bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Team Innovation in Healthcare
Authors: Kennel Victoria , Jones Katherine , Reiter-Palmon Roni
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores team innovation in the context of healthcare by integrating literature and empirical evidence from the organizational, social, and medical sciences on team innovation. Innovation encompasses the activities that transform the intentional decision to adopt and implement a new idea, process, product, or procedure into regular and sustained practice. The healthcare industry needs innovation to adapt to and manage complexity within a rapidly changing healthcare system. Interdisciplinary teams have been adopted as innovations to solve certain problems in healthcare that require coordinated interdependent action and complementary knowledge and skills, such as chronic conditions and disease management, patient safety concerns, and cancer treatment and care. Teams may also be employed to manage healthcare innovation adoption and implementation efforts, and the industry must leverage team composition and team process factors to help these healthcare teams innovate.
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Hildesheim Allan
Published: December 2017

The main epithelial malignancy arising in the nasopharynx is nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Although rare throughout most of the world, NPC has a unique geographic distribution, with high-risk endemic areas in southern China and parts of Southeast Asia, intermediate incidence rates elsewhere in Southeast Asia, North Africa, the Arctic, the Middle East, and among Asian and Pacific Islander migrants, and very low risk in other areas. The great majority of NPC cases worldwide are non-keratinizing tumors; these predominate in endemic, high-incidence areas and comprise up to half of tumors in low-incidence populations. The other histologic subtype of NPC, keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, accounts for 40%–50% of cases in low-incidence areas. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a necessary but not sufficient cause of non-keratinizing NPC, though it is more weakly associated with keratinizing squamous cell tumors. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of both subtypes.
Cancer of the Larynx
Authors: Olshan Andrew F. , Hashibe Mia
Published: December 2017

Cancer of the larynx can affect the glottis, supraglottis, subglottis, and laryngeal cartilage. Traditional treatments for laryngeal cancer caused significant disfigurement, difficulty with swallowing and speech, and poor quality of life. Newer treatment methods seek to preserve laryngeal function. Worldwide, an estimated 157,000 new cases and 83,000 deaths from laryngeal cancer occurred in 2012, accounting for 1.1% of all new cancer cases and 1.0% of all cancer deaths. The risk of cancer of the larynx is nearly five times higher in men than women in the United States. Incidence and mortality rates of these cancers in males are decreasing in most high-income countries; this decrease is seen in all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Active cigarette smoking is the strongest risk factor and explains the greatest proportion of cases. All tobacco products are strongly associated with increased risk, especially when combined with alcohol consumption.
Leukemias
Authors: Linet Martha S. , Morton Lindsay M. , Devesa Susan S. , Dores Graça M.
Published: December 2017

The 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms categorized “the leukemias” into two major groupings—myeloid and lymphoid. Myeloid neoplasms, which are the primary focus of this chapter, include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Lymphoid neoplasms are mostly reviewed as part of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Chapter 40 of this volume, although descriptive patterns and selected etiologic studies are briefly discussed in this chapter because of historical trends. Worldwide, leukemias are ranked eleventh among all cancer types, comprising approximately 2.5% of all malignancies. Exposure to ionizing radiation and certain chemical carcinogens (e.g., cytotoxic chemotherapy, benzene, formaldehyde) are the most consistently associated risk factors for MDS and/or AML. Radiation has been linked with CML, and cigarette smoking with AML. Fewer risk factors have been identified for MPNs. Some evidence implicates increased risks of AML in rubber workers, farmers, and other agricultural workers.
Bladder Cancer
Authors: Silverman Debra T. , Koutros Stella , Figueroa Jonine D. , Prokunina-Olsson Ludmila , Rothman Nathaniel
Published: December 2017

In the United States, an estimated 74,000 new cases of bladder cancer and 16,000 deaths occur annually. Because of favorable survival, approximately 578,000 persons are alive after diagnosis. Recurrence after treatment is common, necessitating lifelong surveillance and care, making bladder cancer the most costly malignancy from diagnosis to death. The median age at diagnosis has increased from 67 years in 1980 to 73 years in 2008–2012. Incidence rates rise dramatically with age, suggesting that as the US population ages, the burden of bladder cancer in the United States will continue to grow. Worldwide over 1.3 million cases are estimated to occur annually. Cigarette smoking is the principal known cause of bladder cancer, along with various chemical exposures. Recent studies suggest that, over the past two decades, the risk for current smokers has increased from three times the risk of nonsmokers to about four to five times the nonsmoker risk.
Christians in Umayyad Iraq
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: December 2017

This essay argues that the Church of the East should be seen as a Sasanian institution that adapted to a regime without central patronage in the Umayyad period. The seventh century was characterized by the private patronage of local elites and the conversion of polytheists. The Marwanid period saw a search for new Arab patrons after the regime began to remove prominent local elites. But the main beneficiaries of this patronage were rural monasteries, rather than the patriarchate, and it was only after the transfer of Baghdad that the patriarchs restored the kind of state patronage seen under the Sasanians.
The Spirit of Early Evangelicalism
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce
Published: December 2017

The Spirit of Early Evangelicalism sheds new light on the nature of evangelical religion by locating its rise with reference to those consequential changes in Anglo-American society we now routinely acknowledge with the terms Modernity, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Bringing together a wide range of sources, the book makes meaningful connections between the Protestant evangelical awakening and the history of science, law, art, and literature in the eighteenth century. There was a profound turn toward nature and the authority of natural knowledge in each of these discourses and a more democratic public sphere available for debating contemporary concerns. In this modern context, evangelicals forcefully pressed their agenda for “true religion,” believing it was still possible to experience “the life of God in the soul of man.” The results were dramatic and disruptive. This book provides a fresh perspective, and presents new research, on the religious thought of leading figures such as John Wesley and Charles Wesley, George Whitefield, and Jonathan Edwards, but it also traces the significance of evangelical spirituality for elites and non-elites across multiple genres including not only theology, but also natural and moral philosophy, poetry, painting, literature, and music. Viewing devotion, culture, and ideas together, it is possible to see the advent of evangelicalism as a significant new episode in the history of Christian spirituality.
Conclusion
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: December 2017

Drawing together the main lines of argumentation developed in the book, the concluding chapter synthesizes the hermeneutic ethics of storytelling as a framework that provides analytical resources for studying both oppressive and empowering narrative practices and the (ab)uses of narratives in specific cultural contexts. It summarizes narrative hermeneutics as an approach that is attentive to how practices of storytelling expand and diminish a sense of the possible, and it explores narrative fiction as an inquiry into the ethics of being implicated in histories of violence, silence, and dialogue. The chapter sums up how the narratives examined in the book reveal the limits of storytelling from a range of perspectives and how they attest to the ethical potential of storytelling in the six senses articulated in the book, in ways that nuance the theoretical framework. It articulates a fierce commitment to non-subsumptive narrative practices animated by an ethos of dialogue.
Musical Portraits
Authors: Walden Joshua S.
Published: December 2017

This book explores the wide-ranging but underexamined genre of musical portraiture. It focuses in particular on contemporary and experimental music created between 1945 and the present day, an era in which conceptions of identity have changed alongside increasing innovation in musical composition as well as in the uses of abstraction, mixed media, and other novel techniques in the field of visual portraiture. In the absence of physical likeness, an element typical of portraiture that cannot be depicted in sound, composers have experimented with methods of constructing other attributes of identity in music, such as character, biography, and profession. By studying musical portraits of painters, authors, and modern celebrities, in addition to composers’ self-portraits, the book considers how representational and interpretive processes overlap and differ between music and other art forms, as well as how music is used in the depiction of human identities. With focus on a range of musical portraits by composers including Peter Ablinger, Pierre Boulez, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass, György Ligeti, and Virgil Thomson, and through studies of director Robert Wilson’s ongoing series of video portraits of modern-day celebrities and his “portrait opera” Einstein on the Beach, Musical Portraits offers to contribute to the study of music since 1945 through a detailed examination of contemporary understandings of music’s capacity to depict identity, and of the intersections between music, literature, theater, film, and the visual arts.
The Baluch, Sunnism and the State in Iran
Authors: Dudoignon Stéphane A.
Published: December 2017

Since 2002, Sunni jihadi groups have been active in Iranian Baluchistan without managing to plunge the region into chaos. This book suggests that a reason for this, besides Tehran’s military responses, has been the quality of Khomeini and Khamenei’s relationship with a network of South-Asia-educated Sunni ulama (mawlawis) originating from the Sarbaz oasis area, in the south of Baluchistan. Educated in the religiously reformist, socially conservative South Asian Deoband School, which puts the madrasa at the centre of social life, the Sarbazi ulama had taken advantage, in Iranian territory, of the eclipse of Baluch tribal might under the Pahlavi monarchy (1925-79). They emerged then as a bulwark against Soviet influence and progressive ideologies, before rallying to Khomeini in 1979. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, they have been playing the role of a rampart against Salafi propaganda and Saudi intrigues. The book shows that, through their alliance with an Iranian Kurdish-born Muslim-Brother movement and through the promotion of a distinct ‘Sunni vote’, they have since the early 2000s contributed towards – and benefitted from – the defence by the Reformist presidents Khatami (1997-2005) and Ruhani (since 2013) of local democracy and of the minorities’ rights. They endeavoured to help, at the same time, preventing the propagation of jihadism and Sunni radicalisation to Iran – at least until the ISIS/Daesh-claimed attacks of June 2017, in Tehran, shed light on the limits of the Islamic Republic’s strategy of reliance on Deobandi ulama and Muslim-Brother preachers in the country’s Sunni-peopled peripheries.
Moonlighting
Authors: Diphoorn Tessa
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on police officers’ ‘moonlighting’ in South Africa. Working in security-related fields outside their police job, as bouncers or in private security companies, police officers engage in a space between public and private policing. This chapter shows not only that state and non-state policing practices influence one another, but that each contains an element of the other. Moonlighting is a continuous boundary-crossing between public and private, between state and non-state.
Inside the Police Stations in Maputo City
Authors: Kyed Helene Maria
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores how police officers in Maputo, Mozambique, deal with everyday criminal cases. It discusses how police officers draw on a large and flexible repertoire of measures when handling cases, some of them formal, others informal. Their choice is often shaped by the competition for legitimacy they find themselves in with communities and private actors.
Publish Late, Publish Rarely!: Network Density and Group Performance in Scientific Communication
Authors: Angere Staffan , Olsson Erik J.
Published: December 2017

It is almost a tautology that scientists should try to be as “connected” as they can. Yet studies have found abundant communication links in a network of inquirers to be detrimental to group performance. This chapter hypothesizes that these results are partly due to the effect of network “spamming”: as more links are added, a network becomes more sensitive to low-quality information. This study shows how network density can actually be positively correlated with group performance if inquirers agree (i) to communicate only information they judge to be highly certain and (ii) not to recycle information in the absence of new supporting evidence. The results raise doubt about the recommendation to “publish early, publish often.” As the scientific community becomes increasingly connected, scholars should be increasingly concerned with publishing only material they take to be practically certain and avoid recycling material for which there is no new supporting evidence.
Black Flesh Is White Ash
Authors: Beeston Alix
Published: December 2017

This chapter argues that Jean Toomer’s tactics of poetic and narrative visualization of the series of black female bodies in Cane (1923) correspond to the strategic reappropriation of lynching photographs by African American political activists in the early twentieth century. Configured in line with the ontological multivalence of photography and bearing witness to the deep antinomy embedded in the photographic archive of white supremacy, Cane disassembles the ritualized scene of lynching by reframing and restaging it. Through the confluence of its ruptured, gap-ridden female figures and its ruptured, gap-ridden form, it images the contiguity between “black ash” and “white flesh”: black flesh as burned by, and for, white flesh.
The Cost of Treating Knowledge as a Mental State
Authors: Smith Martin
Published: December 2017

This chapter is concerned with the claim that knowledge is a mental state—a claim that is often presented as one of the central tenets of knowledge first epistemology. In this chapter, it is argued that this claim carries significant costs that have not been widely appreciated. It is clear that treating knowledge as a mental state leads to externalism about the mental. While externalism is a familiar view to many, it is argued that treating knowledge as a mental state leads to a version of externalism that is, in some respects, far more radical than any version previously considered.
The Gettier Case and Intuition
Authors: Brown Jessica
Published: December 2017

It is standard to describe philosophers as appealing to intuitions about cases as evidence for or against philosophical theories. However, the method of appealing to intuitions about cases has been widely criticized in recent philosophical debate. One central theme of this recent debate is that intuitions are ‘too psychological’ to provide evidence for the relevant philosophical theories which have a non-psychological subject matter (e.g. Deutsch, Kornblith, Williamson). I assess this criticism by focusing on philosophers’ use of the Gettier case to reject the Justified True Belief theory of knowledge. In more detail, I distinguish several senses in which it has been claimed that intuitions are ‘too psychological’, and argue that none of them support this common criticism of using intuitions as evidence in philosophy.
Golden Gettier
Authors: Dretske Fred
Published: December 2017

Gettier constructed his well-known examples by assuming two things: (1) that the justification needed to know is the kind one can have for a false proposition; and (2) justificational closure— that justification is transmitted through known implication. I think both assumptions are false. Although I have elsewhere disputed (2), I will set that topic aside here. In this chapter I will, instead, challenge (1) by showing that if you accept (2), or any reasonable approximation to (2), you cannot accept (1). The justification needed to know must be conclusive, the kind of justification one cannot have for a false proposition.
The Constitution of Freedom
Authors: Sajó András , Uitz Renáta
Published: December 2017

With the rise of populist, anti-constitutional sentiment and the normalization of the anti-terror state it has once again become imperative to explain what constitutionalism means for the constitutional legal order and the political community which is meant to live by it. This book’s intention is less to guide technically proper constitution-writing and interpretation, but rather showing what is at stake in the debate on constitutionalism. It aims to demonstrate why constitutionalism should continue to matter. In doing so, the constitutional facts are left to speak for themselves. Muses and technicians of classic constitutions are lined up alongside the inspired architects of more recent ones to show what constitutionalism can be about and what constitutions have become in constitutional law. Constitutional democracy is more fragile and less ‘natural’ than autocracy. Unfortunately, more and more people find autocracy attractive, because they were never forced to understand or imagine what despotism is. They also conveniently failed to protect themselves emotionally and intellectually against the cult of simple solutions. Generations who lived in stable democracies with the promise that their enviable world will become the global ‘normal’ find this difficult to conceive. It is difficult, but never too late to look at one’s own constitutional system as one that is fragile and in need of constant attention and care. Therefore, recapitulating how constitutionalism protects us and how it can be undone with its very own means became the task of this book.
North American Philosophers of Religion
Authors: Wildman Wesley J. , Rohr David
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents the results of qualitative analysis, using NVivo software (version 10), of the responses of fifty-one philosophers of religion to the question “What is philosophy of religion?” posted at PhilosophyOfReligion.org. The core finding is that various differences of perspective within the field are correlated with whether or not the institution where a philosopher teaches is secular or requires a statement of religious faith. Beyond identifying this fault line running through the field, the chapter presents a complex portrait of contemporary North American philosophy of religion, including the diverse conceptions of the field that philosophers adhere to, how the field is understood to relate to religious studies and theology, which figures are esteemed as exemplary, what issues are most controversial, and what sort of programmatic visions for the future of philosophy of religion are presently being advocated.
Kant’s Material Condition of Real Possibility
Authors: Leech Jessica
Published: December 2017

In the Postulates of Empirical Thinking, a section of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant presents an account of the content and role of our concept of real possibility in terms of formal conditions of experience. However, much later in the Critique he introduces the idea of a material condition of possibility. What is this material condition of possibility, and how does it fit with the conception of possibility in terms of formal conditions? This essay argues that the key to answering these questions—as well as to understanding Kant’s criticism of rational theology, in which the discussion of the material condition of possibility appears—is Kant’s account of how we can individuate objects.
Introduction
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 1 starts with the case of Kodak and the development of the electronic still camera to illustrate the pivotal importance of business model innovation. This opening chapter looks at why business model innovation is needed, sets out the research model and key research questions, and outlines the main elements to be discussed in subsequent chapters. These include: the changing competitive environment; business model innovation strategies; levers of business model innovation; catalysts and inhibitors in business model innovation; and competitive advantages of new business models. These elements form the basis of the present research model. Chapter 1 sets out a series of questions that will be addressed in this book.
Baudelaire in Song
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Exploring the work of the major nineteenth-century French poet Charles Baudelaire (1821–67), this book examines how and why Baudelaire’s poetry has inspired so many composers to set it to music in different ways. The author proposes a new model for analysing song, through an ‘assemblage’ approach, which examines the complex relationships formed between common features of poetry and music, including metre/prosody, form/structure, sound properties/repetition, and semantics. The model also factors in the realities of song as a live performance genre, revealing which parameters of song emerge as standard for French text-setting and where composers diverge in their approach. The specific case studies that make up the second half of the book focus on Baudelaire song sets produced by European composers between 1880 and 1930, specifically Maurice Rollinat, Gustave Charpentier, Alexander Gretchaninov, Louis Vierne, and Alban Berg. Using this corpus, the assemblage model is tested to uncover new findings about what happens to Baudelaire’s poetry when it is set to music. Analysing Baudelaire’s poetry within song settings uncovers richer features of the texts that we might otherwise not see or hear. Examining each song setting in close detail confirms that there are no overt resonances between the types of poems selected for musical interpretation, just as there is no single, perfect ‘ideal’ setting of Baudelaire.
Leadership, Management and Communication
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the roles of leadership, management and communication in science and how these are related. Becoming a leader requires a curious mixture of innate ability, opportunity, luck and circumstance; some people with excellent leadership potential never have the opportunity to exercise it, while others with more modest talents see an opening, seize the moment and flourish. Management is about problems–anticipating them, avoiding them, abating them and solving them. Communication involves the ability to take complex issues and, without compromising on the complexity, break them down into more simple, straightforward chunks of information. This chapter presents examples of leadership, management and communication style.
Reviewing Research, Making Proposals and Evaluating Science
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the review process, the process of writing a proposal and the evaluation of science. The usual way that science is funded these days is through a proposal to a funding agency; if it satisfies peer review and there are sufficient resources available, it is then funded. Peer review is at the heart of academic life, and is used to assess research proposals, progress, publications and institutions. Peer review processes are discussed and, in light of this discussion, the art of proposal writing. The particular features of making fellowship proposals and preparing for an institutional review are described. In addition, several of the methods used for evaluating and ranking research and research institutions are reviewed, including the Research Assessment Exercise and the Research Excellence Framework.
Risk
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

In this chapter, the importance of risk is emphasized and risk is distinguished from gambling. Projects without risk (that is, where the outcome is certain) lead to very little progress; however, projects with a very high degree of risk (i.e. overwhelmingly likely to fail) likewise do not advance knowledge all that much. What is important about risk is that, if there is at least a reasonable chance that the project will work, there is also a reasonable chance that there will be a corresponding benefit. This chapter reviews the need to assess and manage risk in order to make progress, and presents some risk management techniques, such as the use of a risk register. It also discusses the need to recognize the importance of, and the need to maintain, reputation, as well as the need for avoidance or mitigation of reputation risk. Finally, the risks and hazards surrounding scientific misconduct are identified and discussed.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter concludes the book with a short review of the subject of managing science, that is, how science and scientists can be managed effectively to give scientists the freedom to pursue their research within an environment that is both supportive and responsible. Much of the work in management is routine; however, the fact that it is routine does not mean that it can be taken for granted. The essence of leadership is that a team works together because it shares a common vision and is driven towards a common goal, not because the team members have to but because they want to. Characteristics of good leadership, management and communication are described.
Justice, Mercy, and Caprice
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

Justice, Mercy, and Caprice is a work of criminal justice history that speaks to the gradual emergence of a more humane Irish state. It is a close examination of what can be learned from the National Archives of Ireland about the decision to grant clemency to men and women sentenced to death between the end of the civil war in 1923 and the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Frequently, the decision to deflect the law from its course was an attempt to introduce a measure of justice to a system where the mandatory death sentence for murder caused predictable unfairness and undue harshness. In some instances the decision to commute a death penalty sprang from merciful motivations. In others it was capricious, depending on factors that should have had no place in the government’s decision-making calculus. The custodial careers of those whose lives were spared repay scrutiny. Women tended to serve relatively short periods in prison but were often transferred to a religious institution, such as a Magdalen laundry, where their coercive confinement continued, occasionally for life. Men, by contrast, served longer in prison but were discharged directly to the community. Political offenders, such as members of the IRA, were either executed hastily or, when the threat of capital punishment had passed, incarcerated for extravagant periods. The issues addressed are of continuing relevance for countries that retain capital punishment as the ultimate sanction.
Not Minding the Gap
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Seiha Heng
Published: December 2017

This chapter analyses patterns of growth in Cambodia. Over the past forty years, Cambodia has had one of the world’s most volatile growth experiences. A prolonged economic collapse between 1970 and 1982 was followed by a gradual but unstable recovery up until 1998, while post-1998 saw another growth acceleration and sustained high growth. While growth collapse can be traced to the failure of Prince Sihanouk’s post-independence political settlement, war, and the disastrous Khmer Rouge regime, growth acceleration and maintenance has been based on a political settlement which has created a balance between technocrats and rent-seekers within Hun Sen’s dominant coalition. Technocrats are given just enough latitude to support growth industries, while rent-seekers are given the political backing to generate profits, a proportion of which are funnelled to the masses through ruling party patronage projects.
The Politics of Structural (De)Transformation
Authors: Sen Kunal , Tyce Matthew
Published: December 2017

The chapter sets out the similarities between Thailand and Malaysia’s patterns of economic growth and political settlements. Both countries have witnessed strong economic growth since the 1960s to the late 1990s, followed by a period of growth deceleration which continues to the present day. In both countries, a dualistic deal environment existed where closed deals were offered to the powerbrokers and rentiers within both economies while open deals were offered for magicians. This allowed both countries to preserve rents for economic elites which maintained political stability while accelerating economic growth. However, this type of dualistic deals approach may act as a barrier to future economic growth as well as structural transformation over time. If negative feedback loops exist within a country, it may lead to a future narrowing of the deals space.
The Epistemic Ideal
Authors: Pasnau Robert
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the rise of a distinction between knowledge and science—a development that has its origins in the breakdown of scholastic Aristotelian metaphysics. This requires considering the framework in which epistemology was pursued for most of its history, which I call an idealized epistemology. Rather than take as its goal the analysis of our concept of knowledge, an idealized epistemology aspires, first, to describe the epistemic ideal that human beings might hope to achieve and then, second, to chart the various ways in which we commonly fall off from that ideal. The principal development considered is the turn from an expectation to grasp the deep essences of things toward a description of the phenomena that exhibits precision.
Ideas and Illusions
Authors: Pasnau Robert
Published: December 2017

Concern with not just the reliability but rather the fidelity of perception drove seventeenth-century theorists inward, toward ideas as the immediate objects of perception. But, familiar as this way of ideas is, its origins and motivations are in fact much more puzzling and interesting than has generally been recognized. This chapter begins by stressing just how radically transformative the seventeenth century’s inward turn is and then considers at some length exactly why that transformation occurred, in light of the available alternatives. Once we understand its motivation in authors like Descartes, Arnauld, and Locke, we will see that the inward turn toward ideas is not nearly as disreputable as is often supposed, given certain assumptions. But we will also see that these are assumptions we should no longer make.
The Privileged Now
Authors: Pasnau Robert
Published: December 2017

This chapter ascends to the intellectual level and considers our ability to reason from premises to a conclusion. Is there some domain of epistemic privilege, at the intellectual level, where we can be certain that things are just as they seem to be? This requires considering an unfamiliar question: the extent to which we can or should attempt to encompass a whole chain of thoughts within the scope of the privileged now. The idea of the privileged now, which is a close relative of the modern notion of working memory, can be found to go back to Anselm. It runs through scholastic philosophy and plays a central role in Descartes’s Meditations and ultimately in Hume. But this chapter argues that the expectation of getting all our thoughts into the mind at once rests on an unfounded bias.
The Simple Physics of Energy Use
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

In industrially developed countries, energy is used primarily for three things—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transporting people and goods and manufacturing products. Each accounts for about one-third of the total primary energy use. Controlling the indoor temperature accounts for most of the energy use in buildings. Therefore, this strongly depends on the local climate. Electricity accounts for a high proportion of the energy transfer in developed countries. The problem is that electricity cannot easily be stored, and that supply therefore has to match demand. This makes the use of intermittent renewables such as solar and wind particularly challenging. Transportation efficiency can be measured by the energy used to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance, but there is also the journey time to consider. Transportation, with the exception of trains, is constrained by the energy density and convenience of fuels, and it is hard to beat liquid hydrocarbons as fuels. Materials that are dug out of the earth are nearly always oxides, but we want the element itself. The reduction process inevitably uses energy and produces carbon dioxide. Even growing crops requires energy in addition to that provided by sunlight. A meat-based diet requires significantly higher energy inputs than a vegetarian diet. Growing crops for fuel is a poor use of land, the problem being that crops do not grow fast enough. Policy should ultimately be based on what works from a physics and engineering viewpoint, and not on legislation that mandates the use of favoured renewable energy sources.
Electrical Power Generation: Fossil Fuels
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

Nearly all electrical power is generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. In most cases, the coil is turned by a steam turbine operating according to the Rankine cycle. Water is boiled and heated to make high-pressure steam, which drives the turbine. The thermal efficiency is about 30–35%, and is limited by the highest steam temperature tolerated by the turbine blades. Alternatively, a gas turbine operating according to the Brayton cycle can be used. Much higher turbine inlet temperatures are possible, and the thermal efficiency is higher, typically 40%. Combined cycle generation, in which the hot exhaust from a gas turbine drives a Rankine cycle, can achieve thermal efficiencies of almost 60%. Substitution of coal-fired by combined cycle natural gas power plants can result in significant reductions in CO2 emissions.
Ground Transportation: Road and Rail
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

Everything that rolls along the ground uses energy to overcome both rolling resistance and air resistance. Air resistance is more significant at higher speeds. Repeated accelerations dominate energy use in stop–start city driving. Not surprisingly, heavy, large SUVs use more energy to go a given distance than lighter, more streamlined cars. Due to the mismatch between the torque required and the rotation rate of the drive wheels, internal combustion engines in cars or trucks do not operate at their peak efficiency. Trains are the most efficient form of ground transportation due to both the lower rolling resistance of steel wheels on railroad tracks and the lower air resistance of its long and thin structure. A further advantage is that rail with fixed tracks can take advantage of the efficient generation of electrical energy. This is also obviously the main disadvantage; trains can only go where tracks have been laid.
Ground Transportation: Ships
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

The drag on ships comes from movement through the water. There is a part that is analogous to the parasitic drag in aircraft, and a part that comes from creating the bow and stern waves—in some ways similar to the compressibility drag in aircraft that approach the speed of sound. Given that the density of water is more than 800 times that of air, speeds through the water are slower. Drag coefficients are specified differently for ships than for cars, trucks and airplanes. The relevant area is the total wetted area, and not the frontal projected area. Ships can be very efficient—the very powerful two-stroke diesels that power large container ships and tankers can be over 50% thermally efficient.
Physics Avoidance
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2017

Contemporary philosophy of science attempts to diagnose explanatory structure through descriptive tools derived largely from logic, an orientation called “Theory T thinking” here. Its portrait of scientific endeavor is painted with an extremely broad brush and neglects structural distinctions familiar to applied mathematicians (Theory T thinking tries to make all of science look alike, but this is a grave mistake). In real life, practitioners within every field of endeavor continually encounter significant roadblocks to reasoning that would cripple further advance if they adhered to the guidelines of Theory T thinking. Instead, clever scientists have devised an astonishing variety of gambits for working around these obstacles. Such policies practice “physics avoidance” in the sense that they depart from the simple patterns of explanation favored by Theory T thinkers. This essay discusses several ways in which significant forms of philosophical confusion have arisen through a failure to draw requisite distinctions.
Musical shape and feeling
Authors: Leech-Wilkinson Daniel
Published: December 2017

The concept of shape is widely used by musicians in talking and thinking about performance, yet the mechanisms that afford links between music and shape are little understood. Work on the psychodynamics of everyday life by Daniel Stern and on embodiment by Mark Johnson suggests relationships between the multiple dynamics of musical sound and the dynamics of feeling and motion. Recent work on multisensory and precognitive sensory perception and on the role of bimodal neurons in the sensorimotor system helps to explain how shape, as a percept representing changing quantity in any sensory mode, may be invoked by dynamic processes at many stages of perception and cognition. These processes enable ‘shape’ to do flexible and useful work for musicians needing to describe the quality of musical phenomena that are fundamental to everyday musical practice and yet too complex to calculate during performance.
Vasomotor Symptoms Resulting From Natural Menopause: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Treatment Effects From the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guideline on Menopause
Authors: Sarri G. , Pedder H. , Dias S. , Guo Y. , Lumsden M. A.
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from BJOG 2017;124:1514–1523)

Vasomotor symptoms (VMSs)—the most common menopausal symptoms—occur in approximately 75% of postmenopausal women in the United Kingdom and are severe in 25%. A large number of treatments, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, have been used to relieve VMSs during menopause.
Remote Intracerebral Hemorrhage Following Intravenous Thrombolysis in Pregnancy at 31 Weeks Gestation
Authors: Jiang Zheng , Hu Zhiping
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in pregnancy for acute ischemic stroke is infrequent. As a rare complication of thrombolysis, remote intracerebral hemorrhage (rICH) whose mechanisms are unclear has not gained enough attention until now.

Case Report:

We present here a case of 26-year-old pregnant woman at 31 weeks gestation who suffered from sudden onset right-sided hemiparesis and slurred speech. She successfully received intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis within 2.5 hours from stroke onset. Further workup demonstrated multiple and bilateral acute cerebral infarcts due to cardioembolism. At 6 hours after thrombolysis, multifocal intracerebral hemorrhages were developed in her left cerebellum and right temporal cortex, remote from the initial infarct areas. However, the patient achieved a final complete recovery of symptoms. Despite diffusion-weighted imaging could not confirm infarct in the areas of hemorrhages, multiple cerebral embolism was suggested to be involved in the etiology of rICH.

Conclusions:

rICH is different from local intracerebral hemorrhage in its risk factors, neurological outcomes, and underlying mechanisms. Patients with rICH may have favorable outcomes and multiple cerebral embolism is still one of the important mechanisms for postthrombolytic rICH.
Anemia in Pregnancy: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Sun Dongmei , McLeod Anne , Gandhi Shital , Malinowski Ann Kinga , Shehata Nadine
Published: December 2017

Importance

Anemia is common in pregnancy, ranging from 5.4% in developed countries to more than 80% in developing countries. Anemia in pregnancy has been associated with prematurity, low birth weight, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objective

This review uses clinical vignettes to illustrate the clinical presentations, approach to diagnosis, maternal and fetal implications, and treatment for the common etiologies of anemia in pregnancy.

Evidence Acquisition

Literature review.

Results

Normal physiological changes in pregnancy result in alterations of hematological parameters particularly in a reduction of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Consequently, the Hb used to define anemia in pregnancy is lower than in nonpregnant patients. As there is an increased requirement of iron in pregnancy, it is not unexpected that iron deficiency remains the most common cause of anemia and warrants a preemptive approach to prevent a further reduction in Hb. The syndromes associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia may pose a diagnostic challenge, as there are several potential etiologies that may be difficult to differentiate, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia can be associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Anemia secondary to sickle cell disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia merit special attention because there are risks secondary to red blood cell transfusion and risks to withholding transfusion.

Conclusions and Relevance

Anemia in pregnancy is potentially associated with maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Providing evidence-based care is essential to achieving the best pregnancy outcomes.

Target Audience

Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives

After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to describe the normal physiological changes in hematological parameters in pregnancy, recognize common and potentially life-threatening diseases manifested as anemia, and develop an approach to anemia in pregnancy.
Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Identification of Supratentorial C11ORF95-RELA Fused Ependymoma in Routine Neuropathology
Authors: Gessi Marco , Giagnacovo Marzia , Modena Piergiorgio , Elefante Grazia , Gianno Francesca , Buttarelli Francesca R. , Arcella Antonietta , Donofrio Vittoria , Diomedi Camassei Francesca , Nozza Paolo , Morra Isabella , Massimino Maura , Pollo Bianca , Giangaspero Felice , Antonelli Manila
Published: December 2017

Ependymomas (EPs) are tumors of the brain and spinal cord constituting ∼10% of the childhood central nervous system neoplasms and about 30% in children aged <3 years. Their anatomic distribution varies according to the age, with those arising in the supratentorial (ST) compartment, spinal cord being more common in older children and adults, and those at the infratentorial location are more common and occurring more frequently in infants and children. Recently, molecular classification of EP subgroups has been proposed and a supratentorial ependymoma subgroup characterized by RELA-fusion genes (ST-EP-RELA) has been established. It would be useful to define a standardized, robust method for the diagnosis of these relevant fusion genes. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction, conventional real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing to characterize RELA fusion status in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from 42 ST-EPs (12 adults and 30 pediatric). We tested p65/RELA and L1CAM protein immunohistochemistry for their ability to predict RELA-fusion status. We reviewed clinical data to assess significant associations in this anatomic subgroup. Of the 42 patients, we identified RELA-fusion genes in 17 cases. L1CAM immunostaining displayed 94% sensitivity, 76% specificity, 73% positive predictive value (PPV), 95% negative predictive value (NPV). The p65/RELA immunostaining displayed 100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, 89.5% PPV, 100% NPV. Concordant double immunostaining improves PPV to 92.5% and maintains 100% NPV. Immunohistochemistry using both p65/RELA and L1CAM antibodies is valuable for ST-EP-RELA diagnosis: the negativity with both antibodies consistently predicts the absence of RELA fusions, whereas verification of fusion transcripts by molecular analyses is warranted only in single-positive or double-positive staining cases.
Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions
Authors: Pogoriler Jennifer , Swarr Daniel , Kreiger Portia , Adzick N. Scott , Peranteau William
Published: December 2017

Asymptomatic cystic lung lesions—congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs), sequestrations, and bronchogenic cysts—are commonly diagnosed prenatally. Indications to resect are to eliminate risk of malignancy or infection. CPAMs consist of a spectrum of malformations, with type 1 historically considered the most common. Mucinous cell clusters, seen almost exclusively in type 1, are premalignant lesions at risk for progression to mucinous adenocarcinoma. We reviewed and classified 2.5 years of consecutive, prenatally diagnosed lesions as extralobar sequestration, intralobar sequestration, type 1 CPAM, type 2 CPAM/bronchial atresia, or “other” to determine the distribution of lesion types and risk of malignancy. One hundred eighty-four lesions in 174 patients showed type 1 CPAM to be least common subtype. Type 1 CPAMs had more severe presentation, infrequently had features of obstruction, and usually had cysts ≥2 cm. Fifteen of eighteen type 1 CPAMs had mucinous cell clusters (total risk, 8%), with mucous cells outside main cyst in 12/15. No pleuropulmonary blastomas were identified. Additional historic cases were reviewed to further evaluate risk of malignancy. Over 14 years, 28 infants with fetal/type 1 lesions were identified, with clusters of mucinous cells in 75% of cases. A total of 9 pleuropulmonary blastomas were diagnosed in 6 patients over 16 years. Contrary to historical studies, type 1 CPAMs are much less common than type 2, likely related to detection of asymptomatic lesions prenatally. A majority of type 1 CPAMs contain mucinous cell clusters. This data is useful in management of patients in centers that do not resect asymptomatic lesions.