bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel lipid hydroperoxide‐derived hemoglobin histidine adducts as biomarkers of oxidative stress
Authors: Yocum Anastasia K. , Oe Tomoyuki , Yergey Alfred L. , Blair Ian A.
Published: April 2005

Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts have long been used as dosimeters of exposure to xenobiotics and endogenously formed reactive metabolites. In this study, hemoglobin chains were separated from each other and their prosthetic heme groups and reacted with 4‐oxo‐2‐nonenal, a major breakdown product of lipid hydroperoxides. The adducts were characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/MS) analysis of the intact proteins and by a combination of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem MS (MS/MS) and MALDI‐TOF/MS/MS analysis of the tryptic peptides. Covalent modifications were found on both hemoglobin chains. The location was determined to be on H20 of the α‐hemoglobin chain and on H63 of the β‐hemoglobin chain. Molecular modeling revealed that these two residues were two most solvent accessible H residues present in intact Hb. The proposed reaction mechanism is based on that described for the reaction of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal with proteins. Initial nucleophilic Michael addition is followed by hydration of the resulting aldehyde, cyclization, and two sequential dehydration reactions to give stable furan derivatives. This results in the addition of 136 Da from 4‐oxo‐2‐nonenal to give adducts corresponding to 17VGAH* AGEYGAEALER31 from α‐hemoglobin and 62AH* GK65 from β‐hemoglobin. These hemoglobin modifications can potentially serve as biomarkers of lipid hydroperoxide‐mediated macromolecule damage and may reflect an indirect measurement of the potential for DNA damage in vivo. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase Separation in Aqueous Polymer Solutions as Studied by NMR Methods
Authors: Spěváček Jiří
Published: April 2005

Some possibilities of 1H NMR spectroscopy in investigations of structural‐dynamic changes and polymer‐solvent interactions during the temperature‐induced phase transitions in aqueous polymer solutions are described. Results obtained recently on D2O solutions of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME), poly(N‐isopropylmethacrylamide) (PIPMAm), negatively charged copolymers of N‐isopropylmethacrylamide and sodium methacrylate, and PIPMAm/PVME mixtures are discussed. A markedly different rate of dehydration process in dilute solutions on the one hand, and in semidilute and concentrated solutions on the other hand, was revealed from 1H spin‐spin relaxation measurements.
Stereoregular Polyelectrolyte/Surfactant Stoichiometric Complexes
Authors: Guenet Jean‐Michel
Published: April 2005

The molecular structure of polystyrene sulphonate/CTAB stoichiometric complexes has been studied by small angle neutron scattering in solutions and in gels for atactic and isotactic isomers of the polystyrene moiety. It is found that tacticity has no influence on the molecular structure in solution but plays a role in the gel state.
Preparation and Characterisation of Li‐Al‐glycine Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)‐Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Kottegoda Nilwala S. , Jones William
Published: April 2005

LiAl‐Layered Double Hydroxides, containing glycinate anions, have been prepared using LiAlO2. The glycine containing LDHs were then exfoliated in chloroform. Dispersions of approximately 0.03 g of the LDH in 15 ml of the solvent were possible. Nanocomposites using the exfoliated LiAl‐glycine LDH and polyethyleneglycol were prepared by adding appropriate amounts of polymer to the LDH‐chloroform dispersion. The clay‐polymer nanocomposites were then characterised using powder X‐ray diffraction. The thermal and mechanical properties of the composites are reported. The results suggest that composites containing individual (exfoliated) LDH layers were obtained with the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites noticeably superior to those of the parent polymer.
Photo‐Deformation of Syndiotactic Polystyrene Gels
Authors: Itagaki Hideyuki , Iida Reiko , Mochizuki Jun
Published: April 2005

We report a usual and novel phenomenon that an excitation light beam of a spectrofluorometer produced a black mark in gels of syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS). This mark whose shape is identical with that of an excitation light beam was found to appear in SPS/chloroform gel just after only irradiation at 260 nm for 5 to 10 min. The heating of the gel with the mark at 80°C diminished the mark and recovered uniformly the gel to be as it had been before irradiation. We discuss what the black mark is and why it is produced by light irradiation.
Thermodynamics of Swelling of Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)‐Poly(ethylene glycol) Complex Due to Water Sorption
Authors: Krasilnikova Olga , Vartapetian Ruben
Published: April 2005

The deformation of sorbent caused by the sorption is new method of quantitative investigation “in situ” of interaction in system host‐quest. The deformation of PVP‐PEG complex, ϕPEG=0.36 and ϕPEG=0.20 due to water sorption has been studied by the measuring of the relative elongation of the polymer samples and the isotherms of water sorption simultaneously. The investigation of the sorption deformation gives the possibility of direct estimation of polymer sample free volume and it's variation during sorption, also the variation of Gibbs energy of system due to sorption according to the vacancy solution theory. The glassy‐plastic state transition of polymer during water sorption has been observed.
Peculiarities of Formation of Intermolecular Polycomplexes Based on Polyacrylamide, Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Momot Lesya , Zheltonozhskaya Tatyana , Permyakova Nataliya , Fedorchuk Sergey , Syromyatnikov Vladimir
Published: April 2005

The phenomenon of self‐assembly of aggregates formed by relatively short chains of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on the long macromolecules of polyacrylamide (PAA) in aqueous medium are discussed. PVA and PAA form intermolecular polycomplexes (InterPC) of a constant composition independently on a ratio of polymer components. The complex formation between high‐molecular‐weight PAA and relatively low‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are considered also. PEO with M ⩽ 4·104 g.mol−1 weakly interacts with PAA. The polymer‐polymer interaction can be intensified when the part of amide groups (∼20 mol %) on PAA chain to transform into the carboxylic groups. InterPCs formed by PEO and initial or modified PAA have associative structure with friable packing of the polymer segments. They are stabilized by the hydrogen bond system.
Relations between Glass Transition Temperatures in Miscible Polymer Blends and Composition: From Volume to Mass Fractions
Authors: Pimbert Sylvie , Avignon‐Poquillon Laurence , Levesque Guy
Published: April 2005

The use of volume fractions in the empirical mixing laws to predict the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymer blends provides good agreement with experimental values, even for polymer systems with different densities. No adjustment parameter is therefore required whereas Gordon‐Taylor and Kwei equations based on weight fractions need the use of a fitting parameter which has to be determined from experimental data. This assumption was validated from Tg measurements through DSC experiments conducted on PMMA /PVDF blends which have significantly different densities.
Approximation of multiclass queueing networks with highly variable arrivals under deterministic routing
Authors: Kim Sunkyo
Published: April 2005

In this paper, we present the heavy‐traffic bottleneck phenomenon under multiclass deterministic routing and discuss how it can be addressed by decomposition approximation. Examples show that Bitran and Tirupati's method and Whitt's enhancements for deterministic routing may not properly account for this phenomenon. We propose refinements to these methods based on Whitt's variability functions. Results of numerical experiments on simple networks and semiconductor manufacturing process show significant improvement in the approximation of expected waiting time at bottleneck stations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Kinetic solvent effects on 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide
Authors: Rispens Theo , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: April 2005

The kinetics of 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide with a series of N‐substituted maleimides and with cyclopentene are reported for water, a wide range of organic solvents and binary solvent mixtures. The results indicate the importance of both solvent polarity and specific hydrogen‐bond interactions in governing the rates of the reactions. The aforementioned reactions are examples for which these factors often counteract, leading to a complex dependence of rate constants on the nature of the solvent. For the reactions of N‐ethylmaleimide and N‐n‐butylmaleimide with benzonitrile oxide, isobaric activation parameters have been determined in several organic solvents, water, and water–1‐propanol mixtures. Interestingly, the activation parameters reveal significant differences in solvation in different solvents that are not clearly reflected in the rate constants. In highly aqueous mixtures, enforced hydrophobic interactions lead to an increase in rate constant, relative to organic solvents. However, the overall rate enhancement in water is modest, if present at all, because the solvent polarity diminishes the rate constant. This pattern contrasts with common Diels–Alder reactions, where polarity, hydrogen‐bond donor capacity and enforced hydrophobic interactions work together, which can result in impressive rate accelerations in water. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epipolar‐plane image analysis by error minimization of synthesized images
Authors: Shinya Mikio , Notomi Mikito , Minamida Kouki , Saito Takafumi
Published: April 2005

As computer graphics develops as a field, technology to enable the efficient creation of complex and realistic computer graphics is sought. Here we propose error minimization of synthesized images as a method for automatically creating computer graphics models based on epipolar‐plane analysis. Our method involves the restructuring of a computer graphics model so as to minimize the difference between the synthesized and input images. We demonstrate theoretically how this minimization can be efficiently performed via the iterative application of dynamic programming. In addition, conducting experiments using images taken both indoors and outdoors, we are able to show empirically that the method is capable of creating high‐fidelity computer graphics models. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 92–101, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10198
A method for rating English texts by reading level for Japanese learners of English
Authors: Nagata Ryo , Iguchi Tatsuya , Masui Fumito , Kawai Atsuo
Published: April 2005

It has been recognized that existing methods for rating English texts by reading level are mostly aimed at native speakers of English and therefore are not completely appropriate for Japanese learners of the language. Here we propose a method for rating English texts by reading level specifically targeted at Japanese learners of the language. To rate the reading level of a text for a Japanese learner of English, our method takes two types of information regarding a given text into account, namely, vocabulary and grammatical structure. Specifically, we rate the reading level of a text by using a vocabulary list and parser to extract particularly difficult vocabulary items or grammatical structures as features. To rate a text's reading level, two types of model are used: multiple regression and neural networks. Our experiments show that the proposed methods rate the reading level of a text with the following levels of accuracy: an average of 75% accuracy for multiple regression and 81.3% when using neural networks. These constitute improvements on existing methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 1–13, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20326
Implementing heap‐object behavior prediction efficiently and effectively
Authors: Seidl Matthew L. , Zorn Benjamin G.
Published: April 2005

Heap‐allocated objects play an important role in many modern programs. Various results have shown the overall performance of these programs can be improved by increasing the reference locality of heap‐allocated objects. In this paper we describe an approach that improves the virtual memory performance of allocation‐intensive C programs by predicting the reference behavior and lifetime of heap objects as they are allocated. We further describe an implementation of our prediction algorithm and evaluate its performance on real programs. As part of our implementation, we present a low‐overhead algorithm to minimize the cost of gathering run‐time stack information. Finally, we show that an implementation of these algorithms has little overhead and can improve the virtual memory and TLB performance of programs substantially. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hikayat Panglima Nikosa and the Sarawak Gazette: Transforming Texts in Nineteenth Century Sarawak
Authors: WALKER J. H.
Published: April 2005

Hikayat Panglima Nikosa (HPN) is one of northwest Borneo's earliest available texts. First published in 1876, its importance is enhanced by the relative paucity of other written material and still limited progress in the collection and transcription of the region's rich corpus of oral literature. Although written material survives from the Lingga River area, the Oya and Limbang districts, as well as from the courts of Brunei and Pontianak, the HPN is the earliest known Malay document from the Sarawak River region itself. HPN was uncovered among a group of pamphlets in Rhodes House Library in 1981. The previously unnoticed work was republished in 1983, together with a transliteration and translation by P. L. Thomas, and an ‘Introduction’ by Reece and Thomas.
Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park
Authors: REID SCOTT E. , MARION JEFFREY L.
Published: April 2005

The expansion and proliferation of backcountry campsites is a persistent problem in many parks and protected areas. Shenandoah National Park (SNP) has one of the highest backcountry overnight use densities in the USA national parks system. SNP managers implemented a multi-option backcountry camping policy in 2000 that included camping containment with established campsites. These actions were intended to reduce the number of campsites and the area of camping disturbance at each site. This paper describes a longitudinal adaptive management assessment of the new campsite policies, applying quantitative measures of campsite conditions to evaluate the efficacy of management interventions. Physical campsite measurements combined with qualitative visitor interviews indicated SNP had successfully reduced the number of campsites and aggregate measures of camping-related disturbance in the Park, while minimizing the use of regulations, site facilities and staff resources. Implications for managers of other protected areas are that an established site camping policy can minimize camping disturbance, including the number and size of campsites, provided managers can sustain rehabilitation efforts to close and restore unneeded campsites. Experiential attributes, such as the potential for solitude, can also be manipulated through control over the selection of established campsites. Integrating resource and social science methods also provided a more holistic perspective on management policy assessments. Adaptive management research provided a timely evaluation of management success while facilitating effective modifications in response to unforeseen challenges. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a visitor impact containment strategy involving an established site camping option are offered.
The effect of human activities on migrant shorebirds: successful adaptive management
Authors: BURGER JOANNA , JEITNER CHRISTIAN , CLARK KATHLEEN , NILES LAWRENCE J.
Published: April 2005

The effect of human disturbance on migrant birds is a conservation issue of international importance, as is determining if disruption has long-term population effects. Disruptions can occur during migration, wintering, breeding and foraging. Thousands of shorebirds migrate through Delaware Bay (Atlantic Coast of North America) in a four-week period each spring; this is the largest concentration of shorebirds in the continental USA. Ecotourists come to see them, creating the potential for disruption. Data available on shorebird/human interactions at a migratory stopover over a 20-year period were used to describe the interactions of shorebirds and people from 1982–2002 and examine trends in human disruptions and shorebird behaviour during this time. The rate of disruptions caused by people increased during the 1980s, declined slightly by the early 1990s, and declined sharply by 2002. The decline in human activity along the beach was directly related to the conservation efforts of the New Jersey Endangered and Nongame Species Program, New Jersey Audubon, and others interested in preserving the shorebirds. In the 1980s, birdwatchers concentrated on the beaches on which it was easy to walk and which had the highest shorebird counts, because there were no restrictions on human behaviour. During this time, the average disturbance duration was over 10 min, regardless of the type of intruder, and shorebirds were often disrupted for over 40 min hr−1. Even though the number of disruptions declined over the study period, the percentage of shorebirds that flew away (and did not return within 10 min) did not change during the 1980s, and increased in 2002. The average time that shorebirds were disrupted per hour by people declined during this period (mainly because there were fewer people on the beaches). The Endangered and Nongame Species Program placed signs on shorebird foraging beaches, restricted access, built viewing platforms to contain ecotourists, and eventually patrolled key beaches and issued summonses for infractions. These activities were so effective that only one bird watcher disturbed the birds in 2002. Education was also vital to encouraging local residents not to walk or fish along these beaches during the spring migratory stopover, and to keep their dogs on a leash. These data support the importance of actions on the part of state agencies and conservation organizations to limit disruptions to foraging shorebirds during critical migratory stopovers, a problem faced by shorebirds in many temperate regions of the world.
Impacts of selective logging on New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands evaluated using very-high-resolution satellite (IKONOS) data
Authors: FURUSAWA TAKURO , PAHARI KRISHNA , UMEZAKI MASAHIRO , OHTSUKA RYUTARO
Published: April 2005

Selective harvest has become a dominant method of commercial logging in tropical rainforests of the Asia-Pacific region. Although it has usually been recognized that this method minimizes the impact on forest because of the limited number of trees harvested and slight effects on growth of unharvested trees, recent reports suggest that its damage is potentially serious. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a selective logging operation in 1993–1994 on customary land (2024 ha) of New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Geo-referenced IKONOS panchromatic (1-m resolution) and multispectral (4-m resolution) images from 2002 (the post-logging period) and aerial photographs (2.5 m pixels, original scale: 1:25 000) from 1991 (the pre-logging period) were analysed by means of supervised classification and on-screen visual interpretation, in association with detailed field observation. The area deforested by selective logging was 88 ha (95% confidence limits: 79–98 ha), accounting for 7.4% of the original forest and thus causing substantial damage.
Social representations and environmental education with a women's group in Manaus, Amazonas-Brazil
Authors: STOREY CHRISTINE , DE OLIVEIRA HAYDÉE TORRES
Published: April 2005

Since the 1970s, it has been acknowledged that environmental education has an essential role to play in fostering environmental interrelations to promote sustainable societies, however, the theoretical and practical debates within environmental education are ongoing. There is an argument that divergent understandings of the environment need to be interpreted if interventions that are participatory and accommodate participants' environmental frameworks are to be planned. Research was carried out to verify whether the theory of social representations could assist environmental educators in interpreting participants' lifestyles and perceived needs. Accordingly, data were collected on environmental social representations within a group of 10 urban women from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The objective was to understand the impact of such representations on the women's environmental awareness and assess the applicability of such data to planning environmental education interventions. The women's social representations were interpreted as being directed by five mediators, namely cultural heritage, identity, the media, religion and situation, which influenced their environmental practices and understandings. The interpretation process also illustrated contradictions in identities and situations that impacted on the women's environmental awareness. Interpretation of social representations offers valuable information about participants' conceptual frameworks and indicators of themes appropriate to planning educational interventions.
Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Himalaya
Authors: IKEDA NAHO
Published: April 2005

It is necessary to fully understand the economic conditions of local herders in order to find solutions to the conflicts between wildlife conservation and livestock rearing in remote areas of low-income countries. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), Nepal, livestock depredation by snow leopards impacts on yak herders' livelihoods. Retaliatory killings of snow leopard by the herders have been reported and the concerned authorities recently initiated snow leopard conservation programmes. In 2001, interviews with the yak herders who used the pastures in the Ghunsa valley in the preceding year collected data on the incidence of livestock death caused by snow leopards. The annual net cash income of the yak herders was estimated by obtaining baseline values of sales and expenditure per livestock head through field measurement of dairy products and interviews with a sample of herders. As yet, the average annual damage does not appear to have adversely affected fundamental livelihoods in households with an average herd size (36.6 head). However, in the worst scenario of livestock depredation, households with medium or small-sized herds (<40 head) might risk their living conditions becoming unsustainable or having to withdraw from yak pastoralism. A supplementary interview showed that the majority of the herders, except those who took completely neutral attitudes towards the regional conservation and development programme, had negative views of the snow leopard conservation policy. For the snow leopard conservation programme in the KCA to be a success, there must be a system to compensate the herders' households for livestock damage.
Accretion and exhumation structures formed by deeply subducted seamounts in the Kamuikotan high‐pressure/temperature zone, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Ueda Hayato
Published: April 2005

The Lower Cretaceous Iwashimizu complex in the southern Kamuikotan zone, Japan, was formed by accretion of seamounts, which subducted to the lawsonite‐albite to blueschist facies. The complex is a pile of four nappe units. Each unit comprises a duplex with horses of seamount volcanics ± sedimentary rocks and ramp shear zones, suggesting a thin‐skinned peeling of subducted seamounts. Each unit‐bounded fault is regarded as the floor thrust of an overlying duplex and the roof thrust of an underlying duplex, reflecting a downward progression of underplating accretion. The structurally upper Pirashuke unit was metamorphosed at higher pressure than the structurally lower units. This inverted arrangement of metamorphic grade can be explained by shallowing of progressively younging subducted slab. Structurally upper units were exhumed synchronously with growth of the structurally lower units. This synaccretionary exhumation can be explained by repetition of undercritical duplex‐forming compression and overcritical extensional unroofing during seamounts subduction.
A complementary analysis for SAGE II data profiles
Authors: Rind D. , Lerner J. , Zawodny J.
Published: April 2005

We present a screened and gridded SAGE II data set, as a complement to the profile data available for the 19 years of records from November 1984 through December 2003. The data screening method is described, and differences between screened and unscreened data are presented. Extensive changes occur in the water vapor data set, which has excessive values in many regions without the screening. Screened NO2 values are larger in the middle stratosphere, for the zonal average by up to 10–15%, and reduced in the lower stratosphere zonally by up to 15–30%, while zonal average ozone values are as much as 20–30% larger in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Many of these changes are due to interference effects from aerosols and clouds, but additional bad data points, isolated by visual inspection, occur for no obvious reason. The screening procedures also remove spurious trends. This data set is available via CD‐ROM.
Improved satellite altimetry in coastal systems: Case study of the Corsica Channel (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Vignudelli S. , Cipollini P. , Roblou L. , Lyard F. , Gasparini G. P. , Manzella G. , Astraldi M.
Published: April 2005

The fidelity of corrections and processing are critical for a realistic use of official altimetric products close to the coast. A new processing strategy, which starts from the TOPEX/Poseidon GDRs with the addition of improved corrective terms, is proposed and evaluated in the area of the Corsica Channel. Sea level anomalies agree with the coincident sea truth (bottom pressure and tide gauge) within 2–3 cm rms for seasonal and longer time scales. Analysis for almost ten years of coincident mooring and altimetric velocities shows that a substantial reduction of uncertainty to ∼4 cm s−1 may be possible after reasonable filtering of the noise introduced by more variable coastal sea surface states. The conclusion is that the altimetry success is still limited to seasonal time scales, and provided that the oceanographic signal ensures an adequate signature to be isolated from background noise.
Brownian dynamics simulations of polyelectrolyte adsorption in shear flow
Authors: Panwar Ajay S. , Kumar Satish
Published: April 2005

Brownian dynamics simulations are used to study the adsorption of an isolated polyelectrolyte molecule onto an oppositely charged flat surface in the absence and the presence of an imposed shear flow. The polyelectrolyte is modeled as a freely jointed bead-rod chain where excluded volume interactions are incorporated by using a hard-sphere potential. The total charge along the backbone is distributed uniformly among all the beads, and the beads are allowed to interact with one another and the charged surface through screened Coulombic interactions. The simulations are performed by placing the molecule a fixed distance above the surface, and the adsorption behavior is then studied as a function of screening length. In the absence of an imposed flow, the chain is found to lie flat and extended on the adsorbing surface in the limit of weak screening, whereas in the limit of strong screening it desorbs from the surface and attains free-solution behavior. For intermediate screening, only a small portion of the chain adsorbs and it becomes highly extended in the direction normal to the surface. An imposed shear flow tends to orient the chain in the direction of flow and also leads to increased contact of the chain with the surface.
First observation of the B̃A11 state of SiH2 and SiD2 radicals by optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Muramoto Yasuhiko , Ishikawa Haruki , Mikami Naohiko
Published: April 2005

The B̃A11 state of SiH2 and SiD2 was observed by the optical-optical double resonance technique for the first time. The electronic band origin of the B̃ state of SiD2 was determined to be 27214.11cm−1. A very clear exclusive behavior depending on the even/odd value of the bending vibrational quantum number was observed in the spectra, representing a quasilinear behavior of the B̃ state. The barrier height to linearity was estimated to be ∼125cm−1 by the quasilinear analysis of the bending vibrational level structure of SiD2.
Age and growth of two endemic flatfish (Colistium guntheri and C. nudipinnis) in central New Zealand waters
Authors: Stevens D. W. , Francis M. P. , Shearer P. C. , McPhee R. P. , Hickman R. W. , Tait M. J.
Published: April 2005

Brill (Colistium guntheri) and turbot (C. nudipinnis) were aged by counting opaque growth zones in whole and sectioned otoliths. Zones counts from whole otoliths under-estimated age compared with counts from thin otolith sections. Other species of flatfish that have previously been aged from whole otoliths should be re-examined for evidence of age under-estimation, which may be common in species with thick otoliths. Marginal analysis of thin sections supported the hypothesis that one translucent and one opaque zone are formed each year in brill aged 5–10-years old. Marginal analyses for brill greater than 10 years of age, and for turbot, were inconclusive. However, 2+ and 3+ captive-reared turbot deposited the expected number of opaque zones from hatching. Both species grow rapidly for the first three years of life before growth slows appreciably. Turbot grow faster and larger than brill, and females grow faster and larger than males in both species. Growth is minimal in fish older than five years. Maximum observed ages were 21 years for brill and 16 years for turbot.
Fusicladium veronicae (Batista), comb. nov., causing Brown Leaf Blight of Parahebe species
Authors: Sutton BC , Pascoe IG
Published: April 2005

In Victoria, continuing surveys of leaf pathogens of native Australian plants of value in ornamental horticulture have yielded a wide range of new or poorly known microfungi. Two of these have been formally described, Tandonella oleariae on Olearia spp. (Sutton and Pascoe 1987) and Pseudocercospora correae on Correa spp. (Sutton et al. 1987). A species of dematiaceous hyphomycete causing a severe blight on leaves of Parahebe perfoliata (R.Br.) B. Briggs & Ehrend. has been repeatedly collected from the Plant Research Institute Gardens, Burnley and elsewhere in Victoria. So devastating is the disease that few nurserymen have persisted in retaining the plant as a commercially viable option. The same fungus has also been found on leaves of Parahebe formosa where the symptoms are much less severe. Attempts to determine the identity of the causal organism show that few fungi have been reported from Parahebe. One of these, Ramalia veronicae Batista (1957), was described from Veronica derwentiae Littley (a synonym of Parahebe derwentiana (Andr.) Briggs & Ehrend.) as a hyperparasite of Parasterina veronicae (Lib.) Bat. and Asteromella veronicae (Desm.) Arn. Examination of the holotype of R. veronicae (DAR 3568) shows that it is not a hyperparasite on the other fungi but occurs mixed with them on stems, petioles and leaves of the host. R. veronicae is conspecific with the fungus causing disease on Parahebe perfoliata and P. formosa and thus provides a binomial for this fungus.
Geographical variation in Eucalyptus baxteri s.l. and the recognition of a new species, E. arenacea
Authors: Marginson JC , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

Morphological variation in Eucalyptus baxteri (Benth.) Maiden & Blakely ex Black is described throughout its range. There are two geographical forms, the principal differences between which are seedling morphology and the time of transition from juvenile to intermediate growth phase. The forms are hereby recognised as two species. E. baxteri s.str. has adult leaves broad near the apex, warty flower buds, often large fruits, and an early transition to intermediate foliage. It occurs in South Australia on Kangaroo Island, Fleurieu Peninsula, Barossa Range and near Wandilo, and in Victoria on the Grampian Ranges, Great Dividing Range and coastal areas, E. arenacea sp. nov. has tapering adult leaves, generally more slender, non-warty flower buds with longer, narrower pedicels and peduncles. Fruits are generally smaller with the disc less raised. Seedlings typically show a later transition to the intermediate foliage. It occurs on Mt Stapylton in the Grampian Ranges and the desert sand country of north-western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. It is parapatric with E. baxteri on Kangaroo Island and Fleurieu Peninsula, and is restricted to sand deposits. A previous cladistic analysis suggested that E. baxteri s.l. is paraphyletic, E. arenacea sp. nov. being the sister taxon to E. baxteri s.str. and E. akina (an endemic of the Grampian Ranges). A sequence of evolutionary events is hypothesised by using the cladogram, the distribution of the taxa on different soils, and the geological history of the region.
A new species of Gynochtides (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae) from Australia
Authors: Johansson JT
Published: April 2005

The genus Gynochtodes Blume ( Rubiaceae, Rubioideae) is reported from Australia for the first time and the new species, G. australiensis J T Johansson, which occurs in the Northern Territory and Queensland, is described and illustrated. A map of its distribution is provided.
Reinstatement and revision of Asteromyrtus (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Craven LA
Published: April 2005

The generic name Asteromyrrus Schauer is reinstated for a group of species most of which have previously been placed in Melaleuca L. Sinoga S. T. Blake is reduced to the synonymy of Asteromyrtus. The reinstated genus is revised and its generic relationships briefly discussed. One species, A. tranganensis, is described as new and the following new combinations are effected: A. angustifolia (Gaertner) Craven, A. urnhemica (Byrnes) Craven, A. brassii (Byrnes) Craven, A. lysicephala (F. Muell. & F. M. Bail.) Craven, A. magnifica (Specht) Craven, A. symphyocarpa (F. Muell.) Craven.
Sibling species in the mangrove genus Ceriops (Rhizophoraceae), detected using biochemical genetics*
Authors: Ballment ER , Smith TJ III , Stoddart JA
Published: April 2005

Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes from the mangrove trees Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Robinson var. tagal, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Robinson var. australis C. T. White, and Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou in northern Queensland, Australia, revealed a uniform genetic structure within taxa, but high levels of genetic divergence among taxa. No more than 20% of enzyme phenotypic characters were shared by any pair of the taxa, and patterns of enzyme phenotypic variation consistent with hybridisation among them were not seen in any samples, including those from areas of spmpatry. This evidence of reproductive isolation is considered sufficient to accord species status to C. tagal var. australis.* Aust. lnst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 453.
Three new species of Glycine (Fabaceae: Phaseolae) from north-western Australia, with notes on amphicarpy in the genus
Authors: Tindale MD , Craven LA
Published: April 2005

Three new species of Glycine Willd., viz. G. albicans, G. Lactovirens and G. hirticaulis from north-western Australia are described and illustrated. Their putative relationships are presented. A key is provided to the species of Glycine in north-western Australia. Two forms of amphicarpy occur within the genus Glycine.
Leaf morphology of the imbricate-leaved Podocarpaceae
Authors: Wells PM , Hill RS
Published: April 2005

The leaf arrangement and cuticular micromorphology of living species of the Podocarpaceae with an imbricate leaf arrangement demonstrates that generic determination is possible on this basis alone. This is of particular interest in Dacrydium, Halocarpus, Lepidothamnus and Lagarostrobos, which until recently were considered to be monogeneric. However, the two species of Lagarostrobos differ significantly from one another in these features, which further supports the view that these species should not be in the same genus. This study demonstrates the utility of this approach for determining the affinities of fossil imbricate-leaved podocarps which have only the vegetative parts preserved.
Molecular approaches to the study of plant biosystematics
Authors: Clegg MT , Durbin ML
Published: April 2005

Genetic relationships among organisms can be estimated from the pattern of DNA sequence change between hereditary molecules. The methods of molecular biology are increasingly being employed in systematic and evolutionary research to study genetic relationships and phylogeny. The investigator is faced with a variety of choices in initiating research in 'molecular biosystematics'. First, a gene or genome that provides a level of genetic resolution appropriate for the materials under study must be selected. Common choices in plants include the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) or components of the chloroplast genome, the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA), or nuclear-encoded, single-copy genes. A second consideration is that several methods can be employed to provide direct or indirect measures of DNA sequence divergence. One widely used method determines genetic divergence based on restriction site changes. Restriction site analyses typically require some knowledge of the physical map of the DNA molecule under study. Empirical studies indicate that restriction site analyses of cpDNA provide good resolution for systematic investigations at or below the family level. A second method that is increasing in importance is DNA sequencing. Until quite recently, DNA sequencing required the molecular cloning of the gene or DNA fragment of interest and the implementation of a 'sequencing strategy' for the production of overlapping sequence runs. Two related technological developments have overcome both of these requirements, when the goal is the repetitive sequencing of a specific gene from a number of taxa. It is now possible to synthesise synthetic oligonucleotides that can be used to prime dideoxy sequencing at virtually any point in the gene of interest, based on previously determined sequence information. The second major innovation is the invention of the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). The PCR method permits the direct amplification of DNA fragments from heterogeneous DNA mixtures and thereby circumvents the molecular cloning requirement. Application of the PCR method to chloroplast genes, together with direct primer-mediated sequencing, provides a method for obtaining large data sets. CpDNA sequence data are especially valuable at or above the family level and provide a powerful means of resolving genetic relationships at the deepest levels of plant evolution.
Systematic and evolutionary inferences from isozyme studies in the genus Eremaea (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Coates DJ , Hnatiuk RJ
Published: April 2005

Eremaea is a genus of woody shrubs endemic to the south-west of Australia. With the exception of E. pauciflora all species are restricted to the kwongan or sandplain regions of the coastal plain northwards from Perth. Forty four populations covering the seven recognised species and a further 12 putative taxa were examined for allozyme variation at 15 polymorphic loci. Gene diversity statistics indicated that a greater proportion of genetic variability in Eremaea species was due to within- rather than among-population differences. The allozyme data supported morphological studies which indicated five species groups or complexes. Differentiation among and within species complexes was examined using gene frequency and genetic distance data. The average genetic distance (Nei's D) among populations within species ranged from 0.011 (E. acutifolia) to 0.051 (E. aff. brevifolia 3). Within species complexes the average genetic distance between taxa ranged from 0.050 to 0.157 while between complexes it ranged from 0.164 to 0.558. Of the 159 possible pairwise combinations between the 19 morphologically distinct taxa, 15 showed little allozyme divergence. Lack of allozyme divergence was attributed to either rapid and recent speciation or to introgressive hybridisation. Based on allozyme data E. aff. brevifolia x violacea is either of hybrid origin or is a recently derived hybrid, and field observations indicated that interspecific hybridisation occurs within Eremaea. Rapid and recent speciation, combined with hybridisation have resulted in a reticulate pattern of evolution in sections of this genus. Phylogenetic analyses based on these allozyme data were generally consistent with those based on morphological data except for the placement of E. purpurea and E. aff. pauciflora 4.
Analysis of a polyploid complex in Glycine with chloroplast and nuclear DNA
Authors: Doyle JJ , Doyle JL , Brown AHD
Published: April 2005

Studies of chloroplast DNA and nuclear 18s–25s ribosomal genes have revealed considerable variation in Glycine subgenus Glycine, the perennial relatives of the cultivated annual soybean. We have used these molecular characters to investigate the origins and evolution of G. tabacina, a species that comprises a widespread polyploid complex in Australia and the islands of the southern and west-central Pacific. Two principal groups of accessions were detected in this species using molecular characters. These two types also differ morphologically and have distinct, though overlapping, geographic ranges; comparison with results of artificial hybridisation studies showed that sterility barriers exist between the two groups. Both types are fixed hybrids for nuclear rDNA, and share one rDNA repeat class, presumably derived from a common diploid progenitor. The two types had different maternal progenitors, based on cpDNA variation. One of the two polyploid types is polymorphic for cpDNA, and shares nearly all of its plastome variants with diploid accessions, suggesting multiple, independent origins of the polyploid from a pool of diploid progenitors. Molecular data suggest that polyploids have originated recently, and that dispersal from Australia to the islands of the Pacific has occurred several times.
Morphometric analysis of variation in the 'Epacris tasmanica complex' (Epacidaceae)
Authors: Crowden RK , Menadue Y
Published: April 2005

Ten taxa related to Epacris tasmanica W.M. Curtis (the 'Epacris tasmanica complex') were difficult to separate using available identification keys. Morphopmetric analysis was used to examine the relationships within these taxa. It showed that E. tasmanica s.l. comprised two species, E. tasmanica s. str. and E. virgata. The status of four other existing species is maintained and one new species is confirmed, while the two remaining taxa require further examination.
The species of Alexgeorgea, a Western Australian genus of the restionaceae
Authors: Briggs BG , Johnson LAS , Krauss SL
Published: April 2005

The three species of Alexgeorgea Carlquist are revised, including A. ganopoda L. Johnson & B. Briggs, a newly described rare species of the Mt Frankland–Bow River region of the south-west of Western Australia.
Implications of shallow tethys and the origin of modern oceans
Authors: McKenzie KG
Published: April 2005

Cladograrns resemble directed Prim networks or Wagner trees, and are usually programmed by parsimony, i.e. the program searches for the least number of steps to achieve a cladistic synthesis. Large matrices can yield an almost infinite number of possible trees; and even when differences of only a few steps are involved there are numerous plausible solutions.
Parsimony and other factors, such as Nelson and Platnick's assumptions, act as Occam's razor, reducing these to a manageable few.
A panbiogeographic perspective for pre-cretaceous angiosperm–Lepidoptera coevolution
Authors: Grehan JR
Published: April 2005

The coevolutionary history of Lepidoptera and angiosperms is evaluated in relation to Croizat's panbiogeographic synthesis of angiosperm evolution. The panbiogeographic method of ocean basin classification is used to identify major patterns of trans-oceanic distribution for lepidopteran families and genera (principally non-ditrysian). The Pacific basin is identified as a major evolutionary centre for several 'primitive non-ditrysian Lepidoptera, including Zeugloptera, Aglossata, Heterobathmiina, Neopsuestina, Palaephatidae, Prodoxidae, and possibly the Dacnonypha. The ditrysian Ithomiidae are similarly classified with the Pacific while the related Daniidae are identified as Indian Ocean. An Indian Ocean baseline is proposed for the Callidulidae, Tinissimae and Perissomasticini (Tineidae). A 'coevolutionary' history is supported in terms of Lepidoptera and angiosperms sharing common biogeographic (spatiotemporal) characters associated with the pre-Cretaceous tectonic history of major ocean and sea basins. The lack of congruent higher level Lepidoptera-angiosperm phylogenies emerging from systematic studies may be due to a lack of cospeciation events, but this does not exclude a close ecological and evolutionary relationship through the history of both groups.
A comparative review of cladistic approaches to historical biogeography of southern South America
Authors: Crisci JV , Cigliano MM , Morrone JJ , Roig-Junent S
Published: April 2005

Cladistic historical biogeographic studies on the austral continents are briefly reviewed with special reference to southern South America. The biogeography of marsupials, southern beeches and the relationships of New Zealand and southern South America are compared. No general pattern of interrelationships is common to all the analyses. Differences in delimitation of areas, selection of taxa and techniques applied are discussed as possible causes of incongruities. The comparative review of these empirical studies reveals that, although it is valid to investigate the existence of a unique pattern of interrelationships among areas of endemism, this cannot be considered as an a priori assumption in the analyses.
Biogeographic congruence in the South Pacific
Authors: Seberg O
Published: April 2005

Ever since J. D. Hooker's famous 'Introductory Essay' to Flora NOVE-Zelandise, a classical problem in biogeography has been to give a casual explanation of southern hemisphere distribution patterns. An attempt is made to see whether the cladograms for the circum-Pacific areas (South America, New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia) are congruent. The area cladograms are derived from Nothofagus (Fagacae), Embothriinae (Protaceae), Oreobolus (Cyperaceae), Cyttaria (Helotiales) and Eriococcidae (Homoptera). The resulting general area cladogram showing southern South America as the sister-area to New Zealand, south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, and Tasmania plus south-eastern Australia as sister-areas to New Zealand are compared with different geological hypotheses for the area. The biological area cladogram is shown to be congruent with widely different geological hypotheses.