bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Queen Elizabeth
Authors: Duckett Victoria
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the 1912 feature film Queen Elizabeth as a reflection of Sarah Bernhardt's roles in the late nineteenth century and her insistence that these could remain relevant to audiences in the twentieth century. In histories of the cinema, Queen Elizabeth is a film consistently referred to as an example of “filmed theater.” The chapter considers the cinematic practices that Queen Elizabeth reveals and how the film draws upon the long and rich history of Queen Elizabeth's appearance in the theater, the visual arts, and the popular presses. It argues that Queen Elizabeth was an intelligent and creative response to the theatrical possibilities of the cinema and to the tastes and fashions of Bernhardt's day. It also discusses how Bernhardt brings to film the same practices and processes that Paul Delaroche had earlier brought to history painting. Finally, it shows how Queen Elizabeth establishes a link between Elizabeth and William Shakespeare, thus presenting itself as film that animates history.
Mothers of France
Authors: Duckett Victoria
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores new interconnections between private and public life, the provincial home and the global stage, in Mothers of France, a patriotic film that was made to encourage Americans—particularly women—to participate in World War I. More specifically, it considers how Sarah Bernhardt in Mothers of France was used as a propaganda tool to sway American audiences to the Allied cause. Now engaging ideas about nation and nationhood in explicitly combative ways, the film's narrative begins in the bourgeois home but quickly moves into a provincial village and then into the trenches of the war. In the film Sarah Bernhardt appears at her most “cinematic” in contemporary terms, because film allowed her, literally, to move after the amputation of her leg. This chapter considers how World War I brings new meanings to the notion of “the home front” by following Bernhardt as a mother in the home, then see her as a patriot in the town, and finally as a nurse on the home front.
Scandalous Evidence
Authors: Mukherjee Debashree
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the status and work of women in the early Bombay film industry (1930s–1940s), using the historiographic productivity of actresses embroiled in scandals as an entry point. It reconstructs scandal narratives in a jigsaw fashion using a variety of sources, including film magazines, biographies, creative nonfiction writing, fan letters, and interviews conducted in Bombay from 2008 to 2013. The chapter considers how the film historian might use “illegitimate” sources of history to approach lived histories of Indian cinema's work culture. It approaches scandal as a discursive form that proliferates textually and orally rather than as a temporally contained mediatized event. Taking two Bombay actresses of the 1930s and 1940s, Devika Rani and Naseem Banu, as case studies, and moving outward from the initial scandal narratives, the chapter re-imagines the possibilities and pressures that stars like them encountered in the film studio as well as in the public eye. It argues that the early film actress should be seen as a manifestation of, and model for, the urban working woman in 1930s and 1940s Bombay.
Reading between the Lines
Authors: Leigh Michele
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the caprices and idiosyncrasies of conducting research in the era of silent cinema by drawing on the case of early Russian film industry, and particularly the A. Khanzhonkov and Company film studio. To this end, the chapter looks at women working not only as actresses but also as screenwriters, directors, and editors in the early years of Russian cinema. One such woman was Antonina Nikolaevna Khanzhonkova, the first wife of studio owner Alexander Khanzhonkov. Sifting through a variety of historical texts and sources, the chapter attempts to flesh out the details of Khanzhonkova. What it discovered is a scarcity of information about Khanzhonkova and other female film workers. It argues that women are not receiving the acknowledgements and credits for their labor; that men are unjustly being given or taking credit for the work of their female counterparts; and that historians unwillingly or willfully perpetuate the crime by repeating the suppression of women's contributions to the film industry.
Hollywood Transgressor or Hollywood Transvestite?
Authors: Paszkiewicz Katarzyna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the discursive circulation of Kathryn Bigelow's 2008 film The Hurt Locker and the debates that broke out about the suppression of gender in her 2010 Academy Award acceptance speech. It considers how the success of The Hurt Locker and the varied responses provoked by Bigelow's receipt of the Best Director Oscar has renewed scholarly and critical interest in women's filmmaking and the position of women directors within the predominantly male Hollywood industry. In her piece titled “Kathryn Bigelow: The Absentee Feminist,” Susan G. Cole accused Bigelow of making no reference to the significance of her accomplishment for feminism. According to Christina Lane, Bigelow seems quite conscious of feminist politics and willing to engage with feminism, but she remains ambivalent about labeling her films in terms of gender politics. This chapter considers how Bigelow's work puts into tension the conjunction of women's filmmaking, gender, film genre, and feminism, something dramatized by her nomination for the Best Director Oscar for The Hurt Locker in 2010.
Gossip, Labor, and Female Stardom in Pre-Independence Indian Cinema
Authors: Majumdar Neepa
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Shanta Apte's tactical use of the hunger strike to protest Prabhat Film Company's withholding pay for the days in June that she had not come to work. Beginning on the evening of July 17, 1939, Apte, a singing star, sat and remained on the bench a bench outside Prabhat studios in Pune—dressed in men's clothing—for two nights and one day and drank only salted water. Eventually her doctor and her brother succeeded in persuading her to return home. Apte's hunger strike is one of those small events out of which the vaster network of women's film history is constituted. This chapter first considers some tentative details pertaining to the major players in Apte's story, as drawn from various sources, before analyzing her hunger strike in the context of gossip, labor, and female stardom in pre-independence Indian cinema. It shows how labor and work become a breach of etiquette with precisely the moral labor of decorum that seemed to be violated when Apte went on hunger strike.
A Suitable Job for a Woman
Authors: Street Sarah
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Natalie Kalmus's role as an ambassador for Technicolor Corporation during the 1930s and 1940s. Kalmus became involved in Technicolor through her husband Herbert Kalmus, who founded the company in 1915 with Daniel Comstock and W. Burton Westcott. She was credited as “color consultant” on most Technicolor films from the late 1920s to 1949. Drawing on her papers by the Margaret Herrick Library in Los Angeles, this chapter considers Kalmus's record and somewhat controversial legacy as a woman commanding an extremely important place in the history of color film. It explores how, as a public figure and advocate of color, Kalmus wielded influence beyond film production, advising women to wear particular colors to go with their hair and mood. It shows that Kalmus was exemplary of a mode of employment created and perpetuated by gendered assumptions about color expertise.
“Our Place”
Authors: Aveyard Karina
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of film and cinema as a force in women's lives by focusing on women as cinema audiences. More specifically, it considers the experiences of a modern-day group of women who patronize and actively support the First Avenue Cinema, a 1950s single-screen film theater located in the coastal town of Sawtell in New South Wales, Australia. The chapter first provides a brief background on the geographic and economic contours of Sawtell before turning to First Avenue Cinema and its women audiences, paying attention to how it positions itself as a social space that local women want to inhabit. It also discusses the practices of a “social audience” and describes cinema-going as an act of sociocultural participation. The chapter concludes with a look at the efforts and activism of a particular group of local residents (almost all women) who rallied together in 2009 in an effort to help save the cinema from permanent closure—a response that offers important insights into into the everyday significance of filmgoing for rural women.
New Wave Cinéaste to Digital Gleaner
Authors: Conway Kelley
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights Agnès Varda's place in New Wave cinema history. It illustrates how Varda's ever-shifting profile has evolved from avant-garde precursor to the “grandmother” of the New Wave. Yet what remains consistent here is her commitment to storytelling that foregrounds isolated people in distinctive settings in both documentary and fiction films. Varda's ongoing journey reveals an artist who needs to create, who is in motion and incapable of ceasing, making do with whatever resources are available to her (including harnessing that creativity toward visual arts and installation when funds for filmmaking were scarce), remaining eminently pragmatic even when attacking new challenges.
Waging War on War
Authors: Mariani Giorgio
Published: May 2017

The notion that war plays a fundamental role in the United States' idea of itself obscures the rich—and by no means naïve—seam of anti-war thinking that winds through American culture. This book engages with the question of what makes a text anti-war. Ranging from Ralph Waldo Emerson and Joel Barlow to Maxine Hong Kingston and Tim O'Brien, this book explores why sustained attempts at identifying the anti-war texts formal and philosophical features seem to always end at an impasse. The book moves a step beyond to construct a theoretical model that invites new inquiries into America's nonviolent, nonconformist tradition even as it challenges the ways we study U.S. war-making and the cultural reactions to it. In the process, it defines anti-war literature and explores the genre's role in the assertive peace-fighting project that offered—and still offers—alternatives to violence.
Waging War on the Sacred
Authors: Mariani Giorgio
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines William Faulkner's war novel A Fable, which, by rethinking the story of the Passion of Christ as a World War I tale, criticizes both the ideology of war and those readings of the Scriptures that sustain the theory and the practice of war. Notwithstanding the implausibility of the story, in which a figura Christi leads the mutiny of a French battalion, the allegory implies an ethical and political moral that, in the eyes of many critics, makes the text cheaply didactic. Joseph Urgo argues that with A Fable Faulkner tries to renovate our faith in the Scriptures “by supplanting Christ as a figure of authoritarian control and by replacing the martyr with the rebel.” This chapter discusses the themes of Christianity, pacifism, and sacrifice in A Fable and argues that Faulkner's fiction underscores the equivalence between violence and the sacred by juxtaposing to a sacrificial reading of the Gospels an antisacrificial interpretation.
Changing the Playbook
Authors: Chudacoff Howard P.
Published: May 2017

This book delves into the background and what-ifs surrounding seven defining moments that redefined college sports. These changes involved fundamental issues—race and gender, profit and power—that reflected societal tensions and, in many cases, remain pertinent today: the failed 1950 effort to pass a Sanity Code regulating payments to football players; the thorny racial integration of university sports programs; the boom in television money; the 1984 Supreme Court decision that settled who could control skyrocketing media revenues; Title IX's transformation of women's athletics; the cheating, eligibility, and recruitment scandals that tarnished college sports in the 1980s and 1990s; the ongoing controversy over paying student athletes a share of the enormous moneys harvested by schools and athletic departments. A thought-provoking journey into the whos and whys of college sports history, the book reveals how the turning points of yesterday and today will impact tomorrow.
Abolishing the Sanity Code and Launching the Modern College Sports Establishment
Authors: Chudacoff Howard P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the regularization of athletic scholarships and establishment of the NCAA as the principal arbiter of the college sports establishment. It describes the NCAA's Sanity Code of 1949, which sought to enforce the principle that college athletes were amateurs who played sports as an “avocation” and should not be differentiated from other students. It discusses the evolution of intercollegiate sports between 1950 and 1956, which resulted in athletics and athletes becoming virtually separate from the rest of the institution in which they resided. After 1956, an athletic scholarship and the time demands of competition often forced many “student athletes” to make their academic commitments secondary to their athletic ones.
What’s to Become of College Sports?
Authors: Chudacoff Howard P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the future of college sports. It discusses the controversial issues swirling around college sports and the role of NCAA. It argues that despite the persistence of scandal or antitrust litigation, sports has remained the activity most identified with college student life and the strongest link between an institution and the public. In the end, the great majority of college athletes are genuine college students and should be treated as such. Rather than simply paying them for what they do on the field of play, the school that admits them—not the NCAA, not the government, not the media—should shoulder the responsibility for stimulating and feeding their intellectual curiosity and developing them into productive members of society.
Pitching around the Problem
Authors: Corzine Nathan Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the perceived problem of drug use in Major League Baseball (MLB) was addressed by Commissioner Bowie Kuhn. Ball Four, an account of Jim Bouton's 1969 campaign with the expansion Seattle Pilots, featured what was then startling insight into baseball's sophomoric, often crude, seemingly contradictory culture of boyish immaturity masked by excessive masculine posturing. Drugs featured prominently in Bouton's story. Kuhn was the antithesis of Bouton: he was staid and conservative, in contrast to Bouton who was liberal and irreverent. Bouton challenged the myths of MLB. Kuhn believed that the game, much less its sacrosanct myths, was and should remain changeless. This chapter first considers the congressional hearings that were conducted in the early 1970s to investigate the improper use and abuse of drugs by athletes before discussing how Kuhn confronted the drug abuse crisis within the league, including the cocaine crisis.
Desire and Fantasy in Erica Jong’s Fear of Flying
Authors: Hood Jay
Published: May 2017

This chapter reexamines the central voyeuristic fantasy that animates Erica Jong's 1973 novel Fear of Flying. At the time of its release, Fear of Flying, with its unabashed presentations of the female body, and indeed all bodies, was widely considered controversial and risqué. It argue that these representations of the body are directly tied to the novel's attempts to mediate the flow of desire between fantasies of fulfillment and the difficult realities of human relations. The main character and narrator of the novel, Isadora Wing, embodies both culturally inscribed fears regarding the limits of bodily self-control and sexual desire, and also the possibility of getting outside these limits. For this reason, Fear of Flying is perhaps the most famous of the consciousness-raising novels of second-wave feminism—texts that were defined by a “utopian project of total social transformation” and often by explorations of alternatives to traditional thinking about happiness, desire, sexual relations, and propriety.
Creating a Nonpatriarchal Lineage in Bertha Harris’s Lover
Authors: Godfrey Laura Christine
Published: May 2017

Bertha Harris' 1976 novel Lover garnered critical attention for its postmodern style, its commentary on lesbian identity, its use of nonlinear time in narration, and its redefinition of familial relations. Yet, one stylistic choice that is most apparent in reading the novel is absent from most critical investigation. Throughout the novel, Harris prefaces each chapter with an epigraph about a female saint, usually consisting of a few sentences on her life and death, yet these prominent pieces have been overlooked by all but one critic in the small pantheon of Lover criticism. This chapter proposes that Harris uses saints' narratives to provide alternative biological and familial connections in her creation of a nonpatriarchal lineage for women who seek to escape the confines of traditional gender roles.
Disaster Citizenship
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

A century ago, governments buoyed by Progressive Era beliefs began to assume greater responsibility for protecting and rescuing citizens. Yet the aftermath of two disasters in the United States–Canada borderlands—the Salem fire of 1914 and the Halifax explosion of 1917—saw working-class survivors instead turn to friends, neighbors, coworkers, and family members for succor and aid. This book draws on histories of the Salem and Halifax events to explore the institutions—both formal and informal—that ordinary people relied upon in times of crisis. It explores patterns and traditions of self-help, informal order, and solidarity and details how people adapted these traditions when necessary. Yet, as the book shows, these methods—though often quick and effective—remained illegible to reformers. Indeed, soldiers, social workers, and reformers wielding extraordinary emergency powers challenged these grassroots practices to impose progressive “solutions” on what they wrongly imagined to be a fractured social landscape.
“It Is Easy Enough to Establish Camps”
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the geographies of community and resistance in Salem following the fire. The Salem fire created immediate and pressing problems for residents: where to sleep and what to eat. The next morning, the militia began to establish two large refugee camps that soon sparked tensions between disaster relief authorities and refugees. Both groups of actors had conflicting motivations that they had to balance as they made decisions. At the root of their decisions and contestations were questions of power, authority, and control. This chapter describes the conflicts between relief authorities, particularly the militia, and French Canadians living in one Salem refugee camp. It considers how conflicts about domestic and formal labor played out spatially in fights over the arrangement of the camp and the refugees' presence there.
“A Desirable Measure of Responsibility”
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Halifax explosion changed local churches and unions, as well as the ways that membership in a church or union altered the individuals' and families' experiences of the disaster. In applying for and receiving disaster relief, disaster survivors were sorted by organizational membership—in churches, in clubs, and in other formal institutions. When Haligonians applied for aid from the Halifax and Dartmouth Relief Committees and their successor, the Halifax Relief Commission, they were asked, among other things, what organizations they belonged to, including their church, their union, and their fraternal societies. This chapter compares the Halifax Relief Commission's instrumental use of churches, which emphasized clerical authority, with the ways that lay congregants chose to use churches to come to terms with their grief. It also considers how unions responded to the considerable growth of the technocratic, interventionist, progressive state during World War I.
“The Sufferings of This Time Are Not Worthy to Be Compared with the Glory That Is to Come”
Authors: Remes Jacob A. C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the response of Salem's churches and unions to the fire and how working people built power in and through those institutions. The Salem fire offers a way to reconcile the importance of the church and other cross-class ethnic organizations with Franco-American unionization. By analyzing the peculiarities of ethnic Catholic political culture, we can better understand the way that lay Catholics practiced politics in their lives outside the church. This chapter considers the relationship symbolized by Father Donat Binette's translating for Governor David Walsh: the system by which clergymen vouched for their parishioners for disaster relief. It also discusses Walsh's exhortation for Catholics to stay in their home parishes and how French Canadians crafted an ethnic political culture in church and the workplace. In particular, it explores how parishioners and clergy at St. Joseph's parish fought with their archbishop for power within the church and how workers at the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company worked to build power on the shop floor.
Driven by Fear
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

From the late nineteenth century until the 1920s, authorities instructed San Francisco's Pesthouse to segregate the diseased from the rest of the city. This book places this forgotten institution within an emotional climate dominated by widespread public dread and disgust. The book analyzes the unique form of stigma generated by San Franciscans. Emotional states like xenophobia and racism played a part. Yet the phenomenon also included competing medical paradigms and unique economic needs that encouraged authorities to protect the city's reputation as a haven of health restoration. As the book argues, public health history requires an understanding of irrational as well as rational motives. To that end the book delves into the spectrum of emotions that drove extreme measures like segregation and isolation. It also shows how these feelings fed psychological, ideological, and pragmatic urges to scapegoat and stereotype victims—particularly Chinese victims—of smallpox, leprosy, plague, and syphilis. The book looks at the past to offer critical lessons for our age of bioterror threats and emerging infectious diseases.
Epilogue
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter turns to more recent threats to public health—new epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), as well as a contemporary resurgence of bioterror. With national security at risk, governments like the United States had begun to consider measures to counter such potential dangers in an era of rapid globalization and political unrest. Prominent among them were medical and public health provisions designed to counter the spread of lethal microorganisms. Under such circumstances, the traditional subject of quarantine and isolation acquired new importance. Given the near impossibility of initially distinguishing persons at risk from those already exposed, balancing the rights of the uninfected with the rights of the infected reemerged as a critical issue.
Mussolini's Army in the French Riviera
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

In contrast to its brutal seizure of the Balkans, the Italian Army’s 1940–1943 relatively mild occupation of the French Riviera and nearby alpine regions bred the myth of the Italian brava gente, or good fellow, an agreeable occupier who abstained from the savage wartime behaviors so common across Europe. Employing a multi-tiered approach, this book examines the simultaneously conflicting and symbiotic relationship between the French population and Italian soldiers. At the grassroots level, the book asserts that the cultural proximity between the soldiers and the local population, one-quarter of which was Italian, smoothed the sharp angles of miscommunication and cultural faux-pas at a time of great uncertainty. At the same time, it encouraged a laxness in discipline that manifested as fraternization and black marketeering. The book’s analysis of political tensions highlights how French prefects and mayors fought to keep the tatters of sovereignty in the face of military occupation. In addition, it reveals the tense relationship between Fascist civilian authorities eager to fulfill imperial dreams of annexation and army leaders desperate to prevent any action that might provoke French insurrection.
The November 1942 Invasion
Authors: Sica Emanuele
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Italian Army’s full occupation of southeastern France that began with the November 1942 invasion. In November 1942 more than 150,000 Italian soldiers deployed in the French free zone following the Allied invasion of North Africa. Many “unredeemed lands,” such as the County of Nice, Savoy, and Corsica, were occupied effortlessly by the Italian Army in just a few weeks. The irredentist movement hailed this occupation as the achievement of the Mare Nostrum, Italy’s full control of the Mediterranean Sea. However, what was in theory a political victory shortly became a strategic nightmare. This chapter examines the Italian occupation’s chaotic nature; its moderation and suspicion toward the French population; its ambiguous attitude toward the irredentists; and its ambivalent relationship with the Vichy regime. It shows that the first period of the military occupation established the triangular relationship between Italian military, French population, and Italian immigrants that would shape the Italian occupation of the French Riviera.
Saving the Land by Developing It
Authors: Watson John Scott
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to Prairie Crossing, a novel experiment in urban public policy that took root in Grayslake, a small community located in suburban Lake County. Developed by George and Vicky Ranney, Prairie Crossing was conceived as one of the country's first conservation communities. Despite the re-creation and restoration of hundreds of acres of green space, the $100 million project is a profit-making venture designed to compete in the marketplace with conventional housing developments. Prairie Crossing is a for-profit derivative of the traditional land trust concept, a free-market attempt to preserve and restore environmentally sensitive land. The Ranneys wanted to show that it was possible to save the land by developing it. The chapter presents an overview of Prairie Crossing, envisioned by the Ranneys as a creative policy response to urban sprawl, a conservation community for a new kind of living. It also assesses Prairie Crossing's conservation impact and its goal of creating ecological value through development.
Nature’s Suburb
Authors: Watson John Scott
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the legacy of Prairie Crossing in the area of conservation. It begins with a discussion of two categories of policy attributes that contributed to Prairie Crossing's success: constitutional organization and physical construction. It then considers some of the shortcomings of Prairie Crossing's conservation agenda in areas such as education and socioeconomic and racial diversity. It also describes the developmental process for Prairie Crossing and the export of its conservation community model to dozens of states and every region of the country. Finally, it reflects on lessons that can be learned from the Prairie Crossing development experience in terms of urban public policy. It argues that exporting nature's suburb throughout America and integrating the citizen back into the outdoors can benefit both people and the environment. It concludes that Prairie Crossing and second-generation conservation communities offer a viable model for incorporating a measure of wildness into the daily human experience.
Chicago
Authors: Williams Sonja D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Richard Durham's new life in Chicago, where his family moved in August 1923 on board an Illinois Central Railroad train. In searching for her family's new home in Chicago, Chanie Tillman Durham joined thousands of Southern-born African Americans who sought housing in or near the South Side area that would alternatively become known as Chicago's Black Metropolis, Black Belt, or Bronzeville. As Durham approached his teen years, he was diagnosed with osteomyelitis, a chronic infection that can affect the bones in children's legs or arms. Limited to nonphysical, homebound activities, Durham turned to the radio. He also got involved in the sport of boxing and more importantly, he began to write. Once Durham's relatives found out about his writing, they encouraged him.
Folk Cultural Production with Danwei Characteristics
Authors: Wu Ka-ming
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines folk storytelling performances staged in and by various government work units or state-owned enterprises for public relations purposes, with particular emphasis on how the production of folk cultural tradition became intertwined with danwei business promotion in Yan'an. Using the case of northern Shaanxi storytelling, the chapter considers how the practice of folk tradition is linked to work-unit messages and, sometimes, national ideology promotion. It discusses the ways in which folk cultural production today concerns complicated political, commercial, and social relations with work units. It shows how the production of folk tradition is increasingly adapted to danwei public relations events and campaigns, while, at the same time, danwei events also become the spaces wherein traditional folk art forms find new developments, audiences, and visibility in the age of urbanization and marketization.
Conclusion
Authors: Wu Ka-ming
Published: May 2017

This book has explored how the meanings of folk cultural revivals in contemporary Yan'an are woven together by multiple actors and various political, economic, and social forces and initiatives. It has used the term “hyper-folk” to refer to the production and consumption of folk revival discourses and cultural practices in post-2000 Yan'an in order to highlight the distance between what is celebrated today as “Chinese folk tradition” and what was understood as exclusively peasant culture in the past. It has demonstrated how the cultural logic of late socialism converges political, social, economic, and communal forces and relations and, at the same time, makes their meanings and practices flexible and malleable to fit in various purposes and occasions. Finally, it has used “Yan'an and folk culture” to connote a historical model of the Chinese Communist Party appropriating folk traditions to promote rural reform and national state campaigns.
Conservative Counterrevolution
Authors: Connell Tula A.
Published: May 2017

In the 1950s, Milwaukee's strong union movement and socialist mayor seemed to embody a dominant liberal consensus that sought to continue and expand the New Deal. This book explores how business interests and political conservatives arose to undo that consensus, and how the resulting clash both shaped a city and helped redefine postwar American politics. The book focuses on Frank Zeidler, the city's socialist mayor. Zeidler's broad concept of the public interest at times defied even liberal expectations. At the same time, a resurgence of conservatism with roots presaging twentieth-century politics challenged his initiatives in public housing, integration, and other areas. As the book shows, conservatives created an anti-progressive game plan that included a well-funded media and public relations push; an anti-union assault essential to the larger project of delegitimizing any government action; opposition to civil rights; and support from a suburban silent majority. In the end, the campaign undermined notions of the common good essential to the New Deal order. It also sowed the seeds for grassroots conservatism's more extreme and far-reaching future success.
Introduction
Authors: Connell Tula A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sheds light on the complicated history of Milwaukee's politics. At midcentury, cities like Milwaukee were crucial political battlegrounds in the postwar era. In these metropolitan milieus, the often inchoate yet passionately held postwar ideals of the public good promoted by New Deal liberals ran up against notions of individual rights expressed largely, though not exclusively, through unfettered free enterprise. Yet at times, the interplay between liberalism and conservatism was not clear-cut. Liberal assertions of what constituted the public good were complicated by personal ideology, political expediency, and a failure to grasp the challenges ahead. With such complex visions competing to define the city's future, Milwaukee illustrates both the limits of postwar liberalism and the resurgence of conservatism, a dynamic repeated in cities across the nation.
The Columbian Exposition—The Chicago World’s Fair
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Harry T. Burleigh's participation in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, as representative of African American music. The exposition was designed to celebrate four centuries of progress toward building a lively industrial nation, which Chicago seemed to symbolize. It drew Americans from across the country, in company with Europeans, royals as well as commoners, to see whether the Americans might very literally be able to outshine the Paris Exposition of 1889. Despite resistance by the fair commission, there was some official representation of African Americans. This chapter examines how the World's Fair gave Burleigh, together with Frederick Douglass and Ida B. Wells, the opportunity to address issues of representation and the ambiguous role that music and public performance could play in confronting discrimination and racist stereotyping.
Music Mentor and Colleague
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Harry T. Burleigh's mentoring of younger musicians, especially singers and composers. Among the singers Burleigh mentored are some of the most distinguished African American recital and musical theater performers of the early to mid-twentieth century. In 1934 a black newspaper commented that Burleigh “was always ready to show a helping hand by way of advice to some struggling artist” such as Abbie Mitchell. Burleigh's support and encouragement of younger musicians enabled their careers in very practical ways. He also collaborated with instrumentalists, and although his standards of excellence were high, he was generous in his support of musicians whose talent and professionalism he respected. Aside from Mitchell, Burleigh's early protégés include black singers Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, and Paul Robeson as well as women composers such as Undine Smith Moore, Florence Price, and Margaret Bonds.
Catholic Social Policy and Resistance to the Bracero Program
Authors: Hendrickson Brett
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how Catholic social doctrine sanctioned the activities of American Catholic clergy to provide pastoral care to braceros even while militating against the bracero program itself. While the priests who protested against the injustices of the program were in the ecclesiastical minority and occasionally clashed with their clerical brethren, they nevertheless benefited from and were supported by papal teaching. In a sense, this story of Catholic clergy and lay opposition to the bracero program can be understood as a prequel to Catholic collaboration with the United Farm Workers (UFW) and its various tactics and labor-organizing efforts. The chapter also highlights the legacy of Catholic critiques of the bracero program.
Black Freedom Struggles and Ecumenical Activism in 1960s Chicago
Authors: Gellman Erik S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the Urban Training Center for Christian Mission's (UTC) innovative forms of urban mission speak to interrelated but distinct threads of historical scholarship that have focused upon connections between religion and social movements. Scholars have only begun to investigate how people in social movements might have understood and applied theological ideas in resistance to the economic and social inequality generated by American capitalism. Religion was essential to the 1960s civil rights movement, providing both an institutional base through African American churches and a wellspring of personal and collective faith. Analysis of the UTC's history reveals how one group of religiously inspired activists engaged with dominant social movements of the era—particularly, civil rights and Black Power—in a local context.
Motifs in Sexual Science
Authors: Leck Ralph M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter places Ulrichs' scholarship within the larger constellation of sexual science. The major motifs discussed here include: the methodology of the case study, debates as to whether sexual research should become public knowledge or remain sequestered among experts, the civic meaning of discourses of nature, Ulrichs' influence on British sexologists, and an explanation of how the story of sexual science is altered by a narrative that commences with and centers around Ulrichs' legacy. The chapter shows how examinations of Ulrichs' political and scientific innovations are a wedge opening new insights into the history of sexual science, legal systems, and Western amatory codes.
The Epistemic Politics of Nature
Authors: Leck Ralph M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter continues the narrative focus on the Ulrichs–Kertbeny comradeship. Ulrichs' and Kertbeny's campaign for homosexual rights is interpreted as a cultural battle over the civic meaning of truth-claims about nature. Ulrichs based his demand for homosexual rights on the moral authority of nature. In contrast to Victorian amatory codes deriding homosexuality, Ulrichs insisted that there is no such thing as an unnatural love. Kertbeny savaged this logic claiming that references to nature had no place in the political fight for sexual equality. He eventually broke his ties with Ulrichs due to their insoluble disagreement about the strategic function of natural discourses in a post-Prussian politics. Despite their falling out, Ulrichs and Kertbeny both believed that the purpose of sexual science was to inform citizens of the existence of sexual variance.
Legal Detours of U.S. Empire
Authors: Brandzel Amy L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses Rice v. Cayetano (2000), a Supreme Court case involving a white citizen's challenge to Native Hawaiian representation, as a springboard to explore how race and coloniality are set up as oppositional, anti-intersectional politics. Kanaka Maoli and other indigenous scholars and activists have been quite vocal in critiquing the ways in which the discourse of civil rights and racism serves to obscure and undermine sovereignty claims and critiques of colonialism. The chapter adds to these critiques by demonstrating how the combination of legal and historical discourses sets up a battle between the recognition of racism and the recognition of settler colonialism. It illuminates how discourses of citizenship, law, and history collude to (re)produce the misrecognition and disaggregation of anticolonialist and antiracist endeavors.
Last Outpost on the Zulu Frontiers
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

Small and isolated in the Colony of Natal, Fort Napier was long treated like a temporary outpost of the expanding British Empire. Yet British troops manned this South African garrison for over seventy years. Tasked with protecting colonists, the fort became even more significant as an influence on, and reference point for, settler society. This book reveals the unexamined but pivotal role of Fort Napier in the peacetime public dramas of the colony. Its triumphalist colonial-themed pageantry belied colonists' worries about their own vulnerability. As the book shows, the cultural, political, and economic methods used by the garrison compensated for this perceived weakness. Settler elites married their daughters to soldiers to create and preserve an English-speaking oligarchy. At the same time, garrison troops formed the backbone of a consumer market that allowed colonists to form banking and property interests that consolidated their control.
From Whence They Came
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the influence of the British military garrison at Fort Napier by tracing the history of the organization from whence the garrison came: the British Army. During the Victorian era, the British Army was a pillar of the established order. Its main function was to defend the realm in the United Kingdom, the Indian Empire, and the colonies, as well as the monarchy. In the period before the establishment of an organized police force, the army maintained internal stability in Britain and, even more significantly, in Ireland. The chapter first provides an overview of the administration and reform of the British Army before considering the “inherent” qualities that were inculcated into future army officers, along with the “other ranks” of the army. It shows that the Victorian-era army reflected and magnified the class structure of the society from whence it came, citing its emphasis on the concept of masculinity.
Establishing an Imperial Presence
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the circumstances under which British troops were initially deployed in Natal and the factors that led to the establishment of a permanent presence. To this end, the chapter describes the events preceding the arrival of a British column at Port of Natal in 1842. The first phase of British military involvement took place on the coast at Natal, or Durban, between 1842 and 1843. Thereafter the scene shifts to Pietermaritzburg, where the garrison established a fort in September 1843. The chapter discusses the military clashes at Natal in May and June 1842 between the British Army and the rebellious Trekkers. It also considers the diplomacy involved in trying to settle the issue of British control over Natal, the Trekker women's revolt against British rule, and the garrison's march on Maritzburg in 1843.
Building a Fort
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the construction of Fort Napier and the maintenance of the Natal garrison in Pietermaritzburg. The arrival of the garrison in Pietermaritzburg marked the beginning of the transformation of the settlement from a Trekker hoofdplaats into a Victorian colonial capital in an African context. The design and construction work on Fort Napier was largely done by the military, but it had a profound influence on the city and the embryonic colony. The fort was also used as the base from which the small garrison began extending its influence over the colony and its hinterland. This chapter provides a background on British Army Lieutenant Charles James Gibb's planning for the construction of the fort, to be named in honor of Sir George Napier, the governor of the Cape Colony. It also considers the disputes over the expenditure on the construction of the fort, along with the permanence of the Natal garrison in relation to High Commissioner Sir Harry Smith's imperial policies in South Africa.
Pageantry, Pioneers, Panics and Punitive Expeditions
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of the garrison in the British Empire's establishment of a colonial state in Natal during the period 1840s–1860s. It first explains how the garrison transformed Pietermaritzburg from a Trekker settlement to a Victorian colonial capital before considering the ways in which the British Crown used pageantry and propaganda to reinforce the prestige of the colonial state while masking the military weakness of the garrison in relation to the colony's potential enemies. It then discusses the garrison's “punitive expeditions”—almost as an extension of the parading on the barrack square of Fort Napier—in response to panic and rumors of invasions. Ironically, those raids provoked “panics” among the African population; such panics fed the almost pathological fear that the settlers had of a “native” rising or “combination.” The chapter also looks at the appointment of British military officers in various civil posts in the colony and concludes with an assessment of the Zulu invasion scare of 1861 and the question that it raised regarding payment for the garrison.
The Garrison and the Wider Society
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the reflection of the British military hierarchy in the class relations in settler society by comparing the “respectable” actions of soldiers taking their discharge and becoming settlers with the “rough” actions of drunkenness and desertion. It first considers the garrison's influence in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and in Natal before discussing the social side of the garrison that emphasized class differentiation. It then explores the reinforcement of the colonial “middling” class by the recruitment of respectable soldier-settlers and how the Christian converts of Edendale, the amaKholwa, provided the new reference points for a community attempting to define itself in terms of middle-class respectability. It also looks at the role of drunkenness in acts of indiscipline and low morale among British troops in the garrison at Fort Napier, along with the hunting ideology that fed into broader concepts of masculinity, aggression, and images of warriors. The chapter shows that garrison activities were integral to the wider social and cultural life of settler society in Natal.
Manhood on the Line
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This book charts the complex vagaries of men reinventing manhood in twentieth-century America. Their ideas of masculinity destroyed by principles of mass production, workers created a white-dominated culture that defended its turf against other racial groups and revived a crude, hypersexualized treatment of women that went far beyond the shop floor. At the same time, they recast unionization battles as manly struggles against a system killing their very selves. Drawing on a wealth of archival material, the book recreates a social milieu in detail—the mean labor and stolen pleasures, the battles on the street and in the soul, and a masculinity that not only expressed itself in violence and sexism but also as a wellspring of the fortitude necessary to maintain one's dignity while doing hard work in a hard world. The book examines the evolution of working-class manhood. It shows how working-class masculine identity had many roots. The relations of social class, gender, race, and ethnicity influenced and shaped male attitudes, values, and behaviors. The book states that the workplace was central to the forming, nurturing, widening, and deepening of this masculine culture.
The Classical Music Mainstream
Authors: Wierzbicki James
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how the American Symphony Orchestra League reported that thirty million people in the U.S. are actively interested in concert music. This does not mean jazz, popular ditties, hillbilly dance-bands, hymn singing, or wedding marches, but classical music. Writer Virgil Thomson noted in his column that whereas during the previous year ticket buyers had spent $40 million on baseball, patrons of classical music had spent $45 million. This passion for what Thomson called “serious music” had been stirred even as World War II was in progress, and by the end of the Fifties it was still going strong. Never before has there been such an interest in music in America. The changed atmosphere had been apparent even just a few years after the war's end. For composers, this made the future seem very promising.