bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unusually High Differential Attenuation at C Band: Results from a Two-Year Analysis of the French Trappes Polarimetric Radar Data
Authors: Tabary Pierre , Vulpiani Gianfranco , Gourley Jonathan J. , Illingworth Anthony J. , Thompson Robert J. , Bousquet Olivier
Published: April 2009

The differential phase (ΦDP) measured by polarimetric radars is recognized to be a very good indicator of the path integrated by rain. Moreover, if a linear relationship is assumed between the specific differential phase (KDP) and the specific attenuation (AH) and specific differential attenuation (ADP), then attenuation can easily be corrected. The coefficients of proportionality, γH and γDP, are, however, known to be dependent in rain upon drop temperature, drop shapes, drop size distribution, and the presence of large drops causing Mie scattering. In this paper, the authors extensively apply a physically based method, often referred to as the “Smyth and Illingworth constraint,” which uses the constraint that the value of the differential reflectivity ZDR on the far side of the storm should be low to retrieve the γDP coefficient. More than 30 convective episodes observed by the French operational C-band polarimetric Trappes radar during two summers (2005 and 2006) are used to document the variability of γDP with respect to the intrinsic three-dimensional characteristics of the attenuating cells. The Smyth and Illingworth constraint could be applied to only 20% of all attenuated rays of the 2-yr dataset so it cannot be considered the unique solution for attenuation correction in an operational setting but is useful for characterizing the properties of the strongly attenuating cells. The range of variation of γDP is shown to be extremely large, with minimal, maximal, and mean values being, respectively, equal to 0.01, 0.11, and 0.025 dB °−1. Coefficient γDP appears to be almost linearly correlated with the horizontal reflectivity (ZH), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and specific differential phase (KDP) and correlation coefficient (ρHV) of the attenuating cells. The temperature effect is negligible with respect to that of the microphysical properties of the attenuating cells. Unusually large values of γDP, above 0.06 dB °−1, often referred to as “hot spots,” are reported for 15%—a nonnegligible figure—of the rays presenting a significant total differential phase shift (ΔϕDP > 30°). The corresponding strongly attenuating cells are shown to have extremely high ZDR (above 4 dB) and ZH (above 55 dBZ), very low ρHV (below 0.94), and high KDP (above 4° km−1). Analysis of 4 yr of observed raindrop spectra does not reproduce such low values of ρHV, suggesting that (wet) ice is likely to be present in the precipitation medium and responsible for the attenuation and high phase shifts. Furthermore, if melting ice is responsible for the high phase shifts, this suggests that KDP may not be uniquely related to rainfall rate but can result from the presence of wet ice. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of the vertical profiles of horizontal reflectivity and the values of conventional probability of hail indexes.
The Bias and Error in Moment Estimators for Parameters of Drop Size Distribution Functions: Sampling from Gamma Distributions
Authors: Smith Paul L. , Kliche Donna V. , Johnson Roger W.
Published: April 2009

This paper complements an earlier one that demonstrated the bias in the method-of-moments (MM) estimators frequently used to estimate parameters for drop size distribution (DSD) functions being “fitted” to observed raindrop size distributions. Here the authors consider both the bias and the errors in MM estimators applied to samples from known gamma DSDs (of which the exponential DSD treated in the earlier paper is a special case). The samples were generated using a similar Monte Carlo simulation procedure. The skewness in the sampling distributions of the DSD moments that causes this bias is less pronounced for narrower population DSDs, and therefore the bias problems (and also the errors) diminish as the gamma shape parameter increases. However, the bias still increases with the order of the moments used in the MM procedures; thus it is stronger when higher-order moments (such as the radar reflectivity) are used. The simulation results also show that the errors of the estimates of the DSD parameters are usually larger when higher-order moments are employed. As a consequence, only MM estimators using the lowest-order sample moments that are thought to be well determined should be used. The biases and the errors of most of the MM parameter estimates diminish as the sample size increases; with large samples the moment estimators may become sufficiently accurate for some purposes. Nevertheless, even with some fairly large samples, MM estimators involving high-order moments can yield parameter values that are physically implausible or are incompatible with the input observations. Correlations of the sample moments with the size of the largest drop in a sample (Dmax) are weaker than for the case of sampling from an exponential DSD, as are the correlations of the MM-estimated parameters with Dmax first noted in that case. However, correlations between the estimated parameters remain because functions of the same observations are correlated. These correlations generally strengthen as the sample size increases.
Convection in a Parameterized and Superparameterized Model and Its Role in the Representation of the MJO
Authors: Zhu Hongyan , Hendon Harry , Jakob Christian
Published: April 2009

The behavior of convection and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is compared in two simulations from the same global climate model but with two very different treatments of convection: one has a conventional parameterization of moist processes and the other replaces the parameterization with a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model, the so-called superparameterization. The different behavior of local convection and the MJO in the two model simulations reveals that the accurate representation of the following characteristics in the modes of convection might contribute to the improvement of the MJO simulations: (i) precipitation should be an exponentially increasing function of the column saturation fraction, (ii) heavy precipitation should be associated with a stratiform diabatic heating profile, and (iii) there should be a positive relationship between precipitation and surface latent heat flux.
Causes of the El Niño and La Niña Amplitude Asymmetry in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific
Authors: Su Jingzhi , Zhang Renhe , Li Tim , Rong Xinyao , Kug J-S. , Hong Chi-Cherng
Published: April 2009

The amplitude asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña is investigated by diagnosing the mixed-layer heat budget during the ENSO developing phase by using the three ocean assimilation products: Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) 2.0.2, SODA 1.4.2, and the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS). It is found that the nonlinear zonal and meridional ocean temperature advections are essential to cause the asymmetry in the far eastern Pacific, whereas the vertical nonlinear advection has the opposite effect. The zonal current anomaly is dominated by the geostrophic current in association with the thermocline depth variation. The meridional current anomaly is primarily attributed to the Ekman current driven by wind stress forcing. The resulting induced anomalous horizontal currents lead to warm nonlinear advection during both El Niño and La Niña episodes and thus strengthen (weaken) the El Niño (La Niña) amplitude. The convergence (divergence) of the anomalous geostrophic mixed-layer currents during El Niño (La Niña) results in anomalous downwelling (upwelling) in the far eastern equatorial Pacific, which leads to a cold nonlinear vertical advection in both warm and cold episodes.
Estimates of North Atlantic Ventilation and Mode Water Formation for Winters 2002–06
Authors: Trossman David S. , Thompson Lu Anne , Kelly Kathryn A. , Kwon Young-Oh
Published: April 2009

Lagrangian estimates for ventilation rates in the Gulf Stream Extension using Argo and World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Atlantic Climate and Circulation Experiment (WOCE/ACCE) float data, scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind stress satellite observations, and altimetric [Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data (AVISO)] sea surface height (SSH) satellite observations from 2002 to 2006 are presented. Satellite winds and estimates of surface geostrophic currents allow the inclusion of the effects of currents on wind stress as well as their impact on the Ekman pumping. The presence of large surface geostrophic currents decreases the total Ekman pumping, contributing up to 20% where the Gulf Stream makes its two sharpest turns, and increases the total Ekman pumping by 10% or less everywhere else. The ageostrophic currents may be as large as 15% of the geostrophic currents, but only in proximity of the Gulf Stream.

Using currents and mixed layer depths (MLDs) that are either climatological or vary from year to year, obducted water tends to originate along the Gulf Stream, while subducted water tends to originate to its south. However, using time-varying MLDs for each year, subduction varies significantly, sometimes oppositely from obduction. The 18° Water (EDW) subducts in different locations and is distributed differently each year but tends to be located in the Sargasso Sea. Vertical pumping is the only dominant factor in ventilation closer to the coast where MLDs are shallower and lighter parcels are subducted. Vertical pumping contributes up to 20% of the several hundreds of ventilated meters per year around the Gulf Stream and less elsewhere. Using a temperature- or density-based criterion for estimating the MLDs, especially along the coasts and north of 45°N, obduction estimates differ by up to 25%. The horizontal and temporal structure of the MLDs is the primary factor that controls the tens of sverdrups of ventilation (and a few sverdrups of EDW subduction).
Dynamics of Rotating Shallow Gravity Currents Passing through a Channel. Part I: Observation of Transverse Structure
Authors: Umlauf Lars , Arneborg Lars
Published: April 2009

A detailed dataset describing a quasi-stationary bottom gravity current, approximately 10 m thick and 10 km wide, passing through a channel-like constriction in the western Baltic Sea is presented. The data include full-depth, synoptic, and highly resolved transects of stratification and turbulence parameters, as well as detailed velocity transects across the gravity current at different down-channel locations. The velocity data reveal a persistent transverse circulation, creating a characteristic wedge-shaped density structure in the interface. A strong asymmetry was also found in the interior of the gravity current, where the evolution of a dynamically significant transverse density gradient to the right of the down-channel flow was observed. Spectral analysis of the near-bottom velocities showed a surprisingly strong contribution to the bottom stress from low-frequency motions with periods up to 30 min that are possibly related to internal wave effects. Cross-channel transects of shear microstructure were used to investigate the transverse variation of local entrainment rates and bottom stresses. These data indicate that frictional control is essential for this class of gravity currents that are characterized by subcritical Froude numbers, small entrainment, strong rotational effects, and small thickness compared to the bottom Ekman layer.
Dynamics of Rotating Shallow Gravity Currents Passing through a Channel. Part II: Analysis
Authors: Umlauf Lars , Arneborg Lars
Published: April 2009

The physics of frictional control for channelized rotating gravity currents are analyzed using an extensive dataset including hydrographic, current, and microstructure measurements from the western Baltic Sea. Rotational effects in these gravity currents, characterized by Ekman numbers of the order of one and subcritical Froude numbers, induce a complex transverse circulation that strongly affects the internal dynamics. The key component of this circulation is a geostrophically balanced transverse jet in the interface that modifies the entrainment process by (i) laterally draining the interface and (ii) providing additional interfacial shear comparable to the down-channel shear. The recirculation of mixed interfacial fluid into the interior distorts the internal density structure of the gravity current, and creates a thermal wind shear in the interior that is comparable to the observed shear. Using a theoretical model, this effect is shown to be responsible for the three-layer structure of the transverse velocity with the near-bottom velocity and stress directed opposite to the Ekman transport. The analysis confirms the key assumption in available models for frictional control in rotating gravity currents: the transverse Ekman transport is balanced by the geostrophic transport due to the down-channel tilt of the interface.
Observation and Estimation of Lagrangian, Stokes, and Eulerian Currents Induced by Wind and Waves at the Sea Surface
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Marié Louis , Rascle Nicolas , Forget Philippe , Roland Aron
Published: April 2009

The surface current response to winds is analyzed in a 2-yr time series of a 12-MHz (HF) Wellen Radar (WERA) off the west coast of France. Consistent with previous observations, the measured currents, after filtering tides, are on the order of 1.0%–1.8% of the wind speed, in a direction 10°–40° to the right of the wind, and with systematic trends as a function of wind speed. This Lagrangian current can be decomposed as the vector sum of a quasi-Eulerian current UE, representative of the top 1 m of the water column and part of the wave-induced Stokes drift Uss at the sea surface. Here, Uss is estimated with an accurate numerical wave model using a novel parameterization of wave dissipation processes. Using both observed and modeled wave spectra, Uss is found to be very well approximated by a simple function of the wind speed and significant wave height, generally increasing quadratically with the wind speed. Focusing on a site located 100 km from the mainland, the wave-induced contribution of Uss to the radar measurement has an estimated magnitude of 0.6%–1.3% of the wind speed, in the wind direction—a percentage that increases with wind speed. The difference UE of Lagrangian and Stokes contributions is found to be on the order of 0.4%–0.8% of the wind speed and 45°–70° to the right of the wind. This relatively weak, quasi-Eulerian current with a large deflection angle is interpreted as evidence of strong near-surface mixing, likely related to breaking waves and/or Langmuir circulations. Summer stratification tends to increase the UE response by up to a factor of 2 on average, and further increase the deflection angle of UE by 5°–10°. At locations closer to the coast, Uss is smaller and UE is larger with a smaller deflection angle. These results would be transposable to the World Ocean if the relative part of geostrophic currents in UE was weak, which is expected. This decomposition into Stokes drift and quasi-Eulerian current is most important for the estimation of energy fluxes to the Ekman layer.
Variability and Coherence of the Agulhas Undercurrent in a High-Resolution Ocean General Circulation Model
Authors: Biastoch A. , Beal L. M. , Lutjeharms J. R. E. , Casal T. G. D.
Published: April 2009

The Agulhas Current system has been analyzed in a nested high-resolution ocean model and compared to observations. The model shows good performance in the western boundary current structure and the transports off the South African coast. This includes the simulation of the northward-flowing Agulhas Undercurrent. It is demonstrated that fluctuations of the Agulhas Current and Undercurrent around 50–70 days are due to Natal pulses and Mozambique eddies propagating downstream. A sensitivity experiment that excludes those upstream perturbations significantly reduces the variability as well as the mean transport of the undercurrent. Although the model simulates undercurrents in the Mozambique Channel and east of Madagascar, there is no direct connection between those and the Agulhas Undercurrent. Virtual float releases demonstrate that topography is effectively blocking the flow toward the north.
A Scale Interaction Study on East Asian Cyclogenesis Using a General Circulation Model Coupled with an Interactively Nested Regional Model
Authors: Inatsu Masaru , Kimoto Masahide
Published: April 2009

This study newly developed the interactively nested climate model (INCL) using a general circulation model (GCM) interactively nested with a regional atmospheric model (RAM). One interactive experiment with finer RAM topography and another with coarser topography, as well as offline versions of each experiment, were performed to investigate the effects of subsynoptic-scale eddies and subsynoptic-scale mountains in northeast Asia on the larger-scale climate, using the GCM with T42 atmosphere and the RAM with 40-km mesh size in the INCL system. The subsynoptic-scale eddy effect restrictively increased synoptic-scale eddy activity within the RAM domain. In contrast, subsynoptic-scale mountains had the effect of robust anticyclonic circulation around the Sea of Japan and effectively forced larger-scale circulation. The effect was positively fed back to the mean field and amplified the anticyclonic circulation accompanied by suppressed storm activity in northeast Asia. The results suggest that subsynoptic-scale mountains affect not only subsynoptic-scale eddies but also the global climate.
Youth Violence— Crime or Self-Help? Marginalized Urban Males' Perspectives on the Limited Efficacy of the Criminal Justice System to Stop Youth Violence
Authors: Wilkinson Deanna L. , Beaty Chauncey C. , Lurry Regina M.
Published: April 2009

In 1983, sociologist Donald Black proposed the theory of “Crime as Social Control,” in which he argued that for the socially disadvantaged, crime is commonly moralistic and can be characterized as self-help in the pursuit of justice when legal protection fails. This article uses Black's theory as a framework to assess the role of violence among African American male youth in disadvantaged urban communities in New York City. Using in-depth interview data for 416 young violent male offenders, the authors analyze youths' perspectives on their personal safety; access to legal, governmental, and communal protection from violence; the effectiveness of the criminal justice system and police in addressing crime and violence in their neighborhoods; and the need to rely on self- and group/gang-protection as a means of social control. The implications for self-help theory are discussed.
The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling
Authors: Warren Patricia Y. , Farrell Amy
Published: April 2009

Racial profiling describes the practice of targeting or stopping an individual based primarily on his or her race rather than any individualized suspicion. Such profiling came under considerable public scrutiny beginning in the 1990s when the media drew substantial attention to racial profiling in traffic stops. This study examines whether the heightened public scrutiny generated by the media as well as legislative and organizational changes that ensued changed police officers' patterns of searches among black and white drivers. Using traffic stop data from Rhode Island between 2001 and 2005, the results demonstrate that racial disparities in searches are significantly reduced when news media coverage is putting more pronounced pressure on police organizations and police departments to make changes in leadership. These findings suggest that public scrutiny through the media and administrative commitment to fairness may be important first steps in reducing biased behavior in traffic stop enforcement.
Latino Youths' Experiences with and Perceptions of Involuntary Police Encounters
Authors: Solis Carmen , Portillos Edwardo L. , Brunson Rod K.
Published: April 2009

Research has consistently shown that African American youth report less favorable evaluations of the police than their white counterparts. The literature on police-citizen relations in Latino/a communities is scant and narrowly focused on Mexicana/os and Chicana/os in southern and midwestern U.S. cities. Therefore, we know little about the experiences of Latino/a populations in other parts of the country. This article uses a Latina/o critical theory (LatCrit) perspective to examine thirty Afro-Caribbean youths' experiences with and perceptions of New York City police. Study findings highlight respondents' views that aggressive policing tactics are intended to restrict and criminalize Latino/a youths' use of public space. The authors conclude with recommendations for improving police—community relations with this population.
Race, Ethnicity, Class, and Noncompliance with Juvenile Court Supervision
Authors: Smith Hilary , Rodriguez Nancy , Zatz Marjorie S.
Published: April 2009

Determination of whether a youth is compliant with the conditions of probation and, if not, how to ensure future compliance is an important intermediate stage in juvenile court decision making. Yet, little is known about the conditions under which noncompliance is or is not documented in the youth's file, what happens to noncompliant youth, and whether documentation of noncompliance is influenced by race and class. Probation officers necessarily make recommendations based on incomplete knowledge, the very circumstances under which research has demonstrated that racial biases are most likely to surface. The authors analyze juvenile court data to examine whether and how documentation of noncompliance is affected by race, ethnicity, and class. Logistic regression demonstrates that black youth and youth from poorer neighborhoods are especially likely to have noncompliance documented. Content analysis of court social files clarifies further how race, class, family structure, and family circumstances affect officials' assessments of youth.
The Consequences of the Criminal Justice Pipeline on Black and Latino Masculinity
Authors: Rios Victor M.
Published: April 2009

Analyses of the criminal justice system have revealed the racialized nature of crime and punishment in the United States. We know little, however, about how race, crime, and punishment are also experienced as gendered phenomena by marginalized adolescent males. Drawing from ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews, the author proposes that important insights about crime, race, and gender are gained by analyzing the experiences of adolescent males as they navigate through the criminal justice pipeline. Thus, the author examines how policing, incarceration, and probation offer masculinity-making resources that young men use to develop a sense of manhood. This study shows that one of the consequences of enhanced policing, surveillance, and punitive treatment of youth of color is the development of a specific set of gendered practices. One outcome of pervasive criminal justice contact for young black and Latino men is the production of a hypermasculinity that obstructs desistance and social mobility.
Segregated Spatial Locations, Race-Ethnic Composition, and Neighborhood Violent Crime
Authors: Peterson Ruth D. , Krivo Lauren J.
Published: April 2009

How can we understand the dramatic linkages among race, ethnicity, place, and violence in the United States? One contention is that differences in violence across communities of varying race-ethnic compositions are rooted in highly differentiated social and economic circumstances of the segregated neighborhoods inhabited by whites, African Americans, Latinos, and other groups. Here, the authors draw upon and expand this perspective by exploring how inequality in the character of internal and nearby neighborhood conditions leads to patterned racial and ethnic differences in violence across areas. Using data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study to examine the racial-spatial dynamic of violence for neighborhoods in thirty-six U.S. cities, the authors demonstrate that along with the social and economic conditions that exist within neighborhoods, proximity to more disadvantaged and especially racially privileged (heavily white) areas is particularly critical in accounting for the large and visible differences in violence found across neighborhoods of different colors.
Perceptions of Criminal Injustice, Symbolic Racism, and Racial Politics
Authors: Matsueda Ross L. , Drakulich Kevin
Published: April 2009

This article examines the relationships between perceptions of criminal injustice, symbolic racism, and political outcomes. Building on a group conflict theory of social control and a group position theory of contemporary racism, the authors hypothesize that perceptions of criminal injustice against blacks undermines the legitimacy of social institutions, such as free markets and the legal system, and encourages support for progressive programs, such as affirmative action, to ameliorate the effects of racial discrimination. The authors further hypothesize that perceptions of criminal injustice undermine support for these progressive programs by fostering symbolic racist attitudes. Using data from the American National Election Studies, the authors find preliminary evidence for this perspective. Perceived police racial bias is negatively associated with symbolic racism, which, in turn, is negatively associated with affirmative action, equal opportunity policy, and government action to ensure equal opportunity and positively associated with support for the death penalty and crime spending.
The Effects of Race/Ethnicity and National Origin on Length of Sentence in the United States Virgin Islands
Authors: Iles Gale
Published: April 2009

Although researchers have acknowledged the importance of environmental and contextual factors in the judicial decision-making process, there is a lack of attention to sentencing decisions and outcomes in territorial courts of the United States. Drawing on the focal concerns perspective, this study analyzes the sentences of 583 federal defendants sentenced in the District Court of the United States Virgin Islands between 1997 and 2004. The findings reveal that net of legally relevant factors, Hispanics receive harsher sentences than blacks, and legal aliens receive prison sentences that are significantly longer than those received by U.S. citizens. However, the influence of legal alien status is driven by the harsher sentences imposed on defendants who are citizens of the Dominican Republic. The meaning and implications of the influence of citizenship status and race/ethnicity in a context where race/ethnicity are not overriding statuses, as they are on the U.S. mainland, are discussed.
Sequencing Disadvantage: Barriers to Employment Facing Young Black and White Men with Criminal Records
Authors: Pager Devah , Western Bruce , Sugie Naomi
Published: April 2009

In this article, the authors report the results of a large-scale field experiment conducted in New York City investigating the effects of race and a prison record on employment. Teams of black and white men were matched and sent to apply for low-wage jobs throughout the city, presenting equivalent resumés and differing only in their race and criminal background. The authors find a significant negative effect of a criminal record on employment outcomes that appears substantially larger for African Americans. The sequence of interactions preceding hiring decisions suggests that black applicants are less often invited to interview, thereby providing fewer opportunities to establish rapport with the employer. Furthermore, employers' general reluctance to discuss the criminal record of an applicant appears especially harmful for black ex-offenders. Overall, these results point to the importance of rapport-building for finding work, something that the stigmatizing characteristics of minority and criminal status make more difficult to achieve.
Race and the Response of State Legislatures to Unauthorized Immigrants
Authors: Chavez Jorge M. , Provine Doris Marie
Published: April 2009

Increasingly, state legislatures are enacting laws to regulate immigrant populations. What accounts for these responses to foreign-born residents? To explain legislative activity at the state level, the authors examine a variety of factors, including the size and growth of foreign-born and Hispanic local populations, economic well-being, crime rates, and conservative or liberal political ideology in state government and among the citizenry. The authors find that economic indicators, crime rates, and demographic changes have little explanatory value for legislation aimed at restrictions on immigrant populations. Rather, conservative citizen ideology appears to drive immigrant-related restrictionist state legislation. Meanwhile, proimmigrant laws are associated with larger Hispanic concentrations, growing foreign-born populations, and more liberal citizen and governmental orientations. These findings suggest that ideological framing is the most consistently important factor determining legislative responses to newcomers. These findings are in line with the relatively scarce empirical literature on legislative tendencies associated with vulnerable populations.
The Impact of Neighborhood Context on Intragroup and Intergroup Robbery: The San Antonio Experience
Authors: Cancino Jeffrey M. , Martinez Ramiro , Stowell Jacob I.
Published: April 2009

Guided by social disorganization theory, this article examines the influence of neighborhood characteristics on intragroup and intergroup robbery, net of spatial proximity in a predominantly native-born Latino/Mexican-origin city—San Antonio, Texas. From census tract and official police robbery data, the findings indicate that intragroup robbery is more common than intergroup robbery. Multivariate results show that variation in black intragroup robbery lies primarily in highly disadvantaged neighborhoods; whereas variation in Latino intergroup robbery is found in neighborhoods with more disadvantage, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, recent immigrants, and blacks. Residential instability persistently influences all robbery types. Disaggregating robberies by race and ethnicity reveals the importance of examining Latinos as offenders and victims. The case of San Antonio serves as a harbinger of conditions that may exist in the growing number of majority-Latino cities—and suggests the need to investigate crime experiences that move beyond studying racial dichotomies of violence.
The Mass Incarceration of Parents in America: Issues of Race/ Ethnicity, Collateral Damage to Children, and Prisoner Reentry
Authors: Foster Holly , Hagan John
Published: April 2009

The authors discuss social selection, stigmatization, and socialization/strain theoretical explanations for the intergenerational influences of parental incarceration on their children. Results with national survey data reveal that net of selection factors, paternal imprisonment decreases the educational attainment of children in emerging adulthood. While this pattern is found across race/ethnicity, the results in combination with disproportionate minority confinement suggest that parental incarceration is a mechanism of social exclusion of these groups. With data on Texas prisoners, the authors further find that about two-thirds of Hispanic fathers and about half of African American and Anglo fathers expect to live with their children and families when they return to their communities. This last finding suggests a broad foundation across racial/ethnic groups for the investment of resources in supporting the rehabilitation and reunification of these prospective families, for the welfare of the children, their parents, and the communities in which they live.
Race Effects of Representation among Federal Court Workers: Does Black Workforce Representation Reduce Sentencing Disparities?
Authors: Farrell Amy , Ward Geoff , Rousseau Danielle
Published: April 2009

Increasing racial group representation among justice professionals is considered a potential remedy to inequality in the administration of justice, including racial disparities in sentencing. Research shows mixed effects of decision maker race on sentencing. Most studies focus exclusively on the significance of individual judges' status characteristics, however, failing to consider racial group representation among other court actors. The authors consider whether such representation within and across multiple categories of court workers—judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, and probation officers—relates to federal sentencing out comes. Findings reveal that the effect of defendant race on imprisonment decisions differs across judicial districts and is influenced by variable levels of black workforce representation. Specifically, districts with greater black representation among prosecutors are distinguished by more racially equitable odds of incar ceration. Conversely, increased black representation among probation officers is associated with greater disparity between the sentences of blacks and whites.
“Cultures of Inequality”: Ethnicity, Immigration, Social Welfare, and Imprisonment
Authors: Crutchfield Robert D. , Pettinicchio David
Published: April 2009

The authors discuss the shift from classic culture of poverty arguments to more contemporary uses of cultural variables in explaining criminal justice practices in Western industrialized countries. The authors use “cultures of inequality” to refer to the increasing taste or tolerance for inequality in the general population across nations. They also elaborate a potential link between perceived threat of others and growing tastes for inequality, thereby extending the classic threat hypothesis. Using country-level data and data from the World Values Survey, the authors find that countries with higher than average tastes for inequality also have higher income inequality, more population heterogeneity, and higher percentages of others in prison. However, people in these countries do not necessarily have more hostile attitudes toward others . The United States shares several characteristics with other Western countries but appears to be driving the difference in the mean taste for inequality between countries with low and high imprisonment of others .
Quasi-Ties
Authors: Frank Kenneth A.
Published: April 2009

Research on social capital has found that individuals who access resources through social relations gain competitive advantage and systems with high levels or desirable distributions of social capital are more effective. These effects depend on actors allocating resources to others in their social system at-large instead of to others with whom they share specific social relationships. It is hypothesized that actors who identify with others in a social system as a collective are more likely to allocate resources uniformly throughout the system. Thus, identification with the collective can serve as a quasi-tie, directing the allocation of resources, but not defined by specific social relations. Findings from a longitudinal, multilevel network study of teachers' use of computers support multiple theories of resource allocation and, in particular, confirm that teachers who identify with the collectives of their schools are less likely to favor close colleagues and close colleagues of close colleagues, in their provision of help.
The 2008 Leona Tyler Award Address
Authors: Packard Ted
Published: April 2009

The empirical literature and the author's professional experience over four decades have convinced him that concerning practice patterns and work settings there is little to distinguish counseling psychology from other psychological practice specialties. What is distinctive are certain core values that undergird and distinguish this specialty. First, a definition of “values” is presented, followed by a brief review of a limited number of studies that address the topic of values and counseling psychology. Next, the author describes a qualitative study of the perceptions and beliefs of 18 experienced counseling psychology educators and trainers about core values that distinguish the specialty and set it apart from other psychology specialty practice areas. The final section presents nine proposed core values, most of which are distinctive to counseling psychology, derived logically from the themes of the literature and the interviews with the counseling psychology educators as filtered through the author's biases and assumptions.
Life-quality decisions: Tension-management strategies used by individuals when making tradeoffs
Authors: Mickel Amy E. , Dallimore Elise J.
Published: April 2009

An investigation of perceived tradeoffs associated with significant life-quality decisions yielded five tension-management strategies which include: a) adopting a guiding philosophy, b) engaging in an ongoing practice, c) perceiving tradeoffs as `nothing given up of value/importance', d) applying a present orientation, and e) applying a future orientation. These strategies emerge as ways working professionals in the United States manage tension. Findings suggest that the use of one or more of these strategies is related to perceptions of more gains than losses associated with decisions. Further, examining the use of these strategies adds insight regarding why some respondents making similar decisions perceive tradeoffs differently. In dealing with work—life issues, the authors promote the use of tension-management strategies which are enacted by individuals alone or in conjunction with organizationally enacted strategies.
Psychological climate: A comparison of organizational and individual level referents
Authors: Baltes Boris B. , Zhdanova Ludmila S. , Parker Christopher P.
Published: April 2009

Psychological climate is defined as individual employee perceptions of their work environment. This study advances our understanding of the psychological climate construct by addressing a generally ignored issue of frame of reference through measuring psychological climate with an organizational referent (PCo) and an individual referent (PCi). PCo reflects employee perceptions of their organizational environment in general; whereas, PCi reflects employee perceptions of their own experiences within an organization. This study found that a) there are mean level differences between the two types of psychological climate, b) the two types of psychological climate uniquely predict job satisfaction, and c) a discrepancy between the two types of psychological climate is found to relate to job satisfaction.
Human relations management, expectations and healthcare: A qualitative study
Authors: Hyde Paula , Harris Claire , Boaden Ruth , Cortvriend Penny
Published: April 2009

Despite substantial evidence for a relationship between human resource management (HRM) and the performance of individuals, relatively few studies have examined the role of employee expectations. This article reports on a study involving six National Health Service (NHS) organizations across England. Healthcare employees expected their employers to provide: infrastructure, HR practices and support, which they linked to improved performance especially in relation to patient care and service innovations. Counterintuitively, effort was maintained towards immediate patient care when expectations were unmet, seemingly, because of public service values. The findings indicate that public service values may be a strong determinant of performance as it relates to patients, moderating potential short-term adverse effects of unmet expectations. In contrast, longer term effects on patient care and service development were less readily moderated by these values. This study offers differential accounts illustrating effects on performance gained through improved working conditions and through work intensification.
The `boundaryless' career and career boundaries: Applying an institutionalist perspective to ICT workers in the context of Nigeria
Authors: Ituma Afam , Simpson Ruth
Published: April 2009

Drawing from institutional theory, this article explores `boundaryless' careers and the nature of career boundaries in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to explore: 1) whether career mobility in Nigeria reproduces or challenges contemporary projections of the `boundaryless' career (i.e. as characterized by increased inter-firm mobility) and 2) the structural boundaries (barriers) that constrain individuals' ability to enact the boundaryless career in this context. Findings of the interviews with 50 technical professionals in the Nigerian ICT industry challenge contemporary projections of `boundaryless' careers by providing evidence to support the continuing existence of career boundaries and traditional career patterns (i.e. as characterized by hierarchical and progressive movement within a single organization). Findings also suggest that ethnic allegiance, personal connections, gender discrimination, perceptions of educational qualifications and the nature of work biography constrain individuals' ability to enact the boundaryless career in the ICT industry. Overall, the article contributes the Nigerian perspective on boundaryless careers and career barriers to the growing consideration of career phenomena in different national contexts.
Improving Heat Transfer Models of Air Gaps in Bench Top Tests of Thermal Protective Fabrics
Authors: Sawcyn Chris M. J. , Torvi David A.
Published: April 2009

An improved model has been developed to simulate heat transfer in horizontal air spaces between thermal protective fabrics and test sensors in bench top tests, such as the thermal protective performance test. This model calculates the radiation and convection heat transfer from the test specimen to the test sensor. Radiation heat transfer is calculated by treating the bottom boundary of the enclosure as a series of isothermal rectangular pieces. Convection heat transfer is calculated using an empirical correlation and by assuming that convection only occurs over a portion of the cross-section of the enclosure. Predicted times required to exceed the Stoll second degree burn criterion were found to be within 3 % of those measured during actual bench top tests of steel shimstock using air gaps from 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) to 19.1 mm (3/4 in.).
Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation of the Static Pressure at the Blade in a Blade Coating Process
Authors: Schmidt Markus , Schloßer Uwe , Schollmeyer Eckhard
Published: April 2009

The process of coating textiles with a blade coater has been investigated with CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software. The simulations have uncovered a pressure drop in the area between the edge of the knife and the textile. This drop can be explained by the varying height of the flow channel which is made of the knife and the textile in conjunction with the no slip condition that is applied to the walls. In the simulations this drop became arbitrarily deep with increasing viscosity leading to negative absolute pressure levels. This may be a hint that the no slip condition is not valid in this scenario that involves shear rates of the order of 103/s and dynamic viscosities of around 10 to 100Pas. With a proposed slip condition for the textile the pressure drop became less pronounced. At the same time the flow rate through the gap between knife and textile was reduced leading to a thinner coating. This can be a hint that a slip between coating material and textile can cause distortions in the coating up to a complete disruption which is reported frequently by the industry. This could eventually be avoided by reducing the varying height of the flow channel. Alternatively a vertical lift of the textile due to the negative pressure was taken into account. This lift appeared only with low tensions of the textile of about 1N/m and showed no influence on coating thickness and pressure drop.
Investigation of Vortex Spun Yarn Properties in Comparison with Conventional Ring and Open-end Rotor Spun Yarns
Authors: Erdumlu Nazan , Ozipek Bulent , Oztuna A. Selda , Cetinkaya Seda
Published: April 2009

In this study, the properties of ring, rotor, and vortex spun yarns produced in different counts from cotton, viscose rayon, and 50/50 cotton-modal blended fibers were investigated. Yarn samples were converted into knitted fabrics in a single jersey circular knitting machine and dyed with reactive dyestuff to determine the physical performances of the yarns in knitted form. The results revealed that vortex spun yarns have lower hairiness and better pilling resistance over ring and open-end rotor spun yarns. Furthermore, viscose rayon yielded more satisfactory results in the vortex spinning system in terms of yarn strength, particularly in coarser yarn counts and hairiness.
Effect of Air Gap on Morphology of Polyacrylonitrile Triangular Fiber
Authors: Junliang Fan  , Yuefang Wen  , Yonggang Yang  , Lang Liu
Published: April 2009

Polyacrylonitrile triangular fiber was prepared by the technique of dry-jet wet spinning. In order to study the effect of air gap on the morphology of triangular nascent fiber, various air gap distances ranging from 3 to 7 mm were studied. The cross-section of triangular nascent fiber was observed through an optical microscope, the surface of the fiber was examined with an atomic force microscopy, and its pore structure by mercury porosimetry. The results showed that the profile degree decreased with the increase of air gap distance; the surface tension was a key factor that affected the deformation of the cross-sectional shape of triangular nascent fiber. In addition, surface roughness of triangular nascent fiber, with the growth of air gap distances, increased first and then decreased. An abrupt change of the surface roughness of the fiber may have resulted from that of polymer contents on the surface of the dope stream in the air gap. Furthermore, the pore volume in the triangular nascent fiber decreased with the increase of air gap distance. This may be attributed to change of the total polymer content of the dope stream in air gap.
Geometrical Models for Balanced Rib Knitted Fabrics Part III: 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, and 5 × 5 Rib Fabrics
Authors: Kurbak Arif , Soydan Ali Serkan
Published: April 2009

Since there are no such models in the literature, geometrical models for 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, and 5 × 5 rib fabrics are created in this paper. To obtain these models, the degree of widthwise curling for each fabric is assessed from photographs and the regions between the 1 × 1 rib parts and the curled plain knit parts of the mentioned structures are modeled in this paper, making yarn curvatures continuous throughout the structure concerned. Models created are drawn to scale by the graphical program 3DS-Max. During the creation of these models, it is emphasized that Kc values are almost the same for all the m × m rib fabrics and the second kind of spiralities which are effective on m × m ribs are also considered.
Surface Trimer Removal of Polyester Fibers by Ozone Treatment
Authors: Eren Huseyin Aksel , Anis Pervin
Published: April 2009

The oxidative ozone treatment of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers after dyeing was recently proposed as a novel afterclearing method. High fastness properties, energy and time savings, and environmental benefits were reported by the ozone treatment compared to the conventional reduction clearing. This study investigated the efficiency of the ozone treatment afterclearing process on the surface trimer removal of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers. Results indicated similar cyclic trimer [(GT)3] removal rates after 1 min ozone treatment when compared to the conventional reduction clearing; the removal rates increased at 3 min ozone treatment time. The migration rate of the cyclic trimers [(GT)3] out of the fibers was also investigated as a function of temperature and a sudden increase was observed after second glass transition temperature of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers rather than a linear increase.