bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production Methods and Physicochemical Characteristics of Cassava Inoculum and Attiéké from Southern Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Assanvo Justine Bomo , Agbo Georges N’zi , Coulin Pierre , Heuberger Christoph , Farah Zakaria
Published: September 2019

Attiéké is a food from Côte d’Ivoire exported today in several countries. For evaluating production processes, determinant factors and quality attributes of attiéké, a production survey and a physicochemical study were carried out. The survey included 170 producers from the departments of Abidjan, Dabou and Jacqueville, major production areas. Traditional attiéké (Adjoukrou, Ebrié, Alladjan) and a commercial type Garba were investigated for physicochemical analyses. The cassava variety (98% of producers) had no effect on traditional cassava inoculum but had an impact on attiéké quality. The step of fermentation is necessary. The difference between studied attiéké related to microflora of inoculum whose identification may provide adequate explanations on the product. Respect for the various steps of manufacturing process is also essential. Physicochemicals confirmed observed differences between attiéké types. Organoleptic characteristics are criteria of differentiation between attiéké. The quality of preference is well-made grains without fibers. The results obtained also highlighted the risks faced by regular consumers of Garba due to its high cyanide content (12 mg/100g MS) compare to other attiéké (4.41 mg/100g MS).
JÓZEF POKLEWSKI-KOZIEŁŁ
(21 April 1937–21 May 2019)
Authors: Woźniak Michał F.
Published: September 2019

On 27 May 2019, we bid farewell to Józef
Poklewski, a trusted Colleague and Friend, professor at the
Nicolaus Copernicus University (UMK) in Toruń. Born in
Kowalewo in the Vilnius Region, following WWII, orphaned
by his father Władysław, he moved to Giżycko with his mother
Emilia, with whom he felt a strong bond until the very last
days. This was his individual feature: the long-lasting character
of and reliability in relationships. Following the studies in
history of art at the University of Poznań, he became assistant
lecturer at UMK, with which he was bonded throughout all
of his academic and scientific career. He remained strongly
influenced by his teacher and mentor Gwidon Chmarzyński,
professor at both universities. In his research Poklewski initially
concentrated on Baroque art (doctoral dissertation on the
Marian Jesuit Sanctuary at Święta Lipka), gradually more
intensely focusing on the topic of the history of art and artistic
life, as well as education in art, history of art, and conservation
in Vilnius (post-doctoral dissertation) and in Toruń. An appreciated and dedicated lecturer, at UMK Józef
Poklewski performed the function of the head of the
Department of the History of Mediaeval and Modern
Art, and of the Director of the Institute of Monument
and Conservation Expertise; furthermore, he was the
University’s Senate member. Actively participating in the
scientific life, he was tutor of graduate theses, as well as
of doctoral dissertations, reviewing also post-doctoral
ones; moreover, he organized scientific conferences.
Poklewski strongly committed himself to the activities
of the Toruń Scientific Society and the Association of Art
Historians (beginning from the Secretary, to the President
of the Toruń Branch, member of the Main Board, finally
becoming its Deputy President). Furthermore, he sat on
Museum Boards: at the National Museum in Gdańsk,
District Museum in Toruń, and the Leon Wyczółkowski
District Museum in Bydgoszcz. Prof. Józef Poklewski died
in Toruń, and was buried there, too.
Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Urban and Olive Mill Wastewaters Intended for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation
Authors: Bruzzoniti Maria Concetta , Rivoira Luca , Castiglioni Michele , El Ghadraoui Ayoub , Ahmali Abdelaali , El Mansour Tawfiq El Hakim , Mandi Laila , Ouazzani Naaila , Del Bubba Massimo
Published: September 2019

Background: Domestic and industrial wastewater can be introduced in a reuse chain for irrigation purposes. Objective: In this paper, we developed analytical procedures for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) along a wastewater reuse chain for irrigation purposes. Besides urban wastewaters, olive mill wastewater (OMWW) was considered as a potential water source. Wastewaters were purified by different treatments (urban wastewater plants, pilot-activated sludge, and constructed wetland) and used for the irrigation of olive trees. Suitable extraction procedures were used to analyze treated and untreated wastewaters, soils, and postirrigation leachates. Results: For wastewater and leachate samples, the optimized reverse-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) provided recoveries up to 79%. For OMWW, the SPE procedure was preceded by a normal-phase purification stage with silica gel for the removal of polyphenols, which were as high as 8.7 g/L. After optimization, extraction recoveries in blank solutions were in the range 20–67% and moderately reduced (10–38%) in OMWW as a result of the matrix effect (ME; –10/–60%) ascribed to the very high value of chemical oxygen demand (264 g/L). LODs of the method were below 1.1 µg/L (PAHs) and 3.2 µg/L (PCBs) using GC-MS analysis. For soil samples of different compositions, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) provided better extraction recoveries and reproducibility than the more common quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe approach, which was affected by a high ME. The LODs of the MAE/GC-MS method were below 4.9 µg/kg (PAHs) and 12.3 µg/kg (PCBs). Conclusions: The analytical procedures developed are a valuable tool to quantify the possible propagation of residual contamination from PAHs/PCBs with irrigation along the wastewater reuse chain.
CatchML - A Language for Modeling and Verification of Context-Aware Exception Handling Behaviour
Authors: De Lima Rafael , S. Rocha Lincoln , M. C. Andrade Rossana , Lelli Valeria
Published: September 2019

The context-aware exception handling (CAEH) is an error recovery technique employed to improve the ubiquitous software robustness. The design of CAEH is a difficult and error-prone task. The erroneous specification of such conditions represents a critical design fault that can lead the CAEH mechanism to behave erroneously or improperly at runtime. To deal with this problem, we propose a domain-specific language for modeling CAEH, called CatchML, using a high-level interface to make the design of CAEH models simpler and more intuitive. The CatchML language is integrated into a tool to allow designers to perform automatic model verifications by looking at the errors directly in the specification code. We conducted a case study on a sample system called UbiParking with nine volunteers. The results showed that the CatchML language is easy to model the context-aware exception handling and also allowed the participants to quickly locate the injected design faults.
Classificação de Commits em Repositórios de Controle de Versão: Uma Arquitetura Contínua e Multiagente
Authors: Soares Vinícius , Coutinho Daniel , Cruz Carla , Coelho Alline , Werneck Vera , Schots Marcelo
Published: September 2019

Documentar o raciocínio sobre decisões arquiteturais e de implementação em mensagens de commit não é incomum. Tais mensagens são escritas em formato não-estruturado conforme o projeto é atualizado. Poder classificá-las e utilizá-las para melhorar a compreensão da arquitetura de um projeto pode trazer melhorias ao desenvolvimento. Este trabalho apresenta uma versão multiagente de um trabalho existente e propõe um modelo para um sistema autônomo de extração e classificação de commits baseada em palavras-chave de projetos definidas pelo usuário.
Model-Driven Game Development: A Summary of a Mapping Study
Authors: Martins Lucas , Basso Fábio Paulo , Rodrigues Elder , Bernardino Maicon
Published: September 2019

Desde2014,jáseestimavaqueaindústriadejogosdigitaissuperaria a indústria de filmes na questão de lucro dentro da indústria do entretenimento, tendo esta já ultrapassado em no mínimo o dobro de vendas que a de música. De modo à obter produtividade no desenvolvimento de jogos cross-plataformas, esforços de pesquisa são dirigidos para automatização de tarefas de desenvolvimento por meio de Linguagens Específicas de Domínio (DSL) e desenvolvimento de jogos dirigidos por modelos (MDGD, do inglês Model-Domain Game Development) usando-se de geração de código ou uso de modelos em tempo de execução. O presente trabalho é um estudo de mapeamento sistemático de literatura que visa analisar o panorama atual das pesquisas em MDGD, avaliandoas no contexto da transferência de tecnologia para a indústria. Por meio de seis questões de pesquisa, concluímos que a transferência dessas tecnologias para a indústria é pouco relatada e ou ainda é realizada de modo ad-hoc.
Automated Technology Transfer in MDE as a Service: Experiences and Research Directions
Authors: Basso Fábio Paulo , Kreutz Diego , Rodrigues Elder , Bernardino Maicon
Published: September 2019

Há tempo os pesquisadores vêm tentando apoiar a execução de atividades da Engenharia de Software (ES) com suporte ferramental desenvolvido em laboratório e in-house. Líderes de mercado como IBM, Google e Oracle abraçam estas inovações de base tecnológica para ES e, infelizmente, ainda se observa que inovações lançadas por pesquisadores independentes enfrentam muitas dificuldades para conseguir espaço. Devido à falta de credibilidade do produto por sua imaturidade, é difícil nos primeiros três anos determinantes ao sucesso ou fracasso de uma startup no Brasil, se viabilizar a transferência de tecnologias da academia para a indústria. Neste cenário, o presente artigo apresenta algumas experiências com uma visão de futuro para pesquisas que buscam automatizar a transferência de tecnologia da área por meio de mecanismos de integração para assets. Em especial, discute-se um conjunto de trabalhos produzidos neste rumo, destacando o potencial de arquiteturas distribuídas, as quais podem ser construídas com tecnologias como smart contracts e blockchain, no ganho de credibilidade dentro do curto tempo de mercado.
Análise de Sentimentos em Discussões de Issues Reabertas do Github
Authors: Boechat Gláucya , Mota Jr Joselito , Machado Ivan , Mendonça Manoel
Published: September 2019

O comportamento de issues reabertas é uma percepção a ser estudada para analisar o impacto das discussões na continuidade da manutenção de projetos de software. A análise de sentimentos apresenta-se como uma poderosa técnica para auxiliar tal análise. Neste estudo, analisamos 12.996 issues reabertas, contendo discussões, de 80 projetos do Github. Com base na análise dessa massa de dados históricos, buscamos analisar se uma issue fechada tende a ser reaberta a partir da análise de sentimentos das discussões dessa issue. As análises são realizadas através do grau de sentimento dos textos dos comentá- rios das issues. A ferramenta SentiStrength, com suporte aos léxicos da área de Engenharia de Software, foi utilizada para classificar o grau de polaridade dos textos encontrados. O estudo identificou que a polaridade dos sentimentos nas discussões pode afetar diretamente o ciclo de vida da issue, inclusive com suporte à predição sobre a reabertura das issues.
Um relato sobre a migração de uma plataforma de offloading para microsserviços
Authors: L. Cândido Adriano , A. M. Trinta Fernando , A. L. Rego Paulo , S Rocha Lincoln , C. Mendonça Nabor , C. Garcia Vinicius
Published: September 2019

Os dispositivos móveis estão cada vez mais presentes no dia a dia das pessoas. No entanto, apesar da evolução das novas gerações de smartphones, a quantidade de informações e a complexidade dos procedimentos delegados a esses dispositivos, ainda impõem restrições ao processamento, principalmente relacionado ao consumo de energético. Uma solução que vem sendo utilizada para esse problema é a técnica conhecida como offloading. Nos últimos anos, várias plataformas de suporte ao offloading foram propostas. Este trabalho tem foco em uma dessas plataformas, denominado CAOS. Apesar de realizar tarefas de offloading com êxito, o CAOS ainda apresenta problemas como baixa escalabilidade. Neste estudo, descrevemos o processo de migração do CAOS para uma nova arquitetura baseada em microsserviços, evidenciando as decisões e práticas que foram adotadas nessa jornada.
O Impacto da Utilização da Ferramenta Pivotal Tracker para Monitoração de Desempenho em Times Ágeis de Desenvolvimento de Software
Authors: Netto Dorgival , de Holanda Ana , Neves Flavio , Rocha Cloves , Bastos Helena
Published: September 2019

Esta pesquisa visa analisar a influência que a ferramenta de monitoração de desempenho Pivotal tem na relação entre os membros de um time ágil de desenvolvimento. Foi realizado um estudo de caso de cunho etnográfico em uma empresa de desenvolvimento de software, tendo como unidade de análise os membros do time e o gerente de projetos. Identificamos que a ferramenta compartilha com todos as informações, cronogramas e desempenho de cada membro da equipe, permitindo que todos possam acompanhar as etapas do projeto. Além disso, o espírito de união e compartilhamento de conhecimento trazem a sensação de confiança e satisfação entre os indivíduos do time.
Mitarbeiteraktienoptionsprogramme
Authors: Seidensticker Thomas
Published: September 2019

Since the stock market boom of the New Economy at the end of the 1990s, stock option programmes have also become established in Germany as an effective form of employee participation. However, stock option holders often only include the members of a company’s management board and executives. Greater involvement by employees at lower hierarchical levels could be achieved in particular through collective bargaining agreements and works agreements. However, collective labour law and the laws on companies and corporate groups are insufficiently coordinated. This study reveals how the autonomy of general meetings and collective bargaining autonomy as well as group management power and operational co-determination can be reconciled.
Its second part examines the impact of corporate restructuring on stock option programmes. The author explains that option rights in squeeze-outs and transfers of undertakings must be protected to a greater extent than previously assumed.
Die Unionsgrundrechte unter dem Einfluss des Prozessrechts
Authors: Drechsler Stefan
Published: September 2019

This book analyses the influence of the EU courts‘ procedural law on the EU fundamental rights doctrine, using the example of economic fundamental rights (Articles 15 and 16 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights). Starting with the judicial practice of the past ten years, the distinction of the scope of various fundamental rights, the depth of scrutiny toward the Union legislator and the position of the economic fundamental rights in relation to other rights are examined. In doing so, the book illustrates the enormous – and heretofore far underestimated – relevance of procedural rules, the parties‘ strategies, and of pure chance for the European Court of Justice’s approach to fundamental rights.
The book shows the potential for reform of the EU courts in order for them to meet the justified expectation of an informed and consistent case law on fundamental rights, and presents proposals for a framework of EU economic rights in the European federation.
Interação e coletividade: apontamentos etnográficos sobre uma roda de choro
Authors:   Unicamp, Bertho Renan Moretti
Published: September 2019

A música praticada em uma roda de choro está sujeita a elementos informais e variações espontâneas que são consequências diretas e indiretas da interação e da coletividade. No presente texto busco demonstrar como este fazer musical proporciona formas simultâneas de negociação, pormove tomadas instantâneas de decisões e oferece possibilidades singulares de organização. Teoricamente dialogo com autores da área de etnomusicologia que apresentam discussões sobre fazer musical coletivo e suas possíveis relações entre música e sociedade. Posteriormente, apresento dados etnográficos construídos ao longo da minha pesquisa de campo, enfatizando, sobretudo, propostas de negociação, dinâmicas de revezamento, revezamentos entre músicos, e diretrizes para a escolha dos instrumentos que serão tocados.
A modinha como fenômeno coletivo social sob uma perspectiva andradiana e sua análise poética
Authors:   Unesp Instituto de Artes, Vaccari Pedro Razzante
Published: September 2019

Este artigo tem por objeto principal a análise da modinha enquanto documentação musical para a busca de uma melhor compreensão da sociedade brasileira, com embasamento em Mário de Andrade. Propõe-se, além disso, traçar um paralelo entre essas manifestações do Brasil imperial e a música popular brasileira do século XX e da atualidade, procurando exemplos de compositores e intérpretes que mantiveram a tradição da modinha, de serestas e canções com funções coletivas sociais similares àquela, como o samba-canção da década de 1930. Dessa forma, os resultados foram alcançados por meio de análises de modinhas, relacionando-as com sua contextualização histórica, possibilitando uma sondagem dos grupos sociais que as produziram e a continuidade da tradição na posteridade. A análise poética de “Viola quebrada”, de Mário de Andrade, possibilitou situar e contextualizar o estudo sob o prisma etnomusicológico, onde o Brasil pôde ser visto como uma nação que foi apropriada pelos colonizadores, sem considerar suas idiossincrasias naturais, e como essa metáfora é colocada no poema em questão.
Indian Research Universities and Global Rankings
Authors: Jalote Pankaj
Published: September 2019

There is a strong desire, in countries like India, to see some of the best national research institutions recognized among top universities globally. In this article, we show that the age, size, and funding profile of top Indian institutions is radically different from that of the top 200 global universities. Top global universities are generally old, large in size, and well-funded—while Indian institutions are generally quite young, small in size, and have modest funding. The article suggests that top Indian universities might make it to global rankings if the two parameters that are in control—size and funding—are aligned to the global pattern.
Virality in the environment of political cartoons: when history intersects representation
Authors: Balakrishnan Vinod , Venkat Vishaka , Manickam Muthukumar
Published: September 2019

The context for the paper is the inclusion of a 64-year old cartoon in the Political Science textbook that caused an uproar in the Indian parliament in 2012. The controversy draws attention to the two-facedness of any political cartoon which is an artistic representation of a historical event. It is, hence, ambivalent by being an expression of artistic freedom as well as a humorous comment on history where the axis of representation intersects the axis of history. The representation of the Dalit icon, Ambedkar, was objectionable to the political party espousing the Dalit cause which, through its leader, Tirumavalavan, raised the issue in parliament. The paper posits that the reaction was an event that was hitherto dormant and that it erupted on account of elements that fed its potential for virality in the environment, thereby, turning it into a fact. To this end, the paper revives interest in the imitation theory of the French sociologist, Gabriel Tarde, who, incidentally, was an intellectual influence on Ambedkar. Moreover, it employs Zeno Vendler’s distinction between an “event” and a "fact”, the Deleuzian idea of “assemblage,” and the idea of “conceptual metaphor” as laid out by Lakoff and Johnson. The paper reads the vicissitudes of the cartoon in order to theorize the elements that cause virality in a communicative environment.
Gender stereotypes depicted in online sexist jokes
Authors: Cendra Anastasia Nelladia , Triutami Teresia Dian , Bram Barli
Published: September 2019

This research aimed to explore gender stereotypes depicted in online sexist jokes collected from laughfactory.com. Linguistically speaking, jokes as a subtype of humour have become a common phenomenon in our everyday lives. Unfortunately, not all jokes can bring positive vibes for everyone. Yet, these forms of jokes are still commonly found, especially on the Internet. Some online sources, including websites of jokes, present a lot of collections of jokes for fun, but a number of the jokes are categorized as sexist jokes, which might also be regarded as offensive in a certain context. Data were collected from the laughfactory.com website and then were analysed by using the three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). Results showed that the majority of the humours observed were targeted at women (90%) and a small number was targeted at men (10%). Women were stereotyped as sexual objects, emotionally expressive beings, homemakers, being talkative, being stupid or brainless, and belonging to a lower class than men. Men, on the other hand, were stereotyped as worse than women.
Incongruous liaisons: Routes of humour, insult and political (in)correctness in Nigerian stand-up jokes
Authors: Nwankwọ E. Izuu
Published: September 2019

Nigerian humourists have always told risible jokes within myriad pre-colonial satirical acts and now, stand-up comedy. Scholars rarely study the menacing backlash against ostensible “inappropriate jokes” which largely ignores the fact that humour is derived mostly from offence. This paper sets out to study this threat by interrogating how four comics—I Go Dye, Basket Mouth, Klint da Drunk and AY—deploy self-censorship in averting offence. The specificities of stand-up arts, the peculiarity of its demands on artists’ joking capabilities, and the dependence of courting audiences’ participation and familiarity are foregrounded in describing the stringency of eliciting mirth through insult.
The paradox of metabolism in quiescent stem cells
Authors: Coller Hilary A.
Published: September 2019

The shift between a proliferating and a nonproliferating state is associated with significant changes in metabolic needs. Proliferating cells tend to have higher metabolic rates, and their metabolic profiles facilitate biosynthesis, as compared to those of nondividing cells of the same sort. Recent studies have elucidated specific molecules that control metabolic changes while cells shift between proliferation and quiescence. Embryonic stem cells, which are rapidly proliferating, tend to have metabolic patterns that are similar to those of nonstem cells in a proliferative state. Moreover, although adult stem cells tend to be quiescent, their metabolic profiles have been reported in multiple organs to more closely resemble those of proliferating than those of nondividing cells in some respects. The findings raise questions about whether there are metabolic profiles that are required for stemness, and whether these profiles relate to the metabolic properties that may be required for quiescence. Here, we review the literature on how metabolism changes upon commitment to proliferation and compare the proliferating and nonproliferating metabolic states of differentiated cells and embryonic and adult stem cells.
Contiguous and Atomically Thin Pt Film with Supra‐Bulk Behavior Through Graphene‐Imposed Epitaxy
Authors: Choi Ji Il , Abdelhafiz Ali , Buntin Parker , Vitale Adam , Robertson Alex W. , Warner Jamie , Jang Seung Soon , Alamgir Faisal M.
Published: September 2019

The nature of the atomic configuration and the bonding within epitaxial Pt‐graphene films is investigated. Graphene‐templated monolayer/few‐multilayers of Pt, synthesized as contiguous 2D films by room temperature electrochemical methods, is shown to exhibit a stable {100} structure in the 1–2 layer range. The fundamental question being investigated is whether surface Pt atoms rendered in these 2D architectures are as stable as those of their bulk Pt counterparts. Unsurprisingly, a single layer Pt on the graphene (Pt_1ML/GR) shows much larger Pt dissociation energy (−7.51 eV) than does an isolated Pt atom on graphene. However, the dissociation energy from Pt_1ML/GR is similar to that of bulk Pt(100), −7.77 eV, while in bi‐layer Pt on the graphene (Pt_2ML/GR), this energy changes to −8.63 eV, surpassing its bulk counterpart. At Pt_2ML/GR, the dissociation energy also slightly surpasses that of bulk Pt(111). Bulk‐like stability of atomically thin Pt–graphene results from a combination of interplanar PtC covalent bonding and inter/intraplanar metallic bonding. This unprecedented stability is also accompanied by a metal‐like presence of electronic states at the Fermi level. Such atomically thin metal‐graphene architectures can be a new stable platform for synthesizing 2D metallic films with various applications in catalysis, sensing, and electronics.
Exosomes and Nanoengineering: A Match Made for Precision Therapeutics
Authors: Tran Phuong H. L. , Xiang Dongxi , Tran Thao T. D. , Yin Wang , Zhang Yumei , Kong Lingxue , Chen Kuisheng , Sun Miaomiao , Li Yong , Hou Yingchun , Zhu Yimin , Duan Wei
Published: September 2019

Targeted exosomal delivery systems for precision nanomedicine attract wide interest across areas of molecular cell biology, pharmaceutical sciences, and nanoengineering. Exosomes are naturally derived 50–150 nm nanovesicles that play important roles in cell‐to‐cell and/or cell‐to‐tissue communications and cross‐species communication. Exosomes are also a promising class of novel drug delivery vehicles owing to their ability to shield their payload from chemical and enzymatic degradations as well as to evade recognition by and subsequent removal by the immune system. Combined with a new class of affinity ligands known as aptamers or chemical antibodies, molecularly targeted exosomes are poised to become the next generation of smartly engineered nanovesicles for precision medicine. Here, recent advances in targeted exosomal delivery systems engineered by aptamer for future strategies to promote human health using this class of human‐derived nanovesicles are summarized.
Conductive Silk‐Based Composites Using Biobased Carbon Materials
Authors: López Barreiro Diego , Martín‐Moldes Zaira , Yeo Jingjie , Shen Sabrina , Hawker Morgan J. , Martin‐Martinez Francisco J. , Kaplan David L. , Buehler Markus J.
Published: September 2019

There is great interest in developing conductive biomaterials for the manufacturing of sensors or flexible electronics with applications in healthcare, tracking human motion, or in situ strain measurements. These biomaterials aim to overcome the mismatch in mechanical properties at the interface between typical rigid semiconductor sensors and soft, often uneven biological surfaces or tissues for in vivo and ex vivo applications. Here, the use of biobased carbons to fabricate conductive, highly stretchable, flexible, and biocompatible silk‐based composite biomaterials is demonstrated. Biobased carbons are synthesized via hydrothermal processing, an aqueous thermochemical method that converts biomass into a carbonaceous material that can be applied upon activation as conductive filler in composite biomaterials. Experimental synthesis and full‐atomistic molecular dynamics modeling are combined to synthesize and characterize these conductive composite biomaterials, made entirely from renewable sources and with promising applications in fields like biomedicine, energy, and electronics.
Wet‐Spinning and Carbonization of Lignin‐Polyvinyl Alcohol Precursor Fibers
Authors: Föllmer Marie , Jestin Simon , Neri Wilfrid , Vo Van Son , Derré Alain , Mercader Célia , Poulin Philippe
Published: September 2019

Lignin is a promising bio‐based precursor for sustainable carbon fibers. Limiting factors for their development include the brittleness of lignin and the lack of large‐scale production routes. Here, a simple and economic wet‐spinning method, suitable for the fabrication of fibers based on softwood Kraft lignin (KL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), is proposed. These two polymers reveal a partial miscibility in solution, and form metastable dispersions in solid state. KL‐PVA fibers are prepared at a weight ratio of 70:30 and are carbonized without thermo‐stabilization. A tailor‐made temperature program leads to a decreased microporosity on the fiber surfaces. The obtained carbon structures at 1000 °C are found to be poorly ordered, leading to only intermediate mechanical and electrical properties. However, graphitic domains appear at temperatures above 1500 °C and indicate a high potential for the system.
Quantum‐Chemical Evaluation of Impact of Chlorination versus Fluorination on the Electronic Properties of Donors and Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Tonghui , Brédas Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2019

Much attention is given to replacing fluorine with chlorine when optimizing the chemical structures of π‐conjugated polymer donors and/or non‐fullerene small‐molecule acceptors (SMAs) in order to reduce the synthetic costs for large‐scale applications of organic solar cells. To rationalize the impact of chlorination versus fluorination on the electronic properties of π‐conjugated materials, quantum‐mechanical calculations have generally been carried out at the global‐hybrid becke three‐parameter Lee‐Yang‐Parr (B3LYP) level of theory. However, B3LYP suffers from drawbacks that are especially problematic in the case of π‐conjugated systems possessing a charge‐transfer character. Here, the dipole moments and energy levels of F‐ and Cl‐containing SMA fragments, that is, 1,2‐difluorobenzene and 1,2‐dichlorobenzene, are reevaluated at much more robust levels of theory. The results obtained with the (optimally tuned) long‐range corrected ωB97XD functional (coming from Head‐Gordon and coworkers and including dispersion corrections) turn out very close to those calculated with the “gold‐standard” CCSD(T) (coupled‐custer with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations) method. These results, however, both markedly differ from the B3LYP findings. This confirms that, for π‐conjugated systems, tuned long‐range corrected functionals provide a reasonable compromise between accuracy and computational cost, and that much caution must be exerted when using the popular B3LYP functional.
Quantized Conduction Device with 6‐Bit Storage Based on Electrically Controllable Break Junctions
Authors: Banerjee Writam , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: September 2019

Atomic‐level control of conductance in a Cu/Ti/HfO2/TiN‐based electrically controllable break junction (ECBJ) is demonstrated. The ECBJ is designed through sophisticated stack engineering and refined electrical operation. Control over bias‐induced ion migration is the key to forming the ECBJ. Precise atomic‐level control is accomplished with an optimized high temperature forming (OHTF) scheme. OHTF‐controlled single‐atomic switching in ECBJs has not yet been studied in detail. During OHTF, higher ion migration, higher defect generation speed, and lower barrier height reduce the forming voltage to half of its room temperature level. OHTF significantly improves switching uniformity and step‐wise control of conductance. For OHTF devices, intrinsic single atomic movement, i.e., single‐atomic switching, is controlled for >2 × 103 DC cycles, with an extrinsic voltage of ±650 mV to make or break the atomic junction, hence the name ECBJ. In such thermally guided devices, meticulous control over quantum levels manifests a 6 bit per cell storage capability. Finally, the applicability of Cu/Ti/HfO2/TiN based ECBJs to the realization of forming free, low power (a few hundred of femto‐watts), sub‐atomic switching is suggested.
Electrochemical Performance of Manganese Coordinated Polyaniline
Authors: Chen Yucheng , Xie Yibing
Published: September 2019

Manganese (II) coordinated polyaniline (PANI‐Mn) is designed as an energy‐storage electrode to improve electrochemical cycling stability of conductive polymer‐based supercapacitors. A PANI‐Mn electrode is synthesized through electro‐polymerization and hydrothermal coordination processes. A tetrahedron coordination structure is formed between manganese (II) dichloride and neighboring imino nitrogen to enforce the bonding strength of conjoint aniline units, restraining excessive volume expansion of the PANI molecule chain. Specific capacitance is enhanced from 350 F g−1 of PANI to 810 F g−1 of PANI‐Mn at 1 A g−1. Cycling capacitance retention is improved from 61% of PANI to 88% of PANI‐Mn at 5 A g−1 for 1000 cycles. PANI‐Mn shows larger response current than PANI at the same potential. First principle calculations prove that PANIs‐Mn exhibits higher density of state at Fermi level than PANI. The conjugated electron delocalization is strengthened in transitional metal‐coordinated conductive polymer, causing the improved conductivity of PANI‐Mn. Furthermore, an all‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor based on a PANI‐Mn electrode exhibits an energy density of 51.38 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 850 W kg−1 and a considerable cycling life of 82% after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1. PANI‐Mn coordination polymer exhibits enhanced electrochemical stability, thus showing promise for energy storage application.
1‐Picolinyl‐5‐azido Thiosialosides: Versatile Donors for the Stereoselective Construction of Sialyl Linkages
Authors: Chen Jian , Hansen Thomas , Zhang Qing‐Ju , Liu De‐Yong , Sun Yao , Yan Hao , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Schmidt Richard R. , Sun Jian‐Song
Published: September 2019

With the picolinyl (Pic) group as a C‐1 located directing group and N3 as versatile precursor for C5‐NH2, a novel 1‐Pic‐5‐N3 thiosialyl donor was designed and synthesized, based on which a new sialylation protocol was established. In comparison to conventional sialylation methods, the new protocol exhibited obvious advantages, including excellent α‐stereoselectivity in the absence of a solvent effect, broad substrate scope encompassing the challenging sialyl 8‐ and 9‐hydroxy groups of sialic acid acceptors, flexibility in sialoside derivative synthesis, high temperature tolerance and easy scalability. In particular, the applicability to the synthesis of complex and bioactive N‐glycan antennae when combined with the MPEP glycosylation protocol via the “latent‐active” strategy has been shown. Mechanistically, the excellent α‐stereoselectivity of the novel sialylation protocol could be attributed to the dramatic electron‐withdrawing effect of the protonated Pic groups, which was supported by control reactions and DFT calculations.
Engineering Surface Patterning of Colloidal Rings through Plateau–Rayleigh Instability
Authors: Luo Zhang , Zhou Jiajia , Liu Bing
Published: September 2019

Plateau–Rayleigh (P‐R) instability occurring on Brownian colloidal particles is presented. This instability can be used for the surface patterning of Brownian colloidal rings. This idea was realized by employing polystyrene(PS)/SiO2 core/shell rings, for which PS layer was selectively grown onto the interior surface of SiO2 rings. The P‐R instability was initiated in the ring's dispersion by adding a good solvent of PS. By using both experiments and theory, it is shown that the number of patches is tunable and that it is linearly related to a function of two variables, namely, solvent quantity and contact angle. In particular, one‐patch Janus rings and patchy disks were also synthesized at high yields. The patch size of all particles is tunable by step‐by‐step polymerization and the patches can be functionalized, for example by ATRP grafting with pH‐sensitive polymers. This approach can be adapted for the synthesis of other patchy colloids with designated complexity.
The effect of mild heat stress of different frequencies on the adaptability of Drosophila melanogaster females
Authors: Burdina Elena V. , Adonyeva Nataly V. , Karpova Evgeniya K. , Rauschenbach Inga Yu. , Menshanov Petr N. , Gruntenko Nataly E.
Published: September 2019

In natural populations, insects regularly face an adverse impact of different natures: harsh weather swings, lack of food resources, the insecticidal treatment. We studied the effect of repeated episodes of mild heat stress of different frequencies on stress resistance of Drosophila melanogaster females. We found out that the mild heat stress (38°С, 1 hr) repeated daily within 2 weeks resulted in (a) an increased activity of the dopamine (DA) metabolism enzymes, DA‐dependent arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase, which suggested a decrease in DA level, and (b) an increased survival rate under acute heat stress (38°С, 4 hr). The same mild heat stress repeated weekly had no effect on these parameters.
Exploiting Strained Rings in Chelation Guided C−H Functionalization: Integration of C−H Activation with Ring Cleavage
Authors: Shah Tariq A. , De Pinaki Bhusan , Pradhan Sourav , Banerjee Sonbidya , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: September 2019

Strained ring systems are regarded as privileged coupling partners in directed C−H bond functionalization and have emerged as a potential research area in organic synthesis. The inherent ring strain in these systems acts as a driving force, allowing the facile construction of diversified structural scaffolds via integrating C−H activation and ring‐scission. The mechanistic underpinnings allows the implementation of a plethora of C−H bonds across plentiful organic substrates, including the less reactive alkyl ones. Considering the synthetic space, this area will foster developments of novel synthetic methods in chelation guided C−H functionalization. This review will focus on recent developments in transition‐metal catalyzed chelation assisted concomitant C−H activation and ring scission of strained rings to attain molecular complexity.
Marketising private tuition: Representations of tutors’ competence, entrepreneurial opportunities and service legitimation in home tutoring business manuals
Authors: Holloway Sarah L. , Pimlott‐Wilson Helena
Published: September 2019

Education researchers have explored the marketisation of schools resulting from neoliberal education policy, but little attention has been paid to supplementary education markets. Supplementary education services, such as private tuition, are delivered outside of school but designed to improve performance within it. A small body of research demonstrates that the private tuition market in the UK and the USA is burgeoning, and that students’ access to this service is differentiated by region, class and ethnicity. These emerging demand‐side analyses are vital, but they cannot tell us about the educational entrepreneurship that shapes the supply of private tutoring services. This article addresses this lacuna through a discourse analysis of manuals, published as part of the developing tutoring support industry, that are designed to guide would‐be entrepreneurs through the establishment of a private tuition business. This analysis excavates manuals’ treatment of: tutors’ motivation to work in the sector and their competence to do so; strategies to be employed in the marketisation of tuition services; and the need to build trust to ensure business legitimation in an unregulated industry. In conclusion, the article sets a new agenda for research into fast‐developing supplementary education markets that explores: (i) the dynamics of this expanding educational workforce of private tutors; (ii) the ways marketisation addresses and augments parental anxiety about children's education; and (iii) the need for safeguarding and quality control in private tuition.
Algal photosynthetic aeration increases the capacity of bacteria to degrade organics in wastewater
Authors: Holmes Bryan , Paddock Matthew B. , VanderGheynst Jean S. , Higgins Brendan T.
Published: September 2019

Wastewater treatment is an energy‐intensive process and a net emitter of greenhouse gas emissions. A large fraction of these emissions is due to intensive aeration of aerobic bacteria to facilitate break‐down of organic compounds. Algae can generate dissolved oxygen at levels in excess of saturation, and therefore hold the potential to partially displace or complement mechanical aeration in wastewater treatment processes. The objective of this study was to develop an internally consistent experimental and modeling approach to test the hypothesis that algal photosynthetic aeration can speed the removal of organic constituents by bacteria. This framework was developed using a simplified wastewater treatment process consisting of a model bacteria (Escherichia coli), a model algae (Auxenochlorella protothecoides), and a single carbon source that was consumable by bacteria only. This system was then tested both with and without the presence of algae. A MATLAB model that considered mass transfer and biological kinetics was used to estimate the production and consumption of O2 and CO2 by algae and bacteria. The results indicated that the presence of algae led to 18–66% faster removal of COD by bacteria, and that roughly one‐third of biochemical oxygen demand was offset by algal photosynthetic aeration.
Reperfusion therapy for minor stroke: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lan Lihuan , Rong Xiaoming , Li Xiangpen , Zhang Xiaoni , Pan Jingrui , Wang Hongxuan , Shen Qingyu , Peng Ying
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Approximately, half of the acute stroke patients with minor symptoms were excluded from thrombolysis in some randomized controlled trials (RCTs). There is little evidence on treating minor strokes with rt‐PA. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in these patients.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched in July 2018. All available RCTs and retrospective comparative studies that compared thrombolysis with nonthrombolysis' for acute minor stroke (NIHSS ≤ 5) with quantitative outcomes were included.

Results

Ten studies, including a total of 4,333 patients, were identified. The risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was higher in the rt‐PA group as compared with that in the non‐rt‐PA group (3.8% vs. 0.6%;p = .0001). However, there is no significant difference in the rate of mortality between the two groups (p = .96). The pooled rate of a good outcome in 90 days was 67.8% in those with rt‐PA and 63.3% in those without rt‐PA (p = .07). Heterogeneity was 43% between the studies (p = .08). After adjusting for the heterogeneity, thrombolysis was associated with good outcome (68.3% vs. 63.0%, OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.14–1.89;p = .003). In post hoc analyses, including only RCTs, the pooled rate of good outcome had no significant differences between the two groups (86.6% vs. 85.7%, 95% CI 0.44–3.17,p = .74; 87.4% vs. 91.9%, 95% CI 0.35–1.41,p = .32; before and after adjusting separately).

Conclusions

Although thrombolysis might increase the risk of ICH based on existing studies, patients with acute minor ischemic stroke could still benefit from thrombolysis at 3 months from the onset.
Zeolite‐promoted Synthesis of Coumarins and Thiocoumarins
Authors: Zaitceva Olesia , Bénéteau Valérie , Ryabukhin Dmitry S. , Louis Benoit , Vasilyev Aleksander V. , Pale Patrick
Published: September 2019

Acidic zeolites, especially faujasites, efficiently promote the intramolecular cyclization of aryl propynoates and propynethioates, which produces coumarins and thiocoumarins, usually in high yields. Comparison with homogeneous Lewis or BrØnsted acids and with heterogeneous related sieve materials revealed the prevalence of zeolites exhibiting large cage‐type pores (H‐USY) for such cyclizations. Various substituents proved compatible with the cyclization process, leading to a variety of substituted coumarins and thiocoumarins (20 examples, 30–99 %).
Capturing the Role of Phosphate in the Ni‐PY5 Catalyzed Water Oxidation
Authors: Pan Hui , Duan Lele , Liao Rong‐Zhen
Published: September 2019

The mononuclear Nickel complex Ni‐PY5 [PY5=2, 6‐bis(1,1‐bis(2‐pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine] has been disclosed to catalyze water oxidation electrochemically with an applied potential of 1.5 V at pH 10.8 in aqueous phosphate buffer solution. Density functional calculations were used to elucidate the reaction mechanism of water oxidation catalyzed by this nickel complex and to capture the role of the phosphate. The calculations demonstrated that the oxidations of the starting [OH2−NiII‐PY5]2+ complex by two sequential proton‐coupled electron‐transfer processes lead to the formation of a key intermediate [O=NiIV‐PY5]2+. O−O bond formation then takes place through a water nucleophilic attack on the high‐valent NiIV=O moiety of the catalyst, facilitated by a hydrogen phosphate anion, with a total barrier of 11.5 kcal mol−1. The calculated barrier agrees very well with the experimental turnover frequency of about 2000 s−1, which corresponds to a barrier of 12.9 kcal mol−1. The calculated deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 1.99 is also in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 2.06. Finally, we also predicted the catalytic activity of other PY5‐based first‐row transition metal complexes, namely, involving Mn, Fe, Co and Cu. The calculations showed that the Mn, Fe, Co complexes have higher barrier for water oxidation, while the Cu complex has lower barrier and higher water oxidation activity compared with the Ni complex.
Materials Synthesis and Catalysis in Microfluidic Devices: Prebiotic Chemistry in Mineral Membranes
Authors: Wang Qingpu , Steinbock Oliver
Published: September 2019

The processes that led to the origins of life possibly occurred in the inorganic precipitate membranes of alkaline hydrothermal vents. These geochemical systems provide spatial confinement, cross‐membrane gradients, and catalytic surfaces. The experimental exploration of catalysis in these materials is challenging due to the vastness of the underlying parameter space and the need to maintain nonequilibrium conditions for long times. Microfluidic approaches offer an efficient solution to some of these problems by allowing the formation of mineral membranes at the interface of flowing reactant solutions and the control of steep gradients. In this minireview, we summarize recent progress in the production of mineral membranes using laminar microfluidic devices and discuss their catalytic properties in the context of prebiotic chemistry. Examples of catalytic reactions include the formation of pyrophosphate, peptides, and thioesters in precipitates containing iron, nickel, and calcium.
Synthesis, Stability and Reactivity of α‐Fluorinated Azidoalkanes
Authors: Bakhanovich Olga , Beier Petr
Published: September 2019

Organic α‐fluorinated azidoalkanes appeared in the literature for the first time half a century ago. However, for a long time they remained undeveloped and were regarded as chemical curiosities. Recent advances in the preparation of α‐fluorinated azidoalkanes as well as studies on their stability and reactivity opened up their broader synthetic potential for the preparation of valuable fluorinated and non‐fluorinated compounds.