bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trimaran Structural Weight Optimization Based on Classification Rules
Authors: Du Lin , Pinto Gabriel Oliveira , Hefazi Hamid , Sahoo Prasanta
Published: March 2018

Structural optimization is one of the important aspects of the overall ship design process. A number of advanced optimization tools are available. As these tools require large computational resources, they are not suitable for use in the preliminary design stages, when many important aspects of the design, such as overall dimensions and hull configurations, are determined. This article describes the development of an efficient structural weight optimization method for a trimaran hull form within the governing rules and regulations of the classification society. The method is particularly useful in the early design stage because of its simplicity. Two trimaran hull forms (HSTT-180 and TriFerry) are selected and optimized using the multi-island genetic algorithm optimization process. The weight optimization process achieved a weight reduction for HSTT-180 and TriFerry of about 32.85% and 8.95%, respectively. Furthermore, in both cases, optimum structural weights were obtained with smaller values of main-hull and side-hull stiffener spacing but higher values of main-hull frame spacing. Results obtained indicate that the structural weight of trimaran designs, such as those referenced here, can be substantially reduced by advanced optimization methods.

1. Introduction

High-speed ships are of increasing interest for diverse applications, including military and commercial purposes. Hydrodynamic requirements for many high-speed concepts can only realistically be addressed by multihull designs since multihull ships provide better performance than monohull ships at high speeds. Trimaran hull form vessels, in particular, can offer several favorable characteristics over comparable monohulls, including fuel efficiency and the possibility of superior seakeeping characteristics (Fuentes et al. 2015). Trimarans are designed as Ro-Ro and passenger ships, ferries, containers, and military vessels.

Multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) of trimarans, particularly at the synthesis design level, is an active area of research (Hefazi et al. 2010, 2011). A major element of the MDO process is the development of a structural optimization subsystem to investigate the impact of variations in vessel configurations on structural design and weight. A number of advanced analysis tools for calculation of structural weight are available. However, these tools require large computational resources and time and as such are not suitable to use in the preliminary design stages. Ironically, that is when many important aspects of the design, such as overall dimensions and hull configurations, are often determined. Therefore, an efficient method for calculation of structural weight, and its integration in an automated optimization process, is highly desirable and is the focus of this article. This approach allows structural weight optimization to be included in determining important principal characteristics of the ship at the early stage of the design.
Zinc Oxide: Development of novel products for weaned piglets
Authors: Barreto Marina , Conte-Junior Carlos
Published: March 2018

Diarrhea in piglets is one of the main causes of animal death before and after weaning; In recent decades, zinc oxide has been used in high doses to control this disease. These doses are considered to be of concern for the pollutant potential of animal waste through soil and groundwater pollution. New technologies such as nanotechnology, new matrices such as biopolymers and encapsulation are suggestions that appear as possible innovations that can minimize the challenges imposed by piglet weaning. This review aims to collect and analyze information on novel zinc oxide products developed with innovative technologies.
Major problem of today’s generations
Authors: Shukla Anurag , Singh Shashi Pratap , Srivastava Noopur , Gupta Kanchan Lata
Published: March 2018

Major depression is a mood disorder characterized by a sense of inadequacy, despondency, decreased activity, pessimism, and sadness where these symptoms severely disrupt and adversely affect the person’s life, sometimes to such an extent that suicide is attempted or results. The search for an extended understanding of the causes of depression, and for the development of additional effective treatments is highly significant. Clinical and pre-clinical studies suggest stress is a key mediator in the pathophysiology of depression.
Functional Group, Biomass, and Climate Change Effects on Ecological Drought in Semiarid Grasslands
Authors: Wilson S. D. , Schlaepfer D. R. , Bradford J. B. , Lauenroth W. K. , Duniway M. C. , Hall S. A. , Jamiyansharav K. , Jia G. , Lkhagva A. , Munson S. M. , Pyke D. A. , Tietjen B.
Published: March 2018

Water relations in plant communities are influenced both by contrasting functional groups (grasses and shrubs) and by climate change via complex effects on interception, uptake, and transpiration. We modeled the effects of functional group replacement and biomass increase, both of which can be outcomes of invasion and vegetation management, and climate change on ecological drought (soil water potential below which photosynthesis stops) in 340 semiarid grassland sites over 30 year periods. Relative to control vegetation (climate and site‐determined mixes of functional groups), the frequency and duration of drought were increased by shrubs and decreased by annual grasses. The rankings of shrubs, control vegetation, and annual grasses in terms of drought effects were generally consistent in current and future climates, suggesting that current differences among functional groups on drought effects predict future differences. Climate change accompanied by experimentally increased biomass (i.e., the effects of invasions that increase community biomass or management that increases productivity through fertilization or respite from grazing) increased drought frequency and duration and advanced drought onset. Our results suggest that the replacement of perennial temperate semiarid grasslands by shrubs, or increased biomass, can increase ecological drought in both current and future climates.
Midlatitude Plasma Bubbles Over China and Adjacent Areas During a Magnetic Storm on 8 September 2017
Authors: Aa Ercha , Huang Wengeng , Liu Siqing , Ridley Aaron , Zou Shasha , Shi Liqin , Chen Yanhong , Shen Hua , Yuan Tianjiao , Li Jianyong , Wang Tan
Published: March 2018

This paper presents observations of postsunset super plasma bubbles over China and adjacent areas during the second main phase of a storm on 8 September 2017. The signatures of the plasma bubbles can be seen or deduced from (1) deep field‐aligned total electron content depletions embedded in regional ionospheric maps derived from dense Global Navigation Satellite System networks, (2) significant equatorial and midlatitudinal plasma bite‐outs in electron density measurements on board Swarm satellites, and (3) enhancements of ionosonde virtual height and scintillation in local evening associated with strong southward interplanetary magnetic field. The bubbles/depletions covered a broad area mainly within 20°–45°N and 80°–110°E with bifurcated structures and persisted for nearly 5 hr (∼13–18 UT). One prominent feature is that the bubbles extended remarkably along the magnetic field lines in the form of depleted flux tubes, reaching up to midlatitude of around 50°N (magnetic latitude: 45.5°N) that maps to an altitude of 6,600 km over the magnetic equator. The maximum upward drift speed of the bubbles over the magnetic equator was about 700 m/s and gradually decreased with altitude and time. The possible triggering mechanism of the plasma bubbles was estimated to be storm time eastward prompt penetration electric field, while the traveling ionospheric disturbance could play a role in facilitating the latitudinal extension of the depletions.
T
hermales
Authors: Rainey Fred A. , da Costa Milton S. , Albuquerque Luciana
Published: March 2018

Ther.ma'les. N.L. masc. n.
Thermus
type genus of the order, ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N. L. fem. pl. n.
Thermales
the order of
Thermus
.

“Deinococcus–Thermus” / Deinococci / Thermales

Cells are straight rods of variable length; filaments are also present. Nonmotile; flagella are not present. Stain Gram‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Most strains form yellow‐ or red‐pigmented colonies, but some strains are nonpigmented. Thermophilic or slightly thermophilic, with an optimum growth temperature range of about 45–75°C. Some strains are slightly halophilic. Chemoorganotrophic; some strains are facultative chemolithoorganotrophs oxidizing sulfur compounds and molecular hydrogen. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism. Some strains are microaerophilic; several strains grow anaerobically with nitrate (NO
3
−
), nitrite (NO
2
−
), Fe
+3
, and elemental sulfur (S) as terminal electron acceptors. Other ions, such as Mn
+4
, Co
+3
, Cr
+6
, and U
+6
, are also reduced by some strains. Oxidase positive; most strains are catalase positive. Menaquinone 8 is the predominant respiratory quinone. Ornithine is the principal diamino acid of the peptidoglycan. One major phospholipid is present in all strains. One or two major glycolipids are also present. Phospholipids and glycolipids are primarily glycerol based, but some organisms also possess 1,2‐diol‐based lipids. Fatty acids are predominantly
iso
‐ and
anteiso
‐branched; some strains possess 3‐hydroxy fatty acids and 2‐hydroxy fatty acids. Isolated from and detected in terrestrial and marine hydrothermal areas with neutral to alkaline pH; also commonly isolated from man‐made thermal environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.9–71.3% (
T
m
or HPLC).

Type genus
:
Thermus
Brock and Freeze 1969, 295
AL
. emend Nobre, Trüper and da Costa 1996, 605.
Personality correlates of intimate partner violence subtypes: A latent class analysis
Authors: Cascardi Michele , Chesin Megan , Kammen Molly
Published: March 2018

Perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) represent a heterogeneous group who engage in a variety of aggressive acts which often co‐occur. However, few studies take this co‐occurrence into consideration. Failure to consider overlapping forms of IPV confounds understanding of risk factors for physical IPV, which in turn undermines identification, prevention, and intervention efforts. Though rarely studied in emerging adults, personality variables have recently been identified as important correlates of IPV. The primary aims of the current studies are to identify distinct subgroups of moderate and severe psychological and physical IPV and personality covariates of class membership. Two studies were conducted at different public regional universities in the northeast (n = 500; n = 497). Both samples were about two‐thirds female, approximately one‐half White, one‐fifth Black, and one‐quarter Latino, of any race. Latent Class Analysis identified three subgroups in both studies: low, moderate, and severe IPV. The severe and moderate IPV groups included those who reported threats and moderate physical IPV while the severe IPV group also included those who engaged in severe and injurious forms of physical IPV. Multinomial regression analysis showed that impulsive aggression discriminated moderate and severe from low IPV (Study 1), and more frequent emotionally abusive and controlling behavior, a hostile‐dominant interpersonal style and trait aggression discriminated among all three groups, with severe IPV having the greatest likelihood of controlling behavior and aggression (Study 2). IPV is represented by distinct subgroups that vary by severity of IPV with different personality covariates. General aggressive and domineering tendencies in relationships characterize those engaging in severe IPV.
Dosimetric comparison of three intensity‐modulated radiation therapies for left breast cancer after breast‐conserving surgery
Authors: Zhang Huai‐wen , Hu Bo , Xie Chen , Wang Yun‐lai
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate dosimetric differences of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in target and normal tissues after breast‐conserving surgery.

Methods

IMRT five‐field plan I, IMRT six‐field plan II, and field‐in‐field–direct machine parameter optimization–IMRT plan III were designed for each of the 50 patients. One‐way analysis of variance was performed to compare differences, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Homogeneity index of plan III is lower than those of plans I and II. No difference was identified in conformity index of targets. Plan I exhibited difference in mean dose (Dmean) for the heart (P < 0.05). Plan I featured smaller irradiation dose volumes in V5, V20 (P < 0.05) of the left lung than II. Plan I exhibited significantly higher V5 in the right lung than plans II and III (P < 0.05). Under plan I, irradiation dose at V5 in the right breast is higher than that in plans II and III. Patients in plan III presented less total monitor unit and total treatment time than those in plans I and II (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

IMRT six‐field plans II, and field‐in‐field–direct machine parameter optimization–IMRT plans III can reduce doses and volumes to the lungs and heart better while maintaining satisfying conformity index and homogeneity index of target. Nevertheless, plan II neglects target movements caused by respiration. In the same manner, plan III can substantially reduce MU and shorten patient treatment time. Therefore, plan III, which considers target movement caused by respiration, is a more practical radiation mode.
Reactive Atmosphere Synthesis of Polymer‐Derived Si–O–C–N Aerogels and Their Cr Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Zera Emanuele , Brancaccio Elvirosa , Tognana Lorenzo , Rivoira Luca , Bruzzoniti Maria Concetta , Sorarù Gian Domenico
Published: March 2018

Polymer derived ceramic (PDCs) aerogels belonging to the Si–O–C–N system are synthesized by crosslinking a preceramic polymer in a diluted solution followed by supercritical or atmospheric drying and pyrolysis in inert (N2) or reactive (NH3/CO2) atmosphere. Accordingly, aerogels with hierarchical porosity ranging from some microns to few nanometers together with high specific surface area in the range 30–400 m2 g−1 have been obtained. Moreover, their surface contains a broad range of moieties (Si–OH, Si–NH, C=O, etc.) that can interact and bind metal ions thanks to electrostatic interactions. This combination of hierarchical porosity, high SSA, and broad range of chemical functionalities makes these PDCs aerogels interesting candidates for water purification. In this work, SiOC and SiCN aerogels have been tested as adsorbents for Cr(III)/(VI) ions from aqueous solutions with promising results for the SiOC aerogel pyrolyzed in N2 and the SiCN treated in NH3. Correlations and similarities among the Cr(VI)/(III) adsorption capacity with the main features of the porous substrates (SSA, N2 TPV, amount of free C, bulk density, isoelectric point, main IR peaks (Si–OH, OH, NH, C=O, C=C, Si–O, C–N, Si–N) have been investigated by applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Walnut‐Like Multicore–Shell MnO Encapsulated Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanocapsules as Anode Material for Long‐Cycling and Soft‐Packed Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Guoyin , Wang Lei , Lin Huinan , Ma Liaobo , Zhao Peiyang , Hu Yi , Chen Tao , Chen Renpeng , Wang Yanrong , Tie Zuoxiu , Liu Jie , Jin Zhong
Published: March 2018

Metal oxide‐based nanomaterials are widely studied because of their high‐energy densities as anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. However, the fast capacity degradation resulting from the large volume expansion upon lithiation hinders their practical application. In this work, the preparation of walnut‐like multicore–shell MnO encapsulated nitrogen‐rich carbon nanocapsules (MnO@NC) is reported via a facile and eco‐friendly process for long‐cycling Li‐ion batteries. In this hybrid structure, MnO nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed inside carbon nanoshells, which can simultaneously act as a conductive framework and also a protective buffer layer to restrain the volume variation. The MnO@NC nanocapsules show remarkable electrochemical performances for lithium‐ion batteries, exhibiting high reversible capability (762 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and stable cycling life (624 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1). In addition, the soft‐packed full batteries based on MnO@NC nanocapsules anodes and commercial LiFePO4 cathodes present good flexibility and cycling stability.
A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices
Authors: Arbring Sjöström Theresia , Berggren Magnus , Gabrielsson Erik O. , Janson Per , Poxson David J. , Seitanidou Maria , Simon Daniel T.
Published: March 2018

In contrast to electronic systems, biology rarely uses electrons as the signal to regulate functions, but rather ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes, these materials have emerged as an excellent tool for translating signals between these two realms, hence the field of organic bioelectronics. Since organic bioelectronics relies on the electron‐mediated transport and compensation of ions (or the ion‐mediated transport and compensation of electrons), a great deal of effort has been devoted to the development of so‐called “iontronic” components to effect precise substance delivery/transport, that is, components where ions are the dominant charge carrier and where ionic–electronic coupling defines device functionality. This effort has resulted in a range of technologies including ionic resistors, diodes, transistors, and basic logic circuits for the precisely controlled transport and delivery of biologically active chemicals. This Research News article presents a brief overview of some of these “ion pumping” technologies, how they have evolved over the last decade, and a discussion of applications in vitro, in vivo, and in plantae.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade C−O Cleavage and C−H Alkenylation of Phosphinyl Allenes: An Expeditious Approach to 3‐Alkenyl Benzo[b]phosphole Oxides
Authors: Liu Teng , Sun Xue , Wu Lei
Published: March 2018

A phosphine oxide‐directed intramolecular cyclization of phosphinyl allenes is established for the first time. The palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization provides an unprecedented cascade C−O cleavage and direct C−H alkenylation toward novel 3‐alkenyl benzo[b]phosphole oxides, along with broad group tolerance and high regioselectivity. Control experiments and mechanistic studies explain the sequential performance of C(sp3)‐OAr cleavage and P=O directed C(sp2)‐H activation.

magnified image
Healable Structure Triggered by Thermal/Electrochemical Force in Layered GeSe2 for High Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wei Yaqing , Huang Liang , He Jun , Guo Yanpeng , Qin Ruihuan , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: March 2018

The metal sulfide or selenides have attracted increasing attention for high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries due to their unique layer structure flexibility, higher conductivity, and lower voltage polarization than metal oxides. However, low initial coulomb efficiency (ICE), serious structure destruction, and irreversible bonding chemistry are still big challenges for their practical application. Herein, layer GeSe2 and its carbon composite are synthesized by high‐energy ball milling and it is surprisingly found that crystalline c‐GeSe2 possesses higher reversible capacity and better rate performances than their amorphous counterparts. More specially, the broken GeSe bondings upon lithiation are also observed to regenerate after delithiation. These unusual phenomena are investigated by both experimental tools and theoretical calculations. Compared to other typical MX2 (M = Mo, W, X = S, Se), the electronegativity of Ge is more close to selenium and the formation energy of GeSe bonding is much smaller. Thus, a mild driven force such as thermoheating at low temperature can recover the ordered layer structure, helping to heal the high conductivity and unimpeded Li diffusion pathways for crystalline GeSe2. Similarly, electrochemical delithium force also triggers the rebuilding of GeSe bonding upon Li‐extraction, boosting GeSe2/C with large capacity (1050 mA h g−1), ultrahigh ICE (94%), and cycling stability.
Oxidative Coupling of Anionic Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Efficient Access to Janus‐Type 4,4′‐Bis(2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene)s
Authors: Grineva Alina A. , Valyaev Dmitry A. , César Vincent , Filippov Oleg A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Nefedov Sergei E. , Lugan Noël
Published: March 2018

The oxidative coupling of anionic imidazol‐4‐ylidenes protected at the C2 position with [MnCp(CO)2] or BH3 led to the corresponding 4,4′‐bis(2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene) complexes or adducts, in which the two carbene moieties are connected through a single C−C bond. Subsequent acidic treatment of the later species led to the corresponding 4,4′‐bis(imidazolium) salts in good yields. The overall procedure offers practical access to a novel class of Janus‐type bis(NHC)s. Strikingly, the coplanarity of the two NHC rings within the mesityl derivative 4,4′‐bis(IMes), favored by steric hindrance along with stabilizing intramolecular C−H⋅⋅⋅π aryl interactions, allows the alignment of the π‐systems and, as a direct consequence, significant electron communication through the bis(carbene) scaffold.
A Readily Accessible Class of Chiral Cp Ligands and their Application in RuII‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Syntheses of Dihydrobenzoindoles
Authors: Wang Shou‐Guo , Park Sung Hwan , Cramer Nicolai
Published: March 2018

Chiral cyclopentadienyl (Cpx) ligands have a large application potential in enantioselective transition‐metal catalysis. However, the development of concise and practical routes to such ligands remains in its infancy. We present a convenient and efficient two‐step synthesis of a novel class of chiral Cpx ligands with tunable steric properties that can be readily used for complexation, giving CpxRhI, CpxIrI, and CpxRuII complexes. The potential of this ligand class is demonstrated with the latter in the enantioselective cyclization of azabenzonorbornadienes with alkynes, affording dihydrobenzoindoles in up to 98:2 e.r., significantly outperforming existing binaphthyl‐derived Cpx ligands.
A New Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Based on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene: Improved Performance through a Binary Network Design
Authors: Ren Jing , Ren Rui‐Peng , Lv Yong‐Kang
Published: March 2018

Carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene and carbon nanotubes, are considered to be favorable alternatives to graphite‐based anodes in lithium‐ion batteries, owing to their high specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and excellent mechanical flexibility. However, the limited number of storage sites for lithium ions within the sp2‐carbon hexahedrons leads to the low storage capacity. Thus, rational structure design is essential for the preparation of high‐performance carbon‐based anode materials. Herein, we employed flexible single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with ultrahigh electrical conductivity as a wrapper for 3D graphene foam (GF) by using a facile dip‐coating process to form a binary network structure. This structure, which offered high electrical conductivity, enlarged the electrode/electrolyte contact area, shortened the electron‐/ion‐transport pathways, and allowed for efficient utilization of the active material, which led to improved electrochemical performance. When used as an anode in lithium‐ion batteries, the SWCNT‐GF electrode delivered a specific capacity of 953 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and a high reversible capacity of 606 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles, with a capacity retention of 90 % over 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1 and 189 mA h g−1 after 2200 cycles at 5 A g−1.
Modeling of Maglev Yaw System of Wind Turbines and its Robust Trajectory Tracking Control in the Levitating and Landing Process Based on Ndob
Authors: Li Yang , Cai Bin , Song Xiaoyu , Chu Xiaoguang , Su Baili
Published: March 2018

The yaw system is one of the important parts of the horizontal axis wind turbines. In this paper, a novel maglev yaw system (MYS) is introduced, a novel robust controller based on nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB) is proposed to improve the dynamic suspension stability of the MYS in its levitating and landing process. First, the dynamic model of the MYS is built and analyzed as well as the model of the force caused by crosswind exerting on the MYS, and then the mathematical model of the MYS is derived from its dynamic model. Second, since the uncertain internal disturbance originated from the MYS itself exists, in order to realize the finite time convergence and improve the robustness of the MYS, a NDOB‐based robust controller is designed via like nonsingular terminal sliding mode (LNTSM) method with the aid of backstepping design idea (BDI) to guarantee that the system output asymptotically tracks the reference trajectory, and the levitating and landing velocities of the MYS converge to their expectations globally and asymptotically in finite time. Finally, compared the conventional backstepping control (BC), the extensive simulation results show that the proposed robust controller has a better robustness and the MYS can realize smooth and reliable operations in its levitating and landing process in finite time, therefore the novel robust controller is substantiated to be effective and feasible.
A cautionary note on Bayesian estimation of population size by removal sampling with diffuse priors
Authors: Bord Séverine , Bioche Christèle , Druilhet Pierre
Published: March 2018

We consider the problem of estimating a population size by removal sampling when the sampling rate is unknown. Bayesian methods are now widespread and allow to include prior knowledge in the analysis. However, we show that Bayes estimates based on default improper priors lead to improper posteriors or infinite estimates. Similarly, weakly informative priors give unstable estimators that are sensitive to the choice of hyperparameters. By examining the likelihood, we show that population size estimates can be stabilized by penalizing small values of the sampling rate or large value of the population size. Based on theoretical results and simulation studies, we propose some recommendations on the choice of the prior. Then, we applied our results to real datasets.
Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging at Nanometer Scale
Authors: Choi Boogeon , Jeong Gyouil , Kim Zee Hwan
Published: March 2018

Infrared (IR) vibrational spectroscopy is one of the oldest and the most widely used analytical tool for the characterization of chemical species in samples. Spatially resolved IR spectroscopy, the IR spectro‐microscopy, may offer information on the spatial arrangement of chemical species on sample surfaces as well as the chemical identity of the species. However, conventional far‐field IR microscopy offers spatial resolution of 5 μm, which is not nearly enough for fully characterizing the sample structures in many cases. In this article, we review the recently developed spectro‐microscopy methods that can overcome the diffraction limit of light and offer chemical maps of samples at nanometric scales. We mainly focus on IR near‐field microscopy, IR photothermal microscopy, IR photo‐induced force microscopy, and finally the IR‐Visible photothermal lensing microscopy. The key principles of each technique, practical merits, and limitations are described.
AAP urges depression screening in primary care
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: March 2018

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has called for widespread use of depression screening among adolescents. In the first update to the guidelines in 10 years, a team of medical and psychiatric researchers has urged routine screening of teens, and integrated care with mental health professionals, including consultations and referrals.
Telephone triage for mental health care: Neither reimbursed nor free
Authors: Donise Kathleen R.
Published: March 2018

There are rising numbers of children presenting to emergency departments (EDs) for psychiatric crises, whether they are already engaged in mental health (MH) services or seeking a first contact. Though community resources for MH care have decreased, the number of patients who need them has not.
Personal Perspectives on Providing Services to Foster Youth
Authors: Whitman Kenyon L.
Published: March 2018

Utilizing an academic capital framework and student perspectives, this chapter provides insight into the ways that programs and services can help students develop the skills needed to succeed in college.
Steerable esophageal thermometer for atrial fibrillation ablation in a patient with esophageal achalasia: a case report
Authors: Fukaya Hidehira , Niwano Shinichi , Ogiso Sho , Arakawa Yuki , Horiguchi Ai , Nishinarita Ryo , Nakamura Hironori , Oikawa Jun , Satoh Akira , Kishihara Jun , Ako Junya
Published: March 2018

Key Clinical Message

Esophageal injury is a major concern during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Operators avoid radiofrequency applications on the esophagus by changing ablation line; however, it is unavoidable in patients with a dilated esophagus, such as esophageal achalasia. Steerable esophageal thermometer is useful for evaluating precise temperatures to prevent esophageal injury.
Diverse Reactivity of Platinum SF3 and SF2 Complexes towards EtOH and Me3SiOEt
Authors: Berg Claudia , Pfister Nils , Braun Thomas , Braun‐Cula Beatrice
Published: March 2018

The complex trans‐[Pt(F)(SF3)(PCy3)2] (1) shows a diverse reactivity pattern at the SF3 ligand towards ethanol and Me3SiOEt. This led by deoxyfluorination or alcoholysis to the generation of platinum complexes bearing a metal‐bound S(O)F or S(OEt)2 group. For the latter reaction trans‐[Pt(F){S(F)(OEt)2}(PCy3)2] is suggested as an intermediate. In reactivity studies of trans‐[Pt(F)(SF2)(PCy3)2][BF4] the complex [Pt(F){S(F)(OEt)}(PCy3)2][BF4] was prepared, which does not react with ethanol.
A Green‐LED Driven Source of Hydrated Electrons Characterized from Microseconds to Hours and Applied to Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Naumann Robert , Goez Martin
Published: March 2018

We present a novel photoredox catalytic system that delivers synthetically usable concentrations of hydrated electrons when illuminated with a green light‐emitting diode (LED). The catalyst is a ruthenium complex protected by an anionic micelle, and the urate dianion serves as a sacrificial donor confined to the aqueous bulk. By virtue of its chemical properties, this donor not only suppresses charge recombination that would limit the electron yield, but also enables this system to perform cross‐couplings through the action of hydrated electrons, the first examples of which are reported here. We have investigated the kinetics of all the steps involving the electron and its direct precursor in a comparative study by means of laser flash photolysis and by monitoring product formation during LED photolysis. Despite the differences in timescales, each approach on its own already gives a complete picture of the reaction over a temporal range spanning ten orders of magnitude. Discrepancies between the kinetic parameters obtained with the two complementary techniques can be rationalized with the slow secondary chemistry of the system; they reveal that the product‐based method provides a more accurate description because it also responds to the changes of the system composition during a synthesis; hence, they demonstrate that in complex systems the timescale of the experimental observation should be matched to that of the actual application.
Recent Advances in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Earth‐Abundant Metal Complexes‐Derived Photocatalysts
Authors: Zhao Yanfei , Liu Zhimin
Published: March 2018

Photochemical reduction of CO2 with H2O into energy‐rich chemicals using inexhaustible solar energy is an appealing strategy to simultaneously address the global energy and environmental issues. Earth‐abundant metal complexes show promising application in this field due to their easy availability, rich redox valence and tunable property. Great progress has been seen on catalytic reduction of CO2 under visible light illumination employing earth‐abundant metal complexes and their hybrids as key contributors, especially for producing CO and HCOOH via the two‐electron reduction process. In this minireview, we will summarize and update advances on earth‐abundant metal complex‐derived photocatalytic system for visible‐light driven CO2 photoreduction over the last 5 years. Homogeneous earth‐abundant metal complex photocatalysts and earth‐abundant metal complex derived hybrid photocatalysts were both presented with focus on efficient improvement strategy.
Rapid Advances in Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer
Authors: McCune Jeannine S.
Published: March 2018

Immunotherapy is now the fourth pillar of cancer therapy, with surgery, radiation, and traditional chemotherapy being the remaining pillars. Over the past decade, enthusiasm for immunotherapy has increased because of, in part, data showing that it consistently improves overall survival in select patients with historically refractory cancers. This issue covers various aspects of immunotherapy ranging from use of 1) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to treat patients with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; 2) population pharmacokinetic/dynamic modeling to develop new immune checkpoint inhibitors; and 3) simulations of existing population pharmacokinetic models of immunotherapy to minimize waste without compromising exposure and efficacy.
A Stable Plasmonic Cu@Cu2O/ZnO Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Lou Yongbing , Zhang Yake , Cheng Lin , Chen Jinxi , Zhao Yixin
Published: March 2018

The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect has been widely utilized in photocatalysis, but most reported LSPR materials are based on noble metals of gold or silver with high chemical stability. Plasmonic copper nanoparticles that exhibit an LSPR absorbance at 600 nm are promising for many applications, such as photocatalysis. Unfortunately, plasmonic copper nanoparticles are affected by serious surface oxidation in air. Herein, a novel lollipop‐shaped Cu@Cu2O/ZnO heterojunction nanostructure was designed, for the first time, to stabilize the plasmonic Cu core by decorating Cu@Cu2O core–shell structures with ZnO nanorods. This Cu@Cu2O/ZnO nanostructure exhibited significantly enhanced stability than that of regular Cu@Cu2O, which accounted for the remarkably enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rate through water splitting, relative to pristine ZnO nanorods, over an extended wavelength range due to the plasmonic Cu core.
Modulational instability and generation of envelope solitons in four‐component space plasmas
Authors: Chowdhury N.A. , Mannan A. , Hossen M.R. , Mamun A.A.
Published: March 2018

The four‐component space plasma (containing immobile positive ions, inertial cold positrons, and inertia‐less hot electrons and positrons following Cairns' non‐thermal distribution function) is considered. The modulational instability and the generation of positron‐acoustic (PA) envelope solitons in such a space plasma system are investigated by deriving the non‐linear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. It is found from the numerical analysis of the NLS equation that the plasma system under consideration supports the existence of both dark and bright envelope solitons associated with the PA waves. It is also observed that the instability criterion and the growth rate of the unstable PA waves are significantly modified by the plasma parameters (i.e. temperature and number density of different plasma species). The implications of the results to space plasma research are briefly discussed.
Driving under the influence of cocaine: Quantitative determination of basic drugs in oral fluid obtained during roadside controls and a controlled study with cocaine users
Authors: Di Fazio Vincent , Wille Sarah M.R. , Toennes Stefan W. , van Wel Janelle H.P. , Ramaekers Johannes G. , Samyn Nele
Published: March 2018

Using the Belgian Drugs and Driving procedure, 36% of the cocaine‐positive oral fluid (OF) screening results were not confirmed in plasma. This study investigates the impact of the choice of screening devices and confirmation matrix on the detection of cocaine use. An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method quantifying cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE), and other basic drugs in OF was developed and validated. This method monitored OF samples obtained either from a roadside (n = 12) or a double‐blind controlled study with cocaine users (n = 10) who were given either a capsule containing 300 mg of cocaine‐HCl or a placebo. The OF data were compared to plasma concentrations to obtain concentration‐time profiles. In addition, the sensitivity and accuracy of the Drugwipe5S® was assessed.

A significant difference between the OF volume collected at baseline/placebo (median 0.93 mL [range 0.43–1.92 mL]) or after cocaine‐HCL intake (0.79 mL [0.30–1.21 mL]) was observed. The median OF/Plasma at the 3 collection time points were 10.7, 13.8, 6.7 for cocaine and 0.8, 1.7, 0.8 for BZE, respectively. The Drugwipe5S® detected cocaine use until at least 4 hours after intake. When applying the Belgian legal confirmation decision limit of 10 ng/mL in OF, an accuracy of 75%–98% was observed, depending on the study setting. Cocaine concentrations in OF were much higher and were detected longer as compared to plasma, when applying the same decision limit. From a toxicological viewpoint, the longer detection window with the higher sensitivity of Cocaine and BZE is beneficial to detect drivers in the crash/fatigue phase.
Do athletes have a right to access data in their Athlete Biological Passport?
Authors: Devriendt Thijs , Chokoshvili Davit , Favaretto Maddalena , Borry Pascal
Published: March 2018

The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) refers to the collection of data related to an individual athlete. The ABP contains the Haematological Module and the Steroidal Module, which are used for the longitudinal monitoring of variables in blood and urine, respectively. Based on changes in these variables, a statistical model detects outliers which indicate doping use and guide further targeted testing of the athlete. Presently, athletes can access their data of the Haematological Module in the Anti‐Doping Administration and Management System (ADAMS). However, granting athletes access to this data has been a matter of debate within the anti‐doping community. This article investigates whether an athlete has a right to access the contents of their ABP profile. We approached this discussion by comparing the nature of ABP data with that of forensic and medical data and touched on important concerns with ABP data disclosure to athletes such as potentially allowing for the development of alternative doping techniques to circumvent detection; and making athletes vulnerable to pressure by the media to publicly release their data. Furthermore, given that ABP data may contain medically relevant information that can be used to diagnose disease, athletes may over‐interpret its medical significance and wrongly see it as a free health check. We argue that safeguarding the integrity of the ABP system must be seen as the most essential element and thus a departure from immediate data disclosure is necessary. Two different strategies for delayed data disclosure are proposed which diminish the chances of ABP data being misused to refine doping techniques.
Design and Preliminary Evaluation of High‐Speed Line‐of‐Sight Calculation CMOS Image Sensor
Authors: YAMAMURA SATOSHI , AKITA JUNICHI
Published: March 2018

Line‐of‐sight (LoS) calculation, or detecting where the user is looking at, is expected as a new type of user interfaces, with including the phenomenon of rapid eye movement, so‐called saccade. However, real‐time tracking of saccade is difficult with the conventional image processing systems for their long processing time and latency against the speed of saccade. In this paper, we describe the design of the high speed, low latency LoS calculation image sensor, as well as its preliminary evaluation results. This image sensor has a capability to track the saccade at high frame rate, and generate the LoS calculation results with minimum latency for real‐time tracking.
Use of satellite leaf area index estimating evapotranspiration and gross assimilation for Australian ecosystems
Authors: Gan Rong , Zhang Yongqiang , Shi Hao , Yang Yuting , Eamus Derek , Cheng Lei , Chiew Francis H.S. , Yu Qiang
Published: March 2018

Accurate quantification of terrestrial evapotranspiration and ecosystem productivity is of significant merit to better understand and predict the response of ecosystem energy, water, and carbon budgets under climate change. Existing diagnostic models have different focus on either water or carbon flux estimates with various model complexity and uncertainties induced by distinct representation of the coupling between water and carbon processes. Here, we propose a diagnostic model to estimate evapotranspiration and gross primary production that is based on biophysical mechanism yet simple for practical use. This is done by coupling the carbon and water fluxes via canopy conductance used in the Penman–Monteith–Leuning equation (named as PML_V2 model). The PML_V2 model takes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer leaf area index and meteorological variables as inputs. The model was tested against evapotranspiration and gross primary production observations at 9 eddy‐covariance sites in Australia, which are spread across wide climate conditions and ecosystems. Results indicate that the simulated evapotranspiration and gross primary production by the PML_V2 model are in good agreement with the measurements at 8‐day timescale, indicated by the cross site Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency being 0.70 and 0.66, R2 being 0.80 and 0.75, and root mean square error being 0.96 mm d−1 and 1.14 μmol m−2 s−1 for evapotranspiration and gross primary production, respectively. As the PML_V2 model only requires readily available climate and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer vegetation dynamics data and has few parameters, it can potentially be applied to estimate evapotranspiration and carbon assimilation simultaneously at long‐term and large spatial scales.
Semaphorin 4D levels in heart failure patients: a potential novel biomarker of acute heart failure?
Authors: Willner Nadav , Goldberg Yair , Schiff Elad , Vadasz Zahava
Published: March 2018

Aims

Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) is expressed on platelets and T‐cells and known to be involved in inflammation. The aims of this study include comparing Sema4D and N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) serum levels in heart failure (HF) patients to a control group, evaluating the correlation between Sema4D and NT‐proBNP levels, and assessing Sema4D serum levels in HF patients during acute exacerbation and remission.

Methods and results

Forty‐five patients diagnosed with HF (based on echocardiographic findings, positive NT‐proBNP levels, and normal C‐reactive protein) and 11 healthy controls (declaring no chronic diseases or medications) comprised the study population. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data were used to create the study database. NT‐proBNP and Sema4D serum samples were taken on admission and discharge. NT‐proBNP levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in controls (P < 0.001). Sema4D levels were significantly higher in HF patients than in healthy controls (2143.04 ± 1253 vs. 762.18 ± 581.6 ng/mL, P < 0.001, respectively). Using linear regression, a higher creatinine level was found to predict both higher levels of NT‐proBNP and Sema4D (P = 0.05 and P < 0.014, respectively), while a reduced ejection fraction was found to predict higher NT‐proBNP levels only (P < 0.001 and P = 0.87, respectively). Average Sema4D levels reduced significantly at remission (3534.94 ± 1650.55 vs. 2455.67 ± 1424, P = 0.03), while mean NT‐proBNP levels did not change significantly.

Conclusions

Sema4D levels in HF patients' serum are significantly higher than in healthy controls. Clinical improvement caused rapid reduction in Sema4D levels, possibly reflecting the inflammatory aspect of HF. These findings might suggest that Sema4D can be used as a diagnostic biomarker of acute HF. Further studies of Sema4D and HF are warranted.
Constructing Film Photocatalyst with Abundant Interfaces between CdS and Ni3S2 Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Chao Yuguang , Zheng Jianfeng , Zhang Haixia , Ma Yuanyuan , Li Feng , Tan Yisheng , Zhu Zhenping
Published: March 2018

Large scale and sustainable solar hydrogen evolution through photocatalytic water splitting requires highly active and stable earth‐abundant co‐catalysts to reduce water to H2. There are still a series of key challenges existed for the practical application, although many efforts have been made, such as low efficiency, difficult recovery of powder catalyst and so on. In this work, we constructed a film‐like photocatalyst CdS−Ni3S2/NF with abundant interfaces or junctions for the first time by integrating the CdS and Ni3S2 nanosheets supported on nickel foam (NF). The resultant photocatalyst exhibits a photocatalytic H2 production rate of 100.50 mmol gCdS−1 h−1, which is about 6.8 times that for CdS‐2wt%Pt/NF (14.86 mmol g−1 h−1). And the rate of H2 evolution can be expressed as 589.86 μmol cm−2 day−1, which means 132 L H2 could be generated by using 1 m2 CdS−Ni3S2/NF photocatalyst under visible light irradiation in 12 h. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the rich interfaces or junctions between CdS and Ni3S2 nanosheets, and excellent kinetic of Ni3S2 nanosheets for reducing water to H2. This work provides a new avenue for developing high performance photocatalyst system for practically renewable H2 energy generation and environmental remediation.
Leadership development for undergraduate students at U.S. universities: The case for HRD research and practice†
Authors: Peter Kuchinke K. , Ardichvili Alexandre , Wocken Lisa , Seo Jaekyo , Bovornusvakool Witsinee
Published: March 2018

The development of leaders and building of leadership capacity are central concerns of HRD research and practice, yet the large and high‐impact area of leadership education provided by U.S. universities to undergraduate students is missing from the domain literature. Over the past 20 years, leadership education has become a common feature at universities and colleges in the United States and is experiencing strong demand and institutional support. Leadership development operates in parallel to the traditional curriculum shaping the career trajectories of university graduates and adding to the talent pool of hiring organizations. This article outlines the status of university‐based leadership education in the United States, offers a critical assessment, and highlights areas in need of investigation and scholarship of relevance to HRD.