bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-linear black hole dynamics and Carrollian fluids
Authors: Redondo-Yuste Jaime , Lehner Luis
Published: March 2023

Abstract

The dynamics of black hole horizons has recently been linked to that of Carrollian fluids. This results in a dictionary between geometrical quantities and those of a fluid with unusual properties due its underlying Carrollian symmetries. In this work we explore this relation in dynamical settings with the interest of shedding light on either side by relevant observations. In particular: we discuss how the null surface where the Carrollian fluid evolves is affected by its behavior; that the fluid’s equilibration properties are tied to teleological considerations; the connection of higher derivative contributions as both source of energy and dissipation for the fluid and the non-linear behavior of black holes. This latter point, connects with discussions of non-linear modes in the relaxation to equilibrium of perturbed black holes.
Complex geodesics in de Sitter space
Authors: Chapman Shira , Galante Damián A. , Harris Eleanor , Sheorey Sameer U. , Vegh David
Published: March 2023

Abstract

The two-point function of a free massive scalar field on a fixed background can be evaluated in the large mass limit by using a semiclassical geodesic approximation. In de Sitter space, however, this poses a puzzle. Certain spacelike separated points are not connected by real geodesics despite the corresponding two-point function in the Bunch-Davies state being non-vanishing. We resolve this puzzle by considering complex geodesics after analytically continuing to the sphere. We compute one-loop corrections to the correlator and discuss the implications of our results to de Sitter holography.
Bonded lingual retainer adhesives and discoloration
Authors: Yazıcıoğlu Sabahat , Karadeniz Hasan
Published: March 2023

Purpose

This in vitro study was conducted to compare the discoloration of a flowable self-adhesive composite, a highly filled composite adhesive, and a liquid polish applied highly filled composite adhesive for bonded lingual retainers.

Methods

Thirty composite discs were fabricated and divided into three groups: group 1, flowable self-adhesive (GC Ortho Connect™ Flow [GCO], GC Orthodontics, Tokyo, Japan); group 2, highly filled composite adhesive (Transbond™ LR [TLR], 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); and group 3, highly filled composite adhesive with liquid polish (TLR and BisCover LV™ [TLRB], BISCO Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA). L*a*b* values were measured by spectrophotometer prior to (T0) and following (T1) immersion in coffee. T1 − T0 differences were calculated as ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆E*ab values. The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to determine whether the data were normally distributed. The values that did not fit the normal distribution were evaluated with the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Dunn’s test was used for multiple comparisons. The level of significance was p < 0.05.

Results

The difference between the TLR and TLRB groups was statistically significant for ∆E*ab (P = 0.007). ∆E*ab value of TLR group was greater than ∆E*ab value of TLRB group. The differences between the GCO and TLR groups (p = 0.001) and the TLR and TLRB groups (p = 0.010) were statistically significant for ∆a*. ∆a* values of GCO and TLRB groups were greater than ∆a* value of TLR group. The difference between the TLR and TLRB groups was statistically significant (p = 0.003) for ∆b*. ∆b* value of TLR group was greater than ∆b* value of TLRB group.

Conclusions

Using a Transbond LR polished with BisCover LV or only GC Ortho Connect Flow for lingual retainer bonding reduces coffee-induced discoloration.
The importance of co-located VLBI Intensive stations and GNSS receivers
Authors: Dieck Christopher , Johnson Megan C. , MacMillan Daniel S.
Published: March 2023

Frequent, low-latency measurements of the Earth’s rotation phase, expressed as UT1$$-$$-UTC  critically support the current estimate and short-term prediction of this highly variable Earth orientation parameter (EOP). Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) Intensive sessions provide the required data. However, the Intensive UT1$$-$$-UTC measurement accuracy depends on the accuracy of numerous models, including the VLBI station position. Intensives observed with the Maunakea (Mk) and Pie Town (Pt) stations of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) illustrate how a geologic event (i.e., the$$M_w$$Mw6.9 Hawai‘i Earthquake of May 4th, 2018) can cause a station displacement and an associated offset in the values of UT1$$-$$-UTC measured by that baseline, rendering the data from the series useless until it is corrected. Using the nonparametric Nadaraya–Watson estimator to smooth the measured UT1$$-$$-UTC values before and after the earthquake, we calculate the offset in the measurement to be 75.7 ± 4.6$$\upmu $$μs. Analysis of the sensitivity of the Mk-Pt baseline’s UT1$$-$$-UTC measurement to station position changes shows that the measured offset is consistent with the 67.2 ± 5.9$$\upmu $$μs expected offset based on the 12.4 ± 0.6 mm total coseismic displacement of the Maunakea VLBA station determined from the displacement of the co-located global navigation satellite system (GNSS) station. GNSS station position information is known with a latency on the order of tens of hours and thus can be used to correct the a priori position model of a co-located VLBI station such that it can continue to provide accurate measurements of the critical EOP UT1$$-$$-UTC as part of Intensive sessions. In the absence of a co-located GNSS receiver, the VLBI station position model would likely not be updated for several months, and a near real-time correction would not be possible. This contrast highlights the benefit of co-located GNSS and VLBI stations in support of the monitoring of UT1$$-$$-UTC with single-baseline Intensives.
Comparing 13C methyl and deuterated methyl isotopic labeling for the quantification of methyl cellulose patterns using mass spectrometry
Authors: Schleicher Sarah , O’Connor Gavin , Mischnick Petra
Published: March 2023

The methyl substitution along and among the polymer chains of methyl cellulose (MC) is commonly analyzed by ESI-MS after perdeuteromethylation of the free-OH groups and partial hydrolysis to cello-oligosaccharides (COS). This method requires a correct quantification of the molar ratios of the constituents belonging to a particular degree of polymerization (DP). However, isotopic effects are most pronounced for H/D since their mass difference is 100%. Therefore, we investigated whether more precise and accurate results could be obtained for the methyl distribution of MC by MS of 13CH3 instead of CD3-etherified O-Me-COS. Internal isotope labeling with 13CH3 makes the COS of each DP chemically and physically much more similar, reducing mass fractionation effects, but at the same time requires more complex isotopic correction for evaluation. Results from syringe pump infusion ESI-TOF-MS with 13CH3 and CD3 as isotope label were equal. However, in the case of LC-MS with a gradient system, 13CH3 was superior to CD3. In the case of CD3, the occurrence of a partial separation of the isotopologs of a particular DP resulted in slight distortion of the methyl distribution since the signal response is significantly dependent on the solvent composition. Isocratic LC levels this problem, but one particular eluent-composition is not sufficient for a series of oligosaccharides with increasing DP due to peak broadening. In summary, 13CH3 is more robust to determine the methyl distribution of MCs. Both syringe pump and gradient-LC-MS measurements are possible, and the more complex isotope correction is not a disadvantage.

Graphical abstract
A reassessment of the role of joint receptors in human position sense
Authors: Proske Uwe
Published: March 2023

In the past, the peripheral sense organs responsible for generating human position sense were thought to be the slowly adapting receptors in joints. More recently, our views have changed and the principal position sensor is now believed to be the muscle spindle. Joint receptors have been relegated to the lesser role of acting as limit detectors when movements approach the anatomical limit of a joint. In a recent experiment concerned with position sense at the elbow joint, measured in a pointing task over a range of forearm angles, we have observed falls in position errors as the forearm was moved closer to the limit of extension. We considered the possibility that as the arm approached full extension, a population of joint receptors became engaged and that they were responsible for the changes in position errors. Muscle vibration selectively engages signals of muscle spindles. Vibration of elbow muscles undergoing stretch has been reported to lead to perception of elbow angles beyond the anatomical limit of the joint. The result suggests that spindles, by themselves, cannot signal the limit of joint movement. We hypothesise that over the portion of the elbow angle range where joint receptors become active, their signals are combined with those of spindles to produce a composite that contains joint limit information. As the arm is extended, the growing influence of the joint receptor signal is evidenced by the fall in position errors.
Surgical site infections after stabilization of pelvic ring injuries: a retrospective analysis of risk factors and a meta-analysis of similar studies
Authors: Salášek Martin , Český Richard , Whitley Adam , Šídlo Kryštof , Klézl Petr , Džupa Valér
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Pelvic ring fractures requiring surgical stabilization are severe injuries. Surgical site infections occurring after stabilization of the pelvis are serious complications, requiring complex and multidisciplinary treatment.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study from a level I trauma centre. One hundred and ninety-two patients who underwent stabilization of closed pelvic ring injuries without signs of pathological fracture were selected for inclusion into the study. After excluding seven patients for having incomplete data, the final study group consisted of 185 patients (117 men and 68 women). Basic epidemiologic data and potential risk factors were recorded and analyzed by Cox regression, Kaplan–Meier curves, and risk ratios in 2 × 2 tables. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher exact tests and chi squared tests. Parametric variables were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis tests with post hoc Wilcoxon tests.

Results

Surgical site infections occurred in 13% of the study group (24 from 185). Eighteen infections occurred in men (15.4%) and six in women (8.8%). There were two significant risk factors in women: age over 50 years (p = 0.0232) and concomitant urogenital trauma (p = 0.0104). The common risk ratio for both these factors was 212.59 (8.78–5148.68),p = 0.0010. No significant risk factors were identified in men despite younger men having a higher incidence of infection (p = 0.1428).

Conclusion

Overall rate of infectious complications was higher than in the literature, but this might be caused by inclusion of all patients regardless of surgical strategy. Higher age in women and lower age in men were associated with higher infection rates. Concomitant urogenital trauma was a significant risk factor in women.
Unconventional computing based on magnetic tunnel junction
Authors: Cai Baofang , He Yihan , Xin Yue , Yuan Zhengping , Zhang Xue , Zhu Zhifeng , Liang Gengchiau
Published: March 2023

The conventional computing method based on the von Neumann architecture is limited by a series of problems such as high energy consumption, finite data exchange bandwidth between processors and storage media, etc., and it is difficult to achieve higher computing efficiency. A more efficient unconventional computing architecture is urgently needed to overcome these problems. Neuromorphic computing and stochastic computing have been considered to be two competitive candidates for unconventional computing, due to their extraordinary potential for energy-efficient and high-performance computing. Although conventional electronic devices can mimic the topology of the human brain, these require high power consumption and large area. Spintronic devices represented by magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) exhibit remarkable high-energy efficiency, non-volatility, and similarity to biological nervous systems, making them one of the promising candidates for unconventional computing. In this work, we review the fundamentals of MTJs as well as the development of MTJ-based neurons, synapses, and probabilistic-bit. In the section on neuromorphic computing, we review a variety of neural networks composed of MTJ-based neurons and synapses, including multilayer perceptrons, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and spiking neural networks, which are the closest to the biological neural system. In the section on stochastic computing, we review the applications of MTJ-based p-bits, including Boltzmann machines, Ising machines, and Bayesian networks. Furthermore, the challenges to developing these novel technologies are briefly discussed at the end of each section.
Microbiome analysis and fecal microbiota transfer in pediatric gastroenterology — a structured online survey in German-speaking countries
Authors: Brenig Alicia , Broekaert Ilse , Gerner Patrick , Posovszky Carsten , Hünseler Christoph , Joachim Alexander
Published: March 2023

Purpose

To assess the current attitude and the status quo towards the use of microbiome analysis and fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) in pediatric patients in German-speaking pediatric gastroenterology centers.

Methods

A structured online survey among all certified facilities of the German-speaking society of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (GPGE) was conducted from November 01, 2020, until March 30, 2021.

Results

A total of 71 centers were included in the analysis. Twenty-two centers (31.0%) use diagnostic microbiome analysis, but only a few perform analysis frequently (2; 2.8%) or regularly (1; 1.4%). Eleven centers (15.5%) have performed FMT as a therapeutic approach. Most of these centers use individual in-house donor screening programs (61.5%). One-third (33.8%) of centers rate the therapeutic impact of FMT as high or moderate. More than two-thirds (69.0%) of all participants are willing to participate in studies assessing the therapeutic effect of FMT.

Conclusions

Guidelines for microbiome analyses and FMT in pediatric patients and clinical studies investigating their benefits are absolutely necessary to improve the patient-centered care in pediatric gastroenterology. The long-term and successful establishment of pediatric FMT centers with standardized procedures for patient selection, donor screening, application route, volume, and frequency of use is highly required to obtain a safe therapy.
Elektromagnetischer Energiewandler auf Basis des Klauenpol-Prinzips
Authors: Bosler Eugenia , Abo-Koos Sawsan , Kastl Paul , Oberschmidt Dirk , Schäfer Uwe
Published: March 2023

Dieser Beitrag stellt einen elektrodynamischen Wandler vor, der im Vergleich zu konventionellen E‑Maschinen wettbewerbsfähige Betriebseigenschaften aufweist, beliebig skalierbar und kostengünstig herzustellen ist. Der Wandler ist geeignet, in vielfältigen Anwendungen als effizienter und effektiver Generator oder Motor eingesetzt zu werden. Der hier vorgestellte prototypische Wandler ist eine zweiphasige Außenläufer-Zahnpolmaschine mit permanenterregtem Rotor und Ringspulen am Stator. Die Maschine ist an das Klauenpolprinzip angelehnt und besitzt Zahnpolpaare. Der Versatz der beiden Teilsysteme zueinander beträgt elektrisch 90°, und sie erzeugen jeweils ein zeitlich pulsierendes Drehmoment. Die Rotorzahnreihen jedes Systems weisen jeweils einen elektrischen Versatz von 180° zueinander auf. Ein weichmagnetischer Kompositwerkstoff wird verwendet, um den magnetischen Fluss in allen drei Raumrichtungen führen zu können. Der Prototyp generiert pro Spule bei einer Drehzahl von 1500 U/min eine Spannung von 30 V und erzeugt eine extrapolierte Wirkleistung von 350 W.
Vectors of indicators and pointer function in the Multistage Bipolar Method
Authors: Trzaskalik Tadeusz
Published: March 2023

The Multistage Bipolar Method considered in the paper deals with multistage decision processes. Multistage alternatives are not compared directly to each other, but they are confronted with the stage sets of reference objects—desirable and non-acceptable. In the paper vectors and pointer functions are defined. The aim of the paper is to apply them to classify and rank multistage alternatives and search for the final solution. Our method simplifies the procedure of finding the final solution and allows to use single criterion dynamic programming to solve the problem.
Outcome of COVID-19 patients with haematological malignancies after the introduction of vaccination and monoclonal antibodies: results from the HM-COV 2.0 study
Authors: Oliva Alessandra , Cogliati Dezza Francesco , Petrucci Flavia , Romani Francesco Eugenio , Morviducci Matteo , Mirabelli Flavio Marco , Cancelli Francesca , Valeriani Emanuele , Marcelli Giulia , Pugliese Francesco , Turriziani Ombretta , Ricci Paolo , Venditti Mario , Palange Paolo , Mastroianni Claudio Maria
Published: March 2023

Patients with haematological malignancies (HM) and SARS-CoV-2 infection present a higher risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate whether vaccination and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have modified the outcomes of HM patients with COVID-19. This is a single-centre retrospective study in HM patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 2020 to April 2022. Patients were divided into PRE-V-mAb group (patients hospitalized before the introduction of vaccination and mAbs) and POST-V-mAb group (patients hospitalized after the use of vaccine and mAbs). A total of 126 patients were included (65 PRE-V-mAb and 61 POST-V-mAb). POST-V-mAb patients showed a significantly lower risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (8.2% vs. 27.7%,p = 0.005), shorter viral shedding [17 (IQR 10–28) vs. 24 days (IQR 15–50),p = 0.011] and shorter hospitalization length [13 (IQR 7–23) vs. 20 (IQR 14–41) days,p = 0.0003] compared to the PRE-V-mAb group. Nevertheless, both in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates did not significantly differ between the two groups (29.5% POST-V-mAb vs. 36.9% PRE-V-mAb and 21.3% POST-V-mAb vs. 29.2% PRE-V-mAb, respectively). At the multivariable analysis, an active malignancy (p = 0.042), a critical COVID-19 at admission (p = 0.025) and the need for high-level of oxygen support at respiratory worsening [either HFNC/CPAP (p = 0.022) or mechanical ventilation (p = 0.011)] were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. In the subgroup of POST-V-mAb patients, receiving therapy with mAbs was a protective factor (p = 0.033). Despite the new therapeutic and preventive strategies available, HM patients with COVID-19 disease represent an extremely vulnerable group with still high mortality rates.
Anti-Ri paraneoplastic neurological syndrome presenting with bilateral cranial nerve VI palsy and jaw dystonia—a distinctive syndrome within the anti-Ri spectrum?
Authors: Freydl Elisabeth , Tinchon Alexander , Blauensteiner Katrin , Oberndorfer Stefan
Published: March 2023

Objective

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are rare disorders associated with various onconeuronal antibodies. Anti-Ri antibodies (ANNA-2) are typically found in patients with opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) and ataxia.

Case report

We present an anti-Ri antibody-positive 77-year-old woman with subacute progressive bilateral cranial nerve VI palsy, gait disturbance and jaw dystonia. MRI of the brain showed hyperintense signals on T2 bitemporal without contrast enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination exhibited mild pleocytosis of 13 cells/µl and positive oligoclonal bands. CSF was overall inconspicuous for a malignant or inflammatory etiology. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed anti-Ri antibodies in both serum and CSF. Subsequent diagnostic work up resulted in a newly diagnosed ductal carcinoma of the right breast. PNS in this case partially responded to the anti-tumor therapy.

Conclusion

This case shows similarities with recently published anti-Ri syndromes, which might form a distinct triad within the anti-Ri spectrum.
Values and tensions of a health education program based on evidence-based medicine: a qualitative study
Authors: Vergel John , Casallas-Murillo Ana-Lucía , Laverde-Robayo Diana-Marcela , Cristancho-Casallas Pablo
Published: March 2023

Aim

This study explored how patients, caregivers, clinicians, designers, and funders who worked collaboratively on a health education program experienced its design. The program was based on evidence-based medicine and knowledge transmission.

Subject and methods

Through exploratory qualitative research, the authors conducted 21 semistructured interviews, collected six nonparticipatory observations, and conducted a documentary analysis. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, producing rich descriptions about the participants’ experiences. The researchers’ interpretations were validated through peer review.

Results

Three themes were revealed by the findings: background, values, and tensions. All participants had a range of assumptions about this experience regarding which evidence-based recommendations should be prioritized and disseminated to patients/caregivers in program implementation. These assumptions were based on participants’ beliefs about how people make evidence-informed decisions, allowing them to take charge of their health. The authors found a gap between these assumptions and the purposes of the educational program.

Conclusion

Although health education programs aim to foster patients’ informed decision making and health empowerment, in our case we found some assumptions that were not in line with the objectives of the educational program. We hypothesize that some gaps in the program design, derived from different assumptions, such as (a) conflicts of particular interests, (b) knowledge gaps about health-disease processes, and (c) power asymmetries between doctors and patients/caregivers, could hinder the goals of health education (e.g., engagement) in the practice of evidence-based medicine.
Predicting dynamic spectrum allocation: a review covering simulation, modelling, and prediction
Authors: Cullen Andrew C. , Rubinstein Benjamin I. P. , Kandeepan Sithamparanathan , Flower Barry , Leong Philip H. W.
Published: March 2023

The advent of the Internet of Things and 5G has further accelerated the growth in devices attempting to gain access to the wireless spectrum. A consequence of this has been the commensurate growth in spectrum conflict and congestion across the wireless spectrum, which has begun to impose a significant impost upon innovation in both the public and private sectors. One potential avenue for resolving these issues, and improving the efficiency of spectrum utilisation can be found in devices making intelligent decisions about their access to spectrum through Dynamic Spectrum Allocation. Changing to a system of Dynamic Spectrum Allocation would require the development of complex and sophisticated inference frameworks, that would be able to be deployed at a scale able to support significant numbers of devices. The development and deployment of these systems cannot exist in isolation, but rather would require the development of tools that can simulate, measure, and predict Spectral Occupancy. To support the development such tools, this work reviews not just the available prediction frameworks for networked systems with sparse sensing over large scale geospatial environments, but also holistically considers the myriad of technological approaches required to support Dynamic Spectrum Allocation.
Bullwhip effect in closed-loop supply chains with multiple reverse flows: a simulation study
Authors: Fussone Rebecca , Dominguez Roberto , Cannella Salvatore , Framinan Jose M.
Published: March 2023

Due to the complex nature of some products and the different quality of returns, in closed-loop supply chains there might be different types of reverse processes and reverse flows, including repaired, refurbished, remanufactured, or recycled goods. These reprocessed goods return to different echelons of the supply chain according to their quality, and the volume of each type of reverse flow (i.e. the returns share) may significantly vary between different supply chains, affecting the dynamic behaviour of the entire system. The aim of this work is to explore the impact of the volume of returns among multiple reverse flows in a closed-loop supply chain where each member can have its own reverse flow. We analyse a four-echelon closed-loop supply chain, where a collector is in charge of collecting and inspecting the returns and sending them to the different echelons depending on their quality. An agent-based simulation model considering different return rates, coefficient of variations for the forward lead times, and returns share is developed and evaluated in terms of bullwhip effect. We observe that considerable volume and medium–low quality of the returns enable bullwhip effect reduction in systems where returns are shared among all the members of the supply chain. However, in single reverse flow closed-loop supply chains, moderate volume and high quality of the returns are preferable to gain improvements both in terms of order and inventory variability. From a managerial point of view, we provide useful recommendations for companies adopting closed-loop.
A novel pharmacological mechanism of anti-cancer drugs that induce pyroptosis
Authors: Guo Haohao , Wang Ziyang , Ma Runsheng , Chen Xin , Li Hongqiang , Tang Yifeng , Du Gongbo , Zhang Yifei , Yin Detao
Published: March 2023

Pyroptosis is an inflammasome-induced lytic form of programmed cell death, and its main effect involves the release of inflammatory mediators when a cell dies, resulting in an inflammatory response in the body. The key to pyroptosis is the cleavage of GSDMD or other gasdermin families. Some drugs can cause cleavage GSDMD or other gasdermin members cause pyroptosis and suppress cancer growth and development. This review explores several drugs that may induce pyroptosis, thereby contributing to tumor treatment. Pyroptosis-inducing drugs, such as arsenic, platinum, and doxorubicin, were used originally in cancer treatment. Other pyroptosis-inducing drugs, such as metformin, dihydroartemisinin, and famotidine, were used to control blood glucose, treat malaria, and regulate blood lipid levels and are effective tumor treatments. By summarizing drug mechanisms, we provide a valuable basis for treating cancers by inducing pyroptosis. In future, the use of these drugs may contribute to new clinical treatments.
Feasibility of mapping and ablating ectopy-triggering ganglionated plexus reproducibly in persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Coyle Clare , Koutsoftidis Simos , Kim Min-Young , Porter Bradley , Keene Daniel , Luther Vishal , Handa Balvinder , Kay Jamie , Lim Elaine , Malcolme-Lawes Louisa , Koa-Wing Michael , Lim Phang Boon , Whinnett Zachary I. , Ng Fu Siong , Qureshi Norman , Peters Nicholas S. , Linton Nicholas W. F. , Drakakis Emmanuel , Kanagaratnam Prapa
Published: March 2023

Background

Ablation of autonomic ectopy-triggering ganglionated plexuses (ET-GP) has been used to treat paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). It is not known if ET-GP localisation is reproducible between different stimulators or whether ET-GP can be mapped and ablated in persistent AF. We tested the reproducibility of the left atrial ET-GP location using different high-frequency high-output stimulators in AF. In addition, we tested the feasibility of identifying ET-GP locations in persistent atrial fibrillation.

Methods

Nine patients undergoing clinically-indicated paroxysmal AF ablation received pacing-synchronised high-frequency stimulation (HFS), delivered in SR during the left atrial refractory period, to compare ET-GP localisation between a custom-built current-controlled stimulator (Tau20) and a voltage-controlled stimulator (Grass S88, SIU5). Two patients with persistent AF underwent cardioversion, left atrial ET-GP mapping with the Tau20 and ablation (Precision™, Tacticath™ [n = 1] or Carto™, SmartTouch™ [n = 1]). Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was not performed. Efficacy of ablation at ET-GP sites alone without PVI was assessed at 1 year.

Results

The mean output to identify ET-GP was 34 mA (n = 5). Reproducibility of response to synchronised HFS was 100% (Tau20 vs Grass S88; [n = 16] [kappa = 1, SE = 0.00, 95% CI 1 to 1)][Tau20 v Tau20; [n = 13] [kappa = 1, SE = 0, 95% CI 1 to 1]). Two patients with persistent AF had 10 and 7 ET-GP sites identified requiring 6 and 3 min of radiofrequency ablation respectively to abolish ET-GP response. Both patients were free from AF for > 365 days without anti-arrhythmics.

Conclusions

ET-GP sites are identified at the same location by different stimulators. ET-GP ablation alone was able to prevent AF recurrence in persistent AF, and further studies would be warranted.
Destructive and non-destructive mechanical characterisation of chocolate with different levels of porosity under various modes of deformation
Authors: Bikos Dimitrios , Samaras Georgios , Cann Philippa , Masen Marc , Hardalupas Yannis , Vieira Joselio , Hartmann Christoph , Huthwaite Peter , Lan Bo , Charalambides Maria N.
Published: March 2023

Chocolate exhibits a complex material response under the varying mechanical loads present during oral processing. Mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus and fracture stress are linked to sensorial attributes such as hardness. Apart from this link with hardness perception, these mechanical properties are important input parameters towards developing a computational model to simulate the first bite. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of chocolate with different levels of micro-aeration, 0–15%, under varying modes of deformation. Therefore, destructive mechanical experiments under tension, compression, and flexure loading are conducted to calculate the Young’s modulus, yield, and fracture stress of chocolate. The values of Young’s modulus are also confirmed by independent ultrasonic mechanical experiments. The results showed that differences up to 35% were observed amongst the Young’s modulus of chocolate for different mechanical experiments. This maximum difference was found to drop with increasing porosity and a negligible difference in the Young’s modulus measurements amongst the different mechanical experiments is observed for the 15% micro-aerated chocolate. This phenomenon is caused by micro-pores obstructing the microscopic inelastic movement occurring from the early stages of the material’s deformation. This work provides a deeper understanding of the mechanical behaviour of chocolate under different loading scenarios, which are relevant to the multiaxial loading during mastication, and the role of micro-aeration on the mechanical response of chocolate. This will further assist the food industry’s understanding of the design of chocolate products with controlled and/or improved sensory perception.
Identifying Symptoms of ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Most Strongly Associated with Functional Impairment in Children: A Symptom-Level Approach
Authors: Thöne Ann-Kathrin , Dose Christina , Junghänel Michaela , Hautmann Christopher , Jendreizik Lea Teresa , Treier Anne-Katrin , Vetter Paula , von Wirth Elena , Banaschewski Tobias , Becker Katja , Brandeis Daniel , Dürrwächter Ute , Geissler Julia , Hebebrand Johannes , Hohmann Sarah , Holtmann Martin , Huss Michael , Jans Thomas , Kaiser Anna , Ketter Johanna , Legenbauer Tanja , Millenet Sabina , Poustka Luise , Renner Tobias , Romanos Marcel , Sandersleben Henrik Uebel-von , Schneider Priska S. , Wenning Jasmin , Ziegler Mirjam , Görtz-Dorten Anja , Döpfner Manfred
Published: March 2023

To enhance the understanding of how symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), including callous-unemotional (CU) traits, differentially relate to functional impairment (FI). Participants were 474 German school-age children (age: M = 8.90, SD = 1.49, 81% male) registered for participation in the ESCAschool trial (ESCAschool: Evidence-based, Stepped Care of ADHD in school-aged children). Clinicians assessed the severity of individual symptoms and five FI domains specifically associated with ADHD symptoms or ODD/CD/CU symptoms using a semi-structured clinical interview. We conducted two multiple linear regression analyses, combined with relative importance analyses, to determine the impact of individual symptoms on global FI associated with ADHD and ODD/CD/CU symptoms. Next, we estimated two networks and identified the strongest associations of ADHD symptoms or ODD/CD/CU symptoms with the five FI domains. Symptoms varied substantially in their associations with global FI. The ADHD symptom Easily Distracted (15%) and ODD symptom Argues with Adults (10%) contributed most strongly to the total explained variance. FI related to academic performance, home life and family members, and psychological strain were most strongly associated with ADHD inattention symptoms, whereas FI related to relationships with adults and relationships with children and recreational activities were most strongly associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. By comparison, the ODD/CD/CU symptoms most closely linked to FI domains originated from the ODD and CD dimensions. Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature on the importance of analyzing individual symptoms and highlight that symptom-based approaches can be clinically useful.
Directional Alpha Frontoparietal Connectivity and Anxiety in Autistic Boys
Authors: Bitsika Vicki , Sarmukadam Kimaya , Sharpley Christopher F.
Published: March 2023

Describing neural connectivity between pre-frontal and parietal brain regions and anxiety in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has the potential to inform diagnosis and treatment decisions. This study aimed to identify the neural connectivity patterns between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal regions in young autistic males, and to determine if Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) was associated with these communication patterns. Forty-one males with ASD aged between 6 and 18 yr (M age = 10.76 yr, SD = 3.14 yr) and their mothers were recruited as volunteer participants from the Gold Coast region, Australia. After assessments, participants received 3 min of eyes-closed and 3 min of eyes-opened EEG data-collection under resting conditions. EEG data from the frontal and parietal regions were investigated for their connectivity via Granger Causality (GC). There were significant correlations between the PFC-to-parietal region GC connectivity indices and total GAD scores, and also for the core components of GAD, but these were restricted to the alpha-wave frequency with only minimal beta-wave significant results. No significant correlations between parietal-to-PFC regions and GAD were present. Communication from the decision-making region (PFC) to the spatial reasoning (parietal) regions appeared to be aimed at instigating increased motor activity associated with GAD.
Income inequality and economic growth in BRICS: insights from non-parametric techniques
Authors: Acheampong Alex O. , Adebayo Tomiwa Sunday , Dzator Janet , Koomson Isaac
Published: March 2023

The income inequality-economic growth linkage is a topical issue in economics and policy discussions. Both theoretical and empirical results on the impact of income inequality on economic growth have been controversial. One of the criticisms of the existing studies relates to using cross-sectional data and linear estimation techniques for empirical analysis. Capitalising on the limitations in the existing literature, this article employs the novel Quantile-on-Quantile Regression (QQR) approach to examine the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in BRICS. Applying the novel QQR technique helps to model how income inequality distributions affect the distributions of economic growth. The quantile cointegration tests reveal cointegration between income inequality and economic growth. The QQR results indicate that income inequality has a stronger negative effect on the lower and middle tails of economic growth in Brazil while having a stronger positive impact on economic growth in Russia, China and South Africa. For India, income inequality has a stronger negative effect on the lower tail of economic growth and a stronger positive impact on the middle and higher tails of economic growth. These results are consistent with quantile regression results. Further analysis from the Granger causality-in-quantiles shows that at various quantiles, a bidirectional causal relationship between income inequality and economic growth exists in China, while a unidirectional causality runs from income inequality to economic growth in Brazil and India. No causal relationship was found between income inequality and economic growth in Russia and South Africa. The policy implications are discussed.
Low-temperature sol–gel methods for the integration of crystalline metal oxide thin films in flexible electronics
Authors: Bretos Iñigo , Jiménez Ricardo , Ricote Jesús , Rivas Andrea Y. , Echániz-Cintora María , Sirera Rafael , Calzada M. Lourdes
Published: March 2023

The development of low-temperature sol–gel (solution) processes for the fabrication of crystalline metal oxide thin films has become a key objective in the emerging Flexible Electronics. To achieve this target, crystalline oxide films need to be deposited on flexible substrates, which have degradation temperatures below 350 °C (e.g., polymers or textile). This achievement would be a step towards improving the performance of the flexible device, making feasible applications now restrained (e.g. smart-skin, flexible-displays or solar-cells) and whose performance is associated to the functional properties of the crystalline oxide (e.g., ferroelectricity, pyroelectricity or piezoelectricity). However, this is a challenge because the crystallization of these oxides usually occurs at high temperatures, over 600 °C. This paper shows an overview to the solution strategies devised in our group for the low-temperature fabrication of crystalline metal oxide thin films, mostly ferroelectric perovskites (e.g., BiFeO3, PbTiO3 or Pb(Zr,Ti)O3). We have made use of UV-light as an alternative energy source to the thermal energy conventionally used to obtain the crystalline oxide. High photosensitive sol–gel solutions have been synthesized and the solution-deposited layers irradiated with UV-excimer lamps. A precise control of the photoreactions occurring during the irradiation of these layers has been carried out with the aim of advancing the formation of a high-densified, defect-free amorphous metal oxide film that easily can be converted into crystalline at temperatures compatible with the use of polymer substrates.

Graphical Abstract
Customer satisfaction, loyalty behaviors, and firm financial performance: what 40 years of research tells us
Authors: Mittal Vikas , Han Kyuhong , Frennea Carly , Blut Markus , Shaik Muzeeb , Bosukonda Narendra , Sridhar Shrihari
Published: March 2023

The authors synthesize research on the relationship of customer satisfaction with customer- and firm-level outcomes using a meta-analysis based on 535 correlations from 245 articles representing a combined sample size of 1,160,982. The results show a positive association of customer satisfaction with customer-level outcomes (retention, WOM, spending, and price) and firm-level outcomes (product-market, accounting, and financial-market performance). A moderator analysis shows the association varies due to many contextual factors and measurement characteristics. The results have important theoretical and managerial implications.
European and Asian Greeks for Exponential Lévy Processes
Authors: Hudde Anselm , Rüschendorf Ludger
Published: March 2023

In this paper we give easy-to-implement closed-form expressions for European and Asian Greeks for generalL2-payoff functions and underlying assets in an exponential Lévy process model with nonvanishing Brownian motion part. The results are based on Hilbert space valued Malliavin Calculus and extend previous results from the literature. Numerical experiments suggest, that in the case of a continuous payoff function, a combination of Malliavin Monte Carlo Greeks and the finite difference method has a better convergence behavior, whereas in the case of discontinuous payoff functions, the Malliavin Monte Carlo method clearly is the superior method compared to the finite difference approach, for first- and second order Greeks. Reduction arguments from the literature based on measure change imply that the expressions for the Greeks in this paper also hold true for generalized Asian options in particular for fixed and floating strike Asian options.
Care as a Thick Ethical Concept
Authors: Chadha-Sridhar Ira
Published: March 2023

Philosophers who study care—most often, care ethicists—are involved in an ongoing discussion about the concept of care. Despite the significant progress made in this discussion, certain conflicting images of care seem to persist in the literature. On one hand, as feminist theorists across disciplines have highlighted, care is a complex social practice that is mired in inequality and injustice. The deeply gendered nature of caring and the unequal division of care-work creates and cements structural inequalities. On the other hand, care is also thought of as a moral value or an ideal. The ethics of care—a moral theory with decidedly feminist roots—is predicated on the idea that caring is somehow morally valuable. A discrepancy thus arises: care is a social practice that compounds injustices. But it is also a moral value. What is it about care that makes it malleable to such variations? To pick out this complexity and capture the conceptual nuances at play, this paper suggests that we frame the concept of care as a thick ethical concept. I will first demonstrate why this framing is helpful. Then, I will provide accounts of the descriptive and evaluative elements of the concept of care. I hope to show that it is through a thick conceptual framing that we can make sense of care—both as a complex social practice and an important moral value in the worlds that we inhabit.
Supporting the Development of Science Pre-service Teachers’ Creativity and Critical Thinking in Secondary Science Initial Teacher Education
Authors: Marangio Karen , Carpendale Jared , Cooper Rebecca , Mansfield Jennifer
Published: March 2023

Creative and critical thinking (C&CT) capabilities are essential qualities of future ready scientific literate citizens. As teacher educators, developing C&CT in science pre-service teachers (PSTs) requires supporting PSTs’ development of C&CT, in addition to supporting their understanding and capacity to teach for development of C&CT in their future school science students. In this study, four secondary science educators critically reflected on the development of our professional knowledge and practice for supporting secondary science PSTs’ understanding of, and capacity to teach, C&CT as future teachers of science. Meeting transcripts, reflective journaling and curriculum documents were inductively analysed for key themes, utilising an iterative approach with multiple cycles of review. Findings showed that integrating C&CT in explicit ways in our teaching and assessment tasks was not as straight-forward as initially imagined. Three themes were identified, showing how our thinking evolved, namely (1) becoming sensitised to C&CT in our science ITE practice; (2) developing a shared language and understanding for science education; and (3) illuminating the conditions for teaching C&CT. A recurring feature in all themes was the value of tensions for sensitising us to specific aspects of C&CT and its teaching. We offer recommendations for others seeking to develop science PSTs’ C&CT.
Institutional scope to shape persistence and departure among nursing students: re-framing Tinto for professional degrees
Authors: Hovdhaugen Elisabeth , Sweetman Rachel , Thomas Liz
Published: March 2023

Tinto’s (1993) interactional model of student departure was initially developed for students in traditional academic degrees, at residential colleges in the US. This paper takes up Tinto as a fruitful starting point for a critical review of the aspects of the model which are more and less suitable for professional degrees: integration and commitment. Since nursing degrees are quite different from traditional academic degrees, particularly when it comes to the structure of the programme, this calls for a rethink of how the concepts can be used. The paper suggests that a Tinto-type model could be adjusted to offer a valuable tool with which to inform institutional work on retention and completion in nursing programmes, and potentially in other short professional degrees. While we identified limitations in how integration functions in a nursing programme, the existing model could be adapted to account for professional commitment, which in turn may counteract the fragmented integration nursing students experience. As nursing students’ initial commitment is much stronger (compared to other student groups), and this is linked to professional identity, students seem less interested in developing a student identity. Institutions should therefore consider alternative integration activities, activities which build on and contribute to the professional commitment students come into the institution with. Additionally, the integration activities also need to consider teaching at several sites, as nursing students switch between their institution and various practice placements, and therefore have a more interrupted study path.
The two faces of pyocyanin - why and how to steer its production?
Authors: Jabłońska Joanna , Augustyniak Adrian , Dubrowska Kamila , Rakoczy Rafał
Published: March 2023

The ambiguous nature of pyocyanin was noted quite early after its discovery. This substance is a recognized Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor that causes problems in cystic fibrosis, wound healing, and microbiologically induced corrosion. However, it can also be a potent chemical with potential use in a wide variety of technologies and applications, e.g. green energy production in microbial fuel cells, biocontrol in agriculture, therapy in medicine, or environmental protection. In this mini-review, we shortly describe the properties of pyocyanin, its role in the physiology of Pseudomonas and show the ever-growing interest in it. We also summarize the possible ways of modulating pyocyanin production. We underline different approaches of the researchers that aim either at lowering or increasing pyocyanin production by using different culturing methods, chemical additives, physical factors (e.g. electromagnetic field), or genetic engineering techniques. The review aims to present the ambiguous character of pyocyanin, underline its potential, and signalize the possible further research directions.