bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of in situ modified graphene nanosheets‐reinforced polypropylene
Authors: Dong Haipeng , Liu Minghui , Chen Xianlei , Han Guofang , Li Liang , Lu Fangfang , Zhu Baikang , Tao Hengcong
Published: May 2022

Despite the great potential of graphene as a nanofiller, its inhomogeneous dispersion in polymers remains a key challenge for the effective reinforcement of polymer. Herein, we exfoliated worm graphite into graphene by in situ liquid‐phase exfoliation, and the graphene was coated on the surface of polypropylene (PP) pellets by stirring. Further, we examined several treatment conditions and graphene contents. When graphene was centrifuged at 1000 rpm and the extrusion temperature of the composite was 230°C, the composite achieved optimal overall performance with the addition of only 0.2 wt% graphene. Compared to those of pure PP, the yield strength, bending modulus, and impact strength of the composites increased by 8.71%, 18.32%, and 45.75%, respectively. The thermal conductivity is increased by 29.5%. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the PP sample exhibited a significant heterogeneous nucleation effect due to graphene addition, improving the crystallization temperature and crystallinity of the composites. Contact angle measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the surface energy of graphene and PP are close to each other, and the graphene was well‐dispersed in the PP matrix. Thus, this technique can optimize the processing properties and interface structure of graphene‐polymer nanocomposites.
Analysis and characterization of interlaminar tack for different prepreg materials during automated fiber placement
Authors: Pan Helin , Qu Weiwei , Yang Di , Li Jiangxiong , Ke Yinglin
Published: May 2022

Prepreg tack plays a crucial role in dominating the part quality during the automated fiber placement (AFP) process. This study aims to study the effect of process parameters on the tackiness between prepreg plies for two kinds of prepreg materials and find the optimal combination for high resultant tackiness. Moreover, the surface characteristics are utilized to evaluate the tack‐determining mechanism. For this proposal, a shear test method based on the theoretical model is first developed to measure the tackiness between prepreg plies. Thereafter, the influence of each process parameter including lay‐up speed, compaction force, and material temperature on the tackiness is investigated and analyzed through the single‐factor method. The results show that process parameters exhibit distinct impacts on the tackiness for two kinds of prepreg systems while the tackiness force of the EH918 prepreg is much lower than that of the M21C prepreg. It is because the resin layer on the surface of the EH918 prepreg is much thinner and even in comparison with that of the M21C prepreg. Finally, the response surface method is utilized to investigate the interaction among process parameters and find the optimal combination for high tackiness. It is shown that different prepreg materials present the distinct optimal combination for high resultant tackiness. These results are significant for controlling the tackiness of prepreg materials by tailoring process parameters to satisfy the specific manufacturing requirements.
An Investigation into the Surface Skidding Response of PBX 9501 and PBX 9502
Authors: Watkins Scott A. , Lee Ryan J. , Hewitt Austin T. , Mankowski John , Brinkman J. , Dickens James , Neuber Andreas A.
Published: May 2022

While polymer‐bonded explosives, PBX, have reduced sensitivity to ignition from mechanical shock or heating compared to conventional explosives, the investigation of the mechanical ignition mechanisms for PBX remains vital to assessing the safety during machining and general handling. Under frictional heating, hot spot generation due to high melting point contaminants in the interface is a suspected source for increased probability of ignition. To investigate such frictional heating, samples of PBX 9501 and PBX 9502 were impacted and skidded against a tangentially moving target and thermally imaged. Temporally resolved temperature and forces were simultaneously measured with and without 300 μm silica grit at the frictional interface. A trend of increasing temperature was observed as the speed and tangential force on the sample increased. Grit particles in the frictional interface were found to act as frictional heat concentration spots owing to the grit‘s protrusion from the surface and lesser susceptibility to melting compared to the PBX. The coefficient of friction between PBX 9501 and the skidding surface was observed to be largely constant for forces and speeds at the lower end of the test range. In contrast, at high tangential speeds, the coefficient was found to be significantly lower.
A practical guide to sample size calculations: Installation of the app SampSize
Authors: Flight Laura , Julious Steven A.
Published: May 2022

In 2016 we published three articles in Pharmaceutical Statistics that gave a practical guide to sample size calculations. In each of the articles there were instructions on how to obtain the App SampSize. This short communication updates these instructions and highlights the updates and added functionality to the App.
An adaptive multivariate EWMA mean chart with variable sample sizes and/or variable sampling intervals
Authors: Haq Abdul , Khoo Michael B. C.
Published: May 2022

New adaptive multivariate EWMA (AME) charts based on the variable sample size (VSS), variable sampling interval (VSI) and variable sample size and sampling interval (VSSI) techniques are proposed to reduce the time of the existing AME chart in detecting a mean shift in the multivariate normal process. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to compare the time to signal characteristics of the new VSS/VSI/VSSI AME and existing fixed sampling rate (FSR) AME and VSSI multivariate EWMA (ME) charts. It is found that the VSS/VSI/VSSI AME charts generally surpass the existing FSR AME and the non‐adaptive VSSI ME charts in detecting small and moderate shifts in the mean of a multivariate normal process, in terms of the expected weighted time‐to‐signal and expected relative average time‐to‐signal performance measures. An example is given to show the implementation of the existing and proposed charts.
The impact of cachexia on dietary intakes, symptoms, and quality of life in advanced cancer
Authors: Amano Koji , Baracos Vickie E. , Morita Tatsuya , Miura Tomofumi , Mori Naoharu , Tatara Ryohei , Kessoku Takaomi , Tokoro Akihiro , Tagami Keita , Otani Hiroyuki , Mori Masanori , Taniyama Tomohiko , Nakajima Nobuhisa , Nakanishi Erika , Kako Jun , Kiuchi Daisuke , Ishiki Hiroto , Matsuoka Hiromichi , Satomi Eriko , Miyashita Mitsunori
Published: May 2022

Background

The relationships between cachexia stages and the Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy Anorexia Cachexia Subscale (FAACT ACS) 12‐item, 5‐item anorexia symptoms, and 4‐item anorexia concerns have not been investigated in Asian patients with advanced cancer.

Methods

This is a multicentre questionnaire survey conducted in palliative and supportive care settings across Japan. Consecutive patients were enrolled. Patient characteristics and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Dietary intakes and nutrition impact symptoms were also assessed. Patients evaluated their quality of life (QOL) using FAACT ACS. Subjects were divided into two groups, that is, pre‐cachexia (non‐cachexia) and cachexia and refractory cachexia (cachexia), based on cancer cachexia criteria from the international consensus. Comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test or chi‐squared test. To evaluate the relationship between cachexia stages and FAACT ACS 12‐item, 5‐item anorexia symptoms, and 4‐item anorexia concerns, adjusted odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in the logistic models.

Results

Among 495 patients, 378 (76.4%) responded. Due to missing data, 344 patients were classified into the non‐cachexia group (n = 174) and cachexia group (n = 170), and 318 remained in the analysis of FAACT ACS. The cachexia group had a more impaired performance status, a lower body mass index, and a higher frequency of weight loss in 1 month (P = 0.021, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). Advancing stages were associated with lack of appetite and reduced dietary intakes (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). QOL scores were significantly worse in the cachexia group in FAACT ACS 12‐item, 5‐item anorexia symptoms, and 4‐item anorexia concerns (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). In the models of FAACT ACS 12‐item, 5‐item anorexia symptoms, and 4‐item anorexia concerns, significantly higher adjusted ORs than in the non‐cachexia group were observed in the cachexia group [2.24 (95% CI 1.34–3.77), P = 0.002; 1.77 (95% CI 1.08–2.92), P = 0.024; and 2.18 (95% CI 1.29–3.70), P = 0.004, respectively].

Conclusions

FAACT ACS 12‐item, 5‐item anorexia symptoms, and 4‐item anorexia concerns are useful for identifying patients at risk of QOL that deteriorates with advancing stages in this population.
IgG4‐associated fibrosing mediastinitis requiring differentiation from posterior mediastinal tumour: A case report
Authors: Hirai Yoshimitsu , Iwamoto Ryuta , Iguchi Hideto , Fusamoto Aya , Yata Yumi , Ohashi Takuya , Nishimura Yoshiharu
Published: May 2022

A 71‐year‐old man, who was found to have a posterior mediastinal tumour, was referred to our hospital. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a 15‐cm soft tissue shadow in the posterior mediastinum, with many affected areas and a gradually increasing pattern. We also detected oligemic areas with poor contrast‐filling. There was no invasion into the adjacent vertebral body and the blood vessels penetrating the interior were intact. Positron emission tomography–CT revealed a high maximum standardized uptake level of 4.53 in the mediastinal masses. We performed thoracoscopic surgery for the biopsy. Histological findings showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the fibrous stroma as well as storiform fibrosis. Immunohistochemical examination revealed abundant infiltration of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)‐positive plasma cells and 40% IgG4/IgG‐positive plasma cells. Postoperative serum examinations showed a high serum IgG4 level (570 mg/dl). Accordingly, we diagnosed the patient with IgG4‐related fibrosing mediastinitis, a rare manifestation of IgG4‐related disease.
Past hydraulics influence microhabitat selection by invertebrates and fish in hydropeaking rivers
Authors: Judes Clarisse , Capra Hervé , Gouraud Véronique , Pella Hervé , Lamouroux Nicolas
Published: May 2022

Hydropeaking hydropower plants are the main source of renewable energy, meeting sub‐daily peaks in electricity demand. They induce rapid artificial flow variations, highly variable velocities, drift, and stranding risks for aquatic organisms. In hydropeaking reaches, microhabitat selection likely depends on both present and past hydraulics (flow velocity and water depth); this study aims to assess their relative impact. For this purpose, we used observations of fish abundance in 1,180 microhabitats (507 sampled by electrofishing, 673 by snorkeling) and of invertebrate abundance in 36 microhabitats (hyporheic and benthic) in a medium‐sized hydropeaking river. We described past hydraulics of microhabitats over the 15 days preceding sampling, using a 2D hydrodynamic model, by identifying microhabitats dewatering (drying during >10 hr) or with high‐velocity conditions (>1.3 m s−1 during >10 hr). Invertebrates guilds (defined based on their selection of present hydraulics in rivers without hydropeaking) responded significantly to past hydraulics, with abundances 3.5–15.3 times lower in dewatering habitats. Selection for present hydraulics by invertebrates was different from that observed in rivers without hydropeaking. For more mobile fish, responses were weaker and different, with a “bank” guild selecting dewatering microhabitats and, secondarily, a “midstream” guild avoiding them. Selection of present hydraulics by fish was similar to that observed in rivers without hydropeaking. Overall, past hydraulics influenced microhabitat selection, with stronger effects on invertebrates and stronger effects of dewatering than of high past velocities. However, high past velocities force fish to move and invertebrates to experience a large range of velocity.
Present in class yet absent in science: The individual and societal impact of inequitable science instruction and challenge to improve science instruction
Authors: Jones Tamecia R. , Burrell Shondricka
Published: May 2022

Current science instruction does not educate K‐12 students equitably and creates short‐ and long‐term impacts on individual students and society. While students may be present in class, they may not have access to quality science learning experiences. The goals of this paper are to show how science instruction may not be reaching its aim of equitable access and to offer recommendations for creating a new baseline standard for equitable science instruction. Though not exhaustive, this paper identifies groups of students who are marginalized in current‐day science instruction—the racially minoritized, those with physical and cognitive differences, and those in urban or rural communities. First, this paper challenges the neutrality of science by highlighting systemic yet negative outcomes that disproportionately impact minoritized populations in everyday life because of the narrow network of people who define and solve problems. Second, this paper identifies examples where science instruction is not of its highest quality for the highlighted groups. Third, we present a synthesis of research‐informed solutions proposed to improve both the quality of science instruction and its equitable access for the highlighted groups, creating a new baseline standard for equitable science instruction. An elevated baseline would address the existing disparities in who has access to quality science instruction and consequently reduce the gatekeeper effect of who defines and solves societal problems that perpetuate intergenerational inequities.
Advances in Microwave‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Graphene Synthesis
Authors: Wang Hui , Han Yuxiang , Luo Pan , Zhou Yanping , Chen Qian , Zhu Huacheng , Yang Yang , Zhang Bing , Huang Kama
Published: May 2022

Graphene has received intensive research interest in various areas due to its outstanding mechanical, electrical properties, high specific surface area and 2D flexible structure. Mechanical exfoliation generates defect‐free graphene, but suffers from ultra‐low yield. This drawback can be partially overcome by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD). However, conventional CVD imposes high temperature. In recent years, microwave plasma‐enhanced CVD (MPCVD) has been widely investigated as a viable strategy toward large‐area graphene synthesis. In this review, important issues during the process are summarized. Firstly, various MPCVD devices that have been explored for graphene synthesis are presented. Secondly, effect of carbon sources, nitrogen‐containing gases, and CO2 in the precursors are discussed. Thirdly, MPCVD enabled direct synthesis of graphene on metal substrates and non‐metal sustrates is discussed. Finally, the advances of MPCVD in lowering the graphene synthesis temperature are demonstrated.
Rational Design of Anti‐Epileptic Peptides to Inhibit MAPK/MKP‐2 Interactions for Epilepsy Therapeutics**
Authors: Zaib Sumera , Akram Fatima , Liaqat Syed Talha , Zaib Zainab , Mustafa Faisal , Khan Imtiaz
Published: May 2022

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) inhibitory protein is a potent endogenous inhibitor in the neo‐cortex of human for epileptic signaling, also known as DUSP4 (dual specificity phosphate 4). In human epileptic brain the MAPK pathway is activated, importantly in its cortical lamina. MAPK executes its special effects by binding to crystal structure of human MKP‐2. The inhibition of MAPK/MKP‐2 interaction is known as an effective epileptic therapeutic strategy. The present study targeted the construction of an MKP‐2 peptides based on MAPK binding regions. Peptide ranker serves were used to generate the possible peptide library with the prediction of peptides bioactivity. The interaction of MKP‐2 and all library peptides were analyzed using Hex 8.0.0, ClusPro tools and PatchDock. A number of six peptides with favorable docking scores were achieved. The best docking scores of peptides complexed with MKP‐2 were evaluated for their stability using molecular dynamics simulation (MD) with the help of the iMODS. As a result, two peptides with 16 residues of PepA (TICLAYLMMKKRVRL) and PepB (DNHKADISSWFMEAI) were achieved and introduced to inhibit MAPK/MKP‐2 interactions. In summary, PepA and PepB are recommended as a promising antiepileptic agents and suitable candidates for experimental evaluations. Additionally, this study provides new insights into the peptide engineering and development of therapeutics for epilepsy.
Diclofenac Imprinted Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Based Sensor
Authors: Çaktü Kıvılcım , Özgür Erdoğan , Bereli Nilay , Denizli Adil
Published: May 2022

The point of the study is the design of diclofenac (DFC) imprinted SPR sensor to detect DFC. Firstly, pre‐complex was formed using DFC and methacrylic acid (MAA). Pre‐complex was copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) on the allyl mercaptan functionalized SPR chip. DFC imprinted SPR sensor surface was characterized through atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. DFC adsorption kinetics of SPR sensor was examined using DFC aqueous solutions between 0,005 μg/mL and 10,0 μg/mL. Langmuir adsorption model was defined as the most fitted model. Competitive adsorption of DFC and carbamazebine was investigated to examine the selectivity. Non‐imprinted SPR sensor was formed to investigate imprinting effect.
New Approach to Biologically Active Indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline Derivatives through Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclodehydrogenation
Authors: Sadykhov Gusein A. , Belyaev Danila V. , Vakhrusheva Diana V. , Eremeeva Natalya I. , Khramtsova Ekaterina E. , Pervova Marina G. , Rusinov Gennady L. , Verbitskiy Egor V. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Charushin Valery N.
Published: May 2022

A convenient synthetic protocol to antiviral agent B‐220 and a series of similar indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline derivatives has been developed. This synthetic approach is based on Buchwald‐Hartwig cross‐coupling and subsequent annulation by intramolecular oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. For the first time, 6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline amine derivatives were evaluated for antimycobacterial activity. The moderate bacteriostatic effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was found. A plausible mechanism of antibacterial action was elucidated by the molecular docking.
Polyoxometalate‐Based Metal Organic Frameworks: Recent Advances and Challenges
Authors: Liu Jiale , Huang Mengyao , Hua Zhongyu , Dong Yi , Feng Zeran , Sun Tiedong , Chen Chunxia
Published: May 2022

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are stable metal anion clusters formed by pre‐transition metal elements in their highest oxidation state, with rich chemical composition and diverse structures. However, the highly dispersed structure makes it difficult to perform catalytic activity in a stable manner. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOF) with high specific surface and topological structure are a unique class of solid porous materials based on metal ions or metal clusters and organic ligands. In recent years, numerous studies have combined these two as POMOF composite nanoplatform, which not only retains the advantages of them but also ameliorates the shortcomings. With active reactivity, high stability and large specific surface area, this synergistic and complementary combination makes it a promising composite nanomaterial. This mini‐review presents the applications of POMOFs in different fields, including combating environmental problems and energy crises, catalyzing organic reactions, biosensors and supercapacitors, and presents the prospect of future work of POMOFs.
High Sodium Ion Mobility of PEO‐NaTFSI‐Na3Zr2Si2PO12 Composite Solid Electrolyte for All‐Solid‐State Na‐S Battery
Authors: Ge Zhi , Li Jie , Liu Jin
Published: May 2022

A composite solid electrolyte based on PEO‐NaTFSI (polyethylene oxide‐sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) and Na3Zr2Si2PO12 is fabricated for all‐solid‐state Na−S battery (ASSB). When the molar ratio of EO (ethylene oxide of PEO) to Na+ (sodium ion of NaTFSI) is 20 and the amount of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 is 30 wt%, a highest ionic conductivity of 3.14×10−4 S cm−1 and the sodium ion transference number of 0.66 are achieved at 60 °C. Harnessing the electrolyte's improved sodium ion transport abilities enables ASSB's assembled with a sulfur cathode and sodium metal anode to exhibit highly reversible current‐rates and capacity retention. At 0.2 C and 60 °C, the battery delivers a superior discharge capacity of 1110.0 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and maintains 666.8 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles with a stable Coulombic efficiency near 100 %.
A novel coating method for MoO3 to improve the electrochemical performance of regenerated Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 cathode material from spent Li‐ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Shan , Xu Yuanxiang , Liang Jianquan , Zhang Jian , Wang Yue , Mu Deying , Dai Changsong
Published: May 2022

Regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as an efficient short‐range recycling strategy, is gradually becoming a research hotspot. However, due to the unavoidable influence of impurities in the recycling process, the regenerated material suffers from severe performance degradation during the recycling process. Surface coating is an effective routine to improve cycling stability. Here, regenerated Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 cathode material is successfully wet‐coated by an appropriate amount of MoO3. The study finds the material loading 2.0 wt% MoO3 exhibits even better properties. After 100 cycles, the capacity retention efficiency is significantly improved from 70 % to 86.5 % in the range of 2.8∼4.3 V. It is confirmed that the MoO3 coating effectively stabilized the cathode/electrolyte interface, thus reducing the occurrence of side reactions and improving the electrochemical stability of the battery. In addition, the MoO3 had great electrical conductivity, keeping the lithium diffusion even at a stable level upon cycling. To sum up, our work provides a simple and available modification strategy for nickel‐rich cathode materials recovered from spent LIBs.
A Simple Route to Fabricate an Artificial Interface Protective Layer on a Zn Anode for Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Wenqian , Yan Sixu , Wang Shuyi , Jing Lei , Mao Changming , Zhang Zhonghua , Peng Hongrui , Guo Xiaosong , Li Guicun
Published: May 2022

Aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted lots of attention due to good eco‐friendly, safety and high energy density. However, the dendritic growth and side reactions on Zn anodes have affected the safety and stability of AZIBs. In this paper, an artificial interface protective layer on the Zn anode has been fabricated by a convenient and straightforward replacement reaction of Bi(CF3SO3)3 with Zn anode in dimethoxyethane (DME) solution at room temperature. The Ar+ etching X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) proves that the protective layer is composed of metal Bi, ZnS and ZnSO3, suggesting the success of replacement reaction. This artificial protective layer is propitious to control nucleation sites of Zn2+ and favorable Maxwell‐Wagner polarization, resulting in uniform Zn stripping/plating. In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Tafel plots and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrate that the interface layer can effectively suppress side reactions and dendrite growth. Therefore, the symmetric cells with modified Zn anode exhibit superior cycling stability at diverse current densities with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 and higher coulombic efficiency (CE) than half‐cells with pristine Zn anode. Simultaneously, modified Zn/NH4V4O10 full‐cells present higher specific capacity, superior cycling stability and rate capability. This simple method provides a new way to modify the Zn anodes for the development of industrialization of aqueous rechargeable ZIBs.
Zn Mediated Urea Bond Formation: A Novel and Convenient Method
Authors: Bhosle Siddhanath D. , Itage Shivanand V. , Jadhav Krishna A. , Eppa Gyanchander , Bhosale Rajesh S. , Yadav Jhillu Singh
Published: May 2022

The present work provides a fast and mild method towards the synthesis of urea derivatives and their application in amino group protection. This new methodology is an inexpensive, simple, and environmentally safe process for the synthesis of urea derivatives. It is well suited for aliphatic amines and aromatic amines. With aliphatic amines, Zn‐mediated urea bond formation occurs at ambient temperature, whereas with aromatic amines, it occurs at 60 °C. Environmentally friendly reaction conditions, sustainability, enumerating tolerance of a wide variety of functional groups, cost‐effectiveness, high atom economy, fast reaction time, and adaptability for large‐scale synthesis are all benefits of this technology.
Ionic Liquids Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Second Generation 5‐Ethoxymethylfurfural (5‐EMF); A Potent Biofuel Candidate
Authors: Naz Sadia , Uroos Maliha
Published: May 2022

5‐Ethoxymethylfurfural (5‐EMF) is a promising fuel alternative and biofuel additive due to its high energy potential. Principal method for its synthesis is etherification of hydroxyl group of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF), produced by the dehydration of fructose. Currently existing methods for the synthesis of 5‐EMF are not industrially feasible due to the issues associated with their starting materials; either they are highly expensive (such as 5‐HMF), or compete with food (sugars such as fructose and glucose). Herein, we are reporting a one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of 5‐EMF using non‐food indigenous agricultural waste material, thus completely eliminating the both issues. Cost is also very much reduced due to the utilization of cheap pyridinium based ionic liquids. Energy, time and solvents use is also reduced, as reaction is happening in a single pot. The process is optimized first for fructose (73 % 5‐EMF yield) and glucose (16 % 5‐EMF), and was then extended for real biopolymeric cellulose (16 % 5‐EMF) and wheat husk biomass (15 % 5‐EMF). Product was characterized via HPLC and 1HNMR spectroscopy.
Structural, Electrochemical and Catalytic Elucidation of Cyclooctadiene Ru(II)‐Nitrile Complexes of the Type [RuCl2(cod)(NCR)2]
Authors: Malan Frederick P.
Published: May 2022

The facile synthesis of a range of eleven cyclooctadiene Ru(II) complexes of the type [RuCl2(cod)(NCR)2] featuring different nitrile ligands using two synthetic routes is reported. The solid‐state characterization (SCXRD) of twelve complexes is also described. Complex instability in solution led to spontaneous dimerization to yield a dimeric complex. Using these complexes, varied catalytic activity was observed in six different transformation reactions, of which the transfer hydrogenation of ketones was the highest (yields of 99 % after 30 minutes, TOF=156 h−1). The electrochemical (CV), DFT, and catalytic properties of the complexes evaluated showed that while the majority of the characteristics of the complexes are comparable, three complexes stood out with the lowest catalytic activity (16 % and lower), the highest (most positive) formal redox potentials for RuII/RuIII (E0′ of up to +1.4 V), as well as exhibiting some of the smallest energy gaps (as small as 1.21 eV) in the series.
A blessing and a curse: How chief executive officer cognitive complexity influences firm performance under varying industry conditions
Authors: Malhotra Shavin , Harrison Joseph S.
Published: May 2022

Research Summary

How CEO cognitive complexity influences firm outcomes raises an intriguing theoretical tension. While more cognitively complex CEOs can potentially bolster firm performance through their more elaborate and multifaceted information processing, those tendencies can also hurt performance because they require more time and energy, delaying decision making. We posit and show a nuanced effect of CEO cognitive complexity on firm performance, contingent on industry conditions. CEO cognitive complexity benefits performance under more complex, stable, and munificent industry conditions, but hurts performance under simpler, more dynamic, and more constrained conditions. Post‐hoc analyses further show that these effects are similar when considering firm‐level factors reflecting munificent and dynamic internal conditions. Our study highlights the boundary conditions under which CEO cognitive complexity may be beneficial or detrimental for firms.

Managerial Summary

CEOs have different cognitive styles that can impact how they approach decision making. Whereas some exhibit greater cognitive complexity, that is, by engaging in broader and deeper information search and considering more differentiated and nuanced perspectives and alternatives, others engage in simpler and less comprehensive information processing when making decisions. While it seems intuitive to assume that CEOs' cognitive complexity should be beneficial for firms, collecting and processing a large amount of complex information can also complicate and delay decision‐making. Our results show that S&P 1500 CEOs who are more cognitively complex improve firm performance when their firms operate in more complex, stable, and resource‐rich environments but hurt firm performance when their firms operate in simpler, more dynamic, and resource‐constrained environments.
Magnetic Biohybrid Robots as Efficient Drug Carrier to Generate Plant Cell Clones
Authors: Huska Dalibor , Mayorga‐Martinez Carmen C. , Zelinka Radim , Pumera Martin
Published: May 2022

Micro/nanorobots represent a new generation of micromachines that can accomplish various tasks, such as loading and transporting specific targets or pharmaceuticals for a given application. Biohybrid robots consisting of biological cells (bacteria, sperm, and microalgae) combined with inorganic particles to control or propel their movement are of particular interest. The skeleton of these biohybrid robots can be used to load biomolecules. In this work, the authors create biohybrid robots based on tomato plants by coculturing ferromagnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with tomato callus cells. The tomato‐based biohybrid robots (Tomato‐Biobots) containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles  are driven by a transversely rotating magnetic field. In addition, biohybrid robots are used to load vitamin C, to generate clones of tomato cells. It is shown that the presence of Fe3O4 does not affect the growth of tomato callus. This study opens a wide range of possibilities for the use of biohybrid robots@Fe3O4 to deliver conventional agrochemicals, including fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, and allows for a gradual and sustained release of nutrients and agrochemicals, leading to precise dosing that reduces the amount of agrochemicals used. This conceptually new type of micromachine with application to plants and agronomy shall find broad use in this field.
Over 12% Efficient CuIn(S,Se)2 Solar Cell with the Absorber Fabricated from Dimethylformamide Solution by Doctor‐Blading in Ambient Air
Authors: Ma Chengfeng , Xiang Chunxu , Liu Xinge , Li Bingyan , Li Xinyu , Han Shuaiqi , Dai Qi , Yan Weibo , Xin Hao
Published: May 2022

Solution‐processed chalcopyrite copper indium gallium sulfoselenide (Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2, CIGSSe) thin‐film solar cells have achieved efficiency beyond 18% and have great potential as an alternative to vacuum‐based ones. However, most of the efficient solution‐based CIGSSe solar cells are fabricated by spin‐coating in an inert atmosphere, which limits the transfer from lab protocol to industrial large‐scale production. Herein, a scalable doctor‐blading technique is applied to fabricate CuIn(S,Se)2 (CISSe) absorbers from N,N‐dimethylformamide molecular precursor solution in ambient air. With the optimization of the precursor concentration to reduce the residue solvent and change the thermal annealing process from one‐step to two‐step to separate solvent evaporation and complex decomposition to suppress fluidity, high‐quality absorber films with densely packed large grains have been fabricated and a champion CISSe solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 12.54% has been achieved. Importantly, unlike the spin‐coating technique which may cause composition change due to the different solubilities of the precursors, the doctor‐bladed film has a composition very close to the precursor solution, which is very important for precise control of the absorber composition for industrial production.
Horizontal deformation and construction analysis of frame–eccentrical core tube structure
Authors: Wang Yuanhang , Zhou Yingmin , Zhu Liming , Zhang Tongsheng , Jia Baiqu , Han Song , Lu Zheng
Published: May 2022

Due to creep and shrinkage of concrete, the long‐term structural deformation is one of the hottest topics in the study of super high‐rise structures. For the frame–eccentrical core tube structure, its long‐term deformation includes both vertical deformation and obvious horizontal deformation, which will have an inevitable influence on the structural verticality. The horizontal deformation and its formation mechanism in frame–eccentrical core tube structure are studied in this paper. Based on the finite element software ETABS, a refined finite element model combining with the time‐dependent material model of concrete is established base on a subsistent structure. According to the actual construction conditions, construction analysis is conducted, and the construction deformation and the long‐term deformation after completion are subsequently studied. Based on the results of construction analysis, the effects of elastic modulus, creep, and shrinkage on structural horizontal deformation are analyzed; furthermore, the horizontal deformation characteristics of different structural members in different periods are compared. The results show that the horizontal deformation is related to the vertical deformation of the component, and creep and shrinkage exert opposite effects on the structural horizontal deformation. Besides, the creep and shrinkage are the dominant factors of the horizontal deformation in the later stage. These results are supported by real deformation data obtained from real‐time deformation monitoring during construction, which proves the effectiveness of the method adopted in this paper.
Genome‐wide identification and characterization of the MAPKKK, MKK, and MPK families in Chinese elite maize inbred line Huangzaosi
Authors: Shi Zi , Zhao Bingbing , Song Wei , Liu Ya , Zhou Miaoyi , Wang Jiarong , Zhao Jiuran , Ren Wen
Published: May 2022

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK or MPK) cascades consist of three protein kinase components, MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MKKs and MPKs), which are indispensable for various plant physiological processes. The functions of MAPK families have been extensively studied in maize (Zea mays L.) and other plant species, but little is known about MAPK families in the elite Chinese maize line Huangzaosi (hzs). In this study, we observed that overall performance of Huangzaosi was substantially better than that of B73 under drought conditions at the seedling and V16 stages with a favorable root/canopy ratio. In silico analyses identified 72, 10, and 24 MAPKKKs, MKKs, and MPKs, respectively, in Huangzaosi. Examinations of phylogenetic relationships among Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (lines B73 and hzs), gene structures, conserved protein motifs, and chromosomal locations revealed their evolutionary relationships. The basal gene expression levels and tissue specificities of all three MAPK families in hzs reflected the diversity in the MAPK functions related to growth and development. The quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay indicated that certain MAPK genes with high basal expression levels in the primary and crown roots responded differentially to drought between B73 and hzs, suggesting that these genes may contribute to their distinct drought tolerance at different developmental stages. The important information regarding the evolution and expression of hzs MAPK family members generated in this study provides a new avenue for the better understanding on the regulatory mechanism of MAPK cascade in the core inbred line hzs, which may be useful to guide the development of new maize cultivars with desirable traits (e.g., drought resistance).
Exclusively endoscopic surgical resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: A systematic review
Authors: Spielman Daniel B. , Liebowitz Andi , Grewal Maeher , Safi Chetan , Overdevest Jonathan B. , Iloreta Alfred M. , Youngerman Brett E. , Gudis David A.
Published: May 2022

Background

Historically sinonasal malignancies were always addressed via open craniofacial surgery for an oncologic resection. Increasingly esthesioneuroblastomas are excised using an exclusively endoscopic approach, however, the rarity of this disease limits the availability of long‐term and large scale outcomes data.

Objective

The primary objective is to evaluate the treatment modalities used and the overall survival of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma managed with exclusively endoscopic surgery.

Methods

In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, PubMed was queried to identify studies describing outcomes associated with endoscopic management of esthesioneuroblastomas.

Results

Forty‐four out of 2462 articles met inclusion criteria, totaling 399 patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated with an exclusively endoscopic approach. Seventy‐two patients (18.0%) received adjuvant chemotherapy and 331 patients (83.0%) received postoperative radiation therapy. The average age was 50.6 years old (range 6–83). Of the 399 patients, 57 (16.6%) were Kadish stage A, 121 (35.2%) were Kadish stage B, 145 (42.2%) were Kadish stage C, and 21 (6.1%) were Kadish stage D. Pooled analysis demonstrated that 66.0% of patients had Hyams histologic Grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ, while 34.0% of patients had Grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ disease. Negative surgical margins were achieved in 86.9% of patients, and recurrence was identified in 10.3% of patients. Of those with 5‐year follow‐up, reported overall survival was 91.1%.

Conclusion

Exclusively endoscopic surgery for esthesioneuroblastoma is performed for a wide range of disease stages and grades, and the majority of these patients are also treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Reported overall recurrence rate is 10.3% and 5‐year survival is 91.1%.
Simulation training in endoscopic skull base surgery: A scoping review
Authors: James Joel , Irace Alexandria L. , Gudis David A. , Overdevest Jonathan B.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Proficiency in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery requires both substantial baseline training and progressive lifelong learning. Endoscopic simulation models continue to evolve in an effort to optimize trainee education and preoperative preparation and improve surgical outcomes. The current scoping review systematically reviews all available literature and synthesizes the current paradigms of simulation models for endoscopic skull base surgery training and skill enhancement.

Methods

In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Studies were categorized according to the type of simulation models investigated.

Results

We identified 238 unique references, with 55 studies ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 studies described cadaveric dissection models, 17 discussed three‐dimensional (3D) printed models, 14 examined virtual surgical planning and augmented reality‐based models, and five 5 articles described task trainers.

Conclusions

There are a wide variety of simulation models for endoscopic skull base surgery, including high‐fidelity cadaveric, virtual reality, and 3D‐printed models. These models are an asset for trainee development and preoperative surgical preparation.
Three‐hundred and sixty degrees of surgical approaches to the maxillary sinus
Authors: Rezende Natália C. , Pinheiro‐Neto Carlos D. , Leonel Luciano C. P. C. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Peris‐Celda Maria , Choby Garret
Published: May 2022

Objectives

To demonstrate three‐hundred and sixty degrees of maxillary sinus (MS) surgical approaches using cadaveric dissections, highlighting the step‐by‐step anatomy of each procedure.

Methods

Two latex‐injected cadaveric specimens were utilized to perform surgical dissections to demonstrate different approaches to the MS. The procedures were documented with macroscopic images and endoscopic pictures.

Results

Dissections were performed to approach the MS medially (endoscopic maxillary antrostomy and ethmoidectomy), anteriorly (Caldwell–Luc), superiorly (transconjunctival/transorbital approach), inferiorly (transpalatal approach), and posterolaterally (preauricular hemicoronal approach).

Conclusion

A number of approaches have been described to address pathology in the MS. Surgeons should be familiar with indications, limitations, and surgical anatomy from different perspectives to approach the MS. This paper illustrates anatomic approaches to the MS with detailed step‐by‐step cadaveric dissections and case examples.
Frontal lobe position after single‐layer cadaveric dermal matrix repair of large anterior skull base defects
Authors: Levine Corinna G. , Al‐Rasheedi Abdullah N. , Mantero Alejandro , Al‐Bar Mohammad , Casiano Roy R.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Endoscopic repair of large anterior skull base (ASB) defects has excellent results when using multilayered repairs with a nasoseptal flap. However, in extensive intranasal tumors, a nasoseptal flap may not always be available. One alternative option is a flexible single‐layer ASB repair. Initial studies indicate low cerebrospinal fluid leak rates with a single‐layer repair. However, the level of frontal lobe support, particularly the propensity for a significant inferior displacement of the frontal lobe, is not known. The goal of this study is to determine the frontal lobe position after single‐layer acellular dermal allograft repair in large ASB defects.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care medical center.

Subjects and Methods

This cohort study compares the frontal lobe position in adults who underwent endoscopic endonasal ASB tumor resection and single‐layer cadaveric dermal matrix repair (ASB cohort) with control subjects without intracranial abnormalities (control cohort). The ASB cohort includes subjects with an ASB defect of ≥5 cm anterior/posterior and ≥1.5 cm wide and who had imaging at least 2 months after surgery. The frontal lobe position is measured on sagittal CT/MRI using a reference line from the base of the sella to the nasion. A value of zero indicates that the inferior‐most aspect of the frontal lobe is at the level of the nasion−sellar line. A positive value indicates that the frontal lobe is inferior to the nasion−sellar line. The ASB cohort frontal lobe position is compared with the control cohort using the Mann−Whitney U test. A priori we set an absolute difference of 5 mm as a clinically significant difference.

Results

The ASB cohort includes 47 subjects who are 57% male with an average age of 60 years (range: 31−89 years). The most common ASB pathology is esthesioneuroblastoma (n = 21) and 81% of the ASB cohort had postoperative radiation. The control cohort includes 20 subjects who are 60% male, with a mean age of 45 years (range: 19−74 years). The majority of controls underwent imaging for head trauma (n = 13). The ASB mean frontal lobe position is −0.2 mm superior to the nasion−sellar line (range: −9.2 to 10.4 mm), while the control's mean frontal lobe position is 1.1 mm inferior to the nasion−sellar line. This difference is not statistically significant (P = 0.13) and does not reach our a priori definition of clinical significance. The frontal lobe position of ASB subjects who had radiation is closer to the nasion−sellar line as compared with those who did not undergo radiation.

Conclusions

Single‐layer acellular dermal graft repair maintains frontal lobe support and position in large ASB defects.
The Draf III procedure: A review of indications and techniques
Authors: Noller Michael , Fischer Jakob L. , Gudis David A. , Riley Charles A.
Published: May 2022

The Draf Ⅲ procedure involves the creation of a common frontal sinus cavity. The most common indication for the Draf Ⅲ procedure is chronic rhinosinusitis of the frontal sinuses despite the failure of more conservative interventions such as bilateral Draf Ⅱa procedures. Primary Draf Ⅲ may be indicated in patients with a high risk of failures such as those with severe polyposis and those with a frontal sinus opening less than 4 mm on computed tomography imaging. Other indications for the Draf Ⅲ include access for tumor removal and repair of traumatic fractures of the frontal sinus. The “inside‐out” Draf Ⅲ procedure is the standard approach when the frontal recess anterior–posterior diameter is wide enough for instrument access, usually larger than 4–5 mm. The “outside‐in” Draf Ⅲ procedure can be done when the frontal recess is too narrow to safely accommodate instruments. Regular follow‐up with debridement should be done to prevent neo‐ostium stenosis.
Nonopioid perioperative analgesia in head and neck cancer surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Go Beatrice C. , Go Cammille C. , Chorath Kevin , Moreira Alvaro , Rajasekaran Karthik
Published: May 2022

Objective

Management of postoperative pain after head and neck cancer surgery is a complex issue, requiring a careful balance of analgesic properties and side effects. The objective of this review is to discuss the efficacy and safety of multimodal analgesia (MMA) for these patients.

Methods

Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and clinicaltrials.gov were systematically searched for all comparative studies of patients receiving MMA (nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, anticonvulsants, local anesthetics, and corticosteroids) for head and neck cancer surgeries. The primary outcome was additional postoperative opioid usage, and secondary outcomes included subjective pain scores, complications, adverse effects, and 30‐day outcomes.

Results

A total of five studies representing 592 patients (MMA, n = 275; non‐MMA, n = 317) met inclusion criteria. The most commonly used agents were gabapentin, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen (n = 221), NSAIDs (n = 221), followed by corticosteroids (n = 35), dextromethorphan (n = 40), and local nerve block (n = 19). Four studies described a significant decrease in overall postoperative narcotic usage with two studies reporting a significant decrease in hospital time. Subjective pain scores widely varied with two studies reporting reduced pain at postoperative day 3. There were no differences in surgical outcomes, medical complications, adverse effects, or 30‐day mortality and readmission rates.

Conclusion

MMA is an increasingly popular strategy that may reduce dependence on opioids for the treatment of postoperative pain. A variety of regimens and protocols are available for providers to utilize in the appropriate head and neck cancer patient.