bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobilizing the Moving Image
Authors: Kelley Andrea
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Andrea Kelley, examines the U.S. military’s integration of new screen technologies at military sites during World War II through a study of the Mills Novelty Panoram, a 16mm film jukebox machine. Through specific considerations of the Panoram at Air Force base libraries, intelligence “war room” facilities, and veterans hospitals, this chapter evaluates wartime discourses of training and therapy and how they are articulated to Panoram viewing practices. The integration of the Panoram into military life in the 1940s normalized small-screen interactions for soldiers and presaged emerging trends in postwar U.S. culture, including consumer desire for adaptable, portable, and self-operating film machines and for multiple small-screen engagements.
An Army of Theaters
Authors: Melnick Ross
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Ross Melnick, examines the history of the Army Motion Picture Service (AMPS) and the intricate relationship between the U.S. Army and motion picture exhibition during both war and peacetime. Focusing on the industrial, logistical, and economic formation of AMPS, this chapter focuses on three key periods in the history of U.S. Army film exhibition. It argues that AMPS’s early status as independent of Army Morale, Welfare, and Recreation created unique challenges that hindered its early growth on U.S. Army bases and ultimately led to its withering amid the coming of digital projection and other contemporary challenges.
Occupation, Diplomacy, and the Moving Image
Authors: Park-Primiano Sueyoung
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by S. Park-Primiano, examines the use of noncommercial films by the U.S. military to facilitate its diverse roles during its occupation of South Korea in the aftermath of World War II. Used by the American Military Government in Korea, educational films aided the U.S. military's efforts to Americanize the Korean population and combat Communism. Films were also used to inform and rally support for its policy in Korea from American military and civilian personnel at home as well as abroad. For this purpose, the U.S. military sought cooperation from and enlisted the assistance of Korean filmmakers in the production of films about Korean culture and history that challenge any straightforward interpretation of Americanization or a unidirectional influence. Moreover, such conflicting efforts had a long-lasting effect in South Korea. It was a practice that was continued by the succeeding information apparatus of the U.S. State Department and the United Nations during the Korean War and beyond to further expose the need for a closer examination of U.S. control of the Korean cultural imaginary.
War, Media, and the Security of State and Capital
Authors: Grieveson Lee
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Lee Grieveson, explores the U.S. state’s use of cinema and its regulation of media and communication during World War I and in its immediate aftermath. It examines, in particular, the establishment and functioning of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) and state orchestration of new forms of war funding. It explores also the legal regulation of communication and media encoded in the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918, overwhelmingly targeted at socialist and pacifist opposition to the war. The latter parts of the chapter consider the structural influence of this conjuncture on subsequent uses of cinema and media and the regulation of dissidence.
Star Testimonies
Authors: Collins Sue
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Sue Collins, historicizes Hollywood stardom’s legitimation as a source of political authority during World War I and World War II. It charts film stars’ participation in war mobilization from the Liberty Loan bond drives of World War I to the star appearances, war relief, and USO activities managed by the Hollywood Victory Committee during the World War II. By showing how the government’s valorization of the popular became a mode of authority exploitable for propaganda, the chapter argues that the stars’ war work established a new logic for celebrity as a crucial personification of state discourse and cultural policy supporting state power during wartime.
Studio Documentary in the Kennedy Era
Authors: Glick Joshua
Published: September 2018

The Sputnik launch, the network quiz-show scandals, and the election of President John F. Kennedy inspired the desire to strengthen the body politic through educational forms of mass media. This chapter argues that Wolper Productions occupied an essential position on the cultural front of Kennedy’s New Frontier. Documentaries about citizens, politicians, and the Cold War functioned as narratives of assurance. With the assassination of Kennedy, Wolper Productions became the preeminent custodian of the fallen president’s memory. The studio’s films documenting Kennedy’s rise to the highest office (The Making of the President: 1960 [1963]) and his death (Four Days in November [1964]) performed an important social function during the period of transition to the Johnson administration.
The Rise of Minority Storytelling
Authors: Glick Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores filmmaking in Watts, East Los Angeles, and Little Tokyo in the aftermath of the Watts Uprising. These areas appeared on screen as complex communities, not simply as “slums” or sites of loss. Prominent filmmakers included Joe Saltzman (Black on Black [1968]), Lynne Littman (Womanhouse Is Not a Home [1972]), Robert Nakamura (Manzanar [1970–1971]), Sue Booker (Doin’ It at the Storefront [1972–1973]), and Jesús Salvador Treviño (América Tropical [1971]). The combination of grassroots activism and government legislation inflected the training and production practices of these documentarians during their time at commercial broadcasting stations, UCLA, and the public television outlet KCET.
Hard Lessons in Hollywood Civics
Authors: Glick Joshua
Published: September 2018

As Wolper Productions continued to make documentaries and experiment with fiction, the studio provided a professional entry point for promising talent and off-and-on employment for filmmakers involved with New Hollywood features. This chapter investigates Wolper Productions’s output during a period in which the film and television industries faced a precarious financial situation. The studio helped create a political imaginary for Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society. Additionally, Wolper Productions’s forays into programs with Jacques-Yves Cousteau charted a fresh path for nonfiction. Packaging American history or capturing recent events, however, soon proved to be a troublesome venture. Wolper Productions’s prospective adaptation of William Styron’s novel The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967) was one of the earliest attempts by a major studio to make a commercial film about black power themes and figures. The opposition to the film, however, resulted in a public relations disaster for Wolper Productions. Wolper and his circle came to understand the importance of having community support from the minority group the studio sought to represent.
Introduction
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

The introduction sets up the paradox of the conspicuous military seer and the absent colonial one within archaic and classical texts and proposes an ideological reason for the discrepancy. Definitions of key terms (text, culture, ideology, and colonial discourse) and method (New Historicist) are presented. The book’s objectives are then placed in relation to previous scholarship on colonization, colonial narrative, and Greek seers and divination. A subsection offers an overview of the Greek seer for those readers unfamiliar with the seer’s primary functions and role in ancient Greek culture.
Suppressing the Seer in Colonial Discourse
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 interrogates the startling excision of seers from later archaic and classical colonial discourse. This chapter offers two fundamental reasons for the missing seer. First, I argue that in post-Homeric colonial narratives, the oikist, singled out by Apollo at Delphi, co-opts the religious authority enjoyed elsewhere by the seer. Second, I survey a general cultural tendency to regard the seer in the context of the city with suspicion. The stereotype of the seer as a threat to political leaders makes his incorporation in a discourse that valorizes the oikist unwelcome.
Boki’s Predicament
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 begins with the opening of a trans-Pacific triangular trade in the 1780s among the United States, China, and Hawaiʻi. Boki was an aliʻi (ruling chief) and kiaʻāina (governor) of Oʻahu who in the 1820s became obsessed with the sandalwood trade and the riches flowing into Hawaiʻi from the Qing Empire of China. The story of Boki’s predicament—how to ensure enough indigenous sandalwood supply to keep pace with Hawaiian leaders’ increasing consumption of foreign goods and their debts owed American merchants—is our entryway into understanding the emergence of the Pacific World as an integrated segment of the global capitalist economy, and one in which Hawaiian workers took center stage. In the 1840s, Western concepts of “free labor” and “free trade” revolutionized the trans-Pacific economy with the imposition of “free trade” on the Qing Empire following the Opium War (1839-1842) and the imposition of a “free labor” ideology in Hawaiian land and legal reforms. By 1850, the Māhele—a process of land privatization and redistribution—had dispossessed the majority of Hawaiʻi’s indigenous people, leading many to seek work abroad or on foreign ships.
Junípero Serra’s Mallorcan Origins
Authors: Vidal José Juan
Published: September 2018

As Josep Juan Vidals demonstrates, Serra’s formative years were influenced by the imposition in Mallorca of the Castilian language and Bourbon institutions in the wake of Philip Vs victory over the Habsburg’s in the Spanish War of Succession. The Mallorca of Serra’s youth and early adulthood was one that experienced cultural change and grinding poverty in the wake of the collapse of Habsburg rule. Nevertheless, communal life—as in Petra—and institutions—such as the Catholic Church—provided stability and structure.
Father Junípero Serra’s Education and Ideology
Authors: Muntaner Antoni Picazo
Published: September 2018

As Antoni Picazo Muntaner shows, Serra’s intense interest in a missionary life was deeply Mallorcan, and it can be traced to the career of another Mallorcan, Antoni Llinás, the Franciscan who founded a missionary college in Querétaro, Mexico, in the late 17th century. Perhaps more than Bourbon rule and the life of Llinás, it was the Mallorcan philosopher, missionary, and polymath Ramón Llull, and the philosopher theologian Duns Scotus, who most shaped the scholarly mind of Serra during his years as a student and professor.
Eiusque Manu Scriptus
Authors: Dagenais John
Published: September 2018

In Chapter 3, John Dagenais explores the depth of Serra’s intellectual indebtedness to Llull and Scotus through a remarkable analysis of class notes from Serra’s years as both a student and professor in Mallorca. Further, Dagenais’ research shows how Serra’s own devotion shifted from San Bernardino of Siena to Brother Juniper, the disciple of St. Francis, and how Serra grew in confidence during his years of study and teaching, immersed as he was in the writings of Llull and Scotus.
Inside the Cloister
Authors: Galindo David Rex
Published: September 2018

As David Rex Galindo shows in Chapter 5, by 1750 the College of San Fernando, which recruited Serra to New Spain and oversaw the missions of California, was an institution with a rich institutional life and a large contingent of Spanish friars. Rex Galindo’s careful study of the records of the college yields insight into Serra’s place atop the college hierarchy and the ways in which a regimented daily schedule was intended to impart among missionaries the discipline they needed for life in the field.
Within the Confessional
Authors: Curiel José Refugio de la Torre
Published: September 2018

As José Refugio de la Torre shows in chapter 7, by the time Serra established missions in Alta California, Franciscans had long experience with missions in the Mexican North, but they continued to wrestle with the gap between their utopian goals and the realization of what they could and could not accomplish.
Junípero Serra’s Tastes and the Art and Architecture of the California Missions
Authors: Bargellini Clara , Huckins Pamela
Published: September 2018

As art historians Clara Bargellini and Pamela Huckins show in Chapter 9, the missions, at least in Serra’s mind, were to be held together not just by violence but by a common devotion to Catholicism that was reinforced by architecture and art. Bargellini and Huckins show that Serra had a clear sense of how he wanted to adorn the missions in the Sierra Gorda and those of Alta California, and he saw architecture and liturgical art as an important tool in the conversion of Indians. Images of the Virgin, Christ’s Passion, and Franciscan saints all took center stage in the churches of the California missions, and Serra favored an older Baroque style over the emerging Neoclassicism.
The Invention of Junípero Serra and the “Spanish Craze”
Authors: Kagan Richard L.
Published: September 2018

As Richard Kagan shows in Chapter 11, in the latter decades of the nineteenth century, a “Spanish Craze” captured the imagination of boosters and developers from California to Florida. This craze was manifested not only in an embrace of Spanish-like architecture but a growing sense that Spanish colonists and their descendants were somehow integral to the American experience. Serra himself was among the historical figures whose reputation most benefitted from this period’s reappraisal of Spaniards and the wane of the “Black Legend,” the belief that Spanish colonization was uniquely cruel and destructive.
Freedom in the Form of a Boxcar
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

This chapter recounts the trip that the author and his gutter punk traveling companion, Zeke, took aboard a series of freight trains that carried them far into west Texas. The chapter documents the trip’s many drifting experiences: waiting in railyards, hiding from railroad workers, sleeping in the rain, moving from one train or one rail car to another (hotshots, units, boxcars), ultimately arriving in Pecos, Texas—and along the way getting lost in what gutter punks call “the drift.” Interwoven with this narrative are similar accounts from the long history of hoboing and the more recent history of gutter punk train hopping, along with considerations of particular aspects of such travel: dirt, filth, visibility, and “dirty kid” identity; bandana symbolism; beer drinking; and Railroad Workers United. The chapter ends with the author’s discovery of a bit of graffiti that Zeke has written inside the boxcar in which they are travelling, which says “Freedom in the form of a boxcar.”
Ghost Images and Gorgeous Mistakes
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

Following from the argument made in the previous chapter, this final chapter opens with a consideration of ghost images. In a first sense, ghost images entail the problem of photographing ghosts and drifters and, with this, capturing the presence of absence and the visibility of invisibility. Here the photodocumentary tradition is recalled and reimagined and issues of photographic absence, intentionality, and surrealism are explored. In a second sense, the chapter argues, ghost images include those images that have become dislocated from their original contexts of production. Such images—a number of which the author has salvaged from trash cans and trash piles—again raise issues of lost intentionality, residual meaning, and subsequent alteration. The chapter ends by considering and advocating for gorgeous mistakes—for the magic of the accidental and the unexpected—and for mistakes as a kind of method adrift.
From Choreia to Monody in Iphigenia in Aulis
Authors: Weiss Naomi A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the dynamics of choral song and monody in Iphigenia in Aulis, which was produced a year after Euripides’s death. The transition from the dominance of the chorus in the first two-thirds of the play to solo song in the closing scenes tracks a shift in focus from the all-male army to Iphigenia, the maiden whose sacrifice will allow them to take Troy. In her close reading of the choral odes, Weiss also demonstrates how the interplay of imagined and performed mousikē creates vivid backdrops for the action of the play, extending its temporal scope by bringing together moments from the Trojan cycle that are vital to—but sometimes uncomfortably at odds with—the dramatic present.
Conclusion
Authors: Weiss Naomi A.
Published: September 2018

The conclusion restates the book’s two central arguments: that the mousikē of Euripides’s tragedies (and of tragedy in general) is closely tied to the plot, and that he is musically innovative in his late work in the ways he draws on nondramatic choral song and adapts it for the tragic stage. It then discusses such innovation in relation to contemporary musical trends (the New Music), and argues that, in incorporating traditional forms and figures of chorality, he was experimenting with different forms of audience engagement. The book closes with a brief analysis of Bacchae, which, performed alongside Iphigenia in Aulis, provides an alternative but complementary endpoint to Euripides’s musical career.
In Dialogue with Heresy
Authors: Whelan Robin
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that a sophisticated culture of Christian disputation continued in Vandal Africa. It explores an understudied cache of heresiological literature, written in all the genres that underpinned late-antique ecclesiastical controversies (letters, sermons, tractates, florilegia, question-and-answer texts, and dialogues). Their authors used familiar tropes to present their opponents as heretics and themselves as orthodox. Particularly significant are a (rather surreal) series of imaginary debate texts that presented Nicene church fathers like Athanasius and Augustine triumphing over historical Arian heretics like Arius and Pascentius. These virtual dialogues both mirrored and modeled various forms of real debate between Nicene and Homoian authority figures. The striking resemblance between these texts and those written by earlier Christian controversialists was not merely a continuity of literary form. These works suggest that the practical implications of controversy for Christian clerics remained the same.
Elite Christianity, Political Service, and Social Prestige
Authors: Whelan Robin
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the limits to the importance of heresiological distinctions in the kingdom’s social and political life. It argues that elite individuals could use their Christian piety to display their social status in spite of contemporary ecclesiastical controversy. Apart from specific moments that required a courtier or aristocrat to define their Christian faith more exactly, the nature of courtly and aristocratic social interaction and the limits of government enforcement provided ample scope for artful dissimulation regarding doctrinal or ecclesiastical affiliation. The evidence of Christian martyrology, poetry, letters, and tombs is adduced to demonstrate that elite Christians, both Vandal and Romano-African, found ways to claim a determinedly Christian prestige that was nonetheless potentially acceptable to other members of the religiously heterogeneous elite.
Epilogue
Authors: Whelan Robin
Published: September 2018

After a brief consideration of the end of Vandal rule and a summary of the book’s conclusions, this epilogue treats Homoian Christianity across the successor kingdoms. It compares the ecclesiastical politics of post-imperial Africa with those of Italy, Gaul, and Spain, focusing on three central issues: efforts toward Christian uniformity, the relationship between ethnic and Christian identity, and the conduct of ecclesiastical controversy through heresiology and debate. It argues that Homoian Christianity had a similar range of potential consequences across the Visigothic, Burgundian, and Ostrogothic kingdoms. What separates the Vandal kingdom from its transmarine neighbors are crucial differences of degree, which manifested themselves most clearly in those moments where ecclesiastical controversy was made to matter. Vandal Africa was not an outlier in the post-imperial West.
How Violence Became Inhuman
Authors: Dubal Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how violence and humanity bifurcated into opposites in the course of the LRA war. It examines how LRA violence was seen to violate a modern moral sensibility by disrupting modern expectations of the relationship between violence and technology, reason, time, and development. As a result, LRA violence was not only condemned as brutal, but seen to oppose both modernity and humanity. It offers alternative ways of understanding the ethics of violence, drawing on narratives of colonial violence, mob justice, “traditional” violence, and LRA violence like mutilation. It excavates ways of seeing and understanding violence outside the shadow of modern moral sensibility that splits violence and humanity.
Conclusion
Authors: Dubal Sam
Published: September 2018

The concluding chapter recaps how and why the concept of humanity does violence to the common good. It then offers new, radical ways of healing social suffering, beyond humanity and humanitarianism. After detailing a personal trajectory, it addresses the question of how to better reach the moralities of the marginalized and oppressed through a philosophy of anti-humanism. Specifically, it discusses the practical possibility of a radical anti-humanist medicine as a way of healing our sick societies. When freed from the dualist, tortured, and overdetermined form of relationship designated by humanity, we might begin to formulate new ways of thinking and doing anthropology, medicine, activism, and intervention in ways that bring us closer to a truer form of mutual recognition and emancipation.
Precautionary Consumption as a Class Act
Authors: MacKendrick Norah
Published: September 2018

This chapter narrows in on the class dimensions of precautionary consumption. It explores the invisible but significant resources that some mothers used to accomplish this practice. Mothers’ routines look very different depending on how much money they have, their access to organic foods and non-toxic goods, how much time they have to read an ingredient label, weigh the costs and benefits of organic food relative to conventional food, and whether their lives can accommodate the mental effort associated with complex decisions involved in learning and practicing precautionary consumption
Moving toward Environmental Justice
Authors: MacKendrick Norah
Published: September 2018

This chapter concludes the book with a summary of the key findings. It considers the limitations of precautionary consumption to provide collective protection from widespread chemical pollution. It offers several concrete actions that will move us closer to environmental justice. These reforms require structural change and will take time, patience and a strong political willingness to enact them.
Cantinflismo and Relajo’s Peripheral Vision
Authors: Couret Nilo
Published: September 2018

This chapter revisits the popular comedies of Mario “Cantinflas” Moreno from the golden age of Mexican cinema and argues that these films are not simply escapist and ideologically suspect but represent peripheral spaces of subversive difference that in their cultural and historical specificity cannot be easily co-opted by a cultural-imperialist center. Cantinflas’s humor is characterized by his linguistic contortionism, or cantinflismo, in which he says plenty without saying anything, a verbal nonsense that sidesteps narrative registers and affords a bodily engagement through laughter that relies on particular cultural codes and learned structures of feeling. This chapter provincializes classical Hollywood cinema by arguing for a peripheral vision modeled on the comedic practice of the relajo, which plays with the classical spatial arrangement of screen and theater space. This chapter examines the comedian’s quick verbal play in addition to formal devices, editing techniques, and doubled narrative structures that “sidestep” on multiple levels.
The White Architects of Mexican American Education
Authors: García David G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter identifies the strategies of segregation employed by White architects early in Oxnard's history, focusing on the city's first mayor and school superintendent, Richard B. Haydock. It considers Haydock's public remarks about race and Mexicans alongside his foundational contributions in designing substandard living conditions for Mexican laborers and a segregated school system for their children. Haydock, along with the other city trustees, actually contributed to the very conditions of “filth” they claimed occurred because of Mexican “ignorance.” In doing so, this chapter argues that the racial hierarchy Haydock and the other White architects established in schools functioned to relegate Mexicans, with very few exceptions, to the bottom as a seemingly normal practice enforced well beyond the classroom.
“Obsessed” with Segregating Mexican Students
Authors: García David G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a close examination of the publicly documented blueprints for school segregation from 1934 to 1939, as Oxnard school officials formalized a school-within-a-school model of separating Mexican children from Whites. Considering the school board meeting minutes during this six-year period, this chapter follows the trustees' incessant tinkering with classroom racial composition and social interaction practices within schools. It shows how they adjusted residential enrollment boundaries between schools and swiftly accommodated White parents' demands for segregation. These board actions facilitated racially disproportionate attrition rates for Mexican students before high school. Thus, though they attempted to portray themselves as dutiful administrators without any particular agenda, their documented segregation plans during this six-year time period reveal the racism of their actions.
Ramona School and the Undereducation of Children in La Colonia
Authors: García David G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the evolution of the White architects' four strategies of segregation from 1939, when they sought voter approval to construct a school east of the railroad tracks, through 1954, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. During this time, the school trustees constructed new schools that maximized the race, class, and east–west geographic divisions in the city and sought to normalize the undereducation of Mexican American children. By 1954—the same year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education desegregation case—the trustees had strategically positioned nine of the district's eleven schools west of Oxnard Boulevard and the railroad tracks in neighborhoods kept predominately White through racial covenants.
Introduction
Authors: Boehm Ryan
Published: September 2018

The introduction highlights the two observations that underlie the book: first, a major feature of the intense power struggles that characterized the formation of the Hellenistic states was the foundation of massive urban centers; and, second, these city foundations were almost all synoikisms, the merger of smaller poleis or communities into a single city. This involved major settlement and population shifts and the reorganization, consolidation, or elimination of autonomous polities. The introduction then sketches the main problems the book addresses: the critical role that manipulating urban networks played in the creation and maintenance of large territorial kingdoms and the challenges that this forced consolidation of diverse city-state cultures presented the discrete civic, cultic, and ethnic identities of the groups forced to join these unions. It argues that this approach elucidates how the power of the kings depended on complex negotiations with cities, as well as how the traditional institutions of the Greek polis imposed limits on the authority and opportunism of the kings. At the same time, it engages the question of comparative imperial structures, exploring how this focus on centralization differentiates the Hellenistic kingdoms from other ancient empires that tended to rule through political fragmentation.
Consensus, Community, and Discourses of Power
Authors: Boehm Ryan
Published: September 2018

The final chapter explores the ways in which competing interests and social groups of the polis potentially threatened the unity of the synoikized city. It first discusses potential causes for disunity (competing founder cults and claims to religious and social prerogatives, the challenges of social organization). It then focuses on the ways in which these challenges were addressed and negotiated. The chapter stresses the functional role of ritual activity and symbolism in binding together communities of disparate backgrounds while simultaneously accommodating distinctiveness within a unified political community. In this context, religious and civic traditions could constitute a challenge to the authority of the Hellenistic kings, but the potential for using religious symbolism and ritual to forge a collective political identity also represented an opportunity for building consensus. The chapter engages sociological and anthropological perspectives on ritual and ritual activity, myth, symbolism, and memory to address issues of consensus, legitimacy, dialogue, and social response.
Conclusion
Authors: Boehm Ryan
Published: September 2018

The conclusion reviews the arguments of the preceding chapters and considers the degree to which the civic culture and the institutions of the polis restricted and shaped the formation of the Hellenistic kingdoms. It stresses local adaptions and local agency, while positing an overall framework for understanding the central role that urbanization played in this critical period of state formation.
Translation, a Measure of Power
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

Treaty citizens retained a numerical majority in parts of the U.S. Southwest that led to their election to positions in the legislature and courts. Without adequate English speakers, elite treaty citizens required translations in order to understand the new U.S. political and legal systems, so they could serve the rest of the treaty citizen population. Lobbying for and successfully obtaining official Spanish language concessions through translations offers historians a measurable marker of their power. Using legislative journals and session laws along with federal records, this chapter uncovers the long history of Spanish language translations in California and New Mexico, along with the two territories where large chunks were taken from New Mexico in the 1860s—Arizona and Colorado. Treaty citizens in elected offices used their limited political power to obtain translations in California and Colorado. In Arizona, few concessions were ever granted at a territory or statewide level. These experiences contrast greatly with New Mexico where Spanish served as the language of government for decades and was institutionalized with federal support.
Choosing Language
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

Formal public schools were not uniform throughout the U.S. Southwest in the nineteenth century that led some treaty citizens to have more opportunities for bilingual education or to remain in a Spanish-speaking social world. Beginning with a case study of the Vallejo family letters, this chapter traces the opportunities available to treaty citizens to choose to learn either English or Spanish. It also considers those who worked to retain the Spanish language. Treaty citizens need for Spanish language translations weakened more quickly in places where robust public schools encouraged or mandated a transition to English. By contrast, in places where schools did not receive funding or lacked an English-language speaker, Spanish remained the major language of society and an important part of politics. Anglos also at times chose to learn Spanish, oftentimes informally and due to their close residence or interactions with treaty citizens. Spanish has a longstanding and important place in the Southwest from place names, to choice phrases, and serves as a marker of identity for residents of the U.S. Southwest, not just those who used it because it was their mother tongue.
The United States Sees Language
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

In 1902, U.S. Senator Albert Beveridge led four senators from the senate committee on the territories into New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma territory. While New Mexico had operated in Spanish in its courts, schools, and politics for decades, Beveridge’s team exposed the rest of the nation to this Spanish language reality in their campaign to portray the territory as unfit for statehood. During the Senate subcommittee hearings, dozens of New Mexicans relayed their connection to both their United States citizenship and their use of the Spanish language. From census takers to court interpreters to principals, Spanish-speaking New Mexicans defended their use of Spanish. While the use of the Spanish language did not definitively delay statehood, the increased national scrutiny in the media of the language did result in a shift in territorial policies related to language that increasingly favored English in order to better conform to the country's expectations.
Competing Nationalisms
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

Comparing the approaches to Spanish language instruction in New Mexico and Puerto Rico offers a focused study of how language and national identity intersect. In Puerto Rico, Spanish remained a language of necessity into the 1940s despite educational efforts to incorporate English language instruction. In 1942, a Senate subcommittee hearing exposed the absurdity of trying to impose English on a weak educational system. Additionally, the fact that U.S. officials pushed English was an affront to Puerto Ricans' sense of nationalism, which included being a Spanish-speaking society. Puerto Rican educators supported Spanish-language instruction in their schools for pragmatic reasons and as a form of nationalism that distinguished them from the United States. By contrast, Spanish in New Mexico was largely the language of culture and the home and no longer politics or society by the 1940s. New Mexicans rooted themselves as U.S. citizens first and used Spanish as a means of aiding the nation. The major political argument used in New Mexico to reintroduce Spanish language instruction in public elementary schools centered on the crucial role of the language in helping to fulfill national hemispheric goals.
Introduction
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

The introduction begins with a quote from a work of Renaissance Spanish literature entitled La Lozana Andaluza. This quote describes the world of sex work and prostitution in the sixteenth century. Much of the introduction discusses the historiography of gender and sexuality in Spanish America and Spain, the use of literary sources to contextualize archival documentation, as well as theory related to historians’ use of archives, the idea of agency, and sex work in a global context. The introduction positions the book as unique in terms of presenting an in-depth history of sex work in the viceroyalties.
Respectable Mistresses
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with a quote from the celebrated seventeenth-century Mexico City Poet, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, highlighting the hypocritical intersection between gender and sexuality in this era. The focus here is on the legal history of eighteenth-century middle class women who retained a degree of public honor as they took part in sex work inside their homes.The confused eighteenth-century reactions by church, state, and neighbors to sexually active women often derived from increased opportunities for permitted or at least tolerated socializing between the sexes. These new social spaces challenged official ideas of public order and permissible gender interaction.
Courtesans and Their Lovers
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

This chapter turns to the rarefied world of the elite courtesan in Enlightenment Mexico City. Many of these famous women acted in the theater, and gained fame and celebrity through their artistry as well as their sexuality.Courtesans began the process of writing themselves into the archives as they promenaded on the city streets, with their brash materialism violating the privileges of the hereditary nobility. These public and presumptuous displays set into motion accusations of their disregard of sumptuary laws. Their driving desire to publicize their own sexual capital enraged their contemporaries and prompted scribes to write hundreds of pages of petitions, denunciations, and complaints.
Streetwalkers and the Police
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

In the late eighteenth-century, a new police force began to patrol the streets of Mexico City. While their first goal was to maintain street illumination, they also policed sanitation, plebeian bodies, public sexuality, and prostitution, creating new archives in the form of their nightly log books. This new and more quantitative documentation actually caused more evasiveness on the part of both those under arrest and those doing the arresting. In the 1790s, law enforcement inscribed only a handful of women arrested for working in brothels and a few dozen public sex acts. Despite nightly entries, many official pronouncements regarding changing plebeian street culture, and a greater presence of authority figures on the street, law enforcement, judicial notaries, and the women taken into custody made a conscious effort to avoid recording transactional sex.
Multiple Prostitute Identities
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

In a milieu of increasing militarization, early nineteenth century Mexico City archives frequently evoke the word prostitution, as deponents on all sides of judicial inquiries manipulated its deprecatory tone. The use of this word strengthened sex work accusations and denials by recording allegedly depraved professionally sexual women. In response to this hardening scribal category, the women in this chapter reacted by multiplying their identities when they came before the police or courts court accused of prostitution or running a brothel. Trial documents do not capture all of the roles that these two defendants played, as the goal of their statements was simply to write themselves as moral, respected, and financially independent women. We can read nothing more than an enticing hint of the multiplicity of changeable identities embodied by sexually active women such as these in the final decades of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The label of prostitute emerged as an ever more solid opponent to their shifting personas, even as they reaffirmed it with their denials of its applicability to themselves. Meanwhile, notaries and judges began to inscribe a new and very seductive label in this era: the “prostituted girl,” an innocent victim of corrupting and evil influences.
Selling Sex, Saving the Family
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a controversial issue within the history of sexuality. It documents several case studies of sex work done within home-based brothels, where mothers, sisters, and father figures procured younger women and children. These examples would be interpreted today as sexual abuse, given that they involved girls under the age of sixteen, forced or manipulated into prostitution by more powerful individuals. The chapter tries to contextualize these cases within the contemporary domestic economy and culture of family life during the struggle for Mexican independence from Spain.Young women in fact betrayed filial loyalty and domestic hierarchies when they spoke as plaintiffs to denounce their sisters, mothers, or fathers for involving them in selling sex.In response to the complaints (the daughters’ disobedience to their familial superiors), the late viceregal state exercised paternalism as it stepped in to preserve traditional ideas of family as a sexual sanctuary for protected daughters.
Conclusion
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

The conclusion surveys how in nineteenth-century Mexico, Europe, and regions around the world under European colonial rule, sex work took place in an environment of increasing government intervention, a phase in the history of sexuality that extends into the twenty-first century. The concern about disease control took on a more scientific, sanitary tone in the eighteenth century. This discourse remained critical to sex work law, as it does to the present day. Through prolific regulations, scientific studies, works of literature, and statements made by sex workers themselves, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw an enormous increase in the archiving and inscribing of women who sold sex. But their roles remained the same: either pathetic victims (usually of non-whites or non-Christians or other feared populations), lascivious and scandalous disturbers of the peace, or dehumanized and horrific threats to public health. Imperialism and international conceptions of race/gender difference led to increasing government regulation in locations as dispersed as the disappearing Spanish American viceroyalties, extending outwards to Europe, Asia, and Oceania.
Introduction
Authors: Wahlberg Ayo
Published: September 2018

From crude and uneasy beginnings, sperm banking has become a routine part of China’s pervasive and restrictive reproductive complex within the space of thirty years, albeit hampered by what some commentators have described as a “sperm crisis.” In the introduction, routinization is defined as a socio-historical process through which habituated regimes of daily micro-practices coalesce, thereby shaping a medical technology and its uses. Assemblage ethnography is proposed as a necessary methodology to account for how routinized sperm banking has become possible in China and what style of sperm banking has emerged as a result.
Improving Population Quality
Authors: Wahlberg Ayo
Published: September 2018

Beyond the treatment of infertility, donor sperm is also made available to couples if the male partner is considered to suffer from a genetic disease and is deemed “not suitable for reproduction” because of a risk that the disease will be transmitted to offspring, thereby negatively affecting the quality of China’s newborn population. There are far fewer cases of donor sperm being used in this way than to address infertility. Chapter 2 shows how artificial insemination by donor both purports to contribute to the improvement of national population quality while, at the same time, introducing a potential threat to this quality in the form of possible unwitting consanguineous marriage of donor siblings. Sperm banking in China is inextricably bound to national family planning objectives to improve the quality of newborns.
Exposed Biologies
Authors: Wahlberg Ayo
Published: September 2018

Smog-choked cities, cancer villages, and contaminated food have become iconic problems of a modernizing China—the tragic, perhaps unavoidable, side effects of a voracious economy. Chapter 3 examines how the sperm bank—jingziku—in China has emerged quite literally as a sanctuary of vitality amid concerns around food safety, air and water pollution, rising infertility, and declining population quality. As a twist on Margaret Lock’s concept of “local biologies,” the chapter argues that exposed biologies have become a matter of concern in China in ways that have corroborated a place for high-tech sperm banks within China’s restrictive reproductive complex. Exposed biologies are a side effect of modernization processes, as industrially manufactured chemicals are increasingly held culpable for a range of pathologies, from cancers andmetabolic diseases to disorders of sex development and infertility.
Making Quality Auditable
Authors: Wahlberg Ayo
Published: September 2018

Donor screening in sperm banks has become increasingly medicalized in the last few decades. Sperm is a vital yet potentially dangerous substance. To improve its quality, sperm banks advise potential donors on how best to prepare themselves prior to donating. To mitigate the dangers it poses, sperm banks screen would-be donors as a way to prevent transmission of genetic and infectious disease from donor to recipient. Chapter 5 argues that practices that take place within the sperm bank’s facilities and laboratories can helpfully be analyzed as technologies of assurance (quebao) as sperm banks manage heredity and purity as matters of transmission while also encouraging cultivation practices aimed at procuring a lively stock of sperm for distribution to fertility centers throughout China.
Conclusion
Authors: Wahlberg Ayo
Published: September 2018

Tracking the routes of routinization that sperm banking has followed in China has required showing how it came to be (1) socio-historically (re-)produced and entrenched within China’s restrictive reproductive complex; (2) an established and habituated part of health delivery, which is to say a standard of care for a given condition that is sustained in a fixed setting through routinized, daily practices; and (3) a normalized part of daily life, in the sense that it is made available to and is accepted and used by its (un)intended users in a routine, commonplace manner. The core argument of this book has been that it is through such routinization that practice collectives emerge and particular styles of sperm banking take form, characterized by mass mobilizations, assembly line laboratory shifts, the managing of large groups of donors, and the maintaining of strict anonymity and confidentiality. Practice collectives are post-translation, emerging as they do out of the “roll out” and, in China’s case, the mass scaling up of particular medical technologies.
After the Voting Rights Act
Authors: Powe Lucas A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the legal battles over the issue on voting rights in Texas. The Voting Rights Act, with its preclearance requirements for the South, was adopted in 1965 and reauthorized in 1970, 1975, 1982, and 2006. A few days after the 2006 reauthorization, the municipal utility district (MUD), created in Austin, Texas, in the 1980s, sued the U.S. attorney general, claiming that it should be allowed the advantage of the “bailout” (from preclearance) provisions of the Act. Edward Blum was the man behind the lawsuit. The chapter examines the MUD case and the one that followed it, Shelby County v. Holder. It also considers the efforts of Republicans to prevent voter fraud in the state through voter identification, resulting in SB 14, or voter ID bill, in the Texas Senate.
From Discrimination to Affirmative Action
Authors: Powe Lucas A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the legal battles involving the University of Texas School of Law and its affirmative action program. In the wake of its success in 1944 in the all-white primary case, Smith v. Allwright, the Texas NAACP called for the integration of Texas's flagship university in Austin. Some months later Thurgood Marshall wrote a letter to Austin's only African American lawyer asking for information about how to apply to the UT School of Law. The chapter examines the Supreme Court case of Heman Marion Sweatt that produced a major stepping-stone toward Brown v. Board of Education, along with another case involving UT's undergraduate admissions that reaffirmed a state's right to implement affirmative action policies. In particular, it analyzes McLaurin v. Regents and Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, along with the Texas legislature's response to Hopwood v. Texas in the form of the “10% rule.”