bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORUM: Dingoes can help conserve wildlife and our methods can tell
Authors: Nimmo Dale G. , Watson Simon J. , Forsyth David M. , Bradshaw Corey J. A.
Published: January 2015

Management of apex predators is among the most controversial wildlife management issues globally. InAustralia, some ecologists have advocated using the dingo,Canis dingo, as a tool for conservation management, due to evidence that they suppress invasive mesopredators.

Hayward & Marlow (Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 2014 and 835) questioned the capacity of dingoes to provide benefits to native biodiversity due to their inability to eradicate foxes and cats. They also argued that indices of abundance commonly used in studies of mesopredator release by dingoes (namely, track‐based indices) invalidate the conclusions of the studies. Hayward & Marlow caution conservation practitioners against incorporating dingoes into conservation programmes.

Counter to their claims, we summarise research showing that the suppression of invasive mesopredators (cf. eradication) can enhance populations of native species and is therefore a meaningful conservation objective. We highlight literature supporting the hypothesis that dingoes suppress mesopredator abundance and activity, which in turn benefits native biodiversity.

We show that Hayward & Marlow overlook many studies of carnivores that show track indices capture a large amount of the variation in the density of medium‐ and large‐sized carnivores.

Synthesis and applications. Practitioners cannot afford to wait to act given the perilous state ofAustralia's mammal species, and we argue that the evidence is sufficiently strong to justify managing dingoes for biodiversity conservation.
Biomass–density data analysis: a comment on Cabaço et al. (2013)
Authors: Vieira Vasco M. N. C. S. , Leitão Francisco , Mateus Marcos
Published: January 2015

Appropriate use of mathematics and statistics is fundamental for sound interpretations of ecological results and to prevent inaccurate conclusions.

Throughout the article by Cabaço et al. (2013) emerge cases of biased data analyses including absence of statistical tests, application of unsuited tests, inconsistent geometrical interpretation of xy data scatter, among others.

These biases congregated into incorrect conclusions including (i) reporting a generalized nutrient limitation of seagrass meadows, (ii) proposing the intraspecific biomass–density relation of seaweeds as an ecological indicator, when results report little more than randomness, thus suggesting this relation is unsuited as an ecological indicator; (iii) contradicting general ecological theory without any statistical evidence; and (iv) misassociating their results to the ones by other authors.

Synthesis. In order to help ecological researchers pinpoint sources of bias, we point out mistakes related to xy data analysis in Cabaço et al. (2013) that can occur in any subject area and flag others specific to biomass‐density relations.
Shelf Life Determination of Sliced Portuguese Traditional Blood Sausage—Morcela de Arroz de Monchique through Microbiological Challenge and Consumer Test
Authors: Pereira Jorge A. , Silva Pedro , Matos Teresa J. S. , Patarata Luís
Published: January 2015

Morcela de Arroz (MA) is a ready‐to‐eat blood and rice cooked sausage produced with pork, blood, rice, and seasonings, stuffed in natural casing and cooked above 90 °C/30 min. It is commercialized whole, not packed, with a restricted shelf life (1 wk/0 to 5 °C). The objective of this work was to establish sliced MA shelf life considering both the behavior of L. monocytogenes through a microbiological challenge test (MCT) and the consumer acceptability of MA stored: vacuum packed (VP), modified atmosphere packed (MAP: 80% CO2/20% N2), and aerobic packed (AP). The MCT was conducted inoculating ±3 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes cell suspension on the MA slices. Packaged samples were stored at 3 ± 1 °C and 7 ± 1 °C until 20 d. At 3 ± 1 °C, L. monocytogenes behavior was not affected by packaging or storage time. At 7 ± 1 °C, the pathogen increased nearly 1 log CFU/g in the first 4 d. L. monocytogenes populations in AP were higher (P < 0.05) than in MAP. The pathogen may grow to hazardous levels in the 1st days if a temperature abuse occurs. Considering the acceptability by the consumers, the shelf life of MA stored at 3 ± 1 °C was 4.4 d for AP, 8.1 d for VP, and 10.4 d for MAP. The sensory shelf life established based on sensory spoilage is shorter than the shelf life to maintain the population of L. monocytogenes in safe levels.
Effectiveness of Hydrothermal‐Calcium Chloride Treatment and Chitosan on Quality Retention and Microbial Growth during Storage of Fresh‐Cut Papaya
Authors: Ayón‐Reyna Lidia E. , Tamayo‐Limón Ransés , Cárdenas‐Torres Feliznando , López‐López Martha E. , López‐Angulo Gabriela , López‐Moreno Héctor S. , López‐Cervántes Jaime , López‐Valenzuela José A. , Vega‐García Misael O.
Published: January 2015

Rapid degradation of fresh‐cut papaya limits its marketability. Hydrothermal treatments in combination with a calcium dip, applied to whole fruit before slicing, and also the application of chitosan as a coating film, have been found to have very good results in maintaining the quality of fresh‐cut fruits. Based on these considerations, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment (HT; 49 °C, 25 min) containing calcium chloride (Ca; 1%, w/v) followed by dipping in chitosan (Chit; 1%, w/v, 3 min) on the physical, chemical, and microbial qualities of papaya slices stored at 5 °C for 10 d. Pulp color, firmness, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, β‐carotene, and lycopene were evaluated every 2 d while the microbial quality (mesophilics, psychrophilics, molds, and yeasts) was evaluated every 5 d. Fruit treated with HT‐Ca and HT‐Ca + Chit showed better color and firmness retention than Control and Chit. Papaya slices treated with HT‐Ca + Chit had higher nutritional content and lower microbial growth at the end of storage. The application of the HT‐Ca + Chit could be used to reduce deterioration processes, maintaining physical, chemical, and microbial qualities and increasing the shelf life of fresh‐cut papaya stored at 5 °C.
“Potential Health Benefits of Lunasin: A Multifaceted Soy‐Derived Bioactive Peptide”
Authors: Lule Vaibhao Kisanrao , Garg Sheenam , Pophaly Sarang Dilip , Hitesh  , Tomar Sudhir Kumar
Published: January 2015

Bioactive peptides are small protein fragments derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins, fermentation with proteolytic starter cultures, and gastrointestinal digestion. These peptides have positive impacts on a number of physiological functions in living beings. Lunasin, a soy‐derived bioactive peptide, is one of the most promising among them. Lunasin encoded within 2S albumin (GM2S‐1) gene, identified as a novel peptide extracted from soybean seed. It is composed of 43 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 5.5 kDa. Extensive scientific studies have shown that lunasin possesses inherent antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, anticancerous properties and could also play a vital role in regulating of cholesterol biosynthesis in the body. Its high bioavailability and heat stable nature allow its potential use as dietary supplement. The present review summarizes some of the potential health and therapeutic benefits of lunasin reported hitherto.
The Antimicrobial Effect of Spice‐Based Marinades against Campylobacter jejuni on Contaminated Fresh Broiler Wings
Authors: Zakarienė Gintarė , Rokaitytė Anita , Ramonaitė Sigita , Novoslavskij Aleksandr , Mulkytė Kristina , Zaborskienė Gintarė , Malakauskas Mindaugas
Published: January 2015

The antimicrobial effect of spice‐based marinades against Campylobacter jejuni on inoculated fresh broiler wings was investigated. Experiments were carried out with 1 strain of C. jejuni and 6 marinades. Four experimental marinades were composed for the study and contained spices (thyme, rosemary, basil, marjoram, and so on) and different combination of bioactive compounds. Two marinades were commercial and contained spices (black pepper, sweet red pepper, and so on) and chemical additives (monosodium glutamate, sodium diacetate, calcium lactate), 1 commercial marinade was also enriched with bioactive compounds (linalool, cinnamaldehyde, lactic acid). Total aerobic bacterial count was examined to estimate the possible effect of tested marinades on the shelf‐life of marinated broiler wings. Study revealed that thyme‐based marinade was the most effective against C. jejuni on broiler wings and reduced the numbers of campylobacters by 1.04 log colony forming unit (CFU)/g (P ≤ 0.05) during storage for 168 h at 4 °C temperature. Moreover, it was more effective against C. jejuni than commercial marinade with 0.47 log CFU/g (P ≤ 0.05) reduction effect. Both experimental and commercial marinades had very similar effect on the total aerobic bacterial count. Although experimental and commercial marinades had different effect on pH of broiler wings, this parameter did not show a major impact on the antimicrobial effect of tested marinades (P ≥ 0.05). Our study shows that experimental natural thyme‐based marinade can reduce numbers of C. jejuni more effectively than tested commercial marinades.
The transcriptional regulation of the glyoxylate cycle in SAR11 in response to iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Beier Sara , Gálvez María J. , Molina Veronica , Sarthou Géraldine , Quéroué Fabien , Blain Stephane , Obernosterer Ingrid
Published: January 2015

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central metabolic pathway that is present in all aerobic organisms and initiates the respiration of organic material. The glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the TCA cycle, where organic material is recycled for subsequent assimilation into cell material instead of being released as carbon dioxide. Despite the importance for the fate of organic matter, the environmental factors that induce the glyoxylate cycle in microbial communities remain poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the expression of isocitrate lyase, the enzyme that induces the switch to the glyoxylate cycle, of the ubiquitous SAR11 clade in response to natural iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean. The cell‐specific transcriptional regulation of the glyoxylate cycle, as determined by the ratio between copy numbers of isocitrate lyase gene transcripts and isocitrate genes, was consistently lower in iron fertilized than in high‐nutrient, low chlorophyll waters (by 2.4‐ to 16.5‐fold). SAR11 cell‐specific isocitrate lyase gene transcription was negatively correlated to chlorophyll a, and bulk bacterial heterotrophic metabolism. We conclude that the glyoxylate cycle is a metabolic strategy for SAR11 that is highly sensitive to the degree of iron and carbon limitation in the marine environment.
Discretionary Disclosures to Risk‐Averse Traders: A Research Note
Authors: Jorgensen Bjorn N. , Kirschenheiter Michael T.
Published: January 2015

Verrecchia (1983) investigates a manager's incentives for costly, discretionary disclosure of his information to risk‐averse traders when the functional form of prices is exogenously specified. We extend Verrecchia (1983) by deriving the endogenously determined functional form of prices that would arise when all traders have constant risk tolerance. We show that these endogenously determined prices are inconsistent with the assumed prices in Verrecchia (1983) when the manager elects to not disclose. We derive the manager's disclosure strategy for our setting and extend the comparative static results in Verrecchia (1990) for risk‐neutral traders to a setting where traders have constant risk tolerance and prices are endogenously derived. Further, in our setting, discretionary disclosure does not affect how traders price risk of different outcomes. Also, we offer a representation of risk‐averse traders' prices using risk‐adjusted distributions. Finally, these results provide implications for empirical‐archival discretionary disclosure studies.
Achieving ecological conservation impact is not enough: setting priorities based on multiple criteria
Authors: Nuno A.
Published: January 2015

Read the Feature Paper: Community‐based wildlife management failing to link conservation and financial viability; other Commentaries on this paper: Wildlife conservation without financial viability? The potential for payments for dispersal areas' services in Namibia and the Response from the authors: Continuous financial support will be needed
Acoustic neuroma manifesting as toothache and numbness
Authors: Lam R
Published: January 2015

Acoustic neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is a rare benign brainstem tumour involving the abnormal growth and proliferation of Schwann cells surrounding the vestibular division of the eighth cranial nerve. Although the most common symptoms are non‐dentally related, there are instances where diagnosis of this potentially life‐threatening condition is triggered by an emergency presentation to the dentist for the most trivial of reasons. A 56‐year‐old male presented to a dental clinic complaining of a toothache. Following history taking, examination and radiographs a carious lower right molar was extracted. The patient reported relief but later described post‐extraction numbness on the opposite side (left) of his lower jaw that could not be explained by anatomical principles or previous dental history. Further investigations revealed an acoustic neuroma as the underlying cause. This case highlights that not all signs and symptoms that occur in the mouth are abnormalities within the mouth. In particular, this case underscores the importance of recognizing that the spontaneous onset of certain symptoms may be due to significant non‐dental pathology. Any numbness over the distribution of the trigeminal nerve must be investigated. The importance of the basic sciences and referring will also be emphasized.
Agency costs of vertical integration—the case of family firms, investor‐owned firms and cooperatives in the French wine industry
Authors: Cadot Julien
Published: January 2015

Vertical integration theory has long suggested internal costs related to changes in incentives due to vertical integration, which means that vertical integration may lead to agency costs. In this work, we specify the notion of agency costs of vertical integration and extend Ang et al. (2000)'s measurement of agency costs to provide an empirical assessment of these costs in the French wine industry. Our econometric analysis finds that the agency costs of vertical integration may reach 2–3% of sales. It also showed that operating expenses of vertical integration are lower for cooperatives than for other firms, while vertical integration is less rewarding for them. This raises questions on the relation between agency costs in cooperatives and their performance.
Forceps: towards obsolescence or revival?
Authors: Dietz Hans Peter
Published: January 2015

Cesarean section rates have become a political issue, attracting the attention of governments, health bureaucrats and professional organizations. In some instances this has led to a renewed interest in forceps delivery, even Kielland's rotational forceps. It is suggested that calls for a greater use of forceps, especially rotational forceps, are ill‐advised and commonly based on ignorance of recent urogynecological and imaging literature. Forceps use is associated with a much higher likelihood of major maternal trauma, especially to the anal sphincter and levator ani muscles, which may result in substantial future morbidity. Hence, its use should be avoided whenever possible. This is particularly obvious for rotational forceps.
Why Cooperate?Indonesia and Anti‐Maritime Terrorism Cooperation
Authors: Febrica Senia
Published: January 2015

Indonesia's cooperation in maritime security initiatives is vitally important because half of the world's trading goods and oil pass throughIndonesian waters including theStraits ofMalacca, theStrait ofSunda, and theStrait ofLombok. However, Indonesia has a mixed record of support for various initiatives led by the United States, joining certain arrangements but opting out of others. This article explains why by carrying out a comparative analysis of four maritime cooperation arrangements, using government documents and elite interviews inSoutheastAsia. This article argues thatIndonesia's decision to cooperate is formed by the calculation of absolute gains.Indonesia chose to cooperate whenever it saw that the benefits of cooperation exceeded the costs.
Indian Foreign Policy and International Humanitarian Norms: A Role‐Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Hansel Mischa , Möller Miriam
Published: January 2015

Although role theory has been widely used in the field of foreign policy analysis, it has never been comprehensively applied to the study of Indian foreign policy. This article analyzes major foreign policy speeches of Indian decision makers in an effort to identify salient national role conceptions. In the second part of the article, it is shown how in the process of emerging international humanitarian norms, inherent tensions between different role conceptions become aggravated. Thus,Indian foreign policy makers find themselves in the middle of intra‐ and inter‐role conflicts. Taking theResponsibility toProtect andInternationalCriminalLaw as examples, the article examines the way in which decision makers have tried to mitigate and to evade conflicting role‐derived expectations.
Governmentality and Crises of Representation, Knowledge, and Power in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Fozi Navid
Published: January 2015

Since the contested presidential (re)election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2009, crises of representation, power, and knowledge have destabilized the Islamic Republic of Iran's governmentality notwithstanding a strong Weberian state. When many Iranians demanded a recount, the state rejected allegations of vote‐rigging, purged Reformists from the state, cracked down on their supporters, elicited forced confessions, and staged show trials. This state‐sponsored vigilantism that diminished the Republic's claim of representing the people caused a Reformist retreat from the streets as well as withdrawal from the parliamentary elections of March 2012. Such withdrawal, which threatened the vibrancy of the elections, added to the crises of representation. Moreover, it caused the Principalists to factionalize and radicalize, producing a crisis of power. In addition, divisions within the government and between the government and the populace resulted in the failure of the state to discern friends from foes, causing a crisis of knowledge. The subsequent presidential elections of Hassan Rouhani four years later in 2013, both in terms of the ways in which it unfolded as well as the outcome, was a confirmation and a way out of these challenges.
In vitro interaction of some drug combinations to inhibit rapidly growing mycobacteria isolates from cats and dogs and these isolates' susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine
Authors: Bennie CJM , To JLK , Martin PA , Govendir M
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To investigate whether selected drug combinations used to treat rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have drug–drug interactions that affect efficacy and to investigate each isolate's susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine, individually.

Design

In vitro susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates.

Methods

Initially, five feline isolates and one canine isolate from bothMycobacterium fortuitumandM. smegmatisclusters (n = 12) underwent microbroth susceptibility testing to individual drugs to establish minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefovecin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfanilamide (the latter two as a combination). Checkerboard assays were then performed for susceptibleM. smegmatisisolates for the following combinations: clarithromycin (one isolate only) versus enrofloxacin, clarithromycin vs doxycycline, clarithromycin vs trimethoprim/sulfanilamide; enrofloxacin vs doxycycline (six isolates); enrofloxacin vs trimethoprim/sulfanilamide (six isolates). SusceptibleM. fortuitumisolates were tested against enrofloxacin versus doxycycline (four isolates only).

Results

All sixM. fortuitumisolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, but only four of six were susceptible to doxycycline. All sixM. smegmatisisolates were susceptible to doxycycline, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfanilamide. A single isolate from the 12, aM. smegmatisisolate, was susceptible to clarithromycin. The fractional inhibitory concentration of each drug ranged from 0.64 to 1.84, indicating that neither synergism nor antagonism was evident. All 12 isolates were resistant to cefovecin. The clofazimine MIC50to inhibit isolate growth was approximately 3.3 μg/mL for both strains.

Conclusion

Drugs commonly used for treatment ofRGM, when tested as combinations, do not appear to antagonise one another in vitro. Cefovecin is not efficacious for treatment ofRGMinfections.
Wear of permanent incisors with age on commercial Australian Angora goat farms
Authors: McGregor BA , Butler KL
Published: January 2015

Objective

To quantify if, and to what extent, permanent incisor wear differed with age of goat and farm of origin on commercial Australian Angora goat farms.

Design

Observations were made on three Angora goat farms in the wheat–sheep zone of Victoria, each managed according to the farmer's practices. Farmers provided a representative flock of does.

Methods

The proportion and pattern of wear of permanent incisors were recorded and percentage wear calculated. After log(y + 10) transformation, a parsimonious general linear model was developed to relate wear to farm and age, with age considered as a continuous variate.

Results

The range in wear of the permanent incisors was 0–100%. For each farm, the most parsimonious model for permanent first incisor wear and average wear of all permanent incisors was a separate straight line relating the transformed incisor wear to the age of doe. The models accounted for 66–73% of variance. On each farm the incisor wear was similar and low for ages up to approximately 4 years. On all farms, the amount of incisor wear increased dramatically with age, although the rate of increase differed with each farm.

Conclusions

Permanent incisor wear increased with age of goat and differed with farm of origin. Angora goat farmers need to be aware of the potential for incisor wear to affect doe production and health.
Industry opinion on the likely routes of introduction of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome into Australia from south‐east Asia
Authors: Brookes VJ , Hernández‐Jover M , Holyoake P , Ward MP
Published: January 2015

Objective

To assess industry expert opinion on the likely occurrence of entry and exposure routes relevant to a potential incursion of highly pathogenic (HP) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus from south‐east Asia to Australia.

Design

Expert opinion elicitation of pig‐industry stakeholders using a face‐to‐face questionnaire.

Results

Pig industry experts identified exposure routes involving the disposal of food waste to have the highest probability of occurrence. They were also concerned about the exposure of commercial pigs to humans acting as fomites of PRRS virus, and to feed and additives imported from south‐east Asia. They did not consistently agree on the probability of occurrence of entry routes.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the expert elicitation technique was useful in rapidly assessing opinion from a large group of pig industry experts regarding exposure of pigs in Australia to HP‐PRRS virus. The results of this survey were used to direct a risk assessment of an incursion of HP‐PRRS.
An overview on adverse drug reactions to traditional Chinese medicines
Authors: Chan Kelvin , Zhang Hongwei , Lin Zhi‐Xiu
Published: January 2015

The safe use of Chinese materia medica (CMM) and products in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practice conventionally relies on correct pharmacognostic identification, good agricultural and manufacturing practices based on pharmacopoeia standards and rational/correct CMM combinations with TCM‐guided clinical prescribing. These experience‐based principles may not absolutely ensure safety without careful toxicological investigations when compared with development of new pharmaceutical drugs. Clinically observed toxicity reports remain as guidance for gathering toxicological evidence, though essential as pharmacovigilance, but are considered as late events for ensuring safety. The overview focuses on the following factors: global development of TCM that has affected conventional healthcare; examples of key toxic substances in CMM; reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) consequential to taking CMM and TCM products; and proposals on rational approaches to integrate the knowledge of biomedical science and the principles of TCM practice for detecting early ADRs if both TCM products and orthodox drugs are involved. It is envisaged that good control of the quality and standards of CMM and proprietary Chinese medicines can certainly reduce the incidence of ADRs in TCM practice when these medications are used.
Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Sheep after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe
Authors: Heikkinen Emma M. , Voipio Hanna‐Marja , Laaksonen Sakari , Haapala Linnea , Räsänen Juha , Acharya Ganesh , Erkinaro Tiina , Haapsamo Mervi , Hautajärvi Heidi , Kokki Hannu , Kokki Merja , Heikkinen Aki T.
Published: January 2015

Fentanyl is used for pain treatment during pregnancy in human beings and animals. However, fentanyl pharmacokinetics during pregnancy has not been fully established. The aim of this study was to characterize fentanyl pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep after intravenous and transdermal dosing during surgical procedure performed to ewe and foetus. Pharmacokinetic parameters reported for non‐pregnant sheep and nominal transdermal dose rate were utilized fora prioricalculation to achieve analgesic fentanyl concentration (0.5–2 ng/ml) in maternal plasma. A total of 20 Aland landrace ewes at 118–127 gestational days were used. In the first protocol, 1 week before surgery, 10 animals received 2 μg/kg fentanyl intravenous bolus, and on the operation day, transdermal fentanyl patches at nominal dose rate of 2 μg/kg/hr were applied to antebrachium, and ewes were then given a 2 μg/kg intravenous bolus followed by an intra‐operative 2.5 μg/kg/hr infusion. In the second protocol, 10 animals received fentanyl only as transdermal patches on the operation day and oxycodone for rescue analgesia. The data were analysed with population pharmacokinetic modelling. Intra‐ and post‐operative fentanyl concentrations were similar and slightly lower than thea prioripredictions, and elimination and distribution clearances appeared slower during than before or after the surgery. Transdermal patches provided sustained fentanyl absorption for up to 5 days, but the absorption rate was slower than the nominal dose rate and showed a high interindividual variability. Further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical relevance of the observations made in sheep.
Autonomous and controlled motivation for eating disorders treatment: Baseline predictors and relationship to treatment outcome
Authors: Carter Jacqueline C. , Kelly Allison C.
Published: January 2015

Objective

This study aimed to identify baseline predictors of autonomous and controlled motivation for treatment (ACMT) in a transdiagnostic eating disorder sample, and to examine whether ACMT at baseline predicted change in eating disorder psychopathology during treatment.

Method

Participants were 97 individuals who metDSM‐IV‐TRcriteria for an eating disorder and were admitted to a specialized intensive treatment programme. Self‐report measures of eating disorder psychopathology,ACMT, and various psychosocial variables were completed at the start of treatment. A subset of these measures was completed again after 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

Multiple regression analyses showed that baseline autonomous motivation was higher among patients who reported more self‐compassion and more received social support, whereas the only baseline predictor of controlled motivation was shame. Multilevel modelling revealed that higher baseline autonomous motivation predicted faster decreases in global eating disorder psychopathology, whereas the level of controlled motivation at baseline did not.

Conclusion

The current findings suggest that developing interventions designed to foster autonomous motivation specifically and employing autonomy supportive strategies may be important to improving eating disorders treatment outcome.

Practitioner points

The findings of this study suggest that developing motivational interventions that focus specifically on enhancing autonomous motivation for change may be important for promoting eating disorder recovery.

Our results lend support for the use of autonomy supportive strategies to strengthen personally meaningful reasons to achieve freely chosen change goals in order to enhance treatment for eating disorders.

One study limitation is that there were no follow‐up assessments beyond the 12‐week study and we therefore do not know whether the relationships that we observed persisted after treatment.

Another limitation is that this was a correlational study and it is therefore important to be cautious about making causal conclusions when interpreting the results.
Hokanson, Brad & Gibbons, Andrew ed (2013) Design in educational technologySpringer (Berlin) isbn 978‐3‐319‐00926‐1 283 pp £90 http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/learning+%26+instruction/book/978‐3‐319‐00926‐1
Authors: Janes Diane P
Published: January 2015

Here is a well written and well edited book with focus on the concept of design in modern educational technology practice. It is for both new and experienced designers; those new to the field might find opportunities to expand their practice, while experienced designers will find affirmation of many past practices and the opportunity to explore new ideas for future projects. If you think this book is likely to be of value to you, I suggest you buy your own copy

Diane P Janes
Killick, David (2015) Developing the global studentRoutledge (New York & London) isbn 978‐0‐415‐72805‐8 209 pp £26.99 http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415728058/
Authors: Latchem Colin
Published: January 2015

Here is a thoughtful, very readable, and well researched exploration of the concepts behind, and the pursuit and achievement of, learning outcomes commensurate with intercultural awareness, intercultural competence and making higher education fit for a global era. The book also includes reflective questions for the reader and selected resources and links to support practice. If the content of this book is likely to be relevant to you, I recommend that you arrange to borrow a copy for a while.

Colin Latchem
Ritzhaubt, Albert D & Kumar, Swapna ed (2013) Cases on educational technology implementation for facilitating learningIGI Global (Hershey & Eurospan, London) isbn 978‐1‐46663‐676‐7 470 pp £140 http://www.igi‐global.com/book/cases‐educational‐technology‐implementation‐facilitating/72158
Authors: Martin Marie
Published: January 2015

Here we have a practical and persuasive book. It seeks to help educators in all sectors integrate teaching and learning resources seamlessly and productively into their courses and programmes by providing twenty‐one real‐life case studies. These cover a diverse range of topics, challenges and contexts from which educators can select to meet their particular implementation needs. Note, however, that this US book has a US view of the nature of “educational technology”. You might wish to arrange to borrow a copy.

Marie Martin
Vogt, W Paulet al (2014) Selecting the right analyses for your dataGuilford Press (New York, & Routledge, London) isbn 978‐1‐4625‐1576‐9 500 pp £36.99 http://www.guilfordpress.co.uk/books/details/9781462515769/
Authors: Cannell Pete
Published: January 2015

This is a highly recommended book, as it comprehensively covers coding and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. It is useful for novice and experienced researchers developing skills and as a reference book. If it's something you're likely to need often, I recommend you buy a copy.

Pete Cannel
Anxiolytic‐like and anxiogenic‐like effects of nicotine are regulated via diverse action at β2*nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Anderson S M , Brunzell D H
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose

Nicotine dose‐dependently activates or preferentially desensitizes β2 subunit containing nicotinic ACh receptors (β2*nAChRs). Genetic and pharmacological manipulations assessed effects of stimulation versus inhibition of β2*nAChRs on nicotine‐associated anxiety‐like phenotype.

Experimental Approach

Using a range of doses of nicotine in β2*nAChR subunit null mutant mice (β2KO; backcrossed to C57BL/6J) and their wild‐type (WT) littermates, administration of the selective β2*nAChR agonist, 5I‐A85380, and the selective β2*nAChR antagonist dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE), we determined the behavioural effects of stimulation and inhibition of β2*nAChRs in the light–dark and elevated plus maze (EPM) assays.

Key Results

Low‐dose i.p. nicotine (0.05 mg·kg−1) supported anxiolysis‐like behaviour independent of genotype whereas the highest dose (0.5 mg·kg−1) promoted anxiogenic‐like phenotype in WT mice, but was blunted in β2KO mice for the measure of latency. Administration of 5I‐A85380 had similar dose‐dependent effects in C57BL/6J WT mice; 0.001 mg·kg−1 5I‐A85380 reduced anxiety on an EPM, whereas 0.032 mg·kg−1 5I‐A85380 promoted anxiogenic‐like behaviour in both the light–dark and EPM assays. DHβE pretreatment blocked anxiogenic‐like effects of 0.5 mg·kg−1 nicotine. Similarly to DHβE, pretreatment with low‐dose 0.05 mg·kg−1 nicotine did not accumulate with 0.5 mg·kg−1 nicotine, but rather blocked anxiogenic‐like effects of high‐dose nicotine in the light–dark and EPM assays.

Conclusions and Implications

These studies provide direct evidence that low‐dose nicotine inhibits nAChRs and demonstrate that inhibition or stimulation of β2*nAChRs supports the corresponding anxiolytic‐like or anxiogenic‐like effects of nicotine. Inhibition of β2*nAChRs may relieve anxiety in smokers and non‐smokers alike.
The endoplasmic reticulum stress and the HIF‐1 signalling pathways are involved in the neuronal damage caused by chemical hypoxia
Authors: López‐Hernández Beatriz , Ceña Valentin , Posadas Inmaculada
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose

Hypoxia inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) promotes transitory neuronal survival suggesting that additional mechanisms such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress might be involved in determining neuronal survival or death. Here, we examined the involvement of ER stress in hypoxia‐induced neuronal death and analysed the relationship between ER stress and the HIF‐1 pathways.

Experimental Approach

Cultures of rat cortical neurons were exposed to chemical hypoxia induced by 200 μM CoCl2, and its effect on neuronal viability was assessed by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and counting apoptotic nuclei. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. RT‐PCR was performed to analyse the content and the t1/2 of HIF‐1α mRNA.

Key Results

Chemical hypoxia induced neuronal apoptosis in a time‐dependent manner and activated the ER stress PRK‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)‐dependent pathway. At later stages, chemical hypoxia increased the expression of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase 12 activity. CoCl2 reduced HIF‐1α mRNA t1/2 leading to a decrease in HIF‐1α mRNA and protein content, simultaneously activating the ER stress PERK‐dependent pathway. Salubrinal, a selective inhibitor of phospho‐eIF2α phosphatase, protected neurons from chemical hypoxia by reducing CHOP levels and caspase 12 activity, and increasing the t1/2 of HIF‐1α mRNA and the levels of HIF‐1α protein. Knocking down HIF‐1α blocked the neuroprotective effects of salubrinal.

Conclusions and Implications

Neuronal apoptosis induced by chemical hypoxia is a process regulated by HIF‐1α stabilization early on and by ER stress activation at later stages. Our data also suggested that HIF‐1α levels were regulated by ER stress.
Editorial Commentary: An agenda for global child mental health
Authors: Patel Vikram , Rahman Atif
Published: January 2015

Even as mental health has become increasingly recognized as a key issue in global health, child mental health has largely remained in its shadows. This is possibly because many interventions for child mental health lie outside the realm of narrowly defined biomedical interventions and platforms, with the majority of interventions targeting psychological and social mechanisms and a strong emphasis on prevention. This situation must change, however, as child mental health interventions have potentially the greatest impact on the burden of mental disorders, and other health and social outcomes, than at any other time in the life course. There is now a growing body of evidence that indicates which interventions are ready for scale‐up or show sufficient promise for further research and refinement. These are primarily delivered in community or school platforms through nonspecialist workers in partnership with parents and teachers. They include interventions to promote early child development, parenting interventions through childhood into adolescence, school interventions aimed at reengineering school environments and strengthening life skills, and interventions for the early detection and management of neurodevelopmental disorders and mental health problems through trans‐diagnostic interventions based on impairments. Above all, what is needed is a population‐based approach, which emphasizes the goal of coverage of evidence‐based interventions for all children; with a particular focus on disadvantaged children; with seamless coordination of preventive and treatment interventions across platforms of care; and utilizing collaborative, stepped‐care delivery paradigms.
Editorial: Child and Adolescent Mental Health: a global challenge
Authors: Day Crispin
Published: January 2015

Welcome to the first issue of Child and Adolescent Mental Health of 2015. A pleasure of being an editor of this journal is the sheer breadth and diversity of papers that we receive. The best papers not only share the achievements and successes of new research and innovation but also shed light on the complex struggles and challenges involved in helping children and young people overcome the emotional, behavioural and other mental health difficulties they endure. Child and Adolescent Mental Health aims to publish high quality health services research that informs, influences and transforms the quality and effectiveness of the mental health care available to children, young people, their parents and families.

When placed in the global context outlined by Patel and Rahman (2015) in this issue, the scale of this task is daunting. Nearly half of the world's population are under the age of 18 and only a small fraction of the global mental health resources currently available are invested in child and adolescent mental health care across low, medium and high income countries. Patel and Rahman (2015) argue that the step change needed to transform global child mental health requires a bold agenda that mobilises community assets, such as lay health workers, harnesses the use of mobile and electronic health technologies alongside more conventional improvement in access and effectiveness of both universal and specialist services from early life onwards. This agenda resonates for children and young people in high income countries as much as it does for those living in low and middle income countries.

Child and Adolescent Mental Health needs to reflect the global challenge of children and young people's mental health. This issue contains papers from authors based in Australia, Brazil, India, Italy, Ireland, Turkey, the UK and the USA, each of which uses scientific methods to make an informed contribution to clinical practice.
Children's Increased Emotional Egocentricity Compared to Adults Is Mediated by Age‐Related Differences in Conflict Processing
Authors: Hoffmann Ferdinand , Singer Tania , Steinbeis Nikolaus
Published: January 2015

This study investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying age‐related differences in emotional egocentricity bias (EEB) between children (aged 7–12 years, n = 30) and adults (aged 20–30 years, n = 30) using a novel paradigm of visuogustatory stimulation to induce pleasant and unpleasant emotions. Both children and adults showed an EBB, but that of children was larger. The EEB did not correlate with other measures of egocentricity. Crucially, the developmental differences in EEB were mediated by age‐related changes in conflict processing and not visual perspective taking, response inhibition, or processing speed. This indicates that different types of egocentricity develop independently of one another and that the increased ability to overcome EEB can be explained by age‐related improvements in conflict processing.
Cross‐Ethnic Friendships and Intergroup Attitudes Among Asian American Adolescents
Authors: Chen Xiaochen , Graham Sandra
Published: January 2015

This study examined cross‐ethnic friendship choices and intergroup attitudes in a sample of 762 sixth‐grade Asian American students (Mage = 11.5 years) attending 1 of 19 middle schools that varied in ethnic composition. Multiple measures of friendship (quantity and quality) and intergroup attitudes (affective, cognitive, behavioral) toward White, Latino, and Black grademates were assessed. The results showed that Asian American students overnominated White students and undernominated Latino and Black students as their friends when school availability of each ethnic group was accounted for. Cross‐ethnic friendships were related to better intergroup attitudes, especially the behavioral dimension of attitudes. Cross‐ethnic friendships were least likely to change attitudes toward Blacks. Implications for future research, educational practice, and attitude intervention programs were discussed.
Peri‐Implant Bone Regeneration Using rhPDGF‐BB, BMSCs, and β‐TCP in a Canine Model
Authors: Xu Ling , Zhang Wenjie , Lv Kaige , Yu Weiqiang , Jiang Xinquan , Zhang Fuqiang
Published: January 2015

Background

The presence of insufficient bone volume remains a major clinical problem for dental implant placement to restore oral function. Tissue engineering provides a promising approach for inducing bone regeneration and enhancing osseointegration in dental implants.

Purpose

The tissue‐engineered bone consisting of recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor (rhPDGF‐BB), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) particles was validated for the first time in a preclinical large animal canine model in terms of its ability to promote new bone formation around the implants, as well as osseointegration between the tissue‐engineered bone and dental implants.

Materials and Methods

Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of canine BMSCs treated with rhPDGF‐BB were evaluated with an MTT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining, and real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) analysis of osteogenic genes. The therapeutic potential of tissue‐engineered bone consisting of rhPDGF‐BB/BMSCs/β‐TCP in bone repair was evaluated in mesial‐implant defects of immediate postextraction implants in the canine mandible.

Results

rhPDGF‐BB treatment significantly increased proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of canine BMSCs. Furthermore, the tissue‐engineered bone consisting of rhPDGF‐BB/BMSCs/β‐TCP significantly enhanced bone formation and osseointegration.

Conclusion

This study provides important evidence that supports the potential application of rhPDGF‐BB/BMSCs/β‐TCP tissue‐engineered bone in immediate implantation for oral function restoration.
Short Implants Placed with or without Grafting in Atrophic Sinuses: The 3‐Year Results of a Prospective Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Nedir Rabah , Nurdin Nathalie , Khoury Paul , Bischof Mark
Published: January 2015

Background

The question whether a minimal maxillary residual bone height (RBH) allows the predictable use of osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) remains unresolved.

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of short implants placed with OSFE in an RBH of ≤4 mm and to compare bone levels around implants placed with (control) or without (test) grafting after 3 years.

Materials and Methods

Eight‐millimeter implants were placed by OSFE in sinuses randomized to receive anorganic bovine bone or no grafting material. Healing time before prosthetic rehabilitation was 10 weeks. Peri‐implant bone levels were measured on standardized periapical radiographs.

Results

Thirty‐seven implants (17 test, 20 control) were placed at a mean RBH of 2.4 ± 0.9 mm. Three implants failed during the 3‐year follow‐up. After 3 years, all implants had gained endosinus bone (test: 4.1 ± 1.0 mm; control: 5.1 ± 1.2 mm; p = .001). Mean bone gain was stable between 1 and 3 years in both groups.

Conclusions

Grafting is unnecessary to achieve bone augmentation of 4.1 mm; however, more bone is gained with grafting. Bone gained over 1 year was retained. Atrophic posterior maxillae can be predictably rehabilitated using OSFE and simultaneous placement of 8‐mm implants.
Bacterial Colonization of the Implant‐Abutment Interface (IAI) of Dental Implants with a Sloped Marginal Design: An in‐vitro Study
Authors: Koutouzis Theofilos , Gadalla Hana , Lundgren Tord
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The aim of this study is to utilize an in vitro dynamic loading model to assess the potential risk of bacterial invasion into the Implant Abutment Interface (IAI) microgap of dental implants with sloped marginal design.

Materials and Methods

Forty implants were divided into two groups (n = 20 per group) based on implant marginal design. Group 1 was comprised of implants with Morse‐taper connection and conventional marginal design that connected to titanium abutments. Group 2 was comprised of implants with Morse‐taper connection and sloped marginal design that connected to titanium abutments. The specimens were immersed in a bacterial solution of E. coli and loaded with 500,000 cycles of 160N using a chewing simulator. Following disconnection of fixtures and abutments, microbial samples were taken from the threaded portion of the abutment, plated and cultured under appropriate conditions.

Results

Ten out of twenty implants of Group 1 and eight out of twenty implants of Group 2 had IAI microgaps colonized by E. Coli. There was not a statistically significant difference in the mean number of E. Coli CFU detected between implants of Group 1 (mean 19.2, SD 23.6) and Group 2 (mean 12.5, SD18.9) (p > .05).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that implants with a sloped marginal design exhibited similar risk for bacterial invasion into the IAI microgap under in vitro dynamic loading conditions compared to implants with conventional marginal design.
Higher taxa and the identification of areas of endemism
Authors: Szumik Claudia A. , Goloboff Pablo A.
Published: January 2015

Quantitative analyses of areas of endemism have rarely considered higher taxa. This paper discusses aspects related to the use of higher taxa in the analysis of areas of endemism, and computer implementations. An example of the application of the method is provided, with a data set for Nearctic mammals, showing that some of the areas recognized by species‐level taxa also adjust well to the distribution of other taxa of higher level (genera, monophyletic groups).