bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tradition and Modernity Revisited
Authors: Kothari Rajni
Published: June 2007

EPOCHS OF MAJOR SOCIAL CHANGE HAVE ALWAYS BEEN A SPURT to intense intellectual effort. The emergence of the new nations and their economic and political modernization constitutes one such epoch in history. The phenomenon has demanded from the student of society new modes of understanding and analysis, has provided him with both a challenge and an opportunity, and has called for new insights and a continuous re-fashioning of conceptual schemes. What is more, the nature of the change in these societies differs in significant respects from the experience of earlier epochs. It is neither the cumulative result of an outburst of creativity that marked the scientific and industrial revolutions in the West, nor a sharp break with the past brought about by a ‘bourgeois’ or ‘proletarian’ revolution, although undoubtedly both of these strands are involved in varying proportions. A deliberate attempt at condensing several centuries into a short span, the occurrence of ‘simultaneous change’ in so many spheres of life, the phenomenon of cultural dualism in so many societies, and the complex interactions caused by the constant closing in of national and international horizons, have led to a situation of continuous flux and readjustment that seems to have neither a beginning, nor possibly an end.
Background to the Study of Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe
Authors: Skilling H. Gordon
Published: June 2007

TO DISCUSS ‘OPPOSITION’ IN A ONE-PARTY SYSTEM, AND IN PARTICULAR in a communist one, might seem on first thought to involve a contradiction in terms. Communist governments have normally been regarded in the West as systems without opposition except in the form of illegal resistance by sections of the population to the regimes themselves. Yet Leonard Schapiro, in his foreword to the first issue of the journal, Government and Opposition, expressed the view that both government and opposition are always and at all times present (or potentially present) in every political order and referred to ‘the tentative process of loyal dissent’ becoming apparent in one-party states. A striking feature of many of the communist states since the death of Stalin has in fact been the emergence of political tendencies that can only be called ‘oppositional’, in the form either of resisting policies enacted or offered by the ruling party, or of proposing alternative courses of action. The observation of these tendencies by Western scholars, and the analysis of the experience of noncommunist states in Africa and Asia, have led to a re-examimtion of the nature of one-party states in general, and to the recognition that not only has opposition never been totally absent from communist systems, but that it has assumed more vigorous and varied forms in recent years.
Gramsci's Presence
Authors: Galli Federico Mancini — Giorgio
Published: June 2007

1967, ONE MIGHT SAY, HAS BEEN GRAMSCI'S YEAR IN ITALY. In April a conference on the communist thinker was held in Cagliari, the capital city of his native island, Sardinia. A noteworthy book and several important essays dealing with his work, and a new history of the PCI from 1921 to 1926, have considerably enriched the already vast literature on the subject. Impassioned debates over Gramsci's political and intellectual legacy have vivified the usually drowsy atmosphere of the ‘cultural dubs’ in a number of middlesize towns, especially in the South. The time seems therefore appropriate for a reappraisal of Gramsci's role in present-day Italian culture and politics. In other words: how does Gramsci affect the contemporary Italian intellectual? More significantly, what does Gramsci mean to the leaders of the crisis-tom party he contributed to found and controlled before the day of his imprisonment?
The Effects of Globalization and Turbulence on Policy‐Making Processes
Authors: Campanella Miriam L.
Published: June 2007

During Recent Years, Analysts of World Politics Have noted increasing tensions and conflicts between the countries of the OECD area. As the process of globalization is extending to include several new sectors of domestic economies, multilateralism is deteriorating and perhaps, in some sectors, reaching breaking-point. Globalization, widely acknowledged as a powerful engine for the growth of the world economy during the 1970s and 1980s is now splitting up into trading blocs and much more limited minilateralism. This contribution aims at analysing the extent to which policy-making could be improved so that it can address and deal with the effects of globalization and turbulence on domestic and international environments.
Political Science, Political Theory and Policy‐Making in an Interdependent World
Authors: Dunn John
Published: June 2007

For Anyone Interested in Modern Politics There Could scarcely be a more pressing issue than how best to approach the task of identifying and comprehending the novel political challenges and opportunities which flow from the ever increasing interdependence of the destinies of human populations. At the intersection between challenge and opportunity there lie both fresh processes of policymaking and implementation and distinctly older political routines and habits of mind: the attempt at worst to pour very new and volatile wine into disturbingly antiquated bottles, or at best to bring the accumulated resources of centuries of statecraft to bear upon a bewildering array of often unprecedented hazards.
The Democratic Deficit of the European Union: Towards Closer Cooperation between the European Parliament and the National Parliaments
Authors: Neunreither Karlheinz
Published: June 2007

During Recent Years, The Notion of The Democratic deficit has become, together with subsidiarity, or transparency, one of the most popdar subjects for conferences on European Union. While almost everyone seems to agree that a democratic deficit exists, it is far from certain that there is a general understanding of what is meant by it.

The most radical meaning would be that the European Union (EU) as such is undemocratic and that its decision-making does not correspond to democratic norms. Quite often when national governments have to explain unpopular decisions of the EU, responsibility for these uncomfortable situations is attributed to a faceless monster, the ‘Brussels bureaucracy’. The assumption is that a very strong central authority exists which embodies the power of decision-making and that democratic accountability of this central authority either does not exist or at least is not sufficiently guaranteed. In other words, the EU institutional system does not comply with democratic norms. This is by far the most extreme definition of a democratic deficit.
Prospects for Television in Europe
Authors: Wedell George
Published: June 2007

The Classical Model for Broadcasting Structures in Europe is one based on national autarchy and linguistic exclusivity. The model derives from the introduction of radio broadcasting in the 1920s. As always in the field of communications, developments art supply-led rather than demand-led. Thus the early radio manufacturers established local radio stations to demonstrate their new equipment at a time when governments had not formulated any policies to deal with the new phenomenon.
Letter from Romania
Authors: Mungiu Alina , Pippidi Andrei
Published: June 2007

More Than Four Years Have Passed Since The Uprising against Nicolae Ceausescu in December 1989. If the revolt of the Romanians, after years in which Ceausescu encountered practically no opposition to his personal harsh dictatorship, surprised the entire world, the subsequent evolution of Romanian society seemed to return to the sad pattern of old: a country with little democratic tradition and maybe the most damaged by communism of all Eastern European countries would be expected to meet great difficulties and take more time to become a freemarket, liberal-based democracy. What is left of this prognosis more than four years after Ceausescu's fall?

Communism is dead, but the communist spirit continues to hover over Eastern Europe. In most of the states there is a peculiar resilience of the class structures imposed by the previous regime. This is not a new situation, which could explain in part the relative popularity of that system even in the countries where it was imported from abroad by Soviet military occupation. To speak nowadays about the popularity of communism, however relative, may sound like an affront to the numerous people who either perished in gaols and camps or barely survived after almost fifty years of political homogenization and isolation.
‘Everybody has Won, So All Must Have Prizes’: Reflections on the South African General Election
Authors: Spence J. E.
Published: June 2007

For South Africa 1994 was an Annus Mirabilis. Despite pre-election predictions of violent disruption, the country's first democratic general election took place in an atmosphere of reconciliation and hope for a future in which past injustice would be rectified and the ‘new South Africa’ welcomed back into the international community. For a brief moment — and, of course, it might not last as the inevitable constraints imposed by scarce resources, rising expectations and external pressures complicate decision making — South Africa appeared to have taken a major step towards Nelson Mandela's goal of a ‘nation united in diversity’. Certainly, one striking feature of the four-year transition was the willingness of the elites engaged in the negotiating process to accommodate each other as they sought to reach agreement on a new constitution in a spirit of ‘consensus and compromise’. And the same spirit is meant to inspire the day-to-day working of the Government of National Unity and Reconstruction (GNU) which, in effect, is a grand coalition of all the major talents.
The Social Market and Liberal Order: Theory and Policy Implications
Authors: Sally Razeen
Published: June 2007

During the Early 1990s the Term Social Market economy has been used rather loosely; this is not surprising since the theory is derived from a specifically German tradition of political economy with little or no resonance outside the Germanspeaking area. The leading thinkers in the genre are hardly known in English-speaking circles and most of their works remain untranslated.

The fundamental purpose of this article is to present this rich and diverse strand of thought to a non-German audience barely aware of its existence, to point out possibilities for developing the international aspects of such a theory, and to highlight policy issues concerning the post-cold war European and international orders which can be addressed from social market perspectives.
The Religious Elite Connection and Some Problems of Israeli Democracy
Authors: Etzioni-Halevy Eva
Published: June 2007

This Article is Addressed to the Qufstion Which Has recently caught the attention of scholars of the role of elites in promoting, or conversely impairing, democracy. It is based on the thesis that when elites are separate and relatively autonomous from the political elite which is in government, this promotes democracy. Conversely, when elites are closely connected, this impairs proper democratidelectoral procedures. The paper marshals illustrative-empirical support for this thesis from the relations between two elites in one Westem-style democracy: the religious elite and the political elite of government parties in Israel. It traces the intricate connections between religious leaders and the leaders of the government. It shows that these damage the freedom of elections, and enfeeble Israeli democracy.
Building a Parliamentary Europe
Authors: Duff Andrew
Published: June 2007

The European Parliament is The First Directly Elected international parliament in history. June 1994 marks the beginning of its fourth term of five years. The Treaty on European Union, which came into force on 1 November 1993, strengthens the powers of the Parliament in a number of significant ways. Now is a good time, therefore, to reflect on the development of the European Parliament, and to speculate on its potential.
The Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention: The Executive Power of the Law of Nature, After God
Authors: Dunn John
Published: June 2007

There are at Least Three Possible Types of View about the justifiability of the use of force by states or private individuals on behalf of other private individuals or groups who are the victims of brutal and gratuitous coercion by another state. The first type of view is that no human being, and afortiorino state, can be justified in using force under any circumstances and for any purpose, because (andonlybecause) force is an intrinsic evil. This unflinchingly deontological view is generous but practically absurd. The second type of view is that states (or even private individuals) can be, and often arc, justified in using force against the brutally coercive actions of another state when, but only when, the latter is acting outside its own territorial jurisdiction. At least in the case of states what grounds that justification is their entitlement to defend themselves against foreign (as against domestic) aggression, and to defend also any other states with whom they have linked themselves either by standing alliances or by solemn common undertakings to secure each other's safety and sovereignty within the bounds of international law. In the case of private individuals, the corresponding justification would lie in their several personal entitlements to defend themselves as best they can against aggression.
On S. E. Finer’s Electoral Theory
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: June 2007

The Dustjacket of S. E. Finer's Adversary Politics and electoral Reform, published in 1975, reminds us that his older brother Herman Finer was one of the staunchest and best-known opponents of proportional representation (PR), and points out that S. E. Finer long shared his brother's point of view: in fact, ‘until twelve months ago Professor Finer was still adhering to this view. In advocating proportional representation as he does in this book, . . . he has abandoned the intellectual convictions of a lifetime’. In his later essay ‘Adversary Politics and the Eighties,’ published in 1982, he again pinpoints 1974 as the year of his conversion to PR.
Ministers, Civil Servants and the Constitution
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: June 2007

Sammy Finer Contributed To so Many Areas of political science – comparative government, international relations, sociological theory, electoral studies – that it is often forgotten that his first love was public administration, the subject of his first two books, his Primer of public Administration, published in 1950 and his biography of Sir Edwin Chadwick published in 1952. In addition, Sammy published a seminal article on ‘The Individual Responsibiity of Ministers’ in the journal Public Administration in 1956.

In that article, written in the aftermath of the Crichel Down controversy, Sammy refuted what he called the ‘folklore’ that surrounded the principle of individual responsibility, showing that there was no convention of resignation for administrative fault, and that, in any case, resignation was an ineffective remedy for departmental mismanagement.
Dealing in Green Votes: France, 1993
Authors: Holliday Ian
Published: June 2007

Conditions In The Market For Votes Have Changed throughout Europe in recent years. Markets which for much of the post-war period were characterized chiefly by voter loyalty to governing parties and plausible challengers to them, have latterly been subject to significant elements of uncertainty and fragmentation. Not only have votes been switched with increasing rapidity, they have also been cast increasingly for parties which lie outside hitherto established frameworks of electoral politics. Perceived governing incompetence has dearly been a major factor in this transformation, but broader social change has also played a part. The consequence is that European electoral markets present increasingly open terrain for party political competition. Not for many years have possibilities for market entrance been as good.
A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?
Authors: Gunning Jeroen
Published: June 2007

That ‘terrorism research’ is mired by epistemological, methodological and political-normative problems is well established. What is usually overlooked is that, beyond the difficulties inherent in ‘terrorism research’, these problems are exacerbated by two further factors: the predominance of what Cox called a ‘problem-solving’ approach, and the dispersed nature of much of the more rigorous, ‘critical’ and conceptually innovative research on ‘terrorism’ in cognate fields that, for ideological, theoretical or practical reasons, are reluctant to engage with ‘terrorism studies’. A ‘critical turn’ is needed to reverse both these trends, but it must be inclusive and seek to be policy relevant.
Constructing Enemies: ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse
Authors: Jackson Richard
Published: June 2007

The term ‘Islamic terrorism’ has become a ubiquitous feature of Western political and academic counter-terrorism discourse in recent years. Examining over 300 political and academic texts and employing a discourse analytic approach, this article attempts to describe and dissect the central terms, assumptions, labels, narratives and genealogical roots of the language and knowledge of ‘Islamic terrorism’ and to reflect on its practical and normative consequences. It concludes that for the most part, political and academic discourses of ‘Islamic terrorism’ are unhelpful, not least because they are highly politicized, intellectually contestable, damaging to community relations and practically counter-productive.
Constructing the ‘Ummah’ in European Security: Between Exit, Voice and Loyalty
Authors: Volpi Frédéric
Published: June 2007

The security discourses and practices that grew exponentially in Europe after 9/11 facilitated the elaboration of a counter-discourse on identity and security among many Muslim communities. In this context, the state's attempts to ‘discipline’ the Muslim communities produced an instrumental alliance between officials and those Islamic leaders deemed moderate enough to represent the ‘Muslim community’. Undermining this alliance of convenience are not primarily the global terror networks that triggered the securitization overdrive but rather those ‘amateur jihadists’ whose individualized approaches to religiosity increasingly undermine the political efforts to organize and institutionalize Islamic authority inside the framework of the nation-state.
Hexane extracts from Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. protect stored maize against the weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: KOONA Paul , MALAA Dorothy , KOONA Olga E. S.
Published: June 2007

Powdered dried leaves of Tephrosia vogelii (Hook) (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) were extracted using hexane, acetone, and ethanol. The extracts were tested for their ability to protect stored maize from damage by Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, the major maize weevil in Africa. The acetone and ethanol extracts were ineffective, but the hexane extract had a relatively high efficacy, producing within 7 days a slow reduction in adult survival, reduced numbers of eggs laid and reduced numbers of F1 progeny, resulting in seed damage averaging 8.8% compared with 98.6% in the untreated control after one generation. This hexane extract provided control of S. zeamais at a higher level compared with neem (the botanical control) but at a lower level compared with pirimiphos‐methyl (the synthetic control). These findings are discussed in the context of T. vogelii containing rotenoids.
Rearing method for the sporophagous thrips Bactrothrips brevitubus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae)
Authors: SHIBATA Tomohiro , KRANZ Brenda D. , TSUCHIDA Koji
Published: June 2007

Mycophagous and particularly sporophagous thrips are difficult to rear under laboratory conditions, and this has been a major constraint in studying the life histories of such thrips in any detail. We developed a rearing method for Bactrothrips brevitubus, a sporophagous Japanese thrips, that can be modified readily to rear other sporophagous species. This method can maintain all developmental stages of the thrips by controlling humidity, temperature and fungal spore density. The method enables rearing over multiple generations, thereby facilitating investigations of the relationship between environmental conditions (e.g. food quantity) and breeding system (e.g. reproductive mode and offspring sex ratio).
Effect of laboratory culture conditions on population growth ofProisotoma minuta(Tullberg) (Collembola: Isotomidae)
Authors: PARK Eun‐Kee
Published: June 2007

The collembolanProisotoma minuta(Tullberg) was successfully maintained in a laboratory culture that could be used to produce large numbers ofP. minutaof standard size and physiological condition. The general life history ofP. minutawas studied using a substrate comprising a mixture of plaster of Paris and charcoal with baker's yeast as food. The mean time taken for eggs to hatch following oviposition was 10.6 ± 1.3 days at 17.5°C and 6 ± 0.5 days at 23°C. Conditions in the culture were very important for the production of large insect populations. Growth of the cultures was limited by the increasing population size and was probably affected by contamination of the habitat by the deposition of excretory materials.Proisotoma minutafrom a population that had ceased egg production started oviposition after individuals were transferred to a fresh plaster of Paris and charcoal habitat.
Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and analysis of factors influencing populations in Baoshanba, Yunnan, China
Authors: CHEN Peng , YE Hui
Published: June 2007

Population dynamics of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), were monitored year‐round using methyl eugenol‐baited traps in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 in Baoshanba, Yunnan Province, China. Environmental factors including air temperature, rainfall and host‐plant species were analyzed with respect to the population dynamics. This species occurred only during April–November, with one yearly peak in August. The population fluctuation patterns with respect to season were identical in all study years. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis indicated that air temperature, rainfall, sunlight hours and relative humidity were the major climatic factors that correlated with changes in the size of the fly population, and that monthly mean temperature, monthly sunlight hours and monthly relative humidity were most important. The seasonal increase in population size coincided with the fruiting period of the fly's host plants, but host fruit availability influenced the population size only when temperatures were sufficiently high. Cold temperatures may explain why there was no trap capture in the winter months. We believe that air temperature is the key factor explaining the seasonal occurrence of the fly population at Baoshanba.
Association and description of males, females and larvae of two New Caledonian Xanthochorema species (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and COI sequences
Authors: JOHANSON Kjell Arne
Published: June 2007

A method for associating larvae, females and males of Trichoptera is demonstrated for New Caledonian Hydrobiosidae species of the genus Xanthochorema, using cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S mitochondrial gene sequences. Two species, X. caledon Kimmins, 1953 and X. celadonSchmid, 1989, previously with unknown larvae and undescribed females, were associated, and males, females and larvae of both species are described. Mitochondrial COI and 16S gene fragments are demonstrated to be useful for association of sexes and life stages of the two species, and distance measures show that the method is likely to also be useful for other species within the genus. The associations are well supported by high bootstrap and jackknife values.
Postnatal Growth Deficits in Prenatal Ethanol‐Exposed Mice: Characteristics and Critical Periods
Authors: Middaugh Lawrence D. , Boggan William O.
Published: June 2007

We previously reported that offspring of C57BL/6 mice maintained on liquid diets containing 20% or 25% ethanol‐derived calories throughout pregnancy had birth weights comparable with controls but had weight reductions that became manifest around 23 to 28 days postnatally. Since this pattern of weight reduction may represent an unrecognized condition for human ethanol exposure, we completed a number of experiments to more thoroughly characterize the altered growth of prenatal ethanol exposed C57BL/6 mice. The results of this study indicate that consumption of liquid diets containing either 17% or 25% ethanol‐derived calories during pregnancy can reduce growth of male and female offspring. Although attenuated postnatal growth of prenatal ethanol‐exposed rodents is not commonly reported, prospective studies in humans suggest that in addition to having lower birth weights, children prenatally exposed to ethanol are postnatally growth retarded. Mice exposed to the low ethanol doses used in the present study had normal birth weights; however, their growth was attenuated between 19 and 28 days of age (preadolescent growth spurt) resulting in a weight reduction for at least 35 days, and which according to our previous report could extend into adulthood. The latter stages of gestation appear to be more sensitive to the postnatal growth retarding effect of prenatal ethanol exposure than early gestation. Caloric deficiency and postnatal maternal factors were eliminated as possible mechanisms for the growth deficit.
The Role of Cirrhosis in Memory Functioning of Alcoholics
Authors: Arria A. M. , Tarter R. E. , Kabene M. A. , Laird S. B. , Moss H. , Thiel D. H. Van
Published: June 2007

The effects of alcoholism and liver disease on memory functioning in alcoholics were studied by comparing four groups: normal healthy controls, alcoholics without liver disease, alcoholics with biopsyconfirmed cirrhosis, and nonalcoholics with postnecrotic cirrhosis. Memory capacity was evaluatod employing the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), the Rey‐Osterreith Complex Figure Test, Digit Span, and the Brown Peterson four‐word short‐term memory test. A 2 times 2 ANOVA revealed significant main effects for both alcohol and cirrhosis on Digits Forward and the total score on the Brown Peterson test. Additionally, there were significant main effects for cirrhosis on the BVRT. The Brown Peterson test was analyzed using a repeated measures 2×2 ANOVA. Significant effects for cirrhosis were observed at all three interpolation periods. The effects for alcohol approached significance at the 30‐s‐ec (most difficult) interpolation period. Analysis of error patterns on the Brown Peterson test indicated that overall omission errors were most commonly made among all groups. Significant effects were found for alcohol on omissions and intrusion, while the cirrhosis factor yielded significant effects for phonemic, preservative, and omission errors. This study demonstrates the importance of liver disease underlying the etiology of memory impairments in alcoholics. The results confirm our earlier findings that neuropsychologic deficits seen in alcoholics may be the result of the combination of alcohol abuse and liver disease.
Effects of Alcoholic Beverage Server Liability on Traffic Crash Injuries
Authors: Wagenaar Alexander C. , Holder Harold D.
Published: June 2007

We examined effects on the frequency of injuries due to motor vehicle crashes of a sudden change in exposure to legal liability of sewers of alcoholic beverages in Texas. A multiple time‐series quasi‐experimental research design was used, including the Auto‐Regressive Integrated Moving Average and intervention‐analysis statistical models on injury data from 1978 through 1988. We controlled for the effects of several other policy changes expected to influence injury rates in Texas, and for broader nationwide changes in injury rates in the 1980s. Results revealed 6.5% and 5.3% declines in injurious traffic crashes following the filing of two major liability suits in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Sewer liability is one of several important public policy tools in efforts to achieve health objectives regarding reduced injury morbidity, and mortality.
Improvement in Cognitive Functioning of Alcoholics Following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Authors: Arria Amelia M. , Tarter Ralph E. , Starzl Thomas E. , Thiel David H. Van
Published: June 2007

Cognitive functioning in alcoholic cirrhotics before and 1 year following orthotopic liver transplantation was compared with age‐ and sex‐matched normal subjects. The alcoholic group improved significantly following transplantation on tests measuring psychomotor, visuo‐practic and abstracting abilities whereas the performance of normal controls remained virtually unchanged. In contrast, memory capacity in alcoholics with cirrhosis did not statistically improve following successful transplantation. Further investigation, using more sophisticated measures of memory function, are required to determine whether memory deficits are either associated with alcohol neuro‐toxicity or an irreversible component of hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that a reversible hepatic encephalopathy underlies many of the neuropsychologic deficits observed in cirrhotic alcoholics and can be ameliorated following successful liver transplantation.
Increase in Glycosylated and Nonglycosylated Serum Ferritin in Chronic Alcoholism and Their Evolution during Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Moirand R. , Lescoat G. , Delamaire D. , Lauvin L. , Campion J. P. , Deugnier Y. , Brissot P.
Published: June 2007

Increase in serum ferritin, which occurs in 40 to 70% of chronic alcoholics, remains poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis which links hyperferritinemia in chronic alcoholism not only to ferritin release from damaged liver cells, but also to increased ferritin secretion. Fifty‐eight chronic alcoholic patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal were subdivided into three groups according to liver damage. Their serum levels of ferritin and ferritin bound to concanavalin A (ferritin Con A, which represents glycosylated, i.e., secreted ferritin) were measured serially on days 1, 7, and 11 of withdrawal and compared with a control group. The results were: (1) Total serum ferritin increased in alcoholics. Both free and Con A ferritins increased in equal proportions, the ferritin Con A to total ferritin ratio remaining unchanged. The increase was dependent on liver disease, as both free and Con A femtins increased significantly with the severity of liver illness. Serum ferritin levels were related to iron status: it correlated with hepatic iron concentration (obtained in 19 patients); however, high ferritin values were not related to the degree of iron overload, which remained low. Finally, there was no correlation between serum ferritin and the average of alcohol consumption. (2) Both free and Con A ferritin decreased by about 40% during alcohol withdrawal. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that (1) total serum ferritin is increased in chronic alcoholism and (2) that this ferritin increase is due in part to an increase in ferritin Con A, proof of the induction of ferritin secretion by alcohol in humans.
Lithium Carbonate and Mood Disorder in Recently Detoxified Alcoholics: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Nagel Kim , Adler Lawrence E. , Bell Jon , Nagamoto Herbert T. , Freedman Robert
Published: June 2007

The effects of lithium carbonate were assessed in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of a small group of recently detoxified alcoholics. The patients were treated during their 2nd and 3rd week of abstinence. A previous study demonstrated the existence in these patients of a syndrome of mildly elevated psychomotor rate, including irritability, grandiosity, an increased need for social contact, loquaciousness, and sexual preoccupation. The intensity of this syndrome was significantly decreased by treatment with low dose lithium carbonate, with no effect of placebo treatment.
Neuroendocrine Responses in Alcoholics to the Presentation and Consumption of a Perceived Alcoholic Beverage
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Bauer Lance O. , Giller Earl L. , Meyer Roger E.
Published: June 2007

Eight male alcoholic inpatients in their 2nd week of treatment were presented with, and instructed to consume, a beverage described at one session as containing alcohol and at another as not containing alcohol. The beverage on each occasion did not, in fact, contain alcohol. The results indicated that when subjects believed they had consumed alcohol, the change in insulin from baseline was significantly greater at 10, 20, and 30 min following consumption. The findings suggest that the insulin response of alcoholics following ingestion of a carbohydrate‐containing beverage is enhanced by the anticipation of ethanol.
Regional Characterization of Brain Neurotensin Receptor Subtypes in LS and SS Mice
Authors: Campbell Andrew D. , Jones Byron C. , Erwin V. Gene
Published: June 2007

Neurotensin (NT) receptor subtypes were investigated in nine brain regions from long sleep (LS) and short sleep (SS) mice that were selectively bred for differences in sensitivity to ethanol. Differences in NT receptor densities may mediate, in part, genetically selected differences in ethanol sensitivity between the two lines of mice. The use of [3HI NT at concentrations from 0.02 to 20 nM yielded biphasic binding isotherms as revealed by Scat chard analysis. Membranes from LS ventral midbrain yielded dissociation constants (KD values) of 0.34 and 3.85 nM for the high (NTH) and low (NTL) affinity components, respectively. SS membranes displayed similar 16 values, however the maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for both receptor subtypes were significantly greater in SS than in LS membranes (46.7 vs. 71.5 fmol/mg protein for NTH and 170.2 vs. 208.2 fmol/mg protein for NTL). Using levocabastine, an H1 antagonist with selectivity for NTL, characterization of NTH and NTL binding in nine brain regions was performed. In general, membranes from each brain region of SS mice had higher densities than LS for both receptor subtypes. Significant differences for the total density of receptors and NTL were found in entorhinal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and ventral midbrain. The only region to differ in NTH was the ventral midbrain. Competition experiments using various NT fragments to compete for NTH binding showed the C‐terminal amino acids to be essential for binding. The order of potency was NT1–13= NT8–13 > Neuromedin N > NT1–8= NT1–11.
Fetal Alcohol Exposure and Effects of LHRH and PMA on LHβ‐mRNA Expression in the Female Rat
Authors: Creighton‐Taylor J. A. , Rudeen P. K.
Published: June 2007

Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) is associated with a variety of physiological and behavioral dysfunctions. Effects of FAE on reproduction have been described that include delayed puberty, altered gonadotrophin secretion and steroidogenesis, and altered sexual behavior. Earlier work suggested that pituitary function was compromised in aduR fetal alcohol‐exposed female rats. This study examined the effects of LHRH and PMA in vitro on LHβ‐mRNA expression in pituitary fragments from FAE animals; a separate experiment examined the effects of estradiol‐17β on LHβ‐mRNA under similar conditions. The results indicate that the pituitary glands of FAE females have a reduced ability to respond to these three stimuli. The reason for this reduced responsiveness to LHRH, PMA, and estradiol‐17β is not clear, but the alterations suggest that LH synthesis is impeded following fetal ethanol exposure.
Yohimbine Can Induce Ethanol Tolerance in an in Vitro Preparation of Rat Locus Coeruleus
Authors: Verbanck Paul , Seutin Vincent , Massotte Laurent , Dresse Albert
Published: June 2007

Noradrenergic neurons have been implicated in the development of ethanol dependence and tolerance. Moreover, the development of an hyposensltivity of alpha 2 adrenoceptors has been postulated during long‐term exposition to ethanol. In order to test the putative role of alpha 2 receptors in ethanol intoxication, we have studied the interaction between ethanol and yohimbine, an alpha 2 antagonist, on the spontaneous firing rate of rat locus coeruleus (LC) in an in vitro slice model. The spikes from single neurons were recorded by glass microelectrodes. Ethanol at 100 mm, a concentration that parallels the behavioral effects in the human and in the animals, inhibits the firing activity of some LC cells. This inhibition was quickly reversed after stopping the ethanol perfusion and was observed for each further administration. However, if yohimbine (20 μm) was simultaneously perfused, the ethanol‐induced inhibition was rapidly antagonized. This effect is reversible after long time washout of yohimbine. This suggests that alpha 2 adrenoceptors could beimplicated in the inhibitory effect of ethanol on LC noradrenergic neurons and perhaps inthe development of tolerance. However, other hypotheses are discussed, because yohimbine can also antag onize other types of receptors.
Behavioral and Endocrine Interactions between Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone and Ethanol in Normal Human Subjects
Authors: Garbutt James C. , Hicks Robert E. , Clayton Claudia J. , Andrews Roger T. , Mason George A.
Published: June 2007

Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) has been shown to antagonize the depressant effects of ethanol in animals, but conflicting findings have been reported in humans. To test whether TRH counteracts any of a variety of ethanol‐sensitive behavioral measures in normal human subjects and for an effect of ethanol on TRH‐induced thyro‐tropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) response, we administered TRH (500 μg) or placebo over 1 min intravenously, 30 min after subjects had ingested 0.8 g/kg of ethanol or a placebo drink. Blood samples for TSH and PRL were drawn prior to and 15 and 30 min after injection. Eight male subjects were studied in a balanced, cross over design with each subject receiving placebo‐placebo, TRH‐placebo, placebo‐ethanol, and TRH‐ethanol. Whereas ethanol had signlficant and expected effects on subjective measures, memory, disinhibition, reaction time and time perception, TRH failed to coun teract any ethanol effect, except for a small effect in one memory task. Similarly, no effect of ethanol on TRH‐induced TSH or PRL response was found. Though the behavioral findings could be inter preted to indicate that TRH does not alter ethanol sensitive behaviors in humans it will be necessary to utilize higher dosages of TRH and/ or TRH analogues before firmly drawing this conclusion.
Suppression of Ethanol Intake in Chickens by Fenfluramine and Dietary Tryptophan
Authors: Fisher H. , Hsu H.‐C. , Wagner G. C.
Published: June 2007

Two groups of 10‐week‐old White Leghorn cockerels were fed a commercial grower diet with or without an L‐tryptophan (0.5%) sup plement. After a 24‐hr water deprivation and 13 to 14 hr without food, the birds were randomly Injected with 0 (saline) 4, 8, or 12 mg of fenfluramine/kg body weight. Thirty minutes after injections, water or a 5% ethanol solution was offered, no choice, to the birds and fluid consumption as well as skin and rectal temperature before and after fluid availability were measured. The ethanol solution in other wise untreated animals was consumed in similar amounts as water was. Fenfluramine (8 mg/kg) significantly reduced ethanol consumption and tryptophan further significantly reduced ethanol intake. At 12 mg/kg fenfluramine, both water and ethanol intake were sharply reduced. Ethanol decreased body temperature, an effect that was reversed by both tryptophan alone and fenfluramine + tryptophan in a dose‐dependent manner. These observations are discussed in reference to the effects of central serotonergic manipulations and ethanol consumption.
Effect of Dietary Fat on Ito Cell Activation by Chronic Ethanol Intake: A Long‐Term Serial Morphometric Study on Alcohol‐Fed and Control Rats
Authors: Takahashi Hisao , Wong Kim , Jui Linda , Nanji Amin A. , Mendenhall Charles S. , French Samuel W.
Published: June 2007

We studied the effects of long‐term ethanol ingestion and dietary fat on Ito cell activation morphometrically in rats. Sixteen pairs of Wistar male rats were divided into two groups, one fed tallow and the other fed corn oil as the source of dietary fat. Each group of rats were pair‐fed a nutritional adequate liquid diet containing either corn oil (CF) or tallow (TF) as fat as well as protein and carbohydrate. Half of each group received ethanol, the rest were pair‐fed isocaloric amounts of dextrore via an implanted gastric tube for up to 5 months. Morphometric analysis of the change in fat and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of Ito cells was performed on electron micrographs obtained from monthly biopsies including baseline. Ito cell activation was assessed by a decrease in the ratio of fat/RER in Ito cells. The ratio of fat/RER in Ito cells of alcoholic rats fed the CF diet (CFA) gradually decreased. The ratio war found to be lower than in the pair‐fed control rats (CFC) at 5 months of feeding. CFA 1.74 ± 0.57, vs. 7.46 ± 2.05, respectlvely, p < 0.05, mean ± se). Ito cell fat also significantly decreased at 5 months of feeding (p < 0.05). The fat/ RER ratio In CFA significantly decreased only subsequent to the development of fatty change, necrosis, and inflammation followed by fibrosis of the liver. In contrast, the TFA rats did not show a significant decrease in the fat/RER ratio in the Ito cells throughout the study, while TFC rats showed an increase in the fat/RER ratio. Minimal pathological changes were observed In the livers of CFC, TFA, and TFC rats. These results indicate that activation of Ito cells at a signifiant level occurred only late in the course of feeding alcohol after moderate to severe abnormalities in liver hlstology had developed, although activation may have begun at an earlier time of ethanol feeding. The results Indicate that dietary fatty acid composition may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of ethanol‐induced Ito cII activation.
Function of Isolated Hearts from Septic, Saline‐Infused, and Septic, Alcohol‐Infused Rats
Authors: Muniz Antonio E. , McDonough Kathleen H.
Published: June 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine whether hearts that demonstrate depressed myocardial reserves as a result of sustained hypermetabolic sepsis would show a potentiation of the dysfunction after an infusion of high doses of alcohol. We have previously shown that myocardial depression is present in hearts removed from hy permetabolic septic rats. Acute alcohol administration has also been shown to have a negative inotropic effect on the heart. In this study, myocardial function was assessed under in vitro conditions in which preload could be varied and aortic outflow resistance controlled and thus heart function could be determined under both low and high workloads. The alcohol‐infused group increased cardiac perform ance as a function of increasing preload similarly to the controls. Heart rate, however, was significantly elevated compared with con trol. Isolated hearts from septic, saline‐infused animals showed depressed cardlac performance both in terms of stroke volume and myocardial work over a range of preloads. The septic, alcohol‐infused animals did not show this depression. Thus, a loss of myocardial reserve was demonstrable in hearts isolated from septic, saline‐infused rats but not in septic, alcohol‐infused rats. Alcohol, at least acutely, seemed to reverse or ameliorate the loss of myocardial reserve induced by sepsis possibly by increasing the ability of the heart to fill during diastole and thus perform volume work.
Acute Effects of Alcohol Administration on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow: The Role of Acetate
Authors: Schwartz Joseph A. , Speed Nancy M. , Gross Milton D. , Lucey Michael R. , Bazakis Andrew M. , Hariharan M. , Beresford Thomas P.
Published: June 2007

The effect of alcohol intoxication on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is unclear. The few published studies provide a mixed picture of alcohol effects, suggesting that blood flow increases at low doses and decreases at higher doses of alcohol. Using the cerebral blood flow agent 99mtechnetium hexamethyl‐propylene‐amine‐oxime (HMPAO) and image reconstruction with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), we evaluated the effect of an oral dose of ethanol (0.6 g/kg) on rCBF in two age‐stratified groups of healthy, nonalcoholic men (12 age 22–37 and 12 age 63–77). Intoxication was associated with a significant 4% increase in global cortical CBF (t= 2.54, p= 0.02). Changes in HMPAO uptake were negatively correlated to ethanol levels in the entire group (r= ‐0.47, p= 0.04). This relationship was seen in the older subgroup (r= ‐0.70, p= 0.05), but not in the younger group (r= ‐0.34, p= 0.26). In contrast, the younger group showed a significant positive correlation between rCBF and increases in acetate levels (r= 0.71, p < 0.01), which was not seen in the older group (r= ‐0.02, p= 0.96). These findings suggest that both acetate and alcohol contribute to the changes in CBF seen in the intoxication syndrome and that their relative influence is age‐dependent.
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Effect of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Growth
Authors: Geva Diklah , Goldschmidt Lidush , Staffer David , Day Nancy L.
Published: June 2007

Cross‐sectional analyses have demonstrated that prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in growth deficits at birth and in early childhood. However, there have been few longitudinal analyses of this relationship. This study presents an analysis of the longitudinal effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth. The model used for analysis was a general unbalanced repeated‐measures model with a fully parameterized covariance matrix. Application of the model demonstrated that for length and head circumference, the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure was constant over time. The relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and growth in weight was more complex. Prenatal alcohol exposure affected the rate of growth between birth and the eighth month. Subsequently, the relationship between weight and prenatal alcohol exposure was constant Therefore, for length and head circumference, prenatal alcohol exposure suppresses the rate of growth in the fetus but not at subsequent time points. For weight, exposure affects the rate of growth through the eighth month but not at subsequent time points. For each of the growth parameters, there is no catch‐up growth, and the smaller size observed in the offspring is maintained.
Spouse Concordance for Alcohol Dependence and Heavy Drinking: Evidence from a Community Sample
Authors: McLeod Jane D.
Published: June 2007

Using data from a community sample of 586 married couples, levels of spouse concordance for lifetime and current alcohol dependence and heavy drinking were estimated. In addition, marital quality ratings in concordant and discordant couples were compared. Spouse concordance was significant for lifetime alcohol dependence and for both lifetime and current heavy drinking. Marital quality varied as a function of current heavy drinking and alcohol dependence such that members of couples in which neither spouse drank heavily reported better marital quality than other couples. Furthermore, although marital quality did not differ significantly between concordant and discordant couples, couples concordant for current heavy drinking consistently reported poorer marital quality than other couples.