bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CO388 and CO389 corn inbred lines
Authors: Reid L. M. , McDiarmid G. , Parker A. J. , Woldemariam T. , Hamilton R. I.
Published: April 2011

CO388 and CO389 are short-season corn inbred lines with improved resistance to silk infection by Fusarium graminearum. These inbreds are the first to be released from a public breeding program with improved resistance to ear rot; they can be used by maize breeders as a source of resistance. Both inbreds exhibit good combining ability and average to superior lodging resistance in hybrids. Key words: Corn, maize, Zea mays, cultivar description, ear rot, Fusarium
The biology of Canadian weeds. 113. Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom [Aster lanceolatus Willd.] and S. lateriflorum (L.) Löve & Löve [Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt.]
Authors: Chmielewski Jerry G. , Semple John C.
Published: April 2011

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum, the tall white aster, is a morphologically variable, native North American, polyploid (tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, heptaploid, and octoploid cytotypes) species with a transcontinental distribution. Commonly found along fence rows, ditches, road and rail right-of-ways, and field, pond, and wood lot margins, the species is not a serious agricultural weed but may become problematic in neglected fields, poorly managed pastures, and cultivated fields on recently plowed land. For this review of the biology of the species, we recognize two subspecies, the eastern subsp. lanceolatum and western subsp. hesperium. The former is further divided into varieties lanceolatum, hirsuticaule, interior, and latifolium. Symphyotrichum lateriflorum, the one-sided aster, is also morphologically variable. The distribution of this native, polyploid (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid cytotypes) extends from the Magdalen Islands and Prince Edward Island in the north, south to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Occurring in a variety of habitats, including dry to wet thickets, open woods, shorelines, mesic to wet-mesic prairies, and dry open places, the species is possibly the least weedy of the weedy asters in Canada, but nonetheless may become problematic in neglected fields, poorly managed pastures, or road side right-of-ways. Although several varieties have been described, little agreement surrounds their recognition, as characters considered useful by some are designated useless by others. This contribution summarizes the known biological data for the two species. Key words: Symphyotrichum lanceolatum, Aster lanceolatus, tall white aster, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum, Aster lateriflorus, one-sided aster, weed biology
Evaluation of coated seeds as a Rhizobium delivery system for field pea
Authors: Rice W. A. , Clayton G. W. , Lupwayi N. Z. , Olsen P. E.
Published: April 2011

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted with field peas (Pisum sativum, L.) in soils of pH 4.4 to 6.8 to determine the best rate of inoculation with rhizobium and to evaluate pre-inoculated (coated) seeds as an alternative to the traditional seed inoculation method of using sticking agents. Inoculation rates higher than 105 cells seed–1 were usually required for high nodulation, nitrogen fixation and grain yields. Therefore, Canadian standards, which require that 105 nodulating rhizobia be delivered per seed for large-seed legumes like peas, may need to be increased. Counts of rhizobia on coated seeds were about 3 log units lower than those on freshly inoculated seeds, but coated seeds significantly outperformed standard seed-inoculated seeds in nodulation and crop yield in acid soils (pH 4.4 and 4.7). However, field pea yields were too low to have commercial value at these low pH levels. In soils with higher pH, standard inoculation resulted in greater nodulation and yield, but the differences were not always significant. It is concluded that the use of coated seeds provides a yield advantage for field pea grown on acid soils, but liming would probably be a better option. Use of coated seeds on other soils will depend on the trade-off between the time and money saved in inoculation in order to seed early and a possible reduction in yield due to insufficient numbers of rhizobia being applied. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, Pisum sativum, pre-inoculated seeds
A re-evaluation of controlled freeze-tests and controlled environment hardening conditions to estimate the winter survival potential of hardy winter wheats
Authors: Gusta L. V. , O’Connor B. J. , Gao Y. -P. , Jana S.
Published: April 2011

To identify superior winter-hardy winter wheat genotypes it is essential to have a reliable screening method that can detect small differences in freezing tolerance. A highly significant correlation was obtained between the minimum temperature tolerated by fully cold-hardened seedlings and the field survival index for 36 winter wheat cultivars with freezing tolerance varying from –13°C to –23°C. On the basis of their long-term field survival under cold stress, these cultivars represent two separate genotypic groups, semi-cold-hardy (Group A) and very cold-hardy (Group B). The correlation coefficient between minimum survival temperature and winter survival for the semi-hardy genotypes was not significant, although it was significant for the hardy genotypes (coefficient of determination was 25.9%). However, the minimum survival freeze test did not differentiate genotypes that varied widely in field survival. In comparing the very hardy winter genotypes (e.g., Norstar, Alabaskaja, Roughrider, etc.), no significant correlation was observed between either minimum survival temperature or crown moisture content. The freezing tolerance of 33 winter wheat genotypes was compared for seedlings naturally cold acclimated and for seedlings grown either in soil or hydroponically and hardened in a controlled environment chamber. On average, soil-grown seedlings, cold acclimated in a controlled environment were more freezing tolerant than seedlings acclimated naturally or grown hydroponically and acclimated in a controlled environment. Several semi-winter-hardy genotypes attained a freezing tolerance equivalent to that of very hardy winter genotypes when acclimated in a controlled environment chamber. Thus, it is possible to overestimate the freezing tolerance of seedlings acclimated in a controlled environment. Key words: Winter wheat, freezing tolerance, winter injury, screening techniques
The effect of rejuvenation of Aspen Parkland ecoregion grass-legume pastures on botanical composition
Authors: Lardner H. A. , M. Wright S. B. , H. Cohen R. D. , Curry P. , MacFarlane L.
Published: April 2011

A 3-yr study was conducted at five different sites in the Aspen Parkland of Saskatchewan to determine the effect of spiking, burning, mowing, deep-banding (Trt) and applications of N, P, K and S liquid and granular fertilizers (Fert) on changes in botanical composition of predominantly smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pastures established on Black Chernozemic and Gray Luvisolic soils in central Saskatchewan. Fertilizer application was in a liquid form blended to provide 100 kg N ha–1, 45 kg P2O5 ha–1, 23 kg K2O ha–1 and 12 kg S ha–1 in 350 kg of fertilizer ha–1. The experimental design at each site was a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement. Main plots were spike, burn, mow, deep-band, deep-band liquid fertilizer and control. The split-plot treatment was granular fertilizer broadcast at 0 and 350 kg ha–1 (providing 100 kg N ha–1, 45 kg P2O5 ha–1, 23 kg K2O ha–1 and 12 kg S ha–1). All treatments were applied in the spring of 1994. Interaction effects of Trt × Yr and Fert × Yr were significant (P < 0.05), indicating a wide range of response to the rejuvenation methods among years. Spiking reduced grass and legume composition, and increased (P < 0.05) the presence of annual weeds and bare ground. Burning increased (P < 0.05) alfalfa composition in years 2 and 3 at three sites and tended to decrease (P > 0.05) bluegrass composition in all 3 yr. Broadcast and liquid fertilizer, at 200 kg N ha–1 decreased (P < 0.05) the alfalfa component in years 2 at four sites and increased (P < 0.05) the smooth bromegrass component at two sites in year 1 and all sites in years 2 and 3. Fertilizer (granular or liquid) alone or combined with mechanical treatments (deep-band, mow, spike or burn) increased (P < 0.05) the composition of smooth bromegrass and decreased (P < 0.05) the composition of bluegrass, weeds and bare ground variably over 3 yr. Mowing and deep-banding had minimal effects on botanical composition. Key words: Rejuvenation, fertilizer, spike, burn, deep-band, botanical composition
Stress metabolism. IX. Effect of salt stress on trigonelline accumulation in tomato
Authors: Rajasekaran Lada R. , Aspinall D. , Jones G. P. , Paleg L. G.
Published: April 2011

The presence of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and their accumulation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Duke in response to different modes for causing NaCl stress were studied. Pre-germinated tomato seeds were grown in sand culture and 25-d-old seedlings were subjected to abrupt, progressive or prolonged salt stress using NaCl at various osmotic potentials. Plant water status was measured using psychrometry and quaternary ammonium compounds were visualized using thin-layer chromatography and then confirmed and quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Leaf water potential and osmotic potential declined depending on the osmotic potential of the rooting medium and the mode of stress imposition. A greater decline in osmotic potential compared with the total water potential led to turgor maintenance in plants under progressive or prolonged NaCl stress. The QAC, trigonelline and choline were identified in tomato. Trigonelline, but not choline, accumulated rapidly in response to abrupt, progressive or prolonged NaCl stress. The threshold external water potential (ψext.) for trigonelline accumulation was –0.565 MPa. Trigonelline accumulation correlated with changes in ψL (r = –0.92***), ψS (r = –0.94***) and ψP (r = 0.85***). Trigonelline contributed only –0.035 MPa to the osmotic adjustment, suggesting that its role may also lie in areas other than osmoregulation. Key words: Bataines choline, growth, Lycopersicon esculentum, salt stress, trigonelline, water relations
Selection response for molecular markers associated with anthocyanin coloration and low-temperature growth traits in crested wheatgrasses
Authors: Hu Zan-Min , -C. Wang Richard R. , Larson Steve R. , Palazzo Antonio J. , Asay Kay H. , Jerry Chatterton N.
Published: April 2011

Hycrest is an outcrossing tetraploid cultivar of crested wheatgrass developed from a hybrid between an induced tetraploid form of Fairway (Agropyron cristatum) and natural tetraploid Standard (A. desertorum). The CD-II cultivar was selected from cv. Hycrest on the basis of vigorous vegetative growth and green leaf coloration during early spring. This study examines the selection response of molecular markers associated with anthocyanin coloration (AC), growth habit (GH) and other traits in Hycrest, CD-II, and two second-generation polycross (PX2) populations derived from three purple-leaf selections and three green-leaf selections of Hycrest. AC was positively correlated with prostrate GH and inversely correlated with plant height and leaf width in the experimental PX2 populations. Of the 578 AFLP markers surveyed, 13 showed pleiotropic effects on GH and AC in the PX2 populations. In all cases, marker alleles associated with prostrate GH also enhanced AC. Four of these 13 markers also showed large selection responses in CD-II (i.e. 80th percentile or higher) relative to Hycrest, always favouring upright GH and low AC alleles.However, the upright GH in CD-II was not explainable solely by molecular marker alleles near the vernalization gene. Key words: Anthocyanin, crested wheatgrass, molecular marker, selection, vernalization
Corn Inbred Lines CG60 and CG62
Authors: Lee E. A. , Good B. , Chakravarty R. , Kannenberg L.
Published: April 2011

CG60 and CG62 are short seasoned corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. Key words: Corn, Zea mays L., cultivar description
AC Oxley II cicer milkvetch
Authors: Acharya S. N.
Published: April 2011

AC Oxley II cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) was developed by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. This synthetic cultivar developed for improved seedling vigour and tested as LRC95-93-1 in Western Forage Tests established in 1996 outyielded Oxley, the check cultivar, by 19%. In western Canada, under dryland conditions AC Oxley II produced 23% more dry matter than the Oxley check, while under irrigation the yield advantage was 11%. AC Oxley II is well suited for pasture and hay production in western Canada. The new cultivar produced about 10 percent more seed than Oxley at Lethbridge under irrigated conditions. Key words: Cultivar description, cicer milkvetch, Astragalus cicer L., seedling vigour
Growth responses of excised radish cotyledons to meta-topolin
Authors: Palavan-Ünsal Narçin , Çağ Serap , Çetin Ergül
Published: April 2011

Meta-topolin (mT) has been established as an active aromatic cytokinin by Strnad et al. (1997). The present investigation assessed the effects of mT on radish cotyledon growth. The effect of mT on cotyledon growth, chlorophyll, N and soluble protein contents were measured. Peroxidase (POD) activity and polyamine (PA) contents were also determined. Treatment at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM mT concentrations resulted in 44, 50 and 57% increments in cotyledon growth, respectively, compared with control cotyledons. Increase in chlorophyll content per cotyledon was highest at low mT concentrations. Peroxidase activity was highest at 1.0 mM mT. Soluble protein content was reduced by the application of mT. Key words: Cotyledon growth, meta-topolin, polyamine, peroxidase, radish cotyledons
AC Hime soybean
Authors: Poysa V. , Buzzell R. I.
Published: April 2011

AC Hime is a large-seeded soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with elevated seed protein levels. AC Hime has yellow hila and acceptable tofu processing quality for foreign and domestic markets. Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description, food grade cultivar, tofu
AC Black Diamond common bean
Authors: Mündel Hans-Henning , Saindon Gilles , Huang Henry C. , Kiehn Ferdinand A.
Published: April 2011

AC Black Diamond is a high-yielding, large-seeded, shiny black dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It was developed from a series of crosses at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, on contract to the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Lethbridge, with cooperation from the AAFC Research Station Morden. AC Black Diamond is well adapted to the Canadian prairies, yielding significantly more than the check cultivar, UI 906, at 122% in narrow-rows an d 106% in wide-rows. AC Black Diamond is moderately susceptible to white mold and resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). Key words: Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, shiny large-seeded black bean, cultivar description, high yield
AC Argonaut navy bean
Authors: Mündel Hans-Henning , Kiehn Ferdinand A. , Saindon Gilles , Huang Henry C.
Published: April 2011

AC Argonaut is a high-yielding navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, in cooperation with and final selection and testing carried out at the Agri culture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Morden, Manitoba. AC Argonaut is particularly well adapted to Manitoba growing conditions, yielding significantly more than the check cultivar, Envoy. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, navy bean, cultivar description, high yield
The biology of Canadian weeds. 117. Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers
Authors: Stewart-Wade S. M. , Neumann S. , Collins L. L. , Boland G. J.
Published: April 2011

Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers (dandelion, pissenlit officinal) is a perennial weed occurring in parks, gardens, pastures, orchards, roadsides, vegetable gardens, agricultural crops and horticultural crops. A common weed worldwide, it was originally introduced from Eurasia and now occurs in every province of Canada. It is an aesthetic problem during flowering and seed production, interrupting turfgrass uniformity and density; it reduces yields of agricultural crops; it causes slower drying of hay; its pollen is allergenic; and it acts as an alternative host for several pests and diseases. A number of herbicides are available for its control. Mechanical removal of T. officinale plants has limited success, due to the regenerative capacity of the long taproot. Insects, fungi, sheep and geese have been considered as biological control agents for dandelion. Key words: Taraxacum officinale, dandelion, weed biology, Canada.
Honey bee pollen foraging in relation to flowering phenology of biennial caraway (Carum carvi L.)
Authors: Langenberger Michael W. , Davis Arthur R.
Published: April 2011

Biennial caraway (Carum carvi L.) is a specialty spice crop in Saskatchewan, yet little was known about fundamental agronomic traits, such as its flowering phenology, plant density, attraction to potential pollinators, and prospective honey yield. At five commercial fields in 1998 and 1999, biennial caraway flowered for 7 wk, beginning in late May or early June and finishing by early to mid-July. Under optimal conditions, and assuming intense foraging activity by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), caraway might yield 70–134 kg honey ha–1. However, weights of colonies near fields of caraway (0.47–4.2 hives ha–1) changed little while honey bees were predominant foragers on that crop. Then, in the second half of the caraway flowering period, when honey bees had almost deserted those fields as indicated by observation and pollen-trap analyses, hive weights rose steadily due to a switch to nearby crops of canola (Brassica spp.) and sweet clover (Melilotus spp.), which had begun to flower. Whereas biennial caraway is rated as negligible to only moderate for its honey potential in Saskatchewan, 83% of honey bees visiting caraway florets gathered pollen. Moreover, caraway pollen entering hives averaged 11% of total pollen (dry weight) over the entire flowering period of the crop, but 36.5% during the first half of flowering phenology, suggesting that biennial caraway may constitute a valuable source of protein for honey bees, particularly during colony build-up in spring. Key words: Caraway (Carum carvi), flowering phenology, hive weights, honey bee foraging, honey potential, pollen-trap collection
Effect of post-emergence herbicide injury and planting date on yield of narrow-row soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Ivany Jerry A. , Reddin Jason
Published: April 2011

Some herbicides used post-emergence (POST) in soybean production cause foliar injury; however, new growth is normal and the crop does not appear to be further affected. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different levels of foliar injury caused by POST herbicides on yield of soybean cv. Maple Glen when planted early and late in a weed-free environment. Level of foliar injury was variable from year to year. Aciflurofen and imazethapyr caused foliar injury of 7 to 35% whereas, thifensulfuron and bentazon gave foliar injury ranging from 0 to 20% at 15 d after treatment (DAT). Foliar injury was short lived, and by 30 DAT had disappeared in 1994 and 1997, but still was visible at 11% for aciflurofen and 17% with imazethapyr on late-planted soybean in 1995. Aciflurofen- and imazethapyr-treated soybeans were still stunted at 30 and 60 DAT. Only imazethapyr reduced yields on both early- and late-planted soybean, in the 3 yr of the study. Yield of Maple Glen soybean was higher with early-planted soybean than with late-planted soybean in all years. Maximum yields were obtained in control plots kept weed free all season by a pre-emergence application of metribuzin. Key words: Aciflurofen; bentazon; imazethapyr; metribuzin; thifensulfuron; stunting; delayed maturity; foliar injury
Bacillus cereus UW85 inoculation effects on growth, nodulation, and N accumulation in grain legumes: Controlled-environment studies
Authors: Vessey J. Kevin , Buss Terry J.
Published: April 2011

Treating seed with Bacillus cereus strain UW85 stimulates nodulation in soybean, but the underlying mechanisms of this stimulation are poorly understood. In this study we assessed the effects of inoculation on nodulation, nitrogenase activity and dry matter partitioning in soybean (cv. Maple Ridge), common bean (cv. OAC Rico) and pea (cv. Express) under controlled, gnotobiotic conditions. Plants were grown for 34 d under controlled-environment conditions without a mineral N source, at low two levels of (brady)rhizobia inoculation. Soybean and common bean were grown at a single temperature regime and pea was grown at two temperature regimes. Each trial consisted of five treatments (noninoculated control, low (brady)rhizobia inoculation, low (brady)rhizobia plus UW85 inoculation, high (brady)rhizobia inoculation, and high (brady)rhizobia plus UW85 inoculation) with six plants as replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. Inoculation of soybean with UW85 increased growth of roots, shoots, and nodules across both levels of bradyrhizobia inoculation and increased plant N accumulation by 12%. In oculation with UW85 also increased whole-plant nodulation (nodules plant-1) by 16%, but there were no effects on specific nodulation [nodules g-1 root dry weight (DW)], individual nodule DW, nitrogenase activity (μmol H2 g-1 nodule DW h-1) or N2 fixation efficiency (g plant-N g-1 nodule DW). Inoculation of pea with UW85 at the low temperature regime increased whole-plant nodulation by 19%, but had no positive effects on any other growth parameters. Inoculation of common bean with UW85 had no positive effects on any aspects of growth, nodulation or nitrogenase activity. Our data indicate that under gnotobiotic conditions, UW85 inoculation increases nodulation in soybean indirectly by increasing root growth and not stimulating the nodulation process per se. The bacterium had little to no positive effects on pea and common bean symbioses. Key words: Bacillus cereus UW85, Glycine max, growth-promotion, nodulation, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum
Expression of resistance to stripe rust, powdery mildew and the wheat curl mite in Triticum aestivum × Haynaldia villosalines
Authors: Chen Q. , Conner R. L. , Li H. , Laroche A. , Graf R. J. , Kuzyk A. D.
Published: April 2011

Stripe rust, powdery mildew and the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella) (WCM) are common problems in wheat throughout the world. The expression of resistance to these diseases and the mite was investigated in wheat ×Haynaldia villosa chromosome addition, substitution and translocation lines. Progeny tests and cytogenetic examinations were carried out on crosses of the 6VS translocation line with susceptible genotypes of wheat to study the inheritance of the stripe rust, powdery mildew and WCM resistance. These studies also were used to elucidate if the resistance was associated with the H. villosa 6V chromosome. The test results confirmed the presence of a high level of resistance to stripe rust in wheat × H. villosa 6V addition and 6VS translocation lines. However, progeny tests and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis showed that the stripe rust resistance gene, Yr26 was not associated with the H. villosa chromosome arm 6VS. While WCM and powdery mildew resistance were always associated with the presence of the 6VS chromosome arm in the F2 and F3 populations. The study also showed that most wheat × H. villosa addition or substitution lines were heterogenous in their reaction to stripe rust. The possible reasons for the heterogeneous response to stripe rust in wheat lines carrying the H. villosa chromosomes 2V, 3V and 4V are discussed. Key words: Haynaldia villosa, Puccinia striformis, Aceria tosichella, stripe rust, expression of resistance, addition lines, substitution lines, 6VS-translocation
CDC Bethune flax
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Hormis Y. A. , Rashid K. Y.
Published: April 2011

CDC Bethune, is a medium-late-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) developed by Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, medium oil quality, medium seed size, good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
Survey of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua) in two townships in Saskatchewan
Authors: Beckie H. J. , Thomas A. G. , Stevenson F. C.
Published: April 2011

The nature and occurrence of herbicide resistance in wild oat in annual crops grown in the Grassland and Parkland regions of Saskatchewan were determined in a systematic survey of fields in two townships in 1997. The survey found that over one-half of fields in both townships had populations resistant to Group 1 [acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors], Group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors], and/or Group 8 (e.g., triallate, difenzoquat) herbicides. Forty-three percent of fields in the Grassland township and 48% of fields in the Parkland township had Group 1-resistant (HR) wild oat; 30 and 17% of fields in the Grassland and Parkland township, respectively, had populations exhibiting Group 2 resistance, whereas about 15% of fields in both townships had Group 8-HR wild oat. Single- (Groups 1, 2, or 8) and multiple-group resistance (1, 2; 1, 8; 2, 8; 1, 2, 8) were exhibited in populations in fields in both townships. Frequency of occurrence of resistance was not generally affected by farm size. The nature of resistance in wild oat populations is more diverse, differences in distribution and abundance of HR wild oat biotypes between Grassland and Parkland regions are generally less apparent, and occurrence of resistance is more prevalent than documented previously. Key words: Avena fatua, herbicide resistance, survey
CDC Mozart field pea
Authors: Vandenberg Albert , Slinkard Al E.
Published: April 2011

CDC Mozart is a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L. cultivar with semi-leafless growth habit, powdery mildew resistance and good seed yield. It was developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It has medium sized round seeds and is acceptable in the yellow pea market. CDC Mozart was issued registration #4500 on 8 October 1999, by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance
Weed management at the time of perennial cereal rye establishment
Authors: Moyer J. R. , Acharya S. N. , Mir Z.
Published: April 2011

Perennial cereal rye (PC rye) is a new crop that is being developed at the Lethbridge Research Centre for the production of silage for cattle. Its ability to compete with weeds during establishment and tolerance to herbicides for weed control was unknown. Therefore, experiments were established with PC rye, and several herbicide treatments were applied to test crop tolerance and weed control. PC rye was not injured by bromoxynil/MCPA, 2,4-D, thifensulfuron/tribenuron, fenoxaprop, clodinafop-propargyl, and tralkoxydim. Combinations of herbicides for broadleaf weed control and annual grass control usually reduced weed dry matter (DM) to < 5 g m-2 in the establishment year. Weeds made up 20 to 36% of the total DM when herbicides were not applied. However, this level of weed content did not affect the digestibility of the forage samples or the total DM produced as weed DM compensated for reduced PC rye yield in weedy plots. Also, the presence of weeds during establishment of PC rye did not affect weed content or PC rye yields the year after establishment. Key words: Acid detergent fibre, digestibility, neutral detergent fibre, perennial cereal rye, weed control, yield
AC2000 hard white spring wheat
Authors: DePauw R. M. , Sadasivaiah R. S. , Clarke J. M. , Fernandez M. R. , Knox R. E. , McCaig T. N. , McLeod J. G.
Published: April 2011

AC2000 is a hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance to preharvest sprouting and prevalent races of common bunt [Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. It is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (White) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, white wheat, bunt resistance, preharvest sprouting resistance, noodle color
Cropping sequence affects wheat productivity on the semiarid northern Great Plains
Authors: Miller P. R. , Waddington J. , McDonald C. L. , Derksen D. A.
Published: April 2011

Extension of the commonly used spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation to include broadleaf crops requires information on their effects on a following wheat crop. We grew a spring wheat test crop on the stubbles of wheat and seven broadleaf crops: desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This study was conducted near Swift Current, SK, from 1993 to 1997, and Congress, SK, from 1995 to 1997. After harvest, soil water differed among crop stubbles and by sampling depth. To the 60-cm depth, only soil under dry bean stubble held more water (8 mm), while soil under lentil, desi chickpea, sunflower and safflower stubbles held less water (6, 8, 9 and 17 mm, respectively) than wheat stubble (P < 0.05). From 60 to 120 cm, soil under dry pea and dry bean held more water (7 and 10 mm, respectively), and under sunflower and safflower stubbles less (7 and 14 mm, respectively), than under wheat stubble (P < 0.05). Lentil, dry bean and dry pea stubbles averaged 5, 6 and 9 kg ha-1 greater soil N in the 0- to 120-cm soil depth than wheat stubble (P < 0.05). The average yield of wheat grown on the four pulse crop stubbles was 21% greater than yields on wheat stubble, but did not differ from the oilseed stubbles (P < 0.01). Compared to wheat stubble, wheat grown on broadleaf crop stubbles had higher grain protein concentrations, increasing by 8 and 5%, for pulses and oilseeds, respectively (P < 0.01). Nitrogen removal in the wheat test crop grain yield averaged 15 kg ha-1 for pulse stubbles compared with wheat stubble. Soil N contribution by pulse stubbles was an important factor contributing to wheat growth under a dryland cropping system on the northern Great Plains. Key words: Crop sequence, spring wheat, pulse crops, N cycling, water use
Na+ content of xylem sap is closely related to root biomass in pea (Pisum sativum): Apotential tool for studying root growth under controlled conditions and in the field
Authors: Emery R. J. N. , Munier-Jolain N. G. , Voisin A-S. , Salon C.
Published: April 2011

Xylem-mobile Na+ in peas appears to have the attributes of a convenient marker for estimates of root biomass. This study examined the consistency and predictability of biomass-based, root to shoot Na+ delivery rates. In glasshouse experiments, xylem Na+ delivery was studied according to changing exogenous pressure regimes, time of day of xylem sap extraction, plant development, soil Na+ concentration and xylem sap extraction methods. At a given developmental stage, Na+ delivery in relation to root biomass was constant and independent of xylem water flux. This relationship held providing that collections were made for at least 60 min, the nature of xylem sap extraction (natural root pressure, vacuum or external pressure) was the same and Na+ concentration in the nutrient solution was constant and below 2.5 mM. A negative linear relationship was found between-biomass based Na+ delivery and development (degree days after emergence), with declining values likely caused by overestimates of viable root biomass. Likewise, in the field, Na+ delivery rates occurred predictably with soil Na+, as long as soil Na+ was not increased beyond 5-fold that of naturally occurring levels. Field biomass-based Na+ delivery was largely unaffected by changes in development from early flowering to late seed filling. If used within the defined methodological and developmental limits, Na+ delivery can be a valuable time and labour saving tool for calculating numerous root biomass characteristics, particularly in soil substrates that hamper accurate root recovery. Key words: Controlled conditions, field, Na+ uptake, pea, root biomass, xylem delivery
Timing of pre-seeding glyphosate application in direct-seeding systems
Authors: Johnson Eric N. , Kirkland Ken J. , Craig Stevenson F.
Published: April 2011

Producers are interested in whether crop productivity can be maintained with pre-seeding glyphosate application 2 to 3 wk prior to direct seeding with sweeps. A wider window for glyphosate application would be beneficial, particularly for producers with a large number of hectares. An experiment was conducted at Scott and Melfort, SK, Canada, in 1997 and 1998 to assess glyphosate application 2 to 3 wk before, 1 d before, and 3 to 4 d after (just before crop emergence) the time of seeding in narrow-hoe and simulated-sweep (cultivation immediately followed by a narrow-hoe drill) direct-seeding systems. Wheat grain yield was 25% lower when glyphosate was applied 2 to 3 wk before rather than just prior to seeding only with the narrow-hoe direct-seeding system at Scott in both years. This yield reduction corresponded with the greater median grass weed fresh weight. Yields were 15% lower for both direct-seeding systems at Scott when glyphosate was applied 3 to 4 d after seeding. Barley grain yield was 46% greater (1997) or 25% lower (1998) in the narrow-hoe compared with the simulated-sweep direct-seeding system at Melfort. These yield responses corresponded with opposite responses for median grass weed fresh weight. The tillage effect of sweeps at the time of seeding can improve the control of grass weeds compared with seeding implements equipped with narrow hoes. However, a narrow-hoe system with glyphosate applied just prior to sowing consistently provided the greatest cereal yields. Key words: Barley, wheat, reduced tillage, glyphosate, early-season weed control
Banded herbicides and cultivation for weed control in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Ivany Jerry A.
Published: April 2011

Increasing costs of production have resulted in intensified efforts to reduce the amount of herbicides applied in potato production. This research evaluated the potential of applying herbicides in 30-cm-wide bands over the potato row in combination with cultivation between the potato rows to achieve weed control. At a moderate to high infestation of quackgrass and annual broadleaf weeds, control of quackgrass, corn spurry and wild radish was as effective with the banded herbicide + cultivation treatments as with the broadcast herbicide treatment. Potato marketable yields from the banded herbicide + cultivation treatments were comparable to the broadcast herbicide application treatment. A single cultivation at 21 d after planting (DAP) (at ground crack), 28 DAP (potatoes 5 to 10 cm tall) or 35 DAP (potatoes 10 to 15 cm tall) did not give adequate weed control, and potato yields were reduced by 30% or more at all times of cultivation compared to herbicide treatments. This study shows that acceptable weed control without effects on marketable yield is possible by using a 30-cm-wide herbicide band over the row followed by cultivation to remove weeds between the row. The amount of herbicide used per hectare with this technique is reduced by 66% compared to a broadcast herbicide application. Key words: Herbicide, potato, quackgrass, Elytrigia repens L. (Nevski), corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.), wild radish (Raphanis raphanistrum L.), cultivation
Trichoderma viride enhances the growth of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) stem cuttings
Authors: Paal and A. Banner T.
Published: April 2011

Stem cuttings of two lingonberry varieties, Koralle and Erntekrone, collected and planted in April, May, June and August, were tested for rooting and shoot growth in the presence of Trichoderma viride strain T-6-RC. Strain T-6-RC had a significant effect on increasing the rooting potential of the cuttings regardless of variety or collection date. However, this effect was more evident for Erntekrone, which generally had a poorer rooting ability than Koralle. Significant interactions between collection date, T-6-RC and variety were found for shoot growth and are discussed in the text. Key words: Lingonberry, fungi, propagation, soil micromycetes
Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on forage yield and quality of perennial cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Acharya S. N. , Mir Z. , Moyer J. R. , Orshinsky B. R. , Thomas J. E.
Published: April 2011

Perennial cereal rye (PC rye) is being developed at Lethbridge Research Centre as a new forage crop. The first Canadian cultivar of this crop (ACE-1), tested as LRC 96-1, will have the distinction of being the first North American cultivar of PC rye and the only perennial cereal crop specifically developed for forage production. PC rye was originally developed in Germany by crossing rye (Secale cereale L.) with a perennial wild rye (Secale montanum L.) and then backcrossing the F1 with Secale cereale L. while selecting for a perennial nature. In field trials, ACE-1 PC rye has produced economically viable biomass yields for 3 yr under southern Alberta growing conditions. It has similar yield and quality to barley, which is grown extensively for silage in the Canadian prairies. For proper land management and adequate forage production, ACE-1 PC rye should be seeded from mid-September to mid-October in narrow (17.5 cm) rows at a seeding rate of 80 kg ha-1. When harvested at the soft dough stage for silage it contained less crude protein (CP) and more fibre than barley; however, in vitro gas production indicates that its dry matter (DM) digestibility will be similar to that of barley. PC rye is a valuable forage crop, but it needs to be harvested earlier than the soft dough stage to obtain comparable silage quality to barley. Key words: Acid detergent fibre, crude protein, digestibility, neutral detergent fibre, perennial cereal rye, forage yield, seed yield
Seedling emergence, pod development, and seed yields of chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment
Authors: Gan Y. T. , Miller P. R. , Liu P. H. , Stevenson F. C. , McDonald C. L.
Published: April 2011

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual legume, has recently been introduced to western Canada, and is being rapidly adopted in the semiarid prairies, but little information exists on the crop establishment and agronomic management. A field study was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine effect of planting dates on seedling emergence, pod development, and seed yields for two market classes of chickpea (i.e., small- and large-seeded) compared to dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). The early-planted chickpea required 8 more days to emerge than late-planted chickpea. Averaged over the two planting dates, small-seeded chickpea required 103 heat units (base 5°C) to emerge compared to 110 for large-seeded chickpea and 97 for dry pea. Compared to the respective late-planting, the reproductive period (flowering to maturity) was 4 d longer for the early-planted chickpea, allowing the plants to use 49 (or 9%) more accumulated heat units. Consequently, the early-planted chickpea produced 17% more fertile pods per plant than the late-planted chickpea. Seed yields averaged 2.17 t ha-1 for small-seeded chickpea, 1.88 t ha-1 for large-seeded chickpea, and 3.54 t ha-1 for dry pea. With early planting, chickpea increased seed yields by 7.5% in 1998, 14% in 1999, and 18.5% in 2000, and dry pea increased seed yield by 37% in 1998, 9% in 1999, and 14% in 2000. The small-seeded chickpea had 53% more fertile pods per plant, and produced 15% higher seed yield than large-seeded chickpea. Seed yields of both chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment can be enhanced by management practices that promote early seedling emergence, prolonged reproductive period, and increased pod fertility. Key words: Seeding date, fertile pods, seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum
Fusarium head blight: Effect on white salted and yellow alkaline noodle properties
Authors: Hatcher D. W. , Anderson M. J. , Clear R. M. , Gaba D. G. , Dexter J. E.
Published: April 2011

Composite samples of Canada Western Red Winter wheat (CWRW) with varying levels of Fusarium head blight damage (0.5–9.6%) were prepared from the 1998 Western Canadian harvest survey and milled to yield both patent (60% extraction) and straight grade (~76%) flours. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in the flours ranged from 0.21 to 2.6 ppm with no significant influence due to flour extraction. No differences were attributable to Fusarium damage (FD) in the amount of work required to sheet either yellow alkaline (YA) or white salted (WS) noodles. The color of the raw (YA) noodles was adversely affected by FD as a significant loss in noodle brightness (L*) and an increase in redness (a*) were observed for noodles prepared from both patent and straight grade flour. Straight grade YA noodles, prepared from wheat with FD levels above acceptable limits for milling grades, displayed a significant loss in yellowness (b*) after aging for 24 h. Differences in noodle brightness of raw WS noodles were observed between the control and 9.6% FD samples for both patent and straight grade noodles at 24 h. Analysis of YA and WS noodles indicated a significant linear relationship between the number of specks and the quantity of FD in the wheat. YA and WS noodles displayed significant loss in cooked noodle texture with increasing FD levels. Maximum cutting stress and recovery declined with increasing FD for both noodle types whether made from patent or straight grade flour. Maximum wheat FD tolerances below 2% are required in order to ensure optimum noodle quality. Key words: Fusarium damage, noodles, color, texture and image analysis
Above winter wheat
Authors: Haley S. D. , Lazar M. D. , Quick J. S. , Johnson J. J. , Peterson G. L. , Stromberger J. A. , Clayshulte S. R. , Clifford B. L. , Pester T. A. , Nissen S. J. , Westra P. H. , Peairs F. B. , Rudolph J. B.
Published: April 2011

Above, a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), is adapted for dryland production in the west central Great Plains of the United States. It carries a nontransgenic source of tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides derived by mutation induction with sodium azide. Above was developed cooperatively by the Colorado and Texas Agricultural Experiment Stations and released to seed producers in September 2001. Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (winter), cultivar description, herbicide tolerance
AC Gwen hulless oat
Authors: Mitchell Fetch J. W. , Brown P. D. , Duguid S. D. , Chong J. , Menzies J. G. , Haber S. M. , Ames N. , Fetch T. G.
Published: April 2011

AC Gwen is a hulless oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39 and Pc68, which is highly effective against most of the present crown rust races on the Canadian prairies. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut and good resistance to most of the prevalent races of stem rust, due to the likely presence of Pg2 and Pg13, and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus. AC Gwen has characteristics that confer good milling quality, such as high test weight, kernel weight, and percent plump kernels. The cultivar has suitable levels of protein and oil for food products or for animal feed. It has good resistance to lodging. AC Gwen is well suited for production in the oat growing areas of western Canada and in particular the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan where crown rust is prevalent. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, hulless oat, disease resistance
The biology of Canadian weeds. 119. Cannabis sativa L.
Authors: Small E. , Pocock T. , Cavers P. B.
Published: April 2011

Cannabis sativa has been cultivated for millennia in Eurasia and for centuries in North America, as a source of a textile fibre, oilseed, and intoxicating drugs such as marijuana. Considerable literature is available on the agricultural and biological properties of these basic three cultigens, but relatively little is published on wild-growing plants of the species. Most weedy C. sativa differ from the cultigens in a number of ecological properties, particularly with regard to reproductive biology. The species is the classical example of a “camp follower” that is exceptionally adapted to the habitat conditions around settlements: rich, highly manured, moist soils, and open areas resulting from recent removal or disturbance of the vegetation. In Canada, spontaneous populations have been found in all provinces, but forms that have re-evolved wild adaptations are concentrated along the St. Lawrence and lower Great Lakes. The ruderal plants pose a minor weed problem to agriculture but a major problem to law enforcement, and decades of eradication have exterminated many of the naturalized populations in Canada. With the recent re-authorization of hemp cultivation in Canada, it is inevitable that there will be additional escapes and a reinvigoration of the ruderal phase of the species. Mechanical eradication for 2 or 3 yr is effective at destroying populations, and young plants are easily eliminated by herbicide applications. Key words: Cannabis sativa, hemp, marijuana, marihuana, weed, oilseed
Relationship between relative time of emergence of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) and yield loss of barley
Authors: O’Donovan J. T. , McClay A. S.
Published: April 2011

A nonlinear regression model was used to describe the relationship between Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.] density and relative time of emergence, and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Yield loss increased the earlier the weed emerged relative to the crop. The model is being used in computerized decision support systems for weed management in western Canada. Key words: Fagopyrum tataricum, Hordeum vulgare, nonlinear regression model, relative time of emergence, decision support system
Barley response to seeding date in central Alberta
Authors: Juskiw P. E. , Helm J. H.
Published: April 2011

Seeding date is an important factor influencing productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). When conditions are conducive to early seeding or result in delayed seeding, producers need to know how cultivars will respond to these seeding situations. In this study, five cultivars (Abee, Harrington, Jackson, Noble and Virden) registered for western Canada were studied for 4 yr (1990 to 1993) when seeded early (late April or early May), in mid-May, in late-May, or late (mid-June) at Lacombe, AB. For all cultivars, early seeding resulted in grain yield advantages of 113 to 134% of the mean site yield, while with late seeding, grain yields were reduced to 54 to 76% of the mean site yield. The reduction in yield was least for Jackson, the earliest maturing cultivar tested. Late seeding reduced the period from sowing to emergence, vegetative period, grain-filling period, time from emergence to physiological maturity, test weight, grain yield, kernel weight, and tillers per plant; and increased plant height and percent thins. Late seeding had no significant effect on phyllochron, stand establishment, scald, lodging, protein content of the grain, kernel number per spike, and spikelet number per spike. Barley responded positively to early seeding in central Alberta, but when seeding was delayed (in this study to mid-June) the early and mid-maturing six-rowed cultivars with short phyllochrons performed better than the two-rowed and late six-rowed cultivars. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., seeding rate, phenological development, grain quality, grain yield, components