bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IUD‐Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Among Navajo Area Indian Health Service Providers
Authors: Espey Eve , Ogburn Tony , Espey David , Etsitty Virgil
Published: September 2004

CONTEXT: The IUD once accounted for about half of contraceptive use among Navajo women but is now little used in this population, which has a high rate of unintended pregnancy. Identifying barriers to use–including those stemming from providers’IUD‐related knowledge, attitudes and practices–could help expand use of the method.

METHODS: In 2000, 107 Navajo Area Indian Health Service providers who offer contraceptive services completed a mailed survey. Responses of women's health providers and other types of providers were compared, using the Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel method.

RESULTS: Overall, 69‐78% of providers had good factual knowledge about the IUD and felt adequately prepared to insert a device or counsel women about it; considerably larger proportions of women's health providers than of others felt able to counsel about and insert IUDs. Sixty‐five percent of providers (88% of women's health providers and 50% of others) currently inserted IUDs, and only 8% (none of them women's health providers) never recommended the method. The main reasons providers cited for not recommending the IUD were concerns about its safety and about side effects (mentioned by 69% and 44%, respectively); these concerns did not differ by provider type.

CONCLUSIONS: Provider education and training should focus on insertion techniques and on the safety of available IUDs. Training should be targeted not only to women's health providers, but to family practice physicians, nurse practitioners and other providers who offer family planning counseling and services.
Where Does Reproductive Health Fit Into the Lives of Adolescent Males?
Authors: Marcell Arik V. , Raine Tina , Eyre Stephen L.
Published: September 2004

CONTEXT: To develop interventions to promote responsible sexual behaviors and design reproductive health services for adolescent males, we need a better understanding of the context of reproductive health in adolescent males’lives.

METHODS: A total of 32 males (mean age, 15.5 years) were recruited from two urban high schools. At each school, three group sessions, consisting of both individual free‐listing activities and focus group discussions, were conducted; each addressed issues related to one of three domains–masculinity, responsibility and priorities. Data from the focus groups were examined through standard content analyses.

RESULTS: Participants identified school, family, future career and sports as their current life priorities; health was not a top concern. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were not seen as interrelated health concepts. STIs were considered a health issue, whereas pregnancy was perceived as a negative event that could prevent achievement of specific life goals. At times, notions regarding how a male behaves reflected traditional masculine beliefs: that violence is justified as a way to protect oneself, that having sex is part of a male's role in a relationship and that males should handle health issues by themselves.

CONCLUSIONS: To meet the reproductive health needs of adolescent males, program developers should consider how other life priorities and traditional masculine beliefs may serve as barriers to care and how to ensure that services reflect the adolescent male's perspective.
Genetic Predisposition of the Interleukin-6 Response to Inflammation: Implications for a Variety of Major Diseases?
Authors: Bennermo Marie , Held Claes , Stemme Sten , Ericsson Carl-Göran , Silveira Angela , Green Fiona , Tornvall Per
Published: September 2004

Background: A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene at position −174 (G>C) has been reported to be associated with a variety of major diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, sepsis, and systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. However, authors of previous in vitro and in vivo studies have reported conflicting results regarding the functionality of this polymorphism. We therefore aimed to clarify the role of the −174 SNP for the induction of IL-6 in vivo.

Methods: We vaccinated 20 and 18 healthy individuals homozygous for the −174 C and G alleles, respectively, with 1 mL of Salmonella typhii vaccine. IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in the blood at baseline and up to 24 h after vaccination.

Results: Individuals with the G genotype had significantly higher plasma IL-6 values at 6, 8, and 10 h after vaccination than did individuals with the C genotype (P <0.005). There were no differences between the two genotypes regarding serum concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α before or after vaccination.

Conclusions: The −174 G>C SNP in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene is functional in vivo with an increased inflammatory response associated with the G allele. Considering the central role of IL-6 in a variety of major diseases, the present finding might be of major relevance.
American Pop Art and political engagement in the 1960s
Authors: Elmaleh Eliane
Published: September 2004

This paper analyses Pop Art’s oscillation between subversion and conformism. In fact, to some, it was an exaltation of the American way of life as it mirrored the general well-being that people living in an affluent society experienced. Conveyed by Pop Art, the media image of
the American world seemed to celebrate, by fetishizing it, American society’s self-image. However, the deliberate use of impersonal brand-new objects could also be interpreted by others as a denunciation of a consumer society gone wild. The aim of this paper is to show the potential
of subversion of artists who, by refusing to clearly take sides, by choosing to present themselves as dehumanized as the subjects they presented, implicitly denounced the vision people had of the American world through the media.
Home truths: women writing science in the nuclear dawn
Authors: Newell Dianne
Published: September 2004

This paper develops a political reading of women writers’/writer-editors’ involvement in the American atomic age, Cold War-era fields of science fiction and popular science writing. Judith Merril (1928-97) in her post-war science-fiction writing and Rachel Carson (1907-64)
in her international best-selling anti-pesticide polemic, Silent Spring (1962), capitalized on popular, mass-market literary genres as vehicles for social criticism in what Jessica Wang calls an ‘Age of Anxiety’ in which open criticism of American science, government, and the industrial-military
complex carried high personal risk. Importantly, both explicitly politicized images of domesticity, thus joining women’s history to some of the most sweeping changes of the twentieth century.

(Erratum : Dianne Newell's name was presented incorrectly in the article published as Diana
Newell.)
Sex, drugs, and divided identities: the detective fiction of James Crumley
Authors: Scaggs John
Published: September 2004

This essay examines the divided identity of the detective hero in James Crumley’s crime fiction. This examination begins with a consideration of the theme of missing persons in Crumley’s crime fiction, and identifies the detective hero as a kind of missing person located
outside the normal socio-economic order. The narrative inversion and role-reversal suggested by this identification of the detective as a missing person is then employed to map out the division of identity experienced by the detective.
‘What A Bummer for the Gooks’: representations of white American masculinity and the Vietnamese in the Vietnam War film genre 1977–87
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: September 2004

This article discusses how Hollywood’s Vietnam War genre 1977-87 articulated the racial discourses of American imperialism through a masculine/feminine division, considering the emergence of the genre’s sculpted torsos, symbolizing American virility, alongside the political
ascendancy of the New Right. A strong, masculinized America reciprocates an effete Vietnam, mobilizing Oriental femininity already present in white imperial discourses. But the anxiety of white America, whose imperial expansion was perceived to begin to decline in Vietnam, expresses itself
through ‘soft-bodied’ Americans, vulnerable to Oriental duplicity and sadism. This article emphasizes the interaction of racial and gender discourses, and their role in the remembrance of the Vietnam War.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gifra-Adroher Pere , Lawley Paul , Briand R.J.
Published: September 2004

Mark Twain, Travel Books, and Tourism: The Tide of a Great Popular Movement, Jeffrey Alan Melton (2002) Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, xviii + 200 pp., ISBN 0817311602 (hardback) £29.50

The Composition of Herman Melville, Rick
Mitchell (2002), Bristol, UK and Portland, OR: Intellect, 2002, viii + 96 pp., ISBN 1-84150-067-4 (paperback) £14.95

War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton and the Generals, David Halberstam (2003), London: Bloomsbury, 2003, 544 pp., ISBN 0747563012 (paperback) £8.99
The Price is Unfair! A Conceptual Framework of Price Fairness Perceptions
Authors: Xia Lan , Monroe Kent B. , Cox Jennifer L.
Published: September 2004

Recent news coverage on pricing portrays the importance of price fairness. This article conceptually integrates the theoretical foundations of fairness perceptions and summarizes empirical findings on price fairness. The authors identify research issues and gaps in existing knowledge on buyers’ perceptions of price fairness. The article concludes with guidelines for managerial practice.
A Customer Lifetime Value Framework for Customer Selection and Resource Allocation Strategy
Authors: Venkatesan Rajkumar , Kumar V.
Published: September 2004

The authors evaluate the usefulness of customer lifetime value (CLV) as a metric for customer selection and marketing resource allocation by developing a dynamic framework that enables managers to maintain or improve customer relationships proactively through marketing contacts across various channels and to maximize CLV simultaneously. The authors show that marketing contacts across various channels influence CLV nonlinearly. Customers who are selected on the basis of their lifetime value provide higher profits in future periods than do customers selected on the basis of several other customer-based metrics. The analyses suggest that there is potential for improved profits when managers design resource allocation rules that maximize CLV. Managers can use the authors’ framework to allocate marketing resources efficiently across customers and channels of communication.
How is Manifest Branding Strategy Related to the Intangible Value of a Corporation?
Authors: Rao Vithala R. , Agarwal Manoj K. , Dahlhoff Denise
Published: September 2004

Firms exhibit or “manifest” three types of branding strategies: corporate branding, house of brands, or mixed branding. These strategies differ in their essential structure and in their potential costs and benefits to the firm. Prior research has failed to understand how these branding strategies are related to the intangible value of the firm. The authors investigate this relationship using five-year data for a sample of 113 U.S. firms. They find that corporate branding strategy is associated with higher values of Tobin's q, and mixed branding strategy is associated with lower values of Tobin's q, after controlling for the effects of several important and relevant factors. The relationships of the control variables are consistent with prior expectations. In addition, most of the firms would have been able to improve their Tobin's q had they adopted a branding strategy different from the one their brand portfolios revealed. The authors also discuss implications and future research directions.
Strategic Responses to New Technologies and Their Impact on Firm Performance
Authors: Lee Ruby P. , Grewal Rajdeep
Published: September 2004

Modern corporations must adopt and assimilate new technologies to build and sustain competitive advantage. The authors develop a theoretical framework to understand the relationships among (1) strategic responses to new technologies, (2) organizational resources, and (3) firm performance. Specifically, they theorize that a strategic response can be categorized according to the dimensions of magnitude, domain, and speed, and they conceptualize organizational resources as tangible and intangible. The authors operationalize this framework for the adoption of the Internet by traditional store-based retailers, for which they posit strategic responses as the speed of (1) adopting the Internet as a communications channel, (2) adopting the Internet as a sales channel, and (3) forming e-alliances. In addition, they use resource slack to represent organizational resources. Results from nine years (1992–2000) of data on 106 firms establish the influence of strategic responses on firm performance (i.e., market valuation of the firm, operationalized as Tobin's q). Specifically, the results show that both the adoption of the Internet as a communications channel and e-alliance formation positively influence firm performance. The positive effect of communications channel adoption on firm performance is enhanced further by the use of slack resources. Post hoc analysis reveals that the adoption of the Internet as a sales channel seems to matter only to firms that have preexisting catalog operations.
The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Donations to Corporate-Supported Nonprofits
Authors: Lichtenstein Donald R. , Drumwright Minette E. , Braig Bridgette M.
Published: September 2004

Both theory and recent research evidence suggest that a corporation's socially responsible behavior can positively affect consumers’ attitudes toward the corporation. The effect occurs both directly and indirectly through the behavior's effect on customer–corporation identification. The authors report the results of four studies designed to replicate and extend these findings. Using a field survey design, Study 1 provides evidence that perceived corporate social responsibility affects not only customer purchase behavior through customer–corporate identification but also customer donations to corporate-supported nonprofit organizations. Using experimental designs, Studies 2 and 3 replicate and extend the Study 1 findings by providing additional evidence for the mediating role of customer–corporate identification on the relationship between corporate social responsibility and customer donations. However, the combined results of Studies 2 and 3 also show that because of a “perceived opportunity to do good” by supporting a company that is changing its ways, consumers are more likely to donate to a corporate-supported nonprofit when the corporation has a weaker historical record of socially responsible behavior. Finally, Study 4 tests the relationship between the nonprofit domain and the domain of the corporation's socially responsible behavior as a boundary condition for this effect.
Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value
Authors: Anderson Eugene W. , Fornell Claes , Mazvancheryl Sanal K.
Published: September 2004

In this article, the authors develop a theoretical framework that specifies how customer satisfaction affects future customer behavior and, in turn, the level, timing, and risk of future cash flows. Empirically, they find a positive association between customer satisfaction and shareholder value. They also find significant variation in the association across industries and firms.
Antecedents and Outcomes of Marketing Strategy Comprehensiveness
Authors: Atuahene-Gima Kwaku , Murray Janet Y.
Published: September 2004

Comprehensiveness has long been recognized as a key feature of marketing strategy decision making. However, few studies have examined its antecedents and the conditions under which it influences performance. This study attempts to contribute to a better understanding of marketing strategy by investigating project-level antecedents and outcomes of marketing strategy comprehensiveness (MSC). Drawing on contingency and institutional theories perspectives, the authors develop and test the effects of output and process rewards, task conflict, and project members’ intra- and extraindustry relationships on MSC. They find that whereas process reward and extraindustry relationships are positively related to MSC, task conflict (when combined with conflict avoidance) hinders its development. Furthermore, the results indicate that MSC has a more positive effect on performance when implementation speed is higher. Finally, the authors discover that technology and market uncertainties differentially moderate the relationship between MSC and performance; the former has a positive effect, and the latter has a negative effect. The authors also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of their findings.
Customer Knowledge Development: Antecedents and Impact on New Product Performance
Authors: Joshi Ashwin W. , Sharma Sanjay
Published: September 2004

By enhancing the fit between new product features and customer preferences, the customer knowledge development process fosters new product success. Despite this significant benefit, there is considerable variance in the extent to which firms engage in this process in their new product development projects. This is because not all firms can meet the resource, strategic flexibility, and motivational requirements of the process. In this research, the authors develop a nomological network wherein they identify (1) the organizational actions that enable effective implementation of the customer knowledge development process, (2) the characteristics of new product development projects that moderate the effects of these actions, and (3) the outcomes that are generated by the process. The results from a survey of 165 marketing managers who had recently participated in new product development projects provide substantial support for the nomological network. The authors explore the theoretical and managerial implications that arise from their results and provide future research directions.
Impression Management using Typeface Design
Authors: Henderson Pamela W. , Giese Joan L. , Cote Joseph A.
Published: September 2004

This article develops empirically based guidelines to help managers select typefaces that affect strategically valued impressions. The authors discuss the potential trade-offs among the impressions created by typeface (e.g., pleasing, engaging, reassuring, prominent). The selection of typeface can be simplified with the use of six underlying design dimensions: elaborate, harmony, natural, flourish, weight, and compressed.
Linking Marketing to Financial Performance and Firm Value
Authors: Bolton Ruth N.
Published: September 2004

In January 2002, Donald R. Lehmann, Executive Director of the Marketing Science Institute, submitted a proposal for a JM Special Section, “Linking Marketing to Financial Performance and Firm Value.” The proposal included activities to promote interactions among marketing academics and practitioners, designed to advance research on this topic. I was excited about the opportunity to stimulate and publish new research, and after extensive discussions, the American Marketing Association and the Marketing Science Institute formally agreed to cosponsor the Special Section. Authors submitted their manuscripts through a paper competition as well as directly through JM. Donald R. Lehmann, the Consulting Editor, and a panel of distinguished scholars reviewed every submission. The panel included Tim Ambler, Gregory S. Carpenter, Robert Jacobson, V. Kumar, Roland T. Rust, and Rajendra K. Srivastava. All submissions underwent JM's standard double-blind review process under my editorship, and members of JM's Editorial Review Board served as reviewers. I am pleased to have this opportunity to acknowledge the important contributions of these many individuals: both authors and reviewers. As the subsequent essay suggests, three years’ hard work has produced a thought-provoking collection of articles. I hope they will generate further intellectual inquiry and debate about the link between marketing and financial performance in the business community.
Measuring Marketing Productivity: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Authors: Rust Roland T. , Ambler Tim , Carpenter Gregory S. , Kumar V. , Srivastava Rajendra K.
Published: September 2004

For too long, marketers have not been held accountable for showing how marketing expenditures add to shareholder value. As time has gone by, this lack of accountability has undermined marketers’ credibility, threatened the standing of the marketing function within the firm, and even threatened marketing's existence as a distinct capability within the firm. This article proposes a broad framework for assessing marketing productivity, cataloging what is already known, and suggesting areas for further research. The authors conclude that it is possible to show how marketing expenditures add to shareholder value. The effective dissemination of new methods of assessing marketing productivity to the business community will be a major step toward raising marketing's vitality in the firm and, more important, toward raising the performance of the firm itself. The authors also suggest many areas in which further research is essential to making methods of evaluating marketing productivity increasingly valid, reliable, and practical.
Return on Investment Implications for Pharmaceutical Promotional Expenditures: The Role of Marketing-Mix Interactions
Authors: Narayanan Sridhar , Desiraju Ramarao , Chintagunta Pradeep K.
Published: September 2004

The authors empirically explore the revenue impact of marketing-mix variables and their interactions. The findings include the following: pharmaceutical direct-to-consumer advertising and detailing (sales force) affect demand synergistically, detailing raises price elasticity, and detailing has a higher return on investment than does direct-to-consumer advertising. The authors also discuss other implications and provide future research directions.
Use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict the mechanical properties of six softwoods
Authors: Kelley S.S. , Rials T.G. , Groom L.R. , So C.-L.
Published: September 2004

The visible and near infrared (NIR) (500–2400 nm) spectra
and mechanical properties of almost 1000 small clearwood
samples from six softwood species: Pinus taeda
L. (loblolly pine), Pinus palustris, Mill. (longleaf pine),
Pinus elliottii Engelm. (slash pine), Pinus echinata Mill.
(shortleaf pine), Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws (ponderosa
pine), and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
(Douglas fir) were measured. Projection to Latent Structures
(PLS) modeling showed that the NIR spectra of
these softwoods could be used to predict the mechanical
properties of the clear-wood samples. The correlation
coefficients for most of these models were greater than
0.80. All six softwood species were combined into one
data set and a PLS model was constructed that effectively
predicted the strength properties of any of the individual
softwoods. Reducing the spectral range to
between 650 and 1050 nm only causes a slight decrease
in the quality of the models. Using this narrow spectral
range enables the use of smaller, faster, lighter, less
expensive spectrometers that could be used either in the
field or for process control applications.
Modeling the process of desorption of water in oak (Quercus robur L.) wood
Authors: Dedic A.D. , Petrovic A.L. , Nesic M.Z.
Published: September 2004

The paper describes a three-dimensional model with
non-constant coefficients for the heat and mass transport
process in desorption of water in wood. The model
is based on conservation of mass and energy and uses
various parameters obtained by comparing experimental
data with numerical results. In this way, the relations
between some parameters and average temperature and
moisture content are obtained in the form of analytical
expressions. Experimental results obtained for temperature
profiles during drying of oak wood samples are compared
with the model results. Satisfactory agreement is
obtained over a range of drying air temperatures and
velocities.
Application of ionic liquids for electrostatic control in wood
Authors: Li X. , Geng Y. , Simonsen J. , Li K.
Published: September 2004

Wood products with anti-electrostatic properties have
wide applications in many fields. However, wood is an
insulator and does not itself have anti-electrostatic ability.
This study investigated several ionic liquids as anti-electrostatic
agents for wood. Ionic liquids are liquids at room
temperature (or close to room temperature), possess no
vapor pressure and are excellent conductors for electric
current. Maple and pine veneers were either soaked in or
brushed with five ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride,
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The
ionic liquid-treated wood specimens were then measured
for surface resistivity and volume resistivity in accordance
with ASTM standards. The effects of application
method (brushed vs. soaked) and storage time were
investigated. All the ionic liquids studied were effective
anti-electrostatic agents for pine and maple. For all ionic
liquids tested, pine had lower resistivity, and thus higher
anti-electrostatic ability, than maple.
Production of 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone by the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans to drive extracellular Fenton reaction
Authors: Shimokawa T. , Nakamura M. , Hayashi N. , Ishihara M.
Published: September 2004

The brown-rot fungusSerpula lacrymansMAFF 420003 was grown in a liquid culture medium containing 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 1% glucose as carbon sources. Although little extracellular cellulase was secreted, the fungus produced an oxidized quinone-type chelator, 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DMBQ). The concentration of 2,5-DMBQ in the medium reached a maximum of 90 μmm after a month of cultivation.S. lacrymanscould reduce 2,5-DMBQ to 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone (2,5-DMHQ), thus a biological Fenton reaction was adopted by the fungus. The changes in the molecular weight distribution of CMC and arabinogalactan were analyzed after the addition of 2,5-DMHQ and Fe3+. CMC was apparently depolymerized by the reaction, but the same reaction conditions showed no significant effect on arabinogalactan. These differences suggest the specificities of the biological Fenton reaction via 2,5-DMBQ toward soluble polysaccharides. In addition, the crystallinity index of α-cellulose did not decrease as a result of the reaction with 2,5-DMHQ and Fe3+. These results provide indirect evidence thatS. lacrymansemploys a biological Fenton reaction mediated by a quinone-type chelator, and preferentially degrades amorphous regions of cellulose rather than crystalline regions in the non-enzymatic cellulose degradation.
The use of organo alkoxysilane coupling agents for wood preservation
Authors: Hill C.A.S. , Farahani M.R.M. , Hale M.D.C.
Published: September 2004

Corsican pine (Pinus nigra) sapwood was treated with
methanolic solutions of two organo alkoxysilanes ([γ-(methacryloxy)propylx] trimethoxy silane (TMPS), or vinyl
trimethoxy silane (VTMS)). Various treatment parameters
were studied in order to determine the optimum method
for obtaining a stable weight percentage gain. For TMPS,
it was found that best results were obtained when a free-radical
initiator was used in conjunction with the silane.
This indicates that polymerisation of this species occurs
via the pendant methacryloxy moeity, a result confirmed
by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the
treated wood. For VTMS, wood moisture content had a
profound influence upon the weight percentage gain due
to treatment, with higher weight percentage gains
obtained as wood moisture content was increased. This
indicates that polymerisation in this case occurred via the
formation of silanol groups to form siloxane linkages.
Solid-state NMR confirmed that the double bond of the
organo-functional group was intact after polymerisation
had occurred. Modified wood samples were then prepared
using optimised treatments for each silane. The
wood was prepared to a variety of weight percentage
gains and the effect of treatment on the dimensional stability
and decay properties of the treated material studied.
Treatment of Corsican pine sapwood with the two
organo-alkoxy silanes, resulted in only moderate increases
in dimensional stabilisation, with anti shrink efficiency
values (after 5 water-soak/oven-dry cycles) no greater
than 40%. Treatments were found to be relatively stable
to hydrolysis. Some differences were observed in the
effectiveness of the two silanes in providing protection.
Full decay protection required high treatment levels with
the silanes.
Oligolignans in Norway spruce and Scots pine knots and Norway spruce stemwood
Authors: Willför S. , Reunanen M. , Eklund P. , Sjöholm R. , Kronberg L. , Fardim P. , Pietarinen S. , Holmbom B.
Published: September 2004

Oligolignans present in substantial amounts in Norway
spruce and Scots pine knots were characterised. The
hydrophilic knotwood substances were extracted and
different chromatographic methods were applied to
obtain fractions for analysis by GC, GC-MS, HR-EI-MS,
LC-ESI-MS, NMR, and FTIR. β-O-4-Linked guaiacylglyceryl
ethers of hydroxymatairesinol (Ia, Ib, Ic), secoisolariciresinol
(II), lariciresinol (III), isolariciresinol (IV), lignan
A (V), liovil (VI), conidendrin (VII), and pinoresinol (VIII)
were identified in the spruce knotwood extract and β-O-4-linked guaiacylglyceryl ethers of nortrachelogenin (IX)
and secoisolariciresinol (II) in the pine knotwood extract.
The structures of allo-hydroxymatairesinol-4′-guaiacylglyceryl
ether (Ia), hydroxymatairesinol-4-guaiacylglyceryl
ether (Ib), hydroxymatairesinol-4′-guaiacylglyceryl ether
(Ic), secoisolariciresisinol-4-guaiacylglyceryl ether (II), and
lariciresinol-4′-guaiacylglyceryl ether (III) were determined
via GC-MS, HR-MS, and 1H and 13C NMR analyses. The
structures of (Ia), (Ic), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), and (IX) have not
been reported earlier. Spruce stemwood, both heartwood
and sapwood, also contained oligolignans in small
amounts. In addition, some dilignans with four phenylpropanoid
units were tentatively identified in the hydrophilic
knotwood substances.
Estimation of green moisture content distribution in hemfir timber by stochastic simulation
Authors: Elustondo D. , Avramidis S. , Oliveira L.
Published: September 2004

This paper describes an improved stochastic model designed to simulate systems, such as green timbers, that cannot be analyzed as a unit but as a collection of a large number of similar components. The stochastic model provides a piecewise green moisture content frequency distribution curve by using nondestructive measurements such as of timber weight. A new, relatively simple two-parameter function was designed to describe the log-normal moisture concentration distribution above the fiber saturation point, and the parameters of this function were determined by fitting the experimental timber weights with the results of the stochastic model. The simulated green moisture content distributions showed good agreement with the experimental data for Pacific coast hemlock (hemfir) timbers, thus providing a piece of information that is indispensable for applying stochastic simulation to industrial drying of timbers.
Theoretical exploration of factors affecting dielectric constants of masson pine
Authors: Hou Z.-Q. , Chen Z. , Wright R.S.
Published: September 2004

A theoretical model to calculate the dielectric constant of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) in the longitudinal direction was developed by considering the effect of wood moisture content, density, ratio of earlywood to latewood, and the volume fraction of ray cells. The calculated results were used to explore the relationship between dielectric constant and moisture content, density, and other factors. The results indicated that the dielectric constant of masson pine increased with the moisture content. From 0% to 30% moisture content, the longitudinal dielectric constant increased more than 5 times from 2.3 to 13.3. In the range of density from 0.450 to 0.650 (g cm−3at 15% moisture content, the longitudinal dielectric constant increased from 7.7 to 10.0. However, the longitudinal dielectric constant decreased as the volume fraction of ray cells increased.
Evaluation of borate formulations as wood preservatives to control subterranean termites in Australia
Authors: Ahmed B.M. , French J.R.J. , Vinden P.
Published: September 2004

The termiticidal efficacy of sodium octaborate tetrahydrate,
boric acid, borester-7, and tri-methyl borate as
wood preservatives was evaluated after each was
impregnated into seasoned sapwood of Pinus radiata D.
Don and Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell in laboratory bioassay
against Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt).
There was clear difference between the different borate
retentions in treated and untreated blocks, mass loss,
and mortality rate of the termite used in the bioassay
units. After 8 weeks of laboratory bioassay, the results
suggested that borate was toxic to termites even at
0.24% m/m BAE and caused significant termite mortality,
but termites were not deterred from attacking the borate-treated
timber at a higher retention of >2.0% m/m BAE.
These laboratory results indicated that the minimum
borate treatment required to protect timber against termite
attack and damage was >1.0% m/m BAE.
Self‐Cutting: Patient Characteristics Compared with Self‐Poisoners
Authors: Hawton Keith , Harriss Louise , Simkin Sue , Bale Elizabeth , Bond Alison
Published: September 2004

A large (n = 14, 892) consecutive sample of deliberate self‐harm (attempted suicide) patients who presented to a general hospital in the United Kingdom during a 23‐year study period was examined (over two consecutive time periods) in order to compare the characteristics of those who used self‐cutting (n = 428) and those who self‐poisoned (n = 11, 065). Patients who used different methods on other occasions, or were not assessed by the psychiatric service, were excluded. In the first time period (January 1976—June 1988), the self‐cutters were distinguished from the self‐poisoners by more often being male, single, not employed, and having a history of previous deliberate self‐harm. In the second time period (July 1988—December 1998) the self‐cutters were again distinguished by more often being male and having a history of previous deliberate self‐harm, but also by being more likely to live alone, misuse alcohol, and have low suicidal intent scores. The finding ofan excess of males among the self‐cutters is contrary to the impression in the literature that self‐cutting presentations to general hospitals more often involve females. It also indicates that the treatment needs of those who deliberately cut themselves are likely to differ from those of self‐poisoners.
Psychological Dimensions Associated with Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey
Authors: Cox Brian J. , Enns Murray W. , Clara Ian P.
Published: September 2004

Three important psychological dimensions in the suicide literature (neuroticism, self‐criticism, and hopelessness) were examined in relation to suicidal ideation and attempts in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey (Kessler et al., 1994; n =5, 877), after first controlling for the effects of previously identified sociodemo‐graphic and psychiatric variables related to suicidality in this nationally representative sample (Kessler, Borges, & Walters, 1999). Analyses were conducted separately for lifetime, current (12‐month), and past history of suicidal ideation and attempts. Brief indices of self‐criticism and hopelessness were robustly associated with suicide attempts across all three time frames. The results support the value of examining psychological individual differences over sociodemographic and psychiatric diagnoses alone in the comprehensive assessment of factors associated with suicidality in the general population.
Meriwether Lewis: Was it Suicide?
Authors: Westefeld John S. , Less Aaron
Published: September 2004

Even 200 years following the conclusion of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, questions remain about whether Meriwether Lewis' death was a suicide. The purpose of this article is to consider this issue by examining historical evidence from a psychological perspective. A risk factor model for suicide assessment (Sanchez, 2001) is employed to evaluate the nature of Lewis' historical, personal, psycho‐social environmental, and clinical risk factors as well as protective factors. The authors conclude that though there is some evidence to support a theory of murder, Lewis was at a high suicide risk at the time of his death, and that the preponderance of the evidence indicates that he died by his own hand.
The Prevalence of Suicidal Behaviors Among Northern Plains American Indians
Authors: LeMaster Pamela L. , Beals Janette , Novins Douglas K. , Manson Spero M.
Published: September 2004

This study examined the prevalence of suicidal behaviors among 1, 638 Northern Plains American Indians ages 15–57. Age and gender patterns were investigated as was comorbidity with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Data from a population‐based survey indicated that suicidal behaviors were more frequently reported among females than males and among younger respondents than older respondents. In addition, suicidal behaviors were associated with depressive disorders, PTSD, substance abuse/dependence, and violent ideation/aggression. Results underscore the importance of effective and acceptable alcohol, drug, and mental health services in reducing the rates of suicidal behaviors in American Indian communities.
Suicidal Behavior, Negative Affect, Gender, and Self‐Reported Delinquency in College Students
Authors: Langhinrichsen‐Rohling Jennifer , Arata Catalina , Bowers David , O'Brien Natalie , Morgan Allen
Published: September 2004

The associations among suicidal behavior, negative affect, and delinquency were assessed via an anonymous self‐report survey administered to male and female college students (N = 383). Contrary to our hypothesized results, there were no gender differences in rates of suicidal ideation and attempts. Confirming our hypotheses about gender differences, college men did report significantly more delinquent behavior than college women. College men also scored higher on the suicide‐proneness scale, which contained a mixture of death‐related, risk‐related, and negative self‐ and health‐related items. Furthermore, as predicted, college students with a history of depression, suicide ideation, and/or suicide attempts all reported significantly more delinquent behavior. Self‐reported delinquency and current levels of depressive symptomology emerged as significant predictors of suicide‐prone behavior for both college men and women, explaining 34% of the variance for women and 17% for men. Levels of engagement in suicide‐prone behavior and feelings of depression were elevated in college students with any type of juvenile arrest history. Students with an arrest history were also more likely to have had a diagnosis of depression and to have engaged in suicide ideation in their past. These findings suggest there are complex links between depression, delinquency, and suicidal behavior in college men and women.
Risk Factors of Suicidal Ideations and Attempts in Talented, At‐Risk Girls
Authors: Hull‐Blanks Elva E. , Kerr Barbara A. , Robinson Kurpius Sharon E.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships among suicidality, substance use, self‐esteem, family structure, and eight personality characteristics (harm avoidance, impulsivity, aggression, social recognition, cognitive structure, succorance, abasement, and achievement) with 337 talented, at‐risk, adolescent girls. Results indicated that girls with histories of suicidal ideations and/or attempts had significantly higher levels of substance use, impulsivity, aggression, and social recognition, and significantly lower levels of self‐esteem and harm avoidance than girls without such histories. Girls without suicide histories were also more likely to come from single mother families. Consideration of these factors, by both researchers and clinicians, in assessing suicide risk is encouraged.
Predictors of Police Suicide Ideation
Authors: Violanti John M.
Published: September 2004

Further inquiry into processes that lead to suicide in the police occupation is necessary. Suicide ideation in police officers and possible correlates associated with such ideation is explored in this paper. The focus was on psychologically traumatic police work experiences, the development of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) in officers, and the inordinate use of alcohol associated with this condition. The impact of these occupationally based factors and their association with suicide ideation has not yet been fully explored. Results suggest that certain traumatic police work exposures increase the risk of high level PTSD symptoms, which subsequently increase the risk of high alcohol use and suicide ideation. The combined impact of PTSD and increased alcohol use led to a ten‐fold increase risk for suicide ideation.
Suicidality Among High School Students in Hong Kong, SAR
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Liu K. Y. , Lam T. H. , Stewart Sunita M. , Chen Eric , Fan Susan
Published: September 2004

Suicide is the leading cause of death in Hong Kong SAR for the youth aged 15–24. This study examined the prevalence of suicidality among secondary school students in Hong Kong using a representative, territory‐wide sample of 2, 586 students. Suicidal behaviors can be conceptualized as a spectrum of self‐destructive behaviors. Cumulative logit model analysis indicated that a range of factors, such as unhappy family life, were associated with increasing levels of suicidality. Use of illicit drugs, inhalants, and tobacco differentiated attempters from ideators. The implications of the research findings are discussed.
Suicidal Behavior Among Inpatients with Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders in Chengdu, China
Authors: Ran Mao‐Sheng , Wu Qiu‐Hua , Conwell Yeates , Chen Eric Yu‐Hai , Chan Cecilia Lai‐Wan
Published: September 2004

This study evaluated the characteristics of suicidal behavior (suicide attempt or suicidal ideation) among 230 consecutively admitted inpatients with schizophrenia and mood disorders in a university hospital in China. The rate of lifetime suicidal behavior was found to be significantly higher in patients with mood disorders (62.4%) than in patients with schizophrenia (38.6%). The rate of suicidal behavior was significantly higher in patients with major depressive disorder (86.8%) than those with bipolar disorders (42.6%). Patients with schizophrenia attempted suicide for the first time earlier in life than the patients with mood disorders. Mood disorder patients, especially those with major depressive disorder, had more and more serious suicide attempts than the patients with schizophrenia.
Suicide Attempts in an African Schizophrenia Population: An Assessment of Demographic Risk Factors
Authors: Niehaus D.J.H. , Laurent C. , Jordaan E. , Koen L. , Oosthuizen P. , Keyter N. , Muller J. E. , Mbanga N. I. , Deleuze J.‐F. , Mallet J. , Stein D. J. , Emsley R.
Published: September 2004

This study investigated demographic variables, including affected sibling pair status, as risk factors for suicidal behavior in schizophrenia patients of African (Xhosa) descent. Xhosa subjects with schizophrenia were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) and then stratified into two groups: those with (n = 90) and those without (n = 364) a history of previous suicide attempts. Demographic parameters (including gender, age, and social circumstances, sib ship) were then compared across these groups. Demographic predictors of suicide included sib ship status (p = 0.038; OR = 1.7) and age of onset of illness (p = 0.008; OR = 2.5). On further analysis of suicide in siblings, only a minority of sib pairs was found to be concordant for a lifetime history of suicide attempts (3%). These findings raise the possibility that affected sib pair status may be protective in nature. Given the counter‐intuitive nature of this finding, further work is needed to replicate it, and to explore possible underlying mechanisms.
The Effects of Changes in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases on Suicide Rates in 71 Countries, 1950–1999
Authors: Pearson‐Nelson Benjamin J. , Raffalovich Lawrence E. , Bjarnason Thoroddur
Published: September 2004

The World Health Organization (WHO) provides annual mortality statistics from 1950 onward based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). In this paper we evaluate the effects of ICD form revisions on suicide rates for 71 countries. The changes between ICD‐6, ICD‐7, ICD‐8, and ICD‐9 did not have an overall effect on reported suicide rates. The transitions to ICD‐8 and ICD‐9 were, however, associated with country‐specific changes in the suicide rate in some countries. The change from ICD‐9 to ICD‐10 was associated with an overall change of ‐.73 suicides per 100, 000 inhabitants. It is recommended that researchers using the WHO mortality data for longitudinal cross‐national studies control for the ICD form used at different time points.
Impedance Spectroscopy, Strength and Limitations (Impedanzspektroskopie, Stärken und Grenzen)
Authors: Boukamp Bernard A.
Published: September 2004

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has become an important tool in Solid State Electrochemistry. Simple Kramers-Kronig transform data validation assures selection of high quality data for subsequent CNLS-fit analysis. Optimized starting parameters and probable equivalent circuit can be obtained through a de-convolution based pre-analysis procedure. Combination of time-domain measurements with frequency-domain analysis extends impedance measurements in to the μHz range.
Lineare Optimierung von Parametern eines Wirbelstrom-Sensors am Beispiel der Abstandsmessung (Linear Optimisation of Parameters of an Eddy Current Sensor Used for a Displacement Measurement)
Authors: Ricken Werner
Published: September 2004

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem modellgestützten Messen von Abständen mittels Wirbelstrom-Sensoren. Nichtlineares Verhalten von Skineffekt und Materialabhängigkeit der Diffusion des elektromagnetischen Feldes erschweren eine Signalverarbeitung auf weniger komplexen Mikroprozessoren. Der Mangel an einem geeigneten Modell war Motivation, ein Verfahren zur linearen Optimierung von Parametern des Wirbelstrom-Sensors zu entwickeln. Mithilfe eines linearen Ansatzes zwischen komplexer Impedanz und Einflussgrößen lassen sich optimierte Parameter berechnen. Linearkombinationen aus Impedanzen, die während der Kalibrierung erfasst wurden, bilden die notwendigen Bestimmungsgleichungen. Am Beispiel der Abstandsmessung wird gezeigt, dass sich der Einfluss z.B. der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und der magnetischen Permeabilität deutlich verringert. Eine präzise Abstandsmessung ist daher auch ohne genaue Kenntnisse der Einflussgrößen möglich.