bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the physical, optical and shielding properties for ternary Sb2O3–B2O3–K2O glasses
Authors: Soraya M. M. , Ahmed Fatma. B. M. , Mahasen M. M.
Published: September 2022

Ternary Sb2O3–B2O3–K2O glass system, with general composition of x Sb2O3–(70-x) B2O3–30 K2O (where x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) were prepared using melt-quenching technique. Structures of these glasses were investigated using XRD analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. The optical properties were investigated using the UV–Vis NIR JASCO (Model V-670) Double Beam Spectrophotometer. Different physical parameters, such as density (ρ), molar volume (VM), oxygen molar volume (VO) and oxygen packing density values (OPD) have been estimated. Also, the Gamma radiation shielding ability have been characterized for the investigated glasses using Phy-X/PSD software in the photon energy range (0.015–15 MeV). XRD analysis confirm the amorphous nature of the prepared glasses. The optical energy gap of SBK glasses is decreasing from 4 to 2.63 eV with increasing Sb2O3content while refractive index is increasing from 2.17 to 2.5 because of increasing the non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) in the glass matrix. The molar refractivity (Rm), molar polarizability (αm) and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility valuesχ3have been calculated, their values are found to increase with increasing Sb2O3content. Glass density and molar volume values for the SBK glasses increase with increasing Sb2O3content. Increasing the Sb2O3concentration enhance the radiation shielding features of the prepared glasses against gamma rays and neutrons. Hence, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) increases from 8.6 to 35.4 cm2/gm while the half value layer (HVL) decreases from 0.036 to 0.0046 cm at 0.015 MeV as the Sb2O3concentration increases from 0 to 50 mol%. The fast neutron cross section of the six investigated SBK glasses are (0.087, 0.092, 0.095, 0.091, 0.094 and 0.092 cm−1), respectively.
A fully human anti-c-Kit monoclonal antibody 2G4 inhibits proliferation and degranulation of human mast cells
Authors: Kim Kwang-Hyeok , Kim Jin-Ock , Park Sang Gyu
Published: September 2022

Given that mast cells are pivotal contributors to allergic diseases, various allergy treatments have been developed to inhibit them. Omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobulin E antibody, is a representative therapy that can alleviate allergy symptoms by inhibiting mast cell degranulation. However, omalizumab cannot reduce the proliferation and accumulation of mast cells, which is a fundamental cause of allergic diseases. c-Kit is essential for the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of mast cells. Excessive c-Kit activation triggers various mast cell diseases, such as asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria, and mastocytosis. Herein, we generated 2G4, an anti-c-Kit antibody, to develop a therapeutic agent for mast cell diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of 2G4 antibody was evaluated in LAD2, a human mast cell line. 2G4 antibody completely inhibited c-Kit signaling by blocking the binding of stem cell factor, known as the c-Kit ligand. Inhibition of c-Kit signaling led to the suppression of proliferation, migration, and degranulation in LAD2 cells. Moreover, 2G4 antibody suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, C–C motif chemokine ligand 2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and complement component C5/C5a, which can exacerbate allergy symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that 2G4 antibody has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for mast cell diseases.
Smartphone application use in commercial wild capture fisheries
Authors: Calderwood Julia
Published: September 2022

Smartphones are increasingly the most common type of mobile phone used throughout the world, offering users the ability to browse the internet and access mobile applications. Smartphones are also often equipped with high definition digital cameras, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and GPS. They can, therefore, facilitate the collection and dissemination of data, often through purpose designed applications (apps). As a result, numerous apps have been developed for use in wild capture fisheries. These apps have been designed for a number of purposes including for data collection, providing information to fishers, being linked to value chains and post-harvest practices and for uses linked to employment, legislation and safety. These apps are used across the world from large commercialized fisheries to small scale fisheries. In the latter, apps have the potential to bridge a technology gap, possibly replicating the functions of multiple pieces of hardware such as are used on larger vessels. This paper presents results from a narrative literature review to provide a synthesis of smart phone apps currently available for use by commercial fishers. 84 smartphone apps were identified as being currently available for use in commercial wild capture fisheries throughout the world. Smartphone apps were available for a number of uses but they were predominantly used for data collection and reporting. While this review provides an important overview of the extent of app use in commercial wild capture fisheries there remains potential for future work to improve understanding of how beneficial app use is and what it is that encourages app use and determines an app as being ‘successful’.
Forest-Based Networks
Authors: Huber K. T. , Moulton V. , Scholz G. E.
Published: September 2022

In evolutionary studies, it is common to use phylogenetic trees to represent the evolutionary history of a set of species. However, in case the transfer of genes or other genetic information between the species or their ancestors has occurred in the past, a tree may not provide a complete picture of their history. In such cases,tree-based phylogenetic networkscan provide a useful, more refined representation of the species’ evolution. Such a network is essentially a phylogenetic tree with some arcs added between the tree’s edges so as to represent reticulate events such as gene transfer, hybridization and recombination. Even so, this model does not permit the direct representation of evolutionary scenarios where reticulate events have taken place between different subfamilies or lineages of species. To represent such scenarios, in this paper we introduce the notion of aforest-based network, that is, a collection of leaf-disjoint phylogenetic trees on a set of species with arcs added between the edges of distinct trees within the collection. Forest-based networks include the recently introduced class ofoverlaid species forestswhich can be used to modelintrogression. As we shall see, even though the definition of forest-based networks is closely related to that of tree-based networks, they lead to new mathematical theory which complements that of tree-based networks. As well as studying the relationship of forest-based networks with other classes of phylogenetic networks, such as tree-child networks and universal tree-based networks, we present some characterizations of some special classes of forest-based networks. We expect that our results will be useful for developing new models and algorithms to understand reticulate evolution, such as introgression and gene transfer between species.
A computational theory of evaluation processes in apathy
Authors: Rigoli Francesco , Martinelli Cristina
Published: September 2022

Computational modelling can offer valuable insight on mental illness. However, this approach has rarely been adopted to investigate apathy, a condition characterising a variety of psychiatric and neurological syndromes. This paper proposes a computational model of apathy and tests key model predictions in the healthy adult population. Building upon recent reference-dependent theories of evaluation, the model interprets apathy as arising from an excessive uncertainty about the distribution of incentives in the environment. This predicts that high-apathy individuals appraise the value of stimuli as less extreme and as more similar to one another. These predictions were assessed in two online studies where healthy adults rated the value of pictures characterised by varying levels of emotional salience. In line with the model, we observed that high-apathy individuals perceive negative stimuli as less negative, positive stimuli as less positive, and discriminate less among stimuli characterised by different salience. The contribution of this paper is twofold. On a more specific level, it sheds light on the precise mechanisms underlying evaluation processes in apathy. On a more general level, it highlights the insight offered by models of reference-dependent evaluation for understanding psychopathology.
No Evidence for an Effect of the Smell of Hexanal on Trust in Human–Robot Interaction
Authors: Croijmans Ilja , van Erp Laura , Bakker Annelie , Cramer Lara , Heezen Sophie , Van Mourik Dana , Weaver Sterre , Hortensius Ruud
Published: September 2022

The level of interpersonal trust among people is partially determined through the sense of smell. Hexanal, a molecule which smell resembles freshly cut grass, can increase trust in people. Here, we ask the question if smell can be leveraged to facilitate human–robot interaction and test whether hexanal also increases the level of trust during collaboration with a social robot. In a preregistered double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we tested if trial-by-trial and general trust during perceptual decision making in collaboration with a social robot is affected by hexanal across two samples (n = 46 and n = 44). It was hypothesized that unmasked hexanal and hexanal masked by eugenol, a molecule with a smell resembling clove, would increase the level of trust in human–robot interaction, compared to eugenol alone or a control condition consisting of only the neutral smelling solvent propylene glycol. Contrasting previous findings in human interaction, no significant effect of unmasked or eugenol-masked hexanal on trust in robots was observed. These findings indicate that the conscious or nonconscious impact of smell on trust might not generalise to interactions with social robots. One explanation could be category- and context-dependency of smell leading to a mismatch between the natural smell of hexanal, a smell also occurring in human sweat, and the mechanical physical or mental representation of the robot.
Simulation of satellites and constellations for the assessment of collision avoidance operations
Authors: Burgis Simon , Rohrmüller Lukas , Michel Martin , Bertrand Reinhold
Published: September 2022

The recent rapid increase in the satellite population in low Earth orbit (LEO) causes the number of conjunctions between operational spacecraft to increase sharply as well. In order to be able to cope with the associated workload in the future, it is necessary to define precise and acceptable rules that determine which spacecraft has to evade and how the avoidance manoeuvres shall be performed. To enable the assessment of different conceivable rule sets, a holistic simulation framework has been developed within the “Rules4CREAM” (R4C) activity at the Technical University of Darmstadt. Based on current and expected trends in growth and distribution of satellites in LEO, long-term propagation in the order of years can be performed for arbitrary satellite populations with the R4C framework which enables the generation of realistic conjunction data. This paper presents the core modules of this simulation framework. The satellites are described by osculating Keplerian orbits and analytical models are implemented to represent the most dominant perturbations in LEO. Different modes of station keeping are depicted within the satellite operations module of the simulation. For constellations, a generic model has been developed that is able to model the simultaneous deployment of multiple constellation planes as well as other operational key aspects specific to constellations. The models are validated with other simulations and real-life data. Finally two methods for the all-on-all conjunction detection are examined and the number of detected conjunctions is compared.
Laser Fusion of Powder and Foil – a Multi Material Approach to Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Rittinghaus Silja-Katharina , Throm Felix , Wilms Markus B. , Hama-Saleh Rebar , Rackel Marcus W.
Published: September 2022

Multi material additive manufacturing (MM-AM) is an attractive approach to combine the geometric flexibility in particular of powder bed based AM processes with functional integration. A major limitation of multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF) approaches is the risk of powder contamination. In the present study, the implementation of a concept for manufacturing of multi material parts is demonstrated. A new type of device is contructed, and the new process is tested fundamentally and gradually by experimental means. Aspects investigated include machine and process feasibility, bonding issues, and dilution. Microstructural analysis reveals the successful build of multimaterial basic geometries out of steel powder (316L stainless steel) and both nickel-based alloy and copper foil. This provides a new process whose further research offers high potential for numerous multi-material applications.
Subjective Job Insecurity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
Authors: Nappo Nunzia , Fiorillo Damiano , Lubrano Lavadera Giuseppe
Published: September 2022

This article studies subjective job insecurity in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused structural, economic and policy changes. It employs data drawn from the “Extraordinary Survey on Italian Families in 2020” released by the Bank of Italy in 2021. The work estimates a zero one inflated beta model (ZOIB). The main results show that (1) worsening household economic conditions is associated with an increase in householder workers subjective job insecurity; (2) receiving a wage guarantee fund in 2019 is associated with an increase in subjective job insecurity; and (3) increasing the number of people working from home within the household is associated with an increase in subjective job insecurity. Moreover, having a temporary contract and working in the private sector is associated with an increase in subjective job insecurity.
The Securitization of Global Environmental Policy: An Argument Against
Authors: Gordeeva Evgenia
Published: September 2022

Arguing from the traditional point of view with regard to the concept of securitization, this work analyses the effects securitization has on international environmental policy on the example of four case studies—the Rio Conference, the climate change regime, the ozone depletion regime as well as the fragmented forest regime. Contrasting securitization to the variables of regime complexity and the national interest, its twofold effects become evident. While succeeding in “raising the stakes” of an issue, securitization at the same time provokes conflicts between either the actors involved (e.g., forest convention negotiations) or the actors and the regime itself (e.g., climate change regime).
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A, B and C Among a Sample of Refugees in Egypt: An Exploratory Survey
Authors: El-Ghitany Engy Mohamed , Ashour Ayat , Fekry Marwa M. , Elrewany Ehab , Farghaly Azza Galal , Omran Eman A.
Published: September 2022

Background

Estimating the prevalence of infectious diseases, including viral hepatitis, among refugees is important for evaluating their health needs and predicting the burden on the health system of the host country. This study aimed at estimating the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis among refugees in Egypt.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved a heterogeneous group of 501 refugees. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect IgG antibodies against hepatitis A virus (HAV), B virus (HBV) surface antigen (anti-HBsAg), C virus (HCV), and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg).

Results

Anti-HAV was the most prevalent marker (n = 482, 96.2%), followed by anti-HBs (n = 142, 28.3%) and HBsAg (n = 21, 4.2%), while only four refugees (0.8%) had positive anti-HCV IgG. Anti-HBs was higher in males (p < 0.05). Older refugees and non-working subjects had significantly higher seropositive rates of anti-HAV (p = 0.051 andp = 0.023, respectively), while students and those below 15 years of age had higher rates of anti-HBs (p < 0.05). Positive HBsAg results were associated with history of hepatitis (p < 0.001). Obese participants were more likely to be positive for HBsAg (p = 0.025) and anti-HBs (p < 0.05). Sudanese refugees had significantly higher rates of anti-HAV antibodies (p = 0.049), while Yemini refugees had significantly higher rates for HBsAg (p = 0.019) positivity. Residents of Dakahlia had significantly higher rates of anti-HAV (p = 0.008) and anti-HBs (p < 0.05). None of the studied risk factors was significantly associated with anti-HCV.

Conclusion

Refugees in Egypt have poor immunity against HBV with intermediate to high HBV and low HCV prevalence rates. Despite that 65% of refugees received the HAV vaccine, almost all had IgG anti-HAV, denoting previous infection.
Queer Kinship after Wilde
Authors: Mahoney Kristin
Published: September 2022

Queer Kinship after Wilde investigates the afterlife of the Decadent Movement's ideas about kinship, desire, and the family during the modernist period within a global context. Drawing on archival materials, including diaries, correspondence, unpublished manuscripts, and photograph albums, it tells the story of individuals with ties to late-Victorian Decadence and Oscar Wilde who turned to the fin-de-siècle past for inspiration as they attempted to operate outside the heteronormative boundaries restricting the practice of marriage and the family. These post-Victorian Decadents and Decadent modernists engaged in translation, travel, and transnational collaboration in pursuit of different models of connection that might facilitate their disentanglement from conventional sexual and gender ideals. Queer Kinship after Wilde attends to the successes and failures that resulted from these experiments, the new approaches to affiliation inflected by a cosmopolitan or global perspective that occurred within these networks as well as the practices marked by Decadence's troubling patterns of Orientalism and racial fetishism.
Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics
Authors: Engebretsen Eivind , Baker Mona
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 crisis has transformed the highly specialized issue of what constitutes reliable medical evidence into a topic of public concern and debate. This book interrogates the assumption that evidence means the same thing to different constituencies and in different contexts. Rather than treating various practices of knowledge as rational or irrational in purely scientific terms, it explains the controversies surrounding COVID-19 by drawing on a theoretical framework that recognizes different types of rationality, and hence plural conceptualizations of evidence. Debates within and beyond the medical establishment on the efficacy of measures such as mandatory face masks are examined in detail, as are various degrees of hesitancy towards vaccines. The authors demonstrate that it is ultimately through narratives that knowledge about medical and other phenomena is communicated to others, enters the public space, and provokes discussion and disagreements. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Organising Responses to Climate Change
Authors: Nyberg Daniel , Wright Christopher , Bowden Vanessa
Published: September 2022

Climate change is the most important issue now facing humanity. As global temperatures increase, floods, fires and storms are becoming both more intense and frequent. People are suffering. And yet, emissions continue to rise. This book unpacks the activities of the key actors which have organised past and present climate responses – specifically, corporations, governments, and civil society organisations. Analysing three elements of climate change – mitigation, adaptation and suffering – the authors show how exponential growth of the capitalist system has allowed the fossil fuel industry to maintain its dominance. However, this hegemonic position is now coming under threat as new and innovative social movements have emerged, including the fossil fuel divestment movement, Fridays for Future, Extinction Rebellion and others. In exposing the inadequacies of current climate policies and pointing to the possibilities of new social and economic systems, this book highlights how the worst impacts of climate change can be avoided.
'Turbulent Foresters'
Authors: Short Brian
Published: September 2022

A richly detailed history of Ashdown Forest - home of Winnie-the-Pooh.
NOWHERE-ZERO -FLOWS IN TWO FAMILIES OF VERTEX-TRANSITIVE GRAPHS
Authors: ZHANG JUNYANG , TAO YING
Published: September 2022

Let
$\Gamma $
be a graph of valency at least four whose automorphism group contains a minimally vertex-transitive subgroup G. It is proved that
$\Gamma $
admits a nowhere-zero
$3$
-flow if one of the following two conditions holds: (i)
$\Gamma $
is of order twice an odd number and G contains a central involution; (ii) G is a direct product of a
$2$
-subgroup and a subgroup of odd order.
Inhibition of Hsp90 during in vitro maturation under thermoneutral or heat shock conditions compromises the developmental competence of bovine oocytes
Authors: Souza Eliza Diniz de , Silva e Souza Jessica Fernanda da , Oliveira Netto Pedro Manoel de , Carvalheira Luciano de Rezende , Batista Ribrio Ivan Tavares Pereira , Quintão Carolina Capobiango Romano , Louro Iuri Drumond , Camargo Luiz Sergio Almeida
Published: September 2022

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is critical for cell homeostasis but its role on bovine oocyte maturation is not well known. We investigated the importance of Hsp90 for competence of bovine oocyte using 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), an inhibitor of Hsp90, during in vitro maturation (IVM). Three experiments evaluated the effect of 17AAG on developmental competence of oocytes matured in vitro under thermoneutral (38.5ºC) or heat shock (HS; 41.5ºC) temperatures. The first experiment found that the blastocyst rates were lower (P < 0.05) with 2 µM 17AAG compared with the untreated control (0 µM). The abundance of HSF1 transcripts was higher in oocytes matured with 2 µM than with 0 and 1 µM 17AAG, whereas the abundance of HSP90AA1 and HSPA1A transcripts was lower (P < 0.05) with 1 and 2 µM than with 0 µM. The second experiment found that 2 µM 17AAG for 12 or 24 h during IVM decreased (P < 0.05) the blastocysts rates. In the third experiment, the association of 2 μM 17AAG with HS for 12 h during IVM resulted in lower (P < 0.05) blastocysts rates than 17AAG, HS or untreated control. In conclusion, inhibition of Hsp90 during in vitro maturation compromises further embryo development; the association of Hsp90 inhibition with HS aggravates the deleterious effect of both on oocyte developmental competence.
The Involvement of the European Master in Disaster Medicine (EMDM) Alumni in the COVID-19 Pandemic Response: An Example of the Perceived Relevance of Disaster Medicine Education during Disasters
Authors: Bahattab Awsan A.S. , Linty Monica , Hubloue Ives , Debacker Michel , Della Corte Francesco , Ragazzoni Luca
Published: September 2022

Introduction:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed a gap in disaster preparedness of health workers globally. Disaster medicine education is a key element to fill this gap.

Objectives:

This study evaluated the involvement of the European Master in Disaster Medicine (EMDM) Alumni in the current COVID-19 pandemic response and their self-perceived value of the EMDM educational program in accomplishing their tasks during the disaster.

Methods:

An online survey targeting the EMDM Alumni was conducted from January through March 2021. Quantitative data were described using percentages or means, as appropriate, while qualitative data were categorized using deductive thematic analysis.

Results:

In total, 259 Alumni completed the survey. Most of the Alumni (88.03%; standard error of the proportion [SEp] = 0.02) participated directly in the COVID-19 pandemic response – nationally or internationally – with different roles and responsibilities at different levels and sectors. Around 25% of the Alumni reported an increase in their tasks and responsibilities due to COVID-19 response, but few worked beyond their main specialization (5.26%) or expertise (2.19%). Moreover, Alumni shifted their role from clinical practice to managerial, public health, education and training, and policymaking roles during COVID-19 (P <.001). Participants believed that the EMDM study program and the competencies acquired during the course were relevant and useful to perform their tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic response (mean = 5.26; 5.17 standard error of the mean [SEM] = 0.108, 0.107), respectively. Around 36% (SEp = 0.03) of the participants deemed that some contents were not sufficient for COVID-19 response.

Conclusion:

Most of the EMDM Alumni were involved in the COVID-19 pandemic response, playing diverse roles with an increased level of responsibility compared to those played before the pandemic. Moreover, the Alumni perceived the EMDM curriculum as relevant for accomplishing their tasks. However, they also reported gaps within the curriculum, especially topics related to outbreak and pandemic response. The findings of the study stress the value of investing in disaster medicine education world-wide and of pushing to update and standardize post-graduate disaster medicine curricula.
Mars Science Laboratory CheMin Data From the Glen Torridon Region and the Significance of Lake‐Groundwater Interactions in Interpreting Mineralogy and Sedimentary History
Authors: Thorpe Michael T. , Bristow Thomas F. , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Tosca Nicholas J. , Grotzinger J. P. , Bennett K. A. , Achilles C. N. , Blake D. F. , Chipera S. J. , Downs G. , Downs R. T. , Morrison S. M. , Tu V. , Castle N. , Craig P. , Marais D. J. Des , Hazen R. M. , Ming D. W. , Morris R. V. , Treiman A. H. , Vaniman D. T. , Yen A. S. , Vasavada A. R. , Dehouck E. , Bridges J. C. , Berger J. , McAdam A. , Peretyazhko T. , Siebach K. L. , Bryk A. B. , Fox V. K. , Fedo C. M.
Published: September 2022

The Glen Torridon (GT) region in Gale crater, Mars is a region with strong clay mineral signatures inferred from orbital spectroscopy. The CheMin X‐ray diffraction (XRD) instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, measured some of the highest clay mineral abundances to date within GT, complementing the orbital detections. GT may also be unique because in the XRD patterns of some samples, CheMin identified new phases, including: (a) Fe‐carbonates, and (b) a phase with a novel peak at 9.2 Å. Fe‐carbonates have been previously suggested from other instruments onboard, but this is the first definitive reporting by CheMin of Fe‐carbonate. This new phase with a 9.2 Å reflection has never been observed in Gale crater and may be a new mineral for Mars, but discrete identification still remains enigmatic because no single phase on Earth is able to account for all of the GT mineralogical, geochemical, and sedimentological constraints. Here, we modeled XRD profiles and propose an interstratified clay mineral, specifically greenalite‐minnesotaite, as a reasonable candidate. The coexistence of Fe‐carbonate and Fe‐rich clay minerals in the GT samples supports a conceptual model of a lacustrine groundwater mixing environment. Groundwater interaction with percolating lake waters in the sediments is common in terrestrial lacustrine settings, and the diffusion of two distinct water bodies within the subsurface can create a geochemical gradient and unique mineral front in the sediments. Ultimately, the proximity to this mixing zone may have controlled the secondary minerals preserved in sedimentary rocks exposed in GT.
Characterization of Liquid‐Vapor Interfaces in Pores During Evaporation
Authors: Dong Yi , Wang Lun , Wei Changfu
Published: September 2022

The evolution of the liquid‐vapor interface plays a key role in multiphase flow, heat and mass transfer, and fluid phase change in porous media. In the soil water evaporation process, the vaporization occurs only on the liquid‐vapor interfaces rather than the apparent soil surface. Yet, the interfaces evolve with high distortion and great complexity along the drying path. Hence the microscale characteristics of interfaces especially geometrical and topological features in soil water evaporation are barely investigated. In this work, we scanned glass bead samples using X‐ray micro tomography and scrutinized the development of liquid‐vapor interfaces with different degrees of saturation. The liquid‐vapor interfaces are identified by morphological operations and extracted using the watershed segmentation technique. The liquid phase disperses into individual ganglia and distributes wildly in the pores as the saturation decreases, leading to low specific interface areas at saturated and dry state but a maximum value at a threshold saturation around 30%. The topological analysis reveals that the liquid and vapor phases present complementary connectivity behaviors quantified by normalized Euler characteristic numbers. The local mean curvature distribution of each typical individual interface cluster quantitatively describes the intricate progression of interface geometry and morphology along with drying. The overall mean curvature evolution of the sample separates the negative curvature component and confirms the capillary pressure increase during the pore water evaporation. The interfacial area and curvature analysis provide a cornerstone to determine the authentic interfacial evaporation rate for the soil under drying.
Aircraft Observations of Turbulence in Cloudy and Cloud‐Free Boundary Layers Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean From ACTIVATE and Implications for the Earth System Model Evaluation and Development
Authors: Brunke Michael A. , Cutler Lauren , Urzua Rodrigo Delgado , Corral Andrea F. , Crosbie Ewan , Hair Johnathan , Hostetler Chris , Kirschler Simon , Larson Vincent , Li Xiang‐Yu , Ma Po‐Lun , Minke Annalisa , Moore Richard , Robinson Claire E. , Scarino Amy Jo , Schlosser Joseph , Shook Michael , Sorooshian Armin , Lee Thornhill Kenneth , Voigt Christiane , Wan Hui , Wang Hailong , Winstead Edward , Zeng Xubin , Zhang Shixuan , Ziemba Luke D.
Published: September 2022

This study examines boundary layer turbulence derived from high temporal resolution meteorological measurements from 40 research flights over the western North Atlantic Ocean during the 2020 deployments of ACTIVATE. Frequency distributions of various turbulent quantities reveal stronger turbulence during the winter deployment than in summer and for cloud‐topped than in cloud‐free boundary layers during the summer deployment. Maximum turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is most often within cloud from observations in winter and summer, whereas it is mostly below cloud in both seasons by a global model turbulence parameterization. Bivariate frequency distributions are consistent with the bivariate Gaussian probability distribution functions assumed for the closure of higher‐order turbulence/shallow convection parameterizations used by some global models. Turbulence simulated by the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 and the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 2 using such parameterizations is not as strong as observed, with more TKE going into vertical wind perturbations rather than into zonal wind perturbations as observed, suggesting that the treatment of turbulence in Earth system models still needs to be further improved.
Perceived weight-related stigma, loneliness, and mental wellbeing during COVID-19 in people with obesity: A cross-sectional study from ten European countries
Authors: Jones Rebecca A. , Christiansen Paul , Maloney Niamh G. , Duckworth Jay J. , Hugh-Jones Siobhan , Ahern Amy L. , Richards Rebecca , Brown Adrian , Flint Stuart W. , Robinson Eric , Bryant Sheree , Halford Jason C. G. , Hardman Charlotte A.
Published: September 2022

Background

Increased weight-related stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the need to minimise the impacts on mental wellbeing. We investigated the relationship between the perceived changes in the representation of obesity in the media and mental wellbeing during the pandemic in a sample of people with obesity across 10 European countries. We also investigated the potential moderating effect of loneliness.

Methods

Between September to December 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, participants reported data on demographics, mental wellbeing (measured by World Health Organisation Five Wellbeing Index and Patient Health Questionaire-4), loneliness (measured by De Jong Gierveld short scale), and perceived change in the representation of obesity in media (measured by a study-specific question) using the online, cross-sectional EURopean Obesity PatiEnt pANdemic Survey (EUROPEANS). Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models, controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and shielding status, with random incept for country.

Results

The survey was completed by 2882 respondents. Most identified as female (56%) and reported their ethnicity as White or White-mix (92%). The total sample had a mean age of 41 years and a BMI of 35.4 kg/m2. During the peak of the pandemic, compared to pre-pandemic, perceiving more negative representation of people with obesity on social media was associated with worse psychological distress, depression, and wellbeing. Perceiving more positive representation, compared to no change in representation, of people with obesity on television was associated with greater wellbeing, yet also higher psychological distress and anxiety. Loneliness, as a moderator, explained ≤0.3% of the variance in outcomes in any of the models.

Conclusions

Perceiving negative representation of obesity on social media was associated with poorer mental wellbeing outcomes during the pandemic; positive representation on television was associated with both positive and negative mental wellbeing outcomes. We encourage greater media accountability when representing people with obesity.
Hypoxia promotes an inflammatory phenotype of fibroblasts in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Mello Ashley M. , Ngodup Tenzin , Lee Yusoo , Donahue Katelyn L. , Li Jinju , Rao Arvind , Carpenter Eileen S. , Crawford Howard C. , Pasca di Magliano Marina , Lee Kyoung Eun
Published: September 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extensive fibroinflammatory stroma and often experiences conditions of insufficient oxygen availability or hypoxia. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a predominant and heterogeneous population of stromal cells within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Here, we uncover a previously unrecognized role for hypoxia in driving an inflammatory phenotype in PDAC CAFs. We identify hypoxia as a strong inducer of tumor IL1ɑ expression, which is required for inflammatory CAF (iCAF) formation. Notably, iCAFs preferentially reside in hypoxic regions of PDAC. Our data implicate hypoxia as a critical regulator of CAF heterogeneity in PDAC.
STING mediates nuclear PD-L1 targeting-induced senescence in cancer cells
Authors: Lee Je-Jung , Kim So Young , Kim Songhee H. , Choi Seoyeon , Lee Bin , Shin Jeon-Soo
Published: September 2022

Immune checkpoint molecule programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is overexpressed in cancer cells and imparts resistance to cancer therapy. Although membrane PD-L1 has been targeted for cancer immune therapy, nuclear PD-L1 was reported to confer cancer resistance. Therefore, it is important to regulate the nuclear PD-L1. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of PD-L1 targeting have not been well-established. Cellular senescence has been considered a pivotal mechanism to prevent cancer progression, and recently, PD-L1 inhibition was shown to be involved in cancer cell senescence. However, the relevance of PD-L1 targeting-induced senescence and the role of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has not been reported. Therefore, we aimed to identify the role of PD-L1 in cancer progression and how it regulates cancer prevention. In this study, we found that PD-L1 depletion-induced senescence via strong induction of STING expression in mouse melanoma B16-F10 and colon cancer CT26 cells, and in human melanoma A375 and lung cancer A549 cells. Interestingly, nuclear PD-L1 silencing increased STING promoter activity, implying that PD-L1 negatively regulates STING expression via transcriptional modulation. Furthermore, we showed that PD-L1 binds to the STING promoter region, indicating that PD-L1 directly controls STING expression to promote cancer growth. In addition, when we combined PD-L1 silencing with the senescence-inducing chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, the effect of PD-L1-targeting was even more powerful. Overall, our findings can contribute to the understanding of the role of PD-L1 in cancer therapy by elucidating a novel mechanism for PD-L1 targeting in cancer cells.
Feedbacks between sea-floor spreading, trade winds and precipitation in the Southern Red Sea
Authors: Stüwe Kurt , Robl Jörg , Turab Syed Ali , Sternai Pietro , Stuart Finlay M.
Published: September 2022

Feedbacks between climatic and geological processes are highly controversial and testing them is a key challenge in Earth sciences. The Great Escarpment of the Arabian Red Sea margin has several features that make it a useful natural laboratory for studying the effect of surface processes on deep Earth. These include strong orographic rainfall, convex channel profiles versus concave swath profiles on the west side of the divide, morphological disequilibrium in fluvial channels, and systematic morphological changes from north to south that relate to depth changes of the central Red Sea. Here we show that these features are well interpreted with a cycle that initiated with the onset of spreading in the Red Sea and involves feedbacks between orographic precipitation, tectonic deformation, mid-ocean spreading and coastal magmatism. It appears that the feedback is enhanced by the moist easterly trade winds that initiated largely contemporaneously with sea floor spreading in the Red Sea.
Transcriptional profiling of matched patient biopsies clarifies molecular determinants of enzalutamide-induced lineage plasticity
Authors: Westbrook Thomas C. , Guan Xiangnan , Rodansky Eva , Flores Diana , Liu Chia Jen , Udager Aaron M. , Patel Radhika A. , Haffner Michael C. , Hu Ya-Mei , Sun Duanchen , Beer Tomasz M. , Foye Adam , Aggarwal Rahul , Quigley David A. , Youngren Jack F. , Ryan Charles J. , Gleave Martin , Wang Yuzhuo , Huang Jiaoti , Coleman Ilsa , Morrissey Colm , Nelson Peter S. , Evans Christopher P. , Lara Primo , Reiter Robert E. , Witte Owen , Rettig Matthew , Wong Christopher K. , Weinstein Alana S. , Uzunangelov Vlado , Stuart Josh M. , Thomas George V. , Feng Felix Y. , Small Eric J. , Yates Joel A. , Xia Zheng , Alumkal Joshi J.
Published: September 2022

The androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitor enzalutamide (enza) is one of the principal treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Several emergent enza clinical resistance mechanisms have been described, including lineage plasticity in which the tumors manifest reduced dependency on the AR. To improve our understanding of enza resistance, herein we analyze the transcriptomes of matched biopsies from men with metastatic CRPC obtained prior to treatment and at progression (n = 21). RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrates that enza does not induce marked, sustained changes in the tumor transcriptome in most patients. However, three patients’ progression biopsies show evidence of lineage plasticity. The transcription factor E2F1 and pathways linked to tumor stemness are highly activated in baseline biopsies from patients whose tumors undergo lineage plasticity. We find a gene signature enriched in these baseline biopsies that is strongly associated with poor survival in independent patient cohorts and with risk of castration-induced lineage plasticity in patient-derived xenograft models, suggesting that tumors harboring this gene expression program may be at particular risk for resistance mediated by lineage plasticity and poor outcomes.
Condensation droplet sieve
Authors: Ma Chen , Chen Li , Wang Lin , Tong Wei , Chu Chenlei , Yuan Zhiping , Lv Cunjing , Zheng Quanshui
Published: September 2022

Large droplets emerging during dropwise condensation impair surface properties such as anti-fogging/frosting ability and heat transfer efficiency. How to spontaneously detach massive randomly distributed droplets with controlled sizes has remained a challenge. Herein, we present a solution called condensation droplet sieve, through fabricating microscale thin-walled lattice structures coated with a superhydrophobic layer. Growing droplets were observed to jump off this surface once becoming slightly larger than the lattices. The maximum radius and residual volume of droplets were strictly confined to 16 μm and 3.2 nl/mm2respectively. We reveal that this droplet radius cut off is attributed to the large tolerance of coalescence mismatch for jumping and effective isolation of droplets between neighboring lattices. Our work brings forth a strategy for the design and fabrication of high-performance anti-dew materials.
Sirtuin 6 inhibition protects against glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating IGF/PI3K/AKT signaling
Authors: Mishra Sneha , Cosentino Claudia , Tamta Ankit Kumar , Khan Danish , Srinivasan Shalini , Ravi Venkatraman , Abbotto Elena , Arathi Bangalore Prabhashankar , Kumar Shweta , Jain Aditi , Ramaian Anand S. , Kizkekra Shruti M. , Rajagopal Raksha , Rao Swathi , Krishna Swati , Asirvatham-Jeyaraj Ninitha , Haggerty Elizabeth R. , Silberman Dafne M. , Kurland Irwin J. , Veeranna Ravindra P. , Jayavelu Tamilselvan , Bruzzone Santina , Mostoslavsky Raul , Sundaresan Nagalingam R.
Published: September 2022

Chronic activation of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids leads to skeletal muscle wasting in mammals. However, the molecular events that mediate glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting are not well understood. Here, we show that SIRT6, a chromatin-associated deacetylase indirectly regulates glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting by modulating IGF/PI3K/AKT signaling. Our results show that SIRT6 levels are increased during glucocorticoid-induced reduction of myotube size and during skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Notably, overexpression of SIRT6 spontaneously decreases the size of primary myotubes in a cell-autonomous manner. On the other hand, SIRT6 depletion increases the diameter of myotubes and protects them against glucocorticoid-induced reduction in myotube size, which is associated with enhanced protein synthesis and repression of atrogenes. In line with this, we find that muscle-specific SIRT6 deficient mice are resistant to glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting. Mechanistically, we find that SIRT6 deficiency hyperactivates IGF/PI3K/AKT signaling through c-Jun transcription factor-mediated increase in IGF2 expression. The increased activation, in turn, leads to nuclear exclusion and transcriptional repression of the FoxO transcription factor, a key activator of muscle atrophy. Further, we find that pharmacological inhibition of SIRT6 protects against glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting in mice by regulating IGF/PI3K/AKT signaling implicating the role of SIRT6 in glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.
Phototunable chip-scale topological photonics: 160 Gbps waveguide and demultiplexer for THz 6G communication
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Gupta Manoj , Pitchappa Prakash , Wang Nan , Szriftgiser Pascal , Ducournau Guillaume , Singh Ranjan
Published: September 2022

The revolutionary 5G cellular systems represent a breakthrough in the communication network design to provide a single platform for enabling enhanced broadband communications, virtual reality, autonomous driving, and the internet of everything. However, the ongoing massive deployment of 5G networks has unveiled inherent limitations that have stimulated the demand for innovative technologies with a vision toward 6G communications. Terahertz (0.1-10 THz) technology has been identified as a critical enabler for 6G communications with the prospect of massive capacity and connectivity. Nonetheless, existing terahertz on-chip communication devices suffer from crosstalk, scattering losses, limited data speed, and insufficient tunability. Here, we demonstrate a new class of phototunable, on-chip topological terahertz devices consisting of a broadband single-channel 160 Gbit/s communication link and a silicon Valley Photonic Crystal based demultiplexer. The optically controllable demultiplexing of two different carriers modulated signals without crosstalk is enabled by the topological protection and a critically coupled high-quality (Q) cavity. As a proof of concept, we demultiplexed high spectral efficiency 40 Gbit/s signals and demonstrated real-time streaming of uncompressed high-definition (HD) video (1.5 Gbit/s) using the topological photonic chip. Phototunable silicon topological photonics will augment complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible terahertz technologies, vital for accelerating the development of futuristic 6G and 7G communication era driving the real-time terabits per second wireless connectivity for network sensing, holographic communication, and cognitive internet of everything.
Grain boundary structural transformation induced by co-segregation of aliovalent dopants
Authors: Futazuka Toshihiro , Ishikawa Ryo , Shibata Naoya , Ikuhara Yuichi
Published: September 2022

Impurity doping is a conventional but one of the most effective ways to control the functional properties of materials. In insulating materials, the dopant solubility limit is considerably low in general, and the dopants often segregate to grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystals, which significantly alter their entire properties. However, detailed mechanisms on how dopant atoms form structures at GBs and change their properties remain a matter of conjecture. Here, we show GB structural transformation in α-Al2O3 induced by co-segregation of Ca and Si aliovalent dopants using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with density functional theory calculations. To accommodate large-sized Ca ions at the GB core, the pristine GB atomic structure is transformed into a new GB structure with larger free volumes. Moreover, the Si and Ca dopants form a chemically ordered structure, and the charge compensation is achieved within the narrow GB core region rather than forming broader space charge layers. Our findings give an insight into GB engineering by utilizing aliovalent co-segregation.
Subglacial precipitates record Antarctic ice sheet response to late Pleistocene millennial climate cycles
Authors: Piccione Gavin , Blackburn Terrence , Tulaczyk Slawek , Rasbury E. Troy , Hain Mathis P. , Ibarra Daniel E. , Methner Katharina , Tinglof Chloe , Cheney Brandon , Northrup Paul , Licht Kathy
Published: September 2022

Ice cores and offshore sedimentary records demonstrate enhanced ice loss along Antarctic coastal margins during millennial-scale warm intervals within the last glacial termination. However, the distal location and short temporal coverage of these records leads to uncertainty in both the spatial footprint of ice loss, and whether millennial-scale ice response occurs outside of glacial terminations. Here we present a >100kyr archive of periodic transitions in subglacial precipitate mineralogy that are synchronous with Late Pleistocene millennial-scale climate cycles. Geochemical and geochronologic data provide evidence for opal formation during cold periods via cryoconcentration of subglacial brine, and calcite formation during warm periods through the addition of subglacial meltwater originating from the ice sheet interior. These freeze-flush cycles represent cyclic changes in subglacial hydrologic-connectivity driven by ice sheet velocity fluctuations. Our findings imply that oscillating Southern Ocean temperatures drive a dynamic response in the Antarctic ice sheet on millennial timescales, regardless of the background climate state.