bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lindley Murray
Authors: Garner Bryan A
Published: November 2023

Be the conser,.,ati,.,e estimate of his most recent biographer (Charles Monaghan), Lindley Murray was once a blockbuster author the likes of which the literary world has ne,.,er again seen. From 1800 to 1840, some 15.5 million copies of his literacy books sold in the United States and Great Britain-at a time when the reading population was a small fraction of what it is today. The most popular was his English Grammar,for which he earned the moniker “the father of English grammar.” Murray might The become famous for other extraordinary feet about his life. He was a major landowner in New York City; in feet, he owned an estate called ‘‘Belle,.,ue,” where a famous hospital now operates. He was a prosperous New York lawyer who, after the American Re,.,olution, was forced into exile for trading with the British. (The idea that he left for the milder clime inYork was, in Monaghan s words, a “diplomatic white lie.’) He bequeathed a substantial sum of money for an American fund to be used in liberating slaves, educating them and their descendants, and benefiting American Indians; the fund still operates in New York.
Bronislava Nijinska
Authors: Acocella Joan
Published: November 2023

Bronislava Nijinska, ballet dancer and choreographer, was born in Minsk, Russia, the third child of the Polish dancers Tomasz Nijinski (Russian: Foma Nizhinsky) and Eleonora Bereda. Although Bronislava Nijinska is often identified as the sister of the celebrated Vaslav Nijinsky, she was a major artist in her own right and a key figure in the development of twentieth-century ballet. Most of her work was done in Europe, but she spent more than a third of her life in the United States and obtained citizenship in 1949.
Gisela Richter
Authors: Paglia Camille
Published: November 2023

Gisela Richter has inspired me since I first encountered her work on Greek sculpture in college. Like Jane Harrison, the pioneering British classical anthropologist, Richter belonged to a fertile period when enterprising women of great distinction accepted and honored the highest scholarly standards of male tradition.
Bayard Rustin
Authors: Wolfson Evan
Published: November 2023

I met Bayard Rustin and his life-partner when Rustin agreed to speak at a rally protesting the US Supreme Court’s 5 4 ruling that gay people could be arrested in their own bedrooms for consensual sex. A gay African American, Rustin was the organizer of America’s pi<,Jotal ci<,Jil rights gathering, the historic March on Washingtonfore<,Jer associated with Dr. King’s ‘‘J ha<,Je a dream” speech. Yet, ironically, the tactician who shaped the public presentation of the ci<,Jil rights mo<,Jement in many of its most dramatic moments had spent most of his years agreeing to hide his own sexual identity, rather than handing gay-baiting opponents a weapon against the mo<,Jement. By 1986, the year before he died, Rustin would no longer capitulate to the closet, choosing instead to place himself on the frontlines of yet another ci<,Jil rights struggle.
Felix Francisco Varela y Morales
Authors: Kanellos Nicolas
Published: November 2023

Then Americans received letters in the year 2000 adorned with a Felix Varela commemorative stamp, most wondered who this foreigner was and why the Postal Service had enshrined his image. But every school child in Cuba for more than a century has known and claimed Varela. Such is the paradox of Latinos in American history: a giant of a man who spent the greatest part of his life in the United States does not.figure into American collective memory. Never mind that he produced a magnifi,cent corpus of philosophical, theological and literary texts, nor that he was a pioneer of American Catholicism. Is it because much of his writing was done in the Spanish language? Or that he was a Catholic priest in a then very Protestant, anti-papist country? Or that he did not readily identify with European culture, having been an exponent of the political and cultural independence of the New World?if these reasons were not enough to write him out of our early history, it did not help that he was an early abolitionist and ecumenist.
The American People in the Great Depression
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

On October 24, 1929, America met the greatest economic devastation it had ever known. In this first instalment of his Pulitzer Prize-winning Freedom from Fear, Kennedy tells how America endured, and eventually prevailed, in the face of that unprecedented calamity. Kennedy vividly demonstrates that the economic crisis of the 1930s was more than a reaction to the excesses of the 1920s. For more than a century before the Crash, America’s unbridled industrial revolution had gyrated through repeated boom and bust cycles, consuming capital and inflicting misery on city and countryside alike. Nor was the alleged prosperity of the 1920s as uniformly shared as legend portrays. Countless Americans eked out threadbare lives on the margins of national life. Roosevelt’s New Deal wrenched opportunity from the trauma of the 1930s and created a lasting legacy of economic and social reform, but it was afflicted with shortcomings and contradictions as well. With an even hand Kennedy details the New Deal’s problems and defeats, as well as its achievements. He also sheds fresh light on its incandescent but enigmatic author, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Marshalling unforgettable narratives that feature prominent leaders as well as lesser-known citizens, The American People in the Great Depression tells the story of a resilient nation finding courage in an unrelenting storm.
The American People on the Eve of the Great Depression
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Like an earthquake, the stock market crash of October 1929 cracked startlingly across the United States, the herald of a crisis that was to shake the American way of life to its foundations. The events of the ensuing decade opened a fissure across the landscape of American history no less gaping than that opened by the volley on Lexington Common in April 1775 or by the bombardment of Sumter on another April four score and six years later.

The ratcheting ticker machines in the autumn of 1929 did not merely record avalanching stock prices. In time they came also to symbolize the end of an era. The roaring industrial expansion that had boomed since the Civil War hushed to a near standstill for half a generation. The tumult of crisis and reform in the ten depression years massively enlarged and forever transformed the scanty Jeffersonian government over which Herbert Hoover had been elected to preside in 1928. And even before the battle against the Great Depression was won, the American people had to shoulder arms in another even more fearsome struggle that wreathed the planet in destruction and revolutionized America’s global role.
Panic
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

When Herbert Hoover was inaugurated on March 4, 1929, wrote journalist Anne O’Hare McCormick, “[w]e were in a mood for magic. . . . [T]he whole country was a vast, expectant gallery, its eyes focused on Washington. We had summoned a great engineer to solve our problems for us; now we sat back comfortably and confidently to watch the problems being solved. The modern technical mind was for the first time at the head of a government. . . . Almost with the air of giving genius its chance, we waited for the performance to begin.” The wait was not long, as Hoover promptly summoned Congress into special session to deal with the stubborn depression in agriculture.

Convening on April 15, the representatives quickly learned that the new president would not tolerate any revival of McNary-Haugen proposals for export subsidies. Instead, Hoover demanded “the creation of a great instrumentality clothed with sufficient authority and resources to . . . transfer the agricultural question from the field of politics into the realm of economics.”
Interregnum
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Roosevelt was now president-elect. But Herbert Hoover was still president and would remain so for four months. The ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution in February 1933 moved the start of the presidential term to January 20 of the year following election, but the amendment would take effect only in 1937. Roosevelt’s inaugural thus fell under the old rules and would not take place until March 4.

History, meanwhile, refused to mark time to the antiquated cadences of the American electoral system. In the agonizing interval between Roosevelt’s election in November 1932 and his inauguration in March 1933, the American banking system shut down completely. The global economy slid even deeper into the trough of the Depression. The world also became a markedly more dangerous place. Adolf Hitler was installed as chancellor of Germany, after massive unemployment had seeded despair into millions of German households and after months of bloody clashes between Communist and Nazi gangs had left scores of people dead in the streets of German cities.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

For all its agony of carnage and destruction, the Great War of 1914-18 settled little. In time, it would come to be seen as but the opening chapter in the twentieth century’s own Thirty-Year War, a conflict that endured thirty-one years, to be exact, from 1914 to 1945, and at the price of some sixty million lives forever transformed the world. To be sure, the First World War had shattered the Austro-Hungarian empire and left Germany defeated. But the treaty signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on June 28, 1919, neither extinguished the ambitions that had ignited the war nor quieted the anxieties it had spawned. Victors and vanquished agreed only that the conflict had been a dreadful catastrophe, a blood-spilling, man-killing, nation-eating nightmare of unprecedented horror. All were determined to avoid its reoccurrence. More precisely, each nation was determined to avoid the repetition of its own role in it.
The Battle for Northwest Europe
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

As spring began to unroll its green carpet across the south of England in 1944, American Gls drilled on the softly undulating fields, staged mock attacks on the shingle beaches and in the leafing copses, rumbled in trucks and tanks along stone-hedged roads, snickered at the quaint ways of the tea- and warm-beer-drinking British, and oiled and sighted their gleaming new weapons. Occasionally they relieved their boredom by setting fire to haystacks with tracer bullets. The teeming Yanks, ar riving at a rate of 150,000 per month since late 1943, were “overpaid, oversexed, and over here,” the British quipped. (To which the Yanks replied that their British comrades-in-arms were underpaid, undersexed, and under Eisenhower.) Yanks and Britons alike joked that only the thousands of barrage balloons tethered to southern England kept the island afioat under the stupendous weight of materiel stockpiled for the invasion: some five million tons of munitions and supplies, including more than a hundred thousand vehicles. Offshore, an armada of more than six thousand ships was assembling to move that horde of apprehensive men and those mountains of weapons, food, and equipment across the Channel.
Questions Of Possibility
Authors: Caplan David
Published: November 2023

Questions of Possibility examines the particular forms that contemporary American poets favor and those they neglect. The poets’ choices reveal both their ambitions and their limitations, the new possibilities they discover and the traditions they find unimaginable. By means of close attention to the sestina, ghazal, love sonnet, ballad, and heroic couplet, this study advances a new understanding of contemporary American poetry. Rather than pitting “closed” verse against “open” and “traditional” poetry against “experimental,” Questions of Possibility explores how poets associated with different movements inspire and inform each other’s work. Discussing a range of authors, from Charles Bernstein, Derek Walcott, and Marilyn Hacker to Agha Shahid Ali, David Caplan treats these poets as contemporaries who share the language, not as partisans assigned to rival camps. The most interesting contemporary poetry crosses the boundaries that literary criticism draws, synthesizing diverse influences and establishing surprising affinities. In a series of lively readings, Caplan charts the diverse characteristics and accomplishments of modern poetry, from the gay and lesbian love sonnet to the currently popular sestina.
The Evolution of Municipal Functions
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

Opinions differ considerably about the effect of the change in the financial and social status of city officials on the character of city offices. Some think that under the Romans the character of Greek city offices was totally different from that in the preceding period, while others speak in favor of a marked continuity . The amount of corresponding evidence from Roman times is much larger than what we have seen in the preceding period.
Narrator and His Greek Predecessors
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

If we take a fresh look at the Narrationes against this context, some puzzling features may no longer seem so puzzling. For example, (I) the naming of characters left unnamed by Ovid, a conspicuous feature of both the Callimachean Diegeseis and (especially) the tragic hypotheseis. It is the raison d’etre of MH and PsEratosthenes to give a full version of stories only hinted at in Homer and Aratus, respectively. (2) In a number of his summaries Narrator introduces a story with the formula refert or docet, evidently meaning “Ovid tells.” The Callimachean Diegetes does exactly the same, introducing a dozen or more episodes with <pTJCTL, evidently meaning “Callimachus says” (or perhaps “the poem says”). The more literary and self-conscious Libanius invariably supplies a subject for his thirdperson verbs, “Demosthenes” or (more allusively) 6 f)TJTWp. (3) The form of the citations of Greek sources follows the format of the Callimachean Diegeseis and the mythographers exactly, not least in the way the citation sometimes refers to a detail rather than the story as a whole (Ch. V).
Historiae and Source References
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

It is time to take a closer look at what is at once one of the most characteristic and yet most puzzling features of Greek mythographical texts of the early empire: the learned citations. We have seen how regularly the mythographers and paradoxographers cite authorities-so regularly that Ps-Plutarch and Ptolemy the Quail invented them to give their fictions some color of authenticity. Even so drastically abbreviated a text as the Michigan dictionary of transformations offers a classical citation for every entry, however brief. Here is one by now familiar entry in full.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Abuse
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

Cutaneous manifestations of abuse are injuries such as bruises and abrasions located on the skin. Recognizing and interpreting their significance is one of the most frequently utilized skills of the CPS worker. Remember, however, that the worker is not alone in determining the nature of these injuries. The medical provider will play a crucial role in helping distinguish abuse from differential skin conditions, diseases, or accidental trauma. Child abuse is considered a diagnosis of exclusion, which means that while the safety of the child is protected, all other possible causes of the injury must be excluded. Another explanation of an accidental cause is the differential diagnosis. All children sustain some bruises and scratches in their normal, everyday play. In the attempt to distinguish these play injuries from abusive ones, it is crucial that the worker obtain a detailed and concise history. In relating this history to the doctor, be sure to include details such as how long ago the incident occurred and the exact details of the accident. For example, how tall the table was from which he fell, or what game he was playing when he bruised his legs or buttocks. In determining the etiology of cutaneous injuries, the medical provider must consider several aspects, such as the age and developmental status of the child and the specific location, shape, and size of the injuries.
Abuse by Burns
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

Although burns are common causes of unintentional (accidental) injury, approximately 10% of pediatric burn cases are the result of child abuse. Boys are more commonly victims of both burn accidents and abuse, with a peak age of 2 to 3 years. Although abusive burns can occur in any shape or form, there are some particular patterns that occur more frequently, such as immersion burns, splash burns, and contact burns. Others include chemical, electrical, and microwave burns. It is important to know what to look for in the medical provider’s diagnosis and treatment of the burn, as well as some common indicators of abuse. In assessing a burn, the medical provider will usually make note of its severity, the extent of the body covered, and its exact location. Each of these determinations is documented in a customary way. It is useful for the worker to understand the significance of these findings. The severity of burn injuries is categorized according to the number of layers of skin injured. l
The History of Animals
Authors: Eernisse Douglas J , Peterson Kevin J
Published: November 2023

This is an exciting time for zoologists. A dramatic upsurge in interest in the interrelationships among animals has occurred across the biological subdisciplines; before the last decade, the topic of high-level animal relationships was one largely confined to zoological texts and older monographs. Revolutionary advances in the fields of phylogenetic analysis, paleontology, developmental biology, and microscopic anatomy, combined with a new wealth of relevant data such as DNA and protein sequences, have led to new insights into animal genealogy. These insights are crucial in this era of “omics”: a deeper understanding of any process, including molecular processes, requires an understanding of the underlying pattern, particularly the phylogenetic topology of the systems under consideration. One of the most significant changes to occur with our understanding of animal evolution is the recognition that animals should be arranged on a phylogenetic tree, and ancestors inferred from character states, rather than the ladderlike progression from protozoans to mammals with ancestors inferred from “archetypes.”
Toward a Tree of Life for Annelida
Authors: Siddall Mark E , Borda Elizabeth , Rouse Gregory W
Published: November 2023

The basic characteristics of Annelida, the quintessential “worms,” are immediately recognizable to most people, if only from having seen countless earthworms creeping over grass or braving the streets after a hard summer rain. The most recognizable feature of annelids, besides their shape and propensity for exuding mucus when disturbed, is the segmented nature of their bodies. This segmentation, or “somatic metamerism,” has been central in the history of ideas about their relationships, although it is thought now to have been somewhat misleading. From the iceworms living deep in the Gulf of Mexico to the Pompeii worm that can withstand water temperatures that approach boiling, it is clear that annelids are a remarkably diverse group with a range of morphologies, life history strategies, and habitat preferences that rivals any other group of organisms considered in this volume. Although clearly the oligochaetes (which includes the earthworms) would probably be the most readily recognized as belonging to this group, there are also the much more numerous, principally marine, bristleworms (or polychaetes) and, of course, the much-maligned leeches (fig. 15.1). Additional, less known groups belong to the phylum Annelida, and whether or not others have evolved from annelid ancestors remains a matter of debate and intense scientific scrutiny.
Arachnida
Authors: Coddington Jonathan A , Giribet Gonzalo , Harvey Mark S , Prendini Lorenzo , Walter David E
Published: November 2023

Although the earliest arachnids were apparently marine, arachnid diversity has been dominated by terrestrial forms from at least the Devonian. Even though arachnid fossils are scarce (perhaps only 100 pre-Cenozoic taxa), representatives of all major arachnid clades are known or cladistically implied from the Devonian or earlier, suggesting very early origins (Selden and Dunlop 1998). The more recent great radiation of insects, in contrast, seems to be Permian (Kukalová-Peck 1991, Labandeira 1999). Taxonomically, arachnids today are composed of approximately 640 families, 9000 genera, and 93,000 described species (table 18.1), but untold hundreds of thousands of new mites and spiders, and several thousand species in the remaining orders, are still undescribed. Arachnida include 11 classically recognized recent clades, ranked as “orders,” although some acarologists regard Acari as a subclass with three superorders. Acari (ticks and mites) are by far the most diverse, with Araneae (spiders) second, and the remaining orders much less diverse. Discounting secondarily freshwater and marine mites, and a few semiaquatic spiders and one palpigrade, all extant arachnid taxa are terrestrial. Arachnids evidently arose in the marine habitat (Dunlop and Selden 1998, Selden and Dunlop 1998, Dunlop and Webster 1999), invaded land independently of other terrestrial arthropod groups such as myriapods, crustaceans, and hexapods (Labandeira 1999), and solved the problems of terrestrialization (skeleton, respiration, nitrogenous waste, locomotion, reproduction, etc.) in different ways.
Are the Crustaceans Monophyletic?
Authors: Schram Frederick R , Koenemann Stefan
Published: November 2023

In these times of rampant Tree of Life cultivation, it is perhaps hard to realize that up until 20 years ago the “phylogenetic lawn” of figure 19.1 entailed everything we as carcinologists knew about crustacean relationships. This poorly resolved “twig” was, and to some people still is, a widely excepted consensus that dates back to the 1962 conference on the Phylogeny and Evolution of Crustacea held at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard (Dahl 1963). Moreover, this was considered state of the art for the field during that period! The situation within the major groups of crustaceans was little better. Like the deer frozen in the middle of a roadway by oncoming headlights on its way to becoming a venison pancake, crustacean workers were overawed by the multiplicity of body plans all too evident in their animals. Somehow, they thought, one could not make sense of such diversity. Other arthropod groups exhibited greater uniformity of body plans. An insect is an insect: a head, three sets of legs, two sets of wings, and gonopores at the end of the abdomen.
Resolving Reptile Relationships: Molecular and Morphological Markers
Authors: Lee Michael S Y , Reeder Tod W , Slowinski Joseph B , Lawson Robin
Published: November 2023

Although the origin of tetrapods is often synonymized with the radiation of vertebrates into terrestrial habitats, most early tetrapods and many extant representatives (“amphibians”) remained partly aquatic. They possessed permeable skin and (primitively) a breeding biology requiring free water, with external fertilization and aquatic eggs hatching into gilled larvae. Many tetrapod lineages (including some living amphibians) partly circumvented this dependence on water by acquiring internal fertilization and direct development. However, only one lineage, Amniota, evolved additional adaptations permitting full terrestriality, including a waterproof epidermis and the amniotic egg (Sumida and Martin 1997). The amniotic egg is one of the most significant vertebrate innovations, consisting of a tough eggshell, outer and inner protective membranes (chorion and amnion), a yolk sac for nourishing the developing embryo, and an allantois for storage of waste products and respiration. It allows the embryo to develop terrestrially in its own private “pond,” bypassing the aquatic larval stage and hatching into a fully formed neonate. Amphibian-grade tetrapods breathe through their permeable skin, supplemented by rather inefficient buccal (throat-based) lung ventilation. The evolution of highly efficient costal (rib-based) lung ventilation has been proposed to be another critical amniote innovation, permitting them to abandon cutaneous respiration and thus waterproof their skin (Janis and Keller 2001).
Human Origins: Life at the Top of the Tree
Authors: Wood Bernard , Constantino Paul
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the relationships and recent evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, or modern humans. By relationships, we mean the details of how modern humans are related to the other great apes, the living animals closest to modern humans. By recent, we mean the part of our evolutionary history that postdates our most recent common ancestor with one of the other living great apes. Modern humans are singular in some important ways, yet in others we closely resemble the other great apes. Three of our singularities are noteworthy. First, our habitat is more extensive and varied than that of any other contemporary vertebrate, let alone any other large-bodied primate. Second, the size of the modern human population exceeds that of any other large undomesticated mammal, and we outnumber all the other great apes by many, many orders of magnitude. With respect to behavior, we are not unique in possessing culture (Whiten et al. 1999), but we are unique in terms of the complexity of that culture. As for our commonalties with higher primates and with other mammals, one of the triumphs of molecular biology has been the ways it is helping us document the details of our relatedness to the rest of the living world.
A Tree Grows in Manhattan
Authors: Wake David B
Published: November 2023

When the first full genome for a microbe was published, I was teaching an evolution course, and as I read the article I was first surprised and then thrilled to learn that the discovery had such profound evolutionary significance. Along with many others, I realized that we were entering a new world, one in which evolutionary biologists such as I had new responsibility. We now could, and therefore must, build a Tree of Life. It has long been a dream of comparative biology to explain how life has evolved and what evolutionary relationships mean. It has been a personal dream to make evolutionary biology predictive. Because evolution seems to run in grooves, following avenues of least resistance, knowing something about one taxon gives one a very good sense of what a closely related taxon will be like. Why should this be so? Evidently there are rules to be discovered, generalities to be established. Genetics, especially as it relates to development, provides some inspiration. But imagine what we might learn if we knew the true Tree of Life! Such a tree would include vastly more than what I now have the courage to identify as “only” full genomic information, but even that would be a great start.
Assembling the Tree of Life: Where We Stand at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Cracraft Joel , Donoghue Michael J
Published: November 2023

Few endeavors in biology, or in all the sciences, can match our quest to understand the course of life’s history on Earth, which stretches across billions of years and captures the descent of untold millions of species. The notion that scientific inquiry might achieve that goal is little more than a century and a half old, and yet surprisingly, most of the species that have appeared on the twigs of the Tree of Life (TOL) have been put there only in the last decade. The systematists who have contributed to the chapters in this volume have collectively contributed a significant step toward a grand vision of systematic biology: achieving a comprehensive picture of the TOL is finally within our grasp. Darwin, Haeckel, Huxley, and the other giants who convinced the world of life’s long history of change, and built the first scaffold of that history, might very well say “finally . . . it’s about time”! al. (1996), Fortey and Thomas (1998), Littlewood and Bray (2001), and Judd et al. (2002) are but five examples that have been published in recent years—as well as to the numerous journals publishing phylogenetic results in every issue.
Introduction
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

As it is with any activity that involves strong personalities, golf is full of bizarre tales. It can be a perverse game; millions love it and can’t play often enough, but others despise it. The American critic H. L. Mencken claimed that anyone who played golf should be barred from holding public office. Mark Twain called it a good walk spoiled, and Winston Churchill claimed it was like chasing a quinine pill around a pasture.
The Age of the Gutty Ball
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

Although a new feather ball could be driven great distances, it had flaws. Feather balls were expensive, costing about half a crown apiece. They were fragile; they broke apart easily. Even if they held together they lost their flight characteristics under constant pounding, and they lost their shape as well. The feather ball’s shortcomings tended to limit the game’s appeal.
Some Notes on Land, Money and Power in Medieval Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Between the advent of Islam in the 7th century and the coming of the Mongols in the 13th—that is to say, in the period of Middle Eastern history delimited by two major invasions, conquests and dominations—a political, social and economic order emerged in these lands which it is customary to designate as Islamic. A feature of this order was a series of legal, fiscal and administrative arrangements, based on certain linkages between land-tenure, taxes and rents, service and recompense, authority and allegiance. In recent years it has become common practice among historians to describe these arrangements as “feudal.” The term feudalism, strictly speaking, relates to the west European context from which it emerged. Any use of the word feudalism and other terms associated with it (fief and enfeoffment, vassal, etc.) of other times and places is at best an analogy and can be seriously misleading.
An Interpretation of Fatimid History
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The story is told that when the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu’ izz came to Egypt, and was questioned by the representatives of the ashraf concerning his pedigree and his proofs, he half-drew his sword from his scabbard and said: “This is my pedigree,” and then scattered gold among them and added: “And these are my proofs.”1 The story is dramatic and amusing, but is self-evidently false. Its purpose is to depict al-Mu’ izz as an adventurer—an unscrupulous upstart who had gained power by force and maintained it by corruption. But this is precisely what al-Mu’ izz was not, and nothing is less likely than that he would, in this brazen way, have declared himself an impostor.
Propaganda in the Pre-Modern Middle East
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The word propaganda has gone through many changes of meaning. It apparently dates from 1622, when a committee of cardinals was appointed by the Roman Catholic Church, with responsibility for the care and oversight of foreign missions engaged in the propagation of the faith; by the nineteenth century it had acquired the more general meaning of efforts made to promote a particular doctrine or practice, religious or other.
A Taxonomy of Group Hatred
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Let me begin with a disclaimer. I am neither a psychologist nor a sociologist and cannot therefore offer the insights, very appropriate to our topic of today, provided by these disciplines. I am by profession an historian, and it is only in historical prospective that I can look at our topic. In extenuation, however, I might plead that my area of specialization is the Middle East—a region rich in relevant examples.
The Middle East in World Affairs
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The Middle East today consists of a series of sovereign national states, almost none of which, in their present form, have any roots in the past. Some, like Turkey and Persia, are the metropolitan remnants of bygone empires, in which the former ruling peoples are feeling their way toward a national instead of an imperial identity and existence. Others are new creations, fashioned from the debris of empires, with frontiers drawn not by history and geography, but by statesmen on maps. These new political entities were for long irrelevant and unreal to the peoples who lived under them. The territorial and linguistic nation and the nation-state are both alien to the Muslim Middle East, where men’s basic loyalties were determined not by language or fatherland, but by religion. Loyalty to a place was known, but it was to a village or a quarter, not a country; loyalty to one’s kin was ancient and potent, but it was to the family or the tribe, not to the ethnic nation. The ultimate loyalty, the measure by which a man distinguished between brother and stranger, was religion, and political allegiance belonged to the dynastic sovereign of the Islamic state.
Return to Cairo
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The first impression that one gets returning to Egypt after an absence of some time is unmistakably one of greater freedom. In the past, criticism of the régime tended to be furtive, the speaker looking around carefully and making sure who was within earshot before he spoke. Now it is much more open. People tell jokes or make explicit criticisms even of the President at dinner parties and in public places without bothering to look around and see who is there. Only the presence of foreign correspondents seems on occasion to inhibit the expression of unorthodox views. Otherwise criticism is not only more out-spoken but is much more violent. Whereas previously it tended to be directed against the regime as such rather than against Nasser in person, it is now both more vicious and more personal in tone. A line which was familiar at an earlier time, as also in other dictatorial régimes past and present—that the leader was good but the men around him evil—is no longer heard. Criticism of Nasser has become much more direct, and reflects even on his personal integrity.
In Defense of History
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Let me begin my defense with a word or two of explanation. To start with, let’s look at this word history. Of late there has been a certain semantic change, a new, idiomatic, increasingly common use of the word history, which I can perhaps best exemplify by a familiar scene from a movie in which the heavy, the tycoon or the gangster chief, contemptuously dismisses his cast-off mistress with the words “you’re history.” The common phrase “that’s history” now conveys the general meaning that it is, whatever it may be, of no relevance to present events, concerns, or purposes. History may have some antiquarian interest, or may provide entertainment, but no more.
First-Person Narrative in the Middle East
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, there was a sudden outpouring of something that had long been rare: the writing and publication of memoirs. Two new circumstances combined to produce this flowering of the memoir. The first was an interval of freedom of expression and publication in Turkey that had no precedent in the past and very few parallels in the future. The second was the urgent need felt by a number of rather senior and important figures to provide some explanation of what they had been doing during the previous thirty years. And so we find Said Pasha, grand vezir and holder of various other offices under Abdu¨ lhamid, producing three volumes of self-exculpatory memoirs; Kâmil Pasha, colleague and rival, doing the same; Said Pasha then producing comments on Kâmil Pasha’s memoirs; Kâmil Pasha producing comments on Said Pasha’s memoirs; and each producing a reply to the other’s comments as well as to comments by a number of lesser mortals. Memoir writing engaged not only pashas but even some of the revolutionary leaders.
The Visit to Neg Ahne Poc
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

A few chapters will go by before we encounter the enigma posed by quantum mechanics. But let’s start out with a look at the paradox. Today’s technology limits our displaying the quantum enigma to tiny objects. But that is solely a technological limitation. Quantum mechanics applies to everything.
All the Rest of Classical Physics
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

Six years after Kelvin made this claim, he hedged: “Physics is essentially complete: There are just two dark clouds on the horizon.” He picked the right clouds: One hid relativity; the other, quantum mechanics. But before we look behind those clouds, we tell a bit more of the nineteenth-century physics we today call “classical.” We will describe the phenomenon of “interference,” which demonstrates something to be a widely extended wave. We will need the concept of electric field. Light is a rapidly varying electric field, and it is with light that the quantum enigma first arose. We will also talk of energy and its “conservation,” its unchanging totality. And we will briefly tell of Einstein’s theory of relativity. Its well-confirmed but hard-to-believe predictions are good psychological practice for the “impossible-to-believe” implications of quantum theory. There’s somewhat more in this chapter than you actually need to know in order to understand the quantum enigma. But it’s good background.
Schrödinger’s Equation
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

By the early 1920s physicists had accepted the fact that, depending on the experiment chosen, matter as well as light could be displayed either as compact lumps or as widely spread-out waves. Few pretended to understand this seeming contradiction. The significance of this paradox came a few years later with the Schrödinger equation. But Erwin Schrödinger wasn’t looking for significance. At the time he saw de Broglie’s matter waves only as a way to get rid of Bohr’s “damn quantum jumps.”
One-Third of Our Economy
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

We were deep into the quantum mysteries in the fourth week of our “Quantum Enigma” course, which is addressed to students not majoring in the sciences (though some physics majors always take it). A young woman’s hand went up with a question: “Is quantum mechanics useful for anything practical?” I (Bruce) was speechless for at least ten seconds. In the narrowness of my physicist perspective, I just assumed that everyone realized the quantum basis of our technology. I put aside my lecture notes and for the rest of the hour went off on a tangent to tell of practical applications of quantum mechanics.
What’s Going On?
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

Physicists willing to face up to the quantum enigma struggle to interpret what quantum mechanics might be telling us. Several interpretations today contend with the Copenhagen stance. Before we tell of them, we reflect on how different physicists approach the enigma.
The Mystery of Consciousness
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

When in our book we discuss the demonstrated quantum facts and the quantum theory (as distinct from the theory’s several contending interpretations), we describe a generally accepted position. We cannot describe such a consensus in our discussion of consciousness—there is none. Diametrically opposed positions are strongly held. We have our own take, but, you may notice, we waver.
The Mystery Meets the Enigma
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

Consciousness and the quantum enigma are not just two mysteries; they are the two mysteries: the first, the physical demonstration of the quantum enigma, faces us with a fundamental mystery of the objective world “out there;” the second, conscious awareness, faces us with the fundamental mystery of the subjective, mental world “in here.” Quantum mechanics appears to connect the two.
Consciousness and the Quantum Cosmos
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

We wonder how literally Martin Rees, Cambridge University professor and England’s Astronomer Royal, meant what he said in this opening quote. Having come this far in the book, you at least know what stimulates his comment. Though quantum mechanics supposedly applies to everything, it’s a big step from those things for which observer-created reality has been demonstrated to the whole universe.
Conclusion Toward a Contemporary Trinitarian Theology of Love
Authors: Mcdougall Joy Ann
Published: November 2023

This study has engaged one of the liveliest theological debates at the tum of the twenty-first century: the significance of the doctrine of the Trinity to the Christian concept of God and to its life of faith. I have entered this debate by offering a critical and constructive interpretation of its most far-reaching Protestant contribution to date, Jurgen Moltmann’s social trinitarian theology. For more than thirty years Moltmann has sought to re-vision a doctrine of the Trinity that reflects the dynamic and passionate love of God revealed in the scriptures. At the same time, he has sought to respond creatively to the intellectual, political, and pastoral challenges of the day. Along the way Moltmann’s proposals have never failed to provoke controversy but also to renew dialogue across confessional traditions and cultural expanses.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety: The Coping Cat Program
Authors: Beidas Rinad S , Podell Jennifer L , Kendall Philip C
Published: November 2023

Anxiety disorders are common psychological disorders experienced by youth (Warren & Messer, 1999), with reported rates of 10–20% in the general population and primary care settings (Chavira, Stein, Bailey, & Stein, 2004; Costello, Mustillo, Keeler, & Angold, 2004). Anxiety disorders in youth include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobias, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (APA, 1994). In this chapter, we focus on treatment for the three main youth anxiety disorders: GAD, SP, and SAD.
A Manual for the Family Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Lock James , Grange Daniel le
Published: November 2023

Few evidence-based treatments are available for anorexia nervosa (AN). Among those that are most promising, at least for younger adolescent patients, is a particular form of family therapy, family-based treatment (FBT), devised by clinician researchers at the Maudsley Hospital in London in the 1980s and manualized and studied subsequently in various other locations (LeGrange & Lock, 2005).
Use of Physics-Based Models to Support Spectral Image Analysis Algorithms
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

Most of the algorithms described in the previous chapters fall into the general cat-egory of data-driven algorithms. By this we mean that the parameters used in the algorithms are largely extracted from the image data themselves. This has the advantage that little or no ancillary data are required. However, data-driven ap-proaches can often be enhanced by taking advantage of knowledge we may have about the expected behavior of the spatial or spectral properties of the world. This knowledge is often described by physical models of the target, background, or im-age formation process. Hence, we will collectively refer to these often disparate algorithms as physics-based as opposed to data-driven algorithms.
Part II: Chapters 1–8
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

Shanti was very little, still a baby, when she lost her mother, and this played a major part among the forces that shaped her character.* Her father was a Brahmin who ran a traditional school or tol. Since there were no other womenfolk in the house, Shanti would accompany him to the tol and sit there as he taught the boys. Some of the students lived in the tol . At times Shanti would play with them; she would climb onto their laps and backs, and they in turn enjoyed her company.
To Your Health
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

The public is bombarded daily with reports about risk factors, many conflicting with each other, other accepted as “scientific truth” for awhile, then scientifically disproved, yet others questionable that later prove to be true. Physicians are faced with trying to make sense of those conflicting or questionable results in the scientific literature in order to guide their patients to the best possible decisions. The situation is not much easier for scientists whom ay waste yers of their productive life, and considerable resources, basing their research efforts on what prove to be misleading earlier research findings. What this book does is to present, in non “academese” and with many examples from the general media and scientific journals, a guide to a critical reading of research reports, which, in turn, serves as a guide to researchers as to which approaches are likely to be regarded with raised eyebrows, and what they need to do to generate results that will be take seriously. This stimulating and helpful book was written for informed consumers and physicians as well as for scientists evaluating the risk research literature or contemplating projects on risk research.
The Future of the Public’s Health Vision Values, and Strategies
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O , Boufford, Jo Ivey , Martinez Rose Marie
Published: November 2023

The modem public health system is undergoing a remarkable transition, moving from discrete interventions to address infectious diseases to broad social, cultural, and economic reforms to address the root causes of ill health. This transition is embodied in two foundational reports of the Institute of Medicine (IOM). The first, The Future of Public Health(1988), defined public health as the obligation of organized society to assure the conditions for people to be healthy. The second, The Future of the Public’s Health in the Twenty-first Century (2002), went further by proposing the following ambitious strategies for health protection and promotion: (1) strengthen the governmental public health infrastructure; (2) encourage major private-sector actors to promote the health of their members and surrounding com munities; and (3) improve the broad determinants of population health. The vision of modern public health, then, is expansive: “healthy people in healthy com munities,” with public health agencies primarily responsible and accountable for assuring the health of the population.