bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D‐VITAMINS AND THEIR PRECURSORS AS GROWTH REGULATORS IN AXENICALLY CULTIVATED MARINE MACROALGAE1
Authors: Fries Lisbeth
Published: November 2004

Light petroleum extracts from thalli of Fucus vesiculosus (L.) and Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. stimulate growth of axenically cultured Fucus spiralis L. and Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev. in amounts per litre culture medium corresponding to one to 10 mg wet weight of the brown algae. This indicates the presence of a lipophilic, very active growth regulator in the blades. Extracts from the meristematic zone of Laminaria are much less active. Vitamins D3, D2 and 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 at 1·10−8– 1·10−7 M increase the fresh weight of Enteromorpha compressa and Fucus spiralis up to 100% or more. The dry weight of Nemalion helminthoides (Veil, in With.) Batt. is also increased under the same conditions. Ergosterol and cholesterol are also growth‐stimulating but higher concentrations (e.g. 1·10−6 M) are necessary. The effects of the D vitamins manifest themselves without any auxins being added to the medium.
INDETERMINATE GROWTH OF PERICARPS IN THREE MEMBERS OF THE RHODYMENIALES (RHODOPHYTA)12
Authors: Thursby Glen B. , Steele Richard L.
Published: November 2004

Pericarps generally are thought of as structures having determinate growth, serving as a protective covering for the developing gonimoblast. In laboratory culture, the pericarps of Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey, Lomentaria baileyana (Harvey) Farlow and Lomentaria sp. exhibited indeterminate growth. These tissues could be excised and grown as separate female plants. The new plants were indistinguishable from the parent tissue, were fertile, and produced viable carpospores.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL RESPONSES OF CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA (BACILLARIOPHYTA) TO LIGHT INTENSITY AND NUTRIENT LIMITATION1
Authors: Rosen Barry H. , Lowe Rex L.
Published: November 2004

Photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. were quantified while the organism was simultaneously adjusting to light and nutrient stress. Cells were grown in batch culture at either low or high light intensity on medium with a nitrogen/phosphorus molar ratio of 2:1 as a control, or with nitrogen or phosphorus deleted from the medium to create nutrient deficiencies. Analysis of variance indicated that light intensity, nutrient deficiency and duration of nutrient deficiency all had significant effects on cell growth, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration/cell, cellular fluorescence capacity (CFC), chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface density. Because interactions existed among nutrient deficiency, extent of nutrient deficiency, and light intensity, all three must be considered together in order to describe accurately the physiology and chloroplast ultrastructure of the diatom. Significant correlations were found between the Chl/cell or CFC/cell and chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface density. Through an increase in Chi concentration, chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface density, the cells successfully adapted to the conditions of low light intensity even while under nutrient stress. In contrast, less Chl/cell, smaller chloroplast volume and less thylakoid surface density were found at high light intensity.
STRUCTURE AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS IN THE ISOGAMETES OFBATOPHORA(DASYCLADALES, CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Roberts Keith R. , Stewart Kenneth D. , Mattox Karl R.
Published: November 2004

The overall appearance of the flagellar apparatus in the isogametes ofBatophora oerstedii.J. Ag. is most like that which occurs in motile cells of the Ulvophyceae. Like other Ulvophyceae, the basal bodies overlap and are arranged in the 11/5 configuration, microtubular roots are arranged in a cruciate pattern and system II striated fibers are present. The basal body connective which generally lacks striation in the Ulvophyceae is clearly different inBatophora,being composed of two large non‐striated halves which connect to the anterior surface of each basal body and are then connected to one another by a distinctly fibrous centrally striated region. This variation in the basal body connective and the presence of two posteriorly directed system II striated fibers is clearly different from homologous structures reported in siphonous green algae of the Caulerpales. Based upon these variations and similarities among flagellar apparatus components in siphonous green algae, it is suggested that the Dasycladales and Siphonodadales are more closely related to one another than to the Caulerpales.
PHOTOINHIBITION: ALGAL RESPONSES TO BRIGHT LIGHT DURING DIEL STRATIFICATION AND MIXING IN A TROPICAL ALPINE LAKE1
Authors: Vincent Warwick F. , Neale Patrick J. , Richerson Peter J.
Published: November 2004

Near surface thermoclines form each day in the limnetic waters of Lake Titicaca (Peru‐Bolivia) and thereby retain phytoplankton under extreme irradiances. This bright light exposure results in strongly depressed chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis which both decay (bright light) and recover (dim light) by first order rate kinetics. During each afternoon the phytoplankton are redistributed by wind‐induced mixing, and full recovery is accomplished soon after nightfall. In vivo fluorescence was measured over this diet cycle both with (Fb) and without (Fa 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethyl urea. Strongest bright light effects were on the parameter (Fa– Fa), a crude measure of operational photosystem II reaction centers (RC IIs). On dates of strong thermocline development, surface (FFa– Fa) was reduced to 5% or less of that for the mixed layer maximum. Fluorescence depression was greater in the lake than in Pyrex bottles incubated at fixed depths for 4 h. Ultraviolet light intensified the photoinhibitory response, but strong (Fb– Fa) depression could be induced by photosynthetically available radiation alone. In Lake Titicaca, photoinhibition apparently operates by reversible in‐activation of RC IIs. It occurs in the natural water column and is not simply an artifact affixed bottle incubations.
TIME LAPSE ANALYSES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN CLOSTERIUM EHRENBERGII (CONJUGATOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Ichimura Terunobu , Kasai Fumie
Published: November 2004

The process of sexual differentiation was studied using heterothallic clones of Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini. The first visible sign of sexual reproduction was agglutination of two or more cells in a group and this was followed by gametangiogenic division and conjugation of gametangial cells. Movements of gametangial cells were carefully studied. Gametangial cells occasionally participated again in gametangiogenesis instead of proceeding directly to the formation of conjugation papilla. The whole process of sexual differentiation from vegetative cell to zygospore was considered to be basically similar in both of the two closely related mating groups, A and B, of C. ehrenbergii. Nevertheless, there were some differences between the two groups in patterns of the sexual differentiation. In Group A, vegetative cell division was completely suppressed by mixing the two complementary mating type clones together into the same medium with high light illumination. This suppression was not caused by the nitrogen depletion in the medium, but by the presence of cells of opposite mating type. In Group B, vegetative cell division and sexual reproduction occurred side by side repeatedly for several days.
STEROL DISTRIBUTION IN THE GENUS HETEROCAPSA (PYRRHOPHYTA)1
Authors: Alam Maktoob , Sanduja Radhika , Watson David A. , Loeblich Alfred R.
Published: November 2004

The sterol composition of seven strains of marine peridinioid dinoflagellates comprising the four known species of Heterocapsa Stein was examined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to determine the utility of these compounds in systematics. Cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol (cholesterol), 24‐methyl‐cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol (24‐methylcholesterol), 4α,24(S)‐dimethyl‐5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol (4,24‐dimethylcholestanol), 4α,23,24(R)‐trimethyl‐5α‐cholest‐22‐en‐3β‐ol (dinosterol), 4α,23ξ,24ξ‐trimethyl‐5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol (dihydrodinosterol), and an unknown sterol were detected. Sterol composition does not vary significantly from species to species within the genus Heterocapsa and thus cannot be used for species differentiation. Sterols may, however, have value in defining the properties of dinoflagellate taxa above the family level. Over the course of the growth curve for Heterocapsa niei (Loeblich) Morrill & Loeblich 4,24‐dimethylcholestanol and dinosterol covaried, suggesting that 4,24‐dimethylcholestanol is converted into dinosterol by a previously proposed bioalkylation scheme.
DEVELOPMENT OFDUMONTIA CONTORTA(DUMONTIACEAE, CRYPTONEMIALES) COMPARED WITH THAT OF OTHER HIGHER RED ALGAE1
Authors: Wilce Robert T. , Davis Andrew N.
Published: November 2004

The vegetative development of juvenile and matureDumontia contorta(S. G. Gmelin) Ruprecht is characterized. New patterns of red algal thallus development are described.Dumontia contortahas an isomorphic life history with similarly branched erect gametophytes and tetrasporophytes. Erect plants are winter‐spring annuals that develop from a perennating crustose stage. Vegetative development ofD. contortaincludes both multiaxial and uniaxial systems. Juvenile thalli emerging from crustose bases are unbranched and entirely multiaxial; the main axis of a mature thallus is also multiaxial with the number of axial filaments decreasing acropetally as branches are initiated. Most lateral branches are uniaxial and do not rebranch. Thus, matureD. contortais characterized by multiaxiality in the lower main axis and by uniaxiality in its branches and in the tip region of the main axis. Our study corrects a number of inaccuracies in the literature and reinterprets the pattern of thallus development inD. contortain relation to stages of its vegetative growth. Development ofD. contortais compared with that of other higher red algae. Our results suggest an evolutionary derivation ofD. contortafrom the uniaxial, unbranchedD. simplex.
THE CRYSTALLINE CELL WALL OF TETRASELMIS CONVOLUTAE (CHLOROPHYTA): A FREEZE FRACTURE ANALYSIS1
Authors: Domozych David S.
Published: November 2004

A freeze fracture analysis of the cell wall of Tetraselmis convolutae (Parke et Manton) revealed the existence of a crystalline median layer consisting of regular repeating subunits of 27 nm. These circular subunits lie in curved, interlocking, longitudinal rows with some irregular discontinuities appearing in the subunit pattern of the crystalline lattice. A comparison with the cell walls of other green algal flagellates is presented, revealing similarities and suggesting evolutionary patterns.
A NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF NOSTOC AND ANABAENA1
Authors: McGuire Robert F.
Published: November 2004

Thirty characteristics of 14 Nostoc and 10 Anabaena species were analyzed from previously published data. Using standard numerical taxonomic methods, simple matching coefficients were calculated and a phenogram drawn. The analysis revealed that some of the central characteristics of Nostoc are: a punctiforme stage; motile reproductive stage; plant mass with a dull to shiny luster, non‐veined surface, and nonfimbriate margin; some spherical vegetative cells; no cylindrical heterocysts; and some spherical, but no cylindrical akinetes. Some of the central characteristics of Anabaena that were revealed are: no punctiforme stage; a motile vegetative stage; plant mass with a shiny luster, veined surface, and fimbriate margin; no spherical vegetative cells; some cylindrical heterocysts; and some cylindrical, but no spherical, akinetes. In general, Anabaena has larger akinetes and vegetative cells than Nostoc. Based on 30 morphological characteristics and the clustering data of the phenogram, keys were constructed for the Nostoc and Anabaena species studied. The data clearly support two separate and distinct, though similar genera and, less sharply, the separation of the 24 species. The more useful characteristics for separation of the species are size and shape of akinetes, vegetative cells, and heterocysts; color and luster of plant mass; veined plant mass surface; margin fimbriate; and shape of plant mass in nature.
STRUCTURE, LIFE HISTORY AND SYSTEMATICS OF RHOICOSPHENIA (BACILLARIOPHYTA). V. INITIAL CELL AND SIZE REDUCTION IN RH. CURVATA AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE RHOICOSPHENIACEAE FAM. NOV.1
Authors: Mann David G.
Published: November 2004

The initial epivalve of Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kütz.) Grun. differs from vegetative valves in having a strongly arched section, a wide hyaline marginal strip, no pseudosepta, an unthickened margin, and a terminal raphe fissure at the head pole. The initial epivalve is of the D type, with short raphe fissures. The epicingulum consists of three bands as usual, but they are narrower and more delicate than those of vegetative cells. The initial hypovalve and hypocingulum are similar in every way to those of vegetative cells, except for the rounded section of the hypovalve. During size reduction the almost isopolar outline of the initial valves and their immediate descendants gives way to an increasingly strong heteropolarity, and this is accompanied by changes in the relative lengths of the raphe slits and the shape of the central area. Different populations have different gametangium and initial cell sizes, suggesting the presence of races within the species. The structure of the initial cell indicates that Rhoicosphenia is less closely related to the monoraphid genera than to the gomphocymbelloid genera, confirming conclusions reached from studies of the vegetative cell and auxospore formation. Rhoicosphenia should therefore be separated into a new family, the Rhoicospheniaceae, which is described.
MALE GAMETES OF ATRACTOMORPHA ECHINATA HOFFMAN (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Hoffman Larry R.
Published: November 2004

Many naked gametes are produced in each fusiform, male gametangium of Atractomorpha echinata Hoffman and are liberated through irregularly shaped pores in the gametangial wall. They are typically biflagellate, pyriform or fusiform in shape, 6‐11 μm long, and only a few micrometers wide. A mature male gamete is characterized by: (i) a nucleus with condensed chromatin and no nucleoli, (ii) a reduced, starch filled chloroplast occupying a posterior position, and (iii) a cup shaped eyespot consisting of a single layer of plastoglobuli. The flagellar apparatus includes two types of flagellar roots alternating in a cruciate pattern. One type consists of two microtubules, while the other consists of microtubules of varying number, usually eight or nine, but rarely as many as eleven. The paired basal bodies are connected anteriorly by a broad, striated distal fiber; there is no dense apical cap as reported in Sphaeroplea sperm. A unique structure, consisting of three layers of small subunits (6–8 nm diameter) arranged in a paracrystalline array, is positioned beneath each basal body. Based on the structure of its male gametes, Atractomorpha clearly demonstrates affinity with the chlorophycean rather than the ulvaphycean line of evolution. Moreover, if phylogenetic affinities for the Sphaeropleaceae are to be sought among other groups of green algae, the Chlorococcales appears the most promising candidate.
Learned Fear of “Unseen” Faces after Pavlovian, Observational, and Instructed Fear
Authors: Olsson Andreas , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2004

This study compared fear learning acquired through direct experience (Pavlovian conditioning) and fear learning acquired without direct experience via either observation or verbal instruction. We examined whether these three types of learning yielded differential responses to conditioned stimuli (CS+) that were presented unmasked (available to explicit awareness) or masked (not available to explicit awareness). In the Pavlovian group, the CS+ was paired with a mild shock, whereas the observational-learning group learned through observing the emotional expression of a confederate receiving shocks paired with the CS+. The instructed-learning group was told that the CS+ predicted a shock. The three groups demonstrated similar levels of learning as measured by the skin conductance response to unmasked stimuli. As in previous studies, participants also displayed a significant learning response to masked stimuli following Pavlovian conditioning. However, whereas the observational-learning group also showed this effect, the instructed-learning group did not.
The Ups and Downs of Attributional Ambiguity
Authors: Aronson Joshua , Inzlicht Michael
Published: November 2004

This research examined whether stereotype vulnerability—the tendency to expect, perceive, and be influenced by negative stereotypes about one's social category—is associated with uncertainty about one's academic self-knowledge in two important ways. We predicted that stereotype-vulnerable African American students would (a) know less about how much they know than less vulnerable students do and (b) have unstable academic efficacy. In Study 1, Black and White participants took a verbal test and indicated the probability that each of their answers was correct. As expected, stereotype-vulnerable Black participants were more miscalibrated than other participants. In Study 2, participants completed measures of self-efficacy twice daily for 8 days. Also as expected, the academic efficacy of stereotype-vulnerable Blacks fluctuated more—and more extremely—than that of other participants. The results suggest that, in addition to undermining intellectual performance, stigma interferes with academic self-knowledge.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Authors: Madon Stephanie , Guyll Max , Spoth Richard , Willard Jennifer
Published: November 2004

This research examined whether mothers' and fathers' beliefs about their children's alcohol use had cumulative self-fulfilling effects on their children's future drinking behavior. Analyses of longitudinal data acquired from 115 seventh-grade children and their mothers and fathers were consistent with synergistic accumulation effects for negative beliefs: Parents' beliefs predicted the greatest degree of confirmatory behavior from children when both mothers and fathers overestimated their children's alcohol use. Results did not support synergistic accumulation effects for positive beliefs: Children's predicted future alcohol use was similar regardless of whether one parent or both underestimated their child's alcohol use. These findings suggest that the generally small self-fulfilling effects reported in the literature may underestimate the power of negative self-fulfilling prophecies to harm targets because studies have not taken into consideration the possibility that negative self-fulfilling prophecies may be more likely than positive ones to accumulate across multiple perceivers.
Presence of HLA antibodies in single‐donor‐derived fresh frozen plasma compared with pooled, solvent detergent‐treated plasma (Octaplas®)
Authors: Sinnott P. , Bodger S. , Gupta A. , Brophy M.
Published: November 2004

Adverse reactions to plasma transfusion are well documented. One of the most serious hazards of transfusion, transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), has nearly as high an incidence of mortality and major morbidity as that reported for the transfusion of incorrect blood components. The specific mechanisms of plasma component‐induced adverse reactions remain unclear, but a major contribution may be related to the presence of alloantibodies. In this study, a laboratory analysis was undertaken to determine the presence of HLA antibodies in leucodepleted single‐donor‐derived fresh frozen plasma (FFP). A comparison was made with a pooled plasma product that has undergone solvent detergent treatment. In total, 58 plasma samples from single‐donor units of leucodepleted FFP were tested along with samples from 12 units (three for each ABO blood group) of the pooled plasma (Octaplas®; Octapharma Ltd, Coventry, UK), for the presence of HLA antibodies. HLA‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were used to screen for their presence, and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity and flow cytometry analyses were used to further define their presence, specificity and class [immunoglobulin G (IgG)/IgM]. In the study groups, HLA antibodies were found to be present in five of the single‐donor units (9%) while the pooled plasma samples tested negative.
Analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐G polymorphism in normal women and in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions
Authors: Abbas A. , Tripathi P. , Naik S. , Agrawal S.
Published: November 2004

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐G is a non‐classical class I antigen. It has limited expression, but is high at the foetomaternal interface. This unique expression pattern of HLA‐G suggests that it might be important for survival of the foetus during pregnancy. In the present study, 120 women with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) and 120 fertile control women were genotyped for the HLA‐G locus. This is the first report describing HLA‐G polymorphism in normal fertile and RSA women from India. The allele HLA‐G*010103 was higher in women with recurrent foetal losses. Interestingly, the HLA‐G*010105 and G*010108 alleles were totally absent in normal fertile women but present in RSA women with frequencies of 1.7% and 0.4%, respectively. Allele G*010107 was absent in both the groups. The frequency of the null allele G*0105N was high (13.8%) in our population as compared to other world populations. Our data support the hypothesis that HLA‐G polymorphism may contribute to recurrent foetal loss.
Climatic effects on the phenology of lake processes
Authors: Winder Monika , Schindler Daniel E.
Published: November 2004

Populations living in seasonal environments are exposed to systematic changes in physical conditions that restrict the growth and reproduction of many species to only a short time window of the annual cycle. Several studies have shown that climate changes over the latter part of the 20th century affected the phenology and population dynamics of single species. However, the key limitation to forecasting the effects of changing climate on ecosystems lies in understanding how it will affect interactions among species. We investigated the effects of climatic and biotic drivers on physical and biological lake processes, using a historical dataset of 40 years from Lake Washington, USA, and dynamic time‐series models to explain changes in the phenological patterns among physical and biological components of pelagic ecosystems. Long‐term climate warming and variability because of large‐scale climatic patterns like Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) extended the duration of the stratification period by 25 days over the last 40 years. This change was due mainly to earlier spring stratification (16 days) and less to later stratification termination in fall (9 days). The phytoplankton spring bloom advanced roughly in parallel to stratification onset and in 2002 it occurred about 19 days earlier than it did in 1962, indicating the tight connection of spring phytoplankton growth to turbulent conditions. In contrast, the timing of the clear‐water phase showed high variability and was mainly driven by biotic factors. Among the zooplankton species, the timing of spring peaks in the rotifer Keratella advanced strongly, whereas Leptodiaptomus and Daphnia showed slight or no changes. These changes have generated a growing time lag between the spring phytoplankton peak and zooplankton peak, which can be especially critical for the cladoceran Daphnia. Water temperature, PDO, and food availability affected the timing of the spring peak in zooplankton. Overall, the impact of PDO on the phenological processes were stronger compared with ENSO. Our results highlight that climate affects physical and biological processes differently, which can interrupt energy flow among trophic levels, making ecosystem responses to climate change difficult to forecast.
Supply‐side controls on soil respiration among Oregon forests
Authors: Campbell J. L. , Sun O. J. , Law B. E.
Published: November 2004

To test the hypothesis that variation in soil respiration is related to plant production across a diverse forested landscape, we compared annual soil respiration rates with net primary production and the subsequent allocation of carbon to various ecosystem pools, including leaves, fine roots, forests floor, and mineral soil for 36 independent plots arranged as three replicates of four age classes in three climatically distinct forest types.

Across all plots, annual soil respiration was not correlated with aboveground net primary production (R2=0.06,P>0.1) but it was moderately correlated with belowground net primary production (R2=0.46,P<0.001). Despite the wide range in temperature and precipitation regimes experienced by these forests, all exhibited similar soil respiration per unit live fine root biomass, with about 5 g of carbon respired each year per 1 g of fine root carbon (R2=0.45,P<0.001). Annual soil respiration was only weakly correlated with dead carbon pools such as forest floor and mineral soil carbon (R2=0.14 and 0.12, respectively). Trends between soil respiration, production, and root mass among age classes within forest type were inconsistent and do not always reflect cross‐site trends.

These results are consistent with a growing appreciation that soil respiration is strongly influenced by the supply of carbohydrates to roots and the rhizosphere, and that some regional patterns of soil respiration may depend more on belowground carbon allocation than the abiotic constraints imposed on subsequent metabolism.
Soil respiration under prolonged soil warming: are rate reductions caused by acclimation or substrate loss?
Authors: Kirschbaum Miko U. F.
Published: November 2004

The world's soils contain a large amount of carbon so that even a fractionally small loss or gain could have a quantitatively important feedback effect on net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. It is therefore important to fully understand the temperature dependence of soil‐carbon decomposition. Evidence from various observations can be used to quantify the temperature dependence of carbon efflux, but it is important to ensure that confounding factors, such as changing water relations or availability of readily decomposable substrate, are fully considered in inferring an underlying temperature response from observed response patterns.

A number of recent findings from soil‐warming experiments have led to the suggestion that stimulation of soil‐carbon efflux by increasing temperature is only transitory before acclimation takes place and carbon efflux rates return to similar rates as before the increase in temperature. It is shown here that this response pattern can be explained through a simple two‐pool soil‐carbon model with no acclimation response needing to be invoked. The temporal pattern is, instead, due to depletion of readily decomposable substrate. It shows that findings of reduced respiration rate in soil‐warming experiments are consistent with unchanged high temperature sensitivity of organic carbon decomposition and affirms that there is, indeed, a danger of positive feedback between global warming and the release of soil organic carbon that can lead to further warming.
The response of two Glomus mycorrhizal fungi and a fine endophyte to elevated atmospheric CO2, soil warming and drought
Authors: Staddon Philip L. , Gregersen Randi , Jakobsen Iver
Published: November 2004

Plantago lanceolata plants were grown under various environmental conditions in association with the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, G. caledonium and a fine endophyte either individually or all together. Using a time‐course approach, we investigated the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), soil warming and drought and their interactions on root length colonized (RLC) by mycorrhizal fungi and extraradical mycorrhizal hyphal (EMH) production. Plant growth responded as would be expected to the environmental manipulations. There was no plant growth‐independent effect of eCO2 on mycorrhizal colonization; however, EMH production was stimulated by eCO2, i.e. there was increased partitioning of below‐ground carbon to the EMH. Soil warming directly stimulated both percent RLC by the Glomus species and EMH density; soil warming did not affect RLC by the fine endophyte. Drought decreased percent RLC for the fine endophyte, but not for the Glomus species. The presence of one mycorrhizal fungus did not affect the response of another to the environmental variables. There was no evidence of any interactive effects of the environmental variables on RLC, but there were significant environmental interactions on EMH production. In particular, the stimulatory effects of eCO2 and soil warming on EMH density were not additive. The results are discussed in terms of the soil carbon cycle, highlighting some crucial gaps in our knowledge. If future environmental changes affect mycorrhizal fungal turnover and respiration, then this could have important implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Leaf Ash Content and Grain Yield in Bread and Durum Wheat Grown under Full‐Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Monneveux P. , Reynolds M. P. , Trethowan R. , Peña J. , Zapata F.
Published: November 2004

Integrative physiological criteria, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and (mineral) ash content (ma) have been found to be very useful, under drought conditions, to elucidate the association between yield gains and variation of photosynthesis‐related traits and orientate future breeding efforts. Information on this association is scarce under irrigated conditions. The relationships between Δ, ma and yield were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under optimal (drip) irrigation in the arid conditions of north‐west Mexico. Carbon isotope discrimination was analysed on leaves at booting stage and anthesis and on grain at maturity, whereas ash content was measured on the flag leaf at anthesis and maturity. At anthesis, there were differences between bread and durum wheat during grain filling for Δ, but not for ma. No relationship was found between grain yield and Δ. Leaf ash content at anthesis and maturity showed a broad variability within each species and were associated with grain yield. These results suggest that ash content in leaves could be also used as predictive criteria for yield not only under drought, but also under irrigated conditions, particularly when evaporative demand is high.
Photocontrol of Weeds
Authors: Juroszek P. , Gerhards R.
Published: November 2004

The reduction of weed emergence resulting from night‐time tillage in worldwide conducted field trials was very variable. The efficacy of night‐time tillage ranged from a reduction of weed ground cover of 97.5 % to an increase in weed seedling emergence of 80 % compared with daytime tillage. In most of the field trials, the reduction in the weed density as a result of night‐time tillage was <30 %. Important factors affecting this variation were: (1) the different light sensitivity of weed species, (2) the different light sensitivity of populations within the same species, (3) the dormancy status of the seeds, (4) the seasonal and short‐term variation of light sensitivity of seeds, (5) the variation of soil water content and (6) the type of soil tillage implement used. Less important were the small light intensity during night‐time tillage which cannot be excluded, and the penetration of light into the soil the days following night‐time tillage. The influence of different environmental factors on the effect of photocontrol of weeds is rather unclear because there are presumably complex interactions between environmental factors and the light‐dependent germination of weed seeds under field conditions. However, some field trials indicate that dry soil conditions reduce the efficacy of photocontrol of weeds. Several trials in the literature suggest that photocontrol of weeds during daytime using implements with a light‐proof cover was as effective as night‐time tillage. This review summarizes the results in research of photocontrol of weeds (soil cultivation in darkness), particularly those derived from field trials. Moreover, important factors are discussed, which might influence the effect of photocontrol of weeds.
Influence of Maternal Denomination, God Concepts, and Child‐Rearing Practices on Young Children's God Concepts
Authors: DE ROOS SIMONE A. , IEDEMA JURJEN , MIEDEMA SIEBREN
Published: November 2004

This study tests a model of individual differences in God concepts among kindergarteners, based on social learning and projection theory. Relations among maternal education, religious denomination, God concepts, child‐rearing practices, and young children's God concepts were examined. Subjects were 363 Dutch preschoolers (mean age = 66 months) and 271 of their mothers belonging to three religious denominations (open Christian, orthodox Christian, and nonaffiliated). Child‐rearing practices as well as God concepts were measured using questionnaires. God concepts were operationalized as ideas about potential characteristics of God. The model was partly supported. Maternal orthodox Christian denomination, God concepts, and child‐rearing practices all had effects on children's “potent God” concept, confirming all parts of the model. Differences in children's “punishing God” concept were explained by strict child‐rearing practices, providing evidence for projection theory only. Children's “loving and caring God” concepts were predicted by mothers’“loving God” concept, lending support for social learning theory.
Development of polymorphic markers for the root pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola using ISSR‐PCR
Authors: GELDENHUIS MARIA M. , ROUX JOLANDA , WINGFIELD MICHAEL J. , WINGFIELD BRENDA D.
Published: November 2004

Thielaviopsis basicola is a soil‐borne fungal pathogen affecting many important agricultural crops. Little is known regarding the population biology or origin of this pathogen. Polymorphic markers developed for Ceratocystis fimbriata, a species complex phylogenetically closely related to T. basicola, were tested and found not to be useful for T. basicola. In this study 14 primer pairs, seven of which resulted in the amplification of single polymorphic fragments in T. basicola were developed. These primers will enable further studies on this economically important pathogen, and will result in an enhanced understanding of its population structure in different parts of the world.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Chagas’ disease vector Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: GARCÍA BEATRIZ A. , ZHENG LIANGBIAO , ROSAS ALICIA R. PÉREZ DE , SEGURA ELSA L.
Published: November 2004

Microsatellites were identified and characterized from Triatoma infestans, the principal vector of Chagas’ disease in the Southern Cone of South American countries. Ninety‐three microsatellite loci were isolated from partial genomic libraries, of which 30 were amplified and 10 were selected for genotyping. The degree of intrapopulation variation in these loci was determined using 34 specimens from the locality of Chancaní (Córdoba, Argentina). The number of alleles per locus ranged from five to 19 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.608 to 0.941. The variability of these microsatellite markers provides a valuable molecular tool for population genetic studies in T. infestans.
A novel method for collection and preservation of faeces for genetic studies
Authors: ROEDER AMY D. , ARCHER FREDERICK I. , POINAR HENDRIK N. , MORIN PHILLIP A.
Published: November 2004

Quantitative and qualitative measurements of DNA were used to compare faecal sample storage in ethanol and silica with a novel method (two‐step) in which samples are soaked in ethanol and then desiccated with silica. Silica‐preserved samples had the lowest DNA concentrations. The two‐step method yielded significantly more DNA in high quality samples (average DNA concentrations > 100 pg/µL with all storage methods). However, for lower quality samples, the ethanol and two‐step methods performed similarly. The amounts and rates of sample degradation were not strongly affected by storage method and neither was the percentage of target DNA (< 1%) obtained from the samples.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum
Authors: REUSCH THORSTEN B. H. , RAUCH GISEP , KALBE MARTIN
Published: November 2004

We present primers for five polymorphic microsatellite loci in the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Trematoda), a widely distributed parasite with a complex life cycle used as a model for parasitology and fish immunology. The loci were identified using a GA/CT‐enriched genomic library by subtractive hybridization with magnetic particles. All five loci were highly polymorphic, displaying 17 to 61 alleles and heterozygosities ranging from 0.53 to 0.92. We isolated populations of parasites within the first (snail) and second (fish) intermediate host and found small but significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.012) between the two life stages of the parasite.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for a solitary digger wasp, the European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum; Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)
Authors: KALTENPOTH MARTIN , STROHM ERHARD , GADAU JÜRGEN
Published: November 2004

We present primer sequences for 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum. Microsatellites were isolated using an efficient enrichment procedure. The number of alleles ranged from two to 28, with observed levels of heterozygosity between 0.090 and 0.828. The microsatellites were designed to determine paternity in female offspring of P. triangulum and to study female choice in this species. We also report the applicability of these markers for a congeneric North American species, P. gibbosus.
Microsatellite isolation from the gall midge Spurgia capitigena (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a biological control agent of leafy spurge
Authors: LLOYD CASANDRA J. , NORTON ANDREW P. , HUFBAUER RUTH A. , BOGDANOWICZ STEVEN M. , NISSEN SCOTT J.
Published: November 2004

Spurgia capitigena is a gall midge that has been released as a biological control agent of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), a noxious rangeland weed in North America. We isolated 15 microsatellite loci from S. capitigena with from two to 27 alleles at each locus. These markers will allow us to examine the structure and levels of neutral genetic variation in native and introduced populations.
Microsatellite loci for the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina
Authors: AZUMA N. , TAKAHASHI J. , HIGASHI S. , SASAKI M.
Published: November 2004

We developed 13 microsatellite loci in Oecophylla smaragdina from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments. These loci showed two to 14 alleles in O. smaragdina with expected heterozygosity of each locus from 0.10 to 0.89, and six were also polymorphic in the related species, O. longinoda. The results suggested that the loci will be useful to analyse the genetic structure of Oecophylla species at both the colony and population levels.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the South African abalone (Haliotis midae)
Authors: BESTER ALETTA E. , SLABBERT RUHAN , D’AMATO MARÍA EUGENIA
Published: November 2004

We report the isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the South African abalone Haliotis midae. These loci showed a range of five to 21 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.14 to 0.93 in a wild population of 32 individuals. All loci except four conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations and did not show linkage disequilibrium. The polymorphism exhibited at these loci indicate that they would be useful in determining levels of genetic variability in natural and commercial Haliotis midae populations as well as in parentage and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis in hatchery reared abalone.
Characterization of nuclear DNA microsatellite markers in the ant Cataglyphis cursor
Authors: PEARCY M. , CLÉMENCET J. , CHAMERON S. , ARON S. , DOUMS C.
Published: November 2004

The ant Cataglyphis cursor is exceptional in that unmated workers are potentially able to lay both male and female eggs. We characterized eight pairs of primers for microsatellite loci, developed from genomic DNA for this species. Variability was tested with DNA from 19 workers and all eight loci were highly polymorphic, displaying 5–10 alleles and a high level of heterozygosity. Cross‐species amplifications indicate that these microsatellites might be useful in genetic studies of other species belonging to the genus Cataglyphis.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Authors: JONES JESS W. , CULVER MELANIE , DAVID VICTOR , STRUTHERS JENNIFER , JOHNSON NATHAN A. , NEVES RICHARD J. , O'BRIEN STEPHEN J. , HALLERMAN ERIC M.
Published: November 2004

Primers for 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and characterized for the endangered oyster mussel Epioblasma capsaeformis from the Clinch River, Tennessee. Microsatellite loci also were tested in four other populations or species. Amplification was successful for most loci in these closely related endangered species or populations; therefore, a high level of flanking sequence similarity was inferred for this group of species and populations. Allelic diversity ranged from nine to 20 alleles/locus, and averaged 13.6/locus. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to amplify microsatellite loci across freshwater mussel species to conduct population genetics studies.
Microsatellite markers in a complex of Horismenus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids of bruchid beetles
Authors: AEBI A. , ALVAREZ N. , BUTCHER R. D. J. , HANSSON C. , RISTERUCCI A. M. , BENREY B.
Published: November 2004

Parasitoids of the genus Horismenus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are the main natural enemies of bruchid beetles that feed on several species of Phaseolus beans. Samples of Horismenus depressus, H. missouriensis and H. butcheri were collected from seeds of three Phaseolus species throughout Mexico to examine the impact of plant variability on the genetic structure of parasitoid populations. For this purpose, six microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized. These loci are of great interest in understanding the taxonomy of the genus Horismenus, the most important Eulophid genus in the Neotropics.
Optimization of novel polymorphic microsatellites in muskox (Ovibos Moschatus) leads to an increased estimate of muskox microsatellite diversity
Authors: VAN COEVERDEN PETER J. , GROOT DE , BOAG PETER
Published: November 2004

Initial microsatellite studies suggested that muskoxen display the lowest microsatellite polymorphism in a large ungulate. We optimized 17 di‐nucleotide microsatellites with longer repeats from a muskox DNA library and surveyed 18 animals from across their natural range. Loci with perfect repeats were more variable than imperfect loci: Hperfect = 0.504 ± 0.045 (± SE) vs. Himperfect = 0.067 ± 0.055. Our Hperfect estimate is higher than previous low estimates of HE = 0.018 and HE = 0.059.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death
Authors: PROSPERO S. , BLACK J. A. , WINTON L. M.
Published: November 2004

We describe specific primers and conditions to amplify two dinucleotide and five trinucleotide microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the oomycete Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death. The primer sets were tested on 14–30 isolates from North America and Europe. Seven of 14 loci differentiated between A1 and A2 mating types. All seven loci successfully amplified DNA isolated from infected plant tissue. Four loci may be useful for the diagnosis of P. ramorum because they do not amplify closely related Phytophthora species.
Development of DNA microsatellite markers in the Andean root crop arracacha: Arracacia xanthorrhiza Banc. (Apiaceae)
Authors: MORILLO E. , SECOND G. , PHAM J. L. , RISTERUCCI A. M.
Published: November 2004

A microsatellite‐enriched library was constructed in the Andean root crop arracacha (Arracacia xanthorriza B). Of 18 loci tested, 14 were found to be polymorphic after screening for diversity in different cultivars and related wild forms. Allelic diversity in the crop was low but the transferability of the primers to closely related wild forms was good. The loci reported here are the first genetic markers to be published for this species and will be useful for future germplasm characterization and studies of genetic diversity.
kingroup: a program for pedigree relationship reconstruction and kin group assignments using genetic markers
Authors: KONOVALOV DMITRY A. , MANNING CLINT , HENSHAW MICHAEL T.
Published: November 2004

kingroup is an open source java program implementing a maximum likelihood approach to pedigree relationships reconstruction and kin group assignment. kingroup implements a new method (currently being performance tested) for reconstructing groups of kin that share a common relationship by estimating an overall likelihood for alternative partitions. A number of features found in kinship (Goodnight & Queller 1999) have also been implemented to make them available outside the Classic Macintosh OS platform for the first time.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Ulmus minor Miller and cross‐amplification in U. glabra Hudson and U. laevis Pall.
Authors: COLLADA C. , FUENTES‐UTRILLA P. , GIL L. , CERVERA M. T.
Published: November 2004

We developed five microsatellites from Ulmus minor using an AFLP protocol followed by an enrichment step, with biotinylated primers containing tandem repeats. Loci were characterized using a total of 30 elms from six Spanish populations. Three microsatellites were also transferred to U. laevis and U. glabra.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the blue manakin, Chiroxiphia caudata (Aves, Pipridae)
Authors: FRANCISCO MERCIVAL R. , GALETTI PEDRO M. , GIBBS H. LISLE
Published: November 2004

We designed primers for amplifying 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the blue manakin, Chiroxiphia caudata, a neotropical passerine bird which inhabits a critically endangered tropical ecosystem, the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Based on genotypes from 24 individuals from a single population, we detected between four and 22 alleles per locus with observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.54 to 0.92. These highly variable loci will be useful for determining levels of population differentiation and assessing the impact of habitat fragmentation on levels of genetic variation in isolated populations of these birds.
treegraph: automated drawing of complex tree figures using an extensible tree description format
Authors: MÜLLER JÖRN , MÜLLER KAI
Published: November 2004

treegraph assists in producing complex ready‐to‐publish figures of phylogenetic trees. The TGF format used by the program automates formatting of several different statistical support value types (confidence estimates) per tree node. Moreover, internal text and graphical labels are automatically arranged at the nodes as are annotations for clades or groups of terminals. treegraph imports nexus trees and related file formats. Beyond common tree edit operations, simultaneous pruning of subtrees (simplification of the tree to higher order clades) and saving of subtrees is possible. treegraph exports to the standard vector graphics formats Scalable Vector Graphics and PostScript.