bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Howling on the edge: Mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) howling behaviour and anthropogenic edge effects in a fragmented tropical rainforest in Costa Rica
Authors: Bolt Laura M. , Schreier Amy L. , Russell Dorian G. , Jacobson Zachary S. , Merrigan‐Johnson Carrie , Barton Matthew C. , Coggeshall Elizabeth M. C.
Published: May 2019

The function of long calling is a subject of interest across animal behaviour study, particularly within primatology. Many primate species have male‐specific long‐distance calls, including platyrrhines like the folivorous howler monkey (Alouattaspp.). Howler monkeys may howl to defend resources such as feeding trees or areas of rich vegetation from other monkey groups. This study tests the ecological resource defence hypothesis for howling behaviour in the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) and investigates how anthropogenic forest fragmentation may influence howling behaviour. More specifically, this study examines how howling bout rate, duration, precursors and tree species richness, DBH, and canopy cover vary in 100 m anthropogenic edge and interior forest zones at La Suerte Biological Research Station (LSBRS), a fragmented tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. Results show that tree species richness and canopy cover are higher in forest interior at this site, suggesting that monkeys should howl at greater rates in the interior to defend access to these higher‐quality vegetation resources. Overall, our results supported the ecological resource defence hypothesis. The main howl precursor was howling from neighbouring groups. Although howling rate did not differ between forest zones, howling bouts from forest interior were longer, had a greater number of howls per bout and were preceded by different precursors than howls from anthropogenic edge zones, including more howls from neighbouring groups. Our findings provide some of the first evidence for behavioural edge effects in primate vocal communication behaviour.
DNAJC proteins and pathways to parkinsonism
Authors: Roosen Dorien A. , Blauwendraat Cornelis , Cookson Mark R. , Lewis Patrick A.
Published: May 2019

The DNAJC protein family is a subclass of heat shock proteins that has attracted recent attention due to the identification of mutations that are linked with parkinsonism, a feature of Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the current genetic and functional evidence of the association of these DNAJC proteins with disease and how mutations in these proteins may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although DNAJC6 (Auxilin), DNAJC12, and DNAJC5 (CSPα) exhibit strong genetic association with disease, DNAJC26 (GAK), DNAJC13 (RME‐8), and DNAJC10 (Erdj5) require additional evidence to definitively link reported variants to parkinsonism. Remarkably, multiple DNAJC proteins (Auxilin, GAK, RME‐8, CSPα) functionally converge on pathways of synaptic trafficking and clathrin dynamics, highlighting an important role of those pathways in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism. Further research is required to define the mechanisms through which these mutations contribute to disease etiology.
Role of the mTOR signalling pathway in salivary gland development
Authors: Sakai Manabu , Fukumoto Moe , Ikai Kazuki , Ono Minagi Hitomi , Inagaki Shinobu , Kogo Mikihiko , Sakai Takayoshi
Published: May 2019

Development of the salivary gland is characterized by extensive branching morphogenesis. Although various molecules have been implicated in salivary gland development, the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway, including both mTOR complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and 2), in salivary gland development is unknown. Here, we examined protein expression levels related to the mTOR signalling pathway using an ex vivo submandibular salivary gland (SMG) organ culture. We showed that branching buds in the salivary glands were substantially decreased and phosphorylation of mTORC1 signalling pathway related proteins (mTOR, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1) was inhibited by rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor). In addition, AKT, which is an upstream protein kinase of mTORC1 and is downstream of mTORC2, is inhibited by LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor), but not by rapamycin. Moreover, rapamycin‐treated ICR neonatal mice exhibited a reduction in both body weight and salivary glands compared with vehicle‐treated neonatal mice. The present data indicate that the mTOR signalling pathway, including both mTORC1 and mTORC2, plays a critical role in salivary gland development both in ex vivo SMG organ culture and ICR neonatal mice in vivo.
Damage evolution around white etching layer during uniaxial loading
Authors: Jessop Casey , Ahlström Johan , Persson Christer , Zhang Yubin
Published: May 2019

Rolling contact fatigue cracks and thermally induced defects are common problems in the railway industry especially as demands for increasing loads, speeds, and safety continue to rise. Often, the two types of defects are found together in the field, however, whether one causes the other to occur is not completely agreed upon. The effect of thermal damage, in the form of a martensite spot on pearlitic steel test bars, on the fatigue life in uniaxial low cycle fatigue experiments was investigated by the authors. However, the focus of the current work was to characterize the damage evolution from the low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests and correlate the crack initiation and propagation with the initial thermal damage. Residual stress measurements, digital image correlation, and X‐ray tomography were used to characterize the effects of the thermal damage before, during, and after fatigue testing, respectively. It was found that the thermal damage causes strain accumulation and crack initiation at the interface between the two materials. The strain evolution was visualized using digital image correlation (DIC), clearly showing the strain concentrations at the top and bottom of the white etching layers (WEL), where the residual stresses are also most tensile. X‐ray tomography confirmed the planar crack growth from the martensite spot.
Global pattern and controls of biological nitrogen fixation under nutrient enrichment: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zheng Mianhai , Zhou Zhenghu , Luo Yiqi , Zhao Ping , Mo Jiangming
Published: May 2019

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF), an important source of N in terrestrial ecosystems, plays a critical role in terrestrial nutrient cycling and net primary productivity. Currently, large uncertainty exists regarding how nutrient availability regulates terrestrial BNF and the drivers responsible for this process. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of terrestrial BNF in response to N, phosphorus (P), and micronutrient (Micro) addition across different biomes (i.e, tropical/subtropical forest, savanna, temperate forest, grassland, boreal forest, and tundra) and explored whether the BNF responses were affected by fertilization regimes (nutrient‐addition rates, duration, and total load) and environmental factors (mean annual temperature [MAT], mean annual precipitation [MAP], and N deposition). The results showed that N addition inhibited terrestrial BNF (by 19.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.7%‒20.3%); hereafter), Micro addition stimulated terrestrial BNF (30.4% [25.7%‒35.3%]), and P addition had an inconsistent effect on terrestrial BNF, i.e., inhibiting free‐living N fixation (7.5% [4.4%‒10.6%]) and stimulating symbiotic N fixation (85.5% [25.8%‒158.7%]). Furthermore, the response ratios (i.e., effect sizes) of BNF to nutrient addition were smaller in low‐latitude (<30°) biomes (8.5%‒36.9%) than in mid‐/high‐latitude (≥30°) biomes (32.9%‒61.3%), and the sensitivity (defined as the absolute value of response ratios) of BNF to nutrients in mid‐/high‐latitude biomes decreased with decreasing latitude (p ≤ 0.009; linear/logarithmic regression models). Fertilization regimes did not affect this phenomenon (p > 0.05), but environmental factors did affect it (p < 0.001) because MAT, MAP, and N deposition accounted for 5%‒14%, 10%‒32%, and 7%‒18% of the variance in the BNF response ratios in cold (MAT < 15°C), low‐rainfall (MAP < 2,500 mm), and low‐N‐deposition (<7 kg ha−1 year−1) biomes, respectively. Overall, our meta‐analysis depicts a global pattern of nutrient impacts on terrestrial BNF and indicates that certain types of global change (i.e., warming, elevated precipitation and N deposition) may reduce the sensitivity of BNF in response to nutrient enrichment in mid‐/high‐latitude biomes.
Carotenoid‐based coloration correlates with the hatching date of Blue TitCyanistes caeruleusnestlings
Authors: Janas Katarzyna , Lutyk Dorota , Sudyka Joanna , Dubiec Anna , Gustafsson Lars , Cichoń Mariusz , Drobniak Szymon
Published: May 2019

Carotenoid‐based coloration occurs predominantly in adult birds, yet in some species from the family Paridae, this trait is also present at the nestling stage. One of the factors proposed to affect the expression of this trait in immature birds is hatching date. Here, using the avian tetrahedral colour space model, we examined the influence of hatching date on the breast carotenoid‐based plumage coloration of the Blue TitCyanistes caeruleusnestlings. Because Blue Tits are sexually dichromatic, we also investigated the potential interaction between hatching date and sex that could arise from differences in condition dependence of this trait between males and females. We found a positive relationship betweenUVchroma of breast feathers and hatching date. The amount ofUVreflectance is thought to be negatively related to carotenoid content in feathers. The observed increase ofUVchroma through the breeding season might therefore be caused by a seasonal decline in the availability and quality of Lepidoptera larvae – the main source of carotenoids in food of the Tits. We also observed a sex difference in the relationship between brightness of breast feathers (achromatic, structural component) and hatching date, which in males was negative and in females not significant. Our study provides further evidence that the timing of breeding is related to the expression of nestling carotenoid‐based coloration, a potentially meaningful element of offspring–parent communication, and suggests a sex‐specific effect of hatching date on its structural component.
European Migrant Professionals in Chinese Global Cities: A Diversified Labour Market Integration
Authors: Camenisch Aldina , Suter Brigitte
Published: May 2019

Since the early 2000s, Chinese metropolises have been emerging as hubs for the national and global economy. They attract increasing numbers of foreigners with diverse socio‐economic and educational backgrounds who tend to immigrate independently of the Chinese initiatives focused on “foreign talents”. Our analysis contributes to the understanding of these migrants’ integration into the labour market. Through a Bourdieusian capital lens, this article unpacks the access to the labour market and occupational positions of Swiss and Swedish migrant professionals in mainland China. Differentiated by how they can capitalize upon their educational, occupational, social and cultural resources in this specific context, the article distinguishes between three categories: corporarate expatriates, local hires and entrepreneurs and concludes with policy recommendations to stabilize their residence conditions.
Claudin‐3 – a new intestinal integrity marker in patients with psoriasis: association with disease severity
Authors: Sikora M. , Chrabąszcz M. , Waśkiel‐Burnat A. , Rakowska A. , Olszewska M. , Rudnicka L.
Published: May 2019

Background

Gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability play a significant role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its comorbidities. Claudin‐3 is a key component of tight junctions, which may serve as marker of gut barrier integrity.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to investigate circulating plasma claudin‐3 in patients with psoriasis and to evaluate clinical and metabolic factors, which determine its concentration.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 60 patients with psoriasis (39 men and 21 women, mean age: 45.6 ± 12.1 years) and 30 healthy controls (18 men and 12 women, mean age: 46.3 ± 15.5 years) age, sex and body mass index‐matched. Plasma claudin‐3 concentration was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Plasma claudin‐3 concentration was significantly higher in patients with psoriasis in comparison with healthy control [median (interquartile range), 50.7 ng/mL (47.3–54.2) vs. 43.3 ng/mL (42.3–44.2), P < 0.001]. Patients who achieved ΔPASI90 response after 16 weeks of treatment showed tendency to decrease in circulating claudin‐3 plasma concentration. Positive correlations between claudin‐3 concentration and the PASI score (r = 0.828; P < 0.001) as well as claudin‐3 and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (r = 0.847; P < 0.001) were found. A multivariable linear regression analysis confirmed association of claudin‐3 with the PASI score (P < 0.001), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.01) and active smoking (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Claudin‐3, a biomarker for gut permeability, is increased in psoriasis and correlates with disease severity and smoking. Further investigations are needed to determine whether reinforcing intestinal barrier may be a new therapeutic target in psoriasis.
Evaluation of lipid oxidation and volatile compounds of traditional dry‐cured pork belly: The hyperspectral imaging and multi‐gas‐sensory approaches
Authors: Aheto Joshua H. , Huang Xingyi , Tian Xiaoyu , Lv Riqin , Dai Chunxia , Bonah Ernest , Chang Xianhui
Published: May 2019

This study examined the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to predict thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values as by‐products of lipid oxidation during traditional processing of dry‐cured meat. Using the spectral data of HSI and reference values of TBARS, models based on partial least square regression were tested. Prediction outcomes, Rp = 0.71, RMSEP = 1.10 and Rp = 0.77, RMSEP = 0.97 were obtained after preprocessing with first and second derivatives (second‐order polynomial), respectively. Preprocessing with standard normal variate, and multiplicative scatter correction yielded lower values, Rp = 0.64, RMSEP = 1.21 and Rp = 0.52, RMSEP = 1.40, respectively. Results obtained indicated that the HSI was capable of monitoring TBARS values as a lipid oxidation index during meat processing. Volatile fingerprint results for all processing phases were also obtained following analysis by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and a mass spectrometry (MS) detector. The MS was deployed to provide names and proportions of the volatile components while IMS was used to visualize the topographic maps of the individual volatile components. The GC‐IMS proved to be very versatile considering the little time it required to identify the volatile fingerprints of the various samples.

Practical applications

The conventional methods for determining lipid oxidation in meat are highly destructive and time‐consuming and require the use of hazardous chemicals. This study evaluated the feasibility of the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS) and a mass spectrometry detector to rapidly predict thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and analyze volatile components during lipid oxidation. The HSI was successful in predicting TBARS values as by‐products of oxidation. The results obtained proved that the methods presented can be useful for industries to simultaneously estimate various quality attributes of samples to save time, labor, and cost, which reflects economic importance. Additionally, the recurrence of hexanal during analysis volatile compounds means industries should be mindful of it as it acts as a marker for lipid oxidation in muscle food products. Finally, the topographic plots generated by the GC‐IMS are also very useful for easy differentiation of samples.
Characterization and growth conditions of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains with different virulence degrees that cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Soto‐Rodriguez Sonia A. , Lozano‐Olvera Rodolfo , Palacios‐Gonzalez Daniel A. , Bolan‐Mejia Carmen , Rendon‐Aguilar Karla G.
Published: May 2019

The phenotypic characteristics and growth kinetics at several temperatures, salinities, and pH values of three Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) strains with different virulence and one nonpathogenic strain were evaluated. Independent of the virulence of the strain, a high metabolic diversity was found, which yielded different colored phenotypes on the CHROMagar™ Vibrio. All strains were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin, and Vp AHPND+ organisms were the most sensitive to enrofloxacin. The exponential growth of Vp strains started at 1–2 hr of incubation, although no relationship was observed between the bacterial density and degree of virulence. Moreover, the growth of the most virulent strain was independent of the nutrients in the incubation media during the initial hour postinoculation. No strain grew at 4°C in 0% NaCl and pH 4, but only Vp AHPND+ grew at 44°C. For all strains, the lag phase was proportional to the NaCl concentration, and the growth was better at pH 8–9. However, the Vp AHPND− strain displayed a greater variability, was more sensitive to extreme conditions, and showed a lag phase of 9 hr independent of the pH.
Fine‐tuning the nested structure of pollination networks by adaptive interaction switching, biogeography and sampling effect in the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Nnakenyi Chinenye A. , Traveset Anna , Heleno Ruben , Minoarivelo Henintsoa O. , Hui Cang
Published: May 2019

The structure of pollination networks, particularly its nestedness, contain important information on network assemblages. However, there is still limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying nested pollination network structures. Here, we investigate the role of adaptive interaction switching (AIS), island area, isolation, age and sampling effort in explaining the nestedness of pollination networks across ten Galápagos Islands. The AIS algorithm is inspired by Wallace's elimination of the unfit, where a species constantly replaces its least profitable mutualistic partner with a new partner selected at random. To explain network structures, we first use a dynamic model that includes functional response of pollination and AIS, with only species richness and binary connectance as input (hereafter the AIS model). Thereafter, other explanatory variables (isolation, area, age and sampling effort) were added to the model. In four out of ten islands, the pollination network was significantly nested, and predictions from the AIS model correlated with observed structures, explaining 69% variation in nestedness. Overall, in terms of independent contribution from hierarchical partitioning of variation in observed nestedness, the AIS model predictions contributed the most (37%), followed by sampling effort (28%) and island area (22%), with only trivial contributions from island isolation and age. Therefore, adaptive switching of biotic interactions seems to be key to ensure network function, with island biogeographic factors being only secondary. Although large islands could harbour more diverse assemblages and thus foster more nested structures, sufficient sampling proves to be essential for detecting non‐random network structures.
Urinary angiotensinogen in pediatric urinary tract infection
Authors: Mayumi Reina , Murano Yayoi , Yokota Reina , Nakao Akihiro , Miyazaki Nao , Hara Taichi , Mizutani Akira , Hayashi Kuniyoshi , Sakurai Yumiko , Shoji Hiromichi , Nakazawa Tomoyuki , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: May 2019

Background

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases in children, and urinary angiotensinogen (U‐AGT) is a new biomarker gathering attention in many renal diseases. U‐AGT reflects intrarenal renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activity. We conducted a study to measure U‐AGT in children <4 months old with UTI.

Methods

All children <4 months old who came to Toshima Hospital with fever between January 2015 and December 2015 were included. Patients were divided into a UTI group and a non‐UTI group, and U‐AGT was measured.

Results

Median U‐AGT was higher in patients with UTI compared with patients without UTI: (0.56 ng/dL, range, 0.025–2.753 ng/dL vs 0.13 ng/dL, range, 0.008–1.697 ng/dL, respectively; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

U‐AGT is elevated in UTI patients, and RAS activation may contribute to renal injury caused by UTI.
Neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation project in Japan
Authors: Hosono Shigeharu , Tamura Masanori , Isayama Tetsuya , Sugiura Takahiro , Kusakawa Isao , Ibara Satoshi ,   the Neonatal Resuscitation Committee Japan Society of Perinatal Neonatal Medicine
Published: May 2019

In July 2007, the Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NCPR) program in Japan was launched to ensure that all staff involved in perinatal and neonatal medicine can learn and practice NCPR based on the Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations developed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. In 1978 in North America, a working group on pediatric resuscitation was formed by the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and concluded that the resuscitation of newborns required a different strategy than the resuscitation of adults. The original first edition of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program textbook was published in 1987. The NCPR program consists of three courses for health‐care providers and two courses for instructors. A course and B course are for newly certified health‐care providers and course S is for health‐care providers who are renewing their certification. As of 31 March 2019, 3,227 advanced instructors (I instructor) and 1,877 basic instructors (J instructor) were trained to teach A, B, and S courses to health‐care providers on the basis of their license. In total 7,075 A courses and 4,012 B courses were held; 131 651 people attended A course or B course of the NCPR program, and 77 367 were certified. A total of 1,865 S courses, which were developed in 2015, were held and 12 875 people attended this course. Here, we introduce the background, purpose, history, and content of the development of the NCPR program in Japan.
Newsvendor Model as an Exchange Option on Demand and Supply Uncertainty
Authors: Ji Ran , Kamrad Bardia
Published: May 2019

Using a contingent claims framework, we develop a single period model in the context of an exchange option in a discounted value maximization setting. Given this framework, we study the classic problem of determining stockpiling levels prior to demand realization when the procured/produced levels are subject to random yield variations. In this set up, both demand and yield variables are modeled as Wiener processes. A pure noise (zero drift) process initially models yield dynamics. Later, we consider improving the average yield rates, subsidized through increasing unit costs in a constrained cost environment. In either case, “yield adjusted” critical fractiles, the optimal order/production levels, and their corresponding expected values are established. As a special case, we relax the yield uncertainty constraint and instead use the long‐term average yield estimate to assess the yield's impact on production/procurement levels. In this context, we establish that the above results collapse to the well‐known Black‐Scholes/Merton (1973) option‐pricing model. Given the original framework of this study, we show the counterintuitive results that unit profits, due to improved average yield rates, may actually decrease. We also demonstrate that a reliable metric to justify yield improvements is the relative net positive marginal unit profit. Our paper also provides detailed comparative statics, both analytically and numerically. These results provide useful insights into policy making by identifying operating regions where the expected marginal unit profits warrant yield improvement. The results provided can readily be generalized to other economic‐based Newsvendor model parameters.
Validation of Two Quality of Care Measures: Results from a Longitudinal Study of Reversible Contraceptive Users in India
Authors: Jain Aparna , Aruldas Kumudha , Mozumdar Arupendra , Tobey Elizabeth , Acharya Rajib
Published: May 2019

Bruce's quality of care framework, developed nearly three decades ago, brought needed international attention to family planning services. Various data collection efforts exist to measure the quality of contraceptive services. Our study validates two process quality measures and tests their predictive validity related to contraceptive continuation among 2,699 married women who started to use a reversible contraceptive method in India. We assessed four process quality domains with 22 items, which were reduced to 10 items using exploratory factor analysis. Weighted additive indices were calculated for the 22‐ and 10‐item measures. Scores were trichotomized into high, medium, and low process quality received. The predictive validity of the two measures was assessed related to modern contraceptive continuation three months later. The adjusted odds of continuing a modern contraceptive three months later was nearly three times greater (AOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.83–4.03) for women who received high process quality at enrollment compared with low quality with the 22‐item measure, and 2.2 times greater (95% CI: 1.46–3.26) with the 10‐item measure. Results suggest that the 22‐ and 10‐item measures are valid, and while the larger 22‐item measure can be used in special studies, the 10‐item measure is more suited for routine data collection and monitoring.
The Ambiguous Experience of Motherhood in the Western Bohemian Countryside: Exploring Rural Gender Inequalities Through the Framework of Precarity
Authors: Decker Anja
Published: May 2019

Perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe rarely find their way into the debate on rural gender inequality. In this article, I aim to mitigate this imbalance by exploring everyday arrangements of women with dependent children in a peripheralised rural region of the Czech Republic. Using an expanded framework of precarity that integrates different spheres of work, I demonstrate that in the spatial context studied, motherhood increases the social disadvantage women face while simultaneously constituting an important field of female agency. I further show that in order to identify room for manoeuvre within configurations of insecurity the whole life‐situation of women must be taken into consideration. My findings add to a nuanced and context‐sensitive understanding of gender inequality in the European countryside, in particular by highlighting the field‐specific interaction of low‐wage economy, gendered division of work and mobility, and concepts of rural childhood, good (grand)parenting and self‐sufficiency. The study draws upon semi‐structured interviews and ethnographic research.
Why do young men lapse from blood donation?
Authors: Öhrner Caroline , Kvist Maria , Blom Wiberg Karolina , Diedrich Beatrice
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives

Most men have larger blood volumes and iron stores, making them more suitable blood donors; however, women dominate the donor population in Stockholm. Motives for cessation and returning were examined in a group of lapsing young male donors, in order to improve retention.

Methods

Demographic studies of the donor population. An online survey was sent to 1012 lapsing male donors aged 18–35 years. Questions focused on reasons for lapsing, returning and donor motivation.

Results

Demographic studies showed a predominance of female donors, especially in younger age groups. Most lapsing male donors were 18–35 years old. In this age group, there was a large turnover of male donors. The most common reason for lapsing was simply falling out of habit despite repeated invitations. Other reasons were lack of time, work, travel, new sex partner and change in residence. Adverse events were of less importance. The majority indicated that they would return for donation if they had more time and/or received yet another invitation. Donors lapsing after a single donation would significantly more often donate again, than repeat donors, if they were given information on the use of their blood. Furthermore, single‐time donors found the time spent donating significantly more important.

Conclusions

Increased accessibility and repeated invitations are essential for retention of young male donors. Time constraints are important, suggesting improvements in increased availability as well as shortening of visits. Young men also need help integrating blood donation routines into their life.
Evaluation of a red‐blood‐cell genotyping platform, ID CORE XT, within a hospital transfusion service
Authors: Hayes Chelsea , Seo Jina , Abumuhor Ihab , Klapper Ellen
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives

Red‐blood‐cell genotyping is used to provide extended matched blood, resolve typing discrepancies and predict phenotype in recently transfused patients or patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test. The aim of this study was to complete a performance and operational evaluation of a genotyping system, ID CORE XT (Progenika Biopharma–Grifols, Barcelona, Spain), within a hospital transfusion service, using the current genotyping method as a reference for comparison.

Materials and Methods

DNA was extracted from blood donor and patient samples and tested using ID CORE XT and the reference method. Predicted RBC phenotype, turnaround time and hands‐on time were compared. A questionnaire was administered to each clinical laboratory scientist to evaluate each platform's ease of use.

Results

A total of 438 samples were tested and overall agreement between methods was 99·99%, with a single M antigen typing discrepancy noted. DNA sequencing revealed that ID CORE XT incorrectly designated the antigen status as M‐negative, resulting in a false‐negative M antigen predicted phenotype result. ID CORE XT showed a 24·5% and 51·3% reduction in mean turnaround time and hands‐on time, respectively, as compared to the reference method.

Conclusion

ID CORE XT and the reference method are highly concordant regarding predicted phenotype. ID CORE XT offers several operational advantages, making it suitable for a busy hospital transfusion service.
Ex vivo evaluation of a novel surgical guide on the accuracy of closing wedge osteotomies
Authors: Shamir Shelly K. , Wolynski Jakob G. , Duncan Colleen G. , Puttlitz Christian , Duerr Felix M.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To determine the influence of a novel surgical guide on the accuracy and technical difficulty of closing wedge osteotomies (CWO).

Study design

Ex vivo experimental study.

Sample population

Canine tibia models (n = 40).

Methods

A 20° cranial CWO (CCWO) was created without (standard procedure; STCCWO) or with the aid of a novel wedge osteotomy guide (WOCCWO). Procedures were performed by diplomate (n = 4) and resident (n = 6) surgeons, with each performing 2 STCCWO followed by 2 WOCCWO. To prevent bias, surgeons were unaware of the study purpose until after completing the STCCWO. The wedges were evaluated by comparing the deviation from the 20° target angle, divergence of the 2 osteotomies (osteotomy divergence angle [ODA]), and measurements of the wedge height at the caudomedial cortex (CMC) and caudolateral cortex (CLC). Technique difficulty was explored through a surgeon questionnaire.

Results

The WOCCWO resulted in smaller mean ODA (WOCCWO = 0.86°, SD ± 0.38°, P < .001), and smaller mean difference between CMC and CLC (WOCCWO = 0.29 mm, SD ± 0.19, P < .001) than for the STCCWO (4.22°, SD ± 2.16° and 1.39 mm, SD ± 0.65 respectively). Deviation from the target 20° wedge angle was greater after STCCWO (1.46°, SD ± 1.27°) than after WOCCWO (0.53°, SD ± 0.33°, P = .004). No difference was reported regarding the difficulty of the procedures, but resident surgeons stated that they were more likely to use the guide in a clinical setting compared with diplomates.

Conclusion

The wedge osteotomy guide improved the accuracy of CCWO compared with standard technique.

Clinical significance

The clinical significance of the differences detected in this study is unclear and warrants in vivo investigation.
Death and Resurrection, 1392–1450
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 examines the early-Chosŏn period, when the new dynasty virtually exterminated the former royals, only to rehabilitate them. Rather than just recounting the oft-told story of the May 1394 massacre and the violent persecution thereafter until 1413, this chapter seeks to elucidate the Chosŏn state’s understanding of the royal Wangs as a target of persecution, the number of victims, the veracity of the claim that some surviving Wangs changed their surnames, and the rationale for officially rehabilitating the Wangs. For comparative perspective, the chapter also considers China’s Yuan-Ming, Japan’s Kamakura-Muromachi, and western Eurasia’s Byzantine-Ottoman transitions.
Shifting Demographics
Authors: Sternfeld Lior B.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 explores ways that the Jewish community became more diverse following World War II. It examines the sociological and demographic transformations that the Jewish population experienced during the war. This chapter argues that the 1941 invasion of Iran by Allied forces and the subsequent collapse of the rigid state structure facilitated social mobility and redefinition. At the same time, a wave of Iraqi Jews arrived in Iran and added another layer of identity to the growing Jewish population. This chapter also debunks the traditional portrayal of Iran as passive in the war historiography, where it is usually examined in an insufficiently complex or nuanced way, and analyzes the ways in which the war and its aftermath shaped Iran. Contrary to the traditional historiography’s stagnant or, rather, declining analysis of Iranian Jewry, the Jewish population in Iran witnessed a golden age in terms of becoming Iranian citizens.
Iranian Jews and Israel
Authors: Sternfeld Lior B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the roots and effects of Zionism in Iran. It analyzes Zionism first as an indigenous movement that emerged in Iran as a response to the needs of Iranian Jews (with relation to the global movement of Zionism) and transformed itself as the needs of Iranian Jews changed in the course of the century. After 1948 and the establishment of Israel, Zionism could no longer be taken as a local movement alone. The contact with Israel and Israeli emissaries and the impact of state-sponsored Zionist activities ignited a new set of emotions and means of identification with or antagonism to Zionism, as well as a whole range of reactions in between. This chapter examines the way Israel dealt with the case of Iranian Jews, which was atypical compared with other Middle Eastern communities. In addition, this chapter examines the responses to Zionism among the non-Jewish intellectual elites in Iran.
Unintended Consequences
Authors: Sternfeld Lior B.
Published: May 2019

The ultimate success of the nation-building project, led by the Shah, was evident in the decade leading up to the revolution—when the Jewish community in Iran finally achieved its release from traditional loyalties and viewed itself, first and foremost, as Iranian. This chapter explores the first manifestations of Jewish revolutionary discourse and actions and discusses postrevolutionary Iran and a new nation-building paradigm that Jews faced following the Islamic revolution. This chapter follows the Jewish response to the rapidly unfolding events: from the Shah’s overthrow through the redefinition of the Iranian national identity, from the Iran-Iraq War to the post-Khomeini period. In the post-Khomeini era, Iranian Jews had to navigate between their religious ancestral homeland (Israel) and their national and political homeland (Iran). They had to deftly maneuver between the misinterpretations and deceptions that characterized the harsh rhetoric between Israel and Iran.
Introduction
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This introduction addresses the book’s main arguments and themes and provides historical background on the history of the Strait of Gibraltar as a political boundary. It also outlines the book’s sources and methodology and lays out the chapter-by-chapter narrative arc. The Strait of Gibraltar first became a political border in the sixteenth century, with several smaller borders proliferating on its shores as multiple empires carved out coastal exclaves and spheres of influence. These borders form the crucial starting point for understanding the region’s political geography. Borders are the key sites of negotiation between sovereign power and human mobility. They possess material, legal, political, and metaphorical meaning, all of which are central to the ongoing process of mediating relationships among the empires, ethno-religious groups, and trade networks operating in the region.
Domestic Audience, Nationalism, and Weapons of Mass Consumption
Authors: Pu Xiaoyu
Published: May 2019

This chapter opens with a conceptual analysis of how China signals a higher status through conspicuous consumption in international relations. It then turns to the importance of domestic audience and nationalism. The chapter discusses China’s aircraft carrier project and 2015 military parade, examining the underlying motivations and comparing the status signaling argument with competing approaches.
Aprendizaje lector con apoyo de la pizarra digital interactiva: estudio empírico
Authors: Arancibia-Gutiérrez Beatriz , Bustamante-Molina Milva
Published: May 2019

En Chile se ha promovido el uso didáctico de la pizarra digital interactiva, pero hay escasos estudios sobre su impacto en los aprendizajes escolares. Este artículo presenta los resultados de la incorporación durante 14 semanas de este recurso en el aprendizaje lector del primer año básico de una escuela vulnerable de la provincia de Concepción, Chile. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi experimental con grupo de control, experimen- tal, pretest y postest. Los resultados muestran que la integra- ción didáctica de esta tecnología en situaciones interactivas de aprendizaje de la lectura contribuye al desarrollo de las habilidades lectoras de los educandos.
Influencia del trabajo sobre el promedio académico en estudiantes de odontología
Authors: Salinas-Quiroga Mirna Delia , González-Salazar Francisco
Published: May 2019

Actualmente, una gran cantidad de estudiantes universitarios trabajan mientras cursan su carrera. El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar las diferencias en los promedios académicos de los estudiantes de la licenciatura en odontología que estudian y trabajan contra aquellos que solo estu- dian. Con este objetivo, se aplicó una encuesta a estudiantes de odontología de una universidad del noreste de México. Los promedios académicos de los estudiantes de odontología que estudian y trabajan fueron similares a los de los alumnos que solo estudian. Además, se demostró que los estudiantes que trabajan en empleos relacionados con su carrera tienen mejores promedios.
La investigación acción en la práctica docente. Un análisis bibliométrico (2003-2017)
Authors: Pérez-Van-Leenden Mariano De Jesús
Published: May 2019

Este artículo presenta la revisión de 50 artículos científicos basados en la metodología investigación acción publicados en el período 2003-2017. Se planteó como hipótesis que la relación dialógica entre teoría y práctica de este tipo de metodología favorece la generación de acciones innovadoras en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los resultados del análisis muestran que la investigación acción participativa es la modalidad más estudiada en el contexto educativo. Se comprobó que el docente es uno de los principales actores que se han apropiado en forma positiva de los principios de la investigación acción para lograr una transformación de su práctica docente.
Polifonía en educación multicultural: enfoques académicos sobre diversidad y escuela
Authors: Jiménez-Vargas Felipe , Montecinos-Sanhueza Carmen
Published: May 2019

Examinamos el concepto de educación multicultural en in- vestigaciones educativas en Chile. Mediante una revisión de mapeo crítico y análisis semántico de 28 artículos, se identificaron los principales ámbitos y enfoques en educación multicultural en el período 2004-2013. Los resultados evidencian la predominancia de investigaciones en el ámbito indígena, enfoques orientados a las relaciones humanas y del reconocimiento y mantención de identidades socioculturales. La discusión releva la necesidad de ampliar la investigación a otros ámbitos de diversidad cultural, incorporar una perspectiva de justicia social que aborde las desigualdades escolares y, finalmente, al desarrollo de investigación educativa aplicada, transformadora y situada.
Friction and Damage Evolution of the Borided CoCrMo Alloy
Authors: Morón R. C. , Rodríguez-Castro G. A. , García Maldonado M. A. , Salazar-Gaona A. , Bravo-Bárcenas D. , Campos-Silva I. , Palacios-Méndez A.
Published: May 2019

In this study, friction and evolution of cohesive failures (cracks and spallations) in CoB/Co2B layers were analyzed. Thermochemical treatment was carried out at 950, 975, and 1000 °C during 6, 8, and 10 h of exposure time, respectively. The characterization techniques include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology inspection of layers and thickness measurement, X-ray diffraction for the investigation of phases formed, and instrumented indention to obtain hardness, Young’s modulus, and residual stresses. The practical adhesion of the boride layers was evaluated by a progressive load scratch test (PLST), and the critical loads of cracking, chipping, and spallation were calculated. Later, unidirectional multipass scratch tests (MPSTs) were performed by applying subcritical loads selected from the lower spallation load (54 N); these tests were conducted for a different number of scratch passes. The results show that the coefficient of friction (COF) and coating damage depend on the applied load, the number of passes, and coating thickness. In multipass scratch, the mechanical properties, residual stress state, and thickness play a significant role in the evolution of the coating damage that manifests in the form of cracks and cohesive spallations. Considering the scratch and multipass scratch results, it was found that the sample with 10 h of exposure time presents a better performance among the samples.
Remote acoustic detection of cuts in a vibrating plate with stochastic input forcing in a reverberant environment
Authors: Flynn Tyler J. , Dowling David R.
Published: May 2019

A mechanical structure subject to vibratory forcing will often radiate sound. When remotely recorded, this sound depends on the vibratory forcing, the structure's frequency response function, and the structure-to-receiver acoustic propagation. Thus, successful remote acoustic detection of changes in a structure's vibration response between baseline and subsequent test recordings may require compensation for possible baseline-to-test changes in vibratory forcing and acoustic propagation. Compensation schemes for unknown structural forcing in an unknown reverberant environment that allow such remote detection are described here and found to be successful when the random forcing has a consistent power spectrum and the structure-radiated sound is recorded with an array of receivers. In particular, experimental results are presented for remote acoustic detection of 13–76 mm cuts in a vibrating 0.30-m-square by 3-mm-thick edge-clamped aluminum plate subject to 0.1–2 kHz base excitation in a reverberant laboratory. Radiated sound from the plate is recorded remotely with a 15-element microphone array and processed with the synthetic time reversal blind deconvolution algorithm to compensate for unknown reverberation. Cut detection success is compared for frequency-sweep and random-input forcing when this forcing is known and unknown, and when there are plate-to-array geometric changes between the baseline and test measurements.
NIH says openness bill threatens reviewers
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: May 2019

White House and Congress discuss how to protect study sections under transparency law.
Protein crystallization promotes type 2 immunity and is reversible by antibody treatment
Authors: Persson Emma K. , Verstraete Kenneth , Heyndrickx Ines , Gevaert Elien , Aegerter Helena , Percier Jean-Michel , Deswarte Kim , Verschueren Koen H. G. , Dansercoer Ann , Gras Delphine , Chanez Pascal , Bachert Claus , Gonçalves Amanda , Van Gorp Hanne , De Haard Hans , Blanchetot Christophe , Saunders Michael , Hammad Hamida , Savvides Savvas N. , Lambrecht Bart N.
Published: May 2019

A crystal-clear ingredient for allergy?

Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) are formed from the eosinophil granule protein galectin-10 (Gal10) and found in severe eosinophil-associated diseases like asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis. Whether CLCs actively contribute to disease pathogenesis is unknown. Persson
et al.
found that lab-grown Gal10 crystals are biosimilar to CLCs (see the Perspective by Allen and Sutherland). When given to mice, the crystals acted as a type 2 adjuvant, mimicking many of the features of human asthma. In contrast, a Gal10 mutein unable to crystallize had no effect. Antibodies against epitopes crucial for Gal10 autocrystallization could dissolve both in vitro–generated Gal10 crystals and patient-derived CLCs. Furthermore, these anti-Gal10 antibodies reversed the effects of Gal10 crystals in a humanized mouse model of asthma, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for crystallopathies more broadly.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw4295
; see also p.
738
Improving sustainability with simpler alloys
Authors: Li Xiuyan , Lu K.
Published: May 2019

The high performance of alloy materials can be maintained with compositional “plainification”
In Vitro
Activities of Bedaquiline and Delamanid against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated in Beijing, China
Authors: Yu Xia , Gao XiaoPan , Li Chenghai , Luo Jingjing , Wen Shuan , Zhang Tingting , Ma Yifeng , Dong Lingling , Wang Fen , Huang Hairong
Published: May 2019

Due to the natural resistance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) against multiple antibiotics, treatment of infections caused by them is often long-course and less successful. The main objective of our study was the evaluation of
in vitro
susceptibility of 209 isolates consisting of different NTM species against bedaquiline and delamanid. Furthermore, reference strains of 33 rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) species and 19 slowly growing mycobacterium (SGM) species were also tested.
Ivermectin Impairs the Development of Sexual and Asexual Stages of Plasmodium falciparumIn Vitro
Authors: de Carvalho Lais Pessanha , Sandri Thaisa Lucas , José Tenório de Melo Edésio , Fendel Rolf , Kremsner Peter G. , Mordmüller Benjamin , Held Jana
Published: May 2019

Ivermectin is the drug of choice for many parasitic infections, with more than one billion doses being distributed in onchocerciasis programs. The drug has been put into focus recently by the malaria community because of its potential to kill blood-sucking mosquitoes, thereby reducing malaria transmission.
Pharmacodynamics of Tebipenem: New Options for Oral Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections
Authors: McEntee Laura , Johnson Adam , Farrington Nicola , Unsworth Jennifer , Dane Aaron , Jain Akash , Cotroneo Nicole , Critchley Ian , Melnick David , Parr Thomas , Ambrose Paul G. , Das Shampa , Hope William
Published: May 2019

Tebipenem pivoxil HBr (TBPM-PI-HBr) is a novel orally bioavailable carbapenem. The active moiety is tebipenem. Tebipenem pivoxil is licensed for use in Japan in children with ear, nose, and throat infections and respiratory infections. The HBr salt was designed to improve drug substance and drug product properties, including stability. TBPM-PI-HBr is now being developed as an agent for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) in adults.