bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebel CEOs and Managers
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

Human resource policies are developed and implemented by a group’s leaders, making leaders a crucial factor in a successful armed group. This means that a successful group will aspire to have the most effective top-level and midlevel leadership. There is a broad gap here between successful and unsuccessful groups. Successful groups are able to find or internally promote the most qualified people, learn from their own mistakes and the mistakes of others, and build a functioning organization, while unsuccessful ones fail to do so. Unsuccessful groups think that meritocracy is not the most effective system for choosing leaders. Other unsuccessful groups, while realizing the importance of choosing the most qualified candidates, cannot always find or recognize people with the right qualifications.
Maternal Optimism
Authors: Greenberg Danna , Ladge Jamie J.
Published: June 2019

Every working mother’s path is unique and should be celebrated, not lamented. Yet all too frequently, working mothers are presented with advice, rules to follow, or guidelines as if all our experiences are the same. The goal of this book is to provide readers with stories and research that support the notion of owning and feeling confident in the choices they make as they navigate a series of work and family transitions. Furthermore, we often reduce work/life challenges to a single point in time, such as the decision to return to work after the birth of a child. However, work and family decisions are anything but stagnant. They shift as life and careers shift and are often filled with unpredictable events. By understanding and anticipating these shifts, working mothers can develop the resiliency they need at home and at work. We hope women will pick up this book at times when they may not be feeling confident, when they may regret a choice, or when they are stepping into an unknown situation, so that they can reframe any negative emotions they may be feeling in a more positive light. We believe that if women approach uncertainty about their current or future state with hope, rather than fear, they will have a greater likelihood of living life with maternal optimism.
Making Workplace Flexibility Work
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 focuses on the topic of flexible work arrangements. Workplace flexibility is often romanticized as an answer to all the challenges working mothers face. While flexibility can be particularly helpful to working mothers as they integrate work and family, it also introduces new complexities working mothers need to consider. This chapter helps women develop a more comprehensive understanding of workplace flexibility. We start with an overview of the different types of flexibility and some of the benefits and challenges women have experienced with these varied work arrangements. We go on to introduce strategies women can put in place to take advantage of a flexible work arrangement and to ensure they are negotiating workplace flexibility in such a way that they don’t trade flexibility for compensation.
A Journey in Languages and Cultures
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

The author of this book is known the world over for his work on those who live with two or more languages. He has been called “one of the grand old men of research on bilingualism” because of his holistic view of bilingualism and his many studies undertaken over a span of some fifty years. And yet, little is known about François Grosjean. In what is a very human and at times touching work, he reveals how the vagaries of life took him from being a monolingual child in a small village outside Paris to being bilingual and bicultural in four different countries. He has changed his dominance in English and French a number of times because of his repeated migrations, and has also acquired, used, and then lost other languages. His life in languages and cultures played a major role in his scholarly work on bilingualism and biculturalism which he describes in a clear and readily understandable prose. Anyone interested in what it means to grow up and to live as a bicultural bilingual will want to follow the author’s own journey through languages and cultures.
Causes of distress-induced emotional eating
Authors: van Strien Tatjana
Published: June 2019

Distress is associated with both increased and decreased food intake, with eating less being the typical and predominant response. Distress is normally associated with physiological reactions that are designed to prepare the individual for a fight or flight response, thereby suppressing feelings of hunger. However, so-called emotional eaters show the atypical response to distress of eating similar or larger amounts of food. The present chapter explores possible causes of distress-induced emotional eating in terms of mechanisms and etiology. Possible mechanisms that are discussed are stress-induced hunger, interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, and changes in the stress responses of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (cortisol). Etiology, that is, the emergence of emotional eating in adolescence will be examined by presenting studies on increases in emotional eating in association with inadequate parenting and depressive feelings in interaction with genetic vulnerability (the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) or serotonin transporter gene (SCL6A4/5-HTT)). Finally, emotional eating as a mediator between depression and both body mass index and weight gain will be examined and suggestions for obesity interventions and future research will be given.
Contract
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter begins the history of contract at common law with the actions of covenant and debt. Covenant was based on an agreement in words, whereas debt was based either on words or on an exchange (quid pro quo). The courts decided around 1300 that words could not be proved without deeds (written documents under seal), and this restricted the action of covenant to formal contracts. The reason for this change is explored. Debt would lie on an oral contract, with quid pro quo, but the defendant could then usually escape liability by oath-taking (wager of law). It also lay to enforce acknowledgments of debt under seal, which were widely used in the form of conditional bonds with penalties. The machinery of the bond is explained, and also the steps taken in law and equity to prevent penalties being exacted unconscionably.
Hunger in War and Peace
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

What is the impact of war on non-combatants, particularly women and children? In this innovative analysis of nutritional deprivation among ordinary German citizens during the First World War, Mary Elisabeth Cox finds that the effects of the war and the Allied interdiction of food supplies—which became known in Germany as the ‘Hungerblockade’—resulted in diminished heights and weights of children far from the battlefield. During the war, Germany defiantly proclaimed that their country could not be starved out. In a military sense, this was likely to be the case, and many modern historians argue persuasively that Germany lost on the battlefield. Yet modern analyses of height and weight records for hundreds of thousands of school children reveal a grim truth: even if Germany did not lose the war because of food insecurity, the war blockade resulted in hunger for millions of German infants. Desperately struggling to feed their families under the growing spectre of starvation, many mothers chose to sacrifice their own well-being for the benefit of their families. National and local policies within Germany often exasperated food insecurity. Modern analysis of anthropometric data now brings into question both long-held assumptions about the divide between rural and urban health, and legal and moral arguments in support of the blockade. Combined with contemporary letters, diaries, and news reports, these data provide an expanded picture of the levels of health and nutritional deprivation across society. This story of one of the most vicious wars in history is not devoid of compassion. Following the eventual lifting of the British blockade, the victorious powers and nations throughout the world sent millions of tons of food into Germany, relief which is mirrored in drawings and letters of gratitude from hundreds of German school children, and which can be seen as a surge of growth in height and weight measurements.
The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

Caves and other subterranean habitats with their often strange (even bizarre) inhabitants have long been objects of fascination, curiosity, and debate. The question of how such organisms have evolved, and the relative roles of natural selection and genetic drift, has engaged subterranean biologists for decades. Indeed, these studies continue to inform the general theory of adaptation and evolution. Subterranean ecosystems generally exhibit little or no primary productivity and, as extreme ecosystems, provide general insights into ecosystem function. The Biology of Caves and other Subterranean Habitats offers a concise but comprehensive introduction to cave ecology and evolution. Whilst there is an emphasis on biological processes occurring in these unique environments, conservation and management aspects are also considered. The monograph includes a global range of examples from more than 25 countries, and case studies from both caves and non-cave subterranean habitats; it also provides a clear explanation of specialized terms used by speleologists. This accessible text will appeal to researchers new to the field and to the many professional ecologists and conservation practitioners requiring a concise but authoritative overview. Its engaging style will also make it suitable for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in cave and subterranean biology. Its more than 650 references, 150 of which are new since the first edition, provide many entry points to the research literature.
The Collectivist Conception of Culture
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 considers a certain collectivist idea of culture, which is the sort relevant when Nietzsche thinks about a culture as something potentially valuable for its own sake. The chapter outlines Nietzsche’s conception of such a culture. It argues that it is wrong to read Nietzsche as giving up on culture after his early works and placing all his stock in isolated great individuals instead. For even at the very end of his career, Nietzsche, the chapter argues, views not just great individuals, but entire cultures (e.g. the Roman Empire) as potential bearers of value in their own right as well. Great cultures should not be understood as simply a means to great individuals, nor for that matter great individuals understood as simply a means to great cultures. Both are independent sources of value.
Cultural Criticism
Authors: Huddleston Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8 considers Nietzsche’s important work as a cultural critic. This is approached by way of a case study, considering one of the cultural phenomena that occupied Nietzsche most—namely, the Christian-moral outlook—and looking to his critique of it. One interpretation of this critique would be causal in nature, holding that Nietzsche criticizes this outlook on account of its deleterious effects. But, as this chapter argues, we also find in Nietzsche’s work a strenuous objection to the Christian-moral outlook that is leveled on different grounds. Nietzsche will, it is suggested, see the cultural practices and institutions—those of morality foremost among them—as being replete with content, which can be philosophically unearthed, interpreted, and criticized. For Nietzsche, the Christian-moral outlook insidiously enshrines what by his lights are deeply objectionable values and ideals—and these are objectionable independently of their pernicious (and sometimes beneficial) effects.
China’s Light Manufacturing and Africa’s Industrialization
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Xu Jiajun
Published: June 2019

This chapter aims to explore whether and how China’s light manufacturing transfer can help to drive Africa’s industrialization. First, it examines the opportunities and challenges presented by the transfer of light manufacturing from contemporary China to low-wage developing countries from the historical perspective of the ‘flying geese’ pattern. Second, it uses first-hand survey data to explore how Chinese light manufacturing firms have coped with rising labour costs, what types of firms are more likely to relocate their manufacturing capacity to low-wage destinations, and where firms tend to relocate their production line. Third, it examines how ‘pilot’ Chinese light manufacturing firms have overcome first-mover challenges. Finally, it employs the analytical framework of New Structural Economics to make policy recommendations on how to mitigate binding constraints to help African countries seize the window of opportunity of industrial transfer from China to achieve economic structural transformation.
“No. Please Understand”
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

The return of direct rule to Northern Ireland in 1972 and its mechanisms and conduct are outlined in this chapter. Their impact upon the local political party system is treated at length, as are the first consociational initiatives pursued under Conservative and Labour governments in the UK. The failure of the first peace process is considered, as well as Britain’s counterinsurgency policies and their limits. Criminalization, Ulsterization, and Normalization were the policies begun under Callaghan’s government and continued by the Conservatives until they were broken by the republican hunger strikes. The new consociational initiatives after the hunger strikes are examined.
The Long Negotiation
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

This chapter explains how both the IRA and the DUP were fully incorporated into the 1998 Agreement, even if the former saw it as transitional, whereas the latter pretended it was not working within its provisions. The striking success of simply having a sustained period of cooperative power-sharing is celebrated, and a full comparison is made with the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973–4. The Rise and Fall of the House of Paisley is considered. Sinn Féin’s Martin McGuinness’s interactions with his DUP opposite numbers Peter Robinson and Arlene Foster are assessed. The turbulent implementation of the agreement between 2003 and 2015 is considered. Unresolved controversies over languages and flags and over assessing the conflict are evaluated.
The Global Rise of Diaspora Institutions
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 provides a descriptive overview of the data. It defines the forms and functions of diaspora ministries, departments, extra-territorial voting provisions, and discretionary consular functions. The chapter charts the rise of these and other diaspora institutions over the course of the mid-twentieth century and into the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It identifies three phases in their spread: one associated with the acceleration of post-colonial nation-state building projects beginning in the wake of World War II and culminating in the disintegration of the Soviet Union; a second associated with the coalescence of the EU and similar regionalization schemes as templates for globalization from the mid-1990s; and a third phase characterized by the standardization and diffusion of ‘models’ and ‘best practices’ for engaging diasporas as part of global migration governance dynamics from the mid-2000s.
Exile Ingathering: An Exposition
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 examines Phase 1 of the process in which post-colonial states sought to gather their ethnic constituents into the process of independent nation-state building. It began during the turbulent disintegration of the nineteenth-century European empires, and culminated in the wake of the collapsed Soviet empire of the 1990s. To explain these exile ingathering strategies, the chapter introduces the notion of ‘regime shock’: a new concept denoting moments disruption to prevailing configurations of territoriality, sovereignty, and/or citizenship that define a specific place, and which lead to the questioning and redrawing of the lines of social and political membership, along with changes in the structure of authority.
Human Geopolitics in the Black Sea and Beyond
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 maps a region in which the dynamics of state competition over populations have grown particularly tense since the mid-1990s, as states in the Black Sea shatterbelt have used their diaspora policies to jockey for position between regional hegemons of Europe, Russia and Turkey. The Black Sea zone is the region perhaps most affected by geopolitical competition between Europe and Eurasia in recent decades. The multiple, overlapping regional integration processes associated with this competition have been accompanied by a proliferation of new diaspora institutions across the Black Sea region and Eurasia beyond, many of them involved in the overlapping and competing sovereignty claims that characterize human geopolitics.
Orchestrating a Migration Regime
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9 shows how the widespread adoption of diaspora institution models and best practices has been orchestrated by international organizations, and supported by the actions of a ‘diaspora engagement industry’ of professional consultants, think tanks, and NGOs working on the topic. The chapter shows how and why key international organizations consumed and assimilated models of diaspora engagement, and how they ‘orchestrated’ the dissemination of these policy models and best practices to states around the world. The discussion also highlights how international organizations have used mechanisms such as ‘donor menus’ to retain credibility as disinterested experts, and also how such mechanisms have concealed the role of powerful donor state interests in shaping this supposedly disinterested advice.
Following Diaspora Policies
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 10 studies how states have taught and learned from each other as they simultaneously attempt to secure international legitimacy by implementing the recommendations of international organizations and experts. The chapter provides clear evidence of many cases where states’ diaspora institutions have been driven not by their national interests, but by their conformity to changing international norms. The chapter investigates the impacts of these dynamics on the spread and policy convergence of state diaspora institutions around the world through processes such as ‘benchmarking loops’. The chapter draws on the growing human geography literature on policy mobilities in order to understand the global movement and mutation of migration policy models and best practices.
Introduction: Word Warriors and Political Action
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

This is a book about political action within conditions of persistent injustice. The introduction outlines questions about the ethics of political action, and it describes the model of political theorizing to be used throughout the book. To give these questions greater immediacy, the chapter draws on Dale Turner’s argument that Aboriginal scholars and political actors should see themselves as “word warriors,” adopting a watchful and strategic attitude toward state political structures and major social institutions. It outlines the grounds that Aboriginal actors have for approaching politics in this way, and it describes the course that the book’s chapters will follow.
The Ethics of Political Action
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

This chapter frames questions about the ethics of political action in relation to Rawlsian ideal theory, which generally does not address those who are directly suffering from injustices. While Rawls defended civil disobedience within nearly just societies, the chapter argues that a broader palette of political strategies seems permissible where significant injustices continue to exist. It argues that those facing persistent injustice have special permissions for forms of political action that are not available to others. The second half of the chapter focuses on the ways in which political opportunity structures set parameters for political action, and examines the ways in which those who undertake political action may transform themselves without realizing this. The chapter concludes by considering how to proceed in evaluating political action when an effective ideal theory does not yet exist for Aboriginal rights.
Envisioning the Future
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that those facing persistent injustice have extended permissions to experiment with the social arrangements to be built for future generations, since profound injustices predictably frustrate human flourishing and blockade choices about how to balance multiple aspects of social life. At the same time, it suggests reasons for caution about strongly detailed ideals of what the future should hold, since such blueprints can lead to the pursuit of political goals that are neither achievable nor desirable. The chapter argues that ideal visions can help to make vivid the implications of certain values and their relation to one another, but that such visions should be treated as akin to literary works, which expand the imagination without directly describing a world to be brought about. It argues for the viability of Aboriginal “self-determination” as a protean, midrange goal that maintains space for continued agency and experimentation over time.
Conclusion: Political Philosophy and Political Change
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

The political environment to which Aboriginal people must respond has been constructed by others, and it does not respond easily or quickly to deliberative calls for change. Rather, it must be navigated instead, despite the difficulties and discomfort associated with doing so. The concluding chapter revisits the central claims of the book as a whole, arguing for the importance of careful normative analysis where the political choices of disadvantaged political actors are involved. It defends the importance of strongly contextualized work on the ethics of political action by groups facing particular patterns of persistent injustice and responding to particular political opportunity structures, while recommending nuanced comparative work on the ethical choices available to groups facing different patterns of injustice than those experienced by Aboriginal peoples (e.g., African Americans in the United States).
The Riddles of the Fourteenth Book of the Palatine Anthology
Authors: Beta Simone
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8 deals with the riddling epigrams of Book 14 of the Greek Anthology and discusses the common methods employed by the poets to disguise the solution of the aenigmata. It traces the origins of some riddles, together with their specific techniques, back to comedy and contextualizes the epigrams within the Greek and Latin ‘riddling tradition’. The comparative study of the most relevant sources (the Greek Anthology, Athenaeus’ Deipnosophists, and some manuscripts whose content still needs to be explored) leads to the conclusion that the Byzantine poets who composed riddling epigrams (Cristopher of Mytilene, John Mauropous, John Geometres, Michael Psellus, Basil Megalomytes, and Eustathius Macrembolites) could have been inspired by lost anthologies of riddles composed at different periods.
Extending the Reach of EU Law
Authors: Cremona Marise
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the ways in which the EU uses its external relations powers and its wide range of external instruments to extend the reach of EU law, and the ways in which law shapes the EU’s external action. It examines three dimensions of the relationship between law and external action: first, the role law plays in the construction of the EU’s international presence as a ‘Union of values’; second, the use of law by the EU as a way of conducting its foreign policy and constructing its relationships; third, the EU as a regulatory actor engaged in shaping, importing and promoting international legal norms. These dynamics illustrate different aspects of the notion of the global reach of EU law and in so doing they raise questions about the ambivalent role that law plays in these processes, challenging our understanding of law as the foundation of the EU’s external power and the instrument through which, and in accordance with which, it expresses that power.
Jumpstarting South Asia
Authors: Rana Pradumna B. , Chia Wai-Mun
Published: June 2019

As is well-known, the seminal work of the late Angus Maddison has established that 2,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent (modern day, South Asia) and China were by far the richest regions of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, the share of world GDP of the Indian subcontinent had started to decline. This trend reversed somewhat after the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. More recently, however, economic growth in South Asia has softened yet once again for several reasons. This book focuses on the slowing pace of economic reforms and outlines a two-pronged strategy to jumpstart South Asian economies. First, South Asian countries should complete the economic reform process that they had begun in the 1980s and 1990s and implement the more microeconomic reforms, namely, the sectoral, and governance and institutional reforms to enhance competition and improve the operation of markets. Second, they should implement the second round of ‘Look East’ policies or LEP2 to (i) link themselves to production networks in East Asia, their fastest-growing markets, and (ii) develop production networks in manufacturing and services within their region. The book argues that the proposed strategy will lead to a win-win situation for all countries in South Asia and East Asia and reinvigorate economic integration within South Asia, one of the least integrated regions of the world. The book also identifies the unfinished policy reform agenda for each South Asian country and the components of the LEP2 that they should implement.
Disability, Exclusions, and Resistance
Authors: Ghai Anita
Published: June 2019

The study of disability has been a major preoccupation of the last three decades of my life. I will make an attempt here to present disability as an epistemic category, which interrogates normalization, stigma, subjugated subjectivity, difference, deficit, and the disabled body. Disability, like questions of race, gender, caste, and class, is one of the most provocative topics among scholars who have an interest in marginality. Very few people accept the fact that disability is as much a social construct as other categories such as gender. In short, disability is conceived as a naturalized category. Society thus exhibits a structural amnesia about a particular category of people, who, because they do not fit into the hegemonic discourse of ‘normality’, are excluded, separated, and socially disempowered. This social and cultural apartheid is sustained by the existence of a built environment, which lacks amenities for the disabled and solely caters to the needs of the more complete and able-bodied ‘Other’. This social disregard coupled with experiences of social, economic, and political subjugation deny the disabled a voice, a space, and even power, to disrupt these deeply entrenched normative ideals that deprive them their social presence and any semblance of identity.
Incorporation and Corporate Representation
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents a general discussion of incorporation and corporate representation. General incorporation requires a formal process that company promoters have to go through, at the end of which the company or corporation emerges as a separate legal entity. Since investors will have access only to the corporate property, a certain degree of publicity is required in order to facilitate a clear attribution of assets and liabilities to a specific corporate entity. Disclosure is therefore an important element of the incorporation process, and remains significant throughout the duration of the company. Once incorporated, the company or corporation conducts its business by contracting and transacting with other market participants. This requires the attribution of the acts of natural persons to the corporation, causing the corporate property to be subject to, or released from, liability, or to be increased or decreased by the receipt or disposal of assets.
Constraints on Discretion: Part 2—Shareholders
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

This chapter distinguishes between the constraints imposed on the majority or controlling shareholder in the context of business operations that affect the minority detrimentally but do not result in a change in ownership of the business, and in sale of control transactions, such as a merger, sale of all or almost all of the company’s assets, or a takeover. In both cases, agency problems arise between majority and minority shareholders, but legal systems provide for distinct solutions that reflect the different economic importance of the two types of transactions and the fact that minority shareholders are particularly vulnerable to collective action problems when control of the company changes hands.
Corporate Insolvency
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the termination of the corporate existence and in particular the issue of corporate insolvency. There are many reasons for ending the corporate existence such as corporate failure, a merger, or formation of the corporation for only a limited period of time which has expired. In all these incidences, corporate law has to provide a process that ensures that pre-existing contractual entitlements are respected in accordance with the idea of creditor preference and shareholder residuarity. The remainder of the chapter discusses the special case of insolvency, in particular concepts of insolvency, the transition regimes from corporate governance to bankruptcy governance, and insolvency and restructuring options under the legal systems under consideration here. It concludes that the rise of the ‘rescue culture’ has resulted in a remarkable convergence of insolvency and restructuring law on both sides of the Atlantic.
Extinction and dust/gas ratio in the H i ridge region of the LMC based on the IRSF/SIRIUS near-infrared survey
Authors: Furuta Takuya , Kaneda Hidehiro , Kokusho Takuma , Ishihara Daisuke , Nakajima Yasushi , Fukui Yasuo , Tsuge Kisetsu
Published: June 2019

We present a dust extinction AV map of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) in the H i ridge region using the InfraRed Survey Facility (IRSF) near-infrared (IR) data, and compare the AV map with the total hydrogen column density N(H) maps derived from the CO and H i observations. In the LMC H i ridge region, the two-velocity H i components (plus an intermediate velocity component) are identified, and the young massive star cluster is possibly formed by collision between them. In addition, one of the components is suggested to be an inflow gas from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) which is expected to have even lower metallicity gas (Fukui et al. 2017, PASJ, 69, L5). To evaluate dust/gas ratios in the H i ridge region in detail, we derive the AV map from the near-IR color excess of the IRSF data updated with the latest calibration, and fit the resultant AV map with a combination of the N(H) maps of the different velocity components to decompose it successfully into the three components. As a result, we find difference by a factor of 2 in AV/N(H) between the components. In additon, the CO-to-H2 conversion factor also indicates difference between the components, implying a difference in the metallicity. Our results are likely to support the scenario that the gas in the LMC H i ridge region is contaminated with an inflow gas from the SMC with a geometry consistent with the on-going collision between the two-velocity components.
Long-term Safety and Tolerability of NKTR-181 in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Low Back Pain or Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Phase 3 Multicenter, Open-Label, 52-Week Study (SUMMIT-08 LTS)
Authors: Gudin Jeffrey , Rauck Richard , Argoff Charles , Agaiby Eva , Gimbel Joseph , Katz Nathaniel , Doberstein Stephen K , Tagliaferri Mary , Tagliaferri Margit , Potts Jeffrey , Wild James , Lu Lin , Siddhanti Suresh , Hale Martin , Markman John
Published: June 2019

Objective

To evaluate the long-term safety of NKTR-181, a novel mu-opioid receptor agonist that may have reduced human abuse potential, in patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain (CLBP) or other chronic noncancer pain (CNP).

Design

Uncontrolled, multicenter, open-label, long-term study of NKTR-181 comprised of three periods: screening (≤21 days), treatment (52 weeks), and safety follow-up (∼14 days after the last dose of NKTR-181).

Setting

Multicenter, long-term clinical research study.

Methods

NKTR-181 administered at doses of 100–600 mg twice daily (BID) was evaluated in opioid-naïve and opioid-experienced patients. Patients were enrolled de novo or following completion of the randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 efficacy study (SUMMIT-07). Safety assessments included adverse event documentation, measurements of opioid withdrawal, and clinical laboratory tests. Effectiveness was assessed using the modified Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (mBPI-SF).

Results

The study enrolled 638 patients. The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were constipation (26%) and nausea (12%). Serious TEAEs, reported in 5% of patients, were deemed by investigators to be unrelated to NKTR-181. There were no deaths or reported cases of respiratory depression. A sustained reduction in mBPI-SF pain intensity and pain interference from baseline to study termination was observed throughout treatment. Only 2% of patients discontinued NKTR-181 due to lack of efficacy, and 11% discontinued due to treatment-related AEs. NKTR-181 doses of up to 600 mg BID were generally well tolerated, and patients experienced low rates of opioid-related adverse events.

Conclusions

The study results support the premise that NKTR-181 is a safe and effective option for patients with moderate to severe CLBP or CNP.
Duality and self-duality of the spin-1 model in the covariant operator formalism
Authors: de Gracia G B , Pimentel B M , Rabanal L
Published: June 2019

We perform the covariant operator quantization of the spin-$1$ model in $2+1$ spacetime dimensions to rigorously establish its dualities. For this purpose, the Kugo–Ojima–Nakanishi formalism, based on an indefinite metric Hilbert space in the Heisenberg picture, is used. We show that it is possible to extract a massive physical excitation constructed from a linear combination of the vector field $A_{\mu}$ and the $B$-field. In turn, we also show that this excitation generates the Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory. This is achieved by exploring the two-point function of the vector field.
Liquidity Affects Job Choice: Evidence from Teach for America*
Authors: Coffman Lucas C , Conlon John J , Featherstone Clayton R , Kessler Judd B
Published: June 2019

Can access to a few hundred dollars of liquidity affect the career choice of a recent college graduate? In a three-year field experiment with Teach For America (TFA), a prestigious teacher placement program, we randomly increase the financial packages offered to nearly 7,300 potential teachers who requested support for the transition into teaching. The first two years of the experiment reveal that although most applicants do not respond to a marginal $600 of grants or loans, those in the worst financial position respond by joining TFA at higher rates. We continue the experiment into the third year and self-replicate our results. For the highest-need applicants, an extra $600 in loans, $600 in grants, and $1,200 in grants increase the likelihood of joining TFA by 12.2, 11.4, and 17.1 percentage points (or 20.0%, 18.7%, and 28.1%), respectively. Additional grant and loan dollars are equally effective, suggesting a liquidity mechanism. A follow-up survey bolsters the liquidity story and also shows that those drawn into teaching would have otherwise worked in private-sector firms.
Short- and Long-Horizon Behavioral Factors
Authors: Daniel Kent , Hirshleifer David , Sun Lin
Published: June 2019

We propose a theoretically motivated factor model based on investor psychology and assess its ability to explain the cross-section of U.S. equity returns. Our factor model augments the market factor with two factors that capture long- and short-horizon mispricing. The long-horizon factor exploits the information in managers’ decisions to issue or repurchase equity in response to persistent mispricing. The short-horizon earnings surprise factor, which is motivated by investor inattention and evidence of short-horizon underreaction, captures short-horizon anomalies. This 3-factor risk-and-behavioral model outperforms other proposed models in explaining a broad range of return anomalies. (JEL G12, G14)

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
How public policies have shaped the technological progress in the Brazilian aeronautics industry: Embraer case
Authors: Francelino Josiane de Araújo , Urbina Ligia Maria Soto , Furtado André Tosi , Chagas Milton de Freitas
Published: June 2019

Despite the growing interest in Embraer, the Brazilian world leading aircraft manufacturers, little empirical research exists on the role of Public Procurement for Innovation (PPI), in Brazil, on the shaping of technological capabilities of the aeronautics industry. To capture those impacts, developing a methodological approach is necessary. Thus, the objective of this article is to evaluate the impacts of PPI on Embraer over the last forty years, developing a model for categorizing and analyzing the general technological aspects of those impacts, implemented through Brazilian Defense Acquisition Programs. The results suggest that the Brazilian Aeronautical Policy led to the development of very specific technical capabilities in Embraer, which allowed its evolution in civil aviation.
‘Bad for the Health of the Body, Worse for the Health of the Mind’: Female Responses to Imprisonment in England, 1853–1869
Authors: Bennett Rachel
Published: June 2019

Upon committal to one of the newly established female convict prisons in the mid-nineteenth century, women entered a system intended to regulate them in body and in mind for the ends of reform. This article interrogates how women’s health needs were identified and contested by the prison officials and doctors tasked with their custody and care. It highlights the importance of broader temporal gender beliefs in dictating their treatment in this carceral space and explores how the women themselves exercised agency over the terms of their imprisonment. In addition, it reveals the previously underexplored transference of women between the institutions that made up the female convict estate that was prompted by concerns about the impact of a rigorous prison system on their physical and mental health.
Adult-onset Huntington disease
Authors: Urrutia Nancy L.
Published: June 2019

Appropriate nursing-care strategies depend on the early recognition of Huntington disease (HD) to prioritize a plan of care. This article offers perspective on the clinical presentation, prognosis, diagnosis, and management of adult-onset HD.
Rethinking Goals: Transforming Short-Term Global Health Experiences Into Engagements
Authors: Ventres William B. , Wilson Brenda K.
Published: June 2019

The authors challenge the conventional wisdom guiding what participants in short-term experiences in global health (STEGHs) should be learning. Medical students and residents from the United States have been told to focus on standardized competencies and ethical principles, in addition to the biomedical knowledge, skills, and attitudes highlighted by working internationally. The authors suggest that although these training goals are important, they may divert learners from developing their professional identities in ways that contribute to the health of all persons, especially those who are economically poor and socially marginalized. The authors postulate that such a professional transformation will occur only if STEGH participants attend to 5 key learning goals: develop contextual inquisitiveness, grow in insightful understanding, nurture global humility, cultivate structural awareness, and critically engage in the pursuit of creating equitable and just societies. Further, the authors argue that only by attending to these goals will any genuine change in the root causes of inequities in health outcomes occur. The authors review these goals and encourage their use for professional and pedagogical purposes over the duration of any STEGH—before departure, while in host communities, and upon return home.
Late-Career Faculty: A Survey of Faculty Affairs and Faculty Development Leaders of U.S. Medical Schools
Authors: Skarupski Kimberly A. , Dandar Valerie , Mylona Elza , Chatterjee Archana , Welch Cheryl , Singh Meenakshi
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Individuals 55 or older constitute 28.5% of the U.S. population but 32% of full-time faculty at U.S. medical schools accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME). The academic medicine community knows little about the policies, programs, and resources for faculty in pre- and post-retirement stages. The authors sought to inventory the range of institutional resources for late-career faculty development and retirement planning in U.S. LCME-accredited medical schools.

Method

The authors surveyed 138 medical school faculty affairs deans and leaders in May 2017 to ascertain (1) priorities around retirement, succession planning, and workforce development/support; (2) retirement policies; (3) late-career and retirement resources; and (4) perceived factors impacting faculty retirement.

Results

Of those invited, 84 (60.9%) responded to the survey, and of these, 44 (52.4%) disagreed or strongly disagreed that retirement planning and support was a top priority in their offices. Less than half (n = 35 [41.7%]) reported that their institution had a retirement policy. The 5 most common late-career and retirement-related resources offered were emeriti or honorific appointments, academic benefits for retirees, phased retirement, retirement counseling, and financial planning. More than half the respondents noted that the following factors impact faculty retirements: physician burnout (43/75 respondents [57.3%]), decreased grant funding (42/75 [56.0%]), and changes in productivity requirements (38/75 [50.7%]).

Conclusions

These data highlight a distinct, startling gap between the needs of a fast-growing population of late-career faculty and the priorities of their institutions. Faculty affairs/faculty development offices must meet these growing needs.
Parental Report of Self and Child Worry During Acute Pain
Authors: Mamedova Khuraman , Pillai Riddell Rebecca R. , DiLorenzo Miranda G. , Flora David B. , Garfield Hartley , Greenberg Saul
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine which variables predict parental postvaccination pain ratings. It was hypothesized that after child behavior, parental sensitivity, and parental reports of worry would be the strongest predictors.

Methods:

Data for 215 parent-child dyads were analyzed from a longitudinal cohort at the preschool (4 to 5 y of age) vaccination. Preschoolers’ pain behaviors 15 seconds, 1 minute 15 seconds, and 2 minutes 15 seconds after the painful immunization were observed and rated. Parental sensitivity, as well as parental own worry and their assessment of their child’s worry, were assessed before and after the needle. Three regression models were used to determine the impact of these variables on parental pain assessment.

Results:

Preschoolers’ pain behaviors moderately accounted for variance in parental pain judgment (R

2
=0.23 to 0.28). Parental sensitivity was not a significant unique predictor of parental pain rating at the preschool age. Parental assessment of their own worry and worry about their preschoolers after the needle were critical contributors to parental pain judgment. Post hoc analyses suggest that parents who report low child worry, are more congruent with their child during regulatory phases postvaccination. However, both parents with high and low self-worry had more congruent pain ratings with child pain behavior scores during the reactivity phase.

Discussion:

The study suggests that the majority of variance in parent pain ratings was not predominantly based on preschoolers’ pain behaviors. Parental worry levels and their assessment of their child’s worry were also significant predictors. Clinical implications are discussed.
Intra-articular Radial Head Fractures: A Deceptive Type of Injury
Authors: Dragoni Massimiliano , Sanpera Ignacio , Villafranca-Solano Sandra , Piza-Vallespir Gabriel , Salom Marta
Published: June 2019

Background:

Isolated intra-articular radial head (IARH) fractures in skeletally immature patients represent a rare injury. Despite their initial benign radiologic appearance, these fractures are at risk for progressive radial head subluxation and may end with degenerative irreversible changes of the radiocapitellar joint. The aim of this study is to highlight the seriousness of these injuries and the importance of early diagnosis and a proper follow-up to achieve optimal outcomes.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 6 patients with IARH fractures treated at our institution between 2011 and 2016. All patients presented with Salter-Harris types III or IV fracture. Five of 6 fractures were initially undisplaced. Treatment, clinical, and radiographic results were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to treatment: patients included in group A were treated conservatively, whereas patients of group B were treated with early surgery. The final functional outcome was assessed using the Oxford Elbow Score (OES). The Broberg-Morrey classification was used for the radiographic results.

Results:

Group A included 3 patients (average age, 11±2 y). They developed an initially missed posterior subluxation of the radiocapitellar joint that caused to all of them a painful elbow and limited range of motion (ROM). Despite rescue surgery, they all presented with limited ROM at the final follow-up, although no functional limitations (OES, 46.3±2.9). The radiographs showed early degenerative changes. Group B included 3 patients (average age, 11±1 y) all treated surgically within 1 week from the injury. They showed no limitation of ROM and good functional (OES, 47.7) and radiologic outcomes.

Conclusions:

IARH fractures in skeletally immature children are deceptive injuries which are often underestimated. Surgeons should be aware of these fractures, especially when a discrepancy between the clinical signs and symptoms, and the radiologic appearance exists, as this may be the only red flag that allows their identification in the acute setting. An early and accurate diagnosis followed by prompt and more aggressive treatment when necessary is mandatory for successful results.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—case series.