bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravenous antazoline, a first‐generation antihistaminic drug with antiarrhythmic properties, is a suitable agent for pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation induced during pulmonary vein isolation due to the lack of influence on atrio‐venous conduction and high clinical effectiveness (AntaEP Study)
Authors: Farkowski Michal M. , Maciag Aleksander , Kowalik Ilona , Konka Marek , Szwed Hanna , Pytkowski Mariusz
Published: March 2019

Aims

Antazoline is a first‐generation antihistaminic drug used primarily in eye drop formulations. When administered intravenously, antazoline displays antiarrhythmic properties resulting in a rapid conversion of recent‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm (SR).

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of antazoline on atrio‐venous conduction and other electrophysiological parameters in patients undergoing AF ablation.

Methods

An experimental prospective study. Patients scheduled for the first‐time AF ablation, in SR and not on amiodarone were enrolled. Atrio‐venous conduction assessment and invasive electrophysiological study (EPS) were performed before and after intravenous administration of 250 mg of antazoline. In case of AF induction during EPS, antazoline was administered until conversion to SR or a cumulative dose of 300 mg.

Results

We enrolled 14 patients: 13 (93%) men, mean age 63.4 (59.9–66.8) years, mean CHA2DS2‐VASc score 1.6 (1.0–2.2). Antazoline was administered in a mean dose 257.1 (246.7–267.6) mg. Pulmonary vein potentials and atrial capture during pulmonary vein stimulation were present before and after the administration of antazoline. Wenckebach point and atrial conduction times did not change significantly, but atrio‐ventricular node effective refractory period improved—324.7 (275.9–373.5) ms vs 284.3 (256.2–312.4) ms, P = 0.02. Antazoline was effective in all 5 (100%) cases of AF induction during EPS. There were no serious adverse events.

Conclusion

Due to the lack of influence on atrio‐venous conduction and high clinical effectiveness, antazoline may be suitable for pharmacological cardioversion of AF occurring during AF ablation.
Laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery influenced pharmacokinetics of several drugs given as a cocktail with the highest impact observed for CYP1A2, CYP2C8 and CYP2E1 substrates
Authors: Puris Elena , Pasanen Markku , Ranta Veli‐Pekka , Gynther Mikko , Petsalo Aleksanteri , Käkelä Pirjo , Männistö Ville , Pihlajamäki Jussi
Published: March 2019

There is a lack of information about the changes in drug pharmacokinetics and cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism after bariatric surgery. Here, we investigated the effects of laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) surgery on pharmacokinetics of nine drugs given simultaneously which may reveal changes in the activities of the main CYPs. Eight obese subjects undergoing LRYGB received an oral cocktail containing nine drugs, substrates of various CYPs: melatonin (CYP1A2), nicotine (CYP2A6), bupropion (CYP2B6), repaglinide (CYP2C8), losartan (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19/CYP3A4), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) and midazolam (CYP3A). The 6‐hours pharmacokinetic profiles in serum and urine of each drug or corresponding metabolite as well as their metabolic ratios were compared before surgery with those at a median 1 year later. LRYGB exerted variable effects on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs. The geometric mean AUC0‐6 (90% confidence interval) of melatonin, bupropion, repaglinide, chlorzoxazone and midazolam after LRYGB was 27 (19%‐41%), 54 (43%‐67%), 44 (29%‐66%), 160 (129%‐197%) and 74 (62%‐90%) of the pre‐surgery values, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of losartan, omeprazole and dextromethorphan did not change in response to surgery. Nicotine was not detected in serum, while geometric mean of AUC0‐6 of its metabolite, cotinine, increased by 1.7 times after surgery. There were 3.6‐ and 1.3‐fold increases in the AUC ratios of 6‐hydroxymelatonin/melatonin and hydroxybupropion/bupropion, respectively. The cocktail revealed multiple pharmacokinetic changes occurring after LRYGB with the greatest effects observed for CYP1A2, CYP2C8 and CYP2E1 substrates. Future studies should be focused on CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8 and CYP2B6 to clarify the changes in activities of these enzymes after LRYGB.
Professional ecologies shaping technology adoption in early childhood education with multilingual children
Authors: Davis Niki , Harris Leona , Cunningham Una
Published: March 2019

Strategic deployment of the digital world in educational ecosystems inhabited by multilingual children (4–6 years old), their teachers and their families is evolving in some communities. This study reveals the “actors” and communities that mediate the extent and the nature of engagement with new media in contexts of early childhood education, including evidence of partnership with teachers. Teachers and parents were found to be the “keystone species,” with the teacher the most influential mediator for young multilingual children. Empirical research into the interacting learning ecologies of young children in six early childhood centres and five associated schools is based on interviews with teachers and families plus photographs of the linguistic landscapes in these physical and digital ecosystems. Fragmented multiple perspectives on the education of young children and technology adoption are brought together with Davis’ Arena Framework of change with digital technologies in education. One early childhood education centre is mapped in a global arena to expose the co‐evolution of education with technology that occurs in all levels, local through global. This clarifies the need for co‐construction of policy and practice in these ecosystems so that that emergent bilinguals can have a better start in the digital world.
Educational technology research trends in Turkey from a critical perspective: An analysis of postgraduate theses
Authors: Kara Aydemir Ayse Gul , Can Gulfidan
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study is to explore the research trends in the context of postgraduate programmes in the field of Educational Technology (ET) in Turkey between 1996 and 2016, and to uncover the possible factors that influence these trends from the perspective of ET faculty members. This study was informed by critical theory and employed the critical inquiry method. In the first phase, content analysis technique was used in order to explore trends in research methods and topics in theses completed in ET postgraduate programmes in Turkey. In the second phase, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 11 faculty members regarding the possible influential factors. The findings of the content analysis indicated that ET research was dominated by quantitative research designs in the examined theses. Critical methods were overlooked and social, cultural, and political issues were largely silenced. The findings of the interviews showed that the factors that have been influential on ET research trends were the social impact of the research, personal interests and skills, disciplinary and departmental culture, and feasibility concerns. This study presents implications for better ET research by addressing blind spots of the field and providing suggestions for ET postgraduate students, ET scholars, policymakers and practitioners in a global context and other developing countries since the resulting trends in Turkey were found similar to international trends in the field.
Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that maintain normal haemostasis
Authors: O'Donnell James S. , O'Sullivan Jamie M. , Preston Roger J. S.
Published: March 2019

Blood clot formation to stem bleeding from an injured blood vessel arises from a complex series of cellular and biochemical events, which, when dysregulated, predispose to an increased risk of thrombosis or bleeding. Similarly, haemostatic regulation of clot growth and size is exquisitely controlled by a series of anticoagulant ‘checkpoints', that exert their inhibitory activity at distinct stages in the steps leading to clot formation. Although the major plasma protein constituents required for haemostasis have now been largely elucidated and the molecular events that lead to clot formation are well understood, defining a fuller appreciation of the importance, location and regulation of each haemostatic process remains a fertile area of ongoing research. In this review article, we first provide an overview of the original ‘waterfall' or ‘cascade' hypothesis of blood coagulation as it was defined in the 1960s. We subsequently discuss how this original model has been refined over time to incorporate accumulating data that has enabled a more nuanced consideration of the role of specific proteins, receptors and lipids in dictating the spatial and temporal development of a blood clot.
Adoptive donor immunity protects against resolved hepatitis B virus reactivation after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the world's largest retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Jia‐Hau , Liao Xiu‐Wen , Chen Chien‐Hung , Yao Ming , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Chien‐Ting , Tsai Cheng‐Hong , Chou Wen‐Chien , Hou Hsin‐An , Huang Shang‐Yi , Wu Shang‐Ju , Chen Yao‐Chang , Tien Hwei‐Fang , Tang Jih‐Luh , Ko Bor‐Sheng
Published: March 2019

Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by reverse seroconversion (HBV‐RS) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) can occur in patients with resolved HBV infection (rHBV, defined as negative HBV surface antigen [HBsAg] and positive HBV core antibody), and may cause fatal hepatitis. To explore the risk factors, we retrospectively identified 817 consecutive patients who underwent allo‐HSCT from 2005 to 2016 in this largest single centre cohort from National Taiwan Univerisity Hospital. Transplants using donors or recipients positive for HBsAg or HBV DNA were excluded, leaving 445 rHBV patients for analysis. The 3‐ and 5‐year cumulative incidence of HBV‐RS after allo‐HSCT was 8·7% and 10·5%, respectively, at a median 16 months after allo‐HSCT. All had concurrent HBV reactivation. HBV flares developed in 19% of HBV‐RS cases, but none experienced hepatic failure. Neither did it impact non‐relapse mortality or overall survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with donor lacking hepatitis B surface antibody and extensive chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) have the highest risk for HBV‐RS, with 5‐year incidence of 24·2%. In conclusion, adoptive immunity transfer from the donor seems to have protective effects against HBV‐RS, which may alter future donor selection algorithms, and combined with extensive cGVHD provides a good target for risk‐adaptive HBV prophylaxis.
Does other‐affirmation increase self‐directed exposure to and persuasiveness of a threatening anti‐alcohol message?
Authors: Brown Stephen L. , Chen Xiaoying , Coakley Robin G. , Hlabangana Nobukhosi , Oakley Esme , Trenholme Sophie
Published: March 2019

Objective

Self‐affirmation of personal values can reduce defensive responses to threatening health promotion messages, probably because it induces a positive and expansive view of the self. However, coping with threat is also an interpersonal process. We developed other‐affirmation inductions that focus on values held by others. Two studies examined the effects of common affirmation inductions modified for other‐affirmation: affirmation of a specific value (kindness) and affirmation of a personally chosen value.

Design

Randomized and controlled three‐group (self‐, other‐, or no‐affirmation conditions) single‐factor design. Outcomes were time spent in self‐directed viewing the message and self‐reported outcomes that included intentions to reduce drinking, evaluations of the message, and risk perceptions.

Methods

Students were randomized to self‐, other, or no‐affirmation conditions and asked to read a threatening anti‐alcohol message.

Results

Self‐ and other‐affirmation increased message viewing time in Study 1. In both studies, other‐affirmation increased self‐reported outcomes, and study 1 showed this effect to be more prominent in females. In Study 1, the effects of self‐ and other‐affirmation on message exposure were greater in participants with defensive coping styles, and other‐affirmation effects were mediated by more positive views of others and their values. This mediation was independent of self‐affirmation.

Conclusion

Other‐affirmation increased self‐reported outcomes and, in Study 1, reduced defensiveness to and improved viewing times to an anti‐alcohol message. Other‐affirmation could be useful, because it may be suited to particular subpopulations, such as females, and can be easily incorporated into mass‐reach health communications.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Self‐affirmation of personally important values can reduce defensive responding to threatening health communications.

Self‐affirmation effects have been shown to be mediated by feelings of connectedness.

What does this study add?

Affirmation of personally important values in others can improve effects of a health communication.

Other‐affirmation effects may be greater in those with defensive coping styles.

Other‐affirmation was mediated by enhanced perceptions of others and their values.
Using multidimensional item response theory to evaluate how response styles impact measurement
Authors: Adams Daniel J. , Bolt Daniel M. , Deng Sien , Smith Stevens S. , Baker Timothy B.
Published: March 2019

Multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models for response style (e.g., Bolt, Lu, & Kim, 2014, Psychological Methods, 19, 528; Falk & Cai, 2016, Psychological Methods, 21, 328) provide flexibility in accommodating various response styles, but often present difficulty in isolating the effects of response style(s) from the intended substantive trait(s). In the presence of such measurement limitations, we consider several ways in which MIRT models are nevertheless useful in lending insight into how response styles may interfere with measurement for a given test instrument. Such a study can also inform whether alternative design considerations (e.g., anchoring vignettes, self‐report items of heterogeneous content) that seek to control for response style effects may be helpful. We illustrate several aspects of an MIRT approach using real and simulated analyses.
Molecular modeling of salsolinol, a full Gi protein agonist of the μ‐opioid receptor, within the receptor binding site
Authors: Berríos‐Cárcamo Pablo , Rivera‐Meza Mario , Herrera‐Marschitz Mario , Zapata‐Torres Gerald
Published: March 2019

(R/S)‐Salsolinol is a full agonist of the μ‐opioid receptor (μOR) Gi protein pathway via its (S)‐enantiomer and is functionally selective as it does not promote β‐arrestin recruitment. Compared to (S)‐salsolinol, the (R)‐enantiomer is a less potent agonist of the Gi protein pathway. We have now studied the interactions of the salsolinol enantiomers docked in the binding pocket of the μOR to determine the molecular interactions that promote enantiomeric specificity and functional selectivity of (R/S)‐salsolinol. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that (S)‐salsolinol interacted with 8 of the 11 residues of the μOR binding site, enough to stabilize the molecule. (R)‐Salsolinol showed higher mobility with fewer prevalent bonds. Hence, the methyl group bound to the (S)‐stereogenic center promoted more favorable interactions in the μOR binding site than in the (R)‐orientation. Because (S)‐salsolinol is a small molecule (179.2 Da), it did not interact with residues implicated in the binding of larger morphinan agonists that are located toward the extracellular portion of the binding pocket: W3187.35, I3227.39, and Y3267.43. Our results suggest that contact with residues which (S)‐salsolinol interacts with are enough to elicit Gi protein activation, and possibly define a minimum set required by μOR ligands to promote activation of the Gi protein pathway.
Autosomal recessive limb‐girdle and Miyoshi muscular dystrophies in the Netherlands: The clinical and molecular spectrum of 244 patients
Authors: ten Dam Leroy , Frankhuizen Wendy S. , Linssen Wim H.J.P. , Straathof Chiara S. , Niks Erik H. , Faber Karin , Fock Annemarie , Kuks Jan B. , Brusse Esther , de Coo René , Voermans Nicol , Verrips Aad , Hoogendijk Jessica E. , van der Pol Ludo , Westra Dineke , de Visser Marianne , van der Kooi Anneke J. , Ginjaar Ieke
Published: March 2019

In this retrospective study, we conducted a clinico‐genetic analysis of patients with autosomal recessive limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) and Miyoshi muscular dystrophy (MMD). Patients were identified at the tertiary referral centre for DNA diagnosis in the Netherlands and included if they carried two mutations in CAPN3, DYSF, SGCG, SGCA, SGCB, SGCD, TRIM32, FKRP or ANO5 gene. DNA was screened by direct sequencing and multiplex ligand‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. A total of 244 patients was identified; 68 LGMDR1/LGMD2A patients with CAPN3 mutations (28%), 67 sarcoglycanopathy patients (LGMDR3‐5/LGMD2C‐E) (27%), 64 LGMDR12/LGMD2L and MMD3 patients with ANO5 mutations (26%), 25 LGMDR2/LGMD2B and MMD1 with DYSF mutations (10%), 21 LGMDR9/LGMD2I with FKRP mutations (9%) and one LGMDR8/LGMD2H patient with TRIM32 mutations (<1%). The estimated minimum prevalence of AR‐LGMD and MMD in the Netherlands amounted to 14.4 × 10−6. Thirty‐three novel mutations were identified. A wide range in age of onset (0‐72 years) and loss of ambulation (5‐74 years) was found. Fifteen patients (6%) initially presented with asymptomatic hyperCKemia. Cardiac abnormalities were found in 35 patients (17%). Non‐invasive ventilation was started in 34 patients (14%). Both cardiac and respiratory involvement occurs across all subtypes, stressing the need for screening in all included subtypes.
Primär kutanes diffus‐großzelliges B‐Zell‐Lymphom, NOS oder leg type: klinische, morphologische und prognostische Unterschiede
Authors: Felcht Moritz , Klemke Claus‐Detlev , Nicolay Jan Peter , Weiss Christel , Assaf Chalid , Wobser Marion , Schlaak Max , Hillen Uwe , Moritz Rose , Tantcheva‐Poor Iliana , Nashan Dorothee , Beyer Marc , Dippel Edgar , Müller Cornelia Sigrid Lissi , Sachse Michael Max , Meiss Frank , Géraud Cyrill , Marx Alexander , Goerdt Sergij , Geissinger Eva , Kempf Werner
Published: March 2019

Hintergrund und Ziele

Das primär kutane diffus‐großzellige B‐Zell‐Lymphom, NOS (PCLBCL/NOS) ist ein seltenes PCLBCL. Über diesen Tumor liegen nur wenige Daten vor. Ziel dieser Studie war es, klinische und/oder immunhistochemische Marker (neben Bcl‐2) zu identifizieren, die das PCLBCL/NOS charakterisieren und helfen es vom PCLBCL/leg type (PCLBCL/LT) zu unterscheiden. Dabei sollten auch der klinische Verlauf und die Prognose des PCLBCL/NOS näher untersucht werden.

Patienten und Methoden

Fälle von Bcl‐2– PCLBCL/NOS (n = 14) wurden mit Bcl‐2+ PCLBCL/LT‐Fällen (n = 29) verglichen.

Ergebnisse

PCLBCL/NOS‐Patienten waren jünger, vorwiegend männlich und wiesen eine bessere Überlebensrate auf als Patienten mit PCLBCL/LT. Patienten mit PCLBCL/NOS stellten sich häufiger mit größeren Plaques vor, die auf eine oder zwei zusammenhängende Körperregionen beschränkt waren, während sich PCLBCL/LT‐Patienten oft mit disseminierten Hautläsionen präsentierten. PCLBCL/LT Tumorzellen wiesen eine höhere Proliferationsrate (Ki67) auf. Das Tumormikromilieu von PCLBCL/NOS Tumoren war charakterisiert durch ein höheres CD3+ Infiltrat. Daten zum Überleben konnten für 37 Patienten eruiert werden. Die Analysen der Gesamtüberlebensraten ergaben, dass weibliches Geschlecht und Bcl‐2‐Expression mit einer ungünstigeren Überlebensrate korrelierten. Bcl‐6‐Expression und zentroblastischer Subtyp korrelierten mit einem besseren Überleben. Keiner der sonstigen untersuchten Marker (z. B. GCB‐/Non‐GCB‐Subtyp) korrelierte mit der Überlebensrate.

Schlussfolgerungen

PCLBCL/NOS und PCLBCL/LT unterscheiden sich in ihrem klinischen Verlauf und ihrer Prognose. Bcl‐2 scheint immer noch der beste Marker zur Unterscheidung zwischen diesen beiden Subgruppen zu sein. Bcl‐2, weibliches Geschlecht und Bcl‐6 sind prognostische Marker für PCLBCL.
Motivations to quit smoking and challenges faced during cessation among individuals with first episode psychosis in Singapore
Authors: Sagayadevan Vathsala , Abdin Edimansyah , Shahwan Shazana , Satghare Pratika , Devi Fiona , Cetty Laxman , Sendren Jagan R. , Verma Swapna K. , Chong Siow Ann , Subramaniam Mythily
Published: March 2019

Aims

The prevalence of smoking has been noted to be higher among individuals with mental illness, particularly among those with schizophrenia and related psychosis than in the general population. The present paper sought to examine the motivations and challenges to quit smoking among first episode psychosis patients (N = 281) enrolled in the Early Psychosis Intervention Programme (EPIP) in Singapore.

Methods

Questionnaires were used to collect details on an individual's smoking status, cessation attempts, motivations to quit, and challenges to stop smoking. Using baseline data, multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the socio‐demographic correlates of motivations and challenges of smoking cessation behaviour.

Results

Of the study sample, 59.4% reported to have never smoked while 39.9% were currently smoking or had attempted smoking. Health reasons and cost were the most highly endorsed motivations to stop smoking; whereas cravings, stress, and boredom were highly endorsed as challenges to stop smoking. Socio‐demographic factors such as age, educational level, and marital status were also found to be associated with the motivations to stop smoking and challenges faced during smoking cessation.

Conclusions

The present study highlights the most highly endorsed motivations and challenges reported among individuals with first episode psychosis (FEP) in an Asian population. Given that the literature examining motivations and challenges to quit smoking has predominantly focused on the general population, results from the current study have implications for the formulation of smoking cessation programmes targeted at individuals with mental illness, particularly those with FEP.
Designing easy access to care for first‐episode psychosis in complex organizations
Authors: Romm Kristin L. , Gardsjord Erlend S. , Gjermundsen Kristine , Aguirre Ulloa Manuela , Berentzen Lars‐Christian , Melle Ingrid
Published: March 2019

Aims

Developing early intervention services (EIS) in healthcare organizations (HCOs) is difficult because it is necessary to integrate service approaches across units. To accommodate the needs of patients and relatives, Oslo University Hospital (OUH) chose to use service design (SD) to redesign their first‐episode services with an emphasis on easy access to care. This paper discusses the results and how SD can help to overcome known barriers to change in complex organizations.

Method

SD is a method that relies on principles of participation, innovation and visualization to develop coherent services. The method emphasizes the exploration of a problem area from the perspective of multiple stakeholders to create a shared understanding of the complexity. Idea generation, visualization and early modelling of possible solutions are employed to test alternatives involving stakeholders.

Results

A low threshold EIS was developed. A helpline with a specialist managing the phone was established. High‐quality assessment regarding possible psychosis development was thus made available to patients, relatives and professionals, eliminating the need for paper referral. This approach was supported by a communication strategy that includes web‐based information. A dedicated cross‐specialist team was established to increase collaboration in complex cases. Finally, outreach services were improved.

Conclusion

SD is a suitable method to incorporate the views of different stakeholders (patients, relatives and professionals) to develop EIS services in complex organizations and can help overcome known barriers to change in HCOs.
Substance‐Induced Psychosis: Clinical‐Racial Subjectivities and Capital in Diagnostic Apartheid
Authors: Hansen Helena
Published: March 2019

This article examines the ways in which psychiatrists differentially deploy schizophrenia and addiction diagnoses among white, privately insured patients in comparison with black and Latino patients in a public psychiatric unit. Drawing on critical race theory and the anthropology of moral agency, the article tracks the ways in which the overlapping and competing diagnostic frames of schizophrenia and addiction are structured by, and structure, the personhood and political position of those who are subjected to them. It ends by identifying and tracking these logics of diagnosis and treatment, and their racially stratifying influence, in recent calls for integration of mental health with physical health care. Enhancing the agency of people who are subject to psychiatric diagnoses, and dampening the racializing and segregating impulse of diagnoses, ultimately requires clinical rejection of codified “evidence‐based medicine” in favor of spaces that serve, following Cheryl Mattingly, as moral laboratories for creating social selves.
STAT3 signalling pathway is implicated in keloid pathogenesis by preliminary transcriptome and open chromatin analyses
Authors: Lee Yun‐Shain , Liang Ya‐Chen , Wu Ping , Kulber David A. , Tanabe Kylie , Chuong Cheng‐Ming , Widelitz Randall , Tuan Tai‐Lan
Published: March 2019

Keloids are wounding‐induced fibroproliferative human tumor‐like skin scars of complex genetic makeup and poorly defined pathogenesis. To reveal dynamic epigenetic and transcriptome changes of keloid fibroblasts, we performed RNA‐seq and ATAC‐seq analysis on an early passage keloid fibroblast cell strain and its paired normal control fibroblasts. This keloid strain produced keloid‐like scars in a plasma clot‐based skin equivalent humanized keloid animal model. RNA‐seq analysis reveals gene ontology terms including hepatic fibrosis, Wnt‐β‐catenin, TGF‐β, regulation of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), STAT3 and adherens junction. ATAC‐seq analysis suggests STAT3 signalling is the most significantly enriched gene ontology term in keloid fibroblasts, followed by Wnt signalling (Wnt5) and regulation of the EMT pathway. Immunohistochemistry confirms that STAT3 (Tyr705 phospho‐STAT3) is activated and β‐catenin is up‐regulated in the dermis of keloid clinical specimens and keloid skin equivalent implants from the humanized mouse model. A non‐linear dose‐response of cucurbitacin I, a selective JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, in collagen type I expression of keloid‐derived plasma clot‐based skin equivalents implicates a likely role of STAT3 signalling in keloid pathogenesis. This work also demonstrates the utility of the recently established humanized keloid mouse model in exploring the mechanism of keloid formation.
Big data solar power forecasting based on deep learning and multiple data sources
Authors: Torres José F. , Troncoso Alicia , Koprinska Irena , Wang Zheng , Martínez‐Álvarez Francisco
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we consider the task of predicting the electricity power generated by photovoltaic solar systems for the next day at half‐hourly intervals. We introduce DL, a deep learning approach based on feed‐forward neural networks for big data time series, which decomposes the forecasting problem into several sub‐problems. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation using 2 years of Australian solar data, evaluating accuracy and training time, and comparing the performance of DL with two other advanced methods based on neural networks and pattern sequence similarity. We investigate the use of multiple data sources (solar power and weather data for the previous days, and weather forecast for the next day) and also study the effect of different historical window sizes. The results show that DL produces competitive accuracy results and scales well, and is thus a highly suitable method for big data environments.
A systematic review on deep learning architectures and applications
Authors: Khamparia Aditya , Singh Karan Mehtab
Published: March 2019

The amount of digital data in the universe is growing at an exponential rate, doubling every 2 years, and changing how we live in the world. The information storage capacity and data requirement crossed the zettabytes. With this level of bombardment of data on machine learning techniques, it becomes very difficult to carry out parallel computations. Deep learning is broadening its scope and gaining more popularity in natural language processing, feature extraction and visualization, and almost in every machine learning trend. The purpose of this study is to provide a brief review of deep learning architectures and their working. Research papers and proceedings of conferences from various authentic resources (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Wiley, Nature, and Elsevier) are studied and analyzed. Different architectures and their effectiveness to solve domain specific problems are evaluated. Various limitations and open problems of current architectures are discussed to provide better insights to help researchers and student to resume their research on these issues. One hundred one articles were reviewed for this meta‐analysis of deep learning. From this analysis, it is concluded that advanced deep learning architectures are combinations of few conventional architectures. For example, deep belief network and convolutional neural network are used to build convolutional deep belief network, which has higher capabilities than the parent architectures. These combined architectures are more robust to explore the problem space and thus can be the answer to build a general‐purpose architecture.
Headache Triggers as Surprise
Authors: Turner Dana P. , Lebowitz Adriana D. , Chtay Ivana , Houle Timothy T.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To examine the hypothesis that surprising experiences of headache triggers are associated with daily headache activity.

Background

Little is known about the specific environmental or behavioral interactions that might trigger a headache attack in a prone individual. We propose that headache trigger exposures can be usefully characterized, not only by their mechanisms of action, but also on the degree of “surprise” they present to the individual. This hypothesis is based on elements of information theory: that unusual events and experiences carry more information than common events and experiences and that headache attacks are associated with reactions to uncommon or unexpected biopsychosocial exposures.

Methods

A secondary analysis of the Headache Prediction Study, this prospective cohort study followed N = 95 individuals with episodic migraine who contributed 4195 days of diary data. Information was collected on daily levels of several common headache triggers: number of caffeinated beverages, number of alcoholic beverages, stress (Daily Stress Inventory), and mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States). The probability of observing variations in each trigger was used to estimate the “surprisal” of experiencing each trigger, and this information, measured in bits, was used to predict headache attacks.

Results

Participants experienced a headache attack on 1613 of 4195 days (38.5%). Each of the triggers was modestly related to the probability of experiencing a future headache in a complex manner that involved interactions between current headache status, current levels of the trigger, and lagged (previous) levels of the trigger. However, when expressed as a surprisal, the associations were simplified and strengthened. For example, each of the individual trigger surprisals exhibited a meaningful association with the development of a future headache attack (expressed as a 1 SD change in surprisal), with odds ratios ranging from a low of 1.11 (95%CI: 1.00 to 1.24) for alcohol to a high of 1.30 (95%CI: 1.14 to 1.46) for stress. The individual surprisals could be summed for total trigger surprise and exhibited a reliable association with new onset headache, OR 1.35 (95%CI: 1.17 to 1.49). This score exhibited superior discrimination between headache and non‐headache days from all of the individual triggers (ignoring base rate, AUC: 0.61; AUC: 0.71 with base rate).

Conclusions

Diverse headache triggers can be uniformly described using their probability distributions. Rare values of headache triggers, or surprising values, were found to have consistent associations with headache activity across a variety of triggers. This finding, if validated in external data using other triggers, has potential to be used to conceptualize the influence of a wide range of headache triggers.
The Morisco question: Methodology and historiography
Authors: Kimmel Seth
Published: March 2019

The first half of this essay offers an introduction to the history of the Moriscos, from their forced conversion from Islam to Christianity in the early 16th century to their expulsion from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon in the early 17th century. The Morisco period begins a decade after the fall of Nasrid Granada in 1492, which brought the centuries‐long history of al‐Andalus to a close, but which did not, however, mark the definitive end to Iberian Islam. Although some Moriscos came to embrace Christianity, a significant portion of the Morisco community found ways privately to maintain aspects of their Muslim identity even while publicly participating in the life of the Church. This was a state of affairs that aroused the interest of the Spanish Inquisition, as well as a host of other civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The second half of this essay focuses on recent scholarship that draws connections between this community of peninsular New Christians and broader debates in both the early and late modern periods about interreligious relations, religion and governance, and the mass movement of peoples across political borders.
Involving libraries in improving health literacy to achieve Sustainable Development Goal‐3 in developing economies: a literature review
Authors: Popoola Biliamin O.
Published: March 2019

Background

The Goal 3 (SDG‐3) of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) incorporates 13 targets that cut across pressing health concerns globally. Health literacy has however been linked to achieving good health in the society, and its improvement in developing economies could aid the achievement of SDG‐3.

Objective

The review focused on identifying actions that can be implemented by libraries to enhance health literacy and access to information among health care practitioners and consumers to support the achievement of SDG‐3 in developing countries, especially Nigeria.

Method

A literature search was conducted on reputable academic databases, namely sciencedirect, doaj, google scholar, pubmed and jstor. Similar keyword combinations were used to obtain articles, with filters set to search the keywords in article titles or abstract. Relevant criteria were used to screen the literature.

Results

Results from the literature searching were grouped under six themes that emerged from the literature. The value of libraries in health care was discussed, and suggestions were made for implementation in libraries.

Conclusion

It was concluded that libraries in developing economies have to take actions to improve users’ health literacy in order to become prominent stakeholders in the process of achieving SDG‐3.
Regulatory T‐cells promote pulmonary repair by modulating T helper cell immune responses in lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Tan Wen , Zhang Chaoji , Liu Jianzhou , Miao Qi
Published: March 2019

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induces a strong local infiltration of regulatory T‐cells (Tregs) in the lungs. However, at present, there remains a lack of adequate evidence showing the direct effect of Tregs on pulmonary repair and the related mechanisms ofARDS. Therefore, in this project, we studied the impact of Tregs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐inducedARDSand pulmonary inflammation. Surprisingly, we found that depletion of Tregs by injection ofPC61 anti‐CD25 antibody not only interfered with the inflammation resolution, such as inhibited total cell infiltration into the alveolar space, downregulated neutrophils, upregulated macrophages, but also impaired pulmonary epithelium and endothelial cell proliferation. Consistent with the attenuation of pulmonary repair, we found that the Th1 and Th17 immune responses were also impaired in Treg‐depleted mice, suggesting that the presence of Tregs is vital for tissue repair, as Tregs modulate and promote the Th immune response inLPS‐induced pulmonary inflammation.
Nonlinear exchange‐rate pass‐through in emerging markets
Authors: Caselli Francesca G. , Roitman Agustin
Published: March 2019

This paper documents nonlinearities and asymmetries in the transmission of exchange rate fluctuations to prices in a panel of 27 emerging markets for the period 1990–2013. Using local projection techniques, we find evidence of asymmetry in the extent of exchange‐rate pass‐through during episodes of appreciation relative to episodes of depreciation. We then test for the presence of a threshold that can lead to nonlinearities when the exchange rate experiences a large depreciation. The findings suggest that the pass‐through becomes nonlinear when the exchange rate depreciates by more than 24%. We also find that, in line with the literature, the adoption of inflation targeting reduces the degree of exchange‐rate pass‐through. These results are robust to various econometric specifications that account for the presence of outliers and potential endogeneity concerns.
Commentary: Building the developmental foundations of developmental computational psychiatry: reflections on Hauser et al. (2019)
Authors: Kabotyanski Katherine E. , Mayer Michael D. , Prater Fahey Mahalia , Somerville Leah H.
Published: March 2019

There is a growing interest in applying the conceptual and analytical frameworks of computational psychiatry to developmental populations. This is motivated by appreciation that psychiatric illness needs to be understood from a neurodevelopmental perspective. The target article by Hauser and colleagues highlights progress in applying the computational psychiatry perspectives to identifying the developmental mechanisms of mental illness. We share the enthusiasm and optimism for this venture, while recognizing the substantial theoretical and pragmatic challenges associated with applying computational frameworks to developing populations. In this commentary, we highlight the ways that taking a developmental perspective in this arena stretches beyond merely identifying age differences in a computational parameter of interest. These include the need for experimental and computational frameworks to recognize that developmental changes can be quantitative or qualitative in nature, the need to consider developmental stage beyond age groupings or even numerical age, and the need for large quantities of data to model age‐related changes in a reproducible manner. In doing so, we hope to stimulate progress in uncovering the mechanisms of psychiatric illness in a way that is developmentally informed.
Commentary: Paediatric post‐traumatic stress disorder from a neurodevelopmental network perspective: reflections on Weems et al. (2019)
Authors: Herringa Ryan
Published: March 2019

Paediatric post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incredibly heterogeneous and syndromic disorder that likely has a myriad of underlying neurobiological mechanisms at play. The disorder is even more complicated in youth, given that the expression of illness interacts with ongoing developmental processes. In their review in this issue, Weems and colleagues call for broader network‐based approaches for studying the development and expression of PTSD in youth. In this commentary, I highlight some of the important knowledge gaps raised by Weems et al. and propose ways in which future studies may leverage network‐based approaches for eventual translation into clinical care. Key concepts include the use of network‐based approaches for understanding the emergence and maintenance of PTSD symptom architecture over development, identification of resilient and vulnerable patterns of symptom and brain network architecture following trauma, and consideration of how divergence between biological (e.g. brain) and chronological may inform our understanding of resilient and vulnerable patterns over development. Importantly, advancing and translating this work to clinical care will require larger, prospective studies assessing youth as early in development as possible, and integrating information across multiple research groups and sites.
Laser therapy for onychomycosis in patients with diabetes at risk for foot ulcers: a randomized, quadruple‐blind, sham‐controlled trial (LASER‐1)
Authors: Nijenhuis‐Rosien L. , Kleefstra N. , van Dijk P.R. , Wolfhagen M.J.H.M. , Groenier K.H. , Bilo H.J.G. , Landman G.W.D.
Published: March 2019

Background

Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for onychomycosis, which is related to the development of foot ulcers.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the treatment of onychomycosis with local laser therapy.

Methods

In a single‐centre, randomized (1:1), quadruple‐blind, sham‐controlled trial, patients and microbiological confirmation with diabetes mellitus, at risk for developing diabetic foot ulcers (Sims classification score 1, 2) and a clinical suspicion on onychomycosis, were randomized to either four sessions neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd‐YAG) 1064 nm laser or sham treatment. The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure of onychomycosis after 1‐year follow‐up.

Results

From March 2015 to July 2016, 64 patients were randomized; 63 could be analysed. Trichophyton rubrum was the most detected pathogen. There was no difference in the primary outcome between laser and sham treatment. With the exception of a subungual haematoma in the fifth toenail occurring 2 weeks after laser treatment, the results suggested that treatment with Nd‐YAG 1064 nm laser is safe.

Conclusion

At this moment, there is no evidence of any effect of laser treatment for onychomycosis in patients with diabetes at increased risk for foot ulcers, at least not within 1 year after treatment.
Development of a simple and rapid reverse transcription–loopmediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay for sensitive detection of tilapia lake virus
Authors: Yin Jiyuan , Wang Qing , Wang Yingying , Li Yingying , Zeng Weiwei , Wu Jiexing , Ren Yan , Tang Yafang , Gao Caixia , Hu Huzi , Bergmann Sven M.
Published: March 2019

Recently, substantial mortality of farmed and wild tilapia caused by tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection has been observed worldwide. However, sensitive and reliable diagnostic method is limited. A reverse transcription–loopmediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay has been applied for the detection of TiLV nucleotide sequence. Six primers targeting two locations on the target gene based on a highly conserved sequence in the segment 1 (S1) region of the TiLV genome have been designed. The optimized RT‐LAMP reaction was maintained at the isothermal condition of 63°C for 45 min. And the amplifications could be verified by turbidity or a colour change with the addition of SYBR Green I. Subsequently, RT‐LAMP products could be observed by a ladder pattern following gel electrophoresis. The species‐specific assay showed that the method was sensitive enough to detect as low as 1.6 copies of viral particle, and the assay was highly specific because no cross‐reactivity was observed with other pathogens, and had a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% when TiLV‐positive samples and non‐target virus were tested. In summary, all the results demonstrate that this RT‐LAMP is a rapid, effective and sensitive method for TiLV detection in tilapia aquaculture.
Indications for a vertical transmission pathway of piscine myocarditis virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Bang Jensen Britt , Nylund Stian , Svendsen Julie Christine , Ski Paul‐Martin R. , Takle Harald
Published: March 2019

Losses due to cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) keep increasing in salmon‐producing countries in the North‐Atlantic. Recently, Piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) has been detected in post‐smolts shortly after sea‐transfer, indicating a possible carry‐over from the hatcheries. In addition, there are reports of prevalences of PMCV as high as 70%–90% in certain groups of broodfish, and a recent outbreak of CMS in the Faroe Islands has been linked to the importation of eggs from a CMS‐endemic area. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether PMCV can be transmitted vertically from infected broodstock to their progeny. In the present study, samples from eggs, larvae, fingerlings and presmolt originating from PMCV‐positive broodstock from two commercial Atlantic salmon producers were tested for PMCV. The prevalence of PMCV in the broodstock was 98% in the hearts, 69% in the roe and 59% in the milt. Piscine myocarditis virus was detected in all stages of the progeny until and including the 40 g stage. Piscine myocarditis virus was also detected in presmolt sampled for tissue tropism. This provides farmers with several options for minimizing the risk of transfer of PMCV from broodstock to progeny, including screening of broodstock and aiming to use only those that are negative for PMCV or have low levels of virus.
Both neural and global androgen receptor overexpression affect sexual dimorphism in the mouse brain
Authors: Ramzan Firyal , Phung Thanh , Swift‐Gallant Ashlyn , Coome Lindsay A. , Holmes Melissa M. , Monks D. Ashley
Published: March 2019

Testosterone is the main endocrine mechanism mediating sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain, although testosterone signalling is complex and important mechanistic questions remain. Notably, the extent to which testosterone acts via androgen receptors (AR) in this process remains unknown and it is also not clear where testosterone acts in the body to produce sexual dimorphisms in neuroanatomy. To address these questions, we used a transgenic mouse model of Cre/loxP‐driven AR overexpression in which AR was induced selectively in neural tissue (Nestin‐cre) or in all tissues (CMV‐cre). We then studied sexually dimorphic features of several well‐characterised sexual dimorphisms: calbindin‐immunoreactive neurones in the medial preoptic area (CALB‐SDN), tyrosine hydroxylase neurones in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, and vasopressin‐immunoreactive neurones originating in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and their projections in the lateral septum. We additionally evaluated oestrogen receptor α immunoreactivity in these nuclei. Briefly, we found that global but not neural overexpression of AR resulted in masculinisation of CALB‐SDN nucleus volume, cell number and cell size in transgenic females. Furthermore, neural AR overexpression resulted in increased oestrogen receptor α staining in females compared to males in the medial preoptic area. AR overexpression did not affect other measures. Overall, the results of the present study provide support for the hypothesis that androgenic mechanisms external to the nervous system can affect sexual differentiation of the brain.