bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood pressure measurement in cats and dogs: considerations for the clinician
Authors: Lloyd Ffion
Published: March 2018

Blood pressure is an increasingly-measured parameter in veterinary patients; recognition of hypertension and hypotension is important, as both are associated with detrimental sequelae for patients. Direct (invasive) measurement is the clinical gold standard, but non-invasive methods provide a more convenient option for the clinician in conscious patients. Doppler and oscillometric devices are the most popular non-invasive methods; their performance has been studied in terms of accuracy and precision, but the evidence base is produced largely from studies of anaesthetised patients. Doppler has been suggested as the preferred method in conscious cats and dogs. Adhering to a set protocol for blood pressure measurement is essential for the generation of valid results; the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine prescribes conditions for best practice. The reference range for normal blood pressure is ambiguous, with several different ranges proposed by various studies. In addition, multiple epidemiological factors such as age, breed, sex, neuter status and body weight can influence results.
Urinary catheters: indications for use and management
Authors: Bloor Claire
Published: March 2018

There are numerous reasons why veterinary patients would benefit from the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter (IDUC), however the veterinary surgeon must assess the benefits of this indwelling device for each patient individually against the potential risks, of which there are many. This article aims to discuss the indications for the use of an IDUC considering optimal management, linked to the prevention of associated infections. The key risks and complications associated with their use will be outlined as it is important that all veterinary professionals work together to prevent their development.
Physiological and Biochemical Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) to Ambient O3 and the Antiozonant Chemical Ethylenediurea (EDU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Baqasi Laila A. , Qari Huda A. , Hassan Ibrahim A.
Published: March 2018

This study was to conducted to investigate the use of ethylenediurea (EDU) as a possible tool to evaluate O3 effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under field conditions in Jeddah. Wheat plants were expsoed to ambient O3 (AA) and the antiozonant chemical ethylenediurea (EDU) in closed fumigation chambers for the full growing season. Growth, yield and physiology were determined in response to O3 and/or EDU. EDU-treated plants had higher photosynthetic rates (24%) and stomatal conductance (25%), which were reflected in higher growth and yield in terms of number of grains. The present study revealed that EDU could be used as a promising tool to mitigate damaging effects of O3 on under field conditions. EDU protected wheat plants leading to increases in photosynthetic rates, growth and yield.
Effects of Chronic Lithium Chloride and L-Arginine Treatment on Prevention of Streptozotocin Induced Cognitive Deficits by Ellagic Acid
Authors: Kumar Manish , Bansal Nitin
Published: March 2018

Administration of streptozotocin (STZ) through intracerebroventricular (ICV) route manifests AD symptoms in rats. STZ deregulates the control over GSK-3 and eNOS activities through disruption of phosphoinositides mediated signaling. We attempted to elucidate the functions of GSK-3 and eNOS in memory enhancing activity of ellagic acid (EGA) in STZ (ICV) triggered AD type dementia. A 3 mg/kg dose of STZ was injected gently in lateral cerebral ventricles of rats on day 1 and 3. The rats were given EGA (35 mg/kg b.w.) through oral route for four weeks daily. LiCl (GSK-3 inhibitor) and L-Arginine (NO precursor) were administered for four weeks to explore the modulation of GSK-3 and eNOS respectively by EGA in STZ (ICV) injected rats. MWM and EPM paradigms were utilized for evaluation of memory of rats. The rats were sacrificed on day 28 to determine markers of oxidative stress (TBARS, GSH, SOD, CAT), nitrite, AChE, LDH, TNF-α and eNOS in brain. STZ (ICV) initiated cognitive deficits through enhancement of brain oxidative stress, nitrite, TNF-α, AChE, LDH activity and reduction in eNOS levels. EGA attenuated the rise in oxidative stress, inflammation and LDH activity in STZ (ICV) treated rats. Decrease in nitrite content, AChE activity and resurrection of eNOS activity by EGA averted STZ (ICV) induced memory dysfunction in rats. Chronic inhibition of GSK-3 by LiCl (100 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced these effects of EGA in STZ (ICV) injected rats which thereby exhibited marked cognitive improvement. L-Arginine group manifested inflation in brain oxidative stress, TNF-α content, AChE and LDH activities. L-Arginine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) surged the nitrite content even though eNOS expression was diminished in brain of EGA and STZ (ICV) administered rats resulting in profound loss of memory. It can be concluded that GSK-3 and eNOS are involved in memory enhancing activity of EGA in STZ (ICV) injected rats.
Application of Genetic-Engineering Biological Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Nogayeva Maral
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a clinical-laboratory and radiological evaluation of the combined administration of infliximab and methotrexate to rheumatoid arthritis patients. The research is based on a retrospective analysis of medical records of inpatients, who underwent treatment at the S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University Department of Ambulatory-Out-Patient Therapy and the city rheumatologic centre (CRC) of Almaty. The main group was injected with infliximab and methotrexate, while the control group – with methotrexate as background therapy. The groups were comparable in terms of age-related, gender, and clinical-laboratory indicators. The research used DAS28 and its standard components and the Larsen index. It was established that the aggregate clinical-laboratory effectiveness of the combined background therapy is determined by a significantly greater reduction of the DAS28 (p<0.05), and a high probability of transition from the average and high to the low level of disease activity (OR – 4.90 [2.47-9.75]), compared to monotherapy. The study proved the significant effect of infliximab and methotrexate on radiological signs of osseous lesion – erosion count (p<0.05) and Larsen index (p<0.05), and the high probability of prevention of osteochondral progression, compared to a mono-component background therapy (OR – 2.66 [1.42-5.01]). The combined administration of infliximab and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis patients has greater clinical-laboratory and radiological effectiveness, compared to background monotherapy.
Prevalence and Distribution of Gingival Pyogenic Granuloma in Sulaimani population - Kurdistan Region - Iraq
Authors: Alwan Abdulkareem Hussain , Zardawi Faraedon M. , Gul Sarhang S. , Hussain Afnan Abdulkareem
Published: March 2018

Pyogenic granuloma is an inflammatory hyperplastic lesion seen in the oral cavity. It is commonly appear in the gingiva. The objectives of the research were to determine the percent of gingival pyogenic granuloma in the population of Sulaimani city -Iraq in relation to gender, age, pregnancy ,systemic diseases ,oral hygiene and site of occurrence of pyogenic granuloma. Materials and Methods: In this study the total stratified sample [1136 (568 male +568 female] and the randomly selected sample [248 (124 male and 124 female their age range (from 10 to 70 year) .They were examined orally for inspection of gingival pyogenic granuloma and determination of oral hygiene. The percent of the total sample with gingival pyogenic granuloma was (11.3%). The most of patients with gingival pyogenic granuloma was in females in their Second decade. The high percent of gingival pyogenic granuloma was found in buccal gingiva in upper jaw. Highly significant relationship was found between gingival pyogenic granuloma and its’ history. There was significant correlation between gingival pyogenic granuloma and oral hygiene status and systemic condition.
Immunological NBT Test – Indicator of Phagocytic and Metabolic Activity of Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Complications of Ent Organs Diseases
Authors: Lovpache Zarema N. , Tlupova Tamara G. , Teuvov Aslan A. , Baziev Arthur M. , Teuvazhukova Diana A.
Published: March 2018

Infectious diseases associated with diseases of ENT organs are quite common. Therefore, this problem requires detailed study. The main goal of the work is to characterize the immunological NBT test – the index of phagocytic and metabolic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in cases of complications of ENT diseases. To achieve this goal and study the problem in detail, the authors used experimental methods. The experiment was conducted on 40 patients from 32 to 65 years. The authors found that during the eruptive phase of the disease, the percentage of NBT positive granulocytes and tetrazolium activity significantly increased and amounted to 30-40%, while the control group’s data were the following – the activity of the NBT test was 4.9-6.8%. It was also found that the NBT test in patients with otitic meningitis was 26-62%, while in all patients with serous meningitis, the level of the NBT test was low – 6-11.
Reviews
Authors: Hawthorn Ruth , Jacoby Alexander , Miller Monica C. , Pollack Harriet , Shermer Elizabeth Tandy , Ward Jonathan , Weiss Katherine
Published: March 2018

War Noir: Raymond Chandler and the Hardboiled Detective as Veteran in American Detective Fiction, Sarah Trott (2016) Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 221 pp., ISBN: 9781496808646, h/bk, $65

Manga in America: Transnational Book Publishing and the Domestication of Japanese Comics, Casey Brienza (2016) London and New York: Bloomsbury, 214 pp., ISBN: 9781472595874, p/bk, £21.99, h/bk, £63.00, e/bk, £19.79

Manga and Anime Go To Hollywood: The Amazing Rapidly Evolving Relationship between Hollywood and Japanese Animation, Manga, Television and Film, Northrop Davis (2016) London and New York: Bloomsbury, 410 pp., ISBN: 9781623561444, p/bk, £20.99, h/bk, £80.00, e/bk, £18.89

Keywords for Southern Studies, Scott Romine and Jennifer Rae Greeson (eds) (2016) Athens: University of Georgia Press, 336 pp., ISBN: 9780820340616, h/bk, $89.95, 411 pp., ISBN: 9780820349626, p/bk, $32.95

Emmett Till in different genres

The Blood of Emmett Till, Timothy B. Tyson (2017) New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, New Delhi: Simon & Schuster, 218 pp., ISBN-13: 9781476714844, h/bk, $27.00, ISBN-13: 9781476714851, p/bk, $17.00, ISBN-13: 9781476714868, e/bk, $12.99

Writing to Save a Life: The Louis Till File, John Edgar Wideman (2016) New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, New Delhi: Scribner, 193 pp., ISBN-13: 9781501147289, h/bk, $25.00, ISBN-13: 9781501147296, p/bk, $16.00, ISBN-13: 9781501147302, e/bk, $11.95

Emmett Till in Different States, Philip C. Kolin (2015) Chicago: Third World Press, 72 pp., ISBN-13: 9780883783603, p/bk, $18.95

The ongoing crisis in American colleges

The Student Loan Mess: How Good Intentions Created a Trillion-Dollar Problem, Joel Best and Eric Best (2014) Berkeley: University of California Press, 248 pp., ISBN: 9780520276451, h/bk, $34.95, £27.95; p/bk, $26.95, £21.95

The Capitalist University: The Transformations of Higher Education in the United States, 1945–2016, Henry Heller (2016) London: Pluto Press, 264 pp., ISBN: 9780745336589, h/bk, $35.00, £22.37

Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream, Suzanne Mettler (2014) New York: Basic Books, 272 pp., ISBN: 9780465044962, p/bk, $27.99

No Tea, No Shade: New Writings in Black Queer Studies, E. Patrick Johnson (ed.) (2016) Durham, NC; London: Duke University Press, 422 pp., ISBN: 9780822362425, p/bk, $28.95

Tennessee Williams, Paul Ibell (2016) London: Reaktion Books, 192 pp., ISBN: 9781780236629, p/bk, $19
Vision, revelation, violence: Technology and expanded perception within photographic history
Authors: Slevin Tom
Published: March 2018

This article considers photography’s role as a visual technology and the consequent effects of expanded frames of knowledge. At the very moment human vision and memory were called into profound doubt, photography provided a mechanical, prosthetic extension to perceptual experience. However, as a technology, it contains the potential for both revelation and control. In this article, photography is considered as a technique that: expands human perception; inscribes its own mechanical operations into new visual forms, therefore enframing and encoding visible knowledge; and can be harnessed as a disciplinary instrument and technique of power. As a consequence, photography’s revealing of hitherto invisible dimensions of reality unfolds within a history of revelation, spectacle and power.
Crystal structure of bis(μ
2-pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioato-κ
3
S,S′:S;κ
3
S:S:S′)-bis(tricyclohexylphosphane-P)-di-copper(I), C46H82Cu2N2P2S4
Authors: Tan Yi Jiun , Yeo Chien Ing , Halcovitch Nathan R. , Tiekink Edward R.T.
Published: March 2018

C46H82Cu2N2P2S4, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 11.6189(2) Å, b = 12.2846(2) Å, c = 18.1744(2) Å, α = 97.3210(10)°, β = 106.3080(10)°, γ = 99.312(2)°, V = 2415.65(7) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.025, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.066, T = 100(2) K.
Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. V. Evidence on the role of cell death and neuromuscular function in the formation of specific peripheral connections
Authors: Oppenheim RW
Published: March 2018

Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that the chronic treatment of chick embryos with neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., curare, alpha-bungarotoxin), during the period of naturally occurring cell death of spinal motoneurons (days 5 to 10), greatly reduces the amount of cell death in this system. The surviving motoneurons continue differentiation and innervate the peripheral musculature. Since cell death has been prevented in these preparations from the earliest stages of limb innervation on day 4 or 5, it was expected that any inappropriate synaptic connections present at that time, or formed later, would be retained as long as the cell and their axons were prevented from regressing. To test this possibility, small injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into specific leg and wing muscles on embryonic day 10 in order to label retrogradely motoneuron pools in the spinal cord. The location of labeled motoneurons was found to be the same in control and experimental embryos. The specific muscles examined included the gastrocnemius, peroneus, adductor, and sartorius in the leg and the biceps, triceps, extensor metacarpi radialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris in the wing. In virtually all cases, there was a greater number of labeled motoneurons in the experimental cases. Despite this difference, the location of motoneuron pools in the rostral-caudal and transverse planes were remarkably similar in control and experimental embryos. Thus, natural cell death in this system is not primarily designed to remove errors in synaptic connectivity. Since a normal pattern of neuromuscular connections was formed in the virtual absence of functional synaptic interactions between motoneurons and their targets, these data do not support the contention that function is involved in the developmental specificity of peripheral connectivity.
Gene for monoamine oxidase type A assigned to the human X chromosome
Authors: Pintar JE , Barbosa J , Francke U , Castiglione CM , Hawkins M , Breakefield XO
Published: March 2018

Inherited variations in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity are thought to affect human behavior and expression of disease. The present study has established the chromosomal location of one of the structural genes coding for this enzyme. Mapping was carried out by somatic cell hybridization between normal human skin fibroblasts and mouse neuroblastoma cells. Selective media for growth of cells with or without hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity were used to obtain hybrid lines which had retained or lost the human X chromosome, respectively. Cytogenetic techniques, isozyme analysis, and limited proteolysis and peptide mapping of [3H]pargyline-labeled MAO were used to characterize hybrid lines. With one exception, only lines containing the human X chromosome and human forms of two X-linked enzymes (phosphoglycerate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) expressed the human form of the flavin polypeptide of type A MAO. The exceptional hybrid line contained a putative translocation of part of the human X chromosome, since it expressed human forms of both MAO and phosphoglycerate kinase but neither the human form of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase nor HPRT activity. This evidence indicates that the structural gene for the flavin polypeptide of MAO-A is on the human X chromosome. This represents the first chromosomal assignment of a human gene coding for an enzyme of neurotransmitter metabolism. This information will help to elucidate the structure of MAO and modes of its inheritance in the human population.
Concurrent discrimination learning of monkeys after hippocampal, entorhinal, or fornix lesions
Authors: Moss M , Mahut H , Zola-Morgan S
Published: March 2018

Ablations of anterior inferotemporal cortex in monkeys are known to impair learning when discriminations between members of several pairs of objects are taught concurrently. This deficit has been attributed to a loss of visual mnemonic functions. But ablations of hippocampus have also been shown to impair retention, and this impairment transcends the visual modality. Therefore, in the first of two experiments, we compared the behavioral effects of inferotemporal cortical lesions with those of either hippocampus, entorhinal area, or fornix, using a visual concurrent discrimination task. Monkeys with either hippocampal or entorhinal ablations were impaired, while those with fornix sections were not. However, ablations of hippocampus included inadvertent damage of the inferotemporal cortex. Therefore, in the second experiment, behavioral effects of inferotemporal lesions were compared with those of hippocampus (without additional inferotemporal damage) on the concurrent task in both visual and tactual modalities. In the visual mode, monkeys with hippocampal removals were as impaired as those with inferotemporal ablations. In the tactual mode, however, hippocampal, but no inferotemporal, ablations were followed by a deficit. Our results, taken together with other existing evidence, emphasize the role of the hippocampus in mediating associative learning in more than one modality. These results, obtained with non-human primates, are in line with clinical findings.
Decreased glutamate uptake in subcortical areas deafferented by sensorimotor cortical ablation in the cat
Authors: Young AB , Bromberg MB , Penney JB
Published: March 2018

Evidence that L-glutamate is a neurotransmitter of corticofugal fibers was sought by measuring changes in several biochemical markers of neurotransmitter function after pericruciate (sensorimotor) ablations in cats. Two weeks after cortical ablation, samples from various brain regions were analyzed for high affinity uptake of glutamate, gama- aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, alanine, and tyrosine. Amino acid levels and the activity of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) also were determined. High affinity glutamate uptake is decreased relative to the opposite side in areas of the nervous system which lost a predominantly unilateral corticofugal projection. These areas include the caudate nucleus, ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, red nucleus, basis pontis, and cervical and lumbar spinal cord. No significant changes were found in the uptake of other amino acids or in CAT in these regions. Changes in the levels of amino acids were significant only in ventrolateral thalamus where there was a 33% decrease in glutamate on the deafferented side. The data suggest that L-glutamate is a neurotransmitter of corticofugal fibers to many subcortical areas related to motor control.
Neuronal responses of the globus pallidus to systemic administration of d-amphetamine: investigation of the involvement of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Authors: Bergstrom DA , Walters JR
Published: March 2018

Systemic administration of d-amphetamine (d-AMP) caused significant increases in the unit activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the rat globus pallidus. Intravenous injection of 0.2 mg/kg of d-AMP produced an average increase of 32% while a cumulative dose of 6.4 mg/kg of d-AMP increased cell firing 81% above base line control. The excitatory effects of d-AMP on pallidal cells were effectively blocked and reversed by haloperidol. Increasing intravenous doses of l- amphetamine (l-AMP), totaling 12.8 mg/kg, caused a slight excitation of pallidal neurons. The average maximum increase was 18.3%. Minor rate- elevating effects were also observed after systemic administration of desmethylimipramine and clonidine. The serotonin uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, produced varied changes in firing frequencies. Pretreatment with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine significantly attenuated the d-AMP-induced increase in pallidal activity. These results suggest that dopamine plays a prominent role in mediating the stimulatory effects of d-AMP on the firing rates of a population of globus pallidus cells in gallamine-paralyzed rats.
Variability in right hemisphere language function after callosal section: evidence for a continuum of generative capacity
Authors: Sidtis JJ , Volpe BT , Wilson DH , Rayport M , Gazzaniga MS
Published: March 2018

Two recent patients in our behavioral series investigating the psychological effects of callosal section exhibit right hemisphere language. Using lateralized visual and auditory stimulation, semantic, phonetic, and expressive linguistic functions were examined. While the right hemisphere language systems in both patients were shown to be capable of semantic information processing, they differed in their abilities to process phonetic information, follow verbal commands, and produce linguistic responses. It is argued that the differences between left and right hemisphere language systems are quantitative and are best characterized along a continuum of generative capacity. It is the variability in such capacity that appears to be responsible for the variability in right hemisphere language function within the split- brain population.
Enhancement by anesthetic and convulsant barbiturates of GABA binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes
Authors: Willow M , Johnston GA
Published: March 2018

All of the anesthetic (amylobarbitone, butobarbitone, pentobarbitone, phenobarbitone, and secobarbitone) and convulsant (5-ethyl-5(3′- methylbut-2-enyl) barbituric acid (3M2B) and 5-ethyl-5-(2′- cyclohexylidene-ethyl) barbituric acid (CHEB) barbiturates tested enhanced the binding of GABA to a carefully prepared P2 membrane fraction from rat brain in a dose-dependent manner. These findings are in agreement with the potentiation of the inhibitory effects of GABA in many neuronal systems by both classes of barbiturates.
Sizes and distributions of intrinsic neurons incorporating tritiated GABA in monkey sensory-motor cortex
Authors: Hendry SH , Jones EG
Published: March 2018

Neurons accumulating [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were identified autoradiographically in frozen and plastic sections after injection of the material in the monkey somatic sensory (areas 3, 1, and 2), motor (area 4), and parietal (area 5) cortex following intravenous administration of a GABA transaminase inhibitor, amino-oxyacetic acid. Two general forms of labeled cells are recognized: those with large diameter (15- to 20-micrometer) somata, probably corresponding to the basket cells of Golgi studies, and those with small diameter (6- to 12- micrometer) somata, probably corresponding to several other types. The sizes and laminar distributions of labeled cells in the cytoarchitectonic fields of the first somatic sensory are (SI) are similar. In these areas, the greatest concentrations of labeled cells are in layer II, in layer IV, and in the superficial stratum of layer IV. In area 5, there are many fewer labeled cells in layer IV. In area 4, the labeled cells are larger and distributed more homogeneously, though there are fewer in layer VI. The large labeled cell type is concentrated in layers III and V of all areas. The smaller labeled types are found in all other layers, including layer I. In layer IV, they form approximately 40% of the total small-celled neuronal population.
Characterization of benzodiazepine and gamma-aminobutyric recognition sites and their endogenous modulators
Authors: Massotti M , Guidotti A , Costa E
Published: March 2018

The solubilization and partial purification from rat brain cortex homogenates of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and [3H]diazepam recognition sites and of their endogenous modulators (GABA-modulin and an endogenous compound which specifically bound [3H]diazepam) are reported. A high percentage of GABA binding sites (virtually free of benzodiazepine binding sites) was solubilized from homogenates of rat brain cortex incubated at 0 degree C with 1% Triton X-100 and a mixture of protease inhibitors. A large proportion of benzodiazepine binding sites was solubilized in the absence of apparent GABA binding capacity by incubating crude synaptic membrane preparations at 37 degree C with 0.05% Triton X-100. The characteristics of these two solubilized binding sites resemble those of the membrane-bound binding sites. However, unlike the membrane-bound sites, solubilized GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites are insensitive to GABA stimulation, while solubilized GABA binding sites are no longer protected by the benzodiazepines against heat inactivation. These results indicate that GABA and benzodiazepine recognition sites reside in two different molecules which, when bound to membranes, can interact reciprocally and modulate their binding affinity for specific ligands.
The relation of postsynaptic geometry to the number of presynaptic axons that innervate autonomic ganglion cells
Authors: Purves D , Hume RI
Published: March 2018

We have studied the shape of rabbit ciliary ganglion cells in relation to the number of axons that innervate each neuron. Adult ganglion cells receive synapses from one to seven different preganglionic axons. Some neurons lack dendrites altogether, whereas others have complex arborizations of up to eight primary dendrites. The neurons that receive all of their synaptic contacts from a single preganglionic axon usually have no dendrites; on the other hand, multiply innervated ganglion cells receive synapses from a number of different axons that increases in proportion to the number of primary dendrites that they possess. A possible explanation of these results is that individual ciliary ganglion cells comprise a number of separate spatial domains, each of which is largely constrained to receive innervation from a single preganglionic axon.
Cellular localization of 2-[3H]deoxy-D-glucose from paraffin-embedded brains
Authors: Durham D , Woolsey TA , Kruger L
Published: March 2018

Results of experiments in which regional neuronal activity is revealed by a 2-[3H]deoxy-D-glucose (3H-2-DG)-paraffin section-emulsion autoradiography method are described. The trigeminal pathway of freely behaving mice was activated differentially by selective patterns of whisker removal. One hour after injection of concentrated 3H-2-DG, the animals were perfused systemically with a periodate/lysine/paraformaldehyde mixture (McLean, I. W., and P. K. Nakane (1974) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22: 1077–1083), the brains were embedded in paraffin, and serial sections were taken and coated with emulsion for autoradiography. Diffusion of the isotope out of the tissue was assessed visually and by liquid scintillation counting. While substantial loss of 3H isotope into the embedding fluids (about 95%) was found, the scintillation counts and the autoradiograms showed good fixation of the isotope in situ, no evidence of isotope movement into the emulsion, and no gradients of diffusion in the sectioned material. Patterns of regional labeling were similar to those reported from brains prepared by conventional 2-[14C]deoxy-D-glucose (14C-2-DG) autoradiography; for instance, auditory and vestibular pathways in the brainstem were heavily and specifically labeled. Trigeminal structures associated with the intact (stimulated) whiskers were labeled relatively heavily, indicating that label uptake is specific with respect to neuronal activity. In the cortex, the patterns of label corresponded directly and precisely to those barrels known to receive inputs from the intact whiskers. Distribution of silver grains in the cortex and in the brainstem was correlated directly with neuronal profiles, including processes, some of which were identified by means of a Nissl counterstain. Clearly, this approach offers considerable technical advantages, in particular, the ease with which the histological material is prepared. The resolution of the autoradiograms and the quality of the histology are excellent.
Ultrastructural localization and biochemical features of immunoreactive LEU-enkephalin in monkey dorsal horn
Authors: Aronin N , DiFiglia M , Liotta AS , Martin JB
Published: March 2018

Leu-enkephalin is an opioid peptide that has been found to modulate nociception in the spinal cord. Both pre- and postsynaptic interactions by enkephalins have been proposed. By the peroxidase . anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical method, we studied the distribution and ultrastructure of neuronal elements in the monkey dorsal horn to elucidate possible morphological substrates for postulated opioid actions. Biochemical analysis of immunoreactive Leu-enkephalin-like peptides in the cord was performed to characterize the forms present in labeled neurons and terminals. At the light microscopic level, fiber immunostaining was found in most areas of gray matter, especially in laminae I to V, and in the dorsolateral funiculus. Cell bodies were located in laminae I, II, III, and V. At the ultrastructural level, in the superficial dorsal horn, we found that neurons with Leu-enkephalin receive numerous types of axon inputs, some of which have been identified previously as originating from the dorsal root. Leu- enkephalin terminals formed primarily axosomatic and axodendritic synapses and less frequently synapsed with other axons. With the same Leu-enkephalin antiserum as used in the immunocytochemistry, a peptide physicochemically similar to intact Leu-enkephalin and two larger Leu- enkephalin-like peptides were identified in monkey spinal cord extracts. It is likely that a family of Leu-enkephalin-like peptides is present in monkey spinal cord and that the labeled elements may contain any or all of these substances. It is concluded that both pre- and postsynaptic physiologic effects of Leu-enkephalin are possible, although the preponderance of axodendritic synapses favors a principal postsynaptic site of action. The anatomical results suggest that neurons containing immunoreactive Leu-enkephalin in the dorsal horn, some of which may receive input from primary afferents, modulate nociception by directly synapsing with cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract and also by interacting with primary afferent terminals.
Biosynthesis and release of beta-endorphin-, N-acetyl beta-endorphin-, beta-endorphin-(1-27)-, and N-acetyl beta-endorphin-(1-27)-like peptides by rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe: beta-endorphin is not further processed by anterior lobe
Authors: Liotta AS , Yamaguchi H , Krieger DT
Published: March 2018

Continuous labeling and pulse-chase techniques were employed to study the synthesis and secretion of multiple forms of immunoreactive beta- endorphin by cultured dispersed rat anterior lobe cells and intact neurointermediate pituitary lobe. Cell and medium extract immunoreactive beta-endorphin (specific immunoprecipitation and radioimmunoassay) exhibiting a Kav similar to authentic beta-endorphin upon gel filtration was characterized further by nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing, cation exchange chromatography, reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, and partial tryptic and chymotryptic mapping. Intact neurointermediate lobes incorporated radiolabeled amino acids into four to six forms of immunoreactive beta- endorphin. Four of these forms were physicochemically similar to authentic beta-endorphin, N-acetylated beta-endorphin, beta-endorphin- (1–27), and N-acetylated beta-endorphin-(1–27). Pulse-chase studies indicated that a beta-lipotropin-like molecule served as a metabolic intermediate for a beta-endorphin-like molecule. As beta-endorphin-like material accumulated in the cell, some of it was N-acetylated (approximately 18% at 2 hr chase and approximately 65% at 18 hr chase). At later chase times, beta-endorphin-(1–27)- and N-acetylated beta- endorphin-(1–27)-like peptides were the predominant molecular species detected. All endorphin forms were detected in unlabeled tissue maintained in culture or tissue continuously labeled for 72 hr and were released into the medium under basal, stimulatory (10(-8) M norepinephrine), or inhibitory (10(-7) M dopamine) incubation conditions. In all cases, beta-endorphin-(1–27)-like species were the predominant forms (more than 70% of total) present in the cells and released into the medium. In contrast, approximately 90% of radiolabeled immunoreactive beta-endorphin extracted from anterior lobe cells and medium similarly incubated appeared to represent the authentic beta-endorphin molecule. Continuous labeling (72 hr) revealed the beta-lipotropin/beta-endorphin molar ratio to be approximately 4. We conclude that, in anterior lobe, most of the beta-endorphin is not processed further and is released intact, while in neurointermediate lobe, it serves as a biosynthetic intermediate.
The giant serotonergic neuron of Aplysia: a multi-targeted nerve cell
Authors: Schwartz JH , Shkolnik LJ
Published: March 2018

We have examined the various classes of cells that can be innervated by the giant cerebral neuron (GCN), an identified serotonergic cell that functions in arousal and maintenance of feeding behavior. We have found that this single neuron innervates a remarkable variety of postsynaptic targets by means of varicosities bearing active zones. The neuron's presynaptic terminals were identified by electron microscopic radioautography after intrasomatic injection of a tritiated amino sugar precursor of membrane glycoproteins; these are moved to nerve endings by fast axonal transport. In addition to endings on buccal muscle, we have found that GCN forms appositions with the morphological characteristics of synapses on axonal processes and cell bodies of neurons in the buccal ganglion and, unexpectedly, it forms appositions most often with glial cells which form the lining of intraganglionic hemal sinuses. Thus, GCN, through contacts on a variety of postsynaptic targets, has the potential of mediating several different functions, each of which is usually associated with a specific specialized type of neuron. In random electron micrographs, approximately 14% of GCN's varicosities had membrane specializations presumed to be the sites where transmitter is released. In these sections, GCN's active zones were quite small, 0.25 micrometer or approximately five vesicle diameters long. One of GCN's terminals was reconstructed completely from a series of thin sections. It had a single, flat ovoid active zone with an area of 17 micrometers2. We suggest that active zones often are overlooked in random sections of monoaminergic terminals because they are small.
Two forms of human amnesia: an analysis of forgetting
Authors: Squire LR
Published: March 2018

An analysis of forgetting was applied to patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, patients receiving bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and case N. A. who has chronic amnesia for verbal material. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and case N. A. exhibited a normal forgetting rate, whereas patients receiving ECT exhibited abnormally rapid forgetting. Based on previous findings for the patient H. M., on indirect evidence that the amnesia associated with ECT might be related to temporal lobe dysfunction, and on the diencephalic distribution of lesions in case N. A. and in Korsakoff's syndrome, these results support the hypothesis that these amnesias are distinct syndromes of memory dysfunction. Thus, the stage of memory function disrupted may be different in the two circumstances, and medial temporal and diencephalic brain regions may normally contribute in different ways to the formation of memory.
Light microscopic analysis of contacts between pairs of identified leech neurons with combined use of horseradish peroxidase and lucifer yellow
Authors: DeRiemer SA , Macagno ER
Published: March 2018

Intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Lucifer Yellow (LY) were used to determine the locations of possible synaptic contacts between pairs of identified leech neurons. The pairs studied were ipsilateral touch sensory neurons (T cells), T cells plus the large longitudinal motoneuron (L cell), and T cells plus the annulus erector motoneuron (AE cell). The joint use of epi-fluorescence and transmitted light permitted the simultaneous observation of the processes of the HRP- and LY-filled cells. Our results indicate that, within the resolution of the light microscope, (a) over 40% of the varicosities of a T cell are in contact with those of another ipsilateral T cell, (b) both ipsilateral and contralateral T cells make numerous contacts with the two motoneurons studied, and (c) T cell- motoneuron contacts are distributed widely within the region where the cells overlap in the neuropil and occur on both major and minor processes of the motoneurons.
Hormonal control of cell form and number in the zebra finch song system
Authors: Gurney ME
Published: March 2018

Administration of testosterone (T), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), or 5 alpha- dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to female zebra finch chicks (Poephila guttata) at hatching exerts effects on brain sexual differentiation. Within a telencephalic station (the nucleus robustus archistriatalis, RA) of the neural pathway which participates in the efferent control of song, masculinization of several indices of neuronal size is induced by exposure to T or E2. Within RA, a sensitive assay of a single neuron's sexually differentiated state is the diameter of its soma. By this criteria, all of the neurons within RA can be masculinized with a sufficient dose of T. As the dose of T is progressively decreased, the proportion of RA neurons which undergo the transition from female to male falls, while the magnitude of the change in soma size remains basically unaltered. Administration of T or DHT masculinizes the number of neurons in RA.
Ontogenesis of olivocerebellar relationships. II. Spontaneous activity of inferior olivary neurons and climbing fibermediated activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in developing rats
Authors: Mariani J , Changeux JP
Published: March 2018

During development of vertebrate cerebellum, a multiple innervation of each Purkinje cell (PC) by several climbing fibers (CFs) (Crepel, F., J. Mariani, and N. Delhaye-Bouchaud (1976) J. Neurobiol. 7: 567–578; Mariani, J., and J. -P. Changeux (1981) J. Neurosci. 1: 696–702) precedes the one-to-one relationship characteristic of the adult stage. In the present study, the spontaneous activity of inferior olivary neurons (whose axons constitute the CFs) and the spontaneous activity elicited in PCs by the CF system were investigated in developing rats. Extracellular unitary recordings were obtained in medial and dorsal accessory olives from 249 neurons from 1-day-old to adult animals. The mean discharge rate varied from 0.19 spike . sec-1 on day 1 to 1.69 spikes . sec-1 on postnatal day 21 and 1.78 spikes . sec-1 in adult animals. Although the spontaneous discharge was low, interspike interval histograms were constructed for a sample of cells. Their modal value varied from a mean value of 660 msec on day 1 to 250 msec in the adult with, however, marked variations at each age in the young animals. Intracellular recordings from PCs were performed in rats ranging in age from 5 to 15 postnatal days. The spontaneous (i.e., asynchronous) discharge of excitatory postsynaptic potentials mediated neurons at the same age. The main results are the following: (1) In PCs innervated by one CF, the mean frequency of CF-EPSPs was similar to the discharge of inferior olivary neurons; (2) in PCs innervated by several CFs, the mean discharge of CF-EPSPs was much higher than the discharge of inferior olivary neurons; (3) as a whole, the CF-mediated activity of PCs decreased from day 5 to day 11, while the multiple innervation disappeared; from then on, the activity increased with the maturation of inferior olivary neurons until adult values. The ratio of the frequencies of CF-EPSPs and olivary neurons discharges gives an approximate mean number of CF collaterals per PC at each age; it varied from 3.6 on day 5 to values close to 1 on day 11 and the following days.
Invariant characteristics of a pointing movement in man
Authors: Soechting JF , Lacquaniti F
Published: March 2018

Simple arm movements involving forward projection of the hand toward a target were studied by measuring simultaneous wrist position in three- dimensional space and changes in elbow angle. An attempt was made to identify those features of the movement which exhibit invariant characteristics under the hypothesis that such invariances may reflect the operations by which central processes participate in the organization of the movement. The first such invariance to be identified was that the trajectory in space is independent of movement speed. Secondly, the movement can be viewed as consisting of two phases, an acceleratory phase and a deceleratory one, with the movement during the acceleratory phase being so organized as to maintain the ratio of elbow angular velocity to shoulder angular velocity invariant with respect to target location in the deceleratory phase. It is suggested that proprioceptive information is used to control the movement and that the latter invariance may result from a negative feedback of force involving tendon organ afferents.
An immunohistochemical study of the neuropeptidergic bag cells of Aplysia
Authors: Chiu AY , Strumwasser F
Published: March 2018

The bag cell neurosecretory system of Aplysia californica synthesizes and releases a neuropeptide, the egg-laying hormone (ELH), which can induce egg-laying behavior. While ELH acts as a neurohormone on distant neuronal and non-neuronal targets, it also can moderate the electrical activity of neurons within the abdominal ganglion. Using antibodies generated against pure ELH, our immunohistochemical study provides direct morphological support for this dual function of ELH by defining the distribution of this neuropeptide within the abdominal ganglion of A. californica. We also find ELH cross-reactivity in the bag cell systems of three other species of Aplysia. In sections of abdominal ganglia stained for ELH by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, bag cell clusters were found to be homogeneous populations of ELH- immunoreactive neurons, extending processes in a complex array within the connective tissue sheath overlying the ganglion and the proximal regions of neighboring nerves. This association of neurites with the sheath is the neurohemal organ which facilitates release of ELH into circulating hemolymph. Stained processes also invade the interior of the ganglion in association with septal sheets of connective tissue and as scattered fibers in the neuropil. Local modulation by ELH probably occurs through release from these intraganglionic sites. A few ELH- positive ectopic cells were seen outside of the confines of the bag cell clusters as far displaced as the base of the branchial nerve; they appear to be bag cells which have mis-migrated during development. Specificity of the antiserum was confirmed by the total lack of staining of all other neurons within the abdominal ganglion as well as the absence of staining of bag cells with pre-immune serum. Although th ELHs of Aplysia vaccaria, Aplysia braziliana, and Aplysia dactylomela have not been characterized biochemically, it is known that abdominal ganglion extracts from A. californica can induce egg laying in all three species. We find that antiserum against A. californica ELH stains the bag cell systems of A. vaccaria, A. braziliana, and A. dactylomela and not other parts of their abdominal ganglia. It is likely that this staining represents cross-immunoreactivity of the egg-laying neurohormones from these species which also share cross-bioactivity.
Cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat
Authors: Roldan M , Reinoso-Suarez F
Published: March 2018

The projections from the cerebellar nuclei to the superior colliculus of the cat have been studied by injecting small amounts of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus and charting the distribution of the labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The results show that the cerebellar nuclei project to the deep layers of the superior colliculus, especially contralaterally. Of the deep cerebellar nuclei, the lateral sends the most conspicuous projection to the superior colliculus. This projections is topographically organized in a rostrocaudal sense, ending principally in the intermediate layers, and is most dense in the rostral half of the contralateral superior colliculus. The lateral nucleus also projects to the rostral part of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. The nucleus interpositus anterior projects to the rostromedial part of the stratum griseum intermedium of the contralateral colliculus. The caudal pole of the fastigial nucleus projects to the strata grisea intermedium and profundum, mainly to the latter and specifically in the caudal half of both superior colliculi. These results demonstrate that, apart from the possible existence of direct cerebellar connections to the oculomotor nuclei, the visual cerebellum modulates, through monosynaptic projections, the activity of the deep layers of the superior colliculus which is related directly to the regulation of the eye- and head-orienting movements.
In vitro resetting of the circadian clock in the Aplysia eye. II. The critical period for optic nerve activity
Authors: Prichard RG , Lickey ME
Published: March 2018

When constant light is 18, 21, or 24 hr, a constant light to constant darkness (LL/DD) transition in vitro results in a phase difference (delta psi) between an eye that is attached to the cerebral ganglion and its partner that is detached by cutting its optic nerve just prior to the LL/DD. This delta psi develops during the first 24 hr after LL/DD as the result of efferent activity in the optic nerve of the attached eye. By cutting the nerve of the original attached eye at various times after LL/DD, we determined when the phase resetting nerve activity occurs. This experiment was carried out following LL = 18, 21, and 24 hr. Optic nerve activity at the time of and for several hours after LL/DD did not produce nerve-dependent resetting (NDR). Instead, there was a restricted critical period, 2 to 3 hr long during which the effective nerve activity occurred. Following 24 hr of LL, a 2-hr window of optic nerve activity during the critical period could produce NDR, but a 2-hr window outside of the critical period was ineffective. The resetting effect of nerve activity was produced suddenly as if NDR were an all-or-nothing event. Following 18, 21, and 24 hr of LL, the critical period occurred 10, 7, and 4 hr, respectively, after LL/DD. In each case, this was about 28 hr after the last dawn of the light cycles to which the animal had been exposed prior to LL. We conclude that the critical period is timed by a mechanism that is not reset by LL/DD.