bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Baby Boomers Turned from Religion
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

Mocked, vilified, blamed, and significantly misunderstood—the ‘Baby Boomers’ are members of the generation of post-World War II babies who came of age in the 1960s. Their parents of the 1940s and 1950s raised their Boomer children to be church-attenders and respectable, and yet in some ways demonstrated an ambivalence that permitted their children to spurn religion and to eventually raise their own children to be the least religious generation ever. The Baby Boomers studied here, living in the UK and Canada, were the last generation to have been routinely baptised and taken regularly to mainstream, Anglican churches. So, what went wrong—or, perhaps, right? This book, based on in-depth interviews and compared to other studies and data, is the first to offer a sociological account of the sudden transition from religious parents to non-religious children and grandchildren, focusing exclusively on this generation of ex-Anglican Boomers. Now in their 60s and 70s, the Boomers featured here make sense of their lives and the world they helped to create. They discuss how they continue to dis-believe in God yet have an easy relationship with ghosts and did not, as theologians are wont to argue, fall into an immoral self-centred abyss, but forged different practices and sites (whether in ‘this world’ or ‘elsewhere’) of meaning, morality, community, and transcendence. They also reveal the kind of values, practices, and beliefs they transmitted to the future generations, helping shape non-religious identities of Generation X, the Millennials, and Generation Z.
The Right Not to Stay
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

A central question in the debate on justice in immigration is whether immigrants have a right to stay; this book argues that liberal-democratic receiving states should also grant migrants a right not to stay. This claim runs against the presumption that migrants always desire to move on a permanent basis and intend to forge a completely new life in the country of destination. From this perspective, temporary migration is always a second-best option for migrants, engendered by the closed and often punitive migration policies of receiving countries. This book’s innovative focus on the right not to stay is prompted instead by the realization that increasing numbers of migrants throughout the world conceive and plan their migratory experience as circumscribed in time and instrumental to goals and projects that they will pursue once back in their country of origin. These temporary migration projects are worthy of being accommodated by the receiving states as much as the migratory plans of those who resolve or aim to immigrate on a permanent basis. Accommodating them entails setting up the appropriate welfare measures and programmes in the host country and, through bi-lateral agreements, in the country of return. This is especially important in view of the fact that very often the migrants who engage in temporary migration projects find themselves in a condition of high vulnerability and risk. The ‘right not to stay’ advocated in this book is a positive and substantive right to see one’s project of temporary migration-and-return protected and accommodated by institutions.
Key problems and inequities of Italy’s economy
Authors: Codogno Lorenzo , Galli Giampaolo
Published: October 2022

This chapter contains a broad picture of the comparative performance of the Italian economy relative to the rest of the world and a subset of advanced countries. Female labour force participation is among the lowest among developed countries and globally. This chapter argues that if employers looked exclusively for the best workers, the gender gap would be closer to that of similar countries. In addition, if politicians, employers, and trade unions wanted to give equal opportunities to all, males and females, they would have come up with some solutions to make it possible to better reconcile family and working life for both. Several myths about Italy’s entrepreneurship are dispelled: Italy is no longer an innovative economy, does not attract talent, and is not a country where young people have opportunities. The social elevator is stuck, much more so than in the UK or the USA. The North–South divide remains unchanged despite seventy years of substantial efforts by central government to solve the issue. The problems of the South are the same as those of Italy. They cannot be solved with public investment unless such investment is instrumental in bringing about radical change in the quality of institutions, the business environment, and the incentive structure. Merit rather than connections must be placed at centre stage. Given this overall picture, it is no surprise that the young suffer from high unemployment and low wages. Nor it is a surprise to find that many of the most talented youth leave the country to study and work abroad.
Why are companies so small?
Authors: Codogno Lorenzo , Galli Giampaolo
Published: October 2022

The average size of companies increased until the beginning of the 1970s, although it remained small. Since then it has been declining, partly due to factors common to most advanced countries, such as increased uncertainty. Additional uncertainty required more flexibility for firms when workers demanded more protection and legislation became more rigid. The reaction to this scenario was outsourcing and de-verticalisation of firms, which means a smaller average size. In Italy, these processes were particularly relevant. Single families usually control Italian companies. Family members hold key positions inside the firm and not just on the board. Family-owned firms, particularly in the service sector, prefer an executive selection process based on closeness and loyalty to the owners rather than on specific expertise about the company’s business sector and strategies. Quite clearly, merit is not centre stage. A successful entrepreneur must have connections because they allow her/him to survive and even prosper in a complex bureaucracy with intricate laws. The connected company enjoys a rent (in the domestic market) which is the direct consequence of the complexity of the bureaucratic apparatus. However, connected firms are less innovative than their competitors and are not as successful in international markets. This system impedes free competition much more than the anti-competitive behaviours under the antitrust authority’s eye.
Reading Bodies in Motion
Authors: Webb Heather
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses the medieval contextual evidence that we have for understanding how Dante might understand the engagement of a reader or viewer with gesture and bodily movement as depicted in visual or textual sources. Departing from gesture studies more broadly, it investigates how gestures and bodily signs appear in Dante’s works and how Dante understands those gestures to be legible and powerful in readers’ imaginations and memories. This introductory chapter shows how bodily knowledge cannot be separated from cultural codification and from specific culturally and temporally defined sets of visual vocabularies, taking examples from Dante’s Vita nova and his Inferno.
The Historical and Social Contexts
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

Knowledge of the natural environment and ways of life of Viking Age Scandinavians is necessary for understanding the Ragnarök myth. The importance of central places in transmitting myths and rituals is emphasized. A map of such places is shown. Social groups with particular interest in the Ragnarök myth are identified. The myth is also rooted in popular tradition as evidenced by Snorri Sturluson. The belief in joining Odin in Valhall for the final battle characterizes Viking warrior ideology. Seeresses and their role in prophecy are discussed. Their high status in pre-Christian times is shown. Testimonies from classical writers on Germanic seeresses are cited (Caesar, Plutarch).
The Ragnarök Myth—Distinctive Features and Origins
Authors: Hultgård Anders
Published: October 2022

Comparative analyses show the distinctive character of the Ragnarök myth. Christian medieval texts in the vernacular reveal an influence of ancient Scandinavian concepts. Conversely, Christianity has left some imprints on the myth during its medieval transmission. Stanza 65 of the Vǫluspá is comprehensively discussed. The origins of the Ragnarök myth are dealt with, particularly in comparison with Iranian traditions. The theme of the cosmic tree is important. In both Scandinavian and Iranian mythology the tree is a symbol of the world in its temporal as well as spatial aspect. Further striking similarities include the idea of heavenly warriors awaiting the final battle and the conception of the renewal of the world as a ritual. The importance of the number ‘nine’ is prominent in both religions. This marks them off from other traditions, especially those with roots in the Middle East where the number ‘seven’ dominates. It is concluded that the roots of the Ragnarök myth lie far back in time. The correspondences with Iranian mythology suggest a common Indo-European background.
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Canadian Law
Authors: Iacobucci Frank
Published: October 2022

This chapter begins with a brief history of the Canadian government’s mistreatment of Indigenous people and an overview of the legal frameworks governing Indigenous rights in Canada. Broadly speaking, aboriginal rights are sui generis, or unique, rights held by aboriginal peoples ‘by reason of the fact that aboriginal peoples were once independent, self-governing entities in possession of most of the lands now making up Canada’. Treaty rights arise from treaties or land agreements between Indigenous groups and the Canadian government. The chapter then presents a background of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), focusing on its core principles of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) and the corresponding duty to consult. It also examines potential issues and tensions that may arise in adopting UNDRIP as domestic law in Canada. Finally, the chapter looks ahead and discusses strategies to build partnerships between Indigenous groups and the Canadian government as a path forward to achieving reconciliation.
A Portentous Crossing
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Peter Milner, a research scientist, is sent to Montreal during the Second World War. Brenda, his wife, attends psychology seminars given by Donald Hebb, Head of the Psychology Department at McGill University.
Taking Stock
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Changes had taken place in Canada and at the Montreal Neurologic Institute, where Penfield had retired and Jasper would shortly leave. John Fulton, a leading neuroscientist at Yale University and an authority on cerebral cortex function, dies. Meanwhile Brenda Milner makes the surprising discovery that Henry Molaison, despite having no long-term memory for people, places, or event, can learn and remember a difficult eye-and-hand test. ‘Procedural memory’ is now recognized as a distinct form of memory.
Polish Insights
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

In a new book Jerzy Konorski develops the concepts of sensory analysers and gnostic units. The latter correspond to the grandmother cells postulated to exist by the vision neuroscientist, Jerome (Jerry) Lettvin.
Continuing Excitation in Norway
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Terje Lømo begins hippocampal studies in Oslo under Per Andersen and discovers that cell responses to repetitive stimuli may remain enlarged for minutes or even hours (long-term potentiation). The phenomenon is then pursued by Timothy Bliss and Tony Gardner-Medwin. Lømo leaves the hippocampus in order to study long-term actions of motoneurons on muscle fibres (trophism), initially at University College London.
Mathematics and the Hippocampus
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

With Giles Brindley as his supervisor, David Marr develops a unique computational approach to studying how the visual cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus might operate. He suggests that ‘memories’ are transferred from the hippocampus to the cerebral cortex for long-term storage.
1980: Departures
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Penfield dies and Hebb retires, having been largely responsible for the international success of the McGill Psychology Department.
Summary
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

The contents of the previous chapters are summarized for their relevance to the creation, storage, and recall of memory.
Definition of Consciousness
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

The difficulty in defining consciousness is stated.
Clinical Evidence of Hippocampal (Limbic) Involvement in Consciousness
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Different types of clinical observation implicate a major role for the hippocampus in consciousness—the results of intraoperative brain stimulation, the association of epileptic foci deep in the temporal lobe with episodes of altered consciousness, and the increased firing of concept cells during specific thoughts.
Animal Evidence Consistent with Consciousness Generation in Limbic System (rather than Cortex)
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Fish, amphibians, and reptiles all exhibit complex cognitive behaviours despite having poorly developed cerebral cortices (but possessing substantial deep brain structures, including limbic elements).
Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison Reconsidered
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Varying extents of damage to the hippocampi and amygdalas of Henry Molaison and Clive Wearing may account for the differences in severity of their respective memory losses and consequent behaviours.
Back to the Hippocampus
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Concept cell recordings indicate that the hippocampus stores not only long-term semantic memories but episodic memories as well. Short-term memories are most likely a function of the hippocampus too, in view of the comparison between Henry Molaison’s and Clive Wearing’s respective lesions and disabilities. The conversion of short-term to long-term memory probably involves the same hippocampal neurons and depends on reinforcement from the amygdala.
Speculations on Spatial Maps and Other Issues
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

During evolution of the mammalian hippocampus place cells may have increased their range of activity by coding for ‘what’ regardless of ‘where,’ thereby creating semantic memory. Is the hippocampus continually creating ever-changing spatial maps? Are the arrays of grid cells in the entorhinal cortex related to the map of odour-specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb?
Final Note: The Multi-Tasking Hippocampus
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

In addition to its role in learning and memory, the mammalian hippocampus is likely to retain an olfactory function and is possibly involved in initiating ‘voluntary’ movements as well.
Recapitulation and Synthesis
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

The earlier chapters are summarized, with key findings emphasized. Various observations have been combined to suggest that, during evolution, the appearance of (a primitive) consciousness coincided with the ability to retain sensory information necessary for survival. Further, consciousness is ever-changing short-term memory.
Coptic Interference in the Syntax of Greek Letters from Egypt
Authors: Fendel Victoria Beatrix Maria
Published: October 2022

Egypt in the early Byzantine period was a bilingual country where Greek and Egyptian (Coptic) were used alongside each other. Historical studies along with linguistic studies of the phonology and lexicon of early Byzantine Greek in Egypt testify to this situation. In order to describe the linguistic traces the language-contact situation left behind in individuals’ linguistic output, this study analyses the syntax of early Byzantine Greek texts from Egypt. The primary object of interest is bilingual interference in the syntax of verbs, adverbial phrases, and clause linkage as well as in semi-formulaic expressions and formulaic frames. The study is based on a corpus of Greek and Coptic private letters on papyrus, which date from the fourth to mid-seventh centuries, originate from Egypt, and belong to bilingual, Greek-Coptic, papyrus archives. The study shows that deviations from the standard pattern fall into three categories, i.e. bilingual interference, SLA-related errors, and internal confusion of patterns. There is a marked difference as to the extent to which deviations, and interferences in particular, affect syntactic domains. The degree of complexity of the syntactic structure in question as well as the degree of divergence from the corresponding Coptic structure seem to play a role. There is also a marked difference as to the extent to which deviations affect different types of contexts (i.e. free, semi-formulaic, and formulaic contexts). The degree to which constraints are imposed on structures in each type of context seems to play a role. Finally, it appears that the way writers assimilated patterns can explain a large number of deviations. Interferences account proportionately for fewest deviations vis-à-vis SLA-related errors and the internal confusion of patterns.
The Poetry of Indian Music
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

India has undergone, the Indian creativity and imagination have undergone certain desirable transformations and certain undesirable interruptions and disjunctions. For instance, in both classical India and mediaeval India, literature and the arts were together, sharing the same symbology, the same repertoire of imagery, the same leitmotifs, the same narratives, etc. In poetry and visual arts, in music, and in dance as well. With the intervention of the so-called modern, which was largely induced by an encounter with the West, the colonizing West, some serious changes took place. Music and dance became ‘classical’, poetry, theatre, visual arts became ‘modern’. They parted company in a certain sense.
Walking in the Steps of the Mystics
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

While the presence and relevance of Indian tradition to India cannot be denied, nor possibly be objected to, no tradition, whether Indian or any other, could be, in such a complex evolving world, be completely a matter of the past. Past is important, the presence of past in our present is also relevant and can be felt, but past cannot claim to have found all the answers for everything, for us already. There are huge number of problems, issues and concerns which would have never arisen before. Look at this issue of right to privacy, there is no evidence in our traditions, whether a person has this inalienable right.
The Indian Telecom Distress
Authors: Pawar V P , Kunte Bhagyashree , Tumuluri Srinivas
Published: October 2022

This case study is about stress and survival of telecom industry players. India’s telecommunication network is the second largest in the world by number of telephone user (for both fixed and mobile phone). The major players are Airtel, BSNL, Vodafone-Idea. If we look back in to the history Reliance communication launched in the telecom industry in the year 2002. Later on other global measure launched in India like Vodafone, Uninor, Docomo. Current scenario in the telecom industry—where we have disruption in the call charge prizing with lowest ever monthly rental launched by Jio (Mukesh Ambani group). After launch of Jio, the existing stabilize private player Airtel, Vodafone-Idea faced challenges of survival due to low AGR. This case will highlight policies that depart from telecom sector. They must reconsider or update in order to offer the best consumer experience and prizing war. This case will highlight telecom crisis. The department of telecommunication appears to be on the side of operators but survivors are still in trouble. The battle between Jio, Airtel, and Vodafone-Idea—it became very intense. Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) came to Airtel and Vodafone Idea for support. The COAI warned Supreme Court that the telecom sector would turn into a monopoly if Jio allowed to behave on own wish without proper policies in place. However this did not go well with Jio and they shot off a letter to COAI talking about the sector. Jio said, ‘these operators anyways were not investing sufficiently in the sector and have been shedding crocodile tears by claiming financial stress for a long time now and have not shown any inclination to modernize the networks.’
The Hindustan Bank Ltd
Authors: Praveen Roopa , Aher Dilip , Anute Nilesh
Published: October 2022

The Hindustan Bank case is particularly interesting in the way the narration talks about the management personnel needing to be multi—talented, it’s not just about to know finance and banking rights, its more so about people management, IT skills, marketing, and other domains. It not enough to just be aware of your core specializations. To be successful in the banking industry no matter at what level one should be aware of how to lead a team, how to improve product success, know how best to complete your task, upgrade skills and become tech savvy. This case is beneficial not only for the finance student but also for students from other specializations.
The Tiny Owl
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

The start—ups are mushrooming all across India even supported by the government policy and regulatory guideline as favourable to the promoters. But unfortunately, employment opportunities at the start—ups are like mutual fund investments are subject to unemployment risks since the start—ups, in general, are not meant to provide assurance of employee tenures since they are ever dynamic and wish to change their business models as often as required to keep the promoters investments providing best of revaluation results such that when an opportunity is apt, they can liquidate their stake to make money on revalued assets and dispose their engagement in the start—up. Hence if someone is seeking a long—term career objective as an employee in a start—up perhaps it is a risky proposition.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Jay
Published: October 2022

After 1918, a new kind of decentered warfare emerged, based at times on state power, but at other times on the contest between regional, ethnic, and confessional groups in some areas, and simultaneous class conflicts in these and in other areas. The key element separating the first Great War from the second set of armed conflicts was the fragmentation of national or imperial war efforts into domestic and trans-national conflicts dividing populations which between 1914 and 1918 had fought for their nation or empire. The thrust of this book is to show that as the nature of war changed, so did the nature of peace. Both described what is called the civilianization of war.
The Road from Athens
Authors: Winter Jay
Published: October 2022

The massive defeat of the Greek army in August 1922 left the Greek delegation with little room for maneuver at Lausanne. The leaders of the regime that had brought Greece to ruin were executed, and the Greek head of delegation Venizelos had no alternative but to bury the dream of Megali, or a Greek dominion straddling Europe and Asia, and to start the process of rebuilding his broken and bankrupt nation. Through the work of his former Foreign Minister Nicolas Politis, Greece benefited from a major international loan, brokered by the League of Nations. This assistance enabled Greece to begin a new phase in its history, an inward phase focusing on the integration of one million refugees from Anatolia.
The Road from London
Authors: Winter Jay
Published: October 2022

The British delegation was led by her Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, formerly Viceroy of India. He stayed on despite a change of government in London. The fall of Lloyd George ensured that Britain would not risk going to war in defense of her just-defeated Greek ally. Curzon succeeded in achieving three objectives. He internationalized the Straits; he separated the new Turkey from an alliance with the Soviet Union, and he postponed the final disposition of the city of Mosul until the League of Nations would deal with it a year later, as it happened in a manner favorable to Britain. But the reconfiguration of imperial power at Lausanne disclosed how deeply wounded Britain was by the costs of war and by the clear separation of the foreign policy of France and Italy from that of Britain.
The Road from Paris
Authors: Winter Jay
Published: October 2022

The Entente Cordiale between France and Britain broke down long before the delegates arrived at Lausanne. The difference between Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary Poincaré and Curzon was over whether France believed that her agreement of 1914 to act in lockstep with Britain in achieving peace was still in effect. The French answer was no; after 1918, each went her own way. This meant that Britain would not have French backing for a strong anti-Turkish front at the peace conference. France was not going to go to war, no matter what happened at Lausanne or in Anatolia. The price for this parting of the ways was British indifference to French pleas for support over her occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923, when the conference was in session. This chapter charts French disengagement from hostilities in Anatolia, and her preparation for what may be termed not dollar diplomacy but the diplomacy of investment by French companies and banks.
Oxford Supplications for Papal Provisions under Benedict XII
Authors: Courtenay William J.
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the Oxford roll, or rotulus, of supplications in 1335, early in Pope Benedict XII’s first year. The Oxford rotuli of 1335 presents an opportunity to uncover the names of many if not most of the secular regent masters in the faculties of theology, civil law, medicine, and arts at that time, or at least most of those who were successful in obtaining a letter of provision for a benefice. The supplication rotuli from universities to the papacy for benefices were also probably accompanied by letters to others who had influence at the papal court. The recovery of such letters would reveal the names of those the universities thought useful to their cause when asking for favors from the pope. The chapter then considers how the Oxford rotuli of 1335 and individual supplications of Oxford masters in the first year of Benedict’s pontificate coincide with an important shift in English higher education. The decline in English scholars going to Paris for the degree in arts and especially in theology had already begun before the outbreak of the Hundred Years War in 1337.
Robert Greystones on the Freedom of the Will. Selections from his Commentary on the Sentences , ed. Mark Henninger, with Robert Andrews and Jennifer Ottman, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi, 28 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2017), cxxxi + 398pp; Robert Greystones on Certainty and Skepticism. Selections from his Works, ed. Robert Andrews, Jennifer Ottman, and Mark Henninger, Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi, 34 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2020), lvii + 528pp.
Authors: Courtenay William J.
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on two volumes of theological questions by the Benedictine Robert Greystones. Greystones studied theology at Oxford in the 1310s and 1320s, and his numerous citations of Oxford and Parisian contemporaries provide a major window onto the intellectual life of those universities in that period, especially Oxford. Although Greystones was not cited by contemporaries at Oxford, he did obtain brief appointments as head of two Benedictine priories in the diocese of Durham and as subprior at Durham. The editors have chosen to edit Greystones’ work according to specific philosophical problems. The six questions in the volume on the freedom of the will are all taken from Greystones’ commentary on the Sentences. Meanwhile, the topic of the second volume of questions is certainty and scepticism.
Adler, Eric. 2020. The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Save the Humanities Today. Oxford: Oxford University Press. $35.
Authors: Delwiche Theodore R.
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews Eric Adler’s The Battle of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Can Save the Humanities Today (2020). What Adler offers here is historical insight into how humanists have often been their own worst enemies in defending their very subjects of study. He demonstrates that the most commonly adduced defences of the humanities are unconvincing. Moreover, the half-hearted effort to find scientific studies ‘proving’ the value of the humanities only plays into the hands of social scientists, who then become the ultimate arbiters of academic worth, even in disciplines far outside their expertise. As a work of history, however, the book flounders. Adler relies heavily on existing scholarship in the history of education and classical reception in the American context, inadvertently replicating the shortcomings of both fields.
The Simple Argument
Authors: Vierkant Tillmann
Published: October 2022

Two systems approaches to cognition are enormously influential. This chapter argues that such approaches are in urgent need of clarification of their use of epistemic agency. The simple argument demonstrates that either system two does not contain judgments, or that one of two very plausible assumptions must be wrong. These two assumptions are: first, the standard assumption that system two processing is intentional; and second, the widely accepted view in philosophy that doxastic attitude acquisition processes are not intentional. However, if all system two processing is intentional and doxastic attitude acquisition processes never are, then clearly system two processes cannot contain judgments. After introducing this argument, the chapter examines the plausibility of the assumptions and potential worries.
Objections to the Simple Argument
Authors: Vierkant Tillmann
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses objections and clarifications to the simple argument. Is it dependent on a specific understanding of belief? Can we think of beliefs in system two as much the same as mental states like acceptance, that clearly can be acquired voluntarily? The chapter also explains why the existence of motivated reason does not demonstrate that we can acquire beliefs voluntarily. It discusses further Mandelbaum’s fascinating Spinozean accounts of belief acquisition and why they also do not provide a problem for the simple argument. Finally it examines in detail whether judgments are simply a part of the skilful intentional mental action of deliberation as Shepherd suggests. The chapter accepts that deliberation might well be skilful intentional action, but that this does not mean that judgments themselves are intentional.
Fitting Emotions
Authors: D’Arms Justin
Published: October 2022

This chapter sketches an account of natural emotions and their fittingness that supports a sentimentalist theory of value. It contrasts this account with Cognitive theories of emotion and with the Alethic View of fittingness. Cognitivists hold that emotion types are individuated by different, response-independent evaluative thoughts that are (partly) constitutive of being in an emotional state. The Alethic View holds that what it is for an emotion to be fitting is for its constitutive thoughts to be true. The chapter argues against both of these claims. For an emotion to be fitting is for it to be correct, it allows. But an emotion is not even partly constituted by response independent thoughts. And the correctness of an emotion is not a matter of its representational accuracy.
Value-First Accounts of Normativity
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: October 2022

It is tempting to think that the normativity of all that is normative derives from what is valuable. But value-first approaches to normativity have fallen out of favour as the virtues of reasons- and fittingness-first approaches to normativity have been recognised. On these views, value is not explanatorily prior to reasons and fit; rather the value of things is understood in terms of the pro-attitudes it is fitting to have, or that we have reasons to have, towards these things. The value-first accounts of the normativity of reasons and fit that have been proposed have been direct accounts of reasons and fit. On these views, the fittingness of an attitude is explained in terms of the value of having it or the value of the object of that attitude. This chapter surveys the problems with direct value-first accounts, it then explores the prospects of an indirect value-first account of reasons and fit. It argues that one such value-first account avoids the problems that direct value-first accounts face and it explains that an indirect value-first account of normativity along these lines may be as explanatorily powerful as fittingness- and reasons-first accounts of value and normativity more generally.
Well-Being as Fitting Happiness
Authors: Rossi Mauro , Tappolet Christine
Published: October 2022

There is an intuitive connection between well-being and happiness. Accordingly, many theories of well-being hold that well-being consists in (either unqualified or properly qualified) happiness. Traditional happiness-based theories are subject, however, to several important objections. The goal in this chapter is to offer a new happiness-based theory that is immune to the main objections raised against traditional happiness-based theories. The authors’ own fitting happiness theory of well-being can be seen as the combination of the following claims. The first is that happiness consists in a broadly positive balance of affective states such as emotions, moods, and sensory pleasures. The second is that emotions, moods, and sensory pleasures are different kinds of perceptual experiences of evaluative properties. The third claim is that, insofar as happiness is constituted by states that have fittingness conditions, it is possible to assess happiness itself as fitting or unfitting. The last claim is that well-being consists in fitting happiness thus defined.
Fittingness as a Pitiful Intellectualist Trinket?
Authors: McKenna Michael
Published: October 2022

P. F. Strawson wrote disparagingly about libertarian’s appeal to an intuition of fittingness. He charged that it was inadequate in any justification of our blaming and punishing practices. So it could not be used to support libertarianism about free will. Nevertheless, Strawson needed some normative relation to do the justificatory work that he claimed libertarians and compatibilists could not. Drawing upon Joel Feinberg’s edifying use fittingness to analyse desert, and offering an independent account of fittingness, this chapter argues that Strawsonians need fittingness. Suppose they do. How are we to understand it? Feinberg suggested that desert is a species of fittingness. This chapter argues that indeed desert is a species of fittingness. But it also argues that, if so, the basal reasons for fitting (and deserved) angry blaming and punishing responses might include a strong freedom requirement. Hence, Strawsonians cannot get away from the free will problem as easily as Strawson suggested.
Reflecting on Voices
Authors: Isaac
Published: October 2022

As both a participant in the Voices in Psychosis (VIP) study and a consultant on the study’s methods and analysis, Isaac was uniquely placed to offer an illustrated personal reflection on what it is like as a voice-hearer to read detailed accounts of other people’s voice-hearing experiences. This chapter outlines the similarities and differences he noted between his own experiences and those of the other participants, which prompt him to consider some of the key causes and triggers of voices and what might be done to help other voice-hearers in the future.
The Sound of Fear
Authors: Alderson-Day Ben , Ward Thomas
Published: October 2022

Voices can evoke and communicate a range of negative emotions which are often captured under the umbrella term of ‘distress’. One that may seem obvious—but, at the same time, can often be overlooked—is fear. The transcripts collected in the Voices in Psychosis (VIP) study attest to the fact that hearing voices is frightening for many (if not most) people who have the experience, and this is particularly the case in some of its early manifestations where fear may strongly influence meaning-making. Moreover, voices can go on to terrorize and terrify the hearer, sometimes in a seemingly intentional manner. Drawing on these accounts, plus clinical experience of working with long-term voice-hearers, this chapter explores the role of fear in voice-hearing. When faced with a voice that can say whatever it wants, whenever it chooses, how do people respond and what can we do to support them?
Pollution and Purity
Authors: Powell Adam J.
Published: October 2022

Drawing on Mary Douglas’ influential text Purity and Danger, with its argument about the structures of pollution and purity that inhere in many cultures, this chapter seeks to explore the link between individual voice-hearers’ understandings of their hallucinatory experiences as deserved punishment and broader structural–anthropological suggestions that symbolic transgressions of sociocultural categories demand ritual restitution. Specifically, two case studies from the Voices in Psychosis interview data are used to illustrate how Douglas’ observations concerning the cultural classifications of ‘anomalies’ and ‘abominations’ illuminate the role played by sexual mores and suicidal ideation in the self-understanding of some voice-hearers.
Learning to Navigate Hallucinations
Authors: Dupuis David
Published: October 2022

Hallucinatory experience is a broad spectrum, not confined to what medicine has called psychosis. An anthropological comparative approach can consequently be useful in shedding light on how we understand voices in psychosis and enriching our understanding of this phenomenon. In opposition to the Western biomedical context, among indigenous groups in the Americas, hallucinations are often sought and voluntarily produced, most frequently by the ritualized use of hallucinogenic plants. They are indeed valued in various aspects of social life as religious, divinatory, or therapeutic practices, which have been frequently described by anthropologists as ‘shamanic’. Yet how are the ‘voices’ described by users of psychiatric services similar to, and different from, those perceived by people who are using hallucinogenic substances in the context of shamanic and so-called neoshamanic practices? How do such comparisons invite us to take a fresh look at voices in psychosis, and what can they tell us about the attribution of a pathological dimension to the voice-hearing phenomenon? Comparing data collected in the Peruvian Amazon during ethnographic fieldwork with those of the Voices in Psychosis study, this chapter shows that the ability to control voices is one of the main distinguishing criteria between these two groups, and explores the implications of this difference for a better understanding and treatment of voices in psychosis.
Maelstrom
Authors: Napthine David
Published: October 2022

The external voices people hear express multiple and conflicting views about the voice-hearer’s thoughts, actions, and sense of self—condemnatory, threatening, sneering, dismissive, occasionally comforting. They can confuse and they can harm, and sometimes it is only when the voices are absent that peace can be found. But where do the voices go when they are not present? When and why do they come back? Drawing upon the transcripts and lived experience, this fictional work explores the arrival and departure of voices, attempting to place voice-hearing within myth-traditions to show its provenance in human history, as well as offering a storytelling strategy for dealing with them.
Poverty
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

Chapter 4 considers the role of poverty as a source of adversity for families caught up with child-serving systems. The chapter continues the theme of social context as a cluster of entangled adversities which make simple or unitary theories of cause and effect impossible. As with the earlier discussion of racism, this chapter considers the literature on the physiological and health effects associated with poverty and focuses on the example of childhood asthma. The chapter also examines some of the challenges for families associated with low-wage work such as nonstandard work schedules and gray-market employment. The problem of extreme poverty, frequently seen in families headed by single mothers who have been disconnected from employment, is considered; and the effects of the hardship and stress of poverty on parenting are reviewed. Finally, transportation challenges and the added burdens of municipal fines, debt, and lack of access to good credit are described.
Ecological Intervention at the Meso Level
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter is concerned with efforts to address ecological adversity at the level of settings one step above that of the individual and the family. The chapter describes programs that work to reduce risk and to amplify resources and protective factors in ways that are likely to prevent children from becoming clients of child-serving systems. Some general principles of these efforts are discussed: holding to a social-ecological perspective, determining the appropriate level of complexity for a given intervention, developing collaborative relationships with individuals and organizations in the community, and working to develop local capacity that will remain in place after the intervention has ended. The design and implementation of several specific intervention programs in neighborhoods and communities and on school campuses are reviewed.
How Do We Connect?
Authors: Brown Nyssa M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter addresses implications for online and hybrid learning in music education based on research in cognitive science. By outlining practical teaching strategies and student learning activities that can be applied across multiple technology platforms, the chapter empowers educators in the general music classroom to teach a broad curriculum, including diverse learning experiences, whether students are in-person, hybrid, or online. With a focus on how students learn, the chapter is organized according to the following: how learners understand new ideas; how people retain information; how learners apply knowledge; and building expertise. Scaffolding thinking and thinking routines are strategies presented to increase engagement, learning, and retention during music instruction.
Demystifying Songwriting
Authors: Reinhert Kat
Published: October 2022

Songs capture emotions, tell stories, and help us understand our world. Songwriting can serve as a means to express our human experience and access our diverse creativities, as well as to gain a deeper understanding of musical principles and concepts. This chapter addresses ways in which music educators can engage with songwriting—both in their own creative practice and with their students. Discussions are centered around a framework for developing skills in songwriting that can help teachers develop their own abilities as well as empower their students to express themselves through music. Specific knowledge, skills, and lessons are explained to help teachers better understand the craft as well as find creative ways to include songwriting in the classroom.
Movement
Authors: Juntunen Marja-Leena
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes the pedagogical possibilities and offers practical examples of receiving and responding to music through movement, and learning through and from kinesthetic experience, in music teaching and learning in school or community music settings. It also offers theoretical underpinnings from the research literature of applying movement in music education. General ideas for assessment are offered in a separate section. The pedagogical ideas of applying body movement draw mainly on Dalcroze pedagogy—a music education approach that integrates body movement (rhythmics), ear-training (solfège), and improvisation to facilitate, establish, and reinforce musical perception, understanding, and expression. All the presented exercises are expected to build upon students’ responses and previous learning and to serve as inspiration for teachers to experiment, adjust, and further develop them in their own classrooms in ways that best support reaching their curriculum objectives and/or other educational aims.
Engaging Learners in Active Music Listening
Authors: Gault Brent M.
Published: October 2022

Listening is one of the most universal ways in which individuals interact with music, and providing opportunities for students to engage actively in the music listening process is one way general music programs can foster critical listening skills. After providing a brief background related to the role of music listening in general music classrooms, this chapter highlights factors that research has examined related to music listening. Strategies for engaging students actively in music listening experiences are then reviewed, and these strategies are ultimately applied to specific lesson examples that provide models of how students might interact meaningfully with given pieces of music.
Music Teacher as Music Producer
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

Music Teacher as Music Producer (MTMP) is for music teachers who are looking to improve and build upon their daily practices in a contemporary and/or popular music setting where they are in charge of numerous modern bands. Few resources exist to describe what it is that a music teacher does in these types of classrooms. The approach to teaching outlined here is a way forward for our thinking that moves beyond music teacher as facilitator in some ways, suggesting that a music teacher’s primary purpose is to elevate their students’ creativities in both live performance and recording. While live performance conceptions have existed in music education for centuries, they are underdeveloped as far as thinking about modern bands goes. In this book, the author takes strides to remedy this shortcoming. Recording cover and original music could be half of what music teachers do in classrooms. Music classes could look a lot more like art class if teachers planned for them to be that way. This book unpacks how to think about and go about doing that.
A Whole New World of Musical Products
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

Music teachers tend to think of live performances as the primary means of demonstrating to parents, administrators, and communities their work with students. Since GarageBand started coming loaded with all Apple computers in 2003, the playing field for would-be music producers has been leveled. Anyone can record music now. Anyone can enter the sophisticated world of audio engineering now. Anyone can enter the new world of musical products now. The era of music teachers entering this world for the benefit of their students is upon us. Seeing the value of recording arts as something that music teachers should become a part of is assisted by knowing something about its history. There was an eternity before the invention of recording technology to capture performance. During the American Civil War-era even, there was not a way to record musical performances. If you wanted to hear music, you had to make it yourself or be in the presence of someone who could. That was a very different reality than the one we currently live in, one where the world’s music can be accessed on your phone. This chapter provides a window into what makes now the best time in the history of music to be about collecting the music of your students via recording.