bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causality, Agency, and the Limits of Medicine
Authors: Holmes Brooke
Published: March 2013

The difference between ancient Greek medicine and ancient Greek philosophy has often been seen by scholars in terms of two targets of expertise: the body and the soul. In this paper, I argue that we can better understand the boundaries between medicine and philosophy in antiquity by focusing instead on the difference between causes and motivations (or causes and desires). The reason is this. It is not the case that the writers of the Hippocratic Corpus are uninterested in the soul (psychē). They are, however, reluctant to address their therapies to expressions of the patient’s own agency, despite tacitly acknowledging such agency as a causal force that cannot be reduced to the automatic behavior of the body. I go on to show how thinkers like Plato and Democritus zero in on the problem of perverted desires as part of a strategy of establishing a new domain of therapy, a domain that comes to be classified as the therapy of the soul.
Towards improved receptor targeting: anterograde transport, internalization and postendocytic trafficking of neuropeptide Y receptors
Authors: Babilon Stefanie , Mörl Karin , Beck-Sickinger Annette G.
Published: March 2013

The neuropeptide Y system is known to be involved in the regulation of many central physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as energy homeostasis, obesity, cancer, mood disorders and epilepsy. Four Y receptor subtypes have been cloned from human tissue (hY1, hY2, hY4 and hY5) that form a multiligand/multireceptor system together with their three peptidic agonists (NPY, PYY and PP). Addressing this system for medical application requires on the one hand detailed information about the receptor-ligand interaction to design subtype-selective compounds. On the other hand comprehensive knowledge about alternative receptor signaling, as well as desensitization, localization and downregulation is crucial to circumvent the development of undesired side-effects and drug resistance. By bringing such knowledge together, highly potent and long-lasting drugs with minimized side-effects can be engineered. Here, current knowledge about Y receptor export, internalization, recycling, and degradation is summarized, with a focus on the human Y receptor subtypes, and is discussed in terms of its impact on therapeutic application.
Crystal structure of 2,2-dimethyl-1-(6-nitro-1H-indazol-1-yl)propan-1- one, C12H13N3O3
Authors: Zou Baohua , Fang Zheng , Guo Kai
Published: March 2013

C12H13N3O3, monoclinic, P21/m (no. 11), a = 7.477(2) Å, b = 6.792(1) Å, c = 12.191(2) Å, β = 92.72(3)°, V = 618.4 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0574, wRref(F2) = 0.1751, T = 293 K.
Redetermination of the structure of 9,10-dibromoanthracene, C14H8Br2
Authors: Isloor Arun M. , Vijesh A. M. , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard
Published: March 2013

C14H8Br2, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 4.0107(1) Å, b = 8.8373(3) Å, c = 16.1148(5) Å, α = 78.658(2)°, β = 83.321(1)°, γ = 80.259(1)°, V = 549.9 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0211, wRref(F2) = 0.0526, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of mercury disulfate, Hg[S2O7], HgO7S2
Authors: Logemann Christian , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: March 2013

HgO7S2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 5.1467(2) Å, b = 12.9327(4) Å, c = 8.2178(3) Å, β = 92.519(1)°, V = 546.5 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0170, wRref(F2) = 0.0450, T = 153 K.
Variation in Surgical Outcomes for Adolescents and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Jan Sophia , Slap Gail , Dai Dingwei , Rubin David M.
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To examine whether hospital type (children’s hospital or generalist hospital) and surgeon specialty are associated with variations in surgical outcomes for hospitalized adolescents and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) requiring surgery.

METHODS:

The 2007–2009 Perspective Data Warehouse was used to identify a retrospective cohort study of all inpatients 16 to 25 years old who received surgery for IBD. Multivariate regression, clustered at the hospital level, examined the association of hospital type and surgical specialty with surgical complications and 30-day readmissions.

RESULTS:

Surgery was performed in 917 hospitalizations of 598 patients across 20 children’s hospitals and 198 general hospitals by 566 general surgeons, 46 pediatric surgeons, and 305 colorectal surgeons. After adjustment, children’s hospitals had higher predicted probabilities of surgical complication (predicted probability [PP]: 35% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28–42]) compared with general hospitals (PP: 26% [95% CI: 23–29]). Despite higher complications among children’s hospitals, pediatric surgeons had lowest predicated probabilities of surgical complication or 30-day readmission (PP: 24% [95% CI: 10–39]) compared with general surgeons (PP: 39% [95% CI: 35–43]) and colorectal surgeons (PP: 35% [95% CI: 28–42]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Disparate outcomes for adolescents and young adults receiving care in children’s versus generalist hospitals and from different types of surgeons reveal the need to better understand how practice setting and surgical specialty may modify outcomes for a population that traverses a variety of health care settings.
Rosemary extract and celery-based products used as natural quality enhancers for colonial type salami with different ripening times
Authors: Bertol Teresinha Marisa , Fiorentini Angela Maria , Santos Maria José Honorato dos , Sawitzki Maristela Cortez , Kawski Vicky Lilge , Agnes Ingrid Beatriz Lermen , Costa Camila Dalla , Coldebella Arlei , Lopes Letícia dos Santos
Published: March 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the use of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract (RE), celery (Apium graveolis), and low levels of NO3 and NO2 as natural agents to enhance the quality of colonial salami. Salami was produced according to three treatments: (A) Control: 0.1% curing salt; (B) Rosemary: 0.05% curing salt + 0.5% RE (rosemary extract); and (C) Rosemary+celery: 0.14% Veg 503 + 0.27% Veg 504 (sea salt plus celery) + 0.5% of RE (rosemary extract). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the treatments on water activity, Na content, and residual NO3 and NO2. Fatty acids C18:2 and C20:4 were reduced (P < 0.05) during the ripening period in the Control treatment indicating possible oxidation. The use of celery resulted in lower pH values (P < 0.05) in the salami. Reduced addition of NO3 and NO2 resulted in salami lighter in color (higher L* values, P < 0.05) at the 12th day of ripening. In conclusion, celery-based products proved to be an effective source of NO2 and NO3 for color development, but the low pH of the product indicates the need for better evaluation of its use in fermented salami. The RE (rosemary extract) reduced fat oxidation in salami, but this needs further evaluation.
A conexão afetiva nas intervenções desenvolvimentistas para crianças autistas
Authors: Fiore-Correia Olívia , Lampreia Carolina
Published: March 2013

O presente trabalho explica como a conexão afetiva é fundamental para o desenvolvimento infantil típico e como é utilizada nas intervenções para crianças autistas ou com risco autístico. Utilizando a abordagem desenvolvimentista, que procura compreender o desenvolvimento da criança autista à luz do desenvolvimento da criança típica, o objetivo do artigo é salientar a importância da conexão afetiva nas intervenções desenvolvimentistas. Realizamos uma revisão da literatura desenvolvimentista, considerando como a capacidade de conexão afetiva do bebê humano contribui para o desenvolvimento infantil e como falhas nessa área do desenvolvimento de crianças autistas ocasionam prejuízos significativos para elas. Assim, pudemos rever os programas de intervenção SCERTS e DIR, de modo a compreendermos como consideram a conexão afetiva. Conclui-se que os programas, embora busquem o desenvolvimento global das crianças autistas, apresentam limitações em relação ao entendimento da conexão afetiva como a precursora do desenvolvimento infantil (SCERTS) e à busca de estratégias objetivas para que ela possa ser desenvolvida nessas crianças (DIR). Entretanto, observações relacionadas às pesquisas e à literatura desenvolvimentista sugerem que tais limitações podem ser superadas, desde que se ressalte o papel fundamental da conexão afetiva para a diminuição do desvio do desenvolvimento das crianças autistas.
Ampliação da técnica violonística de mão esquerda: um estudo sobre a pestana
Authors: Madeira Bruno , Scarduelli Fabio
Published: March 2013

A técnica instrumental é um elemento da performance musical em constantes reformulações. Com o objetivo principal de estender a técnica violonística da pestana, o presente artigo foi dividido em três partes: (1) conceituações gerais sobre técnica instrumental; (2) a partir de métodos instrumentais dos últimos quatrocentos anos, um breve histórico da pestana foi delineado com o objetivo de recolher informações técnicas sobre sua realização, (3) sugestões e exemplificações de procedimentos não usuais de pestana (com dedos diferentes do indicador, de falange, bisagra e cruzada), encontrados de forma muito resumida na escassa bibliografia sobre o assunto e cuja aplicabilidade é verificada no repertório.
Correlation between low-order probability distribution functions and percolation of porous concrete
Authors: Chung Sang-Yeop , Han Tong-Seok
Published: March 2013

Concrete is a multi-phase material whose material properties are strongly affected by phase distribution. It is important to identify the spatial distribution of voids in concrete because voids have a significant effect on mechanical behaviour and percolation. Therefore, a proper method to describe the void distribution of the material is needed. This paper describes how computed tomography (CT) was used to examine and quantify the void distribution of porous concrete specimens. Virtual three-dimensional porous concrete specimens were created using CT. Then, low-order probability distribution functions such as two-point correlation, lineal-path and two-point cluster functions were used to characterise the void distribution. Based on CT image analysis, the correlation of hydraulic conductivity between experiment results and probability distribution functions of porous concrete is examined. It is confirmed that low-order probability functions and percolation of porous concrete are correlated and that the low-order probability functions are efficient and effective in describing percolation within porous concrete.
Concatenated RS-Convolutional Codes for Cooperative Wireless Communication
Authors: Al-Moliki Yahya Mohammed Hameed , Noordin Kamarul Ariffin Bin , Hindia MHD Nour , Salleh Mohd Fadzli Bin Mohd
Published: March 2013

In the last few years, several works have investigated the performance of cooperative wireless systems with
various types of channel codes such as Low Density Parity Check (LDPC), Turbo, CRC, convolutional and recently Reed
Solomon (RS) codes. These cooperative schemes give power to single antenna mobiles to originate virtual multiple antennas
transmitter, MIMO system, by sharing their antennas so that diversity gain is achieved. The most common cooperative
schemes are decode and forward (DF) and coded cooperation (CC). Concatenated Reed Solomon and convolutional codes
have been used by several wireless communication standards like digital video broadcasting (DVB) standards and IEEE
802.16e WiMAX standard. In this paper, we develop two different coded cooperation schemes and apply them to the
mandatory structure of physical layer specifications of IEEE 802.16e WiMAX. The results attained for both coded cooperation
schemes present magnificent diversity gains over non-cooperative scheme.
Protein synthesis in crustaceans: a review focused on feeding and nutrition
Authors: Carter Chris , Mente Elena
Published: March 2013

This review aimed to place crustacean research on in vivo protein synthesis into a broader context, assess its potential for providing further insights into crustacean nutrition and physiology, and recommend future directions relevant to crustacean aquaculture. In crustaceans the flooding dose measurement of protein synthesis is the only method that has been used, it is relatively complex, time consuming and uses radioactive labels. Protein synthesis provides a subtle approach to assessing imbalances and deficiencies in dietary amino acid and energy. In addition, the calculation of protein synthesis retention efficiency (SRE) is recommended in order to understand and optimize parameters such as feeding regime and diet composition. For prawns, SRE was highest at optimum dietary protein content and quality. Similarly the most efficient feeding regimes in juvenile lobsters were demonstrated by the highest efficiency of retaining synthesized protein. Understanding how various abiotic and biotic factors influence protein synthesis has great potential for improving different aspects of crustacean aquaculture but very few studies have done this; better knowledge of how abiotic and biotic factors affect crustacean protein synthesis will contribute to optimising growth of crustaceans in culture.
The rib head as a landmark in the anterolateral approach to the thoracic spine: a computed tomography–based morphometric study
Authors: Papadimitriou Kyriakos , Amin Anubhav G. , Kretzer Ryan M. , Chaput Christopher , Tortolani P. Justin , Wolinsky Jean-Paul , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Baaj Ali A.
Published: March 2013

Object

The rib head is an important landmark in the anterolateral approach to the thoracic spine. Resection of the rib head is typically the first step in gaining access to the underlying pedicle and ultimately the spinal canal. The goal of this work is to quantify the relationship of the rib head to the spinal canal and adjacent aorta at each thoracic level using CT-based morphometric measurements.

Methods

One hundred thoracic spine CT scans (obtained in 50 male and 50 female subjects) were evaluated in this study. The width and depth of each vertebra body were measured from T-1 to T-12. In addition, the distance of each rib head to the spinal canal was determined by drawing a line connecting the rib heads bilaterally and measuring the distance to this line from the most ventral aspect of the spinal canal. Finally, the distance of the left rib head to the thoracic aorta was measured at each thoracic level below the aortic arch.

Results

The vertebral body depth progressively increased in a rostral to caudal direction. The vertebral body width was at its minimum at T-4 and progressively increased to T-12. The rib head extended beyond the spinal canal maximally at T-1. This distance incrementally decreased toward the caudal levels, with the tip of the rib head lying approximately even with the ventral canal at T-11 and T-12. The distance between the aorta and the left rib head increased in a rostral to caudal direction as well.

Conclusions

The rib head is an important landmark in the anterolateral approach to the thoracic spine. At more cephalad levels, a larger portion of rib head requires resection to gain access to the spinal canal. At more caudad levels, there is a safer working distance between the rib head and aorta.
Long-term outcome of laminectomy for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Authors: Lee Soo Eon , Chung Chun Kee , Jahng Tae-Ahn , Kim Hyun-Jib
Published: March 2013

Object

Although laminectomy is an effective surgical technique for the treatment of multilevel cervical stenotic lesions, postoperative kyphosis and neurological deterioration have been frequently reported after laminectomy. Hence, laminectomy without fusion is seldom performed nowadays. However, the clinical impression from the long-term follow-up of patients who had undergone laminectomy does not support that postoperative kyphosis is common in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). In this paper, the authors assessed the long-term outcome of laminectomy for cervical OPLL in terms of the changes in the cervical curvature and in the neurological status.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed medical records and radiological images in patients who had undergone cervical laminectomy between 1999 and 2009. The preoperative and the final follow-up status recovery rate were assessed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale. The cervical global angle and range of motion (ROM) were measured preoperatively and at the last follow-up. The cervical spine was classified into 3 types: lordotic, straight, and kyphotic.

Results

A total of 34 patients were available for medical record review and telephone interviews. There were 28 men and 6 women, whose mean age at the time of surgery was 57.8 years. The mean follow-up period was 57.5 months. The mean preoperative JOA score was 10.7, and the JOA score at the last follow-up was significantly improved to 14.3 (p < 0.001) with a recovery rate of 56.3%. The JOA score at each postoperative follow-up point increased until 6 years postoperatively; thereafter, it gradually decreased. The mean preoperative global angle was −11.3° and the most recent global angle was −8.4°. The preoperative ROM was 33.9° and the most recent ROM was 27.4°. There was no statistical significance in the change of cervical curvature or ROM. Preoperatively, 29 of the 34 patients had a lordotic cervical curvature and 5 patients had a straight spine. At last follow-up, 24 patients had a lordotic curvature, 3 patients changed from lordosis to kyphosis, and 7 patients had a straight spine. One patient whose cervical curvature changed from lordosis to kyphosis during the follow-up period underwent cervical fusion 9 years after the laminectomy procedure.

Conclusions

The long-term outcome of laminectomy for cervical OPLL is satisfactory in terms of the clinical and radiological aspects. The risk of postlaminectomy kyphosis was not high, raising the possibility that the OPLL itself may serve as a support for the spinal column.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Food Colorants from Three Morphotypes of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.)
Authors: Seal Hari Pada , Ali Mohammad Amdad , Ali Md Usuf , Akhter Mosammat Hasina , Sultana Fowzia
Published: March 2013

This article describes a simple solvent extraction method for the extraction of colorants from the three morphotypes such as, (Morphotype-1 (M1), Morphotype-2 (M2), and Morphotype- 3 (M3) of Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds, and their separation, vivid, and qualitative demonstration by thin-layer chromatography. Several solvent systems (hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, and a mixed-solvent having composition of CHCl3/C2H5OH/CH3COOH (80:2:1)) were applied for extraction of colored components. It was observed that a large portion of colorants was extracted by chloroform. Its effluent was deep brick red in color and transparent. Furthermore, various carrier solvent systems (Benzene-Ethyl acetate) were used to separate the components from the extracts. Carrier solvent system with the ratio of 7:3 was found as superior solvent for chloroform extracts. Three colored-spots were observed for all morphotypes. Among them, the first one was yellow colored having very low polarity and the second and third spots were both redbrick colored having medium and higher polarity respectively. In addition, for M1 no colorless-spot was observed in low and medium polar systems, revealing that the amount of wax and gum were minimum in the extract and superior morphotype among the three. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.13987 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 2 (1): 7-12, June, 2012
Reproductive Biology of Feather Back, Chital (Notopterus chitala, Ham.) Cultured in a Pond of Bangladesh
Authors: Kohinoor AHM , Jahan DA , Khan MM , Islam MS , Hussain MG
Published: March 2013

Studies on Gonadosomatic index (GSI), ova diameter and histology of the gonad were performed to understand reproductive biology of Feather back, Chital (Notopterus chitala) for a period of 6 months from January to June 2010. Thirty live chital fish were used in this study. The mean GSI values for female chital were found to range between 0.20±0.013 and 4.63±0.50. The highest GSI value was found in June. The smallest diameter of ovum was recorded 0.04 mm (January) and the largest was 4.00 mm (June). During the experimental period, the fecundity was ranged from 8,238 to 18,569 (mean 13,052±4607) in fish samples with body weight range from 1,296 to 2,360 (mean 1,742.50±474.44 g) while the relative fecundity was 5.65 to 14.33. Histological study revealed that the percentage of late perinucleolus (LPN) stage was highest in April and Cortical alveoli (CA) stage appeared from April and reached to maximum in May. Vitellogenic stage (VG) appeared in the month of May and chronologically increased through June. Vitellogenic stage (VG) of oocyte as well as highest ova diameter reached to the peak in June. The variations in the gonad weight and GSI of the female fish reached to the peak during June indicating maturity of ovary and definite spawning season. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.13991 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 2 (1): 26-31, June, 2012
Suitability of Duckweed (Lemna minor) as Feed for Fish in Polyculture System
Authors: Talukdar MZH , Shahjahan M , Rahman MS
Published: March 2013

In the present study, we conducted an experiment to evaluate the effects of duckweed (Lemna minor) as feed on fish production in polyculture. The experiment had 2 treatments where in treatment 1 (T1) ponds were supplied with duckweed as feed and in treatment 2 (T2) ponds were kept as control (without supply of duckweed). Average survival rates in T1 and T2 were 90 and 89%, respectively. The specific growth rates (SGR) were higher in T1. Calculated net production in T1 was 6.25 tons ha.-1 yr.-1 and in T2 was 2.84 tons ha.-1 yr.-1. The ranges of physico-chemical parameters analyzed were within the productive limit and more or less similar in all the ponds under both treatments during the experimental period. There were 24 genera of phytoplankton under 5 major groups and 10 genera of zooplankton under 3 major groups found in the experimental ponds. The net production in T1 was significantly higher than that of T2 indicated the use of duckweed as feed for fishes is economically sustainable in polyculture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.13994 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 2 (1): 42-46, June, 2012
Secretory Phospholipases A2 in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.): Gene Expression, Enzymatic Activity, and Relation to Drought Stress Adaptation
Authors: Verlotta Angelo , Liberatore Maria , Cattivelli Luigi , Trono Daniela
Published: March 2013

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are known to mediate signaling cascades during plant growth and development, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this context, the present study provides extensive characterization of specific PLA2s in durum wheat, and assesses their involvement in durum wheat response to drought stress. In durum wheat leaves, four full-length expressed sequences encoding putative PLA2s were isolated and characterized as belonging to the class of secretory PLA2s (sPLA2s): TdsPLA2I, TdsPLA2II, TdsPLA2III and TdsPLA2IV. PLA2 activity was also detected, the characteristics of which resemble those of previously characterized plant sPLA2s: strong preference for phospholipids; requirement for millimolar Ca2+ concentrations; optimal activity at basic pH; heat stability; and inhibition by the reducing agent dithiothreitol. With drought stress imposed at both the vegetative and reproductive stages, accumulation of TdsPLA2I and TdsPLA2III transcripts, and to a lesser extent of TdsPLA2IV transcript, paralleled increased PLA2 activity; both transcript levels and enzymatic activity decreased as a consequence of stress recovery. Consistently, free fatty acid analysis of drought-stressed leaves revealed increased linoleate, linolenate and palmitate contents, which were reversed by plant re-watering. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that there are inducible sPLA2 isoforms in durum wheat that have roles in orchestrating the plant response to drought stress.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of 2,5-bis(3′-Indolyl)pyrroles, Analogues of the Marine Alkaloid Nortopsentin
Authors: Carbone Anna , Parrino Barbara , Barraja Paola , Spanò Virginia , Cirrincione Girolamo , Diana Patrizia , Maier Armin , Kelter Gerhard , Fiebig Heinz-Herbert
Published: March 2013

2,5-bis(3′-Indolyl)pyrroles, analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin, were conveniently prepared through a three step procedure in good overall yields. Derivatives 1a and 1b exhibited concentration-dependent antitumor activity towards a panel of 42 human tumor cell lines with mean IC50 values of 1.54 μM and 0.67 μM, respectively. Investigating human tumor xenografts in an ex-vivo clonogenic assay revealed selective antitumor activity, whereas sensitive tumor models were scattered among various tumor histotypes.
Secondary Metabolites from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and the Vasorelaxant Activity of Cryptolepinone
Authors: Chaves Otemberg , Gomes Roosevelt , Tomaz Anna , Fernandes Marianne , Das Graças Mendes Junior Leônidas , De Fátima Agra Maria , Braga Valdir , De Fátima Vanderlei de Souza Maria
Published: March 2013

The phytochemical study of Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) led to the isolation through chromatographic techniques of eleven secondary metabolites: sitosterol (1a) and stigmasterol (1b), sitosterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (2a) and stigmasterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (2b), phaeophytin A (3), 173-ethoxypheophorbide A (4), 132-hydroxy phaeophytin B (5), 173-ethoxypheophorbide B (6), 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (7), cryptolepinone (8) and a salt of cryptolepine (9). Their structures were identified by 1H- and 13C-NMR using one- and two-dimensional techniques. In addition, the vasorelaxant activity of cryptolepinone in rat mesenteric artery rings is reported herein for the first time.
New Limonoids and a Dihydrobenzofuran Norlignan from the Roots of Toona sinensis
Authors: Dong Xiao-Jie , Zhu Yun-Fei , Bao Guan-Hu , Hu Feng-Lin , Qin Guo-Wei
Published: March 2013

Two new limonoids, toonins A (1) and B (2), and one new dihydrobenzofuran norlignan, toonin C (3), were isolated from the roots of Toona sinensis together with the ten known compounds 4-methoxy-6-(2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methylphenyl)-pyran-2-one (4), bourjotinolone A (5), proceranone (6), matairesinol (7), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-ethanol (8), syringic acid (9), isoscopoletin (10), lyoniresinol (11), aloeemodin (12), and β-sitosterol (13). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of one- and two-dimensional spectroscopic analysis. Isolation of compounds 4, 6–13 from this plant is reported here for the first time.
L'anticipation des changements dans les conversions de la préadolescence
Authors: Hurvy Caroline
Published: March 2013

Le trouble de la conversion est réputé peu fréquent chez les jeunes. Cependant, son apparence somatique conduit les patients à consulter en dehors du champ de la santé mentale, au sein de services de médecine somatique, où ce trouble n’est pas systématiquement diagnostiqué. D’après les données de la littérature et une étude portant sur 18 jeunes patients conversifs, la conversion connaît un pic d’apparition au moment de la préadolescence. L’étude du cas de Martin, 12 ans, nous éclairera sur les processus psychiques qui accompagnent la conversion à ce stade du développement. L’anticipation aigue des changements engagés par les transformations pubertaires crée une surcharge d’excitation. Il en résulte un défaut de refoulement ponctuel de la conflictualité œdipienne et un processus d’éconduction somatique à travers le symptôme de conversion. Celui-ci réalise, de surcroît, une tentative de suspension (illusoire) du cours irréversible des transformations adolescentes.
“Filho de Peixe” – utilitarismo, elitismo, nepotismo e identificação nos preliminares de uma Teoria do AutoRRecrutamento Ocupacional
Authors: Fonseca Maria de Lurdes
Published: March 2013

O autorrecrutamento ocupacional não é um aspeto de somenos importância em Sociologia. Antes é fulcral à explicação de processos centrais da teoria sociológica, como sejam os da mobilidade e reprodução sociais, os do classismo e elitismo modernos, os do fechamento e protecionismo socioeconómicos, e os da seleção e especialização educativa e ocupacional. Contudo, a Sociologia não dispõe hoje, a seu respeito, de mais que fragmentos teóricos e utilidades empíricas desgarradas, faltando uma verdadeira teoria do fenómeno. Este trabalho identifica, revê e organiza os contributos da Sociologia e da Economia para uma teoria do autorrecrutamento ocupacional, sistematizando os principais racionais que foram sendo propostos desde os anos 30 do século passado para a sua explicação.
Outcomes of nasal bridling to secure enteral tubes in burn patients
Authors: Parks Jennifer , Klaus Susan , Staggs Vincent , Pena Maria
Published: March 2013

Background

Reliable securement of nasally inserted enteral tubes is a problem in patients with facial burns that make use of traditional adhesive tape ineffective.

Objective

To implement the nasal bridle as a way to decrease inadvertent removal of nasally inserted enteral tubes and improve subsequent patient outcomes.

Methods

The nasal bridle was implemented in the burn unit of the University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas, as a quality improvement project. Outcomes for the calendar year 2010 were measured in patients treated before use of the bridle (prebridle control group) and in patients for whom the bridle was used. The groups were compared on measures of tube insertions per tube day, abdominal radiographs per tube day, and a number of complications.

Results

A total of 50 patients were studied: 33 in the control group and 17 in the bridle group. Baseline characteristics of age and sex did not differ between the groups. The bridle group had significantly fewer tube insertions and abdominal radiographs per tube day than the control group. Although complications were generally less common in the bridle group, the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

In burn patients, use of a nasal bridle to secure nasally inserted tubes had clinical advantages over securement with traditional adhesive tape. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2013;22:136–142)
Free amino acids, urea and ammonium ion contents for submerged wine vinegar production: influence of loading rate and air-flow rate
Authors: Álvarez-Cáliz Carmen , Santos-Dueñas Inés M. , Cañete-Rodríguez Ana M. , García-Martínez Teresa , Mauricio Juan C. , García-García Isidoro
Published: March 2013

The nitrogen source for acetic acid bacteria is important during the vinegar making process. There can be great variation in the final result according to the specific source, the total nitrogen availability and the operational conditions. These bacteria use L-proline, L-leucine and ammonium ion as their main source of nitrogen from white wine. The effect of loading and air-flow rates on the changes in amino acids, urea and ammonium ion contents have been studied for a semi-batch submerged wine vinegar controlled production. Experiments were carried out in a Frings 8L fermenter working in a semi-batch mode. Amino acid contents were determined from their dansyl derivatives on an HPLC furnished with a C18 reversed-phase column. Urea and ammonium ion contents were quantified with an enzymatic kit. Specific nitrogen consumption is given for 25 amino acids and ammonium ion. In addition, profiles for main system variables as well as the three main nitrogen sources (ammonium ion, L-leucine and L-proline) are given. Type of loading and air-flow rates seemed to have a strong impact on the consumption of the nitrogen compounds tested. An increased loading rate and decreased air-flow rate resulted in greater overall consumption of available nitrogen due to different causes. Nitrogen requirement of the bacteria is proportional to the time spent in the acetification process. An acetification procedure involving relatively sudden changes in the fermentation medium may be desirable in order to reduce the formation of urea.
Acetic acid bacteria: features and impact in bio-applications
Authors: Garcia Garcia Isidoro , Gullo Maria
Published: March 2013

Acetic acid bacteria are a group of microorganisms able to achieve oxidation reactions from sugars and alcohols mainly producing organic acids, aldehydes and ketones. When the substrate is ethanol, acetic acid is produced, thus giving the common name acetic acid bacteria to this bacterial group. Acetic acid bacteria are of considerable importance in food and beverages as beneficial or detrimental bacteria. Nowadays, they play a role as biocatalysts contributing to more eco-friendly bio-based processes, since the production of important industrial molecules generate high environmental impact when chemically synthesized. Although they have a high biotechnological potential, their use at industrial scale is still restricted...
Flow-cytometric assessment of damages to Acetobacter senegalensis during freeze-drying process and storage
Authors: Shafiei Rasoul , Delvigne Frank , Thonart Phillipe
Published: March 2013

Downstream processes have great influences on bacterial starter production. Different modifications occur to cellular compounds during freeze-drying process and storage of bacterial starters. Consequently, viability and culturability (multiplication capacity) undergo some changes. In this study, the effects of freeze-drying process and storage conditions were examined on cell envelope integrity, respiration and culturability of Acetobacter senegalensis. Freezing of cells protected with mannitol (20% w/w) did not affect cell multiplication and respiration considerably; however, 19% of cells showed compromised cell envelope after freezing. After drying, 1.96×1011 CFU/g were enumerated, indicating that about 34% of the cells could survive and keep their culturability. Drying of the cells induced further leakage in cell envelope and finally 81% of cells appeared as injured ones; however, 87% of the dried cells maintained their respiration capacity. Storage temperature had significant effect on cell multiplication ability; higher storage temperature (35°C) caused 8.59-log reduction in cell culturability after nine-month period of storage. Collapse of cell envelop integrity and respiration was observed at 35°C. At lower storage temperature (4°C), the culturability decreased about one-log reduction after nine months. Cell envelope integrity was subjected to minor changes during a period of nine month-storage at 4°C whereas a heterogeneous population of cells with different respiration capacity emerged at 4°C. These results indicate that a major part of cells undergone drying process and storage entered into viable but non-culturable state. In addition, usage of different culture media didn’t improve resuscitation. Besides, it seems that sub-lethal damages to cell envelope caused uptake of propidium iodide, however these kinds of injuries could not impress cell multiplications and respiration.
Functional analysis of the acetic acid resistance (aar) gene cluster in Acetobacter aceti strain 1023
Authors: Mullins Elwood A. , Kappock T. Joseph
Published: March 2013

Vinegar production requires acetic acid bacteria that produce, tolerate, and conserve high levels of acetic acid. When ethanol is depleted, aerobic acetate overoxidation to carbon dioxide ensues. The resulting diauxic growth pattern has two logarithmic growth phases, the first associated with ethanol oxidation and the second associated with acetate overoxidation. The vinegar factory isolate Acetobacter aceti strain 1023 has a long intermediate stationary phase that persists at elevated acetic acid levels. Strain 1023 conserves acetic acid despite possessing a complete set of citric acid cycle (CAC) enzymes, including succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase (SCACT), the product of the acetic acid resistance (aar) gene aarC. In this study, cell growth and acid production were correlated with the functional expression of aar genes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and enzyme activity assays. Citrate synthase (AarA) and SCACT (AarC) were abundant in A. aceti strain 1023 during both log phases, suggesting the transition to acetate overoxidation was not a simple consequence of CAC enzyme induction. A mutagenized derivative of strain 1023 lacking functional AarC readily oxidized ethanol but was unable to overoxidize acetate, indicating that the CAC is required for acetate overoxidation but not ethanol oxidation. The primary role of the aar genes in the metabolically streamlined industrial strain A. aceti 1023 appears to be to harvest energy via acetate overoxidation in otherwise depleted medium
Clavicular eosinophilic granuloma causing adult shoulder pain
Authors: Sugi Michelle T. , Fedenko Alexander N. , Menendez Lawrence R. , Allison Daniel C.
Published: March 2013

Though rarely reported, neoplasms of the clavicle occur, and their symptoms can be mistaken for more common shoulder conditions. We present the case of a benign clavicular neoplasm, rarely seen in adults, presenting with pain, and eventual pathologic fracture in a 49 year-old. A 49 year-old male firefighter underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for shoulder pain after magnetic resonance imaging revealed supraspinatus tendon tear. The patient's pain persisted after surgery, and was described as routine until he developed severe pain after minor blunt trauma. A local Emergency Room performed the first x-rays, which revealed a pathologic fracture of the distal clavicle through a destructive lesion. The patient was referred to an orthopedic oncologist, who performed incisional biopsy, which initially diagnosed osteomyelitis. The patient was subsequently taken to surgery for debridement. Pathology then yielded the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma. The patient was taken back to surgery for formal curettage with open reduction and internal fixation. The patient's pain resolved, the pathologic fracture fully healed, and the patient returned to full time work as a firefighter. Though workup for common shoulder conditions often identifies incidental benign lesions of bone, the converse can be true. Persistent pain despite intervention should raise concern for further investigation. An x-ray alone can reveal a destructive bone lesion as the source of shoulder pain.
An Empirical Analysis of the Association between Social Interaction and Self-Rated Health
Authors: Mukerjee Swati
Published: March 2013

Purpose.

To empirically investigate the relationship of social interactions with self-rated health status.

Design.

Cross-sectional study.

Setting.

The United States, 1972–2008.

Subjects.

53,043 respondents interviewed.

Measures.

In-person interviews were conducted by the National Opinion Research Center. Health is measured via self-assessment, and a binary indicator defines whether the respondent reports excellent or good health. Impersonal social interaction is binary, reflecting membership in at least one organization; personal interaction is binary, reflecting whether the respondent visits relatives, neighbors, friends, or bars at least once a month. Demographic, region, and time variables are standard controls.

Analysis.

Probit models were estimated at aggregated and disaggregated (race, gender, age, and education) levels.

Results.

Impersonal interaction fell 5% between 1974 and 1994, with deeper declines (12%) in personal interaction. Neighbor visits fell most (24%), but friends gained (5%). Marginal estimates indicate both personal and impersonal interactions are associated with better health. However, friends show the strongest effect. A 1-SD increase in the probability of meeting friends versus joining a club or association is associated with a higher (.019 vs. .014) probability of being in very good or excellent health.

Conclusion.

Social interaction, impersonal or personal, is significantly associated with health. Public policy facilitating greater interactions of the type that benefits different demographic groups may be health promoting. Results are suggestive of potential network effects at the individual and community levels, which have implications for designing and targeting more effective health interventions.
La animación española en 2012
Authors: Viñolo Locuviche Samuel
Published: March 2013

Tras un período de cuatro años de intensa crisiseconómica, en 2012 comienza a resquebrajarse partede la fortaleza que la animación española había mostradohasta el momento, viendo desaparecer con granrapidez algunos de las empresas y eventos insigniadel sector, al mismo tiempo que la eliminación de unabuena parte de las ayudas estatales al cine amenazancon afectar de forma aún más profunda al conjuntode las artes audiovisuales en los años venideros. Porotro lado, y como signo de esperanza, 2012 tambiénresulta un buen año para numerosos largometrajesde animación que obtienen una excelente respuestacomercial e innumerables alabanzas internacionales.El siguiente artículo pretende apuntar de forma muyrápida cuáles han sido las líneas principales que hancaracterizado a la animación española en 2012.
Running up a Down-Escalator in the Middle of a Class Structure Gone Pear-Shaped
Authors: Ainley Patrick , Allen Martin
Published: March 2013

Whilst widening participation to higher education was approaching New Labour's target of 50% of 18-30s (for women at least), it was presented as a professionalisation of the proletariat but in reality and in hindsight it can be seen to have disguised a proletarianisation of the professions - for which HE supposedly prepares its graduates - with many reduced to para-professions at best. It is argued therefore that education as a whole faces a credibility crunch. However, many have nowhere else to go since without qualifications they face falling into the so-called ‘underclass’ which was widely seen to have manifested itself in the riots of summer 2011. Like other commentators, we point out that the majority of youth did not riot and focus instead upon the children of the new working-middle class who are running up a down-escalator of devalued qualifications. This only intensifies national hysteria about education as the Coalition's reception of Browne's Review restricts competitive academic HE entry to those who can afford tripled fees, while relegating those who cannot to ‘Apprenticeships Without Jobs’ (cf. Finn 1987 ) in FE and private providers. With reference to Allen and Ainley (2011) , this paper speculates as to the likely outcome of this generational crisis.
Mr. Hysteria
Authors: . Henry VIII's Wives
Published: March 2013

For more information on this video, see the interview Brianne Cohen conducted with Lucy Skaer of Henry VIII's Wives in this issue of Contemporaneity.
Microwave milk pasteurization without food safety risk
Authors: Korzenszky Péter , Sembery Péter , Géczi Gábor
Published: March 2013

According to nutrition science, milk and milk products are essential food for humans. The primary processing of milk includes its storage, separation, homogenization and the pasteurization process as well. The latter is a kind of heat treatment, which has been used to extend the storage life of food since the late 18th century. Although heat treatment of milk can be achieved through the use of microwave technology, the inhomogeneity of electromagnetic fields leads to an uneven distribution of temperature in the food products, therefore precluding their use in industry. The pasteurization operation is very often Critical Controll Point (CCP) according of food safety systems.
In recent years our research team has developed continuously operating heat treatment pilot-plant equipment, capable of measuring and contrasting the effects of different heat treatment methods, such as thermostat-controlled water baths and microwave energy, on liquid food products. We examined and compared protein, fat and bacterial content in samples of fresh cow milk with heat-treated cow milk samples. In addition, storage experiments were carried out under a microscope and recordings made of fat globules. Our results so far show that the microwave heat treatment is equivalent to the convection manner pasteurization technology, as we found no difference between the heat-treated products.
Measurement of the Residual Gases O2 and CO2 in Meat Products Packed in Modified Atmosphere
Authors: Čapla Jozef , Zajác Peter , Čurlej Jozer , Lopašovský Ľubomí­r , Vietoris Vladimí­r
Published: March 2013

Nowadays, consumers have increased demand for quality and food safety and also rising demand for natural foods without chemical additives. There are many ways to presserve freshness of these products, one of them is modified atmosphere packaging, which can mean elimination and/or replacement surrounding the product before closing it in package with a mixture of gases other than the original ambient air atmosphere. for replacement of atmosphere are generally used three types of gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen. this type of packaging is often used for meat and meat products, which belongs to foods that are under normal conditions perishable and for increasing the shelf life of meat products are also used various other preservation methods or their combinations. Packaging of meat and meat products in modified atmosphere is usually made with a high content of carbon dioxide, which has good bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect and is also an effective mean for increasing the shelf life of packaged products during storage and sale.
Lymphoid Proliferations Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Chadburn Amy , Abdul-Nabi Anmaar M. , Teruya Bryan Scott , Lo Amy A.
Published: March 2013

Context.—Individuals who are immune deficient are at an increased risk for developing lymphoproliferative lesions and lymphomas. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is 1 of 4 clinical settings associated with immunodeficiency recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in which there is an increased incidence of lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders.

Objectives.—To describe the major categories of benign lymphoid proliferations, including progressive HIV-related lymphadenopathy, benign lymphoepithelial cystic lesions, and multicentric Castleman disease, as well as the different types of HIV-related lymphomas as defined by the WHO. The characteristic morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features of the different entities will be discussed in addition to some of the pathogenetic mechanisms.

Data Sources.—The WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (2001 and 2008), published literature from PubMed (National Library of Medicine), published textbooks, and primary material from the authors' current and previous institutions.

Conclusions.—HIV infection represents one of the clinical settings recognized by the WHO in which immunodeficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders may arise. Although most lymphomas that arise in patients with HIV infection are diffuse, aggressive B-cell lesions, other lesions, which are “benign” lymphoid proliferations, may also be associated with significant clinical consequences. These lymphoproliferations, like many other immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, are often difficult to classify. Studies of HIV-associated lymphoid proliferations will continue to increase our understanding of both the immune system and lymphomagenesis.