bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The First Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Napyradiomycin A1.
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki , Tanaka Yoshiki , Kojima Masazumi , Ikegami Hiroshi
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NK30424A and B, Novel Inhibitors of Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor α Production, Produced by Streptomyces sp. NA30424.
Authors: Takayasu Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Kouichi , Aoyama Takayuki , Sukenaga Yoshikazu
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Differential Inhibition of Polymerase and Strand‐Transfer Activities of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase.
Authors: Tillekeratne L. M. Viranga , Sherette Angela , Fulmer Jennifer A. , Hupe Lynn , Hupe Donald , Gabbara Sam , Peliska James A. , Hudson Richard A.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A View at the Millennium: The Efficiency of Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Bruice Thomas C.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Yan Lifeng , Zhu Qingshi
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Catalytic Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids under Phase‐Transfer Conditions with a Novel Catalyst/Substrate Pair
Authors: Thompson Alison , Belakon Y. N. , Kochetkov K. A. , Churkina T. D. , Ikonnikov N. S. , Larionov O. V. , Harutyunyan S. R. , Vyskacil S. , North M. , Kagan H. B.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Membrane‐Promoted Substrate‐Stereospecific Esterase‐like Activities of Peptide Catalysts
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Urabe Kenji , Ihara Hirotaka , Ohkubo Katsutoshi
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Nature′s Strategies for Enzyme‐Catalyzed Racemization and Epimerization
Authors: Tanner Martin E.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic 1,4‐Bis(2‐oxo‐1‐cycloalkylmethylene)benzenes and Related Compounds.
Authors: Dimmock Jonathan R. , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Directed Metalation in Synthesis. Part 2. An Expedient Synthesis of Methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes.
Authors: Mukherjee Chandrani , De Asish
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 3H‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione Derivatives from Dithiolmalonic Esters.
Authors: Aimar Mario L. , Kreiker Jeronimo , de Rossi Rita H.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α1‐Adrenoceptor Agonists: The Identification of Novel α1A Subtype Selective 2′‐Heteroaryl‐2‐(phenoxymethyl)imidazolines.
Authors: Bishop Michael J. , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Parallel Library Generation: Comparison of a Conventional‐ and Microwave‐Generated Substituted 4(5)‐Sulfanyl‐1H‐imidazole Library
Authors: Coleman Claire M. , MacElroy J. M. D. , Gallagher John F. , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Library of 1‐(2‐Thiazolyl)‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole‐4‐carboxamides.
Authors: Donohue Bridget A. , Michelotti Enrique L. , Reader John C. , Reader Valerie , Stirling Matthew , Tice Colin M.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Vasorelaxant Activity of New Coumarin and Furocoumarin Derivatives.
Authors: Campos‐Toimil Manuel , Orallo Francisco , Santana Lourdes , Uriarte Eugenio
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Transformations with Isoxazol‐5‐ones: One‐Pot Synthesis of Spirotetrahydropyridine‐3‐carboxylate Derivatives.
Authors: Risitano Francesco , Grassi Giovanni , Foti Francesco , Nicolo Francesco , Condello Massimo
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New 2‐(1‐Adamantylcarbonyl)pyridine and 1‐Acetyladamantane Thiosemicarbazones—Thiocarbonohydrazones: Cell Growth Inhibitory, Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation.
Authors: Kolocouris Nicolas , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of the Dimers Arising from One‐Electron Electrochemical Reduction of Pyridinium Salts 3,5‐Disubstituted with Electron‐Withdrawing Groups.
Authors: Carelli Vincenzo , Liberatore Felice , Tortorella Silvano , Di Rienzo Barbara , Scipione Luigi
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolo[1,2‐f]phenanthridines and Related Non‐Rigid Analogues as Antiviral Agents.
Authors: Almerico Anna Maria , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Hydroxy‐Substituted Hexahydrophthalazinones from Cyclohexane‐ and Norbornanelactones or Ketallactones.
Authors: Szabo Jozsef A. , Sohar Pal , Csampai Antal , Stajer Geza
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Procedure for Selective C‐Nitrosation of Aminopyrimidine Derivatives under Neutral Conditions. Scope and Synthetic Applications.
Authors: Marchal Antonio , Melguizo Manuel , Nogueras Manuel , Sanchez Adolfo , Low John N.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Selective IL‐2 Inhibitory Activity of Bis Piperazine—Phenol Mannich Adducts.
Authors: Geng Bolin , Fleming Paul R. , Umlauf Scott , Lin Augustine , Pallai Peter V.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Dactylolide.
Authors: Smith III Amos B. , Safonov Igor G.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Iridium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Arenes. High Turnover Numbers, Room Temperature Reactions, and Isolation of a Potential Intermediate.
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuo , Takagi Jun , Ishida Kousaku , Miyaura Norio
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure 2′‐Substituted 2‐Diphenylphosphino‐1,1′‐binaphthyls by Reductive Cleavage of the Carbon—Phosphorus Bond in a Borane Complex of 2‐Diphenylphosphino‐2′‐diphenylphosphinyl‐1,1′‐binaphthyl.
Authors: Shimada Toyoshi , Kurushima Hiroaki , Cho Yong‐Hwan , Hayashi Tamio
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Multigram Preparation of Functionalized 2‐Azido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐mannose as a Useful Orthogonally Protected Building Block for Oligosaccharide Synthesis.
Authors: Draghetti Veronica , Poletti Laura , Prosperi Davide , Lay Luigi
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, X‐Ray Diffraction, and NMR Analysis of (2S,3a′R,6′S, 7a′R)‐3‐Acetyl‐2′,2′,2′′,2′′‐tetramethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxad iazole‐2‐spiro‐7′‐{1′,3′‐dioxolano [4,5‐c]pyrano}‐6′‐spiro‐4′′‐(1′′,3′′‐dioxolane) (V).
Authors: Yu Jianxin , Zhang Suna , Li Zhongjun , Lu Wenjie , Zhang Lijing , Zhou Rong , Liu Yuting , Cai Mengshen
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Arylpyrrolo[1,2‐c]pyrimidin‐1(2H)‐ones.
Authors: Alvarez Mercedes , Fernandez David , Joule John A.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Highly Selective EP2‐Receptor Agonist.
Authors: Tani Kousuke , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Estimation of Melting Points and Fusion Enthalpies Using Experimental Solubilities, Estimated Total Phase Change Entropies, and Mobile Order and Disorder Theory.
Authors: Chickos James S. , Nichols Gary , Ruelle Paul
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrates
Authors: von Sonntag C. , Schuchmann H.‐P.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of Novel Taxanes
Authors: Kadow John F. , Alstadt Thomas , Chen Shu‐Hui , Dextraze Pierre , Du Karen , Fairchild Craig , Golik Jerzy , Hansel Steven , Johnston Kathy A. , Kramer Robert A. , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Catalysts in Enantioselective Organic Transformations
Authors: Brunner Henri
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods. Part 3. Protecting Groups
Authors: Spivey Alan C. , Srikaran Ratnasothy
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromophore Design for Photorefractive Organic Materials
Authors: Wurthner Frank , Wortmann Rudiger , Meerholz Klaus
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspectives—Reaction Dynamics: Bending or Breaking the Rules?
Authors: Manolopoulos David E.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Local axon collaterals of lamina I projection neurons in the spinal cord of young rats
Authors: Szucs Peter , Luz Liliana L. , Lima Deolinda , Safronov Boris V.
Published: May 2010

lpsilateral spinal cord areas occupied by axon collaterals of different types of ALT projection neurons. Dorsal Collateral Type projection neurons (DCT‐I and II, upper right and left corners; respectively) send axon collaterals into the dorsal laminae of the same segment and these axons may extend into the overlying white matter. The collateral area of Lateral Collateral Type (LCT) neurons (purple cell, lower left) extends beyond the segment of the neuron, includes the lateral spinal nucleus, a part of the dorsolateral funiculus and may include the lateral part of laminae I‐V. Collaterals of Ventral Collateral Type (VCT) neurons (yellow cell, lower right) are occupying an area that could be best described as a transverse slice of the grey matter ventral to lamina IV, centered on the rostrocaudal position of the neuron soma. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 518, Number 14, pages 2645–2665.
Evaluation of Hunter color values L, a, and b of mixed powder
Authors: Zhu Kerui , Kanu Philip John , Claver Irakoze Pierre , Wang Xia , Zhu Kexue , Qian Haifeng , Zhou Huiming
Published: May 2010

Hunter color values (HCVs) L, a, and b of powder are the important components of powder quality in the agricultural, food, and pigment industries according to the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) definitions. Relations between the HCVs L, a, and b of mixed powder and mass percent (MP) of each individual powder were studied. It was found that good linear relations existed between them and then could be expressed by three corresponding equations. According to these equations, the HCVs L, a, and b of mixed powder were only related to the HCVs L, a, and b and MP of each individual powder, respectively. Therefore, these equations could simply and rapidly evaluate the HCVs L, a, and b of mixed powder in the powder‐matching process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
BOP: A basic phenylalanine‐rich oligo‐peptide located on the surface of glycolate oxidase influences its pI values
Authors: Xu Jun , Du Yingqing , Ma Guangzhi , Xu Jie
Published: May 2010

Glycolate oxidase (GO) consists of identical subunits and therefore should show one definite pI value, but the isolated GO exhibited a range of pIs. This study investigated the underlying cause of this phenomenon. GO was purified and showed a molecular weight of 40 kDa by SDS‐PAGE. Elution behavior on DEAE‐cellulose chromatography and cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis indicated that the purified GO was highly basic (pI>10.0). Repeated IEF and cIEF analysis showed that the pI of the purified GO was in the range of 10.0–3.25, either in a smear form or as distinct bands. 2‐DE analysis showed that the 40 kDa subunit of GO displayed variable pIs from 9.6 to 3.65. It was likely that the purified GO was actually a complex consisted of GO and an unknown protein. CE‐SDS, SDS‐cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and amino acid compositions indicated that the unknown protein was a highly basic polymer (BP) consisting of basic and phenylalanine‐rich oligo‐peptide (BOP). Many BOPs are located on the surface of the acidic GO via ionic and hydrophobic interactions and formed GO‐BOP complex (GC), resulting in a highly basic GC although GO itself was acidic. This hypothesis was further supported by the facts that anti‐GC serum failed to recognize GO, and GC showed a peak at 257 nm although GO has few phenylalanine residues. Irregular and incomplete disassociation between GO and BOP was observed in IEF and cIEF, resulting in various intermediates with different ratios of GO/BOP, which could be the reason for the range of pIs observed for GO.
Preparation and evaluation of amphiphilic silica‐based monolithic column having surface‐bound octanoyl‐aminopropyl moieties for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Ding Guosheng , Zhang Junlei , Bao James J.
Published: May 2010

A novel amphiphilic silica‐based monolithic column having surface‐bound octanoyl‐aminopropyl moieties was successfully prepared by a one‐step in situ derivatization process. As expected, the amphiphilic monolithic column exhibited RP chromatographic behavior toward non‐polar solutes (e.g., alkyl benzenes) with high column performance. As the pH of the buffer inside the column increases, the EOF changed from −2.65×10−8m2 V−1s−1 at pH 3.0 to 1.20×10−8 m2 V−1s−1 at pH 8.0 with the reversion of EOF at about pH 6.4. Using acidic mobile phase, five aromatic acids can be efficiently separated in less than 6 min under co‐EOF conditions. For basic compounds, symmetrical peaks were obtained due to the existence of hydrophilic acyl amide group, which can effectively minimize the adsorption of the positively charged basic analyte to the silica‐based surface of the capillary column.
Towards automated ‘Ground truth’ snow measurements—a review of operational and new measurement methods for Sweden, Norway, and Finland
Authors: Lundberg Angela , Granlund Nils , Gustafsson David
Published: May 2010

Manual snow measurements are becoming increasingly expensive and climate‐change‐imposed snow alterations are affecting run‐off and frost patterns; snow observations are included in run‐off modelling, making reliable snow observations of utmost importance. Multiple new and modified ground‐based techniques for monitoring snow depth, density, snow water equivalent (SWE), wetness, and layering have been tested over the last decade, justifying a review of such methods. Techniques based on snow mass, electrical properties, attenuation of radioactivity, and other miscellaneous properties are reviewed. The following sensors seem suitable for registration of temporal variations: ultrasonic (depth) and terrestrial laser scanning (depth), several snow pillows at the same location (SWE), Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory/Natural Resources Conservation Service weighing sensor (SWE), Snowpower (depth, density, SWE, and wetness), active and passive (cosmic) γ‐ray attenuation (SWE), and adjusted time domain reflectometry probes (density and wetness). Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) is, depending on the design and operation modes, suitable for different purposes; when arrays of antennas are pulled by a snowmobile, the technique is suitable for monitoring of spatial variations in depth, density, and SWE for dry snow. Techniques are under development, which will hopefully improve the accuracy for wet snow measurements. Frequency‐modulated continuous wave GPRs seem fit for measurement of snow layering. Some suggested techniques are not operational yet. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructions of annual discharge and equilibrium line altitude of glaciers at Qilian Shan, northwest China, from 1978 to 2002
Authors: Sakai Akiko , Fujita Koji , Narama Chiyuki , Kubota Jumpei , Nakawo Masayoshi , Yao Tandong
Published: May 2010

Discharge was calculated from a mountainous area, including discharge from glaciers, in the Qilian Shan (Qilian Mountains) of northwest China. The studied Yingluoxia basin is 9983 km2 in area, with glaciers making up 0·3% of the basin. The calculation method was based on the heat balance, requiring only daily temperature and precipitation. Calculated annual discharge from the basin corresponded well with the observed data. Calculated annual discharge from glaciers was 3·6% of the total discharge from the basin.

The temporal trend of the calculated equilibrium line altitude (ELA) at the July 1st Glacier (western side of the Yingluoxia basin) was similar to that of the observed ELA. The calculated annual mass balance of glaciers within the Yingluoxia basin has a larger negative value than the other glaciers in China, as the ratio of accumulation area to the total glacier area in the Yingluoxia basin is much lower than in neighbouring basins to the west. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential flow paths through soil and rock and their association with landslides
Authors: Hencher S. R.
Published: May 2010

This article discusses preferential flow paths through soil and rock and how these contribute to the style and timing of landslides. The importance of geological compartmentalization because of the presence of aquicludes such as weathered dykes and faults is emphasized as is channel flow through fracture networks and through natural pipes in soil‐like material. Although piping is a contributing factor to some landslides, as generally recognized, it can also be a sign of inherent distress in a developing landslide where water flow exploits cracks in the dilating rock mass. It is suggested that the association might be targeted in ground investigation. Inactive or low activity pipe systems can be identified by the anomalous presence of alluvial sediments at depth in the geological profile, whereas active pipe systems may simply comprise voids that could be misinterpreted as core loss during ground investigation. Examples of pipe systems encountered during ground investigations are given for various landslides and several case studies are illustrated in this article. Mitigation measures for preventing landslides triggered by rainfall are discussed together with the difficulties associated with preferential flow paths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of the Initiation Factors in mRNA Start Site Selection and fMet‐tRNA Recruitment by Bacterial Ribosomes
Authors: Gualerzi Claudio O. , Fabbretti Attilio , Brandi Letizia , Milon Pohl , Pon Cynthia L.
Published: May 2010

Translation initiation is a complex, multi‐step process of fundamental importance in all kingdoms of life, during which the start site of the genetic message transmitted in the form of an RNA molecule (mRNA) is selected, and the level of translation determined. Being the slowest step of protein synthesis, initiation is the phase most often subject to regulation. Here we review, in a historical perspective and focusing mainly on results from our laboratory, the development of our perception of the mechanisms by which the most relevant steps of this pathway occur in bacteria. In particular, we describe: (a) the mechanistics and kinetics of translation initiation; (b) properties of mRNAs with and without Shine–Dalgarno sequence relevant for initiation site selection and translational efficiency; c) ribosomal binding and dissociation of the initiation factors, formation and properties of translation initiation intermediates; (d) the mechanisms by which translation initiation fidelity is ensured. Finally, we provide a short survey of the known translation initiation inhibitors.
Inhibition of bovine plasma semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase by caffeine
Authors: Olivieri A. , Tipton K.
Published: May 2010

Semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is a copper‐containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of endogenous and exogenous primary amines. SSAO exists in mammals both as a plasma‐soluble and as a membrane‐bound form, and its active site is able to come into contact with numerous xenobiotic, amine‐containing compounds. The kinetic studies performed in this work showed that caffeine inhibition of bovine serum amine oxidase was noncompetitive when benzylamine was used as substrate and mixed when the substrate used was methylamine. Since caffeine contains an imidazole ring, it cannot be excluded that it might bind to an inhibitory imidazoline‐binding site on SSAO. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:26–27 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20356
Central nervous system cytokine gene expression: Modulation by lead
Authors: Kasten‐Jolly Jane , Heo Yong , Lawrence David A.
Published: May 2010

The environmental heavy metal toxicant, lead (Pb) has been shown to be more harmful to the central nervous system (CNS) of children than to adults, given that Pb exposure affects the neural system during development. Because growth factors and cytokines play very important roles in development of the CNS, we have examined the impact of Pb exposure on the expression of cytokines during CNS development. Cytokine expression was studied in post‐natal‐day 21 (pnd21) mice by microarray, real‐time RT‐PCR, Luminex, and ELISA methodologies. BALB/c mouse pups were exposed to Pb through the dam's drinking water (0.1 mM Pb acetate), from gestation‐day 8 (gd8) to pnd21. Two cytokines, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), displayed significantly changed transcript levels in the presence of Pb. IL‐6 and TGF‐β1 both have signal transduction cascades that can cooperatively turn on the gene for the astrocyte marker glial‐fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Microarray results indicated that Pb exposure significantly increased expression of GFAP. Pb also modulated IL‐6, TGF‐β1, and IL‐18 protein expression in select brain regions. The deleterious effects of Pb on learning and long‐term memory are posited to result from excessive astrocyte growth and/or activation with concomitant interference with neural connections. Differential neural expression of cytokines in brain regions needs to be further investigated to mechanistically associate Pb and neuroinflammation with behavioral and cognitive changes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:41–54 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20358
The study of vapour phase hydrogen peroxide decontamination process as a potential method for degradation of organic pollutants
Authors: Švrček Jiří , Marhoul Antonín , Kačer Petr , Kuzma Marek , Pánek Libor , Červený Libor
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: The work is focused on the application of vapour phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP) as a highly promising and effective decontamination technique. The aim of this work was to assess the use of this validated technique for the removal of chemicals from contaminated surfaces and examine the impact of key parameters on the course of the decontamination process.

RESULTS: Unique sophisticated laboratory equipment was developed to test the effect of VPHP on chemical substances. It was used for the evaluation of the role of crucial parameters such as the relative humidity, condensation and synergistic effect of UV radiation on the VPHP agent efficiency on a model compound (vanillin) degradation. The degradation rate of the model substance was notably affected by all these factors.

CONCLUSION: VPHP could be used for an efficient decomposition of vanillin. The course of the decontamination process was strongly influenced by condensation (showing a substantial difference between ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ processes) and the synergistic effect of UV radiation influencing the reaction rate and degree of decomposition. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel on‐line optical method for algae measurement
Authors: Liang Heng , Nan Jun , Zhang Xinxin , Chen Zhonglin , Tian Jiayu , Li Guibai
Published: May 2010

In recent years, algal blooms have occurred worldwide, and algae‐rich water often has adverse effects on water production. The technique of algae measurement is a critical issue for adjusting water treatment processes according to the numbers of algae cells. The algae particles in the water are generally 2–200 µm in size with only a few smaller than 2 µm. The traditional algae measuring method is by visual observation with an optical microscope. However, traditional visual observation often needs 48 h fixing time, which makes the measurement results lag behind the needs of water production. To solve the problem, this study employed on‐line optical devices to improve the efficiency and accuracy of algae measurement. A photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA) and particle counting analyzer (PCA) were jointly utilized to monitor on‐line the algae concentration in natural water. Algae cells can be classified by different sizes. It was found that there was good correlation between R2PDA and total algae counts in water. The PCA could quantitatively characterize the algae counts and species distribution of dominant algae species in real water. PDA and PCA could be used jointly to define on‐line the characteristics of real water containing mixed algae. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Reducing the formation of FIB‐induced FCC layers on Cu‐Zn‐Al austenite
Authors: Zelaya Eugenia , Schryvers Dominique
Published: May 2010

The irradiation effects of thinning a sample of a Cu‐Zn‐Al shape memory alloy to electron transparency by a Ga+ focused ion beam were investigated. This thinning method was compared with conventional electropolishing and Ar+ ion milling. No implanted Ga was detected but surface FCC precipitation was found as a result of the focused ion beam sample preparation. Decreasing the irradiation dose by lowering the energy and current of the Ga+ ions did not lead to a complete disappearance of the FCC structure. The latter could only be removed after gentle Ar+ ion milling of the sample. It was further concluded that the precipitation of the FCC is independent of the crystallographic orientation of the surface. Microsc. Res. Tech. 74:84‐91, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of in vivo measurement of carotid wall shear rate using spiral fourier velocity encoded MRI
Authors: Carvalho Joao L. A. , Nielsen Jon‐Fredrik , Nayak Krishna S.
Published: May 2010

Arterial wall shear stress is widely believed to influence the formation and growth of atherosclerotic plaque; however, there is currently no gold standard for its in vivo measurement. The use of phase contrast MRI has proved to be challenging due to partial‐volume effects and inadequate signal‐to‐noise ratio at the high spatial resolutions that are required. This work evaluates the use of spiral Fourier velocity encoded MRI as a rapid method for assessing wall shear rate in the carotid arteries. Wall shear rate is calculated from velocity histograms in voxels spanning the blood/vessel wall interface, using a method developed by Frayne and Rutt (Magn Reson Med 1995;34:378–387). This study (i) demonstrates the accuracy of the velocity histograms measured by spiral Fourier velocity encoding in a pulsatile carotid flow phantom compared with high‐resolution two‐dimensional Fourier transform phase contrast, (ii) demonstrates the accuracy of Fourier velocity encoding–based shear rate measurements in a numerical phantom designed using a computational fluid dynamics simulation of carotid flow, and (iii) demonstrates in vivo measurement of regional wall shear rate and oscillatory shear index in the carotid arteries of healthy volunteers at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 63:1537–1547, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast, simple gradient delay estimation for spiral MRI
Authors: Robison Ryan K. , Devaraj Ajit , Pipe James G.
Published: May 2010

Timing delays between data acquisition and gradient transmission result in image degradation. This is especially true in spiral MRI, where delays can alter data in a nonuniform manner, generating significant artifact in the reconstructed data. The many methods that exist to mitigate these delays or measure the k‐space coordinates require long measurement times, complicated analysis, specialized phantoms or hardware, or significant changes to the sequence of interest. A fast and simple method is proposed to measure delays on each gradient channel. It requires only minimal modification to an existing spiral sequence and can be used to measure independent delays on three gradient channels and any scan subject within six sequence repetition times. The effectiveness and accuracy of this method are analyzed. Magn Reson Med 63:1683–1690, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined arterial spin label and dynamic susceptibility contrast measurement of cerebral blood flow
Authors: Zaharchuk Greg , Straka Matus , Marks Michael P. , Albers Gregory W. , Moseley Michael E. , Bammer Roland
Published: May 2010

Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) are both used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), but neither technique is ideal. Absolute DSC‐CBF quantitation is challenging due to many uncertainties, including partial‐ volume errors and nonlinear contrast relaxivity. ASL can measure quantitative CBF in regions with rapidly arriving flow, but CBF is underestimated in regions with delayed arrival. To address both problems, we have derived a patient‐specific correction factor, the ratio of ASL‐ and DSC‐CBF, calculated only in short‐arrival‐time regions (as determined by the DSC‐based normalized bolus arrival time [Tmax]). We have compared the combined CBF method to gold‐standard xenon CT in 20 patients with cerebrovascular disease, using a range of Tmax threshold levels. Combined ASL and DSC CBF demonstrated quantitative accuracy as good as the ASL technique but with improved correlation in voxels with long Tmax. The ratio of MRI‐based CBF to xenon CT CBF (coefficient of variation) was 90 ± 30% (33%) for combined ASL and DSC CBF, 43 ± 21% (47%) for DSC, and 91 ± 31% (34%) for ASL (Tmax threshold 3 sec). These findings suggest that combining ASL and DSC perfusion measurements improves quantitative CBF measurements in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Magn Reson Med 63:1548–1556, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac 17O MRI: Toward direct quantification of myocardial oxygen consumption
Authors: McCommis Kyle S. , He Xiang , Abendschein Dana R. , Gupte Pradeep M. , Gropler Robert J. , Zheng Jie
Published: May 2010

A new 17O‐labeled blood contrast agent was injected intravenously in control dogs. Electrocardiogram (ECG)‐triggered myocardial T1ρ imaging was performed to obtain spin‐locking T1ρ‐weighted myocardial signals for the detection of resultant metabolite H217O water in the heart. Bolus and slow injection methods of various doses of the 17O‐labeled and 16O‐labeled agents were carried out in order to evaluate the sensitivity of this method and determine the optimal injection method. Bolus injection provided approximately 1% signal reduction, whereas slow injection with larger amount of agent yielded 11.9 ± 0.6% signal reduction. Myocardial oxygen consumption rate was determined by a technique to quantify cerebral oxygenation consumption rate previously developed in 17O brain studies. With either injection method, myocardial oxygen consumption rate at rest was 5.0 – 5.6 μmol/g/min. Therefore, it appears feasible to detect metabolically generated HO water in vivo in the heart, using the 17O‐labeled blood tracer. Myocardial oxygen consumption rate can then be quantified in vivo, which may open new doors for the assessment of myocardial metabolism. Magn Reson Med 63:1442–1447, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐point dixon method enables whole‐body water and fat imaging of obese subjects
Authors: Berglund Johan , Johansson Lars , Ahlström Håkan , Kullberg Joel
Published: May 2010

Dixon imaging techniques derive chemical shift‐separated water and fat images, enabling the quantification of fat content and forming an alternative to fat suppression. Whole‐body Dixon imaging is of interest in studies of obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and possibly in oncology. A three‐point Dixon method is proposed where two solutions are found analytically in each voxel. The true solution is identified by a multiseed three‐dimensional region‐growing scheme with a dynamic path, allowing confident regions to be solved before unconfident regions, such as background noise. 2π‐Phase unwrapping is not required. Whole‐body datasets (256 × 184 × 252 voxels) were collected from 39 subjects (body mass index 19.8‐45.4 kg/m2), in a mean scan time of 5 min 15 sec. Water and fat images were reconstructed offline, using the proposed method and two reference methods. The resulting images were subjectively graded on a four‐grade scale by two radiologists, blinded to the method used. The proposed method was found superior to the reference methods. It exclusively received the two highest grades, implying that only mild reconstruction failures were found. The computation time for a whole‐body dataset was 1 min 51.5 sec ± 3.0 sec. It was concluded that whole‐body water and fat imaging is feasible even for obese subjects, using the proposed method. Magn Reson Med 63:1659–1668, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal radiofrequency and gradient spoiling for improved accuracy of T1 and B1 measurements using fast steady‐state techniques
Authors: Yarnykh Vasily L.
Published: May 2010

Variable flip angle T1 mapping and actual flip‐angle imaging B1 mapping are widely used quantitative MRI methods employing radiofrequency spoiled gradient‐echo pulse sequences. Incomplete elimination of the transverse magnetization in these sequences has been found to be a critical source of T1 and B1 measurement errors. In this study, comprehensive theoretical analysis of spoiling‐related errors in variable flip angle and actual flip‐angle imaging methods was performed using the combined isochromat summation and diffusion propagator model and validated by phantom experiments. The key theoretical conclusion is that correct interpretation of spoiling phenomena in fast gradient‐echo sequences requires accurate consideration of the diffusion effect. A general strategy for improvement of T1 and B1 measurement accuracy was proposed based on the strong spoiling regimen, where diffusion‐modulated spatial averaging of isochromats becomes a dominant factor determining magnetization evolution. Practical implementation of strongly spoiled variable flip angle and actual flip‐angle imaging techniques requires sufficiently large spoiling gradient areas (AG) in combination with optimal radiofrequency phase increments (ϕ0). Optimal regimens providing <2% relative T1 and B1 measurement errors in a variety of tissues were theoretically derived for prospective in vivo variable flip angle (pulse repetition time = 15–20 ms, AG = 280–450 mT·ms/m, ϕ0 = 169°) and actual flip‐angle imaging (pulse repetition time1/pulse repetition time2 = 20/100 ms, AG1/AG2 = 450/2250 mT·ms/m, ϕ0 = 39°) applications based on 25 mT/m maximal available gradient strength. Magn Reson Med 63:1610–1626, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vessel imaging with viable tumor analysis for quantification of tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Ungersma Sharon E. , Pacheco Glenn , Ho Calvin , Yee Sharon Fong , Ross Jed , van Bruggen Nicholas , Peale Franklin V. , Ross Sarajane , Carano Richard A. D.
Published: May 2010

Imaging of tumor microvasculature has become an important tool for studying angiogenesis and monitoring antiangiogenic therapies. Ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide contrast agents for indirect imaging of vasculature offer a method for quantitative measurements of vascular biomarkers such as vessel size index, blood volume, and vessel density. Here, this technique is validated with direct comparisons to ex vivo micro‐CT angiography and histologic vessel measurements, showing significant correlations between in vivo vascular MRI measurements and ex vivo structural vessel measurements. The sensitivity of the MRI vascular parameters is also demonstrated, in combination with a multispectral analysis technique for segmenting tumor tissue to restrict the analysis to viable tumor tissue and exclude regions of necrosis. It is shown that this viable tumor segmentation increases sensitivity for detection of significant effects on blood volume and vessel density by two antiangiogenic therapeutics (anti‐VEGF and anti‐neuropilin‐1) on an HM7 colorectal tumor model. Anti‐VEGF reduced blood volume by 36 ± 3% (P < 0.0001) and vessel density by 52 ± 3% (P < 0.0001) at 48 h posttreatment; the effects of anti‐neuropilin‐1 were roughly half as strong with a reduction in blood volume of 18 ± 6% (P < 0.05) and a reduction in vessel density of 33 ± 5% (P < 0.05) at 48 h posttreatment. Magn Reson Med 63:1637–1647, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Susceptibility tensor imaging
Authors: Liu Chunlei
Published: May 2010

Heterogeneity of magnetic susceptibility within brain tissues creates unique contrast between gray and white matter in magnetic resonance phase images acquired by gradient echo sequences. Detailed understanding of this contrast may provide meaningful diagnostic information. In this communication, we report an observation of extensive anisotropic magnetic susceptibility in the white matter of the central nervous system. Furthermore, we describe a susceptibility tensor imaging technique to measure and quantify this phenomenon. This technique relies on the measurement of resonance frequency offset at different orientations with respect to the main magnetic field. We propose to characterize this orientation variation using an apparent susceptibility tensor. The susceptibility tensor can be decomposed into three eigenvalues (principal susceptibilities) and associated eigenvectors that are coordinate‐system independent. We show that the principal susceptibilities offer strong contrast between gray and white matter, whereas the eigenvectors provide orientation information of an underlying magnetic network. We believe that this network may further offer information of white matter fiber orientation. Magn Reson Med 63:1471–1477, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.