bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mirror based polar magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy arrangement
Authors: Arora Ashish , Ghosh Sandip , Sugunakar Vasam
Published: December 2011

An arrangement is described for performing magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) spectroscopy in polar geometry with a conventional C-frame or H-frame type electromagnet. It uses an additional mirror which eliminates the need for an electromagnet pole piece with an axial hole and allows for easy switching between polar MOKE geometry and longitudinal or transverse MOKE geometries. A theoretical analysis of the photo-elastic modulation based detection scheme shows that the mirror causes a strong mixing of signals corresponding to Kerr rotation and ellipticity. The influence of the mirror is experimentally demonstrated and a procedure is given to correct for it. MOKE spectrum of nickel films obtained using this arrangement is shown to match with reports in the literature.
The morphology of Al-based submicron Josephson junction
Authors: Roddatis V. V. , Hübner U. , Ivanov B. I. , Il’ichev E. , Meyer H.-G. , Koval’chuk M. V. , Vasiliev A. L.
Published: December 2011

We present a detailed study of the microstructure of submicron Al/Al−O/Al Josephson junctions fabricated by the conventional shadow evaporation technique. The morphology of the dielectric Al−O layer, which plays the key role for junction transport properties, has been investigated by making use of high resolution electron microscopy. We demonstrate, that the flatness and thickness of the aluminum oxide layer strongly depends on its grain structure. The most pronounced thickness deviations are observed in the vicinity of so-called “triple points,” where the grain boundary crosses the interlayer, forming a two-grain contact. Additionally we show that even for the single-grain contact, the Al/Al−O interface is not atomically flat, which can cause additional flicker noise at subkelvin temperatures.
Resonance magnetoelectric effects in disk-ring (piezoelectric - magnetostrictive) composite structure
Authors: Wu Gaojian , Zhang Ru , Li Xin , Zhang Ning
Published: December 2011

The magnetoelectric effects in piezoelectric-disk/magnetostrictive-ring (PE-disk/MS-ring) structure at electromechanical resonance (EMR), where the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phase are coupled through normal stresses, are modeled. The predicted resonance frequency and the frequency dependence of the magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficient are in good agreement with the data for the PZT (Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3) –disk/CFO(CoFe2O4) -ring. The improved interfacial mechanical coupling through normal stresses is responsible for the enhanced magnetoelectric properties of the disk-ring structure. It is suggested that proper frequency and stronger ME effect in the disk-ring structure can be obtained by optimizing the structure. The ME effect in the disk-ring structure shows promising application in transducers for magnetoelectric energy conversion.
Nucleation of ReBa2Cu3Ox (Re = rare-earth) during high-rate metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth
Authors: Solovyov Vyacheslav F. , Li Qiang , Chen Y. , Guevara A. , Shi T. , Selvamanickam V.
Published: December 2011

Large-scale, high-rate epitaxial growth technology for the second-generation superconducting wire brings unique technological challenges for the thin-film coating industry. One of the most difficult steps of the process is controlling nucleation of a complex compound over a km-long low-cost oxide template. Here, we analyze early stages of industrial-scale epitaxial metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of ReBa2Cu3Ox (REBCO, Re = rare-earth) on buffered metal substrates. The nucleation event is detected by high-flux synchrotron X-ray diffraction and confirmed by atomic force microscopy. REBCO nuclei exhibit a strong preference for edges of the buffer grain, indicating that (001) steps of the buffer grains are preferred nucleation sites. It is concluded that random nucleation of REBCO is caused by agglomerates of small buffer grains.
Metal-oxide-oxide-metal granular tunnel diodes fabricated by anodization
Authors: Fan Wenbin , Commisso Dolph Melissa , Lu Jiwei , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: December 2011

A metal-oxide-oxide-metal (MO-OM) junction was fabricated based on anodized Al and Ta granular metal-oxide tunnel junctions. Electrical transport properties of the MO-OM junction were investigated at various temperatures. A strong asymmetric nonlinear current-voltage curve at room temperature indicated a diode-like behavior with a threshold voltage of 0.19 V under forward bias. The nonlinear current-voltage curves under forward and reverse biases were well fitted separately by the Simmons equation (J. G. Simmons, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 1793 (1963)) with barrier thickness, height, and tunneling area treated as variables.
Characterization of a light switchable microelectrode array for retinal prosthesis
Authors: Zhang Xinyi , Xiong Tao , Chiou Pei-Yu , Li Zhihong
Published: December 2011

A light switchable microelectrode array for retinal prosthesis, which is performed with the photosensitive conductivity of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and of more advantages over the two major current retinal prosthetic categories, is characterized. Sensitivity to different visible wavelengths and light intensities are verified as well. Preliminary impedance test invitro shows appropriate impedance for neuron stimulation applications. It is indicated that such device provides a promising potential to restore a certain degree of visual function.
Extraordinary sound tunneling through a barred horn via subwavelength hole resonance
Authors: Yu Gaokun , Wang Xinlong
Published: December 2011

Tuning the extraordinary acoustical transmission is shown to be practically feasible simply by controlling acoustical impedances induced by surface evanescent waves. We demonstrate this idea with an example of making a sound tunnel in an acoustical waveguide with a subwavelength short throat and a catenoid horn working below its cutoff frequency. The throat acting as a resonant aperture assists sound waves effectively tunneling through the normally barred horn, leading to resonant transmission of sound waves within an adjustable narrow band. The example may find its applications for highly efficient acoustical filters and transmitters.
Thermal rectification in multi-walled carbon nanotubes: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Gordiz Kiarash , Vaez Allaei S. M. , Kowsary Farshad
Published: December 2011

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we show if a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) is heated asymmetrically, an evident thermal rectification can be detected. We attribute the observed rectification to the asymmetric radial thermal transport between constructing layers in MWNT. The underlying physics is explained by calculating temperature distribution of MWNT layers and phonon power spectrum. Thermal rectification in this carbon nanotube based thermal rectifier does not diminish by increasing the system size, and exists in a wide range of temperatures. These results open a door in the applicability of MWNTs in nanoscale engineering of thermal transport devices.
Dependence of spontaneous polarization on stacking sequence in SiC revealed by local Schottky barrier height variations over a partially formed 8H-SiC layer on a 4H-SiC substrate
Authors: Park Kibog , Seok Go Heung , Jeon Youngeun , Pelz Jonathan P. , Zhang Xuan , Skowronski Marek
Published: December 2011

Ballistic electron emission microscopy was used to measure the increase of local Schottky barrier (compared to the surrounding 4H-SiC area) over a partial 8H-SiC layer that is the surface-exposed tail of an 8H stacking fault inclusion extending from 4H substrate. This local increase is believed to be due to polarization charge induced at the interface of partial 8H layer and underlying 4H host, resulting from the spontaneous polarization (SP) difference between SiC regions with different bilayer stacking. This is a direct experimental probe of the dependence of SP in SiC on local stacking sequence by measuring carrier transport.
High performance indium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors fabricated with a back-channel-etch-technique
Authors: Xu Hua , Lan Linfeng , Xu Miao , Zou Jianhua , Wang Lei , Wang Dan , Peng Junbiao
Published: December 2011

Indium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) with back-channel-etch (BCE) structure were demonstrated. A stacked structure of Mo/Al/Mo was used as the source/drain electrodes and patterned by a wet-etch-method. Good etching profile with few residues on the channel was obtained. The TFT showed a field effect mobility of 11.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a sub-threshold swing of 0.24 V/decade. The performance of this kind of TFT was better than that of the TFT with etch-stopper-layer structure, which was proved to be due to the lower contact resistance. The BCE-TFTs fabricated with this method have good prospect due to the advantage of low cost.
Bending kinetics of a photo-actuating nematic elastomer cantilever
Authors: Torras N. , Zinoviev K. E. , Marshall J. E. , Terentjev E. M. , Esteve J.
Published: December 2011

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) containing embedded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) contract when exposed to light, due to LC disordering induced by the ability of CNTs to absorb light and convert it into thermal energy. A cantilever made of LCE-CNTs exposed to light demonstrates dynamic bending due to inhomogeneous strain distribution caused by exponential heat generation across the cantilever width. Analysis of bending dynamics helps to extract parameters that are important for designing actuators based on these materials. In this work, we have carried out direct measurements of temperature evolution inside the cantilever and related its kinetics to the applied irradiation power.
An ultraviolet photo-detector based on TiO2/water solid-liquid heterojunction
Authors: Lee Wen-Jen , Hon Min-Hsiung
Published: December 2011

In this study, an ultraviolet photodetector (UV-PD) based on TiO2/water solid-liquid heterojunction (SLHJ) is reported. The SLHJ UV-PD exhibits a high photosensitivity, excellent spectral selectivity, linear variations in photocurrent, and fast response. In addition, it is suggested that the spectral response can be tailored and that the performance can be improved through deliberate design of the active layer, electrolyte, and substrate of the SLHJ UV–PD. Moreover, we anticipate this work to be a starting point for more sophisticated commercial photon detection using an SLHJ device.
Photoinduced write-once read-many-times memory device based on DNA biopolymer nanocomposite
Authors: Hung Yu-Chueh , Hsu Wei-Ting , Lin Ting-Yu , Fruk Ljiljana
Published: December 2011

We demonstrate a photoinduced write-once read-many-times (WORM) organic memory device based on DNA biopolymer nanocomposite. The device consists of a single biopolymer layer sandwiched between electrodes, in which electrical bistability is activated by in situ formation of silver nanoparticles embedded in biopolymer upon light irradiation. The device exhibits a switching effect to high conductivity above a threshold of 2.6 V and a good retention property. This facile technique, taking advantage of DNA’s affinity for metals and solution processing, can optically manipulate the properties of DNA nanocomposite thin films, which holds promise for optical storage and plasmonic applications.
Pictorial Depth Probed through Relative Sizes
Authors: Wagemans Johan , van Doorn Andrea J , Koenderink Jan J
Published: December 2011

In the physical environment familiar size is an effective depth cue because the distance from the eye to an object equals the ratio of its physical size to its angular extent in the visual field. Such simple geometrical relations do not apply to pictorial space, since the eye itself is not in pictorial space, and consequently the notion “distance from the eye” is meaningless. Nevertheless, relative size in the picture plane is often used by visual artists to suggest depth differences. The depth domain has no natural origin, nor a natural unit; thus only ratios of depth differences could have an invariant significance. We investigate whether the pictorial relative size cue yields coherent depth structures in pictorial spaces. Specifically, we measure the depth differences for all pairs of points in a 20-point configuration in pictorial space, and we account for these observations through 19 independent parameters (the depths of the points modulo an arbitrary offset), with no meaningful residuals. We discuss a simple formal framework that allows one to handle individual differences. We also compare the depth scale obtained by way of this method with depth scales obtained in totally different ways, finding generally good agreement.
Joint Effects of Illumination Geometry and Object Shape in the Perception of Surface Reflectance
Authors: Olkkonen Maria , Brainard David H
Published: December 2011

Surface properties provide useful information for identifying objects and interacting with them. Effective utilization of this information, however, requires that the perception of object surface properties be relatively constant across changes in illumination and changes in object shape. Such constancy has been studied separately for changes in these factors. Here we ask whether the separate study of the illumination and shape effects is sufficient, by testing whether joint effects of illumination and shape changes can be predicted from the individual effects in a straightforward manner. We found large interactions between illumination and object shape in their effects on perceived glossiness. In addition, analysis of luminance histogram statistics could not account for the interactions.
The interaction between ovulation rate and embryo survival in determining prolificacy of different strains of obese swine with gene polymorphisms for leptin receptors
Authors: Torres-Rovira L. , Gonzalez-Añover P. , Pallares P. , Pérez-Solana M. L. , Astiz S. , Gomez-Izquierdo E. , Sanchez-Sanchez R. , Gonzalez-Bulnes A.
Published: December 2011

The Mediterranean Iberian pigs show a clear predisposition to obesity, due to gene polymorphisms for leptin receptors, and a lower prolificacy when compared with lean breeds. Previous studies indicate a bimodal effect of obese genotypes on prolificacy; either by lowering ovulation rate or by increasing embryo losses when compared with lean genotypes. The present study aimed to discriminate the relative influence of both parameters by comparing strains of Iberian females with different prolificacy (14 original purebred Retinto, group R, and 20 Retinto × Torbiscal females selected for prolificacy, group RT). Examination of ovaries around Day 40 of pregnancy showed a higher ovulation rate in the RT than in the R sows (21.5 ± 1.4 versus 12.3 ± 1.0 corpora lutea, respectively; P < 0.0005). However, there was a higher incidence of implantation failures and early embryo losses in the RT females (42.9 versus 14% for the group R; P < 0.005). Thus, the number of viable embryos was higher in the RT line (10.8 ± 0.5 versus 7.6 ± 0.7 in the R sows, P < 0.0005), but also limited when compared with ovulation rate. Conversely, this effect was not found in the R sows; however, prolificacy of these females was limited by higher embryo mortality (24.1 versus 4.6% for RT females). In conclusion, the present study evidences dissimilar reproductive behaviour among strains of the Iberian pig differing in prolificacy and confirms previous evidences suggesting the existence of intrinsic factors avoiding excessively large litter sizes in Iberian females.
Gender differences in sexual risk behaviours and sexually transmissible infections among adolescents in mental health treatment
Authors: Seth Puja , Lang Delia L. , DiClemente Ralph J. , Braxton Nikia D. , Crosby Richard A. , Brown Larry K. , Hadley Wendy , Donenberg Geri R.
Published: December 2011

Background Adolescents with a history of psychiatric disorder(s) are particularly vulnerable to contracting sexually transmissible infections (STIs) as a result of psychological and emotional states associated with higher rates of risky sexual behaviour. The present study examined gender differences in sexual risk behaviours and STI among adolescents in mental health treatment. Methods: Three hundred and seventy nine sexually active adolescents, aged 13–18 years, from a larger multisite study, who received mental health treatment during the past year, completed an audio computer-assisted self interview assessing sociodemographics, psychiatric symptomatology and HIV/STI risk behaviours, and provided urine specimens tested for STI. Results: After controlling for covariates, multivariate logistic regression models indicated that female adolescents were more likely to have had an HIV test (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.2, P = 0.0001), obtain their HIV test results (AOR = 2.9, P = 0.03), refuse sex out of fear for STI acquisition (AOR = 1.7, P = 0.04), or avoid a situation that might lead to sex (AOR = 2.4, P = 0.001), and were less likely to have a casual sex partner (AOR = 0.40, P = 0.002). Additionally, females were more likely to report inconsistent condom use (AOR = 2.60, P = 0.001) and have a STI (AOR = 9.1, P = 0.0001) than their male counterparts. Conclusions: Female adolescents receiving mental health treatment were more than nine times as likely to have an STI and more likely to use condoms inconsistently. The standard of care for mental health practice for adolescents should include referrals for STI screening and treatment as well as assessment and discussion of risky sexual behaviours as part of the treatment plan when indicated. Effective programs should address gender-specific communication and behavioural skills.
Effects of dairy cow treading pressures and food resources on invertebrates in two contrasting and co-occurring soils
Authors: Schon N. L. , Mackay A. D. , Minor M. A.
Published: December 2011

It is often difficult to compare the effects of land use on soil invertebrates across different soil types, as management practices are often adjusted to compensate for soil differences. A mosaic of two contrasting and co-occurring soils offered a unique opportunity to examine the influence of common management practices on soil invertebrates (macrofauna, mesofauna, and nematodes). Treatments established on a well-structured Andosol soil and co-occurring poorly structured Gleysol included a legume-based pasture grazed at 2.3 cows/ha and nitrogen (N) fertilised pastures grazed at 3 and 3.8 cows/ha, with the 3.8 cows/ha treatment also receiving maize supplementation. Low abundance (<13 000 individuals/m2) and diversity (four species) of Oribatida was a feature of both soils, reflecting the low porosity of the two contrasting, co-occurring pastoral soils, despite the Gleysol soil being more susceptible to treading than the Andosol. The lack of difference might reflect the ongoing disturbance from livestock treading on both soils. Nematode trophic groups behaved most predictably across both soils, with plant-feeding and bacterial-feeding nematodes increasing with the use of N fertiliser. Despite potentially more organic material available for incorporation into the soil profile with increasing inputs of N fertiliser and use of feed supplement, lower abundances of anecic earthworms, Collembola, and Oribatida are reported. Both direct and indirect effects of livestock treading on the decomposer community in intensive systems might be factors limiting the incorporation of organic matter from the soil surface into the profile to sustain soil carbon.
Increasing Thiamine Concentrations in Lake Trout Eggs from Lakes Huron and Michigan Coincide with Low Alewife Abundance
Authors: Riley Stephen C. , Rinchard Jacques , Honeyfield Dale C. , Evans Allison N. , Begnoche Linda
Published: December 2011

Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Laurentian Great Lakes suffer from thiamine deficiency as a result of adult lake trout consuming prey containing thiaminase, a thiamine-degrading enzyme. Sufficiently low egg thiamine concentrations result in direct mortality of or sublethal effects on newly hatched lake trout fry. To determine the prevalence and severity of low thiamine in lake trout eggs, we monitored thiamine concentrations in lake trout eggs from 15 sites in Lakes Huron and Michigan from 2001 to 2009. Lake trout egg thiamine concentrations at most sites in both lakes were initially low and increased over time at 11 of 15 sites, and the proportion of females with egg thiamine concentrations lower than the recommended management objective of 4 nmol/g decreased over time at eight sites. Egg thiamine concentrations at five of six sites in Lakes Huron and Michigan were significantly inversely related to site-specific estimates of mean abundance of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, and successful natural reproduction of lake trout has been observed in Lake Huron since the alewife population crashed. These results support the hypothesis that low egg thiamine in Great Lakes lake trout is associated with increased alewife abundance and that low alewife abundance may currently be a prerequisite for successful reproduction by lake trout in the Great Lakes.

Received January 4, 2011; accepted July 20, 2011
Intersex Condition of Shoal Bass in the Flint River, Georgia
Authors: Ingram Dallas R. , Miller Debra L. , Ingram Travis R. , Tannehill Josh E.
Published: December 2011

We examined male shoal bass Micropterus cataractae from the Flint River, Georgia, to determine the prevalence of intersex. During March and April 2010, we sampled 61 shoal bass from six sites along the Flint River. Testes were examined histologically and classified as intersex if the presence of oocytes was noted. Using a severity index, we compared samples collected on different dates and from different locations according to age and testis weight. No significant variations were noted among any of the groupings. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the intersex condition in shoal bass is severe enough to warrant concern and whether it is a natural phenomenon.

Received January 20, 2011; accepted July 22, 2011
Contemplation and the ‘Performative Absolute’: submission and identity in managerial modernity
Authors: Roberts Richard H.
Published: December 2011

Practices derived from the ‘vita contemplativa’ and other spiritual sources are drawn upon by management, but as the power of human resources management (HRM) is extended so the relationship between ‘contemplation’ and the surrender of self-identity required by HRM demands critical examination. The conscious construction of the individual has become a social and political goal. Subjects are required to strip away attributes of their identity that might impede protocols that cascade down from the executive. Total transparency becomes a condition of the re-creation of individual identity. Practices drawn from religious and spiritual traditions that enact the surrender of the self facilitate submission to the demands of thePerformative Absolute, the immanent sublime,Demiurgeordieu cachéarticulated by HRM. The informed passivity of the employee precedes oblation, the sacrificial offering of the self that facilitates the donation by HRM of the attuned identity that ensures the organisational survival of the individual.
Self‐efficacy, perceived training needs and coaching competences: The case of Portuguese handball
Authors: Mesquita Isabel , Borges Mário , Rosado António , Batista Paula Maria
Published: December 2011

The aim of this study was to analyse handball coaches’ perceptions of self‐efficacy and recognition of training needs related to coaching competences according to their coaching experience, coach certification level and academic education. Two hundred and seven Portuguese handball coaches answered questionnaires that included a scale of self‐efficacy and another of recognition of training needs. Data analysis started with an exploratory factorial analysis with Maximum Likelihood Factoring and Oblimin rotation. From the factors obtained, a One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparisons were applied. Coaches’ self‐efficacy revealed coaching competences related to: annual and multi‐annual planning; planning and guiding training and competition; coaching methodology; implementation of sport development projects and coach education and meta‐cognitive competences. Coaches’ recognition of training needs revealed four main areas: planning and guiding training and competition; multi‐annual planning; management of sports careers and coaching education and leadership. Although an independent relationship between coaches’ perceptions of self‐efficacy and training needs was confirmed, they perceived themselves as having competences and highlighted training needs in all areas. Coaches’ perceptions of self‐efficacy were influenced by their coach certification level, academic education and coaching experience. The study suggests that sport specificity within the social culture in addition to the precise sporting domain of action influence the perceptions of coaches about their self‐efficacy and training needs as related to coaching competences and, therefore, should be considered in the coach education curriculum.
The Ghosts of Fisheries Management
Authors: Boonstra Wiebren J. , Hong Nhung Pham Thi
Published: December 2011

The scientific analysis and management of fisheries has been dominated by three institutional orthodoxies: state regulation, market exchange and community-based management. This paper argues that these static, substantive, metaphors obscure a consideration of the dynamic temporal interplay between stakeholders and their environment. To address this vacuity the paper outlines a process-sociological approach and applies it to the historical development of fisheries management in the Tam Giang Lagoon, in Central Vietnam. The analysis shows that the interplay between different groups of fishers, the Vietnamese state, and the lagoon environment, overtime, structures future struggles. As such, this interplay needs to be understood as a causal force of its own in the development of fisheries management. Endorsement of the analysis raises important questions concerning the potential of policy and planning to control fisheries.
UV absorption by cerium oxide nanoparticles/epoxy composite thin films
Authors: Dao Ngoc Nhiem , Luu Minh Dai , Nguyen Quang Khuyen , Kim Byung Sun
Published: December 2011

Cerium oxide (CeO
2) nanoparticles have been used to modify properties of an epoxy matrix in order to improve the ultra-violet (UV) absorption property of epoxy thin films. The interdependence of mechanical properties, UV absorption property and the dispersed concentration of CeO
2 nanoparticles was investigated. Results showed that, by increasing the dispersed concentration of CeO
2 nanoparticles up to 3 wt%, tensile modulus increases while two other mechanical properties, namely tensile strength and elongation, decrease. The UV absorption peak and the absorption edges of the studied thin films were observed in the UV-Vis absorption spectra. By incorporating CeO
2 nanoparticles into the epoxy matrix, an absorption peak appears at around 318 nm in UV-Vis spectra with increasing CeO
2 concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that a good dispersion of nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix by an ultrasonic method was achieved.
The structure and magnetic properties of molecule-based magnet nanoparticles K
x
V
y
[Cr(CN)6]
z
.nH2O
Authors: Phung Kim Phu , Le Van Hong , Nguyen Van Minh
Published: December 2011

We have synthesized K

x

V

y
[Cr(CN)6]
z
. n
H
2
O molecule-based magnet nanoparticles belonging to the Prussian blue (PB) family of compounds. The synthesized samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crystal structure was refined from the x-ray powder diffraction profile by the Rietveld method. The samples are cubic, Fm3m space group with lattice parameter a=1.045 nm. The magnetic properties are determined from thermal variation of the magnetization and hysteresis loop. The most interesting result is the successful preparation of K

x

V

y
[Cr(CN)6]
z
. n
H
2
O crystal Prussian blue nanomaterial which had Curie temperature (T

c
) approaching room temperature.
Discrete control of resonant wave energy devices
Authors: Clément A. H. , Babarit A.
Published: December 2011

Aiming at amplifying the energy productive motion of wave energy converters (WECs) in response to irregular sea waves, the strategies of discrete control presented here feature some major advantages over continuous control, which is known to require, for optimal operation, a bidirectional power take-off able to re-inject energy into the WEC system during parts of the oscillation cycles. Three different discrete control strategies are described: latching control, declutching control and the combination of both, which we term latched–operating–declutched control. It is shown that any of these methods can be applied with great benefit, not only to mono-resonant WEC oscillators, but also to bi-resonant and multi-resonant systems. For some of these applications, it is shown how these three discrete control strategies can be optimally defined, either by analytical solution for regular waves, or numerically, by applying the optimal command theory in irregular waves. Applied to a model of a seven degree-of-freedom system (the SEAREV WEC) to estimate its annual production on several production sites, the most efficient of these discrete control strategies was shown to double the energy production, regardless of the resource level of the site, which may be considered as a real breakthrough, rather than a marginal improvement.
Nearshore oscillating wave surge converters and the development of Oyster
Authors: Whittaker Trevor , Folley Matt
Published: December 2011

Oscillating wave surge converters (OWSCs) are a class of wave power technology that exploits the enhanced horizontal fluid particle movement of waves in the nearshore coastal zone with water depths of 10–20 m. OWSCs predominantly oscillate horizontally in surge as opposed to the majority of wave devices, which oscillate vertically in heave and usually are deployed in deeper water. The characteristics of the nearshore wave resource are described along with the hydrodynamics of OWSCs. The variables in the OWSC design space are discussed together with a presentation of some of their effects on capture width, frequency bandwidth response and power take-off characteristics. There are notable differences between the different OWSCs under development worldwide, and these are highlighted. The final section of the paper describes Aquamarine Power's 315 kW Oyster 1 prototype, which was deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre in August 2009. Its place in the OWSC design space is described along with the practical experience gained. This has led to the design of Oyster 2, which was deployed in August 2011. It is concluded that nearshore OWSCs are serious contenders in the mix of wave power technologies. The nearshore wave climate has a narrower directional spread than the offshore, the largest waves are filtered out and the exploitable resource is typically only 10–20% less in 10 m depth compared with 50 m depth. Regarding the devices, a key conclusion is that OWSCs such as Oyster primarily respond in the working frequency range to the horizontal fluid acceleration; Oyster is not a drag device responding to horizontal fluid velocity. The hydrodynamics of Oyster is dominated by inertia with added inertia being a very significant contributor. It is unlikely that individual flap modules will exceed 1 MW in installed capacity owing to wave resource, hydrodynamic and economic constraints. Generating stations will be made up of line arrays of flaps with communal secondary power conversion every 5–10 units.
Wave energy technology in China
Authors: You Yage , Sheng Songwei , Wu Bijun , He Yunqi
Published: December 2011

This paper traces the research stages of China's study of wave energy technology, summarizing the findings and deficiencies of each stage from oscillating water column, through onshore oscillating buoy to floating Duck. It also highlights the major innovations in China's new floating Duck device.
A review of oscillating water columns
Authors: Heath T. V.
Published: December 2011

This paper considers the history of oscillating water column (OWC) systems from whistling buoys to grid-connected power generation systems. The power conversion from the wave resource through to electricity via pneumatic and shaft power is discussed in general terms and with specific reference to Voith Hydro Wavegen's land installed marine energy transformer (LIMPET) plant on the Scottish island of Islay and OWC breakwater systems. A report on the progress of other OWC systems and power take-off units under commercial development is given, and the particular challenges faced by OWC developers reviewed.
Wave energy extraction by coupled resonant absorbers
Authors: Evans D. V. , Porter R.
Published: December 2011

In this article, a range of problems and theories will be introduced that will build towards a new wave energy converter (WEC) concept, with the acronym ‘ROTA’ standing for resonant over-topping absorber. First, classical results for wave power absorption for WECs constrained to operate in a single degree of freedom will be reviewed and the role of resonance in their operation highlighted. Emphasis will then be placed on how the introduction of further resonances can improve power take-off characteristics by extending the range of frequencies over which the efficiency is close to a theoretical maximum. Methods for doing this in different types of WECs will be demonstrated. Coupled resonant absorbers achieve this by connecting a WEC device equipped with its own resonance (determined from a hydrodynamic analysis) to a new system having separate mass/spring/damper characteristics. It is shown that a coupled resonant effect can be realized by inserting a water tank into a WEC, and this idea forms the basis of the ROTA device. In essence, the idea is to exploit the coupling between the natural sloshing frequencies of the water in the internal tank and the natural resonance of a submerged buoyant circular cylinder device that is tethered to the sea floor, allowing a rotary motion about its axis of attachment.
Rubber tubes in the sea
Authors: Farley F. J. M. , Rainey R. C. T. , Chaplin J. R.
Published: December 2011

A long tube with elastic walls containing water is immersed in the sea aligned in the direction of wave travel. The waves generate bulges that propagate at a speed determined by the distensibility of the tube. If the bulge speed is close to the phase velocity of the waves, there is a resonant transfer of energy from the sea wave to the bulge. At the end of the tube, useful energy can be extracted. This paper sets out the theory of bulge tubes in the sea, and describes some experiments on the model scale and practical problems. The potential of a full-scale device is assessed.
Heaving buoys, point absorbers and arrays
Authors: Falnes Johannes , Hals Jørgen
Published: December 2011

Absorption of wave energy may be considered as a phenomenon of interference between incident and radiated waves generated by an oscillating object; a wave-energy converter (WEC) that displaces water. If a WEC is very small in comparison with one wavelength, it is classified as a point absorber (PA); otherwise, as a ‘quasi-point absorber’. The latter may be a dipole-mode radiator, for instance an immersed body oscillating in the surge mode or pitch mode, while a PA is so small that it should preferably be a source-mode radiator, for instance a heaving semi-submerged buoy. The power take-off capacity, the WEC's maximum swept volume and preferably also its full physical volume should be reasonably matched to the wave climate. To discuss this matter, two different upper bounds for absorbed power are applied in a ‘Budal diagram’. It appears that, for a single WEC unit, a power capacity of only about 0.3 MW matches well to a typical offshore wave climate, and the full physical volume has, unfortunately, to be significantly larger than the swept volume, unless phase control is used. An example of a phase-controlled PA is presented. For a sizeable wave-power plant, an array consisting of hundreds, or even thousands, of mass-produced WEC units is required.
Far-field theory of wave power capture by oscillating systems
Authors: Farley F. J. M.
Published: December 2011

A new derivation is given of an equation, relating the capture width of a wave power converter to the polar diagram of the waves generated by the device. The pattern of waves in the lee of the device is calculated in detail.
The conformations of two copper(I) complexes of 1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione and thiosaccharinate
Authors: Dennehy Mariana , Quinzani Oscar V. , Faccio Ricardo , Freire Eleonora , Mombrú Álvaro W.
Published: December 2011

(Acetonitrile-1κN)[μ-1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione-1:2κ2S:S][1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione-2κS]bis(μ-1,1-dioxo-1λ6,2-benzothiazole-3-thiolato)-1:2κ2S3:N;1:2κ2S3:S3-dicopper(I)(Cu—Cu), [Cu2(C7H4NO2S2)2(C7H6N2S)2(CH3CN)] or [Cu2(tsac)2(Sbim)2(CH3CN)] [tsac is thiosaccharinate and Sbim is 1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione], (I), is a new copper(I) compound that consists of a triply bridged dinuclear Cu—Cu unit. In the complex molecule, two tsac anions and one neutral Sbim ligand bind the metals. One anion bridgesviathe endocyclic N and exocyclic S atoms (μ-S:N). The other anion and one of the mercaptobenzimidazole molecules bridge the metals through their exocyclic S atoms (μ-S:S). The second Sbim ligand coordinates in a monodentate fashion (κS) to one Cu atom, while an acetonitrile molecule coordinates to the other Cu atom. The CuI—CuIdistance [2.6286 (6) Å] can be considered a strong `cuprophilic' interaction. In the case of [μ-1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione-1:2κ2S:S]bis[1H-benzimidazole-2(3H)-thione]-1κS;2κS-bis(μ-1,1-dioxo-1λ6,2-benzothiazole-3-thiolato)-1:2κ2S3:N;1:2κ2S3:S3-dicopper(I)(Cu—Cu), [Cu2(C7H4NO2S2)2(C7H6N2S)3] or [Cu2(tsac)2(Sbim)3], (II), the acetonitrile molecule is substituted by an additional Sbim ligand, which binds one Cu atomviathe exocylic S atom. In this case, the CuI—CuIdistance is 2.6068 (11) Å.
On the calculation of the gauge volume size for energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. Erratum
Authors: Rowles Matthew R.
Published: December 2011

An equation in the paper by Rowles [(2011),J. Synchrotron Rad.18, 938–941] is corrected.
Nephelometry determined serum immunoglobulin isotypes in healthy Thai children aged 2–15 years
Authors: Sitcharungsi Raweerat , Ananworanich Jintanat , Vilaiyuk Soamarat , Apornpong Tanakorn , Bunupuradah Torsak , Pornvoranunt Arree , Nouanthong Phonethipsavanh , Phasomsap Chayapa , Khupulsup Kalayanee , Pancharoen Chitsanu , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Shearer William T. , Benjaponpitak Suwat ,   on behalf of the HIV‐NAT 108 Study Group
Published: December 2011

Knowledge of what constitute normal serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations are important for the diagnosis of immunologic disorders. Data on normal Ig evaluated by nephelometry are limited in healthy Asian children, none being available for Thai children. One hundred and forty‐eight healthy Thai children aged 2–15 years were tested for serum immunoglobulins G, A, M, G1, G2, G3, and G4 (Ig G, A, M, G1, G2, G3, and G4) by nephelometry. Sixty‐three percent were girls of median interquartile range age 6.9 (4.8–9.7) years. The geometric means for each Ig were summarized and categorized by age. Statistical analyses were used to compare Igs between sexes and age groups, and to compare IgG in this study with data from other published studies. The average ratios of IgG subclasses/IgG for Ig G1:2:3:4 were 66:22:5:7%. IgG, IgA, IgG2, and IgG3 concentrations showed a gradual increase with increasing age. There were no significant sex differences for any immunoglobulin isotype (P= 0.971). Our mean IgG concentration was lower than that measured by the radial diffusion method in healthy Thai children (P < 0.05). In all age groups, the mean IgG concentration in our study was significantly higher than that reported in Turkish and USA children, evaluated by the nephelometric and radial diffusion techniques, respectively (both P < 0.001). This study provides information about normal Ig concentrations measured by nephelometry in healthy Asian children and illustrates the importance of ascertaining normal Ig values for age‐ and ethnic‐matched controls using the same assay to diagnose immunologic disorders correctly.
The heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, AT13387, displays a long duration of action in vitro and in vivo in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Graham Brent , Curry Jayne , Smyth Tomoko , Fazal Lynsey , Feltell Ruth , Harada Isobel , Coyle Joe , Williams Brian , Reule Matthias , Angove Hayley , Cross David M. , Lyons John , Wallis Nicola G. , Thompson Neil T.
Published: December 2011

A ubiquitously expressed chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is of considerable interest as an oncology target because tumor cells and oncogenic proteins are acutely dependent on its activity. AT13387 (2,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐phenyl)‐[5‐(4‐methyl‐piperazin‐1‐ylmethyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐isoindol‐2‐yl] methanone, l‐lactic acid salt) a novel, high‐affinity HSP90 inhibitor, which is currently being clinically tested, has shown activity against a wide array of tumor cell lines, including lung cancer cell lines. This inhibitor has induced the degradation of specific HSP90 client proteins for up to 7 days in tumor cell lines in vitro. The primary driver of cell growth (mutant epidermal growth factor receptors) was particularly sensitive to HSP90 inhibition. The long duration of client protein knockdown and suppression of phospho‐signaling seen in vitro after treatment with AT13387 was also apparent in vivo, with client proteins and phospho‐signaling suppressed for up to 72 h in xenograft tumors after treatment with a single dose of AT13387. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that while AT13387 was rapidly cleared from blood, its retention in tumor xenografts was markedly extended, and it was efficacious in a range of xenograft models. AT13387's long duration of action enabled, in particular, its efficacious once weekly administration in human lung carcinoma xenografts. The use of longer‐acting HSP90 inhibitors, such as AT13387, on less frequent dosing regimens has the potential to maintain antitumor efficacy as well as minimize systemic exposure and unwanted effects on normal tissues. (Cancer Sci, 2012; 103: 522–527)
Potentially functional genetic variants in KDR gene as prognostic markers in patients with resected colorectal cancer
Authors: Dong Guanglong , Guo Xu , Fu Xiaoying , Wan Shaogui , Zhou Feng , Myers Ronald E. , Bao Guoqiang , Burkart Ashlie , Yang Hushan , Xing Jinliang
Published: December 2011

Angiogenesis plays a key role in the development and treatment response of various tumors. The signaling transductions mediated by the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its receptor KDR (kinase insert domain receptor) is the most important pathway in tumor angiogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VEGF have been extensively implicated in the etiology and treatment outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, no study has been reported evaluating the role of KDR SNPs in CRC prognosis. We herein assessed the association between four potentially functional KDR SNPs and tumor recurrence in a Chinese population with 408 surgically resected CRC patients. The most significant SNP was for rs10013228 located in the KDR gene promoter. Compared with the homozygous wild‐type genotype, the variant‐containing genotypes of this SNP were significantly associated with a reduced recurrence risk with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30–0.95, P = 0.032). Moreover, a borderline significant association was noted for another promoter SNP, rs2071559, with an HR of 0.67 (95% CI 0.42–1.07, P = 0.092). In stratified analysis, the associations of both SNPs were more prominent in patients receiving chemotherapy (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.23–0.94, P = 0.033 for rs10013228 and HR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32–0.95, P = 0.032 for rs2071559). Further analysis revealed a protective effect on patient recurrence by chemotherapy (HR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.32–1.01, P = 0.046), which was more evident in patients with the variant‐containing genotypes of each of the two SNPs (HR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02–0.55, P = 0.009 for rs10013228 and HR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.18–0.86, P = 0.020 for rs2071559). Collectively, our findings suggest SNPs in the KDR gene modulate CRC recurrence, especially in those receiving chemotherapy. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 561–568)
A secreted lipolytic enzyme from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is expressed in planta and contributes to its virulence
Authors: TAMIR‐ARIEL DAFNA , ROSENBERG TALLY , NAVON NAAMA , BURDMAN SAUL
Published: December 2011

A recombinase‐based in vivo expression technology (RIVET) approach with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) revealed that lipA, annotated as putative secreted lipase, is expressed during the interaction between this pathogen and tomato. Here, the tnpR and uidA reporter genes were used to show that lipA is strongly induced in XVM2 minimal medium and during the early stages of tomato infection by Xcv. A mutant strain impaired in lipA was generated by insertional mutagenesis. This mutant grew in a similar manner to the wild‐type in rich medium, but its growth was significantly compromised in a medium containing olive oil as a single carbon source. The lipolytic activity of the extracellular fraction of the lipA mutant was reduced significantly relative to that of the wild‐type strain, thus confirming that lipA indeed encodes a functional secreted enzyme with lipolytic activity. A plasmid carrying a wild‐type copy of lipA complemented the lipA mutant for extracellular lipolytic activity. Dip inoculation experiments with tomato lines Hawaii 7998 (H7998) and Micro Tom showed that the lipA mutant grew to a lesser extent than the wild‐type in tomato leaves. Following leaf syringe infiltrations, the mutant strain induced disease symptoms that were less severe than those induced by the wild‐type strain, supporting a significant role of lipA in the pathogenicity of Xcv.
Short‐term stability of subtypes in the irritable bowel syndrome: prospective evaluation using the Rome III classification
Authors: Engsbro A. L. , Simren M. , Bytzer P.
Published: December 2011

Background  In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subtyping is used in research and clinical practice. Knowledge of subtype stability is needed for proper design of trials and treatment strategies.

Aims  To evaluate the stability of Rome III IBS subtypes over time and to determine the optimal time period for prospective, diary‐based subtyping.

Methods  Rome III IBS patients aged 18–70 years enrolled in two identical, randomised, placebo‐controlled trials of probiotics, were included. No difference was found on stool pattern, thus patients were analysed as one group. Patients scored defaecations according to Bristol Stool Form Scale for 10 weeks. IBS subtypes were determined for all 1‐ and 2‐week periods. Subtype distribution and stool pattern over time were determined. The proportions of patients having the same subtype all weeks (stable patients) or having a predominant subtype (same subtype ≥60% of time) were determined.

Results  A total of 126 patients, mean age 46 ± 15 years, 72% women were included. Subtype distribution was similar over time with IBS with constipation, IBS with diarrhoea and IBS unsubtyped constituting one‐third of the population each. Even though only 18–35% had the same subtype all weeks, the majority of patients had the same subtype for ≥60% of time (82–98%). Sixty‐nine per cent had the same predominant and baseline subtypes. Two‐week data increased the proportion of stable patients, of patients with a predominant subtype, and of patients who had similar baseline and predominant subtype.

Conclusions  Most IBS patients change subtype over time. However, an underlying stool pattern stability was demonstrated in the majority of patients. To increase stability, we recommend 2‐week data for IBS subtyping.