bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus using TO‐163 Strain
Authors: Honda E. , Kanemaru H. , Dong X. Y. , Ikuma M. , Somura Y. , Shibata I. , Okazaki K. , Kumagai T.
Published: May 2010

Nineteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), reactive in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus TO‐163 were obtained. Of these MAbs, 5 showed neutralizing (NT) activity (x 3,200 to 25,600) against TO‐163. One of the MAbs which had NT activity showed hemagglutination inhibition activity (x 5,120) too. 14 hybridomas of polypeptide specificity against TO‐163 strain were developed from which 11,2, and 1 were specific for protein E2, N, and E1, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining patterns in TGE virus‐infected cells reacted with MAbs were divided into three groups (types I, II and III). The fluorescence staining of E2 specific MAbs having NT activity were limited to the perinuclear area. All MAbs having NT activity showed the same fluorescence staining pattern.
Adaption permanenter Rindernierenzellen an serumfreies hormonsupplementiertes Zellkulturmedium
Authors: Binder S. , Beutel M. , Lindl T.
Published: May 2010

The examinations show, that it is possible to adapt MDBK‐cells (ATCC CCL 22) to serumpoor (0.1 % fetal calf serum) and to serumfree, adequate supplemented media. Morphology of the cells remained unchanged. The components of the serumfree medium are a 50:50 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and HAM's F12 medium, supplemented with insulin (5 μg ml−1), transferrin (10 μg ml−1), thyreoglobulin (10 μg ml−1), prostaglandin E1 (50–100 ng ml−1). Seeding cells at a density of 26 · 103 cm−2 at day 0 resulted in better multiplication than a higher seeding density.

Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Umstellung von MDBK‐Zellen (ATCC CCL 22) auf serumarmes (0,1 % FKS) und serumfreies, entsprechend supplementiertes Medium, bei unveränderter Zellmorphologie möglich ist. Einsaatdichten von 26 000 cm−2 ergeben größere Vermeh‐rungsfaktoren als höhere Einsaatdichten. Die Zusammensetzung des verwendeten serumfreien, hormonsupplementierten Zellkulturmediums wird beschrieben.
A Basic Study of Chemotaxis of Leptospiras
Authors: Hiramune T. , Shiraiwa C. , Kikuchi N. , Yanagawa R.
Published: May 2010

Chemotaxis of leptospiras was studied using a U‐tube made of a commercially available straw‐shaped polypropylene tube with an uneven flexible part. The U‐tube was made by folding the polypropylene tube double and binding the vertical parts by a piece of tape, thus making the uneven flexible part the bottom. Semi‐solid Korthof's medium was poured into the U‐tube. Preliminary experiments showed that the medium containing 0.5 % agar and measuring 2 cm in length was appropriate. Leptospiras inoculated on the top of the medium of one side of the U‐tube moved toward the top of the medium of the other side. The leptospiral move toward the uninoculated top was significantly faster when 6 μg of hemoglobin were added to the uninoculated top. Chemotaxis of leptospiras to hemoglobin was thus shown, which is the first evidence of chemotaxis of leptospiras.
Enzyme Immunoassay Using Mouse Monoclonal Anti‐bovine Antibodies for the Detection ofBrucella abortusAntibodies in Cow Milk
Authors: Bercovich Z. , Taaijke R.
Published: May 2010

Individual milk samples and artificially constructed tank milk samples from cows with naturally occurring brucellosis were examined by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sonicatedB. abortusS‐99 antigen, and mouse monoclonal anti‐bovine IgM, IgA, and IgG1conjugates. ELISA results were compared with the results of the milk ring test using either 1 ml milk (MRT‐1) or 8 ml milk (MRT‐8).

The ELISA using mouse monoclonal anti‐bovine IgG1conjugate was sensitive and specific. In testing individual milk samples and constructed tank milk samples containing milk with low titers in the MRT‐1 the ELISA was superior to the MRT‐1, and MRT‐8. In testing other milk samples, the ELISA was as sensitive or slightly less sensitive than the MRT‐8. From a total of 5,910 milk samples collected from cows free from brucellosis, only 24 (0.4 %) samples tested positive in the ELISA. All 500 tank milk samples collected from farms negative for brucellosis tested negative in the ELISA.

We concluded that the ELISA is a good substitute for the MRT‐1 to detect antibodies againstBrucellain milk from individual cows. When tank milk is tested for antibodies againstBrucella, however, both the MRT‐8 and the ELISA should be used.
Comparison between Results of Virus Neutralization Test and Those of Two ELISAs when Screening for Antibodies to Pseudorabies Virus in Thailand
Authors: Wongwatcharadumrong Ratree , Lopez J. Moreno‐
Published: May 2010

The virus neutralization (VN) test and two enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (blocking and indirect ELISAs) were used to detect antibodies to pseudorabies virus on serum samples of 1,000 pigs from the central part of Thailand. The results of these tests were compared to those of VN test. Using the VN test as standard, the blocking and indirect ELISAs showed respectively 95.12 % and 99.37% relative sensitivity and 92.0 % and 93.5 % relative specificity. The two ELISAs were considered both as practical alternatives to the VN test. However, the indirect ELISA was the more suitable test for the routine screening for antibodies to pseudorabies virus in Thailand.
CAMP‐Reaction among Skin Isolates Obtained from a Dog with an Acute Squamous Eczema
Authors: Brückler J. , Wibawan I. W. T. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

The primary culture of a clinical specimen obtained from a dog with an acute squamous eczema revealed 3 different bacterial cultures. Two of these cultures, a β‐hemolyticStaphylococcus aureusand a group B streptococcal culture, demonstrated synergistic hemolytic activities on this primary culture plate. The group B streptococcus had the serotype surface antigens Ib/c, protein antigen c in its cß component.
Experimental Scrapie in White Swiss Mice
Authors: Bundza A.
Published: May 2010

In order to confirm the clinical and histological diagnosis of scrapie and to determine the infectivity titer of the scrapie agent in the brain of a naturally infected Suffolk sheep, 123 white Swiss mice were inoculated intracerebrally. From about 13 to 20 months post‐inoculation, 28 mice died, and 95 that were sick were killed. In the terminal stages of disease, the mice developed weakness, gradual emaciation, posterior ataxia, and occasionally alopecia. The average infection (83 %) of mice affected with scrapie occurred in groups 1 to 4 inoculated with dilution 10−1 to 10−4 of scrapie sheep brain. Sixty‐seven (54.5 %) of the mice developed spongiform lesions and vacuolar degeneration of neurons. Similarities of scrapie with other subacute spongiform encephalopathies in animals and humans are discussed.
Aviäre Mykobakteriose durch bisher nicht identifizierbare Stämme
Authors: Koppers N. , Gerlach Helga , Kösters J. , Schröder K. H.
Published: May 2010

Avian Mycobacteriosis by Strains so far not Identifiable

This paper reports on a group of strains of Mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare recently isolated from various bird species. The strains in question could not be integrated into the known 28 serovars. The host spectrum includes birds of several avian orders. Clinical, serological, pathoanatomical, and histopathological results are being discussed. During observations of the clinical course in some infected birds, it could be shown that the excretion of the agent could cease for several months. The diagnosis of the new group of serovars was possible only by culture. Antibodies of several serovars demonstrated in life birds did not correspond with the isolates. Therefore, these antibodies were interpreted as serological crossreactions.

Es wird über eine bei Vögeln erstmals isolierte Stammgruppe von Mycobacterium (M.) avium‐intracellulare berichtet, die sich nicht in die bekannten 28 Serovaren einordnen läßt. Das Wirtsspektrum umfaßt Vögel verschiedener Ordnungen. Klinische, serologische, pathologisch‐anatomische und histologische Untersuchungsergebnisse werden diskutiert. Bei Verlaufsuntersuchungen wurde u.a. festgestellt, daß eine Erregerausscheidung bei einigen infizierten Tieren über Monate hinweg sistierte. Die Erregereinordnung gelang nur über die Kultur, da die bei serologischen Untersuchungen nachgewiesenen Antikörper verschiedener Serovaren nicht mit den serologischen Eigenschaften der Isolate übereinstimmte. Die Antikörperreaktionen der Vögel wurden deshalb als Kreuzreaktionen interpretiert.
The Diagnostic Value of Immunoperoxidase in Detecting K99+Escherichia coli on Histological Sections
Authors: Scanziani E. , Luini M. , Crippa L. , Nigrelli A. D. , Lavazza A.
Published: May 2010

The small intestine of 51 calves was examined for the presence of K99+ Escherichia coli by means of both an immunoperoxidase procedure performed on paraffin sections and by the slide agglutination test after isolation. Twelve cases resulted immunoperoxidase positive (23.5 %) and 8 of them were also agglutination positive. Results of the 2 diagnostic tests agreed in 46 cases (90.2 %). In immunoperoxidase positive sections a thick layer of immunoreactive bacteria was seen on the luminal surface of the enterocytes. Post‐mortem autolysis or prolonged fixation did not seem to affect the immunoperoxidase reactivity of the sample.
Bovine Mycotic Abortion — A Comparative Study of Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Jensen H. E. , v. Krogh H. , Schønheyder H.
Published: May 2010

The agreement between three diagnostic methods (mycology, morphology, and immunofluorescence staining) was compared two by two in elucidating the aetiological diagnosis in 52 cases of bovine mycotic abortion. Agreement between the three methods was expressed by the kappa coefficient (κ), and ranked as follows: mycology and immunofluorescence staining (κ = 0.48); morphology and immunofluorescence staining (κ = 0.40); mycology and morphology (κ = 0.28).

A.fumigatus was confirmed to be the main cause of bovine mycotic abortion with members of the zygomycetes (order Mucorales) being the second most important group. In two aborted placentas a Candida species was found to be the cause of mycotic placentitis.
Comparative Evaluation of Specific Vaccines and Immuno‐Modulators in Disease Control of Beef Cattle
Authors: Berneri C. , Amadori M. , Ceccarelli A. , Guadagnini P. F. , Bolzani E.
Published: May 2010

Two field trials were undertaken to evaluate specific vaccines and Biological Response Modifiers (B.R.M.) with regard to disease control of beef cattle. Clinical data and laboratory results strongly suggested a genetically determined resistance to transportation stress of some cattle breeds, with possible important consequences on the occurrence of multi‐factor diseases. Plenty of calves showed detectable levels of serum interferon and a remarkable activation of at least some lymphocyte populations in the first days after arrival. In general, B.R.M.‐treated cattle could better react against environmental pathogens, as evidenced by both clinical and laboratory findings. Several data emerged that even the efficacy of specific vaccines could be largely accounted for by a positive modulation of non‐specific immunity; this latter feature can be mainly referred to adjuvants and/or some bacterial antigens.
Staphylococci Isolated from Healthy Goats
Authors: Valle J. , Piriz S. , de la Fuente R. , Vadillo S.
Published: May 2010

A study was made of the staphylococcal population on the skin and on the nasal mucosa and in the milk of 133 healthy goats. Of a total of 346 strains isolated and characterised as belonging to the genusStaphylococcus, 74 (21.4%) were coagulase‐positive (68S. aureusand 6S. hyicus), and 272 (78.6%) coagulase‐negative. The novobiocin‐sensitive speciesS. haemolyticus(23.5%),S. warneri(16.5%),S. epidermidis(11.8%),S. chromogenes(8.5%),S. caprae(6.6%) andS. hyicus(2.6%), and the novobiocin‐resistant speciesS. xylosus(8.5%),S. sciuri(7.4%),S. saprophyticus(4.8%),S. cohnii(2.2%),S. lentus(1.1%),S. equorum(1.1%) andS. kloosii(1.1%) were identified. Twelve (4.4%) of coagulase‐negative strains remained unidentified. Strains isolated in the skin of the udder and teats of the 133 goats were mainly novobiocin‐sensitive coagulase‐negative staphylococci, the most prevalent species beingS. haemolyticus, S. warneriandS. epidermidis.Staphylococci indicative of subclinical infection were determined in the milk of 47 (35.3%) of the 133 goats sampled.
Alterations of Cellular Immune Response during Intensive Training of Event Horses
Authors: Buschmann H. , Baumann M.
Published: May 2010

During strenuous exercise of horses that are prepared for international Three‐Day‐Events a significant decrease in the in vitro killing rate of phagocytosed yeast cells by the blood granulocytes has been observed. Other immunological parameters, such as the phorbolmyristate dependent chemiluminescence in granulocytes and the mitogenic stimulation of blood lymphocytes, remained unchanged.
Antigenic and Genomic Comparisons of Some Feline Parvovirus Subspecies Strains
Authors: Mochizuki M. , Kawabata H. , Sheng Wang Jin
Published: May 2010

Fourteen feline parvovirus (FPV) strains isolated from cats, mink and dogs were comparatively examined on their antigenic and genetic diversities by using monoclonal antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) and restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA. Mink enteritis virus (MEV) strains recently isolated in the northeastern area of the People's Republic of China were found to possess more similar antigenic and genetic properties to the antigenic variant virus of canine parvovirus (CPV) (“new” antigenic type CPV), than to FPLV strains and MEV Abashiri strain of Japan. A feline isolate detected in normal cat feces was considered to be rather CPV because of its antigenic and genetic characteristics. An early isolate of “new” antigenic type CPV strains showed a similar cleavage pattern to those of “old” antigenic type CPV strains when digested withHinfI. The results including some features above‐mentioned suggest the presence of antigenic heterogeneities and genomic polymorphisms among FPV subspecies viruses.
Inhibition of Virus Attachment to CPK Cells by Monoclonal Antibody to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
Authors: Honda E. , Mase M. , Okazaki K. , Kumagai T.
Published: May 2010

Five MAbs, which recognized E2 glycoprotein of TGE virus TO‐163 and showed neutralizing activity, were examined to see if they inhibit virus attachment to the susceptible cells (CPK cells). Only one (160/4) MAb blocked the virus attachment to the cells, indicating that the inhibition of virus attachment is one of important mechanisms of neutralizing by antibody.
Immunohistochemical Labeling of Giardia trophozoites spp. in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissues
Authors: Sydler T. , Pospischil A. , Gottstein B. , Eckert J.
Published: May 2010

An immunoperoxidase method using rabbit anti human Giardia lamblia serum for the demonstration of giardia in paraffin embedded intestinal animal tissue is described. Specifity was tested against other protozoal parasites.

Une méthode immunohistologique pour la détection de Giardia sur coupes intestinales inclues dans de la paraffine est décrite. Nous avons utilisé comme antisérum primaire un sérum polyclonal anti‐Giardia lamblia humain produit sur lapin. La spécificité du marquage immunochimique s'est révélée grande. Nous avons également testé s'il existait des réactions croisées avec d'autres protozoaires.
Salmonella dublin Experimental Infection in Calves: Protection after Oral Immunization with an Auxotrophic aroA Live vaccine
Authors: Segall T. , Lindberg A. A.
Published: May 2010

Salmonella dublin strain SL5631, which is auxotrophic for p‐amino‐benzoic acid and 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoate because of a deleted aroA gene, was given orally in a dose of 1010live bacteria to 6 calves 5–7 weeks old. The calves tolerated the strain well, had a transient mucoid diarrhea and sacrificed animals showed a moderate acute inflammation in the ileum on day 2. The salmonella strain was seen lining the mucosal epithelium using immunohistopathology.

Already in calves sacrificed on day 6 the damage was less pronounced and signs of regeneration were obvious. The healing process was more accentuated in calves sacrificed on day 14. The results demonstrated the attenuating effect of the deleted aroA gene. Groups of 5–7 weeks old calves (n = 25) orally immunized with 108, 109and 1010S. dublin SL5631 at weekly intervals were challenged 2, 6 or 15 weeks after the immunization. All calves were protected against oral challenge with 1010bacteria of the virulent S. dublin strain, which equals 1,000 LD50 doses. At autopsy, calves were sacrificed 3 weeks after challenge, all calves had normal intestinal findings with only slightly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. The protective effect is surmised to involve cell‐mediated as well as humoral defense mechanisms.
Serological (Em2‐ELISA) and Parasitological Examinations of Fox Populations for Echinococcus multilocularis Infections
Authors: Gottstein B. , Deplazes P. , Eckert J. , Müller B. , Schott E. , Helle O. , Boujon P. , Wolff K. , Wandeler A. , Schwiete U. , Moegle H.
Published: May 2010

Serum or body fluid samples of 1,006 foxes were investigated in an ELISA for antibodies against a highly sensitive and specific antigen (Em2‐antigen) of Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasitological examinations of the intestines and simultaneous serological examinations were carried out in 505 foxes: A group of 98 blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) from Norwegian fox farms did not contain intestinal stages of E. multilocularis and was clearly sero‐negative in Em2‐ELISA. On the other hand in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) originating from European areas known to be endemic for E. multilocularis the following average prevalence rates were found: 244 foxes from Southern Germany, E. multilocularis prevalence 55% and sero‐prevalence 60%; 139 foxes from Austria, E. multilocularis prevalence 4% and sero‐prevalence 12%. Serological identification of individual foxes with or without intestinal E. multilocularis infection was not possible. Only serological (no parasitological) examination in 402 foxes originating from endemic areas in Switzerland resulted in a sero‐prevalence rate of 37%. Sero‐prevalence was only 6% and 4% in 54 and 26 other foxes, respectively, originating from Swiss and German areas where E. multilocularis has not yet been reported. Negative control Norwegian (farmed) silver foxes (n = 43) were all sero‐negative. The specificity of the Em2‐ELISA was confirmed by negative Em2‐serologies with sera from dogs infected with intestinal and tissue dwelling helminth species (with the exception of two from 24 dogs infected with E. granulosus). The results indicate that, although a diagnosis of intestinal E. multilocularis infection in individual foxes is not feasible by serological examination, the Em2‐ELISA might be of value for the identification and discrimination of fox populations with or without E. multilocularis infection, reflecting a relative parasite prevalence rate in such populations.
Economic and Production Consequences of Liver Fluke Disease in Double‐Muscled Fattening Cattle
Authors: Genicot B. , Mouligneau F. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

The frequency of liver fluke disease in fattening units was determined by the analysis of random faeces samples issued from 1,513 Belgian White Blue bulls aged from 5 to 7 months and weighing from 200 to 300 kg.

12.5 % of the investigated bulls were positive for liver fluke disease. These bulls were spread over 56.5 % of the investigated fattening units. Furthermore the infestation rate varied from 0 to 33.3 % inside the fattening units.

In order to assess the economic consequences of bovine fascioliasis in double‐muscled cattle and the beneficial effects of a treatment against such a disease, a trial including 30 Belgian White Blue bulls, weighing 365 ± 9 kg and aged from 10 to 12 months, was conducted in a selected fattening unit.

On the basis of faecal examinations, the 30 animals were subdivided in negative (group A; n = 10) and positive animals (n = 20) for fascioliasis, the latter being either treated with nitroxinil (group B; n = 10) or not (group C; n = 10) on day 0 of this trial which was conducted during 75 days.

The daily body gains in group C (1.661 ± 0.140 kg) were significantly lower than those in group A (1.975 ± 0.120 kg). On the other hand there was no significant difference between the daily body gains registered in group B (1.960 ± 0.085 kg) and A. The estimated financial loss, due to flukes and accounted on a 75 day‐period, averaged 2,748 Belgian Francs per bull in group C. Accounted on a similar period the treatment yielded a profit of about 2,617 Belgian Francs per bull. If we consider a fattening unit where bulls weigh 300 kg on average at their arrival and where the level of positive bulls for liver fluke disease reaches 10 %, the treatment shows a profit 4.2 times greater than the cost of the treatment of all the animals arriving at the station during one year.

We can conclude that the liver fluke disease induces a significant reduction of both performances and profitability, that these hidden effects are countered by nitroxinil treatment and finally that the treatment of each animal incorporated in fattening units, where liver fluke disease has regularly been detected, is profitable.
A Note on Diseases of Mink
Authors: Martino P. E. , Martino J. J. , Villar J. A.
Published: May 2010

The paper describes in brief the findings in 5,616 autopsies of adult mink, performed at the Institute of Pathology‐CIC, La Plata, during the last five years. Nearly all these carcasses, coming from the most important ranches, were examined bacteriologically and histopathologically.

Observations about the incidence of different causes of death, its distribution annually and prophylactic measures were reported. It concludes that Aleutian disease is the most important cause of death and produces severe economic losses.
ToxigenicPasteurella multocidain Rabbits with Naturally Occurring Atrophic Rhinitis
Authors: Frymus T. , Bielecki W. , Jakubowski T.
Published: May 2010

In a commercial rabbitry nasal swabs were taken from 36 animals with enzootic upper respiratory disease resembling porcine atrophic rhinitis.

35Pasteurella multocidastrains were isolated from 17 rabbits. Among 30 strains tested for dermonecrotic toxin production 3, derived from 3 animals, were positive in the guinea pig skin test.

15Bordetella bronchisepticastrains were recovered from 14 rabbits. No toxigenic strains were found among 6 isolates tested using the same method.
Untersuchungen über die Möglichkeit zur serologischen Differenzierung von Clostridium species mittels Enzym‐Immun‐Verfahren
Authors: Reiche Th. , Böhm R.
Published: May 2010

Investigation on Serotyping and Diagnosis of Clostridia by Enzyme‐Immuno‐Assay

A method for serotyping and diagnosis of 30 selected Clostridia strains of 12 different species by an enzyme‐immuno‐assay using polystyrene balls as a solid phase is described and tested for its efficiency. The reference strains and the homologous test strains could be differentiated from the heterologous in principle. A reliable detection of the several serotypes of Cl. perfringens was not perfectly to achieve with the conjugates‐used here, cross‐reaction with Cl. chauvoei could be removed by absorption. The conjugate of Cl. bifermentans reacted with Cl. sordellii and Cl. difficile too, and must be absorbed prior any diagnostic application with vegetative cells of the corresponding strains.

Concerning the antigenic relationships between the Clostridia strains used here, the results of Ellner and Green (7, 8) as well as of Poxton and Byrne (14) could be reconfirmed. Moreover the applied technique offers the possibility to come to a more detailed result concerning the degree of antigenic relationship. The developed method is a valuable tool for the differentiation of pathogenic Clostridia and within the group Cl. bifermentans/Cl. sordellii/Cl. difficile a rapid diagnosis at the species level could be achieved. Some limitations by cross‐reactions are given, but results can be improved by absorption of the conjugates.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein enzymimmunologisches Verfahren zur Differenzierung ausgewählter Clostridium spp. beschrieben und hinsichtlich seiner Eignung für die Diagnostik ûberprüft.

Die an 30 Stämmen verschiedener Clostridium species durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergeben, daß die Referenzkeime und deren homologe Teststämme sich von den heterologen Stämmen prinzipiell abgrenzen lassen. Die Abgrenzung ist mit den verwendeten Konjugaten innerhalb der Art Cl. perfringens nicht und gegenüber Cl. chauvoei nur nach vorheriger Absorption möglich. Auch das Konjugat von Cl. bifermentans zeigt Kreuzreaktionen mit Cl. sordellii‐ und Cl. difficile‐Stämmen, die sich aber durch Absorption beseitigen lassen. Die Überprüfung der verwendeten Clostridienstämme hinsichtlich ihrer Antigenverwandtschaft kann in großen Teilen die Ergebnisse von Ellner und Green (7, 8) sowie Poxton und Byrne (14) bestätigen. Die vorliegenden Versuchsergebnisse ermöglichen eine differenzierte Aussage hinsichtlich des Grades der Antigenverwandtschaft.

Das hier benutzte Differenzierungsverfahren erweist sich hinsichtlich der Abgrenzbarkeit pathogener Clostridien und innerhalb der Gruppe Cl. bifermentans / Cl. sordellii / Cl. difficile für den Einsatz zur Artdiagnose als geeignet. Das Auftreten von Kreuzreaktionen schränkt die Aussagekraft zwar ein, aber die Absorption des Konjugates mit der kreuzreagierenden Art kann die Ergebnisse verbessern.
Chicken Egg Antibodies for Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infectious Intestinal Diseases
Authors: Wiedemann V. , Linckh E. , Kühlmann R. , Schmidt P. , Lösch U.
Published: May 2010

A field study and a controlled infection trial showed the protective effect of egg yolk lyophilisate and whole egg lyophilisate against enterotoxic E. coli germs. The lyophilisates were gained from eggs of hens immunized against pilus antigen of porcin‐enterotoxic E. coli.

In a first field study using egg yolk antibodies, 92 % of 299 diarrhea affected piglets were cured. In a further field study diarrhea affected piglets were cured after 3 days by application of egg yolk lyophilisate from immunized hens. Piglets treated only with egg yolk of not immunized hens showed no signs of recovery. The infection trial showed, that whole egg lyophilisate of immunized hens was as successful as a common antibiotic therapy in curing piglets, orally infected with 5 times 1010E. coli / feeding and animal.

The present data show that chicken egg antibodies can be used for treatment of infectious diarrheal diseases in young animals. So far they represent a good alternative to the common used antibiotic therapy.
Typing of Rhodococcus equi Isolated from Submaxillary Lymph Nodes of Pigs in Japan
Authors: Katsumi M. , Kodama Noriko , Miki Yukari , Hiramune T. , Kikuchi N. , Yanagawa R. , Nakazawa M.
Published: May 2010

Isolation of Rhodococcus equi from the submaxillary lymph nodes of pigs, with or without caseous lymphadenitis, and typing of the isolates by two serological methods were carried out. The rate of isolation of the organisms from the lymph nodes of pigs was 5 times higher in the lymph nodes with caseous lymphadenitis than in those without the lesion. Of 219 isolates, 146 (66.7%) were typable by the method of Prescott, while all the 219 isolates (100 %) were typable by the method of Nakazawa et al. The most frequently isolated were serotype 2 of Prescott (identical to serogroup 16 of Nakazawa et al.), and serogroup 3 of Nakazawa et al., which did not correspond with any serotypes of Prescott. Serotypes/serogroups of R. equi from pigs were thus first clarified in Japan.
Phase Variation of Pili ofCorynebacterium pilosum
Authors: Hiramune T. , Onishi K. , Kikuchi N. , Yanagawa R.
Published: May 2010

Whether or not (?) phase variation occurs in the pili ofCorynebacterium pilosumwas biologically examined using the colony enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) blot test with anti‐pili immune serum. From the densely piliated clone (35P+) ofC. pilosum35, non‐piliated variants were isolated at a frequency of 2.45 times 10−3. From one of the non‐piliated variants (designated as P−11/35P+), a piliated variant was isolated at a frequency of 4.68 times 10−4, one log less frequently than the non‐piliated variant. From this piliated variant as designated (P+4/P−11/35P+), a non‐piliated variant was isolated at a frequency of 3.86times 10−3.C.pilosumwas thus alternated between piliated and non‐piliated at a fairly high frequency, suggesting that the pili may undergo phase variation. This is the first finding of phase variation of the pili of Gram‐positive bacteria.
Typing of Heat‐Stable Soluble Haemophilus parasuis Antigen by Means of Agargel Precipitation and the Dot‐Blot Procedure
Authors: Kielstein P. , Rosner H. , Müller W.
Published: May 2010

According to Morozumi's and Nicolet's (1986) investigations, a serological classification procedure for H. parasuis and to a certain extent, for H.parasuis‐like strains was proposed on the basis of heat‐stable cell antigens in the immunodiffusion test. It was possible to classify 72.8 % of the investigated strains serologically using this procedure. 7 of 12 serotypes were described for the first time. 60.1 % of the classified strains belonged to the already known serotypes SV 1 to SV5, whereas the new serotypes SV Jena 6 to SV Jena 12 amounted to only 12.7% of the field isolates.

The serotypes SV Jena 7 to 9 are represented by H.parasuis‐like strains. Unencapsulated strains and isolates of serotype SV 5 dominate in animals with Glasser's disease. The serotypes SV 1, SV 5, SV Jena 6 and SV Jena 10 proved to be highly virulent in SPF pigs, SV2 and SV4 were of medium virulence. The other serotypes were non‐virulent. The high specificity in AGPT was not reproducible in the more sensitive dot‐blot procedure. This must be taken into account, if the dot‐blot is to be used for the classification of serotypes of H.parasuis. The results point to a participation of nonimmunogenic polysaccharides in the detection reaction.
Detection of Porcine MHC Class II Antigens in Different Immunoassays
Authors: Magnusson U. , Åkerblom L. , Fossum C.
Published: May 2010

A monoclonal antibody (Mab), Mab 4–24‐11, to human class II major histocompatibility antigens has been tested in commonly used immunoassays for detection of porcine class II major histocompatibility antigens (SLA‐D).

In a radioimmunoprecipitation assay, Mab 4–24‐11 reacted with proteins from mitogenstimulated porcine mononuclear cells (MNC). The molecular weights of the precipitated proteins were approximately 34 and 28 Kd. In indirect immunofluorescence, approximately 25 % of porcine MNC in suspension reacted with Mab 4–24‐11. This percentage diminished to 14 % when Ig bearing MNC were removed, while it increased to 36 % when adherent MNC were enriched. Thus, it was concluded that Mab 4–24‐11 cross‐reacts with SLA‐D.

In a immunohistochemical study, Mab 4–24‐11 reacted with cells in acetone fixed cryostat sections from the gastric mucosa and endometrium.

These properties of Mab 4–24‐11 make it useful as a tool for further studies on the porcine immune system.
Experimental Examinations Concerning the Problem of Deformed Emergin Bees after Infestation with Varroa jacobsoni
Authors: Koch W. , Ritter W.
Published: May 2010

The deformations of bees occurring in connection with varroatosis was examined both in case of natural and artificial infestation. Under both conditions, the number of bees showing wing deformations increased with the degree of mite infestation. Shortened abdomina, however, only appeared in the case of natural infestation. Inadequate brood care in colonies severely infested by Varroa mites is supposed to be responsible. Wing deformations could be produced by experimental haemolymph extraction.
Characterization of Toxin from Different Strains ofPasteurella multocidaSerotype A and D
Authors: Frandsen Peer Lyng , Foged Niels Tækker , Petersen Svend Kaj , Bording Anne
Published: May 2010

Chromosomal DNA from 13 different selectedPasteurella multocidaspp.multocidastrains of serotypes A and D were isolated and compared. All 10 toxigenic strains were recognized by a DNA probe which included thetoxAgene coding for thePasteurella multocidatoxin (PMT). None of the three nontoxigenic strains reacted with the DNA probe. Toxin from the 10 toxigenic strains were isolated and compared. All were found to possess the biological characteristics previously described for the PMT isolated fromP. multocidassp.multocidaNCTC 12178, including molecular mass of approx. 143 kDa and reactivity with a series of monoclonal antibodies. Toxin prepared from different toxigenic strains could not be differentiated immunologically by tandem crossed immunelectrophoresis. Toxin, which was affinity purified from four of the strains and subsequently inactivated by formaldehyde, was cross‐protective when used for vaccination of mice before challenge with PMT. It is concluded that the toxin from toxigenic strains ofP. multocidassp.multocidamust be very similar, if not identical.
Automation of the Resazurin Reduction Test using Fluorometry of Microtitration Trays
Authors: Ali‐Vehmas T. , Louhi M. , Sandholm M.
Published: May 2010

Microtitration plate technique and ‐fluorometry was applied to automate the resazurin reduction test for monitoring bacterial numbers in broth cultures and milk. The effect of resazurin and resorufin concentration, bacterial species, growth medium, pH, and redox potential on the fluorescence response was studied. The timing of the appearance of maximum fluorescence was directly related to the logarithm of the number of colony‐forming units (log CFU). Fresh milk and heat‐treated milk contain interfering redox systems. The technique based on microtitration plate fluorometry, when fully automated, seems to provide a high‐capacity system for analyzing bacterial numbers in foodstuffs and other media.
Chicken Egg Antibodies for Prophylaxis and Therapy of Infectious Intestinal Diseases
Authors: Jüngling A. , Wiedemann V. , Kühlmann R. , Erhard M. , Schmidt P. , Lösch U.
Published: May 2010

The pathogenic effect of enterotoxogenic E. coli is mainly to be found in the jejunum. Hence, an effective immunoprophylaxis should be focussed at this site. This can be done effectively by an oral application of specific antibodies.

The present study describes the effectiveness of specific antibodies against E. coli. The antibodies were gained from the yolk of E. coli immunized hens and tested for their in vitro activity. The tests showed a significantly reduced adhesion of enterotoxogenic E. coli onto isolated pig enterocytes as long as the bacteria had been incubated with the specific yolk antibodies beforehand.

For this reason, yolk immunoglobulins from immunized hens prove to be an effective and handy source of specific antibodies which offers good protection against adhesion of E. coli onto pig enterocytes.
Zur Bedeutung des Dermonekrotoxins vonP. multocidaSerovar D in der Pathogenese von Pneumonien beim Schwein
Authors: Schimmel D. , Erler W.
Published: May 2010

On the importance of the dermonecrotic toxin ofP. multocidaserovar D for the pathogenesis of pneumonias in pigs

The intratracheal application of crude and purified toxin ofP. multocidaserovar D in primary SPF‐piglets resulted, apart from turbinate atrophies, in lobular to lobularly confluent catarrhalic pneumonias.

Nach intratrachealer Applikation von Roh‐ und Reintoxin vonP. multocidaSerovar D an primäre SPF‐Ferkel konnten neben Atrophien der Nasenmuschel auch lobuläre bis lobulär‐konfluierende katarrhalische Pneumonien hervorgerufen werden.
Experimental Infection of the Udder of Ewes Due to Mycoplasma bovis
Authors: Bocklisch H. , Kreusel Sybille , Bryś Annette , Pfützner H.
Published: May 2010

Twelve freshly lactating ewes were experimentally infected with 2 Mycoplasma (M.) bovis strains via the teat canal in the left udder. The M. bovis infection produced a febrile clinical mastitis in all infected animals. M. bovis could be re‐isolated regularly from the experimentally infected udder halves and the infection spread to the other halves. Some contact animals and 4 suckling lambs became naturally infected. Antibody titres were detected by means of the indirect hemagglutination test in blood sera 2 to 3 weeks post infectionem. The pathological lesions were similar to those of the M. bovis mastitis of cows. By the end of the trial the ewes had recovered from the clinical mastitis.

Mycoplasma (M.) bovis produces mastitis in cows and arthritis and pneumonia in calves and young cattle (Pfützner, 1984). Previous investigations demonstrated that M. bovis could be isolated occasionally from pneumonic lungs of sheep (Bocklisch et al., 1987). Mostly there had been contact between the sheep flocks and cattle herds infected with M. bovis. The natural M. bovis infection of sheep was characterized as a disease of isolated animals. The purpose of our investigations was to evaluate the importance of M. bovis as an aetiological agent of sheep mastitis.
Bakteriologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Chlamydia psittaci in Organen von Schweinen und in abortierten Schweinefeten
Authors: Wittenbrink M. M. , Wen Xintian , Böhmer N. , Amtsberg G. , Binder A.
Published: May 2010

Bacteriological investigations into the incidence of Chlamydia psittaci in organs from swine and in aborted porcine fetuses

By inoculation of embryonating chicken eggs via the yolk sac route Chlamydia psittaci was grown from 11 lungs of 45 pigs with pneumonia (24.4%). From the lungs of 55 pigs with other diseases the organism was isolated in five cases (9.1 %). Chlamydiae were not detectable by cultural methods in the uterine mucosa of 87 sows, arthritic joints of 30 store pigs and in aborted fetuses. A commercial available enzyme amplified immunoassay indicated the presence of chlamydial antigen in mucosal scrapings from the uterus of two sows and in the fetal membranes as well as fetal organs in one case of porcine abortion.

Durch Anzüchtung im embryonierten Hühnerei wurden Lungen von 100 Schweinen mit verschiedenen Erkrankungen, der Uterus von 87 Schlachtsauen, entzündete Gelenke von 30 Schlachtschweinen und 23 abortierte Ferkel aus acht Abortfällen auf Chlamydien untersucht. Bei 45 Tieren mit Pneumonie wurde C. psittaci 11mal (24,4%), bei 55 Tieren mit anderen Erkrankungen hingegen 5mal (9,1 %) aus der Lunge isoliert. In einem ELISA zum Nachweis des gattungsspezifischen Chlamydien‐antigens reagierten neben Schleimhautproben aus dem Uterus von zwei Sauen die Organe von zwei abortierten Ferkeln und die d***azugehörige Nachgeburt positiv.
Specific DNA Fragments Coding for ST1 and LT1 Toxins, and K88 (F4) Adhesin in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Wasteson Yngvild , Olsvik Ørjan
Published: May 2010

Ten porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli possessing the K88 (F4) adhesion fimbriae, were selected for study of enterotoxin‐ and fimbriae‐encoding plasmids. Plasmid DNA, separated according to size by gel electrophoresis was transferred to nylon membranes by Southern blotting, and hybridized with enzyme‐labelled oligonucleotide probes for ST1 and LT1 enterotoxins, and a 32P‐labelled probe for the F4 fimbriae. Plasmids possessing the enterotoxin genes ranged from 50 MDa to 78 MDa in size. The ST1 genes were located on a common 8‐MDa EcoR1 restriction endonuclease fragment, while the LT1 genes were located on a 4.5‐MDa EcoR1 fragment from the different plasmids. Plasmids with the F4 genes ranged from 50 MDa to 118 MDa in size, but the F4 encoding genes were located on a common 3‐MDa HindIII restriction endonuclease fragment. ST1 and LT1 genes were found on the same plasmid in only one strain, LT1 and F4 genes on the same plasmids in 5 strains, while no plasmid contained genes for both ST1 and F4.
Coronavirus as an Agent of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea in a Chinese Dairy Cattle Farm
Authors: Lu Chengping , Yao Huochun , Eichhorn W.
Published: May 2010

Neonatal calf diarrhea is a significant health problem in dairy industry in the whole world. Although the aetiological agents of neonatal diarrhea are diverse, it is obvious that viruses play an important role. One of them is bovine conoravirus (BCV). Since BCV was discovered (Mebus et al., 1969), there have been many published reports describing the virus and its importance in calves. In China, we first investigated the seroepidemiological status of BCV infections in cattle (Yao et al., 1990). The results showed that the incidence of infections with BCV in cattle in different chinese regions are high. Further work on direct diagnosis of BCV as a causative agent of diarrhea was therefore necessary. In the last years we have developed diagnostic methods including a monoclonal antibody‐based ELISA to detect BCV and other diarrheal viruses. In this study, the diagnosis of an outbreak of BCV in chinese dairy cattle is described.
Antibody Response to Modified‐live Canine Adenovirus Vaccine in African Hunting Dogs (Lycaon pictus)
Authors: Spencer Jennifer A.
Published: May 2010

Nine hunting dogs were bled pre and post vaccination with modified‐live virus vaccine. Their antibody responses to canine adenovirus type 1 was measured by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. The vaccine proved to be both effective and safe.
Intranasal Infection of Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with Canine Parainfluenza Virus
Authors: Durchfeld Beate , Baumgärtner W. , Krakowka S.
Published: May 2010

Immunocompetent and cyclophosphamide‐immunosuppressed ferrets were intranasally infected with canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) and observed for clinical signs, histolopathologic lesions, the immunocytochemical demonstration of CPIV antigen in the respiratory tract and scanning electron microscopic alterations of the tracheal epithelium until 36 days post infection (p. i.). In both groups, clinical signs were minimal, restricted to the upper respiratory tract and consisted of cough elicited by tracheal compression between 3 and 7 days p. i. Microscopically, inflammatory and degenerative lesions were observed in the trachea and less frequently in the nasal cavity; bronchiolitis or interstitial pneumonia was not demonstrated. By immunocytochemistry, CPIV antigen was demonstrated in tracheal epithelial cells, whereas nasal cavity, bronchi, bronchioles and lung were devoid of viral antigen. Ferrets given CPIV alone developed a minimal lymphocytic tracheitis with minimal loss of cilia and CPIV antigen was observed only 4 days p. i. 17 days p. i., normal epithelial organization and ciliary reappearance was reestablished. Ferrets treated with cyclophosphamide and infected with CPIV exhibited mild to moderate histological lesions as above with similar scanning electron microscopic changes until 36 p. i. Tracheal lesions consisted of intraepithelial and submucosal infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, focal epithelial hyperplasia and multifocal loss of cilia. In addition, mild and transient neutrophilic infiltration was observed. In immunosuppressed ferrets, viral antigen expression was prominent and demonstrated 4 and 8 days p. i. These data suggest that ferrets are susceptible to aerosol CPIV infection.
Assessment of Strategy in Selective Dry Cow Therapy for Mastitis Control
Authors: Østerøs O. , Sandvik L. , Aursjø J. , Gjul G. G. , Jørstad A.
Published: May 2010

Seven hundred and three cows were treated at drying off, using three main types of therapy: control, long‐acting intramammaria and short‐acting intramammaria. Selective dry cow therapy in infected quarters was used. Of the cows with one or two infected quarters one to six weeks before drying off, 57.7 per cent had one or more new infected quarters at drying off. Thus selective dry cow therapy on quarter basis determined from the results of samples taken one to six weeks before drying off would give “inadequate” therapy (i. e. new infection in non‐treated quarters at drying off) for more than 50 per cent of the cows. For those cows given “adequate” therapy (no new infection at drying off) long‐acting therapy, short‐acting and control yielded 53.6%, 49.3% and 30.7% healthy cows respectively two to five weeks post partum. In cows with “inadequate” therapy the treatment groups yielded 42.9%, 52.9% and 29.7% healthy cows respectively. Our conclusion is that if long‐acting intramammaria are to be used, all the quarters of infected cows should be treated, whereas if short‐acting preparations are to be used, treatment can be restricted to infected quarters only.
Immunohistological Diagnosis of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease in Experimentally Infected Rabbits in Spain
Authors: Carrasco L. , Rodriguez F. , de las Mulas J. Martin , Wohlsein P. , Fernandez A.
Published: May 2010

The immunoreactivity of routinely processed liver and lung tissue samples obtained from rabbits inoculated with tissue explants from naturally infected animals when antisera directed against parvovirus from different species (canine, feline and porcine) as well as a RHD virus antiserum were employed has been tested by different immunoperoxidase methods. Cross‐reactivity between RHD‐virus antigens and parvovirus antigens was present. Best results were obtained with RHD and canine parvovirus antisera with the ABC method.

The immunoreactivity in the liver was found in hepatocytes, Kupffer and bile duct cells. In the lung, it was exclusively observed in intravascular macrophages.
Clinical Selection Criteria for Secondary Examinations of the Health‐Status of Broiler Flocks*
Authors: Behr K.‐P. , Siegmann O. , Hinz K.‐H. , Erhorn Ingrid , Salisch H. , Friederichs Maren , Weiss H. , Arndi Gisela
Published: May 2010

Results of post‐mortem and laboratory examinations of broilers sampled randomly or selected by clinical symptoms were compared. The male: female‐ratio was in all cases nearly equal for randomly sampled and selected birds. Regarding post‐mortem findings, differences dependent on selection criteria were observed: in randomly‐sampled birds the frequency of breast‐blisters and plantar inflammations was higher than in selected broilers, whereas in the latter osteodystrophy and bursal atrophy were seen more frequently. Alterations of joints and tendon‐sheaths caused by a reovirus‐arthritis in one flock were seen in same frequency in randomly sampled and selected birds, respectively. Parasitological examinations revealed the highest coccidial lesion scores in selected birds with lameness or slightly retarded growth but when dwarfish birds were included into calculations, there was no significant difference among both groups. Results of bacteriological and serological examinations showed no differences between the groups.