bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research of illuminating parameters
halogen-filled and LED lamp for
optoelectronic measuring system
Authors: Markina O.M. , Tykhan M.O.
Published: December 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study and compare the light and technical
characteristics of halogen and LED-lamps and to determine the effect of lighting quality on
the accuracy of the measurement of the optoelectronic control system for the micrometer
sizes of the prescription objects.
Design/methodology/approach: The research approach is determined by the analysis
and comparison of the lighting characteristics of lamps manufactured for mass production
and the detection of the possibility of using these sources for optoelectronic measuring
systems for the micrometric range. Lighting characteristics were investigated by the
goniophotometric method and the method of the integration sphere.
Findings: During the analysis of the results of experimental studies, a discrepancy in the lighting
characteristics of the lamps was found compared to those indicated by the manufacturers. This
difference in the indicators of the lighting characteristics was: for the light flux 2.92% halogen
lamp (13.4% LED); correlated colour temperature by 0.7% halogen lamp (1.6% LED); for current
– 7.34% halogen lamp (8.7% LED); for power – 7.31% halogen lamp (7.54% LED). The accuracy
of measuring the size with a halogen lamp is 20 ± 0.96 μm, and with LED – 20 ± 0.23 μm.
Research limitations/implications: The result of comparing the accuracy of the
measurement for the optoelectronic measuring system of the geometric dimensions is the
measure of absolute contrast with the use of LED lighting is four times better than halogen.
Practical implications: Using the results of the study of the light characteristics of lamps
described in the article, it is possible to improve any optoelectronic measuring system.
Originality/value: The originality of the results of the article is the experimental data of the
lighting characteristics studies of the lamps used in the optoelectronic measuring system.
STEAMing Up Linear Functions
Authors: Remijan Kelly W.
Published: December 2018

These four activities connect mathematics to science, technology, engineering, and art.
Finding Meaning in the Quadratic Formula
Authors: Edwards Thomas G. , Chelst Kenneth R.
Published: December 2018

Connecting the formula to the graphic representation of quadratic functions makes the mathematics meaningful to students.
Connecting Mathematics with World Heritage
Authors: Russell Craig
Published: December 2018

Use trigonometry to improve your students' global literacy.
Comment innover en combinant des forces opposées ? Le cas des start-up internes au sein d’un grand groupe industriel français*
Authors: Brion Sébastien , Garel Gilles
Published: December 2018

Les grandes entreprises à succès ont tendance à favoriser l’innovation incrémentale au dépend d’innovations plus radicales. L’ambidextrie organisationnelle propose des designs organisationnels compatibles avec la gestion combinée de ces forces contradictoires. Toutefois, cette littérature postule un équilibre de ces forces sans préciser leur nature, ni l’intensité de leur influence. L’étude de quatre start-ups internes destinées à développer des innovations de ruptures au sein d’une entreprise dominée par des innovations incrémentales met en lumière la façon dont certaines forces sont susceptibles plus que d’autres de soutenir ce type d’innovation. Cette recherche propose une analyse approfondie des mécanismes d’équilibrage dans des contextes fortement contraints.
Understanding and Solving Late Payment: The Role of Organizational Routines
Authors: Maque Isabelle , San-Jose Leire
Published: December 2018

European legislation has so far failed to alleviate late payment. We introduce the concept of organizational routine; this contributes to understanding late payment and its persistence and focuses on more effective ways of alleviating it. The case study between a large Spanish company and its Spanish SME suppliers gives an exemplary illustration of organizational (trade credit) routines and their dynamics in a two-sided business relationship. The large company’s imbalanced routine and the SMEs’ balanced routine explain late payment. Potential for change and the alleviation of late payment is to be found in routines’ internal dynamics and in participants’ understanding.
La jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme
Authors: Cliquennois1 Gaëtan
Published: December 2018

Nous proposons d’analyser les développements jurisprudentiels de la Cour européenne en matière de prévention du suicide en prison et dans les commissariats de police et leurs effets paradoxaux sur les politiques de prévention conduites par les États condamnés par la Cour. Nous montrons d’abord que la philosophie jurisprudentielle à laquelle se réfère la Cour est marquée par une segmentation des risques suicidaires et une conception étroite et synchronique du passage à l’acte suicidaire des gardés à vue et des détenus qui s’oppose au paradigme de la réaction sociale. Nous montrons ensuite que, sous la pression exercée par le Comité pour la prévention de la torture et des associations nationales de défense des droits des détenus, les arrêts de la Cour conduisent les États à adopter des politiques de prévention du suicide marquées par une rationalité à la fois actuarielle et punitive. Ceci n’empêche pas la jurisprudence européenne d’être au fondement d’un nouveau contrôle opéré sur les lieux privatifs de liberté auquel peuvent contribuer les familles de détenus suicidés.
SQL Query Construction from Ontology Concept Descriptions
Authors: Gorskis Henrihs
Published: December 2018

Based on the usage of previously proposed database concepts as mapping point to a database in a domain ontology, the present paper describes the process of constructing SQL queries from them. The proposed database concepts allow for the mapping of domain concept to the source of data from a database. The paper describes the process of traversing the class hierarchy in an ontology for gathering these database concepts and constructing the SQL query. The purpose of the constructed SQL query is to obtain data from a database to populate the ontology with instances related to a selected ontology concept. The described process begins with the selection of one ontology concept, obtaining all directly related concepts, filtering and collecting database concepts, and finally constructing the SQL query.
Beowulf Cluster Computing with Windows
Authors: Sterling Thomas
Published: December 2018

Comprehensive guides to the latest Beowulf tools and methodologies.

Beowulf clusters, which exploit mass-market PC hardware and software in conjunction with cost-effective commercial network technology, are becoming the platform for many scientific, engineering, and commercial applications. With growing popularity has come growing complexity. Addressing that complexity, Beowulf Cluster Computing with Linux and Beowulf Cluster Computing with Windows provide system users and administrators with the tools they need to run the most advanced Beowulf clusters. The book is appearing in both Linux and Windows versions in order to reach the entire PC cluster community, which is divided into two distinct camps according to the node operating system. Each book consists of three stand-alone parts. The first provides an introduction to the underlying hardware technology, assembly, and configuration. The second part offers a detailed presentation of the major parallel programming librairies. The third, and largest, part describes software infrastructures and tools for managing cluster resources. This includes some of the most popular of the software packages available for distributed task scheduling, as well as tools for monitoring and administering system resources and user accounts. Approximately 75% of the material in the two books is shared, with the other 25% pertaining to the specific operating system. Most of the chapters include text specific to the operating system. The Linux volume includes a discussion of parallel file systems.
The sterol-responsive RNF145 E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the degradation of HMG-CoA reductase together with gp78 and Hrd1
Authors: Menzies Sam A , Volkmar Norbert , van den Boomen Dick JH , Timms Richard T , Dickson Anna S , Nathan James A , Lehner Paul J
Published: December 2018

Mammalian HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and the therapeutic target of statins, is post-transcriptionally regulated by sterol-accelerated degradation. Under cholesterol-replete conditions, HMGCR is ubiquitinated and degraded, but the identity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase(s) responsible for mammalian HMGCR turnover remains controversial. Using systematic, unbiased CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide screens with a sterol-sensitive endogenous HMGCR reporter, we comprehensively map the E3 ligase landscape required for sterol-accelerated HMGCR degradation. We find that RNF145 and gp78 independently co-ordinate HMGCR ubiquitination and degradation. RNF145, a sterol-responsive ER-resident E3 ligase, is unstable but accumulates following sterol depletion. Sterol addition triggers RNF145 recruitment to HMGCR via Insigs, promoting HMGCR ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. In the absence of both RNF145 and gp78, Hrd1, a third UBE2G2-dependent E3 ligase, partially regulates HMGCR activity. Our findings reveal a critical role for the sterol-responsive RNF145 in HMGCR regulation and elucidate the complexity of sterol-accelerated HMGCR degradation.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Desenvolvimento regional no Brasil: um contexto histórico e atual
Authors: Damião de Lima Lívia Gabriela , Ferreira Alves Larissa Da Silva
Published: December 2018

O presente artigo aborda o contexto histórico e atual da política de desenvolvimento regional no Brasil, considerando a existência de uma evolução teórica e prática do tema na agenda de governo. Inicialmente, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico com que se busca entender as dimensões do planejamento regional brasileiro e suas nuances. Também se apresenta a trajetória das políticas regionais brasileiras em uma linha do tempo, com o intuito de situar o leitor no espaço e no tempo dos acontecimentos. Expõe-se, ainda, o momento de retomada das políticas regionais no território nacional, tendo a Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Regional (PNDR) como elemento primordial para a concretização do resgate da questão regional na agenda do Governo Federal. Feito esse percurso temporal, constata-se, primeiro, que as políticas de desenvolvimento regional adotadas no Brasil no século passado não conseguiram reduzir de forma significativa as desigualdades regionais e, segundo, que o debate e a formulação de uma política efetiva de desenvolvimento regional tiveram espaço no planejamento do Estado apenas após o ano de 2003.
A contribuição da avicultura de corte para o desenvolvimento do Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Fagundes Mayra Batista Bitencourt , Fernandes Marcos Meaurio , Figueiredo Adriano Marcos Rodrigues , De Oliveria Daniela Vasconcelos
Published: December 2018

O objetivo geral deste artigo é analisar a contribuição da avicultura na geração de emprego e massa salarial para os municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul. Com o intuito de embasar a discussão, utilizou-se a teoria de desenvolvimento multidimensional. A metodologia utilizada alicerçou-se no Índice de Concentração Normalizado (ICN), visando subsidiar a análise da geração de emprego e massa salarial na avicultura, assim como o desenvolvimento da economia estadual. Os resultados demonstram que o setor avícola de Mato Grosso do Sul é importante para a geração de emprego e massa salarial, principalmente para os municípios de Itaquiraí, Dourados, Sidrolândia, Caarapó e Aparecida do Taboado no abate, e Água Clara, Cassilândia, Dourados, Sidrolândia e Terenos na criação, localizados na região centro-sul do estado. A relevância da avicultura é indicada, principalmente, pelo grau de aglomeração nesses municípios e confirmada pelo índice que mede a especialização para 2015. Conclui-se que quaisquer fatores exógenos que incidirem sobre esse setor causarão impactos negativos nessas localidades.
Investimentos em infraestrutura econômico-produtiva no Estado de Pernambuco
Authors: Sarabia Mônica Luize
Published: December 2018

O presente artigo apresenta a dinâmica do desenvolvimento regional no Estado de Pernambuco. Tem como objetivo mostrar as transformações econômicas nas diversas regiões de desenvolvimento em decorrência do aumento da oferta de infraestrutura econômico-produtiva alicerçada, sobretudo, em obras do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) e do consequente poder de atração de investidores privados, principalmente, do capital industrial incentivado pelo Programa de Desenvolvimento de Pernambuco (PRODEPE). São abordados os valores desses investimentos em obras geradoras de infraestrutura no território Pernambucano, bem como os resultados em termos de implantação de empresas atraídas por incentivos fiscais ofertados pelo Estado sob uma perspectiva keynesiano-estruturalista. O estudo considera o recorte temporal de 2007 a 2014 e utiliza abordagem qualitativa na avaliação de seus resultados, trazendo como diferencial uma leitura dos riscos dos governos em apostar nesse tipo de investimentos em infraestrutura, o abandono das obras, os desvios de verbas, as quebras de contratos, os danos ambientais entre outras questões com foco na avaliação do risco político.
Baylisascariasis: A young boy with neural larva migrans due to the emerging raccoon round worm
Authors: Dunbar Mary , Lu Sandy , Chin Benetta , Huh Linda , Dobson Simon , Al‐Rawahi Ghada N. , Morshed Muhammad G. , Vanden Driessche Koen
Published: December 2018

A 17‐month‐old boy from Vancouver, Canada, presented with a 5‐day history of progressive somnolence, ataxia, and torticollis. Additional investigations revealed eosinophilic encephalitis with deep white matter changes on MR imaging. On day 13, serology came back positive for Baylisascaris procyonis antibodies. While prophylaxis after ingestion of soil or materials potentially contaminated with raccoon feces can prevent baylisascariasis, timely treatment can sometimes alter a disastrous outcome. Populations of infected raccoons are propagating globally, but cases of Baylisascaris neural larva migrans have so far only been reported from North America.
Individual Confinement of Block Copolymer Microdomains in Nanoscale Crossbar Templates
Authors: Park Woon Ik , Jung Yun Kyung , Kim YongJoo , Shin Weon Ho , Choi Young Joong , Park Tae Wan , Shin Jung Ho , Jeong Young Hun , Cho Jeong Ho , Shin Hyo‐Soon , Kwon Se‐Hun , Jung Yeon Sik , Kim Kwang Ho
Published: December 2018

Highly ordered pattern formation of block copolymers (BCPs) within nanoscale templates is of great interest for generating diverse ordered nanostructures. Here, introduced is a combined methodology of nanotransfer printing (nTP) and BCP self‐assembly to guide the formation of spherical nanodots within a printed crossbar nanotemplate. By successfully accommodating poly(styrene‐b‐dimethylsiloxane) (PS‐b‐PDMS) BCPs in the guiding metallic crossbar nanotemplate (≈30 × 30 nm2), a well‐organized array of single‐domain PDMS spheres (≈10 nm) with a square symmetry is successfully obtained in an extremely short annealing time (<5 s). The self‐consistent field theory simulation results theoretically explain the spontaneous one‐to‐one accommodation of PDMS spheres in the confined area of the crossbar template. This approach can potentially be extended to the many other BCP materials and morphologies to diversify the geometry of self‐assembled BCP and/or transfer‐printed nanopatterns for various types of nanodevice applications.
Discrete‐Continuum Duality of Architected Materials: Failure, Flaws, and Fracture
Authors: Mateos Arturo J. , Huang Wei , Zhang Yong‐Wei , Greer Julia R.
Published: December 2018

3D nano‐ and micro‐architected materials are resilient under compression; their susceptibility to flaws and fracture remain unexplored. This work reports the fabrication and tensile‐to‐failure response of hollow alumina nanolattices arranged into 5 µm octet‐truss unit cells. Some specimens contained through‐thickness center notches oriented at different angles to the loading direction, with a length‐over‐sample‐width ratio of 0.45. In situ tensile experiments reveal that for all orientations, failure initiates at the notch root, followed by instantaneous crack propagation along lattice planes orthogonal to extension. A tensile strength of 27.4 ± 0.7 MPa is highest for unnotched samples and decreases as notch orientation varies from 0° to 90° to its minimum, 7.2 ± 0.4 MPa; their specific tensile strength is ≈4 × higher than that for all other low‐density materials. Finite element simulations reproduce observed strengths and failure mechanisms: initial cracks always initiate at the nodal junctions with highest stress concentrations by tearing of alumina walls at the nodes. Subsequent crack propagation shifts maximum stress concentration to the nodes along lattice plane orthogonal to the loading direction. A modified analytical fracture model based on the effective notch length predicts tensile strengths consistent with experiments. These findings imply that continuum fracture mechanics can predict failure in nano‐architected materials, which helps develop advanced materials through informed architectural design.
Scalable Fabrication of Stable High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Utilizing Room Temperature Sputtered SnO2 Electron Transport Layer
Authors: Qiu Longbin , Liu Zonghao , Ono Luis K. , Jiang Yan , Son Dae‐Yong , Hawash Zafer , He Sisi , Qi Yabing
Published: December 2018

Stability and scalability have become the two main challenges for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with the research focus in the field advancing toward commercialization. One of the prerequisites to solve these challenges is to develop a cost‐effective, uniform, and high quality electron transport layer that is compatible with stable PSCs. Sputtering deposition is widely employed for large area deposition of high quality thin films in the industry. Here the composition, structure, and electronic properties of room temperature sputtered SnO2 are systematically studied. Ar and O2 are used as the sputtering and reactive gas, respectively, and it is found that a highly oxidizing environment is essential for the formation of high quality SnO2 films. With the optimized structure, SnO2 films with high quality have been prepared. It is demonstrated that PSCs based on the sputtered SnO2 electron transport layer show an efficiency up to 20.2% (stabilized power output of 19.8%) and a T80 operational lifetime of 625 h. Furthermore, the uniform and thin sputtered SnO2 film with high conductivity is promising for large area solar modules, which show efficiencies over 12% with an aperture area of 22.8 cm2 fabricated on 5 × 5 cm2 substrates (geometry fill factor = 91%), and a T80 operational lifetime of 515 h.
A New Era of Cardiac Cell Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Huang Ke , Hu Shiqi , Cheng Ke
Published: December 2018

Myocardial infarction (MI), caused by coronary heart disease (CHD), remains one of the most common causes of death in the United States. Over the last few decades, scientists have invested considerable resources on the study and development of cell therapies for myocardial regeneration after MI. However, due to a number of limitations, they are not yet readily available for clinical applications. Mounting evidence supports the theory that paracrine products are the main contributors to the regenerative effects attributed to these cell therapies. The next generation of cell‐based MI therapies will identify and isolate cell products and derivatives, integrate them with biocompatible materials and technologies, and use them for the regeneration of damaged myocardial tissue. This review discusses the progress made thus far in pursuit of this new generation of cell therapies. Their fundamental regenerative mechanisms, their potential to combine with other therapeutic products, and their role in shaping new clinical approaches for heart tissue engineering, are addressed.
Metallosupramolecular Photonic Elastomers with Self‐Healing Capability and Angle‐Independent Color
Authors: Tan Haiying , Lyu Quanqian , Xie Zhanjun , Li Miaomiao , Wang Kui , Wang Ke , Xiong Bijin , Zhang Lianbin , Zhu Jintao
Published: December 2018

Photonic elastomers that can change colors like a chameleon have shown great promise in various applications. However, it still remains a challenge to produce artificial photonic elastomers with desired optical and mechanical properties. Here, the generation of metallosupramolecular polymer‐based photonic elastomers with tunable mechanical strength, angle‐independent structural color, and self‐healing capability is reported. The photonic elastomers are prepared by incorporating isotropically arranged monodispersed SiO2 nanoparticles within a supramolecular elastomeric matrix based on metal coordination interaction between amino‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) and cerium trichloride. The photonic elastomers exhibit angle‐independent structural colors, while Young's modulus and elongation at break of the as‐formed photonic elastomers reach 0.24 MPa and 150%, respectively. The superior elasticity of photonic elastomers enables their chameleon‐skin‐like mechanochromic capability. Moreover, the photonic elastomers are capable of healing scratches or cuts to ensure sustainable optical and mechanical properties, which is crucial to their applications in wearable devices, optical coating, and visualized force sensing.
Genetically Induced In Situ‐Poling for Piezo‐Active Biohybrid Nanowires
Authors: Kilper Stefan , Jahnke Timotheus , Aulich Marc , Burghard Zaklina , Rothenstein Dirk , Bill Joachim
Published: December 2018

Polycrystalline piezo‐active materials only exhibit a high macroscopic piezoresponse if they consist of particles with oriented crystal directions and aligned intrinsic dipole moments. For ferroelectric materials, the postsynthesis alignment of the dipoles is generally achieved by electric poling procedures. However, there are numerous technically interesting non‐ferroelectric piezo‐active materials like zinc oxide (ZnO). These materials demand the alignment of their intrinsic dipoles during the fabrication process. Therefore, in situ‐poling techniques have to be developed. This study utilizes genetically modified M13 phage templates for the generation of force fields, which directly control the ZnO dipole poling. By genetic modification of M13 phage template, the piezoelectric response of the ZnO/M13 phage hybrid nanowire is doubled compared to the hybrid nanowire based on unmodified M13 wild type (wt) phage templates. Thus, the formation of piezo‐active domains consisting of oriented ZnO nanocrystals is directly induced by the genetic modification. By the combination of the fiber‐like structure of individual M13 phages with the bioenhanced electromechanical properties of ZnO, hybrid nanowires with a length of ≈1.1 µm and a thickness of ≈63.5 nm are fabricated with a high piezoelectric coefficient of up to d33 = 7.8 pm V−1 for genetically modified M13 phage templates.
Fabrication of Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films Using Programmed Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly Techniques
Authors: Wang Zhengbang , Wöll Christof
Published: December 2018

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a rather new class of crystalline, nanoporous solids that are self‐assembled from inorganic, metal or metal‐oxo nodes and organic linkers. Powder MOFs are originally developed for gas storage and catalyst applications, but more recently, more advanced applications have used well‐defined MOF thin films in electronic, photonic, and sensing devices. MOF thin films for targeted applications can be fabricated on appropriately functionalized substrates using a programmed layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique, which yields oriented, highly crystalline MOF thin films (surface‐mounted MOFs, SURMOFs). The LbL assembly technique as well as the huge potential of SURMOFs is presented herein. Emerging SURMOF properties related to their heteroepitaxy, postsynthetic modification/crosslinking, lithography, and photoswitching are highlighted.
3D‐Printed Gastric Resident Electronics
Authors: Kong Yong Lin , Zou Xingyu , McCandler Caitlin A. , Kirtane Ameya R. , Ning Shen , Zhou Jianlin , Abid Abubakar , Jafari Mousa , Rogner Jaimie , Minahan Daniel , Collins Joy E. , McDonnell Shane , Cleveland Cody , Bensel Taylor , Tamang Siid , Arrick Graham , Gimbel Alla , Hua Tiffany , Ghosh Udayan , Soares Vance , Wang Nancy , Wahane Aniket , Hayward Alison , Zhang Shiyi , Smith Brian R. , Langer Robert , Traverso Giovanni
Published: December 2018

Long‐term implantation of biomedical electronics into the human body enables advanced diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities. However, most long‐term resident electronics devices require invasive procedures for implantation as well as a specialized receiver for communication. Here, a gastric resident electronic (GRE) system that leverages the anatomical space offered by the gastric environment to enable residence of an orally delivered platform of such devices within the human body is presented. The GRE is capable of directly interfacing with portable consumer personal electronics through Bluetooth, a widely adopted wireless protocol. In contrast to the passive day‐long gastric residence achieved with prior ingestible electronics, advancement in multimaterial prototyping enables the GRE to reside in the hostile gastric environment for a maximum of 36 d and maintain ≈15 d of wireless electronics communications as evidenced by the studies in a porcine model. Indeed, the synergistic integration of reconfigurable gastric‐residence structure, drug release modules, and wireless electronics could ultimately enable the next‐generation remote diagnostic and automated therapeutic strategies.
Self‐Regulating Capabilities in Photonic Robotics
Authors: Martella Daniele , Nocentini Sara , Parmeggiani Camilla , Wiersma Diederik S.
Published: December 2018

Traditional robots are machines programmed to accomplish tasks, thanks to a complex ensemble of sensors connected to a computer “brain” which elaborate signals to drive specific actions. This complex network suffers from limitations—the need for a central computer, for instance, poses a limit to device miniaturization and requires a large amount of energy. A promising development, made possible by recent advances in material science, endeavors a new generation of soft robots that are multifunctional, compliant, and autonomous in ways that are similar to biological organisms. In particular, photoresponsive polymers are demonstrated to be valid candidates to substitute the computer‐based intelligence with an “intrinsic” material cleverness. First demonstrations of self‐sustained motions as oscillations or autonomous walking are described. In these cases, light also provides a solution to a second, very important, issue in microrobotics, which is the availability of a source of energy. Light actuation together with smart polymers can be combined into self‐controlled robots capable of simple decision‐making processes, for example with robotic grippers that are able to distinguish particles with different colors. In addition, the most recent examples about the integration of a form of robotic “intelligence” into a single material with a minimal level of consciousness are reported.
Graphene: Diversified Flexible 2D Material for Wearable Vital Signs Monitoring
Authors: Yang Huige , Xue Tangyue , Li Fengyu , Liu Wentao , Song Yanlin
Published: December 2018

Flexible wearable sensors are expected to be the future generation of personal health monitoring devices with large‐area, multimodal, multipoint sensing, and complicated data analysis. However, multimaterial interfacial coalescence and mechanical matching critically challenge the advancement of flexible devices and multifunction integration. Graphene, with characteristic carbon sheet 2D material, is endowed with good transparency, stability, superior electron mobility, heat conductivity, excellent flexibility, and mechanical performance. A summary of the progresses of flexible graphene‐based sensors in terms of material processing, sensor configuration, and property is presented. Various assembly structures could perform different electrical behaviors with unitary graphene material. The diversity of graphene‐based temperature, humidity, pressure, strain, and integrated multifunctional sensors developed in recent years is detailed. Benefitting from the commendable flexible mechanical performance and high durability, flexible graphene‐based sensors promote practical applications in body temperature monitoring, voice recognition, pulse‐beating, motion, and respiration detection. Finally, future research following the development trends and challenges of integrated graphene‐based sensors to develop their potential in human health monitoring and human–machine interfaces are discussed.
Graphene Plasmonics: A Platform for 2D Optics
Authors: Fan Yuancheng , Shen Nian‐Hai , Zhang Fuli , Zhao Qian , Wu Hongjing , Fu Quanhong , Wei Zeyong , Li Hongqiang , Soukoulis Costas M.
Published: December 2018

2D optics is gradually emerging as a frontier in modern optics. Plasmons in graphene provide a prominent platform for 2D optics in which the light is squeezed into atomic scale. This report highlights some recent progresses in graphene plasmons toward the 2D optics. The launch, observation, and advanced manipulation of propagating graphene plasmons for 2D optical circuits are described. Representative achievements associated with graphene metasurfaces, challenges, recent progresses like photoexcited graphene metasurfaces, and the transformation optics linking 2D to bulk optics with singularity are investigated.
Electroactive Artificial Muscles Based on Functionally Antagonistic Core–Shell Polymer Electrolyte Derived from PS‐b‐PSS Block Copolymer
Authors: Nguyen Van Hiep , Kim Jaehwan , Tabassian Rassoul , Kotal Moumita , Jun Kiwoo , Oh Jung‐Hwan , Son Ji‐Myeong , Manzoor Muhammad Taha , Kim Kwang Jin , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: December 2018

Electroactive ionic soft actuators, a type of artificial muscles containing a polymer electrolyte membrane sandwiched between two electrodes, have been intensively investigated owing to their potential applications to bioinspired soft robotics, wearable electronics, and active biomedical devices. However, the design and synthesis of an efficient polymer electrolyte suitable for ion migration have been major challenges in developing high‐performance ionic soft actuators. Herein, a highly bendable ionic soft actuator based on an unprecedented block copolymer is reported, i.e., polystyrene‐b‐poly(1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PS‐b‐PSS‐EMIm), with a functionally antagonistic core–shell architecture that is specifically designed as an ionic exchangeable polymer electrolyte. The corresponding actuator shows exceptionally good actuation performance, with a high displacement of 8.22 mm at an ultralow voltage of 0.5 V, a fast rise time of 5 s, and excellent durability over 14 000 cycles. It is envisaged that the development of this high‐performance ionic soft actuator could contribute to the progress toward the realization of the aforementioned applications. Furthermore, the procedure described herein can also be applied for developing novel polymer electrolytes related to solid‐state lithium batteries and fuel cells.
Phthalimide‐Based High Mobility Polymer Semiconductors for Efficient Nonfullerene Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies over 13%
Authors: Yu Jianwei , Chen Peng , Koh Chang Woo , Wang Hang , Yang Kun , Zhou Xin , Liu Bin , Liao Qiaogan , Chen Jianhua , Sun Huiliang , Woo Han Young , Zhang Shiming , Guo Xugang
Published: December 2018

Highly efficient nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) are developed based on two new phthalimide‐based polymers phthalimide‐difluorobenzothiadiazole (PhI‐ffBT) and fluorinated phthalimide‐ffBT (ffPhI‐ffBT). Compared to all high‐performance polymers reported, which are exclusively based on benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT), both PhI‐ffBT and ffPhI‐ffBT are BDT‐free and feature a D‐A1‐D‐A2 type backbone. Incorporating a second acceptor unit difluorobenzothiadiazole leads to polymers with low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital levels (≈−5.6 eV) and a complementary absorption with the narrow bandgap nonfullerene acceptor IT‐4F. Moreover, these BDT‐free polymers show substantially higher hole mobilities than BDT‐based polymers, which are beneficial to charge transport and extraction in solar cells. The PSCs containing difluorinated phthalimide‐based polymer ffPhI‐ffBT achieve a substantial PCE of 12.74% and a large Voc of 0.94 V, and the PSCs containing phthalimide‐based polymer PhI‐ffBT show a further increased PCE of 13.31% with a higher Jsc of 19.41 mA cm−2 and a larger fill factor of 0.76. The 13.31% PCE is the highest value except the widely studied BDT‐based polymers and is also the highest among all benzothiadiazole‐based polymers. The results demonstrate that phthalimides are excellent building blocks for enabling donor polymers with the state‐of‐the‐art performance in nonfullerene PSCs and the BDT is not necessary for constructing such donor polymers.
The Impact of Initial SEI Formation Conditions on Strain‐Induced Capacity Losses in Silicon Electrodes
Authors: Zhang Wei , Cai Truong H. , Sheldon Brian W.
Published: December 2018

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that passivates silicon surfaces in Li ion batteries is subjected to extremely large mechanical strains during electrochemical cycling. The resulting degradation of these SEI films is a critical problem that limits the cycle life of silicon‐based electrodes. With the complex multiphase microstructure in conventional porous electrodes, it is not possible to directly measure the impact of these strains on SEI formation and capacity loss. To overcome this limitation a new in situ method is presented for applying controlled mechanical strains to SEI during electrochemical cycling. This approach uses patterned silicon films with different sized islands that act as model electrode particles. During lithiation/delithiation, the lateral expansion/contraction of the island edges applies in plane strains to the SEI. Detailed analysis of the island size effect then provides quantitative measurements of the impact of strain on the excess capacity losses that occur in different potential ranges. One key finding is that the applied strains lead to large capacity losses during lithiation only (during all cycles). Also, employing fast and slow SEI formation (first cycle) leads to large differences in the strain‐induced losses that occur during subsequent cycling.
Highly Solvating Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Gupta Abhay , Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: December 2018

There is a critical need to evaluate lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with practically relevant high sulfur loadings and minimal electrolyte. Under such conditions, the concentration of soluble polysulfide intermediates in the electrolyte drastically increases, which can alter the fundamental nature of the solution‐mediated discharge and thereby the total sulfur utilization. In this work, an investigation into various high donor number (DN) electrolytes that allow for increased polysulfide dissolution is presented, and the way in which this property may in fact be necessary for increasing sulfur utilization at low electrolyte and high loading conditions is demonstrated. The solvents dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 1‐methylimidazole are holistically evaluated against dimethoxyethane as electrolyte co‐solvents in Li–S cells, and they are used to investigate chemical and electrochemical properties of polysulfide species at both dilute and practically relevant conditions. The nature of speciation exhibited by lithium polysulfides is found to vary significantly between these concentrations, particularly with regard to the S3•− species. Furthermore, the extent of the instability in conventional electrolyte solvents and high DN solvents with both lithium metal and polysulfides is thoroughly investigated. These studies establish a basis for future efforts into rationally designing an optimal electrolyte for a lean electrolyte, high energy density Li–S battery.
Highly Flexible and Transparent Polyionic‐Skin Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Biomechanical Motion Harvesting
Authors: Wang Lingyun , Daoud Walid A.
Published: December 2018

The advances of flexible electronics have raised demand for power sources with adaptability, flexibility, and multifunctionalities. Triboelectric nanogenerators are promising replacements for traditional batteries. Here, a highly soft skin‐like, transparent, and easily adaptable biomechanical energy harvester, based on a hybrid elastomer and with a polyionic hydrogel as the electrification layer and current collector, is developed. By harvesting the energy in human motion, the device generates an open‐circuit voltage of 70 V, a short‐circuit current density of 30.2 mA m−2, and a maximum power density of 2.79 W m−2 in a single‐electrode working mode. Further, it is demonstrated that the device can deliver power under bending, curling or by simple tapping when attached to human skin. In addition, the optimal counterpart of the polyionic layer with highest electronegativity difference is selected from a series of contact electrification materials based on a two‐electrode working mode, where a flexible device with the matching counterparts is investigated. Serving as ionic conductor and electrification layer, this polyionic material shows promising application in future development of self‐powered flexible electronics.
Ecological differentiation facilitates fine‐scale coexistence of sexual and asexual Boechera
Authors: Rushworth Catherine A. , Windham Michael D. , Keith Rose A. , Mitchell‐Olds Tom
Published: December 2018

Premise of the Study

Ecological differentiation (ED) between sexual and asexual organisms may permit the maintenance of reproductive polymorphism. Several studies of sexual/asexual ED in plants have shown that the geographic ranges of asexuals extend beyond those of sexuals, often in areas of higher latitude or elevation. But very little is known about ED at fine scales, wherein coexistence of sexuals and asexuals may be permitted by differential niche occupation.

Methods

We used 149 populations of sexual and apomictic lineages in the genus Boechera (rock cress) collected across a portion of this mustard's vast range. We characterized reproductive mode, ploidy, and species identity or hybrid parentage of each individual, and then used a multipronged statistical approach to (1) identify ED between sexuals and asexuals; (2) investigate the impacts of two confounding factors, polyploidy and hybridization, on ED; and (3) determine the environmental variables underlying ED.

Key Results

We found that sexuals and asexuals are significantly ecologically differentiated across the landscape, despite fine‐scale interdigitation of these two reproductive forms. Asexual reproduction was strongly associated with greater disturbance, reduced slope, and greater environmental variability. Although ploidy had little effect on the patterns observed, hybridization has a unique impact on the relationships between asexual reproduction and specific environmental variables.

Conclusions

Ecological differentiation along the axes of disturbance, slope, and climatic variability, as well as the effects of heterozygosity, may contribute to the maintenance of sexuality and asexuality across the landscape, ultimately impacting the establishment and spread of asexual lineages.
Estimating the population prevalence of traditional and novel occupational exposures in Federal Region X
Authors: Doubleday Annie , Baker Marissa G. , Lavoué Jérôme , Siemiatycki Jack , Seixas Noah S.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Federal Region X is an administrative region in the northwestern United States comprised of the states of Alaska (AK), Idaho (ID), Oregon (OR), and Washington (WA). Quantifying the number of workers in this region exposed to harmful circumstances in the workplace, and projected changes over time will help to inform priorities for occupational health training, risk reduction, and research.

Methods

State data for WA, ID, OR, and AK were used to estimate number of workers by occupation, in 2014 and 2024. These data were merged with a Canadian job‐exposure matrix (CANJEM) which characterizes chemical exposures, and O*NET, which ranks occupations with particular physical, ergonomic, and psychosocial exposures.

Results

Of the exposures considered, psychosocial and ergonomic exposures were the most prevalent among the regional workforce, though traditional chemical exposures are still common and increasing.

Conclusions

Exposure surveillance will inform prioritization of risk reduction strategies, ultimately leading to a decrease in occupational injury and illness. Findings from this analysis will help to prioritize occupational health training and research in the region.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [1+4] Annulation of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Carbonates with α,β‐Unsaturated Imines
Authors: Qian Chenxiao , Zhang Pangmiaomiao , Li Wenjun , Li Pengfei
Published: December 2018

This work describes a phosphine‐mediated enantioselective [1+4] annulation of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman carbonates with α,β‐unsaturated imines. In the presence of 1,2‐bis[(2R,5R)‐2,5‐dimethylphospholano]‐benzene monoxide, Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman carbonates react with α,β‐unsaturated imines smoothly to furnish a series of chiral 2‐pyrrolines in moderate to high yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (all d.r. values >20 : 1, in most cases >90% ee). Importantly, a large number of α,β‐unsaturated imines with different substituents on either the nitrogen atom or the aromatic ring is compatible, offering a facile synthetic approach to the enantiomers of reported enantiopure 2‐pyrrolines.
Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures
Authors: Quinn Terry
Published: December 2018

The Metre Convention was signed on May 20, 1875 with the mission “to assure the international unification and perfection of the metric system” (today the International System of Units SI). The Convention continues to fulfill this mission, notably with the redefinition of the SI at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures in November 2018. A key role in the drawing up of the Convention was played by Wilhelm Foerster, at the time Director of the German Weights and Measures Service and Director of the Berlin Observatory. Foerster and Adolph Hirsch, Director of the Neuchatel Observatory, were the principal architects of the Convention and both contributed very much to the early years of its operation, Foerster as President of the International Committee for Weights and Measures and Hirsch as Secretary. In this article, the origin of the Convention, the creation of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures established at Sevres, and the many contributions of Wilhelm Foerster are outlined.
Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Nash Leanne T. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Silcox Mary T. , López‐Torres Sergi , Selig Keegan R.
Published: December 2018

Exudativory, the consumption of gums, is an obligate or a facultative dietary niche for some primates and marsupials. Exudativory has been cited as a dietary niche that may have been present in early primates, so finding a dental signature for exudativory is highly desirable. The present study combines exudativorous lorisoids (galagos and lorises) into one sample to compare to closely related, non‐exudativorous lorisoids to search for a consistent dental signature of exudativory. Linear measurements were taken from the toothcomb, P2, M3, upper canine, and P2from skulls of 295 adult galagids and lorisids. Also, differential distribution of enamel on the anterior teeth was qualitatively investigated as a dental signature for gouging (a behavior that facilitates some exudativory) by micro‐CT scanning one specimen each from two gougers,Nycticebus coucangandCallithrix jacchus, and two non‐gougers,Perodicticus potto,andSaguinus fuscicollis. Non‐primate gouging mammals, the vampire batDesmodus rotundusand the sugar gliderPetaurus breviceps, were compared to non‐gouging relatives. Statistical analysis revealed that exudativorous galagos and lorises had significantly (P< 0.05) reduced M3relative to non‐exudativorous galagos and lorises. While the sample sizes for assessing enamel thickness were small, preliminary results show that gouging primates and non‐primate mammals have reduced lingual enamel thickness on the anterior dentition compared to non‐gouging relatives. We suggest that reduction of mastication, and, therefore, M3dimensions are a likely dental signature for exudativory in Primates. While broader samples are needed to statistically confirm, differential distribution of enamel in the anterior dentition may also be a signature of exudativory. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:265–281, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy
A Polystyrene‐Cross‐Linking Tricyclohexylphosphine: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications to Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Arashima Junya , Iwai Tomohiro , Sawamura Masaya
Published: December 2018

A polystyrene‐cross‐linking tricyclohexylphosphine (PS‐TCP) was synthesized through radical emulsion polymerization of 4‐tert‐butylstyrene as a monomer and tris(trans‐4‐styrylcyclohexyl)phosphine as a threefold cross‐linker. The PS‐TCP showed enhanced ligand performance compared to the corresponding polystyrene‐triphenylphosphine hybrid PS‐TPP and tricyclohexylphosphine in Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig reactions of aryl chlorides.