bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Data Acquisition and Processing Scheme for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
Authors: Gao Kun , Wang Hao , Nazarko Joanicjusz
Published: July 2022

This study studies the problem of efficient multimedia data acquisition and decreasing whole energy expenditure of wireless multimedia sensor networks and proposes a three-step multimedia data acquisition and wireless energy supplement strategy. Firstly, for network partition, this study proposes a network partition scheme based on vicinity likeness and distance of sensor nodes (VLD), which divides the whole sensor network into multiple regions. The physical links inside the region are dense and concentrated, while the link connections between regions are sparse. Disconnecting the connections between regions hardly affects the data transmission of sensor nodes. Secondly, this study proposes an efficient data acquisition and processing scheme for wireless multimedia sensor network ASS. Compared with other anchor selection schemes, this scheme has obvious performance advantages. Then, the problem of minimizing network energy expenditure is defined, and the optimal sensor node data perception rate and network link transmission rate of the optimization function are obtained by dual decomposition and sub-gradient method. Finally, in the case of a given network energy threshold, the performance of the overall strategy in this study is verified by comparing the amount of data collected by the base station.
Novel Shuffling Countermeasure for Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) against Profiled Attack in Mobile Multimedia Services
Authors: Lee JongHyeok , Kim Jiyoon , Han Dong-Guk
Published: July 2022

Mobile multimedia services are gaining popularity among many users by developing wireless communication and mobile devices. Mobile multimedia has alleviated conventional multimedia’s time and space limits, making it easier for consumers to access services and meet content demands. However, cyber risks lie in the shadows of the expansion of mobile multimedia services, threatening to continue wreaking havoc. Although various methods exist to defend against these cyber threats, side-channel analysis has remained a critical challenge in the current approaches that rely on cryptographic algorithms. Nowadays, research on deep learning-based side-channel analysis is receiving much attention. Attacks are constantly performed against implementations, to which existing countermeasures against traditional side-channel analysis are applied, using various artificial neural network structures. However, while studies on the implementations to which masking and simple hiding schemes using jitter are active, studies on the implementations to which the shuffling scheme or the random insertion of dummy operations scheme are applied have been relatively less attention. In a previous study, Lee and Han has used deep learning to distinguish between real and dummy operations in an implementation that combined shuffling scheme and random insertion of dummy operations scheme. They also proposed countermeasures against their attacks. However, they did not choose an appropriate environment that is as close to noise-free as possible, and their countermeasure still has flaws. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the causes of vulnerability of the previous countermeasure and propose a novel countermeasure that can completely solve them. The novel countermeasure is a method of uniformly applying shuffling schemes and random insertion of dummy operation schemes to byte-independent and byte-dependent operations of an advanced encryption standard, respectively. It was confirmed that our countermeasure is safe from attackers who perform profiled attacks even in an experimental environment with almost no noise.
Efficacy and Safety of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Combined with Cranial Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases from Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ge Yuansha , Xu Bowen , Wang Heping , Gao Junmao , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Lu Taicheng , Gao Ruike , Li Jie
Published: July 2022

Introduction. Brain metastases (BMs) are common in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which leads to a poor prognosis. As the two most effective strategies available, the use of combination of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) and radiotherapy (RT) is still controversial. This protocol proposes a methodology for carrying out a systematic review and meta‐analysis that is aimed at (1) focusing on the efficacy and safety role of EGFR‐TKIs combined with RT for BMs from NSCLC and (2) displaying the difference in efficacy of EGFR‐TKIs owing to the sites and number of BMs, different types of RT, EGFR mutation status, and the subtypes of EGFR mutations by subgroup analysis. Methods and Analysis. Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang database, and VIP database will be searched from their inception until May 2022. Only randomized controlled trials evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of EGFR‐TKIs combined with RT on BMs of NSCLC will be included. Two reviewers will select the articles, assess the risk of bias, and extract data independently and in duplicate. The RoB 2 tool will be used to assess the quality of included studies. The meta‐analysis of data synthesis will be performed with Stata 16. Publication bias will be assessed with the funnel plot method and the Egger test. Quality of the evidence will be evaluated by the GRADE system. Discussion. The approval of an ethical committee is not required. All the included trials will comply with the current ethical standards and the Declaration of Helsinki. Given the ongoing controversies regarding the optimal sequencing of the available and expanding treatment options for EGFR‐TKIs in NSCLC with BMs, a synthesis of available, high‐quality clinical research evidence is essential to advance our understanding in the treatment of this complex and common disease. This systematic review will evaluate available evidence, will try to provide optimized advice in the applications of EGFR‐TKIs, and will be published in a high‐quality journal. This study is registered with PROSPERO registration number CRD42021291509.
Application of Data Mining Technology in Enterprise Green Innovation Model Construction and Path Analysis
Authors: He Binfeng
Published: July 2022

Since sustainable development has become the dominant mode of human development at the present stage, green technology has received more and more attention under this background. The development of green technology has become an important means to achieve sustainable development. Green technological innovation is a kind of technological innovation. However, because the goal of green technological innovation is different from that of traditional technological innovation, the dynamic mechanism of green technological innovation lies in the similarities and differences of traditional technological innovation. This paper focuses on data mining technology to design and optimize the enterprise green technology creation model. At present, clustering algorithm and association rule algorithm are important research contents in big data mining technology. Among them, the clustering algorithm refers to the process of grouping similar data objects in a large amount of data information, so that the approximate data information can be aggregated and clustered, which is convenient for data mining calculation. In the algorithm, the shortcomings of the original clustering algorithm, such as insufficient data processing and incomplete analysis, are improved, and the data processing is improved by 51.7%, which has a good processing effect on subsequent data preprocessing and dynamic incremental clustering. In the follow-up experiment, the role of green technology in corporate finance is reflected.
[Retracted] Perception of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence in the Decision‐Making Processes of Public Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Saleh Ibrahim Yousif , Khalid Al-Azzawi Waleed , Hamad Mohamad A. Abdullah , Nouri Hassan Ahmed , Meraf Zelalem
Published: July 2022

Technologies are increasingly independent and play important roles in society. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of science that can improve various environments and processes. The health sector stands out among these contexts, especially ophthalmology and dentistry. Studies evaluating the impact of using these technologies in these contexts are still developing. There are still few studies that assess how AI can impact the decision‐making process of health professionals and how it can improve the quality of care provided to these professionals. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the perception of the impact of AI on the decision‐making process of health professionals and the quality of patient care from the perspective of ophthalmologists and dentists. The methodological strategy used was the application of an online questionnaire with eighteen professionals in these areas. Based on the respondents’ opinions, we sought to assess how these decision‐making processes are affected by the use of technologies and how they impact the quality of patient care. As a result, it was observed that AI has become essential and a facilitator of the diagnostic processes. However, it presents some challenges related to cost, accessibility, AI x  professional responsibility, and incentive of agreements.
Subchronic Toxicity Study of Alternanthera philoxeroides in Swiss Albino Mice Having Antioxidant and Anticoagulant Activities
Authors: Khandker Shahad Saif , Alam Morshed , Uddin Forhad , Shapla Ummay Mahfuza , Lubna Nafisa , Mazumder Tanusree Amy , Marzan Mahfuza , Mondal Milon , Khalil Md Ibrahim , Karim Nurul , Shakil Md Salman , Hossen Md Sakib
Published: July 2022

Alternanthera philoxeroides, a tropical herb and edible vegetable, has been popular as a medicinal plant. Applying in vitro approach, we initially attempted to assess the phytochemicals, bioactive chemicals, as well as antioxidant and anticoagulant activities of this plant. Following that, the in vivo toxicological effects of methanolic extracts of A. philoxeroides using different doses on the kidney, heart, lung, liver, stomach, brain, and blood of female Swiss Albino mice were investigated. We estimated phytochemicals content as well as antioxidant activity through DPPH, NO, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays, followed by the anticoagulant activities of PT  and aPTT  and bioactive compounds using HPLC. To confirm the biocompatibility of A. philoxeroides extracts, histopathological and hematological parameters were examined in a mice model. Total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content in A. philoxeroides was 181.75 ± 2.47 mg/g, 101.5 ± 3 .53 mg/g, and 68.58 ± 0.80 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the HPLC study confirmed the presence of four phenolic compounds: catechin, tannic acid, gallic acid, and vanillic acid. The methanolic extract of A. philoxeroides showed considerable antioxidant activity in all four antioxidant assay methods when compared to the standard. In comparison to ascorbic acid, A. philoxeroides also demonstrated a minor concentration-dependent ferric and cupric reduction activity. In vivo evaluation indicated that A. philoxeroides extracts (doses: 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) had no negative effects on the relative organ or body weight, or hematological indicators. Our study concluded that A. philoxeroides had significant antioxidant and anticoagulant activities and demonstrated no negative effects on the body or relative organ weight, histopathological, and hematological indices in the mouse model.
Experimental Research on Mix Ratio of Construction Waste Cemented Filling Material Based on Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Chen Weixin , Zhang Guohua , Tao Qin , Yu Liangliang , Li Tao , Guan Xianhua
Published: July 2022

In order to solve the problem of insufficient supply of aggregate for cemented filling material, the experimental research on the mix ratio of cemented filling material using construction waste as recycled coarse aggregate was carried out. A ternary quadratic regression model was created using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) based on the response surface methodology (RSM), using slump, bleeding ratio, and 28 d uniaxial compressive strength of the filling material as response variables, and the model’s accuracy and reliability were confirmed. The findings of the regression model reveal that the response value is influenced by a single component as well as the interaction between the two factors. Finally, based on filling material cost optimization model, an optimal mix ratio is given, in which the wet fly ash/aggregate ratio, Talbol gradation index of recycled aggregate, and dosage of water reducing agent to cement are 0.507, 0.5, and 0.678%, respectively. The filling material which adopted the optimal mix ratio exhibited a good performance with slump of 215 mm and bleeding ratio of 4.00%, uniaxial compressive strength increased significantly within 3 d, and 28 d uniaxial compressive strength was 4.08 MPa, which meet the requirements of field construction.
Clinical Efficacy of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer and Its Impact on Patients’ Serum Tumor Markers and KPS Scores
Authors: You Xin , Hou Feng-Yan
Published: July 2022

Objective. To assess the clinical efficacy of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for cervical cancer and its impact on patients’ serum tumor markers and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scores. Methods. Between August 2018 and July 2020, 94 patients with cervical cancer diagnosed and treated in our hospital were recruited and assigned via the random number table method to receive either IGRT (study group) or conventional radiotherapy (control group), with 47 cases to each group. The primary endpoint was clinical efficacy, and secondary endpoints included serum tumor markers levels and KPS scores. Results. IGRT was associated with a significantly higher efficacy (97.87%) versus convention radiotherapy (74.46%) (

P
<
0.05

). IGRT resulted in significantly lower levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50), and carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724) versus conventional radiotherapy (

P
<
0.05

). The eligible patients after IGRT showed significantly higher KPS scores versus conventional radiotherapy (

P
<
0.05

). Conclusion. IGRT enhances the survival of patients with cervical cancer, lowers their serum tumor marker levels, and elevates the KPS scores. Further clinical trials are, however, required prior to clinical promotion.
UAVs Protection and Countermeasures in a Complex Electromagnetic Environment
Authors: Belousov Anton O. , Zhechev Yevgeniy S. , Chernikova Evgeniya B. , Nosov Alexander V. , Gazizov Talgat R.
Published: July 2022

The study considers the problem of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of EMI‐based functional destruction means with other radioelectronic equipment as part of a complex for countering unmanned aerial vehicles. To solve this problem, it is proposed to create a methodology that combines a set of diverse approaches and methods. This study focuses on the use of hollow and thin passive conductors, the use of a magnetodielectric in a reflection symmetric modal filter, the use of reflection symmetric structures for decomposing the train of ultrashort pulses (USP), and the use of a meander line as a protective means against USPs. The main results that are expected to be obtained using the proposed approaches and methods are outlined.
Evaluating Suppliers Using AHP in a Fuzzy Environment and Allocating Order Quantities to Each Supplier in a Supply Chain
Authors: Lavanpriya C. , Muthukumaran V. , Manoj Kumar P.
Published: July 2022

The most challenging task in the supply chain is selecting the appropriate supplier, and it has a great influence on industry productivity growth. Because of the large budget allotted to raw materials, supplier selection is a critical issue for the industry’s financial status. The right supplier in the industry drastically reduces problems throughout the supply chain. The several managers of a company were interviewed, and the most essential criteria considered by the managers when choosing their supplier firms were identified. In this study, Fuzzy-AHP and goal programming are combined to identify suitable suppliers and allocate orders in the supply chain. The mathematical models developed the goals of minimizing periodic budget, minimizing defect rate, maximizing the total value of purchase, and maximizing demand. To reach the desired values of periodic goals, the multiobjective multi-integer linear programming model is presented. A mathematical example is offered to show the effectiveness of suggested method. The Archimedean goal programming method is used to solve these multiple periods of single products within the Lingo 18.0 software package. Multiple period demand allocations to suppliers are calculated as X11 = 9000, X12 = 7800, X13 = 7900, X21 = 3434.9, X22 = 5098, X23 = 6002.56, X31 = 100, X32 = 100, and X33 = 100. All the target values of budget, defective rate, and demand are achieved for all periods except the total values of purchasing. The results are subjected to sensitivity analysis. It will help a manufacturer for selecting a suitable supplier to allocate the order for maximizing the profit, improving the quality of product, enhancing the supplier buyer relationship, strengthening the supply chain, reducing the risk of purchasing decision, and improving customer satisfaction. Therefore, the supply chain is effective to supply the continuity of products.
Clinicopathological Significance and Prognostic Values of Long Noncoding RNA BCYRN1 in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Han Xiaoyong , Wang Yongfeng , Zhao Rangyin , Zhang Guangming , Qin Chenhui , Fu Liangyin , Jin Haojie , Jiang Xianglai , Yang Kehu , Cai Hui
Published: July 2022

Background. Although combination therapies have substantially improved the clinical outcomes of cancer patients, the prognosis and early diagnosis remain unsatisfactory. As a result, it is critical to look for novel indicators linked to cancer. Despite a number of recent studies indicating that the lncRNA brain cytoplasmic RNA1(BCYRN1) may be a potential predictive biomarker in cancer patients, BCYRN1’s prognostic value is still being debated. Methods. We utilized PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to search for studies related to BCYRN1 until October 2021. Valid data were extracted after determining the articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and forest plots were made using Stata software. We used hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals to evaluate the relationship between abnormal BCYRN1 expression and patient prognosis and clinicopathological characteristics. Results. Meta-analysis revealed that increased BCYRN1 expression was associated with both overall tumor survival (OS; HR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.51–2.25,

p
<
0.0001

) and disease-free survival (DFS; HR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.20–2.26,

p
=
0.002

). Furthermore, a strong association was discovered between increased BCYRN1 expression and tumor invasion depth (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.49–2.99,

p
=
0.000

), clinical stage (OR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.18–5.37,

p
=
0.017

), and distant tumor metastasis (OR = 4.19, 95% CI 1.45–12.05,

p
=
0.008

). Conclusions. We found that high BCYRN1 expression was associated with poor survival prognosis and aggressive clinicopathological characteristics in various cancers, indicating that it is a potential prognostic indicator as well as a therapeutic target. Further research is needed on pan-cancer cohorts to determine the clinical relevance of BCYRN1 in distinct cancer types.
Experimental Studies on Water‐Based Al2O3 Nanofluid to Enhance the Performance of the Hybrid Collector
Authors: Srimanickam B. , Elangovan M. , Salunkhe Sachin , Nasr Emad Abouel , Hussein H. M. A. , Shanmugam Ragavanantham
Published: July 2022

Many research and significant worldwide efforts have been made to combat climate change. The purpose of this research was to maximize the productivity of a flat‐plate hybrid collector with two kinds of cooling medium, namely water and water‐based Al2O3 nanofluid. Effects of single‐volume concentration (0.1%) of Al2O3 nanoparticles and four types of volume flow rates such as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 litres/minute (LPM) were also examined which found that the best performance is achieved with 2.0 LPM. The experimental results found that the hybrid collector significantly depends on solar radiation, the surface geometry of the cooling channels, and the volume flow rates of the working medium. In addition, the performance of the hybrid collector improved with increasing volume flow rate. Maximum glazing surface temperature has been attained by water collector was 68.2°C, whereas water‐based nanofluid has achieved its glazing surface temperature 63.8°C. As a result, the life of the solar panel has been increased significantly. This occurred because an increase in the volume flow rate increased the turbulence of the working medium, thus resulting in better performance of the hybrid collector. Besides, the results also showed that the distribution of working medium in the channel had played a major role in the heat transfer rate. The thermal efficiency was found to vary from 13.9% to 60.7% for all the four‐volume flow rates of water. Similarly, thermal efficiency was attained from 16.8% to 79.4% for all the four‐volume flow rates of Al2O3 nanofluid.
Effects of Laparoscopic Hyperthermic Perfusion Therapy Combined with Adjuvant Treatment of Compound Yew Capsule on Ovarian Blood Flow Parameters and Immune Function in Patients with Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Su Mengya , Wang Donghui , Huang Ping
Published: July 2022

Objective. To determine the effects of laparoscopic hyperthermic perfusion therapy combined with adjuvant compound yew capsules on ovarian blood flow parameters and immune function in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). Methods. A total of 90 OC patients enrolled in our hospital between January 2019 and January 2020 were randomly distributed into the control (Con group) and experimental group (Exp group) based on the sealed envelope method. The Con group was administered laparoscopic hyperthermic perfusion therapy. On this basis, the Exp group was subjected to compound yew capsules; the ovarian blood flow parameters and immune function indexes were compared between the two groups. Results. The Exp group was reported to perform better than the Con group regarding ovarian blood flow parameters and immune indexes after treatment (

p
<
0.001

). Conclusion. Laparoscopic hyperthermic perfusion therapy combined with adjuvant compound yew capsules for patients with OC can substantially improve the clinical indexes and immune function. Furthermore, research and adequate promotion are needed to elicit the evidence beyond preclinical studies to understand the intricacies of its implementation.
The Effects of Transforming Growth Factor‐β1 on the Differentiation of Cell Organoids Composed of Gingiva‐Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Song Young-Min , Na Kyung-Hwan , Lee Hyun-Jin , Park Jun-Beom
Published: July 2022

This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of transforming growth factor‐β on the differentiation and mRNA expression of organoids made out of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell organoids composed of gingiva‐derived stem cells were cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor‐β1 at concentrations ranging from 0, 1, 10, to 20 ng/ml. Evaluations of the cell morphology of the organoids were performed on days 7, 9, 11, and 14. Quantitative cellular viability was completed on day 14. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays were performed to evaluate the differentiation of stem cells on day 14. Real‐time polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the expression levels of TGF‐β1, RUNX2, OCN, SOX9, and COL1A1 mRNA on day 14. The stem cells produced well‐formed organoids on day 7, and the addition of transforming growth factor‐β1 did not result in relevant changes in their shape. The organoids grew in size and became more intact with longer incubation times. On day 14, the diameters were 222.2 ± 9.6, 186.1 ± 4.8, 197.2 ± 9.6, and 211.1 ± 19.2 m for transforming growth factor‐β1 at final concentrations of 0, 1, 10, and 20 ng/ml, respectively. Quantitative cell viability results from day 14 exhibited no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). There was significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity with the addition of transforming growth factor‐β1 with the highest value for the 1 ng/ml group (P < 0.05). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of RUNX2, OCN, and SOX were higher in 1 ng/ml but did not reach statistical significance. Treatment with 1 ng/ml of transforming growth factor‐β1 significantly increased COL1A1 mRNA expression at day 14. The application of transforming growth factor‐β1 increased differentiation, which was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA expression while maintaining cell viability.
Preparation of High-Refractive-Index Flexible Nanoparticle Laser Engraving Materials and Micro-Nano Sculpture Art
Authors: Guo Zhilei , Huang Liling , Tian Li
Published: July 2022

The continuous development of nanotechnology has brought new trends of thought and new impetus to sculpture art. In the field of microengraving, people usually use two-photon engraving technology, but not every particle conforms to the engraving process. ZnO nanoparticles have a high refractive index and are extremely flexible, making them the material of choice for laser engraving. This article aims to investigate whether the incorporation of high-refractive-index flexible nanoparticles into engraving techniques can significantly improve the functional properties of products. This paper firstly introduces the preparation methods of common nanoparticle laser engraving materials and then describes simple micro-nano sculptures on this basis. Finally, experiments on the transmittance and refractive index of ZnO nanoparticles are carried out. The experimental results show that the refractive index and transmittance of this material are 1.7 and 1.039, respectively, which is very suitable for laser engraving.
Federated Learning in Risk Prediction: A Primer and Application to COVID-19-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Gulamali Faris F. , Nadkarni Girish N.
Published: July 2022

Background: Modern machine learning and deep learning algorithms require large amounts of data; however, data sharing between multiple healthcare institutions is limited by privacy and security concerns. Summary: Federated learning provides a functional alternative to the single-institution approach while avoiding the pitfalls of data sharing. In cross-silo federated learning, the data do not leave a site. The raw data are stored at the site of collection. Models are created at the site of collection and are updated locally to achieve a learning objective. We demonstrate a use case with COVID-19-associated AKI. We showed that federated models outperformed their local counterparts, even when evaluated on local data in the test dataset, and performance was like those being used for pooled data. Increases in performance at a given hospital were inversely proportional to dataset size at a given hospital, which suggests that hospitals with smaller datasets have significant room for growth with federated learning approaches. Key Messages: This short article provides an overview of federated learning, gives a use case for COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury, and finally details the issues along with some potential solutions.
Association Between Community‐Level Violent Crime and Cardiovascular Mortality in Chicago: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Eberly Lauren A. , Julien Howard , South Eugenia C. , Venkataraman Atheendar , Nathan Ashwin S. , Anyawu Emeka C. , Dayoub Elias , Groeneveld Peter W. , Khatana Sameed Ahmed M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Violent crime has recently increased in many major metropolitan cities in the United States. Prior studies suggest an association between neighborhood crime levels and cardiovascular disease, but many have been limited by cross‐sectional designs. We investigated whether longitudinal changes in violent crime rates are associated with changes in cardiovascular mortality rates at the community level in one large US city‐Chicago, IL.

Methods and Results

Chicago is composed of 77 community areas. Age‐adjusted mortality rates by community area for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary artery disease from 2000 to 2014, aggregated at 5‐year intervals, were obtained from the Illinois Department of Public Health Division of Vital Records. Mean total and violent crime rates by community area were obtained from the City of Chicago Police Data Portal. Using a 2‐way fixed effects estimator, we assessed the association between longitudinal changes in violent crime and cardiovascular mortality rates after accounting for changes in demographic and economic variables and secular time trends at the community area level from 2000 to 2014. Between 2000 and 2014, the median violent crime rate in Chicago decreased from 3620 per 100 000 (interquartile range [IQR], 2256, 7777) in the 2000 to 2004 period to 2390 (IQR 1507, 5745) in the 2010 to 2014 period (
P
=0.005 for trend). In the fixed effects model a 1% decrease in community area violent crime rate was associated with a 0.21% (95% CI, 0.09–0.33) decrease in cardiovascular mortality rates (
P
=<0.001) and a 0.19% (95% CI, 0.04–0.33) decrease in coronary artery disease mortality rates (
P
=0.01). There was no statistically significant association between change in violent crime and stroke mortality rates (−0.17% [95% CI, −0.42 to 0.08;
P
=0.18]).

Conclusions

From 2000 to 2014, a greater decrease in violent crime at the community area level was associated with a greater decrease in cardiovascular and coronary artery disease mortality rates in Chicago. These findings add to the growing evidence of the impact of the built environment on health and implicate violent crime exposure as a potential social determinant of cardiovascular health. Targeted investment in communities to decrease violent crime may improve community cardiovascular health.
Another One Rides the Bus: The Impact of School Transportation on Student Outcomes in Michigan
Authors: Edwards Danielle Sanderson
Published: July 2022

School transportation may increase student outcomes by providing a reliable and safe means of getting to and from school. Little evidence of the effects of such policies exists. In this paper, I provide some of the first causal evidence of transportation impacts on student attendance and achievement using a rich panel of student-level enrollment and address data for Michigan public school students and a unique dataset of district transportation policies for the largest fifty districts in Michigan. I exploit the walking distance cutoffs that determine transportation eligibility using a regression discontinuity design. I find that transportation eligibility increases attendance rates and lowers the probability of chronic absence. These effects are largest for economically disadvantaged students, who experience a 0.5 to 1 percentage point increase in attendance rates and a 2 to 4 percentage point decrease in the probability of being chronically absent. These results are compelling evidence that school-provided transportation increases attendance for students most at risk to miss school. However, I find no effect of school transportation on student achievement outcomes. Given the high costs of school transportation, targeting additional transportation services to chronically absent students as an attendance intervention may be more efficient than increasing bus services for all students.
The Road to Finding a Definition for the Crime of Genocide – the Importance of the Genocide Convention
Authors: Ozoráková Lilla
Published: July 2022

Today, genocide is known as “the crime of crimes”, for its fundamental implications for human morality. The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) defines genocide as a crime perpetrated against “a national, ethnical, racial or religious group”. The same definition was also adopted verbatim by the statutes of the international criminal tribunals and courts. Although this was a successful step towards the establishment of an international regime of criminal responsibility for one of the most heinous violations of international law (as well as towards the ultimate eradication of the crime of genocide), the definition of genocide, as set out in the Genocide Convention, has often been subjected to criticism due to its limited scope. The definition in Article II of the Genocide Convention was the outcome of a complex process of negotiations and consensus, reflecting the prevailing views on genocide during the drafting of the Genocide Convention. However, in order to understand the reasoning behind the limited scope of the definition, it is necessary to examine the historical context in which the crime of genocide was conceptualized and subsequently criminalized. The aim of this article is to explore the historical background of the concept of genocide, with specific attention to the drafting processes of the most important legal instruments, including the Genocide Convention and the statutes of the international criminal courts and tribunals, to illustrate the foundations of the concept and explain the reasoning behind the current definition of genocide. In particular, this article will focus on examining the legacy of Raphael Lemkin as the father of the term ‘genocide’, as well as the influence of the Nuremberg Trials. In addition, this article will focus on the historical context in which the 1948 Genocide Convention was drafted and subsequently adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as well as explore the developments that emerged in the post-1948 period, with specific attention paid not only to the drafting of the statutes of the international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court, but also to their jurisprudence.
Australian Representatives to the UNWCC, 1943–1948
Authors: Morris Narrelle
Published: July 2022

Australia had a number of significant personnel involved in the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC). Yet the strongest Australian influence on the UNWCC was not Australian at all; it was the British-born jurist Lord Wright of Durley, who served as Australia’s representative from mid-1944 and as UNWCC chair during the pivotal years from 1945 to 1948. Lord Wright took charge only months before the wars in Europe and the Pacific ended and thus played a significant role in directing the UNWCC’s efforts during this crucial period. Unfortunately, the UNWCC became less and less able over time to influence its national members and their approaches to prosecuting war crimes. The eventual sidelining of the UNWCC does not, however, change its important place in the history of multilateral institutions that sought to deal with war crimes committed in the twentieth century by means of international criminal law. Nor does it detract from the honest and industrious work of the various national representatives, including Lord Wright, to ensure that war criminals did not escape justice.
Crossroads in London on the Road to Nuremberg: The London International Assembly, Exile Governments and War Crimes
Authors: Eichenberg Julia
Published: July 2022

During the Second World War, representatives of occupied European countries fled the continent, mostly to Great Britain. From 1940 onwards, exiled political representatives of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia and Free France were situated in London. This initiated debates about a broad range of legal issues, ranging from recognition and legitimacy to post-war justice. Law thus became a focal point in London, both imperative to uphold statehood and legitimacy in exile and an indispensable tool for planning and structuring the post-war world. This article looks at the pre-history of the UNWCC and presents interests and forces behind the creation of such a commission, and the attempts of different groups, states and individuals to maintain agency. This article will introduce discussions around the St James’s Declaration, the London International Assembly (LIA) and at Chatham House as important steps leading towards the UNWCC.
Telemedical and Self-Managed Abortion: A Human Rights Imperative?
Authors: Tongue Zoe L.
Published: July 2022

Early into the COVID-19 pandemic, abortion rights advocates highlighted the importance of maintaining access to abortion through telemedicine. It was argued that telemedical and self-managed abortion was, in the pandemic context, a human rights imperative. This article argues that providing for telemedical and self-managed abortion remains a human rights imperative beyond the duration of the pandemic. Telemedical and self-managed abortion is safe and effective, supports the pregnant person’s preferences and reproductive autonomy, and minimises many of the physical and structural barriers faced by pregnant people in accessing abortion services. International and European human rights standards access to abortion require states to take positive measures to guarantee access to abortion, and this article argues that such measures include telemedical and self-managed abortion.
A New Species of Lactarius subg. Lactarius (Russulaceae) from Baiyun Mountain, China
Authors: HUANG XIAO-XIA , LIN ZHI-JUN , LI SI-DUO , QIU LI-HONG
Published: July 2022

A new species of Lactarius subg. Lactarius from Baiyun Mountain, Guangdong Province in southern China is described based on phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and morphological analyses. Lactarius baiyunensis sp. nov. is characterized by a light brown to white, azonate or inconspicuously zonate pileus, irregular brownish spots on the stipe, latex unchanging in color, small globose to subglobose basidiospores with pronounced ornamentation, absence of cheilocystidia and an ixotrichoderm for a pileipellis. The new species is presented with illustrated description, and comparisons of morphology and phylogeny are made with closely related species.
Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitating Stratiform Clouds in North China Revealed by Joint Observations of an Aircraft and a Polarimetric Radar
Authors: Hu Xiangfeng , Huang Hao , Xiao Haixia , Cui Yi , Lv Feng , Zhao Liwei , Ji Xueshuai
Published: July 2022

Microphysical structures and processes in a case of precipitating stratiform clouds in North China on 21 May 2018 are investigated using joint observations from an aircraft and an X-band polarimetric radar. The results show that there are enhancements in differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) above the 7-km altitude, consistent with the existence of dendrites and platelike ice crystals. The horizontal reflectivity factor (ZH) increases and ZDR decreases downward above the melting layer (ML), due to the prevalent aggregation process, which is confirmed by the downward increasing volume-weighted mean diameter (Dm) and decreasing total number concentration (Nt) observed by the aircraft. Within the ML, the concentration of median-sized particles (2–5 mm) decreases rapidly downward due to the melting process. Within approximately the top 2/3 of the ML, the melting particles’ mean and maximum sizes increase, demonstrating the dominance of the aggregation process. This causes the enhancements of ZH and ZDR within the radar bright band together with the increase in the dielectric constant. Within the bottom 1/3 of the ML, the breakup process is responsible for the decreasing Dm and increasing Nt observed by the aircraft. Below the ML, the measurements by the polarimetric radar and the aircraft only show slight variance with altitude, indicating the near balance between microphysical processes favored by the nearly saturated air. The results of the microphysics in the stratiform case would help improve the microphysical parameterization of numerical modeling in the future.
Quantifying Eddy Generation and Dissipation in the Jet Response to Upper- versus Lower-Level Thermal Forcing
Authors: Nie Yu , Zhang Yang , Chen Gang , Yang Xiu-Qun
Published: July 2022

The relative roles of upper- and lower-level thermal forcing in shifting the eddy-driven jet are investigated using a multilevel nonlinear quasigeostrophic channel model. The numerical experiments show that the upper-level thermal forcing is more efficient in shifting the eddy-driven jet. The finite-amplitude wave activity diagnostics of numerical results show that the dominance of the upper-level thermal forcing over the lower-level thermal forcing can be understood from their different influence on eddy generation and dissipation that affects the jet shift. The upper-level thermal forcing shifts the jet primarily by affecting the baroclinic generation of eddies. The lower-level thermal forcing influences the jet mainly by affecting the wave breaking and dissipation. The former eddy response turns out to be more efficient for the thermal forcing to shift the eddy-driven jet. Furthermore, two quantitative relationships based on the imposed thermal forcing are proposed to quantify the response of both eddy generation and eddy dissipation, and thus to help predict the shift of eddy-driven jet in response to the vertically nonuniform thermal forcing. By conducting the overriding experiments in which the response of barotropic zonal wind is locked in the model and a multiwavenumber theory in which the eddy diffusivity is decomposed to contributions from eddies and mean flow, we find that the eddy generation response is sensitive to the vertical structure of the thermal forcing and can be quantified by the imposed temperature gradient in the upper troposphere. In contrast, the response of eddy diffusivity is almost vertically independent of the imposed forcing, and can be quantified by the imposed vertically averaged thermal wind.

Significance Statement

Climate models predict enhanced warming over tropical upper troposphere and Arctic surface in response to greenhouse gas increases, which has competing effects on the latitudinal shift of eddy-driven jet and thus requires a better understanding of the relative roles of upper- and lower-tropospheric thermal forcing for future climate projection. We make a new quantitative comparison on responses of eddy generation and dissipation that sustain the jet shift and relate them to the imposed thermal forcing. This approach extends the fundamental eddy closure topic from vertically uniform situation to vertically nonuniform forcing. These quantitative relationships are also helpful for better understanding and predicting the jet and storm-track variabilities under other forms of thermal forcing (e.g., SST front, aerosols, latent heat release).
A New Zonal Wave-3 Index for the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Goyal Rishav , Jucker Martin , Gupta Alex Sen , England Matthew H.
Published: July 2022

Zonal wave 3 (ZW3) is an important feature of the Southern Hemisphere extratropical atmospheric circulation and has strong impacts on meridional heat and momentum transport, regional Antarctic sea ice extent, and Southern Hemisphere blocking events. Attempts have been made in the past to define an index that quantifies the variability in the ZW3 pattern; however, existing methods are based on fixed geographical locations and fail to capture certain ZW3 events because of strong variability in phase. In addition, a fixed spatial index poorly characterizes ZW3 in CMIP models, which can exhibit biases in the mean phase of the ZW3 pattern. In this study, we introduce a new way to characterize ZW3 variability by incorporating two indices, one each for magnitude and phase, based on the combination of the first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the 500-hPa meridional wind anomalies. We show that the new ZW3 index provides a clear advantage over past indices because it captures a substantially higher proportion of variance (∼40% compared to ∼16%), and it can be used for both reanalysis datasets and coupled climate models regardless of model biases. A composite analysis associated with the new index reveals a strong relationship between the ZW3 defined by our index and sea ice fraction around Antarctica, with significant regional sea ice anomalies during strong ZW3 events with different phases.
Ensemble Dressing of Meteorological Fields: Using Spatial Regression to Estimate Uncertainty in Deterministic Gridded Meteorological Datasets
Authors: Liu Hongli , Wood Andrew W. , Newman Andrew J. , Clark Martyn P.
Published: July 2022

Most datasets of surface meteorology are deterministic, yet many applications using these datasets require or can benefit from uncertainty estimates in meteorological fields. Motivated by this gap, we evaluated the use of a spatial regression method to estimate the uncertainty in precipitation and temperature fields of existing deterministic gridded meteorological datasets. Taking the widely used North American Land Data Assimilation System 2 (NLDAS-2) precipitation and temperature dataset as an example, we used the deterministic NLDAS-2 values to generate ensemble estimates for daily precipitation, mean temperature, and the diurnal temperature range. Our method is a form of ensemble dressing. Nine variations were tested to assess the impacts of sampling density on the estimates of the mean and uncertainty, and one strategy was selected to generate 100 ensemble members at 1/8° and daily resolution for the period 1979–2019, termed as the Ensemble Dressing of NLDAS-2 (EDN2). Compared with an independent station-based ensemble dataset, the ensemble dressing method produces reasonable uncertainty patterns for precipitation and underestimates uncertainty for temperature. For precipitation, the uncertainty increases with the increase in daily accumulation. For temperature, the uncertainty is relatively small in the warm season and large in the cold season. This ensemble dressing method is applicable to other deterministic gridded meteorological datasets. The generated spatiotemporally varying uncertainty information could support applications such as land surface and hydrologic modeling, data assimilation, and forecasting, especially where application models are tied to a specific meteorological dataset.