bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2. The Surface Geology of Mid-Lochaber
Authors: Duns
Published: June 2016

An attempt is made in this paper, mainly from the point of view of the Society's “Boulder Committee,” to examine and classify the surface-deposits of a comparatively small compact area, which is bounded on the north and north-east by the river Spean, on the south and south-west by the river Nevis, on the west and northwest by the Lochy and the Caledonian Canal, and on the east and south-east by the Nevis range of Mountains. Reference is also made to the district between the Nevis and Loch Linnhe, including Auchintore and part of Glen Nevis. The body of the paper is limited to the statement of phenomena. It is felt, however, that the chief value of a record of facts is to lead to a definite knowledge of the forces which underlie them, and of the laws of which they are the expression.
5. On an Oxycyanide, and a New Oxide, of Bismuth
Authors: Muir M. M. Pattison
Published: June 2016

Bœdeker (Annalen, 123, 61), by the action of potassium cyanide on bismuth nitrate, obtained a reddish-brown salt, to which he assigned the formula Bi2O5.2H2O. In an examination of the oxides of bismuth in conjunction with Hoffmeister and Robbs (Chem. Soc. Jour., 1881; Proc., p. 21), I had occasion to prepare Bœdeker's salt; a slight study of its properties proved it to be a compound of no little interest. When a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium cyanide is added to a solution of metallic bismuth in excess of nitric acid, and the mixture is boiled, a brownish-red solid and a more or less dark red liquid are obtained, and quantities of hydrocyanic acid are evolved. When the excess of nitric acid is nearly neutralised by potash before addition of potassium cyanide, the colour of the solid is a much lighter brown, and the supernatant liquid is nearly or quite colourless.
7. On the manner in which Silicon, Phosphorus, Manganese, and other elements exert their influence upon Steel
Authors: Marsden R. Sydney
Published: June 2016

This paper is a continuation of the author's previous paper on “The state of carbon in iron and steel, a new hypothesis of the hardening of steel” (read on the 19th December 1881, see p. 368), and is an attempt to give an explanation in accordance with the views given out in that paper of the manner in which the various elements most common in steel exert their influence in so materially modifying the properties of the metal.

The following are the elements the action of which is considered, viz., silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and titanium.
4. A Critical Examination of two cases of unusual Atmospheric Refraction described by Professor Vince
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: June 2016

The two phenomena, the subjects of the present paper, have found a place in the current popular scientific literature of the day, and exercise a considerable influence on the opinions of the casual votaries of science, and even of some of those who are its regular cultivators. For that reason I shall go more into detail than otherwise would have been needed.

In the beginning of the session Professor Tait read a paper on Mirage, and exhibited to the Royal Society of Edinburgh an enlarged representation of an aërial phenomenon described by Professor Vince. The Professor of Mathematics inquired of me my opinion as to the explanation offered; and I now reply to Mr. Chrystal's inquiry indirectly, not by discussing in any way Mr. Tait's analysis, but by examining the major proposition, the reality of the phenomenon.
4. Report on the Fossil Plants collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale
Authors: Kidston Robert
Published: June 2016

Through the kindness of Professor Geikie, Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, I have had the pleasure of examining the fossil plants collected by the Scottish Geological Survey in Eskdale and Liddesdale.

The collection contains about four hundred and fifty specimens, a number of which, however, were too imperfect for further identification than that of the genus.

Eight of the plants I believe to be new species, and a few of the others, as far as I am aware, are now recorded for the first time as occurring in Scottish rocks.
2. Notes on Atmospheric Electricity
Authors: Smith C. Michie
Published: June 2016

Before leaving for India, in the end of 1876, it occurred to me that, as almost nothing seemed to be known about atmospheric electricity in the tropics, it would be well if I could take with me the apparatus necessary for making observations on it. I accordingly communicated with Sir William Thomson, who kindly obtained for me a grant from the British Association, for a portable electrometer. This instrument I took with me, and the following are the results of the observations made with it.
2. On the Action of the Microphone
Authors: Blyth James
Published: June 2016

In the microphone transmitter, as usually employed in circuit with a battery and a Bell telephone, we have essentially two pieces of carbon resting lightly against each other, through which the current passes. That the instrument may work effectively two things are requisite,—first, that the carbons be always in contact, or at least sufficiently near for the current to pass between them; and, secondly, that they be not pressed together so tightly as to prevent any motion of the one relatively to the other. This state of things is sufficiently well described by the term “loose contact,” first used, I believe, by Professor Stokes.
3. Experiments to Determine the Lowering of the Maximum Density Point of Water by Pressure
Authors: Marshall D. H. , Smith C. Michie , Omond R. T.
Published: June 2016

These experiments were begun in January last at the request of Professor Tait, and have been carried on since then in his laboratory. The subject suggested itself to Professor Tait during his experiments on the effects of great pressures on thermometers carried out for the “Challenger” Expedition Commission, and it was indeed by part of the apparatus purchased by him for this purpose that the experiments were made. The method adopted was of an indirect nature, and consisted in determining first the change of temperature produced by a sudden change of pressure to which the water was subjected.
3. Geological Notes
Authors: Heddle
Published: June 2016

Since the discovery, by His Grace the Duke of Argyll, of the “Leaf-bed” at Ardtun, in Mull, there has not, so far as I am aware, been another found throughout the whole of that extent of land and shore, where we might hope for such a discovery, among the Inner Hebrides.

It was my good fortune to light upon one last summer. While lying in the harbour of the island of Canna, during a boulder and mineral hunt, I heard that fuller's earth had been found at the south-western end of the island. Upon being shown samples of this, I noticed among them fissile schists very similar to those of Ardtun. In proceeding, therefore, round the western cliff-girt coast of the island, to visit the fuller's earth locality, we landed at every accessible point under the great line of precipice, and at one, situated almost at the north-west corner, and immediately under the loftiest point,—more than 730 feet in height,—we found a leaf-bed. There is here a cliff foot, running for some little distance along the shore; this is strewed with numberless masses of rock which have fallen from the cliff, and which fragments give shelter to a colony of auks and puffins.
1. Exploration of the Faroe Channel, during the Summer of 1880, in H.M.'s hired ship “Knight Errant.”
Authors: Tizard  , Murray John
Published: June 2016

The region known as the Faroe Channel is that portion of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the mainland of Scotland, which is bounded on the N.W. by the Faroe Islands, with their south-west-ward extending fishing-banks, and on the S.E. and S. by the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the shores of Caithness and Sutherland, and the Hebrides.

The Faroe Islands are composed of basaltic rocks, while the north of Scotland, and the Scottish Islands, are chiefly made up of Laurentian gneiss, Silurian, and Devonian rocks.
4. The Effect of Moisture on the Electric Discharge
Authors: Macfarlane A. , Rintoul D.
Published: June 2016

In his recent lectures on Solar Physics, Professor Stokes, while expounding his theory of the connection of magnetic disturbances, auroræ, and earth currents, says:—“We might not have tension enough to produce such a discharge (that is, a flash of lightning), the resistance to the passage of electricity from one portion of the air to another, which at any rate would be comparatively dry compared with what we have in warm latitudes, would prevent it by itself alone.” Professor Stokes subsequently remarked in a letter to Nature: —“These words, without actually asserting, seem to imply that the resistance to such a discharge through moist air would be less than through dry. My attention has been called by a friend to the fact that it has been found by experiment that moist air insulates as well as dry. I have not met with experiments tending to show whether the resistance to a disruptive discharge is the same or not in the two. Be that as it may, it does not affect what follows; for we know, as a fact, that thunderstorms are absent in high latitudes.”
4. Note on the Preceding Paper
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

If we assume the lowering of the temperature of maximum density to be proportional to the pressure, which is the simplest and most natural hypothesis, we may write

where p is in tons-weight per square inch.

Now Thomson's thermodynamic result is of the form

This becomes, with our assumption,

As the left-hand member is always very small, no sensible error will result from integrating on the assumption that t is constant on the right (except when the quantity in brackets is very small, and then the error is of no consequence).
Opening Address
Authors: Maclagan Douglas
Published: June 2016

Since we last assembled here, and shortly after the last meeting of the session, the British Association met in our city. Though the first meeting of that body was held at York, yet the proposals and counsels which called it into existence, and led to its organisation, emanated from Edinburgh. It originated, in fact, from the suggestions of a distinguished former President of this Society, Sir David Brewster (then Dr Brewster), aided principally by two former secretaries of the Society, Professor Forbes and Sir John Robison.
On the Early History of some Scottish Mammals and Birds
Authors: Duns
Published: June 2016

This history presents many points of interest to the naturalist, the antiquary, and the historian. The paper is a plea for a wider, yet reliable, record and characterisation of these mammals and birds than we have at present. All zoologists are familiar with them, but the information consists mainly of details which none but specialists can appreciate. General readers look for more science, suggestive of habits and habitats. They wish to know something of the number of species recorded at different periods, their gradational relations, their geographical distribution, and the opinions of early observers as to them. Do their remains throw any light on their physical environments, or on man's condition at the time, as in touch with them, as influenced by them—the living among the living? In tracing the history of beast or bird, we meet with many collateral subjects of importance—such, for example, as climatal changes, alterations of surface over wide areas, links dropped out of gradational rank, and thereby the realisation of new conditions of existence by the removal of one old species or the introduction of one new species.
Preliminary Note on the Hygrometric State of the Atmosphere at Ben Nevis Observatory
Authors: Herbertson Andrew J.
Published: June 2016

The present communication consists of a description of the apparatus and methods employed in a series of hygrometric experiments recently made at the Ben Nevis High-Level Observatory, and a very brief notice of some of the results obtained. The investigation here outlined is a necessary preliminary to a more elaborate one, which, it is hoped, may be carried out this summer.
The Second and Fourth Digits in the Horse: their Development and Subsequent Degeneration
Authors: Ewart J. C.
Published: June 2016

During the last fifty years not a few familiar and apparently quite uninteresting structures have all at once assumed unusual importance and arrested the attention of naturalists in all parts of the world. This is especially true of what used to be known as rudiments, of what we nowadays generally designate vestiges. Of all the known vestiges, the most familiar are perhaps the “splint” bones of the horse. For long the interest in these splints was extremely limited, but since it was shown that they correspond to the functional second and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals of other vertebrates they have attracted the notice of both comparative anatomists and palæozoologists, and are now invariably looked upon as affording strong evidence in support of the view that the horse has descended from polydaetylous ancestors.
Note on the Focus of Concavo - Convex Lenses the Surfaces of which are of Equal Curvature
Authors: Berry George A.
Published: June 2016

The ophthalmic surgeon has frequently to prescribe convex lenses of less than four inches focus for the correction of the optical defect in the eye left by removal of the intransparent crystalline lens in the operation for cataract. Occasionally, too, equally strong concave lenses are required to correct high degrees of short sight.
Telegraphic Communication by Induction by Means of Coils
Authors: Stevenson Charles A.
Published: June 2016

In 1892, I suggested that communication could be established between ship and ship by means of coils, and as a trial of the system on a large scale has recently been made with the view of establishing communication between North Unst lighthouse, situated on Muckle Flugga, and the mainland (fig. 1), thence to the lighthouse station at Burrafiord, a distance of two miles, a record of the trials may be of interest to the Society.
On Two Stereo-Isomerio Hydrazones of Benzoin
Authors: Smith Alexander
Published: June 2016

While the theory of stereo-isomerism has been employed in the case of many carbon compounds, it has had but few applications in that of organic substances containing nitrogen. Its use has been almost confined to explaining the occurrence of isomers among the oximes. The addition of a new member to the small list of four or five pairs of hydrazones, whose isomerism can be explained only on the assumption of diversity in the disposition of the atoms in space, is therefore not unwelcome as giving additional weight to the theory.
Hydrolysis in Some Aqueous Salt Solutions
Authors: Walker James
Published: June 2016

Some years ago, in an investigation on the affinity of organic bases, I was led to study the amount of decomposition suffered by various salts when dissolved in water, for a knowledge of this amount gives us a method of comparing the relative strengths of weak bases. When these bases are made to unite with a given acid, the extent to which the resulting salts are decomposed, in equivalent aqueous solutions, into acid and base, depends directly on the strength of the various bases. The same process of decomposition by water, or hydrolysis, can also be made use of to determine the strengths of weak acids, and experiments in this direction have been executed by Lellmann and his pupils, and by Shields. As the amount of free acid or free base in a hydrolysed solution cannot be determined directly by neutralisation, on account of the progressive disturbance of the chemical equilibrium involved in the process, it must be determined by taking advantage of some property of the acid or base which is susceptible of accurate measurement, and does not destroy the chemical equilibrium, or else does so in a manner amenable to calculation.
The Pallial Complex of Dolabella
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F.
Published: June 2016

The following account nf the pallial complex of the Tectibranch Dolabella is, as regards the minuter details, founded on a single specimen (Dolabella rumphii) kindly sent me by Professor M'Intosh of St Andrews. By an examination of the collection in the South Kensington Natural History Museum I was enabled to verify for the genus points which might have been peculiar to this species, and in one point to note an important variation.

A few words as to the necessity of an accurate description of the pallial complex or system of organs in the mantle cavity of the Opisthobranchiata, and the inferences that may be drawn, may not be out of place.
Note on Magnetic Induction in Nickel Tubes
Authors: Knott C. G. , Shand A.
Published: June 2016

This paper is a continuation of a paper communicated to the Society in July of last year, the publication of which was withheld until the whole subject could be treated as one. In the previous paper we discussed the magnetic induction in Iron and Steel Tubes. These tubes, and the nickel tubes now under discussion, were constructed primarily for the purpose of investigating their changes of volume under magnetisation ; but it seemed advisable to study as. many of their magnetic properties as possible.
Note on the Volume Changes which accompany Magnetisation in Nickel Tubes
Authors: Knott C. G. , Shand A.
Published: June 2016

In the note which recorded the first observation of the volume effects of magnetisation, the nickel tube experimented with was formed by rolling up a sheet of ordinary commercial nickel to the convenient size.

We are now able to record the preliminary results obtained with the nickel tubes described in the preceding Note on Magnetic Induction. Broadly speaking, the behaviour of the nickel resembles the behaviour of certain of the Iron Tubes as described in previous communications.
On the Chemical Composition of Sea-Water
Authors: Gibson John
Published: June 2016

The question as to the perfect uniformity or otherwise of the chemical composition of sea-water is one of great difficulty and complexity. It is quite certain that, broadly speaking, great differences do not exist, so that a conclusion can only be arrived at by the application of methods of analysis of great refinement, and then only if the limits of experimental error inherent in these methods be satisfactorily determined.
On the Measurement of Simple Reaction Time for Sight, Hearing, and Touch
Authors: Rutherford
Published: June 2016

Sensori-motor reaction time is the interval that elapses between the stimulation of a sense organ and a motor response. The physiological process involved consists of (a) an afferent factor,—the stimulation of a sensory terminal, and transmission of an impulse along sensory nerve fibres to the brain; (b) a psychical factor, involving an act of sensory perception and the voluntary production of a motor impulse; (c) an efferent factor,—the transmission of an impulse along motor nerve fibres, and consequent contraction of muscle.
An Experiment on the Influence of Thyroid Feeding on the Proteid Metabolism in Man
Authors: Douglas J. J.
Published: June 2016

The peculiar train of symptoms which have been found to follow removal of the thyroid gland in animals, and the connection of myxoedema with changes in the thyroid, have been known for a number of years.

The discovery that the onset of the symptoms may be prevented by the grafting of pieces of thyroid, and that myxœdema may be cured by the internal administration of the gland substance, clearly indicates that the thyroid gland forms something which exercises an important influence on the metabolic changes in the body.
Further Note on a Problem of Sylvester's in Elimination
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

A first note on this subject, viz., the elimination of x, y, z from the equations

was communicated to the Society in April 1892. By reason of my immediate departure for South Africa, the manuscript was not prepared for the press, and the paper was consequently not printed until this year. In the meanwhile, both Professor Tait and Lord M'Laren had written notes on the subject, under the impression, I fear, that the object of my original paper was to obtain in any way an easy solution of the problem.
On Drops
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: June 2016

The formation of drops, their variation with density and chemical composition of the liquid forming them, and their variation with temperature and frequency, have been the subject of investigation by several chemists and physicists, yet investigators are by no means at one as to the definition of a drop or the cause of its parting from the flowing liquid.
On the Dorsal Branches of the Cranial and Spinal Nerves of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Ewart J. C. , Cole F. J.
Published: June 2016

The Glossopharyngeal.—The glossopharyngeal is usually looked upon as the most typical of the cranial nerves. In Amia, according to Allis, it consists of post- and præ-branchial branches, a visceral or pharyngeal branch, and a dorsal branch which takes part in innervating the lateral line system—supplying by a single twig one of the sense organs of the lateral canal, and in addition a row of pit organs.
On the Behaviour of various Alloys in a Steady Magnetic Field
Authors: Beattie J. C.
Published: June 2016

The direction of the transverse effect in a conductor cannot be given by a knowledge of the magnetic properties of a body, for we find, if we assume the direction to be positive in magnetic bodies, negative in diamagnetic, that nickel, palladium, platinum, manganese, zinc, cadmium, antimony are exceptions. Again, if we look for a relation between the direction of the Thomson effect and that of the transverse effect, we have another long list of exceptions, including antimony, cadmium, zinc, platinum, bismuth. On the other hand, if we arrange the metals in a thermoelectric series, we find that, with the one exception of cobalt, the metals from bismuth to silver have a negative transverse effect; those from zinc to tellurium a positive; and the agreement goes further, for bismuth, which is at one end of the series, has a large transverse negative effect; and as we go up the series, the effect decreases in numerical value; while tellurium, which is at the other end, has a large positive effect, and as we come down the effect again decreases.
2. On one Troja
Authors: Williams
Published: June 2016

The introduction only of this communication was read. The abstract will be given after the paper is concluded.
Laboratory Notes by Professor Tait 2. On the Flow of Water through Fine Tubes
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

Dr Matthews Duncan recently asked me whether the flow of blood under given pressure would be affected by a considerable change of form of the section of a small vein or artery. It appeared obvious, from the well-known experiments of Poiseuille (which show that when the bore of a capillary tube of circular section is sufficiently small, the flow through it is as the fourth power of the diameter), that the flow through a capillary tube of elliptical section must be le^s than that through a circular tube of equal sectional area.
Self-Defence against Non-state Actors: The Interaction between Self-Defence as a Primary Rule and Self-Defence as a Secondary Rule
Authors: TSAGOURIAS NICHOLAS
Published: June 2016

This article examines the law of self-defence as applied to non-state attacks in light of the coalition air strikes against ISIL in Syria. It critiques the two current interpretations of the law of self-defence – one based on attribution and the other on the ‘unable or unwilling’ test – for failing to address adequately the security threat posed by non-state actors or for not addressing convincingly the legal issues arising from the fact that the self-defence action unfolds on the territory of another state. For this reason, it proposes an alternative framework which combines the primary rule of self-defence to justify the use of defensive force against non-state actors, with the secondary rule of self-defence to excuse the incidental breach of the territorial state's sovereignty.
On naturally continuous non-dcpo domains
Authors: SAZONOV VLADIMIR
Published: June 2016

After works of Normann and the author on sequentiality (Normann 2006Mathematical Structures in Computer Science16 (2) 279–289; Normann and Sazonov 2012Annals of Pure and Applied Logic163 (5) 575–603; Sazonov 2007Logical Methods in Computer Science3 (3:7) 1–50), the necessity and possibility of a non-dcpo domain theory became evident. In this paper, the category of continuous dcpo domains is generalized to a category of ‘naturally’ continuous non-dcpo domains with ‘naturally’ continuous maps as arrows. A full subcategory of the latter, assuming a kind of bounded-completeness requirement of domains and presence of ⊥ in each, proves to be Cartesian closed and equivalent to a subclass of Ershov's general A-spaces (Ershov 1974Algebra and Logics12 (4) 369–416). This extends a non-dcpo generalization of Scott (algebraic) domains introduced and proved to be equivalent to Ershov's general f-spaces (Ershov 1972Algebra and Logic11 (4) 367–437) in Sazonov (2007 op. cit.; 2009 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic159 (3) 341–355).

The current approach to natural domains (v-domains) is different from f-spaces and A-spaces in that it has arisen in Sazonov (2007 op. cit.) in a different way from defining fully abstract models for some versions of the language PCF over Integers, whereas the Ershov's approach was not initially related with full abstraction, and non-dcpo version of f-spaces and A-spaces were originally considered in an abstract (mainly topological) style. In this paper devoted to naturally continuous natural domains (v-continuous v-domains), we also work in an abstract (mainly order-theoretic) style but with the hope to relate it in the future with the ideas of PCF over Reals by exploring and adapting the ideas in Escardó (1996Theoretical Computer Science162 (1) 79–115), Escardó et al. (2004Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 14 (6), Cambridge University Press 803–814), Marcial-Romero and Escardó (2007Theoretical Computer Science379 (1-2) 120–141), Sazonov (2007 op. cit.).
Use of pre-intervention imaging with a novel image fusion software for guidance of cardiac catheterisation in a patient with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collaterals
Authors: Goreczny Sebastian , Dryzek Pawel , Moszura Tomasz
Published: June 2016

We present a 3.5-year-old patient with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals, after repeat implantation of a central shunt, in whom we successfully re-purposed previous imaging scans with a novel image fusion software to guide diagnostic heart catheterisation. The pre-registered CT scan was segmented before the procedure and subsequently manually fused with two-dimensional fluoroscopy images. The overlaid roadmap enhanced selective cannulation of all major vessels originating from the aorta, making aortography unnecessary.
Turkey and the EU: The Context Changes Again
Authors: Ferguson Yale H.
Published: June 2016

One obvious characteristic of world affairs today is rapid – possibly accelerating-- change. When I wrote about ‘Turkey and the EU’ for the Academia Europaea meeting in Vienna October 2012, my subtitle was ‘A Changed Context’. In 2012 the EU was still in the grip of the crisis over the euro, which had teetered on the brink of collapse and was only just beginning to look a little more secure. In contrast, Turkey had experienced an amazing economic boom and appeared to have successfully transitioned from an era of secular military rule to a relatively stable elected government (despite some human rights concerns) led by the moderately Islamist Justice and Development (AK) party and its broadly popular Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and President Abdullah Gul. The Middle East was in the throes of the ‘Arab Spring’. The developed world was still largely focused on the task of recovery from the 2008–2009 financial crisis and pondering how to respond to the looming failure of Doha trade talks at the global level. Now, only two years later, the context has changed yet again. The EU, Turkey, the Middle East, and even global trends – all are substantially different. Therefore an ‘Update’ now follows my original text.
Honour between Different Cultures and Legal Systems: Social Status, Reputation, Struggles for Recognition
Authors: Giordano Christian
Published: June 2016

This article pursues a comparative approach to honour, a choice determined not only by the fact that anthropology, with regard to other disciplines, has striven to build its specificity on comparative analysis ever since its beginnings in the nineteenth century. A further reason is to steer clear of methodological nationalism,1 i.e. to sidestep forms of Orientalism.2 The point, therefore, is to avoid the pitfall by which issues of honour and its more violent forms, such as honour killings or blood feuds, are downscaled to a ‘Turkish’ or ‘Albanian problem’ or to a phenomenon specific solely to Middle Eastern societies.
Europeanness versus Turkishness in a Turkish TV Sitcom: The Case of Avrupa Avrupa
Authors: Arikan Arda
Published: June 2016

Juxtaposing Europeanness and Turkishness has always been a recurring theme in Turkish literature and media. In this study, an analysis of a Turkish sitcom entitled Avrupa Avrupa that was broadcast on Turkey’s only state-run TV channel is provided, focusing on how Turkishness and Europeanness are portrayed. It is found that the sitcom portrays Europeans and Turks through traditionally well-known, coarse stereotypes. It is inferred from the sitcom’s latent ideological messages that the EU may accept Turkey, although it is by no means a European country.
Not Just Language: Persisting Lateralized Visuospatial Impairment after Left Hemisphere Stroke
Authors: Schendel Krista , Dronkers Nina F. , Turken And U.
Published: June 2016

Objectives: Imbalances in spatial attention are most often associated with right hemisphere brain injury. This report assessed 25 chronic left hemisphere stroke patients for attentional bias. Methods: Participants were evaluated with a computerized visual search task and a standardized neuropsychological assessment known as the Behavioral Inattention Test (BITC). Twenty age-matched controls were also tested. Results: Although little to no attentional impairment was observed on the BITC, the computerized visual search task revealed statistically significant contralesional attentional impairment in the left hemisphere stroke group. Specifically, these participants required 208 ms more viewing time, on average, to reliably detect visual targets on the right side of the display compared to detection on the left side, while controls showed a difference of only 8 ms between the two sides. Conclusions: The observation of significant leftward visuospatial bias in this chronic stroke group provides further evidence that the left hemisphere also plays a role in the balance of visual attention across space. These results have implications for left hemisphere patients who are often not screened for visuospatial problems, as well as for theories of visual attention which have primarily emphasized the role of the right hemisphere. (JINS, 2016, 22, 695–704)
Enhancing Safety in a Volcano's Shadow
Authors: Martí Joan , Bartolini Stefania , Becerril Laura
Published: June 2016

A new project gives civil authorities and scientists a common set of tools for assessing volcanic hazards and managing associated risks.
How Accurate Are Ionospheric Models?
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: June 2016

A new study puts the latest version of a venerable model of Earth's ionosphere to the test, with some unexpected results.
Influence of orbital symmetry on diffraction imaging with rescattering electron wave packets
Authors: Pullen M. G. , Wolter B. , Le A. -T. , Baudisch M. , Sclafani M. , Pires H. , Schröter C. D. , Ullrich J. , Moshammer R. , Pfeifer T. , Lin C. D. , Biegert J.
Published: June 2016

The ability to directly follow and time-resolve the rearrangement of the nuclei within molecules is a frontier of science that requires atomic spatial and few-femtosecond temporal resolutions. While laser-induced electron diffraction can meet these requirements, it was recently concluded that molecules with particular orbital symmetries (such as πg) cannot be imaged using purely backscattering electron wave packets without molecular alignment. Here, we demonstrate, in direct contradiction to these findings, that the orientation and shape of molecular orbitals presents no impediment for retrieving molecular structure with adequate sampling of the momentum transfer space. We overcome previous issues by showcasing retrieval of the structure of randomly oriented O2 and C2H2 molecules, with πg and πu symmetries, respectively, and where their ionization probabilities do not maximize along their molecular axes. While this removes a serious bottleneck for laser-induced diffraction imaging, we find unexpectedly strong backscattering contributions from low-Z atoms.
Strain-engineered diffusive atomic switching in two-dimensional crystals
Authors: Kalikka Janne , Zhou Xilin , Dilcher Eric , Wall Simon , Li Ju , Simpson Robert E.
Published: June 2016

Strain engineering is an emerging route for tuning the bandgap, carrier mobility, chemical reactivity and diffusivity of materials. Here we show how strain can be used to control atomic diffusion in van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) crystals. We use strain to increase the diffusivity of Ge and Te atoms that are confined to 5 Å thick 2D planes within an Sb2Te3–GeTe van der Waals superlattice. The number of quintuple Sb2Te3 2D crystal layers dictates the strain in the GeTe layers and consequently its diffusive atomic disordering. By identifying four critical rules for the superlattice configuration we lay the foundation for a generalizable approach to the design of switchable van der Waals heterostructures. As Sb2Te3–GeTe is a topological insulator, we envision these rules enabling methods to control spin and topological properties of materials in reversible and energy efficient ways.
Aviation effects on already-existing cirrus clouds
Authors: Tesche Matthias , Achtert Peggy , Glantz Paul , Noone Kevin J.
Published: June 2016

Determining the effects of the formation of contrails within natural cirrus clouds has proven to be challenging. Quantifying any such effects is necessary if we are to properly account for the influence of aviation on climate. Here we quantify the effect of aircraft on the optical thickness of already-existing cirrus clouds by matching actual aircraft flight tracks to satellite lidar measurements. We show that there is a systematic, statistically significant increase in normalized cirrus cloud optical thickness inside mid-latitude flight tracks compared with adjacent areas immediately outside the tracks.
IL-6 mediates differentiation disorder during spermatogenesis in obesity-associated inflammation by affecting the expression of Zfp637 through the SOCS3/STAT3 pathway
Authors: Huang Guizhen , Yuan Miao , Zhang Jie , Li Jun , Gong Di , Li Yanyan , Zhang Jie , Lin Ping , Huang Lugang
Published: June 2016

Zfp637 is a recently identified zinc finger protein and its functions remain largely unknown. Here, we innovatively demonstrate the effects of Zfp637 on the differentiation of mouse spermatogonia and on its downstream target gene SOX2in vitro. Obesity has been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to decreased sexual function and sexual development disorders. We observed higher levels of IL-6 in serum and testis homogenates from obese mice compared with control mice. We also demonstrated that high levels of IL-6 inhibited Zfp637 expression and we elucidated the underlying mechanisms. SOCS3 overexpression and STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor (AG490) were used to investigate the function of the SOCS3/STAT3 pathway during this process. Our results showed that exposure of mouse spermatogonial cells to high levels of IL-6 inhibited Zfp637 expression by increasing SOCS3 expression and inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3, further reducing cellular differentiation. Consistent with thein vitroresults, we observed increasing expression levels of SOCS3 and SOX2, but a reduction of Zfp637 expression, in obese mouse testes. In conclusion, Zfp637 plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis by downregulating SOX2 expression and IL-6 can decrease the expression of Zfp637 through the SOCS3/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Serum GDF-8 levels change dynamically during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET
Authors: Fang Lanlan , Yu Yiping , Zhang Ruizhe , He Jingyan , Sun Ying-Pu
Published: June 2016

Growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8) is found in the human serum, follicular fluid and granulosa cells. Our previous studies have shown that the human cumulus expansion and steroidogenesis can be regulated by GDF-8. However, thus far, the expression profile of GDF-8 in serum and whether the level of serum GDF-8 influences pregnancy results for patients treated with in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) is totally unknown. In this study, we showed that GDF-8 had a dynamic trend during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) procedure. On human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration day, patients with a GDF-8 level higher than 4.7 ng/ml had lower progesterone levels and a higher pregnancy rate. From hCG day to oocyte pick-up day, patients with a GDF-8 decrease greater than 1.3 ng/ml had a higher progesterone increase and a higher pregnancy rate. Importantly, the levels of GDF-8 were negatively correlated with progesterone levels. Our findings provide evidences that GDF-8 plays an important role in ensuring successful pregnancy by regulating progesterone levels.
β-Aminopropionitrile monofumarate induces thoracic aortic dissection in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Ren Weihong , Liu Yan , Wang Xuerui , Jia Lixin , Piao Chunmei , Lan Feng , Du Jie
Published: June 2016

Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a catastrophic disease with high mortality and morbidity, characterized by fragmentation of elastin and loss of smooth muscle cells. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease remain elusive because there are no appropriate animal models, limiting discovery of effective therapeutic strategies. We treated mice on C57BL/6 and FVB genetic backgrounds with β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN), an irreversible inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, for 4 wk, followed by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion for 24 h. We found that the BAPN plus Ang II treatment induced formation of aortic dissections in 100% of mice on both genetic backgrounds. BAPN without Ang II caused dissections in few FVB mice, but caused 87% of C57BL/6 mice to develop TAD, with 37% dying from rupture of the aortic dissection. Moreover, a lower dose of BAPN induced TAD formation and rupture earlier with fewer effects on body weight. Therefore, we have generated a reliable and convenient TAD model in C57BL/6 mice for studying the pathological process and exploring therapeutic targets of TAD.
Plastic-film mulching and urea types affect soil CO2 emissions and grain yield in spring maize on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Liu Qiaofei , Chen Yu , Li Weiwei , Liu Yang , Han Juan , Wen Xiaoxia , Liao Yuncheng
Published: June 2016

A 2-year field experiment was conducted on maize (Zea mays L.) to explore effective ways to decrease soil CO2 emissions and increase grain yield. Treatments established were: (1) no mulching with urea, (2) no mulching with controlled release fertiliser (CRF), (3) transparent plastic-film mulching (PMt) with urea, (4) PMt with CRF, (5) black plastic-film mulching (PMb) with urea, and (6) PMb with CRF. During the early growth stages, soil CO2 emissions were noted as PMt > PMb > no mulching, and this order was reversed in the late growth stages. This trend was the result of topsoil temperature dynamics. There were no significant correlations noted between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature and moisture. Cumulative soil CO2 emissions were higher for the PMt than for the PMb, and grain yield was higher for the PMb treatments than for the PMt or no mulching treatments. The CRF produced higher grain yield and inhibited soil CO2 emissions. Soil CO2 emissions per unit grain yield were lower for the BC treatment than for the other treatments. In conclusion, the use of black plastic-film mulching and controlled release fertiliser not only increased maize yield, but also reduced soil CO2 emissions.
Design of High Temperature Ti-Pd-Cr Shape Memory Alloys with Small Thermal Hysteresis
Authors: Xue Deqing , Yuan Ruihao , Zhou Yumei , Xue Dezhen , Lookman Turab , Zhang Guojun , Ding Xiangdong , Sun Jun
Published: June 2016

The large thermal hysteresis (ΔT) during the temperature induced martensitic transformation is a major obstacle to the functional stability of shape memory alloys (SMAs), especially for high temperature applications. We propose a design strategy for finding SMAs with small thermal hysteresis. That is, a small ΔT can be achieved in the compositional crossover region between two different martensitic transformations with opposite positive and negative changes in electrical resistance at the transformation temperature. We demonstrate this for a high temperature ternary Ti-Pd-Cr SMA by achieving both a small ΔT and high transformation temperature. We propose two possible underlying physics governing the reduction in ΔT. One is that the interfacial strain is accommodated at the austenite/martensite interface via coexistence of B19 and 9R martensites. The other is that one of transformation eigenvalues equal to 1, i.e., λ2 = 1, indicating a perfect coherent interface between austenite and martensite. Our results are not limited to Ti-Pd-Cr SMAs but potentially provide a strategy for searching for SMAs with small thermal hysteresis.
Differential conformational modulations of MreB folding upon interactions with GroEL/ES and TRiC chaperonin components
Authors: Moparthi Satish Babu , Carlsson Uno , Vincentelli Renaud , Jonsson Bengt-Harald , Hammarström Per , Wenger Jérôme
Published: June 2016

Here, we study and compare the mechanisms of action of the GroEL/GroES and the TRiC chaperonin systems on MreB client protein variants extracted from E. coli. MreB is a homologue to actin in prokaryotes. Single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy report the binding interaction of folding MreB with GroEL, GroES and TRiC. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements on MreB variants quantified molecular distance changes occurring during conformational rearrangements within folding MreB bound to chaperonins. We observed that the MreB structure is rearranged by a binding-induced expansion mechanism in TRiC, GroEL and GroES. These results are quantitatively comparable to the structural rearrangements found during the interaction of β-actin with GroEL and TRiC, indicating that the mechanism of chaperonins is conserved during evolution. The chaperonin-bound MreB is also significantly compacted after addition of AMP-PNP for both the GroEL/ES and TRiC systems. Most importantly, our results showed that GroES may act as an unfoldase by inducing a dramatic initial expansion of MreB (even more than for GroEL) implicating a role for MreB folding, allowing us to suggest a delivery mechanism for GroES to GroEL in prokaryotes.
Crystal Structure Manipulation of the Exchange Bias in an Antiferromagnetic Film
Authors: Yuan Wei , Su Tang , Song Qi , Xing Wenyu , Chen Yangyang , Wang Tianyu , Zhang Zhangyuan , Ma Xiumei , Gao Peng , Shi Jing , Han Wei
Published: June 2016

Exchange bias is one of the most extensively studied phenomena in magnetism, since it exerts a unidirectional anisotropy to a ferromagnet (FM) when coupled to an antiferromagnet (AFM) and the control of the exchange bias is therefore very important for technological applications, such as magnetic random access memory and giant magnetoresistance sensors. In this letter, we report the crystal structure manipulation of the exchange bias in epitaxial hcp Cr2O3 films. By epitaxially growing twined "Equation missing" oriented Cr2O3 thin films, of which the c axis and spins of the Cr atoms lie in the film plane, we demonstrate that the exchange bias between Cr2O3 and an adjacent permalloy layer is tuned to in-plane from out-of-plane that has been observed in "Equation missing" oriented Cr2O3 films. This is owing to the collinear exchange coupling between the spins of the Cr atoms and the adjacent FM layer. Such a highly anisotropic exchange bias phenomenon is not possible in polycrystalline films.
Transition-state theory predicts clogging at the microscale
Authors: Laar T. van de , Klooster S. ten , Schroën K. , Sprakel J.
Published: June 2016

Clogging is one of the main failure mechanisms encountered in industrial processes such as membrane filtration. Our understanding of the factors that govern the build-up of fouling layers and the emergence of clogs is largely incomplete, so that prevention of clogging remains an immense and costly challenge. In this paper we use a microfluidic model combined with quantitative real-time imaging to explore the influence of pore geometry and particle interactions on suspension clogging in constrictions, two crucial factors which remain relatively unexplored. We find a distinct dependence of the clogging rate on the entrance angle to a membrane pore which we explain quantitatively by deriving a model, based on transition-state theory, which describes the effect of viscous forces on the rate with which particles accumulate at the channel walls. With the same model we can also predict the effect of the particle interaction potential on the clogging rate. In both cases we find excellent agreement between our experimental data and theory. A better understanding of these clogging mechanisms and the influence of design parameters could form a stepping stone to delay or prevent clogging by rational membrane design.
Triggering comprehensive enhancement in oxygen evolution reaction by using newly created solvent
Authors: Chen Hsiao-Chien , Mai Fu-Der , Yang Kuang-Hsuan , Chen Liang-Yih , Yang Chih-Ping , Liu Yu-Chuan
Published: June 2016

Theoretical calculations indicate that the properties of confined liquid water, or liquid water at surfaces, are dramatically different from those of liquid bulk water. Here we present an experimentally innovative strategy on comprehensively efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) utilizing plasmon-induced activated water, creating from hot electron decay at resonantly illuminated Au nanoparticles (NPs). Compared to conventional deionized (DI) water, the created water owns intrinsically reduced hydrogen-bonded structure and a higher chemical potential. The created water takes an advantage in OER because the corresponding activation energy can be effectively reduced by itself. Compared to DI water-based solutions, the OER efficiencies at Pt electrodes increased by 69.3%, 21.1% and 14.5% in created water-based acidic, neutral and alkaline electrolyte solutions, respectively. The created water was also effective for OERs in photoelectrochemically catalytic and in inert systems. In addition, the efficiency of OER increased by 47.5% in created water-based alkaline electrolyte solution prepared in situ on a roughened Au electrode. These results suggest that the created water has emerged as an innovative activator in comprehensively effective OERs.