bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The rarefied (non-continuum) conditions of tracer particle transport in soils, with implications for assessing the intensity and depth dependence of mixing from geochronology
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Schumer Rina , Keen-Zebert Amanda
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We formulate tracer particle transport and mixing in soils due to disturbance driven particle motions in terms of the Fokker-Planck equation. The probabilistic basis of the formulation is suitable for rarefied particle conditions, and for parsing the mixing behavior of extensive and intensive properties belonging to the particles rather than to the bulk soil. The significance of the formulation is illustrated with the examples of vertical profiles of expected 10Be concentrations and particle OSL ages for the benchmark situation involving a one-dimensional mean upward soil motion with nominally steady surface erosion in the presence of either uniform or depth dependent particle mixing, and varying mixing intensity. The analysis, together with Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical simulations of tracer particle motions, highlight the significance of calculating ensemble expected values of extensive and intensive particle properties, including higher moments of particle OSL ages, rather than assuming de facto a continuum-like mixing behavior, with implications for field sampling and for describing the mixing behavior of other particle and soil properties. Profiles of expected 10Be concentrations and OSL ages systematically vary with mixing intensity as measured by a Peclet number involving the speed at which particles enter the soil, the soil thickness, and the particle diffusivity. Profiles associated with uniform mixing versus a linear decrease in mixing with depth are distinct for moderate mixing, but become similar with either weak mixing or strong mixing; uniform profiles do not necessarily imply uniform mixing.
Assessing the large-scale impacts of environmental change using a coupled hydrology and soil erosion model
Authors: Eekhout Joris P. C. , Terink Wilco , de Vente Joris
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Assessing the impacts of environmental change on soil erosion and sediment
yield at the large catchment scale remains one of the main challenges in soil
erosion modelling studies. Here, we present a process-based soil erosion
model, based on the integration of the Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion model in
a daily based hydrological model. The model overcomes many of the limitations
of previous large-scale soil erosion models, as it includes a more complete
representation of crucial processes like surface runoff generation, dynamic
vegetation development, and sediment deposition, and runs at the catchment
scale with a daily time step. This makes the model especially suited for the
evaluation of the impacts of environmental change on soil erosion and
sediment yield at regional scales and over decadal periods. The model was
successfully applied in a large catchment in southeastern Spain. We
demonstrate the model's capacity to perform impact assessments of
environmental change scenarios, specifically simulating the scenario impacts
of intra- and inter-annual variations in climate, land management, and
vegetation development on soil erosion and sediment yield.
Closing the energy balance using a canopy heat capacity and storage concept – a physically based approach for the land component JSBACHv3.11
Authors: Heidkamp Marvin , Chlond Andreas , Ament Felix
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Land surface–atmosphere interaction is one of the most important
characteristic for understanding the terrestrial climate system, as it
determines the exchange fluxes of energy and water between the land and the
overlying air mass. In several current climate models, it is common practice to use an unphysical
approach to close the surface energy balance within the uppermost soil layer
with finite thickness and heat capacity. In this study, a different approach
is investigated by means of a physically based estimation of the canopy heat
storage (SkIn+). Therefore, as a first step, results of an offline simulation of the land
component JSBACH of the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM) – constrained with
atmospheric observations – are compared to energy fluxes and water fluxes
derived from eddy covariance measurements observed at the CASES-99 field
experiment in Kansas, where shallow vegetation prevails. This comparison of
energy and evapotranspiration fluxes with observations at the site-level
provides an assessment of the model's capacity to correctly reproduce the
diurnal cycle. Following this, a global coupled land–atmosphere experiment
is performed using an AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) type
simulation over 30 years to evaluate the regional impact of the
SkIn+ scheme on a longer timescale, in particular, with respect
to the effect of the canopy heat storage. The results of the offline experiment show that SkIn+
leads to a warming during the day and to a cooling at night relative to
the old reference scheme, thereby improving the performance in the
representation of the modeled surface fluxes on diurnal timescales. In
particular: nocturnal heat releases unrealistically destroying the stable
boundary layer disappear and phase errors are removed. On the global scale,
for regions with no or low vegetation and a pronounced diurnal cycle, the
nocturnal cooling prevails due to the fact that stable conditions at night
maintain the delayed response in temperature, whereas the daytime turbulent
exchange amplifies it. For the tropics and boreal forests as well as high
latitudes, the scheme tends to warm the system.
Caffeine vs Carbamazepine as indicators for wastewater pollution in
a karst aquifer
Authors: Dvory Noam Zach , Livshitz Yakov , Kuznetsov Michael , Adar Eilon , Gasser Guy , Pankratov Irena , Lev Ovadia , Yakirevich Alexander
Published: August 2018

Abstract. This paper presents the analysis of caffeine and carbamazepine transport in the subsurface during and after sewage discharge in the Sorek creek over outcrops of the Western Mountain Aquifer (Yarkon-Taninim) in Israel. Both caffeine and carbamazepine were used as indicators for sewage contamination in the subsurface. While carbamazepine is considered conservative, caffeine is subject to sorption and degradation. The objective of the study was to quantify differences in their transport under conditions in the carbonate aquifer. A quasi-3D dual permeability numerical model was used to simulate water flow and transport of both pollutants in a vadose zone – aquifer system. The results of this study show that each of these two pollutants can be considered as effective tracers for characterization and assessment of aquifer contamination. Carbamazepine was found to be more suitable to assess the contamination boundaries, while caffeine can be used as a contaminant tracer only briefly after contamination occurred. In instances when there are low concentrations of carbamazepine which appear as background contamination in an aquifer, caffeine might serve as a better marker for detect new contamination events given its temporal nature. The estimated caffeine degradation rate and the distribution coefficient of linear sorption isotherm were 0.091 d−1 and 0.1 L/kg, respectively, which imply a high attenuation capacity. The results of the simulation indicate that around 95 % of carbamazepine mass was retained in the porous matrix of the unsaturated zone by the end of the year, while all of the caffeine was completely degraded a few months after the sewage was discharged.
Las ramas técnico-artísticas y los modos de organizar la producción en las tiras diarias televisivas (telenovelas) argentinas
Authors: Carboni Ornela
Published: August 2018

Los procesos de organización productiva y del trabajo en las industrias culturales han sido poco abordados. Por este motivo, el estudio se centra en las fases productivas y la división del trabajo en ramas técnicas y artísticas dentro de las tiras diarias televisivas (telenovelas) en Argentina. En total contabilizamos seis ramas: producción, dirección, fotografía, arte, sonido y edición. Se explica cada una de ellas, el personal involucrado y las funciones que desempeñan. Se conjugan dos perspectivas teóricas, la economía política de la comunicación y la sociología del trabajo. En esta dirección, se hace hincapié en el trabajo creativo, los tipos de trabajos implicados redundante y/o aleatorio, la división del trabajo y las economías del tiempo. Metodológicamente, se efectuaron entrevistas a actores clave del sector, se procedió a la revisión documental y bibliográfica con el fin de sistematizar datos para el análisis.
El Indicador de la Rentabilidad Social en Comunicación (IRSCOM): Medir para transformar
Authors: Chaparro Manuel , Olmedo Silvia , Gabilondo Victoria
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo aborda la construcción del Índice de Rentabilidad Social en Comunicación (IRSCOM), que pretende recoger valores ligados al funcionamiento de los medios audiovisuales, eludiendo la visión mercantilista, potenciando la participación ciudadana y la transparencia en su gestión. Este indicador es una propuesta que persigue corregir las deficiencias en la rentabilidad social de los medios para consolidar modelos mediáticos que respondan a lógicas centradas en la construcción democrática, la fortaleza de la pluralidad y la diversidad.
El establecimiento fotográfico y la revista "Instantáneas" de los hermanos Salvi Loscos. Documentación sobre el comercio, la industria y los modelos comunicativos en fotografía
Authors: Sánchez-Vigil Juan Miguel , Olivera Zaldua María
Published: August 2018

En la historia de la fotografía española las investigaciones sobre la industria y específicamente sobre el comercio y su función sociocultural son muy escasas, así como sobre los profesionales que pusieron en marcha este tipo de negocios. La familia Salvi fue una de las más emprendedoras, con varias empresas desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la Guerra Civil de 1936. Se da a conocer en este trabajo la actividad profesional e intelectual de los Salvi a través del establecimiento fotográfico fundado y dirigido por Carlos Salvi Loscos en 1887, y de la revista Instantáneas, creada y dirigida por su hermano Manuel Salvi Loscos en 1898. Se aportan datos inéditos para la historia de la fotografía española en una doble vertiente: por una parte, el impacto social y cultural del comercio en la actividad fotográfica, y por otra la función e interés de la revista Instantáneas, entre las especializadas en la materia, a partir del análisis de sus contenidos.
Of Many Minds inMiddlemarch
Authors: Star Summer J.
Published: August 2018

This article considers the prominence and ambivalent value of multitasking in Middlemarch, arguing that such ambivalence is evident in two respects and important in another. It is evident in the way characters of striking efficiency and duplicity provide counterweights to each other, and in the way the narrative resists a normative account of “mind.” It is important, I argue, for thinking about the particularly moral attitude toward mental experience that Middlemarch performs. Eliot was not simply trying to portray mental experience “realistically” in Middlemarch; rather, through the mental diversity of her characters—minds diverse within themselves and ineffably diverse from each other—she was expressing realism as a particular mode of attention: a movement toward and commitment to complexity, arrested at the moment of encounter, attention, acknowledgment. My concern in this article is to explain why that embodied state of attention, evoked by multitasking, was particularly important to the representation of human minds.
Long-distance extraction attraction: A production-based account of an unexpected cross-linguistic structure
Authors: McDaniel Dana
Published: August 2018

The focus of this paper is a grammatically unexpected long-distance (LD) extraction structure in which the extracted element morphologically articulates with the verb of the clause where it is pronounced rather than with the verb of the extraction clause. The structure manifests itself differently cross-linguistically, depending on the language’s morphosyntax. I suggest that this grammatical possibility evolved in response to the sentence planning challenge posed by LD wh-movement. Specifically, LD movement structures conflict with the incremental clause-by-clause planning production process; the fronted element relates to a clause whose internal structure isn’t planned at the outset. The unexpected structure is seen as a consequence of production pressures playing a role in shaping grammars.
The Comparison of Lower Extremity Isokinetic Strength in Volleyball Players According to the Leagues
Authors: Akarcesme Cengiz , Hazir Aytar Sinem
Published: August 2018

The purpose of the study is to compare the ratio of lower extremity isokinetic hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q),bilateral strength difference (BLD) and relative peak torques (RPT) in volleyball players according to the leagues.101 volleyball players participated in the study (female=34, male=25 from 1st league; female=21, male=21 from 2ndleague). Isokinetic extension and flexion of knee muscle strengths of the volleyball players were determined withisokinetic dynamometer. Independent t test was used to compare volleyball players' flexor and extensor RPT, H/Qratios and BLD according to their leagues. In the study conducted, it was determined that both male and femalevolleyball players playing the 1st league had higher RPTs at 60°s-1 and 180°s-1 angular velocities. It was determinedthat volleyball players’ BLD was within the desired limits, whereas their H/Q ratios were low. As a result, it wasdetermined that the lower extremity isokinetic knee muscle RPT of the volleyball players playing in the 1st Leaguehad better values than those playing in the 2nd league, but these values were higher in the extension RPT. Since theessential requirement of volleyball is the jumping strength of the movements, this case may be related to the greaterdevelopment of the extensor muscles.
Teachers' Development Approaches of High School Administrators
Authors: Gökyer Necmi , Türkoğlu İsmail
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this research is to determine the level of teacher development approaches of high school managers,according to their views and the opinions of teachers. The universe of the study constitutes of 2805 teachers in 47high schools in Elazığ province in 2016-2017 academic year conducted in screening research type. The sampleconsists of eight schools determined by random sampling method and 356 teachers and 150 managers working inthese schools. According to the results of the research, managers use the approaches which are in the sub-dimensionsof teacher development activities and the continuous professional development, and the whole scale at the level of“sometimes”; and the approaches which are in sub-dimensionof the educative role of administrators of at the level of“always”. According to the views of high school teachers, school administrators use the approaches in thesubdimensions of educative role of managers, teacher development activities and in the whole scale at the level ofmostly.
Trends in Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis and Deep Vein Thrombosis Rates After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Bawa Harpreet , Weick Jack W. , Dirschl Douglas R. , Luu Hue H.
Published: August 2018

Introduction:

Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are at high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) postoperatively, necessitating the use of prophylaxis medications. This investigation used a large claims database to evaluate trends in postoperative DVT prophylaxis and rates of DVT within 6 months after THA or TKA.

Methods:

Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefits databases were reviewed from 2004 to 2013 for patients who underwent THA or TKA. Data were collected on patient age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and hypercoagulability diagnoses. Postoperative medication claims were reviewed for prescribed aspirin, warfarin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.

Results:

A total of 369,483 patients were included in the analysis, of which 239,949 patients had prescription medication claims. Warfarin was the most commonly prescribed anticoagulant. Patients with a hypercoagulable diagnosis had markedly more DVTs within 6 months after THA or TKA. More patients with a hypercoagulable diagnosis were treated with warfarin or lovenox than other types of anticoagulants. A multivariate regression analysis was performed, showing that patients prescribed aspirin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban were markedly less likely than those prescribed warfarin or enoxaparin to have a DVT within 6 months after THA or TKA.

Conclusion:

After THA and TKA, warfarin is the most commonly prescribed prophylaxis. Patients with hypercoagulability diagnoses are at a higher risk of postoperative DVT. The likelihood of DVT within 6 months of THA and TKA was markedly higher in patients treated with warfarin and lovenox and markedly lower in those treated with aspirin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban.

Level of Evidence:

Level III
Comportamento ingestivo de vacas nulíparas com diferentes pelagens em pastagem nativa no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Alves Jaquesson Minuzzo , Vilanova Marcele Sousa
Published: August 2018

O experimento foi conduzido em propriedade particular, localizada na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, no município de Monte Alegre dos Campos/RS, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de vacas nulíparas. Os animais foram manejados em uma área de pastagem nativa durante o mês de janeiro de 2017. Os tratamentos resultaram na combinação fatorial (3 x 3), de três colorações de pelagem (vermelha, baia e preta) e três turnos de avaliação (manhã, meio-dia e tarde) dispostos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Para as avaliações foram utilizadas nove fêmeas bovinas com tendência racial europeia e peso corporal médio de 450 kg. As observações foram realizadas através da técnica do etograma, com duração de 10 horas, sendo feitas de 10 em 10 minutos em período diurno, durante quatro dias consecutivos. As variáveis avaliadas foram: os tempos despendidos com pastejo, ruminação, caminhada, ócio, bebendo água, urinando/defecando, permanência na floresta e busca pela sombra. O comportamento ingestivo foi dividido em 41% pastando, 29,5% ruminando, 13,2% em ócio, 6,5% caminhando, 0,8% ingerindo água e 9% do tempo as vacas nulíparas passaram na floresta. A pelagem e o turno influenciaram significativamente (p < 0,05) o comportamento ingestivo dos animais, sendo que o turno influenciou os comportamentos de pastejo, ruminação, ócio, permanência na floresta e caminhada, enquanto a pelagem influenciou os comportamentos de pastejo, ruminação e permanência na sombra. Os animais tendem a diminuir a ingestão de alimento e aumentar a taxa de ruminação no turno do meio-dia, sendo que os de pelagem preta iniciam essas atividades antes e são os animais que mais procuram a sombra durante o dia.
Uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para avaliar o comportamento de pastejo de bovinos
Authors: Aguilar Natalia Maria Alejandra , De Olivera Costa Franciely
Published: August 2018

O estudo do comportamento de pastejo em bovinos pode ser considerado uma ferramenta importante para entender porque os animais escolhem algumas plantas ou momentos para pastejar. Para estudar o comportamento de pastejo, geralmente é desejável que as observações sejam feitas ao longo das 24 horas do dia. Observações deste tipo, no entanto, não são fáceis de realizar quando dependem da presença de observadores humanos, devido a uma série de dificuldades na coleta de dados e erros de registro ou imprecisão na identificação da área de estudo. Nos estudos de comportamento alimentar, em ungulados selvagens e domésticos, o uso de tecnologias de precisão procura facilitar a coleta de informações sobre os animais e o ambiente, reduzindo a interferência da presença dos observadores sobre o comportamento dos mesmos. O objetivo desta revisão foi identificar alguns dispositivos eletrônicos como possíveis ferramentas para avaliar o comportamento de pastejo de bovinos de corte em sistemas extensivos. Os primeiros dispositivos desenvolvidos apresentaram algumas limitações para o seu uso em grandes áreas ou para registrar e armazenar informações comportamentais durante vários dias ou longos períodos. Em vista dessas dificuldades, o uso de dispositivos com maior capacidade de armazenamento e outras possibilidades de registros foi implementado para registrar o comportamento de pastejo em sistemas extensivos. Os colares GPS têm sido utilizados nos estudos comportamentais no campo da pecuária com o objetivo de registrar, além da localização, os comportamentos realizados, determinando o tipo e nível de atividade através de sistemas automatizados, sensores de movimento que registram os movimentos da cabeça ou acelerômetros para estimar atividades como pastejo. A informação obtida com essas ferramentas é valiosa para o estudo do comportamento dos bovinos de corte em pastagens, e serviria para entender a complexidade dos processos envolvidos na interação planta-animal-ambiente e o manejo de pastagem.
Neuroanatomia do medo em mamíferos
Authors: Gneiding Beatriz , Gneiding José Eduardo Basilio Oliveira , Lucioli Joelma , Bonotto Daniela Romani , Silva Bruna Carvalho da , Gomes Carlos Jose
Published: August 2018

No transcorrer da história, pensadores e cientistas buscaram compreender as emoções, o comportamento e sua ligação com estruturas cerebrais e funções fisiológicas. Apesar da complexidade do encéfalo nas diferentes espécies, algumas ações cerebrais são comuns a todos os mamíferos, como as ocasionadas pelo medo. Este foi detalhadamente mapeado, evidenciando a existência de circuitos neurais específicos para o comportamento emocional. O medo possui dois circuitos distintos, um para o estímulo condicionado e outro para o incondicionado. O medo condicionado, também conhecido como medo aprendido, é desencadeado por estímulos que antecipam acontecimentos aversivos previamente vivenciados pelo animal, através de adapta-ções ou situações no ambiente no qual está estabelecido. Já o medo incondicionado, não derivado de experiências vividas anteriormente, conduz para o comportamento de fuga e/ou ataque na presença de um perigo real existente, a fim de livrar-se de uma situação ameaçadora. Embora as mesmas estruturas neurais estejam envolvidas, as vias utilizadas nesse mecanismo são distintas. Estes tópicos são abordados mais detalhadamente nesta revisão bibliográfica.
Síndrome da disfunção cognitiva canina: revisão de literatura
Authors: Carvalho da Silva Bruna , Gneiding Beatriz , Lucioli Joelma , Tesser Jéssica Sara , Gneiding José Eduardo Basilio de Oliveira
Published: August 2018

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo dissertar sobre os aspectos atuais acerca do processo de envelhecimento, bem como da síndrome da disfunção cognitiva canina. O processo de envelhecimento cerebral nos cães se caracteriza por alterações como atrofia cortical, mineralização meníngea, lesões perivasculares, angiopatia amiloide cerebrovascular, perda de neurônios, desmielinização, acúmulo de placas senis, danos oxidativos, entre outras. Devido à degeneração patológica que ocorre no cérebro, as alterações comportamentais são os primeiros sinais de declínio cognitivo em cães geriátricos. Desse modo, a síndrome da disfunção cognitiva (SDC) é reconhecida como uma doença neurodegenerativa que acomete animais a partir dos seis anos de idade, sendo seriamente subdiagnosticada, pois os tutores omitem as mudanças comportamentais de seus animais nas consultas veterinárias, acreditando que estas são alterações normais relacionadas ao envelhecimento. Outro fator importante é a falta de questionamento dos médicos veterinários quanto a mudanças que indicam declínio cognitivo. O diagnóstico é complexo e pode envolver exames de imagem, laboratoriais, aplicação de questionários específicos para alterações comportamentais, além da exclusão de outras enfermidades. O tratamento consiste na utilização de fármacos, enriquecimento ambiental, alteração no manejo e na dieta, objetivando retardar a evolução da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente.
Great differences in performance and outcome of high-throughput sequencing data analysis platforms for fungal metabarcoding
Authors: Anslan Sten , Nilsson Henrik , Wurzbacher Christian , Baldrian Petr , Tedersoo Leho , Bahram Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Along with recent developments in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and thus fast accumulation of HTS data, there has been a growing need and interest for developing tools for HTS data processing and communication. In particular, a number of bioinformatics tools have been designed for analysing metabarcoding data, each with specific features, assumptions and outputs. To evaluate the potential effect of the application of different bioinformatics workflow on the results, we compared the performance of different analysis platforms on two contrasting high-throughput sequencing data sets. Our analysis revealed that the computation time, quality of error filtering and hence output of specific bioinformatics process largely depends on the platform used. Our results show that none of the bioinformatics workflows appear to perfectly filter out the accumulated errors and generate Operational Taxonomic Units, although PipeCraft, LotuS and PIPITS perform better than QIIME2 and Galaxy for the tested fungal amplicon data set. We conclude that the output of each platform require manual validation of the OTUs by examining the taxonomy assignment values.
A data-driven method for the determination of water-flow velocity in watershed modelling
Authors: Zhou Qiming , Zhang Fangli , Cheng Liang
Published: August 2018

Physically-based distributed hydrological models have always played an important role in watershed hydrology. Existing hydrological modeling applications focused more on the estimation of water balance and less on the simulation of water transportation in a catchment. Different from the prediction of flow production, the dynamic simulation of flow concentration depends largely on the field distribution of water-flow velocity. However, it is still difficult to determine the water-flow velocity with terrain analysis techniques, which had always hampered the application of hydrological models in surface water transportation simulation. This study, therefore, proposes a data-driven method for creating a field map of overland flow velocity based on the Manning’s equation. Case study on a gauged watershed is undertaken to validate the spatial distribution of flow velocity. The preliminary results indicate that the proposed empirical method can reasonably determine the spatial distribution of water-flow velocity. Further efforts are still required to support the space-time change of flow velocity under the control of microtopography and instantaneous water depth.
Spatial variability of soil pH and land use as the main influential factor in redbeds of the Nanxiong Basin, China
Authors: Yan Ping , Peng Hua , Yan Luobin , Zhang Shaoyun , Chen Aimin
Published: August 2018

Soil pH is the main factor affecting soil nutrient availability and chemical substances in soil. It is of great significance to study the spatial variability of soil pH for soil nutrient management and soil pollution prediction. In order to explore the causes of spatial variability of soil pH in redbed areas, the Nanxiong Basin in south China was selected as an example, and soil pH was measured in the topsoil by nested sampling (0–20 cm depth). The spatial variability characteristics of the soil pH were analysed by geostatistics and classical statistical methods, and the main factors influencing the spatial variability of soil pH are discussed. The results showed that the coefficient of variation in the redbed areas of Nanxiong Basin was 17.18%, indicating moderate variability. The geostatistics analysis showed that the spherical model is the optimal theoretical model for explaining the soil pH’s variability, which is influenced by both structural and random factors. The spatial distribution and pattern analysis showed that soil pH content in the northeast and southwest is relatively high, and is lower in the northwest. These results indicate that topographic factors and land use patterns are the main factors.
Geomorphometry-10 years after the book-challenges ahead ?
Authors: Reuter Hannes Isaak
Published: August 2018

In 2008 the Geomorphometry book was published after several years of work on it. 10 years have passed since the book has been published, many more years since the early work of the grandfathers of this domain. One of the key definition in the book was the following: Geomorphometry is the science of digital terrain modelling, analysis and quantitative land surface analysis.The author argues that this definition still holds true. The paper discusses past developments and future questions and argues that we need to move to a predicted space-time geomorphomerty parameters based approach.
The proportion of core species in a community varies with spatial scale and environmental heterogeneity
Authors: Jenkins Molly F , White Ethan P , Hurlbert Allen H
Published: August 2018

Ecological communities are composed of a combination of core species that maintain local viable populations and transient species that occur infrequently due to dispersal from surrounding regions. Preliminary work indicates that while core and transient species are both commonly observed in community surveys of a wide range of taxonomic groups, their relative prevalence varies substantially from one community to another depending upon the spatial scale at which the community was characterized and its environmental context. We used a geographically extensive dataset of 968 bird community time series to quantitatively describe how the proportion of core species in a community varies with spatial scale and environmental heterogeneity. We found that the proportion of core species in an assemblage increased with spatial scale in a positive decelerating fashion with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of transient species. Variation in the shape of this scaling relationship between sites was related to regional environmental heterogeneity, with lower proportions of core species at a given scale associated with high environmental heterogeneity. This influence of scale and environmental heterogeneity on the proportion of core species may help resolve discrepancies between studies of biotic interactions, resource availability, and mass effects conducted at different scales, because the importance of these and other ecological processes are expected to differ substantially between core and transient species.
Periwinkle climbing response to water- and airbone predator chemical cues may depend on home-marsh geography
Authors: Carroll John M , Church Morgan B , Finelli Christopher M
Published: August 2018

The salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata, exhibits a spatial refuge from predation by climbing the stems of Spartina alterniflora in order to avoid benthic predators. Salt marsh periwinkles have a broad geographic distribution, and for many species, responses to predators also varies with biogeography. This study sought to determine if the geographical location of the home marsh influenced the response of periwinkles (climbing height) to blue crab predator cues both via air and water. Snails from Louisiana (LA) climbed higher in general than those from North Carolina (NC), regardless of chemical cue. However, LA snails climbed 11cm higher in the presence of waterborne predators than control snails with no cue, while NC snails only climbed 5cm higher in the same comparisons. Airborne chemical cue tended to have snails climbing at intermediate heights. These responses were significantly enhanced when both populations of snails were housed together. Periwinkle response to predator cues was stronger in LA than NC, and so it is possible that the behavioral response of these snails to predators varies with biogeography of the home marsh. Also interestingly, the results of this study also suggest that cue delivery is probably occurring via mechanisms other than water, and potentially via airborne cues. Therefore, salt marsh periwinkles likely respond to numerous cues that initiate behavioral responses, including airborne cues, and these responses may vary by home-marsh geography.
Using Three-Dimensional Printing to Enhance Cross-Sectional Anatomy Instruction
Authors: Casciato Dominick J. , Builes Natalie A. , Singh Bibi N.
Published: August 2018

Background:

The increased use of external interventions to diagnose and treat podiatric medical pathologies has warranted a greater understanding of the lower extremity in the transverse plane. Films, prosections, and plastinated cross sections have long been used alongside traditional instruction to assist students in anatomical studies. These methods, however, often fail to provide the tactile component of anatomical dissection and may obscure or exclude the requisite structures for identification by medical students. Such teaching techniques prove costly, time sensitive, and dated compared with the relatively less expensive and customizable nature of three-dimensional (3-D) printing.

Methods:

Limb length was measured on a cadaveric specimen, and eight cross sections of equal width were excised. Manual sketches of these sections were then digitized and 3-D printed.

Results:

Three-dimensional printing provides a safe and reproducible means to construct customizable cross sections of the lower extremity. Moreover, this method proves to be relatively inexpensive.

Conclusions:

Advancing traditional didactic teaching with the use of cost-effective 3-D printing can facilitate the visuospatial comprehension of lower-extremity anatomy. The evolution of 3-D printing enhances the clinical skills essential for the interpretation of imaging studies as well as planning for surgical procedures such as external fixation application.
Arthroscopic Microfracture for Traumatic Arthritis of Lateral Tarsometatarsal Joints
Authors: Lee Kwang-Bok , Jeong Seong-Yup
Published: August 2018

Conservative treatment is generally successful in treating early tarsometatarsal joint arthritis. However, if such treatment fails, invasive arthrodesis or arthroplasty may be needed. Arthroscopy is a less invasive alternative and can provide a precise diagnosis of early osteoarthritis or cartilage injury. Furthermore, arthroscopic treatments such as microfracture, chondroplasty, or loose-body removal are expected to delay progression of the osteoarthritis. We describe a 52-year-old man with early tarsometatarsal joint arthritis after calcaneal fracture healing who underwent a successful arthroscopic microfracture for cartilage defects. Arthroscopic findings show cartilage defects on the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints. The patient underwent shaving and microfracture. The patient continues to experience effective symptom relief 3 months after surgery.
Long read sequencing reveals poxvirus evolution through rapid homogenization of gene arrays
Authors: Sasani Thomas A , Cone Kelsey R , Quinlan Aaron R , Elde Nels C
Published: August 2018

Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. How these distinct mechanisms of genetic diversification might simultaneously facilitate adaptation to host immune defenses is unknown. We performed experimental evolution with vaccinia virus populations harboring a SNV in a gene actively undergoing copy number amplification. Using long sequencing reads from the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform, we phased SNVs within large gene copy arrays for the first time. Our analysis uncovered a mechanism of adaptive SNV homogenization reminiscent of gene conversion, which is actively driven by selection. This study reveals a new mechanism for the fluid gain of beneficial mutations in genetic regions undergoing active recombination in viruses and illustrates the value of long read sequencing technologies for investigating complex genome dynamics in diverse biological systems.
Effects of mesoscale eddies on behavior of an oil spill resulting from an accidental deepwater blowout in the Black Sea: an assessment of the environmental impacts
Authors: Korotenko Konstantin A.
Published: August 2018

Because of the environmental sensitivity of the Black Sea, as a semi-enclosed sea, any subsea oil spill can cause destructive impacts on the marine environment and beaches. Employing numerical modeling as a prediction tool is one of the most efficient methods to understand oil spill behavior under various environmental forces. In this regard, a coupled circulation/deepsea oil spill model has been applied to the Black Sea to address the behavior of the oil plume resulting from a representative hypothetical deepwater blowout. With climatological forcing, the hydrodynamic module based on DieCAST ocean circulation model realistically reproduces seasonally-varying circulation from basin-scale dominant structures to meso- and sub-mesoscale elements. The oil spill model utilizes pre-calculated DieCAST thermo-hydrodynamic fields and uses a Lagrangian tracking algorithm for predicting the displacement of a large number of seeded oil droplets, the sum of which forms the rising oil plume resulting from a deepwater blowout. Basic processes affecting the transport, dispersal of oil and its fate in the water column are included in the coupled model. A hypothetical oil source was set at the bottom, at the northwestern edge of the Shatsky Ridge in the area east of the Crimea Peninsula where the oil exploration/development is likely to be planned. Goals of the study are to elucidate the behavior of the subsea oil plume and assess scales of contamination of marine environment and coastlines resulting from potential blowouts. The two 20-day scenarios with the oil released by a hypothetical blowout were examined to reveal combined effects of the basin-scale current, near-shore eddies, and winds on the behavior of the rising oil plume and its spreading on the surface. Special attention is paid to the Caucasian near-shore anticyclonic eddy which is able to trap surfacing oil, detain it and deliver it to shores. The length of contaminated coastlines of vulnerable Crimean and Caucasian coasts are assessed along with amounts of oil beached and deposited.
Diversity and evolution of the endosymbionts of Bemisia tabaci in China
Authors: Tang Xiao-Tian , Cai Li , Shen Yuan , Du Yu-Zhou
Published: August 2018

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex, including members that are pests of global importance. This study presents a screening of B. tabaci species in China for infection by the primary endosymbiont, Portiera aleyrodidarum, and two secondary endosymbionts, Arsenophonus and Cardinium. The results showed that P. aleyrodidarum was detected in all B. tabaci individuals, while Arsenophonus was abundant in indigenous species of B. tabaci Asia II 1, Asia II 3, and China 1 but absent in the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1); Cardinium presented in the Mediterranean (MED), Asia II 1 and Asia II 3 species but was rarely detected in the MEAM1 and China 1 species. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the P. aleyrodidarum and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mtCO1) phylograms were similar and corresponding with the five distinct cryptic species clades to some extent, probably indicating an ancient infection followed by vertical transmission and subsequent co-evolutionary diversification. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees of Arsenophonus and Cardinium were incongruent with the mtCO1 phylogram, potentially indicating horizontal transmission in B. tabaci cryptic species complex. Taken together, our study showed the distinct infection status of endosymbionts in invasive and indigenous whiteflies; we also most likely indicated the co-evolution of primary endosymbiont and its host as well as the potential horizontal transfer of secondary endosymbionts.
Detection and phylogenetic analysis of adenoviruses occurring in a single anole species
Authors: Prado-Irwin Sofia R. , van de Schoot Martijn , Geneva Anthony J.
Published: August 2018

Adenoviruses (AdVs) infect a wide range of hosts, and they have undergone recent and ancient host transfers multiple times. In reptiles, AdVs have been found in many captive individuals, and have been implicated in morbidity and mortality in several species. Yet the pathogenicity, transmission, phylogenetic distribution, and source of AdVs in the environment are still unknown. We therefore chose to opportunistically sample deceased captive Anolis sagrei individuals that were collected from different populations in the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands, as well as fecal samples from one island population, to explore the disease dynamics and diversity of adenovirus infecting A. sagrei populations. We found that adenovirus infection was present in our captive colony at low prevalence (26%), and was likely not the primary cause of observed morbidity and mortality. Among the 10 individuals (out of 38 sampled) which tested positive for adenovirus, we identified four adenovirus clades, several of which are distantly related, despite the close relationships of the A. sagrei host populations. These results suggest that while adenovirus may not be highly prevalent in the wild, it is present at low levels across much of the range of A. sagrei. It may undergo frequent host switching across both deep and shallow host divergences.
A new lower actinopterygian fish from the Upper Mississippian Bluefield Formation of West Virginia, USA
Authors: Mickle Kathryn E.
Published: August 2018

The Upper Mississippian Bluefield Formation of the Mauch Chunk Group in southeastern West Virginia is known for its preservation of a variety of invertebrate taxa and early tetrapod trackways, but no lower actinopterygian remains have been formally described from these Carboniferous rocks. Here, the first lower actinopterygian fish is described from the Bluefield Formation of West Virginia. This fish is represented by a nearly complete articulated specimen with a three-dimensional snout and an unobstructed view of the gular and branchiostegal region. This new taxon is defined by a unique set of characters, which include features of the snout, circumorbital series, cheek, and operculo-gular region. These features make this fish different and distinct from previously described Carboniferous fishes. Some of the morphological features of note include the presence of a distinct lacrimal, premaxillary, ventral rostral and dorsal rostral bones, a narrow infraorbital ventral to the orbit, and a large crescent shaped infraorbital that contacts a single dermosphenotic. There is an anteriorly inclined hatchet-shaped preoperculum and six small suborbital bones anterior to the expanded region of this bone that filling the space between the preoperculum, dermosphenotic, and infraorbital. Posterior to the preoperculum, there is a single wedge-shaped dermohyal and a series of three rectangular anteopercular bones. The anteopercular bones extend halfway down the anterior border of the rectangular operculum. A median gular, two pairs of lateral gulars, and at least eight branchiostegal rays are present. The heterocercal caudal fin is deeply cleft and inequilobate. The scales have pectinated posterior margins and bear diagonal ridges of ganoine. The description of this new taxon represents the first actinopterygian and the first vertebrate body fossil described from the Bluefield Formation and the second actinopterygian taxon described from the Mauch Chunk Group in West Virginia.
BioWorkbench: a high-performance framework for managing and analyzing bioinformatics experiments
Authors: Mondelli Maria Luiza , Magalhães Thiago , Loss Guilherme , Wilde Michael , Foster Ian , Mattoso Marta , Katz Daniel , Barbosa Helio , de Vasconcelos Ana Tereza R. , Ocaña Kary , Gadelha Luiz M.R.
Published: August 2018

Advances in sequencing techniques have led to exponential growth in biological data, demanding the development of large-scale bioinformatics experiments. Because these experiments are computation- and data-intensive, they require high-performance computing techniques and can benefit from specialized technologies such as Scientific Workflow Management Systems and databases. In this work, we present BioWorkbench, a framework for managing and analyzing bioinformatics experiments. This framework automatically collects provenance data, including both performance data from workflow execution and data from the scientific domain of the workflow application. Provenance data can be analyzed through a web application that abstracts a set of queries to the provenance database, simplifying access to provenance information. We evaluate BioWorkbench using three case studies: SwiftPhylo, a phylogenetic tree assembly workflow; SwiftGECKO, a comparative genomics workflow; and RASflow, a RASopathy analysis workflow. We analyze each workflow from both computational and scientific domain perspectives, by using queries to a provenance and annotation database. Some of these queries are available as a pre-built feature of the BioWorkbench web application. Through the provenance data, we show that the framework is scalable and achieves high-performance, reducing up to 98% of the case studies execution time. We also show how the application of machine learning techniques can enrich the analysis process.
Recent Progress in Coaxial Electrospinning: New Parameters, Various Structures, and Wide Applications
Authors: Yoon Jihyun , Yang Ho‐Sung , Lee Byoung‐Sun , Yu Woong‐Ryeol
Published: August 2018

Electrospinning, a common method for synthesizing 1D nanostructures, has contributed to developments in the electrical, electrochemical, biomedical, and environmental fields. Recently, a coaxial electrospinning process has been used to fabricate new nanostructures with advanced performance, but intricate and delicate process conditions hinder reproducibility and mass production. Herein, recent progress in new emerging parameters for successful coaxial electrospinning, and the various nanostructures and critical application areas resulting from these activities. Relationships between the new parameters and final product characteristics are described, new possibilities for nanostructures achievable via coaxial electrospinning are identified, and new research directions with a view to future applications are suggested.
Designing Liquid‐Infused Surfaces for Medical Applications: A Review
Authors: Howell Caitlin , Grinthal Alison , Sunny Steffi , Aizenberg Michael , Aizenberg Joanna
Published: August 2018

The development of new technologies is key to the continued improvement of medicine, relying on comprehensive materials design strategies that can integrate advanced therapeutic and diagnostic functions with a variety of surface properties such as selective adhesion, dynamic responsiveness, and optical/mechanical tunability. Liquid‐infused surfaces have recently come to the forefront as a unique approach to surface coatings that can resist adhesion of a wide range of contaminants on medical devices. Furthermore, these surfaces are proving highly versatile in enabling the integration of established medical surface treatments alongside the antifouling capabilities, such as drug release or biomolecule organization. Here, the range of research being conducted on liquid‐infused surfaces for medical applications is presented, from an understanding of the basics behind the interactions of physiological fluids, microbes, and mammalian cells with liquid layers to current applications of these materials in point‐of‐care diagnostics, medical tubing, instruments, implants, and tissue engineering. Throughout this exploration, the design parameters of liquid‐infused surfaces and how they can be adapted and tuned to particular applications are discussed, while identifying how the range of controllable factors offered by liquid‐infused surfaces can be used to enable completely new and dynamic approaches to materials and devices for human health.