bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adapting to the stream: an instance-attention GNN method for irregular multivariate time series data
Authors: Han Kun , Koay Abigail M. Y. , Ko Ryan K. L. , Chen Weitong , Xu Miao
Published: January 2025

Multivariate time series (MTS) data are vital for various applications, particularly in machine learning tasks. However, challenges such as sensor failures can result in irregular and misaligned data with missing values, thereby complicating their analysis. While recent advancements use graph neural networks (GNNs) to manage these Irregular Multivariate Time Series (IMTS) data, they generally require a reliable graph structure, either pre-existing or inferred from adequate data to properly capture node correlations. This poses a challenge in applications where IMTS data are often streamed and waiting for future data to estimate a suitable graph structure becomes impractical. To overcome this, we introduce a dynamic GNN model suited for streaming characteristics of IMTS data, incorporating an instance-attention mechanism that dynamically learns and updates graph edge weights for realtime analysis. We also tailor strategies for high-frequency and low-frequency data to enhance prediction accuracy. Empirical results on real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed model in both classification and imputation tasks.
Development of Deterministic Reaction Triggering in UF4 Magnesiothermic Reduction
Authors: Kalpana Pasupuleti , Gupta Sonal , Thakkar U. R. , Raina Amulya , Satpati S. K. , Verma Rishi
Published: January 2025

Uranium metal ingot is routinely produced by magnesiothermic reduction (MTR) at plant scale. In the conventional process, heating of the reaction vessel is continued till self-initiation or self-firing of the reaction occurs. A novel deterministic reaction triggering (DRT) method has been developed for the MTR process on a 5 kg uranium ingot scale, which makes the firing definite and decreases specific energy consumption and batch duration by about 33.8% and 30–50%, respectively, without affecting the process recovery. The pre-heat time and pre-heat temperature required for initiating the external trigger were estimated using COMSOL simulations and thermodynamic evaluation of the final product temperature, respectively. The process recovery with DRT (~93%) was comparable to that of the conventional self-firing process. A well-consolidated uranium ingot with a recovery of about 93% was obtained with 100 ppm Cr and 97 ppm Ni in the scaled up (50 kg) batch by employing deterministic triggering. This DRT method is applicable and useful for similar reaction processes for augmenting process capacity and energy utilization.
A Review of the Prospera Spinal Cord Stimulation System with Multiphase Stimulation and Proactive Care
Authors: Naidu Ramana K. , Kapural Leonardo , Li Sean , Tourjé Caitlin , Rutledge Joseph , Dickerson David , Lubenow Timothy R.
Published: January 2025

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to describe the development and key features of the Prospera™ Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) System, as well as the clinical evidence supporting its use. Prospera delivers therapy using a proprietary multiphase stimulation paradigm and is the first SCS system to offer proactive care through automatic, objective, daily, remote device monitoring and remote programming capabilities.

Recent Findings

Results from the recently published BENEFIT-02 trial support the short-term safety and efficacy of multiphase stimulation in patients with chronic pain. BENEFIT-03 is an ongoing, multicenter, single-arm study with 24-month follow-up; interim analyses suggest that multiphase therapy is safe and effective and that patients and clinicians have positive experiences with remote device management.

Preliminary evidence suggests that the Prospera SCS System represents an opportunity to improve patient care by combining an effective multiphase stimulation paradigm with an efficient proactive care model.
Unveiling subjective well-being: the role of reward processing and resilience
Authors: Oltean Lia-Ecaterina , Șoflău Radu , Miu Andrei C. , Szentágotai-Tătar Aurora
Published: January 2025

Clarifying factors contributing to subjective well-being (SWB) is paramount to the understanding optimal functioning and positive human experience. Among these, reward processing appears promising, with evidence suggesting it may contribute to resilience, to further promote SWB. However, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking, and indirect evidence is scant and scattered. Building on these caveats, this study sought (1) to investigate associations between reward processing and resilience with SWB, and (2) to test the mediating role of resilience in the association between reward processing and SWB. Aligned with recommendations suggesting that using multiple indicators and distinguishing between cognitive and affective dimensions of SWB may refine its understanding, multiple SWB measures were employed. Participants (N = 300; m age = 32.53; SD = 12.30) completed cognitive (i.e., satisfaction with life) and affective measures of SWB (i.e., positive and negative affect), and stress, as well as scales evaluating reward processing and resilience. Findings indicated that reward processing was positively associated with resilience, and all SWB dimensions including satisfaction with life and positive affect, and negatively associated with negative affect and stress. Moreover, resilience mediated associations between reward processing and all SWB dimensions. These findings extend existing knowledge on SWB and provide a refined understanding of this construct through the lens of reward processing and resilience. If replicated in longitudinal and experimental studies, they may have important practical implications for interventions targeting reward processing and resilience.
Subscale modeling of material flow in orthogonal metal cutting
Authors: Erturk Ahmet Semih , Larsson Ragnar
Published: January 2025

Enhanced simulation capability for the cutting process is crucial to making quick evaluations of cutting forces and temperatures, which are significant for assessing the machinability of the workpiece material and predicting tool wear. In this paper, the material flow in orthogonal cutting, including primary and secondary shear zones, is represented by a viscous/viscoplastic model that includes the temperature-sensitive Johnson-Cook flow stress model. A stabilized staggered finite element procedure is developed to handle incompressible Navier-Stokes material flow in combination with convection-dominated hardening and thermomechanical interaction. To handle material flow at tool-workpiece contact, a mixed method is used to reduce spurious oscillations in contact stresses along with simplified heat transfer in the tool-workpiece interface. A novel feature is that the velocity field is resolved as a subscale field to the velocity field of the distributed primary zone deformation model. It appears that the finite element solution to the subscale material flow model is significantly more cost-effective in contrast to directly addressing the velocity field and compared to the chip-forming simulations (DEFORM 2D). The cutting forces, temperature, and stress-strain state of the material in the critical deformation regions can be accurately estimated using the subscale model. The results obtained show that the trend of the estimated forces and temperatures is consistent with our experimental measurements, the DEFORM 2D simulations, and the experimental data from the literature.
Guidance on selecting and evaluating AI auto-segmentation systems in clinical radiotherapy: insights from a six-vendor analysis
Authors: Rusanov Branimir , Ebert Martin A. , Sabet Mahsheed , Rowshanfarzad Pejman , Barry Nathaniel , Kendrick Jake , Alkhatib Zaid , Gill Suki , Dass Joshua , Bucknell Nicholas , Croker Jeremy , Tang Colin , White Rohen , Bydder Sean , Taylor Mandy , Slama Luke , Mukwada Godfrey
Published: January 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) based auto-segmentation has demonstrated numerous benefits to clinical radiotherapy workflows. However, the rapidly changing regulatory, research, and market environment presents challenges around selecting and evaluating the most suitable solution. To support the clinical adoption of AI auto-segmentation systems, Selection Criteria recommendations were developed to enable a holistic evaluation of vendors, considering not only raw performance but associated risks uniquely related to the clinical deployment of AI. In-house experience and key bodies of work on ethics, standards, and best practices for AI in Radiation Oncology were reviewed to inform selection criteria and evaluation strategies. A retrospective analysis using the criteria was performed across six vendors, including a quantitative assessment using five metrics (Dice, Hausdorff Distance, Average Surface Distance, Surface Dice, Added Path Length) across 20 head and neck, 20 thoracic, and 19 male pelvis patients for AI models as of March 2023. A total of 47 selection criteria were identified across seven categories. A retrospective analysis showed that overall no vendor performed exceedingly well, with systematically poor performance in Data Security & Responsibility, Vendor Support Tools, and Transparency & Ethics. In terms of raw performance, vendors varied widely from excellent to poor. As new regulations come into force and the scope of AI auto-segmentation systems adapt to clinical needs, continued interest in ensuring safe, fair, and transparent AI will persist. The selection and evaluation framework provided herein aims to promote user confidence by exploring the breadth of clinically relevant factors to support informed decision-making.
The genetics of non-syndromic dentinogenesis imperfecta: a systematic review
Authors: Gilani M. , Saikia A. , Anthonappa R.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This systematic review aims to consolidate existing genetic and clinical data on non-syndromic dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) to enhance understanding of its etiology.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for genetic familial linkage studies published in English without time restrictions. Genetic familial linkage studies that reported cases of Shield’s classifications: DI-II, DI-III or DD-II were included. After removing duplicates and excluding non-eligible articles, two reviewers screened relevant articles independently, followed by data extraction.

Results

The systematic search identified 3475 articles, with 135 suitable for full-text review and a final 41 that met inclusion criteria. Within this set of studies, 10 conducted a histopathologic examination of teeth from affected participants. DSPP mutations were the most frequently reported, with 59 documented mutations. Four studies identified mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2, revealing non-syndromic DI cases, predominantly in individuals of Asian descent. Histopathological analysis of affected teeth showed variations in pulp chamber size, dentinal tubule irregularities, enamel malformations, and mineral density reductions, depending on DI phenotype.

Conclusions

This review consolidates genetic and clinical data to advance the understanding of non-syndromic DI. It highlights the role of DSPP, COL1A1 and COL1A2 and the potential involvement of other genes, emphasizing the effectiveness of whole-exome sequencing in identifying causative mutations.
Hinderliche und förderliche Faktoren in der Arbeit mit Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen und herausfordernden Verhaltensweisen
Authors: Myszor Franziska , Reuter Judith Marie , Steinhart Ingmar , Sappok Tanja
Published: January 2025

Ziel der Studie

Überblick über die spezifischen hinderlichen und förderlichen Faktoren, denen Mitarbeitende begegnen, die mit Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen und herausfordernden Verhaltensweisen arbeiten.

Methodik

Rapid Review im Mai 2023 zu den Schlagworten Kognitive Beeinträchtigung und Herausforderndes Verhalten. Es wurden sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Studien und Expert:innenberichte eingeschlossen, die der Hauptkategorie Mitarbeitende zugeordnet werden konnten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mittels differenziertem Kategoriensystem extrahiert und tabellarisch sowie auch grafisch dargestellt.

Ergebnisse

Von den insgesamt 38 eingeschlossenen Artikeln waren 25 forschungs- und 13 expert:innenbasiert. Hinderliche und förderliche Faktoren werden systematisch dargestellt bzgl. 1) Interaktion (Team, Leitung, Klient:in, Angehörige), 2) Arbeitsbedingungen und -organisation, 3) Kompetenzen bzw. Qualifikationen der Mitarbeitenden. Handlungssicherheit bringende Elemente wie die gelungene Beziehung und Kommunikation der beteiligten Akteure (Leistungserbringer, -berechtigte und Angehörige) sowie die gesundheitsförderliche Gestaltung der Arbeitsbedingungen und -prozesse konnten als zentrale Wirkfaktoren identifiziert werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Die herausgearbeiteten Faktoren stehen in Zusammenhang mit der Arbeitszufriedenheit, psychischen Gesundheit und Handlungsfähigkeit der Mitarbeitenden und bilden konkrete Handlungsfelder für betriebliche Akteur/-innen aus den Bereichen Leitung und Steuerung, Gesundheitsmanagement und Weiterbildung.
Experimental investigation of the precursor characteristics and early warning of coal burst based on quantitative analysis of acoustic emission signals
Authors: Zhao Xiaoling , Liao Zhiyi , Zhang Xiufeng , Shen Cong , Zhu Jianbo
Published: January 2025

Coal burst is one of the most frequent and destructive dynamic disasters encountered during underground mining engineering. However, the understanding of quantitative precursor characteristics of coal burst is still in its infancy, rendering it difficult to provide effective early warning of disaster. In this study, to quantitatively study precursor characteristics and warning signs of coal burst, the coal burst experiments were carried out on coal-rock combination with a crack. The acoustic emission (AE) technique was employed to quantitatively analyse the precursor information during coal burst process. Testing results indicated that coal burst process is classified into three stages based on evolution in AE energy, i.e., early incubation stage, late incubation stage and occurrence stage. The first significant increase in AE energy could be identified as the beginning of the late incubation stage of coal burst, accompanying by the phenomenon of macro-failure initiation. AE signals during the whole process could be classified as five types according to their dominant frequency and amplitude characteristics, i.e., HF-HA, LF-HA, EHF-LA, HF-LA and LF-LA respectively. The dramatic increase in number proportion of HF-HA and LF-HA signals is highly correlated with occurrence of coal burst. In addition, a comprehensive classification criterion for the coal burst prediction was proposed under a quantitative analysis of three AE parameters, i.e., first energy index (FEI), coal burst risk indicator based on AE energy (CRI

E
) and frequency spectrum (CRI

F−A
). The findings in this study could facilitate accurate coal burst prediction.
Theoretical Framework for Developing a Full Vehicle Hybrid Model to Predict Tire Characteristics Using Receptance Coupling Technique
Authors: Hamedi Behzad , Taheri Saied
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This paper introduces a theoretical framework for developing an effective hybrid model of a full vehicle to predict tire characteristics. The primary goal is to establish a foundation for employing reduced-order modeling techniques for complex dynamic systems.

Methods

The framework emphasizes two structured coupling schemes: multi-step and single-step approaches, expanding upon the concept of coupling two subsystems. These methods aim to decompose intricate dynamic systems into integrated subsystems identified by selected points and a limited number of degrees of freedom at interfaces and internal regions. By combining receptance functions of individual disassembled subsystems using the frequency-based substructuring technique, the response of the coupled dynamic system can be predicted. This structured method utilizes a set of explicit equations governing interactions between subsystems, enabling the integration of both experimental and analytical data sources for frequency response functions (FRFs). The FRF encompasses a comprehensive range of substructure properties, including stiffness, mass, and damping, facilitating the development of reduced-order models and ensuring a simpler, more reliable, and collaborative modeling approach.

Results

The substructuring approach enables the determination of the entire dynamic system receptance matrix and vibrational response based on a minimal number of measurements conducted under decoupled subsystem conditions. This is achieved through a set of explicit equations developed based on compatibility and equilibrium principles at the connection points. Moreover, it provides flexibility to predict the receptance matrix and response at non-accessible points, facilitating the analysis of transferred vibrations through the load path among subsystems compared to traditional methods.

Conclusion

This theoretical framework facilitates the development of modular, hybrid, and reduced-order models for predicting system responses. By integrating independent subsystems and leveraging the combined receptance functions, it enables the creation of effective vehicle dynamic models for performance prediction, target setting, and target cascading during the early stages of development.
Recent progress in tsunami deposit investigations in Taiwan
Authors: Yu Neng-Ti , Yen Jiun-Yee , Chyi Shyh-Jeng , Lu Cheng-Hao , Matsuta Nobuhisa Matta , Yen I-Chin
Published: January 2025

Identifying deposits of modern/historical and prehistorical tsunamis in Taiwan has been successful in the past two decades and has substantially increased the extant tsunami catalogs, which have been limited in the past four centuries due to scarce and ambiguous historical accounts. In this review, the initiation of the investigation is briefly discussed, partly in response to the latest catastrophic tsunamis in the Indo-Pacific and the stimulated public concern in Taiwan. Major developments and results of the investigation include the onset of the first stage before 2010, with findings in Keelung, the eastern coast, and Lanyu Island, and the second/ongoing stage after 2013, with findings in the northern and eastern coasts and Penghu Islands. These findings contributed to validating the debated historical events, expanding the event number and time span of the tsunami catalog, and elaborating on tsunami processes, which collectively enabled the delineation of the recurrence time intervals between events. Limitations, uncertainty, further contributions, and feedback are discussed including insights into the regional western Pacific hazards of tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions; the principles of recognizing tsunami deposits and processes; and the propositions of future studies and hazard mitigations in Taiwan.
Correlates of Early Voting
Authors: Martinez i Coma Ferran , Smith Rodney
Published: January 2025

This article presents and tests a new approach to early voting that pays attention to its institutional, political and demographic determinants. Using Australia's compulsory voting system as our case, we can compare early voting and election-day voting without having to consider the possibility of voter abstention that arises in voluntary voting systems. The research uses aggregate-level data from six national elections (2004 to 2019), as well as individual-level data drawn from Australian Electoral Study surveys of 2016 and 2019. The results show that institutional factors (density of polling places), political factors (level of competition between parties) and socioeconomic factors (age) all contribute to variations in early versus election-day voting. Levels of early voting are affected not simply by the characteristics of individual citizens but also by the institutional and political contexts within which those citizens vote.
A Bonnet–Myers rigidity theorem for globally hyperbolic Lorentzian length spaces
Authors: Beran Tobias
Published: January 2025

We prove a synthetic Bonnet–Myers rigidity theorem for globally hyperbolic Lorentzian length spaces with global curvature bounded below by K < 0 and an open distance realizer of length

$L=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{|K|}}$

: It states that the space necessarily is a warped product with warping function

$\cos: (-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})\to\mathbb{R}_+$

. From this, one also sees that a globally hyperbolic spacetime with curvature bounded above by K < 0 and an open distance realizer of length

$L=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{|K|}}$

is a warped product with warping function cos.
Ottomans in the Caucasian Highlands: Recruitment of the Circassians and the Ottoman Mission in Anapa, 1812–1828
Authors: Başıbek Tuna
Published: January 2025

The present article is a study of Ottoman military recruitment attempts of Circassians in the northwestern Caucasus. It examines the process of realizing a Circassian highlander army and the administration of the Anapa fortress during the time of two different fortress commanders. Focusing on the deeds of these two pashas regarding Circassian recruitment and their social background, this study highlights the Ottoman-Circassian relations and the dynamics of loyalty and pragmatism. Specifically, the role of provincial networks in ruling the border fortresses and regional politics in the Eastern Black Sea have been underlined within the context of the Russian-Ottoman rivalry over the Caucasus. Rebutting the importance of the origins of Ottoman officers for Ottoman borderland politics, this study argues that the contribution of provincial notables to the Ottoman civilizing mission and the Circassian army project in the early nineteenth century has been indispensable to the realization of Ottoman establishment in the Caucasus.
Sentience and Beyond—A Representative Interview With Peter Singer AI
Authors: Ghose Sankalpa , Häyry Matti , Singer Peter
Published: January 2025

This interview with Peter Singer AI serves a dual purpose. It is an exploration of certain—utilitarian and related—views on sentience and its ethical implications. It is also an exercise in the emerging interaction between natural and artificial intelligence, presented not as just ethics of AI but perhaps more importantly, as ethics with AI. The one asking the questions—Matti Häyry—is a person, in the contemporary sense of the word, sentient and self-aware, whereas Peter Singer AI is an artificial intelligence persona, created by Sankalpa Ghose, a person, through dialogue with Peter Singer, a person, to programmatically model and incorporate the latter’s writings, presentations, recipes, and character qualities as a renowned philosopher. The interview indicates some subtle differences between natural perspectives and artificial representation, suggesting directions for further development. PSai, as the project is also known, is available to anyone to chat with, anywhere in the world, on almost any topic, in almost any language, at www.petersinger.ai
Patient and caregiver experiences of palliative care co-management in oncology
Authors: Brooks Joanna Veazey , Formagini Taynara , Poague Claire , Sinclair Christian T. , Porter-Williamson Karin
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Historically, patients with cancer were referred to palliative care near the end of life. In recent years, the increased integration of palliative care throughout the entire trajectory of illness has helped patients with cancer better manage their symptoms and improve QOL. However, it is unknown how patients think about the presence and role of earlier, integrated palliative care. This study explored how patients and caregivers experience cancer care in the context of palliative care co-management with oncology.

Methods

We conducted interviews with 18 patients and 13 caregivers to investigate perspectives, attitudes, and experiences surrounding cancer care, specifically with their experiences of co-management with a palliative care outpatient clinic and oncology. Using grounded theory, we identified a typology of patient and caregiver approaches when discussing the care they received and/or desired.

Results

Our data revealed 3 approaches to thinking about palliative care in cancer care. While some participants embraced the “Cure Centrality” approach, caring only about fighting the disease, others adopted a “Quality-of-Life (QOL) Centrality” approach, desiring their health-care team to prioritize a broader range of concerns. A third approach, The “Dual Centrality” approach, espoused values from both approaches.

Significance of results

While co-management of palliative care and oncology is complementary by design, our data suggest that patients and caregivers take a variety of approaches to their copresence. For some patients, palliative care served as an important legitimizing resource for patients desiring expanded priorities in their care (e.g. higher value on QOL and symptom management) and enabling patient-centered care.
E.L. Mascall and the Great Divorce: Human Agency and the Eschaton
Authors: Collister C. P.
Published: January 2025

This article argues that E.L. Mascall develops the eschatology of C.S. Lewis to answer three common critiques of the consensual doctrine of hell. First, Mascall argues that human persons are capable of refusing the love of God because their potential reciprocal love depends on a freedom to give the self, or refuse to do so, in an indissoluble union. Second, the perfection of the new heavens and new earth is not a numerical perfection, and the numerical imperfection of finite creation demonstrates that this is not God’s goal in creation. Third, human nature and Christian revelation reveal that persons are made with the capacity to receive grace and participate in glory, but this reception and participation cannot be coerced. In order to test the plausibility of this position, I present David Bentley Hart’s critique of Lewis’s particularism and Mascall’s answer to such objections.
Glimpses of Hope: Reflections on Journeying with Survivors of Clergy Sexual Abuse
Authors: Williams Mark J. , Zollner Hans
Published: January 2025

Drawing on Roman Catholic and ecumenical expertise, this article takes an honest look at the experiences and hopes of those abused. Many in the churches assume that victims seek financial compensation or legal redress. However, research indicates that many victims primarily seek truth and justice as a means of closure and that their struggles with church leadership arise when truth and justice are repeatedly withheld. This makes forgiveness near-impossible and often results in the victim being re-traumatized by the systemic re-abuse they experience. Ultimately, there is no substitute for full and genuine meeting with victims, which requires the church to lay aside its power and authority and engage with humility and proper deference to the victims abused at the hands of the church. Without such openness, the victims cannot move on, and neither can the churches.
Antón Zape, “Un Negro de mucho Precio”: Seeking freedom and honor through royal service in sixteenth-century Panama
Authors: Linares Héctor
Published: January 2025

In 1584, Antón Zape, a Black enslaved African originally from Sierra Leone, received his manumission letter after a long trajectory of military service to the Spanish Crown. Although his enslaver was reluctant to grant him freedom, the Audiencia de Panama considered Antón’s services worthy of a royal grace. The president of the Audiencia himself intervened by writing to King Philip II to force his enslaver to grant Antón the manumission he deserved. The king heard the Audiencia’s recommendation and granted Antón freedom along with a substantial annual pension of 50 gold pesos to live according to his calidad (“quality,” but better translated as status). Philip II ordered Antón’s former enslaver to pay him this annual pension and to supervise the correct distribution of the stipend for his entire life; until Antón’s death, his enslaver’s descendants were required to fulfill the duty of paying him his annual pension. Because the pension was financed by Antón’s past enslaver, it subverted the enslaved person–enslaver relation, requiring the enslaver’s lifetime commitment to his former enslaved person. In addition to freedom and a pension, Antón was granted the privilege of bearing arms, signifying a public and official royal sanction of honor and calidad.1
Tolerance of Cotton to Herbicide-Coated Fertilizers
Authors: Linn Summer L. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Carvalho-Moore Pamela , Avent Tristen H. , Barber Tom , Roberts Trenton L. , Thrash Ben
Published: January 2025

Cotton producers need residual herbicides that can safely and practically be applied postemergence (POST). Herbicide-coated fertilizers could allow for simultaneous application of residual herbicides and a bulk fertilizer blend. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Fayetteville, AR, to evaluate cotton tolerance to 12 herbicide treatments coated onto a fertilizer blend and applied over cotton. Herbicides and rates evaluated included: diuron at 840 g ai ha-1, florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 29 g ai ha-1, flumioxazin at 105 g ai ha-1, flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone at 70 + 90 g ai ha-1, fluridone at 168 g ai ha-1, fluometuron at 840 g ai ha-1, fomesafen at 280 g ai ha-1, pyroxasulfone at 128 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil at 66 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil plus dimethenamid-P at 25 + 219 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil plus pyroxasulfone at 44 + 91 g ai ha-1, and S-metolachlor at 1388 g ai ha-1. In both years, fluridone, fluometuron, diuron, and S-metolachlor caused less than 10% injury at 7 d after treatment (DAT). Higher injury levels were observed in 2022 (19 to 30%) compared to 2023 (4 to 12%) for flumioxazin, fomesafen, saflufenacil, saflufenacil plus dimethenamid-P, and saflufenacil plus pyroxasulfone. The elevated injury in one of two years was attributed to the presence of dew when the herbicide-coated fertilizer was applied. The initial injury was transient, as the cotton generally had recovered by 28 DAT for all herbicides. No differences in seed cotton yield or groundcover among the herbicide treatments occurred either year. These results highlight the potential of using several POST-applied, residual herbicides coated on fertilizer that are not currently registered for over-the-top use in cotton.
Rapid detection of acetolactate synthase inhibitor–resistant weeds using novel full-spectrum imaging and a hyperparameter-tuned convolutional neural network
Authors: Estrada Pauline Victoria , Estrada John Benedict , Valdez-Herrera Jennifer , Shrestha Anil
Published: January 2025

Herbicide-resistant weeds are fast becoming a substantial global problem, causing significant crop losses and food insecurity. Late detection of resistant weeds leads to increasing economic losses. Traditionally, genetic sequencing and herbicide dose-response studies are used to detect herbicide-resistant weeds, but these are expensive and slow processes. To address this problem, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based herbicide-resistant weed identifier program (HRIP) was developed to quickly and accurately distinguish common chickweed plants that are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides and those that are susceptible to ALS inhibitors. A regular camera was converted to capture light wavelengths from 300 to 1,100 nm. Full-spectrum images from a 2-yr experiment were used to develop a hyperparameter-tuned convolutional neural network model using a “train from scratch” approach. This novel approach exploits the subtle differences in the spectral signature of ALS inhibitor-resistant and ALS inhibitor-susceptible common chickweed plants as they react differently to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide treatments. The HRIP was able to identify ALS-inhibitor–resistant common chickweed as early as 72 h after treatment at an accuracy of 88%. It has broad applicability due to its ability to distinguish common chickweed plants that are resistant to ALS-inhibitor herbicides from those that are susceptible to becoming resistant to them regardless of the type of ALS herbicide or dose used. Using tools such as the HRIP will allow farmers to make timely interventions to prevent the herbicide-escape plants from completing their life cycle and adding to the weed seedbank.
Form and Function of Floodplain Secondary Channels in a Lowland Meandering River System
Authors: Shukla Tanya , Rhoads Bruce L.
Published: January 2025

Relatively little is known about the geomorphological characteristics of floodplain secondary channels and the potential for floodplain flows to mobilize bed material within these channels. This study examines the geomorphological characteristics (channel form, material properties, wood jams) and bed‐material mobilization potential of secondary channels on the floodplain of a meandering river in Illinois, USA. It also compares these attributes to those of the main channel. Results show that secondary channels are at most about one‐third the size of the main channel but also vary in size over distance. Channel dimensions tend to be greatest near the proximal connection of secondary channels to the main channel, suggesting that flow from the main channel is effective in producing scour where it enters secondary channels. The beds of secondary channels consist mainly of mud in contrast to sand and gravel on the bed of the main channel, implying that secondary channels do not convey bed material from the main channel onto the floodplain. Secondary channels connected to the main channel at both ends have more abundant active wood jams than those connected only at the proximal end. Flow from the main channel enters secondary channels at sub‐bankfull stages, but maximum mobilization of cohesive bed material in secondary channels only occurs during flows that exceed the average bankfull stage in the main channel. Overall, secondary channels are active conduits of flow, sediment, and large wood on floodplains and can contribute to floodplain sediment fluxes through entrainment of bed material.
MiRNAs as major players in brain health and disease: current knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Kapplingattu Sarika V. , Bhattacharya Sujata , Adlakha Yogita K.
Published: January 2025

MicroRNAs are regulators of gene expression and their dysregulation can lead to various diseases. MicroRNA-135 (MiR-135) exhibits brain-specific expression, and performs various functions such as neuronal morphology, neural induction, and synaptic function in the human brain. Dysfunction of miR-135 has been reported in brain tumors, and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Several reports show downregulation of miR-135 in glioblastoma, indicating its tumor suppressor role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors. In this review, by performing in silico analysis of molecular targets of miR-135, we reveal the significant pathways and processes modulated by miR-135. We summarize the biological significance, roles, and signaling pathways of miRNAs in general, with a focus on miR-135 in different neurological diseases including brain tumors, and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. We also discuss methods, limitations, and potential of glioblastoma organoids in recapitulating disease initiation and progression. We highlight the promising therapeutic potential of miRNAs as antitumor agents for aggressive human brain tumors including glioblastoma.
A roadmap from the bond strength to the grain-boundary energies and macro strength of metals
Authors: Li Xin , Wu Hao , Gao Wang , Jiang Qing
Published: January 2025

Correlating the bond strength with the macro strength of metals is crucial for understanding mechanical properties and designing multi-principal-element alloys (MPEAs). Motivated by the role of grain boundaries in the strength of metals, we introduce a predictive model to determine the grain-boundary energies and strength of metals from the cohesive energy and atomic radius. This scheme originates from the d-band characteristics and broken-bond spirit of tight-binding models, and demonstrates that the repulsive/attractive effects play different roles in the variation of bond strength for different metals. Importantly, our framework not only applies to both pure metals and MPEAs, but also unravels the distinction of the bond strength caused by elemental compositions, lattice structures, high-entropy, and amorphous effects. These findings build a physical picture across bond strength, grain-boundary energies and strength of metals by using easily accessible material properties and provide a robust method for the design of high-strength alloys.
Coregistration of eye movements and EEG reveals frequency effects of words and their constituent characters in natural silent Chinese reading
Authors: Zeng Taishen , Lou Longxia , Liu Zhi-Fang , Chen Chaoyang , Zhang Zhijun
Published: January 2025

We conducted two experiments to examine the lexical and sub-lexical processing of Chinese two-character words in reading. We used a co-registration electroencephalogram (EEG) for the first fixation on target words. In Experiment 1, whole-word occurrence frequency and initial constituent character frequency were orthogonally manipulated, while in Experiment 2, whole-word occurrence frequency and end constituent character frequency were orthogonally manipulated. Results showed that word frequency facilitated eye-tracking measures, while initial and end character frequencies inhibited them. Classical word frequency effects on N170 and N400 in the posterior region and reversed word frequency effects over the anterior region were consistently observed in both experiments. Experiment 1 revealed an inhibiting effect of initial character frequency on anterior N170. In Experiment 2, interaction between end-character frequency and word frequency showed reliable effects on anterior N170 and N400. These results demonstrate both facilitating and inhibiting word frequency effects, along with inhibiting effects of character frequency and that word frequency moderates the inhibiting effects of end constituent character frequency during natural silent Chinese reading.
Exploring target selectivity in designing and identifying PI3Kα inhibitors for triple negative breast cancer with fragment-based and bioisosteric replacement approach
Authors: Halder Debojyoti , Mukherjee Shreya , Jeyaprakash R. S.
Published: January 2025

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most fatal malignancies in the world, accounting for 42% of all deaths due to metastasis. The significant development is hindered by the multi-drug resistance and poor patient compliance. PIK3CA gene mutation is one of the important causes of TNBC, which causes dysregulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. PI3Kα selective inhibition can decrease the TNBC by a significant level with minimal off-target effects. Novel compounds with high selectivity towards PI3Kα are crucial for treating TNBC. After extensive literature analysis, it was observed that fragment-based drug discovery, combined with structure-based virtual screening and bioisosteric replacement strategy, could provide a novel way for hit-to-lead optimization. The present study focussed on the fragment-based direct linking of 11269 moieties of the ChemDiv fragment library, - to generate novel moieties and further screened them using molecular docking, MMGBSA, and target selectivity analysis. Further, the top 2 moieties – Djh1 and Djh2 were selected after MMGBSA analysis and target selectivity prediction towards kinase. Further induced fit docking (IFD) analysis, DFT analysis, and MD simulation were employed to establish that – Djh1 and Djh2 could act as potential hit molecules for selective inhibition of PI3Kα. Further bioisosteric replacement, docking analysis, and target selectivity analysis were performed with the bioisosteres. The top two bioisosteres of Djh1 – Compound 10, Compound 06 represented excellent efficacy and selectivity towards PI3Kα in the treatment of TNBC after analysis of ADMET analysis. Further, in vitro and in vivo analysis might prove the effectiveness of the hit compounds.
Probabilistic nested model selection in pharmacokinetic analysis of DCE-MRI data in animal model of cerebral tumor
Authors: Bagher-Ebadian Hassan , Brown Stephen L. , Ghassemi Mohammad M. , Acharya Prabhu C. , Chetty Indrin J. , Movsas Benjamin , Ewing James R. , Thind Kundan
Published: January 2025

Best current practice in the analysis of dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI is to employ a voxel-by-voxel model selection from a hierarchy of nested models. This nested model selection (NMS) assumes that the observed time-trace of contrast-agent (CA) concentration within a voxel, corresponds to a singular physiologically nested model. However, admixtures of different models may exist within a voxel’s CA time-trace. This study introduces an unsupervised feature engineering technique (Kohonen-Self-Organizing-Map (K-SOM)) to estimate the voxel-wise probability of each nested model. Sixty-six immune-compromised-RNU rats were implanted with human U-251 N cancer cells, and DCE-MRI data were acquired from all the rat brains. The time-trace of change in the longitudinal-relaxivity (ΔR1) for all animals’ brain voxels was calculated. DCE-MRI pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using NMS to estimate three model regions: Model-1: normal vasculature without leakage, Model-2: tumor tissues with leakage without back-flux to the vasculature, Model-3: tumor vessels with leakage and back-flux. Approximately two hundred thirty thousand (229,314) normalized ΔR1 profiles of animals’ brain voxels along with their NMS results were used to build a K-SOM (topology-size: 8 × 8, with competitive-learning algorithm) and probability map of each model. K-fold nested-cross-validation (NCV, k = 10) was used to evaluate the performance of the K-SOM probabilistic-NMS (PNMS) technique against the NMS technique. The K-SOM PNMS’s estimation for the leaky tumor regions were strongly similar (Dice-Similarity-Coefficient, DSC = 0.774 [CI: 0.731–0.823], and 0.866 [CI: 0.828–0.912] for Models 2 and 3, respectively) to their respective NMS regions. The mean-percent-differences (MPDs, NCV, k = 10) for the estimated permeability parameters by the two techniques were: -28%, + 18%, and + 24%, for vp, Ktrans, and ve, respectively. The KSOM-PNMS technique produced microvasculature parameters and NMS regions less impacted by the arterial-input-function dispersion effect. This study introduces an unsupervised model-averaging technique (K-SOM) to estimate the contribution of different nested-models in PK analysis and provides a faster estimate of permeability parameters.
A comparative study of LQU and LQFI in general qubit-qutrit axially symmetric states
Authors: Yurischev M. A. , Haddadi Saeed , Ghominejad Mehrdad
Published: January 2025

We derive the compact closed forms of local quantum uncertainty (LQU) and local quantum Fisher information (LQFI) for hybrid qubit-qutrit axially symmetric (AS) states. This allows us to study the quantum correlations in detail and present some essentially novel results for spin-(1/2, 1) systems, the Hamiltonian of which contains ten independent types of physically important parameters. As an application of the derived formulas, we study the behavior of these two quantum correlation measures at thermal equilibrium. New features are observed in their behavior that are important for quantum information processing. Specifically, cascades of sudden changes in the behavior of LQU and LQFI are found with a smooth change in temperature or interaction parameters. Interestingly, in some cases, sudden transitions are observed in the behavior of LQU but not in LQFI, and vice versa. Moreover, our compact formulas open a way to apply them to other problems, for instance, when investigating the environmental effects on quantum correlations in open systems.
Explainable AI associates ECG aging effects with increased cardiovascular risk in a longitudinal population study
Authors: Hempel Philip , Ribeiro Antônio H. , Vollmer Marcus , Bender Theresa , Dörr Marcus , Krefting Dagmar , Spicher Nicolai
Published: January 2025

Aging affects the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and correlates with cardiovascular disease (CVD). AI-ECG models estimate aging effects as a novel biomarker but have only been evaluated on single ECGs—without utilizing longitudinal data. We validated an AI-ECG model, originally trained on Brazilian data, using a German cohort with over 20 years of follow-up, demonstrating similar performance (r
2 = 0.70) to the original study (0.71). Incorporating longitudinal ECGs revealed a stronger association with cardiovascular risk, increasing the hazard ratio for mortality from 1.43 to 1.65. Moreover, aging effects were associated with higher odds ratios for atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and mortality. Using explainable AI methods revealed that the model aligns with clinical knowledge by focusing on ECG features known to reflect aging. Our study suggests that aging effects in longitudinal ECGs can be applied on population level as a novel biomarker to identify patients at risk early.
Radiative forcing from the 2020 shipping fuel regulation is large but hard to detect
Authors: Zhang Jianhao , Chen Yao-Sheng , Gryspeerdt Edward , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham
Published: January 2025

Reduction in aerosol cooling unmasks greenhouse gas warming, exacerbating the rate of future warming. The strict sulfur regulation on shipping fuel implemented in 2020 (IMO2020) presents an opportunity to assess the potential impacts of such emission regulations and the detectability of deliberate aerosol perturbations for climate intervention. Here we employ machine learning to capture cloud natural variability and estimate a radiative forcing of +0.074 ±0.005 W m−2 related to IMO2020 associated with changes in shortwave cloud radiative effect over three low-cloud regions where shipping routes prevail. We find low detectability of the cloud radiative effect of this event, attributed to strong natural variability in cloud albedo and cloud cover. Regionally, detectability is higher for the southeastern Atlantic stratocumulus deck. These results raise concerns that future reductions in aerosol emissions will accelerate warming and that proposed deliberate aerosol perturbations such as marine cloud brightening will need to be substantial in order to overcome the low detectability.
Quality evaluation of Semen Platycladi samples of different origins by internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Ning , Xie Siyu , Liu Peng , Wang Leting , Zhong Chao , Yu Jun , Qin Manman , Chen Huanwen
Published: January 2025

Semen Platycladi, a typical Chinese medicine sample, was quantitatively characterized by iEESI-MS without sample pretreatment and the targeted fatty acids in Semen Platycladi were directly quantified.
Significantly promoting the lithium-ion transport performances of MOFs-based electrolytes via a strategy of introducing fluoro groups in the crystal frameworks
Authors: Guo Jia , Wang Xin , Shi Lu , Liu Zhiliang
Published: January 2025

Fluorinated Cu-based MOFs with high ionic conductivity in a wide temperature range (−40 °C to 110 °C).
Preparation of porous ammonium dinitramide crystals and efficient catalytic decomposition of corresponding iron oxide assembled composite particles
Authors: Cui Yuanlu , Teng Chong , Li Jingjing , Huo Zheng , Xin Kai , Zhai Jinxian , Yang Rongjie
Published: January 2025

Assembly of Fe2O3 in ADN crystals achieves efficient catalytic decomposition of ADN.
Enhanced carrier mobility in strain-engineered PdAs2 monolayer boosted by suppressing interband scattering
Authors: Cui Juan , Zheng Huan , Zheng Miao , Song Huajie , Yang Yu
Published: January 2025

The suppression of interband scattering under a relatively mild strain of 4% greatly enhances the carrier mobility of PdAs2 monolayer.
Investigating silicatein selectivity and specificity in silicon–oxygen bond condensation and metathesis
Authors: Egedeuzu Chisom S. , Taylor Peter G. , Wong Lu Shin
Published: January 2025

Biocatalytic silyl ether formation by silanol–alcohol condensation or silyl transfer, with essentially no disiloxane formation.