bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Défaut primaire d’éruption (DPE). Analyse génétique clinique et moléculaire
Authors: Stellzig-Eisenhauer Angelika , Decker Eva , Meyer-Marcotty Philipp , Rau Christiane , Fiebig Britta S. , Kress Wolfram , Saar Kathrin , Rüschendorf Franz , Hubner Norbert , Grimm Tiemo , Witt Emil , Weber Bernhard H.F.
Published: September 2013

Définition:Le « défaut primaire d’éruption » (DPE), parfois aussi appelé « échec primaire d’éruption », désigne l’absence d’éruption partielle ou totale d’un germe non-ankylosé. Elle est due à une perturbation du mécanisme d’éruption. Le processus moléculaire conduisant à ce dysfonctionnement n’est pas connu à ce jour.Échantillon et méthodes :Quatre familles ont été étudiées. Dans chacune, au moins deux individus étaient affectés d’un défaut primaire d’éruption (DPE) non syndromique. Un diagnostic radiologique (panoramique) a été conduit sur tous les patients et les membres de leur famille qui n’étaient pas affectés (groupe contrôle). L’analyse génétique comprenait une analyse de liens pangénomique suivie d’un séquençage direct de l’ADN avec une cartographie des gènes candidats positionnels.Résultats :En partant des patients affectés, nous sommes parvenus à reconstituer des pédigrées sur deux ou trois générations dans les familles avec une transmission du défaut primaire d’éruption non syndromique selon un mode autosomique dominant. Quinze patients atteints de DPE ont été diagnostiqués. La distribution selon le genre s’est révélée pratiquement égale (7 femmes et 8 hommes). L’analyse génétique moléculaire du gène PTHR1 révèle trois mutations hétérozygotes (c.1050-3C>G ; c.543 + 1G>A ; c.463G>T). Aucune mutation n’a été trouvée chez les personnes non affectées.Conclusion :La connaissance des causes génétiques du DPE non syndromique peut maintenant être utilisée pour effectuer un diagnostic différentiel en cas de défaut d’éruption. Elle permet d’identifier très tôt les membres d’une famille qui sont touchés et pourrait, à long terme, déboucher sur de nouvelles possibilités de traitement. Le diagnostic génétiquement validé de défaut primaire d’éruption peut soustraire les patients et leurs orthodontistes à des années de tentatives de tractions vouées à l’échec, car le traitement orthodontique seul n’est pas une solution valable. Au contraire, il produit des effets iatrogènes sur les dents d’ancrage non affectées et sur les maxillaires.
L’effet mémoire de forme est-il une réalité clinique pour le
35° Copper Ni-Ti® ?
Étude par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage
Authors: Kanter Daniel , Bolender Yves , Rapin Christophe , Filleul Marie-Pierryle
Published: September 2013

Introduction : Les alliages à base de nickel-titane-cuivre sont censés
exprimer un effet mémoire de forme : refroidis en phase basse température puis soumis à
une déformation apparemment plastique, ils devraient retrouver leur forme initiale par
simple réchauffage en phase haute température. Les alliages à base de nickel-titane
peuvent présenter différentes phases cristallographiques : martensite, austénite et une
phase intermédiaire inconstante, la phase R. L’effet mémoire de forme est généralement
associé à la transformation de martensite en austénite mais il peut aussi accompagner la
transformation de phase R en austénite. Les températures buccales n’étant pas compatibles
avec un alliage totalement martensitique, la présente étude vise, pour le 35° Copper
Ni-Ti®,
à rechercher la présence de phase R aux températures buccales et donc la possibilité
d’exploiter l’effet mémoire de forme de la phase R en clinique. Matériels et
méthodes : Trente fils 35° Copper
Ni-Ti®
provenant de deux lots distincts ont été consécutivement examinés par calorimétrie
différentielle à balayage en cycles partiels, limités aux températures rencontrées dans la
cavité buccale (de 0 °C à 50 °C). La présence d’une phase cristallographique intermédiaire
a été recherchée sur les thermogrammes. Les températures de transformation ont été
déterminées et les deux lots ont été comparés par le test U de Mann et Whitney.
Résultats : Au chauffage, tous les fils sont passés directement de
martensite en austénite. Af (moyenne  = 33,5 °C, écart-type  = 0,8 °C) était
généralement inférieure à la température indiquée par le fabricant et une différence
statistiquement significative (p ≤ 0,01) a été observée entre les deux lots.
Conclusions : La présence de phase R n’a pas été détectée et les
températures de transformation n’étaient pas constantes. Cette étude met en question la
réalité clinique d’un effet mémoire de forme pour les fils 35° Copper
Ni-Ti®.
Transplantations des canines incluses
Authors: Gault Philippe
Published: September 2013

Les techniques de transplantation dentaire exploitent mieux que par le passé le potentiel
de cicatrisation du ligament alvéolo-dentaire et réduit le risque d’ankylose-résorption
radiculaire en dessous de 1,5 %. L’amélioration du pronostic qui en résulte permet
d’envisager ces procédures avec plus de sérénité, et de les associer avec les traitements
orthodontiques. Les transplantations peuvent offrir une solution de bonne fin lors de
certaines situations cliniques difficiles à gérer autrement : ectopies, transpositions,
remplacement de dents avulsées par trauma, de dents délabrées ou de dents alvéolysées par
parodontites précoces, mise en place de dents incluses non-tractables, traitement des
ankyloses idiopathiques. Cet article décrit les principes biologiques des transplantations
avec double stimulation desmodontale, et les modalités opératoires et développe par
quelques exemples le traitement de canines incluses, présentant ou non une ankylose
idiopathique. L’ankylose dentaire est une fusion de l’os avec la racine. La forme
idiopathique survient spontanément avant l’éruption de la dent concernée. L’étiologie
n’est pas connue. La dent devenant partie du processus de remodelage osseux, elle se
résorbe progressivement pour être remplacée par du tissu osseux. Ce processus est assez
rapide et fragilise la dent. Aussi un diagnostic précoce permet d’envisager une
transplantation dans de bonnes conditions, seul moyen permettant de rompre l’ankylose et
d’obtenir une mise en place adéquate. Dans de rares cas, le point d’ankylose est
accessible chirurgicalement et peut être éliminé avant de reprendre la traction
orthodontique.
Generalisation of continuous models to estimate soil characteristics into similar delineations of a detailed soil map
Authors: Salehi M. H. , Safaei Z. , Esfandiarpour-Borujeni I. , Mohammadi J.
Published: September 2013

The aim of soil mapping is to partition soil bodies using map units, which are more homogenous for specific soil properties than are the soil bodies as a whole. Soil properties are expected to be similar at delineations of a specified soil map unit. Therefore, it is supposed that a model developed to estimate a soil property for one of these delineations could be generalised for the others. This study was conducted to determine the possibility of generalisation (extrapolation) of continuous models of spatial variability to estimate soil physical and chemical properties in similar delineations of a soil map unit. A consociation soil map unit in two different locations of a detailed soil map (1 : 20 000 scale), as similar delineations, was selected in the north-west of Faradonbeh region, Iran. Sixty topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were randomly collected in each delineation (totally 120 samples) with 30-m intervals and the samples were GPS-recorded. Laboratory studies consisted of bulk density, pH, calcium-carbonate equivalent, organic matter content, percentage of coarse fragments, and particle-size distribution. First, variography was done according to the soil data of each delineation (named areas A and B) and kriged maps were generated based on their own semivariogram parameters. Then, the kriged map of the soil properties for the second similar delineation (area B) was regenerated based on the corresponding models and their parameters obtained from the first similar delineation (area A). Finally, the regenerated kriged map of each variable was compared with its original kriged map. Visual comparison of the kriged maps of area B obtained from two steps of variography showed very high accordance for all of the soil properties. Quantitative comparison of the kriged maps suggests that the accuracy expected by the users of the soil information should be considered before generalisation of the data for similar units. Lower values of accordance obtained by the Kappa index and, especially, the classification success index than overall accuracy indicate that model generalisation should not be used where high precision of soil information is expected. Discrepancies observed for the kriged maps of the same variables in similar delineations could be due to different soil management practices in the past as a result of different historical developments.
Potential for using soil particle-size data to infer geological parent material in the Sydney Region
Authors: Donald Margaret R. , Hazelton Pamela A. , Clements AnneMarie
Published: September 2013

Ecological communities are more than assemblages of species. In assessing the presence of many ecological communities, interpretation of soil properties and associated parent material has become a definitive component under environmental legislation worldwide, and particularly in Australia. The hypothesis tested here is that the geological parent material of a soil sample can be determined from particle size fraction data of the Marshall soil texture diagram. Supervised statistical classifiers were built from data for four particle-size fractions from four soil landscape publications. These methods were modified by taking into account possible autocorrelation between samples from the same site. The soil samples could not be classified with certainty as being derived from Wianamatta Group Shale or Hawkesbury Sandstone parent material. The classification of alluvial/fluvial-derived soils was no better than chance alone. A good classifier using four-fraction compositional data could not be built to determine geological parent material. Hence, the three size fractions of the Marshall soil texture diagram are insufficient to determine the geological parent material of a soil sample.
Effect of livestock on soil structure and chemistry in the coastal marshes of the central Gulf Coast of Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez-Medina Karla , Moreno-Casasola Patricia
Published: September 2013

Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems on earth because of their high ecological and economic value. On the central Gulf Coast of Mexico, there are numerous coastal wetlands, although 58% of their area has been lost or degraded due to management activities, among them raising livestock. Globally, little is known about the effect of this activity on hydromorphic soils of herbaceous wetlands, and in Mexico, there is even less knowledge. This study assessed the degree of impact of livestock on soil physicochemical properties of the coastal marshes of Alvarado, in the south of Veracruz. In four sampling sites (two organic and two with mineral soils) with different levels of impact, soil samples were taken during one year to obtain data on variables such as bulk density, total porosity, organic matter, pH, and nutrients. At sites where the stocking was low, cattle were rotated once a year and the hydrology was unaltered, and soil hydromorphic intrinsic properties were preserved. The results of this study should be considered in the development of strategies for the management and conservation of these tropical ecosystems, as a means to achieve sustainable livestock farming in wetlands.
Individual variation in vigilance in female eastern grey kangaroos
Authors: Dannock R. J. , Blomberg S. P. , Goldizen A. W.
Published: September 2013

For herbivores, vigilance usually involves a trade-off with foraging, and a further trade-off between antipredator and social vigilance. Thus individual variation in vigilance may result in significant fitness consequences. We used mixed-effects models to document individual variation in vigilance in wild adult female eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Queensland, Australia. We tested the effects of group size, presence of adult males and wind on vigilance patterns and variation by analysing 399 five-minute samples on 31 individually identified females who were foraging on the periphery of groups. We determined the proportion of time that individuals spent vigilant, and the proportions of vigilance time spent in social versus antipredator vigilance and in low- versus high-intensity vigilance postures. The proportion of time females spent vigilant decreased with increasing group size but was not affected by wind speed or male presence, while the amount of their vigilance time spent in social vigilance was affected by interactions among the variables. After controlling for these effects, 13 females’ vigilance patterns were significantly different from the population mean. Individual variation was also found in vigilance postures used and the effect of male presence. Understanding individual variation in vigilance is important for understanding individuals’ antipredator and social strategies.
The role of quoll (Dasyurus) predation in the outcome of pre-1900 introductions of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to the mainland and islands of Australia
Authors: Peacock David , Abbott Ian
Published: September 2013

We investigated two questions: Why did most historical releases of rabbits on the Australian mainland fail? And why did many releases of rabbits on islands around Australia persist? We reviewed historical sources and present here nearly 300 records of the importation, sale, transportation and release of rabbits in the period 1788–1900, with >90 records before the popularly cited 1859 Barwon Park (near Geelong, Victoria) release by Thomas Austin. Similarly, we present records of localised impact of quolls (especially Dasyurus viverrinus) on rabbits and poultry, indicative of the great abundance of quolls. Rabbits were often imported and traded and releases were frequent and widespread. This evidence implicates native predators, particularly quolls (Dasyurus spp.) as responsible for the widespread and early failure of rabbits to establish on mainland Australia. In contrast, rabbits thrived on many islands, nearly all of which lacked cursorial natural enemies. We suggest that these accounts support the establishment of rabbits from several locations, with Barwon Park being a primary location and rabbit source.
Nonhuman primate vocalizations support categorization in very young human infants
Authors: Ferry Alissa L. , Hespos Susan J. , Waxman Sandra R.
Published: September 2013

Language is a signature of our species and our primary conduit for conveying the contents of our minds. The power of language derives not only from the exquisite detail of the signal itself but also from its intricate link to human cognition. To acquire a language, infants must identify which signals are part of their language and discover how these signals are linked to meaning. At birth, infants prefer listening to vocalizations of human and nonhuman primates; within 3 mo, this initially broad listening preference is tuned specifically to human vocalizations. Moreover, even at this early developmental point, human vocalizations evoke more than listening preferences alone: they engender in infants a heightened focus on the objects in their visual environment and promote the formation of object categories, a fundamental cognitive capacity. Here, we illuminate the developmental origin of this early link between human vocalizations and cognition. We document that this link emerges from a broad biological template that initially encompasses vocalizations of human and nonhuman primates (but not backward speech) and that within 6 mo this link to cognition is tuned specifically to human vocalizations. At 3 and 4 mo, nonhuman primate vocalizations promote object categorization, mirroring precisely the advantages conferred by human vocalizations, but by 6 mo, nonhuman primate vocalizations no longer exert this advantageous effect. This striking developmental shift illuminates a path of specialization that supports infants as they forge the foundational links between human language and the core cognitive processes that will serve as the foundations of meaning.
Integration of epigenetic and genetic controls of seed size by cytokinin in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Jing , Nie Xin , Tan Jeanie Li Hui , Berger Frédéric
Published: September 2013

Significance

This study provides a unifying view of the genetic and epigenetic regulations of seed size. Because epigenetic regulators are modulated by the environment, we predict that this network integrates environmental conditions and the physiological status of the plant to control seed size.
Bioclimatic and physical characterization of the world’s islands
Authors: Weigelt Patrick , Jetz Walter , Kreft Holger
Published: September 2013

The Earth’s islands harbor a distinct, yet highly threatened, biological and cultural diversity that has been shaped by geographic isolation and unique environments. Island systems are key natural laboratories for testing theory in ecology and evolution. However, despite their potential usefulness for research, a quantitative description of island environments and an environmental classification are still lacking. Here, we prepare a standardized dataset and perform a comprehensive global environmental characterization for 17,883 of the world’s marine islands >1 km2(∼98% of total island area). We consider area, temperature, precipitation, seasonality in temperature and precipitation, past climate change velocity, elevation, isolation, and past connectivity—key island characteristics and drivers of ecosystem processes. We find that islands are significantly cooler, wetter, and less seasonal than mainlands. Constrained by their limited area, they show less elevational heterogeneity. Wet temperate climates are more prevalent on islands, whereas desert climates are comparatively rare. We use ordination and clustering to characterize islands in multidimensional environmental space and to delimit island ecoregions, which provides unique insights into the environmental configuration and diversity of the world’s islands. Combining ordination and classification together with global environmental data in a common framework opens up avenues for a more integrative use of islands in biogeography, macroecology, and conservation. To showcase possible applications of the presented data, we predict vascular plant species richness for all 17,883 islands based on statistically derived environment–richness relationships.
Reprogramming of G protein-coupled receptor recycling and signaling by a kinase switch
Authors: Vistein Rachel , Puthenveedu Manojkumar A.
Published: September 2013

Significance

The recycling of many signaling receptors requires specific sequences on their C-terminal tail. Why is this so, when other proteins can use a “bulk” recycling pathway without apparent sequence requirements? Our results suggest that sequence requirements provide control points for cells to reprogram receptor recycling and cellular sensitivity. We show that the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (B2AR), a prototypical receptor, can switch between sequence-dependent and bulk recycling pathways based on adrenergic signaling through protein kinase A (PKA). This switch is driven by PKA-mediated direct phosphorylation of B2AR, which partitions between physically and functionally distinct endosomal microdomains based on its phosphorylation status. This partitioning modulates cellular sensitivity to adrenergic signaling and might help cells adapt to changes in extracellular environment.
From double-slit interference to structural information in simple hydrocarbons
Authors: Kushawaha Rajesh Kumar , Patanen Minna , Guillemin Renaud , Journel Loic , Miron Catalin , Simon Marc , Piancastelli Maria Novella , Skates C. , Decleva Piero
Published: September 2013

Significance

Electrons emitted from equivalent centers in isolated molecules via the photoelectric effect interfere, providing an atomic-scale equivalent of the celebrated Young’s double-slit experiment. We have developed a theoretical and experimental framework to characterize such interference phenomena accurately, and we have applied it to the simplest hydrocarbons with different bond lengths and bonding types. We demonstrate that such fundamental observations can be related to crucial structural information, such as chemical bond lengths, molecular orbital composition, and quantitative assessment of many-body effects, with a very high accuracy. The experimental and theoretical tools we use are relatively simple and easily accessible, and our method can readily be extended to larger systems, including molecules of biological interest.
Nitric oxide synthase domain interfaces regulate electron transfer and calmodulin activation
Authors: Smith Brian C. , Underbakke Eric S. , Kulp Daniel W. , Schief William R. , Marletta Michael A.
Published: September 2013

Significance

The biological role of nitric oxide (NO) in mammalian physiology is now well established as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular and nervous systems and as a chemical component in the host response to infection. NO is synthesized by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS). The structure of the entire NOS enzyme has not been solved, but the structure of isolated domains has been reported. In this study, we use a mass spectrometry approach (hydrogen–deuterium exchange) to find interaction surfaces of the native protein. These results were then used to generate NOS models, which revealed interaction surfaces that mediate NOS activity. These interacting surfaces provide insight into the conformational changes and residues necessary for regulating NOS activity.
Species and Life History Affect the Utility of Otolith Chemical Composition for Determining Natal Stream of Origin for Pacific Salmon
Authors: Zimmerman Christian E. , Swanson Heidi K. , Volk Eric C. , Kent Adam J. R.
Published: September 2013

To test the utility of otolith chemical composition as a tool for determining the natal stream of origin for salmon, we examined water chemistry and otoliths of juvenile and adult Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta and Coho Salmon O. kisutch from three watersheds (five rivers) in the Norton Sound region of Alaska. The two species are characterized by different life histories: Coho Salmon rear in freshwater for up to 3 years, whereas Chum Salmon emigrate from freshwater shortly after emergence. We used laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry (MS) to quantify element: Ca ratios for Mg, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba, and we used multicollector LA‐ICP‐MS to determine 87Sr:86Sr ratios in otolith regions corresponding to the period of freshwater residence. Significant differences existed in both water and otolith elemental composition, suggesting that otolith composition could be used to discriminate the natal origin of Coho Salmon and Chum Salmon but only when 87Sr:86Sr ratios were included in the discriminant function analyses. The best discriminant model included 87Sr:86Sr ratios, and without 87Sr:86Sr ratios it was difficult to discriminate among watersheds and rivers. Classification accuracy was 80% for Coho Salmon and 68% for Chum Salmon, indicating that this method does not provide sufficient sensitivity to estimate straying rates of Pacific salmon at the scale we studied.
Myths and realities in community management of common pool resources in Malawi: social stratification as a negative side-effect of social capital
Authors: Zuka Sane
Published: September 2013

In line with a global paradigm shift in the theory and practice of governance since the 1980s, state management of natural resources has increasingly been replaced by community management approaches. This shift is driven, in part, by the belief that local communities with strong social networks and norms (i.e., strong community social capital) can ably govern local resources. This paper examines the congruency between theoretical claims and empirical outcomes of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), particularly in the presence of traditional social hierarchies that help maintain social norms (and hence community social capital), but also cause social stratification and inequitable allocation of natural resources. Results demonstrate that the contribution of community social capital to successful CBNRM depends not merely on the presence of community social capital, but also on the nature and degree of social stratification.
Helder Maiato: Hot (+)TIPs on mitosis
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: September 2013

Maiato studies how microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) influence mitosis.
Singular Neumann problems and large-time behavior of solutions of noncoercive Hamilton-Jacobi equations
Authors: Giga Yoshikazu , Liu Qing , Mitake Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2013

We investigate the large-time behavior of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with noncoercive Hamiltonian in a multidimensional Euclidean space. Our motivation comes from a model describing growing faceted crystals recently discussed by E. Yokoyama, Y. Giga and P. Rybka. Surprisingly, growth rates of viscosity solutions of these equations depend on the

x
x

-variable. In a part of the space called the effective domain, growth rates are constant, but outside of this domain, they seem to be unstable. Moreover, on the boundary of the effective domain, the gradient with respect to the

x
x

-variable of solutions blows up as time goes to infinity. Therefore, we are naturally led to study singular Neumann problems for stationary Hamilton-Jacobi equations. We establish the existence, stability and comparison results for singular Neumann problems and apply the results for a large-time asymptotic profile on the effective domain of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations with noncoercive Hamiltonian.
Burden and Support Needs of Carers of Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Bailey Rachel C. , Grenyer Brin F. S.
Published: September 2013

Background

A major feature of personality disorders is significant impairment in interpersonal functioning, which may create challenges in close relationships. This article aims to systematically review the experience of carers of persons with personality disorders.

Method

The PRISMA systematic review method was followed, and empirical studies written in English, published between 1996 and 2011, and cited in major electronic databases were searched. Studies meeting the following selection criteria were included: (1) carers or families of persons with personality disorders; (2) intervention involving the carers or families; (3) burden or related construct used. Studies were required to meet either criteria 1 and 3 or criteria 2 and 3. Reference lists were scanned, and experts were consulted for further studies.

Results

Six studies met inclusion criteria, representing data on 465 carers. Five of the six studies focused on carers of persons with borderline personality disorder. The findings indicated that carers experience elevated objective and subjective burden, grief, impaired empowerment, and mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. Scores on objective and subjective burden were half a standard deviation above the mean compared to carers of inpatients with other serious mental illnesses.

Conclusions

This study is the first to report data on a large, aggregated sample of carers of persons with personality disorders. Significant gaps in the literature remain, and it is recommended that future research focus on the burden and support needs of carers of persons across different personality disorders, that attention be paid to the gender balance of patients, and that data be reported in a way to allow meta-analysis.
Cheetahs,
Acinonyx jubatus
, balance turn capacity with pace when chasing prey
Authors: Wilson John W. , Mills Michael G. L. , Wilson Rory P. , Peters Gerrit , Mills Margaret E. J. , Speakman John R. , Durant Sarah M. , Bennett Nigel C. , Marks Nikki J. , Scantlebury Michael
Published: September 2013

Predator–prey interactions are fundamental in the evolution and structure of ecological communities. Our understanding, however, of the strategies used in pursuit and evasion remains limited. Here, we report on the hunting dynamics of the world's fastest land animal, the cheetah,
Acinonyx jubatus
. Using miniaturized data loggers, we recorded fine-scale movement, speed and acceleration of free-ranging cheetahs to measure how hunting dynamics relate to chasing different sized prey. Cheetahs attained hunting speeds of up to 18.94 m s
−1
and accelerated up to 7.5 m s
−2
with greatest angular velocities achieved during the terminal phase of the hunt. The interplay between forward and lateral acceleration during chases showed that the total forces involved in speed changes and turning were approximately constant over time but varied with prey type. Thus, rather than a simple maximum speed chase, cheetahs first accelerate to decrease the distance to their prey, before reducing speed 5–8 s from the end of the hunt, so as to facilitate rapid turns to match prey escape tactics, varying the precise strategy according to prey species. Predator and prey thus pit a fine balance of speed against manoeuvring capability in a race for survival.
Integrated and independent evolution of heteromorphic sperm types
Authors: Moore Allen J. , Bacigalupe Leonardo D. , Snook Rhonda R.
Published: September 2013

Sperm are a simple cell type with few components, yet they exhibit tremendous between-species morphological variation in those components thought to reflect selection in different fertilization environments. However, within a species, sperm components are expected to be selected to be functionally integrated for optimal fertilization of eggs. Here, we take advantage of within-species variation in sperm form and function to test whether sperm components are functionally and genetically integrated both within and between sperm morphologies using a quantitative genetics approach.
Drosophila pseudoobscura
males produce two sperm types with different functions but which positively interact together in the same fertilization environment; the long eusperm fertilizes eggs and the short parasperm appear to protect eusperm from a hostile female reproductive tract. Our analysis found that all sperm traits were heritable, but short sperm components exhibited evolvabilities 10 times that of long sperm components. Genetic correlations indicated functional integration within, but not between, sperm morphs. These results suggest that sperm, despite sharing a common developmental process, can become developmentally and functionally non-integrated, evolving into separate modules with the potential for rapid and independent responses to selection.
Preferred habitat and effective population size drive landscape genetic patterns in an endangered species
Authors: Weckworth Byron V. , Musiani Marco , DeCesare Nicholas J. , McDevitt Allan D. , Hebblewhite Mark , Mariani Stefano
Published: September 2013

Landscape genetics provides a framework for pinpointing environmental features that determine the important exchange of migrants among populations. These studies usually test the significance of environmental variables on gene flow, yet ignore one fundamental driver of genetic variation in small populations, effective population size,
N
e
. We combined both approaches in evaluating genetic connectivity of a threatened ungulate, woodland caribou. We used least-cost paths to calculate matrices of resistance distance for landscape variables (preferred habitat, anthropogenic features and predation risk) and population-pairwise harmonic means of
N
e
, and correlated them with genetic distances,
F
ST
and
D
c
. Results showed that spatial configuration of preferred habitat and
N
e
were the two best predictors of genetic relationships. Additionally, controlling for the effect of
N
e
increased the strength of correlations of environmental variables with genetic distance, highlighting the significant underlying effect of
N
e
in modulating genetic drift and perceived spatial connectivity. We therefore have provided empirical support to emphasize preventing increased habitat loss and promoting population growth to ensure metapopulation viability.
Cyclobacterium jeungdonense sp. nov., isolated from a solar saltern
Authors: Joung Yochan , Kim Haneul , Kim Seung Bum , Joh Kiseong
Published: September 2013

A horseshoe-shaped, orange-pigmented strain, HMD3055T, was isolated from a solar saltern in Korea. Strain HMD3055T grew optimally at 25 °C and with a salt concentration of 3–5 %. The predominant quinone of strain HMD3055T was menaquinone (MK)-7. The major fatty acids of strain HMD3055T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0). The polar lipids of HMD3055T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified polar lipids. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HMD3055T formed a distinct lineage within the genus

Cyclobacterium

. Strain HMD3055T was closely related to

Cyclobacterium lianum

(95.8 %), Cyclobacterium lianum HY9T (95.8 %),

C. marinum

DSM 745T (93.2 %) and

C. amurskyense

KMM6143T (92.6 %) form a distinct lineage from other members of the genus

Cyclobacterium

. The DNA G+C content of strain HMD3055T was 45.6 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, it is concluded that strain HMD3055T represents a novel species of the genus

Cyclobacterium

, for which the name

Cyclobacterium

jeungdonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HMD3055T ( = KCTC 23150T = CECT 7706T).
Zunongwangia atlantica sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea water
Authors: Shao Rui , Lai Qiliang , Liu Xiupian , Sun Fengqin , Du Yaping , Li Guangyu , Shao Zongze
Published: September 2013

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II14-10F7T, which was isolated from the deep-sea water of the Atlantic Ocean with oil-degrading enrichment. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at salinities from 0.5 to 15 % and at temperatures from 4 to 37 °C; it was unable to hydrolyse Tween 40, 80 or gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II14-10F7T represented a member of the genus

Zunongwangia

, with highest sequence similarity of 97.3 % to

Zunongwangia profunda

SM-A87T, while the similarities to other species were all below 94.0 %. The DNA–DNA hybridization estimate of the similarity between strain 22II14-10F7T and

Z. profunda

SM-A87T was 27.20±2.43 % according to their genome sequences. The principal fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 , iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c or C16 : 0 10-methyl). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 35.5 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-6. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two aminolipids (AL1 and AL2) and five unknown lipids (L1–L5) were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II14-10F7T represents a novel species of the genus

Zunongwangia

, for which the name

Zunongwangia

atlantica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II14-10F7T ( = CGMCC1.12470T = LMG 27421T = MCCC 1A06481T).
Mutation tryptophan to leucine at position 222 of haemagglutinin could facilitate H3N2 influenza A virus infection in dogs
Authors: Yang Guohua , Li Shoujun , Blackmon Sherry , Ye Jianqiang , Bradley Konrad C. , Cooley Jim , Smith Dave , Hanson Larry , Cardona Carol , Steinhauer David A. , Webby Richard , Liao Ming , Wan Xiu-Feng
Published: September 2013

An avian-like H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) has recently caused sporadic canine influenza outbreaks in China and Korea, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the interspecies transmission of H3N2 IAV from avian to canine species are not well understood. Sequence analysis showed that residue 222 in haemagglutinin (HA) is predominantly tryptophan (W) in the closely related avian H3N2 IAV, but was leucine (L) in canine H3N2 IAV. In this study, reassortant viruses rH3N2-222L (canine-like) and rH3N2-222W (avian-like) with HA mutation L222W were generated using reverse genetics to evaluate the significance of the L222W mutation on receptor binding and host tropism of H3N2 IAV. Compared with rH3N2-222W, rH3N2-222L grew more rapidly in MDCK cells and had significantly higher infectivity in primary canine tracheal epithelial cells. Tissue-binding assays demonstrated that rH3N2-222L had a preference for canine tracheal tissues rather avian tracheal tissues, whereas rH3N2-222W favoured slightly avian rather canine tracheal tissues. Glycan microarray analysis suggested both rH3N2-222L and rH3N2-222W bound preferentially to α2,3-linked sialic acids. However, the rH3N2-222W had more than twofold less binding affinity than rH3N2-222L to a set of glycans with Neu5Aca2–3Galb1–4(Fuca-)-like or Neu5Aca2–3Galb1–3(Fuca-)-like structures. These data suggest the W to L mutation at position 222 of the HA could facilitate infection of H3N2 IAV in dogs, possibly by increasing the binding affinities of the HA to specific receptors with Neu5Aca2–3Galb1–4(Fuca-) or Neu5Aca2–3Galb1–3(Fuca-)-like structures that are present in dogs.
Assessing sex‐related chick provisioning in greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus parents using capture–recapture models
Authors: Rendón Miguel A. , Garrido Araceli , Rendón‐Martos Manuel , Ramírez José M. , Amat Juan A.
Published: September 2013

In sexually dimorphic species, the parental effort of the smaller sex may be reduced due to competitive exclusion in the feeding areas by the larger sex or physiological constraints. However, to determine gender effects on provisioning patterns, other intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting parental effort should be accounted for.

Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) exhibit sexual size dimorphism. In Fuente de Piedra colony, the lake dries out almost completely during the breeding season and both parents commute between breeding and foraging sites >130 km away during the chick‐rearing period.

Applying multistate capture–recapture models to daily observations of marked parents, we determined the effects of sex, and their interactions with other intrinsic and extrinsic factors, on the probability of chick desertion and sojourn in the colony and feeding areas. Moreover, using stable isotopes in the secretions that parents produce to feed their chicks, we evaluated sex‐specific use of wetlands.

The probability of chick attendance (complementary to chick desertion) was >0·98. Chick desertion was independent of parental sex, but decreased with parental age. Females stayed in the feeding areas for shorter periods [mean: 7·5 (95% CI: 6·0–9·4) days] than males [9·2 (7·3–11·8) days]. Isotopic signatures of secretions did not show sex differences in δ13C, but males' secretions were enriched in δ15N, suggesting they fed on prey of higher trophic levels than females. Both parents spent approximately 1 day in the colony, but females prolonged their mean stay when the lake dried out. Females also allocated more time to foraging in the flooded areas remaining in the colony, likely because they were energetically more stressed than males.

The results indicate that sex‐specific provisioning behaviour in greater flamingo is related to differential effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Males seem forage less efficiently than females, whereas females' body condition seems to be lower after feeding the chick. Our methodology may be extended to species that feed on distant food sources and that do not visit their offspring daily, to elucidate patterns of chick‐provisioning behaviour.
Pre‐surgery education for elective cardiac surgery patients: A survey from the patient's perspective
Authors: O'Brien Lisa , McKeough Carly , Abbasi Randa
Published: September 2013

Background/aim

Multidisciplinary pre‐admission patient education is commonly recommended for elective surgery patients, and may involve the provision of written information and presentations from the health team. However, the occupational therapy role with elective sternotomy patients in our setting is confined to the post‐operative period. We aimed to evaluate cardiac surgery patients' perception of the effectiveness and timing of pre‐admission multidisciplinary written information and post‐operative verbal education provided by occupational therapy.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved a written survey, which was posted to 375 people who had undergone cardiac surgery in 2009–2010. Questions were designed to elicit patient perceptions of both pre‐operative written information and post‐operative education relating to post‐operative precautions and return to activity received from occupational therapy.

Results

There were 118 surveys returned equalling a 31.4% response rate. Eighty‐nine per cent of respondents recalled receiving and reading the pre‐surgery information booklet, and this was significantly correlated with feeling prepared for the post‐operative experience and adherence with precautions (P < 0.0001). Exactly 30.4% of respondents stated that they experienced stress and anxiety in relation to post‐operative expectations, and 47.3% felt the information provided in the occupational therapy education sessions would have been more beneficial for their understanding and coping if provided prior to surgery.

Conclusions

Multidisciplinary written pre‐surgery education appears to be providing patients with a good understanding of what to expect following surgery. The results suggest that pre‐operative verbal education from occupational therapy would assist in reducing anxiety in a subgroup of patients.
Understanding primary carers' occupational adaptation and engagement
Authors: McDougall Carmel , Buchanan Angus , Peterson Sunila
Published: September 2013

Background/aim

Primary carers for people with intellectual disability living in remote rural areas experience high demand care commitments that may require them to be available twenty‐four hours seven days a week and reduce their access to formal or respite support leaving them little time to engage in other occupations. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of caring for a person with an intellectual disability living in remote rural farming location on primary carers' occupational engagement.

Method

A thematic analysis, using an interpretive phenomenological analysis approach, was conducted on seven in‐depth semi‐structured interviews of primary carers.

Results

Occupational adaptation and engagement, emerging as a primary theme, indicated that primary carers' occupations were affected by: limiting opportunity to develop occupations; developing new occupations; adapting occupations; and ceasing occupations. A number of influencing themes, affecting the primary carers' occupational engagement also emerged, including: lifestyle and occupational roles; wellness and health; engaging quality supports; societal and community context; and vision for the future.

Conclusion

The results provided an initial understanding of the impact of caring on the primary carers' occupational adaptation and engagement, and a suggestion that clinicians consider using a family‐centred approach as an effective and meaningful intervention.
Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context (WRITIC): Reliability and convergent validity
Authors: van Hartingsveldt Margo J. , Cup Edith H. C. , de Groot Imelda J. M. , Nijhuis‐van der Sanden Maria W. G.
Published: September 2013

Background/aim

This study examined the reliability and convergent validity of the Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context, a measurement evaluating writing readiness in kindergarten children (aged from five to six years).

Methods

Test–retest reliability was established with 59 children, inter‐rater reliability with 72 children and convergent validity with 119 children. All participants were typically developing kindergarten children. Convergent validity was examined with the Beery‐Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual‐Motor Integration and the Nine‐Hole Peg Test.

Results

We found excellent test–retest and inter‐rater reliability on the future norm‐referenced subdomain ‘Task performance’ of Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context with intra‐class correlation coefficient ranging from 0.92 to 0.95. On the other criterion‐referenced subdomains, we found fair to good reliability with intra‐class correlation coefficient ranging from 0.70 to 1.0 and weighted Kappa ranging from 0.30 to 0.89. Correlations with the Beery‐Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual‐Motor Integration and the Nine‐Hole Peg Test were moderate with rs ranging from 0.34 to 0.40 and these are comparable with correlations in other handwriting studies.

Conclusion

Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context is an assessment of writing readiness that is stable over time and between raters. The expected moderate correlations with the Beery‐Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual‐Motor Integration and the Nine‐Hole Peg Test support the construct of writing readiness.
The importance of hydrogen and formate transfer for syntrophic fatty, aromatic and alicyclic metabolism
Authors: Sieber Jessica R. , Le Huynh M. , McInerney Michael J.
Published: September 2013

We used a combination of genomic, transcriptional and enzymatic analyses to determine the mechanism of interspecies electron transfer by two model syntrophic microorganisms, Syntrophomonas wolfei and Syntrophus aciditrophicus. Both organisms contain multiple hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase genes, but lack genes for outer membrane cytochromes and nanowire formation. Syntrophically grown cells and cell‐free extracts of S. aciditrophicus and S. wolfei had both hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase activities. Butyrate metabolism and CH4 production by washed cell suspensions of S. wolfei and Methanospirillum hungatei were inhibited by hydrogenase inhibitors (cyanide and carbon monoxide), but not by a formate dehydrogenase inhibitor (hypophosphite). Syntrophic benzoate oxidation and CH4 production by washed cell suspensions of S. aciditrophicus and M. hungatei were inhibited by hypophosphite, but not cyanide and carbon monoxide. All three inhibitors halted syntrophic cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate metabolism. Two hydrogenase genes, hydA1 and hydA2, were more highly expressed when S. wolfei was grown syntrophically. S. aciditrophicus expressed multiple hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase genes during syntrophic benzoate and cyclohexane‐1‐carboxylate growth, one of which (fdhA2) was highly differentially expressed during syntrophic benzoate growth. Thus, these syntrophic microorganisms have flexible metabolisms that allow them to use either H2 or formate transfer depending on the substrate involved.
Training special educators: sustaining professional development in special school placements
Authors: Peter Melanie
Published: September 2013

With the rapidly changing demographic due to survival rates from medical advances, the need to strengthen training on SEND is now recognised, and special school placements valued, having been previously marginalised within initial teacher training. Practices developed since 2008 at one university to support progression of trainees to gain advanced and specialist skills in SEND were evaluated for effectiveness. This involved ten school mentors, 14 primary trainees on four‐week extended enrichment placements and three trainees with prior experience on final formally assessed seven‐week placements in special schools. This article presents the resulting consolidated developmental placement structures and a proposed compulsory one‐week model for trainees to gain core skills, underpinned by a shared understanding of trainee professional development needs and related support systems. Quality mentoring practices and sustaining trainees' emotional learning journey were integral to their developing pedagogical skills and understanding, so endorsing the debate for more humanistic approaches to teacher training.