bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Local Needs
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard
Published: April 2023

This chapter deals with the Children’s Television Workshop’s sales of Sesame Street to West Germany. It explains the German approach to preschool education in the 1970s and why it made the German production, Sesamstraße, different from Sesame Street. The different educational approach resulted in, among other things, a pushback against the Workshop’s teaching methods and its learning goals. From the beginning, the German producer Norddeutsche Rundfunk (NDR) insisted on the dominance of social learning goals in the German version, an unacceptable demand for the Workshop. The chapter tells the history of how this local insistence on specific learning goals was incompatible with the Workshop’s efforts to streamline its global approach to co-production. In doing so, it shows how tensions between localization ideals and global marketing realities affected the Workshop’s business model and the initial production of the German version.
Palatine
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

The Palatine Hill in Rome is the birthplace of Western bureaucracy, a warren of banqueting and bedrooms, a treacherous household where it takes special talents to survive. This is a Roman history of the time of the Caesars – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero - with a cast of new men and newly dominant women, those reviled too often in the past as flatterers and gluttons, uppity slaves and former slaves, lawyers-for-hire, chancer arrivistes and unhinged party animals. Palatine uncovers the lives of the Vitellii, perhaps Rome's least admired imperial clan, of Publius, an old-fashioned soldier snared in the politics of the new age, of Lucius, an exceptionally skilled and sycophantic courtier, and of Aulus a genial sluggard whose prowess at the table carries him all the way to the throne before collapsing his family's reputation for ever. Few now remember them. Yet in their creeping ascent to the very summit of the imperial hierarchy lie neglected truths about a lasting legacy of Rome.
The Intellectual Environment
Authors: Waterfield Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter summarizes the work of the Presocratic philosophers, especially Heraclitus and Parmenides, and how they influenced Plato’s thought—his agreements and disagreements with them. Then it does the same for the work of the sophistic movement of fifth-century Greece—people such as Protagoras of Abdera and Gorgias of Leontini. The chapter lingers over what Plato gained from his primary teacher, Socrates, especially in the field of political theory, and shows how Plato developed Socrates’s work in all respects. For instance, he developed the Socratic search for universals into a full-blown metaphysical theory, the famous theory of Forms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what we know of the work of other followers of Socrates and whether they were in any sense rivals.
Writing and Research in the 390s and 380s
Authors: Waterfield Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter explains what Plato thought about the value of written work: at best, it can do no more than act as a reminder of truth. The chapter summarizes the content and nature of the early dialogues and lingers over the important distinction between knowledge and belief. What Plato was up to in these early dialogues was the demarcation of philosophy (as he understood it, i.e., Socratic philosophy) as the only true educational system; he accomplished this demarcation by disproving the claims of others to be true educators. The chapter next explores his travels in southern Italy and Sicily, which were undertaken above all to meet Pythagoreans, so a brief description of Pythagoreanism is provided. In this context the chapter discusses Plato’s first visit to Syracuse and his possible interaction with Dionysius I, the tyrant of Syracuse, and his fateful meeting with young Dion. The chapter ends with the famous story of Plato’s temporary enslavement after he left Syracuse.
Elemental Intermedia
Authors: Solomon Stefan
Published: April 2023

For the most part, intermedial approaches to the study of cinema concern themselves with a vast array of anthropogenic media and art forms, such as television, dance, painting, and literature. However, given recent scholarly explorations of media that exceed human origins and intentions, there is greater scope for considering now how nontechnical environmental phenomena such as eclipses and naturally occurring camera obscuras might also be considered as types of “cinema” in their own right. Taking its lead from John Durham Peters’s concept of “elemental media,” this chapter reckons with cinema as it manifests far beyond the theatrical dispositif and analyses how recent experimental films provide the basis for an intermedial reading of the noncinematic world.
Catching Fire
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara
Published: April 2023

Catching Fire: Women’s Health Activism in Ireland and the Global Movement for Reproductive Justice investigates women’s reproductive health activism in Ireland. It focuses on attempts by Irish healthcare reformers and activists to implement reproductive justice and improve Irish women’s access to essential healthcare services. Irish activists, it demonstrates, employed a strategy of making women’s narratives and stories the central focus of their movement and engaged with a variety of media outlets, particularly social media, to spread their messages. Feminist digital activism challenged high-tech myth systems to redefine women’s health and reproduction, making them central concerns in Irish society and government. The approach of empowering ordinary women to tell their own stories has resulted in widespread compassion and solidarity. This strategy has personalized reproductive justice and established the Republic of Ireland as a model for future intersectional activist movements. Catching Fire also links Irish developments to American advocacy and global movements and places recent activist campaigns in an essential, yet often overlooked, historical context. By valuing women’s embodied experience, activists reimagined the use of technology, disrupted the nature/culture dualism, and empowered women to tell their stories.
In a Bad State
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

What should the federal government do if a state like Illinois or a city like Chicago threatens to default on its debts? In a Bad State explores the history of, and theory behind, federal government responses to state and local governmental fiscal crises. It argues that federal officials face a “trilemma” when a state or city nears default, as they generally have three incompatible goals. Faced with such a crisis, federal officials want to avoid creating moral hazard in state budgeting, prevent macroeconomic distress, and encourage lending to states and cities to build infrastructure. But whether they provide bailouts, demand state austerity, or permit state defaults, federal officials can only achieve two of these three goals, at best. From Alexander Hamilton’s plan to assume state debts to the Supreme Court’s repeated efforts to address the “railroad bond” crisis of the mid-to-late nineteenth century, from “Ford to City: Drop Dead” to Detroit’s municipal bankruptcy case, federal officials have cycled through options, never settling on one type of response to the trilemma. In a Bad State then suggests some ways the federal government could ameliorate the problem of state and local fiscal crises by conditioning federal aid on future state fiscal responsibility, spreading losses across governments and interests, and building resilience against crises into cooperative federalism and tax programs. Taking these steps wouldn’t fix everything, of course, but they could turn a fiscal crisis in a major state or city into a painful but manageable problem, rather than an unmitigated disaster.
The Great Recession and State and Local Fiscal Crises
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 discusses the federal government’s response to state and local fiscal problems during and after the Great Recession of 2008. It starts by analyzing the state and local aid provisions of the “stimulus,” President Barrack Obama’s legislative response to the Great Recession, and how state and local budget cuts contributed to the slow recovery from the recession. It then covers the City of Detroit’s bankruptcy, the Puerto Rico fiscal crisis, and the problem of pension underfunding. The chapter also addresses debates over reforms to law of municipal bankruptcy, the standard for determining “service delivery insolvency,” and whether it makes sense to fully fund public employee pensions.
An Introduction to the Principles for Responding to State and Local Fiscal Crises
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

Chapter 7 proposes a set of values that should undergird federal policy responses to state and local budget crises. Broadly, federal responses should seek to encourage prudent budgeting by states going forward; the spreading of harms across as many governments and groups as possible; and balance, by allowing for modest amounts of austerity, defaults and bailouts rather than all of one or another response as there are marginally increasing harms to each. Federal policy responses should also try to build resilience against future crises by developing tools that limit contagion and encourage inter-state mobility. It also makes a methodological argument about what readers should and should not expect from the policy reform sections of books.
Why States Are Often Bad
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

Chapter 12 discusses how problems in state politics lead to state fiscal crises. Voters are largely ignorant of state and local officials and politics. As a result, they largely rely on their national-level partisan preferences to guide their voting decisions in state and local general elections. There is little competition in state elections on the issues actually facing states. Absent competition in general elections, state officials must cater to the relevant electorates and interests, whether they are unrepresentative primary election voters or lobbyists, and have little ability to resist their demands for spending or targeted tax relief by appealing to popular sentiment. Solving this problem would go a long way to preventing state and local fiscal crises.
A Tripartite Self
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: April 2023

This book argues for a divergence in early China between two views of the self. In one view, the heart–mind (xin心) and spirit (shén神) are closely aligned and rule the body as a rule rules a state. In the other, the person is tripartite. Mind and spirit are independent, and in some cases body and spirit align in opposition to mind. Chapter 1 surveys the Classical Chinese semantic field for terms for body, mind, spirit, and soul, and the psychological and physical faculties associated with them. Chapter 2 examines the relations of body, heart–mind, and spirit in the Shijing詩經 (Book of Odes). Chapter 3 uses the Analects, Mencius, and Xunzi to describe a (dominant) mind-centered view in which mind and spirit together rule the body. Chapter 4 draws on the Guanzi, Zhuangzi, and Huainanzi to describe a spirit-centered, tripartite view in which spirit is largely independent of the mind. Chapter 5 describes the interactions of mind, body, and emotions in two texts excavated from Guodian 郭店: “Five Kinds of Action” (Wuxing五行) and “Human Nature Comes from the Mandate” (Xingzi mingchu性自命出). Chapter 6 examines body, mind, and spirit in medical texts, especially the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine (Huangdi neijing). It describes the heart (xin) as an organ of the body, but also focuses on the “storage” of psychological faculties such as spirit, intentions (zhi志), or awareness (yi意) in other organs.
Semantic Fields of Body, Mind, and Spirit
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: April 2023

This chapter surveys the Chinese semantic fields for the key constituents of a “person.” Although Classical Chinese has no near equivalents for terms such as body, mind, and soul, I divide my discussion into three sections based on terms for bodies, minds or heart–minds, and spirits, in several senses of the term. A range of philological studies have examined terms for the body, mind, and self or person, especially. These studies explore and disambiguate the semantic fields of key terms for body, mind, and person or self. Some are broad surveys of the range of terms for body and mind.
Virtue, Body, and Mind in the Shijing
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: April 2023

This chapter addresses the location of virtue within a virtuous person. It examines the relations of body (shēn 身, ti 體, xing 形, gong 躬), heart–mind (xin 心), and spirit (shén 神) in the Shijing 詩經 (Book of Odes), which describes virtue (de 德) in terms of the embodied persons and heart–minds of virtuous agents, men and women. This text is particularly important because of accounts of the high regard in which Confucius held it. Confucius accorded the greatest importance to the Odes, which, in his view, distilled the moral wisdom—or virtue—of antiquity. The chapter argues that virtue is attributed to outward behavior rather than to an inner state and that this behavior is described via the performance of the embodied person (shēn) or ritual person (gong).
Mind and Spirit Govern the Body
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores a series of texts that emphasize the importance of the heart–mind as the locus of feeling, moral judgment, and cognition, leading to claims that the heart–mind rules the body and senses. This “mind-centered view” has two separable components: claims for the hegemony of the mind over the body or senses and claims for correspondence or alliance between the heart–mind (xin 心) and spirit (shén 神). The mind-centered view identifies virtue with the heart–mind, portraying it as the ruler of the body in metaphors that analogize the body and state. Mind-centered texts also argue for the importance of spirit and claim that self-cultivation procedures enhance the internal spirit within the body. They identify spirit with virtue and with the heart–mind, in a hierarchically superior relation to the body. Together, mind and spirit rule the body much as the ruler rules the people or a state. The result is a binary view of a person as a polarity between the body and the mind/spirit. The chapter examines accounts of body, mind, and spirit in the Analects, Mozi, Guanzi, Mengzi, Xunzi, Huainanzi, excavated texts from Guodian, and “The Heart–Mind Is What Is at the Center,” one of the excavated texts published by Tsinghua University.
Chronology
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

A year-by-year, sometimes day-by-day chronology of Marilyn Monroe’s professional life and most significant personal events. Although most of the “larger” incidents of Monroe’s life have been recounted ad infinitum, a great deal of her activity as a working actor has gone somewhat unrecorded. This chronology is among the first to list the shooting dates of her films, key incidents connected with contracts and studios, and the most important events related to her work. In many cases, surviving documents were instrumental in correcting the official record about much of Monroe’s life as a studio contractee. Of particular interest is a close timeline for her final, uncompleted film, Something’s Got to Give.
Apprenticeships
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

This chapter looks at Marilyn Monroe’s unsettled early years and her ongoing fascination with film. From foster homes to an early marriage and wartime work, the former Norma Jeane Mortenson progressed to work as a model and, finally, as a lower-rung contract player at Twentieth Century-Fox. Her “discoverer,” Ben Lyon, saw to her renaming, and she had at least two fleeting film roles plus a brief, high-profile radio appearance. After Fox dropped her, she moved to a six-month contract at Columbia Pictures, where she costarred in a low-budget musical, Ladies of the Chorus. That film provides an early extended look at Monroe as actor, singer, and dancer, and it introduced her to a major early mentor, acting coach Natasha Lytess.
No Name Required
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Monroe moved forward to a role she coveted: “The Girl Upstairs” in Billy Wilder’s comedy The Seven Year Itch. She garnered enormous publicity for her skirt-blowing scene shot in New York City, which was then quickly followed by the breakup of her marriage to DiMaggio. In spite of her personal difficulties, she had an exceptionally good and creative rapport with Wilder and worked well with costar Tom Ewell. The result was a completely beguiling performance in one of the decade’s key works: a timidly forward look at adultery and mid-century sexuality. Even as she did her best work to date, she was contemplating some major career changes.
Wait for Sugar
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Monroe took time off from filmmaking as she and Miller divided their time between a Connecticut home and a New York apartment. Rejecting film offers from Fox, she finally agreed to a comedy proposed by Billy Wilder. The result, Some Like It Hot, would be her greatest film and best performance. As with The Prince and the Showgirl, high quality (this time of both her work and the film as a whole) came at a high price: there were extended times of forgotten lines—even simple ones—and examples of bad temper and unprofessionalism. Ultimately, what mattered most was the quality of the work, and Monroe’s Sugar Kane would be one of the most brilliant creations in the annals of screen comedy.
Full Stop
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Following The Misfits, her divorce, and a subsequent breakdown, Monroe reassessed her career goals. After a failed attempted to play Sadie Thompson in a televised Rain, she reluctantly returned to Fox. The film next film would be a comedy with the somewhat ominous title Something’s Got to Give, to be directed by George Cukor. Monroe rejected scripts right and left, and by the time production started in the spring of 1962, she was beset by ongoing illness. Although she looked spectacular, she missed many shooting days and delivered an uneven performance. Fox was especially displeased when she left the shoot to go to New York to sing “Happy Birthday” to President Kennedy. Finally, she was fired. A few months later, with plans in the works to resume production, she would be dead.
Epilogue
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Why has Marilyn Monroe endured to so astonishing an extent? There are many theories, some more grounded in reality than others, many of them based on our ongoing obsession with celebrity and even the link between entertainment and politics. What matters most, at present, is that Monroe constantly searched for the most valid means to express herself and in so doing delivered a number of major and outstanding performances. If many of them are even now not sufficiently appreciated, Monroe the artist should have the last laugh and the final say. She was, at her finest, a performer of vast resource, great intelligence, and extraordinary instinct. Her work is timeless, and her legacy will remain permanent.
The Buddhist Movement in America
Authors: Mitchell Scott A.
Published: April 2023

Japanese immigrants to North America were among the first to establish Buddhist communities outside Asia. The majority of these immigrants were affiliated with the Jōdo Shinshū school of Pure Land Buddhism. Despite this affiliation, much of the scholarship on early American Buddhism has downplayed this sectarian affiliation. This chapters offers a corrective to this view by locating early Japanese Buddhist immigrants within the larger cultural and religious contexts of pan-Pacific Buddhist modernist and missionary projects. These missionaries, it is argued, were simultaneously practicing a sectarian Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism, promoting Buddhist modernism, and creating cosmopolitan communities. The chapter opens with a discussion of normative Jōdo Shinshū history and thought to orient the reader to this understudied Buddhist tradition.
A House for Our Hopes
Authors: Mitchell Scott A.
Published: April 2023

Religious infrastructure is a necessary precondition for the spread of persons, ideas, artifacts, and practices, and ultimately makes possible shared social imaginaries. This chapter begins with a discussion of early twentieth-century Buddhist exchange and propagational projects that allowed for the emergence of what Michael Masatsugu has called the pan-Pacific Buddhist world. This transnational social world allowed Nisei Buddhists to cross the Pacific in the postwar years, travel to Allied-occupied Japan, and create a sense of identity not limited to a single nation-state. At the same time, Nisei were still invested in the promotion and development of a distinctly American Buddhism and thus dedicated significant resources toward publishing, educational, and scholarly projects that support the work of other midcentury Buddhist modernists such as D. T. Suzuki and Alan Watts. This chapter centers the religious labor of heretofore understudied Asian American Buddhists.
Congress and COVID
Authors: Wallach Philip A.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 8, examining Congress’ coronavirus response, shows the societal costs of Congress abandoning its central policymaking role. The coronavirus emergency provoked a historic flurry of congressional activity. By uniting behind deals negotiated by their leaders, legislators rapidly mobilized trillions of dollars of massive deficit spending unprecedented in peacetime. However, the legislation they passed in March and April 2020 was accompanied by little meaningful public deliberation about the difficult tradeoffs that COVID-19 forced onto American society. As the acute phase of crisis response abated, lawmakers never seriously pursued broadly acceptable compromises on crucial issues such as lockdowns, testing, and vaccine regulations. A more active legislature that took into account all manner of considerations, including but not limited to public health concerns, would have been better equipped to broker compromises backed by broad coalitions than public health bureaucrats. Such work could have secured better policies and a less rancorous politics.
The Is-Ought Problem
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

After Mill separated production from distribution and Sidgwick separated egoism from utilitarianism, another towering philosopher, G. E. Moore, drove a comparably momentous wedge between “is” and “ought” in his Principia Ethica (1903). Moore transformed the Is-Ought problem into one of philosophy’s core puzzles, stumping us to this day. David Hume, by contrast, articulated the Is-Ought problem more as a way of defending scientific reasoning than as a way of attacking moral reasoning. Notoriously withering skeptic though Hume may have been, his project here was to motivate skepticism not about moral reasoning but about deductive reasoning. A skeptic about the project of deducing causation from correlation, Hume was trying to articulate a vision of science inspired not by geometry but by observation.
The Moral Science of Adam Smith
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

Adam Smith aimed to observe what sort of freedom commercial society makes possible and what sort of challenge this freedom poses. He also sought to explain why opportunities created by commercial society are as liberating as they are, yet not more so. What Smith called “self-love” was not a simple drive to maximize profit that is so unrealistic yet so apt for cranking out theorems. On Smith’s model of a social animal’s self-love, pro-social attitudes don’t correct self-interest; they define it. Neoclassical economists equate self- interest with profit maximization when that helps them crank out theorems, but Smith was not in the business of cranking out theorems. He was describing the human condition.
The Political Economy of Corruption
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

After Mill, academic theorizing about justice became an exercise in imagining how, ideally, to slice a pie. Could this be a bias? Imagine concentrated power in the hands of the worst ruler anyone can remember. Now, assume what is known to be true: concentrated power has a history of falling into hands like that. As a preliminary, then, when theorizing about what is politically ideal, philosophers can ask two questions: (1) ideally, how much power would be wielded by people like that? Or, (2) ideally, how much power would be wielded by ideal rulers? Which of these two versions of ideal theory is a real question? Can political philosophy answer the one that truly needs answering? Why isn’t it trying?
The Reconciliation Project
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

Before asking “Why be moral?” it is well to ask, “Why be rational?” Both questions are best seen as empirical, to be answered not by sophistry but by seeing how life goes for people who strive to be rational (or moral). What is missed by trying and failing? What is missed by succeeding? If what is called rationality would not survive self-inspection by the lights of a cost-benefit analysis, then it is not necessary to know whether morality can be reconciled with it. If reconciling morality and rationality has a point, the point is to show that morality lines up with something that has reason to be.
Reasons for Reasons
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

Suppose Bob says, “I want to have reasons for what I do.” The skeptic replies, “But why do you want to have reasons?” Bob responds, “It’s just a brute fact about me. I want to have reasons for what I do.” The skeptic pounces: “But then you’re unreasonable. You want to have reasons, yet you have no reason for wanting that.” Bob is stumped, then says, “You have a point. And I don’t want to be unreasonable. Thus, I’ll stop trying to have reasons, because merely wanting reasons is no reason for trying to have them.” What went wrong? Consider that a realist story of how far down our reasons can go should be a developmental story. Original ends are given, but original ends are not enduring foundations so much as launching pads. They are not something to build on so much as something to leave behind.
Occupation and Exit beyond Israel
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist
Published: April 2023

Chapter 7 focuses on the American withdrawal from its occupation of Hispaniola, a process that entails two exits: from the Dominican Republic in 1924 and from Haiti in 1934. It thus serves as a probability probe that tests the utility of the arenas of bargaining framework for understanding occupation and exit beyond Israel. Equally, the relative lack of attention afforded to these early US occupations and exits presents a compelling case for further study. This chapter finds that the patterns of bargaining that characterized each Israeli withdrawal also manifested in Hispaniola. For instance, violence within the occupied territories delegitimized the US presence in Hispaniola, creating a pro-withdrawal consensus in the international and domestic arenas, which in turn led to an exit. Similarly, the US left the Dominican Republic first, while entrenching itself in Haiti. Thus, this chapter illustrates that the arenas of bargaining framework possesses generalizable explanatory value.
The Harm of Death
Authors: Feit Neil
Published: April 2023

This chapter defends the view that in cases where death does in fact harm the one who dies, it harms him after he has died. It discusses the timing problem, or the problem of locating the times at which death harms the one who dies. It defends a solution, which implies that the dead have a neutral welfare level, that is, a well-being level of zero. So, the dead would have been better off at those times when they otherwise would have fared well, if not for death. Since this view is controversial, the chapter discusses some alternative views according to which the dead have no level of well-being at all but death can still be a temporal evil. It offers replies to several recent objections to the favored solution and concludes with a discussion of issues concerning the harm of death and the evaluation of counterfactuals.
Reading (and Animating) Physics II 3
Authors: Stein Nathanael
Published: April 2023

It is difficult to say what Aristotle’s theory of causality is, and even whether he has one, because of the way his discussion proceeds: he does not problematize causality or argue for his claims about causes. It is unclear whether his main claims in the canonical discussion of causes are supposed to be obvious to everyone or to contain important advances. Here his main claims are highlighted, as well as the difficulties we must acknowledge in understanding what they are supposed to contribute to our philosophical understanding of causality. His claims are then situated against the whole argument of book II of the Physics. The reason Aristotle does not argue for or justify his distinctions is not that they are obvious or self-evident, but that he is applying them here to a specific topic and for a specific purpose.
The Non-Secret Connexion
Authors: Stein Nathanael
Published: April 2023

A key feature of Aristotle’s view is that at least some causality is just as it appears: there is no necessary gap between appearance and reality that we overcome in moving from a grasp of a phenomenon to a grasp of its causes, as long as our observations are sound. These “gapless” causal phenomena need not be ontologically or metaphysically basic. This allows Aristotle to claim an epistemological advantage over his predecessors. The special epistemological status of craft is analyzed. While there are several ways in which Aristotle appeals to crafts and craft-products as analogous to a target-phenomenon he wishes to clarify (such as substance), in the case of causality the relationships are not analogously related but rather simply the same in kind—causality in craft production is causality without qualification. The implications of this status for Aristotle’s response to his predecessors and to potential objections are explained. Aristotle’s discussion of the nature of blood in Parts of Animals II is analyzed to show how the metaphysical and epistemological aspects of the theory function together.
Mirror of Nature, Mirror of Self
Authors: Shevchenko Dimitry
Published: April 2023

This monograph is about the metaphor of reflection in a mirror, frequently used in Indian philosophical traditions to address metaphysical, epistemological, and theological problems arising from a non-reductionist approach to consciousness. The metaphor stands for the idea that, just as a face, reflected in a mirror, appears where it is not, so do consciousness and its properties, such as the sense of self, subjectivity, and experience of qualia, stand in falsely perceived relations to cognitive and perceptive processes. The book explores various models of interaction between consciousness, the mind-body complex, and the world, based on the metaphor of reflection, in the philosophical schools of Sāṃkhya, Yoga, and Advaita-Vedānta. Mirror of Nature, Mirror of Self is the first systematic exploration of mirror models of consciousness across traditions. By grounding these theories in their historical intellectual context, the book sheds new light on an intense philosophical conversation between Indian reductionists and non-reductionists about consciousness. The book explores the impact of Indian mirror models on theories of mental representation, theories of knowledge, philosophy of language, debates on illusory causality and on the relationship between noumena and phenomena, as well as soteriological and theological theories. In a dialogue with psychoanalytical theory and analytic philosophy of mind, the book defends a new model of consciousness, integrating consciousness-mind dualism, mind naturalism, and representationalism about consciousness.
The Cloud Cap’d Towers
Authors: Miller Richard J.
Published: April 2023

The chapter describes how and why universities abandoned their role as institutions that try to promote scientific truth and ethical behavior and how this has impacted the debate about the ethics of animal experimentation. The history of research funding and how it has accelerated since the Second World War is discussed. The chapter discusses the pressures on researchers to obtain funding and how this affects what they do. This has resulted in systemic problems in the quality of published data in the scientific literature. There has also been a lack of good mentors for training research students. The chapter discusses how the “scientists of the future” should be trained. There is a general lack of training in ethics for animal researchers, something that should be the responsibility of universities and pharmaceutical companies but is generally ignored. The chapter discusses how these situations can be improved in the future and welcoming the end of animal experimentation.
Hegemonic Race and Gender Kinds and Ontic Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces a variety of race and gender kinds that are termed ‘hegemonic kinds’, which capture the high-level patterns and regularities produced by interlocking constraints and enablements affecting individuals who are subordinated or privileged based on their reproductively and/or geographically marked body. Hegemonic kinds are situated within the constraints and enablements framework and are shown to have a very wide scope, to have a maximally expansive breadth, and to be at least fairly coarse-grained. The chapter argues that hegemonic intersectional race and gender kinds are particularly explanatory. It also considers the relationship between hegemonic gender kinds and trans experiences. Finally, it argues that many hegemonic race and gender kinds are ontically oppressive.
Introduction
Authors: Gross Stephen G.
Published: April 2023

The introduction explains the framework for understanding why Germany responded to tensions in the global fossil fuel system by charting a radically different energy policy than the United States and other large European countries. It argues that since 1945, Germans have come to see energy as a social good instead of a commodity, and energy markets as fundamentally political in nature. This understanding arose from frequent energy crises, anxieties about exports, security, and democratic backsliding, and a powerful ecological movement that forced Germans to broker difficult energy compromises between firms, unions, and grassroots organizations. Where environmental historians explain Germany’s peculiar energy trajectory—which resulted in a green revolution around 2000—through the anti-nuclear movement and the Green Party of the 1970s and 1980s, Energy and Power shows how German energy policies arose from a deeply politicized interaction between political outsiders and insiders that began already in the 1950s and 1960s. Lastly, it offers a novel explanation for why energy transitions happen. They do not result from the market’s invisible hand, rather, they are actively made through conflict and cooperation between social movements, interest groups, political factions, and experts, and deeply shaped by crises, policy linkages, and ideas about the future.
Energy Price Wars and the Battle for the Social Market Economy
Authors: Gross Stephen G.
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how the price of energy in the Federal Republic became intensely politicized in the 1950s during the nation’s postwar transition to oil, as Germans passed through two wrenching energy crises. West Germans experienced the Korean War that began in 1950 as an energy crisis, after the conflict revived the shortages of World War II. Eight years later the nation descended into a gripping oversupply crisis that marked the beginning of the end of hard coal mining in the Ruhr. These crises forged a novel coalition between coal employers and coal unions, who banded together to save their industry which was threatened by the globalization of energy markets. Through intense debates over the price of energy, important social actors began criticizing the conventional wisdom of economics minister Ludwig Erhard, who wanted energy prices to be cheap in order to fuel growth. They called instead for a state-guided energy price framework.
Chains of Oil, 1956–1973
Authors: Gross Stephen G.
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how the continuing flood of Middle Eastern oil not only brought prosperity to the Federal Republic, but also created problems that further politicized energy in West Germany in the 1960s. First, the accelerating transition to oil forced down hard coal consumption in West Germany, creating stranded assets as mine owners struggled to get out of a dying industry. This sparked West Germany’s second coal crisis, in 1966, which led to unemployment, social disorder, and the reorganization of Ruhr coal into a massive enterprise with no precedent. But the onslaught of Middle Eastern oil also made the Federal Republic dependent on foreign energy, and exposed to developments beyond German borders and over which Germans had little control. Well before the 1973 oil shock, West Germans became intensely concerned with the twin challenges of the domestic and international security of energy, and their leaders began to depart from Ordoliberalism by favoring large, German-owned enterprises that could survive a volatile energy landscape.
Shaking the Coupling Paradigm
Authors: Gross Stephen G.
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how West German energy policy was rocked by the oil crisis of 1973. The dramatic spike in crude prices undermined confidence in the belief that growth required ever more energy—but not before advocates of the coupling paradigm, led by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, doubled down on the policies of the 1960s by trying to secure more energy through larger concentrations of business power. As security became the overriding objective, Bonn pursued a neo-mercantilist policy of extending West German influence along the global hydrocarbon supply chain through new corporate formations. These supply-side initiatives generated astoundingly utopian visions. However, they failed to change the nation’s dependence on foreign oil. What actually brought the nation through the crisis of 1973–1974 was its market-based approach to pricing petroleum. By the late 1970s this reaffirmed for many the need for a flexible, but state-guided price of energy, suggesting to insiders that they could use the state to guide energy markets to achieve specific goals.
The Energy Entanglement of Germany and Russia
Authors: Gross Stephen G.
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how German elites coproduced a vast natural gas infrastructure with the Soviet Union and Russia between 1970 and 2000 that created a dual lock-in for their nation: to Russia and to the coupling paradigm. The conventional wing of the SPD and the CDU lauded gas as an abundant, inexpensive energy that the nation must have to remain an export powerhouse. But reasons other than energy drove the creation of this physical infrastructure as well. Under the SPD, West Germany linked natural gas first to Ostpolitik, then to geopolitical security, and later to domestic jobs to justify the Federal Republic’s fourth energy transition. Neoliberal experts, meanwhile, claimed gas was clean, which let this energy sidestep the greatest criticism of the coupling paradigm, namely, that burning fossil fuels warmed the atmosphere. Even as the new ideas of Ecological Modernization gained momentum after 1980, the natural gas transition helped the old energy paradigm retain its grip on the Federal Republic.
Unleashing Green Energy in an Era of Neoliberalism
Authors: Gross Stephen G.
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how energy again became heavily politicized during the 1990s as anxieties about global warming resurfaced, and how the Federal Republic passed revolutionary energy legislation. In 1998 the Greens and the SPD forged an alliance that centered on energy, and that relied on the shared languages of Ordoliberalism and Ecological Modernization. These parties justified a green transition by weaving together different arguments. Not only would solar, wind, and energy efficiency help prevent global warming, they would also be powerful new export industries that could create jobs at home and stabilize Germany’s energy system in the face of new uncertainties about the global supply of fossil fuels. The coalition’s groundbreaking legislation after 1998—feed-in tariffs, a solar roofs program, an ecological tax, and an energy efficiency investment drive—drew directly on the new ideas of the 1970s and 1980s, and derived from a common belief that the price of energy was a political one.
Conclusion
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 7 provides a summary and postscript to the discussion of state-mandated family separation and remedies to this problem as they relate to immigration detentions, citizenship, criminal justice, the fate of the children of foreign fighters, and the legacy of Indigenous child welfare removals. In the United States, the author covers the first year of President Biden’s administration and its approach to reuniting immigrant families, criminal justice reform, and the impact of the war on terror on the children of foreign fighters stranded abroad. In Canada, the same themes are covered with an emphasis on recent developments in Indigenous child welfare protections that could serve as a model for other jurisdictions. More broadly, the chapter addresses the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 crisis on issues related to immigration, citizenship, criminal justice, and Indigenous rights from a comparative North American perspective.
Information Overload: Mass Media and Fake News
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S.
Published: April 2023

Another hallmark of both turn-of-the-century periods was radically new forms of mass media. The ability to reach a mass audience was made possible by the revolutions in transportation and communications in the decades of the 1960s and 1970s in both centuries. The chapter examines the rise of the Broadsheet and Penny Press in the 1880s and 1890s. One hundred years later, cable news in the 1980s and then Internet in the 1990s reached a global audience in ways that had not been possible earlier. In both periods what emerged was dangerous, sensationalized mass media. The late nineteenth-century period of Yellow Journalism and the twenty-first century era of “post-truth” signified something wholly new. The scale of media reach and the immediacy of its impact was unprecedented. Therefore, the magnitude of the harm posed by misinformation in both time periods was critically different from anything hitherto experienced.
Understanding Taxation in Uganda
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 7 uses a case study of taxation in Uganda to show how my theory can explain the government's tax decisions. Uganda's revenue system has undergone substantial changes since elections were reintroduced in the 1990s. As the political system liberalized between 1996 and 2006, the government has significantly altered taxation. Some new taxes have been introduced, while others have been eliminated. Some taxes have also been kept, but have gone from being coercive to more closely resembling tax bargaining. I show that the expansion of democracy led to elimination of several key forms of taxation, as predicted by the model, and that the contraction of political competition has led to the introduction of new, often unpopular, taxes. Critically, the government has consistently changed the structure of taxation to minimize the accountability demands it faces from citizens, despite the revenue shortfalls it faces.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 8 concludes the book. It summarizes the findings of the book, and then discusses implications, scope conditions, and suggestions for future research. I argue that any attempts to increase taxation in developing countries must consider the political issues taxation raises: low fiscal capacity may be the result of political resistance rather than capacity issues. The book’s findings apply to a wide range of tax types and governments, although the exact outcomes will depend on local conditions. More work is needed to understand how taxation affects collective action and how best to support fiscal capacity in developing countries.
Caring in Non-Ideal Conditions
Authors: Pepper Angie
Published: April 2023

Shelter staff in cash-strapped open-admission shelters are locked into a tragedy that is not of their own making: they are routinely and unavoidably confronted with the tragic choice of either killing animals or failing to care for the animals they are tasked with protecting. Consequently, open-admission shelters regularly kill animals who could, but for the want of more time, money, or a suitable home, have led reasonably good lives. This chapter explains how sometimes shelter workers have a full moral justification to kill an animal for non-euthanasia reasons and yet the animal killed is nonetheless wronged. The author argues that this wrong is perpetrated by the state, which is responsible for the distributive injustice that makes it impossible for shelter workers to rescue and care for all animals in need. Moreover, when shelter workers have justification for non-euthanasia killing, all individuals within the political community are responsible for the wrong done.
What If They Were Humans?
Authors: Jaquet François
Published: April 2023

Our societies are marked by anthropocentrism: most people treat animals in ways in which they would by no means treat fellow humans. One might nonetheless expect this prejudice to be much less prevalent in animal shelters since these places are created for the very sake of nonhumans and generally managed by people who truly care about animal welfare. This chapter questions this expectation. It discusses three practices that are widespread in animal shelters and yet could be suspected of anthropocentrism: killing animals for lack of resources, partnering with the livestock industry, and feeding animals meat. Drawing on the distinction between ideal and non-ideal theory, the chapter argues that management euthanasia and cooperation with animal agriculture are acceptable in non-ideal theory even though they would be condemned by ideal theory. Then it argues that meat-based pet food should be rejected even in the non-ideal circumstances faced by animal shelters.
Sustainable Development Standards in EU Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Postnikov Evgeny
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the evolution of sustainable development standards in European Union (EU) trade agreements and attempts to explain the drivers for both their stability and change over the years by paying particular attention to international and institutional factors. It looks at both definitional and normative components of sustainable development standards, linking them to a range of international norms incorporated into EU agreements. The chapter argues that the EU’s desire to project a certain idea of trade globally and institutional path-dependence in EU trade policymaking explains the evolution and particular design of social standards in EU preferential trade agreements, as the Commission strategically engages with societal actors. It also discusses how the EU’s approach has attracted followers across the globe, leading to the diffusion of its template and shaping of the global trade agenda. The recent changes in the makeup of sustainable development standards reflect the changing perceptions of trade policy within the EU and its growing politicization.