bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Recombinant Cas9 Expression: Insights from E. coli BL21(DE3) Strains for Enhanced Protein Purification and Genome Editing
Authors: Agrawal Shilpi , Padmaswari Made Harumi , Stokes Abbey L. , Maxenberger Daniel , Reese Morgan , Khalil Adila , Nelson Christopher E.
Published: May 2024

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a revolutionary tool in genetic engineering, offering unprecedented precision and efficiency in genome editing. Cas9, an enzyme derived from bacteria, is guided by RNA to edit DNA sequences within cells precisely. However, while CRISPR-Cas9 presents notable benefits and encouraging outcomes as a molecular tool and a potential therapeutic agent, the process of producing and purifying recombinant Cas9 protein remains a formidable hurdle. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression of recombinant SpCas9-His in four distinct Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains (Rosetta2, BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3)-pLysS, and BL21(DE3)-Star). Through optimization of culture conditions, including temperature and post-induction time, the BL21(DE3)-pLysS strain demonstrated efficient SpCas9 protein expression. This study also presents a detailed protocol for the purification of recombinant SpCas9, along with detailed troubleshooting tips. Results indicate successful SpCas9 protein expression using E. coli BL21(DE3)-pLysS at 0.5 mM IPTG concentration. Furthermore, the findings suggest potential avenues for further enhancements, paving the way for large-scale Cas9 production. This research contributes valuable insights into optimizing E. coli strains and culture conditions for enhanced Cas9 expression, offering a step forward in the development of efficient genome editing tools and therapeutic proteins.
Association between COVID-19 and the Risk of Vascular Dementia: A Mendelian Randomisation Study of the Potential Cognitive Sequela of COVID-19
Authors: Han Qing , Ma Yue , Ye Wenting
Published: May 2024

A growing body of observational studies and Mendelian Randomisation analyses suggest an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia following COVID-19 infection. However, evidence on the potential association between COVID-19 and vascular dementia, which is plausible given the vascular complications of COVID-19 infection, is still limited. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian Randomisation analysis to examine the potential causal relationship between COVID-19 phenotypes and the risk of vascular dementia, using summary data from large-scale GWASs. The two-sample Mendelian Randomisation analysis did not detect any significant associations of COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 hospitalisation, or critical COVID-19 with the risk of vascular dementia, with weighted average β values of −0.29 (95% CI: −0.84, 0.26; p = 0.301), −0.12 (95% CI: −0.36, 0.13; p = 0.345), and −0.07 (95% CI: −0.23, 0.09; p = 0.374), respectively. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that vascular dementia is one of the long-term sequelae of COVID-19.
Prototype or Exemplar Representations in the 5/5 Category Learning Task
Authors: Chen Fang , Li Peijuan , Chen Hao , Seger Carol A. , Liu Zhiya
Published: May 2024

Theories of category learning have typically focused on how the underlying category structure affects the category representations acquired by learners. However, there is limited research as to how other factors affect what representations are learned and utilized and how representations might change across the time course of learning. We used a novel “5/5” categorization task developed from the well-studied 5/4 task with the addition of one more stimulus to clarify an ambiguity in the 5/4 prototypes. We used multiple methods including computational modeling to identify whether participants categorized on the basis of exemplar or prototype representations. We found that, overall, for the stimuli we used (schematic robot-like stimuli), learning was best characterized by the use of prototypes. Most importantly, we found that relative use of prototype and exemplar strategies changed across learning, with use of exemplar representations decreasing and prototype representations increasing across blocks.
The Seismic Performance of Self-Centering Ribbed Floor Flat-Beam Frame Joints
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Wang Fei , Li Likun , Liu Qixuan , Kang Xiandong
Published: May 2024

To achieve rapid post-earthquake repair of self-centering ribbed floor flat-beam frame structures, a ductile hybrid joint consisting of dog-bone-shaped, weakened, energy-dissipating steel bars connected to the upper and lower column sections through high-strength threads is proposed based on the damage control design concept. By moving the ductile energy-dissipating zone out to the locally weakened section of the energy-dissipating steel bars and the locally unbonded prestressed steel bars in the core area, the residual deformation was limited and the seismic performance improved. Based on the working principle of hybrid joints, low cycle loading tests were conducted on two joint specimens to analyze the influence of lateral prestress on the seismic performance of the hybrid joints. Numerical modeling methods were used to compare the position of the energy-dissipating steel bars in the composite layer and the friction performance of the joints. The research results indicated that the hybrid joint had stable load bearing, deformation, and energy dissipation capabilities, with damage being primarily concentrated in the energy-dissipating steel bars. Even at an inter-story displacement angle of 5.5%, the upper and lower column segments remained elastic. After unloading, the connection seam at the joint was closed, and the self-centering performance was good. When the inter-story displacement angle reached 5.5%, the lateral prestress increased from 150 kN to 250 kN, the ultimate bearing capacity of the joint increased by 16.3%, and the cumulative energy consumption increased by 30.0%. The influence of the friction coefficient of the joint surface on the structural performance was set at a threshold of 0.7. When it was less than the threshold, the ultimate bearing capacity and initial stiffness of the joint increased with the increase in the friction coefficient. After reaching the threshold, the increase in the ultimate bearing capacity of the joint slowed down, and the rate of stiffness degradation gradually accelerated. This joint showed excellent seismic performance and can thus achieve post-earthquake repair of structures.
Design of Experiments for Process Optimization of the Direct Wacker-Type Oxidation of 1-Decene to n-Decanal
Authors: Bouveyron Thomas , Bratenberg Patricia , Bell Peter , Eisenacher Matthias
Published: May 2024

The rapid increase in the use and development of statistical design of experiments (DoE), particularly in pharmaceutical process development, has become increasingly important over the last decades. This rise aligns with Green Chemistry Principles, seeking reduced resource usage and heightened efficiency. In this study, we employed a comprehensive design of experiments (DoE) approach to optimize the catalytic conversion of 1-decene to n-decanal through direct Wacker-type oxidation using the previously determined efficient PdCl2(MeCN)2 catalytic system. The aim was to maximize selectivity and conversion efficiency. Through systematic variation of seven factors, including substrate amount, catalyst and co-catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, homogenization temperature, and water content, this study identified critical parameters influencing the process to direct the reaction toward the desired product. The statistical analysis revealed high significance for both selectivity and conversion, with surface diagrams illustrating optimal conditions. Notably, catalyst amount emerged as a pivotal factor influencing conversion, with reaction temperature and co-catalyst amount significantly affecting both conversion efficiency and selectivity. The refined model demonstrated strong correlations between predicted and observed values, highlighting the impact of these factors on both selectivity and conversion.
The Effect of Critical Distance in Digital Levelling
Authors: Izvoltova Jana , Chromcak Jakub , Bacova Dasa
Published: May 2024

Critical distance concerns precise digital levelling, which has inaccurate results at a certain sighting distance. The influence of critical distance on a measured height difference has been confirmed by calibrating certain digital levels and their appropriate code devices on a vertical comparator under laboratory conditions. The paper aims to explore the influence of critical distance on height differences obtained by precise digital levels of Leica NA3003 and DNA03 by experimental measurements realised in situ. The processing of the measurement results consisted of defining a random error on a station by using parameter estimation of an error model to specify a partial error on a station dependent on sighting distance. Then the processing phase continues with the finding of the relation between the sighting distance and the dispersion of height differences acquired by digital levelling under terrain conditions. The theoretical part involves the development of levelling accuracy theories that vary over time by view on random and systematic error propagation. The numerical and graphical solution of the experimental measurements involves ordering the height differences into sighting groups according to the sighting distance. The standard deviation computed in each sighting group represents a measure of the dispersion of height differences. Suppose the standard deviation in the sighting group in both independent experimental locations K1 and K2 exceeds twice the total standard deviation. In that case, it is most likely considered to be the influence of the critical distance, which is then compared with values obtained by laboratory calibration of the same digital levels.
Interactions between Cognitive, Affective, and Respiratory Profiles in Chronic Respiratory Disorders: A Cluster Analysis Approach
Authors: Buican Iulian-Laurențiu , Gheorman Victor , Udriştoiu Ion , Olteanu Mădălina , Rădulescu Dumitru , Calafeteanu Dan Marian , Nemeş Alexandra Floriana , Călăraşu Cristina , Rădulescu Patricia-Mihaela , Streba Costin-Teodor
Published: May 2024

This study conducted at Leamna Pulmonology Hospital investigated the interrelations among cognitive, affective, and respiratory variables within a cohort of 100 patients diagnosed with chronic respiratory conditions, utilizing sophisticated machine learning-based clustering techniques. Spanning from October 2022 to February 2023, hospitalized individuals confirmed to have asthma or COPD underwent extensive evaluations using standardized instruments such as the mMRC scale, the CAT test, and spirometry. Complementary cognitive and affective assessments were performed employing the MMSE, MoCA, and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scale, furnishing a holistic view of patient health statuses. The analysis delineated three distinct clusters: Moderate Cognitive Respiratory, Severe Cognitive Respiratory, and Stable Cognitive Respiratory, each characterized by unique profiles that underscore the necessity for tailored therapeutic strategies. These clusters exhibited significant correlations between the severity of respiratory symptoms and their effects on cognitive and affective conditions. The results highlight the benefits of an integrated treatment approach for COPD and asthma, which is personalized based on the intricate patterns identified through clustering. Such a strategy promises to enhance the management of these diseases, potentially elevating the quality of life and everyday functionality of the patients. These findings advocate for treatment customization according to the specific interplays among cognitive, affective, and respiratory dimensions, presenting substantial prospects for clinical advancement and pioneering new avenues for research in the domain of chronic respiratory disease management.
Is There an Immunohistochemical PD-L1 Cut-Off Point That Serves as a Prognostic Indicator for Large B-Cell Lymphomas?
Authors: Cin Selcuk , Aki Suat Hilal , Elverdi Tugrul , Ozmen Deniz , Salihoglu Ayse
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a cut-off value for PD-L1 expression in large B-cell lymphomas that predicts prognosis, and to clarify the relationship between PD-L1 expression and histopathological as well as clinical parameters. The study included a total of 130 patients who were diagnosed with large B-cell lymphoma at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department. Biopsy samples were assessed using the PD-L1 immunohistochemical antibody (Dako, 22C3 clone). The patients had a mean age of 54 ± 17 years, with a median age of 56 years. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of survival when the 30% cut-off value was used. However, a noteworthy discrepancy in survival became apparent when the cut-off point was established at 70%. Among the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) category, the activated B-cell-like (ABC-like) phenotype showed higher PD-L1 expression compared to the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB-like) phenotype. Immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression emerged as a prognostic factor, particularly significant in the ABC-like phenotype.
Intraoral Applications of Lasers in the Prosthetic Rehabilitation with Fixed Partial Dentures—A Narrative Review
Authors: Kwaśna Magdalena , Cłapińska Paulina , Piosik Zuzanna , Barysz Kamila , Dubiec Iga , Bęben Adam , Ordyniec-Kwaśnica Iwona
Published: May 2024

Laser, an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, is a powerful tool with diverse applications in modern dentistry. It emits monochromatic, coherent light resulting from photon-induced chain reactions. Available dental lasers include diode, argon, Er,Cr:YSGG, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and CO2. The unique property of these lasers, allowing them to be effectively used on both soft and hard tissues based on the operational parameters, positions them as particularly suited for a wide range of dental procedures. Compared to traditional methods, lasers offer advantages such as improved hemostasis and quicker wound healing. Such benefits stress the shift towards laser technology in dental treatment. In the realm of dental prosthodontics, which focuses on esthetics, functionality, and the physiological aspects of dental prostheses, lasers provide promising outcomes. Among the prosthetic options, fixed partial dentures stand out for their ability to mimic natural teeth, offering both esthetic and functional features, leading to satisfactory long-term outcomes if managed properly. This review paper delves into the specific application of laser technology in the context of prosthetic rehabilitation involving fixed partial dentures. By investigating intraoral laser procedures, it contributes to understanding laser’s role in improving patients’ satisfaction and clinical efficiency in this field.
Correlations in the EPR State Observables
Authors: Orsini Daniel F. , Oliveira Luna R. N. , da Luz Marcos G. E.
Published: May 2024

The identification and physical interpretation of arbitrary quantum correlations are not always effortless. Two features that can significantly influence the dispersion of the joint observable outcomes in a quantum bipartite system composed of systems I and II are: (a) All possible pairs of observables describing the composite are equally probable upon measurement, and (b) The absence of concurrence (positive reinforcement) between any of the observables within a particular system; implying that their associated operators do not commute. The so-called EPR states are known to observe (a). Here, we demonstrate in very general (but straightforward) terms that they also satisfy condition (b), a relevant technical fact often overlooked. As an illustration, we work out in detail the three-level systems, i.e., qutrits. Furthermore, given the special characteristics of EPR states (such as maximal entanglement, among others), one might intuitively expect the CHSH correlation, computed exclusively for the observables of qubit EPR states, to yield values greater than two, thereby violating Bell’s inequality. We show such a prediction does not hold true. In fact, the combined properties of (a) and (b) lead to a more limited range of values for the CHSH measure, not surpassing the nonlocality threshold of two. The present constitutes an instructive example of the subtleties of quantum correlations.
On Predictive Planning and Counterfactual Learning in Active Inference
Authors: Paul Aswin , Isomura Takuya , Razi Adeel
Published: May 2024

Given the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, understanding the foundations of intelligent behaviour is increasingly important. Active inference, regarded as a general theory of behaviour, offers a principled approach to probing the basis of sophistication in planning and decision-making. This paper examines two decision-making schemes in active inference based on “planning” and “learning from experience”. Furthermore, we also introduce a mixed model that navigates the data complexity trade-off between these strategies, leveraging the strengths of both to facilitate balanced decision-making. We evaluate our proposed model in a challenging grid-world scenario that requires adaptability from the agent. Additionally, our model provides the opportunity to analyse the evolution of various parameters, offering valuable insights and contributing to an explainable framework for intelligent decision-making.
Unveiling Influence in Networks: A Novel Centrality Metric and Comparative Analysis through Graph-Based Models
Authors: Bendahman Nada , Lotfi Dounia
Published: May 2024

Identifying influential actors within social networks is pivotal for optimizing information flow and mitigating the spread of both rumors and viruses. Several methods have emerged to pinpoint these influential entities in networks, represented as graphs. In these graphs, nodes correspond to individuals and edges indicate their connections. This study focuses on centrality measures, prized for their straightforwardness and effectiveness. We divide structural centrality into two categories: local, considering a node’s immediate vicinity, and global, accounting for overarching path structures. Some techniques blend both centralities to highlight nodes influential at both micro and macro levels. Our paper presents a novel centrality measure, accentuating node degree and incorporating the network’s broader features, especially paths of different lengths. Through Spearman and Pearson correlations tested on seven standard datasets, our method proves its merit against traditional centrality measures. Additionally, we employ the susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) model, portraying virus spread, to further validate our approach. The ultimate influential node is gauged by its capacity to infect the most nodes during the SIR model’s progression. Our results indicate a notable correlative efficacy across various real-world networks relative to other centrality metrics.
A Circular-Linear Probabilistic Model Based on Nonparametric Copula with Applications to Directional Wind Energy Assessment
Authors: Liu Jie , Yan Zaizai
Published: May 2024

The joint probability density function of wind speed and wind direction serves as the mathematical basis for directional wind energy assessment. In this study, a nonparametric joint probability estimation system for wind velocity and direction based on copulas is proposed and empirically investigated in Inner Mongolia, China. Optimal bandwidth algorithms and transformation techniques are used to determine the nonparametric copula method. Various parameter copula models and models without considering dependency relationships are introduced and compared with this approach. The results indicate a significant advantage of employing the nonparametric copula model for fitting joint probability distributions of both wind speed and wind direction, as well as conducting correlation analyses. By utilizing the proposed KDE-COP-CV model, it becomes possible to accurately and reliably analyze how wind power density fluctuates in relation to wind direction. This study reveals the researched region possesses abundant wind resources, with the highest wind power density being highly dependent on wind direction at maximum speeds. Wind resources in selected regions of Inner Mongolia are predominantly concentrated in the northwest and west directions. These findings can contribute to improving the accuracy of micro-siting for wind farms, as well as optimizing the design and capacity of wind turbine generators.
Quantum Key Distribution with Displaced Thermal States
Authors: Walton Adam , Ghesquière Anne , Varcoe Benjamin T. H.
Published: May 2024

Secret key exchange relies on the creation of correlated signals, serving as the raw resource for secure communication. Thermal states exhibit Hanbury Brown and Twiss correlations, which offer a promising avenue for generating such signals. In this paper, we present an experimental implementation of a central broadcast thermal-state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol in the microwave region. Our objective is to showcase a straightforward method of QKD utilizing readily available broadcasting equipment. Unlike conventional approaches to thermal-state QKD, we leverage displaced thermal states. These states enable us to share the output of a thermal source among Alice, Bob, and Eve via both waveguide channels and free space. Through measurement and conversion into bit strings, our protocol produces key-ready bit strings without the need for specialized equipment. By harnessing the inherent noise in thermal broadcasts, our setup facilitates the recovery of distinct bit strings by all parties involved.
Unlocking Local and Regional Development through Nature-Based Tourism: Exploring the Potential of Agroforestry and Regenerative Livestock Farming in Mexico
Authors: Revollo-Fernández Daniel Alfredo , Lithgow Debora , Von Thaden Juan José , Salazar-Vargas María del Pilar , Rodríguez de los Santos Aram
Published: May 2024

Nature-based tourism offers several positive effects, including bringing tourists closer to nature and increasing environmental awareness among them, creating new sources of employment, diversifying local and regional economies, promoting the conservation of local ecosystems, and protecting biodiversity. A pilot exercise based on choice experiments is presented to estimate the monetary value per year of nature-based tourism (NbT). The exercise was applied in the Jamapa watershed in Mexico, and the results showed that NbT would amount to USD 7.7 million, with tourism activities linked to agroforestry and USD 5.5 million around regenerative cattle ranching. These results provide input for decision makers in developing public policies to benefit society, nature, and sustainable development.
A Multi-Frequency Low-Coupling MIMO Antenna Based on Metasurface
Authors: Tang Guangpu , Xiao Tong , Cao Lifeng , Cheng Runsheng , Liu Chengguo , Huang Lifeng , Xu Xin
Published: May 2024

In this paper, a multi-frequency MIMO antenna for 5G and Wi-Fi 6E is presented. The antenna uses a cosine-shape monopole and split-ring resonator (SRR) structure for tri-band radiation, and frequency band expansion is achieved through SRR, folded split-ring resonators (FSRR) and Archimedean spiral metasurfaces for decoupling, with which a combination of surface wave and space wave decoupling is achieved. The Archimedean spiral metasurface unit can achieve space wave decoupling in the tri-band. By adopting the method of combining space wave decoupling and surface wave decoupling, the miniature antenna is achieved. The measured results closely align with the simulated results. Specifically, maintaining a reflection coefficient of −10 dB, the measured results indicate an increase in isolation of 3.5 dB, 36.47 dB, and 6.42 dB for the frequency bands of 3.45–3.55 GHz, 5.7–5.9 GHz, and 6.75–7 GHz, respectively. Additionally, the MIMO antenna demonstrates an average efficiency of approximately 89%, with an average envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.0025. Furthermore, the antenna’s peak gain increases by 4.3 dB at 3.5 GHz, 3.8 dB at 5.8 GHz, and 1.9 dB at 6.9 GHz upon integrating the metasurface. The proposed method and structure are anticipated to contribute significantly to decoupling in multi-frequency MIMO antennas.
An Energy-Efficient Field-Programmable Gate Array Rapid Implementation of a Structural Health Monitoring System
Authors: Rosół Maciej , Kula Wojciech
Published: May 2024

System health monitoring (SHM) of a ball screw laboratory system using an embedded real-time platform based on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology was developed. The ball screw condition assessment algorithms based on machine learning approaches implemented on multiple platforms were compared and evaluated. Studies on electric power consumption during the processing of the proposed structure of a neural network, implementing SHM, were carried out for three hardware platforms: computer, Raspberry Pi 4B, and Kria KV260. It was found that the average electrical power consumed during calculations is the lowest for the Kria platform using the FPGA system. However, the best ratio of the average power consumption to the accuracy of the neural network was obtained for the Raspberry Pi 4B. The concept of an efficient and energy-saving hardware platform that enables monitoring and analysis of the operation of the selected dynamic system was proposed. It allows for easy integration of many software environments (e.g., MATLAB and Python) with the System-on-a-Chip (SoC) platform containing an FPGA and a CPU.
Economic Consequences Based on Reversible and Irreversible Degradation of PV Park in the Harsh Climate Conditions of Iraq
Authors: Hameed Mohammed Adnan , Daßler David , Alias Qais Matti , Scheer Roland , Gottschalg Ralph
Published: May 2024

Photovoltaic (PV) system reliability and durability investigations are essential for industrial maturity and economic success. Recently, PV systems received much interest in Iraq due to many reasons—for instance, power shortage, global warming and pollution. Despite this interest, the precise economic implications of PV system reliability in harsh climates like Iraq remain uncertain. This work assesses the economic implications of PV system component reliability and soiling in Iraq using field experience and historical data. This study identifies the most common failure modes of PV systems installed in Iraq and similar climatic regions, and also ranks their severity. Simulations explore scenarios of PV module degradation rates, inverter lifetimes, soiling rates, and cleaning intervals, revealing that soiling has the most detrimental effect, with cleaning frequency leading to Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) losses of over 30%, depending on the location. Inverter lifetime contributes to LCOE losses between 4 and 6%, depending on the PV system’s location. This study also evaluates the impact of tilt angle as a mitigation strategy for reducing soiling loss and its economic implications, finding that installing PV modules at higher tilt angles could reduce the economic impact of soiling by approximately 4.4%. Additionally, the optimal cleaning strategy identified is fully automated dry cleaning with robots, outperforming other strategies economically. Overall, the findings highlight that the LCOE in Iraq is relatively high compared to the global weighted average for utility-scale PV systems, primarily due to high soiling and degradation rates. The LCOE varies within the country, influenced by different degradation rates. This study aims to assist PV stakeholders in Iraq and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in accurately estimating solar bankability; moreover, increasing reliability by minimizing the technical and financial risks by considering key parameters specific to these regions.
Fault-Tolerant Direct Torque Control of Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor under Single Open-Phase Fault Based on Virtual Vectors
Authors: Zhou Changpan , Zhong Rundong , Sun Guodong , Zhao Dongdong , Zhao Xiaopeng , Jing Guoxiu
Published: May 2024

In the existing literature, direct torque control (DTC) by synthesizing virtual vectors can effectively suppress low-order harmonic currents under the single open-phase fault (OPF) of the five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), but the sectors and the look-up tables need to be redesigned, which makes the control process more complicated. In order to solve this problem, an indirect correction method of virtual vectors is proposed, and the amplitudes of the virtual vectors are maximized. The fault-tolerant DTC strategy under the OPF ensures that there is no need to re-divide the sectors under the fault. And the selection rules of the look-up tables are consistent with the healthy operation. The difference is that the amplitudes of ten virtual vectors in the faulty operation are reduced, which simplifies the control process and is easy to implement. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy were verified by experiments.
Techno-Economic and Environmental Analyses of an Integrated Liquefied Natural Gas/Allam–Fetvedt Cycle/Air Separation Unit Complex
Authors: Chen Daniel , Shetty Pawanahamsa , Wang Song , Nellipudi Veeracharyulu , Aziz Fuad , Xu Qiang , Sargsyan Gevorg
Published: May 2024

The natural gas (NG)-powered compressors/engines used in liquified natural gas (LNG) plants are a major source of methane emission. The Allam–Fetvedt cycle (AFC), an oxyfuel, carbon-neutral, high-efficiency power plant, generates pipeline-grade CO2. This work performed novel process modeling, economic analysis, and greenhouse gas emissions analysis for a heat-integrated, electrified LNG/AFC/air separation unit (ASU) complex (LAA), then compared it to standalone LNG and AFC/ASU plants (baseline) as well as an LNG plant electrified with AFC/ASU without heat integration. The low-grade heat generated from compressors of the LNG plant can enhance the AFC net power output by 7.1%. Utilizing the nitrogens cold energy reduces the compressor power requirement by 1.6%. In the integrated LAA complex, not only are GHG emissions avoided, but the energy efficiencies are also improved for both the LNG plant and the AFC power plant. A cash flow analysis of LAA was performed over a 20-year period with 5%, 7%, and 10% discount rates and three levels of LNG prices. The 45Q CO2 credit of USD 85/T as stipulated by the recent Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 has been incorporated. The results clearly indicate the economic and environmental benefits of the proposed electrification and heat/power integration.
A Transient Analysis of Latent Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials in a Refrigerated Truck
Authors: Cirillo Luca , Greco Adriana , Masselli Claudia
Published: May 2024

The preservation of perishable food items within the cold chain is a critical aspect of modern food logistics. Traditional refrigeration systems consume large amounts of energy, without an optimal temperature distribution, leading to potential food spoilage and economic losses. In recent years, the integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) into cold chain systems has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of PCMs for food preservation in a refrigerated truck, focusing on the impact on temperature control, phase change fraction, costs, and energy savings. The effectiveness of PCM-based refrigeration system to maintain the refrigerated truck at a temperature of −18 °C under various scenarios and environmental conditions using a transient model was evaluated. The TRNSYS model includes a representation of a conventional refrigerated van’s system, with simulations conducted in a Mediterranean climate (Naples). The model’s core components consist of Type 56 for cooling load estimation and Type 1270a for the new PCM component. Results indicate that for guaranteeing −18 °C for 10 h, 96.4 kg and 102.2 kg of E-26 and E-29 PCM are needed, respectively, for scenarios with 10 door openings during transportation and for two different velocities of the truck: 30 and 80 km h−1. Results indicate that the incorporation of PCMs in the refrigerated van leads to significant improvements in temperature stability and uniformity, thereby extending the shelf life of perishable food products and reducing the risk of spoilage. Furthermore, the analysis shows that, using the PCMs, a significant reduction of the energy costs can be obtained (up to a maximum of around 79%).
Research Progress of Cs-Based All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Shihui , Yang Lin , Zhang Xiaoping , Wang Lisi , Sun Wei
Published: May 2024

In recent years, all-inorganic perovskite solar cells have become a research hotspot in the field of photovoltaics due to their excellent stability and optoelectronic performance, and the power conversion efficiency has increased from the initial 2.9% to over 20%. This article briefly introduces the development of cesium lead-based all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (CsPbX3-IPSC), including the characteristics of CsPbX3 perovskite materials, the preparation methods, and the structure and working principle of IPSCs. Different optimization strategies for preparing high optoelectronic performance and high-stability IPSCs, such as element doping and interface modification, are discussed. The development and application prospects of IPSCs are also summarized.
Harnessing the Potential of Sludge Fermentation Liquid to Induce Partial Nitrification
Authors: Wang Xu , Jiang Cancan , Wang Danhua , Fan Lijing , Yang Yang , Yang Tiancheng , Peng Jiang , Zhang Xinyuan , Zhuang Xuliang
Published: May 2024

Extra energy consumption, inefficient nitrogen removal, and excessive sludge production are major challenges faced by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that rely on the traditional activated sludge process. Fermentation of wasted activated sludge (WAS) and novel nitrogen removal technologies based on partial nitrification (PN) have emerged as promising solutions to these issues. Recent studies have revealed an innovative strategy that integrates these two processes by supplementing fermentation liquid into activated sludge to induce PN. This review summarizes the research progress on PN establishment induced by the fermentation process. The microbiology and establishment methods of PN are briefly introduced, followed by a detailed discussion on the process, influencing factors, and product characteristics of WAS fermentation. The core section focuses on the side-stream and main-stream approaches of fermentation-induced PN, comparing their performance and application prospects. The potential mechanisms are explored, with an emphasis on the roles of free ammonia for the side-stream approach and the high tolerance of ammonium oxidizers to in-site fermentation stress for the main-stream approach. Finally, the limitations of the current research and future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the need for further investigation into microbial ecology, process optimization, and long-term stability. This review aims to provide insights into the synergistic integration of WAS fermentation and PN for sustainable and energy-efficient wastewater treatment.
Bioproduction of 2-Phenylethanol by Yarrowia lipolytica on Sugar Beet Molasses as a Low-Cost Substrate
Authors: Mitri Sara , Louka Nicolas , Rossignol Tristan , Maroun Richard G. , Koubaa Mohamed
Published: May 2024

2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a valuable aromatic alcohol with diverse applications in cosmetics, food, beverages, and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, 2-PE is produced either through chemical synthesis or by extraction from plant materials. However, both conventional production methods have their own limitations. Therefore, there is a need for more eco-friendly and cost-effective approaches to produce natural 2-PE. Biotechnological routes, particularly microbial fermentations, hold promise for natural 2-PE production, especially when using low-cost substrates. In this study, 2-PE was produced by de novo synthesis via the shikimate pathway, using the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in a medium composed of sugar beet molasses (SBM) and yeast extract (YE) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. A genetically engineered strain was generated, in which the SUC2 gene was transformed, expressing the invertase enzyme, enabling Y. lipolytica to efficiently utilize SBM as a cost-effective substrate. A central composite design allowed for the optimization of the concentrations of the carbon and nitrogen sources, resulting in approximately 0.71 g(2-PE)/L(culture medium). The results obtained highlight the potential of utilizing SBM as a low-cost substrate for 2-PE production, advancing biotechnological approaches in fragrance synthesis.
Factors Affecting the Quality of Probiotic Plant-Based Frozen Desserts—The Authors’ Own Experiments in the Context of the Literature
Authors: Szydłowska Aleksandra , Zielińska Dorota , Sionek Barbara , Kołożyn-Krajewska Danuta
Published: May 2024

Recently, there has been worldwide growth in consumer nutrition awareness, which has resulted in a market-driven increase in the demand for “functional food”, which, in addition to traditional nutrients, also contains ingredients with specific properties that have a beneficial effect on human health. One of the types of functional food is so-called “probiotic food”, which includes, for example, frozen desserts. These products appear attractive to the consumer because of their sensory, nutritional and refreshing qualities. Due to progress in science, genetics, the acquisition of new sources of probiotic microorganisms and new plant varieties, the beneficial effects of the characteristic metabolites of the microbiome—so-called postbiotics—and also aspects of NGPs (Next Generation Probiotics), work is under way to optimize the technology used during the production of such products. At the same time, there is an observed market-based increase in the supply of new formulations based only on plant-origin materials with different technological modifications, including prebiotic enrichment, which allows for the production of a synbiotic product. Therefore, the objective of this study is a narrative review, in combination with the authors’ own experiments, concerning the impact of various factors on functional, plant-origin frozen desserts, from the point of view of maintaining their quality.
Microbial Characterisation of a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process for Conversion of Agri-Based Feedstock in Biogas and Long-Chain Fatty Acids in a Circular Economy Framework
Authors: Fanfoni Elisabetta , Sinisgalli Erika , Fontana Alessandra , Soldano Mariangela , Garuti Mirco , Morelli Lorenzo
Published: May 2024

In addition to energy recovery, the anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial byproducts can also produce different high-value-added compounds. Two-stage and single-stage reactors were compared for microbial communities’ selection and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) accumulation to investigate which microbial genera are most linked to the production of these compounds. The microbial communities present in the two reactors’ configuration in the steady state were characterised by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, while LCFAs were extracted and quantified from digestate samples by gas chromatography. The results showed the differentiation of the microbially dominant families in the two setups: Defluviitaleaceae and Clostridiaceae in the acidogenic and methanogenic reactor of the two-stage reaction respectively, while Dysgonomonadaceae in the single-stage set-up. LCFA accumulation was significantly detected only in the acidogenic reactor, with palmitic (2764 mg/kg), linoleic (1795 mg/kg) and stearic (1751 mg/kg) acids as the most abundant. The dominance of Defluviitaleaceae UCG 011, along with the low abundance of the LCFA oxidiser Syntrophomonas spp. in the acidogenic reactor, could be linked to the accumulation of such compounds. Therefore, the different microbial communities shaped by the two reactors’ configuration affected the accumulation of LCFAs, indicating that the two-stage anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial byproducts was more effective than single-stage digestion.
Tracing Student Activity Patterns in E-Learning Environments: Insights into Academic Performance
Authors: Paxinou Evgenia , Feretzakis Georgios , Tsoni Rozita , Karapiperis Dimitrios , Kalles Dimitrios , Verykios Vassilios S.
Published: May 2024

In distance learning educational environments like Moodle, students interact with their tutors, their peers, and the provided educational material through various means. Due to advancements in learning analytics, students’ transitions within Moodle generate digital trace data that outline learners’ self-directed learning paths and reveal information about their academic behavior within a course. These learning paths can be depicted as sequences of transitions between various states, such as completing quizzes, submitting assignments, downloading files, and participating in forum discussions, among others. Considering that a specific learning path summarizes the students’ trajectory in a course during an academic year, we analyzed data on students’ actions extracted from Moodle logs to investigate how the distribution of user actions within different Moodle resources can impact academic achievements. Our analysis was conducted using a Markov Chain Model, whereby transition matrices were constructed to identify steady states, and eigenvectors were calculated. Correlations were explored between specific states in users’ eigenvectors and their final grades, which were used as a proxy of academic performance. Our findings offer valuable insights into the relationship between student actions, link weight vectors, and academic performance, in an attempt to optimize students’ learning paths, tutors’ guidance, and course structures in the Moodle environment.
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Frontier Focus Analysis Based on Coal Fire Control Body of Knowledge
Authors: Han Dandan , Niu Guchen , Liu Bing , Wang Feiran , Ren Yongbo , Su Chang , Yao Yutong , Zhao Zining
Published: May 2024

Mine fire accidents frequently constitute a major threat to mining safety, and their potential consequences are extremely severe, which highlights the urgency of fire prevention and control research. In this study, the CiteSpace software was used to conduct a metrological analysis of 717 relevant studies in the field of mine fire prevention and control (MFPC), aiming to reveal the research trends and trends in this field. This analysis found that the annual number of MFPC articles showed a significant upward trend, indicating that it is in rapid development during the active period. China, the United States, and Australia are the main contributors in this field, and the institutional contribution of China University of Mining and Technology is particularly outstanding, reflecting the regional concentration of research activities. The analysis of cooperation networks reveals the close cross-regional collaboration among European countries. The inhibition effect and evaluation criteria and the inhibition technology under different coal characteristics have become the focus of research. Activation energy, release, and quantum chemistry have become recent hot spots, reflecting the research on the mechanism of forward physicochemical synergistic inhibition and the in-depth exploration of the molecular level. It indicates that future research will focus on the development of temperature-responsive retardant materials, the application of quantum chemistry theory, and the exploration of the microscopic mechanism of coal spontaneous combustion through molecular simulation technology to further optimize the fire prevention strategy. In summary, the findings of this study not only provide a comprehensive picture of current research activities in the MFPC field but also indicate potential directions for future research and have important guiding significance for promoting the development of this field.
CP2DIMG: An Innovative Research Program Aimed at Preparing Firefighters and Police Officers to Manage Emotions and Stress in Operational Contexts
Authors: Antoine-Santoni Frédéric , Rossi Jean-Louis , Devichi Claude , Syssau Arielle , Ortoli Pauline-Marie , Yakhloufi Adil , Meradji Sofiane , Mannes Yolhan , Marcelli Thierry , Chatelon François-Joseph , Rossi Lucile , Jauffret Jean-Paul , Chatton Stéphane , Grandjean-Kruslin Dominique
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a research program called CP2DIMG conducted at the Federation of Environment and Society Research at the University of Corsica. The goal of CP2DIMG is to better understand the influence of emotions on operational personnel’s decision-making, aiming to test training systems dedicated to individuals facing high stress during their professional activities. This type of training system is intended to enhance emotional and mental resilience, thereby improving decision-making ability in uncertain situations under the influence of emotions related to the event. For implementation, the method will be tailored to the specificities of two categories of operational personnel: firefighters and municipal police officers. The expected results will address significant demands from operational professionals in the Mediterranean region for firefighting safety but also for large-scale or highly complex interventions. This study fully integrates into the challenges of the Mediterranean region: forest management, risk prevention plans, and preparedness of local actors responsible for crisis management. Furthermore, individuals responsible for crisis management, including local government officials and risk management and security personnel, will be able to use the obtained results for effective decision-making.
Preparation and Characterization of Prickly Ash Peel Oleoresin Microcapsules and Flavor Retention Analysis
Authors: Zhang Zhiran , Zhang Ziyan , Li Xichao , Zhou Sen , Liu Mengkai , Li Shengxin , Liu He , Gao Hui , Zhao Aiyun , Zhang Yongchang , Huang Liu , Sun Jie
Published: May 2024

Prickly ash peel oleoresin (PPO) is a highly concentrated oil of Prickly ash essential oil and has a stronger aroma. However, its low water solubility, high volatility, difficulty in transport and storage, and decomposition by light, heat, and oxygen limit its wider application. To solve this problem, this study used freeze-drying or spray-drying, with soybean protein isolate (SPI) or gum Arabic (GA), combined with aqueous maltodextrin (MD) as the encapsulating agents to prepare four types of PPO microcapsules (POMs). Spray-dried microcapsules with GA as the encapsulating agent achieved a high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 92.31 ± 0.31%, improved the thermal stability of the PPO, and had spherical morphology. (Headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) HS-SPME/GC-MS detected 41 volatile compounds in PPO; of these, linalool, β-myrcene, sabinene, and D-limonene were identified as key flavor components. Principal component analysis (PCA) effectively distinguished the significant differences in flavor between PPO, spray-dried SPI/MD microcapsules (SS), and spray-dried GA/MD microcapsules (SG). During 15 days of air-exposure, the loss of flavor from SG (54.62 ± 0.54%) was significantly lower than PPO (79.45 ± 1.45%) and SS (57.55 ± 0.36%). During the air-exposure period, SG consistently had the highest antioxidant capacity, making it desirable for PPO packaging, and expanding its potential applications within the food industry.