bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking socioeconomic disadvantage to healthiness of food practices: Can a practice‐theoretical perspective sharpen everyday life analysis?
Authors: Halkier Bente , Holm Lotte
Published: February 2021

Food is one of the key themes in public health policy and debates over inequalities in health. In this article, we argue that more research is needed to understand how socioeconomic disadvantage is translated into low degrees of healthiness. We suggest that everyday life analysis may be sharpened by way of drawing upon a practice‐theoretical perspective on the mundane processes involved in this translation. We base our suggestion on a small review of three strands in the literature on social inequality, food and health, namely public health research, lifestyle analysis and everyday life studies, and we take our analytical starting point in the latter. In the article, we argue that a practice‐theoretical perspective may enable research in social disadvantage and healthiness of food that describes and interprets variants in the conditioned agency, which cuts cross the multiplicity of different practices that make‐up people's daily lives. Finally, we suggest that a stronger focus on social interaction and social hierarchy would adapt a practice‐theoretical perspective further to empirical analysis in the field of food, health and socioeconomic disadvantage.
Structural analysis and biochemical properties of laccase enzymes from two Pediococcus species
Authors: Olmeda Isidoro , Casino Patricia , Collins Robert E. , Sendra Ramón , Callejón Sara , Huesa Juanjo , Soares Alexei S. , Ferrer Sergi , Pardo Isabel
Published: February 2021

Prokaryotic laccases are emergent biocatalysts. However, they have not been broadly found and characterized in bacterial organisms, especially in lactic acid bacteria. Recently, a prokaryotic laccase from the lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici 5930, which can degrade biogenic amines, was discovered. Thus, our study aimed to shed light on laccases from lactic acid bacteria focusing on two Pediococcus laccases, P. acidilactici 5930 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 4816, which have provided valuable information on their biochemical activities on redox mediators and biogenic amines. Both laccases are able to oxidize canonical substrates as ABTS, ferrocyanide and 2,6‐DMP, and non‐conventional substrates as biogenic amines. With ABTS as a substrate, they prefer an acidic environment and show sigmoidal kinetic activity, and are rather thermostable. Moreover, this study has provided the first structural view of two lactic acid bacteria laccases, revealing new structural features not seen before in other well‐studied laccases, but which seem characteristic for this group of bacteria. We believe that understanding the role of laccases in lactic acid bacteria will have an impact on their biotechnological applications and provide a framework for the development of engineered lactic acid bacteria with enhanced properties.
Thoracic manifestations of inhalational injury caused by the Whakaari/White Island eruption
Authors: Bergin Colleen J , Wilton Sophia , Taylor Matthew HG , Locke Michelle
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Thoracic imaging of people who have survived exposure to a volcanic pyroclastic flow has not been described. In December 2019, an active volcano in New Zealand erupted with loss of life and severe burns to groups of people who were within one kilometre of a new fissure. Our aim was to describe the range of pulmonary abnormality in patients admitted to the Burns unit at Middlemore Hospital.

Methods

We describe the initial radiographic and computed tomography (CT) appearance of lung injuries in 14 people close to this fissure who were transported to our national burns centre in Middlemore hospital. We compared these appearances with bronchoscopy findings and A‐a gradients as a measure of oxygen utilisation.

Results

All patients had chest radiographs and eight had CT scans within two days after admission. Nine had bronchoscopies within the first week. Two were repatriated to Australia, one of whom did not survive. Two died within 3 days after admission, and the remaining ten patients survived the first week. Eight patients required ongoing ventilation, seven of whom had abnormal CXRs or CT scans on admission. Two of these patients developed an ARDS pattern of oedema reflecting lung injury from the toxic surge but they recovered. In the five patients who survived the first week with relatively minor evidence of lung injury, bibasal atelectasis was the most common finding.

Conclusion

Pyroclastic flow effect caused a variety of lung abnormalities most likely due to toxic gas emissions. Upper airway burns were seen at bronchoscopy in only 5 patients. An ARDS response in the lungs of two patients improved within three months.
Evidence for aposematism in a southern hemisphere stonefly family (Plecoptera: Austroperlidae)
Authors: Foster Brodie J , McCulloch Graham A , Waters Jonathan M
Published: February 2021

Aposematism is a phenomenon in which defended prey advertise their unprofitability to predators through conspicuous signals. Aposematic (warning) colouration is widespread across numerous insect orders but rarely occurs in insects that inhabit aquatic environments where conditions can impose constraints on visual signal transmission. In the semi‐aquatic insect order Plecoptera (stoneflies), only the terrestrial adult stage of Austroperla cyrene (Austroperlidae) from New Zealand has been suggested to possess aposematic colouration, associated with the presence of hydrogen cyanide and documented unpalatability to predators. Here, we review evidence for the occurrence of aposematic colouration in Australian and South American Austroperlidae based on a synthesis of taxonomic literature and studies examining feeding preferences of predators in aquatic environments. Contrasting black, white and yellow colouration occurs commonly in adult Austroperlidae, and nymphs of several surveyed species were found to be aversive to predators, together suggesting that aposematism may be widespread in this family. The wider prevalence of aposematism in Austroperlidae should be examined further by directly testing the palatability of various species to predators and by analysing the chemical compositions of their defensive secretions. Austroperlid stoneflies offer new potential for understanding the evolution of aposematism in ecological and phylogenetic contexts that have not yet been explored.
Risk factors for surgical site infections following spinal column trauma in an Australian trauma hospital
Authors: Baroun‐Agob Louay , Liew Susan , Gabbe Belinda
Published: February 2021

Background

There is limited, and often conflicting, data in the literature about the prevalence and risk factors for surgical site infections (SSI) in spine surgery patients, with the majority consisting of elective spine surgery cohorts. Furthermore, there is no reported Australian data regarding rates of SSI in a spinal trauma cohort. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with SSI following spinal column trauma.

Methods

Adult (16+ years) patients that underwent surgery following emergency admission for spinal trauma between January 2010 and December 2016 at a major trauma centre in Melbourne, Australia, were identified through the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. The presence of an SSI was confirmed from the electronic medical record. Patient and clinical factors were analysed by SSI status. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to model predictors of SSI, with a P‐value <0.05 deemed significant.

Results

Data for 458 patients and 520 surgical wounds were collected. Twenty‐six (5.7%) patients developed an SSI. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism with methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus found in 46% of SSI cases. A posterior surgical approach and same site reoperation were predictors of SSI with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 4.26 (1.22–14.80, P = 0.02) and 4.99 (1.10–22.58, P = 0.04), respectively.

Conclusions

A posterior surgical approach and same site reoperation increased the risk of SSI after spinal trauma. Further research into modifiable associations within these and other factors will help mitigate the risk of SSI and hence decrease the personal and financial costs of this potentially devastating complication.
Effects of the proximity of metastasis to the central vessels of the liver on surgical outcomes and survival in colorectal cancer with liver metastasis
Authors: Bong Jun Woo , Ju Yeonuk , Seo Jihyun , Kang Sang Hee , Park Pyoung‐Jae , Choi Sae‐Byeol , Lee Sun Il , Oh Sang Cheul , Min Byung Wook
Published: February 2021

Background

Resectability of liver metastasis is important to establish a treatment strategy for patients with colorectal cancer. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the distance from metastasis to the centre of the liver on surgical outcomes and survival after hepatectomy.

Methods

The clinical data of a total of 155 patients who underwent hepatectomy for colorectal cancer with liver metastasis were retrospectively reviewed. We measured the minimal length from metastasis to the bifurcation of the portal vein at the primary branch of the Glissonean tree and defined it as ‘centrality’. The postoperative outcomes and survival among the patients were then analysed.

Results

Anatomic resections were more frequently performed, and the operative time was longer in the patients with high centrality (≤1.5 cm) than in the patients with low centrality (>1.5 cm). A size of ≥5 cm for the largest lesion, a number of lesions of ≥3 and centrality of ≤1.5 cm were found to be the independent risk factors of a positive resection margin after hepatectomy. The patients with high centrality showed worse recurrence‐free survival than those with low centrality; however, there was no significant difference found in the overall survival. In the multivariate analysis, high centrality was not found to be associated with worse recurrence‐free and overall survival.

Conclusion

Centrality significantly affected the surgical outcomes and treatment strategy for liver metastasis but did not influence the survival of the patients with colorectal cancer. Active efforts through surgical resections are important to treat liver metastasis of high centrality.
Survival in small choroidal melanocytic lesions with risk factors managed by initial observation until detection of tumour growth
Authors: Vigués‐Jorba Laura , Morwani Rahul , Lorenzo Daniel , Baradad‐Jurjo Maria C. , Arias Luis , Piulats Josep M. , Gutiérrez Cristina , Cobos Estefania , Garcia‐Bru Pere , Caminal Josep M.
Published: February 2021

Background

The main objective was to describe metastatic and survival rates in patients with small choroidal melanocytic lesions initially managed by observation.

Methods

Retrospective, observational study of consecutive cases recruited from 2001 through 2018, followed for a median (mean, range) of 81.0 (89.3, 10‐204) months in a tertiary referral centre for ocular oncology. Seventy‐five consecutive patients diagnosed with small choroidal melanocytic lesions with risk factors for growth initially observed and who showed progression during follow‐up. Treatment was performed (plaque radiotherapy or enucleation in 96% and 4% of cases, respectively) at detection of tumour growth.

Results

Median (mean, range) tumour thickness was 2.2 (2.23, 1.08‐3.40) mm, and median maximum basal diameter was 8.5 (8.16, 4‐12) mm. At diagnosis, a median (mean, range) of 5 (5.48, 1‐8) risk factors for progression were present. Lesions grew at a median (mean, range) rate of 0.42 mm/y (1.12, 0‐7.68) in thickness and 1.05 mm/y (3.14, 0‐4.8) in maximum diameter. Median (mean, range) time until growth was 17.00 (32.6, 1‐161) months post‐diagnosis, at which time tumours were treated. Five patients developed local recurrence after brachytherapy requiring enucleation. Four patients developed hepatic metastasis. Melanoma‐specific survival was 98% at 5 years (95% CI, 94.2‐100%) and 91.6% (95% CI, 82‐100%) at 10 and 15 years.

Conclusion

In small melanocytic lesions with risk factors for growth, initial observation until detection of tumour growth results in a seemingly low risk of metastasis, suggesting that this may be an initial approach to consider in tumours with indeterminate malignant potential.
Development of an ICF Core Set for adults with cerebral palsy: capturing their perspective on functioning
Authors: Noten Suzie , Troenosemito Lorenzo A A , Limsakul Chonnanid , Selb Melissa , de Groot Vincent , Konijnenbelt Manin , Driessen Daniëlle M F , Hilberink Sander R , Roebroeck Marij E ,   ICF Core Set for Adults with Cerebral Palsy Study Group
Published: February 2021

Aim

To examine the most relevant aspects of functioning of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) from their perspective, in order to develop an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for adults with CP.

Method

We conducted six focus group discussions with adults with CP without intellectual disability and seven interviews with adults with CP with intellectual disability and caregivers, addressing all ICF components. Meaningful concepts were identified from verbatim transcripts and linked to ICF categories by two independent researchers.

Results

In total, 31 adults with CP without intellectual disability (mean [SD] age 46y 1mo [14y 1mo]; 20 females, 11 males; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I–IV) and seven adults with CP and intellectual disability (mean [SD] age 25y 8mo [6y 8mo]; four females, three males; GMFCS levels III–V) participated. We identified 132 unique second‐level categories: 47 body functions, seven body structures, 43 activities and participation, and 35 environmental factors. The most frequently mentioned categories were emotional function, pain, muscle tone function, support of family, products and technology, and health services.

Interpretation

Adults with CP experienced problems in a broad range of body functions and activities and indicated the importance of environmental factors for functioning. The identified categories will be added to the list of candidate items to reach consensus on an ICF Core Set for adults with CP.

What this paper adds

Including the lived experience is crucial for fully understanding functioning of adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Adults with CP perceive environmental factors as essential elements for everyday functioning.

Adults with intellectual disability should be considered as a group with specific problems.
The environmental cost and the accident externality of driving: Evidence from the Swiss franc's appreciation
Authors: Bello Piera
Published: February 2021

This study investigates the effects of driving on air quality and road safety by exploiting exogenous variation in traffic flows associated with the Swiss franc's appreciation. It shows that the higher mobility along the border increased the nitrogen oxides concentration during peak hours on working days and the risk of car accidents during the late morning on nonworking days. The elasticity of both variables of interest with respect to the number of cars turns out to be larger than one. This suggests the need for programs that treat traffic congestion, air quality, and road safety jointly and has implications for optimal road use pricing.
Facilitating collaborations between researchers and practitioners in ecosystem management and restoration
Authors: Jellinek Sacha , Lloyd Samantha , Catterall Carla , Sato Chloe
Published: February 2021

Collaborations between researchers and practitioners are vital to ensure mutual learning to inform scientific and on‐ground outcomes and government policy. Communicating outcomes from these collaborations benefit land management and restoration projects. The Ecological Society of Australia (ESA) Practitioner Engagement Working Group (PEWG) showcases and communicates applied ecological research projects, driven by partnerships between researchers and practitioners, and promotes the value of these links to on‐ground action. In December 2019, the PEWG ran the Practitioner Engagement for On‐ground Outcomes symposium at the ESA annual conference in Launceston, Tasmania, to highlight key factors that enable and limit effective collaboration in ecological projects. Overall, 17 speakers from a range of government, Indigenous and non‐government organisations delivered presentations on ecological issues. Here, we focus on six presentations that revealed eight key enablers of effective science‐practice partnerships. Of these, six related to principles underpinning translational ecology (collaboration, commitment, communication, decision‐framing context, engagement and process buy‐in). Two additional enablers were highlighted – innovation and robust science, and longevity and flexible timelines. This symposium provided a stream‐lined approach to communicate the factors which enable successful projects to a broad audience. To enhance effective researcher‐practitioner collaborations, improved practice and greater innovations in future ecosystem management projects, as well as both new and long‐term funding streams, will be required.
Love for the Neighbour as Lived Theology
Authors: Yadala Suneson Anita
Published: February 2021

The aim of this article is to identify the theological potential for interreligious relations as embodied in the everyday life of ordinary Christians in South India. The empirical study that underlies the discussion is based on interviews with lay churchgoers and pastors from Pentecostal and mainline Protestant churches in Bangalore. The beliefs they articulate, as well as the practices they carry out in their daily lives, are defined as their lived theology. This is analyzed through the terminological framework of theology in four voices. Interviewees express beliefs that emphasize the superiority of Christianity over other religions and the importance of evangelism. Nevertheless, in everyday life they prioritize respect for religious others and maintenance of relationships with them over sharing an exclusivist message about Christ. Their lived theology emphasizes relatedness across religious boundaries and the priority of showing love for the neighbour in practice.
Jesus and Muhammad
Authors: Rahman A. Faizur
Published: February 2021

This essay foregrounds the reformatory teachings of two of the greatest men that walked the earth – Jesus and Muhammad. The majority of the followers of these honoured prophets attribute their success to the power and influence of their transcultural theologies and see them as nothing more than founders of independent religions. Another presumption is that their religions are mutually exclusive. This essay looks beyond creedal orthodoxies and inflexible articles of faith to find commonalities in the approaches of prophets Jesus and Muhammad while exploring the possibility of imagining their missions as liberatory responses to the socio‐political conditions that prevailed during their times.
Radiographic technique to improve diagnosis of sagittal axial sesamoid fracture in racing Thoroughbreds with lateral condylar fracture
Authors: Labbe K. A. , Pigott J. H.
Published: February 2021

The current study identified 124 lateral condylar fractures of the distal metacarpus or metatarsus over a 6‐year period. Thirty of 124 lateral condylar fractures were classified as displaced. Eight of 30 displaced lateral condylar fractures and 1/86 incomplete lateral condylar fractures had concurrent sagittal axial fracture of the lateral proximal sesamoid bone. A 20‐degree DMPLO view is the most sensitive radiographic projection to identify sagittal axial fracture of the lateral proximal sesamoid bone. A flexed 20‐degree DMPLO projection demonstrates displacement of complete sagittal axial sesamoid fractures. Radiographic identification of axial sesamoid fracture is critical to provide the most accurate prognosis for return to racing. Arthroscopic assessment of the axial sesamoid fracture and cartilage injury on the lateral proximal sesamoid bone, as well as post‐operative progression, are described in four surgical cases.
Outcomes for the first wave of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19 in the South Australian context: a retrospective audit
Authors: Toh Dylan J.‐W. , Rowe Emily , Nelson Renjy , O'Connell Alice , Lim Ken , Fielke Lauren , He Jiacheng , Faunt Jeffrey
Published: February 2021

Background

The first case of corona virus disease (COVID‐19) was detected in South Australia on 1 February 2020. The Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) is the state's designated quarantine hospital.

Aim

To determine the characteristics, outcomes and predictors of outcomes for hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) within the RAH.

Methods

We performed a retrospective audit of 103 patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 who were discharged from the RAH between 14 February and 21 May 2020. We collected demographic, clinical and laboratory data through an audit of electronic medical records. The main outcome measures were: (i) the need for oxygen supplementation; (ii) need for intensive care unit (ICU) care; and (iii) death in hospital.

Results

The median age of patients was 60 years (range 19–85). A total of 55 (53%) patients was male. All patients were independent at baseline; 37 (36%) patients suffered from hypertension. Cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and diabetes were present in fewer than 19 (18%) patients. Obesity was present in 24 (23%) patients; 39 (38%) patients required supplemental oxygen, 18 (17%) required ICU care and 4 (4%) patients died. Older patients were significantly more at risk of oxygen requirement (median 68 vs 57.5 years, P < 0.01), ICU admission (median 66.5 vs 60 years, P = 0.04) and death (median 74.5 vs 60 years, P = 0.02). We did not find a statistically significant association between gender, body mass index and poor outcomes. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was the only parameter at admission associated with oxygen requirement, ICU care and death. Peak LDH, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C‐reactive protein and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were significantly associated with oxygen requirement, ICU admission and death (P < 0.05 for all of the above laboratory markers).

Conclusions

Although our sample size was small, we found that certain comorbidities and laboratory values were associated with poor outcomes. This occurred in a setting where care was not influenced by limited hospital and intensive care beds.
Refugia during the last glacial period and the origin of the disjunct distribution of an insular plant
Authors: Yamada Takayuki , Kokubugata Goro , Fujii Shinji , Chen Chien‐Fan , Asakawa Akira , Ito Takuro , Maki Masayuki
Published: February 2021

Aim

Although many phylogeographic studies have focused on continental refugia, the roles of islands as refugia have long been overlooked. In this study, we conducted phylogeographic studies of a plant with insular distribution, Microtropis japonica, to elucidate the potential roles of islands as refugia during recent glacial periods. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that two remote groups of Japanese islands (the Izu and Ryukyu Islands) were refugia for M japonica.

Location

The Izu and Ryukyu Islands of Japan and their adjacent areas including the Japanese mainland and Taiwan.

Taxon

Microtropis japonica (Celastraceae).

Methods

A total of 363 individuals were sampled from 44 populations of M japonica. To elucidate population genetic differentiation and demographic change in M japonica, we performed molecular variance and mismatch distribution analyses based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variations and Bayesian clustering and gene flow estimates based on nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. In addition, to examine distribution changes, ecological niche modelling using the maximum entropy method was used to determine suitable habitats existing currently or during the last glacial maximum, using occurrence data and six bioclimatic variables.

Results

Both cpDNA and nuclear SNP data showed genetic differentiation between two disjunct regions. However, cpDNA data indicated genetic differentiation within the Ryukyu Islands but not within the Izu Islands, while nuclear SNP data indicated genetic differentiation within both island groups. Ecological niche modelling showed that both the Izu and Ryukyu archipelagos had contained some islands with a climate compatible with modern M japonica climate envelopes despite climate oscillations.

Main conclusions

Islands within both the Izu and Ryukyu archipelagos may have supported M japonica populations throughout historical climate oscillations. The current disjunct distribution of M japonica strongly reflects its refugial locations during the last glacial period and the subsequent range expansion. Islands were important refuges, contributing to the modern disjunct distribution of M japonica.
Rs884225 polymorphism is associated with primary hypertension by compromising interaction between epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) and miR‐214
Authors: Luo Fang , Wu Yitian , Ding Qunfang , Yuan Yiming , Jia Weiguo
Published: February 2021

Genetic variations in the 3′UTR of mRNAs as well as sequences of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can affect gene expression by interfering with the binding between them. In this study, we investigated the role of the following polymorphisms in the risk of hypertension: the 774T > C (rs17337023) polymorphism located in the EGFR 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR), the rs884225 polymorphism located in the sequence of miR‐214, and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs325797437, rs344501106, rs81286029 and rs318656749 located in the promoter of lncRNA MEG3. Taqman genotyping assays and haplotype analysis tools were used to measure the MEG3 haplotypes and the rs17337023 and rs884225 polymorphisms genotypes. The relationship between MEG3, miR‐214 and EGFR was validated using computational analysis and luciferase assays. Unlike other polymorphisms, only patients grouped according to their rs884225 genotypes exhibited varied EGFR mRNA and protein levels, which indicated that the rs884225 genotype is associated with the expression of EGFR mRNA and protein levels. MiR‐214 was confirmed to bind to MEG3 and 3’UTR of EGFR by showing that the transfection of exogenous miR‐214 significantly down‐regulated the luciferase activity of A549 and H460 cells transfected with wild‐type MEG3 or wild‐type EGFR 3’ UTR. Additionally, MEG3 overexpression inhibited miR‐214 expression while elevating the EGFR mRNA and protein expressions. Meanwhile, MEG3 down‐regulation demonstrated an opposite result, thus establishing the MEG3/miR‐214/EGRF signalling pathway. Our study confirmed that the T > C substitution of rs884225 polymorphism located in miR‐214 binding site in the 3’UTR of EGFR is associated with increased risk of primary hypertension.
Dendritic cells loaded with exosomes derived from cancer stem cell‐enriched spheroids as a potential immunotherapeutic option
Authors: Naseri Marzieh , Zöller Margot , Hadjati Jamshid , Ghods Roya , Ranaei Pirmardan Ehsan , Kiani Jafar , Eini Leila , Bozorgmehr Mahmood , Madjd Zahra
Published: February 2021

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for therapeutic resistance and recurrence in colorectal cancer. Despite advances in immunotherapy, the inability to specifically eradicate CSCs has led to treatment failure. Hence, identification of appropriate antigen sources is a major challenge in designing dendritic cell (DC)‐based therapeutic strategies against CSCs. Here, in an in vitro model using the HT‐29 colon cancer cell line, we explored the efficacy of DCs loaded with exosomes derived from CSC‐enriched colonospheres (CSCenr‐EXOs) as an antigen source in activating CSC‐specific T‐cell responses. HT‐29 lysate, HT‐29‐EXOs and CSCenr lysate were independently assessed as separate antigen sources. Having confirmed CSCs enrichment in spheroids, CSCenr‐EXOs were purified and characterized, and their impact on DC maturation was investigated. Finally, the impact of the antigen‐pulsed DCs on the proliferation rate and also spheroid destructive capacity of autologous T cells was assessed. CSCenr‐EXOs similar to other antigen groups had no suppressive/negative impacts on phenotypic maturation of DCs as judged by the expression level of costimulatory molecules. Notably, similar to CSCenr lysate, CSCenr‐EXOs significantly increased the IL‐12/IL‐10 ratio in supernatants of mature DCs. CSCenr‐EXO‐loaded DCs effectively promoted T‐cell proliferation. Importantly, T cells stimulated with CSCenr‐EXOs disrupted spheroids' structure. Thus, CSCenr‐EXOs present a novel and promising antigen source that in combination with conventional tumour bulk‐derived antigens should be further explored in pre‐clinical immunotherapeutic settings for the efficacy in hampering recurrence and metastatic spread.
An integrative taxonomic review of theNatal mountain catfish,Amphilius natalensisBoulenger1917(Siluriformes,Amphiliidae), with description of four new species
Authors: Mazungula Daniel Nkosinathi , Chakona Albert
Published: February 2021

An integrative taxonomic analysis combining mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences, morphology, colour pattern and two species delimitation approaches revealed the existence of five lineages within the Natal mountain catfish,Amphilius natalensis, in southern Africa. These lineages are separated by substantial genetic divergences (1.6%–9.46%), and they can be consistently distinguished from one another based on a combination of morphology and colour pattern differences. Additionally, the lineages are allopatrically distributed and confined to isolated river systems draining discrete mountain ranges, which makes gene flow among them unlikely. One of these lineages isA. natalensiss.s., which is confined to the uMngeni and Tukela river systems in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Province in South Africa. The other four lineages represent new species to science which are described asAmphilius zuluorumsp. nov., endemic to the uMkhomazi River system in KZN,Amphilius engelbrechtisp. nov., endemic to the Inkomati River system in Mpumalanga Province in South Africa,Amphilius marshallisp. nov., endemic to the Pungwe and Lower Zambezi river systems in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, andAmphilius leopardussp. nov., endemic to the Ruo River in Malawi. The results show thatAmphilius laticaudatuswhich is endemic to the Buzi River system in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, belongs to theA. natalensiss.l. complex. A redescription ofA. laticaudatusis presented and an updated identification key for the mountain catfishes of southern Africa is provided.
Life lessons: Leaving home and financial capability of young adults
Authors: Czar Kayla , Gilbert Aaron , Scott Ayesha
Published: February 2021

Young adults today have access to an increasing range of financial products. However, evidence shows young adults generally have low financial capability, leading to poor financial choices with potentially severe and long‐lasting consequences. Financial experience represents one proven channel by which people develop the knowledge and ability to make better financial decisions. A potentially pivotal life experience for young adults is moving out of home, which involves a wide range of financial experiences. We examine how leaving home impacts the financial capability of New Zealanders aged 18–25. Our results suggest leaving home is associated with a significant improvement in financial capability but not an increase in financial knowledge. Providing targeted guidance to home leavers may offer an effective opportunity to improve the financial capability of young adults and minimize costly mistakes.
Characterization of short‐ and long‐term morbidity and mortality of goat kids born to does with pregnancy toxemia
Authors: Weaver Leslie F. , Boileau Melanie J. , Gilliam Lyndi L. , Taylor Jared D.
Published: February 2021

Background

Pregnancy toxemia is a common metabolic disease of periparturient small ruminants. Information on its effects on metabolism and perinatal adaptation of newborn lambs and kids is lacking.

Objectives

Evaluate differences in morbidity, mortality, and common biochemical and hematologic variables between pregnancy toxemia kids (PT) and control kids (CON).

Animals

Sixteen kids born to does being treated at the hospital for pregnancy toxemia (blood beta‐hydroxybutyrate concentration [BHB] > 1.2 mmol/L) and 12 kids from healthy dams (dam BHB < 1.2 mmol/L) that kidded at the hospital.

Methods

In this cohort study, serial measurements of bloodL‐lactate, glucose, and BHB concentrations, arterial blood gases, hematocrit, total protein concentrations, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) concentrations, and body weight were compared between groups over the first 72 hours of life. Long‐term follow‐up was performed after 3 months.

Results

Pregnancy toxemia kids were more likely to require tube feeding at 0 and 12 hours (relative risk 7.7 [1.13, 52.45] and 2.8 [1.39, 5.65]). Pregnancy toxemia kids were more acidemic (7.26 ± 0.069 vs 7.34 ± 0.079,P= .003) and hyperlactatemic (8.17 ± 2.57 vs 5.48 ± 2.71,P= .003) at birth than CON kids. Control kids were 1.1 [1.01, 1.77] times more likely to survive to discharge and 2.2 [1.15, 4.20] times more likely to survive to 3 months than PT kids.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Pregnancy toxemia kids had higher short‐ and long‐term mortality and were more likely to require perinatal intervention. Weight loss in the first few days could be a useful predictor of nonsurvival.
New blood donors in times of crisis: Increased donation willingness, particularly among people at high risk for attracting SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Spekman Marloes L. C. , Ramondt Steven , Quee Franke A. , Prinsze Femmeke J. , Huis in 't Veld Elisabeth M. J. , van den Hurk Katja , Merz Eva‐Maria
Published: February 2021

Background

Traditionally, during crises the number of new blood donors increases. However, the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic created additional barriers to donate due to governmental prevention measures and increased personal health risks. In this report, we examined how the pandemic affected new donor registrations in the Netherlands, especially among groups with higher risk profiles for severe COVID‐19. Additionally, we explored the role of media for blood donation and new donor registrations.

Study Design and Methods

We analyzed new donor registrations and attention for blood donation in newspapers and on social media from January until May 2020, in comparison to the same period in 2017 to 2019.

Results

After the introduction of nationwide prevention measures, several peaks in new donor registrations occurred, which coincided with peaks in media attention. Interestingly, people with a higher risk profile for COVID‐19 (e.g., due to age or region of residence) were overrepresented among new registrants.

Discussion

In sum, the first peak of the current pandemic has led to increased new blood donor registrations, despite the associated increased health risks. Time and future studies will have to tell whether these new donors are one‐off ‘pandemic’ donors or if they will become regular, loyal donors.
Ferumoxytol‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography provides comparable vascular conspicuity to CT angiography in dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts
Authors: Wilson Sabrina , Culp William T. N. , Wisner Erik R. , Cissell Derek D. , Finn J. Paul , Zwingenberger Allison L.
Published: February 2021

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is currently the gold standard imaging modality for anatomically characterizing canine hepatic vascular anomalies; with conventional, gadolinium‐enhanced MR angiography being less frequently utilized. However, both imaging modalities are limited by a brief, first pass peak of contrast medium in the vasculature that necessitates precisely timed image acquisition. A long‐acting purely intravascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, ferumoxytol, offers the potential to reduce complexity of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) protocol planning by ensuring diagnostic contrast medium concentration in all the vessels that are targeted for imaging. Aims of this prospective, pilot, methods comparison study were to develop an optimized MRA protocol using ferumoxytol in dogs with hepatic vascular anomalies, perform a dose escalation trial to compare image quality with four‐dose regimens of ferumoxytol, and compare accuracy of vascular anatomic depiction based on the gold standard of CTA. Six dogs (10.7–36.1 kg) with portosystemic shunts (four intrahepatic left divisional shunts and two intrahepatic right divisional shunts) were recruited for inclusion in the study. A dose‐escalation trial was performed to compare image quality at four incremental dose levels of ferumoxytol (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg) and to compare the accuracy of vascular anatomic detection to CTA. Ferumoxytol contrast‐enhanced MRA (CE‐MRA) at 4 mg/kg provided similar conspicuity of normal and abnormal vasculature compared to CTA with a minimal decrease in spatial resolution. Findings indicated that ferumoxytol holds promise for comprehensive, single breath hold CE‐MRA of all abdominal vessels in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Background information provided in this study can be used to support development of other future applications such as intracranial and cardiac MRA, real‐time imaging, flow quantification, and potentially sedated MRI imaging.
La vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano en Colombia: prácticas y discursos de una tecnología de género
Authors: Pulgarín Suárez Sandra Milena
Published: February 2021

Este libro analiza las trayectorias que condujeron a la creación de la política pública para la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en Colombia. Al trazar la interacción entre corporaciones, filantropía corporativa y organismos multilaterales de salud, se devela el conflicto de intereses subyacente a la implementación de esta política pública dirigida a la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres en países en desarrollo. La intervención en Colombia reprodujo discursos coloniales sobre la conformación del saber en relación con los cuerpos de las mujeres. Esto lleva al concepto malignum uteri, que cristaliza la patologización de estos cuerpos y que se actualiza según la episteme de la época. El virus no se adquiere ni se desarrolla en la infancia. Su contagio y progreso se puede prevenir o controlar en etapas tempranas. A pesar de no ser las mujeres las portadoras del virus, la vacuna contra el VPH fue pensada para mujeres: son ellas la población rebaño de inmunización, sin que se les haya reconocido cuando esta afecta gravemente su salud. Tampoco se ha reconocido a las mujeres racializadas y empobrecidas con quienes experimentaron las primeras píldoras anticonceptivas ni a las hermanas peruanas a las que el Estado les quitó su útero.
Bogotá en la lógica de la Regeneración (1886-1910): el municipio en el Estado forjado por el movimiento regenerador
Authors: Suárez Mayorga Adriana María
Published: February 2021

En este libro se trata el papel que tuvo el municipio capitalino en la conformación del Estado nacional, en el periodo dominado por la Regeneración de fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX. Este tema es abordado por la autora de un modo muy original, mediante un novedoso cruce de diferentes perspectivas historiográficas: historia urbana, historia política, historia cultural, historia de la administración pública, las cuales maneja con precisión, soltura y erudición. A Bogotá, como capital, le correspondió ser centro neurálgico de una propuesta enormemente contradictoria que, tras un discurso descentralizador, produjo una república fuertemente unitaria. Esto convirtió a la ciudad en una suerte de doble víctima: por una parte, le impidió desarrollar políticas autónomas que se tradujeran en una modernización urbana, como la que estaban experimentando otras capitales del continente; por otra parte, eso no fue percibido a nivel nacional. El resultado fue que las otras ciudades y regiones colombianas vieron a Bogotá como una beneficiaria directa del régimen. Los conflictos y las luchas por la autonomía urbana que este trabajo revela por primera vez, como el carácter “moral” de la resistencia regeneracionista a la modernización urbana, cuentan sin duda entre lo más innovador que la doctora Suárez Mayorga aporta a la historiografía colombiana y latinoamericana. Adrián Gorelik
Walter Benjamin: fragmento, umbralidad, fantasma. Claves conceptuales
Authors: Guerrero Apráez Víctor
Published: February 2021

No dudo en considerar este libro sobre el pensamiento de Walter Benjamin de Víctor Guerrero Apráez como uno de los más importantes que se han escrito en el país sobre el pensador alemán y, posiblemente, el más destacado por el conocimiento que tiene de un autor poliédrico y casi inabarcable, por su ubicación en el panorama intelectual de los distintos y complejos momentos en que vivió, por los rigurosos contrastes que logra hacer con otros pensadores destacados, como Carl Schmitt —sobre el que tiene un libro memorable—, Gilles Deleuze o Henry James, y por el trabajo meticuloso y sugerente que hace de algunos de los problemas que Benjamin plantea una y otra vez en sus obras, a través de una multiplicidad de géneros y formas expresivas
Monolayer attenuation length of low-energy electrons in Gd and Tb
Authors: Göhler Karen , Schmidt Anke B. , Donath Markus
Published: February 2021

The electron attenuation length is a material property, which defines the probing depth of all electron spectroscopies. For kinetic energies below 50 eV, very few data exist in the literature, although this energy range is vital for electron spectroscopy using low-energy electrons, e.g., for studying the valence electronic band structure. Extremely short attenuation lengths are expected for the transition metals gadolinium and terbium. To determine the electron attenuation length in these materials, we conducted inverse-photoemission overlayer experiments with ultrathin Gd and Tb films on W(110). For 10-eV electrons, we find an attenuation length of about one monolayer in Gd and even less in Tb, i.e., two thirds (or more) of the electrons are stopped by only one monolayer. These results imply extremely short information depths for electron spectroscopies with low energies on the lanthanides Gd and Tb.
Microglia control small vessel calcification via TREM2
Authors: Zarb Yvette , Sridhar Sucheta , Nassiri Sina , Utz Sebastian Guido , Schaffenrath Johanna , Maheshwari Upasana , Rushing Elisabeth J. , Nilsson K. Peter R. , Delorenzi Mauro , Colonna Marco , Greter Melanie , Keller Annika
Published: February 2021

Microglial activity is needed to halt nascent vascular calcification.
Engineered ionizable lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics into different types of cells in the liver
Authors: Kim M. , Jeong M. , Hur S. , Cho Y. , Park J. , Jung H. , Seo Y. , Woo H. A. , Nam K. T. , Lee K. , Lee H.
Published: February 2021

Engineered ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were developed for the LSEC-specific delivery of RNA therapeutics.
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
Impairments in T Helper Cell and Neutrophil Responses against
Mucor irregularis
in
Card9
Knockout Mice
Authors: Sun Lingyue , Zhang Shuzhen , Wan Zhe , Li Ruoyu , Yu Jin
Published: February 2021

Mucor irregularis
is a frequently found fungus in Asia, especially China, and it causes primary cutaneous mucormycosis with a high rate of disfigurement. Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (Card9) is an essential adaptor molecule downstream of C-type lectin receptors. It mediates the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), regulates T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 differentiation, and plays an important role in fungal immune surveillance. CARD9 deficiency correlates with the increased susceptibility to many fungal infections, including cutaneous mucormycosis caused by
M. irregularis
.
Ureteral duplication with an heterotopic ureteric implantation: a less common cause of adult urinary incontinence
Authors: Fonseca Rita Rodrigues , Covita Ana , Mota Renato Lains
Published: February 2021

A 25-year-old woman with a history of frequent urinary tract infections and dribbling urinary incontinence since early childhood was referred to our urology clinic. An accurate investigation revealed a complete right ureteral duplication, with a dysplastic upper-pole renal moiety and an ectopic right ureter draining into the vagina. The patient underwent surgical exploration which confirmed the diagnosis. It was also possible to see a communication between renal moieties which allowed for a laparoscopic ligation and excision of the heterotopic right ureter. The patient had a good recovery, with a complete resolution of her complaints and a great improvement of her quality of life.
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor therapy: mechanisms of action in heart failure
Authors: Joshi Shruti S , Singh Trisha , Newby David E , Singh Jagdeep
Published: February 2021

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of developing heart failure compared with the healthy population. In recent landmark clinical trials, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor therapies improve blood glucose control and also reduce cardiovascular events and heart failure hospitalisations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, such clinical benefits have also been seen in patients with heart failure in the absence of type 2 diabetes although the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Potential pathways include improved glycaemic control, diuresis, weight reduction and reduction in blood pressure, but none fully explain the observed improvements in clinical outcomes. More recently, novel mechanisms have been proposed to explain these benefits that include improved cardiomyocyte calcium handling, enhanced myocardial energetics, induced autophagy and reduced epicardial fat. We provide an up-to-date review of cardiac-specific SGLT2 inhibitor–mediated mechanisms and highlight studies currently underway investigating some of the proposed mechanisms of action in cardiovascular health and disease.
Geochemistry, spatial distribution, and sources of trace element pollution in the surface sediments of Port Hacking, southern Sydney, Australia
Authors: Alyazichi Yasir M. , Qasim Amin K. , Jones Brian G. , McLean Errol , Murad Jindy , Aljawi Ahmed
Published: February 2021

Coastal environments are subject to trace metal pollution via a combination of industry and urbanised sources. The pollutants accumulate within surface sediments, especially in the quieter backwaters of estuaries. An environmental assessment of the Port Hacking estuary, southern Sydney, Australia, was undertaken using 233 surface samples. Trace metal concentrations (Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As) in these samples indicated that most elements in Port Hacking were below the relevant ANZECC/ARMCANZ guideline low trigger value (ISQG-low), but a few sites exceeded this value. The low trace metal concentrations are mainly because the catchment areas have limited urban development and few discharge points. In contrast, one site in Gunnamatta Bay has Zn and Cu concentrations that exceeded the high trigger value (ISQG-high), due to moored vessels, boatyards, and stormwater outlets in this vicinity. Port Hacking is considered to be relatively unpolluted and healthy when compared with other Sydney estuaries.