bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term deformation driven by small ambient tectonic stresses and strong oscillating tidal within Enceladus with analogy to rock behavior near the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Sleep Norman H.
Published: May 2015

Strong tidal stresses brought much of the icy shell of Enceladus into frictional failure at past times of high orbital eccentricity. The frictional behavior of shallow terrestrial rock exposed to repeated episodes of strong seismic waves provides analogy. Frictional failure produces cracks that lower the shear modulus. Seismic regolith develops where the shear modulus increases linearly with depth. Imposed peak strains barely cause frictional failure within self‐organized regolith. With regard to Enceladus, eccentricity could continue to build up in the past since little anelastic strain, and hence tidal dissipation occurred within the self‐organized regolith and within the underlying cold ice. A frictional instability analogous to the formation of weak major faults on the Earth likely occurred once the regolith was many kilometers thick. The effective coefficient of friction dropped to low levels along major faults within the deep cold ice. Tidal dissipation on these faults heated the ice starting thermal convention within the South Polar Terrain. Once thermal buoyancy produced stresses, the oscillating stresses from tides nonlinearly enhanced the rate of tectonic convection. Warm ice that dissipates tides now exists within Enceladus. The eccentricity will likely decrease and the object will then freeze.
Distribution of large‐scale contractional tectonic landforms on Mercury: Implications for the origin of global stresses
Authors: Watters Thomas R. , Selvans Michelle M. , Banks Maria E. , Hauck Steven A. , Becker Kris J. , Robinson Mark S.
Published: May 2015

The surface of Mercury is dominated by contractional tectonic landforms that are evidence of global‐scale crustal deformation. Using MESSENGER orbital high‐incidence angle imaging and topographic data, large‐scale lobate thrust fault scarps have been mapped globally. The spatial distribution and areal density of the contractional landforms are not uniform; concentrations occur in longitudinal bands and between the north and south hemispheres. Their orientations are generally north‐south at low latitude to midlatitude and east‐west at high latitudes. The spatial distribution and distribution of orientations of these large‐scale contractional features suggest that planet‐wide contraction due to interior cooling cannot be the sole source of global stresses. The nonrandom orientations are best explained by a combination of stresses from global contraction and tidal despinning combined with an equator‐to‐pole variation in lithospheric thickness, while the nonuniform areal density of the contractional features may indicate the influence of mantle downwelling or heterogeneities in lithospheric strength.
The upstream‐propagating Alfvénic fluctuations with power law spectra in the upstream region of the Earth's bow shock
Authors: Wang Xin , Tu Chuanyi , Wang Linghua , He Jiansen , Marsch Eckart
Published: May 2015

Based on theories, the beam instability induced by shock‐accelerated ions can generate upstream‐propagating Alfvén waves (UPAWs) with a power spectral bump near 0.03 Hz, while the nonlinear wave‐wave interaction favors an inverse cascade to create a power law spectrum. Here we present the first observational evidence for the upstream‐propagating Alfvénic fluctuations (UPAFs) with power law spectra. We utilize a new criterion to identify the upstream‐propagating Alfvénic intervals: the propagation direction is opposite to that of solar wind strahl electron outflow. Besides 35 UPAWs, we find 47 UPAFs with power law spectra, and ∼47% of these UPAFs are associated with energetic ion events (>30 keV). These UPAWs and UPAFs are mostly observed in the slow solar wind. However, their occurrence rate and power behave differently in dependence on the radial distance from the Earth. These results provide new clues on understanding the dynamic equilibrium between the nonlinear inverse cascade and the linear ion beam instability.
Negatively Charged Magnetite Nanoparticle Clusters as Efficient MRI Probes for Dendritic Cell Labeling and In Vivo Tracking
Authors: Wu Changqiang , Xu Ye , Yang Li , Wu Jun , Zhu Wencheng , Li Danyang , Cheng Zhuzhong , Xia Chunchao , Guo Yingkun , Gong Qiyong , Song Bin , Ai Hua
Published: May 2015

Cell labeling and tracking via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has drawn much attention for its noninvasive property and longitudinal monitoring functionality. Employing of imaging probes with high labeling efficiency and good biocompatibility is one of the essential factors that determine the outcome of tracking. In this study, negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (PAsp‐PCL/SPIO) nanoclusters are developed for dendritic cell (DC) labeling and tracking in vivo. PAsp‐PCL/SPIO has a diameter of 124 ± 41 nm in DLS, negatively charged surface (zeta potential = −27 mV), and presents highT2relaxivity (335.6 Fe mm−1s−1) and good DC labeling efficiency. Labeled DCs are unaffected in their viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity, and have an excellent MR imaging sensitivity in vitro. To monitor the migration of DCs into lymphoid tissues in vivo, which will be related to the final immunotherapy results,T2‐wighted andT2‐map imaging of popliteal nodes at different points in time are acquired under a clinical 3 T scanner after subcutaneous injection of a certain number of labeled DCs at hindleg footpads of mice. The signal intensities decreasing andT2values shortening of ipsilateral popliteal nodes are significant and display a time‐ and dose‐dependence, showing DCs' migration to the draining lymph nodes.
Locally and Dynamically Controllable Surface Topography Through the Use of Particle‐Enhanced Soft Composites
Authors: Guttag Mark , Boyce Mary C.
Published: May 2015

A new class of soft composite materials with dynamically tunable and reversible surface topographies is introduced that allows a wide diversity and local positioning of surface features. The particle‐enhanced soft composites are comprised of a soft elastomeric matrix with relatively stiff particles embedded below the surface. Upon application of external stimuli, a surface that is originally smooth and flat (or of other initial topology) transforms to engineered surface topographies. Finite element based micromechanical simulations are used to design and study the hybrid material structures that govern the evolution in surface topographies. Physical prototypes are fabricated using multimaterial 3D‐printing, and then experimentally evaluated to validate the accuracy of our simulations. It is demonstrated that a rich variety in periodic and random surface features including variable waves, crease‐like features, flat apexes, and valleys can be attained by changing different dimensionless geometric parameters (e.g., relative particle size, shapes, spacing, and distributions). Furthermore, these surface features can be locally controlled by positioning of particles and do not rely on instabilities. The material design depends primarily on the geometry of the particles and the arrays, making this approach to on‐demand custom and reversible surface patterning applicable over a wide range of size scales.
Biocatalytic Imine Reduction and Reductive Amination of Ketones
Authors: Schrittwieser Joerg H. , Velikogne Stefan , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: May 2015

Chiral amines represent a prominent functional group in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals and are hence attractive targets for asymmetric synthesis. Since the pharmaceutical industry has identified biocatalysis as a valuable tool for synthesising chiral molecules with high enantiomeric excess and under mild reaction conditions, enzymatic methods for chiral amine synthesis are increasing in importance. Among the strategies available in this context, the asymmetric reduction of imines by NAD(P)H‐dependent enzymes and the related reductive amination of ketones have long remained underrepresented. However, recent years have witnessed an impressive progress in the application of natural or engineered imine‐reducing enzymes, such as imine reductases, opine dehydrogenases, amine dehydrogenases, and artificial metalloenzymes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of biocatalytic imine reduction and reductive amination of ketones, highlighting the natural roles, substrate scopes, structural features, and potential application fields of the involved enzymes.

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Fluorescence‐Based Kinetic Assay for High‐Throughput Discovery and Engineering of Stereoselective ω‐Transaminases
Authors: Scheidt Thomas , Land Henrik , Anderson Mattias , Chen Yujie , Berglund Per , Yi Dong , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter
Published: May 2015

ω‐Transaminases are a valuable class of enzymes for the production of chiral amines with either (R)‐ or (S)‐configuration in high optical purity and 100% yield by the biocatalytic reductive amination of prochiral ketones. A versatile new assay was developed to quantify ω‐transaminase activity for the kinetic characterization and enantioselectivity typing of novel or engineered enzymes based on the conversion of 1‐(6‐methoxynaphth‐2‐yl)alkylamines. The associated release of the acetonaphthone product can be monitored by the development of its bright fluorescence at 450 nm with very high sensitivity and selectivity. The assay principle can be used to quantify ω‐transaminase catalysis over a very broad range of enzyme activity. Because of its simplicity and low substrate consumption in microtiter plate format the assay seems suitable for liquid screening campaigns with large library sizes in the directed evolution of optimized transaminases. For assay substrates that incorporate structural variations, an efficient modular synthetic route was developed. This includes racemate resolution by lipase‐catalyzed transacylation to furnish enantiomerically pure (R)‐ and (S)‐configured amines. The latter are instrumental for the rapid enantioselectivity typing of ω‐transaminases. This method was used to characterize two novel (S)‐selective taurine‐pyruvate transaminases of the subtype 6a from thermophilic Geobacillus thermodenitrificans and G. thermoleovorans.

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Medical therapy vs surgery for recurrent acute rhinosinusitis
Authors: Costa Milena L. , Psaltis Alkis J. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H.
Published: May 2015

Background

Treatment indications for recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS) remain poorly defined. We studied outcomes of medical vs surgical treatment of RARS, anatomic variants associated with RARS, and factors predicting crossover from medical to surgical treatment.

Methods

A total of 220 RARS patients treated between 2006 and 2014 were retrospectively divided into 3 cohorts: medical only (MED); surgical only (SURG); or medical crossing over into surgical (CROSS). Twenty‐two item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores, modified Lund‐Kennedy endoscopy scores, and prevalence of anatomic variants by computed tomography (CT) were compared. A total of 220 CT scans obtained for non‐sinus indications served as controls. A logistic regression model was used for analysis.

Results

The mean baseline SNOT‐22 scores for all cohorts were similar (MED = 48, SURG = 49, CROSS = 45, p < 0.0001). The SURG cohort showed greater reduction of SNOT‐22 scores compared to the MED cohort at 3, 6, and 12 months follow‐up (p < 0.0001). The crossover cohort converted to surgery after escalation of SNOT‐22 score by a mean of 15 points (p < 0.03), and showed significant reduction postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Haller cell (odds ratio [OR] 3.9; p < 0.0001), concha bullosa (OR 3.7; p < 0.003), and accessory ostium (OR 2.2; p < 0.01) were more common in the entire RARS group vs controls; however, there were no inter‐cohort differences in prevalence.

Conclusion

RARS patients can benefit from both medical and surgical treatment strategies, but surgical treatment results in greater symptomatic improvement compared to medical treatment. Patients cross over from medical to surgical treatment when SNOT‐22 scores escalate by a mean of 15 points. Haller cell, concha bullosa, and accessory ostium are associated with RARS but are equally common in medical, surgical, and crossover cohorts.
Sinonasal extramedullary plasmacytoma: a population‐based incidence and survival analysis
Authors: Patel Tapan D. , Vázquez Alejandro , Choudhary Moaz M. , Kam David , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: May 2015

Background

Sinonasal extramedullary plasmacytoma (SN‐EMP) is a rare plasma cell neoplasm. Published literature on this tumor largely consists of case reports and case‐series with small sample sizes. This study analyzed population‐based data on SN‐EMP patients to understand demographic and clinical features as well as incidence and survival trends.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for SN‐EMP and other head and neck EMP (HN‐EMP) cases from 1973 to 2011. Cases were analyzed to determine patient demographics, initial treatment modality, and survival outcomes.

Results

Of 778 patients identified with EMP in the head and neck region, 367 patients had SN‐EMP and 411 had other HN‐EMP. There was a strong male predilection found, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 3.65:1 in the SN‐EMP group and 1.87:1 in the other HN‐EMP group. The majority of the patients presented with localized disease in both SN‐EMP (84.4%) and other HN‐EMP (81.0%) groups. The most common treatment modality reported in this database was surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy in both SN‐EMP (46.3%) and other HN‐EMP (38.9%) groups, followed by radiotherapy alone (SN‐EMP: 40.7%; other HN‐EMP: 34.2%). Five‐year and 10‐year disease‐specific survival rates were comparable between SN‐EMP (88.2% and 83.3%, respectively) and other HN‐EMP (90.0% and 87.4%, respectively) (p = 0.6016 and p = 0.4015, respectively).

Conclusion

This study analyzed the largest cohort of SN‐EMP patients to date. There was no statistically significant survival advantage found for any 1 particular treatment modality over other treatment modalities in both SN‐EMP and other HN‐EMP.
The Stabilizing Effects in Gold Carbene Complexes
Authors: Nunes dos Santos Comprido Laura , Klein Johannes E. M. N. , Knizia Gerald , Kästner Johannes , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: May 2015

Bonding and stabilizing effects in gold carbene complexes are investigated by using Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) and the intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) approach. The π‐stabilizing effects of organic substituents at the carbene carbon atom coordinated to the gold atom are evaluated for a series of recently isolated and characterized complexes, as well as intermediates of prototypical 1,6‐enyne cyclization reactions. The results indicate that these effects are of particular importance for gold complexes especially because of the low π‐backbonding contribution from the gold atom.
Poly(phosphoester)s: A New Platform for Degradable Polymers
Authors: Steinbach Tobias , Wurm Frederik R.
Published: May 2015

Poly(phosphoester)s (PPEs) play an important role in nature. They structure and determine life in the form of deoxy‐ and ribonucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and, as pyrophosphates, they store up chemical energy in organisms. Polymer chemistry, however, is dominated by the nondegradable polyolefins and degradable poly(carboxylic ester)s (PCEs) that are produced on a large scale today. Recent studies have illustrated the potential of PPEs for future applications beyond flame retardancy, and provided a coherent vision to implement this classic biopolymer in modern applications that demand biocompatibility and degradability as well as the possibility to adjust the properties to individual needs.
Detailed Anatomy of the Cranial Cervical Ganglion in the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Nourinezhad Jamal , Mazaheri Yazdan , Biglari Zahra
Published: May 2015

The detailed morphology and topography of the cranial cervical ganglion (CCG) with its surrounding structures were studied in 10 sides of five heads of adult one‐humped camel to determine its general arrangement as well as its differences and similarities to other animals. The following detailed descriptions were obtained: (1) the bilateral CCG was constantly present caudal to cranial base at the rostroventral border of the occipital condyle over the caudolateral part of nasopharynx; (2) the CCG was always in close relations medially with the longus capitis muscle, rostrolaterally with the internal carotid artery, and caudally with the vagus nerve; and (3) the branches of the CCG were the internal carotid and external carotid nerves, jugular nerve, cervical interganglionic branch, laryngopharyngeal branch, carotid sinus branch and communicating branches to the vagus, and first spinal nerves. In conclusion, there was no variation regarding topography of dromedary CCG among the specimens, in spite of typical variations in number, and mainly in origin of nerve branches ramifying from the CCG. In comparative anatomy aspect, the close constant relations, and presence of major nerves (internal/external carotid and jugular nerves) of dromedary CCG exhibited a typical reported animal's pattern. However, the shape, structures lateral to the CCG, the origin and course pattern of external carotid and jugular nerves, the number of the major nerves branches, the communicating branches of the CCG to the spinal and cranial nerves, and the separation of most rostral parts of vagosympathetic trunk of dromedary were different from those of most reported animals. Anat Rec, 298:1479–1491, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy of Shoulder Girdle Muscle Modifications and Walking Adaptation in the Scaly Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pentadactyla Pentadactyla: Pholidota) Compared with the Partially Osteoderm‐Clad Armadillos (Dasypodidae)
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Thorington Richard W. , Bohaska Paula W. , Chen Yen‐Jean , Sato Fumi
Published: May 2015

Because pangolins are unique mammals with a body and limbs almost entirely sheathed in hard keratinous overlapping scales and with digging and climbing abilities, the shoulder girdle muscles may differ significantly from those of other mammals including the partially osteoderm‐clad armadillos. Therefore, we conducted a functional anatomical study of the shoulder girdle muscles in Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla, Pholidota) and some armadillo species (Dasypodidae). Our CT scans revealed that the pangolin's overlapping scales are hard structures completely encasing the limbs. The armadillo's limbs, however, are covered with small relatively soft non‐overlapping scales embedded in the skin, and articulate completely free of the hard osteodermal carapace. The attachments of some shoulder girdle muscles in the pangolin have moved from the surrounding edges of the scapula to the spine, and they, therefore, fully cover the scapula. In addition, some pangolin shoulder girdle muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on the distal humerus, but this does not occur in armadillos. We cannot rule out the possibility that these muscle modifications represent adaptations for digging and/or climbing in pangolins. Our results and previous literature do not establish specific links between them and locomotive modes. However, we propose that the Chinese pangolin may use its derived muscular features when walking to move its armor‐restricted forelimbs more effectively by swinging its head from side to side. Anat Rec, 298:1217–1236, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designing learning spaces for interprofessional education in the anatomical sciences
Authors: Cleveland Benjamin , Kvan Thomas
Published: May 2015

This article explores connections between interprofessional education (IPE) models and the design of learning spaces for undergraduate and graduate education in the anatomical sciences and other professional preparation. The authors argue that for IPE models to be successful and sustained they must be embodied in the environment in which interprofessional learning occurs. To elaborate these arguments, two exemplar tertiary education facilities are discussed: the Charles Perkins Centre at the University of Sydney for science education and research, and Victoria University's Interprofessional Clinic in Wyndham for undergraduate IPE in health care. Backed by well‐conceived curriculum and pedagogical models, the architectures of these facilities embody the educational visions, methods, and practices they were designed to support. Subsequently, the article discusses the spatial implications of curriculum and pedagogical change in the teaching of the anatomical sciences and explores how architecture might further the development of IPE models in the field. In conclusion, it is argued that learning spaces should be designed and developed (socially) with the expressed intention of supporting collaborative IPE models in health education settings, including those in the anatomical sciences. Anat Sci Educ 8: 371–380. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Relational Memory Processes in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ring Melanie , Gaigg Sebastian B. , Bowler Dermot M.
Published: May 2015

Research into memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) suggests intact item memory but difficulties in forming relations between items (Bowler, Gaigg, & Lind, 2011). In this study, we tested memory for items as well as for sequential, spatial, and associative relations between items with the same paradigm using abstract shapes in ASD and typically developing (TD) individuals. Participants studied shape triplets on a computer screen and memory was subsequently tested either for the individual items making up the triplets, the screen‐locations, the order or the combinations of items presented at study. Contrary to our predictions, performance was significantly lower in the ASD group on all four tasks. The result raises questions about how intact item memory is in ASD, which role task complexity plays, and how item‐specific versus relational processing affect task performance. One possibility is that TD individuals relied more on relational processing in the current study and might have therefore had an advantage over ASD individuals. This idea is supported by the result of a preliminary analysis of age‐related differences in memory across the midadult lifespan in both groups. Age seems to affect order memory less in ASD compared with TD individuals where it leads to a significant decrease in performance. This might indicate a decrease in relational processing in TD but not ASD individuals with increasing age. More research is needed to answer questions about the change in cognition in ASD individuals across the lifespan. Autism Res 2015. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of ROCK inhibitor Y‐27632 on cell fusion through a microslit
Authors: Wada Ken‐Ichi , Hosokawa Kazuo , Ito Yoshihiro , Maeda Mizuo
Published: May 2015

We previously reported a direct cytoplasmic transfer method using a microfluidic device, in which cell fusion was induced through a microslit (slit‐through‐fusion) by the Sendai virus envelope (HVJ‐E) to prevent nuclear mixing. However, the method was impractical due to low efficiency of slit‐through‐fusion formation and insufficient prevention of nuclear mixing. The purpose of this study was to establish an efficient method for inducing slit‐through‐fusion without nuclear mixing. We hypothesized that modulation of cytoskeletal component can decrease nuclear migration through the microslit considering its functions. Here we report that supplementation with Y‐27632, a specific ROCK inhibitor, significantly enhances cell fusion induction and prevention of nuclear mixing. Supplementation with Y‐27632 increased the formation of slit‐through‐fusion efficiency by more than twofold. Disruption of F‐actin by Y‐27632 prevented nuclear migration between fused cells through the microslit. These two effects of Y‐27632 led to promotion of the slit‐through‐fusion without nuclear mixing with a 16.5‐fold higher frequency compared to our previous method (i.e., cell fusion induction by HVJ‐E without supplementation with Y‐27632). We also confirmed that mitochondria were successfully transferred to the fusion partner under conditions of Y‐27632 supplementation. These findings demonstrate the practicality of our cell fusion system in producing direct cytoplasmic transfer between live cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2334–2342. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein kinetics in human endotoxaemia and their temporal relation to metabolic, endocrine and proinflammatory cytokine responses
Authors: Khan A S A , Gibson J M , Carlson G L , Rooyackers O , New J P , Soop M
Published: May 2015

Background

Sepsis is associated with profound alterations in protein metabolism. The unpredictable time course of sepsis and the multiplicity of confounding factors prevent studies of temporal relations between the onset of endocrine and proinflammatory cytokine responses and the onset of protein catabolism. This study aimed to determine the time course of whole-body protein catabolism, and relate it to the endocrine, metabolic and cytokine responses in a human endotoxaemia model of early sepsis.

Methods

Six healthy male volunteers were studied twice in random order, before and for 600 min after administration of either an intravenous bolus of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or sterile saline. Whole-body protein synthesis, breakdown and net protein breakdown were measured by amino acid tracer infusion, and related to changes in plasma levels of growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL) 6.

Results

Protein synthesis, breakdown and net protein breakdown increased and peaked 120 min after LPS administration (P < 0·001), the alterations persisting for up to 480 min. These peaks coincided with peaks in plasma growth hormone, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations (P = 0·049, P < 0·001 and P < 0·001 for LPS versus saline), whereas plasma cortisol concentration peaked later. No alterations in plasma insulin or glucagon concentrations, or in the IGF axis were observed during the period of abnormalities of protein metabolism.

Conclusion

LPS administration induced an early protein catabolic response in young men and this coincided with changes in plasma growth hormone, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations, rather than changes in cortisol, glucagon, insulin or the IGF axis. Surgical relevanceSepsis in surgical patients is common and remains associated with substantial mortality. Although sepsis is a heterogeneous condition and its pathophysiology therefore difficult to study, a universal and profound clinical problem is protein catabolism not responsive to nutritional support. Human experimental endotoxaemia is a promising model of clinical sepsis that can be used to elucidate underlying pathophysiology and explore novel therapeutic approaches.This study demonstrates that human experimental endotoxaemia replicates the changes in whole-body protein turnover seen in clinical sepsis. Frequent measurements allowed identification of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) 6 and growth hormone as putative mediators.Human experimental endotoxaemia is a valid model for further study of mechanisms and putative therapies of catabolism associated with sepsis. In particular, effects of TNF-α and IL-6 blockade should be evaluated.
Age-specific incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute abdominal aortic aneurysms in a defined population
Authors: Howard D P J , Banerjee A , Fairhead J F , Handa A , Silver L E , Rothwell P M
Published: May 2015

Background

Contemporary population-based data on age-specific incidence and outcome from acute abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) events are needed to understand the impact of risk factor modification and demographic change, and to inform AAA screening policy.

Methods

In a prospective population-based study (Oxfordshire, UK, 2002–2014), event rates, incidence, early case fatality and long-term outcome from all acute AAA events were determined, both overall and in relation to the four main risk factors: smoking, hypertension, male sex and age.

Results

Over the 12-year interval, 103 incident acute AAA events occurred in the study population of 92 728 (men 72·8 per cent; 59·2 per cent 30-day case fatality rate). The incidence per 100 000 population per year was 55 in men aged 65–74 years, but increased to 112 at age 75–84 years and to 298 at age 85 years or above. Some 66·0 per cent of all events occurred in those aged 75 years or more. The incidence at 65–74 years was highest in male smokers (274 per 100 000 population per year); 27 (96 per cent) of 28 events in men aged less than 75 years occurred in ever-smokers. Mean(s.d.) age at event was lowest in current smokers (72·2(7·2) years), compared with that in ex-smokers (81·2(7·0) years) and never-smokers (83·3(7·9) years) (P < 0·001). Hypertension was the predominant risk factor in women (diagnosed in 93 per cent), with 20 (71 per cent) of all 28 events in women occurring in those aged 75 years or above with hypertension. The 30-day case fatality rate increased from 40 per cent at age below 75 years to 69 per cent at age 75 years or more (P = 0·008).

Conclusion

Two-thirds of acute AAA events occurred at age 75 years or above, and more than 25 per cent of events were in women. Taken with the strong associations with smoking and hypertension, these findings could have implications for AAA screening.
Both FOXO3a and FOXO1 are involved in the HGF‐protective pathway against apoptosis in endothelial cells
Authors: Li Fang , Qu Huan , Cao Heng‐Chang , Li Mei‐Hong , Chen Chen , Chen Xiao‐Fan , Yu Bo , Yu Lin , Zheng Le‐Min , Zhang Wei
Published: May 2015

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was identified as an endogenous tissue protective agent against apoptosis in many cell types. The mechanism by which HGF protects primary endothelial cells (ECs) has not yet been completely elucidated. FOXO1 and FOXO3a, two members of the FOXO family, are the most abundant FOXO isoforms in mature endothelial cells. In this study, we aimed to explore whether FOXO1 and FOXO3a play similar roles in HGF‐mediated protection against apoptosis in mature endothelial cells. Our result showed that HGF prevented ECs from oxidative‐stress induced apoptosis in part by inducing the phosphorylation of FOXO proteins. FOXO1 and FOXO3a are equally important in this process by regulating the expression of Bim, PUMA, FasL, and TRAIL.
Facile Synthesis of MnO2/Polypyrrole/MnO2 Multiwalled Nanotubes as Advanced Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yuan Haoran , Deng Lifang , Tang Jiahuan , Zhou Shungui , Chen Yong , Yuan Yong
Published: May 2015

Efficient, low‐cost electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction are essential components of renewable energy technologies. Herein, hierarchical multiwalled MnO2/polypyrrole/MnO2 nanotubes (NT‐MPMs) were synthesized by using a simple, cost‐effective hydrothermal method. The key to fabricating the multiwalled NT‐MPMs was to introduce a conductive polypyrrole (PPy) interlayer to improve the electrical conductivity of the MnO2 nanotubes. In alkaline media, these rationally designed nanotubes exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction without the use of an external conductive additive, and significantly outperformed MnO2 nanotubes containing a carbon additive, MnO2/PPy nanotubes, and MnO2/PPy/MnO2 nanowires. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) equipped with the NT‐MPM cathode exhibited a maximum power density of 721±20 mW m−2, which is comparable to that of a Pt/C cathode. Furthermore, the NT‐MPM cathode had greater long‐term stability than the Pt/C cathode. The outstanding performance of the NT‐MPMs makes them a potential alternative to Pt/C in MFCs for sustainable energy generation.
The Effect of Crystal Packing and ReIV Ions on the Magnetisation Relaxation of [Mn6]‐Based Molecular Magnets
Authors: Martínez‐Lillo José , Cano Joan , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Brechin Euan K.
Published: May 2015

The energy barrier to magnetisation relaxation in single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) proffers potential technological applications in high‐density information storage and quantum computation. Leading candidates amongst complexes of 3d metals ions are the hexametallic family of complexes of formula [Mn6O2(R‐sao)6(X)2(solvent)y] (saoH2=salicylaldoxime; X=mono‐anion; y=4–6; R=H, Me, Et, and Ph). The recent synthesis of cationic [Mn6][ClO4]2 family members, in which the coordinating X ions were replaced with non‐coordinating anions, opened the gateway to constructing families of novel [Mn6] salts in which the identity and nature of the charge balancing anions could be employed to alter the physical properties of the complex. Herein we demonstrate initial experiments to show that this is indeed possible. By replacing the diamagnetic ClO4− anions with the highly anisotropic ReIV ion in the form of [ReIVCl6]2−, the energy barrier to magnetisation relaxation is increased by up to 30 %.
Generating Skeletal Diversity from the C19‐Diterpenoid Alkaloid Deltaline: A Ring‐Distortion Approach
Authors: Chen Qi‐Feng , Wang Feng‐Peng , Liu Xiao‐Yu
Published: May 2015

The development of new drugs calls for large collections of diverse molecules with considerable complexity. Ring distortion of natural products provides an efficient and facile approach to access new architectures with intriguing biological activities, by harnessing their inherent complexity. In this study, such a strategy has been explored on an abundant C19‐diterpenoid alkaloid, deltaline, enabling the synthesis of 32 new derivatives bearing a broad spectrum of unique scaffolds. Extensive spectroscopic studies including X‐ray crystallographic analyses strongly supported the structures of the obtained novel skeletons, which present comparable opportunities with the great contributions made by nature for discovery of new lead compounds.
Chains, Necklaces and Weaving Chain‐link Grids from Self‐Assembly Reactions
Authors: Alvariño Cristina , Simond Damien , Lorente Pau Moneva , Besnard Céline , Williams Alan F.
Published: May 2015

Assembly of two ditopic units, a phenanthroline substituted by 4‐ethynyl pyridines at the 2‐and 9‐positions and a dimetallic paddlewheel, gives a linear chain polymer rather than a closed cyclic species, which would appear equally possible. The chain may be decorated by binding a copper‐containing macrocycle around the phenanthroline units to form a polypseudorotaxane. When two phenanthroline ligands are assembled in a first step around copper(I), the paddlewheel acceptor can link them in a second step to form a two‐dimensional interwoven grid that resembles the form of a chain‐link fence. Each copper(I) centre in this structure is chiral, and the crystal shows complete homochirality, implying selection during the assembly process.
Evolution of a Short Route to Strychnine by Using the Samarium‐Diiodide‐Induced Cascade Cyclization as a Key Step
Authors: Beemelmanns Christine , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: May 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Hans‐Ulrich Reissig at the Freie Universität Berlin. The image depicts several aspects of strychnine’s provenience and a new approach towards its synthesis. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201500094.
ChemInform Abstract: Sol—Gel Synthesis and Room‐Temperature Properties of α‐LiZr2(PO4)3.
Authors: El‐Shinawi Hany , Greaves Colin , Janek Juergen
Published: May 2015

α‐LiZr2(PO4)3 is prepared by a sol‐gel approach from a stoichiometric solution of Li(OAc) and ZrO(NO3)2 in HNO3 to which EDTA and citric acid is given at pH <7.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide‐Supported Molybdenum—Vanadium Oxide Clusters: Syntheses, Structures and Catalytic Properties.
Authors: Fei Fei , An Haiyan , Meng Changgong , Wang Lin , Wang Huilong
Published: May 2015

[Ln(H2O)5] 2Mo6V2O26·8H2O (Ln: La, Ce, Nd) are prepared by the reaction of [Mo6V2O26]6‐ with Ln(NO3)3 in aqueous solution at pH 3 (80 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning the Structures of AsMo12 and AsW12 into Chiral Crystals by Introducing CH3CN and H2O.
Authors: Wang Youlin , Lu Xiaoming , Min Tao , Feng Jun
Published: May 2015

[Na(15‐crown‐5)2] [Na(15‐crown‐5)]2(AsMo12O40)·MeCN (I) and [Na(15‐crown‐5)2] [Na(15‐crown‐5)] 2(AsW12O40)·2H2O (II) are solvothermally synthesized from mixtures of Na2MoO4 or Na2WO4, Na3AsO4, MeCN, MeOH, 15‐crown‐5, and HCl solution (autoclave, pH 2.5—3, 120 °C, 48—72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of BiCu2(TeO3)(SO4)(OH)3.
Authors: Chen Fengting , Zhao Jiachang , Xu Jingli , Wu Yuandong
Published: May 2015

Single crystals of the title compound are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of Bi2O3, CuSO4, TeO2, and H2SO4 (autoclave, 230 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Tetrafluoroethylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Fluorinated Sulfones.
Authors: Vaclavik Jiri , Chernykh Yana , Jurasek Bronislav , Beier Petr
Published: May 2015

Two synthetic pathways to 1‐substituted tetrafluoropropanol derivatives of type (V) are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Enantioenriched [3.1.0] Bicycles via a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Redox Bicycloisomerization Reaction.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Ryan Michael C. , Rao Meera , Markovic Tim Z.
Published: May 2015

Enantiomerically enriched [3.1.0] bicycles containing vicinal quaternary centers are synthesized from [1,6]‐enynes using a ruthenium catalyst with a tethered chiral sulfoxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Calcium(II)‐Catalyzed Aza‐Piancatelli Reaction.
Authors: Leboeuf David , Schulz Emmanuelle , Gandon Vincent
Published: May 2015

Calcium catalyzed aza‐Piancatelli reactions between substituted 2‐furylcarbinols and aniline derivatives are described for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed C(sp2)—H Alkoxylation of Aromatic and Olefinic Carboxamides.
Authors: Zhang Lin‐Bao , Hao Xin‐Qi , Zhang Shou‐Kun , Liu Zhan‐Jiang , Zheng Xin‐Xiang , Gong Jun‐Fang , Niu Jun‐Long , Song Mao‐Ping
Published: May 2015

The reaction proceeds under mild conditions in the presence of Co(OAc)2·4H2O as the catalyst and tolerates a wide range of both alcohols and benzamide substrates, including even olefinic carboxamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Redox Properties of CeO2 at Low Temperature: The Direct Synthesis of Imines from Alcohol and Amine.
Authors: Tamura Masazumi , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: May 2015

CeO2 shows a more than 38‐fold higher activity in this reaction than other tested simple metal oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Supported Gold Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes under Basic Conditions.
Authors: Liang Shengzong , Jasinski Jacek , Hammond Gerald B. , Xu Bo
Published: May 2015

The title reaction proceeds under weakly basic conditions and is compatible with acid‐sensitive functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Tetrasubstituted α‐Acetoxy β‐Enamido Esters: A New Approach to Chiral α‐Hydroxyl‐β‐amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Qingli , Huang Wenhua , Yuan Haoquan , Cai Qin , Chen Liming , Lv Hui , Zhang Xumu
Published: May 2015

The methodology provides valuable building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds which is exemplified by the transformation of one product into the corresponding α‐hydroxy‐β‐amino acid, an intermediate of the taxol side chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Oxidative Coupling of Thiols and Benzylic Ethers via C(sp3)—H Activation and C—O Cleavage to Lead Thioesters.
Authors: Feng J. , Lv M.‐F. , Lu G.‐P , Cai C.
Published: May 2015

An unprecedented protocol for the synthesis of thioesters via direct oxidative cross‐coupling of benzylic ethers with thiophenols or thiols under metal and base free conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Magnetically Separable Palladium Catalyst Containing a Bulky N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand for the Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction.
Authors: Wang Z. , Yu Y. , Zhang Y. X. , Li S. Z. , Qian H. , Lin Z. Y.
Published: May 2015

The catalyst shows high catalytic activity and is easily recyclable.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydro‐1H‐spiro[isoquinoline‐4,4′‐pyran] Scaffolds Through an Intramolecular Prins Cascade Process.
Authors: Subba Reddy B. V. , Medaboina Durgaprasad , Sridhar B.
Published: May 2015

A novel tandem cyclization strategy is developed for the synthesis of the title compounds as single diastereoisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurano‐ and Tetrahydropyrano‐dihydropyrroles Containing N,O‐Acetal Moieties via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Transannulation of N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with Oxacycloalkenes.
Authors: Kim Cheol‐Eui , Park Youngchul , Park Sangjune , Lee Phil Ho
Published: May 2015

A method for the synthesis of bicyclic aza‐oxaheterocycles from N‐sulfonyltriazoles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Metal‐Free Decarboxylative Multicomponent Coupling of α‐Amino Acids, Aldehydes and Isonitriles Leading to N‐Substituted Azacyclic‐2‐carboxamides with Antithrombotic Activity.
Authors: Dighe Shashikant U. , Kumar Anil K. S. , Srivastava Smriti , Shukla Pankaj , Singh Surendra , Dikshit Madhu , Batra Sanjay
Published: May 2015

Biological screening shows, that products (VIb) and (VII) display appreciable antithrombotic activity via inhibition of platelet aggregation.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Approach to Construct C—C Bond Initiated by N—O Bond Cleavage under Thermal Conditions.
Authors: Li Dan‐Dan , Li Zhong‐Yuan , Wang Guan‐Wu
Published: May 2015

A novel method for the catalyst‐free radical‐based addition reaction of N‐alkoxy isoindolinones with N,N‐dialkyl carboxylic amides is developed to provide the formation of sp2C‐sp3C bonds under thermal conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Aminooxygenation and Diamination of Alkenes with Amidines by Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents.
Authors: Chen Hui , Kaga Atsushi , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: May 2015

Diacetoxyiodobenzene and its trifluoroacetoxy, aminoditosylate, and aminodimesylate analogues are used for the mostly diastereoselective preparation of variously substituted dihydroimidazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidant‐Switchable Selective Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzimidazoles via C—H Amination/Acetoxylation of Guanidines.
Authors: Chi Yue , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: May 2015

An efficient and metal‐free protocol for the amination of phenylguanidines furnishing 2‐aminobenzimidazoles with and without para‐acetoxy‐ substitution is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Heterocyclization of β‐Alkynyl Hydroxamic Acids: Synthesis of Isoxazolidin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Haering Andreas P. , Klahn Philipp , Juebermann Martin , Mohr Fabian , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: May 2015

Isoxazolidin‐3‐ones are obtained by mild Au‐catalyzed 5‐exo cyclization of N‐substituted α‐alkynyl hydroxamic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Regioselective Direct Arylation at the C‐3 Position of N‐Alkyl‐2‐pyridone.
Authors: Modak Atanu , Rana Sujoy , Maiti Debabrata
Published: May 2015

C‐3‐arylated 2‐pyridones are synthesized by direct C‐H coupling of the corresponding N‐alkyl‐2‐pyridones with arylboronic acids using potassium peroxodisulfate as oxidant in the presence of Fe(III)‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Tricyclic Dihydropyrimidine Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Kaur Navneet , Kaur Kamalpreet , Raj Tilak , Kaur Gaganpreet , Singh Ajnesh , Aree Thammarat , Park Sae‐Jin , Kim Tack‐Joong , Singh Narinder , Jang Doo Ok
Published: May 2015

The title compounds are synthesized using one‐pot, three‐component Traube—Schwarz reaction with various aldehydes in presence of a zinc catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot, Three‐Component Aminotriazine Annulation onto 5‐Aminopyrazole‐4‐carbonitriles under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Lim Felicia Phei Lin , Luna Giuseppe , Dolzhenko Anton V.
Published: May 2015

The operationally simple reaction of 5‐aminopyrazoles (I) with triethyl orthoformate and cyanamide proceeds in a chemo‐ and regioselective manner to form pyrazolotriazine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of 4‐Oxo‐5‐trimethylsilanyl Derived α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Reid Caroline M. , Fanning Kate N. , Fowler Lindsay S. , Sutherland Andrew
Published: May 2015

In comparison to similar 2‐oxo‐trimethylsilanes the title compound (III) is relatively stable and can by separated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bis(arylethynyl) Selenides by One‐Pot Protocol.
Authors: Zhu Yun‐Xing , Zhao Zi‐Jian , Zhang Yang , Su Qiong , Peng Zhi‐Hong , An De‐Lie
Published: May 2015

A series of the title compounds (II) is efficiently obtained by one‐pot three‐step synthesis starting from the corresponding bis(arylethanonyl) selenides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Criofolinine and Vernavosine, New Pentacyclic Indole Alkaloids Incorporating Pyrroloazepine and Pyridopyrimidine Moieties Derived from a Common Yohimbine Precursor.
Authors: Nge Choy‐Eng , Gan Chew‐Yan , Lim Kuan‐Hon , Ting Kang‐Nee , Low Yun‐Yee , Kam Toh‐Seok
Published: May 2015

The isolation and structure elucidation of criofolinine (I) and the ethyl ether derivative (IIb) of vernavosine (IIa) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformers: The Changing Phases of Low‐Dimensional Vanadium Oxide Bronzes
Authors: Marley Peter M. , Horrocks Gregory A. , Pelcher Kate E. , Banerjee Sarbajit
Published: May 2015

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron Transfer and Catalysis with High‐Valent Metal‐Oxo Complexes
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: May 2015

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic, Semisynthetic and Natural Analogues of Peloruside A
Authors: Brackovic Amira , Harvey Joanne E.
Published: May 2015

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies for Preparing Bicyclic Guanidines
Authors: Lemrova Barbora , Soural Miroslav
Published: May 2015

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Recognition by Cyclic Peptides
Authors: Elmes Robert B. P. , Jolliffe Katrina A.
Published: May 2015

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Popular Synthetic Approaches to Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Ager David J.
Published: May 2015

Review: [101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Catalysis of Photochemical Reactions
Authors: Brimioulle Richard , Lenhart Dominik , Maturi Mark M. , Bach Thorsten
Published: May 2015

Review: [115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic Disulfide‐Rich Peptides
Authors: Akcan Muharrem , Craik David J.
Published: May 2015

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Linkers, Resins, and General Procedures for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Shelton Pernille Tofteng , Jensen Knud J.
Published: May 2015

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Phosphopeptides
Authors: Hoejlys‐Larsen Kim B. , Jensen Knud J.
Published: May 2015

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Peptides Using tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the α‐Amino Protection Group
Authors: Pedersen Soeren W. , Armishaw Christopher J. , Stroemgaard Kristian
Published: May 2015

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters: Assembly of Key Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules
Authors: Liu Yiyang , Han Seo‐Jung , Liu Wen‐Bo , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: May 2015

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Phase Catalytic Hydroformylation Reactions of Alkenes
Authors: Sharma Sumeet K. , Jasra Raksh V.
Published: May 2015

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multivalent Glycocyclopeptides: Toward Nano‐Sized Glycostructures
Authors: Daskhan Gour Chand , Berthet Nathalie , Thomas Baptiste , Fiore Michele , Renaudet Olivier
Published: May 2015

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of Non‐Activated C—H Bonds in the Synthesis of Vitamin D Metabolites and Analogues
Authors: Moman Edelmiro
Published: May 2015

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐ and Indium‐Catalyzed Reactions Toward Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Containing Saturated Heterocycles
Authors: Cornil Johan , Gonnard Laurine , Bensoussan Charlelie , Serra‐Muns Anna , Gnamm Christian , Commandeur Claude , Commandeur Malgorzata , Reymond Sebastien , Guerinot Amandine , Cossy Janine
Published: May 2015

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular and Orthogonal Synthesis of Hybrid Polymers and Networks
Authors: Liu Shuang , Dicker Kevin T. , Jia Xinqiao
Published: May 2015

Review: 219 refs.