bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sound Verification Procedures for Temporal Properties of Infinite-State Systems
Authors: Peyras Quentin , Bodeveix Jean-Paul , Brunel Julien , Chemouil David
Published: July 2021

First-Order Linear Temporal Logic (FOLTL) is particularly convenient to specify distributed systems, in particular because of the unbounded aspect of their state space. We have recently exhibited novel decidable fragments of FOLTL which pave the way for tractable verification. However, these fragments are not expressive enough for realistic specifications. In this paper, we propose three transformations to translate a typical FOLTL specification into two of its decidable fragments. All three transformations are proved sound (the associated propositions are proved in Coq) and have a high degree of automation. To put these techniques into practice, we propose a specification language relying on FOLTL, as well as a prototype which performs the verification, relying on existing model checkers. This approach allows us to successfully verify safety and liveness properties for various specifications of distributed systems from the literature.
Towards a Trustworthy Semantics-Based Language Framework via Proof Generation
Authors: Chen Xiaohong , Lin Zhengyao , Trinh Minh-Thai , Roşu Grigore
Published: July 2021

We pursue the vision of anideal language framework, where programming language designers only need to define the formalsyntaxandsemanticsof their languages, and all language tools are automatically generated by the framework. Due to the complexity of such a language framework, it is a big challenge to ensure its trustworthiness and to establish the correctness of the autogenerated language tools. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based onproof generation. The key idea is to generate proof objects as correctness certificates for each individual task that the language tools conduct, on a case-by-case basis, and use a trustworthy proof checker to check the proof objects. This way, we avoid formally verifying the entire framework, which is practically impossible, and thus can make the language framework bothpracticalandtrustworthy. As a first step, we formalize program execution as mathematical proofs and generate their complete proof objects. The experimental result shows that the performance of our proof object generation and proof checking is very promising.
Runtime Monitors for Markov Decision Processes
Authors: Junges Sebastian , Torfah Hazem , Seshia Sanjit A.
Published: July 2021

We investigate the problem of monitoring partially observable systems with nondeterministic and probabilistic dynamics. In such systems, every state may be associated with a risk, e.g., the probability of an imminent crash. During runtime, we obtain partial information about the system state in form of observations. The monitor uses this information to estimate the risk of the (unobservable) current system state. Our results are threefold. First, we show that extensions of state estimation approaches do not scale due the combination of nondeterminism and probabilities. While exploiting a geometric interpretation of the state estimates improves the practical runtime, this cannot prevent an exponential memory blowup. Second, we present a tractable algorithm based on model checking conditional reachability probabilities. Third, we provide prototypical implementations and manifest the applicability of our algorithms to a range of benchmarks. The results highlight the possibilities and boundaries of our novel algorithms.
Enforcing Almost-Sure Reachability in POMDPs
Authors: Junges Sebastian , Jansen Nils , Seshia Sanjit A.
Published: July 2021

Partially-Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are a well-known stochastic model for sequential decision making under limited information. We consider the EXPTIME-hard problem of synthesising policies that almost-surely reach some goal state without ever visiting a bad state. In particular, we are interested in computing the winning region, that is, the set of system configurations from which a policy exists that satisfies the reachability specification. A direct application of such a winning region is the safe exploration of POMDPs by, for instance, restricting the behavior of a reinforcement learning agent to the region. We present two algorithms: A novel SAT-based iterative approach and a decision-diagram based alternative. The empirical evaluation demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of the approaches.
Gillian, Part II: Real-World Verification for JavaScript and C
Authors: Maksimović Petar , Ayoun Sacha-Élie , Santos José Fragoso , Gardner Philippa
Published: July 2021

We introduce verification based on separation logic to Gillian, a multi-language platform for the development of symbolic analysis tools which is parametric on the memory model of the target language. Our work develops a methodology for constructing compositional memory models for Gillian, leading to a unified presentation of the JavaScript and C memory models. We verify the JavaScript and C implementations of the AWS Encryption SDK message header deserialisation module, specifically designing common abstractions used for both verification tasks, and find two bugs in the JavaScript and three bugs in the C implementation.
JavaSMT 3: Interacting with SMT Solvers in Java
Authors: Baier Daniel , Beyer Dirk , Friedberger Karlheinz
Published: July 2021

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is an enabling technology with many applications, especially in computer-aided verification. Due to advances in research and strong demand for solvers, there are many SMT solvers available. Since different implementations have different strengths, it is often desirable to be able to substitute one solver by another. Unfortunately, the solvers have vastly different APIs and it is not easy to switch to a different solver (lock-in effect). To tackle this problem, we developed JavaSMT, which is a solver-independent framework that unifies the API for using a set of SMT solvers. This paper describes version 3 of JavaSMT, which now supports eight SMT solvers and offers a simpler build and update process. Our feature comparisons and experiments show that different SMT solvers significantly differ in terms of feature support and performance characteristics. A unifying Java API for SMT solvers is important to make the SMT technology accessible for software developers. Similar APIs exist for other programming languages.
Vector dark matter from split SU(2) gauge bosons
Authors: Hu Zexi , Cai Chengfeng , Tang Yi-Lei , Yu Zhao-Huan , Zhang Hong-Hao
Published: July 2021

Abstract

We propose a vector dark matter model with an exotic dark SU(2) gauge group. Two Higgs triplets are introduced to spontaneously break the symmetry. All of the dark gauge bosons become massive, and the lightest one is a viable vector DM candidate. Its stability is guaranteed by a remaining Z2 symmetry. We study the parameter space constrained by the Higgs measurement data, the dark matter relic density, and direct and indirect detection experiments. We find numerous parameter points satisfying all the constraints, and they could be further tested in future experiments. Similar methodology can be used to construct vector dark matter models from an arbitrary SO(N) gauge group.
Quantum radiation of a collapsing shell in three-dimensional AdS spacetime revisited
Authors: Eom Hwajin , Kim Wontae
Published: July 2021

Abstract

In three-dimensional AdS space, we consider the gravitational collapse of dust shell and then investigate the quantum radiation from the collapsing shell by employing the functional Schrödinger formalism. In the formation of the BTZ black hole, the interior geometry of the shell can be chosen as either the massless black hole or the global AdS space. In the incipient black hole limit, we obtain the wave function exactly from the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a massless scalar field. Then, we show that the occupation number of excited states can be written by analytic expressions, and the radiation temperature is in agreement with the Hawking temperature, irrespective of the specific choice of the interior geometries.
A Justified Plan Graph Analysis of Social Housing in Mexico (1974–2019): Spatial Transformations and Social Implications
Authors: Elizondo Lucia
Published: July 2021

Space Syntax researchers have asserted that the spatial configuration of the planning of a work of architecture, such as a house, reflects how social properties are inscribed in its design. In social housing, the social inscriptions through space, which promote a particular way of dwelling, are not initially determined by the inhabitants. However, through appropriation, inhabitants mold the space to their liking, challenging preconceived ways of dwelling. Therefore, this research aims to determine what kinds of social structures the spatial configuration of social housing are promoting and how the inhabitants' transformations have altered the spatial experience. Mexico's housing sector developed from a “welfare approach” in the nineteen seventies and eighties to a “market rationale” since the nineties. During this time, different dwelling perspectives were inscribed in the spatial configuration of the homes. Using the justified plan graph (JPG) method, six social housing dwellings from these two time periods, Welfare State and market rationale, are spatially analyzed, both in their original design and in the resulting design from their inhabitant's modifications. Graph analysis is used in this paper for providing spatial insights into social housing design and its users' transformations, while pointing to further research needs.
A determinant involving Ramanujan sums and So’s conjecture
Authors: Schlage-Puchta Jan-Christoph
Published: July 2021

We compute the determinant of a matrix containing Ramanujan sums associated to the divisors of an integer n, and use this computation to prove a weak version of So’s conjecture on circulant graphs with integral spectrum.
The Mixed Scalar Curvature of Almost-Product Metric-Affine Manifolds, II
Authors: Rovenski Vladimir , Zawadzki Tomasz
Published: July 2021

We continue our study of the mixed Einstein–Hilbert action as a functional of a pseudo-Riemannian metric and a linear connection. Its geometrical part is the total mixed scalar curvature on a smooth manifold endowed with a distribution or a foliation. We develop variational formulas for quantities of extrinsic geometry of a distribution on a metric-affine space and use them to derive Euler–Lagrange equations (which in the case of space-time are analogous to those in Einstein–Cartan theory) and to characterize critical points of this action on vacuum space-time. Together with arbitrary variations of metric and connection, we consider also variations that partially preserve the metric, e.g., along the distribution, and also variations among distinguished classes of connections (e.g., statistical and metric compatible, and this is expressed in terms of restrictions on contorsion tensor). One of Euler–Lagrange equations of the mixed Einstein–Hilbert action is an analog of the Cartan spin connection equation, and the other can be presented in the form similar to the Einstein equation, with Ricci curvature replaced by the new Ricci type tensor. This tensor generally has a complicated form, but is given in the paper explicitly for variations among semi-symmetric connections.
Administration of a VEGFR‑2-specific MRI contrast agent to assess orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Schröder Agnes , Seyler Lisa , Hofmann Elisabeth , Gölz Lina , Jantsch Jonathan , Proff Peter , Bäuerle Tobias , Kirschneck Christian
Published: July 2021

Purpose

It is thought that orthodontic forces initially reduce periodontal blood flow during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) via tissue compression with cells responding to concomitant oxygen deprivation with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggering angiogenesis via binding to its receptor VEGFR‑2. To test this hypothesis, we performed a pilot study to establish a protocol for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rat jaws administering a VEGFR-2-specific contrast agent.

Methods

Mesial OTM of a first upper left rat molar was initiated in one male Fischer 344 rat 4 days prior to MRI by insertion of an elastic band between the first and second upper molars with the contralateral side left untreated (internal control). T1-weighted MRI sequences including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) were recorded before and after administration of a molecular VEGFR‑2 MRI marker with a 7 T MRI dedicated for small animal use.

Results

After injection of anti-VEGFR2-albumin-gadolinium-DTPA, volume enhancement on T1-weighted images was increased at the OTM side distally of the moved first upper molar (M1) compared to the control side, whereas the T1 relaxation time was reduced on the OTM side. DCE-MRI resulted in an increased area under the curve (AUC), whereas time-to-peak (TTP) and washout rate were reduced during OTM distally of the moved M1 compared to the contralateral side.

Conclusions

OTM resulted in uptake of the VEGFR-2-specific MRI contrast agent in tension areas of the periodontal ligament. The imaging protocol presented here is useful for the assessment of VEGFR‑2 expression in tension areas of the periodontal ligament in vivo.
Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen – derzeit noch seltene, aber wachsende Infektionsgefahr in Nord- und Ostsee
Authors: Brehm Thomas Theo , Dupke Susann , Hauk Gerhard , Fickenscher Helmut , Rohde Holger , Berneking Laura
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen nehmen im Rahmen des Klimawandels eine zunehmende Bedeutung als humane Pathogene ein, da die Prävalenz dieser Erreger im Meereswasser entscheidend von der Wassertemperatur abhängt. In den letzten Jahren konnten während der Sommermonate wiederholt größere Infektionsausbrüche in gemäßigten Klimazonen beobachtet werden.

Ziel der Arbeit

Information einer breiten ärztlichen Leserschaft über potenziell lebensbedrohliche Krankheitsbilder, die durch Infektionen mit Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen ausgelöst werden.

Material und Methoden

Übersicht über aktuelle Literatur zu Infektionen mit Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen im Allgemeinen und zur epidemiologischen Situation in Deutschland im Speziellen.

Ergebnisse

Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen verursachen vorwiegend Wund- und Ohrinfektionen nach Kontakt mit kontaminiertem Meereswasser sowie Gastroenteritiden nach dem Konsum nicht ausreichend gegarter Meerestiere. Da bis März 2020 keine Meldepflicht für diese Erreger in Deutschland bestand, muss von einer hohen Dunkelziffer ausgegangen werden. Immunsupprimierte sowie chronisch erkrankte Menschen haben ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko für schwere Krankheitsverläufe. Schon bei klinischem Verdacht sollte eine kalkulierte antiinfektive Therapie erfolgen und bei Wundinfektionen eine chirurgische Sanierung erwogen werden.

Diskussion

Aufgrund des fortschreitenden Klimawandels muss in den kommenden Jahren mit dem vermehrten Auftreten von Infektionen mit Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen gerechnet werden. Ärzte sollten über diese potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen informiert sein, um Patienten einer entsprechenden Diagnostik und Behandlung zuzuführen.
How Communities of Marine Stramenopiles Varied with Environmental and Biological Variables in the Subtropical Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Lin Yun-Chi , Chin Chien-Pang , Yang Jinny Wu , Chiang Kuo-Ping , Hsieh Chih-hao , Gong Gwo-Ching , Shih Chi-Yu , Chen Szu-Ying
Published: July 2021

MArine STramenopiles (MASTs) have been recognized as parts of heterotrophic protists and contribute substantially to protist abundances in the ocean. However, little is known about their spatiotemporal variations with respect to environmental and biological factors. The objectives of this study are to use canonical correspondence analysis to investigate how MASTs communities are shaped by environmental variables, and co-occurrence networks to examine their potential interactions with prokaryotic communities. Our dataset came from the southern East China Sea (sECS) in the subtropical northwestern Pacific, and involved 14 cruises along a coastal-oceanic transect, each of which sampled surface water from 4 to 7 stations. MASTs communities were revealed by metabarcoding of 18S rDNA V4 region. Most notably, MAST-9 had a high representation in warm waters in terms of read number and diversity. Subclades of MAST-9C and -9D showed slightly different niches, with MAST-9D dominating in more coastal waters where concentrations of nitrite and Synechococcus were higher. MAST-1C was a common component of colder water during spring. Overall, canonical correspondence analysis showed that MASTs communities were significantly influenced by temperature, nitrite and Synechococcus concentrations. The co-occurrence networks showed that certain other minor prokaryotic taxa can influence MAST communities. This study provides insight into how MASTs communities varied with environmental and biological variables.
GmFULa improves soybean yield by enhancing carbon assimilation without altering flowering time or maturity
Authors: Yue Yanlei , Sun Shi , Li Jiawen , Yu Haidong , Wu Hongxia , Sun Baiquan , Li Tao , Han Tianfu , Jiang Bingjun
Published: July 2021

Key message

GmFULa improved soybean yield by enhancing carbon assimilation. Meanwhile, different from known yield-related genes, it did not alter flowering time or maturity.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is highly demanded by a continuously growing human population. However, increasing soybean yield is a major challenge. FRUITFULL (FUL), a MADS-box transcription factor, plays important roles in multiple developmental processes, especially fruit and pod development, which are crucial for soybean yield formation. However, the functions of its homologs in soybean are not clear. Here, through haplotype analysis, we found that one haplotype of the soybean homolog GmFULa (GmFULa-H02) is dominant in cultivated soybeans, suggesting that GmFULa-H02 was highly selected during domestication and varietal improvement of soybean. Interestingly, transgenic overexpression of GmFULa enhanced vegetative growth with more biomass accumulated and ultimately increased the yield but without affecting the plant height or changing the flowering time and maturity, indicating that it enhances the efficiency of dry matter accumulation. It also promoted the yield factors like branch number, pod number and 100-seed weight, which ultimately increased the yield. It increased the palisade tissue cell number and the chlorophyll content to promote photosynthesis and increase the soluble sugar content in leaves and fresh seeds. Furthermore, GmFULa were found to be sublocalized in the nucleus and positively regulate sucrose synthases (SUSs) and sucrose transporters (SUTs) by binding with the conserved CArG boxes in their promoters. Overall, these results showed GmFULa promotes the capacity of assimilation and the transport of the resultant assimilates to increase yield, and provided insights into the link between GmFULa and sucrose synthesis with transport-related molecular pathways that control seed yield.
Robotic radical prostatectomy: difficult to start, fast to improve? Influence of surgical experience in robotic and open radical prostatectomy
Authors: Baunacke Martin , Azawia Awab , Huber Johannes , Groeben Christer , Thomas Christian , Borkowetz Angelika
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The assistance of robotic systems raises the concern of whether there is an improved learning in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) compared to open retropubic radical prostatectomy (ORP).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from 1438 patients who underwent ORP (n = 735) or RARP (n = 703). For each procedure, the level of experience of three different surgeons was summarized. Perioperative and pathological parameters reflecting surgical performance were compared between both learning curves. RARP data were influenced by new introduction of the robotic system.

Results

The median patient age at surgery was 66 years (IQR 42–80). Patients in the RARP group were younger (p < 0.001) and had a lower oncological risk (p < 0.001). Inexperienced RARP surgeons had a higher pT2-PSM rate and lower lymph node yield (13.8 ± 4.7 vs. 14.7 ± 4.8; p = 0.03) than inexperienced ORP surgeons. After 100 procedures, RARP and ORP surgeons had the same pT2-PSM rate (8% vs. 8%; p = 0.8) and lymph node yield (15.4 ± 5.4 vs. 15.4 ± 5.1; p = 1.0). In multivariate analysis for ORP, surgical inexperience (≤ 100 cases) was an independent predictor of a longer operating time (OR 9.0; p < 0.001) and higher amount of blood loss (OR 2.9; p < 0.001). For RARP, surgical inexperience (≤ 100 cases) was a predictor of a longer operating time (OR 3.9; p < 0.001), higher amount of blood loss (OR 1.9; p = 0.004), higher pT2-PSM rate (OR 1.6; p = 0.03), and lower lymph node yield (OR 0.6; p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Surgical experience has a relevant impact on perioperative and pathological parameters RARP has a higher initial pT2-PSM rate and lower lymph node yield than ORP. This is relevant for patient selection for novice teaching in RARP.
Model-based intelligent user interface adaptation: challenges and future directions
Authors: Abrahão Silvia , Insfran Emilio , Sluÿters Arthur , Vanderdonckt Jean
Published: July 2021

Adapting the user interface of a software system to the requirements of the context of use continues to be a major challenge, particularly when users become more demanding in terms of adaptation quality. A considerable number of methods have, over the past three decades, provided some form of modelling with which to support user interface adaptation. There is, however, a crucial issue as regards in analysing the concepts, the underlying knowledge, and the user experience afforded by these methods as regards comparing their benefits and shortcomings. These methods are so numerous that positioning a new method in the state of the art is challenging. This paper, therefore, defines a conceptual reference framework for intelligent user interface adaptation containing a set of conceptual adaptation properties that are useful for model-based user interface adaptation. The objective of this set of properties is to understand any method, to compare various methods and to generate new ideas for adaptation. We also analyse the opportunities that machine learning techniques could provide for data processing and analysis in this context, and identify some open challenges in order to guarantee an appropriate user experience for end-users. The relevant literature and our experience in research and industrial collaboration have been used as the basis on which to propose future directions in which these challenges can be addressed.
Dispersal and spatiotemporal distribution of Protapion fulvipes in white clover fields: implications for pest management
Authors: Hederström Veronica , Nyabuga Franklin N. , Anderbrant Olle , Svensson Glenn P. , Rundlöf Maj , Lankinen Åsa , Larsson Mattias C.
Published: July 2021

Yield loss caused by insect pests remains a substantial problem in agriculture. Chemical control, with potential negative effects on non-target organisms, is still the main tool for pest management. For pest species with limited dispersal capacity, rotation of the crop in time and space has potential as an alternative management measure. This is particularly important in organic farming, where most agrochemicals are prohibited, but also relevant as a complementary pest management strategy in conventional agriculture. Clover is an important crop used for animal feed and as green manure; however, seed-eating weevils can severely limit the seed yield. We hypothesized that the previous year’s clover seed fields constitute the major sources of weevil pests. Consequently, a greater distance to, and a smaller pest load from, this source should reduce the number of weevils colonizing the new seed fields. To map population dynamics and dispersal range ofProtapion fulvipes,an economically important seed weevil specialized on white clover, we conducted field studies over four years in 45 white clover seed fields. We found thatP. fulvipesoverwinters close to its source field and disperses to new fields in early spring the following year. Pest abundance increased with pest load in the previous year’s seed field, but decreased by 68% per km distance to the previous year’s field. Thus, separation of seed production fields between years by 2–3 km would create a spatiotemporal pest management tool to reduce the pest infestation below the estimated economic injury level.
How many gamebirds are released in the UK each year?
Authors: Madden Joah Robert
Published: July 2021

Large numbers of gamebirds (pheasants Phasianus colchicus, red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa and mallard Anus platyrhynchos) are released annually in the UK to support recreational shooting. It is important to know how many of these birds are being released because their release and management has ecological effects on the wildlife and habitats of the UK. There is little regulation governing their release, and consequently, an accurate figure for the numbers being released is unknown. I took 12 different approaches, totalling 4329 estimates of the numbers of birds being released annually, based on a series of datasets that described numbers of birds being held for breeding, rearing or release, being released, managed or shot on game shoots, being shot by individual guns or being recorded during breeding bird surveys. These 12 approaches produced estimates ranging from 14.7 to 106.1 million with a mean of 43.2 million (95% CI 29.0–57.3 million). This suggests that 31.5 million pheasants (range 29.8–33.7 million), 9.1 million red-legged partridges (range 5.6–12.5 million) and 2.6 million mallard (range 0.9–6.0 million) are released annually in the UK. These figures differ substantially from both official records of gamebirds and previous published estimates, and I discuss why such differences may occur. I set these figures in the context of the number and behaviour of shoots operating in the UK. Improved estimates of numbers of gamebird being released are critical if we are to better understand the ecological effects occurring in areas where they are released and managed.
Divergent controls of soil organic carbon between observations and process-based models
Authors: Georgiou Katerina , Malhotra Avni , Wieder William R. , Ennis Jacqueline H. , Hartman Melannie D. , Sulman Benjamin N. , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , Grandy A. Stuart , Kyker-Snowman Emily , Lajtha Kate , Moore Jessica A. M. , Pierson Derek , Jackson Robert B.
Published: July 2021

The storage and cycling of soil organic carbon (SOC) are governed by multiple co-varying factors, including climate, plant productivity, edaphic properties, and disturbance history. Yet, it remains unclear which of these factors are the dominant predictors of observed SOC stocks, globally and within biomes, and how the role of these predictors varies between observations and process-based models. Here we use global observations and an ensemble of soil biogeochemical models to quantify the emergent importance of key state factors – namely, mean annual temperature, net primary productivity, and soil mineralogy – in explaining biome- to global-scale variation in SOC stocks. We use a machine-learning approach to disentangle the role of covariates and elucidate individual relationships with SOC, without imposing expected relationships a priori. While we observe qualitatively similar relationships between SOC and covariates in observations and models, the magnitude and degree of non-linearity vary substantially among the models and observations. Models appear to overemphasize the importance of temperature and primary productivity (especially in forests and herbaceous biomes, respectively), while observations suggest a greater relative importance of soil minerals. This mismatch is also evident globally. However, we observe agreement between observations and model outputs in select individual biomes – namely, temperate deciduous forests and grasslands, which both show stronger relationships of SOC stocks with temperature and productivity, respectively. This approach highlights biomes with the largest uncertainty and mismatch with observations for targeted model improvements. Understanding the role of dominant SOC controls, and the discrepancies between models and observations, globally and across biomes, is essential for improving and validating process representations in soil and ecosystem models for projections under novel future conditions.
Reading The Iron Woman in Times of Crisis as a Tale of Hope
Authors: Kerslake Lorraine
Published: July 2021

What role does literature for children and young adults have in the present environmental crisis and in the context of climate change? To answer this question, I propose to analyse Ted Hughes’s narrative The Iron Woman (1993) which, despite being written almost thirty years ago as a sequel to The Iron Man (1968), reads as both a story of hope and a wake-up call in our current crisis where children act as agents of change. Drawing on Lucy, the female protagonist, and the Iron Woman as symbols of hope, I will look at the impact that Rachel Carson’s seminal work Silent Spring (1962) had for Hughes and place his environmentalism in the context of more recent ecocritical theory, using ecofeminism as a critical framework to analyse the novel. By raising awareness and engaging directly with our environmental crisis, The Iron Woman puts forward Hughes’s own social and political concerns and could be read as a potential healer of broken bonds between humanity and nature, not only as a discourse of hope, but perhaps also as a way to contribute towards much-needed change.
Juvenile Chinook salmon use of sandbar willows in a large-scale, simulated riparian floodplain: microhabitat and energetics
Authors: Fangue Nann A. , Cocherell Dennis E. , Mauduit Florian , Poletto Jamilynn B. , Carr Kara , O’Rear Teejay A. , Soyster Gregory , Lorenzato Stefan , Carlon John , Kavvas M. Levent , Cech Joseph J.
Published: July 2021

Outmigrating, juvenile Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytscha, with access to floodplains (e.g., Yolo Bypass California, USA), grow faster than those restricted to the main channel of the Sacramento River. How these young salmon might use rooted, vegetative structure (e.g., to decrease energy expenditures) while holding positions in flowing water on floodplains and flooded riparian zones is unknown. We conducted daytime experiments in a large (24.4 m long) flume containing a planted area (9.76 m × 1.22 m) of sandbar willows,Salix interior. Flume water was maintained at 1.5 m depth and 16 °C over a 15–90 cm s−1test velocity range. Fish were videoed using 19 cameras to determine positional behavior, including their depth, use of vegetation, and tail-beat (body-undulation) frequencies (TBFs). These TBFs were replicated with similarly-sized salmon in a calibrated, Brett-type swimming respirometer, where oxygen consumption rates were measured. Using these laboratory measurements, we estimated their swimming velocities and energetic costs associated with occupying sandbar willow habitats in the flume. As flume velocities increased and the leafy canopies of the willows were bent over from the flow, salmon occupied deeper water, among the thick stems of the willows, and maintained their positions. Even at the highest (90 cm s−1) nominal flume velocities, their estimated swimming velocities were only 35.6 cm s−1, within the bottom 15 cm of the water column. This resulted in unchanged energetic costs, compared with those estimated at lower nominal water velocities. The use of vegetated (e.g., with sandbar willow common to the riparian zone) floodplains, rather than non-vegetated ones, can potentially provide energy-saving, growth-promoting daytime habitat for migrating juvenile salmonids during river-flow periods that include floodplain inundation.
Sex Differences in Functional Connectivity Between Resting State Brain Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tavares Vânia , Fernandes Luís Afonso , Antunes Marília , Ferreira Hugo , Prata Diana
Published: July 2021

Functional brain connectivity (FBC) has previously been examined in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between-resting-state networks (RSNs) using a highly sensitive and reproducible hypothesis-free approach. However, results have been inconsistent and sex differences have only recently been taken into consideration using this approach. We estimated main effects of diagnosis and sex and a diagnosis by sex interaction on between-RSNs FBC in 83 ASD (40 females/43 males) and 85 typically developing controls (TC; 43 females/42 males). We found increased connectivity between the default mode (DM) and (a) the executive control networks in ASD (vs. TC); (b) the cerebellum networks in males (vs. females); and (c) female-specific altered connectivity involving visual, language and basal ganglia (BG) networks in ASD—in suggestive compatibility with ASD cognitive and neuroscientific theories.
Discounting Behavior in Problem Gambling
Authors: Ring Patrick , Probst Catharina C. , Neyse Levent , Wolff Stephan , Kaernbach Christian , van Eimeren Thilo , Schmidt Ulrich
Published: July 2021

Problem gamblers discount delayed rewards more rapidly than do non-gambling controls. Understanding this impulsivity is important for developing treatment options. In this article, we seek to make two contributions: First, we ask which of the currently debated economic models of intertemporal choice (exponential versus hyperbolic versus quasi-hyperbolic) provides the best description of gamblers’ discounting behavior. Second, we ask how problem gamblers differ from habitual gamblers and non-gambling controls within the most favored parametrization. Our analysis reveals that the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model is strongly favored over the other two parametrizations. Within the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, problem gamblers have both a significantly stronger present bias and a smaller long-run discount factor, which suggests that gamblers’ impulsivity has two distinct sources.
A Within-Individual Examination of the Predictors of Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthood Among Young Men
Authors: Beardslee Jordan , Kan Emily , Simmons Cortney , Pardini Dustin , Peniche Monica , Frick Paul J. , Steinberg Laurence , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: July 2021

Although prior studies have identified several risk factors for gun carrying, no prior longitudinal studies have examined a comprehensive set of explanatory factors together in within-individual change models or examined whether the predictors of gun carrying change across adolescence and early young adulthood. The present study fills these gaps by examining the predictive utility of several risk factors for gun carrying, and by examining whether any of the associations vary by age. The sample included 1216 young men who were arrested for the first time during adolescence (approximately 15 years old) and interviewed regularly for 5 years (until approximately 20 years old) after the first arrest. The outcome was youth-self-reported gun carrying and the risk factors included several variables consistent with various explanations for gun carrying (psychosocial maturity deficits; antisocial behavioral style; socialization; victimization). Research questions were addressed with fixed effects dynamic panel models (within-individual change models). Results showed that the most robust predictors of gun carrying were increased exposure to guns and gun-related violence and increased engagement in other antisocial and illegal behavior. The results emphasize the specific etiology of gun carrying and the potential social contagion effect of gun-related events. Overall, the study points to the need for prevention and intervention programs to specifically target the reduction of the real and perceived prevalence of gun-related events in young men’s lives.
Fine temporal resolution satellite sensors with global coverage: an opportunity for landscape ecologists
Authors: Pazúr Robert , Price Bronwyn , Atkinson Peter M.
Published: July 2021

Context

Open data policies and accessible computation platforms allow efficient extraction of information from remote sensing data for landscape research. Landscape ecology is strongly influenced by remote sensing, and the value of fine resolution temporal information for characterising landscapes is under-explored.

Objectives

We highlighted the importance of temporal information extracted from remote sensing data gathered over a period of time for landscape research. A case study approach was used to show how time-series information can benefit the mapping of land cover and landscape elements in a heterogeneous landscape dominated by agricultural land use.

Methods

We constructed four composite images of the study area, each incorporating different levels of temporal information. The images either represent a single date or summarise temporal information into single values as the median of spectral bands or vegetation indices. Random forest and k-means clustering methods were used to classify the images.

Results

The overall accuracy of the landscape classifications ranged between 0.3 to 0.8, increasing substantially when including temporal information, for mapping both land cover and small landscape elements. Using temporal information and a RF-based classification it was generally possible to map crop and forest types. The size of landscape elements was overestimated, although the clustering model predicted elements close to their true size and complexity.

Conclusions

The approach highlights the importance of temporal resolution for landscape ecology research. The easy-to-implement methodology offers an opportunity for landscape ecologists to increase the accuracy of landscape mapping and identify ecologically important landscape elements that might otherwise be missed.
Effect of tree species identity and related habitat parameters on understorey bryophytes – interrelationships between bryophyte, soil and tree factors in a 50-year-old experimental forest
Authors: Rola Kaja , Plášek Vítězslav , Rożek Katarzyna , Zubek Szymon
Published: July 2021

Aim

Overstorey tree species influence both soil properties and microclimate conditions in the forest floor, which in turn can induce changes in ground bryophyte communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of tree species identity and the most important habitat factors influencing understorey bryophytes.

Methods

We assessed the effect of 14 tree species and related habitat parameters, including soil parameters, vascular plant presence and light intensity on bryophytes in monospecific plots covered by nearly fifty-year-old trees in the Siemianice Experimental Forest (Poland).

Results

The canopy tree species determined bryophyte species richness and cover. The strongest differences were observed between plots with deciduous and coniferous trees. Soils with a more acidic pH and lower content of macronutrients supported larger bryophyte coverage. We also found a positive correlations between vascular plants and availability of light as well as bryophyte species richness.

Conclusion

Tree species identity and differences in habitat conditions in the forest floor lead to changes of ground bryophyte richness, cover and species composition. Consequently, the changes in the dominant tree species in the stand may result in significant repercussions on ground bryophyte communities. We indicated that the introduction of alien tree species, i.e.Quercus rubra, has an adverse effect on bryophyte communities and suggested that the selection of tree species that contribute to the community consistent with the potential natural vegetation is highly beneficial for maintaining ground bryophyte biodiversity.
Assessing the Robustness of Mediation Analysis Results Using Multiverse Analysis
Authors: Rijnhart Judith J. M. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Heymans Martijn W.
Published: July 2021

There is an increasing awareness that replication should become common practice in empirical studies. However, study results might fail to replicate for various reasons. The robustness of published study results can be assessed using the relatively new multiverse-analysis methodology, in which the robustness of the effect estimates against data analytical decisions is assessed. However, the uptake of multiverse analysis in empirical studies remains low, which might be due to the scarcity of guidance available on performing multiverse analysis. Researchers might experience difficulties in identifying data analytical decisions and in summarizing the large number of effect estimates yielded by a multiverse analysis. These difficulties are amplified when applying multiverse analysis to assess the robustness of the effect estimates from a mediation analysis, as a mediation analysis involves more data analytical decisions than a bivariate analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview and worked example of the use of multiverse analysis to assess the robustness of the effect estimates from a mediation analysis. We showed that the number of data analytical decisions in a mediation analysis is larger than in a bivariate analysis. By using a real-life data example from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, we demonstrated the application of multiverse analysis to a mediation analysis. This included the use of specification curves to determine the impact of data analytical decisions on the magnitude and statistical significance of the direct, indirect, and total effect estimates. Although the multiverse analysis methodology is still relatively new and future research is needed to further advance this methodology, this paper shows that multiverse analysis is a useful method for the assessment of the robustness of the direct, indirect, and total effect estimates in a mediation analysis and thereby to inform replication studies.
The Impact of Social Enterprises on Individual Wellbeing in South Korea: The Moderating Roles of Social Capital in Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Woo Changbin , Jung Hyejin
Published: July 2021

Various studies have proposed social enterprise as a potential policy intervention and a policy alternative to deal with the complex problem of wellbeing enhancement. However, the relationship between social enterprise and wellbeing has not been fully expounded, particularly its impact on the local community. This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between social enterprise and the wellbeing of individuals in the local community, utilizing a multilevel framework. It further explores whether social capital, measured as trust, network, and participation, plays a moderating role in the relationship between local social enterprise and the wellbeing of individuals in the community. The results indicate that social enterprise has a positive effect on the wellbeing of individuals in the community, and that social capital, particularly network and participation rather than trust, plays a moderating role in the relationship between local social enterprise and individual wellbeing. The results help explain how social enterprise improves the wellbeing of community residents as a whole, suggesting practical implications for policymakers and practitioners from governments and social enterprises.
Could probability be out of proportion? Self-explanation and example-based practice help students with lower proportional reasoning skills learn probability
Authors: Begolli Kreshnik Nasi , Dai Ting , McGinn Kelly M. , Booth Julie L.
Published: July 2021

Proportional reasoning failures seem to constitute most errors in probabilistic reasoning, yet there is little empirical evidence about its role for attaining probabilistic knowledge and how to effectively intervene with students who have less proportional reasoning skills. We examined the contributions of students' proportional reasoning skill and example-based practice when learning about probabilities from a reformed seventh grade curriculum. Teachers in their regular classrooms were randomly assigned to instruct with a reformed textbook (control) or a version revised to incorporate correct and incorrect example problems with prompts to explain (treatment). Students' prior knowledge in proportional reasoning skill separately predicted probabilistic knowledge at posttest, regardless of their prior knowledge in probability or minority status. Overall, students in the treatment condition improved more in their probabilistic knowledge, if they started with less proportional reasoning skills. Our findings suggest that example-based practice is beneficial for students with less prior knowledge of proportions, likely a key concept for developing probabilistic knowledge.
Improving learning and writing outcomes: Influence of cognitive and behavioral group awareness tools in wikis
Authors: Ollesch Lisa , Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2021

Group awareness (GA) tools can facilitate learning processes and outcomes by visualizing different social attributes, such as cognitive and behavioral information about group members. To assist learning and writing in social media, combining various types of awareness information may foster learning processes due to challenges, which are difficult to address by one type of GA information alone. The systematic investigation of GA tool combinations is largely unexplored with GA information often being examined separately or intermixed. To reveal both positive and negative (interaction) effects of providing different types of GA information, we conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment with N = 158 participants. Learners were provided with a wiki learning environment and, except for the control condition, different types of GA tools involving cognitive (knowledge bars) and/or behavioral (participation bars) GA information. GA tool effects were considered at wiki selection, discussion, and article levels. Eye-tracking was used for investigating the attentional effect of the GA visualizations. The results show that both types of GA information have effects on individuals’ selection preference, more strongly with the goal to learn new content than to support other wiki collaborators, which were introduced as within goal scenarios. Also, participants provided with behavioral GA support were more engaged in wiki contributions. However, only the combination of cognitive and behavioral GA information, rather than their separate visualization, had a positive effect on resulting article quality. This highlights the need for a holistic perspective when developing GA tools to improve wiki processes and outcomes.
Performance-Based Selection of the Cathode Material for the Electrodeposition-Redox Replacement Process of Gold Recovery from Chloride Solutions
Authors: Korolev Ivan , Yliniemi Kirsi , Lindgren Mari , Carpén Leena , Lundström Mari
Published: July 2021

Recently, an emerging electrodeposition-redox replacement (EDRR) method was demonstrated to provide exceptionally efficient gold recovery from cyanide-free hydrometallurgical solutions. However, the effect of electrode material and its corrosion resistance in this process was overlooked, even though the EDRR process is carried out in extremely corrosive, acidic chloride solution that also contains significant amounts of strong oxidants, i.e., cupric ions. In the current study, nickel alloy C-2000, stainless steels 316L and 654SMO, and grade 2 titanium were for the first time critically evaluated as potential cathode materials for EDRR. The particular emphasis was placed on better understanding of the effect of cathode substrate on the overall efficiency of the gold recovery process. The use of a multiple attribute decision-making method of material selection allowed reaching of a well-founded compromise between the corrosion properties of the electrodes and process efficiency of gold extraction. The 654SMO steel demonstrated outstanding performance among the examined materials, as it enabled gold recovery of 28.1 pct after 3000 EDRR cycles, while its corrosion rate (CR) was only 0.02 mm/year.