bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Dielectric and Electrical Conductivity Anisotropy Measurements Using TDR in Unsaturated Mica
Authors: Blonquist J. Mark , Robinson David A. , Humphries Seth D. , Jones Scott B.
Published: October 2011

Anisotropy in the vadose zone impacts the flow and transport of water and contaminants. Progress has been made in incorporating anisotropy into flow and transport models; however, obtaining accurate estimation of the extent of anisotropy in porous media remains a technical challenge. Electrical and electromagnetic (EM) measurements can be used to investigate the anisotropy of layered media. We developed a parallel‐plate time domain reflectometry (TDR) and electrical conductivity cell for accurately measuring the sample‐scale dielectric (AKa) and electrical conductivity (Aσ) anisotropy factors and used a dielectric mixture model to predict the theoretical dielectric anisotropy factor (Aϵ). Modeling of the cell EM transmission line sampling area based on electrode geometry facilitated an optimal design based on minimizing the sampling area coefficient of variation. This optimal design consists of thin (1‐mm) parallel plates with a spacing/width ratio of 1. Dielectric and electrical conductivity measurements were made in mica, layered parallel to the plates in one cell and layered perpendicular to the plates in another. The resulting water‐content‐dependent dielectric measurements yielded sample‐scale AKa factors with peak values of 2.4 occurring near 50% saturation, while electrical conductivity measurements found Aσ values approaching 10 near 75% saturation. Furthermore, the shape of the water‐content‐dependent AKa followed a Gaussian distribution, while a three‐phase dielectric mixture model predicted peak Aϵ near 40% saturation. Discrepancies in magnitude were attributed to model assumptions, packing irregularities, and heterogeneity in the mica packing structure, as noted by others. The occurrence of the peak AKa around 50% saturation corroborates anisotropy predictions for transport related to hydraulic processes.
Hot Spots and Hot Moments of Dissolved Organic Carbon Export and Soil Organic Carbon Storage in the Shale Hills Catchment
Authors: Andrews Danielle M. , Lin Henry , Zhu Qing , Jin Lixin , Brantley Susan L.
Published: October 2011

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from watersheds and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage are intimately linked in the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, predictions of hot spots and hot moments of DOC and SOC in watersheds remain uncertain because of high spatiotemporal variability and changing controls. In this study, we investigated the linkage between SOC storage and landform units across the 7.9‐ha Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) and its implications for potential hot spots of DOC. We also examined the trends of DOC in soil pore water along two hillslopes of contrasting soils and topography and the impacts of rainfall, stream discharge, and stream temperature on DOC export to identify possible hot moments. Based on the SOC distribution throughout the entire catchment, swales (particularly south‐facing swales) were identified as hot spots because they exhibited significantly higher SOC storage and more active hydrology as compared to the rest of the catchment. Along the two hillslopes reported here, average soil pore water DOC concentrations were noticeably higher (35 ± 12%) along the swale as compared to the planar hillslope. Soil pore water DOC concentrations were elevated at the soil–bedrock interface at the ridgetop and at the Bw–Bt horizon interface in the valley floor, suggesting transport‐driven hot spots along restrictive layer interfaces. Stream water DOC concentration at the catchment outlet averaged 6.2 ± 5.3 mg L−1 from May 2008 to October 2010, which was significantly correlated with stream discharge and stream water temperature. Transport‐driven hot moments of stream water DOC were observed during the periods of snowmelt and late summer to early fall wet‐up, which together contributed ∼55% of total stream water DOC exported in 2009. This reflected the control of DOC export by flushing (linked to discharge) and biological activity (related to temperature) and its variation during different seasons of a year. This study showcased the impacts of complex soil and topography interactions—coupled with changing weather and seasonal biological activity—on the spatiotemporal dynamics of DOC export in a temperate forested catchment and its link to SOC distribution.
Predicting Solute Transport in Structured Soil Using Pore Network Models
Authors: Köhne J. Maximilian , Schlüter Steffen , Vogel Hans-Jörg
Published: October 2011

Predicting solute transport through structured soil based on observable structural properties of the material has not been accomplished to date. We evaluated a new approach to predicting breakthrough curves (BTCs) of dissolved chemicals in intact structured soil columns based on attributes of the pore structure at hierarchical spatial scales. The methodology centers on x‐ray computed microtomography of a hierarchic suite of undisturbed soil samples (diameters 1, 4.6, 7.5, and 16 cm) to identify the network of pores >10 μm in diameter. The pore structure was quantified in terms of pore size distribution, interface area density, and connectivity. The pore size distribution and pore connectivity were used to set up an equivalent pore network model (PNM) for predicting the BTCs of Br− and Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) at unsaturated, steady‐state flux. For a structured silt loam soil column, the predictions of Br− tracer breakthrough were within the variation observed in the column experiments. A similarly good prediction was obtained for Br− breakthrough in a sandy soil column. The BB breakthrough observed in the silt loam was dominated by a large variation in sorption (retardation factors between R = 2.9 and 24.2). The BB sorption distribution coefficient, kd, was measured in batch tests. Using the average kd in the PNM resulted in an overestimated retardation (R = 28). By contrast, breakthrough of BB in the sandy soil (experimental R = 3.3) could be roughly predicted using the batch test kd (PNM simulation R = 5.3). The prediction improved when applying a sorption correction function accounting for the deviation between measured interface area density distribution and its realization in the network model (R = 4.1). Overall, the results support the hypothesis that solute transport can be estimated based on a limited number of characteristics describing pore structure: the pore size distribution, pore topology, and pore–solid interfacial density.
Soil Moisture Response to Snowmelt and Rainfall in a Sierra Nevada Mixed‐Conifer Forest
Authors: Bales Roger C. , Hopmans Jan W. , O'Geen Anthony T. , Meadows Matthew , Hartsough Peter C. , Kirchner Peter , Hunsaker Carolyn T. , Beaudette Dylan
Published: October 2011

Using data from a water‐balance instrument cluster with spatially distributed sensors we determined the magnitude and within‐catchment variability of components of the catchment‐scale water balance, focusing on the relationship of seasonal evapotranspiration to changes in snowpack and soil moisture storage. Co‐located, continuous snow depth and soil moisture measurements were deployed in a rain–snow transition catchment in the mixed‐conifer forest in the Southern Sierra Nevada. At each elevation sensors were placed in the open, under the canopy, and at the drip edge on both north‐ and south‐facing slopes. Snow sensors were placed at 27 locations, with soil moisture and temperature sensors placed at depths of 10, 30, 60, and 90 cm beneath the snow sensor. Soils are weakly developed (Inceptisols and Entisols) and formed from decomposed granite with properties that change with elevation. The soil–bedrock interface is hard in upper reaches of the basin (>2000 m) where glaciers have scoured the parent material approximately 18,000 yr ago. Below an elevation of 2000 m soils have a paralithic contact (weathered saprolite) that can extend beyond a depth of 1.5 m, facilitating pathways for deep percolation. Soils are wet and not frozen in winter, and dry out in the weeks following spring snowmelt and rain. Based on data from two snowmelt seasons, it was found that soils dry out following snowmelt at relatively uniform rates; however, the timing of drying at a given site may be offset by up to 4 wk because of heterogeneity in snowmelt at different elevations and aspects. Spring and summer rainfall mainly affected sites in the open, with drying after a rain event being faster than following snowmelt. Water loss rates from soil of 0.5 to 1.0 cm d−1 during the winter and snowmelt season reflect a combination of evapotranspiration and deep drainage, as stream baseflow remains relatively low. About one‐third of annual evapotranspiration comes from water storage below the 1‐m depth, that is, below mapped soil. We speculate that much of the deep drainage is stored locally in the deeper regolith during periods of high precipitation, being available for tree transpiration during summer and fall months when shallow soil water storage is limiting. Total annual evapotranspiration for water year 2009 was estimated to be approximately 76 cm.
Computational Modeling of Signaling Pathways Mediating Cell Cycle Checkpoint Control and Apoptotic Responses to Ionizing Radiation-Induced DNA Damage
Authors: Zhao Yuchao , Lou In Chio , Conolly Rory B.
Published: October 2011

The shape of dose response of ionizing radiation (IR) induced cancer at low dose region, either linear non-threshold or J-shaped, has been a debate for a long time. This dose response relationship can be influenced by built-in capabilities of cells that minimize the fixation of IR-mediated DNA damage as pro-carcinogenic mutations. Key capabilities include sensing of damage, activation of cell cycle checkpoint arrests that provide time needed for repair of the damage as well as apoptosis. Here we describe computational modeling of the signaling pathways that link sensing of DNA damage and checkpoint arrest activation/apoptosis to investigate how these molecular-level interactions influence the dose response relationship for IR induced cancer. The model provides qualitatively accurate descriptions of the IR-mediated activation of cell cycle checkpoints and the apoptotic pathway, and of time-course activities and dose response of relevant regulatory proteins (e.g. p53 and p21). Linking to a two-stage clonal growth cancer model, the model described here successfully captured a monotonically increasing to a J-shaped dose response curve and identified one potential mechanism leading to the J-shape: the cell cycle checkpoint arrest time saturates with the increase of the dose.
Hormesis and the Salk Polio Vaccine
Authors: Calabrese Edward J.
Published: October 2011

The production of the Salk vaccine polio virus by monkey kidney cells was generated using the synthetic tissue culture medium, Mixture 199. In this paper's retrospective assessment of this process, it was discovered that Mixture 199 was modified by the addition of ethanol to optimize animal cell survival based on experimentation that revealed a hormetic-like biphasic response relationship. This hormesis-based optimization procedure was then applied to all uses of Mixture 199 and modifications of it, including its application to the Salk polio vaccine during preliminary testing and in its subsequent major societal treatment programs.
Lanthanum Element Induced Imbalance of Mineral Nutrients, HSP 70 Production and DNA-Protein Crosslink, Leading to Hormetic Response of Cell Cycle Progression in Root Tips of Vicia faba L. Seedlings
Authors: Wang Chengrun , Shi Cuie , Liu Ling , Wang Chen , Qiao Wei , Gu Zhimang , Wang Xiaorong
Published: October 2011

The effects and mechanisms of rare earth elements on plant growth have not been extensively characterized. In the current study, Vicia faba L. seedlings were cultivated in lanthanum (La)-containing solutions for 10 days to investigate the possible effects and mechanisms of La on cell proliferation and root lengthening in roots. The results showed that increasing La levels resulted in abnormal calcium (Ca), Ferrum (Fe) or Potassium (K) contents in the roots. Flow cytometry analysis revealed G1/S and S/G2 arrests in response to La treatments in the root tips. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) production showed a U-shaped dose response to increasing La levels. Consistent with its role in cell cycle regulation, HSP 70 fluctuated in parallel with the S-phase ratios and proliferation index. Furthermore, DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) enhanced at higher La concentrations, perhaps involved in blocking cell progression. Taken together, these data provide important insights into the hormetic effects and mechanisms of REE(s) on plant cell proliferation and growth.
Artificial neural network approach to modeling of alcoholic fermentation of thick juice from sugar beet processing
Authors: Jokic Aleksandar , Grahovac Jovana , Dodic Jelena , Zoltan Z. , Zavargo Z , Dodic Sinisa , Popov Stevan , Vucurovic Damjan
Published: October 2011

In this paper the bioethanol production in batch culture by free
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells from thick juice as intermediate product of
sugar beet processing was examined. The obtained results suggest that it is
possible to decrease fermentation time for the cultivation medium based on
thick juice with starting sugar content of 5-15 g kg-1. For the fermentation
of cultivation medium based on thick juice with starting sugar content of 20
and 25 g kg-1 significant increase in ethanol content was attained during the
whole fermentation process, resulting in 12.51 and 10.95 dm3 m-3 ethanol
contents after 48 h, respectively. Other goals of this work were to
investigate the possibilities for experimental results prediction using
artificial neural networks (ANNs) and to find its optimal topology. A
feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network was used to test the
hypothesis. As input variables fermentation time and starting sugar content
were used. Neural networks had one output value, ethanol content, yeast cell
number or sugar content. There was one hidden layer and the optimal number of
neurons was found to be nine for all selected network outputs. In this study
transfer function was tansig and the selected learning rule was
Levenberg-Marquardt. Results suggest that artificial neural networks are good
prediction tool for selected network outputs. It was found that experimental
results are in very good agreement with computed ones. The coefficient of
determination (the R-squared) was found to be 0.9997, 0.9997 and 0.9999 for
ethanol content, yeast cell number and sugar content, respectively.
Synthesis and characterization of sintered hydroxyapatite/lignin coatings on titanium
Authors: Surudzic Rade , Erakovic Sanja , Miskovic-Stankovic Vesna
Published: October 2011

In order to improve corrosion stability and biocompatibility of titanium
surfaces, hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) has been used as coating
material due to the fact that it possess similar chemical composition as bone
tissue. Lignin?s (Lig) usage in medical applications could be interesting
because it could lead to thermal stability, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility
and biodegradability of different materials. Bioceramic hydroxyapatite/lignin
(HAP/Lig) coatings on titanium were obtained from ethanol suspension by
electrophoretic deposition method. The uniform and compact HAP/Lig coatings
were deposited at constant voltage of 60 V for 45 s and sintered at 900?C in
argon atmosphere. The corrosion stability of sintered HAP/Lig coatings in
simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37?C was investigated by open circuit
potential-time measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
The greater values of open circuit potential, as well as EIS results,
indicated improved corrosion resistance and good corrosion stability of
HAP/Lig coatings in simulated body fluid at 37?C .
Histopathological effects of chronic exposure to lead on kidneys of brown trout (Salmo trutta m. Fario)
Authors: Besirovic Hajrudin , Alic Amer , Prasovic Senad , Drommer Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the histopathological changes on the kidneys of the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. Fario) inflicted by per os lead poisoning in the 46-week experimental period. The fish were kept in well-oxygenated freshwater basins. Approximately calculated toxic doses of lead-acetate for fish were 550 mg/kg. Following the experimental period, fish organs, in particular kidneys, were examined by light microscopy. Only fish with lesions observed in kidneys were further examined by electron microscopy. An accumulation of proteinaceous material in the glomeruli of the kidneys, and thickening of the basal membrane were observed histopathologically. This proteinaceous material was also observed in the lumina of the kidney tubules. Electron microscopic examination completely supported this finding. Furthermore, to the authors' previous knowledge, undocumented damage of the brush borders of the proximal kidney tubules was also observed.
Comparative investigations of sensitivity and specificity of immunoenzyme probe and inhibition hemagglutination test in serological diagnostics of newcastle disease in poultry
Authors: Milic Nenad , Nisavic Jakov , Radojicic Marina , Sekler Marina , Matovic Kazimir , Vidanovic Dejan
Published: October 2011

Comparative investigations of the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect immunoenzyme probe - iELISA and the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) in serological diagnostics of the Newcastle disease in poultry were carried out using samples of blood serum taken from non-vaccinated and vaccinated poultry. A total of 14 samples of blood serum from non-vaccinated poultry were examined using the immunoenzyme probe - iELISA, and nine of these were found to be positive to the presence of specific antigen against the Newcastle disease virus, while two samples were suspect, and no presence of specific antibodies was established in three samples. Examinations of 82 samples of blood serum from vaccinated poultry for the presence of specific antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus established their presence in 80 serum samples, while one sample was suspect and one sample was negative. The values of the titer of specific antibodies in blood serum samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry established using the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) ranged from 1:2 to 1:32.
Applying enzyme immunotest for determination of progesterone concentration in whole cow 's milk
Authors: Milovanovic Aleksandar , Jovicin Milovan , Barna Tomislav , Golubovic Snezana , Resanovic Vojislav , Rodic Vladimir , Kitanovic Smiljka , Lazarevic Miodrag
Published: October 2011

In this work the possibility of producing and using our new EIA (enzyme immunosorbent test) set for direct determination of progesterone concentration in whole milk was analyzed. The test confirmed high values in milk of confirmed gravid cows (13,16? 13,29 ng/ml; n=10) and confirmed non-gravid cows (1,35?0,98 ng/ml; n=8). This progesterone test helps following variations of progesterone concentration in blood and milk cow samples taken every second day. The progesterone concentration of gravid and low values of non-gravid cows are displayed, as well as errors in cycles and mistakes in insemination. The results were compared to the results obtained by the RIA progesterone test done on blood sera samples. Progesterone concentration measured with EIA test in 15 milk samples was compared to the values of progesterone obtained by a commercial EIA test. The differences were not statistically significant (t-test, t-0.1144; p-0.9097). After milking, the samples were stored for 28 days at 4oC, conserved by potassium dichromate, and a loss of progesterone activity by 25,90?15,47% (4,69?2,90 ng/ml) was noticed, but in the final outcome this did not influence the clinical results. Accordingly, milk samples with preservative may be stored in a refrigerator for four weeks.
Fish welfare: Fish capacity to experience pain
Authors: Vucinic Marijana , Radisavljevic Katarina
Published: October 2011

Teleost fish possess similar nociceptive processing systems to those found in terrestrial vertebrates. It means that they react to potential painful stimuli in a similar manner as mammals and birds. However, the welfare of fish has been the focus of less research than that of higher vertebrates. Humans may affect the welfare of fish through fisheries, aquaculture and a number of other activities. There is scientific evidence to support the assumption that fish have the capacity to experience pain because they possess functional nociceptors, endogenous opioids and opioid receptors, brain structures involved in pain processing and pathways leading from nociceptors to higher brain structures. Also, it is well documented that some anaesthetics and analgesics may reduce nociceptive responses in fish. Behavioural indicators in fish such as lip-rubbing and rocking behaviours are the best proof that fish react to potential painful stimuli. This paper is an overview of some scientific evidence on fish capacity to experience pain.
Evaluation of possible use of disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide in dairy plant
Authors: Rakic-Martinez Mira , Katic Vera
Published: October 2011

Poor sanitation of food contact surfaces has been a contributing factor in food borne disease outbreaks, especially those involving Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus etc. The objectives of this study were therefore to: 1. Determine the efficiency of a disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide in suspension in a closed system in a dairy plant. 2. Evaluate the possibility of disinfection of working surfaces with a disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide. In order to determine the germicidal effect of the disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide by suspension test (BSEN 1276:1997); the following test organisms were used: Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate. The corrosive properties of the disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide were tested by IDF 077:1977 standard. The efficacy of this disinfectant was investigated in a closed system in a dairy plant. Results indicated a 100% reduction of >108 cfu/ml L. monocytogenes, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, viable count after 1 minute of exposure to 100 ppm of the disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide and 400 ppm for Bacillus cereus. In the presence of 2% skim milk and 4 % skim milk concentrations of 200 and 250 ppm resulted in 100% reduction in numbers of the five of six test microorganisms, respectively. The spore former, Bacillus cereus is less susceptible to the disinfectant. Therefore, the efficient concentration for 100% reduction in viable count after 1 minute exposure was 500 ppm. The corrosive properties of the disinfectant were not determined. In the case of closed system disinfection in a dairy plant, reduction in viable count after 15 minute exposure to 100 ppm of disinfectant based on chlorine dioxide ranged from 80 to 100%.
Histopathological evaluation of most frequent liver diseases in cats
Authors: Kureljusic Branislav , Marinkovic Darko , Obadovic Jelena , Djordjevic Milena , Kukolj Vladimir
Published: October 2011

Histological analysis was performed on the liver of 27 cats of different breeds, age and sex, autopsied at the Department of Pathological Morphology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Belgrade, and findings showed lymphoplasmocytic cholangiohepatitis, different degrees of fibrosis, passive hyperemia, fatty changes, cholestase, and neoplasms. The mentioned entities occurred very rarely as individual morphological manifestations, because the liver has different functions so that one morphological change often causes others to follow. Thus, for example, fibrosis was often followed by intrahepatic cholestase. Histopathological evaluation of liver disease is important not only in the autopsied samples, but also in diagnostics of liver diseases, in samples obtained by biopsy, which is important for making a precise diagnosis. The interpretation of the established histological changes in the liver requires close cooperation between clinicians and pathologists, because the final diagnosis is made on the grounds of morphological, biochemical and clinical findings.
Escherichia coli: Old problem, new pathology
Authors: Samokovlija Ana , Djuricic Bosiljka
Published: October 2011

Even though the presence of Escherichia coli in the organism of humans and animals as a commensal has been known for a long time, attention has been paid to it only recently as the cause of diseases in humans and animals. The disease that is caused by this bacteria is linked to new variants-strains (eg. Verotoxic 0157:H7) which have, due to the toxic effects, a pathogensis and clinical picture that differs from those which have so far been linked to the conventional E.coli. Namely, it has been proved that there is a connection between the presence of certain strains of this bacteria in animals in which there is no occurrence of clinical symptoms, and diseased humans who had come into contact with these animals. Since infection with E.coli is transferred also through food items of animal origin, and in keeping with the valid regulations on hygiene safety of food items, increasing importance is placed on the isolation and identification of this bacteria on the slaughter line. It has also been accepted that it is necessary to apply screening among animal populations, as the basic step in the control and eradication of pathogens. There are few data on the distribution of verotoxic E.coli and the number of reported cases of infection in humans in Serbia, and they do not provide the real picture of the epizootiological-epidemiological situation. Verotoxic E.coli occurred over the past two decades as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Due to the large number of cases that are linked, directly or indirectly, with food items of animal origin, there have been major economic losses as well.
Isolation and identification of Brucella suis biotype 2 from epididymal puncture performed on a boar affected with brucellosis
Authors: Rogozarski Dragan , Potkonjak Aleksandar , Gagrcin Mladen , Lako Branislav , Plavsic Budimir
Published: October 2011

The causal agent of swine brucellosis is Brucella suis. Within the scope of the kinds of Brucella suis, there are five biotypes, but only biotypes 1, 2 and 3 lead to swine infections. Human infections with Brucella suis biotype 2 are rarely registered. Swine brucellosis is widespread all over the world. It has been noted that the incidence of swine population infected with Brucella suis in Western Europe has been increasing during the recent years. The goal of this project was to isolate, identify and typify the causal agent from epididymal puncture performed on a boar with conditions suspicious of brucellosis, using standard microbiological methods. The results of the research show that Brucella suis biotype 2 can be successfully isolated and identified from a sample obtained by means of epididymal puncture of live animals. Therefore, epididymal puncture gives us a certain, reliable and important sample derived from a live animal for a direct diagnostic of boar brucellosis. The above mentioned first isolate of Brucella suis biotype 2 epididymal puncture, has been marked as K-1.
Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in horses in the territory of Belgrade during the period from 1998 to 2008
Authors: Vojinovic Dragica , Zutic Jadranka , Stanojevic Slobodan
Published: October 2011

Serological investigations of leptospirosis in horses were carried out in the epizootic territory of Belgrade during the period from 1998 to 2008. Serological examinations were performed on 1701 blood serum samples of horses from private and sociallyowned stables, riding clubs, hippodromes, and from the individual sector. The number of seropositive horses was 107 (6.29%). The most represented serovarieties of the Leptospira species were: Leptospira grippotyphosa 42 (2.47%), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae 19 (1.12%), Leptospira pomona 16 (0.99%), Leptospira canicola 16 (0.94%), Leptospira bataviae 11 (0.65%), and Leptospira australis 2 (0.1%). Antibodies against Leptospira sejroe were not established in a single sample of the examined horse blood serums. The titer of specific antibodies ranged from 1:100 to 1:10000. The biggest number of serums had an antibody titer of 1:300, then 1:100, and 1:1000. The smallest number of serums had an antibody titer of 1:10000. Horses seropositive to leptospirosis were established only in sporadic cases, so that no major epizooties were established in the territory of Belgrade.
Blood concentration of proteins, bilirubin and glucose in cows with left displaced abomasum
Authors: Samanc Horea , Kirovski Danijela , Prodanovic Radisa , Vujanac Ivan , Sladojevic Zeljko
Published: October 2011

The concentration of total proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, and glucose were examined in the blood of healthy cows and those with left displaced abomasum. Significant digressions from physiological values in cows with left displaced abomasum were established in proteinemia (x = 87.92 g/l) and in bilirubinemia (x = 10.29 ?mol/l). Hyperproteinemia indicates chemoconcentration in the diseased animals, which is also indicated in significantly higher concentrations of albumin in the diseased in comparison with the healthy animals (x = 41.94 - 3.5 : 36.89 - 3.95 g/l). The higher values for glucemia in the diseased against the healthy animals (x = 2.628 : 2.203 mmol/l) could indicate disrupted function of B-cells of the endocrine pancreas. This data can come in useful in setting the diagnosis, but it also has no less importance in the determination of the prognosis for the disease. Determining the liver function during the disease should contribute to the better knowledge of its role in the degree of the occurrence of this health disorder, as well as the outcome of the disease itself. This is of particular importance having in mind that displaced abomasum most frequently occurs in the early stage of lactation, when a negative energy balance is already present. This state is conducive to the occurrence of fatty liver, and that is why displaced abomasum can contribute even further to the process of fat accumulation, having in mind that diseased animals consume significantly smaller quantities of feed.
Potential biological hazard of importance for HACCP plans in fresh fish processing
Authors: Baltic Milan , Kilibarda Natasa , Teodorovic Vlado , Dimitrijevic Mirjana , Karabasil Nedjeljko , Dokmanovic Marija
Published: October 2011

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is scientifically based and focused on problem prevention in order to assure the produced food products are safe to consume. Prerequisite programs such as GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), GHP (Good Hygienic Practices) are an essential foundation for the development and implementation of successful HACCP plans. One of the preliminary tasks in the development of HACCP plan is to conduct a hazard analysis. The process of conducting a hazard analysis involves two stages. The first is hazard identification and the second stage is the HACCP team decision which potential hazards must be addressed in the HACCP plan. By definition, the HACCP concept covers all types of potential food safety hazards: biological, chemical and physical, whether they are naturally occurring in the food, contributed by the environment or generated by a mistake in the manufacturing process. In raw fish processing, potential significant biological hazards which are reasonably likely to cause illness of humans are parasites (Trematodae, Nematodae, Cestodae), bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Staphyloccocus aureus), viruses (Norwalk virus, Entero virusesi, Hepatitis A, Rotovirus) and bio-toxins. Upon completion of hazard analysis, any measure(s) that are used to control the hazard(s) should be described.
Salmonellosis in poultry breeding in view of introducing vaccination
Authors: Resanovic Radmila , Rasic Zoran , Kureljusic Branislav , Vucicevic Ivana
Published: October 2011

With the increased demand of consumers for safe poultry products, efficient control of pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases in humans is becoming the chief challenge in contemporary poultry production. Poultry meat, eggs and related products present the main source of salmonellosis in humans that occurs as a result of the consumption of contaminated food. Any serotype of Salmonella spp. that is not strictly linked to the host is capable of causing gastrointestinal disorders of various degrees in humans. However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis has been the leading cause of salmonellosis in humans over the past 10 years. One of the available prophylactic measures is resorting to the vaccination of poultry against salmonellosis. Several vaccines against poultry salmonellosis, produced by different manufacturers, have been registered in Serbia. In order for these vaccines to become widely used in our country, it is necessary that the factors in primary poultry production are aquainted with the mechanisms of action of these vaccines, the effects achieved by their implementation, the economic feasibility, and the possibilities for monitoring in keeping with the valid legal regulations. Certainly, vaccination should not be taken as the only method in the prophylaxis of salmonellosis, but as one of the very important methods in a series of biosafety and other measures that should be applied on poultry farms for the successful curbing of salmonellosis infections.
Leishmaniasis in dogs: Case study
Authors: Aleksic Jelena , Kukolj Vladimir , Popovic Nikola
Published: October 2011

The paper presents a case of leishmaniasis in a 2.5-month-old dog imported from France. The clinical examination established a generally poor state of health, expressed cachexia, atrophy of the temporal musculature, weakness of movement, as well as abnormally long and brittle nails. There was also hyperkeratosis of the nose tip and paws. A histological examination of biopsy sections of the altered skin parts showed inflammatory changes in the area of the dermis, together with infiltration of macrophages and a smaller number of lymphocytes, plasmocytes and neutrophil granulocytes in the area around the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. The determined changes correspond to superficial dermatitis. Edema followed by partial degeneration of connective-tissue fibers is observed in connective tissue. A smaller number of intracellular parasitic forms was established in mononuclear cells. A smaller number of oval amastigotes with round dark red nucleis were observed in sections stained using the Gimza method in the cytoplasm of macrophages located in the dermis, but also extracellularly. It was concluded that the dog was diseased with leishmaniasis on the grounds of the clinical picture and the microscopic findings.
Blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations in cows with left displaced abomasum
Authors: Samanc Horea , Kirovski Danijela , Savic Djordje , Sladojevic Zeljko , Vujanac Ivan , Zarcula Simona
Published: October 2011

Abomasal displacement is one of the most important disorders of the digestive tract in high-yield dairy cows. The etiology and pathogenesis of its occurrence has not been fully clarified to this day. The work examines calcaemia and phosphataemia in cows during the antepartal and postpartal periods and their connection with the incidence of abomasal displacement. The experiment covered 30 cows in advanced stages of gravidity. Blood samples were taken two weeks before expected parturition and two weeks after calving. In all blood samples (taken antepartal and postpartal), concentrations of calcium and an organic phosphorus were determined using a commercial test package (Bio-Merieux). Following parturition, left displacement of the abomasums was established in seven (23.33 %) of the 30 cows covered by the experiment (experimental group). The remaining 23 cows in the experiment were clinically healthy, they were placed in a group and represented control animals. The average value of calcaemia for the control group of cows during the antepartal period was 2.72?0.25 mmol/l, and of phosphataemia 2.04?0.25 mmol/l. In the same cows postpartum, average calcaemia values were 2.46?0.22 mmol/l and phosphataemia 1.85?0.29 mmol/l. The average antepartal value for calcaemia in the experimental group of cows was 2.51?0.25 mmol/l, and for phosphataemia 1.73? 0.22 mmol/l. The average values for this group of cows postpartally was 2.13?0.31 mmol/l for calcaemia and 1.43?0.24 mmol/l for phosphataemia. The differences between the concentration values for calcium and phosphorus obtained postpartally between the experimental and control groups were statistically significant. .
Chromosomal damage and mitotic index in Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse lymphocytes following low dosage X-ray irradiation in vitro
Authors: Rukavina Dunja , Hasanbasic Danica , Suljkanovic Edin , Katica Amela
Published: October 2011

In this study we investigated the influence of low dosage X - ray irradiation on the incidence of chromosomal damage and changes in mitotic index (MI) in cultured peripheral lymphocytes of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian mountain horse following in vitro irradiation. X-ray irradiation induced a dose-dependent decrease in MI but only the dose of 0.5 Gy induced a significant decrease (p<0.05) in comparison with the control and other dose groups. The analysis of chromosomal damage revealed a clear dose-dependent increase in the incidence of chromosomal damage per metaphase. Significant differences (p<0.05) were detected by analysis of variance and the LSD test confirmed significant differences between cells that received 0.2 Gy and 0.5 Gy when compared to the control cells and cells that received 0.1 Gy. However, Scheeffes' test assigned significance only to the differences established between the cells that received 0.5 Gy and the other groups of lymphocytes. .
Welfare and biosecurity standards for dairy cow and pig farms: Cattle and swine rearing conditions
Authors: Hristov Slavca , Stankovic Branislav , Petrujkic Tihomir
Published: October 2011

In this paper the essential elements concerning cattle and swine rearing and growing conditions were given in order to establish welfare and biosecurity standards. These elements were formed according to detailed annual investigations on 11 cattle and 5 swine farms and include relevant spatial, microclimate and hygienic conditions. In order to establish welfare standards, certain spatial conditions have higher importance, such as correct construction and maintenance of beds, pens and yards, and type and quality of materials used to build beds and walls. It is necessary to enable movement of animals in stables and yards as basic physiological and ethologic needs, according to latest scientific data. Also, optimal temperature, relative humidity and air velocity insuring have to be considered, as well as quality ventilation in order to establish and preserve optimal microclimate conditions. Also, it must be pointed out that hygiene maintenance of stable surfaces and animal bodies on a regular bases is essential. Basic principles and criteria for welfare level assessment are given in this paper. According to results obtained in previous investigations, special attention is given to possibilities to correct rearing and growing conditions in cattle and swine farms in our country. .
Brain natriuretic peptide: Diagnostic potential in dogs
Authors: Spasojevic-Kosic Ljubica
Published: October 2011

The endocrine role of the heart is evident in the secretion of noradrenaline and natriuretic peptides. The secretion of natriuretic peptides presents a useful mechanism for different conditions of cardiac dysfunction. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been accepted in human cardiology as a biomarker for cardiac insufficiency and coronary arterial disease. The specificity of the BNP structure is specie-specific, so that the testing of diagnostic and prognostic potential in dogs requires the existence of a test that is a homologue for that animal specie. The existence of an adequate method for measuring BNP concentration makes possible its implementation as a screening test in everyday clinical practice. .
Identification of histaminic (H1-type) receptors in small intestine of broilers by application of histamine and some of its agonists and antagonists
Authors: Mujezinovic Indira , Cupic Vitomir , Smajlovic A. , Muminovic Mehmed
Published: October 2011

Histamine is a biologically active amine (biogenic amine) that has a broad spectra of physiologic and pathologic reactions in the organism. Its effects are shown through 4 types of specific receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4). Histamine is one of the main causes of intestine disorders and the occurrence of diarrhea, both of which are very common in broilers. Whilst there is no information in scientific literature about the presence of histaminic receptors in smooth muscles of the small intestine wall of broilers (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), we tried to determine their presence, distribution and type in this kind of muscles. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscles of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strip was then placed in an isolated organ bath and the contractions obtained were registered with isometric transducers on a two-channel printer. This was done following the addition of histamine, betahistine (H1 agonist), and mepiramine (H1 antagonist). Muscle vitality was checked by adding acethylcholine chloride. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that H1 types of histaminergic receptors are present in smooth muscles of the small intestine of broilers. .
Investigation of comparative efficacy of eugenol and benzyl benzoate in therapy of sheep mange
Authors: Jezdimirovic Milanka , Aleksic Nevenka , Radojicic Biljana
Published: October 2011

The acaricide efficacy, tolerance and safety of eugenol (10 and 20 %) in the treatment of sarcoptic mange in sheep have been investigated. The results were compared with those corresponding for benzyl benzoate (25 %), which was applied to sheep in the same way. The treatment was applied on sheep three times in one-week intervals. Skin scrapings were sampled seven days after each treatment, as well as twenty-eight days following the third one. The changes on the skin were quantified and the mean recovery response (MRR) was calculated. The clinical efficacy was assessed according to the MRR and the number of mites in the samples. Following the first treatment 10%eugenol was not significantly less efficacious in comparison with the higher concentration. Having been applied twice 20% eugenol was significantly more efficacious when compared to the lower concentration, which remained the same seven and twenty-eight days after the third application. The efficacy of 10% eugenol in the therapy of mange was significantly higher in comparison with benzyl benzoate following one, two or three administrations. The efficacy of benzyl benzoate four weeks after the third treatment was still significantly lower in comparison with 10% eugenol. The efficacy of 20% eugenol was significantly higher in comparison with its lower concentration as well as that of benzyl benzoate, following the second, and seven and twenty-eight days after the third one. No signs of local or systemic intolerance were observed in sheep treated with either 10 or 20% eugenol, or 25 % benzyl benzoate. .
Possibilities of applying pharmacological stress testing in assessment of heart functional capacity in dogs
Authors: Kosic-Spasojevic Ljubica , Trailovic Dragisa
Published: October 2011

Systolic and diastolic heart functions, evaluated using echocardiography, do not reflect the functional capacity of the patient and they cannot explain the occurrence of symptoms during a certain degree of activity. Evaluation of the functional capacity is an integral part of cardiological examinations in human medicine. Functional examinations of the heart can be carried out using the body burden test or pharmacologically. Investigations carried out so far into canine cardiology have not contributed to the clinical implementation of functional heart examinations in dogs. Pharmacological stress testing is an optimal way to perform a functional heart examination in dogs. Since it reflects the effects of moderate physical activity, dobutamine has been recommended as the medicine of choice for provoking a pharmacological stress test. This work presents a review of the results of the most important investigations, as well as our own investigations, of the application of the dobutamine stress test (DST) in dogs, and the problems in investigations so far have been considered and future directions for DST investigations pointed out. .
Investigation of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) infections of sheep in Southwestern Serbia
Authors: Kurcubic Vladimir , Petrovic Tamas , Djokovic Radojica , Ilic Zoran
Published: October 2011

Serological assay (virus neutralization test - VNT) was employed to examine blood sera collected from sheep of different age categories reared under different housing systems for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) infections in sheep. The objective of the investigation in sheep as reservoir hosts of the viruses was to clarify the potential for their transmission to cattle herds and vice versa. Experimental Group A included 5 mini farms composed entirely of sheep that were not in cohabitation with cattle in the same buildings or on the same pasture. Experimental Group B was made up of five mini sheep farms, whose owners raised cattle as well. A total of 10 blood samples (5 from junior categories of sheep aged up to 12 months and 5 from the older sheep) were secured from each of the 10 mini farms selected for the study. The VNT method did not detect the presence of specific anti-BVDV antibodies to both BVDV genotypes (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) in any of the 100 test blood serum samples of sheep. Specific anti-BDV antibodies to the BDV Moredun strain were not found in any of the test serum samples of 100 sheep.
Some traits of Verotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli isolated from cattle
Authors: Lazic Srdjan , Stajkovic Novica , Dimic Bane , Lepsanovic Zorica , Krstic Milena , Cekanac Radovan , Mladenovic Jovan , Jadranin Zarko , Radakovic Sonja , Radjen Slavica
Published: October 2011

Verotoxin-producing Esherichia coli (VTEC) is one of six pathogenicity groups of Eschericha coli. The reservoir for VTEC is the intestinal tract of domestic animals, primarily ruminants. Investigations in our geographic region have also demonstrated that domestic animals are a significant VTEC reservoir. In spite of this, sporadic diseases in humans caused by these agents are rare, and no epidemics have been registered so far. The question is, therefore, what percentage of VTEC isolated in our region have the characteristics of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) which cause intestinal diseases in humans. The aim of this study was to test the isolated bovine strains for some phenotypic and genotypic traits and to determine the percent of strains that belong to EHEC. A total of 105 VTEC strains isolated from cattle were tested for the presence of verotoxin (vtx) genes by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method. All of them possessed one or more vtx genes. In accordance with our investigations, only four (3.8%) strains, of a total of 105 VTEC strains belong to groups of EHEC. It may be concluded that the majority of strains isolated from cattle in this part of the world do not have phenotypic traits typical for EHEC. Therefore human VTEC associated diseases in Serbia are rare, despite the fact that domestic animals frequently harbor VTEC.