bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Milk Production among the Dairy Farms of Savar Sub-District, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana M. S. , Reshma B. Z. , Hasnat M. K. , Kabir M. H.
Published: July 2024

Milk production among the dairy farms is one of the important sources of income for the farmers. However, many reasons may influence milk production. In this aspect, the objective of the study was to assess the determinants or factors influence milk production in the dairy farm of Savar sub-district under Dhaka district of Bangladesh. A sample of 218 dairy farmers was randomly selected for data collection. The survey was conducted using a pre-tested structured interview schedule among the respondents. The data was analyzed using percentage, mean, frequency, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Majority of the farmers (96.8%) had up to 70 liters of milk production in their farm with an average of 18 liters. The statistical analysis showed that credit, total cow, milking cow, and livestock income significantly influences on the amount of milk produced in the farm. The Department of Livestock Service (DLS) and other related Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) may arrange more livestock income related programs for the dairy farmers focused on milk. Initiative like providing credit facilities either interest free or lower rate of interest to purchase milking cow may help the farmers to improve their livelihood through more milk production.
Soil Test Crop Response Concerning Soil Properties and Yield Attributes of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) var. Krishna
Authors: Kumari Sneha , Swaroop Narendra , Thomas Tarence , Mohanta Satya Rajan , Thomas Ashima
Published: July 2024

We experimented in the field at the central research farm of the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season of 2022-23. The soil in the experimental area was characterized by a sandy loam texture. There were 27unit plots in total, with each plot sized at 2 X 2 m. We used a randomized block design, incorporating different levels of NPK (80:40:40), vermicompost, and two levels of sulfur (50% and 100%). The T9 (STCR+ 5t ha-1 Vermicompost+ 100% S) demonstrated that although there was a slight decrease in pH, bulk density, and particle density, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in pore space, water holding capacity, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, and the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Improvements were observed in plant growth and yield attributes, which showed the best results in terms of plant height, number of siliquae per plant, and total mustard yield compared to the control conditions. However, the use of organic manures and their combination with a full NPK treatment significantly enhanced the growth and overall yield attributes of mustard.
Biomass-Solar Energy: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Energy Generation
Authors: Khattra Satinder Kaur , Singh Nikita , Dogra Ritu
Published: July 2024

India is the world's most populous country and plays a crucial role in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. SDG No. 7 (affordable and clean energy) and climate change reduction goals are essential for sustainable development. This review discusses clean energy potential, obstacles and stimulants, and renewable energy policies in India, focusing on solar and biomass resources. With biomass resources, the nation can generate 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent annually, and it can generate 5,000 trillion kWh of solar energy annually. For the production of renewable energy, biomass resources such as Jatropha, sweet sorghum, cassava, rice, coconut, and agricultural leftovers can be employed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the benefits of using bioenergy to achieve a sustainable energy future through financial incentives, enhanced research, public awareness, social amenities, strategic replenishment, and productive intergovernmental collaborations. Solar thermal and photovoltaic systems offer great possibilities for grid-connected, off-grid, and hybrid installations. Site-specific considerations such as incentives, financing, research, public awareness, government regulations, and private investments influence the techno-economic viability and environmental relevance of solar power and bioenergy for India's sustainable development.
Current Progress in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)‐Responsive Materials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lee Sue Hyun , Gupta Mukesh K. , Bang Jae Beum , Bae Hojae , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: January 2013

Recently, significant progress has been made in developing “stimuli‐sensitive” biomaterials as a new therapeutic approach to interact with dynamic physiological conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been implicated in important pathophysiological events, such as atherosclerosis, aging, and cancer. ROS are often overproduced locally in diseased cells and tissues, and they individually and synchronously contribute to many of the abnormalities associated with local pathogenesis. Therefore, the advantages of developing ROS‐responsive materials extend beyond site‐specific targeting of therapeutic delivery, and potentially include navigating, sensing, and repairing the cellular damages via programmed changes in material properties. Here we review the mechanism and development of biomaterials with ROS‐induced solubility switch or degradation, as well as their performance and potential for future biomedical applications.
Multicolour Optical Coding from a Series of Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes with a Unique Antenna
Authors: Wartenberg Nicolas , Raccurt Olivier , Bourgeat‐Lami Elodie , Imbert Daniel , Mazzanti Marinella
Published: January 2013

The bis‐tetrazolate‐pyridine ligand H2pytz sensitises efficiently the visible and/or near‐IR luminescence emission of ten lanthanide cations (Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb). The LnIII complexes present sizeable quantum yields in both domains with a single excitation source. The wide range of possible colour combinations in water, organic solvents and the solid state makes the complexes very attractive for labelling and encoding.
Manipulation of bacteriophages with dielectrophoresis on carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays
Authors: Madiyar Foram R. , Syed Lateef U. , Culbertson Christopher T. , Li Jun
Published: January 2013

This work describes efficient manipulation of bacteriophage virus particles using a nanostructured DEP device. The nonuniform electric field for DEP is created by utilizing a nanoelectrode array (NEA) made of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers versus a macroscopic indium tin oxide electrode in a “points‐and‐lid” configuration integrated in a microfluidic channel. The capture of the virus particles has been systematically investigated versus the flow velocity, sinusoidal AC frequency, peak‐to‐peak voltage, and virus concentration. The DEP capture at all conditions is reversible and the captured virus particles are released immediately when the voltage is turned off. At the low virus concentration (8.9 × 104 pfu/mL), the DEP capture efficiency up to 60% can be obtained. The virus particles are individually captured at isolated nanoelectrode tips and accumulate linearly with time. Due to the comparable size, it is more effective to capture virus particles than larger bacterial cells with such NEA‐basedDEP devices. This technique can be potentially utilized as a fast sample preparation module in a microfluidic chip to capture, separate, and concentrate viruses and other biological particles in small volumes of dilute solutions in a portable detection system for field applications.
Evaluation of RBFs for volume data interpolation in CFD
Authors: Rendall T.C.S. , Allen C.B.
Published: January 2013

A greedy method for choosing an optimum reduced set of control points is integrated with RBF interpolation and evaluated for the purpose of interpolating large‐volume data sets in CFD. Given a function defined at a set of points, the greedy method selects a small subset of these points that is sufficient to keep the interpolation error at all the remaining points below a chosen bound. This is equivalent to a type of data compression and would have useful storage, post‐processing, and computational applications in CFD. To test the method in terms of both the point selection scheme and the suitability of reduced control point volume interpolation, a trial application of the interpolation to velocity fields in CFD volume meshes is considered. To optimise the point selection process, and attempt to be able to capture multiple length scales, a variable support radius formulation has also been included. Structured and unstructured mesh cases are considered for aerofoils, a wing case and a wing‐body case. For smooth volume functions, the method is shown to work well, producing accurate velocity interpolations using a very small number of the cells in the mesh. For general complex fields including large gradients, the method is still shown to be effective, although large gradients require more interpolation points to be used.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE DEMAND FOR PREVENTIVE AND RESTORATIVE DENTAL SERVICES
Authors: Meyerhoefer Chad D. , Zuvekas Samuel H. , Manski Richard
Published: January 2013

Chronic tooth decay is the most common chronic condition in the United States among children ages 5–17 and also affects a large percentage of adults. Oral health conditions are preventable, but less than half of the US population uses dental services annually. We seek to examine the extent to which limited dental coverage and high out‐of‐pocket costs reduce dental service use by the nonelderly privately insured and uninsured. Using data from the 2001–2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and an American Dental Association survey of dental procedure prices, we jointly estimate the probability of using preventive and both basic and major restorative services through a correlated random effects specification that controls for endogeneity. We found that dental coverage increased the probability of preventive care use by 19% and the use of restorative services 11% to 16%. Both conditional and unconditional on dental coverage, the use of dental services was not sensitive to out‐of‐pocket costs. We conclude that dental coverage is an important determinant of preventive dental service use, but other nonprice factors related to consumer preferences, especially education, are equal if not stronger determinants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High K+ supply avoids Na+ toxicity and improves photosynthesis by allowing favorable K+ : Na+ ratios through the inhibition of Na+ uptake and transport to the shoots of Jatropha curcas plants
Authors: Rodrigues Cicera Raquel Fernandes , Silva Evandro Nascimento , Ferreira‐Silva Sérgio Luiz , Voigt Eduardo Luiz , Viégas Ricardo Almeida , Silveira Joaquim Albenisio Gomes
Published: January 2013

This study assessed the relationships between external K+ supply and K+ : Na+ ratios associated with Na+ toxicity in Jatropha curcas. Plants were exposed to increasing external K+ concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 mM), combined with 50 mM NaCl in a nutrient solution. Photosynthesis progressively increased as the external K+ : Na+ ratios increased up to 0.75. The increase of photosynthesis and plant dry matter correlated positively with K+ : Na+ in xylem and leaves. The transport rates of K+ and Na+ from roots to xylem and leaves were inversely correlated. These ions presented an antagonistic pattern of accumulation in all organs. Maximum rates of photosynthesis and plant growth occurred with leaf K+ : Na+ ratios that ranged from 1.0 to 2.0, indicating that this parameter in leaves might be a good indicator for a favorable K+ homeostasis under salinity conditions. The higher K+ affinity and selectivity compared with Na+ in all organs associated with higher xylem flux and transport to shoots are essential for maintaining adequate K+ : Na+ ratios at the whole‐plant level. These characteristics, combined with adequate K+ concentrations, allow J. curcas to sustain high rates of photosynthesis and growth even under toxic NaCl levels.
Generation of Ultra‐High‐Molecular‐Weight Polyethylene from Metallocenes Immobilized onto N‐Doped Graphene Nanoplatelets
Authors: Choi Baekhap , Lee Juno , Lee Seungjun , Ko Jae‐Hyeon , Lee Kyoung‐Seok , Oh Junghoon , Han Jongwoo , Kim Yong‐Hyun , Choi Insung S. , Park Sungjin
Published: January 2013

Catalytic natures of organometallic catalysts are modulated by coordinating organic ligands with proper steric and electronic properties to metal centers. Carbon‐based nanomaterials such as graphene nanoplatelets are used with and without N‐doping and multiwalled carbon nanotube as a ligand for ethylene polymerizations. Zirconocenes or titanocenes are immobilized on such nanomaterials. Polyethylenes (PEs) produced by such hybrids show a great increase in molecular weight relative to those produced by free catalysts. Specially, ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight PEs are produced from the polymerizations at low temperature using the hybrid with N‐doped graphene nanoplatelets. This result shows that such nanomaterials act a crucial role to tune the catalytic natures of metallocenes.
3‐Caffeoyl, 4‐dihydrocaffeoylquinic acid from Salicornia herbacea attenuates high glucose‐induced hepatic lipogenesis in human HepG2 cells through activation of the liver kinase B1 and silent information regulator T1/AMPK‐dependent pathway
Authors: Pil Hwang Yong , Gyun Kim Hyung , Choi Jae Ho , Truong Do Minh , Tran Thu Phuong , Chun Hyo Kon , Chung Young Chul , Jeong Tae Cheon , Jeong Hye Gwang
Published: January 2013

Scope

Increasing evidence indicates that polyphenols may protect against metabolic disease through activating AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). The aims of our study were to provide new data on the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the role of the phenolic compound, 3‐caffeoyl, 4‐dihydrocaffeoylquinic acid (CDCQ) from Salicornia herbacea, in the prevention of high glucose‐induced lipogenesis in human HepG2 cells.

Methods and results

Nile red staining assays were used to demonstrate lipid accumulation in the cells. Expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene at the levels of promoter activity, mRNA, and protein was demonstrated using transient transfection assays, quantitative RT‐PCR, and Western blot analyses, respectively. We found that CDCQ suppressed high glucose‐induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. CDCQ strongly inhibited high glucose‐induced FAS expression by modulating SREBP‐1c activation. Moreover, the use of both a specific inhibitor and liver kinase B1 (LKB1)‐siRNA transfected HepG2 cells showed that CDCQ activated AMPK via silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1) or LKB1 in HepG2 cells.

Conclusion

These results indicate that CDCQ prevented lipid accumulation by blocking the expression of SREBP‐1c and FAS through LKB1/SIRT1 and AMPK activation in HepG2 cells, suggesting that CDCQ plays a potential role in the prevention of lipogenesis by AMPK activation.
Testing an Adaptationist Theory of Trait Covariation: Relative Bargaining Power as a Common Calibrator of an Interpersonal Syndrome
Authors: Lukaszewski Aaron W.
Published: January 2013

This article provides the first test of an adaptationist ‘common calibration’ theory to explain the origins of trait covariation, which holds that (i) personality traits are often facultatively calibrated in response to cues that ancestrally predicted the reproductive payoffs of different trait levels and (ii) distinct traits that are calibrated on the basis of common input cues will exhibit consistent patterns of covariation. This theory is applied to explain the covariation within a ‘personality syndrome’ encompassing various interpersonal trait dimensions (e.g. extraversion, emotionality and attachment styles). Specifically, it is hypothesized that these traits are inter–correlated because each is calibrated in response to relative bargaining power (RBP)—a joint function of one's ability to benefit others and harm others. Path analyses from a correlational study compellingly supported this theoretical model: Objective and self–perceived measures of RBP–enhancing phenotypic features (physical attractiveness and physical strength) influenced an internal regulatory variable indexing RBP (i.e. self–perceived RBP), which in turn had robust effects on each of the focal personality traits. Moreover, in support of the theory's core postulate, controlling for self–perceived RBP greatly reduced the covariation within the interpersonal syndrome. These novel findings illustrate the promise of an evolutionary psychological approach to elucidating trait covariation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Docking of the da Vinci Si Surgical System® with single‐site technology
Authors: Iranmanesh Pouya , Morel Philippe , Buchs Nicolas C. , Pugin François , Volonte Francesco , Kreaden Usha Seshadri , Hagen Monika E.
Published: January 2013

Background

Strategies to spare operating room (OR) times are crucial to limiting the costs involved in robotic surgery. Among other factors, the pre‐operative set‐up and docking phases have been incriminated at first to be time consuming. The docking process on the standard multiport da Vinci Surgical System has not been shown to significantly prolong the overall OR time. This study aims to analyse whether the length of the docking process on the new da Vinci Si Surgical System with Single‐Site™ technology remains acceptable.

Methods

We prospectively analysed all of the robotic single‐incision cholecystectomies performed at our institution for docking and operating times during 2011–2012. The docking task load was assessed each time in a self‐administered fashion by the docking surgeon using the NASA TLX visual scale.

Results

Sixty‐four robotic single‐incision cholecystectomies were included and analysed. The mean operative time was 78 min. Two surgeons with previous robotic surgery experience and a group of three less experienced robotic surgeons were responsible for docking the system. They performed 45, 10 and nine dockings, respectively. The overall mean docking time was 6.4 min with no significant difference between the groups. The docking process represented approximately 8% of the operating time. The surgeon with the most procedures showed significant progress in his docking times. The different task load parameters did not show a statistical difference between the three groups, with the exception of the frustration parameter, which was higher in the group of less experienced surgeons. There were significant correlations between docking times and the assessment of the various task load parameters.

Conclusion

The docking process for a robotic single‐incision cholecystectomy is learned rapidly and does not significantly increase the overall OR time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resources as dual sources of advantage: Implications for valuing entrepreneurial‐firm patents
Authors: Hsu David H. , Ziedonis Rosemarie H.
Published: January 2013

Why and how do resources provide sources of competitive advantage? This study sheds new light on this central question of resource‐based theory by allowing a single resource—entrepreneurial‐firm patents—to play distinctive roles in different competitive arenas. As rights to exclude others, patents serve a well‐known role as legal safeguards in product markets. As quality signals, patents also could improve access and the terms of trade in factor input markets. Based on the financing activities of 370 venture‐backed semiconductor start‐ups, we provide new evidence that patents confer dual advantages in strategic factor markets, improved access and terms of trade, above and beyond their added product‐market protection. The study has important implications for empirical tests of resource‐based theory and the measurement of resource value. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instanton effects in ABJM theory from Fermi gas approach
Authors: Hatsuda Yasuyuki , Moriyama Sanefumi , Okuyama Kazumi
Published: January 2013

Abstract

We study the instanton effects of the ABJM partition function using the Fermi gas formalism. We compute the exact values of the partition function at the Chern-Simons levels k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 up to N = 44, 20, 18, 16, 14 respectively, and extract non-perturbative corrections from these exact results. Fitting the resulting non-perturbative corrections by their expected forms from the Fermi gas, we determine unknown parameters in them. After separating the oscillating behavior of the grand potential, which originates in the periodicity of the grand partition function, and the worldsheet instanton contribution, which is computed from the topological string theory, we succeed in proposing an analytical expression for the leading D2-instanton correction. Just as the perturbative result, the instanton corrections to the partition function are expressed in terms of the Airy function.
Effects of Forward Model Errors on EEG Source Localization
Authors: Akalin Acar Zeynep , Makeig Scott
Published: January 2013

Subject-specific four-layer boundary element method (BEM) electrical forward head models for four participants, generated from magnetic resonance (MR) head images using NFT (www.sccn.ucsd.edu/wiki/NFT), were used to simulate electroencephalographic (EEG) scalp potentials at 256 recorded electrode positions produced by single current dipoles of a 3-D grid in brain space. Locations of these dipoles were then estimated using gradient descent within five template head models fit to the electrode positions. These were: a spherical model, three-layer and four-layer BEM head models based on the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template head image, and these BEM models warped to the recorded electrode positions. Smallest localization errors (4.1–6.2 mm, medians) were obtained using the electrode-position warped four-layer BEM models, with largest localization errors (~20 mm) for most basal brain locations. When we increased the brain-to-skull conductivity ratio assumed in the template model scalp projections from the simulated value (25:1) to a higher value (80:1) used in earlier studies, the estimated dipole locations moved outwards (12.4 mm, median). We also investigated the effects of errors in co-registering the electrode positions, of reducing electrode counts, and of adding a fifth, isotropic white matter layer to one individual head model. Results show that when individual subject MR head images are not available to construct subject-specific head models, accurate EEG source localization should employ a four- or five-layer BEM template head model incorporating an accurate skull conductivity estimate and warped to 64 or more accurately 3-D measured and co-registered electrode positions.
How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation
Authors: DRUCKMAN JAMES N. , PETERSON ERIK , SLOTHUUS RUNE
Published: January 2013

Competition is a defining element of democracy. One of the most noteworthy events over the last quarter-century in U.S. politics is the change in the nature of elite party competition: The parties have become increasingly polarized. Scholars and pundits actively debate how these elite patterns influence polarization among the public (e.g., have citizens also become more ideologically polarized?). Yet, few have addressed what we see as perhaps more fundamental questions: Has elite polarization altered the way citizens arrive at their policy opinions in the first place and, if so, in what ways? We address these questions with a theory and two survey experiments (on the issues of drilling and immigration). We find stark evidence that polarized environments fundamentally change how citizens make decisions. Specifically, polarization intensifies the impact of party endorsements on opinions, decreases the impact of substantive information and, perhaps ironically, stimulates greater confidence in those—less substantively grounded—opinions. We discuss the implications for public opinion formation and the nature of democratic competition.
An investigation of singing, health and well-being as a group process
Authors: Mellor Liz
Published: January 2013

The aim of this paper is to explore perceptions of singing as a group process deriving from two research studies: (i) Study 1: CETL (Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning): C4C (Collaboration for Creativity) Research Project called Singing, Health and Well-being and (ii) Study 2: iSING. The studies consider singing in relation to health and well-being, personal ‘stories’ of singing which acknowledge the self in the process of research, and the effective use of presence in training using a lens developed from Gestalt psychotherapy. The research questions are: (a) What is the relationship between singing, health and well-being in group process? (b) How might this be researched? (c) What are the implications for pedagogic practice in music education?
Der Nutzen einer komplexen Problemlösekompetenz: Theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde
Authors: Greiff Samuel , Fischer Andreas
Published: January 2013

Seit Jahrzehnten wird diskutiert ob komplexes Problemlösen (KPL) ausschließlich von Intelligenz und Vorwissen abhängt, oder ob das systematische Generieren von Informationen, die viable Repräsentation der wesentlichen kausalen Zusammenhänge, sowie die zielführende Anwendung von Wissen operative Aspekte von Intelligenz erfordern, die von herkömmlichen Intelligenztests nur unzureichend erfasst werden. Der Klärung dieser Frage stehen bisher messtheoretische Probleme und eine unklare Abgrenzung von KPL zu Vorwissen und fluider Intelligenz gegenüber. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein Verfahren zur Messung von KPL-Kompetenz eingeführt, das auf der Verwendung multipler vorwissensneutraler komplexer Probleme basiert. Dieses Verfahren (MicroDYN) wird empirisch an einer studentischen Stichprobe (n = 140) überprüft: Latente Zusammenhänge zu fluider Intelligenz liegen im Bereich um .50 und bestätigen die empirische Trennbarkeit der Konstrukte. KPL weist inkrementelle Validität gegenüber fluider Intelligenz bei der Vorhersage von Schulnoten auf, insbesondere für das Gesamtabitur und für naturwissenschaftliche Fächer. Implikationen für den Nutzen von KPL in der Leistungsdiagnostik werden diskutiert.
Zum Effekt des Fachwissens von Lehrkräften auf die Rechtschreibleistung von Grundschülern
Authors: Irene M. Corvacho del Toro , Günther Thomé
Published: January 2013

Im Rahmen der großen längsschnittlichen Studie PERLE wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Fachwissen von Lehrkräften und der Rechtschreibleistung von Grundschülern am Ende der zweiten Klasse anhand einer Stichprobe von 29 Lehrkräften/Klassen und 421 Schülern untersucht. Das Lehrerwissen wurde mit einem selbst entwickelten Fragebogen, der auf dem Kompetenzmodell der COACTIV-Studie ( Baumert & Kunter, 2011a ; Shulman, 1986 ) basiert, erhoben. In einem Mehrebenenmodell ( Hox, 2010 ) wurde das Lehrerwissen als Haupteffekt auf Klassenebene und als Interaktionseffekt zu den kognitiven Voraussetzungen der Schüler modelliert. Intelligenz wurde kurz nach der Einschulung erhoben, die Rechtschreibleistung am Ende der zweiten Klasse. Die hierarchische Mehrebenenanalyse ergab einen signifikanten Moderationseffekt (.10*) des fachlichen Wissens der Lehrkraft auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Intelligenz und Rechtschreibleistung der Schüler. Je höher das Fachwissen der Lehrkraft, desto schwächer der Zusammenhang zwischen Intelligenz und Rechtschreibleistung. Bei niedrigem Lehrerwissen ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Intelligenz und Rechtschreibleistung stärker ausgeprägt. Dieser Effekt bleibt auch nach Hinzunahme der erhobenen phonologischen Bewusstheit der Schüler ins Modell erhalten. Der empirische Befund untermauert die Ergebnisse früherer Studien, in denen sich zeigte, dass die Leistung von Schülern mit Lernschwierigkeiten stark von Merkmalen der Unterrichtsqualität abhängt ( Klicpera & Gasteiger-Klicpera, 1995 ; S. 342 ff.; Klieme et al., 2008 ; May, 2001 ; Poerschke, 1999 ). Das Lehrerwissen scheint auf individueller Ebene einen kompensatorischen Charakter zu besitzen. Die praktische Relevanz der Ergebnisse liegt zunächst im Sichtbarmachen von Effekten des Fachwissens auf die Lernleistung von Schülern. Ferner sind die Ergebnisse für eine evidenzbasierte Deutschdidaktik und die Lehreraus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung von großer Bedeutung.
Growth per Molt of Snow Crab in the Eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Somerton David , Goodman Scott , Foy Robert , Rugolo Lou , Slater Laura
Published: January 2013

The growth per molt of snow crab Chionoecetes opilio in the eastern Bering Sea is poorly known, primarily because snow crabs are difficult to sample during their spring molting period due to the presence of sea ice. To provide better estimates of growth per molt for the stock assessment model used to manage the snow crab fishery, a study was conducted to collect juvenile crabs with a bottom trawler and return them to holding facilities at Dutch Harbor and Kodiak, Alaska. Since relatively few of these crabs subsequently molted, these data were augmented with molting data collected by two previous, unpublished studies. Based on a total of 35 observations, snow crabs grew according to the following premolt (PRMW) and postmolt (POMW) carapace width relationships: POMW = −4.00 + 1.46(PRMW), where PRMW < 36.1 mm, and POMW = 48.83 + 1.17(PRMW − 36.1), where PRMW ≥ 36.1 mm.

Received July 23, 2012; accepted September 13, 2012
Eradication of Nonnative Brook Trout with Electrofishing and Antimycin-A and the Response of a Remnant Bull Trout Population
Authors: Buktenica Mark W. , Hering David K. , Girdner Scott F. , Mahoney Brian D. , Rosenlund Bruce D.
Published: January 2013

A remnant population of native Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus was threatened with extirpation by competition and hybridization with introduced Brook Trout S. fontinalis in Sun Creek, a second-order headwater stream in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Between 1992 and 2005, artificial barriers were installed to exclude nonnative fish, and multiple applications of electrofishing and the piscicide antimycin-A were used to remove Brook Trout from 14.6 km of stream. Several novel methods were employed, including diver-directed and trap-net electrofishing and the use of a portable raceway to hold Bull Trout during piscicide treatments. Electrofishing likely eradicated Brook Trout from a small headwater section of the stream but required more effort (54 person-days/km) than antimycin treatments (17 person-days/km) in the same reach to ensure eradication. For eradication of Brook Trout from larger downstream reaches, antimycin treatments applied in consecutive years were more successful than multiple treatments applied within a single year. Brook Trout have not been detected by annual surveys in the project area since 2005. The total effort expended to eradicate Brook Trout from 14.6 km of stream was approximately 138 person-days/km. Between 1989 and 2010, Bull Trout abundance increased approximately tenfold, and distribution increased from approximately 1.9 km to 11.2 km. These results exemplify the response of an imperiled Bull Trout population after removal of Brook Trout. The large investment of time and resources required to restore small populations like this one may be warranted only for critical population segments with special status or local management importance.

Received November 10, 2011; accepted October 31, 2012
Understanding Parricide
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This book is about juvenile and adult sons and daughters who kill their parents. The book moves far behind the statistical correlates of parricide by synthesizing the professional literature on parricide in general, matricide, patricide, double parricides, and familicides. The book explains the reasons behind the killings and includes in-depth discussion of issues related to prosecuting and defending parricide offenders. The book is enriched with its focus on clinical assessment, case studies, and follow-up of parricide offenders, as well as treatment, risk assessment, and prevention.
James Holt
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the case of James Holt, a 16-year-old White Hispanic boy who was sentenced to lifein prison for shooting his parents multiple times while they were asleep. About 14 years after first meeting James, the author received a call from a defense attorney asking her to evaluate his client, a man in his early 30s who had killed an inmate in prison while he was serving a life sentence in prison. As the attorney gave a brief sketch of the case, she realized that the inmate being discussed was James. The chapter describes the author's assessment of James based on an eight-hour clinical interview conducted with him and a review of more than 1,000 pages of materials relevant to James's childhood, the murder of his parents, the murder of the inmate, and his experiences in prison.
Simple Heuristics in a Social Game
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Fischbacher Urs , Bruhin Adrian
Published: January 2013

The dominant behavior observed in social games such as the ultimatum game, the dictator game, and public good games violates the classical assumption in economics of purely selfish preferences. To account for this behavior, economists have proposed social preference models, which introduce nonselfish motives as additional arguments and parameters in the utility function. Like classical utility models, social preference models focus on behavior at the expense of describing underlying cognitive processes, contenting themselves with being “as-if” models. This approach unnecessarily limits the models' psychological realism and forgoes the empirical benefits of describing the processes that produce behavioral outcomes. As an alternative, the chapter proposes fast and frugal classification trees. Designed to describe deliberations and decisions in the mini-ultimatum game, the trees spell out the possible cognitive processes of four distinct types of respondents. The chapter derives response-time predictions from these trees as well as from a process interpretation of an influential social preference model, the Fehr and Schmidt model of inequity aversion, and test the predictions empirically. The observed response times suggest that a substantial proportion of respondents in the mini-ultimatum game take several distinct social considerations into account and process them sequentially, consistent with the proposed classification trees. The chapter discusses the implications of these findings for theories of economic behavior.
Cooperate with Equals: A Simple Heuristic for Social Exchange
Authors: Johnson Tim , Smirnov Oleg
Published: January 2013

The chapter shows that a simple heuristic, which directs cooperation toward economic equals and defects on other individuals, facilitates cooperation in social environments where individuals engage in multiple, nonrepeated prisoner's dilemma games with partners whom they know little about. The heuristic produces successful cooperation due to its ability to infer whether or not its partner in a social encounter employs the same heuristic—not whether that partner is cooperative per se. As noted in previous research and elaborated upon here, this property prevents the heuristic from suffering exploitation and it also impedes easily exploited cooperative strategies from proliferating in conditions of ubiquitous cooperation. These aspects of the strategy, furthermore, yield insight into the environments in which the heuristic fosters high levels of cooperation. The heuristic best succeeds at producing cooperation in social environments where agents involve themselves in a moderate number of low information, one-shot prisoner's dilemma games per generation. As the number of such encounters increases per generation, the strategy more frequently defects on its social partners. Nonetheless, the heuristic cultivates cooperation in social environments where interactions are not repeated, opportunities for punishment do not exist, and agents have no direct information about their partner's past cooperativeness.
Class Conflict and Inequality
Authors: Rohit
Published: January 2013

Chapter 1 explains the forces behind increasing inequality (increasing share of income of capitalists) by presenting a theoretical model to show how the income share is divided between workers and capitalists. In an advanced capitalist country, income share of different classes is decided by their respective bargaining strength. For workers, it is decided by their unemployment rate (Marx’s argument on the reserve army of labour) and for capitalists, the extent of collusion among them. The concept of non-accelerating inflationary rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is used to build the basis of a theoretical structure. This chapter argues that the increase in income inequalities is a result of a decline in the strength of the working class in the first world as a result of globalisation, which ensured that the size of the reserve army is no more restricted to the national boundaries alone.
Some Remarks about Minimalism
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: January 2013

The chapter argues that deflationist positions about truth — in particular Paul Horwich’s and Hartry Field’s — are unstable insofar as they guarantee deflationism by inflating other notions. It is maintained that Field’s minimalism relies on the inflationary role of truth-conditions. Horwich’s view, in contrast, is found wanting because it amounts to a contentious form of particularism based on the idea that the reference of terms hinges on our disposition to accept it in the appropriate circumstances. This notion is, in turn, characterized in terms of causal relations, which directly leads to an inflationist territory. In closing, the chapter agrees with Wright that while different discourses may vary from being genuinely representational to purely expressivist, that does not stand in the way of the possibility of embedding sentences characteristic of either domain within truth-disquotational schemas.
The architecture of grammar and the division of labor in exponence
Authors: Bermúdez-Otero Ricardo
Published: January 2013

This chapter considers how the general task of exponence is divided up between the lexicon, morphology, and phonology within the overall architecture of grammar. It argues that dual-route approaches to exponence should be supplemented with a distinction between two types of lexical listing: analytic and nonanalytic. In a stratal architecture, the syndrome of properties characterizing stem-level morphophonology (including lexical exceptions and irregular cyclic effects) is shown to arise from the combination of nonanalytic listing with explicit symbolic generalizations subject to blocking. The chapter further argues for a modular and local approach to morphology-phonology interactions. A programme is proposed consisting of four hypotheses: that morphology selects and concatenates morphs without altering their phonological content; that phonological constraints other than those on alignment may not refer to morphosyntactic information; that output phonological representations do not contain diacritics of morphosyntactic affiliation; and that morphosyntactic conditioning in phonology is subject to cyclic locality.
Introduction
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This introductory chapter outlines the arguments made throughout the book and fleshes out their major implications for the understanding of the Commission's role in ensuring member state compliance with EU law. It explains in more detail the research methodologies applied in the book and how the work is situated within literature on international law and international relations, governance, and constitutional law. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
4 The Commission’s Quest for Stronger Powers of Enforcement
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This chapter investigates whether the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (and prior to that, the EC Treaty) in fact provides adequate legal basis for the ‘EU legislator’ to establish binding enforcement mechanisms in secondary legislation. It argues that the EU Treaties exhaustively list the array of tools and powers available to the Commission in its role as guardian of the Treaties, with the exception of soft-law measures voluntarily embraced by the member states. Comparison of the general EU infringement procedure to the regulatory steering-mode responsive regulation showed that both are inherently decentralized and only gradually can the supervisor increase pressure on defaulting supervisees. Similar to responsive regulation, the Commission lacks stronger and readily available enforcement powers when responsive, cooperative dialogue for some reason fails or when speedier responses are required.
5 The Functional Overlap of Enforcement and Implementation Tools
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This chapter identifies implementation measures that display functional overlap with enforcement. The aim is to discuss their characteristics and compare them to genuine enforcement powers. First, the notion of implementation in the context of EU law is discussed in some detail. Then, selected measures are grouped and examined under the headings preventive measures, safeguard and emergency measures, and conditionality. The closing section discusses a number of issues regarding the application of implementation measures with the aim of securing member state compliance. These include the potential legal constraints on the Commission, such as the proportionality principle, but also political constraints. It is argued that although the Commission is largely at liberty to employ the examined measures with a functional aim of ensuring compliance, any perceived misuse may have ramifications on the Commission's future ability to obtain certain implementation powers.
The count mass distinction: Issues and perspectives
Authors: Ghomeshi Jila , Massam Diane
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents the issues arising from the study of the count mass distinction in human language. Three core questions are posed. First, do these concepts form part of a universally shared and uniform mental capacity? Second, are the concepts expressed in all languages? And third, are they always realized in the same way in grammars cross-linguistically and if not, what are the various ways that they are encoded in language? The paper places a range of work on the count mass distinction against these three questions, and presents various perspectives found in the literature. The conclusion is that while all humans have the relevant concepts, language can vary as to if and how they are expressed due to the mediating effect of grammar, with the result that there are a variety of realizations of the concepts across languages.
Plural marking beyond count nouns
Authors: Ghaniabadi Saeed
Published: January 2013

Plural marking on mass nouns in languages like English and Persian is assumed to be allowed only when the interpretation of the mass noun is subject to coercion — i.e. count reading of mass nouns. As such, plural marking serves the purpose of portioning out the undivided stuff into conventionalized units. This chapter presents facts establishing that plural marking on mass nouns in Persian, in addition to its portioning-out function, can induce definiteness. The chapter proposes that the definiteness interpretation triggered by plural morphology arises from the syntax of plural marking in Persian. Based on the descriptive generalizations made in this chapter, a Distributed-Morphology based analysis is proposed of number marking in Persian and how it interfaces with definiteness marking. I argue that number morphology in the context of definite noun phrases is syncretic in the sense that it realizes both a definiteness feature [+def] and a number feature [±pl].
Aspectual effects of a pluractional suffix: Evidence from Lithuanian
Authors: Armoskaite Solveiga
Published: January 2013

Aspect has to do with the time of an event expressed by a verbal predicate, e.g. whether event has an endpoint (draw a circle) or not (run). Since Verkuyl (1973), it has been noted that the endpoint of an event may be affected by nominal elements within the VP, e.g. Number on the verbal argument (plural or singular). The chapter proposes that similar aspectual effects of Number are also found in the domain of verbal suffixes (cf. Bar-el, 2008; Ferreira 2005; Yu 2003). The chapter shows that a Lithuanian verbal suffix –inė- , traditionally considered aspectual, encodes Number of events while its aspectual effects are secondary. Building on the similarity of aspectual effects, the chapter proposes a unified account of Number across verbal and nominal domains.
Countability and numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Zhang Niina Ning
Published: January 2013

This chapter studies the relationship between classifiers and the count-mass contrast. It shows that the contrast between count and mass is not binary. Instead, there are two independently attested features: numerability, the ability of a noun to combine with a numeral directly, distinguishes count from non-count nouns, and dimensionality, the ability of a noun to be modified by a size or shape modifier, distinguishes mass from non-mass nouns. Assuming numerals and size and shape modifiers are universally available, we are able to identify count and mass nominals in any language. Although all nouns in Chinese are non-count nouns, there is still a mass/non-mass contrast, with mass nouns selected by individuating classifiers and non-mass nouns selected by individual classifiers.
2 Distinctions in the linguistic encoding of motion: evidence from a free naming task
Authors: Vulchanova Mila , Martinez Liliana , Vulchanov Valentin
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents and discusses the results of an exploratory free naming study of how biological motion is encoded in five languages: Bulgarian, Russian, English, Norwegian, and Italian. The cluster analysis of the data reveals interesting patterns of similarity as well as differences across all five languages. These patterns suggest that the linguistic encoding of motion may be based on a system of conceptual features, which reflect physical parameters, acknowledged to influence motion categorization both in visual perception and in linguistic semantics. It is proposed that some of these features are medium, phase, velocity, posture, method of propulsion, species, path orientation, and figure orientation. While all the languages in the sample make a clear distinction between non-supported high-velocity high-energy gaits (running), and supported slow-to-normal velocity motion (walking), they display greater variation in the latter domain, as well as in other types of motion (crawling, climbing). In addition, this study has revealed an interesting function of modifiers of the verb not observed previously. This function is dubbed the non-default explication function and this chapter suggests that its role is to signal non-default settings of the perceptual parameters characterizing motion scenes.
4 Verbs of aquamotion: semantic domains and lexical systems
Authors: Lander Yury , Maisak Timur , Rakhilina Ekaterina
Published: January 2013

The current chapter elaborates on an approach which aims at the cross-linguistic comparison of lexical domains or (sub)systems. This approach is based on distinguishing among semantic domains which can be said to occur across languages and which are useful and relevant from a typological perspective. We illustrate this approach by exploring the conceptualization of motion / being in liquid medium (aquamotion), within which four general domains (swimming, sailing, drifting, and floating) are recognized. Using this distinction, we propose a typology of aquamotion systems that distinguishes between ‘rich’, ‘poor’, and ‘middle’ systems of aquamotion expressions depending on the lexical contrasts that the language displays.