bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychoneuroimmunology of Stress and Mental Health
Authors: Slavich George M.
Published: March 2019

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of how psychological, neural, and immunologic processes interact and affect human health and behavior. Although once a relatively small field, some of the most exciting discoveries in psychopathology and mental health research have recently involved ideas and methods from PNI. In reviewing this work, I first summarize the structure and function of the human immune system, focusing primarily on inflammation. Second, I describe neural and physiologic pathways that link the brain and immune system, which give neurocognitive processes the ability to regulate the immune system and immunologic processes the ability to affect neural, cognitive-emotional, and behavioral outcomes. Third, I review studies examining associations between life stress and inflammation, and inflammation and mental health. Finally, I highlight several promising avenues for future research. Overall, despite the notable impact that PNI has already had on our understanding of mental and physical health, many important questions remain unanswered.
A Borderlands History of Latinx Cinema
Authors: Schroeder Rodríguez Paul A.
Published: March 2019

This article focuses on cinematic representations of the Latinx experience of the B/borderlands over the course of five distinct periods: silent cinema (1900s–1920s), commercial sound cinema (1930s–1960s), social problem films (1930s–1950s), New Latinx cinema (1970s), mainstream televisual cinema (1980s–1990s), and cinema in the digital age (2000s–present). Throughout her book Borderlands / La Frontera, Anzaldúa associates lowercase borderlands with destructive confrontations, and uppercase Borderlands with productive transformations. By this double definition, cinematic representations of the Latinx borderlands with a lowercase b have always dominated the big screen via Latinx characters who are either negative stereotypes or simply absent. But even as early as the silent period there have been attempts to represent the complex and oftentimes contradictory perspectives of the Latinx experience of the Borderlands with a capital B, where the switching of cultural, cinematic, and linguistic codes creates a new language: the language of a Borderlands cinema.
The Cultivation of Market Behaviors and Economic Decisions
Authors: Cochoy Franck
Published: March 2019

What does “consumer culture” mean? Until now, consumer culture has been understood as some immaterial ideas, feelings, ideologies, knowledge, and so on. This article proposes to depart from this classic view of culture by referring to what the word means in biology and farming. It shows indeed that marketing is about “cultivating” consumers. Marketing does so by using different market strategies and market devices that play on consumers’ dispositions, of course, but that also shape and redefine consumers’ calculation, “qualculation,” and “calqulation.” In the two latter words, “qual” insists on some qualitative aspects involved in economic decision; “calq” refers to the French verb calquer, meaning “tracing” (like when using tracing paper): in several instances, consumers do not calculate alone but rather decide collectively with partners, by adjusting (tracing) their calculation to those of the others: they calqulate. The chapter reviews each notion and refers it to previous and current works. These words invite study of calculation in the making; they help to understand that economic decisions involve the agents who calculate, the agencies they mobilize to do so, and the actors who work hard to have them calculating the way they wish.
Lateral Superior Olive
Authors: Friauf Eckhard , Krächan Elisa G. , Müller Nicolas I.C.
Published: March 2019

Auditory neurons in the mammalian brainstem are involved in several basic computation processes essential for survival; for example, sound localization. Differences in sound intensity between the two ears, so-called interaural level differences (ILDs), provide important spatial cues for localizing sound in the horizontal plane, particularly for animals with high-frequency hearing. The earliest center of ILD detection is the lateral superior olive (LSO), a prominent component of the superior olivary complex (SOC) in the medulla oblongata. LSO neurons receive input from both ears of excitatory and inhibitory nature and perform a subtraction-like process. The LSO has become a model system for studies addressing inhibitory synapses, map formation, and neural plasticity. This review aims to provide an overview of several facets of the LSO, focusing on its functional and anatomical organization, including development and plasticity. Understanding this important ILD detector is fundamental in multiple ways—among others, to analyze central auditory processing disorders and central presbyacusis.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Authors: Zamponi Gerald W. , Gandini Maria A. , Snutch Terry P.
Published: March 2019

Voltage-gated calcium channels are important contributors to the transmission and processing of nociceptive information in the primary afferent pain pathway. Several types of calcium channels and their ancillary subunits are dysregulated in response to nerve injury or inflammation. Notably, calcium channels have emerged as prominent targets for analgesics. This article discusses the roles of specific types of voltage-gated calcium channels in the afferent pain pathway and their utility as pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic pain. Several calcium channel subtypes are dysregulated during chronic pain conditions, giving rise to increased neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. N-type calcium channels, Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels, and the Cavα2δ subunit are validated targets for the development and clinical use of small organic analgesics, with R-type channels showing potential as possible targets based on preclinical studies.
Governing Proliferation Finance
Authors: Mallard Grégoire
Published: March 2019

As the critical sanctions against Iran’s nuclear program demonstrate, the implementation of sanctions against nuclear proliferators has led to the creation of a global system of surveillance of the financial dealings of all states, banks, and individuals, fostered by United Nations Security Council resolutions—a new and unprecedented development. This chapter asks: Which actors have been in charge of designing and implementing sanctions against nuclear proliferators? Which legal technologies have they developed to regulate global financial transactions? Answering these questions generates a better understanding of key processes in global governance: the increasing role of the Security Council as a global legislator; the “financialization” of global regulation, with the increasing role played by international and US domestic financial institutions that were historically foreign to the field of nuclear nonproliferation; and the judicialization of the enforcement of sanctions, which is accompanied by the multiplication of secondary sanctions against sanctions-evaders.
Paper or Plastic? Mapping the Transmedial Intersections of Comics and Action Figures
Authors: Alexandratos Jonathan , Yezbick Daniel F.
Published: March 2019

This chapter outlines a new critical perspective on the creative and commercial synergy between comic books, toys, and broadcast media/film from 1970 to 2010. Applying a variety of critical methodologies, it surveys early cross-marketing of comic-book properties via toys, dolls, and action figures before 1980, then examines the 1980s and 1990s as a watershed moment when comic-book continuities and animated television series were developed in tandem to support toy sales. The resulting interdependence of comics, toys, and animated series as well as the development of comics packaged with toys transformed the signifying potential of more wide-ranging media narratives. The chapter concludes with a discussion of custom, “retro,” and event-specific “exclusive” iterations of comics and action figures within mediatized networks of mythology, memory, and nostalgia post-2000.
Next Issue
Authors: Smith Matthew J. , Duncan Randy
Published: March 2019

This chapter looks ahead to the possible trajectories of twenty-first-century Comics studies. Scholars are expanding the disciplinary perspectives and methodologies, from empirical approaches to practice-based research, brought to bear in studying comics. Perhaps more of that research will be done collaboratively, including multidisciplinary and transnational research teams. Comics scholars seem to be maintaining the zeal of a movement as they continue to integrate the field into the institutions of academia, from creating interdisciplinary minors to establishing comics studies divisions and discussion groups in learned societies. While resistance to comics studies might have diminished within the academy, there is still a need for outreach to educate the wider public about the value of comics. More detailed than the ubiquitous “next issue” caption box at the end of a comics magazine, this chapter does nonetheless serve as a preview of coming attractions for the next historical span in the field.
Comics Studies as Interdiscipline
Authors: Jacobs Dale
Published: March 2019

This chapter is a call for comics studies to become a fully interdisciplinary endeavor—an interdiscipline rather than an anti-discipline—and for that move toward interdisciplinarity to occur through reflective practice. The chapter proposes that one way this move might be accomplished is by incorporating methodologies and ways of thinking from the fields of book history and media studies into comics studies. Both book history and media studies demand that scholars be mindful of the commercial publishing contexts of comics, while additionally providing examples of hybrid methodologies that work toward interdisciplinarity in their own right. These questions of interdisciplinarity and methodology are approached through discussions of the 1976 Project, which involves examining a year of traditional output of the American comic book industry. The chapter details how book history and media studies might contribute to comics studies and addresses questions raised by and methodologies needed to examine seven comic books from August 1976.
What Else Is a Comic?
Authors: Thomas Evan B.
Published: March 2019

Comics studies has taken a comparative turn to global culture, which challenges claims in favor of Richard F. Outcault, Rodolphe Töpffer, or William Hogarth as the originators of comics. The synthesis for each claim is founded in the proliferation of image and text in the printing press. The printing press standardized visual tropes such as the panel-strip convention which is fundamental to comics. Examples of the panel-strip convention are found in the early period of print, where it might have begun as a side effect of intaglio printing. Alongside the panel-strip convention are several alternative conventions for organizing sequential images: processions, curtains, staircases, calendars, wheels, and decks. Each possesses affordances not found in the panel-strip convention. Furthermore, these conventions represent the way that visual metaphors were used to scaffold meaning, a method virtually erased by Hogarth. Rather than being an early artist of sequential images, Hogarth radically simplified an existing tradition that included direct predecessors to Rake’s Progress.
‘To his Coy Mistress’
Authors: Smith Nigel
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores Marvell’s best-known and most esteemed lyric poem ‘To His Coy Mistress’ in the context of the long tradition of carpe diem (‘seize the moment’) poetry, and argues that Marvell does not merely engage in playful parody of this often (especially in Latin) sexually frank genre, but also points to what was understood to be its ultimate origin in the epigrams of the Greek Anthology, still being rediscovered in Marvell’s day, and one in particular by Asclepiades. Marvell was interested in the poetic power of this lyric tradition, acknowledging yet surpassing poetry’s power to describe erotic encounter, shunning associations with alcohol in poetic tradition, in order to imagine a new order of experience that is the sole domain of poetry, connecting sexual climax with awareness of the elemental structure of the universe in time and space; hence new ways of contemplating mortality.
Marvell and Lyrics of Undifference
Authors: Hirst Derek , Zwicker Steven N.
Published: March 2019

In recent times, Marvell’s lyric poems have been increasingly read with an eye to the social and the topical: the sociabilities of the author, the topicalities of his verse. This essay faces in another direction, suggesting that in poems like ‘The Nymph Complaining’ the topical was a means for Marvell to explore inward matter, an occasion to see the interior life projected into the world. In such lyrics, Marvell discovers two distinct sites of suspension or coming-to-be: tears, in which categories and differences are dissolved; childhood, where the conditions of differentiation that underlie the adult order are suspended or elided. The poet’s fascination with the figure of the child reveals a preoccupation with a pre-sexual state altogether congruent with the primal oneness imagined in the ‘Mower’ poems and ‘The Garden’ and adventured so achingly in ‘The Nymph Complaining’. Such a reading as we propose uncovers the strange and compelling fit of the ontological and the psychological in Marvell’s work.
The Post-Machiavellian Poetry of ‘An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’
Authors: Brett Annabel
Published: March 2019

The Machiavellian dimension to the portrayal of Cromwell in ‘An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’ has long been recognized. The first part of this essay moves beyond existing interpretations to situate Marvell’s political poem in relation to the poetics of post-Machiavellian political discourse as it was understood and practised in a Europe-wide context, with a particular focus on translation between England, Italy, and Spain. Recovering the peculiar ‘wit’ of the sententia, which lay in its relation to action, enables us better to appreciate the complexity and subtlety with which Marvell created a contemporary Horatian voice. The second part of the essay turns to the characters of the action, analysing how that distinctive voice allows room for genuine drama without ever fully identifying with it; identity, in fact, is one of the things most troublingly problematized by the political poetics of the ‘Ode’.
Marvell and Patronage
Authors: von Maltzahn Nicholas
Published: March 2019

Patronage helped shape Marvell’s life and writings. He construes even friendships in terms of his service; moreover, his poetry often seems to confirm social ties. Even so, his lyrics especially resist simple identification as pieces offered by client to patron. This follows in part from his fostering such associations only then not too much to impose on them. Marvell in the course of his career at first sought to escape his local obligations, whatever the benefits of such patronage, only then to revert to those as his mainstay later in his life. With eminent Cromwellians he came to enjoy a lasting rapport, owing to his skilful combination of deference to their piety with displays of his own wit. But in the Restoration, his corporate roles meant this ‘humble servant’ might require less favour than he can seem to ask, with personal obligation yielding to more lasting civic service.
Marvell and the Interregnum
Authors: Hughes Ann
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the ambiguities of Marvell’s life from his return to England in 1647 to his service as MP for Hull in 1659‒60. It charts Marvell’s negotiation of the shifting political and patronage contexts of the period, as Marvell moved from royalist networks in the later 1640s to hesitant accommodation with post-regicidal regimes; and discusses his service in the household of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, his appointment as assistant to Milton in the office of John Thurloe, Secretary of State under the Protectorate, and his selection as MP. Marvell’s financial dependency, as well as the broader political context, encouraged a troubled engagement with the problems of patriarchal authority. Marvell’s elusive poetic responses thus illuminate these unsettled and unsettling times, as seen particularly in the ‘First Anniversary’ and ‘A Poem on the Death of his Late Highness’.
Marvell and His Adversaries, 1672–1678
Authors: Goldie Mark
Published: March 2019

Marvell exploded upon the public stage in 1673 with his coruscating satire The Rehearsal Transpros’d. This, and everything he wrote until his death in 1678, was provocative, and duly elicited angry—and sometimes witty—responses. His enemies were Anglican churchmen, most strenuously Samuel Parker, who were protective of clerical honour and sacerdotal authority, and defensive of the Church of England’s religious and political monopoly. These critics were joined by secular defenders of Charles II’s cause, notably the prodigious propagandist Roger L’Estrange. Marvell’s tracts and their contestation in the public domain are keys to understanding the formation of Whig and Tory sensibilities. His adversaries, their rhetorical strategies, and readers’ absorption in these print duels are guides to the genres and protocols of contemporary controversy, as well as illuminating the politics of memory, under the shadow of the Civil Wars, the theology of Calvinism in retreat, and the ecclesiology of Restoration Anglicanism.
Marvell in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries
Authors: Matthews Steven
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews Marvell’s presence in poetry in English from the early twentieth century down to the present. Beginning with T. S. Eliot’s decisive considerations of Marvell’s significance at the time of the tercentenary of Marvell’s birth, the chapter develops a picture of Marvellian themes which recur thereafter. Eliot’s reflections on Marvell were written as he was working on The Waste Land, and consideration is given to the qualified exploitation of a Marvell-derived ‘wit’ and ‘conceit’ in Eliot’s sequence. The chapter considers the availability of Marvell’s work to writers in this period, from Herbert Grierson’s anthology Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems onwards, to capture the significance of these editions within the writing of such as W. B. Yeats. Having established these complex threads of connection back to Marvell, the chapter then follows them through the work of later poets from Britain, America, Ireland, and the Caribbean including Empson, Ashbery, Gunn, Lowell, Walcott, Hill, Dunn, and Donaghy.
The Neoliberal Corporation
Authors: Ciepley David
Published: March 2019

The neoliberal corporation is a novel theoretical and organizational construct that treats the pecuniary interests of shareholders as the sole end of the corporation and gears corporate governance toward maximizing shareholder returns against the assumed opportunism of managers and workers. This construct originated in the post-war neoliberal effort to revive free market principles, which the rise of the monopolistic corporation appeared to have rendered obsolete. First, neoliberals declared the problem of monopoly a non-problem. Then, to marketize the corporation, they cast it as a glorified private partnership. Finally, they applied to it a game theoretic version of agency theory, with the shareholders as the “principal” and management (and workers) as their opportunistic agent. This chapter critiques both the descriptive cogency of this account and its practical consequences, which include exploding executive pay, short-termism, institutionalized irresponsibility, worker surveillance and coercion, and vampire management focused on value extraction rather than value creation.
Dynamic Capabilities, the Multinational Corporation, and Capture oF Co-created Value from Innovation
Authors: Pitelis Christos N. , Teece David J.
Published: March 2019

Extant explanations of the nature and scope of firms, such as transaction costs, property rights, metering, and “resources,” can be integrated into a more general capability-based theory of the nature and essence of the firm that recognizes the importance to the firm of creating and capturing value from innovation. The appropriability of returns from creative and innovative activity often requires the entrepreneurial creation and co-creation of markets and business ecosystems. Accordingly, market failure and transaction costs approaches need to be revamped to capture the essence of entrepreneurial and managerial activity that extends beyond the mere exercise of authority within existing firms and markets.
Transcending The Corporation
Authors: Morgan Bronwen
Published: March 2019

Recent developments in experiments with legal organizational forms are injecting diversity into the relative monoculture of the corporate form. Two threads are of particular interest in this chapter. The first concerns the creation of hybrid legal structures for “social enterprise.” The second stems from a revival of interest in cooperative structures, particularly in tandem with the digital economy. The chapter places these two threads in dialogue with Simon Deakin’s recent stimulating argument that the commons provides the most convincing conceptual foundation for understanding corporate governance. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of governance experimentation in small-scale food enterprises. Since debates around the production and distribution of food increasingly center around the notion of food as a “commons,” this provides a useful illustration of some of the key implications of the chapter’s argument.
Socializing Capital
Authors: Roy William G.
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews the history of how the modern corporation developed as a form of socialized property. It enumerates some of the important consequences of those developments and briefly mentions recent trends. The empirical focus is the corporate revolution of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the large publicly traded corporation became the dominant form of enterprise. The main point is that the socialization of property originated in the corporation when it was an extension of state power and over time retained its social character while shedding its accountability to the public.
Corporate Purpose
Authors: Marshall Shelley , Ramsay Ian
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the contemporary relevance of Berle and Means’ fundamental questioning of the purposes of the corporation. The issues considered concern the contemporary nature of the modern corporation as a new institutional form, and the determination of its purposes. The chapter draws on legal and empirical sources to examine the purposes of the corporation: the interpretation by courts of the duty imposed on directors to act in the interests of the corporation; a survey of company directors to assess what influence directors’ duties have on the extent to which directors are adopting stakeholders’ approaches; and research on how corporations define their business objectives as this provides insight into how corporations define their purposes.
Understanding the Roots of Shareholder Primacy
Authors: Weinstein Olivier
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews the law of directors’ duties in a number of Anglo-American countries to assess what influence directors’ duties have had on the extent to which directors are adopting stakeholder approaches. This data allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the extent to which legal reforms are required in the area of directors’ duties to create an enabling legal framework for corporate social responsibility. The chapter also presents the results of research on the business objectives of corporations, which provides insights into how corporations themselves define their purposes. The legal interpretations of the purpose of the corporation can then be contrasted with interpretations based on directors’ views and what corporations themselves state in their business objectives.
Developing Operator Expertise on Nuclear Power Production Facilities and Oil & Gas Installations
Authors: Crichton Margaret , Moffat Scott , Crichton Lauren
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes the current status of expertise development in nuclear power production and oil & gas facilities, for both routine operations and emergency response. These are two examples of industries characterized by continuous operation, high hazard, and complexity, where operators must have the capability to monitor systems and respond to potential threats. Both industries rely heavily on written procedures and procedural compliance, along with an awareness that unanticipated and often unprecedented events can emerge. Emergencies in these industries are extremely rare yet on-site operators must be able to make the shift from their routine operational role to responding to escalating situations. Directed training is frequently used to enhance operator expertise in the absence of actual experience, with simulator-based exercises increasingly being introduced. The chapter summarizes existing research into the content and format of the skills required by operators in these settings and highlights potential areas for future investigation.
Dancing the Interface
Authors: DeFrantz Thomas F.
Published: March 2019

Improvisers working with computer interfaces endure an overwhelming sense of nonempathetic indifference to questions of social identity that provide the warp and woof of physical imagination. This chapter offers commentary and analysis of these processes as they were realized by SLIPPAGE: Performance|Culture|Technology, a in residence at MIT from 2003 to 2011. Case studies include teaching tap dance to students in Singapore from a teleconference studio in Cambridge, Massachusetts; dancing improvised house music choreography while fitted with a wireless Miditron system; tap dancing on responsive floors that issued sound and video depending on the performer’s improvised step; and improvising with Wii controllers that repurposed photographic images onto specially constructed surfaces in real-time performance. In each of these encounters, the terms of physical comprehension expanded and contracted, suggesting an every-where-ness and not-really-here-ness that deserve exploration. Exploring methods of improvising towards empathy, the chapter suggests ways in which dancing bodies redistribute energy in relation to connectivities that are often not human and insistently nonempathetic.
Moving Sound
Authors: Sánchez-Colberg Ana , Karalis Dimitris
Published: March 2019

The essay revisits the relationship between music and dance, sound and movement, in contemporary dance and music in improvisation. The main philosophical thrust for the discussion draws from the work of Peters, specifically his 2009 book The Philosophy of Improvisation. Peters argues that true improvisation requires a ‘powerful memory, memory of the parameters of an instrument, of the body, of available technology, the parameters of a work’s structure, and one’s place within it at any time, the parameters of an idiom, a genre and its history, its possibilities’. This idea, of the need to set parameters, understand rules, structures, as well as one’s positions within an improvisational process, is central to the discussion. The project Moving Sound, a collaboration between music director Dimitris Karalis and composer-saxophonist Yannis Kassetas, is discussed as a case study.
I Notice That I’m Noticing …
Authors: Doughty Sally
Published: March 2019

This essay considers the concept of noticing in improvisational movement practices. It takes as its starting point the premise that the act of noticing is a conscious and active form of engagement, and interrogates this in relation to what and how dance artists notice in the moment of improvising. The essay then goes on to address the impact of this awareness on spontaneously composed movement material. It draws from the author’s experience of studying with leading improvisers, but the primary focus is on the author’s experience of working with American dance maker Deborah Hay in her 2011 Solo Performance Commissioning Project. Interviews with dance artists Simon Ellis and Matthias Sperling provide further in vivo perspectives in order to exemplify the significance of noticing in Hay’s performance practice.
Improvising Happiness
Authors: Sellers-Young Barbara
Published: March 2019

Solo improvisational dance forms from North Africa and the Middle East, most commonly referred to as belly dance, have their roots in community celebrations in which dancers improvise to the accompaniment of a diverse set of local instruments. The movement vocabulary of these forms became part of popular global discourse in the twentieth century through the inclusion of the dances at transnational fairs. Later belly dance was adopted as part of dance studios and recreational centres in small towns and major urban centres on all continents. Despite its global transmission and performance, belly dance has maintained improvisation as a core aesthetic principle.
Movements of Freedom
Authors: Parfitt-Brown Clare
Published: March 2019

Unlike the linear, regimented choreography associated with the cancan in the twentieth century, the early cancan (1821–1848) was defined by improvisation within the structure of the quadrille. This chapter examines primary sources on improvisation in the early cancan in the light of Michel de Certeau’s (1984) theory of ‘tactics’ and Danielle Goldman’s (2010) application of Michel Foucault’s (1997) notion of ‘practices of freedom’ to dance improvisation. The chapter argues that the cancan dancers’ improvisations drew on popular performance repertoires that embodied liberty and opposition to authority, grafting them into the contredanse/quadrille’s performance of French national identity. Those who were disenfranchised by the postrevolutionary monarchies played with alternative embodiments of liberty through these improvisations, creating a weapon of subtle resistance that the authorities could do little to suppress.
Exploring Uncertainties of Language in Dance Improvisation
Authors: McDowall Louise
Published: March 2019

Improvisation is a practice known experientially (‘in the doing’); given this, to what extent can the generation of this experiential knowledge be sought through attending to processes such as writing, ‘languaging’, and conceptualizing which commence alongside its practice? The work enables reflection on the ways language is used, functions, and constructs meaning within the practice(s) of dance improvisation, drawing support from recent work of Candace Feck to establish language as a contributory feature of dance improvisation practice. This chapter encourages a reluctant field to broaden the possibilities of debate regarding the exchange and ‘languaging’ of dance improvisational experiences. To cultivate an understanding of improvisation practice as a conversational practice could lead to a greater appreciation of the way language not only consolidates but also exposes the ways concepts and experiences are facilitated into existence through language.
Negative Existentials
Authors: Clapp Lenny , Reimer Marga , Spire Anne
Published: March 2019

This chapter presents a critical discussion of the problem of negative existentials in the tradition of analytic philosophy of language. Firstly, it presents the problem as a compelling argument in support of the counterintuitive conclusion that sentences such as ‘Pegasus does not exist’ cannot be used to make true and informative assertions. Then, seven influential proposals for solving the problem are considered, each of which is construed as a response to this argument. The proposals considered are Russell’s (1905) theory of descriptions, Quine’s (1948) prescribed elimination of names, Donnellan’s (1974) ‘historical block’ view, Kripke’s (1973/2013) ‘no such proposition’ view, Salmon’s (1998) fictional entities view, Braun’s (1993) gappy proposition view, and Katz’s (1990) pure metalinguistic descriptivism. Though the official stance with regard to these proposals is neutral, the chapter concludes with a brief reactive summary that endorses a general pragmatic approach to the problem.
What can Neuroscience Tell us About Reference?
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: March 2019

In traditional formal semantics, reference, truth, and satisfaction are basic and representation is derivative and dispensable. Semantics in this traditional sense has no bearing on mental processing. Thus, cognitive neuroscience cannot provide any insights into the nature of reference. Unlike traditional semantics, dynamic semantic theories—such as discourse representation theory (DRT) —treat ever-growing, revisable mental representations as the basic semantic entities. New information may refer to previously introduced referents and discourse referents may refer to worldly entities. Because DRT treats mental representations as indispensable, evidence from neuroscience—particularly recording of electroencephalograms (EEG) and its derivative event-related potentials (ERPs)—can reasonably be thought to shed light on meaning and reference. This chapter first reviews the advantages of DRT in accommodating linguistic data and then reviews data from neuroscience that seem to support it. Finally, it considers methodological concerns that have been raised about the neuroscientific approach to semantics.
Reference as a Speech Act
Authors: Hanks Peter
Published: March 2019

Linguistic expressions refer to things, but so do people when they perform acts of reference using linguistic expressions. This chapter is concerned with the latter, referred to here as speech act reference. After distinguishing between linguistic reference and speech act reference, two issues are raised. First, what is the order of priority between linguistic reference and speech act reference? The argument is made that neither can be conceptually or explanatorily prior to the other. Linguistic reference and speech act reference are complementary elements in a wider phenomenon of reference in language. Second, what is the relationship between acts of reference and whole illocutionary acts? Here, it is argued that acts of reference can only occur as components of complete illocutionary acts with satisfaction conditions, such as assertions, questions, and orders.
Referential Intentions
Authors: O'Rourke Michael
Published: March 2019

This chapter presents a critical review of research on referential intentions, in the fields of philosophy, linguistics, and psychology, focusing both on what makes them referential and how they function as intentions. This project is distinctively philosophical—the concept referential intention combines elements of language with those of action, and a full account of it should blend theoretical work on reference in linguistics and the philosophy of language with theoretical work on intention in psychology and the philosophy of action. While such an account is beyond the scope of this chapter, the aim is to make progress toward it by outlining ways in which referential intentions are conceptually constrained by reference on the one side and intention on the other. The goal is to supply an overview of these states that does justice to their variety while introducing constraints on their implementation in semantic and pragmatic theories of natural language.
Different Senses of ‘Referential’
Authors: Hedberg Nancy , Gundel Jeanette , Borthen Kaja
Published: March 2019

There exist a range of different notions of referentiality in the literature. The cognitive status ‘referential’ on the Givenness Hierarchy means that the hearer can assign a unique representation to the speaker’s intended referent by the time the sentence is processed. This is distinct from definite referents, which are expected to be ‘uniquely identifiable’, a status that entails ‘referential’, on the basis of the definite noun phrase alone. In this chapter, it is argued that phrases that are ‘attributive’, as distinct from ‘referential’, in Donnellan’s 1966 sense are ‘referential’ in the Givenness Hierarchy sense, and are marked as such in languages that mark referentiality overtly via determiners or case marking. Furthermore, it is suggested that bare nominal phrases in languages that allow them are unspecified for referentiality, but that an implicature of non-referentiality for a bare nominal may be generated in languages that mark definiteness or referentiality morphologically.
Definiteness and Familiarity
Authors: Abbott Barbara
Published: March 2019

In this chapter two kinds of theories of definite descriptions are reviewed: the first is Russell’s famous theory, which holds that the article the conveys unique satisfaction of the descriptive content associated with it. The second kind of theory is one which holds that the conventional import of the definite article is one of familiarity of some type. Following that, this chapter also reviews a number of serious problems for familiarity theories, arguing that those are sufficient to make such theories untenable. Finally, this chapter looks at cases where definite descriptions do convey familiarity, and attempts (not completely successfully) to explain those cases.
Evaluating artesunate-amodiaquine deployment, efficacy and safety: an in silico pharmacological model
Authors: Hong Ki Bae , Hastings Ian , Kay Katherine , Hodel Eva Maria
Published: March 2019

Background

The World Health Organization currently recommends artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The clinical efficacy of AS-AQ is very high but its effectiveness in the field varies considerably. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of AS-AQ fixed dose combination (FDC) and non-fixed formulation (non-FDC) in controlled and real-life settings using a pharmacological model of antimalarial treatment.

Methods

The effectiveness and safety of different drug formulations in different treatment scenarios were investigated using a pharmacological model of AS-AQ treatment. The model simulated multiple treatment scenarios to assess the effects of age-or weight-based dosing bands in three geographically distinct patient populations, and poor patient adherence.

Results

The model output was consistent with clinical trials in terms of cure rates, recrudescence rates and the pattern of AQ overdosing with age- and weight-based dosing regimens. AS-AQ treatment has good efficacy and effectiveness in fully adherent patients but monotherapy of AS or AQ lead to treatment failure. The weight-based dosing regimen with FDC was the best option for patients in terms of drug safety and had similar efficacies to the other regimens. Asians were more likely to be overdosed with AQ when using age-based dosing regimens.

Conclusions

Weight-based dosing is optimal but not always feasible, so age-based dosing regimens are often used as an alternative. The model outputs highlight the importance of optimising these age-based dosing regimens for specific regions, and identify an increased risk of overdosing in young children.
HDAC6 promotes PMA-induced megakaryocyte differentiation of K562 cells by regulating ROS levelsviaNOX4 and repressing Glycophorin A
Authors: Kummari Githavani , Gutti Ravi K , Kalle Arunasree M.
Published: March 2019

The human erythroleukemia (K562) cells are considered as bipotent megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells and the differentiation of these cells to megakaryocytes (MK) in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) mimicsin vivodifferentiation of MEP (megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor) cells in the bone marrow. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in gene suppression and their roles during the MK differentiation remains largely undefined. In the present study, we have studied the expression levels of class I and class II HDACs during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation of K562 cells to MK. Class IIb HDACs (HDAC6 & HDAC10) were significantly up regulated time dependently upto 4 days of PMA-induced MK differentiation along with decreased acetylation levels of H3K9 and H3K56. Pharmacological inhibition and knockdown studies of HDAC6 using tubastatin A (TubA) and shRNA-HDAC6 respectively, during MK differentiation resulted in down regulation of MK lineage marker CD61 and up regulation of erythroid lineage gene glycophorin A (GYPA). HDAC6 over expression in K562 cells showed significant up regulation of CD61, MK transcription factors (FOG1 and GATA2) and down regulation of GYPA. ChIP-PCR studies showed enrichment of HDAC6 protein on GYPA promoter during differentiation indicating GYPA gene repression by HDAC6. Further studies on elucidating the role of HDAC6 in MK differentiation clearly indicated that HDAC6 is required for the production of sustainable levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important regulator of MK differentiation,viaNOX4.- ROS-HDAC6 circuit. In this study, we provide the first evidence that during PMA-induced megakaryocyte differentiation of K562 cells, HDAC6 represses erythroid lineage marker gene, GYPA, and promotes the sustainable levels of ROSviaNOX4 required for MK differentiation.

Key points

HDAC6 upregulated during MK differentiation is involved in sustainable production of ROSviathe circuit - HDAC6-NOX4-ROS-HDAC6.

HDAC6 inhibits erythroid lineage gene, GYPA, by forming a repressor complex over the promoter region.
Aquarium: an automatic data-processing and experiment information management system for biological macromolecular crystallography beamlines
Authors: Yu Feng , Wang Qisheng , Li Minjun , Zhou Huan , Liu Ke , Zhang Kunhao , Wang Zhijun , Xu Qin , Xu Chuanyan , Pan Qiangyan , He Jianhua
Published: March 2019

With the popularity of hybrid pixel array detectors, hundreds of diffraction data sets are collected at a biological macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamline every day. Therefore, the manual processing and recording procedure will be a very time-consuming and error-prone task. Aquarium is an automatic data processing and experiment information management system designed for synchrotron radiation source MX beamlines. It is composed of a data processing module, a daemon module and a web site module. Before experiments, the sample information can be registered into a database. The daemon module will submit data processing jobs to a high-performance cluster as soon as the data set collection is completed. The data processing module will automatically process data sets from data reduction to model building if the anomalous signal is available. The web site module can be used to monitor and inspect the data processing results.
Dynamics and control of a flexible rotating clamped-free beam by SDRE strategy
Authors: Piro Barragam Vinicius , Fenili Andre , Milagre da Fonseca Ijar
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is the dynamic analysis of the coupled rotation and vibration motion of a system containing a central rigid body to which is attached a flexible beam.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology includes the Lagrange’s formulation by using the extended Hamilton’s Principle in conjunction with the assumed modes method to describe the system of equations by ordinary differential equations. The first unconstrained mode of vibration was considered as the solution for the transversal displacement. Such mode emerges as the eigenvalue problem solution associated to the dynamics of the system. The control strategy adopted is a nonlinear analogy of the linear quadratic regulator problem as the Riccati equation is solved at every integration step during the numerical solutions. This strategy is known as state-dependent Riccati equation.

Findings

By means of computational simulations, it was found the relation between controlled motion and inertia ratio.

Research limitations/implications

This work is limited to planar case and fixed hub.

Practical implications

Practical implications of this work realize the design of lighter yet dexterous structures.

Originality/value

The contribution of this paper is the position and vibration control of a flexible beam accounting for nonlinearity effects and the fact that the structure to where it is clamped has a comparable inertia.
An integrated model for m-banking adoption in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Baabdullah Abdullah M. , Alalwan Ali A. , Rana Nripendra P. , Patil Pushp , Dwivedi Yogesh K.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine the most important factors that could predict the Saudi customer’s continued intention towards adoption of mobile banking.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed conceptual model was based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and task-technology fit (TTF) model. This is also expanded by considering two additional factors: perceived privacy and perceived security. By using a self-administered questionnaire, the data were collected from a convenience sample of Saudi banking customers from different parts of Saudi Arabia.

Findings

The main results based on structural equation modelling analyses supported the impact of perceived privacy, perceived security, perceived usefulness and TTF on the customers’ continued intention to use mobile banking.

Research limitations/implications

The moderation influence of the demographic factors (i.e. age, gender, income level, educational level) was not tested. The data were also collected using a self-report questionnaire; however, it would be more accurate to utilise more statistics from the bank database about the users of m-banking.

Originality/value

This study represents a worthy attempt to test such novel technology (m-banking) in the KSA where there is a scarcity of literature. A considerable theoretical contribution was also made by integrating the TTF model with the TAM in addition to consider privacy and security in one single model. Moreover, considering both perceived privacy and security in the current model creates an accurate picture about the adoption of m-banking especially as there are a limited number of m-banking studies that have considered privacy and security alongside the TTF model and TAM in the same model.
Organizational politics as a blindfold
Authors: Guo Yongxing , Kang Haiying , Shao Bo , Halvorsen Beni
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating effect of organizational politics on the relationships between work engagement, in-role performance and organization citizenship behavior – organization (OCBO).

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretical hypotheses were tested using a sample of 107 supervisor-subordinate dyads in China. Outcome variables, such as in-role performance and OCBO, were rated by supervisors.

Findings

Contrary to the established literature on positive work engagement-work outcomes relationships, the findings supported the prediction that work engagement was negatively related to supervisor-rated in-role performance and OCBO when the organizational is perceived as highly political.

Research limitations/implications

The sample size for this study is relatively small. In addition, the authors measured organizational politics from employees’ perspectives, which might not reflect reality objectively. Furthermore, the data were collected at a single time point, so causal relationships could not be validated.

Practical implications

When employees perceive the work environment as political, organizations need to be aware of non-work factors that may influence supervisors’ evaluation of employee performance to ensure they do not demotivate and discourage highly engaged employees.

Originality/value

Considerable research has shown that work engagement is positively related to in-role performance and OCBO. The present study, however, challenges and extends previous research by suggesting that work engagement can lead to low supervisor evaluation of in-role performance and OCBO when the organization is perceived to be political.