bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of roost specialization on extinction risk in bats
Authors: Sagot Maria , Chaverri Gloriana
Published: June 2015

Understanding causes and consequences of ecological specialization is of major concern in conservation. Specialist species are particularly vulnerable to human activities. If their food or habitats are depleted or lost, they may not be able to exploit alternative resources, and population losses may result. We examined International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List bat data and the number of roosts used per species (accounting for phylogenetic independence) to determine whether roost specialization is correlated with extinction risk. We found a significant correlation between the IUCN Red List category and the number of roost types used. Species that use fewer roost types had a higher risk of extinction. We found that caves and similar structures were the most widely used roost types, particularly by species under some level of risk of extinction. Many critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable species used natural roosts exclusively, whereas less threatened species used natural and human‐made roosts. Our results suggest that roost loss, particularly in species that rely on a single roost type, may be linked to extinction risk. Our focus on a single life history trait prevented us from determining how important this variable is for extinction risk relative to other variables, but we have taken a first step toward prioritizing conservation actions. Our results also suggest that roost specialization may exacerbate population declines due to other risk factors, such as hunting pressure or habitat loss, and thus that management actions to preserve species under risk of extinction should prioritize protection of roosting sites.
Patch test results with fragrance markers of the baseline series – analysis of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) network 2009–2012
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Duus Johansen Jeanne , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise A. , Silvestre Juan F. , Sánchez‐Pérez Javier , Weisshaar Elke , Uter Wolfgang ,   (on behalf of the ESSCA network)
Published: June 2015

Background

Contact allergy to fragrances is common, and impairs quality of life, particularly in young women.

Objective

To provide current results on the prevalences of sensitization to fragrance allergens used as markers in the baseline series of most European countries.

Methods

Data of patients consecutively patch tested between 2009 and 2012 in 12 European countries with fragrance allergens contained in the baseline series were collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies network and descriptively analysed. Four departments used the TRUE Test® system.

Results

The ‘basic markers’ were tested on 51 477 [fragrance mix II (FM II)] to 57 123 [Myroxylon pereirae, balsam of Peru] patients, and yielded positive reactions as follows: fragrance mix I 6.9%, Myroxylon pereirae 5.4%, FM II 3.8%, colophonium 2.6%, and hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde 1.7%, with some regional differences. Prevalences with TRUE Test® allergens were lower. Additional fragrances were tested on 3643 (trimethylbenzenepropanol) to 14 071 (oil of turpentine) patients, and yielded between 2.6% (Cananga odorata) and 0.7% (trimethylbenzenepropanol) positive reactions.

Conclusions

Contact allergy to fragrances is common throughout Europe, with regional variation probably being explained by patch test technique, and differences in exposure and referral patterns. The current basic markers of fragrance sensitivity in the baseline series should be supplemented with additional fragrance allergens.
Albuterol inhalation increases FeNO level in steroid‐naive asthmatics but not COPD patients with reversibility
Authors: Zhao Haijin , Li Rui , LV Yanhua , Dong Hangming , Yao Lihong , Wu Yue , Xiao Guanhua , Cai Shaoxi
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been used as a marker of airway inflammation. Airway caliber is related to the level of FeNO in asthmatics.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate whether airway obstruction could interfere with real FENO levels and if different FeNO changes after albuterol inhalation could assist in distinguishing asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

FeNO and spirometry measurements were performed before and after albuterol inhalation in the following three patient groups: 30 steroid‐naive asthmatics, 25 asthmatics inhaling corticosteroids/long‐acting β(2)‐adrenergic agonists for at least 1 month and 20 COPD patients. Bronchodilator test (BDT) results were positive in all patients enrolled. The correlations among FeNO levels, pulmonary function and sputum eosinophil counts were analyzed.

Results

FeNO increased significantly after albuterol inhalation in steroid‐naive asthmatics but not in ICS‐treated asthmatics or COPD patients. The FeNO levels demonstrated no significant correlation with spirometry results or sputum eosinophil counts before or after inhaling bronchodilator in all three groups. Both the levels of FeNO and changes in FENO after albuterol inhalation in steroid‐naive asthma patients were higher than those in ICS‐treated asthmatics and COPD patients (P < 0.001). The differences remained after proper adjustment for confounding factors (gender, age, smoking pack‐years, ICS‐treated and pulmonary function index).

Conclusions

Our results support the role of FeNO in differentiating asthmatics from COPD patients with positive BDT. FeNO detection after albuterol inhalation should be encouraged in steroid‐naive asthma patients with airway obstruction.
Longitudinal relations among exuberance, externalizing behaviors, and attentional bias to reward: the mediating role of effortful control
Authors: Morales Santiago , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Buss Kristin
Published: June 2015

The present study examined the associations between temperamental exuberance during toddlerhood (20 months), attention bias towards reward at the end of kindergarten (76 months), and externalizing behaviors across the kindergarten year. Moreover, we examined the role of effortful control at 48 months on the relation between early exuberance and attention bias. Attention bias towards reward was positively predicted by exuberance, negatively predicted by effortful control, and positively related to externalizing problems. Finally, the longitudinal path between exuberance and attention bias to reward was mediated by effortful control – such that higher toddler exuberance led to increased attention bias towards reward by way of lower effortful control. These results extend the attention bias and socioemotional functioning literature and have implications for the identification of children at risk for behavioral problems.
Ecclesiology and Missiology: Reflections on Two Recent Documents from the World Council of Churches
Authors: Bevans Stephen
Published: June 2015

In 2013 the World Council of Churches published two important documents, one on the church and one on mission. Beginning with the conviction that ecclesiology has to be missiological and missiology ecclesiological, this article reads each document from the basic perspective of the other. This reading is followed by a constructive critique from the author's perspective as a Roman Catholic missionary ecclesiologist.
Missional Congregations as Public Companions with God in Global Civil Society: Vocational Imagination and Spiritual Presence
Authors: Simpson Gary M.
Published: June 2015

This article explores the intersection of missional ecclesiology and civil society studies and proposes that the Holy Spirit is calling emerging missional congregations to the vocation of public companions with God in global civil society. This congregational vocation of public companion entails four dimensions of missional congregations’ spiritual presence within civil society: perichoretic communion, prophetic speech, sapiential wisdom, and pacific action.
Reign of God, Trinity, or Promise? Alternative Missiological Keys for Engaging Religious Pluralism
Authors: Kääriäinen Jukka
Published: June 2015

The fact of religious pluralism demands a theological response. Recent models for engaging religious pluralism overcome the shortcomings of traditional models. However, they inadequately address the categories of sin and divine hiddenness, while struggling to articulate a coherent relationship between dialogue and proclamation. The classic Lutheran tradition offers three fruitful resources (the gospel as promise, the law/gospel distinction, and the hiddenness of God) for engaging religious pluralism and balancing interreligious dialogue and gospel proclamation.
Mission of the Church Under Pressure—An Orthodox Perspective
Authors: Dumitraşcu Nicu
Published: June 2015

Mission always has focused on the constituent elements of the church, which are an intrinsic part of the church's very existence. Mission therefore is defined directly in relation to evangelism. This study aims to present briefly two of the today's missionary challenges from an Orthodox perspective. The first is how to preserve cultural and religious identity in a polymorphic society in all aspects, and how to eliminate the risk of confusing it with an ideology. The second refers to the missionary dimension of monasticism and the efficiency of the professional practice of the spiritual competences.
Emotional and behavioural problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chandler Susie , Howlin Patricia , Simonoff Emily , O'Sullivan Tony , Tseng Evelin , Kennedy Juliet , Charman Tony , Baird Gillian
Published: June 2015

Aim

To assess the frequency, pervasiveness, associated features, and persistence of emotional and behavioural problems in a community sample of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method

Parents (n=277) and teachers (n=228) of 4‐ to 8‐year‐olds completed the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC). Intellectual ability and autism symptomatology were also assessed. A subsample repeated the DBC.

Results

Three‐quarters of the cohort scored above the clinical cut‐off on the Developmental Behaviour Checklist Primary Carer Version (DBC‐P) questionnaire; almost two‐thirds of these scored above cut‐off on the Developmental Behaviour Checklist Teacher Version (DBC‐T) questionnaire. In 81%, problems persisted above threshold 14 months later. Higher DBC‐P scores were associated with greater autism symptomatology, higher deprivation index, parental unemployment, and more children in the home but not with parental education or ethnicity, or child's age or sex. Children with IQ>70 scored higher for disruptive behaviour, depression, and anxiety symptoms; those with IQ<70 scored higher for self‐absorption and hyperactivity.

Interpretation

The DBC identifies a range of additional behaviour problems that are common in ASD and which could be the focus for specific intervention. The results highlight the potential benefit of systematic screening for co‐existing problems.
Prognosis of new‐onset heart failure outpatients and collagen biomarkers
Authors: Sanchis Laura , Andrea Rut , Falces Carles , Llopis Jaume , Morales‐Ruiz Manuel , López‐Sobrino Teresa , Pérez‐Villa Félix , Sitges Marta , Sabate Manel , Brugada Josep
Published: June 2015

Background

Prognosis of heart failure patients has been defined in hospital‐based or retrospective studies. This study aimed to characterize prognosis of outpatients with new‐onset preserved or reduced ejection fraction heart failure; to explore the role of collagen turnover biomarkers (MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1) in predicting prognosis; and to analyse their relationship with echocardiographic parameters and final diagnosis.

Methods

This is an observational, prospective, longitudinal study. Outpatients with new‐onset heart failure symptoms referred to a one‐stop clinic were included. Echocardiography and biomarkers plasma levels determination were performed at the inclusion. A prospective follow‐up was conducted to report cardiovascular events. The discriminant analysis was applied to identify the parameters related to cardiovascular outcomes.

Results

A total of 172 patients (75 ± 9 years) were included, 67% with heart failure (64% preserved and 36% with reduced ejection fraction). During follow‐up (median 34·5 months), 32·6% had at least one cardiovascular event and 9·9% died. Heart failure groups showed no differences in cardiovascular outcomes with a higher rate of events than nonheart failure patients. MMP2 and TIMP1 were correlated with diastolic dysfunction (Rho 0·349 and 0·294, P < 0·001). In the discriminant analysis, the combination of biomarkers with clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic parameters was useful to predict cardiovascular outcomes (AUC ROC 0·806, Wilks lambda 0·7688, P < 0·001).

Conclusions

Prognosis of outpatients with new‐onset heart failure symptoms is comparable between heart failure with preserved or reduced subgroups. The addition of biomarkers specially MMP2 and high sensitive troponin I to other clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic variables can predict cardiovascular prognosis at the time of diagnosis.
Keratitis and periocular lesions associated with equine herpesvirus‐3 in a 3‐month‐old filly
Authors: Barba M. , Stewart A. J. , Shrader S. M. , Koehler J. W. , Johnson A. K. , Caldwell F. J.
Published: June 2015

A 3‐month‐old Quarter Horse filly presented with corneal ulceration in the right eye with extensive coalescing periocular ulcerations, erosions, and cutaneous crusts. Similar periocular lesions were present around the left eye, on the gingival mucosa, and on the cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of the lips. Based on the severity of the filly's corneal lesions, expense and duration of treatment, euthanasia was elected. Histological post mortem examination revealed numerous hyperplastic and/or dysplastic epithelial cells adjacent to areas of ulceration and erosion with intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. Equine herpesvirus‐3 (EHV‐3) was identified by polymerase chain reaction from the right cornea and lip. The virus was isolated from the right cornea, right eyelid and lip. The dam presented with multifocal to coalescing perineal vesicles. EHV‐3 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from the vulvar lesions and the mare recovered spontaneously. This is the first case of EHV‐3 corneal infection reported in horses and emphasises that EHV‐3 should be included as a differential diagnosis for vesicular lesions involving the equine periocular and oronasal epithelium.
Diversity and evolution of Ty1‐copia retroelements within Chalcidoidea by reverse transcriptase domain analysis
Authors: Xiong T.‐L. , Xiao J.‐H. , Li Y.‐X. , Bian S.‐N. , Huang D.‐W.
Published: June 2015

Ty1‐copia retrotransposons are widespread and diverse in insects. Some features of their hosts, such as mating and genetic systems, are predicted to influence the spread of selfish genetic elements like Ty1‐copia. Using part of the reverse transcriptase gene as a reference, we experimentally surveyed Ty1‐copia elements in eight species of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), and performed an in silico analysis of six available genomes of chalcid wasps. Contrary to initial expectations that selfish elements such as Ty1‐copia would be purged from the genomes of these species because of inbreeding and haplodiploidy, almost all of these wasps harbour an abundance of diverse Ty1‐copia elements. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the families of Ty1‐copia elements found in these species have had a long association with their chalcid hosts. These results suggest an evolutionary scenario in which there was ancestral polymorphism followed by some taxa‐specific events including stochastic loss and further diversification. Furthermore, estimating natural selection within the internal and terminal portions of the Ty1‐copia phylogenies demonstrated that the elements are under strong evolutionary constraints for their long‐term survival, but evolve like pseudogenes in the short term, accompanied by the rise and fall of parasitic elements in the history of wasp lineage.
Population Projections and Demographic Knowledge in France and Great Britain in the Postwar Period
Authors: Marshall Emily A.
Published: June 2015

This study examines how official national population projections—a key mechanism for the production and dissemination of demographic knowledge—contributed to differing interpretations of population and fertility trends in France and Great Britain in the decades following World War II, despite these countries' similar fertility rates during most of this period. Projections presented different visions of the demographic future in the two countries. In France, publication of multiple variants emphasized future contingency, with low variants illustrating future population decline due to prolonged below‐replacement fertility. In Britain, publication of a single variant, assuming near‐replacement‐level fertility rates, projected moderate growth. National population projections thus created divergent representations of the two countries' demographic futures: an ever‐present threat of population decline in France, and a reassuring image of stability in Britain. Two principal mechanisms that contributed to cross‐national differences in population projections—national demographic history and institutional configurations—are discussed.
Could Pronatalist Policies Discourage Childbearing?
Authors: Botev Nikolai
Published: June 2015

This article builds on research in psychology, economics, and other fields, suggesting that, under certain conditions, extrinsic incentives could undermine intrinsic motivation, producing results opposite to those originally intended. It explores the relevance of these findings for population policies and particularly for pronatalist measures, and argues that reproductive behavior is intrinsically motivated, thus potentially subject to having the intrinsic motivation for childbearing adversely affected by policy interventions. Specifically, it examines whether, when, and how the contingency, universe, adequacy, and other aspects of pronatalist incentives could affect childbearing motivation. For example, parity‐targeted incentives seeking to compel higher fertility could be perceived as controlling and undermine that motivation. Conversely, policies seeking to facilitate combining work and family responsibilities could strengthen the intrinsic motivation for childbearing.
Breeding for better eye health in Finnish blue fox (Vulpes lagopus)
Authors: Kempe R. , Strandén I.
Published: June 2015

The frequency of eye infections in the Finnish blue fox population has increased during the past decade. Eye infection may incur economic losses to producers due to reduced selection intensity, but ethical aspects need to be considered as well because eye infection can be quite painful and reduce animal well‐being. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for genetic selection against susceptibility to eye infection. The data were collected from 2076 blue foxes at the MTT fur animal research station. Genetic parameters were estimated using single‐ and multiple‐trait animal models. The heritability estimate for eye infection was analysed as a binary trait (EYE) and was moderate (0.24 ± 0.07). EYE had a moderate antagonistic genetic correlation (–0.49 ± 0.20) with grading density (thick underfur). The genetic correlation of EYE with grading size or body condition score was estimated without precision, but all size traits had a low antagonistic phenotypic correlation with EYE. Our results suggest that there is genetic variance in susceptibility to EYE, indicating that eye health can be improved through selection. The current recommendation is that the sick animals should be culled immediately. If more efficient selection is needed, the selection index and multiple‐trait animal models can be applied in breeding for better eye health.
Stent length is impact factor associated with stent patency in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy
Authors: Ogura Takeshi , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Sano Tatsushi , Onda Saori , Imoto Akira , Masuda Daisuke , Takagi Wataru , Fukunishi Shinya , Higuchi Kazuhide
Published: June 2015

Background and study aim:

Despite high technical and functional success rates with endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS‐HGS), rates of adverse events have also been high. No reports have focused on EUS‐HGS alone with a large sample size about predictors of stent patency. The present study examined predictors of stent patency in patients who underwent EUS‐HGS.

Patients and methods:

The consecutive 51 patients who underwent EUS‐HGS using one metallic stent were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Baseline characteristics, stent length from the hepatic portion and in the luminal portion, kinds of stent dysfunction, and stent patency were reviewed.

Results:

Median duration of stent patency was significantly shorter with stent length in the luminal portion <3 cm (52 days) than with ≥3 cm (195 days; P < 0.01). On the other hand, median duration of stent patency did not differ significantly between ≥4 cm (194 days) and <4 cm (127 days; P = 0.1726). Length of stent in the luminal portion ≥3 cm (Hazard ration [HR], 9.242; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.255–26.244, P < 0.05) and performance of chemotherapy (HR, 3.022; 95% CI, 1.448–6.304, P < 0.05) were also associated with long stent patency on the Cox proportional hazards model.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, to obtain long‐term stent patency, our data suggest that a stent length ≥3 cm in the luminal portion may be suitable for EUS‐HGS.
Current challenges for explaining (ultra)high‐pressure tectonism in the Pennine domain of the Central and Western Alps
Authors: Schenker F. L. , Schmalholz S. M. , Moulas E. , Pleuger J. , Baumgartner L. P. , Podladchikov Y. , Vrijmoed J. , Buchs N. , Müntener O.
Published: June 2015

The Pennine domain of the Central and Western (PCW) Alps, including the Dora‐Maira, Monte Rosa, Gran Paradiso, Adula/Cima Lunga nappes and the Zermatt‐Saas zone underwent ultrahigh‐ or high‐pressure [(U)HP >1.5 GPa] metamorphism during the Alpine orogeny. We review structural, petrological and geochronological data for the (U)HP units in the PCW Alps (i) to clarify the relationship between (U)HP metamorphism and deformation, (ii) to confront published exhumation models for the (U)HP units with the reviewed data and (iii) to evaluate consequences of different pre‐Alpine paleogeographic settings (Penrose‐type ocean v. hyperextended margins) on the Alpine orogeny. The review indicates that (i) peak pressures are recorded only in minor volumes of the corresponding tectonic nappes; (ii) (U)HP rocks occur within coherent and imbricate thrust sheets which show substantial pressure jumps; (iii) peak pressures are mostly associated with a top‐to‐the‐foreland kinematics; (iv) decompression from (U)HP (4 to >1.5 GPa) to greenschist or amphibolite facies (~1 GPa) metamorphic conditions was fast (< c. 2 Ma); and (v) accreted fragments of the Alpine–Tethyan basins reflect Mesozoic hyperextended margins rather than mature Penrose‐type oceans. The comparison of these characteristics with numerical exhumation models suggests that exhumation of (U)HP rocks by buoyancy‐driven return flow within a subduction channel under near‐lithostatic pressure is unlikely because (i) models predict volumes of (U)HP rocks that are more than an order of magnitude larger as observed in the PCW Alps and (ii) the required top‐to‐the‐hinterland (U)HP kinematics in the hangingwall of (U)HP units has not been observed until now. Also, the buoyancy‐driven exhumation of the individual crustal (U)HP units within weak (≤1019 Pa s) and denser (> ~3180 kg m−3) rocks is questionable, because there is no evidence of such rocks around the (U)HP units. An alternative model, which could explain the main characteristics of the (U)HP units in the PCW Alps, is an orogenic wedge model that (i) involves dynamic stresses deviating from lithostatic pressure and (ii) is formed during the convergence of hyperextended margins. Deviations of dynamic stresses from the lithostatic pressure and local pressure variations cannot be excluded during the Alpine orogeny, but these deviations and variations have not been clearly identified until now.
Tectonic overpressure and underpressure in lithospheric tectonics and metamorphism
Authors: Gerya T.
Published: June 2015

The lithostatic pressure concept is most commonly applied on a geological scale for lithospheric processes and related evolution of metamorphic rock complexes. Here, various aspects of non‐lithostatic overpressure and underpressure phenomena in lithospheric tectonics and metamorphism are reviewed on the basis of recently published literature. The main conclusion from this short review is that these phenomena certainly exist in nature on all time and space scales including geological ones. They are, in particular, responsible for some geological processes, which are otherwise difficult to explain, such as downward water suction into the interior of subducting slabs. Magnitudes of overpressure and underpressure are strongly variable and may potentially reach up to ±100% of the lithostatic pressure and up to a GPa‐level. These magnitudes depend mainly on the rheology of deforming rocks and on the nature of related tectonic process. Rheological heterogeneity of deforming rock units, which is common in nature, has a tendency to enhance overpressure and underpressures. Large overpressure can typically be expected in rheologically strong (dry) bending rock units, in particular in the mantle lithosphere. However, rheological weakness of rocks and small local deviatoric stresses do not guarantee the absence of large overpressures in these rocks. Therefore, the influence of significant tectonic overpressure and/or underpressure cannot be excluded for any metamorphic complex a priori but should be instead tested by exploring realistic thermomechanical models for envisaged tectono‐metamorphic scenarios. Many lithospheric rocks subjected to large overpressures and underpressures cannot be studied as they do not exhume to the surface. Some controversy exists concerning overpressure magnitudes for the ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks and several conflicting hypotheses are proposed, which need to be thoroughly tested in the future. In this respect, the Alpine region may offer a unique opportunity for the testing of geological‐scale overpressures in (U)HP rocks by combining structural‐geological and petrological data with realistic lithospheric‐scale numerical modelling.
Interaction of fentanyl with various cyclodextrins in aqueous solutions
Authors: Ogawa Noriko , Furuishi Takayuki , Nagase Hiromasa , Endo Tomohiro , Takahashi Chisato , Yamamoto Hiromitsu , Kawashima Yoshiaki , Loftsson Thorsteinn , Kobayashi Masaru , Ueda Haruhisa
Published: June 2015

Objectives

Water-soluble fentanyl citrate salt has been used in sublingual or buccal formulations for the breakthrough pain treatment. However, fentanyl absorption through the lipid mucosal membrane may be improved by enhancing the non-ionic lipophilic fentanyl base solubility. Therefore, the interaction between cyclodextrins (CDs) and fentanyl base has been evaluated to obtain basic information for its application.

Methods

Parent CDs (α-, β- and γ-CD) as well as α- and β-CD derivatives were used for solubility studies with fentanyl base. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies were applied in a system including β-CD or glucosyl-β-CD (G1-β-CD) with fentanyl base or fentanyl citrate. 1H- and 13C-NMR studies and a two-dimensional rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) study were conducted to confirm inclusion complexes formation.

Key findings

Parent CDs displayed BS type phase solubility diagrams; β-CD exhibited a strong interaction with fentanyl base. Hydrophilic β-CD derivatives, such as G1-β-CD, displayed AL type phase diagrams and higher solubilizing effects compared with parent CDs. ROESY study suggested that fentanyl phenyl groups were included in β-CD cavity.

Conclusions

This study revealed that hydrophilic β-CD derivatives, such as G1-β-CD, could be useful pharmaceutical additives for oral mucosal formulations because of the improved fentanyl base solubility via inclusion complexation.
Resveratrol mediates therapeutic hepatic effects in acquired and genetic murine models of iron‐overload
Authors: Das Subhash K. , DesAulniers Jessica , Dyck Jason R. B. , Kassiri Zamaneh , Oudit Gavin Y.
Published: June 2015

Background & Aims

Abnormal iron metabolism and hepatic iron‐overload is a major cause of liver injury and in the development of chronic liver diseases. Iron‐overload‐mediated liver disease leads to end‐stage cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

Using a genetic hemochromatosis (hemojuvelin knockout mice) and non‐genetic (secondary iron‐overload) murine models of hepatic iron‐overload, we elucidated the mechanism of hepatic iron injury and the therapeutic effects of resveratrol.

Results

Hepatic iron‐overload was associated with hepatosplenomegaly, increased oxidative stress, hepatic fibrosis, and inflammation, and a pro‐apoptotic state which was markedly corrected by resveratrol therapy. Importantly our aging studies with the hemojuvelin knockout mice showed advanced liver disease in association with steatosis in the absence of a diabetic state which recapitulates the essential pathological features seen in clinical iron‐overload. Chronic hepatic iron‐overload showed increased nuclear localization of acetylated Forkhead fox‐O‐1 (FoxO1) transcription factor whereas resveratrol dietary intervention reversed the acetylation of FoxO1 in association with increased SIRT1 levels which together with its pleotropic antioxidant properties are likely key mechanisms of its therapeutic action. Importantly, resveratrol treatment did not affect the degree of hepatic iron‐overload but rather direct protects the liver from iron‐mediated injury.

Conclusions

Our findings illustrate a novel and definitive therapeutic action of resveratrol and represent an economically feasible therapeutic intervention to treat hepatic iron‐overload and liver disease.
Foraging a new trail with northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus): Lactating seals from islands with contrasting population dynamics have different foraging strategies, and forage at scales previously unrecognized by GPS interpolated dive data
Authors: Battaile Brian C. , Nordstrom Chad A. , Liebsch Nikolai , Trites Andrew W.
Published: June 2015

We reconstructed the foraging tracks of lactating northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from two eastern Bering Sea islands (St. Paul Island and Bogoslof Island) using linear interpolation between GPS locations recorded at a maximum of four times per hour and compared it to tri‐axial accelerometer and magnetometer data collected at 16 Hz to reconstruct pseudotracks between the GPS fixes. The high‐resolution data revealed distances swum per foraging trip were much greater than the distances calculated using linearly interpolated GPS tracks (1.5 times further for St. Paul fur seals and 1.9 times further for Bogoslof fur seals). First passage time metrics calculated from the high resolution data revealed that the optimal scale at which the seals searched for prey was 500 m (radius of circle searched) for fur seals from St. Paul Island that went off‐shelf, and 50 m for fur seals from Bogoslof Island and surprisingly, 50 m for fur seals from St. Paul that foraged on‐shelf. These area‐restricted search scales were significantly smaller than those calculated from GPS data alone (12 km for St. Paul and 6 km for Bogoslof) indicating that higher resolution movement data can reveal novel information about foraging behaviors that have important ecological implications.
Primary intraventricular oligodendroglioma: A case report of the usefulness of Olig2 immunohistochemistry for diagnosis
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroaki , Yoshida Yasuhisa
Published: June 2015

Primary intraventricular oligodendroglioma (IVO) is a rare form of clear cell neoplasm and diagnosis is challenging because other clear cell neoplasms such as central neurocytoma must be ruled out. We report a case of primary IVO in which Olig2 immunohistochemistry was useful for the diagnosis. A 33‐year‐old man was admitted to our hospital with severe headaches due to an intraventricular mass lesion and underwent total resection of the mass lesion. The histological diagnosis was oligodendroglioma because the tumor was negative for synaptophysin and positive for Olig2. IVO is rare and differential diagnoses must be considered. The correct pathologic diagnosis is essential for anticipating the prognosis and selecting adjuvant therapy. In this case, Olig2 was useful for the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma.
Genome‐wide patterns of recombination, linkage disequilibrium and nucleotide diversity from pooled resequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping unlock the evolutionary history of Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Silva‐Junior Orzenil B. , Grattapaglia Dario
Published: June 2015

We used high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data and whole‐genome pooled resequencing to examine the landscape of population recombination (ρ) and nucleotide diversity (ϴw), assess the extent of linkage disequilibrium (r2) and build the highest density linkage maps for Eucalyptus.

At the genome‐wide level, linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed within c. 4–6 kb, slower than previously reported from candidate gene studies, but showing considerable variation from absence to complete LD up to 50 kb. A sharp decrease in the estimate of ρ was seen when going from short to genome‐wide inter‐SNP distances, highlighting the dependence of this parameter on the scale of observation adopted. Recombination was correlated with nucleotide diversity, gene density and distance from the centromere, with hotspots of recombination enriched for genes involved in chemical reactions and pathways of the normal metabolic processes.

The high nucleotide diversity (ϴw = 0.022) of E. grandis revealed that mutation is more important than recombination in shaping its genomic diversity (ρ/ϴw = 0.645). Chromosome‐wide ancestral recombination graphs allowed us to date the split of E. grandis (1.7–4.8 million yr ago) and identify a scenario for the recent demographic history of the species.

Our results have considerable practical importance to Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), while indicating bright prospects for genomic prediction of complex phenotypes in eucalypt breeding.
AUTONOMY AND REREGULATION: EXPLAINING DYNAMICS IN THE FLEMISH SOCIAL HOUSING SECTOR
Authors: VAN DOOREN WOUTER , VOETS JORIS , WINTERS SIEN
Published: June 2015

The autonomy of implementing agencies often seems to trigger reregulation of those agencies. Reregulation has two dimensions: the layering of different control mechanisms and the growth of the rules within those layers. Using a case study of social housing in Belgium, we explain the tendency to reregulate once autonomy is provided. We attribute the layering of rules to a conflict regarding oversight between the established legal profession and an ascending management profession. Crozier's vicious circle of bureaucratization helps to explain the growth of regulation within layers. The legal culture of the Rechtsstaat is a catalyst for both professional competition and bureaucratization.
Effect of preterm birth on growth and cardiovascular disease risk at school age
Authors: Inomata Satomi , Yoshida Taketoshi , Koura Uta , Tamura Kentaro , Hatasaki Kiyoshi , Imamura Hiroaki , Mase Daisuke , Kigawa Mika , Adachi Yuichi , Inadera Hidekuni
Published: June 2015

Background

Low birthweight is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life, but whether premature birth is also a risk factor for CVD has not been fully determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between gestational age and risk factors for CVD at school age.

Methods

Using medical check‐up data of school children, the relationship between gestational age and height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, and lipid profiles at ages 9 and 12 years were investigated in children born preterm and admitted to neonatal intensive care unit at birth (n = 182; 115 boys and 67 girls). These data were also compared between preterm small for gestational age (SGA) children and preterm appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children.

Results

Gestational age was positively associated with height, and inversely associated with systolic blood pressure at school age. Preterm SGA children were significantly shorter and lighter at 9 and 12 years of age compared with preterm AGA children, but there were no significant differences in any CVD risk factors between the groups.

Conclusions

In preterm infants, a shorter duration of gestation is associated with higher systolic blood pressure at school age.
Credentialing Public Health Nurses: Current Issues and Next Steps Forward
Authors: Vandenhouten Christine L. , DeVance‐Wilson Crystal L. , Little Barbara Battin
Published: June 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this descriptive, cross‐sectional study was to identify Public Health Nurses' (PHN) perceived motivators and barriers to seeking PHN board certification.

Design and Sample

In collaboration with the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations, PHNs from across the United States were invited to complete the PHN Certification Survey, a 14‐item online questionnaire.

Measures

A total of 912 surveys were completed.

Results

PHNs were motivated to seek PHN board certification by three overarching categories: professional competence, personal satisfaction, and financial incentives. Frequently cited barriers to certification were lack of knowledge of certification opportunities, being unaware of eligibility criteria, cost, perceived lack of value/reward by employer, and preparation time.

Conclusions

Demonstrating a highly educated, competent, and reliable PHN workforce can only be achieved through ongoing professional development and credentialing. PH stakeholders (i.e., PHN organizations, employers, PHNs, etc.) need a strategic approach to address the main barriers to certification identified in this study (a) awareness of certification and eligibility criteria, and (b) recognition of the credential by employers. In addition, research on the relationship between PHN credentialing and population health outcomes is essential.
Prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations in a general population: A group comparison study
Authors: Kråkvik Bodil , Larøi Frank , Kalhovde Anne Martha , Hugdahl Kenneth , Kompus Kristiina , Salvesen Øyvind , Stiles Tore C , Vedul‐Kjelsås Einar
Published: June 2015

The present study was specifically designed to investigate the prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in the general population, and sought to compare similarities and differences regarding socio‐demographics, mental health and severe life events between individuals who have never experienced AVH with those who had. The study also aimed to compare those who sought professional help for their experience of AVH with those who had not sought help. Through a postal questionnaire, 2,533 participants ages 18 and over from a national survey completed the Launay‐Slade Hallucinations Scale and other measures examining AVH characteristics and other areas related to AVH. In total, 7.3% of the sample reported a life‐time prevalence of AVH. Those with AVH were more likely to be single and unemployed, reported higher levels of depression and anxiety, and experienced a higher number of severe life events compared with those without AVH. Only 16% of those who experienced AVH in the general population sought professional help for these experiences. Compared to those who did not seek professional help, participants that had were more likely to experience AVH with a negative content, experience them on a daily basis, undergo negative reactions when experiencing AVH, and resist AVH. In conclusion, the prevalence of AVH was found to be relatively high. The results also revealed higher levels of reduced mental health for individuals who sought professional help, followed by those who did not, compared with those who had never experienced AVH.
Multi‐scale stratigraphic forward modelling of the Surat Basin for geological storage of CO2
Authors: Ravestein Johannes J. , Griffiths Cedric M. , Dyt Chris P. , Michael Karsten
Published: June 2015

Underground geological storage of CO2 (GSC) requires a high level of subsurface understanding that is often hindered by a lack of data. This study demonstrates the use of stratigraphic forward modelling (SFM) in generating and characterising a static reservoir model using limited well data, with multiple potential applications within the GSC workflow. Sedsim SFM software was used to create a static model of the Surat Basin, including a high‐resolution nested model of the EPQ‐7 GSC tenement within the basin. Deposition and burial of the Jurassic Precipice Sandstone, Evergreen Formation and Hutton Sandstone were simulated. Modelling results show a close match with gamma‐ray well logs in the tenement area, and the model can be considered a credible model of the subsurface. The Sedsim‐predicted formation thicknesses and porosity and permeability distributions meet criteria set for GSC, suggesting that the EPQ‐7 tenement may be a prospective GSC location.
Yif1B Is Involved in the Anterograde Traffic Pathway and the Golgi Architecture
Authors: Alterio Jeanine , Masson Justine , Diaz Jorge , Chachlaki Konstantina , Salman Haysam , Areias Julie , Al Awabdh Sana , Emerit Michel Boris , Darmon Michèle
Published: June 2015

Yif1B is an intracellular membrane‐bound protein belonging to the Yip family, shown previously to control serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor targeting to dendrites. Because some Yip proteins are involved in the intracellular traffic between the ER and the Golgi, here we investigated the precise localization of Yif1B in HeLa cells. We found that Yif1B is not resident into the Golgi, but rather belongs to the IC compartment. After analyzing the role of Yif1B in protein transport, we showed that the traffic of the VSVG protein marker was accelerated in Yif1B depleted HeLa cells, as well as in hippocampal neurons from Yif1B KO mice. Conversely, Yif1B depletion in HeLa cells did not change the retrograde traffic of ShTx. Interestingly, in long term depletion of Yif1B as in Yif1B KO mice, we observed a disorganized Golgi architecture in CA1 pyramidal hippocampal neurons, which was confirmed by electron microscopy. However, because short term depletion of Yif1B did not change Golgi structure, it is likely that the implication of Yif1B in anterograde traffic does not rely on its role in structural organization of the Golgi apparatus, but rather on its shuttling between the ER, the IC and the Golgi compartments.
Patterns of loss of biodiversity associated with invasion by Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed) across a large geographic region
Authors: French K , Watts E
Published: June 2015

To investigate the impact of invasion by Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed) on plant communities, sites that were invaded and uninvaded were surveyed across Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria, Australia. Above‐ground cover abundance was estimated and samples of the seed bank from invaded and uninvaded sites in each state were collected and germinated in the glasshouse. We compared species richness and composition between invaded and uninvaded sites for both above‐ground and below‐ground samples. Across this broad geographic area, C. monilifera invaded sites had 25% fewer species than uninvaded sites and twice as many exotic species. Most growth forms showed reduced richness in invaded sites. There were no differences in the composition of native species communities between invaded and uninvaded sites in most regions, except South Australia. The composition of the seed bank differed from the above‐ground vegetation, but was similar within each state. Herbs and grasses were most abundant. The species composition of the seed bank was different in invaded sites only in Victoria, suggesting that invasion may negatively influence the capacity of the seed bank to restore vegetation in some areas. However, the underlying mechanisms for the observed patterns were not tested in this study. The capacity of all sites to regenerate effectively from the seed bank was limited and, in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity into the future, monitoring of species richness at smaller scales, particularly those where management of C. monilifera has occurred, will be needed to ensure management can facilitate the establishment of missing species. This study suggests that C. monilifera impacts a range of functional groups and different species across its distribution and is therefore non‐selective in how it influences changes in communities.
How cells sense connected chromosomes
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: June 2015

A sensor for the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint is revealed.
Going nuclear for long life
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: June 2015

CLK-1 in worms and COQ7 in humans function in both the mitochondria and nucleus.
Evicting bacteria by exosome
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: June 2015

Bladder epithelial cells expel uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
in exosomes when these bacteria neutralize lysosomal pH.
Systematic Review of Mutations in Pyrazinamidase Associated with Pyrazinamide Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates
Authors: Ramirez-Busby Sarah M. , Valafar Faramarz
Published: June 2015

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important first-line drug in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and of significant interest to the HIV-infected community due to the prevalence of TB-HIV coinfection in some regions of the world. The mechanism of resistance to PZA is unlike that of any other anti-TB drug. The genepncA, encoding pyrazinamidase (PZase), is associated with resistance to PZA. However, because single mutations in PZase have a low prevalence, the individual sensitivities are low. Hundreds of distinct mutations in the enzyme have been associated with resistance, while some only appear in susceptible isolates. This makes interpretation of molecular testing difficult and often leads to the simplification that any PZase mutation causes resistance. This systematic review reports a comprehensive global list of mutations observed in PZase and its promoter region in clinical strains, their phenotypic association, their global frequencies and diversity, the method of phenotypic determination, their MIC values when given, and the method of MIC determination and assesses the strength of the association between mutations and phenotypic resistance to PZA. In this systematic review, we report global statistics for 641 mutations in 171 (of 187) codons from 2,760 resistant strains and 96 mutations from 3,329 susceptible strains reported in 61 studies. For diagnostics, individual mutations (or any subset) were not sufficiently sensitive. Assuming similar error profiles of the 5 phenotyping platforms included in this study, the entire enzyme and its promoter provide a combined estimated sensitivity of 83%. This review highlights the need for identification of an alternative mechanism(s) of resistance, at least for the unexplained 17% of cases.