bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of Shockley type stacking faults upon forward degradation in 4H-SiC p-i-n diodes
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Matsuhata Hirofumi , Kawabata Naoyuki , Mori Daisuke , Inoue Kei , Ryo Mina , Fujimoto Takumi , Tawara Takeshi , Miyazato Masaki , Miyajima Masaaki , Fukuda Kenji , Ohtsuki Akihiro , Kato Tomohisa , Tsuchida Hidekazu , Yonezawa Yoshiyuki , Kimoto Tsunenobu
Published: March 2016

The growth of Shockley type stacking faults in p-i-n diodes fabricated on the C-face of 4H-SiC during forward current operation was investigated using Berg-Barrett X-ray topography and photoluminescence imaging. After forward current experiment, Shockley type stacking faults were generated from very short portions of basal plane dislocations lower than the conversion points to threading edge dislocations in the epitaxial layer. The growth behavior of Shockley type stacking faults was discussed. Growth of stacking faults in the substrates was not observed.
Room temperature strong light-matter coupling in three dimensional terahertz meta-atoms
Authors: Paulillo B. , Manceau J.-M. , Li L. H. , Davies A. G. , Linfield E. H. , Colombelli R.
Published: March 2016

We demonstrate strong light-matter coupling in three dimensional terahertz meta-atoms at room temperature. The intersubband transition of semiconductor quantum wells with a parabolic energy potential is strongly coupled to the confined circuital mode of three-dimensional split-ring metal-semiconductor-metal resonators that have an extreme sub-wavelength volume (λ/10). The frequency of these lumped-element resonators is controlled by the size and shape of the external antenna, while the interaction volume remains constant. This allows the resonance frequency to be swept across the intersubband transition and the anti-crossing characteristic of the strong light-matter coupling regime to be observed. The Rabi splitting, which is twice the Rabi frequency (2ΩRabi), amounts to 20% of the bare transition at room temperature, and it increases to 28% at low-temperature.
Temperature-dependent exciton resonance energies and their correlation with IR-active optical phonon modes in β-Ga2O3 single crystals
Authors: Onuma T. , Saito S. , Sasaki K. , Goto K. , Masui T. , Yamaguchi T. , Honda T. , Kuramata A. , Higashiwaki M.
Published: March 2016

Temperature-dependent exciton resonance energies Eexciton in β-Ga2O3 single crystals are studied by using polarized reflectance measurement. The Eexciton values exhibit large energy changes in the range of 179–268 meV from 5 to 300 K. The IR-active Au and Bu optical phonon modes are selectively observed in the IR spectroscopic ellipsometry spectra by reflecting the polarization selection rules. The longitudinal optical (LO) phonon energies can be divided into three ranges: ℏωLO = 35–48, 70–73, and 88–99 meV. The broadening parameters, which are obtained from the reflectance measurements, correspond to the lower two ranges of ℏωLO at low temperature and 75 meV above 150 K. The large Eexciton changes with temperature in β-Ga2O3 are found to be originated from the exciton-LO-phonon interaction.
Determination of polarization fields in group III-nitride heterostructures by capacitance-voltage-measurements
Authors: Rychetsky Monir , Koslow Ingrid , Avinc Baran , Rass Jens , Wernicke Tim , Bellmann Konrad , Sulmoni Luca , Hoffmann Veit , Weyers Markus , Wild Johannes , Zweck Josef , Witzigmann Bernd , Kneissl Michael
Published: March 2016

The polarization fields in wurtzite group III-nitrides strongly influence the optical properties of InAlGaN-based light emitters, e.g., the electron and hole wave function overlap in quantum wells. In this paper, we propose a new approach to determine these fields by capacitance-voltage measurements (CVM). Sheet charges generated by a change of the microscopic polarization at heterointerfaces influence the charge distribution in PIN junctions and therefore the depletion width and the capacitance. We show that it is possible to determine the strength and direction of the internal fields by comparing the depletion widths of two PIN junctions, one influenced by internal polarization fields and one without as a reference. For comparison, we conducted coupled Poisson/carrier transport simulations on the CVM of the polarization-influenced sample. We also demonstrate the feasibility and limits of the method by determining the fields in GaN/InGaN and GaN/AlGaN double heterostructures on (0001) c-plane grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy and compare both evaluation methods. The method yields (−0.50 ± 0.07) MV/cm for In0.08Ga0.92N/GaN, (0.90 ± 0.13) MV/cm for Al0.18Ga0.82N/GaN, and (2.0 ± 0.3) MV/cm for Al0.31Ga0.69N/GaN heterostructures.
Highly effective strain-induced band-engineering of (111) oriented, direct-gap GeSn crystallized on amorphous SiO2 layers
Authors: Li Haofeng , Wang Xiaoxin , Liu Jifeng
Published: March 2016

We demonstrate highly effective strain-induced band-engineering of (111) oriented direct-gap Ge1−xSnx thin films (0.074 < x < 0.085) crystallized on amorphous SiO2 towards 3D photonic integration. Due to a much smaller Poisson's ratio for (111) vs. (100) orientation, 0.44% thermally induced biaxial tensile strain reduces the direct-gap by 0.125 eV towards enhanced direct-gap semiconductor properties, twice as effective as the tensile strain in Ge(100) films. Correspondingly, the optical response is extended to λ = 2.8 μm. A dilatational deformation potential of a = −12.8 ± 0.8 eV is derived. These GeSn films also demonstrate high thermal stability, offering both excellent direct-gap optoelectronic properties and fabrication/operation robustness for integrated photonics.
Control of excitons in multi-layer van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Calman E. V. , Dorow C. J. , Fogler M. M. , Butov L. V. , Hu S. , Mishchenko A. , Geim A. K.
Published: March 2016

We report an experimental study of excitons in a double quantum well van der Waals heterostructure made of atomically thin layers of MoS2 and hexagonal boron nitride. The emission of neutral and charged excitons is controlled by gate voltage, temperature, and both the helicity and the power of optical excitation.
Macroscopic shock plasticity of brittle material through designed void patterns
Authors: Jiang Tailong , Yu Yin , He Hongliang , Li Yongqiang , Huan Qiang , Wu Jiankui
Published: March 2016

The rapid propagation and coalescence of cracks and catastrophic fractures, which occur often under shock compression, compromise a brittle material's design function and restrict its scope of practical application. The shock plasticity of brittle materials can be improved significantly by introducing and designing its microstructure, which can help reduce or delay failure. We used a lattice-spring model, which can describe elastic deformation and brittle fracture of modeled material accurately, to study the influence of void distributions (random, square, hexagonal, and triangular void patterns) on the macroscopic shock response and the mesoscopic deformation feature of brittle materials. Calculated results indicate that the void patterns dominate two inelastic deformation stages on the Hugoniot stress-strain curves (the collapse deformation stage and the slippage deformation stage). It shows that the strain localization is not strong and that the broken media are closer to a round bulk when the samples exist in random and triangular void patterns. This favors an increase in deformation during the slippage deformation stage. For the samples with square and hexagonal void patterns, the strain localization is strong and the broken media are closer to columnar bulks, which favors an increase in deformation during the collapse deformation stage.
Superconductor-ferromagnet bilayer under external drive: The role of vortex-antivortex matter
Authors: Frota D. A. , Chaves A. , Ferreira W. P. , Farias G. A. , Milošević M. V.
Published: March 2016

Using advanced Ginzburg-Landau simulations, we study the superconducting state of a thin superconducting film under a ferromagnetic layer, separated by an insulating oxide, in applied external magnetic field and electric current. The taken uniaxial ferromagnet is organized into a series of parallel domains with alternating polarization of out-of-plane magnetization, sufficiently strong to induce vortex-antivortex pairs in the underlying superconductor in absence of other magnetic field. We show the organization of such vortex-antivortex matter into rich configurations, some of which are not matching the periodicity of the ferromagnetic film. The variety of possible configurations is enhanced by applied homogeneous magnetic field, where additional vortices in the superconductor may lower the energy of the system by either annihilating the present antivortices under negative ferromagnetic domains or by lowering their own energy after positioning under positive ferromagnetic domains. As a consequence, both the vortex-antivortex reordering in increasing external field and the evolution of the energy of the system are highly nontrivial. Finally, we reveal the very interesting effects of applied dc electric current on the vortex-antivortex configurations, since resulting Lorentzian force has opposite direction for vortices and antivortices, while direction of the applied current with respect to ferromagnetic domains is of crucial importance for the interaction of the applied and the Meissner current, as well as the consequent vortex-antivortex dynamics—both of which are reflected in the anisotropic critical current of the system.
Free carrier generation and recombination in PbS quantum dot solar cells
Authors: Kurpiers Jona , Balazs Daniel M. , Paulke Andreas , Albrecht Steve , Lange Ilja , Protesescu Loredana , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Loi Maria Antonietta , Neher Dieter
Published: March 2016

Time Delayed Collection Field and Bias Assisted Charge Extraction (BACE) experiments are used to investigate the charge carrier dynamics in PbS colloidal quantum dot solar cells. We find that the free charge carrier creation is slightly field dependent, thus providing an upper limit to the fill factor. The BACE measurements reveal a rather high effective mobility of 2×10−3 cm2/Vs, meaning that charge extraction is efficient. On the other hand, a rather high steady state non-geminate recombination coefficient of 3×10−10 cm3/s is measured. We, therefore, propose a rapid free charge recombination to constitute the main origin for the limited efficiency of the PbS colloidal quantum dots cells.
Anharmonicity of optic modes in monolayer MoS2
Authors: Anees P. , Valsakumar M. C. , Panigrahi B. K.
Published: March 2016

Temperature dependent frequency shift and linewidth of Γ point optic phonon modes in monolayer MoS2 are studied using the spectral energy density method. In this study, we report the temperature evolution of experimentally forbidden Raman active E″ and infra-red active A2″ modes, in-addition to the previously reported Raman active E′ and A1′ modes. All the modes are showing a redshift with an increase in temperature. We delineated the contribution of anharmonic coupling of phonon modes and thermal expansion of the lattice to the total frequency shift and linewidth, and found that a strong anharmonic coupling of phonon modes is the predominant source of the observed redshift and broadening of peaks. The temperature dependence of all modes is quantified by computing their first-order temperature co-efficients.
Potential space debris shield structure using impact-initiated energetic materials composed of polytetrafluoroethylene and aluminum
Authors: Wu Qiang , Zhang Qingming , Long Renrong , Zhang Kai , Guo Jun
Published: March 2016

A whipple shield using Al/PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) energetic material to protect against space debris is presented. The hypervelocity impact characteristics were investigated experimentally using a two-stage light gas gun at velocities between 3 and 6 km/s. A good protection of the shield was obtained through comparative experiments which used the same bumper areal density. The results showed that the critical projectile diameter can be improved by 28% by contrast with the Christiansen ballistic limit equations. The Al/PTFE energetic material bumper can break up the projectile into smaller, less massive, and slower projectiles due to the combined effect of impact and explosion, thereby producing a sharp rise in the spacecraft protection ability.
High-speed, room-temperature quantum cascade detectors at 4.3 μm
Authors: Zhou Yuhong , Zhai Shenqiang , Wang Fengjiao , Liu Junqi , Liu Fengqi , Liu Shuman , Zhang Jinchuan , Zhuo Ning , Wang Lijun , Wang ZhanGuo
Published: March 2016

We present high-speed, room-temperature operated 4.3 μm quantum cascade detectors. The devices are processed as square mesas with 50 Ω coplanar access line and air-bridge connector. The high frequency features are explored using microwave rectification technique and a RLC circuit model. The -3 dB cutoff frequency is experimentally 9 GHz and 4 GHz for 20×20 μm2 and 50×50 μm2 detectors, respectively. The equivalent circuit analysis shows that a second order filter feature governs the devices. Higher cutoff frequency can be achieved by eliminate the parasitics further.
Pressure induced increase of the exciton phonon interaction in ZnO/(ZnMg)O quantum wells
Authors: Jarosz D. , Teisseyre H. , Kamińska A. , Suchocki A. , Kozanecki A.
Published: March 2016

It is a well-established experimental fact that exciton-phonon coupling is very efficient in ZnO. The intensities of the phonon-replicas in ZnO/(ZnMg)O quantum structures strongly depend on the internal electric field. We performed high-pressure measurements on the single ZnO/(ZnMg)O quantum well. We observed a strong increase of the intensity of the phonon-replicas relative to the zero phonon line. In our opinion this effect is related to pressure induced increase of the strain in quantum structure. As a consequence, an increase of the piezoelectric component of the electric field is observed which leads to an increase of the intensity of the phonon-replicas.
On the borrowability of subject pronoun constructions in Turkish–Dutch contact
Authors: Doğruöz A. Seza
Published: March 2016

Turkish spoken in the Netherlands (NL-Turkish) sounds different in comparison to Turkish spoken in Turkey (TR-Turkish) due to Dutch influence. In addition to borrowed Dutch words/phrases, Dutch influence on NL-Turkish is also observed through literally translated constructions. This study investigates the Dutch influence on NL-Turkish constructions with subject pronouns. Analyses of NL-Turkish and TR-Turkish spoken corpora do not reveal any significant differences in terms of subject pronoun frequency. However, qualitative analysis of the data reveals some unconventional cases of subject pronoun use in NL-Turkish. In these cases, subject pronouns do not lead to unconventionality on their own but as parts of larger constructions that are copied from Dutch as chunks. Following the principles of usage-based approaches, these unconventional constructions are further analyzed in terms of their level of schematicity and flexibility.
On the universality of frames
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko , Lee-Goldman Russell , Fillmore Charles J.
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates the cross-linguistic applicability of the concept of frame as developed in the Berkeley FrameNet project. We examine whether the frames created for the annotation of English texts can also function as a tool for the assessment of the accuracy of English-to-Japanese translations. If the semantic structure of a source text is analyzed in terms of the frames evoked by its constituent words and the ways in which the elements of those frames are realized, then those frames, their constituent elements, and their interconnections must somehow be present in the translation. The paper concentrates on passages involving causation, as causal relationships are considered by many to exhibit the most salient differences in rhetorical preference between the two languages.
Clause combining across grammars
Authors: Nir Bracha
Published: March 2016

The goal of the present study is to examine whether clause-combining rhetorical preferences that differentiate between Hebrew and English are maintained across grammars, specifically, in the context of text production in a non-native language. It examines the usage of various bi-clausal constructions marking different levels of event integration in texts written by advanced speakers of English, all native monolingual Hebrew speakers. The data analyzed consist of personal experience narratives that were collected from high-school and university-level students. These texts are compared to narratives that were collected from native speakers of both languages following the same design of study. Quantitative and qualitative analyses show differences and similarities between the three populations in terms of clause-combining strategies. They reveal that not only the constraints of the L1 but mainly those of the L2 guide non-native speakers in their choice of bi-clausal constructions, as devices expressing event integration. Results further show that event integration is reflected by constructions at different levels of the grammatical system, and that constraints on bi-clausal constructions at the more local, morpho-syntactic level are echoed by constraints at the level of discourse itself as a construction.
Constructional tolerance
Authors: Perek Florent , Hilpert Martin
Published: March 2016

The present paper investigates the question whether different languages can be categorized into ‘constructionally tolerant’ languages, which grant speakers considerable freedom to combine syntactic constructions with lexical items in non-conventional ways, and ‘valency-driven’ languages, which impose stronger restrictions on the way in which constructions and lexical items can be combined. The idea of such a typological distinction is sketched for instance by Rostila (2014). In order to explore possible effects of constructional tolerance, a grammaticality judgment task is administered to speakers of English and French, which are two languages that differ with regard to this phenomenon: English verbs can be used across different argument structure constructions with relative ease, French verbs are more constrained. Both populations of speakers are exposed to stimuli sentences of varying creativity in a second language, namely German. The paper advances the constructional tolerance hypothesis, which states that speakers of a constructionally tolerant language should judge non-conventional examples in an L2 with more lenience than speakers of a valency-driven language. The experimental results are in line with this hypothesis, but they also suggest that grammaticality judgments are influenced by the availability of a productive L1 construction that shows functional overlap.
Chapter 6. Mixed metaphor is a question of deliberateness
Authors: Steen Gerard J.
Published: March 2016

This paper aims to explore the interaction between mixed metaphor and deliberateness in order to throw some new light on the nature of mixed metaphor. The basic claim is that the typical or strongest experience of mixed metaphor arises when two metaphors conflict that are both used deliberately as metaphors. It is likely that all other cases of conceptual clashes between adjacent metaphors do not get recognized as mixed metaphor because their components are not used deliberately as metaphors. Whether the clash between one deliberate and one non-deliberate metaphor can elicit the experience of mixed metaphor is an in-between case that is also discussed. The gist of the paper is, then, that research on mixed metaphor needs to take into account the variable communicative status of each of the presumably clashing metaphors, making a distinction between their deliberate or non-deliberate use as metaphors.
Chapter 9. We drink with our eyes first
Authors: Paradis Carita , Hommerberg Charlotte
Published: March 2016

This chapter analyzes the language resources that writers have at their disposal to describe their experience of the web of sensory perceptions that are evoked in the wine tasting practice. The task of the writer is to provide a mental understanding of the sensations as well as a prehension of the experiences. We show that this involves the weaving together of the senses, starting with the sight of the wine, followed by a description that is iconic with the wine tasting procedure. The descriptors are systematically used cross-modally both through ontological crossovers and through longer stretches of mixed imagery. We also show how the socio-cultural context of wine consumption correlates with the types of imagery used in wine descriptions.
Input-based Tasks in Foreign Language Instruction for Young Learners
Authors: Shintani Natsuko
Published: March 2016

The book examines how task-based language teaching (TBLT) can be carried out with young beginner learners in a foreign language context. It addresses how TBLT can be introduced and implemented in a difficult instructional context where traditional teaching approaches are entrenched. The book reports a study that examined how TBLT can be made to work in such a context. The study compares the effectiveness of TBLT and the traditional “present-practice-produce” (PPP) approach for teaching English to young beginner learners in Japan. The TBLT researched in this study is unique as it employed input-based tasks rather than oral production tasks. The study shows that such tasks constitute an ideal means of inducting beginner learners into listening and processing English. It also shows that such tasks lead naturally to the learners trying to use the L2 in communication. It provides evidence to support the claim that TBLT promotes the kind of naturalistic interaction which is beneficial for the development of both interactional and linguistic competence. The book concludes with suggestions for how to implement TBLT in Japanese school contexts.
Humour and Relevance
Authors: Yus Francisco
Published: March 2016

This book offers a cognitive-pragmatic, and specifically relevance-theoretic, analysis of different types of humorous discourse, together with the inferential strategies that are at work in the processing of such discourses. The book also provides a cognitive pragmatics description of how addressees obtain humorous effects. Although the inferences at work in the processing of normal, non-humorous discourses are the same as those employed in the interpretation of humour, in the latter case these strategies (and also the accessibility of contextual information) are predicted and manipulated by the speaker (or writer) for the sake of generating humorous effects. The book covers aspects of research on humour such as the incongruity-resolution pattern, jokes and stand-up comedy performances. It also offers an explanation of why ironies are sometimes labelled as humorous, and proposes a model for the translation of humorous discourses, an analysis of humour in multimodal discourses such as cartoons and advertisements, and a brief exploration of possible tendencies in relevance-theoretic research on conversational humour.
Age-related effects on language production
Authors: Marini Andrea , Andreetta Sara
Published: March 2016

This chapter focuses on the effects of aging on the process of language production from a psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic perspective. The first section of the chapter provides a detailed description of the language production system by outlining the notions of micro- (i.e., lexical and grammatical) and macrolinguistic (i.e., pragmatic and discourse level) processing and introducing to some of the most influential psycholinguistic models of message production. The second part focuses on psycholinguistic investigations assessing age-related variations in the ability to produce a verbal message. A conclusive section outlines the complex interplay between the neural changes induced by aging and the (re)organization of the language production system.
Reading in normally aging adults
Authors: Gordon Peter C. , Lowder Matthew W. , Hoedemaker Renske S.
Published: March 2016

The activity of reading raises fundamental theoretical and practical questions about healthy cognitive aging. Reading relies greatly on knowledge of patterns of language and of meaning at the level of words and topics of text. Further, this knowledge must be rapidly accessed so that it can be coordinated with processes of perception, attention, memory and motor control that sustain skilled reading at rates of four-to-five words a second. As such, reading depends both on crystallized semantic intelligence which grows or is maintained through healthy aging, and on components of fluid intelligence which decline with age. Reading is important to older adults because it facilitates completion of everyday tasks that are essential to independent living. In addition, it entails the kind of active mental engagement that can preserve and deepen the cognitive reserve that may mitigate the negative consequences of age-related changes in the brain. This chapter reviews research on the front end of reading (word recognition) and on the back end of reading (text memory) because both of these abilities are surprisingly robust to declines associated with cognitive aging. For word recognition, that robustness is surprising because rapid processing of the sort found in reading is usually impaired by aging; for text memory, it is surprising because other types of episodic memory performance (e.g., paired associates) substantially decline in aging. These two otherwise quite different levels of reading comprehension remain robust because they draw on the knowledge of language that older adults gain through a life-time of experience with language.
Numerical Integration of Temperature‐Dependent Functions in Bioenergetics Models to Avoid Overestimation of Fish Growth
Authors: Holsman Kirstin , Danner Eric
Published: March 2016

The Wisconsin bioenergetics model is widely used to evaluate the effects of environmental conditions, trophic interactions, and human‐mediated alterations to physical and trophodynamic processes on the growth and survival of individual fish species. In particular, bioenergetics models are increasingly applied to evaluate conditions that vary on subdaily time steps, such as vertical migrations that influence thermal experience and fluvial alterations that increase diurnal temperature variability. However, because the algorithms that describe the relationship between temperature and physiological rates are often nonlinear, using inputs of daily mean temperatures can result in underestimation or overestimation of growth and energetic demand. We used simulations of daily and subdaily models of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as an example to demonstrate that the nonlinear, temperature‐dependent algorithms for consumption and respiration induce large differences in growth between constant‐ and fluctuating‐temperature conditions (despite the same mean daily temperature); these differences increase with high diurnal variability and as temperatures approach the thermal optimum for the species. To correct for model bias in growth, we propose an integrated temperature‐scaling algorithm that allows application of the daily model to systems where daily temperatures exhibit considerable subdaily variation. This approach can also be used for any bioenergetics model that includes nonlinear, temperature‐dependent algorithms and should be considered when modeled temperatures approach inflection points in nonlinear relationships.

Received February 11, 2015; accepted September 8, 2015
Using Radiotelemetry to Compare the Initial Behavior and Mortality of Hatchery‐Reared and Wild Juvenile Florida Bass
Authors: Thompson Brandon C. , Porak Wesley F. , Leone Erin H. , Allen Micheal S.
Published: March 2016

Stocking evaluations for pellet‐reared, advanced‐fingerling Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides often result in low contribution and survival, but little information exists on their survival and behavior soon after release. This study investigated the behavior and mortality of pellet‐reared, advanced‐fingerling (90–120 mm TL) Florida Bass M. floridanus immediately after they were stocked in Lake Carlton, Florida. A radiotelemetry experiment was conducted to compare initial movement, habitat use, growth, and mortality between stocked hatchery and wild fish. In year 1, we inserted radio transmitters into 50 hatchery fish; in year 2, we tagged 30 hatchery fish and 20 wild fish. All mortality we observed for hatchery fish (from both years) resulted from predation by fish and birds, and most occurred in the first 7 d after tagging. When compared directly with tagged wild fish (n = 20), tagged hatchery fish (n = 30) exhibited greater movement (75 and 124 m/d, respectively), greater proportion of locations offshore (8% and 23%, respectively), slower growth (1.73% and 0.41% of their body weight gained per day, respectively), and higher predation (47% and 0%, respectively). Results of this study suggest that pellet‐reared, hatchery Florida Bass suffer more predation than wild bass of similar size initially following their release into the lake. Causes of predation could include less‐developed antipredator skills and inefficiency in foraging observed through greater movement, as well as the use of offshore habitat and slower growth. We recommend research that investigates acclimating advanced‐fingerling Florida Bass to predators and live prey before release to determine whether initial predation can be reduced after stocking.

Received May 29, 2015; accepted December 4, 2015
The relationship between driving anger and risk could be non-linear. Towards a circumplex model of anger and risk on the road / La relación entre la ira y el riesgo en la conducción podría ser no lineal. Hacia un modelo circumplejo de la ira y el riesgo en carretera
Authors: Herrero-Fernández David
Published: March 2016

Hypotheses of non-linear relationships are not common in the social sciences, although some relationships among variables are more likely to be curvilinear. Based on previous research, the current study analysed the relationship between driving anger (state anger) and risk (mean speed) in a simulation task. Seventy-two participants completed a driving simulation task and, immediately following task completion, answered a state anger self-reported measure. The results show that a quadratic relationship between these variables explained more variance than a linear relationship (22.2% and 9.0%, respectively). From these results and previous findings, a circumplex model of the relationship among anger, aggression and risky road behaviour is proposed. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed.
Development of Similar Broth Microdilution Methods to Determine the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum
Authors: Gieseker Charles M. , Crosby Tina C. , Mayer Tamara D. , Bodeis Sonya M. , Stine Cynthia B.
Published: March 2016

Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum are major fish pathogens that cause diseases that may require antimicrobial therapy. Choice of appropriate treatment is dependent upon determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Therefore we optimized methods for broth microdilution testing of F. columnare and F. psychrophilum to facilitate standardizing an antimicrobial susceptibility test. We developed adaptations to make reproducible broth inoculums and confirmed the proper incubation time and media composition. We tested the stability of potential quality-control bacteria and compared test results between different operators. Log phase occurred at 48 h for F. columnare and 72–96 h for F. psychrophilum, confirming the test should be incubated at 28°C for approximately 48 h and at 18°C for approximately 96 h, respectively. The most consistent susceptibility results were achieved with plain, 4-g/L, dilute Mueller–Hinton broth supplemented with dilute calcium and magnesium. Supplementing the broth with horse serum did not improve growth. The quality-control strains, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658, yielded stable minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against all seven antimicrobials tested after 30 passes at 28°C and 15 passes at 18°C. In comparison tests, most MICs of the isolates agreed 100% within one drug dilution for ampicillin, florfenicol, and oxytetracycline. The agreement was lower with the ormetoprim–sulfdimethoxine combination, but there was at least 75% agreement for all but one isolate. These experiments have provided methods to help standardize antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these nutritionally fastidious aquatic bacteria.

Received June 24, 2015; accepted October 2, 2015.
The cDNA Sequence of Two Hemocyanin Subunits from Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii and their Responses to White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection
Authors: Zeng Yong
Published: March 2016

Hemocyanin, the respiratory protein of crustaceans, participates in the innate immune defense in these organisms. We cloned two hemocyanin subunit genes (PcHc1 and PcHc2), by using a degenerate primer PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach, from the hepatopancreas of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The transcripts of these two subunits were only detected in the hepatopancreas by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. The neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses indicated that PcHc2 associated with a clade belong to the α-type hemocyanins and PcHc1 associated with another clade belonging to the β-type hemocyanins. The data obtained from the RT-qPCR indicated that the mRNA expression levels of these subunit genes followed almost the same regulation pattern in the crayfish challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The fluctuation of mRNA expression levels of these two subunits after the WSSV challenge indicated that both of them may participate in the antiviral immune response of crayfish.

Received April 12, 2015; accepted November 22, 2015.
Can Anybody Tell me who I Am?: A Memory of Institutional Dramatherapy
Authors: Grainger Roger
Published: March 2016

When I was Chaplain of a psychiatric hospital, my office was known as The Beauty Therapy room, this having been its use before I arrived to take up residence. In fact it was a spacious sitting room at the heart of the old hospital. People used to come and see me there when they felt they needed someone to talk to and were searching for a member of staff with time to listen. Some of those who came found difficulty in finding words for talking – not ones which made sense to anyone else. This was because the world they were describing was somehow out of step with other people's reality.
The Continual State of Becoming – Each in his Own Way
Authors: Wright David Keir
Published: March 2016

This paper, in two parts, conceptualises an holistic individual-centred drama methodology informed and inspired by the writings of dramatist Luigi Pirandello, theatre practitioner and theoretician Nikolai Evreinov, arts educators Peter Slade and Malcolm Ross, philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Buber, psychiatrists C.G. Jung and D.W. Winnicott and voice pioneers Alfred Wolfsohn and Roy Hart.

It presents the theoretical framework of a research practice that emphasises ‘each in his own way’ and explores the notion of choice in the continual state of becoming of each individual and the reflexive relationship between life and artistic processes. The thesis is that the practice produces knowledge and an insight that enables individuals to see themselves as both fixed and not fixed. It gives them the opportunity of liminal experiences while exploring their ‘other selves’ in the potential space and choosing self-transformation through creative imagination and creative imaginative action.
A fuzzy goal programming model for biodiesel production
Authors: Lutero D S , Pangue EMU , Tubay J M , Lubag S P
Published: March 2016

A fuzzy goal programming (FGP) model for biodiesel production in the Philippines was formulated with Coconut (Cocos nucifera) and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) as sources of biodiesel. Objectives were maximization of feedstock production and overall revenue and, minimization of energy used in production and working capital for farming subject to biodiesel and non-biodiesel requirements, and availability of land, labor, water and machine time. All these objectives and constraints were assumed to be fuzzy. Model was tested for different sets of weights. Results for all sets of weights showed the same optimal allocation. Coconut alone can satisfy the biodiesel requirement of 2% per volume.
Seed Treatment with Ethanol Extract of Serratia marcescens is Compatible with Trichoderma Isolates for Control of Damping-off of Cucumber Caused by Pythium ultimum
Authors: Roberts Daniel P. , Lakshman Dilip K. , McKenna Laurie F. , Emche Sarah E. , Maul Jude E. , Bauchan Gary
Published: March 2016

Environmentally friendly control measures for soilborne plant pathogens are needed that are effective in different soils when applied alone or as components of an integrated disease control strategy. An ethanol extract of Serratia marcescens N4-5, when applied as a cucumber seed treatment, effectively suppressed damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum in potting mix and in a sandy loam soil. Plant stand associated with this treatment was similar to that of seed treated with the chemical pesticide Thiram in the sandy loam soil. The N4-5 ethanol extract did not consistently provide significant disease control in a loam soil. The N4-5 ethanol extract was compatible with two Trichoderma isolates, not affecting in vitro or in situ colonization of cucumber by these biological control fungi. Control of damping-off of cucumber was never diminished when this ethanol extract was applied as a seed treatment in combination with in-furrow application of the Trichoderma isolates, and disease control was improved in certain instances with these combinations in the loam soil. Data presented here indicate that the N4-5 ethanol extract is compatible with certain beneficial fungi, suggesting that this extract can be used as a component of integrated disease control strategies featuring biological control fungi.
Enabling local authorities to produce short-term energy plans
Authors: Androulaki Stella , Doukas Haris , Marinakis Vangelis , Madrazo Leandro , Legaki Nikoletta-Zabbeta
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify the most appropriate multidisciplinary data sources related with energy optimization decision support as well as the related methodologies, tools and techniques for data capturing and processing for each of them.

Design/methodology/approach

– A review is conducted on the state-of-play of decision support systems for energy optimization, focussing on the municipal sector, followed by an identification of the most appropriate multidisciplinary data sources related with energy optimization decision support. An innovative methodology is outlined to integrate semantically modeled data from multiple sources, to assist city authorities in energy management.

Findings

– City authorities need to lead relevant actions toward energy-efficient neighborhoods. Although there are more and more energy and other related data available at the city level, there are no established methods and tools integrating and analyzing them in a smart way, with the purpose to support the decision-making process on energy use optimization.

Originality/value

– A novel multidimensional approach is proposed, using semantic technologies to integrate data from multiple sources, to assist city authorities to produce short-term energy plans in an integrated, transparent and comprehensive way.
Using life cycle assessment for estimating environmental impacts and eco-costs from the metal waste in the construction industry
Authors: Yahya Khairulzan , Boussabaine Halim , Alzaed Ali Nasser
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to estimate the ecological costs form metal waste based on life cycle assessment (LCA) environmental impacts generated from the management of the construction waste.

Design/methodology/approach

– LCA methodology and eco-indicators 95 were used to calculate the impact from metal waste based on three waste management strategies.

Findings

– The results of this study establish that the ecological impact from metal waste management is mainly due to the burning of diesel from machinery during the dismantling processes and the use of vehicles for transportation. The results proposed equations and curves for estimating the ecological cost from metal waste based on waste management strategies.

Research limitations/implications

– The research could affect members of the engineering and construction industry, since it provides methods for costing the ecological impact from construction waste. The eco-costs will assist in implementing sustainable strategies that help to reduce the amount of waste generated by the construction industry.

Originality/value

– This paper presents an exploratory study to conceptualise eco-costing issues in relation to waste from construction activities in the UK construction industry.
The influence of corruption: a South African case
Authors: Jonck Petronella , Swanepoel Eben
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– A growing public concern among South African citizens is that of corruption in law enforcement, an awareness of which causes significant tension in the community – police relationship. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how law enforcement corruption influences service delivery satisfaction and public trust.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data from the Victims of Crime Survey 2013/2014 for all nine provinces in South Africa were utilised, yielding a final sample of 25,605 respondents. By means of standard multiple-regression analysis, the study established that corruption statistically significantly influence service delivery satisfaction and public trust.

Findings

– The demographic variables that statistically significantly influenced the aforementioned dependent variables were province, population group and age. Gender and religion were not found to influence law enforcement public trust and service delivery satisfaction significantly.

Research limitations/implications

– It is recommended that the findings be used to stimulate public debate and renew efforts to curb law enforcement corruption specifically by emphasising police integrity.

Practical implications

– Limited empirical evidence can be found on the influence of law enforcement corruption on service delivery satisfaction and public trust especially in South Africa where police corruption is a serious concern. Determining the consequences of perceived corruption underscore the importance thereof and will renew efforts to curb as such the prevalence thereof.

Social implications

– The case study of South Africa could provide valuable lessons not only for South African policy makers but for other countries perilled by high crime rates, a lack of public trust and social segmentation.

Originality/value

– Limited empirical evidence could be found on the influence of law enforcement corruption on service delivery satisfaction and public trust especially in South Africa where police corruption is a serious concern.
Learning in organization
Authors: Palos Ramona , Veres Stancovici Vesna
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– This study aims at identifying the presence of the dimensions of learning capabilities and the characteristics of a learning organization within two companies in the field of services, as well as identifying the relationships between their learning capability and the organizational culture.

Design/methodology/approach

– This has been a transversal study on a convenience sample of 64 employees from two companies. The questionnaires’ purpose was to identify and assess organizational learning capability, dimensions of the learning organization and the role of organizational culture.

Findings

– The results showed a better represented capability of organizational learning and a more evident presence of the dimensions that characterize a learning organization within a private company. Also, the type of organization is a moderator for the relationship between the hierarchical culture and adhocracy on one hand and the dimension of experimenting organizational learning on the other hand, but also between the market culture and dialogue dimension.

Research limitations/implications

– The reduced dimension and the structure of the sample or using certain self-report-type questionnaires represent some of the limits of this study.

Practical implications

– The results highlight the way the type of organization and the organizational cultures influence the factors that facilitate learning. Knowing this allows the specific intervention upon those factors that can contribute to the increase of the organizational learning capabilities.

Originality/value

– The study depicts the factors that make a difference on the learning and action level of the organizational culture in two different organizational realities: a public one with local top management and a private one with foreign top management.
The importance of realistic dispersal models in conservation planning: application of a novel modelling platform to evaluate management scenarios in an Afrotropical biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Aben Job , Bocedi Greta , Palmer Stephen C. F. , Pellikka Petri , Strubbe Diederik , Hallmann Caspar , Travis Justin M. J. , Lens Luc , Matthysen Erik
Published: March 2016

As biodiversity hotspots are often characterized by high human population densities, implementation of conservation management practices that focus only on the protection and enlargement of pristine habitats is potentially unrealistic. An alternative approach to curb species extinction risk involves improving connectivity among existing habitat patches. However, evaluation of spatially explicit management strategies is challenging, as predictive models must account for the process of dispersal, which is difficult in terms of both empirical data collection and modelling.

Here, we use a novel, individual‐based modelling platform that couples demographic and mechanistic dispersal models to evaluate the effectiveness of realistic management scenarios tailored to conserve forest birds in a highly fragmented biodiversity hotspot. Scenario performance is evaluated based on the spatial population dynamics of a well‐studied forest bird species.

The largest population increase was predicted to occur under scenarios increasing habitat area. However, the effectiveness was sensitive to spatial planning. Compared to adding one large patch to the habitat network, adding several small patches yielded mixed benefits: although overall population sizes increased, specific newly created patches acted as dispersal sinks, which compromised population persistence in some existing patches. Increasing matrix connectivity by the creation of stepping stones is likely to result in enhanced dispersal success and occupancy of smaller patches.

Synthesis and applications. We show that the effectiveness of spatial management is strongly driven by patterns of individual dispersal across landscapes. For species conservation planning, we advocate the use of models that incorporate adequate realism in demography and, particularly, in dispersal behaviours.