bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinâmica de Aprendizagem: a relação entre processos, conteúdo transacionado e configuração da rede em uma organização não governamental
Authors: Odelius Catarina Cecília , De Castro Sena André
Published: April 2014

As redes de aprendizagem em uma organização não governamental foram caracterizadas quanto a conteúdos transacionados e processos de aprendizagem. Pesquisa documental e 16 entrevistas forneceram dados que resultaram em 573 conteúdos aprendidos, categorizados, a posteriori, em: comportamentos associados ao ambiente organizacional (fundamentos e visão da organização, comportamento para o trabalho e relacionamento com atores externos); conhecimentos e habilidades relativos ao trabalho; e desenvolvimento individual. As redes relativas ao ambiente organizacional também estão descritas neste artigo. Entre os processos de aprendizagem identificados encontram-se: atividade, convivência, ensinar, feedback, material, observação e supervisão. As redes de aprendizagem foram analisadas a partir de seus aspectos estruturais, conteúdos transacionados e processos utilizados. A aprendizagem foi identificada como fruto de relações dinâmicas estabelecidas entre diversos atores, em situações delimitadas por ações cotidianas e condições impostas pelo contexto. Certos processos de aprendizagem foram mais recorrentes ou funcionaram melhor do que outros, dependendo do conteúdo aprendido ou das preferências e características dos indivíduos.
Deuterium excess as a proxy for continental moisture recycling and plant transpiration
Authors: Aemisegger F. , Pfahl S. , Sodemann H. , Lehner I. , Seneviratne S. I. , Wernli H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Studying the evaporation process and its link to the atmospheric circulation is central for a better understanding of the feedbacks between the surface water components and the atmosphere. In this study, we use 5 months of deuterium excess (d) measurements at the hourly to daily timescale from a cavity ring-down laser spectrometer to characterise the evaporation source of low-level continental water vapour at the long-term hydrometeorological monitoring site Rietholzbach in northeastern Switzerland. To reconstruct the phase change history of the air masses in which we measure the d signature and to diagnose its area of surface evaporation we apply a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic. With the help of a correlation analysis we investigate the strength of the relation between d measurements and the moisture source conditions. Temporal episodes with a duration of a few days of strong anticorrelation between d and relative humidity as well as temperature are identified. The role of plant transpiration, the large-scale advection of remotely evaporated moisture, the local boundary layer dynamics at the measurement site and recent precipitation at the site of evaporation are discussed as reasons for the existence of these modes of strong anticorrelation between d and moisture source conditions. We show that the importance of continental moisture recycling and the contribution of plant transpiration to the continental evaporation flux may be deduced from the d–relative humidity relation at the seasonal timescale as well as for individual events. The methodology and uncertainties associated with these estimates of the transpiration fraction of evapotranspiration are presented and the proposed novel framework is applied to individual events from our data set. Over the whole analysis period (August to December 2011) a transpiration fraction of the evapotranspiration flux over the continental part of the moisture source region of 62% is found albeit with a large event-to-event variability (0% to 89%) for continental Europe. During days of strong local moisture recycling a higher overall transpiration fraction of 76% (varying between 65% and 86%) is found. These estimates are affected by uncertainties in the assumptions involved in our method as well as by parameter uncertainties. An average uncertainty of 11% results from the strong dependency of the transpiration estimates on the choice of the non-equilibrium fractionation factor. Other uncertainty sources like the influence of boundary layer dynamics are probably large but more difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, such Lagrangian estimates of the transpiration part of continental evaporation could potentially be useful for the verification of model estimates of this important land–atmosphere coupling parameter.
PAH concentrations simulated with the AURAMS-PAH chemical transport model over Canada and the USA
Authors: Galarneau E. , Makar P. A. , Zheng Q. , Narayan J. , Zhang J. , Moran M. D. , Bari M. A. , Pathela S. , Chen A. , Chlumsky R.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The offline Eulerian AURAMS (A Unified Regional Air quality Modelling System) chemical transport model was adapted to simulate airborne concentrations of seven PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons): phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene + triphenylene, and benzo[a]pyrene. The model was then run for the year 2002 with hourly output on a grid covering southern Canada and the continental USA with 42 km horizontal grid spacing. Model predictions were compared to ~5000 24 h-average PAH measurements from 45 sites, most of which were located in urban or industrial areas. Eight of the measurement sites also provided data on particle/gas partitioning which had been modelled using two alternative schemes. This is the first known regional modelling study for PAHs over a North American domain and the first modelling study at any scale to compare alternative particle/gas partitioning schemes against paired field measurements. The goal of the study was to provide output concentration maps of use to assessing human inhalation exposure to PAHs in ambient air. Annual average modelled total (gas + particle) concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from measured values for fluoranthene, pyrene and benz[a]anthracene whereas the model underestimated concentrations of phenanthrene, anthracene and chrysene + triphenylene. Significance for benzo[a]pyrene performance was close to the statistical threshold and depended on the particle/gas partitioning scheme employed. On a day-to-day basis, the model simulated total PAH concentrations to the correct order of magnitude the majority of the time. The model showed seasonal differences in prediction quality for volatile species which suggests that a missing emission source such as air–surface exchange should be included in future versions. Model performance differed substantially between measurement locations and the limited available evidence suggests that the model's spatial resolution was too coarse to capture the distribution of concentrations in densely populated areas. A more detailed analysis of the factors influencing modelled particle/gas partitioning is warranted based on the findings in this study.
Effects of stratospheric ozone recovery on photochemistry and ozone air quality in the troposphere
Authors: Zhang H. , Wu S. , Huang Y. , Wang Y.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. There has been significant stratospheric ozone depletion since the late 1970s due to ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). With the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments, stratospheric ozone is expected to recover towards its pre-1980 level in the coming decades. In this study, we examine the implications of stratospheric ozone recovery for the tropospheric chemistry and ozone air quality with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). With a full recovery of the stratospheric ozone, the projected increases in ozone column range from 1% over the low latitudes to more than 10% over the polar regions. The sensitivity factor of troposphere ozone photolysis rate, defined as the percentage changes in surface ozone photolysis rate for 1% increase in stratospheric ozone column, shows significant seasonal variation but is always negative with absolute value larger than one. The expected stratospheric ozone recovery is found to affect the tropospheric ozone destruction rates much more than the ozone production rates. Significant decreases in surface ozone photolysis rates due to stratospheric ozone recovery are simulated. The global average tropospheric OH decreases by 1.7%, and the global average lifetime of tropospheric ozone increases by 1.5%. The perturbations to tropospheric ozone and surface ozone show large seasonal and spatial variations. General increases in surface ozone are calculated for each season, with increases by up to 0.8 ppbv in the remote areas. Increases in ozone lifetime by up to 13% are found in the troposphere. The increased lifetimes of tropospheric ozone in response to stratospheric ozone recovery enhance the intercontinental transport of ozone and global pollution, in particular for the summertime. The global background ozone attributable to Asian emissions is calculated to increase by up to 15% or 0.3 ppbv in the Northern Hemisphere in response to the projected stratospheric ozone recovery.
Global Hawk dropsonde observations of the Arctic atmosphere during the Winter Storms and Pacific Atmospheric Rivers (WISPAR) field campaign
Authors: Intrieri J. M. , de Boer G. , Shupe M. D. , Spackman J. R. , Wang J. , Neiman P. J. , Wick G. A. , Hock T. F. , Hood R. E.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In February and March of 2011, the Global Hawk unmanned aircraft system (UAS) was deployed over the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic during the WISPAR field campaign. The WISPAR science missions were designed to: (1) improve our understanding of Pacific weather systems and the polar atmosphere; (2) evaluate operational use of unmanned aircraft for investigating these atmospheric events; and (3) demonstrate operational and research applications of a UAS dropsonde system at high latitudes. Dropsondes deployed from the Global Hawk successfully obtained high-resolution profiles of temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind information between the stratosphere and surface. The 35 m wingspan Global Hawk, which can soar for ~ 31 h at altitudes up to ~ 20 km, was remotely operated from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards AFB in California. During the 25 h polar flight on 9–10 March 2011, the Global Hawk released 35 sondes between the North Slope of Alaska and 85° N latitude marking the first UAS Arctic dropsonde mission of its kind. The polar flight transected an unusually cold polar vortex, notable for an associated record-level Arctic ozone loss, and documented polar boundary layer variations over a sizable ocean-ice lead feature. Comparison of dropsonde observations with atmospheric reanalyses reveal that for this day, large-scale structures such as the polar vortex and air masses are captured by the reanalyses, while smaller-scale features, including low-level jets and inversion depths, are mischaracterized. The successful Arctic dropsonde deployment demonstrates the capability of the Global Hawk to conduct operations in harsh, remote regions. The limited comparison with other measurements and reanalyses highlights the value of Arctic atmospheric dropsonde observations where routine in situ measurements are practically non-existent.
Recovering Long-term Aerosol Optical Depth Series (1976–2012) from an Astronomical Potassium-based Resonance Scattering Spectrometer
Authors: Barreto A. , Cuevas E. , Pallé P. , Romero P. M. , Almansa F. , Wehrli C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A 37 year long-term series of monochromatic Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has been recovered from solar irradiance measurements performed with the solar spectrometer Mark-I, deployed at Izaña mountain since 1976. The instrument operation is based on the method of resonant scattering, which presents a long-term stability and high precision in comparison to other instruments based on interference filters. However, it has been specifically designed as a reference instrument for helioseismology, and its ability to determine AOD from transmitted and scattered monochromatic radiation at 769.9 nm inside a potassium vapor cell in the presence of a permanent magnetic field is evaluated in this paper. Particularly, the use of an exposed mirrors arrangement to collect sunlight as well as the Sun-laboratory velocity dependence of the scattered component introduces some inconveniences when we perform the instrument's calibration. We have solved this problem using a quasi-continuous Langley calibration technique and a refinement procedure to correct for calibration errors as well as for the fictitious diurnal cycle on AOD data. Our results showed that calibration errors associated to the quasi-continuous Langley technique are not dependent on aerosol load, provided aerosol concentration remains constant throughout the day, assuring the validity of this technique for those periods with relatively high aerosol content required to calibrate the scattered component. The comparative analysis between the recovered AOD dataset from Mark-I and collocated quasi-simultaneous data from Cimel AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and Precision Filter Radiometer (PFR) instruments showed an absolute mean bias ≤ 0.01 in the 11 year and 12 year comparison, respectively. High correlation coefficients between AERONET/Mark-I and PFR/Mark-I pairs confirmed a very good linear relationship between instruments, proving that recovered AOD data series from Mark-I can be used together PFR and AERONET AOD data to build a long-term AOD data series at Izaña site (1976–now), suitable for future analysis of aerosols trends and inter-annual variability. Finally, the AOD preliminary trend analysis in the 29 year period from 1984 to 2012 with Mark-I AOD revealed no significant trends. However, we detected a negative significant trend of 0.047 decade−1 during the period 1984–1993.
A rapid deployment instrument network for temporarily monitoring volcanic SO2 emissions – a study case from Telica volcano
Authors: Conde V. , Nilsson D. , Galle B. , Cartagena R. , Muñoz A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Volcanic gas emissions play a crucial role in describing geophysical processes; hence measurements of magmatic gases such as SO2 can be used as tracers prior and during volcanic crises. Different measurement techniques based on optical spectroscopy have provided valuable information when assessing volcanic crises. This paper describes the design and implementation of a network of spectroscopic instruments based on Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) for remote sensing of volcanic SO2 emissions, which is robust, portable and can be deployed in relative short time. The setup allows the processing of raw data in situ even in remote areas with limited accessibility, and delivers pre-processed data to end-users in near real time even during periods of volcanic crisis, via a satellite link. In addition, the hardware can be used to conduct short term studies of volcanic plumes in remotes areas. The network was tested at Telica, an active volcano located in western Nicaragua, producing what is so far the largest data set of continuous SO2 flux measurements at this volcano.
Temporal and spatial changes of water quality and management strategies of Dianchi Lake in southwest China
Authors: Zhang T. , Zeng W. H. , Wang S. R. , Ni Z. K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Temporal and spatial changes to the water quality of Dianchi Lake in southwest China were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2005 to 2012. Dianchi Lake is divided into two parts, Caohai Lake and Waihai Lake, by a man-made dike. Caohai Lake lies at the north of Dianchi Lake, while Waihai Lake is the main water body of Dianchi Lake and accounts for 96.7% of the whole area of the lake. Based on the analysis of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations, it was determined that, in Caohai Lake, the annual concentrations of these variables ranged from 0.19–1.46 mg L−1, 6.11–16.79 mg L−1, 0.06–0.14 mg L−1, respectively. In addition, the annual concentrations of TP, TN and Chl a in Waihai Lake ranged between 0.13 and 0.20 mg L−1, 1.82 and 3.01 mg L−1, and 0.04 and 0.09 mg L−1, respectively. Cluster analysis (CA) classified the 10 monitoring sites into two clusters (cluster A and cluster B) based on similarities of water quality characteristics. Our data revealed that the current status of water quality within Caohai Lake was much worse than that of Waihai Lake. Water quality was seriously degraded during the economic boom near the period of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" (2005–2010), and gradually improved from 2010 to 2012 because of the "standard emission directive to industry". The main factors that influenced the spatial and temporal changes to water quality were natural factors including lake evolution and regional characteristic as well as human factors such as pollution load into the lake and management strategies that were already adopted. Some activities and regulations were implemented to enhance the lake environment by controlling wastewater emissions and establishing regulations to protect the lakes in the Yunnan Province. However, problems with institutional fragmentation (horizontal and vertical), simple treatment methods, low-intensity investment in pollution control, and lack of meaningful endogenous pollution control strategies were still present in the lake management strategy. To solve these problems, suitable control measures are needed, especially considering the current old-age status of Dianchi Lake. The fundamental improvement of the water quality within Caohai Lake was dependent on the measures taken in the upper reaches of the Caohai Watershed, including further recovery of submerged plants, resource utilization by floating plants and the reinforcement of sediment disposal. Management strategies for endogenous pollution in Waihai Lake were mainly dependent on restocking algae-eating fish and the ecological restoration of macrophytes. In this way, the swamping trend and the ageing process that is occurring in Dianchi Lake can be stunted. And the management strategies would be a contribution to the management of water conflicts between mankind and ecosystems in similar lakes.
Land Use Classification Using Conditional Random Fields for the Verification of Geospatial Databases
Authors: Albert L. , Rottensteiner F. , Heipke C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Geospatial land use databases contain important information with high benefit for several users, especially when they provide a detailed description on parcel level. Due to many changes connected with a high effort of the update process, these large-scale land use maps become outdated quickly. This paper presents a two-step approach for the automatic verification of land use objects of a geospatial database using high-resolution aerial images. In the first step, a precise pixel-based land cover classification using spectral, textural and three-dimensional features is applied. In the second step, an object-based land use classification follows, which is based on features derived from the pixel-based land cover classification as well as geometrical, spectral and textural features. For both steps, the potential of the incorporation of contextual knowledge in the classification process is explored. For this purpose, we use Conditional Random Fields (CRF), which have proven to be a flexible, powerful framework for contextual classification in various applications in remote sensing. The results of the approach are evaluated on an urban test site and the influence of different features and models on the classification accuracy is analysed. It is shown that the use of CRF for the land cover classification yields an improved accuracy and smoother results compared to independent pixel-based approaches. The integration of contextual knowledge also has a remarkable positive effect on the results of the land use classification.
ANALYZING A BLOCK OF HRSC IMAGE STRIPS FOR A SIMULTANEOUS BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Bostelmann J. , Heipke C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. 10 years ago the first European interplanetary mission Mars Express was launched and sent into orbit around Mars. One of the scientific instruments on board the orbiter is the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). This multi-line sensor with five panchromatic and four multispectral CCD lines was developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for photogrammetric mapping purposes. It images the Martian surface with a resolution of up to 12 m per pixel, depending on the altitude. The along-track stereo capability of the camera delivers image strips with three-dimensional information, which cover nearly the whole planet. For a derivation of more accurate digital terrain models and orthoimages the orientation data of the camera is improved via bundle adjustment. To map larger regions overlapping image strips can be used to form photogrammetric blocks, thus allowing a simultaneous adjustment of the different strips. Compared to the adjustment of individual strips, an adjustment of the entire block reduces not only local, but also regional inconsistencies in the data. With the growing number of HRSC image strips in this ongoing mission, number, size and complexity of potential blocks increases. To cope with these data a method for a semi-automated analysis, selection and combination of suitable strips for the design of more accurate and reliable blocks has been developed. The method takes the inhomogeneity of the HRSC data into account by adapting the processing parameters, if necessary for each strip.
TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC DATA USING OPEN STANDARDS
Authors: Campalani P. , Beccati A. , Mantovani S. , Baumann P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The continuous growth of remotely sensed data raises the need for efficient ways of accessing data archives. The classical model of accessing remote sensing (satellite) archives via distribution of large files is increasingly making way for a more dynamic and interactive data service. A challenge, though, is interoperability of such services, in particular when multi-dimensional data and advanced processing are involved. Individually crafted service interfaces typically do not allow substitution and combination of services. Open standards can provide a way forward if they are powerful enough to address both data and processing model. The OGC Web Coverage Service (WCS) is a modular service suite which provides high-level interface definitions for data access, subsetting, filtering, and processing of spatio-temporal raster data. WCS based service interfaces to data archives deliver data in their original semantics useful for further client-side processing, as opposed to the Web Map Service (WMS) (de la Beaujardière, 2006) which performs a pre-rendering into images only useful for display to humans. In this paper we present a case study where the OGC coverage data and service model defines the client/server interface for a climate data service. In particular, we show how flexible temporal analysis can be performed efficiently on massive spatio-temporal coverage objects. This service, which is operational on a several Terabyte data holding, has been established as part of the EarthServer initiative focusing on Big Data in the Earth and Planetary sciences.
Precise Global DEM Generation by ALOS PRISM
Authors: Tadono T. , Ishida H. , Oda F. , Naito S. , Minakawa K. , Iwamoto H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) generated the global digital elevation/surface model (DEM/DSM) and orthorectified image (ORI) using the archived data of the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS, nicknamed "Daichi"), which was operated from 2006 to 2011. PRISM consisted of three panchromatic radiometers that acquired along-track stereo images. It had a spatial resolution of 2.5 m in the nadir-looking radiometer and achieved global coverage, making it a suitable potential candidate for precise global DSM and ORI generation. In the past 10 years or so, JAXA has conducted the calibration of the system corrected standard products of PRISM in order to improve absolute accuracies as well as to validate the high-level products such as DSM and ORI. In this paper, we introduce an overview of the global DEM/DSM dataset generation project, including a summary of ALOS and PRISM, in addition to the global data archive status. It is also necessary to consider data processing strategies, since the processing capabilities of the level 1 standard product and the high-level products must be developed in terms of both hardware and software to achieve the project aims. The automatic DSM/ORI processing software and its test processing results are also described.
3D Reconstruction of Irregular Buildings and Buddha Statues
Authors: Zhang K. , Li M.-j.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Three-dimensional laser scanning could acquire object’s surface data quickly and accurately. However, the post-processing of point cloud is not perfect and could be improved. Based on the study of 3D laser scanning technology, this paper describes the details of solutions to modelling irregular ancient buildings and Buddha statues in Jinshan Temple, which aiming at data acquisition, modelling and texture mapping, etc. In order to modelling irregular ancient buildings effectively, the structure of each building is extracted manually by point cloud and the textures are mapped by the software of 3ds Max. The methods clearly combine 3D laser scanning technology with traditional modelling methods, and greatly improves the efficiency and accuracy of the ancient buildings restored. On the other hand, the main idea of modelling statues is regarded as modelling objects in reverse engineering. The digital model of statues obtained is not just vivid, but also accurate in the field of surveying and mapping. On this basis, a 3D scene of Jinshan Temple is reconstructed, which proves the validity of the solutions.
A complete solution of cartographic displacement based on elastic beams model and Delaunay triangulation
Authors: Liu Y. , Guo Q. , Sun Y.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In map production and generalization, it is inevitable to arise some spatial conflicts, but the detection and resolution of these spatial conflicts still requires manual operation. It is become a bottleneck hindering the development of automated cartographic generalization. Displacement is the most useful contextual operator that is often used for resolving the conflicts arising between two or more map objects. Automated generalization researches have reported many approaches of displacement including sequential approaches and optimization approaches. As an excellent optimization approach on the basis of energy minimization principles, elastic beams model has been used in resolving displacement problem of roads and buildings for several times. However, to realize a complete displacement solution, techniques of conflict detection and spatial context analysis should be also take into consideration. So we proposed a complete solution of displacement based on the combined use of elastic beams model and constrained Delaunay triangulation (CDT) in this paper. The solution designed as a cyclic and iterative process containing two phases: detection phase and displacement phase. In detection phase, CDT of map is use to detect proximity conflicts, identify spatial relationships and structures, and construct auxiliary structure, so as to support the displacement phase on the basis of elastic beams. In addition, for the improvements of displacement algorithm, a method for adaptive parameters setting and a new iterative strategy are put forward. Finally, we implemented our solution on a testing map generalization platform, and successfully tested it against 2 hand-generated test datasets of roads and buildings respectively.
NoSQL Based 3D City Model Management System
Authors: Mao B. , Harrie L. , Cao J. , Wu Z. , Shen J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. To manage increasingly complicated 3D city models, a framework based on NoSQL database is proposed in this paper. The framework supports import and export of 3D city model according to international standards such as CityGML, KML/COLLADA and X3D. We also suggest and implement 3D model analysis and visualization in the framework. For city model analysis, 3D geometry data and semantic information (such as name, height, area, price and so on) are stored and processed separately. We use a Map-Reduce method to deal with the 3D geometry data since it is more complex, while the semantic analysis is mainly based on database query operation. For visualization, a multiple 3D city representation structure CityTree is implemented within the framework to support dynamic LODs based on user viewpoint. Also, the proposed framework is easily extensible and supports geoindexes to speed up the querying. Our experimental results show that the proposed 3D city management system can efficiently fulfil the analysis and visualization requirements.
Comparison of Qinzhou bay wetland landscape information extraction by three methods
Authors: Chang X. , Zhang Q. , Luo M. , Dong C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Wetland ecosystem plays an important role on the environment and sustainable socio-economic development. Based on the TM images in 2010 with a pretreament of Tasseled Cap transformation, three different methods are used to extract the Qinzhou Bay coastal wetlands using Supervised Classification (SC), Decision Trees (DT) and Object -oriented (OO) methods. Firstly coastal wetlands are picked out by artificial visual interpretation as discriminant standard. The result shows that when the same evaluation template used, the accuracy and Kappa coefficient of SC, DT and OO are 92.00 %, 0.8952; 89.00 %, 0.8582; 91.00 %, 0.8848 respectively. The total area of coastal wetland is 218.3 km2 by artificial visual interpretation, and the extracted wetland area of SC, DT and OO is 219 km2, 193.70 km2, 217.40 km2 respectively. The result indicates that SC is in the f irst place, followed by OO approach, and the third DT method when used to extract Qingzhou Bay coastal wetland.
Evaluation of an Area-Based matching algorithm with advanced shape models
Authors: Re C. , Roncella R. , Forlani G. , Cremonese G. , Naletto G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Nowadays, the scientific institutions involved in planetary mapping are working on new strategies to produce accurate high resolution DTMs from space images at planetary scale, usually dealing with extremely large data volumes. From a methodological point of view, despite the introduction of a series of new algorithms for image matching (e.g. the Semi Global Matching) that yield superior results (especially because they produce usually smooth and continuous surfaces) with lower processing times, the preference in this field still goes to well established area-based matching techniques. Many efforts are consequently directed to improve each phase of the photogrammetric process, from image pre-processing to DTM interpolation. In this context, the Dense Matcher software (DM) developed at the University of Parma has been recently optimized to cope with very high resolution images provided by the most recent missions (LROC NAC and HiRISE) focusing the efforts mainly to the improvement of the correlation phase and the process automation. Important changes have been made to the correlation algorithm, still maintaining its high performance in terms of precision and accuracy, by implementing an advanced version of the Least Squares Matching (LSM) algorithm. In particular, an iterative algorithm has been developed to adapt the geometric transformation in image resampling using different shape functions as originally proposed by other authors in different applications.
Implementation of a Self-Consistent Stereo Processing Chain for 3D Stereo Reconstruction of the Lunar Landing Sites
Authors: Tasdelen E. , Willner K. , Unbekannt H. , Glaeser P. , Oberst J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The department for Planetary Geodesy at Technical University Berlin is developing routines for photogrammetric processing of planetary image data to derive 3D representations of planetary surfaces. The Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) software (Anderson et al., 2004), developed by USGS, Flagstaff, is readily available, open source, and very well documented. Hence, ISIS was chosen as a prime processing platform and tool kit. However, ISIS does not provide a full photogrammetric stereo processing chain. Several components like image matching, bundle block adjustment (until recently) or digital terrain model (DTM) interpolation from 3D object points are missing. Our group aims to complete this photogrammetric stereo processing chain by implementing the missing components, taking advantage of already existing ISIS classes and functionality. We report here on the current status of the development of our stereo processing chain and its first application on the Lunar Apollo landing sites.
Research on Service Platform of Internet of Things for Smart City
Authors: Wang W. , He Z. , Huang D. , Zhang X.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The application of Internet of Things in surveying and mapping industry basically is at the exploration stage, has not formed a unified standard. Chongqing Institute of Surveying and Mapping (CQISM) launched the research p roject "Research on the Technology of Internet of Things for Smart City". The project focuses on the key technologies of information transmission and exchange on the Internet of Things platform. The data standards of Internet of Things are designed. The real-time acquisition, mass storage and distributed data service of mass sensors are realized. On this basis, CQISM deploys the prototype platform of Internet of Things. The simulation application in Connected Car proves that the platform design is scientific and practical.
Remote Sensing Image Classification of Geoeye-1 High-Resolution Satellite
Authors: Yang B. , Yu X.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Networks play the role of a high-level language, as is seen in Artificial Intelligence and statistics, because networks are used to build complex model from simple components. These years, Bayesian Networks, one of probabilistic networks, are a powerful data mining technique for handling uncertainty in complex domains. In this paper, we apply Bayesian Networks Augmented Naive Bayes (BAN) to texture classification of High-resolution satellite images and put up a new method to construct the network topology structure in terms of training accuracy based on the training samples. In the experiment, we choose GeoEye-1 satellite images. Experimental results demonstrate BAN outperform than NBC in the overall classification accuracy. Although it is time consuming, it will be an attractive and effective method in the future.
The Design of Data Disaster Recovery of National Fundamental Geographic Information System
Authors: Zhai Y. , Chen J. , Liu L. , Liu J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. With the development of information technology, data security of information system is facing more and more challenges. The geographic information of surveying and mapping is fundamental and strategic resource, which is applied in all areas of national economic, defence and social development. It is especially vital to national and social interests when such classified geographic information is directly concerning Chinese sovereignty. Several urgent problems that needs to be resolved for surveying and mapping are how to do well in mass data storage and backup, establishing and improving the disaster backup system especially after sudden natural calamity accident, and ensuring all sectors rapidly restored on information system will operate correctly. For overcoming various disaster risks, protect the security of data and reduce the impact of the disaster, it’s no doubt the effective way is to analysis and research on the features of storage and management and security requirements, as well as to ensure that the design of data disaster recovery system suitable for the surveying and mapping. This article analyses the features of fundamental geographic information data and the requirements of storage management, three site disaster recovery system of DBMS plan based on the popular network, storage and backup, data replication and remote switch of application technologies. In LAN that synchronous replication between database management servers and the local storage of backup management systems, simultaneously, remote asynchronous data replication between local storage backup management systems and remote database management servers. The core of the system is resolving local disaster in the remote site, ensuring data security and business continuity of local site. This article focuses on the following points: background, the necessity of disaster recovery system, the analysis of the data achievements and data disaster recovery plan. Features of this program is to use a hardware-based data hot backup, and remote online disaster recovery support for Oracle database system. The achievement of this paper is in summarizing and analysing the common characteristics of disaster of surveying and mapping business system requirements, while based on the actual situation of the industry, designed the basic GIS disaster recovery solutions, and we also give the conclusions about key technologies of RTO and RPO.
The Application of GIS 3D Modeling and Analysis Technology in Real Estate Mass Appraisal – Taking landscape and sunlight factors as the example
Authors: Zhang H. , Li Y. , Liu B. , Liu C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Based on procedural modeling approach and buildings 2D GIS data of Shenzhen, 3D external models of buildings are generated by CityEngine in a quick and batch mode. And 3D internal model is generated by vectorization of houses distribution within the target building. Following that, the landscape analysis and the sunlight analysis based on GIS visibility analysis method are applied on 3D model of the target building to get the concrete quantization indexes, such as landscape visual range and sunshine duration which could significantly influence real estate value. Finally, the drawing with 3D visualization effect for landscape information and sunshine information is produced. Compared with traditional manual modeling method, the results showed that rule-based 3D modeling method in CityEngine platform could take full advantage of existing GIS data. It could improve the efficiency of 3D modeling by rapidly and automatically generate refined building 3D models in batch mode. Meanwhile, compared with man-made subjective judgment, the building landscape and sunlight analysis model built by visibility analysis could quantify landscape and sunshine indexes more accurately. Furthermore, the application in real estate mass appraisal model for calculation and analysis will reduce the index errors caused by man-made subjective judgment. In addition, precise 3D visualization effect can provide appraisers with more intuitive and efficient view for real estate expression. It greatly improves the efficiency and accuracy in real estate appraisal.
3D Laser Scanning Modeling and Application on Dazu Thousand-hand Bodhisattva in China
Authors: Hou M. , Zhang X. , Wu Y. , Hu Y.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The Dazu Thousand-hand Bodhisattva Statue is located at Baoding Mountain in Chongqing. It has the reputation as "the Gem of World’s Rock Carving Art". At present，the Dazu Thousand-hand Bodhisattva Statue is basically well conserved, while the local damage is already very serious. However, the Dazu Thousand-hand Bodhisattva Statue is a three-dimensional caved statue, the present plane surveying and mapping device cannot reflect the preservation situation completely. Therefore, the documentation of the Dazu Thousand-hand Bodhisattva Statue using terrestrial laser scanning is of great significance. This paper will introduce a new method for superfine 3D modeling of Thousand-hand Bodhisattva based on the high-resolution 3D cloud points. By analyzing these 3D cloud points and 3D models, some useful information, such as several 3D statistics, 3D thematic map and 3D shape restoration suggestion of Thousand-hand Bodhisattva will be revealed, which are beneficial to restoration work and some other application.
Particle Swarm Image Matching on Epipolar Line
Authors: Hsia J.-S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a method for determining the 3D position of an image point on a reference image using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to search the height (Z value) that gives the biggest Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) coefficient. The searching area is in the surrounding of the height of the image point. The NCC coefficient evaluates the similarity with the image point and a corresponding point on an epipolar line in the search image. The position of corresponding image point on the epipolar line is determined by the height point on a sloping line locus. The PSO algorithm starts with a swarm of random particles. The position of each particle is a potential solution in the problem space. Each particle is given a randomized velocity and attracted toward the location of the best fitness. The position of each particle is iteratively modified by adding a newly computed velocity to its current position. The velocity is updated by three factors which are two attractions from local best position and global best position, two strengths of the attractions, and two uniform random numbers for each attraction. The iteration will stop when the current solution is convergent. The time of computation is highly related to the range of height and the interval of height enumeration when the approach to find a corresponding image point of an image point on a reference image is based on the height enumeration along sloping line locus. The precision of results can be improved by decreasing the interval of height enumeration. This shows the limitation of the enumeration method in the efficiency and accuracy. The issue is overcome by a method of using PSO algorithm. The proposed method using different parameters such as the size of image window, the number of particles, and the size of the height searching range has been applied to aerial stereo images. The accuracy of tested results is evaluated on the base of the comparison to the reference data from the results of least-square matching being manually given initial points. The evaluation result shows that tested results has given a solution to a level of less than 1 centimetre without using refined image matching method. The same level of accuracy can reach even when the searching range is bigger than 90 meters. But the difference of image window size may lead to the change of the matching result. And, without the procedures of both coarse-to-fine hierarchical solution and refined image matching method, the algorithm still can give the same accuracy level of least-square image matching resulting. This method also shows its ability to give reasonable matching results without manual assistance.
Global Data Spatially Interrelate System for Scientific Big Data Spatial-Seamless Sharing
Authors: Yu J. , Wu L. , Yang Y. , Lei X. , He W.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A good data sharing system with spatial-seamless services will prevent the scientists from tedious, boring, and time consuming work of spatial transformation, and hence encourage the usage of the scientific data, and increase the scientific innovation. Having been adopted as the framework of Earth datasets by Group on Earth Observation (GEO), Earth System Spatial Grid (ESSG) is potential to be the spatial reference of the Earth datasets. Based on the implementation of ESSG, SDOG-ESSG, a data sharing system named global data spatially interrelate system (GASE) was design to make the data sharing spatial-seamless. The architecture of GASE was introduced. The implementation of the two key components, V-Pools, and interrelating engine, and the prototype is presented. Any dataset is firstly resampled into SDOG-ESSG, and is divided into small blocks, and then are mapped into hierarchical system of the distributed file system in V-Pools, which together makes the data serving at a uniform spatial reference and at a high efficiency. Besides, the datasets from different data centres are interrelated by the interrelating engine at the uniform spatial reference of SDOGESSG, which enables the system to sharing the open datasets in the internet spatial-seamless.
On 3D Dimension: Study cases for Archaeological sites
Authors: D'Urso M. G. , Marino C. L. , Rotondi A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. For more than a century the tridimensional vision has been of interest for scientists and users in several fields of application. The mathematical bases have remained substantially unchanged but only the new technologies have allowed us to make the vision really impressive. Photography opens new frontiers and has enriched of physical, mathematical, chemical, informatical and topographic notions by making the images so real to make the observer fully immersed into the represented scene. By means of active googless the 3D digital technique, commonly used for video games, makes possible animations without limitations in the dimension of the images thanks to the improved performances of the graphic processor units and related hardware components. In this paper we illustrate an experience made by the students of the MSc'degree course of Topography, active at the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, in which the photography has been applied as an innovative technique for the surveying of cultural heritage. The tests foresee the use of traditional techniques of survey with 3D digital images and use of GPS sensors. The ultimate objective of our experience is the insertion in the web, allowing us the visualization of the 3D images equipped with all data. In conclusion these new methods of survey allow for the fusion of extremely different techniques, in such an impressive way to make them inseparable and justifying the origin of the neologism "Geomatics" coined at the Laval University (Canada) during the eighties.
The ISPRS Student Consortium: From launch to tenth anniversary
Authors: Kanjir U. , Detchev I. , Reyes S. R. , Akkartal Aktas A. , Lo C. Y. , Miyazaki H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The ISPRS Student Consortium is an international organization for students and young professionals in the fields of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and the geospatial information sciences. Since its start ten years ago, the number of members of the Student Consortium has been steadily growing, now reaching close to 1000. Its increased popularity, especially in recent years, is mainly due to the organization's worldwide involvement in student matters. The Student Consortium has helped organize numerous summer schools, youth forums, and student technical sessions at ISPRS sponsored conferences. In addition, the organization publishes a newsletter, and hosts several social media outlets in order to keep its global membership up-to-date on a regular basis. This paper will describe the structure of the organization, and it will give some example of its past student related activities.
Geoinformatics Education in China
Authors: Li D. , Gong J. , Yue P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The paper will give an overview of the current status of education in Geoinformatics in China. First, the paper will provide a general review of the scientific and technological development of Geoinformatics in China. It then presents how the development affects the education and training in China. In the paper, universities and institutes in China that can award academic degrees related to Geoinformatics will be summarized. Next, the paper will report the work having been done by the expert group on Surveying and Mapping, including the revision of discipline catalogue and guide for graduate education and requirements. A list of typical curriculain Geoinformatics education is suggested. Finally, activities on promoting the graduate student exchange platform will be presented.