bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The production of ecofriendly biofilm with natural oil for food packaging
Authors:   Marmara University, School of Applied Sciences, Printing Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey, Arman Kandirmaz Emine , Bunyamin Zelzele Omer ,   Marmara University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Printing and Publishing Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
Published: November 2020

The use of edible biofilms in food packaging reduces the use of petrochemical polymers that are harmful to human health, such as PE, PP, PET. The second most common biopolymer in nature, chitosan is a nontoxic, nonantigenic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Considering these features, it is frequently used in food packaging applications. Increasing needs for food amount and quality canalized food ındustry to fund in new packaging techniques that improve storage life and grade of foods. Active packaging systems, one of these methods, can be designed as a sensor, antimicrobial or antimigrant in order to extend the shelf life of the food product and to inform the shelf life in possible degradation. Essential oils, which are antimicrobial environmentally friendly packaging material additives, are used due to their effective biological activities. Essential oils that have known antimicrobial properties include lavender, rosemary, mint, eucalyptus and geranium. These oils are also edible. In this study, it is aimed to produce antimicrobial, ecofriendly, edible, printable biofilm for active packaging, using chitosan and peppermint essential oil. For this purpose, chitosan biofilms containing different rates (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10%) of peppermint essential oil were produced by solvent casting method. Surface morphology were examined by SEM. The transparency of biofilms was determined by UV spectroscopy. Antimicrobial properties of the obtained films were determined against S. aureus and E. coli. Biofilms were printed with screen printing. The color, gloss, contact angle, surface tension values of all printed and unprinted samples were examined. As a result, chitosan biofilms which are loaded with peppermint essential oil were successfully produced. Biofilms are colorless, highly transparent and have good printability. It is concluded that the amount of peppermint essential oil increased inhibitory feature against S. aureus and E. coli. When the obtained results are examined, it is determined that the printable, ecofriendly, edible biofilms can be used in active food packaging applications.
Investigations on book cutting by circular knife with eccentric blade movement
Authors:   Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Warsaw, Poland, Petriaszwili Georgij , Janicki Piotr ,   Drukarnia Wydawnicza im. W.L. Anczyca S.A., Kraków, Poland, Komarov Serhii ,   Ukrainian Academy of Printing, Lviv, Ukraine
Published: November 2020

The paper describes investigations on new method of the book cutting by using special circular knife with eccentric blade movement. Analysis of kinematic parameters of book block cutting shows, that by using eccentric circular cutting knife the cutting process may be realized in two different modes: continuous cutting – with the constant contact between cutting edge and cut material, and interrupted cutting process - with the impulse cutting knife action to treated material. The results of the conducted experimental studies confirm the kinematic analysis of the cutting process.
Fenton-like oxidation of flexographic water-based key (black) dye: a definitive screening design optimization
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Gvoić Vesna , Prica Miljana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Kerkez Đurđa ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia, Lužanin Ognjan ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Production Engineering, Novi Sad, Serbia, Kulić Mandić Aleksandra ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia, Bečelić-Tomin Milena ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia, Tomašević Pilipović Dragana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

Fenton oxidation process has obtained large applicative use for efficient water remediation, whereby overall reaction efficiency could be improved by developing advanced Fenton catalysts. In order to synthesize iron nanoparticles with higher catalytic activity, a simple and eco-friendly method using FeCl3 and aqueous plant extract (oak leaves) was applied in this paper. The nano zero valent iron particles were used as a catalyst in Fenton treatment to remove organic dye from aqueous solution. The objective of this study was to optimize Fenton-like process for the removal of black printing dye using a recently developed design of experiment method - definitive screening design. This novel design framework significantly reduces the number of experiments required to estimate the model parameters and to establish the optimum operation conditions. The experiments were carried out in a batch mode technique, investigating the influence of dye concentration (20 - 180 mgL-1), nanoparticles dosage (0.75 - 60 mgL-1), H2O2 concentration (1 - 11 mM) and pH value of the solution (2 - 10) on the decolorization efficiency. The Fenton-like process resulted with 79% of dye removal from aqueous solution under the optimal process conditions: dye concentration of 180 mgL-1, nanoparticles dosage of 0.75 mgL-1, H2O2 concentration of 1 mM and pH of 2. Increasing the pH value to slightly acidic or near neutral (5-7) medium resulted with slight decrease in the process efficiency (69.14 - 62.63%), but a limitation in the form of sludge generation is noticeable.
Application of advanced oxidation process for the removal of synthetic water-based printing dye and microplastics from aqueous solution
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Prica Miljana , Tubić Aleksandra ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia, Lončarski Maja ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia, Gvoić Vesna ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Vasiljević Sanja ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia, Pavlović Živko ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Agbaba Jasmina ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

Starting from the assumption that wastewater treatments can have a significant impact on the interactions between microplastics (MPs) and various pollutants in different matrices, a focus must be directed on examination of classic and redesigned treatments to remove synthetic dyes in the presence of MPs from wastewater. This paper investigates the potential application of Fenton-like process for the removal of water-based printing dye (Cyan) from aqueous solution containing MPs in a form of granulated polyethylene (PEg). The influence of five quantitative parameters on decolorization efficiency was investigated: initial dye concentration (20-180 mgL-1), nano zero valent iron (nZVI) dosage (0.75-60 mgL-1), PEg concentration (1-10 gL-1), hydrogen-peroxide concentration (1-11 mM) and pH value (2-10). A novel statistical approach, definitive screening design, resulted with the optimization process which yielded highest removal efficiency of 92% under following conditions: initial dye concentration of 155 mgL-1, nZVI dosage of 55 mgL-1, PEg concentration of 2.35 gL-1, H2O2 concentration of 2 mM and pH value 2.5. Available data indicate that in the future, wastewater containing MPs will dictate ways to reuse this water in terms of closing the water material cycle and reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, the industrial wastewater reuse is an important component of sustainable wastewater management practices, namely, water resource augmentation and pollutant reduction.
The influence of artificial aging on recyclability and mechanical stability of pharmaceutical packaging
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Vukoje Marina , Bolanča Mirković Ivana ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Bešlić Martina ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Petković Gorana ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2020

Recycling of wastepaper and packaging is one of the most desirable options for the purpose of preservation the environment and increasing the sustainability of production. Changes in customer behaviour have increased a demand for packaging materials, such as the growth of online shopping and/or demand for optimal sized packaging foods and medicines. During storage and transport, products can be exposed to different weather conditions, which ultimately affects their quality and disposal. Therefore, in this paper, the influence of moisture and temperature on the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical packaging as well as on the possibility of their recycling was investigated. The printed and formed pharmaceutical packaging was subjected to a process of accelerated aging in a chamber under the action of temperature and humidity, according to standard methods and defined conditions. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to mechanical testing to determine the effect of moisture on the mechanical properties. In addition, the impact of moisture on pharmaceutical packaging recycling performance was examined. Recycling was carried out in laboratory conditions by chemical deinking flotation according to the INGEDE 11 method, while the obtained recycled laboratory sheets were characterized by the determination of optical properties and the image analysis. It was found that the mechanical properties of the tested pharmaceutical packaging were deteriorated. From the results obtained by determination of the optical properties, in recycled samples the brightness decreases with aging. As the sample ages, the printing ink binds to the recycled fibres, so the ERIC is lower in recycled fibres obtained from non-aged samples compared to the old ones. The CIE coefficient b* is higher for samples obtained from recycling of aged pharmaceutical packaging than for samples obtained from recycling of non-aged samples, and aged recycled samples will be yellower than non-aged ones. Therefore, the whiteness is lower in recycled fibres obtained from aged samples. When measuring the image analysis, the obtained results show that the number of ink particles and their surface area are significantly reduced with the duration of aging time.
Exploring the various parameters of CO2 laser in the cutting of paper
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Pinćjer Ivan , Miketić Nada ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Tomić Ivana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Adamović Savka ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

The revolution in the printing industry started by digital printing has resulted in the introduction of personalised production of small runs, fast job changes and short deadlines. By introducing digital printing into mainstream and production focus, even for the largest printing machine manufacturers, a new era of the graphic industry has just begun. After these significant changes in the printing process, the following process of graphic production – post-press needs to be digitalised. The initial goal is to back up the possibilities of digital printing and enable it to be applied as widely as possible to its full potential. Postpress has become a bottleneck in the digital world. One of the analogous processes, which is the focus of improvement, is the cutting of graphic materials in irregular shapes in the process of creating packaging. The use of lasers enables the digitisation of the die-cut or partial cutting post-press process. Cutting of different shapes is obtained when the laser touches the substrate and where it evaporates at that moment. A thermal process accompanies this evaporation, that to a greater or lesser extent affects the substrate to be cut. The parameters that govern laser are the subject of this paper. The development of laser cutting technology has opened various possibilities for innovations in the graphic and printing industry. Since this is still considered as new technology, extensive researches on its options are essential to reach the full potential of this technology. This paper is going to analyse the overall characteristics and use of laser technology in the graphic industry by focusing on the processing of paper materials. Indispensible to mention are the advantages and disadvantages of this technology. There are a lot of comparisons among existing technologies developed for cutting graphic materials and paper. The importance of this topic is concerning all production phases of the graphic product – from processing the raw material to cutting the final product such as packaging. Regarding that, the scope of the laser processing of the graphic materials is reviewed. The paper gives suggestions for further research and experiments regarding this topic.
Colorimetric changes of waterbased flexographic ink printed on hemp-based papers exposed to artificial ageing
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Plazonić Ivana , Bates Irena ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Džimbeg-Malčić Vesna ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Zember Davor ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2020

The objective of the research was to investigate colorimetric changes of the waterbased flexographic ink printed on hemp-based papers subjected to artificial ageing. Three types of commercially available hemp office papers were used as printing substrate and by Esiproof instrument were printed manually in full tone with process waterbased flexographic inks. Both, papers and prints were exposed to artificial ageing in the Suntest XLS+ test chamber according ASTM D 6789-2 standard. The L∗, a∗, b∗ colour coordinates were measured and ΔE00 colour difference was calculated for different stages of light exposure in order to determine the change from the original color value. In total exposure time was 96 h. The results have shown how the paper optical stability is dependent upon manufacturing process and that bleached hemp fibers provides better optical stability of papers than unbleached hemp fibers. Further, stability of prints made on hemp-based papers is for the most part defined by ink color, while the impact of the printing substrate is less pronounced. Generally, it was noticed how the most stable among prints were prints covered with the black ink, while prints with the yellow ink had the greatest changes in color under the influence of light.
Statistical analysis of the influence of print run on surface roughness of digital flexo printing plates’ solid tone areas
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Dedijer Sandra , Pál Magdolna ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Tomić Ivana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Poljak Stefan ,   Tetra Pak Produktions GmbH & Co KG, Limburg, Germany, Pavlović Živko ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Jurič Ivana ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Milić Keresteš Neda ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

In this study we have aimed to present statistical evaluation of changes in the surface roughness of the solid tone areas on CtP flexo printing plate in dependence of print run. Changes in flexo plate surface roughness is influenced by the plate-making process, printing pressure and speed, the interaction with the ink and printing substrate and by the wear of the printing plate due to long print-runs. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in the amplitude surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rp, Rv and Rz), between the printing plates used for different print runs. In the experiment, we have employed three sets of CtP flexo printing plates, for three colors-cyan, magenta and blue. The first set was not used for printing, the second was used to print 7 rolls of substrate and the third is used to print 11 rolls of printing substrate. The amplitude surface roughness parameters were compared by applying independentsamples t-test method using the software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) with a 0.05 significance level. Statistical analysis revealed that the difference between the amplitude surface roughness parameters measured on CtP flexo printing plates are significant with a 95% confidence level, whereas the statistical significance pointed out that with the longer print runs, the difference will be strongly expressed.
Evaluation of zipper tear strip design structure for paperboard packaging
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Bota Josip , Petković Gorana ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2020

Zipper tear strips (ZTS) are the most common user friendly, tamper-proof, opening system for paperboard and corrugated cardboard packaging. The base of ZTS design structure has parallel partial cuts repeated in the direction of the desired tearing line. The height (strip-width) of the tab can vary same as the shape in the cut design structure. In order to collect the most common zipper tear structure data, parameters were measured from samples of paperboard packaging found in a frequent Croatian supermarket. The obtained data was used to define 8 types of samples which were together with 4 new samples tested on two mainly used paperboards (250 g/m2 GC1 and 270 g/m2 GC2). Three type of tests were conducted: pull test for maximal tearing force, compression test to measure the structural degradation of a packaging and manual tearing to test the ZTS opening functionality success rate in real-life handling conditions. The results show that the 45° angle is most functional option and should be combined with the wider 13mm ZTS instead of the usual 10mm. Also, there is an indication that a 0,5mm increase between cuts can slightly improve structural stability and when combined with the wider tab can attain an increased tear resistance while having the adequate opening functionality success rate.
Eco-friendly material for packaging
Authors:   Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Department of production engineering, Kaunas, Lithuania, Gegeckienė Laura , Venytė Ingrida ,   Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Department of production engineering, Kaunas, Lithuania
Published: November 2020

: At the moment there exists a predominant prevalence of the combined packaging (i. e. cardboard is covered with polyethylene) in the food packaging market, which provides the necessary barrier properties for a packaged product. However, there also exist a great number of problems regarding the issue such as packaging sorting, recycling, waste management, and economic losses. According to the latest data, 65 enterprises in Lithuania are currently working in the recycling industry. They can recycle different types of packaging. The issue of ecology is highly relevant in the printing industry. It is not a secret that the global population is growing rapidly. As the demand for food and non-food product packaging increases, the production volume increases accordingly. In the future, it is expected that the volume of packaging production will increase accordingly. MMK cardboard can be called a revolution in the industry of packaging. Until now, packaging which has direct contact with food must be laminated with films such as PE. Plastic waste is one of the most common types of waste that takes a very long time to decompose. Normally, plastic packaging can take up to several hundred years to decompose in landfills, while cardboard is easily recyclable and takes up to half a year to biodegrade. The aim of this research is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties and characteristics (in order to offer analog materials in the perspective) of the new materials with the necessary properties and compared to the properties of the most using materials.
Consumer’s experience of tea packaging as environment-friendly
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Pibernik Jesenka , Tomašegović Tamara ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Mahović Poljaček Sanja ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Madžar Anđela ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2020

The packaging design is perceived as environmentally friendly when deploying established “green” conventions for design, materials, form, colours, and symbolism. The paper aims to determine which tea packaging design choices mainly influence consumer's impression of eco-friendliness. After the sustainable solutions for packaging form were examined, additional attributes of sustainability in terms of the materials were established. These were the shape of the packaging for the ease of use, closing solution, content visibility, printing paper perception, and other use-friendly attributes. Upon experimenting with six versions of prototype designs, following the guidelines of user-centered design, the final prototype has been selected for further development and testing. The alternatives for appropriate printing ink, printing pressure, and substrate were tested on various paper samples. Due to the various recycled substrate’s surface colours and morphology, the flexographic printing process resulted in various shades of image colours and line sharpnesses. To determine correlations between different attributes and make a final design decision, the subjective quality assessments were implemented.
Promotional packaging from carton of invasive alient plant
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Design, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Klančar Kaja , Vrabič Brodnjak Urška ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Design, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Published: November 2020

In this research, the design of innovative promotional packaging made of carton, which was made from the invasive, non-native acacia is presented. The entire planning process was based on the principle of ecological design. One of the main objectives was to create an innovative and versatile ecological product, a calendar that does not require any adhesive in its composition. The basic, mechanical, surface and structural properties of the ecological carton with a high grammage made of acacia compared them with the most commonly used one-side coated white cardboard made of wood fibres has been analysed. The result of this work is the environmentally friendly multi-purpose promotional packaging, the calendar, which could also be used as a storage place for pens and other office supplies.
Research methodologies for assessing the ergonomics of packaging products - A review
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Bošnjaković Gordana , Vladić Gojko ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

In today’s increasingly competitive market environment, new packaging must meet more requirements than before to meet customer expectations. The packaging must meet not only functional and aesthetic requirements but also ergonomic requirements to ensure satisfying user experience. An important issue in ergonomic design is the identification of factors that lead to user comfort and discomfort. The packaging is a product that undergoes manual manipulation and given the various forms of packaging and it's opening and closing systems, they require using different grip types and movements. Using packaging that is not well designed can cause intense physical exertion and frustration for users. The subject of this paper is a review of methodologies for assessing the ergonomics of packaging products. Methodologies for evaluating the ergonomic characteristics of packaging provide a proposal for structuring the investigation. Also, it gives a proposal for the proper prioritization of a packaging problem that should be identified as the most dangerous risks for physical injuries or for causing stressful situations to users. First, it is necessary to gain a clear insight into how the users handle the packaging in order to create knowledge and a clear idea of what is useful or harmful in the existing packaging design and to find the potential for its improvement. There are various methods for studying, analyzing and evaluating user experience while using a packaging. Combining such methods with knowledge of the anatomical structure of the body and how it reacts to the load enables the creation of efficient and ergonomically designed packaging. This paper will present methodologies and guidelines for assessing and improving the ergonomic qualities of packaging. The aim of this paper is to define the key factors and most relevant methodologies for conducting successful ergonomic research.
Child-resistant features of pharmaceutical packaging in the egyptian and global market; a comparative study
Authors:   Higher Institute of Applied Arts, Printing, Publishing & Packaging, New Cairo, Egypt, Ahmed S. Hussein Mai , Attia Mohamed ,   Helwan University, Faculty of Applied Arts, Printing, Publishing & Packaging, Helwan, Egypt, Mohamed Noha ,   Helwan University, Faculty of Applied Arts, Printing, Publishing & Packaging, Helwan, Egypt
Published: November 2020

Child-Resistant packaging is substantial requirement especially when it is related to pharmaceuticals. Children under five years old are the most groups in risk of drug poisoning, as a result of their constant passion and attracting their attention to medicines, especially the distinctive color and small size. Due to the presence of medicines for adults, especially chronic diseases that require the presence of the drug always at home with exciting properties for the passion of a young child who is affected by colors and the small size which they can insert easily into their mouths. The child-resistant features attached to packages may present a problem (e.g., how to open the package) to its potential user (child or adult). Many of these features are used with the primary packaging and less for the secondary ones. Are these features efficient with available cost or not. Evaluation of each one might be varied according to package structure, level and child behavior. Therefore, the importance of adding some features in the pharmaceutical packaging Child-Resistant, in order to achieve the safety of children with a targeted age (children under 5 years old). By adding these special properties to the pharmaceutical packaging it will affect the design of the pharmaceutical packaging. Finally, this paper aimed to review and evaluate the child resistant features & securing methods that are used with pharmaceutical products in the Egyptian market, with which are available globally, then make a comparison between them by description and analysis.
The influence of total base ink coverage on the uniformity of digital prints overprinted with pearlescent inks
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Tomić Ivana , Pinćjer Ivan ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Miketić Nada ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

Print uniformity is an important parameter that can determine perceived quality of a printed product. If the product is of low print uniformity, its quality is often regarded as non-satisfactory. In this work we were interested in the uniformity of electrophotography prints overprinted with inks containing pearlescent pigments. Our goal was to determine whether the overall print uniformity was influenced by the total base ink coverage i.e. the ink coverage of the printing substrate before pigments were applied to it. Hence, three scenarios were considered: when pearlescent inks were printed over the unprinted paper, previously printed grey, and black colour patch. Nine different types of pearlescent pigments, dispersed in a transparent ink vehicle, were screen printed over the paper and the previously printed patches of grey and black colour. The base colours were printed in electrophotography. The uniformity of prints obtained in such a manner was determined by calculating GLCM parameters that were shown to correlate well with human perception of uniformity. It was shown that overprinting the electrophotography prints with pearlescent inks significantly decreased the uniformity of prints with black base colour and slightly improved the uniformity of those with grey colour. When pearlescent inks were printed over the paper, the uniformity did not change significantly. Observing the print uniformity of overprinted samples, the best results were obtained when pearlescent inks were printed directly to the paper, following the cases when they were printed over the grey and black prints. It is therefore concluded that the total base ink coverage has significant effect on the uniformity of electrophotography prints overprinted with pearlescent inks. The results indicate poor adhesion of the ink vehicle used as a carrier for pearlescent pigments to electrophotographic toner.
Biobased intelligent packaging application
Authors:   Amasya University Technical Sciences Vocational, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technology School, Amasya, Turkey, Beyler Çiğil Aslı
Published: November 2020

Changes in consumer preferences in order to reach safe food have led to innovations in packaging technologies. Intelligent and active packaging is a constantly developed packaging technology that plans to offer safer and higher quality products. Active packaging refers to the inclusion of additives in the package in order to maintain and / or extend shelf life and product quality. Intelligent systems, on the other hand, are systems that monitor the status of packaged food during this entire period to provide information about the quality of the packaged during storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to produce a completely natural intelligent packaging material using rosehip extract and biopolymer, which is a substance that naturally changes color with pH. In this study, cellulose acetate butyrate biobased films containing different rates (1, 2.5, 5, 10 wt%) of rosehip extract were produced by solvent casting method. The chemical structure the rosehip containing biobased film and blank biobased film were characterized by ATR-FTIR. The transparency of prepared five different films were determined by UV spectroscopy. The color characteristic of blank and rosehip containing films measured with spectrophotometer. Surface energy of all films and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Biobased films were printed and printability parameters such as color, gloss, contact angle, surface tension were examined. It is concluded that blank biobased film is colorless, transparent and all biobased films have good printability. It was determined that the amount of rosehip extract increased the color change visibly. The biobased films obtained are pink in acidic medium and yellow-green in alkaline medium. The results prove that biobased film produced with rosehip extract and cellulose acetate butyrate can be used in intelligent packaging applications.
Combination of AM and FM screening as security printed feature
Authors:   Moscow Polytechnic University, Faculty of Information Technology, Infocognitive Technologies, Moscow, Russia, Vereshchagin Vladislav , Pukhova Ekaterina ,   Moscow Polytechnic University, Faculty of Information Technology, Infocognitive Technologies, Moscow, Russia, Khokhlova Margarita ,   LIRIS, Lyon Area, France
Published: November 2020

Protection of goods and packaging from counterfeiting and copying, tracking their movement requires improvement of existing labeling and security methods and the development of new ones. Making changes to the image at the prepress stage is the cheapest and easiest way of protection compared to using special printing techniques, special substrates, and inks or additional tags such as RFID. In the article, we suggest a new method to create security printed features, identify them in prints, and confirm the authenticity of the image. The method uses a combination of regular (AM) and stochastic (FM) screening in one image. There are two ways of separating images for AM and FM screening. First is to choose several random intervals in shadows of image tonal distribution and in accordance with values in these intervals original image is separated into two. The second is to separate by structure, for example, use FM screening on edges or textures. We tried Canny edge detector and local binary patterns. By using random values as the parameters, it is possible to generate unique print runs or even individual prints using digital printing. And large variability in the areas of separation gives reason to consider that the suggested method is reliable. Fourier analysis in the suggested method allows not only to detect the presence of security printed features but also to confirm the authenticity of the image on a print. Authentication is implemented by obtaining a digital image of the print by scanning or photographing and comparing the spectral composition of the original image and the digital image of the print. An expert survey showed that after our method presence of a combination of AM and FM screening in images on prints is barely visible. As a result, this method can be used to protect packaging labels with images from copying.
Colour quality testing of CYAN offset prints depending on pigment concentration and different CTP screening mode
Authors:   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Mustač Sandra , Majnarić Igor ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Bauk Stanko ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia, Miloš Slaven ,   University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: November 2020

One of the problems in the offset printing technique is the picking of uncoated paper, which occurs due to the activity of pressure cylinder and sticky offset inks. To reduce offset ink stickiness, it is possible to add cheaper ink filler that will indirectly reduce the concentration of pigment. However, there is also a reduction in the colour tones and quality of reproduction. In this experiment we used: standard cyan offset ink (Sun Lit Express ink which consists of phthalocyanine based pigment) and high-quality gloss coated cardboard (250 g/m2 Euroart plus gloss). This paper aims to show how the CTP screening type (AM/FM mode) and the CTP line screening (80, 100, 120 line/cm and 10 μm, 20 μm 25 μm diameter of print elements) manifest on the reproduction quality of a standard gradation wedge. This research will create the possibility of correlating the factors of user reduction of pigment concentration and reproduction quality of cyan colour separation. By using the AM screenings and adding different concentrations of ink filler, more stable cyan prints are achieved.
Investigation of process colours variations of electrophotography colour production presses
Authors:   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, Spiridonov Iskren , Yordanov Simeon ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, Boeva Rumyana ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria, Milkov Aleksandar ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2020

In this investigation is approached method for assessing and evaluation of colour repeatability and variation for digital electrophotography printing presses. Two of most popular midlevel electrophotography colour production presses were chosen. These presses are widely used in printing houses for the printing of book covers, posters, etc. in small circulations. The similar perception of quality of digital production to the offset printing quality (ISO 12647-2:2013 ) is required from most of the clients of printing houses, publishers, etc. One of the problems of midlevel electrophotography colour production presses are variations of colours in the printing run and variations of colours during the time – weeks, months, years. The variation degree depends on many factors like – the precision of internal calibration method and types of sensors during the printing run, quality of used materials, calibration precision made by press operator, temperature and humidity variation, etc. (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2000) Specially designed for experiment test forms have been printed on two of most widely used materials for book covers, business cards, etc. – 300 g/m2 matt-coated board and 300 g/m2 offset uncoated board. The evaluation method is based on colorimetrical and densitometrical measurements (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2004) of 100 continuous printed sheets. The experiment was repeated in different time periods -between 6 hours and 4 months, to collect data for colour variation between reprinting the same test images in the time.
Influence of inkjet print parameters on thermal resistance of printed knitwears
Authors:   University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Stančić Mladen , Ružičić Branka ,   University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vujčić Đorđe ,   University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Grujić Dragana ,   University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dragić Miroslav ,   University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Janković Bojan ,   University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Technology, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Published: November 2020

Textile materials are increasingly being subjected to the process of printing. The printing process with its parameters significantly affects the properties of textile materials and clothes made from these materials. This paper examines the effect of the parameters of inkjet printing on thermal resistance characteristics of printed textile materials. As the essential print parameters were selected tone value and a different number of passes. In this research were used knitted fabric materials of 100% cotton fibers and 100% polyester fibers. Results of the research demonstrated that, in addition to material composition, the inkjet printing process with its parameters have a significant influence on the thermal resistance of printed textile materials. The values of the thermal resistance of the printed samples show that the increase in the number of applications of ink in the printing results in a rise in the value on cotton knitwear, and decrease in thermal resistance value on polyester knitwear.
Investigation of the optical properties of chitosan and rice starch blends, as a filler in paper or as a film for packaging applications
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and engineering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Design, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Vrabič Brodnjak Urška , Todorova Dimitrina ,   University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Pulp, Paper and Printing Art, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2020

Bio based materials fall under the broad category of bio-products or bio-based products, which includes materials, chemicals and energy derived from renewable biological resources. This research shows the preparation of both, paper sheets with blend fillers of chitosan and rice starch and chitosan and rice starch films, which could be used as packaging material for a variety of applications. In this research, we used a blend mixture, different concentrations of chitosan and rice starch both in paper production and in films to investigate the optical properties of the obtained materials with a combination of ultrasonic treatment during the film formation. The research showed that the optical properties of the obtained packaging materials improved. It also showed that blend fillers of chitosan and rice starch are effective paper fillers in the preparation of cellulose mixture for bio based packaging materials and the optical properties are with slight changes. The investigation on the optical properties of the obtained paper samples during accelerated thermal showed that the ageing of paper with addition of chitosan and chitosan and rice starch blends had the same behaviour through the 72 hours of ageing. The ultrasonic treatment of the films improved transparency. The surface at untreated blend film was more uneven compared to chitosan and rice starch films, which improved after the treatment.
Factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Petrović Saša , Kašiković Nemanja ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Zeljković Željko ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia, Milošević Rastko ,   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design, Novi Sad, Serbia
Published: November 2020

Polyurethanes are a group of polymers which are in many ways different from other types of plastic. They are used in many different areas due to the fact that many different chemicals can be used during their synthesis, resulting in a variety of structures. Sleeves are comprised of hard base often covered with compressible polyurethane (PU) foam layer. PU foam layer can have different composition and level of porosity which are the main factors influencing compressibility of the sleeve and therefore its area of use. Sleeves are also one of the least researched components in the flexographic printing process. However, mechanical properties of the polyurethane, its fatigue, lifespan and parameters influencing all of them have been extensively investigated in different areas and for different types and formulations of polyurethane. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves. Investigated parameters are foam density, level of strain and strain rate, influence of microstructure under different conditions and parameters influencing creep and stress relaxation. The review of the existing literature regarding mechanical properties of the PU foams makes it possible to select the parameters with the greatest possible influence on the flexographic printing process, as well as to find the most suitable methods to investigate the effect of exploitation on sleeve properties. As a large number of parameters influencing PU foam mechanical properties are fixed during printing, it can be concluded, through the review of the existing literature, that the main parameters to be investigated are the resilience of the sleeve compressible layer during cyclic compression testing (residual strain), maximum stress, Young’s modulus, hysteresis loss, and creep and stress relaxation during cyclic compression testing with strain retention.