bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI-driven Innovations in Assessing Stress, Anxiety, and Mental Health
Authors: Inamdar Aparna , Gurupadayya Bannimath , Gautam Manisha , Sharma Arushi , Pathak Rashmi , Sharma Himanshu
Published: February 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is mainly utilized to measure stress, anxiety,
and overall mental well-being, but it is still under evaluation. This review
aims to address some of the inadequacies of current healthcare practices through
the utilization of AI technology for monitoring, diagnosing, and transforming
mental health conditions. The application of machine learning algorithms and natural
language processing techniques to assess speech, physiological indicators,
and behavioral patterns is the essence of the AI approach. These AI-based algorithms
enable the detection of subtle and often imperceptible signs of psychological
distress, which conventional clinical assessments find difficult to analyze.
The application of speech analysis to detect changes in pitch, speed, and tone
that might be connected to feelings of depression or anxiety. Similarly, sentiment
analysis and face recognition technologies are applied to textual data and
facial expressions to discern emotional states. Incorporating the importance of
ethical and privacy concerns, these AI modules potentially offer unparalleled objectivity
and accuracy in mental health assessments. AI also raises grave issues
around data security and the ethical use of personal information, as it depends
on the development of AI technologies and applications, significantly impacting
their uptake and effectiveness. The key advantage of AI is the ability to provide
ongoing, real-time mental health monitoring by offering a more flexible and dynamic
approach to mental health therapy. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive
overview of the revolutionary potential of AI in mental health assessment
by encapsulating the cutting-edge applications and considerable critical
ethical concerns to provide effective and efficient mental health treatment universally.
Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells or their Secretome in Diabetic Mice with or without Preconditioning Treatment
Authors: Desai Shivani M. , Bhonde Ramesh R. , Veeranjaneyulu Addepalli , Sanap Avinash , Jarare Surabhi , Satpute Snehal , Janjire Omkar , Soundankar Anusaya , Ahmed Niyaz , Abhale Krushna
Published: February 2025

Background:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease with difficult
management, affecting the quality of life. Stem cell therapy has been proven to have regenerative
ability. Using the existing stem cell therapy and modifying it, the current study aims to
evaluate the effect of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC), condition media
(CM), and UCMSC and CM preconditioned with methotrexate, reservetrol, and vitamin D
for its ability to manage T1DM in Swiss albino mice.

Materials & Methods:

Disease condition was established in the animals by using a diabetesinducing
agent streptozotocin (STZ). Then the animals were grouped into normal control, disease
control, standard, and test groups; and the treatments were given accordingly. The total
study period for this experiment was 28 days. During this period, the animals were supervised
for blood glucose levels, food-water intake, and body weight twice a week. At the end of 28
days, the biochemical estimations for serum insulin level, C-peptide, pro-inflammatory cytokines,
and anti-inflammatory cytokines level were done. Also, histopathology of the pancreas
was performed.

Results:

The test groups showed a significant decline in the blood glucose level, an increase
in C-peptide level, and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to the
disease group. A statistically significant change was not observed within the groups in
terms of serum insulin and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. There were improvements
in diabetic symptoms in treatment groups, such as polyphagia, polydipsia, and weight
loss. Treatment groups also showed pancreatic regeneration, indicating improved insulin
secretion.

Conclusion:

In the present study, we concluded that UCMSC, CM, and UCMSC and CM
preconditioned with synthetic and natural immunosuppressants and immunomodulators have
the ability to regenerate damaged pancreatic beta cells and have an antidiabetic activity,
along with an immunomodulating effect. This therapy is a promising choice for future
research.
Impact of crushed sand and lime on clayey soil for pavement sub- grade
Authors: RATHOD Rajshekhar G.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Black cotton soil, a common inorganic clay in India, covers around 20% of the nation, primarily in the central and western areas. This soil type presents considerable issues for road building because to its shrinkage and swelling properties, which result in fissures and uneven settling. Replacing the soil is impractical, thus soil stability is essential. This study looks at a unique way for improving soil engineering qualities by employing crushed sand and lime as stabilizers. The study examines various blends of black cotton soil with crushed sand and lime, including a control sample and three blends: BLC-1 (2% lime, 5% crushed sand, 93% soil), BLC-2 (4% lime, 10% crushed sand, 86% soil), and BLC-3 (6% lime, 15% crushed sand, 79% soil). Extensive laboratory tests, including Atterberg's limit tests, specific gravity, compaction tests and free swell index test, were conducted. The results show that the addition of crushed sand and lime significantly enhances the soil's properties. BLC-3, in particular, demonstrated the most substantial improvements, with increased maximum dry density, reduced free swell index and enhanced shear strength. Microstructural analysis confirmed a more uniform mineral distribution, contributing to better stability and bearing capacity.
Investigating the rheological properties of rubberized-bitumen blends modified with warm mix additives
Authors: Almutairi Haya
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) can significantly contribute to environmental sustainability by reusing recycled tire crumbs as well as extending the service life of asphalt pavement. Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) has been successfully utilized in Kuwait as an additive in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) with a percentage of 12.5% of the binder weight. In the present work, the aim is to increase the GTR content to 17.5% of the binder weight to achieve maximum environmental benefit. This presents a significant challenge during the construction of the pavement, as incorporating a high content of GTR in asphalt binder considerably increases the viscosity of the asphalt, hence adversely affecting its workability. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of using “Viscobit” polymers to improve the rheological properties of the rubber-bitumen blend. This study made significant contributions to the advancement of research on rubberized asphalt conducted by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research team. Conclusions and recommendations for future work are included in this paper.
A Study of workflow with synchronization of design process on autodesk construction cloud
Authors: Chaisaard
Published: February 2025

Abstract. This research aims to accomplish two primary goals: (1) To compare workflows in the design department between conventional design working procedures and collaborative processes driven by ACC-supported approaches. Understanding the key distinctions and similarities between these two approaches is crucial. (2) To suggest replacing the current workflow with one that utilizes synchronization of the design process on the ACC platform. Five key semi-structured interview questions were developed using qualitative research methods. These questions guided the analysis of content from in-depth interviews with twelve professionals. They included four architects, four engineers, two draftsmen/BIM modelers, and two quantity surveyors (QSs). QDA Miner Lite was selected as the research software to facilitate data analysis. This research identified key differences between conventional design processes and those using Autodesk Construction Cloud (ACC), particularly in data workflow. Cloud-BIM, like ACC-supported approaches, utilizes a centralized, administrator-managed process for data transmission, minimizing inconsistencies. This streamlined approach from ACC saves time and improves collaborative design efficiency. In addition, ACC workflows also offer a significant advantage in monitoring and synchronization. They incorporate automated clash detection and 3D model review. Combining A/E Drawings is another area where ACC excels. Conventional design processes typically require complete DWGs upfront, which can easily lead to inconsistencies. In contrast, ACC utilizes an automatic 3D inspection system, enhancing clarity and ensuring initial accuracy. Additionally, ACC generates complete DWGs as the final deliverable. Finally, the research recommends using ACC-Synchronized Design to minimize human error. To achieve this, it suggests establishing two key measures: (1) A data management team to handle data reception, transmission, and centralized storage. (2) An expert-led design review committee to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the design to ensure its constructability.
Sustainability and cost of a multi-story edifice, with CLT and LGS light weight floor system, at Neom-The Line
Authors: ALBOGAMI Rehaf
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Climate change and global warming, driven primarily by human activities, are urgent global issues necessitating immediate attention and action. The construction sector, responsible for nearly 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions, plays a critical role in these challenges. This study focuses on designing a sustainable multi-story edifice at Neom-The Line using cross-laminated timber (CLT) and light gauge steel (LGS) as lightweight floor systems. By comparing the carbon emissions of a CLT-hybrid building and an LGS-hybrid building, the study demonstrates the potential of sustainable materials in reducing CO2 emissions. Results indicate that the CLT-hybrid structure emits significantly less CO2 compared to the LGS-hybrid and traditional reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. The incorporation of photovoltaic (PV) glass further enhances the sustainability of these buildings. This research aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and Saudi Vision 2030, promoting sustainable construction practices and contributing to climate action.
Sustainable public space design: Integrating ecological, economic, and social frameworks in urban environments
Authors: JUNG Chuloh
Published: February 2025

Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing sustainable public spaces by integrating ecological, economic, and social sustainability principles. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a theoretical review with spatial analysis, to identify critical spatial implementation items and planning elements that address ecological challenges in urban environments. Using non-linear systems, resource regeneration techniques, and minimizing environmental impact, the study proposes five design types: a recursive design for non-linear systems, wholeness, energy and resource limitations, placemaking, and participation. These design types collectively aim to preserve ecological balance, enhance resource efficiency, and foster social participation and cultural integration. The study’s findings reveal that adopting a holistic and adaptive design approach, which harmonizes ecological, economic, and social dimensions, can significantly contribute to creating resilient and sustainable urban environments. The practical insights provided can assist urban planners in developing public spaces that promote long-term ecological stability and community well-being.
Embodied energy minimisation techniques towards sustainable construction: A case study of Nigerian construction industry
Authors: USMAN Kabiru Rogo
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The principle of the embodied energy (EE) has drawn greater attention by various professionals within the construction industry. This is in line with the sustainable development goal (SDG), towards minimisation of environmental footprints caused by construction activities. Thus, a paradigm shift is important in light of the continuous efforts towards embrasing a less embodied energy structures by Nigerian construction professionals. To contribute to the cause for sustainable construction by reducing the EE impacts, this study investigates the EE minimisation techniques in the Nigerian construction industry. This prompt the identification of numerous EE minimisation techniques from literatures from four categories consisting of design, material management, manufacturing and policy makers’ considerations. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey consisting of 105 was conducted to gather insight from the Nigerian construction processionals. The findings indicate that design for deconstruction and selecting low embodied energy material are the most significant design factors towards achieving building with low embodied energy. The material management factors are: using energy efficient material, substitution for bio-based material and distance in transporting material.
Seismic assessment of reinforced concrete building strengthened with CFRP sheets using non-linear static approach
Authors: Ajmal M.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The gravity load-designed (GLD) reinforced concrete (RC) frames commonly found in Saudi Arabia have limited resistance to lateral loads and are susceptible to column-side sway or soft-story failures during earthquakes. Even in taller buildings where lateral wind loads were considered in the design, it is still crucial to perform a comprehensive seismic evaluation, as higher mode effects can sometimes lead to soft-story mechanisms in the mid to upper levels of the building. The recent seismic event in Saudi Arabia has raised concerns about the safety and vulnerability of RC buildings in the region. This paper presents a performance-based assessment of an existing eight-story RC shear wall building located in Madinah. The building is 8 stories reinforced concrete structure with dome at the top and ribbed plus flat slab system. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was conducted using SAP2000 software, accounting for the inelastic behavior of concrete and steel materials. The shear walls were modeled using mid-pier frame and user defined hinges were assigned. The nonlinear seismic analysis of existing building revealed that shear walls and columns are deficient against the lateral forces and strong beam-weak column mechanism was observed. To meet the seismic and increase the seismic load bearing capacity the building columns and shear walls of the building were retrofitted by Carbon Fiber Reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and the seismic performance, strength, and durability of the retrofitted building was evaluated. The study showed that the proposed retrofitting scheme increased the base shear capacity and ductility of the building as well as controlled energy dissipation and strong column-weak beam mechanism were observed in retrofitted building. Also, the load-displacement behavior of the retrofitted building demonstrates a notable enhancement in both strength and stiffness, featuring an increased ultimate base shear capacity and greater deformation capacity prior to reaching the collapse threshold as compared to the existing structure. Overall, the base shear capacity of the existing building is increased by 26% after CFRP retrofitting and performance of the structure is enhanced.
Comparative analysis of structural performance and cost efficiency of reinforced concrete and steel for a three-story warehouse in high-risk seismic zones
Authors: DJEBBARI Ilian
Published: February 2025

Abstract. This study compares the structural performance and cost efficiency of reinforced concrete and steel for a three-story warehouse in Tangerang, Indonesia, a high seismic risk zone. Using ETABS, the structures were modeled and analyzed according to SNI and AISC standards. The concrete structure exhibited higher base shear forces due to its greater weight, increasing seismic demands, while the steel structure, though demonstrating higher displacements, remained within allowable limits due to its ductility. The maximum displacements in the steel structure were 0.148 m in the X direction and 0.084 m in the Y direction, compared to 0.048 m and 0.047 m for the concrete structure. A detailed cost comparison showed that while the initial material costs for the steel structure were higher, the reduced weight decreased the required foundation size, potentially lowering overall construction costs. This makes steel a competitive alternative for regions with high seismic activity, where flexibility and energy dissipation are critical. The study concludes that for high-risk seismic zones, the steel structure offers better performance, though the concrete structure remains more cost-efficient in areas with moderate seismic risks.
Numerical investigation of the seismic bearing capacity of offshore skirted foundations installed in sand using finite element limit analysis
Authors: BOUAICHA Alaoua
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Within the scope of offshore infrastructure, skirted foundations have emerged as an innovative technical solution, offering significant advantages in optimizing the bearing capacity of structures. These foundations not only enhance resistance to vertical loading but also provide more effective control over settlements, ensuring greater stability and durability of marine structures. This study leverages Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) to conduct an in-depth assessment of the bearing capacity of a strip skirted foundation installed in sandy soil, subjected to seismic conditions. By employing a pseudo-static approach, the analysis meticulously examines several critical parameters, such as the embedment depth of the foundation (Ds), the internal friction angle of the sand (φ), and the horizontal seismic coefficient (kh). These variables are rigorously analyzed to understand their impact on the overall behavior of the foundation under dynamic loads. The results, derived from detailed numerical analyses, highlight the effectiveness and resilience of a strip skirted foundation in sandy soil, particularly under seismic loading. The effects of seismic forces have been precisely quantified using the Bearing Capacity Ratio (BCR), which shows a significant improvement when vertical skirts are incorporated into the foundation design. Additionally, the study reveals that variations in the horizontal seismic coefficient (kh) and the embedment depth (Ds) significantly influence the BCR. To provide a broader context, these results have been compared with previous studies available in the scientific literature, thereby validating the findings and contributing to the existing body of knowledge on the subject.
Fire behaviour of mass timber beam-to-column hybrid connections - A state-of-the-art review
Authors: Salem Osama
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Analyzing and designing timber connections in fire conditions presents a significant challenge in timber buildings. Regardless of the beam-to-column connection configuration, connections are considered the weakest link in a timber building when exposed to fire. This paper presents state-of-the-art research on the structural fire performance of mass timber hybrid connections, providing valuable insights for the design and construction of timber buildings. The behaviour of different mass timber beam-to-column hybrid connections investigated through fire endurance experiments over the past decade in the Fire Testing and Research Laboratory at Lakehead University (LUFTRL), Ontario, Canada, are addressed. Comparative analyses of the experimental results obtained with emphasis on various aspects, including the connections’ moment-resisting capabilities and failure modes, the influence of fire protection application, and the utilization of STS as a strengthening technique on the structural performance of timber connections in fire conditions, are discussed.
Applications of shape memory alloys in structural engineering
Authors: EL-SOKKARY Hossam
Published: February 2025

Abstract: Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a type of alloy that is able to recover its original shape by either the application of high temperature (known as shape memory effect) or through removal of the applied stress (known as superelasticity). These effects would result in several unique characteristics, such as Young's modulus-temperature relations, superelastic effects, shape memory effects, large damping capacity, and re-centering capabilities. These characteristics would lead to a high ductility of structural members and a large energy dissipation capacity without leaving significant permanent deformations. Hence, SMAs were beneficial in the seismic resistance of structures by implementing the material in dampers, braces, connectors, isolators, etc. Over the past few decades, different innovative devices and systems, mainly implementing NiTi- and Cu-based alloys, were developed and tested to dissipate the earthquake energy and reduce the seismic forces acting on structures. SMAs were integrated within these systems in different configurations, such as single wires, stranded wires, strips, ribbons, tubing, and rebars. The objective of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review of the unique properties of SMA as a smart material and their applications in the field of structural engineering, and in particular, earthquake engineering. The paper discusses the advantages and drawbacks of the material, as well as the different studies that investigated the effectiveness of SMA for new construction and retrofit of existing structures.
Seismic response of setback building in hilly region with effect of lift well
Authors: DAS Pranab Kumar
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Setback irregular buildings are common in hilly urban regions, including Indian sub-continent, where seismic safety is critical. Significant research has focused on plan irregularities; fewer studies performed with vertically irregularities, such as setback buildings. Vertical irregularities arise from uneven mass and stiffness distributions or changing geometric configurations along the height. Codes of various countries provide some information on plan and vertical irregularities. Limited guidelines are available in the codes such as IS 1893 (Part-I): 2016, Eurocode-8 (Part-I): 2004, and FEMA-450 (Part-1): 2003 [1-3]. Existing literature [4-5] offers two empirical expressions for the fundamental periods of irregular structures. The present study try to focus on North-East part of India, which is seismically highly sensitive (Seismic Zone - V). This study deals with setback building made of reinforced concrete and brick masonry, incorporating the effect of a reinforced concrete lift well. The lift well is acting as a shear wall. The models are performed using finite element analysis (FEA). The fundamental periods, base shear and mode shapes [6] of the building are found out with the help of response spectrum method. Fundamental periods calculated with formulae provided by various codes, existing literatures and FEA are compared for the building considering and without considering lift well. Base shears calculated with Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method, are also compared. It is found that initial mode shapes are indicates the more stability of the setback building with considering lift well as compared to without lift well. The variation in moments of the member basically surrounding the location of lift well plays a vital role reducing the critical stress concentration as compared to the building considering without lift well. Overall, this paper tries to contribute for improving the understanding and development of design guidelines for setback structures, including the influence of lift wells.
Advancements in green sustainable concrete technologies for sustainable development in Saudi Arabia: A review in light of vision 2030
Authors: Mohammed N.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 initiative emphasizes sustainable development, including the construction sector's shift towards environmentally friendly practices. This comprehensive review focuses on the advancements and challenges of green sustainable concrete (GSC) in Saudi Arabia, aligning with Vision 2030's goals. The review examines the key components of GSC, such as recycled aggregates, supplementary cementitious materials, and alternative binders, highlighting their potential in reducing carbon emissions and enhancing durability. Additionally, the review discusses the implementation of sustainable practices in the production, transportation, and construction phases of GSC. Challenges such as limited local availability of sustainable materials and the need for updated regulations are also addressed. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and policy changes to further promote the adoption of GSC in Saudi Arabia's construction industry, supporting Vision 2030's vision for a sustainable future.
Slope stability analysis: Case StudyatChwit City, Lebanon
Authors: Jradi L
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Cracking problems and ground movement in slope systems are encountered in both slopes of recent construction and those that have been in use for many years. Instability in slopes occurs when stresses exceed the slope material's shear strength. Excessive overburden pressure due to external loads, or increased pore water, might cause the stress to be excessive. Other factors that decrease soil strength for slope instability are poor soil condition, weathering, slope geometry, soil stratification, and discontinuities in the rock body. This study attempts to understand the slope's stability condition at Chwit city in Lebanon throughout an extensive geotechnical investigation. Besides, different corrective and remedial measures for the stabilization of the slope along the failed portion were discussed and evaluated accordingly in terms of safety Factor.
Variability of some geotechnical parameters in South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: ONYEJEKWE Site
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The variability of geotechnical material is usually modeled as a random field which can be described concisely by its mean, variance and the scale of fluctuation. This paper focuses on the second moment statistics (mean and variance, including the coefficient of variation [COV]), and the probability distribution of geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils in South Eastern Nigeria. Published values of second moment statistics of geotechnical parameters are based on data sourced from far and wide and hence may not be most appropriate for local situations. The total COV of parameters is determined as the components of the COV, like measurement error, are not considered. Data on parameters are grouped according to test methods deployed. Probability distribution of parameters were also determined. The results of this study: mean, variance, COV, and probability distribution of parameters will be very useful in preliminary engineering and in stimulating the use of probabilistic design methods like reliability-based design (RBD).
Investigation of drying shrinkage, water absorption and strength properties of metakaolin based geopolymer mortars
Authors: ALLAM Rim
Published: February 2025

Abstract. This paper investigates strength and selected durability properties (drying shrinkage and water absorption) of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar (GPm). Four geopolymer mixes of different proportions are prepared using metakaolin as precursor with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as activators. The ratio of alkaline activator to precursor, the ratio between activators Na2SiO3 to NaOH and the curing temperature, varied (1.2, 1.4), (2, 3), (30, 45, and 60°C) respectively between these mixes to assess their influence on the properties. Geopolymer mortar exhibited significant improvement in shrinkage and compressive strength with values of 482µm/m and 35 MPa compared to ordinary Portland cement-based mortar (OPCm) that shows results equal to 1820µm/m and 15 MPa respectively. A significant disparity in the performance of GPm mixes is observed, which refers to the variation of the ratios and of the oven curing temperature between mixes. Results reveal that the optimum alkaline to binder ratio should be first considered to obtain a dense mortar structure. For a more complete geopolymerization, the increase of alkaline activator content should be coupled with an increase in curing temperature to block any successive dissolution.
Influence of UV-treated polypropylene fibres on residual compressive strength of cement paste
Authors: ALIYU Daha Shehu
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Concrete can experience high temperatures in various situations, including accidental fire. It is known that high temperature degrades the material, disintegrates calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), and decreases compressive strength. Polypropylene fibres (PPF) are often added to concrete to reduce its likelihood of spalling when exposed to fire. However, it is also known that the addition of PPF tends to reduce the compressive strength, probably because the PPF doesn’t bond well to the cement due to the hydrophobic nature of PPF. So, this research investigates the efficacy of ultraviolet treatment of polypropylene fibers (UV-TPPF) in enhancing the residual compressive strength of cement paste. Results indicate that UV-TPPF significantly increases the compressive strength of cement paste at ambient temperature, achieving improvements of 24%, 16%, and 10% for PPF additions of 2%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. At elevated temperatures, UV-TPPF samples maintained higher residual compressive strength than non-treated polypropylene fibre (NON-TPPF), showing peak strength increases of 32%, 25%, and 6% at 200°C for respective PPF contents. These enhancements are attributed to the improved bond between the UV-TPPF and cement paste due to changing the surface chemistry of PPF from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. This study demonstrates that UV-TPPF offers a promising approach to mitigating the adverse effects of high temperatures on concrete strength.
Geotechnical enhancement of expansive soils through zeolitic tuff and cement treatments
Authors: IBDAH Laith
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The low strength and tendency to swell of expansive soil present a substantial engineering challenge. The cracks and other forms of distress in structures and roads that frequently occur as a consequence of the expansive soil's swelling potential result in substantial financial losses. The main objective of this research is to conduct experimental tests to assess the possibility of improving the characteristics of expansive soil by using different additions. The study utilized various ratios of Zeolitic tuff, namely 10, 20, 25, and 30 percent, in combination with cement of at 2, 4, and 6 percent. The test results clearly indicate that incorporating Natural Zeolite as an additive yielded beneficial effects on various geotechnical properties. Specifically, the addition of Natural Zeolite resulted in improvements such as reduced plasticity, minimized linear shrinkage, and decreased swell potential of the soil. Moreover, it contributed to an increase in the maximum dry unit weight, enhancing the soil's overall stability and strength. The results were verified through microstructural examination employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Enhancing durability and sustainability in fly ash-slag concrete using advanced metaheuristic algorithms and explainable ML for compressive strength prediction
Authors: BASHIR Abba
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Fly ash slag concrete (FASC), a supplementary cementitious material, has transformed construction by lowering the carbon footprint, minimizing waste, reducing labor costs, and improving durability and precision. Predicting compressive strength (CS), a key mechanical property, is essential for optimal performance. Due to the nonlinear nature of FASC mixtures, researchers now utilize machine learning tools. This study evaluates three machine learning models by combining traditional AI algorithms, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), with nature-inspired optimization techniques, such as chicken swarm optimization (CSO), moth flame optimization algorithm (MOFA), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA). By addressing the gaps in mechanical property variation, dataset scope, and model comparison, this study demonstrated high accuracy in CS prediction for all three models. The ANN optimized by WOA consistently excelled across multiple metrics. Visual evidence supports the models' effectiveness, suggesting benefits like better quality control, cost savings, increased safety, and a cleaner environment.
The effectiveness of bio-anchorage system in reinforcing tropical residual slope
Authors: KAMBALI Kuraisha
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Geotechnical phenomena known as “land sliding” encompasses a broad spectrum of ground movements, including rock falls, deep slope failures, and shallow debris flows, particularly in tropical regions. The severity of this issue is higher in regions with a lot of residual soils, like Malaysia, due to the frequent and intense rainfall events and the unique soil properties that make these areas prone to instability. The use of vegetation in soil bioengineering has gained attention recently as an environmentally friendly technique for stabilizing slopes, as most conventional approaches are neither inexpensive nor universally accessible. The primary objective is to understand the bioinspired soil anchoring system’s interaction mechanism to improve the bonding between the residual soil structure in tropical regions. This research is conducted to determine the relationship between the tensile strength of Eugenia Oleina plant roots and the soil parameters of Gambang residual soil. Laboratory testing for soil properties and classification procedures were conducted. Root tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength were determined by conducting an unconfined compression test and a direct shear test. These tests are crucial in understanding the mechanical properties of the soil and how it interacts with plant roots under different stress conditions. The comparison between Eugenia Oleina (EO) and Dicranopteris Linearis (DL) plant roots was obtained to recommend the best plant roots for slope stabilization. Out of all the bioinspired soil anchoring systems for tropical slopes, the findings offer the best answer. Thus, it was determined and suggested which plant species would be the most effective tool in residual soil to reinforce tropical slopes.
An insightful review on the utilizing crumb rubber as partial substitute to aggregates in concrete
Authors: Adamu M.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. This paper investigated and identified the properties of concrete containing recycled crumb rubber. Scrap rubber tires are one of the solid wastes in the world after revolutionary in the automobile sector. Disposal of scrap tires is a challenging task because the tires have a long life and are biodegradable. Crumb rubber is a recycled rubber from scrap tires of vehicles, which can be used by partially replacing fine aggregates in concrete. Partial replacement of crumb rubber i.e., 5% to 40% volume of fine aggregates were explained by so many authors in their research papers. Different tests are done by these authors to find the properties of different grades i.e., M20, M25, M30, etc. of crumb rubber concrete. The crumb rubber was reported to reduce the mechanical strength of concrete. On the contrary, some advantages of adding crumb rubber as aggregate to concrete is enhancement in the deformation properties of the concrete. Therefore, for effective utilization of crumb rubber in concrete, there is need to develop some methods of mitigating the loss in strengths in the concrete with addition of crumb rubber.
Influence of Omani Sarooj on plasticity and california bearing ratio of expansive soil
Authors: GANIYU A.A.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Expansive soils have extreme swelling and shrinking responses to changes in moisture content, hence, there is need for their stabilisation prior to construction usage. Sarooj is a traditional pozzolan produced locally in Oman which has been used as a cementing material for centuries. Sarooj is a sustainable material, sourced locally with lower production energy requirement, lower CO2 emission, and proven durability. This research investigates the impacts of Sarooj on the plasticity and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of expansive soil obtained from Al Murtafa’a area, Muscat, Oman. The expansive soil was mixed with 3, 6, 9, 12, & 15 Sarooj, after which Atterberg limits and CBR tests were carried out on the soil mixes. The expansive soil was classified as well-graded sand (SW), and A-3 (0) based on USCS and AASHTO classifications, respectively. The optimal value of plastic limit is 6% Sarooj addition, and the AASHTO classification changes to A-2-4 (0) at the same mix. The CBR values increased with the increasing percentages of Sarooj due to structural changes and the pozzolanic reactivity within the mix. With reduced plasticity, increased strength and stability, Sarooj is a viable and sustainable alternative for the stabilisation of expansive soil.
Study of the global factor of safety for mechanically stabilized earth wall (MSE) using numerical modelling
Authors: HAMMAD Mahmoud S.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls (MSE) have gained popularity as a cost-effective, straightforward, and fast alternative to various retaining methods in recent years. Understanding the behaviour and performance of these walls is of utmost importance. This study aims to create a numerical model for assessing the effectiveness of a fully instrumented Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall in New Cairo, Egypt. The purpose of the study is to investigate the wall's safety factor. The PLAXIS 2D program is used to generate a numerical model using finite element analysis. The model is verified by comparing model results with the field measurements. The paper examines the impact of different factors on the safety factor of MSE walls, including vertical spacing between reinforcement layers, axial stiffness of geogrid, angle of internal friction of the reinforced soil, aspect ratio of the wall, surcharge loading and height of the wall. Furthermore, the length of the reinforced soil and the value of Surcharge loading are the most significant factors that have an impact on the global safety factor of the MSE wall.
Machine learning approaches for predicting ultimate tensile strength in 9% Cr steels
Authors: DINIBUTUN Seza
Published: February 2025

Abstract. This paper applies machine learning techniques to analyze a dataset featuring the initial elemental composition and mechanical properties of various 9% chromium steels. Mechanical properties in the dataset are yield stress and tensile strength, elongation, and reduction in area. The primary objective is to predict the ultimate tensile strength of these steel alloys using different machine learning algorithms. The study involves preparing the dataset to make it suitable for machine learning algorithms, selecting relevant features, and implementing three different machine learning models to evaluate their performance. The performance of these models, namely linear regression, random forest, and support vector machines model, were compared to determine the most accurate and reliable method for predicting the ultimate tensile strength. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was performed to understand the influence of elemental composition on the ultimate tensile strength. This study was conducted using Python version 3.12.2. The objective is to demonstrate the potential of machine learning in decision-making in material science.
Failure analysis of corroded underground pipeline
Authors: AL-ABKAL Fatemah
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Corrosion is a form of metal deterioration that cause damages in underground pipelines. In most cases, the causes of corrosion-based failure are not readily known. A rare case of the corrosion phenomenon is corrosion due to stray current. This paper presents the root cause analysis of an underground fire protection pipeline corrosion failure case associated with a sprinkler system that took place in the Arabian Gulf. Localized corrosion failure caused water leakage in the fire protection piping system. The leakage took place in a large industrial area around a four-kilometer building. Leakage in the fire suppression system was discovered during scheduled inspection when the jockey pump was observed to be continuously running due to low pressure in the main header as a result of the corrosion failure. Deeper investigation showed that leakage from the underground hydrant line was localized to only the main building's parking lot. Another observation was that previous failures had occurred at the same location and that the damaged pipe had been replaced by new one. However, past failure analyses did not identify the root cause. A third consecutive failure at the same location necessitated a new root cause analysis. Observations showed that the affected pipe sections had a thick epoxy coating on their outer surfaces. Precisely, failure analysis was conducted on four sections of the steel pipe. The consequent root cause analysis, metallurgical and soil investigation revealed that electromagnetic forces in close proximity to high AC and DC stresses were responsible for the damaged pipe sections. The corrosion was specifically due to the interference of various types of electrical cables, such as a high voltage cable and electrical ground discharge electrodes that generated stray current. This corrosion occurrence went unidentified over the last three years despite previous failure analysis. It was recommended that all damaged pipe sections adjacent to electrical conduits be covered with a double-layer insulating tape with high impedance and dielectric properties.
Comprehensive analysis of structural beams: Theoretical calculations and simulation analysis using ANSYS
Authors: JAIN N.J.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Nowadays, structural analysis has become more and more complex, it is therefore necessary to use advanced tools like ANSYS for solving intricate structures. It is also equally important to establish a relationship between traditional analytical methods and modern simulation techniques. This kind of comparison is essential for validating and enhancing the accuracy of engineering structural analysis. In this paper, a detailed study of structural beams will be carried out by the traditional analytical method and also using “ANSYS software” which is considered as an advanced simulation technique that deals with the study of complex structures. This is to improve the validation of results via theoretical calculations and finite element analysis just as different boundary conditions to add knowledge on the performance of structural beams. Using academic calculations as the golden traditional standards, we try to establish the local deflection and strain in beams, using simple structural mechanics. This approach could be used to validate and extend the results by performing ANSYS simulations for this test case to get a more substantial accuracy versus reliability comparison of both approaches. Down the line, this is meant to reconcile theory vs real-world implementation and act as an exhaustive and multi-dimensional assessment of how well (or poorly) a given beam performs. The FEA-based study indicated the occurrence of an approximate average error of about 1% to 3% while performing complex analysis.
Polyurethane grout as repair material for concrete structures: Performance evaluation
Authors: HARUNA Sadi Ibrahim
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The effectiveness of repair work relies on whether the interface substrate can achieve sufficient bond strength when subjected to numerous stresses. This study investigated the bond properties of repaired normal concrete (NC-to-NC) elements, including cube, beam, and U-shaped specimens, after undergoing natural fracture due to flexural and tensile stresses. The specimens were repaired using a polyurethane (PU) matrix by gluing the two parts and tested for compression, splitting, and impact tests to evaluate the bond strength properties. The result revealed that the PU matrix effectively repairs NC substrate with adequate bond strength, which exceeds the minimum allowable bond strength specified by the ASTM ACI 546-06 for rehabilitation of impaired concrete structure. The reference beams exhibit the highest ultimate load capacity of 15.6kN with lower deflection than the repaired specimens. The mean number of blows at the cracking stages appeared nearly equal for both reference and repaired NC-to-NC specimens. The reference specimens exhibit an average number of 24 blows and 31 blows at the first and failure stages, respectively, which are higher than that of NC-to-NC repaired specimens by 9.1% and 5.2%. Indicating the effectiveness of the PU matrix in bonding the two pieces together with high strength under repeated impact loads.
A modified design for improving pressure relief valve stability
Authors: Alhamdan Abdullah
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Pressure-relief valves have an important role in life protection and system integrity. Valve system has several features and can be modelled as a mass-spring valve system. The current paper attempts to experimentally investigated unstable poppet force equivalent body valve behavior. Unstable fluid force may reproduce the valve body dynamics, resulting in unexpected flow movement fluctuation during opening as well as rising lift adjustment. Such disturbance may create inconsistent poppet valve response during the rapid opening. A lengthy pressure-quarter standing wave conduit links multiple relief valves to the reservoir. The present study proposed two systems for monitor pressure and spring tension to predict the relief valve pressure instability, attempt to deaden it, and avoid popping occurrence. The former system is internal groove in the nozzle worked as a damper, while the latter is compressed heavy oil in the disc holder.
Effect of root water uptake on road movement across seasonal changes
Authors: YULIANA Yuliana
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The use of trees as roadside barriers provides benefits like noise and pollution control. On the other hand, the root systems can disrupt soil moisture, leading to uneven subsidence and impacting nearby structures. Knowing the appropriate distance between trees and pavement will allow for maximizing the plant's favourable impact on infrastructure. This study aimed to determine the safe distance between trees and pavement by examining the effects of transpiration on pore water pressure (PWP) and pavement subsidence under seasonal variations. The root water uptake was simplified in a finite element model using multiple hydraulic head boundaries and validated through field observations. A hypoplastic model was employed to simulate the non-linear behaviour and plastic strain accumulation in unsaturated soil. The findings indicate that the summer season exhibited a more noticeable change in negative PWP. Trees significantly reduce PWP, especially during summer seasons, creating higher suction near them due to evapotranspiration. Additionally, pavement edges closest to trees experience the most pronounced subsidence, likely due to a greater soil moisture deficit. Seasonal variations influence subsidence, with drier periods leading to more severe effects. Furthermore, the pavement with the distance 4 meters from the tree highlights a potential risk exceeded the cracking moment at 5th summer period, indicating a high risk of damage.