bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXINS FROM BACTEROIDES INTERMEDIUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ON HUMAN MONOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Johne Berit , Gaudernack Gustav , MøRland Berit
Published: August 2010

Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPSs) from the strictly anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides intermedius and from Escherichia coli were compared with respect to effects on human monocytes. Exposure of monocyte monolayer cultures to the structurally different endotoxins caused morphological changes, demonstreted by large rounded cells containing cytoplasmic granules with the B. intermedius LPS, and smaller cells with several cytoplasmic protrusions with the E. coli LPS after 10 days of culture. The B. intermedius LPS was, at some doses, able to induce an increased level of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase and increased C3b‐receptor‐mediated phagocytosis, while other doses gave no effect or weak suppression compared to control cultures. The stimulatory effects were donor‐dependent. The E. coli LPS had predominantly suppressive effects on acid phosphatase level and C3b phagocytosis. Both endotoxins resulted in enhanced expression of the activation related cell surface antigen, characterized by the mononuclear phagocyte specific monoclonal antibody 1D5. Biphasic dose‐response realtionships were observed, particularly pronounced with B. intermedius LPS, giving stimulation of enzyme activity with low (1 ng/ml) and high (0.5 μg/ml) doses, and suppressed enzyme activity with intermediate doses (0.01–0.10 μg/ml). The results imply that the effects of endotoxins on different aspects of human monocytes vary considerably; they also suggest that the balance between stimulatory and suppressive properties of a particular endotoxin may influence its net effect on mononuclear phagocyte functions.
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN HODGKIN'S DISEASE
Authors: KRISTOFFERSSON ULF , HEIM SVERRE , MANDAHL NILS , OLSSON HÅKAN , ÅKERMAN MÅNS , MITELMAN FELIX
Published: August 2010

Cytogenetic analysis was attempted in 20 patients with Hodgkin's disease. No mitoses were found in 2 cases, normal metaphases in 7, and normal metaphases with nonclonal aberrations in 7. Of the 4 cases with clonal aberrations, one had +16 as the sole change, whereas the remaining tumors had multiple numerical and structural changes.
THE PREVALENCE OF RENAL AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE AA‐TYPE IN A SERIES OF 1,158 CONSECUTIVE AUTOPSIES
Authors: LÖFBERG HELGE , GRUBB ANDERS , THYSELL HANS , NILSSON ELISE , KJELLANDER BIRGITTA , MÖLLER CHRISTINA , GRUIC VINKA , LJUNGQUIST ANNE , STERNBY NILS H.
Published: August 2010

To determine the prevalence of renal amyloidosis of the AA‐type in a defined population, formalin‐fixed specimens from the kidneys of all the cases autopsied in 1983 at The General Hospital of Malmö, Sweden, were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Amyloid deposits of protein AA were found in 10 of 1,158 investigated cases and the calculated prevalence was 0.86 per cent. The mean age at death of the individuals with the AA‐type of amyloidosis was 79 years. Six of the cases with amyloidosis had rheumatoid arthritis. The avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex technique was found to be superior to the immunofluorescence method and a high sensitivity and specificity was achieved when sequence‐specific antibodies against a synthetized nonapeptide corresponding to a hydrophilic segment of the polypeptide chain of protein AA were used in the assay. Nine cases with other types of amyloid deposits in the kidneys were also detected. None of these cases showed any AA immunoreactivity but all of them demonstrated Congophilic deposits which were immunohistochemically stained by antibodies against the amyloid P‐component. The prevalence of renal amyloidosis comprising all types of amyloid protein deposits was 1.64 per cent.
SURFACE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CULTURES OF AFFECTED PSORIATIC KERATINOCYTES, UNAFFECTED PSORIATIC KERATINOCYTES AND NORMAL KERATINOCYTES
Authors: NIELSEN E. HOLM , ELBERG J. J. , RØNNE M. , JAHN H. , BIERRING F.
Published: August 2010

The surface structure of 11–12 days old cultures from biopsies of normal skin and uninvolved psoriatic skin was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The keratinocytes formed flat, thin, and well‐organized layers of elongated, tightly apposed cells. Newly‐formed cells with few and short microplicae and microvilli were seen at the colony periphery. On the maturing cells towards the colony center, the number and size of microplicae or microvilli increased gradually. No differences were found between the structures on normal keratinocytes and keratinocytes from uninvolved psoriatic skin, but in keratinocytes from involved psoriatic skin glomerulus‐like rolled microplicae occasionally were found.
Healing Patterns Revealed in Middle School Boys' Experiences of Being Bullied Using Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB)
Authors: Willis Danny G. , Griffith Catherine A.
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Although two of the primary risk factors for being bullied include “male” and “middle school” status, a gap in knowledge exists of middle school boys' personal accounts and meanings of being bullied and their healing.

METHODS:  Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological approach using open‐ended semi‐structured individual interviews was used to collect and analyze evidence related to middle school boys' lived experiences of being bullied and healing. Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB) guided interpretation of the healing patterns.

FINDINGS:  Three patterns of healing were identified in boys' experiences: meaning‐making, self‐transcendence, and nonviolently claiming personal power.

CONCLUSIONS:  Evidence of healing patterns exists in middle school boys' experiences of being bullied, offering a foundation for further research and practice focused on healing. When working with middle school boys who have been bullied, nurses need to ask about their experiences and promote their healing.
Pediatric Psychotropic Medication Initiation and Adherence: A Literature Review Based on Social Exchange Theory
Authors: Hamrin Vanya , McCarthy Erin M. , Tyson Veda
Published: August 2010

TOPIC:  Psychotropic medication initiation and adherence is an identified problem. This literature review explores factors that determine families' decisions to initiate, sustain, or discontinue use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. Social exchange theory is used as a framework to explore decisions to initiate and adhere to psychotropic medications.

PURPOSE:  Contributing factors related to psychotropic medication initiation, adherence, and discontinuation are explored. Themes in the literature encompassing costs and benefits of psychotropic medication adherence include family experiences with adverse effects, previous psychotropic medication experience, medication psychoeducation, stigma, societal views about psychotropic medication, particular diagnosis, the effect of comorbid diagnosis on adherence, attitudes and beliefs about medication by both children and parents, and relationships with the provider. The impact of family demographics including parent gender, age of the child, ethnicity, and parent educational level on psychotropic medication adherence is evaluated.

SOURCES:  International and U.S. studies from Medline, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PsychInfo evaluating medication initiation and adherence in the pediatric psychiatric population and social exchange theory was incorporated from relevant textbook resources.

CONCLUSIONS:  Rewards experienced from medication treatment include improvement in symptoms, school performance and family relationships, and reduced level of parenting stress. Identified costs include impact of adverse side effects, social stigma, lack of response, fears of addiction, and changing the child's personality. Acceptance of the diagnosis influences adherence while medication education has varying effects. Families' attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about psychiatric illness and treatment play a large role in medication treatment decisions. A trusting provider relationship has a positive effect on adherence. Psychosocial treatment alternatives are preferred. With maturation, adolescents have more influence on decisions related to adherence.
Quantitative Analysis of Cytokinins in Plants by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Electronspray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Weiqi , Gai Ying , Liu Shichang , Wang Renxiao , Jiang Xiangning
Published: August 2010

The present paper introduces a highly sensitive and selective method for simultaneous quantification of 12 cytokinins (free form and their conjugates). The method includes a protocol of extraction with methanol/water/formic acid (15/4/1, v/v/v) to the micro‐scale samples, pre‐purification with solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges of the extracts, separation with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detection by an electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐Ion trap‐MS) system in a consecutive ion monitoring (CRM) mode at the three stage fragmentation of mass spectrometry (MS3). The lowest detection level of the cytokinins of the method reaches 0.1–2.0 pg with a very wide range of linear regression from 1–512 pg, at the coefficient factors of 0.98–0.99. The feasibility of this method has been proven in the application of the method to the analysis of the trace‐amount contents of cytokinins in the micro‐scale samples of various types of plant materials, such as aerial parts of rice and poplar leaves etc. 12 endogenous cytokinins had been identified and quantified in the plant tissues, with an acceptable relatively higher recovery rate from 40% to 70%.
The UNHCR and World Politics: State Interests vs. Institutional Autonomy
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: August 2010

This article situates the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) within the context of world politics. States remain the predominant actors in the international political system. But this does not mean that international organizations like the UNHCR are completely without power or influence. Tracing the evolution of the agency over the past half century, this article argues that while the UNHCR has been constrained by states, the notion that it is a passive mechanism with no independent agenda of its own is not borne out by the empirical evidence of the past 50 years. Rather UNHCR policy and practice have been driven both by state interests and by the office acting independently or evolving in ways not expected nor necessarily sanctioned by states.
Immigrants, Natives and Social Assistance: Comparable Take-Up under Comparable Circumstances
Authors: Castronova Edward J. , Kayser Hilke , Frick Joachim R. , Wagner Gert G.
Published: August 2010

Are immigrants on welfare because they are more likely to be eligible or because they are more likely to claim benefits for which they are eligible? The answer is politically important, but because most current research on immigration and welfare is based on data from the United States, the answer is difficult due to the complexities of the transfer system which make eligibility determinations difficult. In Germany, by contrast, eligibility for the main cash transfer program, Sozialhilfe (Social Assistance), is determined by a comparatively simple nationwide formula. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to test whether immigrants to Germany are more likely than natives to claim welfare benefits for which they are eligible. We find that immigrants are more likely than native Germans to receive welfare, both because immigrants are more likely to be eligible and because they are more likely, when eligible, to claim their benefits. However, we also find that this greater propensity to take-up benefits is not related to immigrant status per se: when other sociodemographic factors are accounted for in an appropriate manner, immigrant households are no more likely to take-up benefits than native households.
The International Mobility of Highly Skilled Workers in Transnational Corporations: The Macro and Micro Factors of the Organizational Migration of Cadres
Authors: Peixoto João
Published: August 2010

The worldwide movement of highly skilled workers (cadres) in transnational corporations has long been known to literature in the field, yet has not been thoroughly researched. The mechanisms governing their international circulation are, in themselves, somewhat specific. The fact that they use an organizational “channel” for migration means that the constraints differ from those that act on “independent” economic migrants with either low or high levels of skill (the so-called brain drain). This article focuses on some of the manifestations of this mobility. Its dependence on a set of variables can be considerable: the firm's development phase, investment target choice, leading activity (manufacturing or services), form of technology, type of firm (using greenfield or brownfield investment), whether a firm acquired is healthy or undergoing an economic crisis, and nationality or corporate culture. The occupational insertion of cadres leads to further constraints: while the strictly “technical” assignments generally stem from skill shortages, the general “management” appointments mainly result from questions arising from control and trust. As a whole, the flows of highly skilled workers seem to be related to multiple variables – either social, organizational or individual – which make it difficult to predict future trends.
From War Refugees to Immigrants: The Case of the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand
Authors: Chang Wen-Chin
Published: August 2010

The KMT (Kuomintang) Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand have a complex migration history spread over different generations and places. It not only reflects political entanglements involving different power entities, but also illustrates the dynamic reaction of the people to the complications. The article focuses on the interactions between the political powers and the people. The process highlights that the Yunnanese are not mere objects controlled by external policies or conditions. After a few decades of hard life, they have been transforming themselves from refugee warriors to immigrants.
Mobile Livelihoods: The Sociocultural Practices of Circular Migrants between Puerto Rico and the United States
Authors: Duany Jorge
Published: August 2010

This article focuses on the bilateral flow of people between Puerto Rico and the United States - what has come to be known as circular, commuter, or revolving-door migration. It documents the migrants' livelihood practices based on a recent field study of population flows between Puerto Rico and the mainland. Specifically, the basic characteristics of multiple movers, one-time movers and nonmovers residing in Puerto Rico are compared. More broadly, the article assesses the implications of circular migration for Puerto Rican communities on and off the island. The author's basic argument is that the constant displacement of people - both to and from the island – blurs the territorial, linguistic, and juridical boundaries of the Puerto Rican nation. As people expand their means of subsistence across space, they develop multiple attachments to various localities. In the Puerto Rican situation, such mobile livelihoods are easier to establish than in other places because of the free movement of labor and capital between the island and the mainland. The author hypothesizes that circulation does not entail major losses in human capital for most Puerto Ricans, but rather often constitutes an occupational, educational, and linguistic asset.
France and the Unknown Second Generation: Preliminary Results on Social Mobility
Authors: Simon Patrick
Published: August 2010

The growing concern about the future of the offspring of immigrants in France has prompted the rise of a “second generation question.” Access of “new second generations” {i.e., those born from the waves of immigration of the 1950s and 1960s) to the job market and their visibility in social and cultural life have challenged the “French model of integration.” Moreover, the ebbing of social mobility in the France of the 1970s led to a process of social downgrading which may affect significantly the second generation due to their social background and the persistence of ethnic and racial discrimination. It is thus important to investigate what kind of social mobility is actually experienced by people of immigrant ancestry, and what could hinder their mobility. This article uses the data from a new survey, the Enquête Histoire Familiale (family history survey) conducted in 1999 and based on 380,000 individuals, which analyzes the positions of second generations of Turkish, Moroccan and Portuguese origin. We argue that they follow different paths: a reproduction of the positions of the first generation; a successful social mobility through education; or a mobility hindered by discrimination.
Ashore on the Land of Joiners: Intergenerational Social Incorporation of Immigrants
Authors: Han Shin-Kap
Published: August 2010

Juxtaposing two cliches, “the land of immigrants” and “the land of joiners,” poses an intriguing question: Do they fit in with each other? In other words, is Tocqueville's oft-quoted dictum – “Americans of all ages, all stations of life, and all types of disposition are forever forming associations” – applicable to immigrants as well? Focusing on the process of social incorporation of immigrants that connects the two sides, and taking advantage of the unique features of the dataset, the study examines intergenerational patterns of immigrants’ participation in voluntary associations. Substantial variations across generations and association types are found, and their pathways of social incorporation are charted.
The Emerging Migration State
Authors: Hollifield James F.
Published: August 2010

Since 1945, immigration in the core industrial democracies has been increasing. The rise in immigration is a function of market forces (demand-pull and supply-push) and kinship networks, which reduce the transaction costs of moving from one society to another. These economic and sociological forces are the necessary conditions for migration to occur, but the sufficient conditions are legal and political. States must be willing to accept immigration and to grant rights to outsiders.

How then do states regulate migration in the face of economic forces that push them toward greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push them toward closure? States are trapped in a “liberal” paradox – in order to maintain a competitive advantage, governments must keep their economies and societies open to trade, investment, and migration. But unlike goods, capital, and services, the movement of people involves greater political risks.

In both Europe and North America, rights are the key to regulating migration as states strive to fulfill three key functions: maintaining security; building trade and investment regimes; and regulating migration. The garrison state was linked with the trading state in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen the emergence of the migration state, where regulation of international migration is as important as providing for the security of the state and the economic well being of the citizenry.
The Role of Religion in the Origins and Adaptation of Immigrant Groups in the United States
Authors: Hirschman Charles
Published: August 2010

The classical model of the role of religion in the lives of immigrants to the United States, formulated in the writings of Will Herberg and Oscar Handlin, emphasized cultural continuity and the psychological benefits of religious faith following the trauma of immigration. Although this perspective captures an important reason for the centrality of religion in most immigrant communities (but not for all immigrants), the classical model does not address the equally important socioeconomic role of churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques in American society. The creation of an immigrant church or temple often provided ethnic communities with refuge from the hostility and discrimination from the broader society as well as opportunities for economic mobility and social recognition. In turn, the successive waves of immigrants have probably shaped the character as well as the content of American religious institutions.
A Longitudinal Analysts of Immigrant Occupational Mobility: A Test of the Immigrant Assimilation Hypothesis
Authors: Chiswick Barry R. , Lee Yew Liang , Miller Paul W.
Published: August 2010

This article develops a model of the occupational mobility of immigrants and tests the hypotheses using data on males from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, Panel I. The theoretical model generates hypotheses regarding a U-shaped pattern of occupational mobility from the “last job” in the origin, to the “first job” in the destination, to subsequent jobs in the destination, and regarding the depth of the “U.” The survey includes data on pre-immigration occupation, the “first” occupation in Australia (at six months) and the occupation after about three-and-a-half years in Australia. The hypotheses are supported by the empirical analysis.
NF‐κB is Not Directly Responsible for Photoresistance Induced by Fractionated Light Delivery in HT‐29 Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Kuliková Lucia , Mikeš Jaromír , Hýžďalová Martina , Palumbo Giuseppe , Fedoročko Peter
Published: August 2010

Our recent study follows up an earlier one which demonstrated hypericin‐mediated photocytotoxic effects on HT‐29 adenocarcinoma cells by light fractionation with a longer dark pause between two unequal light doses (Sackova, A. [2005] Photochem. Photobiol.81, 1411–1416). Here, we present closer study on events invoked by sublethal light dose (1 J cm−2) during the period of 6 h that is sufficient to invoke resistance to second lethal dose (11 J cm−2). First, we proved that the dark pause of 6 h, but not 1 h, resulted in better cell survival with suppressed phosphatidylserine externalization, decreased reactive oxygen species production and hypericin content as well as altered expression of HSP70, GRP94, clusterin, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB, IκB‐α or Mcl‐1. NF‐κB activity assay confirmed activation of this early‐response pathway. However, inhibition of IκB (IKK) kinase by parthenolide by stopping NF‐κB release from the complex with IκB did not prevent onset of resistance, but it invoked some resistance even in groups with shorter, 1 h dark pause. Therefore, we predict involvement of another signaling pathway, located upstream from NF‐κB, responsible for onset of resistance to photodynamic therapy with hypericin in colon adenocarcinoma cells HT‐29.
Bacterial Growth Response to Photoactive Quinones
Authors: Vaughan Pamela P. , Novotny Paul , Haubrich Nicole , McDonald Luther , Cochran Michael , Serdula Julia , Amin Raid W. , Jeffrey Wade H.
Published: August 2010

Quinones are known producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may be toxic in natural aquatic environments. In this study, the effects of parent quinones and their photodegradation products on bacterial growth were determined, and photochemical ROS formation rates were measured. Using 3H‐leucine incorporation to measure growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and natural seawater bacterioplankton, growth inhibition was observed when samples were exposed to dichlone, chloranil and sodium anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonate (AQ2S). For seawater, compared with other quinones tested, dichlone showed the greatest toxicity in the dark, and AQ2S toxicity was greatest during simultaneous exposure to sunlight. Photodegraded chloranil and dichlone showed decreased toxicity compared with nonirradiated samples. For P. aeruginosa, AQ2S and its photodegradation products showed the greatest toxicity during simultaneous exposure to sunlight. Chloranil photodegradation products showed reduced toxicity compared with the parent compound during simultaneous exposure to sunlight. Dichlone was the only compound to show any toxicity to P. aeruginosa in the dark, and its photodegradation products were more toxic than the parent compound. Based on the results of dark and light controlled experiments measuring bacterial growth and estimated ROS production rates, ROS alone does not account for relative differences in toxicity between these quinones.
Prioritizing Agricultural Lands for Conservation Buffer Placement Using Multiple Criteria1
Authors: Qiu Zeyuan
Published: August 2010

Qiu, Zeyuan, 2010. Prioritizing Agricultural Lands for Conservation Buffer Placement Using Multiple Criteria. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00466.x

Abstract:  Although conservation buffers are multifunctional, the current conservation buffer planning strategies tend to use a single criterion, most frequently a hydrological or soil condition indicator, to guide conservation buffer placement. This study presents a watershed planning approach that prioritizes agricultural lands for conservation buffers based on multiple selection criteria and applies the approach to Raritan Basin in central New Jersey. The multiple selection criteria include soil erodibility, hydrological sensitivity, wildlife habitat, and impervious surface rate. These criteria capture the conservation buffers’ benefits in reducing soil erosion, controlling runoff generation, enhancing wildlife habitat, and mitigating stormwater impacts, respectively. An expert panel was used to identify and define the section criteria, review the measured values of those criteria, and develop the classification scales that assign the class score to each criterion. The prioritization is based on the summation of the criteria class scores. About one‐third of agricultural lands are prioritized for conservation buffers in Raritan Basin. The total program cost of converting those prioritized agricultural lands to conservation buffers in Raritan Basin is estimated to be between $54.8 and 102.9 million depending on the composition of installed conservation buffer practices.
The Neotectonic Movements of the Changle‐Zhao' an Fault Belt in Fujian1
Authors: Hunan Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Changle‐Zhao' an fault belt is an important belt bordering the southeast coast of China. It was formed in pre‐Mesozoic time and has undergone polyphase activities of different modes ever since. Through a study of the data concerning the Cenozoic strata, volcanism, seismicity, hydrothermal activity and crustal deformation, the characteristics of the neotectonic movement of this fault belt were preliminarily ascertained, the amplitudes and rates of recent faulting in some places were calculated, and the intensities of the activities in various structural basins along the fault zone were compared. Besides, this paper also discusses the main cause for the origin of the Quanzhou‐Shantou strong earthquake tectonic zone.
Mineral Chemistry of Clinopyroxenes in Mantle‐Derived Inclusions in Cenozoic Basalts from Eastern China and Their Geological Significance
Authors: Jiaxiang Qiu , Qun'an Liao
Published: August 2010

Abstract In this paper, 183 chemical analyses of clinopyroxenes are collected from mantle‐derived inclusions in Cenozoic basalts of eastern China. Through synthetic studies of the relevant data, their mineral chemistry and geological significance are discussed. Based on the composition of clinopyroxenes the authors conclude that the Cenozoic upper mantle in eastern China is of the continental, primitive, metasomatic and high‐ temperature types and is related to rift structural environment and variation in composition of basalts. The geobarometry of clinopyroxenes indicates that Cenozoic basalts of eastern China are derived from the asthenosphere and that the average depth of faults progressively increases from south to north and from east to west.
Ore‐Forming Processes and Dissipative Structures
Authors: Chongwen Yu
Published: August 2010

Abstract The theory of dissipative structures is applied in this paper to probing into the dynamics, temporal structures and spatial structures of ore‐ forming processes and the inherent relationships among them. Areas of ore formation are large dynamic systems in development and evolution. The core of ore formation is the “onset of ore‐ forming processes”, and the crux of it is the “transition from mineralization to ore formation”. The theory of bifurcation and theory of fluctuation make possible the access to the solution of this problem. The multiorder or successive bifurcation of dissipative structures introduces dynamic geochemical processes into geosciences and inverses the dynamic evolution and temporal rhythms of ore‐ forming processes. The localization of dissipative structures introduces dynamic geochemical fields into geosciences and brings to light the causes and mechanisms of the formation and development of geochemical areas of ore formation (regions and zones of ore formation) and their spatial dynamic patterns.
Basic Geologic Problems of Loess in China
Authors: Zonghu Zhang , Zhiyi Zhang , Yunsheng Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract The geology of loess in China involves many problems. This paper deals only with the basic ones of the origin of loess, the geologic setting and palaeoenvironmental evolution leading to the formation of the Loess Plateau, and the regional stratigraphy of loess deposits, particularly the last problem. A better knowledge of the formation and development of the loess deposits in China has been obtained through analysis and correlation of lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, climatostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy.
The Early Precambrian Rocks, Their Ages, Division and Correlation of the Taihang‐Wutai Region, the Yanshan Region and the Eastern Sector of the Yinshan Mountains
Authors: Qichao Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract According to differences of the protolith formations, the early Precambrian strata in the northern part of the North China platform may be divided into the stable stratigraphic region in the west and the mobile stratigraphic region in the east. Based on unconformities, either stratiragphic or tectonic, as well as significant metamorphic thermal events, the two regions may be stratigraphically defined as follows: 1) the middle Archaean Fuping Supergroup composed of the Chenzhuang and Wanzi Groups (stable areas), and the middle Archaean Qianxi Group (mobile area), whose upper limits are all dated at 2800 Ma; and 2) the upper Archaean Wutai Supergroup composed of the Longquanguan, Shizui and Taihuai Groups (stable areas), and the upper Archaean Zunhua, Dantazi and Zhuzhangzi Groups (mobile areas), whose upper limits are all dated at 2500 Ma. A correlation of the above‐mentioned units is also made. The lower Proterozoic Hutuo Group of the stable region is adjusted to comprise the Gaofan, Doucun, Dongye and Guojiazhai Groups. The upper limit of the Gaofan Group is placed at 2350 Ma, Dongye 1850 Ma and Guojiazhai (the lower limit of the Changcheng System) 1700 Ma.
The Genetic Types of Some Granite Intrusions Associated with Tin Polymetallic Deposits in the Nanling Region
Authors: Houqun Liu , Shiyi Yang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Tin polymetallic deposits are the most important type of tin deposit in the Nanling region. Many researchers both at home and abroad consider this type of tin deposit to be the product of differentiation and evolution of granite magmas resulting from anatexis of continental crust and to be genetically related to the transformation‐type (S‐type) granitoids. In this paper, on the basis of the geological settings, petrology, REE geochemistry and strontium and oxygen isotopic compositions of 6 granite intrusions associated with tin polymetallic deposits in the Nanling region, the authors suggest that the ore‐bearing granites of this type are probably the products of differentiation and evolution of acid magmas resulting from 40–50‰ fractional crystallization of magmas formed by partial melting of the pre‐existing intermediate‐basic volcanic rocks of mantle origin in the lower crust and a small amount of sialic material and belong to crust‐mantle‐derived granitoids (approaching I‐type of B. W. Chappell and A.J.R. White, but being evidently different from the S‐type granitoid related to W, Sn, Nb, Ta and REE deposits).
Groundwater Behaviour in Layered Slope Rock Mass And Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Li Wan , Kaiming Tian , Mingyou Chen
Published: August 2010

Abstract The paper deals with the relatively weak permeable layer in a layered structure of a slope rock mass and its effect on groundwater behaviour in the rock mass. When the whole groundwater table is declined in such type of slope rock mass, the permeability of the relatively weak permeable layer in the middle will be several times lower than that of the upper and lower permeable layers and consequently the water level in layers of different permeability will fall in different rates which will lead to a discontinuous phenomenon of the water body. A method of finite element simulation on a vertical two‐dimensional profile is suggested for the study of the phenomenon and its application to practical situation is described. The calculation result shows that the existing weak permeable layer in a layered slope rock mass exerts unnegligible influence on the variation of water level in the rock mass of a slope. The result also proves the applicability of the finite element simulation method.
Orogenic and Anorogenic Granitoids in the Altay Mountains of Xinjiang and Their Discrimination Criteria
Authors: Tianren Zou , Huizhi Chao , Baiqing Wu
Published: August 2010

Abstract On the basis of field geological studies of the granotoids in the region, mineralogical, petrological, geochemical (including stable isotope geochemical) and isotopic geochronological investigations were carried out on selected representative granitic bodies of various types. The authors have concluded that, apart from the bodies of the orogenic granitoid series, there also exist intrusions of the anorogenic granitoid series in the region. The intrusives of the two series were formed not only in different ages and tectonic environments, but also were derived from different sources of materials. Moreover, they are associated with different mineralizations, belonging to different minerologenetic series(Cheng et al., 1983). They show distinctly a series of discriminative criteria. The problems under discussion in the present paper are of important theoretical and practical significance in the studies of granites of the orogenic belt, particularly the studies of the genesis and related metallogeny of the granites of the region.
Applications of Remote Sensing Techniques in Coal Geology
Authors: Haiyan Guan
Published: August 2010

Abstract Through applied researches, the regularity of thermal infrared radiation of the coal seams has been found, a model of thermal radiation of the coal seams established, and the internal relations of the information extracted from remote sensing images with coal seams and coal measures revealed. Through a series of complete tests of remote sensing techniques such as multi‐level (space, aerial and ground) synchronous remote‐sensing and multi‐directional, multiband and multitemporal remote sensing, the optimal procedure for applications of remote sensing techniques in coal geology has been determined. The theories and methods established in the applied researches have yielded apparent economic results and social benefits in respect to coal field prediction, coal reconnaissance, coal geological surveys and detection of geological hazards in coal mines.
A Study of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage: Numerical Simulation of Thermal Storage Experiments in Shanghai1
Authors: Yuqun Xue , Chunhong Xie , Qinfen Li
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper proposes a 3‐D convection‐heat dispersion model for a confined aquifer. The governing equation of the model contains not only the traditional convection and conduction terms, but also a heat dispersion term which has often been overlooked in many similar researches. The model is used to describe a series of aquifer thermal energy storage experiments conducted at the Shanghai experimental site, including single‐well injection, double‐well injection / production and multiple‐well injection / prodution tests. The simulated temperatures agree very well with the field data (relative error: 2.8%‐4.5%). A detailed description of the model is given, followed by a detailed comparison of simulated and measured temperature distributions.
The Crustal Structure and Seismic Activity in North China
Authors: Rui Feng , Guifang Huang , Shuzhen Zheng , Jun Wang , Huifen Yan , Ruoshui Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract A layered crustal block model of North China has been constructed based on large amount of data from seismic sounding carried out in recent two decades. Some deep fault zones, such as the Zhangjiakou‐Penglai and Tancheng‐Lujiang fault zones, divide the upper crust of North China into three upper crustal terranes and nine bolcks. There are distinct differences in velocity and depth distributions, which reflects Cenozoic block faulting in North China in the process of formation of the deep structure. The upper crust shows the features of transition in isostatic adjustment. The existence of a low‐velocity layer in the middle crust is characteristic of the crustal structure in North China. There seems to be an increase of rheology of the rocks in the lower crust and a persistence of stable regional stress field. The patterns of the Moho on two sides of the Yanshan‐Taihang Mountains are different. The relief of the Moho around Beijing, Shijiazhuang and Guangrao where the deep faults join together shows a quadrantal distribution in some degree. The dynamic sources for seismic activity are the NE‐SW horizontal compression and the diapirism of the upper mantle. The middle and upper crust, especially the layered block structure has the most significant effects on seismicity, and the occurrence of earthquakes is more closely related to them than to the Moho.
The Relationship between Microtexture Types and Indices of Fhysico‐Mechanical Properties of Loess in China
Authors: Xiangyi Lei
Published: August 2010

Abstract The paper deals mainly with the relationship between the microtexture types and the indices of physico‐mechanical properties of loess, The results of study demonstrate that the study of microtextures of loess is of importance in the prediction and preliminary evaluation of engineering geological properties of loess in a region.
Geochemical Characteristics of Granitoids in the Eastern Sector of the Northern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang
Authors: Bixiang Wang , Zhaonai Li , Guangzan Zhao , Fubao Wang , Shuizhe Zhang , Wenheng Fei
Published: August 2010

Abstract The granitioids in question are located in the geosynclinal fold belt of the Northern Tianshan Mountains. The magmas are intruded into a Carboniferous marine volcanic‐sedimentary rock series, forming a contemporaneous, intermediate‐basic to acid, composite intrusion. With a whole‐rock Rb‐Sr isochron age of 315.7 Ma, it is considered to be of middle Hercynian age. The granitoids have a SiO2 content of 48–78%, a calc‐alkali index of 60 and silica‐alkali indices ρ = 2.2–2.4 and σ= 1.5–2. From basic to acid compositions, the total REE content increases from 38 to 143 ppm. δEu ranges from 0.47 to 0.86 and the Eu anomalies are negative. The normalized curves of REE of various rock types are very similar. These coupled with the characteristics of trace element geochemistry show that the intrusion is an island arc‐continental margin, calc‐alkaline one. The δ18O values range from 5.8 to 8.9% and the 87Sr / 86Sr initial ratio is 0.705. The materials of the intrusion are composed of a mixture of the magmas at the top of the upper mantle and in the lower crust. This indicates that the rocks might be consanguineous, differentiated and evolved products and possess the characteristics of I ‐type granites.
Storm Deposits of the Sinian Zhangqu Formation in Northern Anhui — An Upward Shallowing Carbonate Sequence1
Authors: Xiufu Qiao , Yusheng Xing , Linzhi Gao , Chongyu Yin , Zhao Yue , Guizhi Liu
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper studies, for the first time, the storm deposits of a carbonate sequence in the Sinian Zhangqu Formation in northern Anhui. In the formation, a great number of calcareous trider sponge spicules were discovered in a distal storm turbidity sequence, which have provided further evidence for the correlation of the Sinian Systems in North and South China from a view point of palaeontology.
The Formation of the Qarhan Saline Lakes as Viewed in the Light of Neotectonic Movement
Authors: Yunchu Zhu , Zhengyan Li , Bihao Wu , Mili Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Investigations on stratigraphy, geomorphology and neotectonic movement in the Eastern Kunlun Mountains show that there existed a series of ancient lakes, including some saline lakes, in the studied region about 30,000 years ago. They were distributed south of the middle Kunlun fault, from the middle‐upper reaches of the present Narin Gol River in the west to the Alag Lake‐Tosou Lake in the east. Of these the ancient Narin Gol Lake and Kunlun Lake were mainly recharged by the hot water related to valcanos, so the B, Li and K contents are relatively high.

The neotectonic movement that commenced at 30,000 a B.P. caused the river system in the Eastern Kunlun Mountains to invade southwards; as a result the ancient lake water was captured to recharge the Qarhan area. Therefore, the hot springs related to recent volcanism and faulting on the southern bank of the upper reaches of the Narin Gol River became an important source of saline materials for the Qarhan Lake.
A Potential Candidate For the Middle‐Upper Cambrian Boundary Stratotype — An Introduction to the Paibi Section in Huayuan, Hunan
Authors: Xiping Dong
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary is one of the current stratigraphical problems which remain open in the geological world, since there have been no universally acknowledged delimiting standard and stratotype. Acting on the instruction of Profs. Lu Yanhao and An Taixiang the author studied in details the Paibi Section, which is well exposed as a continuous sequence at an easily accessible locality. The Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary strata are composed of biocalcimicrosparite, indicating the sedimentary environment of an underwater upheaval on the gentle slope along the frontal margin of the Yangtze carbonate platform.

For the upper Middle and lower Upper Cambrian agnostid trilobite zones and conodont zones are erected, and a more accurate correlation between the trilobite and conodont sequences is established. Based on these, the Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary is drawn more reasonably and precisely than what was done before. In short, the section studied is superior to other known sections of Middle‐Upper Cambrian, and it will probably be an ideal candidate for the Middle‐Upper Cambrian boundary stratotype.
Petrological Study on the Ductile Shear Zones in the Core of the Eastern Qinling Orogenic Belt in Western Henan
Authors: Zengqiu Zhong , Zhendong You , Shutian Suo
Published: August 2010

Abstract A series of ductile shear zones of the overthrust and strike‐slip types and related ductile shear metamorphic rocks, including tectonic melange and mylonites, were formed in the core of the Qinling orogenic belt in the course of the Caledonian‐Indosinian ductile and brittle‐ductile reworking. The study on their petrography, variations in composition and conditions of formation is conducive to revealing the metamorphism‐deformation history of the core of the Qinling orogenic belt and further to understanding the dynamic mechanism of its evolution.
Geological Setting of the Porphyry Copper Deposit Series of China
Authors: Hongtao Zhang , Zongyao Rui
Published: August 2010

Abstract In accordance with the terms global minerogenic series, regional metallogenic series and ore deposit system which are put forward here, metallogenic environments at different levels are discussed for the porphyry copper deposit series in China. It is considered that the porphyry copper deposits in China are controlled not only by the boundaries of convergent plates but, more importantly, by the boundaries of intraplate divergent mobile belts and those between continental blocks. Besides, the emplacement of hypabyssal and supper‐hypabyssal calc‐alkaline magmas and the temporal‐spatial distribution of China's porphyry copper deposits are governed by the superimposition of fracture systems of the pre‐Alpine basements, Meso‐Cenozoic cover and continental‐margin new‐born crust. Such a superimposition has also resulted in the polycyclicity of the mineralization.
Minerogenetic Model for Two Types of Fluorite Deposits in Southeastern China
Authors: Changjiang Li , Xuliang Jiang
Published: August 2010

Abstract On the basis of the studies of field geology, strontium, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and REE geochemistry, coupled with the dating of mineralization, the authors suggest a minerogenetic model of circulation and drawing of Late Cretaceous geothermal waters for the fluorite deposits in southeastern China. This model includes two types of mechanism: 1) the leaching‐out and drawing through deep circulation of the geothermal water, and 2) the leaching‐out and drawing through shallow circulation of the water. The fluorite mineralization of Mesozoic volcanic rock terrain is related mainly to the former mechanism, with the mineralizing material coming chiefly from the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the basement underlying the host rocks; while that of Yanshanian granite terrain is associated with the latter mechanism, with the mineralizing material derived primarily from the host granites and sedimentary rocks.
Geochronology of Yanshanian Magmatism and Metamorphism in the Hinterland of the Dabie Mountains and Their Geologic Implications1
Authors: Tingyu Chen , Baogui Niu , Zhigang Liu , Yunlian Fu , Jishun Ren
Published: August 2010

Abstract A strong tectono‐magmatic thermal event has been revealed by field observations of granitic, migmatitic and metamorphic rocks in the hinterland of the Dabie Mountains. K‐Ar, Ar‐Ar and Rb‐Sr determinations show that the event took place 133–117 Ma ago (Yanshanian). Contemporaneously, a southwestward thrust‐type ductile shearing at multiple levels occurred in the lower crust or at even deeper levels, suggesting that the Dabie Mountains region was still under the influence ot strong continent‐continent overlapping tectonism of the Yangtze block under the Sino‐Korean block at depth. Metamorphic rocks of amphibolite facies, migmatites and deep structural deformations resulting from this tectonothermal event are now exposed to the surface. The present features of the Dabie Mountains thus have appeared only since ca. 100 Ma B.P. The block composed of the Dabie Group is not an uplift or shield which would have undergone a long‐continued erosion.
The Coastal Zone Loess of the Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning Province
Authors: Peiying Li , Zhenbo Cheng , Houyuan Lu , Guohai Liu
Published: August 2010

Abstract This Paper discusses the origin of the Coastal Zone Loess on the Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning Province. The loess is composed mainly of proximal materials transported by low‐altitude air flow and less commonly of inland distal materials carried by high‐altitude air flow. The main provenance is the Liaodong Bay. When the sea level declined during glacial period, the bottoms of the Liaodong Bay and Bohai Sea emerged, where desertization occurred. As a result, submarine sediments were transported by strong northwesterly winds to the eastern coastal zone of the peninsula and deposited there. These materials mixed with the windblown dust carried by atmospheric circulation from the interior of the continent, forming the loess. Key words: Liaodong Peninsula, coastal zone, loess.