bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Sleep Disorders and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Baravi Hamsa
Published: August 2023

This literature review concentrates on the prevalence of sleep disorders and depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, as well as their effect on health and quality of life. Insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy are some of the most common sleep disorders experienced by MS patients, according to the review. MS patients have a prevalence of sleep disturbances ranging between 29% and 66%. The review also discusses the various causes of sleep disturbances in MS patients, including physical impairment, nocturnal symptoms, adverse drug reactions, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and sleep-wake cycle abnormalities caused by neurological injury. The review highlights the need for additional research in the interconnected disciplines of sleep disorders, depression, and MS. Future research should concentrate on longitudinal studies, the explanation of underlying mechanisms, and the development of individualized therapies using innovative methodologies. By gaining a deeper understanding of and intervening in sleep disturbances and melancholy, MS patients can receive more comprehensive care.
Assessment of Information Needs of Apple Growers in District Baramulla of Jammu and Kashmir (UT), India
Authors: Yousuf Dawood , Ali Lyaqet , Dar M. A. , Bhat Shijaatt Hussain , Wani Khalid Rasool , Wani Faheem Jeelani , Wani Tanveer Ahmad
Published: August 2023

Nowadays it is a prerequisite to know the information needs of farmers and to provide information according to their needs. Along with land, labour and capital, Information is perceived as a critical factor of production in farming. Information regarding various aspects of crop production and protection can empower farmers to mitigate losses. Apple among various horticultural crops holds great promise for the economy and livelihood of farmers living in the UT of Jammu and Kashmir. The area under apple cultivation has increased but the production and productivity have not increased to a satisfactory level. There is an urgent need to identify the information needs of farmers. The present study was undertaken to find out the information needs of apple growers in the northern district (Baramulla) of J & K (UT) having the maximum area and production of apple fruit in the UT. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the sample size of 300 apple growers was selected through a proportionate random sampling method from purposively selected 15 horticultural zones of district Baramulla, having maximum area and production of apple fruit in the district. Data was collected personally by the researcher through a well-structured interview schedule. The most prioritized areas of information needs expressed by the apple growers were disease management, training/pruning, govt. schemes and subsidies, innovative techniques (HDP) and pest management. The overall information needs behaviour of apple growers was medium (45.00%) with mean information needs of 62.48. Explanatory variables land holding, source of information and scientific orientation have a positive and significant relationship with the information needs of apple growers. A pertinent information dissemination strategy can be developed on the basis of their information needs behaviour. The study will act as an eye-opener for policy makers to formulate relevant policies and design programmes to enhance the production and productivity of apple.
Influence of Diatomite on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks
Authors: Jonas Togdjim , Ngamsou Djaldi Tabdi , Samson Mbaïrangone , Soultan Malloum , Nanimina Alexis Mouangue , Lamaï Nandiguim , Querry Michel
Published: August 2023

Given the need for decent housing and taking into consideration the environment, as well as the search for sustainable materials, in recent years researchers have begun to focus on local biodegradable and ecological materials. It should be noted that the use of building materials evolves in step with population growth. However, their production must have a clear positive impact on the environment and offer viable solutions for reducing energy consumption during it is application. However, these materials rarely meet the mechanical requirements for using in housing construction. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of diatomite in the manufacture of compressed earth bricks. Diatomite is used at between 5% and 50% in two clay soils to determine its physico-mechanical properties. The study focused on shrinkage and mass loss, density, porosity, flexural strength, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the composites. The results show that the incorporation of diatomite improves the linear shrinkage of compressed earth blocks and increases their porosities. The dry density of compressed earth block decreased considerably with increasing percentages of diatomite, which also led to a reduction in mechanical strength. This reduction in mechanical strength is linked to the physicochemical characteristics of diatomite. According to a number of relevant standards in the literature, which can be used in building construction set minimum permissible strengths at 2 MPa in simple compression and 0.1 MPa in bending and indirect tension, composites made from two clay soils and diatomite.
Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada
Authors: Dart Richard C. , Mullins Michael E. , Matoushek Theresa , Ruha Anne-Michelle , Burns Michele M. , Simone Karen , Beuhler Michael C. , Heard Kennon J. , Mazer-Amirshahi Maryann , Stork Christine M. , Varney Shawn M. , Funk Alexandra R. , Cantrell Lee F. , Cole Jon B. , Banner William , Stolbach Andrew I. , Hendrickson Robert G. , Lucyk Scott N. , Sivilotti Marco L. A. , Su Mark K. , Nelson Lewis S. , Rumack Barry H.
Published: August 2023

Importance

The US and Canada currently have no formal published nationwide guidelines for specialists in poison information or emergency departments for the management of acetaminophen poisoning, resulting in significant variability in management.

Objective

To develop consensus guidelines for the management of acetaminophen poisoning in the US and Canada.

Evidence Review

Four clinical toxicology societies (America’s Poison Centers, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Canadian Association of Poison Control Centers) selected participants (n = 21). Led by a nonvoting chairperson using a modified Delphi method, the panel created a decision framework and determined the appropriate clinical management of a patient with acetaminophen poisoning. Unique to this effort was the collection of guidelines from most poison centers in addition to systematic collection and review of the medical literature. Comments from review by external organizations were incorporated before the guideline was finalized. The project began in March 2021 and ended in March 2023.

Findings

The search retrieved 84 guidelines and 278 publications. The panel developed guidelines for emergency department management of single or repeated ingestion of acetaminophen. In addition, the panel addressed extended-release formulation, high-risk ingestion, coingestion of anticholinergics or opioids, age younger than 6 years, pregnancy, weight greater than 100 kg, and intravenous acetaminophen use. Differences from current US practice include defining acute ingestion as an ingestion presentation from 4 to 24 hours after overdose was initiated. A revised form of the Rumack-Matthew nomogram was developed. The term massive ingestion was replaced with the term high-risk ingestion and denoted by a specific nomogram line. Other recommendations include specific criteria for emergency department triage, laboratory evaluation and monitoring parameters, defining the role of gastrointestinal decontamination, detailed management of acetylcysteine treatment, associated adverse effects, and stopping criteria for acetylcysteine treatment, as well as criteria for consultation with a clinical toxicologist. Finally, specific treatment considerations, including acetylcysteine dosing, fomepizole administration, and considerations for extracorporeal elimination and transplant evaluation, were addressed.

Conclusions and Relevance

This qualitative study provides a consensus statement on consistent evidence-based recommendations for medical, pharmacy, and nursing education and practice to optimize care of patients with acetaminophen poisoning.
Low‐Dose Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant Maintains Bone Homeostasis via Regulating Crosstalk between Bone Formation and Host T‐Cell Effector Immunity
Authors: Wang Haixing , Lin Sien , Feng Lu , Huang Baozhen , Lu Xuan , Yang Zhengmeng , Jiang Zhaowei , Li Yu‐Cong , Zhang Xiaoting , Wang Ming , Wang Bin , Kong Lingchi , Pan Qi , Bai Shanshan , Li Yuan , Yang Yongkang , Lee Wayne Yuk Wai , Currie Peter D. , Lin Changshuang , Jiang Yanfu , Chen Juyu , Tortorella Micky D. , Li Hongyi , Li Gang
Published: August 2023

Studies in recent years have highlighted an elaborate crosstalk between T cells and bone cells, suggesting that T cells may be alternative therapeutic targets for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Here, it is reported that systemic administration of low‐dose staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) 2M‐118, a form of mutant superantigen, dramatically alleviates ovariectomy (OVX)‐induced bone loss via modulating T cells. Specially, SEC2 2M‐118 treatment increases trabecular bone mass significantly via promoting bone formation in OVX mice. These beneficial effects are largely diminished in T‐cell‐deficient nude mice and can be rescued by T‐cell reconstruction. Neutralizing assays determine interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) as the key factor that mediates the beneficial effects of SEC2 2M‐118 on bone. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that IFN‐γ stimulates Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) signaling, leading to enhanced production of nitric oxide, which further activates p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling and promotes osteogenic differentiation. IFN‐γ also directly inhibits osteoclast differentiation, but this effect is counteracted by proabsorptive factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β) secreted from IFN‐γ‐stimulated macrophages. Taken together, this work provides clues for developing innovative approaches which target T cells for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Dual Synergistic Tumor‐Specific Polymeric Nanoparticles for Efficient Chemo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Xiang Jiajia , Liu Kexin , Xu Hongxia , Zhao Zhihao , Piao Ying , Shao Shiqun , Tang Jianbin , Shen Youqing , Zhou Zhuxian
Published: August 2023

Chemo‐immunotherapy has made significant progress in cancer treatment. However, the cancer cell self‐defense mechanisms, including cell cycle checkpoint and programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) upregulation, have greatly hindered the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, norcantharidin (NCTD)‐platinum (Pt) codelivery nanoparticles (NC‐NP) with tumor‐sensitive release profiles are designed to overcome the self‐defense mechanisms via synergistic chemo‐immunotherapy. NC‐NP remains stable under normal physiological conditions but quickly releases 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane‐platinum(II) (DACHPt, a parent drug of oxaliplatin) and NCTD in response to the tumor acidity. NCTD inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity to relieve cell cycle arrest and downregulates the tumor PD‐L1 expression to disrupt the programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1)/PD‐L1 interaction, synergistically enhancing Pt‐based chemotherapy and immunogenic cell death‐induced immunotherapy. As a result, NC‐NP exhibits potent synergistic cytotoxicity and promotes T cell recruitment to generate robust antitumor immune responses. The dual synergism exhibits potent antitumor activity against orthotopic 4T1 tumors, providing a promising chemo‐immunotherapy paradigm for cancer treatment.
The Interaction between Macrophages and Triple‐negative Breast Cancer Cells Induces ROS‐Mediated Interleukin 1α Expression to Enhance Tumorigenesis and Metastasis
Authors: Hao Meng , Huang Bin , Wu Renfei , Peng Zheng , Luo Kathy Qian
Published: August 2023

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) has higher mortality than non‐TNBC because of its stronger metastatic capacity. Increasing studies reported that TNBC tumors had more macrophage infiltration than non‐TNBC tumors, which promoted the metastasis of TNBC cells. However, how TNBC cells become more malignant after interacting with macrophages is less reported. In this study, it is observed that when TNBC cells are co‐cultured with macrophages, they display higher viability and stronger metastatic ability than non‐TNBC cells. Mechanistic studies reveal that TNBC cells acquired these abilities via interactions with macrophages in three phases. First, within 12 h of co‐culture with macrophages, some TNBC cells have significantly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which upregulate interleukin 1α (IL1α) expression in ERK1/2‐c‐Jun‐ and NF‐κB‐dependent manners at 24−48 h. Second, the secreted IL1α bound to IL1R1 activates the ERK1/2‐ZEB1‐VIM pathway which increases metastasis. Third, IL1α/IL1R1 facilitates its own synthesis and induces the expression of IL1β and IL8 at 72−96 h through the MKK4‐JNK‐c‐Jun and NF‐κB signaling pathways. Moreover, a higher level of IL1α is positively correlated with more macrophage infiltration and shorter overall survival in breast cancer patients. Thus, reducing ROS elevation or downregulating IL1α expression can serve as new strategies to decrease metastasis of TNBC.
Versatile Liquid Metal/Alginate Composite Fibers with Enhanced Flame Retardancy and Triboelectric Performance for Smart Wearable Textiles
Authors: Qi Xiulei , Liu Yide , Yu Lei , Yu Zhenchuan , Chen Long , Li Xiankai , Xia Yanzhi
Published: August 2023

Liquid metal (LM) shows the superiority in smart wearable devices due to its biocompatibility and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. However, LM based fibers that can achieve multifunctional integrated applications with biodegradability remain a daunting challenge. Herein, versatile LM based fibers are fabricated first by sonication in alginate solution to obtain LM micro/nano droplets and then wet‐spinning into LM/alginate composite fibers. By mixing with high‐concentration alginate solution (4–6 wt.%), the LM micro/nano droplets stability (colloidal stability for > 30 d and chemical stability for > 45 d) are not only improved, but also facilitate its spinning into fibers through bimetallic ions (e.g., Ga3+ and Ca2+) chelation strategy. These resultant fibers can be woven into smart textiles with excellent flexibility, air permeability, water/salt resistance, and high temperature tolerance (−196–150 °C). In addition, inhibition of smoldering result from the LM droplets and bimetallic ions is achieved to enhance flame retardancy. Furthermore, these fibers combine the exceptional properties of LM droplets (e.g., photo‐thermal effect and EMI shielding) and alginate fibers (e.g., biocompatibility and biodegradability), applicable in wearable heating devices, wireless communication, and triboelectric nanogenerator, making it a promising candidate for flexible smart textiles.
Biosynthetic Plastics as Tunable Elastic and Visible Stent with Shape‐Memory to Treat Biliary Stricture
Authors: Wang Wei , Luan Zhaohui , Shu Zhenzhen , Xu Kaige , Wang Tongchuan , Liu Shuang , Wu Xiaozhuo , Liu Hangzong , Ye Shaosong , Dan Ruijue , Zhao Xiaoyan , Yang Shiming , Xing Malcolm , Fan Chaoqiang
Published: August 2023

Common biliary tract is ≈4 mm in diameter to deliver bile from liver to small intestine to help digestion. The abnormal narrowing leads to severe symptoms such as pain and nausea. Stents are an effective treatment. Compared with non‐degradable stents which require repeated removal, biodegradable stents have the advantage of reducing secondary injury related to endoscopic operation and patient burden. However, current biodegradable materials may cause tissue hyperplasia and the treatment method does not target etiology of stricture. So recurrence rates after biodegradable stent implantation are still high. Here, a biodegradable helical stent fabricated from biosynthetic P(3HB‐co‐4HB) is reported. Tunable properties can be acquired through altering culture substrates. Stent shows shape memory in various solvents. The stent has an optimized design with helical structure and outer track. The self‐expanding of helical structure and double drainage realized by outer track greatly improve drainage of bile. Importantly, stent‐loading triamcinolone acetonide can inhibit proliferation of fibroblasts and reduce incidence of restricture. Therapeutic effect is also demonstrated in minipigs with biliary stricture. The results of minipig experiments show that biliary duct in treatment group is unobstructed and tissue hyperplasia is effectively inhibited.
Toward Sub‐Terahertz: Space‐Time Coding Metasurface Transmitter for Wideband Wireless Communications
Authors: Liu Yujie , Wang Yu , Fu Xiaojian , Shi Lei , Yang Fei , Luo Jiang , Zhou Qun Yan , Fu Yuan , Chen Qi , Dai Jun Yan , Zhang Lei , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun
Published: August 2023

A space‐time coding metasurface (STCM) operating in the sub‐terahertz band to construct new‐architecture wireless communication systems is proposed. Specifically, a programmable STCM is designed with varactor‐diode‐tuned metasurface elements, enabling precise regulation of harmonic amplitudes and phases by adjusting the time delay and duty cycle of square‐wave modulation signal loaded on the varactor diodes. Independent electromagnetic (EM) regulations in the space and time domains are achieved by STCM to realize flexible beam manipulations and information modulations. Based on these features, a sub‐terahertz wireless communication link is constructed by employing STCM as a transmitter. Experimental results demonstrate that the STCM supports multiple modulation schemes including frequency‐shift keying, phase‐shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulations in a wide frequency band. It is also shown that the STCM is capable of realizing wide‐angle beam scanning in the range of ±45o, which offers an opportunity for user tracking during the communication. Thus, the STCM transmitter with high device density and low power consumption can provide low‐complexity, low‐cost, low‐power, and low‐heat solutions for building the next‐generation wireless communication systems in the sub‐terahertz frequency and even terahertz band.
The Optimized Catalytic Performance of Single‐Atom Catalysts by Incorporating Atomic Clusters or Nanoparticles: In‐Depth Understanding on Their Synergisms
Authors: Mo Fan , Zhou Qixing , Xue Wendan , Liu Weitao , Xu Shizhe , Hou Zelin , Wang Jianling , Wang Qi
Published: August 2023

The performance optimization of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is important but remains challenging. Taking advantage of accompanying in situ formation of atomic clusters (ACs)/nanoparticles (NPs) during the preparation of SACs can be a promising solution. The coupled ACs/NPs and single atoms (SAs) can be highly efficient in catalyzing various reactions (e.g., oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), N2 oxidation reaction (NOR), etc), showing superior activity, selectivity, and stability. The mechanisms can be mainly categorized as ACs/NPs intensified SAs, SAs intensified ACs/NPs, and reactions proceeding on both ACs/NPs and SAs. The proposed mechanisms may be applicable to rationalize the excellent catalysts consisting of ACs/NPs and SAs. In the end, the existing issues and further development directions are put forward. This review is expected to simultaneously contribute to the development and application of highly efficient SACs and the in‐depth understanding of the single‐atom catalysis (SAC).
Mitochondrial sensitive probe with aggregation‐induced emission characteristics for early brain diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Huang Liwen , Zhou Yutong , Jiao Di , Ren Jing , Qi Yilin , Wang Heping , Shi Yang , Ding Dan , Xue Xue
Published: August 2023

The early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) provides opportunities for early intervention to slow the progression of neurological degeneration in patients, particularly as the aging population increases in our society. Among a series of pathological features of PD, mitochondria abnormalities have been identified as central event that occurs at the early stage of PD. However, the method for detecting mitochondrial abnormalities‐associated early PD has not been fully developed. We herein report a specifically mitochondrial targeting probe (named TPA‐BT‐SCP) that is able to characterize mitochondria abnormalities for early diagnosis of PD and monitor PD neurodegenerative progress. The probe is an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) probe with a strong positive charge, a 3D distorted molecular structure, and a separated HOMO‐LUMO distribution, designed with unique molecular design guidelines. Our research demonstrated that TPA‐BT‐SCP could emit stable and strong fluorescence, and rapidly accumulate in mitochondria due to the negative charge. After intranasal administration of 1‐methy‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced PD mice, TPA‐BT‐SCP successfully bypassed the blood−brain barrier to light up the brain, allowing the grading of PD severity based on its high sensitivity. Taken together, this work develops a novel AIE probe that exhibits dramatically high sensitivity to mitochondrial changes and enables noninvasive diagnosis of early PD in the brain.
The impact of thawing duration on leptin and adiponectin levels in frozen human milk samples
Authors: Harries Victoria , Corley Margaret , Bribiescas Richard G.
Published: August 2023

Background

Measurements of hormone concentrations in human milk from understudied populations across the world is of growing scientific interest. Due to limited access to suitable laboratory facilities at many research sites, human milk samples are often shipped frozen to distant laboratories for analysis. Shipping and handling exposes samples to the risk of thawing and degradation as the results of delays, mishandling, or other unforeseen circumstances. Similar degradation risk factors are well known in serum samples. However, the vulnerability of hormone degradation in human milk to thawing during transportation is largely unexplored. Leptin and adiponectin are of particular importance due to their roles in feeding behavior and metabolism in infants, hence our focus on these two hormones. In addition, leptin and adiponectin have been shown to be vulnerable to pasteurization temperature degradation in human milk samples.

Aims

We tested the degradation of human milk metabolic hormones – leptin and adiponectin – in a controlled environment in response to a variety of freeze/thaw conditions that are reflective of potential temperature fluctuations during transportation.

Materials & Methods

Human milk samples were experimentally subjected to thaw durations ranging from 4 to 16 h and assayed for hormonal levels to observe changes from baseline. Samples were also subjected to two additional experimental conditions, re‐freezing after an extended period outside freezers or remaining thawed with additional ice packs, to investigate the impact of common transportation conditions.

Results

We found the assayed levels of leptin were not significantly impacted by an extended thaw cycle of 16 h. However, leptin levels were impacted by the extended period of 40 h outside of the freezer. Adiponectin showed a decrease in concentration percentage after the initial 16‐h thaw period, but the increased degradation between 0–16 h and 16–40 h was not as severe as that seen in the leptin samples.

Discussion & Conclusion

The results of this experiment can be used to inform hormone measurement consistency given different thawing lengths or freezing conditions during transportation. Additionally, this research informs decisions regarding transportation, storage/handling, and data analysis in human milk research.
Bio composite of porous hydroxyapatite and collagen extracted from eggshell membrane and Oreochromis niloticus fish skin for bone tissue applications
Authors: Ingwattanapok Nutchaya , Sakunrak Yosita , Tangboriboon Nuchnapa
Published: August 2023

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by a chemical reaction between eggshell and phosphoric acid mixed with a foaming agent. Hydroxyapatite was composited with collagen prepared from a fermentation process of Acetobacter xylinum with eggshell membranes, extraction process of Oreochromis niloticus fish skin, and commercial‐grade collagen. Results of physical‐mechanical‐thermal properties of the bio composite materials yielded them as potential candidates for bone tissue engineering, drug delivery through the body, as well as tissue regeneration. The porous hydroxyapatite added foaming agent namely 64HA‐1NaHCO3‐500 and 64HA‐1NaHCO3‐600 having pore size and pore volume suitable for good adhering of collagen fiber types prepared from the fermentation process of Acetobacter xylinum of eggshell membrane and freeze‐drying process of Oreochromis niloticus. Because after reinforcing with collagen gave the highest compressive strength and three‐point bending strength values higher than HA samples without collagen three to five magnitudes. Furthermore, both bio composite samples served as positive thermal shock absorbers with significantly strong scanning electron microscope adhesion microstructures of collagen fibers within the porous HA matrices.
The path increasingly travelled: Vocational entry qualifications, socioeconomic status and university outcomes
Authors: Dilnot Catherine , Macmillan Lindsey , Wyness Gill
Published: August 2023

Many countries have introduced flexibility in their admissions equivalents for tertiary education, allowing students to apply with vocational rather than academic qualifications at upper secondary level. However, entrants with vocational qualifications are generally less likely to succeed at university. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds are also, on average, less likely to succeed: they are more likely to drop out, or graduate with a lower class degree, even when they have the same prior attainment scores and take the same university course. Rich individual‐level data in England drawn from administrative records allow us to link outcomes at university with social background and attainment and qualification routes at school, going back to lower secondary level, before academic and vocational pathways diverge. We can thus use the English example to explore whether the relative lack of success of students from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds is in part because they are more likely to enter university with non‐traditional qualifications that offer less effective preparation for study. Our results reveal a significant penalty associated with entering university with these vocational qualifications. Controlling for qualification type reduces the SES gradient in dropping out of university by 42%, and graduation with a lower class degree by 28%, although significant SES gradients in success still remain. There is a tension between allowing students from lower SES backgrounds to use vocational routes to enter university and these persistent gaps in university outcomes. Countries using both vocational and academic routes as pathways to university should be aware of this potential conflict.
Measuring and Manipulating the Rhine River Branches: Interactions of Theory and Embodied Understanding in Eighteenth Century River Hydraulics
Authors: Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: August 2023

Eighteenth century river hydraulics used both theory and measurement to address problems of flood safety, navigation and defense related to the rivers. In the late eighteenth century the Dutch overseer of the rivers, Christiaan Brunings, integrated hydraulic theory and meteorological practices, which enabled him to design a unique instrument for measuring river flow. The question is whether the unprecedented detail of measurements fits the putative empirical stance in the eighteenth century. The interactions between theory, instrument, measurement, and other knowledge practices are here assessed using experiences in similar measurement practices. I argue that Brunings had theoretical and embodied understanding of hydrodynamics, as he knew how to design an instrument for flow measurement of sufficient accuracy for his purpose in the sociopolitical context of river management.
Glass microspargers as effective frit spargers in single use bioreactors
Authors: Tran William , Seamans T. Craig , Bowers John S.
Published: August 2023

For multiple‐use bench scale and larger bioreactors, sintered stainless steel frit spargers are commonly used as microspargers. For bench‐scale single‐use bioreactors (SUBs), existing microspargers are sintered plastics, such as polyethylene. However, though plastics are readily sterilized by irradiation making them convenient for single use, these designs overlook surface energy properties of the materials of construction. For these sintered plastic spargers, forces at the water‐air‐surface interface cause bubble coalescence, leading to lower effective mass transfer, higher gas flow rates, and differing pCO2 profiles in cell culture. Alternative materials of construction were evaluated based on contact angle information and bubble formation observations. Sintered glass was chosen over thermoplastic polymers for higher surface wettability as described in the glass/water contact angle, its history as a commonly sintered material, and availability at costs suitable for single use applications. Glass sintered spargers and traditional stainless steel frit spargers were compared by porosity, bubble size, and kLa studies. Mass transfer (kLa) and cell culture performance equal or greater than a standard 20 μm stainless steel microsparger mass transfer efficiency was achieved by a glass frit sparger, of international porosity standard “P40” according to ISO 4793‐80, which corresponds to a range of 16–40 μm.
Degradation of Penicillinic Antibiotics and β‐Lactamase Enzymatic Catalysis in a Biomimetic Zn‐Based Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Escamilla Paula , Bartella Lucia , Sanz‐Navarro Sergio , Percoco Rita Maria , Di Donna Leonardo , Prejanò Mario , Marino Tiziana , Ferrando‐Soria Jesús , Armentano Donatella , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Pardo Emilio
Published: August 2023

Invited for the cover of this issue are Jesús Ferrando‐Soria, Donatella Armentano, Antonio Leyva‐Pérez, Emilio Pardo and co‐workers at University of Valencia, Technical University of Valencia and University of Calabria. The image depicts the crystal structure of a novel ZnII biological metal–organic framework that mimics β‐lactamase enzymes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202301325.
Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with Superior Thermal/Light Stability and Balanced Efficiency and Transmittance
Authors: Yin Zhipeng , Zhao Huan , Liu Yang , Xiao Xunwen , Zhang Yong , Lai Huahang , Li Ning , Wang Hai‐Qiao
Published: August 2023

Semitransparent organic solar cells show attractive potential in the application of building‐integrated photovoltaics, agrivoltaics, floating photovoltaics, and wearable electronics, as their multiple functionalities of electric power generation, photopermeability, and color tunability. Design and exploration of semitransparent organic solar cells with optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance and simultaneously high stability are in great demand. In this work, based on a layer‐by‐layer‐processed active layer and an ultrathin metal electrode, inverted semitransparent organic solar cells (ITO/AZO/PM6/BTP‐eC9/MoO3/Au/Ag) were fabricated. Optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance were demonstrated, and simultaneously promising thermal and light stability were achieved for the obtained devices. The power conversion efficiency of 13.78–12.29% and corresponding average visible light transmittance of 14.58–25.80% were recorded for the ST‐OSC devices with 25–15 nm thick Ag electrodes, respectively. Superior thermal and light stability with ~90% and ~85% of initial efficiency retained in 400 h under 85 °C thermal stress and AM1.5 solar illumination were demonstrated, respectively.
The Unique Ambiphilicity of Tellurium in the [MesitylTe(I)(I2)(I3)]−Anion
Authors: Matos Vinícius , Zimmermann Londero Ana Júlia , Roca Jungfer Maximilian , Abram Ulrich , Schulz Lang Ernesto
Published: August 2023

A first example of an aryltellurium(II) compound with three different bonding modes to iodine featuring covalent and non‐covalent bonds such as two orthogonal, ambiphilic σ‐hole interactions is introduced: [MesTe(I)(I2)(I3)]−. It is a member of a series of mesityltellurenyl anions, which are formed during reactions of (MesTe)2with ZnI2, phenanthroline (phen) and iodine. [Zn(phen)3][MesTe(I)2] (1), [Zn(phen)3][{MesTe(I)‐(I)…Te(I)Mes}{MesTeI2}] (2) and [Zn(phen)3][MesTe(I)(I2)(I3)][MesTeI2] (3) are isolated depending on the amount of iodine used. The products contain tellurium atoms bonded to a variety of iodine species (I−, μ2‐I−, I2and I3−) and are, thus, perfectly suitable to explore the amphiphilic behavior of tellurium(II) and its relevance for the formation of non‐covalent bonds, where tellurium acts as both donor and acceptor simultaneously. The character of chalcogen and halogen bonds are evaluated by the combination of crystallographic data and computational methods.
Dioxygen‐Triggered β‐Hydroxysulfonylation of Terminal Olefins Controlled by DABCO
Authors: Gong Hang , Zhao Yuhan , Meng Xia , Cai Changqun
Published: August 2023

A dioxygen‐triggered selectively difunctionalization of olefins to achieve β‐hydroxysulfones has been developed. Particularly, the mechanism of this reaction can be controlled by DABCO, which act as a single electron transfer reagent, to selectively obtain ketosulfone or hydroxysulfone. The reaction was conducted in a clean, safe, mild, and catalyst‐free conditions. Moreover, as a proof‐of‐concept, two bioactive molecules were synthesized easily using this method.
Dual‐purpose crops for grain and fodder to improve nutrition security in semi‐arid sub‐Saharan Africa: A review
Authors: Akplo Tobi Moriaque , Faye Aliou , Obour Augustine , Stewart Zachary P. , Min Doohong , Prasad P. V. Vara
Published: August 2023

Addressing the challenge of food and nutrition insecurity in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) will require innovative agriculture production systems that support multiple objectives. In recent years, several high‐yielding, and nutrient‐dense varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) have been developed purposely as dual‐purpose (DP) varieties in SSA to meet human nutrition and livestock feed needs. This review synthesized published data on DP varieties from cowpea, pearl millet, and sorghum. Findings showed that DP crops and varieties were largely grown by smallholder farmers in a variety of soil and climatic conditions with production systems characterized by large gaps between attainable and actual crop yields which varied significantly among regions. While the grain and fodder yield of traditional varieties (TV) of cowpea averaged 700 kg ha−1 and 860 kg ha−1, respectively, the reported grain yield of DP varieties was 1100 kg ha−1 and 2150 kg ha−1 for fodder. The average grain yield of TV millet varieties was 750 kg ha−1 and 2500 kg ha−1 for fodder. Similarly, average grain yield for DP millet varieties was 2000 kg ha−1 and 4200 kg ha−1 fodder. Dual‐purpose sorghum varieties yielded greater grain (>3000 kg ha−1) and fodder (3500 kg ha−1) compared to TV. Little data were obtained on the nutritive qualities of cowpea, millet, and sorghum DP varieties. However, DP millet varieties were reported to be more digestible than TV varieties. Furthermore, adoption of DP varieties improves fertilizer use efficiency, profitability, environmental sustainability, and resilience of the whole farm system compared to TV. Considering fertilizer's high prices, availability, and quality in semi‐arid countries in addition to farmer poverty level, economic evaluation and environmental impact assessment are critical before wide dissemination.
Early screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yuan Yue , Ye Fei , Wu Jian‐Hui , Fu Xiao‐Yan , Huang Zhong‐Xi , Zhang Tao
Published: August 2023

The low positive predictive value (PPV) of early screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the problems that need to be solved urgently. The combination of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) methylation testing and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) serological testing is the key to solve this problem. This paper reviews recent advances in early screening for NPC and cfDNA methylation, with future perspectives. Pubmed was searched for the literature related to early screening of NPC and cfDNA methylation in the past 5 years. The results of these studies were summarized. Despite these efforts, the PPV is still low (10%). Previous studies have shown that cfDNA methylation analysis has good specificity and accuracy across a variety of tumors. The combination of cfDNA methylation and EBV detection helps to improve the PPV for early screening of NPC. The combination of cfDNA methylation and EBV serological testing is key to addressing the low PPV of NPC early screening.
Comprehensive interrogation of gene lists from genome‐scale cancer screens with oncoEnrichR
Authors: Nakken Sigve , Gundersen Sveinung , Bernal Fabian L. M. , Polychronopoulos Dimitris , Hovig Eivind , Wesche Jørgen
Published: August 2023

Genome‐scale screening experiments in cancer produce long lists of candidate genes that require extensive interpretation for biological insight and prioritization for follow‐up studies. Interrogation of gene lists frequently represents a significant and time‐consuming undertaking, in which experimental biologists typically combine results from a variety of bioinformatics resources in an attempt to portray and understand cancer relevance. As a means to simplify and strengthen the support for this endeavor, we have developed oncoEnrichR, a flexible bioinformatics tool that allows cancer researchers to comprehensively interrogate a given gene list along multiple facets of cancer relevance. oncoEnrichR differs from general gene set analysis frameworks through the integration of an extensive set of prior knowledge specifically relevant for cancer, including ranked gene‐tumor type associations, literature‐supported proto‐oncogene and tumor suppressor gene annotations, target druggability data, regulatory interactions, synthetic lethality predictions, as well as prognostic associations, gene aberrations and co‐expression patterns across tumor types. The software produces a structured and user‐friendly analysis report as its main output, where versions of all underlying data resources are explicitly logged, the latter being a critical component for reproducible science. We demonstrate the usefulness of oncoEnrichR through interrogation of two candidate lists from proteomic and CRISPR screens. oncoEnrichR is freely available as a web‐based service hosted by the Galaxy platform (https://oncotools.elixir.no), and can also be accessed as a stand‐alone R package (https://github.com/sigven/oncoEnrichR).
Methadone administered to rat dams during pregnancy and lactation affects the circadian rhythms of their pups
Authors: Pačesová Dominika , Spišská Veronika , Novotný Jiří , Bendová Zdeňka
Published: August 2023

The circadian clock is one of the most important homeostatic systems regulating the majority of physiological functions. Its proper development contributes significantly to the maintenance of health in adulthood. Methadone is recommended for the treatment of opioid use disorders during pregnancy, increasing the number of children prenatally exposed to long‐acting opioids. Although early‐life opioid exposure has been studied for a number of behavioral and physiological changes observed later in life, information on the relationship between the effects of methadone exposure and circadian system development is lacking. Using a rat model, we investigated the effects of prenatal and early postnatal methadone administration on the maturation of the circadian clockwork in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and liver, the rhythm of aralkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AA‐NAT) activity in the pineal gland, and gene expression in the livers of 20‐day‐old rats. Our data show that repeated administration of methadone to pregnant and lactating mothers has significant effect on rhythmic gene expression in the SCN and livers and on the rhythm of AA‐NAT in the offspring. Similar to previous studies with morphine, the rhythm amplitudes of the clock genes in the SCN and liver were unchanged or enhanced. However, six of seven specific genes in the liver showed significant downregulation of their expression, compared to the controls in at least one experimental group. Importantly, the amplitude of the AA‐NAT rhythm was significantly reduced in all methadone‐treated groups. As there is a strong correlation with melatonin levels, this result could be of importance for clinical practice.
Salt elicitation to enhance phytochemicals in durum wheat seedlings
Authors: Trasmundi Flaviano , Galieni Angelica , Eugelio Fabiola , Fanti Federico , Benincasa Paolo , Del Carlo Michele , Sergi Manuel , Stagnari Fabio
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Salt has been identified as an elicitor that can increase the accumulation of phytochemicals in seedlings during the germination process. However, the salinity level required to maximize the yield of phytochemicals, particularly phenolic compounds, needs further investigation for several plant species. To address this issue, we imposed increasing levels of salinity (NaCl solutions) on the sprouting substrate of Triticum durum (var. Platone) grains, at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mM (0_S, 50_S, 100_S, 150_S, 200_S, 250_S, and 300_S, respectively).

RESULTS

The highest NaCl doses (250_S and 300_S) significantly impacted germination performance and were excluded from further analysis. The seedlings harvested at 8 days after sowing exhibited different growth stages depending on the salinity level: wheatgrass for 0_S, early wheatgrass for 50_S, intermediate between sprout and wheatgrass for 100_S, sprout for 150_S, and very early sprout for 200_S. Furthermore, salinity induced the concentration of phenolic compounds (PhCs) in the seedlings' tissues (i.e., both roots and shoots) in a salinity‐dependent manner. The highest values were observed at 200_S, with an increase of 187% of the total investigated PhCs in comparison with 0_S, averaged over shoots and roots. In particular, in 200_S, the accumulation of phenolic acids was up to fourfold higher in roots, and that of flavonoids was up to twofold higher in shoots.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the use of 200 mM NaCl applied to the sprouting substrate is excessive for producing edible sprouts but may be suitable for phytochemical extraction purposes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impacts of open‐pit coal mining and livestock grazing on plant diversity in a steppe: From the perspective of remote sensing
Authors: Yang Xingchen , Lei Shaogang , Shi Yunxi , Gong Chuangang , Xu Jun , Wang Weizhong
Published: August 2023

Coal mining and grazing cause land degradation. Plant diversity loss is one of the characteristics. Ground surveys cannot analyze the effects of mining and grazing on plant diversity in large areas, and remote sensing offers a novel solution. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to analyze the impacts of mining and grazing on plant diversity composition by considering α‐, β‐, and γ‐ diversity comprehensively; (2) to determine the impacts of mining and grazing on the spatial distribution of α‐diversity; (3) to identify priority areas for ecological restoration. We applied a novel remote sensing method to obtain plant α‐, β‐, and γ‐ diversity maps and performed spatial analysis. The results were as follows: (1) mining reduced the proportion of α‐diversity in the total diversity (γ‐diversity) but increased that of β‐diversity. Grazing increased the proportion of α‐diversity but decreased that of β‐diversity. Mining increased the heterogeneity among plant communities, whereas grazing increased the homogeneity. (2) Both mining and grazing reduced α‐diversity. With increasing distance from the mine, α‐diversity increased logarithmically. (3) The severely affected range of mining on plant diversity is approximately 325 m. When there is grazing around the mine, the severely affected range is approximately 400 m. Severely affected areas are priority areas for ecological restoration. Improving the soil quality can be an effective measure. This study gains new insights into the effects of coal mining and grazing on plant diversity. These findings can provide some guidance for governments to formulate ecological restoration measures in mining areas.
A Rapidly Dissolvable Microneedle Patch with Tip‐Accumulated Antigens for Efficient Transdermal Vaccination
Authors: Zheng Yanting , Ling Zhixin , Li Zhiming , Zhao Puxuan , Wen Xueyu , Qu Fengli , Yu Haining , Chang Hao
Published: August 2023

Dissolvable microneedles (DMNs) are an attractive alternative for vaccine delivery due to their user‐friendly, skin‐targeted, and minimally invasive features. However, vaccine waste and inaccurate dosage remain significant issues faced by DMNs, as the skin's elasticity makes it difficult to insert MNs completely. Here, a simple and reliable fabrication method are introduced based on two‐casting micromolding with centrifugal drying to create a rapidly DMN patch made of hyaluronic acid. Ovalbumin (OVA), as the model antigens, is concentrated in the tip parts of the DMNs (60% of the needle height) to prevent antigen waste caused by skin elasticity. The time and temperature of the initial centrifugal drying significantly affect antigen distribution within the needle tips, with lower temperature facilitating antigen accumulation. The resulting DMN patch is able to penetrate the skin with enough mechanical strength and quickly release antigens into the skin tissue within 3 min. The in vivo study demonstrates that immunization of OVA with DMNs outperforms conventional vaccination routes, including subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, in eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity. This biocompatible DMN patch offers a promising and effective strategy for efficient and safe vaccination.
Rational Design and Development of Polymeric Nanogels as Protein Carriers
Authors: López‐Iglesias Clara , Klinger Daniel
Published: August 2023

Proteins have gained significant attention as potential therapeutic agents owing to their high specificity and reduced toxicity. Nevertheless, their clinical utility is hindered by inherent challenges associated with stability during storage and after in vivo administration. To overcome these limitations, polymeric nanogels (NGs) have emerged as promising carriers. These colloidal systems are capable of efficient encapsulation and stabilization of protein cargoes while improving their bioavailability and targeted delivery. The design of such delivery systems requires a comprehensive understanding of how the synthesis and formulation processes affect the final performance of the protein. This review highlights critical aspects involved in the development of NGs for protein delivery, with specific emphasis on loading strategies and evaluation techniques. For example, factors influencing loading efficiency and release kinetics are discussed, along with strategies to optimize protein encapsulation through protein‐carrier interactions to achieve the desired therapeutic outcomes. The discussion is based on recent literature examples and aims to provide valuable insights for researchers working toward the advancement of protein‐based therapeutics.