bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPLEX MODEL FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE LOCATION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IN THE CITY URBAN STRUCTURE
Authors: Tamošaitienė Jolanta , Šipalis Juozapas , Banaitis Audrius , Gaudutis Ernestas
Published: April 2013

As the economic conditions in Eastern European countries were changing, so were changing the visions of urban development, which came to be associated with private property and a pursuit of business investments. One of the most important tasks in urban planning today remains efficient models to find a place for high-rise buildings in the urban pattern. The paper aims to identify the most efficient ways to locate high-rise buildings in Vilnius, in reference to many years of related experience of other European cities. Article presents a multi-stage complex assessment model for the location of high-rise buildings in the urban structure. The proposed model is composed from three decision making methods. The first method applied in our research was the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), which allows assessing current European practices with different models for the location of high-rise buildings in the urban pattern. To determine the weights of criteria reflecting social-economic, political and aesthetic urban planning aspects, the method of expert judgement was used. The next method used was SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), which makes it possible to rank the best alternatives of high-rise buildings location using a pre-selected set of criteria. The research proves that SWOT, expert judgment and SAW are appropriate methods for various kinds of urban planning tasks.
Empirical analysis of income inequalities and welfare among farmers in South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Agwu NM , Orji CO
Published: April 2013

The study analysed income inequalities and welfare of farmers in South Eastern Nigeria, using Abia State where the occupation of majority is farming. Specifically, the study accessed the income inequalities of the farmers; determine the factors that influence welfare among the farmers in the study area; and made recommendations based on the findings. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for this study. First, two Local Government Areas were selected from each of the three agricultural zones. From these Local Government Areas, three communities were chosen. Finally, a random selection of twenty farmers was selected each from the three communities, bringing total of one hundred and eighty (180) farmers/respondents. Primary source of data was used for the study. This was actualized with questionnaire administered to the already selected respondents. The study employed Gini-coefficient and multiple regression in the analysis of the data collected. The Gini coefficient value was 0.67, showing that there was high income inequality in the study area. The regression result that determined the factors influencing farmer’s welfare showed that marital status, farm size, access to credit, value of access, cost of labour, farming experience and household size were major determinants of farmers’ welfare. The study recommended that government policies targeted at farmers should be strengthened, cost saving technologies should be introduced and farmer educated to adopt such measures, amongst others. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v8i1.5378The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, vol.8, no1 p.36-42
Multiple Pancreatic Pseudocysts Treated with Endoscopic Transpapillary Drainage
Authors: Bikhchandani Jai , Suraweera Duminda B. , Upchurch Bennie R.
Published: April 2013

Management of a solitary pancreatic pseudocyst with endoscopic transpapillary stent drainage is a well recognized treatment modality. Endoscopic options are however limited in the presence of multiple pancreatic pseudocysts. Conventionally surgery has been the mainstay of treatment in this situation. In this case report, we present a patient with multiple pancreatic pseudocysts who was successfully treated via transpapillary placement of pancreatic duct stent.
An updated and quality controlled surface mass balance dataset for Antarctica
Authors: Favier V. , Agosta C. , Parouty S. , Durand G. , Delaygue G. , Gallée H. , Drouet A.-S. , Trouvilliez A. , Krinner G.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We present an updated and quality controlled surface mass balance (SMB) database for the Antarctic ice sheet. Importantly, the database includes formatted metadata, such as measurement technique, elevation, time covered, etc, which allows any user to filter out the data. Here, we discard data with limited spatial and temporal representativeness, too small measurement accuracy, or lack of quality control. Applied to the database, this filtering process gives four times more reliable data than when applied to previously available databases. New data with high spatial resolution are now available over long traverses, and at low elevation in some areas. However, the quality control led to a considerable reduction in the spatial density of data in several regions, particularly over West Antarctica. Over interior plateaus, where the SMB is low, the spatial density of measurements remains high. This quality controlled dataset was compared to results from ERA-Interim reanalysis to assess whether field data allow us to reconstruct an accurate description of the main SMB distribution features in Antarctica. We identified large areas where data gaps impede model validation: except for very few areas (e.g., Adelie Land), measurements in the elevation range between 200 m and 1000 m above sea level are not regularly distributed and do not allow a thorough validation of models in such regions with complex topography, where the highest scattering of SMB values is reported. Clearly, increasing the spatial density of field measurements at low elevations, in the Antarctic Peninsula and in West Antarctica is a scientific priority.
The effect of black carbon on reflectance of snow in the accumulation area of glaciers in the Baspa basin, Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kulkarni A. V. , Vinay Kumar G. , Negi H. S. , Srinivasan J. , Satheesh S. K.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are being extensively debated in scientific and public forums, as changes in their distribution can significantly affect the availability of water in many rivers originating in the region. The distribution of glaciers can be influenced by mass balance, and most of the glaciers located in the Pir Panjal and Greater Himalayan mountain ranges are losing mass at the rate of almost a meter per year. The Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) has also shifted upward by 400 m in the last two decades. This upward migration of ELA and the loss in mass could have been influenced by changes in temperature, precipitation and by the deposition of black carbon in the accumulation area of glaciers. The deposition of black carbon can reduce the albedo of snow in the accumulation area leading to faster melting of snow and causing more negative mass balance. In this investigation, a change in reflectance in the accumulation area of the Baspa basin is analysed for the year 2009, as the region has experienced extensive forest fires along with northern Indian biomass burning. The investigation has shown that: (1) The number of forest fires in the summer of 2009 was substantially higher than in any other year between 2001 and 2010; (2) the drop in reflectance in the visible region from April to May in the accumulation area was significantly higher in the year 2009 than in any other year from 2000 to 2012; (3) the temperature of the region was substantially lower than the freezing point during the active fire period of 2009, indicating the small influence of liquid water and grain size; (4) the drop in reflectance was observed only in the visible region, indicating role of contamination; (5) in the visible region, a mean drop in reflectance of 21± 5% was observed during the active fire period in the accumulation area. At some places, the drop was as high as 50 ± 5%. This can only be explained by the deposition of black carbon. The study suggests that a change in snow albedo in the accumulation area due to the deposition of black carbon from anthropogenic and natural causes can influence the mass balance of the glaciers in the Baspa basin, Himachal Pradesh, India.
The Christmas—Easter Shift: Simulating Alpine Ski Resorts' Future Development under Climate Change Conditions Using the Parameter ‘Optimal Ski Day’
Authors: Berghammer Anja , Schmude Jürgen
Published: April 2013

Ski tourism is strongly influenced by climate change. The economic success of ski tourism regions depends on both the quantity and quality of the ski resorts' opening days. However, to date there has been little research on the quality of ski season opening days. The purpose of this paper is to develop and apply a parameter that enables us to assess the future development of ski seasons in a differentiated way. The results show a decrease of ski area opening days from 2011 to 2060 in the investigation area in general and a trend to an intra-seasonal postponing of optimal ski days, labelled the ‘Christmas– Easter shift’. The parameter developed contributes to our understanding of climate change effects on the tourism supply-side at a regional scale and offers decision support to ski lift operators or tourism associations in terms of adaptation measures.
Modelagem do carbono orgânico total e da lenha por unidade de área para bracatingais nativos
Authors: Souza Ronan Felipe de , Machado Sebastião do Amaral , Filho Afonso Figueiredo , Koehler Henrique Soares
Published: April 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988446O conceito de fixação de carbono normalmente se relaciona com a ideia de armazenar reservas de carbono em solos, florestas e outros tipos de vegetação. A presente pesquisa objetivou a modelagem do carbono orgânico total da parte aérea e da lenha por unidade de área fixada em povoamentos de bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Bentham) na região metropolitana de Curitiba. Os dados são provenientes de 272 parcelas temporárias com idades variando de 3 a 18 anos. Foram testados 21 modelos tradicionais: 10 aritméticos e 11 logarítmicos; foram também desenvolvidos modelos pelo processo Stepwise a partir de uma matriz de correlação. As equações ajustadas foram comparadas pelo coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), erro padrão da estimativa percentual (Syx%), teste F e distribuição gráfica de resíduos. A correlação linear simples entre as variáveis utilizadas diferenciou-se daqueles resultados tradicionalmente encontrados para o volume dos povoamentos. Este resultado foi também constatado no ajuste dos modelos matemáticos por Stepwise, nos quais, a variável altura total média não compôs nenhum dos modelos ajustados. Apesar de eficientes, as equações tradicionais selecionadas mostraram-se menos acuradas que as equações ajustadas por Stepwise, reforçando a importância e a melhoria que este método representa para estudos de modelagem.
Seleção de espécies da floresta ombrófila densa e indicação da densidade de plantio na restauração florestal de áreas degradadas na Amazônia
Authors: Salomão Rafael Paiva , Santana Antônio Cordeiro , Brienza Júnior Sílvio
Published: April 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988448A identificação de espécies-chave que influenciam a ocorrência das demais espécies associadas é de fundamental importância para o sucesso da restauração florestal em áreas degradadas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho apresentar um índice fitossociológico e socioeconômico (IFSE), obtido por técnicas de análise fatorial, cujo modelo envolveu seis variáveis quantitativas (abundância, frequência, dominância, biomassa, valor comercial da madeira e quantidade de produtos florestais não madeireiros) e igual número de variáveis qualitativas, cuja variável dummy assumiu valor igual a 1 para aquelas espécies cujos maiores valores acumulados equivaleram a 50 % do total para cada uma das variáveis quantitativas analisadas. A amostra para o inventário florestal em 407 ha de floresta ombrófila densa foi composta por 80 parcelas de 0,25 ha (4,91 % de intensidade amostral) onde todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo (DAP) ≥ 10 cm foram identificados e mensurados. Foram registrados 10.105 indivíduos, distribuídos em 493 espécies, abrangendo 58 famílias. As espécies foram ranqueadas através do índice proposto em três categorias de prioridade fitossociológica e socioeconômica (alta, média e baixa). A adequação da análise fatorial foi determinada pelos testes Bartlett e KMO. O teste de Bartlett avaliou a significância geral da matriz de correlação indicando que as correlações, em geral, são significantes ao nível de 1 % de probabilidade. O teste KMO, indicou que as variáveis estão correlacionadas e o modelo fatorial apresentou um nível muito bom de adequação aos dados. Estes resultados respaldaram o emprego da análise fatorial para a extração de fatores e a estimação dos escores fatoriais. Os resultados foram estatisticamente validados para a construção do IFSE e, 25 espécies foram selecionadas como prioritárias (espécies-chave). Recomendou-se a densidade de plantio para essas espécies florestais na recuperação de áreas degradadas na Amazônia.
Análise das causas da deterioração dos postes de madeira da Ilha do Mel, Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Kumode Marina Mieko Nishidate , Moreschi João Carlos , Muñiz Graciela Inés Bolzon de , Nisgoski Silvana , Ferracin Ricardo José , Tanobe Valcineide Oliveira de Andrade
Published: April 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988455Objetivou-se a quantificação química dos preservantes, identificação anatômica da espécie florestal e dos principais agentes deterioradores dos postes de madeira de uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica da Ilha do Mel, no litoral do Estado do Paraná. Além disso, foram propostas formas de prolongar a vida útil do poste em uso. Os postes foram caracterizados anatomicamente e a identificação e quantificação química foram realizadas por meio de análise colorimétrica e absorção atômica. Avaliou-se a retenção média amostral pelo teste t de Student e na comparação entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste de Fisher. A identificação dos agentes deterioradores foi realizada de acordo com a inspeção visual, com o auxílio de pequenas ferramentas. As análises anatômicas identificaram os postes como sendo da espécie Eucalyptus grandis. Os testes químicos qualitativos revelaram a presença de preservante arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e borato de cobre cromatado (CCB) tendo os índices de retenção para CCA apresentado valores inferiores ao mínimo recomendado. Os resultados da inspeção visual indicaram ataques por pica-paus, fungos e cupins. Para o modelo de gerenciamento foram propostas ações integradas desde o recebimento da matéria-prima, monitoramento e manutenção dos postes.
Ocorrência (novo registro) de lobo-guará chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) (carnivora, canidae) no sul do Brasil
Authors: Pinto Leandro Chisté , Duarte Marcelo Maisonette
Published: April 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988459No presente estudo é apresentado o registro da ocorrência de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger 1815) em uma área de campo úmido adjacente a faixa de mata ciliar do rio Ibicuí, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A espécie foi encontrada através do uso de armadilhas fotográficas e da procura de vestígios em transecções pré-estabelecidas na área, como parte de um programa de monitoramento ambiental de um projeto silvicultural.
User-Generated Content and travel planning: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Mendes Filho Luiz Augusto Machado , Tan Felix B , Mills Annette
Published: April 2013

User-Generated Content (UGC) such as online travel reviews written by travelers and posted to virtual communities are being used more frequently to communicate travel-related information. UGC is therefore helping travelers to make decisions about their travel. Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which is one of the most comprehensive models explaining behavioral intention, this study contributes to the further development of theories of online consumer behavior by determining which factors are most important in relation to the use of UGC in the travel industry. The TPB has three independent determinants of behavioral intention: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control. Therefore the aim of this paper is to examine the roles of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control in respect of travelers’ intention to use UGC when making travel plans.
Editorial
Authors: Anjos Sara Joana Gadotti dos , Corrêa Cynthia Harumy Watanabe
Published: April 2013

A Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo (RBTur), em seu v.6, n.3, de 2012, é composta de 08 artigos e um relato de evento.
Thin Inorganic Porous Hollow Fiber Membranes
Authors: Luiten‐Olieman Mieke W. J. , Raaijmakers Michiel J. T. , Nijmeijer Arian , Benes Nieck E.
Published: April 2013

Extensive research has been performed on inorganic hollow fibers by dry–wet spinning of a particle loaded polymer solution, followed by thermal treatment. Several research groups have shown this approach to be feasible for variety of inorganic particles. Various studies are available on possibilities to tailor fiber properties and dimensions by changing the spinning solution, spinning conditions, and thermal treatment strategies. In this chapter, the emphasis is on preparation of inorganic hollow fibers with exceptionally small outer diameters. The small fiber diameters are obtained through extensive shrinkage of ‘green fibers’, upon heating above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The extensive shrinkage is attributed to viscous removal of macro voids, present in the green fiber. For different inorganic materials a particle specific range is identified in which viscous deformation is possible; below a minimal particle concentration it is not possible to sinter particles together and above a critical particle volume fraction viscous transport is hindered by a sharp increase in viscosity.
Track‐Etching
Authors: Apel P. Yu.
Published: April 2013

Track‐etch membranes (TMs) are produced by irradiating polymer films with highly ionizing particles followed by chemical etching. They differ from most conventional polymeric membranes because of their precisely controlled structure. Their pore size, shape, and density can be varied in a controllable manner to produce membranes with the required retention and transport properties. Polymer films are irradiated with either fission fragments or accelerated ions to form the so‐called latent tracks. The process of track etching then converts the latent tracks into hollow channels. Different etching methods have been developed that allow for the formation of cylindrical, conical, funnel‐like, cigar‐like, and other shapes of track‐etched pores. Commercial TMs are produced from polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide, and their basic properties are presented in this article. TMs are used for diverse applications such as precise filters, model capillary systems, porous substrates, and templates for the synthesis of micro‐ and nanostructured materials.
Biological and Biomimetic Membranes
Authors: Kumar Manish , Shen Yue‐xiao , Saboe Patrick O.
Published: April 2013

This chapter focuses on lipid and polymer‐based biomimetic membranes for separations. We first discuss the structure, organization, and transport properties of biological membranes that form the inspiration for biomimetic membranes with a focus on aspects relevant to synthetic membrane development. This is followed by a description of the novel properties and current strategies for synthesis of biomimetic membranes. Lipid and polymer‐based membranes are discussed as well as the emerging area of artificial‐channel‐based membranes. A short outlook on the advancements needed for commercialization of biomimetic membranes is also presented.
Membrane‐Based Techniques for Nuclear Waste Processing
Authors: Pabby Anil Kumar , Sonawane Jagannath V. , Sastre Ana M.
Published: April 2013

Membrane methods can be considered as the most energy‐saving separation techniques. Separation abilities of membranes allow the elimination of many noneffective and energy‐consuming methods and their replacement by new, modern technologies that are environment friendly. Application of membrane methods for the treatment of liquid radioactive wastes (LRWs) requires solving many problems connected with the proper selection of the membranes, membrane modules, and other equipment according to local conditions: chemical and radiochemical composition of the effluents treated, their activity, and total salinity. For the past few years, membrane‐based processing of a nuclear plant's radioactive wastes, radioactive liquids in general, is rapidly gaining acceptance within the nuclear industry. Installations working in the nuclear industry have to fulfill very stringent requirements. They ought to be reliable, and constructed from special materials defined by separate regulations. This article focuses on existing information on the application of membrane technology in the nuclear industry and covers recent advances, particularly in the field of LRW processing on pilot and plant scales.
Enantioselective Membranes
Authors: Yoshikawa Masakazu , Higuchi Akon
Published: April 2013

The enantioseparation (optical resolution or chiral separation) of one specific enantiomer from others is in demand in the pharmaceutical production industry because most pharmaceuticals are stereoisomers, with each enantiomer possessing different biological activity. There is considerable demand for separation techniques appropriate for the large‐scale resolution of chiral molecules. Enantioseparation of racemic mixtures of pharmaceuticals through enantioselective (chiral) or achiral polymeric membranes with or without a chiral selector is a desirable system for future commercial application(s). This article describes several polymeric materials for the enantioselective (chiral) separation of pharmaceuticals. Enantioselective membranes were prepared from chiral polymers from which enantioselectivity was generated from chiral carbons in the main chain. However, it is rather difficult to generate enantioselective membranes with high selectivity from chiral polymers alone because the racemic penetrants interact with the flexible side chains of the membranes. Therefore, enantioseparation membranes were prepared using polymers with a chiral branch. The chiral branch, which possesses the ability to specifically interact with drugs, was immobilized in enantioseparation membranes. Cyclodextrins (CDs), crown ether derivatives, albumin, and DNA have all been typically selected as stereoselective ligands in enantioseparation membranes. Nanofiber membranes, electrospun from enantioselective polymers, have also been developed for use in enantioselective membranes that were prepared using recent developments in nanotechnology and should be useful for efficient enantioseparation because of high flux and high enantioselectivity. A molecularly imprinted polymeric membrane, formed by interactions with a “template” chiral molecule, has also been reported to serve as an enantioselective membrane, although the polymer composing the enantioselective membrane did not contain any chiral molecules. There are two basic methods of preparing molecularly imprinted membranes: covalent and noncovalent molecular imprinting. In both methods, the template molecules are selected for their interactions with the functional group of the imprinted polymeric membranes, and the templates are subsequently removed from the membranes. Finally, this article discusses future trends in polymeric materials for enantioselective membranes.
Effects of Oxytocin on Women's Aggression Depend on State Anxiety
Authors: Campbell Anne , Hausmann Markus
Published: April 2013

Research on oxytocin (OT) indicates that it has stress reducing effects. This leads to opposing predictions of decreased and increased aggression which we examine in this study. Following completion of a state anxiety measure and administration of OT or a placebo, female participants took part in a competitive aggression game (PSAP) for a monetary prize which, if won, would be paid to a loved one. In the game, three options were available: participants could earn points; attack their opponent by deducting points; and defend themselves against point deduction by their opponent. There was no main effect of OT on these responses, however there was an interaction with state anxiety. In the placebo condition, women higher in state anxiety showed a significantly higher ratio of Attack‐to‐Earn responses than low anxiety women. Under oxytocin, there was a significant reduction in their Attack:Earn ratio resulting in no significant difference between high and low state anxiety groups. There was a similar trend for the Defend:Earn ratio. The reduction of reactive aggression in state anxious women supports the view that OT may decrease negative behavior and increase constructive behavior even under conditions of provocation. Aggr. Behav. 39:316–322, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Anvil Alignment on Shearing Patterns in High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Huang Yi , Kawasaki Megumi , Langdon Terence G.
Published: April 2013

A two‐phase duplex stainless steel was used as a model material in order to investigate the development of flow patterns when processing using high‐pressure torsion (HPT). The results show that double‐swirls are visible on the disc surfaces when processing with controlled amounts of anvil misalignment but not when the anvils are in an essentially perfect alignment. There are also shear vortices visible on the disc surfaces when processing with controlled amounts of misalignment but not when using perfect alignment. These results demonstrate the need for exercising significant care when processing discs by HPT. Prior to introducing torsional straining, it is important to ensure that the upper and lower anvils are in good alignment to within ≈25 µm.
High Temperature Deformation and Microstructural Features of TXA321 Magnesium Alloy: Correlations with Processing Map
Authors: Dharmendra Chalasani , Rao Kamineni Pitcheswara , Prasad Yellapregada Venkata Rama Krishna , Hort Norbert , Kainer Karl Ulrich
Published: April 2013

The hot deformation of cast TXA321 alloy has been studied in the temperature range 300–500 °C and in the strain rate range 0.0003–10 s−1 by developing a processing map. The map exhibited four domains in the temperature and strain rate ranges: (1) 300–325 °C and 0.0003–0.001 s−1, (2) 325–430 °C and 0.001–0.04 s−1, (3) 430–500 °C and 0.01–0.5 s−1, and (4) 430–500 °C and 0.0003–0.002 s−1. The first three domains represent dynamic recrystallization, resulting in finer grain sizes in the first two domains and coarser in the third domain. In the fourth domain, the alloy exhibited grain boundary sliding resulting in intercrystalline cracking in tension and is not useful for its hot working. Two regimes of flow instability were identified at higher strain rates, one at temperatures <380 °C and the other at >480 °C.
Targeting Hepatic Cancer Cells with PEGylated Dendrimers Displaying N‐Acetylgalactosamine and SP94 Peptide Ligands
Authors: Medina Scott H. , Tiruchinapally Gopinath , Chevliakov Maxim V. , Durmaz Yasemin Yuksel , Stender Rachell N. , Ensminger William D. , Shewach Donna S. , ElSayed Mohamed E. H.
Published: April 2013

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are branched water‐soluble polymers defined by consecutive generation numbers (Gn) indicating a parallel increase in size, molecular weight, and number of surface groups available for conjugation of bioactive agents. In this article, we compare the biodistribution of N‐acetylgalactosamine (NAcGal)‐targeted [14C]1‐G5‐(NH2)5‐(Ac)108‐(NAcGal)14 particles to non‐targeted [14C]1‐G5‐(NH2)127 and PEGylated [14C]1‐G5‐(NH2)44‐(Ac)73‐(PEG)10 particles in a mouse hepatic cancer model. Results show that both NAcGal‐targeted and non‐targeted particles are rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation with high distribution to the liver. However, NAcGal‐targeted particles exhibited 2.5‐fold higher accumulation in tumor tissue compared to non‐targeted ones. In comparison, PEGylated particles showed a 16‐fold increase in plasma residence time and a 5‐fold reduction in liver accumulation. These results motivated us to engineer new PEGylated G5 particles with PEG chains anchored to the G5 surface via acid‐labile cis‐aconityl linkages where the free PEG tips are functionalized with NAcGal or SP94 peptide to investigate their potential as targeting ligands for hepatic cancer cells as a function of sugar conformation (α versus β), ligand concentration (100‐4000 nM), and incubation time (2 and 24 hours) compared to fluorescently (Fl)‐labeled and non‐targeted G5‐(Fl)6‐(NH2)122 and G5‐(Fl)6‐(Ac)107‐(cPEG)15 particles. Results show G5‐(Fl)6‐(Ac)107‐(cPEG[NAcGalβ])14 particles achieve faster uptake and higher intracellular concentrations in HepG2 cancer cells compared to other G5 particles while escaping the non‐specific adsorption of serum protein and phagocytosis by Kupffer cells, which make these particles the ideal carrier for selective drug delivery into hepatic cancer cells.
Capture of H2S from binary gas mixture by imidazolium‐based ionic liquids with nonfluorous anions: A theoretical study
Authors: Chen Jie‐Jie , Li Wen‐Wei , Yu Han‐Qing , Li Xue‐Liang
Published: April 2013

Selective capture of H2S from gas mixture is essential to reduce its undesirable high corrosiveness and toxicity. Ionic liquids have been proposed as a promising material, and there is a need to clarify the capture mechanisms and search for optimal combination of cation and anion for application. This work aims to elucidate the interactions between H2S and nonfluorous imidazolium ionic liquids (NIILs) at a molecular level. The effects of hydroxyl group on the tail of alkyl chain, and combinations of imidazolium cations and nonfluorous anions on H2S capture are explored using quantum chemistry calculations. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore the microstructural features of NIIL–H2S–CH4mixture systems. It is found that the hydroxyl groups in the cations is essential in governing the absorption properties of NIILs, including the interaction sites for hydrogen bonding, interaction geometries and energies, diffusion coefficients, and organization of H2S and CH4around cations and anions. A molecular viewpoint to design appropriate ionic liquids for promoting their applications for H2S capture is provided. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 59: 3824–3833, 2013
Partially crosslinked P(SMA‐DMA‐St) copolymer in situ modified RGB tricolor pigment particles for chromatic electrophoretic display
Authors: Qin Wenlong , Wu Gang , Yin Peipei , Chen Hongzheng
Published: April 2013

RGB tricolor organic pigments were in situ modified by stearyl methacrylate‐2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐styrene random copolymer [P(SMA‐DMA‐St)] through solution polymerization. The modified particles were charged in tetrachloroethylene (TCE) with the aid of suitable charge control agent. The structure and electrophoretic property of ink particles were characterized by FTIR, TEM, PALS, et al. P(SMA‐DMA‐St) modification decreased the particles size and enhanced the suspending stability of the pigments in tetrachloroethylene due to the repulsive forces among the treated pigment particles resulting from the extending polyacrylate chain in the media. Partial crosslinking the P(SMA‐DMA‐St) on the pigment surface with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) helped to increase the Zeta potential and electrophoresis mobility of RGB electrophoretic particles. The maximum values of the Zeta potential for red, green, and blue electrophoretic particles reached −36.2, −57.7, and −42.7 mV, respectively. The obtained RGB electrophoretic particles could be applied in the color/white dual‐particle electronic ink together with charged TiO2 to show vivid color and white images under a DC electric field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Structures and morphologies of in situ polymerized blends of PMMA and ASA
Authors: Cocco Daniel Rotella , de Carvalho Fabiana Pires , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: April 2013

Blends of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, and the elastomer ASA, a graft copolymer based on poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐styrene) (SAN) and acrylic rubber, were prepared by in situ polymerization and characterized according to structural, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The polymerization conditions, such the presence or absence of a chain transfer agent, stirring and an inert atmosphere, influence the morphological and structural properties of the blends. In spite of the evidences of the partial miscibility between PMMA and SAN phase of the ASA, the blends are heterogeneous and present a complex morphology. The morphology of some PMMA‐ASA blends is made up of an elastomeric dispersed phase in a glassy matrix, with a possible inclusion of the matrix in the elastomeric domains. The selective extraction of the blend components and infrared spectroscopy showed that crosslinking and/or grafting reactions occur on ASA chains during MMA polymerization. The syndiotacticity of PMMA obtained in the presence of ASA increases with the amount of ASA, due to possible interactions between the carbonyl groups of PMMA and the nitrile or phenyl groups of the SAN copolymer. The mechanical properties of the blends were influenced by the compositions of the blends and mainly by the conditions of polymerization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Hierarchical Hollow Hydroxyapatite Microspheres: Microwave‐Assisted Rapid Synthesis by Using Pyridoxal‐5′‐Phosphate as a Phosphorus Source and Application in Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Yu , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Qi Chao , Chen Feng , Lu Bing‐Qiang , Zhao Jing , Wu Jin
Published: April 2013

Three‐dimensional (3D) hydroxyapatite (HAP) hierarchical nanostructures, in particular hollow nanostructures, have attracted much attention owing to their potential applications in many biomedical fields. Herein, we report a rapid microwave‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis of a variety of hydroxyapatite hierarchical nanostructures that are constructed by the self‐assembly of nanorods or nanosheets as the building blocks, including HAP nanorod‐assembled hierarchical hollow microspheres (HA‐NRHMs), HAP nanorod‐assembled hierarchical microspheres (HA‐NRMs), and HAP nanosheet‐assembled hierarchical microspheres (HA‐NSMs) by using biocompatible biomolecule pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP) as a new organic phosphorus source. The PLP molecules hydrolyze to produce phosphate ions under microwave‐hydrothermal conditions, and the phosphate ions react with calcium ions to form HAP nanorods or nanosheets; then, these nanorods or nanosheets self‐assemble to form 3D HAP hierarchical nanostructures. The preparation method reported herein is time‐saving, with microwave heating times as short as 5 min. The HA‐NRHMs consist of HAP nanorods as the building units, with an average diameter of about 50 nm. The effects of the experimental conditions on the morphology and crystal phase of the products are investigated. The hydrolysis of PLP under microwave‐hydrothermal conditions and the important role of PLP in the formation of 3D HAP hierarchical nanostructures are investigated and a possible formation mechanism is proposed. The products are explored for potential applications in protein adsorption and drug delivery. Our experimental results indicate that the HA‐NRHMs have high drug/protein‐loading capacity and sustained drug‐release behavior. Thus, the as‐prepared HA‐NRHMs are promising for applications in drug delivery and protein adsorption.
Oberflächenschutzmaßnahmen am Reaktorgebäude (Sekundärabschirmung) eines Druckwasserreaktors
Authors: Engelfried R. , Paul G.
Published: April 2013

An der Sichtoberfläche der Sekundärabschirmung des Reaktorgebäudes im Kernkraftwerk Philippsburg waren im Laufe der Zeit als Folge der Bedingungen im Freien Verwitterungserscheinungen aufgetreten. Des weiteren hatte sich durch mikrobiologischen Bewuchs ein fleckiger, visuell störender Zustand des Reaktorgebäudes eingestellt. Eine Diagnose der Betonrandzone ließ erkennen, daß der Korrosionsschutz der Bewehrung in Bereichen geringer Betondeckung für die geplante Restlaufzeit des Kraftwerkes möglicherweise nicht gesichert war. Dies war für den Betreiber Anlaß, ein Maßnahmenkonzept zu erstellen, dessen Umsetzung die Gewähr der Nutzung des Reaktorgebäudes für den langzeitig vorgesehenen Betrieb erbringen mußte. Die folgenden Ausführungen zeigen die einzelnen Schritte der Maßnahmenplanung, deren Durchführung sowie der ausführungsbegleitenden Kontrollen zur Sicherstellung der Qualitätsanforderungen.
Scherversuche an mit Epoxidharz befestigten Stahlplatten auf Beton unter Temperatureinfluß
Authors: Tadeu A. J. B. , Branco F. J. F. G.
Published: April 2013

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Verhalten von Betonproben behandelt, die mittels Epoxidharz mit Stahlplatten verleimt sind und gleichzeitig durch Temperaturerhöhung und Scherkräfte beansprucht werden. Verschiedene Arten von Beton wurden untersucht, um den Einfluß dieses Parameters auf das Verhalten der Proben zu erfassen. Es wurde ein Zwei‐Komponenten‐Epoxidharz mit dem Handelsnamen Sika Icosit K101‐AC benutzt. Der Stahltyp war bei allen Laborversuchen der gleiche. Die Versuche zeigen, daß Temperatur einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf den Haftwiderstand hat. Mit zunehmender Temperatur nimmt der Scherwiderstand ab. Bei 60 �C beträgt der Haftwiderstand ca. 50 % des Wertes bei 20 �C.
Isolated atrioventricular canal defects: Birth outcomes and risk factors: A population‐based hungarian case–control study, 1980–1996
Authors: Vereczkey Attila , Kósa Zsolt , Csáky‐Szunyogh Melinda , Czeizel Andrew E.
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

The role of possible environmental factors in the origin of congenital heart defects is unclear in the vast majority of patients. The objective of this study was to describe the birth outcomes and risk factors in isolated atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD) cases.

METHODS

Medically recorded birth outcomes, maternal age, parity, acute and chronic maternal diseases with related drug treatments and folic acid/multivitamin supplementation were evaluated in isolated AVCD cases. The diagnosis of AVCD was based on the autopsy report or surgical description in the population‐based Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, between 1980 and 1996.

RESULTS

The birth outcomes and exposures of 77 isolated AVCD cases were compared with 38,151 controls without defect. Mean gestational age at delivery (38.6 week) and birth weight (2992 g), rate of preterm birth (20.8%) and low birthweight (23.4%) of cases with a female excess (59.7%) differed significantly from the controls. Mothers of cases had higher parity, higher prevalence of conduction disorders/cardiac dysrhythmias and chronic hypertension. The high doses of folic acid in early pregnancy associated with a reduced rate of AVCD.

CONCLUSIONS

Conduction disorders/cardiac dysrhythmias and chronic hypertension of mothers may have a role in the origin of AVCD, while high doses of folic acid in early pregnancy may reduce the risk of the development of AVCD. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:217–224, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase I study of everolimus and mitomycin C for patients with metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Werner Dominique , Atmaca Akin , Pauligk Claudia , Pustowka Anette , Jäger Elke , Al‐Batran Salah‐Eddin
Published: April 2013

This study aimed at determining the recommended dose of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus in combination with mitomycin C (MMC) in patients with previously treated metastatic esophagogastric cancer. In this phase I trial, patients received escalated doses of oral everolimus (5, 7.5, and 10 mg/day) in combination with intravenous MMC 5 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Endpoints were the dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), safety, and response rates. Tumor tissues were tested for HER2‐status and mutations in the PTEN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, and E‐cadherin type 1 genes. Sixteen patients (12 male, four female) with gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer were included. All patients were previously treated with a platinum‐based chemotherapy. Treatment cohorts were: 5 mg/day, three patients; 7.5 mg/day, three patients; and 10 mg/day, 10 patients. No DLTs occurred during dose escalation. Most frequent grade 3 toxicities were leukopenia (18.8%) and neutropenia (18.8%). All other grade 3 toxicities were below 10%. No grade 4 toxicities occurred. Three (18.8%) patients experienced partial responses and four patients had stable disease (SD). Antitumor activity according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST)‐criteria was highest in the 10 mg/day cohort. No associations between HER2‐status or detected mutations and response were observed. The recommended dose of everolimus combined with MMC is 10 mg/day. Encouraging signs of antitumor activity were seen (http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov; Clinical trial registration number: NCT01042782).
Design of Powder and Granular Laundry Detergents
Authors: Rähse Wilfried
Published: April 2013

In den letzten fünfzig Jahren sind die pulverförmigen und granularen Waschmittel in der Leistung und in der Ökologie deutlich verbessert worden: viel konzentrierter (weniger Chemie), abbaubare Tenside, keine Phosphate, geringerer Wasser‐ und Energieverbrauch. Der Einsatz von optimierten Enzymen sowie von Bleichkraftverstärkern erlaubte das Absenken der Waschtemperaturen und die Beseitigung natürlicher Anschmutzungen. Die Herstellung fester Waschmittel erfolgt entweder in Sprühtürmen ohne und mit Kompaktierungsstufe oder in Non‐Tower‐Granulieranlagen. Die neueste Generation eines Granulationsprozesses mit integrierter Mahltrocknung ermöglicht die Produktion von kugelförmigen Partikeln, die einstellbar klein oder groß, leicht oder schwer sein können. Die weitere Rezepturentwicklung geht in Richtung Tieftemperatur‐Waschmittel.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Coumarin Derivatives via a Three‐component Reaction in Water
Authors: Chen Zhiwei , Bi Jianhao , Su Weike
Published: April 2013

An efficient synthesis of novel coumarin derivatives via a three‐component condensation of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, aldehydes and aromatic amines catalyzed by sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquid L‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1‐(4‐sulfobutyl)pyrrolidinium hydrogen sulfate ([HYSBPI]·HSO4) is reported. The condensed product was obtained with excellent yields in water under microwave irradiation condition. The antitumor activities of all the synthesized compounds were assessed on two different human cancer cell lines (A‐549 and MCF‐7), and the results showed that these compounds had weak‐to‐good antitumor activities and their IC50 ranged from 0.05 to more than 100 µmol·L−1.
Approach for the Direct Synthesis of β‐Dichlorosubstituted Acetanilides Using Iodine Trichloride (ICl3) as the Oxidant and Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Qing , Liu Weibing , Chen Cui , Tan Liquan
Published: April 2013

A reliable method for direct synthesis of β‐dichlorosubstituted acetanilides is reported. The key transformation involves the oxidative and catalytic cleavage of a carbon‐carbon bond in the presence of iodine trichloride (ICl3). In this protocol ICl3 is used not only as the catalyst but also as the oxidant which widely broadens the scope of its application in organic synthetic chemistry.
Directly Regioselective Protection of Secondary Hydroxyl Group on Ribosides in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Xu Ruigang , Liu Fei , Liu Yingju , Chen Beiqing , Liu Feng‐Wu
Published: April 2013

Selective benzoylation of secondary hydroxyl on sugar moiety of various ribosides including N‐ribosides, O‐ribosides and 2′‐deoxy‐N‐riboside was investigated by using benzoyl chloride and Na2CO3 in aqueous CH3CN. The influence of the aglycone and sugar moiety on the selectivity of benzoylation was discussed as well. A most efficient method for preparation of 2′,3′‐O‐dibenzoylnucleosides was developed.
Synthesis, Structure and Coordination Self‐Assembly of Azacalix[4‐n]pyridine[n]pyrazines (n=1–3)
Authors: Wu Jincheng , Zhao Liang , Wang Dexian , Wang Meixiang
Published: April 2013

We herein report the synthesis and metal‐directed coordination self‐assembly behaviors of three new macrocyclic azacalix[4]aromatics that comprise various numbers of pyridine and pyrazine rings bridged by N‐CH3 groups. Structural characterization of 1–3 explored that their conformations are fluxional in solution and each adopts a 1,3‐alternate configuration in crystalline solids. The macrocyclic skeletons in azacalixaromatic 1–3 afford a good platform to designedly arrange coordination sites in a unique way relative to conventional multidentate ligands. Solid‐state structures of three coordination self‐assembled silver complexes (13–15) of 1–3 determined by X‐ray crystallography suggest that the nitrogen atoms on procumbent aromatics have better coordination ability than those on perpendicular aromatics and dictate the whole coordination self‐assemblies. Unique discrete and 1D chain‐like structures were thus obtained. This system may afford a deeper insight into the coordination self‐assembly studies of heteroatom‐bridged calixaromatics, possibly extending potential application of this novel macrocyclic polydentate organic compounds in the synthesis of functional metal organic framework formation.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Novel Axially Chiral 2,2′‐Bipyridine N,N′‐Dioxides Bearing α‐Amino Acid Residues and Their Applications in Enantioselective Allylation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Allyltrichlorosilane
Authors: Zhao Hongwu , Yue Yuanyuan , Li Hailong , Sheng Zhihui , Yang Zhao , Meng Wei
Published: April 2013

A series of novel axially chiral 2,2′‐bipyridine N,N′‐dioxides bearing C1 or C2‐symmetry have been synthesized by the use of enantiopure α‐amino acids as chiral sources. The absolute stereochemistry of the axial chirality of these organocatalysts has been clearly assigned by means of CD measurements together with literature protocols. The reactivities and enantioselectivities of these organocatalysts have been examined in the reactions of aromatic aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilane, thus providing the desired products with moderate yields and enantioselectivies.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Arylidene Bis(3‐arylaminoacrylates) via One‐pot Domino Reactions
Authors: Liu Zhenming , Zhang Lili , Sun Jing , Yan Chaoguo
Published: April 2013

The functionalized arylidene bis(3‐arylaminoacrylates) were efficiently prepared by FeCl3 catalyzed one‐pot domino reactions of primary amines, methyl propiolate and aromatic aldehydes. When isatins were utilized under similar conditions, only 2‐oxoindolinyl 3‐arylaminoacrylates were obtained in moderate yields. 1H NMR data and single crystal structures indicated that this reaction has high diastereoselectivity.
A Holistic Perspective on Corporate Sustainability Drivers
Authors: Lozano Rodrigo
Published: April 2013

Since company boards are increasingly discussing ‘sustainability’, it becomes necessary to examine the nature of sustainability drivers. Most approaches to corporate sustainability drivers have focused either on internal or external drivers. This paper is aimed at providing a more holistic perspective on the different corporate sustainability drivers in order to better catalyse change from the unsustainable status quo to a more sustainable‐oriented state. Empirical data was collected from experts and company leaders. The findings show that, internally, leadership and the business case are the most important drivers, whilst the most important external drivers are reputation, customer demands and expectations, and regulation and legislation. The paper proposes a corporate sustainability driver model, which considers both internal and external drivers, and complements these with drivers that connect them. This offers a holistic perspective on how companies can be more proactive in their journey to becoming more sustainability orientated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment