bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
401 PB 004 LANDSCAPE PLANT EVALUATION PROGRAM AT THE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY NURSERY CROPS RESEARCH STATION
Authors: Flanagan Phillip C. , Sauve Roger , Witte Willard T.
Published: February 2019

The Tennessee State University Nursery Crops Research Station is located at McMinnville in Middle Tennessee. This is a major nursery production area with a USDA Zone 6b climate and 134 cm mean annual rainfall.

Approximately 4 ha has been established, with drip irrigation, for comparative evaluation trials of Acer, Cornus, Lagerstroemia, Quercus, Syringa and Ulmus. Plants are being evaluated for: 1) landscape performance - growth, drought tolerance, heat/cold tolerance, 2)ornamental characteristics - bloom. leafcolor, fall color, shape, 3) resistance to disease and pests, and 4) adaptability for production under commercial conditions. Acquisition of plant materials began in 1992 with the collection and planting of more than 120 spp/cv of Acer. Plantings in 1994 consisted of Cornus = 100 spp/cv; Lagerstroemia = 70 spp/cv; Quercus ≈ 90 spp/cv; Syringa ≈ 50 spp/cv and Ulmus ≈ 30 spp/cv.

The long term objective is the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation program for the nursery industry of Tennessee.
405 PB 016 A STUDY OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES USING VIDEO IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Stearns Dan T. , Gryczuk Shirley M.
Published: February 2019

Certain principles that appear in examples of successful design create the structure around which landscape design education is woven. Concepts of balance, contrast, rhythm, dominance, unity, and order must be understood before quality &sign is produced, but these concepts are often difficult to explain in a classroom situation. Commercially available vi&o imaging software has proven to be a valuable tool in increasing student understanding of design principles. After scanning an actual site photograph, students add, delete, or modify plant materials and other amenities to strengthen the design principles as they relate to the specific site. Benefits of this method over traditional lecture or studio techniques include the ability to investigate a variety of sites and an increased ability to observe the inter-dependency of design principles. As modifications are made to strengthen one principle, the others are also affected in either a positive or negative manner.
407 PB 042 DESIGNING SYSTEMIC LEARNING IN HORTICULTURE
Authors: William Ray D. , Azarenko Anita , Lev Larry , Stang Jack
Published: February 2019

Gaps in learning occur when synthesis of factual information is assumed, delayed, or taken out of a realistic context. We are exploring wholes, simulations, case studies, natural resource issues, and interactive learning as ways to improve life-long inquiry and action. Realistic situations are described for student/adult participatory learning. Both group and individual learning are blended where facts are integrated at the “moment of learning” rather than a teaching moment. Teachers become coaches, facilitators, and providers of spontaneous lecturettes. Enthusiasm, participation and ownership by students and adults are spectacular. We've invented farmer-scientist focus sessions (FSFS) along with Rapid, iterative, interactive posters (RIIP). It's fun and seems to meet people's needs for complex topics and issues.
408 PB 045 WHAT WOULD A LEARNING UNIVERSITY LOOK LIKE?
Authors: William Ray D. , Lev Larry , Mallick R. N.
Published: February 2019

In a world of rapid and unpredictable change, land grant universities must refocus their efforts on becoming more effective learning organizations. This poster addresses the critical opportunities, challenges, and tensions LGUs will face as they seek to enhance the continuous learning process and thereby flourish in the future.
411 PB 054 ORIGIN OF HORTICULTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE DISPERSAL OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS TO THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Authors: Bevacqua Robert F.
Published: February 2019

Navigators from Southeast Asia began voyages of discovery into the Pacific Ocean four thousand years ago that resulted in the dispersal of an assemblage of domesticated plants that has come to dominate horticulture in the world's tropical regions. Archaeological, botanical, and linguistic evidence indicates the assemblage included coconut, banana, taro, yam, sugar cane, and other important food and fiber crops. An emerging view among scholars is that an origin of horticulture is associated with early Chinese civilization and that Southeast Asia was a center for the domestication of vegetatively propagated root, tuber, and fruit crops. This paper describes (1) an origin for horticulture in Southeast Asia, (2) the eastward dispersal of horticultural plants by voyagers, and (3) the impact of the introduction of horticulture on the natural enviroment of the Pacific Islands.
413 PB 060 A PRINT-ON-DEMAND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING EDUCATIONAL AND EXTENSION MATERIALS
Authors: McConnell James , Marutani Mari
Published: February 2019

A Print-On-Demand (POD) System was developed for the rapid production of educational and extension materials such as fact-sheets. Information is stored in a final format on the computer and the number of copies of a specific publication can be printed as needed. The system greatly reduces the time to having the finished product and allows any number of publications to be printed. The printing cost ranges from $.43 to $.80 per page with a 300dpi color thermal wax printer.

Photo CDs and video capture images are the most common sources of color images used in the POD system. Photo CDs produce higher quality images but require time to process a film before images are used in the system. In live video capture, an image can be captured by a video camera, and sent to a computer for immediate production of a fact-sheet. Tape playback reduces the image quality compared to live video. Live video also gives the best feedback in determining whether the image shows the desired information. In general, the image is video captured at twice the needed size and reduced while increasing the resolution from 72 dpi to 130 dpi. This produces a better quality image. Other sources of pictures are flatbed scanners and slide scanners.
415 PB 086 EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION IN TEACHING MASTER GARDENERS
Authors: Stack Lois Berg
Published: February 2019

Master Gardener programs were conducted through 10 of Maine's 16 county offices in 1993. In an effort to reduce the number of identical presentations given by the limited number of instructors, 5 of the 10 sessions were conducted via interactive television (ITV), while the remaining 5 sessions were held locally. Participants (n=215) were surveyed about their learning experience in fall 1993. Data compare the local ITV audience vs. 7 distant audiences viewing sessions in real time vs. 2 audiences viewing taped sessions at a later date, on test scores of material presented, and on attitudes about the program. Data also summarize the types of projects on which Master Gardener volunteer hours were applied, and participants' attitudes about how volunteer programs could be made more effective.
427 PB 162 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POTASSIUM AND OTHER MINERAL ELEMENTS IN DROUGHT STRESSED AND NON-DROUGHT STRESSED HIBISCUS SINENSIS L. CV. LEPRECAUN
Authors: Egilia Jonathan N. , Davies Fred T. , Duray Sharon
Published: February 2019

Hibiscus plants, were irrigated with full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution containing either 0,2,5, or 10 mM potasium(K). After 72 days of K treatment, half of the plants at each K level were subjected to a 21-day slowly developing drought stress cycle and the other half were non-drought stressed (ND). Mid-day leaf water potentials at day 21 was-1.5 to-1.6 MPa (DS), and -0.5 MPa (ND). Leaf K concentration increased with increasing K in nutrient solution for both DS and ND plants, but K was higher in DS than ND plants at 2.5 and 10 mM K. Of the macronutrient cations, only (Ca) was inversely correlated with nutrient solution K, in both DS and ND plants. Leaf concentrations of all the micronutrient cations increased with increasing K supply, regardless of drought stress. Potassium hadt significant positive correlation with total plant and leaf dry weight of DS, but not ND plants. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition (δ13 C,an estimate of long term water-use efficiency), was positively correlated with N, Mg and Ca, and negatively correlated with K, iron (Fe), and K:total cation ratio regardless of drought stress. Both net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were negatively correlated with N and Ca, but positively correlated with K, Fe and manganese in ND plants.
431 PB 174 EFFECTS OF FALL APPLIED BORON ON ALMOND FRUIT SET
Authors: Nvomora Agnes M.S. , Brown Patrick H.
Published: February 2019

Fruit set is a major determinant of nut productivity. Boron has been shown to have a significant influence on flowering and fruit set in a number of crops but less is reported on almond. This paper presents results of foliar application of a B commercial product, Solubor(20.5% B) at a rate of 1,2,3lb/100 gallons to `Butte' and `Mono' almond cultivars Boron at 1 and 2lb increased fruit set in both open and hand pollinated trees by over 100% while 3lb was less effective. The resultant B concentration in flower buds was correlated to B concentration in flowers (R2=0.58) and immature fruits (R2=0.6) but not to summer and fall leaf, pistil, and pollen B concentration or fruit set.
433 PB 180 ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN DEMAND IN MATURE, ALTERNATE BEARING PISTACHIO TREES
Authors: Rosecrance Richard C. , Weinbaum Steve A. , Brown Patrick H.
Published: February 2019

Contributions of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications to nitrate pollution of groundwater is an increasing public health concern. In an effort to improve N fertilizer efficiency, a study was initiated to determine periods of tree N demand in mature, alternate bearing pistachio trees. Seasonal patterns of nitrogen accumulation in the branches (i.e. fruit, current year wood, one year old wood, and leaves) and roots were monitored monthly.

Branches from heavily fruiting trees contained almost six times more nitrogen than branches from light fruiting trees by September; a result of the large amount of N accumulated in the fruit. Nitrogen accumulated in the branches during the Spring growth flush and nut fill periods in both heavy and light fruiting trees. Root nitrate and total N concentrations, however, peaked during the Spring growth flush and subsequently decreased during nut fill. The relationship between tree N demand and the capacity for N uptake is discussed.
436 PB 209 VARIATION IN N2 FIXATION AND GROWTH AMONG HALF-SIB FAMILIES OF MAACKIA AMURENSIS
Authors: Giridhar J. , Pai B. , Graves William R.
Published: February 2019

Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. associates with N2-fixing rhizobia, but variation in N2 fixation among genotypes of this species is not known. We determined the effect of N2 fixation on growth of plants from seven half-sib families known to differ in seed mass and seedling growth when provided N. Seedlings were grown in Leonard jars for 12 weeks in a greenhouse. Mass of control plants provided N and nodule mass on plants inoculated with rhizobia (USDA 4349) and not provided N differed among families. Among plants not provided N, inoculation did not increase dry matter but did reduce chlorosis. Therefore, plant N content also will be discussed as an indicator of efficiency of N2 fixation. Results indicate N2 fixation improves plant quality in low-N soils but will not eliminate the need for N applications during seedling production.
442 PB 247 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CULTIVATED OPUNTIA SPECIES
Authors: Kuti J.O. , Galloway C.M.
Published: February 2019

The use of protein profiles and isozyme banding patterns as genetic markers in cultivated Opuntia species was investigated using SDS-PAGE and spectrophotometric analysis of seeds and stem (cladode) tissues. Twenty morphologically different entries belonging to six Opuntia species were analyzed for total protein profile and three enzyme systems (superoxide dismustase [SOD], phosphoglucomutase [PGM] and UDPG ppase). Seed proteins, mostly low molecular weights, were 3-fold that of cladode proteins. Marked differences in protein molecular weight were found among the entries. PGM activity, found only in the cladode tissues, differred among the entries. No UDPG ppase activity was found in either seeds or cladode tissues. Within the entries surveyed, identical SOD banding patterns were observed indicating some degree of similarity among the species. The preliminary results suggest that isozyme and protein profiles can be used as markers in genetic studies of cultivated Opuntia species.
444 PB 253 DISTRIBUTION OF QUERCETIN AND QUERCETIN GLYCOSIDES IN DIFFERENT-COLORED VARIETIES AND GENOTYPES OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) TISSUE
Authors: Patil Bhimanagouda S. , Pike Leonard M.
Published: February 2019

Representative varieties and genotypes of different colored onions were compared to determine the extent of differences in the distribution of quercetin and quercetin glycosides. The dry skins, outer rings, and inner rings were separated and extracted with ethanol to obtain quercetin glycosides that were then hydrolyzed to free quercetin, or aglycone. Free quercetin was used as the standard for quantification by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Significant difference (P=0.05) in total quercetin content was observed between dry skin and inner rings (edible parts). A decrease in total quercetin content was observed from the dry skin to inner rings. The highest total quercetin content was observed in the dry skins of Red bone variety (30.74 g/kg dry weight) while Contessa variety contain the least amount (0.082 g/kg dry weight). Total quercetin content in outer scales (1-2 scales) in Kadavan variety is the highest (481 mg/kg fresh weight); however, trace amounts are observed in Contessa. Inner rings (5-6 and 7-10 scales) contain less amount of total quercetin in all the varieties.

Outer scales of all the varieties except 1015Y and Contessa contain moderate amount (2.5-16 mg/kg fresh weight) of free quercetin. Kadavan contain the highest amount of free quercetin (20.64 g/kg dry weight).
450 PB 291 CAROLINA BUNCH, A SWEETPOTATO FOR HOME GARDENS
Authors: Bohac J.R. , Dukes P.D. , Jones A. , Schalk J.M. , Harrison H.F. , Charleston S.C. , Hamilton M. G.
Published: February 2019

Carolina Bunch is a sweetpotato cultivar that combines high yield, excellent flavor and appearance with multiple pathogen and pest resistances. It is ideal for home or market gardens, because of its short vine and bunch habit that allow for production of high yields in a limited space. The roots are fusiform with uniform shape and a smooth, bright, light copper skin and dark orange flesh. When baked, the roots have a smooth texture and are sweet, moist and have excellent flavor and appearance. This sweetpotato can be grown virtually without pesticides. It has very high levels of resistances to southern root knot and other species of nematodes, Fusarium wilt, feathery mottle virus, sclerotial blight in plant beds, and Streptomyces soil rot. It has good resistance to many soil insects including several species of wireworm, Diabrotica, Systena, and flea beetles. In the southern US, it yields better than `Jewel' in a growing season of 110-120 days. Foundation roots are available in limited quantities from South Carolina Foundation Seed Association, Inc, 1162 Cherry Hill Rd, Clemson SC 29634-0393.
452 PB 297 COTYLEDON POSITION AS A SPECIES CHARACTER IN PHASEOLUS
Authors: Brown Rebecca Nelson , Ascher Peter D.
Published: February 2019

The methods of Wall and York (1957) were used to measure cotyledon position in two populations of three species interspecific Phaseolus hybrids and in the single species cultivars and accessions of P. coccineus, P. acutifolius, and P. vulgaris used as parents. Cotyledon position was represented by the length of the epicotyl as a percentage of the total length of the seedling's stem from the first root initial to the base of the primary node. Progeny of interspecific crosses between P. coccineus and P. vulgaris have been shown to inherit the cotyledon position of the cytoplasmic parent. The objectives of this study were to determine if three species hybrids also inherited the cotyledon position of the cytoplasmic parent, and to determine if P. acutifolius could be distinguished from P. vulgaris by its cotyledon position. Results indicated that the cotyledon positions of the three species hybrids did not differ significantly from the cotyledon positions of cultivars of the species used as the cytoplasmic parent for both P. vulguris cytoplasm and P. coccineus cytoplasm. Further, the cotyledon position of the P. acutifolius accessions did differ significantly from the cotyledon positions of both the P. vulgaris cultivars and the three species hybrid with P. vulgaris cytoplasm. These results suggest that cotyledon position may indeed be a species-specific trait for Phaseolus in Lamprecht's sense of the term.
454 PB 323 SELECTION FOR ASTER YELLOWS RESISTANCE IN CARROT
Authors: Gabelman W.H. , Goldman I.L. , Breitbach D. N.
Published: February 2019

Aster yellows, an insect-vectored disease caused by a mycoplasmalike organism, limits vegetable crop production in the Midwestern U.S.A breeding effort was initiated in 1982 to develop aster yellows resistance in carrot. A synthetic population (AYSYN) composed of 5 open-pollinated varieties and 4 inbreds was assembled in 1982. Inbred lines and hybrids were extracted from AYSYN using a variety of methods. Selection in artificially-infected field sites was carried out from 1982 until 1989. Twenty-three inbreds and 3 hybrids were developed from AYSYN during the selection process. Replicated field experiments were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1993 to determine the relative aster yellows resistance of these lines and hybrids in comparison with 6 check cultivars. Averaged over years, significant differences were detected for percent aster yellows infection among genotypes. Lines selected for resistance had a mean of 12% infected plant per plot as compared to 24% infection for standard cultivars. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of inbreeding and field selection for aster yellows resistance. This breeding effort represents the first report of aster yellows-resistant carrot germplasm.
GROWTH OF BIOLUMINESCENT XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. CAMPESTRIS IN THE FIELD ENVIRONMENT AFTER INOCULATIONS WIT” A COMPATIBLE NONVIRULENT OR INCOMPATIBLE PATHOVAR
Authors: Dane Fenny , Shaw Joe
Published: February 2019

Growth of genetically engineered, bioluminescent, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), causal agent of black rot of crucifera, was followed in cabbage plants after the plants were prior inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) or a nonvirulent strain of Xcc. Wound inoculation with Xcv induced a hypersensitive response and restricted the bioluminescent bacteria-host interaction if prior inoculation was carried out one day before challenge inoculation. Mist inoculation with Xcv was effective in restricting Xcc when the time period between inoculation end challenge was 6 days. In field studies, however, mist inoculation with Xcv or a nonvirulent strain of Xcc, one week before challenge inoculation with bioluminescent Xcc, did not significantly effect the growth and persistence of biolum inescent Xcc. The biolum inescent strain overwintered endophytically in cabbage and could be detected for many months throughout the vegetative period of the host.
461 PB 292 MAPPING RAPD MARKER DIVERSITY IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS
Authors: Skroth Paul , Nienhuis Jim , Jung Geunhwa , Coyne Dermont
Published: February 2019

Knowledge of genetic relationships and genetic diversity among accessions is essential for the efficient construction, maintainance and utilization of large ex-situ germplasm collections. Furthermore, streamlining of large collections into care collections necessitates validation of germplasm sampling techniques. DNA molecular markers provide potentially unbiased estimators of genome diversity end may facilitate organization, maintainance, and sampling of plant genetic resources. Our data suggests that RAPD markers will be o good tool for testing tore collection concepts and organizing genetic diversity in common bean. However, the genomic distribution of markers is unknown. Currently we are using recombinant inbred (RI) populations to place RAPD markers in the context of the bean genetic map. We hove evaluated the the distribution of RAPD markers in three RI populations: Bat93 × Jalo EEP558, PC50 × Xan159, and BAC6 × HT7719. Cultivated P.vulgaris has two primary renters of diversity Mesoamerican and Andean, the RI populations used for mapping RAPD markers ore Meso × Andean, Andean × Andean, and Meso × Meso crosses respectively. In the Bat93 × Jalo EEP558 population 383 markers have been mapped for a map length of 735 cM. However, approximately 150 of these markers ore members of 9 dusters which span only 90 cM. This inter gone pool mop is being integrated with linkage mops constructed in the other two populations to compare within and between gene pool marker distributions and to evaluate clustering of markers on the different mops. Implications for the application of RAPD markers will be discussed.
462 PB 295 RAPD MAPPING OF THE ASPARAGUS (ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L.) GENOME
Authors: Jiang Chunxiao , Sink Kenneth C.
Published: February 2019

RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) is being utilized to construct a molecular genetic linkage map. The mapping population used is comprised of 65 individuals. Of the 240 decamer primers (Operon) tested to date, 50 polymorphic bands have been resolved. The 50 markers are divided into two groups according to the genotypes of the two parents. The first group is where the female parent is heterozygous and male parent is homozygous and it has 17 markers, while the second group, in which male parent is heterozygous and female parent is homozygous, has 33 markers. Analysis of the two groups by MAPMAKER indicated that two linkage groups are formed in the first group, and five linkage groups are formed in the second group. Sex type is controlled by the M locus. Genetic experiments have demonstrated that females are homogametic (mm) while male plants are heterogametic (Mm) for the sex locus. Two bulks of genomic DNA created by using 10 male and 10 female individuals in the population were screened to identify RAPD markers associated with the sex locus. RAPD marker OCP15-984 is closely linked with the M locus (7.6 cM).
467 PB 330 RAPD ASSAY TO IMPROVE BRASSICA GENETIC RESOURCES COLLECTION MANAGEMENT
Authors: Phippen Winthrop B. , McFerson James R. , Kresovich Stephen
Published: February 2019

Genetic variation and relationships in genetic resources collections can be assessed using molecular genetic markers. We examined the applicability of the RAPD assay for quick, cost-effective, and reliable use in improving collection management. Fourteen accessions of Brassica oleracea spp. capitata `Golden Acre' (cabbage) were screened using nine decamer oligonucleotide primers. We obtained 110 reproducible fragments, of which 80 were polymorphic, ranging in size from 370-1730 bp. Individual accessions were readily distinguished. A cluster analysis of genetic distances generated by bootstrapping reflected all known genetic relationships, except one. Bulking strategies were also investigated. RAPD markers can be applied to gene bank management to measure variation, identify accessions, and establish genetic similarity at the intra-specific level addressing the needs of both curators and users.
468 PB 333 RAPDS ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DISTANCE BETWEEN WILD AND CULTIVATED TEPARY BEAN LINES
Authors: Debaene Jan E. Paul , Robison Laren
Published: February 2019

Tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) are considered drought and heat tolerant, desirable characteristics for arid regions. Knowing the genetic distances among tepary lines can indicate both compatibility for intraspecific crosses and potential for Interspecific P. acutifolius × P. vulgaris hybrids. Fifteen tepary lines, including cultivars and landraces, were compared to two pinto bean varieties using random amplified polymorphic DNA's (RAPDs). At the present time polymorphisms have been clearly identified between wild and cultivated teparies and the pinto bean. An ammo acid profile is also being determined using HPLC. More work needs to be completed before relationships among cultivated teparies can be established.
469 PB 336 INTER- AND INTRA-LINE GENOTYPIC VARIATION OF U. S. COLLARD CULTIVARS AND LANDRACES DETERMINED BY RAPD ANALYSIS
Authors: Farnham Mark W.
Published: February 2019

Collard (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is an important vegetable the southeastern U. S. There are few (about 10) commercial cultivars, half being open-pollinating (OP) lines, the remainder more recent F1 hybrids. There is a potential untapped B. oleracea germplasm pool in the form of collard landraces perpetuated by southeastern gardeners and farmers. To determine the amount of genetic variation among cultivars and also whether landraces represent unique genotypes, ten cultivars and eight lines or landraces were evaluated using RAPD analysis. Decamer primers were used to amplify total genomic DNA and to differentiate collard lines and other B. oleracea crop cultivars. Additionally, individuals of an OP collard cultivar and a land-race were analyzed to evaluate intra-line variation. Virtually all primers detected polymorphic bands among lines although some identified considerably more variants. Intra-line analysis indicated that OP lines are genetically broad-based populations. Many unique RAPD markers were identified in landraces indicating that the lines represent unique genotypes and that further line collection is warranted.
471 PB 361 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF STARCH USING CLONED STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME GENES
Authors: Fisher Dane K. , Boyer Charles D. , Guiltinan Mark
Published: February 2019

During plant starch biosynthesis, starch branching enzymes (SBE) catalyze a-1,6 branch point formation in starch, and thus are responsible for many properties of the starch polymer. Recently we have cloned cDNAs encoding the two major branching enzymes in developing maize endosperm, SBEI and SBEII. These genes are being used to alter starch biosynthesis via genetic engineering strategies. Transgenic tobacco plants with sense and antisense constructs of SBEI and SBEII have been produced. No major difference in the phenotypes of control and transgenic plants have been observed. Initial experiments demonstrated the transcription of the introduced genes. Enzyme levels and the molecular properties of the starch in the transgenic plants will be determined. These experiments will provide us with information as to the role of starch branching enzymes in starch biosynthesis, the feasibility of creating novel starch, and the effect altered starch has on plastid development and photosynthesis.
473 PB 367 AGROBACTERIUM- MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF CAULIFLOWER FOR CONTROL OF FLOWER SENESCENCE
Authors: Wagoner Wendy , Stamp J. , Matthews H. , Kellogg J. , Bestwick R.
Published: February 2019

Ethylene is a known causal factor in the decay and senescence of fruits and vegetables. The aim of the present study was to incorporate a gene for control of ethylene biosynthesis in order to prevent or delay the senescence of the cauliflower curds. We first developed a reproducible transformation system using marker genes for beta glucuronidase (GUS) and antibiotic resistance. Brassica oleraceae L. var. botrytis was transformed by inoculating hypocotyl explants with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains C58 or EHA101 containing plasmids pAG5110, pAG5420, or pAG5520. The plasmid pAG5110 contains the genes for neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) and GUS. The plasmids pAG5420 and pAG5520 contain a functional gene for S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase (SAMase) under an ethylene or wound inducible promoter, respectively. Hypocotyl explants were screened on regeneration medium with kanamycin for selection of transformants. Shoot regeneration occured within 4-6 weeks and morphologically normal plants developed within 3-4 months. The transgenic nature of the plants was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay, an ELISA based NPTII assay and Southern blot analysis. Transgenic plants outplanted in the greenhouse are being evaluated and selfed to study expression and inheritance pattern of the introduced trait.
475 PB 373 INHERITANCE OF A TWISTED POD CONDITION IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: February 2019

An abnormal pod condition, in which bean pods are twisted, sometimes as much as 360°, was discovered in a selection of OSU 5256, a Bush Lake breeding line. The amount of twisting of affected pods and the number of affected pods/plant are both variable. F2 progenies from crosses between twisted pod line 5256-1 and two normal bush Blue Lake cultivars segregate 3 normal:1 twisted, showing that the twisted mutant is controlled by a single recessive gene.
476 PB 376 THE EFFECT OF POD DETACHMENT CHARACTERISTICS ON POD DAMAGE, POD RECOVERY, AND AMOUNT OF TRASH IN PROCESSING GREEN BEANS
Authors: Lien Al , Baggett James R.
Published: February 2019

Pod detachment characteristics were studied in `EZ Pick', an unusually easy-picking cultivar, and `OREGON 91G', a normal cultivar. When `EZ Pick' pods were harvested by hand or by machine, they tended to separate at the pedicel-stem juncture or at the pedicel-calyx juncture, while `OREGON 91G' pods tended to break at the neck. When machine-harvested,'EZ Pick' had fewer broken pods, a higher recovery rate, and more trash than did `OREGON 91G'.
479 PB 405 THE PISUM P.I. AND MARX GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS
Authors: Simon Charles J. , Hannan Richard M.
Published: February 2019

The USDA Pisum collection, currently consisting of 2881 P.I. lines, is in its third year of maintenance and distribution from the Pullman WA location, after being transferred from the Geneva. NY P.I. Station. It is our policy to distribute only material that is free of the Pea Seedborne Mosaic Virus. To that end 2300 of the lines have undergone an extensive virus cleanup program to verify infection status and provide virus free seed. Virus-free seed has been undergoing multiplication under greenhouse and screenhouse conditions in Pullman, and under field conditions at research station at Central Ferry, WA. Seed is now available for approximately 1700 lines. A two-year program to update descriptor information for the 19 most important descriptors identified by the Pisum CAC was initiated this summer. A pea core collection has been developed and is being examined for representative diversity with molecular markers.

The G.A. Marx genetic stocks collection was transferred to Pullman in February, 1994. Over 400 of the 500+ lines designated for that collection have been increased in Geneva, NY under greenhouse conditions and are currently available for distribution. A computer database describing this collection is near completion, as is a bound catalog that will be made available. Lines of the collection are being given P.I. numbers, and the database will be uploaded into the new version of the USDA GRIN computer system that should be on-line sometime in 1994.
481 PB 411 GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR TOMATO RESISTANCE TO Pseudomonas solanacearum IN CATIE S PLANT INTRODUCTION COLLECTION
Authors: Gonzalez William G. , Summers William L.
Published: February 2019

233 tomato accessions of the Central American tomato collection maintained at CATIE and 7 commercial cultivars were evaluated for resistance to 4 virulent strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum representing race 1 biovars 1 and 3. In general biovar 3 strains wilted seedlings faster than biovar 1 strains but by 20 days post inoculation no significant differences were noted in susceptible check ratings. Highly significant differences for disease index were noted but no line with complete resistance was found. Two CATIE accessions, 17334 and 17340, were found to be as resistant as Hawaii 7998 to all 4 strains. Accessions 17345 and MIP-CH1 were resistant to 3 strains.
482 PB 414 A COMPARISON OF Pseudomonas solanacearum-RESISTANT TOMATO CULTIVARS AS HYBRID PARENTS
Authors: Gonzalez William G. , Summers William L.
Published: February 2019

Seven tomato lines and their 21 hybrid populations were evaluated for their ability to resist infection by 7 virulent strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum representing race 1 biovars 1 and 3. In all cases the Gardner and Eberhart model III analysis found GCA values to be significant. In 5 of 7 cases SCA was significant. In 4 cases the parent vs. cross contrast was significant. We conclude that resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum is predominantly controlled by additive gene action and to a lesser degree by dominant gene effects. Hawaii 7998 was found to be resistant to all 7 strains, while Rotam 4 and Rodade were resistant to biovar 3 and one race of biovar 1 (UW 275). Venus and Saturn were resistant to 3 other biovar 1 strains. Hawaii 7998 transmitted disease resistance better than the other resistant parents but its small fruit size and indeterminate growth habit make it a poor choice for a hybrid parent.
485 PB 125 QUANTIFYING THE EFFECT OF PLUG-FLAT COLOR ON SOIL SURFACETEMPERATURE
Authors: Faust James E. , Shimizu Hiroshi , Heins Royal D.
Published: February 2019

Surface temperature of a soilless medium in white, gray, and black plug sheets was measured to determine the value of using plug sheets of different colors to control soil temperature during seed germination and young seedling growth. Plugs sheets were placed in a greenhouse set at 25°C. Soil surface temperatures were measured with fine-wire thermocouples inserted into the top 1 mm of the soil. A thermal image analyzer was used to determine the temperature variation across the plug flat. At night, soil temperature in all three colored flats was 3°C below air temperature because of evaporation and net longwave radiative losses to the greenhouse glass. Surface temperature of moist soil increased as solar radiation increased. Soil surface temperature in the white sheet was 6.3 and 10°C warmer than the air under solar radiation conditions of 350 and 700 W ·m-2 (about 700 and 1400 μmol·m-2·s-1), which was 3 and 2°C cooler than soil the black and gray plug sheets, respectively. These data indicate plug sheet color influences soil surface temperature, but not as much as solar radiation does. Preventing high solar radiation during the summer is more critical than plug sheet color.
490 PB 140 MARIGOLD GROWTH IN SOILLESS MEDIA AMENDED WITH PHOSPHORUS-CHARGED ALUMINA
Authors: Lin Yuan-ling P. , Holocomb E. Jay , Lynch Jonathan P.
Published: February 2019

Soilless growing media are used extensively in the greenhouse, especially for the potted plant production. Unlike soil having a phosphorus (P)-fixing ability, soilless media allows greater P leaching from the media. Leaching of excess P results in inefficient fertilizer utilization and effluent pollution. In hydroponic and sand-culture systems, alumina adsorbed with P (P-alumina) has been developed as a P source to maintain buffered P concentrations in nutrient solutions. This P-alumina has not been used with soilless media; however, it may have a potential of serving as a P source for plant growth and a P buffer to alleviate P leaching in soilless media. Marigolds were grown in soilless media (peat moss: vermiculite: sand=2:2:1, v/v/v) with P-alumina at various concentrations being substituted for sand. These marigolds were fertilized with a nutrient solution containing no additional P, while the control was fertilized with complete nutrient solution. In four cultivars of marigolds, me P-alumina treatments produced comparable or superior growth and floral production compared to plants provided with complete nutrient solutions or conventional fertilizer. 70% of applied P was leached in conventional treatments compared to only 2% in the P-alumina treatments.
492 PB 166 DETERMINATION OF WATER UPTAKE INTO PEAT MEDIA USING LOADCELLS
Authors: Buechel Troy M. , Beattie David J. , Holcomb E. Jay
Published: February 2019

A characteristic problem with peat moss is its difficulty in initial wetting and rewetting, especially in a subirrigation system. Wetting agents improve wetting characteristics primarily by reducing the surface tension of water. This results in a rapid, uniform movement of water by capillary rise through the growing medium.

Two methods were used to compare the effectiveness of different wetting agents: gravimetric and electrical. Ten cm pots containing peat moss were placed in a subirrigation system. The gravimetric method used a laboratory scale where pots were periodically weighed to determine the amount of water absorbed. The electrical method utilized thin beam load cells, which have strain gages bound to the surface, to determine the weight of a suspended object. Load cells were coupled with a Campbell Scientific datalogger to collect data every minute without removing the pot from subirrigation. Because the effect of buoyancy altered the true weights, equations were generated to adjust the water uptake values. Corrected weights were used to create absorption curves for comparison of the slopes to determine which wetting agent has the fastest rate of absorption. The load cell reliably and accurately described the wetting characteristics of Peat moss and we found good agreement with the gravimetric method.
497 PB 201 Growth and Media Nutrient Concentration of Poinsettia as Influenced by a Pot Cover
Authors: Yelanich Mark V. , Biernbaum John A.
Published: February 2019

The evaporation of water is a major source of water loss from potted plants which can be eliminated by placing a barrier at the exposed surface of media in the pot. To better understand the effect of reducing surface evaporation on growth and media nutrient concentration, 15 cm subirrigated poinsettias were produced with and without a pot cover. Both treatments received the same quantity of fertilizer, 75 mg·week-1 N for a total of 13 fertilizations. Uncovered pots received 12 more irrigations than pots with covers (20 vs. 32). Sixteen weeks after planting, covered plants had significantly less leaf area (2175 vs 2628 cm2), bract area (1655 vs 2137 cm2), height (24.1 vs 27.6 cm), fresh mass (116 vs 144 g) and dry mass (17 vs 20 g) than uncovered plants. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg and EC (4.23 vs 2.65 mS·cm-1) were higher in the root-zone of covered plants than in uncovered plant. Covering the media surface did reduce the EC and the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the top layer (eg 13.47 mS·cm-1 vs 15.74 mS·cm-1) but stratification of salts to the top layer still occurred. Fertilizer salts in the top layer were shown to be less available to the plant than those in the root zone.
499 PB 207 SURVEY OF SULFUR LEVELS IN GREENHOUSE IRRIGATION WATERS
Authors: Reddy Shiv K. , Madore Michael A. , King Paul A.
Published: February 2019

Irrigation water can be a “free” source of S for crops. To find out how S levels in water vary in different regions, we searched our lab database, which has analyses of water samples from all across the U.S. The results showed that 4% of the water samples had no S. About two-thirds of the waters had less than 10 ppm S, low from plant requirement point of view. Eleven percent of the waters exceeded the sufficient level of 30 ppm S. Large number of waters in the Northeast, Atlantic states including Florida and Pacific Northwest including Hawaii had low, less than 10 ppm, S. In the eastern Corn Belt states, more waters had higher, above 10 ppm, S. The data indicated that irrigation water rarely provides sufficient S for greenhouse plants.
503 PB 219 RECYCLING SOLUTIONS AND METHOD OF FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE GROWTH OF HYBRID GERANIUM
Authors: Knight Patricia R. , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles H. , Ponder Harry G.
Published: February 2019

Seed geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey `Scarlet Elite') were grown in subirrigation troughs in 10-cm pots from 25 June to 3 August 1993. Production medium was a 1 pine bark:3 peat moss:1 perlite (v:v:v) mixture. Plants were irrigated using fresh or recycled solutions and fertilized using Peter's Geranium Special 15N-6.5P-12.5K or Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K. Controlled release fertilizer produced greater shoot dry weights and foliar color ratings than plants receiving water soluble fertilizer. Plants receiving a controlled release fertilizer had lower shoot N concentrations than plants receiving water soluble fertilizer. Recycled irrigation solutions reduced plant quality regardless of method of fertilization.
504 PB 242 EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION METHOD AND CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZER RATE ON LEACHATE AND GROWTH PARAMETERS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: Bruning Thomas B. , Chaplin Michael H. , Taber Henry G.
Published: February 2019

Ground water contamination resulting from continuous liquid fertilization technologies is a serious problem facing greenhouse growers in the United States. Rooted Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. cultivar 'Iridon' cuttings were transplanted into 11 cm pots filled with a 50% peatmoss and 50% perlite (v/v) media containing 0.10, 0.21, 0.42, or 0.84 g N from a controlled release 12-10-17 plus minors fertilizer deposited directly below the transplanted cutting. Pots were assigned to a top-water or subirrigation treatment.

Subirrigation reduced the nitrate leachate concentration by as much as 250 ppm as compared with top-watering. Fertilizer N rate linearly decreased plant height in both of the irrigation treatments. Final dry weight of the shoot peaked at the 0.21 g N rate in both the irrigation treatments.
507 PB 251 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM GREENHOUSE NIGHT TEMPERATURE FOR MARIGOLD SEEDLINGS BASED ON STARCH CONCENTRATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH
Authors: Hou Guoqiang , Buxton Jack W.
Published: February 2019

Through control of light intensity and CO, concentrations, three levels of starch (low, medium and high) in marigold seedlings existed at sunset. The range in starch concentration represented that encountered under average greenhouse conditions. For each starting starch concentration, an optimum temperature was initially determined based on first and second order reactions on the corresponding starch decline curve. Every day, during seedling growth in the greenhouse, the starch concentration at sunset was predicted based on primarily the quantity of light received throughout the day; the night temperature was adjusted to the predicted optimum night temperature setting. Based on these studies a significant improvement in seedling growth can be achieved with significantly less heating cost.
509 PB 257 SPECTRAL FILTERS AND GROWING SEASON INFLUENCE GROWTH AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: Rajapakse Nihal C. , Kelly John W.
Published: February 2019

The interaction of light quality and growing season on growth and carbohydrate metabolism of chrysanthemum was evaluated using 6% CuSO4 and water as spectral filters. Light transmitted through the CuSO4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants regardless of the season. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filters delayed flowering. Total number of flowers was not affected but plants grown under CuSO4 filter had smaller flowers than those grown under the control filter. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filter reduced leaf and stem soluble sugar and starch concentrations regardless of the growing season. However, me magnitude of reduction was greater in spring than in fall-grown plants. Stems of fall-grown plants had mom starch deposition than spring-grown plants under both filters. The reduction of leaf and stem carbohydrate content (per organ basis) was greater than that of concentrations due to reduced stem elongation and total dry matter accumulation. Filters with specific spectral characteristics can be used as alternative means of controlling height and producing compact plants in the greenhouses regardless of the growing season. However, flowering should be evaluated with individual flower crops as flowering response may interact with the quality of light and growing season.
513 PB 441 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF APPLE ROOTSTOCKS TO CROWN GALL: COMPARISON OF INOCULATION ABOVE AND BELOW SOIL LEVEL
Authors: Stover E.W. , Walsh C.S.
Published: February 2019

Trees of each of five rootstock genotypes (M.7a, M.9, M.26, MM.111, Mark,) were inoculated above and below ground with three strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These were compared to controls that were uninoculated or inoculated with sterile deionized water. All rootstocks tested were quite susceptible to crown gall, but M.9 and Mark were consistantly among the most susceptible genotypes. Percent of inoculated sites forming galls above ground ranged from 43% in M.7a to 77% in M.9 and the mean size of galls that formed ranged from 3.7 mm in M.26 to 7.7 mm in M.9. All rootstocks except M.9 formed galls at a higher percentage of inoculated sites that were below ground. Percent of below ground inoculations forming galls ranged from 67% in MM.111 to 100% in Mark while mean size of galls underground ranged from 4.2 mm in MM.111 to 15.3 mm in M.9. The proportion of inoculated sites forming galls below ground in M.7a was twice as high as in above ground sites For rootstock × strain means, each measure of crown gall susceptibility above ground was significantly correlated with corresponding below ground data at the 0.01 level. to three rootstocks, some trees inoculated with sterile deionized water also produced apparent galls at sites below the soil line (100% in Mark, 60% in M.7a, 22% in M.26) although none of the above ground control inoculations produced galls. Uninoculated controls showed no gall formation.
517 PB 453 ULTPASTRUCTURAL SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT OF PEACH PLANT INTRODUCTION 133984
Authors: Creller Michael A. , Werner Dennis J.
Published: February 2019

Surface morphology of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Plant Introduction 133984 (`Marina') differs from standard peach and nectarine clones. Scanning electron microscopic examination of `Marina', a standard peach (`Contender'), and a nectarine (`Sunglo') was conducted. At anthesis, `Marina' ovaries were glabrous, similar to `sunglo' nectarine. Fruit of `Contender' were fully pubescent at anthesis. Examination of `Marina' fruit two weeks after anthesis revealed the presence of both pubescent and glabrous sectors on the fruit surface. At fruit maturity, most of the fruit surface of `Marina' was covered with pubescence, but trichome density was considerably less than `Contender' peach. Trichome morphology of `Marina' differed from that of `Contender'.
518 PB 456 INHERITANCE OF PROCUMBENT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AMONG HYBRIDS OF `CIPO' SWEET ORANGE
Authors: Bowman Kim D.
Published: February 2019

Citrus tree size and growth form are important traits that can be influenced by the genotype of both scion and rootstock cultivars. However, there have been very few reports of size or growth habit traits within Citrus or sexually compatible genera that might be transmitted genetically in breeding programs. A procumbent growth habit has been described for `Cipo' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), a unique sweet orange cultivar maintained in the USDA germplasm repository. Sexual hybrids were produced between this selection and four related species, and these progenies were evaluated for two distinct traits associated with the unusual growth habit of `Cipo'. Inheritance of both drooping petiole and horizontal shoot growth were observed among the `Cipo' hybrids. Investigations are continuing on these four populations to verify segregation patterns and identify individuals possessing favorable combinations of growth habit with other desirable tree characteristics.