bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers Perception Regarding Case Study Method as a Pedagogy in Business Schools
Authors: Abrar Muhammad , Abbasi Muhammad Nauman , Saqib Shahnawaz
Published: June 2021

Degree awarding institutes aims to cater needs of industry by providing skilled and trained manpower. For this sake, universities tend to design their curriculum. A case study method provides a tool to strengthen the learning of students while maintaining their natural environment. This study instigated perceptions of university teachers regarding case study methods being used and skills generated through the usage of this method at universities. Primary data was collected regarding various skills which are induced by using the case study methods among students for the improvement of business education. Four provinces of the country viz. Punjab, Sindh, KPK, and Baluchistan were approached for data collection from faculty members of both public and private sector universities (Business Schools). A representative sample of 16 universities offering business education (8 public and 8 private sector) was selected. In this connection, 8 universities from Punjab province including 4 in the public and 4 in the private sector whereas 4 universities from Sindh (2 public sector universities and 2 private sector universities), 2 universities from KPK and Baluchistan each (1 public sector university and 1 private sector university) were approached. Fifteen respondents/teachers from each institute were approached for data collection, thus forming a sample size of 240. Initially, teachers were consulted through focus group discussions to dig out the reason for using case study methods in business education. Based on their perception and relevant literature a set of forty questions was devised to identify the basic reasons/benefits of using case study methods by teachers in business education. After applying Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) a set of seven basic attributes was identified. Based on these characteristics revised questionnaires were floated among the survey participants at a large scale. From the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), seven basic factors/reasons have been identified. In Pakistan universities, teachers consider these skills while imparting their teaching expertise to students of business education. According to the perspective of university teachers' most important skill is problem-solving skills generated through the case study method. A similar pattern has been observed for public and private sector university teachers which implies that there is consensus among the teachers at all levels that the case study method generates problem-solving skills among students more importantly.
Collaboration of the Delivery Passport Service Innovation Program at the Makassar City Immigration Office Class I
Authors: Rudi Rudi , Armin Armin , Hasniati Hasniati , Rusdi Muhammad
Published: June 2021

Class I Immigration Makassar City is one of the institutions under the auspices of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia which has made many innovations in terms of passport services. One of them is passport delivery innovation in collaboration with PT. Pos Makassar Branch in serving passport delivery to the applicant's address. The collaboration between Class I Immigration Makassar City and PT. Pos Makassar branch aims to provide convenience for the public in obtaining passports through the delivery service of PT. Pos Makassar Branch. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques carried out through interviews, observations and documentation of informants who are directly involved in passport delivery services. The data were analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions and verification. In the collaboration process, it is seen from the aspect of managing aims; compromise, communication, democracy and equity; power and trust and determination, commitment and stamina. This study shows that each actor has the same goal, the establishment of open communication that can foster trust between actors and a strong commitment in improving passport delivery services to the public.
HUKUM, HAKIM, MAHKUM FIH DAN MAHKUM ALAIH (Studi Pemahaman Dasar Ilmu Hukum Islam)
Authors: Cut Ali Isnu
Published: June 2021

Dalam istilah ulama ushul, hukum didefinisikan sebagai suatu khitab syari’ yang berkaitan dengan perbuatan-perbuatan mukallaf, baik yang bersifat thalab (tuntutan), takhyiir (pilihan) atau wadl’i (ketetapan). Sedangkan hukum menurut pakar fiqih adalah suatu sifat syar’i yang merupakan pengaruh dari khitab tersebut. Dengan demikian, pengaruh khitab Allah yang berimplikasi pada kewajiban mendirikan shalat dari ayat “Aqiimu as-Sholaah”  adalah sebuah hukum. Secara hakikat hakim adalah Allah swt. Semata, tidak ada yang lain. Para utusan Allah hanya sekedar menyampaikan risalah dan hukum-hukumnya saja. Mereka semua tidak menciptakan atau menetapkan hukum. Sementara para mujtahid cuma sekedar menyingkap tabir-tabir hukum. Mereka juga bukan pencipta hukum syariat, sekalipun secara adat mereka juga terkadang disebut hakim. Yang dimaksud dengan mahkum fih adalah perbuatan seorang mukallaf yang berkaitan dengan taklif/pembebanan. Taklif yang berasal dari Allah ditujukan pada manusia dalam setiap perbuatan-perbuatannya. Mahkum alaih adalah seorang mukallaf yang perbuatannya itu berkaitan dengan hukum dari syari’.
KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM
Authors: Syariful Anam Muhammad , Yulianti Wina , Nur Safitri Sari , Nur Qolifah Siti , Rosia Rina
Published: June 2021

This study examines how Islam views natural resource conservation. This is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Based on the results of the studies that have been carried out, it can be concluded that Islam teaches humans to be responsible for all of Allah's creation, including being responsible for protecting and maintaining natural resource ecosystems. The principle of conservation in Islam is based on mutual care between humans and nature, because basically humans take advantage of the available natural resources. In addition, in the utilization of natural resources, humans must pay attention to balance, not be exploitative and remain proportional so that natural resources are preserved.
SMALL PARTICLES WITH LARGE PERSPECTIVES: III. HOW TO COMBINE?
Authors: Sergeyeva Olga V.
Published: June 2021

The closing article of the series is concerned with the problems of the creation of nanostructures with more or less sophisticated architecture. If the nanoparticles themselves are mainly of academic inter-est, their assemblies can be used as the working elements of future devices. Such assemblies perform completely new and unexpected properties, which can not be treated as the simple sum of the their con-stituent particles. Nanoparticles can be organized into the assembly by various ways – by means of elec-trostatic, capillary, Van-der-Vaalce and other interactions. Of the special interest is the self-assembly, being known as an attribute of the living matter, but possible in the more primitive form in the inorganic systems, as it is demonstrated with the examples of chemical assemblage and template synthesis. The role of the biomolecules and effects of biospecific recognition in the nanostructures formation is discussed, as well as the possibilities to arrange nanoparticles in the desired order using the atomic-force microscopes.
Key words: nanoparticles, nanostructures, self-assembly, colloidal crystals, layer –by-layer assembly, template synthesis, biomolecules.
Analysis of Discharge Planning Implementation at Siloam Hospitals Balikpapan
Authors: Michdar Andi Batari Toja , Rivai Fridawaty , Thamrin Yahya , Pasinringi Syahrir , Maidin Alimin , Anqam Hasnawati
Published: June 2021

This study aims to analyze the implementation of discharge planning at Siloam Hospitals Balikpapan in 2018. The type of research conducted is a mix method research. The sample of this study was taken with a total sampling of patients in the Inpatient Installation which was then observed on 260 medical record documents to determine the percentage of completeness of filling items and the timeliness of returning medical record files, then 7 (seven) informants. The results showed that the results showed that the implementation of discharge planning at the Siloam Hospital Balikpapan inpatient had not been running according to the standards set by the hospital, namely 100%. In the discharge planning implementation, the most influential factor is the human resource factor, seen from the discharge planning cycle implementation from the initial HR involvement to the end. It is recommended for hospital management that the parts that are still not appropriate (14.5%) to be evaluated further, so that the causal factors can be immediately corrected. For the implementation of communication, it is necessary to convey clearly and accurately related to the information provided so that it is easy to understand and run in accordance with policy objectives such as holding regular socialization so that health workers understand the outline of the purpose of implementing this discharge planning.
USO E COBERTURA DA TERRA E O PROCESSO DE DESERTIFICAÇÃO NO POLO REGIONAL DE JEREMOABO-BAHIA
Authors: Oliveira Junior Israel De , Pereira Anderson De Jesus , Lobão Jocimara Souza Britto , Silva Barbara-Christine Marie Nentwig
Published: June 2021

No jogo de relações entre a sociedade e a natureza nas terras secas, a insustentabilidade ambiental das práticas, técnicas e tecnologias humanas configuram cenários de desertificação nas diferentes escalas espaciais, sejam locais, nacionais e regionais. Por meio desta pesquisa, analisou-se o uso e cobertura da terra como indicador ambiental de desertificação no polo regional de Jeremoabo, estado da Bahia. Construiu-se o mapa de uso e cobertura da terra pela interpretação de imagens LANDSAT-8, associada aos dados de campo. Alguns testes foram realizados para a definição das classes dos mapas, de acordo com os dados de campo, resolução da imagem, escala cartográfica do mapa e referências sobre o tema. A agropecuária é um fator da supressão das feições vegetais em favor da ampliação dos campos de agricultura e de pecuária, que se estendem em mais de 15,4 mil km2, com indicativos de deterioração da vegetação e do ambiente, observáveis na (re)classificação das feições vegetais, a partir do qualitativo antropizada, para apontar a pressão na biodiversidade. Os níveis acentuados de degradação equivalem às classes Solo Exposto e Superfície Erosiva Flúvio-pluvial, resultantes da supressão da cobertura vegetal sobre os Neossolos, altamente suscetíveis aos processos erosivos.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 gene insertion/deletion polymorphism may be associated with COVID-19 clinical severity: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Gunal Ozgur , Sezer Ozlem , Ustun Goksenin Unluguzel , Ozturk Cagatay Erman , Sen Ahmet , Yigit Serbulent , Demirag Mehmet Derya
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism may play a role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19).

OBJECTIVES:

Investigate the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and the clinical severity of COVID-19.

DESIGN:

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING:

Tertiary care hospital.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The study included COVID-19 patients with asymptomatic, mild, and severe disease with clinical data and whole blood samples collected from 1 April 2020 to 1 July 2020. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:

ACE DD, DI and II genotypes frequencies.

SAMPLE SIZE:

90 cases, 30 in each disease severity group.

RESULTS:

Age and the frequency of general comorbidity increased significantly from the asymptomatic disease group to the severe disease group. Advanced age, diabetes mellitus and presence of ischemic heart disease were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 [OR and 95 % CI: 1.052 (1.021-1.083), 5.204 (1.006-26.892) and 5.922 (1.109-31.633), respectively]. The ACE II genotype was the dominant genotype (50%) in asymptomatic patients, while the DD genotype was the dominant genotype (63.3 %) in severe disease. The ACE II geno-type was protective against severe COVID-19 [OR and 95% CI: .323 (.112-.929)]. All nine patients (8.9%) who died had severe disease.

CONCLUSIONS:

The clinical severity of COVID-19 infection may be associated with the ACE I/D polymorphism.

LIMITATIONS:

Small sample size and single center.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
The epidemiology of drowning among Saudi children: results from a large trauma center
Authors: Alkhalaf Hamad , Zuraie Meshal , Alqahtani Ryan Nasser , Alghamdi Mashael , Afif Abdulrahman Bin , Alqahtani Faisal Jubran , Jawdat Talal , Abusulaiman Suhaib , Alshahrani Abdulaziz , Alghnam Suliman
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND:

Drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional death among children worldwide. Although natural waters pose a risk of drowning in low-income countries, swimming pools are more prevalent in high-income countries. In Saudi Arabia, injuries and drowning are a significant threat to population health. Local data is limited, which affects an understanding of the extent of the burden and the development of prevention strategies.

OBJECTIVE:

Determine the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of drowning among children.

DESIGN:

Retrospective chart review.

SETTING:

Patients admitted to the tertiary care unit of a hospital in Riyadh.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Data was collected on children who drowned (age 0-14) between January 2015 and August 2020. Cases were identified from the electronic health record system where the diagnosis was drowning. Differences in characteristics and outcomes between nonfatal cases with no neurological damage and fatal cases with neurological damage were analyzed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:

Drowning mortality and morbidity.

SAMPLE SIZE:

99.

RESULTS:

Of the 99 drowning cases, 22 (22.2%) had a fatal outcome or resulted in neurological damage. The most-reported drowning site was private pools (82%). The majority of cases involved children younger than the age of two (54%). Eighty-four cases (84.8%) occurred on holidays. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed in 61 (61.6%) of cases. A significant association was found between the delay in initiating resuscitation and an unfavorable outcome (P<.01). A high Glasgow Coma Scale score upon admission was a predictor of normal recovery (P<.01).

CONCLUSION:

These findings warrant investment to increase public awareness of the risks of leaving children unsupervised in swimming pools. In addition, there is a need to ensure early resuscitation of drowning victims by promoting life support courses in order to facilitate positive outcomes.

LIMITATIONS:

The study was conducted in one tertiary center located in a non-coastal city so the results may not be generalizable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Pilonidal sinus disease recurrence at a tertiary care center in Riyadh
Authors: Albabtain Ibrahim Tawfiq , Alkhaldi Abdullah , Aldosari Lama , Alsaadon Lina
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND:

Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sacrococcygeal area. Pilonidal sinus recurrence is a matter of concern to both patients and healthcare providers.

OBJECTIVES:

Estimate the rate of PSD recurrence in our center and identify any risk factors contributing to disease recurrence.

DESIGN:

Retrospective.

SETTING:

Tertiary care center in Riyadh.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

All patients who underwent surgery for primary or recurrent pilonidal sinus between 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2019 were included to allow for at least 1-year of follow-up at the time of data collection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:

Recurrence rate of PSD and risk factors for recurrence.

SAMPLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS:

369 patients: 329 males (89.2%) and 40 (10.8%) females. Median (interquartile range) age was 21 (18-26) years.

RESULTS:

Of the 369 included patients, recurrence was identified in 84 (22.8%) cases [95% confidence interval (CI) 18.6-27.4], and the mean timing of recurrence was 1.8 (1.6) years after the primary surgery. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, increased age and post-operative seroma fluid discharge were independent risk factors for recurrence. In contrast, preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative hair removal were effective in reducing recurrence. Type of surgery closure had no effect on recurrence, yet primary closure was associated with early onset of recurrence compared to secondary closure (
P
=.02).

CONCLUSION:

Our findings on the factors associated with recurrence of PSD are consistent with many reports in the literature. Reported prevalence estimates vary widely.

LIMITATION:

Single center, small sample size, retrospective.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Kurtuluş Teolojisi Hareketi Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Latin Amerika Örneği
Authors: ÜSTÜNYER Akın
Published: June 2021

Katolik Hıristiyanlığın hakim olduğu Latin Amerika kıtasında 1960’lı yıllarda insanların sosyo-ekonomik haklarını savunan Kurtuluş Teolojisi (Liberation Theology) hareketi ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu teoloji, manevi kurtuluştan (salvation) çok dünyevi kurtuluşu (sosyal ve ekonomik) hedeflemesi açısından Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nden farklılaşmaktadır. Aynı zamanda Latin Amerika kıtasındaki bu hareket; yoksulların, fakirlerin, işsizlerin, topraksız çiftçilerin ve şehirlerdeki gecekondu mahallelerinde unutulan Hıristiyanların bir isyanıdır. Bu isyan hareketini teologlar ve din adamları destekleyerek Marksist ideolojide yer alan “praxis” (eylem/uygulama) kavramını ön plana çıkarmışlardır. Bu kavram doğrultusunda yerel kiliseler içerisinde “Taban Cemaatleri” kurulmuştur. Kurtuluş Teolojisi hareketi ortaya çıktığı günden bugüne kadar birçok değişime uğramıştır. Biz de bu çalışmamızda Kurtuluş Teolojisi adındaki halk hareketinin nasıl ortaya çıktığını, işlevini gerçekleştirirken nelere başvurduğunu, hangi aşamalardan geçtiğini ve bugün hangi konumda olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalıştık.
Yöresel Mutfak ile Destinasyon ve Gastronomi Turizmi Arasındaki İlişkiye Yönelik Bir İnceleme
Authors: ÜZÜLMEZ Meral
Published: June 2021

Gastronomi turizminde faaliyette bulunmak isteyen birçok destinasyonu rakipleri karşında avantajlı kılan en önemli unsurlardan birisi yöresel mutfaklarıdır. Özellikle destinasyonların ziyaretçilerine unutulmaz bir gastronomi deneyimi yaşatmak amacıyla yöresel mutfak unsurlarını sıkça kullandıkları ve bu kapsamda, yöresel mutfakların genellikle destinasyon ve gastronomi turizmiyle birlikte ele alındığı görülmektedir. Buradan hareketle, çalışmada yöresel mutfak ile destinasyon ve gastronomi turizmi arasındaki ilişkiyi alanyazında gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar doğrultusunda incelemek ve bu çalışmaların bulguları kapsamında bir genelleme ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Belirtilen temel amaç doğrultusunda, araştırma verilerini elde etmek için derinlemesine alanyazın taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Söz konusu alanyazın taraması 2021 yılı Şubat-Nisan tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. İnceleme sonucunda, yöresel mutfakların destinasyon imajı ve pazarlamasında önemli bir araç olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, yöresel mutfakların gastronomi turizminin sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağladığı ve çekici bir unsur olduğu da çalışmada ortaya çıkan bir diğer önemli sonucu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, destinasyonların, turist istek ve ihtiyaçlarına yanıt verebilecek pazarlama araçlarını geliştirmesi ve söz konusu tanıtım ve pazarlama faaliyetlerinde yöresel mutfak marka değerinin yansıtılacağı tutundurma çalışmalarını gerçekleştirmeleri önerilmektedir.
KOMPETENSI GURU DALAM PENYUSUNAN INSTRUMEN IPS DI SDIT AL-FITYAN KECAMATAN SOMBA OPU KABUPATEN GOWA
Authors: Junaedi Junaedi , Bahri Aliem , Mirnawati Mirnawati
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kenyataan bahwa kompetensi guru merupakan aspek yang sangat penting untuk peningkatan mutu pendidikan. Upaya meningkatkan mutu dibidang pendidikan dapat dilakukan dengan cara berinovasi yang terintegrasi secara berkesinambungan. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu 1) Bagaimanakah kompetensi guru dalam penyusunan instrumen penilaian mata pelajaran IPS di SDIT Al-fityan Kecamatan Somba Opu Kabupaten Gowa. 2)  Faktor apa yang mendukung dan menghambat kompetensi guru dalam penyusunan instrumen penilaian mata pelajaran IPS di SDIT Al-fityan Kecamatan Somba Opu Kabupaten Gowa.  Oleh karena itu, Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan guru, mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat kompetensi guru dalam penyusunan instrumen penilaian mata pelajaran IPS di SDIT Al-fityan Kecamatan Somba Opu Kabupaten Gowa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif melalui pendekatan deskriptif, dengan penentuan informan secara purposive sampling yang terdiri dari kepala sekolah, guru kelas III dan VI, serta peserta didik kelas III dan VI. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kompetensi guru yang mengajar di SDIT Al-Fityan Gowa sudah memiliki kompetensi pedagogik yang baik dalam penyusunan instrumen penilaian. Selain itu, peningkatan kompetensi pedagogik ditunjang dengan adanya faktor pendukung kompetensi guru yaitu: 1) Tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi. 2) Keikutsertaan dalam berbagai pelatihan dan kegiatan ilmiah. 3) Masa kerja dan pengalaman kerja. 4) Tingkat kesejahteraan. 5) Kesadaran kewajiban dan tanggung jawab. 6) Ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana. 7) Kepemimpinan kepala sekolah. 8) kegiatan pembinaan yang dilakukan. Faktor penghambat kompetensi pedagogik guru adalah kurangnya pemahaman tentang penilaian pada kurikulum 2013. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan sebagai rujukan untuk upaya peningkatan kompetensi guru di abad 21
HOW HAS THE SELF-PERCEIVED HEALTH SHAPED THE COVID-19 CAUSALITIES IN THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES?
Authors: Niftiyev Ibrahim , Huseynova Rena
Published: June 2021

Similar to many countries around the world, Visegrad countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary) have been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic after the second half of 2020. The outbreak was handled with both success and challenges, experiencing severe declines in economic activities. Despite a complex set of factors determining how the countries handled the pandemic in the hospitals, having a look for the period before the pandemic to analyze what were the change patterns among the citizens concerning the healthcare system poses an interesting analytical way to compare with the COVID-19 trends. By utilizing the Eurostat data on the self-perceiving health conditions, the graphical analysis of this paper suggests that Visegrad countries shared similar trends and dynamics in COVID-19 infection causalities, and also pre-pandemic health situations. Furthermore, the results of the calculated linear and exponential slopes of the infected and death cases identified that the countries with higher averages of self-perceived states have less steep functional reflections.
АНАЛІЗ МЕТОДІВ ТА ЗАХОДІВ ІЗ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТОЧНОСТІ ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕННІ ВИМІРЮВАНЬ ТА ОБЛІКУ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ КОМЕРЦІЙНОГО ОБЛІКУ (АСКОЕ) В УМОВАХ ЕНЕРГОРИНКУ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Піщак Юлія , Габльовська Надія , Кононенко Марина
Published: June 2021

На основі аналізу структурної ієрархічної побудови автоматизованої системи комерційного обліку електроенергії в умовах енергоринку України було досліджено заходи із забезпечення точності при проведенні вимірювань засобами системи та розрахунково – експериментальний метод оцінки похибок вимірювальних каналів системи як найбільш ефективного.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ РЕГУЛЯРНОСТИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ АВТОБУСОВ НА ГОРОДСКИХ МАРШРУТАХ
Authors: Кулиев Тахир , Кулиев Джаваншир , Аллахвердиев Рашад
Published: June 2021

Современный этап развития пассажирского автотранспорта характеризуется переходом к разработке и использованию передовой технологии, стремлением добиться предельно высоких эксплуатационных характеристик подвижного состава, необходимостью свести к минимуму потери времени населения на передвижение с обеспечением комфорта поездок пассажиров. Все это возможно только при условии повышения эффективности системы обеспечения регулярности движения пассажирского транспорта. Не прерывный рост городов, численности городского населения сопровождается увеличением затрат времена пассажиров на поездку в общественном транспорте. Поэтому на снижение затрат времени пассажиров на совершение поездки должно быть обращено дальнейшее развитие городского пассажирского транспорта. Следовательно, уменьшение этого времени зависит от повышения эффективности системы обеспечения регулярности движения автобусов, и она имеет повышенную актуальность. Целью настоящего исследования является повышение эффективности обеспечения регулярности движения автобусов на городском транспорте улучшение качества обслуживания пассажиров путем уменьшения затраты времени населения на ожидания начала поездки и уравнивание условий проезда на различныхмаршрутах. Для достижения указанной цели потребовалось решение следующих задач: определение статических закономерностей вероятностных характеристик перевозногопроцесса; совершенствование методов оценки и анализа выполнения расписание движения автобусов; разработка эффективных методов резервировании автобусов; разработкаметода оперативного распределения автобусов разных марок по маршрутам в условиях применения резерва автобусов. В статье приводятся краткая пояснение решения этих задачи дана общая схема проведения работы с указанием использованных методов теоретических и экспериментальных исследований. Основное содержание статьи состоит в том, чтоздесь расписан результаты разработанного нами метода резервирования автобусов на городском маршрутизированном транспорте. Определение количества резервных автобусов предлагается осуществлять с учетом экономических и социальных аспектов. Система обслуживание городского транспорта резервными автобусами рассматривается как система массового обслуживания. При решении данной задачи с применением теории массово обслуживания использованы суммарные затраты от экономических и социальных издержек. Поэтому при этом учитываются интересыпассажиров и автобусных предприятий.
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АЛГОРИТМІВ РІШЕННЯ ЗАДАЧ ДИСКРЕТНОЇ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ НА ОСНОВІ РАНГОВОГО ПІДХОДУ ТА ПРИНЦИПУ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЗА НАПРЯМКОМ
Authors: Голубничий Дмитро , Третяк Вячеслав , Костенко Ігор , Поляцко Володимир , Апполонов Олександр , Крук Богдан , Закіров Замір
Published: June 2021

Наведено результати експериментального дослідження алгоритмів рішення задач дискретної оптимізації на основі рангового підходу та принципу оптимізації за напрямком.
Differentials in Female Age at Marriage in Pakistan: Have they Changed or Not?
Authors: Shahzad Aneel
Published: June 2021

Age at marriage is an important factor to study the marriage patterns of a country because of strong relationship between age at first marriage and childbearing. In this study, effects of one major socio-cultural factor female education and place of residence have been illustrated. The present study attempted to find differentials in female age at marriage in Pakistan since Pakistan has begun to face early demographic transition since 90’s. The investigation of differentials in female age at marriage in this study is generally based on data analysis of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2006-07. While comparative analysis also discussed in a separate section with findings of PDHS, 2012-13. The age at first marriage of women lived in major urban areas seemed to carry with them the influence of the urban lifestyle and are also influenced by the educational enrollment opportunities.
Interlinkages among Terrorism, Macroeconomic Instability, Political Instability, and Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Naz Ayesha , Jabeen Hafsa , Nasir Azra
Published: June 2021

This study attempts to establish the relationship between three types of instabilities and economic growth. Political instability, macroeconomic instability, terrorism, and economic growth are analyzed for the period of 1970 to 2019 in Pakistan. The study constructs the indices of the above-mentioned variables by adding some new variables. Results show that terrorism, political instability, macroeconomic instability, and GDP per capita have long-run associations. GDP per capita and political instability is positively related to terrorism. It indicates that political instable environment paves the way for terrorists to achieve their targets in Pakistan. However, the positive association of GDP per capita to terrorism is due to uneven income distribution pattern. It stimulates deprived groups to become a part of violent activities. Furthermore, results show that macroeconomic performance of a country has no significant effect on terrorist activities but persistent poor performance increases the probability of terrorism. Therefore, in the long-run, macroeconomic instability has positive influence on terrorism. Causality relationships indicate no link between political instability and macroeconomic instability. However, terrorism causes both political and macroeconomic instability in Pakistan.
Unriddling Academic Dishonesty through the Lens of Teacher and Student Perceptions
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Akram Gulnaz , Durrani Areeha Khan , Siddique Ali Raza
Published: June 2021

This study sought to explore contributory factors of academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty is being practiced yet little research has been conducted on the subject. Subsequently, this study employed the qualitative approach for in-depth exploration of the factors of academic dishonesty. In this study, focus group discussions were conducted with two groups of participants; university students (N=12) and university teachers (N=08) of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Participants for this study were recruited through purposive sampling. Three research questions were asked to the participants: Q1) How is academic dishonesty described by students and teachers? Q2) What would be the possible types of academic dishonesty? and Q3) What are the pros and cons of academic dishonesty in the long run? Their responses were audio taped and the collected data were transcribed by following transcription steps provided by Humble (2015). For data analysis, NVivo (12) was utilized and factors were extracted. The prudent findings found that cheating, plagiarism, falsification and failure of system are identified as the most prominent factors. The findings of this study concluded that these factors significantly shape-up academic dishonesty in higher learning institutions. Findings of this study would help educationists to bring about reforms in the educational sector.
خطاب الكراهية: التحدّيات وسُبُل المُواجَهة
Authors: AMARA Naceur
Published: June 2021

يعالج هذا البحث أهمّ التحدّيات التي تواجهها المجتمعات والدول المعاصرة في مكافحتها لخطاب الكراهية الدينية من خلال تشريح أضرار خطاب الكراهية ومخاطره ضمن مبحثٍ أوّل (خطاب الكراهية: إبادةٌ نفسية وإهدارٌ للكرامة) ثمّ تحليل مسألة الكراهية الدينية من خلال مبحث ثانٍ (الكراهية الدينية: الأديانُ في حالة طوارئ) والتفريق بين (أ- الانتماء الديني باعتباره التزاماً شخصياً وبين ب- الانتماء الديني باعتباره هويّة ثقافية)، وبعده عرضنا التصوّر القانوني لخطاب الكراهية في مبحث ثالث: (خطاب الكراهية والردع القانوني: الكراهية الخاملة والكراهية النَشِطَة). كما حلّلنا الإطار الحقوقي لخطاب الكراهية الدينية من خلال ربطه بمسألة حريّة التعبير ضمن مبحث رابع (خطاب الكراهية وحريّة التعبير: مبرّراتٌ واهية وتعسّفٌ مكشوف). وفي مبحث خامس قمنا بتشخيص خطاب الكراهية في المرحلة التي مرّ بها العالم العربي خلال ما سُمّيَ في وسائل الإعلام بالربيع العربي، وفي مبحث سادس اقترحنا سُبُلاً لمواجهة خطاب الكراهية وعلاج ومكافحة خطاب الكراهية الدينية بالخصوص فيما سميّناه بـ: صناعة مُضادّات الكراهية
The role of youth organizations in the socio-political life of the republic of kazakhstan
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Kutbanbayeva I.N.
Published: June 2021

The article describes the youth organizations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, their mission, goals and main activities. Based on the materials of a sociological study, the attitude of young citizens to the activities of youth organizations is determined. Attention is drawn to the importance of youth organizations in Kazakhstan for the socio-political life of the Republic. Based on the results of the research conducted by scientists, problems regarding public opinion about the activities of youth organizations in Kazakhstan were identified.
Public health needs GIScience (like now)
Authors: Blanford Justine I. , Jolly Ann M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. During the last 20 years we have seen the re-emergence of diseases; emergence of new diseases in new locations and witnessed outbreaks of varying intensity and duration. Spatial epidemiology plays an important role in understanding the patterns of disease and how they change over time and across space.The aim of this paper is to bring together a public health and geospatial data science perspective to provide a framework that will facilitate the integration of geographic information and spatial analyses at different stages of public health response so that these data and methods can be effectively used to enhance surveillance and monitoring, intervention strategies (planning and implementation of a response) and facilitate both short- and long-term forecasting.To demonstrate elements of this framework and how it can be utilized, we selected three case studies ranging from the current the global COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic of 2020 to more historical examples such as the John Snow Cholera outbreak of 1854 and the Ebola outbreak of 2014 in West Africa.A variety of methods including spatial descriptive statistics, as well as methods for analysing patterns were used. The examples we provide can reveal sources of infection, connectivity between locations, delineate zones of containment and show the spread of an outbreak globally and locally across space and time.
Using eigen decomposition and sequence-based representation to extract movement patterns from contextualized tracking data
Authors: Brum-Bastos Vanessa , Long Jed , Demšar Urška
Published: June 2021

Abstract. State sequences are a new paradigm to encode and represent contextualised movement data. A state sequence is a temporal succession of characters representing categorical states of the moving entity or its surrounding environment. Eigen decomposition, a principal components analysis method, is an option to reduce and find patterns in such multi-dimensional categorical data through dimensionality reduction. Recurrent patterns can be found by identifying the most relevant eigenbehaviours, which are a set of vectors that characterize the variation in the behaviour of an entity during a time period. Dimensionality reduction techniques have so far not been widely used in movement analytics and in this paper we demonstrate how they could help analyse responses of a moving entity to the dynamic environmental conditions. Specifically, we use sequence-based representation and eigen decomposition to investigate movement patterns of maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in relation to vegetation vigour in their habitat. We use a set of GPS-trajectories from a group of maned wolves to which we link multi-source NDVI data as a proxy for the state of vegetation. We find that eigenbehaviours can identify patterns in the wolves’ responses to dynamic environmental conditions that align with the current literature on the species. Our research highlights the potential for dimensionality reduction and sequence-based methods to identify patterns in large tracking databases linked to contextual data.
How do green areas influence the temperature of cities? Web map to help local decision making about cities and the climate emergency
Authors: Garcia-Lozano Carla , Peliova Anna , Sitjar Josep
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The positive effect of urban greenery on the city’s microclimate is well known, as is its ability to reduce the ambient temperature in urban areas. Our results show how the areas with the lowest surface temperature clearly coincide with the vegetated areas in the city of Barcelona. This phenomenon demonstrates the importance of increasing the urban greenery in large compact cities, such as the city of Barcelona, in order to regulate the local temperature and mitigate the effects of global warming on a large scale. The web map presented here can be used as a tool for decision makers to identify the warmest areas in the city of Barcelona and to increase greenery in an efficient manner.
Microbial and geo-archaeological records reveal the growth rate, origin and composition of desert rock surface communities
Authors: Wieler Nimrod , Erickson Gini Tali , Gillor Osnat , Angel Roey
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Biological rock crusts (BRCs) are ubiquitous features of rock surfaces in drylands composed of slow-growing microbial assemblages. BRC presence is often correlated with rock weathering, soiling effect or mitigating geomorphic processes. However, their development rate is still unknown. In this work, we characterised and dated BRCs in an arid environment, under natural conditions, by integrating archaeological, microbiological and geological methods. To this end, we sampled rocks from a well-documented Byzantine archaeological site and the surrounding area located in the central Negev, Israel. The archaeological site, which is dated to the fourth to seventh centuries CE, was constructed from two lithologies, limestone and chalk. BRC started developing on the rocks after being carved, and its age should match that of the site. Using stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, we confirmed the biogenic nature of the crusts. The BRC samples showed mild differences in the microbial community assemblages between the site and its surroundings, irrespective of lithology, confirming the dominance of aeolian inoculation sources. All BRCs were dominated by Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria. We further measured the BRC thickness on 1700-year-old building stone blocks and determined it to be 0.1–0.6 mm thick. Therefore, a BRC growth rate was estimated, for the first time, to be 0.06–0.35 mm kyr−1. Our dating method was then validated on a similar archaeological site located ca. 20 km away, giving comparable values. We propose that BRC growth rates could be used as an affordable yet robust dating tool in archaeological sites in arid environments.
A data–model approach to interpreting speleothem oxygen isotope records from monsoon regions
Authors: Parker Sarah E. , Harrison Sandy P. , Comas-Bru Laia , Kaushal Nikita , LeGrande Allegra N. , Werner Martin
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Reconstruction of past changes in monsoon climate from
speleothem oxygen isotope (δ18O) records is complex because
δ18O signals can be influenced by multiple factors including
changes in precipitation, precipitation recycling over land, temperature at
the moisture source, and changes in the moisture source region and transport
pathway. Here, we analyse >150 speleothem records of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) database to
produce composite regional trends in δ18O in monsoon regions; compositing minimises the influence of site-specific karst and cave processes that can influence individual site records. We compare speleothem δ18O observations with isotope-enabled climate model simulations to investigate the specific climatic factors causing these regional trends. We focus on differences in δ18O signals between the mid-Holocene, the peak of the Last Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e) and
the Last Glacial Maximum as well as on δ18O evolution through the
Holocene. Differences in speleothem δ18O between the
mid-Holocene and the Last Interglacial in the East Asian and Indian monsoons are
small, despite the larger summer insolation values during the Last
Interglacial. Last Glacial Maximum δ18O values are
significantly less negative than interglacial values. Comparison with
simulated glacial–interglacial δ18O shows that changes are
principally driven by global shifts in temperature and regional
precipitation. Holocene speleothem δ18O records show distinct
and coherent regional trends. Trends are similar to summer insolation in
India, China and southwestern South America, but they are different in the
Indonesian–Australian region. Redundancy analysis shows that 37 % of
Holocene variability can be accounted for by latitude and longitude,
supporting the differentiation of records into individual monsoon regions.
Regression analysis of simulated precipitation δ18O and climate variables show significant relationships between global Holocene monsoon δ18O trends and changes in precipitation, atmospheric circulation and (to a lesser extent) source area temperature, whereas precipitation recycling is non-significant. However, there are differences in regional-scale mechanisms: there are clear relationships between changes in precipitation and δ18O for India, southwestern South America and the Indonesian–Australian regions but not for the East Asian monsoon. Changes in atmospheric circulation contribute to δ18O trends in the East Asian, Indian and Indonesian–Australian monsoons, and a weak source area temperature effect is observed over southern and central America and Asia. Precipitation recycling is influential in southwestern South America and southern Africa. Overall, our analyses show that it is possible to differentiate the impacts of specific climatic mechanisms influencing precipitation δ18O and use this analysis to interpret changes in speleothem δ18O.
Salinity dynamics of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Lehmann Andreas , Myrberg Kai , Post Piia , Chubarenko Irina , Dailidiene Inga , Hinrichsen Hans-Harald , Hüssy Karin , Liblik Taavi , Lips Urmas , Meier H. E. Markus , Bukanova Tatiana
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In the Baltic Sea, salinity and its large variability, both horizontal and vertical, are key physical factors in determining the overall stratification conditions. In addition to that, salinity and its changes also have large effects on various ecosystem processes. Several factors determine the observed two-layer vertical structure of salinity. Due to the excess of river runoff to the sea, there is a continuous outflow of water masses in the surface layer with a compensating inflow to the Baltic in the lower layer. Also, the net precipitation plays a role in the water balance and consequently in the salinity dynamics. The salinity conditions in the sea are also coupled with the changes in the meteorological conditions. The ecosystem is adapted to the current salinity level: a change in the salinity balance would lead to ecological stress of flora and fauna, and related negative effects on possibilities to carry on sustainable development of the ecosystem. The Baltic Sea salinity regime has been studied for more than 100 years. In spite of that, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the changes of salinity in space and time. An important part of our understanding of salinity are its long-term changes. However, the available scenarios for the future development of salinity are still inaccurate. We still need more studies on various factors related to salinity dynamics. Among others more knowledge is needed, e.g. from meteorological patterns in various space and time scales and mesoscale variability in precipitation. Also, updated information on river runoff and inflows of saline water is needed to close the water budget. We still do not understand accurately enough the water mass exchange between North Sea and Baltic Sea and within its sub-basins. Scientific investigations of the complicated vertical mixing processes are additionally required. This paper is a continuation and update of the BACC II book which was published in 2015, including information from articles issued until 2012. After that, there have been many new publications on the salinity dynamics, not least because of the Major Baltic Inflow which took place in December 2014. Several key topics have been investigated, including the coupling of long-term variations of climate with the observed salinity changes. Here the focus is on observing and indicating the role of climate change for salinity dynamics. New results of MBI-dynamics and related water mass interchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea have been published. Those studies also included results from the MBI-related meteorological conditions, variability in salinity and exchange of water masses between various scales. All these processes are in turn coupled with changes in the Baltic Sea circulation dynamics.
University of Colorado and Black Swift Technologies RPAS-based measurements of the lower atmosphere during LAPSE-RATE
Authors: de Boer Gijs , Dixon Cory , Borenstein Steven , Lawrence Dale A. , Elston Jack , Hesselius Daniel , Stachura Maciej , Laurence III Roger , Swenson Sara , Choate Christopher M. , Doddi Abhiram , Sesnic Aiden , Glasheen Katherine , Laouar Zakariya , Quinby Flora , Frew Eric , Argrow Brian M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Between 14 and 20 July 2018, small remotely piloted aircraft
systems (RPASs) were deployed to the San Luis Valley of Colorado (USA)
together with a variety of surface-based remote and in situ sensors as well as
radiosonde systems as part of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at
Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). The
observations from LAPSE-RATE were aimed at improving our understanding of
boundary layer structure, cloud and aerosol properties, and
surface–atmosphere exchange and provide detailed information to support
model evaluation and improvement work. The current paper describes the
observations obtained using four different types of RPASs deployed by the
University of Colorado Boulder and Black Swift Technologies. These included
the DataHawk2, the Talon and the TTwistor (University of Colorado), and the S1 (Black
Swift Technologies). Together, these aircraft collected over 30 h of
data throughout the northern half of the San Luis Valley, sampling altitudes
between the surface and 914 m a.g.l. Data from these platforms are publicly
available through the Zenodo archive and are co-located with other
LAPSE-RATE data as part of the Zenodo LAPSE-RATE community
(https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/, last access: 27 May 2021). The primary DOIs for these
datasets are https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3891620 (DataHawk2, de Boer et al., 2020a, e),
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4096451 (Talon, de Boer et al., 2020d),
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4110626 (TTwistor, de Boer et al., 2020b), and
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3861831 (S1, Elston and Stachura, 2020).
Wind farm layout optimization using pseudo-gradients
Authors: Quaeghebeur Erik , Bos René , Zaaijer Michiel B.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This paper presents a heuristic building block for wind farm layout optimization algorithms. For each pair of wake-interacting turbines, a vector is defined. Its magnitude is proportional to the wind speed deficit of the waked turbine due to the waking turbine. Its direction is chosen from the inter-turbine, downwind, or crosswind directions. These vectors can be combined for all waking or waked turbines and averaged over the wind resource to obtain a vector, a “pseudo-gradient”, that can take the role of gradient in classical gradient-following optimization algorithms. A proof-of-concept optimization algorithm demonstrates how such vectors can be used for computationally efficient wind farm layout optimization. Results for various sites, both idealized and realistic, illustrate the types of layout generated by the proof-of-concept algorithm. These results provide a basis for a discussion of the heuristic's strong points – speed, competitive reduction in wake losses, and flexibility – and weak points – partial blindness to the objective and dependence on the starting layout.
The computational speed of pseudo-gradient-based optimization is an enabler for analyses that would otherwise be computationally impractical.
Pseudo-gradient-based optimization has already been used by industry in the design of large-scale (offshore) wind farms.