bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affect and spatial dynamics in Flags in the Dust and The Sound and the Fury
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes the critical break in Faulkner’s career, between the relatively conventional and long-winded draft of Flags in the Dust (1927) and the extraordinary literary achievement The Sound and the Fury (1929)—both of which tackle the same basic material. It speculates that one determining factor is the diminution, in absolute terms, of Southern descriptive prose from one book to the next, and argues that Faulkner motivates this eclipse of one of the perdurable romance techniques via an astute attention to the changes wrought to the “distribution of the sensible” by the increase in automobile use in the late 1920s. The “chronotopes” of romance are modified from within by the extent to which automobile and electric streetcar transport overtakes the now anachronistic horse-and-buggy traps and mule-drawn carts of an earlier epoch. Faulkner proved perceptive as regards these modifications, and rendered them in enduring aesthetic terms in his early masterpiece.
“A Universall Monarchy”
Authors: Bross Kristina
Published: August 2017

Chapter 1 analyzes a mid-seventeenth-century pamphlet exchange that suggests how global fantasies infuse writings that on their surface seem little interested in situating England on a world stage. In 1651, William Lilly, the “Christian astrologer,” responded to a Royalist Presbyterian’s pamphlet attack on the Parliamentarian cause. The two authors debated events of their time by exchanging prophecies that depended on the twinned notions of a Christian millennialism in which Christ would become a “universall monarch” over the whole world and of translatio imperii, fidei, and scientiae, the movement of government, faith, and learning from the East to the West. The coda adds an additional voice to the debate, triangulating the exchange between Lilly and the anonymous pamphleteer with a reader whose marginalia are preserved in a copy held by Purdue University. This exchange illustrates the fervor with which millennial ideas were being discussed throughout the seventeenth century.
“These Shall Come from Far”
Authors: Bross Kristina
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 analyzes English claims to a central role in a global network of indigenous and English people connected by faith around the world, claims made manifest in Of the Conversion of Five Thousand Nine Hundred Indians on the Island of Formosa, a 1650 publication by Baptist minister Henry Jessey, printed by radical bookseller Hannah Allen. It reports on Dutch missions in Taiwan, comparing them with evangelism efforts in New England. The coda considers the experiences of an Algonquian woman who is unnamed in Jessey’s tract but is identified as a basket maker, speculating on the meaning she may have encoded in her basket designs. Though we cannot “read” them directly, the fact that she made them, coupled with the provocative arguments offered by recent scholars about Native material culture in the colonial period, enables us to reconsider the print archive in which she appears.
Introduction
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion presents an exchange of competing views concerning the existence and nature of God. Its three main characters are Cleanthes (an advocate of natural theology), Philo (a freewheeling skeptic), and Demea (a combination dogmatic rationalist and mystic). A striking feature of the ...
Part Five
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Philo continues to subject Cleanthes’ machine-analogy arguments to Pyrrhonist challenges, and anticipates Cleanthes’ (Part 12) summary view that the origin of the universe “may bear some remote analogy to human intelligence.”
Part Ten
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Part 10 of the Dialogues introduces the problem of evil. Demea and Philo outdo each other in pointing to the evil in the world and the seeming inability of Cleanthes’ natural religion to account for it, or excuse it. Philo resurrects Cleanthes’ irregular form of argument—that an infinite, benevolent, wise, and powerful god can be discovered “by the eyes of faith alone.”
Hume, Pyrrhonism, and Fideism
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Against charges that Pyrrhonism is unlivable, critics both ancient and modern have responded. Hume read, and frequently echoes, Pierre-Daniel Huet, a central figure in the Pyrrhonian-fideist movement. Though Hume often borrows Pyrrhonian-style arguments in the Dialogues to serve his purposes, unlike the French fideists he does not invoke them in the service of a religious faith. Contemporary scholars have claimed Hume as a fideist; this book, and the work of Don Garrett, disprove this view. Hume was not a Pyrrhonian skeptic; he has Philo reject Cleanthes’ arguments on Cleanthes’ own terms, rejecting them on empirical grounds.
The New Hume
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

The “New Humeans” attribute to Hume what they call a “skeptical realist” view. A skeptical realist about some entity is realist about the entity’s existence, but agnostic about the nature or character of that thing because it is epistemically inaccessible. Hume, in the Treatise and throughout his philosophical writings, shows how the illusion that one is referring to something can naturally arise even when there is no such thing to refer to. When Cleanthes asks Demea if “the name (‘God’), without any meaning, is of such mighty importance,” the new skeptical realist can only reply, “Maybe yes, maybe no, but we will never be in a position to decide which.” Such conceptual agnosticism, something a fideist might welcome, would be dismissed by Hume.
Garrett on Hume’s Notion of a True Religion
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Don Garrett explains what Hume means by “true religion,” a doctrine, enunciated by Philo, that Hume regarded as true in an epistemic sense, not evaluative. Philo’s concluding assessment of the argument from design is transparently epistemic: “The cause or causes of order in the universe probably bear some remote analogy to human intelligence.” The level of probability may be low, the content ambiguous, but it is a genuine probabilistic assessment with some evidential and analogical support. We are left with an anemic deity no theist would find acceptable.
The Conceivability Argument
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the conceivability argument against physicalism. David Chalmers’ “two-dimensional” version of the conceivability argument is rejected on the grounds that it relies on a highly contentious semantic assumption that Chalmers has not adequately defended. The chapter offers an alternative conceivability argument, rooted in an alternative view of the relationship between conceivability and possibility. According to the Transparency Conceivability Principle, conceivability entails possibility when one’s conception involves only transparent concepts, where a concept is transparent just in case it reveals the essence of its referent. The crucial premise of this conceivability argument is Phenomenal Transparency: the thesis that phenomenal concepts are transparent. The defense of Phenomenal Transparency itself is postponed until the next chapter.
Panpsychism versus Panprotopsychism and the Subject-Summing Problem
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This is the first of two chapters discussing the most notorious problem facing Russellian monism: the combination problem. This is actually a family of difficulties, each reflecting the challenge of how to make sense of everyday human and animal experience intelligibly arising from more fundamental conscious or protoconscious features of reality. Key challenges facing panpsychist and panpsychist forms of Russellian monism are considered. With respect to panprotopsychism, there is the worry that it collapses into noumenalism: the view that human beings, by their very nature, are unable to understand the concrete, categorical nature of matter. With respect to panpsychism, there is the subject-summing problem: the difficulty making sense of how micro-level conscious subjects combine to produce macro-level conscious subjects. A solution to the subject-summing problem is proposed, and it is ultimately argued that panpsychist forms of the Russellian monism are to be preferred on grounds of simplicity and elegance.
Introduction
Authors: Pugliese Marc A. , Hwang Alexander Y.
Published: August 2017

Teaching Interreligious Encounters is a multidisciplinary volume of original essays addressing pedagogical issues related to teaching that occurs through experiences of different religious traditions or interreligious encounters. The book brings together international scholars who work in and speak from a variety of contexts as loci for teaching interreligious encounters: undergraduate and graduate programs, secular and religiously affiliated institutions, divinity schools and seminaries, as well as graduate career preparation in nonreligious professions. There are four sections in the volume: “Theorizing Encounters” is partly propaedeutic but also representative of how theory constantly informs praxis even as it is informed by praxis; (2) “Arranging Encounters” contemplates planning and pedagogical strategies; (3) “Textual Encounters” contains essays on text-based teaching approaches; and (4) “Practical Encounters” presents pedagogical strategies with attention to the importance of lived experience through hands-on practices like case studies, site visits, and immersion programs.
The “Us-Them” Dilemma
Authors: Lemons J. Derrick
Published: August 2017

Globalization continues to impact the demands of teaching and learning. Instructors of religion are asked to prepare students for a globalized world. Students have newly formed questions about the religious other because of their visits abroad or experiences with neighbors who have moved from other countries. The focus of this chapter is to call social scientists and comparative theologians to share their fields and develop a reflexive comparative theological method to inform their research and instruction. Specifically, the reflexivity of Pierre Bourdieu and the comparative theological stance of Francis Clooney are combined to draw on the signature contributions of each scholar. I conclude with an overview of four sections of my course Introduction to Religious Thought, in which I develop a reflexive comparative theological movement throughout the course to assist students in understanding their home religion and the religious other.
Maintaining Neutrality while Teaching Religious Studies
Authors: McKim Robert
Published: August 2017

I present what I consider to be a weighty set of arguments for the view that instructors in religion at secular public institutions should be neutral in their approach to the truth of the claims of religious traditions they interpret and discuss—a view that I refer to as neutralism. Neutralism has much to recommend it, and from the point of view of religion instructors at secular public institutions there is much that is appealing about it. Then I explore some reasons why neutralism needs to be qualified. The most important reason arises from the fact that the norms within some academic disciplines in religious studies legitimate either (a) defending claims that count for or against the truth of substantive religious claims or (b) arguing explicitly for the truth of substantive religious claims. I consider how best to combine neutralism with recognition of these other disciplinary norms.
Reading Ignatius in Kathmandu
Authors: Cattoi Thomas
Published: August 2017

The goal of this chapter is to reflect on a joint reading of Ignatius of Loyola’s Exercises and Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra (The Way of the Bodhisattva) in seminars that were held in 2009 and 2012 at the Center for Buddhist Studies (CBS) in Kathmandu, Nepal. The seminars were a privileged occasion where the comparative reading of a Buddhist text and a Christian text was supplemented with a “dialogue of life” between practitioners of different traditions. This chapter presents some theological insights gained from these conversations, while also exploring the challenges of teaching these texts in a comparative and dialogical manner. In line with Francis Clooney’s call for a new systematic theology that is simultaneously confessional and interreligious, the chapter also attempts to lay foundations for a new “pedagogy of interreligious encounter,” which is characterized by “vulnerability” to the religious other while remaining grounded in a specific religious tradition.
Sacred Spaces and Interreligious Learning
Authors: Kujawa-Holbrook Sheryl A.
Published: August 2017

The major religious traditions of the world—Buddhist, Taoist, Jewish, Christian, Muslim, to name but a few—all stress the need for human beings to create sacred spaces where they can thrive. This chapter utilizes the idea of sacred spaces as a means for teaching interreligious studies, and as a pedagogical tool for enabling interreligious learning. Human beings are persistently inclined to ground their religious and spiritual experience in sacred spaces. This commonality arises from the important role sacred spaces play in human attempts to structure and understand religious (spiritual) experience. The chapter also explores the relationship between “third space” thinking and interreligious spaces. How might a new spatial language of interreligious learning help communities engage the complexities of religious pluralism?
Teaching Interreligious Encounters through Case Studies
Authors: Sigalow Emily , Cadge Wendy
Published: August 2017

We developed a series of teaching guides based on case study learning to encourage students to grapple with issues of multiple religious belonging in America. In this chapter, we introduce the idea of case study learning and discuss its benefits for teaching about interreligious encounters. We then describe the three different teaching guides that we devised from our research on Jewish-Buddhist encounters in America and evaluate our experiences piloting these materials. In the conclusion, we suggest additional ideas about how case studies might be used to enrich teaching about interreligious encounters. We also provide the locations of our own and other materials online for teaching about interreligious encounters through case studies.
Teaching Interspiritual Dialogue to Health Care Professionals
Authors: Arora Kelly R.
Published: August 2017

Interspiritual conversations are becoming more common in health care settings as providers recognize that patients’ diverse spiritual/religious values, beliefs, and practices may influence their health care decision-making and general well-being. This essay explores the practical dimensions of teaching health care professionals how to use an interspiritual dialogue approach grounded in values and particularism through a course entitled “Faith, Spirituality and Culture in Health Care,” which was designed for and taught to doctoral students at a Denver, Colorado, School of Pharmacy. After considering the contemporary context for teaching interspiritual dialogue to healthcare professionals, the essay reflects upon and relates the pedagogical choices made in designing and teaching the course, as well as the course structure, outline, objectives, and schedule.
Epilogue
Authors: Farfan Penny
Published: August 2017

A recurrent figure throughout this book, Oscar Wilde both exemplified and generated a connection between queerness and modernism that was enacted in and through performance. In this brief epilogue, Wilde’s contention that “what is termed Sin is an essential element of progress” serves to encapsulate how, as illustrated in the preceding chapters, queer modernist performance was a subversive yet insufficiently recognized aspect of modernism. Queer modernist performance thus clarifies that modernism, as Susan Stanford Friedman has argued, was a domain within modernity that effected change while at the same time intersecting with other domains of change, in this instance gender and sexuality.
Rethinking Prescription Requirements
Authors: Flanigan Jessica
Published: August 2017

Pharmaceutical policy should not discriminate between legitimate and illegitimate drug users, meaning that patients should have access to drugs for medical and non-medical purposes. This principle supports greater access to deadly and addictive drugs. But even if one doesn’t accept the argument that people should have legal access to deadly and addictive drugs, people should at least be permitted to access safe and non-addictive drugs for medical and non-medical uses. People have especially urgent claims to access drugs that protect people from harm and save lives. And there is a role for prescription requirements in limited cases. Dangerous and addictive drugs should remain behind the counter to prevent children and mentally incompetent people from accessing them. Finally, antibiotics should be regulated by a prescription system because antibiotics misuse could violate others’ rights.
Medical Autonomy and Modern Healthcare
Authors: Flanigan Jessica
Published: August 2017

Though rights of self-medication needn’t change medical decision-making for most patients, rights of self-medication have the potential to transform other aspects of healthcare as it is currently practiced. For example, if public officials respected patient’s authority to make medical decisions without authorization from a regulator or a physician, then they should also respect patient’s authority to choose to use unauthorized medical devices and medical providers. And many of the same reasons in favor of rights of self-medication and against prohibitive regulations are also reasons to support patient’s rights to access information about pharmaceuticals, including pharmaceutical advertisements. Rights of self-medication may also call for revisions to existing standards of product liability and prompt officials to rethink justifications for the public provision of healthcare.
Conclusion
Authors: Flanigan Jessica
Published: August 2017

Arguments in favor of rights of self-medication have revisionary implications for existing drug approval policies and drug prohibitions. Specifically, in order to respect people’s rights of self-medication public officials should not prohibit competent adults from purchasing and using (almost) any drugs. These implications may seem dangerous to some readers, but the current system is dangerous as well, and patients cannot consent to the risks associated with prohibitive policies. Even if public officials adopted policies that respected patient’s rights of self-medication, people who are concerned about the dangers of using pharmaceuticals could still consult a physician, government certification, or other experts before using a drug. In the twentieth century, patients benefited from increasing acceptance of the doctrine of informed consent. Pharmaceutical freedom is the next step.
Abdullah Quilliam, First and Last ‘Sheikh-ul-Islam of the British Isles’
Authors: Gilham Jamie
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides a detailed examination of Abdullah Quilliam’s role as the first – and only – "Shaykh-ul-Islam of the British Isles." The title of Shaykh-ul-Islam was conferred on Quilliam by the Ottoman Sultan in 1892 and effectively made him the supreme authority on Islam and leader of Muslims in Britain. This chapter argues that, though honorific, the role was strategically important for the Ottoman Turks, who believed that Quilliam could be trusted to work in the interests of their empire at a time when the European powers were threatening its dismantlement. This chapter shows that Quilliam took the role equally seriously and that the "office" of the Shaykh-ul-Islam enabled him not only to represent the Liverpool Muslim community at civic events but also, to some extent, to lead and speak on behalf of Muslims and for Islam nationally and internationally.
Abdullah Quilliam’s International Influence
Authors: Singleton Brent D.
Published: August 2017

News concerning Abdullah Quilliam and his establishment of a community of British converts to Islam in Liverpool quickly spread across the world. This chapter agues that, as a well-placed convert in the heart of the British Empire, Quilliam symbolized many things to Muslim communities worldwide. Correspondingly, each group of Muslims perceived him in whatever light they needed to see him. The American converts to Islam saw a model, a mentor, and a mediator. For Muslims in the British Empire, particularly Africa, Quilliam provided a morale boost, a legitimatization for holding on to their religion and culture in the face of colonialism. Muslims outside of the British Empire considered Quilliam an agent for the spread of Islam in the West. This chapter discusses Quilliam’s relationship with these communities, focusing on American and West African Muslims.
A Blueprint for Ethics
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 1 provides a blueprint for ethics, with Plato’s Philebus as its ancestor. Ethics, it is argued, starts out by asking “what is the good?” [Q]‌. The chapter offers a distinction between different versions of Q and corresponding lines of inquiry: about psychology and motivation, the nature of value, and the metaphysics of human life; ethics should include, it is argued, each of these approaches to the good. This proposal departs from orthodoxy in contemporary appropriations of ancient ethics by being significantly less—or less immediately—concerned with virtue. The chapter shows that Plato’s Philebus is as of yet under-explored for the purposes of contemporary engagement with ancient ethics. It is argued that this is a mistake, especially with a view to the dialogue’s deep interest in psychology and in metaphysical questions bearing on ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

In desiring the good, we aim to have our lives go well. This is the proposal I formulate and defend throughout the book. The desire to have one’s life go well makes one do something rather than nothing, perform this or that action, take up one pursuit or another. Agents need—and draw on—conceptions of what constitutes a good life. Conceptions of a good life locate some concerns at the center: ...
Stemming the Tide
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

The human right to water and sanitation emerged as a rallying cry for protestors and a legal tool to challenge privatization of water services. This book explores how the right to water and sanitation is fulfilled in different contexts, whether neoliberal policies like privatization pose a threat to the right to water, and whether rights fulfillment leads to meaningful social change. It analyzes the global dynamics of water governance as well as two in-depth country case studies: Chile, the most extreme case of water privatization in the developing world, and Bolivia, the site of the “water wars” that sparked a global movement for the human right to water. An analysis of state capacity, political will, and citizen participation in the case studies reveals that the minimum standard for the right to water and sanitation can be achieved in the absence of political will, and even in a privatized setting. However, achieving this requires strong state capacity, which runs counter to neoliberal logics. Furthermore, the broader standard for the right to water and sanitation requires citizen participation, accountability, and respect for alternatives to the state/market binary. The book argues that a human rights-based approach to water policy will not necessarily lead to social transformation because of the limits of the rights frame itself and preexisting barriers in each local context. The analysis draws from and modifies an analytical framework for evaluating socioeconomic rights realization. In this way, the book builds theory on socioeconomic human rights realization and social transformation.
Global Dynamics
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 explores how global actors promote the human right to water and sanitation at the global level, the venues in which they carry out their campaigns, and the resistance they face to redefining water and sanitation as human rights. The chapter analyzes how the water justice movement works to build political will for the human right to water and sanitation in the first stage in the “moments of social transformation” model, when abstract norms become accepted as held beliefs. The analysis focuses on three venues where activists advocate for the human right to water and sanitation: the United Nations General Assembly, the Human Rights Council, and the World Water Forum. The chapter explores the mechanisms at play in these campaigns, revealing a highly contested process pitting rights promoters against powerful adversaries in the global system, including representatives from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
Private Water, Public Good
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 provides an in-depth case study of water policy in Chile from the 1970s to present, including an evaluation of the outcomes of water policy under the privatized system from a human rights perspective. The chapter interrogates Chile’s reputation as a privatization success story, finding that although Chile meets the narrow definition of the human right to water and sanitation in terms of access, quality, and price, it fails to meet the broader definition that includes citizen participation in water management and policy decisions. The chapter argues that Chile’s relative success in delivering water services is attributable to strong state capacity to govern the water sector in the public interest by embedding neoliberal reforms in state interventions. The Chile case shows that privatization is not necessarily antithetical to human rights-consistent outcomes if there is a strong state role in the private sector.
Introduction
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a powerful and revealing vignette of the hybrid mediation of a protest march during the 2010 British general election. The chapter then moves on to outline the argument and structure of the book.
An Ontology of Hybridity
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 1 outlines an ontology of hybridity; a way of approaching the study of the social world that moves us away from “either/or” thinking and toward “not only but also” thinking. It shows how this ontology of hybridity develops out of diverse and multidisciplinary strands in the social sciences and how the themes and dispositions of this body of research may, with appropriate theoretical and empirical development, generate new ways of exploring some of the classic concerns of political communication. Hybrid thinking also serves as a platform for understanding the three other central conceptual themes of this book: power, the idea of a system, and media logics, all of which are discussed in this chapter.
The Contemporary Contexts of Hybridity
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 builds upon the themes of chapter 2 but goes beyond it to establish the contemporary context for the analyses of political communication that follow in chapters 4 to 9. This chapter sets the scene for these more detailed illustrations of the hybrid media system in Britain and the United States by focusing on the changing nature of audiences, shifting patterns of media use, the salient structural characteristics of broadcasting, newspaper, and online media, and the emergence of new hybrid forms of mediality.
Systemic Hybridity in the Mediation of the American Presidential Campaign
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 7 continues the revisionist approach of chapter 6, but paints the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign on a broader canvas. Through a detailed analysis of key episodes in the mediation of the campaign, the chapter shows how the real-space spectacles of candidate appearances continue to generate the important television, radio, and newspaper coverage that remains so crucial for projecting the power of a candidate and conveying enthusiasm, movement, authenticity, and common purpose to both activists and nonactivists alike. The chapter discusses how these television-fuelled spectacles now also integrate with newer media logics of data-gathering, online fundraising, tracking, monitoring, and managed volunteerism. A major theme running through this chapter is the growing systemic integration of the internet and television in presidential campaigns. It also shows how the hybrid media system can shape electoral outcomes by providing new power resources for campaigns that can create and master the system's modalities.
Restoring Consumer Sovereignty
Authors: Kuenzler Adrian
Published: August 2017

For decades, there has been broad consensus within antitrust, intellectual property, and consumer law scholarship that consumers make decisions in their own best interests by consciously weighting the market’s relative prices, quantities, and qualities against each other. That consensus is unraveling in light of novel findings from cognitive and social psychology that explain how individuals’ concepts of what they prefer drive the global economy. At the same time, producers nowadays no longer merely satisfy consumers’ needs but also communicate their values, identities, and aspirations through the sale and marketing of products. As part of the growing interest in observations such as these, a wealth of psychological studies challenge the fundamental teaching of economics that the interplay of demand and supply of goods in a free market economy provides us with material wealth. This book provides a normative defense of that assumption and a theoretical framework for understanding its contradictions. It argues that the erosion of consumer sovereignty through the ability of product manufacturers and sellers to systematically take advantage of individuals’ psychological weaknesses demands a twenty-first-century reconceptualization of the consumer and a modern account of how the law should regulate the digital economy. Such an account is justified to ensure a diverse marketplace in which consumers can influence how our societies are structured and arranged. By examining the role that market manipulation plays, it offers ingredients for a realistic descriptive and normative market regulatory theory that is aware of its political economy, its behavioral suppositions, and its distributional consequences.
Modelling Attribution
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

How and why does the attribution of an incident become the responsibility of the executive rather than the judiciary? How do the processes of attributing a criminal incident and attributing a national security incident differ? This chapter offers a two-pronged model for attribution, based on the nature of the process either as criminal or as a threat to national security. Criminal cases rarely rise to the level of "national threat," and are mostly dealt with by law enforcement agencies and subsequently by judiciary organizations. Several cases, based on certain criteria, fall within the remit of the executive rather than the judiciary, because government officials regard them as threats to national security. This transfer has several consequences. First and foremost, the question of knowing the full name of the attacker becomes less relevant than knowing who the enemy is and who the sponsors are; for instance, a state actor or a terrorist organization. Second, a national security incident usually implies broader investigative powers, especially those of intelligence services, which can use secret methods bordering legality.
Time
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

How important is the time constraint for attribution? How has the time constraint evolved? And what constitutes an appropriate time for attributing cyber attacks? Timing plays a significant role in attribution. The common assumption is that attribution is time-consuming, and warrants efforts to try to reduce the time it takes to identify instigators of cyber attacks. In the context of a national security incident, the rationale continues, this is problematic because fast reaction times are needed to ensure that any response will still be consistent with the fast-changing geopolitical context. Yet, counter-intuitively, focusing on time reduction can be misleading. In the national security context, timing matters, but not in terms of the measurable passage of time as much as in terms of external conjectures that influence the decision to attribute an act. Whether for a violent act of sabotage where the public expects a government reaction or for a less visible act of espionage, the time may not always be such that it is politically appropriate to attribute an attack. In this context, talking about reducing the time for attribution does not make much sense: such a proposal foregoes all the political elements that inform attribution, and over-emphasizes the technical aspect of attribution over the context in which an attack takes place.
Plausible Deniability
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: August 2017

What does it mean for a cyber attack to be plausibly deniable? And, more to the point, how can states engineer plausible deniability? This chapter makes two related arguments that run against common assumptions in the literature. Firstly, states engineer plausible deniability by relying not on foreign and distant hacking groups, but usually on domestic proxies. Although this reliance increases the state’s likelihood of being exposed, it also gives the state a greater ability to control the hired group. Secondly, connecting a state to an attack makes the state open to retaliation and largely accounts for why a state can be zealous in plausibly denying its involvement. Strategically, however, it does not make sense for states to seek plausible deniability for all types of attack. Espionage operations almost always prompt a backlash and can warrant special precautionary measures. But sabotage operations aimed at coercing an actor into a change of behavior require clarity. The instigator needs to ensure that the victim is cognizant of the motive behind the attack so that the threat can inform their potential decision to change policy. By revealing its identity while leaving room for ambiguity, a state can simultaneously send this signal and avoid retaliation.
Civic Time
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

The practice of annual election to the major civic offices was a distinguishing feature of urban polities in late medieval England, where political power was not based upon lineage and inheritance. In the absence of the legitimacy provided by birth and landholding, oath-taking was a vital stage in the process of official inauguration. In English cities elections and oaths provided the framework of a distinctive concept of time—a civic calendar year—which started on the day of the mayoral election. Elections produced a set of pressures peculiar to towns, and political disputes frequently coalesced around election days. The purpose of the chapter is to explain this pattern of habitual conflict.
Communication
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: August 2017

The exercise of political power in late medieval English towns was predicated upon the representation, management, and control of public opinion. This chapter explains why public opinion mattered so much to town rulers; how they worked to shape opinion through communication; and the results. Official communication was instrumental in the politicization of urban citizens. The practices of official secrecy and public proclamation were not inherently contradictory, but conflict flowed from the political process. The secrecy surrounding the practices of civic government provoked ordinary citizens to demand more accountability from town rulers, while citizens, who were accustomed to hear news and information circulated by civic magistrates, were able to use what they knew to challenge authority.
Donnellan’s misdescriptions and loose talk
Authors: Penco Carlo
Published: August 2017

The chapter aims at a new interpretation of Donnellan’s claim on the possibility of stating something true with a definite description that appears to be literally false (a misdescription). It presents some problems with Kripke’s account of referential misdescriptions and a strong version of Donnellan’s claims that clashes with Kripke’s interpretation. Next it discusses two versions of a strong inertness thesis aiming at justifying Donnellan’s strong claim. Then it reconsiders Donnellan’s argument against a Humpty Dumpty interpretation of his theory and interprets Donnellan’s work as an anticipation of a theory of loose talk, embedding his ideas in the current debate on the semantics–pragmatics interface. Finally it presents a weak inertness thesis (WIT) as an alternative to Recanati’s and Almog’s treatment of misdescriptions, and tries to defend and extend it and to hint at a “justificationist” version of it (PRODET).
Pre-semantic pragmatic enrichment
Authors: Huang Yan
Published: August 2017

This chapter aims to show how long-distance reflexivization (LDR) is pragmatically enriched through the author’s version of neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora. By LDR is meant the phenomenon whereby a reflexive can be bound outside its local syntactic domain, which has long been posing serious problems for Chomsky’s generative syntactic theory. Unlike in English, where LDR is normally not allowed, LDR occurs in a wide range of the world’s languages as structurally and typologically diverse as Chinese, Icelandic, and modern Greek. The chapter considers the three distinct but related functions of a long-distance reflexive, namely contrastiveness/emphaticness, logophoricity, and de se attribution. Finally it consider the question of what the pragmatic intrusion under discussion is. Data are drawn from a variety of languages.
The interplay of recipient design and salience in shaping speaker’s utterance
Authors: Kecskes Istvan
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that a speaker’s utterance is not just recipient design. While fitting words into actual situational contexts, speakers are driven not only by the intent that the hearer recognize what is meant as intended by the speaker, but also by individual salience, which affects production subconsciously. The interplay of these social (recipient design) and individual factors (salience) shapes a speaker’s utterance. Recipient design is the result of being cooperative, which, according to Grice,is a part of human rationality. This chapter claims, however, that individual egocentrism that results in individual salience is part of human rationality just as much as cooperation is. It is claimed and demonstrated through examples that recipient design usually requires an inductive process that is carefully planned, while salience effect generally appears in the form of a deductive process that may contain repairs and adjustments.
The End of Outrage
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

In 1856 Patrick McGlynn, a young schoolmaster in west Donegal, Ireland, turned informer on the Molly Maguires, a secret combination that, from the Great Famine of the late 1840s, had been responsible for a wave of violence and intimidation—offences that the state termed ‘outrage’. Here, a history of McGlynn’s informing, backlit by episodes over the previous two decades, sheds light on that wave of outrage, its origins and outcomes, the meaning and the memory of it. More specifically, it illuminates the end of outrage—the shifting objectives of those who engaged in it, and also how, after hunger faded and disease abated, tensions emerged in the Molly Maguires, when one element sought to curtail such activity, while another sought, unsuccessfully, to expand it. And in that contention, when the opportunities of post-Famine society were coming into view, one glimpses the end, or at least an ebbing, of outrage—in the everyday sense of moral indignation—at the fate of the rural poor. But, at heart, The End of Outrage is about contention among neighbours—a family that rose from the ashes of a mode of living, those consumed in the conflagration, and those who lost much but not all. Ultimately, the concern is how the poor themselves came to terms with their loss: how their own outrage at what had been done unto them and their forebears lost malignancy, and ended.
Prologue
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

Observing the abandonment of traditional beliefs and practices in the 1830s, the scholar John O’Donovan remarked that ‘a different era—the era of infidelity—is fast approaching!’ In west Donegal, that era finally arrived c.1880, when, over much of the district, English replaced Irish as the language of the home. Yet it had been coming into view since the mid-1700s, as the district came to be fitted—through the cattle trade, seasonal migration, and protoindustrialization—into regional and global economic systems. In addition to the market, an expansion of the administrative and coercive capacity of the state and an improvement in the plant and personnel of the Catholic Church—processes that intensified in the mid-1800s—proved vital factors, as the population dwindled after the Famine, in the people breaking faith with the old and familiar and adopting the new.
The Last Places Man Created
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

Beagh is a small neighbourhood (380 acres), two miles west of the two-street town of Ardara. Here, the cultivation of potatoes had facilitated demographic expansion from the mid-eighteenth century, and in 1841 it was home to c.115–20 people. Beagh was then part of the Marquis of Conyngham’s Boylagh Estate and, prior to 1841, it had been held in rundale, a system of land use that involved communal rights and responsibilities. In 1837, leases on the estate expired and, over much of Boylagh, the landlord’s agent ordered the replacement of rundale by a ‘divided’ system in which ‘every man is only accountable for his own portion’. The change involved social and cultural dislocation, but, in Beagh, it cannot be shown to have significantly increased inequality between landholders as happened elsewhere; still, it undoubtedly involved the removal of some landless subtenants.
The Name of Informer
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

Financial concerns were a factor in McGlynn’s decision to contact Cruise in late March 1856. So too was a fear that he would be connected to a letter threatening Gallagher which he had written at the behest of the Mollies. That anxiety, in turn, stemmed from the fractious politics of the local lodge. The previous year, its ‘master’ had survived a challenge from militants who thought that he should be ordering more ‘outrages’. However, the militants remained a strong faction in the lodge. McGlynn’s fear heightened when the savage beating of a man in a neighbouring parish caused the Catholic clergy to condemn the Mollies. McGlynn’s information revealed Gallagher’s neglect of his aged father, John, to have been an additional source of the Mollies’ animosity to him; so too, it seems, was the death of a man struck with a whip by a relative of his wife.
Dangerous Memories
Authors: Mac Suibhne Breandán
Published: August 2017

In the mid-1900s, folklore collectors recorded anecdotes from people born in the late 1800s who took satisfaction in the doings of the Molly Maguires in their fathers’ time. However, it was more common for an ambivalent note to be struck in their stories: if the Mollies had kept usurers and land-grabbers in check, they somehow ‘went bad’ and violence became an end in itself. Crucially, too, the people from whom these stories were collected had an uncommon interest in the past; here, after the social and cultural upheavals of the mid- to late 1800s, few people of their generation had much time for ‘dangerous memories of suffering’.
Against Marriage
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

Against Marriage: An Egalitarian Defence of the Marriage-Free State is a critique of the state recognition of marriage and a proposal for an alternative form of regulation. Part One, ‘Against Marriage’, sets out the critique. State-recognized marriage is unjust as it violates two fundamental values: equality and freedom. Marriage has historically been an instrument for maintaining inequality between men and women both practically, through laws, and symbolically, through norms. Marriage also violates equality between same-sex and different-sex couples. Reform can remove some of these inequalities, but marriage inevitably involves inequality between married and unmarried people. Moreover, state-recognized marriage threatens liberty since it involves the state endorsing a particular way of life. Various arguments have been offered in favour of this state promotion, but none of them adequately support the state recognition of marriage as opposed to other, more inclusive measures. Part Two, ‘The Marriage-Free State’, sets out the alternative. Most feminist and egalitarian critics of state-recognized marriage advocate replacing it with either relationship contracts or alternative statuses such as civil or care-based unions. Neither option is ideal, particularly since both contracts and alternative statuses leave vulnerable people unprotected. Instead, the book proposes a piecemeal, practice-based model of regulation, applying to all people who are engaging in relationship practices that should justly be regulated. In this model, equality is secured by the regulations themselves and liberty is secured by opting out. Finally, the book considers how the state should act to ensure equality in private marriages, be they religious or secular.
Regulating Relationships in the Marriage-Free State
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

This chapter sets out a new model for regulating personal relationships, one that relies on neither contract nor a holistic status such as marriage or civil partnership. Critics of marriage have suggested one of these two options, with most recent feminist and egalitarian work focusing on alternative holistic statuses. These statuses, while they improve on marriage, retain an unjust distinction between those who have and those who lack that status. The chapter sets out three features of the alternative form of regulation in the marriage-free state. First, it is piecemeal not holistic: relationship practices are regulated separately rather than in bundles. Second, it proceeds via practices not status: regulation is not dependent on a formally-aquired status. Third, liberty is secured by opting out rather than opting in. This model of regulation is compared with alternatives found in political philosophy and international legal practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Chambers Clare
Published: August 2017

The conclusion recaps the arguments of Against Marriage: An Egalitarian Defence of the Marriage-Free State. The book presents a critique of state-recognized marriage and an alternative model for regulating personal relationships. The main critique of marriage is that it is inegalitarian. Feminists have long criticized the gendered nature of marriage. Even reformed marriage creates unjustified inequalities between married and unmarried people and their children. State recognition of marriage also involves the state in making controversial judgements about ways of life, undermining liberty. In place of state-recognized marriage, the marriage-free state would regulate relationship practices in a piecemeal fashion and without requiring a special status.