bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel technical developments in mass spectrometry imaging in 2020: A mini review
Authors: Dilmetz Brooke A. , Lee Yea‐Rin , Condina Mark R. , Briggs Matthew , Young Clifford , Desire Christopher T. , Klingler‐Hoffmann Manuela , Hoffmann Peter
Published: March 2021

The applicability of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has exponentially increased with the improvement of sample preparation, instrumentation (spatial resolution) and data analysis. The number of MSI publications listed in PubMed continues to grow with 378 published articles in 2020‐2021. Initially, MSI was just sensitive enough to identify molecular features correlating with distinct tissue regions, similar to the resolution achieved by visual inspection after standard immunohistochemical staining. Although the spatial resolution was limited compared with other imaging modalities, the molecular intensity mapping added a new exciting capability. Over the past decade, significant improvements in every step of the workflow and most importantly in instrumentation were made, which now enables the molecular analysis at a cellular and even subcellular level. Here, we summarize the latest developments in MSI, with a focus on the latest approaches for tissue‐based imaging described in 2020.
Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors: Progress and Future Perspective
Authors: Gong Xuefei , Chen Jingwei , Lee Pooi See
Published: March 2021

The increasing concern on the safety risks associated with the flammable organic electrolytes in alkali‐ion batteries and the pursuit of both high energy density and power density in one device has spurred the investigation of aqueous multivalent metal ion hybrid supercapacitors. Zinc‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs) have the advantages of low standard potential, high theoretical capacity and good safety in aqueous electrolytes. In this review, the recent advancements achieved in ZIHSCs have been summarized and discussed. The progress in cathode, anode, electrolyte and the approaches adoptable to improve the electrochemical performance of ZIHSCs have been categorized. Mechanism investigation through different ex‐situ and in‐situ methods, incorporation of multi‐functionality and integration are also demonstrated. Adoption of more in‐situ characterization methods to understand the electrochemical mechanism of ZIHSCs is encouraged. Future development of ZIHSCs with higher active materials utilization rate and power output for practical applications is envisioned, assembly of ZIHSCs with more functionality is also expected.
Physical features of newborns exposed during pregnancy to anticonvulsant medication and developmental monitoring
Authors: Peller Allyson J. , Hunt Anne‐Therese , Holmes Lewis B.
Published: March 2021

Background

Antiepileptic drug (AED) use during pregnancy can affect the physical features, intelligence, and behavior in the exposed infants and children. Identifying these AED‐related effects early makes intervention in childhood possible. To examine the accuracy of the identification of AED effects on the physical features of newborn infants, the written findings in routine physical examinations in medical records can be evaluated.

Methods

Documentation of AED exposure and the physical findings recorded was obtained from the hospital medical records of 207 infants at a large birthing hospital. Comparison was made of the findings in these infants by private pediatricians and two study pediatricians who were unaware of infant exposure status. The comparisons of the findings were analyzed using the Kappa statistic.

Results

The level of agreement in the assessment of the presence of facial features characteristic of midface hypoplasia by private pediatricians and the study pediatricians was poor (Kappa = 0.04; 95 CI—0.07 to 0.01); for microcephaly was fair (Kappa = 0.39; CI—0.14 to 0.93); and for growth restriction was fair (Kappa—0.22; CI—0.18 to 0.63).

Conclusions

Findings recorded by hospital pediatricians in medical records during routine medical care showed that most (74%) of the pediatricians were aware of the infant's exposure to AED during pregnancy. Pediatricians did not do well in identifying the physical signs of midface or digit hypoplasia or microcephaly or growth restriction. Better early identification of the physical effects from AED exposure would make it possible for infants to benefit from developmental monitoring.
TMT‐based proteomics analysis of the effects of Qianjinweijing Tang on lung cancer
Authors: Huo Bingjie , Song Yanru , Tan Bibo , Li Jianbo , Zhang Jie , Zhang Fengbin , Chang Liang
Published: March 2021

Qianjinweijing Tang (QJWJ) is a classic traditional Chinese formula that is often used in the treatment of treat lung cancer (LC). However, the underlying cellular mechanisms of the anticancer effects of QJWJ remain unclear. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay and levels of apoptosis measured by flow cytometry. Animal experiments were conducted to determine the effects of QJWJ on tumor growth in vivo. We used a proteomics approach to study the effects of QJWJ on LC cells and applied bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins that were validated by western blotting. QJWJ inhibited the proliferation of LC cells and induced apoptosis. The tumor growth delay effects of QJWJ were confirmed in vivo. We identified 104 differentially expressed proteins following QJWJ treatments of which 45 proteins were upregulated and 59 were downregulated. The levels of differentially expressed proteins were validated by western blotting. Our study indicated that QJWJ has anticancer effects in vivo and in vitro and that these effects are mediated by modulating the expression of tumor‐related proteins.
The impact of compassionate mind training on qualified health professionals undertaking a compassion‐focused therapy module
Authors: Beaumont Elaine , Bell Tobyn , McAndrew Sue , Fairhurst Helen
Published: March 2021

Background

Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) and Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) aim to help people cultivate compassion for self and others. To date, there is little evidence exploring the effects CMT has on those engaged in or embarking on a career in the helping professions. Interventions that encourage self‐reflection and self‐practice may help practitioners cultivate self‐compassion, leading to the promotion of self‐care.

Aim

To explore the impact CMT has on students’ levels of self‐compassion and self‐criticism, and on their work as healthcare practitioners/counsellors/psychotherapists.

Methodology

This was a mixed‐methods study (N = 15). Pre‐ and post‐quantitative data were collected via three questionnaires: The Self‐Compassion Scale‐SF, the Forms of Self‐Criticising/Self‐Attacking and Self‐Reassuring Scale and the Functions of Self‐Criticising/Self‐Attacking Scale. Qualitative data were collected via diaries and a focus group to portray the impact training had on students.

Findings

Results revealed a statistically significant increase in self‐compassion post‐training and a statistically significant increase in scores on the reassured self subscale. Statistically significant reductions in self‐correction scores and inadequate self scores were observed post‐training. There was no statistical significant difference post‐training on the hated self or self‐persecution subscales. Themes identified from the weekly diaries included the following: the benefits of compassion; when compassion arises; and difficulties and opportunities. Themes identified by the focus group data included the following: self‐reflection and self‐practice; finding balance; and critical self and compassionate self.

Implications

Incorporating interventions into education programmes that help student’s foster compassion may help them cultivate a compassionate mindset and learn to be kinder to self.
Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Evaluation of O‐Alkylated/Acylated Quinazolin‐4‐one Schiff Bases
Authors: Manhas Neha , Singh Parvesh , Mocktar Chunderika , Singh Moganavelli , Koorbanally Neil
Published: March 2021

A series of quinazolin‐4‐one Schiff bases were synthesized and tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against two cancerous cell lines (MCF‐7, Caco‐2) and a human embryonic cell line (HEK‐293) including their antibacterial evaluation against two Gram‐positive and four Gram‐negative bacterial strains. Most of the quinazoline‐Schiff bases exhibited potent cytotoxicity against Caco‐2. 3‐[(Z)‐({4‐[(But‐2‐yn‐1‐yl)oxy]phenyl}methylidene)amino]‐2‐methylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (6f) with the O‐butyne functional group displayed three‐fold higher cytotoxic activity (IC50=376.8 μM) as compared to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU; IC50=1086.1 μM). However, all compounds were found to be toxic to HEK‐293, except for 3‐[(Z)‐({4‐[(2,4‐difluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl}methylidene)amino]‐2‐methylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (6h) that showed ∼three‐fold lower toxicity and higher selectivity index than 5‐FU. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that O‐alkylation generally increased the anticancer activity and selectivity of quinazoline‐4‐one Schiff bases toward Caco‐2 cells. The fluorinated Schiff‐base generally exhibited even more significant cytotoxic activity compared to their chlorine analogs. Surprisingly, none of the quinazoline‐4‐one Schiff bases displayed encouraging antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains investigated. Most of the compounds were predicted to show compliance with the Lipinski parameters and ADMET profiles, indicating their drug‐like properties.
TTP488 ameliorates NLRP3‐associated inflammation, viability, apoptosis, and ROS production in an Alzheimer's disease cell model by mediating the JAK1/STAT3/NFκB/IRF3 pathway
Authors: Xue Jie , Jia Peng , Zhang Dong , Yao Zhiwen
Published: March 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent dementia, is identified as a neurodegenerative disease arising from a degenerative disturbance in the central nervous system. A previous study reported that TTP488 could ameliorate symptoms in patients with mild AD, but the underlying mechanisms need to be studied further. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the role of TTP488 in the development of an AD cell model. Administration of TTP448 in an AD cell model reduced the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α], reversed the inhibitory role of Aβ on cell proliferation and viability, and decreased Aβ‐triggered cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, Aβ treatment induced activation of JAK1/STAT3/NFκB/IRF3 pathway as well as NLRP3 expression, and TTP488 administration partially reversed the activation of this pathway and NLRP3 expression. Use of WP1160, a STAT3 agonist, re‐activated the downstream STAT3/NFκB/IRF3 pathway and NLRP3 expression. Moreover, we found that WP1160 counteracted the role of TTP488 in Aβ‐induced SH‐SY5Y cells' viability, inflammation, apoptosis, and ROS production.

Significance of the study

This study explores the role of TTP488 in the development of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) cell model and confirms that TTP488 administration notably promotes cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis, inflammatory factor expression, and reactive oxygen species generation. Further, this study suggests that the NLRP3‐relevant JAK1/STAT3/P65/IRF3 signalling pathway is related to AD pathogenesis.
Cystic form of Actinomycotic mycetoma: A new case with a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Bellalah Ahlem , Abdeljelil Nouha Ben , Njima Manel , Hammouda Seifeddine Ben , Khalifa Sarah Ben , Koubaa Mustapha , Zakhama Abdelfatteh , Hadhri Rim
Published: March 2021

Mycetoma, commonly known as Madura foot, is a chronic granulomatous infection caused either by fungi (eumycetoma) known as actinomycete. This disease occurs preferentially in young adults, and it affects the foot in particular. We report a Tunisian case of mycetoma occurring in an old patient, particular by its cystic presentation.
Numerical Study of Mixing and Mass Transfer in a Micromixer by Stimulation of Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Azimi Neda , Rahimi Masoud , Zangenehmehr Parastoo
Published: March 2021

A numerical study on the hydrodynamics of ferrofluid flow and mass transfer characteristics in a Y‐type micromixer is performed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is accomplished to survey the behavior of ferrofluid flow subject to an external magnetic field and to specify its effect on the mass transfer between two immiscible liquid phases. The geometric reconstruction scheme (Geo‐Reconstruct) based on piecewise linear interpolation is applied to reconstruct the two‐phase interface. The results of CFD modeling are validated by experimental data, and good agreements are achieved, with a maximum relative error for the extraction efficiency of about 7.52 %. This research work shows that ferrofluid stimulation by a magnetic field can be an efficient mixing factor in microdevices.
Patient crying during psychotherapy intake sessions: Relationship to patient characteristics and early treatment process
Authors: Capps Umphlet Kristen L. , Fiori Katherine L. , Mullin Anthony S. J. , Cain Lylli A. , Hilsenroth Mark J.
Published: March 2021

The aim of the present study is to further the understanding of who cries at the beginning of psychotherapy and patients' experience of crying in that process. Intake sessions for 53 patients beginning psychotherapy at a university‐based clinic were coded for discrete crying segments. Data about patient characteristics were also collected at intake. Results indicate that crying during intake sessions was related to lower global functioning and higher severity of childhood sexual abuse. Furthermore, patients who cried at intake were over four times more likely to also cry at feedback, and those who cried at feedback were almost 12 times more likely to have cried at intake. Finally, crying in the intake session did not appear to be related to patient‐ or therapist‐rated working alliance. Overall, the present study provides valuable information about characteristics of patients who cry at the outset of the therapy process and patients' experience of crying over time in therapy. Findings suggest the need for further research on patient characteristics and aspects of the therapy process that may predict patient crying over the course of treatment, as well as how these early crying experiences may be related to eventual patient outcomes.
Autologous Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Based Cell Therapies: Promise, Progress, and Challenges
Authors: Madrid Marinna , Sumen Cenk , Aivio Suvi , Saklayen Nabiha
Published: March 2021

The promise of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lies in their ability to serve as a starting material for autologous, or patient‐specific, stem cell–based therapies. Since the first publications describing the generation of iPSCs from human tissue in 2007, a Phase I/IIa clinical trial testing an autologous iPSC‐derived cell therapy has been initiated in the U.S., and several other autologous iPSC‐based therapies have advanced through various stages of development. Three single‐patient in‐human transplants of autologous iPSC‐derived cells have taken place worldwide. None of the patients suffered serious adverse events, despite not undergoing immunosuppression. These promising outcomes support the proposed advantage of an autologous approach: a cell therapy product that can engraft without the risk of immune rejection, eliminating the need for immunosuppression and the associated side effects. Despite this advantage, there are currently more allogeneic than autologous iPSC‐based cell therapy products in development due to the cost and complexity of scaling out manufacturing for each patient. In this review, we highlight recent progress toward clinical translation of autologous iPSC‐based cell therapies. We also highlight technological advancements that would reduce the cost and complexity of autologous iPSC‐based cell therapy production, enabling autologous iPSC‐based therapies to become a more commonplace treatment modality for patients. © 2021 The Authors.
Board diversity and corporate social performance: Does the family firm status matter?
Authors: Veltri Stefania , Mazzotta Romilda , Rubino Franco Ernesto
Published: March 2021

The aim of the study is to investigate whether the board of directors (BoD) diversity affect corporate social performance (CSP), an alternative measure of corporate performance based on social outcomes. The article distinguishes between a structural diversity of boards (proxied by director independence), and a demographic diversity in boards (proxied by gender diversity) and our concept of CSP. The sample is constituted of the firms listed to the FTSE‐MIB index, which comprehends the most Italian capitalized listed firms. The analysis, covering a ten‐year period (2010–2019), provides evidence that independent directors positively affect CSP and that gender has no effect on CSP. We also tested the association between BoD and CSP separately for family firms (FFs) and non‐family firms (NFFs) to investigate whether FF status is a contingent condition modifying the effect of board features on CSP. Our result provide evidence of it.
Utilize the shift‐and‐add architecture to approximate multiple nonlinear functions
Authors: Xiong Botao , Sui Yuanfeng , Jia Zhi , Li Sicun , Chang Yuchun
Published: March 2021

The piecewise linear approximation method is used to estimate the non‐linear functions, which is implemented by the shift‐and‐add architecture consisting of three blocks: “adder tree,” “multiplexer,” and “segment index encoder.” Compared with state of the art, the design flow in this letter enables the “adder tree” and “multiplexer” blocks can be shared by multiple nonlinear functions. In other words, the shift‐and‐add architecture can approximate multiple nonlinear functions with a slight overhead. The fused Log and Antilog converter demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method. The Antilog function is implemented by the Log converter at the cost of 14% cell area and 6% delay.
The living heart: Climate gradients predict desert mountain endemism
Authors: McDonald Peter J. , Jobson Peter , Köhler Frank , Nano Catherine E. M. , Oliver Paul M.
Published: March 2021

Mountain regions are centers of biodiversity endemism at a global scale but the role of arid‐zone mountain ranges in shaping biodiversity patterns is poorly understood. Focusing on three guilds of taxa from a desert upland refugium in Australia, we sought to determine: (a) the relative extent to which climate, terrain or geological substrate predict endemism, and (b) whether patterns of endemism are complimentary across broad taxonomic guilds. We mapped regional endemism for plants, land snails, and vertebrates using combined Species Distribution Models (SDMs) for all endemic taxa (n = 82). We then modelled predictors of endemism using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) and geology, terrain, and climate variables. We tested for the presence of inter‐ and intraguild hotspots of endemism. Many individual plant and land snail taxa were tightly linked with geology, corresponding to small distributions. Conversely, most vertebrate taxa were not constrained to specific geological substrates and occurred over larger areas. However, across all three guilds climate was the strongest predictor of regional endemism, particularly for plants wherein discrete hotspots of endemism were buffered from extreme summer temperatures. Land snail and vertebrate endemism peaked in areas with highest precipitation in the driest times of the year. Hotspots of endemism within each guild poorly predicted endemism in other guilds. We found an overarching signal that climatic gradients play a dominant role in the persistence of endemic taxa in an arid‐zone mountain range system. An association with higher rainfall and cooler temperatures indicates that continuing trends toward hotter and drier climates may lead to range contractions in this, and potentially other, arid‐zone mountain biotas. Contrasting patterns of endemism across guilds highlight the need to couple comprehensive regional planning for the protection of climate refugia, with targeted management of more localized and habitat specialist taxa.
Moving academic conferences online: Aids and barriers to delegate participation
Authors: Raby Cassandra L. , Madden Joah R.
Published: March 2021

In‐person academic conferences are important to disseminate research and provide networking opportunities. Whether academics attend in‐person conferences is based on the cost, accessibility, and safety of the event. Therefore, in‐person conferences are less accessible to academics and stakeholders that are unable to overcome some of these factors, which then act as a barrier to equal and inclusive participation. Additionally, the carbon footprint of conference travel is increasingly becoming a factor in deciding on whether to attend a conference. Online conferences may provide opportunities to mitigate these challenges. Here, we illustrate how a learned society can move their conference online. Then, comparing data acquired from the virtual conference and previous in‐person conferences, we explore the aids and barriers influencing the decision of delegates to attend the meetings. Ultimately, moving meetings online aids delegate participation by removing concerns about travel, cost, and carbon emissions, but there remains a barrier to participation as online meetings are perceived as less effective for networking and social opportunities.
Treatment of patients with Graves’ disease in Sweden compared to international surveys of an ‘index patient’
Authors: Sjölin Gabriel , Byström Kristina , Holmberg Mats , Törring Ove , Khamisi Selwan , Calissendorff Jan , Lantz Mikael , Hallengren Bengt , Filipsson Nyström Helena , Planck Tereza , Wallin Göran
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The treatment strategies for a 42‐year‐old female index patient with moderate Graves’ disease (GD) vary according to several international surveys. The important question whether surveys of treatment preferences in theoretical patient cases also match how real patients are treated has not yet been addressed.

Materials and Methods

From a Swedish cohort of 1186 GD patients (TT‐12 cohort), 27 women were identified using the same criteria as from the index patient surveys from the European and American Thyroid Associations. This ‘index patient cohort’ was age 40–45, otherwise healthy female, with two children and uncomplicated GD. The applied first‐line treatment of the patients in the index cohort, together with its variations, was compared with the treatment preferences according to international surveys. A comparison with the TT‐12 cohort was also performed.

Results

In the ‘Index cohort’, 77.8% were treated with antithyroid drugs (ATD), and 22.2% were treated with radioiodine (131I). This preference for ATD is in line with most countries/regions, with the exception of USA and the Middle East/North Africa, where 131I was preferred. The distribution of treatment in the TT‐12 cohort did not significantly differ from the index cohort. ATD was the preferred treatment in male and young (age 19–22) patients, as was RAI in old (age 69–73) patients. The age‐related, but not the gender‐related, cases differed significantly from the entire TT‐12 cohort.

Conclusion

The treatment choice in an index patient in Sweden seems in line with European practice, where ATD is the preferred first choice. This differs compared to US and North African survey intentions, where 131I is more often used. Age more than gender influences the treatment choice of GD patients. This is, to our best knowledge, the first time an index patient from ‘real life’ has been presented and compared to treatment preferences of international thyroid association surveys.
A New Voltammetric Approach for Electrochemical Determination of Lamotrigine in Pharmaceutical Samples
Authors: Ciucu Anton A. , Buleandră Mihaela , Ciurea Tatiana , Stoica Vlad N. , Ştefanescu Cristian D. , Ciobanu Adela
Published: March 2021

A new linear sweep voltammetric method for quantitative lamotrigine (LMT) determination based on an electrochemically pre‐treated pencil graphite electrode (PGE*) is presented. Response characteristics of the PGE* toward the mentioned compound were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. The quantitative determination of LMT revealed a wide linear range of 2.5 ⋅ 10−5–1.0 ⋅ 10−3 M with a detection limit of 1.94 ⋅ 10−5 M. The method was used successfully for LMT determination in a pharmaceutical formulation.
Simultaneous separation of 17 anions by capillary electrophoresis with the addition of an organic solvent
Authors: Hata Kazuki , Nonaka Noriko , Sato Nobuyuki , Kaneta Takashi
Published: March 2021

Seventeen inorganic and organic anions, that normally are insufficiently separated via ion chromatography, were completely separated by the addition of an organic solvent to a solution of BGE combined with an adjustment of the apparent pH via CE in combination with indirect UV absorbance detection. Methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile were examined for their utility in manipulating the selective separation of anions. Methanol and acetonitrile were better modifiers than ethanol at enhancing the resolution of anions comigrating in an aqueous solution of BGE. Methanol was selected as the modifier that provided the largest separation window that could achieve a complete separation of the target analytes. Via the use of methanol, manipulation of the selectivity between inorganic anions and that between inorganic and organic anions was enhanced, but the separation between organic anions remained difficult when only methanol was used. By varying the apparent pH of the BGE in the presence of 10% v/v methanol, however, the separation selectivity between organic anions was substantially improved. Eventually, 7 inorganic and 10 organic anions were simultaneously separated using BGE at a pH of 6.3 in the presence of 10% v/v methanol.
Cortical and subcortical responsiveness to intensive adaptive working memory training: An MRI surface‐based analysis
Authors: Wu Qiong , Ripp Isabelle , Emch Mónica , Koch Kathrin
Published: March 2021

Working memory training (WMT) has been shown to have effects on cognitive performance, the precise effects and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are, however, still a matter of debate. In particular, the impact of WMT on gray matter morphology is still rather unclear. In the present study, 59 healthy middle‐aged participants (age range 50–65 years) were pseudo‐randomly single‐blinded allocated to an 8‐week adaptive WMT or an 8‐week nonadaptive intervention. Before and after the intervention, high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and cognitive test performance was assessed in all participants. Vertex‐wise cortical volume, thickness, surface area, and cortical folding was calculated. Seven subcortical volumes of interest and global mean cortical thickness were also measured. Comparisons of symmetrized percent change (SPC) between groups were conducted to identify group by time interactions. Greater increases in cortical gyrification in bilateral parietal regions, including superior parietal cortex and inferior parietal lobule as well as precuneus, greater increases in cortical volume and thickness in bilateral primary motor cortex, and changes in surface area in bilateral occipital cortex (medial and lateral occipital cortex) were detected in WMT group after training compared to active controls. Structural training‐induced changes in WM‐related regions, especially parietal regions, might provide a better brain processing environment for higher WM load.
Cortisol reactivity in preschoolers at home and child care: Effects of setting in eliciting a normative stress response by child race/ethnicity
Authors: Dominguez Amy , Mendoza Marina , Badanes Lisa , Dmitrieva Julia , Watamura Sarah Enos
Published: March 2021

Developmental programming of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is theorized as a mechanism through which early life experiences are linked to later health outcomes. Despite the importance of understanding early stress responses, reliably eliciting stress responses in young children can be challenging. The current study measured salivary cortisol reactivity in a diverse sample of preschoolers. A standardized challenge paradigm was administered at home and at child care for each child, allowing for comparison of normative cortisol reactivity between settings. Results demonstrated that administration at home was associated with significant cortisol reactivity, while administration at child care was not. In comparison to white children, racially and ethnically diverse children exhibited lower cortisol reactivity in response to the home stressor. Results suggest that home‐based stress paradigms may be particularly effective at eliciting a stress response in this age range. Possible interpretations of differences by child race/ethnicity are discussed.

Highlights

Differential physiological responses to stress examined between home and childcare environments for a diverse sample of preschoolers.

Significant cortisol reactivity was elicited at home but not at childcare, suggesting that home visits create a novel, naturalistic stressor for young children.

Latinx and non‐Latinx minority children exhibited lower physiological reactivity in comparison to white children – cultural and methodological considerations are discussed.
The COVID‐19 lockdown and psychological distress among Italian parents: Influence of parental role, parent personality, and child difficulties
Authors: Mazza Cristina , Marchetti Daniela , Ricci Eleonora , Fontanesi Lilybeth , Di Giandomenico Serena , Verrocchio Maria Cristina , Roma Paolo
Published: March 2021

The Italian lockdown following the spread of COVID‐19 exposed residents to a long and unexpected period of managing offspring at home. Throughout this time, most parents continued to work remotely. The present research aimed at assessing multiple sociodemographic and psychological variables for parental well‐being during the lockdown. An online survey was administered from 6 to 11 April 2020. Respondents were 917 parents aged 23–67 years with up to six children, aged 3–13 years. The measures employed were: 14 demographic questions, the Big Five Inventory (BFI‐10), the Emotional Symptoms and Hyperactivity‐Inattention subscales of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ‐P), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12). Multiple moderated linear regression analyses were performed. Motherhood, higher levels of education, higher neuroticism, lower extroversion, and more child emotional and hyperactivity‐inattention symptoms were found to be significant predictors of parent distress. Furthermore, a significant two‐way interaction between child emotional problems and parent extroversion was found. Overall, parents showed high rates of psychological distress, signalling severe difficulties during the lockdown. Families with a child suffering from emotional and behavioural difficulties should immediately be detected by social services to activate support interventions to prevent chronic and amplified manifestations of these problems.
The effect of Chinese herbal medicine on digestive system and liver functions should not be neglected in COVID‐19: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shi Shihua , Wang Fei , Li Jiang , Li Yulong , Li Weihao , Wu Xiaoping , Kou Shuo , Wu Yongcan , Wang Xiaomin , Pei Caixia , Huang Demei , Qiu Heng , Wang Peili , Wang Zhenxing
Published: March 2021

Gastrointestinal symptoms and liver injury are common in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). However, profiles of different pharmaceutical interventions used are relatively underexplored. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been increasingly used for patients with COVID‐19, but the efficacy of CHM used in COVID‐19 on gastrointestinal symptoms and liver functions has not been well studied with definitive results based on the updated studies. The present study aimed at testing the efficacy of CHM on digestive symptoms and liver function (primary outcomes), the aggravation of COVID‐19, and the time to viral assay conversion (secondary outcomes), among patients with COVID‐19, compared with standard pharmacotherapy. The literature search was undertaken in 11 electronic databases from December 1, 2019 up to November 8, 2020. Appraisal of the evidence was conducted with Cochrane risk of bias tool or Newcastle Ottawa Scale. A random‐effects model or subgroup analysis was conducted when significant heterogeneity was identified in the meta‐analysis. The certainty of the evidence was assessed with the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach. Forty‐eight included trials involving 4,704 participants were included. Meta‐analyses favored CHM plus standard pharmacotherapy for COVID‐19 on reducing the aggravation of COVID‐19 and the time to viral assay conversion compared with standard pharmacotherapy. However, the present CHM as a complementary therapy for treating COVID‐19 may not be beneficial for improving most gastrointestinal symptoms and liver function based on the current evidence. More well‐conducted trials are warranted to confirm the potential efficacy of CHM furtherly.
The Manchester perspective on using the Design Project to enhance the education of chemical engineering students
Authors: Kiss Anton A , Webb Colin
Published: March 2021

The Design Project is a major piece of work for any undergraduate in chemical engineering, and it enables students to demonstrate skills and knowledge gained elsewhere in the degree programme alongside their own abilities to create and innovate. As such, the main learning process is activity based and associated with the undertaking of an open‐ended, but time‐limited, project that poses significant challenges to most students. Particularly in the UK context, the importance of the Design Project is recognized via its inclusion as a separate and very significant element in the accreditation of all engineering degrees. During the past decade, developments in the Chemical Engineering Design Project at the University of Manchester have led to international recognition and prestigious awards. This perspective article aims to identify the best education practices associated with the Manchester experience and to share these for the potential benefit of programmes elsewhere. The paper includes specific details regarding the module specifications, learning outcomes, organization of the Design Project activities, individual and team‐based work, reporting requirements, assessment procedures, and other aspects. The feedback received annually from students and fellow Design Project programme directors from other universities is also considered and the different perspectives are evaluated. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Impedimetric genosensor based on graphene nanoribbons for detection and identification of oncogenic types of human papillomavirus
Authors: Lucena Raiza PS , Frías Isaac AM , Lucena‐Silva Norma , Andrade César AS , Oliveira Maria DL
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a large group of viruses that infect skin and mucosa causing warts and epithelial tumors known as papillomas. Although HPV can be contracted during sexual intercourse including vaginal, anal and oral sex, skin‐to‐skin contact is sufficient to cause infection. Asymptomatic patients can have the virus and pass it on without knowing it. Due to the scarcity of rapid and inexpensive methods available to identify HPV serotypes, herein we report an electrochemical genosensor as an alternative to current molecular and serological HPV identification methods. Graphene nanoribbons were used as transducers to immobilize MY11 DNA probe, a degenerate probe generally employed in polymerase chain reaction amplification of a broad spectrum of HPV DNA types.

RESULTS

Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the construction of the platform and the biodetection process. Our results suggest that oncogenic subtypes of HPV are quickly detected and identified in the picogram range. Impedimetric responses grouped for known genotypically related HPV 51, 53 and 66 subtypes related to anogenital lesions. Additionally, our genosensor was able to successfully detect HPV types 16 and 18 in cervical specimens (cDNA samples) at concentrations of 1 amol L−1, 100 amol L−1, 100 fmol L−1, 50 pmol L−1 and 100 pmol L−1 with a detection limit of 3.5 and 1.2 amol L−1 for HPV 16 and HPV 18, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed genosensor platform can be considered a new tool for detecting and identifying HPV genotypes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Para‐xylene under extreme conditions: A Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Chaurasia Shivanand , Rao Usha , Mohan Ashutosh
Published: March 2021

Para‐xylene is one of the highly used aromatic compounds in petroleum, chemical, agriculture, aviation, and polymer industries, and hence, it is necessary to study p‐Xylene behavior under extreme conditions (high pressure and high temperature). Here, we report a detailed study on p‐Xylene under nanosecond laser‐driven dynamic compression (up to 4.5 GPa) and shock temperatures (up to 1,300 K). The experimental observations are compared with previous reported study using hydrostatic compression. A time‐resolved Raman spectroscopy is also done for the estimation of shock velocity in the p‐Xylene sample using the intensity ratio of the Raman modes from the shocked region to that of the whole sample region. The shock velocities for the laser energy on sample at 700 mJ (corresponding pressure 2.5 GPa) deduced by the Raman active modes at 810, 827, and 1204 cm−1 are 3.60 ± 0.46, 3.67 ± 0.17, and 3.78 ±0.09 km/s, respectively. One‐dimensional (1‐D) radiation hydrodynamic simulation is also performed for the validation of experimental results. The shock velocity from the simulation at the same laser energy is 3.51 km/s and is in good agreement with the experimental data. The Gruneisen parameters calculated for various Raman modes such as ν10 (644 cm−1), ν13 (810 cm−1), ν14 (827 cm−1), ν18 (1,204 cm−1), ν27 (2,863 cm−1), ν30 (3,011 cm−1), and ν31 (3,053 cm−1) are γi = 0.08959 ± 0.00687,0.1956 ± 0.03851,0.19888 ± 0.01417,0.05477 ± 0.02143,0.09342 ± 0.0335,0.00551 ± 0.02472,0.01942 ± 0.02244, respectively, and are volume independent.
A compact gate driver with bifunctional capacitor for in‐cell touch mobile display
Authors: Shen Shuai , Liao Congwei , Yang Jiwen , Jiao Hailong , Zhang Shengdong
Published: March 2021

A thin‐film transistors (TFTs) integrated gate driver circuit with bifunctional capacitors for in‐cell touch with horizontal blanking display mode is proposed in this paper. The coupling capacitor, which conventionally enables low‐level‐maintaining parts in display periods, is reused to store transfer charges during touch detection periods. Consequently, only nine TFTs and two capacitors are used for a single stage of the proposed gate driver for in‐cell touch display. Furthermore, the bifunctional capacitor scheme not only avoids the driving TFT from long‐time voltage stress but also suppresses the transfer charges leakage effectively. Therefore, the variation ratios of rising/falling time between adjacent gate driver stages are suppressed within 6%. For a 5.7‐in. display with HD+ resolution, the layout of a single gate driver stage is 623 μm (width) × 171 μm (height). The proposed gate driver circuit has been prepared with the state‐of‐the‐art hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) TFT manufacturing process. The measured results verified the circuit functions. The gate driver output waveforms are well maintained and being almost independent of touch detection time interval from 100 to 300 μs.
A new method to estimate planktonic oxygen metabolism using high‐frequency sensor measurements in mesocosm experiments and considering daytime and nighttime respirations
Authors: Soulié Tanguy , Mas Sébastien , Parin David , Vidussi Francesca , Mostajir Behzad
Published: March 2021

Understanding how aquatic ecosystems respond to perturbations has emerged as a crucial way to predict the future of these ecosystems and to assess their capacity to produce oxygen and store atmospheric carbon. In this context, in situ mesocosm experiments are a useful approach for simulating disturbances and observing changes in planktonic communities over time and under controlled conditions. Within mesocosm experiments, the estimation of fundamental parameters such as gross primary production (GPP), net community production (NCP), and respiration (R) allows the evaluation of planktonic metabolic responses to a perturbation. The continuous estimation of these metabolic parameters in real time and at high frequency is made possible by employing noninvasive automated sensors in the water column. However, some uncertainties and methodological questions about the estimation of daytime respiration remain to be addressed for this method, and notably to address the fact that respiration could be significantly higher during the day than during the night. In this study, data from two in situ mesocosm experiments performed in fall and spring in a coastal Mediterranean area were used to develop a new method of estimating daytime respiration, and in turn daily GPP, R, and NCP, by considering the maximum instantaneous R, and that takes into account the variability of the coupling between day–night and dissolved oxygen cycles. This new method was compared with the Winkler incubation technique and with another existing method. Results showed that using this existing method, daytime R was significantly underestimated relative to estimates obtained with the newly proposed method.
Firm internationalization and long‐term impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic
Authors: Nagarajan Viswanathan , Sharma Prateek
Published: March 2021

We infer market expectations regarding the relationship between firm internationalization and the long‐term impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic by using a novel approach to decompose global stock prices into their short‐ and long‐term value components. In general, firms with a greater proportion of foreign assets show greater losses in the long‐term value component, suggesting investor expectations of higher supply‐chain restructuring costs for such firms. Also, investors appear to have priced in the likely permanent benefits of such restructuring for firms from emerging Asian economies, as these economies may be well‐placed as alternative sourcing bases to China.
Optimal recording electrode placement for radial motor nerve conduction study using extensor indicis muscle: Cadaver and electrophysiological studies
Authors: Kwon You Ha , An Hyonggin , Kim Dong Hwee
Published: March 2021

Introduction/Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal combination of active (E1) and reference (E2) recording electrode placements for the radial motor nerve conduction study recording over the extensor indicis muscle using surface electrodes.

Methods

Thirty‐six upper limbs from 18 fresh frozen cadavers were dissected to determine the midpoint of the extensor indicis muscle. Radial nerve conduction study was performed in 112 arms of 56 healthy subjects. Six combinations of three E1 and two E2 sites were studied. The stimulation site was 8 cm proximal to the E1 electrode.

Results

The optimal combination of placement sites for the E1 and E2 electrodes to provide the largest amplitude is E1 electrode at the distal 1/4 point of the forearm length and E2 electrode at the extensor indicis tendon point in the wrist.

Discussion

Optimal recording electrode placement may increase the accuracy and reproducibility of radial motor nerve conduction studies.
Cerium doped ZIF nanoparticles and hydroxyapatite co‐deposited coating on titanium dioxide nanotubes array exhibiting biocompatibility and antibacterial property
Authors: Zhang Ziqi , Zhang Yan , Liu Yingqi , Zhang Siqi , Yao Kaida , Sun Yueqiu , Liu Yang , Wang Xiangzhi , Huang Weimin , Lu Jun
Published: March 2021

Cerium has been used as an implanted alloy additive for many years for it can enhance the mechanical properties of the alloy and restrain the corrosion of the implant. Moreover, cerium oxide nanoparticles are often used as an antibacterial material. However, there were few researches focusing on the antibacterial properties of Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions, instead of their corresponding oxide, as potential antibacterial coatings. Thus in this work, we loaded Ce ions into the porous structure of the ZIF‐8 nanoparticles and co‐deposited them with hydroxyapatite as a composite coating onto anodized titanium dioxide nanotubes array in order to test whether it can improve the anti‐corrosion and antibacterial properties of the materials without affecting the biocompatibility.
Accelerating block coordinate descent for nonnegative tensor factorization
Authors: Man Shun Ang Andersen , Cohen Jeremy E. , Gillis Nicolas , Thi Khanh Hien Le
Published: March 2021

This paper is concerned with improving the empirical convergence speed of block‐coordinate descent algorithms for approximate nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF). We propose an extrapolation strategy in‐between block updates, referred to as heuristic extrapolation with restarts (HER). HER significantly accelerates the empirical convergence speed of most existing block‐coordinate algorithms for NTF, in particular for challenging computational scenarios, while requiring a negligible additional computational budget.
The microbiome(s) and cancer: know thy neighbor(s)
Authors: González‐Sánchez Paloma , DeNicola Gina M
Published: March 2021

The human microbiome is essential for the correct functioning of many host physiological processes, including metabolic regulation and immune responses. Increasing evidence indicates that the microbiome may also influence cancer development, progression, and the response to therapy. Although most studies have focused on the effect of the gut microbiome, many other organs such as the skin, vagina, and lungs harbor their own microbiomes that are different from the gut. Tumor development has been associated with dysbiosis not only in the gut but also in the tissue from which the tumor originated. Furthermore, the intratumoral microbiota has a distinct signature in each tumor type. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the organ‐specific microbiome can contribute to carcinogenesis: release of toxins that cause DNA damage and barrier failure; alteration of immune responses to create a local inflammatory or immunosuppressive environment; and regulation of nutrient levels in the tumor microenvironment through metabolite production and consumption. Solving the puzzle of how the microbiome influences the carcinogenesis process and treatment response requires an understanding of the two ways the microbiome can interact with cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment: through systemic effects exerted by the gut microbiota and local effects of the intratumoral microbiota. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.