bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature-dependent trion-induced tunability of the terahertz signal response enabled by intraband transitions in monolayer WS2
Authors: Sharma Saloni , Singh Divyansh Pratap , Rane Shreeya , Murukeshan Jishnu , Pieshkov Tymofii S. , Srivastava Shubhda , Roy Soumyabrata , Puthirath Anand B. , Gao Guanhui , Puranik Ruturaj , Pandey Utkarsh , Haldankar Snehal , Parkar Vibhavari , Faseela Fathimath , Prabhu Shriganesh S. , Chowdhury Dibakar Roy , Ajayan P. M. , Gupta Bipin Kumar
Published: December 2024

Exploring temperature-dependent trion effects in monolayer WS2, enabling tunable terahertz signal response through intraband transition mechanisms.
A low-cost, high-performance, dopant-free phenyl-based hole transport material for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zhang Zhenhu , Wang Xinrui , Lv Xin , Zheng Xuerui , Niu Dewang , Zhang Guangxin , Wang Kexin , Yuan Kuanyu , Zhang Yongjie
Published: December 2024

Benefiting from the expansion of the central structure, the carrier mobility of HTMs is elevated to 2.56 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Thus, the PCE of PSCs with dopant-free HTL is increased from 17.57% to 20.37%.
The new age of the phage
Authors: Santini Joanne M.
Published: December 2024

The discovery of viruses that can devour bacteria, bacteriophages (phages), was in 1915. Phages are ubiquitous, outnumbering the organisms they devour, and genomically, morphologically, and ecologically diverse. They were critical in our development of molecular biology and biotechnology tools and have been used as therapeutics for over 100 years, primarily in Eastern Europe with thousands of patients from all over the world treated in Georgia. The rise of antimicrobial resistance and the lack of new antimicrobials, has brought them back into the spotlight dawning the New Age of the Phage. This special issue will provide further insight to phage diversity across ecosystems, including humans, animals, and plants, i.e. the basis of a One Health approach, and the requirements for turning phages into viable medicines for the many and not just for the few.
Intervention and Sampling Trends in Literacy Research for Young Augmentative and Alternative Communication Users: A Scoping Review
Authors: Benson-Goldberg Sofia , Erickson Karen
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

This scoping review aims to characterize the body of literature addressing literacy interventions involving young children (ages 2–8 years) who use or would benefit from aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).

Method:

A systematic search was conducted in six databases. The search yielded 33 intervention studies. Participant characteristics (i.e., age, gender, communication profile) were charted along with intervention characteristics (i.e., focus, outcome variables, settings, interventionists, aided AAC materials).

Results:

Findings provide insight into intervention and sampling trends. Specifically, studies predominantly investigated shared reading interventions to support expressive communication with children who were already symbolic communicators. There was a noticeable lack of studies involving children with multiple disabilities including intellectual disabilities.

Conclusions:

The review highlights the necessity for more inclusive research that represents the diverse communication and disability profiles of young children who use or would benefit from aided AAC. Future studies should aim to include participants with varying abilities and access methods. Additionally, the emphasis on emergent literacy, particularly shared reading, should be expanded to include comprehensive emergent literacy skills such as generative writing, phonological awareness, and language comprehension. This broader focus will better support the literacy development of young children who use or would benefit from aided AAC.
Multi global context‐aware transformer for ship name recognition in IoT
Authors: Xian Yunting , Lu Lu , Qiu Xuanrui , Xian Jing
Published: December 2024

Scene text recognition has gained increasing attention in recent years, as it can connect products without an open interface in IoT. The non‐local network is particularly popular in text recognition, as it can aggregate the temporal message of the input. However, existing text recognition methods based on RNN encoder‐decoder structures encounter the problem of attention drift, especially in complex ship name recognition scenarios, because the features extracted by these methods are extremely similar. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel text recognition approach named Multi Global Context‐aware Transformer (MG‐Cat). The proposed approach has two main properties: (1) a Global Context block that captures the global relationships among pixels inside the encoder, and (2) multiple global context‐aware attention modules stacked in the encoder process. This way, the MG‐Cat approach can learn a more robust intermediate feature representation in the text recognition pipeline. Moreover, the paper collected a new ship name dataset to evaluate the proposed approach. Extensive experiments were conducted on the collected dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The experimental results show the generalization ability of our squeeze‐and‐excitation global context attention module.
3D Metal printed compact high‐Q bandpass filter using folded groove gap waveguide resonator with modified nails
Authors: Miao Zhuo‐Wei , Tian Ling
Published: December 2024

This paper first presented a novel kind of modified curved nails for building the gap waveguide. By controlling the curved degrees, the realized gap waveguide can achieve a wider electromagnetic band gap range. Subsequently, a groove gap waveguide resonator based on this was proposed that can offer the advantages of miniaturization and high unloaded quality (Qu) values, which is a good candidate for designing low‐loss filters. To further reduce the footprints while maintaining the high Qu, the concept of the folded waveguide was deployed here to construct the so‐called folded groove gap waveguide resonator for the first time. Then, a 4‐pole filter based on the folded groove gap waveguide resonator was designed to validate the possibilities. The designed filter showed comparable performance as its counterparts of half‐mode gap waveguide resonator but with smaller. For rapid prototyping, 3D metal printing was adopted to fabricate the filter concerning its periodical nail structures. The printing quality is acceptable, and the tested results agreed well with the simulated ones.
Source‐storage‐transmission planning method considering carbon emission responsibility allocation
Authors: Yang Xiuyu , Su Kebing , Peng Jian , Miu Gang , Zhu Zhengyin
Published: December 2024

Fair sharing of carbon responsibility is crucial to achieve the goal of low‐carbon transformation and dual‐carbon power system. In response to the current issue of a certain proportion of joint responsibility between source and load, it does not comply with the principle of “who causes who bears”. This thesis proposes a source storage transport coordinated planning method for allocating carbon responsibility from a planning perspective. Firstly, based on the basic principle of “who causes, who bears”, it classifies and holds accountable various stakeholders, establishes reasonable and fair allocation principles including reward and punishment indicators, and a dual carbon responsibility cost allocation rule for electricity balance and power balance in the power system; Secondly, based on the previous works, a source storage network joint planning model which comprehensively considers the investment cost of conventional thermal power installation, energy storage investment, wind abandonment penalty cost, transmission line expansion cost, and carbon emission responsibility cost is constructed. Finally, taking the Garver‐6 node system as an example, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were verified by comparing it with the source storage and transportation planning method that does not consider carbon responsibility allocation.
Differences in M‐components between triggered lightning striking the ground and overhead line
Authors: Cai Li , Du Yiyang , Fan Wenchao , Zhou Mi , Wang Jianguo , Cao Jinxin , Fan Yadong
Published: December 2024

In the summer of 2018–2019, rocket‐triggered lightning experiments were conducted in Guangzhou, China. There were two types of lightning targets: ground and overhead line. By comparing the current and the electric field data in the two cases, it was found that when the continuous current level (ICC) and current amplitude (IM) of M‐components (current pulses generated during the continuous current stage) are large, the time difference between the electric field peak and the current peak (TD) will always be small. The rise time (RT) and half peak width (THPW) of M‐components with high ICC and IM are low in both the cases. The threshold upper limit of TD in the case of lightning striking the ground is higher, approximately 2.6 times than that in the case of lightning striking the overhead line. We use an optimised guided wave model to simulate the electric field waveforms of M‐components. It was found that the shorter RT and THPW of the M‐component, the smaller TD. The changes in wave speed and IM cannot affect the size of TD, and the impact of distance changes is very weak. The difference in the threshold upper limit of TD may be related to the significant difference in ground impedance in two cases.
Automatic detection of rice disease in images of various leaf sizes
Authors: Kiratiratanapruk Kantip , Temniranrat Pitchayagan , Sinthupinyo Wasin , Marukatat Sanparith , Patarapuwadol Sujin
Published: December 2024

To help farmers manage limited resources, rice disease diagnosis must be accurate, timely, and affordable. This study addresses challenges in rice field images, such as environmental variability and differences in rice leaf sizes. The proposed technique combines convolutional neural network object detection with image tiling, using estimated rice leaf width as a reference for image division. An 18‐layer ResNet model was trained using ground truth leaf width values for regression in leaf width estimation. Experiments used a dataset of 4960 images representing 8 rice diseases. The leaf width prediction model achieved a mean absolute percentage error of 11.18% and was used to generate a tiled dataset for training advanced rice disease detection models. The tiling technique was evaluated using YOLOv4, YOLOv8n, YOLOv8l, DINO‐5scale Swin‐L, and Co‐DINO‐5scale Swin‐L models by comparing detection performance on original and tiled datasets. Mean average precision improved significantly: YOLOv4 increased from 87.56% to91.14%, YOLOv8n from 89.80% to 91.70%, and YOLOv8l from 89.80% to 93.20%. More advanced models, such as DINO5scale Swin‐L and Co‐DINO‐5scale Swin‐L, achieved even higher precision, at 93.40% and 94.20%, respectively. In conclusion, the tiling technique improved detection efficiency and addressed object size variability, enhancing rice disease detection accuracy inreal‐world scenarios.
Uncovering the invisible: A study of Gaia18ajz, a candidate black hole revealed by microlensing
Authors: Howil K. , Wyrzykowski Ł. , Kruszyńska K. , Zieliński P. , Bachelet E. , Gromadzki M. , Mikołajczyk P. J. , Kotysz K. , Jabłońska M. , Kaczmarek Z. , Mróz P. , Ihanec N. , Ratajczak M. , Pylypenko U. , Rybicki K. , Sweeney D. , Hodgkin S. T. , Larma M. , Carrasco J. M. , Burgaz U. , Godunova V. , Simon A. , Cusano F. , Jelinek M. , Štrobl J. , Hudec R. , Merc J. , Kučáková H. , Erece O. , Kilic Y. , Olivares F. , Morrell M. , Wicker M.
Published: December 2024

Context. Identifying black holes is essential for our understanding of the development of stars and can reveal novel principles of physics. Gravitational microlensing provides an exceptional opportunity to examine an undetectable population of black holes in the Milky Way. In particular, long-lasting events are likely to be associated with massive lenses, including black holes.

Aims. We present an analysis of the Gaia18ajz microlensing event reported by the Gaia Science Alerts system. Gaia18ajz is a long-timescale event exhibiting features indicative of the annual microlensing parallax effect. Our objective is to estimate its lens parameters based on the best-fitting model.

Methods. We used photometric data obtained from the Gaia satellite and terrestrial observatories to investigate a variety of microlensing models and calculate the most probable mass and distance to the lens, taking into consideration a Galactic model as a prior. Subsequently, we applied a mass–brightness relation to evaluate the likelihood that the lens is a main sequence star. We also describe the DarkLensCode (DLC), an open-source routine that computes the distribution of probable lens mass, distance, and luminosity employing the Galaxy priors on stellar density and velocity for microlensing events with detected microlensing parallax.

Results. We modelled the Gaia18ajz event and found its two possible models, the most probable Einstein timescales for which are 316−30+36 days and 299−22+25 days. Applying Galaxy priors for stellar density and motion, we calculated a most probable lens mass of 4.9−2.3+5.4 M⊙ located at 1.14−0.57+0.75 kpc, and a less probably mass of 11.1−4.7+10.3 M⊙ located at 1.31−0.60+0.80 kpc. Our analysis of the blended light suggests that the lens is likely a dark remnant of stellar evolution rather than a main sequence star.
Revealing super-adiabatic features of interplanetary coronal mass ejections at 1 au
Authors: Shaikh Zubair I. , Nicolaou Georgios , Raghav Anil N. , Ghag Kalpesh , Dhamane Omkar
Published: December 2024

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are large-scale, coherent magnetic structures that play a pivotal role in heliospheric dynamics and space weather phenomena. Although thermodynamic analyses of ICME magnetic obstacles (MOs) at 1 au generally reveal adiabatic characteristics, the broader thermodynamic processes and associated plasma heating and cooling mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study we analysed 473 ICME MOs observed at 1 au by the ACE spacecraft, utilising polytropic analysis to determine the polytropic index, α, for these structures. We identified 25 ICME MOs in which plasma protons exhibit a polytropic index α ≳ 2.00, with a mean value of 2.14 ± 0.07, indicating super-adiabatic behaviour. We also observed evidence of 12 isothermal (α ∼ 1) and 45 adiabatic (α ∼ 5/3) ICME MOs. Furthermore, in the case of super-adiabatic ICME MOs, we observe that all the total supplied heat is efficiently utilised to accomplish work in the surrounding environment, assuming the protons have three effective kinetic degrees of freedom. Therefore, as they expand, these ICMEs MOs cool faster than the adiabatic plasma. Our findings are critical to comprehending the dynamic evolution of ICMEs in interplanetary space and the energy-exchange mechanisms involved.
Dark energy reconstructions combining baryonic acoustic oscillation data with galaxy clusters and intermediate-redshift catalogs
Authors: Luongo Orlando , Muccino Marco
Published: December 2024

Context. Cosmological parameters and dark energy (DE) behavior are generally constrained assuming a priori models.

Aims. We work out a model-independent reconstruction to bind the key cosmological quantities and the DE evolution.

Methods. Through the model-independent Bézier interpolation method, we reconstructed the Hubble rate from the observational Hubble data and derived analytic expressions for the distances of galaxy clusters, type Ia supernovae, and uncorrelated baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data. In view of the discrepancy between Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) BAO data, they were kept separate in two distinct analyses. Correlated BAO data were employed to break the baryonic–dark matter degeneracy. All these interpolations enable us to single out and reconstruct the DE behavior with the redshift z in a totally model-independent way.

Results. In both analyses, with SDSS-BAO or DESI-BAO datasets, the constraints agree at a 1–σ confidence level (CL) with the flat ΛCDM model. The Hubble constant tension appears solved in favor of the Planck satellite value. The reconstructed DE behavior exhibits deviations at small z (> 1–σ CL), but agrees (< 1–σ CL) with the cosmological constant paradigm at larger z.

Conclusions. Our method hints at a slowly evolving DE, consistent with a cosmological constant at early times.
Synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of NiCr2O4 and CoCr2O4 spinel nanostructures for photocatalytic applications
Authors: Mahi Khaled , El Assad Zemallach Ouari Kada , Mostefa Rabah , Trari Mohamed
Published: December 2024

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of two cubic spinel oxides, NiCr2O4 and CoCr2O4, utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The investigation aimed to explore their structural and optical properties for potential applications in advanced technologies such as catalysis, sensors, and optoelectronics. XRD analysis confirmed that both NiCr2O4 and CoCr2O4 crystallize in the cubic spinel structure with the space group Fd-3m. The lattice parameters, 8.307 Å for NiCr2O4 and 8.285 Å for CoCr2O4, reveal slight variations attributed to the differing ionic radii of Ni2+ and Co2+, with both compounds exhibiting high crystallinity. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal-oxygen bonding characteristic of spinel structures. In NiCr2O4, the Ni-O and Cr-O stretching vibrations were identified at 681 cm−1 and 485 cm−1, respectively, while CoCr2O4 exhibited similar vibrations at 570 cm−1 and 485 cm−1. UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated significant optical absorption in the UV and visible regions. NiCr2O4 displayed absorption peaks at 237 nm, 295 nm, 406 nm, and 580 nm, whereas CoCr2O4 exhibited peaks at 247 nm, 295 nm, 411 nm, and 574 nm. Analysis using Tauc plots determined optical band gaps of 2.969 eV for NiCr2O4 and 2.015 eV for CoCr2O4, confirming their semiconducting nature and suitability for visible-light-driven applications.
Konsum von Nikotinbeuteln im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Hansen Julia
Published: December 2024

Im Unterschied zum schwedischen Snus enthalten Nikotinbeutel keinen Tabak. Nikotinbeutel werden unter die Oberlippe geschoben, sodass Nikotin und andere Inhaltsstoffe über die Mundschleimhaut aufgenommen werden können. Seit 2021 fallen sie in Deutschland unter das Lebensmittelgesetz und sind aufgrund des hohen Nikotingehalts nicht verkehrsfähig. Die Verbreitung des Konsums von Nikotinbeuteln im Kindes- und Jugendalter wird untersucht.

Im Rahmen der Beobachtungsstudie „Präventionsradar“ wurde eine Gelegenheitsstichprobe von 12655 Schüler*innen der Klassenstufen 5–10 aus 14 Bundesländern rekrutiert, die im Schuljahr 2022/2023 einen Fragebogen beantworteten. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 13,2 Jahre (SD=1,72). Das Geschlechtsverhältnis war ausgeglichen (49% Mädchen). Primärer Endpunkt der Querschnittsstudie war die Lebenszeitprävalenz des Konsums von Nikotinbeuteln.

Die Lebenzzeitprävalenz des Konsums von Nikotinbeuteln betrug in der Gesamtstichprobe 5,4% (95%-KI 4,9–5,8). Der Konsum war unter Jungen (6,3%; 95%-KI 5,6–6,9) verbreiteter als unter Mädchen (3,5%; 95%-KI 3,0–4,0]) und stieg mit dem Lebensalter an. Im Alter von 16/17 Jahren hatten 15,2% (95%-KI 12,3–18,7) der Jungen und 10,3% (95%-KI 7,8–13,6) der Mädchen Nikotinbeutel konsumiert. Der Konsum kovariierte positiv mit der individuellen Risikobereitschaft, negativ mit dem subjektiven Sozialstatus und trat seltener in Gymnasien auf. Fast alle Kinder und Jugendlichen mit Konsumerfahrung hatten auch schon einmal andere Nikotinprodukte (E-Zigaretten, Tabakzigaretten und Wasserpfeifen) geraucht.

Obwohl nicht verkehrsfähig, hatte jeder 7. männliche Schüler und jede 10. weibliche Schülerin im Alter von 16/17 Jahren schon einmal Nikotinbeutel konsumiert.
Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D in Pregnancy and Potential Benefits of Oral Supplementation
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Buonomo Giorgia , Guerra Serena , Gentile Doriana , Di Spiezio Sardo Attilio
Published: December 2024

Objective This study aimed to evaluate prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in a cohort of Italian pregnant women, and to evaluate potential benefits of oral supplementation

Study Design Observational cohort of women with singleton gestations who were referred to our institution for first trimester prenatal visit. Screening for hypovitaminosis D was performed at the time of first trimester routine scan between 11 and 13 weeks of gestations. Women were offered measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D). Levels of 25(OH)D are interpreted as follows: 12 to <20 ng/mL: Vitamin D insufficiency; < 12 ng/mL: Vitamin D deficiency. Women with Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency were offered daily oral supplementation at the dose of 2.000 UI, along with folic acid. The primary outcome was the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in our cohort.

Results During the study period, between January 2023 and January 2024, 250 pregnant women were included in the study and screened for 25(OH)D. More than half of the screened women had 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL, with a prevalence of <12 ng/mL of 14%. Out of the 140 (140/250 = 56%) women with 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL, 127/140 (90%) accepted supplementation with Vitamin D, whereas 13 refused the therapy for fear of teratogenic effects of the fetus. The overall rate of preterm delivery before 37 weeks was 8.4%, whereas the incidence of preeclampsia was 2.8%. Rate of preterm delivery was higher in women who did not received supplementation (9.5 vs. 30.8%), but the study was not powered for such comparison.

Conclusion Hypovitaminosis D has high prevalence in pregnant women. Universal screening in the first trimester with measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) can identify women at risk that may benefit of oral supplementation.

Key Points
Phenanthrolines as Energy Transfer Photocatalysts for the E → Z Isomerization of Alkenes
Authors: Sun De-Qun , Chen Kun-Quan , Chen Xiang-Yu , Chen Xiao-Bo , Zhang Jia
Published: December 2024

Phenanthrolines have been widely employed as chelating ligands for transition metals. Herein, this study investigates the utility of substituted o-phenanthrolines as independent photosensitizers for the E → Z isomerization of alkenes. The findings underscore the versatility of o-phenanthrolines, providing a straightforward, metal-free, and cost-effective method for synthesizing Z-alkenes.
Zinc-Mediated Diastereoselective Acyloxyallylation of Isoxazolidine-4,5-diols
Authors: Ďurina Lukáš , Kerti Lukáš , Litecká Miroslava , Moncol Ján , Žídeková Ivana , Fischer Róbert
Published: December 2024

The synthesis of new N-Boc- and N-Cbz-protected δ-(hydroxyamino)-α,β,γ-triols is described for the first time. Products were prepared from 3,4-trans-isoxazolidine-4,5-diols, containing different substituents at the C-3 position, by a zinc-mediated acyloxyallylation reaction in good to excellent yields with excellent 3,4-anti simple diastereoselectivity and good 4,5-syn facial diastereoselectivity. Reductive cleavage of the N–O bond can provide δ-amino-α,β,γ-triol, thus demonstrating the potential synthetic utility of δ-(hydroxyamino)-α,β,γ-triols as useful building blocks for bioactive molecules.
Stackelberg game-based optimal scheduling of two-level virtual power plant
Authors: Li Jiyong , Tian Lin , Wang Yasai , Cheng Zhiliang , Peng Yide
Published: December 2024

In order to rationally solve the problem of distributing the interest of each decision-making body in the transaction of virtual power plant (VPP) participating in the energy market, this paper introduces game theory into the VPP energy system (VPPES) and makes a more in-depth study on its joint scheduling on the basis of economy and low carbon. First, this paper constructs a bi-level VPP system with a new type of VPP and studies its optimal operation strategy under the Stackelberg game framework. The strategy takes the energy seller as the leader and the VPP supplier and the loader as the followers, and the upper and lower layers optimize the seller’s pricing strategy, the VPP’s output plan, and the user’s demand at the same time through real-time information exchange and loop iteration. Second, the energy trading process and mathematical model of the bi-level VPP system are introduced, and it is proved that there exists a unique Stackelberg equilibrium in the proposed game model, which is optimally solved by using an improved coyote optimization algorithm combined with a solver. Finally, it is verified through examples that the proposed operation strategy can significantly reduce the generation cost of the VPP and maximize the benefit of the seller and the utility of the loader, so as to realize economic energy supply and scientific energy use, which can provide a new paradigm for the economic and environmental development of the new energy system.
Synchronization transitions in adaptive simplicial complexes with cooperative and competitive dynamics
Authors: Nirmala Jenifer S. , Ghosh Dibakar , Muruganandam Paulsamy
Published: December 2024

Adaptive network is a powerful presentation to describe different real-world phenomena. However, current models often neglect higher-order interactions (beyond pairwise interactions) and diverse adaptation types (cooperative and competitive) commonly observed in systems such as the human brain and social networks. This work addresses this gap by incorporating these factors into a model that explores their impact on collective properties such as synchronization. Through simplified network representations, we investigate how the simultaneous presence of cooperative and competitive adaptations influences phase transitions. Our findings reveal a transition from first-order to second-order synchronization as the strength of higher-order interactions increases under competitive adaptation. We also demonstrate the possibility of synchronization even without pairwise interactions, provided there is strong enough higher-order coupling. When only competitive adaptations are present, the system exhibits second-order-like phase transitions and clustering. Conversely, with a combination of cooperative and competitive adaptations, the system undergoes a first-order-like phase transition, characterized by a sharp transition to the synchronized state without reverting to an incoherent state during backward transitions. The specific nature of these second-order-like transitions varies depending on the coupling strengths and mean degrees. With our model, we can control not only when the system synchronizes but also the way the system goes to synchronization.
Progress in electrochemiluminescence of metal nanoclusters
Authors: Wang Xiaojian , Kuang Kaiyang , Jing Mengmeng , Zhao Xuan , Chen Shuang , Zhu Manzhou
Published: December 2024

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) composed of metal atoms and ligands show promise as electrochemiluminescent (ECL) materials due to their optical and electrochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ECL mechanisms, advantages, and roles of metal NCs as luminophores, catalysts, quenchers, substrates, and carriers. Insights into factors that influence ECL in metal NCs will lay the foundation for future research. In addition, the applications of metallic NC-based ECL detection platforms are summarized, and potential research directions of ECL of metal NCs are presented.
P-type NiOX dielectric-based CMOS inverter logic gate using enhancement-mode GaN nMOS and diamond pMOS transistors
Authors: Patil Mahalaxmi , Pradhan Subrat K. , Shukla Vivek K. , Rai Padmnabh , Paul Jayanti , Sheikh Aaqib H. , Parvez Bazila , Ganguly Swaroop , Saha Kasturi , Saha Dipankar
Published: December 2024

We have demonstrated a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor inverter logic gate by heterogeneous integration of an enhancement-mode n-channel transistor on GaN and a p-channel transistor on diamond. A thermally grown p-type NiOx is used as the dielectric, and Ni/Au is the gate metal for both transistors. NiOx oxide on top of a partially recessed-gate AlGaN/GaN heterostructure depletes the two-dimensional electron gas by pulling the Fermi level closer to the valence band and making it normally OFF. The combination of Ni/NiOx gate metal work function and the dielectric helps to deplete the two-dimensional hole gas channel of a hydrogen-terminated p-channel diamond, making it an enhancement mode. The GaN n-MOS and diamond p-MOS transistors show output and transfer characteristics with threshold voltages of +0.6 and −1.2 V, respectively. nMOS and pMOS transistors show ION/IOFF current ratios of >105 and >103, respectively, with a subthreshold leakage of <10 μA/mm. The gate current is negligible for both devices. The saturation drain current of the respective transistors is measured to be ∼170 and ∼20 mA/mm at a gate-to-source overdrive voltage of 3 V. The inverter input–output characteristics and transient response are measured for various rail-to-rail voltages and frequencies. The inverter threshold voltage is measured to be 1.1 V for a nominal operating voltage of 3 V.
Silver enhanced 3D carbon nanofiber membrane via electrospinning for high performance lithium metal anodes
Authors: Wan Yan , Jin Chenxin , Xu Guojun , He Jiayun , Shi Binbin , Xiao Xiong , Sun Fugen , Li Yong , Zhou Lang , Yue Zhihao
Published: December 2024

A silver (Ag) enhanced 3D carbon nanofiber membrane (Ag@CNFM) was synthesized through a combination of electrospinning and heat treatment techniques, with polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and silver nitrate as precursors playing different roles in this process. Additionally, Ag-enhanced 3D carbon fiber membrane composite anodes were obtained by electrodeposition at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 for 10 h with a total deposition capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. The composite materials (denoted as Ag@CNFM/Li) working in symmetrical cells exhibited 1.2 mV overpotential after charging and discharging over 2000 h at 5 mA cm−2. Ag@CNFM/Li fulfilled a high discharge specific capacity of 109.66 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 C and 141. 59 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 1 C with LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) working as counter electrode, maintaining a capacity retention of 87.37% and 72.8%. Even at a higher current density of 5 C, Ag@CNFM/Li retained a discharge specific capacity of 85.05 and 159.14 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 61.54% and 79.7% in LFP and NCM811 full cells, respectively.
Fault localization in a microfabricated surface ion trap using diamond nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry
Authors: Kehayias Pauli , Delaney Matthew A. , Haltli Raymond A. , Clark Susan M. , Revelle Melissa C. , Mounce Andrew M.
Published: December 2024

As quantum computing hardware becomes more complex with ongoing design innovations and growing capabilities, the quantum computing community needs increasingly powerful techniques for fabrication failure root-cause analysis. This is especially true for trapped-ion quantum computing. As trapped-ion quantum computing aims to scale to thousands of ions, the electrode numbers are growing to several hundred, with likely integrated photonic components also adding to the electrical and fabrication complexity, making faults even harder to locate. In this work, we used a high-resolution quantum magnetic imaging technique, based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, to investigate short-circuit faults in an ion trap chip. We imaged currents from these short-circuit faults to ground and compared them to intentionally created faults, finding that the root cause of the faults was failures in the on-chip trench capacitors. This work, where we exploited the performance advantages of a quantum magnetic sensing technique to troubleshoot a piece of quantum computing hardware, is a unique example of the evolving synergy between emerging quantum technologies to achieve capabilities that were previously inaccessible.
Total energy analysis: Impetus-injected bistable vibration energy harvester
Authors: Lu S. , Bu L. , Mao Y. , Ruan W. , Guo H. , Gao J. , Wang X.
Published: December 2024

Bistable energy harvesters (BEHs) have been extensively explored from the perspective of potential energy. However, few studies have investigated other energy dimensions or proposed optimization routes beyond potential barrier modification. This study presents BEH's total energy analysis framework, incorporating both potential and kinetic energy (Ep and Ek, respectively). Theoretically, these two energy dimensions orthogonally compose the three-dimensional phase space for the total energy (Et). This framework provides additional viewing angles when Ep = const to interpret the BEH's power capacity and suggests an alternative optimization route of improving Ek, which demonstrates a better effect than improving Ep due to the presence of attractors. Based on the total energy analysis framework, impetus injected BEH (IIBEH) is proposed to improve Ek and boost output power by reducing the slope of the restoring force outside the potential barrier. This overcomes the limitation that improving Ek must trigger a velocity disturbance, which is often uncontrollable or impractical in field energy harvesting applications. Experimentally, with only an 8.82% difference in restoring force slope, the IIBEH increases root mean square voltage by 47.75% and average power by 118.43% compared to the conventional BEH.
Entropy, thermal, and mass transportation optimization of magnetohydrodynamic power-law nanofluid over stretched sheet with chemical reaction effect
Authors: Haider Irfan , Jabeen Nawishta , Hussain Ahmad , Mohsin Muhammad Ali , Ali Zartashia , Younis Jihad
Published: December 2024

The power-law nanofluid’s heat and mass transmission over a stretched surface with magnetic field, entropy optimization, and chemical reaction effects is the main focus of the present study. The governing partial differential equations are reduced using similarity transformation into ODEs (ordinary differential equations), which are then numerically solved with the help of the Keller box and finite difference techniques. A substantial evaluation is conducted using the controlling flow factors, which include the Eckert number, chemical reaction factor, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis number, power-law index (n), and generalized Prandtl number (Pr), on the fluid velocity profile, flowing fluid temperature, and concentration profile. A decrease in the velocity profile is observed when the chemical reaction process is accelerated, leading to heat absorption. However, when the power-law parameter increases, the fluid’s temperature decreases, and the velocity profile increases at specific values of viscous dissipation (Ec = 0.1) and chemical reaction (γ = 0.01). The values of the coefficient of skin friction (Cf), Sherwood factor (Shx), and reduced local Nusselt number (Nux are also computed and presented in the form of a table for the generalized Prandtl number (Pr = 7.0). The coefficient of skin friction and mass transfer and heat transfer rates are quantitatively compared with those in the literature for particular circumstances, and the results demonstrate good agreement with each other. This research offers insightful information for designing and improving systems that use nanofluids exposed to external magnetic fields, which has ramifications in many technical uses, including heat exchange systems based on nanofluids and thermal management systems.
Ultra-fine quantitative removal of silicon materials by femtosecond laser
Authors: Chen Tong , Li Jiang , Wei Pengna , Pan Aifei , Liu Haiping
Published: December 2024

The development of miniaturized electronic devices is highly dependent on precision manufacturing techniques. To achieve device miniaturization, material removal and processing accuracy down to the submicrometer or even nanometer level are required. The precision machining of the mass block, a key component of the silicon micro-gyroscope, is taken as a reference. To achieve the precision positioning function of the micro-gyroscope, the mass at a certain position of the Si-based mass block must be precisely controlled. Therefore, the ultra-fine quantitative removal process of silicon materials is studied. A femtosecond laser processing system is constructed, and the evolution of micro–nanostructure and etching depth on the silicon surface is explored. An ultra-fine quantitative removal process is developed to achieve quantitative removal of different etching depths on the silicon surface. The experimental results show that the minimum removal thickness can be 0.502 µm. The processing index requirement for a silicon surface removal thickness of less than 0.001 mm has been fulfilled. It is critical to resolve the issue of high-quality manufacturing of miniaturized silicon-based devices.
Magnetic ordering and half-metallicity in hydrogenated graphene-hBN nanoribbons
Authors: Varga Pajtler Maja , Kovač I. , Topalović M. , Lukačević I.
Published: December 2024

Graphene (Gr) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoribbons have shown significant potential for various applications owing to their unique electronic and magnetic properties. This study explored the effects of hydrogenation on the magnetic and electronic properties of Gr-hBN nanoribbons (Gr/BNNRs). The influence of hydrogenation of one or both edges, i.e., Gr edge and B or N edge, combined with different interface types, on the magnetic ordering and occurrence of half-metallicity in Gr/BNNRs was investigated using spin-polarized density functional theory. The findings reveal that hydrogenation induces ferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism, depending on the edge and interface configuration, and leads to half-metallicity in several configurations. These properties suggest Gr/BNNRs as promising materials for spintronic devices, where the ability to control magnetic ordering and electronic behavior via edge hydrogenation could be pivotal. The results highlight the potential for fine-tuning magnetic and electronic properties in Gr/BNNRs, paving the way for their application in advanced spin-based technologies.
Enhanced long short-term memory architectures for chaotic systems modeling: An extensive study on the Lorenz system
Authors: Bolboacă Roland , Haller Piroska
Published: December 2024

Despite recent advancements in machine learning algorithms, well-established models like the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are still widely used for modeling tasks. This paper introduces an enhanced LSTM variant and explores its capabilities in multiple input single output chaotic system modeling, offering a large-scale analysis that focuses on LSTM gate-level architecture, the effects of noise, non-stationary and dynamic behavior modeling, system parameter drifts, and short- and long-term forecasting. The experimental evaluation is performed on datasets generated using MATLAB, where the Lorenz and Rössler system equations are implemented and simulated in various scenarios. The extended analysis reveals that a simplified, less complex LSTM-based architecture can be successfully employed for accurate chaotic system modeling without the need for complex deep learning methodologies. This new proposed model includes only three of the four standard LSTM gates, with other feedback modifications.
Clock transitions generated by defects in silica glass
Authors: Sheehan Brendan C. , Chen Guanchu , Friedman Jonathan R.
Published: December 2024

Clock transitions (CTs) in spin systems, which occur at avoided level crossings, enhance quantum coherence lifetimes T2 because the transition becomes immune to the decohering effects of magnetic field fluctuations to first order. We present the first electron-spin resonance characterization of CTs in certain defect-rich silica glasses, noting coherence times up to 16 μs at the CTs. We find CT behavior at zero magnetic field in borosilicate and aluminosilicate glasses, but not in a variety of silica glasses lacking boron or aluminum. Annealing reduces or eliminates the zero-field signal. Since boron and aluminum have the same valence and are acceptors when substituted for silicon, we suggest the observed CT behavior could be generated by a spin-1 boron vacancy center within the borosilicate glass, and similarly, an aluminum vacancy center in the aluminosilicate glass.
Deposition of nanoparticles through a cylindrical tube of human respiratory system
Authors: Akter Mst. Sathi , Ahmmed Mahtab U. , Tanisa Nilufer Yesmin , Hossain Shakib
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a mathematical model for nanoparticle deposition in the respiratory bronchiole of the human lung airways. The length of the respiratory bronchiole of the human lung is 1.2 mm, and the diameter is 0.5 mm. Therefore, to investigate the impact of inhaled nanoparticles within the lung bronchioles, first, we used the Navier–Stokes equation by including the Darcy term together with Newton’s equation of motion. Then we non-dimensionalized the governing equation, and numerical solutions are obtained using the finite difference technique. Under the assumption of laminar pulsatile flow conditions and axial symmetry, the problem is simplified to a two-dimensional computational domain. The computational framework is implemented using MATLAB R2018 through user-defined code. Velocity propagation, the Reynolds number, and the Darcy number effect are performed to examine the flow conditions inside the respiratory bronchioles.
Ni9Sn2S2: An n-type metal-rich 2D sulfide with a metal-to-metal transition
Authors: Maignan A. , Hébert S. , Folton C. , Hug E. , Pelloquin D.
Published: December 2024

Using spark plasma sintering, a ceramic sample of Ni9Sn2S2 sulfide was densified by starting from a powder synthesized in an evacuated ampoule. The powder x-ray diffraction refinements confirm the formation of the I4/mmm tetragonal Ni9Sn2S2 phase [a = b = 3.6809(2) Å and c = 25.5410(7) Å]. Transmission electron microscopy—imaging and coupled EDX—also reveals the formation of a secondary Ni6SnS2 phase and intergrowth defects in the layer stacking between the Ni9Sn2S2 and Ni6SnS2 phases. More importantly, the structural study demonstrates that Ni9Sn2S2 can be described as the n = 2 term of the generic series of compounds, namely, [Ni3S2][Ni3Sn]n. The Ni3Sn block is of the Cu3Au cubic form. The measurements of the physical properties show metallic behavior, with ρ300K = 0.135 mΩ cm, a residual resistivity ratio RRR = 2.2, and a Seebeck coefficient S300K = −23.5 μV K−1, indicating an n-type feature, the absolute value of which increases with T, as expected for a metal, to reach S650K = −30 μV K−1. This compound also exhibits a large thermal conductivity, κ300K = 8.0 W K−1 m−1, dominated by the electronic part. Interestingly, the small magnetic susceptibility with Pauli-like values shows two transitions at 200 and 125 K, with the first one coinciding to the metal-to-metal transition and to the change of slope in the S(T) curve, suggesting the occurrence of a charge density wave below 200 K. This is discussed in light of the recent developments in topological metals like Ni3In.
A surface potential analysis method and I–V model of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors incorporating the two lowest subbands
Authors: Zhang Baoqin , Zeng Xia , Feng Junjie , Liu Jiahui , Huang Gongyi , Xu Chuanzhong , Yu Fei
Published: December 2024

An analysis method for the surface potential model and current–voltage model of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is proposed. In this paper, the two lowest subbands E0 and E1 in the triangular electron potential well are incorporated into this model, which can preferably reflect the electronic structure and carrier transport mechanism of HEMTs. Then, the proposed method of compound-proximity algorithm overcomes the bottleneck of the compromise between the accuracy and efficiency of GaN HEMTs’ physics-based model. Additionally, the self-heating effect is introduced into the current model, which can effectively reflect the degradation of output characteristics caused by the increase in the device temperature. The results of numerical simulations, experiments, and our model are compared across a wide range of operating regimes for HEMTs to demonstrate the validity of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs’ modeling. This modeling method offers a fresh research approach for AlGaN/GaN HEMT modeling and paves a novel path toward overcoming the technical hurdles in advanced process integrated circuit design associated with Electronic Design Automation tools.
Development of piezo-driven extensional rheometry with drop-on-demand head for dilute polymer solutions
Authors: Matsuda Takeshi , Sugiura Ryosuke , Muto Masakazu , Tamano Shinji
Published: December 2024

To assess the extensional properties of viscoelastic liquids with low viscosity, we explored a method employing a piezoelectric drop-on-demand (DOD) head. This method ejected polymer solutions of dilute concentrations, which offered a higher suitability than the liquid dripping (LD) method. An exponentially decaying regime of filament diameter was observed, like the elasto-capillary regime of the LD method. The established power law relation between extensional relaxation time and polymer solution concentration holds in the dilute regime. The findings indicate that the filament decay behaviors observed for the DOD method with jetting flow and the LD method with dripping flow are comparable.
Influence of propellant injection directionality on the performance of an argon Hall thruster
Authors: Satpathy Dibyesh , Sekine Hokuto , Lee Jiwon , Komurasaki Kimiya , Kawashima Rei , Koizumi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2024

The performance characteristics of an argon propellant Hall thruster with two types of propellant injectors, the axial and swirl injectors, were investigated. In the swirl injector, the propellant is injected in the tangential direction. At a discharge voltage of 150 V, the swirl injector achieved a higher propellant utilization efficiency (30.3%) and anode efficiency (8.8%) compared to the axial injector (26.7% and 7%, respectively). A numerical simulation quantitatively explained the reason for these differences, which shows an increase in the neutral particle density of 32.6% near the injection region and 7.8% at the exit of the hollow anode with the swirl injector. Neutral particle accommodation on the anode wall was found to be the predominant mechanism, which reduces the injection effect.