bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On sedimentation in management fashion: an institutional perspective
Authors: Heusinkveld Stefan , Benders Jos
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to explore how management practitioners make sense of management fashions as sedimented elements within organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

To further understanding about sedimentation in management fashion, an institutional perspective was used.

Findings

This analysis reveals that sedimented fashions within organizations are framed as comprising different forms that are systematically associated with divergent evolution patterns.

Research limitations/implications

This study extends the current literature on management fashion by showing how, unlike present conceptualizations, the long‐term impact of fashionable ideas in organizations cannot be considered a single entity with a uniform pattern of development. Building on this, the paper seeks to develop a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the evolution of popular management ideas in organizational practice, which opens fruitful new research directions.

Practical implications

This paper may help managers, as important consumers of fashionable ideas, to better understand how elements of fashions may remain in organizations and play an important conditional role in future change initiatives.

Originality/value

Despite the substantial attention to the field‐level dissemination and evolution of popular management ideas in the management fashion literature, the possible long‐term impact of these ideas within organizations has received scant attention beyond the assumed transience of a fashion's discourse and the possible persistence of the organizational practices associated with a fashion.
Venting as emotion regulation
Authors: Parlamis Jennifer D.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the emotion regulatory aspects of venting and use an attribution appraisal framework to investigate the differential impact on anger and emotional tone given a reinforcing or reinterpreting response.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses a 2 (target: offender or third party)×2 (response type: reinterpret or reinforce) between‐subjects factorial design. Dependent variables are measured quantitatively in the form of a questionnaire.

Findings

This research supports the notion that venting may be used as an emotion regulatory strategy and highlights the importance of the reciprocal aspect of the venting interaction. In addition, this research underscores the importance of attributions in the venting process, in particular, the attributions used in responding to venting. This research shows that the response types (reinforcing or reinterpreting) as well as the identity of the target (offender or third party) are important determinants of anger and emotional tone.

Research limitations/implications

This research employs an anger recall methodology. Future research should explore venting and responses in a live anger setting.

Practical implications

What is said in response to venting matters. Respondents should be aware of the attributions they use when responding to venting.

Originality/value

Venting may persist as a common practice because we “feel better” after the venting interaction not because we release anger.
Emotional and social intelligence competencies: cross cultural implications
Authors: Emmerling Robert J. , Boyatzis Richard E.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Continued research on the assessment and development of emotional and social intelligence competencies represents an opportunity to further both theoretical and applied applications of behavioral science to the management of human capital. While the field has continued to expand over the preceding decades, research has often trailed application, especially as it relates to cross‐cultural validity. The purpose of this introductory essay to this special issue of CCM serves to focus on cultural issues related to applied use of competencies in diverse cultures.

Design/methodology/approach

Emotional and social intelligence competencies are defined and an overview provided for the papers that will follow, with original research linking these constructs to performance in various occupations and cultures, as well as issues related to their development.

Findings

Emotional and social intelligence competencies are found to represent a practical and theoretically coherent, reliable and valid approach to assessing and developing individuals in diverse cultures.

Research limitations/implications

As an introductory essay, the paper lays the foundation for the following articles in this special issue.

Originality/value

Although competencies are in widespread use around the world, issues related to cross‐cultural validation are seldom studied empirically. This introductory essay and subsequent articles will help clarify emotional and social competencies as a behavioral approach to applying emotional intelligence to the practical needs of organizations.
Measuring social and emotional intelligence competencies in the Indian context
Authors: Sharma Radha
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the cross‐cultural reliability and validity of the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI‐2) in a cross‐cultural context.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a competency‐based approach to social and emotional intelligence (EI), the paper presents data on Indian managers from the manufacturing and service industries collected using self‐report and multi‐rater assessments. Factor analysis explored the latent structure of social and emotional intelligence competencies on the Indian sample. Divergent validity was assessed using a Stress Personality test. Internal reliability of the ECI‐2 was also determined for a sample of 400 Indian managers.

Findings

A two‐factor structure has emerged in the cross‐cultural context similar to the latent structure of the construct explored by the test developers of the ECI‐2. However, six items did not have significant loading. ECI‐2 has been found to have statistically significant reliability coefficient and divergent validity with Stress Personality test on the Indian sample.

Research limitations/implications

The competency‐based approach to emotional and social intelligence, with a two‐factor structure, has found empirical evidence on the managerial sample in the Indian context. Future research can test this on other professional groups. Norms can be developed for various professional groups using a competency‐based framework of EI.

Practical implications

ECI‐2 can be used with modification based on the findings for talent management, employee development, counseling and succession planning for Indian managers.

Originality/value

Cross‐cultural validation, in the Indian context, of a competency‐based framework of emotional and social intelligence and its measure is useful for researchers and practitioners and for professional and leadership development of managers.
Development and validation of a customized competency‐based questionnaire
Authors: Ryan Geoff , Spencer Lyle M. , Bernhard Urs
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report data empirically linking competencies of individual leaders to business profitability and demonstrate that competencies are cross‐culturally valid.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants in the initial competency study were 15 business unit managers identified as high performing. Data were collected using Critical Incident Interviews that were systematically coded using thematic analysis to identify the presence of competencies. Competencies identified were then adapted into a behaviourally‐based questionnaire used in a follow‐up validation study. Participants in the validation study (n=70) were managers from North America and two European countries who were participants in a management development program. Boss ratings of competencies were then correlated with business unit profitability.

Findings

A set of competencies was identified as predictive of unit profit growth in managers in both North America and the European Union. Subsequent regression analysis showed that 17 per cent of the variance in business unit profitability could be accounted for by four competencies, specifically team leadership, developing others, achievement orientation, and impact and influence. Cross‐cultural validity was demonstrated to the degree that similar competencies predicted performance in both North America and the European Union as evidenced by the correlation between boss rating of subordinate competencies and profit growth.

Research limitations/implications

The initial study using Critical Incident Interviews was conducted with a small sample size and did not employ a comparison group of average performers.

Practical implications

Initial competency research using empirical methods should be used to help focus competency models used for selection, feedback, training, and performance management.

Originality/value

The study is one of the few published studies that link competencies to business unit profitability. The paper demonstrates that competencies have a degree of cross‐cultural validity.
EI training and sales performance during a corporate merger
Authors: Gignac Gilles E. , Harmer Richard J. , Jennings Sue , Palmer Benjamin R.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine statistically the efficacy of an emotional intelligence (EI) training program on sales performance and emotional intelligence in a group of salespeople.

Design/methodology/approach

An experimental, repeated measures/between‐groups design was used (training group (n=29) and a control group (n=21)). The dependent variables were sales performance, self‐report EI and rater‐report EI. The data were analysed based on a series of split‐plot ANOVAS.

Findings

Rater‐reported EI correlated with sales performance at r=0.32. The EI training group also demonstrated increases in both self‐ and rater‐report EI equal to approximately a Cohen's d=−0.45, in comparison to the control group. Finally, the EI training group outperformed the control group by approximately 9 per cent (p<0.05) in sales performance.

Research limitations/implications

The long‐term beneficial effects of the EI training program on sales performance are not known.

Practical implications

Human resource practitioners and coaches may consider implementing an EI training program to facilitate performance in sales people.

Originality/value

This is the first study to examine the effects of an EI training program using a rigorous experimental methodology and an objective measure of sales performance.
Ten years of partnership
Authors: Riddington Carol
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Learning Disability Partnership Boards (LDPBs) were established throughout England in 2001. This study aims to explore how people with learning disabilities have been involved on LDPBs and the opportunities given for them to take part in civic activities.

Design/methodology/approach

The author conducted systematic observations in five different LDPBs operating in South East England and, using purposive sampling, interviewed 55 members of these boards.

Findings

Representatives who had learning disabilities were able to contribute in four different ways. These were as a co‐chair of the main meetings; member responsible for a specific activity or role; contributor to meetings and discussions; and as a presenter.

Originality/value

The study illustrates that, although people with learning disabilities are involved in the work of LDPBs, their opportunities to influence outcomes are not fully recognised by others. Normal meeting conventions can prove difficult. Alternative arrangements can enable people with learning disabilities to contribute more to meetings and have more influence on outcomes.
Commentary on “Love is simply not enough”
Authors: Williams Val
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper seeks to provide a commentary on the previous paper in this issue, “Love is simply not enough”.

Design/methodology/approach

The commentary draws on research findings and recent policy about personalisation to consider those factors influencing the development of effective family and professional partnerships.

Findings

The paper notes the way in which families have often been undermined by those authorities responsible for providing support. While a lifelong caring role will be a positive choice for some families, it should not be a requirement.

Originality/value

The commentary draws attention, in particular, to the importance of local authorities working more effectively with family carers.
Supporting aspirations – or not? Recent reforms on equality, the green paper on Special Educational Needs and the potential of a neurodiversity spectrum statement
Authors: Mackenzie Robin , Watts John , Howe Lati
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to apply critical legal analysis to laws, policies and reforms focused on special educational needs (SEN) and equality in England and to suggest a Neurodiversity spectrum statement.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews current legal and policy initiatives in SEN, together with recent reforms in equality law.

Findings

While past and current policies may have laudable aims, tensions such as a lack of integration of education, health and social services have had prejudicial outcomes for children with SEN, their families/carers, and the professionals involved.

Originality/value

Legal reforms promise to remedy some problems, but must be underpinned by adequate resourcing, appeal procedures, and remedies which foster the enforcement of legal duties. Some resources for families with children with SEN are noted.
Office design for the multi‐generational knowledge workforce
Authors: Joy Andrew , Haynes Barry P.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact the workplace can have on knowledge working for a multi‐generational workforce.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study analysis is undertaken of Leeds City Council (LCC) workplace in the UK.

Findings

The findings from the study show that in the context of LCC there are some key differences between the generations regarding knowledge working preferences for formal/informal meeting spaces. In other aspects, such as knowledge sharing, the generations appear to agree on key aspects such as mentoring and team‐based working environments.

Practical implications

Corporate real estate managers can use the research findings to assist them in providing a range of workplace settings to enhance multi‐generational interaction.

Originality/value

This paper fills a gap in current research by evaluating workplace preferences based on generational differences.
A relocation model of European manufacturing firms: cases from Italy and Sweden
Authors: Ciaramella Andrea , Dettwiler Paul
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to deal with two major issues: what alternatives does a manufacturing company have when current office space use is not sufficient, or it exceeds its needs, following changes and business transformation; and second, what principal factors (in particular Facilities and Corporate Real Estate Management factors) must be taken into account in the decision‐making process about possible relocation? The corporate real estate of manufacturing firms in the Western countries is very much similar to that of the service sector. When compared to property devoted to service activities only, the inertia of manufacturing companies is apparent only, because a large part of the premises are in fact offices that, to various extent, are connected to warehouses, laboratories, factories and manufacturing units that cannot be relocated. For this reason it is necessary to devise intermediate alternatives between staying on the current location or total relocation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on literature studies of company locations in a European and global context, with two independent surveys from two different geographical areas: northern Italy and Sweden. Despite the different aspects considered in the surveys, common conclusions can be made for a general understanding of how facilities management factors influence location.

Findings

The model described in this paper organizes location alternatives when space changes are required, especially by European manufacturing companies.

Practical implications

The model is a tool for decision makers when analysing and structuring their location needs.

Originality/value

The paper is a pioneering work of classification of intermediate alternatives of partial relocation.
Interoperability adoption among government and corporate portals in India: a study
Authors: Tripathi Rakhi , Gupta M.P. , Bhattacharya Jaijit
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the position of interoperability of government and corporate portals in technological adoption space in India in terms of three critical dimensions: data integration, process integration and communication integration.

Design/methodology/approach

This exploratory study was conducted through a survey questionnaire from 300 portals of government departments and public sector undertakings (PSUs) in India. Data were also collected from portals of Indian companies and the results have been compared with those of the government portals.

Findings

The results show that the majority of government portals in India have initiated integration. Second, the portals of Indian companies are performing better than the portals of government and PSUs for achieving an interoperable position. Third, there is high dispersion in level of integration of government portals in India.

Practical implications

The portals with the lowest level of integration in government in India will determine when government will actually attain full horizontal integration and hence achieve an interoperable portal as there is high dispersion in level of integration of government portals in India. Also, for achieving an interoperable government portal, an organization needs to focus on the weakest factors of each dimension.

Originality/value

This study is the first to examine the position of interoperability in technological adoption space in India. The results lead to a number of recommendations for achieving interoperability for government portals in India. The study also highlights the weakest factors of each dimension that require more improvement than other factors.
The intellectual structure of the supply chain management discipline
Authors: Giannakis Mihalis
Published: February 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the way that the intellectual structure of the SCM discipline has been shaped over the last 20 years. The discipline is represented by the papers that are published in a network of ten leading academic journals in the field. As the SCM literature has grown, the analysis of the way that the characteristics of this network of journals have changed over time enables the identification of salient challenges facing SCM theory and practice for the new decade.

Design/methodology/approach

A combination of social network and citation analyses among the selected journals is applied. Citations between and within journals are collected and analysed using social network analysis metrics, that assess the communication patterns between and among the journals, the cohesion of the network and the role that each of the journals has performed (and is acquiring) in the dissemination of knowledge.

Findings

The analysis reveals that the current structure of the network of journals is characterised by an evident shift of focus of operations management journals towards more SCM phenomena, the cohesion of the discipline has improved but is still fragmented due to a lack of reciprocal co‐citations among the journals, and the emergence of three distinctive clusters in the network.

Research limitations/implications

The study reflects the growth of supply chain management, by studying an eclectic number of academic journals over the past 20 years, but can be extended beyond this period and it can include more academic and practitioner journals to examine its extended problem domain.

Practical implications

The study confirms the inter‐disciplinary nature of supply chain phenomena and the opportunity for research in SCM to acquire a central role in the study of inter‐organisational systems.

Originality/value

Bibliographic studies have been conducted in the past in several (more established) disciplines. The study of where knowledge is communicated with co‐citations among papers and journals provides concrete evidence of the changing characteristics of an academic discipline. The SCM discipline is maturing as an academic discipline and the analysis of its intellectual structure can assist in establishing its legitimacy and future expansion.
Enablers and inhibitors of advanced information technologies adoption by SMEs
Authors: Kannabiran G. , Dharmalingam P.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The auto ancillary industry in India has witnessed huge capacity expansion and modernization due to entry of foreign automobile manufacturers in the post liberalization era. In spite of potential benefits, the adoption of advanced IT among small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) is low in India. There are several technological, economical and organizational factors that enable or inhibit the adoption of advanced IT. The primary objective of this research is to identify and evaluate the key factors that are enabling or inhibiting adoption of advanced IT in the Indian auto ancillary SMEs.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to identify and evaluate the enablers and inhibitors, a detailed survey was carried out among registered Indian auto ancillary SMEs during 2010. Out of 584 registered SMEs, 110 owners/top managers of the SMEs responded to the survey. The data collected through the survey were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and multivariate regression to evaluate the influence of enablers and inhibitors of advanced IT adoption by the auto ancillary SMEs.

Findings

The survey findings show that the level of advanced IT adoption in auto ancillaries is low with only 17 per cent of SMEs having adopted technologies. This study reveals that “perceived benefits” and “perceived competitive pressure” enable advanced IT adoption among auto ancillary SMEs in India. However, “lack of financial capacity”, “small scale operation and “lack of in‐house IT manpower” inhibit the adoption. It is also found that enablers such as “changes in business environment”, “IT experience of CEO/owner” and “increased information linkage with OEM/customer” do not have any influence on the adoption. Similarly in the case of inhibitors, “lack of IT Infrastructure” and “lack of information security” do not have significant association with IT adoption. Despite the positive external IT environment and recognition of benefits, advanced IT adoption by SMEs in the auto ancillaries is limited by lack of financial capabilities and in‐house IT human resources.

Originality/value

This is one of the early papers that brings out the enablers and inhibitors of advanced IT adoption by auto ancillaries in India. Further, these factors are systematically analyzed to assess the relative importance with reference to the SMEs. The findings contribute to theory of IT adoption among SMEs, but more importantly to the SMEs in the auto ancillary, and policy makers and IT service providers who are likely to facilitate increased adoption.
Free will in social and psychological contracts
Authors: Rousseau Denise M.
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the scientific standing of the concept of free will and its role and functioning in social and psychological contracts.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper.

Findings

Social structures that support the exercise of free will are central to the functioning of both social and psychological contracts.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the debate in the natural and social sciences regarding the existence and functioning of free will in everyday life.
Contracts to frame sustainable futures
Authors: Marchais‐Roubelat Anne
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine what role the contract can, or should, have to frame sustainable futures.

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretical discussion, implementation of action‐based scenarios method.

Findings

In a sustainable perspective, function and dysfunction of contracts relate to irreversibility to be designed as transfer, stalemate, oscillation and phase lag.

Research limitations/implications

Contracts appear as the product of a rational decision, settling the interactions between contracting parties, as well as being a symbolic act.

Originality/value

The paper discusses contracts in a long range perspective through the implementation of action‐based scenarios method.
Conceptualizing and encouraging critical creativity in doctoral education
Authors: Brodin Eva M. , Frick Liezel
Published: February 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework for conceptualizing critical and creative thinking within doctoral study and to illuminate the connecting and diverging points between the two phenomena in a way that clarifies their developmental relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

The conceptual framework is founded in a synthesized understanding of both new and established theories on critical and creative thinking, and worked out through a reconstruction and expanded re‐conceptualization of the Four C Model of Creativity.

Findings

The results show that responsible scholars are moved by both critical and creative thinking, which is conceptualized as critical creativity. The authors introduce the ECC‐model which illustrates how different Expressions of Critical Creativity (CC) is manifested in scholarship: Experiential CC (in cognition), Experimental CC (in action), Enunciated CC (in speech), and Eulogized CC (in recognition). Whereas Experiential, Experimental and Enunciated CC constitute important fields of developmental practice in doctoral education, Eulogized CC is a possible outcome of the completed doctorate. It appears that Enunciated CC especially seems to be a field of urgent need for further development.

Originality/value

The paper offers a conceptual framework for new ways of understanding critical creativity in doctoral education by outlining how critical creativity is manifested in an educational context. Thereby the authors provide a valuable tool for supporting doctoral students in becoming professional scholars through a pedagogy that is reflective, integrative and deliberate.
An evaluation of an alcohol awareness group for learning disabled offenders in a secure setting
Authors: Burns John , Aspinall Charlotte , Matthews Chris
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Individuals with learning disabilities (LD) who offend are more likely to be dependent on alcohol than those who do not. There is strong evidence to suggest that interventions for alcohol problems can be effective; this paper aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The pre and post assessment scores from an alcohol awareness group (AAG) were collected from 34 service users with LD or a dual diagnosis of LD and mental health problems. The programme was manual led and included 12 sessions. The data collected were used to evaluate the programme.

Findings

Clients' level of knowledge and self efficacy increased after programme completion. Post group, those with a lower IQ had gained a greater level of alcohol‐related knowledge compared to those with a higher IQ. Clients with a learning disability alone scored slightly higher than those with a dual diagnosis.

Originality/value

The AAG has been successful in increasing motivation to change drinking behaviour, knowledge of problems related to alcohol, and “safe drinking” practice. These outcomes have been achieved across a wide range of cognitive abilities suggesting that those with an IQ below 60 can also benefit from this type of intervention.
Young people within the criminal justice system: making sense of fitness to plead and mental capacity in practice
Authors: Hepworth Karina
Published: February 2012

Purpose

Increasing research evidence highlights the importance of recognising a person's learning disability early in their journey through the Criminal Justice System (CJS) and highlights the need for liaison and diversion schemes. This practice paper seeks to raise awareness of the importance of mental capacity and its alignment (or lack there of) with the issue of fitness to plead.

Design/methodology/approach

The Law Commission's recent consultation has highlighted the disparity of the Pritchard Test and the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and has considered several provisional proposals for consideration. As a learning disability nurse within a Youth Offending Service, the author encounters young people on court Orders who struggle to understand the criminal justice process. To highlight the significance of this, and its relationship to practice, the paper proposes to discuss a young person's case.

Findings

Early recognition of a person's needs and mental capacity are crucial to ensure the right pathway is taken through the criminal justice system. Whether this be supporting the person to undertake their Order and delivery of an appropriate and understandable intervention or diversion away from the criminal justice system into services. Information sharing and working together are key factors to success.

Originality/value

This paper seeks to highlight the difficulties and dilemmas facing staff working within the criminal justice system in relation to the identification and support needs of people with learning difficulties. Learning disability nurses and those professionals working within learning disability services have a significant part to play in this area of work and can help to ensure that people with learning disabilities do not face double jeopardy and injustice.
Young people's overestimation of peer substance use: an exaggerated phenomenon?
Authors: Pape Hilde
Published: February 2012

Aims  This paper queries the notion that young people overestimate peer substance use, asking whether there is robust evidence that such misperceptions are widespread and whether the phenomenon may have been exaggerated in the research literature.

Method  An examination of the research literature was conducted, focusing mainly on studies published since 2000. Some analyses of relevant data on cannabis use from a Norwegian youth survey were also undertaken.

Results  The research in question is characterized by many weaknesses, including low response rates and widespread use of convenience samples, as well as the presence of contextual factors and the use of assessment tools that may have created a bias in favour of ‘demonstrating’ that youth overestimate peer drinking or drug use. Moreover, in some cases, the apparent tendency to hold such misbeliefs may reflect the reality. Further, although most studies conclude that the modal tendency is to overestimate, high levels of underestimation of peer substance use have been reported. There is also suggestive evidence that many youth may have no pre‐existing beliefs when responding to items on the issue. Results from the Norwegian youth survey added to this picture.

Conclusion  Young people's tendency to overestimate peer drinking and drug use has been exaggerated, while the uncertainty surrounding the evidence in question has been understated.
Under what conditions is it ethical to offer incentives to encourage drug‐using women to use long‐acting forms of contraception?
Authors: Lucke Jayne C. , Hall Wayne D.
Published: February 2012

Aims  To stimulate debate by examining ethical issues raised by Project Prevention, a US‐based organization that offers $US300 to addicted individuals who agree to either undergo surgical sterilization or use long‐acting forms of contraception.

Method  An analysis of key ethical questions raised by Project Prevention.

Results  The important issues for debate are: (i) what are the reproductive rights of drug‐using women; (ii) does a substantial cash incentive undermine the ability of addicted women to make free and informed decisions about long‐term contraception; and (iii) how can we best assist addicted women to access good reproductive health care and obtain treatment for their addiction?

Conclusions  We need more research on ways in which small non‐cash incentives for reversible methods of contraception could be used in a morally acceptable and effective way to promote the sexual, reproductive and general health of addicted women.
What is the best pre‐operative risk stratification tool for major adverse cardiac events following elective vascular surgery? A prospective observational cohort study evaluating pre‐operative myocardial ischaemia monitoring and biomarker analysis
Authors: Biccard B. M. , Naidoo P. , de Vasconcellos K.
Published: February 2012

Although brain natriuretic peptide has been shown to be superior to the revised cardiac risk index for risk stratification of vascular surgical patients, it remains unknown whether it is superior to alternative dynamic risk predictors, such as other pre‐operative biomarkers (C‐reactive protein and troponins) or myocardial ischaemia monitoring. The aim of this prospective observational study was to determine the relative clinical utility of these risk predictors for the prediction of postoperative cardiac events in elective vascular surgical patients. Only pre‐operative troponin elevation (OR 56.8, 95% CI 6.5–496.0, p < 0.001) and brain natriuretic peptide above the optimal discriminatory point (OR 6.0, 95% CI 2.7–12.9, p < 0.001) were independently associated with cardiac events. Both brain natriuretic peptide and troponin risk stratification significantly improved overall net reclassification (74.6% (95% CI 51.6%–97.5%) and 38.5% (95% CI 22.4–54.6%, respectively)); however, troponin stratification decreased the correct classification of patients with cardiac complications (−59%, p < 0.001). Pre‐operative brain natriuretic peptide evaluation was the only clinically useful predictor of postoperative cardiac complications.
An assessment of the accuracy of pulse oximeters
Authors: Milner Q. J. W. , Mathews G. R.
Published: February 2012

Peripheral pulse oximetry has become a core monitoring modality in most fields of medicine. Pulse oximeters are used ubiquitously in operating theatres, hospital wards, outpatient clinics and general practice surgeries. This study used a portable spectrometer (Lightman®, The Electrode Co. Ltd., Monmouthshire, UK) to measure the emission spectra of the two light emitting diodes within the pulse oximeter sensor and to determine the accuracy of 847 pulse oximeters currently in use in 29 NHS hospitals in the UK. The standard manufacturing claim of accuracy for pulse oximeters is ± 2–3% over the range of 70–100% SpO2. Eighty‐nine sensors (10.5%) were found to have a functional error of their electrical circuitry that could cause inaccuracy of measurement. Of the remaining 758 sensors, 169 (22.3%) were found to have emission spectra different from the manufacturers’ specification that would cause an inaccuracy in saturation estimation of > 4% in the range of 70–100% saturation. This study has demonstrated that a significant proportion of pulse oximeter sensors may be inaccurate.
Directly measured mucosal pressures produced by the i‐gelTM and laryngeal mask airway SupremeTM in paralysed anaesthetised patients
Authors: Eschertzhuber S. , Brimacombe J. , Kaufmann M. , Keller C. , Tiefenthaler W.
Published: February 2012

The i‐gelTM and LMA SupremeTM are extraglottic airway devices with non‐inflatable and inflatable cuffs, respectively. We hypothesised that directly measured mucosal pressures would differ between these devices in anesthetised paralysed patients. Thirty patients were randomly allocated to receive one of these two devices. Four pressure sensors were attached to all airway devices used to measure mucosal pressure at the base of the tongue, the distal oropharynx, the hypopharynx and the pyriform fossa. At these four places, median (IQR [range]) i‐gel mucosal pressures were 8.0 (2.7–10.7 [0–26.7]), 5.0 (2.7–7 [1.0–37.3]), 9.3 (2.7–13.3 [0–22.7] and 8.0 (2.7–10.7 [0–25.3]) cmH2O, respectively, and for the LMA Supreme, these were 5.0 (0.5–8.0 [0–33]), 4.0 (1.3–9.3 [0–24]), 10.7 (4–17.3 [0–26.7]) and 8.0 (0–10.7 [0–36]) cmH2O, respectively. Mucosal pressures were low and similar for both devices. The LMA Supreme mucosal pressures were higher in the hypopharynx than in the distal oropharynx (p = 0.04) and base of the tongue (p = 0.011). There were no pressure differences between the locations for the i‐gel.
Susceptibility of the pilot balloon of the disposable laryngeal mask airway to puncture during laser therapy
Authors: Chilcott A. , Lister T. S. , Geary P. M. , Wright P. A.
Published: February 2012

The tube of the laryngeal mask airway is frequently protected by foil during ablative laser procedures. The pilot balloon, however, is often left exposed. The effect of firing seven different cutaneous lasers at the pilot balloon of a disposable laryngeal mask airway was examined to assess its susceptibility to accidental laser strikes. The time taken for each laser to penetrate the pilot balloon was calculated from an average of five laser strikes. The carbon dioxide and erbium YAG lasers punctured the pilot balloon in a mean (SD) of 0.07 (0.02) s and 0.7 (0.1) s, respectively, with the neodymium YAG laser the next quickest to puncture at 3.3 (1.0) s. All other lasers punctured the pilot balloon in less than 15 s. These data suggest that protection of the pilot balloon of the LMA is necessary when using carbon dioxide and erbium YAG lasers.
The effect of posture and anaesthetic technique on the surgical pleth index
Authors: Ilies C. , Ludwigs J. , Gruenewald M. , Thee C. , Hanf J. , Hanss R. , Steinfath M. , Bein B.
Published: February 2012

The surgical pleth index has been shown to correlate with surrogate variables of nociception during general anaesthesia, and it has been suggested to be of use as a depth of anaesthesia monitor. However, little is known about confounding factors. As the main determining variables are based on both central and peripheral autonomic regulatory mechanisms, we hypothesised that changing a patient`s posture may produce a marked effect. We studied the effects of posture change in 45 patients who were randomly assigned to receive general (n = 15) or spinal anaesthesia with (n = 15) or without sedation (n = 15), as well as 15 awake volunteers. Mean (SD) values of the surgical pleth index after adoption of the lithotomy position were reduced from 57 (22) to 21 (6) under general anaesthesia, 63 (15) to 31 (9) under spinal anaesthesia alone, and 52 (14) to 22 (8) under spinal anaesthesia with sedation (all p < 0.01). In healthy volunteers, the surgical pleth index increased from 37 (13) to 57 (11) (p < 0.01) after 30° head‐up tilt and was reduced from 35 (11) to 25 (11) after head‐down tilt (p < 0.05). Change in posture has a marked effect on the surgical pleth index which lasts for at least 45 min, and this must be considered when interpreting the displayed values.
The effect of aspirin in transfusion‐related acute lung injury in critically ill patients*
Authors: Tuinman P. R. , Vlaar A. P. , Binnenkade J. M. , Juffermans N. P.
Published: February 2012

Aspirin has been found to improve outcomes in an animal model of transfusion‐related acute lung injury. We examined the association of aspirin use before admission to the intensive care unit and the development of transfusion‐related acute lung injury in critically ill patients. We performed a post‐hoc analysis of a nested case‐control study that had been undertaken in a tertiary referral hospital. Transfusion‐related acute lung injury cases were matched with controls (transfused patients not developing lung injury). Of these 218 patients, 66 used aspirin (30%). Use of aspirin did not alter the risk of transfusion‐related acute lung injury after transfusion of platelets (OR 1.06, CI 0.59–1.91, p = 0.85), plasma (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.59–1.92, p = 0.84), or red blood cells (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.61–1.94, p = 0.77). Adjustment for confounding variables using propensity scoring also did not affect the risk of acquiring transfusion‐related acute lung injury (p = 0.66). In conclusion, aspirin did not protect against transfusion‐related lung injury in this cohort of critically ill patients.
Spatio‐temporal patterns of habitat use in voles and shrews modified by density, season and predators
Authors: Sundell Janne , Church Christina , Ovaskainen Otso
Published: February 2012

1. Although the intrinsic habitat preferences of a species can be considered to be fixed, the realized habitat use depends on the prevailing abiotic and biotic conditions. Often the core habitats are occupied by dense and stable populations, while marginal habitats become occupied only at times of high density. In a community of interacting species, habitat uses of different species become inter‐related, for example an increased density of a strong competitor forcing a weaker competitor to use more marginal habitats.

2. We studied the spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of three common small mammal species, the bank vole Myodes glareolus; the field vole Microtus agrestis; and the common shrew Sorex araneus, in a 4‐year trapping study carried out on six large islands, each containing a mixture of three main habitat types (forest, field and clear‐cut). We experimentally released least weasels (Mustela n. nivalis) to some of the islands to see how the focal species respond to increased predation pressure.

3. Both vole species were largely restricted to their core habitats (bank voles to forests and field voles to fields) at times of low population density. With increasing density, the relative habitat use of both species increased in the clear‐cut areas. The common shrew was a generalist in its habitat use at all population densities.

4. The release of the weasels changed the habitat use of all study species.

5. The vole species showed a stronger aggregated pattern than the common shrew, especially at low population density. The vole aggregations remained in the same localities between seasons, except in the case of bank voles after the weasels were released.

6. Bank voles and field voles avoided each other at high density.

7. We conclude that intrinsically differential habitat requirements and flexibility to modify habitat use facilitate the coexistence of the two competing vole species in mosaic landscapes consisting of boreal forests and open habitats.
The role of phylogeny in desert rodent community assembly
Authors: Brown James H.
Published: February 2012

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[ Many landscapes span communities of varying degrees of biological complexity. Across such a gradient, diversity begets diversity. Increased environmental heterogeneity in the Mojave Desert increases the diversity of rodent consumers, in particular by allowing species that are phylogenetically more similar to coexist in more species rich communities. ]

Stevens, R.D., Gavilanez, M.M., Tello, J.S. & Ray, D.A. (2012) Phylogenetic structure illuminates the mechanistic role of environmental heterogeneity in community organization. Journal of Animal Ecology, 81, 455–462.

Recent advances in molecular genetics and phylogenetic reconstruction have the potential to transform ecology by providing new insights into the historical evolution of ecological communities. This study by Stevens and collaborators complements decades of previous research on desert rodents, by combining data from a field study and a phylogenetic tree for Mojave Desert rodents to address patterns and processes of community assembly. The number of coexisting rodent species is positively correlated, and the average phylogenetic distance among these species is negatively correlated with perennial plant species richness. As rodent species diversity increases along a gradient of increasing environmental heterogeneity, communities are composed of increasingly related species: there is a consistent pattern of phylogenetic structure from over‐dispersed through random to clumped. I discuss this pattern in the light of complementary results of previous studies. This paper is noteworthy for calling attention to still unanswered questions about how the historical events of speciation, colonization, extinction, and trait evolution and their relationship to past climates and vegetation have given rise to current patterns of community organization.
Taiwanese translation and psychometric testing of the revised illness perception questionnaire for patients with traumatic injury
Authors: Chaboyer Wendy , Lee Bih‐O , Wallis Marianne , Chien Chi‐Sheng
Published: February 2012

Aims.  The purpose of this study was to undertake a cross‐cultural adaptation, translation and psychometric analysis of the Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised for patients with traumatic injury in Taiwan.

Background.  Illness representations are the cognitive understandings and emotional responses individuals develop, which help to determine their responses to health threats.

Methods.  This methodological study involved four phases. First, two subscales, identity and causes were modified. Second, translation and back translation was undertaken by four translators, moderated by an expert committee. Third, ten patients with traumatic injury pilot tested the feasibility and readability of the Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (Trauma), and three professionals assessed the scale for content validity, resulting in minor modifications. Finally, 173 patients with traumatic injury were recruited to the main study and completed the Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (Trauma). Item analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha and split‐half reliability were used to the psychometric properties of the Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (Trauma).

Results.  Eight items were removed from the scale as a result of the item analysis. The factor analysis demonstrated a six‐factor structure explained 60·3% of the total item variance in the scale, which was very similar to the original scale. The Cronbach’s alphas ranged from 0·69–0·80 for each subscale, and the split‐half reliability coefficients were from 0·70–0·82.

Conclusion.  The Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (Trauma) had good psychometric properties.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Translation of the instrument into Chinese extends its utility to the traumatic injury population. Awareness of patients’ illness representations can help clinicians provide appropriate interventions to patients.