bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactive Effects of Mnemonic Techniques and Word-List Characteristics
Authors: Manning Barabar A. , Bruning Roger H.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated hypothesized interactive effects of two widely used mnemonic strategies, the First-letter and Descriptive-story techniques, with acquisition and recall of Concrete and Abstract words. Additionally, imagery level of peg words within the First-letter mnemonic technique was varied. Results indicated differential effects in early acquisition stages and in 24-hour recall. Specifically, the First-letter technique, with high imagery peg words, seems particularly effective for recall of Abstract words while Concrete word recall was facilitated by the Descriptive-story method. Mnemonic characteristics related to these effects were discussed.
Seasonal Differences of Depression in Mental Hospital Admissions as Measured by the MMPI
Authors: Cerbus George , Dallara Robert F.
Published: September 2011

In 160 new hospital admissions, depression as measured by the MMPI was significantly lower in summer than in each of the other seasons.
Resolution and Tolerance of Cognitive Inconsistency in a Field Situation: Change in Attitude and Beliefs following the Watergate Affair
Authors: Bishop George F.
Published: September 2011

This study represented an attempt to extend previous research on the resolution and tolerance of cognitive inconsistency in field situations to another natural-occurring event, the Watergate affair, by assessing attitudes of 135 male and 134 female college students on a 30-item mail questionnaire. The results provided strong support for the consistency principle, showing that subjects whose attitudes toward President Nixon had changed from favorable to unfavorable following Watergate tended to hold beliefs about the Watergate affair which were congruent with the change, while nonchangers held beliefs that allowed them to tolerate the inconsistency generated by Watergate.
Decreases in Selection of Edible Rewards by Disadvantaged Preschool Children
Authors: Weisberg Paul , Wilde Candace A. , Ballard Kathy J.
Published: September 2011

As part of a token reward system, 16 preschool disadvantaged children could purchase a variety of rewards and privileges from several stores, one of which featured edible rewards. Percent of tokens spent on the edibles substantially declined over the 9-mo. period during which preference data were collected. The pattern of decline was similar for both the younger (3- to 4-yr.-old) and older (4- to 5-yr.-old) children, although the younger children started out with more edible purchases.
The Personal Orientation Inventory: Internal Consistency, Stability, and Sex Differences
Authors: Wise George W. , Davis Jack E.
Published: September 2011

Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory was assessed using test-retest, internal consistency (K-R 20), split-half reliability coefficients, and Sex × Trials analyses of variance. 172 university students were administered the inventory twice with 2 weeks inbetween. For the scales, Time Competence and Inner Direction, test-retest coefficients were .75 and .88, respectively. K-R 20 coefficients were .52 and .83, for first administration and .66 and .86 for second administration; and split-half coefficients were .50 and .84, and .73 and .87 for the two administrations, respectively. Ss' second scores tended to be higher than their first ones, and on some scales women scored higher than men and showed a greater increase than men. ω2 estimates showed that all significant effects accounted for only small proportions of over-all sample variances. Hence, it is suggested that mean scores and changes in scores be interpreted with caution; that along with the probability of occurrence, the magnitude of the change should also be considered.
Characteristics Associated with Preferences for Certain Managerial Positions
Authors: Rawls James R. , Nelson Oscar Tivis
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to ascertain similarities and differences in personality traits, values, and intellectual abilities between individuals preferring particular kinds of managerial positions. 97 graduate students enrolled in the Graduate School of Management at Vanderbilt expressed their preferences for 10 different organization or job categories: line vs staff, large vs small, ongoing operation vs new venture, produce a product vs provide a service, frequent vs infrequent travel, continual meeting of people vs working with a fixed set of individuals, group settings vs one-on-one situations, close supervision vs being left alone, and working with a large number of people vs working intimately with a few vs working alone. Psychological tests were used to compare individuals having preferences for different managerial positions.
Comparison of Interests of Urban Disadvantaged Boys and Girls
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 200 urban disadvantaged and 200 middle-class boys and girls from Grades 4 through 7 to the What I Like to Do interest inventory were analyzed by factorial sex-by-economic-level analysis of variance. Disadvantaged Ss had higher means (greater interest) on all 8 scales with significant differences for art, music, social studies, and quiet play. Boys were more interested in active play and manual arts; girls showed more interest in art, music, and home arts. No significant interactions were found.
Survival Time and Weight Loss in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)
Authors: Wolach Allen H. , McHale Maureen A. , Fitzpatrick Clara S. , Dunlap Reed
Published: September 2011

Goldfish in Experiment 1 were placed on terminal deprivation when they reached 2, 3, 4, or 16 mo. Fish that were 4-mo.-old showed the greatest median survival time (2 mo.). Large fish lost a smaller percentage of their weight before death than small fish. Fish, unlike mammals, did not die when they lost a fixed percentage of their predeprivation weight. A second experiment was performed to assess recovery from deprivation. Feeding was reinstated for some of the fish after different numbers of days of deprivation (2, 28, 44, or 64 days). Fish that survived until feeding was reinstated recovered from deprivation.
Chemotherapeutic Choices of Native and Foreign Psychiatrists' Preferences for an Acute Psychotic Episode
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Ricca Elizabeth , Fracchia John , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

To gain further understanding of psychiatrists' prescription preferences, samples of native and foreign psychiatrists specializing in chemotherapeutic treatment were presented with a standard case of a male experiencing an acute psychotic episode for whom they were asked to develop a treatment program. The current paper considers the degree of concordance in chemotherapeutic preferences. These data have shown little consensus. No “Tower of Babel” exists among these specialists regarding ratings of symptom severity or hierarchy of symptom importance. Upon moving to the next level of abstraction, the foreign psychiatrists considered schizo-affective and undifferentiated schizophrenia significantly more frequently than native psychiatrists. Neither a symptom hierarchy nor diagnostic approach accounted for the variance observed in these drug preferences.
Relaxation as Self-Control in the Treatment of Test and other Anxieties
Authors: Deffenbacher Jerry L. , Snyder Arden L.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of relaxation as self-control in the treatment of test anxiety was evaluated using each of 11 volunteer college students as his own control. Anxiety level was unchanged over the no-treatment period. Significant reduction in self-reported debilitating test anxiety and improvement in facilitating test anxiety were found after treatment. Significant posttreatment reductions were noted for other anxieties as well. This latter finding suggested that during training in relaxation as self-control Ss may have learned a general, trans-situational anxiety-reduction strategy. Extensions using measures other than self-reports of anxiety, however, are required.
The Swedish “Children Born to Women Denied Abortion” Study: A Radical Criticism
Authors: Cameron Paul , Tichenor Jenny C.
Published: September 2011

In 1966 a study of 120 children born to women denied abortion was reported as demonstrating that children issuing from such a circumstance would be handicapped socially and psychologically. Reexamination of the data advanced in light of differences in social class and proneness toward psychiatric consultation indicates that children issuing from a denied abortion turn out much as children in general.
Memory Span, Organization, and Transformations in Recall of Pictures and Words
Authors: Powell Arnold , Wynn Rena
Published: September 2011

Immediate memory span, category clustering, and reading comprehension scores accounted for approximately 60% of the variance in average free-recall performance across three trials given 30 high school Ss in special reading classes. Immediate memory span tended to correlate more highly with recall of words than pictures, while reading comprehension tended to correlate more highly with recall of pictures. Category clustering correlated only slightly more with recall of words than pictures. The findings were interpreted as supporting a model of recall in which pictorial stimuli are considered to afford a greater opportunity for simultaneous processing in an imaginal information-processing system.
Test of Goffman's Hypothesis of Familiarity and Deviance: Attempted Suicide and Tolerance of Deviant Behavior
Authors: Marks Alan , Riley Carolyn
Published: September 2011

Data for 115 college students indicated no support for Goff-man's assertion that greater familiarity with deviants was associated with tolerance of deviance.
Effects of Humorous Disparagement of Self, Friend, and Enemy
Authors: Stocking S. Holly , Zillmann Dolf
Published: September 2011

36 male and 36 female undergraduates in an introductory communications course were exposed to an audio-taped communication involving five humorous stories. The communication was manipulated so that the target of humorous disparagement by a male was (a) the disparager himself, (b) a male friend of the disparager, and (c) a male enemy of the disparager. The effects of disparagement on the perception of the disparager and on humor appreciation were assessed. Self-disparagement affected person perception adversely. Compared to the person who disparages others, the self-disparager was perceived as less intelligent, less confident, and less witty. For the appreciation of humor, an interaction between the target of disparagement and the sex of the respondent was obtained. Females found self-disparagement of a male funnier than did males, whereas males found disparagement of an enemy funnier than did females. A second experiment, involving 60 male and 60 female undergraduates, factorially varied the sex of the self-disparager with the sex of the respondent. Results of this experiment ruled out the possibility that the females' greater appreciation of self-disparaging humor in the first investigation may have been due to the fact that the target of disparagement was male.
Trainees' Impressions of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists
Authors: Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

128 advanced graduate students in clinical and school psychology programs were administered incomplete sentences to determine their impressions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists. The main concern of the psychology students was improving the results of the psychotherapies. They considered the therapist's personality the major vehicle for doing this, though attention was also given to cognitive factors. Some comparisons were made with practicing psychiatrists. Psychologists tended to have negative attitudes toward institutional work and positive attitudes toward private practice. The consistent concern with the effectiveness of the psychotherapies suggested a need for practical research and for opportunities for emotional growth and self-understanding, as well as the probability that one major learning experience in their training has been to question and seek better ways of doing their professional activities.
Need Approval, Modeling and Perception of Models' Adjustment in Behavior during an Interview
Authors: Matloff Jeffrey L. , Doster Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

Ss high and low in need for approval received role-training prior to a personal interview. Modeling of communication skills elicited greater verbal productivity than instructions alone. A mental patient model elicited less attraction, lower ratings of social competence, and more favorable disclosure by interviewees than a non-patient model. Subjects high and low in approval were unaffected by type of model.
Occupational Differences and Attribution of Trait Adjectives to Ethnic Groups
Authors: Corenblum B. , Fischer Donald G. , Anderson Ken
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine the influence of role, status and ethnic cues on stereotyping. 24 ethnic-occupation combinations were formed by completely crossing four ethnic groups (French Canadian, English Canadian, Indian, and Oriental) and six occupations, selected to represent high, middle and low status positions. Subjects rated one of the combinations on 56 trait adjectives. The ratings were factor analyzed, and four factors, success, negativism, submissiveness, and emotionality, were extracted. Factor scores were calculated and entered into four ethnic group × occupation analyses. Significant main effects on three factors and a significant interaction on the submissiveness dimension were noted. Subsequent analysis showed that the stereotype of the ingroup, English Canadians, reflected differences in occupation, but the stereotypes of the outgroups, French Canadians and Indians, were not so influenced. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that ingroup stereotyping is based upon role and status cues whereas outgroup stereotyping is determined by ethnic cues. The results are consistent with the notion that role, status and ethnic cues influence trait-attribution to ethnic groups.
Choice Responding by Rats as a Function of Drive Operation
Authors: Weil Jeffrey L. , Lanson Robert N.
Published: September 2011

The effects of drive interaction were parametrically studied with pre-feeding, pre-watering, and percent body weight independently manipulated for two rats on a free-operant choice procedure. At a given body weight, choice-responding varied with manipulations of food and water; changes in body weight interacted with the effect of the pre-session deprivation operations.
Effects of Immediate Positive Reinforcement on Undergraduates' Course Achievement
Authors: Henderson William T. , Wen Shih-Sung
Published: September 2011

This study investigated effects of immediate positive reinforcement on undergraduate students' performance on the course examinations. Students' correct responses to oral short-answer questions in the first 15 min. of each class meeting were immediately rewarded by extra credits for final grades for the experimental group ( n = 48). In the control group ( n = 34) students' correct responses to questions were merely acknowledged without being given extra credits. Results indicated that students in the experimental group did significantly better on Tests 3 and 4, respectively, on course examinations than did control students, although groups did not score statistically differently on Tests 1 and 2, respectively, which were administered prior to the treatment.
Personality and Mental Illness
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , White O. , Eysenck Hans J.
Published: September 2011

The new Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 441 male and 441 female subjects, 63 in each of seven groups (normal, criminal, schizophrenic, endogenous depressive, personality disorder, anxiety state, reactive depression). Means and SDs are reported for the groups, and a discriminant function analysis was performed to estimate the relative positions of the groups in three-dimensional space. The groups were significantly separated (1) along a dimension ranging from normality to abnormality, (2) a dimension ranging from neurotic to psychotic, and (3) a dimension ranging from antisocial behaviour to socialized behaviour. The results are interpreted as showing that personality traits characterize psychiatric groups in a manner not dissimilar to that in which they are characterized by “signs and symptoms” and suggesting that dimensional description of psychiatric abnormality may be superior to categorical nosology.
Comparison of Reinforcing and Modeling Techniques for Promoting Self-Disclosure
Authors: Morgan Ross N. , Evans James F.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that contingently reinforcing subjects' self-disclosure with an experimenter's self-disclosure would be more effective for promoting self-disclosure than having the experimenter model self-disclosure. No evidence from the 64 male students in introductory psychology was obtained to support the hypothesis that contingent reinforcement would promote self-disclosure more than modeling. Modeling and noncontingent self-disclosure were equally effective for promoting self-disclosure. This provides further evidence for the robustness of the reciprocity effect regarding self-disclosure. An important factor in regard to promoting self-disclosure from another person might be the spontaneity with which one self-discloses to that person. The assumption that a self-disclosure from another person is a reinforcement is questioned.
Effects of Situation on Dating and Assertive Behavior
Authors: Zeichner Amos , Wright John C. , Herman Sheryl
Published: September 2011

This study compared the behavioral pattern of assertive subjects in two areas of social skills, assertive and dating behavior. It was hypothesized that the individual's behavior is affected by both the skill required and the immediate environment. 12 male and 12 female assertive university students were asked to interact with trained role-players in simulated social situations geared to elicit assertiveness and heterosexual dating behavior. Subject's and role-player's familiarity as well as social consequences (role-player's responses) were manipulated. Subjects showed different patterns of performance contingent upon the skill and the situational components. The validity of clustering isolated behaviors to obtain average social performance scores as well as some clinical and research implications are discussed.
Moon Phases and Crisis Calls: A Spurious Relationship
Authors: DeVoge Susan D. , Mikawa James K.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between phases of the moon and emergency calls to a 24-hr. telephone crisis intervention service was investigated. The frequency and types of calls were compared for the dates of the lunar cycle over a 2-yr. period (1972–1973). The total calls, crisis calls, and suicide-threat calls were analyzed. Although the total calls and suicide-threat calls reached statistical significance, the findings failed to support the lunar theory. From an examination of the mixed results of prior research and the present study, the relationship between moon phases and emotional disturbance can best be described as spurious in nature.
Humorous Responses to Embarrassment
Authors: Fink Edward L. , Walker Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

Humor is a technique that is frequently used to restructure an interpersonal communication when embarrassment has broken down communication patterns. In an embarrassing interaction, it is expected that more humor will be used between persons of relatively equal status than when people are of unequal status and that more humor will be initiated by a person of relatively higher status than by a person of lower status. It is hypothesized that more humor will be used when interactants anticipate future interaction than when no future interaction is expected. Sixty subjects engaged in an embarrassing interaction with an experimenter by telephone. Results indicate that there was no significant effect for anticipated interaction. More laughter between persons of relatively equal status than between persons of unequal status was found. The larger the number of others present, the more laughter occurred and the less embarrassment was found. Use of verbal humor was positively associated with openness in the interaction.
Indirect Behavioral Measures and Examination Grades
Authors: Ullmann Leonard P. , Stanton Wendy L.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that grades on a midterm examination given to 169 students would be associated with indirect behavioral measures of spelling the instructor's name correctly, handing in one's paper early or late, making social contact with the proctor when handing in the paper, wearing bright or printed clothing, and picking up an announcement. While there were some significant correlations between indirect behavioral measures and grades, the intercorrelations among the indirect behavioral measures themselves were of such low magnitude as to indicate a need for further validation and, in the interim, great caution in their clinical application.
Training Emotionally Disturbed Children in Role-Taking: A Structured Technique
Authors: Garrity Linda I. , Donoghue James T. , Leff Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A structured model is presented for brief training and evaluation of role-taking skills in young children. Using a within-subjects design, 16 emotionally disturbed boys ( M = 6–7 yr.) received brief training in role-taking and discussion with one story in the first condition and discussion only of another story in a second condition. No differences between conditions were found in subjects' recall, number of affective words used, and amount of eye movement. The use of this model in a control-group design, with separate groups of children receiving role-taking and discussion conditions, is suggested, and the importance of using a structured Technique in role-taking training is emphasized.
Factor Analysis of Masculine and Feminine Sex-Typed Items from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Waters Carrie Wherry , Waters L. K. , Pincus Steven
Published: September 2011

Based on the responses of 252 (126 male, 126 female) college undergraduates, a factor analysis of the 40 sex-typed items from the Bern Sex-role Inventory and sex of respondent yielded four factors. One of the factors essentially represented the biological sex of the respondent. A second factor, representing an expressive, affective orientation, contained loadings of 14 of the 20 feminine sex-typed items. The other two factors (dominant, aggressive and independent, self-sufficient) were defined primarily by masculine sex-typed items. Biological sex of the respondent did not load on any of the three latter factors. The obtained factor structure was very similar to that reported by Gaudreau (1975) for non-college respondents. Taken together, these two analyses (a) support the use of the Masculinity and Femininity scales as independent constructs and (b) suggest several items that could be deleted from both scales to increase both homogeneity and interpretability.
Treatment of Encopresis by Overcorrection
Authors: Butler John F.
Published: September 2011

Positive practice, cleanliness training, and periodic inspections for dry pants with contingent positive reinforcement were successfully used to eliminate the encopresis of 3 children. With these children no other difficulties were reported or observed. Overcorrection procedures have been used to treat encopretic children who are either retarded or autistic. Past case reports of behavioral interventions with encopretic children were reviewed and compared with overcorrection which seems an effective, valid, and enduring method for the treatment of encopresis. In these case reports, the parents were utilized as mediators in the natural environment and these changes in toileting behavior were maintained for over a 6-mo. follow-up.
Test-Retest Correlations for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

For 100 to 105 students who were tested before and after a 45-min. classroom examination, test-retest correlations ranged from .66 (first and second administrations of A-State of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) to .83 (second administration of A-Trait and second administration of A-State).
Students' Expectations Involving Parents' Contact Comfort, Duration of Child's Appropriate Behavior, and Child's Age
Authors: Beatty Lula A. , King Donald L.
Published: September 2011

College students (24 men, 24 women) expected parents to wait a longer time for a child to continue to exhibit an appropriate response before initiating contact comfort with the child as the child grows older. If college students' expectations reflect reality, the obtained result supports the suggestion that appropriate behavior by a child is followed by parents initiating contact comfort on a variable-ratio schedule in which the size of the mean ratio increases with an increase in the child's age. This suggestion is of considerable importance, mainly because gradually increasing the response requirement for a ratio schedule is an excellent way first to establish and then maintain a response in the long-term absence of primary reinforcement.
Effects of Increasing, Decreasing, and Fixed Delay of Reward on Extinction in Rats
Authors: Newman Alexander , Loew Edward
Published: September 2011

Reinforcement for the pressing of a bar was administered to 4 groups of rats ( n = 40) immediately, or after a steadily increasing, steadily decreasing, or fixed 45-sec. delay. Those in the group receiving an increasing delay of reward were significantly more resistant to extinction than the other groups. Implications for Amsel's frustration hypothesis are discussed.
Cognitive Differentiation and Socio-Politico Ideology: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sidanius Jim , Ekehammar Bo
Published: September 2011

Cognitive differentiation was studied in relationship to socio-politico ideology using 105 Swedish university students. Three indices of cognitive differentiation were defined by use of similarity estimates among nine Swedish political parties and Ekman's multidimensional scaling method. Socio-politico ideology was operationalized by asking the subjects to describe themselves as either Radicals, Liberals, or Conservatives. Cross-classification and likelihood ratio analysis disclosed statistically significant relationships between two of the three indices of cognitive differentiation and socio-politico ideology. The results were discussed in terms of three theories and/or hypotheses, authoritarian personality theory, the extremism hypothesis and the context hypothesis. The significant results were congruent with the context hypothesis.
Effect of Source of Information as a Function of Age, Professional Relevance and Experience
Authors: Babad Elisha Y.
Published: September 2011

40 school principals and 72 teacher-training students read articles attributed to an author of high or low prestige. The articles were either professionally relevant (on discovery learning) or irrelevant (on environmental pollution). Both attitudinal and comprehension data were collected. No differences were found among the groups in comprehension of the texts. Subjects' attitudes indicated an over-all bias effect in favor of the author of high prestige but, while the principals showed similar bias patterns on both articles, the students showed bias on the educational article but not on the ecological article. The possible mediating effects of age and professional commitment were discussed.
Quality of Life Change and Individual Differences in Stimulus Screening in Relation to Incidence of Illness
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Ross Marion
Published: September 2011

A considerable amount of evidence indicates that a high rate of life changes—a source of continued and unavoidable arousal—is detrimental to health and psychological well-being. The present study hypothesized that sustained high-arousal states are unpreferred and that the persistence of unpreferred emotional states is harmful. Using a conceptual framework for a comprehensive description of emotional states and the differential preferences for these, it is possible to make more precise predictions on the illness consequences of emotionally unpreferred life changes. Particular hypotheses which received support were that more arousing life changes are more conducive to illness; that among the more arousing life changes, unpleasant changes are associated with more illness than pleasant ones; that unpleasant life changes are more detrimental to health when combined with dominance-inducing life changes; and that arousing life changes are particularly harmful to more arousable (non-screening) individuals.
Biasing Effects of Missing Data on a Family Illness Criterion
Authors: Galdi Joe , Bonato Roland R.
Published: September 2011

A method appropriate for evaluating biases in criterion statistics attributable to excluding subjects with missing data from an original sample was illustrated using a complex family illness variable. This method incorporates non-criterion information to indirectly reduce the error in bias estimates and appears more accurate than methods which utilize criterion data alone. Since non-criterion data are required, the method is particularly suited to situations in which the original sample is complete but criterion data are missing within forms or subsequently lost through attrition of subjects.
Adaptors and Innovators and Superior-Subordinate Identification
Authors: Kirton M. J.
Published: September 2011

It has been noted earlier (Kirton, 1976) that adaptors and innovators often possess naive and distorted views of each other. One such view, expressed by innovator senior managers in interviews, was that adaptors owe their success to agreeing with the boss. This study supports adaptors' denials that this is so and offers a more refined hypothesis.
Professional Women's Attitudes toward the Dual Role of Women
Authors: Walker Lorraine , Friedman S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

This study examined the structure of professional women's attitudes toward the dual roles encompassed in motherhood and occupational career. A dual-role scale of 19 items was constructed and with other scales given female faculty members each with at least one child at home. Factor analytical techniques produced a three-dimensional attitudinal model: the career as enriching family life, role equality, and primary role priority. Relationships between these anitudinal components and other measures of feminine involvement and demographic variables are presented.
Differential Effects of Stimulative and Sedative Music on Anxiety, Concentration, and Performance
Authors: Smith Carol A. , Morris Larry W.
Published: September 2011

30 music majors and 30 psychology majors were tested individually under stimulative, sedative, and no-music conditions. Each subject was exposed to one of five types of music: classical, jazz and blues, country/bluegrass, easy listening, and rock/rock and roll. Under each condition subjects indicated their (a) worry about the test, (b) emotionality or physiological-affective arousal, (c) ability to concentrate, (d) expectancy of performance, and (e) like or dislike of the music. Compared with sedative music stimulative music increased worry scores, interfered with concentration, and resulted in lower expectancies as predicted. Thus the effects of music are to be understood in terms of cognitive processes rather than primarily on the basis of physiological-affective responses to musical stimuli. A complex interactive effect on task performance was reported.
Age and Sex Differences in the Probability Preferences of Children
Authors: Arenson Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

57 boys and 55 girls, age 5 to 13 years, played a game in which they made 80 choices to insert a stylus in one of three boards, which had 2, 4, or 8 holes. The choices had equal expected value, but the probabilities of payoff were ½, ¼, or ⅛. Each child began with 15 pennies and paid a penny for each play. Analyses of choices of each probability for the last 30 trials yielded no age or sex differences. The cultural stereotype that boys take greater risks than girls was not supported.
Comparison of Several Aggression Models in Long-Evans (Hooded) Rats: Effects of Sex and Isolation
Authors: Powell D. A. , Buchanan Shirley L.
Published: September 2011

Several experiments were conducted in which “free-cage” aggression, “shock-elicited” aggression, and “mouse-attack” were examined in Long-Evans hooded rats. It was found that the pattern of agonistic postures differed for different models of aggression. In the free-cage situation females exhibited more defensive posturing than did males, whereas males showed more biting and attack behavior than did females; both males and females exhibited mouse attack. In the shock-aggression situation males showed higher frequencies of all aggressive behaviors than did females. Animals which lived in pairs tended to show less agonistic posturing in all three models than did animals which lived alone. These findings suggest that different aggression models assess different aspects of agonistic behavior, and moreover that “attack” vs “defense” can be reliably differentiated in the laboratory rat.
Achieving Intergroup Cooperation through Conflict-Produced Superordinate Goals
Authors: Diab Lutfy N.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of measures used to produce social change in real-life situations can be evaluated in terms of three sets of interacting and related factors: (1) the kinds of group relations involved, i.e., positive or negative, (2) the relative differential socio-economic power of the cooperating or conflicting groups, i.e., dominant or subordinate, and (3) the nature of social change involved, i.e., whether or not it implies a significant and qualitative change in the prevailing status quo. The major thesis of this paper is that the precondition for applying any measure to combat prejudice and discrimination is the preexistence of intergroup conflict perceived by the dominant groups as constituting a major threat, actual or potential, to the prevailing status quo. Superordinate goals produced by intergroup conflict are presented as a necessary prerequisite for the subsequent effective implementation of measures used to reduce intergroup conflict and hostility.
Use of Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis in Evaluation of a State-Wide System for Identification of Educationally Handicapped Children
Authors: Petersen Calvin R. , Hart Darrell H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a state-wide system for the identification of educationally handicapped children through the use of multiple discriminant function analysis. The assessment information upon which diagnostic specialists based their classification decisions was used concurrently to predict the classification decisions which the diagnosticians made for 477 children representing school districts from throughout the State of Utah. The rationale for this procedure was (1) to manifest the variables along with their relative weights upon which the diagnostic classifications were based, (2) to gain evidence of consistency with which diagnostic standards were followed, and (3) to examine how accurately the diagnostic classifications made in the State of Utah could be duplicated statistically. The results indicated that the “mentally retarded,” “culturally disadvantaged,” “slow learner,” and “no-significant-problem” groups could be efficiently identified statistically, but the distinctions between those groups were based almost entirely on the variables of Full Scale IQ and race. The other two classifications of “learning disabled” and “emotionally handicapped” could not be efficiently identified statistically, and the consistency of standards employed for those classifications was questioned. Implications for current practice are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.
Relationships between Age and Adjective Check List Scale Scores
Authors: Bedelan Arthur G. , Armenakis Achilles A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships between age and performance on scale scores for the Adjective Check List for a group of 206 nursing personnel. An analysis of within scale score differences showed statistically significant relationships between age and Self-control, Lability, Heterosexuality, Change, and Counseling Readiness. Differences between the directionality of 5 of the 10 correlation pairs formed by the matching of these scales and those reported by Gough and Heilbrun (1965) suggested that the latter intercorrelations may be sample and/or situationally specific. Finally, age had only a negligible influence on the intercorrelations examined, thus implying that age has a direct rather than a moderating influence on performance.
Age and Dress of Experimenter in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Arenson Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

60 males and 60 females performed in a verbal conditioning procedure for 3 male experimenters who were of different ages and either “formally” or “casually” dressed. To control for extraneous effects of experimenter's attributes, the subject and experimenter were in different rooms and communicated by intercom. Only subjects classified as “aware” on the basis of a post-experimental questionnaire increased their emission of the reinforced response over trials. Among these “aware” subjects, the tendency was significantly greater for females than for males. Age and dress of the experimenter had no effect on subjects' performances.
Compliance as a Function of Prior Compliance, Familiarization, Effort and Benefits: The Foot-in-the-Door Technique Extended
Authors: Baer Robert , Goldman Morton
Published: September 2011

The current study examined: (a) “whether the foot-in-the-door technique would be effective under two levels (medium and high) of two variables (effort and benefit) associated with the second request; and (b) the role of familiarization as a mediator of the foot-in-the-door technique. The subjects, 180 persons selected from the telephone directory, were initially called by an experimenter who introduced himself as a member of a citizen's traffic organization. The subjects were either asked to answer a few short questions or were simply made familiar with the organization. Control subjects were not initially called. The experimenter called the subjects a second time two days later and asked them to comply either with a medium or large request. Half of the subjects received an argument depicting the high benefits that would accrue should the subject comply and the other half received a less strong argument. The results showed that the foot-in-the-door technique was effective under varying conditions of the second request and that under conditions of medium benefit, familiarization facilitated compliance. Under conditions of high benefit, however, familiarization inhibited compliance. The results were discussed in terms of reactance theory.
Young Child's Awareness of Self
Authors: Gilbert Doris C. , Finell Linda
Published: September 2011

The study investigated relationships among hypothesized contributors to a differentiated concept of self in 69 kindergarten children: articulation of body concept, affect awareness, and the tendency for make-believe play. A principal component procedure located three unrotated factors. All three self-aware measures load moderately well on a first factor. A child who codes one aspect of his inner experience, such as his body concept, also codes affect and fantasy.
Concept of Equivalence Relations and Conservation of Liquid in Preschool Children
Authors: Goggin Eileen Brockman , Landers William F. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of logic involved in the concept of equivalence, and its relationship to attainment of conservation of liquid were studied. Equivalence was operationalized according to set theory model—as relationships characterized by three logical properties of reflexivity (R), symmetry (S), and transitivity (T). Each property was assessed by two procedures. Twenty-eight children (age range 4–0 to 5–5) were administered: (1) Pretest for relational terms, (2) Equivalence Battery, (3) Liquid Conservation Task, (4) Liquid Conservation Task—Reduced saliency condition. The three logical properties (each assessed two ways) do not develop in an invariant ordinal sequence (R S T); however, a “psychometric” order of increasing task difficulty did emerge. For all three abilities, one assessment procedure was consistently easier than the other. A significant positive relationship between age and degree of mastery of equivalence logic was found. In this study, complete mastery of equivalence was a necessary condition for attainment of conservation. The data support the proposition that saliency of perceptual change in a conservation task may be a roadblock to attainment of conservation in some preschool children, indirectly suggesting that mastery of equivalence logic probably is not a sufficient condition for conservation.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLII. Scientific Eminence and Reading Ease
Authors: Colotla Victor A.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to evaluate whether the frequency with which an individual's articles are reprinted in books of readings in introductory psychology is an adequate measure of scientific eminence. 22 authors were identified as having at least eight articles reprinted in a sample of 30 books of readings. While many of them are considered as eminent by other criteria, suggesting that the variable studied here is an appropriate measure of scientific eminence in psychology, several eminent psychologists did not have as many articles reprinted in the sample of books. It is hypothesized that both scientific eminence and readability of the author's, work combine to determine the probability that scientists have their work reprinted in anthologies for the undergraduate student.
Non-Professionals' Attributions of Deviant Behavior: Mental Illness as a Non-Preferred Label
Authors: Ritzema Robert J. , Fancher Suzanne C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the manner in which non-professional judges (36 male and 36 female freshmen) applied the labels “mentally ill,” “emotionally disturbed,” “insane,” and “has psychological problems” to instances of deviant behavior. College students rated brief descriptions of behavior varying in severity and in type of deviance exhibited. Subjects used the term “mental illness” less than the term “emotionally disturbed” in the case of moderately deviant behavior. The terms “emotionally disturbed” and “has psychological problems” were used more than was the term “mentally ill” to describe severely deviant behavior.
Evaluation of Response Consistency on the MMPI
Authors: Maloney Michael P. , Duvall Sheryl W. , Friesen James
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of intelligence and psychiatric status on consistency of response on the MMPI for 160 psychiatric inpatients. F Scale scores and response consistency (TR) scores were examined. Random response patterns tended to be more prevalent in those protocols with F Scale elevations and in those groups who were either psychotic or of low intelligence. Data suggest the TR index of response consistency is a potentially useful adjunct to traditional MMPI indices.
Psychodigms of Theory in Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Heilizer Fred
Published: September 2011

It is the contention of this paper that personality psychology and social psychology have developed different orientations to theory. Pronouncements of crisis emanating from each area are presumed to reflect these divergent developments. The orientation of social psychology, by means of situationism in social learning theory, is toward data-driven, empirical constructs and theories with a major cognitive content. The data-driven, empirical nature of constructs and theories in situationism emphasizes the primacy of the data in developing the constructs and of asking limited, focussed questions. The orientation of personality psychology, by means of person-situation interactionism, is towards the more traditional concept-driven constructs and theories which emphasize the importance of extensive conceptual systems and broad semantic descriptions. These two orientations are seen as representing Kuhnian paradigms—herein called psychodigms—of different degrees of development. Situationism has developed from and within the Lewinian tradition and has achieved the status of a fully developed psychodigm for social psychology. Interactionism has developed more recently as a result of attacks by situationists on the psychoanalytically relevant constructs of motivation and trait and functions to conserve these constructs as concept-driven and as part of the person in the interaction. The newness of interactionism as the major orientation for personality psychology has produced, at most, a partially developed psychodigm. It is expected that the energizing and conformity-producing effect of a fully developed psychodigm is overwhelming as compared to the undetermined, and incompletely formed, power of a partially developed psychodigm. Judgments about the state of theory in, and future of, personality and social psychology may require consideration of the divergent psychodigms of theory.
Locus of Control and Stages of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Maqsud Muhammad
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between belief in personal control and Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning. Responses of 57 male and 56 female pupils of two residential secondary schools in Kano City indicated that subjects at Stage 3 of moral reasoning tended to exhibit significantly more internality than those at Stages 1, 2, and 4. Significant sex differences were found neither in belief in personal control nor in moral reasoning.
Cross-Cultural Locus of Control Studies: Experiment and Critique
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Henry John
Published: September 2011

Over 30 cross-cultural locus of control studies were reviewed which yielded inconsistent findings. It is argued that this plethora of cross-cultural studies have neglected to match population groups sufficiently carefully and to consider the multidimensional nature of the concept, locus of control. The Rotter Locus of Control Scale was administered to three groups of South African nurses (African, European, Indian) who were carefully matched in terms of age, sex, education, occupation, homogeneity, living conditions and language competence, and considered to be functionally equivalent. Although no significant differences were found between the scores on these three groups, a factor analysis of each group's results indicated a different factor structure emerged for each group.
Relation between Piaget's Cognitive Stages and Temporal Extension
Authors: Nissim-Sabat Denis
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between cognitive development, as assessed by Piagetian tasks, and temporal extension as assessed by the Lines Test. It was hypothesized that concrete operational subjects, relative to formal operational subjects, would be more present oriented and have a longer life space extension. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that formal operational subjects, relative to concrete operational subjects, would be more future-oriented. Two Piagetian tasks and a Lines Test were administered to 65 senior high school students. Significant differences existed between the 23 concrete, 22 transitional, and 20 formal subjects on the measures of present and future temporal extension, but none on the life-space measure.
Treatment of Retarded Ejaculation with Psychotherapy and Meditative Relaxation: A Case Report
Authors: Delmonte M. , Braidwood M.
Published: September 2011

A 33-yr.-old male married for 5 yr. was diagnosed as having psychogenic retarded ejaculation. He had never ejaculated during intravaginal intercourse. Treatment consisted of 10 mo. of eclectic psychotherapy as well as meditative relaxation exercises during the last 2½ mo. of treatment. The last 4 mo. included his wife in conjoint marital therapy. Treatment was successful and led, to conception. A 4-mo. follow-up indicated that regular and normal practice of sexual intercourse had been maintained.