bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain Differences in Acquisition and Extinction of Fear Responses in Rats
Authors: Sartory Gudrun , Eysenck Hans J.
Published: September 2011

5 different strains of rats (Roman high and low avoiders, Maudsley reactive and non-reactive and random-bred animals) were subjected repeatedly to extinction trials following Pavlovian fear conditioning. The duration of the extinction trials was varied for different groups of animals. Fear was measured by latency of escape into the “safe” compartment in Exp. I and by step-down latency in Exp. II during a final fear-retention test. Results showed no differences between Roman high and low avoiders; for the Maudsley strains, however, results suggested that the higher the basal fear level the stronger is the acquired fear response and the more time is required for its extinction. Fearfulness in the animal and duration of extinction trials were jointly and severally causal in determining degree of extinction of the conditioned fear response.
Effects of Environmental Change on Problem-Solving Ability in Rats
Authors: Ivinskis A. , Ivinskis Vida
Published: September 2011

24 rats were used to investigate the effects of frequency of object change in enriched environment on problem-solving ability. Three enriched environments were used E1, E2 and E3. Each environment was equipped with a number of standard objects. Objects in E1 remained unchanged, one object was substituted once a week in E2; and one object was replaced in E3 each day. The rats were tested at 54 and again at 115 days on the Hebb-Williams maze test. Exposure after weaning to enriched environments for 26 days improved rats' problem-solving ability above that of the control group rats. However, frequency of change of objects in the enriched environments did not significantly alter problem-solving ability of these rats.
Are “Fat-Girls” More Hypnotically Susceptible?
Authors: Thorne D. Eugene , Rasmus Carolyn , Fisher A. Garth
Published: September 2011

258 girls who volunteered for a weight control program were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Their scores were significantly higher than other groups reported in the literature. It is speculated that either a basic personality trait or the demand characteristics of the weight program contributed to the group's unusually high hypnotic susceptibility performance.
Comparative Analysis of Words and Pictures through Associations
Authors: Szalay Lorand B. , Bryson Jean A.
Published: September 2011

The investigations focused on a picture-stimulated continued association approach, its information value and analytic potential. Student groups ( N = 50), each composed of both sexes, were from the University of Maryland. The study involved a comparative analysis of associations produced to words and pictures. The results show that the two approaches are closely comparable but produced responses which were differently focused. While the word-stimulated responses were somewhat more generic, the picture-stimulated associations were more narrow and specific. All the measures developed previously in the context of word-stimulated associations were found to be equally applicable and informative with picture-stimulated associations as well. From a theoretical viewpoint, the investigations were informative in demonstrating the importance of perceptual semantic and affective-attitudinal factors in the association process. Corresponding words and pictures elicited closely similar response distributions with correlations in the range of .7. As the role of perceptual factors is obvious in picture-stimulated associations, the results of the study have distinct implications for association theory, underlining the importance of centrally mediated mechanisms in the process of elicitation.
Effects of Sex and Ethnic Variables on the Profiles of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistics and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Authors: Stewart David W.
Published: September 2011

An examination of the effects of sex and ethnic variables on the test profiles of the ITPA and WISC in 42 mentally retarded subjects, 42 normal children, and 41 children with diagnosed learning or language problems (aged 6 to 10 yr.) indicated that while such effects may attain statistical significance, the amount of variance accounted for by such was small. Such a finding calls into question the practical significance of such effects.
Characteristics of Organizational Climate and Non-Managerial Job Satisfaction, an Empirical Study
Authors: Shapiro H. Jack , Schwartz Theodore M. , Moscato Donald R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the impact of perceived organizational climate on non-managerial job satisfaction of 118 non-managerial personnel who completed a three-part questionnaire which solicited demographic information and the identification of and preferences for specific characteristics of organizational climate. The surveyed personnel had a strong preference for open as opposed to closed characteristics of organizational climate; to the degree that they claimed to be familiar with the behavioral science theories of management there is an increasingly favorable disposition toward the theories; and among those Ss who perceived closed characteristics, there was a marked desire for a diminution of the impact of those characteristics. Similar results were obtained, by the authors, in a previous study of organizational climate and managerial job satisfaction.
Target Behavior as a Determinant of Aggressor's Behavior in Shock-Induced Attack
Authors: Hynan Michael T. , Knutson John F.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the effect of target variables upon the behavior of aggressor rats during shock-induced aggression. The first experiment indicated that highly aggressive rat pairs displayed a brief decrement in fighting after they were trained to respond to shock in a manner incompatible with aggression. The incompatible response involved both rats being down on all four paws, remaining relatively immobile, and facing into opposite corners. Exp. 2 was designed to assess whether the transient nature of the cornering in Exp. 1 was due to rapid extinction of the trained response under those stimulus conditions or whether the fighting behavior of the conspecifics disrupted the cornering. These data, combined with those of Exp. 1, indicated that cornering declined most slowly in the absence of a target, more rapidly in the presence of a target also cornering, and most rapidly in the presence of a target not cornering but confined to the opposite corner. The results suggested that the specific behavior of the target disrupted the trained response and provoked attack.
Relation of Study Behaviors and Employment to Academic Performance
Authors: Wagstaff Rollie , Mahmoudi Hoda
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire data regarding study time, work time, and study habits, as well as transcript data, were gathered for 190 lower division science and engineering majors. A multiple regression analysis showed that the best predictor of grade point average was a question asking the extent to which students completed assigned work prior to examinations. Variables which added significantly to the prediction equation were ACT entrance exam scores, the estimated number of hours students spent studying per week, and high school GPAs. The data also indicated that students who hold part-time jobs spend about the same amount of time studying as those who do not.
Comparison of Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test, Elementary i Level and WISC-R IQs among Suspected Mental Retardates
Authors: Covin Theron M.
Published: September 2011

Correlations of .72, .59, and .76 were computed between the Otis-Lennon I and WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs respectively for a group of 119 public school students suspected to be mentally retarded. On this basis, WISC-R Verbal and Full Scales seem to be more sensitive than the WISC-R Performance Scale to the mental processes measured by the Otis-Lennon I. Mean differences were not significant for Full Scale IQs ( p < .05). Moderate correlations between the subtest scaled scores were reported. Correlations and t tests for stratified samples by race were also computed. Values for Comprehension, Picture Completion scaled scores and Performance scaled scores were very low for Negro children (.18, −.01, .05).
Instructions for Three Levels of Reward and Creativity Test Scores of College Students
Authors: Cox Randy S. , Nash William R. , Ash Michael J.
Published: September 2011

118 junior college students were administered the Unusual Uses sub-test of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Students from three intact classes received instructions indicating three levels of reward while a fourth group served as a control and was not given such instructions. The instructions included the offer of extra credit points toward their final grade in an introductory psychology course. The Unusual Uses test yielded scores of Fluency, Flexibility, and Originality for each subject. No significant differences were found between groups on any of the three creativity scores. An additional analysis yielded no significant sex or sex by treatment interactions. Conclusions concerning the possibility of these instructions eliciting stress or anxiety in the subjects were discussed along with supporting literature, due to an apparent trend toward depression of scores by the experimental groups. Implications of using reward instructions in school settings were also examined.
Behavioral Depression in Sidman Avoidance Learning Induced by Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Inhibitors
Authors: Tamaki Yoshitaka , Hidaka Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to discriminate between the peripheral and the central effects of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DßH) inhibition on Sidman avoidance learning. The behavioral depression was caused by the inhibition of peripheral DßH as well as central DßH.
Social Comparison and Effect of Discrimination among Levels of Originality on Self-Assessed Originality
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Biderman Michael D.
Published: September 2011

Ss high and low in originality as defined by the “picture construction” portion of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Form A (Torrance, 1968) judged the originality of drawings made by others and by themselves. 52 Ss low in originality discriminated among three independently defined levels of originality of drawings made by others more accurately than 52 Ss high in originality. Ss low in originality who were told they had made accurate judgments as to the originality of other's drawings increased the judgment of their own originality specimens, while high original Ss who were told their judgments of other's originality were not very accurate did not increase judgment of their originality specimens. The implications of these results for Festinger's (1954) social-comparison theory are discussed.
Variables Affecting Preference of Rats for Free vs Earned Food
Authors: Koffer Kenneth , Coulson Grant , Went Honey
Published: September 2011

Five experiments, using rats as subjects, investigated the variables controlling the choice of reinforcer source in situations in which subjects could obtain reinforcers from a freely available source or by performing an operant. Under a wide variety of conditions, subjects almost always obtained their reinforcers from the freely available source. These results are interpreted to indicate that: (a) the conditions affecting choice of reinforcer source are not well understood, (b) increasing the reward value of the reinforcer does not necessarily increase the relative amount of earned reinforcer consumed and, (c) laboratory rats do not appear to be neophobic in all situations and hence, neophobia cannot be used to explain rats' choice behavior in all situations involving free and earned reinforcers. Several suggestions are made concerning the design of experiments investigating choice between free and earned reinforcers.
Use of Heroin Addiction Scale to Differentiate Addicts from Rehabilitation Clients
Authors: Kwant Fred , Rice James A. , Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

The profile patterns of addicts and rehabilitation clients using the MMPI and the heroin addiction scale ( He) were compared to determine differences and to extend the applicability of the He scale. The subjects were a group of addicts, 76 males and 21 females, and a group of vocational rehabilitation clients, 56 males and 14 females. Significant differences on scale elevations between the two groups were found, with the heroin addicts obtaining substantially higher elevations. The He scale successfully discriminated addicts from non-addicts and in fact was the best predictor of group status, i.e., addict versus non-addict, among all the variables.
Validity of Family Informants' Ratings of Psychiatric Patients: Differential Validity
Authors: Zimmermann Robert L. , Vestre Norris D. , Hunter Sara H.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of psychiatric inpatients by members of their families at admission were validated against ratings by hospital personnel and patients' self-ratings. There were low, but statistically significant, relationships across data sources, but there were also systematic differences in regard to what symptom areas were measured most validly and what was regarded as most pathological by each data source. Ward-based ratings were most effective at rating conceptual disturbance and regarded schizophrenics as showing the most pathology. Family raters were most effective at rating hostile, belligerent behavior and regarded the miscellaneous group of acting out disorders as most disturbed. Patients' ratings fell between these two data sources but tended to stress anxiety and depression.
Conspecific Defeat, Isolation/Grouping, and Predatory Behavior in Golden Hamsters
Authors: Polsky Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The effect of conspecific defeat and isolation/grouping on predatory behavior in golden hamsters was examined in two experiments. In the first experiment Ss were defeated by trained fighters once daily for 10 successive days and then tested shortly after for the capture of locusts. Control Ss were exposed to the fighters but experienced no defeat. Results showed that each group captured with comparable latencies. In the second experiment hamsters were either housed in groups or alone from weaning until testing which commenced at approximately 60 days of age. Tests for locust capture were conducted first in a novel environment and then in the home cage. Results showed that isolated and grouped Ss captured with comparable latencies; however, latencies decreased significantly with repeated testing. The results were briefly compared with similar findings for the rat. It was argued that the differential effects of the treatments administered might have been due to methodological artifacts or to variables related to the social organization characteristic of each species.
Personality Correlates of Two Administrations of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Joesting Joan , Whitehead George I.
Published: September 2011

Responses to two administrations of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory given to four educational psychology classes correlated moderately with several sub-scales of the Profile of Mood States: Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, and Confusion-Bewilderment.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXIV. Role of Women Psychologists in the History of Psychology in the South
Authors: Kimmel Ellen
Published: September 2011

Survey data on the personal career history and the history of the academic department with which they were affiliated are summarized for 33 women psychologist respondents. The results showed that women have played a role in the development of psychology in the South as program pioneers and leaders, as scientists, and, most notably, as mentors for other women.
Recognition of Paired-Associates is Not Necessarily Contingent on Stimulus-Recognition
Authors: Weinstock Roy B.
Published: September 2011

The major purpose of this investigation was to test the association-activation hypothesis in paired-associate learning through the administration of separate stimulus and stimulus-response recognition tests following moderate acquisition of a paired-associate list. Of incerest also were stimulus configuration and meaningfulness of number of stimuli. Results were clearly nonsupportive of the activation hypothesis since a significantly above-chance proportion of stimulus-response pairs was correctly recognized directly after nonrecognition of the respective stimulus-only members of the pairs occurred. Further, stimulus configuration was not statistically reliable, thereby offering presumptive evidence that visual coding of information is ineffective in a long-term memory task. Stimuli high in meaningfulness were more effective than those low in meaningfulness both during list-acquisition and in the stimulus-recognition test phase.
Correlates of Two Administrations of the Group Personality Projective Test
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

The Group Personality Projective Test was administered twice to 56 teacher education students approximately 4 wk. apart. In addition, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered, and course grades were obtained. The correlations were somewhat inconsistent and of small magnitude.
Familiarity of Stimulus-Words and Confidence in Responses on a Test of Verbal Meaning
Authors: Wen Shih-Sung
Published: September 2011

The relationship between familiarity of stimulus-words and confidence in responses on a verbal meaning test was evaluated for 35 male and 53 female black undergraduate students. There were significant positive correlations (.72 for males, p < .01; .79 for females, p < .01) between familiarity and confidence. Partial correlations between confidence and test scores, when familiarity was partialled out, were .12 ( p > .05) for the males and .22 ( p > .05) for the females. About one-third of subjects' responses were guesses or outcome of being misled by familiarity.
Religious Values of Students in Religious and in Public High Schools
Authors: Wiebe Bernie , Vraa Calvin W.
Published: September 2011

To analyze the effectiveness of Mennonite religious high schools in transmitting religious values, the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values was administered to 124 Canadian high school seniors, 40 from religious Mennonite schools, 56 Mennonites in public schools, and 28 from students at a large public high school. Attending Mennonite private schools made no significant difference in the religious values held by Mennonite high school seniors. Mennonite boys and girls showed significantly higher religious values than a general sample of senior high school boys and girls.
Reduction of Aggression as a Function of Related Content of Humor
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: September 2011

72 female and 72 male subjects in aggression or non-arousal conditions registered preferences between sexual and non-sexual humor. Aggressively aroused subjects rated both types higher than non-aroused subjects, who preferred non-sexual humor while the aroused subjects preferred sexual humor. Exposure to humor led to reduction of aggression for the aroused only when presented the sexual humor. The relevance of the results to Freudian theory and subsequent research dealing with similarities of sex and aggression are discussed.
On Different Relationships between Dogmatism and Machiavellianism among Male and Female College Students
Authors: Steininger Marion , Eisenberg Ellen
Published: September 2011

A brief dogmatism scale and the Kiddie Machiavellianism Scale were answered by 112 male and 83 female students. The men's Mach scores were higher than the women's. The correlation between dogmatism and Mach— was not significant in either sex; in contrast, the correlation between dogmatism and Mach+ was significant for both sexes, r being significantly greater for the women than for the men. Agreement response set therefore seemed to be involved in the correlations between these scales for both sexes, though more for the women than the men. Factor by factor correlations indicated that for the men, the main other overlap between these two scales was an unflattering view of people, as hypothesized by Christie and Geis; for the women, however, the overlap between the scales was more extensive. The interpretation of this sex difference suggested the possibility that women may be more Machiavellian than their scores suggest and may even be more Machiavellian than men. though their scores typically suggest the opposite.
Disclosure of Deception by Debriefed Subjects: Another Look
Authors: Walsh W. Bruce
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with the problem of disclosure of deception procedures by debriefed undergraduate subjects. A peer-counseling experimental situation using a deception procedure was used in the study. Subjects (229 males and 296 females) who had been debriefed and asked not to disclose any information about the research were contacted by telephone. The findings suggest that subjects who agreed to maintain confidentiality tended less frequently to disclose information than control subjects. The sex of the subject was not associated with the disclosure of information. Finally, the sex of the caller was not related to the revealing of information.
Self-Acceptance in Females as a Function of Academic Achievement
Authors: Pinson Connie Blake , Caffrey Bernard
Published: September 2011

Three background measures and scores on Berger's self-acceptance scale for 50 freshmen and 50 seniors (25 men, 25 women), and for 25 men and 29 women above the rank of assistant professor were factor analyzed by the principal components method. After rotation to simple structure by the varimax method, eight factors were identified. Faculty's scores showed little sex differences which were, however, marked for freshman students. Study of the relation of achievement and attitudes toward self is needed.
Personality Characteristics of Volunteers
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: September 2011

374 female volunteers' responses to a questionnaire suggested study of conscience, altruism, and behavior is feasible.
Authoritarian Attitudes and Control in a Social Service Organization
Authors: Strauss Judi , Timm Donald , Sorensen Peter F.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that highly authoritarian Ss would tend to desire a more traditional control structure than those who scored lower was tested by giving a sample of 44 members of a social service organization Tannenbaum's Control Graph and the California F Scale. Results were mixed, with highly authoritarian Ss desiring more influence from immediate supervisory positions and Ss lower in authoritarianism desiring more influence from the general planning and policy making group, i.e., the Board of Directors. Under conditions where ambiguity as to the appropriate function of that role exists, the amount of control attributed to that person or group may be a function of personality attributes, i.e., degree of authoritarianism.
Human Variable—Interval Performance
Authors: Bradshaw C. M. , Szabadi E. , Bevan P.
Published: September 2011

Subjects pressed a burtton for monetary reinforcement in a range of variable-interval schedules. The relationship between response rate and reinforcement frequency could be described by a rectangular hyperbola.
Rats' Preference for the More Effortful of Two Responses as a Function of Prior Experience
Authors: Kleinman Kenneth M. , Laughlin Robert J. Mc , Gerard Ivan C. , Bosza Deborah A. , Clipper Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats were each given 14 days of lever-press training under different conditions. One group was allowed to press only on a FR3 schedule, a second only on a CRF schedule, and a third received alternate-day training on CRF and FR3 schedules. Following training, 4 days of choice tests were given during which animals were allowed to choose between the two schedules of responding. Rats trained on the FR3 schedule both preferred to respond and obtained more rewards on that schedule, while rats in the other 2 groups preferred the CRF schedules. Results indicated that the degree of rats' preference for effortful responding is a function of the conditions of prior training.
Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age, Sex, and Race
Authors: Dean Larry M. , Willis Frank N. , La Rocco James M.
Published: September 2011

Reactions to the invasion of personal space in terms of age, sex, and race of the invaders were investigated. Children, grouped by sex (male and female), race (black and white), and age (5, 8, and 10 yr. old), invaded the personal space of 192 adults grouped by sex (male and female) and race (black and white). The six types of behavioral responses were: avoidance, aggression, exploratory behavior, facilitative behavior, excess motor activity, and failure to respond. Responses to personal space invasion were not affected by sex. Blacks responded more often than whites but did not differ with regard to any particular type of behavioral response. Age of the invader had a significant effect on type of response given by adults whose personal space was invaded. It was concluded that the age of the invader was much more important than race or sex in determining the response to invasion of personal space.
Self-Disclosure among Friends, Acquaintances, and Strangers
Authors: Gaebelein Jacquelyn W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-disclosure and degree of acquaintance was explored under the guise of collecting handwriting samples from 32 male and 36 female undergraduates. Results indicated that high self-disclosure from an experimenter elicited more intimacy than low and that friends tended to disclose most and strangers least. No sex differences were observed.
Creativity and Overinclusion in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: September 2011

10 of the Guilford tests of creative abilities were given to 50 schizophrenic patients. Creativity scores were correlated with overinclusion, activity withdrawal, vocabulary, age and level of education. While level of education and vocabulary were positively related to creativity scores, overinclusion, activity withdrawal and age tended to show the opposite trend. Future use of creativity tests in the study of schizophrenia was discussed.
Cognitive Differentiation between Paranoid and Nonparanoid Schizophrenics
Authors: Ross Michael B. , Magaro Peter A.
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the idea that there is cognitive differentiation between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. Paranoids utilize a conceptual style of responding more than nonparanoid schizophrenics. Eight male nonparanoid, 8 paranoid, and 8 nonschizophrenic controls responded to ambiguous slides of common objects in a visual discrimination task. The slides were presented in several different contexts. The results were as expected. Paranoids gave responses following the dominant conceptual cues significantly more than nonparanoid schizophrenics. Paranoids and controls followed these cues equally frequently although paranoids tended to follow them more when it hindered success than controls or nonparanoids. This evidence of cognitive differentiation between schizophrenic subtypes warrants cross-validation on a larger sample.
Decisions about Drug Use: An Application of the Choice-Shifts Paradigm
Authors: Sadava S. W. , Forsyth R.
Published: September 2011

36 pre-established groups of 4 male or female students (in Ontario) who were users and non-users of cannabis were administered choice-dilemmas involving drug-related risks and non-drug risks. After discussion to a group consensus decision in homogeneous groups of users and non-users or heterogeneous groups, individual choices were again assessed. General trends suggested riskier group and individual choices were made by users, by males, by users after homogeneous groups and non-users after heterogeneous groups. The nature of the social psychological processes of risk-related decisions involving drug use and the nature of these dilemmas and decisions are discussed.
Simulated Interviewing: A Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: Riegler Elliot , Dinoff Michael
Published: September 2011

Two simulated interviews were compared to determine if degree of similarity to vis à vis interview affected verbal behavior in a standardized interview setting. It was hypothesized that the interview most similar to a face-to-face interaction would produce the most speech. This finding was essentially confirmed for time of performance and amount of speech. However, latency and mean speech time were not influenced.
Category-Name Meaningfulness (M') and Category-Name Mediation in Free Recall
Authors: Hunt Karl
Published: September 2011

The present experiment evaluated the effectiveness of category-name meaningfulness ( m') along with a category-name mediation model of the free recall of categorized lists. The results showed category-name m' affected separately the detection of the category-name membership of an item and the retrieval of an item during recall. It was also concluded that the mediation model may not be an adequate account of categorized list recall and that a multiple-organization model might be more appropriate.
Cardiovascular Stress during the Rapid-Smoking Procedure
Authors: Hynd George W. , O'Neal Mark , Severson Herbert H.
Published: September 2011

The effect of the rapid-smoking procedure on heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral skin temperature as a measure of vasoconstriction was assessed for 6 women and 4 men who participated in a week long clinic. An analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, and skin temperature taken before, during, and after the procedure yielded a statistically significant effect across all three measures. The results are discussed in terms of their significance when compared to normal cigarette smoking and as they relate to the ethical issue raised in recommending this procedure based on these results.
Further Note on Rule Utilization in Solutions of Abstract Picture-Analogy Problems
Authors: Powell Arnold , Love Larry E. , Vega Manuel
Published: September 2011

As a further test of a rule model of analogical reasoning, 24 problems from the Raven Progressive Matrices were given 93 Ss, run in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in which there were two presentation intervals (20 vs 45 sec.), two stimulus conditions (the first two rows of each matrix were either present or absent), and two rule conditions (some Ss had access to E-generated rules). Over-all there were fewer errors with the longer interval, when the stimulus items of each matrix were present and when Ss had access to the E-generated rules for solving the problems. Providing rules had a larger effect when the stimulus items were not presented than when they were presented. The results were interpreted as providing support for a rule model of analogical reasoning, though some of the limitations of this model were noted.
Effects of Drive Level on the Type and Degree of Cue Control in Rats
Authors: Roy M. Aaron
Published: September 2011

58 hooded rats were presented with a discrimination task involving redundant, relevant cues of orientation (vertical vs horizontal) and brightness (black vs white). Two experiments systematically evaluated the range and degree of cue control as a function of drive level (high or low), dimensional saliency, or the interaction of the two. Contrary to past research and prominent discrimination learning models: (1) low drive did not favor multiple-cue control, (2) the most salient cue did not reduce the control of the least salient cue, and (3) no interaction between motivational level and type of cue control was found. Compared with low-drive, high-drive subjects consistently showed more cue control in spite of faster acquisition and fewer errors to criterion. Differences between these results and those which did report drive level and/or dimensional saliency effects were attributed to important procedural variations or the choice of experimental subjects.
Note on the Relationship between n Ach and Uric Acid
Authors: Benel Russell A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between n Ach and serum uric acid levels was investigated. Others had previously hypothesized that uric acid levels would correlate positively with motivational measures of achievement. In no case did uric acid and n Ach (Edwards', Hermans' and Lynn's scales) correlate positively but the computed negative correlations did not differ significantly from zero. Possible explanations for the lack of significance were discussed and recommendations for research were presented.
Descriptive Study of Behavior during Transition from Heroin Addict to Methadone Patient
Authors: Pablant Pavel , Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

This study examined the behavior of 6 cooperative heroin addicts prior to and during the initial phase of methadone maintenance. Data on activity, setting, and interpersonal contacts were obtained by self-report (about 2500 hr.). Comparisons were drawn between daily behavior prior to and during treatment. The behavior of the addicts indicates a common pattern even though these subjects do not represent a homogeneous group in age, ethnicity, or marital status. Characteristics observed in the life-style of the subjects were their limited socialization, their limited range of activity, and their infrequent visits to settings other than their own residence. Socialization time and the pattern of affective and somatic complaints changed when treatment began. The results indicate that behaviorally, in life-patterns and habits, heroin addicts may be a homogeneous group.
Personality and Generalized Expectancies for Interpersonal Trust
Authors: Garske John P.
Published: September 2011

College undergraduates were given Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and Cattell's 16 PF. Intercorrelations between the total score of the Interpersonal Trust Scale and the 16 PF indicated convergent and discriminant validation for the generalized expectancy construct of trust; interpersonal trust tended to be related with personality traits that suggested a social orientation and adaptive functioning. Trust was also viewed as bearing a relationship with concrete thinking and conformity. Correlations between the factors of the Interpersonal Trust Scale (Political Trust, Paternal Trust, and Trust of Strangers) and the 16 PF were similar to the above correlations but less substantial. The total trust score appeared to be a better predictor of personality than any of its factor scores.
Generalizability of Cognitive Differentiation across Product and Social Domains
Authors: Durand Richard M. , Lambert Zarrel V.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the degree to which cognitive differentiation—the capacity to view objects, persons, and events in a multidimensional manner—was generalized across two very different consumer products and interpersonal relations. Substantial generalizability would hold important implications for understanding choice processes. The observed correlations between differentiation scores for the three domains were weak although statistically significant in two cases.
Role of Imaginative Play in Cognitive Development
Authors: Fink Robert S.
Published: September 2011

The role of imaginative play in the attainment of conservation and perspectivism was examined with a training study paradigm. 36 non-conserving kindergarten children were assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: (a) structured group training in imaginative play processes, (b) extra free-play activity in the nondirective presence of the experimenter, and (c) a control group. The first two conditions met for eight 25-min. sessions. On pre-post measures the training group showed significant increases in social-role conservation, the understanding of kinship relations and level of free-play imaginativeness, though no significant differences were found for the conservation of number and continuous quantity, or left-right judgments. The results indicate that imaginative play can be generative of new cognitive structures, under certain conditions, by the enhancement and accommodative use of psychological processes such as reflection, role integration, language, role conflict, and representational activity. A modification of Piaget's play theory was outlined. The relationship between specific kinds of play experiences and the construction of particular physical or social concepts was discussed, as well as various educational implications.
Factorial Validity of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Bolton Brian
Published: September 2011

This investigation was designed to compare the factorial structure of 312 rehabilitation clients' responses to the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to the rationally derived subscale structure of the instrument. Oblique rotations of four variable sets which represent successive condensations of the item sample were carried out. Three conclusions were reached. (1) The effectiveness of balancing positive and negative items to control acquiescence in the scale is questionable. (2) The three design facets of the scale interact in defining the dimensions of examinees' responses. (3) The factorial structure of examinees' responses to the items is generally not consistent with the rational design of the instrument.
Effects of Group Videotape Feedback on Development of Assertiveness Skills in Alcoholics: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Scherer Shawn E. , Freedberg Edmund J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of videotape feedback on development of assertiveness skills among employed alcoholics were evaluated. Both assertiveness training groups showed improvements in under-assertion but not over-assertion, as compared to a no-treatment control condition. However, the addition of video-feedback to a training procedure including instruction, behavioral rehearsal, trainer's feedback, and reinforcement, was not significantly more potent than the training procedure alone.
Aging and IQ Change in Institutionalized Mentally Retarded
Authors: Goodman Joan F.
Published: September 2011

This study investigates Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ change in an institutionalized mentally retarded population. 402 individuals who had received two routine administrations of either the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and who ranged in age from 11 to 44 were included as subjects. They were divided into six groups (two WISC and four WAIS) and changes in scores were studied using a semi-longitudinal methodology. Contrary to the dominant view suggested by previous research, Full Scale IQ did not decrease with age. There were, in fact, slight increments, larger and more consistent in Performance than Verbal IQ. This differential change is discussed in terms of the Horn-Cattell theory of “fluid” and “crystallized” intelligence.
Misrecall of Pre-Manipulation Opinion: Repression or Recency Effect?
Authors: Crawford Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

The misrecall of pre-manipulation opinion is a phenomenon subject to either an explanation based on motivational defensive repression or one of non-motivational self-attribution. A before-after study of persuasive communication was conducted in which all participants completed measures of defensiveness, repression, and self-racing of independence. On the basis of an hypothesis of defensive repression it was predicted that opinion changers who mistakenly report their prior opinion as close to or identical with their final opinion would score significantly higher on measures of defensiveness and repression and would rate themselves as more independent than opinion changers who correctly recall their initial opinion. None of these predicted differences occurred. The results constitute an operational disconfirmation of the defensive repression hypothesis. However, a conceptual disconfirmation of the hypothesis may require a more precise formulation of the “self-esteem theory” set of ideas from which the present hypothesis of defensive repression was derived. It is suggested that the attempt to develop such a formulation and attempts to answer the general question of the importance of ego-defensiveness might appropriately be launched from the perspective of functional theories of attitudes and belief systems.
Concept Utilization in Children's Sorting Behavior as a Function of Age
Authors: Sugimura Takeshi , Terao Yoko
Published: September 2011

90 nursery school-aged children from 3 to 6 yr. Of age were given either a conceptual, a half-conceptual, or a nonconceptual sorting task. The youngest (3 yr.) children learned the three tasks almost at the same rate and the older (6 yr.) children learned the conceptual task faster and half-conceptual task slower than nonconceptual task, which showed no significant age difference. These were interpreted to show that the rate of learning instance-response associations remains constant from 3 to 6 yr. of age, whereas children's ability to use concepts in learning the sorting tasks increases through these ages.
Technical Eclecticism and Open-Case Consultation: A Psychotherapeutic Training Model
Authors: Hescheles David , Kavanagh Thomas
Published: September 2011

The new Doctor of Psychology program at the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology was designed to offer pragmatic training for professional practice. In the course On Technical Eclecticism, valid therapeutic techniques were examined and then applied to problems of a couple by 12 trainees and a supervisor in an open-case consultation model.
Saturday Morning Television: A Profile of the 1974–75 Children's Season
Authors: Poulos Rita Wicks , Harvey Susan E. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the behavioral content and character portrayals in children's Saturday morning television programs was conducted on two Saturdays representative of the 1974–75 broadcast season. A high amount of aggression was found on the commercial networks. In contrast, the public broadcasting network offered less than 25% of the amount of violence shown on the commercial stations. Of five categories of positive social behavior, only two appeared with meaningful frequency: altruism and sympathy/explaining feelings. Character analyses revealed bias, both in the frequency of appearance of different sex and racial/ethnic groups and in the character portrayals of those groups. The findings are discussed in terms of potential socializing effects on children.
Redundancy in Five Psychological Tests
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Indices of redundancy were obtained for five psychological tests, using the full component model, and the results were compared with those previously obtained by use of the common factor model. The three indices employed appeared to yield essentially equivalent information as to the ranking of the five tests: redundancy was generally lowest in the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and highest in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The findings provide an empirical standard for evaluating the redundancy in other tests.
Self-Actualization, Neuroticism, and Extraversion Revisited
Authors: Doyle James A.
Published: September 2011

Shostrom's measure of self-actualization was more highly though modestly related to the Eysencks' measure of neuroticism and extraversion in a negative and positive fashion respectively than in previous research. This result may be related to the present sample's older age. Consideration is given the relation between extraversion and self-actualization.
Nonverbal Communication and the Judgment of Leadership
Authors: Gitter A. George , Black Harvey , Walkley John
Published: September 2011

A 2×2×2 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of (a) nonverbal communication, (b) sensory modality of presentation, and (c) sex of subject on person perceptions. Analysis of variance using Factor I (“Leadership”) scores indicated a significant main effect for nonverbal communication for 55 college students.
Maintenance of Psychophysiological Changes in Feeling Therapy
Authors: Karle Werner , Corriere Richard , Hart Joseph , Gold Stephen , Maple Christopher , Hopper Michael
Published: September 2011

This was the third in a series of studies on the psychophysiological effects of psychotherapy. Two earlier studies have suggested a more relaxed physiological state as measured by body temperature, pulse, and blood pressure taken immediately following therapy sessions. This study investigated the maintenance of these changes over a 10-day period among a group of 5 experienced and 5 inexperienced patients in Feeling Therapy. While neither group was able to sustain the large drops in physiological parameters which followed therapeutic sessions, the experienced patients evidenced a considerably lower level on every parameter throughout the study, suggesting possible long-term effects of this type of therapy.
Contrasting Proverbs as a Measure of Attitudes toward Curiosity-Related Behavior of Black and White College Students
Authors: Maw Wallace H. , Maw Ethel W. , Laskaris Jane B.
Published: September 2011

To gain information on a test composed of pairs of contrasting proverbs and designed to measure attitudes toward curiosity-related behavior, the test was administered to 72 black and 46 white college students. The instrument has a test-retest estimated reliability of .91. Its validity was established using high and low curiosity groups and by correlating scores with the Ontario Test of intrinsic Motivation. Data showed the black college students more often chose the proverb indicating greater caution in exploring their environments.
Work Values of Youthful Maine Workers, Ages 18—25, by Occupational Level
Authors: Drummond Robert J. , Skaggs Charles T. , Ryan Charles W.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of the study were to investigate whether there were differences between work values of youthful female workers on different social positions and of the youthful workers and high school girls used to norm the Super's Work Values Inventory. There were no significant differences between the means of the scales when compared by work level, but differences between the groups youthful workers and normative sample on a number of the scales. The sample from Maine tended to be more concerned about extrinsic than intrinsic variables in their careers.
Methodological Issues in Relating Psychiatric Symptoms to Social Stressors
Authors: Ilfeld Frederic W.
Published: September 2011

Two major methodological issues have arisen in the analysis and interpretation of data from a Chicago-area cross-sectional survey on stress with 2,299 normal adults. These are (1) the relative independence between measures of current social stressors and of psychiatric symptomatology and (2) the predominant direction of effect between these two phenomena. To test relative independence we developed a matrix of intercorrelations among the indices. The low to moderate correlations vary in magnitude several-fold and support the notion that social stressors and psychiatric symptoms occur relatively independently of one another. To test predominant direction of effect the estimated durations in time of stressors and of symptoms are compared. Stressors consistently show a longer duration than symptoms, supporting the view that they influence symptoms more than the reverse.
Intellectual Differences in Black and White Southern Low Achievers
Authors: Covin Theron M. , Hatch Gary L.
Published: September 2011

WISC IQs obtained by 300 black children and 300 white children were compared. The subjects were 15 white males, 15 white females, 15 black males, and 15 black females at each age level from 6 to 15 yr. Mean IQs on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale for blacks were 6968, 6992, and 6691 respectively and were significantly lower than the respective average of 7980, 7980, and 7950 for whites. Means, standard deviations, and ts for stratified samples by sex and race were also reported.