bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex role similarity and sexual selection predict male and female song elaboration and dimorphism in fairy‐wrens
Authors: Odom Karan J. , Cain Kristal E. , Hall Michelle L. , Langmore Naomi E. , Mulder Raoul A. , Kleindorfer Sonia , Karubian Jordan , Brouwer Lyanne , Enbody Erik D. , Jones John Anthony , Dowling Jenélle L. , Leitão Ana V. , Greig Emma I. , Evans Christine , Johnson Allison E. , Meyers Kimberley K.‐A. , Araya‐Salas Marcelo , Webster Michael S.
Published: December 2021

Historically, bird song complexity was thought to evolve primarily through sexual selection on males; yet, in many species, both sexes sing and selection pressure on both sexes may be broader. Previous research suggests competition for mates and resources during short, synchronous breeding seasons leads to more elaborate male songs at high, temperate latitudes. Furthermore, we expect male–female song structure and elaboration to be more similar at lower, tropical latitudes, where longer breeding seasons and year‐round territoriality yield similar social selection pressures in both sexes. However, studies seldom take both types of selective pressures and sexes into account. We examined song in both sexes in 15 populations of nine‐fairy‐wren species (Maluridae), a Southern Hemisphere clade with female song. We compared song elaboration (in both sexes) and sexual song dimorphism to latitude and life‐history variables tied to sexual and social selection pressures and sex roles. Our results suggest that song elaboration evolved in part due to sexual competition in males: male songs were longer than female songs in populations with low male survival and less male provisioning. Also, female songs evolved independently of male songs: female songs were slower paced than male songs, although only in less synchronously breeding populations. We also found male and female songs were more similar when parental care was more equal and when male survival was high, which provides strong evidence that sex role similarity correlates with male–female song similarity. Contrary to Northern Hemisphere latitudinal patterns, male and female songs were more similar at higher, temperate latitudes. These results suggest that selection on song can be sex specific, with male song elaboration favored in contexts with stronger sexual selection. At the same time, selection pressures associated with sex role similarity appear to favor sex role similarity in song structure.
Diversity of European habitat types is correlated with geography more than climate and human pressure
Authors: Cervellini Marco , Di Musciano Michele , Zannini Piero , Fattorini Simone , Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Agrillo Emiliano , Attorre Fabio , Angelini Pierangela , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Casella Laura , Field Richard , Fischer Jan‐Christopher , Genovesi Piero , Hoffmann Samuel , Irl Severin D. H. , Nascimbene Juri , Rocchini Duccio , Steinbauer Manuel , Vetaas Ole R. , Chiarucci Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Habitat richness, that is, the diversity of ecosystem types, is a complex, spatially explicit aspect of biodiversity, which is affected by bioclimatic, geographic, and anthropogenic variables. The distribution of habitat types is a key component for understanding broad‐scale biodiversity and for developing conservation strategies. We used data on the distribution of European Union (EU) habitats to answer the following questions: (i) how do bioclimatic, geographic, and anthropogenic variables affect habitat richness? (ii) Which of those factors is the most important? (iii) How do interactions among these variables influence habitat richness and which combinations produce the strongest interactions? The distribution maps of 222 terrestrial habitat types as defined by the Natura 2000 network were used to calculate habitat richness for the 10 km × 10 km EU grid map. We then investigated how environmental variables affect habitat richness, using generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and boosted regression trees. The main factors associated with habitat richness were geographic variables, with negative relationships observed for both latitude and longitude, and a positive relationship for terrain ruggedness. Bioclimatic variables played a secondary role, with habitat richness increasing slightly with annual mean temperature and overall annual precipitation. We also found an interaction between anthropogenic variables, with the combination of increased landscape fragmentation and increased population density strongly decreasing habitat richness. This is the first attempt to disentangle spatial patterns of habitat richness at the continental scale, as a key tool for protecting biodiversity. The number of European habitats is related to geography more than climate and human pressure, reflecting a major component of biogeographical patterns similar to the drivers observed at the species level. The interaction between anthropogenic variables highlights the need for coordinated, continental‐scale management plans for biodiversity conservation.
Avian disease surveillance on the island of San Cristóbal, Galápagos
Authors: Lynton‐Jenkins Joshua G. , Russell Andrew F. , Chaves Jaime , Bonneaud Camille
Published: December 2021

Endemic island species face unprecedented threats, with many populations in decline or at risk of extinction. One important threat is the introduction of novel and potentially devastating diseases, made more pressing due to accelerating global connectivity, urban development, and climatic changes. In the Galápagos archipelago two important wildlife diseases: avian pox (Avipoxvirus spp.) and avian malaria (Plasmodium spp. and related Haemosporidia) challenge endemic species. San Cristóbal island has seen a paucity of disease surveillance in avian populations, despite the island's connectedness to the continent and the wider archipelago. To survey prevalence and better understand the dynamics of these two diseases on San Cristóbal, we captured 1205 birds of 11 species on the island between 2016 and 2020. Study sites included urban and rural lowland localities as well as rural highland sites in 2019. Of 995 blood samples screened for avian haemosporidia, none tested positive for infection. In contrast, evidence of past and active pox infection was observed in 97 birds and identified as strains Gal1 and Gal2. Active pox prevalence differed significantly with contemporary climatic conditions, being highest during El Niño events (~11% in 2016 and in 2019 versus <1% in the La Niña year of 2018). Pox prevalence was also higher at urban sites than rural (11% to 4%, in 2019) and prevalence varied between host species, ranging from 12% in medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) to 4% in Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechial aureola). In the most common infected species (Small Ground Finch: Geospiza fuliginosa), birds recovered from pox had significantly longer wings, which may suggest a selective cost to infection. These results illustrate the threat future climate changes and urbanization may present in influencing disease dynamics in the Galápagos, while also highlighting unknowns regarding species‐specific susceptibilities to avian pox and the transmission dynamics facilitating outbreaks within these iconic species.
Synthesis and Applications of Ferrocene‐Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Bernardo Olaya , González‐Pelayo Silvia , López Luis A.
Published: December 2021

The marriage of heterocyclic compounds with ferrocene has proven to be an extremely fruitful field of research. In fact, in the last years, several ferrocene‐embedded heterocyclic compounds have been reported. In some cases, the synergistic combination of the properties of the heterocyclic and metallacyclic motifs provides to the fused systems interesting applications. This Review summarizes the major advances in the synthesis of ferrocene‐fused nitrogen heterocyclic compounds and their applications, particularly in asymmetric catalysis.
Synthesis of 2‐Benzyl‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalenes via Oxidative Radical Opening/Cyclization of Methylenecyclopropanes with Potassium Benzyltrifluoroborates
Authors: Nie Yu , Cheng Li , Chen Lihui , Li Zhongxian , Leng Yuting , Wu Junliang
Published: December 2021

A Copper‐catalyzed benzylation of methylenecyclopropanes with potassium benzyltrifluoroborate salts has been developed to produce 2‐benzyl‐3,4‐dihydronaphthalenes in moderate to good yields. This oxidative cyclization reaction proceeds well via a sequence of radical addition, ring‐opening, and cyclization. This protocol represents a new example of methylenecyclopropane oxidative cyclization and tolerates a diverse range of substrate.
The behavior of carboxylated and hydroxylated polythiophene as bioreceptor layer: Anti‐human IgG and human IgG interaction detection based on organic electrochemical transistors
Authors: Song Yunjia , Wagner Justine , Katz Howard E.
Published: December 2021

The sensing properties of poly 3‐(3‐carboxypropyl) thiophene‐2,5‐diyl (PT‐COOH) and hydroxylated polythiophene (PT‐OH) as bioreceptor layers were studied and are discussed in this paper. The polymer films cover the channel region of the OECT devices and anti‐human IgG was immobilized on the polymer films. We use threshold voltage (Vth) change as a sensing signal to detect the interaction between anti‐human IgG and human IgG. By adding different concentrations of human IgG, Vth difference can be observed on anti‐human IgG immobilized polymer films, with optimized detection from a blend of the two polymers. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurement was also done on the OECT devices based on the same anti‐human IgG and human IgG interaction pair to help us understand the mechanism behind the antibody functionalization and the interaction between antibody and antigen. Importantly, the observed positive OCP change for the PT‐OH system was self‐consistent with the negative OECT Vth change that was obtained, since the latter is applied to the gate while the former is measured at the channel.
Three‐component mathematics for students
Authors: Zhou Xinlin , Zeng Jieying
Published: December 2021

There has been a long‐standing debate on situational and symbolic mathematics, which is associated with how to design and execute mathematics education for all students. Brain studies can give some clues for how to deal with the debate. There are situational, verbalized, and visuospatial brain networks and the connectivity among the networks, which suggest the representation of mathematical knowledge should be situational, verbalized, and symbolic. Moreover, the representation should be mapped onto one another. Previous studies have shown the importance of situational and verbalized mathematics, but they are typically treated as preliminary and auxiliary introductions for formal symbolic mathematics. Each of the three mathematics types and their mapping would be the core learning goal in mathematics education.
Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography after full‐thickness bowel resection for rectosigmoid endometriosis: A multicentric experience with quantitative analysis
Authors: Raimondo Diego , Maletta Manuela , Malzoni Mario , Cosentino Francesco , Scambia Giovanni , Falcone Francesca , Coppola Marina , Turco Luigi C. , Borghese Giulia , Raffone Antonio , Casadio Paolo , Fabbri Claudio , Corsi Cristiana , Seracchioli Renato
Published: December 2021

Objective

To evaluate effectiveness and reproducibility of qualitative and quantitative near‐infrared indocyanine green (NIR‐ICG) analyses as a tool for anastomotic perfusion assessment after full‐thickness bowel resection for rectosigmoid endometriosis (RSE).

Methods

Symptomatic women with RSE undergoing minimally invasive full‐thickness surgical excision of RSE and NIR‐ICG evaluation from November 2019 to July 2020 were included. Study outcomes were the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative NIR‐ICG analyses in predicting bowel fistula and their reproducibility. NIR‐ICG predictive accuracy was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic curves with 95% confidence intervals (CI). NIR‐ICG reproducibility was assessed through Cohen's k coefficient to determine interoperator agreement between two observers.

Results

Of 33 patients, 2 (6%) developed bowel fistula. In predicting bowel fistula, qualitative and quantitative NIR‐ICG evaluations showed sensitivity of 100% and 100%, specificity of 71% and 93%, and area under the curve of 0.86 (95% CI 0.67–1.00) and 0.96 (95% CI 0–1.00), respectively. Regarding interoperator agreement rate, it was reported as excellent for the qualitative analysis and very good for the quantitative analysis.

Conclusion

Qualitative and quantitative NIR‐ICG evaluations might be effective and reproducible tools for anastomotic perfusion assessment after discoid or segmental resection for RSE. Quantitative evaluation might be even more effective than qualitative evaluation in predicting bowel fistula.
Drosophila as a model to study autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases and digestive tract
Authors: Tzou Fei‐Yang , Wen Jung‐Kun , Yeh Jui‐Yu , Huang Shu‐Yi , Chen Guang‐Chao , Chan Chih‐Chiang
Published: December 2021

Autophagy regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling cytosolic components and damaged organelles. Disruption of autophagic flux has been shown to induce or facilitate neurodegeneration and accumulation of autophagic vesicles is overt in neurodegenerative diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila has been used as a model system to identify new factors that regulate physiology and disease. Here we provide a historical perspective of how the fly models have offered mechanistic evidence to understand the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy, and polyglutamine disorders. Autophagy also plays a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and protecting organism health. The gastrointestinal tract regulates organism health by modulating food intake, energy balance, and immunity. Growing evidence is strengthening the link between autophagy and digestive tract health in recent years. Here, we also discuss how the fly models have advanced the understanding of digestive physiology regulated by autophagy.
A brief report on peer influence in group mentoring: A source of peer contagion or prosocial behavior change?
Authors: Joseph Hannah L. , Kuperminc Gabriel P.
Published: December 2021

Group mentoring programs foster supportive relationships and constructive feedback between mentors and peers. Given the power of peer influence to promote adaptive or harmful outcomes, it is important to evaluate peer influence in group mentoring. This study examined whether a history of negative behavior among peers in mentoring groups exacerbated individual participants' behavior problems. Using a sample of 239 ninth grade participants in a group mentoring program, multilevel regression assessed group‐level influence on suspensions and truancy using school administrative data records. The association between exposure to peers with a history of problem behaviors and outcomes did not reach statistical significance for either outcome. The results suggest that grouping youth with a history of poor attendance and suspensions did not inherently increase the risk for either outcome. Further evaluation of potential peer contagion effects and publication of nonsignificant results will help build literature to determine the likelihood of harmful outcomes for group mentoring.
Spatiotemporal water quality variability in a highly loaded surface flow wastewater treatment wetland
Authors: Hitchcock Daniel R. , Bell Natasha L. , Strosnider William , Smith Matt C.
Published: December 2021

This study evaluates spatiotemporal relationships between water quality parameters (WQPs), nutrients, suspended solids, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations within an engineered wastewater treatment wetland system in the Georgia Piedmont, USA. We explored factors related to treatment efficiency within a heavily loaded 630‐m2 surface flow wetland system over a 2‐yr period. Relationships between temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP) were observed; relationships were also seen between these WQPs and nutrient concentrations. Because temperature, DO, and ORP affect nitrogen (N) cycling rates, seasonal trends in N forms were evident in the system. Organic N and inorganic/organic phosphorus concentrations correlated with solids concentrations in the vegetated system without exhibiting seasonal trends. Surface water within the vegetated section generally exhibited anoxic conditions, leading to removal of nitrate‐N within the system; however, limited mineralization and nitrification occurred, which greatly limited overall N removal. Plant selection and lack of maintenance likely led to high solids and BOD contributions to treatment wetland surface water, which varied substantially between and along monitored transects. Because so few studies have investigated treatment dynamics within treatment wetland cells, focusing solely on influent/effluent characterization, radical spatiotemporal variability may be the norm as opposed to the commonly accepted assumptions of relatively uniform pollutant degradation across treatment wetland cells. This spatiotemporal variability in WQPs underscores the dynamic nature of treatment wetlands and the need for routine maintenance, including sludge removal and plant harvesting.
From lone wolves to members of the pack: Exploring interpersonal identity work within identity workspaces
Authors: Bertolotti Fabiola , Tagliaventi Maria Rita , Dosi Clio
Published: December 2021

Individuals can experience the urge to realize their desired work selves, inspired either by the “roads not taken” in the past or positive images of the self in the future. Based on a qualitative study of healthcare professionals working in Italian community hospitals, we develop a process model of how communities of individuals who are unable to enact their desired work selves in their current occupations create new entities to act as identity workspaces to host their identity work. They may do so even if they hold different desired work selves, engaging in interpersonal identity work. The processes of identity work and collective creation of an identity workspace are intertwined since the identity work of one individual is in an ongoing dynamic relation with the identity work of other individuals. People converge to play out their desired work selves in an identity workspace which is supportive. However, the heterogeneity of the desired work selves involved can lead to the individual's identity work encroaching on the identity work of the others, and this heterogeneity results in impasse. This impasse is resolved only when individuals engage in interpersonal identity work, through mutual exploration and enactment of expanded work selves in an enabling identity workspace.
Femoral antetorsion after calcar‐guided short‐stem total hip arthroplasty: A cadaver study
Authors: Hochreiter Josef , Böhm Gernot , Fierlbeck Johann , Anderl Conrad , Birke Marco , Münger Peter , Ortmaier Reinhold
Published: December 2021

Calcar‐guided short stems in total hip arthroplasty (THA) permit surgeons to successfully reconstruct postoperative femoroacetabular offset, accurately restore leg length, and adequately re‐establish a wide range of caput‐collum‐diaphyseal angles. However, their effect on femoral antetorsion is less known. Indeed, controlling antetorsion of the femoral stem can be challenging because of the differences in individual femoral geometry and curvature. Therefore, we investigated if calcar‐guided short‐stem THA alters femoral antetorsion and compared it with conventional‐stem THA. Using 12 Thiel‐fixed, full‐body cadaver specimens from donors without known hip disorders, we compared an uncemented calcar‐guided femoral short‐stem prosthesis with an uncemented conventional straight‐stem prosthesis. In a paired study setup, each specimen received a calcar‐guided short stem on one side and a conventional stem on the other. On the acetabular side, all specimens received a press‐fit, monobloc acetabular cup. Femoral antetorsion angles were measured using the Waidelich method, and pre‐ and post‐operative angles of both sides were recorded. The mean preoperative femoral antetorsion angles were similar in both groups (24.8°  ± 7.5° vs. 23.8° ± 6.1°, p = 0.313). Mean postoperative femoral antetorsion angles were 23.0° ± 5.5° in short‐stem and 13.5° ± 7.1° in conventional‐stem hips. Short‐stem hips had a small but nonsignificant difference in femoral antetorsion angles pre‐ and post‐operatively (1.8° ± 3.2°, p = 0.109), while the difference for conventional‐stem hips was much larger and highly significant (10.3° ± 5.8°, p < 0.001). Calcar‐guided short‐stem THA effectively restores femoral antetorsion. However, how this affects long‐term clinical outcomes and complications warrants further exploration.
Comparison of whole goat milk and its major fractions regarding the modulation of gut microbiota
Authors: Liu Yufang , Zhang Fuxin
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Goat milk can be important for human nutrition because of its nutritional value, which may be attributed to its richness in protein, lactose, fat, and other bioactive components. This study compared the diversity and composition of gut microbiota in response to whole goat milk and its major fractions (milk fat, casein, milk whey, whey protein, and whey supernatant). Goat milk, its major fractions, and sterile distilled water (for the control group) were administered to mice intragastrically, and gut microbiota were compared in these groups using metagenomic analysis.

RESULTS

We observed distinct patterns of gut microbiota from different diet groups. The sample distance heatmap showed that, compared with other goat milk fractions, gut microbiota in the casein group was more similar to that in the whole goat‐milk group. The relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus increased significantly after whole goat‐milk treatment; the milk whey fraction increased the abundance of Blautia; milk fat and milk whey related fractions treatment promoted the population of Bacteroides. The network analysis showed that genera Lactobacillus and Lactococcus were negatively associated with Helicobacter and Acinetobacter, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Fractions of goat milk could contain different gut microbiota from whole goat milk. Consumption of certain goat milk fractions could increase the ingestion of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. Our results could provide the basis for the research into and development of goat‐milk based functional foods. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ultrasound Measurement of Rectus Femoris Muscle Parameters for Discriminating Sarcopenia in Community‐Dwelling Adults
Authors: Chen Yen‐Lung , Liu Peng‐Ta , Chiang Huihua K. , Lee Si‐Huei , Lo Yen‐Li , Yang Yueh‐Cheng , Chiou Hong‐Jen
Published: December 2021

Objectives

Sarcopenia patients require more medical attention and caretaking. As such, early detection of sarcopenia and appropriate interventions are crucial for decreasing medical costs and meeting the challenges of aging populations. The aim of the present study was to develop a reliable and accurate model to estimate muscle mass using ultrasound‐derived parameters from the rectus femoris (RF), referenced by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study was performed. The study patients were recruited by Taipei Veterans General Hospital (No. 2016‐07‐013C) between 2016 and 2019. A total of 91 community‐dwelling adults (35 men and 56 women) were enrolled in this study. Ultrasound measurements of RF muscle thickness (MT), cross‐sectional area (CSA), and muscle volume (MV) were performed in B‐mode. Muscle strength and physical performance were also examined. Multivariate linear regression was used to build models for the prediction of appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) based on MT, CSA, and MV values. The accuracy of ultrasound RF measurements for predicting sarcopenia was evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

The regression equations used for ASMI prediction (adjusted body mass index, sex, and leg length) had high precision and low error. Moreover, the MV model results were close to those of the CSA model and higher than those of the MT model. The ROC analysis showed that both MV and CSA had excellent discrimination when assessing sarcopenia (AUC = 0.83 and 0.81, respectively), whereas MT showed acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.73).

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐derived RF MV was accurate when predicting ASMI and diagnosing sarcopenia in community‐dwelling adults.
Improving Survival of T3cN0M0 Glottic Squamous Cell Cancer With Elective Neck Dissection
Authors: Cai Zhimou , Chen Lin , Zhang Jingwei , Wen Yihui , Lei Wenbin
Published: December 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study aimed to elucidate the role of elective neck dissection (END) in improving the outcome of T3cN0M0 glottic squamous cell cancer (GSCC).

Study Design

Retrospective population‐based database analysis.

Methods

Patients with T3cN0M0 GSCC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER) were extracted and stratified into END and non‐END cohorts. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to eliminate the baseline variations. The Kaplan–Meier method was performed to access the association between END and survival.

Results

We retrospectively analyzed 1,589 T3cN0M0 GSCC patients in the SEER database from 2004 to 2015, and found that only 22% to 58% T3cN0M0 GSCC were performed with END. After PSM, END cohort had better overall survival (OS) (median survival time: 93 vs. 55 months, respectively; P = .0047) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29–0.77, P = .003) than non‐END cohort. In addition, Subgroup analysis also indicated END cohort had better OS or CSS than non‐END cohort.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that in patients with T3cN0M0 GSCC, END significantly associated with better survival outcomes compared with non‐END.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:1807–1816, 2022
Surface Characteristics of Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s from Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using All‐Atom Force Field
Authors: Lee Sanghun , Jeong Wonhee , Frank Curtis W. , Yoon Do Y.
Published: December 2021

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of melt films of poly(alkyl methacrylate)s (PAMAs) with methyl, ethyl, and n‐butyl substituents, respectively, have been performed using an all‐atom model to investigate their surface and thin film properties. The applied all‐atom force fields predict the bulk densities of PAMAs in good agreement with experiments. Moreover, predictions of the surface tensions of PMMA, PEMA, and Pn‐BMA melts are in reasonably good agreement with experiments. The density profiles and orientational‐order parameters of chain segments show atomic‐scale characteristics in the air/polymer interfacial region. In the surface region, the backbone segments of PAMAs form a well‐defined layer structure with the chain vectors oriented parallel to the surface, while the ester side‐chains strongly segregate to the surface region and show perpendicular orientation to the surface, with the most pronounced surface segregation noted for Pn‐BMA. Such surface segregations of chain segments make it difficult to apply a simple relationship between the cohesive energy density and the surface tension of polymers, for example, and should be taken into account in relating the surface/thin film characteristics to the bulk properties of polymers in general.
Nocturnal atmospheric conditions and their impact on air pollutant concentrations in the city of Stuttgart
Authors: Kiseleva Olga , Kalthoff Norbert , Adler Bianca , Kossmann Meinolf , Wieser Andreas , Rinke Rayk
Published: December 2021

Meteorological and air pollutant measurements were conducted in the area of Stuttgart during winter and summer seasons. Stuttgart is situated in moderate mountainous terrain in southwestern Germany. We focus on the connection between atmospheric conditions and air pollutants in the urban nocturnal boundary layer. This is done by relating the bulk Richardson number (Rib), turbulence intensity, cloudiness, and winds, as well as NOx and O3 data. Turbulence intensity is inversely related to Rib, with the lower values occurring at Rib >0.33. The coefficient of determination for the exponential regression is only moderate, which partly can be attributed to sporadic turbulence in the transition from dynamically unstable to stable flows. Dynamically unstable flows (Rib <0.33) occur frequently in winter, as a result of the presence of low‐level clouds and strong winds, supporting low buoyant suppression and strong shear generation of turbulence. Dynamically stable flows (Rib >1.25) are found preferably under clear skies in summer with the build‐up of strong surface inversions, so that buoyant suppression is strong and shear generation of turbulence is weak. The nocturnal NOx concentrations are positively correlated with Rib. The correlation is weak, which is mainly related to the large variability of air pollutant concentrations in a range around Rib = 0.33. In this range, many low‐level jets are present that can cause sporadic turbulent coupling between the atmosphere and the surface. Reduced mixing under dynamically stable flows causes NOx values about 3 times higher than under dynamically unstable flows. The overall lowest NOx concentrations occur during winter when low clouds and strong winds are present.
Limited evidence exists on determinants of physiotherapists' adherence to high value interventions in nonspecific low back pain management: A scoping review
Authors: Shah Sweni , Prakash V.
Published: December 2021

Background

Examining the emerging body of evidence investigating what drives physiotherapist's clinical decisions in the management of low back pain can guide future research into identifying barriers and facilitators of their adherence to evidence recommended interventions.

Objective

To establish the body of evidence regarding factors that improve or hinder physiotherapists' adherence to high‐value interventions on the management of non‐specific low back pain.

Design

Scoping review.

Methods

We conducted a Scoping review by searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases on 13 February 2021. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved literature and selected articles for inclusion. We included quantitative research that investigated an association between physiotherapists' personal characteristics or setting related characteristics with their clinical management of patients with non‐specific low back pain.

Results

Twelve studies reported in 13 publications were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in high‐income countries including, the United States, Canada and UK. Twenty‐six factors were investigated as potentially influencing physiotherapists' adherence to high value interventions in low back pain management. The most commonly examined physiotherapists' attributes were educational qualification that is postgraduate or certification course (58%, N = 7 studies), years of experience (41%, N = 5 studies), and beliefs and attitude about low back pain (41%, N = 5 studies). Work setting (N = 4) and workload (N = 3) were frequently investigated setting related factors.

Conclusion

Currently, there is limited evidence available to understand determinants controlling practice behaviours of physiotherapists' management of nonspecific low back pain. Future researches conceptualized within contemporary theories of clinician behaviour change and models of knowledge translation are needed.
Registration of ‘CP 12‐1417’ sugarcane for organic soils in Florida
Authors: Sandhu H. S. , Zhao D. , Davidson R. W. , Gordon V. S. , Islam M. S. , McCord P. H. , Sood S. , Baltazar M. , Arbelo O. Coto , Momotaz A.
Published: December 2021

‘CP 12‐1417’ (Reg. no. CV‐203, PI 698897) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was released in June 2019 for commercial cultivation on organic soil (Histosols) in Florida. CP 12‐1417 was developed through collaborative research conducted by the USDA‐ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, and it was released commercially by the Florida Sugarcane Variety Committee in June 2019. CP12‐1417 is the result of a cross CPX 09‐0511 made between CP 02‐2065 (female parent) and a collection of pollen donors (a polycross). Higher cane and sugar yields than the reference checks (‘CP 96‐1252’ with highest acreage in Florida and ‘CP 00‐1101’ with high sucrose concentration) in organic soil and complete or partial resistance to several important sugarcane diseases in Florida made CP 12‐1417 an ideal candidate for commercial release. Cane yield in CP 12‐1417 was 17 and 27% higher than in CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101, respectively. Similarly, sugar yield in CP 12‐1417 was 23 and 22% higher than in CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101, respectively. Economic index in CP 12‐1417 was 35 and 19% higher than in CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101, respectively. Based on natural infestation and artificial inoculation disease data, CP 12‐1417 is resistant to brown rust (tested positive for Bru1 marker), orange rust, leaf scald, and smut and moderately resistant to ratoon stunting disease, Sugarcane mosaic virus, and Sugarcane yellow leaf virus. CP 12‐1417 has poor freeze tolerance.
Distributed fault detection and isolation for power system
Authors: Liang Limei , Liu Shuai , Li Yueyang , Zhong Maiying , Li Yueying
Published: December 2021

In this article, a novel distributed fault detection and isolation method is proposed for large‐scale power system affected by additive type of faults and energy bounded disturbances. First, in order to design the local residual generators, a bank of Luenberger observers are designed to estimate the local states of the system, and the parameters of each local residual generator are determined by solving the corresponding optimization problem, which guarantees that the residual generator is sensitive to faults while robust to energy bounded disturbances. When the local residual exceeds the corresponding threshold, the occurrence of a fault in each agent is recognized. Then, for the case that power system with both process noises and measurement noises, the specific fault detection thresholds are designed with the aid of the Chebyshev inequality. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated via illustrative example.
How can Sentinel‐2 contribute to seagrass mapping in shallow, turbid Baltic Sea waters?
Authors: Kuhwald Katja , Schneider von Deimling Jens , Schubert Philipp , Oppelt Natascha
Published: December 2021

Seagrass meadows are one of the most important benthic habitats in the Baltic Sea. Nevertheless, spatially continuous mapping data of Zostera marina, the predominant seagrass species in the Baltic Sea, are lacking in the shallow coastal waters. Sentinel‐2 turned out to be valuable for mapping coastal benthic habitats in clear waters, whereas knowledge in turbid waters is rare. Here, we transfer a clear water mapping approach to turbid waters to assess how Sentinel‐2 can contribute to seagrass mapping in the Western Baltic Sea. Sentinel‐2 data were atmospherically corrected using ACOLITE and subsequently corrected for water column effects. To generate a data basis for training and validating random forest classification models, we developed an upscaling approach using video transect data and aerial imagery. We were able to map five coastal benthic habitats: bare sand (25 km²), sand dominated (16 km²), seagrass dominated (7 km²), dense seagrass (25 km²) and mixed substrates with red/ brown algae (3.5 km²) in a study area along the northern German coastline. Validation with independent data pointed out that water column correction does not significantly improve classification results compared to solely atmospherically corrected data (balanced overall accuracies ~0.92). Within optically shallow waters (0–4 m), per class and overall balanced accuracies (>0.82) differed marginally depending on the water depth. Overall balanced accuracy became worse (<0.8) approaching the border to optically deep water (~ 5 m). The spatial resolution of Sentinel‐2 (10–20 m) allowed delineating detailed spatial patterns of seagrass habitats, which may serve as a basis to retrieve spatially continuous data for ecologically relevant metrics such as patchiness. Thus, Sentinel‐2 can contribute unprecedented information for seagrass mapping between 0 and around 5 m water depths in the Western Baltic Sea.
Role of Interfacial Cu‐Ions in Polycrystalline Cu‐CeO2: In‐Situ Raman, In‐situ DRIFT and DFT Studies for Preferential Oxidation of CO in Presence of Excess H2**
Authors: Adak Shubhadeep , Pal Rohan Singh , Khan Tuhin Suvra , Poddar Mukesh Kumar , Ahmad Md. Sarfaraz , Prasad Vemulapalli V. D. N. , Haider Mohammad Ali , Bal Rajaram
Published: December 2021

In this work, we designed a polycrystalline Cu‐CeO2 catalyst with defect sites, and it has superior CO oxidation activity in presence of excess H2. The oxygen defects of Cu‐CeO2 influence the adsorption of unalike surface di‐oxygen types, and the catalyst was characterized through XRD (X‐Ray Diffraction) analysis, TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), in‐situ Raman spectroscopy, in‐situ DRIFT (Diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform) spectroscopy. TEM showed that CeO2(111) plane are the exposed plane for this reaction. Raman spectroscopy showed nature of the defects of the prepared catalyst and how it works in the reaction environment. In‐situ DRIFT spectroscopy showed that the Cu+↔Cu2+ system is working in this reaction environment. Role of interfacial Cu ions was confirmed by in‐situ DRIFT spectroscopy and DFT (Density functional theory) study.
Racemization of Enantiopure Alcohols Using Two Mutants of Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Musa Musa M.
Published: December 2021

Racemization of enantiopure alcohols is the key step to accomplish a dynamic kinetic resolution, and thus overcome the intrinsic drawback of 50 % yield with high enantioselectivity that is associated with kinetic resolution. Herein, the concurrent use of I86A and W110G mutants of Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (TeSADH) in racemization of enantiopure phenyl‐ring‐containing alcohols is reported. The efficiency of this bienzymatic racemization approach is also compared with that reported previously using W110G TeSADH and is marginally more efficient.
Distance and Potential Dependence of Charge Transport Through the Reaction Center of Individual Photosynthetic Complexes
Authors: López‐Ortiz Manuel , Zamora Ricardo A. , Giannotti Marina Inés , Hu Chen , Croce Roberta , Gorostiza Pau
Published: December 2021

Charge separation and transport through the reaction center of photosystem I (PSI) is an essential part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. A strategy is developed to immobilize and orient PSI complexes on gold electrodes allowing to probe the complex's electron acceptor side, the chlorophyll special pair P700. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) imaging and current–distance spectroscopy of single protein complex shows lateral size in agreement with its known dimensions, and a PSI apparent height that depends on the probe potential revealing a gating effect in protein conductance. In current–distance spectroscopy, it is observed that the distance‐decay constant of the current between PSI and the ECSTM probe depends on the sample and probe electrode potentials. The longest charge exchange distance (lowest distance‐decay constant β) is observed at sample potential 0 mV/SSC (SSC: reference electrode silver/silver chloride) and probe potential 400 mV/SSC. These potentials correspond to hole injection into an electronic state that is available in the absence of illumination. It is proposed that a pair of tryptophan residues located at the interface between P700 and the solution and known to support the hydrophobic recognition of the PSI redox partner plastocyanin, may have an additional role as hole exchange mediator in charge transport through PSI.
Perovskite Bifunctional Diode with High Photovoltaic and Electroluminescent Performance by Holistic Defect Passivation
Authors: Liu Zidan , Duan Chenghao , Liu Feng , Chan Christopher C. S. , Zhu Hepeng , Yuan Ligang , Li Jiong , Li Mingjie , Zhou Biao , Wong Kam Sing , Yan Keyou
Published: December 2021

Integration of photovoltaic (PV) and electroluminescent (EL) functions and/or units in one device is attractive for new generation optoelectronic devices but it is challenging to achieve highly comprehensive efficiency. Herein, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated, assisted by 3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPM) additive to tackle this issue. SPMs not only induce large grain size during the film formation but also produce a secondary phase of 2D K2PbI4 to passivate the grain boundaries (GBs). In addition, its sulfonic acid group and potassium ion can coordinate to lead ion and fill the interstitial defects, respectively. Thus, SPM reduces the defective states and suppresses nonradiative recombination loss. As a result, planar PSC delivers a power conversion efficiency of ≈22%, with a maximum open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.20 V. The Voc is 94% of the radiative Voc limit (1.28 V), higher than the control device (Voc of 1.12 V). In addition, the reciprocity between PV and EL is also correlated to quantify the energy losses and understand the device physics. When operated as a light‐emitting diode, the maximum EL external quantum efficiency (EQEEL) is up to 12.2% (EQEEL of 10.7% under an injection current of short‐circuit photocurrent), thus leading to high‐performance PV/EL dual functions.
The tradeoff between knowledge of mandated benefits and moral hazard
Authors: Brown Jessica H.
Published: December 2021

When workers are not aware of a mandated benefit, they cannot take it into account in their employment decision, leading to deadweight loss. On the other hand, lack of awareness of a benefit reduces moral hazard, decreasing deadweight loss. I incorporate these trade‐offs into a model of mandated benefits and apply the model to Temporary Disability Insurance, an employment benefit mandated in five states. First, using data collected through an original survey, I provide evidence that there is low awareness of this benefit. Second, I use the updated mandated benefits model to show that over a broad range of reasonable assumptions, the additional employee valuation of the benefit outweighs the additional program cost from moral hazard, and thus a public information campaign would increase employment.
Fostering professional identity formation in generation Z health sciences students
Authors: Wilkins Emily B.
Published: December 2021

As higher education classrooms are increasingly comprised of generation Z learners, healthcare educators should prepare to be intentional in fostering learning and professional identity development in a unique generation of student practitioners.
Enhancing professional identity in a multidisciplinary Healthcare Systems and Policy course
Authors: Williams Richelle M. , Kuhl Nicole K. , Kjos Andrea L.
Published: December 2021

Drawing upon theory and prior research this article describes a comprehensive framework to enhance professional identity formation through the development of a health professions course involving multiple disciplines.
Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus alleviated LPS‐induced cognitive impairments via PI3K/AKT/NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Yan Tingxu , Zhang Xiaozhuo , Mao Qianqian , Wu Bo , He Bosai , Jia Ying , Shang Lei
Published: December 2021

Herein, we aim to investigate the effect of Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF) on cognitive impairments and neuroinflammation in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced models of AD. Mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with LPS, and then administrated AOF using a gavage for 6 weeks. Spatial working memory was assessed using the Y‐maze and Morris water maze test, whereas the levels of PI3K, AKT, p‐AKT, p‐GSK3β, GSK3β, NF‐κB, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were evaluated using western blot and ELISA assay. Our data showed that AOF was able to significantly alleviate the memory decline in LPS‐induced AD mice. Moreover, AOF was able to protect neurons through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and significantly decrease NF‐κB, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α levels in the hippocampal and cortex tissues, which were reversed through the use of LY294002. Additionally, we discovered that AOF could significantly decrease the high expression of cytokines as well as the expression and translocation of NF‐κB induced by LPS in PC12 cells. These results demonstrate the anti‐neuroinflammatory effect of AOF in both cell and animal models of AD, thereby slowing down the process and development of the disease.
RNF168 suppresses the cancer stem cell‐like traits of nonsmall cell lung cancer cells by mediating RhoC ubiquitination
Authors: Rong Guoxiang , Pan Zhongjun , Ding Ming , Wang Lihui
Published: December 2021

The critical roles of E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 have been widely revealed in various tumors, however, its roles in lung cancer progression are still confusing. Here, we found that RNF168 expression is positively correlated with the overall survival, first‐progression survival, and postprogression survival of lung adenocarcinoma, but not correlated with these survivals of squamous cell carcinoma of lung. Furthermore, it was shown that RNF168 mRNA expression is lowly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues, but highly expressed in squamous cell carcinoma of lung. Functional experiments indicated that RNF168 overexpression significantly suppressed the cancer stem cell (CSC)—like traits of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, as characterized by the attenuation of sphere‐formation ability, ALDH activity, and the expression of lung CSC markers. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that RNF168 facilitated the ubiquitination of RhoC, which had been considered as a fascinating target for CSCs, and thus promoted RhoC protein degradation. Notably, RNF168 failed to affect the mRNA expression of RhoC and overexpression of RhoC rescued the inhibitory effects of RNF168 overexpression on the CSC‐like traits of NSCLC cells. Therefore, this study revealed RNF168 as a novel regulator of RhoC protein in NSCLC cells, this RNF168/RhoC regulatory axis might be a potential target for NSCLC treatment.
In Conversation with Fikile Nxumalo: Refiguring Onto-Epistemic Attunements for Im/possible Science Pedagogies
Authors: Nxumalo Fikile , Wallace Maria F. G.
Published: December 2021

This chapter elucidates critical concepts of place in relation to Black-feminist and more-than-human geographies in the context of early childhood education. This conversation helps get at pressing political contexts for science education that are often excluded in white educational spaces. Our conversation with Dr. Nxumalo offers practical starting points for researchers interested in playing with the messy intersections of materiality, settler-colonialism, white supremacy, Indigenous knowledges, and more-than-human kin.
The Emergence of Global Commodity Governance
Authors: Oehl Maximilian Eduard
Published: December 2021

Whereas the challenges of GCG are manifold, its principal task lies in ensuring a functional commodity sector (Sect. 2.1). The ‘balanced’ mode through which it pursues this objective constitutes a departure from historical approaches to regulating transnational commodity activity (Sect. 2.2). The remainder of this treatise will be concerned with the role of the law in fostering the effectiveness of GCG (Sect. 2.3).
The Effectiveness of TCL
Authors: Oehl Maximilian Eduard
Published: December 2021

The challenge for TCL lies in balancing the five interests associated with commodity activity—control,participation,preservation,development, andeconomic gain. Whereas our account of the application of TCL within the commodity governance matrix above has demonstrated which of these objectives the individual norm subsets are seeking to fosterprimarily, the subsequent assessment will focus on the balancing quality of TCL. Where it strikes a balance, it can be deemed to be effective in ensuring a functional commodity sector.