bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beliefs about the European Court of Human Rights in the United Kingdom Parliament
Authors: Johnson Paul
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines an aspect of myth building about law that is often overlooked, namely the role of Parliamentarians in shaping public beliefs about the European Court of Human Rights. Through an examination of recent debates in both Houses of Parliament about what became the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, the chapter illustrates how current public mistrust of the Court stems in part from ideas propagated by politicians during the course of Parliamentary debates. Specifically, the author shows the process by which two different myths about the Court have been created: first, that the Court poses a risk to the rights and freedoms of a significant group of people that national legislators, regardless of the laws that they pass, are unable to defend; second, that the Court has an inherent bias against religious groups and their adherents. The chapter demonstrates how seemingly factual legal arguments are used to strengthen and promulgate these myths. Ultimately, it shows how even at the heart of law, in the very places where law itself is made, myths about law are created and retained.
Letters to Casey Anthony, a woman accused of murder
Authors: Seal Lizzie
Published: September 2017

This chapter is based on an analysis of letters sent by members of the public to Casey Anthony, while she was awaiting trial for the capital murder of her daughter, Caylee. Caylee Anthony went missing in Orlando, Florida, in 2008, which Casey did not report to the police. After Casey’s mother had reported her granddaughter’s disappearance several weeks later, Casey was charged with her murder. Caylee’s body was not discovered until two months after this. The case was very high profile and received intense media coverage, including via social media. In June 2010, Florida’s state attorney’s office released letters that had been sent to Casey while she was in jail. She was tried and acquitted of Caylee’s murder and manslaughter in 2011. This chapter focuses on the letters sent to Casey by people who did not know her personally. It explores how they negotiated what they already knew of her and her case from media sources in relation to their own experiences and biography, in order to relate to Casey. In doing so, it analyses how correspondents variously drew on, utilised, reshaped and rejected discourses of femininity that circulate in legal and media constructions of high profile cases of women accused of murder. The chapter also examines how correspondents’ identification with, or rejection of, Casey Anthony and elements of her story was part of the process of their own identity construction
Understanding aspiration, anxiety, assumption and ambiguity: the anatomy of Sunningdale
Authors: Aughey Arthur
Published: September 2017

Lord Bew has argued in his Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 that the failure of the power-sharing experiment in 1973-74, and especially on the proposal for a Council of Ireland, was largely the product of inflated nationalist aspirations encountering raised unionist anxieties amidst exaggerated official assumptions about what was politically achievable. These three As can be said to have fostered a fourth A - ambiguity - which was destructive of the project for political stability. If these four As together constitute a template for instability, there appears at first sight to be an irony. Has not ‘constructive ambiguity’ contributed to the enduring peace since the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement? This chapter suggests that the experience of 1973-74 still applies in Northern Ireland and that it is the absence of ambiguity which makes aspiration, anxiety and assumption institutionally manageable.
Power sharing and the Irish dimension: the conundrum for the SDLP in Northern Ireland
Authors: Campbell Sarah
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the ideas that shaped the concept of power-sharing within the SDLP, and subsequently Northern nationalism, highlighting the significance attached to the Irish dimension as a core feature of power-sharing, which caused divisive debates within the party post-Sunningdale. It will also trace how the concept evolved within British and Irish government circles, where much of the talk focussed on ‘government by consent’ as opposed to power-sharing during the rest of the 1970s. The fall of Sunningdale in 1974 has been attributed to many things, and the popular narrative emphasises that it was an agreement too soon, or a lost opportunity. This explanation does not account for the level of intra-party conflict that existed before the executive was even set up or during the negotiations. Further, it overlooks the very real challenge that power-sharing posed (and continues to pose) to democracy and legitimacy. Brian Faulkner, Chief Executive in the 1974 power-sharing Executive, retrospectively questioned the legitimacy of the SDLP sharing power in Northern Ireland: ‘Given the history of the SDLP over the previous years, and particularly their attitude that Northern Ireland had no right to exist, it was natural that unionists should feel strongly against SDLP participation in government’. The mandatory coalition between parties who were at ideologically opposite ends of the spectrum, including a party that had the demise of the state as one of its core aims, further highlighted the undemocratic nature of the agreement that inevitability would have caused problems, had the experiment not failed in 1974. The emphasis the SDLP attached to the Irish dimension as an integral part of power-sharing additionally eroded the democratic complexion of power-sharing. This has very real repercussions for the Northern Ireland Assembly today. While the 1998 Agreement ended the violence (or at least the level of violence) associated with the prior three decades of the ‘troubles’, there is no real commitment to democratic pluralist institutions at Stormont and instead there has been a reinforcing of the historical choices offered to the electorate of selecting candidates or voting on the basis of their shade of orange or green.
‘1974 – Year of Liberty’? The Provisional IRA and Sunningdale
Authors: Patterson Henry
Published: September 2017

Towards the end of 1973 republicans were forecasting that 1974 would be the ‘Year of Liberty’ and mark the defeat of British imperialism. In a little over a year the Provisionals agreed a truce with the British. This chapter will examine the strategy of the republican movement in this period . It will consider the thesis put forward by Ed Moloney in history of the IRA that this period was characterised by the organisation being on the military defensive while it was deeply divided over the possibility of negotiations with the British. It will argue that by this time although the IRA was on the defensive in Belfast, its position in rural and border areas, sustained by a developed infrastructure of support in the rest of Ireland made it a more formidable threat than the Moloney thesis allows.
Cultural responses to and the legacies of Sunningdale
Authors: Parr Connal
Published: September 2017

This chapter will focus on the politico-cultural legacies of the Sunningdale Agreement, a period defined by a strange blend of strife and cooperation. It will frame the experiment as a culmination of a certain kind of O’Neillite Unionism, wrenched down by the May 1974 Ulster Workers’ Council strike. The chapter will take into account some of the early promising workings of the Assembly, such as the higher-education motion introduced in January 1974 by one of the last bastions of the Labour tradition within Northern Irish constitutional politics, David Bleakley. This will lead on to the second focus of the chapter, the political emergence of Loyalist groups and the rather more ominous (and certainly more enduring) developments arising from the illegal activities of the same groups, as the Protestant working class continued its fragmentation along class lines, between the forces of law and criminality, and even in language with the appellation ‘Loyalist’ now termed to differentiate Unionist politicians from the paramilitaries. The ambiguous cultural effect on Irish Republicanism will also be considered, exemplified by the Pearse-esque admiration for the strikers rising up against Unionist elites expressed by the Provisional IRA’s Dáithí Ó Conaill. The chapter will fuse high political material with newspapers and memoir, bringing in cultural depictions of the period – such as Stewart Parker’s play Pentecost (1987) – which provide an alternative flavour of life at the time, simultaneously highlighting how the reactions to Sunningdale were rather more complex than has hitherto been presented.
Introduction
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: September 2017

Establishes the case for examining Crow as a significant figure and leader in industrial relations, union and political scenes. This is done through the schema of a) the person, b) the politics, and c) the potential power of RMT members, and defining what the functions of leadership are and what is required to carry them out. The introduction outlines the methodology deployed and the intellectual approach taken. It also sets out context for analysing Crow in terms of the specificity of RMT and the rail industry. Finally, it provides outline of following chapters.
The 1990s
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: September 2017

Resistance to the Company Plan on London Underground began the process of bringing the three elements of person, politics and power of members together in a forceful way. On the back of this, Crow was elected to National Executive of his union in 1992 and then the position of Assistant General Secretary in 1994 (with re-election in 1999) so cementing his position in the RMT as a new left emerged to challenge the existing union leadership. However, he chose not to challenge the existing general secretary, Jimmy Knapp, highlighting a more complex relationship with him that first appears to be the case. In 2001, he led the battle with London Underground again.
Becoming RMT general secretary
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: September 2017

It is not often that a deputy to a sitting general secretary becomes almost as well known and as influential as the general secretary. But due to his record of struggle, big personality, radical left politics, responsibility for dealing with London Underground and powerbase in London, this was plainly the case with Crow. It was heightened by Knapp’s illness. Together these factors provided a powerful basis upon which to become general secretary. Notwithstanding his refusal to stand earlier against Knapp, Crow had an accelerated path to becoming a national union leader. Compared to Knapp’s tenure from 1983 to 2001, the RMT under Crow would develop apace in regaining lost profile and power. This would be no easy achievement but it was one Crow was committed to achieving personally and politically. The chapter covers his election to the general secretaryship, his first steps in changing the organisation and activity of the union and the divorce with Labour. Prior to the divorce, the RMT began to reorganise it parliamentary group. In this it became a model for how other unions organised their parliamentary groups.
Last term of office
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: September 2017

Crow was returned unopposed as RMT General Secretary in late 2011 for a third term of office. Crow should have served until 2017 but he was cut down in his prime by a heart condition on 11 March 2014. This last chronological chapter begins to lay out the themes for analysis and assessment which are continued in Chapters 8 and 9. It also begins this task by examining a number of issues like growth in union membership, union recognition agreement with employers and the place of women in the RMT. That chapter also examines the success of the RMT under Crow in using the occasion of the 2012 London Olympics to lever better terms and conditions out of employers, the development of the union’s internal education facilities to train reps and activists, and the relationship with his successor, Mick Cash. Crow’s last big struggle combined battling London Underground at the same time as responding to a media attack on his lifestyle during the London Underground dispute.
Politics and practice
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: September 2017

This chapter and the following ones provide an analysis of Crow in terms of his person, politics and members’ potential power. So left-wing radicalism provided the parameters for how Crow looked at the world and guided his role a union leader. Indeed, this intellectual framework attributed a crucial role to unions as agents for radical ends. This chapter then begins by look at his intellectual worldview before moving on to examine how it played out in practice and the conditions which allowed it to be played out. It thus considers his ‘socialism/communism’ (his words), and despite his political training, his political heterodoxy along with his views on the synergy of industrial and political struggles, the relationship between class and sectionalism, and the sources of union power and his bargaining strategy. The chapter also examines his relationship with citizens as members of the travelling public and his calls for mass action to defeat austerity.
Revisiting the faith of our fathers … and reimagining its relevance in the context of twenty-first-century Ireland
Authors: Fuller Louise
Published: September 2017

Louise Fuller claims that there can be no doubt that Irish Catholicism is in serious decline. The decline itself is no huge surprise: it is the extent of the implosion and the consequences this has had on Irish society that require explanation. The ‘aggressive secularism’ that is now commonplace has led to a situation where it has become extremely difficult to express a Catholic viewpoint in the public arena, a situation that is as unhealthy in its own way as the theocracy that dominated for far too long in Ireland. Major changes in how it communicates the Word of God will be necessary if the Church is to have any hope of reengaging the minds and hearts of a population that is becoming theologically illiterate and indifferent to religious observance of any type.
Contemporary Irish Catholicism: A time of hope!
Authors: Twomey Vincent
Published: September 2017

Vincent Twomey’s thought-provoking essay sees reasons for hope in the midst of all the problems currently besetting Irish Catholicism. He opines that people’s faith has withstood the turmoil within and without the Church and argues that there are signs of the kind of renewal that was recommended by some of the documents of Vatican II. Detecting these signs is important in revealing the newly opened up possibilities (and risks) for a more humble Church that seeks to fulfil its God-given mission to bring joy to the world of today. The re-evangelizing of Ireland will not happen easily: it requires placing more emphasis on the beauty of lived Christianity and, by extension, of everyday sanctity.
Prophetic voices or complicit functionaries? Irish priests and the unravelling of a culture
Authors: Maher Eamon
Published: September 2017

This chapter takes a number of priests with a public profile and examines the extent to which they are prophetic voices or complicit functionaries. Choosing the French priest-writer Jean Sulivan (1913-1980) as a comparator, Eamon Maher examines the published work of Joseph Dunn, Vincent Twomey, Mark Patrick Hederman and Brendan Hoban, before concluding that they all share the prophetic tendency of raising uncomfortable and often unpopular issues while remaining within the institution. He further argues that being so closely aligned to the Church makes it difficult, and professionally dangerous, for priests to criticise certain practices within the institution. However, while retaining a huge love of, and devotion to, the main tenets of Catholicism, these men nevertheless feel obliged to point out things that are going wrong, even when expressing such views can often involve them in conflict with their superiors at home and in Rome.
Irreconcilable differences? The fraught relationship between women and the Catholic Church in Ireland
Authors: Tighe-Mooney Sharon
Published: September 2017

Sharon Tighe-Mooney’s chapter sees the divorce, contraception and abortion referenda of the 1980s and 90s as a watershed for Irish women, as these were issues that impacted directly on their lives. Tighe-Mooney examines the events of the past four decades in Irish society in the context of the weakening hegemony of the Catholic Church juxtaposed with the growing realisation by women, especially when the child abuse scandals broke, that their lives had been framed by a celibate male-dominated institution that displayed serious double standards in the area of human sexuality. She argues that in order to survive into the future, the Church will be increasingly dependent on women remaining active within the institution. As Irish women Catholics are demanding a central role in the running of a Church that has shown itself allergic to change, especially when it comes to gender equality, Tighe-Mooney wonders what the future holds for both groups.
Introduction: Modern Prostheses in Anglo-American Commodity Cultures
Authors: Jones Claire L.
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the commodification of prostheses in nineteenth and twentieth-century Britain and United States. By addressing some of the main processes used to commodify prostheses - invention, design and production; use and consumption; and promotion and patenting – it highlights how the medical profession, surgical instruments makers and individuals with physical impairments not only participated in shaping markets for new and modified assistive devices, but by doing so, redefined what it meant to be ‘abled’ and ‘disabled’ in this period. It argues that the redefinition of disability in this period – as a medical affliction that needed to be ‘corrected’ – led to the rise of disability rights activism in the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries. The previously little explored history of prostheses commodification, introduced here, formed no small part in the rise of these movements.
Purchase, Use and Adaptation : Interpreting ‘Patented’ Aids to the Deaf in Victorian Britain
Authors: Gooday Graeme , Sayer Karen
Published: September 2017

While aids to hearing were ubiquitous in nineteenth century middle class culture, they have only recently attracted attention among historians.Many such devices were inscribed with patent markings officially approved by the London Patent Office. Others instead simply bore claims to expired patents or the name of apparent ‘patentees’: such inscriptions served to persuade prospective purchasers that certain devices were ‘genuine’ inventions. The purchase of hearing aids was thus subject to complex relationships between designers, users, and user-designers centred on issues of trust, identity and efficacy.
Drawing on patent records, advertising, the writings of ‘deaf’ journalists and artefacts, this chapter explores the selling of hearing aids as both a commercial and cultural encounter. First it looks at how the Rein and Hawksley companies adopted different strategies with regard to patenting and engaging prospective customers. Second it examines how hard-of-hearing journalists critiqued the opportunist vendors that often cited patents in their ‘advertising’ as a guarantor of effectiveness. The chapter concludes by examining the lived experiences of hearing aids purchasers, showing how such research affords historians the opportunity to investigate the histories of the deaf and hard of hearing through the material culture they accessed, whether designed for them or sometimes even by them.
‘A Hand for the One-Handed’: Prosthesis User-Inventors and the Market for Assistive Technologies in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Daen Laurel
Published: September 2017

This chapter adds to historical studies of artificial body parts by exploring the reciprocal relationship between fictional texts and the prosthesis industry in nineteenth-century Britain and America. Focussing primarily on prostheses—including artificial legs, dentures, and glass eyes—in relation to female users, it demonstrates that fictional writing was a key component of nineteenth-century prosthesis discourse. The chapter argues that literary stories provided practical advice for readers on the kinds of prostheses that should be avoided for both social and functional purposes. Women in particular were targeted as consumers who should pay special attention when choosing prostheses. Popular literary sources, often packaged as marriage plots, provided kinds of advertisements not for but against certain prostheses. Meanwhile, both entire fictional works and particular representational strategies were used by contemporary prosthetists interchangeably as means through which to subtly disparage the devices of opposing makers, reinforce the proprietary ownership of particular designs, or promote the concealing abilities of particular devices to female users.
Introduction: revisiting the 1980s through a generation lens
Authors: Spaskovska Ljubica
Published: September 2017

The Introduction situates the study within the literature on late Yugoslav socialism, generations and youth. Scholarly literature on Yugoslavia views the 1980s primarily as the prelude to the violent dissolution of the country and has generally dealt with the end of Yugoslavia as a fait accompli. The Introduction posits the manuscript as one of the first attempts to explore this alternative world of the Yugoslav 1980s through a generational lens, taking the variety of political and cultural projects that sought to redefine – but not destroy – the Yugoslav project. The study maintains that a generational approach provides new insights into the processes of remaking/rethinking and decline in late socialism. The younger generation was not central to negotiating the dissolution, yet some of its representatives were at the forefront of trying to rethink Yugoslav socialist federalism.
The eighty-eighters: the arena of youth politics and the break-up of Yugoslavia
Authors: Spaskovska Ljubica
Published: September 2017

The last chapter looks at the ways the Youth League initially sought to reform and re-invent its role and mission and was later subsumed in and divided by the wider Yugoslav political debates and developments in the country. The proposed statute changes which came out of the public debate organised by the SSOJ in 1989 reflected both the gap between the Slovenian, on the one hand, and the Serbian, the Montenegrin and the Army youth leagues, on the other, but also shed light on a spectrum of shared visions and values which existed among the other branches. The chapter reflects upon the (lack of) consensus about the dilemma of how to modernise Yugoslav society and the sphere of institutional youth politics and culture and shows how by the end of the decade the consensus on change and reform and the discourse of ‘pluralism of self-managing interests’ was almost entirely replaced by a new discourse of human rights and liberal values which foreshadowed the ‘exit from socialism’.
The management of African asylum seekers and the imaginary of the border in Israel
Authors: Weinblum Sharon
Published: September 2017

This chapter engages the Israeli border discourse against the backdrop of arriving asylum seekers from Africa. Focusing on parliamentary debates, the chapter looks at how exclusionary techniques employed to regulate migrations are legitimised through the association of migrants as a problem of national security, as an economic threat, and a threat to national identity. Contrary to the literature which examines borders as dislocated sites of control, the chapter instead directs attention to the regulation of migrations through very classical discursive frameworks: as tools of ordering, controlling and physical enactment of statecraft and sovereignty.
One thing left on the checklist: ontological coordination and the assessment of consistency in asylum requests 1
Authors: Magalhães Bruno
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the practices of judging the credibility of asylum requests in Brazil. Through ethnographic research with various Brazilian agencies involved in the asylum procedure, the chapter is concerned with how asylum cases come to be regarded as consistent or not; consistency being a requirement for granting asylum. The chapter draws on Annemarie Mol’s work on ontological coordination in order to understand how different enactments of an asylum case are arranged. As such, the chapter is critical of procedures based on checklists since these overviews encourage a singular view of an asylum case in which there is little room for unexpected and genuine new information which might challenge the established view of the case.
Patterns and practices of everyday resistance: a view from below
Authors: de Heredia Marta Iñiguez
Published: September 2017

This chapter develops the framework of resistance. It defines everyday resistance as the practices of individuals and collectives in a subordinated position to mitigate or deny the claims made by elites and the effects of domination, while advancing their own agenda. The chapter proposes a categorisation of two different practices following different levels of engagement against authority claims: claim-regarding acts (tax evasion against tax levy, mockery of authorities’ claims to deference) and self-regarding acts (subversion of peacebuilding vocabulary to further peasant agendas, taking over the delivery of social services and goods changing with it modes of social organisation and political order). This gradation improves the everyday framework by including different practices and going beyond the dichotomies in the resistance literature around intentionality, violence and non-violence, and direct and indirect practices.
The history and present of ‘Africa’s World War’
Authors: de Heredia Marta Iñiguez
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the case of ‘Africa’s World War’ in historical and regional perspective, identifying the different conflicting visions of order that coexist in the region, and giving the necessary background to the international peacebuilding strategies.
Everyday violence and Mai Mai militias in Eastern DRC
Authors: de Heredia Marta Iñiguez
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines violent resistance through the actions of Mai Mai militias and the ways the civilian population relate to them. This is primarily illustrated through the experiences related by interviews undertaken with combatants from Mai Mai militias in South Kivu, including Yakutumba and Raia Mutumboki. In the context of Eastern DRC, armed resistance links with other forms of resistance in its struggle against the effects of an increased militarisation of rural authority and worsened conditions of living. For rural popular classes these effects are largely seen as benefiting the economic and security interests of Congolese and Rwandan elites, and not as realising their aspirations for land, dignified living and political participation.
The Road
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitris
Published: September 2017

This book is an ethnographic and historical study of the main Albanian-Greek cross-border highway. It is not merely an ethnography on the road but an anthropology of the road. Complex sociopolitical phenomena such as EU border security, nationalist politics, transnational kinship, social–class divisions, or post–cold war capitalism, political transition, and financial crises in Europe—and more precisely in the Balkans—can be seen as phenomena that are paved in and on the cross-border highway. The highway studied is part of an explicit cultural–material nexus that includes elements such as houses, urban architecture, building materials, or vehicles. Yet even the most physically rooted and fixed of these entities are not static, but have fluid and flowing physical materialities. The highway featured in this book helps us to explore anew classical anthropological and sociological categories of analysis in direct reference to the infrastructure. Categories such as the house, domestic life, the city, kinship, money, boundaries, nationalism, statecraft, geographic mobility, and distance, to name but a few, seem very different when seen from or on the road.
From dromocracy toward a new critical dromology
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitris
Published: September 2017

This is a discussion of the relationships between roads and their links to notions of culture and material culture in anthropology and other social sciences today. Theoretically, departing from Boas’ spatially fixed cultural areas and reaching Auge’s ‘non-places’; passing through Lefebvre’s, Situationists’ and Virilio’s critiques of motorways to Baudrillard’s fascination for freeways; going through Latour’s and Castells’ analyses of culture as networks and arriving to recent questions about the ontology of culture, this chapter examines the significance of roads for the anthropological study of cultural formations. Fusing this discussion with road ethnographies including Evans-Pritchard’s and Levi-Strauss’ ‘road-less anthropology’ and the histories of motorways, available in the history of technology literature, this chapter aims to open up a new discussion among anthropologists.
The road to Albania
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitris
Published: September 2017

This chapter locates the importance of the anthropology of road and infrastructures at this stage of European history in order to understand the phenomena that are ongoing in the region and the importance of studying roads but also postsocialist migration and flows in the case of Albanian-Greek borders.
The contemplative ideal of dying to the world
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

Through the textual analysis of clerical prescriptive writings and of the notes compiled by the nuns themselves, this chapter examines the contemplative ideal and the idea of social death at its very core. By dedicating themselves to the monastic life, encosed and in exile, postulants embraced a lifestyle that required great determination to die to the world, to others and to themselves, in order to exist for and in Christ only. The manuscripts of their spiritual guides, their superiors, and the few personal notes left by the nuns themselves show how these ideals form the infrastructure of religious life; spiritual progress appeared impossible without absolute abandonment and self-denial.
The secular concerns of contemplatives
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

If they are not creatures of the world, cloistered nuns must still survive in the world. The English Benedictines relied on the support of the most important and infuential Catholic families of England, to which many of them belonged. Moreover, to ensure their subsistence, convents had to establish local networks in the cities where they settled. They enlisted the help of agents, both exiles and local, ecclesiastical and lay, to whom they entrusted the tasks they could not carry out themselves, especially regarding their assets and finances. This chapter uses the account books, chronicles and correspondence of the Sisters to develop a clearer picture of the practices of cloistered life in exile, and of its complex management.
Illness, death and beyond: the body as witness
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

Illness and death were an important part of monastic life in the seventeenth century; healthy nuns cared for their sick and dying Sisters every day. Their chronicles and obituaries emphasize the importance of prolonged or severe diseases, and dwell, in long descriptions, upon the last moments of exemplary individuals. Though formulaic, these writings do provide clues about the ways in which English Benedictine nuns construed the concept of imitatio Christi. They reveal both the tragic suffering of individual women and the communal constructions they allowed. The suffering body found a power it never enjoyed in health: it assumed an aura of martyrdom akin to holiness. It became a holy relic, a witness of the truth and effectiveness of the basic principles of the Roman Church. Through such writings, the English nuns in exile hoped to edify populations beyond the walls of their cloisters.
The uneasy politics of epidemic aid: the CDC’s mission to Cold War East Pakistan, 1958
Authors: Greenough Paul
Published: September 2017

Global smallpox eradication was achieved only after decades of unsuccessful experiments in smallpox-endemic countries. A case in point occurred in 1958 when a severe epidemic imposed heavy mortality on East Pakistan. In response a Bengali regional-nationalist ‘Citizens Provincial Epidemic Control Committee’ pushed aside the provincial health department and launched an eradication campaign based on student volunteers using foreign-donated vaccine. In a period of ten weeks thousands of volunteers vaccinated thirty million Bengalis, albeit relying on shortcuts in sterile technique and neglect of patient record-keeping. The US government, in support of its Cold War ally, Pakistan, provided half of the vaccine supplies. The US also sent a team of Communicable Disease Center epidemiologists to assist public health officials. The team, led by Alexander D. Langmuir, proposed ‘active surveillance’ methods but was constrained by T. Aidan Cockburn, the Chief Public Health Adviser, who favored the Bengalis’ volunteer approach. A struggle developed between politicised volunteerism and epidemiological professionalism, and the CDC experts failed to prevail. The two sides' published reports thus made contradictory recommendations to the global campaign, but subsequent experience has shown that both mass participation and active surveillance are critical ingredients for successful disease control and eradication programmes.
Fallacy, sacrilege, betrayal and conspiracy: the cultural construction of opposition to immunisation in India
Authors: Brimnes Niels
Published: September 2017

While the history of immunisation in India is mainly about some of the world’s most extensive programmes, this article focusses on four instances of well-articulated opposition to immunisation from elite sections of Indian society. Analysing an anti-vaccination pamphlet from 1921, Gandhi’s writings on immunisation and medicine, protests against BCG vaccination in the first decades after independence, and Debabar Banerji’s vociferous criticism of immunisations programmes since the 1970s, it explores how the opposition was culturally constructed and linked to imaginations of the Indian nation. The article finds that a recurrent theme is the notion that immunisation is – due to distinctive features of Indian society and culture – particularly problematic in India, rather than strengthening the national body, immunisation threatens to destroy it.
The erosion of public sector vaccine production: the case of the Netherlands
Authors: Blume Stuart
Published: September 2017

A century ago, state institutes of public health played an important role in the production of sera and vaccines. In The Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries they continued to do so until after World War II. Focusing in particular on The Netherlands, this chapter examines their withdrawal from vaccine production in the past 20 years. In the 1980s the Dutch government was still committed to maintaining the state’s ability to produce the vaccines needed by the national vaccination programme. A series of legal and institutional changes sought to protect the public sector vaccine producer against the threat of privatisation. These changes ultimately proved inadequate. Not only was the Institute’s ability to meet demand for new vaccines being eroded by global developments, but policy makers were increasingly convinced that vaccination practices should be harmonised with those of other European countries. The decision to sell off the Dutch state’s vaccine production facilities, taken in 2009, has to be understood in historical context. It was the outcome of globalisation processes that for two decades had worked simultaneously on both the supply and the demand sides
Marlowe’s ghost in As You Like It
Authors: Sohmer Steve
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains that Christopher Marlowe was the inspiration for Jaques in Shakespeare’s As You Like It – and that Shakespeare wrote the play to commemorate the seventh anniversary of Marlowe’s death. We take a close look at how Shakespeare felt about his rival, mentor and friend.
Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night wordplay
Authors: Sohmer Steve
Published: September 2017

This chapter reveals the identities of Quinapalus, the Vapians, Pigrogromitus, and the court jester behind Feste’s name. It’s Shakespeare at his word-playing best.
M.O.A.I. deciphered at last
Authors: Sohmer Steve
Published: September 2017

Shakespeare’s M.O.A.I. riddle in Twelfth Night has been his most intractable crux. This chapter provides the solution, and explains how a mis-translation concealed the truth from scholars for 400 years
Redefining or maybe replacing ‘place’: towards a theology of presence? consequences and responsibility
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

and the place has become part of us.

Nettie Palmer (from Fourteen Years)

I have an intense dissatisfaction with the word ‘place’ and its definitions, as it applies to presence, location and spatiality when it is used outside poetic texts, and even, on occasion, if used ‘uncritically’ within poems. Though maybe it’s impossible for ‘place’ to be used uncritically within a poem: a poem displaces language from its standard and ‘user-friendly’ contexts, and applies pressure to all words and their frameworks. The act of the poem leads us to question, whatever the intention of the poet. But is this in itself adequate? To question is not necessarily to act; to wonder is not necessarily to respond in a pragmatic, activist way....
Application
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

In writing the non-human life of where we live, one might substitute ‘class’ with human denial of animal agency, and subscription to a hierarchy, a hierarchy between, say, the ant or beetle and the dog or horse, in their relationship with the human. Lately I have been reading Pierre Bourdieu, and though as usual I decontextualise and wander off at tangents (I like to wander), I wonder about the habitus of animals – its construction by humans, the carrying-over of habits from one ‘class of human owner’ to another (think of the stray dog starving and eating opportunistically, which retains its behaviour of ‘eating everything in sight and not knowing when to stop’ even when it is owned and well-fed by a wealthy leisured individual who pampers and perhaps substitutes it for a human family member)....
A polysituated manifest (with an incomplete circle ‘o’), on Jack Davis, Tennyson and Socrates
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

1.(a) All places we have been part of, visited and received (via family stories, our reading, what we watch on television and film) are part of our sense of place. Place is not just where we are, but where we have been and where we can perceive ourselves as having been, or imagine ourselves being. Place is polyvalent and ever-increasing in its nodal points. This is polysituatedness, a process of growth of perception and a sense of multiple belongings that enhance our understanding and respect for the ...
Rereading
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

At the age of fifty, I am rereading books I first read when I was in my mid-to-late teens. These are the books I was reading when I wrote my novel Morpheus which, after thirty years and various acts of reconstruction to cover the lacunae of lost chunks of manuscript, is about to be published....
The eternal work-in-progress
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

Writing Morpheus in my late teens went hand-in-hand with my fascination for long, cumulative works of poetry. In Morpheus, through the character of Thomas, I was subtextually mapping possible approaches to creating the work-in-progress, with its echoes of Joyce’s Finnegans Wake. Also, though I despised him politically, like many of the ‘left’ I felt intrigued and compelled by Ezra Pound’s unfinishable life-work, ...
I’ll tell you a story
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

I possess two items from my childhood. Both are books. Somehow I have held on to these through the upheavals of my life, including having twice sold vast collections of books to support my various needs (and long-past addictions) twenty and more years ago. When I did my last big ‘sell-off’ in the early 1990s, I managed to hang on to my early ...
Auguste Lacaussade
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

Le Réunion has become a significant point in my lived geography (and that of my family). It is an island of diverse cultures and heritages, and in all discourse and life on the island the spectre and reality of its history of slavery is present. The affirmation of identity of those people with slave heritage and the crimes committed in the name of the French state (and financial gain in itself) make of the island a memorial place, a place of warning of the evils of colonial displacement and profiteering, as well as an affirmation of the strength of individuals and communities to overcome such traumatic origins. This remarkable (geologically young) island with its semi-tropical volcanic and mountainous habitats, its isolated cirques, its vibrant Creole language, its religious and ethnic diversity, and its pluralism ‘wrestling’ with the notion (and reality) of the French state, makes for a remarkable history of polysituatedness in poetry and literature in general....
On the track of desiring and absence: a letter to Mckenzie Wark on his email correspondence with Kathy Acker
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

McKenzie Wark begins his preface to his book Virtual Geography with:

We live every day in a familiar terrain: the place where we sleep, the place where we work, the place where we hang out when not working or sleeping. From these places we acquire a geography of experience....
Further reconstruction: coda or prologue?
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

The plot thickens or maybe gains a little more clarity when it comes to Charles Walker and the first published volume of poetry published in Western Australia/Perth. I have got hold of pages from Beverley Smith’s 1961 MA thesis ‘Early Western Australian Literature: A Guide to Colonial Life and Goldfields Life’...
The collapse of space: on Lisa Gorton’s The Life of Houses
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

I think comparisons to other writers are somewhat distracting from a novel’s achievement. If there was another novelist who came to mind during my reading of Lisa Gorton’s The Life of Houses it was actually Virginia Woolf, though this was in a distant modernist way, and echoed my reading of ...
On the trauma of writing ‘Seeing’ and the urge to create a poem after journeying out on the Mizen
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

Just back from an excursion to the Mizen area. Searching back-roads, we passed through a small sandstone gap, then were funnelled on to what became a narrow, grassed and pitted road to ‘nowhere’. Views of Fastnet and the Atlantic, and unbeknown to us, a slow climb up a mountain named after the people of the otherworld. We had to backtrack when we reached a farm gate and wound our way back to the main road....
Being back: place, storage, waste and (un)belonging
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

What is being back? We’ve just returned to Schull, West Cork, from Italy, Switzerland, France, England and Wales. Is here – Rosewood Cottage/Schull – a substitute, a placebo for ‘being back’ at Jam Tree Gully in the Western Australian wheatbelt, our legal home in accordance with our ‘nationality’ (to which I don’t subscribe) and ‘place of permanent residence’? Is it another layer of ‘home’, a three-dimensional chess configuration of desired belonging? Are we ‘just’ visitors or because we want to stay as long as we can, are we in some way different? Does Irish ‘heritage’ mean we belong in some distant if disconnected way, does the feeling of empathy and connection with the land itself matter?...
Introduction
Authors: Cahillane Laura , Gallen James , Hickey Tom
Published: September 2017

This volume follows from a conference hosted by the School of Law and Government at Dublin City University in September of 2014, which brought academic scholars and judges together to consider themes flowing from the often complex relationships between ‘law’ and ‘politics’, ‘adjudication’ and ‘policy-making’, the ‘judicial’ and the more obviously (some might say more overtly) ‘political’ branches. The whole atmosphere of the conference was open and authentically scholarly: papers were delivered in an accessible and deliberative way, making for sessions that developed into meaningful intellectual exchanges (sometimes on high-minded theoretical themes or discrete historical questions, other times on practical or policy matters). The consensus was that it was the kind of conference that really warranted a follow-up edited collection. That aspiration has been realised in the form of this volume: it is thanks to the participants for following up their immediate post-conference commitments by developing their ideas on foot of the exchanges and delivering them in book chapter form....
In defence of judicial innovation and constitutional evolution
Authors: de Londras Fiona
Published: September 2017

Fiona de Londras’ chapter argues that judicial innovation is an important and legitimate part of constitutional evolution, taking into account the broader constitutional tradition and structure within which Irish superior courts operate. de Londras defends judicial power generally based on her claims that it leads to better outcomes and that it should be understood as just one part of a broader and ongoing constitutional ‘eco-system’. This chapter mounts a defence of such innovation, arguing that persistent discomfort is founded on (a) an over-weighting of the role of the courts and failure to recognise the ecosystemic nature of constitutional interpretation, (b) a restricted conception of the constitution that underplays its teleological nature, and (c) a misrecognition of judicial pronouncements as ‘the final word’.
Reappraising judicial supremacy in the Irish constitutional tradition
Authors: Daly Eoin
Published: September 2017

In his chapter, Eoin Daly casts a sceptical eye on judicial supremacy. Daly argues that the doctrine goes almost unquestioned in Irish constitutional scholarship (and practice) and that its value and potential is vastly overstated, while its costs – particularly its tendency to stultify rights-discourse in the sphere of ordinary politics – go largely under-appreciated. consider how various familiar, principled objections to strong-form judicial review, of the sort typically aired in other Anglophone jurisdictions, may be borne out in the Irish context. Two arguments in particular are salient in the Irish experience. First, the understanding of strong-form judicial review as being ‘good for rights’ conceives of rights narrowly, ignoring the connection between individual freedom and citizenship, and overlooking problems of domination in social and political life. Secondly, rights-based review of legislation undermines democratic citizenship in the Irish context, not because it undermines majority decision-making as such, but rather, because it has meant that ever-increasing areas of political argument are framed in esoteric constitutional terms.
Unenumerated personal rights: the legacy of Ryan v. Attorney General
Authors: Hogan Justice Gerard
Published: September 2017

The chapter of Mr. Justice Gerard Hogan addresses the case of Ryan v Attorney General. He considers the consequences of the reliance by judges in the case on extra-textual norms (e.g. on the ‘Christian and democratic nature of the State’), arguing that they could instead have relied on norms that had a clearer textual basis. Their failure to do so, he argues, distorted the rights elements of Irish constitutional jurisprudence in part through a related failure to develop a thorough analysis of the meaning of the rights that were expressly enumerated in the text itself.