bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volcanic ash detection and retrievals from MODIS data by means of Neural Networks
Authors: Picchiani M. , Chini M. , Corradini S. , Merucci L. , Sellitto P. , Del Frate F. , Stramondo S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Volcanic ash clouds detection and retrieval represent a key issue for the aviation safety due to the harming effects they can provoke on aircrafts. A lesson learned from the recent Icelandic Eyjafjalla volcano eruption is the need to obtain accurate and reliable retrievals on a real time basis. The current most widely adopted procedures for ash detection and retrieval are based on the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) inversion observed at 11 and 12 μm that allows volcanic and meteo clouds discrimination. While ash cloud detection can be readily obtained, a reliable quantitative ash cloud retrieval can be so time consuming to prevent its utilization during the crisis phase. In this work a fast and accurate Neural Network (NN) approach to detect and retrieve volcanic ash cloud properties has been developed using multispectral IR measurements collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over Mt. Etna volcano during 2001, 2002 and 2006 eruptive events. The procedure consists in two separate steps: the ash detection and ash mass retrieval. The detection is reduced to a classification problem by identifying two classes of "ashy" and "non-ashy" pixels in the MODIS images. Then the ash mass is estimated by means of the NN, replicating the BTD-based model performances. The results obtained from the entire procedure are very encouraging; indeed the confusion matrix for the test set has an accuracy greater than 90 %. Both ash detection and retrieval show a good agreement when compared to the results achieved by the BTD-based procedure. Moreover, the NN procedure is so fast to be extremely attractive in all the cases when the quick response time of the system is a mandatory requirement.
Airglow observations over the equatorial ionization anomaly zone in Taiwan
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Rajesh P. K. , Lee I. T. , Chow T. C.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Airglow imaging at mid-latitude stations often show intensity modulations associated with medium scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID), while those carried out near the equatorial regions reveal depletions caused by equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB). Two all sky cameras are used to observe plasma depletions in the 630.0 nm emission over the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region, Taiwan (23° N, 121° E; 13.5° N Magnetic) during 1998–2002 and 2006–2007. The results show EPB and MSTID depletions in different solar activity conditions. Several new features of the EPB depletions such as bifurcation, secondary structure on the walls, westward tilt, etc., are discussed in this paper. Evidence of tilted depletions with secondary structures developing on the eastern wall that later evolve to appear as bifurcations, are presented for the first time. Moreover, detail investigations are carried out using International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model as well as the electron density from Ionosonde and Global Positioning System (GPS) Occultation Experiment (GOX) onboard FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite, to understand the conditions that favor the propagation of MSTID to the latitude of Taiwan.
The variability of radiative balance elements and air temperature on the Asian region of Russia
Authors: Kharyutkina E. V. , Ippolitov I. I. , Loginov S. V.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The variability of spatial-temporal distribution of temperature and radiative and heat balances components is investigated for the Asian territory of Russia (45–80° N, 60–180° E) using JRA-25, NCEP/DOE AMIP reanalysis data and observational data for the period of current global warming 1979–2008. It is shown that since the beginning of 90s of XX century the increase of back earth-atmosphere short-wave radiation is observed. Such tendency is in conformity with the cloud cover dynamics and downward short-wave radiation at the surface. Annual averaged radiative balance values at the top are negative; it is consistent with negative annual averaged air temperature, averaged over territory. The downward trend of radiative balance is the most obvious after the beginning of 90s of XX century.
The Aegean Sea marine security decision support system
Authors: Perivoliotis L. , Krokos G. , Nittis K. , Korres G.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. As part of the integrated ECOOP (European Coastal Sea Operational observing and Forecasting System) project, HCMR upgraded the already existing standalone Oil Spill Forecasting System for the Aegean Sea, initially developed for the Greek Operational Oceanography System (POSEIDON), into an active element of the European Decision Support System (EuroDeSS). The system is accessible through a user friendly web interface where the case scenarios can be fed into the oil spill drift model component, while the synthetic output contains detailed information about the distribution of oil spill particles and the oil spill budget and it is provided both in text based ECOOP common output format and as a series of sequential graphics. The main development steps that were necessary for this transition were the modification of the forcing input data module in order to allow the import of other system products which are usually provided in standard formats such as NetCDF and the transformation of the model's calculation routines to allow use of current, density and diffusivities data in z instead of sigma coordinates. During the implementation of the Aegean DeSS, the system was used in operational mode in order support the Greek marine authorities in handling a real accident that took place in North Aegean area. Furthermore, the introduction of common input and output files by all the partners of EuroDeSS extended the system's interoperability thus facilitating data exchanges and comparison experiments.
How well can we derive Global Ocean Indicators from Argo data?
Authors: von Schuckmann K. , Le Traon P.-Y.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Argo deployments began in the year 2000 and by November 2007 the array was 100 % complete, covering the global ocean from the surface down to 2000 m depth. In this study, Argo temperature and salinity measurements during the period 2005 to 2010 are used to develop a revised estimation of Global Ocean Indicators (GOIs) such as heat content variability, freshwater content and steric height. These revised indices are based on a simple box averaging scheme using a weighted mean. They include a proper estimation of the errors due to data handling methods and climatology uncertainties. A global ocean heat content change (OHC) trend of 0.55 ± 0.1 W m−2 is estimated over the time period 2005–2010. Similarly, a global steric sea level (GSSL) rise of 0.69 ± 0.14 mm yr−1 is observed. The global ocean freshwater content (OFC) trend is barely significant. Results show that there is significant interannual variability at global scale, especially for global OFC. Annual mean GOIs from the today's Argo samling can be derived with an accuracy of ±0.10 cm for GSSL, ±0.21 × 108 J m−2 for global OHC, and ±700 km3 for global OFC. Long-term trends (15 yr) of GOIs based on the complete Argo sampling (10–1500 m depth) can be performed with an accuracy of about ±0.03 mm yr−1 for steric rise, ±0.02 W m−2 for ocean warming and ±20 km3 yr−1 for global OFC trends – under the assumption that no systematic errors remain in the observing system.
Growth Hormone Deficiency, Short Stature, and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Patient with Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Pun Teresa , Chandurkar Vikram
Published: May 2011

Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APSs) include a cluster of autoimmune and nonautoimmune conditions which have been classified into subtypes. APSs type 1 is characterized by at least two of the following: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic hypoparathyroidism, and autoimmune Addison's disease (AD). We report the chronological history of a female patient who presented with features most consistent with APS type 1, along with growth hormone deficiency and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). In terms of her autoimmune diagnoses, she first presented with JRA at three years of age, then hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism at five years of age, type 1 diabetes (DM 1) at age eleven years, adrenal insufficiency at age fourteen years, recurrent mucocutaneous candidiasis as a teenager, growth hormone deficiency at age fourteen years leading to significant short stature, primary amenorrhoea, and hypogonadism, and finally alopecia at age twenty-six years. In addition to this, she has suffered other nonautoimmune medical problems including a Tetralogy of Fallot with a surgical repair at age six years. On review of the medical literature, we found no other previously reported case with this unique combination of medical problems.
Team Preceptorship Model: A Solution for Students' Clinical Experience
Authors: Cooper Brathwaite Angela , Lemonde Manon
Published: May 2011

There is a shortage of registered nurses in developed countries, and this shortage is due to the aging nursing workforce, demand for healthcare services, and shortage of nursing professors to teach students. In order to increase the number of clinical placements for nursing students, the authors developed and implemented a collaborative preceptorship model between a Canadian University and Public Health Department to facilitate the clinical experiences of Bachelor of Science of Nursing (BScN) students. This paper describes the Team Preceptorship Model which guided the clinical experience of nine students and 14 preceptors. It also highlights the model's evaluation, strengths, and limitations.
Changes in Fish Communities of Lake Ontario Coastal Wetlands before and after Remedial Action Plans
Authors: Seilheimer Titus , Wei Anhua , Chow-Fraser Patricia
Published: May 2011

We conducted a change-detection analysis to determine if improvements in the habitat quality of coastal wetlands could be attributed to Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) of Lake Ontario. We used a 5-km buffer relative to each recent site to “resample” an existing database of spawning/nursery habitat from the early 1980s to derive a “historic” species list associated with thirteen representative wetlands sampled in 2001-2002. For each wetland, we calculated Wetland Fish Index (WFI) scores, which are relative measures of wetland quality having scores ranging from 1 to 5, indicating worst to best conditions, respectively. The mean WFI score of 3.16 for the recent era was significantly higher than that for the historic era of 2.79 (Wilcoxon sign-rank test; P=.04), and this is consistent with the conclusion that lakewide RAPs have been effective in recovering some of the ecological functions of degraded coastal wetlands of Lake Ontario.
Participación pública e inercia institucional en la gestión del agua en España
Authors: Espluga Trenc, Josep , Ballester Ciuró Alba , Hernandez Mora Nuria , Subirats i Humet Joan
Published: May 2011

Los procesos de participación pública implementados a raíz de la DirectivaMarco del Agua (DMA) constituyen un importante salto adelante para lademocratización de la gestión del agua en España. En el presente texto,a partir de un análisis documental y entrevistas exploratorias, se señalanalgunas de las virtudes y debilidades de dichos procesos. En general, seobserva que los puntos más problemáticos tienen que ver con la inerciainstitucional que conforma las relaciones entre los organismos de cuencay los usuarios tradicionales del agua, así como con la falta de credibilidadque algunos de estos procesos han tenido para algunos de sus potencialesparticipantes. Como conclusión se advierte la necesidad de pensar nuevosdiseños institucionales que respondan a la idea de gobernanza expresadapor la DMA.
Progresar en Madrid: aspiraciones y expectativas de la segunda generación en España
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Aparicio Gomez Rosa , Haller William , Vickstrom Erik
Published: May 2011

Este artículo analiza determinantes de las aspiraciones y expectativasentre los hijos de inmigrantes basándose en una muestra representativade jóvenes de la segunda generacion entrevistados en colegios desecundaria del área metropolitana de Madrid. Sobre la consecución deestatus en general y de las aspiraciones y expectativas en particular, seformula un conjunto de siete hipótesis. Presentamos desagregacionesde las aspiraciones y expectativas educacionales y ocupacionales porgénero, educación parental y escuela. El análisis fi naliza con modelosde ecuaciones estructurales que ofrecen una perspectiva teórica integradade la estructura causal de la ambición en el contexto español. Seexaminan las consecuencias de nuestras conclusiones para la teoría ylas políticas.
Synthesis of chitosan beads as boron sorbents
Authors: Bursalı Elif Ant , Seki Yoldaş , Seyhan Serap , Delener Merve , Yurdakoç Mürüvvet
Published: May 2011

Parameters, such as pH, temperature, initial boron concentration, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength, affecting boron adsorption onto chitosan beads were examined in this study. The following values were obtained as the optimum conditions in our studied ranges: pH 8.0, temperature = 308 K, amount of chitosan beads = 0.15 g, initial boron concentration = 4 mg L−1, and ionic strength = 0.1 M NaCl]. The adsorption kinetics were also examined in terms of three kinetic models: the pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model showed very good agreement with the experimental data. Intraparticle plots seemed to have two steps and indicated multilinearity. Equilibrium data were evaluated with nonlinear and linear forms of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The experimental data conformed to the Freundlich equation on the basis of the formation of multilayer adsorption. To characterize the synthesized chitosan beads, we used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. As shown by FTIR analysis, the boron species may have interacted with the NH2 groups on chitosan. Microparticles of about 5 μm appeared in the SEM micrographs of the chitosan beads. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Reactive blending of aromatic polyesters: Thermal and X‐ray analysis of melt‐blended poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Castellano M. , Marsano E. , Turturro A. , Canetti M.
Published: May 2011

We investigated the reactive melt blending of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) in terms of the thermal properties and structural features of the resultant materials. Our main objectives were (1) to investigate the effects of the processing conditions on the nonisothermal melt crystallization and subsequent melting behavior of the blends and (2) to assess the effects of the blending time on the structural characteristics of the transreaction products with a fixed composition. The melting parameters (e.g., the melting temperature, melting enthalpy, and crystallization temperature) decreased with the mixing time; the crystallization behavior was strongly affected by the composition and blending time. Moreover, a significant role was played by the final temperature of the heating treatment; this meant that interchange reactions occurred during blending and continued during thermal analysis. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns obtained under moderate blending conditions showed the presence of crystalline peaks of PET and PTT; however, the profiles became flatter after blending. This effect was more and more evident as the mixing time increased. Transesterification reactions between the polyesters due to longer blending times with an intermediate composition led to a new copolymer material characterized by its own diffraction profile and a reduced melting temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of reactive blocked‐isocyanate coupling agents from methyl ethyl ketoxime, ethyl cellosolve/ε‐caprolactam blocked aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates
Authors: Shen Tengfei , Zhou Dewen , Liang Liyan , Zheng Jie , Lan Yanxun , Lu Mangeng
Published: May 2011

A series of water‐dispersible blocked polyisocyanates were synthesized from toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylol propionic acid, methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO), ethyl cellosolve (EC), and ϵ‐caprolactam (CL). The physical properties, such as the viscosity, pH, and storage stability, of the blocked‐polyisocyanate adducts were measured. All aqueous dispersions of the blocked polyisocyanates showed good storage stability. The prepared blocked polyisocyanates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The FTIR confirmed that the NCO groups of the original TDI and IPDI molecules were completely blocked by the blocking agents. The thermal analysis measurements revealed that both the blocked TDI‐ and IPDI‐based polyisocyanates started to deblock at about 55–85°C. Compared to the CL‐blocked polyisocyanates, the MEKO‐ and EC‐blocked polyisocyanates had lower thermal dissociation temperatures and faster deblocking rates. We also found that the initial deblocking temperatures of the TDI‐based adducts were lower than those of the IPDI‐based adducts. The water resistance and tensile properties of the composite films from the blocked‐polyisocyanate crosslinkers and hydroxyl–polyurethane emulsion (HPUE) matrix were studied. The tensile strength increased and the elongation at break were lower in the composites compared to the pure HPUE film. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and properties of novel polyimide optical materials with different haloid pendant
Authors: Xing Yan , Wang Dong , Gao Hong , Jiang Zhenhua
Published: May 2011

To investigate the difference of trifluoromethyl group and chlorine group affecting the optical properties of polyimides (PIs), two diamine monomers with different haloid pendants were designed and synthesized including (1,4‐(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐2‐(3′5′‐ditrifluoromethylphenyl)benzene and (1,4‐(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐2‐(3′‐trifluoromethyl‐4′‐chlorophenyl) benzene). From both diamines, two series of PIs with different haloid pendants were prepared via two‐step chemical imidization methods with various dianhydride compounds. All the PIs have the high Tg, excellent thermal stability and good solubility, and can be formed the transparent, strong, and flexible films. All the PIs also are good transparent in UV‐evisible absorption spectra, and have the low birefringences (0.0128–0.0157 at 650 nm) and low optical loss at communication windows. Two series of PIs exhibit the similar optical properties, except for refractive index. Based on the fantastic characterization, a series of optical materials with the tunable refractive indices were obtained by copolymerization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Does knee osteoarthritis differentially modulate proprioceptive acuity in the frontal and sagittal planes of the knee?
Authors: Cammarata Martha L. , Schnitzer Thomas J. , Dhaher Yasin Y.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Impaired proprioception may alter joint loading and contribute to the progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although frontal plane loading at the knee contributes to OA, proprioception and its modulation with OA in this direction have not been examined. The aim of this study was to assess knee proprioceptive acuity in the frontal and sagittal planes in patients with knee OA and healthy subjects. We hypothesized that proprioceptive acuity in both planes of movement will be decreased in patients with OA.

Methods

The study group comprised 13 patients with knee OA and 14 healthy age‐matched subjects. Proprioceptive acuity was assessed in varus, valgus, flexion, and extension using threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) tests. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance was used to assess differences in TDPM values between the 2 groups and across movement directions. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the correlation of the TDPM between and within planes of movement.

Results

The TDPM was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the group with knee OA compared with the control group for all directions tested, indicating reduced proprioceptive acuity. Differences in the TDPM between groups were consistent across all movement directions, with mean differences as follows: for valgus, 0.94° (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.20–1.65°); for varus, 0.92° (95% CI 0.18–1.68°); for extension, 0.93° (95% CI 0.19–1.66°); for flexion, 1.11° (95% CI 0.38–1.85°). The TDPM measures across planes of movement were only weakly correlated, especially in the group with knee OA.

Conclusion

Consistent differences in the TDPM between the group of patients with knee OA and the control group across all movement directions suggest a global, not direction‐specific, reduction in sensation in patients with knee OA.
Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding whole body donation among medical professionals in a hospital in India
Authors: Ballala Kirthinath , Shetty Avinash , Malpe Surekha Bhat
Published: May 2011

Voluntary body donation has become an important source of cadavers for anatomical study and education. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding whole body donation among medical professionals in a medical institute in India. A cross sectional study was conducted at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India, among medical doctors. Data was collected from consenting individuals in the age group of 25–65 years by convenience sampling method. A semi‐structured, pretested, questionnaire designed to assess KAP regarding whole body donation was provided to the study population (n = 106); 97 individuals returned the completed questionnaire. Results showed that 8% of the medical professionals were unaware of the term body donation and 85% believed that donated bodies were misused. A large proportion of the respondents did not know about the authority that oversaw body donation, or its criteria for accepting donated bodies and diseases for which bodies were screened before acceptance. Only 22% of polled physicians were willing to donate their bodies for medical education, but 68% expected the public to do the same. While only 7% had already registered their own names for body donation, 64% were not aware of any known person having registered and 72% indicated that their decision would not be influenced even if they knew of friends who had registered. These results suggest that educating medical students and professionals regarding the altruistic act of body donation is as important as educating the general public. Anat Sci Educ 4:142–150, 2011. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
On the relationship between query characteristics and IR functions retrieval bias
Authors: Bashir Shariq , Rauber Andreas
Published: May 2011

Bias quantification of retrieval functions with the help of document retrievability scores has recently evolved as an important evaluation measure for recall‐oriented retrieval applications. While numerous studies have evaluated retrieval bias of retrieval functions, solid validation of its impact on realistic types of queries is still limited. This is due to the lack of well‐accepted criteria for query generation for estimating retrievability. Commonly, random queries are used for approximating documents retrievability due to the prohibitively large query space and time involved in processing all queries. Additionally, a cumulative retrievability score of documents over all queries is used for analyzing retrieval functions (retrieval) bias. However, this approach does not consider the difference between different query characteristics (QCs) and their influence on retrieval functions' bias quantification. This article provides an in‐depth study of retrievability over different QCs. It analyzes the correlation of lower/higher retrieval bias with different query characteristics. The presence of strong correlation between retrieval bias and query characteristics in experiments indicates the possibility of determining retrieval bias of retrieval functions without processing an exhaustive query set. Experiments are validated on TREC Chemical Retrieval Track consisting of 1.2 million patent documents.
Effects of changing highway design speed
Authors: Choi Jaisung , Tay Richard , Kim Sangyoup
Published: May 2011

In an effort to increase the operational efficiency of highways, South Korea has been increasing its design speed recently. However, the use of higher design speed will also increase construction costs. Moreover, increasing the design speed is expected to have an impact on safety. Hence, there is a strong need to demonstrate that the benefits outweigh the cost of having a higher design speed. This study surveyed a sample of design engineers to determine their awareness of the consequences of increasing design speed and their assessment of the right design speed for an actual rural arterial road. In addition to the survey, a case study of three recently upgraded highways was conducted to determine the changes in traffic volumes, speeds, travel times and accidents. The construction costs associated with the upgrades were also reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Rutile Titanium Dioxide White Pigment by a Novel NaOH Molten‐Salt Process: Influence of Doping and Calcination
Authors: Wang Y. , Li J. , Wang L. , Qi T. , Chen D. , Wang W.
Published: May 2011

Rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) white pigment is prepared by a novel NaOH molten‐salt process. Titanium slag is decomposited by NaOH molten salt to obtain sodium titanate which is then converted into hydrate titanium dioxide (H2TiO3) through acid dissolution and hydrolysis. Finally, TiO2 white pigment is prepared by H2TiO3 doping and calcinations. H2TiO3 prepared by this innovative method is characterized and the influencing factors of doping and calcination of H2TiO3 on pigmentary properties of TiO2 are investigated. H2TiO3 with certain characteristics could be prepared through the controlled hydrolysis step in the NaOH molten‐salt process. Good pigmentary properties of rutile TiO2 white pigment are achieved by doping with suitable amounts of K2O, P2O5, Al2O3, and rutile nuclei, thereby approaching the quality of the commercial TiO2 pigment standards.
Synthesis and Photoswitching Studies of Difurylperfluorocyclopentenes with Extended π‐Systems
Authors: Sysoiev Dmytro , Fedoseev Artem , Kim Youngsang , Exner Thomas E. , Boneberg Johannes , Huhn Thomas , Leiderer Paul , Scheer Elke , Groth Ulrich , Steiner Ulrich E.
Published: May 2011

In an attempt to design molecular optoelectronic switches functioning in molecular junctions between two metal tips, we synthesized a set of photochromic compounds by extending the π‐system of 1,2‐bis‐(2‐methyl‐5‐formylfuran‐3‐yl)perfluorocyclopentene through suitable coupling reactions involving the formyl functions, thereby also introducing terminal groups with a binding capacity to gold. Avoiding the presence of gold‐binding sulphur atoms in the photoreactive centre, as they are present in the frequently used analogous thienyl compounds, the newly synthesized compounds should be more suitable for the purpose indicated. The kinetics of reversible photoswitching of the new compounds by UV and visible light was quantitatively investigated in solution. The role of conformational flexibility of the π‐system for the width of the UV/Vis spectra was clarified by using quantum chemical calculations with time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT. As a preliminary test of the potential of the new compounds to serve as optoelectronic molecular switches, monolayer formation and photochemical switching on gold surfaces was observed by using surface plasmon resonance.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Alkynyl‐Linked Phosphonium Borates
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxi , Lough Alan J. , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: May 2011

The phosphine tBu2PCCH (1) was reacted with B(C6F5) to give the zwitterionic species tBu2P(H)CCB(C6F5)3 (2). The analogous species tBu2P(Me)CCB(C6F5)3 (3), tBu2P(H)CCB(Cl)(C6F5)2 (4), tBu2P(H)CCB(H)(C6F5)2 (5), and tBu2P(Me)CCB(H)(C6F5)2 (6) were also prepared. The salt [tBu2P(H)CCB(C6F5)2(THF)][B(C6F5)4] (7) was prepared through abstraction of hydride by [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. Species 5 reacted with the imine tBuNCHPh to give the borane–amine adduct tBu2PCCB[tBuN(H)CH2Ph](C6F5)2 (8). The related phosphine Mes2PCCH (9; Mes=C6H2Me3) was used to prepare [tBu3PH][Mes2PCCB(C6F5)3] (10) and generate Mes2PCCB(C6F5)2. The adduct Mes2PCCB(NCMe)(C6F5)2 (11) was isolated. Reaction of Mes2PCCB(C6F5)2 with H2 gave the zwitterionic product (C6F5)2(H)BC(H)C[P(H)Mes2][(C6F5)2BCCP(H)Mes2] (12). Reaction of tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2, a phosphine–borane generated in situ from 5, with 1‐hexene gave the species [tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2](CH2CHnBu)[tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2] (13) and subsequent reaction with methanol or hexene resulted in the formation of [tBu2P(H)CCB(C6F5)2](CH2CHnBu)[tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2](OMe) (14) or the macrocycle {[tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2](CH2CH2nBu)}2 (15), respectively. In a related fashion, the reaction of 13 with THF afforded the macrocycle [tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2](CH2CHnBu)[tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2][O(CH2)4] (16), although treatment of tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2 with THF lead to the formation of {[tBu2PCCB(C6F5)2][O(CH2)4]}2 (17). In a related example, the reaction of Mes2PCCB(C6F5)2 with PhCCH gave {[Mes2PCCB(C6F5)2](CHCPh)}2 (18). Compound 5 reacted with AlX3 (X=Cl, Br) to give addition to the alkynyl unit, affording (C6F5)2BC(H)C[P(H)tBu2](AlX3) (X=Cl 19, Br 20). In a similar fashion, 5 reacted with [Zn(C6F5)2]⋅C7H8, [Al(C6F5)3]⋅C7H8, or HB(C6F5)2 to give (C6F5)3BC(H)C[P(H)tBu2][Zn(C6F5)] (21), (C6F5)3BC(H)C[P(H)tBu2][Al(C6F5)2] (22), or [(C6F5)2B]2HCCH[P(H)tBu2] (23), respectively. The implications of this reactivity are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of the n = 4 Aurivillius Phase Bi5Ti3CrO15.
Authors: Giddings A. T. , Stennett M. C. , Reid D. P. , McCabe E. E. , Greaves C. , Hyatt N. C.
Published: May 2011

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Bi2O3, TiO2, and Cr2O3 (air, 800—1000 °C, 12 h; annealing at 1025 °C for 12 h in air).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, and Crystal and Electronic Structures of the New Zintl Phases Na2ACdSb2 and K2ACdSb2 (A: Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb): Structural Relationship with Yb2CdSb2 and the Solid Solutions Sr2‐xAxCdSb2, Ba2‐xAxCdSb2 and Eu2‐xYbxCdSb2.
Authors: Saparov Bayrammurad , Saito Maia , Bobev Svilen
Published: May 2011

Na2MCdSb2 and K2MCdSb2 (M: Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb) are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the metals (Nb tubes, 900 °C, 40 h) and the title solid solutions are prepared by reaction of the elements in a Pb flux (alumina crucible, 960 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: L‐t‐Leucine‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Kanemitsu Takuya , Umehara Atsushi , Miyazaki Michiko , Nagata Kazuhiro , Itoh Takashi
Published: May 2011

The L‐t‐leucine‐catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reaction of cyclohexanone (I) with a variety of aromatic aldehydes provides the anti‐adducts (III) with moderate to good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 86% d.e.
ChemInform Abstract: (N‐Heterocyclic Carbene)‐Pd‐Catalyzed Anaerobic Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols and Domino Oxidation—Arylation Reactions.
Authors: Landers Brant , Berini Christophe , Wang Chao , Navarro Oscar
Published: May 2011

It is found that the Pd complexes (I) and (II) efficiently promote the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Gold Nanoparticle Catalyzed Deoxygenation of Amides, Sulfoxides, and Pyridine N‐Oxides.
Authors: Mikami Yusuke , Noujima Akifumi , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: May 2011

Advantages of the present catalyst system are excellent activity and selectivity (TON up to 10000), the easy handling and the reusability without any loss in efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis of N‐Vinylpyrrole, N‐Vinylindole and N‐Vinylcarbazole Derivatives
Authors: Karimi Zahra , Mosslemin Mohammad H. , Anary‐Abbasinejad Mohammad , Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: May 2011

via N‐methylimidazole catalyzed addition of acetylenedicarboxylates to the corresponding N‐heterocycles
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Cross‐Coupling of C—H Bonds with Grignard Reagents Through Cobalt Catalysis.
Authors: Li Bin , Wu Zhen‐Hua , Gu Yi‐Fan , Sun Chang‐Liang , Wang Bai‐Quan , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: May 2011

The first highly regioselective cobalt‐catalyzed C—H transformation of benzo[h]quinoline and phenylpyridine derivatives with Grignard reagents is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ritter‐Type Reaction: Direct Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation at Nitrogen Atoms Using Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Authors: Niedermann Katrin , Frueh Natalja , Vinogradova Ekaterina , Wiehn Matthias S. , Moreno Aitor , Togni Antonio
Published: May 2011

Hypervalent iodine reagent (II) is used for the electrophilic trifluoromethylation of acetonitrile in the presence of azoles using catalytic amounts of N‐(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Carboxylation of Alkylboranes with Carbon Dioxide: Formal Reductive Carboxylation of Terminal Alkenes.
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Tanabe Masahito , Sawamura Masaya
Published: May 2011

A wide range of carboxylic acids can be prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed/Titanium(IV)‐Mediated Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Dimerization of Enals.
Authors: Cohen Daniel T. , Cardinal‐David Benoit , Roberts John M. , Sarjeant Amy A. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: May 2011

In the presence of Ti(OiPr)4, NHC and TAB, enals like (I) undergo dimerization with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity yielding cyclopentenes of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Mannich Reactions with α‐Aryl Silyl Ketene Acetals and Imines.
Authors: Notte Gregory T. , Baxter Vu Jenny M. , Leighton James L.
Published: May 2011

The reactions allow efficient asymmetric access to α‐aryl‐β‐hydrazido esters and α,α‐disubstituted β‐hydrazido nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Palladium Catalytic System for Microwave‐Assisted Cyanation of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Karami Kazem , Tavakoli Ghazal , Pirisedigh Azade
Published: May 2011

A novel Pd catalyst is presented for the cyanation of aryl bromides, chlorides and iodides with K4Fe(CN)6.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Thioethers via Metal‐Free Reductive Coupling of Tosylhydrazones with Thiols.
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Cao Banpeng , Yuan Jianjun , Liu Xianjin , Peng Yiyuan
Published: May 2011

Unsymmetrical benzylic thioethers (III) and (VI) are prepared in moderate to good yields via a base‐promoted reductive coupling procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Dichromate Trihydrate (ZrCr2O7·3H2O) as an Efficient Reagent for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Thiosulfonates from Thiols.
Authors: Sobhani Sara , Aryanejad Sima , Maleki Mahdi Faal
Published: May 2011

A simple procedure is developed for the chemoselective oxidation of aryl and alkyl thiols providing thiosulfonates in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted 3‐Iodofurans via Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling and Iodocyclization of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Chen Zhengwang , Huang Gao , Jiang Huanfeng , Huang Huawen , Pan Xiaoyan
Published: May 2011

The 3‐iodofurans are useful synthons for 2,3,5‐trisubstituted furans.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of 2‐Alkynylallyl Alcohols to Highly Substituted Furans by Gold(I)—Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Hashmi A Stephen K. , Haeffner Tobias , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank
Published: May 2011

Alkynylallyl alcohols generated by Sonogashira coupling reactions can be smoothly converted into di‐ and tri‐substituted furan derivatives in the presence of only 1 mol% of a gold(I) catalyst under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Eco‐Friendly Method for the Aminomethylation of 3‐Substituted Oxindoles via Three‐Component Mannich Reaction in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Liu Xiong‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: May 2011

For some examples, the corresponding hydroxymethylation product is observed as the major component.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Benzoyloxylation of 3‐Aryloxindoles Using Chiral VAPOL Calcium Phosphate.
Authors: Zhang Zuhui , Zheng Wenhua , Antilla Jon C.
Published: May 2011

The title reaction proceeds with high enantioselectivity and provides a novel and straightforward access to hydroxyoxindole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3,5‐ and 1,3,4,5‐Substituted Pyrazoles via Acylation of N‐Boc‐N‐Substituted Hydrazones.
Authors: Tinarelli Alessandro , Righi Paolo , Rosini Goffredo , Andreotti Daniele , Profeta Roberto , Spada Simone
Published: May 2011

Acylation of title hydrazones, e.g. (I), proceeds with either acyl chlorides or esters (II) to give hydrazones which undergo TFA‐promoted cyclization to pyrazoles like (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Transition‐Metal‐Free Amination of Fluoroarenes Catalyzed by Fluoride Ions.
Authors: Dehe Daniel , Munstein Isabel , Reis Andreas , Thiel Werner R.
Published: May 2011

It allows access to a number of N‐arylated amines like (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—H Amination.
Authors: Barman Dipti N. , Nicholas Kenneth M.
Published: May 2011

Cyclization of carbamates and sulfamates towards tethered tertiary, secondary and benzylic C—H bonds proceeds readily in the system PhIO—Cu(I)—bis(imine) to give oxazole, oxazine, oxathiazole and oxathiazine derivatives in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐(5‐Sulfanyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one and 5‐Methyl‐1‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐6‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carboxylic Acid.
Authors: Pokhodylo N. T. , Obushak N. D.
Published: May 2011

The amino‐group of 6‐aminocoumarin (I) can be easily transformed into isothiocyanate and azide functions, which allow access to the title tetrazole (IV) and triazole (VII) derivative, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Route to Highly Functionalized 2H‐Chromene‐2‐thiones via Ring Annulation of β‐Oxodithioesters Catalyzed by InCl3 under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Verma Rajiv Kumar , Verma Girijesh K. , Raghuvanshi Keshav , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: May 2011

A variety of 3‐aroylchromene‐2‐thiones (III), (VI) and (IX) is prepared by In‐catalyzed cyclocondensation of o‐hydroxybenzaldehydes with β‐oxodithioesters (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed, Directing‐Group‐Assisted [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Imine and Alkynes.
Authors: Adak Laksmikanta , Chan Wei Chuen , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: May 2011

Aldimines bearing a pyridyl group undergo nickel‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction with 2 alkyne molecules to afford dihydropyridine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐Controlled Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzothiazinones.
Authors: Ghailane Touria , Saadouni Mohammed , Boukhris Said , Habbadi Nouzha , Hassikou Amina , Kerbal Abdelali , Garrigues Bernard , Souizi Abdelaziz
Published: May 2011

Reaction of 2‐aminothiophenol with epoxides (II) in refluxing MeCN gives regioselectivity 2‐arylbenzothiazin‐3‐ones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Aminoborohydrides. Part 17. Palladium Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Triflates with Diisopropylaminoborane Prepared from Lithium Diisopropylaminoborohydride.
Authors: Haddenham Dustin , Bailey Christopher L. , Vu Chau , Nepomuceno Gabby , Eagon Scott , Pasumansky Lubov , Singaram Bakthan
Published: May 2011

Palladium‐catalyzed Alcarez—Vaultier borylation of a wide range of aryl iodides (III), bromides (V) and triflates (I) with di(iso‐propyl)aminoborane is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Azetedine and Pyrrolidine Derivatives as Dual Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and 5‐HT1A Partial Agonists.
Authors: Pettersson Martin , et al. et al.
Published: May 2011

Optimization of a recently developed dual norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 1A partial agonist leads to the identification of an oxygen‐linked azetidine (I) or pyrrolidine derivative (II) as a suitable piperidine A‐ring replacement in this novel biaryl‐ether series.
ChemInform Abstract: Atmosphere Sintering
Authors: Blais C.
Published: May 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Catalysis in the Construction of Indole and Benzo[b]furan Rings
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella
Published: May 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bystanding F+ Oxidants Enable Selective Reductive Elimination from High‐Valent Metal Centers in Catalysis
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Mei Tian‐Sheng , Wang Xisheng , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: May 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naphthalene and Related Systems peri‐Substituted by Group 15 and 16 Elements
Authors: Kilian Petr , Knight Fergus R. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: May 2011

Review: 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Search for Breast Cancer‐Related Biomarker Proteins for Drug Discovery
Authors: Nagano Kazuya
Published: May 2011

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Promotion of Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Imbihl R.
Published: May 2011

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phthalocyanine Metal Complexes: Versatile Catalysts for Selective Oxidation and Bleaching
Authors: Sorokin A. B. , Kudrik E. V.
Published: May 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress on Lanthanide‐Based Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Phosphors
Authors: Carlos Luis D. , Ferreira Rute A. S. , de Zea Bermudez Veronica , Julian‐Lopez Beatriz , Escribano Purification
Published: May 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Properties of an Amorphous Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Bennett Thomas D. , Goodwin Andrew L. , Dove Martin T. , Keen David A. , Tucker Matthew G. , Barney Emma R. , Soper Alan K. , Bithell Erica G. , Tan Jin‐Chong , Cheetham Anthony K.
Published: May 2011

Review: 30 refs.
The Effect of Prosody on Distributional Learning in 12‐ to 13‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Thothathiri Malathi , Snedeker Jesse , Hannon Erin
Published: May 2011

Distributional information is a potential cue for learning syntactic categories. Recent studies demonstrate a developmental trajectory in the level of abstraction of distributional learning in young infants. Here we investigate the effect of prosody on infants' learning of adjacent relations between words. Twelve‐ to thirteen‐month‐old infants were exposed to an artificial language comprised of 3‐word‐sentences of the form aXb and cYd, where X and Y words differed in the number of syllables. Training sentences contained a prosodic boundary between either the first and the second word or the second and the third word. Subsequently, infants were tested on novel test sentences that contained new X and Y words and also contained a flat prosody with no grouping cues. Infants successfully discriminated between novel grammatical and ungrammatical sentences, suggesting that the learned adjacent relations can be abstracted across words and prosodic conditions. Under the conditions tested, prosody may be only a weak constraint on syntactic categorization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The induction of anhydrobiosis in the sleeping chironomid: Current status of our knowledge
Authors: Cornette Richard , Kikawada Takahiro
Published: May 2011

An African chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki, is the only insect known to be capable of extreme desiccation tolerance, or anhydrobiosis. In the 1950s and 1960s, Hinton strenuously studied anhydrobiosis in this insect from a physiological standpoint; however, nobody has afterward investigated the phenomenon. In 2000, research on mechanisms underlying anhydrobiosis was resumed due to successful establishment of a rearing system for P. vanderplanki. This review is focused on the latest findings on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of anhydrobiosis in P. vanderplanki. Early experiments demonstrated that the induction of anhydrobiosis was possible in isolated tissues and independent from the control of central nervous system. However, to achieve successful anhydrobiosis, larvae need a slow regime of desiccation, allowing them to synthesize molecules, which will protect cells and tissues against the deleterious effects of dehydration. Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide, which accumulates in P. vanderplanki larvae up to 20% of the dry body mass, is thought to replace the water in its tissues. Similarly, highly hydrophilic proteins called the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are expressed in huge quantities and act as a molecular shield to protect biological molecules against aggregation and denaturation. This function is shared by heat shock proteins, which are also upregulated during the desiccation process. At the same time, desiccating larvae express various antioxidant molecules and enzymes, to cope with the massive oxidative stress, which is responsible for general damage to membranes, proteins, and DNA in dehydrating cells. Finally, specific water channels, called aquaporins, accelerate dehydration, and trehalose together with LEA proteins forms a glassy matrix, which protects the biological molecules and the structural integrity of larvae in the anhydrobiotic state. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(6): 419–429, 2011
An evaluation of site‐specific immune responses directed against first‐generation adenoviral vectors administered by convection‐enhanced delivery
Authors: White Edward , Bienemann Alison , Taylor Hannah , Castrique Emma , Bunnun Chotirote , Wyatt Marcella , Gill Steven
Published: May 2011

Background

Direct adenoviral vector injections into the brain have been used in clinical trials to treat patients with high‐grade gliomas. However, a recent phase 3 trial using first‐generation vectors failed to demonstrate significant survival benefits. Malignant gliomas infiltrate extensively through the white matter, making them difficult to treat, and chemotherapy is at best partially effective. Convection enhanced delivery (CED) represents a rationale approach for achieving widespread targeting of infiltrating tumour cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that infusions of particle numbers above a threshold level [108 plaque‐forming units (pfu)] are associated with a pronounced inflammatory response in rat grey matter, although no such comparisons have been made with CED infusions into the white matter.

Methods

In the present study, we investigated the distribution and immune response after the administration of 107 and 109 pfu of a first‐generation adenoviral vector (Ad.CMV.EGFP) by CED in both small and large animal models.

Results

We show that Ad.CMV.EGFP can be efficiently distributed by CED over large volumes of brain. A threshold vector dose of between 107 and 109 pfu was seen in both rat striatum and white matter, above which transgene expression was lost at 30 days. Furthermore, all adenoviral infusions were associated with evidence of significant tissue damage, as demonstrated by loss of neurones and astrocytes or the presence of extensive astrocytosis.

Conclusions

These results indicate that CED is capable of mediating widespread adenoviral vector distribution, although these vectors are associated with significant tissue toxicity that may render their safe application in clinical trials unfeasible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐component synthesis of spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinoline]‐triones in water
Authors: Jadidi Khosrow , Ghahremanzadeh Ramin , Mirzaei Peiman , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: May 2011

A one‐pot, three‐component method for the efficient and simple synthesis of novel 2′‐amino‐8′,9′‐dihydro‐3′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinoline]‐2,4′,6′(7′H,10′H)‐trione derivatives in aqueous media is reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).