bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tempo de destilação e perfil volátil do óleo essencial de aroeira da praia (Schinus terebinthifolius) em Sergipe
Authors: Oliveira L.F.M. , Oliveira Jr L.F.G. , Santos M.C. , Narain N. , Leite Neta M.T.S.
Published: June 2014

Aos frutos e óleos essenciais da aroeira da praia (Schinus terebinthifolius) atribui-se atividade antimicrobiana sobre bactérias gram positivas além de ação anti-inflamatória. O óleo essencial da aroeira é utilizado no tratamento de micoses, sendo a sua atividade antifúngica atribuída à alta concentração de monoterpenos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o melhor rendimento de destilação de óleo essencial de sementes e folhas da aroeira e os componentes químicos do óleo essencial nos diversos períodos de destilação. Cem gramas de cada material foram destilados em aparato de Clevenger durante 2,5h, 4,0h, 5,5h e 7,0h. O material destilado foi analisado por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrofotômetro de massas, onde foi obtido o perfil cromatográfico do material. As sementes de aroeira apresentaram maiores quantidades de óleo essencial, quando comparadas com as folhas em todos os períodos de destilação. O óleo essencial de aroeira mostrou perfil volátil formado principalmente por mono e sesquiterpenos.
In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Lychnophora trichocarpha
Authors: Saúde-Guimarães D.A. , Raslan D.S. , Oliveira A.B.
Published: June 2014

The sesquiterpene lactones lychnopholide and eremantholide C were isolated from Lychnophora trichocarpha Spreng. (Asteraceae), which is a plant species native to the Brazilian Savannah or Cerrado and popularly known as arnica. Sesquiterpene lactones are known to present a variety of biological activities including antitumor activity. The present paper reports on the evaluation of the in vitro antitumor activity of lychnopholide and eremantholide C, in the National Cancer Institute, USA (NCI, USA), against a panel of 52 human tumor cell lines of major human tumors derived from nine cancer types. Lychnopholide disclosed significant activity against 30 cell lines of seven cancer types with IC100 (total growth concentration inhibition) values between 0.41 µM and 2.82 µM. Eremantholide C showed significant activity against 30 cell lines of eight cancer types with IC100 values between 21.40 µM and 53.70 µM. Lychnopholide showed values of lethal concentration 50% (LC50) for 30 human tumor cell lines between 0.72 and 10.00 µM, whereas eremantholide C presented values of LC50 for 21 human tumor cell lines between 52.50 and 91.20 µM. Lychnopholide showed an interesting profile of antitumor activity. The α-methylene-γ-lactone present in the structure of lychnopholide, besides two α,β- unsaturated carbonyl groups, might be responsible for the better activity and higher cytotoxicity of this compound in relation to eremantholide C.
Phytotherapy: an introduction to its history, use and application
Authors: Ferreira T.S. , Moreira C.Z. , Cária N. Z. , Victoriano G. , SILVA Jr W.F. , Magalhães J.C.
Published: June 2014

There has been a great advance in the pharmacognosy field, which has increased the use of medicinal plants by health professionals and practitioners of folk medicine. This systematic review explored the history and the present day application of phytotherapeutic medicines. We searched the databases Cochrane Library, Embase, Lilacs, PubMed, Scielo and a specialized bibliography. We concluded that there are many therapeutic potentialities in the use of phytotherapeutic medicines and medicinal plants. We also concluded that despite the increasing number of publications in the field each year, there is still a lack of reviews and meta-analyses that could promote a better integration of the knowledge produced. In addition, research about pharmacological interactions and multidisciplinary studies may promote a quicker and safer process from the workbench up to the clinical trials.
Propriedades farmacológicas da Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.
Authors: Freitas V.S. , Rodrigues R.A.F. , Gaspi F.O.G.
Published: June 2014

A Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. tem sido utilizada há milhares de anos na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de diversos males. O intuito desse trabalho foi o levantamento bibliográfico de artigos que evidenciassem a atividade farmacológica da Aloe vera. A revisão contemplou livros e periódicos nacionais e internacionais indexados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciElo, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, utilizando as palavras-chave citadas. Após o levantamento bibliográfico, constatou-se que várias atividades biológicas são atribuídas a Aloe vera. Evidências sugerem eficácia no tratamento da psoríase, herpes genital, queimaduras e hiperglicemia. Além disto, também foram demonstradas atividades antineoplásica, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória e imunomodulatória por estudos in vitro e in vivo, entretanto, na cicatrização de feridas, os resultados foram conflitantes. No tratamento de dermatite por radiação e em queimaduras solares sua eficácia não foi comprovada e foram relatados casos de hepatite aguda devido ao consumo de preparações orais. Tendo em vista as várias atividades comprovadas e poucos relatos acerca de sua contra indicação, conclui-se que o uso desta espécie corrobora o vasto uso popular.
Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (Sagittae) of Southeastern - Southern Brazil Part I: Gadiformes (Macrouridae, Moridae, Bregmacerotidae, Phycidae and Merlucciidae); Part II: Perciformes (Carangidae, Sciaenidae, Scombridae and Serranidae)
Authors: Rossi-Wongtschowski Carmen Lucia Del Bianco , Siliprandi Carolina Correia , Brenha Marina Rito , Gonsales Silvia de Almeida , Santificetur Cesar , Vaz-dos-Santos André Martins
Published: June 2014

The drawings, detailed pictures, precise descriptions and measurements that characterize otoliths must be made available for studies in various areas, including taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, fisheries, paleontology, diversity, predator-prey relationships and modeling. The Collection of Teleostei Fish Otoliths of Southeastern-Southern Brazil (COSS-Brasil) of IOUSP contains 45,000 pairs of otoliths from 210 species. This publication is the first in a series that will constitute an atlas of Teleostei otoliths for southeastern-southern Brazil and presents the results of the morphologic and morphometric analyses of 11 Gadiformes and 36 Perciformes species by means of the most commonly used features, measurements and indices. Three otoliths of each species were illustrated and photographed whenever possible. The frequency of occurrence was calculated for each characteristic by total length classes (TL), and the ontogenetic differences were analyzed (multiple χ2 test; significance 0.05). Morphometric analyses were conducted for each characteristic per total length (TL) class and for the whole sample, and the ontogenetic differences were analyzed.
Evaluation of second order moments in reinforced concrete structures using the γz and B2 coefficients
Authors: Oliveira D. M. , Silva N. A. , Oliveira P. M. , Ribeiro C. C.
Published: June 2014

This paper presents an alternative to estimate the magnifier of first order moments to be applied on each storey of reinforced concrete structures, from the values obtained for the γz and B2 coefficients, used to evaluate second order effects in reinforced concrete structures and in steel structures, respectively. In order to develop the study, initially several reinforced concrete buildings of medium height are processed, in first order and in second order, using the ANSYS software. Next, γz, B2 and the increase in first order moments, when considering the second order effects along the height of the buildings, are calculated. Finally, from the results obtained, the magnifier of the first order moments, differentiated for each storey of the structure and calculated from both γz and B2 coefficients, is estimated and the efficiency of the simplified method of obtaining final moments using the magnifier proposed is evaluated.
Punching shear in reinforced concrete flat slabs with hole adjacent to the column and moment transfer
Authors: Oliveira D. C. , Gomes R. B. , Melo G. S.
Published: June 2014

The structural behavior and the ultimate punching shear resistance of internal reinforced concrete flat slab-column connections, with one hole adjacent to the column, with or without flexural moment transfer of the slab to the column was investigated. Main variables were: the existence whether or not hole, flexural reinforcement layout and ratio, the direction and sense of the moment transferred and the eccentricity of the load (M (moment transferred to column) / V (shear)) ratio at the connection - 0,50 m or 0,25 m. Seven internal slab-column joining were tested and ultimate loads, cracking, deflections, concrete and reinforcement strains were analyzed. The existence of hole adjacent to the smaller column dimension, the hole dimension, flexural reinforcement rate and placing, the variation of relation Mu/Vu in function of the load, and, than, of eccentricity of the load, influenced the slabs behavior and rupture load. Test results were compared with the estimations from CEB-FIP/MC1990 [7], EC2/2004 [12], ACI-318:2011 [1] and NBR 6118:2007 [5]. ACI [1] and EC2 [12] presented most conservative estimates, although have presented some non conservative estimates. Brazilian NBR [5], even though being partly based in EC2 [12], presented smaller conservative estimates and more non conservative estimates. A modification on all codes is proposed for taking in account the moment caused by the eccentricity at the critical perimeter for slabs with holes.
Perguntas de leitura na prática docente em sala de apoio
Authors: Angelo Cristiane Malinoski Pianaro , Menegassi Renilson José
Published: June 2014

Neste artigo, aborda-se a construção de perguntas de leitura na prática docente em uma Sala de Apoio à Aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa (SAALP) - 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, na região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná. A partir dos conceitos relacionados ao dialogismo do Círculo de Bakhtin e das contribuições da Linguística Aplicada, buscou-se orientar e acompanhar a prática de um professor de SAALP na elaboração de perguntas de leitura. A coleta de dados deu-se anterior e posteriormente a intervenções teórico-metodológicas de modo colaborativas com o docente, propiciando-lhe aportes teóricos e discussões orientadas a respeito das concepções e das etapas do processo de leitura e suas implicações no ensino e na aprendizagem da língua materna. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de se fornecer ao professor de SAALP subsídios teórico-metodológicos a respeito do processo da leitura, bem como acompanhar e orientar a sua prática pedagógica na elaboração de perguntas de leitura nesse contexto de ensino específico.
Reflexões de professores de inglês em formação inicial sobre o uso de novas tecnologias
Authors: Baptista Janara Barbosa
Published: June 2014

Este artigo objetiva investigar as reflexões de professores de inglês em formação inicial sobre o uso de novas tecnologias para o ensino e aprendizagem de línguas, após a realização de uma disciplina a distância de um curso de Licenciatura em Letras, que enfoca a discussão desse tema. O corpus utilizado para o seu desenvolvimento é composto por produções textuais escritas realizadas pelos alunos no âmbito dessa disciplina. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam observar que a maior parte dos alunos envolvidos na pesquisa avalia a experiência na disciplina como positiva, uma vez que percebem a importância da reflexão sobre o uso de novas tecnologias no ensino e aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras, na realidade tecnológica em que vivemos.
Educados no sexo neutro: a construção discursiva de sexualidade e de gênero em um texto da revista Veja
Authors: Jesus Dánie Marcelo de
Published: June 2014

Neste artigo, analisamos o texto "Educados no sexo neutro", publicado na revista Veja, a fim de compreender como ele constrói, discursivamente, o sentido de masculinidade e de feminilidade. A análise se insere numa perspectiva crítica do discurso (FAIRCLOUGH,1992/2001), apoiada nos estudos sobre gênero e sexualidade (SEDWICK, 1990/2008, LOURO, 2000; MOITA LOPES, 2002; 2006; 2009; BUTLER, 1990/2006). Os resultados demonstram a predominância de um discurso essencialista de identidade sexual apoiado em uma visão hegemônica heteronormativa que procura descrever os indivíduos dentro de um espaço social binário.
Comunicação transnacional mediada por computador: uma análise discursiva das identidades de futuros professores de inglês no Facebook
Authors: Gallardo Bárbara Cristina
Published: June 2014

Tomando potencialmente inovadoras as oportunidades de Comunicação Mediada por Computador no âmbito da formação de professores de inglês, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar as representações da identidade nacional constituídas em um contexto virtual. Duas estudantes de Letras estabeleceram contato com estrangeiros no Facebook e com eles interagiram em língua inglesa. Utilizou-se a Análise Crítica do Discurso para desvendar a organização linguística e ideológica dos discursos nacionais acionados na transição para o contexto transnacional online. Os resultados sugerem a hibridação de estratégias do discurso de contextos offline com os recursos multimodais dos contextos online. Os sujeitos adotaram estereótipos oriundos de centros geradores das dinâmicas de globalização, tanto em escala regional (sudeste do Brasil) como mundial (os EUA).
Anti-inflammatory Actions of Adjunctive Tetracyclines and Other Agents in Periodontitis and Associated Comorbidities
Authors: Tilakaratne Aruni , Soory Mena
Published: June 2014

The non-antimicrobial properties of tetracyclines such as anti-inflammatory, proanabolic and anti-catabolic actions make them effective pharmaceuticals for the adjunctive management of chronic inflammatory diseases. An over-exuberant inflammatory response to an antigenic trigger in periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory diseases could contribute to an autoimmune element in disease progression. Their adjunctive use in managing periodontitis could have beneficial effects in curbing excessive inflammatory loading from commonly associated comorbidities such as CHD, DM and arthritis. Actions of tetracyclines and their derivatives include interactions with MMPs, tissue inhibitors of MMPs, growth factors and cytokines. They affect the sequence of inflammation with implications on immunomodulation, cell proliferation and angiogenesis; these actions enhance their scope, in treating a range of disease entities. Non-antimicrobial chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) sustain their diverse actions in organ systems which include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-proteolytic actions, inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. A spectrum of biological actions in dermatitis, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy and prevention of bone resorption is particularly relevant to minocycline. Experimental models of ischemia indicate their specific beneficial effects. Parallel molecules with similar functions, improved Zn binding and solubility have been developed for reducing excessive MMP activity. Curbing excessive MMP activity is particularly relevant to periodontitis, and comorbidities addressed here, where specificity is paramount. Unique actions of tetracyclines in a milieu of excessive inflammatory stimuli make them effective therapeutic adjuncts in the management of chronic inflammatory disorders. These beneficial actions of tetracyclines are relevant to the adjunctive management of periodontitis subjects presenting with commonly prevalent comorbidities addressed here.
Isolation and Identification of γ- Sitosterol by GC-MS from the Leaves of Girardinia heterophylla (Decne)
Authors: Tripathi Nisha , Kumar Sunita , Singh Rakesh , Singh C.J. , Singh Prashant , Varshney V.K.
Published: June 2014

Girardinia heterophylla, known as Himalayan Nettle commonly grows in temperate and subtropical Himalayas. Plant leaves were collected in winter season and analyzed using appropriate chemical methods and the biochemical constituents were ascertained. An unknown compound was isolated from leaves of the plant. After being collected, analyzed by GC-MS and compared with NIST standard chart library, it was declared to be γ-sitosterol, an epimer of β-sitosterol. γ-sitosterol has been reported for the first time in Girardinia heterophylla and has potential to be used as an antidiabetic owing to its remarkable medicinal properties.
Establishing Health Ministries: Leaders' Perceptions of Process and Effectiveness
Authors: Williams Quantara , Ralston Penny A. , Young-Clark Iris , Coccia Catherine
Published: June 2014

Church-based health interventions are one mechanism to address health issues of African Americans. This study determines the perceptions of health leaders regarding the development process for and the effectiveness of church health ministries, using the Precede/Proceed model. Ten health leaders from six medium-sized churches in a North Florida county participated in a 10-month breast health intervention. Data were collected using two methods. A brief questionnaire was administered that included items related to knowledge about breast health, perceptions of and processes for health ministry development, and perceptions of resources used during the intervention. In addition, a focus group was conducted with the health leaders, using a trained moderator, which included questions about their health behaviors prior to and after the project, biggest successes and challenges in establishing their health ministries, and plans for sustaining the health ministry after the project. Questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. Focus group data and open-ended questionnaire responses were transcribed and analyzed using code-based analytic procedures where data were organized into thinking units, categories, and then broader themes. Findings indicate that health leaders perceived that health ministry development focused on a series of steps, including: a) predisposing: health leaders background (personal characteristics, education/profession, health behaviors); b) enabling: support and participation from the pastor; and c) reinforcing: start-up processes (personal contact, public relations, materials and church member involvement) and outputs (activities and partnerships). This study demonstrates that health ministry development involves a sequential process that fits within a broad organizational framework for health behavior change.
Teacher Perspectives on Implementing and Sustaining a Handwashing Promotion Intervention in Western Kenyan Primary Schools
Authors: Graves Janessa M. , Finsness Erica D. , Quick Robert ,   Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education Project (NICHE) Study Team, Harris Julie R. , Daniell William E.
Published: June 2014

School-based handwashing programs are challenging to establish and sustain, especially in low-resource settings. This qualitative study described teacher perspectives associated with implementing and sustaining a handwashing program in primary schools participating in the Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education (NICHE) project. Structured key informant interviews were conducted with teachers. Prevalent concepts and themes were grouped into themes and topic areas using an iterative, open coding approach. Forty-one teacher respondents reported favorable expectations and benefits of handwashing programs. The importance of available resources (e.g., reliable water) was cited as a primary concern. Other challenges included time and personal or institutional financial commitment necessary to ensure program sustainability. Handwashing programs in low-income, rural schools, where infrastructure is lacking and “student ambassadors” extend the intervention to the surrounding community, hold great promise to improve community health. Teachers must have adequate support and resources to implement and sustain the programs.
Suburban Sprawl in the Developing World: Duplicating Past Mistakes? The Case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Loh Lawrence C. , Brieger William B.
Published: June 2014

Newly affluent developing world cities increasingly adopt the same unfortunate low-density suburban paradigm that shaped cities in the industrialized world. Identified by a World Bank report as a “mini-Los Angeles,” Kuala Lumpur is a sentinel example of the results of unrestrained sprawl in the developing world. Factors driving sprawl included government policies favoring foreign investment, “mega-projects,” and domestic automobile production; fragmented governance structures allowing federal and state government influence on local planning; increasing middle-class affluence; an oligopoly of local developers; and haphazard municipal zoning and transport planning. The city's present form contributes to Malaysia's dual burden of disease, with inner-city shantytown dwellers facing communicable disease and malnutrition while suburban citizens experience increasing chronic disease, injury, and mental health issues. Despite growing awareness in city plans targeted toward higher density development, Kuala Lumpur presents a warning to other emerging economies of the financial, societal, and population health costs imposed by quickly-built suburban sprawl.
Insulin Action in Brain Regulates Systemic Metabolism and Brain Function
Authors: Kleinridders André , Ferris Heather A. , Cai Weikang , Kahn C. Ronald
Published: June 2014

Insulin receptors, as well as IGF-1 receptors and their postreceptor signaling partners, are distributed throughout the brain. Insulin acts on these receptors to modulate peripheral metabolism, including regulation of appetite, reproductive function, body temperature, white fat mass, hepatic glucose output, and response to hypoglycemia. Insulin signaling also modulates neurotransmitter channel activity, brain cholesterol synthesis, and mitochondrial function. Disruption of insulin action in the brain leads to impairment of neuronal function and synaptogenesis. In addition, insulin signaling modulates phosphorylation of tau protein, an early component in the development of Alzheimer disease. Thus, alterations in insulin action in the brain can contribute to metabolic syndrome, and the development of mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
Glucose-Lowering Effects and Low Risk of Hypoglycemia in Patients With Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young When Treated With a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial
Authors: Østoft Signe H. , Bagger Jonatan I. , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf , Faber Jens , Holst Jens J. , Knop Filip K. , Vilsbøll Tina
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

The most common form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A diabetes: MODY3) is often treated with sulfonylureas that confer a high risk of hypoglycemia. We evaluated treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in patients with HNF1A diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Sixteen patients with HNF1A diabetes (8 women; mean age 39 years [range 23–67 years]; BMI 24.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2 [mean ± SEM]; fasting plasma glucose [FPG] 9.9 ± 0.9 mmol/L; HbA1c 6.4 ± 0.2% [47 ± 3 mmol/mol]) received 6 weeks of treatment with a GLP-1RA (liraglutide) and placebo (tablets), as well as a sulfonylurea (glimepiride) and placebo (injections), in randomized order, in a double-blind, crossover trial. Glimepiride was up-titrated once weekly in a treat-to-target manner; liraglutide was up-titrated once weekly to 1.8 mg once daily. At baseline and at the end of each treatment period a standardized liquid meal test was performed, including a 30-min light bicycle test.

RESULTS

FPG decreased during the treatment periods (−1.6 ± 0.5 mmol/L liraglutide [P = 0.012] and −2.8 ± 0.7 mmol/L glimepiride [P = 0.003]), with no difference between treatments (P = 0.624). Postprandial plasma glucose (PG) responses (total area under the curve) were lower with both glimepiride (2,136 ± 292 min × mmol/L) and liraglutide (2,624 ± 340 min × mmol/L) compared with baseline (3,127 ± 291 min × mmol/L; P < 0.001, glimepiride; P = 0.017, liraglutide), with no difference between treatments (P = 0.121). Eighteen episodes of hypoglycemia (PG ≤3.9 mmol/L) occurred during glimepiride treatment and one during liraglutide treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Six weeks of treatment with glimepiride or liraglutide lowered FPG and postprandial glucose excursions in patients with HNF1A diabetes. The glucose-lowering effect was greater with glimepiride at the expense of a higher risk of exclusively mild hypoglycemia.
Appropriate Head Position for Nasotracheal Intubation by Using Lightwand Device (Trachlight)
Authors: Manabe Yozo , Iwamoto Shigeru , Seto Mika , Sugiyama Kazuna
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the head position and the subsequent ease of nasotracheal intubation by using the lightwand device Trachlight (TL). Patients requiring nasotracheal intubation were subdivided into 3 groups according to the intubated head position (group S: sniffing position; group E: extension position; and group N: neutral position). The number of attempts, the total intubation time, and the failures of the TL intubation were recorded. Intubation difficulty by means of TL was assessed by the ordinal 6-point scale. Of the 300 patients enrolled in the study, TL intubation was successful in 91.3% of them. There was no significant difference in the success rate of the first attempt between the groups. No correlation between the ordinal scale and the head position was observed. The total intubation time and the ratio of “unsuccessful” cases were not significantly different among the 3 groups. TL is an effective alternative for patients who require nasotracheal intubation. Our study did not determine the most favorable head position for nasotracheal intubation with the TL, so we recommend that nasotracheal intubation with TL be started with the head in the neutral position and then changed to a more appropriate position, if necessary, on an individual basis.
Anesthetic Efficacy of a Combination of 0.5 M Mannitol Plus 36.8 mg of Lidocaine With 18.4 μg Epinephrine in Maxillary Infiltration: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blind Study
Authors: Younkin Kevin , Reader Al , Drum Melissa , Nusstein John , Beck Mike
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, single-blind study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of lidocaine with epinephrine compared to lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5 M mannitol in maxillary lateral incisor infiltrations. Forty-one subjects randomly received 2 maxillary lateral infiltrations consisting of a 1.84-mL solution of 36.8 mg lidocaine with 18.4 μg epinephrine (control solution) and a 2.90-mL solution of 36.8 mg lidocaine with 18.4 μg epinephrine (1.84 mL) plus 0.5 M mannitol (1.06 mL) in 2 separate appointments spaced at least 1 week apart. The maxillary lateral incisor was blindly electric pulp–tested in 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes postinjection. No response from the subject to the maximum output (a reading of 80) of the pulp tester was used as the criterion for pulpal anesthesia. Total percent pulpal anesthesia was defined as the total of all pulpal anesthesia readings (at output of 80) over the 60-minute test period. Pain during solution deposition and postoperative pain were also measured. The results demonstrated that a 2.90-mL solution of 36.8 mg lidocaine with 18.4 μg epinephrine (1.84 mL) plus 0.5 M mannitol (1.06 mL) was not statistically significantly superior to a 1.84-mL solution of 36.8 mg lidocaine with 18.4 μg epinephrine. The pain of solution deposition was lower with the lidocaine/mannitol formulation. Postoperative pain was not statistically significantly different between the lidocaine/mannitol formulation and the lidocaine formulation without mannitol. We concluded that adding 0.5 M mannitol to a lidocaine with epinephrine formulation was not significantly more effective in achieving a greater percentage of total pulpal anesthesia (as defined in this study) than a lidocaine formulation without mannitol in the maxillary lateral incisor.
Do Patients Fear Undergoing General Anesthesia for Oral Surgery?
Authors: Elmore Jasmine R. , Priest James H. , Laskin Daniel M.
Published: June 2014

Many patients undergoing major surgery have more fear of the general anesthesia than the procedure. This appears to be reversed with oral surgery. Therefore, patients need to be as well informed about this aspect as the surgical operation.
Essentials of Airway Management, Oxygenation, and Ventilation: Part 1: Basic Equipment and Devices
Authors: Becker Daniel E. , Rosenberg Morton B. , Phero James C.
Published: June 2014

Offices and outpatient dental facilities must be properly equipped with devices for airway management, oxygenation, and ventilation. Optimizing patient safety using crisis resource management (CRM) involves the entire dental office team being familiar with airway rescue equipment. Basic equipment for oxygenation, ventilation, and airway management is mandated in the majority of US dental offices per state regulations. The immediate availability of this equipment is especially important during the administration of sedation and anesthesia as well as the treatment of medical urgencies/emergencies. This article reviews basic equipment and devices essential in any dental practice whether providing local anesthesia alone or in combination with procedural sedation. Part 2 of this series will address advanced airway devices, including supraglottic airways and armamentarium for tracheal intubation and invasive airway procedures.
Absorbance properties of gold coated fiber Bragg grating sensor for aqueous ethanol
Authors: Arasu P. T. , Noor A. S. M. , Shabaneh A. A. , Girei S. H. , Mahdi M. A. , Lim H. N. , Abdul Rashid H. A. , Yaacob M. H.
Published: June 2014

Optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is commonly deployed as a wavelength selective filter in telecommunication as well as to detect physical changes such as pressure, temperature and strain in sensing applications. This paper presents an investigation of FBG as a chemical sensor towards ethanol in aqueous solution. Telecommunication standard single mode FBGs were coated with different thicknesses of thin gold films via sputtering deposition method. The combination of Bragg gratings and gold film enhances the evanescent wave on the surface of the optical fiber. It was found that the FBG coated with 50 nm gold layer exhibits the strongest response towards water with varying concentrations of ethanol. The sensor shows 55% change in absorbance levels when the concentration of ethanol is increased from 0 to 99.7% in water.
Waveguide structures for efficient evanescent field coupling to zero mode waveguides
Authors: Sarkar M. , Wachters A. J. H. , Urbach H. P. , Schleipen J. J. H. B. , van der Zaag P. J. , Wimberger-Friedl R.
Published: June 2014

The use of waveguide structures is examined to improve the efficiency of evanescent field coupling into zero-mode waveguides. Model calculations show that waveguide excitation using diffractive structures, increases the magnitude of the evanescent electric field by an order of magnitude compared to far field excitation of the evanescent field. A more efficient excitation of fluorescent markers used in e.g. sequencing instrumentation ultimately enables real-time single molecule detection using laser systems with moderate output power.
Using ocean colour remote sensing products to estimate turbidity at the Wadden Sea time series station Spiekeroog
Authors: Garaba S. P. , Badewien T. H. , Braun A. , Schulz A.-C. , Zielinski O.
Published: June 2014

Time series measurements at the Wadden Sea time series station Spiekeroog (WSS) in the southern North Sea were used to empirically develop approaches for determining turbidity from ocean colour remote sensing products (OCPs). Turbidity was observed by a submerged optical sensor. Radiometric quantities were collected using hyperspectral radiometers. Surface reflected glint correction was applied to the radiometric quantities to compute remote sensing reflectance (RRS) and the RRS was converted into perceived colour of seawater matching the Forel-Ule colour Index (FUI) scale. The empirical approaches for determining turbidity from OCPs showed good least squares linear correlations and statistical significance (R2 > 0.7, p < 0.001). These OCP approaches had relatively low uncertainties in predicting turbidity with encouraging mean absolute percent difference less than 31 %. The problem of bio-fouling on submerged sensors and the potential application of OCPs to monitor or correct for sensor drifts was evaluated. A protocol is proposed for the acquisition and processing of hyperspectral radiometric measurements at this optically complex station. Use of the classic FUI as a time series indicator of surface seawater changes did show promising results. The application of these OCPs in operational monitoring changes in water quality was also explored with the aim to evaluate the potential use of the WSS datasets in calibration and validation of satellite ocean colour remote sensing of these very turbid coastal waters.
Radiometric and noise characteristics of InAs-rich T2SL MWIR pin photodiodes
Authors: Giard E. , Taalat R. , Delmas M. , Rodriguez J.-B. , Christol P. , Ribet-Mohamed I.
Published: June 2014

We present a full characterization of the radiometric performances of a type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice pin photodiode operating in the mid-wavelength infrared domain. We first focused our attention on quantum efficiency, responsivity and angular response measurements: quantum efficiency reaches 23% at λ = 2.1 µm for 1 µm thick structure. Noise under illumination measurements are also reported: noise is limited by the Schottky contribution for reverse bias voltage smaller than 1.2 V. The specific detectivity, estimated for 2π field-of-view and 333 K background temperature, was determined equal to 2.29 × 1010 Jones for -0,8 V bias voltage and 77 K operating temperature.
Detecting land use and land cover changes in Northern German agricultural landscapes to assess ecosystem service dynamics
Authors: Kandziora Marion , Dörnhöfer Katja , Oppelt Natascha M. , Müller Felix
Published: June 2014

Land use and land cover (LULC) and their changes in share and number of classes can be documented by remote sensing techniques. Information on LULC is needed for the assessment of ecosystem services and is used as input data for mapping and modelling. This information is important for decision-making and management of ecosystems and landscapes. In this study, LULC were analysed in two agricultural areas in Northern Germany by means of a pixel-based maximum likelihood classification approach of 11 Landsat TM 5 scenes between 1987 and 2011 followed by a post-classification refinement using the tool IRSeL. In this time period, grassland declined by about 50 % in both case study areas. This loss in grassland area can be associated with changes in provisioning ecosystem services as the supply of fodder and crops and the number of livestock declined from 1987 to 2007. Furthermore, an on-going increase in maize cultivation area, which is nowadays more and more used as biomass for biogas production, documents the addition of another provisioning service, i.e., biomass for energy. Combining remote sensing and research on ecosystem services supports the assessment and monitoring of ecosystem services on different temporal, spatial, and semantic scales.
Seasonal prevalence of Bovine Tuberculous lesions in cattle slaughtered in Yola abattoirs
Authors: Ejeh EF , Markus IF , Ejeh AS , Musa JA , Lawan FA , Ameh JA , Kudi AC , Cadmus SIB
Published: June 2014

Bovine tuberculosis is endemic in Nigeria. There is paucity of information on the prevalence of bovine tuberculous lesions in cattle slaughtered in Yola, Adamawa state. The annual prevalence and seasonal variation of bovine tuberculous lesions were assessed based on abattoir records of tuberculosis lesions from 2008 to 2012. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis lesions from 2008 to 2012 ranges from 8.68% (6.03  11.33) in 2008 to 10.33% (8.63  12.03%) in 2012 with peak prevalence of 12.73% in 2011. Types of lesions were not recorded systematically, however, lesions that were observed ranges from TB granuloma, TB abscesses with yellowish pus, caseous necrotic tubercles, multiple necrosis to focal granulomas. Annual prevalence of bovine tuberculosis lesions recorded in Yola abattoirs differ significantly (p ? 0.05). Prevalence of tuberculous lesions in Yola abattoirs was significantly influenced by season (p < 0.05). Tuberculosis is endemic in cattle slaughtered in abattoirs meant for human consumption in Yola, therefore humans are at risk of acquiring zoonotic tuberculosis through consumption of contaminated meat.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19125 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (2): 113-120
Occurrence of reproductive diseases of cattle at Saturia, Manikgonj
Authors: Rahman ML , Chowdhury MK , Hossain MSA , Shamsuddin M , Bhuiyan MMU
Published: June 2014

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the clinical trend of reproductive diseases and disorders of cows at Saturia Government Veterinary Hospital, Manikgonj. More than 4 years (January 2007 to April 2011) data were collected from the patient register. The recording of animal description and owners complaint, and diagnosis of diseases or disorders of cattle were performed by the Government Veterinary Surgeon. A total of 10652 cases were collected and examined of which 61.0% (n=6496) were cattle. The lowest occurrence of diseases or disorders was in cattle at less than 1 year of age (10.44%; n=678) and the highest occurrence was in cows at 5-8 years of age (43.39%; n=2814). The occurrence of diseases or disorders that needed treatment by medicine expert was the highest (86.98%) and the occurrence of diseases or disorders that needed treatment by reproduction expert was the lowest (5.51%). Eight major reproduction related diseases and disorders were diagnosed among 5.51%, n=358 registered sick cows. The highest proportion of cows was diagnosed as anoestrus (22.35%; n=80) followed by retained placenta (20.39%; n=73), repeat breeding (19.27%; n=69), dystocia (13.69%; n=49), utero-vaginal prolapse (13.40%; n=48), pyometra (8.66%; n=31), abortion (1.95%; n=7) and ovarian cysts (0.28%; n=1). Eight major diseases and disorders were diagnosed among 7.50%, n=488 cattle registered with surgery related complaints. The highest proportion of cattle was affected with myiasis (23.98%; n=117) followed by hump sore (22.54%; n=110), lameness (19.08%; n=93), atresia ani (13.32%; n=65), umbilical hernia (10.45%; n=51), upward patellar fixation (5.33%; n=26), abscess (3.39%; n=19) and horn fracture (1.43%; n=7). In conclusion, the highest occurrence of anoestrus and retained placenta is very alarming which needs further research to decrease the occurrence of such disorders of cows in population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19126 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (2): 121-125
Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in the cattle population in the selected upazilas of Sirajgonj district
Authors: Belal SMSH , Ansari ARMIH
Published: June 2014

A study was carried out on 135 commercial dairy farms of five upazillas of Sirajgonj district to know the prevalence of Brucella abortus antibody in herds during the period from January 2012 to December 2013. A total of 270 blood samples were tested by Anigen® Rapid Brucella Ab test kit. The overall prevalence of bovine brucellosis was recorded as 8.51%. Distribution on the basis of breed, age, sex and pregnancy revealed the significant relationship among the infection, breed, sex, age and pregnancy in the population. The prevalence was relatively high in older cattle (9.09%) and the highest prevalence was 9.34% in the pregnant female. The prevalence of Brucella abortus antibody was considerably high in most of the large herds. Further study is needed to know the species and biovar of Brucella circulating in the study area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19127 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (2): 127-130
Bacteriological and pathological investigation of goat lungs in Mymensingh and determination of antibiotic sensitivity
Authors: Rashid MM , Ferdoush MJ , Dipti M , Roy P , Rahman MM , Hossain MI , Hossain MM
Published: June 2014

The foremost important goal of the present study was to investigate the bacteriological and pathological conditions in lungs of goats slaughtered in four different slaughter houses/places of Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh and in addition to it, antibiotic sensitivity test of commonly used antibiotics in Veterinary practices were performed on isolated bacteria. A total of 75 lungs of slaughtered goats were examined individually and out of which 20 affected lungs were collected for histopathology and bacterial isolation respectively from Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh in Bangladesh, during the period from January to May 2013.The lung lesions was grossly recorded 40% in goats (30 out of 75 lungs examined). Grossly, the lung lesions were categorized into (a) hemorrhages 35% (b) congestion 25% (c) hemorrhage and congestion 15% (d) emphysematous lung 15% and (e) hepatization in lung10%. In histopathology, lung lesions were categorized into (a) bronchopneumonia 30%, (b) pneumonia 25% (c) hemorrhagic pneumonia 20% (d) emphysema 15%, (e) purulent pneumonia 10%. Pasteurella sp. (15%) was isolated from the lung lesions of hemorrhagic pneumonia, E. coli. (25%) from bronchopneumonia and Staphylococcus sp. (40%) from purulent pneumonia, focal pneumonia and emphysema, and mixed infection (Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli) 20%. Finally antibiotics sensitivity test was performed on isolated bacteria to which ciprofloxacin was more powerful than others (penicillin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid and kanamycin) tested and the second one was oxytetracyclin.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19142Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013).11(2): 159-166
Histopathological identification of histoplasmosis in animals at Dhaka Zoo
Authors: Ahasan SA , Chowdhury EH , Khan MAH , Parvin R , Azam SU , Begum JA , Mohiuddin G , Uddin J , Rahman MM , Rahman MA
Published: June 2014

Dhaka Zoo with 2000 animal heads of 184 species from significant genetic diversity and five million visitors influx round the year is placing it a public health important spot. This study was conducted to investigate histoplasmosis in animals at Dhaka Zoo to ascertain animal health, welfare and public health safety standard. One hundred and two necropsied tissue samples preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin at necropsy from 36 animals of 25 different species were collected from Dhaka Zoo during 2007 - 2009. Twenty five out of 36 study animals were suffering from granulomatous diseases of mycotic and/or bacterial origin. Among them three animals were found suffering from histoplasmosis. Clinical history, nodular lesions from necropsy findings, granulomatous reactions with fungal spores on histopathology; macrophages laden with histoplasma organisms on histopathology and on special staining were revealed histoplasmosis in six rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Present study provides evidence of existing histoplasmosis and similar long standing zoonotic diseases in majority of rest of the animals with health risk that shades health safety standard at Dhaka Zoo.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i2.19145Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (2):177-181
Ellen Key and the concept of Bildung
Authors: Ambjörnsson Ronny
Published: June 2014

The essay presents Ellen Key’s educational concept and show her place in the educational tradition of which she is a part. Around the turn of the century in 1900 her name was on many lips, not just in Sweden but also in major parts of Western Europe. Alongside Selma Lagerlöf and August Strindberg, she was the Swedish author best-known abroad. Her book Barnets århundrade [The Century of the Child] had come out in more than twenty editions just in Germany at the beginning of the 1920s, and she made many long lecture tours there in the early 1900s. Ellen Key was not a particularly original thinker. But she was very well-read, and was influenced not just by the age in which she lived but also by thinkers of earlier times, such as Goethe, Rousseau and Montaigne. She was in the best meaning of the word a European intellectual, and one of the last people in Swedish cultural history for whom the whole European tradition of ideas was real. She often associated herself, where education was concerned, with traditions that had roots in other times. The article therefore argues that, in order to properly understand Ellen Key, we must learn to understand these traditions. But we also need to use them to understand ourselves, because the idea traditions that Key believed in are central in the history of ideas in the Western world.
Consumer Acceptance of Dry Dog Food Variations
Authors: Di Donfrancesco Brizio , Koppel Kadri , Swaney-Stueve Marianne , Chambers Edgar
Published: June 2014

The objectives of this study were to compare the acceptance of different dry dog food products by consumers, determine consumer clusters for acceptance, and identify the characteristics of dog food that drive consumer acceptance. Eight dry dog food samples available in the US market were evaluated by pet owners. In this study, consumers evaluated overall liking, aroma, and appearance liking of the products. Consumers were also asked to predict their purchase intent, their dog’s liking, and cost of the samples. The results indicated that appearance of the sample, especially the color, influenced pet owner’s overall liking more than the aroma of the product. Overall liking clusters were not related to income, age, gender, or education, indicating that general consumer demographics do not appear to play a main role in individual consumer acceptance of dog food products.
Psychogenic Stress in Hospitalized Dogs: Cross Species Comparisons, Implications for Health Care, and the Challenges of Evaluation
Authors: Hekman Jessica , Karas Alicia , Sharp Claire
Published: June 2014

Evidence to support the existence of health consequences of psychogenic stress has been documented across a range of domestic species. A general understanding of methods of recognition and means of mitigation of psychogenic stress in hospitalized animals is arguably an important feature of the continuing efforts of clinicians to improve the well-being and health of dogs and other veterinary patients. The intent of this review is to describe, in a variety of species: the physiology of the stress syndrome, with particular attention to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; causes and characteristics of psychogenic stress; mechanisms and sequelae of stress-induced immune dysfunction; and other adverse effects of stress on health outcomes. Following that, we describe general aspects of the measurement of stress and the role of physiological measures and behavioral signals that may predict stress in hospitalized animals, specifically focusing on dogs.
Walking and Mapping: Artists as Cartographers. By Karen O’Rourke. Cambridge, MA. MIT Press, 2013.
Authors: Weishaus Joel
Published: June 2014

While there is a long well-documented tradition of poets walking and writing about the landscape, for at least the past fifty years visual artists have been laying out walks as various kinds of artwork. More recently, with the technology of mapping morphing into electronic devices, artists have begun using these tools to develop entirely new genres.