bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bcl2‐negative follicular lymphomas frequently have Bcl6 translocation and/or Bcl6 or p53 expression
Authors: Guo Ying , Karube Kennosuke , Kawano Riko , Suzumiya Junji , Takeshita Morishige , Kikuchi Masahiro , Huang Gao‐Sheng , Li Qing , Ohshima Koichi
Published: February 2007

Bcl2 is an important protein involved in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL). However, approximately 10% of FL cases do not express Bcl2. The present study was designed to compare gene aberrations, prosurvival gene expression, apoptosis and proliferation rates in Bcl2‐positive and ‐negative FL cases. Bcl2 translocation and Bcl6 translocation were detected and compared using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A tendency for Bcl6 translocation to occur was found more frequently in Bcl2‐negative FL than in the Bcl2‐positive cases. The expression of Bcl‐X, BAX, p53, Bcl6 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Bcl2 family proteins Bcl‐X and BAX were expressed similarly in the two FL types. In some cases of Bcl2‐negative FL there was high expression of Bcl6 or p53 but no such Bcl2‐positive FL cases were detected. Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between the expression of Bcl6 and p53. These results indicate that the Bcl6 translocation occurs more frequently in Bcl2‐negative FL. Furthermore, other prosurvival proteins such as p53 and Bcl6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Bcl2‐negative FL.
Use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in infants. A survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: EUSTACE NICHOLAS , O'HARE BRENDAN
Published: February 2007

Background:  Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as perioperative analgesics. Many are currently used off label. Diclofenac is currently licensed for use in children over 1 year of age for the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, while ibuprofen is licensed for use in children weighing over 7 kg. The dose and interval in children is currently extrapolated from adult studies, as the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are lacking in infants.

Methods:  A postal questionnaire was sent to members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetist of Great Britain and Ireland seeking to clarify members’ prescribing patterns of NSAIDs, especially in infants. Information regarding the choice of NSAIDS, route of administration, lower age limit, dose interval, dose and practice in two specific perioperative contexts (adenotonsillectomy and open heart surgery) was sought.

Results:  The response rate was 80%. NSAIDs are used by 86% of responders in infants. Diclofenac is most commonly used intraoperatively (78%); while ibuprofen (73%) was used more frequently postoperatively. NSAIDs are used by 21% of respondents in ICU. Commonest routes of administration were oral (81%) and rectal (80%), rarely intravenously (9%). The commonest dose for diclofena is 1 mg·kg−1 (59%); the dosing schedule employed being 8 hourly in 53% of cases. NSAIDs are used by 57% of responders as part of their analgesic regime for adenotonsillectomies.

Conclusion:  Members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland commonly prescribe NSAIDs in infants. This is despite the dearth of PK and PD data in this age group.
Effects of self‐management training in Type 2 diabetes: a randomized, prospective trial
Authors: Kulzer B. , Hermanns N. , Reinecker H. , Haak T.
Published: February 2007

Aims  The efficacy of three education programmes for Type 2 diabetic patients was tested in a randomized trial. A didactic‐oriented training programme (treatment A) was compared with a self‐management‐oriented programme delivered in group sessions (treatment B). The latter programme was compared with a more individualized approach (treatment C).

Methods  One hundred and eighty‐one Type 2 diabetic patients (age 55.6 ± 6.3 years, diabetes duration 6.6 ± 6.2 years, HbA1c 7.8 ± 1.6%, female 49.7%) took part. Efficacy was assessed 3 months (t1) after baseline (t0) and at a follow‐up 15 months (t2) after baseline.

Results  The fall in HbA1c in treatment B at t1 was sustained at t2 (t0 8.1 ± 1.8%, t1 7.3 ± 1.7%, t2 7.4 ± 1.9%). In treatment A, HbA1c was unchanged throughout (t0 7.6 ± 1.5%, t1 7.5 ± 1.3%, t2 7.7 ± 1.7%; treatment A vs. treatment B; P < 0.05). With the more individualized approach of treatment C, there was a fall in HbA1c at t1, but this was not sustained at t2 (t0 7.8 ± 1.6%, t1 7.1 ± 1.3%, t2 7.6 ± 1.6%; treatment B vs. treatment C; P = 0.73). There were also significant benefits in treatment B subjects compared with treatment A in further medical (body mass index and fasting blood glucose), psychological (control, irritability and hunger dependency of eating behaviour, and trait anxiety) and behavioural (exercise) variables. There were no significant benefits of the more individualized treatment C compared with group treatment B. No significant differences were found regarding triglyceride levels, high‐density lipoprotein, diabetes‐related knowledge, negative well‐being, urine or blood glucose levels or foot care.

Conclusion  Self‐management training had a significantly higher medium‐term efficacy than didactic diabetes education. The group sessions were more effective than a more individualized approach.
Seasonal Migration and Improving Living Standards in Vietnam
Authors: de Brauw Alan , Harigaya Tomoko
Published: February 2007

We use panel data methods to explore whether households in Vietnam used seasonal migration to increase their living standards during the 1990s. Using per capita expenditures as our primary measure of living standards and historical and latent network variables as instruments for migration, we can attribute 5.2 percentage points of annualized expenditure growth to increased migration. The results are robust to several alternative measures of living standards. As the estimates suggest migration accounts for a 3 percentage point decrease in the poverty headcount, we conclude migration played an important role in the improvement of living standards observed in Vietnam.
The Term Structure of Implied Forward Volatility: Recovery and Informational Content in the Corn Options Market
Authors: Egelkraut Thorsten M. , Garcia Philip , Sherrick Bruce J.
Published: February 2007

Using a flexible method, we develop the term structure of volatility implied by corn futures options with differing maturities, and evaluate its ability to predict subsequent realized price volatility. The implied forward volatilities anticipate realized volatility well. For the nearby interval, the implied forward volatilities provide unbiased forecasts, and are superior to forecasts based on historical volatilities. For more distant intervals, early‐year options predict the direction and magnitude of future volatility changes about as well as a three‐year moving average and better than a naïve forecast. However, later‐year options display less forecast power in part due to reduced trading activity.
Reputations, Market Structure, and the Choice of Quality Assurance Systems in the Food Industry
Authors: Carriquiry Miguel , Babcock Bruce A.
Published: February 2007

Many food traits desired by consumers are costly to provide and difficult to verify. A complicating factor is that delivered quality can only be affected stochastically by producers and imperfectly observed by consumers. Markets for these goods will emerge only if supplying firms can be trusted. We develop a repeated purchases model to explore how quality discoverability, market structure, nature of reputations, market premiums, and discount factors drive firm choice about the stringency of quality assurance systems designed to gain consumer trust. Reputation protection is key incentive for firms to invest in high‐quality goods and quality assurance systems.
Economic Replacement of a Heterogeneous Herd
Authors: Boys Kathryn A. , Li Ning , Preckel Paul V. , Schinckel Allan P. , Foster Kenneth A.
Published: February 2007

A model was developed to determine the optimal slaughter weights of pigs with heterogeneous growth raised in a 1,000 head barn and marketed in truckload groups. Under commonly used revenue schemes, which include discounts for weight and leanness, the optimal strategy was to market one or two truckloads of the heaviest animals, to wait several days, and then to market the rest of the herd. This multiple marketing strategy allows the producer to avoid some sort losses for heavy animals, but only modestly extends the grow/finish period, reflecting the dominance of the opportunity cost of facilities in the herd replacement decision.
Estimating Investment Rigidity within a Threshold Regression Framework: The Case of U.S. Hog Production Sector
Authors: Boetel Brenda L. , Hoffmann Ruben , Liu Donald J.
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the issues of investment/disinvestment asymmetry and a possible existence of a sluggish regime in the demand for a quasi‐fixed input in the U.S. hog production sector. Adopting a new threshold estimation procedure, quarterly data from 1970 through 2002 are used to estimate a regime‐dependent investment demand equation for a quasi‐fixed input, taking sows as a proxy. The results support the existence of three regimes over alternative specifications precluding the sluggish regime, confirming the existence of asset fixity in hog production. The results also highlight the importance of accounting for investment rigidity when estimating hog supply and variable input demands.
Evaluating Alternative Prescribed Burning Policies to Reduce Net Economic Damages from Wildfire
Authors: Mercer D. Evan , Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Butry David T. , Pye John M.
Published: February 2007

We estimate a wildfire risk model with a new measure of wildfire output, intensity‐weighted risk and use it in Monte Carlo simulations to estimate welfare changes from alternative prescribed burning policies. Using Volusia County, Florida as a case study, an annual prescribed burning rate of 13% of all forest lands maximizes net welfare; ignoring the effects on wildfire intensity may underestimate optimal rates of prescribed burning. Our estimated supply function for prescribed fire services is inelastic, suggesting that increasing contract prescribed fire services on public lands may produce rapidly escalating costs for private landowners and unintended distributional and “leakage” effects.
A Political Economic Analysis of U.S. Rice Export Programs to Japan and South Korea: A Game Theoretic Approach
Authors: Lee Dae-Seob , Kennedy P. Lynn
Published: February 2007

The Uruguay Round Agreement on agriculture (UR) has contributed to the increase in U.S. and world rice trade since 1994. Despite this, the Japanese and Korean rice markets continue to be characterized by high levels of trade intervention. This paper attempts to analyze both import markets incorporating econometric estimates and public choice theory in a game theoretic framework. Various scenarios are analyzed. The results show that the overall Nash equilibrium occurs with a 4% tariff reduction for Japan and Korea under the U.S. Market Development Program, which includes the Market Access Program and Foreign Market Development Program.
Regional Growth and Policies in the European Union: Does the Common Agricultural Policy Have a Counter‐Treatment Effect?
Authors: Esposti Roberto
Published: February 2007

This article investigates the impact of both the Common Agricultural Policy and structural policies on European regions by estimating a conditional growth convergence model. The Common Agricultural Policy influences the convergence process by affecting regional aggregate productivity, eventually conflicting with the structural policies designed to promote growth in lagging regions. The conditional convergence model is specified in a dynamic panel data form and applied to 206 regions observed from 1989 to 2000. A GMM estimation is applied in order to obtain consistent estimates of both the convergence parameter β and the impact of the conditioning variables, policy measures in particular.
Testing Choice Experiment for Benefit Transfer with Preference Heterogeneity
Authors: Colombo Sergio , Calatrava-Requena Javier , Hanley Nick
Published: February 2007

Benefit transfer is a cost‐effective method for estimating the value of environmental goods that relies on information obtained in previous studies. The multiattribute approach of choice experiments should provide advantages in terms of benefit transfer, allowing differences in environmental improvements between sites as well as differences in socioeconomic and attitude characteristics between respondent populations. This article investigates the capability of choice experiment method to be used in environmental benefit transfer when a random parameters approach is used to allow for preference heterogeneity: we find that the inclusion of respondents' taste heterogeneity reduces the magnitude of the transfer error.
On the Relationship between the Student‐Advisor Match and Early Career Research Productivity for Agricultural and Resource Economics Ph.D.s
Authors: Hilmer Christiana E. , Hilmer Michael J.
Published: February 2007

We use a unique data set on students receiving their Ph.D.s from top‐ranked agricultural and resource economics programs to investigate how the ranking of a student's dissertation advisor affects his or her early career research productivity. After controlling for program reputation, we find that the higher the relative research productivity of a student's dissertation advisor the greater the student's early career research productivity. Allowing the estimated effects of advisor rank to vary with program reputation suggests that students from lower‐ranked programs working with relatively more prominent advisors outperform their peers at highly ranked programs working with less prominent advisors.
Land Distribution and International Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Vollrath Dietrich
Published: February 2007

The unequal distribution of agricultural land is often cited as a source of inefficiency in agriculture. Previous cross‐country studies of agricultural productivity differences, though, have not considered land inequality. This article addresses this issue by using cross‐country data on inequality in operational holdings of agricultural land from Deininger and Squire (1998). In an estimation of an agricultural production function, the Gini coefficient for land holdings is found to have a significant negative relationship with productivity. This is consistent with the existence of heterogeneity in productivity by farm size within countries. A one standard deviation drop in the Gini coefficient implies an increase in productivity of 8.5%.
The 1976 Election and the American Political System
Authors: Williams Philip , Wilson Graham K.
Published: February 2007

The elections, remembered as the first in which an incumbent President was defeated since 1932, show other characteristics inconsistent with usual interpretations. The Democratic Party's selection procedure managed to produce a moderate around whom the party could unite for the first time since 1964 while the Republicans experienced a damaging fight which the more extreme candidate almost won. Analysis of the results refutes many common conclusions. The popular vote was not as close as in other postwar elections; regional variations less pronounced and party more important in the campaign than had been supposed. The Republicans showed surprisingly strongly in the Presidential election, but did disastrously again in others. No satisfactory theory explains the discrepancy. Republicans still challenge strongly for the Presidency but consistently fail elsewhere.
Perceptions, Decisions and Consequences in Foreign Policy: The Egyptian Intervention in the Yemen
Authors: Dawisha A. I.
Published: February 2007

Brecher's ‘research design’ is particularly suitable for exploring the process of foreign policy making of transitional political systems characterized by the preponderance of a charismatic leader. In this paper, the ‘research design’ is utilized to explain the decision by President Nasser of Egypt to intervene militarily in the Yemen civil war in September-October, 1962. The various components of the operational environment are first analysed, and then a qualitative and quantitative analysis of Nasser's perceptions of these components is undertaken. Within the context of this perceptual pattern, the decision-making process is then examined and is deemed to comprise three major decisions: two tactical decisions leading to the strategic decision necessitating the commitment of Egyptian troops in the Yemeni civil war. The feedback effects and policy consequences resulting from the implementation of the strategic decision are then explored, and finally, eleven hypotheses are tested against the findings of the study.
The Religious Alignment at English Elections between 1918 and 1970
Authors: Miller William L. , Raab Gillian
Published: February 2007

Before World War I religion was a major determinant of voting in Britain. Butler and Stokes have used recent interview surveys, divided into cohorts, to trace the declining effect of religion on British partisanship or at least the present day results of that historic decline. This paper compares their findings with census based analyses of religion and voting at each election from 1918 to 1970 and for each major party. The results confirm and extend the Butler/Stokes conclusions. The Conservatives consistently benefited from the Anglican tradition, Labour consistently did badly in areas of high religiosity. But the Liberals connection with both class and religion varied. Religious effects were large between the wars. They dropped to a low level in 1950–1 and then increased again though not to the interwar level.
The History of Local Political Power—Some Suggestions for Analysis
Authors: Garrard John A.
Published: February 2007

This paper represents an attempt to analyse certain aspects of the work on ‘community power’ within a historical context. It begins with a critical review of those writers whose work has included a historical dimension, particularly R. A. Dahl. It is argued that generalizations about the location of power in the past need to go beyond the mere analysis of the background of office-holders, and the consequent search for a socioeconomic ‘élite’. Indeed, such generalizations need to be tested quite as rigorously as any that are made about the present. On the basis of research done on Salford, an attempt is made to suggest a framework for the comparative analysis of the political context within which nineteenth-century urban municipal leaders operated, and by which their power was conditioned.
On Negative and Positive Liberty
Authors: Gray John N.
Published: February 2007

Berlin's account contains a powerful argument in support of the claim that freedom consists in the non-restriction of options. This is seen when we consider his treatment of freedom, the concept and its rival conceptions, his discussion of descriptive and evaluative aspects of judgements about freedom, his account of the relations between freedom, power and the real will, his argument for the dependency of judgements about freedom on social theories, and his views on the place of a negative conception of freedom in the liberal tradition. Berlin is right to reject positive conceptions of freedom which depend on a rationalist doctrine; but mistaken in his view that all forms of positive libertarianism necessarily involve such commitments.
The Political Implications of Sectoral Cleavages and the Growth of State Employment: Part 2, Cleavage Structures and Political Alignment
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick
Published: February 2007

Part 1 of this paper (last issue) outlined four alternative approaches to the analysis of non-class production cleavages, namely: empiricist electoral analysis, Weberian accounts, radical Weberian/conventional Marxist approaches, and sectoral theory. In Part 2, the sectoral approach is applied in two areas of empirical concern. The first is the analysis of the cleavage structures underlying party differentiation in modern Britain, looking in particular at union/non-union and public/private employment divisions within the labour force. The second area of application is the analysis of influences on political alignment, using two data sets for 1974. The conclusion argues for the greater accuracy and utility of sectoral theory compared with the other three approaches in both these areas, although the available empirical evidence linking sectoral location via unionization to political alignment remains essentially preliminary at this stage.
Politicians and Electoral Laws: An Anthropology of Party Competition in Ireland
Authors: Carty R. K.
Published: February 2007

At one level this paper constitutes an electoral anthropology of party competition in Ireland. Focusing on one constituency, over three decades, the analysis reveals the complex and intertwined patterns of inter-party and intra-party competition that characterize Irish electoral politics and which, now institutionalized, contribute to the conservative cast of the country's politics. At a second level the argument points to the importance of the electoral system (here Proportional Representation by the single transferable vote) in structuring the behaviours of politicians who must work within it. In this regard an electoral system affects both the quality and quantity of competition, the character of party organization, and the capacity of a political system to recruit talent.
California's Proposition 13 and the Fiscal Limitations Movement in the United States
Authors: Danziger James N.
Published: February 2007

There have been substantial recent efforts to use public policy measures to limit public taxing and spending in the United States. These fiscal limitations policies are analysed, with primary attention on the explanations for and the effects of Proposition 13, the measure enacted by California voters in June 1978. More broadly, the characteristic features of fiscal limitations measures in the United States are explicated. These measures attempt to place constitutional or statutory constraints on a government's expenditure levels, on its revenue generation capabilities, or on the nature of its fiscal policy-making process. The data and analysis suggest that some of the fundamental forces underlying fiscal limitations measures might emerge in many ‘First World’ political systems and that such measures, as a policy innovation, might diffuse widely.
Economic Man and Original Sin
Authors: Hollis Martin
Published: February 2007

Are we descended from Adam or from rational economic homunculi? Rational-man theories usually favour the latter. But all four main versions run into famous puzzles of collective action. The cause is an underlying Humean philosophy of mind, by which desires, not reasons, move the rational man. When this is replaced, the idea of expressive rationality can be made to work. It requires a model of man, which gives human nature less variables and more constants. Among the constants there needs to be a pride, which spurs men both to create a social framework and to undermine their own creation. The old name for this source of social contradictions is Original Sin.
Uneven Development and Nationalism: 2
Authors: Orridge A. W.
Published: February 2007

The theory that nationalism is a response to the uneven geographical development of capitalism or industrialism is criticized, partly on grounds of factual adequacy and conceptual looseness, but primarily because the theory cannot account for some of the main aspects of nationalism.
Thomas Hobbes and the Constituent Power of the People
Authors: Forsyth Murray
Published: February 2007

The paper examines Hobbes's doctrine of representation and argues that implicit in this doctrine is the modern notion of the people as the constituent power of the state. Attention is focused on the progressive evolution of Hobbes's ideas about the multitude, the people, and the constitution of political unity, and on the connection between his doctrine of political representation and his concept of personality. The paper ends by assessing the compatibility of Hobbes's concept of the people as constituent power and his concept of the commonwealth by acquisition.
Rights, Relativism, and Religious Faith in Montesquieu
Authors: Masterson Michael P.
Published: February 2007

There is tension between Montesquieu's determinist science of human behaviour and his moral prescriptions. He believed in natural law and rights, notably the right to liberty. Yet he advanced physical explanations of individual behaviour and a mixture of physical and social explanations of cultural differences in moral and aesthetic attitudes, religious belief and the capacity to sustain liberty. Such explanations conflict with the assertion that human beings can know and follow universal natural laws. Despite his explanations of religious beliefs, Montesquieu resolved the intellectual and emotional tension between his doctrines by recourse to his own religious beliefs—for a working knowledge of moral principles—and the notion of a freely acting, immaterial soul, although his science seems to leave it almost no room for action.
Distributive Justice and the Criticism of International Law
Authors: Nardin Terry
Published: February 2007

Debate concerning international justice has shifted during this century from issues of legality to those of welfare. Underlying present controversies are differences regarding the character of international society and of political association itself. One division separates those who accept the premises of the states system from others who look forward to a cosmopolitan world society of individuals. And where some identify international justice with conduct according to common rules, others link it with social and economic equality or the achievement of minimum levels of welfare. The idea of distributive justice reflects the view that law and government should promote the latter ends. This raises the question (explored here using some ideas of Michael Oakeshott's) whether the pursuit of distributive justice is compatible with international relations in terms of common rules.
Uneven Development and Nationalism: I
Authors: Orridge A. W.
Published: February 2007

A number of writers have recently argued that nationalism is essentially a response to the uneven geographical development of capitalism or industrialism. In this part of the paper the most important problems confronting a theory of nationalism are outlined and the origins of this particular theory in twentieth-century Marxian thought are examined.
Adversary Politics and Land Policy: Explaining and Analysing British Land Values Policy Making since 1947
Authors: Cox Andrew W.
Published: February 2007

This paper looks at the question of whether or not political parties in Britain have autonomy in drawing up legislation when in office. Using the development of party and governmental policies for land values problems since 1947 as case study, the paper assesses the relative merits of various explanations of policy making. While it is true in this particular case that adversary party politics and relative governmental autonomy in decision making does exist, the paper concludes by assessing the consequences of this for effective policy implementation. It is argued that policy formulated primarily on the basis of ideology and dogma leads to policy failure and, ultimately, the generation of pluralistic and/or corporatist tendencies.
Problems of Controlling Public Sector Agencies: The Case of Norwegian Oil Policy
Authors: Richardson J. J.
Published: February 2007

The problem of the control and accountability of public sector agencies is common in most Western democracies. Though ‘hiving off’ is seen as attractive by policy-makers, it often brings with it quite serious problems. It is important to take account of the role of the self-interest of agencies in designing control systems. This is particularly necessary where failure to control the activity of an agency can have serious consequences in other policy areas or for society as a whole. An examination of Norwegian North Sea oil policy illustrates the difficulty of achieving control in areas involving uncertainty and high technology. The Norwegian case does, however, also illustrate that the ‘natural tendencies' of organizations can be utilized, once recognized, to achieve a greater degree of accountability and control.
Constituency Focus and Urban Policy Making: Local Politics in London
Authors: Kantor Paul P. , Lawrence David G.
Published: February 2007

The significance of constituency forces in policy making has been frequently suggested, but the role of psychological constituency orientations in legislative politics has rarely been explored. We explore the structure and impact of such internalized norms in a survey of 114 councillors in three Greater London boroughs. The research suggests that councillors do not usually choose between representing smaller or larger territorial units; rather, councillors aggregate these as a single geographical focus which is distinct from an alternative partisan set of constituencies. The two orientations are unrelated to each other and, to a large extent, to party affiliation. Furthermore, the choice of constituency is associated with distinctive, fairly coherent attitudes towards policy making. The geographic focus is linked to a Pluralist policy-making style which disperses and individualizes power in council politics. In contrast, council Partisans tend to hold attitudes about representation which augment the role of party institutions.
Politics, Planning, and Capitalism: National Economic Planning in France and Britain
Authors: Herberg Mikkal E.
Published: February 2007

This study examines explanations for the success or failure of planning efforts of the 1945 British Labour Government and the French Government of the Fourth Republic. Most conventional views of British postwar planning depict it as hopelessly weak and disorganized while French planning is seen as reasonably well-armed and effectively organized. However, these views reflect excessive attention on purely administrative as well as political–cultural explanations and tend to ignore the critical underlying role of domestic politics and power. The French planning effort was only one element of a broader, relatively uncoordinated collaborative process, carried on among bureaucratic state elites and large industry, which effectively accelerated industrial investment and economic growth. Its success hinged on the inability of organized labour effectively to defend its wage interests within the political structure. In the British case, manipulation of capital markets was only marginally productive given the power and autonomy of the finance sector while the alternative attempt to plan through manpower direction failed due to the ability of organized labour to defend its wage interests in the face of chronic inflation. In each case, the structure of political power was most important in determining the success of the divergent technical approaches to planning.
Deutschmarx: Marx, Engels, and the German Question
Authors: Levin Michael
Published: February 2007

Marx and Engels's analysis of German society can be fruitfully viewed as a materialist adaptation of earlier Romantic views on German special development. The failure to develop a strong bourgeois class meant that Germany's pattern of development differed markedly from the general theory outlined in Part One of the Manifesto. If the bourgeoisie could not further the development of society, that task necessarily fell to the German proletariat, thereby placing them at the head of the international workers' movement. Thus the initial relative backwardness of the German working class could be transformed into a position prior to that of England, the country that industrialized first, and France, where the most complete bourgeois revolution had occurred.
Liberty and Equality
Authors: Steiner Hillel
Published: February 2007

The traditional characterization of a libertarian society is that it is one which minimizes uncontracted enforcible restrictions on individual conduct. It is argued that, due to (i) the fact of necessarily finite natural resources, and (ii) the fact that human societies are composed of persons who are not exact contemporaries, i.e. of generations, this libertarian requirement can only be satisfied in a society which embodies at least one important conception of socialism.
Bureaucratic Politics and Power: Developments in the Study of Bureaucracy
Authors: Jenkins Bill , Gray Andrew
Published: February 2007

This paper argues that the study of bureaucracy should explicitly recognize the latter's essential organizational existence, and further, that explanations of bureaucratic behaviour are promoted by adopting dynamic political models of organization. Various literatures which appear to adopt elements of such an approach are discussed. From this a model of bureaucracy is formulated which draws particular attention to power, political bargaining and historical development. Finally, the paper suggests something of the explanatory potential of such a model in the British context.
Foreign Policy and Technology: The Japan-US Japan-Britain and Japan-EEC Technology Agreements
Authors: Hills Jill
Published: February 2007

This article discusses the technological agreement between the United States and Japan, which was eventually agreed to by the Japanese government in June 1982, and agreements between Japan, Britain and the EEC. The argument presented here is that technological power has become a political resource of national governments. The American government has used political power through the Japan-US Defence Treaty to attempt to retain technological and economic power. The Japanese government has been prepared to forgo technological power in order to placate American, British and EEC protectionist sentiments. Although governments of industrialized nations are now recognizing domestic technology as a determinant of power, ongoing technological innovation and the penetration by Japan of American microchip markets has increased US dependency on Japan. This economic dependency has not yet been recognized by shifts in political power.
Sorel's Early Marxism and Science
Authors: Jennings J. R.
Published: February 2007

This article sets out to explore both the original attraction of the work of Marx for Sorel and the precise nature of his early Marxism. Sorel saw Marxism as a science capable of providing a scientific understanding of economic activity and of discovering the ‘laws’ that ‘determined’ economic development. This was not an ‘orthodox’ position however. Sorel's understanding of scientific method was largely derived from Claude Bernard's Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale and once this has been perceived it becomes clear that Sorel did not adhere to a ‘determinist’ interpretation of Marx. The article concludes by showing the manner in which Sorel abandoned this assessment of Marx, while at the same time preserving his original faith in science.
Freedom and the Handicapped: Possibility, Eligibility, Intention and Omission
Authors: Budgen R. , Johnston B.
Published: February 2007

This paper is an attempt to apply an analysis of negative freedom to the position of handicapped people. Negative freedom is defined in terms of both possibility and eligibility of action and, in addition, the emphasis is placed upon the intention of human agents to restrict action (or the omission to prevent such restriction). This analysis of freedom is applied to the areas of prevention of handicap and the employment, access problems, and education of handicapped people in Britain. The conclusion is that, though we recognize that aspects of handicapping conditions inevitably restrict some activities, handicapped people are, either through intention or omission, less free than the able-bodied.
The Utility of Consent in John Locke's Political Philosophy
Authors: Zvesper John
Published: February 2007

This paper argues that the interpretation of Locke's doctrine of political consent is best built on ground between and above the extremes of voluntarism (deriving legitimacy from the form of actual consent) and utilitarianism (basing legitimacy on the proper end of hypothetical consent). Locke's characteristic combination of voluntarism and utilitarian considerations is illustrated by looking at his thoughts on religious toleration and property. Finally, some of the outstanding difficulties in Locke's account of consent are reviewed in the light of these reflections on the intention of his doctrine.
Central Coordination and the Policy Network
Authors: Sharpe L. J.
Published: February 2007

Where responsibility for a public service is divided between the centre and sub-national government, legislative intention is unlikely to match service delivery. This is the implementation gap or control deficit, which, it is claimed, will always arise because of inherent limitations on central coordinative capacity. However, this claim seems to be derived from states like West Germany where conditions are such that the centre is severely handicapped. In states where the centre has fewer constrictions, like the United Kingdom, the centre appears to be able to minimize control deficits by a number of means, including the co-option of national associations of sub-national professionals, and sub-national units themselves. The UK centre is also able to restructure the sub-national system itself in order to enhance its control capacity.
The European Community and South Africa: Economic Reality or Political Rhetoric?
Authors: Holland Martin
Published: February 2007

This article examines the economic and political relationship between the European Community (EC) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). From the economic perspective, the Community's objective of securing economic independence for the region, trends in EC–RSA trade and the arguments pertaining to mineral dependency are discussed. From the political perspective, Community statements on apartheid are compared with its foreign policy record. In particular, the Code of Conduct for European firms operating in the Republic is analysed within the framework of European Political Cooperation (EPC). The achievements, failures, future role and alternatives to the Code are considered and the limitations imposed by EPC in realizing a collective foreign policy are recognized.
Corporatism, Public Policy and the Labour Movement: A Comparative Study
Authors: McBride Stephen
Published: February 2007

This article identifies two dimensions which distinguish corporatism, especially as defined by Philippe Schmitter, from pluralism. Noting that most discussions of corporatism have emphasized one dimension and neglected the second, the article seeks to determine, empirically, whether the two dimensions are as closely associated as the concept suggests. The finding, for the cases studied, is that they are inversely rather than positively correlated. The search for an explanation of why this might be the case leads to two conclusions. First, that the management of labour-capital conflict in advanced capitalist countries has relied less on inter-group and group–state interaction than corporatist theory would suggest. Second, that Schmitter's conceptualization of corporatism is seriously flawed and that other corporatist writers avoid these flaws only at the cost of drastically reducing the concept's distinctiveness from pluralism.
On the Degeneration of the Public Sphere
Authors: Rodger John J.
Published: February 2007

The paper interprets C. Wright Mills's distinction between ‘private troubles' and ‘public issues' as indicating both a conceptual and an institutional separation between civil society and the public sphere. It goes on to argue that Habermas's social theory is founded upon the view that ‘distorted communication’ should be analysed within an already institutionalized public space within civil society. Arguments that claim that the public sphere is degenerate on historical or theoretical grounds are rejected. The paper differentiates between pre-institutional and institutional levels of the public sphere and concludes by illustrating this conceptual distinction, first, through a brief discussion of ‘new social movements' and Alain Touraine's actionist sociology, and secondly, through a discussion of natural justice and public inquiries.
The Chinese Political Order after Mao: ‘Socialist Democracy’ and the Exercise of State Power
Authors: Goodman David S. G.
Published: February 2007

The imperatives of modernization, legitimacy, and a permanent political order have been the major concerns of the Chinese Communist Party since 1976. A central part of the Party's response has been the campaign to promote ‘socialist democracy’. This article examines the formulation of that concept, as well as the prospects for its successful implementation. It suggests that the reforming zeal of many in the higher echelons of the Party's leadership may be more than matched by the bureaucratic conservatism of middle management.
Lindblom, Wildavsky and the Role of Support
Authors: Spread Patrick
Published: February 2007

Lindblom's and Wildavsky's central concern with the relationship between intellectual matters and government is discussed in terms of a theory of support bargaining. The pursuit of support is held to dictate both the emergence of ideas and the process of government. Any independence of intellectual ideas from social advancement is seen as attained by structuring of the support-bargaining process to make ‘fact-forming’ groups in some degree independent of those who use the facts. Lindblom's and Wildavsky's theories concerning budget strategies, incrementalism and policy analysis are considered in relation to the theory of support bargaining.
The Elements of the Concept of Ideology
Authors: Hamilton Malcolm B.
Published: February 2007

This article, based upon an extensive examination of the literature on the concept of ideology, identifies some 27 definitional components or ‘elements' which are discussed in turn to ascertain their utility and coherence as definitional criteria. On the basis of this examination a number of these elements are found to be essential to the concept, and are built into a definition which allows consideration of, among other things, the expressive and justificatory dimension of beliefs often ignored in other definitions.
Protest and Survive? Alliance Support in the 1983 British General Election
Authors: Studlar Donley T. , McAllister Ian
Published: February 2007

Much of the key to the future of the British party system rests in the nature of the support for the Liberal–Social Democratic Alliance. If that support is a protest vote, the possibility of realignment within the party system is negligible; if it is socially and attitudinally distinct, then the potential for a fundamental realignment is clearly present. By applying multivariate analysis to survey data, this paper examines the social and attitudinal bases of support for the Alliance in the 1983 British general election, and for comparative purposes, examines Liberal support in the 1979 general election. The results show that Alliance support in 1983 was somewhat different from 1979 Liberal support, notably in terms of the issues that motivated Alliance voters. In light of comparative theoretical work on third parties, these findings suggest the possibility of a long-term rôle for the Alliance as either a realigning or at least persistently dealigning force.
Lenin on the Jewish Question: The Theoretical Setting
Authors: Peled Yoav
Published: February 2007

Western scholars studying Lenin's writings on the Jewish question tend to view them as reflecting no more than the tactical needs of the struggles he conducted against the Jewish Bund. This article examines these writings in the context not of Lenin's political quarrels with the Bund but of his theoretical conception of the relationship between modernization and ethnic conflict. Underlying Lenin's views on the Jewish question and the positions he took vis-à-vis the Bund was a carefully considered theory of nationality grounded in a clearly defined Marxist outlook on history. That theory of nationality, however, happened to be erroneous in that it stipulated the gradual elimination of ethnic conflict as a by-product of modernization. In reality, as theorists of ethnicity have shown in the last 15 years, modernization may have the exactly opposite effect. For the benefits of modernity, whether economic or political, accrue in unequal measures to members of different ethnic groups, thus intensifying ethnic solidarity and the friction between ethnic communities. Lenin's over-optimistic view of the effect of economic development on inter-ethnic relations caused him to judge the Jewish problem in Russia in an unrealistic way, and gave his comments on that problem the appearance of ad hoc tactical pronouncements.
Bureaucratic Power and Public Policies: A Test of the Rational Staff Maximization Hypothesis
Authors: Boyne George A.
Published: February 2007

This paper tests the staff maximization hypothesis that bureaucratic power is positively related to labour inputs to the production of public sector goods and services. The context of the test is the staffing policies of three groups of British local authorities in three time periods. The relationship between bureaucratic power and changes in authorities' staff is estimated while controlling for the influence of local party politics, central grants and conditions in the environment of the local political system. The results of the statistical analysis refute the staff maximization hypothesis.
Exploitation, Extortion and Oppression
Authors: Carling Alan
Published: February 2007

Exploitation, extortion and oppression describe unjust social arrangements that ought to be changed. The concept of exploitation is particularly associated with Marx's critique of capitalism, and the term ‘extortion’ sometimes designates the injustice of feudalism. The distinctions between these concepts can be clarified using the framework of rational-choice theory. Oppression is a situation of unfair exclusion (from resources, or utilities more generally). Exploitation is the unfair use by one person of the excluded situation of another. Extortion involves the deliberate creation of an exploiting situation. The relation of these phenomena to coercion is a logical one only in the case of extortion: coercion being necessary to extortion.
Ethnic Minority Representation and Party Competition in Britain: The Case of Ealing Borough
Authors: Messina Anthony M.
Published: February 2007

This article critically assesses claims that the Conservative and Labour Parties' neglect of Britain's non-white population is due to its relatively small size and/or its geographical concentration in ‘safe’, predominantly white, Labour constituencies. Rather, it is demonstrated that in the London Borough of Ealing, where non-whites comprise a quarter of the population and neither major party enjoys political predominance, a number of intra-party constraints (e.g. ideology) combine with electoral disincentives (e.g. addressing non-white demands could alienate whites in the handful of electorally marginal wards which decide the parliamentary balance) to impel both parties to neglect non-white interests.