bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Productive Death: The Necropedagogy of a Young Soviet Hero
Authors: Tumarkin Maria
Published: October 2011

This essay explores the death of the seventeen-year-old Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the first woman during World War II to be named a Hero of the Soviet Union, as one of the foundational narratives of Soviet necropedagogy. Far from claiming the Soviet case study as historically singular or singularly illuminating, I am concerned here with producing an account of necropedagogy that, in foregrounding structures of affect, makes a case for the necropedagogical project not being reducible to ideology, not functioning as merely another instance of the instrumentalization of the mythologized past. I argue that it is essential to deepen and expand our understanding of how necropedagogy might operate in historical circumstances, in which death becomes productive not only of particular kinds of subjectivities but of citizenship itself.
Beyond the State, beyond the Desert
Authors: Mezzadra Sandro
Published: October 2011

The essay analyzes Michel Foucault's outright dismissal of the shift from politics to the political in a lecture he gave at the Collège de France in February 1983 against the background of the political and theoretical discussion on the topic within Italian workerism in the 1970s. Mario Tronti's theory of the autonomy of the political, which took Carl Schmitt as a fundamental point of reference, is briefly discussed and presented as a possible polemical target of Foucault. His critique of the shift to the political is presented as a symptom of his enduring fidelity to the legacy of mai'68 and of his continuous search for a politics beyond the state.
Midkine and Alk signaling in sympathetic neuron proliferation and neuroblastoma predisposition
Authors: Reiff Tobias , Huber Leslie , Kramer Marco , Delattre Olivier , Janoueix-Lerosey Isabelle , Rohrer Hermann
Published: October 2011

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and arises from cells of the developing sympathoadrenergic lineage. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ALK tyrosine kinase receptor predispose for NB. Here, we focus on the normal function of Alk signaling in the control of sympathetic neuron proliferation, as well as on the effects of mutant ALK. Forced expression of wild-type ALK and NB-related constitutively active ALK mutants in cultures of proliferating immature sympathetic neurons results in a strong proliferation increase, whereas Alk knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of Alk activity decrease proliferation. Alk activation upregulates NMyc and trkB and maintains Alk expression by an autoregulatory mechanism involving Hand2. The Alk-ligand Midkine (Mk) is expressed in immature sympathetic neurons and in vivo inhibition of Alk signaling by virus-mediated shRNA knockdown of Alk and Mk leads to strongly reduced sympathetic neuron proliferation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the extent and timing of sympathetic neurogenesis is controlled by Mk/Alk signaling. The predisposition for NB caused by activating ALK mutations may thus be explained by aberrations of normal neurogenesis, i.e. elevated and sustained Alk signaling and increased NMyc expression.
Antibiotic control of tumor-colonizingSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium
Authors: Crull Katja , Weiss Siegfried
Published: October 2011

Systemic administration of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S. typhimurium) into tumor-bearing mice results in preferential colonization of tumors and causes shrinkage and sometimes complete tumor clearance. However, in spite of these beneficial antitumor effects, the systemic administration of a bacterial pathogen raises serious safety concerns as well. Addressing those concerns, here, we demonstrate that tumor-colonizing Salmonella can be readily controlled by systemic administration of the antibiotic – ciprofloxacin. Treatment was most effective when started early postinfection. This was achieved at the expense of the efficacy of tumor therapy. In many of the mice treated in such a way, tumors re-grew again. Nevertheless, some mice were able to clear the tumor despite the start of antibiotic treatment only 24 h after the start of infection. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that such mice had elicited a specific antitumor immune response. Thus, S. typhimurium-mediated tumor therapy might be applied safely when combined with early antibiotic treatment. However, the therapeutic power of the bacteria needs to be enhanced in order to provide a more effective therapeutic tool.
On the interpretation of alienable vs. inalienable possession: A psycholinguistic investigation
Authors: Lichtenberk Frantisek , Vaid Jyotsna , Chen Hsin-Chin
Published: October 2011

Oceanic languages typically make a grammatical contrast between expressions of alienable and inalienable possession. Moreover, further distinctions are made in the alienable category but not in the inalienable category. The present research tests the hypothesis that there is a good motivation for such a development in the former case. As English does not have a grammaticalized distinction between alienable and inalienable possession, it provides a good testing ground. Three studies were conducted. In Study 1, participants were asked to write down the first interpretation that came to mind for possessive phrases, some of which contained inherently relational possessums, while others contained possessums that are not inherently relational. Phrases with non-relational possessums elicited a broader range of interpretations and a lower consistency of a given interpretation across possessor modifiers than those with relational possessums. Study 2 demonstrated that users assign a default interpretation to a possessive phrase containing a relational possessum even when another reading is plausible. Study 3, a corpus-based analysis of possessive phrase use, showed that phrases with relational possessums have a narrower range of interpretations than those with other possessums. Taken together, the findings strongly suggest that grammatical distinctions between different types of alienable possession are motivated.
A construction approach to innovative verbs in Japanese
Authors: Tsujimura Natsuko , Davis Stuart
Published: October 2011

Innovative verbs in Japanese are formed from nouns of various sources including loanwords, Sino-Japanese nouns, mimetics, and proper names. Regardless of their different origin, these innovative denominal verbs exhibit a collection of intriguing properties, ranging from phonological, morphological, to semantic and pragmatic. These properties are not strictly predictable from the component parts including the nature of the parent noun and verbal morphology. Such an unpredictable nature is suggestive of a constructional analysis. The form-meaning-function complex takes a templatic representation, which expresses the phonological and morphological characteristics, and associated with it are semantic and pragmatic properties. These phonological, morphological, semantic, and pragmatic properties combine to capture the nature of innovative denominal verbs as a construction. The analysis supports the idea of applying construction grammar to morphology along the lines of the developing field of construction morphology (e.g., Booij, Compounding and derivation: Evidence for construction morphology, John Benjamins, 2005, Construction morphology and the lexicon: 34–44, Cascadilla Press, 2007, Linguistische Berichte 19: 1–14, 2009a, Compounding and construction morphology, Oxford University Press, 2009b). We further show how insights from templatic (or prosodic) morphology (e.g., McCarthy and Prince, Prosodic morphology, University of Massachusetts and Brandeis University, 1986, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8: 209–282, 1990) can be conceptualized in terms of construction grammar.
A New Proof of Winquist's Identity
Authors: Cao Zhu
Published: October 2011

Winquist's identity plays a vital role in the proof of Ramanujan's congruence
Codes Associated with and Power Moments of Kloosterman Sums
Authors: Kim Dae San
Published: October 2011

We shall construct three binary linear codes
Hanslick and the Institution of Criticism
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: October 2011

This article surveys Hanslick’s statements about the purpose and practice of criticism to argue that he viewed music criticism as a medium with the potential to effect political and social change, and not as a practical application of aesthetic principles. Hanslick took up the Enlightenment model of criticism—–which stressed the critic’s role in fostering the public’s independence of judgment through the exercise of reason—–and adapted it to the historical circumstances of post-1848 Vienna. The Enlightenment model had originated from an impetus to emancipate a civil public from top-down, absolute forms of authority. It resonated powerfully with Hanslick because he believed that artistic, social, and political life in Vienna after 1848 was gradually liberating itself from the paralyzing, passive, and repressive ethos of Vormärz, and that the critic could contribute to this historical emancipation. Hanslick thus broke his earlier identification with the Left Hegelian “philosophical” model of criticism, which did not share the Enlightenment’s optimistic conception of the public sphere. His commitment to the critic's public mission manifested as an effort to position his voice as the “silent” inner conscience of the average educated listener. His self-consciousness about aligning his voice with that of the public came to the surface in reviews where his opinion did not match the audience response. Many of Hanslick’s criteria for musical judgment were aimed at defending the listener’s freedom from the interference of external critical authorities as well as from composers and whose musical ideas were turgid or unclear. In service to these freedoms he was willing to criticize composers such as Beethoven, Schumann, and Brahms, as well as conservative classicists and music historians.
Taking an Administrative Turn: Derivative Logics for a Recharged Humanities
Authors: Martin Randy
Published: October 2011

The woes of finance have threatened to eviscerate what is public in the university and collapse the space in which the humanities could be imagined. This essay seeks to look at finance’s effects otherwise, through the social logic of the derivative, to discern ways in which the humanities might be recharged through a critical engagement with administrative labor.
Toxicological assessment of selective pesticides towards plant growth promoting activities of phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ahemad Munees , Khan Mohammad
Published: October 2011

The study was designed to assess the effect of selected pesticides (metribuzin, glyphosate, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, hexaconazole, metalaxyl and kitazin) at the recommended and higher rates on plant growth promoting activities ofPseudomonas aeruginosastrain PS1 isolated from mustard (Brassica compestris) rhizosphere. The strain PS1 was specifically chosen owing to its substantial tolerance against pesticides, phosphate solubilization and considerable production of indole acetic acid, siderophores, exo-polysaccharides, HCN and ammonia. Plant growth promoting traits of the strain PS1 decreased consistently as the concentrations of each pesticide was increased from the recommended dose to the higher ones. Generally, the maximum toxicity to plant growth promoting traits was displayed by pesticides at three times the recommended field rate. However, the effect on the plant growth promoting activities of theP. aeruginosastrain PS1 at the recommended dose of each pesticide was less hazardous. This study revealed an additional aspect of the toxicological mechanisms of the pesticides through which they suppress the plant growth.
Relative Kolmogorov complexity and geometry
Authors: Binns Stephen
Published: October 2011

We use the notions of effective dimension and Kolmogorov complexity to describe a geometry on the set of infinite binary sequences. Geometric concepts that we define and use include angle, projections and scalar multiplication. A question related to compressibility is addressed using these ideas.
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae): A new pest of tomato in Serbia
Authors: Tosevski Ivo , Jovic Jelena , Mitrovic Milana , Cvrkovic Tatjana , Krstic Oliver , Krnjajic Slobodan
Published: October 2011

Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a
devastating pest of tomato originating from South America has been recorded
in Serbia on three localities: in tomato main greenhouse and open field
production area located in the vicinity of town Leskovac (South Serbia), in
surroundings of the village Donji Vrtogos (near town Vranje, South Serbia)
and in a greenhouses complex in Kraljevci (60 km west of Belgrade). The
presence of T. absoluta was confirmed by morphological and molecular study of
the collected specimens.
Dissolved organic matter concentration changes in river waters of Latvia
Authors: Kļaviņš Māris , Kokorīte Ilga , Rodinovs Valērijs
Published: October 2011

Dissolved organic matter concentration changes in river waters of Latvia

Amounts of natural organic matter in surface waters reflect the character and intensity of biological processes in water bodies, human impact and depend on the physico-geographical environment and land-use in the catchments. Thus, analysis of the concentrations and loadings of organic substances to adjacent water bodies can be used to indicate environmental change and human impacts. This study revealed significant increasing trends of total organic carbon (TOC) and water colour in most of the studied Latvian rivers during the last decade. However, over longer time periods, there have been pronounced oscillations of TOC concentrations, stressing the importance of long-term changes of river discharge. On a yearly basis, there was a positive correlation between parameters of organic matter concentration and discharge in all selected rivers. The impact of discharge on concentrations of organic matter can be masked by other factors, such as changes in precipitation, biological processes, soil types and land-use.
Earthworm (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) communities in common soil types under intensive agricultural practice in Latvia
Authors: Ventiņš Jānis
Published: October 2011

Earthworm (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) communities in common soil types under intensive agricultural practice in Latvia

Studies of earthworm populations in the framework of the State Agricultural Land Monitoring Programme were performed during 1992-1998 at six sites representing the common soil types of Latvia. The earthworm communities were examined as indicators of soil conditions in relation to soil type, terrain, agricultural practice and meteorological factors. In total six earthworm species were found. Only two species, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus, were present in all plots. The highest density of earthworms was observed in loamy soils on lower terrains. The lowest density was observed on sandy soils on high terrain position. In plots with intensive agricultural practice, Aporrectodea caliginosa showed the highest relative abundance reaching close to 100%, but in pastures this species was accompanied with 2-3 subdominant species. The main factors affecting earthworm density were meteorological conditions. In permanent pasture the seasonal variability of earthworm number was lower than in plots with intensive soil tillage, where earthworm density was lower. Under favourable meteorological conditions in loamy soils, a negative impact of soil management was not observed, whereas in sandy loam soils intensive tillage had a much more negative effect on worms. In pasture soils earthworms reached high density even in sandy soils.
Cold shores in warming times - current state and future challenges in High Arctic coastal geomorphological studies
Authors: Strzelecki Mateusz
Published: October 2011

Cold shores in warming times - current state and future challenges in High Arctic coastal geomorphological studies

Many of the existing intellectual paradigms regarding the functioning of the polar coastal zone are now out-dated, based on descriptive geomorphology and a limited process-based understanding. Currently, among many components of Arctic landscape adjusting to global warming, the coastal zone is probably the most critical one both in terms of rapidity of environmental change as well as importance for human communities living in circumpolar regions. This issue was often raised during the 4th International Polar Year 2007-2008 and encouraged the scientific community to focus on the state of cold region coasts in more detail. In this paper I summarize the most recent developments in Arctic coastal geomorphology with a particular focus on the Svalbard Archipelago and draw attention to the research challenges awaiting further investigation. This paper highlights the need for a greater understanding of the controls on High Arctic coastal geoecosystems, especially given the potential for accelerated warming and sea-level rise in the coming decades and centuries. Many of presented views benefited from discussions with Professor Andrzej Kostrzewski - to whom this volume is dedicated.
Regional differences in the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on seasonal river runoff in Poland
Authors: Wrzesiński Dariusz
Published: October 2011

Regional differences in the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on seasonal river runoff in Poland

In this paper, an analysis of monthly and seasonal runoff volumes in two stages of the North Atlantic Oscillation are presented. The analysis embraced runoff at 146 profiles located on 96 Polish rivers during the years 1951-2000. The changes in the runoff conditions of Polish rivers in the two NAO stages and their spatial diversity were determined based on the differences between runoff observed in the years of exceptionally high (NAODJFM > 2,0) and low (NAODJFM < -2,0) values of the winter NAO index. The results of the research indicate that the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the runoff of Polish rivers is diverse in terms of time and space. A classification of rivers was made in terms of the similarity of deviations of their seasonal runoff between the different NAODJFM stages. In the classification procedure use was made of Ward's method of hierarchical grouping. In this way, five classes of the river profiles under analysis were obtained. Environmental conditions in the catchments and hydrological regime features clearly influence the regional differences in the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the flow of rivers.
Chelidurella guentheri Galvagni, 1994 (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) - an overlooked earwig species in Poland
Authors: Jaskuła Radomir , Soszyńska-Maj Agnieszka , Hikisz Jacek
Published: October 2011

Chelidurella guentheri Galvagni, 1994 (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) - an overlooked earwig species in Poland

Chelidurella guentheri Galvagni, 1994 (Dermaptera) is reported from Poland for the first time. As a result the Polish checklist contains seven dermapteran species.
Contribution to the knowledge of Yponomeutoidea (Lepidoptera). III. Argyresthia (Blastotere) uralensis sp. n., a new species from Russia (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae)
Authors: Baraniak Edward , Junnilainen Jari
Published: October 2011

Contribution to the knowledge of Yponomeutoidea (Lepidoptera). III. Argyresthia (Blastotere) uralensis sp. n., a new species from Russia (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae)

Argyresthia (Blastotere) uralensis sp. n. is described from Russia. Type specimens were obtained at the end of June in virgin taiga forests in the southern Ural Mountains. A. (B.) uralensis belongs to the same species group as A. (B.) glabratella Zeller, 1847 having characteristic cornuti in the aedeagus in the male (Friese 1969).
Proximal Femur Fracture in a Patient Referred to a Physical Therapist for Knee Pain
Authors: Sandoval Roberto
Published: October 2011

The patient was a 33-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with complaints of left knee pain. The patient's knee pain was located medially and described as a constant deep ache that worsened with weight bearing. Radiographs did not demonstrate any evidence of fracture, subluxation, or dislocation, and subsequently, the patient was referred by his primary care physician to a physical therapist. Examination of his left hip revealed markedly decreased range of motion, with reproduction of the patient's left knee pain. Radiographs of the left hip were ordered, which revealed a comminuted, impacted fracture of the proximal femur.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(10):795. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0420
Effect of agriculture and presence of American beaver Castor canadensis on winter biodiversity of mammals
Authors: Nelner Tim B. , Hood Glynnis A.
Published: October 2011

Several metrics of biodiversity are used to assess the variability and abundance of multiple species across various ecological levels. Previous research suggests that biodiversity in agricultural areas is diminished due to habitat fragmentation and alterations to natural vegetation. Contrary to the effects of agriculture, the American beaver Castor canadensis has been shown to have a significant contribution to increased biodiversity. Our study focuses on the biodiversity of mammals in wetland areas of the southern mixed‐wood boreal forest natural region of east‐central Alberta, Canada. We compared various measures of biodiversity levels of mammals in the winter months between wetlands on agricultural land and wetlands in Miquelon Lake Provincial Park (MLPP). Similarly, we compared wetlands with active and inactive beaver colonies to determine differences in winter biodiversity of mammals and the amount of water coverage within a pond. We collected data using winter tracking surveys and analyzed the data using geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. We found that winter biodiversity of mammals was higher at the sites within the protected area (MLPP) than at those on agricultural lands. However, our data also suggest that forested areas surrounding agricultural wetlands may play an important role in maintaining biodiversity within agricultural areas. The presence of beavers alone was not a significant factor in relation to winter biodiversity, but the presence of the species was important for maintaining water levels of agricultural wetlands, which in turn plays a role in resource heterogeneity.
The strong and the hungry: bias in capture methods for mountain hares Lepus timidus
Authors: Bisi Francesco , Newey Scott , Nodari Mosè , Wauters Lucas A. , Harrison Annabel , Thirgood Simon , Martinoli Adriano
Published: October 2011

Estimating density, age and sex structure of wild populations is a key objective in wildlife management. Live trapping is frequently used to collect data on populations of small and medium‐sized mammals. Ideally, sampling mammal populations by live capturing of individuals provides a random and representative sample of the target population. Trapping data may, however, be biased. We used live‐capture data from mountain hares Lepus timidus in Scotland to assess sampling bias between two different capture methods. We captured hares using baited cage traps and long nets on five study areas in the Scottish Highlands. After controlling for the effects of body size, individuals caught in traps were lighter than individuals caught using long nets, suggesting that the body condition of hares differed between the capture methods. This tendency may reflect an increased risk‐taking of individuals in poorer body condition and less aversion to entering traps in order to benefit from eating bait. Overall, we caught more adult hares than juveniles and more female hares than males. Our results show that estimates of density and population structure of mountain hares using live‐capture data could be affected by the capture method used. We suggest that live‐capture studies employ more than one capture method and test for heterogeneity in capture probability to minimise potential bias and achieve reliable estimates of population parameters.
Family Dysfunction Differentially Affects Alcohol and Methamphetamine Dependence: A View from the Addiction Severity Index in Japan
Authors: Sugaya Nagisa , Haraguchi Ayako , Ogai Yasukazu , Senoo Eiichi , Higuchi Susumu , Umeno Mitsuru , Aikawa Yuzo , Ikeda Kazutaka
Published: October 2011

We investigated the differential influence of family dysfunction on alcohol and methamphetamine dependence in Japan using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), a useful instrument that multilaterally measures the severity of substance dependence. The participants in this study were 321 male patients with alcohol dependence and 68 male patients with methamphetamine dependence. We conducted semi-structured interviews with each patient using the ASI, which is designed to assess problem severity in seven functional domains: Medical, Employment/Support, Alcohol use, Drug use, Legal, Family/Social relationships, and Psychiatric. In patients with alcohol dependence, bad relationships with parents, brothers and sisters, and friends in their lives were related to current severe psychiatric problems. Bad relationships with brothers and sisters and partners in their lives were related to current severe employment/support problems, and bad relationships with partners in their lives were related to current severe family/social problems. The current severity of psychiatric problems was related to the current severity of drug use and family/social problems in patients with alcohol dependence. Patients with methamphetamine dependence had difficulty developing good relationships with their father. Furthermore, the current severity of psychiatric problems was related to the current severity of medical, employment/support, and family/social problems in patients with methamphetamine dependence. The results of this study suggest that family dysfunction differentially affects alcohol and methamphetamine dependence. Additionally, family relationships may be particularly related to psychiatric problems in these patients, although the ASI was developed to independently evaluate each of seven problem areas.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Nassif Laeticia , El Sabban Marwan
Published: October 2011

This article reviews past and current strategies of the use of bone graft substitutes along with the future biologic alternatives that can enhance the functional capabilities of those grafts. Many of these bone graft substitute alternatives include ceramic-based, allograft-based, factor-based and polymer-based whereas others are cell-based. The ways of achieving the goal of tissue engineering using stem cells and their lineage to regenerate tissue have been detailed with regard to both the generation of sufficient vascular invasion of the tissue to improve oxygen and nutrient supply, and the development of innovative physical/chemical stimuli to induce bone formation with the proper biomaterial to carry the cells. It is imperative to integrate basic polymer science with molecular biology and stem cell biology, in the design of new materials that perform very sophisticated signaling needed for integration and function.
68Ga-NODAGA-RGDyK for αvβ3 integrin PET imaging
Authors: Viertl D. , Baechler S. , Dunet V. , Kosinski M. , Poitry-Yamate C. , Rüegg C. , Prior J. O. , Buchegger F.
Published: October 2011

Aim: To visualize neovasculature and/or tumour integrin αvβ3 we selected the binding moiety Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys (RGDyK) coupled to NODAGA for labeling with 68Ga. Methods: NODAGA-RGDyK (ABX) was labeled with the 68Ga eluate from the 68Ge generator IGG100 using the processor unit PharmTracer. Biodistribution was measured in female Hsd mice sacrificed 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after i. v. injection of 68Ga-NODAGA-RGDyK for OLINDA dosimetry extrapolated to humans. Tumour targeting was studied in SCID mice bearing A431 and other tumour transplants using microPET and biodistribution measurements. Results: Effective half-life of 68Ga-NODAGA-RGDyK was ∼25 min for total body and most organs except liver and spleen that showed stable activity retention. With a bladder voiding interval of 0.5 h the calculated effective dose (ED) was 0.012 and 0.016 mSv/MBq for males and females, respectively. Rapid uptake within 10 min was observed in A431 tumours with dynamic PET followed by a slow release. Biodistribution measurements showed a 68Ga-NODAGARGDyK uptake in A431 tumours of 3.4 ± 0.4 and 2.7 ±0.3%ID/g at 1 and 2 h, respectively. Similar uptakes were observed in a mouse and human breast and ovarian cancer xenografts. Co-injection of excess (5 mg/kg) unlabeled NODAGA- RGDyK with the radiotracer reduced tumour uptake at one hour to 0.23 ± 0.01%ID/g, but similarly decreased uptake in normal organs as well. When unlabeled peptide was injected 15 min after 68Ga- NODAGA- RGDyK, uptake diminished particularly in tumour and adrenals, suggestive of a different binding mode compared with other normal tissues. Conclusion: NODAGA- RGDyK was reliably labeled with 68Ga and revealed a predicted ED of 0.014 mSv/MBq. Tumour uptake was rapid and significant and was chased with unlabeled RGDyK in a similar manner as adrenal uptake.
Effect of capsule 'UB03' containing potential probiotic strains for the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Sudha M. Ratna , Sawant P.
Published: October 2011

The objective of this research was to study the efficacy and safety of capsule 'UB03' to treat patients with Irritable
Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Thirty patients with Rome II IBS were assigned to receive capsule 'UB03' (10 billion lyophilised
bacteria and yeast/capsule produced by Unique Biotech Limited, India) twice daily for 90 days. Assessment of IBS
was carried out according with Rome II criteria and their severity for 90 days of treatment with an interval of 30 days.
Complete haemogram, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum creatinine were performed as a part of safety
evaluation at the time of inclusion and after 90 days of treatment. There was significant improvement in frequency
of defecation (23%), consistency of stool, abdominal discomfort, bloating and flatulence. However, there was no
significant change in abdominal pain and mucus in stool. This trial demonstrates that the consumption of capsule
'UB03' containing potential probiotic strains is found to be effective and safe for the treatment of patients with IBS.
Teaching Strategies for Direct and Indirect Instruction in Teaching Engineering
Authors: Rüütmann Tiia , Kipper Hants
Published: October 2011

It is important to select the proper instructional strategy for a specific learning outcome in teaching engineering. There are two broad types of learning outcomes: facts, rules and action sequences (on lower levels of complexity in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains), and concepts, patterns and abstractions (on higher level of complexity in the above named domains). Facts, rules and action sequences are taught using instructional strategies of direct instruction. Concepts, patterns and abstractions are taught using strategies of indirect instruction. Strategies of both types of learning may be combined, providing a menu of teaching strategies that help students solve problems, think critically and work cooperatively. This article presents teaching strategies suitable for direct and indirect instruction used in teaching engineering.
Spontaneous regression of pulmonary pure ground-glass opacity with progression of a solid component during a 40-month follow-up
Authors: Ochi Nobuaki , Takigawa Nagio , Yasugi Masayuki , Harada Daijiro , Yamane Hiromichi , Tanimoto Mitsune , Kiura Katsuyuki
Published: October 2011

A 75-year-old man with a 50 pack-year smoking history underwent a right upper lobectomy due to an early stage lung adenocarcinoma. Simultaneously, pure ground-glass opacity (GGO) on the left upper lobe measuring 6.7 mm in diameter was detected on computed tomography (CT), which was considered atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, or focal organizing pneumonia/fibrosis. Eighteen months later, the diameter of the lesion increased to 9.0 mm. The lesion further enlarged to 10.4 mm with a small solid component within the GGO at 28 months after the initial CT scan. At the 33- month follow-up, the lesion had decreased in size and a solid component was prominent. Forty months after the initial CT, the lesion seemed to be a fibrotic scar. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported a pure GGO progressing with a solid component that regressed spontaneously over such a long period. Although this case seems rare, physicians should be aware that a lung nodule compatible with progression from in situ carcinoma to invasive carcinoma on CT could resolve over 24 months.
Knowledge, attitude and practice towards child adoption amongst women attending infertility clinics in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Omosun Adenike O. , Kofoworola Odeyemi
Published: October 2011

Background: Child adoption is a recommended alternative form of infertility management. Infertility is of public health importance in Nigeria and many other developing nations. This is a result of its high prevalence and especially because of its serious social implications as the African society places a passionate premium on procreation in any family setting. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of child adoption amongst women attending infertility clinics in teaching hospitals in Lagos State and to determine the factors that influence their attitude and practice towards it.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire which was interviewer-administered. The study was conducted in the two teaching hospitals in Lagos State (LUTH [Lagos University Teaching Hospital] and LASUTH [Lagos State University Teaching Hospital]) from amongst 350 women attending the gynaecological clinics. All the patients under management for infertility at the gynaecology clinics during the period of the study were interviewed.Results: Many respondents (85.7%) had heard of child adoption and 59.3% of them knew the correct meaning of the term. More than half of the respondents (68.3%) said that they could love an adopted child but less than half of them (33.7%) were willing to consider adoption. Only 13.9% has ever adopted a child. The major reason given for their unwillingness to adopt was their desire to have their own biological child. Factors that were favourable towards child adoption were Igbo tribe identity, an age above 40 years, duration of infertility above 15 years, and knowing the correct meaning of child adoption.Conclusion: There is a poor attitude to adoption even amongst infertile couples. Interventions need to be implemented to educate the public on child adoption, to improve their attitude towards adoption and to make it more acceptable.
Manipulating Self-Focused Attention in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder and in Socially Anxious and Non-Anxious Children
Authors: Kley Hanna , Tuschen-Caffier Brunna , Heinrichs Nina
Published: October 2011

Cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adults suggest that self-focused attention maintains social anxiety. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested in children. This study therefore examined self-focused attention in relation to social anxiety in children. Self-focused attention was experimentally varied (internal vs. external) in 20 children with SAD, 20 children with high social anxiety and 20 non-anxious controls while engaging in a performance task in front of two adults. As expected, a significant group effect was found for all dependent variables, with children suffering from social anxiety disorder reporting the highest levels of anxiety, negative mood, and negative cognitions, and the lowest levels of self-rated performance and positive cognitions, followed by socially anxious children and controls. A significant effect of the focus condition was that children with heightened internal self-focus reported more anxiety, worse expected performance evaluation by others and more frequent negative cognitions. Unexpectedly, no interaction between social anxiety group and focus condition was found. Taken together, the results provide important preliminary evidence for the generally detrimental role of self-focused attention on child anxiety in social situations.
Modelling future changes in surface ozone: a parameterized approach
Authors: Wild O. , Fiore A. M. , Shindell D. T. , Doherty R. M. , Collins W. J. , Dentener F. J. , Schultz M. G. , Gong S. , MacKenzie I. A. , Zeng G. , Hess P. , Duncan B. N. , Bergmann D. J. , Szopa S. , Jonson J. E. , Keating T. J. , Zuber A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. This study describes a simple parameterization to estimate regionally averaged changes in surface ozone due to past or future changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions based on results from 14 global chemistry transport models. The method successfully reproduces the results of full simulations with these models. For a given emission scenario it provides the ensemble mean surface ozone change, a regional source attribution for each change, and an estimate of the associated uncertainty represented by the variation between models. Using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios as an example, we show how regional surface ozone is likely to respond to emission changes by 2050 and how changes in precursor emissions and atmospheric methane contribute to this. Surface ozone changes are substantially smaller than expected with the SRES A1B, A2 and B2 scenarios, reflecting the assumptions of more stringent precursor emission controls under the RCP scenarios. We find an average difference of around 5 ppb between the outlying RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, about 75% of which can be attributed to differences in methane abundance. The study reveals the increasing importance of limiting atmospheric methane growth as emissions of other precursors are controlled, but highlights differences in modelled ozone responses to methane changes of as much as a factor of two, indicating that this remains a major uncertainty in current models.
Annual emissions of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration, from eight organic soils in Western Denmark managed by agriculture
Authors: Petersen S. O. , Hoffmann C. C. , Schäfer C.-M. , Blicher-Mathiesen G. , Elsgaard L. , Kristensen K. , Larsen S. E. , Torp S. B. , Greve M. H.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The use of organic soils by agriculture involves drainage and tillage, and the resulting increase in C and N turnover can significantly affect their greenhouse gas balance. This study estimated annual fluxes of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration (Reco), from eight organic soils managed by agriculture. The sites were located in three regions representing different landscape types and climatic conditions, and three land use categories (arable crops, AR, grass in rotation, RG, and permanent grass, PG) were covered. The normal management at each site was followed, except that no N inputs occurred during the monitoring period from August 2008 to October 2009. The stratified sampling strategy further included six sampling points in three blocks at each site. Environmental variables (precipitation, PAR, air and soil temperature, soil moisture, groundwater level) were monitored continuously and during sampling campaigns, where also groundwater samples were taken for analysis. Gaseous fluxes were monitored on a three-weekly basis, giving 51, 49 and 38 field campaigns for land use categories AR, PG and RG, respectively. Climatic conditions in each region during monitoring were representative based on 20-yr averages. Peat layers were shallow, typically 0.5 to 1 m, and with a pH of 4–5. At six sites annual emissions of N2O were in the range 3 to 24 kg N2O-N ha−1, but at two arable sites (spring barley, potato) net emissions of 38 and 61 kg N2O-N ha−1 were recorded. Both were characterized by fluctuating groundwater with elevated SO42− concentrations. Annual fluxes of CH4 were generally small, as expected, ranging from –2 to 4 kg CH4 ha−1. However, two permanent grasslands had tussocks of Juncus effusus (soft rush) in sampling points that were consistent sources of CH4 throughout the year. Emission factors for organic soils in rotation and permanent grass, respectively, were estimated to be 0.011 and 0.47 g m−2 for CH4, and 2.5 and 0.5 g m−2 for N2O. This first documentation of CH4 and N2O emissions from managed organic soils in Denmark confirms the levels and wide ranges of emissions previously reported for this region. However, the factorial approach also identified links between gaseous emissions and site-specific conditions with respect to soil, groundwater and vegetation which point to areas of future research that may account for part of the variability and hence lead to improved emission factors or models.
Selenium‐ and Tellurium‐Containing Organic π‐Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers
Authors: Patra Asit , Bendikov Michael
Published: October 2011

Organic electronic materials are one of the fastest developing fields of chemistry because of both inherent interest in the synthesis and properties of advanced materials and their many practical applications. While almost all organic electronic materials consist of carbon based πconjugated backbones, a majority of these skeletons also include some heteroatoms. Thiophene based oligomers and polymers are among the most studied organic electronic materials. Yet, despite their potential advantages, selenium‐containing oligomers and polymers have attracted surprisingly scant attention compared to the huge interest in thiophene based materials in recent decades. Few tellurium‐containing oligomers and polymers have been prepared, mostly because of a lack of synthetic methodologies for their preparation and their relatively poor stability.

This chapter discusses πconjugated oligomers and polymers that contain selenium or tellurium atoms in the backbone. Most of these oligomers and polymers are selenophene based materials with only a few examples of tellurophene based oligomers and polymers known. Examples of selenium‐ and tellurium‐containing organic polymeric and oligomeric materials that have selenium or tellurium atoms in the backbone but not as a part of the heterocyclic ring are quite rare and will be discussed toward the end of this chapter. Particular attention is focused on approaches for synthesizing these selenium‐ and tellurium‐containing oligomers and polymers, on their special properties, and on highlighting their performance as organic electronic materials.
Synthesis and Histamine H3 and H4 Receptor Activity of Conformationally Restricted Cyanoguanidines Related to UR‐PI376
Authors: Geyer Roland , Buschauer Armin
Published: October 2011

Recently, we identified highly potent agonists of the human histamine H4 receptor (hH4R) among a series of imidazolylbutylcyanoguanidines. Aiming at improved selectivity for the hH4R relative to the H3 receptor (hH3R), the flexible tetramethylene linker connecting imidazole ring and cyanoguanidine group was replaced by conformationally restricted carbocycles. Introduction of a para‐ or a meta‐phenylene spacer yielded only very weakly active compounds at both hH3R and hH4R (investigated in [35S]GTPγS binding assays using Sf9 insect cell membranes expressing hHxR subtypes). By contrast, the incorporation of a more flexible cyclohexane‐1,4‐diyl linker resulted in EC50 or KB values ≥110 nM at hH4R and hH3R. Quality of action, potency and receptor subtype selectivity of the investigated compounds depend on the stereochemistry: Cis‐configured diastereomers prefer the hH4R and are partial agonists, whereas trans‐isomers are antagonists at the hH4R. At the hH3R the trans‐diastereomers are superior to the cis‐isomers by a factor of 10. The results on imidazolylcycloalkylcyanoguanidines suggest that variation of ring size and optimization of the stereochemistry may be useful to increase the potency and selectivity of hH4R agonists relative to the hH3R.
Do Maximizers Predict Better than Satisficers?
Authors: Jain Kriti , Bearden J. Neil , Filipowicz Allan
Published: October 2011

We examine the relationship between maximizing (i.e., seeking the best) versus satisficing (i.e., seeking the good enough) tendencies and forecasting ability in a real‐world prediction task: forecasting the outcomes of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In Studies 1 and 2, participants gave probabilistic forecasts for the outcomes of the tournament and completed a measure of maximizing tendencies. We found that although maximizers expected themselves to outperform others much more than satisficers, they actually forecasted more poorly. Hence, on net, they were more overconfident about their relative performance. Decompositional analyses of overall accuracy revealed that differences in forecasting abilities were primarily driven by maximizers' tendency to give more noisy estimates. In Study 3, participants played a betting task where they could choose between safe and uncertain gambles linked to World Cup outcomes. Again, maximizers did more poorly and earned less, because of greater noise in their choice‐based responses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction
Authors: Littarru Gian Paolo
Published: October 2011

No absract.
Neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells on diX (parylene) family materials
Authors: Hoshino Takayuki , Saito Itsuro , Takano Haruka , Samejima Kazuyuki , Mabuchi Kunihiko , Kato Yasuhiro X.
Published: October 2011

We investigated neuronal cell differentiation, particularly neurite outgrowth, on the surface of diX H and diX AM using an in vitro examination of a neuron‐like rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. diX H and diX AM are in the parylene family of diX C (or Parylene‐C), which is widely used as a novel coating material to insulate neural electrodes, and they have been recently commercialized; diX H and diX AM offer different features of biocompatibility. Previously, we found that these new parylene materials have high cell adhesiveness to neuronal cells whereas the adhesiveness of diX C is extremely low. However, their cell differentiation remains unknown although neuronal cell differentiation plays a crucial role in their development and regeneration. This study showed that almost all PC12 cells adhering to the surface of diX AM and diX H were differentiated, but the neurite outgrowth was significantly larger on diX H than that on diX AM and a conventional polystyrene culture dish. The result suggests that diX H may be advantageous as a biocompatible coating material for a scaffold, which can be used on virtually any substrate to get various configurations in neural devices. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Developments Towards Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazoles
Authors: Carvalho Luísa C. R. , Fernandes Eduarda , Marques M. Manuel B.
Published: October 2011

1,2‐Disubstituted benzimidazoles play an important role in several areas and particularly as drug discovery targets. Herein, several methods to assemble these structures are reviewed, from the classical approaches to the more recently developed metal‐catalyzed intramolecular amination process, the cascade arylamination/condensation reaction and polymer‐supported benzimidazole assembly under microwave conditions.