bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer and preclinical analysis of enzalutamide
Authors: Cochrane Dawn R , Bernales Sebastián , Jacobsen Britta M , Cittelly Diana M , Howe Erin N , D’Amato Nicholas C , Spoelstra Nicole S , Edgerton Susan M , Jean Annie , Guerrero Javier , Gómez Francisco , Medicherla Satyanarayana , Alfaro Iván E , McCullagh Emma , Jedlicka Paul , Torkko Kathleen C , Thor Ann D , Elias Anthony D , Protter Andrew A , Richer Jennifer K
Published: January 2014

Introduction

The androgen receptor (AR) is widely expressed in breast cancers and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in estrogen receptor alpha (ER) negative breast cancers that retain AR. However, controversy exists regarding the role of AR, particularly in ER + tumors. Enzalutamide, an AR inhibitor that impairs nuclear localization of AR, was used to elucidate the role of AR in preclinical models of ER positive and negative breast cancer.

Methods

We examined nuclear AR to ER protein ratios in primary breast cancers in relation to response to endocrine therapy. The effects of AR inhibition with enzalutamide were examined in vitro and in preclinical models of ER positive and negative breast cancer that express AR.

Results

In a cohort of 192 women with ER + breast cancers, a high ratio of AR:ER (≥2.0) indicated an over four fold increased risk for failure while on tamoxifen (HR = 4.43). The AR:ER ratio had an independent effect on risk for failure above ER % staining alone. AR:ER ratio is also an independent predictor of disease-free survival (HR = 4.04, 95% CI: 1.68, 9.69; p = 0.002) and disease specific survival (HR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.11, 6.86; p = 0.03). Both enzalutamide and bicalutamide inhibited 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-mediated proliferation of breast cancer lines in vitro; however, enzalutamide uniquely inhibited estradiol (E2)-mediated proliferation of ER+/AR + breast cancer cells. In MCF7 xenografts (ER+/AR+) enzalutamide inhibited E2-driven tumor growth as effectively as tamoxifen by decreasing proliferation. Enzalutamide also inhibited DHT- driven tumor growth in both ER positive (MCF7) and negative (MDA-MB-453) xenografts, but did so by increasing apoptosis.

Conclusions

AR to ER ratio may influence breast cancer response to traditional endocrine therapy. Enzalutamide elicits different effects on E2-mediated breast cancer cell proliferation than bicalutamide. This preclinical study supports the initiation of clinical studies evaluating enzalutamide for treatment of AR+ tumors regardless of ER status, since it blocks both androgen- and estrogen- mediated tumor growth.
GraphProt: modeling binding preferences of RNA-binding proteins
Authors: Maticzka Daniel , Lange Sita J , Costa Fabrizio , Backofen Rolf
Published: January 2014

We present GraphProt, a computational framework for learning sequence- and structure-binding preferences of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) from high-throughput experimental data. We benchmark GraphProt, demonstrating that the modeled binding preferences conform to the literature, and showcase the biological relevance and two applications of GraphProt models. First, estimated binding affinities correlate with experimental measurements. Second, predicted Ago2 targets display higher levels of expression upon Ago2 knockdown, whereas control targets do not. Computational binding models, such as those provided by GraphProt, are essential for predicting RBP binding sites and affinities in all tissues. GraphProt is freely available at http://www.bioinf.uni-freiburg.de/Software/GraphProt.
Liquid Biopsies: Genotyping Circulating Tumor DNA
Authors: Diaz Luis A. , Bardelli Alberto
Published: January 2014

Genotyping tumor tissue in search of somatic genetic alterations for actionable information has become routine practice in clinical oncology. Although these sequence alterations are highly informative, sampling tumor tissue has significant inherent limitations; tumor tissue is a single snapshot in time, is subject to selection bias resulting from tumor heterogeneity, and can be difficult to obtain. Cell-free fragments of DNA are shed into the bloodstream by cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis, and the load of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) correlates with tumor staging and prognosis. Moreover, recent advances in the sensitivity and accuracy of DNA analysis have allowed for genotyping of cfDNA for somatic genomic alterations found in tumors. The ability to detect and quantify tumor mutations has proven effective in tracking tumor dynamics in real time as well as serving as a liquid biopsy that can be used for a variety of clinical and investigational applications not previously possible.
Cancer Genomics and Inherited Risk
Authors: Stadler Zsofia K. , Schrader Kasmintan A. , Vijai Joseph , Robson Mark E. , Offit Kenneth
Published: January 2014

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing of tumors for causative mutations, allowing for more accurate targeting of therapies. In the process of sequencing the tumor, comparisons to the germline genome may identify variants associated with susceptibility to cancer as well as other hereditary diseases. Already, the combination of massively parallel sequencing and selective capture approaches has facilitated efficient simultaneous genetic analysis (multiplex testing) of large numbers of candidate genes. As the field of oncology incorporates NGS approaches into tumor and germline analyses, it has become clear that the ability to achieve high-throughput genotyping surpasses our current ability to interpret and appropriately apply the vast amounts of data generated from such technologies. A review of the current state of knowledge of rare and common genetic variants associated with cancer risk or treatment outcome reveals significant progress, as well as a number of challenges associated with the clinical translation of these discoveries. The combined efforts of oncologists, genetic counselors, and cancer geneticists will be required to drive the paradigm shift toward personalized or precision medicine and to ensure the incorporation of NGS technologies into the practice of preventive oncology.
Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Telephone Versus In-Person Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Schwartz Marc D. , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. , Peshkin Beth N. , Mandelblatt Jeanne , Nusbaum Rachel , Huang An-Tsun , Chang Yaojen , Graves Kristi , Isaacs Claudine , Wood Marie , McKinnon Wendy , Garber Judy , McCormick Shelley , Kinney Anita Y. , Luta George , Kelleher Sarah , Leventhal Kara-Grace , Vegella Patti , Tong Angie , King Lesley
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Although guidelines recommend in-person counseling before BRCA1/BRCA2 gene testing, genetic counseling is increasingly offered by telephone. As genomic testing becomes more common, evaluating alternative delivery approaches becomes increasingly salient. We tested whether telephone delivery of BRCA1/2 genetic counseling was noninferior to in-person delivery.

Patients and Methods

Participants (women age 21 to 85 years who did not have newly diagnosed or metastatic cancer and lived within a study site catchment area) were randomly assigned to usual care (UC; n = 334) or telephone counseling (TC; n = 335). UC participants received in-person pre- and post-test counseling; TC participants completed all counseling by telephone. Primary outcomes were knowledge, satisfaction, decision conflict, distress, and quality of life; secondary outcomes were equivalence of BRCA1/2 test uptake and costs of delivering TC versus UC.

Results

TC was noninferior to UC on all primary outcomes. At 2 weeks after pretest counseling, knowledge (d = 0.03; lower bound of 97.5% CI, −0.61), perceived stress (d = −0.12; upper bound of 97.5% CI, 0.21), and satisfaction (d = −0.16; lower bound of 97.5% CI, −0.70) had group differences and confidence intervals that did not cross their 1-point noninferiority limits. Decision conflict (d = 1.1; upper bound of 97.5% CI, 3.3) and cancer distress (d = −1.6; upper bound of 97.5% CI, 0.27) did not cross their 4-point noninferiority limit. Results were comparable at 3 months. TC was not equivalent to UC on BRCA1/2 test uptake (UC, 90.1%; TC, 84.2%). TC yielded cost savings of $114 per patient.

Conclusion

Genetic counseling can be effectively and efficiently delivered via telephone to increase access and decrease costs.
Regional Variation in Carbon Emissions and its Driving Forces in China: An Index Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Yang Shu , Zhao Dingtao , Wu Yanrui , Fan Jin
Published: January 2014

This paper aims to investigate the factors affecting carbon emissions from the perspective of residential energy consumption. Specifically, through an index decomposition analysis (IDA), it examines the influence of social and economic factors on household carbon emissions in China's provinces. The results show that CO2 emissions associated with household consumption continued to grow during the decade of 2000–2010. In general, per capita consumption expenditure and the share of energy consumption expenditure in total consumption spending are two main factors contributing to an increase in residential carbon emissions, while the change of energy consumption structure and energy price mitigated the growth of carbon emissions. However, there are considerable regional differences. Therefore, Chinese government must consider the substantial contribution of residential consumption to carbon emissions when it aims to expand domestic consumption.
An Analysis of Future Coaches' Emerging Dispositions on Social Justice: The Wooden Effect
Authors: Culp Brian
Published: January 2014

This qualitative study explored the extent to which an archetype presented through a non-fiction text could impact aspiring coaches' (AC's) dispositions regarding social justice. Forty-three aspiring coaches at a Midwestern university enrolled in a foundations class that presented issues related to inequity were studied. Analysis of student journals indicated changes in AC's philosophies regarding social justice, an appreciation for the perspectives of underrepresented groups and emergent critical perspectives when examining sport processes. Results of the study imply that a focus on democratic education and constructivism in coaching preparation programs may be of benefit. A means by which praxis of this nature can be realized for future professionals is presented using Giddens' structuration theory.
Postural Balance and Rifle Stability during Standing Shooting on an Indoor Gun Range without Physical Stress in Different Groups of Biathletes
Authors: Sattlecker Gerold , Buchecker Michael , Müller Erich , Lindinger Stefan J.
Published: January 2014

The aim of the current study was to examine postural balance, rifle stability and shooting performance in biathletes, analysing the basic precision shooting skills without physical load in different performance groups. Therefore, kinematic and kinetic data from the World Cup (WC; n = 8), the European Cup (EC; n = 13) and a federal youth athletes' squad ( n = 15) were recorded on an indoor shooting range. The participants had to shoot ten 5-shot-clips without physical load. Postural balance and rifle stability were measured by VICON (Oxford, UK) and PEDAR (Munich, Germany) systems over the last 0.6 s before firing. WC and EC groups showed lower body and rifle sway (mainly in cross-shooting direction) compared to youth athletes (p < 0.05). Postural balance and gun stability predominantly in cross-shooting direction were negatively correlated to shooting performance ( r = −0.33 to −0.59; p < 0.05). The present data indicate the relevance of low body and rifle sway primarily in cross-shooting direction for a successful basic biathlon standing shooting at rest. Special biathlon specific balance and rifle stability training forms used in basic shooting trainings can be recommended.
Mass spectrometry–based relative quantification of proteins in precatalytic and catalytically active spliceosomes by metabolic labeling (SILAC), chemical labeling (iTRAQ), and label-free spectral count
Authors: Schmidt Carla , Grønborg Mads , Deckert Jochen , Bessonov Sergey , Conrad Thomas , Lührmann Reinhard , Urlaub Henning
Published: January 2014

The spliceosome undergoes major changes in protein and RNA composition during pre-mRNA splicing. Knowing the proteins—and their respective quantities—at each spliceosomal assembly stage is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms and regulation of splicing. Here, we applied three independent mass spectrometry (MS)–based approaches for quantification of these proteins: (1) metabolic labeling by SILAC, (2) chemical labeling by iTRAQ, and (3) label-free spectral count for quantification of the protein composition of the human spliceosomal precatalytic B and catalytic C complexes. In total we were able to quantify 157 proteins by at least two of the three approaches. Our quantification shows that only a very small subset of spliceosomal proteins (the U5 and U2 Sm proteins, a subset of U5 snRNP-specific proteins, and the U2 snRNP-specific proteins U2A′ and U2B′′) remains unaltered upon transition from the B to the C complex. The MS-based quantification approaches classify the majority of proteins as dynamically associated specifically with the B or the C complex. In terms of experimental procedure and the methodical aspect of this work, we show that metabolically labeled spliceosomes are functionally active in terms of their assembly and splicing kinetics and can be utilized for quantitative studies. Moreover, we obtain consistent quantification results from all three methods, including the relatively straightforward and inexpensive label-free spectral count technique.
Promiscuous scaffolds in proteins - non-native, non-additive and non-trivial
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep , Asgeirsson Bjarni , Dutta Mouparna , Ghosh Anindya S , Oda Masataka , Rendón Adela , Goñi Felix , Frere Jean-Marie , Venkatramani Ravindra , Dandekar Abhaya M. , Rao Basuthkar J.
Published: January 2014

Promiscuity, the ability of an enzyme to catalyze diverse activities using the same active site, sets up the stage for the evolution of complex organisms through gene duplication and specialization. The detection of promiscuous motifs is crucial to understand the physiological relevance of a protein, or for any endeavor that intends to rationally modify these latent capabilities to design new proteins under laboratory conditions. We have established a methodology for identifying catalytic residues based on spatial and electrostatic congruence with known active site configurations. Here, we discuss insights gained in several initiatives using our method on different enzymes.
Art and Descriptive Geometry
Authors: Сальков  , Sal'kov Nikolay
Published: January 2014

Examples related to the use of descriptive geometry methods in the painting are presented in this paper. The famous textbook of Gaspard Monge is considered as a textbook for artists. Citations from Monge textbook related to art are given. Conclusion is drawn that the descriptive geometry must be studied in much greater extent than it is currently the case.
Interdisciplinary connections of descriptive geometry and related sections of higher mathematics
Authors: Дмитриева  , Dmitrieva I. , Иванов  , Ivanov G. , Серегин  , Seregin V. , Муравьев  , Muravev K.
Published: January 2014

Traditional course of descriptive geometry as an academic

discipline is generally providing for engineering graphics and

some sections (such as toothed gears worm-gear drives) related to

theories of mechanisms and details for cars. Its transformation in

a course of engineering geometry is caused by requirements of

production, current trends and world experience related to engineering

skills training for their professional design activity [1, 2, 3].

Expansion of descriptive geometry subject by forms of multidimensional

space allows establish cross-subjects connection with related

mathematical and all-technical disciplines. This thesis justice

is confirmed by examples of evident geometrical interpretation of

linear equations systems decision, concepts related to private derivatives

and multiple integrals. According to authors an expansion

of descriptive geometry applications area has to raise descriptive

geometry role in higher professional education system.
User experience of distance learning during graphic disciplines teaching for students of engineering construction and economic specialties
Authors: Жилкина  , Zhilkina T. , Матусевич  , Matusevich V.
Published: January 2014

The results of computer technologies implementation

in teaching practice at the Chair of Descriptive Geometry and

Graphics of MSAMI&S have been presented. Executed studies

have shown that the teaching technology is determined by peculiarities

of graphic disciplines teaching, in particular by the need

of large graphic information transmission from teacher to student.

The result of adaptation of traditional teaching and methodical

materials on graphics disciplines to distance learning forms is the

formation of information system, providing the use of IT in the

distance learning in the form of on-line video-lectures.
Organization and Carrying of Academic Competitions on Descriptive Geometry at South-West State University
Authors: Альшакова  , Alshakova Elena
Published: January 2014

The technology of academic competition on descriptive

geometry carrying at South-West State University is considered.

The academic competitions are intended to identify the most capable

students. Participation in academic competitions are encouraged

by diplomas of all-Russia student´s academic competitions.

These diplomas enable the students to receive an additional scholarship

for their research activities within half a year, and also the

prize in the South-Western State University. The descriptive geometry

tasks related to academic competitions that had been carried

in the South-Western State University in different years have been

presented in this paper. The decisions have been given for the

majority of tasks.
Solidary Obligations in the Russian Civil Law
Authors: Shevchenko Galina
Published: January 2014

Comprehension’s of joint obligations problems and their types are considered in the article. Special attention is paid to joint obligations arising in case of joint damnification. The recourse liabilities and subrogation as ways of relationships between joint debtors after account with the creditor final settlement are analysed. The recourse liabilities are regarded as a types protective legal relations.
Realization of International Law Norms in the Field of Combating Human Trafficking in the Russian Federation
Authors: Sakaeva Olesya
Published: January 2014

The article examines the legal issues connected with the implementation of the rules of international law on the combating trafficking in persons in the legislation of the Russian Federation. Comparing provisions of treaties, soft law and legal regulations of Russian and foreign legislation concerning combating trafficking in persons the author comes to the conclusion of the necessity of improvement of Russian legislation in the field of prevention of trafficking in persons, its criminalization and penalization, trafficking victims protection.
Regional Structure of Wages in Poland Over the Period 1995-2009
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej , Rokicki Bartłomiej
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we test empirically for the increasing returns-based agglomeration and investigate the impact of the economic integration with the European Union on regional wage inequalities in Poland. In our study, we use the wage data for 16 Polish regions over the period of 1995-2009. Our results are consistent with the predictions of the core-periphery models of the New Economic Geography. In particular, we find that wages decrease as one moves away from the Mazowiecki capital region, as well as from the border with Germany.
Inclusion and Integration of the Disabled into the Labor Market Against the Background of the New Regulations in Germany
Authors: Jodkowska Lilianna
Published: January 2014

The aim of the article is to present new regulations introduced by the Third Book of the Social Code in Germany that concern a reform of the labor market's active instruments gathered under the name "Instumentenreform".  One of the main objectives of the reform is to improve the quality of programs and projects that activate the unemployed, but also to make efforts to include in the labor market groups that have not been activated in such a way so far. One of such groups are the disabled trained and employed in Invalids' Cooperatives.  One of the further, and at the same time new, criteria for all organizations and institutions receiving and applying for funds to realize programs of the labor market and vocational trainings is the introduction and certification of the quality management system. The aim of the paper is to compare the activity of Invalids' Cooperatives in Poland and Germany. This aim will be carried out by analyzing the regulations and as far as possible the data available (the regulations became effective in two stages: in April 2012, and since 01.01.2013 onwards).  The findings of the article have been collected in the form of a description of the situation and forecast for 2013.
Capturing the Student Perspective: A New Instrument for Measuring Advising Satisfaction
Authors: Teasley Marilee L. , Buchanan Erin M.
Published: January 2014

When students leave their advising appointments, how do they feel? Excited? Disappointed? If advisors and students do not share expectations and goals, the student may harbor negative feelings about the advising experience, which have the potential to lead to withdrawal and dissatisfaction. We surveyed students at a large midwestern university to see how students feel about their past and recent advising experiences. Overall, students reported satisfaction with their advising involvement, as average rating scores were high and positive. The measurement scale created to evaluate student satisfaction with advising was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. This analysis showed two reliable scales: advising and outreach functions, which may be used in the future to evaluate advising programs.
Major Decisions: Motivations for Selecting a Major, Satisfaction, and Belonging
Authors: Soria Krista M. , Stebleton Michael
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we analyzed the relationship between students' motivations for choosing academic majors and their satisfaction and sense of belonging on campus. Based on a multi-institutional survey of students who attended large, public, research universities in 2009, the results suggest that external extrinsic motivations for selecting a major tend to be negatively associated with students' satisfaction and sense of belonging. Intrinsic motivations and internal extrinsic motivations tend to be positively related to students' satisfaction and sense of belonging.
Nonverbal and Verbal Cognitive Discrepancy Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Influence of Age and Gender
Authors: Ankenman Katy , Elgin Jenna , Sullivan Katherine , Vincent Logan , Bernier Raphael
Published: January 2014

Research suggests that discrepant cognitive abilities are more common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may indicate an important ASD endophenotype. The current study examined the frequency of IQ discrepancy profiles (nonverbal IQ > verbal IQ [NVIQ > VIQ], verbal IQ > nonverbal IQ [VIQ > NVIQ], and no split) and the relationship of gender, age, and ASD symptomatology to IQ discrepancy profile in a large sample of children with ASD. The NVIQ > VIQ profile occurred at a higher frequency than expected, had more young males, and showed more autism symptoms than the other groups. Results suggest that the NVIQ > VIQ profile may be less likely to represent a subtype of ASD, but rather a common developmental pathway for children with ASD and other disorders.
The practice of humanities in medicine at Mayo Clinic: Arts and humanities programmes in patient care and medical education
Authors: Rian Johanna
Published: January 2014

‘Humanities in Medicine’ programmes at major teaching hospitals and clinics offer a range of experiences for both patients and medical students. This report from the field discusses the history of the programme, the legacy of the institutional commitment to the interplay of arts and health and specifics of programmes designed for patient and student constituencies. References to existing studies locate the programmes in the context of the national field of activity.
Working in a troubled land: Using the applied arts towards conflict transformation and community health in Israel
Authors: Speiser Vivien Marcow
Published: January 2014

This article will describe teaching philosophies, pedagogical approaches and experiences in community outreach programmes developed by the author and other colleagues within the context of the Lesley University Extension Program in Israel. Studies of conflicts with both children and adults throughout Israel suggest a society permeated by the psychological stress and trauma associated with dislocation, conflict and violence. This article intends to contribute to an understanding of applied arts-based approaches to working with similarities and differences between the self and others in order to build a more tolerant and peaceful culture in Israel. Artists, educators, community workers, mental health counsellors and health professionals need additional tools with which to deal with these psychological issues in order to enable the process of building a more tolerant society and promoting peace. Examples will be drawn from conferences, events and other community outreach activities.
Ne-vé-Shalom/Waa-hat i-sal-aam: Using written stories to heal
Authors: Lieblich Amia
Published: January 2014

A life-story study of the bi-national village Ne-vé Shalom/Waa-hat i-sal-aam was conducted for the purpose of writing a book about the community. In the published book (Lieblich 2012), the individual interviews are written as separate narratives about each of the participants. However, the post-publication reactions of the village members indicated that reading each other’s life stories promoted better understanding and empathy, who struggle with deep tensions, splits and disagreements. Reading the ‘other’s’ life story in private may be a preliminary step before a face-to-face dialogue is possible. This proposition is discussed in the framework of different models of conflict resolution and in reference to the author’s own experience vis-à-vis the community. Thus, the reported study adds to our understanding of the wide healing potential of life stories.
Fetal posterior urethral valve mechanic perforation using an 18-gauge needle: a case-series
Authors: Bertin Martina , Cosmi Erich , Visentin Silvia , Rampon Michela , Gizzo Salvatore
Published: January 2014

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of using an 18-gauge needle inserted through the perineal surface of the fetus to solve magacystis and posterior urethral valve (PUV).

Methods: From February 2008 to January 2012, 15 cases of magacystis were referred to our tertiary referral center, and in ten, PUV was suspected. In the cases where PUV was suspected after a detailed ultrasound scan, women gave consent to proceed with fetal therapy under sonographic guidance using an 18-gauge needle. The procedures lasted for a median time of 30 min (range 15–50 min). The needle was inserted through the perineal surface of the fetus to perforate the dilated posterior ureteral valve, as well as to perform a perineal vescicocentesis.

Results: Median gestational age at time of referral was 17 weeks of gestation (range 16–19 weeks). Five fetuses were female and ten male. Nine cases opted for pregnancy termination, as the kidneys were dysplastic showing hyperechoic structure, while six cases were treated, as the kidneys showed a normal functionality as well as cortico-medullar differentiation. Five fetuses were male and one female. After fetal therapy, there were no stillbirths. All fetuses were delivered at term and the infants were followed up by routine kidney ultrasonography and functionality after a median follow-up of 16 months.

Conclusions: Despite the most commonly used fetal therapy being vesico-amiotic shunting, percutaneous fetal cystoscopy that allows laser valve ablation and mechanical disruption was the procedure used in the present study. This allowed the direct treatment of the urethral obstruction that caused megacystis, without need to repeat the procedure and without the need of any postnatal therapy.
Tertiary formylated amines by microwave irradiation of N,N-dimethyl-N′-(2-pyridyl)formamidines with methyl vinyl ketone
Authors: Gómez-García Omar , Salgado-Zamora Héctor , Campos-Aldrete Elena
Published: January 2014

Treatment of N,N-dimethyl-N′-(2-pyridyl)formamidine with methyl vinyl ketone under microwave irradiation yields N-formyl-N-(3-oxobutyl)-2-pyridylamine without decomposition or polymerization of methyl vinyl ketone. The result is an alternative non-oxidative approach to the preparation of N-formyl-substituted aminoketones.
Umbilical vein volume flow in monochorionic twin pairs at 11–14 weeks
Authors: Zoppi Maria Angelica , Iuculano Ambra , Monni Giovanni
Published: January 2014

We investigated the umbilical vein volume flow (UVVF) at 11–14 weeks in monochorionic-diamniotic (MCDA) twins, focusing on the occurrence of complications. We considered 87 MCDA pregnancies. We used “E-flow” to detect the umbilical vein and measured the mean velocities and diameters of veins, also calculating the UVVF. Pregnancies were divided into four groups: a (twin-to-twin transfusion, TTTS); b (selective intrauterine growth restriction, sIUGR); c (discordance of fluid, DF); and d (with “normal” outcome). The main outcome of the study was the assessment of the difference of UVVF between twin 1 and twin 2 (larger and smaller twin). In eight of eight pairs of group a and seven of seven pairs of group b, the UVVF of fetuses 1 were significantly different than fetuses 2 (P<0.05). The UVVFs of fetuses 2 of group a were significantly lower in respect to the UVVFs of fetuses 2 of group d (P<0.05). We provide evidence of an important difference in UVVF in pairs that successively developed TTTS or sIUGR. The smaller fetuses of group a (TTTS) showed a lower venous return than fetuses 2 of group d (normal). First-trimester UVVF is lower in fetuses with a smaller crown-rump length in twin pairs at risk of TTTS or IUGR.
Prenatal diagnosis of sex chromosome aneuploidies and disorders of sex development – a retrospective analysis of 11-year data
Authors: Vlatkovic Ivanka Bekavac , Hafner Tomislav , Miskovic Berivoj , Vicic Ana , Poljak Borna , Stipoljev Feodora
Published: January 2014

Objective: Analysis of prenatally diagnosed sex chromosome aneuploidies and disorders of sex development (DSDs).

Methods: This study includes a retrospective data analysis of 46 prenatally detected sex chromosome aneuploidies and one case of 46,XY DSD diagnosed during an 11-year period (2002–2012) at our department.

Results: Of the 46 sex chromosome aneuploidies, 29 cases (63.0%) were in the group of a selected population of women according to abnormal first-/second-trimester ultrasound and 17 (37.0%) cases in an unselected population of women who underwent fetal karyotyping because of advanced maternal age. The most common aneuploidy was Turner syndrome in full and mosaic form (50%). Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome was diagnosed in the case of 46,XY DSD.

Conclusions: Sex chromosome aneuploidies must be taken into consideration if, in the first or second trimester, abnormalities are revealed on ultrasound, mainly Turner syndrome in full or mosaic form and 47,XYY.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of novel amino β-cyclodextrin-conjugated poly(ε-lysine) derivatives
Authors: Jiang Rui-Jian , Yang Bo , Yi Dong , Wang Fen , Han Bin , Zhao Yu-Lin , Liao Xia-Li , Yang Jian , Gao Chuan-Zhu
Published: January 2014

Soluble poly(ε-lysine)s bearing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) moieties were prepared by three amino β-CD derivatives and N-succinylated poly(ε-lysine), in which the poly(ε-lysine) and amino β-CD derivatives were bonded covalently to the end carboxyl groups of succinic acid by peptide bonds. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were chosen to assist the reaction. The three poly(ε-lysine) derivatives were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The synthesis process is simple, feasible and has strong practicability. The target polymers can serve as new polymer biomaterial for use in the biotechnology area.
New insight into Eu(III) sorption mechanism at alumina/water interface
by batch technique and EXAFS analysis
Authors: Yang S. T. , Zong P. F. , Sheng G. D. , Ren X. M. , Huang Y. Y. , Wang X. K.
Published: January 2014

In this study, the interactions among Eu(III), humic acid (HA) and γ-Al2O3 as a function of pH and ionic
strength were investigated by batch technique and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis. For binary γ-Al2O3/Eu(III) systems, the pH-dependent and ionic strength-independent sorption behavior was indicative of an inner-sphere
complexation mechanism. The EXAFS spectra analysis showed that Eu(III) sorption mechanisms at pH 5.0, 6.5 and 8.0 could be attributed
to the formation of edge-shared and corner-shared surface complexes. In contrast, surface precipitation and/or surface polymerization
tended to be the predominant sorption mechanism at pH 10.0. The spectra analysis results suggested no difference between the
proportions of edge-shared and corner-shared complexes formed at different ionic strengths. For ternary γ-Al2O3/HA/Eu(III) systems, the sorption percentage of Eu(III) increased with increasing ionic strength. The EXAFS-derived
structural parameters pointed to the formation of binary surface complexes (i.e., edge-shared mode and corner-shared mode) at
low ionic strength and ligand-bridging ternary complexes at high ionic strength. In addition, the stoichiometry of ternary complexes
showed a trend from 1:1 form (i.e., γ-Al2O3/L/Eu(III), L represents HA sites) to 1:2 form (i.e.,
γ-Al2O3/L2/Eu(III), L represents HA sites) with increasing ionic strength. The experimental findings in this
study can provide an important theoretical basis for further predicting the
fate of trivalent radionuclides in aquatic systems.
Mechanism of thorium biosorption by the cells of the soil fungal isolate Geotrichum sp. dwc-1
Authors: Ding Congcong , Feng Su , Li Xiaolong , Liao Jiali , Yang Yuanyou , An Zhu , Wu Qiqi , Zhang Dong , Yang Jijun , Tang Jun , Zhang Jie , Liu Ning
Published: January 2014

In order to understand the impact of microorganisms on the
fate of thorium in soils, we investigated the thorium biosorption behavior
and the corresponding mechanisms by the cells of Geotrichum sp. dwc-1, one of the
dominant species of fungal group isolated from 3.5 m depth soil layer in
Southwest China. It was observed that fast thorium adsorption onto cells of
G. sp. dwc-1 could take place, with a high distribution coefficient
K
d (0.93 mL/mg) obtained, when Geotrichum sp. dwc-1and thorium concentrations were
5 g/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. The thorium biosorption behavior was
dependent on the pH value, and the lower pH could disrupt cell membrane of
G. sp. dwc-1. At pH 1, thorium was accumulated in the cytoplasmic region of
the cells. When pH was higher than 1, thorium was adsorbed on the cell
surface of G. sp. dwc-1, like in periplasmic region or in the outer membrane.
FTIR study combined with biosorption experiments further indicated that the
thorium distribution and binding behavior on cell surface were associated
with amino, hydroxyl groups and phosphate or sulphur functional groups, and
might also be governed by electrostatic interaction. Moreover, PIXE and EPBS
showed that ion-exchange mechanism contributed to the thorium biosorption
process, in which the tetravalent thorium ions replaced smaller counter-ions
(K+, Ca2+ and Fe3+) occuring on the cell surface.
Isolation of Cu radionuclides with dithizone impregnated XAD-8
Authors: Dolley S. G. , van der Walt T. N.
Published: January 2014

A novel separation method for Cu radionuclides from proton
bombardment of natZn is presented. A solid phase extraction procedure
using a modified dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone) XAD-8 chelating resin was
used for the purification of the Cu radionuclides from up to 5 g of
natZn and other radionuclides. More than 95% of the Cu
radionuclides was recovered.
Chemical behavior of neptunium in the presence of technetium in nitric acid media
Authors: Zhou Xianming , Ye Guo-an , Zhang Hu , Li Li , Luo Fangxiang , Meng Zhaokai
Published: January 2014

The chemical behavior of Np is influenced by many factors, such as U(IV), hydrazine, Pu and Tc, which coexist in U/Pu
separation stage of PUREX process. Firstly, the reduction of Np(V) to Np(IV) by Tc(IV) was studied in nitric acid media, and the rate
equation could be expressed as − d[Np(V)]/dt = k[Np(V)][Tc(IV)]0.8[HNO3]1.2,
k = 28.5 ± 0.9 (L/mol)2/min at 25 ℃, the activation energy was
E
a = 70.0 kJ/mol. Thereafter, the chemical behavior of Np was investigated in aqueous nitric acid solution
containing Tc(VII), U(IV) and N2H4. Np(V) was reduced to Np(IV) quickly, Tc(VII) was reduced to Tc(IV) and U(IV) was oxidized
to U(VI) at the same time. Thereafter Np(IV) was entirely reoxidized to Np(V) when U(IV) and hydrazine were completely consumed. The
fast reduction of Np(V) was mainly ascribed to Tc(IV). In addition, Tc(VII) and nitric acid had little influence on the fast oxidation
of Np(IV).
Research on vacuum brazing of W-Cu composite to stainless steel with Cu-Mn-Co brazing metal
Authors: Liang Qiuhui , Xia Chunzhi , Xu Xiangping , Zou Jiasheng
Published: January 2014

This thesis is a discussion on obtaining a vacuum brazing joint of W-Cu alloy and 18-8 stainless steel with Cu-Mn-Co filler metal under the process parameter of a brazing temperature of 1060°C and holding time of 1 h. Four-point bending strength was tested at room temperature. Microstructure, microhardness, and element distribution near the interface of the brazed seam were observed via micro sclerometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) methods. Finally, analysis of the existence for phase composition near the interface was conducted using X-ray diffraction. Corresponding to a four-point bend strength of 780 MPa, there was a plain-interface, dense microstructure without obvious microdefects that formed. Microhardness values increased near the interface of the brazed joint and decreased gradually to the center of the brazed seam. Element distribution indicated that elements (Cu, Mn, Co) from the filler metal diffused into the interface or even substrates, and Fe and Cu element, together with a little of W element, from the substrates dissolved into the brazed seam region. Fracture morphology of the W-Cu/18-8 steel joint was identified as a mixed feature of fracture type. Moreover, the brazing seam contained mainly a Cu-rich phase, W0.4Cu0.6, α-Fe, and simple substance of W, together with a little of Co0.7Fe0.3.
The Regulation of Autophagosome Dynamics by Huntingtin and HAP1 Is Disrupted by Expression of Mutant Huntingtin, Leading to Defective Cargo Degradation
Authors: Wong Yvette C. , Holzbaur Erika L. F.
Published: January 2014

Autophagy is an essential cellular pathway for degrading defective organelles and aggregated proteins. Defects in autophagy have been implicated in the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease (HD), in which polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (polyQ-htt) is predominantly cleared by autophagy. In neurons, autophagosomes form constitutively at the axon tip and undergo robust retrograde axonal transport toward the cell body, but the factors regulating autophagosome dynamics and autophagosome maturation are not well understood. Here, we show that both huntingtin (htt) and its adaptor protein huntingtin-associated protein-1 (HAP1) copurify and colocalize with autophagosomes in neurons. We use live-cell imaging and RNAi in primary neurons from GFP-LC3 transgenic mice to show that htt and HAP1 control autophagosome dynamics, regulating dynein and kinesin motors to promote processive transport. Expression of polyQ-htt in either primary neurons or striatal cells from HD knock-in mice is sufficient to disrupt the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Htt is not required for autophagosome formation or cargo loading. However, the defective autophagosome transport observed in both htt-depleted neurons and polyQ-htt-expressing neurons is correlated with inefficient degradation of engulfed mitochondrial fragments. Together, these studies identify htt and HAP1 as regulators of autophagosome transport in neurons and suggest that misregulation of autophagosome transport in HD leads to inefficient autophagosome maturation, potentially due to inhibition of autophagosome/lysosome fusion along the axon. The resulting defective clearance of both polyQ-htt aggregates and dysfunctional mitochondria by neuronal autophagosomes may contribute to neurodegeneration and cell death in HD.
Large-Scale Somatotopic Refinement via Functional Synapse Elimination in the Sensory Thalamus of Developing Mice
Authors: Takeuchi Yuichi , Asano Hidetsugu , Katayama Yoko , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Imoto Keiji , Miyata Mariko
Published: January 2014

Functional synapse elimination and strengthening are crucial developmental processes in the formation of precise neuronal circuits in the somatosensory system, but the underlying alterations in topographical organization are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, we generated transgenic mice in which afferent fibers originating from the whisker-related brain region, called the maxillary principal trigeminal nucleus (PrV2), were selectively visualized with genetically expressed fluorescent protein. We found that functional synapse elimination drove and established large-scale somatotopic refinement even after the thalamic barreloid architecture was formed. Before functional synapse elimination, the whisker sensory thalamus was innervated by afferent fibers not only from the PrV2, but also from the brainstem nuclei representing other body parts. Most notably, only afferent fibers from PrV2 onto a whisker sensory thalamic neuron selectively survived and were strengthened, whereas other afferent fibers were preferentially eliminated via their functional synapse elimination. This large-scale somatotopic refinement was at least partially dependent on somatosensory experience. These novel results uncovered a previously unrecognized role of developmental synapse elimination in the large-scale, instead of the fine-scale, somatotopic refinement even after the initial segregation of the barreloid map.
Active Vision in Marmosets: A Model System for Visual Neuroscience
Authors: Mitchell Jude F. , Reynolds John H. , Miller Cory T.
Published: January 2014

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small-bodied New World primate, offers several advantages to complement vision research in larger primates. Studies in the anesthetized marmoset have detailed the anatomy and physiology of their visual system (Rosa et al., 2009) while studies of auditory and vocal processing have established their utility for awake and behaving neurophysiological investigations (Lu et al., 2001a,b; Eliades and Wang, 2008a,b; Osmanski and Wang, 2011; Remington et al., 2012). However, a critical unknown is whether marmosets can perform visual tasks under head restraint. This has been essential for studies in macaques, enabling both accurate eye tracking and head stabilization for neurophysiology. In one set of experiments we compared the free viewing behavior of head-fixed marmosets to that of macaques, and found that their saccadic behavior is comparable across a number of saccade metrics and that saccades target similar regions of interest including faces. In a second set of experiments we applied behavioral conditioning techniques to determine whether the marmoset could control fixation for liquid reward. Two marmosets could fixate a central point and ignore peripheral flashing stimuli, as needed for receptive field mapping. Both marmosets also performed an orientation discrimination task, exhibiting a saturating psychometric function with reliable performance and shorter reaction times for easier discriminations. These data suggest that the marmoset is a viable model for studies of active vision and its underlying neural mechanisms.
Controle de Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli por biopreparados de isolados de Trichoderma spp.
Authors: Dias Pedro Paulo , Berbara Ricardo Luis Louro , Fernandes Maria do Carmo de Araújo
Published: January 2014

Os experimentos objetivaram avaliar em condições de casa de vegetação o biocontrole dos fitopatógenos Rhizoctonia solani (RS) e Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli (FOP) em alface (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivar Regina, e feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Alessa, respectivamente, utilizando como agentes antagonistas, 10 isolados de Trichoderma spp. selecionados em testes in vitro. Foram feitos biopreparados à base de arroz previamente colonizado por isolados de Trichoderma spp. e posteriormente triturados. Para a realização dos testes, os biopreparados foram inoculados previamente na proporção de 10(9) conídios.mL-1, em substrato comercial para produção de mudas. Após sete dias, os patógenos foram introduzidos separadamente em duas concentrações distintas: R. solani na proporção de 144 mg de meio de arroz por kg de substrato e F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli inoculado na forma de suspensão contendo 4,75 x 10(6) conídios.mL-1. Avaliou-se a influência dos biopreparados na % de damping-off de pós-emergência em plantas de alface e a severidade de murcha em plantas de feijão-vagem. O biopreparado referente ao isolado T-03 foi o mais eficiente no controle de R. solani em plantas de alface cultivar Regina, por ter reduzido a incidência de damping-off de pós-emergência nessa cultura. Por outro lado, nenhum dos biopreparados apresentou efeito antagonista satisfatório à F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli em plantas de feijão-vagem.
Caracterização imuno-histoquímica das alterações encefálicas em bovinos com hepatopatia tóxica por Senecio sp
Authors: Wouters Angelica T.B. , Boabaid Fabiana M. , Fredo Gabriela , Wouters Flademir , Driemeier David
Published: January 2014

Intoxicação por Senecio spp. é causa importante de doença e morte em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul e frequentemente cursa com manifestações clínicas neurológicas e alterações histológicas encefálicas. Foi efetuada avaliação histológica em fígado e encéfalo de dez bovinos naturalmente intoxicados por Senecio sp. e foram realizadas as técnicas de histoquímica de ácido periódico de Schiff e de imuno-histoquímica, com emprego dos anticorpos anti-proteína fibrilar ácida (GFAP), anti-proteína S100 e anti-vimentina em amostras de telencéfalo, tronco encefálico e cerebelo. Na histologia do SNC observou-se vacuolização discreta a acentuada em substância branca e/ou junção entre substância branca e cinzenta, caracterizada como degeneração esponjosa. Na avaliação histoquímica e imuno-histoquímica não houve diferenças significativas em relação aos achados em encéfalo de onze bovinos controle, adultos, sem alterações hepáticas e/ou encefálicas, avaliados pelas mesmas técnicas.