bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Study of Children Aged 0–8 Years with CAH and Adrenal Insufficiency Treated with Hydrocortisone Granules
Authors: Neumann Uta , Braune Katarina , Whitaker Martin J , Wiegand Susanna , Krude Heiko , Porter John , Digweed Dena , Voet Bernard , Ross Richard J M , Blankenstein Oliver
Published: September 2020

Context

Children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and adrenal insufficiency (AI) require daily hydrocortisone replacement with accurate dosing.

Objective

Prospective study of efficacy and safety of hydrocortisone granules in children with AI and CAH monitored by 17-OHP (17-hydroxyprogesterone) saliva profiles.

Methods

Seventeen children with CAH (9 male) and 1 with hypopituitarism (male), aged from birth to 6 years, had their hydrocortisone medication changed from pharmacy compounded capsules to hydrocortisone granules. Patients were followed prospectively for 2 years. In children with CAH, the therapy was adjusted by 17-OHP salivary profiles every 3 months. The following parameters were recorded: hydrocortisone dose, height, weight, pubertal status, adverse events, and incidence of adrenal crisis.

Results

The study medication was given thrice daily, and the median duration of treatment (range) was 795 (1–872) days, with 150 follow-up visits. Hydrocortisone doses were changed on 40/150 visits, with 32 based on salivary measurements and 8 on serum 17-OHP levels. The median daily mg/m2 hydrocortisone dose (range) at study entry for the different age groups 2–8 years, 1 month to 2 years, <28 days was 11.9 (7.2–15.5), 9.9 (8.6–12.2), and 12.0 (11.1–29.5), respectively, and at end of the study was 10.2 (7.0–14.4), 9.8 (8.9–13.1), and 8.6 (8.2–13.7), respectively. There were no trends for accelerated or reduced growth. No adrenal crises were observed despite 193 treatment-emergent adverse events, which were mainly common childhood illnesses.

Interpretation

This first prospective study of glucocorticoid treatment in children with AI and CAH demonstrates that accurate dosing and monitoring from birth results in hydrocortisone doses at the lower end of the recommended dose range and normal growth, without occurrence of adrenal crises.
Update on the Role of NFκB in Promoting Aggressive Phenotypes of Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Smart Emily , Semina Svetlana E , Frasor Jonna
Published: September 2020

The majority of breast cancers are diagnosed as estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) and respond well to ER-targeted endocrine therapy. Despite the initial treatability of ER+ breast cancer, this subtype still accounts for the majority of deaths. This is partly due to the changing molecular characteristics of tumors as they progress to aggressive, metastatic, and frequently therapy resistant disease. In these advanced tumors, targeting ER alone is often less effective, as other signaling pathways become active, and ER takes on a redundant or divergent role. One signaling pathway whose crosstalk with ER has been widely studied is the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway. NFκB is frequently implicated in ER+ tumor progression to an aggressive disease state. Although ER and NFκB frequently co-repress each other, it has emerged that the 2 pathways can positively converge to play a role in promoting endocrine resistance, metastasis, and disease relapse. This will be reviewed here, paying particular attention to new developments in the field. Ultimately, finding targeted therapies that remain effective as tumors progress remains one of the biggest challenges for the successful treatment of ER+ breast cancer. Although early attempts to therapeutically block NFκB activity frequently resulted in systemic toxicity, there are some effective options. The drugs parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate have both been shown to effectively inhibit NFκB, reducing tumor aggressiveness and reversing endocrine therapy resistance. This highlights the need to revisit targeting NFκB in the clinic to potentially improve outcome for patients with ER+ breast cancer.
Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of PAPP-A Protects Against Visceral Obesity in Mice
Authors: Ramakrishna Akhila , Bale Laurie K , West Sally A , Conover Cheryl A
Published: September 2020

Pathogenicity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been linked to the metabolic stress of enlarging mature adipocytes and a limited ability to recruit new adipocytes. One of the major distinguishing features of VAT preadipocytes is the high expression of the zinc metalloprotease, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). In this study we used 2 different approaches to investigate the effect of PAPP-A inhibition on different fat depots in mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Conditional knockdown of PAPP-A gene expression in female adult mice resulted in significant decreases of 30% to 40% in adipocyte size in VAT (mesenteric and pericardial depots) compared to control mice. There was no effect on SAT (inguinal) or intra-abdominal perigonadal fat. Liver lipid was also significantly decreased without any effect on heart and skeletal muscle lipid. We found similar effects when using a pharmacological approach. Weekly injections of a specific immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb-PA 1/41) or isotype control were given to male and female wild-type mice on HFD for 15 weeks. Adipocyte size was significantly decreased (30%-50%) only in VAT with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. In this model, cell number was significantly increased in mesenteric fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41, suggesting hyperplasia along with reduced hypertrophy in this VAT depot. Gene expression data indicated a significant decrease in F4/80 (macrophage marker) and interleukin-6 (proinflammatory cytokine) and a significant increase in adiponectin (anti-inflammatory adipokine with beneficial metabolic effects) in mesenteric fat compared to inguinal fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41. Furthermore, there was significantly decreased liver lipid content with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. Thus, using 2 different models systems we provide proof of principle that PAPP-A inhibition is a potential therapeutic target to prevent visceral obesity and its metabolic sequelae, such as fatty liver.
The Role of MicroRNAs in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Sepsis, From Targets to Therapies: A Narrative Review
Authors: Lee Lisa K. , Medzikovic Lejla , Eghbali Mansoureh , Eltzschig Holger K. , Yuan Xiaoyi
Published: September 2020

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is characterized by lung epithelial and endothelial cell injury, with increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to pulmonary edema, severe hypoxia, and difficulty with ventilation. The most common cause of ARDS is sepsis, and currently, treatment of ARDS and sepsis has consisted mostly of supportive care because targeted therapies have largely been unsuccessful. The molecular mechanisms behind ARDS remain elusive. Recently, a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) identified through high-throughput screening studies in ARDS patients and preclinical animal models have suggested a role for miRNA in the pathophysiology of ARDS. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs ranging from 18 to 24 nucleotides that regulate gene expression via inhibition of the target mRNA translation or by targeting complementary mRNA for early degradation. Unsurprisingly, some miRNAs that are differentially expressed in ARDS overlap with those important in sepsis. In addition, circulatory miRNA may be useful as biomarkers or as targets for pharmacologic therapy. This can be revolutionary in a syndrome that has neither a measurable indicator of the disease nor a targeted therapy. While there are currently no miRNA-based therapies targeted for ARDS, therapies targeting miRNA have reached phase II clinical trials for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Further studies may yield a unique miRNA profile pattern that serves as a biomarker or as targets for miRNA-based pharmacologic therapy. In this review, we discuss miRNAs that have been found to play a role in ARDS and sepsis, the potential mechanism of how particular miRNAs may contribute to the pathophysiology of ARDS, and strategies for pharmacologically targeting miRNA as therapy.
Dexmedetomidine Provides Cardioprotection During Early or Late Reperfusion Mediated by Different Mitochondrial K+-Channels
Authors: Raupach Annika , Karakurt Elif , Torregroza Carolin , Bunte Sebastian , Feige Katharina , Stroethoff Martin , Brandenburger Timo , Heinen André , Hollmann Markus W. , Huhn Ragnar
Published: September 2020

Background:

Cardioprotective interventions—such as pharmacological postconditioning—are a promising strategy to reduce deleterious consequences of ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/RI) in the heart, especially as timing and onset of myocardial infarction are unpredictable. Pharmacological postconditioning by treatment with dexmedetomidine (Dex), an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist, during reperfusion protects hearts from I/RI, independently of time point and duration of application during the reperfusion phase. The mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (mKATP) and mitochondrial large-conductance calcium-sensitive potassium channel (mBKCa) play a pivotal role in mediating this cardioprotective effect. Therefore, we investigated whether Dex-induced cardioprotection during early or late reperfusion is mediated variously by these mitochondrial K+-channels.

METHODS:

Hearts of male Wistar rats were randomized into 8 groups and underwent a protocol of 15 minutes adaption, 33 minutes ischemia, and 60 minutes reperfusion in an in vitro Langendorff-system. A 10-minute treatment phase was started directly (first subgroup, early reperfusion) or 30 minutes (second subgroup, late reperfusion) after the onset of reperfusion. Control (Con) hearts received vehicle only. In the first subgroup, hearts were treated with 3 nM Dex, 100 µM mKATP-channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD) or 1 µM mBKCa-channel blocker Paxilline (Pax) alone or with respective combinations (5HD + Dex, Pax + Dex). Hearts of the second subgroup received Dex alone (Dex30’) or in combination with the respective blockers (5HD + Dex30’, Pax + Dex30’). Infarct size was determined with triphenyltetrazoliumchloride staining. Hemodynamic variables were recorded during the whole experiment.

RESULTS:

During early reperfusion (first subgroup), the infarct size reducing effect of Dex (Con: 57% ± 9%, Dex: 31% ± 7%; P< .0001 versus Con) was completely abolished by 5HD and Pax (52% ± 6%; Pax + Dex: 53% ± 4%; each P< .0001 versus Dex), while both blockers alone had no effect on infarct size (5HD: 54% ± 8%, Pax: 53% ± 11%). During late reperfusion (second subgroup) the protective effect of Dex (Dex30’: 33% ± 10%, P< .0001 versus Con) was fully abrogated by Pax (Pax + Dex30’: 58% ± 7%, P < .0001 versus Dex30’), whereas 5HD did not block cardioprotection (5HD + Dex30’: 36% ± 7%). Between groups and within each group throughout reperfusion no significant differences in hemodynamic variables were detected.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cardioprotection by treatment with Dex during early reperfusion seems to be mediated by both mitochondrial K+-channels, whereas during late reperfusion only mBKCa-channels are involved.
Opioid-Sparing Cardiac Anesthesia: Secondary Analysis of an Enhanced Recovery Program for Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Grant Michael C. , Isada Tetsuro , Ruzankin Pavel , Gottschalk Allan , Whitman Glenn , Lawton Jennifer S. , Dodd-o Jeffrey , Barodka Viachaslau
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND:

Cardiac anesthetics rely heavily on opioids, with the standard patient receiving between 70 and 105 morphine sulfate equivalents (MSE; 10–15 µg/kg of fentanyl). A central tenet of Enhanced Recovery Programs (ERP) is the use of multimodal analgesia. This study was performed to assess the association between nonopioid interventions employed as part of an ERP for cardiac surgery and intraoperative opioid administration.

METHODS:

This study represents a post hoc secondary analysis of data obtained from an institutional ERP for cardiac surgery. Consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery received 5 nonopioid interventions, including preoperative gabapentin and acetaminophen, intraoperative dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions, and regional analgesia via serratus anterior plane block. The primary objective, the association between intraoperative opioid administration and the number of interventions provided, was assessed via a linear mixed-effects regression model. To assess the association between intraoperative opioid administration and postoperative outcomes, patients were stratified into high (>50 MSE) and low (≤50 MSE) opioids, 1:1 propensity matched based on 15 patients and procedure covariables and assessed for associations with postoperative outcomes of interest. To investigate the impact of further opioid restriction, ultralow (≤25 MSE) opioid participants were then identified, 1:3 propensity matched to high opioid patients, and similarly compared.

RESULTS:

A total of 451 patients were included in the overall analysis. Analysis of the primary objective revealed that intraoperative opioid administration was inversely related to the number of interventions employed (estimated −7.96 MSE per intervention, 95% confidence interval [CI], −9.82 to −6.10, P < .001). No differences were detected between low (n = 136) and high (n = 136) opioid patients in postoperative complications, postoperative pain scores, time to extubation, or length of stay. No differences were found in outcomes between ultralow (n = 63) and high (n = 132) opioid participants.

CONCLUSIONS:

Nonopioid interventions employed as part of an ERP for cardiac surgery were associated with a reduction of intraoperative opioid administration. Low and ultralow opioid use was not associated with significant differences in postoperative outcomes. These findings are hypothesis-generating, and future prospective studies are necessary to establish the role of opioid-sparing strategies in the setting of cardiac surgery.
Gut Microbiota Influences Neuropathic Pain Through Modulating Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory T Cells
Authors: Ding Weihua , You Zerong , Chen Qian , Yang Liuyue , Doheny Jason , Zhou Xue , Li Na , Wang Shiyu , Hu Kun , Chen Lucy , Xia Suyun , Wu Xinbo , Wang Changning , Zhang Can , Chen Liang , Ritchie Christine , Huang Peigen , Mao Jianren , Shen Shiqian
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND:

Gut microbiota, a consortium of diverse microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a key player in neuroinflammatory responses, supporting the functional relevance of the “gut–brain axis.” Chronic-constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) is a commonly used animal model of neuropathic pain with a major input from T cell–mediated immune responses. In this article, we sought to examine whether gut microbiota influences CCI neuropathic pain, and, if so, whether T-cell immune responses are implicated.

METHODS:

We used a mixture of wide-spectrum oral antibiotics to perturbate gut microbiota in mice and then performed CCI in these animals. Nociceptive behaviors, including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, were examined before and after CCI. Additionally, we characterized the spinal cord infiltrating T cells by examining interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and Foxp3. Using a Foxp3-GFP-DTR “knock-in” mouse model that allows punctual depletion of regulatory T cells, we interrogated the role of these cells in mediating the effects of gut microbiota in the context of CCI neuropathic pain.

RESULTS:

We found that oral antibiotics induced gut microbiota changes and attenuated the development of CCI neuropathic pain, as demonstrated by dampened mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Percentages of IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were significantly different between animals that received oral antibiotics (Th1 mean = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9–1.2; Foxp3 mean = 8.1, 95% CI, 6.8–9.3) and those that received regular water (Th1 mean = 8.4, 95% CI, 7.8–9.0, P < .01 oral antibiotics versus water, Cohen’s d = 18.8; Foxp 3 mean = 2.8, 95% CI, 2.2–3.3, P < .01 oral antibiotics versus water, Cohen’s d = 6.2). These T cells characterized a skewing from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory immune profile induced by gut microbiota changes. Moreover, we depleted Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and found that their depletion reversed the protection of neuropathic pain mediated by gut microbiota changes, along with a dramatic increase of IFN-γ–producing Th1 cell infiltration in the spinal cord (before depletion mean = 2.8%, 95% CI, 2.2–3.5; after depletion mean = 9.1%, 95% CI, 7.2–11.0, p < .01 before versus after, Cohen’s d = 5.0).

CONCLUSIONS:

Gut microbiota plays a critical role in CCI neuropathic pain. This role is mediated, in part, through modulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory T cells.
Pediatric Anesthesia Severe Adverse Events Leading to Anesthetic Morbidity and Mortality in a Tertiary Care Center in a Low- and Middle-Income Country: A 25-Year Audit
Authors: Khoso Nasir , Ghaffar Waleed B. , Abassi Shemila , Khan Fauzia A.
Published: September 2020

Background:

The analysis of adverse events, including morbidity and mortality (M&M), helps to identify subgroups of children at risk and to modify clinical practice. There are scant data available from low- and middle-income countries. Our aim was to estimate the proportion of pediatric patients with various severe adverse events in the perioperative period extending to 48 hours and to describe the clinical situations and causes of those events.

METHODS:

We reviewed the M&M database of the Department of Anesthesiology between 1992 and 2016. A data collection tool was developed, and the outcomes were standardized. Each case was reviewed independently and subsequently discussed between 2 reviewers to identify a major primary causative factor.

RESULTS:

The total number of pediatric cases during this period was 48,828. Seventy-six significant adverse events were identified in 39 patients (8 patients [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.7–10.9] per 10,000). Thirteen patients had multisystem involvement, and hence the total number of events exceeded the number of patients. Respiratory events were the most common (33.5%). Thirteen patients had perioperative cardiac arrest within 48 hours of surgery (2.6 [95% CI, 1.3–4.3] per 10,000), 7 of these were infants (54%), 5 of whom had congenital heart disease (CHD). Eleven of these 39 patients died within 48 hours (2.0 [95% CI, 1.1–4.0] per 10,000).

In 13 cases, anesthesia was assessed to be the predominant cause of morbidity (2.6 per 10,000), whereas in 26 cases, it contributed partially (5.32 per 10,000). There was only 1 death solely related to anesthesia (0.2 per 10,000), and this death occurred before the start of surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:

Adverse events were uncommon. Respiratory complications were the most frequent (33%). Infants, especially those with CHD, were identified as at a higher risk for perioperative cardiac arrest, but this association was not tested statistically. Twenty-eight percent of the patients who suffered events died within 48 hours. Increased access to anesthesia drugs and practice improvements resulted in a decline in perioperative cardiac arrests.
Rare health conditions 38: rare health conditions network, synaptic gap syndrome (syngap1), the pathologising of neurodiversity
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this series is to briefly highlight a range of rare health conditions. Rare health conditions are those that affect no more and usually fewer than 1 person in every 2000 and many healthcare assistants and nurses will encounter some of these conditions, given the high number of these conditions. This 38th article will explore one of these conditions, synaptic gap syndrome (syngap1), along with brief discussions on networking and pathologising neurodiversity.
Obstetric complications and medical complexities in pregnancy. Part 1
Authors: Lindsay Pat
Published: September 2020

Childbearing is a normal physiological process and one that most women experience at least once in their lives—81% in 2018 ( Office for National Statistics, 2019 ). The majority will have a safe and trouble-free pregnancy, birth and postnatal period. However, a few will experience complications. Some of these arise in previously healthy women when the progress of the pregnancy deviates from normal. Other women enter pregnancy with a pre-existing medical condition that may complicate progress and require additional attention and monitoring. Maternity support workers (MSWs) are an essential part of safe care. The service they give will be enhanced by knowledge of some of the conditions that may arise. This paper provides a brief overview of some of the issues.
The cell and tissues
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: September 2020

This article, the third in the series, will focus on the cells and tissues. The previous article ( Peate, 2020 ) highlighted the need for the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) to have an understating of homeostatic mechanisms, so as to offer people safe and effective care, but it is also important to understand cells and tissues.

The cells are seen as the basic building blocks of all living things. The tissues are made from a group of cells that have a similar structure. In this article, the various components of the cells will be outlined and discussion concerning the tissues will also be provided. A glossary of terms is provided, along with a short quiz provided to help readers remember key points.
Augustus Volney Waller: physiologist who described distal degeneration of severed nerve fibres
Authors: Ellis Harold
Published: September 2020

Most readers will be familiar with the term ‘Wallerian degeneration’ – the degenerative changes that take place in nerve fibres distal to the site of their division. Few, I would respectfully suggest, would know very much about the discoverer of this phenomenon, Augustus Waller. This year marks the 200th anniversary of his death.
The legal protection of women migrant domestic workers from the Philippines and Sri Lanka: an intersectional rights-based approach
Authors: Henderson Sophie
Published: September 2020

Women migrants’ position in the global labour market is constrained by gender and racial divisions of labour, and the work they are offered is often insecure, low-paid and concentrated in feminised sectors of the economy, such as domestic work. It is not only women who predominantly perform domestic work, but also women of a certain race, ethnicity, socio-economic class and nationality. This article adopts an intersectional rights-based lens to examine how selected policies and regulations in the Philippines and Sri Lanka are discriminating against, and creating conditions for the systematic exploitation of, women migrant domestic workers positioned at the intersection of multiple converging identities.
Continuous beam steering by coherent light-by-light control of dielectric metasurface phase gradient
Authors: He Fei , MacDonald Kevin F. , Fang Xu
Published: September 2020

Continuous and reversible tuning of the properties of optical metasurfaces, as a functionality that would enable a range of device applications, has been a focus of the metasurface research field in recent years. Tuning mechanisms proposed and demonstrated so far have generally relied upon changing the morphology of a metasurface or the intrinsic properties of its constituent materials. Here we introduce, via numerical simulation, an alternative approach to achieve continuous tuning of gradient metasurface response, and illustrate its potential application to the challenge of continuous beam steering, as required for example in LIDAR and machine vision systems. It is based upon the coherent illumination of a silicon nano-pillar metasurface with two counter-propagating beams. Control of the input beams’ relative phase and intensity enables tuning of the individual nano-pillars’ electromagnetic response and thereby the phase gradient of the array, which in turn steers the direction of the output beam continuously over an angular range of approximately 9 degrees.
Design of achromatic annular folded lens with multilayer diffractive optics for the visible and near-IR wavebands
Authors: Piao Mingxu , Zhang Bo , Dong Keyan
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the annular folded lens (AFL) is applied to the realization of a miniaturized system for the visible and near-IR spectrums (0.45-1.1μm). In order to correct the chromatic aberration, a hybrid AFL is designed with the multilayer diffractive optical element (MLDOE) in which the substrate materials are precision molded glasses. We propose a new design method of the MLDOE to improve the polychromatic integral diffraction efficiency (PIDE) that makes it suitable for the optical path of the AFL. By comparing the characteristic angle weighted PIDE (CAW-PIDE), the optimal microstructure heights of the MLDOE can be obtained, and the effect of diffraction efficiency on image quality can be minimized for the entire incident angle range. The design results show that the ratio of total length to the focal length is only 0.332, and comprehensive modulation transfer function considering the diffraction efficiency is larger than 0.26 at 166 lp/mm. This study can provide a new idea for designing a broadband, miniaturized, and low-cost imaging system.
Anti-feline immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase properties of some medicinal and edible mushrooms
Authors: Seetaha Supaphorn , Ratanabunyong Siriluk , Tabtimmai Lueacha , Choowongkomon Kiattawee , Rattanasrisomporn Jatuporn , Choengpanya Khuanjarat
Published: September 2020

Background and Aim: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes AIDS-like symptoms in domestic and wild cats. Treatment of infected cats has been performed using human anti-HIV drugs, which showed some limitations. This study aimed to determine the anti-FIV potential of some mushrooms.

Materials and Methods: A total of 17 medicinal and edible mushrooms were screened to find their inhibitory effect against FIV reverse transcriptase (FIV-RT). Three solvents, water, ethanol, and hexane, were used to prepare crude mushroom extracts. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to perform relative inhibition and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) studies.

Results: The ethanol extract from dried fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus showed the strongest inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.80±0.16 μg/mL. The hexane extract from dried mycelium of I. obliquus and ethanol and water extracts from fresh fruit bodies of Phellinus igniarius also exhibited strong activities with the IC50 values of 1.22±0.20, 4.33±0.39, and 6.24±1.42 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract from fresh fruiting bodies of Cordyceps sinensis, hexane extracts from dried mycelium of I. obliquus, ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum, hexane extracts of fresh fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta, and fresh fruiting bodies of C. sinensis showed moderate anti-FIV-RT activities with IC50 values of 29.73±12.39, 49.97±11.86, 65.37±14.14, 77.59±8.31, and 81.41±17.10 μg/mL, respectively. These mushroom extracts show anti-FIV potential.

Conclusion: The extracts from I. obliquus, P. igniarius, C. sinensis, and M. esculenta showed potential anti-FIV activity.
Phylogenetic group determination and plasmid virulence gene profiles of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli originated from the broiler meat supply chain in Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Rahayuningtyas Irma , Indrawati Agustin , Wibawan I Wayan Teguh , Palupi Maria Fatima , Istiyaningsih Istiyaningsih
Published: September 2020

Background and Aim: Pathogenic Escherichia coli contamination along the broiler meat supply chain is a serious public health concern. This bacterial infection with multidrug-resistant can lead to treatment failure. Several studies have revealed that avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) showed a close genetic relationship and may share virulence genes. This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic group and virulence gene profiles in colistin-resistant E. coli obtained from the broiler meat supply chain in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight archive isolates originated from the cloacal swab, litter, drinking water, inside plucker swab, fresh meat at small scale poultry slaughterhouses, and traditional markets were used in this study. All the isolates were characterized by a polymerase chain reaction to determine the phylogenetic group (A, B1, B2, or D) and virulence gene profiles with APEC marker genes (iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN, and ompT).

Results: Phylogenetic grouping revealed that the isolates belong to A group (34.48%), D group (34.48%), B1 group (17.24%), and B2 group (13.79%). The virulence gene prevalence was as follows: iutA (36%), hlyF (21%), ompT (21%), iroN (10%), and iss (9%). The B2 group presented with more virulence genes combinations. iroN, hlyF, and ompT genes were positively associated with the B2 group (p≤0.05).

Conclusion: Our results highlight the role of colistin-resistant E. coli originated from the broiler meat supply chain as a potential reservoir for human ExPEC virulence genes.
SURAT KETERANGAN PEMERIKSAAN NARKOBA SEBAGAI SYARAT PERMOHONAN KEHENDAK NIKAH: Inovasi Penataan Administrasi Perkawinan di KUA Kecamatan Nunukan, Kalimantan Utara
Authors: Amilia Fatma , Tobroni Faiq
Published: September 2020

This article duscuss the enactment of Narcotics Examination Certificate (SKPN) as requirements for marriage request at the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) is located in Nunukan, Nunukan, North Kalimantan. As a local policy, it must be reviewed from the principle of government administration and the benefits for society. This is very important so that in the future, this policy will not be considered illegal. By using qualitative research methods and extracting data through interviews, documentation and observation, this research concludes as follows. Implementation of the addition of SKPN as requirement for marital administration has fulfilled the principle of government administration, which consists of legal aspects, protection of human rights (HAM) and principles of good general government (APUB). Meanwhile, from maqāṣid syarī’ah perspective, the benefits of the policy is the protection of religion, soul, mind, wealth, and honor or lineage.Artikel ini mendiksusikan pemberlakuan Surat Keterangan Pemeriksaan Narkoba (SKPN) sebagai persyaratan permohonan kehendak nikah di Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) Kecamatan Nunukan Kabupaten Nunukan Provinsi Kalimantan Utara. Sebagai kebijakan lokal, kebijakan ini harus ditinjau dari asas penyelenggaraan administrasi pemerintahan dan kemanfaatannya bagi masyarakat. Hal ini sangat penting agar dikemudian hari, kebijakan ini tidak dianggap melanggar hukum. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan penggalian data melalui interview, dokumentasi dan observasi, penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan sebagai berikut. Pelaksanaan penambahan SKPN sebagai syarat administrasi perkawinan telah memenuhi asas penyelenggaraan administrasi pemerintahan, yang terdiri dari aspek legalitas, perlindungan hak asasi manusia (HAM) dan asas pemerintahan umum yang baik (APUB). Sementara itu, dari perspektif maqāṣid syarī’ah, kemanfaatan dari kebijakan tersebut meliputi perlindungan terhadap agama, jiwa, akal, harta, dan kehormatan atau keturunan.
EFEKTIVITAS KAMPANYE ANTI-ROKOK DI INDONESIA (Pengaruh Iklan Anti-Rokok terhadap Keinginan Berhenti Merokok)
Authors: Morissan Moris
Published: September 2020

Jumlah perokok di Indonesia terus meningkat meski kampanye anti-rokok kerap dilakukan untuk mencegah masyarakat memiliki kebiasaan merokok.Pada setiap kampanye, berbagai pesan anti-rokok disampaikan melalui berbagai media. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan, seberapa jauh pesan anti-rokok bisa dipercaya dan seberapa besar keinginan perokok untuk berhenti merokok? Penelitian ini menyelidiki empat variabel yang diperkirakan memengaruhi keinginan individu untuk berhenti merokok yaitu: (1) Faktor demografis: usia, pendidikan dan penghasilan; (2) Kepercayaan pada pesan kampanye; (3) Sikap terhadap kampanye, dan; (4) Frekuensi merokok. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei yang melibatkan 695 responden perokok yang berdomisi di wilayah Jakarta dan sekitarnya (Jabodetabek). Analisa data dilakukan dengan menggunakan statistik korelasi, regresi berganda standar, dan regresi hirarki berganda (hierarchical multiple regression). Hasil analisa menunjukkan variabel demografis yang mencakup usia, pendidikan dan pendapatan memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap kepercayaan terhadap isi pesan kampanye, dan juga sikap terhadap kampanye anti-rokok. Selain itu, frekuensi merokok berhubungan secara signifikan dengan ketiga variabel demografis yang diteliti. Pada akhirnya, ke-empat variabel menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan terhadap keinginan untuk berhenti merokok dimana frekuensi merokok menjadi variabel yang memberikan pengaruh paling besar (R2 = 22%), disusul dengan tingkat kepercayaan dan sikap yang menunjukkan kontribusi pengaruh yang hampir sama (R2 = 21%) dan, terakhir variabel demografi menunjukkan sumbangan paling kecil terhadap varian keinginan berhenti merokok (R2 = 1.3%).
IMAGINATION OF RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MEDIA ERA POST-TRUTH
Authors: Qodir Zuly
Published: September 2020

Abstrak. Artikel ini hendak menjelaskan tentang pemberitaan yang terkait Islam di Media mainstream Barat. Pemberitaan di media mainstream barat cenderung negative. Islam itu identic dengan musuh peradaban. Artikel ini berasumsi bahwa pemberitaan negative tentang Islam di Barat dikarenakan adanya tindakan-tindakan yang dilakukan oleh sebagian kelompok migran muslim yang kurang dapat berhubungan dengan baik sesama anggota masyarakat di Barat.  Pada era post Truth pemberitaan media tentang Islam sebenarnya dipengaruhi persoalan kepentingan ekonomi dan politik dari kebijakan media. Pemberitaan media tentang Islam merupakan hal yang sangat kompleks tidak hanya dapat dilihat dalam perspektif yang tungal. Artikel ini mempergunakan pendekatan kritis atas perspektif yang digunakan oleh media-media Barat mainstream ketika memberitakan muslim di Eropa. Jika pada persoalan agama dan politik maka media Barat harus dilihat bagaimana mendidik agar kita menjadi “melek media” bagi kalangan masyarakat. Abstract. This article asserts that the imagination of religion and politics in the era of post-truth media can be said to be negative. Religion and politics are mutually antagonistic. Even among supporters of political forces hostile to each other due to religion. This paper provides an explanation that due to media portrayals, especially the foreign media about the impact of Islam is worrying enough in the era of post-truth. Media portrayals of religion and politics are negative then the public needs to get a reinforcement-strengthening (media literacy) relating to religion and politics in the era of post-truth. This article also explains that there is a fairly complex problem when the media provides related depictions of religion and politics, especially related to Islam in the spotlight in the international media and the mainstream media. This article is not directly about to give a critique of the media portrayal of the religion (Islam) in particular and the world of politics going on, because the adherents of a religion does not necessarily become enemies of each other. If you bring religion and politics as the enemy that happens is the commodification religion and politics by the media so that the media does not educate people but just a mere profiteering.
ETHICS AND DATA VERIFICATION ON PAID-CONTENT BLOG (INTERPRETIVE STUDY ON INDONESIAN BLOGGER)
Authors: Devi Svaradiva Anurdea , Triputra Pinckey
Published: September 2020

Abstrak. Akhir-akhir ini popularitas penggunaan konten blog berbayar sebagai salah satu marketing konten digital meningkat. Para peneliti menemukan bahwa terdapat lebih dari 180 blogger Indonesia yang menawarkan layanan blogger di platform sociabuzz.com per 2019. Pengguna internet sering merujuk pada review produk di blog sebelum membeli produk. Fenomena ini disadari oleh praktisi humas yang menggunakan blog sebagai cara untuk memasarkan produk mereka. Namun, belum ada penelitian terkait penerapan etika blog kepada pembuat konten blog berbayar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini berupaya menganalisis penerapan etika blogger dalam proses pembuatan konten menggunakan empat prinsip etika blogger oleh Cenite dkk. (2009) sebagai unit analisis untuk penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengetahuan blogger akan etika blogger dengan mewawancarai dua pemimpin komunitas blogger di Indonesia dan mengamati cara mereka menulis blog konten berbayar dan konten tidak berbayar. Peneliti mewawancarai mereka tentang proses pembuatan konten, proses verifikasi data, dan empat prinsip etika blogger, yaitu atribusi, akuntabilitas, meminimalkan bahaya, dan pengungkapan kebenaran. Peneliti menemukan bahwa atribusi dianggap penting oleh kedua narasumber, dan proses pengungkapan kebenaran dihindari dalam membuat konten berbayar. Disimpulkan bahwa kedua informan menerapkan standar ganda antara konten berbayar dan tidak berbayar. Abstract. Lately, the popularity of using blog paid-content as one of digital content marketing has risen. Researchers found that there were more than 180 Indonesian bloggers offering blogger services on the sociabuzz.com platform per 2019. Internet users often refer to a product review on a blog before buying products. This phenomenon was realized by public relations practitioners in which using blogs as a way to market their products. However, there has been no research related to the application of blog ethics to the paid blog content creators in Indonesia. This research attempts to analyze the application of ethics as a blogger in the process of content creation using the four ethical principles of bloggers by Cenite et al. (2009) as the unit of analysis for this study. This research analyzed the awareness of bloggers about the ethics of bloggers by interviewing two leaders of the blogger community in Indonesia and observed the way they write a paid-content and non-paid-content blog. Researchers interviewed them about the process of creating content, the data verification process, and the four blogger ethical principles, namely attribution, accountability, minimizing danger, and truth-telling. Researchers found that attribution was considered important by the two speakers, and the truth-disclosure process was avoided in making paid content. It is concluded that both informants applied a double standard between paid and non-paid content.
Fitness Testing Parameters for Alpine Ski Racing
Authors: Pritchard James J.
Published: September 2020

Alpine ski racing requires high levels of isometric, eccentric, and concentric muscle actions through wide ranges of hip, knee, and ankle mobility. The course duration of ∼40 seconds for slalom racing to upward of 2.5 minutes for downhill racing necessitates high levels of anaerobic endurance, aerobic power, and force production to be successful. In addition, due to the highly technical skill aspect of ski racing, neuromuscular coordination is of utmost importance. This review identifies the most effective performance testing methods for alpine ski racing, as well as highlighting their relevance to the physiological parameters of the sport.
Enriching Selves in Strength and Conditioning Society: A Multilevel Proposal to Enhance Strength and Conditioning Psychosocial Practice as Part of the Council on Accreditation of Strength and Conditioning Education
Authors: Gearity Brian T. , Szedlak Christoph , Kuklick Clayton R. , Mills Joseph , Feit Mary Kate , Callary Bettina , Feit Adam , Bergan Maura
Published: September 2020

This review article advances the longstanding need to address psychosocial issues within strength and conditioning (S&C) that have renewed significance with the National Strength and Conditioning Association's entry into accreditation. First, a brief history is presented on the omission of psychosocial issues within S&C and the education of S&C practitioners. Second, the article provides an overview of learning theory and instructional strategies on how to develop essential psychosocial competencies of S&C practitioners. Third, multilevel recommendations are offered to address established calls to improve the education of S&C practitioners, ongoing accreditation efforts, and continued structural changes throughout the growing, global profession of S&C coaching.
The Influence of Educational Games Tools on Students’ Cognitive Ability in Geometry of Students Group A
Authors: Fitriana Desy Ayu , Windiarti Rina
Published: September 2020

This research has been done to respond the lower range of students’ cognitive ability in group A to recognize shape of geometry in Al Irsyad kindergarten Pemalang. The main question in this research was is there any influence in using the educational games tools on the cognitive ability in geometry of students in kindergarten A? This research aimed to find out is there any influence of Educational Games Tools (APE) on students ‘ability in recognizing the shape of geometry. The subjects of this research are students in group A in Al-Irsyad kindergarten, Pemalang. This research used quantitative approach with the types of pre-experiment and research design one group pre-post test where the researcher observed before and after the treatment.. The researcher chooses the samples with purposive sampling, there are 30 students. This study find out the average of pre-test score 1,83  lower than the average of post-test score 3,07. Statistic examined with normality test using one sample kolmogorov smirnov test find out the score 0,200 > α = 0,05, with the normal distributional data. From the Paired T-test program SPSS 24.0 version find out the result score Sig as 0,00 < 0,05 and score -thitung <-ttabel (-28,358 < -2,0452). Therefore, Ho refused and Ha accepted. We can conclude that APE influence on the students’ cognitive ability in to recognize students geometry group A.
Implementation of Ksatria Story Book in Embedding Leadership Character Values in Children 5-6 Years Old
Authors: Fitri Sinthia Nurul , Waluyo Edi
Published: September 2020

One of the character problems in early childhood is the lack of ability to be responsible, communicate, and cooperate. These three main behaviors are characteristics of leadership behavior. Responding to this, the researcher uses the Ksatria storybook media in this study to help kindergarten students understand and develop leadership behaviors. This research uses quantitative research method with Pre-Experimental Design in the form of One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The data is taken using a questionnaire filled by class teachers. The sampling technique in this study is a purposive sampling technique. The sample is 30 students in the B3 class of TK IT (Islamic kindergarten) Al Hidayah Karanggede, Boyolali, as well as an experimental class that received the Knight Storybook application. The data is collected using a leadership character value scale. While the data analysis using hypothesis testing paired sample t-test. This study shows that there are differences in leadership character behavior of children aged 5-6 years before and after getting treatment and there is the influence of the Ksatria storybook in instilling leadership behavior in children aged 5-6 years. It is proven based on statistical calculations, that is obtained the value of sig (2-tailed) 0,000 <0.05 which means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted so that the hypothesis test is accepted with the direction of a positive relationship. Thus, there are differences in leadership character behavior in early childhood after getting the Ksatria storybook method. In other words, the Ksatria book can be an alternative to planting leadership attitudes and behaviors in Kindergarten.
The Study of Early Childhood Character in Semurup Rawa Pening Hamlet Semarang Regency
Authors: Fatmawati Nofi , Pranoto Yuli Kurniawati Sugiyo
Published: September 2020

Semurup Hamlet is a tourist village located in the Rawa Pening area of Semarang Regency. As a tourist village with a large number of visitors, it has an influence on the character development of early childhood. This study aims (1) to know and describe the character of independence, responsibility, religion, and courtesy of early childhood, (2) to find out and describe the efforts of parents and the community in educating the character of early childhood, and (3) to know and describe the obstacles faced by parents and the community in educating the character of early childhood in the Semurup Hamlet, Semarang Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation. The obtained data is examined for the validity of the data by triangulation of data sources and methods. The results showed that (1) early childhood in Semurup Hamlet have the character of positive and negative independence, positive responsibility, positive religious, and positive and negative manners, (2) efforts made by parents in educating the character of children early by habituating, giving examples, and giving rewards, while community efforts are to provide advice and support for every educational activity, (3) obstacles that are experienced by parents in educating the character of the age child are internal factors including busyness of parents and the age of child, external factors include the influence of the environment around the residence and the development of information and communication technology, while the obstacle faced by the community is communication with parents.
Knowledge of Children Sex Education Ages 5-6 Years Reviewed from The Implementation of Protect Our Selves Media
Authors: Nofiana Nia , Tasuah Neneng
Published: September 2020

Cases of adult sex abuse against children are rampant, indicating that sex education from an early age is very important. Adults consider children as innocent beings, so they are often targeted by sex. Child innocence is also used by individuals to carry out immoral acts against children. The problem statement from this study is whether there is a difference in knowledge about early childhood sex education before and after the application of the Protect Our Selves media in learning, and whether the mean score after being given the application of the Protect Our Selves media in learning is knowledgeable about sex education is higher than the child before applying the Protect Our Selves media. The aim is to obtain facts and explain the differences in knowledge of child sex education before and after using the Protect Our Selves media and to explain that children who learn to use the Protect Our Selves media have higher knowledge about early childhood sex education than children before using the Protect Our Selves media. This research is a kind of quantitative research with the research subjects being children aged 5-6 years at Pertiwi Gambuhan Kindergarten Pulosari District, Pemalang Regency, with 31 children. Methods of data collection in the form of observation, Likert scale, documentation. Technical data analysis using descriptive analysis. The results of the study based on statistical calculations, obtained t_count = 10.36212 from the distribution list t with t_table = 2.042. So that it can be concluded that 〖t〗 count> t_table then H_0 is rejected and H_1 is accepted. So there is a significant difference between the knowledge of sex education in children before and after the application of learning through the media Protect Our Selves. Based on the descriptive analysis on the results of the calculations that have been done, the mean is 157.74 at the pretest value, and the mean is 201.65 at the posttest value. This means that the second hypothesis is accepted, that is, the child after being applied to the Protect Our Selves media has a higher knowledge of sex education than the child before applying the Protect Our Selves media.