bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polarimetric second harmonic generation microscopy: An analytical tool for starch bioengineering
Authors: Cisek Richard , Tokarz Danielle , Kontenis Lukas , Barzda Virginijus , Steup Martin
Published: May 2017

Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that inherently generates signal in non‐centrosymmetric materials, such as starch granules, and therefore can be used for label‐free imaging. Both intensity and polarization of SHG are determined by material properties that are characterized by the nonlinear susceptibility tensor, χ(2). Examination of the tensor is performed for each focal volume of the image by measuring the outgoing polarization state of the SHG signal for a set of incoming laser beam polarizations. Mapping of nonlinear properties expressed as the susceptibility ratio reveals structural features including the organization of crystalline material within a single starch granule, and the distribution of structural properties in a population of granules. Isolated granules, as well as in situ starch, can be analyzed using polarimetric SHG microscopy. Due to the fast sample preparation and short imaging times, polarimetric SHG microscopy allows for a quick assessment of starch structure and permits rapid feedback for bioengineering applications. This article presents the basics of SHG theory and microscopy applications for starch‐containing materials. Quantification of ultrastructural features within individual starch granules is described. New results obtained by polarization resolved SHG microscopy of starch granules are presented for various maize genotypes revealing heterogeneity within a single starch particle and between various granules.
Incremental dynamic collapse analysis of RC core‐wall tall buildings considering spatial seismic response distributions
Authors: Emami Ali R. , Halabian Amir M.
Published: May 2017

Despite wide‐ranging studies on fragility analysis and collapse safety assessment of short to medium‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a new interest in the topic is still valuable and even necessary for tall RC buildings. This study aims at establishing fragility relationships as well as collapse probability of high‐rise RC core‐wall buildings under maximum considered earthquake ground motions. This study is carried out in a probabilistic framework on a case study of a fully 3‐dimensional numerical model developed to simulate seismic behavior of a 42‐story building having a RC core‐wall system. Proposing planar and vertical distributions of ductility and damage indices, the incremental dynamic analysis, and the multi‐direction nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were employed to reach the research goal. Median collapse‐level capacities were defined in terms of seismic responses (e.g., ductility/damage indices) as well as several intensity measures by employing statistical analyses and cumulative density functions. Available and acceptable collapse margin ratios were next estimated to quantify collapse safety at maximum considered earthquake shaking level. On an average basis, the statistics indicated 9%–10% and 5%–6% collapse probability of the building subjected to near‐ and far‐field ground motions, respectively.
Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global climate models
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , Brient Florent , Zelinka Mark D. , Hartmann Dennis L.
Published: May 2017

Cloud feedback—the change in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate response to CO2
forcing simulated by global climate models (GCMs). We review the main mechanisms for cloud feedbacks, and discuss their representation in climate models and the sources of intermodel spread. Global‐mean cloud feedback in GCMs results from three main effects: (1) rising free‐tropospheric clouds (a positive longwave effect); (2) decreasing tropical low cloud amount (a positive shortwave [SW] effect); (3) increasing high‐latitude low cloud optical depth (a negative SW effect). These cloud responses simulated by GCMs are qualitatively supported by theory, high‐resolution modeling, and observations. Rising high clouds are consistent with the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) hypothesis, whereby enhanced upper‐tropospheric radiative cooling causes anvil cloud tops to remain at a nearly fixed temperature as the atmosphere warms. Tropical low cloud amount decreases are driven by a delicate balance between the effects of vertical turbulent fluxes, radiative cooling, large‐scale subsidence, and lower‐tropospheric stability on the boundary‐layer moisture budget. High‐latitude low cloud optical depth increases are dominated by phase changes in mixed‐phase clouds. The causes of intermodel spread in cloud feedback are discussed, focusing particularly on the role of unresolved parameterized processes such as cloud microphysics, turbulence, and convection. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e465. doi: 10.1002/wcc.465

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Model Components
Synergistic Catalytic Effect of a Series of Energetic Coordination Compounds based on Tetrazole‐1‐acetic Acid on Thermal Decomposition of HMX
Authors: Qu Yuan‐Yuan , Wei Zhi‐Xian , Kang Li , Xie Fei , Zhang He‐Dan , Yue Pan
Published: May 2017

A series of energetic coordination compounds [Co(tza)2}n (1), [Bi(tza)3]n (2), {[Cu4(tza)6(OH)2]·4H2O}n (3), [Mn(tza)2]n (4), {[Bi(tza)(C2O4)(H2O)]·H2O}n (5) and [Fe3O(tza)6(H2O)3]NO3 (6) based on tetrazole‐1‐acetic acid (Htza) were synthesized though environmentally friendly methods. The coordination compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their catalytic performances and the synergetic catalytic effects between 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6 on the thermal decomposition of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) were all investigated by DSC. The results revealed that compounds 1–6 are thermally stable energetic compounds and they all exhibit high catalytic action for HMX thermal decomposition. The catalytic effects of the compounds on HMX thermal decomposition are closely related to the oxides, which come from the decomposition of the compounds, but have no positive relationships with the heat releases of the compounds themselves. Moreover, the synergetic catalytic effects between 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6 were observed. Their mixtures at different mass ratio have different synergetic catalytic effects, and the sequence of the biggest synergetic index (SI) in each system is copper‐manganese system (compounds 3 and 4) > iron‐bismuth system (compounds 5 and 6) > cobalt‐bismuth system (compounds 1 and 2), indicating that the synergistic catalytic effects are mainly related to the combination and the proportion of the compounds.
Diagnostic performance of 68Ga-PSMA-11 (HBED-CC) PET/CT in patients with recurrent prostate cancer: evaluation in 1007 patients
Authors: Afshar-Oromieh Ali , Holland-Letz Tim , Giesel Frederik L. , Kratochwil Clemens , Mier Walter , Haufe Sabine , Debus Nils , Eder Matthias , Eisenhut Michael , Schäfer Martin , Neels Oliver , Hohenfellner Markus , Kopka Klaus , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Debus Jürgen , Haberkorn Uwe
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Since the clinical introduction of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, this imaging method has rapidly spread and is now regarded as a significant step forward in the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of several variables with possible influence on PSMA ligand uptake in a large cohort.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 1007 consecutive patients who were scanned with 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (1 h after injection) from January 2014 to January 2017 to detect recurrent disease. Patients with untreated primary PCa or patients referred for PSMA radioligand therapy were excluded. The possible effects of different variables including PSA level and PSA doubling time (PSADT), PSA velocity (PSAVel), Gleason score (GSC, including separate analysis of GSC 7a and 7b), ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), patient age and amount of injected activity were evaluated.

Results

In 79.5% of patients at least one lesion with characteristics suggestive of recurrent PCa was detected. A pathological (positive) PET/CT scan was associated with PSA level and ADT. GSC, amount of injected activity, patient age, PSADT and PSAVel were not associated with a positive PET/CT scan in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT detects tumour lesions in a high percentage of patients with recurrent PCa. Tumour detection is clearly associated with PSA level and ADT. Only a tendency for an association without statistical significance was found between higher GSC and a higher probability of a pathological PET/CT scan. No associations were found between a pathological 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scan and patient age, amount of injected activity, PSADT or PSAVel.
Highly complex substrates lead to dynamic bacterial community for polyhydroxyalkanoates production
Authors: Queirós Diogo , Fonseca Alexandre , Rossetti Simona , Serafim Luísa S , Lemos Paulo C
Published: May 2017

Mixed microbial cultures (MMC) and waste/surplus substrates, as hardwood spent sulfite liquor, are being used to decrease polyhydroxyalkanoates’ (PHA) production costs. The process involves two or three steps, being the selection step a crucial one. For the industrial implementation of this strategy, reactor stability in terms of both performance and microbial community presence has to be considered. A long-term operation of a sequencing batch reactor under feast/famine conditions was performed along with microbial community identification/quantification using FISH and DGGE. The community was found to be extremely dynamic, dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, with Paracoccus and Rhodobacter present, both PHA-storing microorganisms. 16S rRNA gene clone library further revealed that side populations’ non-PHA accumulators were able to strive (Agrobacterium, Flavobacteria, and Brachymonas). Nevertheless, reactor performance in terms of PHA storage was stable during operation time. The monitoring of the MMC population evolution provided information on the relation between community structure and process operation.
Estimation of additive and epistatic gene effects of doubled haploid lines of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Bocianowski Jan , Nowosad Kamila , Dobrzycka Agnieszka , Wolko Joanna
Published: May 2017

In this paper 60 doubled haploid lines of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were studied. Genetic parameters as additive and epistasis effects were estimated for nine quantitative traits. The results indicate the importance of both additive and epistasis gene effects of number of branches per plant, number of siliques per plant, number of seeds per silique and silique length in this study.
Food Waste and the ‘Green’ Consumer
Authors: McCarthy Breda , Liu Hong Bo
Published: May 2017

While the literature on food waste has examined mainstream consumers, it has tended to overlook ‘green’ consumers. Based on a survey with 346 respondents, techniques such as cross tabulations, non-parametric tests and the ordered probit regression model were used to analyse the data. Variables such as age, making an effort to reduce food waste, guilt and anxiety about wasting food, along with knowledge of expiry dates, were associated with lower levels of food waste. Surprisingly, eating organic food was not linked with a lower propensity to waste food. There did not appear to be a large gap between attitudes towards food waste and actual behaviours. Higher income households, with young children, who eat out a lot, were more likely to waste food. A good deal of food was thrown away due to spoilage, the short shelf-life of fresh food and because people forgot about food left in the fridge. A limitation of the survey is the reliance on self-reported data for food waste. The findings have practical implications for public policy makers who wish to reduce the economic and environmental burden of food waste.
Radiology Exposure in the Undergraduate Curriculum: A Medical Student Perspective on Quality and Opportunities for Positive Change
Authors: Visscher Kari L. , Faden Lisa , Nassrallah Georges , Speer Stacey , Wiseman Daniele
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This article is a continuation of a qualitative study designed to explore how radiology exposures can impact medical student opinions and perceptions of radiology and radiologists. We focused on: 1) conducting a radiology exposure inventory from the perspective of the medical student; 2) student evaluation of the quality of the radiology exposures and suggestions for positive change; and 3) development of a framework to address the needs of medical students as it relates to radiology education in the undergraduate medical curriculum.

Methods

Research methodology and design for this qualitative study were described in detail in a previous article by Visscher et al [1] .

Results

Participants included 28 medical students; 18 were in medical school years 1 and 2 (preclerkship), and 10 were in years 3 and 4 (clerkship). Specific to the focus of this article, the data revealed 3 major findings: 1) multiple exposures to radiology exist, and they are received and valued differently depending on the medical student's stage of professional development; 2) medical students value radiology education and want their radiology exposure to be comprehensive and high quality; 3) Medical students have constructive suggestions for improving the quality of both formal and informal radiology exposures.

Conclusions

Performing a radiology exposure inventory from a medical student perspective is a useful way to explore how students receive and value radiology instruction. Medical students want a more comprehensive radiology education that can be summarized using the 5 C's of Radiology Education framework. The 5 C's (curriculum, coaching, collaborating, career and commitment) reflect medical students' desires to learn content that will support them in clinical practice, be supported in their professional development, and have the necessary information to make informed career decisions.
Genetic heterogeneity of Atlantic bluefin tuna caught in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland
Authors: Carlsson Jens , McDowell Jan R. , Carlsson Jeanette E.L. , Ólafsdóttir Droplaug , Graves John E.
Published: May 2017

Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are currently managed by the member nations of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) as distinct western and eastern stocks, separated by the 45°W meridian. Previous studies of Atlantic bluefin tuna caught in the northeast Atlantic south of Norway suggested mixing of putative stocks in the region, based on abrupt shifts in the size and condition of fish during the fishing season. By contrast, more recent studies south of Iceland reported only small differences in size of tuna caught at different times of the season in that area. To better understand the stock structure and composition of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the region, we surveyed genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci for 800 Atlantic bluefin tuna collected in experimental commercial fishing operations south of Iceland during 1999 and 2002. We tested for heterogeneity between years, between seasons within a year, between two fishing areas within the region, and between sexes. Analysis of molecular variation demonstrated slight, but significant, genetic divergence between collections of fish caught early and late in the season over the two years. These results are consistent with prior observations of Atlantic bluefin tuna of different conditions entering the fishery through the season, and suggest that the northeast Atlantic fishery represents a mixed-stock fishery including animals migrating from different areas and recruited from different spawning grounds.
Reproductive biology of catsharks (Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinidae) off the west coast of southern Africa
Authors: Ebert David A. , Compagno Leonard J.V. , Cowley Paul D.
Published: May 2017

This study presents information on the reproductive biology of five southern African catshark species: Apristurus microps, A. saldanha, Apristurus sp., Galeus polli, and Scyliorhinus capensis. They were caught between Walvis Bay, Namibia, and Cape Agulhas, South Africa, from 50 to 1016 m deep. The reproductive mode of four species was oviparous, whereas G. polli exhibited aplacental viviparity. Males of all species attained first maturity slightly larger than females, and males of the four oviparous species attained a larger LTmax than females. The length at 50% maturity was similar for males and females in most species. All species matured at an LT > 75% of LTmax except for male Apristurus spp. and female G. polli, which matured at 71.2% and 68.8%, respectively, of LTmax. The egg case of A. microps has minute tendrils, whereas those of S. capensis were quite long, suggesting different egg-laying habitats. Fecundity in G. polli ranged from 5 to 13, and litter size increased in relation to increased female length. Embryos of G. polli were large, each measuring approximately 30% of female LT. Neonates of G. polli were common and appear to have a demersal lifestyle; those of the four oviparous species were entirely absent from the study. Gravid A. microps were found in summer and winter, indicating a protracted breeding cycle, but reproductively active S. capensis were caught only in winter. Prior to this study, reproductive information on these catsharks was largely lacking.
Habitual exercise levels are associated with cerebral amyloid load in presymptomatic autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Brown Belinda M. , Sohrabi Hamid R. , Taddei Kevin , Gardener Samantha L. , Rainey‐Smith Stephanie R. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Xiong Chengjie , Fagan Anne M. , Benzinger Tammie , Buckles Virginia , Erickson Kirk I. , Clarnette Roger , Shah Tejal , Masters Colin L. , Weiner Michael , Cairns Nigel , Rossor Martin , Graff‐Radford Neill R. , Salloway Stephen , Vöglein Jonathan , Laske Christoph , Noble James , Schofield Peter R. , Bateman Randall J. , Morris John C. , Martins Ralph N.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between self‐reported exercise levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, in a cohort of autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers.

Methods

In 139 presymptomatic mutation carriers from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, the relationship between self‐reported exercise levels and brain amyloid load, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42, and CSF tau levels was evaluated using linear regression.

Results

No differences in brain amyloid load, CSF Aβ42, or CSF tau were observed between low and high exercise groups. Nevertheless, when examining only those already accumulating AD pathology (i.e., amyloid positive), low exercisers had higher mean levels of brain amyloid than high exercisers. Furthermore, the interaction between exercise and estimated years from expected symptom onset was a significant predictor of brain amyloid levels.

Discussion

Our findings indicate a relationship exists between self‐reported exercise levels and brain amyloid in autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers.
Health locus of control, body image and self-esteem in individuals with intestinal stoma
Authors: Salomé Geraldo Magela , Lima Joelma Alves de , Muniz Karina de Cássia , Faria Elaine Cristina , Ferreira Lydia Masako
Published: May 2017

Objective To evaluate the health locus of control, self-esteem, and body image in patients with an intestinal stoma.

Method A descriptive, cross-sectional, analytical study conducted at the pole of the ostomates of the city of Pouso Alegre. The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí. Opinion: 620,459. Patients: 44 patients with an intestinal stoma. Four instruments were used: a questionnaire with demographic and stomatologic data, the Health Locus of Control Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale/UNIFESP-EPM, and the Body Investment Scale. Statistics: Chi-square, Pearson, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. p < 0.05 was determined.

Results The majority of patients were over 70 years, 16 (36.4%) were female, 30 (68.2%) were married, 31 (70.5%) were retirees, 31 (70.5%) had an income of 1–3 minimum wages, 32 (72.7%) did not practice physical activity, 18 (40.9%) had an incomplete elementary education, and 35 (79.5%) participated in a support or association group. 33 (75%) participants received the stoma because of a neoplasia; and 33 (75%) had a definitive stoma. In 36 (81.8%) participants, the type of stoma used was a colostomy, and 22 (50%) measured 20–40 mm in diameter; 32 (72.7%) participants used a two-piece device. With regard to complications, there were 29 (65.9%) cases of dermatitis. The mean total score for the Health Locus of Control Scale was 62.84; for the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, 27.66; and for the Body Investment Scale, 39.48. The mean scores for the dimensions internal, powerful others, and chance of the Health Locus of Control Scale were 22.68, 20.68, and 19.50, respectively. With respect to the Body Investment Scale, for the dimensions body image, body care, and body touch, the mean scores were 11.64, 11.00, and 13.09, respectively.

Conclusion In this study, the participants showed changes in self-esteem and body image and also showed negative feelings about their body. Ostomized individuals believe that they themselves control their state of health and do not believe that other persons or entities (physician, nurse, friends, family, god, etc.) can assist them in their improvement or cure and, in addition, believe that their health is controlled by chance, without personal or other people's interference.
Comparison of echocardiographic findings in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas
Authors: Imga Narin Nasıroglu , Elalmıs Ozgul Ucar , Tuna Mazhar Muslum , Dogan Bercem Aycıcek , Sahın Deniz , Gursoy Tugba , Yalcın Yavuz , Berker Dilek , Guler Serdar
Published: May 2017

Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are usually discovered incidentally after imaging unrelated to adrenal glands. We aimed to evaluate standard risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis and echocardiographic changes in patients with nonfunctioning AIs and compare them with normal subjects. We evaluated 70 patients diagnosed with AIs and 51 healthy controls. Mean levels were determined for HbA1c, LDL, uric acid, fasting plasma insulin, HOMA, and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and these values were found to be significantly higher in the patients than the controls. The mean left atrial diameter, interventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness, left ventricular mass, E‐wave deceleration time, isovolumetric relaxation time, and the median ratio of the early transmittal flow velocity to the early diastolic tissue velocity (E/Em) were higher in patients with AIs compared to controls. The mitral annular early diastolic velocity was lower in patients with AIs. The mean aortic diastolic diameter, stiffness index (SI), and aortic strain were higher, and aortic distensibility was lower in the patients. The mean right ventricular diameter, right atrial major‐axis diameter, and right atrial minor‐axis diameter were statistically higher in the patient group than the controls. A negative correlation was found between the NLR and aortic strain and aortic distensibility, while a positive correction was found between the NLR and SI. We found altered left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) echocardiographic findings in patients with AIs without known cardiovascular disease. Aortic stiffness was also increased. These changes may be related to an increase in cardiovascular risk factors in AI patients.
Multiple‐dose ponezumab for mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease: Safety and efficacy
Authors: Landen Jaren W. , Cohen Sharon , Billing Clare B. , Cronenberger Carol , Styren Scot , Burstein Aaron H. , Sattler Catherine , Lee Jae‐Hong , Jack Clifford R. , Kantarci Kejal , Schwartz Pamela F. , Duggan William T. , Zhao Qinying , Sprenger Ken , Bednar Martin M. , Binneman Brendon
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Multiple intravenous doses of ponezumab, an anti‐amyloid antibody, were evaluated in subjects with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

In part A, 77 subjects were randomized to ponezumab 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg (75 treated) and 26 to placebo (24 treated). In part B, 63 subjects were randomized and treated with ponezumab 3 or 8.5 mg/kg and 32 with placebo. Subjects received 10 infusions over 18 months and were followed for 6 months thereafter.

Results

Ponezumab was generally safe and well tolerated. Most common adverse events were fall (16.7% ponezumab, 21.4% placebo), headache (13.8%, 21.4%), and cerebral microhemorrhage (13.8%, 19.6%). Plasma ponezumab increased dose‐dependently with limited accumulation. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration was low. Plasma Aβ1–x and Aβ1–40 showed robust increases, but cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers showed no dose response. Ponezumab had no effects on cognitive/functional outcomes or brain volume.

Conclusions

Multiple‐dose ponezumab was generally safe, but not efficacious, in mild‐to‐moderate AD.
Managing Traumatic Brain Injury: Translating Military Guidelines to the Wilderness
Authors: Otten Edward J. , Dorlac Warren C.
Published: May 2017

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury on the battlefield. Much of what medics do to manage these injuries on the battlefield can be translated to other austere environments, such as wilderness or disaster settings. The recognition and diagnosis of TBI can be difficult even in the hospital, but basic understanding of how to define a TBI and prevent secondary injuries can be accomplished with relatively few resources and little training. This article outlines what a TBI is and how to manage it in the field.
RISK MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL CRISES: AN OPTIMAL INVESTMENT STRATEGY WITH MULTIVARIATE JUMP-DIFFUSION MODELS
Authors: Wang Chou-Wen , Huang Hong-Chih
Published: May 2017

This paper provides an optimal asset allocation strategy to enhance risk management performance in the face of a financial crisis; this strategy entails constructing a good asset model – a multivariate jump-diffusion (MJD) model which includes idiosyncratic and systematic jumps simultaneously – and choosing suitable asset allocations and objective functions for fund management. This study also provides the dependence structure for the MJD model. The empirical implementation demonstrates that the proposed MJD model provides more detailed information about the financial crisis, allowing fund managers to determine an appropriate asset allocation strategy that enhances investment performance during the crisis.
Health student regard for substance-using patients as measured by the Medical Condition Regard Scale: a systematic review
Authors: Ducray K. , Pilch M.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

As clinical impartiality is an accepted basic principle of ethical practice, any proactive exercises that may inform selection, training, clinical placements, and other interventions, which promote future positive and equitable professional conduct, thus guarding against future discriminatory attitudes are germane. Within this context, the purpose of this review was to identify trends and patterns in health student, namely future practitioners’, regard for substance-using patients using the Medical Condition Regard Scale.

Methods

Six electronic databases were systematically searched for studies that used the Medical Condition Regard Scale as an outcome measure in assessing health student regard for drug-using patients. Academics who had published in this area were also consulted to recommend texts that would complement the above citation sourcing process. Following an elimination of duplicates, the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as conducting citation searches, 16 studies were incorporated in the final review. Although the quality of all included studies was satisfactory, no study was free from a potential source of bias.

Results

This review found that patients with drug-use problems were consistently held in the lowest echelons of regard by trainee health practitioners. The impact of sex, age, year of course, and personal exposure to mental health difficulties in predicting negative regard was unclear.

Conclusions

Unless addressed, patients with drug problems may have a high potential for future treatment marginalisation by tomorrow’s health professionals. This scenario needs to be proactively managed by all stakeholders through a greater investment in educational and clinical training placement opportunities.
MULTI-POLY-BERNOULLI NUMBERS AND RELATED ZETA FUNCTIONS
Authors: KANEKO MASANOBU , TSUMURA HIROFUMI
Published: May 2017

We construct and study a certain zeta function which interpolates multi-poly-Bernoulli numbers at nonpositive integers and whose values at positive integers are linear combinations of multiple zeta values. This function can be regarded as the one to be paired up with the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D709}$-function defined by Arakawa and Kaneko. We show that both are closely related to the multiple zeta functions. Further we define multi-indexed poly-Bernoulli numbers, and generalize the duality formulas for poly-Bernoulli numbers by introducing more general zeta functions.
Anti-parasitic effect of novel amidines against Trypanosoma cruzi: phenotypic and in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity analysis
Authors: NEFERTITI ALINE SILVA DA GAMA , BATISTA MARCOS MEUSER , DA SILVA PATRÍCIA BERNARDINO , TORRES-SANTOS EDUARDO CAIO , CUNHA-JÚNIOR EDEZIO F. , GREEN JULIUS , KUMAR ARVIND , FARAHAT ABDELBASSET A. , BOYKIN DAVID WILSON , SOEIRO MARIA DE NAZARE CORREIA
Published: May 2017

New more selective and potent drugs are urgently need to treat Chagas disease (CD). Among the many synthetic compounds evaluated againstTrypanosoma cruzi, aromatic amidines (AAs) and especially arylimidamides (AIAs) have potent activity against this parasite. Presently, the effect of four mono-amidines (DB2228, DB2229, DB2292 and DB2294), four diamidines (DB2232, DB2235, DB2251 and DB2253) and one AIA (DB2255) was screenedin vitroagainst different forms (bloodstream trypomastigotes – BT and intracellular forms) and strains from discrete typing unit (DTU) I and VI ofT. cruziand their cytotoxic profile on mammalian host cells. Except for DB2253, all molecules were as active as benznidazole (Bz), resulting in 50% of reduction in the number of alive BT, with EC50ranging from 2·7 to 10·1µmafter 24 h of incubation. DB2255 was also the most potent against amastigotes (Tulahuen strain) showing similar activity to that of Bz (3µm).In silicoabsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity analysis demonstrated probability of human intestinal adsorption, while mutagenicity and inhibition of hERG1 were not predicted, besides giving acceptable predicted volumes of distribution. Our findings contribute for better knowledge regarding the biological effect of this class of aromatic molecules againstT. cruziaiming to identify novel promising agent for CD therapy.
Dead useful; methods for quantifying baseline variability in stranding rates to improve the ecological value of the strandings record as a monitoring tool
Authors: ten Doeschate Mariel T.I. , Brownlow Andrew C. , Davison Nicholas J. , Thompson Paul M.
Published: May 2017

The ecological value of the stranding record is often challenged due to the complexity in quantifying the biases associated with multiple components of the stranding process. There are biological, physical and social aspects that complicate the interpretation of stranding data particularly at a population level. We show how examination of baseline variability in the historical stranding record can provide useful insights into temporal trends and facilitate the detection of unusual variability in stranding rates. Seasonal variability was examined using harbour porpoise strandings between 1992 and 2014 on the east coast of Scotland. Generalized Additive Mixed modelling revealed a strong seasonal pattern, with numbers increasing from February towards a peak in April. Profiling seasonality this way facilitates detection of unusual variations in stranding frequencies and permits for any change in the incidence of strandings to be quantified by evaluation of the normalized model residuals. Consequently, this model can be used to identify unusual mortality events, and quantify the degree to which they deviate from baseline. With this study we demonstrate that a described baseline in strandings allows the detection of abnormalities at an early stage and can be used as a regional framework of reference for monitoring. This methodology provides means to quantify and partition the variability associated with strandings data and is a useful first step towards improving the stranding record as a management resource.
Rural Community Development: A Community State Approach
Authors: Conrad Jon M. , Field Barry C.
Published: May 2017

Research in rural community development is being pursued in a number of different directions. One of these is the identification and analysis of economic development alternatives facing rural communities. A second is the clarification and study of the preferences that rural communities may have with respect to these alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework for integrating these two thrusts in rural development research.
Land Values as a Measure of Returns to Water Resource Investments
Authors: Colyer Dale , Selzer Leslie J.
Published: May 2017

The role that natural resources play in economic development and the effects of investments in natural resources on economic development have been matters of disagreement among economists. An excellent review of the arguments was given by Jansma in his analysis of studies on the investment in small watershed projects for S-71, a Southern Regional Research project C3). The general conclusion was that there were few measurable effects on employment and income from such projects and that these generally were noticeable only after a lag of several years. Colyer, however, in a study of the effects of natural resources on the levels and changes in income and employment in West Virginia concluded that there were links, although not necessary ones, between resource endowments and measures of economic development (1).
Economic Analysis of Alternative Manure Handling Systems by Size of Dairy Herd
Authors: Lessley Billy V. , Via James E.
Published: May 2017

Sensitivity of the general public to pollution of air, water and land has been rapidly increasing as urban development spreads into rural areas of Maryland, the Northeast and the nation. Among the rural groups who have become vitally concerned with this situation are dairy farmers. They are especially concerned over impending regulations for handling animal wastes and the possible effect on the economics of dairy operations.
“Farm Corporations” on the DEZ – Iran's Approach to Rural Development
Authors: Park William L.
Published: May 2017

Shamsabad is a small rural village in the Khusestan region of southwestern Iran and within sight of ancient Persepolis, the magnificent city of the Persian Empire. In 1969, its 80 farm families and 60 laborer families were living at near subsistence levels in a mud-walled village about the size of 20 city blocks. They were dependent upon a non-technical and comparatively primitive agriculture which had existed in the region for many generations.
Observations from a Recent Economic-Development Study for the Livestock-Meat Industry in Panama
Authors: Agnew Donald B.
Published: May 2017

My observations are drawn from an economic-feasibility study for additional cattle slaughtering plants in the Republic of Panama, including aspects of technology as well as location and scale, supply and competition, transportation and market outlets. The study was made early in 1972 during a short-term assignment to the U.S. AID mission in Panama. In making the Panama study I was able to avoid many inadequacies I had encountered in similar studies of proposed new cattle slaughter plants for economic development at various locations in the United States and South America. There were contrasts in these situations and a broader challenge in the Panama study.
Evaluating Land-Use Alternatives in Rural-Urban Fringe Areas
Authors: Lee Robert E. , Christensen Robert L.
Published: May 2017

In rapidly urbanizing areas, conflicts exist between agricultural and urban uses of land. There has been both a concentration of people in metropolitan area boundaries and a spreading of those boundaries, a move away from the densely populated urban centers. Urban people and industry have been moving outward into fringe areas in a search for more living space, the amenities offered by a pastoral landscape, and to escape from the congestion, high living costs, and lack of privacy in more concentrated urban areas.
Four-Legged Recycling Machines
Authors: Benson Fred J. , Stinson Walter P.
Published: May 2017

Society's growing concern over environmental pollution has forced American industry to reevaluate its methods of waste disposal. No longer is it socially acceptable or, in many cases, legal to dump untreated by-products into the air, on the land, or into the rivers. Industries have developed various methods for complying with pollution legislation and social demands. Paramount among the programs now in effect are detoxification facilities and waste recycling programs.
Towards a Coordinated Information System for Natural Resource Planning
Authors: Schneider Lee D. , Derr Donn A.
Published: May 2017

From 1940 to 1970 the population of the United States and particularly the Northeast has increased rapidly. The population of the United States has grown from approximately 132 to 203 million people, while the increase in the Northeast was from 36 to 49 million. This constitutes a 54 percent increase in the United States’ population and a change in density from 37 to 57 people per square mile. For the Northeast, which is already the most densely populated region of the United States (New Jersey having 953 people per square mile), the expansion was from 134 to 182 people per square mile, representing a 36 percent increase.
Opportunities for New Competition
Authors: Toleman William J.
Published: May 2017

We see our large manufacturing industries getting bigger and bigger and our economic theory getting weaker and weaker. When a corporation controls more wealth than most countries in the world, it makes us uncomfortable. When some companies are large enough to spend millions of dollars exploring the Alaskan oil fields, while other companies struggle to maintain their business, inequalities, imagined or real, are present, which go against our “common-sense nature.”
An Interindustry Model for Indicative, Regional Water Resource Planning: Some Preliminary Results
Authors: Feld Sidney E. , Grigalunas Thomas A. , Frye Richard
Published: May 2017

Resource economists, planners, and local, state and regional officials have long been concerned with water quality and supply management issues within the New England area. The primary responsibility for the planning and implementation of the majority of water resource programs within the region rests with local and state authorities. There are, however, efforts to approach many water supply and quality problems, particularly those which extend over a number of municipal and state jurisdictions, on a coordinated, regional basis, for example, through the various federal-state River Basins Commissions established throughout the United States.
Urban Growth and the Taxation of Agricultural Land in the Northeast
Authors: Epp Donald J.
Published: May 2017

The rapid population growth of the United States and the well documented concentration of that population into a few major metropolitan areas has caused significant amounts of land to shift from agricultural to urban uses. Since World War II, the shifts in land use have caused considerable concern in the Northeast, particularly in those states containing parts of the BosWash megolopolis. Concern over the loss of open space land and the rapid decline in agricultural firms led several state legislatures to consider methods of halting, or at least controlling, the spread of cities into the rural hinterland. Maryland was the first state to pass legislation to protect open space and agriculture, enacting its law in 1955. Connecticut followed with its law in 1963 and New Jersey in 1964. All of these legislative acts declare that it is in the public interest to preserve open space lands, including farms and forests. The wording may vary from state to state but the intent is clear. These legislatures were trying to hold land in open space uses, or at least to avoid forcing their conversion because of high taxes.
Open Code Dating
Authors: Shottenfeld Claire
Published: May 2017

During the past several years there has been increasing interest in “consumer protection”, and much emphasis has been placed on the provision of sufficient information to enable consumers to make wise choices. Currently there is a controversy as to whether information concerning food products should include a date printed in a form that is meaningful to the consumer. The question is not whether dating should be used at all, since most manufacturers do mark on their products the date of manufacture and other information, in coded form. The question, rather, is whether the consumer should be able to read or de-code the date information, or whether such information should remain unknown to the buyer.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Work Force Status of Local Hired Farm Workers in Delaware and West Virginia
Authors: Bieker Richard F. , Elterich Joachim G.
Published: May 2017

Two general approaches have dominated recent discussions with regard to reducing the incidence of poverty among rural households headed by working age poor. One approach has stressed the need for increasing job opportunities for residents of rural areas. The other has stressed the need for increasing the level of investment in human capital to enhance the productivity and employability of people in rural areas. While these are basically complementary rather than alternative approaches to reducing the incidence of poverty among the working age poor in rural communities, integrative analyses encompassing both of these approaches have been lacking.
Critical Mass of Agriculture and the Maintenance of Productive Open Space
Authors: Dhillon Pritam S. , Derr Donn A.
Published: May 2017

In recent years there has been increased concern over the maintenance of open space by various levels of government. Planning agencies and environmentalists have recognized that the quality of the environment and specifically air quality is in large part dependent upon wise land use planning. However, the role of agriculture in terms of what it can contribute to the maintenance of productive open space has not been fully recognized by the planners. Lands in close proximity to metropolitan centers have been looked upon as a potential supply for the more intensive uses while agriculture has been considered as a residual user.
“QEP”–A New Method of Rural Planning
Authors: Sargent Frederic O.
Published: May 2017

Since its emergence in the early part of this century, planning in the United States has been predominantly urban. Regional planning of watersheds, has received some attention but planning for rural areas has not been widely practiced, nor has it been taught in planning schools. Support for this generalization may be found in planning texts which consider 50,000 population a “small” municipality. Further evidence is found in town plans prepared through support of federal “701” funds during the past decade. These plans are usually for expansion of urban facilities and services and ignore exclusively rural land uses. Planning in England presents a contrast. It is appropriately referred to as “town and country planning” as it covers the range of land use intensities from agricultural to the highest value urban block as interrelated and interconnected parts of a single fabric.
Agriculture in an Unstable Economy–Revisited
Authors: Shultz Theodore W.
Published: May 2017

Like having a child, a book is labor intensive and, if it survives infancy, it takes on a life of its own. People tell you it looks like you, which is no compliment. You can't disown it when it gets into trouble. Admittedly, Agriculture in An Unstable Economy is a good name to have; it got through six printings and, for all I know, because of its name. Now that it looks as old as its parent, I am asked to talk about it with no assurance that what gets said can be erased.
The Demand for Packaged Mums
Authors: Jensen Farrell E. , Kirschling Patrick J.
Published: May 2017

The principal sales outlet for floral products has traditionally been the retail florist shop. Florist shops have performed many market functions including arranging, delivery, information, and credit. The sale of flowers through mass outlets started on a limited scale prior to World War II. Recently, however, supermarkets have demonstrated a greater interest in the floricultural business. Consequently, many chains have included florist shops in their stores or in adjacent areas. Others have become involved, on a smaller scale, by stocking a limited number of plants in the produce departments of the individual stores on a regular or seasonal basis.
Sales Response to Generic Promotion Efforts and Some Implications of Milk Advertising on Economic Surplus
Authors: Thompson Stanley R.
Published: May 2017

Each year various agricultural commodity groups spend millions of dollars advertising and promoting their respective products. Typically such “demand creating” attempts have been purported as a panacea for low producer returns despite their unevaluated performance records. Notwithstanding the magnitude of these promotional expenditures, the literature is scarce regarding the effect of advertising on commodity sales. Such knowledge would provide an invaluable input for promotion expenditure decisions and a means to evaluate the effects of advertising and promotion on economic surplus.
The Feasibility of Marketing Maine Raised Oysters
Authors: Dunham Wallace C.
Published: May 2017

At the present time the value of oyster production in Maine is minimal because the native species, Crassostrea virginica, will not survive in economic numbers, through the larval stage in Maine's cold waters. There is some indication that Ostrea edulis (the European oyster) can withstand colder temperatures and may in fact thrive in Maine's cold waters, offering an alternative for coastal economic growth. This species is raised on a scale and under continuous culture from juvenile to marketable size in other parts of the world. These factors all favor the establishment of a fishery for Ostrea edulis in Maine by adapting the proven hatchery, rearing, and mariculture techniques for this species to Maine's cold water environment. As other scientists began looking into the biological and engineering aspects of raising oysters in Maine it became necessary to consider the marketing aspects of such a venture.
An Approach to Rating Environmental Quality in Seasonal Home Communities
Authors: Gamble Hays B.
Published: May 2017

Some kinds of research dealing with environmental problems are faced with the need to measure the relative qualities of different environmental situations. The assessment of environmental impact for resource development projects (including the no-build alternative) when alternative locations are considered implicity involves a comparison of the qualities of different environments. Russell Train, Head of the EPA, has made a plea for the development of environmental indices. There have been a number of attempts to quantatively rank or rate environmental situations. Economists are emphasizing the need to objectively measure the value of environmental attributes, and considerable work has been done in trying to understand the way in which people perceive environmental attributes.