bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent
Authors: Abeles Shira R , Robles-Sikisaka Refugio , Ly Melissa , Lum Andrew G , Salzman Julia , Boehm Tobias K , Pride David T
Published: March 2014

Viruses are the most abundant members of the human oral microbiome, yet relatively little is known about their biodiversity in humans. To improve our understanding of the DNA viruses that inhabit the human oral cavity, we examined saliva from a cohort of eight unrelated subjects over a 60-day period. Each subject was examined at 11 time points to characterize longitudinal differences in human oral viruses. Our primary goals were to determine whether oral viruses were specific to individuals and whether viral genotypes persisted over time. We found a subset of homologous viral genotypes across all subjects and time points studied, suggesting that certain genotypes may be ubiquitous among healthy human subjects. We also found significant associations between viral genotypes and individual subjects, indicating that viruses are a highly personalized feature of the healthy human oral microbiome. Many of these oral viruses were not transient members of the oral ecosystem, as demonstrated by the persistence of certain viruses throughout the entire 60-day study period. As has previously been demonstrated for bacteria and fungi, membership in the oral viral community was significantly associated with the sex of each subject. Similar characteristics of personalized, sex-specific microflora could not be identified for oral bacterial communities based on 16S rRNA. Our findings that many viruses are stable and individual-specific members of the oral ecosystem suggest that viruses have an important role in the human oral ecosystem.
Photochemical ligand ejection from non-sterically promoted Ru(ii)bis(diimine) 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl complexes
Authors: Welby Christine E. , Armitage Georgina K. , Bartley Harry , Sinopoli Alessandro , Uppal Baljinder S. , Elliott Paul I. P.
Published: March 2014

Complexes of the form [Ru(diimine)2(btz)]2+ (btz = 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl) are observed to undergo photochemical ejection of the btz ligand in the absence of any promotion through steric congestion to generate cis-bis(solvent) complexes [Ru(diimine)2(solvent)2]2+.
Sonogashira coupling in natural product synthesis
Authors: Wang Dan , Gao Shuanhu
Published: March 2014

This review will focus on selected applications of Sonogashira coupling and subsequent transformations as key steps in the total synthesis of natural products.
Electrochemical detection of guaiacol in bamboo juice based on the enhancement effect of RGO nanosheets
Authors: Wu Yan , Huang Meng , Song Nannan , Hu Weibing
Published: March 2014

The electrochemical behaviour of guaiacol was studied on different carbon materials surfaces. Compared with bare glassy carbon, graphite and graphene oxide, the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets which were chemically synthesized by a hydrothermal reduction exhibited the strongest enhancement effect, and the electrochemical oxidation response of guaiacol was remarkably improved.
Asymmetric synthesis of heteroaryl atropisomers via a gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization–amination cascade reaction
Authors: Guo Rui , Li Kang-Nan , Liu Bin , Zhu Hua-Jie , Fan Yu-Meng , Gong Liu-Zhu
Published: March 2014

The chiral gold(i) complex enables enantioselective cycloisomerization–amination of 2-(alkynyl)phenyl boronic acids and diazenes in high yields.
High DNP efficiency of TEMPONE radicals in liquid toluene at low concentrations
Authors: Enkin Nikolay , Liu Guoquan , Tkach Igor , Bennati Marina
Published: March 2014

Dynamic nuclear polarization in liquid toluene with TEMPONE radicals leads to high NMR signal enhancements at low polarizer concentrations.
A unique 1-amino-1-cyclopropane carboxylate cupric-cryptate hosting sodium
Authors: Ghattas Wadih , Ricoux Rémy , Korri-Youssoufi Hafsa , Guillot Régis , Rivière Eric , Mahy Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2014

Exploiting the self-assembly of Cu(ClO4)2, amino acids and Na+, we prepared and fully characterised the first 1-amino-1-cyclopropane containing metal cluster.
Nanodiamond surface redox chemistry: influence of physicochemical properties on catalytic processes
Authors: Varley Thomas S. , Hirani Meetal , Harrison George , Holt Katherine B.
Published: March 2014

Modification of an electrode with an immobilised layer of nanodiamond is found to significantly enhance the recorded currents for reversible oxidation of ferrocene methanol (FcMeOH). Current enhancement is related to nanodiamond diameter, with enhancement increasing in the order 1000 nm < 250 nm < 100 nm < 10 nm < 5 nm. We attribute the current enhancement to two catalytic processes: i) electron transfer between the solution redox species and redox-active groups on the nanodiamond surface; ii) electron transfer mediated by FcMeOH+ adsorbed onto the nanodiamond surface. The first process is pH dependent as it depends on nanodiamond surface functionalities for which electron transfer is coupled to proton transfer. The adsorption-mediated process is observed most readily at slow scan rates and is due to self-exchange between adsorbed FcMeOH+ and FcMeOH in solution. FcMeOH+ has a strong electrostatic affinity for the nanodiamond surface, as confirmed by in situ infrared (IR) experiments.
Coffee: biochemistry and potential impact on health
Authors: Ludwig Iziar A. , Clifford Michael N. , Lean Michael E. J. , Ashihara Hiroshi , Crozier Alan
Published: March 2014

This article reviews the diversity of compounds found in coffee beans, the effect of roasting and the potential impact of coffee beverage on health.
Palladacycle-catalyzed cascade reaction of bicyclic alkenes with alkynyl imines: synthesis of polycyclic 5H-benzo[b]azepines
Authors: Ge Guang-Cun , Ding Chang-Hua , Hou Xue-Long
Published: March 2014

A new methodology to prepare a six–seven membered ring [4,5,0] heterobicyclic system has been developed via a palladacycle-catalyzed cascade reaction of bicyclic alkenes and alkynyl imines.
Heterostructured poly(3,6-dithien-2-yl-9H-carbazol-9-yl acetic acid)/TiO2 nanoparticles composite redox-active materials as both anode and cathode for high-performance symmetric supercapacitor applications
Authors: Yiğit Deniz , Güllü Mustafa , Yumak Tuğrul , Sınağ Ali
Published: March 2014

Heterostructured composite electrodes exhibited high specific capacitance, specific power and specific energy, good cycling performance and excellent reversible capability.
LiFePO4/reduced graphene oxide hybrid cathode for lithium ion battery with outstanding rate performance
Authors: Zhu Xianjun , Hu Jing , Wu Wenyan , Zeng Wencong , Dai Huaili , Du Yuanxin , Liu Zhen , Li Liang , Ji Hengxing , Zhu Yanwu
Published: March 2014

LFP/rGO prepared by homogeneous coprecipitation demonstrates a capacity higher than 170 mA h g−1 with excellent rate performance.600 dpi in TIF format)??>
From epidemiology to pathophysiology: what about caffeine in Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Flaten Vanessa , Laurent Cyril , Coelho Joana E. , Sandau Ursula , Batalha Vânia L. , Burnouf Sylvie , Hamdane Malika , Humez Sandrine , Boison Detlev , Lopes Luísa V. , Buée Luc , Blum David
Published: March 2014

AD (Alzheimer's disease) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the aged population. Definitive diagnosis of AD is based on the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that are identified in post-mortem brain specimens. A third pathological component is inflammation. AD results from multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Among other factors, epidemiological studies report beneficial effects of caffeine, a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors. In the present review, we discuss the impact of caffeine and the adenosinergic system in AD pathology as well as consequences in terms of pathology and therapeutics.
Brain damage of the preterm infant: new insights into the role of inflammation
Authors: Van Steenwinckel Juliette , Schang Anne-Laure , Sigaut Stéphanie , Chhor Vibol , Degos Vincent , Hagberg Henrik , Baud Olivier , Fleiss Bobbi , Gressens Pierre
Published: March 2014

Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between perinatal infection/inflammation and brain damage in preterm infants and/or neurological handicap in survivors. Experimental studies have shown a causal effect of infection/inflammation on perinatal brain damage. Infection including inflammatory factors can disrupt programmes of brain development and, in particular, induce death and/or blockade of oligodendrocyte maturation, leading to myelin defects. Alternatively, in the so-called multiple-hit hypothesis, infection/inflammation can act as predisposing factors, making the brain more susceptible to a second stress (sensitization process), such as hypoxic–ischaemic or excitotoxic insults. Epidemiological data also suggest that perinatal exposure to inflammatory factors could predispose to long-term diseases including psychiatric disorders.
Measurement of glyoxalase activities
Authors: Arai Makoto , Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi Naomi , Itokawa Masanari , Rabbani Naila , Thornalley Paul J.
Published: March 2014

Glyoxalase I catalyses the isomerization of the hemithioacetal formed non-enzymatically from methylglyoxal and glutathione to S-D-lactoylglutathione. The activity of glyoxalase I is conventionally measured spectrophotometrically by following the increase in A240 for which the change in molar absorption coefficient Δε240=2.86 mM−1·cm−1. The hemithioacetal is pre-formed in situ by incubation of methylglyoxal and glutathione in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) at 37°C for 10 min. The cell extract is then added, the A240 is monitored over 5 min, and the initial rate of increase in A240 and hence glyoxalase I activity deduced with correction for blank. Glyoxalase I activity is given in units per mg of protein or cell number where one unit is the amount of enzyme that catalyses the formation of 1 μmol of S-D-lactoylglutathione per min under assay conditions. Glyoxalase II catalyses the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoylglutathione to D-lactate and glutathione. Glyoxalase II activity is also measured spectrophotometrically by following the decrease in A240 for which the change in molar absorption coefficient Δε240=−3.10 mM−1·cm−1. It is given in units per mg of protein or cell number where one unit is the amount of enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of 1 μmol of S-D-lactoylglutathione per min under assay conditions. Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activity measurements have been modified for use with a UV-transparent microplate for higher sample throughput.
Optimised parameter design of proportional integral and resonant current regulator for doubly fed induction generator during grid voltage distortion
Authors: Nian Heng , Song Yipeng
Published: March 2014

The study presents an optimised parameter design of the proportional integral and resonant (PIR) current regulator for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) under distorted grid voltage conditions. Based on the mathematical model of DFIG under distorted grid voltage conditions, practical PIR current regulator under synchronous frame is developed to implement the harmonic control target of sinusoidal stator current. The optimised parameter design of PIR regulator is investigated concerning the control system gain margin and phase margin, as well as variation of the resonant bandwidth. The influence of DFIG parameters and grid frequency deviation on PIR design is also discussed. Correctness of the optimised parameter design technique of PIR regulator is validated by the MATLAB simulation and experiment results.
Magnetic and microstructural modification of the Nd–Fe–B sintered magnet by mixed DyF3/DyHx powder doping
Authors: Kim Tae-Hoon , Lee Seong-Rae , Kim Hyo-Jun , Lee Min-Woo , Jang Tae-Suk
Published: March 2014

We investigated the magnetic and microstructural properties of Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets doped with DyF3, DyHx, and a mixture of DyF3 and DyHx powders. In the DyHx-doped magnet, diffusion of Dy occurs predominantly via grain boundary diffusion. However, the proportion of Dy being diffused by lattice diffusion is increased in the DyF3-doped magnet due to the different influences of F− and H+ ions. The detailed mechanism of the microstructural changes in terms of the diffusional behavior of Dy induced by the DyF3 and DyHx powder doping is discussed. The formation of a Dy-segregated Nd-rich oxide phase (RE-rich, Dy–Nd–O) was suppressed only in the DyF3-doped magnet, and the (00L) alignment of Nd2Fe14B grains in the sintered magnet increased when it was doped with the DyHx powder. We obtained the optimum microstructural and magnetic properties of the Nd–Fe–B sintered magnet through doping with a mixture of DyF3 and DyHx powders, which compensated for the drawbacks of using each powder alone.
Nearly constant magnetic entropy change and adiabatic temperature change in PrGa compound
Authors: Zheng X. Q. , Chen J. , Xu Z. Y. , Mo Z. J. , Hu F. X. , Sun J. R. , Shen B. G.
Published: March 2014

The magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of PrGa compound are studied in detail. Both thermomagnetization curves and heat capacity curves indicate that PrGa compound undergoes a transition from ferromagnetic (FM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase at Tt ∼ 27 K and a transition from AFM to paramagnetic (PM) phase at T0 ∼ 37 K with increasing temperature. As the applied field increases, the magnetic state between Tt and T0 shows an obvious metamagnetic transition from AFM to FM state. The magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) calculated from magnetic property measurement and that obtained from heat capacity measurement are in good agreement with each other above 25 K. Instead of peak like distribution, nearly constant value of ΔSM in a temperature range from 29.5 K to 37.5 K is observed when the field change is 0–5 T. The adiabatic temperature change (ΔT) also shows similar change rules. This characteristic of MCE is very important for the practical applications of magnetic refrigerant materials.
Ion-acoustic cnoidal waves in plasmas with warm ions and kappa distributed electrons and positrons
Authors: Kaladze T. , Mahmood S.
Published: March 2014

Electrostatic ion-acoustic periodic (cnoidal) waves and solitons in unmagnetized electron-positron-ion (EPI) plasmas with warm ions and kappa distributed electrons and positrons are investigated. Using the reductive perturbation method, the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is derived with appropriate boundary conditions for periodic waves. The corresponding analytical and various numerical solutions are presented with Sagdeev potential approach. Differences between the results caused by the kappa and Maxwell distributions are emphasized. It is revealed that only hump (compressive) structures of the cnoidal waves and solitons are formed. It is shown that amplitudes of the cnoidal waves and solitons are reduced in an EPI plasma case in comparison with the ordinary electron-ion plasmas. The effects caused by the temperature variations of the warm ions are also discussed. It is obtained that the amplitude of the cnoidal waves and solitons decreases for a kappa distributed (nonthermal) electrons and positrons plasma case in comparison with the Maxwellian distributed (thermal) electrons and positrons EPI plasmas. The existence of kappa distributed particles leads to decreasing of ion-acoustic frequency up to thermal ions frequency.
Theoretical prediction of the linear isomers for rare gas-carbon disulfide complexes: He-CS2, Ne-CS2, and Ar-CS2
Authors: Zang Limin , Dai Wei , Zheng Limin , Duan Chuanxi , Lu Yunpeng , Yang Minghui
Published: March 2014

Theoretical studies of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) and bound states are performed for rare gas-carbon disulfide complexes, He-CS2, Ne-CS2, and Ar-CS2. Three two-dimensional intermolecular PESs are constructed from ab initio data points which are calculated at the CCSD(T) level with aug-cc-pVTZ basis set supplemented with bond functions. We find that the three PESs have very similar features and each PES can be characterized by a global T-shaped minimum, two equivalent local linear minima, and the saddle points between them. The T-shaped isomer is energetically more stable than the linear isomer for each complex. The linear isomers, which have not been observed in experiment so far, are predicted from our PESs and further identified by bound state calculations. Moreover, we assign several intermolecular vibrational states for both the T-shaped and linear isomers of the three complexes via the analysis of wavefunctions. The corresponding vibrational frequencies are calculated from the bound state energies for these assigned states. These frequencies could be helpful for further experimental studies, especially for the linear isomers. We also calculate the rovibrational transition frequencies for the three T-shaped isomers and the pure rotational transition frequencies for the linear isomers, respectively. The accuracy of the PESs is validated by the good agreement between theoretical and experimental results for the rovibrational transition frequencies and spectroscopic parameters.
Plasma treatment effect on charge carrier concentrations and surface traps in a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors
Authors: Kim Jae-Sung , Joo Min-Kyu , Xing Piao Ming , Ahn Seung-Eon , Choi Yong-Hee , Jang Ho-Kyun , Kim Gyu-Tae
Published: March 2014

Various plasma treatment effects such as oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and argon (Ar) on amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs) are investigated. To study oxygen stoichiometry in a-IGZO TFTs with respect to various plasma environments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed. The results showed that oxygen vacancies were reduced by O2 and N2 plasmas while they were increased after Ar plasma treatment. Additionally, the effects of plasma treatment on trap distribution in bulk and surface channels were explored by means of low-frequency noise analysis. Details of the mechanisms used for generating and restoring traps on the surface and bulk channel are presented.
Adjustable magnetoelectric effect of self-assembled vertical multiferroic nanocomposite films by the in-plane misfit strain and ferromagnetic volume fraction
Authors: Wu Huaping , Chai Guozhong , Zhou Ting , Zhang Zheng , Kitamura Takayuki , Zhou Haomiao
Published: March 2014

The strain-mediated magnetoelectric (ME) property of self-assembled vertical multiferroic nanocomposite films epitaxially grown on cubic substrates was calculated by a nonlinear thermodynamic theory combined with the elastic theory. The dependent relations of phase state of ferroelectric films with the in-plane misfit strain, out-of-plane misfit strain, temperature, and volume fraction of ferromagnetic phase were confirmed. The effects of in-plane misfit strain and ferromagnetic volume fraction on the polarization and dielectric constant of ferroelectric films at room temperature were elaborately analyzed for the vertical BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 and PbTiO3-CoFe2O4 nanocomposite films. Our calculated results confirmed the relationship among ME effect and in-plane misfit strain and ferromagnetic volume fraction in the nanocomposite films. The ME voltage coefficients of vertical BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 and PbTiO3-CoFe2O4 nanocomposite films displayed various maximums and abrupt points at special phases and phase transition boundaries. The ME voltage coefficients of lead-free BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 nanocomposite films epitaxially grown on different substrates could reach a comparative value of ∼2 V·cm−1·Oe−1 under the controllable in-plane misfit strain induced by substrate clamping. Our results provided an available method for the optimal design of vertical multiferroic nanocomposites with adjustable ME effect by optimizing the ferromagnetic volume fraction and substrate type.
Tri-axial magnetic anisotropies in RE2Ba4Cu7O15−y superconductors
Authors: Horii Shigeru , Okuhira Shota , Yamaki Momoko , Kishio Kohji , Shimoyama Jun-ichi , Doi Toshiya
Published: March 2014

We report a novel quantification method of tri-axial magnetic anisotropy in orthorhombic substances containing rare earth (RE) ions using tri-axial magnetic alignment and tri-axial magnetic anisotropies depending on the type of RE in RE-based cuprate superconductors. From the changes in the axes for magnetization in magnetically aligned powders of (RE′1−xRE″x)2Ba4Cu7Oy [(RE′,RE″)247] containing RE ions with different single-ion magnetic anisotropies, the ratios of three-dimensional magnetic anisotropies between RE′247 and RE″247 could be determined. The results in (Y,Er)247, (Dy,Er)247, (Ho,Er)247, and (Y,Eu)247 systems suggest that magnetic anisotropies largely depended on the type of RE′ (or RE″), even in the heavy RE ions with higher magnetic anisotropies. An appropriate choice of RE ions in RE-based cuprate superconductors enables the reduction of the required magnetic field for the production of their bulks and thick films based on the tri-axial magnetic alignment technique using modulated rotation magnetic fields.
Measurement of positive direct current corona pulse in coaxial wire-cylinder gap
Authors: Yin Han , Zhang Bo , He Jinliang , Wang Wenzhuo
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a system is designed and developed to measure the positive corona current in coaxial wire-cylinder gaps. The characteristic parameters of corona current pulses, such as the amplitude, rise time, half-wave time, and repetition frequency, are statistically analyzed and a new set of empirical formulas are derived by numerical fitting. The influence of space charges on corona currents is tested by using three corona cages with different radii. A numerical method is used to solve a simplified ion-flow model to explain the influence of space charges. Based on the statistical results, a stochastic model is developed to simulate the corona pulse trains. And this model is verified by comparing the simulated frequency-domain responses with the measured ones.
Structural and electronic modification of photovoltaic SnS by alloying
Authors: Vidal Julien , Lany Stephan , Francis Jason , Kokenyesi Robert , Tate Janet
Published: March 2014

Emergence of a terawatt scalable photovoltaic (PV) thin film technology is currently impeded by the limited supply of relatively rare elements like In or Te, which has spurred active research in recent years on earth-abundant PV materials. Instead of searching for alternative PV materials, we approach the problem here by structural modification through alloying of a known PV material, namely, tin sulfide. Although SnS is a strong visible light absorber that is naturally p-doped, its indirect band gap reduces the open circuit voltage of SnS-based solar cells. The anisotropic crystal structure results in undesirable anisotropic transport properties. Based on the observation that the isoelectronic sulfides MgS, CaS, and SrS assume the rock-salt structure, we use ab initio calculations to explore the structure and electronic properties of metastable Sn1−x(II)xS (II = Mg, Ca, Sr) alloys, finding that the isotropic rock-salt phase is stabilized above x = 0.2–0.3, and predicting direct band gaps in the range of interest for PV applications, i.e., 0.6–1.5 eV for Ca and Sr alloying. We subsequently synthesized such Sn1−x(Ca)xS films by pulsed laser deposition, confirmed the cubic rock-salt structure, and observed optical band gaps between 1.1 and 1.3 eV. These results highlight the potential of structural modification by alloying as a route to widen the otherwise limited materials base for promising earth-abundant materials.
Anomaly in the electric resistivity of one-dimensional uneven peanut-shaped C60 polymer film at a low temperature
Authors: Ryuzaki Soh , Onoe Jun
Published: March 2014

We performed in situ four-probe measurements of the current-voltage characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) uneven peanut-shaped C60 polymer films in the temperature range 30–350 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions (2 × 10−7 Pa). Arrhenius plots of the film resistance with respect to temperature showed two different electron-conduction mechanisms. While electrons are conducted via a thermal excitation hopping at temperatures above 160 K, the resistivity of the 1D polymer film exhibits an anomalous behavior that becomes fluctuated at a given value in the temperature range 40–90 K and decreases at temperatures below 40 K.
Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient in crystalline silicon from spectral photoluminescence
Authors: Nguyen Hieu T. , Baker-Finch Simeon C. , Macdonald Daniel
Published: March 2014

The radiative recombination coefficient B(T) in crystalline silicon is determined for the temperature range 90–363 K, and in particular from 270 to 350 K with an interval of 10 K, where only sparse data are available at present. The band-band absorption coefficient established recently by Nguyen et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 115, 043710 (2014)] via photoluminescence spectrum measurements is employed to compute the values of B(T) at various temperatures. The results agree very well with literature data from Trupke et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4930 (2003).] We present a polynomial parameterization describing the temperature dependence of the product of B(T) and the square of the intrinsic carrier density. We also find that B(T) saturates at a near constant value at room temperature and above for silicon samples with relatively low free carrier densities.
Property concepts and the apparent lack of adjectives in Dravidian
Authors: Menon Mythili
Published: March 2014

Dravidian lacks an adjective category lexically and neither does it derive one in the syntax. The primary data comes from Malayalam where unlike what previous accounts suggest (Bhat 1994; Amritavalli & Jayaseelan 2003; Jayaseelan 2007), the lexicon comprises of uninflected primitive roots (Marantz 1997; Borer 2003). These roots are property concept roots and they combine with null verbal and nominal heads to derive structures. The syntax derives structures, which in English-type languages would be expressed with an adjective. Relativization and nominalization are the two routes to arrive at meanings expressed by adjectives in other languages.
Rich results
Authors: Amritavalli R.
Published: March 2014

The first-phase event structure of two verbs typical of the Kannada dative experiencer construction, bar- ‘come’ and aag- ‘happen, become,’ suggests (differently from Ramchand 2008) that stative verbs may project “rich” results and “poor” processes. The properties of bar- are explored vis-à-vis English ‘come.’ Bar- and aag- allow telicity by “classifying events that are themselves already results” (Higginbotham 1999). The result event is a small clause with experiencer and experience in a possession relation, as in the English double object construction; with the difference that Kannada encodes possession with dative case, whereas possessional to in English incorporates into be to yield have (Kayne 1993 [2000]). The dative argument occupies the resultee position; arguments in higher event structure positions (undergoer or initiator) are nominative in Kannada.
Aspectual coercion and eventuality structure
Authors: Dölling Johannes
Published: March 2014

The focus of this paper is on the system of aspectual coercion connected
with durative adverbials (like for one day), time-span adverbials (like in ten ­minutes), and time-point adverbials (like at seven o’clock) as well as the progressive in English and its roots in the domain of eventualities. Aspectual coercions are regarded as operations which are executed in order to prevent a conflict between the aspects of a verbal expression and the aspectual requirements of the context. The meaning resulting from such an adjustment involves material which is not contributed by the constituents but originates from knowledge of eventualities. Thus, leading questions of the paper are what the overall structure of eventualities is and how this structure determines the aspectual meaning of expressions as well as the way in which it can be contextually shifted. Recurring to prior work in the field of research, several sorts of eventuality and general relations that exist between eventualities of different sorts are distinguished. On this basis, by examining a sample of data, the paper identifies a multitude of operations for systematically transforming the (e.g., iterative coercion, habitual coercion, inchoative coercion, additive coercion, and subtractive coercion). Finally, taking into account that the operations have basically the same formal structure and, therefore, give reason to generalization, a two-stage approach to aspectual coercion is presented. Its most notably features are that, first, the principle of semantic compositionality is entirely maintained in its validity and, second, adjusting by coercion is turned out to be ultimately a pragmatic phenomenon.
How light are aspectual meanings?
Authors: Kotsyba Natalia
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present article is to outline semantic relations between two grammaticalization phenomena in natural language: light verbs and lexical aspects. Section 1 provides the theoretical background necessary for the semantic investigations in the main part of the article. The central notions of lexical aspect, aktionsart, and light verb are discussed in this section. Section 2 deals with the linguistic material analyzed and explains the methodological procedure applied to that material. Dictionary glosses of Ukrainian verbs are used to evaluate the usefulness of various definitions of the semantic concepts discussed in Section 1 for the classification of lexical items. Special attention is put on approaches which use structures with light verbs occurring in the dictionary definitions of lexical items in order to classify these items. The specific features of the data material that have to be accounted for in any satisfactory attempt toward a classification of verbs based on this idea are presented and discussed in this section. In Section 3, the connection between lightness and frequency of occurrence will be investigated. Then two major semantic groups of light verbs are distinguished in subsection 3.2, namely, compensators and modifiers. The semantic relationships among light verbs will be discussed in subsection 3.3. In Section 4, the light verbs used in the lexical definitions of verbs belonging to the different Vendlerian categories are identified and classified into groups. Typical cases of lexicalized aspectual shifts with and without the participation of light verbs are presented. The correspondence between lexical aspects of verbs and the occurrence of certain light verbs in their dictionary definitions as well as the role of aktionsarten is dealt with in the final Section 5.
Cell type–specific expression of SEPT3-homology subgroup members controls the subunit number of heteromeric septin complexes
Authors: Sellin Mikael E. , Stenmark Sonja , Gullberg Martin
Published: March 2014

Septins are filament-forming proteins important for organizing the cortex of animal and fungal cells. In mammals, 13 septin paralogues were recently shown to assemble into core heterohexamer and heterooctamer complexes, which serve as building blocks for apolar filamentous structures that differ among cell types. To determine how tissue-specific septin paralogue expression may shape core heteromer repertoires and thereby modulate properties of septin filaments, we devised protocols to analyze native septin heteromers with distinct numbers of subunits. Our evidence based on genetically manipulated human cells supports and extends recent concepts of homology subgroup–restricted assembly into distinct categories of apolar heterohexamers and heterooctamers. We also identify a category of tetramers that have a subunit composition equivalent to an octameric building block. These atypical tetramers are prevalent in lymphocytes and neural tissues, in which octamers are abundant but hexamers are rare. Our results can be explained by tissue-specific expression of SEPT3 subgroup members: SEPT3, SEPT9, and SEPT12. These serve as cognate subunits in either heterooctamers or atypical tetramers but exhibit different preferences in various tissues. The identified tissue-specific repertoires of septin heteromers provide insights into how higher-order septin structures with differential properties and stabilities may form in diverse animal cell types.
Differential Export Taxes along the Oilseeds Value Chain: A Partial Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Bouët Antoine , Estrades Carmen , Laborde David
Published: March 2014

Differential Export Tax (DET) rates, or the policy of imposing high export taxes on raw commodities and low export taxes on processed goods, generate public revenues and promote production at the more processed stages of a value chain. We study the theoretical justification of this trade policy by designing a simple international trade model which shows that a tax on exports of a raw agricultural commodity in a country that exports seeds and vegetable oils increases the sum of final consumers' surplus, processing sector profits, farmers' surplus, and public revenues. We then develop a partial equilibrium model of the world's oilseed value chain and simulate the total elimination of DETs in Argentina and Indonesia, as well as the independent removal of export taxes at various stages of production in the same countries. Estimations show that removing export taxes along the entire value chain in Argentina and Indonesia reduces the local production of biofuels by only 0.4% in Argentina, while eliminating only the export tax on biofuels in Argentina leads to a 9.6% volume increase in Argentinean biofuels production.
Phosphorylation of Parkin at Serine65 is essential for activation: elaboration of a Miro1 substrate-based assay of Parkin E3 ligase activity
Authors: Kazlauskaite Agne , Kelly Van , Johnson Clare , Baillie Carla , Hastie C. James , Peggie Mark , Macartney Thomas , Woodroof Helen I. , Alessi Dario R. , Pedrioli Patrick G. A. , Muqit Miratul M. K.
Published: March 2014

Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin are associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease. We recently discovered that PINK1 phosphorylates Parkin at serine65 (Ser
65
) within its Ubl domain, leading to its activation in a substrate-free activity assay. We now demonstrate the critical requirement of Ser
65
phosphorylation for substrate ubiquitylation through elaboration of a novel
in vitro
E3 ligase activity assay using full-length untagged Parkin and its putative substrate, the mitochondrial GTPase Miro1. We observe that Parkin efficiently ubiquitylates Miro1 at highly conserved lysine residues, 153, 230, 235, 330 and 572, upon phosphorylation by PINK1. We have further established an E2-ubiquitin discharge assay to assess Parkin activity and observe robust discharge of ubiquitin-loaded UbcH7 E2 ligase upon phosphorylation of Parkin at Ser
65
by wild-type, but not kinase-inactive PINK1 or a Parkin Ser65Ala mutant, suggesting a possible mechanism of how Ser
65
phosphorylation may activate Parkin E3 ligase activity. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we report the effect of Parkin disease-associated mutations in substrate-based assays using full-length untagged recombinant Parkin. Our mutation analysis indicates an essential role for the catalytic cysteine Cys431 and reveals fundamental new knowledge on how mutations may confer pathogenicity via disruption of Miro1 ubiquitylation, free ubiquitin chain formation or by impacting Parkin's ability to discharge ubiquitin from a loaded E2. This study provides further evidence that phosphorylation of Parkin at Ser
65
is critical for its activation. It also provides evidence that Miro1 is a direct Parkin substrate. The assays and reagents developed in this study will be important to uncover new insights into Parkin biology as well as aid in the development of screens to identify small molecule Parkin activators for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Scaling properties of a non-Fowler–Nordheim tunnelling junction
Authors: Kyritsakis A. , Xanthakis J. P. , Pescia D.
Published: March 2014

We have theoretically explained the experimentally observed scaling properties of the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of a field-emission tunnelling diode with respect to the tip–anode distance
d
. All the I–V curves for different
d
-values collapse onto a single curve by a scaling transformation that keeps the electrical field at a given direction constant for different
d
. Our proof is applicable to more than just the obvious case where the electrostatic potential varies linearly with the distance from the cathode
x
(and the Fowler–Nordheim plot is also linear). It applies to any general nonlinear potential encountered in emitting tips of small radii of curvature
R
. Furthermore, we explain why the scaling property is excellent at
d
≫
R
, but deteriorates when
d
∼
R
. The scaling property is shown to derive from the simultaneous action of two factors: (i) in a Taylor expansion of the potential in the tunnelling region, the second-order coefficient is found to be proportional to the first-order coefficient and their ratio independent of
d
. (ii) The angular variation of the electric field is independent of
d
for
d
≫
R
. Deviations from scaling at
d
∼
R
are attributed to both the dependence on
d
of the angular variation of the electrical field and/or the presence of a third-order term.
Monoclinic superstructure in orthorhombic Ce10W22O81from transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Patout Loïc , Jacob Damien , Arab Madjid , Pereira de Souza Carlson , Leroux Christine
Published: March 2014

A complex rare-earth tungstate structure, present in a two-phased powder, was solved by electron diffraction, precession and high-resolution electron microscopy. The orthorhombic space groupPbnmand the atomic positions deduced from X-ray diffraction experiments were confirmed for Ce10W22O81. AC2/cmonoclinic superstructure, with cell parametersa= 7.8,b= 36.1,c= 22.2 Å and β = 100.2°, was shown and attributed to a partial oxidation of Ce3+leading to interstitial oxygen ions.
The quasiperiodic average structure of highly disordered decagonal Zn–Mg–Dy and its temperature dependence
Authors: Ors Taylan , Takakura Hiroyuki , Abe Eiji , Steurer Walter
Published: March 2014

A single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure analysis of decagonal Zn–Mg–Dy, a Frank–Kasper-type quasicrystal, was performed using the higher-dimensional approach. For this first Frank–Kasper (F–K) decagonal quasicrystal studied so far, significant differences to the decagonal Al–TM-based (TM: transition metal) phases were found. A new type of twofold occupation domain is located on certain edge centers of the five-dimensional unit cell. The structure can be described in terms of a two-cluster model based on a decagonal cluster (∼ 23 Å diameter) arranged on the vertices of a pentagon-Penrose tiling (PPT) and a star-like cluster covering the remaining space. This model is used for the five-dimensional refinements, which converged to anRvalue of 0.126. The arrangement of clusters is significantly disordered as indicated by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). In order to check the structure and stability at higher temperatures,in-situhigh-temperature (HT) single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted at 598 and 648 K (i.e.slightly below the decomposition temperature). The structure does not change significantly, however, the best quasiperiodic order is found at 598 K. The implication of these results on the stabilization mechanism of quasicrystals is discussed.
Distribution and diversity of Verrucomicrobia methanotrophs in geothermal and acidic environments
Authors: Sharp Christine E. , Smirnova Angela V. , Graham Jaime M. , Stott Matthew B. , Khadka Roshan , Moore Tim R. , Grasby Stephen E. , Strack Maria , Dunfield Peter F.
Published: March 2014

Recently, methanotrophic members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia have been described, but little is known about their distribution in nature. We surveyed methanotrophic bacteria in geothermal springs and acidic wetlands via pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Putative methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia were found in samples covering a broad temperature range (22.5–81.6°C), but only in acidic conditions (pH 1.8–5.0) and only in geothermal environments, not in acidic bogs or fens. Phylogenetically, three 16S rRNA gene sequence clusters of putative methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia were observed. Those detected in high‐temperature geothermal samples (44.1–81.6°C) grouped with known thermoacidiphilic ‘Methylacidiphilum’ isolates. A second group dominated in moderate‐temperature geothermal samples (22.5–40.1°C) and a representative mesophilic methanotroph from this group was isolated (strain LP2A). Genome sequencing verified that strain LP2A possessed particulate methane monooxygenase, but its 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to ‘Methylacidiphilum infernorum’ strain V4 was only 90.6%. A third group clustered distantly with known methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia. Using pmoA‐gene targeted quantitative polymerase chain reaction, two geothermal soil profiles showed a dominance of LP2A‐like pmoA sequences in the cooler surface layers and ‘Methylacidiphilum'‐like pmoA sequences in deeper, hotter layers. Based on these results, there appears to be a thermophilic group and a mesophilic group of methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia. However, both were detected only in acidic geothermal environments.
The dentition: the outcomes of morphogenesis leading to variations of tooth number, size and shape
Authors: Brook AH , Jernvall J , Smith RN , Hughes TE , Townsend GC
Published: March 2014

The clinical importance of variations of tooth number, size and shape is seen in many dental disciplines. Early diagnosis allows optimal patient management and treatment planning, with intervention at an appropriate time to prevent complications in development and so reduce later treatment need. Understanding the process of dental morphogenesis and the variations in outcomes is an important contribution to the multidisciplinary clinical team approach to treatment.

Tooth number, size and shape are determined during the initiation and morphogenetic stages of odontogenesis. The molecular evidence of repetitive signalling throughout initiation and morphogenesis is reflected clinically in the association of anomalies of number, size and shape. This association has been statistically modelled from epidemiological evidence and confirmed by 2D and 3D measurement of human dental study casts. In individuals with hypodontia, the teeth that are formed are smaller than the population mean and often show reduced and simplified shape. In contrast, in individuals with supernumerary teeth, the other teeth are larger than average and may show an enhanced shape.

Clinical observations in humans and studies of laboratory animals gave rise to the concept of morphogenetic fields within the dentition. The findings, which can also be considered as reflecting gene expression territories, have been developed to incorporate field, clone and homeobox theories. The clinical distribution of developmental anomalies tends to follow the pattern of these fields or territories.

Improved care for patients with these anomalies will come not only from utilizing a multidisciplinary clinical team but also by expanding the approach to include other relevant scientific disciplines.
Antidepressant use and risk of coronary heart disease: meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Oh Seung‐Won , Kim Joonseok , Myung Seung‐Kwon , Hwang Seung‐Sik , Yoon Dae‐Hyun
Published: March 2014

Aims

Our goal was to evaluate the association between antidepressant use and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among subjects with no history of coronary heart disease.

Methods

A search of Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library was performed in January 2013. Two authors independently reviewed and selected eligible observational studies, based on predetermined selection criteria. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random‐effects or fixed‐effects models.

Results

Sixteen observational studies (seven case–control studies and nine cohort studies) were included in the final analysis. There was no association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and the risk of CHD overall [odds ratio (OR), 0.93; 95% CI, 0.65–1.33] or in subgroup meta‐analysis of case–control studies (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.60–1.37) and cohort studies (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.59–1.55). The use of tricyclic antidepressant was associated with an increased risk of CHD overall (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.07–2.12), but it was observed only in case–control studies (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.24–1.96) and low‐quality studies (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.20–1.85) in the subgroup meta‐analyses.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis of observational studies in subjects with no history of CHD suggests that neither selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor nor tricyclic antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of CHD.
Infants' Selective Attention to Reliable Visual Cues in the Presence of Salient Distractors
Authors: Tummeltshammer Kristen Swan , Mareschal Denis , Kirkham Natasha Z.
Published: March 2014

With many features competing for attention in their visual environment, infants must learn to deploy attention toward informative cues while ignoring distractions. Three eye tracking experiments were conducted to investigate whether 6‐ and 8‐month‐olds (totalN = 102) would shift attention away from a distractor stimulus to learn a cue–reward relation. While 8‐month‐olds showed evidence of increasingly selective attention toward the predictive cues, even when the distractors were highly salient, 6‐month‐olds shifted attention toward the predictive cues only when the distractors were equally (not more) engaging. These experiments suggest that attention in infancy is highly dependent on the relative weightings of predictiveness and visual salience, which may differ across development and context.
Increased D‐serine in the aqueous and vitreous humour in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Jiang Haiyan , Du Jinlin , He Tao , Qu Jia , Song Zongming , Wu Shengzhou
Published: March 2014

Background

The objective of this clinical study is to examine the association between D‐serine and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Design

Retrospective, case‐control study was performed in the affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.

Participants

This study included 25 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and 25 sex‐ and age‐matched control subjects, i.e. patients with idiopathic macular hole and idiopathic epiretinal membrane.

Methods

Clinical diagnoses were made by the senior ophthalmologists in the Eye Hospital; the aqueous and vitreous humour specimens were collected from these patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for treating complications.

Main Outcome Measures

The aqueous and vitreous levels of D‐serine and glutamate were measured with reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the contents of haemoglobin in the blood and in the vitreous specimens from PDR were measured with spectrophotometry to correct possible introduction of amino acids from PDR haemorrhage.

Results

The concentrations of D‐serine in the aqueous or vitreous humour were significantly higher in patients with PDR compared with control subjects. The vitreous concentrations of D‐serine in PDR were 25.55 ± 0.63 μmol/L compared with control subjects at 22.76 ± 0.36 μmol/L (P = 0.002); the levels of D‐serine in the aqueous humour from patients with PDR were 29.08 ± 1.31 μmol/L compared with control subjects at 24.22 ± 0.65 μmol/L (P = 0.006). Correction from possible introduction of D‐serine from the vitreous haemorrhage in PDR did not significantly alter the findings.

Conclusions

Increased D‐serine in the aqueous and vitreous humour was found in patients with PDR compared with control subjects.