Taking the pulse of the Amazon rainforest by fusing multitemporal Sentinel 1 and 2 data for advanced deep-learning
Authors: Brandmeier Melanie , Cherif Eya 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Degradation of large forest areas such as the Brazilian Amazon due to logging and fires can increase the human footprint way beyond deforestation. Monitoring and quantifying such changes on a large scale has been addressed by several research groups (e.g. Souza et al. 2013) by making use of freely available remote sensing data such as the Landsat archive. However, fully automatic large-scale land cover/land use mapping is still one of the great challenges in remote sensing. One problem is the availability of reliable &amp;#8220;ground truth&amp;#8221; labels for training supervised learning algorithms. For the Amazon area, several landcover maps with 22 classes are available from the MapBiomas project that were derived by semi-automatic classification and verified by extensive fieldwork (Project MapBiomas). These labels cannot be considered real ground-truth as they were derived from Landsat data themselves but can still be used for weakly supervised training of deep-learning models that have a potential to improve predictions on higher resolution data nowadays available. The term weakly supervised learning was originally coined by (Zhou 2017) and refers to the attempt of constructing predictive models from incomplete, inexact and/or inaccurate labels as is often the case in remote sensing. To this end, we investigate advanced deep-learning strategies on Sentinel-1 timeseries and Sentinel-2 optical data to improve large-scale automatic mapping and monitoring of landcover changes in the Amazon area. Sentinel-1 data has the advantage to be resistant to cloud cover that often hinders optical remote sensing in the tropics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We propose new architectures that are adapted to the particularities of remote sensing data (S1 timeseries and multispectral S2 data) and compare the performance to state-of-the-art models.&amp;#160; Results using only spectral data were very promising with overall test accuracies of 77.9% for Unet and 74.7% for a DeepLab implementation with ResNet50 backbone and F1 measures of 43.2% and 44.2% respectively.&amp;#160; On the other hand, preliminary results for new architectures leveraging the multi-temporal aspect of &amp;#160;SAR data have improved the quality of mapping, particularly for agricultural classes. For instance, our new designed network AtrousDeepForestM2 has a similar quantitative performances as DeepLab &amp;#160;(F1 of 58.1% vs 62.1%), however it produces better qualitative land cover maps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To make our approach scalable and feasible for others, we integrate the trained models in a geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS that can also be deployed in a cloud environment and offers a variety of post-processing options to the user.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Souza, J., Carlos M., et al. (2013). &quot;Ten-Year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon.&quot; Remote Sensing 5(11): 5493-5513.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Zhou, Z.-H. (2017). &quot;A brief introduction to weakly supervised learning.&quot; National Science Review 5(1): 44-53.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Project MapBiomas - Collection&amp;#160; 4.1 of Brazilian Land Cover &amp; Use Map Series, accessed on January 2020 through the link: https://mapbiomas.org/colecoes-mapbiomas?cama_set_language=en&quot;&lt;/p&gt;