bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminal Records in an Era of Globalization: Identifying Problems and Conceptualizing Solutions within the European Union
Authors: Plachta Michael
Published: July 2007

The article discusses an idea of improvement of the quality of information exchanges between EU Member States, in particular on criminal convictions. The European Union has addressed this complex problem using a step-by-step method. Beginning with a relatively simple and uncontroversial measures–both in terms of their contents, proposed solutions, and legal format–the European Commission and the Council of the European Union have been moving forward by stepping up their efforts and adopting more sophisticated measures. The decisions, framework decisions, proposals and white papers are discussed against the background of international treaty instruments for the exchange of criminal records. The author presents the main solutions proposed in the study on the feasibility of the establishing of the European Criminal Record. The author concludes by stating that the prospects for establishing a genuine European criminal record, for a moment, are rather bleak.
God's Angriest Man: Carl McIntire, Cold War Fundamentalism, and Right-Wing Broadcasting
Authors: Hendershot Heather
Published: July 2007

This essay argues that activist and preacher Carl McIntire should be understood as an important figure in the history of fundamentalism, radio, and right-wing activism in America. As the only radio broadcaster to lose his license because of the Fairness Doctrine, McIntire was a central player, both literally and symbolically, in the history of governmental regulation of speech. McIntire's story—and the bigger story of the rise and fall of the Fairness Doctrine—deepens our understanding of the legal system's historically shifting definitions of what constitutes censorship, free speech, and the "public interest." McIntire's career also complicates our previous conceptions of the history of fundamentalism and the emergence of the New Christian Right in the 1970s. McIntire is important, then, not only as a figure in the history of media regulation and a symbol of fundamentalism in conflict with liberalism, but also as a symbol of the Old Christian Right in conflict with the New Christian Right. McIntire lost to both his secular foe, the FCC, and his Christian foes, the neo-evangelicals. Both defeats had interesting long-term implications. McIntire's FCC case was used as evidence by right-wing senators like Strom Thurmond for years as they persistently fought the Fairness Doctrine in Congress. This erstwhile "extremist" position against government regulation would, under President Reagan, become normalized as merely "conservative." Making a similar shift from right-wing "extremism" to mainstream "conservatism," fundamentalists became neo-evangelicals in the post-World War II years, were transformed into the New Christian Right in the 70s, and were given the friendlier "conservative evangelical" label in the 90s, finally achieving a realignment with a more moderate conservative image. Rather than speaking Bible-thumping language in the political arena, today's conservative evangelicals use a secular-sounding rights-based discourse that they have carefully shaped to meet their needs. One might say that the extremist rough edges have been rubbed off of both deregulatory discourse and, more generally, Christian right-wing discourse. And McIntire embodied those edges. McIntire, then, should be of interest to opponents of today's Christian Right, because he embodies the extremist history that right-wing evangelical politicos have, as they've repackaged themselves as "conservative" but not "extremist," attempted to spin out of existence.
Out of the Closets, Into the Woods: RFD, Country Women, and the Post-Stonewall Emergence of Queer Anti-urbanism
Authors: Herring Scott
Published: July 2007

This essay revisits post-Stonewall lesbian and gay U.S. cultures of the 1970s to analyze the anti-urban politics of two rural-based journals—RFD ("Radical Fairy Digest") and Country Women—as they countered the metronormativity of slick leisure magazines such as Advocate. It explores how white gay male "ghetto" urbanity reprinted itself as a normalizing print style in nationalizing glossies, and how RFD, alongside Country Women, responded to this historical packaging with oppositional stylistics of their own. Resistant to the sophisticated middle-class bicoastality offered in Advocate, both working-class rural-based journals extended the radical critiques of the Gay Liberation Front to produce "critical rusticity," an intersectional opportunity to geographically, corporeally, and aesthetically inhabit non-normative sexualities that offers new possibilities for the sexually marginalized outside the metropolis as well as inside it. Hence the essay examines the visual cultures of rural-based queers that spoke volumes about the calcification of U.S. metronormativity over the course of the 1970s as RFD and Country Women together promoted "rural stylistics" dedicated to the unsophisticated, the rustic, the anti-urbane, and the anti-cosmopolitan. Both of these journals exhibited complicated, sometimes flawed, gender and racial politics as they critiqued the Advocate's urbanity. Acknowledging their respective complexities, the essays reveals how a working-class "country journal for gay men everywhere" presented alternative aesthetic opportunities to dominant U.S. gay lifestyles via rural U.S. lesbian-separatism. Interrogating these anti-middle class journals thus illuminates how stylistics—broadly conceived—continues to function as a point of political and cultural contestation for gay urbanites and their detractors in post-Stonewall U.S. queer cultures and queer studies.
"History Repeats Itself ": The Civil War and the Meaning of Labor Conflict in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Rondinone Troy
Published: July 2007

The American Civil War wrought tremendous changes on the young nation. Coinciding with the rapid evolution of industrial capitalism, the conflict not only influenced the course of economic development but also served as a compelling model of cataclysmic battle used by journalists, politicians, labor activists, and academics to come to terms with the tremendous strike waves of the late 19th century. The notion of two great forces arrayed in battle over the very future of the nation was a powerful image, one that the media and others used to "frame" the massive strike events of the 1870's and beyond. Examining popular press materials and employing framing theory as a mode of analysis, this essay explores the influence of the Civil War in shaping conceptualizations of class conflict. In particular, attention will be given to the Great Strike of 1877 and the discursive transformations that accompanied it. If understood in the context of America's traumatic war experience, the peculiar militaristic way that Americans comprehended society—being rent by an "irrepressible" class war—makes much more sense. This argument also offers an alternative interpretative lens for understanding the rhetoric of Progressives who pursued a peaceful settlement for what they termed the "industrial war."
Church and Crusade: Frederick II and Louis IX
Authors: Powell James M
Published: July 2007

In the course of the thirteenth century, the crusade movement underwent significant changes. Its focus expanded beyond military expeditions against the Muslims as it came increasingly to be employed for political purposes and in defense of the faith. Increasingly, leadership of major crusading expeditions was under the control of secular rulers. Frederick II and Louis IX, though often contrasted, shared a common view of their role as leaders of the crusade. The role of the papacy, which through the early part of the century was central, became more marginal. While the religious ties of the crusade remained and may have moved even more to the fore, papal leadership became increasingly symbolic. By the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century, continuing adversity undermined efforts to maintain papal leadership.
The Religion of Unigenitus in the Faculty of Theology at Louvain, 1713-1719
Authors: Quaghebeur Toon
Published: July 2007

This article focuses on the years immediately following the introduction of the bull Unigenitus (1713), which condemned 101 propositions extracted from Quesnel's Réflexions morales. At that time, ultramontanist principles were gaining more and more strength at the Theology Faculty of Louvain. On 8 July 1715, the Faculty accepted and submitted itself to Unigenitus for the first time. The Faculty again accepted the bull in 1718 and 1719. The origins of these declarations of obedience to the Holy See are the focus of study here. The research presented highlights the intricacies and the high public profile of academic and ecclesiastical politics in the confessional age.
Reading Elaine: Marjorie Richardson's and L. M. Montgomery's Red-Haired Lily Maids
Authors: Howey Ann F.
Published: July 2007

Marjorie Richardson's story "Launcelot's Tower" and L. M. Montgomery's novel Anne of Green Gables have child characters who read, imitate, and rewrite Arthurian pre-texts; Richardson's Susan Briggs and Montgomery's Anne Shirley imitate Elaine of Astolat and thus certain conventions of appropriate feminine behavior, but because they then reject Elaine as an icon of femininity, these authors raise questions about women's roles in traditional romance narratives. Richardson's and Montgomery's texts thus demonstrate the potential of "reading" as a critical and imaginative activity; they suggest the power of readers—even child readers—to construct meaningful self-narratives.
My Scars Tell a Story: Self-Mutilation in Young Adult Literature
Authors: Miskec Jennifer , McGee Chris
Published: July 2007

This article examines several young adult novels that feature adolescents who participate in self-injurious behavior by cutting themselves. These novels emerged in the early 1990s in step with medical beliefs that there was a link between the behavior and suicidal tendencies, or that it originated from particular traumas in cutters' lives. However, representations of cutters have changed in recent years, particularly within the science fiction and fantasy genres, where cutting is employed as a comment on the society surrounding the teen. Such novels avoid the problem novel format, where the purpose is to fix the teen at its center.
"Like a Vanishing World": The Role of the County Fair in Three Depression-Era Children's Books
Authors: Sweeney Meghan M
Published: July 2007

The county fair is a rich cultural institution in America, one that plays a crucial part in a number of children's texts. This article explores, in particular, the way three Depression era books for children (Farmer Boy by Laura Ingalls Wilder, Thimble Summer by Elizabeth Enright, and Blue Willow by Doris Gates) translate the fair, arguing that, despite its regulatory function, the fair is constructed as a site of heightened pleasure, providing those who attend with a way of experiencing the festive possibilities of ordinary life.
Domestic Queen, Queenly Domestic: Queenly Contradictions in Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass
Authors: White Laura Mooneyham
Published: July 2007

In 1865 Lewis Carroll began to draft Through the Looking Glass; in this work Alice's desire to become a queen must be read against the contemporary discourse regarding queenship in 1865, a year in which public dissatisfaction with Victoria's mourning over Albert's death was at its height and in which Ruskin published "Of Queens' Gardens," his sustained meditation on the proper nature of Victorian womanhood and queenship. Carroll's Through the Looking Glass satirizes the contradictions in the debate about queenship through his specific invocations of Ruskin and Queen Victoria to draw the moral that wanting to be queen is a perverse quest.
"Are They Telling Us the Truth?" Constructing National Character in the Scholastic Press Historical Journal Series
Authors: Wilson Kim
Published: July 2007

The Scholastic Press Historical journal series, in both America and Australia, is immensely popular with young readers, librarians, teachers, and parents. The fictional journals are well positioned to inculcate their readers with particular sets of social ideas and values due primarily to their claim of adhering to recognizable and verifiable "facts." However, are they really telling us the truth about the nation's history? This article examines the series' treatment of historical content with particular emphasis on how historical fiction uses and thereby perpetuates national constructions of identity and culture in settler societies.
"Difficult Freedom": Levinas, Language, and Politics
Authors: Bernard-Donals Michael F
Published: July 2007

Levinas proposed a "politics of suffering" that requires all political actors to be willing to engage in the quotidian world not according to the "natural law" but according to those "rules" that make themselves evident in that engagement itself. Israel, the one place such a politics might be lived, appeared to be a space occupied by a citizenry - after 1948, a large number of whom survived the Holocaust- who understood vulnerability in its most radical form. This essay examines the extent to which Levinas's "political thought" works and how such a politics has fared in the contemporary Middle East.
In the Name of the People: Populist Reason and the Subject of the Political
Authors: Marchart Oliver
Published: July 2007

The article seeks to stress the importance of two main innovations in Ernesto Laclau's recent work: what his theory of populism in On Populist Reason provides in terms of theoretical innovations is (1), a political theory of naming, and (2), a political theory of the heterogeneous. Furthermore, it is asked what it means to name, as Laclau himself does, the subject of the political "the people" and to define populism as the logic of all politics. It is argued against potential criticism that these rather strong claims, far from being overstretched, in fact must be understood in the light of Laclau's new ideas on political naming and the heterogeneous, since (1) his notions of populism and "the people" are the outcome of political nomination, that is, a political wager on Laclau's part (and not of a "merely theoretical," conceptual determination), and (2) the name of "the people," like every political name, will always cast a shadow on the heterogeneous as that which cannot be named.
Greek Military Intelligence and the Turkish "Threat" during the 1987 Aegean Crisis
Authors: Dimitrakis Panagiotis
Published: July 2007

The March 1987 Greek-Turkish crisis over the Aegean Sea continental shelf is considered, together with the January 1996 crisis on the sovereignty of the Imia Islets, the most serious incident in Greek-Turkish confrontations to date. Despite the conventional academic and media wisdom on the Turkish "threat" (απειλή) during the 1987 crisis and successful Greek "deterrence" (αποτροπή), the author, citing key military intelligence and diplomatic officials, proves that Hellenic military intelligence assessed as low the Turkish operational military threat to the Greek armed forces in the Aegean. Surprisingly, while the Hellenic Navy mobilized the majority of the fleet, Ankara did not feel threatened by the possibility of a Greek military offensive. In response, the Turkish side used only aggressive rhetoric, but the Ankara generals decided against actual conflict with Athens. The author argues that since in 1987 there was no potential of a Greek-Turkish confrontation in the Aegean and no Turkish operational threat, the Greek show of force did not amount to deterrence. In order to deter a military threat there has to be aggressive military presence in time and place, not just boastful nationalistic rhetoric by the opponent.
Standing in their Place: The Exclusion of Women from the Judicial System in the First Decades of the Modern Greek State, 1821-1850
Authors: Doxiadis Eudoxios
Published: July 2007

Among the many changes that the establishment of the modern Greek state in the 1830s instigated was the total transformation of the judicial system in Greece, from a communal, traditional, and customary system into a modern, professional, centralized "European" system. This rapid transformation, though necessary for the development of a modern state, had significant repercussions, one of which was the physical exclusion of women from much of the new system. Although women had been capable of defending their significant property rights under the old traditional system, under the new regime they were pressured to delegate their position in the judicial system to male family members, or to lawyers, even though their rights in and of themselves were not yet affected. Thus, although Greek women had some of the most extensive property rights in Europe in the early nineteenth century, they eventually lost the opportunity and the ability to defend these rights, becoming more and more dependent upon male relatives and husbands, which may have contributed to the eventual erosion of these rights.
The Stereotyped "Greek Jew" from Auschwitz-Birkenau to Israeli Pop Culture
Authors: Fleming K. E. (Katherine Elizabeth)
Published: July 2007

Over the course of the twentieth century, Greek Jews underwent a gradual, if anomalous, process of nationalization. While other groups (Asia Minor refugees, for example) "became Greek" through assimilation within the physical territory of Greece, Jews "became Greek" in large part as a result of their exile from that territory. They were definitively portrayed as being first and foremost "Greek" largely within contexts that were characterized by mass heterogeneous Jewish populations. In Auschwitz-Birkenau and later in the context of post-war Palestine/Israel, Jews of Greek origin were a tiny minority within Jewish contexts dominated by other Jewish groups. While in the Orthodox Christian-dominant context of Greece Jews had, variously, struggled to establish their status as Greeks; rejected the categorization altogether; or developed complex hybrid identities, in the contexts of Auschwitz-Birkenau and, later, Israel/Palestine, they were understood by others, and, later, by themselves, as uncomplicatedly "Greek." This "Greekness," however, particularly in Israel/Palestine, largely took the form of a stereotype, one that elided the subtleties of Greek Jewish identity as it had begun to take shape in Greece before the Second World War.
Li as Cultural Grammar: On the Relation between Li and Ren in Confucius' Analects
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: July 2007

A major controversy in the study of the Analects has been over the relation between two central concepts, ren (humanity, human excellence) and li (rites, rituals of propriety). Confucius seems to have said inconsistent things about this relation. Some passages appear to suggest that ren is more fundamental than li, while others seem to imply the contrary. It is therefore not surprising that there have been different interpretations and characterizations of this relation. Using the analogy of language grammar and mastery of a language, it is proposed here that we should understand li as a cultural grammar and ren as the mastery of a culture. In this account, society cultivates its members through li toward the goal of ren, and persons of ren manifest their human excellence through their practice of li.
The Educative Function of Personal Style in the Analects
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: July 2007

One of the central pedagogical strategies employed in the Analects consists in the suggestion of models worthy of emulation. The text's most robust models, the dramatic personae of the text, emerge as colorful figures with distinctive personal styles of action and behavior. This is especially so in the case of Confucius himself. In this essay, two particularly notable features of Confucius' style are considered. The first, what is termed "everyday" style, consists in Confucius' unusual command of conventional norms in ordinary circumstances; the second, termed "deviant" style, consists in Confucius' occasional and sometimes puzzling departures from conventional norms. The combined effect of these two aspects of Confucius' personal style is shown to yield a productive pedagogical tension for the moral learner who would emulate, but cannot imitate, Confucius.
The Archery of "Wisdom" in the Stream of Life: "Wisdom" in the Four Books with Zhu Xi's Reflections
Authors: Thompson Kirill O
Published: July 2007

Confucian wisdom is commonly assumed to consist in the Confucian value perspective as humanism in a naturalistic outlook. In fact, Confucius and Mencius sketched out a far more interesting notion of wisdom (zhi) as rooted in cognizance and flexibility and expressed in sensitive discernment and the ability to read and respond to complex, changing circumstances-to read (and respond to) the writing on the wall. Whereas the notions of tradition and the Way are thought to weigh heavily in the Confucian perspective, the deeper insight and innovative action of the "wise" can transform everything and recast tradition and the Way on a more adequate basis. In his commentaries and discourses on the Four Books, Zhu Xi grasped this notion of "wisdom" and explicated its connection to several related notions, including chung (hitting the mark), yi (appropriateness), quan (weighing, discretion), and chongyong (hitting the utmost propriety in the common situation). This inquiry reveals an innovative, critical spirit in classical Confucianism that has largely lain dormant since the rise and persistence of a bureaucratic, authoritarian China after the Qin-Han period.
One-year clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically or surgically
Authors: da Costa Ronaldo C. , Parent Joane M.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To evaluate progression of clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome) treated medically or surgically.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—12 Doberman Pinschers.

Procedures—Neurologic examinations and MRI were performed before medical (n = 9) or surgical treatment (ventral slot, 3) and a minimum of 12 months later.

Results—Mean follow-up time was 14.5 months. Clinically, 2 dogs improved after surgical treatment and 5 improved after medical treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging of surgically treated dogs revealed adequate spinal cord decompression. Spinal cord signal changes were seen in 2 dogs before surgery, both of which had new signal changes at the same and adjacent sites during follow-up examination. One dog treated surgically developed 3 new areas of spinal cord compression. In the medically treated dogs, the severity of spinal cord compression at the time of follow-up examination was unchanged in 4 dogs, worse in 2 dogs, and improved in 3 dogs, but spinal cord atrophy was observed on transverse images. Four medically treated dogs had changes in spinal cord signal initially, but none developed new signal changes or compressions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Medical and surgical treatment improved or stabilized the clinical condition of most dogs. Surgical treatment appeared to hasten the development of additional areas of spinal cord compression and lesions in dogs with preoperative cord changes; however, the clinical importance of these changes was not determined. The progression of pathologic MRI abnormalities was notably less in medically treated dogs, compared with surgically treated dogs.
Comparison of three dorsal techniques for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses
Authors: Gandini Marco
Published: July 2007

Objective—To compare 3 dorsal techniques for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses with regard to ease of performing the technique and to determine the role of operator experience in ease of performing these techniques.

Design—Observational study.

Sample Population—Forelimbs from 17 equine cadavers and 12 horses (16 joints) undergoing arthrocentesis for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.

Procedures—In both forelimbs from 7 of the equine cadavers, 3 arthrocentesis techniques (dorsal perpendicular, dorsolateral, and dorsal inclined) were performed in random order by a single experienced individual, and number of attempts needed to successfully insert the needle into the joint was recorded. For the forelimbs from the remaining 10 cadavers, veterinary students without experience in arthrocentesis performed each of the 3 arthrocentesis techniques (2 limbs/student) in random order, and number of attempts was recorded. In the clinical patients, arthrocentesis was performed by means of the dorsal inclined technique.

Results—For both the experienced individual and the veterinary students, number of attempts needed was significantly lower with the dorsal inclined technique than with the dorsal perpendicular or dorsolateral technique. Arthrocentesis was successful with the dorsal inclined technique in all 16 joints in the clinical patients; synovial fluid was recovered from 14 of the 16 joints. The procedure was well tolerated in all horses, except one that reacted to needle insertion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the dorsal inclined technique for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint was easier to perform than was the dorsal perpendicular or dorsolateral technique, regardless of experience level of the operator.
Traumatic brain injury in horses: 34 cases (1994–2004)
Authors: Feary Darien J. , Magdesian K. Gary , Aleman Monica A. , Rhodes Diane M.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To investigate the clinical, clinicopathologic, and diagnostic characteristics; treatment; and outcome associated with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) in horses and assess risk factors for nonsurvival in TBI-affected horses.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—34 horses with TBI.

Procedures—Medical records of horses that had sustained trauma to the head and developed neurologic signs were reviewed. Data that included signalment, clinicopathologic findings, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. Clinicopathologic variables among horses in survivor and nonsurvivor groups were compared, and risk factors for nonsurvival were determined.

Results—Median age of affected horses was 12 months. Findings of conventional survey radiography of the head alone failed to identify all horses with fractures of the calvarium. Horses with basilar bone fractures were 7.5 times as likely not to survive as horses without this type of fracture. Depending on clinical signs, horses received supportive care, osmotic or diuretic treatments, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, or anticonvulsants. Twenty-one (62%) horses survived to discharge from the hospital. In the nonsurvivor group, mean PCV was significantly higher, compared with the value in the survivor group (40% vs 33%). Risk factors associated with nonsurvival included recumbency of more than 4 hours' duration after initial evaluation (odds ratio, 18) and fracture of the basilar bone (odds ratio, 7.5).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that prognosis for survival in horses with acute TBI may be more favorable than previously reported. Among horses with TBI, persistent recumbency and fractures involving the basilar bones were associated with a poor prognosis.
Enantioselective Carbonyl‐Ene Reactions of Arylglyoxals with a Chiral Palladium(II)‐BINAP Catalyst
Authors: Luo He‐Kuan , Khim Lim Bee , Schumann Herbert , Lim Christina , Jie Tan Xiang , Yang Hai‐Yan
Published: July 2007

The palladium(II)‐BINAP‐catalyzed enantioselective carbonyl‐ene reactions between ten arylglyoxals and five alkenes were systematically investigated and demonstrated good to excellent enantioselectivities with high ee values of up to 93.8 %. The results showed that both arylglyoxals and alkenes exert evident effects on the enantioselectivity. Particularly, the ortho‐methyl substituents of the substrates could increase the enantioselectivity. The achieved excellent enantioselectivities may be due to the corresponding substrate matches well fitting the chiral space created by the chiral palladium(II)‐BINAP catalyst. The ortho‐methyl substituents may improve the fitting of the substrate match to the chiral space created by the chiral catalyst, hence the enantioselectivity is improved. When using dienes (1,4‐diisopropenylbenzene and 1,3‐diisopropenylbenzene) as substrates in this reaction, only one of the two carbon‐carbon double bonds participated into the reaction affording tetrafunctional organic compounds with moderate enantioselectivities of up to 83.8 % ee. The chiral Lewis acid palladium(II) catalyst incorporating (R)‐BINAP, which is a conformationally restricted chiral ligand, is very stable in ionic liquids and could be recycled 21 times with retention of the high enantioselectivity.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to β‐Arylenones for Enantioselective Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐4H‐chromenes
Authors: Nishikata Takashi , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio
Published: July 2007

The enantioselective 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to β‐arylenones to give β‐diaryl ketones was carried out at 0–25 °C in the presence of a dicationic palladium(II) catalyst, [Pd(S,S‐chiraphos)(PhCN)2](SbF6)2. Addition of a silver salt such as silver tetrafluoroborate [AgBF4] or silver hexafluoroantimonate [AgSbF6] (5–10 mol %) was effective to achieve high enantioselectivities at low temperatures (92–99 % ee) and to reduce the catalyst loading to 0.05 mol %. The protocol provided a simple access to 4‐aryl‐4H‐chromenes. Optically active chromenes were synthesized with up to 99 % ee via dehydration of the 1,4‐adducts between arylboronic acids and β‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Josiphos Ligands with an Imidazolium Tag and their Application for the Enantioselective Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Feng Xiangdong , Pugin Benoît , Küsters Ernst , Sedelmeier Gottfried , Blaser Hans‐Ulrich
Published: July 2007

Josiphos ligands bearing an imidazolium moiety show high efficiency and reusability for the rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl acetamidoacrylate (MAA) and dimethyl itaconate (DMI) in biphasic co‐solvent/ionic liquid combinations.
Borrowing Hydrogen in the Activation of Alcohols
Authors: Hamid Malai Haniti S. A. , Slatford Paul A. , Williams Jonathan M. J.
Published: July 2007

Alcohols can be temporarily converted into carbonyl compounds by the metal‐catalysed removal of hydrogen. The carbonyl compounds are reactive in a wider range of transformations than the precursor alcohols and can react in situ to give imines, alkenes, and α‐functionalised carbonyl compounds. The metal catalyst, which had borrowed the hydrogen, then returns it to the transformed carbonyl compound, leading to an overall process in which alcohols can be converted into amines, compounds containing CC bonds and β‐functionalised alcohols.
Solvent‐ and Metal‐Free Ketonization of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Triacylglycerols with Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Hermans Ive , Janssen Kris , Moens Bart , Philippaerts An , Van Berlo Boris , Peeters Jozef , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: July 2007

Herein we report a new, one‐step procedure for the metal‐free ketonization of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and triacylglycerol mixtures with nitrous oxide (N2O). The conversion of various substrates can be tuned by parameters such as temperature, reaction time and N2O partial pressure. This ketonization chemistry offers various advantages over the classic Wacker catalytic process and a state‐of‐the‐art two‐step procedure via intermediate epoxides.
Gold Catalysis: Oxepines from γ‐Alkynylfurans
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Kurpejović Elzen , Wölfle Michael , Frey Wolfgang , Bats Jan W.
Published: July 2007

A ketal group in a furyl position affords arene oxides from γ‐alkynylfurans even with the simple gold(III) chloride (AuCl3) catalyst. These can either undergo Diels–Alder reactions, isomerise to stable oxepines by an oxygen‐walk reaction or by the addition of water selectively be converted to phenols which differ in the position of the hydroxy group from the normal phenols formed in the gold‐catalysed phenol synthesis. With a phenyl substituent on the furan, the 2‐hydroxymethylpyridinato‐gold(III) complex, not the usual arene oxide but an oxepine is obtained, still the arene oxide can be trapped from the valence‐tautomeric equilibrium by a Diels–Alder reaction.
Preparation of 2‐Aryl‐2H‐benzotriazoles by Zinc‐Mediated Reductive Cyclization of o‐Nitrophenylazophenols in Aqueous Media without the Use of Organic Solvents
Authors: Liu Guo‐Bin , Zhao Hong‐Yun , Yang Hong‐Jie , Gao Xiang , Li Miao‐Kui , Thiemann Thies
Published: July 2007

Zinc powder‐mediated reductive cyclization of o‐nitrophenylazophenols in alkaline solution affords the corresponding 2‐aryl‐2H‐benzotriazoles in high yields under mild reaction conditions. No organic solvents are used in the reaction and only minimal amounts in the work‐up.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoic Acid Esters through Ruthenium‐SYNPHOS®‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation: Useful Building Blocks for the Synthetic Community
Authors: Jeulin Séverine , Ayad Tahar , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie , Genêt Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2007

Both enantiomers of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoic acid tert‐butyl ester were prepared with high enantioselectivity (up to 94 %) through a ruthenium‐SYNPHOS®‐promoted asymmetric hydrogenation reaction using an atom‐economic transformation from simple and inexpensive precursors.
A Simple and Efficient Catalytic Method for the Reduction of Ketones
Authors: Ekström Jesper , Wettergren Jenny , Adolfsson Hans
Published: July 2007

A range of ketones was efficiently reduced in the presence of catalytic amounts of lithium isopropoxide in 2‐propanol under microwave heating, with alcohol products being formed in yields up to 99 %.
Constraint, pathology, and adaptation: How can we tell them apart?
Authors: Ellison Peter T. , Jasienska Grazyna
Published: July 2007

Adaptation is a central concept of modern evolutionary biology, but remains a difficult one nevertheless. Definitions of adaptation are often confounded with definitions of natural selection, rendering them somewhat circular and difficult to operationalize. Williams introduced a definition that avoids such tautology and a strategy for testing adaptive claims against chance as an alternative explanation for design complexity. Gould and Lewontin ([1979]: Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 205:581–598) challenged this strategy for pitting adaptation against a straw alternative, and argued that constraint is often the cause of design complexity. The field of Darwinian medicine has underscored the fact that adaptation can also be difficult to discriminate from pathology, which can also produce design complexity. We suggest that an updated version of Williams' strategy is to consider any claim of adaptation against constraint and pathology as alternatives. We use an example drawn from the intersection of human reproductive ecology and developmental biology to illustrate how this updated strategy can be applied. Where we can generate distinct predictions for the three alternative hypotheses, constraint, pathology, and adaptation, we have a better situation in which to evaluate adaptive claims with a real possibility of falsification. We view this strategy as an improvement over Williams' original suggestion, but not as a definitive strategy. Further advances, however, will likely also be based on a sound understanding of the concept of adaptation and the identification of the strongest competing alternatives to it. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth chart curves do not describe individual growth biology
Authors: Lampl Michelle , Thompson Amanda L.
Published: July 2007

Growth reference tables present statistical distributions of size for age of individuals within a sample or population. As summaries of phenotypic variability at the group level, they document that individuals grow by different rates during similar time frames. The data are commonly fitted by mathematical functions to produce the convex curves of percentile distributions useful for infant and childhood growth monitoring. In this form, the growth chart appears to be a frame of reference for judging how well an individual infant/child is progressing through time by comparison with peers across ages. This has led to the assumption that individuals should track in these channels during growth. The interpolated lines between the statistical distributions of size for age at the level of the population do not, however, represent how individuals grow. Growing is an individual process characterized by nonlinear episodic saltatory increments that result in shifting size relationships among similarly aged peers over short time intervals. Data from a prospective, longitudinal study of infants illustrate the poor performance of growth chart curves as representations of individual growth. Clarification of the paradigms supporting perceptions of normal growth patterns is useful both practically and theoretically: growth chart patterns have important clinical sequelae when this informs feeding recommendations. Further characterization of individual growth patterns will contribute to increased understanding of both individual growth biology and the nature of adaptability. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moving with or without will: functional neural correlates of alien hand syndrome
Authors: Assal Frédéric , Schwartz Sophie , Vuilleumier Patrik
Published: July 2007

Alien hand syndrome is a rare neurological disorder in which movements are performed without conscious will. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with alien hand syndrome after right parietal lesion, we could identify brain regions activated during involuntary or voluntary actions with the affected left hand. Alien hand movements involved a selective activation of contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), presumably released from conscious control by intentional planning systems. By contrast, voluntary movements activated a distributed network implicating not only the contralateral right M1 and premotor cortex but also the left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting an important role of the dominant hemisphere in organizing willed actions. Ann Neurol 2007
Inelastische Wechselwirkungen langsamer Elektronen mit adsorbierten Teilchen
Authors: Menzel Dietrich
Published: July 2007

Beim Stoß langsamer Elektronen auf Metalloberflächen, auf denen Fremdmoleküle adsorbiert sind, beobachtet man Desorption von Neutralteilchen und positiven Ionen, zum Teil unter Bruch innerer Bindungen des Adsorpts. Der Mechanismus solcher Prozesse ist von Interesse im Hinblick auf die aktuellen Vorstellungen von der Oberflächenbindung; zugleich läßt sich der Effekt gut als Sonde zur Untersuchung komplexer Adsorptionsschichten nutzen. Werden sehr viel kleinere Energien auf das Adsorbat übertragen, so können dadurch in diesem Schwingungen angeregt werden. Es besteht die Aussicht, daß sich derartige Prozesse für eine Schwingungsspektroskopie von Adsorbaten eignen. Inelastische Stöße von Elektronen mit so hoher Energieübertragung, daß Ionisation tiefliegender Niveaus möglich ist, können von strahlungslosen Umordnungsprozessen in der Elektronenhülle eines Oberflächenatoms (Auger‐Effekt) gefolgt sein. Die dabei emittierten Sekundärelektronen charakteristischer Energie lassen die qualitative Analyse der getroffenen Teilchen zu.
Ein alternativer Ansatz zur Nomenklatur cyclisch konjugierter Polyolefine einschließlich einiger Bemerkungen über den Gebrauch des Ausdrucks „aromatisch”︁
Authors: Lloyd Douglas , Marshall D. R.
Published: July 2007

Der Gebrauch des Wortes „aromatisch”︁ hat zu so viel Unklarheit und Meinungsverschiedenheit geführt, daß er vielleicht mit Vorteil eingestellt würde.
Heterocyclen‐Synthesen durch intramolekulare Acylierung von Nitril‐Halogenwasserstoff‐Addukten
Authors: Und Gerhard Simchen , Entenmann Günther
Published: July 2007

Durch Cyclisierung von ω‐Cyan‐carbonsäurehalogeniden in Gegenwart von Halogenwasserstoffen in aprotonischen Lösungsmitteln lassen sich fünf‐, sechs‐ und siebengliedrige Aza‐, Diaza‐ und Thiazaheterocyclen darstellen. Als Zwischenprodukte dieser breit anwendbaren, neuartigen Heterocyclen‐Synthese fungieren Nitril‐Halogenwasserstoff‐Addukte. ‐ Nicht eingegangen wird auf die über Imidsäureester oder Amide verlaufenden acylierenden Cyclisierungsreaktionen von Nitrilen in protonischen Medien.
Stabilisierung unbekannter Phosphoane: Sekundäre Amino‐ und Alkoxyphosphane als Komplexliganden
Authors: Huttner Gottfried , Müller Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2007

Im freien Zustand nicht existenzfähige Phosphane des Typs (1) ‐ sie zersetzen sich zu Phosphinidenen (RP) und deren Folgeprodukten ‐ konnten erstmals in Form von beständigen Mangankomplexen, z. B. (2), isoliert werden.

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Chloromolybdat(VI), ein Halogenomolybdat mit tetraedrischer Koordination
Authors: Königer‐Ahlborn E. , Müller Achim
Published: July 2007

Die Halogenomolybdate (1) und (2) sind die ersten ihrer Art. Während Verbindungen mit dem analogen Anion CrO3X− seit langem bekannt sind, scheiterte die Bildung von MoO3X− bisher daran, daß Mo die Koordinationszahl 6 bevorzugt. Ein ausreichend großes Kation vermag dies jedoch zu ändern.

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Base‐induzierte intramolekulare Cyclisierung siliciumsubstituierter Phosphor‐Ylide
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Heimann Michael
Published: July 2007

Phosphor‐Silicium‐Heterocyclen bilden sich aus (1) und (2). Dabei findet zunächst am ylidischen C‐Atom eine Umsilylierung statt. Überschüssiges Ylid deprotoniert dann zwei der drei phosphorständigen Methylgruppen (Umylidierung), so daß ein intramolekularer Ringschluß ermöglicht wird

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Mechanistische Aspekte der Olefin‐Metathese
Authors: Calderon Nissim , Ofstead E. A. , Judy W. A.
Published: July 2007

In diesem Aufsatz werden Anschauungen über die Art des Übergangszustands bei der Olefin‐Metathese diskutiert. Die früher angenommene paarweise Umordnung ist kürzlich angezweifelt worden. Metathese‐Studien sowohl an acyclischen als auch an cyclischen Olefinen legen einen Kettenmechanismus nahe, bei dem die Umwandlung eines Carbens in einen Metallocyclus für die Umalkylidenierung verantwortlich sein könnte. Einige Katalysator‐Systeme, die bei terminalen Olefinen nur eine niedrige Metathese‐Aktivität zeigen, führen in Mischungen von terminalen Olefinen und Olefinen mit innenständiger Doppelbindung dagegen selektiv zu gekreuzten Produkten. Kritische Experimente zeigen, daß terminale Olefine bevorzugt einer schnellen regenerativen Metathese unterliegen. Einige Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die strengsten sterischen Anforderungen an das β‐C‐Atom gestellt werden; einleuchtende Gründe für diese sterische Forderung gibt es jedoch nicht.
Radikalkationen tetrasilylsubstituierter Hydrazine
Authors: Bock Hans , Kaim Wolfgang , W. Connolly John
Published: July 2007

Ein neuer Typ „persistenter”︁ Radikalionen ist durch Oxidation sowie durch Reduktion eines tetrasilylsubstituierten Ethylens zugänglich. Wie aus den ESR‐Spektren des Kations (1) und des Anions (2). ‐und der damit isoelektronischen Radikalkationen entsprechender Hydrazinderivate ‐ hervorgeht, liegen diese Spezies in Lösung nicht als π‐, sondern als σ‐Radikale vor.

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Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration von chiralen Thiolen durch 1H‐NMR‐Spektroskopie diastereomerer Thiolester
Authors: Helmchen Günter , Schmierer Roland
Published: July 2007

Die absolute Konfiguration eines chiralen Thiols (1) ließ sich bisher nicht leicht bestimmen. Es zeigte sich jetzt, daß sich diastereomere Thiolester (2) und (3) der Hydratropasäure (HTS) in ihren 1H‐NMR‐Spektren unterscheiden, und daß aus den Vorzeichen der Differenzen der Signallagen schließlich die absolute Konfiguration der Thiole ermittelt werden kann.

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Gasförmige Chloridkomplexe mit Halogenbrücken‐Homöokomplexe und Heterokomplexe
Authors: Schäfer Harald
Published: July 2007

Die Chemie der in den letzten Jahren in großer Zahl beobachteten gasförmigen Halogenidkomplexe wird am Beispiel der Chloride behandelt. – Homöokomplexe, durch Cl‐Brücken verknüpfte dimere oder auch polymere Chloridmoleküle (z. B. (NaCl)n, n=2–4; (CuCl)n, n=2–5; (BeCl2)n, n=2–4; Pd6Cl12), treten in weiten Bereichen des Periodensystems auf. Besonders aufschlußreich ist der Vergleich der Dissoziationsenthalpie solcher Moleküle mit der Verdampfungsenthalpie der flüssigen Chloride. Heterokomplexe sind aus verschiedenen Chloridmolekülen durch Verknüpfung über Cl‐Brücken aufgebaut. Neben 1:1‐Komplexen (z. B. NaAlCl4, TlPbCl3, KThCl5, CdPbCl4, AlUCl8) sind auch größere Moleküle (z. B. CoAl2Cl8, CrAl3Cl12, Cu2UCl6, In2UCl10) bekannt. Formeltypen und Strukturen und vor allem Bildungsenthalpien solcher Komplexe werden kritisch erörtert. – Heterokomplexe sind bei Chemischen Transportreaktionen, als Reaktionsvermittler bei Synthesen und bei gaschromatographischen Trennungen (Lanthanoide, Actinoide) nutzbar. Sie spielen bei manchen technischen Prozessen (Erzchlorierungen) sowie bei neu entwickelten Typen von Hochdruckentladungslampen eine Rolle.
Photoisomerisierung und Photospaltung von Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐2,4‐dienen
Authors: Kaupp Gerd , Jostkleigrewe Ernst
Published: July 2007

Die Photolyse von [2+2]‐Cycloaddukten des Benzols läßt sich noch nicht durch theoretische Betrachtungen deuten. Bei den Modellverbindungen (1a), (1c), (2a) und (2b) werden zunächst allyl‐ oder bisallyl‐ständige Vierringbindungen reversibel gespalten.

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Synthese von Hypericin und verwandten meso‐Naphthodianthronen durch alkalische Dimerisierung von Hydroxyanthrachinonen
Authors: Rodewald Gisbert , Arnold Rüdiger , Griesler Johannes , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Die alkalische Dimerisierung von Emodin (1a) führt zu Hypericin (2a) und nicht zu Isohypericin, wie früher angenommen wurde. Die analogen Verbindungen (1b) und (1c) reagieren in gleicher Weise zu (2b) und (2c).

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Spiroverbindungen mit nichtplanarem 1,4‐Dihydropyridin‐Ring aus Diaziridiniminen und Acetylendicarbonsäure‐dimethylester
Authors: Quast Helmut , Roß Karl‐Heinz , Spiegel Erwin , Peters Karl , Schnering Hans Georg Von
Published: July 2007

Das unberechenbare Reagens Acetylendicarbonsäure‐dimethylester (1) reagiert mit dem Diaziridinimin (2) zu einem 3:1‐Addukt, dem laut Röntgenstrukturanalyse die Spirostruktur (3) zukommt. Die unerwartete Bildung von (3) wird durch zwei Cycloadditionen, eine Ringöffnung und eine weitere Cycloaddition erklärt.

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Das System Te‐O‐F: Te(OTeF5)6
Authors: Lentz Dieter , Pritzkow Hans , Seppelt Konrad
Published: July 2007

Die kovalente Chemie des Tellurs kann in großer Vielfalt entwickelt werden. In der neuen Te‐O‐F‐Verbindung (1), Mr = 1559.2 (!), bewirken die großen Liganden eine perfekte Umhüllung des Zentralatoms.

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Einschluß von Anionen in makrotricyclische quartäre Ammoniumsalze
Authors: Schmidtchen Franz P.
Published: July 2007

Käfig‐Kationen vom Typ (1), n = 6 oder 8, bieten erstmalig die Möglichkeit, die Bildung von Anionen‐Einschlußkomplexen unabhängig von Konfigurations‐ und Protonierungsgleichgewichten an den Stickstoffatomen zu untersuchen.

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Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur von cyclo‐Heptaschwefel (δ‐S7)
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Reinhardt Richard , Schuster Fritz
Published: July 2007

Siebengliedrige Schwefelringe haben einige erstaunliche Eigenschaften. In der δ‐Modifikation von S7 liegen sehr verschieden lange Bindungen vor, was bei einem Molekül ohne Substituenten noch nie beobachtet wurde. Das Oxid S7O ist der erste Schwefelring ohne SS‐Einfachbindungen; die Bindungsgrade variieren um 0.5 und 1.5.

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Bindungswechselwirkung in Schwefelringen: Kristall‐und Molekülstruktur von cyclo‐Heptaschwefeloxid, S7O
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Reinhardt Richard , Sandow Torsten
Published: July 2007

Siebengliedrige Schwefelringe haben einige erstaunliche Eigenschaften. In der δ‐Modifikation von S7 liegen sehr verschieden lange Bindungen vor, was bei einem Molekül ohne Substituenten noch nie beobachtet wurde. Das Oxid S7O ist der erste Schwefelring ohne SS‐Einfachbindungen; die Bindungsgrade variieren um 0.5 und 1.5.

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