bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iodine‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Wang Jian‐Sen , Li Ji‐Tai , Lin Zhi‐Ping
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Influence of Base on Regioselectivity of 5‐Substituted Uracils Addition to Michael Acceptors.
Authors: Boncel Slawomir , Walczak Krzysztof
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Hartung Christian G. , Backes Alexander C. , Felber Beatrice , Missio Andrea , Philipp Alexander
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkali‐Metal‐Catalyzed Addition of Primary and Secondary Phosphines to Carbodiimides. A General and Efficient Route to Substituted Phosphaguanidines.
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Nishiura Masayoshi , Hou Zhaomin
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bafoudiosbulbins A, and B, Two Antisalmonellal Clerodane Diterpenoids from Dioscorea bulbifera L. var sativa.
Authors: Teponno Remy Bertrand , Tapondjou Azefack Leon , Gatsing Donatien , Djoukeng Jules Desire , Abou‐Mansour Eliane , Tabacchi Raphael , Tane Pierre , Stoeckli‐Evans H. , Lontsi David
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Farnesoid X‐Activated Receptor Antagonists from a Marine Sponge Spongia sp.
Authors: Nam Sang‐Jip , Ko Hyunsil , Shin Mihee , Ham Jungyeob , Chin Jungwook , Kim Youngshin , Kim Heeyoung , Shin Kyoungjin , Choi Hyukjae , Kang Heonjoong
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asparinins, Asparosides, Curillins, Curillosides and Shavatarins: Structural Clarification with the Isolation of Shatavarin V, a New Steroidal Saponin from the Root of Asparagus racemosus.
Authors: Hayes Patricia Y. , Jahidin Aisyah H. , Lehmann Reg , Penman Kerry , Kitching William , De Voss James J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effective Methods for the Synthesis of N‐Methyl β‐Amino Acids from All Twenty Common α‐Amino Acids Using 1,3‐Oxazolidin‐5‐ones and 1,3‐Oxazinan‐6‐ones.
Authors: Hughes Andrew B. , Sleebs Brad E.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Osmium‐Catalyzed Dihydroxylation of 1,2‐Dioxines: A New Entry for Stereoselective Sugar Synthesis.
Authors: Robinson Tony V. , Taylor Dennis K. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Potential 10E4 Tetrasaccharide Antigen Involved in Scrapie Pathogenesis.
Authors: Bindschaedler Pascal , Noti Christian , Castagnetti Eva , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Sulfonylation Method Enabling Direct Syntheses of Per(2‐O‐sulfonyl)‐β‐cyclodextrins.
Authors: Yu Hua , Teramoto Aya , Fukudome Makoto , Xie Ru‐Gang , Yuan De‐Qi , Fujita Kahee
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of per‐2,3‐Di‐O‐heptyl‐β and γ‐Cyclodextrins: A New Kind of Amphiphilic Molecules Bearing Hydrophobic Parts.
Authors: Badi Nezha , Jarroux Nathalie , Guegan Philippe
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of the 7,3′‐Linked Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid Ancistrocladidine.
Authors: Bungard Christopher J. , Morris Jonathan C.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐(3‐Amino‐3‐deoxy‐β‐D‐xylofuranosyl)thiazole‐4‐carboxamide: A New Tiazofurin Analogue with Potent Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Popsavin Mirjana , Spaic Sasa , Svircev Milos , Kojic Vesna , Bogdanovic Gordana , Popsavin Velimir
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oligonucleotides Containing 7‐Deaza‐2′‐deoxyxanthosine: Synthesis, Base Protection, and Base‐Pair Stability.
Authors: Seela Frank , Shaikh Khalil I.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Adociacetylene B.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Weiss Andrew H.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Syntheses of Mollugin.
Authors: Habonimana Pascal , Claessens Sven , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Apoptolidinone A: Synthesis of the Apoptolidin A (I) Aglycone.
Authors: Schuppan Julia , Wehlan Hermut , Keiper Sonja , Koert Ulrich
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cytotoxic Macrolides from a New Species of the Deep‐Water Marine Sponge Leiodermatium.
Authors: Sandler Joel S. , Colin Patrick L. , Kelly Michelle , Fenical William
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Atmospheric Pressure CVD of Molybdenum Diselenide Films on Glass.
Authors: Boscher Nicolas D. , Carmalt Claire J. , Palgrave Robert G. , Gil‐Tomas Jesus J. , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Substituted 5‐Benzyl‐2‐phenyl‐5H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridines: A New Class of Pestivirus Inhibitors.
Authors: Puerstinger Gerhard , Paeshuyse Jan , Herdewijn Piet , Rozenski Jef , De Clercq Erik , Neyts Johan
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fabrication of SOFC Electrodes by Impregnation Methods
Authors: Huang Yingyi , Vohs John M. , Gorte Raymond J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Assembly of Rigid‐Flexible Block Molecules into Organized Nano‐Structures
Authors: Ryu Ja‐Hyoung , Cho Byoung‐Ki , Lee Myongsoo
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry, Bioactivity and Geographical Diversity of Steroidal Alkaloids from the Liliaceae Family
Authors: Li Hui‐Jun , Jiang Yan , Li Ping
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring D 16,17‐Heteroanellated Estranes
Authors: Ribeiro Morais Goreti , Watanabe Masataka , Imai Masao , Yoshioka Naho , Matsumoto Tomohiro , Mataka Shuntaro , Thiemann Thies
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analytical and Safety Aspects of Organic Peroxides and Related Functional Groups
Authors: Zabicky Jacob
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Formation of Allylic Hydroperoxides via Singlet Oxygen Ene Reaction
Authors: Orfanopoulos Michael , Vougioukalakis Georgios C. , Stratakis Manolis
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Organic Reactions Using Mesostructured Materials
Authors: Chang Wonghil , Ahn Byoung Joon
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons Catalyzed by Iron‐Containing Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Wang Ye
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of O‐Linked Carbaoligosaccharides of Biological Interest
Authors: Ogawa Seiichiro , Kanto Miki
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Nitrobenzazoles. Part 1.
Authors: Larina Lyudmila I. , Lopyrev Valentin A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Study on the Highly Efficient Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of PET Radiopharmaceuticals for the Clinical Application
Authors: Nishijima Ken‐ichi
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Antidementia Drugs Related to Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Obara Yutaro
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Heterocycles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Addition
Authors: Zeni Gilson , Larock Richard C.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Scanning Near‐Field Photolithography — Surface Photochemistry with Nanoscale Spatial Resolution
Authors: Leggett Graham J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyphenol Oxidases in Plants and Fungi: Going Places? A Review
Authors: Mayer Alfred M.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Blueprint, Now Bricks: DNA as Construction Material on the Nanoscale
Authors: Pitchiaya Sethuramasundaram , Krishnan Yamuna
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Induction of Radio‐Resistance by Low Dose X‐Irradiation
Authors: Yonezawa Morio
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spectroscopic Probing and Diagnostics of the Geometric Structure of the Alkoxy and Alkylperoxy Radical Intermediates
Authors: Miller Terry A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Functional Characterization of Biological Macromolecules by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Akashi Satoko
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and its application in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mandal Pravat K.
Published: January 2007

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive tool to measure the chemical composition of tissues (in vivo) and characterize functional metabolic processes in different parts of the human organs. It provides vital biological information at the molecular level. Combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an integrated MRI/MRS examination provides anatomical structure, pathological function, and biochemical information about a living system. MRS provides a link between the biochemical alterations and the pathophysiology of disease. This article provides a comprehensive description of the MRS technique and its application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. This review is a primer for students and researchers seeking a firm theoretical understanding of MRS physics as well as its application in clinical AD research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 40–64, 2007.
Quinoline antimalarials as investigational drugs for HIV‐1/AIDS: in vitro effects on HIV‐1 replication, HIV‐1 response to antiretroviral drugs, and intracellular antiretroviral drug concentrations
Authors: Savarino Andrea , Lucia Mothanje B. , ter Heine Rob , Rastrelli Elena , Rutella Sergio , Majori Giancarlo , Huitema Alwin , Boelaert Johan R. , Cauda Roberto
Published: January 2007

In this study, the effects of the quinoline antimalarials, chloroquine and mefloquine, were tested on: (1) HIV‐1 replication; (2) virus response to existing antiretrovirals; (3) functional activity of drug efflux pumps; and (4) intracellular accumulation of antiretrovirals. Antiretroviral activity was evaluated using cells acutely infected with drug‐sensitive/resistant HIV‐1 isolates or retroviral vectors, chronically infected cell lines, and syncytium assays. Drug interactions were assessed isobolographically. Activity of efflux pumps was tested using specific fluorochromes. Antitretroviral concentrations were quantitated by HPLC. Results indicated that: (1) the antimalarials (mefloquine > chloroquine) inhibited the replication of drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant HIV‐1 at therapeutically achievable concentrations and specifically impaired the formation of fusion‐competent viral glycoproteins; (2) anti‐HIV‐1 effects were additive to those of zidovudine and nevirapine, and synergistic to those of lopinavir; (3) the antimalarials (mefloquine > chloroquine) inhibited the P‐glycoprotein, multidrug‐resistance‐associated proteins, and breast‐cancer resistance‐associated protein; (4) Chloroquine, but not mefloquine, increased lopinavir concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by approximately 5 (five)‐fold. Thus quinoline antimalarials inhibited HIV‐1 replication by a novel mechanism, resulting in additive or synergistic effects in combination with known antiretrovirals. These drugs may also have an impact on the cellular pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals. Drug Dev. Res. 67:806–817, 2006. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A green to red photoconvertible protein as an analyzing tool for early vertebrate development
Authors: Wacker Stephan A. , Oswald Franz , Wiedenmann Jörg , Knöchel Walter
Published: January 2007

Tracking of cells during early development of Xenopus laevis using the green‐to‐red photoconvertible protein EosFP. The GFP‐like fluorescent protein EosFP was recombinantly expressed in a bacterial system. The purified protein was microinjected in the 2 dorsal blastomeres at stage 3 (uppermost, left). Photoconversion of EosFP from the green to the red fluorescent form was induced in the right blastomere by irradiation with ˜420 nm‐light under the fluorescence microscope (second from above). The descending cells can be tracked by their red fluorescent during the following development. Injection of EosFP‐coding mRNA produces a gap in detectability for the time required for expression and maturation of the fluorescent protein. In contrast, microinjection of purified EosFP allows to exploit the benefits of regional optical marking immediately. See Wacker et al., Developmental Dynamics 236:473–480.
Optimization of spatiotemporal gene inactivation in mouse heart by oral application of tamoxifen citrate
Authors: Kiermayer Claudia , Conrad Marcus , Schneider Manuela , Schmidt Jörg , Brielmeier Markus
Published: January 2007

Inducible and tissue‐specific gene inactivation in mice has become a powerful tool to bypass embryonic and postnatal lethality of knockout mice. The most frequently used inducible system is based on Cre recombinase fused to either one or two mutated estrogen receptor ligand binding domains, thus rendering Cre function tamoxifen‐dependent. To achieve Cre‐mediated inactivation of a given gene, 4‐OH tamoxifen (4‐OHT) dissolved either in alcohol and/or oil is usually administered by repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. Since this procedure imposes considerable stress on mice, we compared the effect of tamoxifen citrate, mixed into a standard mouse diet at different concentrations, with that of i.p. administration of 4‐OHT on Cre‐mediated, heart‐specific inactivation of thioredoxin reductase 2. Here we show that tamoxifen citrate in the chow was equally effective as 4‐OHT given i.p. Oral tamoxifen administration is thus a convenient and cost‐saving way for gene induction, and, most importantly, it reduces stress and avoids adverse effects in mice. genesis 45:11–16, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Novel Vinylic P–Se Heterocycles from Selenation of Alkynes by [PhP(Se)(μ‐Se)]2
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Li Yang , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: January 2007

Eleven novel five‐membered PSe2C2 heterocycles have been synthesised from [PhP(Se)(μ‐Se)]2 (Woollins' reagent) and alkynes (one or two C≡C triple bonds) by insertion of a Ph(Se)PSe2 fragment into alkyne triple bonds. An unusual diselenide formed by an intramolecular cycloaddition/rearrangement is also reported. All compounds have been characterised spectroscopically and four demonstrative X‐ray crystal structures are reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Rapid Sequencing of Split‐and‐Mix Peptide Receptor Libraries – Identification of Binding Partners for Val‐Val‐Ile‐Ala in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Shepherd Jon , Langley G. John , Herniman Julie M. , Kilburn Jeremy D.
Published: January 2007

Split‐and‐mix peptide libraries have been encoded by capping cleavable, laddered sequences with p‐bromobenzoic acid, allowing rapid analysis of the cleaved ladder fragments by mass spectrometry. The encoding methodology has been applied to the synthesis of libraries of peptide receptors and a library of tripeptides functionalised with a bicyclic guanidinium unit has been successfully screened to identify binding partners for Val‐Val‐Ile‐Ala, the C‐terminal tetrapeptide sequence of the amyloid‐β protein, Aβ(1–42). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Ridgeway Conglomerate Formation of SW Wales, and its implications. The end of the Lower Old Red Sandstone?
Authors: Hillier Robert D. , Williams Brian P. J.
Published: January 2007

The Devonian Old Red Sandstone Ridgeway Conglomerate Formation crops out in Pembrokeshire, SW Wales. It was deposited as part of a dryland alluvial fan, axial fluvial valley deposystem. It conformably overlies the mid Lochkovian Freshwater West Formation and probably predates deposition of the Lower Cosheston Group Mill Bay Formation indicating an Early Devonian (latest Lochkovian to earliest Pragian) age, rather than a Middle Devonian age as suggested by previous workers. It therefore represents the youngest preserved formation of the Milford Haven Group south of the Ritec Fault. The Formation thickens drastically into the Ritec Fault, indicating its control on sedimentation. The half‐graben topography initiated deposition of a hangingwall alluvial fan that was sourced from a southerly Lower Palaeozoic/Precambrian provenance within the present‐day Bristol Channel. The Formation is heterolithic in nature, with deposits on the fan reflecting a mixture of processes. Conglomerates were deposited primarily by laterally extensive sheetfloods, and as bars in low‐relief, laterally accreted channels. Sandstones were also predominantly deposited by sheetfloods. Gritty mudrocks in comparison demonstrate deposition by cohesive debris flows.

The fan prograded northward and interfingered with a low‐gradient, high‐sinuosity fluvial channel system dominated by inclined and non‐inclined heterolithic stratification. Thinly laminated mudstone and sandstone interbeds were deposited in ephemeral fan‐toe and axial valley lakes that may have developed during sub‐humid climatic episodes. The lacustrine heterolithic association has associated matgrounds and possible ‘algal roll‐up’ structures. Calcretized peetee structures and root traces comprise a lake margin calcrete association.

Fan gravels prograded into the axial fluvial valley during periods of increased sediment flux that may represent semi‐arid conditions and/or episodes of tectonic activity. Calcretes of varying development were established in both the fan and axial valley zones. Calcretes with lower stages of development are more proximal to the Ritec Fault reflecting decreased soil residence times and high deposition rates within the axial valley. More strongly developed soil profiles on the fan may indicate sequence boundaries associated with low sediment flux, or increased soil residence time due to active fan‐channel migration (the pedofacies concept). Groundwater calcretes have sharp‐based and layer‐bound calcrete profiles. Gully‐bed cements are locally developed within the fan gravels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time series decomposition of groundwater level changes in wells due to the Chi‐Chi earthquake in Taiwan: a possible hydrological precursor to earthquakes
Authors: Gau Hwa‐Sheng , Chen Ting‐Chien , Chen Jui‐Sheng , Liu Chen‐Wuing
Published: January 2007

The largest and most disastrous earthquake in Taiwan (Mw: 7·3) in the 20th century, the Chi‐Chi earthquake, hit central Taiwan at 01:47 local time on September 21, 1999. The groundwater level changes were rapid at that time. Studies have found that the rapid change in groundwater levels was a co‐seismic phenomenon. This work analyzes the possibility that the abnormal change in groundwater levels may have occurred before the earthquake. Three well stations with a total of five wells are considered. They are all near the Che‐Lung‐Pu fault, which caused the Chi‐Chi earthquake. The time series decomposition method was applied to decompose the seasonal groundwater level, the trend in groundwater levels, and the period of the change in the groundwater level. Residual groundwater levels were found by subtracting the determined seasonal, trend and period data from corresponding data for the original groundwater level. The computed residual water levels in July, August and September of 1999, were transformed into a frequency spectrum by a Fourier method. Additionally, the effects of barometric pressures on the groundwater level changes were also evaluated. Analytical results show that the spectral density functions of the irregular groundwater level in the confined aquifer at the Chu‐Shan well in September behaved differently from those in July and August. We posit that a pre‐seismic hydrogeological anomaly may have existed before the Chi‐Chi earthquake, and can be considered in future studies of anomalies associated with earthquakes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological and salinity impacts of a bio‐drainage strategy application in the Yizre'el Valley, Israel
Authors: Gafni Avi , Zohar Yechiel
Published: January 2007

The bio‐drainage–commercial forestry strategy was applied in five plots in the Yizre'el Valley, northern Israel, to evaluate the hydrological and salinity impacts of eucalypt plantations. Each plot contained a mix of 11 selected eucalyptus species/ecotypes. Two plots (Nahalal and Genigar), representing the two extreme waterlogging/salinity conditions in the valley, were selected for in‐depth monitoring over a 10‐year period to assess the likely environmental improvement through bio‐drainage. Despite impressive growth rates of genetically improved Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the year‐round waterlogged, slightly saline Nahalal site (650 mm annual rainfall), the water uptake by the trees was insufficient to control the rising water table caused by excessive water inputs, both natural and human. In the more saline, alkaline and drier Genigar plot (450 mm annual rainfall), where rainfall is the only water input, the ground water dropped to below 3 m from soil surface in the fourth year after planting, i.e. deeper than the adjacent ground water levels. Both sites showed appreciable rise in wells that penetrated the 3‐ to 4‐m confining layer. The 10‐year salinity (EC) trend of the top layer in Nahalal varied because the drainage was limited by the positive water balance and the above‐average spells of dry winters. In and below the 4 m deep layer the EC remained below 1·5 dS m−1 throughout the entire 10‐year study. The last EC measurement, taken in 2003, showed values not higher than 4 dS m−1 throughout the 6 m soil profile. In Genigar, there was significant leaching of salts from the top layer (1 m) during the 9‐year monitoring period, but recently a salts ‘bulge’ was gradually developed in the 1–5 m strata indicating that the expected downward movement of leached salts was impeded by the 3–4 m deep low‐permeability clayey layer that lies over a coarser, far more conductive and notably confined layer, which leads to a perched water body. The last EC measurement at the end of 2003 showed a maximum value of 5·5 dS m−1 at 3 m depth. No signs of tree stress were observed in either site, at any soil depth during the 10 years of monitoring. Theoretical considerations do not support the hypothesis that there would be a fatal long‐term accumulation of salts in the root zone. The Israeli experience has shown that the bio‐drainage technique can effectively lower a shallow water table and reverse salinity trends, provided that the overall water balance is negative, i.e. that the water inputs match the water use by the tree plantation and local drainage characteristics. However, the rate of improvement of the hydraulic, salinity, sodicity and soil physical properties is site specific. Excess fresh water inputs into the plantation, although they create waterlogging conditions, supply unlimited water to the trees, which, in turn, show exceptional growth rates, with usable commercial value. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is North and Southeast Asia becoming a yen block?
Authors: Kearney Colm , Muckley Cal
Published: January 2007

We examine the evidence of an emerging yen block in North and Southeast Asia using up to 27 years of weekly data on 9 bilateral yen exchange rates. The exchange rate returns are modelled in response to variations in their US dollar, German mark, and UK pound effective counterparts using a general‐to‐specific dynamic estimation strategy. We also investigate the pattern of regional trade integration over time. The results suggest increasing intra‐regional trade integration, particularly regarding Japanese trade integration with the region. They also indicate the decreasing influence of the US dollar in terms of magnitude, the German mark in terms of scope and the UK pound in terms of both magnitude and scope with respect to exchange rate determination in the region. These findings are consistent with an emerging yen influence although not a de facto yen block. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative emotionality, attachment quality, and behavior problems in early childhood
Authors: Pauli‐Pott Ursula , Haverkock Antje , Pott Wilfried , Beckmann Dieter
Published: January 2007

Negative emotionality, as well as attachment security and disorganization, are seen as major contributors to social adjustment and maladjustment in childhood. However, relatively little is known about whether infant negative emotionality and attachment quality operate together to affect developing behavior problems. The present study thus aims to contribute to this question. Participants were 64 healthy firstborn children and their primary caregivers. Negative emotionality was assessed at the infant ages of 4, 8, and 12 months using laboratory routines. At 18 months, the Strange Situation procedure was conducted to assess infant attachment security and disorganization, and at 30 months, the child's behavior problems were assessed within a structured clinical interview. Attachment security and attachment disorganization were significantly associated with subsequent behavior problems. There was no significant relation between infant negative emotionality and behavior problems. However, there were indications of a stronger association between attachment disorganization and behavior problems in infants high in negative emotionality. The results underpin the importance of attachment quality as well as negative emotionality in social adjustment. Disorganized attachment precedes poor adjustment, especially in infants high in negative emotionality.
Ligularia fischeri leaf extract prevents the oxidative stress in DBA/1J mice with type II collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Choi Eun‐Mi
Published: January 2007

The generation of free radicals has been implicated in the causation of several diseases and compounds that can scavenge free radicals have great potential in ameliorating these disease processes. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible antioxidant potential of Ligularia fischeri leaves on collagen type II induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mice. Ligularia fischeri extracts (100 and 200 mg kg−1) were orally administered to DBA/1J mice once daily for 49 days after initial immunization with type II collagen. The levels of oxidant products and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in the serum and organs obtained at day 50. The induction of arthritis significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and kidney, and oxidized proteins such as protein carbonyl (PCO) and advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) in the serum, liver, spleen and kidney. Oral administration of Ligularia fischeri extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg kg−1 reduced the levels of MDA in the serum and kidney, and PCO and AGE in the serum, liver, and kidney compared with CIA mice. Moreover, treatment with Ligularia fischeri extract dose‐dependently increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the spleen compared with CIA mice. These results suggest that Ligularia fischeri exerts antioxidant actions in the CIA mouse model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of acute toxicity of fenitrothion on guppies Poecilia reticulata
Authors: Sarikaya Rabia , Selvi Mahmut , Koçak Oner , Erkoç Figen
Published: January 2007

Fenitrothion, an organophosphothionate insecticide (CAS number: 122‐14‐5) and potential toxic pollutant contaminating aquatic ecosystems, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity. Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) were selected for the bioassay experiments. The experiments were repeated three times and the 96 h LC50 was determined for the guppies. The static test method of acute toxicity test was used. The water temperature was regulated at 23 ± 1 °C. In addition, behavioral changes at each fenitrothion concentration were observed for the individual fish. Data obtained from the fenitrothion acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the probit analysis statistical method. The 96 h LC50 value for guppy was estimated as 3.28 mg l−1. Values in the range of µg l−1 and mg l−1 have been reported for various other fish species. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VDR‐mediated inhibition of DKK1 and SFRP2 suppresses adipogenic differentiation of murine bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Cianferotti Luisella , Demay Marie B.
Published: January 2007

Osteoblasts and adipocytes are thought to derive from a common bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) precursor. Activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the differentiation of BMSCs along either of these two lineages, promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis. Liganded nuclear receptors, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), can also affect BMSCs differentiation. To address whether VDR ablation modulates the differentiation of BMSCs into the osteoblast or adipogenic lineages, BMSCs were isolated from VDR null mice and from their wild‐type littermates. VDR ablation did not alter osteoblastic differentiation. However, when cultured under adipogenic conditions, BMSCs from the VDR null mice expressed higher mRNA levels of PPARγ and of markers of adipogenic differentiation. An increase in the size and number of mature adipocyte foci was also observed in cultures isolated from VDR null mice relative to those isolated from wild‐type mice. To address whether the increased adipogenesis observed in the VDR null cultures was associated with inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, mRNA levels for DKK1 and SFRP2 were examined. Cultures from the VDR null mice expressed higher levels of mRNA encoding DKK1 and SFRP2 than did the wild‐type cultures. This difference is, at least in part, due to ligand‐dependent actions of the VDR, since 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppressed DKK1 and SFRP2 expression in wild‐type cultures. Thus, the VDR inhibits adipogenesis of BMSCs at least in part by suppressing the expression of inhibitors of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 80–88, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of hyperthermia on TRAIL‐induced apoptotic death in human colon cancer cells: Development of a novel strategy for regional therapy
Authors: Yoo Jinsang , Lee Yong J.
Published: January 2007

Approximately 25% of patients with colorectal cancer will develop metastatic disease exclusively or largely confined to the liver, and the vast majority of these cases are not amenable to surgical resection. These unresectable cases of liver metastatic disease can be treated with isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP), which involves a method of complete vascular isolation of the liver to allow treatment of liver tumors with toxic systemic doses of chemotherapeutic agents. To improve the efficacy of IHP, hyperthermia and biological agents have been applied along with the chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we investigated whether hyperthermia in combination with tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) enhances mortality in human colorectal carcinoma CX‐1 cells. Cells were treated with various concentrations of TRAIL (0–200 ng/ml) at various temperatures (40–46°C) for 1 h and further incubated at 37°C in the presence of TRAIL. We observed that hyperthermia at 42–43°C effectively promoted TRAIL‐induced apoptosis, as indicated by cell death, poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and activation of caspase‐8, ‐9, and ‐3. In contrast, hyperthermia at 45–46°C suppressed TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. We also observed that mild hyperthermia, but not acute hyperthermia, promoted cytochrome c release during treatment with TRAIL. Our data suggest that promotion of cytochrome c release during mild hyperthermia is responsible for the enhancement of TRAIL cytotoxicity. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 619–630, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of N‐linked glycosylation sites in human nephrin using mass spectrometry
Authors: Khoshnoodi Jamshid , Hill Salisha , Tryggvason Karl , Hudson Billy , Friedman David B.
Published: January 2007

Nephrin is a type‐1 transmembrane glycoprotein and the first identified principal component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Ten potential asparagine (N)‐linked glycosylation sites have been predicted within the ectodomain of nephrin. However, it is not known which of these potential sites are indeed glycosylated and what type of glycans are involved. In this work, we have identified the terminal sugar residues on the ectodomain of human nephrin and utilized a straightforward and reliable mass spectrometry‐based approach to selectively identify which of the ten predicted sites are glycosylated. Purified recombinant nephrin was subjected to peptide‐N‐glycosidase F (PNGase F) to enzymatically remove all the N‐linked glycans. Since PNGase F is an amidase, the asparagine residues from which the glycans have been removed are deaminated to aspartic acid residues, resulting in an increase in the peptide mass with 1 mass unit. Following trypsin digestion, deglycosylated tryptic peptides were selectively identified by MALDI‐TOF MS and their sequence was confirmed by tandem TOF/TOF. The 1 Da increase in peptide mass for each asparagine‐to‐aspartic acid conversion, along with preferential cleavage of the amide bond carboxyl‐terminal to aspartic acid residues in peptides where the charge is immobilized by an arginine residue, was used as a diagnostic signature to identify the glycosylated peptides. Thus, nine of ten potential glycosylation sites in nephrin were experimentally proven to be modified by N‐linked glycosylation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of genotype, maturity stage and post‐harvest storage on phenolic compounds, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity, of Andean mashua tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón)
Authors: Chirinos Rosana , Campos David , Arbizu Carlos , Rogez Hervé , Rees Jean‐François , Larondelle Yvan , Noratto Giuliana , Cisneros‐Zevallos Luis
Published: January 2007

The total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavan 3‐ols, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón) tubers from 10 yellow and purple cultivars were determined at different maturity stages (5–7.5 months after planting) and sunning post‐harvest storage periods (7–35 days). Both the antioxidant capacity (ORAC and ABTS assays) and the content of the bioactive compounds tested varied markedly between cultivars. Purple varieties reached the highest antioxidant capacity during tuber development (271–446 µmol Trolox equiv g−1 DM, ORAC assay). The kinetics of accumulation or disappearance of the bioactive compounds tested during maturation was dependent both on the cultivar and on the compound considered. For anthocyanins, there was a marked increase during maturation in all the purple cultivars. During the sunning post‐harvest storage, the changes in antioxidant capacity (ABTS assay) and content of the bioactive compounds tested also varied between cultivars. A marked decrease in anthocyanins was observed for the anthocyanin‐containing cultivars. In general, the correlation between antioxidant capacity and the content of bioactive compounds varied markedly between cultivars. Antioxidant capacity in purple varieties correlated with total phenolics or flavan 3‐ols while only in some yellow varieties antioxidant capacity correlated with total phenolics. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of the performances of different fermentation strategies on cell growth and bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI‐B28
Authors: Ghalfi Hakim , Benkerroum Noreddine , Doguiet Dalié D , Delvigne Frank , Thonart Philippe
Published: January 2007

The dynamics of cell growth and bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI‐B28 in modified De Man/Rogosa/Sharp (mMRS) broth with various concentrations of glucose and complex nitrogen source (CNS; peptone, yeast extract and meat extract) was investigated in flask fermentations and in a laboratory fermentor using batch and fed‐batch cultivations. In fed‐batch fermentation the rate of feeding of the reactor with the substrates was either maintained constant (0.12 L h−1) or varied exponentially as a function of time. The results showed that both cell growth and bacteriocin activity were influenced by changes in the concentrations of glucose and CNS. Optimal growth and bacteriocin activity were obtained in mMRS broth containing 40 g L−1 glucose and 40 g L−1 CNS (mMRS40/40). A bacteriocin titre of 4266 AU mL−1 and a cell count of 8.7 log colony‐forming units (cfu) mL−1 were recorded when this medium was used for cultivation. In batch fermentation using the same medium, a higher cell count (9.5 log cfu mL−1) and twice as much bacteriocin as in flask fermentation were produced. The highest bacteriocin titre (8533 AU mL−1) was obtained with fed‐batch fermentation at an exponentially varying rate of feeding. Bacteriocin activity and cell dry mass did not always correlate. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid profiles of English cider apples
Authors: Marks Serena C , Mullen William , Crozier Alan
Published: January 2007

The phenolics in 20 apple cultivars comprising 19 English cider apple varieties and one dessert apple variety were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The cider varieties contained higher levels than the dessert apple and the peel was richer in phenolics than the flesh. The phenolic concentrations ranged between 230 and 4920 mg kg−1 fresh weight in the flesh and between 546 and 6306 mg kg−1 fresh weight in the peel. Fifteen compounds from five different phenolic groups, flavan‐3‐ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamates and dihydrochalcones, were detected. The major components in the flesh were 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, procyanidin B2 and (−)‐epicatechin, while (−)‐epicatechin and quercetin glycosides predominated in the peel. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of corrosion‐assisted stress crack growth rate in 304L stainless steel welds
Authors: Díaz‐Sánchez A. , Castaño V. M.
Published: January 2007

The corrosion assisted stress crack growth rate of 304L stainless steel welds, was determined by the rising displacement test method. The experiments were carried out in a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) environment, using a refreshed autoclave loop system at 288 °C and 8 MPa of pressure. Pre‐fatigued CT specimens were used and the crack length was monitored by the potential drop technique. After testing, fractographical analysis and measurement of the initial and final crack length were made. The displacement rates of 3.6 and 2.37 μm/h allowed the initiation and propagation of cracks by stress corrosion cracking, and the test results agree with the crack growth rate values determined with another method. The fracture surfaces are evidence of stress corrosion crack propagation with a transgranular appearance in some cases and transgranular with localized areas of intergranular propagation in others.
The impact of corrosion on the mechanical behavior of steel undergoing plastic deformation
Authors: Apostolopoulos Ch. Alk. , Michalopoulos D.
Published: January 2007

In the present study the influence of the degree of plastic strain, due to various levels of plastic deformation during bending, on the mechanical properties of class BSt 500s tempcore steel was investigated, under various levels of salt spray corrosion. The resulted mass loss was of realistic levels and comparable to the one created by natural environmental causes. The results showed that even though an increase in plastic deformation resulted in an expected marginal increase in strength properties, it had a negative effect in ductility. The international community has not reached a consensus yet concerning the minimum required bending roll diameter, for stirrup production, which ranges between 4–10 times the diameter of the steel bar to be bent. It was also shown that this combination is crucial since strain fractures were recorded under the minimum required values set by the most current design guide‐lines and design oriented research. The results of this investigation are intended to offer an in depth understanding of the impact of the underestimated factor of corrosion on the mechanical properties of steel undergoing plastic deformation in corrosive environments and to show the need of re‐examination of existing codes.
Nonstandard models that are definable in models of Peano Arithmetic
Authors: Ikeda Kazuma , Tsuboi Akito
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we investigate definable models of Peano Arithmetic PA in a model of PA. For any definable model N without parameters in a model M, we show that N is isomorphic to M if M is elementary extension of the standard model and N is elementarily equivalent to M. On the other hand, we show that there is a model M and a definable model N with parameters in M such that N is elementarily equivalent to M but N is not isomorphic to M. We also show that there is a model M and a definable model N with parameters in M such that N is elementarily equivalent to M, and N is isomorphic to M, but N is not definably isomorphic to M. And also, we give a generalization of Tennenbaum's theorem. At the end, we give a new method to construct a definable model by a refinement of Kotlarski's method. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)