bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les services de support de diversité floristique rendus par les délaissés urbains
Authors: Brun Marion , Bonthoux Sébastien , Greulich Sabine , Di Pietro Francesca
Published: September 2018

Afin de préciser l’ambivalence, par rapport aux services écosystémiques, des délaissés urbains, réservoirs d’espèces indigènes mais aussi exotiques et envahissantes, nous avons étudié la flore des délaissés urbains de deux agglomérations de taille moyenne. Nos résultats montrent que ces espaces accueillent une grande diversité végétale, ordinaire et patrimoniale. La fréquence globale des espèces envahissantes est comparable à celle rapportée par des études effectuées sur les délaissés de métropoles, alors que leur fréquence locale, au sein des délaissés, est beaucoup plus faible. Nous discutons de ces résultats en relation avec les différences de taille d’agglomération et d’origine des délaissés.
Leisure mobility and individuals’ relationship to the living environment: a comparison between the Paris and Rome urban regions.
Authors: Nessi Hélène
Published: September 2018

In this article we examine how (alongside with other factors) the relationship that individuals have to their living environment affects their leisure mobility. We first elaborate a typology (comprising 5 types) of individuals according to their stated relationship to their living environment. Using a statistical approach, we then show that this typology partially explains inter-individual differences in leisure mobility, after taking into account other socioeconomic and spatial explanatory factors: income, level of education, profession, residential location (esp. density of residential area) and demographic characteristics. This statistical argument is complemented with a qualitative study of the meanings given by individuals to their living environments and leisure mobility practices, which ultimately contributes to better understand the drivers of leisure mobility and to emphasize in particular the notion of compensatory mobility. A given urban context may accomodate very different practices and very diverse life projects and the approach developed in the paper has allowed to move away from deterministic explanations for leisure mobility.
Le masque de Judas. Généalogie d’un personnage selon l’historien médiéviste Giacomo Todeschini
Authors: Mirabella Anna
Published: September 2018

Judas est le traître par excellence. Protagoniste de nombreuses créations littéraires du xxe siècle, ce personnage est utilisé le plus souvent pour explorer les enjeux de la trahison, comme le montre même le dernier roman d’Amos Oz, Judas, où paradoxalement l’apôtre est innocenté. L’historien qui s’attache à l’étude d’un personnage de la mythologie chrétienne doit prendre un tout autre chemin, comme le fait Giacomo Todeschini dans Come Giuda. Ce travail explore la genèse du personnage depuis les premières exégèses patristiques jusqu’au xve siècle, où il devient le miroir identificatoire du menu peuple, catégorie à marginaliser car considérée comme dangereusement incapable de comprendre les règles des échanges matériels. Dans la culture chrétienne, Judas apparaît en effet d’abord comme l’homme qui, incapable de reconnaître la valeur infinie de Jésus, le vend pour une somme dérisoire. Cette interprétation du personnage nous est devenue étrangère, de même que la logique de l’économie charismatique qui l’a produite et représente le référent « réel » des constructions fictives successives du Judas médiéval. Si le théologien et l’artiste cherchent à imaginer « qui était Judas », nous montrons que l’historien s’interroge plutôt sur ce que, à une certaine époque, l’on a pu nommer à travers l’invention de Judas.
Delitos contra la intimidad y redes sociales (en especial, en la jurisprudencia más reciente)
Authors: Tomás-Valiente Lanuza Carmen
Published: September 2018

Las redes sociales constituyen vehículos de exhibición de la propia intimidad a la vez que canales especialmente idóneos para la exposición de la ajena. En esta última variante, en los últimos años han devenido en medio comisivo preferente de delitos de revelación de secretos del artículo 197 Cp en sus distintas modalidades (el encaje en una u otra dependerá del modo en que se haya accedido al material íntimo objeto de la difusión); el usuario de la red es aquí el autor del delito contra la intimidad ajena (apartado 1). De otro lado, en cambio, el usuario de una red social se coloca también a sí mismo en una posición vulnerable (apartado 2), puesto que aquello que publica a un círculo cerrado de destinatarios (los «amigos»), que eventualmente puede afectar a su intimidad, es susceptible de ser redifundido por alguno de estos, conducta que, pese a todo, no consideramos penalmente típica. En tercer lugar, la jurisprudencia más reciente empieza a ocuparse de supuestos de acceso no consentido al espacio de un usuario en una red social (apartado 3), en los que entra en juego la figura de intrusismo informático del artículo 197 bis.
El delito de estafa cometido a través de las redes sociales: problemas de investigación y enjuiciamiento
Authors: López Pesquera Beatriz
Published: September 2018

Con ocasión de las ventajas que ofrecen las tecnologías de la sociedad de la información y las redes sociales han proliferado conductas ilícitas centradas, principalmente, en delitos patrimoniales. Las conductas más habituales son aquellas destinadas a la compraventa de productos de segunda mano, las que exponen un modo de vida constituyéndose en influencers, o los delitos relativos a la publicidad engañosa, entre otros, aunque el abanico delictual es mucho más amplio. El estudio desvela que, en cualquier caso, no se trata de estafas informáticas propiamente dichas; el número de perjudicados es muy numeroso, existiendo, además, importantes dificultades en su investigación, por no mencionar la concurrencia de problemas concursales en no pocos casos.
Los delitos de odio en las redes sociales
Authors: Tamarit Sumalla Josep Maria
Published: September 2018

Las redes sociales presentan características idóneas para el incremento del riesgo de conductas de relevancia penal y los delitos de odio son un ámbito afectado por la expansión del Derecho penal. Sin embargo, los tribunales españoles no responden de un modo consistente y predecible, mostrando una severidad en la aplicación del tipo delictivo de enaltecimiento del terrorismo que constituye una amenaza para el derecho a la libertad de expresión y para el principio de proporcionalidad de las penas. El trabajo analiza la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo y concluye proponiendo la necesidad de recuperar el modelo liberal del CP 1995 y que la jurisprudencia evolucione según las directrices derivadas de la Corte Europea de Derechos Humanos para situar, en su lugar adecuado, la respuesta ante el discurso del odio.
IX Jornada de Docencia del Derecho y TIC
Authors: Beltrán de Heredia Ruiz Ignasi
Published: September 2018

Las Jornadas de Docencia del Derecho y TIC organizadas por los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la UOC, en su novena edición, se han convertido en un espacio de vanguardia para compartir las novedades más recientes en lo que se refiere al uso de las TIC en la docencia de las ciencias jurídicas.

La Jornada, desarrollada en Barcelona el 15 de junio de 2018, contó con la participación de miembros de la comunidad universitaria de diversos centros y se articuló a partir de los siguientes (y clásicos) ejes temáticos: Planificación de la docencia a través de las TIC; Plataformas virtuales y evaluación de los aprendizajes; Formación práctica del derecho y TIC y Herramientas de trabajo colaborativo.
Inteligencia Artificial y Derecho
Authors: Xalabarder Raquel
Published: September 2018

El pasado 27 de junio de 2018, el grupo de investigación «Derecho de internet» DDI (grupo consolidado AGAUR 2017SGR1711), de los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la UOC, organizó la Jornada «Inteligencia Artificial y Derecho,” en la sede de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, en Av. Tibidabo 39 de Barcelona. Como ponentes se contó con la presencia de los profesores Manuel Desantes, catedrático de Derecho internacional privado, Universitat d'Alacant), Jane C. Ginsburg, Morton L. Janklow, Professor of Literary & Artistic Property Law (Columbia University Law School), Andrés Guadamuz, Senior Lecturer on Intellectual Property (University of Sussex), Aurelio López-Tarruella, profesor titular de Derecho Internacional Privado (Universitat d’Alacant), Alessandro Mantelero, Professor of Private Law (Politecnico di Torino), Anna Ramalho, Assistant Professor of Intellectual Property (Maastricht University) y Antoni Rubí Puig, profesor agregado de Derecho Civil (Universitat Pompeu Fabra).
Actualidad normativa
Authors: García Albero Jordi
Published: September 2018

Actualidad normativa
Editorial
Authors: Delgado García Ana Maria
Published: September 2018

El número 27 de la Revista Internet, Derecho y Política contiene un monográfico que recoge diversos artículos sobre las implicaciones jurídicas de los usos y comentarios efectuados en las redes sociales. El número de delitos cometidos a través de las redes sociales va en aumento, por una parte, por la existencia de nuevas plataformas idóneas para la comisión de ciertos delitos y, por otro lado, por la apariencia de anonimato que presenta el uso de las redes sociales. No obstante, actuar contra esta situación no es fácil, puesto que uno de los principales problemas que se plantea es el de las dificultades probatorias para su aportación al procedimiento judicial.
IV Jornada de Orientación Profesional en Fiscalidad; Salidas profesionales en la Agencia Estatal de Administración Tributaria
Authors: Delgado García Ana Maria
Published: September 2018

El pasado 28 de mayo de 2018 tuvo lugar la IV Jornada de Orientación Profesional en Fiscalidad, dedicada en esta ocasión a las «Salidas profesionales en la Agencia Estatal de Administración Tributaria». Los Estudios de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya organizaron esta Jornada, vinculada al máster universitario de Fiscalidad, como un instrumento de orientación profesional para los estudiantes de dicho máster, y bajo la dirección de Ana María Delgado García (directora del máster universitario de Fiscalidad de la UOC) y Rafael Oliver Cuello (profesor colaborador de Fiscalidad de la UOC).
Seasonality in ecology: Progress and prospects in theory
Authors: White Easton R , Hastings Alan
Published: September 2018

Seasonality is an important feature of essentially all natural systems but the consequences of seasonality have been vastly underappreciated. Early work emphasized the role of seasonality in driving cyclic population dynamics, but the consequences of seasonality for ecological processes are far broader. In ecological systems, seasonality may include variations in temperature, precipitation, or other processes. Seasonality is typically not explicitly included in either empirical or theoretical studies. However, many aspects of ecological dynamics can only be understood when seasonality is included, ranging from the oscillations in the incidence of childhood diseases to the coexistence of species. Further, studies of phenology and global climate change only make sense in the context of seasonal dynamics. Our goal is to outline what is now known about seasonality and to set the stage for future efforts. We review the effects of seasonality on ecological systems in both laboratory and field settings. We then discuss approaches for incorporating seasonality in mathematical models, including Floquet theory. We argue, however, that these tools are still limited in scope and more approaches need to be developed. We demonstrate the range of impacts of seasonality on ecological systems and show the necessity of incorporating seasonality to understand ecological dynamics.
The genetic status of the Hungarian brown trout populations: exploration of a blind spot on the European map ofSalmo truttastudies
Authors: Ősz Ágnes , Horváth Ákos , Hoitsy György , Kánainé Sipos Dóra , Keszte Szilvia , Sáfrány Anna Júlia , Marić Saša , Palkó Csaba , Tóth Balázs , Urbányi Béla , Kovács Balázs
Published: September 2018

Background

Analyses of the control region sequences of European brown trout populations’ mitrochondrial DNA have revealed five main evolutionary lineages (Atlantic, Danubian, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Marble) mostly relating to the main water basins; however, the hybridization between lineages were increasingly reported. Due to the hydrogeography of Hungary, wild populations should theoretically belong to the Danubian lineage, however, this has not been verified by genetic studies.

Methods

In our study multiple molecular marker sets (mitochondrial sequence, microsatellites, PCR-RFLP of nuclear markers and sex marker) were used to investigate the genetic composition and population genetics of the brown trout populations in two broodstocks, six wild streams in Hungary and one Serbian population.

Results

The admixture of Atlantic and Danubian lineages in these populations, except the Serbian population with pure Danubian origin, was observed by control region sequences of mitochondrial DNA and PCR-RFLP markers in the nuclear genome, and one unpublished Danubian haplotype was found in Hungarian populations. A sex-specific marker revealed equal gender ratio in broodstocks and Kemence stream, whereas in other wild streams the proportion of female individuals were less than 50%. Structure and principal component analyses based on the alleles of microsatellite loci also revealed overlapping populations, however the populations were still significantly different from each other and were mostly in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Discussion

Stocking and migration can have a significant genetic impact on trout populations of wild streams, however there are no guidelines or common practices for stocking of small streams in Hungary, thus the genetic background of these populations should be considered when developing conservation actions.
Improving remote estimation of winter crops gross ecosystem production by inclusion of leaf area index in a spectral model
Authors: Juszczak Radosław , Uździcka Bogna , Stróżecki Marcin , Sakowska Karolina
Published: September 2018

The hysteresis of the seasonal relationships between vegetation indices (VIs) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) results in differences between these relationships during vegetative and reproductive phases of plant development cycle and may limit their applicability for estimation of croplands productivity over the entire season. To mitigate this problem and to increase the accuracy of remote sensing-based models for GEP estimation we developed a simple empirical model where greenness-related VIs are multiplied by the leaf area index (LAI). The product of this multiplication has the same seasonality as GEP, and specifically for vegetative periods of winter crops, it allowed the accuracy of GEP estimations to increase and resulted in a significant reduction of the hysteresis of VIs vs. GEP. Our objective was to test the multiyear relationships between VIs and daily GEP in order to develop more general models maintaining reliable performance when applied to years characterized by different climatic conditions. The general model parametrized with NDVI and LAI product allowed to estimate daily GEP of winter and spring crops with an error smaller than 14%, and the rate of GEP over- (for spring barley) or underestimation (for winter crops and potato) was smaller than 25%. The proposed approach may increase the accuracy of crop productivity estimation when greenness VIs are saturating early in the growing season.
AtROP6 is involved in reactive oxygen species signaling in response to iron‐deficiency stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhai Longmei , Sun Chaohua , Feng Yi , Li Duyue , Chai Xiaofen , Wang Lei , Sun Qiran , Zhang Guifen , Li Yi , Wu Ting , Zhang Xinzhong , Xu Xuefeng , Wang Yi , Han Zhenhai
Published: September 2018

Understanding the mechanism of iron (Fe)‐deficiency responses is crucial for improving plant Fe bioavailability. Here, we found that the Arabidopsis Rho‐like GTPase 6 mutant (rop6) is less sensitive to Fe‐deficiency responses and has reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to wild‐type (WT), while AtROP6‐overexpressing seedlings exhibit more sensitivity to Fe‐deficiency responses and has higher levels of ROS compared to WT. Moreover, treatment with H2O2 improves the sensitivity to Fe‐deficiency responses in rop6 mutants. By using the yeast two‐hybrid system, we further demonstrate the direct interaction between AtROP6 and Arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (AtRBOHD), which controls the generation of ROS. Overall, we suggest that AtROP6 is involved in AtRBOHD‐mediated ROS signaling to modulate Fe‐deficiency responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Understanding and Improving Mechanical Properties in 3D printed Parts Using a Dual‐Cure Acrylate‐Based Resin for Stereolithography
Authors: Uzcategui Asais Camila , Muralidharan Archish , Ferguson Virginia L. , Bryant Stephanie J. , McLeod Robert R.
Published: September 2018

Application of 3D printed structures via stereolithography (SLA) is limited by imprecise dimensional control and inferior mechanical properties. These challenges is attributed to poor understanding of polymerization behavior during the printing process and inadequate post‐processing methods. The former via a modified version of Jacob's working curve equation that incorporates the resin's sub‐linear response to irradiation intensity is addressed by the authors. This new model provides a more accurate approach to select 3D printing parameters given a desired z‐resolution and conversion profile along the depth of the printed part. The authors use this improved model to motivate a novel material design that can be post‐processed to be indistinguishable from the polymer at 100% conversion. This approach employs a dual initiating system in which photo‐initiated printing is followed by a thermal post‐cure to achieve uniform conversion. The authors show that this approach enables fast printing times (10 s per layer), exceptional horizontal resolution (1–10 microns), precise control over vertical resolution, and decreased surface corrugations on a 10's of microns scale. The techniques described herein use an acrylate‐based SLA resin, but the approach can be extended to other monomer systems to simultaneously achieve predictable properties and dimensions that are critical for application of additive manufacturing in load‐bearing applications.
Biomineralization as a Paradigm of Directional Solidification: A Physical Model for Molluscan Shell Ultrastructural Morphogenesis
Authors: Schoeppler Vanessa , Gránásy László , Reich Elke , Poulsen Nicole , de Kloe René , Cook Phil , Rack Alexander , Pusztai Tamás , Zlotnikov Igor
Published: September 2018

Molluscan shells are a model system to understand the fundamental principles of mineral formation by living organisms. The diversity of unconventional mineral morphologies and 3D mineral–organic architectures that comprise these tissues, in combination with their exceptional mechanical efficiency, offers a unique platform to study the formation–structure–function relationship in a biomineralized system. However, so far, morphogenesis of these ultrastructures is poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive physical model, based on the concept of directional solidification, is developed to describe molluscan shell biomineralization. The capacity of the model to define the forces and thermodynamic constraints that guide the morphogenesis of the entire shell construct—the prismatic and nacreous ultrastructures and their transitions—and govern the evolution of the constituent mineralized assemblies on the ultrastructural and nanostructural levels is demonstrated using the shell of the bivalve Unio pictorum. Thereby, explicit tools for novel bioinspired and biomimetic bottom‐up materials design are provided.
Metal‐Free Activation of Enthalpically Strong Bonds: Unraveling the Potential of Hitherto Unexplored Singlet Carbenes
Authors: Bharadwaz Priyam , Dewhurst Rian D. , Phukan Ashwini K.
Published: September 2018

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out on a number of ambiphilic and electrophilic carbenes (both experimentally known and computationally designed) to understand their reactivity profile towards the activation of thermally robust bonds. Based on the calculated values of activation energy barriers, it was found that for ammonia (NH3), most of the molecules favor an electrophilic mode of activation. On the other hand, even though the electrophilic pathway is found to be more favorable than the nucleophilic one for activation of phosphine (PH2Ph) by majority of the carbenes, the barrier heights for both pathways are calculated to be comparable for diamidocarbene (DAC), cyclic amino aryl carbenes (CAArCs) and bicyclic alkyl amino carbene (BICAAC). In agreement with their better electron donation and acceptance abilities, the hitherto unexplored BICAAC, CAArCs and cyclic alkyl amido carbenes (CAAmC) are predicted to be more effective than cyclic alkyl amino carbenes (CAACs) towards the activation of both ammonia and phosphine. For the activation of silane (SiH3Ph), a hydride transfer pathway is found to be more favorable than the proton transfer pathway. Further, the calculated values of total Gibbs free energies and activation energy barriers for the splitting of N−H, P−H and Si−H bonds by a majority of the molecules are found to be comparable to those of the experimentally evaluated ones, implying that these known‐yet unexplored‐carbenes may be considered as suitable candidates for the activation of such enthalpically strong bonds.

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2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) as High‐Performance Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Based Batteries
Authors: Tang Xiao , Guo Xin , Wu Wenjian , Wang Guoxiu
Published: September 2018

Tremendous efforts are devoted to developing advanced electrode materials with superior electrochemical performance, high energy density, and high power density for energy storage and conversion. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials, owing to their unique properties, have shown great potential for energy storage. Following the discovery of graphene, a new family of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides, MXenes, derived from MAX phase precursors, have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The superior physical and chemical properties of MXenes include high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity, multiple possible surface terminations, hydrophilic features, superior specific surface area, and the ability to accommodate intercalants. When applied as electrodes in lithium‐based batteries, MXenes have demonstrated excellent performance. In this progress report, the authors summarize the recent advances of MXenes and MXene‐based composites in terms of synthesis strategies, morphology engineering, physical/chemical properties, and their applications in lithium‐ion batteries and lithium–sulfur batteries. Furthermore, challenges and perspectives for MXenes and MXene‐based composites for lithium‐based energy storage devices are also outlined.
Enhancing the Photovoltaic Performance of Nonfullerene Acceptors via Conjugated Rotatable End Groups
Authors: Yu Runnan , Yao Huifeng , Hong Ling , Xu Ye , Gao Bowei , Zhu Jie , Zu Yunfei , Hou Jianhui
Published: September 2018

Unlike varieties of well‐known nonfullerene acceptors with rigid chemical structures, an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type acceptor with conjugated rotatable end groups, a phenylethynyl‐substituted acceptor (ITPN) is designed and synthesized. Compared with the ethynyl‐substituted acceptor (ITEN) and a well‐know small molecular electron acceptor (ITIC), ITPN molecules show reduced binding energy and reorganization energy, facilitated by the rotatability and the extended π conjugation of phenylethynyl end groups. ITPN shows stronger molecular aggregation and more ordered arrangement, resulting in enhanced charge‐transport properties. In the polymer solar cells, applying the fluorinated polymer (PBDB‐TF) as the electron donor, the device based on ITPN yields a maximum power conversion efficiency of 12.6%, higher than that of an ITEN‐ or ITIC‐based device. The work demonstrates that chemically modulating the end groups by the synergistic effect of rotatable end groups and extending the π‐conjugation length is an effective and straightforward way to improve the photovoltaic performance of A–D–A‐type small molecular acceptors.
Solid‐State Rechargeable Zn//NiCo and Zn–Air Batteries with Ultralong Lifetime and High Capacity: The Role of a Sodium Polyacrylate Hydrogel Electrolyte
Authors: Huang Yan , Li Zhen , Pei Zengxia , Liu Zhuoxin , Li Hongfei , Zhu Minshen , Fan Jun , Dai Quanbin , Zhang Mingdao , Dai Liming , Zhi Chunyi
Published: September 2018

Solid‐state aqueous energy conversion and storage are regarded as one of the most promising energy technologies for low‐cost and large‐scale applications without safety risk. However, current solid‐state aqueous batteries can only sustain tens to hundreds of charging–discharging cycles and deliver limited capacities, particularly in alkaline electrolytes. This has severely limited solid‐state energy technologies for large‐scale applications. Herein, it is reported that a sodium polyacrylate hydrogel electrolyte ensures an order of magnitude higher cycling stability than those of their state‐of‐the‐art counterparts and high capacities for the solid‐state Zn//NiCo and Zn–air batteries. The observed superb cell performance is attributed to a high ionic conductivity and water‐retaining capability intrinsically associated with the sodium polyacrylate hydrogel electrolyte, coupled with the acrylate‐ion‐facilitated formation of quasi‐solid electrolyte interface to eliminate zinc dendrites.
Novel CNS malformations and skeletal anomalies in a patient with Beaulieu‐boycott‐Innes syndrome
Authors: Accogli Andrea , Scala Marcello , Calcagno Annalisa , Castello Raffaele , Torella Annalaura , Musacchia Francesco , Allegri Anna M. E. , Mancardi Maria M. , Maghnie Mohamad , Severino Mariasavina ,   Telethon Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Nigro Vincenzo , Capra Valeria
Published: September 2018

THO/TREX (transcription/export) is a conserved eukaryotic complex that plays a crucial role in gene expression and prevents DNA damage during mitosis and meiosis. In mammals, TREX is essential during embryogenesis, determining stem cell fate specification by regulating posttranscriptional self‐renewal and differentiation in several tissues. It is composed of a core called THO, consisting of THOC1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and additional proteins. Bi‐allelic mutations in THOC6 have been associated to Beaulieu–Boycott–Innes syndrome (BBIS), a syndromic form of intellectual disability (ID). To date, nine patients harbouring homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in THOC6 have been reported. Despite the clinical heterogenity and subtle dysmorphic features in some individuals, distinctive facial features are tall forehead, short and upslanting palpebral fissures, deep set eyes, flat philtrum, and malocclusion. Nonlife threatening congenital anomalies are common, including cardiac and renal malformations, anteriorly displaced anus, cryptorchidism in males, submucous cleft palate, and corpus callosum dysgenesis. Affected patients usually have short stature, mild microcephaly, and mild to moderate ID. Here, we describe an Italian patient with BBIS, carrying two compound heterozygous loss‐of‐function (LoF) variants in THOC6 (c.577C > T, p.R193* and c.792_793delCA, p.V264Vfs*48). In addition to the common phenotype, she displays cerebellar hypoplasia with severe vermian dysgenesis and hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis, multiple skeletal anomalies and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Thus, we review the previous cases and discuss the phenotypic spectrum of BBIS, providing further evidence regarding the pivotal role of TREX complex in human development.
Normal‐Mode Splitting and Optomechanically Induced Absorption, Amplification, and Transparency in a Hybrid Optomechanical System
Authors: Wang Tie , Zheng Ming‐Hua , Bai Cheng‐Hua , Wang Dong‐Yang , Zhu Ai‐Dong , Wang Hong‐Fu , Zhang Shou
Published: September 2018

The various properties of the output spectrum for a probe field in a hybrid optomechanical system that is composed of two cavities, each containing an atomic ensemble and a mechanical resonator, is analyzed. Also, the normal‐mode splitting behaviors induced by the interactions between subsystems in detail are discussed and their respective effects are clarified. The interpretations for the linear variation of the separation between two absorption peaks is given out. In the available parameter regime, three tunnel coupling critical points, which describe the transition behaviors between absorption and amplification, are determined. Based on the first critical point, the influence of the two‐level atomic ensemble on absorption (amplification) effect is studied. The effect of the two‐level atomic ensemble not only splits the absorption peak (amplification dip), but also realizes the enhancement of the absorption (amplification) effect and the transformation between absorption and amplification effects. Meanwhile, the one‐to‐one correspondence location relations between the transparency dip and absorption peak for the double optomechanically induced transparency‐like and optomechanically induced absorption‐like, respectively, are also investigated. With a multi‐level atomic ensemble, the multi‐transparency (absorption) effect is realized readily. These rich spectrum properties of the probe field may benefit forward achieving of the optical switch in experiment and possible applications in coherent control of light pulses.
Alkyl Propiolates Participated [3+2] Annulation for the Switchable Synthesis of 1,5‐ and 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles Containing Ester Side Chain
Authors: Cao Shuo , Liu Yunyun , Hu Changfeng , Wen Chengping , Wan Jie‐Ping
Published: September 2018

By means of a featured enamine activation, the alkyl propiolates have been successfully employed in the [3+2] annulation for the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles. The synthesis of both 1,4‐ as well as the hardly available 1,5‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles can be selectively accessed by using tosyl azide and tosyl hydrazine as nitrogen source, respectively.
Modified Nanocarbons for Catalysis
Authors: Campisciano Vincenzo , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Giacalone Francesco
Published: September 2018

Nanocarbons represent useful scaffolds in the preparation of last generation nanostructured catalysts, and their chemical functionalization through covalent or non‐covalent modification is becoming an important tool for introducing well‐distributed anchoring points and, in the meantime, could be the first step toward the assembling of hybrid nanostructured materials with a hierarchical order. In this Review are reported synthesis and catalytic applications of chemically modified nanocarbons such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanohorns and nanodiamonds in organocatalytic and metal‐based (metal nanoparticles, organometallic complexes) reactions, covering major chemical reactions encompassing, the oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, olefins, and silanes, hydrogenation reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and alkenes, dehydrogenative coupling of silanes, C−C coupling reactions, epoxidation of alkenes, CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates, and asymmetric reactions, among others.
Organocopper(III) Compounds with Well‐defined Structures Undergo Reductive Elimination to Form C—C or C–Heteroatom Bonds
Authors: Liu Liang , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: September 2018

Reductive elimination around Cu(III) atom arises an increasing attention, since this organometallic pathway has been often proposed in a range of Cu‐based reactions. However, due to limited organocopper(III) compounds with well‐defined structures, this elementary reaction still remains an extremely challenging issue. In this review, structurally well‐defined organocopper(III) compounds are mainly divided into three classes based on their ligands: perfluoromethyl Cu(III) compounds, macrocyclic ligand‐based aryl‐Cu(III) compounds, and spiro organocopper(III) compounds chelated by bidentate ligands. The majority of organocopper(III) compounds display the typical square planar geometry. There also exist a few penta‐coordinated organocopper(III) complexes, which share a weak apical Cu‐L bond. In order to form a cis Cu(III)–C and Cu(III)–Nu bonding geometry required for reductive elimination, the re‐arrangement of coordination modes around tetra‐coordinated Cu(III) atoms is necessary. For the aryl‐Cu(III) cationic complexes with one Cu(III)–C bond, the re‐arrangement is triggered by the coordination of the fifth ligand (solvent or nucleophiles), while for the tetra‐carbon‐coordinated organocuprate(III) compounds, the process might be realized via the cleavage of one Cu(III)–C bond by attack of electrophiles. Stoichiometric and catalytic reactions involving well‐defined organocopper(III) compounds to form C—C or C–heteroatom bonds are discussed to support their intermediacy.
Insight into the Role of Additives in Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclohexylamine from Nitrobenzene
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Wang Zhe , Mao Shanjun , Chen Yiqing , Tang Minghui , Li Haoran , Wang Yong
Published: September 2018

Cyclohexylamine is a versatile intermediate in various chemical industries, which can be expediently synthesized via hydrogenation of aniline or nitrobenzene. However, such processes always suffer from side reactions. Many reports have found that specific additives can suppress the formation of side products, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this work, results suggest that it is the hydroxide ion of alkali metal hydroxides, rather than the cations, which plays a key role in suppressing the side reactions on supported Ru‐based catalysts. With the assistance of LiOH, the selectivity toward cyclohexylamine increased from 85.4% to 100%. Side products, such as dicyclohexylamine, cyclohexanol and N‐isopropyl cyclohexylamine, could no longer be detected. Theoretical calculations further disclosed that addition of alkali metal hydroxides inhibited the dissociation of enamine and decreased the adsorption energy of cyclohexylamine, which might be the reasons for a better selectivity. However, the addition of alkali metal hydroxides reduced the activity of nitrobenzene hydrogenation by unfolding the condensation reaction route. To recover or even further enhance the catalytic performance, a second metal component was introduced and the resultant RuNi/AC exhibited a significant improvement in activity compared with Ru/AC.
Halogenierungen von Kohlenwasserstoffen – Ein Einsatzgebiet für die Spritzentechnik
Authors: Irmer Erhard
Published: September 2018

Die in vielen Schulen gut etablierte Spritzentechnik eignet sich nicht nur für Reaktionen unter Beteiligung von Gasen, sondern auch zum Arbeiten mit flüssigen und leicht flüchtigen Substanzen. Ein interessantes Anwendungsgebiet stellt besonders die Halogenierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen, etwa Bromierungen an Alkanen und Alkenen, dar. So können Substitutions‐ und Additionsreaktionen und die Nachweisreaktionen für die Produkte quasi im Mini‐Abzug durch die Schülerinnen und Schüler selbst durchgeführt werden. Im Artikel werden die dafür nötigen Materialien und Grundfertigkeiten sowie eine Reihe von Experimenten vorgestellt, mit dem sich die Thematik der Halogenierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen erarbeiten lässt.
Quantitative Comparison of Proteomes Using SILAC
Authors: Deng Jingjing , Erdjument‐Bromage Hediye , Neubert Thomas A.
Published: September 2018

Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) has become very popular as a quantitative proteomic method since it was firstly introduced by Matthias Mann's group in 2002. It is a metabolic labeling strategy in which isotope‐labeled amino acids are metabolically incorporated in vivo into proteins during translation. After natural (light) or heavy amino acid incorporation, differentially labeled samples are mixed immediately after cell lysis and before any further processing, which minimizes quantitative errors caused by handling different samples in parallel. In this unit, we describe protocols for basic duplex SILAC, triplex SILAC for use in nondividing cells such as neurons, and for measuring amounts of newly synthesized proteins. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
C‐Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols by Primary Alcohols through Manganese‐Catalyzed Double Hydrogen Autotransfer
Authors: El‐Sepelgy Osama , Matador Esteban , Brzozowska Aleksandra , Rueping Magnus
Published: September 2018

A new Mn‐catalyzed alkylation of secondary alcohols with non‐activated alcohols is presented. The use of a stable and well‐defined manganese pincer complex, stabilized by a PNN ligand, together with a catalytic amount of base enabled the conversion of renewable alcohol feedstocks to a broad range of higher‐value alcohols in good yields with water as the sole byproduct. The strategy eliminates the need for exogenous and detrimental alkyl halides as well as the use of noble metal catalysts, making the C‐alkylation through double hydrogen autotransfer a highly sustainable and environmentally benign process. Mechanistic investigations support a hydrogen autotransfer mechanism in which a non‐innocent ligand plays a crucial role.
Recent improvements in sports drug testing concerning the initial testing for peptidic drugs (< 2 kDa) – sample preparation, mass spectrometric detection, and data review
Authors: Görgens Christian , Guddat Sven , Thomas Andreas , Thevis Mario
Published: September 2018

In this work, a novel initial testing assay based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry is presented, enabling the detection of peptidic drugs and drug candidates (< 2 kDa) prohibited in sports. The assay covers representatives and metabolites of gonadotropin releasing hormone and its analogs (GnRHs), growth hormone secretagogues (GHS), growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs), and the Vasopressin‐analog Desmopressin. The general objective of this work was to reduce sample preparation efforts to a minimum while preserving highest possible sensitivity and specificity of the assay, demonstrating limits of detection between 50 and 200 pg/mL. Here, a “dilute‐and‐inject” strategy provides the simplest conceivable sample preparation procedure. Furthermore, the combination of well‐established strategies for the determination of peptides, such as two‐dimensional liquid chromatography, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐assisted electrospray ionization, high resolution mass spectrometric detection and a tailored reporter template, which facilitates data review enormously, provides a high‐throughput initial testing assay for lower molecular mass peptidic and peptide‐related analytes.
Identification of the anabolic steroid 6β‐chlorotestosterone in a dietary supplement
Authors: Falconer Travis M. , Flurer Rick A. , Jones Mary B. , Lorenz Lisa M. , Voelker Sarah E.
Published: September 2018

Capsules that were labeled to be performance‐enhancing dietary supplements obtained during an investigation were found to contain an unrecognized steroid‐like substance. This compound was isolated by liquid chromatography (LC) fraction collection and characterized using several qualitative analytical techniques, including ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography‐high resolution accurate mass‐mass spectrometry (LC–HRAM–MS), as well as 1H, 13C, and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. This multi‐technique analytical approach was used to identify the designer steroid as 6β‐chloro‐4‐androsten‐17β‐ol‐3‐one (6β‐chlorotestosterone), an analog of testosterone about which little has been published.
An Electrochemical Immunosensor with Graphene‐Oxide‐Ferrocene‐based Nanocomposites for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Detection
Authors: Zhao Feijun , Bai Yan , Zeng Ruosheng , Cao Liangli , Zhu Jianming , Han Guocheng , Chen Zhencheng
Published: September 2018

The detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), a coat protein secreted by hepatitis B virus, is a common method for confirming infection in early diagnosis. A new composite of graphene oxide‐ferrocene‐chitosan (GO‐Fc‐CS) was synthesized and used to develop an electrochemical immunosensor with a GO‐Fc‐CS/Au‐nanoparticle layer film for HBsAg detection. The modified layer film exhibited not only enhanced electron conductivity, but also strong reversible redox signal for current changes, excellent biocompatibility, and good film‐forming ability for binding a large number of antibodies. The immunosensor exhibits a wide linear range from 0.05 to 150 ng/mL and detection limit of 0.01 ng/mL for HBsAg. The excellent performance in HBsAg detection suggests that the proposed immunosensor has potential application in clinical diagnosis.
Electrochemical Determination of Arsenic Using Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Sonkoue Baudelaire Matangouo , Tchekwagep Patrick Marcel Seumo , Nanseu‐Njiki Charles Péguy , Ngameni Emmanuel
Published: September 2018

In the present work, silver colloid was produced by chemical reduction of silver salt (silver nitrate) using citrates in aqueous solution. UV‐Vis spectrophotometry indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance peak in absorption spectra of the silver colloidal solution showed an absorption maximum at 435 nm. The dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements showed that the size and the zeta potential of the synthesized nanoparticles were about 98 nm and −50 mV respectively. The nanoparticles have been used to modify the gold electrode for use as a potential electrochemical sensor for the analysis of arsenic in aqueous solution. The cyclic voltammogram recorded using gold electrode modified with AgNPs depicted a well‐defined reduction peak of arsenic compared to bare gold electrode. The enhancement of the signal is essentially due to the large surface area attributed to silver nanoparticles. Linear sweep voltammetry has been used to optimize the analytical conditions of arsenic in aqueous solution: it came out that the detection of arsenic in 0.1 M HNO3was optimal while the electrode was conditioned at −0.6 v during 300 s. Under these optimum conditions, a calibration curve was plotted in the concentration range of 0.05 μM to 0.2 μM and the detection limit was estimated at 1.38×10−8 M, calculated from a ratio signal/noise 3.
Hydrogen as a Bio‐Orthogonal Trigger for Spatiotemporally Controlled Caged Prodrug Activation
Authors: Herzog Antoine F. , Schneider Elia M. , Stark Wendelin J.
Published: September 2018

The use of a p‐nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ) protecting group on the FDA‐approved lung cancer drug gemcitabine affords a caged drug with very low in vitro toxicity in a human model cell line (A549). To activate this type of caged potent drug, simultaneous presence of two items is needed: platinum nanoparticles and hydrogen‐containing gas mixtures. This combination may later allow a more precise and controlled local delivery of highly potent cytostatic compounds, and may eventually permit reduction of the severe side effects of such chemotherapy treatments. Hydrogen, though an unusual medical agent, is well tolerated, and here used mixtures are derived from diving (deep diving gas). Pt nanoparticles at here used concentrations may eventually be locally deposited into the lungs through minimal invasive inhalation. We demonstrate the use of hydrogen as an on/off uncaging switch and show repeated use of the Pt nanoparticles for a series of uncaging events.
Policy intervention for access to medicine: Does it work similarly for poor and non‐poor?
Authors: Dutta Arijita , Bandyopadhyay Satarupa
Published: September 2018

Many federal states in India have recently taken steps to improve distribution and affordability of medicines across public hospitals for reducing high out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditure. West Bengal has introduced a Public‐Private Partnership (PPP) scheme, Fair Price Medicine Shops (FPMS) within government hospitals in 2012, which offers high discounts on maximum retail price of the drugs. This model introduces the state as a facilitator, rather than provider or financer, of health care. This paper attempts to measure its impact on OOP expenditure (OOPE) of patients using propensity‐score‐matching technique on the data collected from primary survey among patients. The study finds that although for non‐poor patients, the average OOPE has reduced significantly, the impact has been counter‐productive for the poor patients, hinting that PPP intervention seems to work only for relatively better‐off people, as the best alternative for the poorest remains to be free provision of drugs from the government. The difference in outcome lay in the fact that the nature of control groups differed between poor and non‐poor patients. Those poor patients who did not visit FPMS received most of the medicines free (hence OOPE nearly zero), while for the non‐poor patients not visiting FPMS bought the drugs from outside retail shops.
Why and when does job satisfaction promote unethical pro‐organizational behaviours? Testing a moderated mediation model
Authors: Dou Kai , Chen Yushuai , Lu Junming , Li Jingjing , Wang Yujie
Published: September 2018

This study examined the relationship between job satisfaction and unethical pro‐organizational behaviours (UPB) by testing a moderated mediation model that focused on how employees' belongingness mediates the relationship between job satisfaction and UPB and how corporate ethical values moderate this mediated relationship. Our investigation included 369 employees from different organizations in Southeast China. The regression analysis revealed that job satisfaction positively influences UPB through belongingness. In addition, a moderated regression analysis indicated that low corporate ethical values strengthen not only the effect of belongingness on UPB but also the indirect effect of job satisfaction on UPB. These findings deepen our understanding of UPB by showing that individuals with a high level of job satisfaction are more likely to engage in UPB through belongingness when corporate ethical values are low. Finally, the theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed.
Refractive index and pulse broadening characterization using oil immersion and its influence on three‐photon microscopy excited at the 1700‐nm window
Authors: Zhuang Ziwei , He Chen , Du Yu , Wen Wenhui , Zhang Guoling , Zhao Yaqian , Tao Ming , Hu Zhangli , Wang Ke , Qiu Ping
Published: September 2018

Three‐photon microscopy excited at the 1700‐nm window enables deep‐tissue penetration. However, the refractive indices of commonly used immersion oils, and the resultant pulse broadening are not known, preventing imaging optimization. Here, we demonstrate detailed characterization of the refractive index, pulse broadening and distortion for excitation pulses at this window for commonly used immersion oils. On the physical side, we uncover that absorption, rather than material dispersion, is the main cause of pulse broadening and distortion. On the application side, comparative three‐photon imaging results indicate that 1600‐nm excitation yields 5 times higher three‐photon signal than 1690‐nm excitation.