bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foraging movements of Leach's storm‐petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa during incubation
Authors: Pollet Ingrid L. , Ronconi Robert A. , Jonsen Ian. D. , Leonard Marty L. , Taylor Philip D. , Shutler Dave
Published: March 2014

Knowledge of foraging movements during the breeding season is key to understanding energetic stresses faced by seabirds. Using archival light loggers (geolocators), a Bayesian state–space model, and stable isotope analysis, we compared foraging movements of Leach's storm‐petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa during their incubation periods in 2012 and 2013. Data were collected from two colonies, Bon Portage Island and Country Island, which are 380 km apart along the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. Based on allometry for procellariiform mass, predicted foraging ranges for Leach's storm‐petrels are 200 km; however, observed maximum distances from the colony were 3 to 5 times that. Storm‐petrels from Country Island travelled 1015 ± 238 km southeast to the Laurentian fan and south of the Grand Banks whereas storm‐petrels from Bon Portage Island travelled 613 ± 167 km southeast, beyond the continental slope, east of Georges Bank. The average distance travelled in a return trip was 2287 ± 603 km and 1303 ± 351 km for Country Island and Bon Portage Island, respectively. There were no differences between years in cumulative distances travelled within islands, but foraging trips did not last as long in 2013 (4.7 ± 1.5 d) as they did in 2012 (6.2 ± 2.1 d). Stable isotope analyses indicated that, during the incubation period, prey items from Country Island were from higher trophic levels and possibly had higher energy content than those from Bon Portage Island, perhaps explaining the more distant and longer foraging trips for Country Island birds.
Periprocedural Stroke Risk in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation on Uninterrupted Warfarin
Authors: PAGE STEPHEN P. , HERRING NEIL , HUNTER ROSS J. , WITHYCOMBE EMMA , LOVELL MATTHEW , WALI G. , BETTS TIMOTHY R. , BASHIR YAVER , DHINOJA MEHUL , EARLEY MARK J. , SPORTON SIMON C. , RAJAPPAN KIM , SCHILLING RICHARD J.
Published: March 2014

Stroke Risk During AF Ablation

Background

Catheter ablation is an effective treatment for symptomatic individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF) but is associated with a risk of periprocedual stroke. Recent data suggest that this risk may be abolished if catheter ablation is performed with uninterrupted warfarin (UW). We sought to compare the incidence, severity and timing of periprocedural stroke between 2 periprocedural anticoagulation protocols: bridging low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) and UW.

Methods and Results

Periprocedural stroke (≤14 days) was assessed in 2,855 ablations performed in 1,813 patients. Thromboembolic stroke occurred in 11/1,653 (0.7%) procedures with bridging LMWH and in 5/1,202 (0.4%) procedures on UW (P = 0.5). Four of the 5 strokes (80%) on UW occurred despite a therapeutic INR and a mean activated clotting time of ≥300 seconds and 4/5 strokes (80%) occurred in patients with a CHADS2 score of 0. Eleven of 16 (69%) strokes overall occurred within 24 hours of the procedure. All 4 strokes resulting in major neurological deficit occurred in the LMWH group. Major bleeding complications occurred in 6.0% of patients in the bridging LMWH group compared to 4.0% in the UW group (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

In contrast to existing data, periprocedural stroke still occurs despite therapeutic anticoagulation throughout the operative period. The optimal strategy to protect patients against thromboembolic stroke remains unclear.
Usefulness of a novel and rapid assay system for fecal calprotectin in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Inoue Keisuke , Aomatsu Tomoki , Yoden Atsushi , Okuhira Takeru , Kaji Emiri , Tamai Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Background and Aim

Fecal calprotectin (FC) has become a reliable biomarker for intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, a simple and rapid assay to replace conventional ELISA is necessary for wider use in clinical practice. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of a novel method for measuring FC using a colloidal gold aggregation (CGA) assay for assessing mucosal inflammation in pediatric IBDs.

Methods

FC levels were determined by ELISA and CGA assay in 309 fecal samples (ulcerative colitis [UC]: 131; Crohn's disease [CD]: 121; healthy controls: 57). For endoscopic evaluation, the modified Matts' grading system for UC and the simple endoscopic score for CD were used.

Results

A strong correlation was found between the FC values determined by the two methods (r = 0.98, P < 0.01). FC levels, determined by CGA assay, strongly correlated with the endoscopic score for UC (r = 0.70, P < 0.01) and CD (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). In the UC patients with endoscopic remission, the FC levels determined by CGA assay (median: 31.5 μg/g, n = 14) were as low as in healthy controls. For patients in clinical remission but showing an active status endoscopically, FC was more likely to be abnormal than commonly used laboratory markers.

Conclusions

Our simple and rapid assay system has excellent performance for assessing mucosal inflammation of IBDs and can be replaced for ELISA. Practical application of this assay system enables us to use FC measurement more widely in clinical practice.
A novel double‐image Fizeau system for accurate investigation of anisotropic polymer fibres
Authors: HAMZA A.A. , SOKKAR T.Z.N. , EL‐FARAHATY K.A. , RASLAN M.I.
Published: March 2014

This paper introduces a double‐image multiple‐beam Fizeau fringes system. The introduced system can dynamically determine the variations of the refractive indices for both parallel and perpendicular polarization simultaneously. This is achieved by the simultaneous capturing of two multiple‐beam interference patterns during the mechanical processing of isotactic polypropylene fibre. This parallel determination of the refractive indices of both polarization directions allowed us to determine the full‐field distribution of the stress vector, S. To accomplish this, a mathematical model was deduced to calculate the components of the stress vector, S, i.e. parallel stress component, S1, and perpendicular stress component, S2. Double‐image Fizeau fringes system and the deduced mathematical model were used to investigate the variation of the refractive index and stress components of the fibre during the stretching process and propagation of necked regions.
Multiple fractional erbium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser sessions for upper facial rejuvenation: clinical and histological implications and expectations
Authors: El‐Domyati Moetaz , Abd‐El‐Raheem Talal , Medhat Walid , Abdel‐Wahab Hossam , Anwer Mustafa Al
Published: March 2014

Background

Fractional photothermolysis is a modern resurfacing technique, in which microscopic zones of thermal injury are created, stimulating turnover of both epidermis and dermis. Fractional laser rejuvenation has been developed to overcome the drawbacks of traditional ablative laser.

Objectives

To objectively evaluate the effectiveness of multiple sessions of fractional Er:YAG laser rejuvenation for aging upper face clinically, histologically and immunohistochemically.

Patients/Methods

Ten volunteers asking for facial rejuvenation were subjected to multiple sessions (3–5) of fractional Er:YAG laser. Clinical evaluation with both histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment for skin biopsies was carried out before, after 1 month and 6 months of laser resurfacing. Histometry for epidermal thickness and quantitative assessment for neocollagen formation, collagen I, III, and VII, elastin and tropoelastin were carried out for all skin biopsies.

Results

Comparing before, after 1 month and 6 months of fractional Er:YAG laser resurfacing resulted in improved clinical appearance with increased epidermal thickness (P < 0.001). Dermal collagen showed increased neocollagen formation (P = 0.006), with increased concentration of collagen types I (P < 0.001), III (P < 0.001), and VII (P = 0.001). Dermal elastic tissue studies revealed decreased elastin, while tropoelastin concentration increased after laser resurfacing (P < 0.001). An increase in collagen (I and III) and tropoelastin level and decreased elastin content was encountered with increasing the number of sessions, yet it was not significant.

Conclusions

Multiple sessions are effective in rejuvenation of the aging face with high safety, short downtime, and no adverse effects. They stimulated formation of new collagen (type I, III, and VII) up to 6 months after treatment with better improvement in skin texture and fine wrinkles. The variable number of fractional Er:YAG laser sessions (3–5) showed no significant difference as regards efficacy.
Linguistic practice and identity work: Variation in Taiwan Mandarin at a Taipei County high school
Authors: Baran Dominika
Published: March 2014

This article examines variation in the use of two Taiwan Mandarin features, de‐retroflection of sibilant fricatives [ʂ] → [s], and labial glide deletion [wɔ] → [ɔ], in the speech of Taipei County high school students. The features become resources for the negotiation of identity positions within the highly structured school institution. I discuss the correlations between the use of Taiwan Mandarin and two social factors: membership in the small culture (Holliday ) of a particular bānjí or class, and individual aspirations. Holliday's concept of small cultures is proposed as a variant of the Community of Practice. I refer to Bucholtz and Hall's () tactics of intersubjectivity framework as a possible tool for explaining variation at the school. I argue that the two Taiwan Mandarin features are invoked to perform different social goals, which is possible because they are imbued with related but significantly different sociocultural meanings (Brubaker ; Baran ).
Changes in Sexual Function of Women with Refractory Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome after Intravesical Therapy with a Hyaluronic Acid Solution
Authors: Hung Man-Jung , Su Tsung-Hsien , Lin Yi-Hao , Huang Wen-Chu , Lin Tzu-Yin , Hsu Chun-Shuo , Chuang Fei-Chi , Tsai Ching-Pei , Shen Pao-Sheng , Chen Gin-Den
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Intravesical instillation with a hyaluronic acid (HA) solution is an effective treatment for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), but its impact on sexual functioning of patients is not known.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in sexual function of women with refractory IC/BPS who underwent a second-line intravesical HA therapy.

Methods

A total of 103 women diagnosed with refractory IC/BPS were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter study. Sexual function was evaluated using the short form of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire (PISQ-9). Bladder-related symptoms and bother were assessed by the Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (ICSI) and Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index (ICPI), and a pain visual analog scale (VAS), respectively. Data were analyzed with univariate methods or multivariate logistic regression analysis accordingly.

Main Outcomes Measures

Changes in PISQ-9, ICSI, ICPI, and pain VAS scores after treatment were assessed.

Results

Mean age and duration of symptoms was 43.6 ± 11.8 and 5.1 ± 5.0 years, respectively. ICSI, ICPI, and pain VAS scores were significantly (P < 0.001) improved after 1 month and 6 months of treatment. Of the 87 (84.5%) sexually active women evaluated, PISQ-9 total scores improved significantly (P < 0.001) from the baseline (mean 18.9 ± 6.4), after 1 month (20.4 ± 5.8), and 6-months (21.5 ± 5.6) of treatment. Significantly improved PISQ-9 items included “dyspareunia” (P < 0.001) and “negative reactions” (P = 0.015) during sexual intercourse, and “intensity” (P < 0.001) of sexual orgasms. After a logistic regression analysis, we found that a baseline PISQ-9 score was negatively correlated with the duration of IC/BPS symptoms (P = 0.022). Meanwhile, the changes in PISQ-9 scores were positively correlated with the reduction in ICSI scores after treatment (P = 0.045).

Conclusions

Intravesical HA is an effective treatment for refractory IC/BPS. A longer duration of IC/BPS symptoms may be a predictor of poor sexual function. However, intravesical HA may improve sexual function along with the reduction of IC/BPS symptoms.
The genomic signature of parallel adaptation from shared genetic variation
Authors: Roesti Marius , Gavrilets Sergey , Hendry Andrew P. , Salzburger Walter , Berner Daniel
Published: March 2014

Parallel adaptation is common and may often occur from shared genetic variation, but the genomic consequences of this process remain poorly understood. We first use individual‐based simulations to demonstrate that comparisons between populations adapted in parallel to similar environments from shared variation reveal a characteristic genomic signature around a selected locus: a low‐divergence valley centred at the locus and flanked by twin peaks of high divergence. This signature is initiated by the hitchhiking of haplotype tracts differing between derived populations in the broader neighbourhood of the selected locus (driving the high‐divergence twin peaks) and shared haplotype tracts in the tight neighbourhood of the locus (driving the low‐divergence valley). This initial hitchhiking signature is reinforced over time because the selected locus acts as a barrier to gene flow from the source to the derived populations, thus promoting divergence by drift in its close neighbourhood. We next empirically confirm the peak‐valley‐peak signature by combining targeted andRADsequence data at three candidate adaptation genes in multiple marine (source) and freshwater (derived) populations of threespine stickleback. Finally, we use a genome‐wide screen for the peak‐valley‐peak signature to discover additional genome regions involved in parallel marine‐freshwater divergence. Our findings offer a new explanation for heterogeneous genomic divergence and thus challenge the standard view that peaks in population divergence harbour divergently selected loci and that low‐divergence regions result from balancing selection or localized introgression. We anticipate that genome scans for peak‐valley‐peak divergence signatures will promote the discovery of adaptation genes in other organisms.
Comparative study of Microsporum canis isolates by DNA fingerprinting
Authors: Shafiee Shabnam , Khosravi Ali Reza , Ashrafi Tamai Iradj
Published: March 2014

Microsporum canis is a zoophilic fungus and it is an important agent of dermatophytosis. Cats act as important reservoirs. Clinically, it is too difficult to differentiate dermatophytosis caused by various species, also this fungus loses its morphological characteristics easily because of subculture; so using of rapid and accurate laboratory techniques for identifying the dermatophytes is important, therefore, RAPD‐PCR was applied for the differentiation of the isolates. In this study, 10 M. canis isolates were detected in cats, dog, human, fox and rabbit at the Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. For running the RAPD‐PCR, PCR set system and three random primers OPU 15, OPU 13 and OPA 04 were used. Then phylogenetic tree and similarity coefficient table were drawn. The results showed that there were some common bands between M. canis isolates. There were some specific bands for each isolates, as well. Our study showed, despite the typical morphology of the whole isolates, they were placed in different branches in molecular typing.
Adaption and adjustment of military spouses to overseas postings: An online forum study
Authors: Blakely Gillian , Hennessy Catherine , Chung Man Cheung , Skirton Heather
Published: March 2014

Little research has examined the impact of being an accompanying spouse on British military foreign postings. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the experiences of 13 military spouses from 11 different overseas locations. Data were collected via an online forum and thematic content analysis was conducted. Key findings revealed that, regardless of the location, reactions to overseas posting varied considerably and were related to the military spouse's personality and personal circumstances, as well as their relationship with family, husband and their support networks. Spouses experienced a loss of control over their lives that was in some cases psychologically distressing. The findings corroborate and extend the findings from a previous study that was limited to one location, further highlighting the need for pre‐established support resources from the military and healthcare professionals to be readily accessible for all military spouses. Importantly, such support provision may also facilitate the military spouse in regaining some control over their everyday life, enhancing their well‐being and the experience for the family.
Mechanical modelling quantifies the functional importance of outer tissue layers during root elongation and bending
Authors: Dyson Rosemary J. , Vizcay‐Barrena Gema , Band Leah R. , Fernandes Anwesha N. , French Andrew P. , Fozard John A. , Hodgman T. Charlie , Kenobi Kim , Pridmore Tony P. , Stout Michael , Wells Darren M. , Wilson Michael H. , Bennett Malcolm J. , Jensen Oliver E.
Published: March 2014

Root elongation and bending require the coordinated expansion of multiple cells of different types. These processes are regulated by the action of hormones that can target distinct cell layers. We use a mathematical model to characterise the influence of the biomechanical properties of individual cell walls on the properties of the whole tissue.

Taking a simple constitutive model at the cell scale which characterises cell walls via yield and extensibility parameters, we derive the analogous tissue‐level model to describe elongation and bending. To accurately parameterise the model, we take detailed measurements of cell turgor, cell geometries and wall thicknesses.

The model demonstrates how cell properties and shapes contribute to tissue‐level extensibility and yield. Exploiting the highly organised structure of the elongation zone (EZ) of the Arabidopsis root, we quantify the contributions of different cell layers, using the measured parameters. We show how distributions of material and geometric properties across the root cross‐section contribute to the generation of curvature, and relate the angle of a gravitropic bend to the magnitude and duration of asymmetric wall softening.

We quantify the geometric factors which lead to the predominant contribution of the outer cell files in driving root elongation and bending.
Update on obesity pharmacotherapy
Authors: Bray George A. , Ryan Donna H.
Published: March 2014

There are two groups of approved drugs that can be used to manage weight in patients with obesity: medications approved for obesity per se and medications that affect body weight for obese patients who have complications from their obesity and are receiving these medications for chronic disease management. For obesity per se, treatment is with one of the three drugs currently approved for long‐term treatment of obesity or one of a few others that can be used for short‐term treatment. Among these, orlistat partially blocks intestinal digestion of fat and produces weight loss of 5–8 kg but major limitations are associated gastrointestinal symptoms; lorcaserin, a serotonin‐2C agonist with few side effects, produces a mean weight loss of 4–7 kg; and the combination of phentermine and topiramate (extended release) produces a mean weight loss of 8–10 kg, but should only be used after verifying a woman is not pregnant. Failure to lose more than 3% of body weight within 3 months with any of these agents should lead to reevaluation of therapy. The short‐term drugs for treating obesity per se are sympathomimetics, with phentermine being most widely used. The second group of drugs is for weight‐centric prescribing for patients with a chronic disease such as diabetes, depression, or psychiatric disorders. For each disorder, some drugs produce weight gain, others are weight neutral, but the best choice for these patients is the combination of drugs that treat the underlying condition and also produce weight loss.
The Palimpsest as a Double Structure of Memory
Authors: de Groote Brecht
Published: March 2014

This paper joins the recent revaluation of the palimpsest as a key image for the writing of memory. Its specific contribution is to regard the concept less on a thematic, and more on a rhetorical level. To that end, the paper constructs from two contrasting Romantic reflections on the palimpsest, Thomas De Quincey's Suspiria de profundis and Thomas Carlyle's Sartor resartus, a concept of the palimpsest that persistently acknowledges its constitutive dualism. The palimpsest will be argued to enshrine an irresolvable confrontation between two fundamentally different attitudes towards time, memory and history; in the writing, reading and interpreting of memory texts, these two attitudes express themselves as two distinct, if mutually intrusive, rhetorical structures: the palimpsestuous and the palimpsestic palimpsest. The former operates through metaphor and finds neat chronological sequences; the latter instead proceeds from the material document, and finds only fragmentation. As this paper conducts its analyses of the manifestations of the palimpsest, it will suggest that De Quincey and Carlyle both seize on its dual nature in order continually to break through any kind of monistic or dichotomous definition of memory, and to advance towards a non‐dialectic sublime.
Recurrent breeding method enhances the level of blackspot (Didymella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Vestergr.) resistance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in southern Australia
Authors: Adhikari Kedar N. , Khan Tanveer N. , Stefanova Katia , Pritchard Ian
Published: March 2014

Blackspot, caused by Didymella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.)Vestergr., is one of the most important diseases of field pea, causing significant reduction in seed yield and quality in southern Australia and in other parts of the world. Development of resistant germplasm has been slow because of the low level of resistance found in the available germplasm, poor reliability of screening methods and the polygenic nature of inheritance. Crosses were made between agronomically suitable lines and resistant germplasm from different sources. Their progeny were advanced through the single seed descent method and single plants were selected at F4/F5. The F4/F5 derived lines were screened against blackspot in the field under disease pressure and evaluated for grain yield at multilocations over 2 years. Despite the low level of resistance in the parental germplasm, the level of resistance has increased significantly in the new germplasm. Many of the resistant lines were late and low yielding, but lines with higher resistance and early flowering and high yield potential were also identified indicating that the disease resistance, adaptation and yield potential can be combined. However, the resistance identified in this study is only partial and suitable agronomic practices may need to be supplemented to minimise the yield loss and enhance the benefits of this partial resistance.
Two cotton fiber‐associated glycosyltransferases, GhGT43A1 and GhGT43C1, function in hemicellulose glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during plant development
Authors: Li Long , Huang Junfeng , Qin Lixia , Huang Yuying , Zeng Wei , Rao Yue , Li Juan , Li Xuebao , Xu Wenliang
Published: March 2014

Xylan is the major hemicellulosic constituent in dicot secondary cell walls. Cell wall composition of cotton fiber changes dynamically throughout development. Not only the amounts but also the molecular sizes of the hemicellulosic polysaccharides show substantial changes during cotton fiber development. However, none of the genes encoding glycosyltransferases (GTs) responsible for synthesizing xylan have been isolated and characterized in cotton fiber. In this study, we applied a bioinformatics approach and identified two putative GTs from cotton, designated GhGT43A1 and GhGT43C1, which belong to the CAZy GT43 family and are closely related to Arabidopsis IRX9 and IRX14, respectively. We show that GhGT43A1 is highly and preferentially expressed in 15 and 20 days post‐anthesis (dpa) cotton fiber, whereas GhGT43C1 is ubiquitously expressed in most organs, with especially high expression in 15 dpa fiber and hypocotyl. Complementation analysis demonstrates that GhG43A1 and GhGT43C1 are orthologs of Arabidopsis IRX9 and IRX14, respectively. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of GhGT43A1 or GhGT43C1 in Arabidopsis results in increased xylan content. We also show that overexpression of GhGT43A1 or GhGT43C1 leads to more cellulose deposition. These findings suggest that GhGT43A1 and GhGT43C1 likely participate in xylan synthesis during fiber development.
Masking of a first target in the attentional blink attenuates the P3 to the first target and delays the P3 to the second target
Authors: Brisson Benoit , Bourassa Marie‐Ève
Published: March 2014

The attentional blink (AB) refers to the decline in report accuracy of a second target (T2) when presented shortly after a first target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of distractors. It is known that masking T1 increases the magnitude of the AB, and masking a single target (equivalent to T1) in a RSVP stream attenuates the P3 to the target in correct trials. The major purpose of the present study was to clarify how these two effects may be integrated. An intervening distractor was presented at lag 1 (T1+1), at lag 2 (T1+2), or at neither of these two lags (no distractor). T2 was always presented at lag 3, as the last item in the stream. The P3 to T1 was attenuated and the P3 to T2 delayed in the T1+1 condition compared to the two other distractor conditions. These results clearly show that masking T1 attenuates the P3 to T1 and delays the P3 to T2 in the AB. Implications for extant theories of the AB are discussed.
Humor and Social Movements
Authors: Kutz‐Flamenbaum Rachel V.
Published: March 2014

At first glance, humor and politics may appear oppositional. Politics is often understood as serious, important, and grave, while humor is perceived as lighthearted and frivolous. Beneath the surface, however, it is evident that humor and politics are actually inextricably linked and have been throughout political history. This paper interrogates the tensions between humor and seriousness, importance and frivolity, and legitimate and dismissible to examine the manifestations of humor in social movement protest. I discuss how humor is used as a communicative and emotional strategy for social movement activists and organizations and focus on two constellations of movement humor: humor directed outside the group in the forms of tactics and frames, which I term external humor, and the role of humor in leadership, collective identity, and emotional labor, termed internal humor. To illustrate the role of humor in protest, I integrate examples from scholarly research, media depictions, and participant observation data to provide examples of how humor is manifest as an external tactic, social movement frame, and its potential role in strengthening ties to leadership and collective identity. The essay concludes by highlighting some potential paths for future study about the relationship between humor, ideology, identity, and power.
Recombinant blood group proteins facilitate the detection of alloantibodies to high‐prevalence antigens and reveal underlying antibodies: results of an international study
Authors: Seltsam Axel , Wagner Franz , Lambert Mark , Bullock Tom , Thornton Nicole , Scharberg Erwin A. , Grueger Daniela , Schneeweiss Clemens , Blasczyk Rainer
Published: March 2014

Background

Alloantibodies to high‐prevalence red blood cell (RBC) antigens are not easily identified by routine serologic techniques. This multicenter study was conducted to test the effectiveness of recombinant blood group proteins (rBGPs) at regional and international RBC reference laboratories.

Study Design and Methods

Single or mixed soluble rBGPs (Lu, Yt, Kn, JMH, Sc, Rg, Ch, Do, and Cr) were assessed for their ability to inhibit the reactivity of antibodies to specific antigens. Initially, the effect of rBGPs was validated by testing panels of well‐characterized patient serum samples containing antibodies to high‐prevalence antigens in the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Subsequently, the rBGPs were prospectively used for routine antibody identification and the results were compared to those obtained with RBC‐based diagnostics.

Results

Panels of predefined antibodies to high‐prevalence antigens were completely and specifically neutralized by the corresponding rBGP specificities. For prospective identification, antibodies to high‐prevalence antigens (n = 62) were specifically inhibited by the corresponding rBGP specificities except for some Complement Receptor 1–related antibodies, which may be directed to epitopes not expressed on the truncated recombinant Kn. In 14 cases, additional clinically relevant alloantibodies were identified. In cross‐matching, the rBGPs were successfully used to inhibit the reactivity of clinically irrelevant antibodies to high‐prevalence antigens to determine compatibility between donor and recipient.

Conclusion

rBGPs enable the identification of antibodies to high‐prevalence antigens without the need for rare RBC reagents, which are often unavailable. Underlying antibodies can be reliably detected and cross‐matching results validated, resulting in a more efficient blood supply for immunized patients.
A retinoscopic survey of 333 horses and ponies in the UK
Authors: Bracun Albert , Ellis Andrea D. , Hall Carol
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Ophthalmic examination in the horse is generally limited to crude assessment of vision and screening for ocular lesions. The refractive state of equine eyes and the potential impact on vision and performance requires further investigation.

Objective

To assess the refractive state of a large, mixed‐breed sample of horses and ponies in the United Kingdom (UK).

Procedure

The refractive state of both eyes of 333 horses and ponies was determined by streak retinoscopy, and the effect of age, height, gender, breed and management regime on the refractive state assessed.

Results

Emmetropia was found in 557 of 666 (83.63%) of eyes; 228/333 (68.5%) of the horses/ponies were emmetropic in both eyes. Refractive errors of greater than 1.50 D (in either direction) were found in 2.7% of the eyes tested. Ametropic eyes included hyperopia (54%) and myopia (46%). Anisometropia was found in 30.3% of horses and ponies. Breed of horse/pony was the only factor that affected refractive state (in the left eye only, P < 0.05) with Thoroughbred crosses having a tendency toward myopia and Warmbloods/Shires toward hyperopia.

Discussion and Conclusion

The retinoscopic survey found emmetropia to be the predominant refractive state of the equine eye with no evidence of an overall trend toward myopia or hyperopia. However, individual and breed‐related differences were found. Such factors should be considered in the selection of horses for sport and leisure, and when evaluating their performance potential. More comprehensive visual testing would be valuable in identifying underlying causes of behavioral problems.
Efficacy ofCOX‐2 inhibitors in controlling inflammation and capsular opacification after phacoemulsification cataract removal
Authors: Brookshire Heather L. , English Robert V. , Nadelstein Bradley , Weigt Anne K. , Gift Barrett W. , Gilger Brian C.
Published: March 2014

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of 0.9% bromfenac (Xibrom™) or a celecoxib‐impregnated intraocular lens (celecoxib‐IOL) compared with 1% prednisolone acetate (PA) in controlling postoperative inflammation and posterior capsule opacification (PCO).

Animal studied

Fifty‐nine dogs undergoing cataract extraction by phacoemulsification.

Procedure

Bilateral patients received bromfenac or celecoxib‐IOLplusPAin one eye, andPAin the contralateral eye. Unilateral patients received bromfenac orPA. Complete ophthalmic examination including tonometry, slit‐lamp grading of flare andPCO, and digital image acquisition for maskedPCOevaluation was performed within 24 h and 1, 4, 12, 24, and 56 weeks following surgery.

Results

Celecoxib‐IOL/PA‐treated eyes had significantly less flare thanPA‐treated eyes, which had significantly less flare than bromfenac‐treated eyes 24 h postoperatively. There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) postoperatively, or at 1, 24, or 56 weeks. Celecoxib‐IOL/PA‐treated eyes had significantly lowerIOPmeasurements than bromfenac andPA‐treated eyes at 4 and 12 weeks. There was no significant difference inPCOlevel between groups using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy at any time point. Masked evaluation of digital images revealed significantly lessPCOin celecoxib‐IOL/PA‐ vs. bromfenac‐treated eyes at 4 weeks, and in bromfenac‐ vs.PA‐treated eyes at 56 weeks.

Conclusions

Eyes receiving celecoxib‐IOL/PAhad better initial control of inflammation. Bromfenac was equally effective compared withPAin controlling inflammation. There was no association betweenCOX‐2 inhibitor administration and ocular hypertension. Celecoxib‐IOL/PA‐treated eyes showed better initial control ofPCO(up to 12 weeks), while eyes receiving bromfenac had better long‐term control ofPCO(56 weeks).
Farm‐level actions towards water pollution control: the role of nutrient guidance systems
Authors: Wilson Paul
Published: March 2014

Enhanced agricultural pollution control will be required to ensure compliance with the 2015 European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive. Drawing upon data from an on‐farm survey with 1370 farmers and growers across England, combined with production, financial, farm and farmer characteristic data from the English Farm Business Survey, this paper investigates farmer attitudes and actions towards water pollution control. Significant differences in practices taken to reduce or prevent pollution were observed by farm type, EU region, farmer education level and use or absence of a nutrient guidance system. However, no significant differences were observed in financial output–input performance of arable farmers by use and non‐use of a nutrient guidance system. Nutrient guidance systems were, however, associated with a greater uptake of practices to reduce or prevent water pollution. Water companies could build upon upstream land management approaches to provide targeted investment in extension services to incentivise on‐farm use of these guidance systems.
Neural substrates underlying fear‐evoked freezing: the periaqueductal grey–cerebellar link
Authors: Koutsikou Stella , Crook Jonathan J. , Earl Emma V. , Leith J. Lianne , Watson Thomas C. , Lumb Bridget M. , Apps Richard
Published: March 2014

Key points

At the heart of the brain circuitry underlying fear behaviour is the periaqueductal grey (PAG).

We address an important gap in understanding regarding the neural pathways and mechanisms that link the PAG to distinct patterns of motor response associated with survival behaviours.

We identify a highly localised part of the cerebellum (lateral vermal lobule VIII, pyramis) as a key supraspinal node within a chain of connections that links the PAG to the spinal cord to elicit fear‐evoked freezing behaviour.

Expression of fear‐evoked freezing behaviour, both conditioned and innate, is dependent on cerebellar pyramis neural input–output pathways.

We also address an important controversy in the literature, namely whether or not ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) increases muscle tone. We provide evidence that activation of the vlPAG causes an increase in α‐motoneurone excitability, consistent with a role in generating muscle tone associated with fear‐evoked freezing.

The central neural pathways involved in fear‐evoked behaviour are highly conserved across mammalian species, and there is a consensus that understanding them is a fundamental step towards developing effective treatments for emotional disorders in man. The ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG) has a well‐established role in fear‐evoked freezing behaviour. The neural pathways underlying autonomic and sensory consequences of vlPAG activation in fearful situations are well understood, but much less is known about the pathways that link vlPAG activity to distinct fear‐evoked motor patterns essential for survival. In adult rats, we have identified a pathway linking the vlPAG to cerebellar cortex, which terminates as climbing fibres in lateral vermal lobule VIII (pyramis). Lesion of pyramis input–output pathways disrupted innate and fear‐conditioned freezing behaviour. The disruption in freezing behaviour was strongly correlated to the reduction in the vlPAG‐induced facilitation of α‐motoneurone excitability observed after lesions of the pyramis. The increased excitability of α‐motoneurones during vlPAG activation may therefore drive the increase in muscle tone that underlies expression of freezing behaviour. By identifying the cerebellar pyramis as a critical component of the neural network subserving emotionally related freezing behaviour, the present study identifies novel neural pathways that link the PAG to fear‐evoked motor responses.
An Experimental Approach for the Offshore Launching of Jack-Ups
Authors: Rodríguez Claudio A. , Moura Mário , Esperança Paulo T. T. , Raigorodsky Jacques
Published: March 2014

Recently, as part of the building contract for the new Brazilian jack-up drilling platforms, an operational challenge was raised: to launch these units from the building site, where neither dry dock nor launching ground ways exist. Economically, the best alternative was to launch these jack-ups using the available barges used commonly for jacket launch. Due to the marked differences between a jacket and a jack-up, the implementation of this novel launch operation required a careful feasibility study. Model tests were required to measure the motions of the barge and the jack-up and to evaluate the loads on the barge rocker arms. The present paper discusses the experimental approach, test setup, calibration procedures, and some results from the hydrodynamics perspective.
A Field Balancing Technique Based on Virtual Trial-Weights Method for a Magnetically Levitated Flexible Rotor
Authors: Wang Yingguang , Fang Jiancheng , Zheng Shiqiang
Published: March 2014

For a magnetically levitated flexible rotor (MLFR), the amount of residual imbalance not only generates undesired vibrations, but also results in excessive bending, which may cause it hit to the auxiliary bearings. Thus, balancing below the critical speed is essential for the MLFR to prevent the impact. This paper proposes a balancing method of high precision and high efficiency, basing on virtual trial-weights. First, to reduce the computed error of rotor's mode shapes, a synchronous notch filter is inserted into the active magnetic bearing (AMB) controller, achieving a free support status. Then, AMBs provide the rotor with the synchronous electromagnetic forces (SEFs) to simulate the trial-weights. The SEFs with the initial angles varying from 0 deg to 360 deg in the rotational frame system result in continuous changes in the MLFR's deflection. Last, correction masses are calculated according to the changes. Compared to the trail-weights method, the new method needs not test-runs, which improves the balancing efficiency. Compared to the no trail-weights method, the new method does not require a precise model of the rotor-bearing system, which is difficult to acquire in the real system. Experiment results show that the novel method can reduce the residual imbalance effectively and accurately.
Hole-Pattern Seals Performance Evaluation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Design of Experiment Techniques
Authors: Untaroiu Alexandrina , Liu Cheng , Migliorini Patrick J. , Wood Houston G. , Untaroiu Costin D.
Published: March 2014

A main goal of noncontacting mechanical seals is to provide minimal leakage during operation. This may be achieved by specifying a small clearance between the mating faces that is just enough to avoid rubbing contact while allowing some tolerable leakage. The amount of leakage flow is reduced through the acceleration and deceleration of the fluid through a tortuous path, so the sealing performance depends on the geometric characteristics of the leakage path. This study focuses on annular hole-pattern seals, which are noncontacting mechanical seals commonly used in high pressure compressors. A design of experiments (DOE) approach is used to investigate the effects of various geometric variables on the leakage rate of a hole-pattern seal during normal operating conditions. The design space, defined by the ranges of hole diameter, hole depth, axial space between holes and number of holes in circumferential direction, is discretized using the simple random sampling method. Then, steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed at each design point to evaluate seal performance. To better understand the sensitivity of the hole-pattern seal leakage rate with respect to design variables selected, response surfaces are built through its values at design points using quadratic polynomial fitting. The results show that the optimal solution had a better leakage control ability over the base model design. It is believed that the results of this study will assist in improving the design of annular hole-pattern seals.
Comparative study of GaN mesa etch characteristics in Cl2 based inductively coupled plasma with Ar and BCl3 as additive gases
Authors: Rawal Dipendra Singh , Arora Henika , Sehgal Bhupender Kumar , Muralidharan Rangarajan
Published: March 2014

GaN thin film etching is investigated and compared for mesa formation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) of Cl2 with Ar and BCl3 gas additives using photoresist mask. Etch characteristics are studied as a function of ICP process parameters, viz., ICP power, radio frequency (RF) power, and chamber pressure at fixed total flow rate. The etch rate at each ICP/RF power is 0.1–0.2 μm/min higher for Cl2/Ar mixture mainly due to higher Cl dissociation efficiency of Ar additive that readily provides Cl ion/radical for reaction in comparison to Cl2/BCl3 mixture. Cl2/Ar mixture also leads to better photoresist mask selectivity. The etch-induced roughness is investigated using atomic force microscopy. Cl2/Ar etching has resulted in lower root-mean-square roughness of GaN etched surface in comparison to Cl2/BCl3 etching due to increased Ar ion energy and flux with ICP/RF power that enhances the sputter removal of etch product. The GaN surface damage after etching is also evaluated using room temperature photoluminescence and found to be increasing with ICP/RF power for both the etch chemistries with higher degree of damage in Cl2/BCl3 etching under same condition.
Mechanochemotransduction During Cardiomyocyte Contraction Is Mediated by Localized Nitric Oxide Signaling
Authors: Jian Zhong , Han Huilan , Zhang Tieqiao , Puglisi Jose , Izu Leighton T. , Shaw John A. , Onofiok Ekama , Erickson Jeffery R. , Chen Yi-Je , Horvath Balazs , Shimkunas Rafael , Xiao Wenwu , Li Yuanpei , Pan Tingrui , Chan James , Banyasz Tamas , Tardiff Jil C. , Chiamvimonvat Nipavan , Bers Donald M. , Lam Kit S. , Chen-Izu Ye
Published: March 2014

Nitric oxide exposed to mechanical stress reveals the chemical cues involved in altering Ca2
+
signals that lead to arrhythmias.
Molecular Characterization of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: Dominance of OXA-48 and NDM Producers
Authors: Zowawi Hosam M. , Sartor Anna L. , Balkhy Hanan H. , Walsh Timothy R. , Al Johani Sameera M. , AlJindan Reem Y. , Alfaresi Mubarak , Ibrahim Emad , Al-Jardani Amina , Al-Abri Seif , Al Salman Jameela , Dashti Ali A. , Kutbi Abdullah H. , Schlebusch Sanmarié , Sidjabat Hanna E. , Paterson David L.
Published: March 2014

The molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance of carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
(CRE) were determined in hospitals in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Isolates were subjected to PCR-based detection of antibiotic-resistant genes and repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) assessments of clonality. Sixty-two isolates which screened positive for potential carbapenemase production were assessed, and 45 were found to produce carbapenemase. The most common carbapenemases were of the OXA-48 (35 isolates) and NDM (16 isolates) types; 6 isolates were found to coproduce the OXA-48 and NDM types. No KPC-type, VIM-type, or IMP-type producers were detected. Multiple clones were detected with seven clusters of clonally related
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Awareness of CRE in GCC countries has important implications for controlling the spread of CRE in the Middle East and in hospitals accommodating patients transferred from the region.
Republished: Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications
Authors: Singh Sonal , Loke Yoon K , Enright Paul , Furberg Curt D
Published: March 2014

The majority of deaths in COPD are from cardiovascular causes. Several large randomized controlled trials demonstrate that inhaled anticholinergic agents ipratropium and tiotropium increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular mortality. Tiotropium Respimat is associated with a statistically significant increased risk of mortality (RR 1.52; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.16) and cardiovascular death (RR 2.05; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.99) compared with placebo in a meta-analysis of clinical trials. In the largest study, the subgroup of patients with COPD in the Respimat group with known rhythm and cardiac disorders at baseline had an especially high risk for cardiac death (RR 8.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 67.2). Although there was no significantly increased risk of mortality (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.02) or myocardial infarction (MI) (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.00) with tiotropium handihaler in the Understanding Potential Long-Term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium (UPLIFT) trial, the reported excess of angina (RR 1.44; 95% CI 0.91 to 2.26), imbalance in strokes related to ischaemia and rates of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias are consistent with the pro-ischemic and pro-arrhythmic effects. The subjects at greatest risk of cardiovascular death, such as those with a recent history of MI, unstable or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias or hospitalisation with heart failure, were excluded from the UPLIFT trial. The Prevention of Exacerbations with Tiotropium in COPD trial showed an excess of serious coronary ischaemic events of angina, myocardial ischaemia and MI with the tiotropium Handihaler compared with salmeterol. The authors urge caution in prescribing inhaled anticholinergics for patients with pre-existing arrhythmias or cardiac disorders.
Anomalous "mapping" between pionfull and pionless EFT's
Authors: Yang Ji-Feng
Published: March 2014

The pion contributions to the coupling C0 of pionless EFT are studied via both non-relativistic and relativistic forms of chiral effective field theory for nuclear forces. A definite item in the 2N-reducible component of the box diagram is shown to be dominant over the 2N-irreducible (potential) ones due to the pinching of low-lying nucleon poles, and this anomalous mapping between pionless and pionfull EFT's occurs right within the non-relativistic regime. A natural strategy for renormalization of the pionfull theory emerges as a byproduct through the interactive analysis of the box diagram. Such mapping perspective may shed some light on the efficient organization of the pionfull effective field theory for nuclear forces.