bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular imaging in hereditary forms of parkinsonism
Authors: Shih M. C. , Felicio A. C. , De Oliveira Godeiro‐Junior C. , De Carvalho Aguiar P. , De Andrade L. A. F. , Ferraz H. B. , Bressan R. A.
Published: March 2007

The development of in vivo molecular imaging to evaluate the dopamine (DA) system with positron‐emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography has been of key importance on monitoring in vivo nigrostriatal neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD), mostly through assessments of pre‐ and post‐synaptic DA receptors. The discoveries of genes related to hereditary forms of parkinsonism (PARK1, PARK2, PARK6, PARK7 and PARK8) have increased our understanding either of distinct subtypes of clinical expression in PD or its etiology. This article revises current data on molecular neuroimaging of genetic forms of parkinsonism comparing and contrasting its main features with the classical sporadic forms. Awareness of the spectrum variance in the genotype and its respective PD phenotype are useful to distinguish different pathophysiological mechanisms of PD.
One‐year outcome after first‐ever stroke according to stroke subtype, severity, risk factors and pre‐stroke treatment. A population‐based study from Tartu, Estonia
Authors: Vibo R. , Kõrv J. , Roose M.
Published: March 2007

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the outcome at 1 year following a first‐ever stroke based on a population‐based registry from 2001 to 2003 in Tartu, Estonia. The outcome of first‐ever stroke was assessed in 433 patients by stroke risk factors, demographic data and stroke severity at onset using the Barthel Index (BI) score and the modified Rankin Score (mRS) at seventh day, 6 months and 1 year. Female sex, older age, blood glucose value >10 mmol/l on admission and more severe stroke on admission were the best predictors of dependency 1 year following the first‐ever stroke. At 1 year, the percentage of functionally dependent patients was 20% and the survival rate was 56%. The use of antihypertensive/antithrombotic medication prior to stroke did not significantly affect the outcome. The survival rate of stroke patients in Tartu is lower compared with other studied populations. The outcome of stroke was mainly determined by the initial severity of stroke and by elevated blood glucose value on admission. Patients with untreated hypertension had more severe stroke and trend for unfavourable outcome compared with those who were on treatment.
Exploring the Concept of Causal Power in a Critical Realist Tradition
Authors: KAIDESOJA TUUKKA
Published: March 2007

This article analyses and evaluates the uses of the concept of causal power in the critical realist tradition, which is based on Roy Bhaskar's philosophy of science. The concept of causal power that appears in the early works of Rom Harré and his associates is compared to Bhaskar's account of this concept and its uses in the critical realist social ontology. It is argued that the concept of emergence should be incorporated to any adequate notion of causal power. The concept of emergence used in Bhaskar and other critical realists’ works is shown to be ambiguous. It is also pointed out that the concept of causal power should be analysed in an anti‐essentialist way. Ontological and methodological problems that vitiate Bhaskar's transcendental account of the concept of causal power are examined. Moreover, it is argued that the applications of the concept of causal power to mental powers, reasons, and social structures in the critical realist social ontology are problematic. The paper shows how these problems might be avoided without giving up the concept of causal power and the notion of structural social causation.
For Emergence: Refining Archer's Account of Social Structure
Authors: ELDER‐VASS DAVE
Published: March 2007

The question of social structure and its relationship to human agency remains one of the central problems of social theory. One of the most promising attempts to provide a solution has been Margaret Archer's morphogenetic approach, which invokes emergence to justify treating social structure as causally effective. Archer's argument, however, has been criticised by a number of authors who suggest that the examples she cites can be explained in reductionist terms and thus that they fail to sustain her claim for the independent causal effectiveness of social structure. This paper offers an alternative argument to support the emergentist claim for the causal effectiveness of social structure, and shows how this argument refutes a representative critique of social emergence.
Beyond Rainforests: Urbanisation and Emigration among Lowland Indigenous Societies in Latin America
Authors: McSWEENEY KENDRA , JOKISCH BRAD
Published: March 2007

Indigenous societies across lowland Latin America have recently made impressive political and territorial gains by emphasising their stewardship of and attachment to particular rural landscapes. But surprising new censal and microdemographic evidence shows that these groups have simultaneously been developing a presence in domestic and foreign metropolises. Cities offer employment and advanced education opportunities as well as escape from rural conflicts. We suggest that the dynamics and outcomes of these migrations are distinct from those of other rural Latin Americans. By outlining specific areas in which migration, politics, and territory appear to be interlinked, we seek to stimulate research that engages with these processes and their implications for indigenous advocacy and migration theory.
Latin America as a White Settler Society
Authors: GOTT RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Latin America’s nineteenth century history of Europeanisation, immigration and extermination suggests that the continent should fit neatly into the category of ‘settler colonialism’, a notion usually employed to describe the white settler colonies of European empires other than those of Spain and Portugal. While the last years of empire and the early days of the republics saw efforts to include the indigenous population as citizens, the racist white elites in the century after independence sought to import European migrants to prevent the non‐white population from participating in power. The desired ‘whitening’ of the population was rarely successful, but the weight of white immigration helped create a twentieth century society that ignored the indigenous peoples – until the popular explosions of recent years.
Testing the ‘free radical theory of aging’ hypothesis: physiological differences in long‐lived and short‐lived colubrid snakes
Authors: Robert Kylie A. , Brunet‐Rossinni Anja , Bronikowski Anne M.
Published: March 2007

We test the ‘free radical theory of aging’ using six species of colubrid snakes (numerous, widely distributed, non‐venomous snakes of the family Colubridae) that exhibit long (> 15 years) or short (< 10 years) lifespans. Because the ‘rate of living theory’ predicts metabolic rates to be correlated with rates of aging and oxidative damage results from normal metabolic processes we sought to answer whether physiological parameters and locomotor performance (which is a good predictor of survival in juvenile snakes) mirrored the evolution of lifespans in these colubrid snakes. We measured whole animal metabolic rate (oxygen consumption ), locomotor performance, cellular metabolic rate (mitochondrial oxygen consumption), and oxidative stress potential (hydrogen peroxide production by mitochondria). Longer‐lived colubrid snakes have greater locomotor performance and reduced hydrogen peroxide production than short‐lived species, while whole animal metabolic rates and mitochondrial efficiency did not differ with lifespan. We present the first measures testing the ‘free radical theory of aging’ using reptilian species as model organisms. Using reptiles with different lifespans as model organisms should provide greater insight into mechanisms of aging.
A Characterisation of Tier 2 Services in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Salmond Claire Helen , Jim Jenny
Published: March 2007

UK government initiatives have proposed changes in the provision of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) within the NHS. In response to this, tier 2 services have been created to provide early assessment and intervention and improved access. This study investigated whether these services met the aims compared to traditional generic tier 3 services, using data from a national mapping exercise. The results were consistent with the tier 2 services providing early assessment and intervention and enhanced accessibility of the services compared to tier 3. The implications of these results in relation to service development are discussed.
ADHD ‐ Do Guidelines Translate Into Service?
Authors: Moosa Faizal , Lohawala Abbas
Published: March 2007

Background:  ADHD is a condition with wide ranging implications for children diagnosed with it, health professionals and the agencies setting benchmarks for good practice.

Aim:  We set out to measure the adherence of our service to guidelines and to identify service needs.

Method:  An audit of cases referred and diagnosed with ADHD during 2004–2005.

Results:  The service scored well in areas of assessment and management with stimulants. Potential areas to be addressed included age of referral, differences in referrals across ethnic groups, providing psychosocial interventions coupled with medication and shared care.

Conclusion:  It is possible to provide a service that adheres as closely as possible to the guidelines.
The Historical Impact of Welfare Programs on Poverty: Evidence from the American States
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Berry William D.
Published: March 2007

Over the years, there has been a spirited debate over the impact of the welfare expansion associated with the War on Poverty. Many analysts have maintained that public assistance expansion during this period decreased poverty by raising the incomes of the poor (an income enhancement effect), while others have contended that welfare expansion increased poverty by discouraging the poor from working (a work disincentive effect). There has been considerable empirical research about the historical effect of welfare on poverty, nearly all of which relies on the poverty rate (i.e., the percentage of persons with income less than the “poverty threshold”) as an indicator of the extent of poverty. However, this work has not employed designs that allow researchers to sort out distinct income enhancement and work disincentive effects. We develop a model of poverty rates in the American states that permits estimation of these distinct effects—based on state‐level time‐series data observed annually for the years 1960–90—and we find that welfare had both effects during our period of analysis. We also calculate the net impact of increases in welfare benefits on the poverty rate—taking into account both work disincentive and income enhancement effects. Our results indicate that this net impact is dependent on three variables: the initial level of cash benefits, wage levels for unskilled workers, and the share of the benefit increase provided through cash rather than in‐kind assistance. Because of historical trends in these variables, since the 1970s welfare spending has become increasingly less effective in reducing the poverty rate. However, the significance of this result for policymakers must be tempered by evidence that flaws in the poverty rate as an indicator of poverty make it so that any finding about the net effect of an increase in welfare benefits on the poverty rate underestimates welfare's ability to lessen the true extent of poverty.
Designing Markets: Why Competitive Bidding and Auctions in Government Often Fail To Deliver
Authors: Whitford Andrew B.
Published: March 2007

Governments continue to embrace the market‐like mechanisms of auctions and bidding. This essay considers how governments (as bid‐takers) and firms and nonprofits (as bidders) strategically interact in the design and implementation of these systems. I assess with regard to the uniqueness of bidding in government four principles on the role of: credible commitments, rational collusion, the setting of reserve prices, and heterogeneity among bidders. I also address recent calls for expanding the use of dynamic pricing in government.
The Intersection of Narrative Policy Analysis and Policy Change Theory
Authors: McBeth Mark K. , Shanahan Elizabeth A. , Arnell Ruth J. , Hathaway Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Narrative policy analysis and policy change theory rarely intersect in the literature. This research proposes an integration of these approaches through an empirical analysis of the narrative political strategies of two interest groups involved in policy debate and change over an eight‐year period in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Three research questions are explored: (i) Is it possible to reconcile these seemingly disparate approaches? (ii) Do policy narrative strategies explain how interest groups expand or contain policy issues despite divergent core policy beliefs? (3) How does this new method of analysis add to the literature? One hundred and five documents from the Greater Yellowstone Coalition and the Blue Ribbon Coalition were content analyzed for policy narrative strategies: identification of winners and losers, diffusion or concentration of costs and benefits, and use of condensation symbols, policy surrogates, and science. Five of seven hypotheses were confirmed while controlling for presidential administration and technical expertise. The results indicate that interest groups do use distinctive narrative strategies in the turbulent policy environment.
Defining Indecency as an Artifact of Cultural Policy
Authors: Wallman Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This article examines the United States’ enforcement of indecency norms in the broadcast arena to discern how it illuminates cultural policy. The article looks at several examples of how enforcement of indecency norms has contributed to the development of an indecency policy that is in tension with other aspects of cultural policy including diversity of voices and localism.
Limitations of the Human‐PBL‐SCID Mouse Model for Vaginal Transmission of HIV‐1
Authors: D'Cruz Osmond J. , Uckun Fatih M.
Published: March 2007

Problem

SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) are amenable to vaginal transmission of HIV‐1. We investigated the effectiveness of this model to establish systemic HIV‐1 infection.

Method of study

Eighty progesterone‐primed C.B‐17 SCID mice were reconstituted with human‐PBLs and intravaginally inoculated with CCR5 HIV‐1 (BaL or 92BR09) infected human‐PBLs in the presence of human semen. After two weeks, viral RNA load in spleen, peritoneal lavage (PL), and serum was quantitated by the nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification method.

Results

In five independent experiments, spleen from 8/60 (13.3%), PL from 7/60 (11.6%), and serum from 16/56 (28.5%) mice were positive for BaL HIV‐1 infection. Similarly, spleen from 4/20 (20%), PL from 1/20 (5%) and serum from 5/20 (25%) mice vaginally inoculated with 92BR09‐infected human‐PBLs were positive for HIV‐1. A one‐sided power analysis using normal approximation revealed that at 5% significance level, the overall response rate need to increase form 0.29 to 0.9 and 80% of the control groups needs to achieve a response rate between 6/10 and 9/10 to make the assay feasible.

Conclusion

The incidence of vaginal transmission of CCR5 HIV‐1 in the human‐PBL‐SCID mouse was low and variable, which constitutes a major disadvantage for preclinical evaluation of vaginal microbicides.
Association Between Chlamydia trachomatis and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding*
Authors: Toth Miklos , Patton Dorothy L. , Esquenazi Benjamin , Shevchuk Maria , Thaler Howard , Divon Michael
Published: March 2007

Problem

The purpose was to identify distinct inflammatory markers in endometrial tissues of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Method of study

Archived endometrial specimens from 92 randomly selected premenopausal women with AUB were examined for C. trachomatis using the species‐specific monoclonal antibody against major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and for histopathology associated with inflammation. Statistical analyses included single and multiple logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy was summarized using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 44 (48%) of 92 AUB specimens. There were statistically significant correlations of positive MOMP with higher counts of plasma cells (P < 0.01), macrophages (P < 0.0001), and lymphocytic foci (P = 0.01). The ROC curve for macrophages was the strongest predictor (area under the curve = 0.82) for C. trachomatis.

Conclusion

The prevalence of C. trachomatis in women with AUB is under‐estimated. Macrophages appear to be a strong marker for the presence of C. trachomatis in the endometrium.
EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF SET FISH BALL
Authors: KOK TIONG N. , PARK JAE W.
Published: March 2007

Set fish ball is an extruded surimi‐based product that is popular in Singapore and other Southeast Asian countries. Oversetting of set fish ball occurs at chilled temperature during storage. Shelf‐life extension of set fish ball by reducing oversetting conditions and microbial counts were examined. Encapsulated citric acid (CT) and glucono‐delta‐lactone (GDL) were used to reduce oversetting. Acetic acid, GDL and chitosan were used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Shelf life was measured for a period of 21 days at 4C. At day 21, a reduction of 46, 56 and 26% in breaking force compared with the control (without additives) was observed for 0.5% GDL, 1.0% GDL and CT, respectively. GDL at 1.0% was shown to be the most effective in controlling the oversetting of set gel. Chitosan (1%) dissolved in acetic acid maintained both aerobic plate and yeast counts at <1 log cfu/g throughout 21 days of storage.
Stream Depletion in Alluvial Valleys Using the SDF Semianalytical Model
Authors: Miller Calvin D. , Durnford Deanna , Halstead Mary R. , Altenhofen Jon , Flory Val
Published: March 2007

A semianalytical method commonly used for quantifying stream depletion caused by ground water pumping was reviewed for applicability in narrow alluvial aquifers. This stream depletion factor (SDF) method is based on the analytic Glover model, but uses a numerical model–derived input parameter, called the SDF, to partly account for mathematically nonideal conditions such as variable transmissivity and nearby aquifer boundaries. Using the SDF can improve and simplify depletion estimates. However, the method’s approximations introduce error that increases with proximity to the impermeable aquifer boundary. This article reviews the history of the method and its assumptions. New stream depletion response curves are presented as functions of well position within bounded aquifers. A simple modification to modeled SDF values is proposed that allows the impermeable boundary to be accounted for with image wells, but without overaccounting for boundary effects that are already reflected in modeled SDFs. It is shown that SDFs for locations closer to the river than to the aquifer boundary do not reflect impermeable‐boundary effects, and thus need no modification, and boundary effects in the other portion of the aquifer follow a predictable removable pattern. This method is verified by comparing response curves using modified SDFs with response curves from an extensively calibrated numerical model of a managed ground water recharge site. The modification improves SDF‐based stream depletion estimates in bounded aquifers while still benefiting from the additional information contained in SDF maps and retaining their value as standardized references for water rights administration.
The Aesthetics of Nature
Authors: Parsons Glenn
Published: March 2007

The aesthetics of nature is a growing sub‐field of contemporary aesthetics. In this article, I outline the view called ‘Scientific cognitivism’, which has been central in recent discussions of nature aesthetics. In assessing two important arguments for this view, I outline some recent thinking about key issues for the aesthetics of nature, including the relationship between nature and art and the relevance of ethical considerations to the aesthetic appreciation of nature.
Researching with centenarians
Authors: Koch Tina , Power Charmaine , Kralik Debbie
Published: March 2007

Aims and objectives.  The objectives were shaped by ways in which to best engage the readers’ curiosity about being 100 years old.

Background.  In the effort to reverse negative stereotyping associated with older people, the aim was to produce a book of individual stories for public readership that had the power to combat ageism and to present alternative constructions.

Methods.  Twenty‐four centenarians were interviewed. Each person was asked to retell, using their own words, something about themselves and the social context that had shaped their lives. Centenarians could select whatever was foremost in their minds; an aspect of their lives that they wanted to share. We asked a few standard questions: What is it like to have lived one hundred years? What, in your opinion, has contributed to longevity? What matters today? A conversational approach to interviewing was adopted with the use of prompts to encourage story telling.

Results.  Centenarians privileged talking about their early years, childhood, going to school and first employment. Although most people could relate to a country upbringing and fewer years at school, subsequent life experiences and opportunities were diverse. Advice to others who desired a long life was keeping active, leading a simple life, eating well, working hard, maintaining an interest in events and surroundings, helping others and being moderate in all things. Maintaining a sense of humour was thought to be important. Loss of eyesight, mostly in the last few years, had been a profound disruption in the lives, creating new dependencies. Extensive family cohesion and frequent contact with others who cared was a profound feature. There appears to be a matter of fact appraisal of difficulties, losses and sadness but these were considered to be part of life and not particularly extraordinary. It seemed that these people had made a successful transition to living beyond 100 years old by leaving stress behind and moving on. Embedded in the stories of centenarians was a sense of self that was strong and resilient.

Conclusions.  The book containing 24 separate stories was published by Penguin. Sharing the stories of centenarians provided an opportunity to engage with the public readership and help shape wider social perceptions of older people as worth listening to.

Relevance to clinical practice.  In this paper, alternatives to dominant stories about ageing are presented and challenge the negative stereotyping of older people and its associated notions of decline, dementia, decay and death. Its relevance to clinical practice is precisely to show that older people are worth listening to. Moreover their ordinary lives make interesting, popular readership. Although the stories were primed to reach a wide public audience, we argue that its health promotion message and our creative effort to combat negative stereotypes can filter to healthcare delivery.
The impact of residential respite care on the behaviour of older people with dementia: literature review
Authors: Neville Christine C. , Byrne Gerard J. A.
Published: March 2007

Aim. The aim of this review was to examine the impact of residential respite care on the behaviour displayed by older people with dementia.

Background. Relocation of older people with dementia to a different care setting could have a negative impact on their behaviour. If such a response is anticipated, a short‐term admission to a residential aged care facility for respite care would appear to be futile for the older person and their home caregiver. Therefore, it is important to know what the outcomes of residential respite care are in relation to behaviour for older people with dementia.

Methods. A literature search was undertaken and papers emerged from a range of disciplines. The search terms ‘respite’; ‘respite care’; ‘residential respite care’; ‘short‐stay’, ‘short‐term’, ‘overnight stays/admissions’, ‘behav*’ and various combinations of these terms were used to find relevant publications in English from Ageline, CINAHL, Medline and, Psychinfo databases dating from 1966. Other key publications were located when searching through the reference lists of retrieved publications. A limited body of literature on residential respite care for older people with dementia was revealed.

Results. Six studies were identified, which met the criteria of residential respite care as the intervention and behaviour as an outcome.

Conclusions. The studies had a variety of methodological limitations and produced contradictory findings. The strength of the studies was the reporting of outcomes for respite recipients who are usually overlooked in the outcomes for respite research.

Relevance to clinical practice. Residential respite care has great anecdotal support but more empirical and evaluative research is needed on outcomes for the respite recipients.
Urinary tract infection: under treated and investigated: an examination of the nursing management of urinary tract infections in nursing home residents experiencing impaired cognition
Authors: Brown Sue , Nay Rhonda
Published: March 2007

This research in nursing management of urinary tract infections in nursing home residents experiencing impaired cognition was informed through qualitative naturalistic enquiry. The findings suggest the response to this infective process lacks cohesive planning and the dearth of available evidence concerning the nursing management in this cohort has the potential to lead to detrimental health outcomes. The study exposes the complexities of issues which impact on satisfactory outcome.
Construction and Characterization of Transformed Insect Cells That Do Not Require Antibacterial Protein in Cell Culture System
Authors: PARK Hye Jin , LEE Kwang Sik , CHO Eun Sook , YUN Eun Young , KANG Seok Woo , KIM Keun Young , HWANG Jae Sam , SOHN Hung Dae , JIN Byung Rae
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Transformed Sf 9 cell line expressing antibacterial protein was constructed by using Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) immediate early gene (iel). The cell line was resistant to neomycin and expressed antibacterial protein under the control of Drosophila heat shock protein promoter. The genomic organization and expression at the transcriptional level of nuecin in the transformed cells were characterized. Nuecin was successfully expressed in the transformed cells and secreted into the media. Antibacterial activity of nuecin from the transformed cells was assayed against Escherichia coli. It indicates that nuecin secreted from the transformed cells is possible, at least in permissible concentration, to recover the cultures that have been contaminated.
Faunal Comparison of Ants among Cheongsando and Other Islands of South Sea in Korea
Authors: PARK Seong‐Joon , KIM Byung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper attempts to reveal the biogeographic characteristics of ant fauna of the islands among Korean South Sea, using quantitative analyses. The data treated in this paper are those from Cheongsando Is. and 10 other islands in South Sea which have been well investigated. The faunal similarity is examined using the Nomura‐Simpson's Coefficient (NSC). Futhermore, the obtained NSC value matrix is examined by a cluster analysis using UPGMA method. The number of species which has been recorded in the 11 islands are 91 species belonging to 34 genera under 4 subfamilies. Among the above 11 islands, Jejudo Is., which is the largest, has the highest number of species, 67 spp., while Geogeumdo Is. has the lowest, 21 spp. Cheongsando Is. which has directly been investigated by authors has 30 species. The NSC‐ values between the 11 localities investigated range from 0.522 (Wando Is. to Saryangdo Is.) to 1.000 (Namhaedo Is. to Geojedo Is.). The comparative NSC value of Cheongsando Is. and 10 islands range from 0.522 (to Saryangdo Is.) to 0.833 (to Jejudo Is). The cluster analysis using a similarity index (NSC) showed that the islands of these areas could be grouped into 3, a level of 32%. The similarity of Soando Is. and Geomundo Is. were the closest, 63%, while Soando Is. and Namhaedo Is. were the remotest, 32%. The similarity of Jindo Is. and Cheongsando Is, was 63%, while that of Namhaedo Is. and Cheongsando Is. was 32%.
Taxonomic Study of Korean Cantharidae (Coleoptera) V. A Newly Recorded Genus and Species, Pseudoabsidia ussurica Wittmer, from Korea
Authors: KANG Tau , Hwa Tae , KIM Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
We examined newly recorded species, Pseudoabsidia ussurica Wittmer, from Korea. The species was redescribed with their color variation. Also, the photos of adult habitus and aedeagus are provided.
A Species of Genus Hoplitis newly Recorded from Korea (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: LEE Heung‐Sik , LEE Young‐Bo , JANG Seung‐Jong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Hoplitis parvula Dufour et Perris, newly recorded from Korea was identified among megachilid specimens collected in Jeongseon and Yongin.
Hematopoiesis in Hematopoietic Organ in Euprepocnemis shirakii (Orthoptera, Insecta)
Authors: CHANG Byung Soo , YEO Sung Moon , WAGO Haruhisa , KANG Seok Woo , HAN Sung Sik
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to investigate the hematopoiesis of the hematopoietic organ found in orthopteran Euprepocnemis shirakii under both light and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the hemocyte differentiation of E. shirakii was distinct from features compared to patterns previously reported in other insect species: Their prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes I, granulocytes II and spherulocytes were all derived from the hematopoietic stem cells surrounded by reticular cells. This pattern of hematopoiesis was also first observed in the Orthoptera. Thus, findings of this study strongly suggested that the patterns of hematopoiesis in insects differed, among groups, showing the need of an extensive investigation in order to correctly comprehend the patterns of hemocyte differentiation in insects in accordance with first order, and then systematically important taxa.
Repellent Activity of n‐Hexane, Ethylacetate, n‐Butanol, and Water Extracts of Native Plants against Aedes albopictus
Authors: YOON Young‐He , KYUNG Suk‐Hun
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
n‐Hexane, ethyl acetate, n‐butanol, and water extracts of seventeen native plants (Taraxacum Platycarpum leaf, Artemisia prinseps leaf, Artemisia keiskeana whole, Chrysanthemum zawadskii whole, Petasites japonicus leaf, Allium tuberosom leaf, Lonicera japonica stem and leaf, Cassia obtussifolia whole, Hydrangea macrophylla leaf, Clivia miniata leaf, Pinus densiflora leaf, Taxus cuspidatas fruit, Thuja orientalis leaf, Juniperus chinensis stem, Zanthoxylum schinifolium peel, leaf, Citrus unshiu and Picrasma quassioides stem and leaf) were tested for repellent activity against Aedes albopoctus. The extracts of T. Platycarpum leaf (n‐hexane, BuOH, H2O), A. prinseps leaf (n‐hexane, BuOH, H2O), A. keiskeana whole (n‐hexane, BuOH, H2O), L. japonica stem (BuOH, H2O), L. japonica flower (H2O), H. macrophylla leaf (BuOH, H2O), C. miniata leaf (EtOAC), P. densiflora leaf (n‐hexane, BuOH), Z. schinifolium peel (EtOAC), Z. schinifolium leaf (EtOAC BuOH, H2O) and P. quassioides leaf (n‐hexane, H2O) exhibited excellent repellent activity against Aedes albopitus.
Comparative Ant Faunas between Seonyudo and Seven Other Islands of West Sea in Korea
Authors: HA So‐Jin , PARK Seong‐Joon , KIM Byung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper is intended as an investigation of the biogeographic characteristics of ant faunas of the eight islands in West Sea of South Korea, using quantitative genetic analyses. The faunal similarity is examined using the Nomura‐Simpson's Coefficient (NSC). The obtained NSC value matrix was examined by a cluster analysis using UPGMA method. The MSC‐values between the seven areas investigated range from 0.500 (Deokjeokdo Hongdo) to 0.909 (Wonsando‐Hongdo). In these islands including Seonyudo, the NSC‐values range from 0.571 (Deokjeokdo) to 0.778 (Bigeumdo). The cluster analysis using the similarity index (NSC) showed that eight islands were divided into two groups at the level of 41%. It was shown that Wonsando and Bigeumdo were closer (Similarity = 83%) than those between others. Deokjeokdo and Bigeumdo were remote (Similarity = 41%) from each conspecific population. That is, the species composition of Bigeumdo (Similarity = 70%) was similar to that of the Seonyudo, while that of Deokjeokdo (Similarity = 41%) was different from that.
The Identification of Plasmodium vivax Infected Anopheles sinensis by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Republic of Korea, 1998
Authors: LEE Hyeong Woo , SHIN E‐Hyun , KIM Nam Ryul , WIRTZ Robert A. , LEE Won Ja
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
To figure out how far spread the malaria parasite infected mosquitoes from Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). We investigated the sporozoite‐infected mosquitoes in Chosan‐ri and Hajiseok‐ri of Paju‐shi, Tonae‐dong of Koyang‐shi, Mudeung‐ri of Yonchon‐gun, Soyo‐dong of Tongduchon‐shi, and Tukjeong‐ri of Yangju‐gun, Kyonggi‐do province in 1998. They were known as highly epidemic areas in the Republic of Korea. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected by human biting collection method from the 2nd week of June to the 5th week of August. A total of 3,256 anopheles mosquitoes were captured in these areas. A sandwich enzyme‐linked immununosorbent assay (ELISA) for identifying Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes was used in this survey. Only one mosquito which was captured in Chosan‐ri, on 2nd week of July showed positive reaction in this test. This mosquito was identified as Anopheles sinensis. This showed a 0.068% (1/1,465) positive rate in Chosan‐ri on 2nd week of July. We could not detect positive mosquitoes the other areas. So we concluded the parasite infected mosquitoes may be highly limited near the DMZ.
Cloning and Characterization of the cDNA Encoding the Masquerade‐like Serine Proteinase Homologue Gene of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: PARK Doo‐Sang , PARK Ho‐Yong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
From Bombyx mori larvae, RT‐PCR and cDNA library screening isolated masquerade‐like serine proteinase homologue cDNA gene, proposed to be related to insect immunity and its characteristics were examined. The isolated gene is composed of 1.3 kb of nucleotide and 420 amino acid residues were encoded. According to the results of database search, the isolated gene showed high sequence homology with Holotrichia and Tenebrio's 45 kDa protein, Drosophila CG5390 gene. Moreover, it is composed of regulatory domain and catalytic domain, which is characteristic of serine proteinase that can be found in the insect immune reaction and embryonic development processes. Enzyme activation site by proteolytic cleavage and the sequence of three amino acids participate in the catalytic triad of enzyme and 14 cystein residues used in disulfide bridges are well conserved with the compared genes. The mRNA expression was increased following E. coli injection and constitutive expression was also observed before injection by Northern blot analysis.
Taxonomic Study of Tribe Copiphorini in Korea (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae)
Authors: KIM Tae‐Woo , KIM Jin Ill
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Five species of the tribe Copiphorini (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae) including a newly recorded species Xestaphrys javanicus Redtenbacher are recognized in Korean fauna. The key to species, characteristic figures, and diagnosis for the newly recorded species are presented.
Systematic Study of Korean Formica Ants Using RAPD
Authors: KIM Joong‐Hyon , KIM Byung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The phytogeny of Formica ants in Korea was carried out using RAPD. Analyzing RAPD marker, the similarity degrees between species were estimated, and they were compared with the results from the measuring values of thirteen morphological characters. Morphological analysis showed as follows: all the five species were grouped with 72% or more similarity. Out‐group, Camponotus was independently isolated. F. lemani and F. Candida, F. yessensis and F.japonica were grouped in a very tight cluster with 97% or more similarity, while F. sanguinea+F. yessensis and F.japonica were grouped with 88%. On the other hand, RAPD analysis showed as followes: F. sanguinea, F. yessensis were grouped at the level of 97% similarity, F. lemani and, F. Candida were also grouped with 97%. Both two groups were again grouped with 85% or more. This group and F.japonica were grouped with 72% similarity. In RAPD the lowest similarity was 72% in the five species of Formica. The positional homology of amplified fragments was identified by Southern hybridiztion of RAPD fragments. As a result, F. sanguinea and F. yessensis showed 97% degree of similarity, and also F. lemani and F. Candida showed 97%. F.japonica and above four species showed 72%. The level of similarity of F.japonica against the other four species was lower than those of four other species.
Morphological Oogenesis in the out1 Mutant of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: KIM Jung Kon , JEONG Gie Joon
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The sex‐linked, recessive otu1 mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was studied cytologically to reveal the effect of the otu gene mutation on oogenesis. Consequently, the germarium of the otu1 mutant was found to be larger as compared to the normal fertile one and contains many undifferentiated tumor cells resembling cystocytes. Each ovary consists of three types of ovarioles; ovarioles with only a germarium, ovarioles with a germarium and one tumor chamber, and ovarioles with a germarium and two tumor chambers. In the otu1 germarium, the mesodermal follicle cells invade the clusters of different number of tumor cells at the posterior region of the germarium in order to make the tumor chamber and the dividing frequency of the tumor cells in the first tumor chamber was six times more than in the second tumor chamber. Follicle cells surrounding the tumor chamber are morphologically normal, but the number of the follicle cells becomes less as the tumor chambers move down contrary to the fertile one. The otu1 mutant female never lays the egg and the formation of the vitelline membrane is incomplete. The otu1 mutant tumor cells also showed characteristics of certain rapidly dividing cells and its nucleus is lobulated.
Taxonomy of the Cidariini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Korea (I)
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Among forty species of the Korean Cidariini, a tribe of Larentiinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), nineteen species of ten genera are revised: Ecliptopera Warren, Lampropteryx Stephens, Eustroma Hübner, Eveeliptopera Inoue, Lobogonodes Bastelberger, Hysterura Warren, Sibatania Inoue, Eulithis Hiibner, Gandaritis Moore, and Electrophaes Prout. The diagnostic characters and monophyly of each genus are provided. Figures of adults including male and female genitalia, and distribution maps in Korea are also provided.
Localization of Allatostatin‐Producing Cells in Larval Gut of the Potato Worm Agrius convolvuli
Authors: SUNG Dong Kyung , YU Chai Hyeock , LEE Bong Hee
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
This study has been carried out to investigate localization of allatostatin‐producing cells in the gut of Agrius convolvuli using an immunocytochemical method. Allatostatin producing cells could not be found in the foregut and hindgut, but they were abundantly distributed only in the posterior part of midgut. These endocrine cells had typically columnar shape, with secretory surface positioned to muscular layer of midgut wall and also showed different intensity of immunoreactivity to AST, mainly with strong or moderate intensity.
Neuronal Cell Death of Abdominal Ganglia (A3) and Characterization of Neuron‐Killing Factor in Ventral Nerve Cord from Sweet Potato Hornworm, Agrius convolvuli
Authors: KIM Mikyung , LEE Myoung‐Hwan , SEO Dong‐Hwan , CHOI Chi‐Won , YUN Chi‐Young
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The central nervous system of Agrius convolvuli is composed of brain, followed by subesophageal ganglion, three thoracic ganglia, and eight abdominal ganglia in late larval stage. After metamorphic transition from larva to pupa, thoracic (T1 and T2) and abdominal ganglia (A1 and A2) are moved toward T3 and fused together to construct composite ganglion, pterothoracic ganglion. The formation of composite ganglion is completed about 90% at 4 day and 100% at 7 day after pupation. Neuronal cell death was occurred significantly around 3 or 4 day after pupation and just after adult ecdysis. Although 170 neurons were detected 3 day before adult ecdysis, 24 cells were counted 5 day after adult ecdysis. Data of scanning and tandem electron microscope showed the symptom of cell death. In order to identify the mechanism of cell death in A. convolvuli, 1,200 ventral nerve cords were homogenized. Extracts were boiled for 3 minutes at 100°C and collected below 30,000 dalton of molecular mass. Each fraction from reverse phase column chromatography by HPLC system was tested in ventral nerve cord culture system, and fractions having killing activity in culture were isolated. By the addition of 20 hydroxyecdysone, actinomycin D, or cycloheximide into the culture medium, cell death was delayed significantly when compared to control group.
Taxonomy of Tabanus cordiger Species Group (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Korea
Authors: SUH Sang Jae , CHOI Kwang Shik , KWON Yong Jung
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Horseflies of the Tabanus cordiger species group from Korea is revised taxonomically. A total of four species are arranged herein: T. divulsus sp. nov., T. fulvimedioides, T. kinoshitai and T. loukashkini. A key to discriminate species, annotated check lists of domestic records, and collection data for each species are provided.
Fine Structure of the Ovarian Development in the Orb‐web Spider, Nephila clavata
Authors: CHOI Yong‐Seok , MOON Myung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Fine structural changes of the ovary and cellular composition of oocyte with respect to ovarian development in the orb‐web spider, Nephila clavata were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Unlike the other arthropods, the ovary of this spider has only two kinds of cells‐follicle cells and oocytes. During the ovarian maturation, each oocyte bulges into the body cavity and attaches to surface of the elongated ovarian epithelium through its peculiar short stalk attachments. In the cytoplasm of the developing oocyte two main types of yolk granules, electron‐dense proteid yolk and electron‐lucent lipid yolk granules, are compactly aggregated with numerous glycogen particles. The cytoplasm of the developing oocyte contains a lot of ribosomes, poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets. These cell organelles, however, gradually degenerate by the later stage of vitellogenesis. During the active vitellogenesis stage, the proteid yolk is very rapidly formed and the oocyte increases in size. However, the micropinocytosis invagination or pinocytotic vesicles can scarcely be recognized, although the microvilli can be found in some space between the oocyte and ovarian epithelium. During the vitellogenesis, the lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of oocytes increase in number, and become abundant in the peripheral cytoplasm close to the stalks. On completion of the yolk formation the vitelline membrane, which is composed of an inner homogeneous electron‐lucent component and an outer layer of electron‐dense component is formed around the oocyte.
Insecticide Susceptibilities of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae from Paju‐shi, Korea
Authors: SHIN E‐Hyun , Park Young In , LEE Hee Il , LEE Won Ja , SHIN Young Hack , SHIM Jae Chul
Published: March 2007

ABSTRCT

A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis larvae, malaria vector, from Paju‐shi (Gyonggi‐do) to 24 pesticides including 11 pyrethroids, 11 organophosphates, 1 pyrazole analogue and another pesticide. The mosquito larvae showed the most highly susceptible to chlorfenapyr with LC50 of 0.0063 ppm followed by spinosad, temephos, fenthion and beta‐cyfluthrin with 0.03, 0.0366, 0.0367 and 0.0998 ppm, respectively, and fluvalinate (>128 ppm) was the least susceptible. Also, 11 pesticides of them were compared with Goyang strain (Gyonggi‐do) of data 1992. The development of resistance was noticed to cypermethrin and permethrin as much of 73.59 and 6.23 folds at LC50, respectively, and also fluvalinate was showed high resistance development. In generally, the pyrethroid insecticides were showed higher development of resistance than organophosphorus insecticides.
Two Unrecorded Species of the Genus Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae: Enicospilini) from Korea
Authors: LEE Jong‐Wook , KIM Ki‐Beom , JUNG Jong‐Chul , JEUN Kyung‐Hee , KIM Jung‐Han
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Two Enicospilus species, E. melanocarpus Cameron and E. pseudoconspersae (Sonan), are newly recorded in Korea. A revised key on the whole known Korean species including above two species are presented.
Saltatorial Leaf Feeding Genus Pseudodendrothrips (Terebrantia: Thysanoptera) and Its Species from Pakistan
Authors: AKRAM Waseem , SHIN Byung‐Sik , HWANG Chang‐Yeon , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
A single genus Pseudodendrothrips from the Subfamily Dendrothripinae has been collected for the first time from Pakistan and is represented by a single species, Pseudodendrothrips bhatti Kudo. This species has been collected from mountainous to sub‐mountainous tracts and is easily identified on the basis of metafurca which is much enlarged and hind tarsus which is greatly enlarged contrasting to fore and mid tarsi. Detailed description along with differential characters, measurements and illustrations of the genus and the species are provided for the future references.
A New Record of Pterotocera ussurica Djakonov (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from Korea
Authors: SHIN Yoo‐Hang , CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
One species of the genus Pterotocera Staudinger, P. ussurica Djakonov, is first recorded from Korea. Description of adult and illustration of male genitalia are provided. Based on the previous and the present works, there are 22 winter geometrid moths in Korea.
Molecular Phylogeny among Local Populations of Formica japonica (Hym., Formicidae) in Korea
Authors: KIM Joong‐Hyon , PARK Seong‐Joon , KIM Byung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Not only were used Random amplified polymorphismic DNA(RAPD) markers as input for an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and cluster analysis to describe the population genetic structure, but also morphometric analysis of Formica japonica in Korea in order to investigate the relationships between local populations according to altitude. The ten populations of F. japonica in Korea did not showed any relationships according to altitude in morphological analysis, while they showed distinct relationship in RAPD analysis. It was noticed that they were clearly separated as four groups according to altitude. The first was Jirisan‐Gachilbong‐ Gyebangsan population, the second Iksansi‐Odongdo, the third Deukyusan‐Hallasan, the fourth Siheungsi‐ Seonamsa‐Jinjusi. The first group was high mountainous, the second flat and low altitude, the third high mountainous, and the fourth flat and low altitude. They occur from low altitude to comparative high altitude 1,400 m in Korea. Actually, it was found that the relationships of 10 local populations of Korean Formica japonica were not related to morphological evolution, but related to molecular evolutionary data evolved from RAPD analysis.
Taxonomy of the Genus Moriparia Kozének et Kwon (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Korea
Authors: KOZÁNEK Milan , SUH Sang Jae , KWON Yong Jung
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Six species of the genus Moriparia Kozánek et Kwon including M. palgongsana sp. nov. and M. robusta sp. nov. from Korea are recorded. A key to Korean species is provided.