bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased Longevity and Enhancement of Age-Dependent Lesions in Mice Lacking the Nuclear Receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α (PPARα)
Authors: Howroyd Paul , Swanson Cyndi , Dunn Corrie , Cattley Russell C. , Corton J. Christopher
Published: August 2004

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR α) is activated by peroxisome proliferators (PP), a large class of structurally diverse xenobiotic chemicals, hypolipidemic drugs, and endogenous lipids. PPAR α alters the transcriptional programs of genes whose functions include lipid metabolism, inflammation, cell fate, and stress responses in liver, heart, kidney, and skin. Many of these genes are also under control of PPAR α in the absence of exogenous peroxisome proliferator exposure. Mice that lack PPAR α (PPAR α-null mice) exhibit a number of defects in lipid metabolism and accumulate lipids in the liver. Here, we compared the age-dependent lesions in the liver, kidney, and heart in PPAR α-null mice with those observed in wild-type SV129 mice, in the absence of exogenous chemical exposure. Groups of mice were sacrificed, at 6, 12, 18, 21, or 24 months of age, or allowed to age until moribund or found dead. PPAR α-null mice had decreased longevity, due to a variety of causes. Statistically significant differences in the occurrence of a number of lesions between strains was observed. Hepatocellular carcinomas and multiple hepatocellular adenomas occurred in PPAR α-null mice but not wild type mice. Various nonneoplastic spontaneous aging lesions occurred at higher incidence, shorter latency, or increased severity in PPAR α-null mice compared with wild-type mice. In the liver, these included vacuolated hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells and mixed cell inflammation. The kidneys of PPAR α-null mice exhibited higher incidences and severities of cortical mineralization. Minimal myocardial mineralization occurred at a higher incidence in PPAR α-null mice. Our results imply that PPAR α delays the development of some spontaneous lesions associated with aging in the liver, kidney, and heart of SV129 mice.
What is the cost‐effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users on methadone maintenance in New Zealand?
Authors: SHEERIN I. G. , GREEN F. T. , SELLMAN J. D.
Published: August 2004

The cost‐effectiveness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) anti‐viral therapy for injecting drug users (IDUs) on methadone maintenance is important because the majority have chronic infections that remain untreated. Cost‐effectiveness analysis examines the costs of treatment compared with the benefits, which in this study are defined as savings in life. The cost‐effectiveness of treatment for HCV infection is investigated for Mäori and non‐Mäori IDUs on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in New Zealand. Markov models are used to model cohorts of IDUs, changes in their health states and the effects of MMT and anti‐viral therapy on morbidity and mortality. Comparisons were made between conventional combination therapy (COT) and combination therapy with pegylated interferon. Sensitivity analysis is used to model cost‐effectiveness of treatment under varying assumptions of progression of liver disease and compliance with treatment. The cost‐effectiveness of MMT alone was estimated at $25 397 per life year saved (LYS) for non‐Mäori men and $25 035 for non‐Mäori women IDUs (costs and benefits discounted at 3%). The incremental effects of providing COT to all eligible patients were to save extra years of life, as well as to involve additional costs of anti‐viral therapy. Analysis of both the incremental costs and benefits showed that a policy of providing COT to all patients meeting treatment criteria would have similar cost‐effectiveness to MMT alone. Costs per LYS were estimated to be lower for Mäori for both men and women, reflecting ethnic differences in mortality. Cost‐effectiveness was found to improve if the average age of stabilizing on MMT could be lowered by 5 years from the current average age of 31 years to age 26. Cost‐effectiveness of the new treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin was found to be similar to that of COT because the increased LYS were offset by expected higher costs of the new pharmaceuticals. Sensitivity analysis showed that anti‐viral treatment remained cost‐effective under varying assumptions of the rate of disease progression and compliance with treatment.
Health status of clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment using the SF‐36 health survey questionnaire
Authors: DEERING DARYLE E. , FRAMPTON CHRISTOPHER M. A. , HORN JACQUELINE , SELLMAN J. DOUGLAS , ADAMSON SIMON J. , POTIKI TUARI L.
Published: August 2004

This study investigated the health status of a representative sample of clients (35 Maori, 72 non‐Maori) receiving methadone maintenance treatment in New Zealand, using the SF‐36 health survey. The publication of New Zealand norms in 1999 enabled comparisons of the health of the Methadone Treatment Programme study participants with that of the New Zealand population. Although over 50% of participants rated their health as good, very good or excellent, 44% rated their health as fair or poor and compared with population norms, the health of the study participants was significantly poorer on all eight SF‐36 scales. Male and female participants rated their health similarly to male and female clients attending another New Zealand Methadone Treatment Programme. Results highlighted the impact of a chronic disorder and co‐existing health‐related problems on the health and well‐being and day‐to‐day functioning of this client group. Higher frequency of benzodiazepine use was associated with poorer social functioning, mental health and role functioning and higher frequency of cannabis use was associated with poorer role functioning due to emotional problems. Findings support routine monitoring of health status with clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment as a guide to preventative and treatment interventions and health maintenance strategies.
Changes in patterns of drug use among injecting drug users following changes in the availability of heroin in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: ROXBURGH AMANDA , DEGENHARDT LOUISA , BREEN COURTNEY
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to examine changes in drug use patterns among groups of injecting drug users (IDU) who remained in the drug market during a period of reduced heroin availability in NSW, Australia. Cross‐sectional data collected from regular IDU interviewed as part of the NSW Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) between 1996 – 2003 were analysed. Drug use patterns, reported drug availability and price were assessed. There was a marked decrease in the frequency of heroin use during the period of reduced availability in 2001, with some increase in 2002 and 2003. Heroin availability and frequency of use have not returned to levels reported prior to 2001; however; even at the peak of the reduction in supply, users continued to access heroin. There was a significant shift among IDU from heroin to cocaine during 2001, which subsequently reversed. The availability of cocaine has fluctuated in recent years, but the price has remained stable. The price of heroin appeared to be more responsive to market fluctuations, and co‐varied with heroin availability. IDU used cocaine when heroin was less available; however, patterns of cocaine use were not maintained. The frequency of heroin use remained lower, which may be indicative of a less consistent supply, increased price or increased numbers of IDU entering treatment. The reduced supply of heroin in 2001 highlighted the adaptable nature of IDU patterns of use, indicative of the need for a commensurate treatment response. It also highlighted the importance of the ongoing monitoring of drug trends in Australia.
Fourteen to 17‐year‐olds' experience of ‘risky’ drinking—a cross‐sectional survey undertaken in south‐east England
Authors: COLEMAN LESTER M. , CATER SUZANNE
Published: August 2004

In the UK, young people's alcohol consumption is considered an important social and health problem, and is the focus of government strategy and intervention. There is widespread concern that many young people are drinking in a ‘risky’ way. That is, they are often drinking large amounts of alcohol in a single session, in unsupervised locations. This small‐scale, quantitative study used a shortened adaptation of the Adolescent Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) to examine 14 – 17‐year‐olds' experience of ‘risky’ drinking. The results suggest that a major transition towards first ever drunkenness occurs between the ages of 14 and 15. Young people of this age are more likely to be getting very drunk in unsupervised, and potentially more harmful, locations. It is suggested that using this questionnaire could offer the potential to obtain a rapid and reliable indication of young people's propensity towards possible alcohol‐related harm.
Degenerate principal series for even-orthogonal groups
Authors: Ban Dubravka , Jantzen Chris
Published: August 2004

Let

F
F

be a

p
p

-adic field of characteristic 0 and

G
=
O
(
2
n
,
F
)

G=O(2n,F)

(resp.

S
O
(
2
n
,
F
)

SO(2n,F)

). A maximal parabolic subgroup of

G
G

has the form

P
=
M
U

P=MU

, with Levi factor

M
≅
G
L
(
k
,
F
)
×
O
(
2
(
n
−
k
)
,
F
)

M \cong GL(k,F) \times O(2(n-k),F)

(resp.

M
≅
G
L
(
k
,
F
)
×
S
O
(
2
(
n
−
k
)
,
F
)

M \cong GL(k,F) \times SO(2(n-k),F)

). We consider a one-dimensional representation of

M
M

of the form

χ
∘
d
e

t
k

⊗
t
r
i

v

(
n
−
k
)

\chi \circ det_k \otimes triv_{(n-k)}

, with

χ
\chi

a one-dimensional representation of

F

×

F^{\times }

; this may be extended trivially to get a representation of

P
P

. We consider representations of the form

Ind

P
G

(
χ
∘
d
e

t
k

⊗
t
r
i

v

(
n
−
k
)

)
⊗
1

\mbox {Ind}_P^G(\chi \circ det_k \otimes triv_{(n-k)}) \otimes 1

. (Our results also work when

G
=
O
(
2
n
,
F
)

G=O(2n,F)

and the inducing representation is

(
χ
∘
d
e

t
k

⊗
d
e

t

(
n
−
k
)

)
⊗
1

(\chi \circ det_k \otimes det_{(n-k)}) \otimes 1

, using

d
e

t

(
n
−
k
)

det_{(n-k)}

to denote the nontrivial character of

O
(
2
(
n
−
k
)
,
F
)

O(2(n-k),F)

.) More generally, we allow Zelevinsky segment representations for the inducing representations. In this paper, we study the reducibility of such representations. We determine the reducibility points, give Langlands data and Jacquet modules for each of the irreducible composition factors, and describe how they are arranged into composition series. For

O
(
2
n
,
F
)

O(2n,F)

, we use Jacquet module methods to obtain our results; the results for

S
O
(
2
n
,
F
)

SO(2n,F)

are obtained via an analysis of restrictions to

S
O
(
2
n
,
F
)

SO(2n,F)

.
Rational smoothness of varieties of representations for quivers of type 𝐴
Authors: Bédard Robert , Schiffler Ralf
Published: August 2004

In this paper, the authors study when the closure (in the Zariski topology) of orbits of representations of quivers of type

A
A

are rationally smooth. This is done by considering the corresponding quantized enveloping algebra

U

{\mathbf {U}}

and studying the action of the bar involution on PBW bases. Using Ringel’s Hall algebra approach to quantized enveloping algebras and also Auslander-Reiten quivers, we can describe the commutation relations between root vectors. This way we get explicit formulae for the multiplication of an element of PBW bases adapted to a quiver with a root vector and also recursive formulae to study the bar involution on PBW bases. One of the consequences of our characterization is that if the orbit closure is rationally smooth, then it is smooth.
On some representations of the rational Cherednik algebra
Authors: Chmutova Tatyana , Etingof Pavel
Published: August 2004

We study lowest weight representations of the rational Cherednik algebra attached to a complex reflection group

W
W

. In particular, we generalize a number of previous results due to Berest, Etingof, and Ginzburg.
Character sheaves on disconnected groups, III
Authors: Lusztig G.
Published: August 2004

In this paper we define and study generalized Green functions for possibly disconnected groups.
In Vitro Formation of Recycling Vesicles from Endosomes Requires Adaptor Protein-1/Clathrin and Is Regulated by Rab4 and the Connector Rabaptin-5
Authors: Pagano Adriana , Crottet Pascal , Prescianotto-Baschong Cristina , Spiess Martin
Published: August 2004

The involvement of clathrin and associated adaptor proteins in receptor recycling from endosomes back to the plasma membrane is controversial. We have used an in vitro assay to identify the molecular requirements for the formation of recycling vesicles. Cells expressing the asialoglycoprotein receptor H1, a typical recycling receptor, were surface biotinylated and then allowed to endocytose for 10 min. After stripping away surface-biotin, the cells were permeabilized and the cytosol washed away. In a temperature-, cytosol-, and nucleotide-dependent manner, the formation of sealed vesicles containing biotinylated H1 could be reconstituted. Vesicle formation was strongly inhibited upon immunodepletion of adaptor protein (AP)-1, but not of AP-2 or AP-3, from the cytosol, and was restored by readdition of purified AP-1. Vesicle formation was stimulated by supplemented clathrin, but inhibited by brefeldin A, consistent with the involvement of ARF1 and a brefeldin-sensitive guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The GTPase rab4, but not rab5, was required to generate endosome-derived vesicles. Depletion of rabaptin-5/rabex-5, a known interactor of both rab4 and γ-adaptin, stimulated and addition of the purified protein strongly inhibited vesicle production. The results indicate that recycling is mediated by AP-1/clathrin-coated vesicles and regulated by rab4 and rabaptin-5/rabex-5.
State to Market
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

An account is given of the movement towards the privatization of social welfare activity that has taken place since the mid 1980s. Various aspects of this are discussed: the different paths that have been taken; public erosion of retirement income; contracting out services from the public to the private sector; the larger trend of devolving responsibility for social welfare from central to local government units, and from local government to community‐based private agencies; the commodification of social care; and private ‘safety net’ accounts.
Citizenship to Membership
Authors: Gilbert Neil
Published: August 2004

The concept of social solidarity, and the two competing views on its source (Marshall's, which suggests that it stems from the social rights of citizenship; and Durkheim's , which suggests that it stems from intellectual and moral homogeneity, and is advanced through voluntary association) are discussed. The profound implications that these two different views have for the relation between social solidarity and the welfare state are outlined, and the situation in the transition to an enabling state (where there is a contraction of the social rights of citizenship) is discussed, including the possible conflicts between different community groups that may (and do) arise. The last part of the chapter addresses the possibility of shareholding as an alternative foundation for social solidarity to citizenship rights.
Great Britain: The Role of Government and the Distribution of Social Capital
Authors: Hall Peter A.
Published: August 2004

The overall levels of social capital in Great Britain appear to have remained robust since the 1950s. However, disparities in the social capital available to the working and middle classes appear to have widened. Government policies on education and social service delivery have been central to sustaining levels of social capital.
From Civil War to Civil Society: Social Capital in Spain from the 1930s to the 1990s
Authors: Pérez‐Díaz Víctor
Published: August 2004

The case of Spain illustrates the complexity of social capital. The country has different kinds of organisations that may be civil, uncivil, or with varying “degrees of civility”. These may transform themselves from civil to uncivil form, and vice versa. For instance, churches, parties, and unions which were rather uncivil during Spanish Civil War began behaving in a civil manner and demonstrating civil character by the period of democratic transition.
Turing's Test
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Finds fault with Turing's answer to the question, ‘Can a computer think’? Turing believed that if the answers given by a computer and a person leave an interpreter unable to discriminate between them, then computers must be said to be able to think. The author objects that in order for a computer to think, it must mean something by the answer it gives. Consequently, without evidence for the fact that a computer not merely possesses the syntax of the language it is responding in but also has a semantics, the findings of Turing's Test cannot be used as evidence for the claim that computers can, even in theory, think. Understanding the semantics of an object or creature requires that the interpreter be able to observe what in the world that is shared by interpreter and interpretant causes the latter's responses; having a semantics requires a history of engagement with others and with objects in the world. Turing's test for thought is inadequate, according to the author, not because it restricts the evidence to what can be observed about the computer from the outside, but because it does not allow enough of what is outside to be observed.
Could There Be a Science of Rationality?
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2004

Asks whether there could be a science of rationality, and proposes as an answer — Davidson's own Unified Theory of speech and action, drawing heavily on formal decision theories for explaining intentional action laid out by Ramsey and Jeffrey, but expanding their theories by adding a theory of meaning. This method of radical interpretation interprets this Unified Theory empirically, which justifies the label ‘science of rationality’. In the remainder of the chapter, the author answers the criticisms levelled by Fodor and Chomsky that target Davidson's particular way of interpreting the Unified Theory empirically.
Introduction
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

There was no significant new study of the Countess of Huntingdon between the complex and confused Life and Times by A. C. H. Seymour (1839) until after the opening up of the Cheshunt College archive in the late 1960s. The archive contains a major part of the correspondence that Lady Huntingdon received in the last twenty-five years of her life, and shows in detail what day-to-day life was like in the Connexion during that period. Two major studies of Lady Huntingdon were published in the 1990s (by Welch and by Schlenther); the focus of the present work is different from theirs, in that it is concerned principally with the Connexion, rather than its founder. It considers the origins and development of the Connexion, its relations with other sections of the Evangelical Revival, and its impact on the broader religious life of late eighteenth-century England.
The Connexion in the Last Years of Lady Huntingdon's Life
Authors: Harding Alan
Published: August 2004

The decade prior to Lady Huntingdon’s death in 1791 was a time of continuing expansion in the Connexion’s work, with the Countess participating as closely as ever in its administration, and being involved in abortive schemes for Protestant missions in continental Europe. These years were marked by rifts between Lady Huntingdon and three of her leading clerical helpers, and by the failure of plans for a conciliar arrangement to run the Connexion after her death; because no permanent organisational structure had been established, the Connexion passed on her death into the hands of the four devizees to whom she had bequeathed her personal property. By the time of her death, there were few substantial areas of the country untouched by the Connexion, and the Connexion’s preachers were to be a catalyst for revival amongst many Dissenting congregations. In terms of its own ministers and congregations, however, the Connexion was substantially smaller than Wesleyan Methodism. Lady Huntingdon did not have Wesley’s breadth of vision, and unlike Wesleyan Methodism (effectively the only home for Arminian evangelicals), the Connexion was merely one among a number of Calvinist evangelical groupings.
Textual Criticism: The Ancient Versions
Authors: Talmon S.
Published: August 2004

This is the first of five chapters on the text of the Old Testament. It focuses on textual criticism of the ancient versions of the Old Testament, pointing out that no other ancient or modern text seems to be witnessed by so many diverse sources in a variety of languages, and has a transmission history so difficult to elucidate as the text of the Hebrew Bible. The essay offers a necessarily restricted survey of the early transmission history of the biblical text in manuscript form up to the crystallization of an incipient unified Hebrew text and the appearance of translations of the Hebrew original into other Semitic and non‐Semitic languages between c.200 bce and 300 ce; invariably, later secondary translations are not considered. Attention focuses on the early stages of the written transmission of the consonantal text with emphasis on a concise review of the information on its history, which can be obtained from two quite dissimilar groups of manuscript remains in respect to chronology and socio‐religious provenance: (a) the assemblage of biblical scrolls and scroll fragments (the Dead Sea Scrolls) brought to light since 1947 that the dissident ‘Community of the Renewed Covenant’ had deposited in caves near a site known by the modern Arabic name of Qumran; and (b) fragments found since the 1950s at other sites in the Judaean Desert—Masada, Wadi Murabba’at, Naḥal Ṣe‚elim (Wadi Seiyāl) , and Naḥal Ḥever, which represent the textual tradition of normative Judaism.
The Institutional Terrain of the European Union
Authors: Fligstein Neil , McNichol Jason
Published: August 2004

Examines some historical examples of the process by which the European Union has created ‘policy domains’ in which EU jurisdiction has come to usurp that of member governments. It explores two related themes: first, it demonstrates that the analytical concept of a policy domain provides a useful means of describing the institutional and legislative terrain over which the EU is acquiring control; second, it describes the evolution of such domains over time, starting with their inception through treaties such as the Treaty of Rome, and their growth as a function of treaty revisions and extensions. It documents the relationship between the presence of transnational pressure groups within the EU and the production of legislation, clarifying the differences between policy domains where cooperation has remained firmly intergovernmental and those where control has effectively passed into the EU's supranational competence.
Self‐Determination and Secession
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: August 2004

Begins the task of applying the justice‐based conception of political legitimacy developed in Part Two of the book to the practically urgent and theoretically vexing issues of secession and self‐determination. Two main theses are advanced. The first is that international law should recognize a remedial right to secede but not a general right of self‐determination that includes the right to secede for all peoples or nations; from the standpoint of international law, the unilateral right to secede—the right to secede without consent or constitutional authorization—should be understood as a remedial right only, a last‐resort response to serious injustices (the Remedial Right Only Theory). The second thesis advanced is that international legal order should encourage alternatives to secession, in particular by working for greater compliance with existing international human rights norms prohibiting ethno‐national and religious discrimination and, in some cases, by supporting intrastate autonomy regimes, i.e. arrangements for self‐government short of full sovereignty. The six sections of the chapter are: I. Introduction; II. A Justice‐Based Theory of Secession; III. Theories of Secession; IV. Recognition and the Right to Secede; V. Secession and Distributive Justice; and VI. Conclusions.
Legislating
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec
Published: August 2004

The growing interdependence between law‐making and constitutional judging is explored, proceeding from the view that constitutional courts ought to be conceptualized as specialized legislative organs. Judicialization also engenders and institutionalizes new modes of legislative discourse and practice. The conclusion is drawn that constitutional adjudication transformed the nature of parliamentary governance unexpectedly and with significant effects.
Finite Sample Distributions
Authors: Ullah Aman
Published: August 2004

Many practical situations in econometrics require more than just studying the moment of econometric estimators or test statistics. Certain cases require knowledge of the sampling distribution of the estimators. This chapter derives approximation techniques for easier asymptotic expansions for the density and distribution of functions.
Middlemen in a Peasant Community: Vegetable Marketing in Indonesia
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Kawagoe Toshihiko
Published: August 2004

This chapter discusses how peasant entrepreneurs develop their trade by taking advantage of the village community relationships, based on a field study of vegetable marketing in Indonesia. It covers commercial vegetable production in an upland village, the organization of vegetable marketing, interregional trade of vegetables, and the impact of economic development on peasant entrepreneurs.
Risk and Insurance in Transition: Perspectives from Zouping County, China
Authors: Morduch Jonathan , Sicular Terry
Published: August 2004

This chapter discusses how rural households in Zouping County, Shandong Province, China, cope with increased economic risk and loss of pre-existing financial and insurance mechanisms. Many households are highly exposed to risk. They cope by relying their own devices such as saving and borrowing, and diversifying their sources of income. Explanations for weak insurance provision are studied and innovative insurance arrangements are proposed.
Evolution and Consequences of Community Forest Management in the Hill Region of Nepal
Authors: Otsuka Keijiro , Tachibana Towa
Published: August 2004

This chapter analyses the feasibility and effectiveness of forest resource management under the community management system, based on a case study of community forests in Nepal. The factors affecting the formation of community management systems are identified. The impact of community forest management on forest conditions is examined. It is argued that the benefit of community management exceeds the cost of establishing such as system only when forest resources have become sufficiently scarce and valuable.
Pontus Euxinus, 700 bc–ad 500
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

The ancient Greeks first entered the Black Sea before 500 BC, perhaps at first searching for precious metals. Trade flourished as Greek colonies sprang up along the coasts and the Greeks interacted with native barbarian populations. Those relations were shaken by the rise of Rome, when the sea became a place of exile. Even then, however, there was considerable exchange with the populations of the interior, including the Scythians and their successors on the northern steppe.
Chernoe More, 1700–1860
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

Russia's commercial growth and political power after the late eighteenth century were fueled by access to the sea. The ports of southern Russia grew through trade with the rest of Europe. Intermittent wars with the Ottomans did not hinder the take-off of cities such as Odessa. Travelers from the rest of Europe increasingly visited the coasts, especially after the Crimean war.
Black Sea, 1860–1990
Authors: King Charles
Published: August 2004

The end of empires and the rise of nation-states meant that many of the historical connections around the sea were severed. The sea came to be an object of desire for both state-builders and nationalists. In the twentieth century, modernization projects in both the Soviet Union and Turkey led to the sea's environmental degradation and a genuine ecological crisis.
Multivariate periodic time series models
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard
Published: August 2004

In Chapter 5 we extend all material in Chapter 4 of the book to the case of more than a single time series. It turns out that in principle it is easy to extend univariate periodic models, by simply adding a subscript s, but that subsequent models can be cumbersome, if not impossible, to analyze for unit roots. Hence, we first outline various representations and discuss which ones are more useful than others in different situations. We devote two sections to the topic of testing for cointegration in periodic models, and indicate how one can best proceed in practice. In the first section we consider a single-equation approach, while in the second section we opt for a full-system approach based on GMM estimation. We illustrate both approaches using two quarterly US industrial production series.
Basic Needs and Basic Capabilities
Authors: Alkire Sabina
Published: August 2004

Each of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. This fifth chapter returns to the issues of whether basic capabilities pertaining to absolute poverty may be identified from without, and whether in poverty reduction activities it is necessary to focus on ‘achieving functionings’ rather than ‘expanding capabilities’. It applies the account of values and decision‐making processes built up in the previous three chapters to the issue of poverty with which economic development is concerned, and asks what, in practice, it means to address absolute poverty within the capability approach—whether and if ‘basic capabilities’ can be specified. It discusses the relativity of these basic capabilities, and the operational implications of focusing on capability rather than functionings, and finally proposes a schematic four‐part operational definition for pursuing capabilities. The focus is on Amartya Sen's work.
The Challenges of Privatization
Authors: Bortolotti Bernardo , Siniscalco Domenico
Published: August 2004

This book provides a systematic account of the privatization process at the global scale, presenting an overarching description of the phenomenon, and panel data empirical analyses testing some of the predictions of the recent economic theory of privatization. At the macroeconomic level, privatization processes of the 1980s and 1990s are shown to be a cyclical phenomenon shaped by economic, political, and institutional determinants. At the microeconomic level, privatization has been partial and incomplete, with only minority rights transferred to the private sector. However, genuine privatization, involving the full transfer of control to the private sector, is difficult to achieve as several conditions must be met. First, markets should be competitive or suitably regulated. Second, private investors should be adequately protected by the law in order to avoid expropriation. Third, political institutions should be designed to limit the veto power of constituencies ousting full divestiture. Last but not least, governments should be credibly committed not to interfere post-privatization in the operating activity of the companies. As a consequence, private ownership is likely to coexist with public control, at least in the near future.
Privatization Around the World
Authors: SINISCALCO BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO
Published: August 2004

This chapter provides a description of privatization processes in the main areas of the world. Particularly, the main aspects analyzed are the following: the extent of privatization, measured by the number of transactions and their revenues; the time frames; the choice of privatization methods (public offering or direct placement); the main sectors involved; the stake sold; the opening of capital to foreigners; and the existence of golden share mechanisms (that is the special rights retained by governments after privatization). Finally, within each area, the most interesting national experiences are highlighted.
Privatizing Monopolies
Authors: SINISCALCO BERNARDO BORTOLOTTI DOMENICO
Published: August 2004

This chapter provides stylized facts about privatization in network industries, with a special focus on electricity. It shows that regulation is the key for successful sales in monopolistic industries. First, it allows the accomplishment of large scale programs. Second, and more importantly, it determines the success of privatization in terms of proceeds. Establishing a credible regulatory framework allows governments to reduce uncertainty, and to raise more proceeds. Under specific circumstances, the chapter shows that revenue-efficienct trade-offs may disappear.
Games, Conventions, and Public Goods
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David
Published: August 2004

Game theory analyses the best behaviour of individuals when this depends on the reaction of others. The prisoners’ dilemma is the best‐known theorem, and has been thought to be an important reason for government intervention in markets. This is misleading because trust and conventions play a large part in oft‐repeated economic and other transactions. The nature and provision of public goods is analysed. In practice, the state typically supplies many goods, which could, in principle, be efficiently supplied by private enterprise.
Gold–Silver Points: Domestic Arbitrages and the Bimetallic System
Authors: Flandreau Marc
Published: August 2004

Chapter 2 studies the arbitrage mechanism between gold and silver monies at the national level, focusing on the French experience 1848-1870. It shows that, when the effects of the California and Australia gold discoveries combined with the existence of transaction costs contributed to a regionalization of the circulation by currency types in bimetallic economies, rather than to the displacement of silver by gold. As a result, gold became predominant in advanced regions, while silver remained in rural areas.
Between Anarchy and Society
Authors: Bain William
Published: August 2004

The international administration of troubled states—whether in Bosnia, Kosovo, or East Timor—has seen a return to the principle of trusteeship: i.e. situations in which some form of international supervision is required in a particular territory in order both to maintain order and to foster the norms and practices of fair self‐government. This book rescues the normative discourse of trusteeship from the obscurity into which it has fallen since decolonization. It traces the development of trusteeship from its emergence out of debates concerning the misrule of the East India Company (Ch. 2), to its internationalization in imperial Africa (Ch. 3), to its institutionalization in the League of Nations mandates system (Ch. 4) and in the UN trusteeship system, and to the destruction of its legitimacy by the ideas of self‐determination and human equality (Ch. 5). The book brings this rich historical experience to bear on the dilemmas posed by the resurrection of trusteeship after the end of the cold war (Ch. 6) and, in the context of contemporary world problems, explores the obligations that attach to preponderant power and the limits that should be observed in exercising that power for the sake of global good. In Ch. 7, the book concludes by arguing that trusteeship remains fundamentally at odds with the ideas of human dignity and equality.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Gordon L.
Published: August 2004

This introductory chapter establishes some initial connections between the studies in the succeeding chapters by highlighting the links between nation-state social welfare and pension systems, and the roles these institutions have played in managing and mediating social and political conflicts. It relates the pension reform efforts of nation-states to the greater cause of globalisation. An overview of the studies included in this volume is presented.
Power and Change: The Evolution of United Nations Complex Peace Operations
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

Considers the evolution of Council practice in the area of transitional administration. As in much of the Council's work, practice has led theory , with some members of the Council and the wider UN community apparently allergic to the development of doctrine. The chapter also provides a brief account of the various operations that have taken place under the auspices of the Council and of other bodies since the Second World War. Analysis of these operations tends to be chronological or organized by the scope of powers assumed by the international presence. In keeping with the call for political clarity in such operations, this book takes a thematic approach, addressing five distinct political purposes for which a transitional administration (or comparable mission) has been established.
Peace and Security: The Use of Force to Maintain Law and Order
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

Unless security is established on the ground, none of the political purposes of a transitional administration can be achieved. Nevertheless, as this chapter shows, the response of military authorities to the security vacuum that follows the collapse or defeat of state institutions has been varied. With respect to forces operating under UN command, this reflects an equivocation over the use of force that has run through the history of UN peace operations, persuading some that the organization is simply unsuited to military operations. At the same time, the armed forces of many countries (and their civilian commanders‐in‐chief) have resisted taking on ‘policing’ functions. The military is rightly reluctant to embrace law and order duties that are outside its expertise, but failure to do so may irreparably damage the credibility of the international presence and thus undermine the political goals that justified the original military engagement.
Justice and Reconciliation: The Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Territories
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

How can faith in local institutions — most importantly the rule of law — be supported? In many situations, the very laws to be enforced will themselves be controversial, as Serb laws were in post‐conflict Kosovo. Similarly, appointment of judges gives rise to tensions between the need to involve local actors and the desire of international actors to maintain high standards of accountability (for the locals as well as themselves). These tensions may come to a head around the most political crimes, in turn raising the question of how to address a legacy of human rights abuse.
Elections and Exit Strategies: No Exit Without a Strategy, or No Strategy Without an Exit?
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2004

The transfer of power to a legitimate and sustainable local authority, typically mediated through an election, is the central purpose of any transitional administration. Elections and other ‘exit strategies’ are discussed in this chapter. The preference for democratic forms of governance is sometimes linked to the ‘democratic peace’ thesis, which holds that authentic democracies do not fight each other, or that such conflicts are exceptional. First elections can, however, mark an extremely unstable period in the life of a country emerging from conflict — indeed, quantitative research has produced the embarrassing finding that autocracies in the process of democratization actually become more likely to go to war. In practice, a great deal more attention has been paid to the technical side of elections than to their political purpose and significance. Meaningful state‐building depends on a deeper engagement with local stakeholders before and after voting takes place.
Introduction: The Frege Model and Beyond
Authors: Barker Stephen J
Published: August 2004

I identify the Frege model as the cluster of views affirming the sense/force distinction, compositional truth-conditional semantics, and quantification theory as a necessary component in any analysis of generality in a natural language. I outline a theory that rejects all three elements of the Frege model. This is the STA approach.
A Path into Formal Pragmatics
Authors: Barker Stephen J
Published: August 2004

I develop the theory of proto-assertions, and proto-illocutionary acts, which are sentential speech-acts that can function as sentence meanings. I critique the standard semantic conception of truth. I analyse metaphor, sarcasm, and approximative assertion, and develop a theory of suppositional discourse.
Hedonism: A Preliminary Formulation
Authors: Feldman Fred , Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Presents some typical textbook formulations of hedonism. Shows that they are unacceptable as formulations of the view—they fail to state the intended view in a coherent and consistent way. A simple form of sensory hedonism—‘Default Hedonism’—is then presented. This formulation does not have the defects of typical textbook formulations. Default Hedonism provides a starting point for all the other forms of hedonism to be discussed in the book. Concludes with a somewhat speculative discussion of the hedonism of Aristippus.
Classic Objections to Hedonism
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Seven classic objections to hedonism are presented and explained. Each is carefully formulated as an objection to the Default Hedonism introduced in Ch. 2. The objections are based on (a) the idea that some pleasures are base, disgusting, and worthless; (b) the concept of ‘false pleasures’; (c) the alleged worthlessness of pleasure without knowledge; (d) difficulties in the measurement of pleasure and pain; (e) the idea that we can imagine a good life in which there is no pleasure; (f) the idea that the value of some worlds might be directly affected by such things as beauty or ugliness even when these factors have no bearing on the amounts of pleasure and pain in those worlds; and (g) the idea that the value of a world might be affected by the justice or injustice of the distribution of pleasure and pain in that world even though the total amounts of pleasure and pain are not affected.
Attitudinal Hedonism
Authors: Feldman Fred , Feldman Fred , Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

The distinction between sensory pleasure and attitudinal pleasure is drawn. Arguments are given to show that these are distinct kinds of pleasure. The concept of intrinsic attitudinal pleasure is introduced and explained. Making use of this concept, Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism is formulated and compared to Default Hedonism. An argument is presented to show that Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism is not refuted by the objection (described earlier) based on the possibility of a good life without pleasure. The differences between attitudinal pleasure (‘enjoying the things you get’) and mere satisfaction (‘getting the things you want’) are explained. Mill's distinction between higher and lower pleasures is introduced and criticized. A new form of hedonism—Altitude Adjusted Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism—is formulated, explained, and compared to other forms of hedonism. This is said to express the core of Mill's idea of ‘qualified hedonism’.
Problems about Beauty and Justice
Authors: Feldman Fred
Published: August 2004

Contains the author's replies to the last remaining objections to hedonism—Moore's objection concerning ‘the heap of filth’ and Ross's objection concerning worlds in which pleasure is enjoyed by the undeserving. Points out that, strictly speaking, these objections do not bear on the forms of hedonism already discussed in the book. Extends the theories so as to make the objections apply and then tweaks the forms of hedonism so that they evade the objections.
NON‐NATURALISM
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter focuses on Green's non-naturalism, which commits him to his own dualism, inasmuch as he seems to think that a precondition of conscious experience is an active self-conscious mind that is prior to and independent of experience and so outside space and time. It is argued that Green's non-naturalism is problematic. His non-naturalism about the self threatens to reintroduce the very dualism for which he criticizes Kant. A related problem afflicts his view of the Absolute. Whereas the metaphysical and epistemological arguments of the first part of the Prolegomena seem to demand a single transcendent self-consciousness that is outside space and time, much of Green's ethics, political philosophy, and theology seems to treat the corporate spiritual principle as a transhistorical agent that is immanent in the lives of individual agents and progressive social institutions. Green must choose whether the Absolute is transcendent or immanent.
DESIRE, INTELLECT, AND WILL
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter focuses on Green's view that responsible action involves desire, intellect or belief, and will. Green argues that desire and belief are distinct, though complementary, mental states. They are, in a way, parallel — both involve a kind of ‘striving’ to overcome ‘alienation’ or ‘opposition’ with the world. Having explained the distinction and connections between belief and desire, the question arises whether the will can be reduced to either or is some third state, and what its role is in responsible action. Green believes that willing is distinct from both desire and from belief, and from the simple combination of belief and desire.
SELF‐REALIZATION AS THE GOOD
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter focuses on Green's arguments for self-realization. He suggests that it is the very capacities that make moral responsibility possible that determine the proper end of deliberation. Responsible action involves self-consciousness and is expressive of the self. The self is not to be identified with any desire or any series or set of desires; moral personality consists in the ability to subject appetites and desires to a process of deliberative endorsement and to form new desires as the result of such deliberations. So the self essentially includes deliberative capacities, and if responsible action expresses the self, it must exercise these deliberative capacities. This explains why Green thinks that the proper aim of deliberation is a life of activities that embody rational or deliberative control of thought and action.
ARISTOTELIAN FRIENDSHIP
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2004

This chapter compares Green's claims about self-realization and the common good with Aristotle's claims about friendship and the way in which friendship contributes to the agent's own eudaimonia. This is an appropriate interpretative aid in so far as Green thinks that Aristotle was right to ground an agent's duties in an account of eudaimonia whose principal ingredient is a conception of practical virtue regulated by the common good, and Aristotle's account of the common good rests on his account of friendship.
The Limits to Coercive Consociationalism in Northern Ireland
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan
Published: August 2004

The chapter, initially published in 1989, reviews efforts by the UK and Irish governments to achieve a settlement in Northern Ireland during the late 1980s. It bears the impress of its time; normatively consociational, but somewhat bleak in its assessments. It contains an appraisal of constitutional options facing policymakers.
International Intervention in East Timor
Authors: Martin* Ian
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines the unique case of East Timor and its implications for the future of international intervention. Although Indonesia’s claim of sovereignty over East Timor was not recognized by the United Nations and most member states, the international community deemed Indonesia’s consent essential to intervention. The background to intervention in East Timor, Indonesia’s strong resistance to any international security presence in East Timor, the manner in which Indonesia’s consent was induced, and contrasts between the situations in East Timor and Kosovo are discussed.