bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions of ENSO, the IOD, and the SAM in CMIP3 Models
Authors: Cai Wenju , Sullivan Arnold , Cowan Tim
Published: November 2010

Simulations of individual global climate drivers using models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3(CMIP3) have been examined; however, the relationship among them has not been assessed. This is carried out to address several important issues, including the likelihood of the southern annular mode (SAM) forcing Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events and the possible impact of the IOD on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Several conclusions emerge from statistics based on multimodel outputs. First, ENSO signals project strongly onto the SAM, although ENSO-forced signals tend to peak before ENSO. This feature is similar to the situation associated with the IOD. The IOD-induced signal over southern Australia, through stationary equivalent Rossby barotropic wave trains, peak before the IOD itself. Second, there is no control by the SAM on the IOD, in contrast to what has been suggested previously. Indeed, no model produces a SAM–IOD relationship that supports a positive (negative) SAM driving a positive (negative) IOD event. This is the case even in models that do not simulate a statistically significant relationship between ENSO and the IOD. Third, the IOD does have an impact on ENSO. The relationship between ENSO and the IOD in the majority of models is far weaker than the observed. However, the ENSO’s influence on the IOD is boosted by a spurious oceanic teleconnection, whereby ENSO discharge–recharge signals transmit to the Sumatra–Java coast, generating thermocline anomalies and changing IOD properties. Without the spurious oceanic teleconnection, the influence of the IOD on ENSO is comparable to the impact of ENSO on the IOD. Other model deficiencies are discussed.
Geographical Distribution of Climate Feedbacks in the NCAR CCSM3.0
Authors: Taylor Patrick C. , Ellingson Robert G. , Cai Ming
Published: November 2010

This study performs offline, partial radiative perturbation calculations to determine the geographical distributions of climate feedbacks contributing to the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative energy budget. These radiative perturbations are diagnosed using monthly mean model output from the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3.0) forced with the Special Report Emissions Scenario (SRES) A1B emission scenario. The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation (MCICA) technique with a maximum–random overlap rule is used to sample monthly mean cloud frequency profiles to perform the radiative transfer calculations. It is shown that the MCICA technique provides a good estimate of all feedback sensitivity parameters. The radiative perturbation results are used to investigate the spatial variability of model feedbacks showing that the shortwave cloud and lapse rate feedbacks exhibit the most and second most spatial variability, respectively. It has been shown that the model surface temperature response is highly correlated with the change in the TOA net flux, and that the latter is largely determined by the total feedback spatial pattern rather than the external forcing. It is shown by representing the change in the TOA net flux as a linear combination of individual feedback radiative perturbations that the lapse rate explains the most spatial variance of the surface temperature response. Feedback spatial patterns are correlated with the model response and other feedback spatial patterns to investigate these relationships. The results indicate that the model convective response is strongly correlated with cloud and water vapor feedbacks, but the lapse rate feedback geographic distribution is strongly correlated with the climatological distribution of convection. The implication for the water vapor–lapse rate anticorrelation is discussed.
Thick Anvils as Viewed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar
Authors: Li Wei , Schumacher Courtney
Published: November 2010

This study investigates anvils from thick, nonprecipitating clouds associated with deep convection as observed in the tropics by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) during the 10-yr period, 1998–2007. Anvils observable by the PR occur, on average, 5 out of every 100 days within grid boxes with 2.5° resolution and with a conditional areal coverage of 1.5%. Unconditional areal coverage is only a few tenths of a percent. Anvils also had an average 17-dBZ echo top of ∼8.5 km and an average thickness of ∼2.7 km. Anvils were usually higher and thicker over land compared to ocean, and occurred most frequently over Africa, the Maritime Continent, and Panama. Anvil properties were intimately tied to the properties of the parent convection. In particular, anvil area and echo-top heights were highly correlated to convective rain area. The next best predictor for anvil areal coverage and echo tops was convective echo tops, while convective reflectivities had the weakest correlation. Strong upper-level wind shear also may be associated with anvil occurrence over land, especially when convection regularly attains echo-top heights greater than 7 km. Some tropical land regions, especially those affected by monsoon circulations, experience significant seasonal variability in anvil properties—strong interannual anvil variability occurs over the central Pacific because of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Compared to the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar, the TRMM PR underestimates anvil-top height by an average of ∼5 km and underestimates their horizontal extent by an average factor of 4.
Estimating Annual Numbers of Atlantic Hurricanes Missing from the HURDAT Database (1878–1965) Using Ship Track Density
Authors: Vecchi Gabriel A. , Knutson Thomas R.
Published: November 2010

This study assesses the impact of imperfect sampling in the presatellite era (between 1878 and 1965) on North Atlantic hurricane activity measures and on the long-term trends in those measures. The results indicate that a substantial upward adjustment of hurricane counts may be needed prior to 1965 to account for likely “missed” hurricanes due to sparse density of reporting ship traffic. After adjusting for the estimate of missed hurricanes in the basin, the long-term (1878–2008) trend in hurricane counts changes from significantly positive to no significant change (with a nominally negative trend). The adjusted hurricane count record is more strongly connected to the difference between main development region (MDR) sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical-mean SST than with MDR SST. These results do not support the hypothesis that the warming of the tropical North Atlantic due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has caused Atlantic hurricane frequency to increase.
On the Climatology and Trend of the Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau: An Experiments-Supported Revisit
Authors: Yang Kun , Guo Xiaofeng , He Jie , Qin Jun , Koike Toshio
Published: November 2010

Atmospheric heating over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) enhances the Asian summer monsoon. This study presents a state-of-the-art estimate of the heating components and their total over the TP, with the aid of high-accuracy experimental data, an updated land surface model, and carefully selected satellite data.

The new estimate differs from previous estimates in three aspects: 1) different seasonality—the new estimation shows the maximum total heat source occurs in July (the mature period of the monsoon), rather than in the previously reported month of May or June (around the onset of the monsoon), because previous studies greatly overestimated radiative cooling during the monsoon season [June–August (JJA)]; 2) different regional pattern—the eastern TP exhibits stronger heating than the western TP in summer, whereas previous studies gave either an opposite spatial pattern because of overestimated sensible heat flux over the western TP or an overall weaker heat source because of overestimated radiative cooling; and 3) different trend—sensible heat, radiative convergence, and the total heat source have decreased since the 1980s, but their weakening trends were overestimated in a recent study. These biases in previous studies are due to fairly empirical methods and data that were not evaluated against experimental data.
Modulation of North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity by Three Phases of ENSO
Authors: Kim Hye-Mi , Webster Peter J. , Curry Judith A.
Published: November 2010

Tropical Pacific Ocean warming has been separated into two modes based on the spatial distribution of the maximum sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly: an east Pacific warming (EPW) and a central Pacific warming (CPW). When combined with east Pacific cooling (EPC), these three regimes are shown to have different impacts on tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the North Pacific by differential modulation of both local thermodynamic factors and large-scale circulation patterns. In EPW years, the genesis and the track density of TCs tend to be enhanced over the southeastern part and suppressed in the northwestern part of the western Pacific by strong westerly wind shear. The extension of the monsoon trough and the weak wind shear over the central Pacific increases the likelihood of TC activity to the east of the climatological mean TC genesis location. In CPW years, the TC activity is shifted to the west and is extended through the northwestern part of the western Pacific. The westward shifting of CPW-induced heating moves the anomalous westerly wind and monsoon trough through the northwestern part of the western Pacific and provides a more favorable condition for TC landfall. The CPW, on the other hand, produces a large suppression of TC activity in the eastern Pacific basin. In EPC years, all of the variables investigated show almost a mirror image of the EPW.
The Interannual Relationship between the Latitude of the Eddy-Driven Jet and the Edge of the Hadley Cell
Authors: Kang Sarah M. , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: November 2010

A strong correlation between the latitudes of the eddy-driven jet and of the Hadley cell edge, on interannual time scales, is found to exist during austral summer, in both the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and the models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 3 (CMIP3). In addition, a universal ratio close to 1:2 characterizes the robust connection between these two latitudes on a year-to-year basis: for a 2° shift of the eddy-driven jet, the edge of the Hadley cell shifts by 1°. This 1:2 interannual ratio remains the same in response to climate change, even though the values of the two latitudes increase. The corresponding trends are also highly correlated; in the CMIP3 scenario integrations, however, no universal ratio appears to exist connecting these long-term trends. In austral winter and in the Northern Hemisphere, no strong interannual correlations are found.
Using Cognitive Interviewing to Explore Causes for Racial Differences on the MAYSI-2
Authors: McCoy Henrika
Published: November 2010

Prior research indicated that African American and Caucasian youth respond differently to items on the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI-2), a mental health screening tool used nationwide in juvenile justice systems, thus possibly affecting mental health need identification. To explore the cause for the differences, cognitive interviews were conducted with eight African American and eight Caucasian male juvenile detainees, aged 12 to 16 years, from two Midwestern detention facilities. Results indicate differences in how both groups interpreted certain mental health symptoms and the dimension of time. Both groups also similarly misinterpreted and were suspicious of some items. To address these issues, the MAYSI-2 could benefit from further examination and development.
Application of computer simulation modeling in the health care sector: a survey
Authors: Mielczarek Bożena , Uziałko-Mydlikowska Justyna
Published: November 2010

This article aims to present examples of computer simulation models that support decision-making processes in the health care sector. The objective of this review is to propose a system of classification of health care topic areas examined with the assistance of simulation methods. The categories described in literature were expanded and a detailed taxonomy for sub-groups was formulated. Usefulness of simulation modeling techniques was investigated and an attempt was made to correlate the simulation approach with a corresponding health care application group from the suggested classification.
Does Distance Matter in the Age of the Internet?
Authors: Mok Diana , Wellman Barry , Carrasco Juan
Published: November 2010

This study is part of the broad debate about the role of distance and technology for interpersonal contact. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that systematically and explicitly compares the role of distance in social networks pre- and post-Internet. An analysis is made of the effect of distance on the frequency of e-mail, phone, face-to-face and overall contact in personal networks, and the findings are compared with their pre-Internet counterpart whose data were collected in 1978 in the same East York, Toronto locality. Multilevel models with a spline specification are used to examine the non-linear effects of distance on the frequency of contact. These effects are compared for both very close and somewhat close ties, and for different role relationships: immediate kin, extended kin, friends and neighbours. The results show that e-mail contact is generally insensitive to distance, but tends to increase for transoceanic relationships greater than 3000 miles apart. Face-to-face contact remains strongly related to short distances (within five miles), while distance has little impact on how often people phone each other at the regional level (within 100 miles). The study concludes that e-mail has only somewhat altered the way people maintain their relationships. The frequency of face-to-face contact among socially close friends and relatives has hardly changed between the 1970s and the 2000s, although the frequency of phone contact has slightly increased. Moreover, the sensitivity of these relationships to distance has remained similar, despite the communication opportunities of the Internet and low-cost telephony.
Powerful City Networks: More than Connections, Less than Domination and Control
Authors: Allen John
Published: November 2010

Powerful cities are often distinguished from others by the concentration and mix of resources at their disposal. The right mix, the right people and skills, along with the ability to do something with them marks off the more powerful from the less powerful cities. In that respect, far reaching influence and control are the hallmarks of a powerful city. Often implicit in this view, however, is an understanding of power as something which a city possesses, a capacity for domination and control embedded in the city itself which gives it a ranking above others. This paper sets out an alternative way of thinking about how power ‘works’ for cities that is not based upon hierarchical domination or a zero sum game. The first part outlines a view of power as a means to an end, a medium that enables cities to hold networks together and bridge connections. Following that, the ‘power to’ run the networks, to exercise power with rather than over others, is illustrated through the example of the international division of labour that holds between the London and Frankfurt financial centres. In particular, the key role of intermediate elites as brokers is highlighted. This analysis is developed further in the final section by taking the example of Sydney as a powerful ‘switching point’, but one where intermediaries broker and bridge global networks to gain advantage — not through practices of domination and control, but more subtle modes of power such as manipulation and inducement, which operate at the expense of others. In so doing, the ‘power to’ make things happen folds over into power over others.
Globalisation, Networking, Urbanisation: Reflections on the Spatial Dynamics of the Information Age
Authors: Castells Manuel
Published: November 2010

The network society is a global society because networks have no boundaries. Spatial transformation is a fundamental dimension of this new social structure. The global process of urbanisation that we are experiencing in the early 21st century is characterised by the formation of a new spatial architecture in our planet, made up of global networks connecting major metropolitan regions and their areas of influence. Since the networking form of territorial arrangements also extends to the intrametropolitan structure, our understanding of contemporary urbanisation should start with the study of these networking dynamics in both the territories that are included in the networks and in the localities excluded from the dominant logic of global spatial integration.
External Urban Relational Process: Introducing Central Flow Theory to Complement Central Place Theory
Authors: Taylor Peter J. , Hoyler Michael , Verbruggen Raf
Published: November 2010

Central place hierarchies have been the traditional basis for understanding external urban relations. However, in contemporary studies of these relations, a new emphasis on urban networks has emerged. Rather than either abandoning or extending central place thinking, it is here treated as representing one of two generic processes of external urban relations. Town-ness is the making of ‘local’ urban—hinterland relations and ‘city-ness’ is the making of ‘non-local’ interurban relations. Central place theory describes the former through an interlocking hierarchical model; this paper proposes a central flow theory to describe the latter through an interlocking network model. The key difference is the level of complexity in the two processes.
Opening the Black Box of Agglomeration Economies for Measuring Cities’ Competitiveness through International Firm Networks
Authors: Rozenblat Céline
Published: November 2010

The ability of cities to operate in global networks is usually measured according to their central position within multinational firm linkages. These measures are often used at the interurban level and neglect the intraurban processes of multiplier effects. The present study demonstrates that this affects the measurement of city centrality in business networks. Intraurban capabilities of interaction are considered in the measurement of interurban indices. The study is based on hypothetical networks at a micro level between long-range links and it mobilises processes as agglomeration economies, social capital developments and transaction costs. These processes at the intraurban level strengthen the efficiency of interurban linkages. It is suggested that the indices used to measure city centrality should include these local effects. Applied to a small sample of six firm networks, the methodology shows advantages for emerging large metropolises, but insufficient local effects for specialised clusters. The multilevel approach offers improved perspectives for the comparison of city centralities.
Switzerland as a Single Metropolitan Area? A Study of its Commuting Network
Authors: Dessemontet Pierre , Kaufmann Vincent , Jemelin Christophe
Published: November 2010

Out of the many ingredients that together build urban areas, three deserve particular consideration as their relationship is evolving: the functional centrality, the morphology of built-up areas and the way of life. Those three characteristics do not necessarily match along territorial lines anymore. To overcome this limitation, this article suggests approaching urbanity in terms of cohesion. To illustrate this approach under a specific analytical point of view, the paper describes a cohesion index based on the commuter relationships between the Swiss communes from 1970 to 2000. For 2000, further distinction is made between car-based and public transport-based commuting patterns, which allowed discrimination between two scales of cohesiveness between the Swiss agglomerations.
Public Disorder and its Relation to the Community–Civility–Consumption Triad
Authors: Ranasinghe Prashan
Published: November 2010

This paper draws on the problematisation of squeegeeing and aggressive panhandling during the mid to late 1990s and early 2000s in Toronto, to explore the way concerns about public disorder are framed within political discourse. In so doing, it highlights and remedies an important void in the literature which connects vagrancy legislation to concerns about consumption. While this literature does well to expose how vagrancy law is enacted and deployed for consumption, it does little to explicate the production of the rhetoric of consumption itself. What requires attention is the way consumption is linked to and conflated with the rhetorics of civility and community: the former serving to optimise consumption; the latter to resolve the paradoxes of consumption. The enactment and deployment of vagrancy law, therefore, ought to be situated within what may be called the community–civility–consumption triad.
Explaining Ethnic Enclave, Ethnic Entrepreneurial and Employment Niches
Authors: Fong Eric , Shen Jing
Published: November 2010

Although decades of research have contributed to understanding the operation and implications of minority-concentrated industrial sectors, the reasons for concentration in some sectors but not others remain unclear. To address the question of why some sectors are minority concentrated, this article draws on four sources of literature—human ecology, dual labour market, ethnic enclave and occupational niche—to explore how the factors derived from the literature help to explain the concentration of minority groups in specific industries. The study is based on specially requested tables of the 2001 Canadian census from Statistics Canada. An in-depth comparison is made of the concentration of Chinese in industrial sectors in three major metropolitan areas that have large proportions of Chinese (Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary). Implications of results are discussed.
The development of verbal justifications in the conversations of preschool children and adults
Authors: Goetz Peggy J.
Published: November 2010

This study examines verbal justifications in conversations between children and adults in four cases from the CHILDES database, from the age of 2;6 to 4;11 longitudinally. Monthly transcripts were searched for justifications, which were coded for their discourse context and divided into three age groupings. Adults produced more justifications than children during the 2;6 to 2;11 age grouping, but by 3;0 to 3;11, there was no significant difference between them. Conflicts were an important discourse context for justifications during the 2;6 to 2;11 age grouping, during the third year, questions as the discourse motivators increased, and during the 4;0 to 4;11 age grouping, justifications were mostly self-expansions. There were few sequences of justifications from 2;6 to 2;11; this changed in the third year with children’s increased questions.
Assertiveness, responsiveness, and reciprocity in verbal interaction: Dialogues between children with SLI and peers with typical language development
Authors: Bruce Barbro , Hansson Kristina , Nettelbladt Ulrika
Published: November 2010

The present study examined assertiveness and responsiveness in two different conversational contexts: children with specific language impairment (SLI) interacting with an age-matched peer with typical language development (TLD) and children with SLI interacting with a language-matched peer with TLD.The dialogues where the 10 participating children with SLI interacted with an age peer were characterized by a higher degree of responsiveness and coherence.The age peers tended to dominate the interaction with the children with SLI. The dialogues where children with SLI interacted with a language peer were characterized by less responsiveness and less coherence and the child with SLI was likely to be more dominant in the interaction. Thus children with SLI take different roles in verbal interaction depending on how much support the conversational partner can offer.
Adult offer, word-class, and child uptake in early lexical acquisition
Authors: Clark Eve V.
Published: November 2010

How do adults offer new words from different parts of speech? This study examined the offers in book-reading interactions for 48 dyads (parents and children aged 2- to 5-years-old). The parents relied on fixed syntactic frames, final position, and emphatic stress to highlight unfamiliar words. As they talked to their children about the referent objects, events, or scenes, they also linked new words to other terms in the pertinent semantic domain, thereby presenting further information about possible meanings. Children attended to new words, often repeating them in the next turn, and, as they got older, they too related new words to familiar terms as they talked about their referents with their parents. These data add further evidence that interaction in conversation supports the process of language acquisition.
Discourse topic management and discussion skills in middle childhood: The effects of age and task
Authors: Baines Ed , Howe Christine
Published: November 2010

Discourse topic management and discussion skills are central for intersubjectivity, learning and education, yet there is little understanding of how such skills develop.The reported research comprises two studies, which examined the skills of discourse topic maintenance, shading and hierarchicalization during middle childhood. Each study compared the performances of same-age and same-sex dyads of 4, 6 and 9 years of age (Study 1: 28 dyads; Study 2: 43 dyads) across two tasks. Overall, topic maintenance varied according to age and task. Study 1 found that task structure constrained the interactions of older children while supporting those of younger children. Older children, but not 4-year-olds maintained topics through collaborative discussion. Study 2 examined these differences further by comparing performance on similar tasks but where one required collaborative discussion for successful completion. Results showed that young children use justifications but not counter-arguments and suggestions, and do not collaborate in discussion. Development in discourse topic management and collaborative discussion skills is linked to an increasing ability to engage in mutually active dialogue, and to adapt to, connect with and comment on alternative perspectives, as well as to functional changes in the use of justifications during dialogue.
Parents’ object labeling: Possible links to conventionality of word meaning?
Authors: Luce Megan R. , Callanan Maureen A.
Published: November 2010

Parents’ potential contributions to children’s developing understanding of conventionality in word meanings were investigated by examining how parents label objects for their children (12-, 18-, and 24-month-olds) in a free-play session with different types of toys. The study asks whether parents give subtle clues that names for things are conventions that must be discovered through conversation with other people (i.e., labels are ‘in the minds’ of others) or alternatively, that words are somehow more readily apparent (‘located’ in the object). Results showed a developmental relationship between children’s productive vocabulary and parents’ labeling patterns that imply labels are ‘in the mind.’ These findings suggest that conversations with parents are a likely context for children’s developing understanding of conventionality in word meanings.
The relationship between young children’s linguistic ability, home language, and their adaptive modifying strategies in peer conflicts
Authors: de Haan Dorian , Singer Elly
Published: November 2010

This article presents the results of a study of conflict strategies in 96 two- and three-year-old children in multiethnic childcare centers. The main question was whether young children’s use of psychologically complex strategies in conflict management depends on language development. It is hypothesized that 2-year-olds rely on verbal adaptive modification strategies less often than 3-year-olds; and that children with a home language different from the dominant one in the childcare center also use verbal modification strategies less often. The overall conclusion is that the use of psychologically complex strategies in conflict management does not totally depend on language development. Age seems to contribute most to the use of psychologically and linguistically complex modification strategies. A description is given of the diverse forms of verbal adaptive modifying behavior that was found in 2- and 3-year-olds.
Using directives to construct egalitarian or hierarchical social organization: Turkish middle-class preschool girls’ socialization about gender, affect, and context in peer group conversations
Authors: Kyratzis Amy , Tarım Şeyda Deniz
Published: November 2010

Prior research by M. H. Goodwin (1990) found that preadolescent African-American girls socialized one another towards ‘egalitarian’ forms of social organization in task activities, but preferred forms that differentiated group members in other contexts. The present study examines how a friendship group of middle-class Turkish girls followed ethnographically (through videorecording of spontaneous free play conversations in their preschool classroom) socialized one another about gender and affect through directive usage and sanctioning in peer group conversations. The directive use of three group members who participated in different play contexts was examined. Group members explicitly sanctioned one another not to differentiate themselves, and used egalitarian forms of directives (tag questions, joint directives) when engaged in task activities or pretend play with one another. The same girls, however, used imperatives when they enacted the role of mothers, or played with boys. Results suggest that in peer group conversations among young Turkish preschool-aged girls, group members socialize one another that girls should speak in ways that enact egalitarian forms of social organization when with other girls, but they make local, strategic uses of these norms, competently enacting alternative, hierarchical forms of social organization in other contexts.
The acquisition of early verbs in French: Assessing the role of conversation and of child-directed speech
Authors: Veneziano Edy , Parisse Christophe
Published: November 2010

This article examines the production of early verbs by two children acquiring French as their first language. The study focuses on the developmental period during which verbs are produced in one form only. Child-directed speech (CDS) and conversational contingencies (CC) occurring around these verbal forms were analysed up to the moment when some verbs are produced in two different forms. Results show that children’s use of a single form per verb can also be found in CDS by adults where the majority of verbs are used in one morphophonological form only. Moreover, the particular form children use for a given verb corresponds to the one adults predominantly use in CDS. At the same time, child-produced verb forms are reinforced in the CC occurring in adult—child exchanges. When trying to separate the role of CCs from that of more general CDS, for both children the study found that for about half of the verbal forms CDS and CC provide the same congruent information. Of the remaining verb types, three-quarters are explained by CC, while fewer then 15 percent are explained by CDS, indicating that CCs are a stronger source of influence than general input. These findings underline the close relationships between patterns of language acquisition, conversational exchanges and CDS. The data suggest a construction process based on specific characteristics of the language children hear, what they can produce and, importantly, the temporally close reinforcing relations between these two that are forged in conversational interactions.
Dialogical factors in toddlers’ use of clitic pronouns
Authors: Salazar Orvig Anne , Marcos Haydée , Morgenstern Aliyah , Hassan Rouba , Leber-Marin Jocelyne , Parès Jacques
Published: November 2010

Young (1;9—2;4) children’s use of third person clitic subject pronouns in natural dialogues was examined in both longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Considering that young children mainly use pronouns in the context of referential continuity, this study aims at identifying some of the factors that affect this use. Two possible dialogical factors are examined: (1) the use of clitic pronouns can be interpreted as a reproduction of the adult’s discourse, either by taking up whole utterances containing a pronoun or by taking up only the clitic pronouns without reproducing the adult’s utterance. (2) The use of pronouns could be driven by pragmatic-discursive factors. In order to assess this hypothesis the use of clitic pronouns was observed in the context of dialogical continuity. Three kinds of links were considered: children repeat or reformulate the adult’s utterances, add a new predication on the same topic, or establish a contrast. The results suggest that the reproduction of the adult’s utterance does not significantly influence children’s use of pronouns, whereas pragmatic-discursive factors are found to affect their choice of referential expressions.
Conversation in language development and use: An Introduction
Authors: Veneziano Edy
Published: November 2010

This editorial introduction summarizes the background to, and contents of, a special issue devoted to children’s development of conversational skills and their relation to language acquisition and use. The centrality of conversation to language development is well recognized and this introduction identifies two key approaches to research: the impact of conversational processes on language acquisition itself, and the ways in which basic language skills are put to use in conversational interactions. The articles included in this issue were organized according to these themes and are outlined accordingly.
Aspect-based sentiment analysis of movie reviews on discussion boards
Authors: Tun Thura Thet  , Na Jin-Cheon , Khoo Christopher S.G.
Published: November 2010

In this article, a method for automatic sentiment analysis of movie reviews is proposed, implemented and evaluated. In contrast to most studies that focus on determining only sentiment orientation (positive versus negative), the proposed method performs fine-grained analysis to determine both the sentiment orientation and sentiment strength of the reviewer towards various aspects of a movie. Sentences in review documents contain independent clauses that express different sentiments toward different aspects of a movie. The method adopts a linguistic approach of computing the sentiment of a clause from the prior sentiment scores assigned to individual words, taking into consideration the grammatical dependency structure of the clause. The prior sentiment scores of about 32,000 individual words are derived from SentiWordNet with the help of a subjectivity lexicon. Negation is delicately handled. The output sentiment scores can be used to identify the most positive and negative clauses or sentences with respect to particular movie aspects.
Useful Toxicologic Neuropathology References for Pathologists and Toxicologists
Authors: Bolon Brad , Bradley Alys , Garman Robert H. , Krinke Georg J.
Published: November 2010

Investigations in toxicologic neuropathology are complex undertakings because of the intricate spatial and temporal diversity in the anatomic, functional, and molecular organization of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This compilation of toxicologic neuropathology resources has been designed to consolidate a broad range of useful neurobiology, neuropathology, and neurotoxicology resources in a single reference. This collection will increase familiarity with the basic knowledge, skills, and tools required for the proficient practice of toxicologic neuropathology and should help to improve the analysis and interpretation of pathology data sets from neural tissues in toxicology studies.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Malignant Glial Tumors
Authors: Jones Terreia S. , Holland Eric C.
Published: November 2010

Malignant glial tumors are the most aggressive and difficult to treat neoplasms arising in the brain. More than 22,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with a malignant glioma annually, and most will die within the first two years from diagnosis. Traditionally, gliomas have been categorized based solely on tumor histological features. However, expression studies have found that molecular signatures can be used to categorize these tumors into subclasses that more effectively predict patient outcome. The heterogeneity between tumors as well as within individual tumors makes understanding the molecular aspects of tumorigenesis extremely important. Several genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of glioma have been developed that recapitulate the molecular alterations observed in the human disease. GEMMs of glioma have allowed researchers to more closely study the role of cancer stem cells (CSC) in gliomagenesis as well as the relevance of signaling within the CSC microenvironment. Knowledge of the underlying molecular signatures of malignant glial tumors coupled with the existence of a variety of human disease-relevant GEMMs of this tumor type provide researchers and clinicians with valuable resources for the discovery of new drug targets.
Microglia
Authors: Kofler Julia , Wiley Clayton A.
Published: November 2010

Microglia are the histiocytes of the central nervous system. These long-lived cells undergo very little turnover in normal physiological states; however, in pathological conditions, increased egress from the bone marrow and chemoattractive signals in the brain can substantially modulate the indigenous population. Although they were initially conceived of as “resting” cells, recent data suggest that they would be more aptly described as “surveillance” cells. Microglia are specifically adapted to sense various types of danger and differentially react with a classical or alternative reparative response. Our understanding of macrophage function has shifted away from focusing on cell lineage to a more systems-based biology of gene networks accomplishing the detoxification and immune functions. With our greater appreciation of microglial involvement in the innate immune response, we have entered a new era in which the modulation of microglia can be proposed as a means of modulating neurological disease.
Children’s Social and Personal Development Through Sport: A Case Study of an Australian Swimming Club
Authors: Light Richard L.
Published: November 2010

Despite the prominence of swimming in Australia and the large numbers of children participating in it, no previous research has been conducted on what the implications of this might be for their social development. Indeed, there is a lack of empirical research conducted on the personal, moral, and social learning that arises from children’s participation in sport. Building on research conducted on learning and the formation of identity in an Australian surf club (Light, 2006), this article contributes toward redressing this oversight by drawing on a 3-month ethnographic study conducted on a swimming club in Sydney, Australia. Focused on children aged 9 to 12 years of age, it explores the range of social, personal, and cultural development that occurs through their participation in the practices of the club. Drawing on Lave and Wenger’s (1991) analytic concepts of situated learning and communities of practice, it suggests that a range of important social learning, enculturation, and the development of identity arises from participation in the practices of the swimming club.
The Role of Athletics in the Academy: An Alternative Approach to Financial Investment
Authors: Pine Nathan
Published: November 2010

This position paper examines how American universities can more closely align their financial investment in intercollegiate athletics with the overarching educational mission of the institution. Rather than providing an institutional subsidy, universities should consider investing in tuition waivers for student athletes as the only institutional financial support of the athletic department. By doing so institutions would better acknowledge the educational elements of athletics while also helping to promote a positive campus culture around athletics, thus alleviating some of the divisive undercurrents of educators versus athletes that are prevalent on many university campuses today.
A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Sport Advocacy Groups in Canada and the United States
Authors: Comeau Gina S. , Church Anthony G.
Published: November 2010

This article compares women’s sport advocacy groups in Canada and the United States from an institutionalist perspective. Women’s sport advocacy groups address similar issues and have similar mandates in both countries, but yet differ markedly in their evolution and strategy choices. We seek to understand the extent to which their institutional environment constrains and/or enables group strategies to enhance our understanding of which factors influence advocacy organizations in the sport policy sector. The article concludes by arguing that institutional, cultural, and economic factors as well as differences in the political opportunity structure (POS) help explain the differences in the development and strategy choices of women’s sport advocacy groups in both countries.
Improving the Use of Self-Generated Identification Codes
Authors: Schnell Rainer , Bachteler Tobias , Reiher Jörg
Published: November 2010

In panel studies on sensitive topics, respondent-generated identification codes are often used to link records across surveys. However, usually a substantial number of cases are lost due to the codes. These losses may cause biased estimates. Using more components and linking the codes by the Levenshtein string distance function will reduce the losses. In a simulation study and two field experiments, the proposed procedure outperforms the methods previously applied.
Outcomes of a Program to Reduce Depression
Authors: Kim Gyung Hee , Kim Kyeha , Park Hyojung
Published: November 2010

Depression is increasing among Korean college students. Moreover, it is common for depressed individuals to consider attempting suicide. The purpose of this study therefore was to develop and examine the effectiveness of an intervention to reduce suicidal ideation and depression among female college students. Study participants were assigned to either an intervention ( n = 27) or control ( n = 31) group. The intervention group received a depression-reducing program in eight 1-hr weekly sessions. Measures of suicidal ideation and depression were administered. The program has effects on suicidal ideation and depression among female college students. The findings suggest that the study program may be useful in reducing suicidal ideation and depression among female college students.
Decision Markets and Vernacular Postmodernism
Authors: Andrejevic Mark
Published: November 2010

So-called prediction markets have emerged as an alternative to expertise in a range of fields: from predicting the outcome of political elections to selecting among alternative plans for product development, to finding shipwrecks, and predicting Oscar Award winners. Proponents of these markets argue that their use can be expanded to an even wider range of cultural, political, and social events, and thus to serve as guides for choosing among policy alternatives. This article argues that prediction markets serve as a means for addressing the impasses of generalized savvy skepticism—what it dubs a form of vernacular postmodernism. Prediction markets offer to replace debunked forms of expertise while cultivating a populace trained in practices of speculation and risk assessment. Finally, the article considers the uncanny persistence of faith in markets even in the midst of the global economic downturn—apparent evidence of the dramatic failure of speculative markets.
My Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: November 2010

What does the global financial crisis teach us about not just fictive capital, but fictive economics? What is the future of the cognitariat and for precarious employment in the media industries?
Of Crises and Conjunctures: The Problem of the Present
Authors: Clarke John
Published: November 2010

In this article I reflect on the ‘present crisis’, using it as a entry to questions about how we understand crisis, and how we understand the present. In trying to avoid the speedy movement from crisis to political economy, I return to an older source- Policing the Crisis (1978)-to ask what it might have to say to us in this new moment. I also consider what it might not tell us in relation to the present crisis and the present conjuncture. In the process, I raise some questions: how many crises are there? Are there crises of legitimation, social authority or hegemony? What are the sites and forms of politics in an era of ‘anti-politics’?
Standing on a Bridge: Rescuing Economies From Economists
Authors: Grossberg Lawrence
Published: November 2010

This essays considers what it would mean --and some of the kinds of work and inquiry it would demand --for scholars in cultural studies to take economies and economics seriously and to integrate such matters into conjunctural analysis. It locates the task within the present conjuncture, characterized as a set of struggles over what it means to be modern.
Too Good to Fail: Managing Financial Crisis Through the Moral Economy of Realty TV
Authors: Hay James
Published: November 2010

This article thinks about citizenship and media in the context of the recent “financial crisis,” and the role of a collapsed real estate market in the crisis. Specifically, the article examines the transformations and recent legacy of what the author refers to as realty TV, a vein of Reality TV programs oriented toward the virtues, pleasures, and rewards of capitalizing on home improvement and investment during the first decade of the 21st century. The article considers the historical contradictions of realty TV’s demonstrations of the virtues of the home makeover (as self-enterprise, self-actualization, and self-investment) before 2008, and the contradictions of realty TV’s role in reproducing a new “moral economy” of self-responsibilization in the wake of the subsequent financial crisis. This latter moral economy developed partly in response to the rapidly increasing number of home owners who were unable to meet the requirements of their mortgages and who then voluntarily abandoned their homes and mortgages because of their inability to recoup equity in these homes. The article is particularly interested in how this recent history of realty TV provides a perspective for thinking about the recent financial crisis in different terms and examples typically used to explain the crisis by political economists. By examining how a moral economy for managing financial crisis has been produced through television “programs” which serve as technical resources for maximizing personal financial security and for managing the insecurities and instabilities of house and home as “investment opportunity,” the article also suggests ways that television is being reinvented within new technologies of self-government and citizenship. And in that way, the article considers historical determinations shaping TV and its relation to other media/technologies not typically addressed in media studies.