bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interlinkages between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Review, an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach
Authors: Bakar Kombo Sharif , Ali Hafidh Hafidh , Msellem Khamis Ali
Published: April 2022

In this study, we re-examine the discussions on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by replicating the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing framework for Tanzania in Odhiambo [1,2], Journal of Energy Policy, and extending it to Kenya country from 1971 to 2014. We use two proxies of energy consumption (total energy consumption and electricity consumption for each country) and GDP growth rate as a proxy of economic growth for each country. The bound F-test reveal that our results are consistent with Odhiambo [1,2] findings that there is still a stable long-run relationship between each proxy of the energy consumption and economic growth for both Tanzania and Kenya. However, when extending the study to more recent data up to 2014, the results of the causality test are inconsistent with Odhiambo [1,2] findings for Tanzania only while being consistent with Kenya results for both two energy proxies and economic growth. The findings reveal the bi-directional causal relationship between each proxy of the energy consumption and economic growth in both short-run and long-run in Tanzania. Overall, the paper finds that the recent discoveries of the substantial natural gas and significant energy project spur economic growth in Kenya and Tanzania.
Household Energy Choice in Kenya: An Empirical Analysis of the Energy Ladder Hypothesis
Authors: Waweru David , Mose Naftaly , Otieno Shem
Published: April 2022

This paper investigates the odd ratio of selecting clean verses unclean source of energy as the main household fuel choice in urban areas using logistic functions through modelling of a binary dependent variable. Also, the research examines the important determinants of household fuel choice in urban Kenya. The data was obtained from KIPPRA’s data set on patterns of fuel use in Kenya. The study analysis was informed by energy ladder hypothesis and consumer behavior theory as the theoretical framework. Multinomial logistic estimation model was used to investigate the choices households make and patterns of cooking fuels in urban areas. From regression results income of household, cost of fuel and socio-economic factors were identified as the main factors explaining house fuel choice decisions. To accelerate use of clean residential fuel, the policymakers and government must carry out public education campaign, and ensure the accessibility and affordability of these fuels in urban areas to avoid harmful effects such as pollution and health problems fuelled by kerosene and biomass.
Evaluating Teaching and Learning Modalities in Higher Education: The Case of BAMS Students
Authors: Borage Swapnil , Rathi Bharat , Shelotkar Priyanka , Dangore Suvarna
Published: April 2022

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, institutions were obliged to change the teaching methods, as conventional teaching methods were not adoptable for the legislations of COVID-19 protocols. Students in large number started enrolling in the online courses. The reviews about the effectiveness of the online teaching were mixed reviews when focused on academic achievement. Many learners and teachers also opine that, traditional teaching is still a better option to online teaching. Blended teaching is a way to unite the two teaching methods and can be useful in overcoming the shortcomings of both the teaching learning methods.

Objectives: To compare understanding of topic by final year BAMS students, using Conventional teaching, Online teaching, and Blended teaching.

Methodology: 70 students from final year BAMS, will be selected for the study, which will be taught by Conventional, online and Blended method, in rotation. A pre test and post test will be conducted to get the results.

Results: The data will be analyzed to identify the effectiveness of the teaching method, in terms of difference in the mean Pre test and Post test scores.

Conclusion: If found effective, educational institutions must adopt blended teaching method over traditional and online teaching method to the larger favor of students
Frequency of Common Congenital Anomalies among Neonates in Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ul Ain Skeikh Noor , Hamid Shaikh Abdul , Rafique Khokhar Iqra , Larik Sobia , Rehman Shaikh Abdul , Nadeem Chohan Muhammad
Published: April 2022

Aim: To determine the frequency of common congenital anomalies among neonates in tertiary care hospital

Study Design: A cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration: Children Hospital Larkana Pakistan from April to October 2018.

Methodology: One hundred twenty-four newborns with congenital anomalies were included in this study after taking parental consent. All the newborns were assessed by prenatal, natal, and postnatal history, general physical examination, and relevant investigations like ultrasound abdomen, echocardiography, and CT Scan Brain were done; Questionnaire was filled out immediately within 24 hours after hospital admission.

Results: The mean maternal age of the patients was 24.16±4.13 years. Central nervous system (CNS) anomalies were observed in 21% of cases. Neural tube defects like hydrocephalus 6.5%sacrococcygeal teratoma 2.4%, meningomyelocele 11.3%, and encephalocele 0.8%. Cardiovascular system (CVS) anomalies were found in 11.3% cases in which cyanotic 2.4%, (2 were Tetralogy of Fallot and 1 was Transposition of great arteries) Acyanotic 8.9% (10 Ventricular septal defects and 1 atrial septal defect). Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) Anomalies (39.5%) like, duodenal atresia (0.8%), anorectal malformations (25%), Pyloric Stenosis (0.8%), exomphalocele (5.6%), diaphragmatic hernia (2.4%), Hirschsprung disease (4.8%). Genitourinary system abnormalities (16.9%) like Hypospadias (14.5%), undescended testes (0.8%), cloacal exstrophy (0.8%) and hydrometrocolpos (0.8%). Musculoskeletal abnormalities (11.3%) like clubfoot (0.8%), developmental dysplasia of Hip (0.8%), polydactyly (1.6%) and cleft lip & palate (8.1%) of cases.

Conclusion: Congenital abnormalities are prevalent in our setup, and the CNS is the most commonly involved system, followed by the gastrointestinal system, genitourinary system, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system. The prevalence and pattern of congenital defects must be known in order for healthcare providers to create preventive interventions at various levels.
Integrating video and genetic data to estimate annual age‐structured apparent survival of American black bears
Authors: Reynolds‐Hogland Melissa , Ramsey Alan B. , Muench Carly , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Engkjer Cory , Erba Grace , Ramsey Philip W.
Published: April 2022

Camera or genetic data are increasingly used to estimate wildlife abundance and density. We integrated video camera data with genetic data over 7 years to estimate annual age‐structured apparent survival of American black bears (Ursus americanus). We identified 70 individuals through meticulous scrutiny of 7531 video captures, cross‐referenced with 721 genetic captures from hair samples concurrently collected from stations in view of cameras. We used the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model in Program Mark to estimate annual age‐structured apparent survival for yearling males, yearling females, 2+ year‐old males, and 2+ year‐old females. We manually calculated cub survival. We compared parameter estimates based on combined video and genetic data with those based on only genetic data. Combining video and genetic data provided a means to test video‐based identification accuracy, which was highest for females (97%–100%). Annual apparent survival was highest for yearling females (φ = 0.92, SE = 0.07), followed by 2+ year‐old females (φ = 0.88, SE = 0.05), 2+ year‐old males (φ = 0.84, SE = 0.06), and yearling males (φ = 0.80, SE = 0.14). Annual cub survival (φ = 0.86, SE = 0.07) was likely biased because we could not account for mortality that occurred in‐den through early spring. Annual apparent survival and recapture probabilities derived from only genetic data were lower than those derived from combined video and genetic data. Our finding that noninvasive data can be used to estimate annual age‐structured apparent survival of a species with relatively indistinct traits is broadly relevant to wildlife research and conservation.
Visualizing Emergent Magnetic Flux of Antiskyrmions in Mn1.4PtSn Magnet
Authors: He Zhidong , Song Dongsheng , Wang Weiwei , Wang Ning , Ge Binghui , Wang Shouguo , Tian Mingliang , Du Haifeng
Published: April 2022

Topologically protected spin textures, such as magnetic skyrmions, have attracted considerable attention owing to their emergent electromagnetic phenomena and potential applications in spintronics. The antiskyrmion, a new member of the skyrmion family in the nanoscale dimension, consists of alternating Néel‐ and Bloch‐type boundary walls; it has already been discovered in non‐centrosymmetric magnets with D2d/S4 symmetry. However, its complex spin textures and unique magnetic‐charge‐induced emergent field have not been explicitly visualized thus far. Here, state‐of‐the‐art off‐axis electron holography is employed to directly resolve the antiskyrmions in a non‐centrosymmetric Heusler magnet Mn1.4PtSn with D2d symmetry. The magnetic flux distribution inside and outside the antiskyrmion is clearly imaged, indicating the emergent magnetic field induced by the broken cylindrical symmetry. More importantly, the closed emergent flux between adjacent antiskyrmions is revealed, indicating the antiskyrmion‐antiskyrmion interactions (a different mechanism compared to that of conventional skyrmions). These findings provide a clear and deep insight into the intrinsic magnetic flux configuration in the antiskyrmion‐hosted magnets, thus paving the way for the manipulation of antiskyrmions in the future.
In Situ Nanofluid Dispersion Monitoring by Liquid–Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Tuning the Structure of the Electric Double Layer
Authors: Luo Hao , Wang Hanqing , Yang Lijun , Wu Han , Kang Shenglin , Yong Shun , Liao Ruijin , Wang Jiyu , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: April 2022

An agglomeration phenomenon characterized by nanoparticle dispersion is a decisive factor that reflects the degree of the maintained overall performance of nanofluids and other nanocomposites. However, the quantitative characterization and non‐destructive measurement for nanofluid dispersion (NFD) still remain challenged. Herein, an in situ NFD measurement system based on a variable frequency liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator (VFLS‐TENG) is developed. This work utilizes VFLS‐TENG as a passive probe and proposes an equivalent capacitance circuit model for detecting NFD based on the electric double layer model at liquid–solid interfaces. In the circuit model, a quantitative calculation process for both particle size and spacing is introduced through parameter identification using the Quantum Genetic and Levenberg–Marquardt hybrid algorithm, and parameter separation using the Runge–Kutta algorithm. The results demonstrates a good agreement with the traditional methods, among which the measured particle size is more accurate than the hydrodynamic diameter of dynamic light scattering by 28.6% with a high sensitivity of 1667 nm nF−1. The proposed method is capable of measuring the effective charge on the nanoparticle surface in situ, and simultaneously obtaining the particle size and spacing for the online monitoring NFD, thus further facilitating the controllable preparation during the nano‐composites modification, and quantitative optimization of nanofluid design performance.
Combinatorial Use of Therapeutic ELP‐Based Micelle Particles in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Bulutoglu Beyza , Acun Aylin , Deng Sarah L. , Mert Safak , Lupon Elise , Lellouch Alexandre G. , Cetrulo Curtis L. , Uygun Basak E. , Yarmush Martin L.
Published: April 2022

Elastin‐like peptides (ELPs) are a versatile platform for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Here, micelle forming ELP chains are genetically fused to three therapeutic molecules, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), stromal cell‐derived growth factor 1 (SDF1), and cathelicidin (LL37), to be used in wound healing. Chronic wounds represent a growing problem worldwide. A combinatorial therapy approach targeting different aspects of wound healing would be beneficial, providing a controlled and sustained release of active molecules, while simultaneously protecting these therapeutics from the surrounding harsh wound environment. The results of this study demonstrate that the conjugation of the growth factors KGF and SDF1 and the antimicrobial peptide LL37 to ELPs does not affect the micelle structure and that all three therapeutic moieties retain their bioactivity in vitro. Importantly, when the combination of these micelle ELP nanoparticles are applied to wounds in diabetic mice, over 90 % wound closure is observed, which is significantly higher than when the therapeutics are applied in their naked forms. The application of the nanoparticles designed here is the first report of targeting different aspect of wound healing synergistically.
Socially‐Directed Development of Materials for Structural Color
Authors: Datta Bianca , Spero Ellan F. , Martin‐Martinez Francisco J. , Ortiz Christine
Published: April 2022

Advancing a socially‐directed approach to materials research and development is an imperative to address contemporary challenges and mitigate future detrimental environmental and social impacts. This paper reviews, synergizes, and identifies cross‐disciplinary opportunities at the intersection of materials science and engineering with humanistic social sciences fields. Such integrated knowledge and methodologies foster a contextual understanding of materials technologies embedded within, and impacting broader societal systems, thus informing decision making upstream and throughout the entire research and development process toward more socially responsible outcomes. Technological advances in the development of structural color, which arises due to the incoherent and coherent scattering of micro‐and nanoscale features and possesses a vast design space, are considered in this context. Specific areas of discussion include material culture, narratives, and visual perception, material waste and use, environmental and social life cycle assessment, and stakeholder and community engagement. A case study of the technical and social implications of bio‐based cellulose (as a source for structurally colored products) is provided. Socially‐directed research and development of materials for structural color hold significant capacity for improved planetary and societal impact across industries such as aerospace, consumer products, displays and sensors, paints and dyes, and food and agriculture.
A Versatile Sensing Toolkit for Highly Sensitive Detection through the Electrical Conductivity of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Hu Jing , Su Shixuan , Yu Ting , Xianyu Yunlei
Published: April 2022

Developing a versatile sensing toolkit with high sensitivity may revolutionize current techniques for analytical applications. This work reports a sensing strategy through the electrical conductivity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By modulating the concentration, aggregation, and surface ligand of AuNPs, a versatile analytical platform for highly sensitive detection based on the electrical conductivity is outlined. The difference in concentration, aggregation, and surface ligand enables a response in the conductivity of AuNPs, offering a great platform for developing AuNPs‐implemented assays using the conductivity as the signal readout. Compared with the plasmonic signal readout of AuNPs, this conductivity‐based sensing method has advantages in high sensitivity, low cost, and simple operation, showing great potential as a powerful technique for versatile applications.
High‐Resolution Multicolor Patterning of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Thin Films through Rapid‐Evaporation‐Assisted Strategy
Authors: Ahn Junhyuk , Lee Yong Min , Jeon Joongoo , Bang Junsung , Jeon Sanghyun , Woo Ho Kun , Lee Sang Yeop , Bae Jung Ho , Kim Woosik , Choi Young Kyun , Kim Sung Joong , Oh Soong Ju
Published: April 2022

Material integrations with the desired shape, size, and dimension allow for the fabrication of high resolution and high performance devices. However, the patterning of all‐inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), promising building blocks for optics and optoelectronics, has been a fundamental challenge owing to their unstable and reactive structures and properties. Here, a rapid‐evaporation‐assisted patterning strategy is reported that simultaneously pattern CsPbBr3 NC thin films and tune the color by selectively printing the anion‐exchange ink of micro‐sized droplets. The rapid evaporation time is investigated according to the droplet size, falling into a range that is faster than the structural degradation time but slower than the chemical reaction time of anion exchange. Structural, chemical, optical analyses, and analytical estimation of droplet evaporation are conducted. As a result, high‐resolution multicolor patterns with minimum feature size down to 5 µm and a pitch of <2 µm, covering the entire visible emission range, are achieved. It is believed that the multicolor patterning technique of PeNCs will significantly contribute to the development of next‐generation devices, such as image sensors, displays, and other fields.
Flytrap Inspired pH‐Driven 3D Hydrogel Actuator by Femtosecond Laser Microfabrication
Authors: Wang Jian‐Yu , Jin Feng , Dong Xian‐Zi , Liu Jie , Zheng Mei‐Ling
Published: April 2022

With the development of bionics and nanophotonics, hydrogel microactuators capable of responding to external stimuli to produce controllable deformations have attracted a great deal of interest. These microactuators hold significant promise in areas such as bionic devices, soft robotics, and precision sensors. It is not a trivial task to make such small devices as well as to make them work in a controlled manner. Here, inspired by the intelligent response of flytrap, a smart hydrogel microactuator based on a bionic asymmetric structure is demonstrated. The designed asymmetric microstructure is fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing with deformation time of 1.2 s and recovery time of 0.3 s. The grasping and releasing behavior of the microactuator for micro‐objects can be realized and tuned by using pH‐triggered shape changes, demonstrating its potential for applications, such as flexible robotics, smart sensors, and microscopic manipulation.
Robust Encapsulation of Biocompatible Gold Nanosphere Assemblies for Bioimaging via Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Schumacher Marius , Jimenez de Aberasturi Dorleta , Merkl Jan‐Philip , Scarabelli Leonardo , Lenzi Elisa , Henriksen‐Lacey Malou , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Weller Horst
Published: April 2022

Controlled assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into clusters is a promising avenue for the development of sensitive bioimaging and diagnostic tools based on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). However, several challenges, such as biocompatibility or colloidal and structural stability in biological environments, remain before AuNPs can be used as a tool for in vivo bioimaging. A versatile strategy for the preparation of colloidally stable and biocompatible AuNP clusters (AuNPCs) is introduced with high SERS signals, which are used as SERS contrast bioimaging agents (SERS tags). By tuning the ligand ratio of Raman reporter molecules to stabilizing polymer on the surface of each AuNP, aggregation can be carefully controlled. The resulting AuNPCs exhibit redshifted surface plasmon resonances in the near‐infrared (NIR) region, as well as distinct electromagnetic hotspots that give rise to SERS analytical enhancement factors above 104, compared to non‐clustered spherical AuNPs. Thanks to the protective polymer shell, high levels of cellular uptake with low cytotoxicity are observed, allowing 3D SERS mapping of cells with sufficiently high spatial resolution to detect AuNPCs within intracellular organelles.
Tissue Engineering for the Diaphragm and its Various Therapeutic Possibilities – A Systematic Review
Authors: Boehm Agnes K. , Hillebrandt Karl H. , Dziodzio Tomasz , Krenzien Felix , Neudecker Jens , Spuler Simone , Pratschke Johann , Sauer Igor M. , Andreas Marco N.
Published: April 2022

Diaphragmatic impairments exhibit high morbidity as well as mortality while current treatment options remain unsatisfactory. Tissue engineering (TE) approaches have explored the generation of an optimal biocompatible scaffold for diaphragmatic repair through tissue decellularization or de novo construction, with or without the addition of cells. The authors conducted a systematic review on the current state of the art in diaphragmatic tissue engineering (DTE) and found 24 articles eligible for final synthesis. The included approaches studied decellularization‐based graft generation (9) and de novo bioscaffold construction (9). Three studies focused on in vitro host‐scaffold interaction with synthesized, recellularized grafts (2) and decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds (1). Another three studies investigated evaluation tools for decellularization efficacy. Among all studies, recellularization is performed in both decellularization‐based (4) and de novo generated scaffolds (4). De novo constructed biocomposites as well as decellularized and recellularized scaffolds induced pro‐regenerative remodeling and recovery of diaphragmatic function in all examined animal models. Potential therapeutic applications comprise substance defects requiring patch repair, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and functional diseases demanding an entire organ transplant, like muscular dystrophies or dysfunction after prolonged artificial respiration.
Localized Drug Delivery Systems in High‐Grade Glioma Therapy—From Construction to Application
Authors: Hauck Margarethe , Hellmold Dana , Kubelt Carolin , Synowitz Michael , Adelung Rainer , Schütt Fabian , Held‐Feindt Janka
Published: April 2022

High‐grade gliomas are the most common and most malign primary brain tumors. Current therapy approaches only reach unsatisfactory results, still not providing a long‐lasting time to relapse or a curative treatment. A novel approach to overcome the present challenges of medical attendance, as drug resistance, systemic side effects, and limited drug availability due to the blood‐brain barrier, are localized drug delivery systems (DDSs), which are already used in clinical trials. Further development of this therapy regime may clearly improve patient's outcomes. In order to design compact, biocompatible, robust, and highly flexible systems which permit a prolonged drug release, a broad knowledge of the technical and medical field is required. Thus, this interdisciplinary article reviews different designs, testing, and validation models, and finally, clinical applications of localized DDSs, to utilize this available experience as a basis for the desperately needed reform of glioma treatment.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Activatable Bismuth‐Based Nanomaterials for Antibacterial and Antitumor Treatment
Authors: Li Wei , Fan Youzhun , Lin Jian , Yu Peng , Wang Zhengao , Ning Chengyun
Published: April 2022

The treatment of diseases through precision phototherapy has attracted growing interest during the last decade. Remarkably, biocompatible bismuth‐based nanomaterials can be effectively activated by near‐infrared (NIR) light to fight bacterial infections and tumors. In addition, bismuth‐containing nanostructures are easy to be synthesized and exhibit excellent NIR absorption, ideal photothermal conversion, and X‐ray sensitivity for diagnosis and treatment. This review outlined the recent development of bismuth‐based nanomaterials in NIR phototherapy. The three most commonly used NIR‐responsive bismuth‐based nanomaterials including pristine bismuth nanomaterials, bismuth‐based compound nanomaterials, and bismuth‐based composite nanomaterials are exemplified. Furthermore, their photothermal and photodynamic therapy mechanisms, antibacterial, and antitumor applications are summarized. In addition, their NIR phototherapy enhancement strategies are also highlighted. Finally, the key issues and future directions of bismuth‐based nanomaterial phototherapy systems are discussed in detail. It is believed that the emerging NIR light‐activatable bismuth‐based nanomaterials can realize the actual antibacterial and antitumor via unremitting efforts of scientific researchers in the near future.
Osteogenesis‐Inducing Chemical Cues Enhance the Mechanosensitivity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteogenic Differentiation on a Microtopographically Patterned Surface
Authors: He Jianxiang , You Dongqi , Li Qi , Wang Jiabao , Ding Sijia , He Xiaotong , Zheng Haiyan , Ji Zhenkai , Wang Xia , Ye Xin , Liu Chao , Kang Hanyue , Xu Xiuzhen , Xu Xiaobin , Wang Huiming , Yu Mengfei
Published: April 2022

Mechanical cues are widely used for regulating cell behavior because of their overarching, extensive, and non‐invasive advantages. However, unlike chemical cues, mechanical cues are not efficient enough to determine cell fate independently and improving the mechanosensitivity of cells is rather challenging. In this study, the combined effect of chemical and mechanical cues on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is examined. These results show that chemical cues such as the presence of an osteogenic medium, induce cells to secrete more collagen, and induce integrin for recruiting focal adhesion proteins that mature and cascade a series of events with the help of the mechanical force of the scaffold material. High‐resolution, highly ordered hollow‐micro‐frustum‐arrays using double‐layer lithography, combined with modified methacrylate gelatin loaded with pre‐defined soluble chemicals to provide both chemical and mechanical cues to cells. This approach ultimately facilitates the achievement of cellular osteodifferentiation and enhances bone repair efficiency in a model of femoral fracture in vivo in mice. Moreover, the results also reveal these pivotal roles of Integrin α2/Focal adhesion kinase/Ras homolog gene family member A/Large Tumor Suppressor 1/Yes‐associated protein in human mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results show that chemical cues enhance the microtopographical sensitivity of cells.
Brown Seaweed‐Derived Alginic Acid: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Pictet‐Spengler Reaction to Access Tetrahydro‐β‐Carboline and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Frameworks
Authors: Prakash Soni Jay , Sathish Manda , Nachtigall Fabiane M. , Santos Leonardo S. , Shankaraiah Nagula
Published: April 2022

Pictet‐Spengler reaction (PSR) is an efficient and reliable synthetic tool for the construction of tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines (THBCs) and tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) moieties. Herein, we reported a brown seaweed‐derived biocompatible alginic acid as an alternative and effective reusable catalyst for PSR. This protocol was found suitable for various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes with electron‐donating and withdrawing groups resulting in good to excellent yields. The utility of this sustainable protocol highlighted by synthesizing different THBCs and THIQs including a natural spirooxindole (±)‐coerulescine (9a) and its derivative 9b. The reusability of catalyst was also examined, and no significant deterioration in the reaction yields was observed till the 6th cycle.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Halides with 2‐Chloro‐1,1‐difluoroethane: Facile Access to 2,2‐Difluoroethylated Aromatics
Authors: Diao Zhengzhen , Feng Yu , Zhang Jida , Wang Xin , Li Hansheng , Ding Chen , Zhou Zhen , Li Xinjin
Published: April 2022

A mild and efficient nickel‐catalyzed 2,2‐difluoroethylation of (hetero)aryl halides with readily available 2‐chloro‐1,1‐difluoroethane has been developed. The reductive cross‐coupling reaction is synthetically simple and exhibits good functional group tolerance. This approach provides a facile access to synthesize 2,2‐difluoroethylated molecules for drug discovery.
Human Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Antibodies Alter Receptor Levels and Behavior in Mice
Authors: Maudes Estibaliz , Mannara Francesco , García‐Serra Anna , Radosevic Marija , Mellado Araceli , Serafim Ana Beatriz , Planagumà Jesús , Sabater Lidia , Dalmau Josep , Spatola Marianna
Published: April 2022

Ophelia syndrome or encephalitis with antibodies against the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) manifests with behavioral changes, memory deficits, and anxiety. To study the antibody pathogenicity, mice received continuous cerebroventricular infusion of patients' or controls' immunoglobulin G (IgG) for 14 days, followed by a 15‐day washout. The effects on hippocampal mGluR5 clusters were determined by confocal microscopy. Animals infused with patients' IgG, but not controls' IgG, showed memory impairment, increased anxiety, and decreased neuronal surface mGluR5 clusters. After antibody clearance, both behavioral and molecular changes reversed to baseline conditions. These findings support the pathogenicity of these antibodies in anti‐mGluR5 encephalitis. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:81–86
Optically Tunable Terahertz Metasurface Absorber
Authors: Zheng Chenglong , Li Jie , Liu Longhai , Li Jitao , Yue Zhen , Hao Xuanruo , Zhang Yating , Zang Huaping , Yao Jianquan
Published: April 2022

Tunable absorbers are promising for reconfigurable metasurface applications. Here a tunable terahertz (THz) perfect absorber is proposed which consists of high resistance silicon (undoped silicon) and can realize the switch between perfect reflection and perfect absorption (optical pumping, 1064 nm continuous wave). The proposed THz absorber exhibits perfect absorption around 0.74 THz and a 90% absorption bandwidth of 0.5 THz. Additionally, the working frequency range of the device can be easily designed by adjusting the side length and height of the square silicon pillars. Effective medium theory, mode analysis, and impedance matching theory are used to design and explain the proposed THz absorber. The experimental results agree well with the simulations. The proposed scheme allows for more flexible design of THz absorbers, and the device is easier to be fabricated. The proposed tunable THz absorber can find applications in THz sensing, modulator, and optic‐electro switches.
Persistent Ambipolar Heptacenes and Their Redox Species
Authors: Zeitter Nico , Hippchen Nikolai , Maier Steffen , Rominger Frank , Dreuw Andreas , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: April 2022

Sixfold TIPS‐ethynylation combined with fourfold bromination of the armchair edges furnishes a long‐lived, soluble heptacene; π‐extension via Stille coupling accesses a persistent tetrabenzononacene. Both types of acenes were stabilized best by double TIPS‐ethynylation on every other benzene ring. Tetrabromoheptacene is an ambipolar transistor material (up to 0.036 cm2 V−1 s−1 n‐channel), which was corroborated by generation of its monoanion and monocation.
Selective Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrodeacetoxylation of Aryl Acetates
Authors: De Smet Gilles , Bai Xingfeng , Mensch Carl , Sergeyev Sergey , Evano Gwilherm , Maes Bert U. W.
Published: April 2022

Acetate serves as a renewable and easily installed leaving group for selective deoxygenation of phenolics (ArOH). Ni‐catalyzed hydrodeacetoxylation of aryl acetates (Ar−OAc) with HBpin in a green carbonate solvent selectively delivers the corresponding deoxygenated arenes (ArH). The method is also applicable to highly challenging guaiacyl and syringyl acetates, leaving −OMe groups intact without arene reduction. Renewable 4‐propylguaiacol obtained from pine can also be transformed without significant loss in yield versus oil derived feedstock. The observed chemoselectivity for Ar−OAc versus ArO−Ac bond cleavage was rationalized based on mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations. ArOH side‐product formation is attributed to direct competitive Ni‐catalyzed reduction of the C=O bond. Hydrodeacyloxylation of a set of aryl alkanoates featured interesting chemoselectivity with a dramatic influence of the length and structure of the alkyl chain on catalysis.
Highly stable supercapacitive performance of a (3, 4, 6‐c)‐connected 2D Co‐MOF
Authors: Feng Chao , Hua Feng‐Zhen , Lv Chang‐Peng , Zhang Ling‐Mei , Guo Jing‐Jing , Zhao Hong
Published: April 2022

Two‐dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) used directly in supercapacitors have been a worldwide research interest for their potential high performance. Herein, one new 2D Co‐based MOF, [CoCo0.5Co0.5(μ–ppa)2(H2O)3]n, namely, (BBU‐1), has been synthesized through solvothermal method with the ligand H2ppa (H2ppa = 3‐(pyrazin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxylic acid). Single X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that the BBU‐1 exhibits a (3, 4, 6‐c)‐connected 2D structure bridged through the carboxylic group, with the topological point symbol of {3·4·5}2{32·42·52·62·74·82·9}{32·62·72}. PXRD Rietveld refinement also has been employed to confirm the structure. The Co‐MOF electrode showed a high specific capacitance and a good cycling stability. Its maximum specific capacitance was 134.5 F g−1 at 3 mV s−1, and the specific capacitance retention is about 91.3% after 1000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1 in the 2‐M KOH solution. These results show that the pristine 2D Co‐MOF is an excellent candidate of electrode active material for electrochemical energy storage.
Robust environmental DNA assay development and validation: A case study with two vulnerable Australian fish
Authors: Wilkes Walburn Jackson , Rourke Meaghan L. , Furlan Elise , DiBattista Joseph D. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Fowler Ashley M. , Hughes Julian M. , Fielder Stewart
Published: April 2022

Analysis of environmental (e)DNA can facilitate an understanding of the presence and distribution of aquatic species. However, eDNA detection using quantitative PCR requires validated and standardized species‐specific assay designs.

This study presents two eDNA assays to detect Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii, and mulloway, Argyrosomus japonicus (two ecologically vulnerable Australian species), based on small fragments of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. A comprehensive description of species‐specific assay development, from assay design to testing in silico, in vitro and in situ, has been included to guide effective assay design and validation in future studies.

The results indicate that the assay was species specific for M. peelii within its natural distribution. However, the assay also amplified genomic DNA from two allopatric and endangered congeners (Maccullochella ikei and Maccullochella mariensis), thus potentially facilitating their eDNA detection elsewhere. In contrast, the A. japonicus assay was highly species specific with no amplification among close relatives. Both target‐species assays are highly sensitive to as few as four and 10 copies per PCR reaction, respectively.

This study has demonstrated that the assays assessed are effective tools for detecting the targeted species in situ from environmental DNA samples, which will assist efforts to conserve and manage their stocks.
Penicillium fungi mediate behavioral responses of the yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) to apple fruits via altering the emissions of host plant VOCs
Authors: Guo Hong‐Gang , Han Chun‐Yu , Zhang Ai‐Huan , Yang Ai‐Zhen , Qin Xiao‐Chun , Zhang Min‐Zhao , Du Yan‐Li
Published: April 2022

Plant‐associated microbes have been reported as important but overlooked drivers of plant–herbivorous insect interactions. Influence of plant‐associated microbes on plant–insect interactions is diverse, including beneficial, detrimental, and neutral. Here, we determined the effects of three Penicillium fungi, including Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sumatrense, and Penicillium digitatum, on the oviposition selection and behavior of the yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée). Compared with fungi noninfected apples (NIA), mechanically damaged apples (MDA), and P. citrinum in potato dextrose agar medium (PC), the oviposition selection and four‐arm olfactometer experiments both showed that mated YPM females preferred to P. citrinum‐infected apples (PCA). For P. sumatrense or P. digitatum, we also found that mated YPM females preferred to P. sumatrense‐infected apples (PSA) or P. digitatum‐infected apples (PDA), respectively. Among three Penicillium fungi‐infected apples, the selection rates including oviposition and olfactometer behavior of mated YPM females on PDA were both higher than those on PSA and PCA. Further analyses of host plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GC‐MS showed that the absolute contents of ethyl hexanoate and (Z, E)‐α‐farnesene in PCA, PSA, and PDA were all higher than those in NIA, and a total of 16 novel VOCs were detected in fungi‐infected apples (PCA, PSA, and PDA), indicating that fungi infection changed the components and proportions of apple VOCs. Taken together, three Penicillium fungi play significant roles in mediating the host selection of YPMs via altering the emissions of VOCs. These findings will be beneficial for developing formulations for field trapping of YPMs in the future.
A comparative evaluation of layer‐by‐layer assembly techniques for surface modification of microcarriers used in human mesenchymal stromal cell manufacturing
Authors: Timsina Hemanta , McTyer Jasmine , Rao Raj R. , Almodovar Jorge
Published: April 2022

The demand for large quantities of highly potent human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) is growing given their therapeutic potential. To meet high production needs, suspension‐based cell cultures using microcarriers are commonly used. Microcarriers are commonly made of or coated with extracellular matrix proteins or charged compounds to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. In this work, a simple method (draining filter) to perform layer by layer (LbL) assembly on microcarriers to create multilayers of heparin and collagen and further demonstrate that these multilayers have a positive effect on hMSC viability after 48 h of culture was demonstrated. The draining filter method is evaluated against two other methods found in literature—centrifugation and fluidized bed, showing that the draining filter method can perform the surface modification with greater efficiency and with less materials and steps needed in the coating process.
Towards continuous mAb purification: Clearance of host cell proteins from CHO cell culture harvests via “flow‐through affinity chromatography” using peptide‐based adsorbents
Authors: Sripada Sobhana Alekhya , Chu Wenning , Williams Taufika Islam , Teten Matthew A. , Mosley Brian J. , Carbonell Ruben G. , Lenhoff Abraham M. , Cramer Steven M. , Bill Jerome , Yigzaw Yinges , Roush David J. , Menegatti Stefano
Published: April 2022

The growth of advanced analytics in manufacturing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has highlighted the challenges associated with the clearance of host cell proteins (HCPs). Of special concern is the removal of “persistent” HCPs, including immunogenic and mAb‐degrading proteins, that co‐elute from the Protein A resin and can escape the polishing steps. Responding to this challenge, we introduced an ensemble of peptide ligands that target the HCPs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture fluids and enable mAb purification via flow‐through affinity chromatography. This study describes their integration into LigaGuard™, an affinity adsorbent featuring an equilibrium binding capacity of ~30 mg of HCPs per mL of resin as well as dynamic capacities up to 16 and 22 mg/ml at 1‐ and 2‐min residence times, respectively. When evaluated against cell culture harvests with different mAb and HCP titers and properties, LigaGuard™ afforded high HCP clearance, with logarithmic removal values (LRVs) up to 1.5, and mAb yield above 90%. Proteomic analysis of the effluents confirmed the removal of high‐risk HCPs, including cathepsins, histones, glutathione‐S transferase, and lipoprotein lipases. Finally, combining LigaGuard™ for HCP removal with affinity adsorbents for product capture afforded a global mAb yield of 85%, and HCP and DNA LRVs > 4.
Optimization of continuous TAG production by Nannochloropsis gaditana in solar‐nitrogen‐limited culture
Authors: Heredia Vladimir , Marchal Luc , Gonçalves Olivier , Pruvost Jeremy
Published: April 2022

Nitrogen limitation and changing solar conditions are both known to affect triacylglycerol (TAG) production in microalgae. This study investigates the optimization of TAG production with a continuous nitrogen‐limited culture of Nannochloropsis gaditana in simulated day–night cycles (DNc). The effect of DNc was first investigated in nitrogen‐deprived condition (i.e., batch culture), emphasizing a significant change in mechanical resistance of the strain during the night. The concept of released TAG, which shows how much of the TAG produced is actually recovered in the downstream stages, that is, after cell disruption, was shown here of interest. For a maximum released TAG, the optimum harvesting time was suggested as being 4 h into the night period, which minimizes the losses due to a too great cell mechanical resistance. The protocol for continuous nitrogen‐limited culture was then optimized, and a continuous nitrogen addition was compared to a pulsed‐addition. For the latter, nitrogen was supplied in a single pulse at the beginning of the light periods, while the bulk medium was supplied separately at a slow but constant dilution rate of . The pulse dose was calculated after the study of nitrogen consumption and TAG production/consumption during the DNc. The estimated released TAG for the pulsed‐addition of 1.4 × 10−3 kg/m2d found significantly higher than the one achieved in batch culture (0.3 × 10−3 kg/m2d) but lower than for continuous nitrogen addition which obtained the highest released TAG of .
A bioprinted complex tissue model for myotendinous junction with biochemical and biophysical cues
Authors: Kim Won Jin , Kim Geun Hyung
Published: April 2022

In the musculoskeletal system, the myotendinous junction (MTJ) is optimally designed from the aspect of force transmission generated from a muscle through a tendon onto the bone to induce movement. Although the MTJ is a key complex tissue in force transmission, the realistic fabrication, and formation of complex tissues can be limited. To obtain the MTJ construct, we prepared two bioinks, muscle‐ and tendon‐derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), which can induce myogenic and tenogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs). By using a modified bioprinting process supplemented with a nozzle consisting of a single‐core channel and double‐sheath channels, we can achieve three different types of MTJ units, composed of muscle, tendon, and interface zones. Our results indicated that the bioprinted dECM‐based constructs induced hASCs to myogenic and tenogenic differentiation. In addition, a significantly higher MTJ‐associated gene expression was detected at the MTJ interface with a cell‐mixing zone than in the other interface models. Based on the results, the bioprinted MTJ model can be a potential platform for understanding the interaction between muscle and tendon cells, and even the bioprinting method can be extensively applied to obtain complex tissues.
Perceptions of telehealth in real‐world oncological care: An exploration of matched patient‐ and clinician‐reported acceptability data from an Australian cancer centre
Authors: Collins Anna , McLachlan Sue‐Anne , Pasanen Leeanne , Wawryk Olivia , Philip Jennifer
Published: April 2022

Background

Prior to 2020, the use of telehealth in cancer care was limited, but COVID‐19 necessitated its rapid and widespread adoption into routine care delivery. This study aimed to evaluate perceptions of telehealth through a dyadic exploration of matched cancer patient‐ and clinician‐reported acceptability data and to explore factors that may predict greater suitability for telehealth.

Methods

A prospective, cross‐sectional, exploratory survey study assessed (matched) patient‐ and clinician‐reported perceptions of telehealth consultations occurring at a metropolitan, tertiary‐based cancer centre in Victoria, Australia.

Results

One‐hundred and fifty‐five matched patient‐ and clinician‐reported data were included. High rates of acceptability with telehealth were reported by patients (93%) and clinicians (91%), who mostly shared concordant views (86%). Factors significantly associated with increased acceptability for telehealth, included, for clinicians, greater familiarity with the patient (OR 8.20, 95% CI: 1.50–45.06, p = 0.02), and younger patient age (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99–1.13, p = 0.05), and for patients was earlier stage disease (≤stage III) (OR 5.29, 95% CI: 1.08–25.82, p = 0.04). Lower acceptability for telehealth according to clinicians was associated with poorer patient performance status (OR 0.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.08, p = 0.04) and for patients with the need for an interpreter (0R 0.06, 95% CI: 0.008–0.51, p = 0.009).

Conclusion

While overall telehealth is acceptable in cancer care, our findings raise important implications for future service development, notably that it may be less optimal for patients with higher complexity of need—including those with more advanced disease, poorer performance status, those less well known to treating clinicians and those identified to have additional language barriers.
Child welfare worker wellness: An ethical imperative in the service of children
Authors: Bowman M. Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

Child welfare social workers are at high risk of burnout due to the demanding nature of their work (Bowman, 2020; Lizano & Mor Barak, 2012; Sprang et al., 2011; Schelbe, 2017). This condition can have drastic consequences for the psychosocial and emotional wellbeing of social workers and the vulnerable children and families they serve in child welfare organisations across the world. However, burnout and the associated risk of turnover and reduced self‐efficacy can be prevented through effective workplace support and intervention (Brode, 1990). This article provides an overview on the impact of burnout on child welfare workers' health, mental health and turnover as well as child and family outcomes, while underscoring the organisation's role in mitigating this issue. From an extensive literature review, the author proposes the following organisational child welfare wellness model: workplace wellness in child welfare organisations. Recommendations within this model focus on child welfare practices which provide support to workers including wellness (i.e. on‐site crisis and mental health support) and growth‐needs‐focused interventions (i.e. supervision, specialisation and promotion).
Kids Online Safety Act: A means of monitoring children's use of social media apps
Authors: Walters Anne
Published: April 2022

The Kid's Online Safety Act was recently introduced as a bipartisan proposal to decrease the potential of harm to children while online. This act places the responsibility on tech companies to implement controls on the content that is available to children aged 16 and under. Specific targets of the legislation are content that promotes harmful behaviors such as restricted eating, substance use, or promotion of self‐harm; any sharing of a minor's personal information; marketing that targets a minor's information; and algorithms that promote specific content for children. Further, it would limit a company's ability to extend rewards for increased use of a platform or time spent online. It would also allow creation of a program that would give researchers access to data from companies, enabling additional research on children's technology use and effects on well‐being. And lastly, companies would be required to conduct yearly audits on the risk of their platforms to minors (Washington Post, tech policy, 2022). In short, the legislature mandates a “duty to care” (Npr.org, 2022)