bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pine wilt disease detection in high-resolution UAV images using object-oriented classification
Authors: Sun Zhao , Wang Yifu , Pan Lei , Xie Yunhong , Zhang Bo , Liang Ruiting , Sun Yujun
Published: November 2021

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is currently one of the main causes of large-scale forest destruction. To control the spread of PWD, it is essential to detect affected pine trees quickly. This study investigated the feasibility of using the object-oriented multi-scale segmentation algorithm to identify trees discolored by PWD. We used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform equipped with an RGB digital camera to obtain high spatial resolution images, and multi-scale segmentation was applied to delineate the tree crown, coupling the use of object-oriented classification to classify trees discolored by PWD. Then, the optimal segmentation scale was implemented using the estimation of scale parameter (ESP2) plug-in. The feature space of the segmentation results was optimized, and appropriate features were selected for classification. The results showed that the optimal scale, shape, and compactness values of the tree crown segmentation algorithm were 56, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively. The producer’s accuracy (PA), user’s accuracy (UA), and F1 score were 0.722, 0.605, and 0.658, respectively. There were no significant classification errors in the final classification results, and the low accuracy was attributed to the low number of objects count caused by incorrect segmentation. The multi-scale segmentation and object-oriented classification method could accurately identify trees discolored by PWD with a straightforward and rapid processing. This study provides a technical method for monitoring the occurrence of PWD and identifying the discolored trees of disease using UAV-based high-resolution images.
Why and Where to Fund Carbon Capture and Storage
Authors: Mintz-Woo Kian , Lane Joe
Published: November 2021

This paper puts forward two claims about funding carbon capture and storage. The first claim is that there are moral justifications supporting strategic investment into CO2 storage from global and regional perspectives. One argument draws on the empirical evidence which suggests carbon capture and storage would play a significant role in a portfolio of global solutions to climate change; the other draws on Rawls’ notion of legitimate expectations and Moellendorf’s Anti-Poverty principle. The second claim is that where to pursue this strategic investment poses a morally non-trivial problem, with considerations like near-term global distributive justice and undermining legitimate expectations favouring investing in developing regions, especially in Asia, and considerations like long-term climate impacts and best uses of resources favouring investing in the relatively wealthy regions that have the best prospects for successful storage development.
Quantitative assessments of late radiation-induced skin and soft tissue toxicity and correlation with RTOG scales and biological equivalent dose in breast cancer
Authors: Huang Y. , Sanz J. , Rodríguez N. , Duran X. , Martínez A. , Li X. , Foro P. , Conde M. , Zhao M. , Liu F. , Reig A. , Dengra J. , Membrive I. , Pérez P. , Algara M.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Radiation-induced toxicity (RIT) is usually assessed by inspection and palpation. Due to their subjective and unquantitative nature, objective methods are required. This study aimed to determine whether a quantitative tool is able to assess RIT and establish an underlying BED-response relationship in breast cancer.

Methods

Patients following seven different breast radiation protocols were recruited to this study for RIT assessment with qualitative and quantitative examination. The biologically equivalent dose (BED) was used to directly compare different radiation regimens. RIT was subjectively evaluated by physicians using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) late toxicity scores. Simultaneously an objective multiprobe device was also used to quantitatively assess late RIT in terms of erythema, hyperpigmentation, elasticity and skin hydration.

Results

In 194 patients, in terms of the objective measurements, treated breasts showed higher erythema and hyperpigmentation and lower elasticity and hydration than untreated breasts (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.019, respectively). As the BED increased, Δerythema and Δpigmentation gradually increased as well (p = 0.006 and p = 0.002, respectively). Regarding the clinical assessment, the increase in BED resulted in a higher RTOG toxicity grade (p < 0.001). Quantitative assessments were consistent with RTOG scores. As the RTOG toxicity grade increased, the erythema and pigmentation values increased, and the elasticity index decreased (p < 0.001, p = 0.016, p = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusions

The multiprobe device can be a sensitive and simple tool for research purpose and quantitatively assessing RIT in patients undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. Physician-assessed toxicity scores and objective measurements revealed that the BED was positively associated with the severity of RIT.
Assessment of Paleocene to lower Oligocene formations and basement to estimate the potential hydrocarbon reservoirs using seismic inversion: a case study in the Upper Assam Shelf, India
Authors: Rai Neha , Singha Dip Kumar , Chatterjee Rima
Published: November 2021

The upper Assam shelf is a self-slope basin in north-east India, filled with nearly 7 km of sedimentary rocks of tertiary period with the granite basement and various oil fields along the border of the Naga thrust. The major producing fields are structural and strati-structural. The study area is placed in between the Mikir hills and Naga thrust. The objective of the study is to identify potential hydrocarbon reservoir zones in the geologically complex south upper of the Assam shelf using estimates of acoustic impedance and porosity derived by 3D post-stack seismic inversion. Well data, such as sonic velocity and density logs, from two wells (namely, KA and TE) are used in the inversion and validation of results. Inversion results are used to build a geological model in the form of acoustic impedance from which we derive 3D porosity cube which are used for hydrocarbon potential in the Paleocene to lower Oligocene sands, and the Precambrian basement. Although the amplitude maps provide an indication of potential reservoirs, the extent of these zones are much better identified in the inverted impedance maps and the corresponding estimated high-porosity zones. The analysis predicted the potential reservoir rocks in the Sylhet, Kopili and Barail formations, in which the Sylhet and Kopili appear to have good potential zones. Near the vicinity of the Naga thrust belt, the proximity of potential reservoir is predicted in the Kopili, Sylhet formation and in the fractured basement, respectively.
An undergraduate medical curriculum framework for providing care to transgender and gender diverse patients: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Ellaway Rachel H. , Thompson Nicole L. , Temple-Oberle Claire , Pacaud Danièle , Frecker Helena , Jablonski Theodore J. , Demers James , Mattatall Fiona , Raiche Joe , Hull Andrea , Jalil Rabiya
Published: November 2021

Introduction The lack of attention to transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people in undergraduate medical education (UME) is a point of concern, particularly among medical students. A project was undertaken to develop a UME curriculum framework for teaching the healthcare needs of TGD people. Methods Using a modified Delphi methodology, four rounds of surveys were presented to an expert stakeholder group that included content experts, generalist physicians, UME teaching faculty, and medical students. Questions covered what content should be taught, who should teach the content, and how much time should be dedicated for this teaching. Once the Delphi process was complete, feedback on the provisional framework was sought from members of the TGD community to ensure it represented their needs and perspectives. Results 71 panel members and 56 community members participated in the study. Core values included the scope of the framework, and topics such as inclusivity, and safety in practice and in teaching. The framework included terminology, epidemiology, medical and surgical treatment, mental health, sexual and reproductive health, and routine primary care. There was also guidance on who should teach, time to be allocated, and the learning environment. Discussion There is a clear need to train tomorrow’s doctors to provide competent and respectful healthcare services to and for TGD patients. Although local factors will likely shape the way in which this framework will be implemented in different contexts, this paper outlines a core UME-level curriculum framework for Canada and, potentially, for use in other parts of the world.
How to Treat Childhood Sexual Abuse Related PTSD Accompanied by Risky Sexual Behavior: A Case Study on the Use of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD)
Authors: Steil Regina , Schneider Angelina , Schwartzkopff Laura
Published: November 2021

Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) is a traumatic experience associated with a variety of short- and long-term negative consequences. Theoretical models assume that an abuse related and learned distorted image of sexuality might lead CSA survivors to feel obligated to provide sex or engage in unwanted sexual practices in order to gain affection or prevent abandonment. Dialectical behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD) is tailored to people with PTSD and comorbid emotion regulation deficits. This case study presents the results of an outpatient DBT-PTSD treatment of an adult patient with posttraumatic stress disorder following sexual and physical abuse. DBT-PTSD was used to treat the patient’s complex psychopathological problems and to decrease her risky sexual behavior, which manifested itself in highly dangerous sexual practices with her partner. The treatment took place over a period of 18 months, with a total of 72 sessions. At the end of the treatment, the patient no longer met criteria for PTSD as indicated by large reductions in the assessments used. Furthermore, she managed to distance herself from risky sexual practices and to remain in a satisfying relationship.
Identification of cinnabar existing in different objects using portable coupled XRF-XRD, laboratory-type XRD and micro-Raman spectroscopy: comparison of the techniques
Authors: Shen Jingyi , Shen Yijia
Published: November 2021

Cinnabar (α-HgS) is a common mineral used in various fields. The identification of cinnabar can be achieved by classic mineralogical methods and instrumental methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is the most reliable instrumental method for identifying material phases, but the sampling process and the immovable instrument limit its wider application in the cultural heritage field. The occurrence of Assing S. p. A. Surface Monitor, a portable system integrating X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and XRD, provides researchers with a new solution. Raw mineral, polished gemstone, pigment powder and Chinese ink stick claimed to be composed of cinnabar were measured by the system as well as laboratory-type XRD and micro-Raman techniques in this study. The qualitative XRF results were applied to determining the elements existing in the samples and thus defining the range of possible phases. Patterns obtained were compared carefully with the characteristic lines to determine the most likely phases, while the pattern appearances were compared in order to recognize the different states of cinnabar and generalize the experience for identifying cinnabar by the system. The Raman spectra obtained were compared and analyzed in order to learn the best parameters and determine the real composition of each sample. The results indicate that the XRF detector is sensitive enough to distinguish cinnabar from another red pigment, minium (Pb3O4), without destructive preparation provided that the desired phases occupy a major content in the sample, while the laser micro-Raman is even better in application range and measurement speed but correct analysis of the spectra is highly dependent on experience and literatures. The portable coupled XRF-XRD system and the micro-Raman provide researchers with convenient and efficient options to preliminarily identify minerals like cinnabar, which is significantly meaningful to several research fields including mineralogy, heritage science, material science, etc.

Article highlights

Two efficient and non-destructive methods for the preliminary identification of minerals like cinnabar were developed.

The optimum instrument parameters for the effective measurement of different cinnabar samples were given in detail.

The study provides useful data for various fields including analytical science, material science, heritage science, etc.
Management of Wind Power Variations in Electricity System Investment Models
Authors: Göransson Lisa , Granfeldt Caroline , Strömberg Ann-Brith
Published: November 2021

Accounting for variability in generation and load and strategies to tackle variability cost-efficiently are key components of investment models for modern electricity systems. This work presents and evaluates the Hours-to-Decades (H2D) model, which builds upon a novel approach to account for strategies to manage variations in the electricity system covering several days, the variation management which is of particular relevance to wind power integration. The model discretizes the time dimension of the capacity expansion problem into 2-week segments, thereby exploiting the parallel processing capabilities of modern computers. Information between these segments is then exchanged in a consensus loop. The method is evaluated with regard to its ability to account for the impacts of strategies to manage variations in generation and load, regional resources and trade, and inter-annual linkages. Compared to a method with fully connected time, the proposed method provides solutions with an increase in total system cost of no more than 1.12%, while reducing memory requirements to 1/26’th of those of the original problem. For capacity expansion problems concerning two regions or more, it is found that the H2D model requires 1–2% of the calculation time relative to a model with fully connected time when solved on a computer with parallel processing capability.
Exploring the benefits and challenges of Internet of Things (IoT) during Covid-19: a case study of Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Nahida , Tamanna Marzia
Published: November 2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to have a huge impact, especially during the pandemic period. The study reveals that people are using the IoT mostly for education purposes (as students and educators), office work, banks and medical purposes during the pandemic. The topmost benefit of using IoT services experienced by people during pandemic situations is that it helps to strictly maintain physical distance. However, the greatest challenge faced by people is that the use of the IoT increases social distancing and reduces personal communication. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed online and using a convenient random sampling method. A total of 260 participants’ properly completed responses were analyzed after conducting Three-fold validation. Research method was quantitative and empirical. Although, some studies have been found about IoT prospects in Bangladesh, no study has specifically explored the benefits and challenges of IoT services in diverse fields of Bangladesh during this new normal COVID-19 situation. The results can be beneficial to academic scholars, business professionals and organizations in different sectors and any other parties interested in determining the impact of IoT services on pandemic.
A Framework for Community Ecology
Authors: Keddy Paul A. , Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: November 2021

This book addresses an important problem in ecology: how are communities assembled from species pools? This pressing question underlies a broad array of practical problems in ecology and environmental science, including restoration of damaged landscapes, management of protected areas, and protection of threatened species. This book presents a simple logical structure for ecological assembly and addresses key areas including species pools, traits, environmental filters, and functional groups. It demonstrates the use of two predictive models (CATS and Traitspace) and consists of many wide-ranging examples including plants in deserts, wetlands, and forests, and communities of fish, amphibians, birds, mammals, and fungi. Global in scope, this volume ranges from the arid lands of North Africa, to forests in the Himalayas, to Amazonian floodplains. There is a strong focus on applications, particularly the twin challenges of conserving biodiversity and understanding community responses to climate change.
Creating Conspiracy Beliefs
Authors: Albarracin Dolores , Albarracin Julia , Chan Man-pui Sally , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2021

Conspiracy theories spread more widely and faster than ever before. Fear and uncertainty prompt people to believe false narratives of danger and hidden plots, but are not sufficient without considering the role and ideological bias of the media. This timely book focuses on making sense of how and why some people respond to their fear of a threat by creating or believing conspiracy stories. It integrates insights from psychology, political science, communication, and information sciences to provide a complete overview and theory of how conspiracy beliefs manifest. Through this multi-disciplinary perspective, rigoros research develops and tests a practical, simple way to frame and understand conspiracy theories. The book supplies unprecedented amounts of new data from six empirical studies and unpicks the complexity of the process that leads to the empowerment of conspiracy beliefs.
Lateral directional aircraft aerodynamic parameter estimation using adaptive stochastic nonlinear filter
Authors: Mohamed M. , Joy N.
Published: November 2021

This paper aims to accurately estimate the lateral directional aerodynamic parameters in real time irrespective of the variations in the process and measurement covariance matrices. The proposed algorithm for parameter estimation is based on the integration of adaptive techniques into a stochastic nonlinear filter. The proposed adaptive estimation algorithm is applied to flight test data, and the lateral directional derivatives are estimated in real time. The estimates are compared with those obtained from the Filter Error Method (FEM), an offline parameter estimation method accounting for process noise. The estimation results are observed to be very comparable, and the supremacy of the adaptive filter is illustrated by varying the covariance matrices of both process and measurement noises. The parameters estimated by the adaptive filter are found to converge to their actual values, whereas the estimates of the regular filter are observed to diverge from the actual values when changing the noise covariance matrices. The proposed adaptive algorithm can estimate the lateral directional aerodynamic derivatives more accurately without prior knowledge of either process or measurement noise covariance matrices. Hence, it is of great value in online implementations.
Beirut Explosion: The Largest Non-Nuclear Blast in History
Authors: Helou Mariana , El-Hussein Mahmoud , Aciksari Kurtulus , Salio Flavio , Della Corte Francesco , von Schreeb Johan , Ragazzoni Luca
Published: November 2021

A massive explosion have ripped Beirut on August 4, 2020, leaving behind more than 6000 casualties, 800 regular floor admissions, 130 intensive care unit admissions, and over 200 deaths. Buildings were destroyed, hospitals in Beirut were also destroyed, others became nonfunctional. A disaster code was initiated in all the hospitals. Victims were transported by the Lebanese Red Cross or by volunteers to the nearest hospital that was still functional. Hospitals were flooded in patients, the coordination between health care centers was missing. Each hospital was functioning to its maximum capacity. With the many challenges we had, a rapid response was initiated. An effective triage done outside the Emergency had the major role in saving lives. After the Beirut Explosion, an assessment of the disaster plan and a major evaluation of the hospitals’ coordination is needed.
The ultimate state of turbulent permeable-channel flow
Authors: Motoki Shingo , Tsugawa Kentaro , Shimizu Masaki , Kawahara Genta
Published: November 2021

Direct numerical simulations have been performed for heat and momentum transfer in internally heated turbulent shear flow with constant bulk mean velocity and temperature,

$u_{b}$

and

$\theta _{b}$

, between parallel, isothermal, no-slip and permeable walls. The wall-normal transpiration velocity on the walls

$y=\pm h$

is assumed to be proportional to the local pressure fluctuations, i.e.

$v=\pm \beta p/\rho$

(Jiménez et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 442, 2001, pp. 89–117). The temperature is supposed to be a passive scalar, and the Prandtl number is set to unity. Turbulent heat and momentum transfer in permeable-channel flow for the dimensionless permeability parameter

$\beta u_b=0.5$

has been found to exhibit distinct states depending on the Reynolds number

$Re_b=2h u_b/\nu$

. At

$Re_{b}\lesssim 10^4$

, the classical Blasius law of the friction coefficient and its similarity to the Stanton number,

$St\approx c_{f}\sim Re_{b}^{-1/4}$

, are observed, whereas at

$Re_{b}\gtrsim 10^4$

, the so-called ultimate scaling,

$St\sim Re_b^0$

and

$c_{f}\sim Re_b^0$

, is found. The ultimate state is attributed to the appearance of large-scale intense spanwise rolls with the length scale of

$O(h)$

arising from the Kelvin–Helmholtz type of shear-layer instability over the permeable walls. The large-scale rolls can induce large-amplitude velocity fluctuations of

$O(u_b)$

as in free shear layers, so that the Taylor dissipation law

$\epsilon \sim u_{b}^{3}/h$

(or equivalently

$c_{f}\sim Re_b^0$

) holds. In spite of strong turbulence promotion there is no flow separation, and thus large-amplitude temperature fluctuations of

$O(\theta _b)$

can also be induced similarly. As a consequence, the ultimate heat transfer is achieved, i.e. a wall heat flux scales with

$u_{b}\theta _{b}$

(or equivalently

$St\sim Re_b^0$

) independent of thermal diffusivity, although the heat transfer on the walls is dominated by thermal conduction.
On the energy equality for very weak solutions to 3D MHD equations
Authors: Lai Baishun , Yang Yifan
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we consider the energy equality of the 3D Cauchy problem for the magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) equations. We show that if a very weak solution of MHD equations belongs to $L^{4}(0,\,T;L^{4}(\mathbb {R}^{3}))$, then it is actually in the Leray–Hopf class and therefore must satisfy the energy equality in the time interval $[0,\,T]$.
TIGHT UNIVERSAL TRIANGULAR FORMS
Authors: KIM MINGYU
Published: November 2021

For a subset S of nonnegative integers and a vector
$\mathbf {a}=(a_1,\ldots ,a_k)$
of positive integers, define the set
$V^{\prime }_S(\mathbf {a})=\{ a_1s_1+\cdots +a_ks_k : s_i\in S\}-\{0\}$
. For a positive integer n, let
$\mathcal T(n)$
be the set of integers greater than or equal to n. We consider the problem of finding all vectors
$\mathbf {a}$
satisfying
$V^{\prime }_S(\mathbf {a})=\mathcal T(n)$
when S is the set of (generalised) m-gonal numbers and n is a positive integer. In particular, we completely resolve the case when S is the set of triangular numbers.
Effects of dietary eucommia ulmoides leaf extract on growth performance, expression of feeding-related genes, activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant capacity, immunity and cytokines expression of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae
Authors: Huang Wenxing , Yao Chuanwei , Liu Yongtao , Xu Ning , Yin Zhaoyang , Xu Wenxuan , Miao Youqing , Mai Kang Sen , Ai Qinghui
Published: November 2021

A 30-d feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant capacity, immunity, expression of inflammatory factors and feeding-related genes of large yellow croaker larvae. Five micro-diets were formulated with supplementation of 0 g kg−1 (the control), 5 g kg−1 (0·5 %), 10 g kg−1 (1·0 %) and 20 g kg−1 (2·0 %) of ELE, respectively. Results showed that the best growth performance was found in larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE. Furthermore, ELE supplementation significantly increased the npy expression at 1·0 % dosage, while increased ghrelin in larvae at 0·5 % dosages. The activity of leucine aminopeptidase in larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE was significantly higher than the control, while alkaline phosphatase was significantly upregulated in larvae fed the diet with 2·0 % ELE. A clear increase in total antioxidant capacity in larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE was observed, whereas catalase activity was significantly higher in 1·0 % and 2·0 % ELE supplementation compared with the control. Larvae fed the diet with 1·0 % ELE had a significantly higher activities of lysozyme, total nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide content than the control. Moreover, transcriptional levels of cox-2, il-1β and il-6 were remarkably downregulated by the supplementation of 0·5–1·0 % ELE. This study demonstrated that the supplementation of 1·0 % ELE in diet could increase the growth performance of large yellow croaker larvae probably by promoting expression of feeding-related genes, enhancing antioxidant capacity and immunity and inhibiting expression of inflammatory factors.
Psychotherapy for comorbid depression and somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Miguel Clara , Karyotaki Eirini , Ciharova Marketa , Cristea Ioana A. , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Cuijpers Pim
Published: November 2021

Background

The treatment of depression in patients with somatic disorders is crucial, given its negative impact on quality of life (QoL), functioning, and even on the somatic disease prognosis. We aimed to examine the most updated evidence on the effects of psychotherapy in patients with depression and somatic disorders, including HIV, oncological, cardiometabolic, and neurological disorders.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis of 75 randomized trials (8209 participants) of psychotherapy for adults with somatic disorders and a diagnosis or elevated symptoms of depression. Outcomes included depression, QoL, somatic health-related outcomes, and mortality.

Results

Psychotherapy significantly reduced the severity of depression at post-treatment across all categories of somatic disorders (Hedges'g = 0.65; 95% CI 0.52–0.79), with sustained effects at 6–11 months (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.22–0.53) and at 12 months follow-up or longer (g = 0.13; 95% CI 0.04–0.21). Psychotherapy also showed significant effects on QoL (g = 0.26; 95% CI 0.17–0.35), maintained up to 11 months follow-up (g = 0.25; 95% CI 0.16–0.34). No significant effects were observed on the most frequently reported somatic health-related outcomes (glycemic control, pain), and neither on mortality. Heterogeneity in most analyses was very high, and only 29 (38%) trials were rated at low risk of bias (RoB).

Conclusions

Psychotherapy may be an effective treatment option for patients with depression and somatic disorders, with long-term effects on depression severity and QoL. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity and RoB.
CONTESTI TARDOANTICHI DI PORTUS (FIUMICINO–IT): NOVITÀ DAI C.D. MAGAZZINI TRAIANEI
Authors: Contino Alessia , Quevedo Alejandro
Published: November 2021

Il contributo si propone di presentare i reperti provenienti da un saggio effettuato all’interno dei cosidetti Magazzini Traianei a Portus (Fiumicino) e in particolare nel corridoio prospicente la darsena in corrispondenza della cella 9 e all’interno di essa. L’intervento di ricerca era principalmente volto a definire le diverse fasi edilizie della struttura dei magazzini, è tuttavia stato possibile mettere in luce livelli datati tra il IV e il V secolo d.C., connessi alle fasi di frequentazione a scopo funerario della cella. Lo studio preliminare dei materiali offre un primo panorama delle produzioni attestate nell’area in età tardoantica e del rapporto percentuale intercorrente tra di loro, restituendo un’immagine delle dinamiche commerciali. In particolare è stato possibile verificare la presenza di alcuni contenitori da trasporto degni di nota, come ad esempio le anfore Keay LII e affini, che testimoniano la rinnovata produzione di vino calabro–siculo nel corso del V sec. L'incremento di questi beni di consumo si deve alla crisi della produzione viticola che investì l’Italia centro–settentrionale e alla conseguente imposizione del titulus canonicus vinarius alle regioni del Bruzio e della Sicilia. Tali contesti tardi si caratterizzano inoltre per la presenza di ceramica da fuoco di Pantelleria e di produzioni africane di ceramica da cucina, comune e terra sigillata. Si segnala infine la presenza dell’anfora ispanica Mojón 1, imitazione degli spatheia africani. Il panorama delle attestazioni permette di istituire confronti all’interno del sito stesso, con i reperti provenienti dagli scavi dell’Antemurale e della Basilica Paleocristiana, e con i contesti ostiensi e romani, sia per quanto riguarda la prevalenza dei contenitori da trasporto sul resto del vasellame, che in relazione alla preponderanza del materiale d’importazione, all’interno del quale spicca la ceramica africana.
A new gap-based obstacle avoidance approach: follow the obstacle circle method
Authors: Houshyari Hosein , Sezer Volkan
Published: November 2021

One of the most challenging tasks for autonomous robots is avoiding unexpected obstacles during their path following operation. Follow the gap method (FGM) is one of the most popular obstacle avoidance algorithms that recursively guides the robot to the goal state by considering the angle to the goal point and the distance to the closest obstacles. It selects the largest gap around the robot, where the gap angle is calculated by the vector to the midpoint of the largest gap. In this paper, a novel obstacle avoidance procedure is developed and applied to a real fully autonomous wheelchair. This proposed algorithm improves the FGM’s travel safety and brings a new solution to the obstacle avoidance task. In the proposed algorithm, the largest gap is selected based on gap width. Moreover, the avoidance angle (similar to the gap center angle of FGM) is calculated considering the locus of the equidistant points from obstacles that create obstacle circles. Monte Carlo simulations are used to test the proposed algorithm, and according to the results, the new procedure guides the robot to safer trajectories compared with classical FGM. The real experimental test results are in parallel to the simulations and show the real-time performance of the proposed approach.
Medical Experiences from a Consular Repatriation and Evacuation Operation from Afghanistan in August 2021: A Field Report
Authors: Hugelius Karin , Kurland Lisa
Published: November 2021

Following the Taliban influx in August 2021, several Western countries repatriated nationals and evacuated others from Kabul Airport in Afghanistan. This report aimed to describe medical experiences from the consular repatriation and evacuation operation.

Memos from personal conversations with seven professionals involved in these operations formed the basis for this report.

Minor trauma, gastrointestinal symptoms, dehydration, fever, and mental distress were common. Bandages, oral rehydration solution, and the administration of paracetamol were needed, in addition to medical evaluation of acuity. In consular repatriation and humanitarian evacuations, medical attendance should be prioritized to manage medical needs of individuals being evacuated, but also from a public health perspective. The medical needs covered a broad specter of infection disease symptoms, trauma, and mental health problems among patients of all ages. Since the nature of consular repatriations and evacuations can be challenging from safety and infrastructural aspects, general medical emergency awareness with an ability to effectively evaluate and manage both somatic and mental health emergencies on the ground and in the air, among both children and adults, is needed.
Associations between farmers’ market shopping behaviours and objectively measured and self-reported fruit and vegetable intake in a diverse sample of farmers’ market shoppers: a cross-sectional study in New York City and rural North Carolina
Authors: Kelley Casey J , Hanson Karla L , Marshall Grace A , Volpe Leah C , Jilcott Pitts Stephanie , Rafferty Ann P , Seguin-Fowler Rebecca A
Published: November 2021

Objective:

To examine cross-sectional associations between farmers’ market shopping behaviours and objectively measured and self-reported fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among rural North Carolina (NC) and New York City (NYC) shoppers.

Design:

Cross-sectional intercept surveys were used to assess self-reported FV intake and three measures of farmers’ market shopping behaviour: (1) frequency of purchasing FV; (2) variety of FV purchased and (3) dollars spent on FV. Skin carotenoids, a non-invasive biomarker for FV intake, were objectively measured using pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy. Associations between farmers’ market shopping behaviours and FV intake were examined using regression models that controlled for demographic variables (e.g. age, sex, race, smoking status, education, income and state).

Setting:

Farmers’ markets (n 17 markets) in rural NC and NYC.

Participants:

A convenience sample of 645 farmers’ market shoppers.

Results:

Farmers’ market shoppers in NYC purchased a greater variety of FV and had higher skin carotenoid scores compared with shoppers in rural NC. Among all shoppers, there was a positive, statistically significant association between self-reported frequency of shopping at farmers’ markets and self-reported as well as objectively assessed FV intake. The variety of FV purchased and farmers’ market spending on FV also were positively associated with self-reported FV intake, but not skin carotenoids.

Conclusion:

Those who shop for FV more frequently at a farmers’ markets, purchase a greater variety of FV and spend more money on FV have higher self-reported, and in some cases higher objectively measured FV intake. Further research is needed to understand these associations and test causality.
A Survey of the Proof-Theoretic Foundations of Logic Programming
Authors: MILLER DALE
Published: November 2021

Several formal systems, such as resolution and minimal model semantics, provide a framework for logic programming. In this article, we will survey the use ofstructural proof theoryas an alternative foundation. Researchers have been using this foundation for the past 35 years to elevate logic programming from its roots in first-order classical logic into higher-order versions of intuitionistic and linear logic. These more expressive logic programming languages allow for capturing stateful computations and rich forms of abstractions, including higher-order programming, modularity, and abstract data types. Term-level bindings are another kind of abstraction, and these are given an elegant and direct treatment within both proof theory and these extended logic programming languages. Logic programming has also inspired new results in proof theory, such as those involving polarity and focused proofs. These recent results provide a high-level means for presenting the differences between forward-chaining and backward-chaining style inferences. Anchoring logic programming in proof theory has also helped identify its connections and differences with functional programming, deductive databases, and model checking.
A polycentric approach for pandemic governance: nested externalities and co-production challenges
Authors: Paniagua Pablo , Rayamajhee Veeshan
Published: November 2021

Political economists assume that global externalities, such as pandemics and climate change, require global or multi-national solutions. Yet, many aspects of these externalities can be addressed at the micro-level. As Elinor Ostrom pointed out, what scholars perceive as global externalities are in fact nested externalities that are organized in multiple, overlapping scales. By drawing on Ostrom's oeuvre, we explore the notions of nested externalities, polycentricity, and co-production in the context of pandemic governance. We highlight two crucial features of pandemics: first, preventative measures such as social distancing are co-production processes that cannot be provided by governments alone. Second, pandemics, much like climate change, pose nested externalities problems at different levels. Thus, pandemic externalities are better viewed as collective action problems arranged at multiple, nested, and/or overlapping scales. Finally, we propose an alternative institutional take that considers the nestedness of pandemic externalities and the diversity in institutional conditions across jurisdictions.
Integrating Media Selection and Media Effects Using Decision	Theory
Authors: Fisher Jacob T. , Hamilton Kristy A.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Media psychology researchers seek to understand both why people choose certain media over others and how media influence cognitive, emotional, social, and psychological processes. A burgeoning body of literature has emerged in recent years describing media selection and media effects as reciprocally linked dynamic processes, but research approaches empirically investigating them as such have been sparse. In parallel, technological developments like algorithmic personalization and mobile computing have served to blur the lines between media selection and media effects, highlighting novel problems at their intersection. Herein, we propose an integrative approach for building an understanding of these processes rooted in decision theory, a formal framework describing how organisms (and nonbiological agents) select and optimize behaviors in response to their environment.
The Impact of a Legally Defined Just Culture on Voluntary Reporting	of Safety Information
Authors: McMurtrie Kevin J. , Molesworth Brett R. C.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to examine commercial pilots’ reporting behavior and confidence in their airlines’ just culture. In pursuit of this aim, 539 European-based pilots participated in the study by answering an online questionnaire. The results are compared with an earlier study comprising Australian-based pilots. The results reveal that 84% and 57% of the European and Australian pilots, respectively, trust their airlines’ just culture. When comparing reporting behaviors, it was found that 53% of the Australian pilots and 33% of the European pilots stated they had failed to report, or had under-reported, safety information in their airlines’ safety management system. A distinct difference with the aviation regulatory backdrop that the two pilot groups operate within is the legal legitimization of just culture in European law. It is unknown whether this difference influences confidence in just culture or has an effect on reporting behavior.
Five‐Year Analysis of Evaposublimation Characteristics and Its Role on Surface Energy Balance SEB on a Midlatitude Continental Glacier
Authors: Guo Shuhai , Chen Rensheng , Han Chuntan , Liu Junfeng , Wang Xiqiang , Liu Guohua
Published: November 2021

As a principal pathway of moisture loss of cryosphere, the sublimation of snow or ice needs to absorb a high amount of energy to complete the phase transition, while related researches on how sublimation affects surface energy balance (SEB) are still insufficient, causing unclear conclusions. To characterize the seasonal variation of a mountain glacier's sublimation or evaporation and analysis its role on SEB, the meteorological and glaciological data over five‐year measurement period (2016–2020) were obtained on the top of August‐one glacier. In the non‐melt period of a year (January–May and October–December), sensible heat flux H was the dominant energy contributor to glacier surface (76%), followed by net radiation Rnet (22%). Sublimation removed average 85 mm (0.4 mm/day) of water vapor from surface for the dry and windy weather, and the latent heat flux of sublimation LEE accounted for 33% of energy sinks (67% of energy was stored in the glacier Qs). In the melt period (June–September), evaposublimation (mainly composed of evaporation) reached to 36 mm (0.3 mm/day), but LEE only played a small heat sink (14%) and the Qm (the energy for melting) had the largest proportion (70%). Rnet and H contributed 81% and 15% of surface energy, respectively. Obviously, under the global climate warming, the sublimation of non‐melt period seems to be effective in decrease the heating rate of glacier surface.
The 2019–2020 Khalili (Iran) Earthquake Sequence—Anthropogenic Seismicity in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt?
Authors: Jamalreyhani Mohammadreza , Pousse‐Beltran Léa , Büyükakpınar Pınar , Cesca Simone , Nissen Edwin , Ghods Abdolreza , López‐Comino José Ángel , Rezapour Mehdi , Najafi Mahdi
Published: November 2021

We investigate the origin of a long‐lived earthquake cluster in the Fars arc of the Zagros Simply Folded Belt that is colocated with the major Shanul natural gas field. The cluster emerged in January 2019 and initially comprised small events of Mn ∼ 3–4. It culminated on 9 June 2020 with a pair of Mw 5.4 and 5.7 earthquakes, which was followed by >100 aftershocks. We assess the spatiotemporal evolution of the earthquake sequence using multiple event hypocenter relocations, waveform inversions, and Sentinel‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements and models. We find that the early part of the sequence is spatially distinct from the 9 June 2020 earthquakes and their aftershocks. Moment tensors, centroid depths, and source parameter uncertainties of 15 of the largest (Mn ≥ 4.0) events show that the sequence is dominated by reverse faulting at shallow depths (mostly ≤4 km) within the sedimentary cover. InSAR modeling shows that the Mw 5.7 mainshock occurred at depths of 2–8 km with a rupture length and maximum slip of ∼20 km and ∼0.5 m, respectively. Our results suggest that the 2019–2020 Khalili earthquake sequence was likely influenced by operation of the Shanul field, though elevated natural seismicity in the Zagros makes the association difficult to prove. Understanding how to distinguish man‐made from natural seismicity is helpful for hazard and risk assessment, notably in the Zagros, which is both seismically active and rich in oil and gas reserves.
Ionization Efficiency in the Dayside Ionosphere of Mars: Structure and Variability
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David , Thiemann Ed , Eparvier Frank , Benna Mehdi , Elrod Meredith
Published: November 2021

Ionization efficiency, the ratio between photoelectron impact ionization and primary photoionization, is an important quantity from the perspective of ionospheric energy balance and as a quantity to be parameterized for use in global simulations. We investigate ionization efficiency using MAVEN in situ measurements of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux, suprathermal electron flux, and neutral density. Its behavior with respect to pressure and solar zenith angle (SZA) is explained by ionization cross‐sections and photoabsorption, plus photoelectron transport near the terminator. We find similar ionization efficiencies between the species CO2, O, N2, and CO, with Argon ∼40% higher, explained largely by its higher ionization potential. Efficiency depends positively on solar activity, increasing by ∼50–100% (depending on season) from low to moderate solar EUV levels, before flattening at higher EUV levels. EUV spectral hardening appears to be responsible for only ∼15% of this increase, the remainder best explained by variability in neutral composition. We find a negligible dependence of ionization efficiency on the strength and direction of crustal magnetic fields. Efficiencies agree poorly with the theoretical model of Nicholson et al. (2009),https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15463.x, possibly reflecting differences in model versus measured solar EUV spectrum and neutral densities. We fit the data to the empirical parameterization of Mendillo et al. (2011),https://doi.org/10.1029/2011ja016865but find that a single fit cannot capture ionization efficiency behavior across all dayside SZA values. We believe that an empirical model of Mars ionization efficiency will require MAVEN data and validated transport modeling to reach to sufficiently high pressures to capture Mars' photochemical peaks M1 and M2.
Morphodynamic Equilibria in Double‐Inlet Systems: Existence and Stability
Authors: Deng X. , Meerman C. , Boelens T. , De Mulder T. , Salles P. , Schuttelaars H. M.
Published: November 2021

The existence of morphodynamic equilibria of double‐inlet systems is investigated using a cross‐sectionally averaged morphodynamic model. The number of possible equilibria and their stability strongly depend on the forcing conditions and geometry considered. This is illustrated by considering a rectangular double‐inlet system forced by M2 tidal constituents only. Depending on the M2 amplitudes and phases at both entrances, no equilibrium, one equilibrium or multiple morphodynamic equilibria may exist. In case no equilibrium is found, the minimum water depth becomes zero somewhere in the system, reducing the double‐inlet system to two single‐inlet systems. In the other cases, the location of the minimum water depth and the direction of the tidally‐averaged sediment transport, as well as their actual values, depend strongly on the M2 tidal characteristics. Such parameter sensitivity is also observed when including the residual and M4 forcing contributions to the water motion, and when allowing for width variations. This suggests that, when considering a specific system, the number and stability of morphodynamic equilibria, as well as the characteristics of these quantities, can only be assessed by investigating that specific system in detail. As an example, the Marsdiep‐Vlie inlet system in the Dutch Wadden Sea is considered. It is found that, by using parameter values and a geometry characteristic for this system, the water motion and bathymetry in morphodynamic equilibrium are qualitatively reproduced. Also the direction and order of magnitude of the tidally‐averaged suspended sediment transport compare well with those obtained from a high‐complexity numerical model.