bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation into clinicopathological and pathological findings, prognosis, and aetiology of lorikeet paralysis syndrome in rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus)
Authors: Lacasse C , Rose K , Allen M , Ward MP , Pulscher LA , Giles A , Hall J , Phalen DN
Published: July 2021

Objective

To report the temporal and spatial distribution of rainbow lorikeets presenting with lorikeet paralysis syndrome (LPS) and their clinicopathologic and pathologic findings, exposure to toxins, and response to treatment.

Methods

Records of lorikeets admitted in 2017 and 2018 to facilities in south‐east Queensland (QLD) were reviewed and LPS and non‐LPS cases were mapped and their distribution compared. Plasma biochemistries and complete blood counts were done on 20 representative lorikeets from south‐east QLD and Grafton, New South Wales (NSW). Tissues from 28 lorikeets were examined histologically. Samples were tested for pesticides (n = 19), toxic elements (n = 23), botulism (n = 15) and alcohol (n = 5).

Results

LPS occurred in warmer months. Affected lorikeets were found across south‐east QLD. Hotspots were identified in Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast. Lorikeets had a heterophilic leucocytosis, elevated muscle enzymes, uric acid and sodium and chloride. Specific lesions were not found. Exposure to cadmium was common in LPS and non‐LPS lorikeets. Treated lorikeets had a 60–93% See Table 2 depending on severity of signs.

Clinical significance

The primary differential diagnosis for lorikeets presenting with lower motor neuron signs during spring, summer and autumn in northern NSW and south‐east Queensland should be LPS. With supportive care, prognosis is fair to good.
Islamic Religious Atmosphere and Audit Pricing: Evidence from Iran
Authors: Khodakarami Mehdi , Rezaee Zabihollah , Hesarzadeh Reza
Published: July 2021

This study examines whether the Islamic religious atmosphere of local communities influences audit pricing. We use a comprehensive survey conducted by Iran's Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance to measure the Islamic religious atmosphere. Using a sample of 1,204 observations from firms listed in Iran's capital market, we find that firms located in regions with a strong Islamic religious atmosphere pay significantly lower audit fees. Furthermore, the study reveals that family ownership (auditor size) strengthens (weakens) the aforementioned relationship. However, we did not find a significant moderating role for the local community's social capital. We contribute to the ethics literature by providing a better understanding of the economic consequences of the religious atmosphere and offering policy, practical, and educational implications.
Characteristics of genetic alterations of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma in childhood including identification of novel fusion genes: the Japan Children’s Cancer Group (JCCG)
Authors: Ohki Kentaro , Kiyokawa Nobutaka , Watanabe Satoru , Iwafuchi Hideto , Nakazawa Astuko , Ishiwata Keisuke , Ogata‐Kawata Hiroko , Nakabayashi Kazuhiko , Okamura Kohji , Tanaka Fumiko , Fukano Reiji , Hata Kenichiro , Mori Tetsuya , Moriya Saito Akiko , Hayashi Yasuhide , Taga Takashi , Sekimizu Masahiro , Kobayashi Ryoji ,   for the Japan Children’s Cancer Study Group (JCCG)
Published: July 2021

Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a group of heterogeneous non‐Hodgkin lymphomas showing a mature T‐cell or natural killer cell phenotype, but its molecular abnormalities in paediatric patients remain unclear. By employing next‐generation sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification of tumour samples from 26 patients, we identified somatic alterations in paediatric PTCL including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐negative (EBV–) and EBV‐positive (EBV+) patients. As recurrent mutational targets for PTCL, we identified several previously unreported genes, including TNS1, ZFHX3, LRP2, NCOA2 and HOXA1, as well as genes previously reported in adult patients, e.g. TET2, CDKN2A, STAT3 and TP53. However, for other reported mutations, VAV1‐related abnormalities were absent and mutations of NRAS, GATA3 and JAK3 showed a low frequency in our cohort. Concerning the association of EBV infection, two novel fusion genes: STAG2‐AFF2 and ITPR2‐FSTL4, and deletion and alteration of CDKN2A/2B, LMO1 and HOXA1 were identified in EBV– PTCL, but not in EBV+ PTCL. Conversely, alterations of PCDHGA4, ADAR, CUL9 and TP53 were identified only in EBV+ PTCL. Our observations suggest a clear difference in the molecular

mechanism of onset between paediatric and adult PTCL and a difference in the characteristics of genetic alterations between EBV– and EBV+ paediatric PTCL.
Observing inefficient action can induce infant preference and learning
Authors: Hirai Masahiro , Kanakogi Yasuhiro , Ikeda Ayaka
Published: July 2021

‘Motionese’ can be defined as an exaggerated and repetitive action. It induces preference and learning in infants. However, which action component of motionese promotes infants’ preference and learning remains largely unknown. In this study, we focused on inefficiency and toward‐ness of action. Our study demonstrates that observing an inefficient holding out action can induce a visual preference in 4‐month‐old infants and learning in 10‐month‐old infants through eight experiments (N = 192). We found that when infants observe inefficient holding out action, the action attracts their attention and facilitates learning about the identity of the toy object accompanying it, especially when people direct inefficient actions towards them. Our findings indicate that both action efficiency and toward‐ness may be key factors in infant learning.
The development of brain rhythms at rest and its impact on vocabulary acquisition
Authors: Meng Xiangyun , Sun Chen , Du Boqi , Liu Li , Zhang Yuxuan , Dong Qi , Georgiou George K. , Nan Yun
Published: July 2021

A long‐standing question in developmental science is how the neurodevelopment of the brain influences cognitive functions. Here, we examined the developmental change of resting EEG power and its links to vocabulary acquisition in school‐age children. We further explored what mechanisms may mediate the relation between brain rhythm maturation and vocabulary knowledge. Eyes‐opened resting‐state EEG data were recorded from 53 typically‐developing Chinese children every 2 years between the ages of 7 and 11. Our results showed first that delta, theta, and gamma power decreased over time, whereas alpha and beta power increased over time. Second, after controlling for general cognitive abilities, age, home literacy environment, and phonological skills, theta decreases explained 6.9% and 14.4% of unique variance in expressive vocabulary at ages 9 and 11, respectively. We also found that beta increase from age 7 to 9 significantly predicted receptive vocabulary at age 11. Finally, theta decrease predicted expressive vocabulary through the effects of phoneme deletion at age 9 and tone discrimination at age 11. These results substantiate the important role of brain oscillations at rest, especially theta rhythm, in language development. The developmental change of brain rhythms could serve as sensitive biomarkers for vocabulary development in school‐age children, which would be of great value in identifying children at risk of language impairment.
A deterritorialized people: Toward constructing a theo‐diasporic space
Authors: Yip Man‐Hei
Published: July 2021

This article argues that doing theology in the context of diaspora is inseparable from people's experiences in their materiality, contemporaneity, and heterogeneity. Diasporic experience, and in this case, the particularity of diasporic Hongkongers, not only helps broaden our horizons, but also provides new understanding of suffering and salvation, and casts light on the journey toward a theo‐diasporic space. In this space, theologians and church leaders are motivated to deepen theological reflection through the diasporic lens and destabilize epistemic structures that gives false hope and certainty. This ever‐expanding space inevitably deterritorializes our theological orientation and meanwhile, invites more vigorous discussion on diasporic subjectivity and its potentiality in the imaginative construction of theology.
Immigration and theology of vocation
Authors: Sánchez M. Leopoldo A.
Published: July 2021

Contemporary reflection on immigration can benefit from a Lutheran theology of vocation. A vocational lens serves as a critical and constructive tool to examine hospitality, legal, and relational approaches to migration today. After offering a brief survey of current theological and ethical approaches to migration by U.S. authors, the article argues for a complementary vocational approach to migration as the most comprehensive proposal accounting for the complexity of the immigration debate in our thinking and action concerning immigrant neighbors. The article deals with the strengths and limits of the proposed vocational approach.
Disposable people and the death of Whitegod
Authors: Nessan Craig L.
Published: July 2021

This article references the death of God movement, especially the work of Richard L. Rubenstein, to examine eliminationism and genocidal practices against people categorized as disposable. Genocidal practices have been executed in American history against indigenous people, enslaved people, Asian and Pacific Islander people, Latina/o people, and today against their descendants. The article focuses attention on genocidal practices against migrating people, especially the undocumented. Belief in Whitegod has provided theological justification for genocidal practices against people rendered disposable. The death of Whitegod has been prophesied by theologians of color. After the death of Whitegod, we are called to confess the God who is Creator of all people and live out the Great Commandment, seeing each person as our neighbor.
Can changes in sentiments influence consumer behavior? Evidence from the Trump‐Russia investigation
Authors: Biolsi Christopher , Lebedinsky Alex
Published: July 2021

We examine the hypothesis that animal spirits might affect economic behavior by analyzing how consumer spending changes in response to the news coverage of the investigation into coordination between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and Russia. Using daily consumption data, we find that Republicans and Democrats responded differently to the news. Increased media coverage led households in counties that voted for Hillary Clinton to spend less: On the days of heaviest news coverage, spending declined by $0.007 to $0.011 per household member for every point added to Clinton's vote share. There is evidence that in Republican counties, the coverage had opposite effects.
A double moral hazard model for inter‐organizational knowledge sharing
Authors: Chen Guo , Li Baixun
Published: July 2021

In inter‐organizational knowledge sharing, the firms share sensitive organizational knowledge to jointly solve a problem. However, the knowledge sender may conceal knowledge and the knowledge receiver may misappropriate the knowledge received from the sender. We formalize this situation using the double moral hazard framework and develop Stackelberg game models for symmetric and asymmetric information scenarios. First, we analyse the motivation for triggering double moral hazard. We find that by concealing knowledge, the sender cannot reduce the loss due to misappropriating knowledge. Second, we analyse the impact of improved punishment mechanism on the behaviours that trigger double moral hazard, and find that there exists a threshold policy with respect to monitoring effort to prevent double moral hazard. Third, we get the conditions under which the partner has the motivation to prevent the monitor from adopting a deception strategy.
Relationship between career education experience among final‐year dental hygiene students and their perspective towards work and profession: A nationwide survey in dental hygiene schools of Japan
Authors: Tano Rumi , Miura Hiroko , Oshima Katsuo , Noritake Kanako , Fukuda Hideki
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the experience of receiving career education among final‐year dental hygiene students and their views regarding their work and profession, as part of research on the working style of dental hygienists.

Methods

An anonymous, self‐administered survey was sent by post to all the 162 dental hygienist schools in Japan with dental hygiene students in their final year in November 2019. The main questions were regarding student attributes, career aspirations, their perspective on work and profession and whether or not they received career education at a dental hygienist training school. Analysis was conducted by cross‐tabulation and logistic regression.

Results

Completed questionnaires were sent to us by 150 schools (response rate 92.6%), with a response from 6,270 students. The students who had received career education had significantly higher awareness and plans for the profession and a positive attitude towards the work (p < 0.01). Following adjustment for age, sex, educational attainment, length of the course of study and timing of class the results shows that there was a significant relation between the experience of the career education with having future plans (odds ratio = 2.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.88–2.38, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

It was observed that the experience of receiving career education just before graduating from dental hygienist school was related to an increased positive attitude of the students towards their work and profession. Further long‐term investigations are necessary to evaluate the effects of career education among dental hygiene students and their attitude towards their profession.
What’s going on in my mind? The effects of cognitive differences on buying impulsiveness, cognitive dissonance, and price consciousness
Authors: Özyörük Hüseyin Erbil
Published: July 2021

Buying impulsiveness, tendency for cognitive dissonance, and price consciousness may differ among consumers, primarily because of differences in individuals' time orientation, thinking style, risk perception, and cognitive flexibility. This exploratory hypothesis‐testing study aims to examine whether the cognitive differences in future orientation, holistic thinking, risk perception, and cognitive flexibility of consumers affect buying impulsiveness, tendency for cognitive dissonance, and price consciousness, through hypothesis testing and structural equation modelling. Data were collected face‐to‐face from 414 participants across the two largest cities of Turkey (İstanbul and Ankara) using the convenience sampling method. The findings demonstrate that future orientation, holistic thinking, and risk perception negatively affect buying impulsiveness. The tendency for post‐purchase cognitive dissonance is negatively affected by future orientation and holistic thinking and is positively affected by risk perception. Price consciousness, however, is affected positively by future orientation and negatively by risk perception. In addition, cognitive flexibility, which is also shaped by future orientation and holistic thinking, increases price consciousness and plays a mediating role in the relationship between future orientation and price consciousness.
Effect of ginger‐enriched pasta on acceptability and satiety
Authors: Wu Mengyao , Gani Hanis , Viney Sara , Ho Peter , Orfila Caroline
Published: July 2021

Ginger is attributed with beneficial bioactivities. The aims of this study were to analyse the bioactive compounds in commercial ginger powders and assess acceptability and satiety responses to ginger‐enriched wheat pasta in healthy human volunteers. Powders were extracted with methanol and extracts analysed by HPLC‐UV/LC‐MS. Results indicated that 6‐gingerol, 8‐gingerol, 10‐gingerol and 10‐shogaol were the principal bioactive components. The liking of pasta enriched with 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w) ginger powder was evaluated for four sensory attributes and overall liking using a 9‐point hedonic scale. All pasta products were generally liked to a similar extent to the control, with the exception of the liking for colour of the pasta with 5% ginger (P < 0.02). Ten healthy subjects consumed two samples of equal weight: control and ginger‐enriched pasta (3%), on two occasions. Subjective feelings of satiety were assessed pre‐consumption, immediately after and for 2 h post‐consumption using a 7‐point intensity scale analysed using Rasch modelling. Results show that the ginger pasta sample had a similar satiety response compared to the control pasta up to 2 h after consumption. In conclusion, ginger‐enriched pasta is generally accepted by consumers, but does not lead to higher satiety compared to the control.
Exercise effects on fatigue in breast cancer survivors after treatments: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lin Hui‐Ping , Kuo Yi‐Hsuan , Tai Wen‐Yuan , Liu Hsueh‐Erh
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of exercise interventions by type, duration and intensity of exercise for fatigue in breast cancer survivors who had completed their treatment.

Background

Most studies found that exercise has valuable outcomes for cancer survivors. This meta‐analysis comprehensively summarizes the benefits of exercise intervention for fatigue in breast cancer patients who had completed their adjuvant treatments.

Methods

We conducted a meta‐analysis on randomized control trials published during 1 January 2000 through 31 December 2019, from PubMed, Cochrane Library databases, EMBASE, Medline (ProQuest), CINAHL, PsycINFO, Chinese Electronic Periodical Service and Wan Fan Data with prespecified searching criteria. Breast cancer patients earlier than stage IIIc and completing adjuvant treatments were included, and the effects of exercise on fatigue were investigated.

Results

Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included (N = 581). Patients receiving exercise interventions showed reduced fatigue comparing with those without exercise. Exercise with low–moderate intensity, 20 min/day, three times per week and lasting up to 12 weeks had a significant effect on reducing fatigue for breast cancer survivors.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that exercise interventions can reduce fatigue for this group of cancer survivors. The duration and intensity of exercise intervention could be prescribed for this specific group of cancer patients as a basic requirement to handle their reported fatigue.
Preparation and study of the mechanical and optical properties of infrared transparent Y2O3–MgO composite ceramics
Authors: Shen Zongyun , Xie Junxi , Qian Kaichen , Zhu Qiangqiang , Mao Xiaojian , Feng Minghui , Jiang Benxue , Zhang Long , Fan Jintai
Published: July 2021

In this study, fine Y2O3–MgO composite nanopowders were synthesized via the sol–gel method. Dense Y2O3–MgO composite ceramics were fabricated by pre‐sintering the green body in air at different temperatures for 1 h and then subjecting the sintered bodies to hot isostatic pressing at 1300°C for 1 h. The effects of pre‐sintering temperature on the microstructural, mechanical, and optical properties of the resulting ceramics were studied. The average grain size of the ceramics was increased, whereas their hardness and fracture toughness were decreased with increasing pre‐sintering temperature. A maximum fracture toughness of 1.42 MPa·m1/2 and Vickers hardness of 10.4 GPa were obtained. The average flexural strength of the ceramics was 411 MPa at room temperature and reached 361 MPa at 600°C. A transmittance of 84% in the 3–5 µm region was obtained when the composite ceramics were sintered at 1400°C. Moreover, a transmittance of 76% in the 3–5 µm region was obtained at 500°C.
(001)‐oriented BiFeO3 films integrated on Si with enhanced electrical performances
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wu Hao , Kang Limin , Peng Bowen , Bao Jianqiu , Hu Fangren
Published: July 2021

Highly (001)‐oriented pure‐phase BFO films were prepared on traditional Si substrates via radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS). The crystallinity of the films is found to be increased, that is, higher degree of (001) texture, larger grain size, less grain boundary, denser surface morphology, and better thickness uniformity, with increased film thickness. These factors have significant influences on the electrical properties of BFO films, that is, dielectric response, as well as ferroelectric polarization and leakage current characteristics. The 240‐nm‐thick film exhibits relatively poor electrical properties compared with other three thicker films, which is mainly due to its small grain, the enhancement of the clamping effect of neighboring grains, and the absence of domain walls. The essential roles of the evolution and distribution of grains/domains and defect charges in leakage mechanism and ferroelectric switching polarization were also investigated systematically. It was found that 600‐nm‐thick BFO film has the lowest leakage current density (as low as 1.8 × 10−6 A / cm2 @ 90 kV/cm) and followed a mixed SE or SCLC conduction behavior, while the leakage behavior in other films is dominated by SE and P‐F currents. All (001)‐BFO films have a giant electrical polarization which is solely originated from the contribution of ferroelectric domain switching, and it has lower switching voltage and faster switching rate in thicker films.
Undergraduate nursing students' education and training in aseptic technique: A mixed methods systematic review
Authors: Hawker Clare , Gould Dinah , Courtenay Molly , Edwards Deborah
Published: July 2021

Aim

To appraise and synthesize empirical studies exploring undergraduate nursing students' education and training in aseptic technique.

Design

Mixed methods, systematic literature review adopting Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.

Data sources

Thirteen electronic databases were searched 1996–2020, followed by searches with a general browser, hand‐searching key journals and reviewing reference lists of retrieved papers.

Review methods

Potentially eligible papers were scrutinised by two reviewers. Those eligible were critically appraised and quality assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and Specialist Unit for Review Evidence checklists.

Results

Of 538 potentially eligible studies, 27 met the inclusion criteria. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of different teaching methods. Students' knowledge, understanding and competency varied and were often poor, although they reported confidence in their ability to perform aseptic technique. Students and qualified nurses perceived that education and training in aseptic techniques might be improved.

Conclusion

Education and training in aseptic technique might be improved but the review findings should be viewed cautiously because the studies lacked methodological rigour.

Impact

This appears to be the first systematic review to explore undergraduate nursing students' education and training in relation to aseptic technique. There was limited evidence to support the effectiveness of different teaching methods and scope for improving nursing students' knowledge, understanding and competency in aseptic technique. Students and qualified nurses suggested that education and training might be enhanced. More robust studies are required to support education, practice and policy.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks from ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart disease: Preventative measures, shortcomings, cost‐effectiveness, and global practice perspectives
Authors: Kantharia Bharat K.
Published: July 2021

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have proven to be life‐saving devices in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) who are prone to develop ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF). Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are commonly prescribed in many such patients with ICDs to treat and prevent different forms of arrhythmias in clinical practice. When these patients experience recurrent monomorphic VT despite chronic AADs therapy, or when AAD therapy is contraindicated or not tolerated, and VT storm is refractory to AAD therapy, catheter ablation constitute guideline‐based class I indication of treatment. However, what should be the most appropriate strategy to prevent first ICD shock or subsequent multiple shocks from VT/VF in patients with ICM who undergo ICD implantation without prior incidence of cardiac arrest, remains debatable. The purpose of this review is to discuss preventative aspects of ICD shocks for VT and the shortcomings of these measures along with the cost‐effectiveness and global perspectives based on the current knowledge of the topic.
Effect of dapagliflozin on diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease via MAPK signalling pathway
Authors: Yue Zhaodi , Li Li , Fu Hui , Yin Yanyan , Du Bingyu , Wang Fangqi , Ding Yi , Liu Yibo , Zhao Renjie , Zhang Zhongwen , Yu Shaohong
Published: July 2021

Clinical studies have shown that dapagliflozin can reduce cardiovascular outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the exact mechanism is unclear. In this study, we used the molecular docking and network pharmacology methods to explore the potential mechanism of dapagliflozin on T2DM complicated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Dapagliflozin's potential targets were predicted via the Swiss Target Prediction platform. The pathogenic targets of T2DM and CVD were screened by the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Gene Cards databases. The common targets of dapagliflozin, T2DM and CVD were used to establish a protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network; the potential protein functional modules in the PPI network were found out by MCODE. Metascape tool was used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. A potential protein functional module with the best score was obtained from the PPI network and 9 targets in the protein functional module all showed good binding properties when docking with dapagliflozin. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the underlying mechanism mainly involved AGE‐RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signalling pathway and MAPK signalling pathway. Significantly, the MAPK signalling pathway was considered as the key pathway. In conclusion, we speculated that dapagliflozin played a therapeutic role in T2DM complicated with CVD mainly through MAPK signalling pathway. This study preliminarily reveals the possible mechanism of dapagliflozin in the treatment of T2DM complicated with CVD and provides a theoretical basis for future clinical research.
Reimagining Youth Justice: How the Dual Crises of COVID‐19 and Racial Injustice Inform Judicial Policymaking and Reform
Authors: Gagnon Alysha , Alpern Samahria
Published: July 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic and the rejuvenated movement for racial justice in 2020 have presented an opportunity to reimagine the roles, practices, and policies of juvenile and family court systems actors. In order to capture contemporary ideas about judicial practice and policy reforms, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with Hon. Edwina Mendelson, Deputy Chief Administrative Judge for the Office of Justice Initiatives in New York State, and Hon. Steven Teske, Chief Judge of the Juvenile Court of Clayton County, Georgia. These interviews yielded several recommendations for judicial reform in youth justice (e.g., implement court‐wide procedural justice practices, improve accessibility using technology). These recommendations can be used by systems actors across the country, particularly those interested in adapting their courtroom practices for a post‐pandemic world.
Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Prison
Authors: Howland Mariann A. , Kotlar Bethany , Davis Laurel , Shlafer Rebecca J.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Women in prison experience high rates of mental and physical health problems, and pregnant and postpartum women in prison may be particularly vulnerable. Very few studies have examined depressive symptoms among women who are pregnant and give birth in prison. We assessed depressive symptoms longitudinally from pregnancy into the postpartum period in a sample of 58 women who gave birth in prison. We also considered whether incarceration‐related factors (length of time incarcerated while pregnant, remaining length of sentence to serve after birth) were associated with depressive symptoms.

Methods

Data were collected as part of an ongoing evaluation of a prison‐based pregnancy and parenting support program at one women's state prison. At prenatal and postpartum visits with their doula, women completed the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), a measure of depressive symptom severity.

Results

More than one‐third of our sample of women who were incarcerated and gave birth in custody met criteria for moderate to severe depression on the PHQ‐9 during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Women who faced longer periods of incarceration following birth and separation from their newborns reported higher levels of postpartum depressive symptoms.

Discussion

Findings have implications for practice and policy aimed at supporting the mental health needs of women who are pregnant in prison, particularly those women who give birth in custody and are separated from their newborns.
Smoking Cessation among Pregnant and Postpartum Women from Low‐Income Groups in the United States
Authors: Kedia Satish K. , Ahuja Nikhil A. , Carswell April , Vander Weg Mark W. , Scarinci Isabel C. , Ward Kenneth D.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Pregnancy creates a unique window of opportunity for smoking cessation. However, pregnant women from underserved groups can face personal, social, and environmental challenges that impede quitting. This study draws upon the socioecological framework to explore perspectives on smoking cessation among pregnant and postpartum women from low‐income groups in the mid‐South of the United States.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 60 women who were pregnant or postpartum. Data were analyzed in Dedoose qualitative software using the directed content analysis approach.

Results

Findings reveal that at the individual level, motivations for smoking cessation included the fact of being pregnant, risks associated with the infant's health, and desire to breastfeed. However, some pregnant women perceived that slowing down on smoking during pregnancy was adequate to prevent harm to their fetuses. Individual‐level factors that made smoking cessation difficult included nicotine addiction and habit, boredom, stressful life circumstances, fear of weight gain, and perceived lack of willpower. At the interpersonal level, living in a smoke‐free environment where loved ones do not smoke and emotional and practical support from social network members including partners and family members were thought to facilitate smoking cessation. At the organizational level, access to nicotine replacement therapies and counseling aided in their abilities to quit smoking. At the policy level, pregnant women viewed increase in cigarette prices, warning labels on the cigarette pack, and the potential for a ban on cigarette sales as having some effect in helping them quit smoking.

Discussion

This study offers theoretical insights into factors that function as barriers or facilitators of smoking cessation among pregnant and postpartum women from low‐income groups in the United States. Designing multilevel smoking cessation interventions while considering the interplay of individual, interpersonal, organizational, and policy level factors may lead to better cessation outcomes.
Effectiveness of simulation‐based peripheral intravenous catheterization training for nursing students and hospital nurses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Arslan Sümeyye , Kuzu Kurban Nevin , Takmak Şenay , Şanlialp Zeyrek Arife , Öztik Sinem , Şenol Hande
Published: July 2021

Background

Peripheral intravenous catheterisation (PIVC) is a complex procedure.

Aim

This study reviewed studies evaluating the effects of different simulators in comparison with traditional methods used in PIVC training for nursing students and hospital nurses.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised (RCT) and non‐randomised controlled (N‐RCT) studies.

Methods

MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, ERIC, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched using PIVC, simulation and nursing education. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE system; the risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 (for RCTs) and A Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for N‐RCTs. The study was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

In total, 2,812 records were identified, and 12 studies published between 2002 and 2018 were finally included. Most studies included Virtual IV simulator and the plastic IV arm model in PIVC training for hospital nurses and nursing students, reported on outcomes such as PIVC‐related knowledge, skills, confidence, state/trait anxiety and satisfaction. Seven studies were included in the meta‐analysis, the effect sizes for all the outcomes ranged from small to moderate. However, the effect sizes were non‐significant for all outcomes. The quality of evidence was assessed as being low for skills, knowledge, satisfaction, and trait/state anxiety, and moderate for confidence.

Conclusions

The effect of Virtual IV training on PIVC‐related skills, knowledge, satisfaction and anxiety among nursing students and hospital nurses, in comparison with the plastic arm training method, remains unclear. However, Virtual IV training was found to increase PIVC confidence.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is a small effect in favour of VR in PIVC education although non‐significant. More evidence is needed to determine the superiority of simulation methods. In PIVC training of nurses and nursing students, hospitals and schools can choose a method in accordance with their resources.

Trial registration

PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019124599.
Comparing the impact of Check‐All‐That‐Apply (CATA) and Check‐All‐Statements (CAS) question formats on “agree” responses for different consumers' age groups and genders across five countries
Authors: Seninde Denis Richard , Chambers Edgar
Published: July 2021

Check‐All‐That‐Apply (CATA) and Check‐All‐Statements (CAS) or (yes/no) question formats are used by consumer researchers but literature on the influence of those formats on responses from different consumer demographics is lacking. With CATA, consumers select all terms/statements that apply from a list while with CAS, consumers must respond (yes/no or agree/disagree) to each term/statement to show if it applies or not. Online surveys using CATA and CAS were conducted to compare the impact of the two question formats on the “agree” responses for gender and age groups (Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, Generation Z) in Brazil, China, India, Spain, and the United States. Consumers in each country were randomly assigned one of the two question formats (N = 200 per country per method). For most questions and demographic categories, the percentage of “agree” responses was higher when the CAS question format was used. Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) showed similarities in the “big picture” information collected by CAS and CATA but differences existed in the details. The response distribution and level of detail provided by specific age groups or gender depended on which question format was used. The resulting decisions and recommendations made by researchers for demographic segments of the population could be different.

Practical Applications

This study suggests that CATA and CAS provide similar “big picture” information but that the details may be different when using the shortened form (CATA) of questionnaire design for some demographic sub‐groups in some countries.
Anaphylaxis to foods purchased from food establishments in Australia
Authors: Zurzolo Giovanni A , Campbell Dianne E , Said Maria , Peters Rachel L , Dharmage Shyamali C
Published: July 2021

Aim

Food establishments that sell non‐packaged foods are not required to have a food label directly on the food product detailing the ingredients. This practice could increase the risk of anaphylaxis among individuals with food allergy. The aim of the study is to understand whether anaphylaxis occurs commonly in individuals with food allergy as a consequence of eating food products purchased from food establishments.

Methods

We undertook an anonymous on‐line cross‐sectional survey of food allergic individuals over a 9‐month period. Anaphylaxis was defined as reported symptoms consistent with the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy definition of anaphylaxis.

Results

A total of 268 responses were received over the study period and 264 consented and completed the questionnaire. Among our survey participants, the rate of anaphylaxis to food purchased from establishments was 27% (n = 67/246, 95% confidence interval 21.8–33.3%). Of those who reported an anaphylaxis (n = 67), 87% reported informing staff of their/their dependents food allergy/s. Most (81%) reported that they would like to see additional information, such as listing of allergen information next to dishes on the menu and 61% reported that staff pro‐actively asking about food allergies would be beneficial.

Conclusion

Anaphylaxis from food purchased at food establishments is not uncommon despite a high proportion of individuals declaring their food allergy to staff. Consumers with food allergy would like to see allergen information listed on the menus and for staff to proactively enquire about food allergies. A food allergen matrix that is regularly checked/updated so staff and consumers have easy access to information on menu items and common allergens is required.
Clinical outcomes of orthogonal plating to treat radial and ulnar fractures in toy‐breed dogs
Authors: Higuchi M. , Katayama M.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To describe the results of orthogonal plating (OP) as a treatment for fractures of the radius and ulna in toy‐breed dogs.

Materials and Methods

The medical records (June 2011 to April 2019) of toy‐breeds in which the OP technique using non‐locking cuttable plates was employed to treat radial and ulnar fractures were reviewed. The inclusion criteria included a bodyweight of 3.5 kg or less, fracture of the diaphysis of the radius and ulna of one or both forelimbs, and the availability of follow‐up radiographs. Revision surgeries were also included.

Results

Fifteen limbs that underwent initial fracture repair and five that underwent revision surgery met the inclusion criteria. The radial and ulnar fractures healed in 19 limbs at the final follow‐up. Synostosis of the radius and ulna at the fracture sites was observed in one limb. Re‐fracture after cranial plate removal was observed in one case. All dogs exhibited successful return of normal limb function at the final clinical and radiographic follow‐up (mean, 104.7 ± 67.1 days; median, 79.5 days; range: 35 to 248 days). Long‐term follow‐up data obtained via telephone interviews to owners or referring veterinarians were available for 15 cases and confirmed maintenance of normal limb function in all dogs (mean, 32.5 ± 17.6 months; median, 26 months; range: 11 to 69 months).

Clinical Significance

OP allowed the successful open reduction of radial and ulnar fractures, facilitating bone union in both the radius and ulna and a return to normal limb function in a series of toy‐breed dogs.
In vitro efficacy of Quillaja saponaria extracts on the infective life‐stage of ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi
Authors: Cañon Jones Hernán A. , Schlotterbeck Suarez Trinidad , Castillo‐Ruiz Mario , Cortes Gonzalez Hernán , Asencio Gladys , Latuz Susana , San Martín Ricardo
Published: July 2021

The effect of two different commercial products of Quillaja saponaria saponin extract on mortality of the free‐living copepodite stage sea‐lice Caligus rogercresseyi were assessed in vitro. Parasites were exposed for 24 hr to different concentrations of Quillaja extracts and then observed until 30 hr in non‐Quillaja media. The EC50 and EC90 were evaluated at 30 hr. High mortalities of copepodites were obtained at higher doses (500 ppm) for both extracts. Higher mortalities were obtained using the product with higher saponin content at 24 hr (23.3% vs. 86.6%) and 30 hr (63.3% vs. 93.3%) compared with the product containing less saponins. In addition, mortalities increased even after removing the extracts suggesting a residual and prolonged effect on the survival of the parasite. Our results indicated that the free‐living stage of the parasite is sensitive to saponins from Q. saponaria extracts and may be used to control or prevent the infestation of C. rogercresseyi in salmonids in Chile.
Use of different seaweeds as shelter in nursing mud crab, Scylla paramamosain: Effects on water quality, survival, and growth of crab
Authors: Ly Van Khanh , Arsa Cliford Polo , Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh , Tran Ngoc Hai
Published: July 2021

Mud crabs (Scylla spp.) are considered luxury seafood and high market value; hence, mud crab farming is well known in Southeast Asia. However, the prevalence of cannibalistic behavior in crabs thus requires shelter in the culture system to reduce conspecific cannibalism and enhance the survival of crabs. This study aims to determine the suitability of various seaweed species as shelter to improve the survival and production of mud crab Scylla paramamosain crablets. The experiment consisted of seven treatments and was randomly designed in triplicate tanks. The control treatment had no shelter (i.e., without seaweed in the culture tank), and in the other six treatments, red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata) or green seaweed (Enteromorpha intestinalis) was placed in the rearing tanks at three density levels: 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/m2. Instar 2 crablets were reared at a density of 300 ind/m2, at salinity of 15 g/L, and with continuous aeration. Crablets were fed frozen Artemia biomass to satiation for 4 weeks. Results showed that the survival of crabs in all treatments sharply declined from Week 3 to Week 4 of culture, where the 1 and 2 kg Gracilaria groups showed less reduction than the other treatments. At the end of the experiment, the average survival of crabs in the control group was lowest (17.4%), while the survival of crabs was significantly improved, varying within the ranges of 53.3–70.7% and 27.8–35.9% in the Gracilaria and Enteromorpha groups, respectively. Notably, higher survival resulted in lower growth rates in the seaweed treatments, but enhanced biomass and production of crab juveniles. Moreover, concentrations of TAN, NO2−, NO3−, and PO43− in the Gracilaria treatments were much lower than in both the control and the Enteromorpha treatments that improved water quality in the rearing tanks. The present findings prove that red seaweed G. tenuistipitata could be considered a suitable shelter for the reliable production of mud crab juveniles in the nursery phase.
Pacific white shrimp, red drum, and tilapia integrated in a biofloc system: Use of tilapia as a consumer of total suspended solids
Authors: Poersch Luis , Brunson Jeff , Gaona Carlos A. P. , Stokes Alvin , Richardson Jacob , Pitts Kevin , Leffler John
Published: July 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, for the biological control of suspended solids in an integrated biofloc technology (BFT) system rearing red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, and Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four integrated systems were structured with recirculating water in closed circuits composed of separate tanks for each species. The experiment compared the use of tilapia to control suspended solids (biological treatment [BT]) to control systems without tilapia. The initial mean weights and stocking densities were: 2 g and 250 ind/m3 for shrimp; 71 g and 1.04 kg/m3 for red drum; and 85 g and 5.12 kg/m3 for tilapia. Temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, alkalinity, salinity, total suspended solids, total ammonia nitrogen (TA‐N), and nitrite were measured. Temperature, DO, pH, alkalinity, and TA‐N were maintained within guidelines recommended for shrimp, red drum, and tilapia. Nitrite concentrations remained within guidelines for red drum and tilapia. No significant difference in growth performance between the control and BT was observed, but the apparent consumption of solids in systems with tilapia resulted in decreased particulate matter in the effluent compared to the control. The study showed that the tilapia could control the suspended solids when integrated with red drum and marine shrimp culture with BFT in an integrated multitrophic system.
Maximizing the differentiation principle in regional IP treaties to advance food security: Limitations in West Africa's regional IP and trade regime
Authors: Ugwu Uchenna F.
Published: July 2021

In this article, I examine whether the contemporary regional intellectual property (IP) agreements negotiated by West African countries are more suitable than multilateral agreements to advance food security in the region, based on the provisions they make for applying the differentiation principle. In this paper, the term “West Africa” is used to designate the 15 countries that are members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the major regional organization in the area (The founding members of ECOWAS were: Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea‐Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania [left 2002], Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Burkina Faso [which joined as Upper Volta]. Cape Verde joined in 1977). By reviewing relevant literature and theories, I propose that the human right to development as a differentiating paradigm may be applied in IP regulation, without compromising the requirement of nondiscrimination in IP regimes. I argue that human rights linked to the food security should be differentiated from the proprietary rights granted in IP. After critical doctrinal analysis of West Africa's regional agreements related to IP rights and food security, I conclude that rather than maximising the adoption of the differentiation principle to advance the regions food security, these treaties are surprisingly less flexible than multilateral agreements, creating further challenges for food security in the region. Consequently, I propose an alternative regional framework for differentiation, that allows for differentiation between IP and human rights norms based on the instrumentalist approach to law, as being more suitable for advancing development and food security in West Africa.
Multigenerational pedigree analysis of wild individually marked black sparrowhawks suggests that dark plumage coloration is a dominant autosomal trait
Authors: Nebel C. , Sumasgutner P. , Rodseth E. , Ingle R. A. , Childs D. Z. , Curtis‐Scott O. , Amar A.
Published: July 2021

The black sparrowhawk (Accipitermelanoleucus) is a color‐polymorphic sub‐Saharan raptor, with adults occurring in two discrete color morphs: dark and light. It has previously been suggested that plumage coloration is determined by a one‐locus two‐allele system, with the light allele being dominant over the dark allele. Here, we revisit that assumption with an extended dataset of 130 individuals and pedigree information from 75 individuals spanning five generations. We test the observed offspring phenotypic ratio against the expected ratio under the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and find significant deviations from the expected values. Contrary to the previous assumption, our data indicate that the dark allele is in fact dominant over the light allele. Similarly, the multigenerational pedigrees obtained are incompatible with a one‐locus two‐allele system, where the light allele is dominant but are consistent with a scenario where the dark allele is dominant instead. However, without knowledge of the underlying molecular basis of plumage polymorphism, uncertainty remains, and the intra‐morph variation observed suggests that modifier genes or environmental factors may also be involved. Our study not only provides a foundation for future research on the adaptive function of color polymorphism in the species but also highlights the need for caution when drawing conclusions about the mode of inheritance in wild animal populations in the absence of genetic data, especially when one color variant is numerically much rarer than the other.