bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee: Etiology and Pathogenetic Mechanisms. A Systematic Review
Authors: Andriolo Luca , Crawford Dennis C. , Reale Davide , Zaffagnini Stefano , Candrian Christian , Cavicchioli Alessia , Filardo Giuseppe
Published: July 2018

Objective

The purpose of this manuscript is to analyze the evidence regarding etiopathogenesis of knee osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions through a systematic review, so to summate the current understanding of the origin and progression of this pathologic articular processes.

Design

A systematic review of the literature was performed on the PubMed and Cochrane databases on October 2017 by 2 independent authors and included all levels of evidence. This included all English language literature, pertaining specifically to etiopathology of knee OCD with exclusions for review articles and expert opinion. Of 965 identified records, 154 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 86 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Results

According to these studies, the etiology of OCD can be of a biological or mechanical origin: 40 articles proposed a biological hypothesis, including genetic causes (27), ossification center deficit (12), and endocrine disorders (9); conversely, 52 articles supported a mechanical hypothesis, including injury/overuse (18), tibial spine impingement (5), discoid meniscus (16), and biomechanical alterations (20) as the cause of the onset of OCD. The pathogenic processes were investigated by 36 of these articles, with a focus on subchondral bone fracture and ischemia as the ultimate events leading to OCD.

Conclusions

Biological and mechanical factors are found to result in subchondral bone remodeling alterations, acting independently or more likely synergically in the progression of knee OCD. The former includes genetic causes, deficit of ossification centers and endocrine disorders; the latter, tibial spine impingement, discoid meniscus, and biomechanical alterations, together with injuries and overuse. The resultant subchondral bone ischemia and/or fracturing appears to determine the onset and progression of OCD.

Level of Evidence

Systematic review of level II-IV studies, level IV.
A printed information leaflet about MRI and radiologists improves neuroradiology patient health literacy
Authors: Ginat Daniel Thomas , Christoforidis Gregory
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To determine the health literacy benefit of a printed informational leaflet for patients scheduled to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Methods and materials

A two-page leaflet that provided an overview of MRI and the role of radiologists was prepared and given to outpatients scheduled to undergo brain MRI examinations while in the waiting room. A survey composed mainly of yes/no and Likert scale questions pertaining to the leaflet, as well as patient demographics, was administered to the patients.

Results

A total of 147 patients completed the survey, of which 110 (75%) had undergone a prior MRI scan, 120 (82%) stated that their ordering provider explained the reason for the MRI scan, and less than 1% reported having referenced online resources related to MRI. The average score for how well patients understood the MRI scan procedure and how it is reviewed was 4.16/5 (standard deviation 1.18) before versus 4.39/5 (standard deviation 1.08) after reading the leaflet, which was a statistically significant improvement based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ( P < 0.01). The score for how helpful the reading material was for explaining what is MRI was 4.06/5 (standard deviation 1.02) and the score for how helpful the reading material was for explaining what is a radiologist was 4.18/5 (standard deviation 0.98).

Conclusion

A printed leaflet about MRI and radiologists can serve as an opportunity to educate patients about certain aspects of their scans during their stay in the waiting room.
Modeling on mass loss and nose blunting of high-speed penetrator into concrete target
Authors: Hao Ouyang , Chen Xiaowei
Published: July 2018

Mass loss and nose blunting of the projectile are often observed in high-speed penetration into concrete target. A new theoretical model is established to present the process of mass abrasion of projectile during penetration and to predict the mass loss and nose shape of the residual projectile after penetration. In order to better describe the effect of aggregate on the mass abrasion of penetrator, both the aggregate volume fraction and its shear strength are introduced into the present model. In the present model, the caliber-radius-head value of projectile nose is a key parameter and the mass loss and nose shape of projectile can be obtained easily only by solving a differential equation for the caliber-radius-head value and the penetrating velocity v, which is much more convenient than the incremental calculation and all other methods of mass receding of projectile outer surface. The calculation results show a good agreement with experimental results. According to the present model of mass abrasion, the depth of penetration of projectile and its acceleration curve during penetration are further calculated by considering the effects of mass loss and nose blunting of projectile.
Diamond Patterns: Cumulative Cornsweet Effects and Motion-Induced Brightening
Authors: Cavanagh Patrick , Anstis Stuart
Published: July 2018

A Cornsweet edge creates the perception of a step in surface lightness between two adjacent regions of identical mean luminance due to a gradient on both sides. We might imagine that in a concatenated set of these gradients, the lightness steps would accumulate, but they do not. However, a diamond pattern, with each diamond filled with an identical luminance gradient does give a cumulative Cornsweet effect. Here, we offer an illumination explanation for why the cumulative effect is visible in the diamonds but not in the basic ramp grating and we demonstrate that when the diamonds drift, they produce a strong brightening effect (depending on the direction of the motion) and a dimming aftereffect. These effects are consistent with the local luminance gradients and not with the global lightness shift of the cumulative Cornsweet effect.
Using EMR-enabled computerized decision support systems to reduce prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications: a narrative review
Authors: Scott Ian A. , Pillans Peter I. , Barras Michael , Morris Christopher
Published: July 2018

Prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) that pose more risk than benefit in older patients is a common occurrence across all healthcare settings. Reducing such prescribing has been challenging despite multiple interventions, including educational campaigns, audits and feedback, geriatrician assessment and formulary restrictions. With the increasing uptake of electronic medical records (EMRs) across hospitals, clinics and residential aged care facilities (RACFs), integrated with computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and e-prescribing, opportunities exist for incorporating clinical decision support systems (CDSS) into EMR at the point of care. This narrative review assessed the process and outcomes of using EMR-enabled CDSS to reduce the prescribing of PIMs. We searched PubMed for relevant articles published up to January 2018 and focused on those that described EMR-enabled CDSS that assisted prescribers to make changes at the time of ordering PIMs in adults. Computerized systems offering only medication reconciliation, dose checks, monitoring for medication errors, or basic formulary information were not included. In addition to outcome measures of medication-related processes and adverse drug events, qualitative data relating to factors that influence effectiveness of EMR-enabled CDSS were also gathered from selected studies. We analysed 20 studies comprising 10 randomized trials and 10 observational studies performed in hospitals ( n = 8), ambulatory care clinics ( n = 9) and RACFs ( n = 3). Studies varied in patient populations (although most involved older patients), type of CDSS, method of linkage with EMR, study designs and outcome measures. However, assuming little publication bias, the totality of evidence favoured EMR-enabled CDSS as being effective in reducing the prescribing of PIMs in hospitals, although results were more mixed for ambulatory care settings and RACFs. While absolute effects in most positive studies were modest, they suggest EMR-enabled CDSS are feasible and acceptable to clinicians, and if certain design features are adhered to, there is potential for even greater impact.
Relationship of Glove Arm Kinematics With Established Pitching Kinematic and Kinetic Variables Among Youth Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Barfield Jeff W. , Anz Adam W. , Andrews James R. , Oliver Gretchen D.
Published: July 2018

Background:

While the kinematics of the pitching arm, trunk, and pelvis have been described and studied, glove arm kinematics remain an understudied portion of the pitching motion. Baseball pitchers seek to achieve maximum ball velocity in a fashion that does not place the arm at risk of injury.

Purpose:

To assess the relationship between glove arm shoulder horizontal abduction and elbow flexion and pitching arm kinematics and kinetics among youth pitchers to determine whether recommendations can be made toward a safer pitching motion.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Thirty-three right-handed youth male baseball pitchers (mean ± SD: age, 13.6 ± 2.0 years; height, 169.4 ± 14.3 cm; weight, 63.5 ± 13.0 kg; experience, 7.3 ± 3.0 years) threw 3 fastballs to a catcher while kinematic data were collected with an electromagnetic tracking system. The Spearman rank-order test was used to identify relationships between glove arm horizontal abduction and glove arm elbow flexion and various kinematics and kinetics found at maximum shoulder external rotation (MER) and ball release for the fastest fastball delivered by each participant.

Results:

At MER, there were significant relationships found between a more flexed glove arm elbow and increased pitching arm elbow valgus force ( rs[31] = –0.52, P = .002), increased pitching arm shoulder anterior force ( rs = –0.39, P = .024), and decreased hip velocity ( rs[31] = –0.45, P = .009). Additionally, there were significant relationships between greater glove arm horizontal abduction at MER and increased pitching arm humeral velocity ( rs[31] = 0.52, P = .002) and increased trunk rotational velocity ( rs[31] = 0.40, P = .022) at MER.

Conclusion:

A more extended glove arm elbow and more horizontally abducted glove arm shoulder at MER could prove to be more advantageous for performance and possibly be a safer motion for the baseball thrower.

Clinical Relevance:

The orthopaedic community can dictate safer biomechanics when communicating with pitchers, trainers, and pitching coaches.
Outcomes From Conservative Treatment of Shoulder Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis and Factors Associated With Developing Contralateral Disease
Authors: Lamplot Joseph D. , Lillegraven Olivia , Brophy Robert H.
Published: July 2018

Background:

Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis is a common condition resulting in painful multidirectional restriction of motion without other identifiable shoulder abnormality. First-line therapies for this condition are nonoperative, but limited data are available regarding which treatments are most effective. Factors associated with contralateral disease are not well established.

Hypothesis:

Younger patients will have a better response to treatments, and older patients and patients with diabetes will be more likely to develop contralateral disease.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients diagnosed with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis were treated with a single intra-articular glenohumeral injection of local anesthetic and corticosteroid as well as 4 weeks of supervised physical therapy (PT). Patients were re-evaluated monthly and received additional conservative treatment based on failure to restore normal motion. Patient-reported outcome scores and range of motion were used to assess treatment efficacy.

Results:

Minimum 2-year follow-up data (mean, 3.4 years) were available for 60 of 75 eligible patients (80%). Patients who did not attend supervised PT as prescribed were more likely to undergo repeat injection due to a lack of adequate range of motion at follow-up ( P = .003). Conservative therapy failed in 2 patients (3.3%), and they underwent arthroscopic release and manipulation under anesthesia. Twenty-two patients (36.7%) were subsequently diagnosed with contralateral idiopathic adhesive capsulitis, with a higher incidence in patients with diabetes ( P = .009) and patients younger than 50 years ( P = .005). American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved from 41.2 (95% CI, 33.0-49.4) at baseline to 92.0 (95% CI, 88.4-95.6) at final follow-up ( P < .0001). Patients with diabetes had a decrease in Shoulder Activity Scale score at final follow-up ( P = .049).

Conclusion:

Conservative treatment for idiopathic adhesive capsulitis resulted in good clinical outcomes with a low incidence of surgical intervention. Physical therapy reduced the use of a second injection as part of treatment in this treatment algorithm. Young patients and patients with diabetes may be more likely to develop contralateral disease.
A Gut Feeling
Authors: Ming Xue , Chen Neil , Ray Carly , Brewer Gretchen , Kornitzer Jeffrey , Steer Robert A.
Published: July 2018

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurologic disorder characterized by hyperactivity/impulsivity and/or inattentiveness, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to the disorder. With the growing recognition of the microbiome’s role in many neurological disorders, the authors propose that it may also be implicated in ADHD. Here, we describe several evolving areas of research to support this hypothesis. First, a unique composition of gut bacteria has been identified and linked to behaviors in ADHD. Second, our research found an increased incidence of 2 gastrointestinal symptoms (constipation and flatulence) in children with ADHD, as compared to controls. Finally, emerging data may be interpreted to suggest that immune dysregulation in ADHD be associated with an altered microbiome, low-grade inflammation, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Although more studies are needed to elucidate exact mechanisms and causality, we propose that an altered microbiome, gastrointestinal symptoms, and immune dysregulation may be associated with the ADHD phenotypes.
The relationship between gestures and non-verbal communication and attentional processing in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Pudło Monika , Pisula Ewa
Published: July 2018

Background and aims

The links between gestures and various attentional processes in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder have not been studied sufficiently. Previous studies have highlighted the impact of orienting attention on the efficacy of gestures without exploring the influence of alerting and top–down attentional processes. The aim of the present study was to explore the links between attentional processes and indicators of descriptive, conventional and emotional gestures as well as other aspects of nonverbal communication in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder ( N = 46).

Methods

The attention network test and colour trails test were used to measure attentional processes, whereas descriptive, conventional and emotional gestures were assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the autism diagnostic interview . Analysis showed a significant correlation between gestures with alerting, orienting and executive attention.

Conclusions

The relevant structural equation model revealed that attentional processes have an impact on gestures, but gestures do not have an impact on attentional processes. Emotional gestures are linked to alerting. Spatial-visual search was related to facial expression and the integration of nonverbal communication with behaviour. There was no significant interaction between executive attention and gestures.

Implications

The obtained results are discussed with reference both to gesture development and studies on attention in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
Transnationalizing bureaucracies through investment promotion: The case of Informest
Authors: Sellar Christian
Published: July 2018

This paper uses Bourdieu’s notion of field to discuss the historical process of transnationalization in national and local-level bureaucracies, due to the promotion of firms’ internationalization and value chains restructuring. By drawing on the case study of a single Italian state agency, Informest, analyzed within a larger field of public and private actors promoting Italian firms beyond borders, this paper makes the following contributions: (a) it critiques the too narrow notion of the “political” in political geography by claiming the need to include transnational firms and entrepreneurs among the actors shaping changes to the spatial reach of certain state bureaucracies, allowing them to operate across national borders to better serve firms; (b) it argues that Bourdieu’s notion of field is an effective theoretical tool to analyze synergies and mutual influences between bureaucracies and firms value chains; (c) in so doing, it places firms alongside foreign policy and domestic political struggles to explain the emergence of outward investment promotion as a field of transnational bureaucratic practice; (d) It highlights the need to not take bureaucratic organizations for granted; instead, it focuses on the broader (geo)political processes leading to the birth, growth, and occasional death of transnational bureaucracies. In so doing, it places the transnationalization of Italy’s bureaucracy in a specific geohistorical context.
Large-scale spatial network models: An application to modeling information diffusion through the homeless population of San Francisco
Authors: Almquist Zack W
Published: July 2018

To address the effects of increasing homeless populations, planners must understand the size and distribution of their homeless populations, as well as how information and resources are diffused throughout homeless communities. Currently, there is limited publicly available information on the homeless population, e.g. the estimates of the homeless, gathered annually by the US Housing & Urban Development point in time survey. While it is theorized in the literature that the networks of homeless individuals provide access to important information for planners in areas such as health (e.g. needle exchanges) or access (e.g. information diffusion about the location of new shelters), it is almost never measured, and if measured, only at a very small scale. This research addresses the question of how planners can leverage publicly available data on the homeless to better understand their own homeless networks (e.g. relations among the homeless themselves) in a cost-effective and reliable way. To this end, we provide a method for simulating realistic networks of a social relation among the homeless population and perform a diffusion analysis over the resultant homeless-to-homeless networks, and also over a simulated homeless youth Facebook network. We validate the former through novel use of historical data, while the latter is based on recent work that demonstrated that the homeless youth have similar size Facebook networks and usage. We see much stronger spatial hopping and quicker diffusion over the youth network, i.e. we expect information to pass among the youth network much faster than the homeless-to-homeless network. This finding implies that non-government organizations and public health efforts that seek to provide information, goods or services to the homeless should start with the homeless youth, given the potential for faster diffusion when homeless youth are the initial transmitters. Overall, these methods and analysis provide a unique opportunity for visualizing, characterizing and inferring information for large-scale and hard to measure social networks.
Continuing Professional Development in Sustainability Education for K-12 Teachers: Principles, Programme, Applications, Outlook
Authors: Redman Erin , Wiek Arnim , Redman Aaron
Published: July 2018

The next generation will be better prepared to cope with the daunting sustainability challenges if education for sustainable development is being taught and learned across educational sectors. K-12 school education will play a pivotal role in this process, most prominently, the teachers serving at these schools. While pre-service teachers’ education will contribute to this transition, success will depend on effective professional development in sustainability education to teachers currently in service. Arizona State University has pioneered the development and delivery of such a programme. We present the design principles, the programme, and insights from its initial applications that involved 246 K-12 in-service teachers from across the USA. The evaluation results indicate that due to participation in the programme, sustainability knowledge, perception of self-efficacy, inclusion of sustainability in the classroom, modelling of sustainable behaviours, and linking action to content all increased. We conclude with recommendations for the widespread adopting of the programme.
Postoperative Complication Rates in 23- vs 25-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Igelman Austin D. , Johnson John A. , Taylor Stanford C. , Alonzo Brock J. , Bailey Steven T. , Lauer Andreas K. , Hwang Thomas S. , Lin Phoebe , Campbell John P. , Choi Dongseok , Flaxel Christina J.
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare rates of clinically significant complications between 23- and 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in vitreoretinal surgery.

Methods:

Demographics, PPV indication, and surgical complications were reviewed. Patients with prior PPV or other retina surgery; cases requiring silicone oil removal, keratoplasty, or glaucoma valve implant; patients <18 years old; or patients with <4 months of follow-up were excluded. Comparative and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data.

Results:

A total of 579 eyes met inclusion criteria, and their charts were reviewed. Demographics, PPV indication, follow-up time, and lens status were similar ( P > .05). A 23-gauge PPV was performed more frequently than a 25-gauge PPV (328 vs 251 eyes, respectively). Although rates of eyes with a clinically significant postoperative complication requiring surgical intervention were higher in 23-gauge PPV (112/325, 34.4%) than in 25-gauge PPV (54/250, 21.6%), PPVs indicated by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were more common with 23-gauge PPVs (155/325, 47.7%) than with 25-gauge PPVs (37/250, 14.8%; P <.001) and were more likely to have postoperative complications; however, rates of recurrent retinal detachments were not different in the 2 cohorts ( P = .862). When controlling for differences in indication, there was a moderately higher rate of postoperative complications following 23-gauge PPV ( P = .063).

Conclusions:

This retrospective review suggests that clinically significant complications are moderately more likely following 23-gauge PPV compared with 25-gauge PPV, even when the differences in surgical indication are considered.
Establishing Construct Continua in Construct Validation: The Process of Continuum Specification
Authors: Tay Louis , Jebb Andrew T.
Published: July 2018

Many areas of psychological science rely heavily on theoretical constructs, such as personality traits, attitudes, and emotions, and many of these measured constructs are defined by a continuum that represents the different degrees of the attribute. However, these continua are not usually considered by psychologists during the process of scale development and validation. Unfortunately, this can lead to numerous scientific problems, such as incomplete measurement of the construct, difficulties in distinguishing between constructs, and compromised evidence for validity. The purpose of the current article is to propose an approach for carefully considering these issues in psychological measurement. This approach, which we term continuum specification, is a two-stage process in which the researcher defines and then properly operationalizes the target continuum. Defining the continuum involves specifying its polarity (i.e., the meaning of its poles, or ends) and the nature of its gradations (i.e., the quality that separates high from low scores). Operationalizing the continuum means using this definition to develop a measure that (a) sufficiently captures the entire continuum, (b) has appropriate response options, (c) uses correct procedures for assessing dimensionality, and (d) accounts for the underlying response process. These issues have significant implications for psychological measurement.
Does experience provide a permissive or instructive influence on the development of direction selectivity in visual cortex?
Authors: Roy Arani , Christie Ian K. , Escobar Gina M. , Osik Jason J. , Popović Marjena , Ritter Neil J. , Stacy Andrea K. , Wang Shen , Fiser Jozsef , Miller Paul , Van Hooser Stephen D.
Published: July 2018

In principle, the development of sensory receptive fields in cortex could arise from experience-independent mechanisms that have been acquired through evolution, or through an online analysis of the sensory experience of the individual animal. Here we review recent experiments that suggest that the development of direction selectivity in carnivore visual cortex requires experience, but also suggest that the experience of an individual animal cannot greatly influence the parameters of the direction tuning that emerges, including direction angle preference and speed tuning. The direction angle preference that a neuron will acquire can be predicted from small initial biases that are present in the naïve cortex prior to the onset of visual experience. Further, experience with stimuli that move at slow or fast speeds does not alter the speed tuning properties of direction-selective neurons, suggesting that speed tuning preferences are built in. Finally, unpatterned optogenetic activation of the cortex over a period of a few hours is sufficient to produce the rapid emergence of direction selectivity in the naïve ferret cortex, suggesting that information about the direction angle preference that cells will acquire must already be present in the cortical circuit prior to experience. These results are consistent with the idea that experience has a permissive influence on the development of direction selectivity.
Hydrocarbon generation and evolution of the source rocks of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang Sub-sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China
Authors: Huang Zhenkai , Li Maowen , Liu Quanyou , Xie Xiaomin , Liu Peng , Cao Tingting , Jiang Qigui , Li Zhiming
Published: July 2018

Systematic organic petrology and geochemistry analyses have been conducted in the source rocks of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members of the Shahejie Formation in the Niuzhuang Sub-sag, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. The results indicate that the main organic types of shale and nongypsum mudstone in the lower Es3 and upper Es4 member are I-II1 kerogen, and the predominant ([Formula: see text]) activation energy frequencies range from 57 to [Formula: see text]. The similar distribution characteristics in the two source rocks indicate that they have a similar hydrocarbon maturation process. An extensive pyrolysis analysis indicates that the source rocks of the upper Es4 member do not have an obvious double peak hydrocarbon generation model. Previous studies indicate that the hydrocarbon index peak at a depth of 2500–2700 m is affected by migrating hydrocarbon. Major differences are not observed in the hydrocarbon generation and evolution process of the shale and nongypsum mudstone. The primary oil generation threshold of the lower Es3 and upper Es4 members is approximately 3200 m, and the oil generation peak is approximately 3500 m. The activation energy distribution of the gypsum mudstone of the upper Es4 member is wider than that of the shale and nongypsum mudstone, and lower activation energies account for a larger proportion of the activation energies. The above factors may lead to a shallower oil generation threshold for gypsum mudstone compared with that for shale and nongypsum mudstone.
Direct control of somatic stem cell proliferation factors by the Drosophila testis stem cell niche
Authors: Albert Eugene A. , Puretskaia Olga A. , Terekhanova Nadezhda V. , Labudina Anastasia , Bökel Christian
Published: July 2018

Niches have traditionally been characterised as signalling microenvironments that allow stem cells to maintain their fate. This definition implicitly assumes that the various niche signals are integrated towards a binary fate decision between stemness and differentiation. However, observations in multiple systems have demonstrated that stem cell properties, such as proliferation and self-renewal, can be uncoupled at the level of niche signalling input, which is incompatible with this simplified view. We have studied the role of the transcriptional regulator Zfh1, a shared target of the Hedgehog and Jak/Stat niche signalling pathways, in the somatic stem cells of the Drosophila testis. We found that Zfh1 binds and downregulates salvador and kibra, two tumour suppressor genes of the Hippo/Wts/Yki pathway, thereby restricting Yki activation and proliferation to the Zfh1+ stem cells. These observations provide an unbroken link from niche signal input to an individual aspect of stem cell behaviour that does not, at any step, involve a fate decision. We discuss the relevance of these findings for an overall concept of stemness and niche function.
Opposing effects of intracellular versus extracellular adenine nucleotides on autophagy: implications for β-cell function
Authors: Israeli Tal , Riahi Yael , Saada Ann , Yefet Devorah , Cerasi Erol , Tirosh Boaz , Leibowitz Gil
Published: July 2018

AMPK–mTORC1 signaling senses nutrient availability, thereby regulating autophagy. Surprisingly, we found that, in β-cells, the AMPK activator 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribofuranoside (AICAR) inhibited, rather than stimulated, autophagy. AICAR is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate, with subsequent conversion to other purine nucleotides. Adenosine regulated autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner: at high concentrations, it mimicked the AICAR effect on autophagy, whereas at low concentrations it stimulated autophagy through its cognate A1 receptor. Adenosine regulation of autophagy was independent of AMPK or mTORC1 activity. Adenosine kinase (ADK) is the principal enzyme for metabolic adenosine clearance. ADK knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme markedly stimulated autophagy in an adenosine A1 receptor-dependent manner. High-concentration adenosine increased insulin secretion in a manner sensitive to treatment with the autophagy inducer Tat-beclin1, and inhibition of autophagy augmented secretion. In conclusion, high concentrations of AICAR or adenosine inhibit autophagy, whereas physiological concentrations of adenosine or inhibition of adenosine clearance by ADK stimulate autophagy via the adenosine receptor. Adenosine might thus be an autocrine regulator of autophagy, independent of AMPK–mTORC1 signaling. Adenosine regulates insulin secretion, in part, through modulation of autophagy.
FGFR2-activating mutations disrupt cell polarity to potentiate migration and invasion in endometrial cancer cell models
Authors: Stehbens Samantha J. , Ju Robert J. , Adams Mark N. , Perry Samuel R. , Haass Nikolas K. , Bryant David M. , Pollock Pamela M.
Published: July 2018

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that control a diverse range of biological processes during development and in adult tissues. We recently reported that somatic FGFR2 mutations are associated with shorter survival in endometrial cancer. However, little is known about how these FGFR2 mutations contribute to endometrial cancer metastasis. Here, we report that expression of the activating mutations FGFR2N550K and FGFR2Y376C in an endometrial cancer cell model induce Golgi fragmentation, and loss of polarity and directional migration. In mutant FGFR2-expressing cells, this was associated with an inability to polarise intracellular pools of FGFR2 towards the front of migrating cells. Such polarization defects were exacerbated in three-dimensional culture, where FGFR2 mutant cells were unable to form well-organised acini, instead undergoing exogenous ligand-independent invasion. Our findings uncover collective cell polarity and invasion as common targets of disease-associated FGFR2 mutations that lead to poor outcome in endometrial cancer patients.
Primary cilia are necessary for Prx1-expressing cells to contribute to postnatal skeletogenesis
Authors: Moore Emily R. , Yang Yuchen , Jacobs Christopher R.
Published: July 2018

Although Prx1 (also known as PRRX1)-expressing cells and their primary cilia are critical for embryonic development, they have yet to be studied in the context of postnatal skeletogenesis owing to the lethality of mouse models. A tamoxifen-inducible Prx1 model has been developed, and we determined that expression directed by this promoter is highly restricted to the cambium layers in the periosteum and perichondrium after birth. To determine the postnatal role of these cambium layer osteochondroprogenitors (CLOPs) and their primary cilia, we developed models to track the fate of CLOPs (Prx1CreER-GFP;Rosa26tdTomato) and selectively disrupt their cilia (Prx1CreER-GFP;Ift88fl/fl). Our tracking studies revealed that CLOPs populate cortical and trabecular bone, the growth plate and secondary ossification centers during the normal program of postnatal skeletogenesis. Furthermore, animals lacking CLOP cilia exhibit stunted limb growth due to disruptions in endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Histological examination indicates that growth is stunted due to limited differentiation, proliferation and/or abnormal hypertrophic differentiation in the growth plate. Collectively, our results suggest that CLOPs are programmed to rapidly populate distant tissues and produce bone via a primary cilium-mediated mechanism in the postnatal skeleton.
Resistance Exercise’s Ability to Reverse Cancer-Induced Anabolic Resistance
Authors: Montalvo Ryan N. , Hardee Justin P. , VanderVeen Brandon N. , Carson James A.
Published: July 2018

Skeletal muscle has the dynamic capability to modulate protein turnover in response to anabolic stimuli, such as feeding and contraction. We propose that anabolic resistance, the suppressed ability to induce protein synthesis, is central to cancer-induced muscle wasting. Furthermore, we propose that resistance exercise training has the potential to attenuate or treat cancer-induced anabolic resistance through improvements in oxidative metabolism.
Modulation of Energy Expenditure by Estrogens and Exercise in Women
Authors: Gavin Kathleen M. , Kohrt Wendy M. , Klemm Dwight J. , Melanson Edward L.
Published: July 2018

Reducing estrogen in women results in decreases in energy expenditure, but the mechanism(s) remain largely unknown. We postulate that the loss of estrogens in women is associated with increased accumulation of bone marrow–derived adipocytes in white adipose tissue, decreased activity of brown adipose tissue, and reduced levels of physical activity. Regular exercise may counteract the effects of estrogen deficiency.
Exertional Heat Stroke, the Return to Play Decision, and the Role of Heat Tolerance Testing: A Clinician's Dilemma
Authors: O'Connor Francis G. , Heled Yuval , Deuster Patricia A.
Published: July 2018

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among both athletes and warfighters. Since current evidence suggests that the history of a prior event is an important risk factor for an EHS event, sports medicine providers can find post-EHS return to play/duty (RTP/D) decisions challenging. Heat tolerance testing is a tool that can help with such decisions by exposing the subject to a given heat load under controlled conditions to assess the presence or absence of heat tolerance. This special communication explores the challenge of the RTP/D after an EHS event and the potential role of heat tolerance testing in making this clinical decision.
O desafio da mudança cultural
Authors: Salles José Renato , Wood Junior Thomaz , Caldas Miguel Pinto
Published: July 2018

Há quatro décadas, acadêmicos e consultores criam e aplicam receitas para mudar a cultura organizacional. Entretanto, muitos processos falham, frustrando seus líderes. Quais os obstáculos para o sucesso e os caminhos para mudanças bem-sucedidas?
Management: master's thesis
Authors: Резник Семен , Reznik Semen
Published: July 2018

The tutorial is designed to provide methodological assistance undergraduate students in preparation for the state exam and the implementation of the final qualifying work - master's thesis in the field of training 38.04.02 "Management "(Magee levelstrata).
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. For students of higher educational institutions, studying in the field of training 38.04.02 "Management" (master's level).
Basics of pedagogy
Authors: Верхотурова Юлия , Verhoturova Yuliya , Галагузова Минненур , Galaguzova Minnenur , Галагузова Юлия , Galaguzova Yuliya , Дорохова Татьяна , Dorokhova Tatyana , Симонова Алевтина , Simonova Alevtina , Филатова Ирина , Filatova Irina
Published: July 2018

The textbook presents the cultural and historical background of the emergence of pedagogy; professional activities and training of teachers; scientific basis of pedagogy as a science; the basics of didactics, theory of education and pedagogical management.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
The textbook is addressed to students of higher educational institutions, mastering the training of bachelors, masters and postgraduates in the field of "Pedagogical education", as well as related humanitarian and social professions; University teachers and anyone interested in the problems of science and practice of pedagogy.
Asset Pricing Implications of Short-Sale Constraints in Imperfectly Competitive Markets
Authors: Liu Hong , Wang Yajun
Published: July 2018

We study the impact of short-sale constraints on market prices and liquidity in imperfectly competitive markets in which market makers have market power. In contrast to the existing literature, we show that because competition is imperfect, short-sale constraints decrease bid prices, increase ask prices, and drive up bid-ask spread volatility, with or without information asymmetry. If market makers are risk neutral, then short-sale constraints do not affect ask prices or ask depths. In addition, the impact of short-sale constraints can increase with market transparency. Our main results are unaffected by endogenous information acquisition or reduced information revelation because of short-sale constraints.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Whooping cough
Authors: Duncan Debbie
Published: July 2018

Whooping cough is a highly contagious, notifiable, bacterial disease caused by the Gram-negative bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, which lives in the respiratory tract. The disease presents at the catarrhal stage from day 0–week 2. This is followed by the paroxysmal stage from week 2–4. The final stage is the convulsant stage from week 4–6.

Whooping cough affects all age groups, but there appears to be a higher incidence among secondary school-age children. Although the symptoms of pertussis in older children/adults can be less severe than in infants, they can become a reservoir and a source of transmission to more vulnerable infants. It is therefore important to be able to identify the disease and notify the local public health officer as soon as possible.

This article will consider the case study of a young man who presented in primary care with a potential case of whooping cough. It outlines the process of assessment and diagnosis and his resultant diagnosis. It also reviews the management of whooping cough.
Prescribing for children
Authors: Robertson Deborah
Published: July 2018

This article will look at the pharmacological considerations when prescribing for children. It will illustrate the common issues to consider when prescribing in the under 18 year-old group. Focus will be on pharmacokinetics, but legal aspects and consent issues surrounding prescribing in this age group will be discussed.
How to perform a thorough neurological assessment
Authors: Smith Sarah
Published: July 2018

Reliable assessment of neurological abnormalities in the horse requires the observer to follow a consistent protocol at each examination, to gain experience of normal inter-horse variation and allow comparison between repeat examinations. This article guides the reader through the fundamentals of equine neurological assessment leading to accurate neuroanatomic localisation and grading of ataxia, which will guide further diagnostic testing.
Diagnosis and treatment of placentitis
Authors: Crabtree James
Published: July 2018

This article provides an overview of equine infectious placentitis in the United Kingdom. The clinical signs and diagnosis of the condition is described along with the challenges associated with this. The method of acquisition of the correct ultrasound images to appropriately measure the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) is described along with some common confounding issues. The additional diagnostic aids of serum amyloid A and plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestrogens are discussed. Multiple treatment options are currently available for this condition and suggested combinations of treatments are presented.
Medication, Diet, Fluid and Treatment Adherence Behavior Among Patients Subjected to Hemodialysis in Selected Hospital, India
Authors: Arjunan Porkodi , Arulappan Judie , Bhaskara Kurup Sreelekha , Subramaniam Aruna , Ramasamy Venkatasalu Munikumar
Published: July 2018

The study aimed to explore adherence behavior towards medication, diet, fluid, and treatment, and determine the perception about treatment among patients subjected to hemodialysis (HD). A cross sectional descriptive research design was adopted. 100 patients subjected to hemodialysis were recruited and End stage renal disease adherence questionnaire was used to evaluate the adherence behavior and perception towards HD treatment. All (100 %) patients were adherent to dialysis treatment. 65 % of them perceived that following the fluid restrictions were important. Considerable difference was observed in adherence behavior to follow fluid and diet recommendations. The study aimed to explore adherence behavior towards medication, diet, fluid, and treatment, and determine the perception about treatment among patients subjected to hemodialysis. The findings of the study assert that the patients subjected to hemodialysis have limited awareness on diet and fluid restrictions. This information builds on to the knowledge to the nursing practice that all the patients undergoing hemodialysis must be educated with essential information on diet, fluid and treatment. The finding of this study gives direction that much attention needs to be given to the essential informational needs of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Holistic nursing care has gained much importance in recent years. All the patients undergoing hemodialysis should be considered as a “whole” individual where all the needs of the patients including physical, psychological, social, spiritual, informational needs must be met. This in turn will improve the wellbeing and quality of life of the patients. Tailored information prescriptions related to diet, fluid and medication recommendations would improve adherence behavior among patients subjected to Hemodialysis.
Lack of Antibacterial Activity of Capsicum Annuum and Simarouba Glauca Against Streptococcus Mutans and Streptococcus Sobrinus
Authors: Abdulrahman Salman Hamzah , R Senthilkumar , M Vasundhara
Published: July 2018

Capsicum annuum L. is an edible vegetable crop while Simarouba glauca L. is a medicinal plant. The study was taken up to evaluate the antibacterial activity of these extracted plant materials against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, the main dental caries agents. Three plant materials (fruit, seeds and leaves) of Capsicum annuum L. var. baydagi dabba and two plant materials (leaves and bark) of Simarouba glauca L. were collected in the month of November and February, respectively. The plant materials were cleaned, dried and prepared for extraction. The antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method. At maximum concentration of 100 mg/ml, it was observed that both the extracted plant materials did not possess antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The study revealed the lack of antibacterial activity of C. annuum and S. glauca against S. mutans and S. sobrinus.
Screening for Isolation of Succinic Acid Producing Microbes
Authors: N Hema , Sreenath K. P.
Published: July 2018

Succinic acid has emerged as one of the most competitive bio-based chemicals. Present study intended to isolate potential strains for the production of succinic acid. More than 90 isolates were obtained from various sources using anaerobic techniques. All the strains were screened for succinic acid production through bromocresol green media, thin layer chromatography and HPLC methods. 74 isolates showed colour change in bromocresol green media indicating the production of organic acids, of which 14 isolates showed succinic acid production determined by thin layer chromatography which were quantified through HPLC. The isolates which yielded succinic acid ranged from 0.24g/l (MGC) to 4.69g/l (RFC-P3).
Study of Y-Chromosome Microdeletions in Azoospermic Infertile Males using Multiplex PCR Analysis
Authors: S. Ambulkar Prafulla , S. Pande Sunil
Published: July 2018

The infertility affects about 15% of couples and male factors being responsible about 40-50%. In male infertility, genetic abnormalities of Y chromosome play crucial role in spermatogenesis defect. Y chromosome q arm having Azoospermia factor region (AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc) are most important for spermatogenesis. Here, we investigated the frequencies of Y-chromosome microdeletions using three sets of multiplex PCR in idiopathic cases of azoospermia. We studied a total of 110 infertile male with non-obstructive azoospermia subjects & 50 fertile control subjects. All DNA samples were used for Y chromosome microdeletions analysis by using 11 STS markers in three different multiplex PCR of AZF regions. Out of 110 infertile azoospermic males, 14 (12.72%) infertile males showed partial deletion of AZF regions using three sets of multiplex PCR group. In the AZF microdeletions of infertile males, individually AZFc region was the most deletions sites (10%) followed by AZFb (6.36%) and AZFa (1.81%). The sites and sizes of microdeletions differ in all infertile azoospermic males who showed at least two or more STS markers microdeletions. The frequency of Y chromosome microdeletions in our azoospermic infertile males is 12.72%. We conclude that Y chromosome microdeletions frequency in azoospermic infertile males is higher than other infertile group due to severe impairment in spermatogenesis. Multiplex PCR screening of microdeletions is very useful and time saving technique when used more number of STS markers. It will be great help to infertility clinics for genetic counseling and assisted reproduction.