bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 1.8/2.6 GHz high efficiency dual‐band harmonic controlled, 50W GAN power amplifier with wide bandwidth characteristics
Authors: Zhang Shipeng , Kim Jiyeon , Kim Jong‐Heon
Published: July 2016

A high efficiency dual band 50W GaN HEMT power amplifier is presented at 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz. An impedance matching network of the dual band amplifier at the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies is constructed to obtain wide bandwidth characteristics with reduction of sensitivity to impedance variation with frequency fluctuations. The matching network is composed of a three‐stage transmission line and an open‐ended stub with low Q‐factors. A T‐type DC bias line is performed to control impedances at second harmonic frequencies. From the measured results, the proposed dual band GaN HEMT amplifier achieved a minimum of 55% efficiency at 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz with a 300 MHz bandwidth for a maximum output power of 47 dBm. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2496–2500, 2016
Feasibility study of efficient wireless power transmission in satellite interior
Authors: Wu Jun , Liang Jiemei , Wang Xin , Chen Chen , Zhang Xiaotong , Lu Mingyu
Published: July 2016

A full‐wave simulation tool based on the method of moments is developed and validated by experiments to study the feasibility of wireless power transmission in rectangular cavity that emulates satellite interior. Our results demonstrate power transmission efficiency higher than 80% in a cubic cavity with dimension of 1 cubic‐meter. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2518–2522, 2016
A SRR loaded triple band slot array antenna with high gain, improved cross polarization, and front‐to‐back radiation
Authors: Chandra Avinash , Das Sushrut
Published: July 2016

This article presents a split ring resonator (SRR) loaded triple band waveguide broad wall longitudinal slot array antenna. Three uniformly spaced SRRs have been placed on the transverse plane of a slotted rectangular waveguide. The measured result shows that the antenna has 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 8.38–8.62 GHz, 9.17–9.43 GHz, and 10.63–11.34 GHz. The gain and radiation pattern of the antenna are also plotted. The gain, cross polarization ratio, and front to back radiation ratio of the proposed antenna are found to be higher than that of a conventional broad wall longitudinal slot array antenna. An equivalent circuit of triple band antenna is also presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2500–2505, 2016
Chronic peripheral nerve compression disrupts paranodal axoglial junctions
Authors: Otani Yoshinori , Yermakov Leonid M. , Dupree Jeffrey L. , Susuki Keiichiro
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Peripheral nerves are often exposed to mechanical stress leading to compression neuropathies. The pathophysiology underlying nerve dysfunction by chronic compression is largely unknown.

Methods

We analyzed molecular organization and fine structures at and near nodes of Ranvier in a compression neuropathy model in which a silastic tube was placed around the mouse sciatic nerve.

Results

Immunofluorescence study showed that clusters of cell adhesion complex forming paranodal axoglial junctions were dispersed and overlapped frequently with juxtaparanodal components. These paranodal changes occurred without internodal myelin damage. The distribution and pattern of paranodal disruption suggests that these changes are the direct result of mechanical stress. Electron microscopy confirmed loss of paranodal axoglial junctions.

Conclusions

Our data show that chronic nerve compression disrupts paranodal junctions and axonal domains required for proper peripheral nerve function. These results provide important clues toward better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying nerve dysfunction in compression neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 55: 544–554, 2017
Multiple testing corrections in quantitative proteomics: A useful but blunt tool
Authors: Pascovici Dana , Handler David C. L. , Wu Jemma X. , Haynes Paul A.
Published: July 2016

Multiple testing corrections are a useful tool for restricting the FDR, but can be blunt in the context of low power, as we demonstrate by a series of simple simulations. Unfortunately, in proteomics experiments low power can be common, driven by proteomics‐specific issues like small effects due to ratio compression, and few replicates due to reagent high cost, instrument time availability and other issues; in such situations, most multiple testing corrections methods, if used with conventional thresholds, will fail to detect any true positives even when many exist. In this low power, medium scale situation, other methods such as effect size considerations or peptide‐level calculations may be a more effective option, even if they do not offer the same theoretical guarantee of a low FDR. Thus, we aim to highlight in this article that proteomics presents some specific challenges to the standard multiple testing corrections methods, which should be employed as a useful tool but not be regarded as a required rubber stamp.
Convection‐generated high‐frequency gravity waves as observed by MST radar and simulated by WRF model over the Indian tropical station of Gadanki
Authors: Ghosh Priyanka , Ramkumar T. K. , Yesubabu V. , Naidu C. V.
Published: July 2016

Using a Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere (MST) radar operating at 53 MHz, the present work reports that during the development of convection over the Indian tropical station of Gadanki at 1638–1730 UTC on 6 June 2011, all the following three source mechanisms played important roles in determining the characteristics of high‐frequency internal‐atmospheric gravity waves generated: (i) latent heating of convection, (ii) mechanical oscillation of up‐ and down‐draughts associated with convection, and (iii) obstacle effect of wind flows over convective towers near the tropopause level. In general, it is found that while the depth of latent heating determines the vertical wavelength of gravity waves, the oscillation frequency of up‐ and down‐draughts determines the observed frequency of waves. From the study of vertical structure of vertical wind velocities and phases of three waves (∼13, ∼17 and ∼26 min) generated during this event, it is observed that while the ∼13 and ∼26 min oscillations are associated with the mechanical oscillator mechanism, the ∼17 min oscillation is associated with the obstacle effect. Analyses (Fourier, Morlet‐wavelet transforms and maximum entropy method (MEM)) of all three components of wind velocity, measured by the MST radar, show that there is a clear association of gravity waves generated with convection, and the vertical propagation characteristics of the gravity waves are found to be in good agreement with theoretical expectations. With the background atmospheric information obtained by using the data of GPS radiosondes, ERA‐Interim and NCEP‐NCAR reanalyses, high‐resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations support the present observations that in turn will help in a large way to the progress of parametrization of convection‐generated high‐frequency gravity waves in general circulation models. The present work also finds that water molecules induced distinct atmospheric polarized‐refractive‐index structures into existence, which is in accordance with an earlier report on this subject.
In‐tube collision‐induced dissociation for selected ion flow‐drift tube mass spectrometry, SIFDT‐MS: a case study of NO+ reactions with isomeric monoterpenes
Authors: Spesyvyi Anatolii , Sovová Kristýna , Španěl Patrik
Published: July 2016

Rationale

Soft chemical ionisation techniques including selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT‐MS, and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, PTR‐MS, cannot currently quantify individual isomers present simultaneously in samples, a notable example being atmospheric monoterpenes. A possible solution lies in integrating in‐tube collision‐induced dissociation, CID, into a selected ion flow‐drift tube mass spectrometry, SIFDT‐MS, instrument.

Methods

In‐tube CID was implemented by applying electrostatic potential difference between the resistive glass flow‐drift tube downstream end and the nose cone of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The resulting inhomogeneous electric field accelerates the product ions along the last 1 mm before the nose cone and causes their dissociation in collisions with molecules of the buffer gas (4% air, 96% helium, 2 mbar). Mass spectra of the product ions of NO+ reactions with 3‐carene, β‐pinene, (S)‐limonene and their mixture were obtained for variable potential difference.

Results

Potential difference up to 47.7 V resulted in dramatic changes in the mass spectra due to fragmentation of the monoterpene radical molecular cations. The main observed fragments correspond to logical losses from different isomeric structures. Fragmentation increases with the potential difference and can be interpreted as single collision dissociation on air molecules at centre‐of‐mass energies of several eV. Combination of fragmentation patterns at different CID enables distinction of isomers in the mixture on the basis of pseudoinversion.

Conclusions

In‐tube CID represents a simple and low‐cost extension to SIFDT‐MS that allows real‐time identification of isomeric products of ion‐molecule reactions on the basis of their structural differences and corresponding changes in fragmentation patterns with CID energy without significantly changing the net reaction time important for absolute quantification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent developments in melanoma management
Authors: Spain Lavinia , Larkin James
Published: July 2016

The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing and although men and women are equally affected, men appear to have poorer survival. In this article the authors describe identification of melanomas and the exciting new treatments that are significantly improving survival.
The BCG shortage – what isn't the fuss about?
Authors: Modgil Vaibhav , Cashman Sophia , Gommersall Lyndon
Published: July 2016

A recent widespread shortage of BCG supplies in the UK has resulted in many patients receiving suboptimal doses of BCG or alternative treatment regimens that may not be as effective. The authors consider the lack of media interest in the issue and look at the potential solutions to the problem.
HPV vaccinations for men and boys
Authors: Baker Peter
Published: July 2016

The issues surrounding HPV vaccination in men and boys was the subject of a recent parliamentary debate. The rationale for a pilot programme of vaccination of men who have sex with men and the slow progress towards all boys receiving the vaccine were discussed, as Peter Baker reports.
Financing the NHS: time to ditch the ideology
Authors: Smallwood Christopher
Published: July 2016

NHS finances are stretched to breaking point and without continuing tax rises the problem will not be solved. Christopher Smallwood proposes an alternative approach.
Clinical Significance of the Endoscopic Finding in Predicting Complete Tumor Response to Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy in Rectal Cancer
Authors: Lim Sun Gyo , Kim Young Bae , Oh Seung Yeop
Published: July 2016

Background

There are reports that suggest conservative treatment when a tumor shows clinically complete response (CR) after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between endoscopic complete response (E‐CR) and pathologic CR (pCR) and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of E‐CR and its clinical utility after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer.

Methods

We analyzed prospectively collected data of patients with middle and lower rectal cancers who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy, between January 2010 and January 2015.

Results

Nineteen patients (17.9 %) showed E‐CR, and 87 patients showed E‐non CR. Twenty‐three patients (21.7 %) were confirmed to have pCR. E‐CR was closely associated with pCR (p < 0.001). E‐CR reflected pCR with an accuracy of 88.7 %, sensitivity of 65.2 %, specificity of 95.2 %, PPV of 78.9 %, NPV of 90.8 %, and a p value of <0.001.

Conclusions

E‐CR after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer is significantly associated with pCR. However, a wait and see policy should be performed carefully with current endoscopic prediction for pCR to avoid inadequate treatment in patients who show E‐CR after preoperative chemoradiotherapy.
Phenotypic shift of an alien piscivorous chub following translocation from a large lake to small irrigation ditches
Authors: Kurita Yoshihisa , Onikura Norio
Published: July 2016

The piscivorous chub (Opsariichthys uncirostris) is a Japanese predatory cyprinid with a native distribution restricted to a few large lakes. It has now established in a large region of Japan following accidental translocation. Although large water bodies with abundant food resources were long considered essential for establishing this species, the chub has settled in small irrigation ditches in Kyushu. In this study, we explored the phenotypic responses of the chub in these small water bodies by comparing life history traits and morphology with those of chub inhabiting a native lake. Growth rate, fecundity‐related traits, and trunk length shifted markedly following translocation to the new habitat. These phenotypic shifts were typical reactions to characteristic conditions of irrigation ditches, such as habitat instability, lotic conditions, and limited food. Adaptability via a rapid phenotypic shift by the chub may have facilitated establishment of populations in small irrigation ditches.
Cloning and Characterization of Lxr and Srebp1, and Their Potential Roles in Regulation of LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus
Authors: Zhang Qinghao , You Cuihong , Liu Fang , Zhu Wendi , Wang Shuqi , Xie Dizhi , Monroig Óscar , Tocher Douglas R. , Li Yuanyou
Published: July 2016

Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus was the first marine teleost demonstrated to have the ability to biosynthesize C20–22 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) from C18 PUFA precursors, which is generally absent or low in marine teleosts. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis in rabbitfish will contribute to efforts aimed at optimizing LC‐PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts, especially marine species. In the present study, the importance of the transcription factors liver X receptor (Lxr) and sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1 (Srebp1) in regulation of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis in rabbitfish was investigated. First, full‐length cDNA of Lxr and Srebp1 were cloned and characterized. The Lxr mRNA displayed a ubiquitous tissue expression pattern while Srebp1 was highly expressed in eyes, brain and intestine. In rabbitfish primary hepatocytes treated with Lxr agonist T0901317, the expression of Lxr and Srebp1 was activated, accompanied by elevated mRNA levels of Δ4 and Δ6/Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase (Fad), key enzymes of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis, as well as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ). In addition, Srebp1 displayed higher expression levels in liver of rabbitfish fed a vegetable oil diet or reared at 10 ppt salinity, which were conditions reported to increase the liver expression of Δ4 and Δ6/Δ5 Fad and LC‐PUFA biosynthetic ability, than fish fed a fish oil diet or reared at 32 ppt, respectively. These results suggested that Lxr and Srebp1 are involved in regulation of LC‐PUFA biosynthesis probably by promoting the expression of two Fad in rabbitfish liver, which, to our knowledge, is the first report in marine teleosts.
Perioperative Nurse Leaders and Professionalism
Authors: Whiteside Dawn
Published: July 2016

Professionalism in nursing leadership encompasses key elements that include a common body of knowledge, autonomous practice, self‐regulation through education and licensure, a set code of ethics, and a commitment to altruism. Perioperative nurse leaders also must embrace collaboration, vision, accountability, and patient and staff member advocacy based on established ethics, values, and standards of care. Nurse leaders who are committed to professional development through pursuit of higher degrees, application of evidence‐based practice, collaboration with colleagues, and certification show a strong commitment to their profession and serve as role models for staff members. This article discusses professionalism in nursing and offers information specific to perioperative nurse leaders.
Autoimmunity affects health‐related quality of life in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Bektas Uysal Hilal , Ayhan Mediha
Published: July 2016

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most common endocrine disorder leading to hypothyroidism. HT is characterized by the presence of elevated circulating antibodies, especially anti‐thyroid peroxidase (anti‐TPO) and anti‐thyroglobulin (anti‐Tg). In our study, we aimed to reveal the effects of autoimmunity on health‐related quality of life of euthyroid HT patients. Patients who were admitted to the Adnan Menderes University Outpatient Clinic were enrolled. The medical records of the patients were surveyed and their demographical data were collected. By using communication data, the patients were invited to our clinic, to inform them about our study and to fill out the health‐related quality of life questionnaire. A total of 84 euthyroid HT patients older than 18 years who completed the short form‐36 questionnaire, were enrolled. As all patients were euthyroid, there was a significant negative correlation between each domain score and the antibody levels, individually. Patients who had higher anti‐TPO and anti‐Tg levels had significantly lower quality of life domain scores (p < 0.001). There was statistically no significant correlation between the antibody levels and thyroid function tests (p > 0.05). Additionally, all dimension scores were significantly higher both in the anti‐Tg and anti‐TPO negative groups, indicating a better quality of life than that in the antibody positive groups. Our study revealed that higher thyroid antibody levels were negatively correlated with life quality scores. Thus, patients who had higher anti‐TPO and anti‐Tg levels had significantly lower quality of life domain scores. We believe that apart from hypothyroidism, a high antibody level was one of the contributing factors for the development of HT‐associated symptoms, leading to a lower quality of life. Other probable contributing factors such as selenium deficiency, thyroid hormone fluctuation, and disease awareness should keep in mind.
Energy exchanges associated with eating and rumination in sheep given grass diets of different physical forms
Authors: Osuji P. O. , Gordon J. G. , Webster A. J. F.
Published: July 2016

1. Energy exchanges and other physiological functions associated with eating and rumination were determined in four experiments. Sheep were given chopped, dried grass (DGC), pelleted, dried grass (DGP) or fresh grass (FGC).

2. In Expt 1 a preliminary study was made using all three diets. The dry matter (DM) of DGP was eaten significantly faster than that of chopped diets. Sheep salivated most during eating and ruminated longest when given DGC. Rates of contraction for the reticulo-rumen did not differ significantly between diets during idling and rumination, but were significantly faster during eating with DGP. The apparent energy costs of eating were 17, 109 and 176 kJ/kg DM eaten for DGP, DGC and FGC respectively, but these probably underestimated the true energy cost.

3. Expt 2 compared DGP and DGC at two levels of intake. The mean energy costs of eating DGP and DGC were 23.5 and 267 kJ/kg DM respectively. There was no consistent relationship between the energy cost of eating and the duration of the meal. The proportion of time the sheep spent ruminating DGC was about 23% but less than 1% for DGP. There was no significant relationship between heat production and the time spent ruminating.

4. In Expt 3 four sheep were offered fresh grass and, later, an equivalent DM intake after the material had been dried. The sheep ate the dried meal significantly faster. The mean energy costs of eating were 208 and 346 kJ/kg DM for DGC and FGC respectively. In this experiment the sheep ruminated significantly longer when given FGC, and the energy cost of rumination was 0.11 kJ/min.

5. Increases in heat production during and after fistula-feeding were only 2–8% of those obtained during eating, indicating that nearly all the increase in heat production during eating could be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se.

6. The contribution of the energy costs of eating and rumination to the heat increment of feeding and the energy requirement for maintenance of sheep are discussed.
Valuing Lake Erie Beaches Using Value and Function Transfers
Authors: Palm-Forster Leah H. , Lupi Frank , Chen Min
Published: July 2016

Two benefit-transfer approaches are used to estimate welfare losses from closure of Lake Erie beaches. We identify conditions for which the function transfer, which is more time-consuming and data-intensive, is worth the effort relative to a simple value transfer. The function transfer was essential for estimating beach demand (trips) and demand elasticity (change in trips); when evaluating individual beach closures with known trip demand, the two methods yielded similar results. Results produced by the two transfer methods deviated (up to 106 percent) when multiple beaches were closed simultaneously because value transfer did not account for the loss of beach substitutes.
Legal Education in China: Reforms and Requirements
Authors: JI Weidong
Published: July 2016

This article argues that two types of pressure, specifically pressure from international competition and pressure resulting from the low employment rate of law graduates, are the major motivations for the new wave of legal education reforms in China. The direction of the reforms is from a single model into more diversified models. However, there is tension between “the universities’ pursuit of academic freedom and featured education” and “the government’s focal investment associated with deliberation and calculation.” In recent years, Chinese legal education reform has placed more and more emphasis on practical skills training, and Chinese law schools are now required to open legal practice courses that must make up no less than 15% of the curricula. The author thinks this developmental trend is correct, but points to a potential problem: the costs of practical skills training, historically borne by mostly courts, procuratorates, and law firms, are now being transferred to law schools. Therefore, reform of the legal education sector in China should be adopted together with reforms in the tuition and fees system, as well as the bar exam, so that planned changes can be applied outside of the academic sector.
Republic of Senegal Disaster Preparedness and Response Exercise: Lessons Learned and Progress Toward Key Goals
Authors: Morton Hamer Melinda J. , Jordan John J. , Reed Paul L. , Greulich Jane D. , Gaye Dame B. , Beadling Charles W.
Published: July 2016

Objective

The Republic of Senegal Disaster Preparedness and Response Exercise was held from June 2-6, 2014, in Dakar, Senegal. The goal was to assist in familiarizing roles and responsibilities within 3 existing plans and to update the National Disaster Management Strategic Work Plan.

Methods

There were 60 participants in the exercise, which was driven by a series of evolving disaster scenarios. During the separate Disaster Management Strategic Work Plan review, participants refined a list of projects, including specific tasks to provide a “road map” for completing each project, project timelines, and estimated resource requirements. Project staff administered a survey to conference participants.

Results

A total of 86% of respondents had improved knowledge of Senegal disaster plans as a result of the exercise. A total of 89% of respondents had a better understanding of their ministry’s role in disaster response, and 92% had a better understanding of the role of the military during a pandemic. Participants also generated ideas for disaster management system improvement in Senegal through a formal “gap analysis.”

Conclusions

Participants were in strong agreement that the exercise helped them to better understand the contents of their disaster response plans, build relationships across ministerial lines, and effectively enhance future disaster response efforts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:183–189)
Evaluation of an International Disaster Relief Team After Participation in an ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise
Authors: Lee Jeong IL , Lee Kang Hyun , Kim Oh Hyun , Cha Yong Sung , Hwang Sung Oh , Kim Hyun , Cha Kyung Chul
Published: July 2016

Objective

Devastating disasters around the world directly contribute to significant increases in human mortality and economic costs. The objective of this study was to examine the current state of the Korea Disaster Relief Team that participated in an international training module.

Methods

The whole training period was videotaped in order to observe and evaluate the respondents. The survey was carried out after completion of the 3-day training, and the scores were reported by use of a 5-point Likert scale.

Results

A total of 43 respondents were interviewed for the survey, and the results showed that the overall preparedness score for international disasters was 3.4±1.6 (mean±SD). The awareness of the Incident Command System for international disasters was shown to be low (3.5±1.1). Higher scores were given to personnel who took on leadership roles in the team and who answered “I knew my duty” (4.4±0.6) in the survey, as well as to the training participants who answered “I clearly knew my duty” (4.5±0.5).

Conclusion

The preparedness level of the Korea Disaster Relief Team was shown to be insufficient, whereas understanding of the roles of leaders and training participants in the rescue team was found to be high. It is assumed that the preparedness level for disaster relief must be improved through continued training. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;1–5)
Perceived Safety at Work in the Wake of Terror: The Importance of Security Measures and Emergency Preparedness
Authors: Nissen Alexander , Heir Trond
Published: July 2016

Objectives

We aimed to explore how perceived safety after terrorism is connected to views on security measures and emergency preparedness in a workplace setting.

Methods

Using a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study of ministerial employees in Norway who were targeted in a terrorist attack in 2011 (n=3344), we investigated how employees’ perceived safety at work 9 to 10 months after the attack was associated with their perceptions of whether security measures were sufficiently prioritized at work, whether there had been sufficient escape and evacuation training, and whether they were confident with evacuation procedures.

Results

We found strong evidence of increasing perceived safety at work the more employees believed security measures were sufficiently prioritized at work (partially confounded by post-traumatic stress disorder), and the better their knowledge of evacuation procedures (modified by gender and education).

Conclusions

The present study suggests that employers may enhance perceived safety at work for terror-exposed employees by showing a commitment to security measures and by ensuring employees know evacuation procedures well. More research is needed to investigate causality patterns behind the associations found in this cross-sectional study. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:805–811)
An Ontological Perspective on the Development of Home–School Partnership Relationships with Indigenous Communities
Authors: Hindle Rawiri , Hynds Anne , Averill Robin , Meyer Luanna , Faircloth Susan
Published: July 2016

We propose the use of an ontological perspective to shift current thinking about the phenomenon of home/school partnerships, particularly through an examination of school leaders (leadership team) — community relationships that seek to better serve Indigenous students and their communities. We reanalysed focus group interviews of indigenous Māori students and their whānau/families from a wider New Zealand study that investigated the development of culturally responsive leadership in 84 secondary schools. The aim of the leadership intervention was to improve school practices and enable Indigenous Māori students to achieve and enjoy educational success as Māori. Reanalysis of interview material revealed categories related to relational being that highlight both opportunities and impediments to authentic relationships between schools and communities and the development of culturally responsive leadership. This paper attempts to create a framework in regards to relational ontology within a broader struggle for transformative praxis and to provide direction for further theoretical and practical investigation within schools.
The école barisienne: a cultural and political endeavour after 1968
Authors: Vetta Valerio
Published: July 2016

The ‘école barisienne’ refers to a group of intellectuals, active between the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1980s, who brought their academic and political activity together in order to bring the cultural heritage of Italian communism up to date and to construct a new theory of the revolution. Interpreting the student movement of 1968 as the historical agent of a social and political revolution, their intention was to transform the Italian Communist Party (PCI) into a ‘partito-società’ (‘party-society’) that could take hold of the new generation’s demand for democracy and overturn the hegemony of Christian Democracy, understood as the ‘partito-Stato’ (‘party-state’). This article retraces the life of this intellectual grouping, from the education of its proponents, marked by the Southern Question as a national question, through to the demise of their project. Specifically, it examines the relationship between the research activity of the école, highlighting some significant analytical categorisation used in its historiographical output, its political activity, and the national position of the PCI.
Luminosity Bias. II. The Cosmic Web of the First Stars
Authors: Barkana R.
Published: July 2016

Understanding the formation and evolution of the first stars and galaxies represents one of the most exciting frontiers in astronomy. Since the universe was filled with neutral hydrogen at early times, the most promising method for observing the epoch of the first stars is using the prominent 21-cm spectral line of the hydrogen atom. Current observational efforts are focused on the reionisation era (cosmic aget~ 500 Myr), with earlier times considered much more challenging. However, the next frontier of even earlier galaxy formation (t~ 200 Myr) is emerging as a promising observational target. This is made possible by a recently noticed effect of a significant relative velocity between the baryons and dark matter at early times. The velocity difference suppresses star formation, causing a unique form of early luminosity bias. The spatial variation of this suppression enhances large-scale clustering and produces a prominent cosmic web on 100 comoving Mpc scales in the 21-cm intensity distribution. This structure makes it much more feasible for radio astronomers to detect these early stars, and should drive a new focus on this era, which is rich with little-explored astrophysics.
Metallicity-Dependent Transformations for Red Giants with Synthetic Colours of UBV and ugr
Authors: Karaali S. , Gökçe E. Yaz
Published: July 2016

We present metallicity-dependent transformation equations between UBV and SDSS ugr colours for red giants with synthetic data. The ranges of the colours used for the transformations are 0.400 ≤ (B − V)0 ≤ 1.460, −0.085 ≤ (U − B)0 ≤ 1.868, 0.291 ≤ (g − r)0 ≤ 1.326, and 1.030 ≤ (u − g)0 ≤ 3.316 mag, and cover almost all the observational colours of red giants. We applied the transformation equations to six clusters with different metallicities and compared the resulting (u − g)0 colours with those estimated by the calibration of the fiducial sequences of the clusters. The mean and standard deviation of the residuals for all clusters are <Δ(u − g)0> = −0.01 and σ(u − g)0 = 0.07 mag, respectively. We showed that interstellar reddening plays an important role on the derived colours. The transformations can be applied to clusters as well as to field stars. They can be used to extend the colour range of the red giants in the clusters which are restricted due to the saturation of the SDSS data.
Material Genealogies: Bronze Moulds and their Castings in Later Bronze Age Britain
Authors: Webley Leo , Adams Sophia
Published: July 2016

Bivalve bronze moulds were used for casting bronze and lead objects – mainly axes – during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. These remarkable artefacts, which were sometimes beautifully decorated, have been surprisingly little studied. This paper discusses the bronze moulds from Britain, outlining the range of possibilities that existed for the life courses of these objects during the three broad stages of manufacture, use, and deposition. Two points will be emphasised. First, it will be shown that the biographical pathways available to bronze moulds differed significantly from those of moulds made from stone or clay, which may relate to the differing properties and conceptual associations of these three materials. Secondly, the relationships between the life courses of bronze moulds and the artefacts cast in them will be explored, focusing particularly on cases in which moulds and their castings were deposited together in the same hoard. It will be suggested that the ‘genealogical’ link between a mould and its ‘offspring’ could have formed a significant element of the biography of both objects.
The Position of the Monozygotic Twins Among their School Class-Mates in the Light of Results of Janusz Korczak's “Plebiscite on Likes and Dislikes”
Authors: Sawicki K. S. , Rogucka E.
Published: July 2016

Within the “Wrocław Longitudinal Twin Study” in a part of the material the liking level of singletons (SIN) to identical twins (TMZ) and of TMZ to SIN was analysed cross-sectionally, in the period of 11th to 18th year of life. In each of the 76 classes of elementary and high schools in Wrocław (Poland), including the investigated in 1976-7 TMZ (64 pairs), were evaluated the relations between school-mates, using the Korczak's five-degree scale of liking. The declared by TMZ and SIN liking decreased with age between pupils of the same sex, and increased between pupils of opposite sex, however, in TMZ with some delay. The liking declared by TMZ of both sexes to SIN was on average lower than that declared by SIN to TMZ. The degree of liking declared by SIN to TMZ of the same sex was average higher than in relation of SIN to SIN particularly among girls. Thus, there occurred the so-called “prima donna effect”. The liking declared to pupils of opposite sex in relation of SIN to TMZ was on average lower than the analogous one in relation of SIN to SIN and in relation TMZ to SIN even worse. The higher contrast in treating pupils of the same and opposite sex in TMZ than in SIN indicates a lower social maturity in TMZ. A diverse influence of socio-economic conditions on the declared toward then liking by boys and girls was found. The low number of separated twins did not allow to make a generalisation on specificity of their position in class. The sending of TMZ to different classes appeared to be in Wrocław elementary schools sporadic (1 repeater), and in high schools observed in 38%, from that 28% of twins went to equivalent classes, usually in different school, and in 10% of pairs one of the twins repeated the class.
Interpersonal Conflicts in the Relationship of Twins
Authors: Gruszewska S. A.
Published: July 2016

Taking into consideration two facts: that the structure of social life forces twins to part and that the presented roles in a pair are not equal, (one of the twins plays the role of a leader (L) and the other, the subordinate (P.)), one can ask the question — what meaning does the moment of parting have and what are its consequences?

In order to do that, a survey was conducted, (a sample of 31 pairs of twins above the age of 30), in which every pair was asked the question: “Which one of you made the decision about parting?” The answer had two options: A – I, B – brother/sister. Out of 31 pairs of twins, 16 pairs chose the variant different from his brother or sister – that is A, B, admitting that the interpersonal conflict was the result of the parting. In 7 pairs, both twins chose the B variant – they withdrew from the conflict; and in 8 pairs they chose the A variant – looking for a compromise as the means of agreement.

When analyzing the results of the survey, we can state the following:

– in the relationship of twins, there is an interpersonal conflict;

– the decision about parting is difficult with prevalent feelings of sadness and sorrow;

– after parting, at least one of the twins has problems with preserving his identity and integrity of psychological space.

Since the moment of parting is necessary and difficult, specialists and mainly parents are required to consciously change their position towards the relationship of twins. It has to be the result of applied educational methods which aim at creating subjectivity and equality of each of the twins before the moment of parting.
The Uterine Capacity Measured by the Total Twin Birth Weight and Duration of Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Malinowska K. , Antosik A. , Balcerczak M.
Published: July 2016

The objective of this study was to answer the question whether there is the relation between the uterine capacity, estimated by the total birth weight of fetuses, and the duration of twin gestation. The material for researches contains data received from the books of births and case records concerning the pregnant who gave births to twins in the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Medical University in Lódź between 1970-1998. The final analysis concerned only gestations lasting more than 29 weeks, without any complications (excluding prematurity and the growth-discordant twins), and when gestational age was exactly known. The selected group was finally composed of 188 pairs of twins. The analyses considered relations between total birth weight of twins, the sex of newborn babies, parity, and the duration of gestation. The duration of the analyzed twin pregnancies was 35,6 weeks, including primiparous with 35,8 weeks, and multiparous – 35,1 weeks. In the group of male-male twin pairs the average duration of pregnancy was 35,7 weeks, in unlike-sexed pairs – 35,6 weeks, and in female-female pairs – 35,5. In the group of the primiparous having male-male twin pairs the average duration of pregnancy was 35,1 weeks, unlike-sexed pairs – 36,4 weeks and female female pairs – 36,6 weeks, while in the group of multiparous relatively: 36,4, 35,4, 35,0 weeks. The total birth weight of the specific pairs of twins was from 2270 g to 6900g (average 4794g), while in 92% <5500g. In the primiparous group it was 4908,1 g. and in the multiparous group – 4663,1 g. Analyzing the total twins' weight according to the fetal gender and parity it was found that in primiparous with male-male twins - 4715,3, unlike-sexed – 5271,6 and female-female – 4967,5, whereas in multiparous relatively: 4961,5, 4692,6, 4414,0. The shortening of twin pregnancies was caused by the following factors: total body mass achieved by fetuses was > 5500 g, presence of male sex in twin pregnancies (only in primiparous), and also the multiparity.
A Case of Successful Twin Pregnancy Placed in Separate Horns of Bicornuate, Unicollis Uterus
Authors: Kuczynski A. W. , Szcześniak W. , Szczygielski A.
Published: July 2016

We described a case of pregnancy, delivery and peurperium of 28 years old multipara with twins pregnancy in bicornuate, unicollis uterus. Each fetus was placed in separate horn of uterus. Biological mature pregnancy was delivered by cesarean section. During the peurperium the involution disturbances of one of the uterus horns were observed. The case was discussed in context of other similar anomalies.
Neurodevelopmental Dysfunction and Specific Learning Disabilities in School-Aged Twins
Authors: Garanty-Bogacka B. , Wieczorek W. , Syrenicz M.
Published: July 2016

The frequency of the developmental dysfunction and specific learning disabilities were assessed in the retrospective study in the group of 56 school-aged twins. The relationships between genetic, perinatal and social factors and learning disability were also determined. It was found that 12.5% of twins had learning disabilities. The most common neurodevelopmental dysfunction were language disorders, poor graphomotor fluency and poor fine motor dexterity. It was also found that educational difficulty were associated with prematurity, low Apgar scores, neonatal complications and familial predisposition.
Analysis of Triple Test Results in 27 Cases of Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Perenc M. , Dudarewicz L. , Kałużewski B.
Published: July 2016

The study comprises 889 pregnant women between 14 and 21 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 862 pregant women with unburdened obstetric anamnesis with an uneventful singleton pregnancy. The examined group consisted of 27 pregnant women with uncomplicated twin pregnancy. In the sera of pregant women AFP (Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay AxSYM Abbott), total (β-hCG (Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay AxSYM Abbott) and unconjugated estriol (Radioimmunoassay Amerlex-M. 2T Johnson & Johnson Ortho Clinical Diagnostics Ltd.) were determined. The risk of fetal trisomy 21 was calculated with the use of PRISCA 3.0 software, which corrected the MoM values for twin pregnancy. Ulm Index was also calculated. In the majority of twin pregnancies increased concentrations of AFP, total (β-hCG and uE3 in the range over 1,0 MoM was noted. In the group of women below 35 years of age with singleton pregnancies using PRISCA 3.0 software it approximated to 95%. For women older than 35 optimum index for fetal trisomy 21 risk calculation was Ulm Index with the specificity 93,8%. The specificity of AFP determination in the detection of fetal open NTD in singleton pregnancy was 99%. In the group of women with twin pregnancy the obtained specificity of 77,8% for PRISCA 3.0 software is low, a more adavantageous way to calculate the risk of fetal trisomy 21 is Ulm Index with the specificity of 85,2%. The specificity of AFP determination as a screening for fetal open NTD in twin pregnancy was 96,3%.
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Syndrome
Authors: Malinowski W. , Wierzba W.
Published: July 2016

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome is a rare but severe complication of monozygotic monochorionic twin pregnancies. The outcome is invariably fatal for the abnormal twins and for 50-75% of the normal co-twins. The prenatal diagnosis of the TRAP always has to be presumed in a multiple pregnancy within which a twin pair grows whenever cardiac activity can not be proved echographically. We present discuss – based upon literature research – pathogenic mechanisms, pathologic-anatomic, echographic diagnosis and management of these high-risk pregnancies.
“Mother's Child” and “Father's Child” Among Twins A longitudinal twin study from pregnancy to 21 years age, with special reference to development and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Moilanen I. , Pennanen P.
Published: July 2016

234 pairs of twins were studied from pregnancy up to 21 years of age on the basis of records from maternity hospitals, neonatal wards and children's health centres and questionnaires filled in by the parents when the twins were aged 2-10 and 12-21 years, and by the twins themselves at age 12-21. 74 twins were personally interviewed about human relationships in their families and with the Present State Examination (PSE) at age 15-21.

When the evaluation of parental preference was made by the parents, the mother's favourites had learned to speak earlier and were more often the psychic leader of the pair, but they more often had sleeping difficulties and other psychosomatic symptoms in adolescence. They were most often scored in class 2-3, non-specific neurotic symptoms in the PSE, but none of them was placed in the higher classes of possible or probable psychiatric disorder. Mothers seem to develop a tighter affectionate bond towards their favourites than do fathers, thus inducing a good basic trust and faster language acquisition in childhood, but probably also transient non-specific neurotic symptoms in adolescence in face of the developmental task of entering autonomous adulthood. The father's favourites were more often the physical leaders of the pair, showed less accident proneness and most often reported tendencies towards autonomy from their co-twins, thus indicating that the fathers' attitudes may be more encouraging towards independence. As the least psychosomatic symptoms were seen in twins in the intermediate position regarding parental preference, it seems reasonable that the division of twins between parents on the grounds of favouritism should not be strict.
Twin Zygosity Diagnosis by Mailed Questionnaire below Age Twelve Months
Authors: Charlemaine C. , Duyme M. , Aubin J-T. , Guis F. , Marquiset N. , de Pirieux I. , Strub N. , Brossard Y. , Jarry G. ,   Le Groupe Romulus, Frydman R. , Pons J. C.
Published: July 2016

Parents of a sample of 76 same sexed pairs of twins aged 3 to 9 months completed a mailed similarity questionnaire. It included the Bonnelykke et al.'s questionnaire and a four anthropological variable scale. To improve each of these two methods, three other combined methods were carried out and results were compared with the biological zygosity diagnosis. The Bonnelykke et al.'s classification combined with anthropological scale (method 4) gave only 1.2% misclassified in the whole sample. It is concluded that zygosity diagnosis using this type of procedure to distinguish MZ and DZ pairs would be important not only for epidemiological study but also for pediatricians and parents.
The Challenges of Expecting, Delivering and Rearing Triplets
Authors: Åkerman B. Alin , Hovmöller M. , Thomassen P. A.
Published: July 2016

Twenty-one couples with complete sets of triplets aged between four and six years were interviewed about their experiences of being “triplet parents”. The diagnosis of triplets had been a shock for most. All triplets were born prematurely, the mean birth weight being 2,000 g. The first time at home was chaotic for most of the parents. They spent more time organizing and arranging their day and less time on emotional care than did parents of single infants. Growing up as a triplet, with constant competition for attention, stimulation and love from the mother (parents), differed a great deal from the situation for singletons and twins.

The early relationship between mothers and triplets must be managed differently from that between mothers of singletons and twins. The study shows how important it is for obstetricians, paediatricians and other professionals to understand the specific needs of these families.