bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GENERALITY OF NEGATIVE AFTEREFFECT FOLLOWING ADAPTATION TO CURVATURE
Authors: Carlson V. R.
Published: May 2008

Twenty‐six subjects made judgments of curvature by the method of magnitude estimation. The influence of prior adaptation to a moderate degree of curvature was assessed for test‐curvatures greater and less than the adapting curvature and in the same and opposite directions. The median aftereffect was negative in all cases but not statistically significant for the most extreme difference between adapting and test curvatures. It is argued that negative aftereffect for all test‐curvatures along the same stimulus‐continuum is a necessary condition for postulating that these experimental effects represent a general normalizing tendency in perception.
EFFECTS OF INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL AND PREDICTABILITY OF EVENT STRUCTURE ON SERIAL REACTION TIME
Authors: Dureman Ingmar , Wilén Bo
Published: May 2008

A mean interstimulus interval (ISI) of 10 sec. resulted in significantly‐shorter RTs to a single light stimulus than a 30 sec. average ISI. During a second workperiod the groups performing under each of the two ISI conditions were divided into four subgroups given 0, 25, 50 or 75% interspersion of an additional stimulus (sound). With short ISIs the condition of maximum predictability of event structure (light stimulus only) gave the shortest average RTs. With lessened predictability (increased proportion of the sound stimulus) there was a slight monotonous increase in RT. With long ISIs the same relationship was curvilinear, i.e. 25% interspersion of sound stimulus was most effective in preserving vigilance.
EFFECTS OF LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD‐25) ON NORMAL SUBJECTS IN A SCHIZOPHRENIA‐DISCRIMINATING TEST BATTERY
Authors: Netz Björn , Jonsson Carl‐Otto , Bergqvist Siwart
Published: May 2008

Psychological tests with differing sensitivity to schizophrenic reactions were administered to eight normal subjects after oral intake of 75–100 μg LSD‐25. Control data were obtained from placebo trials. Six of the tests were chosen as sensitive to schizophrenic reactions, two tests as so‐called ‘hold’ tests, and another test as a measure of attention, which is supposed to be reduced by LSD. Significantly lower results were obtained on four of the six sensitive tests after LSD, on one of the ‘hold’ tests, and on the attention test.
SEX DIFFERENCES ON PROBLEM‐SOLVING TASKS
Authors: Raaheim Kjell
Published: May 2008

The question of sex differences in problem solving is discussed and some findings reported. Female subjects did as well as males on practical construction problems presented in writing. No sex difference was found on a ‘function‐naming’ test, but female subjects were found to be superior when the task was to list replacements for missing implements.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO TWO DIFFERENT PLACEBO TREATMENTS
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Järpe Gundla , Svan H. , Wrangsjö B.
Published: May 2008

Reactions to a placebo introduced either as a depressant or as a stimulant drug were examined in 16 healthy female subjects. Comparisons between pre‐ and post‐placebo measurements showed that the two treatments produced marked effects in opposite directions: (1) the ‘depressant’ placebo produced a statistically significant decrease in pulse rate, blood pressure, objective and subjective reaction speed, as well as significant effects on subjective mood in the expected directions, and (2) the ‘stimulant’ placebo produced opposite and significant changes in all variables. The subjective reactions were, on the whole, more pronounced than the effects on performance and physiological functions.
PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF LENGTH
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

The effects of five procedures on the acquisition of conservation of length were studied. A Müller‐Lyer illusion was used to induce apparent changes in length in the test‐ and practice‐situations. Two procedures involved practice on addition‐subtraction, one a progressive increase in the strength of the Müller‐Lyer illusion, and one the anticipation of the outcome of displacements of the objects. A fifth procedure was a composite of the other four. The results showed some acquisitions in all groups, with highest frequency in the anticipation group, and lowest in the increase‐in‐illusion group.
CHANGES IN REPEATED REPRODUCTION OF PITCH AS A FUNCTION OF INTERPOLATED STIMULI
Authors: Mikkonen Valde
Published: May 2008

The retention of memorized pitches was tested repeatedly by systematically changing pitches being interpolated between the successive reproduction tests. The reproductions changed regularly in the direction of the interpolated stimuli. The relationship between the reproduction scores and the cps‐means of the interpolated pitch‐series could be described fairly accurately by power functions. Some connections between the present results and the results of previous experiments on memory and scaling are discussed.
MEASUREMENT OF ‘POLITICAL.’ PREFERENCES: A further study of direct and indirect scaling methods
Authors: Künnapas Teodor , Sillén Monica
Published: May 2008

The direct methods of ratio estimation and magnitude estimation and the indirect method of pair comparison were used to construct scales of liberalism and conservatism. It was found (a) that the scales of conservatism are linearly related to each other and (b) those of liberalism are also linearly related to each other but with a discontinuity in the middle of the range; one linear function for the conservative statements and another for the liberal statements, with the discontinuity occurring in the middle of the subjective scale. Liberalism vs. conservatism was found to be reverse. The linear function between all kinds of scales as well as the reverse relation between liberalism vs. conservatism suggest that the continuum of political preferences is metathetic.
VOLITIONAL ASPECTS OF VOICE PERFORMANCE: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Authors: Nielsen Torsten Ingemann , Prætorius Nini , Kuschel Rolf
Published: May 2008

The subjects (all females) were instructed to hold a certain note. In some of the trials an alien (female) voice with a continuously falling or rising frequency unexpectedly replaced the subject's own voice as the auditory stimulus in her headphone. Most of the subjects took the alien voice as their own and experienced a complete lack of volitional control over their own voice. A compensatory behaviour was found; when the subjects tried to hold the note the frequency of their voices went in the opposite direction to the frequency of the alien voice.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLICKER‐FUSION THRESHOLD AND TWO PARAMETERS OF VISUAL MOTION AFTER‐EFFECT
Authors: Dureman Ingmar
Published: May 2008

Measures of duration and velocity of the visual motion after‐effect were both shown to be positively related to flicker‐fusion threshold.
EFFECT OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) EXTRACTED FROM THE BRAIN OF TRAINED ANIMALS ON LEARNING IN RATS
Authors: Nissen Th. , Røigaard‐Petersen H. H. , Fjerdingstad E. J.
Published: May 2008

Rats receiving an intracisternal injection of RNA prepared from the brains of rats trained in two different training situations showed different performances in identical test situations.
EFFECT OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) EXTRACTED FROM THE BRAIN OF TRAINED ANIMALS ON LEARNING IN RATS
Authors: Fjerdingstad E. J. , Nissen Th. , Røigaard‐Petersen H. H.
Published: May 2008

Rats receiving an intracisternal injection of RNA prepared from the brain of trained rats had a better performance during seven days in the same training set‐up, than rats receiving RNA from untrained animals and rats receiving no injection.
THE INFLUENCE OF TRAINING ON THE LEVEL OF TEST PERFORMANCE AND THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Authors: Melametsä Leevi
Published: May 2008

An attempt was made to study whether it is possible by specific training on one test to produce changes in the level of performance on similar tests and in the factor structure of a set of intelligence tests. Considerable improvement occurred in the level of performance on the test on which training was given, but no significant transfer effects to the performance on other tests were found. Slight differentiation was observed in the factor structure.
STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A NEW DRUG (DIETHYLPROPION): Subjective effects in the natural environment
Authors: Jonsson C. O. , Sjöberg L. , Vallbo S.
Published: May 2008

Two doses diethylpropion, one dose pipradrol, one dose amobarbital and placebo were administered to 116 subjects, who rated their state on twenty variables. The variables were intercorrelated under pipradrol and pentymal. The correlation matrices were subjected to factor analysis. Four factors were found in both studies: Happiness, Alertness, Relaxation, and Flight of thoughts. There is some agreement between the two factor analyses. There were few significant effects of the drugs on factor scores, but the structure is quite unambiguous: pipradrol and diethylpropion are stimulating, and amobarbital tranquilizing.
STAGES IN CONCEPT FORMATION
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar
Published: May 2008

Previous studies revealed a pre‐functional stage of concept learning, in that the relevant stimulus attribute aquired perceptual distinctiveness at a stage of learning when subjects as yet were unable to sort instances into appropriate categories. This early stage of perceptual learning prior to behavioral manifestation could not be identified under the novel conditions introduced in the present experiment: sensory predifferentiation training and an extra request to verbalize the concept.
STAGES IN CONCEPT FORMATION
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar , Kvale Steinar
Published: May 2008

An attempt was made to explore the effects of an extra intention to verbalize the concept upon subsequent conceptual achievements. Subjects who anticipated being rehearsed about the difference between good and bad wheel‐of‐fortune patterns had a successively poorer performance at sorting verbal descriptions of the difference, as their ability to sort actual stimulus patterns into appropriate conceptual categories improved.
ON PSYCHOPHYSICS IN GENERAL AND THE GENERAL PSYCHOPHYSICAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IN PARTICULAR
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: May 2008

The first part of the paper discusses theoretical issues regarding the problem of measurement in psychophysics and the suitable choice of a subjective scale, with special reference to the views of Ekman, Ross, Suppes & Zinnes, and Treisman. The theory of the GPDE is discussed more fully than before. In the second part, further empirical confirmation of the GPDE is given for the following combinations of Weber functions: constant‐constant, linear‐linear, linear‐parabolic, parabolic‐parabolic.
PRECOGNITIVE PERCEPTION OF FACIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Bokander Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Precognitive perception of photographic portraits was studied with the meta‐contrast technique. The portraits were presented for successively increasing exposure times immediately before another stimulus with a constant, relatively long exposure time. The faces were masked, and their effect had therefore to be recorded in the form of impressions of modifications in the stimulus object appearing later. The effect was most evident at the beginning and end of the exposure series
CONVERGENCE AS A CUE T O PERCEIVED SIZE AND DISTANCE
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

A wire mesh was used as stimulus object in the old ‘wall‐paper experiment’. Fixating a small object on the near side of the wire mesh, the mesh appears of course double. By adjusting the fixation object back and forth a position can be reached at which fusion of the double image is obtained. At this moment the wire mesh appears to shift location. A nearly perfect one‐to‐one correspondence obtained between the perceived distance of the ‘fused.’ wire mesh and the actual convergence distance. It is concluded that the convergence mechanism may provide perfectly specific information to the visual system concerning the spatial location of objects.
JUDGING WEIGHT UNDER GROUP PRESSURE
Authors: Nurmi R.
Published: May 2008

Subjects judged weights after hearing the judgments of four ‘confederates’ whose responses had been predetermined by the experimenter. Although the actual stimulus weight was held constant (500 grams), the confederates' judgments increased systematically from 500 to 900 (Exp. I), or decreased from 500 to 100 grams (Exp. II). The subjects' judgments followed those of the confederates very closely, and this group‐induced change appeared to be accepted privately in most cases.
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF ACQUAINTANCE IN ENGAGED AND MARRIED COUPLES
Authors: Strømnes Frode J.
Published: May 2008

Five married and 5 engaged couples, matched on socio‐economic and interactional criteria, completed the Allport‐Vernon‐Lindzey Study of Values and Gordon's personality tests and predicted their mate's answers on these tests. Married partners predicted significantly better than engaged partners on the Study of Values but not on the Gordon tests. With the second part of the Study of Values, engaged couples predicted the mate's preferred motives relatively better than non‐preferred ones, whereas married partners were equally well acquainted with both types. The results are discussed in terms of pain‐avoidance by cognitive means in open versus closed ecological fields.
VALUE AND SIZE PERCEPTION
Authors: Saugstad Per , Schioldborg Per
Published: May 2008

A detailed review is presented of studies related to the accentuation hypothesis of Bruner & Goodman (1947). It is found that the results from (1) coin studies, (2) symbol studies, and (3) other studies are conflicting and do not substantiate the hypothesis. Through an analysis of this hypothesis and a specification of the concept of perception, the various designs are found to be inadequate for demonstrating perceptual accentuation of size. The hypothesis is forwarded that value asserts an influence upon imaginary processes related to the experience of size.
THE SEMANTICS OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND THE PREDICTION OF THE MEANINGS OF STEREOSCOPICALLY FUSED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Authors: Hastorf Albert H. , Osgood Charles E. , Ono Hiroshi
Published: May 2008

Two experiments were concerned with scaling affective meanings of posed facial expressions using a specially devised form of semantic differential and with determining the extent to which the meaning of stereoscopically fused facial expressions could be predicted. Both experiments provided evidence for at least three dimensions. High reliability for scaling the affective meanings of facial expressions was demonstrated. Two methods were employed for predicting the meaning of a composite expression. The results indicated that the predictions based on the congruity principle do no better than those based on a simple algebraic mean of the two components.
THE LAW OF CATEGORICAL JUDGMENT AND THE MEASUREMENT OF COLOR CONSTANCY
Authors: Pietarinen Juhani
Published: May 2008

The scaling method used by von Fieandt, Ahonen & Järvinen (1964) for measuring color constancy is discussed. It is argued that (i) the underlying scaling model and the experimental procedure they employed are incompatible, and that (ii) the analytical procedure they applied to the data for obtaining the empirical scale values is incorrect. The data are reanalyzed, and the goodness of fit of both the original and the present results is evaluated.
LOUDNESS AS A FUNCTION OF THE DURATION OF AUDITORY STIMULATION
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Berglund Birgitta , Berglund Ulf
Published: May 2008

The perceived loudness of a 1000 c/s tone was measured by a direct scaling method under different conditions of intensity (19–35 db) and duration (50–500 msec) of stimulation. It was found that loudness grows as a logarithmic function of stimulus duration; the relation was verified for ten individual subjects and four levels of intensity. In addition, the relation between temporal threshold and level of intensity was tentatively described.
PROPERTIES OF THE HOLLEY‐GUILFORD ‘G INDEX OF AGREEMENT’ IN R AND Q FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Levy Philip
Published: May 2008

The Holley‐Guilford G index for 2×2 contingency tables has spatial properties which suggest that, as with other such indices, problems may arise in factor analysis of G matrices. Two response models—Guttman's Simplex and the Coombs‐Kao conjunctive case—are used to provide data for exploring the behaviour of G. In particular, the claim that G equates person means and variances in Q analysis is not substantiated.
A REPLY TO PHILIP LEVY‐IN DEFENSE OF THE G INDEX
Authors: Holley Jasper Wilson
Published: May 2008

Levy's criticism that the use of the G index does not equate person means and variances in Q analysis is answered by pointing out that the matrices used in the illustrations supporting his argument are not based upon items which have been ‘double‐scored’, a necessary requirement for the correct use of G in Q technique. His comments, therefore, are regarded as irrelevant.
ON THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL LEARNING THEORIES. I
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: May 2008

It is argued that the process of operationalizing a (linear) mathematical learning theory consists of a semantical and a ‘structural’ part. Another important aspect of the application of a theory is evaluating its empirical adequacy (goodness‐of‐fit, etc.). In this paper problems connected to operationalization and assumptions concerning parameter in‐variance and homogeneity are discussed, and illustrated in a contingent two‐choice learning situation with partial reinforcement.
NOTE ON LEARNING, CONTINGENCY, AND CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Elementary learning is not sensitive to contingencies between presence—absence variates. Even adult subjects, who under optimal conditions are capable of grasping the concept of contingency, normally do not appear to utilize this concept. The available evidence reduces confidence in the realism of clinical judgments, and is consonant with certain widespread fallacies in clinical research.
THE GARNER‐ATTNEAVE THEORY OF RATIO SCALING
Authors: Junge Kenneth
Published: May 2008

The theory is shown to be logically and psychologically untenable, being based on a first order phenomenological‐numerical (PN) relation which cannot exist. An alternative theory, not possessing this shortcoming because it involves a second order PN relation, explains both ratio and category scaling.
NOTE ON THE RETENTION OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE
Authors: Cohen Ronald L. , Johansson Bo S.
Published: May 2008

Two sentences were constructed having roughly the same content but different predictability (P‐) scores. One or other of the sentences was presented auditorily once only to different groups of subjects who were instructed to listen carefully, without however, being informed of the learning character of the experiment. The groups were then tested for retention after one of the following intervals: IM, 3 min., 2 hours, 20 hours. The sentences were found to differ in memorability (amount recalled) in IM but not in LTM. The reproductions were also analysed with regard to synonym and non‐synonym substitutions and the implications for the chunking hypothesis discussed.
THE STRUCTURE OF DEPRESSION, BY FACTORING Q‐DATA, IN RELATION TO GENERAL PERSONALITY SOURCE TRAITS
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. , Bjerstedt ÅKe
Published: May 2008

The factor structure of a wide, representative sample of questionnaire items was determined across the domain of depression, and their relation to normal personality factors was fixed. The depression items were administered, along with personality marker items from the 16 P.F. Test (or HSPQ), to a mixed group of 139 patients and controls and to 169 younger adults. Eight meaningful simple structure factors were found, 7 replicating across samples. Second order analysis showed no general factor in depression, but rather 4 distinct second orders.
A PARADOX IN THE PERCEPTION OF LUMINANCE GRADIENTS. III
Authors: Bergström Sten Sture
Published: May 2008

In the second paper of this series (Bergström, 1967) a psychophysical model of certain contrast phenomena in the perception of luminance gradients was outlined on the basis of empirical findings. From this model two predictions were derived about the appearance of a steplike luminance distribution. These predictions about relations between the brightness of different parts of the distribution have been tested by means of a ranking method and a matching technique. Both predictions were confirmed.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SENSORY RELATEDNESS OF ODOURS
Authors: Döving Kjell B. , Lange Anders L.
Published: May 2008

Measures of relatedness of odours were obtained by means of two psychophysical methods and one electrophysiological technique. The psychophysical data consisted of similarity judgments and confusion measures. The electrophysiological data were based upon statistical treatment of the responses of single units in the olfactory bulb of the frog. Significant rank correlations were obtained between the results of the three methods. The significance of psychological relatedness data for the study of basic receptor processes is discussed.
A SERIAL AFTERIMAGE EXPERIMENT IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Kragh Ulf
Published: May 2008

Successive change in the size of negative afterimages repeatedly projected upon a screen was measured in a group of 87 psychiatric patients and a control group of 27. Primitive‐hysteroid subjects were characterized by fluctuating serials, compulsives by small size changes of short duration, anxiety cases by progressively growing, dark, achromatic images, and psychotics by sudden contractions to size‐constant or concrete images. A tentative finding for depressives was also presented and discussed.
RELATIONS BETWEEN INTRA‐MODAL AND CROSS‐MODAL MATCHING
Authors: Björkman Mats
Published: May 2008

Accuracy in matching was investigated cross‐modally (touch and vision) and intra‐modally. The stimuli were surfaces of sand‐paper. Two experiments showed (a) that matched stimuli are linearly related to the standard stimuli for the two intra‐modal conditions, whereas non‐linear relations (power‐functions) were obtained in the two cross‐modal conditions (touch‐vision and vision‐touch), (b) that the variance of matched stimuli is approximately three times as large when matching is performed cross‐modally as compared to intra‐modal matching. Data were analyzed according to a model which suggests that the correlation between discriminal dispersions belonging to the same modality is higher than the correlation between discriminal dispersions arising from two modalities.
STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A NEW DRUG (DIETHYLPROPION)
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart , Jonsson Carl‐Otto
Published: May 2008

Properties of individual differences in data from two experiments with low doses of drugs are reported. When stimulant drugs were correlated over subjects, positive partial correlations were generally found (placebo level constant), especially for critical flicker fusion but also for ratings of subjective effects. Hypotheses predicting correlations between drug effects and extraversion and neuroticism were tested using the Maudsley Personality Inventory but were not supported. It was also found that time curves were not consistent between variables for a given subject, thus emphasizing the need of treating average maxima with caution.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHENOMENAL SPACE AND PHENOMENAL VELOCITY
Authors: Cohen Ronald L.
Published: May 2008

The hypothesis that changing the phenomenal distance traversed by a moving spot, while keeping the physical distance constant, should affect the phenomenal velocity in a like direction was tested by having the stimulus motion path bounded by Müller‐Lyer figures. It was found that while these affected motion path length judgements in the same direction as static length judgements, they did not have a corresponding effect on velocity judgements. The Müller‐Lyer figure producing a decreased length judgement was actually found to increase velocity judgements. Two possible explanations of this result were tested and the conclusion drawn that this increase could be due to the enclosing nature of the Müller‐Lyer figure in question.
RODS AS COLOR RECEPTORS IN PHOTOPIC VISION
Authors: Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

Comparing a foveal and an extra‐foveal field during dark adaptation, transition from chromatic to achromatic vision at intensity levels above the cone plateau started around the break of the dark adaptation curve. Pre‐stimulating the two fields in a dark‐adapted state with deep red, and test‐stimulating when returning sensitivity had reached absolute threshold of the dark‐adapted eye, with green filters at intensities above the specific threshold, the fields matched as to hue and saturation. It appears that rod and cone activities are integrated and function as a synchronized unit during the initial recovery phase of dark adaptation.
NIGHT VISION AS CHROMATIC VISION
Authors: Stabell Bjorn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

Assuming that night vision is an exclusive function of the rods, and that it is colorless, the duplicity theory states that rod vision is achromatic vision. Studies relevant to color in night vision are reviewed. It is concluded that color may be observed well below the breakpoint of the dark adaptation curve, and that the duplicity theory therefore needs revision.
THE STRUCTURE OF ABILITIES IN THE RETARDED
Authors: Kebbon Lars , Aldrin Monica , Hallerstedt Gunilla
Published: May 2008

The ability structure in retarded women was studied on the same lines as with men (Kebbon, 1965). The women, 89 in number, were between 17 and 54, their IQ's between 40 and 90. Factor analysis was done of their scores on 16 tests measuring four factors—verbal, spatial‐inductive, numerical and psychomotor. Comparison with the corresponding scores from 89 matched men and 92 normal men indicated that, in terms of these factors, retarded women have the same ability structure as retarded men, and that both have a similar structure to that of persons of average and superior intelligence.
EFFECT OF A SPECIFIC NOISE ON VISUAL AND AUDITORY MEMORY SPAN
Authors: Dornič Stanislav
Published: May 2008

Messages of visual and aural stimuli (digits) were presented together with a specific noise consisting of different auditory and visual stimuli. The auditory memory span, measured by the amount of digits recalled immediately after presentation, was not at all affected by the interfering visual noise, whereas the visual memory span was found to be significantly reduced by the acoustic noise. The results are interpreted as giving support to the hypothesis on the acoustic nature of information storage in immediate memory. Possible differences in the properties of the visual and auditory peripheral filter are discussed.
GEOMETRIC ILLUSIONS
Authors: Virsu Veijo
Published: May 2008

The effects of instruction and training on the magnitude of illusion were investigated using as stimuli Müller‐Lyer, Müller‐Lyer‐Ebbinghaus, and Oppel's figure, and a perspective illusion. The subjects estimated the difference between the standard and the variable. The results suggest that changes in judging attitudes, and perceptual learning, contribute to the decrement of illusion during repeated presentation; adaptation to a two‐dimensional stimulus world seems to affect the size of illusions which can be explained on the basis of constancy theory. The interactions between the treatments were fairly high.
GEOMETRIC ILLUSIONS
Authors: Pietarinen Juhani , Virsu Veijo
Published: May 2008

The following experimental results are discussed: (i) the direct numerical estimates of the differences between the lengths of the variable and the standard in the stimulus figures gradually became smaller during the experiment; (ii) these estimates suddenly got smaller when a relatively illusion‐free stimulus figure was followed by a more illusionlike figure. These results suggest that the numerical judgments only partially reflect the strength of illusions; they are in addition affected by certain biasing factors. A method for evaluating the relative effects of the illusion and the biasing factors is presented.
THE SOLUTION OF PERCEPTUAL CONFLICT BETWEEN STEREOSCOPICALLY PRESENTED FACIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Bokander Ingvah , Radeborg Karl
Published: May 2008

In stereoscopically induced perceptual conflict between different but not too disparate facial photographs, a fusion appears that is gradually experienced as more evaluated and less dynamic in a semantic system of coordinates. Individual differences in the process of conflict resolution are partly related to data from a test (the Serial Colour‐Word Test) that is intended to measure general ways of adaptation to a conflicting situation.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TWO‐DIMENSIONAL FORM PERCEPTION
Authors: Eriksson E. Store
Published: May 2008

The perceived shape of a circle and ellipse has been studied as influenced by the size of the figure, size of the reference frame, contrast and intensity. It was found that these factors have a systematic influence upon form perception. The data are considered within the context of the shape slant invariance hypothesis and are interpreted as providing evidence against this hypothesis as applied to the proximal form.
COLOR THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS IN SCOTOPIC VISION
Authors: Stabell Bjørn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

The absolute and the color threshold in scotopic vision generally coincide during dark adaptation, indicating that color‐threshold intensity is a measure of the concentration of rhodopsin, and that different modes of rhodopsin regeneration are reflected in the measurements of the color threshold.
EFFECT OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) EXTRACTED FROM THE BRAIN OF TRAINED ANIMALS ON LEARNING IN RATS
Authors: Røigaard‐Petersen H. H. , Nissen Th. , Fjerdingstad E. J.
Published: May 2008

Røigaard‐Petersen, H. H., Nissen, Th. & Fjerdingstad, E. J. Effect of ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from the brain of trained animals on learning in rats. III. Results obtained with an improved procedure. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 1–16.—By modifying several steps in an experimental procedure in which rats are injected intracisternally with an RNA extract prepared from the brain of trained rats, and subsequently tested in the same training situation, high reproducibility is obtained. A detailed description of the procedure is given.
THE RANDOMIZED BLOCKS DESIGN: A procedure for checking the success of the forming of blocks
Authors: Strømnes Frode J.
Published: May 2008

Strømnes, F. J. The randomized blocks design. A procedure for checking the success of the forming of blocks. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 17–18.—A simple check for the success of any particular attempt at making a randomized blocks design is presented. It is proved that evaluation can be performed by comparing the mean square for blocks with the mean square for the residual. If the residual mean square is the greater one, the randomized groups design might be used in analysis.
DIFFERENTIATION OF PSYCHOTIC SUBJECTS BY MEANS OF THE META‐CONTRAST TECHNIQUE
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W.
Published: May 2008

Smith, G. J. W. Differentiation of psychotic subjects by means of the metacontrast technique. Scad. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 3–44.—Sixtyeight psychotic patients tested with the meta‐contrast technique (MCT) were divided in six sub‐groups according to focal symptoms. Many sub‐groups clearly differed with respect to MCT results. In the schizophrenic groups serial discontinuity due to regression was particularly prominent; in the paranoid, non‐schizophrenic groups, marked subliminal influence on the frame percept plus other signs of projection. The meaning of psychotic color responses to black‐and‐white stimuli was also discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIALLY‐INDUCED AGGRESSIVENESS OR NONAGGRESSIVENESS ON THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF INEXPERIENCED MALE MICE
Authors: Hautojävi Sirkka , Lagerspetz Kirsti
Published: May 2008

Hautojävi, S. & Lagerspetz, K. The effects of socially‐induced aggressiveness or nonaggressiveness on the sexual behaviour of inexperienced male mice. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 45–49.—High aggressiveness induced by repeated victories over another mouse was found to decrease sexual behaviour of male albino mice. Nonaggressiveness induced by defeats in fights did not affect the level of sexual activity as compared with that of the control animals.
RELATIVE CHANGES IN INTELLIGENCE FROM 13 TO 18: Results
Authors: Härnqvist K.
Published: May 2008

Härnqvist, K. Relative changes in intelligence from 13 to 18. II. Results. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 65–82.—Relative changes in intelligence from 13 to 18 are shown to be related to differences in education and to some extent also home background. The relationship is stronger for general intellectual level than for a component contrasting spatial with verbal performance. Alternative interpretations of results are discussed against the background described in Part I.
TEMPORAL INTEGRATION OF PERCEPTUAL RESPONSE TO SUPRALIMINAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Fröberg Jan , Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: May 2008

Ekman, G., Fröberg, J. & Frankenhaeuser, M. Temporal integration of perceptual response to supraliminal electrical stimulation. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 83–88.—The effect of duration of electrical stimulation on perceived unpleasantness was investigated in 10 subjects. Duration of stimulation ranged from 0.05 to 3.00 sec. Three levels of intensity were investigated representing 2, 3, and 4 times the individual sensation threshold. For all stimulus intensities perceived unpleasantness was a simple logarithmic function of stimulus duration over the whole temporal range. This relation describes the trend of both the group data and the data from most individual subjects. The results support previous findings over a narrower temporal range and agree with results recently obtained in several additional sense modalities.
PERCEPTUAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS REGISTERED BY THE META‐CONTRAST TECHNIQUE IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC CHILDREN
Authors: Lindbom Kerstin
Published: May 2008

Lindbom, K. Perceptual defense mechanisms registered by the meta‐con‐trast technique in normal and pathologic children. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 109–116.—Patterns of perceptual defense mechanisms in lo‐year‐old children, on the whole, agree with adult patterns, as measured with the meta‐contrast technique (MCT). The technique clearly differentiates between a clinical and a normal group and, in the clinical group of children, also between psychiatric symptom classes.
COLOR THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS IN SCOTOPIC VISION: Simultaneous color contrast
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjørn
Published: May 2008

Stabell, U. & Stabell, B. Color threshold measurements in scotopic vision. III. Simultaneous color contrast. Scand J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 133–137.—Color may be observed well below the break‐point level of the dark adaptation curve, suggesting that the impulse pattern initiated in the rods may trigger a color‐related response. Color is induced when the intensity of the inducing field reaches a certain level above the specific threshold, provided the stimulation of the test field is observable.
NEUROCHEMICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MICE SELECTIVELY BRED FOR AGGRESSIVENESS
Authors: Lagerspetz Kari Y. H. , Tirri Rauno , Lagerspetz Kirsti M. J.
Published: May 2008

Lagerspetz, K. Y. H., Tirri, R. & Lagerspetz, K. M. J. Neurochemical and endocrinological studies of mice selectively bred for aggressiveness. Scand.J. Psychol., 1968, g, 157–160.—Several neurochemical and endocrinological variables were studied in male albino mice from two strains, selectively bred for aggressiveness and non‐aggressiveness. Differences were found in the weight and the serotonin content of the forebrain, in the catecholamine contents of the brain stem and of the adrenal gland as well as in the weight of the testis. The results indicate that mice selectively bred for aggressiveness show physiological signs of higher orthosympathetic activity than the mice selectively bred for non‐aggressiveness.
GENERALITY OF GRAPHIC VARIABLES ACROSS DRAWING TASKS
Authors: Konttinen R. , Olkinuora E.
Published: May 2008

Konttinen, R. & Olkinuora, E. Generality of graphic variables across drawing tasks. Scund. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 161–168.—As a partial replication of the Takala & Rantanen (1964) study, the correlations between 6 graphic variables extracted from 6 drawing tasks differing in complexity were investigated. Four graphic trait factors were obtained I Size, II Pressure, III Discontinuous lines, and IV Angularity. Other graphic variables (nuancity and reinforcement) loaded factors II and III. The data lend support to the hypothesis that the same graphic traits should be interpreted in the same way irrespective of the complexity of the test. However, the complexity of the drawing task may make a difference in interpretation where size is concerned.
ON THE NONVISUAL CUES CONTROLLING THROWlNG MOVEMENTS
Authors: Mikkonen V. , Kolehmainen K.
Published: May 2008

Mikkonen, V. & Kolehmainen, K. On the nonvisual cues controlling throwing movements. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 169–176.—When position of subject's head is varied (his eyes fixating the target) in dart throwing experiments, systematic errors occur in the throws in the direction in which the head is turned. Subjects trained to hit the target with the head turned to the side, and then allowed to throw with the face towards the target, make errors in the direction opposite to that in which the head was turned during training. The most recently learned relationship between head and hand thus tends to guide the throws. Changes occur primarily in the direction of the throwing movement, the starting position of the throwing hand being relatively stable.
AN ANALYSIS OF RAVEN MATRIX RESPONSES IN FIFTH GRADECHILDREN. I
Authors: Vejleskov Hans
Published: May 2008

Vejleskov, H. An analysis of Raven matrix responses in fifth grade children. I. Scand. J. Psychol., 1967, 8, 177–186.—The performances of 628 children in the Standard Progressive Matrices were studied by means of the average score in the five series of the test as well as by the time used for the whole test. The analysis considered differences with regard to sex, age, and socio‐economic status. Further, the individual items of the test were analysed with regard to the order of presentation and sex differences of response frequencies. Finally, the nature of the test and the application of a stochastic model are discussed.
INDUCED AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR IN THE PROTOZOA TETRAHYMENA
Authors: Bergström Sten R.
Published: May 2008

Bergstrom, S. R. Induced avoidance behaviour in the Protozoa Tetrahymena. Scand.J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 215–219.—A sample of Tetrahymena, exposed to a series of light and electric shocks paired, was placed in a partially lighted glass chamber. During the first three minutes the number of animals in the lighted parts of the chamber decreased, and an essentially smaller proportion of the sample was then found in the light, in comparison with control samples, which had received either shocks or light or neither of the two stimuli.
APPARENT SIZE AS A DETERMINER OF FIGURAL AFTER‐EFFECTS. II
Authors: Kolehmainen Kyösti
Published: May 2008

Kolehmainen, K. Apparent size as a determiner of figural after‐effects. II. Scand. J. Psychol. 1968, 9, 237—240.—A brightly illuminated circle (TF) was flashed at distance d. The subject projected the after‐image of TF on a screen placed at distance d/2, and fixated the after‐image, which appeared to be half the size of the stimulus figure. Then TF and a comparison circle (CF) of equal size were shown, faintly illuminated, at distance d. A clear‐cut figural after‐effect occurred TF was perceived to be larger. It is suggested that TF appeared dimmer after the fixation and was perceived to be farther away than CF. As a consequence of this TF looked larger.
THE VALUE OF EXTERNAL DIRECTION AND INDIVIDUAL DISCOVERY IN LEARNING SITUATIONS: The learning of a mathematical principle
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Werdelin, I. The value of external direction and individual discovery in learning situations. I. The learning of a mathematical principle. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 241–247.—Three samples (A, B, C), selected at random from seven sixth grade classes, were instructed differently how to use a mathematical principle. A was told the principle and applied it on examples; B was given most examples first, then told the principle, and given additional examples; C was given examples only. A learned the principle better, as measured by a test given immediately after the experiment. C was comparatively better as to retention and transfer. B was between A and C.
STUDIES OF THE RATED FAVORABLENESS OF OFFERS TO GAMBLE
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

Sjöberg, L. Studies of the rated favorableness of offers to gamble. Scand. J. Psychol. 1968, 9, 257–273.—Subjects rated the favorableness of offers to gamble on lotteries and wagers on bipolar graphic scales in 5 experiments. It was found for lotteries that the structure of ratings could be described as an effect of variation in probability plus a multiplicative prize probability interaction. A similar model could be fitted to ratings of wagers, with a main effect due to prizes plus an effect due to losses or a loss‐prize interaction.
WHEN CAN THE SUBJECT BE TRUSTED NOT TO THINK?
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

Sjöberg, L. When can the subject be trusted not to think?Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 274–276.—Many tasks can be approached either in an intuitive or an analytical mode. Hence, problems of interpretation may arise. Such problems are particularly pressing in cases where the results can be explained as the outcome of a trivial, analytic process. Certain recent work is discussed where such a risk appears to be present.
ROD VISION AS CHROMATIC VISION
Authors: Stabell Bjørn
Published: May 2008

Stabell, B. Rod vision as chromatic vision. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 282–288.—It was found (I) that the smallest quantity of light of pre‐stimula‐tion which produces color upon test‐stimulation, stands in unique relation to the intensity of the specific threshold, and (2) that the size of the pre‐and test‐stimulation fields may affect the duration of the after‐image. The results are judged to indicate that pre‐stimulation of cones creates the disposition for the color‐related response, and that the color‐related response is generated centrally to the photochemical systems of the receptors.
FIGURAL REVERSAL RATE AND PERSONAL TEMPO
Authors: Künnapas Teodor
Published: May 2008

Künnapas, T. Figural reversal rate and personal tempo. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 27–32.—Thirty subjects participated in a figural fluctuation experiment. The same subjects were given five perceptual tests representing personal tempo. Coefficients of correlation between figural reversal rate and personal tempo were generally positive but low. Three main factors were found to account for the variability of perceptual activity: (a) perceptual fluency, (b) decision speed, and (c) immediate perceptual memory.
TWO LEAST‐SQUARES SOLUTIONS FOR EKMAN'S METHOD OF DIRECT MULTIDIMENSIONAL RATIO SCALING
Authors: Micko H. C. , Lehmann G.
Published: May 2008

Micko, H. C. & Lehmann, G. Two least‐squares solutions for Ekman's method of direct multidimensional ratio scaling. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 57–60.‐Two least‐squares procedures are given for estimating scalar products of percept vectors from Ekman‐type multidimensional ratio scaling data.
SENSATION SCALES IN THE SIZE‐WEIGHT ILLUSION
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

Sjoberg, L. Sensation scales in the size‐weight illusion. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 109–112.‐The subjects gave magnitude estimations of heaviness of a set of cylinders varying simultaneously in weight and height. The size‐weight illusion could be well described by a simple model assuming heaviness to be inversely proportional to a sensation scale of size and directly proportional to a sensation scale of weight. The scale parameters corresponding to weight were a positively accelerated function of weight while the corresponding function for size was negatively accelerated.
INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCES IN A SINGLE‐CUE PROBABILITY LEARNING TASK
Authors: Bjorkman Mats
Published: May 2008

Björkman, M. Individual performances in a single‐cue probability learning task. Scand. J. Psychol. 1969, 10, 113–123. —Inference behavior was studied in a 2 times 2 cue‐criterion task. Fifty subjects were distributed on five conditions varying in cue validity and base rate. They were studied individually with respect to four cognitive strategies: matching, maximizing, double matching and differential maximizing. The utilization coefficients of the average subject had a tendency to ‘overshoot’ when the cue validity was high and to ‘undershoot’ when the validity was low. Double matching and differential maximizing were the most common strategies. Cognitive activity is interpreted as a compromise between various type performances.
INTENTIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE TREE DRAWING TEST
Authors: Konttinen R. , Karila A.
Published: May 2008

Konttinen, R. & Karila, A. Intentional communication in the tree drawing test. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 129–136—One way in which relationships between drawing variables and personality traits may be conceived is by interpreting the drawing as intentional communication. Some implications of this proposition were tested. Five formal variables of tree drawings were studied: angularity, size, form level, shading, and pressure. Only angularity can unambiguously be given a communication interpretation; but the other variables, too, may perhaps be used for intentional communication.
TRANSITION FROM ROD TO CONE VISION:III. Successive contrast anew
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjørn
Published: May 2008

Stabell, U. & Stabell, B. Transition from rod to cone vision. III. Successive contrast anew. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 140–144—The relation between the specific threshold level and the upper limit of the scotopic contrast color was investigated. The achromatic interval between the scotopic and the photopic component increased when time in darkness increased, and when pre‐stimulation was reduced as regards intensity, duration, or cone/rod ratio. The results are interpreted on the basis of the opponent theory of color vision.
CHROMATIC ROD AND CONE ACTIVITIES AS A FUNCTION OF THE PHOTOCHROMATIC INTERVAL
Authors: Stabell Bjørn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

Stabbll, B. & Stabell, U. Chromatic rod and cone activities as a function of the photochromatic interval. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10,215– 219.—The Sco topic contrast color dominated for longer periods and at higher intensities the larger the magnitude of the photochromatic interval, indicating that the relative responsiveness of the chromatic rod to the chromatic cone activity increases as a function of the photochromatic interval.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL INVARIANTS OF ACHROMATIC COLOUR VISION: IV. Depth adjacency and simultaneous contrast
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

Lie, I. Psychophysical invariants of achromatic colour vision. IV. Depth adjacency and simultaneous contrast. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 282–286.— Achromatic colour contrast as a function of adjacent subareas was investigated by a stereoscopic depth technique. The degree of colour contrast was found to be independent of stereoscopic depth.