bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pelagic Nekton Abundance and Distribution in the Northern Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California
Authors: Feyrer Frederick , Slater Steven B. , Portz Donald E. , Odom Darren , Morgan‐King Tara , Brown Larry R.
Published: December 2016

Knowledge of the habitats occupied by species is fundamental for the development of effective conservation and management actions. The collapse of pelagic fish species in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California, has triggered a need to better understand factors that drive their distribution and abundance. A study was conducted in summer–fall 2014 in an attempt to identify physical and biological habitat conditions that drive the abundance and distribution of pelagic species in the northern region of the system. The study was conducted in the three largest channels in the northern Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta by dimension, volume, and flow capacity. The pelagic community was dominated by three nonnative species, Siberian prawn Exopalaemon modestus, which comprised 56% of the total number of organisms, and two fish species, Threadfin Shad Dorosoma petenense and Mississippi Silversides Menidia audens, which together comprised 43% of the total number of organisms. Total fish and total shrimp abundance were sensitive to the most extreme values of turbidity and temperature encountered and positively associated with total zooplankton biomass. The results suggested that habitat conditions in terminal channels, historically a common feature on the landscape, support higher abundances of pelagic species and zooplankton than open‐ended channels. These results provide resource managers with useful information on the habitat associations of pelagic species and on how the future distribution and abundance of pelagic species will likely change in response to climate or other ecological factors.

Received March 8, 2016; accepted September 22, 2016 Published online December 9, 2016
Should Natural Mortality Estimators Based on Maximum Age Also Consider Sample Size?
Authors: Hoenig John M.
Published: December 2016

Natural mortality rate can be difficult to estimate; consequently, indirect methods based on life history correlations are frequently used to infer values for stock assessments. One common class of predictors is based on the relationship between natural mortality rate and maximum age in unexploited or lightly exploited populations. The oldest age in a sample depends on the sample size, but there is confusion in the literature over the correct expression. Those attributable to Sarhan (1954) and Holt (1965) are correct. Kenchington's (2014) estimators that incorporate sample size are mathematically flawed and should not be used. Expressions exist for the expected value and variance of order statistics from an exponential distribution (including the maximum age), and these account for sample size. However, the resulting estimators are not recommended without evaluation of their performance because (1) they may not be robust to failures of the parametric assumptions, (2) it is often difficult or impossible to determine the effective sample size, and (3) new estimators may not be needed because of the insensitivity of the maximum age to sample size. Empirical estimators based on regressing estimates of natural mortality rate from the literature on corresponding values of maximum age continue to be a viable approach. They do not use information on sample size, but fortunately the maximum observed age is insensitive to sample size provided the sample size is reasonably large. Sometimes, the maximum age from an exploited population is used with an empirical regression estimator. This can give an estimate close to the natural mortality rate if relict, old fish are largely protected by virtue of their habitat or their low vulnerability to capture. However, in general, use of maximum age from an exploited population tends to give an estimate somewhere between the natural mortality rate and the maximum total mortality that the stock has experienced.

Received May 18, 2016; accepted October 12, 2016 Published online December 12, 2016
Measuring the Growth Rate in Three Populations of Larval Lampreys with Mark–Recapture Techniques
Authors: Evans Thomas M.
Published: December 2016

The growth rate of larval lampreys (ammocoetes) is of critical importance for scientists and managers seeking to better understand, control, and protect lamprey populations. To date, measurements of ammocoete growth have often relied upon indirect methods (e.g., length frequency), but direct measurements of growth rate in wild populations are rare. Lamprey ammocoetes in three streams were individually marked with visible implant elastomer and were subsequently recaptured. Ammocoete growth was variable among sites and among sample events (from −0.035 to 0.18 mm/d; from −0.0022 to 0.012 g/d), and maturation to the juvenile or adult stage was estimated to take 4–10 years, with some animals possibly requiring more time. American Brook Lampreys Lethenteron appendix grew 0.13 mm/d or 0.0055 g/d on average, whereas the growth of Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus was variable, with ammocoetes experiencing significantly higher mean growth at one site (0.12 mm/d; 0.0025 g/d) than at the other site (0.032 mm/d; 0.00039 g/d). These estimates provide support for the generally long growth periods of ammocoetes but also suggest that variability plays a wider role even within populations. The variability in growth rate may provide ammocoetes with a highly flexible life history, allowing them to exploit habitats under a variety of conditions potentially encountered during development.

Received June 16, 2016; accepted October 12, 2016 Published online December 12, 2016
Predators Reject Yellow Perch Egg Skeins
Authors: Almeida L. Zoe , Guffey Samuel C. , Krieg Tyler A. , Höök Tomas O.
Published: December 2016

Despite the high rate of egg mortality due to predation, few teleost fishes utilize external casings for protecting their eggs. The gelatinous egg matrix, or skein, produced by Yellow Perch Perca flavescens may provide a variety of benefits including deterring egg predators. This study explored the chemical components of the skein in addition to testing the preferences of two common egg predators, Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus and calico crayfish Orconectes immunis, when presented with three potential egg prey: Yellow Perch eggs in the skein, Yellow Perch eggs without the skein, and Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas eggs. Preliminary analyses showed that the skein may contain a variety of potentially noxious components, including piperideine and the galactose‐specific lectin, nattectin. In preference trials, Yellow Perch eggs in the skein were often approached first; however, both predators preferred Yellow Perch eggs with the skein removed and Fathead Minnow eggs rather than Yellow Perch eggs in the skein. Further experiments demonstrated that crayfish spent less time attempting to consume Yellow Perch eggs in the skein after prior exposure to the skein (day 1: 11.0 min ± 1.3 [mean ± SE]; day 2: 7.6 min ± 1.4), reducing time spent damaging the eggs. These results indicate that the skein may help protect eggs from predation.

Received July 18, 2016; accepted October 10, 2016 Published online December 12, 2016
Enhancing Hatch Rate and Survival in Laboratory-Reared Hybrid Devils Hole Pupfish through Application of Antibiotics to Eggs and Larvae
Authors: Feuerbacher Olin , Bonar Scott A , Barrett Paul J
Published: December 2016

We evaluated the effectiveness of four antibiotics in enhancing the hatch rate, larval survival, and adult survival of hybrid Devils Hole Pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis (hybridized with Ash Meadows Amargosa Pupfish C. nevadensis mionectes). Cephalexin (CEX; concentration = 6.6 mg/L of water), chloramphenicol (CAM; 50 mg/L), erythromycin (ERY; 12.5 mg/L), and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX; 25 mg/L) were applied as a constant bath either to incubating eggs or to larvae that hatched from untreated eggs. Hatch rate was roughly doubled by incubation in the presence of CAM (68% hatch) and TMP-SMX (66%) relative to the control (28%). Cephalexin and ERY conferred no benefit upon the hatch rate. Among fry that hatched from treated eggs, there was no increase in 15-d larval survival. However, fish that hatched from eggs treated with CAM, ERY, and TMP-SMX demonstrated enhanced survival at 360 d (51.2, 38.4, and 43.6%, respectively) and at 540 d (22.6, 6.8, and 20.2%, respectively); the untreated control had no survivors to those time points. All groups of eggs treated with antibiotics showed reductions in bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) at 24 h posttreatment. At 120 h posttreatment, CEX-treated eggs had CFU counts similar to those of the control, whereas the TMP-SMX-treated eggs had the lowest CFU counts. Eggs treated with CAM and ERY had similar CFU counts, which were significantly reduced from the control counts. Larvae that were treated with CAM and TMP-SMX within 12 h posthatch showed enhanced 15-d survival (74% and 72%, respectively) in comparison with the control (56%). For pupfish rearing efforts in which antibiotic use is appropriate, CAM and TMP-SMX appear to provide the greatest benefit, particularly when applied to incubating eggs rather than to hatched larvae.
Sea Clam-Derived Feeding Stimulants Enhance Acceptability and Intake of Reduced Fish Meal, Soy-Based Sunshine Bass Feeds
Authors: Barry Kelli J , McClure Rebecca L , Trushenski Jesse T
Published: December 2016

Fish meal sparing or replacement is limited by reduced diet acceptability and feed intake, particularly among carnivorous finfish. Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted to assess whether the inclusion of sea clam (ocean quahog Arctica islandica) processing by-products could improve the intake of reduced fish meal feeds in sunshine bass (female White Bass Morone chrysops × male Striped Bass M. saxatilis). In trial 1, juvenile fish (31.9 ± 0.2 g, average initial weight) were cultured at 18.5 ± 2.4°C and fed diets containing 30% fish meal (hereafter, “FISH”), 6.7% fish meal (remainder of dietary protein primarily provided by soybean meal; hereafter, “SOY”), or the reduced fish meal formulation amended with 1% dried clam juice (hereafter, “SOY + clam juice”), dried clam fines (hereafter, “SOY + clam fines”), or betaine as feeding stimulants. In trial 2, fish were slightly smaller at the outset (18.4 ± 0.3 g) and cultured at 27.3 ± 0.2°C. Growth performance was generally superior among fish reared in trial 2, but both trials yielded similar results in terms of dietary treatments. Feed intake and growth were reduced among fish fed the SOY feed compared with those fed the FISH feed. The addition of betaine to the reduced fish meal formulation did not improve diet acceptance or intake. However, the inclusion of clam by-products improved feed intake and growth, with both the SOY + clam juice and SOY + clam fines feeds yielding growth equivalent to the FISH feed. Semiquantitative evaluations of feeding behavior suggest that dietary treatment effects were rooted in differences in feed acceptability and that the inclusion of clam by-products had a corrective effect on the comparatively indifferent feeding observed among fish fed the SOY diet. The inclusion of sea clam by-products, particularly dried clam fines, improved the intake of the reduced fish meal formulation, and these by-products appear to be effective feeding stimulants in soy-based feeds for juvenile sunshine bass grown in tanks.
The Efficacy of MS-222 as Anesthetic Agent in Largemouth Bronze Gudgeon Coreius guichenoti
Authors: Dong Chun , Pan Lei , He Da , Xie Jian-jun , Tang Hui-yuan , Yang Zhi , Wang Xiao-ming , Yang Shao-rong
Published: December 2016

The Largemouth Bronze Gudgeon Coreius guichenoti is a vulnerable and valuable fish in the upper Yangtze River of China. It is essential to keep it calm by using anesthetic in routine operations such as weight measurement, tag injection, and artificial spawning. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different concentrations of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) as an anesthetic agent in C. guichenoti. The results showed that anesthesia time decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing anesthetic concentrations. However, anesthetic concentrations had no significant effect on recovery time. In addition, anesthesia time had an obvious positive correlation with body weight. Overall, MS-222 was an effective anesthetic agent for C. guichenoti. Moreover, the optimal concentrations of MS-222 in C. guichenoti (average body weight =135.29 ± 2.23 g) were 100, 120, 160, and 180 mg/L.
Distancing the Present Self from the past and the Future: Psychological Distance in Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Rinaldi Luca , Locati Francesca , Parolin Laura , Girelli Luisa
Published: December 2016

Humans show a systematic tendency to perceive the future as psychologically closer than the past. Based on the clinical hypothesis that anxiety would be associated more with future threat life events, whereas depression with past loss events, here we explored whether people with anxiety- and depression-related personality traits perceive differently the psychological distance of temporal events. Results showed that the common tendency to perceive the future as psychologically closer than the past is exaggerated in individuals with anxiety-related personality traits, whereas this asymmetry drastically shrinks in individuals with depression-related personality traits. Beyond substantiating the hypothesis that the past and the future are differently faced by people with depression- and anxiety-related personality traits, the present findings suggest that temporal orientation of one's self may be greatly altered in anxiety and depression.
Annual Spawning Migrations of Adult Atlantic Sturgeon in the Altamaha River, Georgia
Authors: Ingram Evan Corey , Peterson Douglas L.
Published: December 2016

The Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus has declined throughout its range, and the species is now protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Information on the timing and extent of spawning migrations is essential for the development and implementation of effective management and recovery strategies, yet this information is lacking for most populations. The objectives of this study were to document and identify temporal and spatial patterns in the seasonal movements and spawning migrations of Atlantic Sturgeon in the South Atlantic distinct population segment. A stationary array of acoustic receivers was used to monitor the movements of 45 adults in the Altamaha River system, Georgia, from April 2011 through March 2014. Telemetry data revealed that putative adult spawners exhibited two distinct patterns of upriver migration: a spring two-step migration and a fall one-step migration. During the spring two-step migration, the adults appeared to stage in the upper Altamaha during the spring and early summer, before migrating to suspected spawning habitats in the Ocmulgee and Oconee tributaries during the fall. During the fall one-step migration, fish entered the system in late summer and migrated directly upriver to suspected spawning habitats in the Ocmulgee and Oconee tributaries. Regardless of which pattern was used during the upstream migration, all fish returned downstream and left the system by early January. Although direct evidence of spawning has not yet been obtained, the telemetry and environmental data provide strong circumstantial evidence that Atlantic Sturgeon spawning in the Altamaha population occurs only during the fall months when water temperatures are less than 25°C. These findings further illustrate the clinal variation in the life history of Atlantic Sturgeon and highlight the need to manage the species as distinct population segments with regionally specific recovery goals.

Received March 23, 2016; accepted September 25, 2016
Assessment of ocean acidification and warming on the growth, calcification, and biophotonics of a California grass shrimp
Authors: Lowder Kaitlyn B. , Allen Michael C. , Day James M. D. , Deheyn Dimitri D. , Taylor Jennifer R. A.
Published: December 2016

Cryptic colouration in crustaceans, important for both camouflage and visual communication, is achieved through physiological and morphological mechanisms that are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Consequently, ocean warming and ocean acidification can affect crustaceans’ biophotonic appearance and exoskeleton composition in ways that might disrupt colouration and transparency. In the present study, we measured growth, mineralization, transparency, and spectral reflectance (colouration) of the caridean grass shrimp Hippolyte californiensis in response to pH and temperature stressors. Shrimp were exposed to ambient pH and temperature (pH 8.0, 17 °C), decreased pH (pH 7.5, 17 °C), and decreased pH/increased temperature (pH 7.5, 19 °C) conditions for 7 weeks. There were no differences in either Mg or Ca content in the exoskeleton across treatments nor in the transparency and spectral reflectance. There was a small but significant increase in percent growth in the carapace length of shrimp exposed to decreased pH/increased temperature. Overall, these findings suggest that growth, calcification, and colour of H. californiensis are unaffected by decreases of 0.5 pH units. This tolerance might stem from adaptation to the highly variable pH environment that these grass shrimp inhabit, highlighting the multifarious responses to ocean acidification, within the Crustacea.
Features of owl wings that promote silent flight
Authors: Wagner Hermann , Weger Matthias , Klaas Michael , Schröder Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

Owls are an order of birds of prey that are known for the development of a silent flight. We review here the morphological adaptations of owls leading to silent flight and discuss also aerodynamic properties of owl wings. We start with early observations (until 2005), and then turn to recent advances. The large wings of these birds, resulting in low wing loading and a low aspect ratio, contribute to noise reduction by allowing slow flight. The serrations on the leading edge of the wing and the velvet-like surface have an effect on noise reduction and also lead to an improvement of aerodynamic performance. The fringes at the inner feather vanes reduce noise by gliding into the grooves at the lower wing surface that are formed by barb shafts. The fringed trailing edge of the wing has been shown to reduce trailing edge noise. These adaptations to silent flight have been an inspiration for biologists and engineers for the development of devices with reduced noise production. Today several biomimetic applications such as a serrated pantograph or a fringed ventilator are available. Finally, we discuss unresolved questions and possible future directions.
Protein crystallography beamline BL2S1 at the Aichi synchrotron
Authors: Watanabe Nobuhisa , Nagae Takayuki , Yamada Yusuke , Tomita Ayana , Matsugaki Naohiro , Tabuchi Masao
Published: December 2016

The protein crystallography beamline BL2S1, constructed at one of the 5 T superconducting bending-magnet ports of the Aichi synchrotron, is available to users associated with academic and industrial organizations. The beamline is mainly intended for use in X-ray diffraction measurements of single-crystals of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Diffraction measurements for crystals of other materials are also possible, such as inorganic and organic compounds. BL2S1 covers the energy range 7–17 keV (1.8–0.7 Å) with an asymmetric-cut curved single-crystal monochromator [Ge(111) or Ge(220)], and a platinum-coated Si mirror is used for vertical focusing and as a higher-order cutoff filter. The beamline is equipped with a single-axis goniometer, a CCD detector, and an open-flow cryogenic sample cooler. High-pressure protein crystallography with a diamond anvil cell can also be performed using this beamline.
Models of work-based learning, examples and reflections
Authors: Major David
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify a number of different models of work-based learning (WBL) in operation at the University of Chester and provides two examples of university-employer partnership where WBL is used as the principal means for bringing about change in the workplace.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on the experience of one UK University with significant WBL provision and outlines the evolutionary development of a number of different models of WBL designed to meet the specific needs of employers and individual students.

Findings

The paper reflects on the distinctive contribution of WBL in higher education to bring about change to the culture and working practices of two public organisations, thereby improving performance and developing new ways of working.

Practical implications

It will also consider the impact of WBL on learners often giving them a greater sense of their own identity and professionalism and point to the way in which WBL challenges the university as much as it challenges employer partners.

Social implications

Widening access to higher education and increasing participation in HE.

Originality/value

The identification and description of a number of different models of WBL in operation in the HE sector.
Local temperature and El Niño Southern Oscillation influence migration phenology of East Asian migratory waterbirds wintering in Poyang, China
Authors: XU Fei , LIU Guanhua , SI Yali
Published: December 2016

Temperature is a critical factor influencing avian phenology, due to its direct impact on food and water availability. Most previous studies have focused on the timing of spring migration and the arrival of birds at breeding grounds along the European and American flyways; little is known about migration ecology at the wintering sites along the Asian flyways. Using linear regression models, this study investigates how local temperature variation and EI Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences the arrival and departure timing of 9 waterbird species breeding in Mongolia or Siberia and overwintering in Poyang, China from 2002 to 2013. Birds mainly arrive at Poyang in October and depart for their breeding sites in March. Out of the 9 species, 6 show a strong negative relationship between departure time and overwintering temperature in Poyang. Departure dates also show a negative association with overwintering ENSO and March ENSO for two species. Both local and large‐scale climate indices show no influence on the arrival timing of waterbirds. We suggest that birds react to the annual variation of overwintering temperature: an earlier departure of waterbirds is facilitated by a warmer overwintering period and vice versa. The long‐term accumulated temperature effect is more pronounced than ENSO and the short‐term local temperature effect. Our findings could help quantify the potential impact of global warming on waterbirds.
Analysing movement behaviour and dynamic space‐use strategies among habitats using multi‐event capture‐recapture modelling
Authors: Cayuela Hugo , Pradel Roger , Joly Pierre , Besnard Aurélien
Published: December 2016

The environment of most species is heterogeneous at different spatial and temporal scales; this heterogeneity can have a direct effect on various components of fitness. As a consequence, individual space‐use and movement strategies are central issues in ecology and conservation and receive considerable attention from researchers.

In the last 30 years, this issue has led to the development of capture–recapture models that allow movement between sites to be quantified, while handling imperfect detection. For studies involving numerous recapture sites in which the emphasis is on dispersal or migration rather than movement between particular sites, Lagrange et al. recently proposed a parsimonious CR multi‐event model that contrasts individuals that move and individuals that stay in place, irrespective of the sites involved.

In this study, we developed a generalized version of this model to allow survival probability and movement probability to differ for different types of habitat to which the individual sites may be assigned. We investigated the potential of this new parameterization by studying the movements of an amphibian, the yellow‐bellied toad (Bombina variegata), in a set of breeding and resting/foraging ponds.

Our capture–recapture multi‐event model provides a highly flexible tool allowing users to model movements within and between several habitats. This approach can be potentially used to study movement behaviour and space‐use strategies of a wide range of taxa.
Allergic sensitization at school age is a systemic low‐grade inflammatory disorder
Authors: Chawes B. L. , Stokholm J. , Schoos A.‐M. M. , Fink N. R. , Brix S. , Bisgaard H.
Published: December 2016

Background

Systemic low‐grade inflammation has been demonstrated in a range of the frequent noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) proposing a shared mechanism, but is largely unexplored in relation to allergic sensitization. We therefore aimed to investigate the possible association with childhood allergic sensitization.

Methods

High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) were measured in plasma at age 6 months (N = 214) and 7 years (N = 277) in children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000) birth cohort. Allergic sensitization against common inhalant and food allergens was determined longitudinally at ages ½, 1½, 4 and 6 years by specific IgE assessments and skin prick tests. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and sensitization phenotypes were tested with logistic regression and principal component analyses (PCAs).

Results

Adjusted for gender, recent infections, and a CRP genetic risk score, hs‐CRP at 7 years was associated with concurrent elevated specific IgE against any allergen [adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.14–1.72; P = 0.001], aeroallergens (aOR, 1.43; 1.15–1.77; P = 0.001), food allergens (aOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.67; P = 0.04), sensitization without any clinical allergy symptoms (aOR = 1.40; 1.06–1.85; P = 0.02), and with similar findings for skin prick tests. The other inflammatory markers were not univariately associated with sensitization, but multiparametric PCA suggested a specific inflammatory response among sensitized children. Inflammatory markers at age 6 months were not associated with subsequent development of sensitization phenotypes.

Conclusions

Elevated hs‐CRP is associated with allergic sensitization in school‐aged children suggesting systemic low‐grade inflammation as a phenotypic characteristic of this early‐onset NCD.
Lithium Toxicity in a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Zamani Nasim , Paeezi Maryam , Hassanian‐Moghaddam Hossein
Published: December 2016

Lithium is recommended in bipolar disorder and can be accompanied by significant toxicity in pregnant women. A 25‐year‐old single‐gestation pregnant woman (28 weeks) was referred with suspicion of lithium toxicity. Serum lithium was 2.1 meq/L. Despite conservative therapy with intravenous fluids, lithium concentration increased to 5.0 meq/L 6 hr after admission mandating an emergent haemodialysis during which foetal heart rate decreased to 90 bpm. The gynaecologist ordered termination of pregnancy while the mother was still on haemodialysis. Caesarean section was carried out, but the born baby had an apgar of 2 and died. Autopsy findings of the foetus revealed a cord blood lithium concentration of 4.8 mEq/L with no physical abnormalities. Although the foetus had the signs/symptoms of distress, continuation of haemodialysis could probably have saved it as it saved its mother's life. In lithium toxicity in a pregnant woman, it is reasonable to continue haemodialysis even with the signs and symptoms of foetal distress. In similar situations, emergency haemodialysis instead of immediate caesarean section should be considered.
Navigating an unfamiliar world: how parents of young people who self‐harm experience support and treatment
Authors: Stewart Anne , Hughes Nicholas D. , Simkin Sue , Locock Louise , Ferrey Anne , Kapur Navneet , Gunnell David , Hawton Keith
Published: December 2016

Background

Self‐harm in young people is a common reason for contact with clinical services. However, there is little research focusing on parents’ perspectives of care following self‐harm. The aim of this study was to explore parents’ experiences of treatment and support for the young person and for themselves.

Methods

A qualitative design was used to explore parents’ perspectives. Semi‐structured narrative interviews were conducted across the UK with 37 parents of young people who had self‐harmed. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify themes relating to how parents experienced the help and treatment received.

Results

Parents reported differing reactions to contact with helping services. Many found these helpful, particularly in keeping the young person safe, developing a trusting relationship with the young person, encouraging skills in managing self‐harm and giving them an opportunity to talk about and find solutions to their difficulties. They spoke about the importance of practical help including prompt access to care, the right intensity of care, practical strategies and information and support. Some aspects of services were perceived as unhelpful, particularly a judgmental approach by professionals, lack of early access to treatment, inadequate support or failure to listen to the perspective of parents.

Conclusions

Parents’ views highlight the need for clinicians to consider carefully the perspective of parents, involving them wherever possible and providing practical help and support, including written information. The need for training of clinicians in communicating with young people and parents following self‐harm is also highlighted.
Associations between mothers' active engagement with infants at 6 months and children's adjustment to school life at ages 5.5 and 11 years
Authors: Kato T. , Fujiwara T. , Kawachi I.
Published: December 2016

Background

In Japan, students' poor adjustment to school life such as school refusals has been recognized as a nation‐wide problem. In this study, we examined the link between the absence of mothers' active engagement with their infants at 6 months and children's risks of poor adjustment toward elementary school life at the ages of 5.5 and 11.

Methods

We used a Japanese national longitudinal survey (n = 43 132) with 11 years of follow‐up. Because of social patterning in how mothers engage with their infants, we employed propensity score matching analyses to control for confounding by socio‐economic and other factors. We matched mothers with active engagement and those without on various social and parental characteristics such as educational attainment and household income.

Results and Conclusions

Among matched pairs, we observed higher risks of poor adjustment to school life at both 5.5 and 11 years among Japanese children who lacked mothers' active engagement at 6 months. For example, the relative risk was 1.46 [95% confidence interval: 1.10, 1.94] for inability to get along with others in a group setting at the age of 5.5 years and 1.29 [1.10, 1.51] for inability to get along with teachers at the age of 11 years. Our findings corroborate previous findings, which emphasize the importance of providing an enriched environment for infants' social development and may indicate the need for an intervention for caregivers who lack appropriate nurturing skills.
Immigrant Chinese Mothers’ Socialization of Achievement in Children: A Strategic Adaptation to the Host Society
Authors: Ng Florrie Fei‐Yin , Sze Irene Nga‐Lam , Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Ruble Diane N.
Published: December 2016

Academic socialization by low‐income immigrant mothers from Mainland China was investigated in two studies. Immigrant Chinese mothers of first graders (n = 52; Mage = 38.69) in the United States (Study 1) and kindergartners (n = 86; Mage = 36.81) in Hong Kong (Study 2) tell stories that emphasized achieving the best grade through effort more than did African American (n = 39; Mage = 31.44) and native Hong Kong (n = 76; Mage = 36.64) mothers, respectively. The emphasis on achievement was associated with mothers' heightened discussion on discrimination (Study 1) and beliefs that education promotes upward mobility (Study 2), as well as children's expectations that a story protagonist would receive maternal criticism for being nonpersistent in learning (Study 2).
Hypertensive eye disease: a review
Authors: Fraser‐Bell Samantha , Symes Richard , Vaze Anagha
Published: December 2016

Hypertension is a risk factor for a number of vision‐threatening eye conditions including retinal vascular occlusion, retinal macroaneurysm and non arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. In addition, hypertension may exacerbate the vision‐threatening effects of diabetic retinopathy and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration. The effects of sustained hypertension are directly visible in the eye as hypertensive retinopathy and choroidopathy, reflecting a pathological process occurring throughout the body. Close collaboration between ophthalmologists and general practitioners/physicians is needed to ensure that hypertensive patients are identified and treated. Timely intervention in these patients may reduce the risk of both vision‐threatening and systemic complications.
A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial using a new resorbable non‐cross‐linked collagen membrane for guided bone regeneration at dehisced single implant sites: interim results of a bone augmentation procedure
Authors: Wessing Bastian , Urban Istvan , Montero Eduardo , Zechner Werner , Hof Markus , Alández Chamorro Javier , Alández Martin Nuria , Polizzi Giovanni , Meloni Silvio , Sanz Mariano
Published: December 2016

Objective

To compare clinical performance of a new resorbable non‐cross‐linked collagen membrane, creos xenoprotect (CXP), with a reference membrane (BG) for guided bone regeneration at dehisced implant sites.

Materials and methods

This randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled patients with expected dehiscence defects following implant placement to restore single teeth in the maxillary and mandibular esthetic zone and premolar area. Implants were placed using a two‐stage surgical protocol with delayed loading. Bone augmentation material placed at the implant surface was immobilized with CXP or BG membrane. Soft tissue health was followed during the healing period, and the defect size was measured at reentry and 6 months after implant placement.

Results

Of the 49 included patients, 24 were treated with CXP and 25 with BG. Patient characteristics did not differ between the two arms. In the CXP arm, the defect height at implant insertion was (mean ± SD) 5.1 ± 2.1 mm (n = 24) and reduced at reentry by 81% to 1.0 ± 1.3 mm (n = 23). In the BG arm, the defect height at implant insertion was 4.9 ± 1.9 mm (n = 25) and reduced at reentry by 62% to 1.7 ± 2.1 mm (n = 24). Assuming a margin of non‐inferiority of 1 mm, CXP was non‐inferior to BG. Membrane exposure rate was highest at week 3 in both arms, reaching 16.7% for BG and 8.7% for CXP.

Conclusions

The new resorbable non‐cross‐linked collagen membrane facilitates bone gain to support implant placement in expected dehiscence defects. The observed trend toward higher mean bone gain and lower exposure rate with CXP compared to BG should be further investigated.
Prognostic impact of postoperative low platelet count after liver transplantation
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Nagai Shunji , Putchakayala Krishna G. , Safwan Mohamed , Li Amy Y. , Kane William J. , Singh Priyanka L. , Collins Kelly M. , Rizzari Michael D. , Yoshida Atsushi , Schnickel Gabriel T. , Abouljoud Marwan S.
Published: December 2016

Background

The positive impact of platelets has been recently implicated in liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for graft loss and mortality after LT, focusing on perioperative platelet counts.

Methods

We reviewed all deceased donor LT from 2000 to 2012 and enrolled 975 consecutive recipients. The risk factors for graft loss and mortality were analyzed by multivariate analysis, using Cox's regression model.

Results

Using cutoff values acquired by receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, multivariate analyses determined that viral hepatitis C (hazard ratio [HR]=1.32), donor age >40 (HR=1.33), higher peak serum alanine aminotransferase (HR=1.01), reoperation within 30 days (HR=1.51), and platelet count <72 500/μL on postoperative day (POD) 5 (HR=1.30) were independent risk factors for graft loss. Viral hepatitis C (HR=1.33), reoperation within 30 days (HR=1.35), and platelet count <72 500/μL on POD 5 (HR=1.38) were independent risk factors for mortality.

Conclusion

A low platelet count on POD 5 was associated with graft loss and mortality after LT. Platelet count <72 500/μL on POD 5 can be a predictor of poor graft and overall survival. Maintaining higher postoperative platelet counts could potentially improve graft and overall survival rates.
Cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas – pathogenesis, diagnostic workup, and therapy
Authors: Nicolay Jan P. , Wobser Marion
Published: December 2016

Cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas (CBCLs) comprise a group of mature lymphoproliferative B‐cell disorders that primarily affect the skin. Characterized by great biological and clinical variability among its various subtypes, CBCLs fundamentally differ from primary nodal or systemic B‐cell lymphomas. Given their uncomplicated course and excellent prognosis, lymphoma classifications rank primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) and primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL) as indolent CBCLs. By contrast, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type (DLBCL‐LT) in particular, represent more aggressive lymphoma variants associated with a poorer prognosis. Therapeutic decisions and diagnostic procedures are based on the exact histological and immunohistochemical classification as well as the exclusion of systemic involvement and thus differentiation from nodal and systemic lymphomas. In this context, the diagnostic workup should also include molecular biology methods. Primary therapeutic options for indolent CBCL lesions include surgery and radiation therapy, as well as systemic treatment with rituximab (anti‐CD20 antibody) in case of dissemination. More aggressive CBCLs usually require a combination of rituximab and polychemotherapy, primarily the CHOP regimen or modifications thereof. Given that the pathogenesis and biology of CBCLs has not been conclusively elucidated, and given the limited therapeutic armamentarium available, there is great need for comprehensive research, especially with respect to DLBCL‐LT.
Interhemispheric functional connectivity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Canna Antonietta , Prinster Anna , Monteleone Alessio Maria , Cantone Elena , Monteleone Palmiero , Volpe Umberto , Maj Mario , Di Salle Francesco , Esposito Fabrizio
Published: December 2016

The functional interplay between hemispheres is fundamental for behavioral, cognitive, and emotional control. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) have been largely studied with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in relation to the functional mechanisms of high‐level processing, but not in terms of possible inter‐hemispheric functional connectivity anomalies. Using resting‐state functional MRI (fMRI), voxel‐mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and regional inter‐hemispheric spectral coherence (IHSC) were studied in 15 AN and 13 BN patients and 16 healthy controls (HC). Using T1‐weighted and diffusion tensor imaging MRI scans, regional VMHC values were correlated with the left‐right asymmetry of corresponding homotopic gray matter volumes and with the white matter callosal fractional anisotropy (FA). Compared to HC, AN patients exhibited reduced VMHC in cerebellum, insula, and precuneus, while BN patients showed reduced VMHC in dorso‐lateral prefrontal and orbito‐frontal cortices. The regional IHSC analysis highlighted that the inter‐hemispheric functional connectivity was higher in the ‘Slow‐5’ band in all regions except the insula. No group differences in left–right structural asymmetries and in VMHC vs. callosal FA correlations were significant in the comparisons between cohorts. These anomalies, not explained by structural changes, indicate that AN and BN, at least in their acute phase, are associated with a loss of inter‐hemispheric connectivity in regions implicated in self‐referential, cognitive control and reward processing. These findings may thus gather novel functional markers to explore aberrant features of these eating disorders.
Resting state functional connectivity measures correlate with the response to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Hordacre Brenton , Moezzi Bahar , Goldsworthy Mitchell R. , Rogasch Nigel C. , Graetz Lynton J. , Ridding Michael C.
Published: December 2016

Responses to non‐invasive brain stimulation are highly variable between subjects. Resting state functional connectivity was investigated as a marker of plasticity induced by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Twenty‐six healthy adults (15 male, 26.4 ± 6.5 years) were tested. Experiment 1 investigated whether functional connectivity could predict modulation of corticospinal excitability following anodal tDCS. Experiment 2 determined test–retest reliability of connectivity measures. Three minutes of electroencephalography was recorded and connectivity was quantified with the debiased weighted phase lag index. Anodal (1 mA, 20 min) or sham tDCS was applied to the left primary motor cortex (M1), with a change in motor evoked potential amplitude recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous used as a marker of tDCS response. Connectivity in the high beta frequency (20–30 Hz) between an electrode approximating the left M1 (C3) and electrodes overlying the left parietal cortex was a strong predictor of tDCS response (cross‐validated R2 = 0.69). Similar relationships were observed for alpha (8–13 Hz; R2 = 0.64), theta (4–7 Hz; R2 = 0.53), and low beta (14–19 Hz; R2 = 0.58) frequencies, however, test–retest reliability of connectivity measures was strongest for the high beta frequency model (ICC = 0.65; good reliability). Further investigation of the high beta model found that greater connectivity between C3 and a cluster of electrodes approximately overlying the left parietal cortex was associated with stronger responses to anodal (rho = 0.61, P = 0.03), but not sham tDCS (rho = 0.43, P = 0.14). Functional connectivity is a strong predictor of the neuroplastic response to tDCS and may be one important characteristic to assist targeted tDCS application.
How Do Infanticidal Male Bank Voles (Myodes glareolus) Find the Nest with Pups?
Authors: Ylönen Hannu , Kasi Marjo , Opperbeck Annika , Haapakoski Marko , Sundell Janne
Published: December 2016

Infanticide, the killing of conspecific young, occurs in most mammal species, like in our study species, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Infanticide by adult males is regarded as a strong factor affecting recruitment of young into population. It is considered as an adaptive behaviour, which may increase male fitness via resource gain or an increased access to mates. When an intruder is approaching the nest, the mother should not be present, as her nest guarding is very aggressive and successful. Pups use ultrasonic vocalisation to call their mother when mother leaves nest for foraging but it is not know which cues do infanticidal males use to find the nest with vulnerable pups to commit infanticide? We studied whether the pups' sounds or the olfactory cues of the nest guide the males of known infanticidal behavioural trait towards the nest with vulnerable pups. Four nest boxes in a large indoor arena offered different nesting cues: nest odour, pup vocalisation, both odour and sound or control with no cue. The result showed that infanticidal males were more active in their searching behaviour than non‐infanticidal males and seemed to target the nest providing only acoustic cues. Four of the males, all infanticidal, intruded the nest box. Infanticidal males seem to actively search for nests with vulnerable pups by eavesdropping pup begging calls for absent mother. However, under natural conditions, mother presence and aggressive nest protection may be an effective counter strategy against strange male infanticide. When trapping study voles from the wild, we monitored occurrence of male infanticide across the breeding season from early to late summer. Proportion of infanticidal males was between 25 and 29% of all males tested along the breeding season. Our results suggest that male infanticide seems to cause a stable threat for pup mortality in increasing breeding season density.
Keeping things local: Subpopulation Nb and Ne in a stream network with partial barriers to fish migration
Authors: Whiteley Andrew R. , Coombs Jason A. , O'Donnell Matthew J. , Nislow Keith H. , Letcher Benjamin H.
Published: December 2016

For organisms with overlapping generations that occur in metapopulations, uncertainty remains regarding the spatiotemporal scale of inference of estimates of the effective number of breeders () and whether these estimates can be used to predict generational Ne. We conducted a series of tests of the spatiotemporal scale of inference of estimates of Nb in nine consecutive cohorts within a long‐term study of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We also tested a recently developed approach to estimate generational Ne from and compared this to an alternative approach for estimating that also accounts for age structure. Multiple lines of evidence were consistent with corresponding to the local (subpopulation) spatial scale and the cohort‐specific temporal scale. We found that at least four consecutive cohort‐specific estimates of were necessary to obtain reliable estimates of harmonic mean for a subpopulation. Generational derived from cohort‐specific was within 7%–50% of an alternative approach to obtain , suggesting some population specificity for concordance between approaches. Our results regarding the spatiotemporal scale of inference for Nb should apply broadly to many taxa that exhibit overlapping generations and metapopulation structure and point to promising avenues for using cohort‐specific for local‐scale genetic monitoring.