bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking to the Future
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter considers the question of whether or not nonliving systems can acquire consciousness. It explores contemporary advances in technology, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence. The chapter also considers whether or not consciousness can be performed if inorganic matter replaced the components with which organisms experience consciousness. These and similar questions on nonhuman intelligence and consciousness are fleshed out with scenarios and thought experiments proposed throughout the 20th century, such as John Searle’s Chinese room argument and the archangel paradigm proposed by C. D. Broad. The chapter concludes with reflections on the human being’s inability to truly experience consciousness in the same way as nonhumans.
Postscript
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents some concluding reflections. It first returns to Sherrington and his poetic imagery of the brain’s workings. The chapter expands on this point, however, by referring to Sherrington’s “enchanted loom” and how it relates to the science of consciousness. Afterward, this chapter reflects on further scientific developments in the study of consciousness and considers how science has advanced to the point that even Sherrington’s loom has now been replaced by more modern concepts, such as the gnostic units. In addition, the careers of other experts who have made their mark in the field of consciousness research are briefly explored.
Pursuing Anxiety
Authors: Dohoney Ryan
Published: October 2019

Chapter 1 develops Feldman’s religious mystique in contrast to the politics of the 1960s neo-avant-garde. It begins with an analysis of Feldman’s distinction between mystique and politics as borrowed from Charles Péguy. Feldman elaborates this distinction through a critique of the neo-avant-garde whom he faults for failing to handle sound “with love and interest” and for substituting an “image of personality” in place of true artistic experience. Feldman develops instead a theistic conception of “sound itself” that was an unequivocal religious ideal he termed “abstract experience.” The chapter locates Feldman’s conversion toward this ideal within his early 1960s milieu, noting that it coincided with the beginning of his friendship with Mark Rothko (which he remembers occurring around 1962) and his immersion in the writings of Kierkegaard (a favorite author of Rothko).
The Mediumship of the Digital
Authors: Dotto Simone
Published: October 2019

Examining the use of sound recording in relation to the spiritualists’ practices and discourses, the chapter questions a widespread “metaphysical” understanding of phonography: the tendency to ascribe the indexical trace an evidentiary value. Through a brief historical overview, the first part highlights how, if used as a tool to explore the supernatural dimension, analog recording is evaluated more for its revelatory potential than for the transcriptive one. The second part addresses the problem of digital recording from a twofold perspective. On the one hand, it considers the analog-to-digital transition in contemporary electronic voice phenomena chasing practices; on the other one, it interprets the sonic hauntology music genre as a secularized version of the spiritualists’ inquiry, aimed at reviving phonography itself. The overall objective of the chapter is to demonstrate how the reliability of the same technologies may be differently perceived depending on the users’ shared beliefs.
Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Religion
Authors: Mann Joshua L.
Published: October 2019

This chapter seeks to survey the current landscape of religious uses of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications and begin to answer the following question: In light of relevant AR/VR research to date, what impact might religious uses of AR/VR have in relation to three essential features of religion—myth, ritual, and faith? Surveyed examples of AR/VR range from immersive experiences of holy sites and objects (including reconstructed ones), prayer and meditation, sacred texts and objects, film and storytelling, and social interaction. Drawing on general AR/VR research that shows how immersive experiences impact human beliefs and behavior, the author suggests a number of possible impacts the technology could have on religious experience and raises additional questions that stakeholders—from developers to religious scholars to religious devotees—can begin to answer as the technology becomes more widely available.
Afterword
Authors: Cusack Carole M. , Leone Massimo , Sconce Jeffrey
Published: October 2019

In this afterword, three leading scholars, whose work explores the intersections of media, communication, and religion from different viewpoints, enter in dialog on the subject. Carole Cusack is a historian of religion and the author of groundbreaking works about the relationship between religion, imagination, and popular culture. Massimo Leone is a semiologist whose work has stretched the boundaries between the study of religion and the study of signs, both linguistic and nonlinguistic. Jeffrey Sconce is a scholar in film and media studies whose pioneering monograph, Haunted Media (2000), placed the theme of the supernatural at the forefront of studies in media and communication. Their responses provide a map of potential trajectories to further explore the connections between digital media and the supernatural.
Optimization
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

Decision-making under uncertainty is a central topic of this book. A common scenario is the following: data is recorded from some (digital) sensor device, and we know (or assume) that there is some “underlying” signal contained in this data, which is obscured by noise. The goal is to extract this signal, but the noise causes this task to be impossible: we can never know the actual underlying signal. We must make mathematical assumptions that make this taskp possible at all. Uncertainty is formalized through the mathematical machinery of probability, and decisions are made that find the optimal choices under these assumptions. This chapter explores the main methods by which these optimal choices are made in DSP and machine learning.
Statistical machine learning
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes in detail how the main techniques of statistical machine learning can be constructed from the components described in earlier chapters. It presents these concepts in a way which demonstrates how these techniques can be viewed as special cases of a more general probabilistic model which we fit to some data.
Nonparametric Bayesian machine learning and signal processing
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

We have seen that stochastic processes play an important foundational role in a wide range of methods in DSP. For example, we treat a discrete-time signal as a Gaussian process, and thereby obtain many mathematically simplified algorithms, particularly based on the power spectral density. At the same time, in machine learning, it has generally been observed that nonparametric methods outperform parametric methods in terms of predictive accuracy since they can adapt to data with arbitrary complexity. However, these techniques are not Bayesian so we are unable to do important inferential procedures such as draw samples from the underlying probabilistic model or compute posterior confidence intervals. But, Bayesian models are often only mathematically tractable if parametric, with the corresponding loss of predictive accuracy. An alternative, discussed in this section, is to extend the mathematical tractability of stochastic processes to Bayesian methods. This leads to so-called Bayesian nonparametrics exemplified by techniques such as Gaussian process regression and Dirichlet process mixture modelling that have been shown to be extremely useful in practical DSP and machine learning applications.
Introduction
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

Utilitarianism is defined as a family of views united by acceptance of three doctrines. Consequentialism is the view that moral phenomena can be explained by their relationship to goodness; welfarism is the view that all and only well-being has noninstrumental value; and sum-ranking is the view that the value of an outcome is the sum of the goods and bads it contains. This chapter notes that each of these claims is plausible taken by itself, and that objections to utilitarianism are usually prompted by its implications about cases. It also explains the method and organization of the rest of the book.
Six Objections
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

This chapter identifies and discusses six powerful objections to utilitarianism. These are that it has an inadequate account of value, that it countenances abhorrent actions, that it is too demanding, that it fails to recognize the separateness of persons, that it does not recognize the distinctiveness of political issues as compared with moral issues, and that it has a deficient account of decision making and virtue. Each objection is analysed and its application to different forms of utilitarianism is noted. The test for whether we should take utilitarianism seriously will be whether it can answer these objections.
Moral Rights
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

The concept of moral rights is prominent in much ethical and political thought. This chapter argues that utilitarians can and should give an account of the existence of moral rights. It surveys existing utilitarian accounts of rights, before developing a novel indirect theory of them. According to this theory, rights are structures of reasons and abilities to change reasons. These reasons are pattern-based reasons to participate in beneficial patterns of behaviour and motivation. If we can explain moral rights in this way, we can explain one important kind of moral constraint, such as the constraint against torture, and we can also explain the distinction between acting wrongly and wronging someone. The chapter ends by discussing whether rights are, on this view, too contingent on facts.
Theology in Scotland before Scholasticism
Authors: O’Loughlin Thomas
Published: October 2019

What is meant by ‘theology’ in the period between Augustine and the scholastics is an open question, but what is not in doubt is that Christians reflected on their practice and beliefs, and sought out efficient ways by which the tradition with which they identified would be handed on, be that in stone or on parchment, in poetry or prose, in preaching or in law codes. So while we have very little from Scotland in the first millennium that resembles the formal theological tracts of later times, we do have a range of sources that invite us to read them theologically. Reading these sources is itself a complex task because we need to read them within their own culture—the first Western culture where theology was written in a second language: Latin—while at the same time reading them in terms of their larger environment: the theology of Western Europe at the time, for it was within that culture that insular writers imagined themselves and their work. For Scotland this process of theological recovery is still, despite a century of scholarly research, still in its infancy.
Adam of Dryburgh
Authors: Damian-Grint Peter
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the life and theology of Adam of Dryburgh. Overtaken by love for the contemplative life, Adam became a preacher, an abbot, and a prolific theologian. The fact that Adam was in the first place a preacher is reflected in his idiosyncratic and very characteristic prose writing, which is very ‘oral’ in style—designed not to be read but to be listened to. Most of all, we see Adam in his early work as a convinced Augustinian. It was probably while serving as administrator of Dryburgh in the early 1180s that Adam composed what is generally considered to be his masterpiece, his De triplici genere contemplationis, a guide to contemplative prayer. His influence seems to have become greater, not less, as time went on: the great majority of surviving manuscripts of his work date from the fifteenth century. Adam is the only medieval theologian of international stature who lived and worked almost entirely in Scotland.
Liturgical Theology before 1600
Authors: Holmes Stephen Mark
Published: October 2019

Liturgical interpretation is the analysis of public worship using the methods of patristic and medieval scriptural exegesis. It was a central part of Scottish religious culture and education before 1560 and popular among clerics committed to Catholic Reform. Wishart and Knox’s Reformed critique of Catholic ceremonial made liturgical interpretation an important part of mid-sixteenth-century debate. While Protestant and Catholic liturgy and theology differed greatly, both sides used the same method to interpret their worship and this, meaning that the Reformation divide in Scotland was not as wide as the protagonists claimed, has historical and ecumenical implications.
Duns Scotus
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: October 2019

After a brief summary of Duns Scotus’ life and works, this chapter offers an overview of Scotus’ theology, showing how Scotus’ principal theological aim was theoretical generality: the attempt to treat of God and creatures using the same metaphysical tools—in particular, the same theories of unity and distinction. Despite his status as a radically innovative and original thinker, Scotus’ debt to twelfth-century theology is also highlighted, along with the aim, shared with these earlier theologians, of showing as much as possible of the Christian faith without appeal to revelation. Topics covered include: the theory of individuation, the coherence of the doctrine of the Trinity, the proof for the existence of God as a Trinity of persons, the univocity of being, the Immaculate Conception, Christocentrism, will and freedom, and the doctrine of grace.
The Bible in Sixteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Torrance Iain R.
Published: October 2019

The Geneva Bible is commonly thought of as a single version produced by the Marian exiles with marginal notes which was disliked by King James VI and superseded by the Authorized or King James Version after 1611. The chapter shows that there were three major text forms in the Geneva Bible tradition: the ‘pure’ Genevans, the Geneva Tomson version which followed Beza’s Latin New Testament, and finally the Geneva Tomson Junius version which added a very extensive commentary to the Book of Revelation. Moreover, study of the material culture of what must be understood as the Geneva Bible ‘project’ shows that different typefaces and different bundling of paratextual additions were designed to appeal to different readerships. Two distinctive Geneva Bible versions were published in Scotland (the Arbuthnot/Bassandyne text of 1579 and the Andro Hart text of 1610). It is suggested that use of the Geneva tradition flourished in Scotland until about 1640 and fostered a highly informed, argumentative sense of separate religious identity.
Reformed Theology in Confessions and Catechisms to c.1620
Authors: Hazlett Ian
Published: October 2019

After initial discussion of some problematical aspects in the adoption of Reformed theology in Scotland, this chapter will identify, describe, and evaluate Scottish confessions of faith, catechisms, and other pedagogic texts in the Reformation era from 1560 to c.1620. In doing this, it will firstly characterize the relatively diverse nature of European Reformed theology and confessional statements from which Scottish manifestations derive, and then assess them individually in the light of that wider tradition including the emerging covenant theology. In addition, the chapter will suggest that the most formative confessions and catechisms for theologians in Scotland were not so much the domestic ones as the major productions from elsewhere and used commonly in the Reformed world. It will also demonstrate that in the Scottish confessional and catechetical texts the directly formative influence is Calvin, while acknowledging ideas associated with Zurich, Heidelberg, and Dort.
Spiritual Theology in Bruce, Howie, Johnston, Boyd, and Leighton
Authors: Elliott Mark W.
Published: October 2019

This chapter concerns itself with how Scottish Reformed theology could go in a different direction from that of the polemical and the systematic. The five theologians considered, namely Robert Bruce (1554–1631), Robert Howie (1565–1641), John Johnston (1565–1611), Robert Boyd (1578–1627), and Robert Leighton (1611–84), all evidence a firm knowledge of the latter and should not be seen as reacting against the theological mainstream, but rather as bringing Reformed theology into dialogue with principles and practices of the Christian life as well as biblical exegesis. Often writing and thinking in a way that shows ‘humanist’ training, they arrive at something that can best be called ‘Spiritual Theology’. In the course charted here, this grows from being located somewhere in the ‘background’ theological method to being foregrounded in the content. There are clear signs of strong continental influence, to a varying degree.
Federal Theology from the Reformation to c.1677
Authors: Mullan David G.
Published: October 2019

Calvin’s role as a federal theologian is controversial, but by 1584 federal theology was gaining prominence in the Rhineland, and was soon introduced into Scotland by Robert Rollock. The distinguishing feature of this approach was the positing of a prelapsarian covenant of works whereby Adam was promised eternal life in exchange for obedience to the natural law. When Adam fell, all humanity fell with him, and a new covenant, the covenant of grace, was instituted with sinful man. The first dispensation of this covenant was the covenant of the law while the second dispensation, which fulfilled the Mosaic covenant, was freely given to the elect through the redemptive work of Christ. Theologians such as David Dickson and Samuel Rutherford widely publicized the covenant of grace, and Rutherford was instrumental in preparing the way for personal covenanting whereby an individual, in response to the preaching of the Gospel, made an intimate avowal of Christ and promised obedience to him.
The Marrow Controversy
Authors: Myers Stephen G.
Published: October 2019

The Marrow controversy (1718–22) most often is understood as a dispute between evangelical and legalistic parties within the eighteenth-century Kirk. Various forms of this analysis, however, leave certain questions unanswered. Rather than a clash between evangelicalism and legalism, the Marrow controversy was a collision between two differing developments of Scottish federal theology. Through the theological refinement precipitated by John Simson’s views, Thomas Boston and Ebenezer Erskine had crafted, from within the Scottish federal tradition, an evangelical federalism that emphasized the freeness and immediacy of grace. Through that same process of refinement, James Hadow had constructed, from within the same coherent Scottish federal tradition, an ordered federalism that emphasized the means through which God sovereignly bestowed his free grace upon sinners. These two federal systems, when confronted with the particular doctrinal expressions of The Marrow of Modern Divinity, produced both radically different readings of the same text and enduring controversy.
Between Orthodoxy and Enlightenment
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: October 2019

This chapter is an attempt to gauge the theology of the Church of Scotland in the first half of the eighteenth century by considering a representative selection of theological writers of that period. Each of those considered—Thomas Blackwell, Robert Riccaltoun, and Thomas Halyburton—held parish ministries, two them for most of their adult lives, and two of them held chairs of theology. Distinct personalities, each upheld the position of the Westminster Standards con animo. Yet each reveal in their different ways an awareness of changes that the Enlightenment was bringing, calling for adaptation to the literary form of theology, or in its apologetic direction.
Jonathan Edwards and his Scottish Contemporaries
Authors: Yeager Jonathan
Published: October 2019

The American Congregational minister Jonathan Edwards maintained a long-standing correspondence with the Church of Scotland clergymen William McCulloch, James Robe, Thomas Gillespie, John Maclaurin, and John Erskine. These five Scottish evangelical ministers established contact with Edwards during a period of revival that was taking place in America and Britain. They used Edwards’ initial works as manuals for understanding the religious awakenings that occurred in Scotland in the early 1740s. All five ministers continued to exchange letters with Edwards throughout their lifetimes, providing updates on the state of religion in their respective regions, organizing united prayer efforts to strengthen the revivals, encouraging one another during times of personal difficulties, and discussing the nature of authentic conversion. Erskine distinguished himself by sending Edwards hundreds of books to aid the American’s theological research. Although he had reservations with aspects of Edwards’ thought in Freedom of the Will (1754), Erskine promoted this and other later theological treatises by his friend.
Literate Piety
Authors: Foster James
Published: October 2019

Though separated by a century, the lives and work of John Witherspoon and James McCosh are strikingly similar. Both were Presbyterian ministers, leaders of the Evangelical party in the Church of Scotland, presidents of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), and public intellectuals in America. Both also attempted to unite the philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment with the Calvinist theology of the Westminster Confession. This chapter examines the theology of both men through their careers and major works, and evaluates their legacy of literate piety.
Dissenting Theology from the 1720s to the 1840s
Authors: Bebbington David
Published: October 2019

Scottish Dissent included the Reformed Presbyterians, who upheld the covenants, the Secession, both Burghers and Antiburghers, who also looked back to the seventeenth century, and the Relief Church, which was forward-looking. The Secession branches split around 1800 over New Light, the majority effectively adopting religious toleration. John Dick and John Brown were distinguished Secession theologians. Non-Presbyterian Dissenters included the Glasites, with their Sandemanian view of faith, the Old Scots Independents, the Bereans and the Scotch Baptists, all principled Independents. The Haldane brothers launched a new evangelistic movement that led to the creation of many Independent and Baptist churches, and their associate Greville Ewing forged a Congregational Union. A number of other groups added to the diversity of Scottish Dissent. Drawing on the Westminster Confession, the various bodies were influenced by the Enlightenment and by the Evangelical Revival.
Scottish Literature in a Time of Change
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: October 2019

This essay attempts, by selective reference to a range of works in several genres, to identify and comment on some of the ways in which Scottish writers have responded to centuries of development and change in public worship and the exercise of personal Christian faith since the middle of the eighteenth century. As the Church of Scotland and the public perception of worship have changed, notably so in the last century, literature has tried to find a way which accurately reflects that change, while highlighting some of the legacy of Scotland’s religious practice.
Free Church Theology 1843–1900
Authors: Bräutigam Michael
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores the theology of key scholars of the Free Church of Scotland from 1843 until 1900, when only a small remnant continued as the Free Church after its union with the United Presbyterian Church. Divided into two parts, the first section looks at the theology of the Disruption fathers, Thomas Chalmers, Robert S. Candlish, William Cunningham, and George Smeaton. The second part deals with the subsequent generation of Free Church theologians, in particular with a group known as the ‘believing critics’. Influenced by new developments on the continent, scholars, such as William Robertson Smith and Marcus Dods, challenged the church with their focus on historical criticism in biblical studies. Delineating the distinctive features of individual theologians as well as taking into account the broader landscape of nineteenth-century Scotland, the chapter attempts a fresh perspective on theological debates within the Victorian Free Church.
The Borthwick Sisters
Authors: Henderson Frances M.
Published: October 2019

Jane Laurie Borthwick (1813–97), and her sister Sarah Borthwick Findlater (1823–1907), take their place alongside the Englishwomen Catherine Winkworth and Frances Cox as the foremost translators into English of German hymnody. Their volume, Hymns from the Land of Luther (1853, rev. 1884), introduced into Scottish churches the popular theology of Lutheran and Moravian Pietists. Previously, the Reformed distrust of ‘human words’ had limited congregational singing in Scotland to Psalms and Paraphrases; while an Established Church with a heavy investment in social conformity had resisted the Pietist stress on individualist faith. However, with the Disruption and the founding of the Free Church, a space was opened for this profoundly experiential theology of an intimate relationship with Jesus. The Borthwick sisters were instrumental in popularizing in Scotland an evangelical vocabulary of suffering, guilt, desire, and ecstatic consummation, in which there was a natural association between the Christian virtues and the feminine.
The Liturgical Revolution
Authors: Spinks Bryan D.
Published: October 2019

The nineteenth-century Scottish Presbyterian Churches witnessed a ‘Liturgical Revolution’. In part an expression of the wider Romantic movement, some ministers became concerned with the aesthetics of prayer and worship. Some began to publish ‘specimens’ of good practice. A major development was made by Robert Lee of Greyfriars, who published a liturgy that he used as a set form in Greyfriars. The Church Service Society was founded in 1865 to publish liturgies of the past, and drawing on the whole Christian liturgical heritage, compiled forms for the guidance of ministers. The century also witnessed the adoption of hymns in worship in addition to psalms and paraphrases, and the reintroduction of stained glass to adorn church buildings. A theology for this was developed by the Scoto-Catholics of the Scottish Church Society.
Biblical Criticism in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Johnstone William
Published: October 2019

Against the background of the Enlightenment and the weakening of the restrictions imposed by the Westminster Confession, this chapter seeks to trace the development of biblical interpretation in Scotland in the nineteenth century, in terms of the evolution of ‘lower criticism’ focusing on philological and textual evidence and of ‘higher criticism’ aiming to identify the social and historical contexts within which the biblical writers operated. The chapter begins with the pioneering work of Alexander Geddes (1737–1802) and considers Scottish participation in the culmination of ‘lower criticism’ in the production of the Revised Version (1870–95) and of ‘higher criticism’ in the work especially of William Robertson Smith (1846–94).
The Secession and United Presbyterian Churches
Authors: McKimmon Eric G.
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the work of theologians in the United Secession (1820–47) and United Presbyterian Church (1847–1900). Three significant thinkers were Henry Calderwood, (1830–97), John Cairns (1818–92), and James Orr (1844–1913). With others, these theologians addressed the relation of the Secession Churches to Calvinist orthodoxy, they promoted the cause of Church reunion, and they sought to provide an appropriate apologia for faith in the changing intellectual culture of the nineteenth century. Over the period of a century, a coherent vision emerged of a via media, or liberal conservatism, that became an enduring facet of the Secession traditions. A sub-narrative concerns James Morison who was deposed from the United Secession ministry in 1841 because of his views on the universality of the atonement. Morison’s Arminian theology was novel in Calvinist Scotland, but it proved to be a template for later evangelical developments.
The Reception of Darwin
Authors: Fergusson David
Published: October 2019

The scientific consensus in favour of evolution generated some challenges for Scottish theology after the publication of The Origin of Species in 1859. Yet, despite some initial attempts to resist Darwinism on both scientific and scriptural grounds, theologians soon came to make their peace with evolutionary theory. Arguments for creation, providence, and human uniqueness were rehearsed alongside acknowledgement of gradual evolution, the descent of species from common origins, and extinction of earlier life forms. The design argument continued to be defended but in ways that suggested a sharper distinction between scientific and religious explanation. This is explored with reference to a body of literature that appeared for the most part in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The work of Rainy, Flint, Drummond, Calderwood, and Iverach is examined. In conclusion, the theological significance of evolutionary approaches to the study of religion itself is noted.
Goals in Context
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

Under the goal-based approach advanced in the book, a methodical and comprehensive investigation into the effectiveness of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) ought to start from a fundamental question: what are the goals (i.e. the desired outcomes) this system is to generate? With a view to establishing the relevant context for identifying and analysing these goals, the chapter provides a brief overview of the origins and evolution of the WTO DSS. It also describes the system’s current design and procedures. The chapter closes with some reflections on the hybrid legal/diplomatic, bilateral/multilateral character of the WTO DSS, reflected in the system’s structure and procedures as well as in its goals. This dual character, as illustrated later in the book, nurtures many of the shifts, conflicts, and subsequent trade-offs exhibited between the system’s goals throughout its operations.
Escaping the Illegitimacy Net
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

This chapter engages in an in-depth, legal-empirical analysis of the landmark US-Shrimp dispute, the first case study examined under the category of trade-and disputes. The chapter begins with a short overview of the disputed measure at issue in US-Shrimp. It then discusses the infamous panel ruling rendered in the case and the intense legitimacy challenges the ruling ignited against the backdrop of the mounting criticism levelled at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the late 1990s. On these foundations, the chapter turns to a comprehensive goal-based reading of the judicial endeavours carried out by the Appellate Body in US-Shrimp along the procedural, substantive, and rhetorical dimensions while tracing the goal shifts and trade-offs struck in the face of the enhanced legitimacy pressures the WTO and its Dispute Settlement System (DSS) confronted in this case. The chapter concludes by tying the goal-achievement patterns identified to the broader DSS goal-based effectiveness framework developed in the book.
Trade Wars, Trade-Offs, and the International Rule of Law
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

This chapter sets the scene for the analysis of the operation and goal-attainment patterns of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) in ‘perennial’ disputes, the dispute category at the centre of Part III, which provides another instructive venue for exploring whether and how the unique challenges posed before the DSS in this class of cases shape stakeholders’ expectations from the DSS, shift the emphasis among its various goals, and stimulate trade-offs between them. After discussing the main challenges associated with perennial disputes, the chapter situates these conflicts within the broader historical and institutional context of the multilateral trading system. The chapter then challenges the common appellation of such cases as ‘wrong’ cases due to their heightened prospects of noncompliance, while pointing to the shift away from compliance taking place in such conflicts and the enhanced role the DSS comes to play at the interstice between law and politics, with a view to achieving other organizational objectives.
The Figure of the Child in Contemporary Evangelicalism
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: October 2019

What does it mean to grow up as an evangelical Christian today? What meanings does ‘childhood’ have for evangelical adults? How does this shape their engagements with children and with schools? And what does this mean for the everyday realities of children’s lives? Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in three contrasting evangelical churches in the UK, Anna Strhan reveals how attending to the significance of children within evangelicalism deepens understanding of evangelicals’ hopes, fears, and concerns, not only for children, but for wider British society. Developing a relational approach to the study of children and religion, the book invites us to consider the complexities of children’s agency and how the figure of the child shapes the hopes, fears, and imaginations of adults, within and beyond evangelicalism. Strhan explores the lived realities of how evangelicals engage with children across church, school, home, and other informal educational spaces in a dechristianizing cultural context, and how children experience these forms of engagement. The book reveals how conservative evangelicals experience their understanding of childhood as increasingly countercultural, while charismatic and open evangelicals locate their work with children as a significant means of engaging with wider secular society. Setting out an approach that explores the relations between the figure of the child, children’s experiences, and how adult religious subjectivities are formed in both imagined and practical relationships with children, Strhan situates childhood as an important area of study within the sociology of religion and examines how we should approach childhood within this field.
Introduction
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: October 2019

This introduction contextualizes how religion is often perceived to be a ‘problem’ in contemporary British society in relation to childhood and to education, and locates this in relation to longer-term debates about personhood, autonomy, Enlightenment, and religion. The chapter also situates contemporary British evangelicalism and evangelicals’ engagements with children within a wider landscape of religious change in the UK. The second half of the introduction sets out the methodological approach taken in the book. It describes the process of conducting fieldwork with three different evangelical churches (conservative, charismatic, and open evangelical) and in schools linked with them. The author draws on Michael Herzfeld’s analysis (2001) of the relationship between comparison and reflexivity to discuss how these experiences of fieldwork helped to shape her analytic focus in the book and outlines the book’s overall aims and argument.
School Visitors
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: October 2019

Against the backdrop of public concerns raised about the role of external evangelical visitors in state-funded schools, Chapter 5 examines the mundane realities of the relationships that children’s workers and volunteers from St George’s Church (charismatic) and Riverside Church (open evangelical) developed with local schools. Focusing on the visits made by children’s workers to deliver assemblies, and the after-school, lunchtime, and holiday clubs they ran, this chapter considers how children’s agency was either limited or enabled across these different spaces. Examining how the adults involved in these engagements with children spoke about the moral significance of their work, it argues that these kinds of engagement offered adults a sense of meaning and hope, allowing them to understand themselves as agents of change at a time when the public sphere often seems unwieldy and beyond individuals’ control.
Introduction
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

The aim of the book—to offer a philosophical assessment of the concept of a right—is introduced, along with terminological distinctions. Chapter 1 defends the author’s Hohfeldian assumption that all claim-rights entail correlative duties owed to the right-holder. The chapter ends by clarifying the idea of a ‘natural’ right as simply a right that exists independently of anyone recognizing that it exists. So conceived, natural rights need imply neither a theistic nor a ‘state of nature’ grounding, and can include many rights protecting our sociality.
Modest Property Rights for the Right-Holder’s Sake
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

Chapter 12 assesses arguments that certain specific property rights, and some general rights to participate in property systems, can be morally justifiable for the right-holder’s own sake—primarily on the basis of the right-holder’s own good—in a way that makes them ‘natural’ or recognition-independent rights. Versions of such arguments based on the importance of the right-holder’s freedom, her chosen purposes, and her other human rights, are developed from the work of Hegel, Locke, and Nickel, respectively. The chapter shows that the reach of these arguments is limited. Some property rights might indeed be ‘natural’ rights groundable for the right-holder’s sake, but the chapter’s arguments imply that most property held by those who are moderately wealthy cannot be—including any property rights morally justifiable only as the results of a market exchange.
Property Rights for the Common Good
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

Where Chapter 12 established that property belonging to those with reasonable wealth cannot be ‘natural’ rights grounded for the right-holder’s sake, Chapter 13 argues that such property is, rather, groundable on the common good, as outlined by classical liberals like Hayek, Hume, and Smith. Surprisingly, this approach gives us reason to stop seeing most property as an individual right, but rather as duties-owed-to-the-community, duties that individuals control. This is because property—unlike many other rights that are not ‘for the right-holder’s sake’—does not wear on its face its ground in the common good. Owners’ rights are not like those of a teacher, say: rights clearly protecting an other-serving role. Conceiving property as a right therefore carries a major risk that it will be seen as ‘natural’, grounded by the right-holder’s own good. To avoid this, the chapter argues that we should start conceiving free markets as involving ‘controllership’, in which duties-not-to-trespass are owed to the community rather than to particular owners.
Other Minds, Facts, and Values
Authors: Heal Jane
Published: October 2019

It is deep fact about us that we are social animals. The idea that ‘I’, ‘you’, and ‘we’ are interdependent concepts, and that joint thought and joint projects are central to our lives, is prominent in recent philosophy of mind and action. But the idea is important in ethics as well. Whether my individual life goes well or ill is constitutively intertwined with whether our joint life goes well or ill. If there are facts about the former (which few deny) then there are facts about the latter. So if you and I differ about what we should aim for, what is at stake in the debate is our shared future welfare. The familiar idea of ‘a fact–value distinction’, implying that there is no fact-directed reflection which could help us, presupposes a faulty individualistic account of welfare. It thus misrepresents our position in a seriously unhelpful and disempowering way.
How to Play Well with Others
Authors: Ridge Michael
Published: October 2019

Many games are essentially social, yet dominant theories of games struggle to accommodate this. This chapter argues that Bernard Suits’s rightly influential theory lacks a plausible explanation of what it is for two or more people to play a game with one another. It then develops an alternative approach which takes a more interpersonal approach, emphasizing the role of commitment in its account of multi-player games. It argues that this approach has several advantages over rival approaches. It concluded by extending this approach to deal with single-player games. The chapter argues that “game” and cognates are, in one useful sense, family resemblance terms, but in a way that can accommodate what is insightful in Suits’s approach, thus getting the best of both worlds.
Prelude
Authors: Edge M. D.
Published: October 2019

There are two traditional ways to learn statistics. One way is to pass over the mathematical underpinnings and focus on developing relatively shallow knowledge about a wide variety of statistical procedures. Another is to spend years learning the mathematics necessary for traditional mathematical approaches to statistics. For many people who need to analyze data, neither of these paths is sufficient. The shallow-but-wide approach fails to provide students with the foundation that allows for confidence and creativity in analyzing modern datasets, and many researchers—though possibly motivated to learn math—do not have the background to start immediately on a traditional mathematical approach. This book exists to help researchers jump between tracks, providing motivated students whose knowledge of mathematics may be incomplete or rusty with a serious introduction to statistics that allows further study from more mathematical sources. This is done by focusing on a single statistical technique that is fundamental to statistical practice—simple linear regression—and supplementing the exposition with ample simulations conducted in the statistical programming language R. The first half of the book focuses on preliminaries, including the use of R and probability theory, whereas the second half covers statistical estimation and inference from semiparametric, parametric, and Bayesian perspectives.
Interlude
Authors: Edge M. D.
Published: October 2019

This chapter marks a turning point. The preceding two chapters considered probability theory, which describes the kinds of data that result from specified processes. The remainder of the book consider statistical estimation and inference, which starts with data and attempts to make conclusions about the process that produced them. First, general concepts in statistical estimation and inference are discussed, and then simple linear regression from nonparametric/semiparametric, parametric frequentist, and Bayesian perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 1 (‘Introduction’) provides a short history of the discovery and rediscovery of health inequalities, as well as a short history and typology of the welfare state, and lays out the paradox that this book tries to explain: the persistence of health inequalities in even the most universal and generous European welfare states. It argues that micro-level studies alone cannot resolve this paradox, and that macro-level studies are needed to identify the determinants of health inequalities as seen at the population level. This will also make it easier to put health inequalities into a broader perspective, for example, that of social inequality per se. This chapter ends with an extensive preview of the main conclusions of the book.
Patterns of health inequalities explained
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 4 (‘Patterns of health inequalities explained’) is based on in-depth studies of the macro-level determinants of health inequalities, especially conducted for this book. It shows that the persistence of health inequalities is partly due to broader changes in society, such as educational expansion, increasing rates of intergenerational mobility, and more intermarriage of highly educated people. Another factor is that health improvements have been faster in higher than in lower socioeconomic groups, also because higher socioeconomic groups have benefited more from rising prosperity and rising health care expenditure, and have suffered less negative health impacts from rising income inequality and the transition towards liberal democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Finally, it demonstrates the importance of the continued social patterning of health determinants, particularly poverty and smoking. It ends with a summary of how differences in the magnitude of health inequalities between European regions (North, South, East) should be understood.
Shipwreck in French Renaissance Writing
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

In the sixteenth century, a period of proliferating transatlantic travel and exploration, and, latterly, religious civil wars in France, the ship is freighted with political and religious, as well as poetic, significance; symbolism that reaches its height when ships – both real and symbolic – are threatened with disaster. The Direful Spectacle argues that, in the French Renaissance, shipwreck functions not only as an emblem or motif within writing, but as a part, or the whole, of a narrative, in which the dynamics of spectatorship and of co-operation are of constant concern. The possibility of ethical distance from shipwreck – imagined through the Lucretian suave mari magno commonplace – is constantly undermined, not least through a sustained focus on the corporeal. This book examines the ways in which the ship and the body are made analogous in Renaissance shipwreck writing; bodies are described and allegorized in nautical terms, and, conversely, ships themselves become animalized and humanized. Secondly, many texts anticipate that the descriptionof shipwreck will have an affect not only on its victims, but on those too of spectators, listeners, and readers. This insistence on the physicality of shipwreck is also reflected in the dynamic of bricolage that informs the production of shipwreck texts in the Renaissance. The dramatic potential of both the disaster and the process of rebuilding is exploited throughout the century, culminating in a shipwreck tragedy. By the late Renaissance, shipwreck is not only the end, but often forms the beginning of a story.
‘Le naufrage de ce mortel monde’
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

Over the course of the sixteenth century, the Old French word for ship—‘nef’—gradually fell out of use, being replaced by ‘navire’ and ‘vaisseau’. This chapter explores an important strand of this story; the persistence of a symbolic, literary ‘nef’, whose origins can be traced from medieval tradition through to the first decade of the sixteenth century. A mini-genre, the Nef book, capitalized on the popularity of Sebastian Brant’s Narrenschiff, and over the course of just a few years, this genre developed and changed, generating de-nauticalized compendia on a range of subjects. These compendia are significant with respect to (among other things) the beginnings of the commonplace book; two of the authors examined in this chapter (Jodocus Badius and Symphorien Champier), played important roles in the emergence of this tradition. Shipwreck often represents the fate of the sinner’s soul, but as the concerns of the Nef books become more worldly, and less spiritual, partly by contact with the Fürstenspiegel (mirrors for princes) tradition, so too the significance of shipwrecks shifts; the prospect of bodily shipwreck, in particular, comes increasingly to the fore. Besides identifying and analysing this previously neglected family of books, this chapter sheds light on several important conventions that will continue to inform the dynamics of shipwreck throughout the century. In particular, it shows that seafaring was the subject both of curiosity and of moral anxiety; it is this tension that makes the family of Nef books a particularly rich cluster of texts with which to open this study of shipwreck.