bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adults Only: Disability, Social Policy and the Life Course
Authors: PRIESTLEY MARK
Published: July 2002

This article examines the relationship between disability, generation and
social policy. The moral and legislative framework for the post-war welfare
settlement was grounded in a long-standing cultural construction of
‘normal’ life course progression. Disability and age (along with gender)
were the key components in this construction, defining broad categories
of welfare dependency and labour force exemption. However, social
changes and the emergence of new policy discourses have brought into
question the way in which we think about dependency and welfare at the
end of the twentieth century. The article suggests that, as policy-makers
pursue their millennial settlement with mothers, children and older
people, they also may be forced to reconstruct the relationship between
disabled people and the welfare state.
Helping People To Help Themselves: Policy Lessons From
a Study of Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods in Southampton
Authors: WILLIAMS COLIN C. , WINDEBANK JAN
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is draw out some policy lessons from a study of self-help
activity amongst 200 households in deprived urban neighbourhoods
of Southampton. Commencing with a critique of the popular prejudice
that promoting self-help should be opposed in case it leads to a
demise of formal welfare provision, the paper then interrogates the empirical
evidence to understand and explain the nature and extent of such
work in deprived neighbourhoods. Finding that self-help is a crucial component
of household coping practices, but that no-earner households are
unable to benefit from this work to the same extent as employed households,
the paper proposes both bottom-up and top-down solutions to
tackle the barriers to participation in self-help amongst unemployed
households. In particular, it calls for a modification to Working Families
Tax Credit and the creation of Community Enterprise so as to recognise
and value much of the self-help activity that currently takes place but
remains unrecognised and unvalued.
Residential Mobility and Residualisation in Social
Housing in England
Authors: BURROWS ROGER
Published: July 2002

This article uses data from the Survey of English Housing
(SEH) 1993/4 in
order to investigate patterns of residential mobility in relation to social

housing in England. Such an analysis provides an insight into the contemporary

dynamics of residualisation. Hitherto, much of the analysis of
residualisation has, quite properly, concentrated on the operation of the

Right to Buy legislation in the process of social exclusion. However,
this
article argues that the process of residualisation has not been due just
to
changes in the tenure of dwellings, it has also been due to the
intensification
of processes of residential movement by people which can be traced

back to at least the mid-1970s. As the number of dwellings sold through

the RTB declines, the movement of people is again becoming the primary

mechanism through which residualisation operates. The article also
examines patterns of movement within the social rented sector. It concludes

that as the sector has become smaller, the rate of mobility within it
has increased. This increased rate of mobility is due to a number of factors,

but is primarily a function of the demographic profile of tenants in
the social rented sector. The factors which predispose certain types of

household to be mobile within the sector are examined.
Elinor Ochs, Emanuel A. Schegloff & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Interaction and grammar. Cambridge
& New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xii,
468. Pb. $29.95.
Authors: Zimmerman Don H.
Published: July 2002

This volume encompasses work by researchers from three
distinct but related areas of inquiry: functional linguistics,
linguistic anthropology, and conversation analysis. Edited
collections sometimes strain to provide a unifying theme
connecting diverse contributions into a coherent whole. Happily,
the editors and contributors to Interaction and grammar
(the list of authors is impressive) have to a large extent solved
this problem; and in the process, they have provided an important
contribution that should have major impact in all three areas.
Dwight Atkinson, Scientific discourse in sociohistorical
context: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London, 1675–1975. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum, 1999. Pp. xxxi, 208.
Authors: Myers Greg
Published: July 2002

The language of science has been extensively studied
by linguists and rhetoricians – as a distinctive
register, as a set of genres that students and academics
need to master, and as a discourse of powerful social institutions.
Most of these studies have been synchronic, focusing on
the structures or styles of more or less contemporary texts,
particularly research articles. But if we rely on such
studies, we may tend to reify some features of text (such
as the Introduction–Methods–Results–Discussion
form, or the tendency to passive constructions and nominalizations)
as inevitable features of scientific communication. We
may also treat scientific institutions – such as
the lines between disciplines, or between professionals
and amateurs – as given by the subject matter, rather
than seeing them as changing and as constituted in part
by their communicative practices.
Frans Hinskens, Roeland van Hout, & W. Leo Wetzels
(eds.), Variation, change and phonological theory.
(Current issues in linguistic theory, 146.) Amsterdam:
Benjamins. Pp. x, 314. Hb NLG 150.00, $75.00.
Authors: Paolillo John C.
Published: July 2002

Since the inception of Labov's variationist
approach to the study of linguistic change, there have
been two approaches to phonology: one theoretically motivated,
addressing relatively invariant idealizations of language;
and another empirically motivated, in which language is
taken to be fundamentally variable. Since the time of the
controversy over the incorporation of probability into
grammar in the Variable Rule (VR) model, these two approaches
have largely diverged. Critics have expressed skepticism
about probabilistic rules, challenged their psychological
reality, and rejected the variationist's methods of
aggregating speakers (cf. papers collected by Singh 1996).
Variationists have responded with improved methods, more
thorough demonstrations of variability, and articulations
of the relevance of variation to linguistic change (e.g.
Labov 1994). The controversy continues today; and as readers
of the present volume will see, it has entered new territory.
Russian genderlects and referential expressions
Authors: YOKOYAMA OLGA T.
Published: July 2002

The first goal of this article is to present a
description of the linguistic features that distinguish
the genderlects of Russian. Although there exist some data
on interruptions and other kinds of gender-specific discourse
behavior in Russian, they are not discussed here, because
the variables that govern gender differences in linguistic
behavior are too numerous and inconclusive, and Russian
data that bear on such behavior remain at this point too
meager. Rather, what is discussed here are the structural
features of Russian genderlects. This focus leads to a
second goal, a theoretical one: to explore how genderlect
phenomena can be explained in the Transactional Discourse
Model (TDM), a broadly generative, pragmatically based
discourse model that is sensitive to the factors that control
the occurrence of gender-specific features in speech.
Frederic G. Cassidy (chief editor), Dictionary
of American Regional English, volume III: I–O.
Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
1996. Pp. xv, 927.
Authors: Callary Edward
Published: July 2002

It's tough to review an interior volume of
a continuing, multivolume work like DARE, especially when
previous volumes (1, 1985; 2, 1991) have been so thoroughly
reviewed and so well received – and when many readers
of LiS may already be familiar with the series.
Reviewers of the first volume could comment on the history
of DARE, its goals and methodologies, the unique problems
encountered during its development along with their solutions,
and its innovations – such as the clever maps which
still give a recognizable US, though skewed according to
population density. Reviewers of the final volume will
be able to look back over the entire series, casting a
critical eye on the overall success of the endeavor and
evaluating its success as a work of scholarship. Nevertheless,
I will do my best to concentrate on the volume at hand,
although some glances forward and backward are inevitable.
On the validity of spatial embedding: A reply to Pezard et al.
Authors: Pritchard Walter S.
Published: July 2002

Careful consideration of the issues raised by Pezard and colleagues (in this issue of Psychophysiology) allows for the conclusion that spatial embedding may be valid as a method of dynamical reconstruction. However, two problems with the technique cannot be ignored. First, spatial embedding of EEG invariably involves linear cross‐correlation among channels, which distorts the dynamical reconstruction due to compression toward the main state‐space diagonal. Further, before spatially embedding across a set of channels, one must first check for at least “similar” dynamics among them, using, for example, a measure such as estimated mutual dimension. Measuring a “whole cortex” state via spatial embedding may also be possible in principle, except for the nontrivial obstacle of separating local dynamics that are heterogeneous across the cortex from activity reflecting the “unified field” of the cortex as a whole.
P300 sequence effects differ between children and adults for auditory stimuli
Authors: Kilpeläinen R. , Koistinen A. , Könönen M. , Herrgård E. , Partanen J. , Karhu J.
Published: July 2002

Variation of the P300 component was studied in normal children and adults during an auditory oddball paradigm. In children, the target stimuli that were preceded by a large number of standard stimuli elicited about twice as large P300 with a significantly shorter latency, a more widespread distribution, and an earlier positivity in the frontal area than those that were preceded by a small number of standard stimuli. The P300 variation was not as marked in adults as in children. Based on the context updating theory of the P300, the finding suggests that a long intertarget interval (ITI) results in a profound decay of the neural representation of the target stimulus in children; consequently, more resources are needed to update the neural representation, and the target may even be processed as a novel input. The P300 variation may provide information about the brain functions related to memory, attention, and orienting in children. This variation should be considered when assessing cognitive brain functions with event‐related potentials in children.
Précis of Simple heuristics that make us smart
Authors: Todd Peter M. , Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: July 2002

How can anyone be rational in a world where knowledge is limited, time is pressing, and deep thought is often an unattainable luxury? Traditional models of unbounded rationality and optimization in cognitive science, economics, and animal behavior have tended to view decision-makers as possessing supernatural powers of reason, limitless knowledge, and endless time. But understanding decisions in the real world requires a more psychologically plausible notion of bounded rationality. In Simple heuristics that make us smart (Gigerenzer et al. 1999), we explore fast and frugal heuristics – simple rules in the mind's adaptive toolbox for making decisions with realistic mental resources. These heuristics can enable both living organisms and artificial systems to make smart choices quickly and with a minimum of information by exploiting the way that information is structured in particular environments. In this précis, we show how simple building blocks that control information search, stop search, and make decisions can be put together to form classes of heuristics, including: ignorance-based and one-reason decision making for choice, elimination models for categorization, and satisficing heuristics for sequential search. These simple heuristics perform comparably to more complex algorithms, particularly when generalizing to new data – that is, simplicity leads to robustness. We present evidence regarding when people use simple heuristics and describe the challenges to be addressed by this research program.
It's good . . . but is it ART?
Authors: Luce Paul A. , Goldinger Stephen D. , Vitevitch Michael S.
Published: July 2002

We applaud Norris et al.'s critical review of the literature on lexical effects in phoneme decision making, and we sympathize with their attempt to reconcile autonomous models of word recognition with current research. However, we suggest that adaptive resonance theory (ART) may provide a coherent account of the data while preserving limited inhibitory feedback among certain lexical and sublexical representations.
On the descriptive validity and prescriptive utility of fast and frugal models
Authors: Harries Clare , Dhami Mandeep K.
Published: July 2002

Simple heuristics and regression models make different assumptions about behaviour. Both the environment and judgment can be described as fast and frugal. We do not know whether humans are successful when being fast and frugal. We must assess both global accuracy and the costs of Type I and II errors. These may be “smart heuristics that make researchers look simple.”
Occam's razor is a double-edged sword: Reduced interaction is not necessarily reduced power
Authors: Whalen D. H.
Published: July 2002

Although Norris, McQueen & Cutler have provided convincing evidence that there is no need for contributions from the lexicon to phonetic processing, their simplification of the communication between levels comes at a cost to the processes themselves. Although their arrangement may ultimately prove correct, its validity is not due to a successful application of Occam's razor.
REM sleep is not committed to memory
Authors: Vertes Robert P. , Eastman Kathleen E.
Published: July 2002

We believe that this has been a constructive debate on the topic of memory consolidation and REM sleep. It was a lively and spirited exchange – the essence of science. A number of issues were discussed including: the pedestal technique, stress, and early REMD work in animals; REM windows; the processing of declarative versus procedural memory in REM in humans; a mnemonic function for theta rhythm in waking but not in REM sleep; the lack of cognitive deficits in patients on antidepressant drugs that suppress or eliminate REM sleep; the disposition of conscious (dreams) and nonconscious material of REM sleep; and finally our theory of REM sleep. Although our position was strongly challenged, we still hold that REM sleep serves no role in the processing and consolidation of memory.
Paradoxical self-deception: Maybe not so paradoxical after all
Authors: Brown Stephanie L. , Kenrick Douglas T.
Published: July 2002

The simultaneous possession of conflicting beliefs is both
possible and logical within current models of human cognition.
Specifically, evidence of lateral inhibition and state-dependent
memory suggests a means by which conflicting beliefs can coexist
without requiring “mental exotica.” We suggest that
paradoxical self-deception enables the self-deceiver to store
important information for use at a later time.
Arousing the LTP and learning debate
Authors: Maren Stephen
Published: July 2002

Shors & Matzel provide compelling arguments against a
role for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in mammalian
learning and memory. As an alternative, they suggest that LTP is an
arousal mechanism. I will argue that this view is not a satisfactory
alternative to current conceptions of LTP function.
The mapping from acoustic structure to the phonetic categories of speech: The invariance problem
Authors: Blumstein Sheila E.
Published: July 2002

This commentary focuses on the nature of combinatorial
properties for speech and the locus equation. The presence of some
overlap in locus equation space suggests that this higher order
property may not be strictly invariant and may require other cues
or properties for the perception of place of articulation. Moreover,
combinatorial analysis in two-dimensional space and the resultant
linearity appear to have a “special” status in the
development of this theoretical framework. However, place of
articulation is only one of many phonetic dimensions in language.
It is suggested that a multidimensional space including patterns
derived in the frequency, amplitude, and time domains will be needed
to characterize the phonetic categories of speech, and that although
the derived properties ultimately may not meet the conditions of
linearity, they will reflect a higher order acoustic
invariance.
Stranded statistical paradigms: The last crusade
Authors: Glück Judith , Vitouch Oliver
Published: July 2002

Chow tries to show that for the case of hard-core
experimentation, the criticisms of NHST are not valid. Even if one
is willing to adopt his epistemological ideology, several shortcomings
of NHST remain. We argue for a flexible and thoughtful application of
statistical tools (including significance tests) instead of a
ritualized statistical catechism that relies on the magic of
α.
Simpler for evolution: Secondary representation in apes, children, and ancestors
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas
Published: July 2002

Great apes show behavioral evidence for secondary
representation similar to that of children of about two years of age.
However, there is no convincing evidence for metarepresentation in
apes. A good evolutionary interpretation should be parsimonious and
must bring developmental and comparative data in accord. I propose
a model based on the work of Perner (1991) and close by pointing out
a logical flaw in Heyes's second proposed experiment.
Precursors to theories of mind in nonhuman brains
Authors: Walker Stephen F.
Published: July 2002

Heyes is right that behavioural tests able to distinguish
mentalistic from nonmentalistic alternatives should be sought,
but the theoretical issue is less about the passing of behavioural
tests than it is about the internal mechanisms which allow the
passing of the tests. It may be helpful to try to assess the internal
mechanisms directly by measuring brain activities.
Ways of featuring in object categorization
Authors: Schyns Philippe G. , Goldstone Robert L. , Thibaut Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2002

The origin of features from nonfeatural information is a
problem that should concern all theories of object categorization
and recognition, not just the flexible feature approach. In contrast
to the idea that new features must originate from combinations of
simpler fixed features, we argue that holistic features can be created
from a direct imprinting on the visual medium. Furthermore, featural
descriptions can emerge from processes that by themselves do not
operate on feature detectors. Once acquired, features can be
decomposed into component features if required by other
categorizations. We therefore argue that it is not necessary to
separate holistic and componential approaches to representations,
because the latter is a development of the former. The requirements
for representational flexibility outstrip the performance of any
existing computational models, but specific mechanisms of feature
creation are discussed and evaluated. Challenges for feature creation
mechanisms are discussed together with the constraints (perceptual,
statistical, functional, and task) they will need to
satisfy.
Is the lifeliner objectively free?
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: July 2002

Although Rose claims to rely on Marx's paradoxical
view of history to explain the freedom enjoyed by what he calls
“lifelines,” he blurs what one might call the
“objective” and “subjective” senses of
freedom. This, in turn, reflects his overreaction to biological
reductionism. Consequently, in discussing biology-related policy
issues, Rose fails to distinguish genuinely efficacious interventions
and merely convenient ones.
Perception as purposeful inquiry: We elect where to direct each glance, and determine what is encoded within and between glances
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: July 2002

In agreement with Barsalou's point that perceptions are not
the records or the products of a recording system, and with a nod to an
older system in which perception is an activity of testing what future
glances bring, I argue that the behavior of perceptual inquiry
necessarily makes choices in what is sampled; in what and how the sample
is encoded, and what structure across samples is pursued and tested; and
when to conclude the inquiry. Much of this is now being hectically
rediscovered, but a comprehensive approach like the one Barsalou
proposes should help preserve what progress is made.
Hungarian cross-modal priming and treatment of nonsense words supports the dual-process hypothesis
Authors: Lukács Ágnes , Pléh Csaba
Published: July 2002

Hungarian data provide support for differences in processing regular and irregular morphologies. Stronger priming was observed with “regular” stem types compared to “irregular” ones. Use of nonwords showed a reliance on the grammatical structure of the nonword: Analogical extension of “irregulars” can be observed only in “root” contexts; in other contexts all types were largely overregularized.
Flexible neural circuitry in word processing
Authors: Posner Michael I. , DiGirolamo Gregory J.
Published: July 2002

ERP studies have shown modulation of activation in left
frontal and posterior cortical language areas, as well as recruitment
of right hemisphere homologues, based on task demands. Furthermore,
blood-flow studies have demonstrated changes in the neural circuitry
of word processing based on experience. The neural areas and time
course of language processing are plastic depending on task demands
and experience.
Is covert attention really unnecessary?
Authors: Pollatsek Alexander , Rayner Keith
Published: July 2002

We are largely in agreement with the Findlay & Walker model. However, they appear to dismiss the role of covert spatial attention in tasks in which people are free to move their eyes. We argue that an account of the facts about the perceptual span in reading requires a window of attention not centered around the fovea. Moreover, a computational model of reading that we (Reichle et al. 1998) developed gives a good account of eye movement control in reading and would be unable to do so without relying heavily on covert attention.
The dual selection model: Questions about necessity and completeness
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: July 2002

Human mating and parenting are more complex than has been
implied by many evolutionarily based theories of sex differences.
While focusing on sex differences might shed some light on the
evolution of mating and parenting, this level of analysis is rather
imprecise. More important, it ignores several ecological variables
that should have influenced mating/parenting decisions and behaviors
in both sexes.
Bilingual education enhances third language acquisition: Evidence from Catalonia
Authors: SANZ CRISTINA
Published: July 2002

Studies on the acquisition of a third language (L3) in a bilingual context have shown that
literacy in two languages facilitates the acquisition of a third (Cenoz & Valencia, 1994;
Swain, Lapkin, Rowen, & Hart, 1990). The present study seeks to contribute to this line of
research by comparing the acquisition of English as an L3 by Catalan/Spanish bilingual high
school students in an immersion program with the acquisition of English by Spanish
monolinguals. Data from 201 participants were submitted to a hierarchical multiple regression
analysis, rendering results that show that bilingualism indeed has a positive effect on the
acquisition of an L3. The evidence is discussed from a cognitive perspective.
Children's written and oral spelling
Authors: TREIMAN REBECCA , BOURASSA DERRICK
Published: July 2002

For adults, written spelling is generally superior to oral spelling. To determine whether the
same holds true for children in kindergarten through second grade, we compared children's
ability to spell real words (Experiment 1) and nonsense words (Experiment 2) orally and in
writing. Building on the work of Tangel and Blachman (1992, 1995) and others, we developed a
reliable system to assess the overall quality of the children's spellings. We also examined
the phonological and orthographic legality of the spellings. By first and second grade, written
spellings were superior to oral spellings in both overall quality and representation of
phonological form. This held true for both words and nonwords. The results suggest that
children, like adults, more accurately analyze the linguistic structure of a spoken item when they
can represent the results in a lasting, visible form than when they cannot.
Grammaticality judgments in a second language: Influences of age of acquisition and native
language
Authors: MCDONALD JANET L.
Published: July 2002

Native Spanish early and late acquirers of English as well as native Vietnamese early and
child acquirers of English made grammaticality judgments of sentences in their second language.
Native Spanish early acquirers were not distinguishable from native English speakers, whereas
native Spanish late acquirers had difficulty with all aspects of the grammar tested except word
order. Native Vietnamese early acquirers had difficulty with those aspects of English that differ
markedly from Vietnamese. Native Vietnamese child acquirers had more generalized problems,
similar to those of native Spanish late acquirers. Thus, native language appeared to make a
difference for early acquirers, whereas a later age of acquisition caused a more general problem.
A processing-based model focusing on the difficulty non-native language learners have in rapidly
decoding surface form is offered as a possible explanation for both effects.
The development of phonemic coding strategies for serial recall
Authors: NITTROUER SUSAN , MILLER MARNIE E.
Published: July 2002

This study examined differences between adults and children and between normal and poor
readers in the use of phonemic coding strategies for storing words in working memory. In the
first experiment, adults, 11-year-olds, and 8-year-olds (categorized as normal or poor readers)
recalled eight-item strings of rhyming and nonrhyming words. A developmental decrease in
errors was observed for adults, 11-year-olds, and normal-reading 8-year-olds that reflected an
improvement in the phonemic coding of items in working memory, but no difference was found
between normal- and poor-reading 8-year-olds in the use of phonemic coding strategies. A
second experiment with shorter lists and more children supported the latter finding. The results
were interpreted as demonstrating that the ability to access syllable-internal phonemic structure is
a necessary precursor to the development of phonemic coding strategies for working memory,
but that the use of that structure for storing words in working memory is a skill that develops
independently and later than the ability to access phonemic structure.
On the convergence to equilibrium states for certain non-hyperbolic systems
Authors: YURI MICHIKO
Published: July 2002

We study the convergence to equilibrium states for
certain non-hyperbolic piecewise invertible systems.
The multi-dimensional maps we shall consider
do not satisfy Renyi's condition (uniformly
bounded distortion for any iterates) and do not necessarily
satisfy the Markov property.
The failure of both conditions may cause singularities of
densities of the invariant measures, even if they are
finite, and causes a crucial difficulty in applying the
standard technique of the Perron–Frobenius
operator. Typical examples of maps we consider
admit indifferent periodic orbits and arise in many contexts.
For the convergence of iterates of
the Perron–Frobenius operator,
we study continuity of the invariant density.
A geometric approach to semi-dispersing billiards (Survey)
Authors: BURAGO D. , FERLEGER S. , KONONENKO A.
Published: July 2002

We summarize the results of several recent papers, together with a few new results, which rely on a connection between semi-dispersing billiards and non-regular Riemannian geometry. We use this connection to solve several open problems about the existence of uniform estimates on the number of collisions, topological entropy and periodic trajectories of such billiards.
Prevalence of rapid mixing in hyperbolic flows
Authors: DOLGOPYAT DMITRY
Published: July 2002

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a suspension flow, over a subshift of finite type, to mix faster than any power of time. Then we show that these conditions are satisfied if the flow has two periodic orbits such that the ratio of the periods cannot be well approximated by rationals.
Ergodic properties of random iterations of analytic functions
Authors: AMBROLADZE AMIRAN
Published: July 2002

It is a known fact that an iterated function system (IFS) of entire functions is not necessarily ergodic. In this paper we show that if an IFS of analytic functions is defined in a domain whose boundary contains more than two points (in the extended complex plane) then the system possesses an ergodic property.
Local Enforcement of Pollution Control in Developing Countries: A Comparison of Guangzhou, Delhi, and Taipei
Authors: Tang Shui-yan , Prakash Vandana , Tang Ching-ping
Published: July 2002

Environmental management typically involves multiple levels of government. Yet the intergovernmental context of environmental management in developing countries is seldom explored in the literature. This paper examines this issue by comparing the experiences in Guangzhou, Delhi, and Taipei, in which various types of unfavourable conditions create different problems for local regulatory enforcement. The study shows that, as commitment from the national government to local regulatory enforcement remains weak, the presence of local democratic institutions, legal remedies, and local environmental activism are key ingredients for checking against local enforcement slack. As legal remedies have various limitations, a bottom-up approach based on local flexibility, democratic processes, and environmental awareness and activism are more likely to bear fruit in the fight against pollution in developing countries.
Asian Older People: Housing, Health
and Access to Services
Authors: AHMAD WAQAR I. U. , WALKER REG
Published: July 2002

We report the findings of a survey of 104 Asian older people in Bradford. For
a high proportion, their condition was characterised by poverty, limited
entitlements, inadequate housing, low levels of knowledge of health and social
services, and problems of access to welfare benefits, health and social care. The
situation of women was of particular concern. The study also highlights the
problems of divided families, caused by restrictive immigration rules, resulting
in many elderly people having no family support in this country.
Older Women and Leisure in Singapore
Authors: TEO PEGGY
Published: July 2002

The leisure of older women is subject to prejudices of both
ageism and sexism.
Gender roles and identities lock women into leisure which is experienced
mostly within the confines of the home. The lack of material resources also
limits their ability to undertake a wider range, as well
as a greater number, of
leisure activities within the public sphere outside the home.
These conditions
become emphasised in the more mature years of a woman's life, such that
leisure expectations that are assumed for the Third Age seldom
materialise. In
the study of older women in Singapore, it was found that many engaged in
home-bound activities and where these extended into public spaces, the
activities conformed to gender and age expectations and
according to material
resources. The paper argues that leisure, especially for older
women, must be contextualised; it requires an understanding of how social
ideologies construct
gender and age identities and roles, and therefore shape the
leisure outcomes and spaces in which they are carried out.
Models, markets, and power: political economy and the Asia-Pacific, 1989–1999
Authors: MASTANDUNO MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The political economy of the Asia-Pacific region has been transformed over the past decade. Three important developments are (1) the demise of the US–Japan economic rivalry and the associated competition over the most appropriate model of capitalism; (2) challenges to the ‘Washington Consensus’ on the optimal foreign economic strategy for emerging economies; and (3) the renewal of US hegemony in the context of a unipolar international structure. An understanding of these developments requires attention to the interaction of international and domestic forces. These developments suggest that a major challenge facing governments in the region will be to manage the tension between the state and the market. They also suggest that the United States is well positioned to play the role of regional stabilizer in the Asia-Pacific. Whether it does so effectively will depend on its domestic politics and the quality of its statecraft.
Home on the page: a virtual place of music community
Authors: Kibby Marjorie D.
Published: July 2002

Introduction

In 1996 a small independent record company, Oh Boy Records, set up a ‘chat page’ on its web site where fans of its major artist, John Prine, could exchange typed messages in close to real time. The page became a place where fans could ‘virtually’ meet to get information or exchange experiences and opinions relating to Prine. Through the chat page a fan community was established, in that the chat page became a meeting place that could not exist within real-world boundaries. John Prine has had some recent commercial and critical success, but Prine fans are still a minority in most geographic communities, and are, to some extent, isolated by the lifestyle of their 35-plus age group. It could be said that the one and only place where Prine fans could regularly gather was online through the chat page provided by the record company. The Oh Boy Record's homepage became a symbolic anchor – a recognition of shared experience and a sign of community. While music communities are usually associated with ‘local’ places, ‘the notion of “communities” or localities as bounded geographic entities increasingly has been seen as problematic to the study of music in urban settings’ (Gay 1995, p. 123). Communities exist through dialogue; through an exchange of past social history and current social interaction. Developments in communication technology have contributed to a ‘deterritorialization of space within a global cultural economy’ (Fenster 1995, p. 85), to a point where ‘local’ is no longer disconnected from ‘global’ and the identity of a specific place is located both in ‘demarcated physical space’ and in ‘clusters of interaction’ (Gupta and Ferguson 1992, p. 8). In the absence of a communal physical space, the Oh Boy home page became the site of a ‘local’ Prine community.
High-power-pulsed 1054-nm laser-induced shock pressure and
momentum, and energy coupling to iron-nickel and stony
meteorites
Authors: REMO JOHN L.
Published: July 2002

Shock waves generated on eight meteorite and two
Al targets by 5.4–5.6 J, 20-ns pulsed Nd:glass laser
at 1054 nm generated peak pressures from 0.7 to 11 Gpa.
The shock-induced particle velocities in the targets versus
time was measured interferometrically. The target momentum
coupling and mechanical momentum/energy coupling was highest
for the Al. Among the meteorites the coupling was greatest
for the Fe-Ni, which maintained physical integrity, and
lowest for the stony meteorites, all of which disintegrated.
Using particle velocity measurements, shock results are
interpreted in terms of target fragmentation, inhomogeneity,
and microstructural characteristics which are the dominant
target parameters effecting energy and momentum coupling.
Normalized values for the shocked material velocity and
peak pressure in the targets compare favorably to similar
experimental work on Al targets. Applications to modeling
high-velocity meteoroid impact with planetary atmospheres,
space debris remediation, and near-Earth object material
interactions are discussed.
Robust nonlinear observer for forward kinematics solution of a Stewart

platform: an experimental verification
Authors: Kim Dong Hwan , Kang Ji-Yoon , Lee Kyo-Il
Published: July 2002

A 6-DOF motion bed is proposed as

a nonlinear robust observer to solve the forward kinematics problem

of a Stewart platform. The stability of the estimation error

dynamics is proved via Lyapunov stability analysis and the error

dynamics shows practical stability. An observer design algorithm which tackles

the nonlinearity and uncertainty both in the system and in

the output is presented by a new arithmetic Riccati equation.

The estimation performance for the algorithm is verified using both

simulations and experiments. The equation employs the bounding condition computed

from the platform dynamics.
Collision-free path planning for nonholonomic mobile robots using a new
obstacle representation in the velocity space
Authors: Ramírez Gabriel , Zeghloul Saïd
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a collision-free path planner for mobile robot navigation in an unknown environment subject to nonholonomic constraints. This planner is well adapted for use with embarked sensors, because it uses only the distance information between the robot and the obstacles. The collision-free path-planning is based on a new representation of the obstacles in the velocity space. The obstacles in the influence
zone are mapped as linear constraints into the velocity space of the robot, forming a convex subset that represents the velocities that the robot can use without collision with the
objects. The planner is composed by two modules, termed “reaching
the goal” and “boundary following”. The major advantages of this method are the very short calculation time and a continuous stable behavior of the velocities. The results presented demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method for solving the collision-free path-planning problem.
Introduction to the special issue: Languages and software in robotics
Authors: Rose J. A.
Published: July 2002

Section A of the special issue consisting of 13 papers covering a wide field is devoted to the topic of languages and software in robotics, with an emphasis on practical applications. Diverse themes are analysed and discussed, such as neural networks, fuzzy approaches, object-oriented programming, simulation and modelling, graphical robot languages and other pertinent topics. Authors from a number of countries have contributed papers describing recent research and different approaches to this important field, particularly in view of the potential applications in various areas.
News from the international federation of robotics
for robotica
Authors: Kassler Michael
Published: July 2002

1. The International Federation of Robotics expects to have a presence on the World Wide Web by the time this issue of Robotica is published. The URL will be http://www.ifr.org. The IFR Web pages will include information about the Federation's activities as well as links to its member associations in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia.
Robotic TCF and rigid-body calibration methods
Authors: Wang Xuguang , Red Edward
Published: July 2002

For off-line programming to work, systematic methods must be developed
to account for non-ideal performance of the parts and devices in the
manufacturing cell. Although much of the literature focuses on robot inaccuracy,
this paper considers practical methods for the tool control frame (TCF)
calibration and rigid-body compensation required to close the inverse kinematics
loop for target driven tasks.

In contrast to contemporary estimation methods,
a closed-form, easily automated, solution is introduced for calibrating the
position and orientation (pose) of orthogonal end-effectors when the distal robot
joint is revolute. This paper also considers methods for measuring and
compensating the small rigid-body perturbations that result from non-repeatable
part delivery systems or from geometric distortion. These methods are designed
to eliminate rθ error from the rigid-body prediction and can be conducted in
real-time. Without accurate TCF calibration and rigid-body compensation, even the
most accurate robot will fail to complete an off-line programmed task if the task
tolerances are stringent.
Dynamic control of pushing operations
Authors: Rezzoug N. , Gorce P.
Published: July 2002

The goal of this paper is to present a new method to control pushing operations with several fingers. We take into account some dynamical aspects that have not yet been investigated in pushing studies such as the object's center of mass acceleration correction and optimal force distribution. To do this, we use a general method for multi-chain mechanisms based on a dynamical control with finger coordination. We first detail the problems encountered in this type of manipulation and the way to take these points into account with specific constraints definition for the support contact. According to the parameters of the model such as optimization criterion and object characteristics, we
present simulation results of object pushing with two fingers for a rotational and translational motion.
Obstacle avoidance control for redundant manipulators using collidability measure
Authors: Choi Su Il , Kim Byung Kook
Published: July 2002

We present an efficient obstacle avoidance control algorithm for redundant manipulators using a new measure called collidability measure. Considering moving
directions of manipulator links, the collidability measure is defined as the sum of inverse of predicted collision distances between links and obstacles: This measure is suitable for obstacle avoidance since directions of moving links are as important as distances to obstacles. For kinematic or dynamic redundancy resolution, null space control is utilized to avoid obstacles by minimizing the collidability measure: We present a velocity-bounded kinematic control law which allows reasonably large gains to improve the system performance. Also, by clarifying decomposition in the joint acceleration level, we present a simple dynamic control law with bounded joint torques which guarantees tracking
of a given end-effector trajectory and improves a kinematic cost function such as collidability measure. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Nonlinear dynamics of a single-degree robot model Part 2: Onset of
chaotic transients
Authors: Paar V. , Pavin N. , Paar N. , Novaković B.
Published: July 2002

In Part 1 of this paper we have investigated numerically the quasiperiodic and frequency locked solutions of mathematical model of a robot with one degree of freedom. In this paper we extend our investigations to the region of transient chaos. The zones of chaotic transients are very broad and lie beyond the parameter range of engineering significance. Transiently chaotic zones exhibit a complex structure, fractally intertwined with tongues of regular pattern and cover a broad range of control parameter L. The crisis point for the onset of sustained chaos lies extremely far from the point of onset of transient chaos.
Assembly as a noncooperative game of its pieces: analysis of
1D sphere assemblies
Authors: Işil Bozma H. , Koditschek Daniel E.
Published: July 2002

We propose an event-driven algorithm for the control of
simple robot assembly problems based on noncooperative game theory. We
examine rigorously the simplest setting – three bodies with one
degree of freedom and offer extensive simulations for the 2
DOF extension. The initial analysis and the accompanying simulations suggest
that this approach may indeed, offer an attractive means of
building robust event driven assembly systems.
EVALUATION OF THE APPROPRIATENESS OF HIP JOINT REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES
Authors: Quintana José M. , Azkarate Jesús , Goenaga J. Ignacio , Aróstegui Inmaculada , Beldarrain Ignacio , Villar Jose M.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To evaluate the appropriateness of the use of hip joint
replacements (HJRs) using explicit criteria developed by an expert panel.

Methods: Observational study. Nine hundred ninety-seven patients
from five hospitals with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis,
hip fracture, or revision who were undergoing HJR were consecutively included
in the study during a 1-year period. The appropriateness of the indication was
judged by explicit criteria. Complications were recorded at the time of the
intervention and 3 months postoperatively.

Results: Of the 1,030 interventions, 604 were for osteoarthritis,
31 avascular necrosis, 191 fractures, and 204 revisions. No differences were
found among the hospitals for the main clinical and patient variables.
Indications for surgery were considered appropriate in 59% of cases, uncertain
in 32%, and inappropriate in 8%, mainly in the osteoarthritis group.
Differences were found in the rates of appropriateness among some centers. The
complication rate did not differ among the groups based on the level of
appropriateness of the procedure.

Conclusions: The appropriate use of HJR, as measured by the
criteria established by the panel, identified a moderate percentage of
inappropriate indications. Those equivocal and inappropriate cases demand
further studies to identify patients with an adequate risk-to-benefit ratio
from this procedure.
ESTIMATING TRENDING VARIABLES IN THE PRESENCE OF FRACTIONALLY
INTEGRATED ERRORS
Authors: Tsay Wen-Jen
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the problems of estimation
and inference in the linear regression model with fractionally
integrated errors. The ordinary least squares (OLS) and
the first differenced (FD) estimators are studied. Relative
to the OLS estimators, a substantial increase in the convergence
rates of the coefficient estimator for the stochastic regressor
can be achieved by the FD estimators when the error term
is nonstationary. However, the preceding decisive results
can not always sustain when the error term is stationary.
We also find that the FD estimators can eliminate the spurious
regression because the FD t-ratio for the coefficient
estimators never diverges.
THE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING AND TEMPORAL AGGREGATION ON DISCRETE
TIME LONG MEMORY PROCESSES AND THEIR FINITE SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Authors: Hwang Soosung
Published: July 2002

This study investigates the effects of varying
sampling intervals on the long memory characteristics of
certain stochastic processes. We find that although different
sampling intervals do not affect the decay rate of discrete
time long memory autocorrelation functions in large lags,
the autocorrelation functions in short lags are affected
significantly. The level of the autocorrelation functions
moves upward for temporally aggregated processes and downward
for systematically sampled processes, and these effects
result in a bias in the long memory parameter. For the
ARFIMA(0,d,0) process, the absolute magnitude
of the long memory parameter, |d|,
of the temporally aggregated process is greater than the
|d| of the true process, which is
greater than the |d| of the systematically
sampled process. We also find that the true long memory
parameter can be obtained if we use a decay rate that is
not affected by different sampling intervals.
NEAR SEASONAL INTEGRATION
Authors: RODRIGUES PAULO M.M.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents asymptotic results for the seasonal
unit root test proposed by Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo
(1990, Journal of Econometrics 44, 215–238)
in a near integration context. The findings are important
in that they provide the asymptotic power functions of the
Hylleberg et al. statistics when the characteristic roots of
a seasonal process are local to unity. These conclusions
extend the available asymptotic results for this test and
serve as a framework for the potential development of more
powerful test procedures.