bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Government and Religious Education
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the issues that arise when governments cooperate with religious schools or support parental choice in education. In its early cases, the Court affirmed a logic of accommodation and protected religious schools and parents’ rights in education. However, as this chapter describes, the Court made an abrupt turn in 1970s, and was often skeptical of public support for, and cooperation with, religious schools, even when this cooperation was aimed at assisting vulnerable and needy children. More recently, though, the Court has developed an equality logic and affirmed that religious schools may be - and sometimes must be - treated equally with nonreligious schools. This equal-treatment approach has been illustrated in cases involving scholarship and "voucher" programs, and in some cases involving direct aid to religious schools.
Religion and Public Life
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews the Supreme Court’s Establishment Clause cases involving religious ceremonies, arguments, expression, and symbols in public life and in the public square. It reviews the cases on legislative prayer and the public employment of legislative chaplains. It next surveys cases involving displays of religious symbols, such as a creche, cross, menorah, or the Ten Commandments, on public property. The chapter shows the role that history and tradition play in evaluating, and protecting, certain practices even if they involve religious symbols. The chapter concludes by providing a crisp assessment of patterns and principles to assist in making sense of religious symbols cases, which have at times seemed conflicting. Finally, the chapter provides a summary and conclusions on the Court’s establishment clause cases and thus ties together the previous two chapters (Chapters 9 and 10 with this one.
The Politicization of Social Investment in the Media and Legislature in North East Asia
Authors: Shim Jaemin
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the agenda-setting politics of social investment issues in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan since 1990, based on newspaper articles and bill sponsorship records. The findings reveal that, in all three countries, social investment issues have increasingly gained legislative and media saliency and presented mostly as a problem-driven valence issue, for example, in tackling an aging society and the low-fertility crisis. However, cross-national differences do exist in terms of the primary function that social investment serves as well as the extent to which the legislature mirrors the media. The chapter’s second half examines the effect of partisanship on social investment agenda-setting in the legislature. The results demonstrate that, on the one hand, partisanship is not an important factor in deciding whether a social investment bill is introduced. On the other hand, the effect of partisanship is visibly related to the choice of the type of social investment strategy.
Fragments of Fairyland
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: May 2022

Based on a detailed study of the surviving manuscripts, the chapter explores Sondheim’s abandoned effort to adapt P. L. Travers’s Mary Poppins stories for the musical stage, a project Sondheim pursued in his late college years. Pushing back at his self-criticisms, it finds much to praise in this work and locates hints of Sondheim’s later style and techniques. It includes Sondheim’s story layouts, a list of song sources, and a scene-by-scene breakdown of the action and music. Though destined to be unfinished and unperformed, Mary Poppins displays Sondheim’s growing skill at transforming a complex literary source for the stage and his rather cinematic approach to constructing crucial scenes as a form of musical montage.
Sexual Identity in Company, 1969–2019
Authors: Buchman Andrew
Published: May 2022

Drawing on manuscript study, the chapter documents in detail Sondheim’s role in shaping the multiple versions of the script of Company, focusing particularly on issues of sexuality in the construction of character and plot. It reveals the centrality of Sondheim’s vision to the dramaturgical development process in his collaboration with George Furth and Hal Prince. It also details the changes to the show that have been made with Sondheim’s sanction over the course of the past five decades. The chapter focuses on how the representation of the central character’s (Robert’s) sexuality evolved through the numerous drafts and subsequent productions.
Sweeney’s Identity Crisis and the Dynamic Potential of Generic Hybridity
Authors: Kowalke Kim H.
Published: May 2022

This chapter is devoted to the astonishing career of Sweeney Todd. Although many of Sondheim’s other works are also generic hybrids, none comes close to the multiplicity and ambiguity inherent in this “musical thriller.” The author traces this musical’s hybridity right back to its relationship with its literary sources and to the divergent visions of Sondheim, Prince, and Wheeler as they created the show. The chapter convincingly identifies Brechtian elements, pace Sondheim, and discusses the multiple generic juxtapositions that exist between, and within, individual numbers. It argues persuasively that the work’s “generic failure” has actually enabled it to be reconceived radically again and again. The chapter also chronicles numerous productions, large and small, all the way to Tim Burton’s 2007 screen adaptation. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the work’s identity crisis may be the very source of its continuing success.
Origins of Executive-Centered Partisanship and the Quest for Responsible Party Government
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the “Third New Deal,” its transformation of the party system, the development of a newly empowered presidential office, and the origins of executive-centered partisanship. We argue that the deep roots of our present discontents can be traced back to these institutional transformations—the desire to overcome, or transcend, populist protest rather than to mediate it through strong, collective institutions. The chapter closes by reflecting on similar concerns raised by political scientists during the transformation; and it reinterprets the foundational 1950s report from the American Political Science Association Committee on Political Parties. Most overlook how this report, and its praise for democratizing the political system, also remained attentive to concerns over presidential power and the institution’s growing dominion over political party organizations. As the advice in the report went unheeded, the inability to create responsible party organizations laid the groundwork for the explosive movement politics we detail in Chapters 4 and 5.
Conclusion
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter opens with a discussion of the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the US Capitol during the presidential transition from Donald Trump to Joe Biden. The political aftermath and Trump’s sustained popularity inside the Republican Party is further evidence of executive-centered partisanship. The chapter then considers the first few months of Joe Biden’s presidency and questions whether the country has turned a corner in its excessive reliance on president-movement politics. There is evidence to suggest that Biden will resist the pathologies executive-centered partisanship. But, absent significant institutional reform, the American political system remains vulnerable. We conclude the book by offering a set of ideas about what those institutional reforms might entail, while orienting the conversation on reform around the need to rethink the role of the president in the political system and the effort to reestablish party competition based on principle, not personality.
Power and the Space of Appearances
Authors: Parietti Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter inquires into the conditions, both logical and pragmatic, necessary for the concept of power to have an actual referent in the world. The general conditions for power can be reduced to two: a language complex enough to allow the representation of possibilities and a system of law representing the submission of necessary and necessitating violence to a shared normative language. Both are normative in a way that is transcendentally embedded into our condition as agents or actors, rather than grounded on any ulterior value, end, or alleged empirical fact. Thus, a realistic appreciation of the fact that politics is always about power does not lead to the removal of normativity but rather to the recognition that power defines the radical condition of any and all norms. Indeed, the very capacity to entertain ends, and thereby to produce value judgments, appears to be conditional upon the presence of power.
Ali Gomaa, Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib, and Ali al-Jifri
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the responses of three pro-Mubarak scholars to the revolutionary protests against Mubarak in Egypt. Two of these scholars were establishment figures in Egypt. Ali Gomaa was the then grand mufti of Egypt, while Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib was the Shaykh al-Azhar, the most senior religious scholar in the modern Egyptian state's religious hierarchy. In addition to these two Egyptians, a much younger Yemeni scholar and student of Gomaa, Ali al-Jifri, also voiced his opposition to the protests. The chapter considers these scholars' religious arguments against protest and in favor of recognizing Mubarak as the legitimate ruler of Egypt. The scholars also expressed qualified support for the protestors, though this was overshadowed by their criticism of the protests. Their key strategy in criticizing the protestors against Mubarak was to cast them as fomenting anarchy (fawḍā) and engaging in rebellion (khurūj).
Hamza Yusuf and Abdallah Bin Bayyah
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins with Hamza Yusuf's concern for the Tunisian people in light of Bouazizi’s desperate act of self-immolation. Yusuf soon becomes an enthusiastic supporter of the Egyptian revolution, though not of democracy as a system of government. Yet, within months, he begins to articulate his opposition to revolutions as well as his support for monarchy over democracy as a form of government. I argue that this is more in keeping with Yusuf's pre-2011 political orientation. In contrast with Yusuf's transformation, his teacher, Abdallah bin Bayyah, evinces a wariness regarding the revolutions early on. This leads him to part ways with his erstwhile colleague in Qatar, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, and join forces with the UAE's religious establishment to become the most prominent religious authority in the UAE. Part of Abdallah bin Bayyah's intellectual contributions that are touched on in this chapter are his justification of political absolutism in systematic Islamic juristic terms.
Ali Gomaa and the Counter-Revolutionary Massacres
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents Ali Gomaa's post-Mubarak-era opposition to Egypt's democratic opening and his concomitant support for the ancien régime in the form of the military and security establishments. This is reflected in his polemics against the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in the run up to the presidential elections of 2012. Also considered is the fact that Gomaa and Ṭayyib both supported the Egyptian coup of July 2013 to end the MB’s political ascendency. Gomaa was, however, notable for his religious and moral support for the military regime behind the scenes, including in his Islamic juristic justification for the use of force against its opponents after the Egyptian coup. Gomaa characterizes the coup's opponents as Khawārij and hypocrites (munāfiqūn) who may be killed with Qur'anic sanction. The culmination of these events is the Rabaa massacre of August 2013 in which over a thousand peaceful anti-coup pro-democracy protestors were massacred by the Egyptian security forces.
Toward an Emotion Practice Approach
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter develops the main claims and concepts within an emotion practice approach. Emotion management theory highlights the effort involved in working over our emotions, while interaction ritual theory focuses on the energy and effervescence that result from successful rituals. Scholars have highlighted the experiential and unconscious aspects of emotion that are overlooked when we focus only on management and the biographical factors that are overlooked when we only see emotion as ritual-produced energy. These limitations can be overcome with a turn to practice theory and conceptualization of emotions as practical, embodied calculations shaped by past practices and predictive of future demands. The shared tradition of pragmatism provides areas of conceptual overlap between symbolic interactionism and poststructural approaches. A practice approach promises to trace what happens before, beneath, and beyond individuals and their felt or managed emotions. Key concepts from practice theory include habitus, emotional capital, and social location.
Nurses
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the case of nurses—characterized as emotional “jugglers”—to show how an emotion practice approach sheds light on the emotional complexity that is often overlooked when we focus only on masking, faking, or cultivating specific emotions to match professional expectations. In popular imagination, nurses themselves are assumed to be ever-selfless nurturers, but in this chapter we see the emotional ambiguity, complexity, and conservation of emotional resources that make nursing what it is. Nurses use and conserve emotional resources in conjunction with wider hierarchies of social class and race. Nurse diaries reveal the day-to-day embodiment of emotions in aching feet, heads, joints, and recurring exhaustion and rumination. Nurse audio diaries allow us to empirically capture emotions as mindfully embodied—simultaneously embodied and consciously identified—as well as dynamically structured in the variety of emotions they confront on a daily basis.
Introduction
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the core concept of the book: moral maneuvers. A moral maneuver is the alteration of value-based and technological claims within an expert field--in this case, cybersecuity--for strategic gain. Moral maneuvers have two facilitating conditions: first, they are more likely to be attempted in a field that attracts significant attention and resources, i.e., when it has high levels of "symbolic capital"; second, the issue or field must be esoteric, meaning that its understanding requires significant expertise and investment. Cybersecurity has both these qualities in abundance. The main argument advanced in the book is that moral maneuvers create the multiple forms of cybersecurity now present in the Middle East. The ambiguity, imprecision and multivalence of the term "cybersecurity" provides rhetorical shelter in comparison to more highly politicized issues.
Information Controls
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses the redefinition of cybersecurity as digital information controls. It first tracks successive waves of cybercrime legislation that repurposed cybersecurity for censorship, to protect the national information environment from "content crimes." The chapter then turns to the large-scale monitoring and filtering architectures required to implement these laws. It explores how moral maneuvers by interior ministries and security agencies facilitated the development of these surveillance architectures, shifting responsibility for cybersecurity from its original place in telecoms regulation and telecoms companies and redefining cybersecurity as a mandate for national monitoring and filtering. Telecoms companies neither simply reinforced nor resisted this moral maneuver; instead, they also used their privileged place in surveillance architectures for commercial advantage, serving both governments and private sector clients.
Transformation through Prayer
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

The different approaches to prayer, which early modern Catholics engaged with, proved contentious. This chapter introduces the reader to a number of different prayer practices, which influenced personal self-transformation. Crucial was especially the forming of personal affects and passions through religious imagination and prayer. Under the label of mental prayer, Catholics learned methods of focusing their attention on God, while pious sighs or arrow prayers were more spontaneous prayers imploring divine help. The discussion about prayer was also influenced by the early modern focus on Purgatory and asceticism.
Mary and Joseph
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

Although practiced since antiquity, Marian piety became a confessional characteristic of Catholicism in the sixteenth century. In the immediate aftermath of the Council of Trent, which recommended the veneration of sacred images, countless new images of Mary were placed prominently in churches. Theologically, with Marian piety the church emphasized love and mercy. This brought more balance to the dialectic of fear and mercy that we have encountered throughout this book. The veneration of St. Joseph, which becomes popular only in early modernity, also espouses such hope and mercy. Moreover, the righteousness and chastity of St. Joseph were recommended for imitation to male populations worldwide.
A Brief History of Persecution Complexes in America
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter frames the book’s concerns in a larger historical narrative of conservative, antistatist grievance that traces back to the nineteenth century. Focused primarily on the period since World War II, this chapter shows how conservative actors have linked nostalgia, white grievance, and far-right politics to undermine not just democratic policies but the very promise of civic engagement. Embattled religion has for decades been steadily promoted as vital to conservative self-interest, in ways that actively disempower citizens. The larger arc of the narrative shows that once-marginal orientations to public life—popular among, for example, the John Birch Society—moved steadily to the center of conservative evangelical identity. Combined with fantasy and ever more complex social media, the appeal of this imaginary landscape has proven greater than that of political reality.
Socrates before the Many
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 argues that at his defense trial in Plato’s Apology, Socrates undercuts the demotic power of reputation as this is represented in the jury of his peers. He acknowledges and encourages the pleasure of spectating his elenchic activities, which earned him a reputation for wisdom. The patriotic and pious Socrates assassinates the character of his accuser Meletus, inserts himself into the mythical imaginary of the Athenians, and presents himself as the city writ small. The defendant uses his divine sign to undermine the jury’s capacity to judge him: his reputation is inseparable from this sign, which governs his activities, and which is only his to know and to interpret. Once the outcome of the trial is clear, Socrates is eager to prophesy how his reputation for wisdom will come at the cost of the reputation of Athens.
The Coryphaeus’ Challenge to the Many
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

In chapter 3, the true philosopher or coryphaeus of the Theaetetus Digression acknowledges without dismissing the demotic power of reputation. He imitates a female Thracian servant who laughed at the absentminded wise man Thales by laughing in turn at the political rulers, landowners, and those of noble ancestry whom the many praise. He tells a joke about the garrulous orator who loses his words in conversation with the coryphaeus. He makes the truth that one ought to be virtuous visible to the imagination of the many by way of an extended contrast between the just and pious man and the unjust and impious man. The coryphaeus alone possesses true cleverness and wisdom and therefore seeks godlike praise from the many—in the afterlife, we read in the mythic moment of the Digression, those who are least godlike will be punished.
Demotic Power in Kallipolis
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

Chapter 5 shows how reputation finds a place in the aristocratic regime of Kallipolis. The founding myth of the city is characterized as a rumor that circulates in the memory and imaginary of the Kallipoleans, allowing them to identify the proper objects of praise and blame, setting expectations about the characters of their rulers; these lovers of wisdom, in turn, are to love myth too. It also argues that Kallipolis is institutionally designed so that the philosopher-ruler cares about the reputation of philosophy. The city encourages him to do so by transforming him into the familiar and praiseworthy model of the warrior-athlete who defends both the city and philosophy. In lieu of wealth and private property—which the rulers are denied—as a marker of virtue, the many are invited to make their reputational judgments by honoring them at public festivals and by looking in on their living quarters.
Introduction
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter first provides a biographical sketch of John Edwards, with particular attention to his education and academic career at Cambridge, his clerical career in Cambridge, Bury St Edmunds, and Colchester, and his retirement in Cambridge. It then surveys twentieth- and twenty-first-century scholarly portrayals of Edwards as a churchman who found himself marginalized in an overwhelmingly Arminian later Stuart Church of England on account of his outspoken advocacy of Calvinism. This picture of a marginalized Edwards is shown to be in contrast to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century sources, which generally portrayed Edwards as having been a prominent and respected churchman in his day. This discrepancy between the older and more recent sources sets the occasion for a reassessment of Edwards and of the theological landscape of the Church in which he was situated.
Edwards’ Reformed Conforming Contemporaries
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates whether Edwards was indeed part of a sizeable and conspicuous Reformed minority in the later Stuart Church of England, as the findings of Chapter 3 would suggest. In order to prove such a substantial Reformed presence within the established Church, it surveys 122 post-Restoration Reformed conformists, and especially their views on grace and election. Particular attention is given to those Reformed clergy who were active within the established Church during Edwards’ heyday after the Glorious Revolution and into the reign of George I. The result is a firm confirmation that Reformed orthodoxy was well within the pale of mainstream theology in the later Stuart Church, and was ably represented by a large and influential minority among the clergy, which included prominent bishops, deans, professors of divinity, Oxford and Cambridge college heads and fellows, and lay intellectuals.
Edwards’ Defence of a Reformed Doctrine of Faith and Justification
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyses Edwards’ advocacy of the interrelated Reformed doctrines of justification by faith alone and the imputation of Christ’s righteousness to believers, which he defended as Church of England orthodoxy against various Arminian contemporaries. This is followed by a survey of various contemporary churchmen who shared Edwards’ Reformed position on justification, and who, like Edwards, appealed to the Church’s Articles and Homilies in its defence. Edwards’ Reformed views on justification are shown to have been far from peripheral, and instead to have been upheld by significant segments of the established Church’s clergy. The chapter thus contests that there was no singular non-Reformed ‘Anglican’ doctrine of justification in the later Stuart Church, but rather competing soteriological currents: an Arminian majority and a large Reformed minority.
Ali (2001)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant
Published: May 2022

Chapter 7 addresses the general problem of the hero, who is at once an individual and a representative of the collective. Multiculturalism deepens the issue. I introduce Hannah Arendt’s concept of public action to reconcile the tension between difference and sameness in a way that is especially relevant to sports. Unique in their body but situated by universal rules, the athlete may represent others without forfeiting individuality. Befitting that principle, Michael Mann’s grandiose biopic Ali portrays the “people’s champion” without relying on speech. Elaborate montage sequences situate the uncharacteristically quiet Ali, played by Will Smith, while memorializing his characteristic boxing style. The film also envisions the United States’ global leadership anew through Ali as an icon for minority struggle and liberation from an imperialistic establishment. Yet the drama’s cartoonish villains evacuate faith in the civic institutions that the project of democracy demands.
Ratio dicendi
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on rhetorical theory and the ideal orator. It discusses the various definitions offered of oratory and rhetoric. It then examines the manifestations of the rhetorical theories of Hermagoras of Temnos in De oratore, discussing the four brief and one very long artes rhetoricae embedded in the dialogue. It explores the different approaches to the doctrines of status and thesis employed by Antonius and Crassus within their expositions of the officia of the orator in Books 2 and 3, including the tension between Hermagorean and Aristotelian theories of rhetoric. Finally, it examines the nature of the perfectus orator imagined by Crassus and compares it to the alternative image of the orator provided by Antonius.
Praepotens et gloriosa philosophia
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter concentrates on the debate between Crassus and Antonius that ends Book 1 of De oratore. Crassus’ speech argues that the failure to know civil law is a sign of impudentia and social irresponsibility and that it is a sign of laziness not to learn such an easy subject that brings so much pleasure. His speech uses a dozen examples of civil cases to prove his first point, many of which are obscure and difficult to understand. He then claims, after arguing that it will not be difficult to learn civil law once it is organized into an ars, that the Twelve Tables of Roman law contain the same basic moral precepts as Greek philosophy. Antonius’ response is powerful: he shows how much harm philosophical rigor can do in a Roman courtroom, comparing the trial of Rutilius Rufus to that of Socrates. He then demonstrates that Crassus himself as an orator does not display the philosophical purity that he demands of others.
‘It All (Perhaps) Began with a Picture’
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: May 2022

C. S. Lewis and mental images—Lewis dissembling where ideas originated—Pauline Baynes, the unsung hero of Narnia, and her illustrations—impressions of the first person to read The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe—the importance of illustrations—Aubrey Beardsly, Pablo Picasso, John Armstrong, and other modern sources—Persian painting and orientalist sources—the importance of framing techniques—Tashbaan, Constantinople, and the Tower of Babel motif—Tash and Assyrian reliefs—Baynes’s Narnian illustrations after the Chronicles—other illustrators of Narnia—Baynes and Brian Sibley collaborations—the relationship between Lewis and Baynes—Bacchanalia and eroticism in Narnia?—Lucy the main character of the Chronicles—‘It all began with a woman?’—Lewis and women.
The Wind and the Water
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 6 focuses on political developments in South Vietnam and the establishment of the Republic of Vietnam, led by Ngo Dinh Diem. In 1957 Fall began to assess how economic aid programs, administered through the US International Cooperation Administration--a precursor to USAID--created numerous problems in Vietnam. As a result, he wrote about these problems in articles published in the United States. Similarly, Fall began to analyze and assess how political repression in South Vietnam contributed to a growing insurgency, soon to be led by the National Liberation Front.
Epilogue
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

Bernard B. Fall died on 21 February 1967 on the Street Without Joy. As a US Marine Corps Company Commander with him observed, it had been “apparent that he was a man who wanted to be up front.”1 In the years before his death, journalists and others similarly regarded him as a meticulous and uncompromising scholar driven to recount the facts as he saw them. In the years after his death, Fall’s legacy continued to grow as others learned more about Vietnamese aspirations for independence and how US policy in Southeast Asia was increasingly ineffective and even counterproductive. He had sought to provide others with information about why there was an intensifying need for political reconciliation as the Vietnam War expanded. In one of his most strongly worded articles condemning the United States’ overmilitarized effort, he cited Tacitus’ ...
Disruptive Technology and the Law of Naval Warfare
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Disruptive technologies have transformed conflict at sea, creating a dynamic and distributed operational environment that extends from the oceans to encompass warfare on land, in the air, outer space, and cyberspace. Naval warfare throughout this integrated multi-domain, networked seascape raises choice of law decisions that include the law of naval warfare and the law of armed conflict; neutrality law; and the peacetime regimes that apply to the oceans, airspace, outer space, and cyberspace. The international law in networked naval warfare must contend with autonomous vessels and aircraft, artificial intelligence, and long-range precision strike missiles that can close the “kill chain” at sea and beyond. The asymmetrical use of merchant ships and blockchain shipping in naval operations, opening the seabed as a new dimension of undersea warfare, and sophisticated attacks against submarine cables and space satellites pose new operational and legal dilemmas. Navigating this broader conception of the international law of naval warfare requires an understanding of emerging operational capabilities and concepts throughout the spectrum of conflict and the selection and integration of distinct legal regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Throughout history, seapower has been a function of marine technology. For two millennia, rowed galleys were used to project seapower, with little material difference between a galley in the ancient world and one fighting at the Battle of Lepanto in 1573. The ships had limited ability to project power and most of the fighting was done hand to hand. With the development of the all-sail carrack and caravel in the 14th century, warships had a higher freeboard and could travel in heavier seas, and needed far fewer crew, opening space for cargo and cannons. With the introduction of firearms on board, warships developed into warfighting platforms that could strike from a distance. The shift from sail to steam provided longer endurance. Improvements in gunfire slowly increased the range and accuracy of these weapons, the development of aircraft and the aircraft carrier; and after the Second World War, the missile made gunfire obsolete. Recent advances in naval technology and long-range precision strike missiles now threaten the survivability of aircraft carriers and surface ships, as states turn toward unmanned and autonomous weapons. China and Russia in particular, are using these technologies to develop unconventional force structure to challenge the United States. Rogue states mix emerging technologies with asymmetric strategies or “gray zone” coercion to demoralize, disorient, and subdue their neighbors. Yet, control of the sea lanes connecting the United States to its allies in Europe and Asia remains the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy.
Missile Warfare and Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Since the Second World War, missiles have replaced manned aircraft as the most effective means of delivery for a warhead because they offer long-range precision strike without exposing a pilot to enemy fire. Technology has increased the range and performance of cruise, ballistic, and hypersonic missiles at the same time horizontal proliferation has made them available to more states and even nonstate actors. The United States, Russia, China, France, the United Kingdom, and India have the capability to launch missiles, including submarine-launched ballistic missiles, that can strike virtually anywhere on earth. New hypersonic missiles traveling at high terminal velocities present offensive advantage, as they can avoid radar and may be impossible to intercept. Russia and China are developing weapons that can swap conventional and nuclear warheads on the same type of missiles—conventional-nuclear integration—to introduce warhead ambiguity to complicate an adversary’s decision-making. Nonetheless, missiles must still be technologically capable and operationally employed to discriminate between lawful and unlawful targets. Although there is no specific rule prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons in wartime, the same rules of international law apply to them as conventional weapons.
Prologue and Introduction
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a historical framework in which to fit the activities of the ten butô performers featured in the remainder of the book. It starts with an account of the first butô performance in Paris in 1978 and then backs up to cover the activities of Hijikata Tatsumi and his creation of the Hijikata method or generative dance method. This method started with Hijikata’s attempt to understand himself and all the social processes that had formed him. It then blossomed into a way to modify dance steps using surrealist imagery work. The chapter then traces the split of butô into different styles and the expansion of butô around the world. It proposes the thesis that we understand butô in relationship to some of the most important issues of our time, such as the information age, the relationship between humans, technology and new media, and the status of gender and ethnicity. Specifically, it argues that we recognize butô as related to cyborgs, video game speedrunners, and Japanese pop cultural enthusiasts (otaku).
Two Power Centres
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the two power centers of Pakistan, the middle class and the political class. The former represents civil bureaucracy and increasingly the army's officer cadre. The latter represents party leaders, cadres and workers. The middle class was the product of colonial India by way of higher education, professions, government service and "liberal" cultural orientations. In Pakistan, it operates as the national conscience, holding the government to account for corruption and bad governance. The middle class has a profile of progress, piety, and property. The political class operates through a three-fold party system based on a king's party, which functions as a proxy for the establishment, the mission-mantled parties led by populists such as Z. A. Bhutto and Imran Khan, and the mushroom parties carrying no real potential for winning elections. The chapter covers patterns of leadership, factionalism, patronage politics and, specifically, the 2018 elections.
Conclusion
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

The conclusion looks at the conflict in Pakistan as symptomatic of a clash between normative rules represented by the institutional design of the state and pragmatic rules that cover politics with or without adherence to ethical standards. Judiciary as the arbiter between normative and pragmatic rules often ran into controversy. Partition changed the pattern of ethnic hierarchy in the context of Punjabisation of the state that alienated other provinces. Pakistan experienced two incomplete transitions of moving away from South Asia and associating itself with Middle East. The party system in Pakistan is subsidiary to the political system dominated by extra-parliamentary forces. Instead of "imagined communities" riding on the shoulders of print capitalism and military power, postcolonial states such as Pakistan have multiple imaginations which operate as instruments of identity-based contestations. Pakistan is a state of permanent crisis management.
The Appeasement Trap
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces certain unique characteristics of Libya's social fabric, especially those that differentiate it from other oil-rich Arab societies. In Libya, power has never been centralized. Social and political legitimacy exists at the periphery rather than in the centre. When combined with misguided international advisors and feckless domestic leadership, this social dynamic incentivizes appeasement. It is also directly connected to the lack of a global hegemon, multilateral coordination failures, and all the collective action problems that characterize the Enduring Disorder.
Appeasement is inherently attractive to decision-makers who want to duck tough choices. The chapter showcases how a global leadership vacuum and collective action problems on the international side were mirrored in domestic Libyan politics. These were reflections that, by 2011, the world was passing from the structures of the early post-Cold War order to those of the full-blown Enduring Disorder. The chapter wraps up with my take on Ambassador Christopher Stevens' assassination and the cowardice of the American response. I demonstrate how that response epitomized the appeasement dynamic at play during the Enduring Disorder, and as such was occasioned by, and indicative of, the prevailing conditions of this current era of hegemony-less world order.
Nihilism and Self-Deification
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This chapter follows Camus’s critical discussion of Nietzsche in suggesting that Nietzsche, despite rejecting both optimism and pessimism, ultimately reverts to a form of optimism. As an alternative to both optimism and pessimism, Nietzsche offers his idea of the affirmation of the world and of oneself. However, it has been argued that Nietzsche, too, endows the world and its various parts, including individual human beings, with ultimate value. In The Rebel, Camus suggests that Nietzsche’s top goal—“creation” or “yes-saying,” roughly, aligning one’s will with the world—amounts to thinking of the world as a deity and of oneself as divine, after and despite the “death of God.” Thus, although Nietzsche criticizes monotheism for privileging God as singularly valuable and believers in Him as singularly correct, he himself privileges the world and those individuals who value it in just this way.
Would Democratic Socialism Be Better?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

The case for a modern democratic humane socialism typically has two parts. The first is that capitalism is bad, at or least not very good. In reaching this conclusion, most have either analyzed a theoretical ideal-type of capitalism or used a single country, often the United States, as a stand-in for capitalism. To fully and fairly assess democratic socialism’s desirability, we need to compare it to the best version of capitalism that humans have devised: social democratic capitalism, or what is often called the Nordic model. Each chapter in this book examines one of the things that we should want in a good society, that contemporary democratic socialists typically say they want, and that socialism might, conceivably, improve our ability to achieve: an end to poverty in rich countries, an end to poverty everywhere, more jobs, decent jobs, faster economic growth, inclusive growth, more public goods and services, affordable healthcare for all, helpful finance, truly democratic politics, economic democracy, less economic inequality, gender and racial equality, more community, and a livable planet. The book offers a close look at the evidence about how capitalist economies have performed on these outcomes, with particular attention to the performance of social democratic capitalism. The second part of the case for democratic socialism is the notion that it would be an improvement. For each of these outcomes, the book considers what, if anything, we can conclude about whether democratic socialism would do better than social democratic capitalism.
An End to Poverty in Rich Countries
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at reducing or ending poverty in rich nations? The case that it would is weak. Social democratic capitalism has done well at boosting living standards for the least well off, even in the challenging post-1970s era. Moreover, the rich longstanding-democratic countries could eliminate poverty by increasing the generosity of their public social programs or by enacting a universal basic income or a negative income tax. Given the history of welfare state expansion over the past one hundred years, this seems doable within capitalism.
Faster Economic Growth
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving rapid economic growth? That is doubtful. We have very little understanding of what causes faster or slower growth in rich democratic nations. And the mechanisms through which socialism’s advocates posit that it will boost economic growth—more government steering of investment, less income inequality, reduced frequency and depth of financial crises—have no compelling evidentiary support.
Inclusive Growth
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving inclusive growth? Pay growth under socialism is unlikely to be faster than what we see in the contemporary Nordic countries with their strong labor unions. Would pay growth under socialism be better than under a capitalism with weak unions but with periodic tight labor markets, steadily rising sector-specific and occupation-specific minimum wages, widespread profit sharing, and an employment-conditional earnings subsidy that is indexed to GDP per capita? Perhaps, but it’s reasonable to be skeptical.
More Public Goods and Services
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Do we need democratic socialism in order to get an expansive supply of public goods and services? That is doubtful. Existing affluent capitalist democracies, particularly the Nordic countries, already provide a wide array of them, available to all or nearly all at little or no cost.
Helpful Finance
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism do a better job at ensuring helpful finance? That’s doubtful. Capitalist financial systems tend to underfund disadvantaged individuals, businesses, and communities; they can potentially block valuable government policies; and they sometimes cause economic crises. But each of these problems can be remedied without abandoning capitalism, and nations with a social democratic capitalist orientation have made significant progress in doing so. And a socialist financial system is unlikely to be as effective at funding startups that unexpectedly yield improvements in living standards and quality of life.
A Livable Planet
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better at minimizing climate change? A common version of this hypothesis says that only with socialism can we achieve a sizable reduction in economic output. But we don’t need to reduce economic output in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, doing so might be counterproductive, because people are more likely to support altruistic policies when the economy is advancing. A second version of the hypothesis says that in a capitalist democracy fossil fuel companies will block any attempt to move aggressively toward clean sources of energy. However, this has already begun to change—most notably in the Nordic countries and California, but in other nations as well. In any case, a transition to socialism wouldn’t come soon enough to help us address the climate problem, which must be more or less solved within the next 30 years.
Would Democratic Socialism Be Better Than Social Democratic Capitalism?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Should you favor democratic socialism? If you believe strongly in workplace democracy and are willing to mandate it, or if you attach a high priority to low levels of income and wealth inequality, then possibly yes. Otherwise, you might reasonably prefer to opt for social democratic capitalism, with which we have extensive experience, rather than take a chance on a system that is, to this point in history, untested. Over the coming half century, social democratic capitalism is likely to be the dominant socioeconomic model in the world’s rich democratic nations. This model might evolve to include more economic democracy and more public ownership of firms, which would bring it closer to what contemporary democratic socialists would like. But even if there is no such evolution, that might be okay. Social democratic capitalism isn’t perfect, but it is quite good.
Sight Unseen, Justice Unobserved
Authors: Granot Yael , Jones Kristyn A. , Balcetis Emily
Published: May 2022

Is seeing knowing? The authors challenge the widely held assumption that perception is a veridical representation of reality and explore the implications of such perceived veridicality of the experience of visual evidence for legal judgments. Judges, policymakers, and the public value visual and in particular video evidence because most believe that what they see when watching video precludes all interpretations of case facts but the correct and truthful one. This naïve realism, however, is undermined by the limitations of both video as well as perceivers. Non-conscious biases in the way that people selectively attend to video evidence can determine whether one person “sees” evidence of guilt or instead “sees” evidence of innocence. The authors review factors that direct visual attention, such as group identity, threat, and expectation. They suggest that selective solicitation of visual information, as well as the failure to question one’s visual experience, challenge the ability for perceivers to establish truth, which may undermine the legitimacy of the legal system. They discuss implications for the trust people hold in their visual experiences.
Everyday Identity and Electoral Politics
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

While ethnic identities are found to play a key role in politics, not all members of a group toe their group’s line and vote for its affiliated party. Why do some voters choose not to vote with their group when doing so can often be advantageous given the norms of ethnic favoritism observed across Africa? According to Afrobarometer data, between 30% and 52% of voters in sub-Saharan Africa do not vote for their ethnic group’s party. This book argues that as individuals are less readily identified as members of their ethnic group, they are less likely to be treated as if they are members of that group, which in turn weakens their identification with the group. Individuals who weakly identify with their group are less likely to be influenced by their identity when voting. This approach makes this book the first study to theorize and empirically test the effects of the everyday identity construction process on ethnic salience and, in turn, on vote choice. To test the theory, the book develops the concept of ethnic distance and measures it empirically. Empirical tests find support for the argument in South Africa, Uganda, and the United States. These cases allow the effect of ethnic distance along several different ethnic dimensions (race, language, and region) to be tested in a variety of contexts. As a first step toward matching the book’s scholarly concepts of ethnicity to ethnicity’s complexity in the real world, this study is poised to alter the way we think about ethnicity in politics.