bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APP Anterograde Transport Requires Rab3A GTPase Activity for Assembly of the Transport Vesicle
Authors: Szodorai Anita , Kuan Yung-Hui , Hunzelmann Silke , Engel Ulrike , Sakane Ayuko , Sasaki Takuya , Takai Yoshimi , Kirsch Joachim , Müller Ulrike , Beyreuther Konrad , Brady Scott , Morfini Gerardo , Kins Stefan
Published: November 2009

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is anterogradely transported by conventional kinesin in a distinct transport vesicle, but both the biochemical composition of such a vesicle and the specific kinesin-1 motor responsible for transport are poorly defined. APP may be sequentially cleaved by β- and γ-secretases leading to accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, whereas cleavage of APP by α-secretases prevents Aβ generation. Here, we demonstrate by time-lapse analysis and immunoisolations that APP is a cargo of a vesicle containing the kinesin heavy chain isoform kinesin-1C, the small GTPase Rab3A, and a specific subset of presynaptic protein components. Moreover, we report that assembly of kinesin-1C and APP in this vesicle type requires Rab3A GTPase activity. Finally, we show cleavage of APP in transport vesicles by α-secretase activity, likely mediated by ADAM10. Together, these data indicate that maturation of APP transport vesicles, including recruitment of conventional kinesin, requires Rab3 GTPase activity.
How Humans Integrate the Prospects of Pain and Reward during Choice
Authors: Talmi Deborah , Dayan Peter , Kiebel Stefan J. , Frith Chris D. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: November 2009

The maxim “no pain, no gain” summarizes scenarios in which an action leading to reward also entails a cost. Although we know a substantial amount about how the brain represents pain and reward separately, we know little about how they are integrated during goal-directed behavior. Two theoretical models might account for the integration of reward and pain. An additive model specifies that the disutility of costs is summed linearly with the utility of benefits, whereas an interactive model suggests that cost and benefit utilities interact so that the sensitivity to benefits is attenuated as costs become increasingly aversive. Using a novel task that required integration of physical pain and monetary reward, we examined the mechanism underlying cost–benefit integration in humans. We provide evidence in support of an interactive model in behavioral choice. Using functional neuroimaging, we identify a neural signature for this interaction such that, when the consequences of actions embody a mixture of reward and pain, there is an attenuation of a predictive reward signal in both ventral anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum. We conclude that these regions subserve integration of action costs and benefits in humans, a finding that suggests a cross-species similarity in neural substrates that implement this function and illuminates mechanisms that underlie altered decision making under aversive conditions.
Regaining Motor Control in Musician's Dystonia by Restoring Sensorimotor Organization
Authors: Rosenkranz Karin , Butler Katherine , Williamon Aaron , Rothwell John C.
Published: November 2009

Professional musicians are an excellent model of long-term motor learning effects on structure and function of the sensorimotor system. However, intensive motor skill training has been associated with task-specific deficiency in hand motor control, which has a higher prevalence among musicians (musician's dystonia) than in the general population. Using a transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm, we previously found an expanded spatial integration of proprioceptive input into the hand motor cortex [sensorimotor organization (SMO)] in healthy musicians. In musician's dystonia, however, this expansion was even larger. Whereas motor skills of musicians are likely to be supported by a spatially expanded SMO, we hypothesized that in musician's dystonia this might have developed too far and now disrupts rather than assists task-specific motor control. If so, motor control should be regained by reversing the excessive reorganization in musician's dystonia. Here, we test this hypothesis and show that a 15 min intervention with proprioceptive input (proprioceptive training) restored SMO in pianists with musician's dystonia to the pattern seen in healthy pianists. Crucially, task-specific motor control improved significantly and objectively as measured with a MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) piano, and the amount of behavioral improvement was significantly correlated to the degree of sensorimotor reorganization. In healthy pianists and nonmusicians, the SMO and motor performance remained essentially unchanged. These findings suggest that the differentiation of SMO in the hand motor cortex and the degree of motor control of intensively practiced tasks are significantly linked and finely balanced. Proprioceptive training restored this balance in musician's dystonia to the behaviorally beneficial level of healthy musicians.
Overexpression of the Wild-Type SPT1 Subunit Lowers Desoxysphingolipid Levels and Rescues the Phenotype of HSAN1
Authors: Eichler Florian S. , Hornemann Thorsten , McCampbell Alex , Kuljis Dika , Penno Anke , Vardeh Daniel , Tamrazian Eric , Garofalo Kevin , Lee Ho-Joon , Kini Lohit , Selig Martin , Frosch Matthew , Gable Ken , von Eckardstein Arnold , Woolf Clifford J. , Guan Guiman , Harmon Jeffrey M. , Dunn Teresa M. , Brown Robert H.
Published: November 2009

Mutations in the SPTLC1 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) cause an adult-onset, hereditary sensory, and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN1). We previously reported that mice bearing a transgene-expressing mutant SPTLC1 (tgSPTLC1C133W) show a reduction in SPT activity and hyperpathia at 10 months of age. Now analyzed at a later age, we find these mice develop sensory loss with a distal small fiber neuropathy and peripheral myelinopathy. This phenotype is largely reversed when these mice are crossed with transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type SPTLC1 showing that the mutant SPTLC1 protein is not inherently toxic. Simple loss of SPT activity also cannot account for the HSAN1 phenotype, since heterozygous SPTLC1 knock-out mice have reduced SPT activity but are otherwise normal. Rather, the presence of two newly identified, potentially deleterious deoxysphingoid bases in the tgSPTLC1C133W, but not in the wild-type, double-transgenic tgSPTLC1WT + C133Wor SPTLC1+/−mice, suggests that the HSAN1 mutations alter amino acid selectivity of the SPT enzyme such that palmitate is condensed with alanine and glycine, in addition to serine. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that HSAN1 is the result of a gain-of-function mutation in SPTLC1 that leads to accumulation of a toxic metabolite.
Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models
Authors: Anaclet Christelle , Parmentier Régis , Ouk Koliane , Guidon Gérard , Buda Colette , Sastre Jean-Pierre , Akaoka Hidéo , Sergeeva Olga A. , Yanagisawa Masashi , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Franco Patricia , Haas Helmut L. , Lin Jian-Sheng
Published: November 2009

To determine the respective role played by orexin/hypocretin and histamine (HA) neurons in maintaining wakefulness (W), we characterized the behavioral and sleep–wake phenotypes of orexin (Ox) knock-out (−/−) mice and compared them with those of histidine-decarboxylase (HDC, HA-synthesizing enzyme)−/− mice. While both mouse strains displayed sleep fragmentation and increased paradoxical sleep (PS), they presented a number of marked differences: (1) the PS increase inHDC−/−mice was seen during lightness, whereas that inOx−/−mice occurred during darkness; (2) contrary toHDC−/−,Ox−/−mice had no W deficiency around lights-off, nor an abnormal EEG and responded to a new environment with increased W; (3) onlyOx−/−, but notHDC−/−mice, displayed narcolepsy and deficient W when faced with motor challenge. Thus, when placed on a wheel, wild-type (WT), but not littermateOx−/−mice, voluntarily spent their time in turning it and as a result, remained highly awake; this was accompanied by densec-fosexpression in many areas of their brains, including Ox neurons in the dorsolateral hypothalamus. The W and motor deficiency ofOx−/−mice was due to the absence of Ox because intraventricular dosing of orexin-A restored their W amount and motor performance whereas SB-334867 (Ox1-receptor antagonist, i.p.) impaired W and locomotion of WT mice during the test. These data indicate that Ox, but not HA, promotes W through enhanced locomotion and suggest that HA and Ox neurons exert a distinct, but complementary and synergistic control of W: the neuropeptide being more involved in its behavioral aspects, whereas the amine is mainly responsible for its qualitative cognitive aspects and cortical EEG activation.
A Comparative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Anatomy, Variability, and Asymmetry of Broca's Area in the Human and Chimpanzee Brain
Authors: Keller Simon S. , Roberts Neil , Hopkins William
Published: November 2009

The frontal operculum—classically considered to be Broca's area—has special significance and interest in clinical, cognitive, and comparative neuroscience given its role in spoken language and the long-held assumption that structural asymmetry of this region of cortex may be related to functional lateralization of human language. We performed a detailed morphological and morphometric analysis of this area of the brain in humans and chimpanzees using identical image acquisition parameters, image analysis techniques, and consistent anatomical boundaries in both species. We report great inter-individual variability of the sulcal contours defining the operculum in both species, particularly discontinuity of the inferior frontal sulcus in humans and bifurcation of the inferior precentral sulcus in chimpanzees. There was no evidence of population-based asymmetry of the frontal opercular gray matter in humans or chimpanzees. The diagonal sulcus was only identified in humans, and its presence was significantly (F= 12.782,p< 0.001) associated with total volume of the ipsilateral operculum. The findings presented here suggest that there is no population-based interhemispheric macroscopic asymmetry of Broca's area in humans or Broca's area homolog in chimpanzees. However, given that previous studies have reported asymmetry in the cytoarchitectonic fields considered to represent Broca's area—which is important given that cytoarchitectonic boundaries are more closely related to the regional functional properties of cortex relative to sulcal landmarks—it may be that the gross morphology of the frontal operculum is not a reliable indicator of Broca's area per se.
Novel Repression ofKcc2Transcription by REST–RE-1 Controls Developmental Switch in Neuronal Chloride
Authors: Yeo Michele , Berglund Ken , Augustine George , Liedtke Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

Transcriptional upregulation ofKcc2b, the gene variant encoding the major isoform of the KCC2 chloride transporter, underlies a rapid perinatal decrease in intraneuronal chloride concentration (chloride shift), which is necessary for GABA to act inhibitory. Here we identify a novel repressor element-1 (RE-1) site in the 5′ regulatory region ofKcc2b. In primary cortical neurons, which recapitulate the chloride shift in culture, the novel upstream RE-1 together with a known intronic RE-1 site function in concerted interaction to suppressKcc2btranscription. With critical relevance for the chloride shift, only in the presence of the dual RE-1 site could inhibition of REST upregulateKcc2btranscription. For this, we confirmed increased KCC2 protein expression and decreased intraneuronal chloride.Kcc2bdevelopmental upregulation was potentiated by BDNF application, which was fully dependent on the presence of dual RE-1. In addition, the developmental chloride shift and GABA switch, from excitatory to inhibitory action, was accelerated by REST inhibition and slowed by REST overexpression. These results identify the REST–dual RE-1 interaction as a novel mechanism of transcriptionalKcc2bupregulation that significantly contributes to the ontogenetic shift in chloride concentration and GABA action in cortical neurons, which is fundamental for brain function in health and disease. Thus, we present here a new logic for the perinatal chloride shift, which is critical for establishment of GABAergic cortical inhibitory neurotransmission.
Amyloid Precursor Protein Mediates a Tyrosine Kinase-Dependent Activation Response in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Austin Susan A. , Sens Mary A. , Combs Colin K.
Published: November 2009

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a ubiquitously expressed type 1 integral membrane protein. It has the ability to bind numerous extracellular matrix components and propagate signaling responses via its cytoplasmic phospho-tyrosine,682YENPTY687, binding motif. We recently demonstrated increased protein levels of APP, phosphorylated APP (Tyr682), and β-amyloid (Aβ) in brain vasculature of atherosclerotic and Alzheimer's disease (AD) tissue colocalizing primarily within the endothelial layer. This study demonstrates similar APP changes in peripheral vasculature from human and mouseapoE−/−aorta, suggesting that APP-related changes are not restricted to brain vasculature. Therefore, primary mouse aortic endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used as a model system to examine the function of APP in endothelial cells. APP multimerization with an anti-N-terminal APP antibody, 22C11, to simulate ligand binding stimulated an Src kinase family-dependent increase in protein phospho-tyrosine levels, APP phosphorylation, and Aβ secretion. Furthermore, APP multimerization stimulated increased protein levels of the proinflammatory proteins, cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 also in an Src kinase family-dependent manner. Endothelial APP was also involved in mediating monocytic cell adhesion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that endothelial APP regulates immune cell adhesion and stimulates a tyrosine kinase-dependent response driving acquisition of a reactive endothelial phenotype. These APP-mediated events may serve as therapeutic targets for intervention in progressive vascular changes common to cerebrovascular disease and AD.
Correlations of Neuronal and Microvascular Densities in Murine Cortex Revealed by Direct Counting and Colocalization of Nuclei and Vessels
Authors: Tsai Philbert S. , Kaufhold John P. , Blinder Pablo , Friedman Beth , Drew Patrick J. , Karten Harvey J. , Lyden Patrick D. , Kleinfeld David
Published: November 2009

It is well known that the density of neurons varies within the adult brain. In neocortex, this includes variations in neuronal density between different lamina as well as between different regions. Yet the concomitant variation of the microvessels is largely uncharted. Here, we present automated histological, imaging, and analysis tools to simultaneously map the locations of all neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei and the centerlines and diameters of all blood vessels within thick slabs of neocortex from mice. Based on total inventory measurements of different cortical regions (∼107cells vectorized across brains), these methods revealed: (1) In three dimensions, the mean distance of the center of neuronal somata to the closest microvessel was 15 μm. (2) Volume samples within lamina of a given region show that the density of microvessels does not match the strong laminar variation in neuronal density. This holds for both agranular and granular cortex. (3) Volume samples in successive radii from the midline to the ventral-lateral edge, where each volume summed the number of cells and microvessels from the pia to the white matter, show a significant correlation between neuronal and microvessel densities. These data show that while neuronal and vascular densities do not track each other on the 100 μm scale of cortical lamina, they do track each other on the 1–10 mm scale of the cortical mantle. The absence of a disproportionate density of blood vessels in granular lamina is argued to be consistent with the initial locus of functional brain imaging signals.
Timing in the Absence of Supraspinal Input II: Regularly Spaced Stimulation Induces a Lasting Alteration in Spinal Function That Depends on the NMDA Receptor, BDNF Release, and Protein Synthesis
Authors: Baumbauer Kyle M. , Huie John R. , Hughes Abbey J. , Grau James W.
Published: November 2009

The detection of temporal regularity allows organisms to predict the occurrence of future events. When events occur in an irregular manner, uncertainty is increased, and negative outcomes can ensue (e.g., stress). The present study shows that spinal neurons can discriminate between variable- and fixed-spaced stimulation and that the detection of regularity requires training and engages a form of NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity. The impact of stimulus exposure was assessed using a spinally mediated instrumental response, wherein spinally transected rats are given legshock whenever one hindlimb is extended. Over time, they learn to maintain the leg in a flexed position that minimizes net shock exposure. Prior exposure to 180–900 tailshocks given in a variable (unpredictable) manner inhibited this learning. A learning deficit was not observed when 900 tailshocks were applied using a fixed (predictable) spacing. Fixed-spaced stimulation did not have a divergent effect when fewer (180) shocks were presented, implying that the abstraction of temporal regularity required repeated exposure (training). Moreover, fixed-spaced stimulation both prevented and reversed the learning deficit. The protective effect of fixed-spaced shock lasted 48 h, and was prevented by pretreatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide after training blocked the long-term effect. Inhibiting BDNF function, using TrkB-IgG, also eliminated the beneficial effect of fixed-spaced stimulation. The results suggest that spinal systems can detect regularity and that this type of stimulation promotes adaptive plasticity, which may foster recovery after spinal injury.
Telomere Shortening in Neural Stem Cells Disrupts Neuronal Differentiation and Neuritogenesis
Authors: Ferrón Sacri R. , Marqués-Torrejón M. Ángeles , Mira Helena , Flores Ignacio , Taylor Kerrie , Blasco María A. , Fariñas Isabel
Published: November 2009

Proliferation in the subependymal zone (SEZ) and neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb decline in the forebrain of telomerase-deficient mice. The present work reveals additional effects of telomere shortening on neuronal differentiation, as adult multipotent progenitors with critically short telomeres yield reduced numbers of neurons that, furthermore, exhibit underdeveloped neuritic arbors. Genetic data indicate that the tumor suppressor protein p53 not only mediates the adverse effects of telomere attrition on proliferation and self-renewal but it is also involved in preventing normal neuronal differentiation of adult progenitors with dysfunctional telomeres. Interestingly, progenitor cells with short telomeres obtained from fetal brains do not exhibit any replicative defects but also fail to acquire a fully mature neuritic arbor, demonstrating cell cycle-independent effects of telomeres on neuronal differentiation. The negative effect of p53 on neuritogenesis is mechanistically linked to its cooperation with the Notch pathway in the upregulation of small GTPase RhoA kinases, Rock1 and Rock2, suggesting a potential link between DNA damage and the Notch signaling pathway in the control of neuritogenesis. We also show that telomerase expression is downregulated in the SEZ of aging mice leading to telomere length reductions in neurosphere-forming cells and deficient neurogenesis and neuritogenesis. Our results suggest that age-related deficits could be caused partly by dysfunctional telomeres and demonstrate that p53 is a central modulator of adult neurogenesis, regulating both the production and differentiation of postnatally generated olfactory neurons.
In VivoQuantification of Myelin Changes in the Vertebrate Nervous System
Authors: Wang Yanming , Wu Chunying , Caprariello Andrew V. , Somoza Eduardo , Zhu Wenxia , Wang Changning , Miller Robert H.
Published: November 2009

Destruction or changes associated with myelin membranes in the CNS play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and other related neurodegenerative disorders. A long-standing goal has been to detect and quantify myelin contentin vivo. For this reason, we have developed a myelin-imaging technique based on positron emission tomography (PET). PET is a quantitative imaging modality that has been widely used in clinical settings for direct assessment of biological processes at the molecular level. However, lack of myelin-imaging probes has hampered the use of PET for imaging of myelination in the CNS. Here, we report a myelin-imaging agent, termed Case Imaging Compound (CIC) that readily penetrates the blood–brain barrier and preferentially localizes to myelinated regions of the brain. After radiolabeling with positron-emitting carbon-11, [11C]CIC–PET was conducted in longitudinal studies using a lysolethicin-induced rat model of focal demyelination and subsequent remyelination. Quantitative analysis showed that the retention of [11C]CIC correlates with the level of demyelination/remyelination. These studies indicate that, for the first time, [11C]CIC–PET can be used as an imaging marker of myelination, which has the potential to be translated into clinical studies in multiple sclerosis and other myelin-related diseases for early diagnosis, subtyping, and efficacy evaluation of therapeutic treatments aimed at myelin repair.
Analysis of predictive tools for further axillary involvement in patients with sentinel lymph node positive small (≤15 mm) invasive breast cancer
Authors: Cserni Gábor , Bori Rita , Sejben István , Boross Gábor , Maráz Róbert , Svébis Mihály , Rajtár Mária , Tekle Wolde Eliza , Ambrózay Éva
Published: November 2009

Small breast cancers often require different treatment than larger ones. The frequency and predictability of further nodal involvement was evaluated in patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes and breast cancers ≤15 mm by means of 8 different predictive tools. Of 506 patients with such small tumors 138 with positive sentinel nodes underwent axillary dissection and 39 of these had non-sentinel node involvement too. The Stanford nomogram and the micrometastatic nomogram were the predictive tools identifying a small group of patients with low probability of further axillary involvement that might not require completion axillary lymph node dissection. Our data also suggest that the Tenon score can separate subsets of patients with a low and a higher risk of non-sentinel node metastasis. Predictive tools based on multivariate models can help in omitting completion axillary dissection in patients with low risk of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis based on their small tumor size.
The development of laparoscopic technology in light of cholecystectomies performed between 1994 and 2007
Authors: Lukovich Péter , Vanca Tímea , Gerő Dániel , Kupcsulik Péter
Published: November 2009

The spread of laparoscopy has required surgeons to familiarize with a completely new surgical method and by today this method has clearly become of major importance in gastrointestinal surgery. The evolution of laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers many good lessons to learn for the purposes of advanced laparoscopic surgeries and surgeons may benefit from this experience in any process of introducing new minimal invasive techniques. Methods and Material: We have made a retrospective analysis of the data of the cholecystectomies made in the 1st. Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, right after laparoscopy had become a widely spread, routine surgical method (1994) as well as 13 years later (2007). The data have been processed using the SPSS 16.0 application package. Significance levels have been established with the chi-square probe. Results: Within the analyzed timeframe we could clearly see a growing use of laparoscopic techniques (52.09% vs. 90.13%) with a growing number of cases (263/304), unchanged average age (~53.5 years) and constant male/female ratio (75/25%). The BMI increased moderately (26.5 vs. 27.6), but the frequency of laparoscopic interventions on extremely obese patients grew (BMI: 25–30 37.93% vs. 44.39%, 30–35 13.79% vs. 20.6% 35–40 6.89% vs. 5.82% and 40 \lt; 0% vs. 1.34%) while the postoperative hospitalization decreased dramatically from 5.9 days to 2.3. In year 1994, patients spent on the average 2.9 days in hospital after a laparoscopic surgery, while in year 2007 nearly 25% of the patients left the hospital 1 day after surgery. The duration of a laparoscopic surgery decreased from 78 minutes to 53, and the occurrence of intraoperative bleeding, gall bladder perforation and gallstone spillage also decreased. The conversion ratio increased from 2.7% to 4.9%. In 3% of the laparoscopic cholecystectomies (10 patients) only 3 ports were used during surgery. Discussion: As surgeons have come to master the new technique, the previous relative and absolute pros and cons have been revised and at present 90% of cholecystectomies are made using laparoscopy. The data collected in the analysis of laparoscopic techniques can be used to research, learn and eventually introduce Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery.
Role of the endocrine system in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Hagymási Krisztina , Reismann Péter , Rácz Károly , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: November 2009

The most frequent liver disorder in metabolic syndrome is the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Its pathogenesis is a complex, multifactorial process, characterized by insulin resistance and involvement of the endocrine system. Hypothyroidism may lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via hyperlipidemia and obesity. Adult patients with growth hormone deficiency have a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype with obesity and many characteristic metabolic alterations. The chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in metabolic syndrome as well. Cushing’s syndrome has also features of metabolic syndrome. Mild elevation of transaminase activities is commonly seen in patients with adrenal failure. Non-alcoholic steatosis is twice as common in postmenopusal as in premenopausal women and hormonal replacement therapy decreases the risk of steatosis. Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, sleeping apnoe syndrome, cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are more frequent in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hypoandrogenism in males and hyperandrogenism in females may lead to fatty liver via obesity and insulin resistance. Adipokines (leptin, acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin) have a potential role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver. The alterations of endocrine system must be considered in the background of cryptogenic liver diseases. The endocrine perspective may help the therapeutic approaches in the future.
Vivências da vida conjugal: posicionamento das mulheres
Authors: Souto Cláudia Maria Ramos Medeiros , Braga Violante Augusta Batista
Published: November 2009

Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com onze mulheres em situação de violência conjugal. Os dados empíricos foram produzidos mediante oficinas, buscando-se a compreensão das vivências de violência nos discursos das mulheres. Para a composição das categorias analíticas utilizamos a técnica de análise temática de conteúdo. Procedemos a análise foi feita com base nos constructos da categoria gênero presentes ao cotidiano dessas mulheres. Os resultados mostraram que a violência conjugal representa para as mulheres o medo e o aprisionamento e que, na conjugalidade, a mulher está mais susceptível às relações desiguais de poder, com domínio masculino e legitimação da violência. Nas suas falas ficaram evidentes comportamentos e atributos que sustentam a condição feminina de sujeição ao marido e à violência.
Sala de emergência: o cotidiano das vivências com a morte e o morrer pelos profissionais de saúde
Authors: Salomé Geraldo Magela , Cavali Amanda , Espósito Vitória Helena Cunha
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: conhecer as experiências vivenciadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem que trabalham e convivem com a morte em unidade de emergência, possibilitando momentos de reflexão sobre seus significados. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo fenomenológica, realizada com o recurso de entrevistas com profissionais de enfermagem que atuam na sala de emergência de um Hospital Estadual, na cidade de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: A análise dos dados permitiu evidenciar que esses profissionais, ao vivenciarem o processo de morte e morrer, expressam sentimentos de tristeza, impotência, perda, fracasso e medo. CONCLUSÃO: o profissional de enfermagem não está preparado para lidar com tais situações, pois assume um compromisso pela preservação da vida. Também foi possível observar que os sujeitos da pesquisa vivenciam o luto pela morte dos pacientes aos quais prestam cuidados.
Responsabilidade civil dos profissionais de enfermagem nos procedimentos invasivos
Authors: Sousa Cristina Maria Miranda de , Moura Maria Eliete Batista , Santos Ana Maria Ribeiro dos , Nunes Benevina Maria Vilar Teixeira , Alves Maria do Socorro Costa Feitosa
Published: November 2009

Este estudo teve por objetivo apreender as Representações Sociais da Responsabilidade Civil da Enfermagem nos procedimentos invasivos elaboradas pelos profissionais da área. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitaitva desenvolvida em um hospital público com 64 sujeitos. Os dados foram produzidos a partir do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, processados pelo software Tri-Deux Mots, sendo feita Análise Fatorial de Correspondência. O campo representacional dos sujeitos indicou atitudes favoráveis com relação ao estímulo procedimentos invasivos. As concepções sobre o estímulo infecção hospitalar demonstraram uma visão ampla do problema das infecções hospitalares e suas graves consequências. Porém, não se observou preocupação e manifestação nas representações sociais dos sujeitos sobre as responsabilidades civil do profissional de Enfermagem.
Processo de cuidar da criança queimada: vivência de familiares
Authors: Varela Milla Chianca Gomes , Vasconcelos Josilene de Melo Buriti , Santos Iolanda Bezerra da Costa , Pedrosa Ivanilda Lacerda , Sousa Alana Tamar Oliveira de
Published: November 2009

Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a vivência de familiares no cuidado da criança que sofreu queimadura. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório, em um hospital de emergência na cidade de João Pessoa - PB, com dez acompanhantes de crianças hospitalizadas, vítimas de queimadura. Os resultados mostraram que os agentes térmicos foram os maiores causadores das queimaduras nas crianças. O discurso dos participantes revela que a maioria dos acidentes ocorreu na presença do cuidador, menciona algumas condutas erradas após a ocorrência do acidente e alguns consideram a experiência de cuidar da criança queimada como negativa, o que evidencia a necessidade de orientação da população em geral e a participação no cuidar da criança queimada.
Representação social de pais sobre o filho prematuro na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal
Authors: Carvalho Jovanka Bittencourt Leite de , Araújo Ana Cristina Pinheiro Fernandes , Costa Íris do Céu Clara , Brito Rosineide Santana de , Souza Nilba Lima de
Published: November 2009

Pesquisa qualitativaa que teve como objetivo conhecer a representação social do pai diante do filho prematuro. Os dados foram coletados no período de maio a junho de 2008 por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, junto a 17 pais cujos filhos prematuros estavam internados na UTIN de duas instituições públicas de natal-RN. Os depoimentos foram tratados e analisados com base na teoria das representações sociais (TRS). Os resultados revelaram que os pais ao estarem com seus filhos internados vivenciam emoções que são traduzidas por medo, angústia, ansiedade, solidão e se entremeiam a fé, alegria e esperança. Para o pai a UTIN representa um ambiente assustador, mas necessário aos cuidados especializados requeridos pelas condições do recém nascido prematuro.
Enfermagem enquanto disciplina: que campo de conhecimento identifica a profissão?
Authors: Almeida Maria Cecília Puntel de , Mishima Silvana Martins , Pereira Maria José Bistafa , Palha Pedro Fredemir , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena , Fortuna Cinira Magali , Matumoto Sílvia
Published: November 2009

Propõe-se uma reflexão crítica acerca do conhecimento que vem sendo produzido pela enfermagem, que a identifica como uma disciplina e a suficiência ou não deste conhecimento, pautado nas ciências positivas e, portanto, com arcabouço de ciência e disciplina científica para constituir os fundamentos do Cuidado, o objeto de trabalho da prática de enfermagem. Numa perspectiva histórica aborda como a enfermagem brasileira, principalmente, a partir da década de 90 do último século, vem se dedicando a problematização teórico-prática e em experiências concretas sobre o Cuidado ancorado nas diversas vertentes do conhecimento, sinalizando a necessidade da continuidade dessa produção de conhecimento que se articule às experiências práticas/cotidianas da enfermagem, incluindo para tal outras correntes do conhecimento voltadas para a dimensão ontológica, existencial, dialógica e outras, pois o processo saúde-doença é sempre complexo carregado de valores éticos que expressa a singularidade do homem.
Produção do conhecimento sobre o processo de trabalho na enfermagem
Authors: Ramos Flávia Regina Souza , Gelbcke Francine Lima , Lorenzetti Jorge
Published: November 2009

Trata de uma reflexão acerca da produção do conhecimento sobre o processo de trabalho, a partir de alguns questionamentos: quem e de onde se fala sobre o trabalho da enfermagem? Destaca-se neste contexto o papel das pós-graduações e da própria ABEn na produção do conhecimento sobre o processo de trabalho. Acerca do papel das pós-graduações, são identificadas as linhas de pesquisa voltadas a esta temática e faz-se uma análise desta produção a partir de estudos realizados por um grupo de pesquisa (Práxis/UFSC), que identificou suas fortalezas e fragilidades em dois estudos acerca da produção do grupo em teses e dissertações. As categorias mais abordadas foram a organização do trabalho, a saúde do trabalhador e alguns temas da relação trabalho e subjetividade; as lacunas se referem a estudos sobre os objetos e os produtos do processo de trabalho; avaliação da qualidade da assistência; necessidades dos sujeitos do cuidado; da finalidade do trabalho e sobre a própria práxis no cenário histórico-social. Finaliza-se reafirmando a importância de pesquisarmos sobre nosso próprio trabalho, em suas múltiplas possibilidades de objetos e abordagens.
Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem: instrumental tecnológico para a prática profissional
Authors: Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima da , Garcia Telma Ribeiro
Published: November 2009

Considera-se o uso de tecnologias de informação como instrumentos que podem fazer com que a prática de enfermagem se torne visível no conjunto de dados de saúde, locais, nacionais e internacionais, de modo a influenciar na elaboração de políticas de saúde e de educação. Aborda-se o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de classificação em enfermagem, com ênfase na Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®, como instrumental tecnológico para a prática profissional, que tem como um dos principais critérios para sua construção o de ser suficientemente ampla e sensível à diversidade cultural, de modo que sirva aos múltiplos propósitos requeridos pelos distintos países onde será utilizada.
A enfermagem no Brasil no contexto da força de trabalho em saúde: perfil e legislação
Authors: Pereira Maria José Bistafa , Fortuna Cinira Magali , Mishima Silvana Martins , Almeida Maria Cecília Puntel de , Matumoto Silvana
Published: November 2009

Este artigo parte da referência da enfermagem como prática social, apóia-se na categoria trabalho para abordar a força de trabalho em enfermagem no Brasil. Resgata historicamente a conformação do seu perfil vinculada à organização mais geral do setor saúde do país. O perfil do trabalhador relaciona-se à finalidade que se imprime ao processo de trabalho em saúde. Entendemos que as forças em movimento no contexto da saúde são contingenciadas, mas que seus atores organizados podem imprimir direções determinadas pelo âmbito técnico, ético e político. Lançamos o convite para a reflexão sobre quais perfis de enfermagem defendemos e queremos para os múltiplos Brasis. Destacamos características do trabalhador de enfermagem generalista, assinalando que para esta formação serão necessários novos arranjos de poderes e saberes que poderão construir outros perfis e contornos para o trabalho em saúde e para a enfermagem, de forma mais comprometida com os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde.
Comportamentos em saúde entre idosos hipertensos, Brasil, 2006
Authors: Costa Maria Fernanda Furtado de Lima e , Peixoto Sérgio Viana , César Cibele Comini , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Moura Erly Catarina de
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Estimar as prevalências de comportamentos prejudiciais à saúde e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular entre idosos com hipertensão auto-referida e comparando-as com de não-hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), referentes aos 9.038 idosos residentes em domicílios com pelo menos uma linha telefônica fixa nas 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2006. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de hipertensão auto-referida foi de 55% (IC 95%: 53;57). A maioria dos hipertensos apresentava concomitância de três ou mais fatores de risco (69%; IC 95%: 67;71). Foram observadas altas prevalências de atividades físicas insuficientes no lazer (88%; IC 95%: 86;89) e do consumo de frutas e hortaliças inferior a cinco porções diárias (90%; IC 95%: 88;90) entre hipertensos, seguidas pela adição de sal aos alimentos (60%; IC 95%: 57;63), consumo habitual de carnes gordurosas (23%; IC 95%: 21;25), tabagismo (9%; IC 95%: 7;10) e consumo abusivo de álcool (3%; IC 95%: 2;4). Essas prevalências foram semelhantes às observadas entre não hipertensos (p >0,05), exceto tabagismo. A prevalência do tabagismo foi menor entre hipertensos (razão de prevalência ajustada [RPA] = 0,75; IC 95%: 0,64;0,89) e as prevalências de sobrepeso (RPA= 1,37; IC 95%: 1,25;1,49), dislipidemia (RPA 1,36; IC 95%: 1,26;1,36) e diabetes (RPA= 1,37; IC 95%: 1,27;1,37) foram mais altas. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que, exceto tabagismo, os comportamentos prejudiciais à saúde entre idosos persistem após o diagnóstico da hipertensão arterial.
Análise multinível das variações no índice de massa corporal entre adultos, Brasil, 2006
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , Moura Erly Catarina de
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Analisar variações do índice de massa corporal (IMC) entre adultos segundo fatores individuais e características ambientais das cidades. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados de 2006 do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL). Trata-se de inquérito baseado em entrevistas telefônicas realizadas em amostras probabilísticas da população com idade >18 anos nas 26 capitais estaduais brasileiros e no Distrito Federal. A análise de fatores associados incluiu variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, individuais e ambientais da cidade referentes a 49.395 participantes do VIGITEL. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por escore de alimentação saudável e pelo consumo de frutas e hortaliças cinco ou mais vezes por dia. Atividade física foi avaliada pela freqüência e duração de exercícios, e pela presença local de equipamentos para realizá-los. As associações foram testadas em modelos lineares multinível (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: As associações do IMC com as variáveis explicativas individuais diferiram entre os sexos. Escolaridade associou-se positivamente ao IMC em homens e negativamente em mulheres. Consumo de frutas e hortaliças associou-se positivamente ao IMC em homens. Para ambos, a existência de localidades para realizar exercícios associou-se negativamente com o IMC. CONCLUSÕES: Embora haja grande discrepância nas médias de IMC entre as cidades brasileiras, a existência de local para atividade física, características econômicas e de consumo alimentar pouco explicaram a variação no IMC.
Prevalência de diagnóstico auto-referido de osteoporose, Brasil, 2006
Authors: Martini Lígia Araujo , Moura Erly Catarina de , Santos Luana Caroline dos , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Pinheiro Marcelo de Medeiros
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de osteoporose auto-referida (com diagnóstico médico prévio) e de fatores de risco e proteção associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal baseado em dados do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL). Foram entrevistados 54.369 indivíduos com idade >18 anos residentes em domicílios servidos por pelo menos uma linha telefônica fixa nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal em 2006. Estimativas de osteoporose segundo fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e índice de massa corporal foram estratificadas por sexo. Foram calculados riscos de ocorrência de osteoporose para cada variável individualmente, e em modelo multivariado, considerando-se odds ratio como proxy da razão de prevalência. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de osteoporose referida foi de 4,4%, predominantemente entre mulheres (7,0%), com idade >45 anos, estado civil não solteiro e ex-fumante. Entre homens, ter mais de 65 anos, ser casado ou viúvo e sedentário associaram-se positivamente ao desfecho. CONCLUSÕES: Dentre os fatores associados à osteoporose, destacam-se aspectos modificáveis relacionados com a prevenção da doença, como a atividade física e tabagismo.
Características das prescrições no transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade
Authors: Camargos Jr. Walter , Nicolato Rodrigo
Published: November 2009

OBJETIVO: O trabalho busca conhecer, no atual momento, a realidade das prescrições para o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. MÉTODO: Revisão não sistemática dos descritores "transtorno de falta de atenção/ hiperatividade" e "prescrição de medicamentos" e seus similares em inglês. Foram utilizados os seguintes limitadores: publicações de 10 anos até novembro de 2008, idiomas inglês, francês, espanhol e português, nas bases de dados do Medline, SciELO, Lilacs, áreas especializadas e Cochrane. Não foram utilizados os artigos referentes ao uso ilícito e aspectos clínicos em geral. RESULTADOS: Foram tratados 8 itens: sistema de prescrições, características socioculturais, os sistemas de saúde que influenciam as prescrições, tempo de uso das medicações, aumento das prescrições, aspectos em comum, dosagens e prescrição em idades abaixo de 5 anos. CONCLUSÕES: Alguns aspectos são preocupantes, como a baixa adesão aos tratamentos medicamentosos, doses médias de metilfenidato relativamente baixas e aumento das prescrições de psicoestimulantes para crianças de até 3 anos. Características sociais e o sistema de saúde utilizado pelo afetado também geram grandes variações na prática clínica. Uma questão interessante é a evidência de que o sistema brasileiro de prescrições não é o mais restritivo.
Associations, causation and model in psychiatry
Authors: Caetano Dorgival , Cahill Judith , Guimarães Liliana Andolpho Magalhães
Published: November 2009

This paper discusses models, associations and causation in psychiatry. The different types of association (linear, positive, negative, exponential, partial, U shaped relationship, hidden and spurious) between variables involved in mental disorders are presented as well as the use of multiple regression analysis to disentangle interrelatedness amongst multiple variables. A useful model should have internal consistency, external validity and predictive power; be dynamic in order to accommodate new sound knowledge; and should fit facts rather than they other way around. It is argued that whilst models are theoretical constructs they also convey a style of reasoning and can change clinical practice. Cause and effect are complex phenomena in that the same cause can yield different effects. Conversely, the same effect can have a different range of causes. In mental disorders and human behaviour there is always a chain of events initiated by the indirect and remote cause; followed by intermediate causes; and finally the direct and more immediate cause. Causes of mental disorders are grouped as those: (i) which are necessary and sufficient; (ii) which are necessary but not sufficient; and (iii) which are neither necessary nor sufficient, but when present increase the risk for mental disorders.
Fobia alimentar associada a magreza: um diagnóstico diferencial com anorexia nervosa
Authors: Silva Vera Garcia da , Papelbaum Marcelo
Published: November 2009

A fobia alimentar (FA) ou fagofobia é um transtorno caracterizado pelo medo condicionado e excessivo de comer e engolir, muitas vezes precipitado por um evento de vômito ou engasgo. Existem poucos casos de FA descritos na literatura científica, o que dificulta a definição da sua prevalência. Apesar disso, a fagofobia apresenta importância clínica em função do risco de complicações clínicas e da possibilidade de erro diagnóstico por confusão com outras condições que acarretem restrição alimentar, como a anorexia nervosa. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um caso de FA e discutir a psicopatologia desse transtorno, as dificuldades diagnósticas e recomendações terapêuticas, tendo como base a evolução clínica do caso e as evidências científicas atuais.
Ecology and the challenge of a multifunctional use of soil
Authors: Lavelle Patrick
Published: November 2009

Soil zoology and soil ecology have become very active fields of research since the early 1990s. A search in the ISI Web of Science databases showed a steady increase in publications about that theme over the last two decades, and 3,612 bibliographic references were found for that theme for the period of 2004 to 2008. The researches covered mostly soil environmental issues, toxicology and ecology. The issue of theoretical development in soil ecology is discussed, and arguments are presented against the idea that the soil ecology theory is deficient. Finally, the need for a general model of soil function and soil management is discussed and some options are presented to reach this goal.
State of the science and the way forward for the ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated land
Authors: Kuperman Roman G. , Checkai Ronald T. , Garcia Marcos Vinicius Bastos , Römbke Jörg , Stephenson Gladys L. , Sousa José Paulo
Published: November 2009

Over the past two decades, soil ecotoxicologists have made strides in utilizing the basic concepts and advancements in soil zoology and ecology. They have applied the existing tools, and developed new ones to investigate how chemical contamination can affect soil ecosystems, including the degradation or destruction of soil quality and habitats or the diminishment of belowground biodiversity. Soil ecotoxicologists are applying a suite of standard protocols, originally developed as laboratory tests with single chemicals (e.g., pesticides), and further enhancing both the approaches and protocols for the assessment of contaminated lands. However, ecological relevance of some approaches remains unresolved. The authors discuss the main challenges for a coherent ecotoxicological assessment of soil ecosystems amid contaminated lands, and provide recommendations on how to integrate the effects of physical and chemical soil properties, the variations in the diversity of soil invertebrates, and the interactions among organisms of various trophic levels. The review examines new international approaches and test methods using examples from three continents (in particular research conducted in Brazil), and provides recommendations for improving ecological relevance of ecotoxicological investigations of contaminated lands.