bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired Mucosal Integrity in Proximal Esophagus Is Involved in Development of Proton Pump Inhibitor-Refractory Nonerosive Reflux Disease
Authors: Norita Kazuaki , Asanuma Kiyotaka , Koike Tomoyuki , Okata Tomoki , Fujiya Taku , Abe Yasuaki , Nakagawa Kenichiro , Hatta Waku , Uno Kaname , Nakamura Tomohiro , Nakaya Naoki , Asano Naoki , Imatani Akira , Shimosegawa Tooru , Masamune Atsushi
Published: August 2020

Background and Objective: Weakly acidic reflux reaching to the proximal esophagus is closely related to the perception of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with nonerosive reflux disease despite treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). However, little is known about the involvement of the patients’ mucosal integrity of the proximal esophagus. Methods: We recruited 15 symptomatic nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with a positive symptom index despite PPI treatment and 11 healthy asymptomatic volunteers as controls. The biopsy specimens obtained from the proximal and distal esophagus were applied to a mini-Ussing chamber system to measure transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) against a pH 4 weak acid. The esophageal biopsy samples were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: In the proximal esophagus, the weak acid exposure reduced the TEER in the PPI-refractory patients compared to that in the controls. The frequency of the reflux extending to the proximal esophagus had a significant correlation with the reduction in the proximal esophageal TEER in the patients. The reduced TEER in the proximal esophagus was accompanied by an increase in IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA and a decrease in occludin mRNA levels. The proximal esophageal mucosa in the patients presented infiltration of CD3-positive lymphocytes and an increased expression of solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1), a passage gate of reflux symptom-evoking molecules. Conclusions: The reflux perception is related to an impairment of the proximal esophageal mucosal integrity in patients with nonerosive reflux disease despite PPI.
Successful Surgical Treatment of a Patient with Synchronic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Carcinoma and Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas
Authors: Kriger Andrey G. , Gorin David S. , Berelavichus Stanislav V. , Panteleev Vladimir I. , Kaldarov Ayrat R.
Published: August 2020

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) are uncommon cystic tumors of the pancreas. The simultaneous occurrence of these 2 pancreatic neoplasms is extremely rare. We present a case of synchronous solid SPN and IPMN – carcinoma in a 44-year-old female patient. An uncommon surgical treatment was performed – pancreatoduodenectomy with the resection of the pancreas body, resection of the mesentericoportal trunk + distal pancreatectomy, and splenectomy. Part of the pancreatic tissue was preserved.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Observations of Loa loa (Nematoda)
Authors: Juul Jens Anibal , Forsaa Vegard Asgeir , Utheim Tor Paaske , Willassen Endre
Published: August 2020

We present a case report of periocular Loa loa. The key feature of L. loa distinguishing it from other human filarial parasites are cuticular bosses, which are presented in images from a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The cuticular bosses could be divided into three subtypes not previously described.
Urachal Cancer in Germany and the USA: An RKI/SEER Population-Based Comparison Study
Authors: Hager Thomas , Kraywinkel Klaus , Szarvas Tibor , Hadaschik Boris , Schmid Kurt Werner , Reis Henning
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Urachal cancer (UrC) is a rare but aggressive cancer. Due to its low incidence, structured epidemiological data have only rarely been reported. To date, no valid data on UrC are available for the German population. Methods: Data on incidence and relative 5-year survival of urachal lesions (ICD-10: C67.7) were collected from all population-based cancer registries in Germany, provided by the Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Data were anonymized and included age, sex, and general histology (ICD-O-3). For comparison, a similar inquiry of the “Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program” (SEER-18) database for the USA was conducted. Results: From 2011 to 2015, a total of 154 and 152 cases of UrC were reported for Germany (RKI) and the USA (SEER-18 area), respectively. Age-standardized incidence was 0.32/1,000,000 age-standardized cases/year in both cohorts, and elderly persons were more often affected. The major histological type was adenocarcinoma (64.9 and 81.6%). Relative 5-year survival was 54.8% (CI: 45.0–64.6) in Germany (RKI) and 64.4% (54.1–72.1) in the USA (SEER-18 cohort). Discusssion/Conclusion: The collected data demonstrate low incidence rates and similar epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics of UrC for both registries. This is the first report of structured epidemiological data for UrC for the German population.
Integrative Genomic Analysis Reveals Four Protein Biomarkers for Platelet Traits
Authors: Lee Dong Heon , Yao Chen , Bhan Arunoday , Schlaeger Thorsten , Keefe Joshua , Rodriguez Benjamin A.T. , Hwang Shih-Jen , Chen Ming-Huei , Levy Daniel , Johnson Andrew D.
Published: August 2020

Rationale:

Mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet count (PLT) are platelet measures that have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk. Identifying protein biomarkers for these measures may yield insights into CVD mechanisms.

Objective:

We aimed to identify causal protein biomarkers for MPV and PLT among 71 CVD-related plasma proteins measured in FHS (Framingham Heart Study) participants.

Methods and Results:

We conducted integrative analyses of genetic variants associated with PLT/MPV with protein quantitative trait locus variants associated with plasma proteins followed by Mendelian randomization to infer causal relations of proteins for PLT/MPV. We also tested protein-PLT/MPV association in FHS participants. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived megakaryocyte clones that produce functional platelets, we conducted RNA-sequencing and analyzed expression differences between low- and high-platelet producing clones. We then performed small interfering RNA gene knockdown experiments targeting genes encoding proteins with putatively causal platelet effects in megakaryocyte clones to examine effects on platelet production. In protein-trait association analyses, ten proteins were associated with MPV and 31 with PLT. Mendelian randomization identified 4 putatively causal proteins for MPV and 4 for PLT. GP-5 (Glycoprotein V), GRN (granulin), and MCAM (melanoma cell adhesion molecule) were associated with PLT, while MPO (myeloperoxidase) showed significant association with MPV in both analyses. RNA-sequencing analysis results were directionally concordant with observed and Mendelian randomization-inferred associations for GP-5, GRN, and MCAM. In siRNA gene knockdown experiments, silencing GP-5, GRN, and MPO decreased PLTs. Genome-wide association study results suggest several of these may be linked to CVD risk.

Conclusions:

We identified 4 proteins that are causally linked to PLTs. These proteins may also have roles in the pathogenesis of CVD via a platelet/blood coagulation-based mechanism.
Influence of Sex and Age on Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity of Healthy Normotensive Adults
Authors: Keir Daniel A. , Badrov Mark B. , Tomlinson George , Notarius Catherine F. , Kimmerly Derek S. , Millar Philip J. , Shoemaker J. Kevin , Floras John S.
Published: August 2020

As with blood pressure, age-related changes in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) may differ nonlinearly between sexes. Data acquired from 398 male (age: 39±17; range: 18–78 years [mean±SD]) and 260 female (age: 37±18; range: 18–81 years) normotensive healthy nonmedicated volunteers were analyzed using linear regression models with resting MSNA burst frequency as the outcome and the predictors sex, age, MSNA, blood pressure, and body mass index modelled with natural cubic splines. Age and body mass index contributed 41% and 11%, respectively, of MSNA variance in females and 23% and 1% in males. Overall, changes in MSNA with age were sigmoidal. At age 20, mean MSNA of males and females were similar, then diverged significantly, reaching in women a nadir at age 30. After 30, MSNA increased nonlinearly in both sexes. Both MSNA discharge and blood pressure were lower in females until age 50 (17±9 versus 25±10 bursts·min
−1
;
P
<1×10
−19
; 106±11/66±8 versus 116±7/68±9 mm Hg;
P
<0.01) but converged thereafter (38±11 versus 35±12 bursts·min
−1
;
P
=0.17; 119±15/71±13 versus 120±13/72±9 mm Hg;
P
>0.56). Compared with age 30, MSNA burst frequency at age 70 was 57% higher in males but 3-fold greater in females; corresponding increases in systolic blood pressure were 1 (95% CI, −4 to 5) and 12 (95% CI, 6–16) mm Hg. Except for concordance in females beyond age 40, there was no systematic change with age in any resting MSNA-blood pressure relationship. In normotensive adults, MSNA increases after age 30, with ascendance steeper in women.
Laminin‐221 Enhances Therapeutic Effects of Human‐Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived 3‐Dimensional Engineered Cardiac Tissue Transplantation in a Rat Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Model
Authors: Samura Takaaki , Miyagawa Shigeru , Kawamura Takuji , Fukushima Satsuki , Yokoyama Jun‐ya , Takeda Maki , Harada Akima , Ohashi Fumiya , Sato‐Nishiuchi Ryoko , Toyofuku Toshihiko , Toda Koichi , Sekiguchi Kiyotoshi , Sawa Yoshiki
Published: August 2020

Background

Extracellular matrix, especially laminin‐221, may play crucial roles in viability and survival of human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS‐CMs) after in vivo transplant. Then, we hypothesized laminin‐221 may have an adjuvant effect on therapeutic efficacy by enhancing cell viability and survival after transplantation of 3‐dimensional engineered cardiac tissue (ECT) to a rat model of myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results

In vitro study indicates the impacts of laminin‐221 on hiPS‐CMs were analyzed on the basis of mechanical function, mitochondrial function, and tolerance to hypoxia. We constructed 3‐dimensional ECT containing hiPS‐CMs and fibrin gel conjugated with laminin‐221. Heart function and in vivo behavior were assessed after engraftment of 3‐dimensional ECT (laminin‐conjugated ECT, n=10; ECT, n=10; control, n=10) in a rat model of myocardial infarction. In vitro assessment indicated that laminin‐221 improves systolic velocity, diastolic velocity, and maximum capacity of oxidative metabolism of hiPS‐CMs. Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase production revealed that laminin‐221 improved tolerance to hypoxia. Furthermore, analysis of mRNA expression revealed that antiapoptotic genes were upregulated in the laminin group under hypoxic conditions. Left ventricular ejection fraction of the laminin‐conjugated ECT group was significantly better than that of other groups 4 weeks after transplantation. Laminin‐conjugated ECT transplantation was associated with significant improvements in expression levels of rat vascular endothelial growth factor. In early assessments, cell survival was also improved in laminin‐conjugated ECTs compared with ECT transplantation without laminin‐221.

Conclusions

In vitro laminin‐221 enhanced mechanical and metabolic function of hiPS‐CMs and improved the therapeutic impact of 3‐dimensional ECT in a rat ischemic cardiomyopathy model. These findings suggest that adjuvant laminin‐221 may provide a clinical benefit to hiPS‐CM constructs.
Machine Learning Prediction of Stroke Mechanism in Embolic Strokes of Undetermined Source
Authors: Kamel Hooman , Navi Babak B. , Parikh Neal S. , Merkler Alexander E. , Okin Peter M. , Devereux Richard B. , Weinsaft Jonathan W. , Kim Jiwon , Cheung Jim W. , Kim Luke K. , Casadei Barbara , Iadecola Costantino , Sabuncu Mert R. , Gupta Ajay , Díaz Iván
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose:

One-fifth of ischemic strokes are embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS). Their theoretical causes can be classified as cardioembolic versus noncardioembolic. This distinction has important implications, but the categories’ proportions are unknown.

Methods:

Using data from the Cornell Acute Stroke Academic Registry, we trained a machine-learning algorithm to distinguish cardioembolic versus non-cardioembolic strokes, then applied the algorithm to ESUS cases to determine the predicted proportion with an occult cardioembolic source. A panel of neurologists adjudicated stroke etiologies using standard criteria. We trained a machine learning classifier using data on demographics, comorbidities, vitals, laboratory results, and echocardiograms. An ensemble predictive method including L1 regularization, gradient-boosted decision tree ensemble (XGBoost), random forests, and multivariate adaptive splines was used. Random search and cross-validation were used to tune hyperparameters. Model performance was assessed using cross-validation among cases of known etiology. We applied the final algorithm to an independent set of ESUS cases to determine the predicted mechanism (cardioembolic or not). To assess our classifier’s validity, we correlated the predicted probability of a cardioembolic source with the eventual post-ESUS diagnosis of atrial fibrillation.

Results:

Among 1083 strokes with known etiologies, our classifier distinguished cardioembolic versus noncardioembolic cases with excellent accuracy (area under the curve, 0.85). Applied to 580 ESUS cases, the classifier predicted that 44% (95% credibility interval, 39%–49%) resulted from cardiac embolism. Individual ESUS patients’ predicted likelihood of cardiac embolism was associated with eventual atrial fibrillation detection (OR per 10% increase, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.03–1.57];
c-statistic, 0.68
[95% CI, 0.58–0.78]). ESUS patients with high predicted probability of cardiac embolism were older and had more coronary and peripheral vascular disease, lower ejection fractions, larger left atria, lower blood pressures, and higher creatinine levels.

Conclusions:

A machine learning estimator that distinguished known cardioembolic versus noncardioembolic strokes indirectly estimated that 44% of ESUS cases were cardioembolic.
Labor Market Trajectories for Community College Graduates: How Returns to Certificates and Associate's Degrees Evolve Over Time
Authors: Minaya Veronica , Scott-Clayton Judith
Published: August 2020

We estimate labor market returns to terminal associate's degrees and certificates, with a particular focus on how returns for different credential types evolve over a longer period of time (eleven years post entry) than most of the prior literature. We also explore how returns vary depending on labor market conditions and on which labor market outcome metric is used. Using administrative data from Ohio and an individual fixed-effects approach, we find that the value of an associate's degree grows substantially after graduation, and this finding is robust to choice of specification and outcome. The returns to a long-term certificate are flat over time in our main specification, but more sensitive to assumptions about individual-specific earnings trends. Returns to associate's degrees are notably higher in recession years versus prerecession years. Finally, we find that associate's degrees lead to improved outcomes relative to non-completion across a range of metrics, including higher paying jobs, more stability in employment over time, and a greater likelihood of earning a living wage, whereas certificates generally pay off via the employment margin and a reduced likelihood of claiming unemployment insurance.
Lectotypification of names of Quercus spp. (Fagaceae) described by Lamarck from the Iberian Peninsula

Authors: VÁZQUEZ FRANCISCO MARÍA , COOMBES ALLEN , ALMEIDA RUBIM , GARCIA-ALONSO DAVID , MÁRQUEZ-GARCÍA FRANCISCO , VILA-VIÇOSA CARLOS
Published: August 2020

The nomenclature of some species of Quercus described by Lamarck from the Iberian Peninsula is reviewed. Five names are lectotypified and two epitype are designated.
Floristic habitat sampling yielded Spruceanthus planifolius (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) new to China

Authors: TU SHU-WEN , SHI RUI-PING , TANG LU-YAN , LI YI-HENG , TANG XIA , DAI ZUN , XING SHI-CHEN , SHI XUE-QIN , GRADSTEIN S. ROBBERT , WANG JIAN
Published: August 2020

Spruceanthus planifolius, a rare species previously known only from Japan and Korea, is reported here for the first time from China. This species is characterized by the large leaf lobules ca. 1/2 as long as leaf lobes, the lobule with one tooth, and the lobular tooth 3–4 cells long and 2–3 cells wide at base. Detailed description and illustrations of S. planifolius are provided. The intensive Floristic Habitat Sampling (FHS) approach is suggested as the reason for the discovery of this rare species from China.
Isolating the Evolving Contributions of Anthropogenic Aerosols and Greenhouse Gases: A New CESM1 Large Ensemble Community Resource
Authors: Deser Clara , Phillips Adam S. , Simpson Isla R. , Rosenbloom Nan , Coleman Dani , Lehner Flavio , Pendergrass Angeline G. , DiNezio Pedro , Stevenson Samantha
Published: August 2020

The evolving roles of anthropogenic aerosols (AER) and greenhouse gases (GHG) in driving large-scale patterns of precipitation and SST trends during 1920–2080 are studied using a new set of “all-but-one-forcing” initial-condition large ensembles (LEs) with the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1), which complement the original “all-forcing” CESM1 LE (ALL). The large number of ensemble members (15–20) in each of the new LEs enables regional impacts of AER and GHG to be isolated from the noise of the model’s internal variability. Our analysis approach, based on running 50-yr trends, accommodates geographical and temporal changes in patterns of forcing and response. AER are shown to be the primary driver of large-scale patterns of externally forced trends in ALL before the late 1970s, and GHG to dominate thereafter. The AER and GHG forced trends are spatially distinct except during the 1970s transition phase when aerosol changes are mainly confined to lower latitudes. The transition phase is also characterized by a relative minimum in the amplitude of forced trend patterns in ALL, due to a combination of reduced AER and partially offsetting effects of AER and GHG. Internal variability greatly limits the detectability of AER- and GHG-forced trend patterns in individual realizations based on pattern correlation metrics, especially during the historical period, highlighting the need for LEs. We estimate that <20% of the spatial variances of observed precipitation and SST trends are attributable to AER and GHG forcing, although model biases in patterns of forced response and signal-to-noise may affect this estimate.
Floods due to Atmospheric Rivers along the U.S. West Coast: The Role of Antecedent Soil Moisture in a Warming Climate
Authors: Cao Qian , Gershunov Alexander , Shulgina Tamara , Ralph F. Martin , Sun Ning , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: August 2020

Precipitation extremes are projected to become more frequent along the U.S. West Coast due to increased atmospheric river (AR) activity, but the frequency of less intense precipitation events may decrease. Antecedent soil moisture (ASM) conditions can have a large impact on flood responses, especially if prestorm precipitation decreases. Taken together with increased antecedent evaporative demand due to warming, this would result in reduced soil moisture at the onset of extreme precipitation events. We examine the impact of ASM on AR-related floods in a warming climate in three basins that form a transect along the U.S. Pacific Coast: the Chehalis River basin in Washington, the Russian River basin in Northern California, and the Santa Margarita River basin in Southern California. We ran the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) over the three river basins using forcings downscaled from 10 global climate models (GCMs). We examined the dynamic role of ASM by comparing the changes in the largest 50, 100, and 150 extreme events in two periods, 1951–2000 and 2050–99. In the Chehalis basin, the projected fraction of AR-related extreme discharge events slightly decreases. In the Russian basin, this fraction increases, however, and more substantially so in the Santa Margarita basin. This is due to increases in AR-related extreme precipitation events, as well as the fact that the relationship of extreme precipitation to extreme discharge is strengthened by projected increases in year-to-year volatility of annual precipitation in California, which increases the likelihood of concurrent occurrence of large storms and wet ASM conditions.
Automatic Classification of Biological Targets in a Tidal Channel Using a Multibeam Sonar
Authors: Cotter Emma , Polagye Brian
Published: August 2020

Multibeam sonars are widely used for environmental monitoring of fauna at marine renewable energy sites. However, they can rapidly accrue vast volumes of data, which poses a challenge for data processing. Here, using data from a deployment in a tidal channel with peak currents of 1–2 m s−1, we demonstrate the data-reduction benefits of real-time automatic classification of targets detected and tracked in multibeam sonar data. First, we evaluate classification capabilities for three machine learning algorithms: random forests, support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbors. For each algorithm, a hill-climbing search optimizes a set of hand-engineered attributes that describe tracked targets. The random forest algorithm is found to be most effective—in postprocessing, discriminating between biological and nonbiological targets with a recall rate of 0.97 and a precision of 0.60. In addition, 89% of biological targets are correctly classified as either seals, diving birds, fish schools, or small targets. Model dependence on the volume of training data is evaluated. Second, a real-time implementation of the model is shown to distinguish between biological targets and nonbiological targets with nearly the same performance as in postprocessing. From this, we make general recommendations for implementing real-time classification of biological targets in multibeam sonar data and the transferability of trained models.
Biometric Analysis of Surgeons’ Physiologic Responses During Surgery
Authors: Ciraulo Luciano A. , Robaczewski Marshall L. , Ciraulo Nicolas A. , Ciraulo Rocco S. , Robaczewski Grant D. , Falank Carolyne R. , Ontengco Julianne B. , Ciraulo David L.
Published: August 2020

Background

Much has been written from the social science perspective surrounding surgeons’ stress and burn out. The literature is sparse in reference to scientific investigations of the hemodynamic effect of that stress. This prospective clinical study quantifies the physiologic impact of performing surgery upon the acute care surgeon.

Methods

Over 2.5 years, monitoring devices were affixed to surgeons prior to entering the operating room, and physiologic variables were documented every 30 minutes. Qualifying cases were projected as being greater than 2 hours with a baseline preoperative measurement obtained. Variables recorded included blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), rate pressure product (RPP), oxygen saturation (O2 sat), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ET CO2).

Results

Statistically significant differences ( P < .05) were found between baseline data to the maximum recording during the surgical operation for: BP (min 101 ± 6.6 (mmHg)-max 117 ± 5.1 (mmHg)), HR (min 70.5 ± 6.2 (bpm)-max 83.7 ± 9.0 (bpm)), O2 sat (min 97 ± 2.0 (%)-max 100 ± 0.22(%)), and ET CO2 (min 34.1 ± 1.15 mmHg-max 38 ± 1.7 mmHg) ( P < .0001). The RPP ranged from 10.49 mmHg/min to 15.88 mmHg/min with a mean of 14.00 mmHg/min.

Discussion

The practice of surgery is considered demanding in training and lifestyle in comparison to other medical specialties. This data is among the first to demonstrate the negative physiological impact of surgery upon the metabolic demand of the surgeon. The longitudinal implications of increased physiologic demand over time may have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular consequences.
Improving educator’s knowledge and confidence to teach infection prevention and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Hayes Catherine , Eley Charlotte , Brown Carla , Syeda Rowshonara , Verlander Neville Q , Hann Magda , McNulty Cliodna
Published: August 2020

Objective:

e-Bug is a teaching resource that addresses the UK 5-year National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that pledges to work with educators and local authorities to ensure young people understand infection prevention and control (IPC) and AMR. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of the e-Bug face-to-face train-the-trainer intervention with school and community educators.

Design:

Service evaluation of an educational intervention via surveys.

Setting:

Workshops were organised by Public Health England (PHE) and collaborators in seven regions of the UK during 2018–2019.

Method:

Pre- and post-intervention surveys measured satisfaction with training, knowledge of IPC and AMR, and confidence to teach others. Statistical analyses included multilevel and ordinal logistic regression models to measure change in educator knowledge and confidence.

Results:

In all, 262 educators participated: primary (46%), secondary (17%), college (2%), healthcare (29%) and community (7%). Educators had high pre-intervention knowledge of topics, with significant improvement ( p < .05) in confidence to teach all topics and some significant IPC knowledge improvement, post-intervention. There was strong evidence for a difference in confidence change between educator types, with primary educators improving the most. Ninety-five percent of educators rated the train-the-trainer workshop positively, valued the interactive workshops and felt confident to use the resources.

Conclusion:

Confident and knowledgeable educators, achieved via e-Bug train-the-trainer workshops, will enhance education of IPC and AMR topics in schools and communities, and therefore support the UK 5-year AMR action plan. The intervention will be monitored with long-term follow-up surveys to explore how training has been disseminated and to evaluate long-term benefits.
A cross product calibration method for micro-electro mechanical system gyroscope in unmanned aerial vehicle attitude determination system
Authors: Wang Yongjun , Li Zhi , Li Xiang
Published: August 2020

This paper presents a novel calibration method for micro-electro mechanical system gyroscope in attitude measurement system of small rotor unmanned aerial vehicles. This method is based on an observation vector and its cross product, which is especially valuable for the in-field calibration without the aid of external equipment. By analysing the error model of the tri-axial gyroscope, the principle of calibration is proposed. Compared with other algorithms, numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of integral form of the cross product calibration method. Experiment on the hex-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle platform shows that the proposed method has great advantages in low-cost integrated navigation system.
Faces of Blackness: The Creation of the New Negro and Négritude Movements in Harlem and Paris
Authors: Camara Gamby Diagne
Published: August 2020

This article explores the cultural and ideological link between the New Negro Movement of Harlem and the Négritude Movement of Paris from 1920s to the 1940s. It examines how the works of African American, Caribbean, and African authors such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Aimé Césaire, and Léopold Sedar Senghor amongst others are, despite their different backgrounds, united by the common themes of racialized oppression, cultural alienation, and pride in their African heritage. The article also addresses social, cultural and theoretical shortcomings of the New Negro and Négritude movements, which have resulted in widespread criticism of theories of Black culture and identity. Lastly, it explains how the values promoted by New Negro and Négritude literarure remain useful in catalyzing social change today.
Comparison of mixed mode fracture criteria in finite element analysis for matrix crack density estimation of laminated composites
Authors: Yuan Mingqing , Zhao Haitao , Tian Li , Zhang Boming , Yang Yanzhi , Chen Jia , Chen Ji’an
Published: August 2020

A mixed mode crack density estimation method based on the finite element analysis (FEA) for laminated composites is proposed and verified in this paper. The damaged properties of cracked ply are obtained using semi-analytical micro-mechanical method for the first time. The piecewise functions of the mode I and mode II energy release rates involving crack density are given based on Griffith’s energy principle and discrete damage mechanics (DDM). Any mixed mode fracture criteria could be simply applied to the FEA of the structure to calculate the initiation and evolution of the micro-cracks in the laminate. Mode I criterion, power law and B-K criterion are applied in the numerical examples to compare their performances in the crack density estimation. It has been concluded that the accuracy of the fracture toughness is more important than the choice of fracture criterion in crack density estimation.
Microbial Community-Driven Etiopathogenesis of Peri-Implantitis
Authors: Belibasakis G.N. , Manoil D.
Published: August 2020

Osseointegrated dental implants are a revolutionary tool in the armament of reconstructive dentistry, employed to replace missing teeth and restore masticatory, occlusal, and esthetic functions. Like natural teeth, the orally exposed part of dental implants offers a pristine nonshedding surface for salivary pellicle-mediated microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. In early colonization stages, these bacterial communities closely resemble those of healthy periodontal sites, with lower diversity. Because the peri-implant tissues are more susceptible to endogenous oral infections, understanding of the ecological triggers that underpin the microbial pathogenesis of peri-implantitis is central to developing improved prevention, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, notably applied to 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons, has enabled the comprehensive taxonomic characterization of peri-implant bacterial communities in health and disease, revealing a differentially abundant microbiota between these 2 states, or with periodontitis. With that, the peri-implant niche is highlighted as a distinct ecosystem that shapes its individual resident microbial community. Shifts from health to disease include an increase in diversity and a gradual depletion of commensals, along with an enrichment of classical and emerging periodontal pathogens. Metatranscriptomic profiling revealed similarities in the virulence characteristics of microbial communities from peri-implantitis and periodontitis, nonetheless with some distinctive pathways and interbacterial networks. Deeper functional assessment of the physiology and virulence of the well-characterized microbial communities of the peri-implant niche will elucidate further the etiopathogenic mechanisms and drivers of the disease.
Trends in Childhood Influenza Vaccination Coverage, United States, 2012-2019
Authors: Santibanez Tammy A. , Srivastav Anup , Zhai Yusheng , Singleton James A.
Published: August 2020

Objective

The objective was to compare estimates of childhood influenza vaccination across 7 consecutive influenza seasons based on 2 survey systems.

Methods

We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Immunization Survey–Flu (NIS-Flu) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to estimate receipt, based on parental report, of at least 1 dose of influenza vaccine among children aged 6 months to 17 years.

Results

We found no significant increasing trend in influenza vaccination coverage among children overall from 2012 to 2018 based on the NHIS or from 2012 to 2019 based on the NIS-Flu. We found 4 seasons with a significant increase in influenza vaccination coverage compared with the previous season (2012-2013 [NHIS, NIS-Flu], 2013-2014 [NIS-Flu], 2017-2018 [NHIS], and 2018-2019 [NIS-Flu]). As of the 2018-2019 season, based on NIS-Flu, influenza vaccination coverage was only 62.6%. Children with health conditions that put them at increased risk for complications from influenza had higher influenza vaccination coverage than children without these health conditions for all the seasons studied except 2014-2015. For all seasons studied, influenza vaccination coverage estimates for children were higher based on NIS-Flu data compared with NHIS data. Trends across seasons and differences in vaccination coverage between age groups were similar between the 2 surveys.

Conclusions

Influenza vaccination coverage among children appears to have plateaued. Only about half of the children in the United States were vaccinated against influenza. Improvements in measurement of influenza vaccination and development and review of strategies to increase childhood influenza vaccination coverage are needed.
Participation in Citizen Science: Insights from the CONECT-e Case Study
Authors: Benyei Petra , Pardo-de-Santayana Manuel , Aceituno-Mata Laura , Calvet-Mir Laura , Carrascosa-García María , Rivera-Ferre Marta , Perdomo-Molina Antonio , Reyes-García Victoria
Published: August 2020

Citizen science (CS) is growing quickly, given its potential to enhance knowledge coproduction by diverse participants, generating large and global data sets. However, uneven participation in CS is still an important concern. This work aims to understand (1) participation dynamics in CS and (2) how they are shaped by participation barriers and drivers. We do so by examining participation in CONECT-e, a CS project that uses a wiki-like platform to document traditional ecological knowledge. More precisely, we analyze quantitative data on participants’ profile and activity patterns and qualitative data on barriers and drivers of participation. Our findings suggest that overcoming the education, age, and residence participation barriers is challenging even in cocreated CS projects. This is potentially due to issues of perceived self-illegitimacy and low access to information and communication technologies. Our results also point out that participants’ alliance with the project’s objectives and trust relationships with the project team are important drivers of participation in CS projects. Finally, we also highlight the need to think beyond participation as single actions and rather consider participation diversity in CS as functional diversity in ecosystems, with participants performing a diverse set of interconnected tasks or functions.
Confucian meritocracy, political legitimacy and constitutional democracy
Authors: Li Zhuoyao
Published: August 2020

The article will argue that neither what may be called ‘multiple legitimacies’ nor what Leigh Jenco refers to as the hybrid view of legitimacy provides substantial guidance in reconceiving legitimacy in the increasingly pluralistic region of East Asia. Instead, a more helpful view of political legitimacy can be drawn from John Rawls’s liberal principle of legitimacy. I will demonstrate that Rawls’s classic formulation can be deprived of its liberal connotation by taking constitutional essentials as the source of legitimation for political authority. On the basis of this principle of pluralistic legitimacy, it will become clear that a pluralistic understanding of political legitimacy does not rule out Confucian meritocracy, but it does make a strong case for an antiperfectionist state, even if it might be nondemocratic.
Perspectives on Religious and Spiritual Coping among Rural Grandparent Caregivers
Authors: Dunfee Madeline Nicole , Brown Robyn Lewis , Schoenberg Nancy E.
Published: August 2020

Poverty and poor health disproportionately affect older adults serving as primary caregivers to their grandchildren. In underserved, rural regions, where grandparent caregivers may be especially vulnerable, grandparent caregivers may find support in cultural traditions. As part of a mixed methods study investigating stress among grandparent caregivers, the role religion and spirituality play in coping was explored using a survey complemented by semi-structured interviews with 26 rural grandparent caregivers. Findings suggest religion and spirituality facilitate coping by (a) providing a sense of purpose and perspective; (b) fostering peace and perseverance; and (c) promoting stability and social cohesion. This study describes how cultural assets aid grandparent caregivers’ coping and may inform supportive policies and practices for grandfamilies.
Marital Attitudes and Implicit Associations Tests (IAT) among Young Adults
Authors: Hall Scott S. , Lee Kwang-Ho
Published: August 2020

Attitudes toward marriage have primarily been explored on the direct or explicit level through self-report measures, neglecting the potential influence of implicit attitudes. Using computer-based experimentation, the current investigation focused on employing Implicit Association Test (IAT) procedures, an approach common in some psychological sciences, but yet to be prominent in published marriage and family research. The IAT measures implicit attitudes—those that operate on a spontaneous or more affective level. One-hundred and thirty-three participants completed two forms of the IAT: one that contrasted marriage with singlehood and the other that provided no contrasting concept to marriage. Results indicated that the former correlated positively with corresponding explicit measures of attitudes, though they shared minimal variance. The latter had no correlation with explicit measures. Results suggest that processes account for implicit and explicit attitudes about marriage. Implications of using both IAT measures are discussed.
Political opportunity structures and the parliamentary entry of splinter, merger, and genuinely new parties
Authors: Chiru Mihail , Popescu Marina , Székely István Gergő
Published: August 2020

Drawing on an original sample of 351 elections held in new and consolidated democracies from 1960 to 2013, this article examines the likelihood that new parties gain parliamentary representation as a function of electoral system permissiveness and contextual factors that shape political entrepreneurs’ perception of political opportunity. We distinguish between the success of genuinely new parties and that achieved by splinters or parties formed through mergers. We find that the district magnitude matters for the success of all three types of newcomers, while the electoral formula and proportionality matter only for the parliamentary entry of splinter parties. Another novel finding is that government instability facilitates the success of genuinely new and splinter parties. The analysis also shows that, irrespective of the type of transition, the more elections have taken place since then, the less likely it becomes that genuinely new parties and merger new parties enter parliament.
Effect of antithrombin in fresh frozen plasma on hemostasis after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
Authors: Shirozu Kazuhiro , Karashima Yuji , Yamaura Ken
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

Supplementation of fresh frozen plasma immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass is an effective method to enhance clotting ability as coagulation factors are consumed in the extracorporeal circuit during cardiopulmonary bypass. On the other hand, the anticoagulation factors in fresh frozen plasma can also deter the clotting ability. This study investigated the effect of fresh frozen plasma administration on the comprehensive clotting ability following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods:

This prospective observational study included 22 patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. Clotting times and maximum clot firmness were evaluated using the types of rotational thromboelastometry, intrinsic rotational thromboelastometry, and heparinase thromboelastography preoperatively, immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass, and 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass. Activated clotting time, antithrombin activity, and heparin concentration were also measured at these time-points.

Results:

Antithrombin activity (62.9 ± 7.2% vs. 51.1 ± 7.4%, p < 0.0001) and activated clotting time (132.6 ± 9.6% vs. 120.0 ± 9.0%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass compared to measurements taken immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass. Heparin concentration 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass was significantly decreased compared to that immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass. On the other hand, maximum clot firmness determined via intrinsic rotational thromboelastometry was significantly greater 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass (53.8 ± 4.8 mm) than that immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass (49.5 ± 4.8 mm). Clotting time determined via intrinsic rotational thromboelastometry and heparinase thromboelastography was also significantly shorter 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass than that immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Conclusion:

Fresh frozen plasma administration increased antithrombin activity and caused activated clotting time prolongation, but then increased clotting ability. Thus, testing by rotational thromboelastometry after cardiopulmonary bypass could be valuable in the detection of comprehensive clotting ability.
FOXP3, CD208, and CD206 Expression in Canine Cutaneous Histiocytoma
Authors: Belluco Sara , Sammarco Alessandro , Sapin Pierrick , Lurier Thibaut , Marchal Thierry
Published: August 2020

Canine cutaneous histiocytoma (CCH) is a noninfectious tumor that spontaneously regresses. It is suggested that this regression is due to tumor cell maturation, which is responsible for CD8 lymphocyte activation and tumor cell destruction. Nevertheless, the possible role of the immune microenvironment in tumor regression has not been investigated to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of CD208 and FoxP3 as markers of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes, respectively, and tumor cell expression of CD206 as a marker of Langerhans cell activation, and relate these parameters to the different phases of CCH and to intratumoral T cell infiltration. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 31 CCH were evaluated. In each case, the mitotic count and regression phase were recorded. Within the tumor, a quantitative evaluation of immunolabeled CD208+ cells, FoxP3+ cells, and CD3+ lymphocytes was performed, as well as the CD206+ tumor cell location. Intratumoral CD208+ cells correlated with CD3+ lymphocytic infiltration. The possible role of dendritic cells in tumor regression was not confirmed since CD208 seemed to be a nonspecific marker for canine dendritic cells. FoxP3+ lymphocyte density was not correlated with any parameter. Neoplastic Langerhans cells presented progressive CD206 expression, from the bottom of the tumor to the epidermis, which correlated with the tumor regression phase and with intratumoral T lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, we confirmed a CD206 phenotype change in tumor cells in a spatial group-related pattern, supporting the hypothesis that tumoral Langerhans cells acquire a mature phenotype with tumor regression.
Value, (use) values, and the ecologies of capital: On social form, meaning, and the contested production of nature.
Authors: Andueza Luis
Published: August 2020

This paper connects hitherto distant strands of literature to contribute to the ongoing turn to value theory in socio-ecological studies. Starting from Marx’s understanding of value as social form, I revisit Neil Smith’s contribution to the question of value and nature and argue for a reassessment of the internal relations between valorisation and the ‘vernacular’ dimensions of socio-ecological reproduction. I approach this problem through Bolívar Echeverría’s reconstruction of the category of use-value and his understanding of the pivotal role it plays in Marx’s critique, which allows for an open and non-reductive account of the subsumption of socio-ecologies under capitalism as contradictory entanglements of abstraction and meaning. The paper mobilises these insights alongside Marxian-inspired anthropological theories of value – the work of Terence Turner and David Graeber – in order to sketch elements for a symbolic-materialist framework to approach the question of value in its cultural-moral register, its relation to value as economic form, and issues of moral economy and ecology under capitalism.
Associations between hemodynamic parameters at rest and exercise capacity in patients with implantable left ventricular assist devices
Authors: Kondo Toru , Okumura Takahiro , Oishi Hideo , Arao Yoshihito , Kato Hiroo , Yamaguchi Shogo , Kuwayama Tasuku , Haga Tomoaki , Yokoi Tsuyoshi , Hiraiwa Hiroaki , Fukaya Kenji , Sawamura Akinori , Morimoto Ryota , Mutsuga Masato , Fujimoto Kazuro , Usui Akihiko , Murohara Toyoaki
Published: August 2020

Background:

Hemodynamic parameters at rest are known to correlate poorly with peak oxygen uptake (VO2) in heart failure. However, we hypothesized that hemodynamic parameters at rest could predict exercise capacity in patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD), because LVAD pump rotational speed does not respond during exercise. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between hemodynamic parameters at rest (measured with right heart catheterization) and exercise capacity (measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing) in patients with implantable LVAD.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective medical record review of patients who received implantable LVAD at our institution from November 2013 to December 2017.

Results:

A total of 20 patients were enrolled in this study (15 males; mean age, 45.8 years; median duration of LVAD support, 356 days). The mean peak VO2 and cardiac index (CI) were 13.5 mL/kg/min and 2.6 L/min/m2, respectively. CI and hemoglobin level were significantly associated with peak VO2 (CI: r = 0.632, p = 0.003; hemoglobin: r = 0.520, p = 0.019). In addition, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure, and right ventricular stroke work index were also significantly associated with peak VO2. In multiple linear regression analysis, CI and hemoglobin level remained independent predictors of peak VO2 (CI: β = 0.559, p = 0.006; hemoglobin: β = 0.414, p = 0.049).

Conclusions:

CI at rest and hemoglobin level are associated with poor exercise capacity in patients with LVAD.
The corporate menagerie
Authors: Hutnyk John
Published: August 2020

This paper offers a typology of university management roles in the age of permanent austerity. The repackaging of every function within the university administration as a cost centre – meaning of course a potential profit centre – has long been seen as an unsustainable market model. Yet perversely it persists, and we would do well to name the hyperbolic functionaries of this administered institutional reconstruction, in a place where a humourless credentialism prevails. The paper revives the work, and temperament, of the early 20th-century sociologist Thorstein Bunde Veblen as a heuristic aid. With Veblen, the protocols of commercial imperative in the state education sector masquerade as education as a social good while the ‘university’ itself is skewered with the tragic realism of forms.