bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity patterns of reintroduced lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Authors: Hayward Matt W. , Hayward Gina J.
Published: October 2006

Africa's large predator guild competes for a limited food resource base. To minimize the degree of competition, we hypothesized that the two largest members of this guild and its fiercest competitors, the lion and the spotted hyaena, would partition their activity patterns to avoid interacting. We used 96‐h continuous follows of focal animal(s) to determine when the six radio‐collared lions and eight radio‐collared spotted hyaenas, reintroduced into Addo Elephant National Park in 2003/2004, were active using a binomial measure of activity which was defined as movements >100 m during each hourly period. Contrary to our predictions, lions and hyaenas did not partition their activity times, probably because of their current low population densities. Both species exhibited a crepuscular activity pattern although hyaenas were far less active during daylight. A sub‐adult lioness minimized competitive interactions by becoming diurnal. This is likely to be a common strategy for lions that have been expelled from their natal pride to become nomadic, as it allows them to minimize kleptoparasitic and agonistic interactions from competitively dominant conspecifics and competitors. The increase in testosterone that occurs in males upon reaching sexual maturity, darkens their pelage and causes them to be more directly impacted by the heat, and thereby affords females an opportunity to escape from males during hot temperatures. Similarly, the longer pelage of young hyaenas restricts their activity to the cooler night‐time.
Rheological behaviour of weaning food formulations as affected by addition of malt
Authors: Badau Mamudu Halidu , JideanI Israel Afam , Nkama Iro
Published: October 2006

Eight weaning food formulations were prepared from the mixture of pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10. The viscosities of gruels from the eight weaning food formulations were determined at eight shear rates and five temperatures, and data obtained were subjected to power‐law and Arrhenius equations. The viscosity of the weaning food gruels decreased with increase in shear rate and temperature. The gruels from the eight weaning food formulations exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. The power‐law indices (‘n’ values) were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the formulations and changes in temperature. Weaning food formulations that had no malt showed the least sensitivity to temperature, while the one that had 5% ICMV‐IS 94206 malt showed the highest. The correlation coefficient ranged from −0.9993 to −0.9524, showing that the power‐law model adequately described the viscosity and shear rate characteristics of the weaning food gruels.
Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural El Salvador
Authors: Corrales Lana F. , Izurieta Ricardo , Moe Christine L.
Published: October 2006

Objective  To identify demographic, behavioural and environmental determinants of intestinal parasitic infection, evaluate the impact of a variety of dry sanitation systems on intestinal parasitic infection, and evaluate the safety of using stored biosolids in agriculture in order to guide future sanitation interventions in rural areas of El Salvador.

Methods  Interviews were conducted with 109 households in eight communities where double‐vaulted and solar urine‐diverting desiccating latrines, pit latrines or no latrines were used. Faecal samples from 499 individuals were tested for enteric helminths and protozoa.

Results  Users of solar desiccating latrines had the lowest prevalence of enteric parasite infection. Double‐vault, urine‐diverting desiccating latrines effectively reduced the transmission of some pathogens, but may not achieve the conditions sufficient for the complete destruction of the more environmentally persistent pathogens, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Contact with inadequately treated latrine biosolids was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris infection.

Conclusions  Solar latrines were associated with the overall lowest prevalence of enteric parasitic infections. Members of households where latrine biosolids were used in agriculture had a higher prevalence of infection than those where biosolids were buried. We therefore recommend the promotion of solar latrines in rural areas of El Salvador over other dry sanitation systems, and recommend that stored biosolids not be used in agriculture.
Men's experiences of violence: extent, nature and ‘determinants’
Authors: Soares Joaquim J.F. , Luo Jiayou , Jablonska Beata , Sundin Örjan
Published: October 2006

We examined the extent, nature and ‘determinants’ of violence in a randomly selected sample of men from the general population (18–64 years, n = 520). The men were assessed on various factors (e.g. demographics). The design was cross‐sectional and data were collected over eight consecutive weeks. About 68 per cent of the men reported experiencing violence at some point during their lifetime, and just over 14 per cent in the past 12 months. The violence occurred mainly in public and work settings, with threatening/aggressive language/physical assaults as the most common forms. The main perpetrators were strangers or clients. Sexual abuse was rare. Repeated/multiple abuses were common and injuries were sustained. The victims and non‐victims were similar for many factors (e.g. alcohol use). Only younger age and being a blue‐collar/low white‐collar worker were risk factors for violence. Men's experiences of violence (e.g. physical assaults/multiple abuses) should be a source of concern as they can have profound negative effects. Extensive research on the impact of violence on men's health appears necessary in light of the present findings.
Areolar sebaceous hyperplasia in a male – a different morphology
Authors: Bajaj Vrinda , Barrett Paul , Sripathy Therese , Carr Mary
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Sebaceous hyperplasia commonly occurs on the face and occasionally on the neck, mainly in elderly individuals. Areolar involvement is a rare distinctive entity with an increasing number of male cases being reported. This is also the first reported case of unilateral sebaceous hyperplasia occurring in a male, as plaque morphology.
Novel Binding Sites on Clathrin and Adaptors Regulate Distinct Aspects of Coat Assembly
Authors: Knuehl Christine , Chen Chih‐Ying , Manalo Venus , Hwang Peter K. , Ota Nobuyuki , Brodsky Frances M.
Published: October 2006

Clathrin‐coated vesicles (CCVs) sort proteins at the plasma membrane, endosomes and trans Golgi network for multiple membrane traffic pathways. Clathrin recruitment to membranes and its self‐assembly into a polyhedral coat depends on adaptor molecules, which interact with membrane‐associated vesicle cargo. To determine how adaptors induce clathrin recruitment and assembly, we mapped novel interaction sites between these coat components. A site in the ankle domain of the clathrin triskelion leg was identified that binds a common site on the appendages of tetrameric [AP1 and AP2] and monomeric (GGA1) adaptors. Mutagenesis and modeling studies suggested that the clathrin–GGA1 appendage interface is nonlinear, unlike other peptide–appendage interactions, but overlaps with a sandwich domain binding site for accessory protein peptides, allowing for competitive regulation of coated vesicle formation. A novel clathrin box in the GGA1 hinge region was also identified and shown to mediate membrane recruitment of clathrin, while disruption of the clathrin–GGA1 appendage interaction did not affect recruitment. Thus, the distinct sites for clathrin–adaptor interactions perform distinct functions, revealing new aspects to regulation of CCV formation.
Odorant binding protein has the biochemical properties of a scavenger for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal in mammalian nasal mucosa
Authors: Grolli Stefano , Merli Elisa , Conti Virna , Scaltriti Erika , Ramoni Roberto
Published: October 2006

Odorant binding proteins (OBP) are soluble lipocalins produced in large amounts in the nasal mucosa of several mammalian species. Although OBPs can bind a large variety of odorous compounds, direct and exclusive involvement of these proteins in olfactory perception has not been clearly demonstrated. This study investigated the binding properties and chemical resistance of OBP to the chemically reactive lipid peroxidation end‐product 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE), in an attempt to establish a functional relationship between this protein and the molecular mechanisms combating free radical cellular damage. Experiments were carried out on recombinant porcine and bovine OBPs and results showed that both forms were able to bind HNE with affinities comparable with those of typical OBP ligands (Kd = 4.9 and 9.0 µm for porcine and bovine OBP, respectively). Furthermore, OBP functionality, as determined by measuring the binding of the fluorescent ligand 1‐aminoanthracene, was partially lost only when incubating HNE levels and exposure time to HNE exceeded physiological values in nasal mucosa. Finally, preliminary experiments in a simplified model resembling nasal epithelium showed that extracellular OBP can preserve the viability of an epithelial cell line derived from bovine turbinates exposed to toxic amounts of the aldehyde. These results suggest that OBP, which is expressed at millimolar levels, might reduce HNE toxicity by removing from the nasal mucus a significant fraction of the aldehyde that is produced as a consequence of direct exposure to the oxygen present in inhaled air.
Report on three species of Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from the East China Sea
Authors: LI Xinzheng
Published: October 2006

The Plesionika material, collected by the National Comprehensive Oceanography Survey from the East China Sea in 1959, has been found to contain three species: P. izumiae Omori, 1971, P. marita orientalis Chace, 1985, and P. ortmanni Doflein, 1902. The ranges, population numbers, population density, and ratios of males, non‐ovigerous females and ovigerous females of P. izumiae were found to vary seasonally.
A preliminary analysis of the response of an avian community to silvicultural treatments in the southern Cumberland Plateau, Alabama, USA
Authors: WANG Yong , LESAK Adrian A. , FELIX Zachary , SCHWEITZER Callie Jo
Published: October 2006

We simulated a shelterwood forest regeneration treatment by reducing basal area, and monitored the response of an avian community in oak‐hickory forest on the southern Cumberland Plateau, northern Alabama, USA. We used five treatments: control (no removal), clear‐cut (100% removal), and 25, 50, and 75% removal of basal area. Territory mapping was used to quantify bird community between mid‐April and July of both 2002 and 2003. Microclimate variables were recorded at each plot. The residual basal area and canopy cover showed three distinct conditions after treatment: closed canopy, open forest, and clear‐cut. The microclimate varied among treatments: air temperature was highest in clear‐cut plots and lowest in control plots, whereas soil moisture had the opposite pattern. A total of 71 bird species were detected, with 36 of them defending territories. Territory density, species richness, and Shannon diversity index differed among the treatments; the relationship between these bird community indices and the level of basal area removal was quadratic, lowest in the clear‐cut plots and highest in the intermediate levels. Although species richness was similar among the control, 25, 50, and 75% removal treatments, species composition varied. The richness difference among treatments became smaller in the second year post‐treatment (2003) with an increase in bird density and richness occurring in the clear‐cut plots.
Different working and living conditions and their associations with persistent neck/shoulder and/or low back disorders
Authors: Leijon Ola , Lindberg Per , Josephson Malin , Wiktorin Christina
Published: October 2006

Objectives:To investigate whether different combinations of working and living conditions are associated with the risk for persistent neck/shoulder and/or low back disorders. The underlying purpose of this contextual approach was to identify target groups for primary/secondary prevention.

Methods:In a baseline study, 11 groups with different working and living conditions were identified by cluster analysis. In this study, these 11 groups were followed up by a postal questionnaire 5 years after baseline (response rate 82%, n = 1095).

Results:Five of the groups—the onerous human services job, the free agent, the family burden, the mentally stretched and the physically strained groups—had an increased risk for persistent disorders (OR 2.38–2.70). Four of these groups had rather sex-specific working and living conditions.

Conclusions:The results support the hypothesis that different combinations of working and living conditions may increase the risk for persistent neck/shoulder and/or low back disorders to different degrees. Sex-specific working and living conditions increased the risk for women as well as for men, irrespective of whether the conditions were specific to women or men.
OPTIMIZED TECHNIQUE FOR DNA STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES DISCOVERING
Authors: MASOTTI DANIELE , FICARRA ELISA , MACII ENRICO , BENINI LUCA
Published: October 2006

An automated algorithm is presented to determine the DNA molecule intrinsic curvature profiles and the molecular spatial orientations in Atomic Force Microscope images. The curvature is composed by static and dynamic contributions. The former is the intrinsic curvature, a function of the DNA nucleotide sequence, while the latter is due to thermal fluctuations. This algorithm allows to reconstruct the intrinsic curvature profile excluding the thermal contribution. The DNA intrinsic curvature profile is computed in consequence of the detection of the correct spatial orientation of the molecules on the AFM substrate following the DNA deposition process. To discover the correct molecular orientations, we propose a fast heuristic orientation finding algorithm, that modifies one DNA molecular orientation at a time with linear-time heuristic transitions.
MISSION-ADAPTABLE ROUTE PLANNING IN UNCERTAIN AND ADVERSARIAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: YAN PING , DING MINGYUE , ZHENG CHANGWEN
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the route-planning problems of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in uncertain and adversarial environment are addressed, including not only single-mission route planning in known a priori environment, but also the route replanning in partially known and mission-changeable environments. A mission-adaptable hybrid route-planning algorithm based on flight roadmap is proposed, which combines existing global and local methods (Dijkstra algorithm, SAS and D*) into a two-level framework. The environment information and constraints for UAV are integrated into the procedure of building flight roadmap and searching for routes. The route-planning algorithm utilizes domain-specific knowledge and operates in real time with near-optimal solution quality, which is important to uncertain and adversarial environment. Other planners do not provide all of the functionality, namely real-time planning and replanning, near-optimal solution quality, and the ability to model complex 3D constraints.
ANSWER: APPROXIMATE NAME SEARCH WITH ERRORS IN LARGE DATABASES BY A NOVEL APPROACH BASED ON PREFIX-DICTIONARY
Authors: KURSUN OLCAY , KOUFAKOU ANNA , WAKCHAURE ABHIJIT , GEORGIOPOULOS MICHAEL , REYNOLDS KENNETH , EAGLIN RONALD
Published: October 2006

The obvious need for using modern computer networking capabilities to enable the effective sharing of information has resulted in data-sharing systems, which store, and manage large amounts of data. These data need to be effectively searched and analyzed. More specifically, in the presence of dirty data, a search for specific information by a standard query (e.g., search for a name that is misspelled or mistyped) does not return all needed information, as required in homeland security, criminology, and medical applications, amongst others. Different techniques, such as soundex, phonix, n-grams, edit-distance, have been used to improve the matching rate in these name-matching applications. These techniques have demonstrated varying levels of success, but there is a pressing need for name matching approaches that provide high levels of accuracy in matching names, while at the same time maintaining low computational complexity. In this paper, such a technique, called ANSWER, is proposed and its characteristics are discussed. Our results demonstrate that ANSWER possesses high accuracy, as well as high speed and is superior to other techniques of retrieving fuzzy name matches in large databases.
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF GALAXIES FOR TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS
Authors: AHMAD FAROOQ , MALIK MANZOOR A. , MASOOD SAJAD
Published: October 2006

We extend the statistical mechanical theory of cosmological many-body problem to a system consisting of two kinds of galaxies with different masses. The general partition function for such a two-component system, in the grand canonical ensemble, is developed. From this partition function various thermodynamical quantities and distribution functions are evaluated. A quantity bm, called the clustering parameter for the two-component system, which inherently takes into account the ratio of the number of particles (galaxies) of each kind and their masses, emerges directly from the calculations. Various clustering phenomena can be explained on the basis of this parameter. We find these results in agreement with the available N-body simulation results as well as the observational distribution function determined from the 2MASS survey. Besides, our distribution function, for the two-component system, makes these comparisons more objective and easily comprehensible.
HIERARCHIES IN THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: GOLDMAN T. , PÉREZ-MERCADER JUAN
Published: October 2006

We study the common relationships that exist between the various structures in the Universe, and show that a unifying description appears when these are considered as emerging from dynamical critical phenomena characterized by complex exponents in the two-point correlation function of matter density fluctuations. Since gravity drives their formation, structures are more likely to form where there is maximal correlation in the matter density. Applying this simple principle of maximal correlation to the two-point correlation function in a scaling regime with complex exponents leads to a hierarchy of structures where: (1) the structures can be classified according to an integer and (2) there is a common real exponent for the two-point correlation function across the range of structures. This in turn implies the existence of both universal size and mass hierarchy-order relationships. We show that these relationships are in good agreement with observations, and that sizes and masses for the known structures, from Globules in the Interstellar Medium to Clusters of Galaxies, can be classified (essentially to within one order of magnitude out of more than 10 orders of magnitude) in terms of just three constants.
GENERAL RELATIVITY AND SECTIONAL CURVATURE
Authors: HALL G. S.
Published: October 2006

A discussion is given of the sectional curvature function on a four-dimensional Lorentz manifold and, in particular, on the space–time of Einstein's general relativity theory. Its tight relationship to the metric tensor is demonstrated and some of its geometrical and algebraic properties evaluated. The concept of a sectional curvature preserving symmetry, in the form of a certain smooth vector field, is introduced and discussed.
POLAR ACTIONS ON BERGER SPHERES
Authors: DI SCALA ANTONIO J.
Published: October 2006

The object of this article is to study a torus action on a so-called Berger sphere. We also make some comments on polar actions on naturally reductive homogeneous spaces. Finally, we prove a rigidity-type theorem for Riemannian manifolds carrying a polar action with a fix point.
METRICS THAT REALIZE ALL LORENTZIAN HOLONOMY ALGEBRAS
Authors: GALAEV ANTON S.
Published: October 2006

All candidates to the weakly-irreducible not irreducible holonomy algebras of Lorentzian manifolds are known. In the present paper metrics that realize all these candidates as holonomy algebras are given. This completes the classification of the Lorentzian holonomy algebras. Also new examples of metrics with the holonomy algebras g2⋉ ℝ7⊂ 𝔰𝔬(1, 8) and 𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔫(7) ⋉ ℝ8⊂ 𝔰𝔬(1, 9) are constructed.
AUTOMORPHISMS AND FORMS OF SIMPLE INFINITE-DIMENSIONAL LINEARLY COMPACT LIE SUPERALGEBRAS
Authors: CANTARINI NICOLETTA , KAC VICTOR G.
Published: October 2006

We describe the group of continous automorphisms of all simple infinite-dimensional linearly compact Lie superalgebras and use it in order to classify 𝔽-forms of these superalgebras over any field 𝔽 of characteristic zero.
PERIODICITY THEOREM FOR STRUCTURE FRACTALS IN QUATERNIONIC FORMULATION
Authors: ŁAWRYNOWICZ JULIAN , MARCHIAFAVA STEFANO , NOWAK-KȨPCZYK MAŁGORZATA
Published: October 2006

It is well known that starting with real structure, the Cayley–Dickson process gives complex, quaternionic, and octonionic (Cayley) structures related to the Adolf Hurwitz composition formula for dimensions p = 2, 4 and 8, respectively, but the procedure fails for p = 16 in the sense that the composition formula involves no more a triple of quadratic forms of the same dimension; the other two dimensions are n = 27. Instead, Ławrynowicz and Suzuki (2001) have considered graded fractal bundles of the flower type related to complex and Pauli structures and, in relation to the iteraton process p → p + 2 → p + 4 → ⋯, they have constructed 24-dimensional "bipetals" for p = 9 and 27-dimensional "bisepals" for p = 13. The objects constructed appear to have an interesting property of periodicity related to the gradating function on the fractal diagonal interpreted as the "pistil" and a family of pairs of segments parallel to the diagonal and equidistant from it, interpreted as the "stamens." The present paper aims at an effective, explicit determination of the periods and expressing them in terms of complex and quaternionic structures, thus showing the quaternionic background of that periodicity. The proof of the Periodicity Theorem is given in the case where the index of the generator of the algebra in question exceeds the order of the initial algebra. In contrast to earlier results, the fractal bundle flower structure, in particular sepals, bisepals, perianths, and calyces are not introduced ab initio; they are quoted a posteriori, when they are fully motivated. The same concerns canonical two-layer pairing of prianth sepals and the relationship of fractal bundles of algebraic structure with the Hurwitz problem.
Long-Term Stimulation of Adenosine A2b Receptors Begun After Myocardial Infarction Prevents Cardiac Remodeling in Rats
Authors: Wakeno Masakatsu , Minamino Tetsuo , Seguchi Osamu , Okazaki Hidetoshi , Tsukamoto Osamu , Okada Ken-ichiro , Hirata Akio , Fujita Masashi , Asanuma Hiroshi , Kim Jiyoong , Komamura Kazuo , Takashima Seiji , Mochizuki Naoki , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: October 2006

Background—Adenosine inhibits proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, both of which may play crucial roles in cardiac remodeling. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic stimulation of adenosine receptors begun after myocardial infarction (MI) prevents cardiac remodeling.

Methods and Results—MI was produced in Wistar rats by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. One week after the onset of MI, animals were randomized into 8 groups: vehicle, dipyridamole (DIP; the adenosine uptake inhibitor, 50 mg/kg), 2-chroloadenosine (CADO; the stable analogue of adenosine, 2 mg/kg), and CADO in the presence of the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-SPT) or the selective antagonist for adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, or A3 receptor. Three weeks after treatment, hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters in the DIP and CADO groups were significantly improved compared with the vehicle group. These hemodynamic and echocardiographic improvements were blunted by either 8-SPT or the selective adenosine A2b antagonist MRS1754 but not by the selective antagonists for other subtypes of adenosine receptors. The collagen volume fraction was smaller, and gene expression of the molecules associated with cardiac remodeling such as matrix metalloproteinase in noninfarcted areas was reduced in the DIP and CADO groups compared with the vehicle group, both of which were attenuated by either 8-SPT or MRS1754.

Conclusions—Long-term stimulation of adenosine A2b receptors begun after MI attenuates cardiac fibrosis in the noninfarcted myocardium and improves cardiac function. Drugs that stimulate adenosine A2b receptors or increase adenosine levels are new candidates for preventing cardiac remodeling after MI.
Nature of the Differences in the Intraseasonal Variability of the Pacific and Atlantic Storm Tracks: A Diagnostic Study
Authors: Deng Yi , Mak Mankin
Published: October 2006

On the basis of an intraseasonal variability index of storm track evaluated for 40 winters (1963–64 through 2003–04) of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, it is found that well-defined midwinter minimum [MWMIN; (midwinter maximum MWMAX)] occurs in 21 (8) winters over the North Pacific. In contrast, MWMIN (MWMAX) occurs in 4 (25) of the 40 winters over the North Atlantic. The power spectrum of such an index for the Pacific has a broad peak between 5 and 10 yr, whereas the spectrum of the index for the Atlantic has comparable power in two spectral bands: 2–2.8 and 3.5–8 yr.

Over the North Pacific, the increase in the zonal asymmetry of the background baroclinicity as well as in the corresponding horizontal deformation of the time-mean jet from early/late winter to midwinter is distinctly larger in an MWMIN winter. Associated with these changes, there is a distinctly stronger barotropic damping rate in the January of an MWMIN winter. The increase in the net conversion rate of eddy kinetic energy from early/late winter to midwinter is much larger in an MWMAX winter than that in an MWMIN winter. Even though there is a modest increase in the barotropic damping from early/late winter to midwinter over the North Atlantic, it is overcompensated by a larger increase in the baroclinic conversion rate. That would result in MWMAX. These results are empirical evidences in support of a hypothesis that a significant enhancement of the barotropic damping relative to the baroclinic growth from early/late winter to midwinter is a major contributing factor to MWMIN of the Pacific storm track.
Mechanisms Supporting Long-Lived Episodes of Propagating Nocturnal Convection within a 7-Day WRF Model Simulation
Authors: Trier S. B. , Davis C. A. , Ahijevych D. A. , Weisman M. L. , Bryan G. H.
Published: October 2006

A large-domain explicit convection simulation is used to investigate the life cycle of nocturnal convection for a one-week period of successive zonally propagating heavy precipitation episodes occurring over the central United States. Similar to climatological studies of phase-coherent warm-season convection, the longest-lived precipitation episodes initiate during the late afternoon over the western Great Plains (105°–100°W), reach their greatest intensity at night over the central Great Plains (100°–95°W), and typically weaken around or slightly after sunrise over the Midwest (95°–85°W). The longest-lived episodes exhibit average zonal phase speeds of ∼20 m s−1, consistent with radar observations during the period.

Composite analysis of the life cycle of five long-lived nocturnal precipitation episodes indicates that convection both develops and then propagates eastward along an east–west-oriented lower-tropospheric frontal zone. An elevated ∼2-km-deep layer of high-θe air helps sustain convection during its period of greatest organization overnight. Trajectory analysis for individual episodes reveals that the high-θe air originates both from within the frontal zone and to its south where, in this latter case, it is transported northward by the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ).

The mature (nocturnal) stage composite evinces a thermally direct cross-frontal circulation, within which the trajectories ascend 0.5–2 km to produce the elevated conditionally unstable layer. This transverse vertical circulation is forced by deformation frontogenesis, which itself is supported by the intensification of the nocturnal LLJ. The frontal zone also provides an environment of strong vertical shear, which helps organize the zonally propagating component of convection. Overnight the convection exhibits squall-line characteristics, where its phase speed is typically consistent with that which arises from deep convectively induced buoyancy perturbations combined with the opposing environmental surface flow. In a large majority of cases convection weakens as it reaches the Midwest around sunrise, where environmental thermodynamic stability is greater, and environmental vertical shear, frontogenesis, and vertical motions are weaker than those located farther west overnight.
Regional Data Forecasting Accuracy: The Case of Thailand
Authors: Vu Jo Chau , Turner Lindsay W.
Published: October 2006

This article focuses on nine city-based regions in Thailand, using accommodation data from 1996 to 2002. The basic structural and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models are used, with an ex ante forecasting period 2003 to 2004. Forecasts are derived regionally, and accuracy is compared using a benchmark of the forecasts for the whole of Thailand. The analysis determines whether it is possible to accurately forecast interregional tourist arrivals. The findings are that more accurate regional forecasts can be derived than international arrivals forecasts in this case and that a comparison of domestic and international regional arrivals forecasts is very useful in examining potential future tourism-based regional growth. Consequently, regional arrivals data are useful for accurately forecasting regional tourism demand not only in Thailand but also for other countries where regional data are available, such as China and India, to examine the impact of tourism either economically or socially.
A Future for Hypertext Fiction
Authors: Pope James
Published: October 2006

Despite continued interest from the academy and creative writers, the question remains as to whether ‘ordinary’ readers, used to the conventions of print narratives, can enjoy hypertext fiction.

Since each hypertext fiction interface is more or less idiosyncratic, readers can be discouraged by unfriendly interface designs. Radically re-structured narrative forms can also cause confusion for readers. Critical works and empirical research from literary studies and interface design provide clues towards a better understanding of the effects of hypertext fiction upon readers, and knowledge from both fields can be productively merged in empirical studies of hypertext.

This article provides a methodological specification, and a summary of findings from my ongoing study of readers’ responses to a range of hypertext fictions and their interfaces. Though there are barriers to reading pleasure, these can be overcome, and there is evidence that hyper text fiction can be as engaging and enjoyable as fiction in print.
Capetonian back streets
Authors: Jensen Steffen
Published: October 2006

The article examines how the South African state and local government in Cape Town have objectified young, coloured men as particularly prone to crime and gangs, and how young coloured men in Cape Town cope with pervasive stereotypes linking them to crime and violence. Through the central metaphor of die agterbuurde (the back streets), which is simultaneously a physical and an identitary space, the practices of young men are unpacked in terms of the informal economy, gang rituals, narrative constructions of bravery and masculine assertion and in relation to dominant (white) society. Theoretically, the argument draws on the analysis of the war machine by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. The central argument is that while the state calls into existence the young men as an object of intervention, it provides the platform from which the young men, from die agterbuurde, can challenge domination.
Recasting ideology, recreating hegemony
Authors: Fernandes Sujatha
Published: October 2006

New creative forms of engagement between artists and official institutions have opened up in Cuba as a result of changing relationships between state and society in the post-Soviet period. This article looks at critical debates about Cuban film as a site where filmmakers, ordinary Cubans, and the state collaborate to reincorporate alternative expressions into dominant ideological frameworks. But new modes of incorporation are incomplete and partial, as critical films also give rise to ideas that cannot be reduced to the agenda of the socialist state. The article is based on textual analysis of film and detailed ethnographic material collected during nine months of field research in Cuba.
Composite hyoid‐sternohyoid interposition graft revisited: ucla experience 1974–1984
Authors: Burstein Fernando D. , Canalis Rinaldo , Ward Paul H.
Published: October 2006

The surgical correction of severe laryngotracheal stenosis remains a challenging problem. We report on a series of 20 patients treated with the composite hyoid‐sternohyoid interposition graft (HSIG). They range in age from 1 to 66 years and all had severe subglottic stenosis refractory to dilatation and stenting procedures. The major cause of stenosis was prolonged endotracheal intubation (16/20); the majority of patients (13/20) had severe medical illness complicating their airway management. Postoperative results were judged on the basis of decannulation, voice strength, and quality as well as activity tolerance. Follow‐up periods were over 24 months in all cases. Twelve patients were decannulated and three keep their tracheotomy tubes permanently plugged. All have socially acceptable voices and good activity tolerance. Seven patients who were aphonic had voice improvement. There were three complete failures; one secondary to infection, one due to severe scleroderma, and one because of graft displacement. Each patient underwent an average of four postoperative endoscopies for airway evaluation and removal of granulation tissue. CAT scanning was useful in diagnosing postoperative problems, especially graft displacement, which was impossible to diagnose by endoscopic examination. We conclude that the composite hyoid‐sternohyoid interposition graft is a useful and reliable tool in the treatment of subglottic stenosis.
Laser photocoagulation of vascular malformations of the tongue
Authors: Dixon John A. , Kim Davis R. , Gilbertson Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2006

Vascular malformations of the tongue (hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, AV fistulae, etc.) compromise a significant portion of head and neck angiodysplastic lesions. Complications requiring treatment include bleeding, pain, and difficulties related to increased tongue volume. Treatment modalities have included embolization, excision, cryotherapy, sclerosis, radiation, and chemotherapy. The more aggressive therapies often result in major functional disability to loss of lingual tissue. A series of nine patients has been treated for one or more of the complications of lingual vascular malformations with either argon of Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. The therapeutic objective was provision of symptomatic relief with conservation of functioning lingual tissue. Results have varied from good to excellent with markedly decreased bleeding frequency as well as reduction in lesion size. No serious complications, such as bleeding or invasive infection, have been noted. Laser phototherapy is beneficial in the palliation of selected benign lingual vascular malformations.
Long‐term morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery for unilateral vocal cord paralysis
Authors: Gardner Glendon M. , Shaari Christopher M. , Parnes Steven M.
Published: October 2006

Fifty‐six patients who had undergone surgery for unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP) were reviewed retrospectively. The etiologies; indications for surgery; timing of onset, diagnosis and surgery; complications; and survival rates are presented.

Forty patients had neoplasms of which 32 were malignant and 8 were benign. UVCP was due to direct tumor involvement in 16 cases and surgical trauma in 21 cases.

Mean survival for patients who presented with UVCP which was due directly to a malignancy was 5 months versus 22 months for those patients with UVCP due to surgical trauma during resection of malignancies. Mean survival for lung cancer patients was 5 months versus 24 months for patients with other malignancies.

The etiology and manner of presentation of UVCP are important prognostic indicators which should be considered when planning surgical intervention for UVCP.
Association of skull base and facial fractures
Authors: Slupchynskyj Oleh S. , Berkower Alan S. , Byrne Daniel W. , Cayten C. Gene
Published: October 2006

A retrospective analysis of 268 trauma patients with facial fractures who received computed tomography of the head was undertaken to assess an association with skull base fractures.

The incidence of skull base fracture was compared to facial fractures of various anatomic locations. Skull base fractures were significantly increased in orbital wall/rim fractures (36.0%, P = .0823). In contrast, skull base fractures related to orbital floor (27.3%, P = .6191) and maxillary/zygomatic (29.4%, P = .1148) fractures were not significantly greater and were infrequently seen with mandible (4.0%, P = .0454) and nasal (7.7%, P = .0345) fractures. The incidence of skull base fracture was directly associated with the number of facial fractures per patient; one facial fracture (21.0%), two facial fractures (30.4%), and three or more facial fractures (33.3%) (P<.05).

The incidence of skull base fractures was related to the location of facial fractures and the number of facial fractures per patient. The results provide additional clinical information to facilitate the prompt detection and diagnoses of skull base fracture.
Ventricular dysphonia: A profile of 40 cases
Authors: Von Doersten Peter G. , Izdebski Krzysztof , Ross Joel C. , Cruz Raul M.
Published: October 2006

Ventricular dysphonia is a poorly understood disorder involving ventricular fold participation during phonation. A population of ventricular dysphonia patients was evaluated using phonatory function studies such as laryngovideostroboscopy, advanced acoustic analysis, and electroglottography to identify shared epidemiologic characteristics and to discuss possible neuromuscular mechanisms and causes. Forty patients with ventricular dysphonia were studied and epidemiologic, acoustic, and histologic data were analyzed. In almost all cases, the authors found abnormalities affecting the glottis caused by a related medical condition. The abnormalities included true vocal cord (TVC) aperiodicity in 100% of the patients, TVC asymmetry in 65%, a laryngeal mass or foreign body (usually Teflon®) in 35%, TVC erythema or edema in 32.5%, and TVC bowing in 22.5%. Ventricular dysphonia seems to be primarily a compensatory mechanism for glottic dysfunction. Therapy is based on identifying and correcting the underlying abnormalities. Laryngovideostroboscopy is a particularly important tool in examining chronic dysphonia.
Systemic Hyalinosis: A Distinctive Early Childhood–Onset Disorder Characterized by Mutations in the Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Gene (ANTRX2)
Authors: Shieh Joseph T.C. , Swidler Petra , Martignetti John A. , Ramirez Maria Celeste M. , Balboni Imelda , Kaplan Julie , Kennedy Jeanette , Abdul-Rahman Omar , Enns Gregory M. , Sandborg Christy , Slavotinek Anne , Hoyme H. Eugene
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. We sought to further characterize the phenotype and facilitate clinical recognition of systemic hyalinosis in children who present with chronic pain and progressive contractures in early childhood.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We report on 3 children who presented in infancy with symptoms and signs that initially were not recognized to be those of systemic hyalinosis. Although the children were evaluated for a variety of problems, including lysosomal storage disorders and nonaccidental trauma, all eventually underwent genetic analysis of the anthrax toxin receptor 2 gene (ANTRX2) and were diagnosed as having systemic hyalinosis.

RESULTS. We describe the recognizable but variable clinical phenotype of systemic hyalinosis and associated mutations in ANTRX2. Affected individuals presented in early infancy with severe pain and progressive contractures. Initial diagnostic evaluations were unrevealing; however, hyperpigmented skin over bony prominences, skin nodules, and fleshy perianal masses suggested a diagnosis of systemic hyalinosis. ANTRX2 analysis confirmed the diagnosis in each case. Although 2 of the children died in infancy as a result of complications of chronic diarrhea, the third child has survived into midchildhood. These data suggest that some ANTRX2 mutations, such as that identified in the long-term survivor, may be associated with a less severe course of disease.

CONCLUSIONS. Although some aspects of systemic hyalinosis may resemble lysosomal storage disorders, the clinical features of systemic hyalinosis are distinctive, and detection of an ANTRX2 mutation can confirm the diagnosis. Early recognition of affected individuals should allow for aggressive pain control and expectant management of the multiple associated problems, including gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Significant climate change of extreme rainfall in Denmark
Authors: Arnbjerg-Nielsen K.
Published: October 2006

During recent years, practitioners of urban drainage have complained that they felt that surcharging occurred more frequently. Therefore, a study was initiated focussing on the variations in extreme rainfall during the last two decades. In Denmark, a total of 41 rain gauges with a high resolution in time and volume have an observation period close to 20 years. The rainfall observed at these gauges was selected for this study. Three variables were analysed for statistically significant trends during the observation period: Maximum average 10 min intensity, maximum average 6 h intensity and the total volume of individual rain events. For the 10 min maximum intensity there is a statistically significant trend towards more extreme and more frequently occurring rain storms. The trend is pronounced in the eastern part of the country and below statistically significant levels in the western part of the country. For the 6 h maximum intensity and total volume of events the trends are less pronounced. The findings are confirmed by comparison to physically based climate models and studies based on large regions.
Comparison of numerical and experimental simulations of a flood in a dense urban area
Authors: Mignot E. , Paquier A. , Ishigaki T.
Published: October 2006

Although various numerical methods were used to simulate real floods occurring in cities, the validation of the models was never accurate because of the lack of data about location and event description and about observation for validation. In order to check the capacities of our 2-dimensional shallow water equations model to simulate an urban flood, we then decided to simulate numerically an experimental event with well known characteristics and accurate flow measurements. The physical model presented in (Ishigaki et al., 2003) represents the flooding of the city center of Kyoto in Japan due to an overflow from the Kamo river. The 2-dimensional numerical simulation of this event was then set up and the experimental and computed data were compared. It appears that the event was calculated quite fairly in terms of flow depth and flow rates in the streets and in terms of timing. However, some discrepancies appear between the measurements and the numerical results, mostly due to some topographical local uncertainties and to the capacities of the equations to model the complex flows in the crossroads.
Assessment of uncertainties in the modelling of CSOs
Authors: García-Salas J.C. , Chocat B.
Published: October 2006

Engineers generally use simulation tools such as SWMM, MOUSE, HYDROWORKS, etc. to simulate the operation of sewer systems. Equations used by these models to represent the hydraulics of sewer systems are well known as well as their performance. Thus assessment of the performance needs to suppose that the user is an expert who is able to describe each facility in the most accurate way according to the model. In Western Europe, important parts of sewer systems are old and combined structures. Such structures very often include very complicated special structures, especially within CSO facilities. Experience shows that the performance limits of the models do not rely on the accuracy of the equations, but on the ability of the modeller to describe these special structures properly. The objective of this research is to assess the part of errors and uncertainties which originate from modellers' inconsistencies in the description of special structures. Even if the results are obtained with specific software (CANOE), results can easily be generalised to other models, since the equations used (Barré de Saint Venant, etc.) are almost the same.
Hydrologic regionalisation impacts on wet-weather control selection
Authors: Huber W.C. , Wells W.J. , Besaw I.K. , Leisenring M.A.
Published: October 2006

Continuous simulation is performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to evaluate regional differences around the United States in hydrologic and water quality performance of wet-weather controls. Controls are characterised as being limited by peak inflow rate (i.e. any device with little or no storage, such as screens, filters and some proprietary devices) or by storage capacity (e.g. ponds, tanks). For flow-limited devices, results are presented in the form of percentage of annual runoff volume captured (passing through the device) for a given inflow capacity. For storage-limited devices, results are presented in two forms: percentage of annual runoff volume captured as a function of unit basin size and drawdown (drain) time, and as a percentage of total suspended solids captured, for the same two variables. Regional differences are apparent, driven mainly by variations in rainfall patterns around the country.
Alcohol‐aggression expectancies and dispositional aggression moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related violence
Authors: Barnwell Sara Smucker , Borders Ashley , Earleywine Mitch
Published: October 2006

Alcohol consumption increases aggression, but only in some drinkers. This study examines how expectancies for alcohol‐induced aggression and dispositional aggression moderate the link between alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related violence, building on previous studies that have employed limited measures of alcohol‐related violence and included few women. A sample of 212 men and women reported their alcohol consumption, alcohol‐aggression expectancies, dispositional aggression, and incidents of alcohol‐related aggressive acts. Alcohol‐aggression expectancies and quantity of alcohol consumed interacted to predict alcohol‐related aggression. Alcohol‐aggression expectancies covaried with alcohol‐related aggressive acts, particularly in heavier drinkers. Dispositional aggression also correlated with alcohol‐related aggression among heavier drinkers. These results help identify that alcohol might increase aggression only among heavy drinkers who expect alcohol to increase aggression or who are dispositionally aggressive. Aggr. Behav. 32:517–527, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.