bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exclusive Breast Feeding Habits among Mothers with Infants Under the age of five who were visiting an Outpatient Clinic (OPD) at a Tertiary Health Care Center
Authors: Sajjad Sania , Aftab Aatika , Bano Shehar , Khan Naseem , Bangulzai Attaullah , Gillani Syed Aqeel Akbar Shah
Published: March 2022

Background: The majority of mothers do not exclusively breastfeed young babies and squander colostrum. The purpose of our current research remained to evaluate exclusive breast-feeding habits among women with people under the age of five who were visiting an outpatient clinic at a tertiary care center. Appropriate breast-feeding habits are on the decrease. Methodology: A cross-sectional research was conducted on 260 women who came to a Gynecological and Obstetrical OPD or ward with at least single baby aged 1 to 6. They were questioned about their demographics and breast-feeding habits. Results: 117/260 (43%) of them breastfed exclusively, while the remainder utilized formula milk or cow's milk in addition to breast milk. Solitary 43/260 (18%) of the moms had provided colostrum to their babies, while 152/260 (60%) had administered Ghutra (a traditional pre-lacteal feed, mostly honey). Mothers who have been uniparous, housewives, lived in joint households, came from middle-class families, and gave birth vaginally had better breast-feeding habits than some others. Whenever breast feeding habits were graded and classified, 44/260 (19.7 percent) had excellent practice, 64/260 (30 percent) had acceptable practice, and 117/260 (43 percent) had bad practice. 220/260 (87.6%) of the mothers had breastfed their infants, whereas 28/260 (12.7%) had not. Conclusion: The review highlights the need of improving exclusively breast feeding as well as colostrum administration techniques. Keywords: Breast feeding, exclusive feeding, colostrum.
Effect of Iron Chelator on Liver Function in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients
Authors: Sadia Halima , Shah Furqan Ali , Hussain Waqas , Hafeez Amtul , Iftikhar Ayesha , Akbar Hafiz Sajid , Naseer Alia , Bangash Sudhair Abbas
Published: March 2022

Background: Due to Regular blood transfusions and Desferrioxamine therapy, beta-thalassemic patients can live for over 30 years. It is becoming increasingly common for liver diseases to cause mortality and morbidity in these patients. Chelation compliance has improved with the recent addition of the oral single-dose therapy Deferasirox (DFX). This study will investigate the impact of iron therapy on liver function tests in BMT patients. Methodology: The patients enrolled in the study were HBV negative and treated with DFO and DFX after BTM. The LFTs include alanine transferase, Albumin, serum bilirubin and aspartate transferase. Sixty patients with Beta-thalassemia were followed every six months for serum ferritin concentrations. Results: Therapy with Desferrioxamine significantly decrease serum ferritin levels inbeta-thalassemia patients and isconcerned with high reduction in serumalanine transaminase and serum aspartate transaminase. Albumin concentrations remain the same in DFX treatment. Association between serum ferritin levels ALT and AST levels were found. There is a negative correlation between serum ferritin concentration and ALT. Conclusion: Patients with Hepatitis negative having thalassemia with iron overload may have some liver function impairment. As a result of DFX treatment, AST, ALP and ALT levels were significantly reduced.
Young Pakistani Individuals are Genetically Predisposed to Lumbar Degenerative Disc Degeneration
Authors: Bano Shehar , Tahir Usman , Khalid Fatima , Ahmed Nauman , Bibi Amina , Imran Muhammad
Published: March 2022

Aim: Even though the specific processes that cause degenerative disc degeneration are unknown, a major hereditary effect has indeed been discovered. Concentrating on DDD in emerging adults can help determine the precise role of genetic susceptibility to DDD. Methods: MRI imaging (1.6 Tesla) was used to analyses individuals (41 years old) having lumbar disc degeneration, and genome wide association testing was made for 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 38 potential genes. Pfirrman's grading had been used to classify disc degeneration in specific lumbar spine discs from L1 to S1. The participants have been divided into 2 sets based on their Total Disc Degenerative Score. DDD intensity has been rated as mild or severe depending on TDDS. Results: MRI imaging (1.6 Tesla) was used to analyze individuals (41 years old) having lumbar disc degeneration, and genome wide association testing was made for 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 38 potential genes. Pfirrman's grading had been used to classify disc degradation in specific lumbar spine discs from L1 to S1. The participants have been divided into 2 sets grounded on their Total Disc Degenerative Score. DDD intensity has been rated as moderately severe depending on TDDS. Conclusion: The researchers discovered significant SNP correlations of five genes in young people with serious lumbar disc degeneration. Those five genes have various roles in matrix metabolism, intracellular transmission, and the inflammatory cascade. The current demonstrates that disc degeneration is very complicated illness characterized by the intricate interaction of several genetic variations. Keywords: Lumbar Degenerative Disc, Degeneration, Predisposed.
Regional Differences of Environmental Pollution Sources of Ujjani Dam in Indapur Tehsil Area and Its Socio-economic Influencing Factors
Authors:   Arts, Science and Commerce College Indapur, Dist - Pune. (MH), India, B. Bhore J. , I. Gatkul B. , B. Shinde Amit
Published: March 2022

Ujjani dam project provides the opportunity to study the current status of livelihoods of the people affected by the dam, and the aftermath of displacement and rehabilitation. The livelihoods of project - affected people (PAP) are still at risk from the development of the ujjani dam. In the case of the dam many studies that have been done on the resettlement and rehabilitation policy. Due to a large submersion of forest and agriculture land by the reservoir, over 4, 000 families were classified as affected according to the Government of India. Those who received official designation as Project Affected People (PAP) some studies estimate that the number of families and people affected is much greater than the number accounted for by the Indian government’s policies. Some estimates project that nearly 10, 000 people have been affected by this phase of the dam development. The numbers of families living around the dam and reservoir who require compensation due to impacts of the dam. Some of the major’s issues and conclusions that emerge from this review. It has invariably led to dispersal of communities, breakdown of traditional support systems and devaluation of their cultural identity and curtailed their access to natural resource base, affecting their mental and physical wellbeing. The resettlement and rehabilitation process is largely dependent and affected by the lifestyle of the families before displacement.
A Critical Analysis of the Impact of COVID-19 on the Takeaway Delivery Sector Through Power and Control
Authors:   University of York Management School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, Li Zongyi
Published: March 2022

A large number of offline restaurants have closed their dine-in services due to government-imposed blocking restrictions, which led to a sharp rise in demand for takeaways. Wages for takeaway delivery workers have been increased. At the same time, however, as the number of orders increased, companies tightened their grip on takeaway delivery workers. This has led to a sharp increase in the intensity of work and work pressure on takeaway workers. This paper analyses the positive and negative impacts of the epidemic on the delivery staff of Meituan, a giant in the Chinese delivery industry, and how the new coronavirus has affected the company’s delivery staff.
Design and Fabrication of a 2.4 GHz Right Hand Circular Polarized Micro-Strip Patch Antenna
Authors: Ahmad Mansoor , Khalil Fazli A.
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we present a single feed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency. A typical microstrip patch antenna is fabricated on a metal coated dielectric substrate where the metallic antenna patch is defined on the top of the substrate, whereas the bottom of the substrate acts as a ground plate. These antennas are typically used for civil and military communication purposes. Before fabrication, the presented antenna was first designed, simulated and optimized in CST Microwave studio. The circular polarization was achieved by perturbation of the edges, making the design optimization a bit challenging. The simulated and measured return loss of the proposed antenna is -27 dB and -13.34dB, respectively. Whereas, the gain came out to be 6 dB. The obtained results show that the presented antenna has the quality of right hand circular polarized antenna.
Balance after stapedectomy
Authors: Hamdy Mona Mohamed , El khousht Mostafa , Elserafy Gamal Mohamed , Saad Ahmed Mohamed , El Deeb Mohamed Saeed
Published: March 2022

Objective: To investigate the impact of stapedectomy on the vestibular system and analyze the relation of the vestibular changes to the operational and audiological properties.Patients and Methods: This is a prospective Cohort study including 50 otosclerosis patients underwent stapedectomy operation. Who were frequented on the ENT outpatient clinic of Elgalaa Military Medical Complex. The patients were investigated preoperatively, one week and one month postoperatively. Results: Preoperative and postoperative audiological assessment revealed that pure tone average was improved in 49 patients (98%) and remained constant in 1 patient (2%), no sensorineural hearing loss occurs among the study patients. After the first post-operative week, 2 patients (4%) showed decreased pure tone average scores that improved 1 month postoperatively to more than the pre-operative scores. Bone conduction average threshold was improved in 39 patients (78%), remained constant in 4 patients (8%) and decreased in 7 patients (14%). Sensory Organization Test (SOT) composite and vestibular scores at the first postoperative week testing improved in only 1 patient (2%) and diminished in 49 patients (98%) with stastically insignificant difference. However; at One month postoperatively, they recovered at least to preoperative level. Neither patient characteristics, nor audiological findings were found to be correlated with vestibular changes.
Oro-motor skills and gross motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy following electrical stimulation
Authors: Ahmed Amal F. , Olama Khaled A. , Zaky Naglaa A. , Abdelfadil Ahmed R.
Published: March 2022

Feeding difficulties are common in children with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Swallowing difficulties, extended feeding times, poor postural control, frequent chocking/coughing, trouble drinking, and frequent vomiting are the most common feeding challenges. The dysfunctional daily eating activities among these population result in reduced quality of life, limited functional performance, and they become dependent in most of oral health care and mealtimes.The specific nature and severity of the feeding problems may differ to some degree, in relation to sensorimotor impairment, gross and fine motor limitations. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on oro-motor skills and gross motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy and to find out if there was a relationship between them. Eighteen children with diplegic cerebral palsy aged from 3 to 5 years from both sexes participated in this study. They received a designed physical therapy, oromotor exercises for 60 minutes followed by electrical stimulation for 40 minutes. The treatment was conducted two sessions per week for three successive months. Data obtained from both groups pre treatment and post treatment regarding Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), Oral Motor Assessment Scale (OMAS).
Management of AdhogAmlapitta with Ayurveda
Authors: Varma Shubham , Sawarkar Punam , Sawarkar Gaurav , Parwe Shweta , Rajwade Sonu , Dodiya Mahesh , Tople Devika
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Amlapitta mentioned in Ayurveda is one of the common clinical condition of the gastrointestinal system in which Pitta get Vidhagdhm or “Amlam Paka. Causes of Amlapitta especially compromise Ahara Janya Hetu, such as excessive intake of Abhishyandi and Pishtanna, Acidic, Hot substances, Alcohol, Adhyashan, Viruddhashan, Vidahiannapana and intake of food in Ajirna condition.   In modern science, Amlapita can be correlated with Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which hyperacidity occurs due to excess acid production in the stomach. Aim and objectives: The prime aim of this paper is to study the efficacy of Shamana and Shodhana Chikitsa in Ayurveda in the management of Adhog Amlapitta. Material and method: It is a single case study of 64 years-old male patients who had complaints, e.g., constant Pain in the Epigastric region, Abdominal distension, burning sensation in the throat, chest, and abdomen restlessness. Observations and Results: All clinical features in this patient had reduced significantly by using Shodhana and Shaman Aushadhi recommended by ancient Acharyas in the management of Amlapitta.
Digital competence and ICT literacy of school teachers: In the context of schools in Nintavur, Sri Lanka
Authors: Musfira Ameer Fathima , Shafana Abdul Raheem Fathima , Musthafa Fathima Naja , Vijitharan Sharaniya , Iqbal Nihla
Published: March 2022

The goal of this study is to look at the digital competence and ICT literacy of school teachers in Sri Lanka's Nintavur division. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) knowledge is now considered to be a vital skill for teachers at all levels, in addition to their knowledge of their subject. Recently, there has been a lot of attention paid to digital competence and ICT literacy because it is seen as a way to improve society’s level of knowledge and, in turn, the country’s knowledge index. When teachers evaluate their own digital competence, they need to think outside of the box and look at things as to how they can get information on the internet, use digital devices and apps, share content on the internet with other people, and how well they can manage information using different digital sources. In light of this, this preliminary study looks into what extent school teachers in the Nintavur division are digitally competent and how well they use ICT. This study employed a questionnaire to look at teachers’ willingness, readiness, and ability to use ICTs and their current digital competence in teaching and education, as well as how they use these skills in their work.
Painful calcaneal spur often misdiagnosed for lumbar radicular pain
Authors: Saffan Amr Mohammed Mohie , Zedan Adel M. E. , Elrazik Reda Kotb Abd
Published: March 2022

Background: Persistence of painful calcaneal spur (PCS) and loss of long-term effect may be related to unrecognized low back pain (LBP), dysfunction and/or lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR), but prevalence of LBP in PCS patients has not been established. Purpose: to determine the prevalence of LBP among individuals with and without PCS. Methods: A cross-sectional study of individuals with (n = 26) and without (n=27) PCS. X-ray used to determine calcaneal spur. MRI and X-ray (as available), and clinical tests used to determine LBP/pathology/LSR. Results: A greater percentage of individuals with PCS had LBP (88.5% vs. 33% in controls), lumbar pathology (58 vs. 19), and LSR (54 vs. 15). Conclusion: Individuals with painful calcaneal spur had a greater prevalence of LBP/lumbar pathology/LSR. Treatment to address impairments related to lumbar spine may be necessary to enhance the treatment of PCS.
Detection of antibiotics resistance e-coli gens isolates from urinary tract infection
Authors: Kareem Yousra , Hassan Baydaa A.
Published: March 2022

This study was completed in laboratories of Biology Department  in Faculty of Science. It explains of antibiotics resistance Escherichia coli that isolated from urinary tract Infection patients in the province of Najaf. A total number of (225) samples were collected from patients with from hospitals and laboratories AL-Najaf Governorate, E.coli isolated from urinary tract Infection  infection revealed that 80 E.coli isolates against 22 commonly used antibacterial agents by using the disk diffusion method. E. coli isolates has a great resistance to most commonly antibiotics used in treatment of urinary tract Infection, the highest rate of resistance is seen with, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin 60 /80 ( 75 %)  followed by Norfloxacine 57/80 (71.25 %)  Trimethoprime-sulfamethaxazol 55/80 (68.75 %), The results showed that the( gyrA) gene was detected in E. coli isolates, from the 30 (100%) all isolates of E. coli were have (gyr A) gene. The results also showed that the (Sul1)gene was detected in E. coli isolates, from the 30 (100%) isolates of E. coli  24 (80%) were have (Sul1)  gene, while the results showed four positive isolates of the Ant(2")-1a , from the 30 (100%) isolates of E. coli  4 (13.3%) were have ( Ant(2")-1a) gene.
Models of Helping, Happiness, and Spiritual Serenity among Indonesian and Chinese Students
Authors: Rusdi Ahmad , Nurasha Kenia Puruhita , Rachmawati Mira Aliza , Yang Li , Wangnan Pan , Andriansyah Yuli
Published: March 2022

In positive psychology, the study of happiness is more popular than that of serenity. Many studies have found connections between helping and happiness and between happiness and serenity. However, research that examines all three variables and how they relate in a model is limited. This study aims to develop models of helping, happiness, and serenity using students from Indonesia and China. A total of 103 Indonesian students and 104 Chinese students contributed to this research. The Helping Attitude Scale (HAS), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), Tatmainn al-Qulūb Scale (TQS), and Peace of Mind Scale (PoM) were used in this study. The results show that for Indonesian students, helping is a predictor of spiritual serenity but not of happiness. However, one aspect of helping, belief, can be a predictor of happiness. This model is confirmed using the CFI (0.97), GFI (0.97), and TLI (0.91) parameters. In contrast, for Chinese students, helping is a predictor of happiness but not of spiritual serenity. However, helping is a predictor of one component of spiritual serenity: confidence. This model is confirmed using the GFI (1) and AGFI (0.97) parameters.
NH4+, dan Fe3+ terhadap Ketersediaan K Jerapan dan Pengaruh Na+, NH4+ pada Tanah-tanah yang Didominasi Mineral Liat Smektit
Authors: Nursyamsi Dedi , Idris Komaruddin , Sabiham Supiandi , Rachim Djunaedi Abdul , Sofyan Agus
Published: March 2022

Total content of potassium in smectitic soils is commonly high, however its availability for plant growth is frequently problem because it is fixed at interlayer space of 2:1 type of clay mineral. The research was  aimed to study the sorption and effect of Na+, NH +, and Fe3+  on soil available K at smectitic soils. It  was conducted in Laboratory of Research and Soil Test, Indonesian Soil Research Institute by using four of soil samples taken from Bogor (Typic Hapludalfs), Cilacap (Chromic Endoaquerts), Ngawi (Typic Endoaquerts), and Blora (Typic Haplustalfs). Incubation experiment used Randomized Completely Block Design, 4 treatments, and 5 replications. The treatment consisted of without cation, application of Na+, NH +, and Fe3+ from NaCl, NH Cl, and FeCl respectively at 50% of maximum adsorption level. The results showed that soil sorption, buffering capacity, and maximum sorption of Fe3+ were higher than NH + and Na+, while the variables of NH + were similar with those of Na+. Among the treatments,bond energy constant was in order of  Na+  > Fe3+  > NH +  at Alfisols and it was in order of  Fe3+  > Na+  > NH +  at Vertisols. Among the soils, the soil sorption, buffering capacity, and maximum sorption were in order of Vertisols > Alfisols. The application of Na+ significantly increased soil soluble-K at Chromic Endoaquerts and Typic Endoaquerts; NH + significantly increased soil exchangeable K at Typic Hapludalfs, Chromic Endoaquerts, and Typic Endoaquerts; while Fe3+ significantly increased both variables in all tested soils.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Some Local Rice Varieties Grown without Fertilizer on Acid Sulphate Soil Area in South Kalimantan
Authors: Purnomo Erry , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Hashidoko Yasuyuki , Saputra Presto J , Osaki Mitsuru
Published: March 2022

Banjarese farmers in South Kalimantan apply a very minimum nitrogen (N) fertilizer in growing local rice. This practice has been adopted for many years. Yet, the grain yield level at farmers’ field is not necessary low. We are questioning about N sources for the crop. This study only focuses on measuring net N mineralization in association with N uptake. We grew three rice varieties at four sites in rice growing area of South Kalimantan. The net N accumulation in soil and water, plant top biomass, N concentration of plant tissue and N uptake were measured on monthly basis. The results showed that all rice varieties grown in the 4 locations took up more N than from N mineralized from the organic matter. The higher N in the crop indicates that there are other sources of N for the local rice such as N fixed by microorganisms.
Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jagung yang Dipupuk N, P, dan K pada Tanah Vertisol Isimu Utara Kabupaten Gorontalo
Authors: Nurdin . , Maspeke Purnamaningsuh , Ilahude Zulzain , Zakaria Fauzan
Published: March 2022

The fertilizer availability as source of N, P, and K nutrient where plant responsif  was difficult found by farmer. Thefore, It was needed information about nutrient availability in soil properties to know nutrient deficiency of its by maize as plant indicator. The  objective of this research was to study the respons of  N, P, and K fertilizers and the best combination of it on the growth and yield of Maize. The research conducted at Udic Pellusterts in North Isimu Tibawa District of Gorontalo Regency. The experi- mental design was following random block design that consist of 5 treatments with 3 replications. The result of this research showing that minus N, P, and K fertilizers have a significantly effect on plant age polination, the percentage of height stem of  an ear of corn to plant height and dry straw weight but did not have significantly effect on plant height and the weigh of one hundred grain of Maize. To improve the growth and yield of Maize using fertilizing without P treatment were 250 kg Urea ha-1 and 75 kg KCl ha-1 or completely dosage were 250 kg Urea ha-1, 100 kg TSP ha-1 and 75 kg KCl ha-1 as the best fertilizers combination.
Correlation between Soil Test Phosphorus of Kaolinitic and Smectitic Soils with Phosphorus Uptake of Lowland Rice
Authors: Masjkur Mohammad
Published: March 2022

Correlation between soil test phosphorus (P) and plant-available P parameters were affected by soil properties, such as soil pH, particle-size composition, and mineralogy. The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine P concentration extracted by several soil P test method in kaolinitic and smectitic soil, and (2) to determine correlation between soil P test and soil properties, P fractions, P sorption parameters, and P uptake of lowland rice. The soil P test in kaolinitic and smectitic soil used solutions of HCl 25%, Truog, Olsen, Bray1, Mehlich1, and Morgan Venema and were correlated with P uptake of lowland rice in field experiment. Concentration of  Truog-P in kaolinitic soil was significantly higher than smectitic soil, while concentration of  Morgan-P in kaolinitic soil was significantly lower than smectitic soil. Concentration differences of HCl 25%-P, Olsen-P, Bray1-P, and Mehlich1-P between kaolinitic and smectitic soil were not significant.  In kaolinitic soil correlation between HCl 25%-P, Olsen-P, Bray1-P, and Mehlich1-P, and Morgan-P with P uptake of lowland rice were not significant. In smectitic soil HCl 25%-P, Olsen-P, Bray1-P, and Mehlich1-P correlated significantly with P uptake of lowland rice, while Morgan-P was not significant.
A Glimpse at the Melody of Ibycus? Accent Distribution in fr. 286 Page
Authors: Abritta Alejandro
Published: March 2022

This paper presents what seems to be a peculiar melodic design in Ibycus, fr. 286 PMG and shows how it contributes to our understanding of his poetry, in particular regarding how the tone of the words emphasizes the division between the sections of the poem. After a general introduction to the problem and the question of the relation between the tonal contours of ancient Greek music and language, the author introduces a “melodic chart” with the reconstructed tonal movements of the fragment. Finally, he attempts to show how this distribution of accents relates to the thematic division and responds to objections.
An Approach for Color Measurement of Irradiated Fresh Cilantro
Authors: YÜCEL Pelin
Published: March 2022

Food irradiation is widely accepted as a proven and effective postharvest treatment to reduce the bacterial contamination, extend the shelf life and maintain the food quality. Spices and herbs are the most commonly irradiated commercial products. Low dose irradiation causes no adverse effects on the visual quality of fresh herbs and spices. The appearance and color of food influence the consumer’s product choice. Numerous studies are performed on the use of computer vision and image processing for the color evaluation in the food industry. In the present study, fresh cilantro was chosen as a model to estimate the change in the color parameters of gamma irradiated fresh cilantro leaves. Image analysis method was proposed as an alternative to conventional colorimeters for color measurement of irradiated fresh herbs and spices.
Relationship Between Hydrocarbon Content and Oxidative Stability in Irradiated Hazelnut Oils
Authors: GÜÇLÜ Hülya
Published: March 2022

The hydrocarbon detection method, based on the detection of hydrocarbons formed during irradiation, is one of the internationally accepted detection methods for irradiated foods. Radiolysis products, formed due to breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids by irradiation, are detected in this method. While no hydrocarbons were not found in the unirradiated hazelnut oil, hydrocarbons, namely 1-7 hexa-decadiene, 1- hexa-decene, n-penta-decane and 1- tetra-decene, but they were detected after irradiation at doses of 5 kGy or higher. It was found that irradiation induced the formation of hydrocarbons and when irradiation dose increased, the amount of hydrocarbons increased. The Rancimat process is widely used to define the amount of oxidation in foods containing fat. Analysis time is short as it is a very fast method. The induction time, showing the oxidation resistance of oils, decreased as irradiation dose increased. The possible relationship between the detected hydrocarbons and oxidative stability was examined and a negative correlation was found between the hydrocarbon and rancimat methods.
Animal abuse and interpersonal violence from the perspective of veterinarians from Paraíba State, Brazil
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brandão Thiago da Silva , Dantas Neto Agrício Moreira ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Alves Aline de Sousa ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Ximenes Raquel Guedes ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Bezerra Karla Priscila Garrido ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brasil Arthur Willian de Lima ,   Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Nóbrega Sônia Correia Assis da ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Silva Rosangela Maria Nunes da ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Souza Almir Pereira de ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of veterinarians in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, regarding the care of abused animals, the profile of possible aggressors, and their perceptions of the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. For this purpose, an online survey containing 21 questions was made available to veterinarians registered in the Regional Veterinary Medicine Council of Paraíba (CRMV - PB). The chi-square test with a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. According to the interviewees, 70.7% (53/75) of the abuse victims were small animals. Negligence (68% [51/75]) and the absence of medical care (68% [51/75]) were the most evident forms of abuse. Furthermore, 82.7% (62/75) of them believed in the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. In addition, 90.7% (68/75) of the interviewees responded that they have not experienced technical difficulty in identifying maltreatment. However, 48% (36/75) stated to not know the animal abuse law, 90.7% (68/75) did not report the aggressors, and 81.3% (61/75) stated that the absence of measures by the competent public bodies makes it harder to report the abuse. This study concluded that these professionals will, at some point in their clinical routine, encounter situations of animal maltreatment and human violence, as they are in a privileged position to identify such acts. However, they need more normative knowledge about animal abuse crimes.
Pola Peresepan Obat Kemoterapi Kanker Payudara di Rumah Sakit Lavalette Kota Malang
Authors: Irawati Irawati , Sardjan Mardhiyah
Published: March 2022

Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit ganas dengan angka kejadian yang tinggi baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia, kanker payudara sendiri merupakan pembunuh nomor satu di Indonesia. Kemoterapi sebagai salah satu metode yang digunakan dalam pengobatan kanker payudara juga menimbulkan efek samping yang dapat mengganggu kualitas hidup pasien kanker payudara. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui jenis obat kemoterapi, kombinasi jenis obat kemoterapi dalam satu resep dan dosis obat kemoterapi kanker payudara yang di Rumah Sakit Lavalette. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2020 dengan sampel sebanyak 100 lembar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis obat kemoterapi kanker payudara yang sering dituliskan adalah cyclophosphamide 29%, docetaxel 19% dan paclitaxel 17%. Kombinasi obat kemoterapi yang sering dituliskan adalah kombinasi 2 jenis obat yaitu TdC (docetaxel cyclophosphamide) 36% dan TpCar (paclitaxel, carboplatin) 33%. Penulisan dosis untuk semua jenis obat telah dikaji sesuai dengan berat badan, tinggi badan dan umur pasien.
The General Agreement on Trade in Services: Taking Stock and Moving Forward
Authors: Footer Mary E.
Published: March 2022

The basic premise of this article is that GATS negotiations are moving along a completely different track and time frame to the other WTO subject matter, which forms part of the Doha Round, and are best considered as part of a work-in-progress. This article identifies some of the key conceptual, methodological and systemic issues that WTO Members face in negotiating on trade in services. These include the fact that the template for trade in goods is conceptually ill suited to the development of trade in services and gives rise to problems of market access and the scheduling of services' commitments as well as the phasing out of MFN exemptions. From a methodological point of view, there is a dearth of adequate information on services combined with the unresolved issues of classification and scheduling of specific and horizontal commitments. Moreover, negotiations on trade in services are made more difficult by the need for Members to give effect to measures of autonomous liberalisation. Finally, Members are faced with systemic issues because they must continue to work on ongoing built-in agenda items such as domestic regulation, the development of additional GATS rules and the negotiation of new sectoral annexes or review of existing ones, without which the results of negotiations cannot be fully appreciated.
Merger as a Method of Establishment: on Cross-border Mergers, Transfer of Domicile and Divisions, Directly Applicable under the EC Treaty’s Freedom of Establishment
Authors: Ronfeldt Thomas , Ronfeldt Thomas
Published: March 2022

An important judgement of 13 December 2005 by the European Court in Sevic finds that the freedom of establishment under the EC Treaty applies directly to cross-border mergers without any need for directives on the matter, as mergers are to be deemed a method of establishment. This contribution analyses the judgment’s far reaching consequences, among them the fact that by analogy, commercial legal persons will be able to transfer from one country to another or to be the object of cross-border divisions by direct application of the principle of freedom of establishment under the Treaty, in other words without any need for harmonisation directives.
Group and Community ? the European Court’s Development of an Independent Community Law Concept of the Group and its Significance for National Company Law
Authors: Werlauff Erik
Published: March 2022

This contribution analyses the development of the concept of a corporate group, drawing on a wide range of judgments of the EC Court of Justice.
Can You Trust the Dutch (Company Law System)?
Authors: Oostwouder Wilco J.
Published: March 2022

Following the judgment of the Dutch Enterprise Chamber in the ABN AMRO case (discussed in ECL 2007, Issue 4), the Dutch Supreme Court, on 13 July 2007, set aside the judgment of the Chamber. This contribution deals with several questions decided by the Supreme Court.
The Implementation of the MiFID in the Netherlands: Mission Accomplished?
Authors: Oostwouder Wilco J.
Published: March 2022

In this contribution the author discusses the implementation of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) in the Netherlands. He lays emphasis on the optional exemption of Article 3 MiFID to create a national regime for intermediaries and on the ideas of the Dutch Minister of Finance to extend the MiFID pre and post trade transparency rules for shares to all financial instruments.
Cross–Border Mergers and Minority Protection: An Open–ended Harmonization
Authors: Wyckaert Marieke
Published: March 2022

The authors discuss minority protection in company law both before and under the Cross–Border Mergers Directive, also paying attention to the implementation of the Directive in some EU Member States.
Creditor Protection in Cross–Border Mergers: Unfinished Business
Authors: Olthoff Thijs P.H. , Raaijmakers Geert
Published: March 2022

The Cross–Border Mergers Directive lays down provisions to facilitate such mergers. The issue of creditor protection is barely touched upon in the Directive. As a result, national systems of creditor protection may be an impediment for a smooth merger process and may create uncertainties.
Regulating the Regulators: The Changing Face of Financial Supervision Architectures before and after the Crisis
Authors: Quintyn Marc , Masciandaro Donato
Published: March 2022

This paper addresses two crucial questions: what are the main features of the reshaping of the supervisory architectures and what is the role central banks are taking in the changing environment of the financial supervision?
Modernizing of Dutch Company Law: Reform of the Law Applicable to the BV and a New Legal Framework for the One-Tier board within NVs and BVs
Authors: Verkerk Barend
Published: March 2022

The author brings the ECL-reader up to date with the latest legislative developments in Dutch company law, including a new “light version” of the Dutch private company (BV) and the introduction of the one tier board structure as an option for both private and public companies (NVs).
Majority Shareholder Sidelined by the Dutch Business Court: The Inter Access Case in the Light of Article 1 Protocol 1 ECHR
Authors: Lennarts Marie-Louise
Published: March 2022

In its already renowned judgment in Inter Acces v. Willemse, the Amsterdam Business Court in summary proceedings authorized the company’s management to issue new shares, thereby diluting the majority shareholder’s stake into a minority stake. It is the aim of this article to investigate the role of Article 1 Protocol 1 ECHR in cases like this.
New Danish Company Act on Shareholders Agreements: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Werlauff Erik
Published: March 2022

The new Danish Company Act, effective as of 1 March 2010 and applicable to public and private companies alike, creates a sharp distinction between (the legal consequences of) shareholder obligations based on the company's articles of association and contractual obligations. Werlauff points at the undesirable effects of this legislation, in particular as to the enforcement of shareholder agreements.
Disclosure of Price-sensitive Information: What Effect Do Intermediate Steps Have on the Statutory Disclosure Date?
Authors: Schauburg-Müller Peer
Published: March 2022

On the basis of the European Court's judgment in the Daimler case, this article analyses the effect of a series of intermediate steps leading up to a price-sensitive event which is subject to public disclosure on the date on which that duty is triggered. Such intermediate steps have a greater effect than has previously been generally assumed, and intermediate steps over a prolonged period may have the effect of bringing the date of disclosure forward.
Reforming English Company Law to Promote Sustainable Companies
Authors: Johnston Andrew
Published: March 2022

English company law already gives company directors scope to take account of sustainability in their decision-making, but corporate governance gives them strong incentives not to do so. This article argues that English company law should require directors to identify and internalise the company's externalities and that corporate governance, which incentivises the pursuit of short-term shareholder value, must be reformed
Introduction of a Group Definition in the New Accounting Directive: The Impact on Future Accounting Regulation
Authors: Søgaard Gitte
Published: March 2022

After 35 years (Council Directive 78/660/EEC) and 30 years (Council Directive 83/349/ EEC), these two accounting directives were on 20 July 2013 repealed and replaced by a new Directive 2013/34/EU. All Member States must bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the new Directive by 20 July 2015, and the new rules must be applied to financial statements for financial years beginning on 1 January 2016 or later.
Governance of Government Undertakings. Ensuring Public Interests in the Netherlands, Germany and France
Authors: Nijland Jelle
Published: March 2022

This article focuses on a specific group of legal entities entrusted with economic activities of public interest, namely government undertakings - for example the Dutch railways or Schiphol Airport (Amsterdam). A certain amount of (in)direct government influence on these companies may however be desirable when ultimately the government remains politically accountable for (the services provided by) these companies.
The Societas Unius Personae (SUP)
Authors: Wuisman Iris
Published: March 2022

The Societas Unius Personae is proposed for the benefit of a quicker and cheaper way of establishing a single-member private limited liability company across the border. In order to achieve this objective, a mandatory full electronic registration procedure is included in the proposed Directive. Although Member States are bound by certain conditions, they have some freedom in designing the (online) registration process and the requested information. As a result, twenty-eight different registration procedures may come into force.
Short Selling Reporting Rules: A Greenfield Area
Authors: Howell Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

Short selling reporting obligations are helpful to regulators, particularly in deterring abusive behaviour. The EU Short Selling Regulation introduces common reporting requirements. Turning to the US, it has paid far less attention to short sale reporting obligations. This article examines the approach taken to short sale reporting in the EU and US and discusses the recent reports. It suggests that changes are required in both jurisdictions to ensure reporting rules can be helpful rather than a hindrance.
Protecting Crowdfunders: Is a MiFID-Mimicking Approach Appropriate?
Authors: Alibrandi Antonella Sciarrone , d’Ippolito Edoardo , Musitelli Matteo
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this article is to illustrate and evaluate the crowdfunding investor protection regime put into place by the Italian regulator. This article casts some doubts on the consistency of the domestic rules with the European framework governing the provision of financial services. Furthermore, it challenges the effectiveness of the decision to apply a burdensome MiFID-mimicking regime to this burgeoning form of business venture financing.
One- or Two-tier Board System? A Comparative Analysis of the British and Polish Systems of Corporate Governance
Authors: Samól Katarzyna
Published: March 2022

Corporate literature and practice reveal that neither the British one-tier nor the Polish two-tier board system is entirely safe for business participants. This article considers the implementation of a one-tier board system in Poland to be an alternative to the currently binding one, in addition to increasing the number of independent supervisors on supervisory boards.
Dutch Supreme Court at a Loss over Groups
Authors: Bartman Steef M.
Published: March 2022

The European company law and corporate governance Plan of Action that the European Commission published on 12 December 2012 suggests that the concept of ‘group interest’ should be recognized by all Member States. No doubt this will also be part of the final proposal for a European Model Company Act, which is expected to be published shortly. Based on the case law of the Supreme Court in the Netherlands, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the Court has trouble placing the phenomenon of groups in Dutch company law. Although in some judgments it seems to lovingly embrace the group, in others it seems to trigger alarm among the Supreme Court and cause it to shrink back.
The Essential Role of Enterprises for an Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Towards a New Uniform Model Law for the Social Enterprise?
Authors: Ventura Livia
Published: March 2022

This article provides a general overview of several new types of hybrid entities, blending for-profit and not-for-profit purposes, which have been introduced in the United States, Europe and Latin America with the objective of providing social entrepreneurs with a proper vehicle for the conduct of their mission-driven business activities. Among them, the most famous hybrid form is the benefit corporation, born in Maryland in 2010, currently adopted by thirty-five states of the US (including Delaware) and transplanted in Italy and Colombia. France also developed a new similar legal status, the one of ‘entreprise à mission’. It seems that we are facing the birth of a new uniform hybrid entity model for the social enterprise (SE) movement. The adoption of a uniform model statute, such as the ‘for-benefit’ model, capable of solving the problems arising from the governance structure of a dual-purpose company, can serve the fundamental purpose of offering domestic legislatures a uniform point of reference in implementing domestic regulation of hybrid companies. From the European Union perspective, the introduction of a European SE model statute can provide the necessary legal framework to foster the development of a strong European fourth sector, establishing harmonized conditions for SEs all over the EU and thus facilitating cross-border investment and trading in this sector.

benefit corporation, società benefit, sociedades de beneficio e interés colectivo, B Lab, social enterprise, shareholder primacy, dual purpose companies, triple bottom line, hybrid entities, SDGs
The Limited Power for Shareholders to Appoint and Dismiss Management Board Members in Dutch Listed Companies
Authors: Kemp Bastiaan , Renshof Sebastian
Published: March 2022

Dutch listed companies make frequent and varied use of oligarchic clauses for the appointment and dismissal of management board members. As a result, shareholders in Dutch listed companies are often not free to nominate and appoint their own candidates for the management board. This contribution analyses the use and trends of these so-called oligarchic clauses by listed companies incorporated under Dutch law.

Oligarchic clauses, appointment and dismissal of management board members, listed companies
On the Legal Structure of Digital Commons
Authors: Kornilakis Angelos
Published: March 2022

This article explores the legal structure of small-scale entrepreneurial digital commons. It links digital commons with the organizational innovations of digital economy and the findings of network theory, since networking forms the backbone of digital commons. The organizational structure of digital commons, founded on three pillars, the Productive Community, the Commons Oriented Entrepreneurial Coalition and the For Benefit Association, is associated with the network structure adopted by such projects, broken down to a decisionmaking and a value network.

digital economy, digital commons, small-scale networks, network-enterprise, franchise
Sustainability Through Transparency and Definitions: A Few Thoughts on Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 and Regulation (EU) 2020/852
Authors: van Oostrum Chris
Published: March 2022

Against the background of the EU policy goal to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investment, this article will review the extent to which Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 (Disclosure Regulation) and Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (Taxonomy Regulation) are effective in terms of increasing investor confidence to invest in sustainable economic activities. In this respect, particular focus will be on the relationship between the disclosure obligations and the terminology ensuing from the two regulations.

Disclosure Regulation, Taxonomy Regulation, Sustainable Finance, Transparency, ESG, Sustainable terminology, Green terminology, Sustainability
Reflections on the GDPR Adequacy Assessment and Strategy of Japan: For the Enhancement of Transborder Data Flows
Authors: Kato Takayuki
Published: March 2022

Japan started the dialogue with the EU Commission in April 2016 to realize free cross-border personal data flows and after thorough discussion, the mutual adequacy certification agreement between the EU and Japan was concluded and became effective in January 2019. While the adequacy agreement is a welcome event, this article examines if the policy which the Japanese government pursued is defensible.

This article focuses on the difficulty in comparing the (General Data Protection Regulation) GDPR with data protection law in a third country especially where its tradition and language are greatly different from the EU. It explains this difficulty in terms of the institutional aspect (the creation of an independent organ), the substantive adequacy of data protection law (rights of data subjects and obligations of data controllers) and the adequacy of enforcement of data protection law (administrative, civil and criminal enforcement).

It is understandable that the EU takes an adequacy approach for the data protection of their residents, but the time and effort involved in the assessment could be significant. The article suggests that an international agreement or convention could be a preferable option by drawing on the experience of Council of Europe Convention 108 and similar models when we narrow down the issues of data protection to the problem of crossborder data flows in the private sector.

Personal Information Protection, Japan, General Data Protection Regulation, Adequacy