bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investor Sentiment and Paradigm Shifts in Equity Return Forecasting
Authors: Chu Liya , He Xue-Zhong , Li Kai , Tu Jun
Published: April 2022

This study investigates the impact of investor sentiment on excess equity return forecasting. A high (low) investor sentiment may weaken the connection between fundamental economic (behavioral-based nonfundamental) predictors and market returns. We find that although fundamental variables can be strong predictors when sentiment is low, they tend to lose their predictive power when investor sentiment is high. Nonfundamental predictors perform well during high-sentiment periods while their predictive ability deteriorates when investor sentiment is low. These paradigm shifts in equity return forecasting provide a key to understanding and resolving the lack of predictive power for both fundamental and nonfundamental variables debated in recent studies.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.
Driving Supply to Marketplaces: Optimal Platform Pricing When Suppliers Share Inventory
Authors: Martínez-de-Albéniz Victor , Pinto Catarina , Amorim Pedro
Published: April 2022

Problem definition: Marketplace platforms such as Amazon or Farfetch provide a convenient meeting point between customers and suppliers and have become an important element of e-commerce. This sales channel is particularly interesting for suppliers that sell seasonal goods under a tight time frame because they provide expanded reach to potential customers even though it entails lower margins. In this dyadic relationship, a supplier needs to optimize when to share inventory with the platform, and the platform needs to set the right commission structure during the season. Academic/practical relevance: We characterize supplier participation into the platform in a dynamic setting and link it to inventory levels, demand rates, time left in the season, and commission structure. This directly drives the commission structure decision made by the platform. We, thus, provide a framework to evaluate platform commission fee policies, taking into account supplier responses. Methodology: We use an optimal control framework with limited inventory supply and a stochastic demand process. We study the conditions under which the supplier accepts participation and use the platform as a sales channel. We also study the optimal commission structure that the platform should employ and the supplier procurement response. Results: We find that suppliers only participate if inventory is high relative to the time left to sell the items. As a result, the platform can only offer limited supply at the beginning of the season. Given this behavior, we find that the platform and the system are always better off with flexible pricing via fully dynamic commissions, which hurts the supplier the most (better off with less flexible commission fees). Interestingly, when the inventory decision is contingent on the platform pricing policy, the platform often finds it beneficial to commit to a static fee to incentivize the supplier to stock up, highlighting that inability to commit to fixed commissions may destroy value through double marginalization effects. Managerial implications: Our work suggests that short-term profit for the platform is maximized with fully dynamic commission fees at the expense of supplier profit. If inventory is endogenous, suppliers can retaliate by reducing their commitment at the start of the season. Despite the increased revenue obtained with the fully dynamic commission fee, the lost sales from the inventory drop incentivize the platform to opt for supplier-friendly commission fees, which are better for long-term profit.
The Effect of Home Literacy Environment on Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Skills in Preschool Children
Authors: Kim Shinyoung , Chae Miseon , Yim Dongsun
Published: April 2022

Objectives: This study examined which factors in the home literacy environment significantly predicted children’s receptive and expressive vocabulary skills.Methods: A total of 45 dyads of children and parents participated in this study. A questionnaire was used to investigate the home literacy environment (Greenberg & Weitzman, 2014), and standardized receptive and expressive vocabulary tests (Kim et al., 2009) were administered to assess the children’s vocabulary skills. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the correlation between children’s vocabulary skills and home literacy sub-items, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify the predicting factors for the children’s receptive and expressive vocabulary skills.Results: The results showed that receptive vocabulary scores were significantly correlated with the parents’ use of questions and child’s reading attitude during book reading; whereas expressive vocabulary scores were significantly correlated with the frequent and repetitive book reading, and children’s attentive reading attitude during book reading. Children’s positive and active participation was a significant factor explaining receptive vocabulary scores. There were no factors that significantly explained children’s expressive vocabulary scores.Conclusion: This study’s results suggest that children’s active participation in book reading was the most important factor predicting children’s receptive vocabulary skills, and confirmed that it is vital for parents to positively encourage children to participate actively while reading a book.
Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Children’s Voice Handicap Index-10 (CVHI-10) in School Age Children: ROC Curve and Cutoff Analysis for Diagnostic Test
Authors: Ra Sang Hak , Choi Seong Hee , Lee Kyungjae , Choi Chul-Hee
Published: April 2022

Objectives: Dysphonia is a common pathologic condition in childhood. Multidimensional voice assessments are recommended in voice assessments for children. Recently, a childbased self voice assessment has been developed. This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the CVHI-10 as a reliable self-administered voice assessment.Methods: A total of 100 school age children with voice disorders, aged 7-12 years and 100 age and gender-matched children with no voice disorders and their 200 parents participated in this study. Internal consistency was calculated through Cronbach’s α coefficient and the test-retest reliability of the Korean version of the CVHI-10 was estimated.Results: The Korean version of the CVHI-10 revealed a high internal consistency ; α= .911 for children, α= .876 for parents as well as good test-retest reliability r= .759 for children, r= .762 for their parents. There was a strong correlation between the Korean version of the CVHI10 and the K-pVHI in both children and their parents’ responses (r= .759, r= .752), respectively. The Korean version of the CVHI-10 showed a low significant correlation with the acoustical measurements of %jitter and %shimmer, and the ‘G’ score of GRBAS scale. Furthermore, in the K- CVHI-10 results obtained from children, the cut-off score was found to be 75% positive predictive value and 69% negative predictive value, based on 3.50 points, and the area under the curve was shown to be .683. Similarly, in their parents, the cut-off score was found to be 90.6% positive predictive value and 86.2% negative predictive value, based on 3.50 points, and the area under the curve was shown to be .95.Conclusion: The Korean version of the CVHI-10 can be a useful voice assessment tool as a diagnostic test as well as a screening tool for children and their parents to identify voice problems and provide appropriate intervention with objective voice assessment.
Safety and transparency in surgical innovation
Authors: Blazeby Jane M , Cousins Sian , Pullyblank Anne
Published: April 2022

Advances in healthcare require safe and transparent innovation. Currently in surgery it can be difficult to identify when innovation is occurring because of inconsistent oversight and reporting. New ways of identifying, monitoring and reporting surgical innovation are called for in order to optimise the process.
Management of venous leg ulcers among older people
Authors: Todd Marie
Published: April 2022

The prevalence of venous leg ulceration is increasing, particularly among the older population who often present with complex multiple comorbidities. In this article, Marie Todd gives an overview of the most up-to-date guidelines and the evidence that supports them.
Distributed Power Opportunities For Investor-Owned Utilities Cogeneration Can Play A Major Role
Authors: Shelor F. Mack
Published: April 2022

The In v estor Own ed Utility (IO U) industry is on th e ver ge ofgoing through ma ssiv e chan ge. Deregul ati on of electr icity ma y cha ngeth e face of elect ric supplies in the sam e way that der egulati on oftran sportation chan ged th e face of th e rail indus t ry.In 1979 the rail industry was mad e up of severa l hundr ed smallrailroads serving sp ecific markets with r egulat ed rates . Since der egu-lation th e industry has consolidated to six major railroad s, thr ee inth e eas t a nd thr ee in the we st . This consolidation ma y continu e untilth ere ar e thr ee railr oads which serve from east to we st .Today 's utilit y industry consists of approximat ely 300 locallyr egulat ed c ompani es who pr ovide elect ricity int o franchi sed ar eas atr egulat ed rate s. Th e rat e structur e is based on a bott om up pricingform at which all ows profit to be ba sed on cost s. Thi s is si mila r topurcha sin g an aut omobil e by going to y our local NAPA deal er andstartin g w ith th e purcha se of a batt er y, four tir es with rim s , an ex-h au st pipe, etc. To all of thi s a profit margin is add ed a nd th e price ises t ablishe d.D er egulati on m eans supply and dem and pricing wh er e th e low-es t cost suppliers will command th e mo st customer s. As th e IO Uswa ke up to thi s pr oces s, th ey will need to r e-think th eir gen erationand di stribution decisions to cre ate a far more efficient s yst em .
Straightening the Calf Path of Fuel Conversion
Authors: Casten Thomas R.
Published: April 2022

Worldwide conversion efficiency offuel to useful energy is simplypathetic . The enormous quantity of wasted energy causes many prob-lems, including high energy prices, pollution, resultant health is suesand balance of trade deficits.A future is near at hand , when there will be fewer central electricgenerating plants that convert only 30 percent of th eir fuel to electric-ity. We see an energy path where small dispersed power plants arelocated near the users of h eat and where these disp ersed plant s con-v ert 90 perc ent of their fuel to us eful energy.We are amazed that this future seems so invisible to many oftoda y's en ergy professionals and regulators . Right now , our companyemploys pr oven technology which cut s fuel usag e in half. In fact, weoperate plants that are over 90 percent efficient.
Electric Utility Privatization What We Can Learn from the British Experience
Authors: Hyman Leonard S.
Published: April 2022

Privatization takes many forms . The act of privatization, how-ever , alway s involves "se lling st ate -owned assets to th e private sector,or ... allowing private en terpr ise to p erform functions pr eviouslyh andled by the st ate ."* That definition, of course, includes outsourcingof functions, or partn ering arra nge me nt s betw een th e gove rn me nt-owne d ent ity and a priv at e firm.Out sourcing is just a new word for contra cting out . Any well-m ana ged busine ss will en gag e an oth er firm to perform for it functionsthat it cannot p erform well on its own . That is ju st good business.Selling th e enti re gove rn me nt -owne d bu sin ess t o th e priv at e se ctor isth e most dramatic form of pri vatization. Gov ernm ent s wh ose busin essv entur es ar e disa st er s and govern me n ts in a d esp erat e hurr y to r ais emoney do not think about out sourcing. Th ey go all th e way .Th e m ost famous pr iv atiz ation effort, that of th e Thatch er gov-ern me nt, put th e conc ept on th e fr ont pag es. It embra ced priv atizationwith zeal. It pu sh ed out th e priv atization s with th e enormous gu st oa nd ferv or of th e tru e believer. Th e gove rn me nt r ak ed in billions ofp ounds . Millions of new inv estors bought sh ar es in dozen s of compa-nies. Th ose investors clean ed up, in most cas es .Is eve rybody happy ? Unfortunately, they are not. Tru e, theThatcher governm ent showed th at the governm ent could sell th edull est bu sinesses . The newly energized managements d emonstratedhow to r evitaliz e s e emin gly m oribund ent erpr is e s . But theprivatizati ons left a legacy of probl ems . We can le arn from th em .
Incorporating International Environmental Legislation Into Power Plant Development
Authors: Cooper Dr. Herbert W.
Published: April 2022

P art I, which appea re d in the Summ er 1997 issu e ofCogenerat ion and Competitive Power Journal , reviewed thes e aspectsof globa l envi ronme n ta l legislation affecting power pl ant de velop-m ent : "Economics, En ergy and the Envir onment."... "Environ me nt alOv er view of Power Plant Projects .".. . "Envir on ment al Impact Is-sues.".. . a nd "The Regulators."P art II concludes the art icle with r eports on "Envir on men ta lSt and ard s.".. . "Meet ing En vironm ental Requir em ents ."... ObtainingEnvir onm ent al Permits. "... a nd "Trends."We would lik e to thank Dr . Cooper for his contribution in bring -ing a deep er und erstanding of a compl ex and all -important subject toth e read er s of this journal. His exp erience is in global d emand ; hi sa rticle will have equ ally broad-re aching ben efits
The Electric Utility Move to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: WILL IT WORK?
Authors: Cooper Dr. Herbert W. , Meo Timothy De
Published: April 2022

The motivations behind voluntary efforts by U.S. elec-tric utilities to combat global warming are complex, and stem,originally, from an international policy-making meeting which tookplace in 1992 (The United Nation's Framework Convention on Cli-mate Change. or "UNFCCC"). The effects of the just-concluded KyotoConference have yet to appear as additional mandates or programs,although these will probably evolve.After the initial UN meeting, programs were then crafted on bothpolitical and industrial levels: A federal plan was quickly instituted in1993, The U.S. Climate Change Action Plan. which in turn stimu-lated the Climate Challenge Program, directly involving electricutilities. An allied voluntary effort is the United States Initiative onJoint Implementation ("USIJI.") Lastly, the Edison Electric Institute,reflecting electric utilities, has launched the Utility Forest CarbonManagement Program ("UFCMP."
Utilities and Industrial Customers: Partners in Energy Management
Authors: Smith Bryan F.
Published: April 2022

In today's competitive environment, many utilities are not onlypursuing new industrial customers, but actively working to help ex-isting industrial customers become more competitive and profitable.There is fierce competition among corporations, but there is alsocompetition between plants within the same company. As severalplants within one company become consolidated, each strives indi-vidually to survive. At Virginia Power we are working with ourindustrial customers to help them become as efficient as possiblewhile holding down energy costs.One of the most valuable tools that utilities have to offer forenergy management is the industrial energy survey (audit). Withinthe utility there is usually a department set up and trained with allthe proper tools and expertise to perform energy surveys. Let's face it,who should know energy better than the utility company. On theother hand, industrial plants know how to operate their own businessbetter than anyone else. If these two groups can work as partners,both can receive immediate, as well as long lasting benefits.A successful and lasting energy management program will havethe endorsement of the company's top management. A concise corpo-rate energy policy, employee involvement, a reliable progressreporting system, and employee training and responsibility are allvital elements for success . A winning program is an ongoing process,not a one shot effort.
Plitically Correct Thoughts
Authors: Hyman Leonard S.
Published: April 2022

The electricity supply revolution marches ahead, preceded by avanguard of banners proclaiming a quartet of politically correctthoughts designed to pacify all interest groups and entitlement hold-ers. They proclaim:No policies that will disadvantage any customer class-Code for: no price increase to residential customers.Honor all contracts and social commitments-Meaning : donot abrogate high cost supply contracts or costly social and envi-ronmental programs .Assure recovery of prudently incurred stranded costs-Translation : do not stick the utility's shareholders for losses oninvestments made under old regulatory regime that lose valuewith the onset of a competitive market .Maintain system reliability at current levels-In reality :don't let the lights go out when a host of new users tries to geton a system that was not built to handle them
65 GW of New Generating Capacity Scheduled Worldwide by 2005
Authors: Data Utility
Published: April 2022

Projected electric capacity additions worldwide from 1996-2005are es timat ed to be around 665 gigawatts (GW), of which 58% is inAsi a , according to Utility Data Institute (UDD. Assuming an av erag einstall ed cost of $1,000 per kilowatt (kW), construction of this newcapacit y will require a worldwide investment on the order of $700billion . An additional 589 GW of power plants with service dates aft er2005 or still in th e planning stages have been identified.The fourth edition of the World Directory of New Electric PowerPlant s contain s information on 7,481 projected generating units at3,857 plant sites : these facilities are owned by 725 utilities , 657 in-du str ial autoproducers, 722 "pr iva t e power " companies , and 76unid entified organizations . Generating units in the data ba se havecomm ercial service dates out past 2015.The "new plant " data published in this directory reflect a cons er-vat ive, "bott oms -u p" research approach. Although new power pl ant swill lik ely be added beyond those currently "in the pipeline," som e ofth e facilities currently planned by utilities or autoproducers ma y bedef err ed or canceled. It should also be noted that many small genera-tor s-IC engines , wind turbines , minihydro, etc .-are being ord ered ,bu t th eir aggregate capacity is small in comparison to large centralst at ion hydro and thermal plants .
A Major Cogeneration System Goes in at JFK International Airport
Authors: Leibler Jack , Luxton Ray , Ostberg Paul
Published: April 2022

This article describes the first major privatization effort to becompleted at John F. Kennedy International Airport. The airportowner and operator, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ,decided to seek private sector involvement in a capital-intensiveproject to expand and upgrade the airport 's heating and air condition-ing facilities and construct a new cogeneration plant. KennedyInternational Airport Cogeneration (KIAC) Partners , a partnershipbetween Gas Energy Incorporated of New York and Commun ity En -ergy Alternatives of New Jersey , was selected to develop an energycenter to supply electricity and hot and chilled water to meet theairport 's growing energy demand.Construction of a 110 MW cogeneration plant, 7,000 tons ofchilled water equipment, and 30,000 feet of hot water delivery pipingstarted immediately. JFK Airport's critical international positioncalled for this substantial project to be developed almost invisibly; nointerruption in heating and air conditioning service and no interfer-ence in the airport's active operations could be tolerated . Commercialoperation was achieved in February 1995 .
The Market for Overseas Energy Projects Commences a Major Shift. Where To? The us.
Authors: Zimmer Michael J. , Desai Samir S.
Published: April 2022

Informal discussions with various sources in the banking , legaland in ve stm ent communitie s regarding energ y project fin ancin g con-tinue to und erscore a critical market shift this pa st year, While ther e hasbeen strong int ere st in emerg ing mark ets, the regulatory, legal and con-tractu al suppo rt mechanisms for man y infrastructure pro jects are notnecessar ily in place in a numb er of major int ern at iona l are nas , Rece ntfiscal, c ur re ncy a nd ma rk et d evel opm ent s in Asia h a ve served tohei ght en those conc ern s for international ener gy p roject developers atleast for the next several years.
ESCO/End User Partnerships for Energy Efficiency And Clean Power In A Competitive Electric Market
Authors: Kenned Robert A. , Simpson Walter
Published: April 2022

Energy efficiency efforts could suffer significantly if electric de-regulation results in less funding for efficiency incentives and if itallows declining block and marginal rate structures which underminethe economics of efficiency projects by reducing the dollar value ofenergy savings. On the other hand, introducing competition will cre-ate new choices for energy users as well as new opportunities for bothenergy users and energy service companies (ESCOs) to work as part-ners to achieve environmental as well as cost saving objectives.Energy users will need to develop a number of "green" strategiesto maintain their conservation efforts in a deregulated market whiletaking advantage of reduced energy prices. These strategies includeincorporating energy efficiency services in power purchases; using ef-ficiency measures to shift, level and reduce electric loads (to helpattract cheaper power); identifying rate structures which work in themarketplace but preserve efficiency incentives; and creating a "culture change" to shift to life-cycle costlbenefit evaluation of energy conser-vation projects . These endeavors lend themselves to creativepartnerships with traditional energy efficiency ESCOs and withESCOs which have expanded their offerings to include power sales.With choice comes responsibility, and at least some larger energyusers will want to buy electricity from less polluting sources. ESCOscan develop a portfolio of clean power sources and provide this prod-uct, or they can serve a consultant's role and help energy users learnand use the market to buy clean power. ESCOs which develop thesevalue-added capabilities will serve the public interest while occupy-ing an advantageous and profitable marketing niche.
T he Merchant Power Plant "Rag"
Authors: Feldman Roger D.
Published: April 2022

" Ragtime," the musical abou t the converging lives of people w ithdiffer ent back grounds but essentially similar aspirations, at the turn ofthe last c entur y, wa s a rec ent Broadway hit. M erchant P ower Plant de-velopm ent is the ragtime of our coming millenniaI decade. Th is art icle,by focu sing on three chara cters in the musical (and how their per sp ec-tive s-l evitati on , s yncopati on and calculation ) pro vid es in si ght s onmer chant pow er plant pro spects. The concepts are ba sed on per sonalexperi en ce.
Simplified Operator's Guidance for a Cogeneration Plant
Authors: Muschick Russell P. , Toole G. Loren
Published: April 2022

Th is article describ es a sim plified PC-based m eth od wh ich can beused to guide d aily loadin g decisions typ ically r equ ired of cogene ra-tion pl ant opera tors. Thi s meth od has been successfully tested at anope ra ting plant , with excellen t results. Its main ben efit accru es fromavo idi ng len gth y data pr ep aration and awkward calculation s.Instead it relies up on a small se t of readily-a vailabl e agg rega testatis tics such as the pre viou s week 's gene ra tion and standby ene rgycos t which are typi cally log ged in a pl ant contro l ro om . After in itial-iza tion, th e ope ra tor's pr ogram was used to set a monthly ge nera tion" target" for steam and electricity based on historic seasona l d emand s.The ove rriding objective was to sa tisfy m onthly tar gets; adjus t-m ent s were m ad e wee kly to attemp t to meet th is goa l. The m eth odwa s d esign ed to sche d ule least-cost ope ra tion for stea m an d electricp ro du ction w ithin the con straints of pl ant cap acity, cos t of stand byelectrici ty a nd relat ed cos ts such as boiler rarnpup / rarnpd own . It canbe eas ily mod ified to acco un t for differ ent load and cos t patt ern s.
Distributed Generation: Benefits and Barriers
Authors: Andrepont John
Published: April 2022

Distributed generation configured as combined heat and power(CHP)/district energy systems, if implemented widely, will provide sub-stantial improvements in energy efficiency and dramatic reductions inemissions of pollutants including greenhouse gases (notably carbon diox-ide, the major contributor to global climate change). These efficiency andemission benefits will not cause economic belt-tightening and, in fact, canbe obtained while capturing economic benefits for energy consumers.However, the realization of the full potential of the benefits, anddoing so in a timely manner, requires that existing institutional barriersare recognized and effectively eliminated[1].Distributed generation can take a variety of forms, utilizing diversetechnologies and being deployed in a very wide range of capacities.There is also a broad range of costs associated with the different tech-nologies. And while some technologies are still undergoing extensivetechnological development, other technologies are relatively mature, ex-hibiting an extensive past history of successful implementation. In thisarticle, distributed generation is described solely from the perspective ofa developer/owner/operator of dozens of CHP/district energy systems,which in fact represent one of the distinct technologies employed as dis-tributed generation.
A 10-Point Review of Electrical Technology The Key Driver for CHANGE
Authors: Hyman Leonard S.
Published: April 2022

Technology made the old electric industry.Technology unmade the old electric industry.The regulators, the industry executives, the public policy share-holders tried to put it together again.Technology will unmake their efforts, too.Here is HOW and WHY.
Today’s New Transmission “Game” A Guide for Cogenerators/IPPs
Authors: Braquet Louis J.
Published: April 2022

This article is directed to cogenerators/independent power gen-erators who seek to export excess power generation to the grid formarket sale.The issues discussed are valuable reading for any form of gen-eration project which is, or will be, connected to the grid. Whether aproject requires grid access for purchasing back-up or standby power,for operating in synchronous parallel for ongoing supplemental sitesupply, or for exporting excess generation onto the grid for sale, it isimperative that project developers address grid interaction issuesearly on and as a priority project consideration.
What Happens If PURPA Goes Belly-Up? Cogeneration Will Take Another Hit. Here’s What You Can Do To Protect Yourself. But You’ve Got to Move FAST.
Authors: Braquet Louis J.
Published: April 2022

With impending utility deregulation sweeping the nation, thefate of the “official” cogeneration facility may be on unsteady ground(“official” here is referenced as the facility which has obtained theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission’s [FERC] QF—Qualifying Fa-cility status). While the values and protection currently granted a QFunder the regulated utility environment may ultimately be insignifi-cant in the fully functional, unregulated environment, the transitionbetween regulated and unregulated markets may prove difficult de-pending on the exact location and structure of a cogen facility.The primary reason for this concern will depend on the facility’sability to quickly and easily access the grid, power suppliers, and powerbuyers in the transition to the unregulated status environment. The “sys-tems” controlling the impacting issues are in many cases quite com-plex, cumbersome, and tied together with an abundance of “red-tape”and bureaucratic processes.
Additional Considerations for an Updated “Cogeneration Bluprint”
Authors: Vetterick R.C. (Dick)
Published: April 2022

What a difference a few years make! When this article was written,in late 1981, it was “illegal” to burn natural gas for power generation.That came about due to the energy crises of the mid 1970’s when theNorthern regions of the country were freezing in the winter becausethere wasn’t enough natural gas in the pipelines to heat the homes.Industries were either switching to oil, or shutting down to conservenature’s most accommodating fuel.As mentioned in the referenced article, if industry and institutionalestablishments were considering cogeneration in 1982 they were re-quired to request an exemption to the “Fuel Use Act.” Today, natural gasis the fuel of choice for power generation, and certainly for cogeneration.This is for environmental reasons, but also because of availableresources, and ease of operation and maintenance. While current dayprices have spiked due to delivery capacity and poor planning, futureprices will likely remain stable as a result of the current drilling andpipeline construction programs.Relative to the referenced article, it is important to have a “Blue-print” that doesn’t lock in specific operating conditions. When peoplethink of cogeneration, most think of a secondary energy use riding pig-gyback on a primary energy use.
Cogen in Europe: VOLATILE! Is It “Green”? Is It “Brown?
Authors: Sioshansi Fereidoon P.
Published: April 2022

Low electricity prices, high gas prices, and unfavorable tradingconditions, notably in England and Wales, have made life difficult forthe cogeneration industry in Europe. The experience in England andWales with green energy and cogen under the New Electricity TradingArrangements (NETA) has been highly unfavorable to both, and literallydevastated the cogeneration industry. The UK’s Department of Tradeand Industry is supposed to fix this problem.The output of cogeneration was down some 61% in the UK and25% in Spain, for example. The situation was particularly dire in the UK,forcing the industry into a crisis state, according to Mr. David Green, theDirector of the UK’s CHP Association.But the beleaguered industry is about to get a shot in the arm,courtesy of a new directive to be issued by the European Commission(EC). According to Power in Europe Dec. 2001, the latest directive willformally establish a goal of doubling cogeneration capacity in Europe to16% from its current level of 8%, within ten years. The penetration ofcogeneration, like everything else, varies significantly from one countryto another, with the Netherlands, Denmark, and Finland in the lead.
Pitfalls of Cogeneration
Authors: Mr. Kolanowski
Published: April 2022

There are a number of pitfalls that will cause a cogeneration projectto be unsuccessful. If success is measured in a project’s ability to meetthe proforma expectations in overall utility savings and return on in-vestment, then anything less than that will render a projectunsuccessful. However, partial success still may be acceptable. For in-stance, if a project pencils out to have a return on investment of 35% andattains only a 28% savings overall, that project still returns greater thannormal returns compared to other investments and can be deemed suc-cessful, even if it does not meet initial expectations. Hence, the primaryconcern is when a project fails abjectly. When the returns are consider-ably less than what can be earned in conservative investments, then theproject would be said to have failed.
Economic Sizing and Dispatch of Central Energy Plant Equipment at the Navy Medical Center, San Diego
Authors: Brown Daryl , Dirks James A.
Published: April 2022

The Navy operates a central energy plant providing cooling, heat-ing, and electric power to their hospital in San Diego. With aging equip-ment, uncertain loads, and volatile energy prices, the Navy was facingcritical issues regarding replacement equipment sizing and dispatch ofall equipment at their facility. The Pacific Northwest National Labora-tory* developed a spreadsheet model to determine the economic opti-mum size of new turbine generators and absorption chillers, and theeconomic dispatch of the entire central energy plant. This article de-scribes the analytical approach taken for the study, with an emphasis onthe optimization problems and strategies. Specific results for the Navyhospital are also presented.
C OGENERATION S YSTEM DESIGN : ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS
Authors: Wong Jorge B.
Published: April 2022

Typical approaches to design and evaluate cogeneration systemsare studied. Needs and issues in current design and evaluation methodsare identified. A balanced approach between design analysis and designsynthesis is proposed. Further research and development is suggested
Optimization of Building CHP Systems
Authors: Meckler Mr. Milton
Published: April 2022

Building combined heat and power (BCHP) feasibility and designdepend on the magnitude, duration, and coincidence of electrical andthermal loads, as well as on the selection of the prime mover and wasteheat recovery systems. This article assesses the current marketplace forBCHP systems in the light of recent events in California and the FERCstandard market design. The article then reviews the basic componentsof BCHP systems and discusses their integration in the design of a largehospital complex located in Toledo, Ohio. Computer simulation is usedto optimize the proposed design of the BCHP system. The findings pre-sented illustrate that the first cost premium is recuperated through theBCHP annual energy and cost reductions
GENERATORS AND C ONTROLLERS FOR M ICRO POWER BASED DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMS
Authors: Vaidya Jay , Gregory Earl
Published: April 2022

Micro turbine based generator systems are becoming popular forproviding electric power and heat in a cogeneration environment. Thereason for this is the fact that the high-speed turbo-generator sets arevery compact in size and are competitive in the cogeneration environ-ment. The electric generator is directly coupled to the high-speed turbineand must be capable of operating at the high speed. The typical microand mini turbine speeds are in the range of 30,000 rpm to 120,000 rpm.The higher the power, lower is the speed. Thus a 40-kW micro turbine-generator may operate at 120,000 rpm, while a 500-kW mini-turbine mayoperate at 30,000 rpm.This article addresses a 200 kW, 60,000 rpm generator and control-ler suitable for direct coupling to a turbine. Many of the micropowerunits available in the market use permanent magnet generators. In thedesign presented here, induction generator technology is applied. It isbelieved that induction generators offer benefits such as lower cost,higher cycle efficiency, and safety of operation
GUIDE TO D ECENTRALIZED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Brown Michael , Casten Thomas R.
Published: April 2022

The World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE) was formedby energy professionals from all over the world who believe the rulingcentral generation paradigm is no longer optimal, and that moving todecentralized generation will improve standards of living and reduceenvironmental damage. This Introductory guide has therefore been pro-duced to provide a standard source of information about DE technolo-gies, both commercial and pre-commercial, which form the basis of de-centralized energy development around the world today. Much of thematerial will be familiar to established DE practitioners and developers,but for others, it is hoped that the guide will serve as a valuable resource.
M ARKET D EVELOPMENT OF M ICROTURBINE C OMBINED HEAT AND P OWER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Gillette Steve
Published: April 2022

Microturbines are gaining market acceptance through continuedproduct development, market education, government incentives, and animproved regulatory environment. This article describes the economicfactors driving customer acceptance of microturbine CHP solutions, il-lustrates several applications, and provides information regarding theregulatory situation in California. The examples sited in this article arefrom the author’s company, Capstone, but are intended to reflect thepotential application of similar microturbine products.
BUILDING AS P OWER P LANT—BAPP
Authors: Hartkopf Dr. Volker
Published: April 2022

The Building as Power Plant (BAPP) initiative seeks to integrateadvanced energy-effective building technologies (ascending strategies)with innovative distributed energy generation systems (cascading strat-egies), such that most or all of the building’s energy needs for heating,cooling, ventilating, and lighting are met on-site, under the premise offulfilling all requirements concerning user comfort and control (visual,thermal, acoustic, spatial, and air quality). This will be pursued by inte-grating a “passive approach” with the use of renewable energies. Inaddition, the project will achieve unprecedented levels of organizationalflexibility and technological adaptability. The project has progressedthough preliminary architectural design and engineering and 5 work-shops (Ascending Energy Strategies, Floor-by-Floor Infrastructures, Inte-rior Systems, HVAC Systems, and Cascading Energy Strategies). BAPP isdesigned as a 6-story building, located in Pittsburgh (a cold climate witha moderate solar potential), with a total area of about 6000 m 2 whichhouses classrooms, studios, laboratories, and administrative offices. Atpresent, the combined cooling, heating, and power generation optionthat is being considered for the demonstration building is a SiemensWestinghouse 250-kW solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this article, we willreport a number of integrated solution scenarios and their energy perfor-mance.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND S AVINGS M ODEL FOR COGENERATION IN C OMMERCIAL B UILDINGS
Authors: Nsofor Emmanuel C.
Published: April 2022

Environmental problems, electricity deregulation, and anxiety overenergy security are contributing to growing attention being paid to co-generation. This study is on the analysis of cogeneration as a conservationstrategy for improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings. An en-ergy conservation model for cogeneration that includes applying a sim-plified method and energy data for a commercial establishment was de-veloped. The methodology calculates the current consumption and futureoperating costs, savings and simple payback for an upgrade system. Itwas determined that using this strategy would result in significant en-ergy savings with an appreciable payback for the investments made.
H IGH N ATURAL GAS P RICES AND THE U PDATED MARKET FOR CHP
Authors: Honton Mr. E.J. , Lemar Mr. Paul
Published: April 2022

Combined heat and power (CHP) has long been the most frequentapplication for distributed generation (DG) units. Indeed, the chemical,paper, and petroleum refining industries have converted their excess fuelstocks into power since the 1920s. Today, emerging technologies such asmicroturbines and fuel cells are increasingly being used for CHP. This islikely to remain the most important DG application for the next decade,with the existing installed distributed generation CHP base doubling by2014.This article looks at both the United States historic DG installationrecord and suggests the likely size of the future distributed generationCHP market. Not only are market trends that influence the use of CHPidentified, but by using a highly disaggregated and detailed model, theirimpacts on market potential are quantified. The article presents top-levelinsights into which CHP technologies and size ranges have been and willbe the largest market segments for manufacturers, developers and fuelsuppliers. The data has been calculated by region of the U.S. as well.These forecasts summarize the first DG CHP market assessment to con-sider the impact of higher gas prices. This information may assist policymaking in the DG and CHP arenas, and could influence R&D efforts
DESIGNING I NCENTIVE POLICIES FOR NATURAL-G AS-F IRED COMBINED HEAT AND POWER IN BRAZIL
Authors: Szklo Alexandre Salem , Soares Jeferson Borgheti , Tolmasquim Maurício Tiomno
Published: April 2022

This article identifies incentive policies for the expansion of natural-gas-fired combined heat and power capacity in Brazil. It analyzes thebarriers and the impacts of incentive polices for combined heat andpower systems, showing that major barriers can be removed throughinformation dissemination programs and financing. Nevertheless, thekey issue is the ability of the policy-maker to assess which scenarios(with similar characteristics) are rated as more likely to succeed by po-tential investors, and then selecting the most appropriate incentivepolicy.
Combined Photovoltaic and Thermal Power System Improves Cost Effectiveness
Authors: Walters Dr. Walters
Published: April 2022

This article reviews state-of-the-art photovoltaic hardware that canprovide combined heat and power (CHP). The improved economicsof using photovoltaic (PV) power systems with CHP capability overconventional PV systems is discussed along with the improved marketpenetration potential in a variety of distributed generation applications.The key issues are summarized that need to be considered to determineproject cost effectiveness including applications that will benefit mostfrom the PV system’s dual energy output, effect of geographic locationon system performance, and available federal, state and local financialincentives.
Fuel Cell Demonstration at the U.S. Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod
Authors: Halverson Mark , Chvala Bill , Herrera Shawn Monique
Published: April 2022

The U.S. Coast Guard installed one of the first fuel cells in the NewEngland region, with funding from the Green Power Initiative of theRenewable Energy Trust (administered by the Massachusetts TechnologyCollaborative), the U.S. Department of Defense’s (DOD’s) ClimateChange Fuel Cell Program, and KeySpan Energy. Beginning in 1998, theFederal Energy Management Program (FEMP) and the U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers’ Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL)provided technical assistance in the form of project economics, analysis,and site selection.The 250-kW fuel cell combined heat and power plant is located atthe U.S. Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod in Bourne, Massachusetts.The prime contractor, PPL Corporation, was responsible for all engineer-ing and design work. FuelCell Energy of Danbury, Connecticut, wasresponsible for the manufacture, delivery, and installation of the fuel cell.Fuel cells produce electricity through an electrochemical reactionrather than combustion. While currently more expensive to purchasethan conventional power-generating equipment, fuel cells provide effi-cient, reliable power with minimal emissions. (For more information onfuel cells, see FEMP’s Federal Technology Alert, “Natural Gas Fuel Cells”at www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA_natgas_fuelcell.pdf).
Performance Modeling of a Legacy Cogeneration Plant
Authors: Toole G. Loren , Muschick Russell , Wilder Louis , Richard Crane
Published: April 2022

This article will discuss the derivation and use of a performancemodel, which represents both steam and electric thermal plant cycles ofa cogeneration plant. The plant is rated at 58.2 MW electric and 350 kpphsteam output; it utilizes four boilers and six back pressure turbines andwas commissioned in 1950. The host site is a legacy Department of En-ergy (DOE) complex facility located in the Southeast United States. Thiscomplex, which covers an area of 310 square miles, serves as a nuclearmaterials processing center for the DOE and employs over 10,000 people.The primary focus is OPTIM, a spreadsheet based economic modelthat incorporates a detailed thermal performance map, fixed and vari-able operating costs and electrical purchase contract costs. It can be usedto estimate as well as optimize plant running costs accrued by servingthe site’s steam and electrical demands. This ability allows OPTIM to beused for the analysis of daily economic dispatch or to evaluate variousoperating strategies for providing future steam and electrical demands.A sample application of OPTIM related to operating strategies is dis-cussed.
Performance Results and Lessons Learned from Austin Energy’s Packaged Cooling-Heating-Power System
Authors: Mardiat Ed , Braddock Cliff , Lyons Chris
Published: April 2022

According to many industry experts, we have already reached thetop of our gas bubble—the rate of discovery of future gas reserves isincreasing at a pace slower than the rate of increase in demand. Theseexperts paint an unfavorable scenario for the day that the supply anddemand curves intersect. Some pundits believe this intersection couldbe as soon as 2025.We can have optimism for the long-term prospects of energy be-cause numerous initiatives are under way to replace our dependenceon finite supplies of fossil fuels. A multitude of government and privateprograms promise to increase the feasibility of renewable energy sourcessuch as hydrogen, solar, wind and biogas. Perhaps the energy “wreck”that some experts are forecasting will be forestalled forever by the in-troduction of renewable energy into the daily routines of our personaland business lives.An added risk for delivery of reliable power is the electricity trans-mission infrastructure. While investments in electric generation assetscontinue to increase, especially since 2000, investments and upgradesto transmission systems continue to decrease year after year.In the meanwhile, until that 20 to 30 year “wreck” is forecast tooccur, we have opportunity to take action that will sustain us while westill have reliable supply of fossil fuels. According to the US Departmentof Energy (DOE), combined cooling, heating and power (CHP) is an es-sential element in the distributed generation portfolio often making the economic and environmental difference between success and failure of aproject. CHP has been called the bridge to a sustainable energy future.
Biomass Densi fication Methods and Mechanism
Authors: Manickam I. Neethi , Ravindran Dr. D. , Subramanian Dr. P.
Published: April 2022

Densification of agricultural residues may be used as fuel for thegeneration of energy. Some of the methods available for compaction ofthe residues are the piston press, screw press, roller press and pallet-izing machines. Many researchers have tried the densi fication mecha-nism of different biomasses. It involves application of attractive forcesbetween solid particles, interfacial forces, capillary pressure, adhesiveand cohesive forces, mechanical interlocking behavior and formationof solid bridges. Strength of the compactness depends upon materialcharacteristics and process variables like pressure, temperature and useof binding materials. This article reviews the different biomass densifica-tion methods and its mechanism. A comparative study has been madefor different methods.
Qualifying Cogeneration Facilities In a Post-energy Policy Act World: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Glassman Laurel W.
Published: April 2022

Much has been written, of the doom-and-gloom variety, about thefuture of qualifying cogeneration facilities after passage of the EnergyPolicy Act of 2005 (EPAct) in August, 2005. It is true that cogeneratorswill face a number of challenges. Yet, there remain signi ficant—andunique—benefits and opportunities for cogeneration Quali fied Facilities(QFs). Of course, these benefits may depend upon the size of a particularQF, its location, con figuration, regulatory status, and other factors. Butthe right combination of these factors could provide economic advan-tages to cogeneration QFs, while relieving them of most of the regulatoryrequirements of the Federal Power Act (FPA), the Public Utility HoldingCompany Act of 2005 (PUHCA 2005), and state utility laws.This article describes the new post-EPAct world for cogenerationQFs, the challenges that will be faced by both “existing” and “new”cogeneration QFs, and ways in which cogeneration QFs can take ad-vantage of opportunities available to them under the new regulatoryprogram
Relay’s Event Reports Offer Powerful Data for Diagnosing Power System Problems
Authors: Sullivan Ed , Elliott John C.
Published: April 2022

Use of the powerful event reports can increase system reliability;lower maintenance costs, and reduces the potential for system damageand resulting outages. At Conway Corporation, analysis of a relay eventreport by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. helps prevent pos-sible transformer fire