bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PISA MATHEMATICS FRAMEWORK DALAM PENELUSURAN MATHEMATICAL LITERACY SKILLS MAHASISWA
Authors: Oktaviyanthi Rina , AGUS RIA NOVIANA , Supriani Yani
Published: July 2018

Perubahan dan perkembangan jaman dewasa ini memberikan dampak pada sektor pendidikan untuk melakukan penyesuaian dan modifikasi dalam pengajaran sehingga kebutuhan peserta didik dalam hal penguasaan ilmu yang sesuai dengan karakteristik perubahan jaman dapat terpenuhi. Dewasa ini praktik-praktik pekerjaan telah mengarah pada globalisasi, reformasi daya saing, kemutakhiran teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Untuk itu peserta didik perlu dilengkapi dengan kemampuan-kemampuan yang sesuai dengan karakteristik praktik pekerjaan masa depan tersebut. Kemampuan literasi matematik dipandang sebagai salah satu kemampuan yang dapat membantu generasi muda memenuhi tuntutan global. Langkah awal yang dapat dilakukan adalah menelusuri kemampuan literasi matematik peserta didik. Kajian ini merupakan studi pendahuluan terkait pentingnya mengetahui kemampuan literasi matematik peserta didik, khususnya pada program studi Teknik Informatika, Universitas Serang Raya sebagai landasan, arahan, dan pedoman bagi pengajar untuk mengoptimalkan potensi yang ada pada masing-masing peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian terapan yang dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh hasil yang berguna dari aspek kepentingan praktis yaitu berupa rumusan dasar mengenai Mathematical Literacy Skills mahasiswa Teknik Informatika. Adapun rumusan dasar yang akan dihasilkan dalam penelitian menggunakan Pisa Mathematics Framework yang meliputi kemampuan merumuskan masalah, menggunakan/ menerapkan konsep matematika, menafsirkan dan mengevaluasi hasil yang diperoleh.(Artikel ini telah dipublikasi secara cetak pada Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan (JIP) STKIP Kusuma Negara, Jakarta, Volume 07, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2015), hal. 77-85)
Utilization of Broiler Shank as a Material of Gelatin-based Edible Film Supplemented by Ginger Extract on Beef Sausage Coating
Authors: Abdurrahman Zakaria Husein
Published: July 2018

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesukaan panelis dan laju kerusakan lemak sosisdaging sapi yang di-coating dengan edible film dari gelatin shank ayam broiler yang ditambah ektrakjahe. Penelitian menggunakan bahan shank ayam broiler, sosis merek Belfoods dan jahe. Data ujikesukaan yang meliputi warna, aroma, rasa, tekstur, kekenyalan, rasa yang tertinggal, dan daya terimadianalisis dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola searah, sedangkan tingkat kerusakan lemakdiuji dengan RAL Pola Faktorial. Hasil uji kesukaan terhadap sosis daging sapi yang di-coatingdengan edible film dari gelatin shank ayam broiler yang ditambah ektrak jahe menurunkan tingkatkesukaan panelis terhadap kesan aroma, rasa, rasa yang tertinggal, dan daya terima sosis (P<0,01).Lama penyimpanan menyebabkan peningkatan kerusakan lemak pada sosis daging sapi, sedangkanpenambahan ekstrak jahe pada gelatin-based edible film menurunkan laju kerusakan lemak sosis sapiyang dilapisi edible film (P<0,01). Penambahan ekstrak jahe 30% pada gelatin-based edible filmmerupakan konsentrasi optimal untuk menurunkan laju keruskan lemak sampai dengan 7 hari masasimpan dan and penambahan ekstrak jahe 10% merupakan sosis yang paling disukai panelis.
2014 PELUANG WIRAUSAHA BISNIS PROPERTI DI PUSAT BISNIS (CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT) DENGAN POLA KERJASAMA PEMERINTAH-SWASTA (KASUS WILAYAH KAKI SURAMADU SISI SURABAYA)
Authors: Setiawan M Ikhsan , sukoco agus , sasono agus dwi
Published: July 2018

Wirausaha bisnis properti menjadi primadona dalam 4 tahun terakhir. Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal menyatakan realisasi investasi PMDN (Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri) dan PMA (Penanaman Modal Swasta) sektor real estate, konstruksi serta perhotelan mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan sejak tahun 2010, dimana tahun 2013 mencapai Rp. 28,758 trilyun (BKPM, 2013). Bursa Efek Indonesia mencatat nilai kapitalisasi pasar (market cap) untuk sektor properti, real estate, dan konstruksi mencapai Rp 234,531 Trilyun (BEI, 2013). Survey Bank Indonesia menunjukkan dalam 3 tahun terakhir terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan dalam harga jual unit strata title di Jabodetabek, Banten dan Bandung untuk segmen perkantoran, ritel, kondominium dan lahan industri, serta peningkatan tarif sewa properti komersial dan tarif hotel bintang 3, 4 dan 5 (BI, 2013). Boston Consulting Group dalam risetnya menyatakan salah satu faktor pendorong belanja konsumen dalam bentuk pemilikan/investasi properti adalah meningkatnya jumlah kelas menengah di Indonesia saat ini mencapai 74 juta jiwa dan tahun 2020 akan mencapai 141 juta jiwa (BI, 2013). Sehingga dipastikan bisnis properti akan menjadi andalan investasi dalam 10-20 tahun yang akan datang dibutuhkan wirausaha baru agar bisnis properti ini semakin berkualitas dan kompetitif. Peluang bisnis properti semakin luas dengan terbukanya pemerintah daerah untuk bekerjasama agar diperoleh peningkatan pendapatan daerah. Otonomi daerah melalui Undang-undang nomor 22/1999 dan nomor 34/2004 menuntut pemerintah propinsi, kabupaten dan kota melakukan inovasi peningkatan pendapatan daerah, hal tersebut terlihat pada Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah tahun 2013 dengan defisit keuangan daerah mencapai Rp 54,217 Trilyun (Kemendagri, 2013). Potensi pendapatan daerah seharusnya mampu menutupi defisit bila melihat laporan neraca pemerintah daerah se-Indonesia pada tahun 2010 terdapat aset tanah pemda senilai Rp 558,456 Trilyun dan aset gedung/bangunan pemda senilai Rp 228,343 Trilyun (Kemendagri, 2010). Pengembangan ekonomi daerah dapat berupa kolaborasi antara Pemerintah Pusat, Pemerintah Daerah, BUMN, BUMD, dan Swasta. Public-Private Partnership (Kerjasama Pemerintah-Swasta) menjadi salah satu solusi pembangunan daerah guna tercapainya peningkatan perekonomian wilayah dan telah terbukti di beberapa negara tetangga antara lain di Malaysia dan Singapore
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Inquiry Training Terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika Siswa Di SMA
Authors: 2017 Seminar Nasional Multidisiplin Ilmu , Putri Elia
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini di latar belakangi oleh permasalahan rendahnya hasil belajar fisika siswa yang dikarenakaan guru kurang tepat menggunakan model pembelajaran yang bervariasi sehingga proses pembelajaran menjadi pasif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh model pembelajaran Inquiry Training terhadap hasil belajaar fisika siswa. Penelitian ini di lakukan di SMA An-Nizam pada kelas X semester II TP 2015/2016, pada materi Fluida Statis. Piopulasi penelitian ini berjumlah 70 siswa terdiri dari dua kelas dengan sampel penelitiannya adalah totalitas sampel populasi (keseluruhan populasi), dengan model pembelajaran Konvensional sebagai kelas Kontrol. Dari hasil penelitian dan analisa data diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: Rata-rata skor yang diperoleh kelompok belajar yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Inquiry Training X ̅1 = 14,771, kelompok yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Konvensional X ̅2 = 12,857. Berdasarkan perhitungan yang dilakukan diperoleh data berdistribusi normal dan homogen.Dari Pengujian hipotesis di peroleh thitung 2,046 dan ttabel 1,668 berarti thitung > ttabel maka hipotesis Ha di terima. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah: “Ada pengaruh dari model pembelajaran Inquiry Training Terhadap Hasil Belajara Fisika Siswa di Kelas X SMA An-Nizam Medan TP 2015/2016”
Diversitas Dan Kerapatan Mangrove, Gastropoda, dan Bivalvia Di Estuari Perancak, Bali
Authors: Susiana
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan diversitas dan kerapatan mangrove dengan kepadatan gastropoda dan bivalvia di mangrove alami dan rehabilitasi. Pengukuran ekosistem mangrove menggunakan transek kuadrat 10 m x 10 m. Kelimpahan dan kepadatan gastropoda dan bialvia menggunakan transek kuadrat berukuran 1 m x 1 m. Analisis nMDS, cluster untuk melihat hubungan karekteristik mangrove alami dan rehabilitasi dianalisis secara deskriptif dan analisis regresi untuk mendeterminasi hubungan antara kerapatan mangrove dengan kelimpahan serta kepadatan gastropoda dan bivalvia. Analisis Mann-Whitney untuk menguji perbedaan kualitas air mangrove alami dan rehabilitasi berdasarkan pasang surut. Diversitas mangrove alami cenderung sama dengan berkategori sedang, kerapatan lebih dari 1.500 pohon/ha. Diversitas gastropoda di mangrove alami cenderung sama dengan di daerah rehabilitasi yakni berkategori sedang. Keanekaragaman gastropoda di lokasi mangrove alami dan rehabilitasi tidak berbeda nyata. Kepadatan gastropoda secara spasial dan temporal pada lokasi mangrove alami lebih rendah dibanding dengan mangrove rehabilitasi. Diversitas dan kepadatan bivalvia di mangrove alami memiliki kisaran indeks dominansi 0,5-0,7 artinya spesies bivalvia yang mendominasi mangrove alami tergolong sedang. Begitu juga halnya pada mangrove rehabilitasi, yang memiliki indeks dominansi sebesar 0,6. Di mangrove alami kerapatan mangrove berbanding lurus terhadap kepadatan dan kelimpahan gastropoda dan bivalvia. Sebaliknya pada mangrove rehabilitasi menunjukkan hubungan yang berbanding terbalik.
Pemetaan Potensi Wilayah Produk Unggulan Kabupaten Aceh Tengah
Authors: 2017 Seminar Nasional Multidisiplin Ilmu , Syahril S , Idris Iswandi , Lela Nur
Published: July 2018

Kabupaten Aceh Tengah adalah salah satu dari kabupaten yang berada diwilayah tengah provinsi Aceh. Potensi terbesar yang dimiliki kabupaten Aceh Tengah adalah bidang pertanian, sebagian besar masyarakat kabupaten Aceh Tengah berprofesi sebagai petani dan pekebun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan potensi daerah, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menentukan peningkatan pendapatan asli daerah, dan mengetahui seberapa besar pajak jenis retribusi dari produk unggulan hasil pertanian Kopi dan Gula Merah dalam pemanfaatan serta efektivitas dalam pembangunan. Batasan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu pemetaan potensi bidang pertanian yang dimiliki kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data skunder yang berasal dari pemerintahan kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penelitian penelitian kepustakaan sedangkan metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh Potensi produksi kopi arabika sebanyak 31.3753 ton pada tahun 2016 dan jumlah produksi kopi robusta sebesar 437 ton pada tahun 2016. produksi aren sebanyak 15 ton. kopi arabika adalah produk tanaman perkebunan terbesar kedua setelah tebu (37.233 ton) di kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Pemetaan potensi wilayah produk unggulan ini diharapkan dapat membantu pemerintah untuk memajukan dan menemukan produk unggulan Kabupaten Aceh Tengah
Karakteristik dan Pemanfaatan Mataair di Daerah Tangkapan Sistem Goa Pindul, Karangmojo, Gunungkidul
Authors: Cahyadi Ahmad , Agniy Romza Fauzan , Haryono Eko
Published: July 2018

Inventarisasi sumberdaya air termasuk di dalamnya potensi mataair di kawasan karst merupakan hal yang penting. Keterbatasan sumber air permukaan menjadikan mataair memiliki peranan yang penting dalam penyediaan air bersih di kawasan karst. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi karakteristik dan pola pemanfaatan mataair di daerah tangkapan air sistem Goa Pindul di Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Data yang dibutuhkan meliputi lokasi mataair, debit mataair dan pemanfaatan mataair di lokasi kajian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, debit terukur mataair di sekitar daerah tangkapan sistem Pindul antara 3,02 liter/detik sampai dengan 63 l/detik dan mataair di sekitar daerah tangkapan sistem Goa Pindul dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan, meliputi irigasi, mandi, dmencuci dan air minum.
Bahan Pelatihan Reference Manager-Mendeley
Authors: Sejati Anang Wahyu
Published: July 2018

Bahan pelatihan ini dapat digunakan siapa saja yang membutuhkan dan gratis
Copyright's Topography: An Empirical Study of Copyright Litigation
Authors: Cotropia Christopher A , Gibson James
Published: July 2018

One of the most important ways to measure the impact of copyright law is through empirical examination of actual copyright infringement cases. Yet scholars have universally overlooked this rich source of data. This study fills that gap through a comprehensive empirical analysis of copyright infringement litigation, examining the pleadings, motions, and dockets from more than nine hundred copyright lawsuits filed from 2005 through 2008. The data we collect allow us to examine a wide variety of copyright issues, such as the rate of settlements versus judgments; the incidence of litigation between major media companies, small firms, and individuals; the kinds of industries and works involved in litigation; the nature of the alleged infringement; the success rates of particular parties and claims; and the nature of remedies sought and awarded. We also analyze the data to identify ways in which copyright litigation differs from other civil suits and to show that certain plaintiff characteristics are more predictive of success.
Debunking the Fair Use vs. Fair Dealing Myth: Have We Had Fair Use All Along?
Authors: Katz Ariel
Published: July 2018

According to conventional wisdom, a fundamental difference exists between the American fair use doctrine and the Canadian fair dealing doctrine (or that of other Commonwealth countries): while American fair use can apply potentially to any purpose, fair dealing could only apply to the explicit purposes enumerated in the statute. Accordingly, the argument goes, fair dealing cannot apply to dealings for unenumerated purposes no matter how fair they might be.This conventional wisdom is false. When the UK Parliament first codified the doctrine of fair use eleven decades ago, it had no intention to restrict or limit its application, adaptation and adjustment by the courts. The UK Parliament (and presumably the legislators of other Commonwealth countries that enacted copyright statutes based on the UK Act) sought to codify a principle, an open, flexible, and general standard, not precise rules, and had no intention to prevent its application to purposes beyond those specifically mentioned in the statute. Unfortunately, the English courts, in a series of early post-codification failed to recognize this point have sentenced fair dealing to a hundred years of stagnation. Fortunately, at the turn of the twenty-first century the Supreme Court of Canada declined to follow that restrictive path. The Canadian Parliament’s decision to explicitly recognize additional purposes in 2012 and add other specific exceptions moves Canadian law in the same direction. The Court’s rulings and Parliament’s action have entrenched fair dealing and provided a necessary correction that allows fair dealing to resume the role it was always supposed to play. Yet, if conventional wisdom is correct, some uses, present or future, are still categorically excluded. This is not a recipe for progress. In a legal environment that outlaws novel ways of using, reusing and disseminating works outright, fewer new forms of expression will emerge. Fortunately, there is no serious indication that Parliament intended to so restrict the application of fair dealing when it codified it, and there are very good reasons—as a matter of statutory interpretation and policy—contradicting the view that it did have such intention. This chapter, adapted from an earlier piece written in 2013, explains those reasons, and includes additional evidence beyond those discussed in the earlier piece. It debunks the Fair Use vs. Fair Dealing myth and shows that an open, flexible, and general fair dealing is already here. It always has been.
Review of The Snail Darter and the Dam: How Pork-Barrel Politics Endangered a Little Fish and Killed a River
Authors: Keele Benjamin John
Published: July 2018

Keele, B. J. (2014). Review of The Snail Darter and the Dam: How Pork-Barrel Politics Endangered a Little Fish and Killed a River. Law Library Journal 106(4), 614-616
A Temporary and Fond Farewell to the Edwin Dawson Rare Book Room
Authors: Cadmus Femi
Published: July 2018

Over the years, the Cornell Law Library's Edwin S. Dawson Rare Book Room has witnessed numerous open houses, exhibits, class lectures, and even the exchange of marriage vows between two Law faculty (Professors Emily L. Sherwin and Kevin M. Clermont)
Big Data’s Other Privacy Problem
Authors: Grimmelmann James
Published: July 2018

Chapter in:Big Data, Big Challenges for Evidence-Based Policy Making 211 (Kumar Jayasuria & Kathryn Ritcheske eds., West Academic 2015) (page proof PDF)
Review of War Powers: The Politics of Constitutional Authority
Authors: Keele Benjamin John
Published: July 2018

Keele B. J. (2015). Review of War Powers: The Politics of Constitutional Authority. International Journal of Legal Information 43(2-3), 442-443.
Is Zero Disarmament Possible? Multilateralism and Nuclear Arms Control Treaties
Authors: Morris P. Sean
Published: July 2018

This article concerns two Cold War treaties on nuclear nonproliferation and arms control and whether the success of one treaty can be instrumental in leading to the reduction of nuclear weapons. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) have been essential to world peace. Although it might be impossible to envisage a world free of nuclear weapons, the post-Cold War nuclear posture requires multilateral engagement to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons technology and treaties such as the NPT can be amended to include the INF treaty and therefore lead to further nuclear disarmament. This is because the NPT treaty has been granted indefinite extension and the INF treaty has been one of the success stories in nuclear disarmament and that success should be further built upon. The paper is not an exhaustive discussion of the nuclear treaties regime—rather the arguments and policy prescription in the paper are illustrative.
Rewriting Fair Use and the Future of Copyright Reform
Authors: Madison Michael J
Published: July 2018

This Essay describes a social practices approach to the production of creative expression, as a construct to guide reform of copyright law. Specifically, it reimagines copyright's fair use doctrine by basing its statutory text explicitly on social practices. It argues that the social practices approach is consistent with the historical development of the fair use doctrine and with the policy goals of copyright law, and that the approach should be recognized in the text of the statute as well as in judicial applications of fair use.
The Structure of Federal Public Defense: A Call for Independence
Authors: Patton David E.
Published: July 2018

102 Cornell L. Rev. 335 (2017)Independence is a foundational requirement for any good system of public criminal defense. The Constitution guarantees anyone charged with a crime the right to a defense attorney regardless of ability to pay, and that attorney has the ethical obligation to provide a zealous defense, free from any conflicting outside influence. And yet the system of federal public defense is funded, managed, and supervised by the very judges in front of whom defenders must vigorously defend their clients. The arrangement creates serious constitutional, ethical, and policy problems. This Article proposes a solution: an independent federal defense agency. The agency proposed, the Center for Federal Public Defense (CFPD), would administer federal defenders’ offices, manage the system of appointed private attorneys, and seek funding from Congress for indigent defense services.The Article places the discussion of the proposed organization in the context of other independent agencies that do not fit neatly into a single branch of government, sometimes described as “boundary organizations.” In many ways, federal public defense is ideally suited for placement outside of the formal branches of government. Many congressionally created independent organizations are structurally problematic because of separation-of-powers concerns that arise from the agencies’ enforcement or rulemaking authority. Federal public defense attorneys, however, neither make rules nor enforce them. And because of the nature of their work, they legitimately require insulation from direct government control — including from the Judiciary. In a criminal justice system that relies on its adversarial nature to function properly, it would be inconceivable to have judges decide who is hired in a prosecutor’s office, how much they should be paid, or how and whether prosecutors should investigate individual cases. It would be equally problematic to have the Judiciary act as the voice of the Department of Justice in Congress when explaining resource needs and seeking appropriations. And yet the Judiciary currently does all of those things with respect to the defense function. It should not, and the fix is straightforward: the creation of an independent defender organization.
The Pre-Furman Juvenile Death Penalty in South Carolina: Young Black Life Was Cheap
Authors: Johnson Sheri Lynn , Blume John H. , Freedman Hannah L.
Published: July 2018

68 South Carolina Law Review 331 (2017)Capital punishment in this country, and in South Carolina, has its roots in racial subjugation, stereotype, and animosity. The extreme disparities we report here have dampened due to the combined effects of decreasing levels of open racial antagonism, the reforms of the modem death penalty, including categorical exemptions for juveniles and person with intellectual disabilities and prohibition of the imposition of the death penalty for the crime of rape, and the (small) increase in diversity in capital juries. But dampened does not mean eradicated. Significant disparities in the administration of capital punishment persist today. The color of a defendant's skin (and the color of the victim's skin) are still the strongest predictors of whether capital punishment will be south and imposed. No less neutral an authority than the Government Accounting Office has concluded that in studies of capital punishment, findings of statistically significant racial disparity, particularly race of victim disparity, are ubiquitous. Similarly, while gross racial stereotyping and animosity is less common in modern death penalty cases, some instances still occur, and many, many cases involve only slightly disguised racism on the part of judges, jurors, prosecutors, and defense counsel.To imagine that a punishment whose history is so steeped in racism can ever be administered in a race neutral way is more than color blindness, and more than wishful thinking; it is willful blindness.
The Return of Coverture
Authors: Tait Allison Anna
Published: July 2018

Once, the notion that husbands and wives were equal partners in marriage seemed outlandish and unnatural. Today, the marriage narrative has been reversed and the prevailing attitude is that marriage has become an increasingly equitable institution. This is the story that Justice Kennedy told in Obergefell v. Hodges, in which he described marriage as an evolving institution that has adapted in response to social change such that discriminatory marriage rules no longer apply. Coverture exemplifies this change: marriage used to be deeply shaped by coverture rules and now it is not. While celebrating the demise of coverture, however, the substantive image of marriage that Justice Kennedy set forth subconsciously uses conventional, historical tropes that construct marriage as a relationship of hierarchy, gender differentiation, and female disempowerment. In this Essay, I describe the ways in which Justice Kennedy used coverture as a positive example of marriage transformation while simultaneously invoking coverture ideals to inform his portrayal of marriage as a fundamental building block of government, the keystone of civil society, and a transcendental, lifelong commitment.
Law Libraries as Publishers: Producing Articles Instead of Issues
Authors: Keele Benjamin John
Published: July 2018

Benjamin J. Keele, Law Libraries as Publishers: Producing Articles Instead of Issues, ALL-SIS Newsletter 36(2), 17 (2017).
Real + Imaginary = Complex: Toward a Better Property Course
Authors: Grimmelmann James
Published: July 2018

“Property” in most law schools means real property: the dense, illogical, and special-purpose body of land law. But this is wrong: property also comes in personal, intangible, and intellectual flavors—all of them more important to modern lawyers than land. Real property is deeply unrepresentative of property law, and focusing our teaching on it sells the subject short. A better property course would fully embrace these other forms of property as real property’s equals. Escaping the traditional but labyrinthine classifications of real property frees teachers to bring out the underlying conceptual coherence and unity of property law. The resulting course is easier to teach, more enjoyable for students, and more relevant to legal practice. There is no excuse not to switch.
Debate
Authors: Primus Richard , Serkin Christopher , Stack Kevin M. , Tebbe Nelson
Published: July 2018

Do lawyers and judges use distinctive arguments when they interpret the Constitution? Should they? In a 2016 article, Is the Constitution Special?, Christopher Serkin and Nelson Tebbe argued that professionals do in fact interpret the Constitution differently from other sources of law, and they questioned the accepted justifications for that difference. Subsequently, the editors of the Cornell Law Review asked Richard Primus and Kevin Stack to respond to the article. The result is this “Debate,” which features several rounds of short responses, published together in the print edition. This format reveals disagreements among the authors about whether the Constitution is and should be interpreted distinctively, how the category “constitutional law” shifts over time, and how the Constitution’s mythic cultural status informs these questions. But it also uncovers much common ground, including a new way of understanding and debating the distinctiveness of constitutional interpretation. The authors conclude by considering what can be done to reduce some of the dangers that commonly accompany constitutional discourse.102 Cornell L. Rev. 1649 (2017)
What Is Meant by Freedom?
Authors: Callister Paul Douglas
Published: July 2018

Freedom is overlooked as a legal and social concept, with few attempts to define it. Lon Fuller articulated the critical question about freedom: “How can the freedom of human beings be affected or advanced by social arrangement, that is by laws, customs, institutions, or other forms of social order that can be changed or preserved by purposive human actions?” Freedom needs to be defined in the context of this question—as an ideal to be advanced by our social institutions, laws, and customs. The article first begins with a framework for freedom established by Lon Fuller in a neglected article which emphasized "freedom to" rather than "freedom from." The article then posits that freedom is a certain kind of relationship that exists between individuals and their kin, tribe, religious society, city, state, sovereign, or other body politic under conditions in which (1) such body is subject to the rule of law with real checks on power such that legal standards be general, promulgated, clear, prospective, consistent, satisfiable, stable and applied; (2) there exists democratic and representative government at all pertinent levels of community in which the individual is engaged and by which arrangements the individual's actions may from time to time be legitimately directed; (3) fundamental human rights are not only expressed in the constitution and law, but operate as trumps on the will of the majority or sovereign; and(4) the general welfare or social justice is sufficiently observed that the exercise of fundamental rights and privileges is meaningful, but such rights and privileges are not suppressed by attempts to serve general welfare or social justice. Each of these four “modalities” is explored in turn. The article also applies concepts of law as social planning from Yale Professor Scott Shapiro's new book, Legality, to affirm the role of government to enhance choice and individual freedom. In its truest sense, freedom is similar to citizenship, with both attendant rights and obligations. Forthcoming in Pace Law Review 37.2 (2017)
Reading Amendments and Expansions of Title VII Narrowly
Authors: Chambers Henry L.
Published: July 2018

Throughout Title VII’s history, Congress has amended and expanded Title VII. Often, the Supreme Court has read such amendments and expansions narrowly, even as it generally reads Title VII broadly or narrowly depending on the case before it. The Court’s approach to Title VII expansions may merely indicate that the Court believes that such statutory alterations should be read only as broadly as necessary to effectuate their purposes. However, regardless of why the Court has interpreted these expansions narrowly, that the Court has done so suggests that Congress ought to consider carefully how it amends or expands Title VII in the future. This brief Essay examines how the Court has interpreted various amendments and expansions of Title VII and suggests that Congress will need to be very careful in how it expands Title VII to cover additional demographic characteristics and protect employees against all instances of discrimination Congress intends to ban. The Court’s interpretations may have implications for the legislation like the proposed Employment Non-Discrimination Act (“ENDA”), which expands Title VII’s coverage to sexual orientation and gender identity. Part I of this Essay discusses how the Court has interpreted Title VII’s motivating factor test, which Congress installed as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (“1991 Act”). Part II discusses how the Court has interpreted Title VII’s disparate impact cause of action, also part of the 1991 Act. Part III discusses how the Court has addressed the reasonable accommodation requirement in Title VII religion cases, which Congress installed through its 1972 Amendments to Title VII. Part IV discusses how the Court has interpreted pregnancy discrimination under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978,3 which amended Title VII.
Splitting Hairs: What Subtle Distinctions Teach Us About Authority
Authors: Keele Benjamin John
Published: July 2018

Keele, B. J. (2011). Splitting hairs: What subtle distinctions teach us about authority. AALL Spectrum, 16(3), 14-16.
Constructing Commons in the Cultural Environment
Authors: Madison Michael J , Frischmann Brett M. , Strandburg Katherine J.
Published: July 2018

This Essay considers the problem of understanding intellectual sharing/pooling arrangements and the construction of cultural commons arrangements. We argue that an adaptation of the approach pioneered by Elinor Ostrom and collaborators to commons arrangements in the natural environment may provide a template for the examination of constructed commons in the cultural environment. The approach promises to lead to a better understanding of how participants in commons and pooling arrangements structure their interactions in relation to the environment(s) within which they are embedded and with which they share interdependent relationships. Such an improved understanding is critical for obtaining a more complete perspective on intellectual property doctrine and its interactions with other legal and social mechanisms of governing creativity and innovation. We propose an initial framework for evaluating and comparing the contours of different pooling arrangements with an eye toward developing an understanding of the institutional and structural differences across arrangements and industries as well as the underlying contextual reasons for such differences. The proposed approach would draw upon case studies from a wide range of disciplines. Among other things, we argue that a theoretical approach to cultural constructed commons should consider rules pertaining to membership criteria, contribution and use of pooled resources, internal licensing conditions, management of external relationships, and institutional forms along with the degree of collaboration among members, sharing of human capital, degrees of integration among participants, and whether there is a specified purpose to the arrangement.
Creative Reading (2007)
Authors: Litman Jessica
Published: July 2018

In this short essay, a comment on Rebecca Tushnet’s Payment in Credit: Copyright Law and Subcultural Creativity, 70 Law & Contemporary Problems 133 (2007), I argue that scholars have undervalued the copyright interests of readers, listeners and viewers. Contemporary scholarship ignores the central importance of audience interests in the copyright scheme; it treats the question of whether a use of copyrighted material should be lawful almost entirely by adopting the viewpoint of the copyright owner. Yet a copyright law designed to encourage creativity in the production and dissemination of works of authorship should also encourage creativity in the works’ enjoyment. Copyright experts have focused so much attention on giving copyright owners tools to prevent infringement that we have lost sight of the need to maintain historical copyright liberties that have traditionally given readers, listeners, and viewers the freedom to enjoy works of authorship.The essay was published in 2007 in volume 70 of Law & Contemporary Problems as part of a symposium on Cultural Environmentalism @ 10.
Regulating Markets for Gestational Care: Comparative Perspectives on Surrogacy in the United States and India
Authors: Kalantry Sital
Published: July 2018

There are many jurisdictions in the world where there is no legislation or case law that addresses surrogacy. In those jurisdictions, people freely enter into contracts for the sale and purchase of gestational care (defined below). Eighteen U.S. states and India, as well as at least forty countries, have no legislation or case law that permits, prohibits, or regulates surrogacy. This regulatory lacuna typically occurs either because of a failure to reach a consensus on legislation about the issue or sheer neglect of it.
The Chains of the Constitution and Legal Process in the Library: A Post-USA Patriot Re-Authorization Act Assessment
Authors: Nevelow Mart Susan
Published: July 2018

[first paragraph] "In questions of power, then, let no more be heard of confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the chains of the Constitution."The forms of legal process authorized by the USA PATRIOT Act, as they apply to library patron information, implicate both First Amendment and Fourth Amendment values. Seizing evidence of what a person is thinking about by looking at what he or she is reading or perusing on the Internet is inimical to both of these tenets of the Bill of Rights. Librarians have been among the strongest critics of the USA PATRIOT Act's incursions into this realm of intellectual freedom. And the government has heaped scorn on librarians for their opposition. But librarians do not oppose law enforcement's legitimate efforts to fight terrorism through the use of legal process in libraries; what librarians oppose is government fishing expeditions directed at the content of what people read or access in the library. There is a balance that can easily be maintained between law enforcement's access to library records and the protection of library patrons' civil liberties. The USA PATRIOT Act upsets that balance.
Childcare Market Failure
Authors: Harbach Meredith J
Published: July 2018

In the United States,family law norms and childcare policy have long reflected the view that childcare is a private,family matter. But childcare has crossed the private-public divide. In the absence of parents at home providing care, a substantial childcare market has emerged. And that market is failing. Our law, policy, and legal scholarship have yet to recognize and account for this new reality. This Article confronts the problem on its own terms, using economic analysis to diagnose our childcare crisis as a market failure,and makes the case for more active and explicit government intervention in the childcare market. Economic theory not only helps us understand why the market is failing, but also recommends specific law and policy levers-subsidies, regulation, and information-to mitigate market failure, enabling us to craft more responsive reforms. In the end,the market lens shifts our focus from what is private about caring for children to what is public about it. From this vantage point, the Article makes plain that our childcare market is too big- and too important to fail.
税負担を測るいくつかの尺度について / On Some Scales That Measure Tax Burden
Authors: Tominaga Kazuto
Published: July 2018

In the traditional economics, the amount of tax burden borne by a private economic entity seems to have been measured as the decrease, due to the taxation, of money that finally remains at hand of the entity. Discussions on the Japanese Consumption Tax are also based on the same notion; if a business paying the tax can raise the selling price of a product or service by the tax amount, it is regarded as being spared of the tax burden. Nevertheless, from the business's viewpoint, raising the selling price requires effort so should be regarded as burden, which cannot be recognized by the traditional scale of tax burden based on income and expenses. The author demonstrated in a previous study that two different scales, namely, legal and earning ones, can determine the amount of burdens that are not perceivable by the traditional scale. This paper elaborates the significance of those scales and discusses their usefulness.税により民間の経済主体が被る負担の大きさは，経済学では伝統的に，経済主体の手元に最終的に残る金額が課税の影響によって減少する，その減少額として見定められてきたと思われる。わが国の消費税についての議論もこの考え方に基づいており，消費税の納税義務を負う企業が，税額分だけ売値を引き上げられれば，その企業の負担はなくなると見なされる。しかしながら企業の立場からは，売値の引き上げは努力を要するため，負担であると見なされてよいはずである。この負担は，伝統的な負担の尺度（損益負担）によって見定めることができない。それとは異なる2つの尺度（法的負担と稼得負担）を利用することで，損益負担によって捉えられない負担を見定めうることを筆者は以前に示した。本稿では，これらの尺度の意味をより詳細に検討し，尺度としてのそれらの有効性について議論する。
The Invention of Common Law Play Right
Authors: Litman Jessica
Published: July 2018

In this paper, written for Berkeley’s symposium on the 300th birthday of the Statute of Anne, I explore the history of the common law public performance right in dramatic works. Eaton Drone dubbed the dramatic public performance right “playright” in his 1879 treatise, arguing that just as “copyright” conferred a right to make and sell copies, “playright” conferred a right to perform or “play” a script. I examine case law and customary theatrical practice in England, and find no trace of a common law play right before 1833, when Parliament established a statutory public performance right for plays. Similarly, in the United States, the first claims of a common law right to control public performances appeared only after Congress enacted a statutory dramatic public performance right in 1856. Courts and lawyers developed a common law literary property right to control public performances in order to permit the proprietors of dramatic works to recover even though there were formal defects in their U.S. copyright registrations. Eaton Drone then used those cases as a basis for embroidering a full-blown common law literary property right purportedly based in natural law. Courts adopted Drone’s version of common law play right and followed it for the next thirty years. (The breadth of the common law claim, however, made little difference to actual playwrights, who were deemed to have assigned their common law rights to the producers of their plays.) This history suggests that the rights that we perceive as inherent or natural are fundamentally contingent on what rights already have names and a path to enforcement.
A Time-Limit Running Wild? Article 39(2) CISG and Domestic Limitation Periods
Authors: Schroeter Ulrich G.
Published: July 2018

Mads Bryde Andersen & René Franz Henschel (eds.), A tribute to Joseph M. Lookofsky, Copenhagen: Djøf Publishing (2015), 335-362Article 39(2) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 11 April 1980 (CISG) imposes a cut-off period on the buyer's remedies for the delivery of non-conforming goods, depriving the buyer of all remedies under the CISG if he has not given notice of non-conformity to the seller within two years after the goods were handed over.Despite the fact that the CISG contains no rules on the limitation of actions (prescription), courts in various jurisdictions have held that Article 39(2) CISG preempts the application of limitation periods under domestic laws that are shorter than two years. The present article challenges this approach and argues that the prevailing interpretation of Article 39(2) CISG misunderstands the provision's purpose. If construed correctly, no conflict exists between the CISG's two-year cut-off rule and shorter domestic limitation periods.
Evaluating the Work of Judges
Authors: Hook Peter A.
Published: July 2018

This chapter reviews the metrics, empirical observations, and computational techniques used to measure the impact of one court on another and one jurist on another, as well as the general level of agreement of jurists within multi-member courts from year to year, term to term, or when the court experiences turnover in membership. It is intended to build upon Shapiro’s (1992) initial effort to expose the scientometric community to metric work, both conventional and alternative, being done by legal academics and political scientists. The studies surveyed, as well as the original contributions made, are built upon a long history of explicit, systematized citation and indicia of opinion agreement in legal systems. Published as (and cite to): Hook, P. A. (2014). Evaluating the Work of Judges. In B. Cronin & C. R. Sugimoto (Eds.), Beyond bibliometrics: Harnessing multidimensional indicators of scholarly impact (pp. 345-364). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Telescoping and Collectivizing Religious Free Exercise Rights
Authors: Chambers Henry L.
Published: July 2018

If courts are willing to expand religious liberty so that people may be allowed to choose-on the basis of their own religious beliefs-whether certain laws will apply to non-religious entities they create, those courts should take that step very carefully. This Paper explores the issue and pro- ceeds as follows. Part I discusses three recent Supreme Court cases that il- luminate the telescoping and the collectivization of free exercise rights. Part II considers problems that accompany telescoping and collectivizing free exercise rights. Part III suggests how courts should critically evaluate the telescoping and collectivizing of free exercise rights. This Paper con- cludes with a warning about the danger that can accompany insufficient consideration of the telescoping and collectivizing of free exercise rights through entities.
Indigenous Peoples and the Jurisgenerative Moment in Human Rights
Authors: RIley Angela R. , Carpenter Kristen
Published: July 2018

As indigenous peoples have become actively engaged in the human rights movement around the world, the sphere of international law, once deployed as a tool of imperial power and conquest, has begun to change shape. Increasingly, international human rights law serves as a basis for indigenous peoples’ claims against states and even influences indigenous groups’ internal processes of decolonization and revitalization. Empowered by a growing body of human rights instruments, some as embryonic as the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), indigenous peoples are embracing a global “human rights culture” to articulate rights ranging from individual freedom and equality to collective self-determination, property, and culture. Accordingly, this Essay identifies and provides an account of what we see as an unprecedented, but decidedly observable, phenomenon: the current state of indigenous peoples’ rights—manifesting in tribal, national, and international legal systems—reflects the convergence of a set of dynamic, mutually reinforcing conditions. The intersection of the rise of international human rights with paradigm shifts in postcolonial theory has, we argue, triggered a “jurisgenerative moment” in indigenous rights. Bringing indigenous norms and values to their advocacy, indigenous peoples have worked to assert their voices in, and indeed to influence, the human rights movement. Indigenous peoples are now using the laws and language of human rights, shaped by indigenous experiences, not only to engage states but also as a tool of internal reform in tribal governance. This is, in our view, a jurisgenerative moment in indigenous rights—a moment when both the concept and practice of human rights have the potential to become more capacious and reflect the ways that individuals and peoples around the globe live, and want to live, today.Published: Angela R. Riley and Kristen A. Carpenter, "Indigenous Peoples and the Jurisgenerative Moment in Human Rights," 102 California Law Review 173 (2014).
Information Privacy/Information Property (2000)
Authors: Litman Jessica
Published: July 2018

From most objective standpoints, protecting information privacy though industry self-regulation is an abject failure. The current political climate has been hostile to proposals for meaningful privacy regulation. Privacy advocates have been casting around for some third alternative and a number of them have fastened on the idea that data privacy can be cast as a property right. People should own information about themselves, and, as owners of property, should be entitled to control what is done with it. The essay explores that proposal. I review the recent enthusiasm for protecting data privacy as if it were property, and identify some of the reasons for its appeal. I examine the model and conclude that a property rights approach would be unlikely to improve matters; indeed, it would tend to encourage the market in personal data rather than constraining it. After critiquing the property model, I search for a different paradigm, and explore the possibility that tort law might support a workable approach to data privacy. Current law does not provide a tort remedy for invasion of data privacy, but there are a number of different strands in tort jurisprudence that might be extended to encompass one. In particular, a rubric based loosely on breach of confidence might persuade courts to recognize at least limited data privacy rights. I conclude, however, that while the tort solution is preferable to a property rights approach, it is likely to offer only modest protection. Common law remedies are by their nature incremental, and achieving widespread adoption of novel common law causes of action is inevitably a slow process. Even established common law remedies, moreover, are vulnerable to statutory preemption. Although a rash of state tort law decisions protecting data privacy might supply the most compelling impetus to federal regulation we are likely to achieve, the resulting protection scheme is unlikely to satisfy those of us who believe that data privacy is worth protecting.This article was published in the Stanford Law Review in 2000.
War and Peace: The 34th Annual Donald C. Brace Lecture
Authors: Litman Jessica
Published: July 2018

This paper is a near-verbatim text of lecture delivered in April 2005 to the members of the Copyright Society of the USA and published in the Journal of the Copyright Society in October 2005. In the lecture I talk about what has been called a copyright war, comparing it to actual military wars, and I offer some suggestions about what it would take to make a workable peace.