bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scared Sheetless
Authors: Newton Richard ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

The ideology of white supremacy is alive and well in the U.S. This paper argues that those attempting to understand how white supremacy works should delve into recent justifications of anti-black violence rather than simply waiting to spot the white sheets of the Ku Klux Klan. Doing so requires scholars to disabuse themselves of taking for granted the descriptions of what may be characterized as a U.S. Christian-White imaginary and to observe the dynamic, discursive shifts that Jean-Franc̜ois Bayart calls “operational acts of identification.” Drawing on incidents from antebellum slavery to the Black Lives Matter era and beyond, it is argued that white people have long been able to justify anti-black violence by appealing to a biblicist “Negrophobia,” wherein black people are rendered as frightening, even demonic creatures that must be stopped for the good of God’s kingdom. This paper presents a critical history of violence in America that is representative of a devastatingly effective strategy that continues to fortify the functional primacy of whiteness despite popular rejections of racism.
Maximum Cut Parameterized by Crossing Number
Authors: Chimani Markus , Dahn Christine , Juhnke-Kubitzke Martina , Kriege Nils , Mutzel Petra , Nover Alexander
Published: March 2020

Given an edge-weighted graph $G$ on $n$ nodes,
the NP-hard $\rm{M\small{AX}}$-$\rm{C\small{UT}}$ problem asks for a node bipartition such that the sum of edge weights joining the different partitions is maximized.
We propose a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm parameterized by the number $k$ of crossings in a given drawing of $G$.
Our algorithm achieves a running time of $\mathcal{O}(2^{k} \cdot p(n+k))$, where $p$ is the polynomial running time for planar $\rm{M\small{AX}}$-$\rm{C\small{UT}}$.
The only previously known similar algorithm [Dahn et al, IWOCA 2018] is restricted to embedded 1-planar graphs (i.e., at most one crossing per edge)
and its dependency on $k$ is of order $3^k$.
Finally, combining this with the fact that crossing number is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to itself, we see that $\rm{M\small{AX}}$-$\rm{C\small{UT}}$ is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the crossing number, even without a given drawing.
Moreover, the results naturally carry over to the minor-monotone-version of crossing number.
Repenser l’histoire des médias à partir du référent balzacien dans Verlorene Illusionen de Helmut Wietz
Authors: Filion Louise-Hélène
Published: March 2020

Dans le roman graphique Verlorene Illusionen (2017), Helmut Wietz s’inspire librement d’Illusions perdues de Balzac, mais il déplace la satire des milieux littéraires et journalistiques parisiens dans le contexte de l’Allemagne divisée. L’Allemagne sur le chemin de la réunification de 1989-1990, et celle de la République démocratique allemande des années 1969-1970 imaginées par Wietz partagent toutefois des traits du monde hypercontemporain, le bédéiste s’appuyant sur l’anachronie pour mener une critique sur l’emprise des médias et leur mise en images du réel; pour déplorer l’instrumentalisation de l’information, de la littérature et des mots. Cet article présente les modalités de l’appropriation de l’oeuvre balzacienne dans le contexte d’une réécriture de l’histoire des médias en RFA-RDA; l’examen de l’emploi par Wietz des ressources propres au médium de la bande dessinée – les choix narratifs, l’organisation du lettrage et des lieux, etc. – sera également éclairant quant à la nature du traitement wietzéen de l’Histoire.
Roman à clés et écriture du réel : La constellation du Lynx de Louis Hamelin et Forêt contraire d’Hélène Frédérick
Authors: Dion Robert
Published: March 2020

Le roman à clés a mauvaise presse. Pourtant, il a innervé, tout au long du XXe siècle, des livres fondamentaux comme À la Recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust ou certains romans de James Joyce et de Virginia Woolf. Plus largement, de nombreux romans contemporains ont recours à des dispositifs de « floutage » pour faire entrer le réel, et plus particulièrement les personnes réelles, dans la fiction. Ainsi l’enjeu, dans les deux romans québécois qui se voient analysés dans cet article, consiste à trouver une autre manière d’inscrire le réel dans la fiction. Les exemples de « réticences » et d’hésitations vis-à-vis du nom propre correspondent ici à des stratégies diverses d’appréhension de l’histoire ou du rapport intime entre les êtres, qui commandent certes des détours mais qui, en même temps, exigent une certaine transparence de la référence pour laisser percevoir un poids de réalité garant d’une authenticité dont les lecteurs d’aujourd’hui auraient, dit-on, une insatiable faim. Ces stratégies, on le verra, invitent à revoir les rapports entre le réel et la fiction, à remettre en cause les frontières censées les cloisonner.
La confrontation de conventions professionnelles au coeur de la socialisation d’enseignant·e·s formé·e·s à l’étranger travaillant dans l’école montréalaise1
Authors: Morrissette Joëlle , Demazière Didier , Larose Mathieu T. , Diédhiou Serigne Ben Moustapha , Arcand Sébastien
Published: March 2020

Cet article a pour but de présenter les résultats d’une recherche portant sur la socialisation professionnelle d’enseignant·e·s formé·e·s à l’étranger s’intégrant dans les écoles montréalaises. Une série d’entretiens collectifs a été proposée à certain·e·s d’entre elles·eux et à des pairs mentors afin de co-analyser des évènements concrets ayant marqué leur intégration et de débattre de leurs significations. Les résultats mettent en lumière deux dimensions majeures de leur socialisation : le rapport aux élèves et la régulation des conduites dans les classes, et la participation à la communauté de pairs et la définition de la compétence professionnelle.
Pouvoir de l’enseignant dans les interactions en ligne et approche sociocritique en didactique des langues
Authors: Ollivier Christian
Published: March 2020

Cet article entend contribuer à la structuration d’une approche sociocritique des usages du numérique en éducation. Il s’intéresse spécifiquement à l’étude des questions de pouvoir au sein de l’interaction éducative. À travers une étude située dans le domaine de l’enseignement-apprentissage des langues, nous montrons qu’en dépit des discours sur le potentiel démocratisant du numérique, son usage peut contribuer à renforcer les positions de pouvoir existantes malgré des efforts déployés par l’enseignant pour les réduire. Des actions didactiques visant une ouverture et une communication plus symétrique et horizontale peuvent ainsi avoir un effet inverse à celui attendu du fait que les étudiants restent fortement influencés dans leur discours par le pouvoir qu’ils reconnaissent à l’enseignant dans le système éducatif.
Étude des enjeux symboliques liés aux objets nomades connectés : vers une analyse critique du discours
Authors: Grassin Jean-François , Guichon Nicolas
Published: March 2020

L’étude cherche à déterminer quelles incidences les usages d’outils numériques nomades introduits par les étudiants lors de cours de langue française peuvent avoir sur les contours d’une forme académique définie comme une forme d’organisation de l’enseignement/apprentissage en contexte universitaire. Une enquête par entretiens collectifs auprès d’étudiants et d’enseignants a été menée dans un centre d’apprentissage du français dont le public est constitué d’étudiants internationaux afin de recueillir les discours des acteurs et en proposer une analyse critique attentive à l’expression des rapports de pouvoir. Notre étude atteste qu’une forme académique perdure au travers d’une dialectique de la docilité et du contrôle dans un entre-deux où les règles vis-à-vis de l’usage des objets connectés sont rarement édictées.
Numérique et forme scolaire dans les discours d’enseignants en formation
Authors: Soubrié Thierry , Muller Catherine
Published: March 2020

Dans une perspective sociocritique, nous interrogeons la notion de forme scolaire afin de mieux comprendre certains enjeux de l’intégration du numérique en contexte éducatif. Notre corpus est constitué d’échanges recueillis dans un forum de discussion où des étudiants de master devaient se prononcer sur l’incompatibilité supposée entre culture scolaire et numérique. Nous montrons, après avoir proposé une définition de la forme scolaire, que dans la majeure partie des cas il n’existe pas pour les personnes en formation de contre-indication à l’intégration du numérique, tout du moins lorsque ce dernier vient renforcer la forme scolaire. Dans le cas contraire, les contradictions qui apparaissent sont l’occasion de formuler des propositions visant, de manière plus ou moins marquée, à dépasser la forme scolaire.
Traitement médiatique des MOOC en tant qu’innovation numérique en éducation : analyse du positionnement des chercheurs, des administrations universitaires et des directions des plateformes de MOOC
Authors: Collin Simon , Saffari Hamid , Seck Demba
Published: March 2020

Entre 2012 et 2014, les MOOC(Massive Open Online Courses),en tant qu’innovation numérique en pédagogie universitaire, ont fait l’objet d’un fort traitement médiatique. Loin d’être une simple courroie de transmission, ce traitement médiatique peut être compris comme une mise en scène de différents acteurs (politiques, administratifs, scientifiques, éducatifs) articulés autour d’un imaginaire des MOOC en tant qu’innovation. Certains aspects de cet imaginaire ont déjà pu être identifiés lors d’une précédente étude (Collin et Saffari, 2015), ainsi que trois types d’intervenants principalement cités ou interviewés par les médias au regard des MOOC : les administrations universitaires, les directions des plateformes de MOOC et les chercheurs étudiant les technologies en éducation. En revanche, la manière dont le traitement médiatique des MOOC a mis en scène ces trois types d’acteurs n’a pas fait l’objet d’analyse. C’est ce que nous nous proposons d’approfondir dans le cadre du présent article, dont l’objectif est de mieux comprendre comment le traitement médiatique des MOOC positionne les chercheurs, les administrations universitaires et les directions de plateformes MOOC au sein de l’imaginaire qu’ils véhiculent. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une analyse secondaire du même corpus d’articles journalistiques qui a servi à la première étude (voir Collin et Saffari, 2015), en nous focalisant cette fois-ci sur les différents intervenants cités ou interviewés dans les articles journalistiques (p. ex., chercheurs, directions des plateformes MOOC, administrations universitaires). Les résultats de l’analyse de contenu permettent d’identifier, pour chaque type d’intervenant, des positionnements complémentaires au sein du traitement médiatique des MOOC.
Pour une approche systémique des inégalités numériques parmi les jeunes en âge scolaire
Authors: Brotcorne Périne
Published: March 2020

Cet article vise à effectuer un examen critique des travaux empiriques portant sur les inégalités numériques chez les apprenants au prisme d’un cadre conceptuel fondé sur une approche systémique des inégalités sociales. L’analyse révèle l’apport incontestable de ces travaux empiriques au débat sur l’intégration du numérique en éducation dans une perspective sociocritique. Pour autant, elle souligne la persistance de zones d’ombres relatives aux incidences des pratiques numériques personnelles contrastées des apprenants sur leur parcours éducatif. Le texte formule quelques pistes d’investigations empiriques en vue de combler les lacunes identifiées.
Explorer l’ordinaire
Authors: Martinez Ariane
Published: March 2020

Le dossier examine la manière dont les arts du spectacle vivant (le théâtre physique, le mime, la danse, la performance, les arts de la marionnette et de la rue) mettent en jeu nos gestes ordinaires et, ce faisant, les pensent et les transfigurent. L’interprétation et la mise en scène des gestes élémentaires (marcher, se lever, s’asseoir), mais aussi des gestes de la vie quotidienne, sociale et intime (boire un verre, se serrer la main, s’embrasser), se sont développées au tournant du XIXe siècle et du XXe siècle : si elle a pris son essor avec le naturalisme, elle ne s’est jamais cantonnée à un courant esthétique réaliste. Qu’il soit traité au plus près des sensations corporelles ou qu’il soit transformé de façon virtuose, le geste ordinaire, lorsqu’il est porté à la scène, se révèle être un reflet des attitudes au monde, et un support de reconnaissance et d’empathie.
Ces gestes qui nous font : May B de Maguy Marin
Authors: Caemerbeke Pascale
Published: March 2020

May B, spectacle de Maguy Marin créé en 1981, est considéré comme un chef d’oeuvre de la danse contemporaine et témoigne des gestes ordinaires, immémoriaux, qui nous ont faits et nous fondent comme communauté. Gestes originels qui transcendent les cultures et les époques, ils sont exécutés en rythme par des êtres claudicants et disparates, las mais capables aussi de se démener sauvagement. Le choeur composé de ces êtres quelconques crée une dynamique proprement politique qui travaille l’être-ensemble dans un refus de l’uniformisation et, pour cette raison, qui continue de nous interpeller.
Pour un (extra)ordinaire art de choir : les chutes des Deschiens, personnages de Jérôme Deschamps et Macha Makeïeff
Authors: Duret-Pujol Marie
Published: March 2020

Fondée sur une rupture avec un ordre, une manière d’être et de se tenir, la chute apparaît comme une anomalie, un écart avec une norme. Elle oscille entre geste ordinaire, dans le sens où il est possible d’en voir au quotidien, et geste extraordinaire puisqu’elle repose sur un écart et advient par surprise. Dans cet article, j’interroge l’exposition et les représentations des chutes burlesques dans leur rapport aux normes de l’ordinaire, à partir des spectacles de Jérôme Deschamps et Makeïeff.
Scènes de Téhéran : regards sur le 36e Festival Fadjr de théâtre
Authors: Hamon-Sirejols Christine
Published: March 2020

Le Festival Fadjr de théâtre est tenu annuellement en Iran depuis 1983. Les oeuvres d’artistes locaux et internationaux y sont présentées. Le 36e festival s’est déroulé en janvier 2018, avant que les sanctions américaines n’impactent lourdement l’économie du pays. Plus de 200 spectacles et 500 représentations ont été proposés au public dans des lieux très divers, allant du grand Théâtre de la Ville de Téhéran jusqu’à des maisons particulières ou des garages. Parmi les participants, on retrouvait Jérôme Bel, Rimini Protokoll, Christopher Rüping, Philippe Quesne et un grand nombre de metteurs en scène venus de tout le pays. L’événement a réuni un public enthousiaste ainsi qu’une grande diversité de démarches artistiques. Allant du théâtre visuel aux spectacles in situ, le festival a connu un grand succès et a prouvé à quel point le théâtre occupe aujourd’hui une place importante en Iran.
Repenser les sources de l’histoire environnementale grâce aux outils numériques : le cas de la vallée de l’Escaut (France)
Authors: Deltombe Matthieu , Deudon Laëtitia
Published: March 2020

Face à la multiplication des données historiques, le recours aux outils numériques est devenu indispensable aux historiens et professionnels du patrimoine. Ces supports technologiques donnent une nouvelle lecture aux sources pour visualiser, clarifier et diffuser l’information historique. À travers l’exemple de la vallée de l’Escaut (Hauts-de-France), il s’agit ici de présenter ces outils numériques permettant de revisiter l’étude des sources historiques dans une perspective d’histoire environnementale, en adoptant une démarche à la fois scientifique, pédagogique et de valorisation. L’enjeu est de montrer l’apport de ces supports méthodologiques pour reconstituer les évolutions historiques des espaces fluviaux du Moyen Âge à l’époque contemporaine afin d’éclairer les acteurs actuels du territoire.
Les archives « construites » pour collecter, archiver et valoriser l’expérience combattante du XXIe siècle
Authors: Lafaye Christophe
Published: March 2020

La professionnalisation et les multiples engagements de l’armée française depuis le début du XXIe siècle posent les questions fondamentales de la préservation de la mémoire opérationnelle et de celle de l’expérience combattante des individus dans leur diversité. Quelles traces exploitables par l’historien demeureront à l’ère du tout numérique pour décrire les campagnes contemporaines ou documenter le vécu des soldats ? Cet article présente la construction d’une méthode transdisciplinaire de collecte des matériaux de recherche adaptée aux contraintes du monde la défense, au travers de la réalisation d’un doctorat en histoire et d’une expérimentation menée au Service historique de la Défense (SHD) en France.
Les Innus, un peuple à travers l’histoire (Première partie)
Authors: Delâge Denys
Published: March 2020

Cet article vise à démontrer la filiation historique entre les Innus contemporains et leurs ancêtres de la préhistoire. Projet inutile, peut-on croire, puisque la langue innue, qui est la même que celle du XVIIe siècle, est toujours parlée de nos jours. Projet pertinent, néanmoins, parce que notre tradition historiographique affirme la disparition des Indiens. Quels furent donc les mécanismes 1) d’occultation de l’Autre chez les Euro-Canadiens et 2) de maintien dans le temps de la société innue ? Le ciment du monde innu n’a jamais résidé dans une organisation politique, mais dans la parenté et dans la cosmologie. Épidémies et raids guerriers ont durement éprouvé les Innus, mais à un degré probablement moindre que leurs voisins autochtones. Cette société a réagi en remembrant ses familles par l’adoption et l’assimilation des veufs, veuves et orphelins.
La constitution du Québec : les commissions et les instructions royales, 1763-1947
Authors: Blais Christian
Published: March 2020

La constitution actuelle du Québec est formée d’une constellation de documents. Il en est de même pour la constitution de la Province de Québec (1764-1791) et celles du Bas-Canada (1792-1841) et de la Province du Canada (1841-1867). Deux documents, aujourd’hui relégués aux oubliettes, ont toutefois eu naguère une valeur constitutionnelle considérable. Du milieu du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’au milieu du XXe siècle, les commissions et les instructions royales adressées par la Couronne britannique au gouverneur de la colonie ont servi d’assise à la constitution du Québec et du Canada. Cet article rappelle aussi que ces documents ont donné lieu à divers débats dans la sphère politique.
Du théâtre en famille. Les Marchand et le théâtre de société
Authors: Robert Lucie
Published: March 2020

À la fin du XIXe siècle, la famille de Félix-Gabriel Marchand, journaliste et homme politique, organise des représentations théâtrales au profit d’oeuvres de charité, à Saint-Jean, Québec ou Ottawa. Pour ces représentations, Félix- Gabriel lui-même et sa fille Joséphine écrivent plusieurs proverbes dramatiques qui, une fois publiés, sont diffusés largement et repris dans les autres régions du pays. À partir du cas des Marchand, dont l’activité s’étend sur trois générations, le présent article étudie la pratique du théâtre de société à la fois comme forme de socialité spécifique et comme esthétique particulière pratiquée par les amateurs.
Biofictions au cinéma et mémoire collective
Authors: Fortin Andrée
Published: March 2020

La biofiction cinématographique, ou biopic, se déploie au Québec essentiellement à partir de l’an 2000. Elle raconte la vie de personnes connues, artistes, sportifs, militants politiques, par exemple. Trois thèmes ressortent de l’analyse de ces films : l’insertion des personnages dans les mouvements sociaux, nationaliste pour les hommes et féministe pour les femmes, la figure de la victime et la transmission. Il s’agit essentiellement de films à thèse qui illustrent divers chemins menant à l’autonomie individuelle et collective. Plusieurs mécanismes sont utilisés pour renforcer l’effet de vérité de ces films pourtant « librement inspirés » de la vie de ces personnes, contribuant ainsi à la construction d’une mémoire collective, d’une histoire nationale.
Les causes de l’inachèvement du projet d’émancipation coloniale de 1837 et de 1838
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: March 2020

On s’interrogera sans doute sur l’idée même de ce « regard clinique » sur les causes de l’inachèvement des projets d’émancipation coloniale de 1837 et de 1838 au Bas-Canada. Un regard clinique n’est pas une autopsie ! Le propos est d’identifier, de pondérer et de hiérarchiser ces causes.
Filorganisering og filformat
Authors: Conzett Philipp
Published: March 2020

Presentasjon frå RDA-kurs i FAIR forskingsdatakuratering 2020
New tools for assessing information literacy
Authors: Nierenberg Ellen , Låg Torstein , Dahl Tove I.
Published: March 2020

There is a need for short and easily administered measures for assessing students’ levels of information literacy, as currently existing measures are long and cumbersome. We have therefore created a suite of tools, the “Tromsø Information Literacy Suite” (TROILS), for information literacy assessment. This suite of tools is freely available on an open platform for others to both use, adapt, and supplement. 

In this presentation, we introduce four TROILS assessment tools:  1. a survey for assessing students’ knowledge of key aspects of information literacy  2. a survey for measuring how interested students are in being/becoming information literate individuals  3. an annotated bibliography for assessing students’ abilities to critically evaluate information sources  4. a rubric for assessing students’ use of sources in their written work 

Together, these tools measure what students know, feel, and do regarding key facets of information literacy. We will discuss the tools’ development and present preliminary results of tests with students in higher education in Norway. 

Both surveys were developed using procedures intended to ensure acceptable psychometric measurement properties. These included expert consultation for content validity, student think-aloud-protocols for readability, item selection based on a pilot sample, exploratory factor analysis, estimates of reliability and criterion validity. The final surveys were deployed during the fall semester and will be used longitudinally to measure students’ progress over three years.  

Results from the annotated bibliography (source evaluation) and the rubric (source documentation) were compared with survey results to see whether what the students actually do in their coursework correlates with what they know, based on the survey.
Integrating academic writing in degree programmes in higher education
Authors: Strøm Janine Tessem , Hambro Cathinka Dahl
Published: March 2020

Students at higher education institutions largely communicate their acquired knowledge through written assignments.The results follow the students through their career as documentation of their competence. A dimension of academic writing is to demonstrate a degree of critical thinking, as an important objective of higher education is to prepare the student for taking active part in society – a society in which the ability of critical thinking is an imperative.

Despite the fact that academic writing constitutes a central part of higher education, there is little systematic follow-up on this topic in most higher education institutions in Norway. From 2018, Department of Language and Culture at UiT decided to remedy this by engaging a writing mentor who offers students support on academic writing. Additionally, the Department has chosen to emphasise the importance of writing by integrating zero-credit obligatory courses within the degree programmes in language and literature. From 2020, students will be required to follow such courses in their first, third and fifth semesters. The courses will follow the students’ progression and emphasise the demands for writing skills at the various levels of the degree.

By integrating academic writing in the degree programmes, the writing mentor has a unique opportunity to develop seminars accommodated for the writing culture within the students’ own discipline in collaboration with the academic staff. The purpose is to make students better equipped to encounter the technical, formal and ethical requirements of writing in the higher education system. Another objective is to make the students aware of how academic writing and communication areconnected to critical, academic thinking. In this paper, we discuss the idea behind the integrated academic writing courses and share our experiences.
Blended learning, Active Learning Classroom and information literacy in higher military education
Authors: Larsson Anna-Karin , Gullberg Sonja , Ekstrand Malin
Published: March 2020

How the learning environment is designed is an important part of creating good conditions for a professional education. The design of the physical and the online learning environment affects what students are expected to do in these spaces (Leijon 2016). A learning environment designed for student activity creates better conditions for activity, while an environment designed for instruction gives a different signal. A so-called Active Learning Classroom (ALC) can encourage student activity and increased learning. In an ALC environment, students become co-creators of knowledge. (Rands & Gansemer-Topf, 2017) It is impossible to know what competencies needed for the future. Therefor it is important to create a learning environment that support critical reflection, collaboration, creativity and innovation (Barnett, 2004).

Flexible learning or blended learning aims to combine the strengths of online learning activities with those conducted on campus. There is a variety of ways to combine online learning activities with those conducted in the physical classroom (Vaughan, Cleveland & Garrison, 2013). For example, flipped classroom, podcast and peer learning. Adequate ICT pedagogical support can stimulate and find ways to expand the pedagogical palette with various creative online learning activities.

During the round table discussion, we want to discuss the possibilities of using online learning activities, online examination and Active Learning Classroom to promote information literacy. The questions we want to discuss are:

How can we combine online learning with facilitating information literacy and ALC?

In what way do student’s expectations of teaching and learning affect the implementation of online learning and ALC?

How can we collect student experiences of teaching online and in ALC?

How can information literacy support learning and subject knowledge in higher military education?
Source discernment
Authors: Unger Maria , Zisser Miritt
Published: March 2020

Is source discernment at the root of all information literacy? In today’s media landscape, finding information is easy. Finding information that is scientifically correct and trustworthy is much more difficult. An added problem for students today is that all this available information come in similar formats. When all information is presented as a pdf on the screen, how do you know what you´re reading? How is a first year student with no previous academic experience really supposed to discern between a scholarly article, a book chapter, a conference article, a white paper, a popular science article, a scientific report and a doctoral thesis? And yet the ability to do so is fundamental for the information evaluation process. If you are not sure what you are reading, how are you supposed to be able to evaluate the quality of the information?  

In 2019 we switched our approach to information literacy teaching to start with identifying different sources of information and then teach reference writing and information searching from this angle. Preliminary results from student assignments and feedback from teachers show that this seems to improve the quality of the sources the students use in their work as well as their ability to write correct references.  

We would like to discuss this with colleagues from other universities with similar or other experiences. The questions we would like to focus on are: 

How a first year student with no previous academic experience is really supposed to discern between different types of scholarly and non-scholarly information materials and how we as library instructors can help our students with this? 

What are the experience of other librarians and are there any good examples of strategies or classroom exercises?
In vitro anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Granulocystopsis sp., a microalgae from an oligotrophic oasis in the Chihuahuan desert
Authors: Tavares-Carreón Faviola , De la Torre-Zavala Susana , Arocha-Garza Hector Fernando , Souza Valeria , Galán-Wong Luis J. , Avilés-Arnaut Hamlet
Published: March 2020

With the purpose of discovering new anticancer molecules that might have fewer side effects or reduce resistance to current antitumor drugs, a bioprospecting study of the microalgae of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin (CCB), an oasis in the Chihuahuan desert in Mexico was conducted. A microalgae was identified as Granulocystopsis sp. through sequencing the rbcL gene and reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree, and its anticancer activities were assessed using various in vitro assays and different cell lines of human cancers, including lung, skin melanoma, colorectal, breast and prostatic cancers, as well as a normal cell line. The values of IC50 of the microalgae methanolic extract using the MTT assay were lower than 20 μg/ml, except that in the lung cancer line and the normal cell line. In vitro, the microalgae extract caused the loss of membrane integrity, monitored by the trypan blue exclusion test and exhibited marked inhibition of adhesion and cell proliferation in cancer cell lines, through the evaluation of the clonogenic assay. Also, typical nuclear changes of apoptotic processes were observed under the microscope, using the dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent staining. Finally, the microalgae extract increased the activity of caspases 3 and 7 in skin melanoma, colon, breast and prostate cancer cells, in the same way as the apoptotic inductor and powerful antitumoral drug, doxorubicin. This study shows the anticancer activity from Granulocystopsis sp., a microalgae isolated from the CCB.
Tumour-associated macrophages mediate the invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells through CXCL8
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhang Xiangxiang , Han Dali , Cao Jinlong , Tian Junqiang
Published: March 2020

Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with both the progression and poor prognosis of a variety of solid tumours. This study aimed to investigate and clarify the tumour-promoting role of CXCL8 secreted by TAMs in the urothelial carcinoma microenvironment of the bladder. Immunohistochemistry (n = 55) was used to detect Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), CD163 (a TAM marker), Matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and E-cadherin in cancerous and adjacent tissues of bladder cancer patients. TAMs-like PBM (peripheral blood mononuclear)-derived macrophages were developed using in vitro experiments. T24, 5637, and UM-UC-3 were treated with conditioned medium (CM) for the experimental intervention group, without CM for the blank control group, and with CM and an anti-CXCL8 neutralizing antibody for the experimental control group, respectively. The immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of CXCL8 was significantly upregulated as the number of infiltrating TAMs increased in the tumour tissues. A high expression of CXCL8 significantly correlated with an increase in the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF and a decrease in expression of E-cadherin in the microenvironment. This revealed that TAM-derived CXCL8 is highly associated with bladder cancer migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. The concentration of CXCL8 was significantly higher in CM collected from TAM-like PBM-derived macrophages than that from THP-1 cells. In subsequent in vitro experiments, we found that CM derived from TAM-like PBM-derived macrophages can also increase the migration rate, invasiveness, and pro-angiogenic properties of tumour cells. Additionally, the effect of CXCL8 was significantly diminished by the addition of an anti-CXCL8 neutralizing antibody to CM. The infiltration of TAMs in the tumour microenvironment leads to the elevation of CXCL8, which in turn promotes the secretion of MMP-9, VEGF, and E-cadherin by bladder cancer cells. This alters the migration, invasion, and pro-angiogenic capacity of bladder cancer cells and accelerates cancer progression.
Verification of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Vanninen Paula
Published: March 2020

This article gives a short historical review of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), discusses the tasks of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) related to chemical analysis, and lists the chemicals scheduled in the CWC. The Recommended Operating Procedures (ROPs) proposed originally by Finland and subsequently developed further in international cooperation as well as the work instructions (WIs) of the OPCW are briefly discussed. Strategy for analysis of CWC‐related chemicals in an off‐site laboratory is presented. The international interlaboratory comparison (round‐robin) and proficiency tests as well as future prospects also are discussed.
Identification of Improvised Inorganic Explosive Devices by Analysis of Postblast Residues Using Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Hutchinson Joseph P. , Johns Cameron , Dicinoski Greg W. , Jones Laurel , Breadmore Michael C. , Haddad Paul R.
Published: March 2020

Chemical analysis of the residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has become a topical subject as a result of increased frequency of terrorist bomb attacks. There is a need to identify the type of explosive device and its composition, which in turn can assist in the identification of the perpetrators.

IEDs can either be organic based (high explosives) or the more easily produced inorganic‐based low explosives. Analysis of residues remaining after the deflagration of an inorganic IED presents several problems. A wide variety of ionic species may be present (such as unconsumed starting products, ionic species formed as part of the reaction) along with environmental or background species. Therefore, it is important that the target ions used to identify the device can be separated from other background ions present in the sample. The instrumental techniques of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ion chromatography (IC) are proving to be ideally suited to this task. Both techniques have fundamental advantages, with CE offering highly efficient separations within a short run time, and IC offering high selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility.

In this article, an outline of the analytical methods used in this area is presented, with a particular focus on the application of CE and IC. A brief literature review of published methods is provided, along with background information on inorganic explosives, sampling techniques, portable instrumentation, and recent developments.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Application to the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Otsuka Makoto
Published: March 2020

Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing because it can rapidly measure the critical material attributes (CMAs) of a product in real time, nondestructively, and noncontact during manufacturing processes as a process analysis technology. NIR has shown practical applicability in various processes in pharmaceutical manufacturing, including the following examples:

Spectroscopic analysis of crystalline quality of a bulk drug in pharmaceutical formulations.

Evaluation of the pharmaceutical properties of tablets by in‐line NIR monitoring during granulation processes.

Evaluation of the pharmaceutical properties of tablets, in which the drug substance undergoes crystal polymorphic transformation, during the granulation process by in‐line NIR monitoring.

Prediction of the dissolution properties of tablets based on the NIR spectra of the compressed tablets.

Tablet quality evaluation during tablet manufacturing processes based on physical and chemical information in NIR spectra of the compressed tablets.

NIR spectral imaging of pharmaceutical products.

Evaluation of the polymorphic content of bilayer tablets using NIR on compressed tablets.

In‐line NIR monitoring of tablet
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coating (TC) processes for controlled drug release preparations.

The effectiveness of hand‐held NIR spectrometers in the pharmaceutical industry.
Precise Dynamic Control of the Mechanical and Self‐Healing Properties of an Electrolytic Cell with Soluble Porous Anode
Authors: Lai Chang Quan , Chay Jie Cheng , Kanaujia Pawan K.
Published: March 2020

Engineering products are currently designed to operate under a fixed set of conditions, but the demands of a dynamic environment may occasionally exceed these specifications, resulting in technical failures. Materials with properties that can be modulated in real time allow the functionality of a product to be dynamically tuned to meet these changing requirements. Having a single versatile product that meets multiple needs also eliminates the necessity for multiple parts with dedicated functionalities, conserving space, material, and energy. Here, a material with electrically tunable mechanical properties is demonstrated using an electrolytic cell with porous copper foams for electrodes. By controlling the voltage polarity, current density, and process duration, copper metal is reversibly deposited or etched from the foam in a precise and deterministic manner without changing its nominal volume or temperature. The resultant change in relative density, in turn, alters the modulus, strength, and energy absorption characteristics of the foams over a range of two orders of magnitude. By excessively depositing material at the interface of separate foam pieces, the system is shown to possess self‐healing characteristics as well. Finally, a demonstration of real‐time mechanical property modulation in a product prototype is carried out.
Elastin‐Like Recombinamers: Deconstructing and Recapitulating the Functionality of Extracellular Matrix Proteins Using Recombinant Protein Polymers
Authors: Acosta Sergio , Quintanilla‐Sierra Luis , Mbundi Lubinda , Reboto Virginia , Rodríguez‐Cabello José Carlos
Published: March 2020

In the development of tissue engineering strategies to replace, remodel, regenerate, or support damaged tissue, the development of bioinspired biomaterials that recapitulate the physicochemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix has received increased attention. Given the compositional heterogeneity and tissue‐to‐tissue variation of the extracellular matrix, the design, choice of polymer, crosslinking, and nature of the resulting biomaterials are normally depended on intended application. Generally, these biomaterials are usually made of degradable or nondegradable biomaterials that can be used as cell or drug carriers. In recent years, efforts to endow reciprocal biomaterial–cell interaction properties in scaffolds have inspired controlled synthesis, derivatization, and functionalization of the polymers used. In this regard, elastin‐like recombinant proteins have generated interest and continue to be developed further owing to their modular design at a molecular level. In this review, the authors provide a summary of key extracellular matrix features relevant to biomaterials design and discuss current approaches in the development of extracellular matrix‐inspired elastin‐like recombinant protein based biomaterials.
Pitch‐Derived Soft Carbon as Stable Anode Material for Potassium Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yuan , Lu Ya‐Xiang , Xu Yan‐Song , Meng Qing‐Shi , Gao Jing‐Chi , Sun Yong‐Gang , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Chang Bao‐Bao , Liu Chun‐Tai , Cao An‐Min
Published: March 2020

Potassium ion batteries (KIBs) have emerged as a promising energy storage system, but the stability and high rate capability of their electrode materials, particularly carbon as the most investigated anode ones, become a primary challenge. Here, it is identified that pitch‐derived soft carbon, a nongraphitic carbonaceous species which is paid less attention in the battery field, holds special advantage in KIB anodes. The structural flexibility of soft carbon makes it convenient to tune its crystallization degree, thereby modulating the storage behavior of large‐sized K+ in the turbostratic carbon lattices to satisfy the need in structural resilience, low‐voltage feature, and high transportation kinetics. It is confirmed that a simple thermal control can produce structurally optimized soft carbon that has much better battery performance than its widely reported carbon counterparts such as graphite and hard carbon. The findings highlight the potential of soft carbon as an interesting category suitable for high‐performance KIB electrode and provide insights for understanding the complicated K+ storage mechanisms in KIBs.
Highly Transparent and Flexible Iontronic Pressure Sensors Based on an Opaque to Transparent Transition
Authors: Liu Qingxian , Liu Zhiguang , Li Chenggao , Xie Kewei , Zhu Pang , Shao Biqi , Zhang Jianming , Yang Junlong , Zhang Jin , Wang Quan , Guo Chuan Fei
Published: March 2020

Human–computer interfaces, smart glasses, touch screens, and some electronic skins require highly transparent and flexible pressure‐sensing elements. Flexible pressure sensors often apply a microstructured or porous active material to improve their sensitivity and response speed. However, the microstructures or small pores will result in high haze and low transparency of the device, and thus it is challenging to balance the sensitivity and transparency simultaneously in flexible pressure sensors or electronic skins. Here, for a capacitive‐type sensor that consists of a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film sandwiched between two transparent electrodes, the challenge is addressed by filling the pores with ionic liquid that has the same refractive index with PVDF, and the transmittance of the film dramatically boosts from 0 to 94.8% in the visible range. Apart from optical matching, the ionic liquid also significantly improves the signal intensity as well as the sensitivity due to the formation of an electric double layer at the dielectric‐electrode interfaces, and improves the toughness and stretchability of the active material benefiting from a plasticization effect. Such transparent and flexible sensors will be useful in smart windows, invisible bands, and so forth.
Electrically Conductive Tough Gelatin Hydrogel
Authors: Liu Chunlin , Zhang Hui Jie , You Xiangyu , Cui Kunpeng , Wang Xuechuan
Published: March 2020

Hydrogels for electronic applications require stretchability, high electrical conductivity, and high mechanical strength. A mechanically robust ionic conductive gelatin hydrogel is constructed by a simple soaking–heating process in an ammonium sulfate solution. Due to the combined effect of the salt‐out effect and heating, a gelatin hydrogel with large chain‐dense and ion‐rich regions is successfully constructed. This gel exhibits high ionic conductivity and high mechanical strength.
Release kinetics of potassium from silica‐rich fern‐derived biochars
Authors: Nguyen Anh T. Q. , Bui Tu A. , Mai Nga T. , Tran Hien T. , Tran Son V. , Nguyen Nam H. , Tsubota Toshiki , Shinogi Yoshiyuki , Dultz Stefan , Nguyen Minh N.
Published: March 2020

Recently, low input agriculture has been encouraged because of its sustainability and environmentally friendly vision. Conversion of biomass into control‐released materials is one of the approaches to upcycle biomass and nutrients. This study aims at examining the dynamics of K release from Si‐rich biochars formed from various pyrolysis strategies with the findings expected to be applicable to develop new refinery strategies for biomass nutrients. A Si‐rich fern species [Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.] was selected to prepare biochars under various pyrolysis conditions (e.g., temperature, N2 supported). It was found that K was re‐located during pyrolysis and occurred as free K+ ions, associated with organic matter and occluded in silica structure. Pyrolysis can be strategically applied to alter either the organic phase or the silica phase in the biochars in term of porosity and chemical reactivities, whereby controlling K release kinetics. The maximum level of released K was at 600 °C (5.4 g kg−1) which was about one order of magnitude higher than the minimum level of released K at 200 °C (0.55 g kg−1). This discrepancy in the release rates of K suggests that adjusting pyrolysis temperature can be a strategical practice to control K release and to develop biochar‐based K fertilizers.
Human‐Specific Transcriptome of Ventral and Dorsal Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
Authors: Monzón‐Sandoval Jimena , Poggiolini Ilaria , Ilmer Tobias , Wade‐Martins Richard , Webber Caleb , Parkkinen Laura
Published: March 2020

Objective

Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in Parkinson disease (PD) is not uniform, as dopamine neurons from the ventral tier are lost more rapidly than those of the dorsal tier. Identifying the intrinsic differences that account for this differential vulnerability may provide a key for developing new treatments for PD.

Methods

Here, we compared the RNA‐sequenced transcriptomes of ~100 laser captured microdissected SNpc neurons from each tier from 7 healthy controls.

Results

Expression levels of dopaminergic markers were similar across the tiers, whereas markers specific to the neighboring ventral tegmental area were virtually undetected. After accounting for unwanted sources of variation, we identified 106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the SNpc tiers. The genes higher in the dorsal/resistant SNpc tier neurons displayed coordinated patterns of expression across the human brain, their protein products had more interactions than expected by chance, and they demonstrated evidence of functional convergence. No significant shared functionality was found for genes higher in the ventral/vulnerable SNpc tier. Surprisingly but importantly, none of the identified DEGs was among the familial PD genes or genome‐wide associated loci. Finally, we found some DEGs in opposite tier orientation between human and analogous mouse populations.

Interpretation

Our results highlight functional enrichments of vesicular trafficking, ion transport/homeostasis and oxidative stress genes showing higher expression in the resistant neurons of the SNpc dorsal tier. Furthermore, the comparison of gene expression variation in human and mouse SNpc populations strongly argues for the need of human‐focused omics studies. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:853–868
Triplet Energy Transfer from Ruthenium Complexes to Chiral Eniminium Ions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutanecarbaldehydes by [2+2] Photocycloaddition
Authors: Hörmann Fabian M. , Kerzig Christoph , Chung Tim S. , Bauer Andreas , Wenger Oliver S. , Bach Thorsten
Published: March 2020

Chiral eniminium salts, prepared from α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and a chiral proline derived secondary amine, underwent, upon irradiation with visible light, a ruthenium‐catalyzed (2.5 mol %) intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition to olefins, which after hydrolysis led to chiral cyclobutanecarbaldehydes (17 examples, 49–74 % yield), with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Ru(bpz)3(PF6)2 was utilized as the ruthenium catalyst and laser flash photolysis studies show that the catalyst operates exclusively by triplet‐energy transfer (sensitization). A catalytic system was devised with a chiral secondary amine co‐catalyst. In the catalytic reactions, Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 was employed, and laser flash photolysis experiments suggest it undergoes both electron and energy transfer. However, experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that energy transfer is the only productive quenching mechanism. Control experiments using Ir(ppy)3 showed no catalysis for the intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of an eniminium ion.