bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambiguity in the definition of built form
Authors: Kropf Karl
Published: September 2022

A detailed critical analysis of the definitions of built form as used in urban morphology is reported. The overarching aim of the analysis was to establish a common reference point for examination of the different aspects of urban form in a given case and comparative study of cases from different times and places. Seminal works are examined in detail, in particular those of M. R. G. Conzen, Gianfranco Caniggia and Gian Luigi Maffei. The starting point is the common conception of a hierarchical relationship between buildings, plots and streets and the overlapping of aspects and elements. Different types of ambiguity inherent in the generic structure of built form are identified. Incorporation of these into a rigorous conception of the hierarchy that allows for the richness of overlapping sets reconciles earlier conceptions and accommodates a wide range of specific forms.
Institutions and urban form: the example of universities
Authors: Larkham Peter J.
Published: September 2022

Urban morphologists have made much of the role of institutions in shaping urban form. Universities in particular are sizeable landholders, with common aims, but which have resulted in very different outcomes in the urban landscape. Morphological concepts are applied to the timing, location and form of foundations. Three models of university development are suggested: the campus, colonization, and dispersed. Campus universities in particular present problems for traditional urban morphological analysis.
Conceptions of change in the built environment
Authors: Kropf Karl S.
Published: September 2022

This paper starts from the premise that urban morphology and process typology make use of a number of different, more or less explicit, quasi-evolutionary conceptions of change. The principal argument of the paper is that the evolutionary conceptions of change as used in these fields could be made more explicit, robust and broadly applicable if they were abstracted and broken free of specific historical periods and sequences. In particular the paper discusses the distinction between ontogenetic change and phylogenetic change. The further argument is made that, as a tautological (and heuristic) framework of ideas, a more abstract conception of change is analogous to ideas of evolution developed in other fields. The paper concludes by suggesting that urban morphology and process typology stand both to gain and suffer from the homologous relationship with evolutionary thinking in the life sciences.
The study of urban form in the United States
Authors: Conzen Michael P.
Published: September 2022

This paper examines urban morphological research in the United States from a geographical perspective. Attention is given to the historiographical development of the field and the underlying cultural values of American society which make American forms distinctive, but the main emphasis is on the evolution of town planning ideas in practice and the systematic morphological structure and character of American cities. Some discussion is offered of the recent perceptual dimension in American urban morphology.
The study of urban form in Germany
Authors: Hofmeister Burkhard
Published: September 2022

Urban geography in Germany is unique inasmuch as there was a period of three decades at the beginning of the twentieth century during which geographers focussed their research on urban morphology. In analysing the layout and the building fabric of towns their most important tool was the town plan. This period was followed by periods during which urban functions and urban structures were the major concerns of urban geographers. However, in the second half of the twentieth century there were again innovative contributions to the study of urban form, stimulated by the activities of architects and urban historians, the research of British geographers, such as A.E. Smailes and Berlin-born M.R.G. Conzen, the urban conservation movement, and activities of the study group Die alte Stadt.
Information Activity as an Integral Part of Forming the Image of a Modern Higher Education Institution
Authors:   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Matviyenkiv Svіtlana
Published: September 2022

The purpose of the studyis to analyse information activities as an integral part of shaping the image of a modern university. Methods and methods of researchwere chosen institutional method in combination with the normative approach to the consideration of key categories, comparative and analytical methods, methodologically sound tools of structural functionalism. Factual and statistical methods were used in the analysis of monitoring the output of videos about the university on television. Results and discussion. The updated information and advertising video content produced by higher education institutions for self-presentation, objective and prompt information about their activities, attracting the attention of a wide interested audience is analysed. The analysed content can be structured in several problem-thematic areas, which represent the multifaceted work of the educational institution: scientific, educational, entertaining, event, educational. Conclusions. Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University organized information activities that promote its self-presentation, image campaign in the information space, and popularize the university among the public of the region. Recommendations are formed: 1) it is necessary to form such a unique image of the university, which contains bright, informative, timely updated information materials intended for external presentation; 3) the necessary system of targeted information to consumers about their potential, successes and educational services offered; 4) it is important to formulate the purpose of information material, choose a genre (note or message, report from the scene), focus on compositional construction, selection of musical accompaniment, place information product on various media platforms (social networks, online publications, regional and national TV , radio, newspapers, magazines). Key words: university, image, regional mass media, press service, website of higher education institution.
The Socio-Communicative Language of Empowerment of Roma: a Case Study
Authors:   University of Silesiain Katowice, Kyuchukov Hristo
Published: September 2022

This article presents the results of a case study with Romani speakers from Germany. Poverty among Roma communities in Europe is the reason for the growth of racism in almost all EU countries. On the other hand, Roma communities are becoming more organized and responding to existing forms of racism. One form of Roma response is emancipation and expansion of the language they use. The purpose of the articleis to show a template model for language analysis of spoken text. The article also shows the empowerment of the Roma community in Germany, openly opposing existing forms of Antiromanism. Research methods and techniques. The study included one Romani speaker, a young Romani man born in Serbia who immigrated to Germany as a child. In his everyday communicative ecology, he speaks four languages: Romani, Serbian, German and English. Sociolinguistic methods are used to analyze his language. When speaking German, he uses lexical units of Romani and English, and at the same time uses various sociolinguistic strategies known among multilinguals. Results and discussion. A Romani speaker is fluent in German, and uses situational lexical borrowings from Romani and English, code-switching sentences, discursive strategies such as cursing and neologisms. The presented model of speech analysis can be used for further sociolinguistic research, analyzing the data of spoken spoken language. Conclusions.The powers of the Roma in supporting Ukraine in the Russian-Ukrainian war are shown, during this war is condemned. As an illustration of empowerment, the appeal of the Roma organization to various international institutions, as well as the recommendations of the EU Council from 2021 on equality, integration and participation of Roma are cited.Keywords:Roma, empowerment, language, conversational analysis
Proyección estética y escalada social en Teresa de Manzanares (1632) de Alonso Castillo de Solórzano
Authors: Baldrich Mireia
Published: September 2022

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la novela La niña de los embustes, Teresa de Manzanares (1632) de Castillo Solórzano, a partir del asunto de la simulación social: la protagonista manipula su identidad haciéndose pasar por dama principal para progresar económica y socialmente. Su análisis deja vislumbrar, por un lado, como el asunto del honor, a través de las apariencias, fue una constante en la sociedad barroca, muy preocupada por lo externo, y que se refleja muy significativamente en esta narración; y, por otro, atestigua la perpetuidad del debate sobre la ambición social por parte de las capas sociales más desventajadas en una sociedad tan hermética e impermeable como fue la del siglo XVII. ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to analyze the novel La niña de los embustes, Teresa de Manzanares (1632) by Castillo Solórzano, based on the issue of social climbing, as the protagonist manipulates her identity to pass herself off as an important lady in order to progress, economically and socially. Its analysis allows us to glimpse how the matter of honor, based on appearances, was a constant hallmark of Baroque society, highly preoccupied with the external, which is reflected in a very significant way in this narrative work. In addition, the book points to the ongoing debate on social ambition by the most disadvantaged classes in a society as hermetic and impermeable as that of the 17th century.
Current Utilization Patterns of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
Authors: Vannabouathong Christopher , Crotty Chris , Le Kim , Eurich Dean , Dyrda Peter
Published: September 2022

The real-world use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs), which are funded for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) across public drug plans in Canada, was analyzed to determine their current utilization patterns and estimate their suspected use outside of T2DM.

Drug plan expenditures in this drug class have increased significantly in recent months and we wanted to assess the extent of the utilization that was “off reimbursement criteria” (i.e., use outside of T2DM) because these drugs have demonstrated efficacy in other conditions that are not currently publicly funded but have regulatory approval (e.g., weight management).

Ozempic (semaglutide injection) is the dominant GLP-1 RA brand (> 99% market share among public PT drug plans) and expenditures on it have accelerated. Expenditures on Ozempic have increased from $13.5 million in 2019 to $227 million in 2021.

Increasing use of Ozempic can be partially attributed to non-T2DM claims. The proportion of claimants with suspected use outside of T2DM was 15% in Ontario and ranged from 0% to 8% across the other PT public drug plans; suspected use outside of T2DM is projected to be 1 in 5 claimants in Ontario in 2022. Among non-formulary claims (e.g., federal public plans, private insurance), this proportion ranged from 36% to 74% (data from 2021).
TURISMO, GESTÃO DE BENS COMUM E RECURSOS NATURAIS NA PRAIA DA PIPA/ BRASIL: UMA PERSPECTIVA À LUZ DOS PRINCÍPIOS DE OSTROM
Authors: Alves Josemery Araújo , Ribeiro Márcia , Miranda Lívia , Bento Sofia
Published: September 2022

O presente estudo retrata aspectos ambientais, sociais, econômicos e políticos propagados na praia de Pipa, pertencente ao município de Tibau do Sul, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Portanto, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é "Verificar a aplicabilidade dos princípios de governança de Ostrom como mecanismo de análise do contexto turístico em Pipa, a fim de superar os obstáculos atuais, em favor da cooperação voltada à preservação do uso. comum". Para viabilizar os resultados do objetivo anterior, o referencial teórico-metodológico de Ostrom (1990, 2007 e 2009) possui diretrizes a serem investigadas, com auxílio de visitas in loco (2014 a 2018), observação participante, análise de documentos e entrevistas semi-estruturado Acredita-se que o autogestão dos ativos naturais, liderado pela comunidade local, possa ser apontado como uma estratégia capaz de propor um desenvolvimento turístico mais equilibrado de sistemas e unidades de recursos comuns. A população da praia da Pipa pode deixar um grupo de atores com objetivos comuns, enfatizando a necessidade de manter sistemas de recursos como a praia, a lagoa, a floresta e as falésias.
La dimension spatiale des inégalités scolaires
Authors: FROUILLOU Leïla
Published: September 2022

La dimension spatiale est centrale dans les travaux sur les ségrégations scolaires qui objectivent depuis la fin des années 1980 en France les inégalités entre des établissements. Au-delà de ces travaux, la dimension spatiale des inégalités scolaires permet de comprendre les inégalités en lien avec les politiques (sectorisation, affectation) et les placements des élèves, qui dépendent de leur position résidentielle.
Atmospheric data support a multi-decadal shift in the global methane budget towards natural tropical emissions
Authors: Drinkwater Alice , Palmer Paul , Feng Liang , Arnold Tim , Lan Xin , Michel Sylvia , Parker Robert , Boesch Hartmut
Published: September 2022

Abstract. We use the GEOS-Chem global 3-D model and a Maximum A Posteriori inverse method to infer regional methane emissions and the corresponding carbon stable isotope source signatures, 2004–2020, across the globe using in situ and satellite remote sensing data. Over our study period, we find consistent evidence from both atmospheric CH4 datasets of a progressive increase of methane emissions at tropical (30° N to 30° S) latitudes (+3.80 Tg/yr/yr), accompanied by a progressively lighter atmospheric δ13C signature, consistent with increasing natural emissions. The satellite remote sensing data provide evidence of higher spatially resolved hotspots of methane that are consistent with the location and seasonal timing of wetland emissions, limiting the hypothesis about the hydroxyl radical (OH) sink for methane playing a significant role in observed global growth in atmospheric methane. We find that since 2004, the largest growing regional contributions (2004–2020) are from North Africa (+19.9 Tg/yr), China (+21.6 Tg/yr), and Tropical South America (+14.2 Tg/yr). To quantify the influence of our results to 10 changes in OH, we also report regional emission estimates using an alternative scenario of a 0.5 %/yr decrease in OH since 2004, followed by a 5 % drop in 2020 during the first COVID-19 lockdown. We find that our main findings are robust against those year-to-year changes in OH.
Modeling approaches for atmospheric ion–dipole collisions: all-atom trajectory simulations and central field methods
Authors: Neefjes Ivo , Halonen Roope , Vehkamäki Hanna , Reischl Bernhard
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Ion–dipole collisions can facilitate the formation of atmospheric aerosol particles and play an important role in their detection in chemical ionization mass spectrometers. Conventionally, analytical models, or simple parametrizations, have been used to calculate the rate coefficients of ion–dipole collisions in the gas phase. Such models, however, neglect the atomistic structure and charge distribution of the collision partners. To determine the accuracy and applicability of these approaches under atmospheric conditions, we calculated collision cross sections and rate coefficients from all-atom molecular dynamics collision trajectories, sampling the relevant range of impact parameters and relative velocities, and from a central field model using an effective attractive interaction fitted to the long-range potential of mean force between the collision partners. We considered collisions between various atmospherically relevant molecular ions and dipoles and charged and neutral dipolar clusters. Based on the good agreement between collision cross sections and rate coefficients obtained from molecular dynamics trajectories and a generalized central field model, we conclude that the effective interactions between the collision partners are isotropic to a high degree, and the model is able to capture the relevant physicochemical properties of the systems. In addition, when the potential of mean force is recalculated at the respective temperatures, the central field model exhibits the correct temperature dependence of the collision process. The classical parametrization by Su and Chesnavich (1982), which combines a central field model with simplified trajectory simulations, is able to predict the collision rate coefficients and their temperature dependence quite well for molecular systems, but the agreement worsens for systems containing clusters. Based on our results, we propose the combination of potential of mean force calculation and a central field model as a viable and elegant alternative to the brute force sampling of individual collision trajectories over a large range of impact parameters and relative velocities.
Predicting gridded winter PM2.5 concentration in the east of China
Authors: Yin Zhicong , Duan Mingkeng , Li Yuyan , Xu Tianbao , Wang Huijun
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Exposure to high concentration levels of fine particle
matter with diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) can lead to great
threats to human health in the east of China. Air pollution control has greatly
reduced the PM2.5 concentration and entered a crucial stage that
required support like fine seasonal prediction. In this study, we analyzed
the contributions of emission predictors and climate variability to seasonal
prediction of PM2.5 concentration. The socioeconomic PM2.5,
isolated by atmospheric chemical models, could well describe the gradual
increasing trend of PM2.5 during the winters of 2001–2012 and the
sharp decreasing trend since 2013. The preceding climate predictors have
successfully simulated the interannual variability in winter PM2.5
concentration. Based on the year-to-year increment approach, a model for
seasonal prediction of gridded winter PM2.5 concentration
(10 km × 10 km) in the east of China was trained by integrating emission
and climate predictors. The area-averaged percentage of same sign was
81.4 % (relative to the winters of 2001–2019) in the leave-one-out
validation. In three densely populated and heavily polluted regions, the
correlation coefficients were 0.93 (North China), 0.95 (Yangtze River Delta)
and 0.87 (Pearl River Delta) during 2001–2019, and the root-mean-square
errors were 6.8, 4.2 and 4.7 µg m−3. More important, the
significant decrease in PM2.5 concentration, resulting from the
implementation of strict emission control measures in recent years, was also
reproduced. In the recycling independent tests, the prediction model
developed in this study also maintained high accuracy and robustness.
Furthermore, the accurate gridded PM2.5 prediction had the potential to
support air pollution control on regional and city scales.
Measurement report: Atmospheric mercury in a coastal city of Southeast China – inter-annual variations and influencing factors
Authors: Shi Jiayan , Chen Yuping , Xu Lingling , Hong Youwei , Li Mengren , Fan Xiaolong , Yin Liqian , Chen Yanting , Yang Chen , Chen Gaojie , Liu Taotao , Ji Xiaoting , Chen Jinsheng
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The long-term monitoring of atmospheric mercury is an
important part of the effective evaluation of the Minamata Convention on
Mercury. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), along with conventional air
pollutants and meteorological parameters, was simultaneously observed in
Xiamen, Southeast China, in January and July over the period 2012–2020. GEM concentrations in January were highest in 2015 (4.47 ng m−3) and
decreased by 2020 (3.93 ng m−3), while GEM concentrations in July were
highest in 2017 (2.65 ng m−3) and lowest in 2020 (1.56 ng m−3).
The temporal variation of GEM was typically characterized by higher
concentrations in winter than in summer and in nighttime than in daytime.
Bivariate polar plots and the concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) model
were used to identify the source regions of GEM on a local and regional
scale. The results indicate that the high GEM concentrations in January 2015
were likely due to a combination of high-level Hg emissions and adverse
meteorological conditions. Generalized additive models (GAMs), which use a regression
analysis method, were established and applied to investigate the influencing
factors on the inter-annual variation of GEM. The factors anthropogenic
emissions, meteorological conditions, and transportation explained 37.8 %±11.9 %, 31.4 %±9.0 %, and 30.8 %±9.9 % on average
of the variation of GEM concentrations, respectively. There was a positive
relationship of daily GEM concentrations with T and RH, mostly linking to
natural surface emissions and Hg chemical transformations. The
interpretation rate of anthropogenic emissions has significantly decreased
since 2012, indicating the effectiveness of emission mitigation measures in
reducing GEM concentrations in the study region.
Characterization of a modified printed optical particle spectrometer for high-frequency and high-precision laboratory and field measurements
Authors: Kasparoglu Sabin , Islam Mohammad Maksimul , Meskhidze Nicholas , Petters Markus D.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The printed optical particle spectrometer (POPS) is a lightweight, low-cost
instrument for measurements of aerosol number concentrations and size
distributions. This work reports on modifications of the Handix Scientific
commercial version of the POPS to facilitate its use in multi-instrument
aerosol sampling systems. The flow system is modified by replacing the
internal pump with a needle valve and a vacuum pump. The instrument is
integrated into closed-flow systems by routing the sheath flow from filtered
inlet air. A high-precision multichannel analyzer (MCA) card is added to
sample the analog pulse signal. The MCA card is polled at 10 Hz frequency
using an external data acquisition system and improves upon the count-rate
limitation associated with the POPS internal data acquisition system. The
times required to change the concentration between 90 % and 10 % and vice versa
for a step change in concentration were measured to be 0.17 and 0.41 s at
a flow rate of 5 cm3 s−1. This yields a sampling frequency of
∼ 1–2 Hz, below which the amplitude of measured fluctuations is
captured with > 70 % efficiency. The modified POPS was
integrated into the dual tandem differential mobility analyzer system to
explore the coalescence of dimer particles. Results show that the
pulse-height response increases upon dimer coalescence. The magnitude of the
increase is broadly consistent with the change in light-scattering amplitude
predicted by the T-matrix method. It is anticipated that this modified
version of the POPS will extend the utilization of the technique for a range
of field and laboratory applications.
Quantitative Chemical Assay of Nanogram-Level PM Using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: Characterization of Particles Collected from Uncrewed Atmospheric Measurement Platforms
Authors: Niedek Christopher Richard , Mei Fan , Zawadowicz Maria A. , Zhu Zihua , Schmid Beat , Zhang Qi
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Aerosol generation techniques have expanded the utility of aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) for offline chemical analysis of airborne particles and droplets. However, standard aerosolization techniques require relatively large liquid volumes (e.g., several milliliters) and high sample masses that limit their utility. Here we report the development and characterization of a micronebulization-AMS (MN-AMS) technique that requires as low as 10 μL of sample and can provide quantification of nanogram level of organic and inorganic substances via the usage of an isotopically labeled internal standard (34SO42−). Using standard solutions, the detection limits for this technique were determined at 0.189, 0.751, and 2.19 ng for sulfate, nitrate, and organics, respectively. The analytical recoveries for these species are 104 %, 87 %, and 94 %, respectively. This MN-AMS technique was applied successfully to analyzing filter and impactor samples collected using miniature PM samplers deployable on uncrewed atmospheric measurement platforms, such as uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) and tethered balloon systems (TBS). Chemical composition of PM samples collected from a UAS field campaign conducted at the DOE Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory was characterized. The offline MN-AMS data compared well with the in situ PM composition measured by a co-located Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). In addition, the MN-AMS and ion chromatography (IC) agreed well for measurements of sulfate and nitrate concentrations in the PM extracts. This study demonstrates the utility of combining MN-AMS with uncrewed measurement platforms to provide quantitative measurements of ambient PM composition with temporal and spatial resolution.
The altitude of green OI 557.7 nm and blue N2+ 427.8 nm aurora
Authors: Whiter Daniel K. , Partamies Noora , Gustavsson Björn , Kauristie Kirsti
Published: September 2022

Abstract. We have performed a large statistical study of the peak emission altitude of green O(1D2–1S0) (557.7 nm) and blue N2+ 1N (427.8 nm) aurora using observations from a network of all-sky cameras stationed across northern Finland and Sweden recorded during 7 winter seasons from 2000 to 2007. Both emissions were found to typically peak at about 114 km. The distribution of blue peak altitudes is more skewed than that for the green, and the mean peak emission altitudes were 114.84 ± 0.06 km and 116.55 ± 0.07 km for green and blue emissions, respectively. We compare simultaneous measurements of the two emissions in combination with auroral modelling to investigate the emission production mechanisms. During low energy electron precipitation (<∼4 keV), when the two emissions peak above about 110 km, it is more likely for the green emission to peak below the blue emission than vice versa, with the difference between the two heights increasing with their average. Modelling has shown that under these conditions the dominant source of O(1S), the upper state of the green line, is energy transfer from excited N2(A3∑+u), with a rate that depends on the product of the N2 and O number densities. Since both number densities decrease to higher altitude, the production of O(1S) by energy transfer from N2 peaks at lower altitude than the N2 ionisation rate, which depends on the N2 number density only. Consequently, the green aurora peaks below the blue aurora. When the two emissions peak below about 110 km they typically peak at very similar altitude. The dominant source of O(1S) at low altitudes must not be energy transfer from N2, since the rate of that process peaks above the N2 ionisation rate and blue emission due to quenching of the long-lived excited N2 at low altitudes. Dissociative recombination of O2+ seems most likely to a major source at these low altitudes, but our model is unable to reproduce observations fully, suggesting there may be additional sources of O(1S) unaccounted for.
From soil to sea: sources and transport of organic carbon traced by tetraether lipids in the monsoonal Godavari River, India
Authors: Kirkels Frédérique M. S. A. , Zwart Huub M. , Usman Muhammed O. , Hou Suning , Ponton Camilo , Giosan Liviu , Eglinton Timothy I. , Peterse Francien
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Monsoonal rivers play an important role in the
land-to-sea transport of soil-derived organic carbon (OC). However, spatial
and temporal variation in the concentration, composition, and fate of this
OC in these rivers remains poorly understood. We investigate soil-to-sea
transport of soil OC by the Godavari River in India using glycerol dialkyl
glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids in soils, river suspended particulate
matter (SPM), and riverbed sediments, as well as in a marine sediment core from the Bay
of Bengal. The abundance and composition of GDGTs in SPM and sediments in
the Godavari River differs between the dry and wet season. In the dry
season, SPM and riverbed sediments from the whole basin contain more
6-methyl branched GDGTs (brGDGTs) than the soils. In the upper basin, where
mobilisation and transport of soils is limited due to deficient rainfall and
damming, contributions of 6-methyl brGDGTs in SPM and riverbed sediments are
relatively high year-round, suggesting that they have an aquatic source.
Aquatic brGDGT production coincides with elevated values of the isoprenoid
GDGT-0 / crenarchaeol ratio in SPM and riverbed sediments from the upper basin,
indicating low-oxygen conditions. In the wet season, brGDGT distributions in
SPM from the lower basin closely resemble those in soils, mostly from the
north and east tributaries, corresponding to precipitation patterns. The
brGDGT composition in SPM and sediments from the delta suggests that soil OC
is only effectively transported to the Bay of Bengal in the wet season, when
the river plume extends beyond the river mouth. The sediment geochemistry
indicates that also the mineral particles exported by the Godavari River
primarily originate from the lower basin, similar to the brGDGTs, suggesting
that they are transported together. However, river depth profiles in the
downstream Godavari reveal no hydrodynamic sorting effect on brGDGTs in
either season, indicating that brGDGTs are not closely associated with
mineral particles. The similarity of brGDGT distributions in bulk and
fine-grained sediments (≤ 63 µm) further confirms the absence of
selective transport mechanisms. Nevertheless, the composition of brGDGTs in
a Holocene, marine sediment core near the river mouth appears substantially
different from that in the modern Godavari basin, suggesting that
terrestrial-derived brGDGTs are rapidly lost upon discharge into the Bay of
Bengal and/or overprinted by marine in situ production. The large change in
brGDGT distributions at the river–sea transition implies that this zone is
key in the transfer of soil OC, as well as that of the environmental signal
carried by brGDGTs from the river basin.
Acidification, deoxygenation, and nutrient and biomass declines in a warming Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Reale Marco , Cossarini Gianpiero , Lazzari Paolo , Lovato Tomas , Bolzon Giorgio , Masina Simona , Solidoro Cosimo , Salon Stefano
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The projected warming, nutrient decline, changes in net primary
production, deoxygenation and acidification of the global ocean will affect
marine ecosystems during the 21st century. Here, the climate change-related
impacts on the marine ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea in the middle and
at the end of the 21st century are assessed using high-resolution
projections of the physical and biogeochemical state of the basin under
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. In both scenarios, the analysis shows
changes in the dissolved nutrient contents of the euphotic
and intermediate layers of the basin, net primary production, phytoplankton
respiration and carbon stock (including phytoplankton, zooplankton,
bacterial biomass and particulate organic matter). The projections also show
uniform surface and subsurface reductions in the oxygen concentration
driven by the warming of the water column and by the increase in ecosystem
respiration as well as an acidification signal in the upper water column linked
to the increase in the dissolved inorganic carbon content of the water
column due to CO2 absorption from the atmosphere and the increase in
respiration. The projected changes are stronger in the RCP8.5 (worst-case)
scenario and, in particular, in the eastern Mediterranean due to the limited
influence of the exchanges in the Strait of Gibraltar in that part of the
basin. On the other hand, analysis of the projections under the RCP4.5
emission scenario shows a tendency to recover the values observed at the
beginning of the 21st century for several biogeochemical variables in the
second half of the period. This result supports the idea – possibly based on
the existence in a system such as the Mediterranean Sea of a certain buffer
capacity and renewal rate – that the implementation of policies for reducing
CO2 emission could indeed be effective and could contribute to the
foundation of ocean sustainability science and policies.
Clumped-isotope-derived climate trends leading up to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in northwestern Europe
Authors: O'Hora Heidi E. , Petersen Sierra V. , Vellekoop Johan , Jones Matthew M. , Scholz Serena R.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Paleotemperature reconstructions of the end-Cretaceous interval document local and global climate trends, some driven by greenhouse gas emissions from Deccan Traps volcanism and associated feedbacks. Here, we present a
new clumped-isotope-based paleotemperature record derived from fossil
bivalves from the Maastrichtian type region in southeastern Netherlands and
northeastern Belgium. Clumped isotope data document a mean temperature of 20.4±3.8 ∘C, consistent with other Maastrichtian temperature
estimates, and an average seawater δ18O value of 0.2±0.8 ‰ VSMOW for the region during the latest
Cretaceous (67.1–66.0 Ma). A notable temperature increase at
∼66.4 Ma is interpreted to be a regional manifestation of the
globally defined Late Maastrichtian Warming Event, linking Deccan Traps
volcanic CO2 emissions to climate change in the Maastricht region.
Fluctuating seawater δ18O values coinciding with temperature
changes suggest alternating influences of warm, salty southern-sourced
waters and cooler, fresher northern-sourced waters from the Arctic Ocean.
This new paleotemperature record contributes to the understanding of
regional and global climate response to large-scale volcanism and ocean
circulation changes leading up to a catastrophic mass extinction.
Temporal variations of surface mass balance over the last 5000 years around Dome Fuji, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Oyabu Ikumi , Kawamura Kenji , Fujita Shuji , Inoue Ryo , Motoyama Hideaki , Fukui Kotaro , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Hoshina Yu , Kurita Naoyuki , Nakazawa Fumio , Ohno Hiroshi , Sugiura Konosuke , Suzuki Toshitaka , Tsutaki Shun , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Niwano Masashi , Parrenin Frédéric , Saito Fuyuki , Yoshimori Masakazu
Published: September 2022

Abstract. We reconstructed surface mass balance (SMB) around Dome Fuji, Antarctica, over the last 5000 years using the data from 15 shallow ice cores and 7 snow pits. The depth-age relationships for the ice cores were determined by synchronizing them with a layer-counted ice core from West Antarctica (WAIS Divide ice core) using volcanic signals. The reconstructed SMB records for the last 4000 years show spatial patterns that may be affected by their locations relative to the ice divides around Dome Fuji, proximity to the ocean, and wind direction. The SMB records from the individual ice cores and snow pits were stacked to reconstruct the SMB history in the Dome Fuji area. The stacked record exhibits a long-term decreasing trend at −0.037±0.005 kg m-2 per century over the last 5000 years in the preindustrial period. The decreasing trend may be the result of long-term surface cooling over East Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, and sea-ice expansion in the water vapor source areas. The multidecadal to centennial variations of the Dome Fuji SMB after detrending the record shows four distinct periods during the last millennium: mostly negative period before 1300 C.E., slightly positive for 1300–1450 C.E., slightly negative for 1450–1850 C.E. with a weak maximum around 1600 C.E., and strong increase after 1850 C.E. These variations are consistent with those of previously reconstructed SMB records in the East Antarctic plateau. The low accumulation rate periods tend to coincide with the combination of strong volcanic forcings and solar minima for the last 1000 years, but the correspondence is not clear for the older periods, possibly because of the lack of coincidence of volcanic and solar forcings, or the deterioration of the SMB record due to smaller number of stacked cores.
Artemisia pollen dataset for exploring the potential ecological indicators in deep time
Authors: Lu Li-Li , Jiao Bo-Han , Qin Feng , Xie Gan , Lu Kai-Qing , Li Jin-Feng , Sun Bin , Li Min , Ferguson David K. , Gao Tian-Gang , Yao Yi-Feng , Wang Yu-Fei
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Artemisia, along with Chenopodiaceae, is the dominant component growing in
the desert and dry grassland of the Northern Hemisphere. Artemisia pollen with its
high productivity, wide distribution, and easy identification is usually
regarded as an eco-indicator for assessing aridity and distinguishing
grassland from desert vegetation in terms of the pollen relative abundance ratio
of Chenopodiaceae/Artemisia (C/A). Nevertheless, divergent opinions on the degree of
aridity evaluated by Artemisia pollen have been circulating in the palynological
community for a long time. To solve the confusion, we first selected 36
species from nine clades and three outgroups of Artemisia based on the phylogenetic
framework, which attempts to cover the maximum range of pollen morphological
variation. Then, sampling, experiments, photography, and measurements were
taken using standard methods. Here, we present pollen datasets containing
4018 original pollen photographs, 9360 pollen morphological trait
measurements, information on 30 858 source plant occurrences, and
corresponding environmental factors. Hierarchical cluster analysis on pollen
morphological traits was carried out to subdivide Artemisia pollen into three types.
When plotting the three pollen types of Artemisia onto the global terrestrial biomes,
different pollen types of Artemisia were found to have different habitat ranges.
These findings change the traditional concept of Artemisia being restricted to arid
and semi-arid environments. The data framework that we designed is open and
expandable for new pollen data of Artemisia worldwide. In the future, linking pollen
morphology with habitat via these pollen datasets will create additional
knowledge that will increase the resolution of the ecological environment in
the geological past. The Artemisia pollen datasets are freely available at Zenodo
(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6900308; Lu et al., 2022).
GlobalWheatYield4km: a global wheat yield dataset at 4-km resolution during 1982–2020 based on deep learning approaches
Authors: Luo Yuchuan , Zhang Zhao , Cao Juan , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Jing , Han Jichong , Zhuang Huimin , Cheng Fei , Xu Jialu , Tao Fulu
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Accurate and spatially explicit information on crop yield over large areas is paramount for ensuring global food security and guiding policy-making. However, most public datasets are coarse resolution in both space and time. Here, we used data-driven models to develop a 4-km dataset of global wheat yield (GlobalWheatYield4km) from 1982 to 2020. First, we proposed a phenology-based approach to map spatial distribution. Then we determined the optimal grid-scale yield estimation model by comparing the performance of two data-driven models (i.e., Random Forest (RF) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)), with publicly available data (i.e., satellite and climatic data from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, soil properties, and subnational statistics covering ~11000 political units). The results showed that GlobalWheatYield4km captured 82 % of yield variations with RMSE of 619.8 kg/ha. In addition, our dataset had a higher accuracy (R2 ~0.73) as compared with Spatial Production Allocation Model (R2 ~ 0.49) across all regions and years. The GlobalWheatYield4km dataset will play important roles in modelling crop system and assessing climate impact over larger areas ((DOI of the referenced dataset: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10025006; Luo et al., 2022b).
NeverWorld2: an idealized model hierarchy to investigate ocean mesoscale eddies across resolutions
Authors: Marques Gustavo M. , Loose Nora , Yankovsky Elizabeth , Steinberg Jacob M. , Chang Chiung-Yin , Bhamidipati Neeraja , Adcroft Alistair , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Griffies Stephen M. , Hallberg Robert W. , Jansen Malte F. , Khatri Hemant , Zanna Laure
Published: September 2022

Abstract. We describe an idealized primitive-equation model for studying mesoscale turbulence and leverage a hierarchy of grid resolutions to make eddy-resolving calculations on the finest grids more affordable.
The model has intermediate complexity, incorporating basin-scale geometry with idealized Atlantic and Southern oceans and with non-uniform ocean depth to allow for mesoscale eddy interactions with topography.
The model is perfectly adiabatic and spans the Equator and thus fills a gap between quasi-geostrophic models, which cannot span two hemispheres, and idealized general circulation models, which generally include diabatic processes and buoyancy forcing.
We show that the model solution is approaching convergence in mean kinetic energy for the ocean mesoscale processes of interest and has a rich range of dynamics with circulation features that emerge only due to resolving mesoscale turbulence.
A physically based distributed karst hydrological model (QMG model-V1.0) for flood simulations
Authors: Li Ji , Yuan Daoxian , Zhang Fuxi , Liu Jiao , Ma Mingguo
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Karst trough and valley landforms are prone to flooding,
primarily because of the unique hydrogeological features of karst landforms,
which are conducive to the spread of rapid runoff. Hydrological models that
represent the complicated hydrological processes in karst regions are
effective for predicting karst flooding, but their application has been
hampered by their complex model structures and associated parameter set,
especially for distributed hydrological models, which require large amounts
of hydrogeological data. Distributed hydrological models for predicting
flooding are highly dependent on distributed modelling, complicated boundary
parameter settings and extensive hydrogeological data processing, which
consumes large amounts of both time and computational power. Proposed here
is a distributed physically based karst hydrological model known as the QMG
(Qingmuguan) model. The structural design of this model is relatively
simple, and it is generally divided into surface and underground
double-layered structures. The parameters that represent the structural
functions of each layer have clear physical meanings, and fewer parameters
are included in this model than in the current distributed models. This
allows karst areas to be modelled with only a small amount of necessary
hydrogeological data. Eighteen flood processes across the karst underground
river in the Qingmuguan karst trough valley are simulated by the QMG model,
and the simulated values agree well with observations: the average values of
the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient and the water balance coefficient are both 0.92, while
the average relative flow process error is 10 % and the flood peak error
is 11 %. A sensitivity analysis shows that the infiltration coefficient,
permeability coefficient and rock porosity are the parameters that require
the most attention in model calibration and optimization. The improved
predictability of karst flooding enabled by the proposed QMG model promotes a better
mechanistic depiction of runoff generation and confluence in karst trough
valleys.
Pixel-level parameter optimization of a terrestrial biosphere model for improving estimation of carbon fluxes with an efficient model–data fusion method and satellite-derived LAI and GPP data
Authors: Ma Rui , Xiao Jingfeng , Liang Shunlin , Ma Han , He Tao , Guo Da , Liu Xiaobang , Lu Haibo
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Inaccurate parameter estimation is a significant source
of uncertainty in complex terrestrial biosphere models. Model parameters may
have large spatial variability, even within a vegetation type. Model
uncertainty from parameters can be significantly reduced by model–data
fusion (MDF), which, however, is difficult to implement over a large region
with traditional methods due to the high computational cost. This study
proposed a hybrid modeling approach that couples a terrestrial biosphere
model with a data-driven machine learning method, which is able to consider
both satellite information and the physical mechanisms. We developed a
two-step framework to estimate the essential parameters of the revised
Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) pixel by pixel using the
satellite-derived leaf area index (LAI) and gross primary productivity (GPP)
products as “true values.” The first step was to estimate the optimal
parameters for each sample using a modified adaptive surrogate modeling
algorithm (MASM). We applied the Gaussian process regression algorithm (GPR)
as a surrogate model to learn the relationship between model parameters and
errors. In our second step, we built an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)
model between the optimized parameters and local environmental variables.
The trained XGBoost model was then used to predict optimal parameters
spatially across the deciduous forests in the eastern United States. The
results showed that the parameters were highly variable spatially and quite
different from the default values over forests, and the simulation errors of
the GPP and LAI could be markedly reduced with the optimized parameters. The
effectiveness of the optimized model in estimating GPP, ecosystem
respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were also tested through
site validation. The optimized model reduced the root mean square error
(RMSE) from 7.03 to 6.22 gC m−2 d−1 for GPP, 2.65 to 2.11 gC m−2 d−1 for ER, and 4.45 to 4.38 gC m−2 d−1 for NEE.
The mean annual GPP, ER, and NEE of the region from 2000 to 2019 were 5.79,
4.60, and −1.19 Pg yr−1, respectively. The strategy used in this study
requires only a few hundred model runs to calibrate regional parameters and
is readily applicable to other complex terrestrial biosphere models with
different spatial resolutions. Our study also emphasizes the necessity of
pixel-level parameter calibration and the value of remote sensing products
for per-pixel parameter optimization.
Hydrologic Interpretation of Machine Learning Models for 10-daily streamflow simulation in Climate sensitive Upper Indus Catchments
Authors: Mushtaq Haris , Akhtar Taimoor , Zia-ur-Rahman Hashmi Muhammad , Masood Amjad
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Machine learning for hydrologic modeling has seen significant development and has been suggested as a valuable augmentation to physical hydrological modeling, especially in data scarce catchments. In Pakistan, surface water flows predominantly originate from the transboundary Upper Indus sub-catchments of Chenab, Jhelum, Indus and Kabul rivers. These are high elevation data scarce catchments and generated streamflows are highly seasonal and prone to climate change. Given the catchment characteristics, there is utmost need to develop machine learning models that are hydrologically robust. Thus, the current study besides evaluating the potential of three machine learning models for streamflow simulation also focused on the hydrologic interpretation of machine learning models using SHapley Additive exPlananations(SHAP).XGBOOST, RandomForest and Classification and Regression Trees(CART) were evaluated. All of these models performed well and range of R 2 and Nash Efficiency for all three models lies between 0.65 to 0.90. Our study’s most crucial contribution is SHapley Additive exPlananations (SHAP) method which gives extensive insights into the influence of each variable on simulated streamflow. SHAP analysis highlighted the significance of minimum temperature in high elevation zones for both Indus and Chenab catchment where streamflows are dominated by snow and glacier melt. We strongly believe that the findings of this study will promote the use of SHAP analysis for streamflow forecasting in data scarce and high elevation catchments in Pakistan.