bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Riscos ambientais nas cidades e floresta urbana
Authors: Carlos Sarti Antonio , Adelaide Lombardo Magda
Published: March 2015

Os materiais construtivos empregados na edificação da cidade e a configuração dos espaços verdes urbanos repercutem no aquecimento e na formação de micro-climas. A floresta urbana é apresentada como medida mitigadora, como conectora cultural e como ferramenta contra os riscos ambientais decorrentes de ocupação inadequada.
Avaliação espacio-temporal das precipitações extremas e seus impactos no meio urbano: um caso Brasileiro
Authors: Sória Castellano Marina , Hidalgo Nunes Lucí
Published: March 2015

A análise de eventos extremos de precipitação na cidade de Campinas (SP), entre 1976 e 2005, mostrou um aumento no número e no tipo de impactos e um claro padrão socioespacial – os episódios afetaram mais duramente setores menos favorecidos, o que reflete os problemas e riscos advindos da ocupação irregular. Contudo, todo o município registrou algum tipo de ocorrência, mostrando que, mesmo em menor grau, todos os habitantes estão sujeitos a algum grau de risco.
Recorrência dos incêndios na serra da Cabreira (Vieira do Minho, noroeste de Portugal) como medida da manifestação do risco de incêndio florestal
Authors: Ferreira Leite Flora , Bento-Gonçalves António , António Vieira António Vieira , Oliveira Martins Carla
Published: March 2015

Este artigo constitui um primeiro ensaio metodológico que visa realçar a importância da recorrência como indicador de situações de risco. Trata-se de uma metodologia expedita que permite obter a distribuição espacial das áreas de risco de incêndio.
Higher order resonance stability of triangular libration points for radiating primaries in ER3BP
Authors: Narayan Ashutosh , Singh Nutan
Published: March 2015

The main aim of this paper is to study the existence of resonance and stability of the triangular equilibrium points in the framework of ER3BP when both the attracting bodies are sources of radiation at w1=w2, w1=2w2, w1=3w2 in both circular and elliptical cases .A practical application of this model could be seen in the case of binary systems ( Achird, Luyten, α Cen- AB, Kruger 60, Xi Bootis). The study is carried out both analytically and numerically by considering various values of radiation pressures and around binary systems .In both cases (CR3BP and ER3BP) it is found that w1=w2 corresponds to the boundary region of the stability for the system, whereas the other two cases w1=2w2, w1=3w2  correspond to the resonant cases. In order to investigate the stability, the Hamiltonian is normalized up to the fourth order by using linear canonical transformation of variables. Then KAM theorem is applied to investigate the stability for different values of radiation pressures in general and around the binary systems in particular. Finally, simulation technique is applied to study the correlation between radiation pressures and mass ratio in circular case; mass ratio and eccentricity in elliptical case. It is found that all the binary systems considered are stable. Also, it is found that except for some values of the radiation pressure parameters and for m<=mc =0.0385209 the triangular equilibrium points are stable.
Filtering the piotroski portfolio: the roles of economic sector, small cap, and technical momentum
Authors: Rada Roy
Published: March 2015

Background and Objective: In one of the most cited, value-investing results, a portfolio of approximately 100 stocks is selected based on value and fundamental factors. If an investor wants to select 10 of those recommended stocks, then to what extent might economic sector diversification, market capitalization, and technical momentum indicators be useful?Method and Results: In this paper, several strategies produce the 10-stock portfolio that retains the performance of the 100-stock portfolio. Choosing the smallest market cap stocks tends to make the greatest, positive difference in gains, but deeper investigation reveals that those stocks may not be practically accessible investment vehicles.
On almost increasing and quasi monotone sequences
Authors: Bor Hüseyin , Yu Dansheng
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we prove a well-known theorem
under weaker conditions. This theorem also includes some known and
new results.
Can a healthy youth development clinic serving latino families be youth friendly and family oriented? A mixed-methods evaluation
Authors: Svetaz Maria Veronica , Garcia-Huidobro Diego , Hurtado Ghaffar Ali , Trebs Laura , Hernandez Stephanie , Bartels Anna , Garzon Bibiana , Allen Michele
Published: March 2015

Background: Parenting adolescents poses challenges that are exacerbated by immigration. Aqui Para Ti [Here for You] (APT) is a clinic-based, healthy youth development program that provides family-centered care for Latino youth and their families who are mostly immigrants from Mexico and Latin America.

Objectives: To present the APT model of care and report the experiences of youth and their parents.

Subjects: APT patients between 11 and 24 years (n=30) and parents (n=15). Most youth patients were female, between 11 and 17 years, and from Mexico. Most parents were female, 40 years or younger, and from Mexico.

Methods: Youth participants completed a survey and participated in an individual semi-structured interview, and parent participants attended focus groups. Descriptive statistics summarized survey data. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and analyzed in Spanish using content analysis by two independent coders. Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated using side-by-side comparisons. Researchers not involved in the coding process contributed with the interpretation of the findings.

Results: Youth and parents were satisfied with the services received at APT. Youth felt listened to by their providers (100%), felt they could trust them (100%) and valued comprehensive care. Eighty-seven percent reported that their experiences at APT were better than at other clinics. Parents valued the family parallel care, confidentiality, family-centeredness, and the cultural inclusivity of the APT services.

Conclusion: Patients and parents were satisfied with the services offered at APT. Family parallel care could be a positive alternative to deliver confidential and family-centered services to immigrant families.
The poetic mind: a producer-oriented approach to literature and art
Authors: Kolaiti Patricia
Published: March 2015

This paper aims to shift theoretical attention from the reception to the production end of literature, and from the literary text per se to the action-process of which it is an outcome. It focuses on the internal activities that bring about literary, or more generally, artistic behavior and suggests that a certain action-process is literature – and the resulting object a literary text – when it stands in a causal relation to a specialised type of creative mental state. This state will be termed the artistic thought state. The idea that literary texts are causally linked to artistic thought states may help provide answers to some persistent ontological questions in literary and art study (e.g. about the ontological status of literary objects as opposed to their linguistic ‘mere thing’ equivalents), and delineate new potential for research in the linguistic study of literature.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria revisited: news on pathophysiology, clinical course and treatment
Authors: Körper Sixten , Höchsmann Britta , Schrezenmeier Hubert
Published: March 2015

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare benign clonal disorder of hematopoiesis. Its etiologic basis is the clonal dominance of a PIGA-mutated hematopoietic progenitor that gives rise to GPI-deficient blood cells that are unable to express complement inhibitors like CD55 or CD59. These cells are prone to complement-induced hemolysis. In classic hemolytic PNH, granulocyte clone sizes can be up to 90% or more. Much progress has been made during the last years in understanding the interrelations of complement-dependent hemolysis; its consequences like thrombosis, renal failure or pulmonal hypertension; and possible treatment strategies. To gain clinical relevance, the PNH clone has to make a relevant contribution to blood cell generation; however, a minimal clone size as a threshold for the occurrence of symptoms such as thrombosis, dyspnea, chest or abdominal pain cannot be given. Such symptoms can be seen in a relevant proportion of patients with clone size smaller than 10%. The driver for the clonal dominance of the PIGA-mutated hematopoiesis is still not clear. Recently, data about coexisting mutations in cancer genes have been published and new mechanisms for autoimmunity have been presented. The success of eculizumab in the treatment of PNH patients has stimulated the development of a variety of new strategies for complement inhibition. This review will focus on the most important findings in pathophysiology, clinical course and treatments during the last years.
Series expansions for convolutions of Pareto distributions
Authors: Nguyen Quang Huy , Robert Christian Y.
Published: March 2015

Asymptotic expansions for the tails of sums of random variables with
regularly varying tails are mainly derived in the case of identically
distributed random variables or in the case of random variables with the
same tail index. Moreover, the higher-order terms are often given under the
condition of existence of a moment of the distribution. In this paper, we
obtain infinite series expansions for convolutions of Pareto distributions
with non-integer tail indices. The Pareto random variables may have
different tail indices and different scale parameters. We naturally find the
same constants for the first terms as given in the previous asymptotic
expansions in the case of identically distributed random variables, but we
are now able to give the next additional terms. Since our series expansion
is not asymptotic, it may be also used to compute the values of quantiles of
the distribution of the sum as well as other risk measures such as the Tail
Value at Risk. Examples of values are provided for the sum of at least five
Pareto random variables and are compared to those determined via previous
asymptotic expansions or via simulations.
Sr(Hg1–x
Sn
x
)4: variations of the EuIn4-type structure
Authors: Wendorff Marco , Röhr Caroline
Published: March 2015

Starting from the new compound SrHg2Sn2, which is isoelectronic and also isotypic to the indide SrIn4, the successive substitution of Sn against the electron poor Hg has been investigated in a combined synthetic, crystallographic, and bond-theoretical study. Along the 1:4 section Sr(Hg1–x
Sn
x
)4 a series of compounds with Sn contents x between 0.5 and 0.2 were synthesized from stoichiometric ratios of the elements. Their crystal structures, which represent three different variants of the EuIn4-type structure, have been determined using single crystal X-ray data. The most electron rich compound SrHg2Sn2 crystallizes in the original EuIn4-type [monoclinic, C2/m, a = 1257.9(14), b = 490.1(4), c = 997.8(12) pm, β = 117.60(6)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0838], with a fully ordered Hg and Sn distribution. The four atom sites form two different folded ladders with an alternating Hg/Sn distribution. Like in the KHg2-type, the ladders are connected via six-membered rings. In between, double tubes with an internal Sn–Sn bond are connected via further Sn–Sn bonds to form sheets similar to those observed in SiAs. The most electron-poor phase SrHg3.2Sn0.8 crystallizes in a strongly distorted variant of this structure [a = 1172.8(4), b = 497.9(2), c = 1010.0(4) pm, β = 118.860(7)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0549]. Herein, additional Hg–Hg bonds are formed, and the open tubes are distorted into rods of edge-sharing rhombohedra resembling the structure motifs of elemental Hg. At an intermediate valence electron (v.e.) number, i.e., in SrHg2.5Sn1.5, an isomorphous tripled superstructure (a = 2704.4(5), b = 493.87(7), c = 1197.1(2) pm, β = 90.838(14)°, Z = 12, R1 = 0.0475) occurs, where the building blocks of the two variants of the EuIn4-type structure alternate in a 1:2 ratio. The bonding situation and the “coloring,” i.e., the Hg/Sn distribution in the polyanionic network, are discussed considering the different sizes of the atoms and the charge distribution (Bader AIM charges), which has been calculated within the framework of the FP-LAPW density functional theory for SrHg2Sn2 and the model compounds “SrHg3Sn” and “SrHg4.”
Role for Endogenous BDNF in Endocannabinoid-Mediated Long-Term Depression at Neocortical Inhibitory Synapses
Authors: Zhao Liangfang , Li-Wen Yeh Mason , Levine Eric S.
Published: March 2015

The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system is an important regulator of synaptic function. Endocannabinoids acutely modulate inhibitory and excitatory transmission, and also mediate long-term depression at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Typically, endocannabinoid synthesis and release is stimulated by depolarization-induced calcium influx and/or activation of phospholipase-C (PLC) signaling triggered by mGluR activation. Recently it has been shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can also induce endocannabinoid release. Although there is growing evidence for cross-talk between BDNF and endocannabinoid signaling, little is known about the functional relevance of these interactions. In the present studies, we examined BDNF−endocannabinoid interactions in regulating activity-dependent long-term depression at inhibitory synapses (iLTD). We found that theta burst stimulation (TBS) in layer 2/3 of mouse somatosensory cortical slices can induce a form of endocannabinoid-mediated iLTD that is independent of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation. This endocannabinoid-dependent iLTD, however, requires endogenous BDNF-trkB signaling, as it is blocked by a trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor and by a trkB receptor antagonist, and also requires activation of diacylglycerol lipase (DAG-lipase, DGL). In addition, endocannabinoid-mediated iLTD can be induced by combining a subthreshold concentration of exogenous BDNF with weak TBS stimulation that by itself is insufficient to induce iLTD. Taken together, our results suggest that TBS can induce the release of endogenous BDNF, which triggers DGL-dependent endocannabinoid mobilization and cannabinoid receptor-dependent iLTD at layer 2/3 cortical synapses.
Preparing the Periphery for a Subsequent Behavior: Motor Neuronal Activity during Biting Generates Little Force but Prepares a Retractor Muscle to Generate Larger Forces during Swallowing inAplysia
Authors: Lu Hui , McManus Jeffrey M. , Cullins Miranda J. , Chiel Hillel J.
Published: March 2015

Some behaviors occur in obligatory sequence, such as reaching before grasping an object. Can the earlier behavior serve to prepare the musculature for the later behavior? If it does, what is the underlying neural mechanism of the preparation? To address this question, we examined two feeding behaviors in the marine molluskAplysia californica, one of which must precede the second: biting and swallowing. Biting is an attempt to grasp food. When that attempt is successful, the animal immediately switches to swallowing to ingest food. The main muscle responsible for pulling food into the buccal cavity during swallowing is the I3 muscle, whose motor neurons B6, B9, and B3 have been previously identified. By performing recordings from these neuronsin vivoin intact, behaving animals orin vitroin a suspended buccal mass preparation, we demonstrated that the frequencies and durations of these motor neurons increased from biting to swallowing. Using the physiological patterns of activation to drive these neurons intracellularly, we further demonstrated that activating them using biting-like frequencies and durations, either alone or in combination, generated little or no force in the I3 muscle. When biting-like patterns preceded swallowing-like patterns, however, the forces during the subsequent swallowing-like patterns were significantly enhanced. Sequences of swallowing-like patterns, either with these neurons alone or in combination, further enhanced forces in the I3 muscle. These results suggest a novel mechanism for enhancing force production in a muscle, and may be relevant to understanding motor control in vertebrates.
MuSK Frizzled-Like Domain Is Critical for Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction Formation and Maintenance
Authors: Messéant Julien , Dobbertin Alexandre , Girard Emmanuelle , Delers Perrine , Manuel Marin , Mangione Francesca , Schmitt Alain , Le Denmat Dominique , Molgó Jordi , Zytnicki Daniel , Schaeffer Laurent , Legay Claire , Strochlic Laure
Published: March 2015

The muscle-specific kinase MuSK is one of the key molecules orchestrating neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. MuSK interacts with the Wnt morphogens, through its Frizzled-like domain (cysteine-rich domain [CRD]). Dysfunction of MuSK CRD in patients has been recently associated with the onset of myasthenia, common neuromuscular disorders mainly characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. However, the physiological role of Wnt-MuSK interaction in NMJ formation and function remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that the CRD deletion of MuSK in mice caused profound defects of both muscle prepatterning, the first step of NMJ formation, and synapse differentiation associated with a drastic deficit in AChR clusters and excessive growth of motor axons that bypass AChR clusters. Moreover, adultMuSKΔCRDmice developed signs of congenital myasthenia, including severe NMJs dismantlement, muscle weakness, and fatigability. We also report, for the first time, the beneficial effects of lithium chloride, a reversible inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3, that rescued NMJ defects inMuSKΔCRDmice and therefore constitutes a novel therapeutic reagent for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders linked to Wnt-MuSK signaling pathway deficiency. Together, our data reveal that MuSK CRD is critical for NMJ formation and plays an unsuspected role in NMJ maintenance in adulthood.
Neural Substrates of Intention–Consequence Integration and Its Impact on Reactive Punishment in Interpersonal Transgression
Authors: Yu Hongbo , Li Jia , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: March 2015

When evaluating interpersonal transgressions, people take into account both the consequential damage and the intention of the agent. The intention and consequence, however, do not always match, as is the case with accidents and failed attempts. We combined an interactive game and functional MRI to investigate the neural substrates underlying the processing of intention and consequence, and its bearing on reactive punishment. The participant interacted with anonymous partners, who decided to deliver pain stimulation either to himself/herself or to the participant to earn a monetary reward. In some cases, the decision was reversed by the computer. After pain delivery, the partner's intention was revealed. Unbeknownst to the partner, the participant was then allowed to punish the partner by reducing his/her monetary reward. Behaviorally, the punishment was lower in the accidental condition (unintended harm relative to intended harm) but higher in the failed-attempt condition (unintended no-harm relative to intended no-harm). Neurally, the left amygdala/hippocampus was activated in the conditions with blameworthy intention (i.e., intentional harm and failed attempt). The accidental (relative to intentional) harm activated the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and the anterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), while the failed attempt (relative to genuine no-harm) activated the anterior insula (AI) and the posterior IFG. Effective connectivity analysis revealed that in the unintentional conditions (i.e., accidental and failed attempt) the IFG received input from the TPJ and AI, and sent regulatory signals to the amygdala. These findings demonstrate that the processing of intention may gate the emotional responses to transgression and regulate subsequent reactive punishment.
Neural Mechanisms for Discounting Head-Roll-Induced Retinal Motion
Authors: Billington Jac , Smith Andrew T.
Published: March 2015

An extensive series of physiological studies in macaques shows the existence of neurons in three multisensory cortical regions, dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd), ventral intraparietal area (VIP), and visual posterior sylvian area (VPS), that are tuned for direction of self-motion in both visual and vestibular modalities. Some neurons have congruent direction preferences, suggesting integration of signals for optimum encoding of self-motion trajectory; others have opposite preferences and could be used for discounting retinal motion that arises from perceptually irrelevant head motion. Whether such a system exists in humans is unknown. Here, artificial vestibular stimulation was administered to human participants during fMRI scanning in conjunction with carefully calibrated visual stimulation that emulated either congruent or opposite stimulation conditions. Direction and speed varied sinusoidally, such that the two conditions contained identical vestibular stimulation and identical retinal stimulation, differing only in the relative phase of the two components. In human MST and putative VIP, multivoxel pattern analysis permitted classification of stimulus phase based on fMRI time-series data, consistent with the existence of separate neuron populations responsive to congruent and opposite cue combinations. Decoding was also possible in the vicinity of parieto-insular vestibular cortex, possibly in a homolog of macaque VPS.
Distinct Influence of Hand Posture on Cortical Activity during Human Grasping
Authors: Perez Monica A. , Rothwell John C.
Published: March 2015

We recently showed that subcortical circuits contribute to control the gain of motor cortical inputs to spinal motoneurons during precision grip of a small object. Here, we examine whether the involvement of the motor cortex could be revealed by grasping with different hand postures. Using noninvasive cortical, cervicomedullary, and peripheral nerve stimulation we examined in humans motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and the activity in intracortical circuits (suppression of voluntary electromyography) and spinal motoneurons (F-waves) in intrinsic hand muscles when grasping a 6 mm cylinder with the index finger and thumb while the hand was held in the neutral position or during full pronation and supination. We demonstrate that the size of cortically evoked MEPs in the first dorsal interosseous, but not in the abductor pollicis brevis and abductor digit minimi muscles, was reduced to a similar extent during grasping with the hand pronated or supinated compared with the neutral position. Notably, the suppression of MEPs was present from the MEP onset, suggesting that indirect corticospinal pathways were less likely to be involved than direct connections. There was less intracortical inhibition targeting the first dorsal interosseous during hand pronation and supination compared with neutral and this negatively correlated with changes in MEP size. In contrast, cervicomedullary MEPs and F-waves remained unchanged across conditions, as did MEPs evoked during unopposed weak flexion of the index finger. Our findings reveal a distinct influence of the posture of the hand on the activity of cortical pathways controlling different hand muscles during grasping.
Blockade of Glutamatergic Transmission in Perirhinal Cortex Impairs Object Recognition Memory in Macaques
Authors: Malkova Ludise , Forcelli Patrick A. , Wellman Laurie L. , Dybdal David , Dubach Mark F. , Gale Karen
Published: March 2015

The perirhinal cortex (PRc) is essential for visual recognition memory, as shown by electrophysiological recordings and lesion studies in a variety of species. However, relatively little is known about the functional contributions of perirhinal subregions. Here we used a systematic mapping approach to identify the critical subregions of PRc through transient, focal blockade of glutamate receptors by intracerebral infusion of kynurenic acid. Nine macaques were tested for visual recognition memory using the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task. We found that inactivation of medial PRc (consisting of Area 35 together with the medial portion of Area 36), but not lateral PRc (the lateral portion of Area 36), resulted in a significant delay-dependent impairment. Significant impairment was observed with 30 and 60 s delays but not with 10 s delays. The magnitude of impairment fell within the range previously reported after PRc lesions. Furthermore, we identified a restricted area located within the most anterior part of medial PRc as critical for this effect. Moreover, we found that focal blockade of either NMDA receptors by the receptor-specific antagonist AP-7 or AMPA receptors by the receptor-specific antagonist NBQX was sufficient to disrupt object recognition memory. The present study expands the knowledge of the role of PRc in recognition memory by identifying a subregion within this area that is critical for this function. Our results also indicate that, like in the rodent, both NMDA and AMPA-mediated transmission contributes to object recognition memory.
Time Flies When We Intend to Act: Temporal Distortion in a Go/No-Go Task
Authors: Yabe Yoshiko , Goodale Melvyn A.
Published: March 2015

Although many of our actions are triggered by sensory events, almost nothing is known about our perception of the timing of those sensory events. Here we show that, when people react to a sudden visual stimulus that triggers an action, that stimulus is perceived to occur later than an identical stimulus that does not trigger an action. In our experiments, participants fixated the center of a clock face with a rotating second hand. When the clock changed color, they were required to make a motor response and then to report the position of the second hand at the moment the clock changed color. In Experiment 1, in which participants made a target-directed saccade, the color change was perceived to occur 59 ms later than when they maintained fixation. In Experiment 2, in which we used a go/no-go paradigm, this temporal distortion was observed even when participants were required to cancel a prepared saccade. Finally, in Experiment 3, the same distortion in perceived time was observed for both go and no-go trials in a manual task in which no eye movements were required. These results suggest that, when a visual stimulus triggers an action, it is perceived to occur significantly later than an identical stimulus unrelated to action. Moreover, this temporal distortion appears to be related not to the execution of the action (or its effect) but rather to the programming of the action. In short, there seems to be a temporal binding between a triggering event and the triggered action.
Microglia-Dependent Alteration of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in the Hippocampus during Peripheral Inflammation
Authors: Riazi Kiarash , Galic Michael A. , Kentner Amanda C. , Reid Aylin Y. , Sharkey Keith A. , Pittman Quentin J.
Published: March 2015

Peripheral inflammatory diseases are often associated with behavioral comorbidities including anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction, but the mechanism for these is not well understood. Changes in the neuronal and synaptic functions associated with neuroinflammation may underlie these behavioral abnormalities. We have used a model of colonic inflammation induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in Sprague Dawley rats to identify inflammation-induced changes in hippocampal synaptic transmission. Hippocampal slices obtained 4 d after the induction of inflammation revealed enhanced Schaffer collateral-induced excitatory field potentials in CA1 stratum radiatum. This was associated with larger-amplitude mEPSCs, but unchanged mEPSC frequencies and paired-pulse ratios, suggesting altered postsynaptic effects. Both AMPA- and NMDA-mediated synaptic currents were enhanced, and analysis of AMPA-mediated currents revealed increased contributions of GluR2-lacking receptors. In keeping with this, both transcripts and protein levels of the GluR2 subunit were reduced in hippocampus. Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) were significantly reduced in hippocampal slices taken from inflamed animals. Chronic administration of the microglial/macrophage activation inhibitor minocycline to the inflamed animals both lowered the level of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α in the hippocampus and completely abolished the effect of peripheral inflammation on the field potentials and synaptic plasticity (LTP and LTD). Our results reveal profound synaptic changes caused by a mirror microglia-mediated inflammatory response in hippocampus during peripheral organ inflammation. These synaptic changes may underlie the behavioral comorbidities seen in patients.
How Not to Write About Africa
Authors: Ako-Adjei Naa Baako
Published: March 2015

The American culinary canon has greatly expanded in the last few decades to include many “foreign” cuisines from around the world. Americans now regularly consume cuisines that were once seen as “strange” or “exotic” and have become well versed with once obscure ingredients such as galangal root or ghee. This expansion of the American culinary canon has not, however, been universally inclusive. Despite the broadening of the American palate, Americans have shown little interest in the cuisines of Sub-Saharan Africa. This article examines how this lack of interest in African cuisines may lie in the limited and often stereotyped representations of African cuisines by food journalists and restaurant reviewers in newspapers and gourmet food magazines, which still play highly influential roles in the shaping of the American palate. The article also explores how a shift in the narrative on African cuisines in “gastronomic journalism” can contribute to the further broadening of the American culinary canon.
Taste-Based Medicine
Authors: Mandelkern India
Published: March 2015

This essay examines the significance of gustation in the history of therapeutics as a shared anthropological inheritance that mediates human relationships with the natural world. Bringing together ancient Indian, Chinese, and Western medical cosmologies, I argue that our faith in the curative properties of certain tastes—or “taste-based medicine”—has been remarkably enduring. Focusing on elite English medical practitioners over the long eighteenth century, I demonstrate that “taste-based medicine” not only survived transformations within the English medical marketplace and the rise of the “new science,” but actively mobilized debates about the constitution of expertise and who should have access to it.
Transcriptional control and hormonal response of thermogenic fat
Authors: Emont Margo P , Yu Hui , Wu Jun
Published: March 2015

Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases present a major public health problem around the world. The discovery that thermogenic fat is active in adult humans has sparked a renewal of interest in the study of its development and function and in the feasibility of using modulators of thermogenesis to work against obesity. In recent years, it has been shown that there are at least two distinct types of thermogenic fat cells: brown and beige fat. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional mediators of thermogenesis and the signaling molecules that regulate thermogenic cells. We also review the effects of thermogenic fat activation on whole-body metabolic parameters and evaluate the increasing evidence that activating thermogenesis in humans can be a viable method of ameliorating obesity. In these discussions, we highlight targets that can potentially be stimulated or modified in anti-obesity treatments.
A Novel Approach for Studying Histone H1 Function in Vivo
Authors: Siriaco Giorgia , Deuring Renate , Mawla Gina D , Tamkun John W
Published: March 2015

In this report, we investigate the mechanisms that regulate Drosophila histone H1 expression and its association with chromatin in vivo. We show that histone H1 is subject to negative autoregulation and exploit this result to examine the effects of mutations of the main phosphorylation site of histone H1.
AUTOUŽDEGIMINIAI SINDROMAI: SUDĖTINGA DIAGNOSTIKA IR GYDYMAS
Authors: Vaičiulėnaitė Aušra , Panavienė Violeta , Rusonienė Skirmantė
Published: March 2015

Autoinflammatory syndrome (AIDs) – is a very rare inflammatory diseases group associated with abnormal regulation of innate immunity. AIDs clinical symptoms diversity complicates their diagnosis. As these syndromes occur at an early age and causes severe impairment of life quality, it is important to recognite early , diagnose, treat them and avoid complicated, difficult cases. Periodic, recurrent episodes of fever and positive family history are the first symptoms suggestive of AIDs. By submitting this clinical case, complexity of diagnosis and a variety of symptoms are emphasized.. AIDs treatment is difficult, because there is no clear treatment guidelines and no enough research to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The main drugs are biologics??ar taip sakoma?. After the analysis of the recent studies, interleukin (IL) 1β receptor antagonist – Anakinra and Canakinumab – IL-1β monoclonal antibody are the most effective.Currently, these drugs provide the greatest hope in the treatment of AIDs.
Banking Panics and Deflation in Dynamic General Equilibrium
Authors: Carapella Francesca
Published: March 2015

This paper develops a framework to study the interaction between banking, price dynamics, and monetary policy. Deposit contracts are written in nominal terms: if prices unexpectedly fall, the real value of banks' existing obligations increases. Banks default, panics precipitate, economic activity declines. If banks default, aggregate demand for cash increases because financial intermediation provided by banks disappears. When money supply is unchanged, the price level drops, thereby providing incentives for banks to default. Active monetary policy prevents banks from failing and output from falling. Deposit insurance can achieve the same goal but amplifies business cycle fuctuations by inducing moral hazard.
THE SYSTEM OF TREATMENT OF HIP DYSPLASIA IN CHILDREN (CONCEPTION OF SRICO N.A. H.I. TURNER)
Authors: Kamosko Mikhail Mikhailovich , Krasnov Andrey Ivanovich , Baskov Vladimir Evgenievich , Voloshin Sergey Yurievich , Pozdnikin Ivan Yurievich , Barsukov Dmitry Borisovich , Baskaeva Tamila Vladimirovna , Lyapina Oksana Vyacheslavovna
Published: March 2015

The system of treatment of hip dysplasia that is developed, applied and perfected at FSBI "Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics n.a. H. Turner" involves the early entirely functional treatment (Lorenz method, other methods are similar in gist, providing immobilization with a cast or other devices, are not applied). The operative therapy is performed in primary patients with intrauterine or teratogenic dislocations of the hip. Technology of operative treatment is extremely gentle, sparing. Operations on deepening of socket, iatrogenic affection on cartilage cover, capsular arthroplasty are excluded from the arsenal of surgeons. Anatomy of a children’s dysplastic of hip joints (not subjected to inappropriate conservative or surgical treatment) has several fairly standard options. For each option, there is a combination of classical operational techniques (tenomyotomy of lumbar-iliac muscle, capsulotomy, detorsion, varization, shortening, medialization, changes in the spatial orientation of the arch or of the whole acetabulum), which have proven on the vast clinical material to be very effective with the right technical performance.
THE MAIN DIRECTIONS IN THE COMPLEX REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
Authors: Stepanova Yulia Vladimirovna , Tsyplakova Margarita Sergeevna
Published: March 2015

Complex treatment of children with cleft lip and palate is complicated and multi-step. Treatment is conducted by high-skilled specialists. The organization and execution of this complex are possible only at the large specialized center. Coordinator of this work is the maxillofacial surgeon. The performance of rehabilitation circuits includes preoperative orthodontic and orthopedic treatment, operative intervention (reconstructive and plastic surgery), orthodontic and orthopedic treatment after operation. Post-operative conservative treatment prevents the development of secondary deformities of the nose and upper lip. Professional psychological help and long supervision promote the achievement of good social adaptation of patients with congenital cleft lip and palate, improvement of their health.
TARSAL COALITIONS IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: CLINICAL OBSERVATION AND TREATMENT STRATEGY
Authors: Kenis Vladimir Markovich , Sapogovsky Andrei Viktorovich , Husainov Ruslan Khalilovich
Published: March 2015

Tarsal coalition is a congenital anomaly of the foot, characterized by later appearance of the clinical and radiological signs, which become obvious in adolescents. Tarsal coalitions in children with cerebral palsy can lead to diagnostic confusion, as well as to complicate natural course of foot deformity and surgical treatment. The paper presents first experience with the systematized data for tarsal coalitions in children with cerebral palsy. Among 157 children operated for foot deformities this anomaly was identified in 4 patients (incidence - 2,5 % in our series). Clinical and radiological descriptions, surgical management, including complications, are presented for these cases, which demonstrate significance of tarsal coalitions for diagnostics, surgical management and prognosis. Information and caution, regarding tarsal coalitions in children with cerebral palsy, who undergo surgical treatment for foot deformities, as well as advanced methods of diagnostics (magnetic resonance and computed tomography), are required in order to avoid preventable complications.
NEUROORTHOPEDICAL APPROACH TO THE CORRECTION OF EQUINES CONTRACTURE IN PATIENTS WITH SPASTIC PARALYSIS
Authors: Umnov Valery Vladimirovich , Zvozil Alexei Vasilievich
Published: March 2015

The frequency of recurrent contractures of the joints of the lower limb after their correction by means of tendon-muscle plasty remains significant. Therefore, the search for effective ways to correct contractures with the most resistant long-term result is relevant. The objective of the study is to improve treatment outcomes of equinus contracture in children with spastic paralysis. Materials and methods. We analyzed the results of correction of contractures in joints of lower limbs in 40 patients with cerebral palsy and the influence of spasticity of patognomonic muscles on them. The mean age was 6 years 7 months. In addition, for the correction of hypertonus of triceps muscle of tibia, the 330 lower limb segments were performed selective neurotomy of appropriate motor branches of the general tibial nerve. This operation in 304 cases was combined with achilloplastics or Strayer operation. Results. A mean degree of correlation between the degree of contracture in the ankle and increased tone of triceps tibia was determined (r value ranged from 0.451 to 0.487). Short-term results of the combined neuroorthopedic method for correction of contractures were good in estimating within 1 year post surgery, but a study of its short-run effect requires long-term follow-up.
PANSONOSCOPY IN POLYTRAUMA (NEW MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY)
Authors: Iova Alexandr Sergeevich , Krukova Irina Alexandrovna , Iova Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Published: March 2015

This article deals with the actual problem of present-day traumotology - improvement of rendering of medical care for patients with polytrauma. The new technology “Pansonoscopy” is presented, which is the minimally invasive and widely available method of fast imaging of the “whole body” of the patient in any medical situations. It permits to detect the most frequent and dangerous traumatic injuries (cranial, thoracal, abdominal, skeletal, etc.) applying portable ultrasound scanners in real-time mode. The guarantee of imaging of the intracranial injuries, pos sibility realization of ultrasound examination by clinician on his own, and possibility of online medical consultations to experts (sonologist) - are fundamently new. This technology is destined for the large sections of practitioners, what render medical care for patients with polytrauma.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS OF LENKE TYPE I WITH THE USE OF TOTAL TRANSPEDICULAR FIXATION
Authors: Vissarionov Sergei Valentinovich , Kokushin Dmitriy Nikolaevich , Belyanchikov Sergei Mikhailovich , Murashko Vladislav Valerievich , Kartavenko Kirill Aleksandrovich , Nadirov Nurbek Nadirovich
Published: March 2015

The purpose of the study. To assess the results of surgical treatment in children with idiopathic scoliosis of thoracic localization. Material and methods. We operated 56 patients aged from 13 to 18 years old with a level of deformity 40-136° according to Cobb. Surgical correction of the deformity was performed with three tactical options using Cotrel-Dubousset dorsal instrumentation. Results. In idiopathic thoracic scoliosis the operating correction ranged from 48 to 100 %. Loss of correction in the follow-up period from 1 year to 3.5 years was 0-7 %. Conclusion. Surgical treatment of idiopathic thoracic scoliosis should be individualized. Application of multisupporting transpedicular metal constructions allows to increase the degree of deformity correction, to perform true derotation of vertebral bodies on top of curvature and to save the result achieved in the postoperative period.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF L5-SPONDYLOLISTHESIS VERTEBRAE IN CHILDREN. BENEFITS OF POSTERIOR APPROACH
Authors: Vissarionov Sergei Valentinovich , Murashko Vladislav Valerievich , Belyanchikov Sergei Mikhailovich , Kokushin Dmitriy Nikolaevich , Solokhina Irina Yurievna , Guseva Irina Anatolievna , Murashko Tatyana Valerievna , Pavlova Maria Sergeevna
Published: March 2015

Objective to develop current options of surgical treatment of L5-spondylolisthesis in children. Materials and methods: 48 patients were observed and underwent surgical treatment at age of 10-17 years. In 9 patients spondylolisthesis of L5 was grade 2, in 14 - grade 3, in 12 - grade 4. 9 patients had spondyloptosis of the body of L5-vertebra. The article presents different options of surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis in children depending on the degree of vertebrae body shift and the main clinical manifestations. During surgery the anatomy of the vertebral canal and the normal interposition in the pathological segment were reconstructed. It resulted in normalization of the body balance and regression of neurological symptoms. Results: in spondylolisthesis grade 2 and 3 full reduction was achieved. In patients with grade 4 spondylolisthesis deformity was reduced to grade 2-3. Pain and radicular syndromes regressed in 2-3 days after surgery. In patients with monoparesis and contractures regression of neurological deficit took 1-1,5 months. Conclusions: The method of surgical treatment in patients with spondylolisthesis of L5 vertebrae depends on the degree of vertebrae shifting presence of segmental instability and neurological sighns.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE HIP JOINT EXAMINATION HIP JOINT IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT IN CHILDREN WITH LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE AND HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Tikhonenko Tatyana Ivanovna , Vybornov Dmitry Yurievich , Gurevich Anzhelika Iosifovna , Lozovaya Yulia Ivanovna
Published: March 2015

We performed dynamic hip doppler ultrasonography in children with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) in order to determine the effectiveness of the conservative and surgical treatment. The study included children aged from 3 to 7 years old with LCPD who had pain in the hip joints during admission. We assessed the structural changes in the head of the femur and the hip joint (B-mode), when the Doppler study analyzed diameter of enveloping hip vessels, blood velocity and resistance index. The study found that severe pain and contracture of the hip during admission appeared as a manifestation of concomitant hip osteoarthritis. On admission all patients had signs of arterial spasm and venous stasis in the hip joints, which determined the administration of a comprehensive arthrologic, osteogenesis stimulating and angioprotective therapy, according to the data of dynamic ultrasound.
TRAUMA AND ORTHOPEDIC MORBIDITY OF CHILDREN IN RUSSIA IN 2013. ORGANIZATION OF SPECIALIZED CARE FOR CHILDREN
Authors: Baindurashvili Alexei Georgievich , Solovyova Karina Surenovna , Zaletina Anna Vladimirovna
Published: March 2015

The article is a summary of the materials presented at the X Jubilee Congress of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgeons of Russia on September 16, 2014, in Moscow by the director of the FSBI «Scientific and Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics n. a. G. I. Turner», corr.-member of RAS Alexey Georgievich Baindurashvili. Statistical data on traumatism and morbidity of the musculoskeletal system of the child population, information on the organization of trauma and orthopedic care for children are based on data from the state statistical reports of the Russian Ministry of Health. These data may be useful to public health officials, and orthopedic and trauma surgeons in subjects of the Russian Federation.
THE USE OF ROBOTIC MOTOR REHABILITATION IN COMPLEX TREATMENT OF SUBLUXATION AND DISLOCATION OF THE HIP IN CHILDREN WITH SEQUELAE OF SPINA BIFIDA
Authors: Ivanov Stanislav Vyacheslavovich , Kenis Vladimir Markovich , Ikoeva Galina Alexandrovna , Kochenova Evgeniya Alexandrovna
Published: March 2015

The article presents the results of rehabilitation in children with sequelae of spina bifida using the robotic complex “Pediatric Lokomat” produced by «Hocoma» company (Switzerland). In such patients, one of the most significant orthopedic problems in frequency and clinical relevance is the instability of the hip joint. The approach to rehabilitation treatment in children after reconstructive surgery of the hip involves the principle “early motion - late weight bearing”. Conventional methods of rehabilitation treatment are performed in supine position, and don’t allow to combine this principle with training the skills of vertical posture, which leads to the development of osteoporosis and the risk of pathological fractures. Robotic mechanotherapy enables to cope with this problem by working in isokinetic mode with no load on the supporting surface.
HISTORICAL AND MODERN CONCEPTS OF BONE RECONSTRUCTION METHODS
Authors: Baindurashvili Alexei Georgievich , Sviridov Maxim Konstantinovich , Golyana Sergei Ivanovich , Avdeychik Natalia Valerievna
Published: March 2015

Bone reconstruction is one of the most topical problems of orthopedics and traumatology. According to the literature, search for the best methods and materials for bone grafting is carried out for a long time and is currently ongoing. The development of microsurgery provided new opportunities of bone remodeling, especially in pediatric orthopedics. However, as with any method, the predominance of the positive aspects of this method is accompanied by the existence of flaws. So the question of bone grafting remains relevant and debatable.
RDM: An Approach from a Modern University with a Growing Research Portfolio
Authors: Fitt Alistair , Rouse Rowena , Taylor Sarah
Published: March 2015

This article describes the background work undertaken by Oxford Brookes University in assessing how best to position institutional support for Research Data Management. It further discusses the development of our Universityâ€™s research data management policy and its collaborative approach to data management support. Finally, it reflects on the challenges of overseeing policy implementation and providing the required enactment infrastructure. The approach that we take is one that will hopefully be of interest to those institutions who are developing their research base and seeking to offer better data management support to researchers in a time of reduced or declining resource. Overall, we feel that the strategic and institution-wide approach that we have taken has worked well, and may be suited to institutions like ours that are less research-intensive. Finally, we feel that our approach is one that can readily be copied.