bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIFE HISTORY OF LIGNIERA VASCULARUM (Matz) Cook
Authors: Cook Melville T.
Published: October 2020

1. The organism previously known as Plasmodiophora vascularum Matz is transferred to the genus Ligniera Maire and Tison. 2. This organism lives primary in the tracheary tissues of the sugar cane but occasionally spreads to surrounding tissues. It does not cause hypertrophy of the host tissues. 3. It is the cause of a disease of sugar cane known locally as "dry top rot". 4. It is known only in Porto Rico and only in cane. 5. The life history is very similar to that of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. and to several species which have been placed in the genus Ligniera by Maire and Tison, Fron and Gaillat, Guyot, Schwartz and Winge.
PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SANTO DOMINGO, 1925-1929
Authors: Ciferri R.
Published: October 2020

This comprises a list of the most important diseases from the economic point of view, which affect cultivated plants in Santo Domingo, with brief notes on their importance and distribution, as well as the most widely distributed diseases of little economic importance and also those of marked scientific interest. In a very general way, mention is also made of a number of experiments that were made, some of which have been reported and others are in the course of publication. We also touch briefly on different diseases which are new or almost unknown. Following a short introduction aiming to enumerate the previous phytopathological and mycological surveys and a brief statement regarding the agricultural production of Santo Domingo and the different agricultural zones of the Republic, we discuss 53 cultivated plants, affected by 175 diseases of which 122 are presumably or definitely ascribed to fungi, 33 to non-parasitic causes, virus or unknown causes, 13 to Schizomycetes, 3 to Algae, and 3 to parasitic Phanerogams. The total number of fungi reported totals 151, in addition to which 13 insects are cited among those of greater interest. A more complete study is made of the principal plants of the Republic from the economic standpoint namely sugar cane, cacao and coffee.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANANA ROOT-WEEVIL
Authors: Leonard Mortimer D.
Published: October 2020

Resumen en inglés.
Implementation and students’ perception of a criterion-referenced standard setting in a therapeutics course
Authors: Chen YeeAnn , Zhou Crystal , Leeds Andrew , Shin Jaekyu
Published: October 2020

Objective: To implement a criterion-referenced method to set standards for grading written tests in a didactic course and to assess students’ perceptions of the implementation.
Methods: The Angoff method, a criterion-referenced method, was implemented in a therapeutics course with a letter grading system. Students were surveyed on their perceptions of the method including stress and test anxiety level after the course.
Results: Of 122 students enrolled, 118 responded. More than 60% of respondents felt that the criterion-referenced method was fairer and reflected competency better than a norm-referenced method. The percent of respondents who felt that the new method increased the level of stress and test anxiety was higher than that of those who did not.
Conclusions: A criterion-referenced method was successfully implemented in a pharmacy didactic course with a letter grading system. The implementation was overall favourably received by students although it may have increased the level of stress and test anxiety.
Wakaf Tanah Ulayat sebagai Solusi Peralihan Hak Atas Tanah Ulayat Secara Permanen di Sumatera Barat
Authors: Mirwati Yulia , Faisal Yontri , Zahara Zahara , APHA Journal Manager
Published: October 2020

Pasal 3 UUPA mengakui adanya tanah komunal (hak ulayat). Pengakuan hak ulayat ini sudah direncanakan sejak awal penyusunan RUU Agraria nasional, karena itu konsep hukum refomasi agraria ditetapkan dengan hukum adat. Di Sumatera Barat esistensi hak ulayat sampai saat ini masih kuat. Pengalihan hak ulayat tidak bisa secara permanen, hanya bersifat sementara, seperti gadai yang sekarang disebut dengan istilah “Salang Pinjam”, itupun dengan persyaratan yang sangat ketat, karena prinsipnya tanah ulayat itu “jua indak dimakan bali gadai indak dimakan sendo” (tidak bisa diperjual belikan dan gadaipun dengan syarat yang ketat). Pemanfaatan tanah ulayat bagi pihak luar bersifat sementara, dibatasi dengan waktu tidak akan menghilangkan hak ulayat tersebut. Hal ini dalam hukum adatnya disebut “Kabau Pai Kubangan Tingga”, dan ini dilakukan dengan persetujuan masyarakat hukum adat melalui pimpinan adat. Di samping itu di Minangkabau adat istiadat menyatu dengan konsep hukum Islam, hal ini dikukuhkan dalam fatwa: “adat basandi syarak dan syarak basandi kitabullah”. Bersamaan dengan itu maka Lembaga Wakaf juga berkembang baik di Minangkabau. Objek wakafnya salah satunya adalah tanah ulayat, dan peruntukannya terutama untuk tempat ibadah, pendidikan, kesehatan dan lainnya semua masih belum berorientasi kepada pengembangan ekonomi produktif. Dalam pengaturan wakaf di Indonesia tidak terlihat tanah ulayat sebagai objeknya, namun sudah dari dahulunya masyarakat hukum adat Minangkabau melaksanakan wakaf tanah ulayat, meskipun tanpa dilakukan pendaftarannya. Ditelusuri lebih jauh ternyata wakaf tanah ulayat merupakan solusi untuk mengalihkan tanah ulayat secara permanen kepada umat dengan pengelolaan nadzir, karena wakaf tanah ulayat berlaku selamanya.
Pemaknaan Tanah Eks Swapraja (Kerajaan) sebagai Tanah Adat di Kota Surakarta
Authors: Dewi IGA Gangga Santi , APHA Journal Manager
Published: October 2020

Pemaknaan atas tanah eks kerajaan yang berbeda antara pemerintah dengan pihak kerajaan menjadi salah satu pemicu konflik di Indonesia. Konflik horizontal melibatkan masyarakat, kerajaan dan pemerintah daerah. Begitu pula saat ini banyak terjadi konflik terkait tanah eks Kerajaan yang akhirnya berakhir sengketa di Pengadilan Kota Surakarta yaitu tanah domein Keraton Surakarta dan tanah domein Mangkunegaran. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Socio Legal secara kualitatif, diharapkan dapat ditemukan makna-makna yang tersembunyi di balik obyek maupun subyek yang diteliti. Pendekatan ini dilakukan untuk memahami hukum dalam konteks masyarakatnya. Pada penelitian ini melihat fakta realitas berlakunya tanah eks Kerajaan di Surakarta. Realitas belum adanya Peraturan Pemerintah sebagaimana diperintahkan dalam Diktum IV huruf B UUPA mengakibatkan konflik yang berkepanjangan antara pihak Pemerintah Daerah dan pihak ahli waris kerajaan juga masyarakat yang mempunyai kepentingan atas tanah eks kerajaan tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Kerajaan Surakarta yaitu Keraton beserta Mangkunegaran merupakan masyarakat adat, karena Raja sebagai Ketua adat masih mempunyai daerah teritorial dan keturunan yang sama serta mempunyai kewenangan di dalam dan keluar daerah adatnya, sehingga tanah eks kerajaan berlaku sebagai tanah adat bagi Kerajaan Surakarta.
Peran Tokoh Adat dalam Membantu Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan Darat antara Indonesia dan Timor Leste di Wilayah Enclave Oecussi
Authors: Sudika Mangku Dewa Gede , APHA Journal Manager
Published: October 2020

Indonesia memiliki perbatasan darat dan laut dengan sepuluh negara tetangga. Dasar hukum perbatasan darat antara Indonesia dan Timor Leste ialah Convention for the Demarcation of Portuguese and Dutch Dominions on the Island of Timor 1904 (Traktat 1904) dan Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 1914. Hal ini merupakan warisan masa Pemerintahan Belanda dan Portugis, di mana pada saat itu Belanda dan Portugis telah membagi Pulau Timor menjadi dua, yaitu Timor Barat yang berpusat di Kupang dan Timor Timur yang berpusat di Dili, termasuk wilayah enclave Oecussi yang berada dalam wilayah kedaulatan Indonesia. Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana peran tokoh adat dalam membantu penyelesaian sengketa perbatasan darat antara Indonesia dan Timor Leste di wilayah enclave Oecussi. Setelah dilakukan kajian-kajian yang mendalam diperoleh temuan bahwa dalam Traktat 1904 dan PCA 1914 dinyatakan Belanda menguasai daerah Maucator dan Portugis menguasai wilayah enclave Oecussi, maka dari itu secara otomatis peninggalan pada masa kolonial melekat pada Timor Leste termasuk wilayah enclave Oecussi. Indonesia dan Timor Leste masih menyisakan permasalahan perbatasan di daerah Noel Besi, Bidjael Sunan, serta Subina. Kedua negara terus melakukan upaya negosiasi dan perundingan untuk segera menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut dengan membentuk Joint Border Committee (JBC) dengan tujuan untuk mempercepat proses penyelesaian sengketa batas yang dihadapi. Berdasarkan Provisional Agreement tahun 2005 Pasal 6 point (b) yang mengisyaratkan bahwa masyarakat lokal dalam hal ini masyarakat adat/tokoh adat diperbatasan diberikan ruang untuk terlibat dalam proses penyelesaian sengketa yang terjadi di perbatasan kedua negara dengan mengedepankan cara-cara damai dan tanpa kekerasan sesuai dengan Pasal 8 Provisional Agreement tahun 2005, bahwa masyarakat yang mendiami Timor Bagian Barat (Indonesia) dengan masyarakat yang mendiami Timor Bagian Timur (Timor Leste) memiliki latar sosio-kultural yang sama, maka dapat dipastikan bahwa tatanan hukum adat yang berlaku di kedua kelompok masyarakat ini pun sama. Tatanan substansi hukum adat tersebut dapat mengatur tentang masalah pertanahan, serta batas wilayah adat, potensi para Tokoh Adat sebenarnya dapat berperan bernegosiasi untuk menyelesaikan persoalan tersebut.
Okul Öncesi Eğitimde Rehberlik Programının Kapsayıcı Eğitim İlkeleri Doğrultusunda Tasarlanması/Designing an Inclusive Guidance Program in Preschool Education
Authors: GÖL Hakan , SAKIZ Halis
Published: October 2020

Kapsayıcı eğitim; hiçbir öğrencinin diline, kültürel yapısına, milletine, cinsiyetine, gelir düzeyine, sosyal sınıfına göre ayrımcılığa uğramaksızın tüm öğrencilerin eğitim olanaklarından adil ve eşit şartlarda ihtiyaçları ve ilgileri doğrultusunda faydalanmasını sağlayan bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Kapsayıcı eğitim sayesinde sınıf ortamında geç öğrenen veya herhangi bir engeli olan bireyler, göçmenler, farklı dini veya farklı etnik kimliğe sahip olan bireyler de her öğrenci gibi eğitim olanaklarından faydalanmakta ve bu bireylerin eğitim ortamından maksimum seviyede verim alması sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı okul öncesi eğitim rehberlik programının kapsayıcı eğitim ilkeleri doğrultusunda yeniden düzenlenmesi ve Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının yayınlamış olduğu okul öncesi rehberlik programının kapsayıcı bağlamda yeniden tasarlanması adına bir öneri sunmasıdır. Bu çalışmada Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının yayınlamış olduğu okul öncesi rehberlik programında geçen yeterlik alanları, kazanımlar ve etkinlikler detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş, kapsayıcı eğitim programının ilkeleri, değerleri ve felsefesi doğrultusunda yeniden tasarlanmıştır.
Poor sleep quality: a wake up call for the elderly at a tertiary care centre in Islamabad, Pakistan
Authors: Neha Siddiqui  , Rahy Farooq  , Shoab Saadat  , Maimoona Siddiqui  , Zain Ahmad Javed  , Arooj Fatimah Shah  , Salman Mansoor
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the burden of sleep disorders in the elderly, and the effects of various co-morbidities linked with sleep disorders.

Method: The longitudinal cross-sectional study was conducted in different outpatient departments at a tertiary care centre in Islamabad, Pakistan, from June 2014 to June 2015, and comprised patients of either gender aged 60 years or above. Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Epworth sleepiness scale were used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep and daytime sleepiness in the elderly. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.

Results: Of the 1000 subjects, 638(63.8%) were males, and 362(36.2%) were females. The overall mean age was 66.96±7.05 years. Epworth sleepiness scale >10 was found in 265(26.5%) subjects, while Pittsburgh sleep quality index score in 516(51.6%) was >5. Sleep quality score in 578(57.8%) women was statistically significant compared to 478(47.8%) males (p<0.05).

Conclusions: There was a significant burden of sleep-related disorders in the subjects.

Key Words: Sleep disorders, ESS, PSQI, Pakistan, Elderly.
Changes in canal width and angle in curved canals in the resin blocks: pro taper next versus one shape instruments
Authors: Sheikh Bilal Badar  , Kamil Zafar  , Robia Ghafoor  , Farhan Raza Khan
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective: To compare the effect of OneShape and ProTaper Next file on the change in canal width and angle of curvature in simulated curved canal in resin blocks.

Methods: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, from January to March 2018, and comprised endodontic resin blocks that had inbuilt curved canals. These were randomly divided into 2 equal groups and were subsequently prepared using OneShape in group A, and ProTaper Next rotary instrument in group B followed by staining with red and blue ink for comparison of pre- and post-operative images of canals. Standardised photographs were taken along with reference measuring scale. SPSS 22 was used for data analysis.

Results: Of the 60 blocks, 30(50%) were in each of the two groups. The mean pre-instrumentation angle of curvature was 32.3±2.13 and 31.0+3.28 degrees for groups A and B. The mean degree of canal straightening post-intervention was 1.5+0.5 and 3.6+1.38 degrees in groups A and B (p<0.001). In terms of canal width changes, OneShape file removed more resin material from the canal walls compared to the ProTaper Next system (p<0.001).

Conclusion: ProTaper Next file significantly altered the angle of curvature in the resin block compared to OneShape file, but the amount of material removed from the canal space was significantly higher with the OneShape file compared to ProTaper Next.

Key Words: ProTaper Next, OneShape, Nickel-titanium

Continuous...
JPMA-2019-07-887 The mental health issues of eunuchs in the context of social exclusion
Authors: Syeda Farhana Kazmi  , Rubina Bibi  , Tahir Pervaiz  , Rabia Bashir  , Admin
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective: To study the mental health problems in eunuchs, the neglected segment that has been facing social exclusion and exploitation on behalf of social layers of the society.

Method: The study was conducted from Jan 2017 to April 2017and adopted a qualitative approach by engaging eight eunuchs’ group purposefully through focused group discussion to unearth the issues related to eunuchs in Hazara Division, The participants were properly informed about the purpose of the study and their consent was conferred. The discussion was recorded in local language and their views have been transcribed and analyzed by comparative statements for drawing results through coding of the target groups.

Results: The severe kind of economic and social pressures of poverty and social neglect resulted depression, anxiety and suicidal tendencies are found among this group, affecting overall mental health among such neglected gender group, due to the fact that eunuchs have not been provided with basic social rights. In addition, there is no love and care provided by the kin and relatives resulting in the eunuchs facing psychological complications in daily life.

Conclusion: As an outcome, the eunuchs face psychological complications in daily life. The condition necessitates encouragement and social acceptance of eunuch for a normal and healthy life in the society. Furthermore socio-psychosocial aid through regular counselling for creation of hope for leading a normal life.

Keywords: Mental health, Social exclusion, Psychological distress.
VALIDACIÓN DE UN INSTRUMENTO PARA MEDIR FACTORES DE RIESGO ASOCIADOS A LA CALIDAD DE LA ATENCIÓN MÉDICA EN ADULTOS MAYORES
Authors: Lara Zabala Dayanara del Carmen , Escovar HiFong Meysi Andrea , Bautista Zumba Franklin , León Alemán Juan Carlos
Published: October 2020

Introducción: los factores de riesgo asociados a la calidad de la atención médica, constituyen un instrumento para establecer la percepción que tienen los usuarios de los servicios en los sistemas de salud, ya que permite explorar las causas o consecuencias que contribuyen u obstaculizan la satisfacción en los pacientes. Objetivo: validar el instrumento factores de riesgo asociados a la calidad de atención médica en adultos mayores. Metodología: Este estudio es una investigación no experimental, de tipo evaluativo. Se fundamentó en el paradigma positivista de enfoque cuantitativo y se realizó el estudio de confiabilidad y validez de contenido. En primer lugar, se elaboró un cuestionario con las variables dependiente e independiente, conformado por 20 ítems y 6 dimensiones con sus respectivos indicadores por secciones. El instrumento fue sometido a un juicio de expertos y a una prueba piloto con una muestra de 15 participantes. Para el análisis estadístico y la validación se utilizó el análisis de fiabilidad con alfa de Cronbach y las medidas de estadísticos descriptivos. Resultados: la validación en la calificación de expertos se obtiene una puntuación de 93,7 obtenida fue una alfa de Cronbach de 0,922. Conclusiones: el valor obtenido del alfa de Cronbach en el instrumento tiene una fiabilidad buena. Por lo tanto, el instrumento cumple con los requerimientos necesarios de validez y confiabilidad para ser utilizado en estudios sobre el tema.
Consideraciones sobre salud mental: Incidencia y ponderación, para diversos escenarios de vida
Authors: Romero Urrea Holguer Estuardo , Rosas Guevara Miryam Isabel , Gullo Rodríguez Salvatore Giuseppe , Peralta Miranda Yeisy isabel , Rojas Dávila de Izaguirre Armida Concepción , Rizzo Chalen Mónica Del Rocio
Published: October 2020

La tecnología ha traído innumerable beneficios al mundo entero, en todos los ámbitos, pero también ha traído algunas dificultades relacionados con la adicción a esta. Si, la tecnología ofrece grandes virtudes que han facilitado la vida de las personas y el funcionamiento de la sociedad. Sin embargo, cuando este no es utilizado de forma responsable puede ocasionar algunas complicaciones como lo son el sexting y la proclastinación asociada al uso desmedido de la tecnología.

En este libro hay un capítulo dedicado a cada uno de estos temas. Tanto el sexting y la proclastinación son constructos que en la actualidad están siendo estudiados por distintos profesionales en diferentes aéreas, debido a las consecuencia que ha traído a la sociedad, especialmente a los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes.

Por otro lado, en esta iniciativa investigativa, se habla de la mediación, de la resiliencia y la salud integral. Ustedes se preguntarán ¿Qué tienen en común todos estos temas? Salud mental. La respuesta es salud mental.

En la actualidad existen múltiples campañas sobre la importancia de la salud mental, pero muy pocas explican en que cosiste, como se logra y sobre todo como se cultiva. Es por ello que los autores de esta obra decidieron tocar temas de vanguardia, que parecen simples y aislados, pero juntos, hablan forman parte de la estructura de la salud mental, pero vista desde diferentes ángulos.

Otro punto que marca la diferencia del abordaje de estos temas es que son descritos desde la primera infancia, y que nadie lo dice, pero la salud mental se trabaja desde la niñez. Enseñar a los niños a cuidarse, a cuidar de otros, autoconocerse, a respetarse, a respetar a otros, a ser empáticos, a tomar decisiones y asumir las consecuencia, aceptar y reconocer las diferencias, sin duda alguna construye adultos sanos.

Un adulto sano, forma familias sanas, las familias sanas forman sociedad sana. No quiere decir que son perfectos, pero si felices. Gracias a los autores de esta obra por su esmero, por su labor, y por el empeño de psicoeducar a la sociedad en general. Para Acvenisproh Ediciones es un honor servir de puente para la divulgación del conocimiento que sirve, que enseña y que transforma vidas
EL DERECHO A LA NO DISCRIMINACIÓN DE LOS FUNCIONARIOS INTERINOS: ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN TRAS LA MÁS RECIENTE JURISPRUDENCIA COMUNITARIA
Authors: MATEOS MARTÍNEZ JOSÉ
Published: October 2020

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre la proyección del art. 14 CE, puesto en conexión con el Derecho Europeo, sobre las condiciones de trabajo de los funcionarios interinos, que han venido sufriendo una discriminación endémica respecto de los funcionarios de carrera. A este respecto, examinaremos de forma crítica los más relevantes hitos jurisprudenciales en el reconocimiento de este derecho fundamental a los funcionarios interinos, con especial atención a las últimas sentencias del TJUE sobre su discriminación retributiva respecto de los funcionarios de carrera y su posible acceso a la fijeza por la excesiva concatenación de nombramientos.

Lan honen xedea da Espainiako Kostituzioaren 14. artikuluak duen proiekzioari buruz hausnarketa egitea, Erkidegoko Zuzenbidearekin lotuta, bitarteko funtzionarioen lan-baldintzei buruz, azken horiek diskriminazio endemikoa jasan baitute karrerako funtzionarioekin alderatuta. Horri dagokionez, modu kritikoan aztertuko dugu bitarteko funtzionarioei oinarrizko eskubide hori aitortzean ezarri den jurisprudentzia garrantzitsuena, eta arreta berezia emango diegu EBJAk karrerako funtzionarioekiko ordainsari-bereizkeriari buruz eman dituen azken epaiei, bai eta finkotasunera iristeko aukerari ere, izendapenak gehiegi kateatzen baitzaizkie.

The purpose of this work is to reflect on the scope of art.14 of the Constitution in connection with European law, on the conditions of temporary civil servants, who have been suffering an endemic discrimination in respect of public officers of profession. In this regard, we will critically examine the most relevant jurisprudential milestones in the recognition of this fundamental right to temporary civil servants, with special attention to the last rulings issued by the CJEU about their discrimination against public officers and their feasible access to a permanent position as a consequence of the excessive succession of appointments.
LOS JUECES NACIONALES ANTE LA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS. A PROPÓSITO DE LAS SENTENCIAS COLINDRES SCHONENBERG, VILLASEÑOR VELARDE Y OTROS, Y RICO
Authors: SALAS CRUZ ARMANDO
Published: October 2020

Durante 2019 la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos emitió tres sentencias cuyo denominador común son la figura del juez nacional y los derechos convencionales que protegen su función e independencia. Abordan problemáticas distintas, a saber, la destitución de un magistrado electoral por un órgano sin competencia legal (caso Colindres Schonenberg), las presiones y amenazas externas sobre la función de una jueza (caso Villaseñor Velarde y otros) y el planteamiento del factor político en el Jurado de Enjuiciamiento que decidió el cese de un juez subnacional (caso Rico). A pesar de sus diferencias, se alcanza a percibir un mismo hilo conductor en cuanto a que los jueces nacionales cada vez con mayor frecuencia tienen la necesidad de acudir a la jurisdicción interamericana para defenderse y esto, a su vez, ocupa la atención y genera discusiones importantes en el seno de la Corte de San José. En este comentario se exponen los rasgos principales de las referidas sentencias y se reflexiona a propósito de su contenido.

2019an, Giza Eskubideen Gorte Interamerikarrak hiru epai eman zituen, eta horien izendatzaile komuna epaile nazionala eta haren funtzioa eta independentzia babesten duten eskubide konbentzionalak izan ziren. Honako arazo hauei heltzen diete: hauteskunde-magistratu bat kargugabetzea lege-eskumenik gabeko organo batek (Colindres Schonenberg kasua), epaile baten funtzioari buruzko kanpoko presioak eta mehatxuak (Villaseñor Velarde eta beste batzuk kasua) eta faktore politikoaren planteamendua epaile azpi-nazional bat kargutik kentzea erabaki zuen epaitze-epaimahaian (Rico kasua). Desberdintasunak egon arren, arazoa bera da: epaile nazionalek gero eta maizago jo behar izaten dute jurisdikzio interamerikarrera beren burua defendatzeko, eta horrek, aldi berean, arreta jartzen du eta eztabaida handiak sortzen ditu San Joseko Gortean. Iruzkin honetan, epai horien ezaugarri nagusiak azaltzen dira, eta haien edukiari buruz hausnartzen da.

During 2019, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued three judgments whose common denominator is the national judge and the conventional rights that protect their functions and independence. They deal with different problems, as for example, the recall of a electoral judge by a body with no legal competence (Colindres Schonenberg case), the external pressures and threats upon the functions of a judge (Villaseñor Velarde et al. case) and the question of the political factor during the jury for prosecution that decided the recall of a subnational judge (Rico case). In spite of their differences, it can be perceived the same guiding thread as to how national judges more often need to have recourse to the inter-American jurisdiction to defend themselves and this has eventually drawn attention and triggered important discussions within the San Jose Court. This comment article sets out the main features of those judgements and it reflects on their content.
RAINFALL VARIABILITY OVER SOUTHERN BIHAR, INDIA
Authors: Suman Saurabh , Warwade Pratibha , Kumari Priti
Published: October 2020

In the present study Mann-Kendall (MK)/Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test,
and Sen’s slope test were used to determine the trend over the Southern part of
Bihar at seasonal and annual time scales for 11 stations using 110 years data
(1901-2010). In MMK test all stations in annual and monsoon season showed a
significant decrease in rainfall trend at the 10% significance level. The maximum
decrease in the magnitude of rainfall observed for the annual season was - 2.861
mm/year followed by monsoon rainfall - 2.792 mm/year, and for winter rainfall
- 0.085mm/year respectively. On the other hand, the maximum increase in
rainfall observed for Post monsoon season was 0.225 mm/year and for summer
season it was 0.138mm/year during the study period. Spatial trend depicted the
Nalanda and Jamui has the greatest reduction of rainfall from the last 110 years.
This study will be very helpful for policymakers, agriculturists, and framers to
take a decision on water management, crop scheduling and patterns over this
region.
STUDY OF DECADAL RAINFALL VARIATION OF RAMGARH DISTRICT USING TRMM DATA
Authors: Jha Sumit Kumar , Warwade Pratibha , Mahto Sandeep Kumar
Published: October 2020

The study has been done to investigate the decadal change observed in the rainfall
of Ramgarh district from 1998 to 2018. Due to the lack of adequate rain gauge
stations and irrelevant precipitation data, TRMM method has been used for the
study. The approved accuracy of TRMM data through NASA has been frequently
used to study the rainfall data of those locations where the rain gauge stations are
unavailable or the data are not relevant for the study. TRMM 3B43 data of 7
Raster location points of Ramgarh district has been processed and the
precipitation maps were prepared accordingly under Arc GIS. The precipitation
values of 1998, 2008 and 2018 of all 7 points were obtained through raster to
vector methodology in Arc GIS which was studied and compared through the
retrieved GIS precipitation maps. The decadal precipitation of all 7 raster
locations has shown a gradual decrement in its value when compared thoroughly.
The gradual increase in mining and industrial development has possibly
decreased the forest cover as well as the agricultural activities. A sharp overall
reduction in the decadal precipitation values is somewhere indicating a serious
concern towards fulfilling the future water demand of this growing city.
Wali Nikah bagi Janda di Bawah Umur dalam Persfektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Muharir, M.E.Sy
Published: October 2020

Abstract

            Imam Maliki, Imam Syafi'i, and Imam Hambali based on the opinion of the four priests of a widow who will remarry must with the consent of his guardian and he should not marry himself. So if the widow is remarried then the presence of a guardian for marriage is a must and marriage without a guardian is not legal. Imam Hanafi, according to the opinion of Hanafi imam, the marriage of a widow without legal guardian is legitimate but the guardian may prohibit the marriage if the marriage is deemed incompatible with religious shari'ah. Guardian marriage widow must exist in marriage even though he has no right to force or prevent widowed marriage the. If the marriage guardian of the widow disagrees and has no clear reason for his rejection then his marriage guardian may be replaced by a judge. The marriage guardian of a widow must also the conditions of the marriage guardian and according to the order of marriage guardian in Islamic.
Problematika Nikah Misyar dalam Tinjauan Sosiologis dan Psikologis
Authors: Agung Tri Nugroho, M.Sy
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

In this study reveals various problems concerning Misyar Wedding (tamasya) which in its term is Marriage which in which the woman gets part of his rights which is arranged at the time of the marriage contract, such as not getting a place to live, livelihood and continuity to live with it. While in KHI 1974 According to Islamic Religion, Marriage is one of the forms of worship that the holiness needs to be maintained by both parties both husband and wife. And his marriage aims to form a happy, prosperous and everlasting family forever. Marriage requires maturity and physical and mental preparation because marriage / marriage is something sacred and can determine a person's way of life. If seen from the review of Psychology and sociology then there will be many polemics that arise from the rights and responsibilities of the husband in the living more specifically the child's future and psychological child, this issue should be Ministry of Religious institutions under the Government of Indonesia need strict supervision by the practice of marriage Misyar by applying regulation in the regions of Indonesia and the implications of the marriage.
PENGARUH PENDISTRIBUSIAN ZAKAT PRODUKTIF TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MUSTAHIK
Authors: Ani Nurul Imtihanah
Published: October 2020

Perceraian merupakan sesuatu yang diperbolehkan, tetapi dibenci olehAllah SWT. Setelah terjadi perceraian maka akan ada masa tunggu bagiperempuan yang disebut masa iddah di mana dalam masa iddah ini, istri wajibmendapatkan haknya seperti hak nafkah. Imam mazhab (Imam Abu Hanifah,Imam Malik, Syafi’i dan Imam Ahmad) sepakat bahwa perempuan yangdiceraikan dalam bentuk talak raj’i, berhak mendapatkan nafkah dan tempattinggal selama masa iddah. Sedangkan untuk talak ba’in keempat Imam mazhabberbeda pendapat mengenai hak nafkah dan tempat tinggal, Imam Abu Hanifahberpendapat ketika istri ditalak ba’in dia tetap berhak atas nafkah dan tempattinggal, sedangkan Imam Malik dan Imam Syafi’i, berpendapat bahwa mantanistri tersebut hanya berhak atas tempat tinggal saja, sedangkan Imam Ahmad ibnHanbal berpendapat bahwa mantan istri tersebut tidak mendapatkan hak nafkahdan tempat tinggal Pendapat Imam Ahmad ini memiliki persamaan denganperaturan perundang-undangan perkawinan di Indonesia, yang tercantum di dalamKompilasi Hukum Islam, pasal 149 b, yang menyatakan bahwa, suami wajibmemberikan nafkah, maskan dan kiswah kepada istri yang ditalak raj’i dan tidakuntuk istri yang ditalak ba’in.Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka (library research), denganobjek penelitiannya adalah pendapat Imam mazhab dan peraturan perundangundangan perkawinan di Indonesia. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah datasekunder yaitu data yang diperoleh dari buku-buku, dokumen dan lainnya. Teknikpengumpulan data yaitu teknik dokumentasi, yang digunakan untukmengumpulkan serta meneliti bahan pustaka, yang merupakan data sekunder darijudul dan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, sedangkan teknik analisis dalampenelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis yaitu menganalisis serta membandingkanpersamaan dan perbedaan pendapat Imam mazhab dan peraturan perundangundangan perkawinan di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, metode pendekatan yangdigunakan adalah yuridis normatif, yaitu dengan cara menganalisa data yangdiperoleh dengan ketentuan hukum.Berdasarkan studi perbandingan hukum Islam (pendapat empat Imammazhab) dan peraturan perundang-undangan perkawinan di Indonesia,kedepannya untuk lebih mempertimbangkan hak istri, dengan dua jenis talaktersebut, dalam hal nafkah khususnya setelah ketika masa iddah sedangberlangsung. Sehingga istri tersebut tetap berhak mendapatkan nafkah dan tempattinggal ketika dia sedang menjalani masa iddah, tidak perduli dari jenis talak yangdijatuhkan oleh suaminya.
The Role of eHealth in the Management of Patient Safety
Authors: DYMYT Malgorzata
Published: October 2020

The aim of the article is to present the essence of patient safety and the role, goals, benefits and areas of application of eHealth in the process of patient safety management. The development of information and communication technologies creates opportunities to support innovation in the health services sector in the field of e-health services and tools. However, the implementation of digital technologies in the field of health has a significant impact on patient safety. Therefore, the question of the possibility of using e-health services and tools in supporting patient safety management becomes a key issue.
Financial Education for MSMEs: Entrepreneur’s Perceptions and Behaviors in Bogotá
Authors: del Pilar López-Peña Salomé
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the present work was to identify the perceptions and behaviors related to the economic and financial education in Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs). Cross-sectional and mixed research were conducted within a group of MSME administrators from Bogotá, Colombia. For that purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with each participant. The results show a perception of a lack of knowledge about economic and financial education.
Impression Management in Financial Reporting: Evidence on Management Commentary
Authors: JAWORSKA Elzbieta , BUCIOR Grzegorz
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this paper is to present issues of employing impression management strategies in business reports (management commentaries) for the sake of shaping the perception, opinions and decisions of stakeholders in the analyzed enterprises. The methods used to achieve the aim of the article involved: (a) analysis of the literature, (b) case study research. The paper focuses on the management commentary (business report), which is a source of financial and non-financial information about the company.
Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution over Western Ghats of India: wet versus
dry spells of Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Krishna Uriya Veerendra Murali , Das Subrata Kumar , Sulochana Ezhilarasi Govindaraj , Utsav Bhowmik , Deshpande Sachin Madhukar , Pandithurai Govindan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The nature of raindrop size distribution (DSD) is analyzed during wet and dry spells of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in the Western Ghats (WGs) region by using Joss-Waldvogel Disdrometer (JWD) measurements. The observed DSDs are fitted with gamma distribution, and the DSD characteristics are studied during ISM season (June–September) of 2012–2015. The DSD spectra show distinct diurnal variation during the wet and dry spells. The dry spells exhibit a strong diurnal cycle with two peaks, while the diurnal cycle is not so prominent in the wet spells. Results reveal the microphysical characteristics of warm rain during both the wet and dry periods. Even though the warm rain processes are dominant in the WGs region, the underlying dynamical processes cause the differences in DSD characteristics during the wet and dry spells. In addition, the differences in DSD spectra with different rain rates are also observed. The DSD spectra are further analyzed by separating into stratiform and convective types. Finally, an empirical relationship between the slope parameter, Λ and shape parameter, µ is derived by best fitting the quadratic polynomial for the observed data during both wet and dry spells as well as for the stratiform and convective types of rain. The µ-Λ relations obtained in the present study are slightly different in comparison with the previous studies.
Chemical and microbiological characterization of primary
biological aerosol particles at the boreal forest
Authors: Ruiz-Jimenez Jose , Okuljar Magdalena , Sietiö Outi-Maaria , Demaria Giorgia , Liangsupree Thanaporn , Zagatti Elisa , Aalto Juho , Hartonen Kari , Heinonsalo Jussi , Bäck Jaana , Petäjä Tuukka , Riekkola Marja-Liisa
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) play an important role in the interaction between biosphere, atmosphere and climate, affecting cloud and precipitation formation processes. The contribution of pollen, plant fragments, spores, bacteria, algae and viruses to PBAPs is well known. In order to explore the complex interrelationships between airborne and particulate chemical traces (amino acids, saccharides), gene copy numbers, gas phase chemistry and the particle size distribution, 84 size-segregated aerosol samples from four particle size fractions ( 10 µm) were collected at SMEAR II station, Finland in autumn 2017. The gene copy numbers and size distribution of bacteria, Pseudomonas and fungi in PBAPs were determined by DNA extraction and amplification. In addition, free amino acids (19) and saccharides (8) were analyzed in aerosol samples by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS). Different machine learning (ML) approaches, such as cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, neural network and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used for the clarification of several aspects related to the PBAPs composition. Clear variations were observed for the composition of PBAPs as a function of the particle size. In most cases, the highest concentration values, gene copy numbers in the case of microbes, were observed for 2.5–10 µm particles followed by > 10 µm, 1–2.5 µm and
Lower-stratospheric aerosol measurements in eastward shedding
vortices over Japan from the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone
during the summer of 2018
Authors: Fujiwara Masatomo , Sakai Tetsu , Shiraishi Koichi , Inai Yoichi , Khaykin Sergey , Xi Haosen , Shibata Takashi , Shiotani Masato , Pan Laura L.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Eastward airmass transport from the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) often involves eastward shedding vortices, which can cover most of the Japanese archipelago. We investigated the aerosol characteristics of these vortices by analysing data from two lidar systems in Japan, at Tsukuba (36.1° N, 140.1° E) and Fukuoka (33.55° N, 130.36° E), during the summer of 2018. We observed several events with enhanced particle signals at Tsukuba at 15.5–18 km altitude (at or above the local tropopause) during August–September 2018, with a backscattering ratio of ~1.10 and particle depolarization of ~5 % (i.e., not spherical, but more spherical than ice crystals). These particle characteristics may be consistent with those of solid aerosol particles, such as ammonium nitrate. Each event had a timescale of a few days. During the same study period, we also observed similar enhanced particle signals in the lower stratosphere at Fukuoka. The upper troposphere is often covered by cirrus clouds at both lidar sites. Backward trajectory calculations for these sites for days with enhanced particle signals in the lower stratosphere and days without indicate that the former airmasses originated within the ASM anticyclone, and the latter more from edge regions. Reanalysis carbon-monoxide and satellite water-vapour data indicate that eastward shedding vortices were involved in the observed aerosol enhancements. Satellite aerosol data confirm that the period and latitudinal region were free from the direct influence of documented volcanic eruptions and high latitude forest fires. Our results indicate that the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) over the ASM region extends east towards Japan in association with the eastward shedding vortices, and that lidar systems in Japan can detect at least the lower stratospheric portion of the ATAL during periods when the lower stratosphere is undisturbed by volcanic eruptions and forest fires. The upper tropospheric portion of the ATAL is either depleted by tropospheric processes (convection and wet scavenging) during eastward transport or is obscured by much stronger cirrus cloud signals.
Undersizing of Aged African Biomass Burning Aerosol by an Ultra
High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer
Authors: Howell Steven G. , Freitag Steffen , Dobracki Amie , Smirnow Nikolai , Sedlacek III Arthur J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS) differs from most other optical particle spectrometers by using a high-power infrared (IR) laser to detect small particles and reduce the sizing ambiguity due to the non-monotonicity of scattering with particle size. During the NASA ORACLES project (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) over the southeast Atlantic Ocean, the UHSAS clearly undersized particles in the biomass burning plume extending from Southern Africa. Since the horizontal and vertical extent of the plume was vast, the NASA P-3B research aircraft often flew through a fairly uniform biomass burning plume for periods exceeding 30 minutes, sufficient time to explore the details of the UHSAS response by selecting single particle sizes with a Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) and passing them to the UHSAS. This was essentially an in-flight calibration of the UHSAS using the particles of interest. Two modes of responses appeared. Most particles were undersized by moderate amounts, ranging from not at all for 70 nm aerosols to 15 % for 280 nm particles. Mie scattering calculations show that composition-dependent refractive index of the particles is unlikely to explain the pattern. Heating of brown carbon or tarballs in the beam causing evaporation and shrinking of the particles is the most plausible explanation, though that requires greater IR absorption than is usually attributed to brown carbon. 10–30 % of the particles were undersized by 25 to 35 %. Those were apparently the particles containing refractory black carbon. Laboratory calibrations confirm that black carbon is drastically undersized by the UHSAS, though the mechanism is not entirely clear. A simple empirical correction equation was implemented that dramatically improves agreement with DMA distributions between 100 and 500 nm. It raised median particle diameter 18 nm, from 163 to 181 nm during the August 2017 deployment and by smaller amounts during deployments with less intense pollution. Calculated scattering from UHSAS size distributions increased by about 130 %, dramatically improving agreement with scattering measured by nephelometers. The correction is only valid in polluted instances; clean marine boundary layer and free troposphere aerosols behaved more like the calibration spheres. We were unable to directly test the correction between 500 and 1000 nm, though APS data appear to show that the correction is poor at the largest diameters, which is no surprise as the composition of those particles is likely to be quite different than that of the accumulation mode. This adds to the evidence that UHSAS data must be treated cautiously whenever the aerosol may absorb infrared light. Similar corrections may be required whenever brown carbon aerosol is present.
A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans
Authors: Landschützer Peter , Laruelle Goulven G. , Roobaert Alizee , Regnier Pierre
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In this study, we present the first combined open- and coastal-ocean pCO2 mapped monthly climatology (Landschützer et al., 2020b, https://doi.org/10.25921/qb25-f418, https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/MPI-ULB-SOM_FFN_clim.html, last access: 8 April 2020) constructed from observations collected between 1998 and 2015 extracted from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) database. We combine two neural network-based pCO2 products, one from the open ocean and the other from the coastal ocean, and investigate their consistency along their common overlap areas. While the difference between open- and coastal-ocean estimates along the overlap area increases with latitude, it remains close to 0 µatm globally. Stronger discrepancies, however, exist on the regional level resulting in differences that exceed 10 % of the climatological mean pCO2, or an order of magnitude larger than the uncertainty from state-of-the-art measurements. This also illustrates the potential of such an analysis to highlight where we lack a good representation of the aquatic continuum and future research should be dedicated. A regional analysis further shows that the seasonal carbon dynamics at the coast–open interface are well represented in our climatology. While our combined product is only a first step towards a true representation of both the open-ocean and the coastal-ocean air–sea CO2 flux in marine carbon budgets, we show it is a feasible task and the present data product already constitutes a valuable tool to investigate and quantify the dynamics of the air–sea CO2 exchange consistently for oceanic regions regardless of its distance to the coast.
Experimental study of sediment supply control on step formation, evolution, and stability
Authors: Saletti Matteo , Hassan Marwan A.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We present results from an experimental campaign conducted in a steep flume subject to longitudinal width variations and different sediment feed rates. The experiments were designed to study how sediment supply influences step formation, step location, and step stability. Our results show that steps are more likely to form in segments of the channel where the width narrows because of particle jamming, and these steps are also more stable. Sediment feed increases particle activity which generates a dynamic channel morphology with steps forming and collapsing. A comparison with experiments without sediment feed shows that sediment supply does not inhibit step formation. Time series of step formation, evolution, and destruction show that the maximum number of steps is achieved when the sediment feed is larger than zero but smaller than the transport capacity. We summarize this outcome in a conceptual model where the dependence of step frequency on sediment supply is expressed by a bell curve. Sediment yield measured at the channel outlet followed the sediment feed at the inlet closely, even when we fed 50 % more and 50 % less than the calculated transport capacity. This outcome challenges the applicability of the concept of transport capacity to steep channels and highlights the key role played by sediment feed in dictating sediment yield and channel response. Finally, we detected a positive correlation between sediment concentration and step destruction, which stresses the importance of particle interactions for step formation and stability.