bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of the Law Relating to Equine Practice
Authors: PORTER A. R. W.
Published: April 2010

The paper makes initial mention of the principles of the law of negligence, and applies them to the case of the professional man in his capacity as a general practitioner and as a specialist.

Consideration is then given to the liability of a veterinarian in respect of a faulty diagnosis. the failure to use up‐to‐date equipment, the continued use of discredited practices and the giving of negligent advice. The position of the veterinary surgeon who offers his services gratuitously is also dealt with, as is the necessity of keeping full and accurate records of cases handled.

The ethical and legal considerations involved in cases of supersession, the obtaining of second opinions and the referral of cases to other members of the profession for treatment are also covered, and the paper concludes with some observations in regard to the giving of evidence by a veterinarian before the courts.

L'article rappelle d'abord les bases sur lesquelles se définit la négligence professionnelle et les principes qui en découlent, appliqués au Vétérinaire soit dans l'exercice d'une clientèle de généraliste, soit dans l'exercice d'une spécialité.

La responsabilité du Vétérinaire est alors discutée, dans le cas d'un diagnostic erroné, dans le cas d'emploi d'un équipement imparfait ou désuet, dans le cas d'application de techniques discrèditées ou douteuses et dans le cas où un avis professionnel entaché de négligence est donné.

La situation du confrère qui donne ses services à titre gracieux est également évoqúée.

La nécessité de tenir à jour le compte rendu complet et précis des cas traités est soulignée.

Les considérations éthiques et légales qu'impliquent les consultations confraternelles et la prise en charge des traitements par les confrères sont discutées.

L'article est terminé par quelques remarques au sujet des témoignages que le praticien peut apporter aux tribunaux dans l'exercice de sa profession.

Der Artikel wird eingeleitet mit den Grundsätzen der Gesetze über Fahrlässigkeit; anschliessend wendet der Autor diese Gesetze auf den Berufsmann als Allgemeinpraktiker und als Spezialist an.

Die Haftbarkeit des Tierarztes bei falscher Diagnosestellung, bei der Verwendung einer unmodernen Ausrüstung, beim Gebrauch von obsoleten Methoden und bei fahrlässiger Beratung wird diskutiert. Die Stellung von Tierärzten, die ihre Dienste unentgeltlich anbieten, wird ebenso eingehend besprochen wie die Notwendigkeit, ausführliche und genaue Krankengeschichten über alle behandelten Fälle zu führen. Die ethischen und gesetzlichen Gesichtspunkte in Fällen von Verdrängung eingesessener Kollegen, beim Einholen anderer Meinungen und bei Ueberweisungen an andere Berufskollegen werden ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Die Arbeit schliesst mit Betrachtungen zur Rolle des Tierarztes als Zeuge oder Experte vor Gericht.
Growth Rate in Thoroughbred Yearlings and Two Year Olds
Authors: GREEN D. A.
Published: April 2010

One hundred and four animals aged 13–18 months were measured at monthly or two monthly intervals, as were comparable numbers of animals 19–36 months old. Height, girth and circumference of the cannon bone below the knee were recorded, measurements for colts and fillies are shown separately. The average height at 18 months was 148 cm (15.0 1/2 h.h.) and at 36 months 156 cm (15.3 1/2 h.h.).

104 animaux âgés de 13 à 18 mois furent mesurés chaque mois, comme le furent des nombres comparables d'animaux âgés de 19 à 36 mois. La hauteur au passage de sangles et la circonférence des canons juste au‐dessous du genou a été enregistrée, les mesures des males et des femelles vues séparément. La taille moyenne à 18 mois est de 148 cm et à 36 mois de 156 cm.

104 Tiere im Alter von 13 bis 18 Monaten und eine ähnliche Anzahl Pferde im Alter von 19 bis 36 Monaten wurden in monatlichen Abständen gemessen. Höhe, Brustumfang und Röhrbeinumfang unter dem Vorderknie wurden registriert und nach Hengsten und Stuten getrennt wiedergegeben. Die Durchschnittshöhe betrug mit 18 Monaten 148 cm (15 hands) und mit 36 Monaten 156 cm (15.3 1/2 hands).
The Husbandry and Veterinary Care of Wild Horses in Captivity
Authors: JONES D. M.
Published: April 2010

A short account of the natural history of the wild Equidae is given as a background to their management in captivity. In general the approach to their husbandry and veterinary care is similar to that for the domestic horse. A mixture of etorphine and acepromazine has been found to be the most effective for handling and conventional methods of anaesthesia can be safely superimposed on these if required. The data collected at Whipsnade on the haematology and biochemistry of these species is summarised in tabular form and an analysis is included of the post‐mortem examinations of 105 equine carcases from the Society's collections during the last 20 years.

Un bref rappel de l'histoire naturelle des Equidés sauvages sert de prologue à cet article. D'une manière générale les principes hygiéniques et vétérinaires sont les mêmes pour les chevaux domestiques et pour les chevaux sauvages.

Pour la contention on a retenu comme particulièrement efficace un mélange d'étorphine et d'acépromazine, mélange auquel les méthodes conventionnelles ‘danesthésie ont pu être ajoutées avec sécurité.

Les données hématologiques et biochimiques recueillies sur ces espèces—comme WHIPSNADE l'avait précédemment réalisé—sont résumées sous forme de tableaux. 150 examens nécropsiques effectués durant les 20 dernières années sont analysés.

Ein kurzer Abriss der Naturgeschichte wilder Equiden dient als Hintergrund für ihre Haltung in Gefangenschaft. Im allgemeinen sind Haltung und tierärztliche Pflege ähnlich wie beim Hauspferd. Eine Mischung von Etorphin und Ace‐Promazin wurde als beste Sedation für den Umgang mit Wildpferden beurteilt und konventionelle Narkosen können sicher darauf aufgebaut werden, sollten sie benötigt werden. Die Resultate haematologischer und biochemischer Untersuchungen, die in Whipsnade an wilden Equiden vorgenommen wurden, werden in Tabellen zusammengefasst. Eine Analyse von 105 Equidensektionen aus den letzten 20 Jahren ist beigefügt.
Horner's Syndrome in the Horse: Experimental Induction and a Case Report
Authors: FIRTH E. C.
Published: April 2010

The findings in 6 experimental and 1 natural case of Horner's Syndrome (HS) are presented. The experimental cases were induced by unilateral surgical section of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the middle third of the neck. The naturally occurring case was seen in a 17 year old gelding with a mediastinal tumour. The signs of HS in these horses included ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, hemilateral sweating and temperature increase of the face and cranial cervical region on the affected side. The intensity of these signs was variable between and within animals. Miosis, enophthalmos and temperature difference were sometimes difficult to discern. Clinically the recognition of HS is important in the localization of lesions, and when accompanied by nasal haemorrhage is highly suggestive of guttural pouch mycosis.

Les observations de six cas expérimentaux et d'un cas naturel de syndrôme de HORNER sont indiquées. Les cas expérimentaux furent induits par la section chirurgicale unilatérale du rameau cervical sympathique au tiers moyen de l'encolure.

Le cas clinique fut observé chez un cheval hongre de 17 ans présentant une tumeur médiastinale. Les signes cliniques du syndrome sont la ptose palpébrale, le myosis, l'enophtalmie, une sudation hémilatérale et une élévation de la température de la face et de la région cranio cervicale du côté affligé. L'intensité des signes cliniques variait avec chaque individu et pour un même individu. Le myosis, l'enophtalmie et l'hyperthermie furent parfois difficilement discernables. L'identification du syndrome est importante pour aiderà situer certaines lésions. En outre, lorsqu'une hémorragie nasale est surajoutéeà ce syndrome, le tout suggère l'existence d'une mycose de la poche gutturale.

Die Befunde von sechs experimentellen und einem natürlichen Fall von Horner's Syndrom (HS) werden beschrieben. Die experimentelle Erkrankung wurde hervorgerufen durch die unilateral chirurgische Durchtrennung des Halssympathicus im mittleren Halsdrittel. Der natürliche Fall wurde bei einem 17 jährigen Wallachen mit einem Mediastinaltumor beobachtet. Die Anzeichen von HS umfassten Ptosis, Miosis, Enophthalmus, hemilaterales Schwitzen und einen Temperaturanstieg im Gesicht und in der cranialen Halsgegend der befallenen Seite. Die Intensität der Symptome variierte unter den Pferden aber auch beim individuellen Tier. Miosis, Enophthalmus und Temperaturunterschiede waren manchmal schwer nachzuweisen. Klinisch ist die Erkennung von HS wichtig für die Lokalisierung von Läsionen; wenn die Anzeichen begleitet sind von Nasenbluten, spricht das füu eine Luftsackmycose.
Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones in Thoroughbred Foals
Authors: Ellis D. R.
Published: April 2010

Eighteen cases of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred foals are described. Most of the fractures were in foals under 2 months old and all but one occurred in the forelegs. The bones commonly fractured when the foal galloped to exhaustion trying to keep up with its dam in the paddock. The types of fracture varied but a simple fracture of the medial sesamoid was most frequent and the majority were towards the base of the bone. Six foals sustained a fracture of more than one sesamoid bone and one foal fractured all 4 proximal sesamoid bones in its front legs.

Treatment included box rest and the surgical removal of the separated piece of sesamoid bone. Only 3 of the foals treated have raced. One of these was treated surgically.

18 cas de fractures d'un sésamoïde sont décrits, rencontrés chez le foal de Pur Sang. La plupart des fractures furent constatées sur des animaux de moins de deux mois. Toutes, sauf une se produisirent sur les antérieurs. En général, ces fractures se produisirent lorsque le foal galopait dans le paddock en s'efforsant de suivre sa mére. Les types de fractures varient mais les fractures simples du sésamoïde médian ou interne sont les plus fréquentes et la majorité se produisirent vers la base de l'os. Six foals souffrirent de fractures sur plus d'un sésamoïde et l'un d'eux eut les quatres sésamoïdes fracturés au niveau des antérieurs.

Le traitement comporta le repos au box et le retrait chirurgical des fragments. Seulement trois des foals traités ont couru parmi lesquels un fut traité chirurgicalement.

18 Fàlle von Frakturen der proximalen Gleichbeine bei Vollblutfohlen werden beschrieben. Die meisten dieser Brüche traten bei Fohlen im Alter unter 2 Monaten auf und mit einer Ausnahme in allen Fàllen an den Vordergliedmassen. Die Brüche traten im allgemeinen auf, wenn das Fohlen bis zur Erschöpfung galoppierte, beim Versuch seiner Mutter auf der Weide zu folgen. Die Fraktur‐Typen variierten, aber der einfache Bruch des medialen Gleichbeins wurde am hàufigsten beobachtet, wobei die meisten Brüche an der Basis des Knochens auftraten, Sechs Fohlen litten an einem Bruch von mehreren Sesambeinen und ein Fohlen brach sich alle vier proximalen Gleichbeine der Vordergliedmasse.

Die Behandlung bestand in Ruhe und in der chirurgischen Entfernung des abgetrennten Knochenstückes. Nur 3 der Fohlen kamen spàter auf die Rennbahn. Eines davon war chirurgisch behandelt worden.
The Presence of Precipitating Antibodies in the Sera of Horses with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Authors: Lawson G. H. K. , McPherson E. A. , Murphy J. R. , Nicholson J. M. , Wooding P. , Breeze R. G. , Pirie H. M.
Published: April 2010

The sera of horses affected and not affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined for precipitins to Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus. Precipitins to both antigens were not restricted to COPD cases but occurred more frequently in animals affected with COPD. Many animals without detectable precipitins responded clinically to inhalation challenge with these antigens.

Les serums de chevaux atteints de la maladie et ceux de chevaux indemnes ont été examinés pour y trouver des précipitines à Micropolyspora faeni et à Aspergillus fumigatus. La pRÉSence de précipitines n'était point limitée à la maladie respiratoire mais fut constatée plus fréquemment chez les chevaux atteints de cette maladie. Beaucoup d'animaux chez lesquels les précipitines n'étaient point détectables réagirent cliniquemment à l'inhalation d'antigènes.

Die Seren von gesunden Pferden und diejenigen von Pferden mit chronisch obstruktiven Lungenkrankheiten wurden auf das Vorkommen von Praezipitinen gegen Micropolyspora faeni und Aspergillusfumigatus untersucht. Das Auftreten von Praezipitinen gegen beide Antigene erwies sich als nicht beschränkt auf die Fälle von Lungenkrankheiten, aber sie traten doch bei erkrankten Tieren häufiger auf. Viele Pferde ohne nachweisbare Praezipitine reagierten klinisch auf die Inhalation dieser Antigene.
Bacteria Isolated from Uterine Washings from Mares in the Sudan
Authors: SANOUSI S. M. EL , AMNA B. EL TAYEB , SHADAD E. Y.
Published: April 2010

Uterine washes collected from 200 barren mares were examined at the Khartoum veterinary clinic during the period May 1977 to May 1978. A variety of bacteria was isolated from 77 per cent of the mares investigated. Thirty mares were treated by parenteral injection and intrauterine infusion of the appropriate antibiotics. Twenty‐one of these mares conceived, of which 17 delivered normal foals and 4 had early embryonic deaths.

Des liquides provenant de lavages utérins de 200 Juments, furent examinés à la clinique Vétérinaire de Kartoum, entre May 1977 et May 1978. Des bactéries furent isolées dans 77 pour cent des cas. 30 poulinières furent traitées par injections parentérales et localement avec les antibiotiques appropriés. 21 de ces juments furent pleines, 17 donnèrent le jour à un poulain normal, 4 connurent des morts embryonnaires précoces.

Von 200 leeren Stuten wurden an der tierärztlichen Klinik von Khartoum Uterusspülproben untersucht während der Periode von Mai 1977 bis Mai 1978. Aus 77% der Proben wurde eine Vielzahl von Bakterien isoliert. Dreissig Tiere wurden mit parenteralen Injektionen und intrauterinen Infusionen geeigneter Antibiotika behandelt. Einundzwanzig dieser Stuten konnten erfolgreich belegt werden, siebzehn davon gebaren anschliessend normale Fohlen, bei vier Tieren kam es zu embryonalem Fruchttod.
A survey of Early Pregnancy Losses in West German Thoroughbred Mares
Authors: Merkt H. , Günzel Anne‐Rose
Published: April 2010

Embryonic resorption is reported as the main reason for early pregnancy losses in the West German Thoroughbred mare. An analysis of breeding records for the last 11 years showed a resorption rate of 8.4 per cent. Evidence was obtained that these early embryonic losses were associated with too early conception after foaling and with the state of lactation.

Les RÉSorptions embryonnaires sont tenues pour responsables de la plupart des avortements précoces chez les poulinières de Pur Sang en RFA.

Au cours des onze dernières années, on estime ces RÉSorptions à 8,4 pour cent du total des poulinières en gestation.

Il est établi une corrélation entre ces avortements et une conception trop proche du poulinage, et l'état de lactation.

Eine embryonale Resorption wird als Hauptursache von Verlusten in der Frühträchtigkeit bei westdeutschen Vollblutstuten angesehen. Eine Analyse der Zuchtergebnisse der letzten elf Jahre zeigte eine Frequenz von embryonaler Resorption von 8,4%. Es besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen diesen frühembryonalen Verlusten mit einer zu früh erfolgten Konzeption nach der Geburt und auch mit dem Laktationsstadium.
Effect of glycerol on motility, viability, extracellular aspartate aminotransferase release and fertility of stallion semen before and after freezing
Authors: GUAY P. , RONDEAU MIREILLE , BOUCHER SUZANNE
Published: April 2010

The effect of different glycerol concentrations (0 to 5.3 per cent) on motility, viability and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) release of stallion spermatozoa was studied before and after deep‐freezing. Addition of glycerol to a TRIS‐fructose‐egg yolk diluent used to extend stallion semen had no effect on motility and viability of spermatozoa and it did not increase AST release. Inclusion of glycerol in the extender only partially preserved the motility and viability of stallion semen during deep‐freezing.

A fertility trial revealed that concentrating stallion semen by centrifugation, followed by addition of the extender containing 7.5 per cent glycerol, had little effect on fertility and a 70 per cent conception rate was obtained in 10 mares after inseminations during one service period. Freezing and thawing horse spermatozoa, even in the presence of 7.5 per cent glycerol, significantly decreased the fertilisation rate.

On étudie, avant et après congélation de sperme d'étalon, l'effet de différentes concentrations de glycérol (jusqu'à 5, 3%) sur la motilité, la vitalité et la libération d'aspartate amino transferase (AST). L'adjonction de glycérol à un milieu de dilution composé de TRIS‐fructose‐ jaune d'oeuf afin de diluer le sperme d'étalon n'a eu aucun effet ni sur la motilité, ni sur la vitalité des spermatozoïdes et n'a pas accru la libération d'AST. L'adjonction de glycérol n'a que partiellement préservé la motilité et vitalité de la semence lors de congélation.

Une épreuve de fertilitéà montré que la concentration de sperme d'étalon par centrifugation, suivie de l'addition d'un diluent renfermant 7, 5% de glycerol, n'a eu que peu d'effet sur la fertilité; un taux de conception de 70% a été obtenu sur 10 poulinières, les inséminations ayant eu lieu sur une seule chaleur. La congélation de la semence, suivie de décongélation, malgré la présence de glycérol à 7, 5% diminua le taux de fertilité.

Die Wirkung verschiedener Glycerinkonzentrationen auf die Motilität, die Lebensfähigkeit und die Aspartat‐Amino=transferase‐Abgabe (AST) von Hengstspermatozoen wurde vor und nach dem Tiefgefrieren studiert. Die Zugabe von Glycerin zu von Hengstsperma durch Zentrifugation, gefolgt von einer Verdünnerzugabe mit 7.5 Prozent Glycerin, die Fruchtbarkeit wenig beeinflusst; eine Konzeptionsrate von 70% wurde bei 10 Stuten nach Insemination während einer Serviceperiode festgestellt. Tiefgefrieren und Auftauen von Pferdespermatozoen setzte die Befruchtungsrate auch nach Zugabe von 7.5 Prozent Glycerin signifikant herab.

einem TRIS‐Fruktose‐Eigelb‐Verdünner bewirkte keine Einflüsse auf die Motilität und Viabilität der Spermatozoen; die AST‐Abgabe wurde auch nicht beeinflusst. Die Zugabe von Glycerin zum Verdünner vermochte während des Tiefgefrierens Motilität und Viabilität von Hengstsperma nur zum Teil zu erhalten.

Eine Fruchtbarkeitsuntersuchung zeigte, dass die Konzentrierung
Exuberant granulation tissue in the stomach of a horse
Authors: MACKAY R. J. , IVERSON W. O. , MERRITT A. M.
Published: April 2010

A 4‐year‐old stallion was examined because of a 2‐month history of inappetance and weight loss. Diarrhoea had also developed a month before presentation. Abnormal clinical findings were emaciation, diarrhoea, ventral oedema, palpable mesenteric lymph node enlargement and a large mass in the left cranial portion of the abdomen. Significant laboratory findings were anaemia (packed cell volume 0.21 litres/litre), hypoalbuminaemia (16 g/litre) and xylose malabsorption. The horse was euthanased and at necropsy a 10.5 kg pendunculated mass composed of granulation tissue was found within and attached to the stomach. There was villous atrophy diffusely throughout the small intestine. The inciting cause of the gastric mass was not determined.

Un étalon de quatre ans fut examiné parce qu'il présentait des commémoratifs d'amaigrissement et d'inappétence depuis deux mois. De la diarrhée était apparue également un mois avant la consultation. Les constatations cliniques comprenaient une émaciation, de la diarrhée, un oedème ventral, une hypertrophie palpable d'un ganglion mésentérique et la présence d'une masse importante dans la partie antérieure gauche de l'abdomen. Les constatations faites au laboratoire comportaient notamment de l'anémie, un hématocrite à 0,21 %, une hypoalbuminémie (16 gr/1) et une malabsorbtion de xylose. Le cheval fut sacrifié et l'on constata à l'autopsie, la présence d'une masse pédonculée de 10,5 kilos composée d'un tissu de granulation dans l'estomac et fixée à sa paroi. Il existait une atrophie des villosités de l'intestin grêle. La cause initiale de ce processus n'a pas été précisée.

Ein vierjähriger Hengst wurde untersucht mit einer Anamnese von Inappetenz und Gewichtsverlust seit zwei Monaten. Ein Monat vor der Untersuchung hatte sich auch Durchfall eingestellt. Klinisch wurde festgestellt: Abmagerung, Diarrhoe, Bauchoedem, tastbare Vergrösserung der Mesenterial‐lymphknoten und ein grosser Körper vorne links im Abdomen. An bezeichnenden Laborbefunden sind zu erwähnen Anaemie, (PCV 0.21 1/1), Hypalbuminaemie (16 g/1) und Xylose‐Malabsorption. Das Pferd wurde euthanasiert und bei der Autopsie konnte eine 10,5 kg schwere, gestielte Masse aus Granulationsgewebe in und am Magen festgestellt werden. Es bestand diffuse Atrophie der Villi im ganzen Dünndarm. Die auslösende Ursache konnte nicht gefunden werden.
A field trial of ketamine anaesthesia in the horse
Authors: FISHER R. J.
Published: April 2010

Ketamine was used on 80 occasions to induce anaesthesia in 77 animals. Xylazine premedication was used alone on 75 occasions, in conjunction with methadone once, in conjunction with methadone and acepromazine once and, on three occasions, methadone and acepromazine only were used. Anaesthesia was maintained in seven cases with halothane and oxygen. Premedication with xylazine 5 mins previously or concurrently with ketamine gave similar results but an interval of more than 5 mins between the drugs produced less deep anaesthesia and this protocol is, therefore, not advised. Induction and recovery were judged to be good in 82 per cent and 78 per cent of cases, respectively, and analgesia and muscle relaxation were judged as adequate in 79 per cent of cases.
Shoulder lameness in horses: An analysis of 58 suspected cases
Authors: DYSON SUE
Published: April 2010

The results of a detailed investigation of 58 horses with suspected shoulder lameness are described. Lameness was found to originate distal to the shoulder region in 22 horses. No diagnosis was reached in five horses. Genuine shoulder problems occurred in 29 horses. The clinical signs of shoulder lameness are described and contrasted with lower limb lameness. The limitations of currently available diagnostic techniques are discussed. Problems identified in the shoulder region included osteochondritis dissecans, subchondral bone cysts, arthrosis, fracture, luxation, septic arthritis and soft tissue damage. Some of the differences between osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral bone cysts are described and it is suggested that these are two separate conditions.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of fetlock annular ligament constriction in the horse
Authors: DIK K. J. , van den BELT A. J. M. , KEG P. R.
Published: April 2010

The diagnosis of restriction of free movement of the flexor tendons through the fetlock canal usually rests on the characteristic clinical appearance of this condition, or air‐tendography. In a series of seven normal Warmblood horses and 16 diseased horses of various breeds, the efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of this condition was determined. In normal limbs, the annular ligament is a very thin structure usually not visible on sonograms. In diseased limbs, ultrasonography outlined flexor tendon injury, distension and thickening of the digital sheath, peritendovaginal tissue proliferation and thickening of the annular ligament. Four different types of constriction syndrome were noticed. The first type (nine cases), was characterised by thickening of the annular ligament and distension of the digital sheath; the second type (three cases) was dominated by distension of the digital sheath; the third type (three cases) was characterised by superficial digital flexor tendon injury and thickening of the annular ligament and in the fourth type (one case), the constriction resulted from distension of the digital sheath and extensive peritendovaginal tissue proliferation.
Blood gas analyses on equine blood: required correction factors
Authors: FEDDE M. R.
Published: April 2010

Correction factors have been determined to obtain the best estimates of PO2, PCO2 and pH in equine blood with standard blood gas and pH electrodes. There was a significant difference between the PO2 readings for tonometred blood of most horses and the equilibrating gas. Thus, if the PO2 electrode is calibrated with a gas, an electrode correction factor should be obtained by tonometring a blood sample from each horse. This factor was not dependent on packed cell volume. No such correction is required for the PCO2 electrode. If the animal's temperature differs from that of the analyser, the PO2, PCO2 and pH values must be corrected to the animal's body temperature. Temperature correction factors determined for equine blood were similar to those for human blood. Failure to make temperature corrections can result in errors for PO2 and PCO2 of 6 to 7 per cent per degree of temperature difference.
The incidence of abnormal limb development in the Irish Thoroughbred from birth to 18 months
Authors: O'DONOHUE D. D. , SMITH F. H. , STRICKLAND K. L.
Published: April 2010

A two part survey was carried out in Irish Thoroughbred horses in 1988 and 1989 to establish the incidence and prevalence of developmental skeletal problems, particularly possible manifestations of developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD). Survey One was a retrospective study based on a questionnaire involving the foal crops of 46 stud farms for 3 successive seasons; the 1711 animals initially documented represented 10.46% of Irish foal registrations. The second survey involved repeated monitoring of the 1988 foal crop from birth to 18 months of age on 17 stud farms. The 248 foals initially examined represented 4.24% of foal registrations. Treatment for DOD was deemed necessary for 11.3% of the animals in Survey One. Angular limb deformities and physeal dysplasia (“epiphysitis”) together constituted 72.9% of the cases treated. The peak incidence of DOD problems occurred between weaning and the end of December. More than half the animals treated (53.9%) recovered completely, ie achieved expected sale value as yearlings, 27.5% of those treated showed incomplete recovery and mild to moderate loss of sale value and the remaining 18.7% were killed or lost much of their sale value. In the second survey, while 67% of animals exhibited some form of DOD, the incidence and severity of problems treated were not significantly different from those of farms in Survey One. Again, physeal dysplasia and angular limb deformity were the predominant clinical conditions and their severity was greatest during the early winter. During the suckling phase colts had a significantly greater incidence of DOD. At all other stages the incidence and severity of DOD was similar in both sexes. However, in the severely affected categories significantly more colts than fillies were killed. There were significant differences amongst stud farms in the incidence and severity of DOD.
Treatment and pathogenesis of navicular disease (‘syndrome’) in horses
Authors: LEACH D. H.
Published: April 2010

The future directions of navicular disease research are unclear. Often researchers investigate only one of the multitude of factors likely to be important in understanding the disease. Two exceptions to this is work done by Wright in this issue of EVJ and by MacGregor (1988) who compared a number of the treatment regimens (e.g. rest, warfarin, isoxuprine, shoeing with egg bars) and found that ∼ 75% of the horses improved in their performance.

Perhaps this percentage of ‘recovered’ horses from this disease is what can be realistically expected, as often horses with navicular disease remain undiagnosed until the disease has advanced to the stage where problems exist in the foot or to where the conformation‐balance of the hoof is irrecoverable. Perhaps the key to controlling the disease is prevention by maintaining good overall hoof husbandry in a conservative and consistent manner. I would advocate that efforts be made to evaluate hoof ‘balance’ and the validity of the hoof wall‐pastern axis being parallel, as these are clearly of importance in this debilitating disease.
Observations on the anatomy and pathology of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the middle carpal joints of Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: PHILLIPS T. J. , WRIGHT I. M.
Published: April 2010

Ten carpi from juvenile Thoroughbred horses were dissected in detail to record the anatomy of the palmar intercarpal ligaments (PICLs). These were found not to be substantially attached to the palmar carpal ligament. The lateral PICL was sited at the convergence of the palmar aspects of the third, fourth, intermediate and ulnar carpal bones and aligned predominantly in a proximodistal direction. The medial PICL had a large origin distally on the lateral aspect of the radial carpal bone (Cr) and attached to third (C3) and second (C2) carpal bones with apparently separate fibre orientations. Fibres between Cr and C3 aligned obliquely from dorsoproximomedial to palmarodistolaterai which corresponds to the direction of movement of Cr relative to C3 during carpal extension.

Video recordings of arthroscopic evaluations of 67 middle carpal joints of juvenile Thoroughbred horses in race training were reviewed retrospectively and the osteochondral and ligamentous pathology visible in each recorded. Damage to the Cr‐C3 part of the medial PICL was present in 47 (70%) joints and, in 6 joints, comprised complete rupture of this branch. A significant (P<0.001) relationship was found between the presence of remodelling of the dorsodistal margin of Cr and the severity of ligament damage.

It is considered that the orientation of fibres of the Cr‐C3 branch of the MPICL is consistent with a putative role to alternate forces borne by Cr and C3 during axial loading of the limb and that the injuries of this structure seen in young racehorses may represent a fatigue‐type pathology analogous to that seen concurrently in the related osteochondral tissues.
Seroanalysis of Tyzzer's disease in horses: implications that multiple strains can infect Equidae
Authors: HOOK R. R. , RILEY LELA K. , FRANKLIN C. L. , BESCH‐WILLIFORD CYNTHIA L.
Published: April 2010

A monoclonal antibody based competitive inhibition assay was used to detect antibodies in horse sera to purified flagellar antigens from distinctClostridium piliformeisolates. Sequential absorption of hyperimmune rat serum to C.piliformeisolate E (horse‐origin isolate), a positiveC. piliforme‐immune horse serum, and other suspected immune horse sera with unrelated bacteria orC. piliformeisolates E or isolate R1 (rat‐origin isolate) alone demonstrated the specificity of this assay forC. piliforme. This specificity was associated with the inhibition of monoclonal antibody binding toC. piliformeflagella, rather than toC. piliformesomatic antigens, by horse immunoglobulins partially purified from serum. Thirty seven of 162 horse sera possessed large amounts of antibody to the flagella ofC. piliformeisolate E and 23 of the 162 had large amounts of antibody to the flagella ofC. piliformeisolate R1; 9 of the sera possessed large amounts of antibody to both flagellar antigens. Absorption of these sera with isolate E or R1 demonstrated that antibody reactivity to the 2C. piliformeisolates was isolate‐specific and not due to antibody cross‐reactive with both isolates. These results suggest that infection of horses withC. piliformemay be relatively common; and that they are susceptible to at least 2 distinct strains.
Endoscopic examination of the carpal flexor tendon sheath in horses
Authors: CAUVIN E. R. J. , MUNROE G. A. , BOYD J. S.
Published: April 2010

This study was undertaken to design a safe technique to examine the carpal flexor tendon sheath (carpal sheath) of horses endoscopically, using an arthroscope. The limbs from 15 horses were used to study the normal anatomy of the carpal sheath and related structures, establish a safe approach and endoscopic technique, and determine the normal endoscopic appearance of the sheath. Major arteries, veins and nerves, present within and around the sheath, left few ‘safe’ areas to insert the endoscope. Several portals were assessed and a distal lateral approach was found to be safest and to allow adequate visualisation of most of the sheath. The surgical technique and normal endoscopic findings are described in detail and discussed.
Dextran‐70 inhibits equine platelet aggregation induced by PAF but not by other agonists
Authors: HEATH M. F. , EVANS R. J. , HAYES L. J.
Published: April 2010

Dextrans of mean molecular weight 70 kDa (dextran‐70) have had clinical use as antithrombotics in man. A major part of the anti‐thrombotic action is mediated via inhibition of platelet function. Greatorex (1975, 1977) treated thromboembolic colic in horses with infusions of dextran‐70 and reported a 90% recovery rate, but this treatment is nonetheless rarely used. We have used anin vitromethod to examine the effect of dextran‐70 on equine platelet suspensions, in the hope that understanding the mechanism of action of dextran‐70 might lead to the development of alternative therapeutic agents. The effects of dextran‐70 on equine platelets occurred immediatelyin vitrowith an initial activation and shape change. Subsequent assessment of aggregation revealed a dose‐dependent specific inhibition of platelet‐activating factor (PAF)‐induced aggregation, significant in rate of aggregation at dextran‐70 concentrations >40 g/l (P<0.05) and in extent of aggregation at dextran‐70 concentrations >50 g/l (P<0.05). Preincubation with 60 g/l dextran‐70 significantly inhibited the rate and extent of aggregation in response to PAF (1 nmol/l) (P<0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) but this was not dependent on the duration of pre‐incubation (from 0 to 150 min). No effects were seen when the agonist was adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (200 nmol/l), collagen (10 mg/l), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (100 pmol/l) or 1144069 (600 nmol/l) (all P>0.1). Analysis of PAF concentration‐aggregation curves after pre‐incubation with 60 g/l dextran‐70 indicated significant noncompetitive inhibition by dextran‐70 (P<0.001 for rate and extent of aggregation). The ability of dextran‐70 to inhibit responses of equine platelets to PAF is probably an important component of its beneficial effect as an antithrombotic in colic cases.
In vitro mechanical properties of different equine hoof wall crack fixation techniques
Authors: PARDOE C. H. , WILSON A. M.
Published: April 2010

Hoof wall cracks need mechanical stabilisation to allow healing. Common techniques are fixation with screws, wires and plates or bonding of a patch across the crack. An in vitro system to determine the shear properties of equine hoof crack repairs is described. The force and displacement at yield, stiffness and ultimate force were determined for 4 repair techniques based on an acrylic material, polyurethane patch attached with cyanoacrylate adhesive, steel plate attached with screws and a transverse metal bar cut into the hoof wall. The cyanoacrylate bonded patch repair had lower values for all parameters measured (n = 8, P<0.05) and the other 3 repairs had similar mechanical properties. This study demonstrates that acrylic adhesive repairs can resist similar shear forces to traditional screw plate repairs without risk of penetrating into the sensitive structures of the foot. The transverse bar mounted across the crack had similar resistance to shear as the much larger screw plate and plain bonding repair techniques. This novel technique may be a useful adjunct to other repair methods.
Non-archimedean canonical measures on abelian varieties
Authors: Gubler Walter
Published: April 2010

For a closedd-dimensional subvarietyXof an abelian varietyAand a canonically metrized line bundleLonA, Chambert-Loir has introduced measuresc1(L∣X)∧don the Berkovich analytic space associated toAwith respect to the discrete valuation of the ground field. In this paper, we give an explicit description of these canonical measures in terms of convex geometry. We use a generalization of the tropicalization related to the Raynaud extension ofAand Mumford’s construction. The results have applications to the equidistribution of small points.
Prediction of Minimum Bending Ratio of Aluminum Sheets From Tensile Material Properties
Authors: Iacono C. , Sinke J. , Benedictus R.
Published: April 2010

One of the most widely involved operations in sheet metal forming processes in aircraft industry is bending, particularly, air bending as a simple process. For this reason, the bendability of aluminum alloys is an important material property, which determines the minimum radius to which a sheet may be bent without cracking. Hence, the challenging issue, on which this paper focuses, is to predict this material parameter from other material parameters commonly measured during standard tensile tests. For this prediction, a finite element model and a response surface model are elaborated and, as a result, a relatively simple formula is proposed to calculate the minimum bending radius from the reduction in the area at fracture, the strain hardening exponent, and the yield stress, which are material parameters available from tensile tests.
Experimental Investigation of Grain and Specimen Size Effects During Electrical-Assisted Forming
Authors: Siopis Michael S. , Kinsey Brad L.
Published: April 2010

Alternative manufacturing processes such as hot working and electrical-assisted forming (EAF), which involves passing a high density electrical current through the workpiece during deformation, have been shown to increase the potential strain induced in materials and reduce required forces for deformation. While forming at elevated temperatures is common, the EAF process provides more significant improvements in formability without the undesirable effects associated with forming at elevated temperatures. This research investigates the effect of grain size and current density on annealed pure copper during the EAF process. The flow stress reduction effect of the process was shown to decrease with increasing grain sizes. A threshold current density, required to achieve a significant reduction in the flow stresses, becomes more apparent at larger grain sizes, and the value increases with increasing grain size. The effects increase with increasing strain due to dislocations being generated during deformation. Therefore, the dislocation density, related in part by the grain size, appears to be a factor in the EAF process.
Integrated Process Planning for a Multiaxis Hybrid Manufacturing System
Authors: Ren Lan , Sparks Todd , Ruan Jianzhong , Liou Frank
Published: April 2010

A hybrid manufacturing system integrates computer numerical controlled (CNC) machining process and layered deposition process and achieves the benefits of both processes. An integrated process planning framework, which includes every module of the hybrid manufacturing process is critical for making the building of functional parts feasible and reliable. In this paper, the hybrid manufacturing system is introduced and the integrated process planning framework, which aims to automate the hybrid manufacturing is investigated. Critical components of the process planning, including decomposition of the computer-aided design (CAD) model, improvement of the toolpath generation pattern, and collision detection algorithms, are discussed. The interfacing and integrating process between deposition and surface finish machining is also studied. The goal of integrated process planning is to realize the automatic hybrid manufacturing process without much human interference. Experiments are implemented to validate the feasibility and reliability of the integrated process planning framework.
Design of a Three-Axis Articulated Tool Head With Parallel Kinematics Achieving Desired Motion/Force Transmission Characteristics
Authors: Liu Xin-Jun , Wang Li-Ping , Xie Fugui , Bonev Ilian A.
Published: April 2010

This paper addresses the design issue of a three-axis tool head with three-PRS parallel kinematics (P, R, and S standing for prismatic, revolute, and spherical joint, respectively) by considering their orientation capability and motion/force transmission. The content presented here is actually an improvement on the dimensional optimization of articulated tool heads with parallel kinematics, with emphasis on the three-PRS design to solve the problem of orientational capability. An index that can evaluate the effectiveness of the motion/force transmission is introduced. The orientation capability with which the mechanism has high motion/force transmission capability is then defined. The procedure searching the link lengths with which the mechanism has a high orientation capability and good effectiveness of motion/force transmission is finally presented.
Online Degradation Assessment and Adaptive Fault Detection Using Modified Hidden Markov Model
Authors: Lee Seungchul , Li Lin , Ni Jun
Published: April 2010

Online condition monitoring and diagnosis systems play an important role in the modern manufacturing industry. This paper presents a novel method to diagnose the degradation processes of multiple failure modes using a modified hidden Markov model (MHMM) with variable state space. The proposed MHMM is combined with statistical process control to quickly detect the occurrence of an unknown fault. This method allows the state space of a hidden Markov model to be adjusted and updated with the identification of new states. Hence, the online degradation assessment and adaptive fault diagnosis can be simultaneously obtained. Experimental results in a turning process illustrate that the tool wear state can be successfully detected, and previously unknown tool wear processes can be identified at the early stages using the MHMM.
Modeling for calculation of vanadium oxide film composition in reactive-sputtering process
Authors: Yu He , Jiang Yadong , Wang Tao , Wu Zhiming , Yu Junsheng , Wei Xiongbang
Published: April 2010

A modified model describing the changing ratio of vanadium to oxide on the target and substrate as a function of oxygen flow is described. Actually, this ratio is extremely sensitive to the deposition conditions during the vanadium oxide (VOx) reactive magnetron-sputtering process. The method in this article is an extension of a previously presented Berg’s model, where only a single stoichiometry compound layer was taken into consideration. This work deals with reactive magnetron sputtering of vanadium oxide films with different oxygen contents from vanadium metal target. The presence of vanadium mixed oxides at both target and substrate surface produced during reactive-sputtering process are included. It shows that the model can be used for the optimization of film composition with respect to oxygen flow in a stable hysteresis-free reactive-sputtering process. A systematic experimental study of deposition rate of VOx with respect to target ion current was also made. Compared to experimental results, it was verified that the theoretical calculation from modeling is in good agreement with the experimental counterpart.
Refocusing the War on Cancer: The Critical Role of Personalized Treatment
Authors: Potti Anil , Schilsky Richard L. , Nevins Joseph R.
Published: April 2010

Because a given type of cancer generally represents a collection of diverse disorders, the right treatment must be matched to the right patient to optimize patient outcomes.
Drug Resistance, Epigenetics, and Tumor Cell Heterogeneity
Authors: Hoey Timothy
Published: April 2010

Acquisition of drug resistance can occur through changes at the chromatin level in subpopulations of cancer cells and thus is linked to heterogeneity within tumors.
How to manage falls in community dwelling older adults: a review of the evidence
Authors: McKay Claire , Anderson Kathryn E
Published: April 2010

Recurrent falls in older people are one of the leading causes of hospital admission. There is evidence available for identifying many of those at risk and in whom prevention strategies should be targeted. This review discusses the evidence behind the guidelines and highlights the potential benefits for older people. The key features of prevention include multidisciplinary assessment, by experienced individuals, followed by targeted multifactorial interventions. The impact depends on individual factors such as cognitive impairment and on the setting in which they are used. Screening is feasible but cost implications and benefits are unclear, as are the benefits in terms of injury and fracture prevention. It is known that some of the strongest interventions include individually tailored exercise programmes in cognitively intact individuals. When combined with multifactorial risk reduction programmes this approach can reduce falls risk by approximately 30%.
Avoidance Reactions of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Monocyclic Aromatics
Authors: Maynard Desmond J. , Weber Douglas D.
Published: April 2010

Presmolt coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) tested in a Y-maze avoided a mixture of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at concentrations of 3–4 mg/L while smolting coho salmon avoided concentrations of less than 2 mg/L. Three components (benzene, toluene, o-xylene) of the mixture were tested individually with presmolt salmon and each was avoided at a lower concentration than when compared with the total hydrocarbon concentration of the mixture; o-xylene was most repellent, causing statistically significant avoidance at a concentration of 0.2 mg/L. Electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory bulb indicated that short-term exposure of juvenile coho salmon to monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at 4 mg/L did not disrupt this chemosensory modality; the olfactory system was stimulated by an aromatic hydrocarbon mixture at concentrations correlating with observed avoidance behavior.Key words: salmon, behavior, avoidance, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Oncorhynchus, olfactory EEG
Di-n-hexyl Phthalate (DHP), a Newly Identified Contaminant in Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus) and Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: Musial Charles J. , Uthe John F. , Sirota Gary R. , Burns B. Garth , Gilgan Michael W. , Zitko Vladimir , Matheson R. Alexander
Published: April 2010

We describe the isolation and identification of di-n-hexyl phthalate, a new marine pollutant found in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). This compound was isolated from extracted lipids by a combination of gel permeation, high performance liquid and column chromatography, and selective precipitation of impurities. Conclusive proof of its structure was obtained from gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentrations of di-n-hexyl phthalate (17–27 μg/g wet weight), which is not a major industrial phthalic acid ester, far exceeded those of dibutyl and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates, the major industrial phthalic acid esters. Thus the possibility of selective bioaccumulation of DHP in herring and mackerel was indicated. This finding is important in view of the paucity of toxicological information concerning this compound.Key words: phthalic acid ester, di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), analysis, mackerel, herring, marine fish, pollution