bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Torsion and Flexure of Slender Solid Sections
Authors: Carter W. J.
Published: June 2021

The solution of the torsion problem for a slender rectangular section has been made previously by approximate methods based on the Prandtl membrane analogy. In this paper approximate methods are employed in the solution of both the torsion and flexural shear problem for slender sections having a variety of shapes, most of them being doubly symmetric. Solutions obtained in this manner are compared with exact solutions, when these are available, and otherwise with solutions obtained by relaxation. It is shown that approximate methods provide an adequate solution for elements such as compressor-turbine blades when pretwist and taper can be neglected. Some attention is given to the problem of elastic-plastic torsion and elastic-plastic flexural shear of slender sections.
Displacement Discontinuity in the Elastic Half-Space
Authors: Rongved Leif , Frasier J. T.
Published: June 2021

The displacement generated by an arbitrary displacement discontinuity over a plane bounded area in a semi-infinite, isotropic, elastic solid is determined. The solution is given in terms of integrals over the area of discontinuity. As an example, the case of a constant displacement discontinuity over a rectangular area parallel to the boundary is worked out in closed form.
Torsion of Cylindrical and Prismatic Bars in the Presence of Steady Creep
Authors: Patel S. A. , Venkatraman B. , Hodge P. G.
Published: June 2021

This paper is concerned with the steady creep behavior of cylindrical and prismatic bars in which the deformations are caused by pure torsion. The creep problem is first reduced to one in nonlinear elasticity by means of the elastic analog. The elastic analysis is then carried out by means of the principles of minimum energies. These principles yield upper and lower bounds on the angle of twist. Closed-form solutions also are presented for some cross sections.
Unbalanced Inertia Forces in Slider-Crank Mechanisms of Large Eccentricity
Authors: Mewes Ernst
Published: June 2021

An analysis of the various harmonic orders of the inertia forces in offset slider-crank mechanisms is presented. The formulas given here are valid for all practical values of eccentricity ratio (ratio of offset to length of connecting rod) and crank to connecting rod ratio. The influence of the latter ratio on the force components is evaluated with infinite series, whereas such is not the case for the eccentricity ratio. Rules for the full or partial balance of harmonic components of the first or any other single order are given.
A Levy-Type Solution for a Rectangular Plate of Variable Thickness
Authors: Conway H. D.
Published: June 2021

A solution is given for the bending of a uniformly loaded rectangular plate, simply supported on two opposite edges and having arbitrary boundary conditions on the others. The thickness variation is taken as exponential in order to make the solution tractable, and thus closely approximates to uniform taper if the latter is small.
Ducted Fan Design Theory
Authors: Van Niekerk C. G.
Published: June 2021

A theory is outlined by means of which it is possible to design ducted fans directly and without having to choose any parameters in an arbitrary fashion. Optimum sizes and fan speeds are theoretically determined. The design of two fans, one having inlet guide vanes and the other of the low slip-stream-rotation type having NPL straighteners and often used in wind tunnels, are considered by way of example. While achieving a considerable degree of rationality, the theory introduces a concept of annulus efficiency that is still of an empirical nature. The empiricism is due to a present lack of knowledge about three-dimensional fan losses, and suggests further investigation.
Natural Forcing Functions in Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Harvey T. J.
Published: June 2021

The response of nonlinear, second-order systems is examined from a new point of view which greatly simplifies presentation of the usual frequency-response diagrams. The use of “natural” forcing functions results in a general equation relating the maximum amplitude of the applied force to the maximum amplitude of the restoring force. The relationship is found to be a function of the ratio of the period of free oscillation to the period of the forcing function. The results apply for any second-order system without damping and with a nonlinear (or linear) restoring force. The special cases of a linear system and of Duffing’s equation are considered to illustrate similarities as well as differences between treatment of linear and nonlinear frequency-response problems.
Kinematic Drift of Single-Axis Gyroscopes
Authors: Cannon R. H.
Published: June 2021

A gyroscope can incur steady drift by kinematically rectifying angular vibrations of the platform on which it is mounted. The phenomenon, for an unrestrained single-degree-of-freedom gyro, results from oscillatory precession of the gyro momentum vector from its nominal spatial orientation, so that it senses platform motions about axes other than the one it is controlling. The magnitude of the drift can be accurately predicted and the vibration climate of the platform restricted accordingly. Quantitative experimental verification is presented.
Coupled Vibrations of Thin-Walled Beams of Open Cross Section
Authors: Gere J. M. , Lin Y. K.
Published: June 2021

The determination of coupled frequencies of free vibration for beams of nonsymmetric, open cross section is discussed in this paper. Beams with various end conditions, including simple supports, fixed ends and a cantilever, are considered. Results of both exact and approximate analyses are presented. For practical use, a simple approximate formula for determining frequencies of vibration for beams with any end conditions is given. The accuracy of the approximate formula is shown by comparison with results obtained by the exact method. The exact calculations were carried out on an IBM 605 Card Programmed Calculator.
Contact Stresses Under Combined Pressure and Twist
Authors: Hetényi M. , McDonald P. H.
Published: June 2021

An analytical solution is presented for the case when an elastic sphere is pressed against an elastic half-space and twisted until complete slip occurs. Formulas are derived for the stress and displacement components, their evaluation is illustrated by numerical examples, and comparisons are made with the results of photoelastic tests. These tests also furnished an experimental verification of the assumption that the tangential-surface traction is proportional at every point to the normal pressure within the sliding-contact area, the proportionality constant being the coefficient of friction.
A Theory of Elastic, Plastic, and Creep Deformations of an Initially Isotropic Material Showing Anisotropic Strain-Hardening, Creep Recovery, and Secondary Creep
Authors: Besseling J. F.
Published: June 2021

Stress-strain relations are given for an initially isotropic material, which is macroscopically homogeneous, but inhomogeneous on a microscopic scale. An element of volume is considered to be composed of various portions, which can be represented by subelements showing secondary creep and isotropic work-hardening in plastic deformation. If the condition is imposed that all subelements of an element of volume are subjected to the same total strain, it is demonstrated that the inelastic stress-strain relations of the material show anisotropic strain-hardening, creep recovery, and primary and secondary creep due to the nonuniform energy dissipation in deformation of the sub-elements. Only quasi-static deformations under isothermal conditions are considered. The theory is restricted to small total strains.
A Fresh Test of the Epstein Equations for Cylinders
Authors: Kennard E. H.
Published: June 2021

Objections that have been raised against Epstein’s equations of motion for uniform cylindrical shells and the author’s extensions and conclusions from them are considered. A direct proof is offered that the equations must hold, and further reasons are given for believing that they can be used in practice, at least as a basis for obtaining rationally founded approximations.
The Acculturation Experiences of Elite Rugby Union Coaches
Authors: Hall Andrew J.A. , English Cedric , Jones Leigh W. , Westbury Tony , Martindale Russell
Published: June 2021

Currently, little is known about how elite coaches acculturate and how they manage their acculturation environment. This study examines the acculturation experiences of elite rugby union coaches and their management of multicultural squads. Five male elite coaches participated in the research. Each of the five coaches arguably fit a “best of the best” criterion, boasting between them multiple European and U.K. domestic championships as well as multiple Super Rugby titles with similar accomplishments at the international level across 15- and seven-a-side. Inductive thematic analysis of semistructured interview data revealed two emerging themes: (a) proactively managing personal acculturation, and (b) proactively managing player acculturation. Implications for coaches managing their own acculturation experience and their respective acculturation environments are discussed.
The Mediating Role of Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy on Physical Activity Change in Community-Dwelling Older Adults (≥65 Years): An Experimental Cross-Lagged Analysis Using Data From SITLESS
Authors: McMullan Ilona I. , Bunting Brendan P. , Blackburn Nicole E. , Wilson Jason J. , Deidda Manuela , Caserotti Paolo , Smith Lee , Dallmeier Dhayana , Roque Marta , Weinmayr Gudrun , Giné-Garriga Maria , Coll-Planas Laura , Tully Mark A. , _ _
Published: June 2021

Improving the capacity for physical activity interventions to maintain behavior change is a key public health concern and an important strategy for the health and independence of older adults. Ways of ensuring effective maintenance of physical activity levels in older adults are unclear. This study includes the objective measure of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); self-reported self-efficacy; and self-regulation at four timepoints (baseline, intervention completion at 4 months, 12-, and 18-month follow-up) from the SITLESS study, a clinical trial conducted with a cohort of community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) from Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A cross-lagged analysis found that self-regulation and self-efficacy may be key determinants of MVPA behavior in community-dwelling older adults. More specifically, the use of behavioral support strategies represents an important correlate of MVPA behavior, and its association with MVPA may be mediated by self-regulation and self-efficacy in older adults in the short and long term.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Donor Screening Updates and Research Gaps for Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Mehta Nirja , Wang Tiffany , Friedman-Moraco Rachel J. , Carpentieri Cynthia , Mehta Aneesh K. , Rouphael Nadine , Dhere Tanvi , Larsen Christian P. , Kraft Colleen S. , Woodworth Michael H.
Published: June 2021

In this review, we discuss stool donor screening considerations to mitigate potential risks of pathogen transmission through fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. SOT recipients have a higher risk for
Clostridioides difficile
infection (CDI) and are more likely to have severe CDI.
Infections Caused by Free-Living Amoebae
Authors: Kofman Aaron , Guarner Jeannette
Published: June 2021

Infections caused by
Naegleria fowleri
,
Acanthamoeba
spp., and
Balamuthia mandrillaris
result in a variety of clinical manifestations in humans. These amoebae are found in water and soil worldwide.
Acanthamoeba
spp. and
B. mandrillaris
cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which usually presents as a mass, while
N. fowleri
causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
Acanthamoeba
spp. can also cause keratitis, and both
Acanthamoeba
spp. and
B. mandrillaris
can cause lesions in skin and respiratory mucosa.
Systematic Comparison of Three Commercially Available Combination Disc Tests and the Zinc-Supplemented Carbapenem Inactivation Method (zCIM) for Carbapenemase Detection in
Enterobacterales
Isolates
Authors: Sattler Janko , Brunke Anne , Hamprecht Axel
Published: June 2021

Detection of carbapenemases in
Enterobacterales
is crucial for patient treatment and infection control. Among others, combination disc tests (CDTs) with different inhibitors (e.g., EDTA) and variations of the carbapenem inactivation method (CIM) are recommended by EUCAST or the CLSI and are used by many laboratories as they are relatively inexpensive.
Identification of the Viral Determinant of Hypovirulence and Host Range in Sclerotiniaceae of a Genomovirus Reconstructed from the Plant Metagenome
Authors: Feng Chenchen , Feng Jiuhuan , Wang Ziyi , Pedersen Connor , Wang Xiuqing , Saleem Huma , Domier Leslie , Marzano Shin-Yi Lee
Published: June 2021

Little is known about the exact host range of widespread genomoviruses. The genome of soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV-1) was originally assembled from a metagenomic/metatranscriptomic study without known hosts.
Mutagenesis of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein L Disproportionately Disrupts gH/gL/gO over gH/gL/pUL128-131
Authors: Schultz Eric P. , Yu Qin , Stegmann Cora , Day Le Zhang , Lanchy Jean-Marc , Ryckman Brent J.
Published: June 2021

The endemic betaherpesvirus HCMV circulates in human populations as a complex mixture of genetically distinct variants, establishes lifelong persistent infections, and causes significant disease in neonates and immunocompromised adults. This study capitalizes on our recent characterizations of three genetically distinct HCMV BAC clones to discern the functions of the envelope glycoprotein complexes gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL128-13, which are promising vaccine targets that share the herpesvirus core fusion apparatus component, gH/gL.
APOBEC3F Constitutes a Barrier to Successful Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmm to Humans
Authors: Nchioua Rayhane , Kmiec Dorota , Gaba Amit , Stürzel Christina M. , Follack Tyson , Patrick Stephen , Kirmaier Andrea , Johnson Welkin E. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Chelico Linda , Kirchhoff Frank
Published: June 2021

Viral zoonoses pose a significant threat to human health, and it is important to understand determining factors. SIVs infecting great apes gave rise to HIV-1.
Selected issues in sport-related concussion (SRC|mild traumatic brain injury) for the team physician: a consensus statement
Authors: Herring Stanley , Kibler W Ben , Putukian Margot , Solomon Gary S , Boyajian-O'Neill Lori , Dec Katherine L , Franks R Robert , Indelicato Peter A , LaBella Cynthia R , Leddy John J , Matuszak Jason , McDonough E Barry , O'Connor Francis , Sutton Karen Michelle
Published: June 2021

Selected Issues in Sport-Related Concussion (SRC|Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) for the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement is title 22 in a series of annual consensus documents written for the practicing team physician. This document provides an overview of selected medical issues important to team physicians who are responsible for athletes with sports-related concussion (SRC). This statement was developed by the Team Physician Consensus Conference (TPCC), an annual project-based alliance of six major professional associations. The goal of this TPCC statement is to assist the team physician in providing optimal medical care for the athlete with SRC.
Progressive myoclonic epilepsy due to rare mitochondrial ND6 mutation, m.14487T>C
Authors: Khoo Anthony , Naidu Saadnah , Wijayendran Surapi Bhairavi , Merve Ashirwad , Bremner Fion , Sidhu Meneka Kaur
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Mitochondrial diseases exhibit wide phenotypic heterogeneity, and can present as progressive myoclonic epilepsy.

We report a case of adult-onset drug-resistant epilepsy, cortical myoclonus and bilateral optic neuropathies due to m.14487T>C, a rare mitochondrial gene mutation identified on whole-genome sequencing. This mutation, which affects the NADH dehydrogenase 6 (ND6) subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is most commonly implicated in cases of infantile-onset Leigh syndrome, although a broader phenotypic spectrum including migraine with aura and progressive myoclonic epilepsy have been described. Serial MRI scans over a 2-year period demonstrated the interval development of bihemispheric stroke-like lesions. Giant somatosensory evoked potentials and short-duration myoclonic jerks with craniocaudal spread on surface electromyography were consistent with cortical myoclonus. Optical coherence tomography showed bilateral symmetric thinning of the nerve fibre layer in the papillomacular bundles.

Conclusion

Whole-genome sequencing can help to provide a definitive diagnosis for mitochondrial disease and should be considered in situations where clinical suspicion remains high despite normal genetic panels or muscle histopathology. Mitochondrial disease can present as adult-onset progressive myoclonic epilepsy, and bilateral optic neuropathies can be a striking feature of ND6 mitochondrial gene mutations. In our case, severe cortical myoclonus affecting speech and swallowing remained highly drug-resistant, however, symptomatic benefit was derived from targeted onabotulinum toxin A injections.
Cancer Treatment Helpline: a retrospective study of the NHS Tayside experience
Authors: Trip Ilse , George Sherie , Thomson Micheal , Petty Russell D , Baxter Mark A
Published: June 2021

Background

Treatment-related toxicity and delays in the management of this toxicity can impact the outcomes of patient with cancer. In Scotland, a national cancer helpline was established to provide triage assessment for patients receiving systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) in an attempt to minimise delays in toxicity management. In this article, we describe the use and impact of the helpline in our region over the last 5 years.

Methods

Patients who contacted the NHS Tayside cancer helpline between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020 were retrospectively identified. Patient demographics as well as the reason and outcome of each call was recorded. A descriptive analysis was performed.

Results

6562 individual patients received SACT and 8385 calls were recorded during the time period. Median age of callers was 63 years (range 17–98) and 59.2% were women. Use of the helpline increased by 83.6% between 2016 and 2020, driven by an increase in in-hours calls. 41% of calls required review by a healthcare professional only, 24% required review and admission and the remaining 35% telephone advice only. The majority of cases (85%) were either assessed or advised solely by oncology. The proportional use of general practitioner services has decreased.

Conclusions

The helpline provides a way for patients to report symptoms directly to their clinical team and receive appropriate specialist advice at an early stage. We demonstrate that most of these calls can be managed solely by our oncology team. This system can reduce pressure on other parts of the local health system.
Reduced rate of postpartum readmissions among homeless compared with non-homeless women in New York: a population-based study using serial, cross-sectional data
Authors: Sakai-Bizmark Rie , Kumamaru Hiraku , Estevez Dennys , Neman Sophia , Bedel Lauren E M , Mena Laurie A , Marr Emily H , Ross Michael G
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess differences in rates of postpartum hospitalisations among homeless women compared with non-homeless women.

Design

Cross-sectional secondary analysis of readmissions and emergency department (ED) utilisation among postpartum women using hierarchical regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, insurance type during delivery, delivery length of stay, maternal comorbidity index score, other pregnancy complications, neonatal complications, caesarean delivery, year fixed effect and a birth hospital random effect.

Setting

New York statewide inpatient and emergency department databases (2009–2014).

Participants

82 820 and 1 026 965 postpartum homeless and non-homeless women, respectively.

Main outcome measures

Postpartum readmissions (primary outcome) and postpartum ED visits (secondary outcome) within 6 weeks after discharge date from delivery hospitalisation.

Results

Homeless women had lower rates of both postpartum readmissions (risk-adjusted rates: 1.4% vs 1.6%; adjusted OR (aOR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.00, p=0.048) and ED visits than non-homeless women (risk-adjusted rates: 8.1% vs 9.5%; aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.90, p<0.001). A sensitivity analysis stratifying the non-homeless population by income quartile revealed significantly lower hospitalisation rates of homeless women compared with housed women in the lowest income quartile. These results were surprising due to the trend of postpartum hospitalisation rates increasing as income levels decreased.

Conclusions

Two factors likely led to lower rates of hospital readmissions among homeless women. First, barriers including lack of transportation, payment or childcare could have impeded access to postpartum inpatient and emergency care. Second, given New York State’s extensive safety net, discharge planning such as respite and sober living housing may have provided access to outpatient care and quality of life, preventing adverse health events. Additional research using outpatient data and patient perspectives is needed to recognise how the factors affect postpartum health among homeless women. These findings could aid in lowering readmissions of the housed postpartum population.
Examining chemistry students’ perceptions toward multiple-choice assessment tools that vary in feedback and partial credit
Authors: Williams Michael , Wood Eileen , Arslantas Fatma , MacNeil Steve
Published: June 2021

Multiple-choice testing with dichotomous scoring is one of the most common assessment methods utilized in undergraduate education. Determining students’ perceptions toward different types of multiple-choice testing formats is important for effective assessment. The present study compared two alternative multiple-choice testing formats used in a second-year required chemistry course: (i) Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IFAT®) and (ii) Personal Point Allocation (PPA). Both testing methods allow for partial credit, but only the IFAT® provides immediate feedback on students’ responses. Both survey and interview data indicated that, overall, most students preferred IFAT® to the PPA testing method. These positive ratings were related to potential increase in reward, ease of use, and confidence. IFAT® was also perceived to be less stress producing and anxiety provoking than PPA. Interview data not only supported these findings, but also indicated individual differences in preference for each of these two methods. Additionally, students’ feedback on strategies used for either testing method and suggestions on how to improve the methods are discussed.
Prediction of Speech Onset by Micro-Electrocorticography of the Human Brain
Authors: Delfino Emanuela , Pastore Aldo , Zucchini Elena , Cruz Maria Francisca Porto , Ius Tamara , Vomero Maria , D’Ausilio Alessandro , Casile Antonino , Skrap Miran , Stieglitz Thomas , Fadiga Luciano
Published: June 2021

Recent technological advances show the feasibility of offline decoding speech from neuronal signals, paving the way to the development of chronically implanted speech brain computer interfaces (sBCI). Two key steps that still need to be addressed for the online deployment of sBCI are, on the one hand, the definition of relevant design parameters of the recording arrays, on the other hand, the identification of robust physiological markers of the patient’s intention to speak, which can be used to online trigger the decoding process. To address these issues, we acutely recorded speech-related signals from the frontal cortex of two human patients undergoing awake neurosurgery for brain tumors using three different micro-electrocorticographic ([Formula: see text]ECoG) devices. First, we observed that, at the smallest investigated pitch (600[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m), neighboring channels are highly correlated, suggesting that more closely spaced electrodes would provide some redundant information. Second, we trained a classifier to recognize speech-related motor preparation from high-gamma oscillations (70–150[Formula: see text]Hz), demonstrating that these neuronal signals can be used to reliably predict speech onset. Notably, our model generalized both across subjects and recording devices showing the robustness of its performance. These findings provide crucial information for the design of future online sBCI.
Deformed quantum mechanics and the Landau problem
Authors: Gamboa J. , Méndez F.
Published: June 2021

A deformation of the Landau problem based on a modification of Fock algebra is considered. Systems with the Hamiltonians [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the Landau Hamiltonian in the lowest level are discussed. The case [Formula: see text] is studied and it is shown that in this particular example, parameters of the problem can be fixed by using the quadratic Zeeman effect data and the Breit–Rabi formula.
Discrete nonlocal N-fold Darboux transformation and soliton solutions in a reverse space-time nonlocal nonlinear self-dual network equation
Authors: Yuan Cui-Lian , Wen Xiao-Yong
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we construct a discrete nonlocal integrable lattice hierarchy related to a reverse space-time nonlocal nonlinear self-dual network equation which may have the potential applications in designing nonlocal electrical circuits and understanding the propagation of electrical signals. By means of nonlocal version of [Formula: see text]-fold Darboux transformation (DT) technique, discrete multi-soliton solutions in determinant form are constructed for the reverse space-time nonlocal nonlinear self-dual network equation. Through the asymptotic and graphic analysis, unstable soliton structures of one-, two- and three-soliton solutions are discussed graphically. We observe that the single components in this nonlocal equation display instability while the combined potential terms with nonlocal [Formula: see text]-symmetry show stable soliton structures. It is shown that these nonlocal solutions are clearly different from those of its corresponding local equation. The results given in this paper may explain the soliton propagation in electrical signals.
Expert Consensus on the Integration and Innovation of Health Communication and Medical Communication
Authors: Mou Yi , Sun Feng , Wang Tao
Published: June 2021

With a development of nearly half a century, the discipline of health communication has faced some major problems, which have largely caused the chaos of health information/misinformation dissemination today. As a response, medical communication draws nutrients from the fields of medicine, philosophy of science, communication and other disciplines, and gradually develops an innovative extension of the field of health communication. What is the research content of medical communication? And what is the difference between medical communication and general health communication? This paper attempts to answer those questions. More importantly, the experts from medical and communication fields proposed the Expert Consensus on the Integration and Innovation of Health Communication and Medical Communication, highlighting the slogan of “Reducing the burden of medical professionals with Communication”, which symbolized that both sides have reached a consensus on the integration and innovation of these two fields.
Pore Microstructure Impacts on Lithium Ion Transport and Rate Capability of Thick Sintered Electrodes
Authors: Nie Ziyang , Parai Rohan , Cai Chen , Michaelis Charles , LaManna Jacob M. , Hussey Daniel S. , Jacobson David L. , Ghosh Dipankar , Koenig Gary M.
Published: June 2021

Increasing electrode thickness is one route to improve the energy density of lithium-ion battery cells. However, restricted Li+ transport in the electrolyte phase through the porous microstructure of thick electrodes limits the ability to achieve high current densities and rates of charge/discharge with these high energy cells. In this work, processing routes to mitigate transport restrictions were pursued. The electrodes used were comprised of only active material sintered together into a porous pellet. For one of the electrodes, comparisons were done between using ice-templating to provide directional porosity and using sacrificial particles during processing to match the geometric density without pore alignment. The ice-templated electrodes retained much greater discharge capacity at higher rates of cycling, which was attributed to improved transport properties provided by the processing. The electrodes were further characterized using an electrochemical model of the cells evaluated and neutron imaging of a cell containing the ice-templated pellet. The results indicate that significant improvements can be made to electrochemical cell properties via templating the electrode microstructure for situations where the rate limiting step includes ion transport limitations in the cell.
Emerging cellular-based therapies in carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Jang David H. , Piel Sarah , Greenwood John C. , Ehinger Johannes K. , Kilbaugh Todd J.
Published: June 2021

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless and colorless gas with multiple sources that include engine exhaust, faulty furnaces, and other sources of incomplete combustion of carbon compounds such as house fires. The most serious complications for survivors of consequential CO exposure are persistent neurological sequelae occurring in up to 50% of patients. CO inhibits mitochondrial respiration by specifically binding to the heme a3 in the active site of CIV-like hydrogen sulfide, cyanide, and phosphides. Although hyperbaric oxygen remains the cornerstone for treatment, it has variable efficacy requiring new approaches to treatment. There is a paucity of cellular-based therapies in the area of CO poisoning, and there have been recent advancements that include antioxidants and a mitochondrial substrate prodrug. The succinate prodrugs derived from chemical modification of succinate are endeavored to enhance delivery of succinate to cells, increasing uptake of succinate into the mitochondria, and providing metabolic support for cells. The therapeutic intervention of succinate prodrugs is thus potentially applicable to patients with CO poisoning via metabolic support for fuel oxidation and possibly improving efficacy of HBO therapy.
Surrogate scores of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH do not predict mortality in patients with medium-to-high cardiovascular risk
Authors: Delgado Graciela E. , Kleber Marcus E. , Moissl Angela P. , Yazdani Babak , Kusnik Alexander , Ebert Matthias P. , März Winfried , Krämer Bernhard K. , Lammert Alexander , Teufel Andreas
Published: June 2021

We investigated the impact of NAFLD surrogate markers in a large cohort of patients that had been referred to coronary angiography. In contrast to a repeatedly demonstrated increased link of cardiovascular events in patients with NALFD, we demonstrated that NAFLD surrogate markers were not independent risk factors for overall or cardiovascular mortality in patients with CAD. Thus, these markers may not be useful for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with CAD.
Flupirtine enhances NHE-3-mediated Na+ absorption in rat colon via an ENS-dependent mechanism
Authors: Nickerson Andrew J. , Rajendran Vazhaikkurichi M.
Published: June 2021

We present a novel mechanism regarding regulation of epithelial ion transport by enteric neurons. Activation of neuronal KV7 K+ channels markedly stimulates Na+ absorption and inhibits Cl− secretion across the colonic epithelium. This may be useful in developing new treatments for diarrheal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D).
Mental travel in the person domain
Authors: Hayman Mordechai , Arzy Shahar
Published: June 2021

Mental-travel, the ability to mentally imagine oneself in a different place and time, is a fundamental cognitive construct. Investigation of mental-travel in the social domain under fMRI revealed that a network of brain regions, largely overlapping the default-mode-network, is responsible for “traveling” to point of view of different others; moreover, this network distinguishes between closer and less-close others, suggesting that mental-travel is a rich dynamical process, encompassing individuals in different proximities and these individuals’ social network.
Fixed Point of Generalized Weak Contraction in
b
-Metric Spaces
Authors: Iqbal Maryam , Batool Afshan , Ege Ozgur , de la Sen Manuel
Published: June 2021

In this manuscript, a class of generalized

ψ
,
α
,
β

-weak contraction is introduced and some fixed point theorems in the framework of

b

-metric space are proved. The result presented in this paper generalizes some of the earlier results in the existing literature. Further, some examples and an application are provided to illustrate our main result.
Environmental Design Strategies to Decrease the Risk of Nosocomial Infection in Medical Buildings Using a Hybrid MCDM Model
Authors: Xiong Lei , Sheng Ge , Fan Zi-Mu , Yang Hua , Hwang Feng-Jang , Zhu Bo-Wei
Published: June 2021

The prevention and control of nosocomial infection (NI) are becoming increasingly difficult, and its mechanism is becoming increasingly complex. A globally aging population means that an increasing proportion of patients have a susceptible constitution, and the frequent occurrence of severe infectious diseases has also led to an increase in the cost of prevention and control of NI. Medical buildings’ spatial environment design for the prevention of NI has been a hot subject of considerable research, but few previous studies have summarized the design criteria for a medical building environment to control the risk of NI. Thus, there is no suitable evaluation framework to determine whether the spatial environment of a medical building is capable of inhibiting the spread of NI. In the context of the global spread of COVID-19, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the existing medical building environment in terms of inhibiting the spread of NI and to verify current environmental improvement strategies for the efficient and rational use of resources. This study determines the key design elements for the spatial environment of medical buildings, constructs an evaluation framework using exploratory factor analysis, verifies the complex dominant influence relationship, and prioritizes criteria in the evaluation framework using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory- (DEMATEL-) based analytical network process (ANP) (DANP). Using representative real cases, this study uses the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate and analyze the performance with the aspiration level of reducing the NI risk. A continuous and systematic transformation design strategy for these real cases is proposed. The main contributions of this study include the following: (1) it creates a systematic framework that allows hospital decision-makers to evaluate the spatial environment of medical buildings; (2) it provides a reference for making design decisions to improve the current situation using the results of a performance evaluation; (3) it draws an influential network relation map (INRM) and the training of influence weights (IWs) for criteria. The sources of practical problems can be identified by the proposed evaluation framework, and the corresponding strategy can be proposed to avoid the waste of resources for the prevention of epidemics.
Improving the Performance of Machine Learning‐Based Network Intrusion Detection Systems on the UNSW‐NB15 Dataset
Authors: Moualla Soulaiman , Khorzom Khaldoun , Jafar Assef
Published: June 2021

Networks are exposed to an increasing number of cyberattacks due to their vulnerabilities. So, cybersecurity strives to make networks as safe as possible, by introducing defense systems to detect any suspicious activities. However, firewalls and classical intrusion detection systems (IDSs) suffer from continuous updating of their defined databases to detect threats. The new directions of the IDSs aim to leverage the machine learning models to design more robust systems with higher detection rates and lower false alarm rates. This research presents a novel network IDS, which plays an important role in network security and faces the current cyberattacks on networks using the UNSW‐NB15 dataset benchmark. Our proposed system is a dynamically scalable multiclass machine learning‐based network IDS. It consists of several stages based on supervised machine learning. It starts with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) method to solve the imbalanced classes problem in the dataset and then selects the important features for each class existing in the dataset by the Gini Impurity criterion using the Extremely Randomized Trees Classifier (Extra Trees Classifier). After that, a pretrained extreme learning machine (ELM) model is responsible for detecting the attacks separately, “One‐Versus‐All” as a binary classifier for each of them. Finally, the ELM classifier outputs become the inputs to a fully connected layer in order to learn from all their combinations, followed by a logistic regression layer to make soft decisions for all classes. Results show that our proposed system performs better than related works in terms of accuracy, false alarm rate, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), and Precision‐Recall Curves (PRCs).
Game Analysis of the Multiagent Evolution of Existing Building Green Retrofitting from the Perspective of Green Credit
Authors: Chen Liwen , Zhang Mengjia , Zhao Shiwen
Published: June 2021

Existing building green retrofitting can reduce building energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the construction industry. The financing dilemma of the existing building green retrofitting hinders the large-scale development of green retrofitting in China. This paper establishes the perceived payoff matrix and evolutionary game model of the government, Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), banks, and owners. Through simulation analysis, the primary factors affecting the choice of game strategy and the stable strategy under different conditions are discussed. The results show that the strategic choices of the government, ESCOs, banks, and owners influence each other in the two game models. Government regulations will have an impact on the strategic choices of ESCOs, banks, and owners. The owners’ strategy choice is closely related to the perceived benefits and costs of retrofitting. Based on the results, corresponding suggestions are proposed to provide theoretical support for the development of the existing building green retrofitting market.
Dual-Source Procurement and Supplier Pricing Decision under Supply Interruption
Authors: Che Cheng , Zhang Xiaoguang , Chen Yi , Zhao Liangyan , Guo Peng , Liang Yuqing
Published: June 2021

The occurrence of major public health events usually leads to interruptions in the supply chain. This article studies the supply chain consisting of two suppliers and one manufacturer. In the case of supply interruptions, the manufacturer adopts two models of unit cost subsidies and proportional subsidies. The reliability of the supplier’s supply is incentivized and ensured. A Stackelberg game model is established in which the manufacturer is the leader and the supplier is the follower. The research results show that the optimal order quantity of the supplier manufacturer and the optimal wholesale price of the supplier will be affected by the reliability level, and the optimal supply chain profits of the two models under different parameters are compared.
Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Charcoal Production Activities of Rural Households in Mecha District, Ethiopia
Authors: Tassie Kassahun , Misganaw Berihun , Addisu Solomon , Tesfaye Ermias
Published: June 2021

Ethiopia is one of the largest charcoal-producing countries in Africa where its urban consumers burn over 3 million tons per year. The purpose of this study was to measure the amount of charcoal produced and its related environmental and socioeconomic impact in the study area. A total of 305 respondents were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions from charcoal production was analyzed based on the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change quantification techniques, and the impact of charcoal production on households’ income was analyzed using propensity score matching. The results revealed that the annual charcoal production rate and emission of carbon dioxide equivalent have an increasing trend at an alarming rate in the study area. From propensity score matching analysis, the economic impact of charcoal production has a positive difference of 0.43813162 as compared to nonproducers. Socioeconomic factors like land size, eucalyptus coverage, agricultural extension, market distance, and the number of oxen have a highly significant effect but variables like sex, family size, education status, credit services, and marital status had no significant effect on charcoal production. In general, even though charcoal production is economically having a positive impact on households’ annual aggregate income; it has disproportionality adverse effect on the environment like air pollution in addition to sophisticated respiratory health problems. Therefore, responsible institutions and planners should have focused on the multidimensional effect of traditional charcoal production on environmental issues and sophisticated health problems especially on employed laborers and nearby residents.
Exploring Heart Rate Variability as a Biomedical Diagnostic Tool for the Disympathetic Dimension of Eight-Constitution Medicine
Authors: Kang Hyonna , Walsh Sean , Oliver Brian , Royce Terry , Cho Byung Je
Published: June 2021

Background. Eight-Constitution Medicine (ECM), an extension of Traditional Korean Medicine, divides the population into eight groups based on their physiological characteristics. ECM divides these eight groups into two larger groups based on autonomic reactivity: the Sympathicotonic group and the Vagotonic group (herein referred to as the Disympathetic Dimension). Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a widely used biomedical tool to assess cardiac autonomic function. This raises the question of the utility of using HRV to correctly diagnose ECM constitutions. Methods. A systematic literature review was conducted to evaluate the correlation between HRV and constitutions in Korean Constitutional Medicine, including Eight-Constitution Medicine (ECM) and Sasang Constitution Medicine (SCM). The articles were obtained from both English (Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest, and Medline) and Korean databases (NDSL and RISS), in addition to Google Scholar, without date restriction. 20 studies met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted against three aspects: (1) correlation between HRV and constitution, (2) HRV reporting and interpretation, and (3) extraneous factors that were controlled in the studies. Results. 386 articles were initially identified, which was reduced to n = 20 studies which met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 were SCM studies and 1 was an ECM study. Sample sizes varied from 10 to 8498 men and women, with an age range of 10–80 years. SCM studies explored HRV differences by constitution, measuring HRV at resting, with controlled breathing, before and after acupuncture stimulation, and by other interventions. SCM studies reported either no significant differences (HRV at resting or with controlled breathing studies) or conflicting data (HRV with acupuncture stimulation studies). The single ECM study measured HRV at resting and after acupuncture stimulation but reported no significant differences between the two groups of Sympathicotonia and Vagotonia. Conclusions. Due to inconsistencies in study design, study population, and measures of HRV, there was no consistency in the data to support the use of HRV as a biomedical determinant of ECM constitutions.
Extreme Image Classification Algorithm Based on Multicore Dense Connection Network
Authors: Wang Daolei , Zhang Tianyu , Zhu Rui , Li Mingshan , Sun Jiajun
Published: June 2021

Extreme images refer to low-quality images taken under extreme environmental conditions such as haze, heavy rain, strong light, and shaking, which will lead to the failure of the visual system to effectively recognize the target. Most of the existing extreme image restoration algorithms only handle the restoration work of a certain type of image; how to effectively recognize all kinds of extreme images is still a challenge. Therefore, this paper proposes a classification and restoration algorithm for extreme images. Due to the large differences in the features on extreme images, it is difficult for the existing models such as DenseNet to effectively extract depth features. In order to solve the classification problem in the algorithm, we propose a Multicore Dense Connection Network (MDCNet). MDCNet is composed of dense part, attention part, and classification part. Dense Part uses two dense blocks with different convolution kernel sizes to extract features of different sizes; attention part uses channel attention mechanism and spatial attention mechanism to amplify the effective information in the feature map; classification part is mainly composed of two convolutional layers and two fully connected layers to extract and classify feature images. Experiments have shown that the recall of MDCNet can reach 92.75% on extreme image dataset. At the same time, the mAP value of target detection can be improved by about 16% after the image is processed by the classification and recovery algorithm.
Occupational Therapy Services in School-Based Practice: A Pediatric Occupational Therapy Perspective from Ireland
Authors: O’Donoghue Carol , O’Leary Jennifer , Lynch Helen
Published: June 2021

Purpose. School is a primary setting for pediatric occupational therapy practice, yet little is known about the provision of school-based occupational therapy in many countries internationally. The purpose of this study was to explore current school-based occupational therapy practice for the first time in Ireland to gain insight into current and potential service provision and to identify new directions and potential pathways for development. Methods. This descriptive quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional online survey to gain the perspectives of the population of pediatric occupational therapists working regularly in schools across Ireland. Respondents were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. Data were analysed through qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results. The survey elicited 35 responses, yielding a 21.2% estimated response rate. Findings demonstrated that respondents provided therapy services in schools most commonly on a weekly (28.6%) or monthly (34.3%) basis, with only 5.0% working in the same school on a weekly or fortnightly basis. The majority of respondents (54.3%) used a direct therapy approach with a child, rather than coaching or modelling, to primarily address sensory, hand function, or daily living needs. None used a whole class or whole school (universal or tiered) approach. While respondents (54.3%) generally viewed collaborative practice as a strength of school-based practice, they also identified barriers to collaboration in schools. A core barrier is related to how services are constructed across health and education, with differing philosophies of service provision. The majority of respondents (75.0%) reported that they had not received any training to deliver evidence-based practice in therapy provision specific to school-based practice. Implications for Practice. This study indicates that therapists require continual education on evidence-based school practice as it applies in an Irish context. Furthermore, clarification of school therapy roles and service delivery models are required in order to determine how they contrast with traditional clinic roles. This will enable therapists to strengthen the coordination of service delivery between health and educational services to maximize the outcomes of school-based practice.