hydrologic inputs are precipitation and upland runoff. The Barataria‐estuary depends on organic production and resuspended lake bottom sediments for much of the marsh building that occurs. Therefore, in the Barataria system, tides, gulf water levels, and wind‐driven resuspension are much more important to maintenance of the wetland. The upper basin is heavily impacted by nutrient runoff from urban and agricultural areas and is eutrophic. Lower Barataria Basin remains in a more natural state. Despite being at opposite ends of the delta life cycle, both estuaries are highly productive and perform similar functions as important nursery grounds for juvenile marine and estuarine fishes.
Rapid changes in dissolved humic substances in Spirit Lake and South Fork Castle Lake, Washington
Authors: McKnight Diane M. , Thorn Kevin A. , Wershaw Robert L. , Bracewell J. Michael , Robertson Graeme W.
Published: August 2016

One major effect of the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, was a large increase of dissolved organic material in the lakes of the area devastated near the volcano. Much of this material was aquatic fulvic acid derived from plants and soils from the surrounding watershed. During the 3 yr after the eruption, substantial chemical changes occurred in the aquatic fulvic acid: a decrease in total sulfur content and in the content of aliphatic and heterocyclic sulfur groups; an increase in carbohydrate content and in polysaccharide pyrolysis fragments; a decrease in phenolic hydroxyl content; an increase in the heterogeneity of the fulvic acid material; and a decrease in copper‐complexing properties. Natural abundance 13C‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectra), also showed a progressive change in the distribution of carbon atoms with aliphatic moieties becoming more abundant than aromatic moieties. These changes were more likely to have been caused by alterations of fulvic acid molecules on exposure to sunlight, by oxygenated conditions, and by microbial transformation in the epilimnion rather than by new sources of fulvic acid. These results demonstrate that rapid changes may occur within the heterogeneous mixture of molecules comprising fulvic acid, which has been generally described as a refractory or stable pool of dissolved organic material.
Estuarine oxygen dynamics: What can we learn about hypoxia from long‐time records in the Delaware Estuary?
Authors: Sharp Jonathan H.
Published: August 2016

Hypoxia and anoxia occurred in the upper Delaware Estuary throughout much of the 20th century and diminished over the past several decades. I reviewed 30 yr of data from my laboratory's research efforts, 40 yr of consistent monitoring data from a multistate agency, results from inconsistent data collection from the past century, and anecdotal information to construct a long‐time picture of the decline and increase of dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) in the urban region of the estuary. The primary cause of the DO decline appeared to be inputs or allochthonous materials from urban sources (reduced nitrogen and carbon). In spite of extremely high nutrient concentrations, excess algal production did not influence DO anywhere along the tidal freshwater stretch or the saline portion of the well‐mixed Delaware Estuary; and it does not have an influence today. The nutrient loading to the Delaware Estuary is very high, yet the typical signs of eutrophication are not obvious. Based on a model of apparent oxygen utilization, the Delaware Bay apparently had higher primary production 50 yr ago, a time when nutrient concentrations were as high or higher than today, shellfish and finfish production were apparently also higher, and DO was close to saturation. This analysis is offered as guidance in assessing and managing estuarine eutrophication, which is too often considered narrowly to be the result of inadvertent overfertilization by nutrients or a single nutrient element.
A model of phytoplankton acclimation to iron–light colimitation
Authors: Buitenhuis Erik T. , Geider Richard J.
Published: August 2016

We developed and calibrated a dynamic model for cellular carbon, chlorophyll (Chl), and iron under iron‐light colimitation. The model allows growth rate and two other state variables (Fep :C and Chl : C) to be described as functions of light intensity and the free iron concentration (Fe'). The model requires specification of the values of nine parameters. We obtained values for these parameters using published experimental results for Thalassiosira pseudonana using a combination of a random parameter initialization and a golden section search to minimize the cost function. The tuned model explained 95% of the variability in the observations of growth rate, 94% in Chl : C, and 90% in Fep : C. Although the model is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced growth conditions, data were only available for balanced growth; thus, the dynamics of state variables during unbalanced growth conditions could not be investigated. A limitation in calibrating the model was in the scarcity of suitable experimental data sets under well‐defined environmental forcing. This points to the need for new experimental work on iron‐limited cultures, including measurements of photosynthesis‐light curves and the dynamic responses to changed Fe' and light intensity. This phytoplankton growth model provides a physiological treatment of iron‐light colimitation for implementation within ocean biogeochemical models. By including both growth rate and elemental stoichiometry (e.g., Fep : C) as state variables, the model can be applied to assess both rate and yield limitation.
Mercury and methylmercury cycling in sediments of the mid‐Atlantic continental shelf and slope
Authors: Hollweg T. A. , Gilmour, C. C. , Mason R. P.
Published: August 2016

We present a detailed study of the biogeochemical factors controlling mercury (Hg) distribution, methylmercury (MeHg) production, and MeHg efflux in sediments of the mid‐Atlantic continental shelf and slope. The mildly reduced surface sediments of the shelf and slope provide ideal conditions for MeHg production. They are sufficiently reduced to support microbial sulfate reduction, but contain very low dissolved sulfide concentrations. The redox zonation of sediments determined the depth distribution of MeHg production, whereas the bioavailability of inorganic Hg for methylation appeared to be the dominant driver of spatial patterns across the shelf and slope. Sediment total Hg concentrations were well predicted by sediment organic matter (SOM) content, with the highest concentrations of Hg and MeHg in the fine‐grained organic clays of the slope. However, SOM‐normalized Hg concentrations decreased with distance from shore. The changing character of organic matter with distance from shore appeared to affect Hg partitioning and bioavailability for methylation. The percentage of Hg in sediments as MeHg was well predicted by measured methylation rates, but not by demethylation rates. On the basis of measured concentrations in bottom waters and surficial pore waters, the average diffusive efflux of Hg(II) and MeHg from sediments to coastal waters was estimated to be 26 and 0.8 pmol m−2 d−1, respectively. Extrapolated globally, the diffusive input of MeHg from shelf and slope sediments is estimated to be 0.01 Mmol per year. As the actual fluxes can be substantially higher than diffusive fluxes, we suggest that shelf and upper slope sediments are a major source of MeHg to the coastal ocean.
Inorganic nitrogen assimilation and regeneration in the coastal upwelling region of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Clark Darren R. , Miller Peter I. , Malcolm E. , Woodward S. , Rees Andrew P.
Published: August 2016

N‐regeneration and N‐assimilation rates were investigated in surface waters of the Iberian Peninsula, northeast Atlantic, during a period of seasonal upwelling. Stations were selected on the basis of near–real‐time remotely sensed data to provide a contrast between upwelling and oligotrophic conditions. Inorganic nitrogen (NO−3 and NH+4) was simultaneously regenerated and assimilated in the short term (i.e., hours), highlighting the importance of N‐regeneration in sustaining productivity. The regeneration of both NH+4 and NO−3 would introduce error in N‐assimilation rate estimations using 15N techniques, if not accounted for. The rate of ammonium assimilation (ρNH+4) frequently exceeded the rate of NO−3 assimilation (ρNO−3). Although the assimilation of NO−3 and NH+4 continued at night, dark NO−3 assimilation was lower than during the day. The separate oxidation steps of the nitrification process occurred at similar rates at most stations, and NO−2 oxidation made a significant, but variable, contribution to hourly phytoplankton NO−3 uptake. NO−2 accumulated in near‐surface waters of stations experiencing upwelling, suggesting an imbalance between production and consumption. At these stations, NO−2 release by phytoplankton may have stimulated NO−2 oxidation, uncoupling it from NH+4 oxidation. 15N‐based f‐ratio as an estimate of exportable production must be corrected for isotope dilution, and this requires information on NH+4 regeneration and nitrification rate; in addition, the assumed close coupling between the separate oxidation steps of nitrification must be verified. These corrections may be especially pertinent to upwelling regions, which represent an important route for new‐N input to the surface ocean.
Differences in benthic metabolism, nutrient fluxes, and denitrification in Caulerpa taxifolia communities compared to uninvaded bare sediment and seagrass (Zostera capricorni) habitats
Authors: Eyre Bradley D. , Maher Damien , Oakes Joanne M. , Erler Dirk V. , Glasby Tim M.
Published: August 2016

Benthic metabolism, nutrient fluxes, and denitrification were measured in Caulerpa taxifolia communities that had recently invaded (between 2003 and 2008) bare sediments following the loss of Zostera capricorni (prior to 2003), and in adjacent Z. capricorni communities and bare sediments, to determine the likely changes in ecosystem function following C. taxifolia colonization. Areas colonized by C. taxifolia had higher gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and dark benthic N2 effluxes than adjacent bare sediments, but lower dark benthic NH+4 effluxes. C. taxifolia invasion of bare sediments had a beneficial role in removing excess nitrogen from the system through enhanced denitrification. In contrast, areas occupied by C. taxifolia had similar GPP and NPP relative to Z. capricorni beds and similar benthic N2 and NH+4 effluxes. Thus, C. taxifolia appears to play a comparable role to Z. capricorni in terms of some ecosystem functions, although the degree of similarity is likely to be affected by the relative densities of the two macrophytes. However, replacement of Z. capricorni communities by C. taxifolia appears to significantly alter the quantity and quality (higher ratio) of benthic dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen fluxes.
Population regulation of the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) in a reservoir: Implications for invasion
Authors: Brown Meghan E. , Branstrator Donn K. , Shannon Lyle J.
Published: August 2016

We conducted a 3‐yr study of the population dynamics of the invasive cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus in Island Lake Reservoir (Minnesota) and compared our results to other human‐constructed reservoirs and natural lakes to examine ecological differences of B. longimanus between these ecosystem types and to investigate how reservoirs facilitate invasion of this zooplankter. The maximum and mean densities (n = number of individuals) of B. longimanus were larger in Island Lake Reservoir (> 100 n m−3 and 20–57 n m−3, respectively) and in most other reservoirs than in natural lakes. Island Lake Reservoir and most other reservoir populations also exhibited multiple (up to six) cycles of growth and collapse per season, and performed extensive diel vertical migrations (DVM) to near the lake bottom during the day. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the population dynamics of B. longimanus in Island Lake Reservoir were governed by relaxed top‐down control by fish predation and strong bottom‐up control by food availability. Developmental stage‐specific death rates predicted from a matrix model were density dependent, aligned with predictions of bottom‐up control (e.g., largest for the smallest instars, and correlated with food resources), and were inconsistent with anticipated prey demands by fishes. The reproductive and DVM trends of B. longimanus also indicated food stress and abated top‐down control, respectively. We propose a mechanistic basis for invasion success in reservoirs by linking several limnological attributes, including chlorophyll a, water level fluctuation, light penetration, and thermal conditions to increased growth potential of B. longimanus.
Identification of senescence and death in Emiliania huxleyi and Thalassiosira pseudonana: Cell staining, chlorophyll alterations, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) metabolism
Authors: Franklin Daniel J. , Airs Ruth L. , Fernandes Michelle , Bell Thomas G. , Bongaerts Roy J. , Berges John A. , Malin Gill
Published: August 2016

We measured membrane permeability, hydrolytic enzyme, and caspase‐like activities using fluorescent cell stains to document changes caused by nutrient exhaustion in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, during batch‐culture nutrient limitation. We related these changes to cell death, pigment alteration, and concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) to assess the transformation of these compounds as cell physiological condition changes. E. huxleyi persisted for 1 month in stationary phase; in contrast, T. pseudonana cells rapidly declined within 10 d of nutrient depletion. T. pseudonana progressively lost membrane integrity and the ability to metabolize 5‐chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA; hydrolytic activity), whereas E. huxleyi developed two distinct CMFDA populations and retained membrane integrity (SYTOX Green). Caspase‐like activity appeared higher in E. huxleyi than in T. pseudonana during the post‐growth phase, despite a lack of apparent mortality and cell lysis. Photosynthetic pigment degradation and transformation occurred in both species after growth; chlorophyll a (Chl a) degradation was characterized by an increase in the ratio of methoxy Chl a : Chl a in T. pseudonana but not in E. huxleyi, and the increase in this ratio preceded loss of membrane integrity. Total DMSP declined in T. pseudonana during cell death and DMS increased. In contrast, and in the absence of cell death, total DMSP and DMS increased in E. huxleyi. Our data show a novel chlorophyll alteration product associated with T. pseudonana death, suggesting a promising approach to discriminate nonviable cells in nature.
Internal wave‐driven transport of fluid away from the boundary of a lake
Authors: Wain Danielle J. , Kohn Michael S. , Scanlon Joshua A. , Rehmann Chris R.
Published: August 2016

A field experiment was conducted to study transport of fluid from the boundary to the interior of a lake. Tracking of a tracer injected into the metalimnion was combined with measurements of meteorological forcing, internal waves, and temperature microstructure. Seiches of vertical mode 2 and horizontal modes 1 and 2 were initiated after a wind event, and the tracer moved 950 m into the interior after 29.2 h. Four potential mechanisms for spreading of the tracer from the boundary to the interior were considered: intrusions from boundary mixing, horizontal dispersion, advection by seiches, and advection and dispersion driven by internal waves. Some evidence of boundary mixing was observed 0.5 h before the dye injection, when the speed of seiche‐driven currents was large, but a model of an intrusion driven by steady input overpredicted the propagation distance by a factor of about two. A one‐dimensional model with only dispersion yielded a dispersion coefficient of 0.8 m2 s−1, and a one‐dimensional model with only advection caused by internal waves predicted the position of the peak concentration and a change in longitudinal variance that was 60% of the measured change. Estimates of dispersion caused by the interaction of vertical diffusion with velocity gradients in the internal wave field are large enough to explain the rest of the spreading and suggest that the transport can be modeled as wave‐driven advection and dispersion.
Spectral irradiance dependence of sunlight effects on plankton dimethylsulfide production
Authors: Gali Martí , Ruiz-Gonzàlez Clara , Lefort Thomas , Gasol Josep M. , Cardelús Clara , Romera-Castillo Cristina , Simó Rafel
Published: August 2016

We investigated the short‐term effects of variable solar irradiance and spectrum on the gross biological production of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a trace gas with potential climatic effects, in eight experiments performed at different times of the year in a northwest Mediterranean coastal site. Experimentally determined net community DMS production, DMS photolysis, and dark microbial DMS consumption rates were used to calculate gross community DMS production by budgeting. In addition, the composition of the bacterioplankton and phytoplankton communities in the initial samples, and the photoinhibition of bulk bacterial heterotrophic activity and phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency were monitored. Our results show that: (1) gross DMS production is irradiance dependent, with a maximum short‐term stimulation factor of 2‐ to 6‐fold compared to dark incubations; (2) its spectral shape is variable but generally similar to that of phytoplankton photoinhibition or photodamage, with more effective stimulation at shorter ultraviolet wavelengths; and (3) stronger stimulation occurs when samples are overexposed with respect to their prior exposure. Remarkably, the photoresponse of gross DMS production was in most cases strong enough to (at least) compensate the photochemical DMS loss at the water subsurface. Such response would prevent DMS depletion in stratified and highly irradiated waters. Since the initial microbial communities were representative of meso‐ to oligotrophic conditions, our observations should apply to a wide variety of oceanic regimes.
Iron and copper limitations differently affect growth rates and photosynthetic and physiological parameters of the marine diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatissima
Authors: Lelong Aurélie , Bucciarelli Eva , Hégaret Hélène , Soudant Philippe
Published: August 2016

In ∼ 50% of the ocean, iron (Fe) limits phytoplankton growth, including that of the diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia. Fe‐limited Pseudo‐nitzschia spp. may produce the potent neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) to access Cu, needed at the core of a high‐affinity Fe transport system. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the growth, physiology, and DA production of P. delicatissima under Fe limitations, Cu starvation, and Fe and Cu co‐limitations. Compared with the control, Fe limitation decreased chlorophyll content by up to 86% and quantum yield (QY) by 3.6‐fold. Severe Fe limitation decreased esterase activity by 60% and maintained lipid content, while mild Fe limitation increased both esterase activity and lipid content by 23% and 100%, respectively. Cu starvation increased chlorophyll content, lipid content, and esterase activity by 76%, 303%, and 47%, respectively, with QY being identical to replete cells. Co‐limitations induced modifications close to, but significantly different from, Fe limitations. P. delicatissima produced no DA during these experiments. In this species, the Cu demand for Fe acquisition may be low relative to other cellular Cu pools or this species may not use Cu to uptake Fe.
Seasonal dynamics and activity of typical freshwater bacteria in brackish waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Authors: Piwosz Kasia , Salcher Michaela M. , Zeder Michael , Ameryk Anetta , Pernthaler Jakob
Published: August 2016

While typical freshwater and marine bacteria have been found to co‐occur in brackish habitats, it is unknown if they are active members of the local bacterial assemblages or if their presence is the result of passive transport only. We followed the seasonal dynamics of typical freshwater bacteria (R‐BT lineage of Betaproteobacteria; Ac1 Actinobacteria; LD12 Alphaproteobacteria) and of marine SAR11 Alphaproteobacteria in the brackish water of the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea), and we assessed their incorporation of thymidine and leucine at three distinct environmental conditions. The temporal development of bacteria was driven not only by local conditions but also by phenomena resulting from the dynamic hydrology of the site. Both temperature and salinity were important factors influencing bacterial community composition, as reflected by the clear distinction of three assemblages in spring and summer and during a period of enhanced freshwater influx. During spring, high proportions of R‐BT Betaproteobacteria and Ac1 Actinobacteria incorporated the radiolabeled tracers, and all three freshwater lineages were most active during the subsequent phase of low salinity. The summer period was characterized by highest abundances of Ac1 Actinobacteria and of both alphaproteobacterial lineages. All studied freshwater lineages were active members of the brackish water communities at specific environmental conditions, including LD12 Alphaproteobacteria, which have so far been considered to thrive exclusively in freshwater habitats. By contrast, the presence of the typical marine SAR11 bacteria seemed to result from passive inflow with more saline waters from the Baltic proper.
The speciation of copper across active gradients in nitrogen‐cycle processes in the eastern tropical South Pacific
Authors: Jacquot Jeremy E. , Kondo Yoshiko , Knapp Angela N. , Moffett James W.
Published: August 2016

Copper (Cu) complexation and distribution were characterized using competitive ligand exchange adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry and isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry along two transects (20°S and 10°S) in the eastern tropical South Pacific. In the southern and westernmost stations, Cu showed upper water column depletion to values as low as ∼ 0.26 nmol L−1, the lowest concentrations ever reported. However, Cu levels were much higher within the secondary nitrite maxima of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the northern (10°S) transect. The enrichment of Cu in the reducing conditions of the OMZ has not been reported before and probably reflects remineralization and offshore transport from the shelf. Free [Cu2+] was typically low throughout the water column, ranging from about 3.15 × 10−15 mol L−1 to 1.34 × 10−13 mol L−1, and depth profiles exhibited similar features to those for dissolved Cu, though they showed more variability near the surface. Offshore and beyond the influence of the OMZ, the lowest dissolved and free [Cu2+] was within the primary nitrite maxima (PNM), where ammonia oxidation and nitrate reduction rates are important. This finding is of interest because the two competing explanations for the PNM—iron limitation of diatoms and high rates of ammonia oxidation relative to nitrite oxidation—have high Cu requirements. The low concentrations of free Cu2+ measured here could impose significant constraints on the rates of these processes.
In situ assessment of the daily primary production of the temperate symbiotic coral Cladocora caespitosa
Authors: Ferrier-Pagès C. , Gevaert F. , Reynaud S. , Beraud E. , Menu D. , Janquin M.-A. , Cocito S. , Peirano A.
Published: August 2016

We assessed the in situ daily primary production, photosynthetic efficiency, and xanthophyll cycling of a temperate coral, Cladocora caespitosa, during the summer using an in situ incubation chamber equipped with temperature, oxygen, light, salinity, and pH sensors. During sunny days, photosynthetic carbon (C) production rates of C. caespitosa can be as high as those measured for tropical corals and rapidly follow changes in natural irradiance (from 200 to 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1 within 2 h). As a consequence, daily production rates varied by a factor of 2 (from 150 and 260 µg C cm−2 d−1) depending on the irradiance received. Under high irradiance levels, corals can suffer from photoinhibition (light‐induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity), especially temperate species, which do not experience high irradiance levels most of the year. However, in C. caespitosa, photoinhibition at irradiances higher than 1000 µmol photons m−2 s−1 was reduced as a result of the involvement of the xanthophyll cycle, with a degree comparable to those measured for tropical species (de‐epoxidation ratio of 0.12), that allowed C. caespitosa to maintain high production rates and a maximal autotrophic carbon acquisition during sunny days. However, as soon as irradiance conditions decreased below 200 µmol photons m−2 s−1 because of cloudy weather, autotrophically acquired carbon could not sustain respiratory needs, indicating that C. caespitosa has to rely on other sources, such as heterotrophy, to meet its energetic needs.
Estimating microzooplankton grazing half‐saturation constants from dilution experiments with nonlinear feeding kinetics
Authors: Chen Bingzhang , Laws Edward A. , Liu Hongbin , Huang Bangqin
Published: August 2016

To obtain the grazing half‐saturation constant (K) of natural microzooplankton assemblages, we used three nonlinear grazing models (rectilinear, Holling type II, and Holling type III) to fit the detailed data (phytoplankton net specific growth rate vs. dilution factor) of individual dilution experiments that show significant concave curves. In the dataset consisting of 528 experiments, 96 experiments show significant concave curves, and the associated chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations are significantly higher than those of experiments showing linear or convex curves. Experiments showing concave curves likely reflect that these microzooplankton assemblages were under top‐down control. The three models perform equally well in fitting the data. The K values estimated from these 96 experiments vary over three orders of magnitude and are log—log linearly related with ambient Chl a concentrations, but not correlated with temperatures. Estimates of K of natural microzooplankton assemblages tend to be smaller than estimates from laboratory cultures. For the experiments not showing concave curves, it is hard to obtain a robust estimate of K.
Diversity trumps acidification: Lack of evidence for carbon dioxide enhancement of Trichodesmium community nitrogen or carbon fixation at Station ALOHA
Authors: Gradoville Mary R. , White Angelicque E. , Böttjer Daniela , Church Matthew J. , Letelier Ricardo M.
Published: August 2016

We conducted 11 independent short‐term carbon dioxide (CO2) manipulation experiments using colonies of the filamentous cyanobacteria Trichodesmium isolated on three cruises in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Dinitrogen (N2) and carbon (C) fixation rates of these colonies were compared over CO2 conditions ranging from ∼ 18 Pa (equivalent to last glacial maximum atmospheric ) to ∼ 160 Pa (predicted for ∼ year 2200). Our results indicate that elevated has no consistent significant effect on rates of N2 or C fixation by Trichodesmium colonies in the NPSG under present environmental conditions. Differences between treatments were not modulated by phosphorus amendments, iron amendments, or light level. Sequencing the hetR, nifH, 16S, and internal transcribed spacer genes of Trichodesmium colonies revealed a highly diverse community of Trichodesmium and other N2‐fixing colony‐associated organisms. The species composition of Trichodesmium demonstrated spatiotemporal variability, but over half of total sequences were phylogenetically closely related (> 99% hetR sequence similarity) to isolate H9‐4 of T. erythraeum, which showed no response to elevated in previous laboratory experiments. Our handpicked Trichodesmium colonies included a substantial number of organisms other than Trichodesmium with the metabolic capacity for N2 and C fixation. We suggest that the diverse assemblage of Trichodesmium species and coexisting microorganisms within the colonies can explain the lack of an observed CO2 enhancement of N2 or C fixation rates, because different species are known to have different specific affinities for CO2.
Direct observation of biomixing by vertically migrating zooplankton
Authors: Noss Christian , Lorke Andreas
Published: August 2016

The potential contribution of swimming zooplankton to the vertical mixing of stratified waters has been the topic of an ongoing scientific debate. Current estimates, which are primarily based on scale analyses and numerical simulations, range from negligible effects to significant contributions that are comparable in magnitude to physical driving forces, such as wind and tides. Here, we analyzed laboratory observations of fluid mixing that are caused by vertically migrating zooplankton (Daphnia magna) in a density‐stratified water column. Mixing rates were quantified at the scale of individual organisms in terms of the dissipation rates of small‐scale spatial variance of tracer concentration measured by laser‐induced fluorescence. At the bulk scale, we analyzed temporal changes in the mean density stratification. Organism and bulk scale observations were used to estimate apparent diffusion coefficients in trails of individuals and organism groups. Mean diffusivities of 0.8–5.1 × 10−9 m2 s−1, which were averaged over trail volumes of 1.5–13 × 10−5 m3, are on the same order of magnitude as the molecular diffusivity of salt. A comparable diffusivity (1.1 × 10−9 m2 s−1) was estimated on the bulk scale, and the initial density stratification, although frequently passed by migrating Daphnia, was preserved over the 5 d experimental period. The present results agree with scaling arguments and suggest the negligible enhancement of vertical transport in comparison with the turbulent mixing that is typically observed in oceans and lakes.
The Adjustment of Maltese Firms to the Post-crisis Economic Environment: Evidence from a Firm-level Survey
Authors: Micallef Brian
Published: August 2016

In contrast to the experience of southern and peripheral economies in the euro area, Malta has weathered the financial crisis relatively well and its labour market remained resilient in the face of shocks. Using information from a firm-level survey conducted in 2014, this paper focuses on the nature of the shocks hitting the economy after the crisis and the reaction of Maltese firms to these shocks. Concerning the latter, a distinction is made between the firms’ decisions to adjust their workforce and on the wages given to new hires compared to incumbents. The empirical analysis is conducted with a multivariate probit framework that controls for both firm and workforce specific characteristics as well as the nature of the shocks faced by the firms. The results highlight the high degree of heterogeneity in demand conditions across sectors although concerns about skill shortages were broad-based.
Considering Both Statistical and Clinical Significance
Authors: Zhao Guolong
Published: August 2016

To evaluate a drug, statistical significance alone is insufficient and clinical significance is also necessary. This paper explains how to analyze clinical data with considering both statistical and clinical significance. The analysis is practiced by combining a confidence interval under null hypothesis with that under non-null hypothesis. The combination conveys one of the four possible results: (i) both significant, (ii) only significant in the former, (iii) only significant in the latter or (iv) neither significant. The four results constitute a quadripartite procedure. Corresponding tests are mentioned for describing Type I error rates and power. The empirical coverage is exhibited by Monte Carlo simulations. In superiority trials, the four results are interpreted as clinical superiority, statistical superiority, non-superiority and indeterminate respectively. The interpretation is opposite in inferiority trials. The combination poses a deflated Type I error rate, a decreased power and an increased sample size. The four results may helpful for a meticulous evaluation of drugs. Of these, non-superiority is another profile of equivalence and so it can also be used to interpret equivalence. This approach may prepare a convenience for interpreting discordant cases. Nevertheless, a larger data set is usually needed. An example is taken from a real trial in naturally acquired influenza.
POSICIONAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO E ESTRATÉGIAS ORGANIZACIONAIS NO ÂMBITO DO PEQUENO NEGÓCIO
Authors: Corrêa Rúbia Oliveira , Santos Lilian Lucy , Silva Eduardo Damião da
Published: August 2016

O presente caso de ensino se propõe discutir junto a graduandos em Administração a temática Posicionamento Estratégico e Estratégias Organizacionais, no âmbito das organizações de pequeno porte. A empresa Nativa, que durante seus anos de informalidade foi nomeada de Natura & Vida, ambos os nomes fictícios, atua na indústria da Medicina Alternativa e Complementar desde 1997, empresa pioneira e de destaque local no segmento em que atua, se viu ameaçada diante da desconfiança social, de passivos no judiciário, perseguições, dentre outros fatores que poderiam provocar a sua ruína de forma iminente. A turbulência ambiental resultou no registro formal do empreendimento e na procura de um novo posicionamento frente ao mercado. Desde então, a empresa tem buscado novas ações e planos a fim de melhorar seu desempenho financeiro. Para coleta dos dados que compuseram o caso em questão, utilizou-se a entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado e tomadas de notas. A partir do caso, espera-se que os estudantes venham a refletir acerca da importância do posicionamento estrategicamente para a promoção de vantagem competitiva organizacional, a qual garantirá à organização adotante destaque e desempenhos superiores frente aos seus concorrentes. 
Marketing de experiência: estratégias para impulsionar o market share e fortalecer a marca do energético energy
Authors: Azambuja Camila Portella de , Bichueti Roberto Schoproni
Published: August 2016

The competitive market has influenced the consumer behavior. Strategies to build up customer relationships and increase the visibility of brands, has become a companies' focus. We know that is not enough the brand be seen, it must be felt. Strategies before used must be adapted or changed in its entirety; therefore, the solution is to involve consumers in stocks and unforgettable experiences that provide value and brand's positive memories. In view of that the company responsible for marketing the energy drink Energy is struggling to build up their brand and be close to your target audience, in this study, we sought to understand the perception of a sample of the energy target audience, with order to identify which experience marketing strategies might include as a possible solution to remedy the deficiencies found. Grant unique experiences, entertainment and playfulness to the Energy's public, is an alternative that tends to bring the public to the brand and, gradually, increase your market share.
Consumo consciente, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento sustentável: análise da tomada de decisão com base nas heurísticas
Authors: Nespolo Daniele , Borelli Verena Alice , Fidelis Andréa Cristina Fermiano , Machado Sandro Manoel , Olea Pelayo Munhoz , Rocha Jefferson Marçal da
Published: August 2016

Environment and sustainable development, in recent years, have been considered relevant and present issues in society because of the impact they cause in our daily lives. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze, through heuristics, the decision-making of individuals related to the preservation of the environment. Developed for this, a kind of applied research with a quantitative and exploratory approach, making use of bibliographic research and data collection through a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, with five points. To perform the analysis of the data, using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software, were applied descriptive statistics and simple correlation. It was evident that the highest correlations are related to the understanding and comprehension of the issues addressed in this study and the smaller are related to the behavior of individuals on environmental issues. Thus, it can be affirmed that there is an understanding of the environmental and sustainability issues that emerge in the current context, however are still required attitudes towards environmental actions.