bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Subgrid-Scale Mixing in Large-Eddy Simulation of Shallow Convection
Authors: Jarecka Dorota , Grabowski Wojciech W. , Pawlowska Hanna
Published: February 2009

This paper discusses an extension of the approach proposed previously to represent the delay of cloud water evaporation and buoyancy reversal due to the cloud–environment mixing in bulk microphysics large-eddy simulation of clouds. In the original approach, an additional equation for the mean spatial scale of cloudy filaments was introduced to represent the progress toward microscale homogenization of a volume undergoing turbulent cloud–environment mixing, with the evaporation of cloud water allowed only when the filament scale approached the Kolmogorov microscale. Here, it is shown through a posteriori analysis of model simulations that one should also predict the volume fraction of the cloudy air that was diagnosed in the original approach. The resulting model of turbulent mixing and homogenization, referred to as the λ–β model, is applied in a series of shallow convection simulations using various spatial resolutions and compared to the traditional bulk model. This work represents an intermediate step in the development of a modeling framework to simulate characteristics of microphysical transformations during entrainment and subgrid-scale turbulent mixing.
Embodying Nursing Openheartedness
Authors: Galvin Kathleen Theresa , Todres Les
Published: February 2009

In this article, the authors attempt to articulate one view of the nature of nursing openheartedness and its central role for guiding caring in complex nursing situations. To do this, vignettes of everyday nursing life situations are used to illustrate the following three essential dimensions that constitute nursing openheartedness: (a) the infinity of otherness: keeping open the other's difference, (b) embodiment: our shared vulnerable heritage, and (c) practical responsiveness: embracing the value of the objectified gaze and technology. Each of these dimensions is philosophically informed by distinctive insights from the work of Heidegger, Levinas, and Merleau Ponty. Furthermore, guided by Gendlin's contributions regarding the nature of embodied understanding, a writing style that attempts to present the nature of nursing openheartedness as a possible experience rather than as an abstract theory is employed.
Reflection on My Mother Dying
Authors: Johns Christopher
Published: February 2009

In this story, the author reflects on visiting his mother the day before she died, just a few days after her transfer from the general hospital. Previously, his mother had lived in a residential home for 3 years before stumbling and breaking her leg. Then she required hospital admission. Three months later, clearly dying, “they” transferred her to the nursing home. The story is an expose of poor care and the despair this caused for the family at such a critical time. The story is offered as a call for action.
Health Promotion Through Forgiveness Intervention
Authors: Recine Ann C. , Stehle Werner Joan , Recine Louis
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this article is to offer evidence-based forgiveness interventions clinically useful to nurses in holistic health promotion for individuals, families, and communities. Forgiveness interventions are developed and described within four approaches inspired by midrange nursing theorists who have adapted their theories from Bandura's Social Learning Theory and Frankl's Theory of Meaning. Interventions are also assimilated from a comprehensive review of theoretical and research literature. The four interventional approaches include persuasive information, vicarious experience, awareness of physiological reactions, and enactive attainment. Barriers to implementation are discussed as well as ways to individualize the interventions.
Self-Renewal in Nursing Leadership
Authors: Brown Cynthia J.
Published: February 2009

Nurse leaders are often vulnerable to stress as experienced in the workenvironment, including long hours, patient overloads, and challenging work settings. If ignored, these stressors may lead to physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms with possible resulting medical errors, absenteeism, health challenges, and job burnout. Purpose: This study was designed to assess the meaning of caring for self by registered nurse leaders who had participated in a holistic caring-for-self project. Design/Setting: Hermeneutic phenomenology was the research method used in this study to explore the lived experience of caring for self from the perspective of 10 nursing leaders. Individual taped interviews were conducted with the participants in a private room in their work setting, a 185-bed community hospital. Findings: The nursing leaders communicated four common themes: Reflections on the Journey of Life, Why to Care for Self on the Journey, How to Care for Self on the Journey, and the Wisdom Learned Along the Path. Conclusions: Based on the reflections of the nursing leaders, recommendations include implementing creative, holistic methods to encourage self-renewal in the work environment.
Refugee Participation in South Australian Child Protection Research: Power, Voice, and Representation
Authors: Williams Nombasa
Published: February 2009

Very little is known about the refugee parenting experience during pre‐resettlement contexts. The research results presented in this article are part of a larger study informing why refugee families are presenting within the South Australian system of child protection. This research developed an ecological framework with added actions for coding of transcript data which provided an analytical framework to unpack and examine overarching themes regarding cultural beliefs and values held by refugee participants on the parenting process. Outcomes of this research provide insights into the need for the development of appropriate and relevant policy, services, and practice in the area of child protection for South Australian resettlement agencies. Additional outcomes point toward a need to create an international forum, which include the UNHCR and UNICEF, to discuss the impact of refugee flight and migration on parenting, resettlement, and child welfare
Media Literacy as a Violence-Prevention Strategy: A Pilot Evaluation
Authors: Webb Theresa , Martin Kathryn , Afifi Abdelmonem A. , Kraus Jess
Published: February 2009

Youth violence is a major unresolved public health problem in the United States and media exposure to violence is a synergistic source of this national problem. One media literacy curriculum designed specifically to address this issue is Beyond Blame: Challenging Violence in the Media . The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the curriculum’s feasibility as a full-scale intervention. Intervention and control groups were similar with respect to knowledge of the Beyond Blame curriculum at baseline. Intervention students scored much higher on the posttest compared with the control students. The majority (90.2%) of the intervention students reported a significant increase in pre- to posttest score compared with only 18.8% of the control students (p < .0001). The magnitude of the score increase for intervention students was much greater than those in the control group. Several intervention students (N = 49; 19.9%) improved their score by 12 or more points compared with the control students who showed only a 1- to 7-point score increase (N = 3; 18.8%; p < .0001). The pre-and posttest scores were similar for males and females. Three of the six intervention classrooms scored higher on both the pretest and posttest compared with the other three classrooms.
Assessment and Outcomes of HealthPartners 10,000 Steps® Program in an Academic Work Site
Authors: Speck Rebecca M. , Hill Rhonda K. , Pronk Nico P. , Becker Mark P. , Schmitz Kathryn H.
Published: February 2009

The authors examined the feasibility, acceptability, and potential for physical activity behavior change of a 21-week, 10,000 Steps® program in an academic work site. In a pre-post, noncontrolled study design, participants were supplied a pedometer, online resource, and health promotional activities. Means, medians, ranges, and frequencies of self-reported average daily steps (ADS) described physical activity behavior change. An online exit survey assessed the acceptability of the intervention. Of 1,322 eligible participants, 619 (47%) registered; 74% of participants tracked step counts at least once, and 57 (9%) tracked them all 21 weeks. The proportion of cohort participants with < 7,499 ADS tracking all 21 weeks was significantly less than that same cohort tracking only at baseline (p < .02). Survey results showed that 85% of the participants reported general satisfaction with content and navigation of the program Web site. Results suggest elements of feasibility and acceptability but limited potential for physical activity behavior change. Future studies should assess preenrollment ADS and barriers to retaining participants.
Loss of pleckstrin defines a novel pathway for PKC-mediated exocytosis
Authors: Lian Lurong , Wang Yanfeng , Flick Matthew , Choi John , Scott Edward W. , Degen Jay , Lemmon Mark A. , Abrams Charles S.
Published: February 2009

Pleckstrin, the platelet and leukocyte C kinase substrate, is a prominent substrate of PKC in platelets, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and granulocytes. Pleckstrin accounts for 1% of the total protein in these cells, but it is best known for containing the 2 prototypic Pleckstrin homology, or PH, domains. Overexpressed pleckstrin can affect polyphosphoinositide second messenger–based signaling events; however, its true in vivo role has been unknown. Here, we describe mice containing a null mutation within the pleckstrin gene. Platelets lacking pleckstrin exhibit a marked defect in exocytosis of δ and α granules, αIIbβ3 activation, actin assembly, and aggregation after exposure to the PKC stimulant, PMA. Pleckstrin-null platelets aggregate normally in response to thrombin, but they fail to aggregate in response to thrombin in the presence of PI3K inhibitors, suggesting that a PI3K-dependent signaling pathway compensates for the loss of pleckstrin. Although pleckstrin-null platelets merged their granules in response to stimulation of PKC, they failed to empty their contents into the open canalicular system. This might be attributable to impaired actin assembly present in cells lacking pleckstrin. These data show that pleckstrin regulates the fusion of granules to the cell membrane and is an essential component of PKC-mediated exocytosis.
Circulating clonotypic B cells in classic Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Jones Richard J. , Gocke Christopher D. , Kasamon Yvette L. , Miller Carole B. , Perkins Brandy , Barber James P. , Vala Milada S. , Gerber Jonathan M. , Gellert Lan L. , Siedner Mark , Lemas M. Victor , Brennan Sarah , Ambinder Richard F. , Matsui William
Published: February 2009

Although Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells are B lymphoid cells, they are unlike any normal cells of that lineage. Moreover, the limited proliferative potential of HRS cells belies the clinical aggressiveness of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). More than 20 years ago, the L428 HL cell line was reported to contain a small population of phenotypic B cells that appeared responsible for the continued generation of HRS cells. This observation, however, has never been corroborated, and such clonotypic B cells have never been documented in HL patients. We found that both the L428 and KM-H2 HL cell lines contained rare B-cell subpopulations responsible for the generation and maintenance of the predominant HRS cell population. The B cells within the HL cell lines expressed immunoglobulin light chain, the memory B-cell antigen CD27, and the stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Clonal CD27+ALDHhigh B cells, sharing immunoglobulin gene rearrangements with lymph node HRS cells, were also detected in the blood of most newly diagnosed HL patients regardless of stage. Although the clinical significance of circulating clonotypic B cells in HL remains unclear, these data suggest they may be the initiating cells for HL.
Comparison of small n statistical tests of differential expression applied to microarrays
Authors: Murie Carl , Woody Owen , Lee Anna Y , Nadon Robert
Published: February 2009

Background

DNA microarrays provide data for genome wide patterns of expression between observation classes. Microarray studies often have small samples sizes, however, due to cost constraints or specimen availability. This can lead to poor random error estimates and inaccurate statistical tests of differential expression. We compare the performance of the standard t-test, fold change, and four small n statistical test methods designed to circumvent these problems. We report results of various normalization methods for empirical microarray data and of various random error models for simulated data.

Results

Three Empirical Bayes methods (CyberT, BRB, and limma t-statistics) were the most effective statistical tests across simulated and both 2-colour cDNA and Affymetrix experimental data. The CyberT regularized t-statistic in particular was able to maintain expected false positive rates with simulated data showing high variances at low gene intensities, although at the cost of low true positive rates. The Local Pooled Error (LPE) test introduced a bias that lowered false positive rates below theoretically expected values and had lower power relative to the top performers. The standard two-sample t-test and fold change were also found to be sub-optimal for detecting differentially expressed genes. The generalized log transformation was shown to be beneficial in improving results with certain data sets, in particular high variance cDNA data.

Conclusion

Pre-processing of data influences performance and the proper combination of pre-processing and statistical testing is necessary for obtaining the best results. All three Empirical Bayes methods assessed in our study are good choices for statistical tests for small n microarray studies for both Affymetrix and cDNA data. Choice of method for a particular study will depend on software and normalization preferences.
Exploiting proteomic data for genome annotation and gene model validation in Aspergillus niger
Authors: Wright James C , Sugden Deana , Francis-McIntyre Sue , Riba-Garcia Isabel , Gaskell Simon J , Grigoriev Igor V , Baker Scott E , Beynon Robert J , Hubbard Simon J
Published: February 2009

Background

Proteomic data is a potentially rich, but arguably unexploited, data source for genome annotation. Peptide identifications from tandem mass spectrometry provide prima facie evidence for gene predictions and can discriminate over a set of candidate gene models. Here we apply this to the recently sequenced Aspergillus niger fungal genome from the Joint Genome Institutes (JGI) and another predicted protein set from another A.niger sequence. Tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) were acquired from 1d gel electrophoresis bands and searched against all available gene models using Average Peptide Scoring (APS) and reverse database searching to produce confident identifications at an acceptable false discovery rate (FDR).

Results

405 identified peptide sequences were mapped to 214 different A.niger genomic loci to which 4093 predicted gene models clustered, 2872 of which contained the mapped peptides. Interestingly, 13 (6%) of these loci either had no preferred predicted gene model or the genome annotators' chosen "best" model for that genomic locus was not found to be the most parsimonious match to the identified peptides. The peptides identified also boosted confidence in predicted gene structures spanning 54 introns from different gene models.

Conclusion

This work highlights the potential of integrating experimental proteomics data into genomic annotation pipelines much as expressed sequence tag (EST) data has been. A comparison of the published genome from another strain of A.niger sequenced by DSM showed that a number of the gene models or proteins with proteomics evidence did not occur in both genomes, further highlighting the utility of the method.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, and their cross-species amplification in the Tephritidae family
Authors: Augustinos Antonios A , Stratikopoulos Elias E , Drosopoulou Eleni , Kakani Evdoxia G , Mavragani-Tsipidou Penelope , Zacharopoulou Antigone , Mathiopoulos Kostas D
Published: February 2009

Background

The Tephritidae family of insects includes the most important agricultural pests of fruits and vegetables, belonging mainly to four genera (Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Anastrepha and Rhagoletis). The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the major pest of the olive fruit. Currently, its control is based on chemical insecticides. Environmentally friendlier methods have been attempted in the past (Sterile Insect Technique), albeit with limited success. This was mainly attributed to the lack of knowledge on the insect's behaviour, ecology and genetic structure of natural populations. The development of molecular markers could facilitate the access in the genome and contribute to the solution of the aforementioned problems. We chose to focus on microsatellite markers due to their abundance in the genome, high degree of polymorphism and easiness of isolation.

Results

Fifty-eight microsatellite-containing clones were isolated from the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, bearing a total of sixty-two discrete microsatellite motifs. Forty-two primer pairs were designed on the unique sequences flanking the microsatellite motif and thirty-one of them amplified a PCR product of the expected size. The level of polymorphism was evaluated against wild and laboratory flies and the majority of the markers (93.5%) proved highly polymorphic. Thirteen of them presented a unique position on the olive fly polytene chromosomes by in situ hybridization, which can serve as anchors to correlate future genetic and cytological maps of the species, as well as entry points to the genome. Cross-species amplification of these markers to eleven Tephritidae species and sequencing of thirty-one of the amplified products revealed a varying degree of conservation that declines outside the Bactrocera genus.

Conclusion

Microsatellite markers are very powerful tools for genetic and population analyses, particularly in species deprived of any other means of genetic analysis. The presented set of microsatellite markers possesses all features that would render them useful in such analyses. This could also prove helpful for species where SIT is a desired outcome, since the development of effective SIT can be aided by detailed knowledge at the genetic and molecular level. Furthermore, their presented efficacy in several other species of the Tephritidae family not only makes them useful for their analysis but also provides tools for phylogenetic comparisons among them.
Specific gene expression profiles and chromosomal abnormalities are associated with infant disseminated neuroblastoma
Authors: Lavarino Cinzia , Cheung Nai-Kong V , Garcia Idoia , Domenech Gema , de Torres Carmen , Alaminos Miguel , Rios Jose , Gerald William L , Kushner Brian , LaQuaglia Mike , Mora Jaume
Published: February 2009

Background

Neuroblastoma (NB) tumours have the highest incidence of spontaneous remission, especially among the stage 4s NB subgroup affecting infants. Clinical distinction of stage 4s from lethal stage 4 can be difficult, but critical for therapeutic decisions. The aim of this study was to investigate chromosomal alterations and differential gene expression amongst infant disseminated NB subgroups.

Methods

Thirty-five NB tumours from patients diagnosed at < 18 months (25 stage 4 and 10 stage 4s), were evaluated by allelic and gene expression analyses.

Results

All stage 4s patients underwent spontaneous remission, only 48% stage 4 patients survived despite combined modality therapy. Stage 4 tumours were 90% near-diploid/tetraploid, 44% MYCN amplified, 77% had 1p LOH (50% 1p36), 23% 11q and/or 14q LOH (27%) and 47% had 17q gain. Stage 4s were 90% near-triploid, none MYCN amplified and LOH was restricted to 11q. Initial comparison analyses between stage 4s and 4 < 12 months tumours revealed distinct gene expression profiles. A significant portion of genes mapped to chromosome 1 (P< 0.0001), 90% with higher expression in stage 4s, and chromosome 11 (P= 0.0054), 91% with higher expression in stage 4. Less definite expression profiles were observed between stage 4s and 4 < 18m, yet, association with chromosomes 1 (P< 0.0001) and 11 (P= 0.005) was maintained. Distinct gene expression profiles but no significant association with specific chromosomal region localization was observed between stage 4s and stage 4 < 18 months without MYCN amplification.

Conclusion

Specific chromosomal aberrations are associated with distinct gene expression profiles which characterize spontaneously regressing or aggressive infant NB, providing the biological basis for the distinct clinical behaviour.
Molecular mechanisms of traumatic brain injury: the missing link in management
Authors: Veenith Tonny , Goon Serena SH , Burnstein Rowan M
Published: February 2009

Head injury is common, sometimes requires intensive care unit admission, and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. A gap still remains in the understanding of the molecular mechanism of this condition. This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury to a busy clinician. It will encompass the pathophysiology in traumatic brain injury including apoptosis, the role of molecules and genes, and a brief mention of possible pharmacological therapies.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Wijesekera Lokesh C , Nigel Leigh P
Published: February 2009

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurones in the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tracts, brainstem and spinal cord. Incidence (average 1.89 per 100,000/year) and prevalence (average 5.2 per100,000) are relatively uniform in Western countries, although foci of higher frequency occur in the Western Pacific. The mean age of onset for sporadic ALS is about 60 years. Overall, there is a slight male prevalence (M:F ratio~1.5:1). Approximately two thirds of patients with typical ALS have a spinal form of the disease (limb onset) and present with symptoms related to focal muscle weakness and wasting, where the symptoms may start either distally or proximally in the upper and lower limbs. Gradually, spasticity may develop in the weakened atrophic limbs, affecting manual dexterity and gait. Patients with bulbar onset ALS usually present with dysarthria and dysphagia for solid or liquids, and limbs symptoms can develop almost simultaneously with bulbar symptoms, and in the vast majority of cases will occur within 1–2 years. Paralysis is progressive and leads to death due to respiratory failure within 2–3 years for bulbar onset cases and 3–5 years for limb onset ALS cases. Most ALS cases are sporadic but 5–10% of cases are familial, and of these 20% have a mutation of the SOD1 gene and about 2–5% have mutations of the TARDBP (TDP-43) gene. Two percent of apparently sporadic patients have SOD1 mutations, and TARDBP mutations also occur in sporadic cases. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, examination, electromyography, and exclusion of 'ALS-mimics' (e.g. cervical spondylotic myelopathies, multifocal motor neuropathy, Kennedy's disease) by appropriate investigations. The pathological hallmarks comprise loss of motor neurones with intraneuronal ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions in upper motor neurones and TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions in degenerating lower motor neurones. Signs of upper motor neurone and lower motor neurone damage not explained by any other disease process are suggestive of ALS. The management of ALS is supportive, palliative, and multidisciplinary. Non-invasive ventilation prolongs survival and improves quality of life. Riluzole is the only drug that has been shown to extend survival.
Cocaine induces cell death and activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-b in pc12 cells
Authors: Lepsch Lucilia B , Munhoz Carolina D , Kawamoto Elisa M , Yshii Lidia M , Lima Larissa S , Curi-Boaventura Maria F , Salgado Thais ML , Curi Rui , Planeta Cleopatra S , Scavone Cristoforo
Published: February 2009

Cocaine is a worldwide used drug and its abuse is associated with physical, psychiatric and social problems. The mechanism by which cocaine causes neurological damage is very complex and involves several neurotransmitter systems. For example, cocaine increases extracellular levels of dopamine and free radicals, and modulates several transcription factors. NF-κB is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression involved in cellular death. Our aim was to investigate the toxicity and modulation of NF-κB activity by cocaine in PC 12 cells. Treatment with cocaine (1 mM) for 24 hours induced DNA fragmentation, cellular membrane rupture and reduction of mitochondrial activity. A decrease in Bcl-2 protein and mRNA levels, and an increase in caspase 3 activity and cleavage were also observed. In addition, cocaine (after 6 hours treatment) activated the p50/p65 subunit of NF-κB complex and the pretreatment of the cells with SCH 23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, attenuated the NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB activity by using PDTC and Sodium Salicilate increased cell death caused by cocaine. These results suggest that cocaine induces cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) and activates NF-κB in PC12 cells. This activation occurs, at least partially, due to activation of D1 receptors and seems to have an anti-apoptotic effect on these cells.
Bilateral variant testicular arteries with double renal arteries
Authors: Sylvia Sarita , Kakarlapudi Sridhar Varma , Vollala Venkata Ramana , Potu Bhagath Kumar , Jetti Raghu , Bolla Srinivasa Rao , Rao Mohandas , Pamidi Narendra
Published: February 2009

Background

The testicular arteries normally arise from the abdominal aorta. There are reports about the variant origin of these arteries. Accessory renal arteries are also a common finding but their providing origin to testicular arteries is an important observation. The variations described here are unique and provide significant information to surgeons dissecting the abdominal cavity.

Case presentation

During routine dissection classes of abdominal region of a 60-year-old male cadaver, we observed bilateral variant testicular arteries and double renal arteries.

Conclusion

Awareness of variations of the testicular arteries such as those presented here becomes important during surgical procedures like varicocele and undescended testes.
Metastatic malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva: a case report
Authors: Manidakis Nikolaos , Polyzois Ioannis , Tsialogiannis Euaggelos , Marples Maria , Boon Andrew , Tsiridis Eleftherios
Published: February 2009

Background

Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is an extremely rare non-cutaneous neoplasm with infrequent skeletal metastatic spread.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 54 year old female Caucasian patient with osseous metastases originating from a malignant melanoma of her right conjunctiva. Metastatic deposits were identified in the left humeral diaphysis and left tibial metaphysis. Clinical, radiological and scintigraphic evaluation necessitated prompt stabilisation of both long bones. Following reamed intramedullary nailing and post-operative radiotherapy she remains asymptomatic six months post-operatively.

Conclusion

This unusual pattern of metastatic spread to the appendicular skeleton of an extremely rare melanomatous lesion requires diagnostic vigilance as well as a multidisciplinary approach for accurate diagnosis, staging and management. Due to the poor prognosis, treatment goals should be directed to palliation of symptoms and prolongation of the quality of life.
Samizdat as Extra-Gutenberg Phenomenon
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: February 2009

This article proposes to treat samizdat in terms of a textual culture opposed to modern print culture. The choice to cast samizdat as an “extra-Gutenberg” phenomenon represents a way of extending the observation that samizdat can no longer simply be defined as the mouthpiece of dissident opposition. Beyond binary oppositions of truth vs. falsehood, and dissidents vs. state, on which previous perceptions of samizdat have depended, we might now see the essential quality of samizdat to be its exemplification of epistemic instability, inasmuch as samizdat texts are not automatically invested with authority. From this perspective, new questions about the production, distribution, and reproduction of samizdat texts with varying types of content turn on a central issue: how was the trustworthiness or value of such texts established? This article explores these issues through personal testimony about the production and circulation of samizdat in the USSR and in the West. Juxtaposing the theory of gift giving with new critical approaches to book history, textual culture, and bibliography, the article aims to highlight the interest of personal testimony and material texts in a critical analysis of samizdat history. Finally, as a striking example of an epistemically unstable textual culture, samizdat represents not merely opposition to a defunct political system: it also exemplifies issues relevant to a global Internet culture today.
Palladium-catalyzed Decarboxylative [4+1] Cyclization of γ-Methylidene-δ-valerolactones with Isocyanides
Authors: Park Soyoung , Shintani Ryo , Hayashi Tamio
Published: February 2009

A palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative cyclization of γ-methylidene-δ-valerolactones with isocyanides has been developed to afford conjugated cyclopentenimines under mild conditions. Some preliminary results toward the development of an asymmetric variant have also been described.
Solvothermal Preparation and Control of Phase Composition of Nanosized Rhodium Sulfide Particles
Authors: Zhang Wu-xing , Yanagisawa Kazumichi , Kamiya Sumio , Shou Tatsuo
Published: February 2009

Well-crystallized Rh2S3 and Rh17S15 powders with average particle size of 100 nm were solvothermally prepared at 673 K for 10 h with S/Rh ratio of 1.65 and 0.9, respectively. The crystallinity and phase of the rhodium sulfides are closely related to the reaction temperature and the S/Rh ratio. By thermal treatment in Ar, the Rh2S3 can be transformed into Rh17S15 at 938 K by loss of sulfur.
Sulfated Zirconia-supported Palladium as a Highly Active and Highly Selective Catalyst for the Oxidation of Ethylene in the Vapor Phase
Authors: Hamada Tomoaki , Sakamoto Yoshinori , Ooka Yasunobu , Okuhara Toshio , Kamiya Yuichi
Published: February 2009

Pd supported on sulfated zirconia with a S/Zr ratio of 0.077 exhibited high activity and high selectivity for the oxidation of ethylene to partially oxidized products, including acetaldehyde and acetic acid, in the vapor phase.
Predictors of progression of osteoarthritis in femoroacetabular impingement
Authors: Bardakos N. V. , Villar R. N.
Published: February 2009

Although the association between femoroacetabular impingement and osteoarthritis is established, it is not yet clear which hips have the greatest likelihood to progress rapidly to end-stage disease. We investigated the effect of several radiological parameters, each indicative of a structural aspect of the hip joint, on the progression of osteoarthritis. Pairs of plain anteroposterior pelvic radiographs, taken at least ten years apart, of 43 patients (43 hips) with a pistol-grip deformity of the femur and mild (Tönnis grade 1) or moderate (Tönnis grade 2) osteoarthritis were reviewed. Of the 43 hips, 28 showed evidence of progression of osteoarthritis. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of progression between hips with initial Tönnis grade 1 or grade 2 osteoarthritis (p = 0.31). Comparison of the hips with and without progression of arthritis revealed a significant difference in the mean medial proximal femoral angle (81° vs 87°, p = 0.004) and the presence of the posterior wall sign (39% vs 7%, p = 0.02) only. A logistic regression model was constructed to predict the influence of these two variables in the development of osteoarthritis.

Mild to moderate osteoarthritis in hips with a pistol-grip deformity will not progress rapidly in all patients. In one-third, progression will take more than ten years to manifest, if ever. The individual geometry of the proximal femur and acetabulum partly influences this phenomenon. A hip with cam impingement is not always destined for end-stage arthritic degeneration.
Medical negligence in orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Gidwani S. , Zaidi S. M. R. , Bircher M. D.
Published: February 2009

Payments by the NHS Litigation Authority continue to rise each year, and reflect an increase in successful claims for negligence against NHS Trusts. Information about the reasons for which Trusts are sued in the field of trauma and orthopaedic surgery is scarce.

We analysed 130 consecutive cases of alleged clinical negligence in which the senior author had been requested to act as an expert witness between 2004 and 2006, and received information on the outcome of 97 concluded cases from the relevant solicitors. None of the 97 cases proceeded to a court hearing. Overall, 55% of cases were abandoned by the claimants’ solicitors, and the remaining 45% were settled out of court. The cases were settled for sums ranging from £4500 to £2.7 million, the median settlement being £45 000. The cases that were settled out of court were usually the result of delay in treatment or diagnosis, or because of substandard surgical technique.
Rembrandt’s ‘Beggar with a wooden leg’ and other comparable prints
Authors: ten Kate J. J. , Jennekens F. G. I. , Vos-Niël J. M. E.
Published: February 2009

Rembrandt’s etching of a beggar with a wooden leg is notable because the two lower limbs of the presumed beggar are present and not deformed. Using the facilities of four specialised Dutch art institutes, we carried out a systematic investigation to find other etchings and engravings of subjects with artificial legs supporting non-amputated limbs, from the period 1500 to 1700 AD. We discovered 28 prints produced by at least 18 artists. Several offered clues to a disorder of a knee, the lower leg or the foot. All individuals were adult males, suggesting the probability of traumatic lesions. We conclude that in this period artificial legs were not only used in the case of absence of part of a lower limb, but also for other reasons, notably disorders of the knee, lower leg or foot. They may also have been used to attract compassion.
Illegitimacy and identity threat in (inter)action: Predicting intergroup orientations among minority group members
Authors: Livingstone Andrew G. , Spears Russell , Manstead Antony S. R. , Bruder Martin
Published: February 2009

We test the hypothesis that intergroup orientations among minority group members are shaped by the interaction between the perceived illegitimacy of intergroup relations and identity threat appraisals, as well as their main effects. This is because together they serve to focus emotion‐mediated reactions on the out‐group's role in threatening in‐group identity. In a large‐scale field study (N=646), conducted among the Welsh minority in the UK, we quasi‐manipulated the extent to which Welsh identity was dependent on the ‘threatened’ Welsh language. Results supported our hypothesis that the illegitimacy × identity threat interaction would be strongest where Welsh identity was most dependent upon the Welsh language, and through intergroup anger would predict support for more radical, unconstitutional forms of action.
Is It a Diary, Commonplace Book, Scrapbook, or Whatchamacallit?: Six Years of Exploration in New England's Manuscript Archives
Authors: Zboray Ronald J. , Zboray Mary Saracino
Published: February 2009

"Mixed material" items—"whatchamacallits"—appearing in manuscript collections of personal records pose special cataloging, access, and interpretive challenges for archivists and researchers alike. In this article we describe common genre and format transformations in different types of manuscripts we encountered during six years in archives while researching two books on literary culture among common folk in antebellum New England and then ponder the meanings of these transformations for archives. We advocate increased attention to these boundary-blurring items as points of future scholarly interest for the insights they can offer into broader patterns of cultural construction through life writing and its engagement and occasional experimentation with genre.
Communicating Community: Russian and Canadian Mennonite Correspondence, 1850–1900
Authors: Mills Rachel Joanne
Published: February 2009

Journals and diaries have been recognized as tools used by individuals and communities to sustain narratives, make sense of life events, and strengthen community. Correspondence created in nineteenth-century Russian and Canadian Mennonite communities was used for these same purposes. Mennonites wrote letters to transplant and strengthen community beliefs and values across a growing diaspora. Their correspondence was shaped by the nineteenth-century context and particularly by challenges to the Mennonites' beliefs, values, and way of life during this period. It is essential to consider the context in which these records were created to understand the records themselves.
The Dawn of the "Chaotic Account": Horatio Hale's Australia Notebook and the Development of Anthropologists' Field Notes
Authors: Belton Tom
Published: February 2009

This article is an archival analysis of notebooks and their relationships to other parts of personal archives (e.g., journals or diaries). The bulk of the article is an analysis of the historical development of a particular genre of notebooks: anthropological field notes, or "chaotic accounts," as Bronislaw Malinowski called them, based largely on observation. It provides a review of anthropologists' own recent literature on the subject and a short case study of a mid-nineteenth-century notebook of the American explorer-ethnographer Horatio Hale, which serves as an example of one seed out of which anthropological field notes grew.
The Genealogical Gaze: Family Identities and Family Archives in the Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Ketelaar Eric
Published: February 2009

In Renaissance Florence, early modern England, and the Netherlands during the Golden Age the "genealogical gaze" transfigured family archives into a cultural patrimony to be preserved, expanded, and transferred to future generations. Descendants, by appropriating the object of that genealogical gaze, embraced the values and modalities of the "paradigm of patrimoine ."
"Kepe wysly youre wrytyngys": Margaret Paston's Fifteenth-Century Letters
Authors: Douglas Jennifer
Published: February 2009

This article presents a case study of fifteenth-century personal letter-writing practices. Using as examples the letters of the Paston family and particularly those of Margaret Paston, the family's most prolific letter writer, the article discusses the letters' physical characteristics and the methods used to dispatch them as well as intellectual issues associated with medieval women's letter writing, including questions of literacy and authorship, generic conventions, and the social and legal functions that letter writing fulfilled.
Custodial History, Provenance, and the Description of Personal Records
Authors: Yeo Geoffrey
Published: February 2009

This article takes as its main case study the custodial and archival history of the papers of Sir Richard Fanshawe (1608–66). Like many personal papers, they have had many adventures, and it is difficult to give an adequate account of their complex provenance using conventional approaches to archival description. In describing such papers archivists need to reinterpret traditional distinctions between fonds and collections. Instead of envisaging a simple binary division between "organic" fonds and "artificial" collections, they should interpret the fonds as a grouping determined by context of creation and the collection as a grouping determined by custodianship. A fonds may sometimes be reified as a single collection but is often distributed across multiple collections. Both creation contexts and collection histories inform knowledge and understanding of archives.
Sir John Soane: Rewriting a Life
Authors: Palmer Susan
Published: February 2009

This article is based on the extensive business and personal archives left by the British architect Sir John Soane (1753–1837). It will look at the use Soane made of these papers when writing and rewriting his life and what this reveals of his character.
Where Narratives Meet: Archival Description, Provenance, and Women's Diaries
Authors: Beattie Heather
Published: February 2009

Women's diaries have been a rich source of information for historians and other scholars because they contain details of everyday life in different times and places that may otherwise have gone unrecorded. This article addresses the common archival description of diaries and discusses the richer portrayals frequently provided by academics in other disciplines. Aspects of a diary's provenance that non-archival writers often address but that are rarely mentioned in archival descriptions are the diarist's motivation for writing, the intended audience, and the implications of the diary's custodial history and representation. The article concludes with suggestions for improving archival description of diaries and other personal records.
“The Web of Our Life is of a Mingled Yarn”: The Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project, Humanities Scholarship, and ColdFusion
Authors: Fischlin Daniel , Hadfield Dorothy , Lester Gordon , McCutcheon Mark A.
Published: February 2009

This essay presents an overview of some of the challenges related to publishing the findings of a large-scale research project on Shakespeare––specifically the Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project or CASP;
www.canadianshakespeares.ca--on
the World Wide Web. Our purpose in writing the essay is to allow others undertaking large-scale, IT-based projects related to Shakespeare––or any other Humanities research that involves extensive database manipulation on the Web––to understand and resolve some of the problems they will face: whether related to site architecture; database design and management; copyright; use of multimedia; and a host of other related issues that pose significant obstacles to presenting research via a web-based context. Humanities computing projects like CASP provide valuable testing grounds for realizing the inherent potential associated with new technologies. But even as they do so, the process of creating these resources lays bare the difficulties confronting new forms of knowledge as they are mobilized in formats that challenge traditional modes of research publication.
The Shakespeare Dialogues: (Re)producing The Tempest in Secondary and University Education
Authors: Desmet Christy , Bailey Roger
Published: February 2009

This essay reports on a Shakespeare collaboration between a university and high school English teacher and their classes. Students from the two groups discussed The Tempest online in both synchronous and asynchronous spaces and, in several cases, produced a project together. The technology that made possible this collaboration between students who were separated in time and space also influenced social and intellectual relationships between them. While students were discussing Shakespeare, in some ways “school” became the subtext of their discourse as they tried on new roles and addressed new audiences through electronic communication. Furthermore, while asynchronous conversation produced more orderly, “academic” exchanges, the spontaneous nature of chat room discussion challenged students from both groups to reach beyond their familiar institutional roles.
Standing in Rich Place: Electrifying the Multiple-Text Edition or, Every Text is Multiple
Authors: Best Michael
Published: February 2009

Back in 1996, W. Speed Hill listed eight different kinds of editions being created by current editors, one of which was the hypertext edition. In the ten short years since then, the hypertext edition has blossomed to the extent that it includes within its one category many of the different kinds of editions Hill listed. This paper reviews the way the electronic medium has been used thus far in the development of editions, discusses some of the challenges that editors face as they work in the new medium, and explores issues in the further development of electronic texts, especially in the way that multiple versions and meanings can more accurately—and more dramatically be represented in a medium that allows for a dynamic rather than static text.
Shakespeare on the Road: Tracking the Tours with the REED Web Project
Authors: MacLean Sally-Beth , Somerset Alan
Published: February 2009

This article briefly outlines the history of the Records of Early English Drama (REED) Patrons and Performances website project. Its aim is to enable users to gain access to the complete picture of professional performance activities (drama, music, dance, acrobatics, animal acts, and what have you?) outside London before 1642. The article is designed as a guide to individual on-screen exploration of some of the capacities of the website; readers can follow step-by-step the guide to the site by reading the paper while logged onto the site and following one or another of the four major search paths offered on the home page, to search for information about Patrons, Events, Venues or Troupes. Readers can access the GIS map on-line to investigate playing routes, venues and other geographical details. As well one can search the Bibliography, carefully compiled to reveal the information sources used to assemble the data presented on the site.
Signal to Noise: Designing a Digital Edition of The Taming of a Shrew
Authors: Galey Alan
Published: February 2009

Designing an edition, digital or otherwise, is not a straightforward process of tool-building, but a creative act bound up with the cultural history of a text. This paper describes key features of a forthcoming digital edition of the Elizabethan play The Taming of a Shrew (first printed in 1594), but also discusses authorship and conflation as topics that cannot be ignored in such a project. As a so-called bad quarto of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew (first printed in 1623), A Shrew ’s textual and metadramatic idiosyncrasies raise questions of critical and editorial method with broad implications for representing dramatic literature in new media. With reference to the interpretive and editorial strategies of Alexander Pope, Edmund Malone, and Leah Marcus, this paper argues that A Shrew ’s troubled history exposes the kinds of conceptual and structural blind spots that can manifest themselves in scholarly tools like digital editions.