bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drop‐to‐drop solvent microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for rapid determination of trimeprazine in urine and blood of rats: application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Agrawal Kavita , Wu Hui‐Fen
Published: September 2007

A simple and rapid method based on drop‐to‐drop solvent microextraction (DDSME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic studies of trimeprazine in 8 µL of urine and blood samples of rats. Several factors that influenced the extraction efficiency of DDSME, such as selection of organic solvent, extraction time, exposure volume of organic phase, addition of salt and pH, were optimized. Linearity was obtained over the concentration ranges of 0.2–10, 0.25–7.0 and 0.5–6.0 µg/mL with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.996 and 0.993 in deionized water, urine and blood samples of rats, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) of trimeprazine were 0.05, 0.06 and 0.1 µg/mL in deionized water, urine and blood samples. The concentrations of trimeprazine obtained in urine and blood samples of rats were 0.21–1.25 and 2.72–0.22 µg/mL, respectively, after a single intravenous administration of this drug. The enrichment factors and LOD values obtained by DDSME coupled to GC/MS were compared with those of hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) combined with GC/MS. We believe that this novel approach can be very useful in clinical application since only one microdrop of biological samples was required to perform the pharmacokinetic studies from rats, so the sample pretreatments for animal experiments can be very easy too. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perimeter air monitoring for soil remediation
Authors: Graening Guy J.
Published: September 2007

Most environmental project managers are well versed in characterizing and remediating contaminants in soil and water media. When soil remediation activities are conducted at an environmental site, however, some project managers are faced with monitoring contaminants in the air medium for the first time. Remediation activities can disturb contaminants that are normally immobile in soil and transfer them to air. The resulting increase in airborne concentrations of contaminants, even if temporary, may be a health concern for individuals in neighboring residences or businesses. Perimeter air monitoring may be required by a regulatory agency to determine if unhealthy conditions are created and if work practices should be limited or modified. This article serves as a resource for project managers involved in perimeter air monitoring for soil remediation and provides a general summary of candidate sites, remediation activities that release contaminants, regulatory requirements, equipment and target contaminants, monitoring locations and schedule, analytical methods, and data interpretation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uptake of perchlorate by vegetation growing at field sites in arid and subhumid climates
Authors: Yifru Dawit D. , Nzengung Valentine A.
Published: September 2007

Previous greenhouse and field studies show that terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, including trees, grasses, and agricultural produce grown on perchlorate‐contaminated soil or with perchlorate‐contaminated irrigation water, accumulate perchlorate mainly in their leaf tissue. The phytoaccumulated perchlorate poses potential ecological risk by either contaminating the food chain of humans and animals or recycling in the ecosystem as leaf litter fall that accumulates on topsoil. In this study, the uptake and phytoaccumulation of perchlorate in terrestrial and aquatic vegetation growing at two perchlorate‐contaminated sites (the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant [LHAAP] in Karnack, Texas, and the Las Vegas Wash [LVW], Nevada) was monitored during multiple growing seasons. The LHAAP site is located in a subhumid climate, while the LVW site is located in an arid climate. All vegetation species collected from both sites contained quantifiable levels of perchlorate. The detected concentrations varied with the type of plant species, amount of perchlorate concentration in soil, and season and stage of plant maturity. The highest perchlorate concentrations were measured in willows (Salix nigra), crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) at the LHAAP, while salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima) at the LVW phytoaccumulated the highest mass of perchlorate. The concentrations of perchlorate measured in plant leaves growing over contaminated soils at multiple LHAAP locations did not reveal the strong seasonal variability observed at the LVW site. The slow rate of phytodegradation of the perchlorate fraction taken up by plants during the growing season explained the detection of higher perchlorate concentrations in leaves collected later in the growing season (fall) and in senesced leaves compared to younger, live leaves. This proves that senesced plant leaves potentially recycle perchlorate back into the soil on which plant litter collects. To minimize the potential recycling of perchlorate during phytoremediation, it is recommended that senesced leaves be collected and composted or phytoremediation be designed to enhance rapid rhizodegradation (rhizoremediation). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deliberate futures: precaution and progress in social choice of sustainable technology
Authors: Stirling Andy
Published: September 2007

There is much high profile concern over apparent tensions between sustainability and precaution on the one hand, and ‘competitive innovation’ and ‘technological progress’ on the other. How can we balance risk with opportunity and public engagement with ‘sound science’? The outcomes of such debates may undoubtedly be serious for particular technologies, but are there really grounds for concern over the implications for innovation in general? This paper argues that such anxieties often stem from impoverished understandings and strategic misrepresentations of the real nature of scientific creativity and technological possibilities. This can obscure possibilities for achieving more truly sustainable and socially deliberate technological futures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sample size evaluation for a multiply matched case–control study using the score test from a conditional logistic (discrete Cox PH) regression model
Authors: Lachin John M.
Published: September 2007

The conditional logistic regression model (Biometrics1982;38:661–672) provides a convenient method for the assessment of qualitative or quantitative covariate effects on risk in a study with matched sets, each containing a possibly different number of cases and controls. The conditional logistic likelihood is identical to the stratified Cox proportional hazards model likelihood, with an adjustment for ties (J. R. Stat. Soc. B1972;34:187–220). This likelihood also applies to a nested case–control study with multiply matched cases and controls, selected from those at risk at selected event times. Herein the distribution of the score test for the effect of a covariate in the model is used to derive simple equations to describe the power of the test to detect a coefficient θ (log odds ratio or log hazard ratio) or the number of cases (or matched sets) and controls required to provide a desired level of power. Additional expressions are derived for a quantitative covariate as a function of the difference in the assumed mean covariate values among cases and controls and for a qualitative covariate in terms of the difference in the probabilities of exposure for cases and controls. Examples are presented for a nested case–control study and a multiply matched case–control study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restructuring through spin‐off or sell‐off: transforming information asymmetries into financial gain
Authors: Bergh Donald D. , Johnson Richard A. , Dewitt Rocki‐Lee
Published: September 2007

The authors examine how managers select between corporate restructuring implementation alternatives and how those decisions influence the profitability of the restructuring event. They argue that managers and owners have information asymmetries with respect to the assets in the restructuring and the restructured firms' diversification strategy, and that managers select between two popular implementation alternatives, spin‐offs and sell‐offs, to convert knowledge differences into financial gain. When the restructured assets reside in primary and related business lines or the firm has low and related diversification among its business lines, the restructuring is difficult for observers to assess and understand. Spin‐offs most effectively and profitably reduce information asymmetries by transferring assets to the capital market and increasing the efficiency and transparency of the restructuring firm. Conversely, when the restructured assets reside in secondary and unrelated business lines or the firm has high diversification, sell‐offs best mitigate asymmetries by using market forces to reallocate assets to their most productive uses while improving the strategy and performance of the restructuring firm. Tests of a sample of 204 restructuring events support the hypotheses. Overall, the findings suggest that the influence of corporate restructuring on financial performance is determined in part through how the restructuring is implemented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of phosphatidylcholine in soy lecithins by HPLC
Authors: Rhee J. S. , Shin M. G.
Published: September 2007

A simple and rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic method with RI detector was developed to determine the content of phos‐phatidylcholine in soy lecithins.
Separation and estimation of anionic surfactants by thin layer chromatography: i. Mixtures of sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecanesulfonate
Authors: Yonese Chizuo , Shishido Takeshi , Kaneko Takahide , Maruyama Kazushige
Published: September 2007

The conditions for separation and quantitative determination of anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecanesulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate by thin layer chromatography (TLC) were investigated. Analytical results for mixtures of 2 or 3 components under optimal TLC conditions were in satisfactory agreement with known values. The absolute errors and variation coefficients both were within ca. 4%.
Biliary Complications after Duct‐to‐duct Biliary Reconstruction in Living‐donor Liver Transplantation: Causes and Treatment
Authors: Tashiro Hirotaka , Itamoto Toshiyuki , Sasaki Tamito , Ohdan Hideki , Fudaba Yasuhiro , Amano Hironobu , Fukuda Saburo , Nakahara Hideki , Ishiyama Kohei , Ohshita Akihiko , Kohashi Toshihiko , Mitsuta Hiroshi , Chayama Kazuaki , Asahara Toshimasa
Published: September 2007

Background

In living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT), biliary complications are recognized as a significant cause of post‐transplantation morbidity.

Methods

Eighty patients who underwent LDLT with duct‐to‐duct biliary reconstruction at Hiroshima University Hospital were enrolled in this study. The mean follow‐up was 24 months (range, 3–72 months). Eighteen patients underwent the basiliximab‐based immunosuppressive therapy, and 62 patients underwent non‐basiliximab‐based immunosuppressive therapy. The development of biliary complications after LDLT was retrospectively analyzed. Biliary complications were initially treated by endoscopic or radiological modalities.

Results

Biliary leakages and strictures occurred in 12 (15%) and 20 (25%) of the 80 patients, respectively. Stepwise multivariate analysis demonstrated bile leakage to be an independent risk factor for the development of biliary stricture (p = 0.001) and basiliximab‐based immunosuppressive therapy to be an independent protective factor for postoperative biliary leakage (p = 0.005). The 1‐week total doses of steroids were significantly lower in the basiliximab‐based immunosuppressive regimes (mean dose: 573mg) than in the non‐basiliximab‐based ones (mean dose: 1,121mg) (p = 0.01). All patients with biliary leakage were successfully treated with endoscopic or radiological modalities, except one patient who was treated by surgical treatment. Endoscopic or radiological modalities were successful as primary treatment modalities in 12 (60%) of 20 patients with biliary strictures. Lastly, six patients were treated surgically with long‐term success, except for one patient with chronic cholangitis who died after 16 months.

Conclusions

Steroid‐sparing basiliximab‐based immunosuppressive therapy reduced the incidence of biliary leakage, and biliary leakage was the independent factor for biliary stricture. The non‐surgical and surgical treatments for biliary complications were satisfactory.
Eight microsatellite loci characterised in the European blackbird, Turdus merula
Authors: Segelbacher Gernot , Sacher Thomas , Schwarzenberger Anke , Woitsch Sonja , Bairlein Franz , Coppack Timothy
Published: September 2007

Although the European blackbird, Turdus merula, is one of the most abundant and conspicuous songbirds of the Western Palaearctic and, as such, has been subject of numerous behavioural and ecological studies, there is to date no specific, PCR-based marker system for this species, and information on the applicability of genetic markers from other species or genera is scant. Here, we report the successful amplification of eight microsatellite loci in the European blackbird. We compared levels of polymorphism between groups of individuals sampled during the breeding season at different geographic localities (Heligoland Island, North Sea and Radolfzell, south-western Germany). We found high levels of polymorphisms, which enabled us to ascertain population membership of individuals. The properties of the tested microsatellite markers make them suitable for population genetic studies as well as for kinship analyses.
Evidence for oxidative stress in tissues derived from succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase‐deficient mice
Authors: Latini A. , Scussiato K. , Leipnitz G. , Gibson K. M. , Wajner M.
Published: September 2007

Animal models of inborn errors of metabolism are useful for investigating the pathogenesis associated with the corresponding human disease. Since the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (Aldh5a1; OMIM 271980) are still not established, in the present study we evaluated the tissue antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in various cerebral structures (cortex, cerebellum, thalamus and hippocampus) and in the liver of SSADH‐deficient mice. The parameters analysed were total radical‐trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) and glutathione (GSH) levels, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS). We first observed that the tissue nonenzymatic antioxidant defences were significantly reduced in the SSADH‐deficient animals, particularly in the liver (decreased TRAP and GSH) and in the cerebral cortex (decreased GSH), as compared to the wild‐type mice. Furthermore, SOD activity was significantly increased in the liver and cerebellum, whereas the activity of CAT was significantly higher in the thalamus. In contrast, GPx activity was significantly diminished in the hippocampus. Finally, we observed that lipid peroxidation (TBARS levels) was markedly increased in the liver and cerebral cortex, reflecting a high lipid oxidative damage in these tissues. Our data showing an imbalance between tissue antioxidant defences and oxidative attack strongly indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of SSADH deficiency in mice, and likely the corresponding human disorder.
From Zero to Sixty: Calibrating Real-Time Responses
Authors: Koulis Theodoro , Ramsay James O. , Levitin Daniel J.
Published: September 2007

Recent advances in data recording technology have given researchers new ways of collecting on-line and continuous data for analyzing input-output systems. For example, continuous response digital interfaces are increasingly used in psychophysics. The statistical problem related to these input-output systems reduces to linking time-varying covariates to a continuous response variate. Using real-time data obtained from an experiment in psychoacoustics, we showcase new statistical tools that incorporate dynamical elements of an input-output system. We employ functional data analysis (FDA) methods and a simple differential equation to analyze and model the continuous responses. Furthermore, we outline the issues involved in analyzing input-output systems when the exact form of the underlying mathematical model is not known. Finally, we develop a calibration method to facilitate inter-subject and intra-subject comparisons.
Seleno‐podophyllotoxin derivatives induce hepatoma SMMC‐7721 cell apoptosis through Bax pathway
Authors: Miao Ruidong , Han Yin , An Lizhe , Yang Jinbo , Wang Qin
Published: September 2007

Podophyllotoxin is a well known anti‐tumor chemical, but because of its strong side effects much effort has been paid to reduce cytotoxicity by modifying its structure. Here, we evaluate the anti‐tumor activity of a new isolated derivative of podophyllotoxin, 4′‐demethyl‐4‐dehydroxy‐4‐seleno‐phenyl‐β‐peltatin‐epipodophyllotoxin (CPZ) and find that CPZ can suppress the proliferation of human hepatoma SMMC‐7721 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Phase‐contrast microscope observation and flow cytometric analysis through PI stains showed that the reagents have strong inhibition of SMMC‐7721 cell growth, as the cells were blocked in the G2/M period. Cell apoptosis induced by CPZ was further confirmed by staining with M30 Cytodeath antibody. Rh123 label testing revealed that the mitochondrial membrane potential had been decreased by CPZ treatment. Under the stress of CPZ, cytochrome c was secreted into the cytoplasm by mitochondria, and Bax in cytoplasm was translocated into the mitochondrial membrane. These results suggest that CPZ‐induced apoptosis may work through a Bax‐dependent pathway.
Detrended fluctuation analysis as a statistical method to study ion single channel signal
Authors: Lan Tong‐Han , Gao Zhi‐Yong , Abdalla Ahmed N. , Cheng Bo , Wang Shu
Published: September 2007

The scaling behaviors of ion single channel current signal time series could be analyzed by means of detrended fluctuation analysis. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis of an ionic current signal recorded from voltage dependence K+ single channel is presented. The detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) exponent α is significantly larger than 0.5, as (DFA) exponents were calculated for 4 different pipette potentials in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. α = 0.9475 ± 0.006 for V = − 30 mV; α = 0.958 ± 0.004 for V = − 40 mV; α = 0.966 ± 0.005 for V = −50 mV; α = 0.971 ± 0.03 for V = −60 mV. The scaling exponents for different pipette potentials reveal the existence of memory in ion channels, and at the same time, the memory in ion channel depends on the pipette potential. The result of Markovian model data showed that it had different DFA exponent α which indicates that long‐range correlation effect is present amongst the continued conducting states of the ion channel. Thus a scaling exponent description is found to characterize the fluctuation properties of the non‐linear behaviors of ion channel kinetics regardless of whether the channel is in open or closed state.
Effects of recombinant human PLD2 on proliferation and apoptosis of HL‐60 cells
Authors: Zhu Ling , Wang Ya‐Xiong , Yu Chuan‐Xing
Published: September 2007

In the present study, we investigated the role of recombinant human phospholipase D2 (rhPLD2) on proliferation and apoptosis in human leukemia HL‐60 cells which induced by camptothecin. Our research demonstrated that various concentrations of rhPLD2 inhibit the growth of HL‐60 cells in a dose‐dependent manner, and rhPLD2 plus camptothecin can produce a synergistic effect on growth inhibition of HL‐60 cells in vitro. So, we conclude that rhPLD2 alone cannot induce apoptosis in HL‐60 cells, but it can potentiate the apoptosis of HL‐60 cells induced by camptothecin. Similarly, we show that both rhPLD2 and standard PLD were able to enhance camptothecin‐induced apoptosis of HL‐60 cells.
Chest Symptoms Following Coronary Stenting in the First 10 Weeks of Recovery
Authors: Gallagher Robyn , Lynch Felicity , Paul Glenn , Petkovski Diana , Kandl Bronia , Lang Scott , Thomas Narrel , Fildes Jenny , James Barbara , Love Fiona
Published: September 2007

Background: Most patients experience the benefits of PTCA and stent quickly, with reduction in symptoms and improvement in functional status, however many patients experience chest symptoms post-procedure.

Objective: To describe the pattern and characteristics of post-stent chest symptoms in cardiac rehabilitation participants.

Methods: A prospective descriptive study assessing the pattern and presence of chest symptoms in coronary artery stent recipients ( N = 129) four and ten weeks post-procedure. Patients were interviewed at cardiac rehabilitation or by the phone using a specifically developed questionnaire which incorporated the McGill Pain Questionnaire.

Results: Most participants were male, aged on average 60.5 years and received two stents, most often drug eluting. Post-stent chest symptoms were common, experienced by two thirds of patients (68%) at some time during the 10 weeks post-discharge. Chest symptoms were recurrent, with 33% having symptoms on both occasions and occurred more often in younger patients ( p < .00). Patients described their symptoms as discomforting and used the descriptors dull, tight, sharp, pressing and flickering. Chest symptoms tended to be brief and/or intermittent (65%) lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes (63%). Most patients felt their symptoms were related to their stent (75%) and were unsure what to do. A small number (5%) interpreted their symptoms as ischaemic and presented to the hospital (4%).

Conclusions: Post-stent chest symptoms are frequent and recurrent out to 10 weeks post-discharge. Although symptoms tended to be brief and intermittent, the location and quality of these symptoms may overlap with existing chest pain guidelines, making it difficult for patients to interpret. Cardiac rehabilitation staff are in an ideal position to support and inform stent recipients about appropriate responses to these symptoms.
Dystrophin‐deficiency increases the susceptibility to doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity
Authors: Deng Shiwei , Kulle Bettina , Hosseini Mehdi , Schlüter Gregor , Hasenfuss Gerd , Wojnowski Leszek , Schmidt Albrecht
Published: September 2007

Background and aim:

The clinical use of doxorubicin (DOX) and other anthracyclines is limited by a dosage‐dependent cardiotoxicity, which can lead to cardiomyopathy. The role of the individual genetic makeup in this disorder is poorly understood. Alterations in genes encoding cardiac cytoskeleton or sarcolemma proteins may increase the susceptibility to doxorubicin‐related cardiotoxicity.

Methods:

Female dystrophin‐deficient mice (MDX) and age‐matched wild‐type mice underwent chronic treatment with doxorubicin. Cardiac function and tissue damage were assessed by echocardiography and histopathology, respectively. Gene expression changes were investigated using microarrays.

Results:

DOX treatment resulted in mortality, cardiac insufficiency, and cardiac interstitial fibrosis. These alterations were more pronounced in DOX‐treated MDX mice than in DOX‐treated wild‐type mice. Changes in gene expression were more numerous in MDX mice, including genes involved in cell adhesion, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton organization, inflammatory and immune response and cell death.

Conclusions:

Dystrophin deficiency facilitates the development and progression of doxorubicin‐induced cardiac injury. The underlying mechanisms may involve changes in cell adhesion, in cytoskeleton, as well as in inflammatory and immune responses. Genetic variants of cytoskeletal proteins in humans may affect the individual susceptibility to doxorubicin. Cardiotoxic drugs may accelerate the manifestation of pre‐clinical cardiomyopathies caused by deficiencies in cytoskeletal or sarcolemma proteins.
Avoidance and cognitive fusion – Central components in pain related disability? Development and preliminary validation of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS)
Authors: Wicksell Rikard K. , Renöfält Jonas , Olsson Gunnar L. , Bond Frank W. , Melin Lennart
Published: September 2007

Acceptance of pain and other associated negative private experiences has received increasing attention in recent years. This approach is in stark contrast to the traditional approach of reducing or controlling symptoms of pain. The empirical support for treatments emphasizing exposure and acceptance, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, is growing. However, to date, few instruments exist to assess the core processes in these types of treatments. This study describes the development and preliminary validation of the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale. Principal components analysis (PCA) suggests a 2‐factor solution with a total of 16 items measuring avoidance of pain and cognitive fusion with pain. Results also indicate adequate reliability and validity for the scale. Implications of these findings for clinical assessment, as well as for research on pain related disability, are discussed along with suggestions for further research in this area.
Early upregulation in nasal epithelium and strong expression in olfactory bulb glomeruli suggest a role for Aquaporin‐4 in olfaction
Authors: Sørbø Jan Gunnar , Moe Svein Erik , Holen Torgeir
Published: September 2007

Aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) has been reported to be upregulated post‐partum in pregnancy and in early lung development. Several technical challenges exist in measuring AQP4 protein levels, among them sensitivity to detergent solubilization, sample heating and gel composition. Here we have optimized quantification of AQP4 using immuno‐blots. Using improved methodology we find no evidence for AQP4 upregulation post‐partum or in the early lung development. However, in the nasal epithelium AQP4 is upregulated as early as in the brain. Furthermore, AQP4 is strongly expressed in the glomerulus, the synaptic unit of the olfactory bulb, suggesting a role for AQP4 in olfactory function.
Changing the substrate specificity of a chitooligosaccharide oxidase from Fusarium graminearum by model‐inspired site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Heuts Dominic P.H.M. , Janssen Dick B. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: September 2007

Chitooligosaccharide oxidase (ChitO) catalyzes the oxidation of C1 hydroxyl moieties on chitooligosaccharides and in this way displays a different substrate preference as compared to other known oligosaccharide oxidases. ChitO was identified in the genome of Fusarium graminearum and a structural model revealed that one active site residue (Q268) was likely to be involved in the recognition of the N‐acetyl moiety on the chitooligosaccharide substrates. The substrate specificity of wild type ChitO and the Q268R mutant were examined and confirmed that Q268 is indeed involved in N‐acetyl recognition.
Interlinked mutual inhibitory positive feedbacks induce robust cellular memory effects
Authors: Kim Tae-Hwan , Jung Sung Hoon , Cho Kwang-Hyun
Published: September 2007

Mutual inhibitory positive feedback (MIPF), or double‐negative feedback, is a key regulatory motif of cellular memory with the capability of maintaining switched states for transient stimuli. Such MIPFs are found in various biological systems where they are interlinked in many cases despite a single MIPF can still realize such a memory effect. An intriguing question then arises about the advantage of interlinking MIPFs instead of exploiting an isolated single MIPF to realize the memory effect. We have investigated the advantages of interlinked MIPF systems through mathematical modeling and computer simulations. Our results revealed that interlinking MIPFs expands the parameter range of achieving the memory effect, or the memory region, thereby making the system more robust to parameter perturbations. Moreover, the minimal duration and amplitude of an external stimulus required for off‐to‐on state transition are increased and, as a result, external noises can more effectively be filtered out. Hence, interlinked MIPF systems can realize more robust cellular memories with respect to both parameter perturbations and external noises. Our study suggests that interlinked MIPF systems might be an evolutionary consequence acquired for a more reliable memory effect by enhancing robustness against noisy cellular environments.
Long‐term histological outcome after post‐hypoxic treatment with 100% or 40% oxygen in a model of perinatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
Authors: Grafe Marjorie R. , Woodworth K. Nina , Noppens Kristin , Perez‐Polo J. Regino
Published: September 2007

Hypoxic newborns have traditionally been given supplemental oxygen, and until recently, guidelines for neonatal resuscitation recommended that 100% oxygen be used. Exposure to 100% oxygen after hypoxic injury, however, may exacerbate oxidative stress. The current study evaluated the effect of exposure to 100, 40 or 21% oxygen after neonatal hypoxic–ischemic injury on the severity of brain injury after long‐term survival. The severity of histological brain injury was not different in animals exposed to 100% oxygen versus room air. Male animals treated with 40% oxygen post‐hypoxia had the lowest mean total histology scores, but this was not statistically significant due to the large variation in injury within each treatment group.

These results support the growing number of studies in human infants and experimental animals that show no benefit of 100% oxygen over room air for neonatal resuscitation. Our results suggest that post‐hypoxia treatment with 40% oxygen may be beneficial, particularly in males. Further studies of the effects of different concentrations of oxygen on brain injury are warranted and should have sufficient power to examine sex differences.
The Surgical Treatment of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Decision Analysis
Authors: BRAUER C. A. , GRAHAM B.
Published: September 2007

The objective of our study was to use decision analysis to compare four common surgical treatments for cubital tunnel syndrome: simple decompression of the cubital tunnel, medial epicondylectomy, anterior subcutaneous transposition and anterior submuscular transposition. The variables used for this decision analysis model were based on data from the literature. Extensive sensitivity analyses were carried out to test the impact of the values given to these variables on the outcome of the model. The highest expected utility, 0.973, was associated with simple decompression. The expected utility was 0.969 for subcutaneous transposition and 0.965 for submuscular transposition. Medial epicondylectomy had the lowest expected utility at 0.961. Simple decompression remained the preferred strategy in extensive one-way sensitivity analyses.
Taphonomy, palaeoecological implications, and colouration of Cambrian gogiid echinoderms from Guizhou Province, China
Authors: LIN JIH-PAI , AUSICH WILLIAM I. , ZHAO YUAN-LONG , PENG JIN
Published: September 2007

Based on rich material (381 specimens examined) from two Cambrian echinoderm faunas, the early Cambrian Balang fauna and middle Cambrian Kaili fauna in Guizhou Province, South China, the taphonomy of gogiid echinoderms is described in detail, and the preservation of stereomic microstructure and organic remains of Cambrian gogiid echinoderms is reported here for the first time. Taphonomic considerations include entombment patterns, decay sequences, individual-specific diagenetic histories, unusual burial postures, selective disarticulation patterns, and post-mortem elongation. In particular, five categories of gogiid entombment patterns are proposed to describe the multi-directional orientations recorded at the burial time of articulated gogiids. Gogiid-bearing slabs of Guizhou material primarily (70%) display the type 2 entombment pattern (articulated gogiids preserved with fan-shaped brachioles); thus, most Guizhou gogiids were buried with brachioles preserved in feeding posture during obrution events. Balang gogiid faunas contain the oldest evidence of palaeoecological interactions among echinoderms and other indigenous taxa. In addition to pre-burial and post-burial decay, other potential causes for unusual disarticulation patterns exhibited by the gogiids from the lower Cambrian Balang Formation include pre-burial bio-disturbance and post-burial bioturbation based on ichnogenera, includingRusophycusandPlanolites.Chemical analyses reveal that carbon, calcium, manganese and iron are the major elements responsible for the variety of colours exhibited by Guizhou gogiids. Three-dimensional stereomic microstructure (mean stereom pore size = 8.4–8.7 μm; average trabecular thickness = 4.5–4.6μm) occurs on the external surfaces of thecal plates in two gogiid species. Stereom preservation in calcite suggests that the dissolution of calcareous echinoderm plates, yielding characteristic mouldic preservation, is sub-Recent (after lithificaiton and exposure of gogiid-bearing, marine sedimentary successions on or near the land surface).
Expression of cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in patients with primary laryngeal carcinoma: a tissue microarray study
Authors: Dong P , Li X , Yu Z , Lu G
Published: September 2007

Objective:

To determine the correlation between expression of cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2, in patients with laryngeal carcinoma.

Design:

The study included 85 primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases. Expression was assessed using Envision immunohistochemical stains for cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2.

Subjects:

A tissue microarray containing samples from the 85 primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases was assembled. Immunohistochemical testing for cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 was performed. Using Pearson correlation, expression of these proteins was compared with the following clinicopathological variables: age, sex, clinical tumour–node–metastasis staging, and prognosis. Three-year survival curves, factored by cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression, were generated for overall survival, by Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results:

The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 significantly differed between patients with different pathology, tumour–node–metastasis stage and prognosis. A marked difference in vascular endothelial growth factor expression was seen between two histological grade groups. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein statistically significantly differed between patients with different tumour–node–metastasis stages, lymph node metastases and three-year survival rates. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in laryngeal carcinoma tissue was found to be associated with the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2.

Conclusion:

Cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 may act as clinical prognostic indicators of tumour growth and differentiation in laryngeal carcinoma.
Functional and morphological effects of fotemustine on the auditory system of the rat
Authors: Gocer C , Eryilmaz A , Kayikci M E Kulak , Korkmaz H , Surucu S , Akmansu S H
Published: September 2007

Objective:

This study aimed to elucidate the potential inner-ear effects of fotemustine, a chemotherapeutic agent which crosses the blood–brain barrier and is used in the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumours and metastatic melanoma.

Methods:

This study utilised distortion product otoacoustic emissions and transmission electron microscopy in order to conduct electrophysiological and morphological assessments, using a rat experimental model. Twelve ears of six male rats were examined two months following intraperitoneal slow infusion of fotemustine (100 mg/m2or 7.4 mg/kg). Pre- and post-treatment measurements were compared. Finally, electron microscopy was performed on three rat temporal bones.

Results:

After infusion of fotemustine, distortion product otoacoustic emissions revealed a significant reduction in signal-to-noise ratios only at 3600 Hz (from 11.95 ± 7.52 to −0.26 ± 9.45 dB) and at 3961 Hz (from 18.09 ± 7.49 to 6.74 ± 12.11 dB) (referenced to 2f1 − f2). Transmission electron microscopy of the temporal bone revealed ultrastructural changes in the outer hair cells, stria vascularis and cochlear ganglion at the cochlear basal turn. The ganglion cell perikarya were unaffected.

Conclusions:

Fotemustine was administered via intraperitoneal slow infusion in a rat experimental model. Twelve ears of six survivors, from 10 rats, were evaluated at the second month. Fotemustine was determined to have a potential for ototoxicity at 3600 and 3961 Hz. Three randomly chosen rats underwent electron microscopy for morphological analysis. Morphological effects in the cochlear basal turn were observed. Oedematous intracytoplasmic spaces and perivascular areas of the stria vascularis, as well as distorted chromatin content, were detected, thereby suggesting potential ototoxic effects for this agent. Further experimental and clinical studies are required in order to determine whether the effect seen in this pilot study is reversible, and to analyse effects in humans.
Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and caloric stimulation in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Zagólski O
Published: September 2007

Background:

The influence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection on cochlear function has been well recognised; however, its impact on the vestibular system in infants has not been examined. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate vestibular function in a group of infants, using caloric stimulation tests and vestibular-evoked myogenic potential measurements.

Materials and methods:

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and auditory brainstem responses were recorded and caloric stimulation was performed in 66 infants aged three months, comprising 40 healthy controls and 26 infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

Results:

No reaction to caloric stimulation was elicited from 16 examined ears, no vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials were recorded from 12 ears, and profound sensorineural hearing loss was diagnosed in eight ears. Pathological results were observed predominantly in infants with symptoms of intrauterine congenital cytomegalovirus infection present at birth.

Conclusions:

In infants with clinical symptoms of congenital CMV infection present at birth, abnormal vestibular test results occurred more frequently than abnormal auditory brainstem response results. Vestibular organs should be routinely examined in individuals with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
An algebraic semantics of event-based architectures
Authors: FIADEIRO JOSÉ LUIZ , LOPES ANTÓNIA
Published: September 2007

We propose a mathematical semantics for event-based architectures that serves two main purposes: to characterise the modularisation properties that result from the algebraic structures induced on systems by this discipline of coordination; and to further validate and extend the categorical approach to architectural modelling that we have been building around the language CommUnity with the ‘implicit invocation’, also known as ‘publish/subscribe’ architectural style. We then use this formalisation to bring together synchronous and asynchronous interactions within the same modelling approach. We see this effort as a first step towards a form of engineering of architectural styles. Our approach adopts transition systems extended with events as a mathematical model of implicit invocation, and a family of logics that support abstract levels of modelling.
Trends in dietary patterns and compliance with World Health Organization recommendations: a cross-country analysis
Authors: Mazzocchi Mario , Brasili Cristina , Sandri Elisa
Published: September 2007

Objectives

To investigate time patterns of compliance with nutrient goals recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Design

A single aggregated indicator of distance from the key WHO recommendations for a healthy diet is built using FAOSTAT intake data, bounded between 0 (maximum possible distance from goals) and 1 (perfect adherence). Two hypotheses are tested for different country groupings: (1) whether adherence has improved over time; and (2) whether cross-country disparities in terms of diet healthiness have decreased.

Setting

One hundred and forty-nine countries, including 26 countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and 115 developing countries (including 43 least developed countries), with yearly data over the period 1961–2002.

Results

The Recommendation Compliance Index (RCI) shows significant improvements in adherence to WHO goals for both developing and especially OECD countries. The latter group of countries show the highest levels of the RCI and the largest increase over time, especially between 1981 and 2002. No improvement is detected for least developed countries. A reduction in disparities (convergence of the RCI) is observed only within the OECD grouping.

Conclusions

Adherence to healthy eating guidelines depends on economic development. Diets are improving and converging in advanced economies, but developing and especially least developed countries are still far from meeting WHO nutrition goals. This confirms findings on the double burden of malnutrition and suggests that economic drivers are more relevant than socio-cultural factors in determining the healthiness of diets.
Exploring the relationship between sugars and obesity
Authors: Parnell Winsome , Wilson Noela , Alexander Donnell , Wohlers Mark , Williden Micalla , Mann Joel , Gray Andrew
Published: September 2007

Objective

Investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and intake of sugars and fat in New Zealand adults and children.

Design

Secondary analyses of National Nutrition Survey (1997) and Children’s Nutrition Survey (2002) data for the New Zealand population. BMI calculated from height and weight; fat, sugars and sucrose (used as a surrogate for added sugars) intakes estimated from 24-hour diet recall. Ethnic-specific analyses of children’s data. Relationships (using linear regression) between BMI and sugars/sucrose intakes; per cent total energy from fat; mean total energy intake from sucrose. Subjects classified into diet-type groups by levels of intake of fat and sucrose; relative proportions of overweight/obese children in each group compared with that of normal weight subjects using design-adjustedχ2tests.

Setting

New Zealand homes and schools.

Subjects

4379 adults (15+ years); 3049 children (5–14 years).

Results

Sugars (but not sucrose) intake was significantly lower among obese compared to normal weight children. In adults and children, those with the lowest intake of sugars from foods were significantly more likely to be overweight/obese. Sucrose came predominantly from beverages; in children, 45% of this was from powdered drinks. Sucrose intake from sugary beverages was not related to BMI. Per cent total energy (%E) from sucrose was significantly inversely related to %E from fat among adults and children. Proportions of overweight/obese adults or children in each diet-type group did not differ from that of normal weight individuals.

Conclusions

Current sugars or sucrose intake is not associated with body weight status in the New Zealand population.
Familiar Theories from a New Perspective: The Implications of a Longitudinal Approach to Women in Politics Research
Authors: Hughes Melanie M. , Paxton Pamela
Published: September 2007

Women continue to be underrepresented in politics. A contemporary focus on inequality, however, belies the remarkable changes that have occurred in women's political representation, participation, and impact over time. Thus, scholars are increasingly calling for longitudinal theory and research that focuses on change across time. In this essay, we advocate moving to a longitudinal approach, which, we argue, has four broad implications for theories on women and politics. First, in shifting from a static to a longitudinal perspective, we may find greater support for existing theories that have to date generated only weak or mixed empirical evidence. Second, in contrast, we may also identify limitations of documented findings, which may not generalize broadly across time. Third, some theories imply over-time processes but have never been modeled as such. Thus, a longitudinal approach promises new, and potentially more rigorous, hypothesis testing of existing theories. Finally, theorizing over time may generate new explanations for stasis, growth, or decline in women's political representation or participation that have not, to date, been considered.
Blind Justice: “Seeing” Race and Gender in Cases of Violent Crime
Authors: Nooruddin Irfan
Published: September 2007

Racial disparities in the justice system, particularly as they relate to the death penalty, have received increasing scholarly and public-policy scrutiny recently. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the role of the defendant's sex in cases of violent crime, though research has been conducted on how the victim's sex affects court decisions. This article seeks to extend this line of inquiry by asking how women accused of killing their spouses or nonspousal intimate partners are treated by the judicial system. I present a theoretical framework that elucidates the impact of intersectionality and sexual stratification on structuring outcomes for women defendants in cases of violent crimes. To test implications derived from this framework, I utilize an original data set of homicide cases from Oakland County, Michigan, from 1986 to 1988. I find that female defendants were convicted more frequently than were male defendants, and that there is an interactive effect with race. Further, I find that the conviction rate was higher if the victim was an alleged batterer of the defendant. Finally, my data indicate that sentencing decisions have a clear racial aspect to them. I conclude with suggestions for future research.