bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suitability of random forest analysis for epidemiological research: Exploring sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors of overweight in a cross-sectional design
Authors: Kanerva Noora , Kontto Jukka , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Nevalainen Jaakko , Männistö Satu
Published: October 2017

Aims: Factors that contribute to the development of overweight are numerous and form a complex structure with many unknown interactions and associations. We aimed to explore this structure (i.e. the mutual importance or hierarchy of sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors of being overweight) using a machine-learning technique called random forest (RF). The results were compared with traditional logistic regression (LR) analysis. Methods: The cross-sectional FINRISK 2007 Study included 4757 Finns (aged 25–74 years). Information on participants’ lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics were collected with questionnaires. Diet was assessed, using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Height and weight were measured. Participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 were classified as overweight. R-statistical software was used to run RF analysis (‘randomForest’) to derive estimates for variable importance and out-of-bag error, which were compared to a LR model. Results: In total, 704 (32%) men and 1119 (44%) women had normal BMI, whereas 1502 (69%) men and 1432 (57%) women had BMI ≥25. Estimated error rates for the models were similar (RF vs. LR: 42% vs. 40% for men, 38% vs. 35% for women). Both models ranked age, education and physical activity as the most important risk factors for being overweight, but RF ranked macronutrients (carbohydrates and protein) as more important compared to LR. Conclusions: RF did not demonstrate higher power in variable selection compared to LR in our study. The features of RF are more likely to appear beneficial in settings with a larger number of predictors.
Walking together? The mediatised performative commemoration of 7/7’s tenth anniversary
Authors: Merrill Samuel
Published: October 2017

This article investigates the #WalkTogether initiative which commemorated the 10th anniversary of the 7 July 2005 London bombings by encouraging people to individually re-enact and share on social media the moment when following the bombings, in the absence of a functioning public transport network, Londoners walked to and from work together. It asks what forms of togetherness did the initiative promote and what was the role of professional journalists and news organisations in facilitating this togetherness? To answer these questions, the article conceives of togetherness as hybrid and unfolding within broader media and memory ecologies. This encourages the use of innovative combinations of methods and the introduction of the concepts of ‘mediatised performative commemoration’ and ‘digital gestural remains’. In turn, this allows a number of specific enquiries into the characteristics of #WalkTogether’s commemoration, communities, remembrance and reporting a decade after 7/7 took place and a discussion of the extent to which the initiative resulted in forms of clicktivism and commemorative silos.
The persistence of the right of return
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: October 2017

This article defends the right that Palestinians have to return to the territory governed by Israel. However, it does not defend the duty on Israel to permit return. Whether there is such a duty depends on whether the economic, social and security costs override that right. In order to defend the right of return, it is shown both that the current generation of Palestinians retain a significant interest in return, and that insofar as their interests are diminished, their rights are not diminished proportionally. The interests of Jewish Israelis in excluding the Palestinians are then considered. Their rights of self-determination, it is argued, do not powerfully favour excluding the Palestinians. The economic, social and security costs may do so. Overall, I conclude that either the Israel should grant return to the Palestinians or it should properly acknowledge the right of return and respond appropriately through a powerful effort to compensate and resettle them.
Social Media and Higher Education: The Problem of Anonymous Electronic Threats to the Campus Community
Authors: Reynolds Cristin Lee , Platt R. Eric , Malone Schaffer Lenore , Foster Holly
Published: October 2017

This case is for use in graduate courses pertaining to student affairs and higher education administration. It presents challenges higher education professionals face concerning anonymous social media, and specifically how threats made through anonymous social media platforms such as Yik Yak affect the entire university community. The anonymity of Yik Yak users poses difficulties for administrators when harassment and threats occur, whether directed toward one student or an entire campus community. This case highlights the complex issues that administrators must confront as well as provides students the opportunity to evaluate such issues via the deconstruction of this multifaceted case.
A road map for explorative scenario creation on Belgian rail freight transport development
Authors: Troch Frank , Vanelslander Thierry , Sys Christa , Laroche Florent , Merchan Angel , Mostert Martine , Stevens Vidar , Tawfik Christine , Belboom Sandra , Léonard Angélique , Limbourg Sabine , Verhoest Koen
Published: October 2017

The starting point of this article is the weak usage of rail freight in Belgium and Europe, both as a sustainable mode of land transportation in itself as well as a part of the intermodal chain. The results are obtained by transversal research on rail freight transport in Belgium, taking into account the European context. This interdisciplinary research develops a road map for the creation of three integrated scenarios: a best case, medium case and worst case scenario for rail freight development, based on a detailed SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities, threats) analysis. It includes the most probable future developments for rail freight transport and hinterland connections. These developments are obtained from literature review and discussions with a heterogeneous panel of experts in the fields of (i) optimal corridor and hub development, (ii) macroeconomic impact, (iii) sustainability, (iv) effective market regulation and (v) governance and organization for a well-functioning intermodality. The Delphi approach is used in combination with a survey analysis. Frequency tables and the H-index allow defining a ranking and selection of SWOT elements. The obtained scenarios allow future research to quantify and measure the impact of future developments and decisions towards the Belgian rail freight market.
Indication for Computed Tomography Scan in Shoulder Instability: Sensitivity and Specificity of Standard Radiographs to Predict Bone Defects After Traumatic Anterior Glenohumeral Instability
Authors: Delage Royle Audrey , Balg Frédéric , Bouliane Martin J. , Canet-Silvestri Fanny , Garant-Saine Laurianne , Sheps David M. , Lapner Peter , Rouleau Dominique M.
Published: October 2017

Background:

Quantifying glenohumeral bone loss is key in preoperative surgical planning for a successful Bankart repair.

Hypothesis:

Simple radiographs can accurately measure bone defects in cases of recurrent shoulder instability.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A true anteroposterior (AP) view, alone and in combination with an axillary view, was used to evaluate the diagnostic properties of radiographs compared with computed tomography (CT) scan, the current gold standard, to predict significant bone defects in 70 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated and compared.

Results:

Detection of glenoid bone loss on plain film radiographs, with and without axillary view, had a sensitivity of 86% for both views and a specificity of 73% and 64% with and without the axillary view, respectively. For detection of humeral bone loss, the sensitivity was 8% and 17% and the specificity was 98% and 91% with and without the axillary view, respectively. Regular radiographs would have missed 1 instance of significant bone loss on the glenoid side and 20 on the humeral side. Interobserver reliabilities were moderate for glenoid detection (κ = 0.473-0.503) and poor for the humeral side (κ = 0.278-0.336).

Conclusion:

Regular radiographs showed suboptimal sensitivity, specificity, and reliability. Therefore, CT scan should be considered in the treatment algorithm for accurate quantification of bone loss to prevent high rates of recurrent instability.
Fashioning Gender: The Gendered Organization of Cultural Work
Authors: Stokes Allyson
Published: October 2017

Gender inequality is common in cultural industries, including in the fashion industry, where women far outnumber men. How does the social organization of cultural work shape this inequality? This question is examined using 62 in-depth interviews with women and men creative workers in the fashion industry. I examine how gendered organizational logics are embedded in entrepreneurial labor practices and passionate work norms, both of which are common in cultural work. I find that women experience: (1) discrimination within the industry, (2) criticism from outside the industry, (3) intensified time pressure and work-family conflict, and (4) constrained choice about whether to have children. Although the demanding and insecure nature of cultural work creates time pressure and stress for men as well, men experience less anxiety, conflict, and negative judgment. These findings contribute to knowledge about gender inequality in cultural industries, as well as to the theory of gendered organizations. The gendered organizations approach traditionally entails case studies focused on the inner workings of specific organizations. I show how gendered logics can operate outside organizational boundaries, in the practices and norms of cultural work more generally.
Policy entrepreneurs in national climate change policy processes
Authors: Reimer Inken , Saerbeck Barbara
Published: October 2017

The multi-level and multi-actor character of the international climate governance regime, as well as the imminent need for action to combat climate change, stimulates the introduction of new and innovative cross-sectoral policy proposals by policy entrepreneurs. To date, academic literature has extensively studied and discussed the importance of policy entrepreneurs for agenda-setting. The role of policy entrepreneurs in providing continuous support for a new climate policy resulting in its implementation, has on the other hand, so far received only little attention. Taking the Norwegian Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation commitment as an exemplary case, this paper explores the potential of entrepreneurial engagement throughout a country’s climate policy-making process. It aims to demonstrate the importance of policy entrepreneurs beyond agenda-setting, namely for the policy formulation phase in which responsibilities for the implementation are designated to governmental bodies. We refer to this step as institutional anchoring. Following an explorative approach, this paper shows that different types of actors – non-governmental organisations and governmental actors – act as policy entrepreneurs. It demonstrates the roles and importance of policy entrepreneurs for not only gaining, but also maintaining attention on a new policy by means of coalition building and framing.
Movement coordination patterns between the foot joints during walking
Authors: Arnold John B. , Caravaggi Paolo , Fraysse François , Thewlis Dominic , Leardini Alberto
Published: October 2017

Background

In 3D gait analysis, kinematics of the foot joints are usually reported via isolated time histories of joint rotations and no information is provided on the relationship between rotations at different joints. The aim of this study was to identify movement coordination patterns in the foot during walking by expanding an existing vector coding technique according to an established multi‐segment foot and ankle model. A graphical representation is also described to summarise the coordination patterns of joint rotations across multiple patients.

Methods

Three‐dimensional multi‐segment foot kinematics were recorded in 13 adults during walking. A modified vector coding technique was used to identify coordination patterns between foot joints involving calcaneus, midfoot, metatarsus and hallux segments. According to the type and direction of joints rotations, these were classified as in‐phase (same direction), anti‐phase (opposite directions), proximal or distal joint dominant.

Results

In early stance, 51 to 75% of walking trials showed proximal‐phase coordination between foot joints comprising the calcaneus, midfoot and metatarsus. In‐phase coordination was more prominent in late stance, reflecting synergy in the simultaneous inversion occurring at multiple foot joints. Conversely, a distal‐phase coordination pattern was identified for sagittal plane motion of the ankle relative to the midtarsal joint, highlighting the critical role of arch shortening to locomotor function in push‐off.

Conclusions

This study has identified coordination patterns between movement of the calcaneus, midfoot, metatarsus and hallux by expanding an existing vector cording technique for assessing and classifying coordination patterns of foot joints rotations during walking. This approach provides a different perspective in the analysis of multi‐segment foot kinematics, and may be used for the objective quantification of the alterations in foot joint coordination patterns due to lower limb pathologies or following injuries.
Outcomes of Low-Intensity Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia at Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence in Rwanda
Authors: Rubagumya Fidel , Xu Mary Jue , May Leana , Driscoll Caitlin , Uwizeye Frank Regis , Shyirambere Cyprien , Larrabee Katherine , Fehr Alexandra E. , Gilbert Umuhizi Denis , Muhayimana Clemence , Hategekimana Vedaste , Elmore Shekinah , Mpunga Tharcisse , Moore Molly , Shulman Lawrence N. , Lehmann Leslie
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in low-income countries have disproportionately lower cure rates than those in high-income countries. At Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence (BCCOE), physicians treated patients with ALL with the first arm of the Hunger Protocol, a graduated-intensity method tailored for resource-limited settings. This article provides the first published outcomes, to our knowledge, of patients with ALL treated with this protocol.

Methods

This is a retrospective descriptive study of patients with ALL enrolled at BCCOE from July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2014; data were collected through December 31, 2015. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate patient demographics, disease characteristics, and outcomes; event-free survival was assessed at 2 years using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Forty-two consecutive patients with ALL were included. At the end of the study period, 19% (eight) were alive without evidence of relapse: three completed treatment and five were continuing treatment. Among the remaining patients, 71% (30) had died and 10% (four) were lost to follow-up. A total of 83% (25) of the deaths were disease related, 3% (one) treatment-related, and 13% (four) unclear. Event-free survival was 22% (95% CI, 11% to 36%), considering lost to follow-up as an event, and 26% (95% CI, 13% to 41%) if lost to follow-up is censored.

Conclusion

As expected, relapse was the major cause of failure with this low-intensity regimen. However, toxicity was acceptably low, and BCCOE has decided to advance to intensity level 2. These results reflect the necessity of a data-driven approach and a continual improvement process to care for complex patients in resource-constrained settings.
Consumers' Response to State Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Programs
Authors: Houde Sébastien , Aldy Joseph E.
Published: October 2017

Through an evaluation of the 2009 Recovery Act's State Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program, this paper examines consumers' response to energy efficiency rebates. The analysis shows that 70 percent of consumers claiming a rebate were inframarginal and an additional 15 percent–20 percent of consumers simply delayed their purchases by a few weeks. Consumers responded to rebates by upgrading to higher quality, but less energy-efficient models. Overall the impact of the program on long-term energy demand is likely to be small. Measures of government expenditure per unit of energy saved are an order of magnitude higher than estimates for other energy efficiency programs. (JEL D12, H31, H71, Q48)
Fiscal Externalities and Optimal Unemployment Insurance
Authors: Lawson Nicholas
Published: October 2017

A common finding of the optimal unemployment insurance (UI) literature is that the optimal replacement rate is around 50 percent; however, a key assumption is that UI is the only government spending activity. I show that optimal UI levels may be dramatically reduced when UI is a small part of overall spending: the negative impact of UI on income tax revenues implies added welfare costs, a mechanism that I call a fiscal externality. Using both a standard calibrated structural job search model and a “sufficient statistics” method, I find that the optimal replacement rate is zero when fiscal externalities are incorporated. (JEL E24, H24, J64, J65)
Payment Size, Negative Equity, and Mortgage Default
Authors: Fuster Andreas , Willen Paul S.
Published: October 2017

This paper studies the treatment effect of monthly payment size on mortgage default, using a sample of adjustable-rate loans that experienced large payment reductions thanks to the recent low interest rate environment. Payment size has an economically large effect on repayment behavior; for instance, cutting the required payment in half reduces the delinquency hazard by about 55 percent. Importantly, the link between payment size and delinquency is equally strong for borrowers that are significantly underwater on their mortgage. Relying on payment reductions for identification circumvents the selection concerns due to prepayments that would be associated with rate increases. (JEL D14, G21, R31)
Trade Agreements and Enforcement: Evidence from WTO Dispute Settlement
Authors: Bown Chad P. , Reynolds Kara M.
Published: October 2017

This paper examines implications of the terms-of-trade theory for the determinants of outcomes arising under the enforcement provisions of international agreements. Like original trade agreement negotiations, formal trade dispute negotiations are modeled as potentially addressing the terms-of-trade externality problem that governments implement import protection above the globally efficient level so as to shift some of the policy's costs onto trading partners. The approach first extends the Bagwell and Staiger (1999, 2011) model from trade agreement accession negotiations to the setting of enforcement negotiations, and the resulting theory guides the empirical assessment on trade volume outcomes from WTO disputes over 1995–2009. (JEL D74, F13, K33)
Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Effects of Exchange Rates: A Study of the Renminbi
Authors: Mattoo Aaditya , Mishra Prachi , Subramanian Arvind
Published: October 2017

This paper estimates the effect of China's exchange rate changes on exports of developing countries in third markets. The degree of competition between China and its developing country competitors in specific products and destinations plays a key role in the identification strategy. The strategy exploits variation across exporters, importers, products and time—afforded both by disaggregated trade data and bilateral exchange rates—to estimate this “competitor country effect.” There is robust evidence of a statistically and quantitatively significant effect. A 10 percent appreciation of China's real exchange rate boosts a developing country's exports at the product level on average by about 1.5–2.5 percent. (JEL F14, F31, F33, O19, O24, P33)
Characterization and Distribution of Vertebral Hemangiomas Including a Novel Geographic Map
Authors: Brochin L. , Silver Joshua S. , Thornhill Beverly A. , Blosser Samantha A. , Abraham John A. , Hoang Bang H. , Yang Rui , David Geller S.
Published: October 2017

Background: The purpose of this study is to characterize the distribution and radiographic features of vertebral hemangiomas (VH).

Methods: A retrospective Institutional Review Board- approved radiographic review of all vertebral hemangiomas diagnosed over a 2-year period was conducted at a singleinstitution academic medical center. Patient demographics and lesion-specific features were recorded. A novel system for mapping VH within the vertebra was utilized.

Results: Seven hundred twenty-six patients (age range: 12 to 97 years; mean: 59.1 years; ratio: 508:218 female-to-male) were found to have a total of 998 vertebral hemangiomas. VH were frequently multifocal (297 patients, 40.9%). VH were found to occur more frequently in the lumbar spine compared to the cervical and thoracic spines and sacrum (p < 0.001). VH more commonly occur in the superior aspects of the vertebral body (p = 0.048). Symptomatic cases were rare (2 cases, 0.2%).

Conclusions: VH are a frequent incidental finding on spinal imaging studies. Recognizing characteristic features and understanding their usual asymptomatic course may help prevent unnecessary clinical investigation.
A Curriculum for Teaching the Foundation Tool Skills to First-Year Orthopaedic Surgery Residents
Authors: Levy Martin I. , Fornari Eric D. , Schulz Jacob F. , Pryor Karen W. , McKeon Theresa R. , Kuhn Lorraine J.
Published: October 2017

Background: In an effort to satisfy the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) requirement for a month-long orthopaedic skills rotation, programs often construct a skills curriculum that is procedurally based. As an alternative, we describe a skills program that teaches individual tool skills to fluency (accuracy at speed) using instructional modules that are innovative, challenging, inexpensive, and when combined with an operant learning program, encourage deliberate practice.

Methods: The orthopaedic faculty identified 14 surgical tools that postgraduate year one (PGY-1) orthopaedic residents should use fluently before encountering them in the operating room. A curriculum was designed to teach the foundation and component behaviors necessary to achieve fluency. The curriculum was composed of 16 modules and 72 sub-modules and was presented to the 2014 and 2015 PGY-1 orthopaedic residents during a 1-month dedicated rotation (July 2014 and July 2015). Upon completion of the first rotation, the six members of the 2014 PGY-1 class were asked to complete timed tasks to evaluate their skills. Both the 2014 and 2015 classes were asked to fill out a detailed survey evaluating the tool modules and the module instructors. The costs of the modules were recorded.

Results: All six members of the 2014 PGY-1 class completed all of their timed tasks. One resident did not successfully perform one of four knot tying tasks and another resident did not successfully perform a drill task. Twelve residents, (all six members of both the 2014 and 2015 PGY-1 classes) completed the survey. All of the 2015 class (6/6) considered themselves comfortable with at least half of the tools, and five of the six members of the 2015 class were comfortable with all of the tools. The survey also indicated that teachers successfully communicated the goals of the modules, gave clear instructions and contributed to the module’s success. The total cost for the skills month, for six residents, was $11,730 ($122/resident/module).

Conclusions: A curriculum was designed to teach PGY-1 orthopaedic residents the foundation skills necessary to use 14 orthopaedic tools fluently. The objective of teaching the foundation and complex behaviors required to use the 14 selected tools was achieved. That goal was accomplished using a precisely defined curriculum in a supportive environment that enabled deliberate practice. It was done in a way that was cost-effective and easily reproduced at other academic institutions. However, it still must be determined if these acquired skills transfer to environments outside the laboratory.
Αξιολόγηση των ελληνικών εκπαιδευτικών εφαρμογών για συσκευές με λειτουργικό σύστημα Android για παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας.
Authors: Papadakis Stamatis , Kalogiannakis Michail
Published: October 2017

Smart mobile devices are extremely popular among young children compared with other digital devices. International research indicates that these devices can be used as an educational tool with preschoolers, supporting under proper conditions, certain as-pects of teaching and learning. However, children's ability to participate in rich and dy-namic learning environments within and outside the school environment is closely linked to the quality of mobile applications. One of the key issues that have emerged from a re-view of the literature is the low quality of self-proclaimed educational apps. This research, which is the first of its type in Greece, examines whether self-proclaimed educational An-droid apps for Greek preschoolers have been designed in accordance with developmen-tally appropriate practices to contribute to children’s cognitive development within and outside the school environment. A standardized questionnaire, the Rubric for the EValu-ation of Educational Apps for preschool Children (REVEAC) was used as an assessment tool. The analysis showed that only 5% of the sample was in e-storybook form. The re-maining 95% of the apps was of the edutainment game type, i.e. apps which combine en-tertainment activities to achieve their educational goals. Almost all apps were drill-and-practice-type activities. The apps were based on a low level of thinking skills and they did nothing more than promote mechanical learning, a memorization technique which is based on repetition. There were no apps which aimed to develop a learning environment motivating and enabling children to learn. Some applications offered the possibility of coloring predefined shapes, but these in no way can be considered apps aiming at the development of children's creativity through play and learning. The researchers used the results of the REVEAC scale to evaluate whether the apps have been designed in line with child development principles and practices, so as to stimulate children's overall cognitive, emotional, physical and social development. The study results, consistent with the results from international studies, showed that almost all of the apps were not developmentally appropriate, i.e., they are not designed in such a way as to encourage children to use tech-nology to promote their optimal development. Naturally, we cannot isolate children from technology, but we can ensure that they are not harmed in any way by it. With the prolif-eration of smart mobile devices and their accompanying apps, concerns over the content of apps (content matters) have become even more topical. In this context, researchers, ed-ucators and app developers must ensure that apps addressed to young children should be based on a solid theoretical basis and high-quality standards.
Role of the body self and self-esteem in experiencing the intensity of menopausal symptoms
Authors: Włodarczyk Małgorzata , Dolińska-Zygmunt Grażyna
Published: October 2017

Cel pracy

Celem badania było sprawdzenie różnic w zakresie samooceny oraz takich aspektów Ja cielesnego (body self) jak: siła Ja cielesnego, obraz ciała, komfort w sytuacji bliskości fizycznej oraz ochrona ciała pomiędzy kobietami ujawniającymi dużą i małą intensywność psychicznych, wazomotorycznych i somatycznych objawów menopauzy.

Metoda

W badaniu wzięło udział 201 kobiet w wieku 45-55 lat. W celu oceny intensywności objawów menopauzy zastosowano Kwestionariusz Moje Samopoczucie, do zdiagnozowania Ja cielesnego wykorzystano kwestionariusz Ja cielesne, a do oceny poziomu samooceny zastosowano Skalę Samooceny Rosenberga. W celu oceny różnic pomiędzy kobietami doświadczającymi małej i dużej intensywności objawów menopauzy zastosowano test t studenta dla prób niezależnych.

Wyniki

Kobiety doświadczające dużej intensywności psychicznych, wazomotorycznych i somatycznych objawów menopauzy ujawniały istotnie statystycznie niższą samoocenę, gorsze funkcjonowanie Ja cielesnego , negatywny obraz ciała oraz mały komfort w sytuacji bliskości fizycznej innych osób. Jedynie ochrona ciała nie różnicowała badanych kobiet.

Wnioski

Kobiety o dużej intensywności psychicznych, wazomotorycznych i somatycznych objawów menopauzy charakteryzują się gorszym funkcjonowaniem Ja cielesnego oraz niższą samooceną.
Treatment guidelines for Circadian Rhythm Sleep – Wake Disorders of the Polish Sleep Research Society and the Section of Biological Psychiatry of the Polish Psychiatric Association. Part II. Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Wichniak Adam , Jankowski Konrad , Skalski Michał , Skwarło-Sońta Krystyna , Zawilska Jolanta , Żarowski Marcin , Poradowska Ewa , Jernajczyk Wojciech
Published: October 2017

Cel: Zaburzenia rytmu okołodobowego snu i czuwania (CRSWD) to grupa zaburzeń, w których pory snu istotnie odbiegają od oczekiwań pacjentów lub od akceptowanych społecznie pór snu i czuwania. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zasad rozpoznawania i leczenia CRSWD u dorosłych i u dzieci.
Metoda: Zalecenia proponowane jako standard leczenia CRSWD powstały w oparciu o analizę zaleceń towarzystw naukowych związanych z badaniami nad snem i medycyną snu. Do udziału w przygotowaniu zaleceń zostały zaproszone, przez Zarządy Polskiego Towarzystwa Badań nad Snem i Sekcji Psychiatrii Biologicznej Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychiatrycznego, osoby posiadające znaczący dorobek naukowy dotyczący badań nad rytmem okołodobowym i/lub wieloletnie doświadczenie kliniczne w leczeniu jego zaburzeń. Na ostateczną formę zaleceń istotny wpływ miały też uwagi nadesłane przez członków Towarzystwa i Sekcji.
Wyniki: Pacjenci z endogennymi CRSWD są często leczeni z rozpoznaniem bezsenności lub nadmiernej senności i nie otrzymują właściwego leczenia. W ramach diagnostyki każdemu pacjentowi zgłaszającemu zaburzenia snu i czuwania , konieczne jest zadanie pytań o jakość oraz pory snu w dni wolne od zajęć obowiązkowych (praca, nauka). Diagnozę CRSWD umożliwia także użycie dzienników/rejestrów snu oraz aktygrafii. Leczeniem z wyboru jest chronoterapia polegająca na stosowaniu melatoniny, fototerapii i oddziaływań behawioralnych. Zaburzenia związane z pracą zmianową i zmianą strefy czasu są narastającym problemem zdrowotnym. Interwencje w tych zaburzeniach powinny koncentrować się przede wszystkim na zapobieganiu ich powstawania.
Wnioski: Najważniejszym problemem w leczeniu CRSWD jest brak ich właściwego rozpoznawania przez lekarzy. Zamiast interwencji chronoterapeutycznych często stosowane są leki nasenne i/lub psychostymulujące, które mogą łagodzić objawy, ale nie są skuteczną formą leczenia.
Privacy Protection, Personalized Medicine, and Genetic Testing
Authors: Miller Amalia R. , Tucker Catherine
Published: October 2017

This paper explores how state genetic privacy laws affect the diffusion of personalized medicine, using data on genetic testing for cancer risks. State genetic privacy regimes employ and combine up to three alternative approaches to protecting patient privacy: Rules requiring that an individual is notified about potential privacy risks; rules restricting discriminatory usage of genetic data by employers or insurance companies; and rules limiting redisclosure without the consent of the individual. We find empirically that approaches to genetic and health privacy that give users control over redisclosure encourage the spread of genetic testing, but that notification deters individuals from obtaining genetic tests. We present some evidence that the latter reflects costs imposed on the supply of genetic testing by hospitals. We find no effects of state genetic antidiscrimination laws on genetic testing rates.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2858 .

This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
Jornalismo Radical: Lições da Grécia
Authors: Siapera Eugenia
Published: October 2017

Centrado no caso da Grécia, este texto vem traçar os contornos de um novo paradigma do jornalismo radical. Argumentamos que este novo paradigma é radical em cinco sentidos: em termos de sua organização, em termos de identidade de seus produtores, em termos de suas orientações face ao establishment político e à sociedade, em termos dos seus conteúdos, e em termos de sua relação com leitores e públicos. Tomados em conjunto, estes sentidos mostram um novo papel radical para o jornalismo, concentrado na abordagem das necessidades atuais de uma sociedade em crise. O papel político do jornalismo foi há muito tempo integrado numa compreensão gramsciana da hegemonia e no papel dos intelectuais que agitam e persuadem. O surgimento de um novo jornalismo radical em contexto de crise significa uma relação mais fundamental e orgânica do jornalismo com a sociedade, que requer mais do que agitação de suporte. Os jornalistas radicais não procuram liderar, agitar ou relatar desligados da sociedade. Em vez disso, este jornalismo nascido da crise e operando como crítica pode ser visto como um jornalismo de praxis ou de fazer: por isso, a ênfase é mais na construção ou restauração de relações sociais, em vez de ielegitimar as existentes como no caso do jornalismo liberal . Isso mostra um novo caminho e um papel político para o jornalismo, no qual ele se torna parte integrante da sociedade e em que está firmemente orientado para as necessidades sociais.
Poderão as pessoas comuns cobrir conflitos? O potencial das tecnologias dos novos media
Authors: Steiner Linda
Published: October 2017

O envolvimento de não-profissionais na produção de notícias tem aumentado drasticamente, em especial através da utilização de novas tecnologias e aplicações: telefones por satélite, Skype, Twitter, YouTube, blogging, som e imagem em streaming e redes sociais. Mas o jornalismo cidadão é controverso, particularmente no que diz respeito à cobertura de guerra. Neste artigo, considero em que medida as pessoas sem formação em jornalismo, mas ‘armadas’ com ferramentas de reportagem, podem relatar guerras e conflitos. Começo por sumariar os desafios desta prática para as organizações de notícias que tentam cobrir guerras e conflitos internacionais e descrever vários projetos que ajudam freelancers e cidadãos. Tendo em conta os perigos para uns e outros, sugiro, depois, algumas intervenções viáveis.
Os “usos” da teoria na investigação em comunicação atual
Authors: Saperas Enric
Published: October 2017

Neste artigo, apresenta-se o valor da construção de teorias nos estudos do sistema comunicacional, surgidos a partir dos anos 90, e como a teoria é operacionalizada em quadros teóricos de referência na investigação internacional. Em primeiro lugar, veremos como evoluiu o contexto da investigação internacional em comunicação desde 1989 à atualidade. Em segundo, descreveremos como se operacionaliza o valor da teoria em tempos de neoliberalismo. Por fim, apresentaremos um estudo de caso: a operacionalização da teoria na pesquisa internacional sobre o framing. Este estudo tem como objetivo observar (i) os usos da teoria na pesquisa sobre o framing, (ii) os temas de investigação, (iii) a operacionalização do framing através das (principais) técnicas de investigação, e (iv) a operacionalização do framing através de técnicas (secundárias) de investigação. Para este fim, procederemos à análise de artigos publicados no Journal of Communication durante o período compreendido entre 2009 e 2013. Desenhamos uma análise de conteúdo específica para a observação da pesquisa empírica, que foi aplicada a um total de 50 artigos originais em 26 edições desta revista.
[0, 1] truncated fréchet-gamma and inverted gam-ma distributions
Authors: Abid Salah , K. Abdulrazak Russul
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we introduce a new family of continuous distributions based on [0, 1]] truncated Fréchet distribution. [0, 1]] Truncated Fréchet Gamma ([0, 1]] TFG) and truncated Fréchet inverted Gamma ([0, 1]] TFIG) distributions are discussed as special cases. The cumulative distribution function, the rth moment, the mean, the variance, the skewness, the kurtosis, the mode, the median, the characteristic function, the reliability function and the hazard rate function are obtained for the distributions under consideration. It is well known that an item fails when a stress to which it is subjected exceeds the corresponding strength. In this sense, strength can be viewed as "resistance to failure." Good design practice is such that the strength is always greater than the expected stress. The safety factor can be defined in terms of strength and stress as strength/stress. So, the [0, 1]] TFG strength-stress and the [0, 1]] TFIG strength-stress models with different parameters will be derived here. The Shannon entropy and Relative entropy will be derived also.
Enfermedad terminal: una perspectiva desde el bioderecho
Authors: Rivas García Francisco
Published: October 2017

Son numerosas y variadas las patologías que pueden desembocar en un estado de enfermedad terminal, provocando numerosos dilemas bioéticos que son inherentes y específicos a cada circunstancia personal y médica.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proporcionar un análisis actual y útil que pueda ayudar a comprender los principales problemas que genera una enfermedad terminal, desde la perspectiva del bioderecho y que deben ser resueltos en el inevitable camino hacia el final de la vida. La metodología utilizada ha incluido un estudio de documentación bibliográfica mediante consulta de bases de datos especializadas.Se concluye que el bioderecho es una herramienta muy útil que permite ayudar en el análisis y toma de decisiones por parte de los profesionales sanitarios y familiares cuando sobreviene una enfermedad terminal. Independientemente de la práctica médica basada en los protocolos y el conocimiento científico, es necesario garantizar que no todo lo que legalmente pueda realizarse, sea aceptado en el ámbito del bioderecho.
Discriminatory land use planning and flood risk management in Karonga Town, Malawi
Authors: Gondwe James , Manda Mtafu Zeleza .A , Kamlomo Dominic
Published: October 2017

This study examines how discriminatory land use planning predisposes the low income residents to flood disaster risks in Karonga town, Malawi. Using a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten government and non government institutions engaged in land use planning and disaster risk management and traditional leaders. The study showed that theoretical aims of land use planning to improve the living environment remain partial and in certain cases exacerbate risks posed by floods because the planning tool divides the urban landscape into formal and informal spaces. Such separation which coincided with incomes levels forced the marginalised and urban poor to occupy flood-prone areas While literature on flood control promotes an integrated approach to flood risk management, land use planning practice is singled out as a regulatory measure which ironically not only fails to meet the needs, but also increases vulnerability to flood risks, of the urban poor residents. The study further revealed that land use planning has failed to reduce flood disaster risks in informal spaces because it is not compatible with the needs of the urban poor.
Understanding Effectiveness Skepticism
Authors: Bolderdijk Jan Willem , Steg Linda , Woerdman Edwin , Frieswijk René , De Groot Judith I.M.
Published: October 2017

Policy makers have proposed various incentive programs to curb consumption-related problems, such as traffic congestion and carbon emissions. While experts consider such programs effective in reducing those problems, consumers are more skeptical. Although this “effectiveness skepticism” is currently viewed as an important cause of public opposition, the authors argue that it may also arise as a consequence of opposition. Specifically, consumers oppose policies they consider personally unattractive or unfair. This opposition motivates them to also be skeptical about the potential effectiveness of such policies. Three studies that include a variety of methods, policies, and samples provide empirical support for this reasoning: perceptions of expected effects can be biased by consumers’ perceptions of personal attractiveness and fairness. In line with this causal ordering, the authors find that offering optimistic effectiveness estimates, although successful in reducing effectiveness skepticism, did not boost policy support. Policy makers aiming to boost support prior to implementation should thus not only communicate a policy's effectiveness, but also address other causes of opposition.
Acute Effects of the Elevation Training Mask on Strength Performance in Recreational Weight lifters
Authors: Jagim Andrew R. , Dominy Trevor A. , Camic Clayton L. , Wright Glenn , Doberstein Scott , Jones Margaret T. , Oliver Jonathan M.
Published: October 2017

Jagim, AR, Dominy, TA, Camic, CL, Wright, G, Doberstein, S, Jones, MT, and Oliver, JM. Acute effects of the elevation training mask on strength performance in recreational weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 482–489, 2018—The Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (ETM) is a novel device that purportedly simulates altitude training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the ETM on resistance exercise performance, metabolic stress markers, and ratings of mental fatigue. Twenty male recreational weight lifters completed 2 training sessions of back squat and bench press (6 sets of 10 repetitions at 85% of 5-repetition maximum and seventh set to failure) as well as a maximal effort sprint test (18% body mass) with the mask (ETM) and without the mask (NM). Training evaluation included baseline and postexercise blood lactate and oxygen saturation measures. Performance evaluation included peak and average velocity bar velocity, total volume load, total work, total repetitions completed, and sprint performance. Adverse side effects were reported in 12% (n = 3) of participants, which included feelings of light headedness, anxiety, and discomfort. No differences were found in repetitions or total workload in back squat (p = 0.07) or bench press (p = 0.08) between conditions. A lower peak velocity was identified during the back squat, bench press, and sprint test in the ETM condition (p = 0.04). Blood lactate values were lower after bench press and sprint during the ETM condition (p < 0.001). Significantly lower ratings of alertness and focus for task were found after squat, bench press, and sprint test in the ETM condition compared with the NM condition (p < 0.001). Wearing the ETM during bouts of resistance training did not hinder the ability to achieve desired training volumes during the resistance training session. However, wearing the ETM does seem to attenuate the ability to maintain working velocity during training bouts and negatively influence ratings of alertness and focus for task.
Autocrine Interleukin-10 Mediates Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor-Induced Spinal Microglial β-Endorphin Expression
Authors: Wu Hai-Yun , Tang Xue-Qi , Mao Xiao-Fang , Wang Yong-Xiang
Published: October 2017

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exenatide stimulates microglial β-endorphin expression and subsequently produces neuroprotection and antinociception. This study illustrated an unrecognized autocrine role of IL-10 in mediation of exenatide-induced β-endorphin expression. Treatment with exenatide in cultured primary spinal microglia concentration dependently stimulated the expression of the M2 microglial markers IL-10, IL-4, Arg 1, and CD206, but not the M1 microglial markers TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or CD68. Intrathecal exenatide injection also significantly upregulated spinal microglial expression of IL-10, IL-4, Arg 1, and CD206, but not TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or CD68. Intrathecal injection of exenatide stimulated spinal microglial expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin in neuropathic rats. Furthermore, treatment with IL-10 (but not IL-4) stimulated β-endorphin expression in cultured primary microglia, whereas treatment with β-endorphin failed to increase IL-10 expression. The IL-10-neutralizing antibody entirely blocked exenatide-induced spinal microglial expression of β-endorphinin vitroandin vivoand fully blocked exenatide mechanical antiallodynia in neuropathic rats. Moreover, specific cAMP/PKA/p38 signal inhibitors and siRNA/p38β, but not siRNA/p38α, completely blocked exenatide-induced IL-10 expression in cultured primary microglia. Knock-down of IL-10 receptor-α mRNA using siRNA fully inhibited exenatide-induced spinal microglial β-endorphin expression and mechanical antiallodynia in neuropathy. Exenatide also markedly stimulated phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3 in cultured primary microglia and β-endorphin stimulation was completely inhibited by the specific STAT3 activation inhibitor. These results revealed that IL-10 in microglia mediated β-endorphin expression after GLP-1 receptor activation through the autocrine cAMP/PKA/p38β/CREB and subsequent IL-10 receptor/STAT3 signal pathways.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTActivation of GLP-1 receptors specifically and simultaneously stimulates the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4, as well as the neuroprotective factor β-endorphin from microglia. GLP-1 receptor agonism induces β-endorphin expression and antinociception through autocrine release of IL-10. Activation of GLP-1 receptors stimulates IL-10 and β-endorphin expression subsequently through the Gs-cAMP/PKA/p38β/CREB and IL-10/IL-10 receptor-α/STAT3 signal transduction pathways.
Los sistemas de apoyo entre iguales (SAI) y su contribución a la convivencia escolar
Authors: Avilés Martínez José María
Published: October 2017

La convivencia escolar se considera hoy un ámbito preferente del trabajo preventivo en los contextos educativos para conseguir el equilibrio emocional y el bienestar personal y social del alumnado. También es un factor de actuación destacado para la educación en valores y la mejora del rendimiento integral del alumnado a largo plazo. Una de las herramientas más adecuadas que se utiliza en la convivencia escolar es proporcionar al alumnado presencia y voz, a través de diversas estructuras de participación y gestión. En los centros educativos funcionan diversos Sistemas de Apoyo entre Iguales (SAI): Acogida, Ayuda, Mediación, Tutoría o Mentoría. De forma intencional y diferenciada, cada uno de ellos da protagonismo al alumnado en la gestión de su propia convivencia. En este artículo, se analizan las diversas modalidades de apoyo entre iguales, sus características, y las distintas formas como se desarrollan hoy en las escuelas e institutos, destacando las potencialidades que cada uno de ellos posee. Por otra parte, se indican las habilidades que el alumnado desarrolla con su participación y las necesidades formativas y condiciones de implantación precisas para conseguir de ellos una efectividad manifiesta en los centros educativos y un encaje adecuado en otras estructuras escolares.
El Modelo Construir la Convivencia para prevenir el acoso y el ciberacoso escolar
Authors: Ortega Ruiz Rosario , Córdoba Alcaide Francisco
Published: October 2017

Este trabajo expone el origen, la evolución y la estructura del Modelo Construir la Convivencia –MCC- en el marco del cual se realizan procesos de mejora del clima y la vida social del alumnado y el profesorado cumpliendo los principios y normas que marcan las directrices de la administración educativa. Solo así se puede implementar una intervención que, partiendo del mejor diagnóstico sobre los problemas sociales existentes, logre la progresiva construcción de un sistema de relaciones interpersonales de calidad y de comunicación efectiva y positiva que es lo que llamamos convivencia. El MCC integra la prevención de la violencia injustificada que es el bullying y el cyberbullying estableciendo de forma operativa lo que estamos denominando la ciberconvivencia. El artículo presenta un ejemplo en la intervención en un centro de Educación Infantil y Primaria en Andalucía.