bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambipolar diarylnitroxides: Molecular design and electrochemical testing
Authors: Magdesieva Tatiana
Published: January 2022

Possible approaches to molecular design of stable diarylnitroxyl radicals capable to form sufficiently stable cations and anions under one‐electron oxidation and reduction are discussed. Both covalent and noncovalent stabilizing “tools” are considered. The main focus is made on the dynamic stabilization of oppositely charged redox states of a molecule through conformational changes. The efficiency of the approaches was confirmed on a wide range of novel diarylnitroxides designed accordingly to the suggested guidelines. Spectral and quantum‐chemical data support fast conformational changes accompanying electron transfer steps and facilitating stabilization of the cationic and anionic species. Voltammetric study of new compounds revealed the formation of reversible redox couples in both anodic and cathodic areas for the majority of nitroxides making them suitable for practical application.
Impacts of raindrops increase particle sedimentation in a sheet flow
Authors: Nouhou Bako Amina , Cottenot Lionel , Courtemanche Pierre , Lucas Carine , James François , Darboux Frédéric
Published: January 2022

Interrill erosion is driven by raindrops and sheet flow. Raindrop impacts cause sediment detachment and splash, but can also affect flow transport. Even if these processes have been studied for long, the actual effect of raindrop impacts on particle settling velocities has not been experimentally assessed. This leads to unconstrained adjustments in the soil erosion models, the settling velocity of particles being a freely adjustable parameter allowing for better fitting the particle flux measured at the outlet. To address the effect of raindrop impacts on the settling of particles in sheet flow, a laboratory flume experiment was designed, using an upstream feeder of sediment (100–200 μm) and simulated rainfalls. It reproduced conditions close to sheet flow, while not allowing for the detachment of particles from the flume bottom. Two series of experiments were run: a series with a high rainfall intensity (175 mm/h) generated by an oscillating‐nozzle rainfall simulator, and a series with lower rainfall intensities (10, 15, 25, 35, 55 mm/h) generated by a drop‐former rainfall simulator. When a rainfall was applied, it systematically decreased the sediment concentration at the outflow compared to the no rain condition; however, no obvious relationship was found with the rainfall intensity. This shows that raindrop impacts increase particle settling velocities in sheet flow. Two underlying mechanisms are suggested, related to the momentum of the raindrops or to the turbulence caused by the raindrops into the flow. Further studies should be carried out, using computational fluid dynamics and collaboration with the fluid mechanics community.
Disturbance and valley confinement: Controls on floodplain large wood and organic matter jam deposition in the Colorado Front Range, USA
Authors: Guiney Molly R. , Lininger Katherine B.
Published: January 2022

Organic matter dynamics (entrainment, transport, deposition) can influence ecogeomorphic complexity in rivers. However, the depositional controls on downed large wood (LW) and coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) on floodplains have rarely been assessed. We investigate the influence of different disturbance histories, as well as geomorphology and forest stand density, on the deposition of LW and CPOM accumulations, or jams, between two adjacent drainages (West Creek, North Fork Big Thompson) in the semi‐arid Colorado Front Range, USA. Both basins recently experienced an extreme flood, but West Creek experienced a larger flood peak as well as a recent upstream fire. We also analyse jam fabric (LW piece orientation) between floodplain and in‐channel jam types. We measured LW and CPOM jams on the North Fork to compute jam frequencies (jams ha−1) and loads (volume per area; m3 ha−1), and we compare these data to a previously published dataset from West Creek. Average floodplain LW jam frequencies (70.4 jams ha−1) and loads (678.6 m3 ha−1) on West Creek were significantly higher than on the North Fork (frequency: 14.8 jams ha−1; load: 94.3 m3 ha−1). Average floodplain CPOM jam frequencies (West Creek: 19.0 jams ha−1; North Fork: 15.1 jams ha−1) and loads (West Creek: 10.70 m3 ha−1; North Fork: 9.98 m3 ha−1) were not significantly different between basins. A larger flood peak, likely enhanced by a recent upstream fire and a more confined valley bottom, resulted in greater deposition of LW jams on West Creek compared to the North Fork. Geomorphic characteristics, such as valley confinement and slope, also influence jam frequencies and loads. Floodplain jam types oriented parallel to the stream were significantly different than other jam types. This work will inform river restoration efforts using wood and organic matter and provide insight on the transport and depositional processes influencing floodplain LW jam formation.
Extended distribution of Litsea keralana Kosterm. (Lauraceae) – an endemic and threatened species of the Western Ghats
Authors: Babu Kanda Naveen , Kurian Ayushi , Narayanan Ayyappan , Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy
Published: January 2022

Litsea keralana Kosterm. (Lauraceae), an endemic and threatened species is newly reported from Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (BRTTR), Karnataka state. Hitherto, this species is known from Kerala and Tamil Nadu of the southern Western Ghats. The present study confirms the range extension of the species to further north towards Karnataka in the easternmost tip of the Western Ghats, as there were no reports on the occurrence of this species from this state. A detailed description of the species, field photographs, scanned herbarium specimen, and a distribution map are provided. The occurrence of just one individual in close proximity to the coffee estate in BRTTR deserves total protection.
Plasticity impairment exposes CA3 vulnerability in a hippocampal network model of mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Schumm Samantha N. , Gabrieli David , Meaney David F.
Published: January 2022

Proper function of the hippocampus is critical for executing cognitive tasks such as learning and memory. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other neurological disorders are commonly associated with cognitive deficits and hippocampal dysfunction. Although there are many existing models of individual subregions of the hippocampus, few models attempt to integrate the primary areas into one system. In this work, we developed a computational model of the hippocampus, including the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1. The subregions are represented as an interconnected neuronal network, incorporating well‐characterized ex vivo slice electrophysiology into the functional neuron models and well‐documented anatomical connections into the network structure. In addition, since plasticity is foundational to the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory as well as necessary for studying adaptation to injury, we implemented spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity among the synaptic connections. Our model mimics key features of hippocampal activity, including signal frequencies in the theta and gamma bands and phase‐amplitude coupling in area CA1. We also studied the effects of spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity impairment, a potential consequence of TBI, in our model and found that impairment decreases broadband power in CA3 and CA1 and reduces phase coherence between these two subregions, yet phase‐amplitude coupling in CA1 remains intact. Altogether, our work demonstrates characteristic hippocampal activity with a scaled network model of spiking neurons and reveals the sensitive balance of plasticity mechanisms in the circuit through one manifestation of mild traumatic injury.
Development of multimodal micro‐endoscopic system with oblique illumination for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of oral cancer
Authors: Thapa Pramila , Singh Veena , Bhatt Sunil , Tayal Shilpa , Mann Priyanka , Maurya Kiran , Mishra Deepika , Mehta Dalip Singh
Published: January 2022

Multimodality of an optical system implies the use of one or more optical techniques to improve the system's overall performance and maximum utility. In this article, we demonstrate a multimodal system with oblique illumination that combines two different techniques; fluorescence micro‐endoscopy and spectroscopy simultaneously and can be utilized to obtain diverse information from the same location of biological sample. In present system, use of graded index (GRIN) rod‐lens makes it highly compact and oblique incidence decouples illumination geometry with collection geometry, preventing CCD cameras from saturation and reduces number of optical elements, thereby making system further miniaturized and field‐portable. It also overcomes the disadvantages of undesired reflections from different optical elements. The experimental results of simultaneous imaging and spectroscopy of the biological samples are presented along with quantitative spectroscopic parameters; peak wavelength shift, area under the curve and full width half maximum (FWHM). The spatial resolution, spectral resolution and field of view of the system are found to be 4.38 μm, 0.5 nm and , respectively. Furthermore, we have obtained the red shift for cancerous oral tissue with respect to normal oral tissue 5.79 ± 1.071 nm. This could be important indicator for oral cancer screening.
Comparison of centrifugal and membrane filtration modalities on therapeutic plasma exchange
Authors: Keklik Muzaffer , Çelik Serhat , Yıldızhan Esra
Published: January 2022

Background

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a technique in which plasma is separated from the rest of the blood in an extracorporeal system and exchanged with appropriate fluids. Two main methods are used in the TPE process: membrane filtration (mTPE) and centrifuge‐based (cTPE) TPE. We aimed to compare the efficacy of these methods and their effects on hemostatic parameters.

Methods

A total of 88 TPE procedures performed on 51 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Hemostatic parameters, such as pre‐ and postoperative complete blood count, fibrinogen, and D‐dimer levels were evaluated, as well as data recorded during the TPE application, such as preparation time, operation time, and plasma removal efficiency (PRE). The Fresenius multiFiltrate, software version 5.3 device was used for the mTPE procedure and the Spectra Optia device was used for cTPE.

Results

While both modalities removed similar amounts of plasma, the total time to perform the cTPE treatment was significantly lower than the mTPE (107 [66‐191] min vs 116.5 [80‐181] min, respectively) (P = .026). At the PRE rate, the mTPE procedure was as effective as cTPE (86.8% ± 16.3 vs 85.15% ± 17.63 respectively, P = .64). The difference was not statistically significant, and this is the highest rate of PRE reported about the mTPE procedure in the literature.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study directly comparing Fresenius and Spectra regarding mTPE and cTPE. While there were no statistically significant differences regarding PRE, treatment time of the mTPE was significantly longer than the cTPE treatment time.
Framing an intervention as focused on one's strength: Does framing enhance therapeutic benefit?
Authors: Murphy Samuel T. , Cheavens Jennifer S. , Strunk Daniel R.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

A capitalization approach to enhancing client skills in cognitive behavioral interventions is focused on enhancing skills that represent relative strengths. This approach may bolster outcomes because the targeted skills are those that clients can most effectively use to recover from negative moods. Alternatively, the benefits might be due to client attitudes about these skills, such as their confidence that they can use these skills effectively.

Methods

In an unselected sample of 616 undergraduates, we randomized to one of two brief interventions (a cognitive or mindfulness intervention) and one of two framing conditions (framing the intervention as focusing on a relative strength or a weakness), resulting in four conditions. Participants were then asked to use the skill targeted in their intervention to recover from a sad mood induction.

Results

Framing conditions did not differ on expectations of benefit from sustained use of an intervention but did differ on mood recovery. Participants told that the intervention focused on a strength recovered more quickly following the mood induction. There was no difference between the skill interventions.

Discussion

Our finding suggests intervention framing positively contributes to the effects of strengths focused treatments, though perhaps not by enhancing treatment expectations.
The daunting task of fighting HIV in Afghanistan: Current evidence and future recommendations
Authors: Mousavi Sayed Hamid , Qaderi Shohra , Ahmadi Attaullah , Arman Sayed Ibrahim , Ahmad Shoaib , Kareemzai Malyar
Published: January 2022

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), like any other disease, has created great worry in Afghanistan. The country's slew of issues has paved the way for HIV to spread and go unchecked. International groups have banded together to stop the virus's spread since the first case was confirmed in Afghanistan. The cumulative effects of international collaboration have aided in the reduction of cases and improved awareness. Because of their injection use, a large portion of the country's population has been classified as a vulnerable category for HIV infection. Awareness campaigns and international collaboration should be implemented to further limit the spread of HIV.
The effectiveness of mRNA‐1273 vaccine against COVID‐19 caused by Delta variant: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kow Chia S. , Ramachandram Dinesh S. , Hasan Syed S.
Published: January 2022

We aimed to perform meta‐analyses to summarize the overall effectiveness of the mRNA‐1273 vaccine against COVID‐19 caused by the Delta variant from real‐world studies. A systematic literature search with no language restriction was performed in electronic databases to identify eligible observational studies that reported the effectiveness of the mRNA‐1273 vaccine to prevent reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) confirmed COVID‐19 caused by Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 (B.1.617.2). A random‐effects meta‐analysis model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI), and the vaccine effectiveness was indicated as (pooled OR − 1)/OR. Five studies were included for this systematic review and meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis revealed that the administration of mRNA‐1273 vaccine protected against RT‐PCR confirmed COVID‐19 caused by Delta variant ≥21 days post first dose, with pooled vaccine effectiveness of 66% (95% CI: 65%–67%), as well as ≥14 days after the second dose, with pooled vaccine effectiveness of 91% (95% CI: 84%–95%). In conclusion, the mRNA‐1273 vaccine offers a substantial protection rate against RT‐PCR confirmed COVID‐19 caused by the Delta variant upon full vaccination, although with slightly reduced effectiveness relative to other strains of SARS‐CoV‐2.
My knowledge: The negative impact of territorial feelings on employee's own innovation through knowledge hiding
Authors: Guo Mengyao , Brown Graham , Zhang Lihua
Published: January 2022

Innovation is critical for organizational success but innovation often depends on employee's willingness to share, which they surprisingly are not always willing to do despite potential negative costs to the individuals who hide information. Drawing on psychological ownership theory, we explain how knowledge engenders territorial feelings and leads employees to hide knowledge. Using social exchange theory, we explain how certain types of knowledge hiding behavior negatively impact the hider by reducing their own innovation. To explore potential mitigating factors, we proposed that affect‐based trust alleviates the relationship between territorial feelings and knowledge hiding and buffers the harmful effect of territorial feelings on innovative behavior. We tested the model in two studies: a pilot study of 133 full‐time employees (Study 1) and a two‐wave investigation of 30 supervisors and 240 employees (Study 2). Results revealed that (a) territorial feelings positively influenced evasive hiding and playing dumb but not rationalized hiding, (b) evasive hiding and playing dumb mediated the link between territorial feelings and innovative behavior, (c) affect‐based trust moderated the relationship between territorial feelings and evasive hiding as well as the indirect effects of territorial feelings on employee innovative behavior via evasive hiding. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Diurnal climatology of correlations between the planetary boundary layer height and surface meteorological factors over the contiguous United States
Authors: Xi Xingya , Zhang Yuanjie , Gao Zhiqiu , Yang Yuanjian , Zhou Shaohui , Duan Zexia , Yin Jian
Published: January 2022

The correlations between the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and surface meteorological factors, including the surface wind speed (RWS), temperature (RTS), specific humidity (RSH), pressure (RPS), and lower tropospheric stability (RLTS), are investigated using hourly profiles from the Aircraft Meteorological Data Reports at 54 major airports over the contiguous United States (CONUS) and surface observations from weather stations. At the diurnal cycle, the RWS and RTS are positive and the RPS and RLTS are negative across the CONUS, while the RSH is negative over most areas but tends to be positive in the inland humid region. At the annual cycle, the correlations show significant diurnal variations that cannot be well captured by routine twice‐daily radiosonde data. The RWS is significantly positive at night but less significant during the daytime over most regions. The RTS and RSH are positive and the RPS and RLTS are negative at the daytime, which are of the opposite sign at the nighttime, with exceptions in some coastal areas. The diurnal variations of the correlations at the annual cycle also exhibit significant geographic variability, with the diurnal variation generally stronger in central eastern humid areas, weaker in some coastal areas, and moderate in relatively arid or mountain areas. This study highlights that the correlations between the PBLH and meteorological variables depend on the thermal stratification and are affected by the local hydrological and synoptic factors.
Machine learning‐based analysis and prediction of the interfacial corrosion processes of copper cathode plates during the electrolytic production of copper powders
Authors: Zhou Youzhi , Lin Pengcheng , Ke Xin , Hu Qiang , Shi Qi , Zhang Jingguo , Wang Zhong , Wang Limin
Published: January 2022

Present efforts to support the essential industrial‐scale electrolytic production of copper‐based metal powders urgently require approaches to the real‐time predicting of corrosion of copper cathodes employed in electrolytic production processes. However, current approaches are extremely limited owing to the difficulty of accurately modeling the complex cathode corrosion process. In this study, the corrosion process under different parameters was analyzed by a self‐designed continuous electrolytic corrosion experimental device, clarify the influence mechanism of current density on the corrosion of the solid–liquid–gas interface area, and addresses this issue by applying a random forest machine learning approach based on three process parameters, including the electrolyte temperature, liquid‐level fluctuation cycle period, and current density. The dataset employed in the model is obtained using a novel experimental corrosion test method based on electrode arrays. The experimental results include the corrosion rates of copper cathode plates at different positions relative to the liquid electrolyte level during the electrolysis process. The resulting stochastic model is demonstrated to obtain a high prediction accuracy of 97% for the various regions of copper cathode plates defined according to liquid electrolyte level.
Modeling and Numerical Studies of Three‐Dimensional Conically Shaped Microwells Using Non‐Uniform Photolithography
Authors: Manzoor Ahmad Ali , Hwang Dae Kun
Published: January 2022

Conical microwells have found a wide range of applications such as in cancer diagnostics, cell spheroid formation, and three‐dimensional oncology models. Numerous microengineered fabrication techniques have been developed for the formation of such conically shaped microwells. Among many, non‐uniform photolithography (NUPL) in a PDMS microfluidic channel with a glass substrate, can be used to create polymeric microwells with tapered‐bottom and parabolic curvatures. Here, the parabolic well formation of microwells is numerically investigated using NUPL to better understand its key mechanisms. Temporal and spatial free‐radical diffusion are incorporated into the modeling of photopolymerization. In addition, the 3D‐shape tuning ability of NUPL is modeled for the synthesis of microwells through a variation of UV light intensity induced by the presence of opaque materials. The model and simulation results predict the time‐evolution of microwell formation with parabolic well features. The effects of the conical shape‐tuning parameters are numerically determined, i.e., the aspect ratio of the well diameter to channel height and the non‐uniformity of UV light intensity on the microwell depth and parabolic curvature. Numerical work provides meaningful insights into NUPL to optimize and design polymeric microwells with shape features tuned to their application.
A total‐strain based orthotropic continuum model for the cyclic nonlinear behavior of unreinforced brick masonry structures
Authors: Sousamli Marianthi , Messali Francesco , Rots Jan G.
Published: January 2022

Plane‐stress and shell macromodels are often preferred to analyze masonry structures because of their numerical efficiency. However, they often misestimate the hysteretic behavior of the structures. Additionally, due to the nature of smeared cracks, the cracks may be diffused. This article proposes a new orthotropic model, which focuses on the cyclic, nonlinear behavior of brick masonry structures. The model adopts a total‐strain based rotating crack approach. It describes tensile and compressive failure in the rotating principal directions, while including indirectly shear failure through an internal iterative algorithm. Two distinctions are made regarding the tensile postpeak and unloading/reloading behavior based on the crack orientation at crack initiation: a steep softening branch and secant unloading are adopted when the crack angle corresponds to in‐plane flexural failure, and a softening branch and bilinear unloading are adopted when the crack angle corresponds to diagonal shear failure. Bilinear unloading/reloading is adopted in compression, resulting in a cyclic behavior resembling shear. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element software and validated against experimental results. The numerical simulations reproduced well the experimental outcomes in terms of envelope load‐displacement curve and hysteretic behavior, while simultaneously they resulted in localized damage, representative of the experimental crack patterns.
Deep learned one‐iteration nonlinear solver for solid mechanics
Authors: Nguyen Tan N. , Lee Jaehong , Dinh‐Tien Liem , Minh Dang L.
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, there are a lot of iterative algorithms which have been proposed for nonlinear problems of solid mechanics. The existing biggest drawback of iterative algorithms is the requirement of numerous iterations and computation to solve these problems. This can be found clearly when the large or complex problems with thousands or millions of degrees of freedom are solved. To overcome completely this difficulty, the novel one‐iteration nonlinear solver (OINS) using time series prediction and the modified Riks method (M‐R) is proposed in this paper. OINS is established upon the core idea as follows: (1) Firstly, we predict the load factor increment and the displacement vector increment and the convergent solution of the considering load step via the predictive networks which are trained by using the load factor and the displacement vector increments of the previous convergence steps and group method of data handling (GMDH); (2) Thanks to the predicted convergence solution of the load step is very close to or identical with the real one, the prediction phase used in any existing nonlinear solvers is eliminated completely in OINS. Next, the correction phase of the M‐R is adopted and the OINS iteration is started at the predicted convergence point to reach the convergent solution. The training process and the applying process of GMDH are continuously conducted and repeated during the nonlinear analysis in order to predict the convergence point at the beginning of each load step. Through numerical investigations, we prove that OINS is powerful, highly accurate and only needs about one iteration per load step. Thus, OINS significantly saves number of iterations and a huge amount of computation compared with the conventional methods. Especially, OINS not only can detect limit, inflection, and other special points but also can predict exactly various types of instabilities of structures.
Clinical insights into pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Cook Daniel P. , Xu Meng , Martucci Victoria L. , Annis Jeffrey S. , Aldrich Melinda C. , Hemnes Anna R. , Brittain Evan L.
Published: January 2022

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little is known about the prevalence and clinical profiles of patients with COPD‐PH. We report the clinical characteristics, hemodynamic profiles, and prognosis in a large population of patients with COPD referred for right heart catheterization (RHC). We extracted data from all patients referred for RHC between 1997 and 2017 in Vanderbilt's deidentified medical record. PH was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg. Pre‐ and postcapillary PH were defined according to contemporary guidelines. COPD was identified using a validated rules‐based algorithm requiring international classification of diseases codes relevant to COPD. We identified 6065 patients referred for RHC, of whom 1509 (24.9%) had COPD and 1213 had COPD and PH. Patients with COPD‐PH had a higher prevalence of diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure compared with COPD without PH. Approximately 55% of patients with COPD‐PH had elevated left ventricle (LV) filling pressure. Pulmonary function testing data from individuals with COPD‐PH revealed subtype differences, with precapillary COPD‐PH having lower diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) values than the other COPD‐PH subtypes. Patients with COPD‐PH had significantly increased mortality compared with COPD alone (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–2.26) with the highest mortality among the combined pre‐ and postcapillary COPD‐PH subgroup (HR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.64–3.47). PH is common among patients with COPD referred for RHC. The etiology of PH in patients with COPD is often mixed due to multimorbidity and is associated with high mortality, which may have implications for risk factor management.
A variable sample size run sum coefficient of variation chart
Authors: Yeong Wai Chung , Tan Yen Yoon , Lim Sok Li , Khaw Khai Wah , Khoo Michael Boon Chong
Published: January 2022

A run sum chart with variable sample size (VSS) to detect shifts in the coefficient of variation (γ) is proposed. The run sum γ chart divides the chart into different regions with distinct scores assigned to these regions, and evaluates the process from the cumulative score. The proposed chart varies the sample size based on the cumulative score. A detailed description of the operation for the proposed chart is provided. Formulae to evaluate various performance measures are also derived. Furthermore, algorithms to optimize the chart are proposed. The chart significantly outperforms the run sum γ chart without the VSS feature in most cases. Besides the run sum γ chart, comparisons are also made against other γ charts. Finally, the implementation of the VSS run sum γ chart is shown on an illustrative example.
Fabrication of minimal capital‐intensive scratch‐resistant and hydrophobic tungsten oxide film on stainless steel through spray pyrolysis
Authors: Vardhan Robbi Vivek , Kumar Subodh , Mandal Saumen
Published: January 2022

In this contribution, a pure and robust tungsten oxide (WO3) film was accomplished on stainless steel (SS) substrate at 400°C through a minimal capital intensive, simplistic spray pyrolysis method by utilizing a precursor comprising tungsten hexachloride and 2‐methoxyethanol. Thermal analysis revealed the precursor's thermal decomposition and crystallization at ~230°C and 255°C, respectively. The fabricated polycrystalline (monoclinic crystal structured) film was uniform and dense in nature, exhibiting surface porosity and average surface roughness of 4.7 % and 15.9 nm, respectively. The average grain size and thickness of film were 360 ± 70 nm and ~3.6 μm, respectively. W, O elemental presence with a close atomic ratio of 1:3 on the film's surface was acquired along with 91 % lattice oxygen. Regardless of applied normal load in the range of 5 to 15 N, an increment of ~22 % in scratch hardness was gained in WO3‐coated SS compared to uncoated one. Hydrophilic natured WO3 film (water contact angle, WCA, of ~31°) was efficaciously transformed into hydrophobic (WCA, 136°) by chemical modification with octadecyltrichlorosilane to create a self‐assembled monolayer on the surface of the film. The hydrophobicity of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)‐treated film was found to be preserved even after 100 days.
Longitudinal predictors of depression, anxiety, and alcohol use following COVID‐19‐related stress
Authors: Venanzi Lisa , Dickey Lindsay , Green Haley , Pegg Samantha , Benningfield Margaret M. , Bettis Alexandra H. , Blackford Jennifer Urbano , Kujawa Autumn
Published: January 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic imposed profound effects on health and daily life, with widespread stress exposure and increases in psychiatric symptoms. Despite these challenges, pandemic research provides unique insights into individual differences in emotion and cognition that predict responses to stress, with general implications for understanding stress vulnerability. We examined predictors of responses to COVID‐19‐related stress in an online sample of 450 emerging adults recruited in May 2020 to complete questionnaires assessing baseline stress and psychiatric symptoms, rumination, cognitive reappraisal use and intolerance of uncertainty. Stress and symptoms were re‐assessed 3 months later (N = 200). Greater pandemic‐related stressful events were associated with increases in symptoms of depression, anxiety and alcohol use severity. Additionally, individual differences in emotional and cognitive styles emerged as longitudinal predictors of stress responses. Specifically, greater rumination predicted increased depression. Reduced cognitive reappraisal use interacted with stress to predict increases in alcohol use. An unexpected pattern emerged for intolerance of uncertainty, such that stress was associated with increases in depression for those high in intolerance of uncertainty but increases in alcohol use at relatively low levels of intolerance of uncertainty. These results highlight unique vulnerabilities that predict specific outcomes following stress exposure and offer potential prevention targets.
Bio‐purification of domestic wastewater through constructed wetland planted with Paspalidium flavidum
Authors: Rehman Abdul , Zakir Bushra , Anees Muhammad , Naz Iffat , Alhewairini Saleh S. , Sehar Shama
Published: January 2022

The current study was aimed to designed laboratory scale constructed wetland (CW) for the treatment of domestic wastewater under temperature range (18–38°C) and hydraulic retention times (24 and 48 h). Besides, the soil of vegetative unit of CW was assessed using conventional culturing techniques, and 13 different bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Alcaligenes, Salmonella, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Shigella and Corynebacterium spp.) were determined. The pathogenic microbial load was high in influent samples, but after treatment, about 73.1–99.7% and 43.5–86.7% reduction in CFU/ml and MPN/100 ml index, respectively, were observed. Moreover, the organic loads in terms of COD, TDS, TSS, and turbidity were high in all influent samples, but after treatment, average percentage removal in different physico‐chemical parameters was observed during overall treatment operations, that is, COD (59.7–65.6%), TDS (59.6–76.8%), TSS (64.9–76.7%), and turbidity (72.7–91.6%), while pH of the effluent samples was observed in the prescribed limits. It was concluded that laboratory scale CW using natural flora Paspalidium flavidum and bacterial species was efficient in the reduction of different pollution indicators and hence a best option to be modified on pilot‐scale for wastewater treatment in the rural regions of Peshawar.

Practitioner Points

Role of retention times on performance of CW were studied.

The commonly existing vegetation was utilized to treat domestic waste water.

Both vegetations and HRT are key ingredients in obtaining high treatment efficiency.
Hierarchies and Universal Inclusion in Scientific Communities
Authors: Stichweh Rudolf
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains the genesis of inequalities and hierarchies in modern science. It studies the forms and mechanisms of scientific communication on the basis of which the social structures of science are built: publications, authorship, co- and multiple authorship, citations as units of information and as social rewards, peer review as evaluation of publications (and of projects and careers). This is a network of institutions that seems to guarantee universal access to participation in science to all those who fulfill basic conditions. But the chapter demonstrates how in all these institutional dimensions differences arise between successful and not equally successful participations. Success generates influence and social attractiveness (e.g. as a co-author). Influential and attractive participants are recruited into positions where they assess the achievements of others and thereby limit and control inclusion in publications, funding and careers. Equality at the start is transformed into hierarchies of control. Finally, the chapter asks for potential alternative control structures that transform a conservative hierarchy into decentralized ‘market’ controls that involve everyone in a more dynamic production and evaluation of scientific achievements.
“‘Disciplining’ Educational Research in the Twentieth Century”
Authors: Vanderstraeten Raf
Published: January 2022

Educational research expanded rapidly in the twentieth century. This expansion drove the interested “amateurs” out of the field; the scientific community of peers became the dominant point of orientation. Authorship and authority became more widely distributed; peer review was institutionalized to monitor the flow of ideas within the scientific literature; reference lists in journals demonstrated the adoption of cumulative ideals about science. The historical analysis of education journals presented in this chapter looks at the social changes which contributed to the ascent of an “imagined” community of expert peers in the course of the twentieth century. This analysis also helps us in imagining ways in which improvements to the present academic evaluative culture can be made.
Performance-Based Evaluation Metrics: Influence at the Macro, Meso, and Micro Level
Authors: Nelhans Gustaf
Published: January 2022

This chapter aims to critically engage with the performative nature of bibliometric indicators and explores how they influence scholarly practice at the macro, meso, and individual levels. It begins with a comparison between two national performance-based funding systems in Sweden and Norway at the macro level, within universities at the meso level, down to the micro level where individual researchers must relate these incentives to knowledge building within their specialty. I argue that the common-sense “representational model of bibliometric indicators” is questionable in practice, since it cannot capture the qualities of research in any unambiguous way. Furthermore, a performative notion on scientometric indicators needs to be developed that takes into account the variability and uncertainty of the aspects of research that is to be evaluated.
Autofiction, Post-conflict Narratives, and New Memory Cultures
Authors: Dix Hywel
Published: January 2022

A reaction against the death of the author provided one context in which autofiction started to develop in the 1970s. The rebuttal of the death of the author has been prominent among postcolonial writers, who, because their voices were historically marginalized until the recent past, are unlikely to accept the tacit silencing that theories of the death of the author might imply. Through a discussion of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s depiction of Nigeria’s Biafran War of 1967–1970 in Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) and Justin Cartwright’s reflection on the massacre of Zulus by Boers in 1838 in Up Against the Night (2015), this chapter shows how they use techniques associated with autofiction to contribute to new forms of memory culture in post-conflict societies.
Autofiction and Photography: “The Split of the Mirror”
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the relationships between life writing, memory, and photography and suggests that the incidence of photographs (actual or described) in life-writing texts is most prominent in autofictional works which possess generic hybridity and often represent identity itself in hybrid terms. The chapter explores images of seeing and mirroring in autobiographical texts, focusing first on transsexual life-writings (including works by Virginia Woolf, Jan Morris, Jay Prosser, and Susan Faludi), in which photographs play a complex role in negotiating continuity and change within the life-course, old and new identities. The second part of the essay turns to recent life-writing texts, including the work of Annie Ernaux (who, like many other French writers, makes substantial use of photographs) and the film and cultural theorist Annette Kuhn.
Article 15: The Right to Freedom of Association and Assembly
Authors: Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘What are the laws put forth by the government for those stopping us to peacefully associate ourselves in public and community places?’(Africa)
Article 9: The Right Not to Be Separated from Parents
Authors: Whalen Christian
Published: January 2022

The Travaux Préparatoires insist upon the close nexus between Articles 9, 10, and 11 along with the several other provisions of the UNCRC that protect the close bond between child and parent. This chapter analyses the content of Article 9 in relation to the general principles of Child rights, related provisions in other international human rights treaties and materials, and sets out four main attributes of the right, as a child, to not be separated from one’s parents against one’s will. These four attributes are: (1) no separation from parents unless necessary for the child’s best interests; (2) no separation from one’s parents without due process before competent authorities; (3) the right to maintain relations and personal contact with both parents, if separated; and (4) the right to be informed of the whereabouts of one’s parent or child, if detained.
Article 18: Rights Concerning Parental Responsibility
Authors: Ruggiero Roberta
Published: January 2022

‘Governments should help them to do so. For me, States should put in place means to help parents and their children. For example, suppose there are six children in a house with two bedrooms, we should help them move to a social house with six bedrooms. We have to look at all this in relation to the situation of children.’ (Western Europe/Other)
Article 23: The Rights of Children with Disabilities
Authors: Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘Existence of laws such as anti-discrimination law would protect children with disabilities from discrimination. Some children with disabilities have been abused by other people.’ (Asia-Pacific)
Article 30: Cultural, Religious, and Linguistic Rights of Minority or Indigenous Children
Authors: Arkadas-Thibert Adem , Ruggiero Roberta
Published: January 2022

‘By promoting the differences through accepting their holidays, respecting their important days, celebrating important days connected with their tradition and culture.’(Eastern Europe)
Article 19: The Right to Protection from All Forms of Violence
Authors: Whalen Christian
Published: January 2022

Article 19 defines violence broadly to include all forms of harm, encompassing physical, mental and sexual violence as well as non-intentional forms of harm, such as neglect. As such, Article 19 articulates full respect for the human dignity and physical and personal integrity of children as rights-bearing individuals. This requires a paradigm shift of caregiving and protection away from the perception of children primarily as victims. Article 19 sets out a comprehensive prohibition on all forms of violence towards children and enjoins State Parties to take all form all measures available to enforce this right. This article summarizes the four main attributes of Article 19 as follows: (1) All violence towards children is prohibited, frequency or severity of harm need not be demonstrated and violence is defined broadly to encompass all forms of violence towards children, personal, social and institutional, including physical and emotional harm as well as neglect, maltreatment, sexual abuse, and abandonment; (2) the right protects children from harm from their parents and legal guardians as well as when they are in the care of proxy caregivers, including school officials, hospital staff, daycares, sports programs, as well as custodial settings and alternative care arrangements; (3) States are required to give effect to this right through all appropriate measures: legislative, administrative, social and educational; and finally the call for comprehensive measures to eradicate violence against children is reinforced by the final attribute (4) this attribute insists that the range of interventions required to give effect to Article 19 rights includes measures to ensure effective identification, reporting, investigation, and treatment of all forms of harm to children.
Article 35: Prevention of Abduction, Sale, and Trafficking
Authors: Arkadas-Thibert Adem , Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘There should be strong laws against child abduction and trafficking made by the government to protect the interest of children.’ (Africa).
Article 1: Definition of a Child
Authors: Lansdown Gerison , Vaghri Ziba
Published: January 2022

While all international human rights treaties apply to children, only the Convention explicitly elaborates who is defined as a child. Article 1 defines the child as a human being who is below the age of 18 years. Majority is set at age 18 unless, under domestic law, it is attained earlier. During the negotiations of the text of the Convention, there was significant debate regarding definitions of both the commencement and the ending of childhood. The initial text, proposed by the Polish Government, drawing on Principle 1 of the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959, provided no definition of childhood at all (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Rädda barnen (Society: Sweden), 2007, p. 301). However, government delegates on the Working Group immediately highlighted the need for clarification. The first revision of the text therefore proposed that a child is a human being from birth to the age of 18 years unless majority is attained earlier. However, with regard to the beginning of childhood, the Working Group were unable to come to a consensus. An unresolvable division persisted on whether childhood, in respect of the Convention, commenced from the point of conception, or from birth (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Rädda barnen (Society: Sweden), 2007, pp. 301–313). The conflict was ultimately resolved by removing any reference to the start of childhood.
Articles 42 and 44(6): Making the Convention and States Parties’ Compliance Widely Known
Authors: Whalen Christian , Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

These two articles place obligations on States Parties regarding dissemination of information about the Convention. Article 42 demands that both adults and children must be informed about the rights in the Convention and its protocols. Rights holders must have knowledge of their rights and knowledge of how to exercise them if those rights are to be meaningful. Article 44(6) addresses the initial and periodic reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (the Committee) that States Parties are required to produce on progress in implementing the Convention and imposes an obligation on States Parties to disseminate the reports widely. The Committee insists that its Concluding Observations be broadly disseminated by States Parties, to inform the public of the responses given by governments and ensure accountability in this regard (2003, para. 73).
Article 8: The Right to Preservation of Identity
Authors: Arkadas-Thibert Adem
Published: January 2022

It’s important that the government does not make the process to get the documents too complicated. (Western Europe/Other).
Locally Linear Embedding Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu
Published: January 2022

Quality variables are measured much less frequently and usually with a significant time delay by comparison with the measurement of process variables. Monitoring process variables and their associated quality variables is essential undertaking as it can lead to potential hazards that may cause system shutdowns and thus possibly huge economic losses. Maximum correlation was extracted between quality variables and process variables by partial least squares analysis (PLS) (Kruger et al. 2001; Song et al. 2004; Li et al. 2010; Hu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015).