bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Effects of γ-Resorcylic Acid on Intermediary Metabolism
Authors: Huggins A K , Bryant C , Smith M J H
Published: April 2011

γ-Resorcylic acid inhibited glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities in extracts of rat liver, kidney, brain and heart. Its effects on the distribution of radioactivity from [3-14C] pyruvate among the soluble metabolic intermediates of chopped preparations of the rat tissues were consistent with this interference with transaminase enzymes. However, when [14C] glucose and [1,4-14C] succinate were incubated with isolated mitochondria and with a soluble fraction prepared from rat liver, the resorcylic acid produced marked changes in the incorporation of the radiocarbon into malic acid and fumaric acids, into an oligosaccharide fraction and into various phosphate compounds concerned in glycolytic reactions
The Pattern, Sensitivity and Precision of the Response to Insulin in Random Bred, Inbred and Hybrid Strains of Mice
Authors: Brown Annie M
Published: April 2011

The study of the pattern of the response to insulin, its sensitivity and precision in hybrid, random bred and inbred mice has confirmed that while the qualitative and quantitative differences in response for each strain are specific and must be determined empirically, there is considerable general correlation in this species of the average weight of the strain of mouse and the sensitivity and precision of its response
Sleeping Time Responses of Mice—Random Bred, Inbred and F1 Hybrids—to Pentobarbitone Sodium
Authors: Brown Annie M
Published: April 2011

The sensitivity and the precision of the sleeping time responses to pentobarbitone sodium in 10 per cent ethanol in mice varies with the strain of mouse. In any one strain sleeping time response in animals dosed by weight with pentobarbitone sodium is related to the weight of the animals. As mice aged, the sleeping time for all strains differed between the sexes, the males sleeping longer than the females. If the same mice were reinjected with pentobarbitone sodium the ageing effect was accelerated. It has been confirmed that the responses of F1 hybrids must be determined experimentally, and may resemble that of either parent, or fall between or outside those of their parents. In choosing animals for the estimation of pharmacological responses, therefore, their strain, weight, age and sex are each of importance, and should be as controlled as their environment before and during tests
A Note on the Antibacterial Action of Some Halogen Substituted Chalkones
Authors: Ambekar S , Vernekar S S , Acharya S , Rajagopal S
Published: April 2011

Results of bacteriological tests with some halogen substituted chalkones corroborates previous reports that the bacteriostatic action of αβ-unsaturated ketones increases appreciably with the introduction of hydroxyl and halogen substituents
A Note on an Effect of Pyrogallol on Duodenal Motility
Authors: Izquierdo Iván , Izquierdo Juan A
Published: April 2011

Pyrogallol injected intravenously exerts an initial depressor and a secondary stimulatory effect on the duodenal motility of dogs. The first effect is similar to that of adrenaline. The duodenal excitation is thought to be due to a peripheral cholinergic mechanism. Pyrogallol enhances the duration of the inhibitory action of adrenaline on duodenal motility and converts the action of histamine to an inhibition
The Identification and Determination of Some Phenolic Acids in Urine Using Two-Dimensional Paper Chromatography
Authors: Tompsett S L
Published: April 2011

The identification and determination of vanillic, homovanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, m-hydroxybenzoic and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acids by the use of two-dimensional paper chromatography has been investigated
The Isolation and Identification of 1-Ethinylcyclohexyl Carbamate and its Metabolite from Toxicological Specimens
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee
Published: April 2011

Sensitive tests involving the formation of the mercuric and silver salts of ethinamate (1-ethinylcyclohexyl carbamate) are reported for the detection and identification of μg. quantities of the drug. Conditions for the isolation of this compound and its metabolite from toxicological specimens are described. The infra-red spectra of both the carbamate and its metabolite isolated from a human brain are also given
An Apparatus for Testing Anticonvulsant Drugs by Electroshock Seizures in Mice
Authors: Cashin C H , Jackson H
Published: April 2011

An apparatus is described for assessing anticonvulsant drugs by the maximal electroshock seizure test in mice. It uses simple equipment which is normally available in pharmacological laboratories. The evaluation of three known and established anticonvulsant drugs show its application to routine testing procedures.
The Determination of Ergotamine in Preparations Containing Ergotamine Tartrate and Cyclizine Hydrochloride
Authors: Caws A C , Lawrence B E
Published: April 2011

Benzhydrol, an impurity in some samples of cyclizine hydrochloride, interferes with the colorimetric estimation of ergotamine in preparations containing ergotamine tartrate and cyclizine hydrochloride. A method for overcoming this difficulty is described. The inhibition of colour development has been utilised to provide a method for the detection and estimation of benzhydrol in cyclizine hydrochloride.
The Analysis of Poldine Methyl Methosulphate by Infra-Red Spectroscopy
Authors: Rapson H D C , Austin K W , Cutmore E A
Published: April 2011

An assay of the drug poldine methyl methosulphate (Nacton, 2-benziloyloxymethyl-1, 1-dimethylpyrrolidinium methyl sulphate) is described, based on absorption measurements in the infra-red region of the spectrum. Absorption bands at 5·72, 7·79, 8·13, 9·84, 13·60 and 14·23 μ may be used, the first of which, however, is favoured. The method is no less accurate, and is quicker and more informative than that of Singleton and Wells, with which it is compared. The calculation of drug purity from an absorption band at one wavelength and the use of the ratio of drug purities calculated from the other bands is discussed in relation to standardisation.
The Colorimetric Determination of Phenolphthalein
Authors: Allen J , Gartside B , Johnson C A
Published: April 2011

The conditions governing the intensity and stability of the pink colour given by phenolphthalein in alkaline solution have been examined and a procedure for its colorimetric determination proposed. The results of collaborative trials of this method and of its application to certain pharmaceutical preparations are presented.
The use of Tetraphenylboron for the Determination and Characterisation of Organic Bases in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Johnson C A , King R E
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for the assay of basic nitrogen compounds by precipitation at pH 3·7 with sodium tetraphenylboron; excess reagent is then determined by back titration with a quaternary ammonium salt. Melting-points of the organic tetraphenylboron salts may be used for the identification of the bases concerned. The method has been applied to the determination of 15 compounds in a variety of pharmaceutical preparations. It compares well in accuracy and speed with existing methods.
Some Physical Properties of Interfacial Films of Potassium Arabate
Authors: Wibberley K
Published: April 2011

The rheological properties of the film formed between solutions of potassium arabate and Light Liquid Paraffin B.P. have been investigated. It is found from preliminary experiments that such a film has plasto-elastic properties and that it becomes more rigid with the passage of time.
The Polarographic Assay of Streptomycin
Authors: Goodey R , Couling T E , Hart J E
Published: April 2011

The use of polarography to assay streptomycin has received limited attention. Levy, Schwed and Sackett (1946) have reported on its application at streptomycin concentrations of greater than 200 units/ml. using partially purified material. Bricker and Vail (1951) have used it to study the alkaline degradation of streptomycin and have concluded that the independent determination of streptomycin and mannosido-streptomycin in mixtures of the two is impracticable. The existence of two tautomeric forms of streptomycin has been demonstrated by this technique Heuser, Dolliver and Stiller (1953), whilst Tsukamoto and Tachi (1952) have shown that the height of the reduction wave increased with pH increase, and recommend N sodium hydroxide as a base electrolyte. Much of the work on the polarography of streptomycin is summarised by Brezina and Zuman (1958). The present paper describes a development of the polarographic method mainly for the assay of streptomycin fermenter broth and associated recovery stages.
An Accelerated Storage Test with Programmed Temperature Rise
Authors: Rogers A R
Published: April 2011

The rate constant of a reaction at room temperature and the activation energy can be calculated from values of the concentration of the reactant as a function of time. Measurements are made while the temperature of the reacting system is raised in accordance with a predetermined programme. The method makes use of the Arrhenius equation, but it does not suffer from the disadvantages of the usual method in which several experiments are done at fixed elevated temperatures.
The Use of Orthogonal Functions to Correct for Irrelevant Absorption in Two Component Spectrophotometric Analysis
Authors: Glenn A L
Published: April 2011

General procedures are outlined for the use of orthogonal functions to correct for irrelevant absorption in two component spectrophotometric analysis. In adapting a traditional method to the use of orthogonal functions, the essential modification occurs at the final stage of calculation, when it is necessary to substitute suitable analogues for the entities, “extinction” and “wavelength.” Thus, extinction is replaced by coefficient of an orthogonal function and wavelength by orthogonal function over a specified range (or set) of wavelengths. Once these substitutions have been made, orthogonal functions may be readily incorporated into the usual methods and equations of spectrophotometric analysis.

Although the procedures are specified in terms of Legendre polynomials (as used by Ashton and Tootill, 1956), they are equally applicable to the use of trigonometric functions, which may have a major role to play in future developments. The above general procedures are illustrated by the analysis of a mixture of adrenaline and phenol.
The Evaluation, from Extinction Data, of the Inacttvation of Bacteriophage by Chemical Agents
Authors: Cook A M , Brown W R L
Published: April 2011

The inactivation of coliphage T6r by phenol has been examined using an extinction method and the reproducibility of the results shown to be acceptable. Two methods of interpreting the results are described and their relationship discussed. A linear relationship has been found between log extinction time and log phenol concentration for extinction times between 2 and 200 min.
A Common Antigen in the Cell Walls of Three Lysozyme-Sensitive Bacteria
Authors: Wiseman David
Published: April 2011

Isolated cell walls from three lysozyme-sensitive bacterial species, Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea, have been shown to contain a common antigen. This antigen has been demonstrated by agglutination and agar precipitation techniques.
The Colorimetric Determination of Small Amounts of Iodide, with Special Reference to the Determination of Iodide in the Presence of Organically-Bound Iodine
Authors: Drey R E A
Published: April 2011

A photocolorimetric method has been developed for the determination of small quantities of inorganic iodide in the presence of organically-bound iodine. The iodide-containing solution is treated with a mixed iodate-starch solution at an appropriate pH, when a stable blue colour is produced. The relationship between concentration of iodide and optical density is linear. The effect of various salts on the reaction has been investigated; the analytical application of the method to some iodine-containing drugs and pharmaceutical preparations has been studied. The reason for the failure of the colour reaction to obey Beer's law is discussed.
Multiple Spot Phenomena using Thin Layer Chromatography of Pure Organic Bases
Authors: Beckett A H , Choulis N H
Published: April 2011

Thin layer chromatographic behaviour of some sympathomimetic amines both alone and in the presence of acids in neutral and acidic solvent systems is reported. Thin layers of cellulose, with and without adhesive, alumina and silica gel were used; multiple spot formation only occurred with cellulose thin layers.
Spectroscopic Studies of the Reaction of Hydroxylated Promazines and Related Compounds with Sulphuric Acid
Authors: Beckett A H , Curry S H
Published: April 2011

The absorption spectra of the products from the reaction of various hydroxy- and methoxy-phenothiazine derivatives with sulphuric acid are described, and their application to problems of identification of metabolites of promazine and other phenothiazine drugs is discussed. A discussion of the nature of the reaction products is included.
Active Sites in Stereoselective Adsorbents as Models of Drug Receptors and Enzyme Active Sites
Authors: Beckett A H , Youssef H Z
Published: April 2011

The treatment of quinine-selective adsorbents by steam, heat, in presence of water and by treatment with acid and dry organic solvents destroyed their selectivity whereas the adsorptive power of control adsorbents was almost unaffected by these treatments. A progressive increase in pH of the adsorbate solutions from pH 1 to 3 increased the adsorptive power of the selective adsorbents more than that of the control adsorbents. Increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in the adsorbate solutions increased the quinine-uptake on the adsorbents. Stereoselectivity is probably due to the formation of “footprints” in the surface of selective adsorbents. The similarities between the behaviour of active sites in biological surfaces and those in these stereoselective adsorbents are described.
A Quantitative Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Purity of Griseofulvin
Authors: Holbrook A , Bailey F , Bailey Greta M
Published: April 2011

A chromatographic assay for the determination of griseofulvin is described, employing a hexane: methanol: chloroform: water partition system supported on Celite. Chromatographic separation is followed by ultra-violet measurement of the eluate fractions at 291 mμ. The system enables the determination of griseofulvin to be made in the presence of tetrahydrogriseofulvin, dehydrogriseofulvin, dihydrogriseofulvin, isogriseofulvin, dechlorogriseofulvin and griseofulvic acid.
The Mitragyna Species of Ghana
Authors: Shellard E J , Shadan Parirokh
Published: April 2011

The morphology and detailed anatomy of the leaves, stipules and young stems of Mitragyna stipulosa (D.C.) O. Kuntze, and Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. et Pellegr. have been described. Although the histological feaures are almost identical, the leaf of Mitragyna stipulosa has a typical shade leaf structure and that of Mitragyna ciliata a typical sun leaf structure.
A New Method of Streptomycin Chromatography and its use in the Examination of the Reaction between Streptomycin and Ammonia
Authors: Couling T E , Goodey R
Published: April 2011

A new paper chromatographic method for streptomycin and similar compounds is described. It is used to detect the products of reaction between streptomycin and ammonia in low purity streptomycin; the presence of such compounds causes the microbiological and maltol methods of streptomycin assay to give different results.
The Assessment of Conduction Anaesthesia
Authors: Jefferson G C
Published: April 2011

Experiments are described which involve observation of the rates of decline in the compound action potentials of frog sciatic nerve produced by local anaesthetics. The percentage reduction and regression, with time, of action potentials are assessed for each of four concentrations of lignocaine hydrochloride. The results are analysed for variance. It appears that percentage reduction of action potential gives a better assessment of conduction anaesthesia than the regression of potential with time. The percentage reduction of action potential bears a linear relationship to the logarithm of the concentration of local anaesthetic applied to the nerve.
The Alimentary Absorption of Some Enteric-Coated Sodium and Potassium Chloride Tablets
Authors: Wynn Victor , Landon John
Published: April 2011

The alimentary absorption of sodium chloride and potassium chloride tablets covered with a new enteric coating, has shown their absorption to be satisfactory. Of three other brands, one has been found to be only poorly absorbed, producing diarrhoea in some subjects; a second brand was poorly absorbed in 1 out of 5 patients, while the third proved moderately satisfactory. Samples of all the brands of enteric-coated tablets passed the in vitro tests for disintegration specified by the British Pharmacopoeia (1958, Appendix 21B).
A Note on the Effect of Hamycin on Electrolytes in the Frog Heart
Authors: Arora H R K , Arora V
Published: April 2011

Treatment of frog heart with hamycin, an antifungal antibiotic, effected an increase in the potassium content of perfusion fluid. Changes in sodium content were not observed.
The Mode of Action of Tyramine
Authors: Davey M J , Farmer J B
Published: April 2011

The repeated administration of tyramine to the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart gradually decreased the positive inotropic response which was paralleled by a decrease in the noradrenaline content of the heart and an increase in the noradrenaline content of the perfusate. Phenethylamine, ephedrine, amphetamine, guanethidine and bretylium were administered to the isolated heart until no further positive inotropic effect was obtained. The absence of an inotropic response with phenethylamine and guanethidine was associated with a decrease in the noradrenaline content of the heart. The absence of an inotropic effect with amphetamine, bretylium and ephedrine was not associated with a decrease in the amount of noradrenaline in the heart.
The Absorption and Excretion of Castor Oil in Man
Authors: Watson W C , Gordon R S , Karmen A , Jover A
Published: April 2011

Contrary to popular belief castor oil can be absorbed by human subjects. The absorption is inversely related to the dose and in small (4 g.) doses absorption is virtually complete. The fat balance studies were made both by the radio-iodine labelling of castor oil and by a new chemical technique, which utilises the rapid detection of ricinoleic acid by gas-liquid chromatography on a silicone gum column and incorporates an improved method for the collection, preparation and extraction of faecal lipid.
The Stability of Liquid Multivitamin Preparations During Use
Authors: Murray T K , Pelletier O , Campbell J A
Published: April 2011

The stability during normal use of vitamin A, vitamin C and thiamine in 6 liquid multivitamin preparations has been examined. Three samples were below label claim when purchased but no further losses occurred during storage of unopened bottles. Destruction of the vitamins was increased by daily removal of a portion of the contents and the stability of most samples stored at room temperature was unsatisfactory. The study suggests that the results of stability tests should be examined more critically to ensure not only that the products meet label claim when purchased, but also maintain a satisfactory potency during normal use. From the consumer's point of view the use of expiration dates which take account of loss during normal use would be most valuable. The finding of retrovitamin A in one preparation suggests the need for more detailed study of the complex changes which may take place in these preparations during storage and of methods to evaluate such changes.
The Preparation of Porphyroxine from Opium
Authors: Genest K , Farmilo C G
Published: April 2011

Porphyroxine, a minor alkaloid from opium, is isolated by an extraction procedure, passed through Florisil and alumina (basic and neutral) columns, and eluted with solvents of varying polarity. Porphyroxine from the chloroform and acetone fractions recrystallised from methanol/chloroform in ribbed plates, darkens at 218° and melts at 234–236° (decomp.) corresponding to C22H24NO7, or C23H24NO7. Spectral, and paper chromatographic data of porphyroxine and derivatives are reported.
Potentiometric Measurements in Solutions of Non-Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Donbrow M , Rhodes C T
Published: April 2011

Potentiometric measurements made in deionized cetomacrogol solutions show that the surfactant does not affect the pH values of sodium hydroxide solution or hydrochloric acid. The pH in buffer solutions containing cetomacrogol is changed to an extent which depends on the buffer acid. Possible mechanisms of this action are discussed and analytical applications indicated.
Some Aspects of the Pharmacology of Orphenadrine
Authors: Onuaguluchi G , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

Orphenadrine possesses muscle-relaxant activity resembling that of tubocurarine in preparations of the hen, rat and frog. It antagonises suxamethonium-induced contracture in the hen but increases the duration of depression of the twitch height. The bearing of these findings upon the anti-Parkinson's activity and other uses of orphenadrine is discussed.
A Note on the Stability of the Trifluoromethyl Group of Bendroflumethiazide in Rats
Authors: Hasselmann G , Roholt K
Published: April 2011

The effect of bendroflumethiazide on the teeth of rats on a carious diet was examined and compared to that of sodium fluoride to determine whether release of fluoride takes place from the trifluoromethyl group of the substance. No detectable fluoride was released.
The Absolute Configurations of the α- and β-Methylcholine Isomers and Their Acetyl and Succinyl Esters
Authors: Beckett A H , Harper N J , Clitherow J W
Published: April 2011

The absolute configurations of the (+)-acetyl-α- and -β-methyl-choline iodides have been established, being related to D(−)-alanine hydrochloride and L(+)-lactic acid respectively. The (+)-, (−)- and racemic forms of the precursor amino-alcohols have been converted to the succinyl esters and these quaternised.
The Importance of Stereoisomerism in Muscarinic Activity
Authors: Beckett A H , Harper N J , Clitherow J W
Published: April 2011

The muscarinic activities and rates of hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase of the optical isomers of the acetyl-α- and acetyl-β-methylcholines of known configuration have been determined. The results have been correlated and the possible characteristics of muscarinic receptors outlined.
Absence of Capillary Permeability Response in Rats to Dextran and Egg-White
Authors: Bonaccorsi Aurora , West G B
Published: April 2011

Intradermal dextran and ovomucoid fail to increase capillary permeability in rats resistant to intraperitoneal dextran although intradermal histamine, 5-HT and compound 48/80 are as effective as in control rats. When the skin of control rats is depleted of its histamine, intradermal dextran and ovomucoid are first ineffective but later increase capillary permeability although the skin histamine remains low. Chronic treatment of control rats with intraperitoneal dextran (which only slightly reduces both the skin histamine and 5-HT) prevents the local dextran and ovomucoid responses but does not affect those of compound 48/80, histamine and 5-HT. It is concluded that intradermal dextran and ovomucoid increase capillary permeability in rats by a mechanism involving substances other than histamine and 5-HT, and that this mechanism is absent in rats which do not respond to intraperitoneal dextran.
The Anatomy of Dioscorea Belizensis Lundell
Authors: Blunden G , Hardman R , Trease G E
Published: April 2011

A steroid-yielding wild yam from British Honduras is shown to be Dioscorea belizensis Lundell. The macroscopical characters of the entire plant and the microscopical characters of the underground organs are described.
A Note on the Effects of Hamycinion the Perfused Rat Heart
Authors: Arora H R K
Published: April 2011

The effects of hamycin, a cardiotonic polyene antibiotic, were studied on the perfused heart of the albino rat, a species resistant to the digitalis glycosides. Perfusion with a concentration of 1 × 1−8 g./ml. induced systolic arrest in 15 to 20 min. This was preceded by auriculoventricular block and a decrease in the heart rate. Effects on the amplitude of contraction and coronary flow were however variable. Ouabain. 2 × 10−6 g./ml. and propylene glycol, which was the solvent for hamycin, did not have any significant effects on this preparation.
Aspects of the Clinical Chemistry of Desmethylimipramine in Man
Authors: Yates Celia M , Todrick A , Tait A C
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the fluorimetric estimation of desmethylimipramine (DMI), an active metabolite of imipramine, in plasma. The plasma levels of DMI were followed in six patients over a period of 4 weeks during the treatment of endogenous depression. The results suggested that there was an inverse relation between the mean plasma DMI concentration and the weight of the patient. Two to 3 weeks treatment with DMI was necessary before the blood platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly lowered, whereas an improvement in symptoms, if it occurred, usually took place earlier.
A Note on the Stability of Ophthalmic Solutions Containing Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Alone and with Eserine
Authors: Fagerström Rune
Published: April 2011

The stability of pilocarpine hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions after heating and storage, and the influence of light and of two types of containers on stability, have been investigated. Pilocarpine was assayed by a modification of a published method. In ophthalmic solutions sterilised by heating to 100° for 30 min. it is stable for at least one year at 15–25° in the dark in bottles of good quality glass covered with a nylon cap. The stability of ophthalmic solutions containing pilocarpine and eserine during storage and after different methods of sterilisation was also investigated. This solution can be heated at 100° for 15 min. and, stored in suitable bottles, it is stable for at least 18 months.
The Fate of Tritium-Labelled β-Glycyrrhetic Acid in the Rat
Authors: Parke D V , Pollock Sylvia , Williams R T
Published: April 2011

Tritium-labelled β-glycyrrhetic acid was prepared and administered orally, subdermally and intraperitoneally to male and female rats. Most of the radioactivity was excreted in the faeces, only traces being found in the urine. Administered to rats with biliary cannulae most of the radioactivity was excreted in the bile. Three metabolites of β-glycyrrhetic acid have been detected in the bile, but these have not yet been identified.
A Note on Plantago Major Seeds: A Substitute for Ispaghula
Authors: Qadry S M J S
Published: April 2011

The pharmacognostical features of the seeds of Plantago major, a substitute of “Ispaghula” (P. ovata) are described and illustrated, and points of difference indicated.
The Metabolism of 5-p-Aminobenzenesulphonamido-3-Methylisothiazole (Sulphasomizole)
Authors: Bridges J W , Williams R T
Published: April 2011

The fate of the sulphonamide drug, sulphasomizole, in man, dog, rabbit and rat has been studied. In man, rat and rabbit, the major urinary metabolite, is N4-acetylsulphasomizole together with the unchanged drug. In man about 60 per cent of an oral dose of 30 mg./kg. is excreted in the urine in 24 hr., just over a third being acetylated. In the rabbit about 80 per cent of an oral dose (150 mg./kg. is excreted in 24 hr. and about two-thirds is acetylated. In the rat about 70 per cent of the dose (150 mg./kg.) is excreted in 24 hr. and just under one third is acetylated. In the dog, the main excretory product is the unchanged drug, there being no acetylation. All four species excrete small amounts (1 per cent) of the N4-glucuronide of sulphasomizole. Other minor metabolites detected were the N4-sulphate of sulphasomizole which was found in rat and dog urine, and an unidentified oxidation product present as a glucuronide which was detected in rabbit and dog urine.
Histamine as an Impurity in Samples of Histidine
Authors: Waton N G
Published: April 2011

Commercial samples of histidine are shown to contain histamine, generally in small quantities, but occasionally between 100 and 260 μg./g. When this fact is taken into account in incubation experiments of tissue extracts no evidence is found for the presence of histidine decarboxylase in extracts of cat liver or kidney. This is in contrast to the original claim by Holtz, Heise and Spreyer.
Sulphamoylbenzo-1, 2, 3, 4-Thiatriazine 1, 1-Dioxides: A New Class with Oral Diuretic Activity
Authors: Lee G E , Wragg W R
Published: April 2011

A series of sulphamoylbenzo-1, 2, 3, 4-thiatriazine 1, 1-dioxides has been prepared. While some of them were found to cause diuresis in rats on oral administration, none was more active than chlorothiazide.
Synthesis of Some Histamine Derivatives Having Potential Histamine-Like or Antihistamine Activity
Authors: Ingle P H B , Taylor H
Published: April 2011

Twelve compounds derived from histamine have been prepared. In these the primary amine hydrogen atoms of histamine are replaced by methyl groups and the imidazole nucleus is substituted in the two position by a range of aliphatic and aromatic residues. Most members of the series have histamine-like pharmacological properties; two compounds have antihistamine activity.
Interaction of Cocaine and Tyramine on the Isolated Mammalian Heart
Authors: Farmer J B , Petch B
Published: April 2011

Cocaine added to the fluid perfusing the isolated guinea-pig heart antagonised the action of tyramine in reducing the noradrenaline content of the heart. The extent of the antagonism depended on the concentration of cocaine in the perfusion fluid and on the amount of tyramine administered to the heart. Cocaine exerted its antagonistic action in concentrations which had no effect on the release of noradrenaline from the isolated heart, as judged by the absence of change in the noradrenaline content of the heart, and by the absence of a decrease in heart rate. These results may account for the antagonism by cocaine of the sympathomimetic actions of tyramine.
The Effects of Histamine Release on the Lipid Content of the Isolated Perfused Lungs of Sensitised Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Marquis V O , Smith W G
Published: April 2011

The histamine release induced in isolated perfused sensitised guinea-pig lungs by antigen, trypsin, Russell viper venom, and compound 48/80 has been compared. At equi-active dosage for histamine release, these four substances released varying amounts of slow reacting substances. Neither histamine release nor the release of slow reacting substances appeared to be responsible for the changes in cholesterol, glyceride or lipid phosphorus of the lung tissue observed in these experiments.
Datura Leichhardtii Muell. Ex Benth. Structure of the Flower
Authors: Alves A Correia , Evans W C
Published: April 2011

The structure of the flower of Datura leichhardtii is described and compared with the other species of Datura so far investigated.
The Effect of Some Anti-Acetylcholine Drugs on the Responses of the Isolated Rabbit Intestine to Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation and To the Action of Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Agents
Authors: Bella D Della , Gandini A , Preti M
Published: April 2011

The effects of atropine and some quaternary derivatives on the inhibitory responses of the Finkleman preparation to stimulation of the periarterial sympathetic nerves and to added adrenaline were examined. None of the compounds tested appeared to affect the inhibitory responses with the exception of N-diphenylmethylatropine, which much enhanced the inhibitory effect of the electrical stimulation. In addition, this compound antagonised in vitro, but not in vivo, the activity of several adrenergic neurone blocking compounds, but not guanethidine.
The Effect of Irritant Substances on the Deposition of Granulation Tissue in the Cotton Pellet Test
Authors: Cygielman S , Robson J M
Published: April 2011

The observation that in a group of substances derived from liquorice, anti-inflammatory activity as determined by the cotton pellet test seemed to be associated with irritant effects at the site of injection, led to the investigation of the effect of known irritant substances. It was found that tartar emetic, croton oil, talc and animal charcoal caused a significant reduction in the granulation tissue deposited around cotton pellets implanted in both intact and adrenalectomised rats. It is suggested that there is some limit to the total number of leucocytes which, in the course of a few days, can be mobilised to take part in an inflammatory reaction. Thus the two sites at which irritant effects have been produced, i.e. the site of implantation of the cotton pellets and the the site of injection of the irritant substance, compete for these cells, giving apparently an “anti-inflammatory” effect. This may well represent an important disadvantage of the cotton pellet test, making it suitable only for the investigation of non-irritant substances.
The Inflammatory Response to Implantation of Cotton Pellets in the Rat
Authors: Penn G B , Ashford A
Published: April 2011

The subcutaneous implantation of a cotton pellet in the rat evokes a short-lasting phase of increased capillary permeability lasting some 20 min. after implantation followed by a more sustained phase which occurs after 2·5–3 hr. The early increase is antagonised by lysergic acid diethylamide, reserpine and 5-HT. The peak granuloma weight is reached at 2 days, and then falls rapidly. Antagonism of oedema and granulation tissue by hydrocortisone and reserpine can be demonstrated at 2 days after implantation.
Some Antagonists of Atropine-Like Psychotomimetics
Authors: Lang W , Gershon S , Holan G
Published: April 2011

The peripheral pharmacological effects of an anti-acetylcholine psychotomimetic drug, ethylpiperidylcyclopentylphenyl glycolate hydrochloride (JB-329) were found to be essentially similar to those of atropine. Both drugs inhibited parasympathetic effects and acetylcholine responses and produced potentiation of the pressor responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. The compound tetrahydroaminoacridine, shown to be an antagonist of JB-329, was studied and its actions were compared with those of other cholinesterase inhibitors. Certain glycolic acid derivatives, some of which have been shown to antagonise the effects of JB-329, were also studied and their pharmacology and interactions are presented. The mode of action of the antagonists are discussed.
The influence of diet on the toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid
Authors: West G B
Published: April 2011

The toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid in rats is greater when animals are fed a high carbohydrate diet than when they receive a high protein diet. Magnesium deficiency increases this difference, particularly in pregnant animals. The maximum B.P. human dose of acetylsalicylic acid is well tolerated by pregnant rats fed on the high protein diet but one quarter of this amount produced foetal resorption and deaths in rats fed on the high carbohydrate diet. Acetylsalicylic acid is not teratogenic under the conditions used and appears to be unlikely to be teratogenic in man since its dose-toxicity curve is steep. It appears essential to report the composition of the diet in toxicity tests.
Effects of anaphylaxis in vivo on the lipid and protein content of guinea-pig serum and extracellular fluid of lung tissue
Authors: Mann J , Smith W G
Published: April 2011

Determinations of total cholesterol, phospholipid and glyceride in serum samples obtained from guinea-pigs by cardiac puncture before and after anaphylaxis in vivo indicated reductions occurred in all three fractions after anaphylactic shock. The fall in glyceride was preceded by a rise. Anaphylaxis also induced an accumulation of lipid in oedema fluid in the lungs. These changes were reduced in animals protected from anaphylaxis by pretreatment with a combination of mepyramine and ethanolamine or mepyramine and hydrocortisone.
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of some imidazoles derivatives
Authors: Ellis G P , Epstein C , Fitzmaurice C , Golberg L , Lord G H
Published: April 2011

The synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of a series of nitroimidazoles are described. A substituted phenyl group and, in many of the compounds, a N-substituent were also present: vinylogues of some of the compounds are described. Several of the nitroimidazoles exhibit very high in vitro activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and T. foetus, and good activity against Histomonas meleagridis and Entamoeba histolytica. Their antifungal action was lower than that of some of the un-nitrated imidazoles. The antiprotozoal activity of these compounds is discussed in relation to their chemical structure. 4-p-Acetamidophenyl-, 4-p-chlorophenyl- and 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, and 4-p-chlorophenyl- and 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazole are the most active against Trichomonas.
Anatomy of the leaves and young stem of Mitragyna inermis (O. Kuntze)
Authors: Pillay M S
Published: April 2011

The anatomy and morphology of the leaves and young stem of Mituugyrza inermis (O. Kuntze) is described and illustrated.
Halogen compounds related to the reversed esters of pethidine
Authors: Harper N J , Simmonds ALMA B
Published: April 2011

Some 1-phenethyl-4-piperidinols and their acyl esters have been prepared and investigated in a preliminary screening procedure as potential morphine-like analgesics or cns depressants. 4-p-Fluorophenyl-1-phenethyl-4-propionoxypiperidine on oral administration to mice was found to be a potent morphine-like analgesic.
Uncaria gambier Roxb., the structure of its leaves and young shoots
Authors: Leong Mun Sum , Jackson Betty P
Published: April 2011

The morphological and histological characters of the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria gambier, which are used in the preparation of catechu, are fully described and illustrated.
Observations on the anti-anaphylactic activity of hydrocortisone and related steroids
Authors: Goadby P , Smith W G
Published: April 2011

Hydrocortisone and some synthetic analogues had negligible anti-anaphylactic activity in actively sensitised guinea-pigs when administered alone but they potentiated the protection afforded by mepyramine. Hydrocortisone did not affect the yield of histamine from sensitised guinea-pig lung subjected to anaphylaxis in vitro but reduced the amount of srs-a produced under these conditions.
The expectorant action of cephaeline, emetine and 2-dehydroemetine
Authors: Boyd Eldon M , Knight Lois M
Published: April 2011

Cephaeline, emetine and 2-dehydroemetine were administered, as the dihydrochlorides, in doses from 0.1 to 81 mg/kg body weight, orally and subcutaneously to 135 rabbits and 92 cats arranged for the collection of respiratory tract fluid. To the extent that comparisons were made, the effects of the three alkaloids were identical. The volume output of respiratory tract fluid was increasingly augmented by doses of from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg. No further increase followed administration of higher doses up to the highest non-lethal dose. Doses of from 9.0 to 81 mg/kg were increasingly lethal and increasingly depressed the output of respiratory tract fluid, probably through their cardiotoxic action. Lethal doses were similar for all three alkaloids and by both routes of administration. It is concluded that the expectorant action of ipecacuanha is due in whole or in major part to its content of emetine and cephaeline. The expectorant action of synthetic 2-dehydroemetine is essentially similar to that of emetine and cephaeline.
The analgesic properties of some 14-substituted derivatives of codeine and codeinone
Authors: Buckett W R , Farquharson Muriel E , Haining C G
Published: April 2011

The effects of 14-hydroxylation and subsequent 14-acylation on the toxicity and analgesic activity of codeine, codeine-6-acetate, codeinone, and Δ7-deoxycodeine have been examined in rats and mice. Acute toxicity was reduced in each instance by the introduction of a 14-hydroxy group and was not generally enhanced by its esterification. 14-Acetoxycodeine was approximately equal to morphine in potency and esterification at the 14-position of hydroxycodeine with other straight chain aliphatic acids containing up to 5 carbon atoms failed to enhance analgesic potency further. 14-Benzoylation of either 14-hydroxycodeine or 14-hydroxycodeinone had little effect on analgesic activity but the introduction of a methylene group between the carboxyl group and the phenyl ring enhanced potency considerably in each case. Increasing the number of carbon atoms from 2 to 5 in the 14-acyl groups of esters of 14-hydroxycodeinone and 14-hydroxy-Δ7-deoxycodeine led to a gradual increase in analgesic activity. In rats the n-valeryl ester of 14-hydroxy-Δ7-deoxycodeine was estimated to have 75 times the potency of morphine.
The anti-anaphylactic activity of theophylline and some related xanthine derivatives
Authors: Firth A , Smith W G
Published: April 2011

Theophylline and theobromine, but not caffeine and xanthine, protect sensitised guinea-pigs against anaphylactic shock induced by aerosolised antigen. There is an inhibition of release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and some reduction in histamine release. The lung lipid changes associated with anaphylactic shock are prevented by pre-treatment with theophylline.
Method of graphical analysis of 2 + 2 and 3 + 3 biological assays with graded responses
Authors: Warner B T
Published: April 2011

Three examples of 2+2 and 3+3 biological assays with graded responses are analysed graphically. The method described has the advantage that only two “general purpose” nomograms are necessary for the analysis of assays with a wide range of ratios of successive doses and numbers of observations; assays with block restrictions may also be analysed. The accuracy of the method is discussed. An appendix gives the theory of the method and of the construction of the nomograms.
Absorption of ephedrine onto sulphonic acid cation-exchange resins
Authors: Chaudhry N C , Saunders L
Published: April 2011

Detailed studies of the kinetics of absorption of ephedrine onto the sulphonic acid cation-exchange resins have been made and most of the results have been interpreted by the particle diffusion theory of Boyd, Adamson & Myers (1947). The rate constant has been found to be inversely proportional to the square of particle radius and also dependent on the solution concentration, the temperature and the cross-linking of the resin. Absorption of ephedrine onto the 9% cross-linked (C.L.) resin proceeds to its capacity from ephedrine solution and not from ephedrine hydrochloride solution when experiments are made in closed tubes; with 13.5% C.L. resin, absorption does not proceed to capacity even after 2 months. The rate constant of absorption of ephedrine onto the sodium form of the resin is low as compared with the hydrogen form. In most cases diffusion coefficients have been calculated.
Sorption of water vapour and surface activity of ghatti gum
Authors: Elworthy P H , George T M
Published: April 2011

The sorption of water vapour by three fractions of sodium ghattate has been studied at 25° and 40°. The results were fitted by Brunauer, Emmett & Teller plots at low relative vapour pressures. Calculations of the differential heats and entropies of sorption gave initially exothermic ΔH̄ values and negative ΔS̄ values. As the sorption proceeded the signs of the thermodynamic properties became positive The mechanism of sorption onto different parts of the macromolecules was discussed.

The surface tension of one sodium ghattate fraction was measured in water, 0.05 and 0.5 N sodium chloride solution, as a function of concentration, using the sessile drop method. The presence of salt enhanced the surface activity. A structure for the adsorbed film is suggested.
Seven fatal cases involving imipramine in man
Authors: Curry A S
Published: April 2011

The results of the distribution of imipramine in various organs are reported for four cases of acute overdosage and three cases in which the dose was probably therapeutic. Much lower concentrations of the drug have been found in the blood than in the liver brain and kidney.
Some 2-Iminoselenazolidin-4-ones and related compounds
Authors: Comrie A M , Dingwall D , Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

A series of 2-iminoselenazolidin-4-ones, selenazolidine-2,4-diones and some 2-alkylidenehydrazones have been synthesised. Wide-range screening for biological activity failed to reveal any compounds of promise.
Some possible causes of pharmacological activity in blank eluates following the separation of sympathomimetic catecholamines by paper chromatography
Authors: Roberts D J
Published: April 2011

Eluates prepared from paper chromatograms at Rf values and under experimental conditions that were expected to eliminate the possibility of contamination with catecholamines were shown to inhibit the rat uterus and to cause a fall in the mean arterial blood pressures of anaesthetised rats. These isoprenaline-like actions have been shown to be due to inadequate removal of the phenolic developing solvent and to the use of sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions as eluants. Attempts to establish qualitative and quantitative relationships between the chromatography blank and isoprenaline have failed, and it is concluded that these factors could not alone be responsible for the isoprenaline-like substance reported to occur naturally in various species of mammal.
The solubilisation and inactivation of preservatives by non-ionic detergents
Authors: Evans W P
Published: April 2011

A novel potentiometric method, which depends on the pH changes which occur when an acidic material is solubilised, has been used to determine the solubilisation of the weakly acidic preservative, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, in a non-ionic detergent. From the pH changes observed, the partition coefficient, Km, for the distribution of the un-ionised acid between the micellar and the aqueous phase has been calculated and found to be 2.8 × 103. Specific interaction between the acid and the detergent. to form a complex is shown not to be important. It is suggested that the arguments against specific interaction apply generally to other preservatives and non-ionic detergents.
The site of action of sympathomimetic amines on the circular muscle strip from the guinea-pig isolated ileum
Authors: Harry J
Published: April 2011

The circular muscle strip of the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig, treated with the anticholinesterase mipafox (100 μg/ml) responds to doses of methacholine or carbachol with contractions that are inhibited by previous doses of noradrenaline, adrenaline or isoprenaline in that order of potency. Piperoxane antagonised the inhibitory action of adrenaline, but not that of aminophylline. Dichloroisoprenaline did not antagonise the action of adrenaline on the circular muscle strip. It is concluded that the site of action of the sympathomimetic amines on the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum is located at postganglionic neuro-effector junctions in the smooth muscle.
Hydroxylation in vitro of pharmacologically active phenothiazine derivatives
Authors: Robinson Ann E , Beaven Vida H
Published: April 2011

The hydroxylation of promazine, chlorpromazine, chlorproethazine, triflu-promazine and promethazine by a rat liver preparation is described. It is concluded that promazine is converted to 3-hydroxypromazine by this system.
Note on the cardiac effects of nystatin
Authors: Arora H R K
Published: April 2011

Nystatin, a polyene antifungal antibiotic, induces systolic arrest of the isolated hearts of the frog, rat or rabbit. In the frog, heart failure induced by raising venous pressure was antagonised and the cardiac outflow was increased. Coronary flow in the perfused heart of the rat or rabbit was decreased.