bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Out-of-plane transient thermal conductivity measurements for bulk semiconducting conjugated polymers using fast scanning calorimetry
Authors: Zhao Haoyu , Prine Nathaniel , Ma Guorong , Zhang Yongcao , Haque Md Azimul , Baran Derya , Gu Xiaodan
Published: December 2022

The thermal conductivity for CP was enhanced with 5 wt% dopants but impaired with more than 20 wt% dopants. The enhanced thermal conductivity was attributed to higher rDOC and stronger π–π interactions due to small amount of active dopants.
Fluorosulfonamide-type electrolyte additives for long-life K-ion batteries
Authors: Gossage Zachary T. , Hosaka Tomooki , Matsuyama Tatsuo , Tatara Ryoichi , Komaba Shinichi
Published: December 2022

Fluorosulfonamide additives improve the capacity retention of graphite toward high performance potassium ion batteries. Such additives produce unique SEIs with different compositions, stability, and charge transfer properties.
Transition metal dichalcogenide micromotors with programmable photophoretic swarming motion
Authors: de la Asunción-Nadal Víctor , Rojas Daniel , Jurado-Sánchez Beatriz , Escarpa Alberto
Published: December 2022

Herein we report the light-triggered photophoretic motion of WS2 micromotors.
Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on Ni3N nanosheets as bifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation/evolution reactions
Authors: Liang Ziheng , Liu Huibing , Huang Shiqing , Xing Minghui , Li Zhenyang , Wang Shitao , Yang Liu , Cao Dapeng
Published: December 2022

We have synthesized a Ru/Ni3N–NF catalyst with Ru nanoparticles dispersed in Ni3N nanosheets. Ru/Ni3N–NF exhibits outstanding bifunctional properties for HOR and HER, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of Ru and Ni3N.
Self-healing cyclic peptide hydrogels
Authors: Bayón-Fernández Alfonso , Méndez-Ardoy Alejandro , Alvarez-Lorenzo Carmen , Granja Juan R. , Montenegro Javier
Published: December 2022

The structural design principles of cyclic peptides-based hydrogels are introduced. The resulting soft materials exhibited self-healing capabilities.
Solute diffusion and partitioning in multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels
Authors: Richbourg Nathan R. , Peppas Nicholas A.
Published: December 2022

Increasing the number of chains that converge at network junctions in a swollen polymer network decreases solute diffusivity within the network.
A two-terminal binary HfO2 resistance switching random access memory for an artificial synaptic device
Authors: Chen Xiaozhang , Lv You , Tian Zhaobo , Yang Jingxi , Zhu Yuan , Su Longxing
Published: December 2022

We reported a HfO2 RRAM using an innovative tablet method by pressing the HfO2 nanocrystals into a circle-shaped ceramic wafer under high pressure.
Additive-associated antisolvent engineering of perovskite films for highly stable and efficient p–i–n perovskite solar cells
Authors: Su Rui , Yang Xudong , Ji Wenxi , Zhang Taoyi , Zhang Longgui , Wang Ailian , Jiang Zhixuan , Chen Qiaoyun , Zhou Yi , Song Bo
Published: December 2022

A facile additive-associated antisolvent engineering (AAE) method slows down the nucleation to acquire high-quality perovskite films.
Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery
Authors: May Lauren T. , Bartolo Belinda A. , Harrison David G. , Guzik Tomasz , Drummond Grant R. , Figtree Gemma A. , Ritchie Rebecca H. , Rye Kerry-Anne , de Haan Judy B.
Published: December 2022

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
Blind recognition of sparse parity‐check matrices of low‐density parity‐check codes in the presence of noise
Authors: Ding Yong , Huang Zhiping , Zhou Jing
Published: December 2022

This paper studies the blind recognition method of the sparse parity‐check matrices of low‐density parity‐check codes in noncooperative communication, which is critical to the reverse analysis of communication protocols using LDPC codes. In this paper, two improvements are made to the algorithm of Liu Qian et al. (2021) for this problem. Firstly, a Gaussian elimination method based on random column exchange and soft information is proposed to enhance the fault tolerance of the elimination process. Secondly, according to the sparse property of the parity‐check matrices of LDPC codes, a random extraction method is proposed to further improve the fault tolerance of the algorithm, and it is verified theoretically. Finally, simulations verify the superior performance of the algorithm proposed in this paper.
A low‐cost and high‐performance self‐trigger method for high‐voltage transient measurement
Authors: Liu Hao , Ma Guoming , Qin Weiqi , Wang Wei , Du Houxian , Wang Lei , Zhai Shicong , Zeng Fuping , Han Weixing
Published: December 2022

Stable triggering of acquisition devices is critical to accurately measure electromagnetic transients, especially for very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs). A highly stable and low‐cos t self‐trigger method for transient measurement is proposed. An integrated low‐voltage arm module was developed to synchronously realise the triggering and VFTO measurement. The trigger branch was developed using a high‐pass filter. This component obtained the high‐frequency component of the VFTO to trigger the oscilloscope. The trigger branch was integrated with the measurement branch through an impedance converter. An attenuator was implemented before the impedance converter to avoid overvoltage damage to the chip. The circuit parameters of the attenuator were optimised to alleviate the disturbance of the measurement branch. The calibration results demonstrated that the ±1 dB bandwidth of the measurement branch in this system ranged from 11.8 Hz to 105 MHz. The low cutoff frequency of the trigger branch was 710 Hz. The VFTO waveforms generated by the operation of a disconnector in a real 252 kV gas insulated switchgear were measured using the proposed system. The test results verified that the self‐trigger measurement system can provide stable trigger signals and accurately measure the VFTO waveforms.
Steady‐state performance analysis for optimal operation determination of doubly fed induction motors
Authors: Pourmirzaei Deylami Fazel , Darabi Ahmad
Published: December 2022

Doubly fed induction machines (DFIMs) are less commonly used as motors in the industry. DFIMs are more commonly designed as doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) and used as variable speed generators in wind turbines. In this paper, a large‐scale DFIM is studied in steady‐state operation. In this study, using the steady‐state models and equivalent circuits, a comprehensive analysis of the DFIM performance in motor operation mode is performed. Using the simulation results, the behaviour of the motor in all three synchronous, super‐synchronous, and sub‐synchronous modes is analyzed and evaluated in detail. Adjusting and controlling the rotor voltage in DFIMs is very essential. Therefore, a simple method for optimally adjusting the amplitude and angle of the rotor voltage in steady state is proposed for three different optimization scenarios that maximize output power, efficiency, and power factor, respectively. The results show that by properly determining the rotor voltage, the DFIM can perform optimally in a wide range of speed variations.
Characterization of model and real catalysts by APXPS
Authors: Pérez-Dieste Virginia
Published: December 2022

In this contribution, I first briefly summarize some of the recent advances relevant for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysis with Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS). In the second part, two examples of the research done at the CIRCE beamline of the synchrotron ALBA are described: CO oxidation on a model curved crystal Pd(111) catalyst and methanol steam reforming on powder bimetallic supported catalysts, PdCu/ monoclinic and cubic zirconia.
Both Hypoxia and Hypobaria Impair Baroreflex Sensitivity but through
Different Mechanisms
Authors: Bourdillon Nicolas , Aebi Mathias Rolland , Kayser Bengt , Bron Denis , Millet Gregoire P
Published: December 2022

Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is a measure of cardiovagal baroreflex and is lower
in normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia compared to normobaric normoxia. The aim of
this study was to assess the effects of hypobaria on BRS in normoxia and
hypoxia. Continuous blood pressure and ventilation were recorded in eighteen
seated participants in normobaric normoxia (NNx), hypobaric normoxia (HNx),
normobaric hypoxia (NHx) and hypobaric hypoxia (HHx). Barometric pressure was
matched between NNx vs. NHx (723±4 mmHg) and HNx vs. HHx
(406±4 vs. 403±5 mmHg). Inspired oxygen pressure
(PiO2) was matched between NNx vs. HNx (141.2±0.8 vs.
141.5±1.5 mmHg) and NHx vs. HHx (75.7±0.4 vs.
74.3±1.0 mmHg). BRS was assessed using the sequence method. BRS
significantly decreased in HNx, NHx and HHx compared to NNx. Heart rate, mean
systolic and diastolic blood pressures did not differ between conditions. There
was the specific effect of hypobaria on BRS in normoxia (BRS was lower in HNx
than in NNx). The hypoxic and hypobaric effects do not add to each other
resulting in comparable BRS decreases in HNx, NHx and HHx. BRS decrease under
low barometric pressure requires future studies independently controlling
O2 and CO2 to identify central and peripheral
chemoreceptors’ roles.
Langzeitevaluation der Implementierung des Safewards-Modells
– Ergebnisse einer Follow-Up-Erhebung unter Patient*innen und
Mitarbeitenden der Akutpsychiatrie
Authors: Al-Wandi Mohammed S. I. , Baumgardt Johanna , Jäckel Dorothea , Helber-Böhlen Heike , Voigt Andre , Mc Cutcheon Ann-Kathrin , Schöppe Enrico , Lecca Edwin Emilio Velasquez , Löhr Michael , Schulz Michael , Weinmann Stefan , Bechdolf Andreas
Published: December 2022

Ziel Langzeitevaluation des Safewards-Modells (SM) in der
Akutpsychiatrie.

Methode Erhebung von Stationsklima, Arbeitszufriedenheit,
freiheitseinschränkenden Maßnahmen und Umsetzung auf 2 Stationen
direkt vor sowie 15 Monate nach Implementierung.

Ergebnisse Nach Implementierung war das Stationsklima z.T. signifikant
besser, die Arbeitszufriedenheit nach wie vor überdurchschnittlich, die
Anwendung von FEM z.T. signifikant geringer und die Umsetzung des SM nach wie
vor hoch.

Schlussfolgerungen Positive Veränderungen durch Implementierung des
SM können längerfristig aufrechterhalten werden.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease: Now and Then
Authors: Tscharre Maximilian , Gremmel Thomas
Published: December 2022

Cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized countries. Platelet activation and aggregation at the site of endothelial injury play a key role in the processes ultimately resulting in thrombus formation with vessel occlusion and subsequent end-organ damage. Consequently, antiplatelet therapy has become a mainstay in the pharmacological treatment of CAD. Several drug classes have been developed over the last decades and a broad armamentarium of antiplatelet agents is currently available. This review portrays the evolution of antiplatelet therapy, and provides an overview on previous and current antiplatelet drugs and strategies.
Ciliopathies: Genetic Counseling
Authors: Cuppari Caterina , Salpietro Annamaria , Ceravolo Ida , Iapadre Giulia , Fusco Monica , Sallemi Alessia , Mancuso Alessio , Farello Giovanni , Ceravolo Maria Domenica
Published: December 2022

Joubert syndrome (JS) follows autosomal recessive inheritance, with rare X-linked recessive cases. The disease is genetically heterogeneous with neurological features associated with multiorgan involvement (e.g., retinal dystrophy, nephronophthisis, hepatic fibrosis, and polydactyly). The incidence of JS and related disorders is between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births. Many causative genes have been identified, all encoding for proteins of the cilium or the centrosome, making the JS part of a group of diseases called “ciliopathies.” The identification of the molecular defect in couples at risk is allowed by prenatal genetic testing, whereas fetal ultrasound and brain neuroimaging are informative in the first and second trimester of pregnancy.
Political and productive capacity characteristics as outward foreign direct investment push factors from BRICS countries
Authors: Elish Eman
Published: December 2022

This paper investigates the primary push factors that constitute home country-specific characteristics of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) and enhance their abilities as emerging market economies to engage in outward foreign direct investments (OFDI). The motivation behind this study was the need to fill the gap in the existing literature on the push factors from BRICS. A panel autoregressive distributed lag model was employed on these countries from 2000 to 2018, followed by an impulse response function analysis using a unique data set from a productive capacity index (PCI) and a derived index obtained from each country’s political risk ranking. A robust relationship was detected between OFDI and all of its short- and long-term push factors. The results reveal the relative strength of the long-term impact of the productive capacity and political stability indices supported by the divergent effect of their shocks on OFDI. This substantial contribution highlights the policy implication of how governments should promote their productive capacity and political stability to sustain a healthy investment environment for firms to expand their investments abroad.
Modeling multiple animal movements through sand
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: December 2022

Displacing solid objects can take on specific configurations when moving in numbers.
Broadband (kHz–GHz) characterization of instabilities in vacuum arc thruster inside a metallic vacuum chamber
Authors: Mazières V. , Yung T. , Herrero L. , Blanchet A. , Laquerbe V. , Pascal O.
Published: December 2022

The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of simultaneously characterizing instabilities in vacuum arc thrusters on a broadband frequency range (kHz–GHz) in situ, meaning in a conventionally used vacuum chamber where vacuum arc thrusters are usually operated. We show in this paper that, despite the reverberant nature of the vacuum metallic chamber, useful information is extracted over a large frequency range from the measurements done with an antenna in this environment. This leads to the first characterization of the self-emission of a vacuum arc thruster in the GHz frequency range.
Evolution of epitaxial BaTiO3 on SrTiO3-buffered Si: Phase field analysis
Authors: Li Wente , Landis Chad M. , Demkov Alexander A.
Published: December 2022

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a promising candidate for electro-optical modulators in Si photonics. The BaTiO3 ferroelectric domain morphology is strongly affected by thermal, electrical, and mechanical conditions and, in turn, profoundly influences the film's optical properties. Because BaTiO3 film growth takes place at a relatively high temperature, upon cooling, the film is subject to complex thermal effects that involve changes in the crystal phase, the emergence of ferroelectricity, and variations in the strain level. We use a phase field model to describe the evolution of the BaTiO3 thin film domain morphology upon cooling from growth to room temperature. We demonstrate that cooling under different cooling scenarios results in different domain morphologies. Our simulations provide a clear temperature–strain map and thermal strategy for controllable BaTiO3 epitaxy on the SrTiO3-buffered Si substrate.
Impact of pedestal density gradient and collisionality on ELM dynamics
Authors: Li Nami , Xu X. Q. , Wang Y. F. , Lin X. , Yan N. , Xu G. S.
Published: December 2022

BOUT++ turbulence simulations are conducted to capture the underlying physics of small ELM characteristics achieved by increasing separatrix density via controlling strike points from vertical to horizontal divertor plates for three EAST discharges. BOUT++ linear simulations show that the most unstable modes change from high-n ideal ballooning modes to intermediate-n peeling–ballooning modes and eventually to peeling–ballooning stable plasmas in the pedestal. Nonlinear simulations show that the fluctuation is saturated at a high level for the lowest separatrix density. The ELM size decreases with increasing separatrix density, until the fraction of this energy lost during the ELM crash becomes less than 1% of the pedestal stored energy, leading to small ELMs. Simulations indicate that small ELMs can be triggered either by the marginally peeling–ballooning instability near the peak pressure gradient position inside the pedestal or by a local instability in the pedestal foot with a larger separatrix density gradient. The pedestal collisionality scan for type-I ELMs with steep pedestal density gradient shows that both linear growth rate and ELM size decrease with increasing collisionality. On the contrary, the pedestal collisionality and pedestal density width scan with a weak pedestal density gradient indicate small ELMs can either be triggered by a high-n ballooning mode or by a low-n peeling mode in a low collisionality region 0.04–0.1. The simulations indicate the weaker the linear unstable modes near marginal stability with small linear growth rate, the lower nonlinearly saturated fluctuation intensity and the smaller turbulence spreading from the linear unstable zone to stable zone in the nonlinear saturation phase, leading to small ELMs.
Tunable thermal transport properties of bilayer GeS with stacking patterns
Authors: Li Wentao , Yang Chenxiu
Published: December 2022

The stacking of 2D layered materials can be an effective tool to modulate low-dimensional electronic structures and transport properties. In this work, using first-principles calculations, the thermal transport properties of a GeS bilayer are systematically investigated by solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. Various stacking configurations for bilayer GeS are introduced, and two dynamically stable structures are confirmed. The results indicate that the thermal transport property of the GeS bilayer can be dramatically suppressed due to a decreased phonon relaxation time, which is dependent on the stacking patterns and interlayer distances. The underlying phonon transport mechanisms and the stacking effects on the lattice thermal conductivity for bilayer GeS are further revealed through a comparative study among monolayer, bilayer, and bulk GeS. In addition, the in-plane anisotropy of the thermal transport properties is also enhanced for the GeS bilayer, which is also found to be dependent on the stacking pattern. The significantly suppressed thermal conductivity for the GeS bilayer evaluated in this work implies great potential for 2D multilayer-based thermoelectric devices and applications.
Spin-electron-acoustic waves and solitons in high-density degenerate relativistic plasmas
Authors: Andreev Pavel A.
Published: December 2022

Spin-electron-acoustic waves (sometimes called spin-plasmons) can be found in degenerate electron gases if spin-up electrons and spin-down electrons move relatively each other. Here, we suggest relativistic hydrodynamics with separate spin evolution, which allows us to study linear and nonlinear spin-electron-acoustic waves, including the spin-electron-acoustic solitons. The presented hydrodynamic model is the corresponding generalization of the relativistic hydrodynamic model with the average reverse gamma factor evolution, which consists of equations for evolution of the following functions: the partial concentrations (for spin-up electrons and spin-down electrons), the partial velocity fields, the partial average reverse relativistic gamma factors, and the partial flux of the reverse relativistic gamma factors. We find that the relativistic effects decrease the phase velocity of spin-electron-acoustic waves. Numerical analysis of the changes of dispersion curves of the Langmuir wave, spin-electron-acoustic wave, and ion-acoustic wave under the change of the spin polarization of electrons is presented. It is demonstrated that dispersion curves of the Langmuir wave and spin-electron-acoustic wave get closer to each other in the relativistic limit. Spin dependence of the amplitude and width of the relativistic spin-electron-acoustic soliton is demonstrated as well. Reformation of the bright soliton of potential of the electric field into the dark soliton under the influence of the relativistic effects is found.
Efficient chip-based optical parametric oscillators from 590 to 1150 nm
Authors: Stone Jordan R. , Lu Xiyuan , Moille Gregory , Srinivasan Kartik
Published: December 2022

Optical parametric oscillators are widely used to generate coherent light at frequencies not accessible by conventional laser gain. However, chip-based parametric oscillators operating in the visible spectrum have suffered from pump-to-signal conversion efficiencies typically less than 0.1%. Here, we demonstrate efficient optical parametric oscillators based on silicon nitride photonics that address frequencies between 260 (1150 nm) and 510 THz (590 nm). Pumping silicon nitride microrings near 385 THz (780 nm) yields monochromatic signal and idler waves with unprecedented output powers in this wavelength range. We estimate on-chip output powers (separately for the signal and idler) between 1 and 5 mW and conversion efficiencies reaching ≈15%. Underlying this improved performance is our development of pulley waveguides for broadband near-critical coupling, which exploits a fundamental connection between the waveguide-resonator coupling rate and conversion efficiency. Finally, we find that mode competition reduces conversion efficiency at high pump powers, thereby constraining the maximum realizable output power. Our work proves that optical parametric oscillators built with integrated photonics can produce useful amounts of visible laser light with high efficiency.
“Ladetes”—A novel device to test deformation behaviors of hydrate-bearing sediments
Authors: Li Yanlong , Chen Mingtao , Guang Shixiong , Zhang Yajuan , Dong Lin , Hu Gaowei , Wu Nengyou
Published: December 2022

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) exploitation is severely restricted by geotechnical problems. Deformation behaviors of the hydrate-bearing strata (HBS) control the occurrence and evolution of geotechnical problems during extracting natural gas from HBS. In this paper, a novel approach named Ladetes is introduced to evaluate the lateral deformation behaviors of the near-wellbore and fracture-filling regions of the HBS. The pressuremeter test and the flat dilatometer test are designed to simulate the inner boundaries of an NGH-producing well and an artificial stimulation fracture for the first time. The device can realize the in situ hydrate formation prior to the experiment and axial loading application throughout the experiment. Both the strain control mode and the stress control mode can be achieved to estimate the deformation characteristics of HBS under different downhole conditions. Prime experiments proved their adaptability and reliability. The Ladetes provides an effective and alternative way of obtaining geotechnical parameters for HBS.
Sign reversal of both spontaneous and conventional exchange bias in nanoparticles of Y2FeCrO6 double perovskite
Authors: Patra K Pushpanjali , Ravi S.
Published: December 2022

Single-phase nanoparticles sample of Y2FeCrO6 double perovskite with an average particle size of 67 nm was prepared and its structural and magnetic behavior is reported. Magnetization vs temperature (M–T) study revealed that the Neel temperature, TN is 327 K, which is greater than the previous finding [Maiti et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46, 415303 (2013)]. Super-exchange interactions in Cr3+–O–Cr3+ and Fe3+–O–Fe3+ networks are responsible for AFM transition. Magnetization reversal (MR) with a high compensation temperature Tcomp = 192 K and sign reversal in both spontaneous and conventional exchange bias fields are observed. In addition, a spin reorientation is observed at TSR ∼ 30 K. At 5 K, a zero-field cooled spontaneous exchange bias (SEB) field of 265 Oe is observed. At the same temperature, after field cooling the sample at 0.5 T, the maximum value of the exchange bias field (CEB) is found to be 2.1 kOe. The SEB shows a sign reversal across TSR, and the CEB reverses its sign across Tcomp. The observed thermal hysteresis of magnetization indicates a first-order phase transition. The loop width of magnetic hysteresis as a function of magnetization exhibits a double peak confirming the multiple magnetic phase behavior. Bipolar switching of magnetization has been demonstrated at 50 K. The competition between single-ion anisotropy and Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction is responsible for the above behaviors.
A fate of nonlinear evolution of drift waves: Excitation of nonlinear breathers
Authors: Kosuga Y. , Inagaki S. , Kawachi Y.
Published: December 2022

We present the evidence that drift waves can develop into nonlinear breathers. The theoretical analysis predicts that drift waves with secondary flow can excite the nonlinear breather through modulational instability. It is found that the simultaneous modulation of both amplitude and phase is a relevant feature of breather excitation. These features are used to elucidate the excitation of drift breather in a linear plasma experiment. The drift breathers are found to be excited frequently and intermittently. The transient increase in the transport flux is also demonstrated. We argue that there exists a critical condition on the wave amplitude for breather excitation.
Fast and sensitive terahertz detection with a current-driven epitaxial-graphene asymmetric dual-grating-gate field-effect transistor structure
Authors: Tamura Koichi , Tang Chao , Ogiura Daichi , Suwa Kento , Fukidome Hirokazu , Takida Yuma , Minamide Hiroaki , Suemitsu Tetsuya , Otsuji Taiichi , Satou Akira
Published: December 2022

We designed and fabricated an epitaxial-graphene-channel field-effect transistor (EG-FET) featuring an asymmetric dual-grating-gate (ADGG) structure working as a current-driven terahertz detector and experimentally demonstrated a 10 ps-order fast response time and a high responsivity of 0.3 mA/W to 0.95 Terahertz (THz) radiation incidence at room temperature. The ADGG and drain–source bias dependencies of the measured photoresponse showed a clear transition between plasmonic detection under periodic electron density modulation conditions with depleted regions and photothermoelectric (PTE) detection under entirely highly doped conditions without depleted regions. We identified the PTE detection that we observed as a new type of unipolar mechanism in which only electrons or holes contribute to rectifying THz radiation under current-driven conditions. These two detection mechanisms coexisted over a certain wide transcendent range of the applied bias voltages. The temporal photoresponses of the plasmonic and PTE detections were clearly shown to be comparably fast on the order of 10 ps, whereas the maximal photoresponsivity of the PTE detection was almost twice as high as that of the plasmonic detection under applied bias conditions. These results suggest that the ADGG-EG-FET THz detector will be promising for use in 6G- and 7G-class high-speed wireless communication systems.
Numerical analysis for suppression of charge growth using nested grooves in rectangular waveguides
Authors: Brown M. , Milestone W. , Joshi R. P.
Published: December 2022

Multipactor mitigation is of relevance to microwave applications, and external magnetic fields, surface modifications, and materials engineering have previously been utilized for this purpose. In this contribution, geometric modifications made to rectangular waveguide surfaces in the form of nested grooves are investigated for the suppression of multipactor growth. A time-dependent kinetic scheme is used to simulate electron dynamics that folds in electron trapping at the nested groove structures, with inclusion of the electric field perturbations arising from the presence of various grooved geometries. The charge growth in the system is modeled based on an empirical approach that includes both energy and angular dependencies of secondary electron emission from all the different surfaces. A varying number of grooves, their widths, and their placement (either one sided or dual-sided) within the rectangular waveguide structure are included for a more complete analysis. The results demonstrate that nested grooves can lead to reductions in charge growth by over a factor of 280 when compared with a simple waveguide over the same time period. Furthermore, wider nested grooves are shown to have an advantage, with multiple aligned grooves across two parallel surfaces being especially useful at high external fields. Determining optimal combinations for an arbitrary field, operating frequency, and physical dimensions would require further work.
Extensive characterization of Marshak waves observed at the LIL laser facility
Authors: Courtois C. , Gisbert R. , Breton O. , Darbon S. , Fariaut J. , Henry O. , Raffestin D. , Reverdin C. , Soullie G. , Villette B.
Published: December 2022

We detail results of an experiment performed at the Ligne d'Intégration Laser facility aimed at studying supersonic and diffusive radiation front propagation in low-density SiO2 aerogel (20 and 40 mg/cm3) enclosed in a gold tube, driven by thermal emission from a laser-heated spherical gold cavity. The evolution of the front is studied continuously by measuring its self-emission with a 1D (one-dimensional) time-resolved soft x-ray imager. Measurement is performed along (through a 200-μm-wide observation slit) and at the exit of the tube giving access to the dynamics and the curvature of the front. Experimental results are then compared successfully to results from the 3D (three-dimensional) radiation hydrodynamics code TROLL, which shows that if continuous tracking of the front position is accessible with this experimental scheme, measurement of its maximum radiation temperature is on the contrary affected by radiation closure of the observation slit. 3D simulations also indicate that this effect can even be worsened if one includes pointing errors of the x-ray imager. Radiation temperature along the tube was then inferred by combining results from the imager to a wall shock breakout time measurement using a velocity interferometer system for any reflector and results from a broadband x-ray spectrometer used to determine the temperature at the exit of the tube. A decrease in the radiation temperature along the tube is observed, the decrease being more important for the higher SiO2 aerogel density.
Disentangling electronic and thermal contributions to light-induced resistance switching in BaTiO3 ferroelectric tunnel junction
Authors: Long Xiao , Tan Huan , Sánchez Florencio , Fina Ignasi , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: December 2022

In the presence of asymmetric potential barriers, such as those created by imprint fields, ferroelectric polarization can be reversed by light due to the photoinduced suppression of polarization. Both thermal effects and photocarrier-induced polarization screening may agree with this experimental observation, challenging its understanding. Here, we explore light-induced ferroelectric polarization switching in BaTiO3 thin films. Time-dependent photocurrent and photoresistance experiments at different wavelengths indicate that the optical switch of polarization is mainly driven by photocarriers rather than thermal effects. The effect of light on sample polarization is found to be relatively slow and that an illumination period as long as ≈100 s is required to achieve complete switching when using a 405 nm light wavelength and 1.4 W/cm2 power density. It is shown that this response is governed by the concentration of photo-generated charges, which is low due to the reduced light absorption of BaTiO3 films at the explored wavelengths. Our conclusions can help us to better design optically switching devices based on ferroelectric materials.
Ultra-long Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer based on distortion compensating pulse and hybrid lumped–distributed amplification
Authors: Sun Xizi , Yang Zhisheng , Hong Xiaobin , Jin Simeng , Luo Jie , Soto Marcelo A. , Wu Jian
Published: December 2022

A Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) scheme based on hybrid amplification, consisting of a distributed Raman amplification and a lumped amplification, provided by remotely pumped Erbium-doped fibers, is proposed and thoroughly studied, enabling longest sensing distance among existing repeaterless techniques. First, the criteria for optimizing the optical powers entering the sensing fiber are defined. Then, the walk-off effect in the forward distributed Raman amplification and associated self-phase modulation are pointed out and analyzed to describe the BOTDA pulse distortion and its impact on the balanced detection used for relative intensity noise mitigation. A compensating pulse approach is proposed to mitigate signal distortion, guaranteeing the safe use of balanced detection in an ultra-long BOTDA sensor. The combination of all approaches mentioned above is validated in two types of fiber loop configurations, with 150 and 200 km real remoteness, both constituting record-high sensing performance in each case.
Large magnetostriction of heavy-metal-element doped Fe-based alloys
Authors: Yang Zhencheng , Yao Mengli , Pan Jing , Huang Longkun , Li Min , Wang Hui
Published: December 2022

Using density functional theory calculation and rigid band model, we investigate the electronic structure and magnetostrictive properties of transition heavy-metal doped Fe-based (Fe–Al, Fe–Si, Fe–B, and Fe–Be) alloys. It is found that a small amount of addition of 4d/5d heavy-metal atoms greatly enhances the coefficient of tetragonal magnetostriction of Fe-based alloys, reaching up to about 1000 ppm in Fe87.5Al6.25Pt6.25 and Fe75Al18.75Rh6.25 alloys. The underlying mechanism is mainly ascribed to combined factors of band narrowing induced by non-bonded states in pure Fe layer, strong spin–orbit coupling effect by heavy metals, and improved mechanical properties, through analysis of the electronic density of states near Fermi level and k-mesh resolved magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy in momentum space. These results provide useful guidance for optimizing the magnetostrictive performance of Fe-based alloys for practical application.
Gas puff imaging on the TCV tokamak
Authors: Offeddu N. , Wüthrich C. , Han W. , Theiler C. , Golfinopoulos T. , Terry J. L. , Marmar E. , Galperti C. , Andrebe Y. , Duval B. P. , Bertizzolo R. , Clement A. , Février O. , Elaian H. , Gönczy D. , Landis J. D. ,   TCV Team
Published: December 2022

We present the design and operation of a suite of Gas Puff Imaging (GPI) diagnostic systems installed on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) for the study of turbulence in the plasma edge and Scrape-Off-Layer (SOL). These systems provide the unique ability to simultaneously collect poloidal 2D images of plasma dynamics at the outboard midplane, around the X-point, in both the High-Field Side (HFS) and Low-Field Side (LFS) SOL, and in the divertor region. We describe and characterize an innovative control system for deuterium and helium gas injection, which is becoming the default standard for the other gas injections at TCV. Extensive pre-design studies and the different detection systems are presented, including an array of avalanche photodiodes and a high-speed CMOS camera. First results with spatial and time resolutions of up to ≈2 mm and 0.5 µs, respectively, are described, and future upgrades of the GPI diagnostics for TCV are discussed.
Electrokinetic, electrochemical, and electrostatic surface potentials of the pristine water liquid–vapor interface
Authors: Becker Maximilian R. , Loche Philip , Netz Roland R.
Published: December 2022

Although conceptually simple, the air–water interface displays rich behavior and is subject to intense experimental and theoretical investigations. Different definitions of the electrostatic surface potential as well as different calculation methods, each relevant for distinct experimental scenarios, lead to widely varying potential magnitudes and sometimes even different signs. Based on quantum-chemical density-functional-theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations, different surface potentials are evaluated and compared to force-field (FF) MD simulations. As well explained in the literature, the laterally averaged electrostatic surface potential, accessible to electron holography, is dominated by the trace of the water molecular quadrupole moment, and using DFT-MD amounts to +4.35 V inside the water phase, very different from results obtained with FF water models which yield negative values of the order of −0.4 to −0.6 V. Thus, when predicting potentials within water molecules, as relevant for photoelectron spectroscopy and non-linear interface-specific spectroscopy, DFT simulations should be used. The electrochemical surface potential, relevant for ion transfer reactions and ion surface adsorption, is much smaller, less than 200 mV in magnitude, and depends specifically on the ion radius. Charge transfer between interfacial water molecules leads to a sizable surface potential as well. However, when probing electrokinetics by explicitly applying a lateral electric field in DFT-MD simulations, the electrokinetic ζ-potential turns out to be negligible, in agreement with predictions using continuous hydrodynamic models. Thus, interfacial polarization charges from intermolecular charge transfer do not lead to significant electrokinetic mobility at the pristine vapor–liquid water interface, even assuming these transfer charges are mobile in an external electric field.
Non-linear etch process of MF particles embedded in an rf plasma with oxygen admixture
Authors: Wohlfahrt Sören , Wirtz Cassedyn , Block Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Commonly used melamine formaldehyde micro-particles exposed to an rf discharge are known to be etched by a plasma as soon as an admixture of oxygen is present. By means of in situ high precision size measurements, the plasma–surface interaction is investigated. A comparison of experimental data, advanced Mie-scattering techniques, and a reaction rate model allows, for the first time, to quantitatively describe the etch process.
Unidirectional transmission of surface water waves based on evanescent wave modes
Authors: Wang Lin-Ge , Gao Yue , Liu Ting , Su Yu , Fan Ya-Xian , Tao Zhi-Yong
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the unidirectional transmission of surface water waves is experimentally observed by connecting the mode-selective channel and the spatial symmetry-breaking channel. The proposed mode-selective channel contains a symmetry structure but only allows the propagation of anti-symmetric modes in a specific frequency band, while the antisymmetric modes can be excited in the channel with spatial symmetry-breaking. Therefore, the surface water waves can only propagate through the channel when the fundamental plane wave mode is excited at the entrance of the spatial symmetry-breaking channel, but not vice versa. The results of theoretical and numerical analyses indicate that the evanescent wave mode caused by non-Bragg resonances is responsible for the emergence of the antisymmetric mode transmission. The non-Bragg evanescent wave mode, generated by the resonance between the fundamental and higher-order modes, widens the unidirectional transmission band of surface water waves. Limited by the small structure, the experimental observed unidirectional transmission has a wave extinction ratio of 20.49 dB. The simulations closer to the ocean situation show that the bandwidth can reach 0.18 Hz, and the extinction ratio is 46.09 dB. The realization of surface water wave transmission not only enriches our knowledge on ubiquitous wave phenomenon, but also benefits applications in ocean engineering, such as coastal protection, ocean wave control, green energy collection, and reef maintenance.
Emulsion imaging of a DNA nanostar condensate phase diagram reveals valence and electrostatic effects
Authors: Conrad Nathaniel , Chang Grace , Fygenson Deborah K. , Saleh Omar A.
Published: December 2022

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in macromolecular solutions (e.g., coacervation) is relevant both to technology and to the process of mesoscale structure formation in cells. The LLPS process is characterized by a phase diagram, i.e., binodal lines in the temperature/concentration plane, which must be quantified to predict the system’s behavior. Experimentally, this can be difficult due to complications in handling the dense macromolecular phase. Here, we develop a method for accurately quantifying the phase diagram without direct handling: We confine the sample within micron-scale, water-in-oil emulsion droplets and then use precision fluorescent imaging to measure the volume fraction of the condensate within the droplet. We find that this volume fraction grows linearly with macromolecule concentration; thus, by applying the lever rule, we can directly extract the dense and dilute binodal concentrations. We use this approach to study a model LLPS system of self-assembled, fixed-valence DNA particles termed nanostars (NSs). We find that temperature/concentration phase diagrams of NSs display, with certain exceptions, a larger co-existence regime upon increasing salt or valence, in line with expectations. Aspects of the measured phase behavior validate recent predictions that account for the role of valence in modulating the connectivity of the condensed phase. Generally, our results on NS phase diagrams give fundamental insight into limited-valence phase separation, while the method we have developed will likely be useful in the study of other LLPS systems.
A new mechanism of the interfacial water film dominating low ice friction
Authors: Zhao Yang , Wu Yang , Bao Luyao , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: December 2022

It is generally accepted that ice is slippery due to an interfacial water film wetting the ice surface. Despite the current progress in research, the mechanism of low ice friction is not clear, and especially little is known about the behavior of this surface water film under shear and how the sheared interfacial water film influences ice friction. In our work, we investigated the ordering and diffusion coefficient of the interfacial water film and the friction of ice sliding on an atomically smooth solid substrate at the atomic level using molecular dynamics simulations. There are two layers of water molecules at the ice-solid interface that exhibit properties very different from bulk ice. The ice-adjacent water layer is ice-like, and the solid-adjacent water layer is liquid-like. This liquid-like layer behaves in the manner of “confined water,” with high viscosity while maintaining fluidity, leading to the slipperiness of the ice. Furthermore, we found that the interfacial water exhibits shear thinning behavior, which connects the structure of the interfacial water film to the coefficient of friction of the ice surface. We propose a new ice friction mechanism based on shear thinning that is applicable to this interfacial water film structure.
Parametrized quantum-mechanical approaches combined with the fragment molecular orbital method
Authors: Fedorov Dmitri G.
Published: December 2022

Fast parameterized methods such as density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) facilitate realistic calculations of large molecular systems, which can be accelerated by the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. Fragmentation facilitates interaction analyses between functional parts of molecular systems. In addition to DFTB, other parameterized methods combined with FMO are also described. Applications of FMO methods to biochemical and inorganic systems are reviewed.
Inside Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Reeves-McLaren Nik
Published: December 2022

Inside Energy Storage Materials: Diffraction and Spectroscopic Methods for Battery Research is an up-to-date and comprehensive introduction to the best practices for in situ and operando x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments. It focuses on key information to make the field of batteries and materials science accessible to newcomers. The book is designed to help its readers avoid the long periods of trial and error they typically face when entering this area of research.

This useful handbook:Offers practical guidance on the details of software tools and experimental design techniquesCombines diffraction and battery materials in one textProvides an updated discussion of x-ray and neutron powder diffraction methods and analytical toolsContains an updated literature review of the latest developments in the energy storage materials field

Inside Energy Storage Materials: Diffraction and Spectroscopic Methods for Battery Research is ideal for postgraduate, academic, and industrial researchers working in energy storage materials and R&D teams in the battery industry.
Harnessing stress-tolerant wild bananas for crop improvement
Authors: Panwar Ruby , Chaudhry Bharti , Kumar Deepak , Prakash Geeta , Khan Mohd Kamran , Pandey Anamika , Hamurcu Mehmet , Rustagi Anjana
Published: December 2022

Climate change impacts crop production through the imposition of different abiotic and biotic stresses, and by altering the prevalence of pests and diseases. The wild relatives of crop plants exhibit enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses due to reduced severity of selection of agriculturally important traits. Wild bananas represent a largely untapped wealth of genetic diversity. Although some wild relatives of the banana crop have been screened for their tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses, many remain to be explored. The wild bananas show more hardiness and higher resilience to different stressors in comparison to their cultivated counterparts. They have been harnessed in banana improvement programmes to enhance stress tolerance and productivity. To utilise wild bananas for crop improvement, they need to be readily available to breeders. This warrants devising conservation strategies and the development and maintenance of centres from which different accessions can be procured. In this article, we have discussed some important biotic and abiotic stresses including banana wilt disease, Black Sigatoka disease, viral diseases, salt stress and drought stress where wild bananas are used for imparting tolerance. The conservation of wild bananas, related challenges and contemporary limitations related to their use for crop improvement has also been outlined. Bananas being most important food crop in the world and generally understudied, here, we present a comprehensive review of the use of wild relatives of banana and their related germplasm for the improvement of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.