bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights from the Genome Sequence of
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
: Massive Gene Decay and Reductive Evolution
Authors: Benjak Andrej , Honap Tanvi P. , Avanzi Charlotte , Becerril-Villanueva Enrique , Estrada-García Iris , Rojas-Espinosa Oscar , Stone Anne C. , Cole Stewart T.
Published: October 2017

Mycobacterium lepraemurium
is the causative agent of murine leprosy, a chronic, granulomatous disease similar to human leprosy. Due to the similar clinical manifestations of human and murine leprosy and the difficulty of growing both bacilli axenically,
Mycobacterium leprae
and
M. lepraemurium
were once thought to be closely related, although it was later suggested that
M. lepraemurium
might be related to
Mycobacterium avium
. In this study, the complete genome of
M. lepraemurium
was sequenced using a combination of PacBio and Illumina sequencing. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed that
M. lepraemurium
is a distinct species within the
M. avium
complex (MAC). The
M. lepraemurium
genome is 4.05 Mb in length, which is considerably smaller than other MAC genomes, and it comprises 2,682 functional genes and 1,139 pseudogenes, which indicates that
M. lepraemurium
has undergone genome reduction. An error-prone repair homologue of the DNA polymerase III α-subunit was found to be nonfunctional in
M. lepraemurium
, which might contribute to pseudogene formation due to the accumulation of mutations in nonessential genes.
M. lepraemurium
has retained the functionality of several genes thought to influence virulence among members of the MAC.

IMPORTANCE
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
seems to be evolving toward a minimal set of genes required for an obligatory intracellular lifestyle within its host, a niche seldom adopted by most mycobacteria, as they are free-living.
M. lepraemurium
could be used as a model to elucidate functions of genes shared with other members of the MAC. Its reduced gene set can be exploited for studying the essentiality of genes in related pathogenic species, which might lead to discovery of common virulence factors or clarify host-pathogen interactions.
M. lepraemurium
can be cultivated
in vitro
only under specific conditions and even then with difficulty. Elucidating the metabolic (in)capabilities of
M. lepraemurium
will help develop suitable axenic media and facilitate genetic studies.
Structural Basis of Type 2 Secretion System Engagement between the Inner and Outer Bacterial Membranes
Authors: Hay Iain D. , Belousoff Matthew J. , Lithgow Trevor
Published: October 2017

Sophisticated nanomachines are used by bacteria for protein secretion. In Gram-negative bacteria, the type 2 secretion system (T2SS) is composed of a pseudopilus assembly platform in the inner membrane and a secretin complex in the outer membrane. The engagement of these two megadalton-sized complexes is required in order to secrete toxins, effectors, and hydrolytic enzymes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
has at least two T2SSs, with the ancestral nanomachine having a secretin complex composed of XcpQ. Until now, no high-resolution structural information was available to distinguish the features of this
Pseudomonas
-type secretin, which varies greatly in sequence from the well-characterized
Klebsiella
-type and
Vibrio
-type secretins. We have purified the ~1-MDa secretin complex and analyzed it by cryo-electron microscopy. Structural comparisons with the
Klebsiella
-type secretin complex revealed a striking structural homology despite the differences in their sequence characteristics. At 3.6-Å resolution, the secretin complex was found to have 15-fold symmetry throughout the membrane-embedded region and through most of the domains in the periplasm. However, the N1 domain and N0 domain were not well ordered into this 15-fold symmetry. We suggest a model wherein this disordering of the subunit symmetry for the periplasmic N domains provides a means to engage with the 6-fold symmetry in the inner membrane platform, with a metastable engagement that can be disrupted by substrate proteins binding to the region between XcpP, in the assembly platform, and the XcpQ secretin.

IMPORTANCE
How the outer membrane and inner membrane components of the T2SS engage each other and yet can allow for substrate uptake into the secretin chamber has challenged the protein transport field for some time. This vexing question is of significance because the T2SS collects folded protein substrates in the periplasm for transport out of the bacterium and yet must discriminate these few substrate proteins from all the other hundred or so folded proteins in the periplasm. The structural analysis here supports a model wherein substrates must compete against a metastable interaction between XcpP in the assembly platform and the XcpQ secretin, wherein only structurally encoded features in the T2SS substrates compete well enough to disrupt XcpQ-XcpP for entry into the XcpQ chamber, for secretion across the outer membrane.
Lipopolysaccharide from Crypt-Specific Core Microbiota Modulates the Colonic Epithelial Proliferation-to-Differentiation Balance
Authors: Naito Tomoaki , Mulet Céline , De Castro Cristina , Molinaro Antonio , Saffarian Azadeh , Nigro Giulia , Bérard Marion , Clerc Mélanie , Pedersen Amy B. , Sansonetti Philippe J. , Pédron Thierry
Published: October 2017

We identified a crypt-specific core microbiota (CSCM) dominated by strictly aerobic, nonfermentative bacteria in murine cecal and proximal colonic (PC) crypts and hypothesized that, among its possible functions, it may affect epithelial regeneration. In the present work, we isolated representative CSCM strains using selective media based upon our initial 16S rRNA-based molecular identification (i.e.,
Acinetobacter
,
Delftia
, and
Stenotrophomonas
). Their tropism for the crypt was confirmed, and their influence on epithelial regeneration was demonstrated
in vivo
by monocolonization of germfree mice. We also showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), through its endotoxin activity, was the dominant bacterial agonist controlling proliferation. The relevant molecular mechanisms were analyzed using colonic crypt-derived organoids exposed to bacterial sonicates or highly purified LPS as agonists. We identified a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent program affecting crypts at different stages of epithelial differentiation. LPS played a dual role: it repressed cell proliferation through RIPK3-mediated necroptosis of stem cells and cells of the transit-amplifying compartment and concurrently enhanced cell differentiation, particularly the goblet cell lineage.

IMPORTANCE
The LPS from crypt-specific core microbiota controls intestinal epithelium proliferation through necroptosis of stem cells and enhances cell differentiation, mainly the goblet cell lineage.
Can favourable psychosocial working conditions in midlife moderate the risk of work exit for chronically ill workers? A 20-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study
Authors: Fleischmann Maria , Carr Ewan , Stansfeld Stephen A , Xue Baowen , Head Jenny
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To investigate if favourable psychosocial working conditions can reduce the risk of work exit and specifically for workers with chronic disease.

Methods

Men and women (32%) aged 35–55, working and having no chronic disease at baseline of the Whitehall II study of London-based civil servants were selected (n=9040). We observed participants’ exit from work through retirement, health-related exit and unemployment, new diagnosis of chronic disease (ie, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer) and their psychosocial working conditions in midlife. Using cause-specific Cox models, we examined the association of chronic disease and favourable psychosocial working conditions and their interaction, with the three types of work exit. We adjusted for gender, occupational grade, educational level, remaining in civil service, spouse’s employment status and mental health.

Results

Chronic disease significantly increased the risk of any type of work exit (HR 1.27) and specifically the risk of health-related exit (HR 2.42). High skill discretion in midlife reduced the risk of any type of work exit (HR 0.90), retirement (HR 0.91) and health-related exit (HR 0.68). High work social support in midlife decreased the risk of health-related exit (HR 0.79) and unemployment (HR 0.71). Favourable psychosocial working conditions in midlife did not attenuate the association between chronic disease and work exit significantly.

Conclusions

The chronically ill have increased risks of work exit, especially through health-related exit routes. Chronic disease is an obstacle to extended working lives. Favourable working conditions directly relate to reduced risks of work exit.
Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus subtilis RR4 isolated from rice rhizosphere induces malic acid biosynthesis in rice roots
Authors: Rekha Kandaswamy , Baskar Baburaj , Srinath Santhanam , Usha Balasundaram
Published: October 2017

Malic acid (MA), one of the major organic acid exudates from roots, plays a significant role in the chemotaxis of beneficial bacteria to the plant’s rhizosphere. In this study, the effect of a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Bacillus subtilis RR4, on the synthesis and exudation of MA from roots is demonstrated in rice. To test the chemotactic ability of strain RR4 towards MA, a capillary chemotaxis assay was performed, which revealed a positive response (relative chemotactic ratio of 6.15 with 10 μmol/L MA); with increasing concentrations of MA, an elevated chemotactic response was observed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, performed to analyze the influence of RR4 on the MA biosynthetic gene, malate synthase (OsMS), and the transporter gene, aluminium-activated malate transporter (OsALMT), demonstrated significant differential expression, with 1.8- and –0.58-fold changes, respectively, in RR4-treated roots. The gene expression pattern of OsMS corroborated the data obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography, which showed elevated MA levels in roots (1.52-fold), whereas the levels of MA in root exudates were not altered significantly although expression of OsALMT was reduced. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis RR4 is chemotactic to MA and can induce biosynthesis of MA in rice roots.
Dynamic Service Provisioning and Selection for Satisfying Cloud Applications and Cloud Providers in Hybrid Cloud
Authors: Lijun Xu , Chunlin Li
Published: October 2017

The paper presents a hybrid cloud service provisioning and selection optimization scheme, and proposes a hybrid cloud model which consists of hybrid cloud users, private cloud and public cloud. This scheme aims to effectively provide cloud service and allocate cloud resources, such that the system utility can be maximized subject to public cloud resource constraints and hybrid cloud users constraints. The paper makes use of a utility-driven approach to solve interaction among private cloud user, hybrid cloud service provider and public cloud provider in hybrid cloud environment. The paper presents hybrid cloud service provisioning and selection algorithm in hybrid cloud. The hybrid cloud market consists of hybrid cloud user agent, hybrid cloud service agent and hybrid cloud agent, which represent the interests of different roles. The experiments are designed to compare the performance of proposed algorithm with the other related work.
A Degenerated Plane Truss Model of Base Force Element Method on Complementary Energy Principle
Authors: Peng Yijiang , Yang Xinxin , Li Ruixue , Ren Cong
Published: October 2017

In order to study the performance of base force element method (BFEM), a new 2-node degenerated plane element model based on the BFEM of complementary energy principle is presented for linear elasticity problem and geometrically nonlinear problem respectively in this paper. The plane truss element model can easily be obtained by degenerating from a four-mid-node plane element of the BFEM based on complementary energy principle for linear elasticity problem or geometrically nonlinear problem. The compliance matrix of the rod element model is same as the compliance matrix of the four-mid-node plane element of the BFEM. According to the characteristics of analysis for truss structure, the nodal equilibrium conditions and the displacement coordination conditions of each rod at the nodes have been considered when the compliance matrix of structure is integrated. In order to verify the feasibility of the degenerated plane element model, several truss problems are analyzed and their solutions are compared to the analytical solutions and the numerical results which are calculated with the traditional displacement FEM. It is found that the model has shown high precision and good performance.
A Review of Cyber-Physical System Research Relevant to the Emerging IT Trends: Industry 4.0, IoT, Big Data, and Cloud Computing
Authors: Kim Jin Ho
Published: October 2017

Recently, there has been an explosive growth in the development and implementation of various Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Accordingly, CPS-related research and advancements in CPS technologies have increasingly been part of the emerging trends in IT areas such as Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, cloud computing, and Industry 4.0. However, there are only a few research efforts that identify the comprehensive CPS research trends relevant to the emerging IT trends. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore what CPS research topics are related to the emerging IT trends and to investigate how industries have implemented CPS technologies.
Vasoactivity of nitrite in the iliac artery of the toadRhinella marina
Authors: Forgan Leonard G. , Sofele Melenaite , McNeill Bryony A. , Cameron Melissa S. , Donald John A.
Published: October 2017

Nitrite ([Formula: see text]) causes vasodilation in mammals due to the formation of (nitric oxide) NO by endogenous [Formula: see text] reduction in the vascular wall. In this study, we determined if a similar mechanism operates in amphibians. Dual-wire myography of the iliac artery from Rhinella marina showed that applied [Formula: see text] caused a concentration-dependent vasodilation in normoxia (21% O2; EC50: 438 µM). Hypoxia (0.63% O2) significantly increased the maximal dilation to [Formula: see text] by 5% ( P = 0.0398). The addition of oxyhemoglobin significantly increased the EC50( P = 0.0144; EC50: 2,236 µM) but did not affect the maximal vasodilation. In contrast, partially deoxygenated hemoglobin (90% desaturation) did not affect the EC50( P = 0.1189) but significantly ( P = 0.0012) increased the maximal dilation to [Formula: see text] by 11%. The soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) completely abolished the response to [Formula: see text] ( P < 0.0001),and of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, only N5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-l-ornithine (vinyl-l-NIO; P = 0.0028) significantly reduced the [Formula: see text] vasodilation. The xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol ( P = 0.927), the nitric oxide-scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1H-imidazolyl-1-oxy-3-oxide (C-PTIO; P = 0.478), and disruption of the endothelium ( P = 0.094) did not affect the [Formula: see text] vasodilation. Incubation of iliac arteries with 1 mM [Formula: see text] did not a cause a change in the cGMP concentration (P = 0.407). Plasma [Formula: see text] was found to be 0.86 ± 0.20 µmol/l, while nitrate ([Formula: see text]) was 19.55 ± 2.55 µmol/l. Both cygb and ngb mRNAs were expressed in the iliac artery, and it is possible that these globins facilitate [Formula: see text] reduction in hypoxia. In addition, [Formula: see text] intracellular disproportionation processes could be important in the generation of NO from [Formula: see text].
Free circulating active elastase contributes to chronic inflammation in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Khatib-Massalha Eman , Michelis Regina , Trabelcy Beny , Gerchman Yoram , Kristal Batya , Ariel Amiram , Sela Shifra
Published: October 2017

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications are prevalent among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD). In this population, peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are primed, releasing proinflammatory mediators such as elastase. Elastase is normally inhibited by a specific inhibitor, avoiding undesirable degradation of cellular and extracellular components. This study tested the hypothesis that in states of noninfectious inflammation, elastase is released by PMNLs and acts in an uncontrolled manner to inflict vascular damage. Blood was collected from patients undergoing HD and healthy controls (HC). PMNL intracellular and surface expressions of elastase were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. The elastase activity was evaluated using a fluorescent substrate. The levels of serum α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT), the natural elastase inhibitor, were determined by Western blot. Free active elastase was elevated in HD sera, whereas the levels of α1-AT were decreased compared with HC. The levels of the intracellular elastase enzyme and its activity were lower in HD PMNLs despite similar expression levels of elastase mRNA. Elastase binding to PMNL cell surface was higher in HD compared with HC. The increased circulating levels of free active elastase released from primed HD PMNLs together with the higher cell surface-bound enzymes and the lower levels of α1-AT result in the higher elastase activity in HD sera. This exacerbated elastase activity could lead to the endothelial dysfunction, as hypothesized. In addition, it suggests that free circulating elastase can serve as a new biomarker and therapeutic target to reduce inflammation and vascular complications in patients on hemodialysis.
Manganese promotes intracellular accumulation of AQP2 via modulating F-actin polymerization and reduces urinary concentration in mice
Authors: Lei Lei , Huang Ming , Su Limin , Xie Dongping , Mamuya Fahmy A. , Ham Onju , Tsuji Kenji , Păunescu Teodor G. , Yang Baoxue , Lu Hua A. Jenny
Published: October 2017

Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is a water channel protein expressed in principal cells (PCs) of the kidney collecting ducts (CDs) and plays a critical role in mediating water reabsorption and urine concentration. AQP2 undergoes both regulated trafficking mediated by vasopressin (VP) and constitutive recycling, which is independent of VP. For both pathways, actin cytoskeletal dynamics is a key determinant of AQP2 trafficking. We report here that manganese chloride (MnCl2) is a novel and potent regulator of AQP2 trafficking in cultured cells and in the kidney. MnCl2treatment promoted internalization and intracellular accumulation of AQP2. The effect of MnCl2on the intracellular accumulation of AQP2 was associated with activation of RhoA and actin polymerization without modification of AQP2 phosphorylation. Although the level of total and phosphorylated AQP2 did not change, MnCl2treatment impeded VP-induced phosphorylation of AQP2 at its serine-256, -264, and -269 residues and dephosphorylation at serine 261. In addition, MnCl2significantly promoted F-actin polymerization along with downregulation of RhoA activity and prevented VP-induced membrane accumulation of AQP2. Finally, MnCl2treatment in mice resulted in significant polyuria and reduced urinary concentration, likely due to intracellular relocation of AQP2 in the PCs of kidney CDs. More importantly, the reduced urinary concentration caused by MnCl2treatment in animals was not corrected by VP. In summary, our study identified a novel effect of MnCl2on AQP2 trafficking through modifying RhoA activity and actin polymerization and uncovered its potent impact on water diuresis in vivo.
Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation increases maximal voluntary activation of human adductor pollicis
Authors: D’Amico Jessica M. , Dongés Siobhan C. , Taylor Janet L.
Published: October 2017

Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation (PCMS), which delivers repeated pairs of transcranial magnetic stimuli (TMS) and maximal motor nerve stimuli, can alter corticospinal transmission to low-threshold motoneurons in the human spinal cord. To determine whether similar changes occur for high-threshold motoneurons, we tested whether maximal voluntary activation and force can be affected by PCMS in healthy individuals. On 2 separate days, healthy participants ( n = 14) performed brief thumb adduction maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) before and after a control protocol (TMS only) or PCMS designed to facilitate corticospinal transmission to adductor pollicis. Peripheral nerve stimulation alone was not performed. During each MVC, a superimposed twitch was elicited by a supramaximal stimulus delivered to the ulnar nerve. With muscles relaxed following the maximal contraction, a similar stimulus elicited a resting twitch. Voluntary activation was calculated as (1 − superimposed twitch/resting twitch) × 100%. Although voluntary activation decreased over time in both conditions, the decrease was less after PCMS (−0.4 ± 4.1%) than after the control protocol (−4.9 ± 4.9%; P = 0.007). This was supported by a greater increase in electromyographic response after PCMS than control (7 ± 13% vs. −3 ± 10%; P = 0.043). However, maximal force was not affected. The findings indicate a modest effect of PCMS on maximal neural drive to adductor pollicis, suggesting that PCMS can affect corticospinal transmission to high-threshold motoneurons.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation (PCMS) induces changes in the human spinal cord. To date, the reported effects of PCMS have been limited to low-threshold motoneurons and low-force tasks in healthy and spinal cord injured individuals. For the first time, we show that these plastic changes are not limited to lower threshold motoneurons, but occur across the entire motoneuron pool as demonstrated by the increases in voluntary activation and muscle activity during maximal voluntary contractions of adductor pollicis.
Survey of Extent of Translation of Oral Healthcare Guidelines for ICU Patients into Clinical Practice by Nursing Staff
Authors: Agarwal Vivek , Singhal Rameshwari , Khanna Richa , Rastogi Pavitra , Agarwal Avinash , Tripathi Shuchi
Published: October 2017

Nosocomial infections in critically ill/ventilated patients result from bacterial load in oropharyngeal regions. Oral decontamination serves as the easiest effective means of controlling infections. Knowledge, attitude, and practices followed by healthcare personnel in intensive care settings need to be assessed to implement concrete measures in health-care. Survey questionnaire was constructed and implemented following its validation on seventy nursing and paramedical staff working in government and private intensive care units throughout Lucknow city. 21-item questionnaire consisted of three parts of seven questions each. 78% of respondents had knowledge regarding oral care and its importance in critical settings but 44% of respondents considered it to be unpleasant task. 36% of respondents claimed to have provided oral care to all patients in ICU. Uniform guidelines for translation of oral healthcare in ICU settings are not being implemented. Previous studies in literature from various geographic diverse regions also point out to similar lacunae. Based on present survey, most respondents were aware of importance of oral care with protocols covered in academic curriculum. Attitude towards oral care is positive but respondents feel a need for specialised training. Practice for oral care is not sufficient and needs improvement and proper implementation.
Study on Shale Adsorption Equation Based on Monolayer Adsorption, Multilayer Adsorption, and Capillary Condensation
Authors: Chen Qing , Tian Yuanyuan , Li Peng , Yan Changhui , Pang Yu , Zheng Li , Deng Hucheng , Zhou Wen , Meng Xianghao
Published: October 2017

Shale gas is an effective gas resource all over the world. The evaluation of pore structure plays a critical role in exploring shale gas efficiently. Nitrogen adsorption experiment is one of the significant approaches to analyze pore size structure of shale. Shale is extremely heterogeneous due to component diversity and structure complexity. Therefore, adsorption isotherms for homogeneous adsorbents and empirical isotherms may not apply to shale. The shape of adsorption-desorption curve indicates that nitrogen adsorption on shale includes monolayer adsorption, multilayer adsorption, and capillary condensation. Usually, Langmuir isotherm is a monolayer adsorption model for ideal interfaces; BET (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) adsorption isotherm is a multilayer adsorption model based on specific assumptions; Freundlich isotherm is an empirical equation widely applied in liquid phase adsorption. In this study, a new nitrogen adsorption isotherm is applied to simultaneously depict monolayer adsorption, multilayer adsorption, and capillary condensation, which provides more real and accurate representation of nitrogen adsorption on shale. In addition, parameters are discussed in relation to heat of adsorption which is relevant to the shape of the adsorption isotherm curve. The curve fitting results indicate that our new nitrogen adsorption isotherm can appropriately describe the whole process of nitrogen adsorption on shale.
cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Expression in the Hippocampus of Rhesus Macaques with Chronic Ephedrine Addiction
Authors: Sun Zongbo , Ma Ye , Duan Shouxing , Xie Lei , Lv Junyao , Huang Jinzhuang , Lin Zhirong , Guo Ruiwei , Ma Shuhua
Published: October 2017

Background.Drug addiction is classified as a chronic relapse nature brain disease with complicated neurobiology mechanisms. There are an increasing number of researchers that are investigating the possible mechanisms for solving the thorny problem.Methods. The model of chronic addiction of rhesus monkey ephedrine was established, where changes in body weight and behavior were monitored. The expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus of rhesus monkeys was identified by real-time PCR and Western blot.Results. We were successful in establishing the chronic ephedrine addiction model in the rhesus macaques. They exhibited changes in body weight and behavior. Immunofluorescence showed that CREB was expressed in the nucleus of the hippocampus, and the expression of CREB mRNA and protein in the hippocampus were increased by real-time PCR and Western blot. The CREB positive expression in the hippocampus of the modeling group was significantly higher than in the control group.Conclusions. The changes of body weight and behavior of the rhesus monkeys after ephedrine chronic addiction were significant. The changes of CREB in the hippocampus of rhesus macaques with ephedrine chronic addiction are important molecular mechanisms, and the upregulation of CREB may be involved in the physiological pathology and behavior process in individuals with chronic ephedrine addiction.
First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication with Vonoprazan, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole in Patients Allergic to Penicillin
Authors: Sue Soichiro , Suzuki Nobumi , Shibata Wataru , Sasaki Tomohiko , Yamada Hiroaki , Kaneko Hiroaki , Tamura Toshihide , Ishii Tomohiro , Kondo Masaaki , Maeda Shin
Published: October 2017

Aim. To assess the efficacy of 7-day first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication with vonoprazan (VPZ), clarithromycin (CAM), and metronidazole (MNZ) in patients with penicillin allergy. Methods. Patients with penicillin allergy, diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori infection and did not have history of Helicobacter pylori eradication, were eligible for the study. Twenty patients were prospectively treated with 20 mg VPZ twice daily, 200 or 400 mg CAM twice daily, and 250 mg MNZ twice daily for 7 days. We also collected the data from 30 patients retrospectively treated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI), CAM, and MNZ. Safety was evaluated in patients completing an adverse effect questionnaire. Results. Both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol effectiveness of VPZ-based eradication were 100% (95% CI: 86.1–100%; n=20). The eradication rates of PPI-based regimen were 83.3% (95% CI: 65.3–94.4%) in the ITT and 82.7% (95% CI: 64.2–94.2%) in the PP analyses. Abdominal fullness was more frequent in VCM compared to PCM. However, all patients with VCM regimen had taken 100% of their course of medication. Conclusion. Triple therapy with VPZ, CAM, and MNZ is well tolerated and effective for eradicating Helicobacter pylori in patients allergic to penicillin. This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000016335.
Students Social Based Mobility Model for MANET-DTN Networks
Authors: Hrabčák Dávid , Matis Martin , Doboš L’ubomír , Papaj Ján
Published: October 2017

In the real world, wireless mobile devices are carried by humans. For this reason, it is useful if mobility models as simulation tools used to test routing protocols and other MANET-DTN features follow the behaviour of humans. In this paper, we propose a new social based mobility model called Students Social Based Mobility Model (SSBMM). This mobility model is inspired by the daily routine of student’s life. Since many current social based mobility models give nodes freedom in terms of movement according to social feeling and attractivity to other nodes or places, we focus more on the mandatory part of our life, such as going to work and school. In the case of students, this mandatory part of their life is studying in university according to their schedule. In their free time, they move and behave according to attractivity to other nodes or places of their origin. Finally, proposed SSBMM was tested and verified by Tools for Evaluation of Social Relation in Mobility Models and compared with random based mobility models. At the end, SSBMM was simulated to examine the impact of social relations on routing protocols.
Multiscale Thermal Hydraulic Study under the Inadvertent Safety Injection System Operation Scenario of Typical Pressurized Water Reactor
Authors: Wang Mingjun , Zuo Qiaolin , Yu Hao , Tian Wenxi , Su G. H. , Qiu Suizheng
Published: October 2017

The Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) inlet nozzles and downcomer wall in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) may suffer serious thermal shock caused by cold water from reactor Safety Injection System (SIS) in some unexpected accident scenarios. It implies the formation of great temperature gradient on the inlet nozzles and RPV wall, leading to the localized stresses and propagation of possible flaws that appeared in the material. In this paper, the multiscale thermal hydraulic analysis was performed for Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) under the inadvertent SIS operation scenario. The primary loop and SIS were modeled using one-dimensional method, while the three-dimensional models of reactor cold leg, RPV inlet nozzles, and downcomer were established. Then, the inadvertent Safety Injection System operation scenario was simulated using RELAP5 code, providing the boundary conditions for three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The fluid and solid coupling heat transfer simulation method was employed. Results show that the maximum temperature difference was about 80 K in the most conservative condition and the RPV inlet nozzle region was the most critical region during the accident. This work could provide in-depth understanding on the effect of cold coolant injection along the main pipes and RPV wall during the accident scenario.
Compact Implicit Integration Factor Method for the Nonlinear Dirac Equation
Authors: Zhang Jing-Jing , Li Xiang-Gui , Shao Jing-Fang
Published: October 2017

A high-order accuracy numerical method is proposed to solve the (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear Dirac equation in this work. We construct the compact finite difference scheme for the spatial discretization and obtain a nonlinear ordinary differential system. For the temporal discretization, the implicit integration factor method is applied to deal with the nonlinear system. We therefore develop two implicit integration factor numerical schemes with full discretization, one of which can achieve fourth-order accuracy in both space and time. Numerical results are given to validate the accuracy of these schemes and to study the interaction dynamics of the nonlinear Dirac solitary waves.
A Compact Difference Scheme for Solving Fractional Neutral Parabolic Differential Equation with Proportional Delay
Authors: Gu Wei , Zhou Yanli , Ge Xiangyu
Published: October 2017

A linearized compact finite difference scheme is constructed for solving the fractional neutral parabolic differential equation with proportional delay. By the energy method, the unconditional stability of the scheme is proved, and the convergence order of the scheme is proved to be O(τ2-α+h4). A numerical test is also conducted to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical algorithm.
The Severity of Retinopathy in the Extremely Premature Infants
Authors: Trivli Alexandra , Polychronaki Maria , Matalliotaki Charoula , Papadimas Michail , Patelarou Athina E. , Dermitzaki Niki , Matalliotakis Michail
Published: October 2017

Objective. We aimed to investigate the incidence and the severity of retinopathy of extremely premature infants and to evaluate the risk factors and outcome of the cases.Materials and Methods. Out of 200 premature births, we retrospectively reviewed 9 cases that developed ROP. We excluded cases where ROP developed in newborns > 30 weeks of gestational age and cases where medical notes were unavailable or incomplete. Topical drops of cyclopentolate 1% and phenylephrine 5% were instilled and fundoscopy was performed using a direct ophthalmoscope.Results. The incidence of ROP was 4.5% in the 9-year period. The infants were divided into two groups. Group 1 included premature infants ≤27 weeks of age and Group 2 included those >27 weeks but ≤ 30 weeks of age. We found that the infants of Group 1 showed advanced stages of ROP in comparison to Group 2. Out of 18 eyes, 11 eyes had stage 3 ROP and they were all found in Group 1 (100% of cases).Conclusion. The severity of ROP was associated with earlier gestational age, lower birth weight, and oxygen supplementation. Constant cooperation between physicians and nursing staff is necessary to avoid undetected cases and further prevent ROP related blindness.
The Role of EUS-BD in the Management of Malignant Biliary Obstruction: The Indonesian Perspective
Authors: Makmun Dadang , Fauzi Achmad , Abdullah Murdani , Syam Ari Fahrial
Published: October 2017

Aims. To evaluate the success rate and related factors of endoscopic ultrasound guided-biliary drainage (EUS-BD). Material and Methods. We conducted a retrospective study among 24 patients with malignant biliary obstruction who underwent EUS-BD after failed ERCP from January 2015 to December 2016 in a tertiary health center. The bilirubin levels before and after the procedure were used to define the clinical success rate, while the stent deployment was used to define the technical success rate. We placed either transluminal biliary stents or transpapillary biliary stents. Results. Among 24 patients, choledochoduodenostomy technique was conducted in 23 patients (95.8%) and hepaticogastrostomy technique in 1 patient (4.2%). Transluminal stent placement was conducted in 23 patients, while transpapillary stent placement was conducted in 1 patient. The clinical success rate was 78.2% (18) in choledochoduodenostomy route and 100% (1) in hepaticogastrostomy route. EUS-BD was 2.37 times and 2.11 times more likely to be successful in reducing the bilirubin level in patients with tumor of the head of pancreas and periampullary tumor, respectively, but not in cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusions. EUS-BD is an effective and efficient procedure to achieve biliary drainage among patients with malignant biliary obstruction after ERCP failure.
Modulating Neuroinflammation to Treat Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Radtke Franziska A. , Chapman Gareth , Hall Jeremy , Syed Yasir A.
Published: October 2017

Neuroinflammation is recognised as one of the potential mechanisms mediating the onset of a broad range of psychiatric disorders and may contribute to nonresponsiveness to current therapies. Both preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that aberrant inflammatory responses can result in altered behavioral responses and cognitive deficits. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders and ask the question if certain genetic copy-number variants (CNVs) associated with psychiatric disorders might play a role in modulating inflammation. Furthermore, we detail some of the potential treatment strategies for psychiatric disorders that may operate by altering inflammatory responses.
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Is a Predictor of Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis
Authors: Buendgens Lukas , Yagmur Eray , Bruensing Jan , Herbers Ulf , Baeck Christer , Trautwein Christian , Koch Alexander , Tacke Frank
Published: October 2017

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily related to inflammation and macrophage activation. Serum concentrations of GDF-15 can predict poor survival in chronic diseases, but its role in sepsis is obscure. Therefore, we investigated GDF-15 as a prognostic biomarker in critically ill patients. We measured GDF-15 levels in 219 critically ill patients (146 with sepsis, 73 without sepsis) upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), in comparison to 66 healthy controls. GDF-15 levels were significantly increased in ICU patients compared to controls. GDF-15 was further increased in sepsis and showed a strong association with organ dysfunction (kidney, liver and lactate) and disease severity (APACHE II and SOFA score). High GDF-15 concentrations at admission independently predicted ICU (HR 3.42; 95% CI 1.33–8.78) and overall mortality (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.02–3.88) in all ICU critically ill patients as well as in a large subgroup of sepsis patients (ICU mortality: HR 3.16; 95% CI 1.10–9.07; overall mortality: HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.14–6.02). Collectively, serum GDF-15 levels are significantly increased in critically ill patients, associated with sepsis, organ failure, and disease severity. High GDF-15 levels at ICU admission predict short- and long-term mortality risk.
Development of an Omnidirectional-Image-Based Data Model through Extending the IndoorGML Concept to an Indoor Patrol Service
Authors: Jung Hyo-jin , Lee Jiyeong
Published: October 2017

Different indoor representation methods have been studied for their ability to provide indoor location-based services (LBS). Among them, omnidirectional imaging is one of the most typical and simple methods for representing an indoor space. However, a georeferenced omnidirectional image cannot be used for simple attribute searches, spatial queries, and spatial awareness analyses. To perform these functions, topological data are needed to define the features of and spatial relationships among spatial objects including indoor spaces as well as facilities like CCTV cameras considered in patrol service applications. Therefore, this study proposes an indoor space application data model for an indoor patrol service that can implement functions suited to linking indoor space data and service objects. In order to do this, the study presents a method for linking data between omnidirectional images representing indoor spaces and topological data on indoor spaces based on the concept of IndoorGML. Also, we conduct an experimental implementation of the integrated 3D indoor navigation model for patrol service using GIS data. Based on the results, we evaluate the benefits of using such a 3D data fusion method that integrates omnidirectional images with vector-based topological data models based on IndoorGML for providing indoor LBS in built environments.
Reliability‐Based Multidisciplinary Design Optimization under Correlated Uncertainties
Authors: Xu Huanwei , Wang Xin , Li Wei , Li Mufeng , Zhang Suichuan , Hu Cong
Published: October 2017

Complex mechanical system is usually composed of several subsystems, which are often coupled with each other. Reliability‐based multidisciplinary design optimization (RBMDO) is an efficient method to design such complex system under uncertainties. However, the present RBMDO methods ignored the correlations between uncertainties. In this paper, through combining the ellipsoidal set theory and first‐order reliability method (FORM) for multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), characteristics of correlated uncertainties are investigated. Furthermore, to improve computational efficiency, the sequential optimization and reliability assessment (SORA) strategy is utilized to obtain the optimization result. Both a mathematical example and a case study of an engineering system are provided to illustrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
A Compact Triple-Band Negative Permittivity Metamaterial for C, X-Band Applications
Authors: Marathe Dushyant , Kulat Kishore
Published: October 2017

We report a new design of triple-band electric metamaterial resonator (TBEMR) based on integration of open delta loops within square ring resonator. This metamaterial resonator has three distinct ε-negative regions (ENG) over C, X frequency bands. The transmission and reflection response of the proposed subwavelength resonator is analyzed using full-wave electromagnetic solver Ansys HFSS to demonstrate the presence of electrical resonances within frequencies 4–12 GHz. Effective medium parameters permittivity and permeability are extracted from simulated complex scattering parameters to verify existence of ENG regions. The investigations are also carried out regarding dependence of resonant frequencies on design parameters of the TBEMR unit cell. The effective medium ratio (λ0/a) for proposed subwavelength resonator is compared with various other metamaterial resonators to indicate its compact nature.
Vertical-to-Horizontal Rotational Myocutaneous Flap for Repairing Cicatricial Lower Lid Ectropion: A Novel Surgical Technique
Authors: Chang Yu-Fan , Tsai Chieh-Chih , Kau Hui-Chuan , Liu Catherine Jui-Ling
Published: October 2017

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and complications of a novel surgical technique for cicatricial lower lid ectropion that uses a vertical-to-horizontal (V-to-H) rotational myocutaneous flap procedure (Tsai procedure). Methods. We performed the V-to-H rotational myocutaneous flap procedure on 20 eyelids in 20 patients with mild to moderate cicatricial lower lid ectropion. A vertical myocutaneous flap was created from the anterior lamella of the vertical pedicle in the lateral third of the lower eyelid. Following a horizontal relaxing incision from the base of the flap, a vertical myocutaneous flap was created and rotated to horizontal. Two patients with combined cicatricial ectropion and paralytic lagophthalmos simultaneously underwent additional lateral tarsorrhaphy. Results. After a minimum follow-up period of 6 months, all patients showed good anatomical and functional improvement with decreased dependence on topical lubricants and a satisfactory cosmetic appearance. Two patients with combined cicatricial and paralytic ectropion had mild residual asymptomatic lagophthalmos. No patients required further revision surgery and there were no complications or recurrence. Conclusion. The V-to-H rotational myocutaneous flap technique was an effective and simple one-stage procedure for correcting cicatricial lower lid ectropion. It lengthened the anterior lamella and tightened horizontal eyelid laxity without the need for a free skin graft.
Hands‐On Math and Art Exhibition Promoting Science Attitudes and Educational Plans
Authors: Thuneberg Helena , Salmi Hannu , Fenyvesi Kristof
Published: October 2017

The current science, technology, engineering, art, math education (STEAM) approach emphasizes integration of abstract science and mathematical ideas for concrete solutions by art. The main aim was to find out how experience of learning mathematics differed between the contexts of school and an informal Math and Art Exhibition. The study participants (N = 256) were 12‐13 years old from Finland. Several valid questionnaires and tests were applied (e.g., SRQ‐A, RAVEN) in pre‐ and postdesign showing a good reliability. The results based on General Linear Modeling and Structural Equation Path Modeling underline the motivational effects. The experience of the effectiveness of hands‐on learning at school and at the exhibition was not consistent across the subgroups. The lowest achieving group appreciated the exhibition alternative for math learning compared to learning math at school. The boys considered the exhibition to be more useful than the girls as it fostered their science and technology attitudes. However, for the girls, the attractiveness of the exhibition, the experienced situation motivation, was much more strongly connected to the attitudes on science and technology and the worthiness of mathematics. Interestingly, the pupils experienced that even this short informal learning intervention affected their science and technology attitudes and educational plans.
Application of 19F NMR Spectroscopy for Content Determination of Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Okaru Alex O. , Brunner Tobias S. , Ackermann Svenja M. , Kuballa Thomas , Walch Stephan G. , Kohl-Himmelseher Matthias , Lachenmeier Dirk W.
Published: October 2017

A simple, rapid, and selective quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method was evaluated for the determination of the content of fluorinated pharmaceuticals. 19F NMR spectra were either obtained in dimethylsulfoxide-d6 or aqueous buffer, using trifluoroacetic acid as internal standard. Quantification of 13 fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals spanning various pharmacological classes was accomplished using the proposed method. The method was found to be fit for purpose (interday precision 1.2% relative standard deviation) and may thus be applied for routine analysis and quality control of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals due to its simplicity, nondestructive sample measurement, reliability, and high specificity. Therefore, 19F NMR may serve as a suitable analytical tool for the identification and selective determination of fluorinated pharmaceuticals used as reference materials and bulk samples.
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Overexpression Inhibits Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia
Authors: Zhang Xiaobao , Yan Fang , Cui Jizheng , Wu Yong , Luan Hengfei , Yin Miaomiao , Zhao Zhibin , Feng Jiying , Zhang Jinwei
Published: October 2017

Microglia play an important role in mediating inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglia-specific receptor and could decrease neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the effect of TREM2 on microglia. We showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation significantly increases proinflammatory cytokines and suppressed TREM2 in microglia. In addition, TREM2 overexpression inhibited LPS-induced microglia activation and elevated M2 phenotype of microglia. Together, our results demonstrate that TREM2 overexpression reduced LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine release in microglia and increased M2 phenotype of microglia. These findings provide novel insights that the regulation of microglia polarization may be an approach for ameliorating microglia inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.