bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four years of case‐based surveillance of meningitis following the introduction of MenAfriVac in Moissala, Chad: lessons learned
Authors: Page Anne‐Laure , Coldiron Matthew E. , Gamougam Kadidja , Acyl Mahmaat Ali , Tamadji Mbaihol , Lastrucci Céline , Hurtado Northan , Tehoua François‐Charles , Fermon Florence , Caugant Dominique A. , Porten Klaudia
Published: October 2017

Objective

Case‐based surveillance of bacterial meningitis in sentinel districts has been recommended after the introduction of the conjugated vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA), MenAfriVac, in the African meningitis belt. Here we report data and lessons learnt from four years of surveillance in the district of Moissala, Chad.

Methods

All suspected cases of meningitis were referred free of charge to the district hospital for lumbar puncture and treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were tested with Pastorex latex agglutination in Moissala, and inoculated trans‐isolate media were used for culture and PCR at the national reference laboratory and/or at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.

Results

From July 2012 to December 2016, 237 suspected cases of meningitis were notified, and a specimen was collected from 224. Eighty‐three samples were positive for a bacterial pathogen by culture, PCR or Pastorex, including 58 cases due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with only 28 of 49 pneumococcal meningitis confirmed by culture or PCR correctly identified by Pastorex. Four cases of NmA were detected by Pastorex, but none were confirmed by PCR.

Conclusion

Implementation of case‐based surveillance for meningitis is feasible in Chad, but has required political and technical engagement. Given the high proportion of S. pneumoniae and its poor detection by Pastorex, continued use of PCR is warranted for surveillance outside of outbreaks, and efforts to accelerate the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are needed. Introduction of MenAfriVac in routine immunisation and future availability of a pentavalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine will be key elements for the sustained reduction in meningitis outbreaks in the area.
Spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn]
Authors: Lv Yongkun , Gao Song , Xu Sha , Du Guocheng , Zhou Jingwen , Chen Jian
Published: October 2017

Silymarin is a collection of compounds extracted from the medicinal herb milk thistle, among which silybin is the major flavonolignan. However, the biosynthesis pathway of silybin remains unclear. In this study, biomimetic reactions demonstrated that silybin can be synthesized from coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin by the action of peroxidase. The concentration profiles of silybin and its precursors and RNA‐Seq analysis of gene expression revealed that the amount of taxifolin and the activity of peroxidase serve as the limiting factors in silybin biosynthesis. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profile of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway distinguished flowers from other organs. RNA‐Seq revealed five candidates for the peroxidase involved in silybin production, among which APX1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1) showed a distinct peroxidase activity and the capacity to synthesize silybin. The spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle was elucidated, which could help our understanding of the biosynthesis of silybin and other flavonolignans.
Structural insights into the nuclear import of the histone acetyltransferase males‐absent‐on‐the‐first by importin α1
Authors: Zheng Weili , Wang Rui , Liu Xi , Tian Siyu , Yao Benqiang , Chen Ang , Jin Shikai , Li Yong
Published: October 2017

The histone acetyltransferase males‐absent‐on‐the‐first (MOF) acetylates the histone H4, a modification important for many biological processes, including chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, DNA replication, recombination and repair, as well as autophagy. Depletion of MOF induces serious consequences because of the reduction of histone acetylation, such as nuclear morphological defects and cancer. Despite the critical roles of MOF in the nucleus, the structural or functional mechanisms of the nucleocytoplasmic transport of MOF remain elusive. Here, we identified novel importin α1‐specific nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in the N‐terminal of human MOF. The crystal structure of MOF NLSs in complex with importin α1 further revealed a unique binding mode of MOF, with two independent NLSs binding to importin α1 major and minor sites, respectively. The second NLS of MOF displays an unexpected α‐helical conformation in the C‐terminus, with more extensive contacts with importin α1 not limited in the minor site. Mutations of the key residues on MOF and importin α1 lead to the reduction of their interaction as well as the nuclear import of MOF, revealing an essential role of NLS2 of MOF in interacting with importin α1 minor site. Taken together, we provide structural mechanisms underlying the nucleocytoplasmic transport of MOF, which will be of great importance in understanding the functional regulation of MOF in various biological processes.
Drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia associated with anti‐vancomycin complicated by a paraben antibody
Authors: Gniadek Thomas J. , Arndt Patricia A. , Leger Regina M. , Zydowicz Daniel , Cheng Edward Y. , Zantek Nicole D.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is rare, but potentially life‐threatening. A high index of clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis, since the number of medications known to induce DIIHA continues to expand. Additionally, in vitro antibody reactivity against reagent additives has been reported, which may complicate test interpretation.

CASE REPORT

A 61‐year‐old group A, D+ woman with a history of negative antibody detection tests developed hemolytic anemia on Postoperative Day 7 after repeat incision and drainage of a chronically infected right knee prosthesis. She was treated with multiple antibiotics in the postoperative period, including three cephalosporins and vancomycin intravenously as well as vancomycin and gentamicin‐containing intraarticular cement spacers.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A workup for possible DIIHA was performed. Testing was performed using vancomycin and cephalosporin antibiotics. Initially, gentamicin injection solution was used for testing, followed by testing with its component ingredients.

RESULTS

A vancomycin antibody was detected and anemia resolved after vancomycin was discontinued. Reactivity was seen when gentamicin injection solution was used for testing, raising the possibility of a gentamicin antibody as well. However, testing with purified gentamicin as well as methylparaben and propylparaben demonstrated a paraben antibody that reacted with the paraben‐containing gentamicin solution. The patient also demonstrated an anti‐N. Neither the paraben antibody nor the anti‐N appeared to cause in vivo hemolysis.

CONCLUSION

This is the second reported case of DIIHA associated with anti‐vancomycin. It is the fourth report describing a paraben antibody.
Acute autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to anti‐Ena autoantibody successfully treated with rituximab
Authors: Nedelcu Elena , Desai Megan , Green Jennifer , Bensing Kathleen M. , Turner Austin , Head David , Young Pampee P.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) due to anti‐Ena has been previously reported in association with massive intravascular hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and fatal outcomes. Here we report a case of successfully treated AIHA due to anti‐Ena.

CASE REPORT

A 69‐year‐old male with a past medical history of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis status post–orthotopic liver transplant presented with 1‐month history of progressive anemia. At presentation, his hemoglobin (Hb) was 5.6 g/dL, hematocrit (Hct) 16%, reticulocytes 0.3%, direct bilirubin (bili) 4 g/dL, lactate dehydrogenase 533 units/L (reference, 125‐220 units/L), and haptoglobin 254 mg/dL (reference, 40‐273 mg/dL). Blood bank testing revealed an autoantibody present in his plasma and a direct antiglobulin test positive for immunoglobulin G (IgC) but negative for complement. He received 1 unit of an incompatible blood group O phenotypically matched red blood cell unit.

RESULTS

Over the course of the next 5 days, the Hb and Hct decreased to 4.1 g/dL and 12%, respectively, direct bili increased to 12.3 mg/day, reticulocytes slightly increased to 0.9%, and haptoglobin decreased to less than 8 mg/dL. Marrow study showed a hypercellular marrow with erythroid hyperplasia. Additional workup performed at a reference laboratory identified an anti‐Ena autoantibody. He received prednisone and weekly rituximab infusions and was monitored weekly. At the 2‐month visit, Hb and Hct were 10 g/dL and 32%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Unlike two of the previously reported fatal cases of AIHA with anti‐Ena specificity, this 69‐year‐old male treated with weekly rituximab infusion underwent clinical recovery and significant anemia improvement.
Phrenicoabdominal venotomy for tumor thrombectomy in dogs with adrenal neoplasia and suspected vena caval invasion
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Culp William T. N. , Balsa Ingrid M. , Zwingenberger Allison L.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To describe a technique for tumor thrombectomy by phrenicoabdominal venotomy in dogs with adrenal neoplasia and suspected caval invasion and to report complications and outcomes associated with the procedure.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Eight client‐owned dogs with invasive adrenal tumors.

Methods

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with adrenal tumors with extension of thrombus into the phrenicoabdominal vein (PAV) and vena cava were reviewed. Cases where phrenicoabdominal venotomy without cavotomy for thrombus resection was performed were included. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic imaging results, preoperative laboratory testing, surgical technique, surgical and postoperative complications and outcome.

Results

Phrenicoabdominal venotomy was successful in removal of vena caval thrombosis in 7 of 8 dogs. In one case, an attempt was made to remove a large vena caval thrombus through a distended PAV resulting in fragmentation of the thrombus and the need to extend the incision into the vena cava. In all dogs, complete removal of tumor thrombus was achieved. Two dogs died in the perioperative period, one from cardiopulmonary arrest and a second from bronchopneumonia and pancreatitis. The remaining 6 dogs were discharged from the hospital.

Conclusion

Thrombectomy through a phrenicoabdominal venotomy may obviate the need for a cavotomy in a subset of dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasia.
Alcances ambientales de la adopción de la estufa ahorradora de leña tlecalli en dos comunidades rurales del Estado de Morelos, México
Authors: Sotelo Maria Teresa
Published: October 2017

La adopción de tecnología es un proceso complejo, que requiere analizarse de manera integral a través del tiempo. Esta investigación se realizó en 2014-2015, en dos comunidades indígenas del estado de Morelos: Barranca Honda y Cuentepec. El objetivo fue conocer el nivel de adopción y eficiencia en la cocción de alimentos con la Estufa Ahorradora de Leña “Tlecalli” (EALT). Se aplicaron 83 cuestionarios y 12 entrevistas (por hogar) complementadas con observación participante, registro fotográfico y videos. Los resultados son: un 85% a 95% continúan utilizando su EALT, con una eficiencia de más del 60% en ahorro de leña. La adopción se considera exitosa, después de más de siete años de haberse instalado, mejora el ambiente de sus hogares (libre de humo), así como su calidad y confort de vida respecto a la acción de cocinar.
O saneamento básico brasileiro no contexto da transição para a economia verde
Authors: Dacach Fernandez Marchi Cristina Maria
Published: October 2017

Este trabalho objetiva difundir as Diretrizes Nacionais para o Saneamento Básico expressas na Política Brasileira de Saneamento e discutir suas implicações para a esfera municipal dentro da concepção da Economia Verde. Investiga-se no contexto de prática econômica, que é a Economia Verde, se os serviços públicos brasileiros de saneamento básico estão inseridos nos critérios de bem-estar e equidade social. A partir do Marco Regulatório para o setor é analisada a elaboração dos Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, procurando-se uma melhor compreensão dos desdobramentos e da trajetória que essa Política pode possibilitar para a sociedade e para o meio ambiente e propõe-se uma metodologia para a elaboração desses Planos. Parte-se do pressuposto que a integração entre a sociedade civil, o poder público municipal e suas ações na área de saneamento básico se constitui em uma importante via de acesso para uma nova forma de governança territorial rumo à Economia Verde.
Flow-induced vibration analysis of constricted artery models with surrounding soft tissue
Authors: Salman Huseyin Enes , Yazicioglu Yigit
Published: October 2017

Arterial stenosis is a vascular pathology which leads to serious cardiovascular diseases. Blood flow through a constriction generates sound and vibration due to fluctuating turbulent pressures. Generated vibro-acoustic waves propagate through surrounding soft tissues and reach the skin surface and may provide valuable insight for noninvasive diagnostic purposes. Motivated by the aforementioned phenomena, vibration of constricted arteries is investigated employing computational models. The flow-induced pressure field in an artery is modeled as broadband harmonic pressure loading based on previous studies in the literature and applied on the inner artery wall. Harmonic analysis is performed for determining radial velocity responses on the outer surface of the models. Results indicate that stenosis severities higher than 70% lead to significant increase in response amplitudes, especially at high frequencies between 250 and 600 Hz. The findings agree well with experimental and theoretical results in the literature considering bending mode frequencies, amplitude scales, and mainly excited frequency ranges. It is seen that artery vibration is sensitive to the phase behavior of pressure loading but its effect becomes less significant with the presence of surrounding tissue. As the surrounding tissue thickness increases, radial velocity response amplitudes decrease but the effect of changes in tissue elastic modulus is more pronounced.
Composite critical ratio functions for odontocete cetaceans
Authors: Branstetter Brian K. , Van Alstyne Kaitlin R. , Wu Teri A. , Simmons Rachel A. , Curtis Lara D. , Xitco Mark J.
Published: October 2017

Critical ratios (CRs) are useful for estimating detection thresholds of tonal signals when the spectral density of noise is known. In cetaceans, CRs have only been measured for a few animals representing four odontocete species. These data are sparse, particularly for lower frequencies where anthropogenic noise is concentrated. There is currently no systematic method for implementing CR predictions (e.g., a composite frequency-dependent CR function). The current study measures CRs for two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and estimates composite CR functions. The composite models can aid in predicting and extrapolating auditory masking for a broad range of frequencies.
How Africans evolved a palette of skin tones
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: October 2017

Gene variants show that the evolution of skin color was anything but black and white.
Most distant Milky Way outpost mapped
Authors: Sokol Joshua
Published: October 2017

Star-forming region 66,000 light-years away helps trace galaxy's veiled spiral arm.
High-Resolution Epitope Positioning of a Large Collection of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Single-Domain Antibodies on the Enzymatic and Binding Subunits of Ricin Toxin
Authors: Vance David J. , Tremblay Jacqueline M. , Rong Yinghui , Angalakurthi Siva Krishna , Volkin David B. , Middaugh C. Russell , Weis David D. , Shoemaker Charles B. , Mantis Nicholas J.
Published: October 2017

We previously produced a heavy-chain-only antibody (Ab) VH domain (V
H
H)-displayed phage library from two alpacas that had been immunized with ricin toxoid and nontoxic mixtures of the enzymatic ricin toxin A subunit (RTA) and binding ricin toxin B subunit (RTB) (D. J. Vance, J. M. Tremblay, N. J. Mantis, and C. B. Shoemaker, J Biol Chem 288:36538–36547, 2013,
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.519207
). Initial and subsequent screens of that library by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) yielded more than two dozen unique RTA- and RTB-specific V
H
Hs, including 10 whose structures were subsequently solved in complex with RTA. To generate a more complete antigenic map of ricin toxin and to define the epitopes associated with toxin-neutralizing activity, we subjected the V
H
H-displayed phage library to additional “pannings” on both receptor-bound ricin and antibody-captured ricin. We now report the full-length DNA sequences, binding affinities, and neutralizing activities of 68 unique V
H
Hs: 31 against RTA, 33 against RTB, and 4 against ricin holotoxin. Epitope positioning was achieved through cross-competition ELISAs performed with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and verified, in some instances, with hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The 68 V
H
Hs grouped into more than 20 different competition bins. The RTA-specific V
H
Hs with strong toxin-neutralizing activities were confined to bins that overlapped two previously identified neutralizing hot spots, termed clusters I and II. The four RTB-specific V
H
Hs with potent toxin-neutralizing activity grouped within three adjacent bins situated at the RTA-RTB interface near cluster II. These results provide important insights into epitope interrelationships on the surface of ricin and delineate regions of vulnerability that can be exploited for the purpose of vaccine and therapeutic development.
Delayed spinal cord infarction following anterior cervical surgical decompression
Authors: Khan Muhammad Faheem , Jooma Rashid , Hashmi Fauzan Alam , Raghib Muhammad Faraz
Published: October 2017

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for cord compression is a safe and effective procedure with good outcomes. However, worsening of myelopathy is the most feared adverse event of the surgery. We report the case of a 36-year-old male patient who presented with an acute non-traumatic C5–6 cervical disc herniation causing incomplete quadriparesis. He underwent an uncomplicated ACDF at C5–6, and after an initial period of improvement, he developed a delayed onset of an anterior cord syndrome on day 3, without any discerning cause. We have reviewed similar cases reported in the literature and believe that our patient’s postsurgical course is consistent with a delayed ischaemic/reperfusion injury to the cord following surgical decompression and restoration of blood flow through the anterior spinal artery and we make suggestions for management of such clinical events.
Aspirin safety in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Feghaly Julien , Al Hout Abdul Rahman , Mercieca Balbi Mattew
Published: October 2017

The use of aspirin, as part of a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen, is an established standard following coronary stenting in patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient patients, precaution is always taken with aspirin use, due to the risk of haemolysis. We reviewed all previous cases of G6PD deficient patients with ACS, in addition to a review of the available literature, to better understand the safety of aspirin use in this population. To date, there are no reported cases of haemolysis following aspirin use in this patient group and no guideline is established to date.
Haematuria in ADPKD: not always benign. Be aware!
Authors: Agarwal Manav , Sokhal Ashok Kumar , Kumar Manoj , Goel Sunny
Published: October 2017

Haematuria in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a very common manifestation. The cause of haematuria is often benign with the most common cause being haemorrhage within the renal cyst. But haematuria may also be caused by a coincident malignancy, the diagnosis of which may be missed if not investigated thoroughly. Herein, we present a case of ADPKD who presented to us with haematuria and was later found to have bladder cancer.
Delays in diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Guatemala
Authors: Shah Pooja Ajay , Coj Merida , Rohloff Peter
Published: October 2017

A 23-year-old indigenous Guatemalan man presented in 2016 to our clinic in Sololá, Guatemala, with 10 months of recurrent neck swelling, fevers, night sweats and weight loss. Previously, he had sought care in three different medical settings, including a private physician-run clinic, a tertiary private cancer treatment centre and, finally, a rural government health post. With assistance from our institution’s accompaniment staff, the patient was admitted to a public tertiary care hospital for work-up. Rifampin-susceptible tuberculosis was diagnosed, and appropriate treatment was begun. The case illustrates how low tuberculosis recognition among community health workers and health system segmentation creates obstacles to appropriate care, especially for patients with limited means. As a result, significant diagnostic and treatment delays can occur, increasing the public health burden of tuberculosis.
Lipoedematous scalp: is there an association with fatty infiltration of the parotid?
Authors: Law Sarah , Jayarajan Rajshree
Published: October 2017

Lipoedematous scalp (LS) is an extremely rare condition characterised by a soft and boggy consistency in the scalp due to an increased layer of subcutaneous tissue.

In this report, we present a case of LS in a 64-year-old Indian woman. Clinical examination revealed only vague boggy lumpiness involving the whole of occipital scalp extending to parietal scalp. MRI scalp showed diffuse fatty infiltration of the scalp, particularly at the posterior parietal and occipital convexity extending to both lateral aspects of the cranium, with homogeneous signal in keeping with fat. Incidentally MRI also found diffuse fatty infiltration of the parotids.

The aethiopathogenesis of LS is still unknown, however it is believed that the hormone leptin could be the key hormone in the dysregulation of fat deposition and distribution. This case report highlights the subtle features with which these cases can present and explores the literature on reported cases of LS.
A Visual Secret Sharing Scheme Based on Improved Local Binary Pattern
Authors: Zhang Wenyin , Shih Frank Y. , Hu Shunbo , Jian Muwei
Published: October 2017

A visual secret sharing (VSS) scheme is intended to share secret information in a group to avoid potential treat of interruption and modification. In this paper, we present a novel VSS scheme based on the improved local binary pattern (LBP) operator. It makes full use of local contrast features of LBP for concealing secret image data into different image shares, which can be used to recover the secret easily and exactly. By varying LBP extensions, we can design various kinds of VSS schemes for sharing secret information. Compared to the currently available VSS algorithms, the proposed scheme demonstrates better randomness in shares with less pixel expansion and exact determination in reconstruction with lower computational cost.
Generalized Stokes vector for three photon process
Authors: Shaji Chitra , Ismail Raseena , Satyanarayana S. V. M. , Sharan Alok
Published: October 2017

Stokes Mueller formalism is used to measure the optical properties of materials by probing the sensitive changes in the polarization state of light after scattering from the medium. The formalism can be extended to nonlinear scattering processes involving two and three photon processes also. In this paper, we derive the Stokes vector, viz. triple Stokes vector analytically from quantum theory of light for a three photon process. The state of polarization of light, with three simultaneous photons, incident on a material is described by triple Stokes vector, and has 16 components involving cubes of intensities dependence. The response of a material for the scattered light in a three photon process is described by 4 × 16 Mueller matrix. Polarization in Polarization out (PIPO) experiments can be carried out to determine the elements of Mueller matrix. We identify 16 independent points on Poincare sphere and construct triple Stokes vector for each point. Four measurements are done to determine the linear Stokes vector of scattered light, where the 16 polarization states are represented by triple Stokes vector and this determines the Mueller matrix of the sample.
Sharp measure contraction property for generalized H-type Carnot groups
Authors: Barilari Davide , Rizzi Luca
Published: October 2017

We prove that H-type Carnot groups of rank [Formula: see text] and dimension [Formula: see text] satisfy the [Formula: see text] if and only if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The latter integer coincides with the geodesic dimension of the Carnot group. The same result holds true for the larger class of generalized H-type Carnot groups introduced in this paper, and for which we compute explicitly the optimal synthesis. This constitutes the largest class of Carnot groups for which the curvature exponent coincides with the geodesic dimension. We stress that generalized H-type Carnot groups have step 2, include all corank 1 groups and, in general, admit abnormal minimizing curves. As a corollary, we prove the absolute continuity of the Wasserstein geodesics for the quadratic cost on all generalized H-type Carnot groups.
A reconstruction scheme for f(T) gravity and its consequences in the perturbation level
Authors: Chattopadhyay Surajit
Published: October 2017

The present study reports a reconstruction scheme for [Formula: see text] gravity considering the scale factor in the power law form. The equation of state parameter has been studied for this reconstructed model along with the deceleration parameter and the statefinder pair [Formula: see text]. The statefinder trajectory has been found to interpolate between dust and [Formula: see text]CDM phase of the universe. Cosmological evolution of primordial perturbations has been studied through scalar metric fluctuations and finally the reconstructed [Formula: see text] model has been tested for its consistency with the generic expansion of the universe.
Invariant Bianchi type I models in f(R,T) gravity
Authors: Yadav Anil Kumar , Ali Ahmad T.
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we search the existence of invariant solutions of Bianchi type I space-time in the context of [Formula: see text] gravity with special case [Formula: see text]. The exact solution of the Einstein’s field equations are derived by using Lie point symmetry analysis method that yield two models of invariant universe for symmetries [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The model with symmetries [Formula: see text] begins with big bang singularity while the model with symmetries [Formula: see text] does not favor the big bang singularity. Under this specification, we find out at set of singular and nonsingular solution of Bianchi type I model which present several other physically valid features within the framework of [Formula: see text] gravity.
The existence of traveling wave solutions in an integro-difference competition–cooperation system
Authors: Li Kun , Li Xiong
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we are devoted to establishing the existence of traveling wave solutions in an integro-difference competition–cooperation system with partial monotonicity by using Schauder’s fixed point theorem, the cross-iteration and the upper and lower solutions method. To illustrate our result, we present an application to integro-difference competition–cooperation system with a special kernel by constructing a pair of upper and lower solutions, while the verification of upper and lower solutions is nontrivial.
Coping with Protein Quality Control Failure
Authors: Pilla Esther , Schneider Kim , Bertolotti Anne
Published: October 2017

Cells and organisms have evolved numerous mechanisms to cope with and to adapt to unexpected challenges and harsh conditions. Proteins are essential to perform the vast majority of cellular and organismal functions. To maintain a healthy proteome, cells rely on a network of factors and pathways collectively known as protein quality control (PQC) systems, which not only ensure that newly synthesized proteins reach a functional conformation but also are essential for surveillance, prevention, and rescue of protein defects. The main players of PQC systems are chaperones and protein degradation systems: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Here we provide an integrated overview of the diverse PQC systems in eukaryotic cells in health and diseases, with an emphasis on the key regulatory aspects and their cross talks. We also highlight how PQC regulation may be exploited for potential therapeutic benefit.
Cell Sheet Morphogenesis: Dorsal Closure inDrosophila melanogasteras a Model System
Authors: Kiehart Daniel P. , Crawford Janice M. , Aristotelous Andreas , Venakides Stephanos , Edwards Glenn S.
Published: October 2017

Dorsal closure is a key process during Drosophila morphogenesis that models cell sheet movements in chordates, including neural tube closure, palate formation, and wound healing. Closure occurs midway through embryogenesis and entails circumferential elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets that close a dorsal hole filled with amnioserosa cells. Signaling pathways regulate the function of cellular structures and processes, including Actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion complexes, and endocytosis/vesicle trafficking. These orchestrate complex shape changes and movements that entail interactions between five distinct cell types. Genetic and laser perturbation studies establish that closure is robust, resilient, and the consequence of redundancy that contributes to four distinct biophysical processes: contraction of the amnioserosa, contraction of supracellular Actomyosin cables, elongation (stretching?) of the lateral epidermis, and zipping together of two converging cell sheets. What triggers closure and what the emergent properties are that give rise to its extraordinary resilience and fidelity remain key, extant questions.
Microstructural Dynamics and Rheology of Suspensions of Rigid Fibers
Authors: Butler Jason E. , Snook Braden
Published: October 2017

The dynamics and rheology of suspensions of rigid, non-Brownian fibers in Newtonian fluids are reviewed. Experiments, theories, and computer simulations are considered, with an emphasis on suspensions at semidilute and concentrated conditions. In these suspensions, interactions between the particles strongly influence the microstructure and rheological properties of the suspension. The interactions can arise from hydrodynamic disturbances, giving multibody interactions at long ranges and pairwise lubrication forces over short distances. For concentrated suspensions, additional interactions due to excluded volume (contacts) and adhesive forces are addressed. The relative importance of the various interactions as a function of fiber concentration is assessed.
Model-Informed Drug Development for Malaria Therapeutics
Authors: Andrews Kayla Ann , Wesche David , McCarthy James , Möhrle Jörg J. , Tarning Joel , Phillips Luann , Kern Steven , Grasela Thaddeus
Published: October 2017

Malaria is a critical public health problem resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Owing to the development of resistance toward current therapies, novel approaches to accelerate the development efforts of new malaria therapeutics are urgently needed. There have been significant advancements in the development of in vitro and in vivo experiments that generate data used to inform decisions about the potential merit of new compounds. A comprehensive disease-drug model capable of integrating discrete data from different preclinical and clinical components would be a valuable tool across all stages of drug development. This could have an enormous impact on the otherwise slow and resource-intensive process of traditional clinical drug development.
Secondary Towns and Poverty Reduction: Refocusing the Urbanization Agenda
Authors: Christiaensen Luc , Kanbur Ravi
Published: October 2017

This review is framed around the exploration of a central hypothesis: A shift in public investment toward secondary towns from big cities will improve poverty reduction performance. Of course, the hypothesis raises many questions. What exactly is the dichotomy of secondary towns versus big cities? What is the evidence for the contribution of secondary towns versus cities to poverty reduction? What are the economic mechanisms for such a differential contribution, and how does policy interact with them? We find preliminary evidence and arguments in support of our hypothesis, but the impacts of policy on poverty are quite complex, even in simple settings. The question of whether a shift in investment to secondary towns reduces poverty more is an open area for research and policy analysis.
Air and Water: Integrated Assessment Models for Multiple Media
Authors: Keiser David A. , Muller Nicholas Z.
Published: October 2017

Economics has long provided the theoretical framework for efficient pollution management. Efficiency requires equating marginal damages of pollution emissions to their marginal control costs. Recent advances in integrated assessment models (IAMs) highlight the importance of estimating and incorporating marginal damages into pollution policy design. Concurrently, this work has also advanced pollution management at the macroeconomic level. Marginal damages play a critical role in tracking total damages of pollution through national accounts. This article reviews these recent advances and discusses the status of IAMs for air and water pollution. Several exciting research challenges for future IAMs are discussed.
Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently “Healthy” Ghanaian Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ofori-Asenso Richard , Agyeman Akosua Adom , Laar Amos
Published: October 2017

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. We systematically reviewed the literature towards estimating the prevalence of MetS among apparently “healthy” Ghanaian adults.Methods. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Africa Journals Online, African Index Medicus, and Google scholar as well as the websites of the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health service through September 2016. Only studies conducted among apparently “healthy” (no established disease, e.g., diabetes and hypertension) adults aged ≥ 18 years were considered. Only studies that utilised the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP), World Health Organization (WHO), or International Diabetes Federation (IDF) classifications for MetS were included.Results. Data from nine studies involving 1,559 individuals were pooled. The prevalence of MetS based on NCEP-ATP, WHO, and IDF classifications was 12.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.3–17.4%), 6.0% (95% CI = 1.4–13.1%), and 21.2% (95% CI = 12.4–30.9), respectively. Prevalence of MetS was higher among women than men.Conclusion. Among a population of adult Ghanaians deemed “healthy,” there is a high prevalence of MetS. Preventive measures are required to address the risk components of MetS such as obesity and hypertension which are rapidly rising in Ghana.
Accuracy, Precision, and Trending Ability of Electrical Cardiometry Cardiac Index versus Continuous Pulmonary Artery Thermodilution Method: A Prospective, Observational Study
Authors: Cox P. B. W. , den Ouden A. M. , Theunissen M. , Montenij L. J. , Kessels A. G. H. , Lancé M. D. , Buhre W. F. F. A. , Marcus M. A. E.
Published: October 2017

Introduction. Evaluation of accuracy, precision, and trending ability of cardiac index (CI) measurements using the Aesculon™ bioimpedance electrical cardiometry (Aesc) compared to the continuous pulmonary artery thermodilution catheter (PAC) technique before, during, and after cardiac surgery. Methods. A prospective observational study with fifty patients with ASA 3-4. At six time points (T), measurements of CI simultaneously by continuous cardiac output pulmonary thermodilution and thoracic bioimpedance and standard hemodynamics were performed. Analysis was performed using Bland-Altman, four-quadrant plot, and polar plot methodology. Results. CI obtained with pulmonary artery thermodilution and thoracic bioimpedance ranged from 1.00 to 6.75 L min−1 and 0.93 to 7.25 L min−1, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias between CIBIO and CIPAC of 0.52 liters min−1 m−2, with LOA of [−2.2; 1.1] liters min−1 m−2. Percentage error between the two techniques was above 30% at every time point. Polar plot methodology and 4-quadrant analysis showed poor trending ability. Skin incision had no effect on the results. Conclusion. CI obtained by continuous PAC and CI obtained by Aesculon bioimpedance are not interchangeable in cardiac surgical patients. No effects of skin incision were found. International clinical trial registration number is ISRCTN26732484.
Clinical Interventions for Hyperacusis in Adults: A Scoping Review to Assess the Current Position and Determine Priorities for Research
Authors: Fackrell Kathryn , Potgieter Iskra , Shekhawat Giriraj S. , Baguley David M. , Sereda Magdalena , Hoare Derek J.
Published: October 2017

Background.There is no universally accepted definition for hyperacusis, but in general it is characterised by decreased sound tolerance to ordinary environmental sounds. Despite hyperacusis being prevalent and having significant clinical implications, much remains unknown about current management strategies.Purpose.To establish the current position of research on hyperacusis and identify research gaps to direct future research.Design and Sample.Using an established methodological framework, electronic and manual searches of databases and journals identified 43 records that met our inclusion criteria. Incorporating content and thematic analysis approaches, the definitions of hyperacusis, management strategies, and outcome measures were catalogued.Results. Only 67% of the studies provided a definition of hyperacusis, such as “reduced tolerance” or “oversensitivity to sound.” Assessments and outcome measures included Loudness Discomfort Levels, the Hyperacusis Questionnaire, and Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) interview. Management strategies reported were Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, TRT, devices, pharmacological therapy, and surgery.Conclusions. Management strategies were typically evaluated in patients reporting hyperacusis as a secondary complaint or as part of a symptom set. As such the outcomes reported only provided an indication of their effectiveness for hyperacusis. Randomised Controlled Trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of management strategies for patients experiencing hyperacusis.
Analytic Calculation of Transmission Field in Homogeneously Layered Mediums Excited by EMP
Authors: Sun Dong-yang , Bao Wei-min , Li Xiao-ping
Published: October 2017

This paper presents an analytic derivation for the time-domain transmission across layered mediums. The transmission coefficient and attenuation coefficient are obtained in the time-domain from general electromagnetic theory. The transmission electric field can be obtained within a few seconds by convolving the coefficients with incident EMP. The results are accordant with the FDTD method, and this approach can deal with the multilayer mediums problem. The limitations of this approach are discussed in this paper.
Fingerprinting Localization Method Based on TOA and Particle Filtering for Mines
Authors: Song Boming , Zhang Shen , Long Jia , Hu Qingsong
Published: October 2017

Accurate target localization technology plays a very important role in ensuring mine safety production and higher production efficiency. The localization accuracy of a mine localization system is influenced by many factors. The most significant factor is the non‐line of sight (NLOS) propagation error of the localization signal between the access point (AP) and the target node (Tag). In order to improve positioning accuracy, the NLOS error must be suppressed by an optimization algorithm. However, the traditional optimization algorithms are complex and exhibit poor optimization performance. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new method for mine time of arrival (TOA) localization based on the idea of comprehensive optimization. The proposed method utilizes particle filtering to reduce the TOA data error, and the positioning results are further optimized with fingerprinting based on the Manhattan distance. This proposed method combines the advantages of particle filtering and fingerprinting localization. It reduces algorithm complexity and has better error suppression performance. The experimental results demonstrate that, as compared to the symmetric double‐sided two‐way ranging (SDS‐TWR) method or received signal strength indication (RSSI) based fingerprinting method, the proposed method has a significantly improved localization performance, and the environment adaptability is enhanced.
10-Year-Old Female with Acute Abdominal Pain with Pancreatic Mass
Authors: Powers Charles K. , Posa Molly , Rajderkar Dhanashree , Otero Jaclyn
Published: October 2017

A previously healthy 10-year-old female presented to a local emergency department following three days of nausea and vomiting diagnosed with a solid pseudopapillary tumor. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms are a rare form of pancreatic cystic neoplasm that typically presents in young females in their 20–30s and are very rare in children. These neoplasms often present as an asymptomatic tumor found on incidental imaging. When symptomatic they most commonly present with abdominal pain and can also cause a palpable abdominal mass, weight loss, gastrointestinal obstruction, and nausea and vomiting. Timely diagnosis of this rare neoplasm is very important because complete resection of the tumor is the definitive treatment and leads to an excellent long-term survival.
Value Function and Optimal Rule on the Optimal Stopping Problem for Continuous-Time Markov Processes
Authors: Ye Lu
Published: October 2017

This paper considers the optimal stopping problem for continuous-time Markov processes. We describe the methodology and solve the optimal stopping problem for a broad class of reward functions. Moreover, we illustrate the outcomes by some typical Markov processes including diffusion and Lévy processes with jumps. For each of the processes, the explicit formula for value function and optimal stopping time is derived. Furthermore, we relate the derived optimal rules to some other optimal problems.
Usage Patterns of Electric Bicycles: An Analysis of the WeBike Project
Authors: Gorenflo Christian , Rios Ivan , Golab Lukasz , Keshav Srinivasan
Published: October 2017

This paper presents an analysis of data collected through the Waterloo WeBike project: a field trial in which over 30 sensor-equipped electric bicycles (e-bikes) were given to members of the University of Waterloo for personal use. Our dataset includes e-bike trips and battery charging sessions spanning nearly three years, from summer 2014 until spring 2017. We also conducted three surveys both before and during the trial. Our main findings were that the primary purpose of the e-bikes in our trial was for commuting, with most trips lasting less than 20 minutes and most trips taking place in the summer months. Our battery charging analysis revealed no evidence of range anxiety, and our analysis of survey results showed little correlation between anticipated and actual use. Furthermore, when asked about their opinions about various modes of transportation, our participants rated regular bicycles higher than e-bikes even after becoming familiar with e-bikes through the field trial. Based on our analysis, we draw several conclusions, including the fact that the general population in Canada is still unaware of e-bikes and their potential. Moreover, e-bike manufacturers should target sales to nonbike users, such as seniors, rather than trying to displace sales of regular bicycles.
Effect of Computer Navigation on Accuracy and Reliability of Limb Alignment Correction following Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Han Seung-Beom , Kim Hyun Jung , Lee Dae-Hee
Published: October 2017

Background. It is unclear whether computer navigation can improve the accuracy and reliability of targeted lower limb alignment correction following open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO). This meta-analysis was designed to compare the accuracy and reliability of limb alignment correction between computer navigated and conventional open-wedge HTOs. Methods. Studies that compared postoperative coronal alignment, including mechanical axis (MA) and weight bearing line (WBL) ratio, outliers of alignment correction, and change in tibial posterior slope, following open-wedge HTO performed using computer navigated and conventional methods were included. Results. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. The MA (0.93°; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–1.41°; P<0.001) and WBL ratio (1.5%; 95% CI: 0.03–2.98%; P=0.048) were significantly greater for computer navigated HTO than for conventional HTO. Outliers of alignment correction after surgery were significantly lower in patients who underwent computer navigated HTO than in those who underwent conventional HTO (odds ratio: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.08–0.79; P=0.02). Changes in posterior tibial slope from before to after surgery, however, were similar for the two approaches. Conclusion. Computer navigated HTO resulted in slightly more valgus postoperative alignment and effectively reduced outliers of alignment correction but had no effect on change in posterior tibial slope when compared with conventional HTO.
Pinning Adaptive Synchronization of Delayed Coupled Dynamical Networks via Periodically Intermittent Control
Authors: Liu Xueliang , Xu Shengbing
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates the exponential synchronization problem of delayed coupled dynamical networks by using adaptive pinning periodically intermittent control. Based on the Lyapunov method, by designing adaptive feedback controller, some sufficient conditions are presented to ensure the exponential synchronization of coupled dynamical networks with delayed coupling. Furthermore, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical results.
The Dissolved Oxygen Prediction Method Based on Neural Network
Authors: Xiao Zhong , Peng Lingxi , Chen Yi , Liu Haohuai , Wang Jiaqing , Nie Yangang
Published: October 2017

The dissolved oxygen (DO) is oxygen dissolved in water, which is an important factor for the aquaculture. Using BP neural network method with the combination of purelin, logsig, and tansig activation functions is proposed for the prediction of aquaculture’s dissolved oxygen. The input layer, hidden layer, and output layer are introduced in detail including the weight adjustment process. The breeding data of three ponds in actual 10 consecutive days were used for experiments; these ponds were located in Beihai, Guangxi, a traditional aquaculture base in southern China. The data of the first 7 days are used for training, and the data of the latter 3 days are used for the test. Compared with the common prediction models, curve fitting (CF), autoregression (AR), grey model (GM), and support vector machines (SVM), the experimental results show that the prediction accuracy of the neural network is the highest, and all the predicted values are less than 5% of the error limit, which can meet the needs of practical applications, followed by AR, GM, SVM, and CF. The prediction model can help to improve the water quality monitoring level of aquaculture which will prevent the deterioration of water quality and the outbreak of disease.