bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Universities Produce Too Many PhDs
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the current glut of underemployed PhDs, especially in fields like English or modern languages. It asks: Why do so many programs continue to pump out new PhDs despite bad employment prospects? It suggests the reason for a humanities PhD glut is not that jobs are going away. Rather, jobs are mostly remaining stable or growing relative to the overall college population, but humanities departments over the past few decades have overproduced PhDs at even faster rates—rates that far exceeded the ability of the academy to employ them. The humanities are not the victims here; they are responsible for their own plight.
Cheaters, Cheaters Everywhere
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses the issue of student cheating. Student cheating is widespread—most cheat a little, and some cheat a lot. Thanks to social desirability bias, surveys give a lower bound on how many and how often students cheat, so the truth is that more students cheat and more often than the surveys indicate. When cheating is this widespread, it is useless to blame character. What is needed is to change the environment in which students find themselves. This means reducing their incentive to cheat and structuring the classroom in such a way as to make cheating more difficult or less likely to pay off. The good news is that once a university develops a reputation for academic honesty among students, this behavior tends to become self-reinforcing. The bad news is that dishonesty is also self-reinforcing. Changing from the bad equilibrium (lots of cheating) to the good one (little cheating) is also difficult.
Three Big Myths about What’s Plaguing Higher Ed
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

The past nine chapters examined all sorts of bad behavior from faculty, administrators, and students. Much of this bad behavior can be attributed to the perverse incentives individuals face because of the way universities are structured. Nevertheless, many commentators seem to believe that three powerful forces haunt academia. They are, supposedly: the corporatization of higher education; neoliberal ideology; and the threat of impending technological disruption. This chapter shows these three alleged threats are greatly exaggerated. It concludes that the problem with blaming all of them on poltergeists and gremlins is there is no real evidence they exist or are causing the current difficulties.
Answering Taxpayers
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the many perks enjoyed by colleges at the expense of taxpayers. American colleges and universities spend about half a trillion dollars a year on direct operations. Federal, state, and local governments cover a large portion of these expenses. Overall, colleges get about 37 percent of their revenue from the government. This number does not include indirect spending, such as the public goods colleges consume without having to pay taxes. Colleges do not pay for roads, police, fire departments, military defense, and so on, in the communities where they operate. They also enjoy substantial tax benefits on everything from the property they own to the purchases they make to the way they invest money under their endowments. Thus, colleges receive other hidden subsidies and perks not reflected in those numbers.
Memory-Keepers
Authors: Bugyis Katie Ann-Marie
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 details the roles and responsibilities incumbent on two monastic officers—cantors and sacristans—who, though indispensable to the production and direction of their communities’ liturgies, have been neglected in histories of medieval monasticism. This chapter identifies nuns known to have held these offices and examines the different ways they created, preserved, and passed on their communities’ memoria through copying books, circulating mortuary rolls after the death of a consoror, composing saints’ lives and miracle collections to honor their foremothers, translating and guarding their relics, decorating sacred spaces, maintaining the proper observance of the liturgical calendar, and orchestrating the hours of prayer and Masses, even preparing the eucharistic offering. Highlighting the various roles and responsibilities that cantors and sacristans assumed is essential because they, along with their abbesses and prioresses, are the stars of the history this study seeks to relate.
The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This book operates on two levels. On the more practical level, its overarching concern is to answer the question, When is it permissible to use lethal force to defend people against threats? The deeper concern of the book, however, is to lay out and defend a new account of rights, the mechanics of claims. This framework constructs rights from the premise that rights provide a normative space in which people can pursue their own ends while treating each other as free and equal fellow-agents whose welfare morally matters. According to the mechanics of claims, rights result from first weighing competing patient-claims on an agent, then determining if the agent has a strong enough agent-claim to act contrary to the balance of patient-claims on her, and then looking to see if special claims limit her freedom. The strength of claims in this framework reflects not just the interest in play but the nature of the claims. Threats who have no right to threaten have weaker claims not to be harmed than bystanders who might be harmed as a side effect, all else equal. With this model, a central problem in just war theory can be pushed to the margins: determining when people have forfeited their rights and are liable to harm. Threats may lack a right not to be killed even if they have done nothing to forfeit it.
Storm of the Sea
Authors: Bahar Matthew R.
Published: April 2019

From the pre-Contact period through the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, the Wabanaki Indians of northern New England and the Canadian Maritimes confronted European colonialism by assimilating sailing technology and undertaking an extractive political project. Their campaign of sea and shore united their communities into a confederacy, alienated colonial neighbors, and stymied English and French imperialism. Afloat, Indian marine warriors commanded sailing ships and coordinated a barrage of punitive and plundering raids on the English fisheries of the northwest Atlantic. Ashore, Indian diplomats engaged in shrewd transatlantic negotiations with imperial officials of French Acadia and New England. Wabanaki’s blue-water strategy ultimately sought to achieve a Native dominion governed by its sovereign masters and enriched by profitable and compliant tributaries.
The Golden Age of Piracy, 1714–1727
Authors: Bahar Matthew R.
Published: April 2019

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 drastically reconfigured the geopolitics of the northeast. Wabanaki adapted to and then manipulated the new imperial arrangement by modernizing their diplomatic and military strategy for regional ascendancy. The process of modernization was threefold. Indians applied their historic claim to sovereignty over sea and shore to the new postwar world while also amplifying their insistence on the tributary status of English neighbors. As much as Europeans might wish to remap the region, Indians insisted on the proper order of things. At the same time, they detached their seaborne campaigning from wars rooted in the distant power circles of European courts, from conflicts touched off by imperial priorities that increasingly seemed arbitrary and unpredictable. The new face of Wabanaki’s hegemonic ambition was born of a desire to unfetter the political and economic fortunes of native communities from those of Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Bahar Matthew R.
Published: April 2019

By the turn of the nineteenth century, there were scant traces of the northeast’s former Native power. Wabanaki themselves struggled to hold on to their maritime past as Euro-American powers confined them to small reserves on land and then worked to forget their history of conflict, dependency, and defeat at the hands of a powerful Indian confederacy. Romantic notions of the “vanishing Indian” became commonplace in nineteenth century New England society, and coupled with a similar romanticization of pirates, Anglo- Americans increasingly lost sight of this dark chapter of their past.
Beyond the Rapist
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood
Published: April 2019

In the United States, approximately one in five women experiences rape during college, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) students experience sexual violence at higher rates than their peers. Given this context, many colleges are working to better prevent and address these assaults. This book takes up this social problem—how organizations talk about and respond to sexual violence—and considers it in proximity to a persistent theoretical dilemma in the academic field of organizational communication: How are organization and violence related, and what does that relationship have to do with communication? Guided by feminist new materialist and intersectional theories, the book examines one public U.S. university known for responding well to sexual violence. It focuses on the processes and policies that require most faculty and administrators, along with student–employees, to report sexual violence to designated campus offices, per federal laws Title IX, the Clery Act, and the Violence Against Women Act. Unfortunately, the university’s interventions in sexual violence reinforce other violent systems. The book illustrates the negative consequences of considering communication to be either separate from the physical world or indistinguishable from it. It also details problems with the notion that only individuals enact violence. Through its focus on two core ideas—communication and agency—the book encourages scholars to avoid wholly constructivist or realist arguments, and it shows the importance of questions about power and difference in organizational scholarship on posthumanism and materiality. The book concludes with suggestions for how U.S. universities can look “beyond the rapist” to generate more robust interventions in sexual violence.
The Struggle for Recognition
Authors: Murray Michelle
Published: April 2019

This chapter clarifies the relationship between recognition and state identity formation in international anarchy, highlighting the effects of social uncertainty in this process. Acts of recognition are constructive of a state’s identity, providing it with the authority it needs to act in ways that are consistent with its self-understanding and endowing it with a recognized social status in the international order. This inherently social process of identity formation is deeply uncertain because states can never discern beforehand the recognition responses of other states and as a result state interaction is fraught with the danger of misrecognition. In response to this ongoing social uncertainty, states attempt to take independent control over the meaning of their identities by grounding them in concrete material practices. As an effective expression of an identity, the material world gives substance to the recognition-seeking state’s aspiring social identity and allows it to experience its social status as a brute fact, rather than as the uncertain effect of an ongoing political practice of social construction.
Integrating Personality Assessment With 360 Feedback in Leadership Development and Coaching
Authors: Kaiser Robert B. , Chamorro-Premuzic Tomas
Published: April 2019

This chapter demonstrates how integrating personality assessment with 360 Feedback can provide a powerful combination for leadership development based on strategic self-awareness. The combination is strategic in that it broadens self-awareness of what one does, and it is powerful in that it deepens self-awareness about why one does it, which can help leaders make lasting changes to better align with the skills, competencies, and values needed for high performance in their jobs and the desires of their organizations. Combining 360 Feedback with personality assessment can also be powerful in selection-oriented talent management processes, from the identification of leadership potential, to succession planning, to hiring decisions. However, these high-stakes applications are distinct from developmental applications and involve a number of different considerations. For the sake of focus and simplicity, the chapter only addresses 360 Feedback in a development context.
The Journey From Development to Appraisal
Authors: Maylett Tracy M.
Published: April 2019

This case study describes an initiative to change a long-standing performance management process at a large manufacturing facility within General Mills that emphasized the attainment of objective performance measures (the “what” of performance) to one that also included the “how” of goal achievement. The organization embarked on a 3-year pilot evaluation of the use of 360 Feedback as a possible solution to replace or supplement their traditional single-source (supervisor) performance appraisal process. The two systems ran in parallel using 140 randomly selected employees. Results showed little correlation between the what measures of performance from the traditional appraisals and the how data collected using the 360 Feedback, supporting the view that job performance should be viewed as requiring both aspects of evaluation, using different methods of assessment. Ultimately, the organization maintained both systems but integrated 360 Feedback into the traditional appraisals as well, creating complementary processes that looked “forward” (development) and “past” (performance).
Gender, Politics, and Water in Australia and Bangladesh
Authors: Alston Margaret
Published: April 2019

In the wake of climate change, environmental degradation, and increasing global populations, food and water security are under threat throughout the world. This chapter focuses on the impacts of climate change on water security in Australia and Bangladesh, noting in particular the gendered implications and the way policies influence and shape gendered responses. In Bangladesh, for example, following disasters, access to safe, uncontaminated water may involve women walking significant distances. Australian research has examined the impact of water policies on gendered livelihood strategies as farming families readjust to their reduced access to irrigation water. A critical feature of this chapter is an examination of the way water has become “commodified” and reconfigured around new forms of market value. The chapter poses questions about the ongoing impact of water insecurity in the face of predicted and extreme climate events.
Reinventing the Neighborhood
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: April 2019

As the historical experience of neighborhood waned, and as it became clear that reinstating the neighborhood via preset plans was going to be a significant challenge, interest in expanding the definition of neighborhood grew. These new definitions involved opening the door to concepts that, before the 20th century, would have seemed completely alien. Now detached from any traditional, physical understanding involving centers and boundaries, the idea of neighborhood could be expanded to investigate new modes of inquiry in a whole range of fields: biology, computer science, psychology, and physics. The newly acquired, open-ended approach to neighborhood definition was liberating, extraneous, or disabling, depending on one’s point of view. This chapter summarizes some of these neighborhood definitions to give a sense of the variety that now exists and to show how many of these definitions challenge conventional understanding of the neighborhood as a relevant and meaningful setting for daily life.
Why There Are So Few Muslim Terrorists
Authors: Kurzman Charles
Published: April 2019

On a warm winter day in early 2006, a young man drove through a plaza at the University of North Carolina, trying to kill as many people as possible in the name of Islamic revolution. Terrorism is as simple as driving onto the sidewalk. So why are terrorist attacks so rare in the United States and much of the world? Islamist revolutionaries complain about frequently about Muslims’ unwillingness to engage in militancy, going so far as to call the bulk of the world’s Muslim population “scum.” This chapter introduces data on the prevalence of Islamic terrorism and the risks of overreaction.
Politics
Authors: George Carol V. R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how Norman Vincent Peale’s message of practical Christianity intertwined with his conservative politics during the period 1935–1955. It argues that Peale’s populist religion and conservative politics were mutually reinforcing, whose own postwar bid for acceptance, entitlement, and power coincided with the fullest flowering of Peale’s ministry. The chapter first considers Peale’s Toryism and populism, and more specifically how he first warmed to partisan politics through Prohibition, before discussing his involvement with the National Committee to Uphold Constitutional Government and with a politically partisan group called Spiritual Mobilization, his chairmanship of the Christian Freedom Foundation, and his participation in and eventual withdrawal from Facts Forum, the “educational” organization sponsored by Texas oilman H. L. Hunt.
The Demise of Tribal Politics, 1955–1985
Authors: George Carol V. R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the demise of Norman Vincent Peale’s tribal politics during the period 1955–1985. Peale viewed politics, like religion, as a very personal matter. His strong commitment to the Prohibition struggle emanated in large part from a sense of tribal loyalty. The chapter first considers Peale’s ties to the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) before discussing his personal politics and his involvement in local politics. It then analyzes Peale’s participation in efforts to prevent the nomination of the Roman Catholic Senator John F. Kennedy as presidential candidate in 1960, his friendship with Richard Nixon, and the controversy sparked by the so-called Peale group, which issued a statement indicting the politics of the Roman Catholic Church following a press conference in Washington. It also recounts Peale’s dispute with John Bennett, dean of Union Seminary’s faculty at the time, and concludes with an assessment of his book “The Tough-Minded Optimist.”
Living Mirrors
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of perception, building on the theory of substance outlined in chapter 4. Leibniz offers both a top-down argument (from our experience to the properties of all simple substances) and a bottom-up argument (from a basic theory of substance to the interrelation of all substances) for the existence of expressive relations among substances. Each argument has some difficulties, and this chapter argues that the bottom-up argument is more promising. Section 2 outlines Leibniz’s general account of expression, and section 3 applies this account of expression to simple substances, arguing that there are two fundamental bases for expression in Leibniz: causation and relations of structure. Section 4 considers Leibniz’s arguments for universal expression and point of view. Finally, the differences between the two bases for expression in the simple substances are considered.
Perception, Consciousness, and Continuity
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at a vexed issue in Leibnizian interpretation––the question of Leibniz’s theory of consciousness. The phenomena of consciousness are apparently discontinuous, and, Leibniz argues, the failure to resolve these apparent discontinuities may lead one astray. I will show that the principle of continuity provides reasons to doubt that some of the main interpretations of Leibniz’s theory of consciousness are correct, and I will propose an interpretation that adheres more closely to this principle. Against those who argue that Leibniz’s theory of consciousness is a higher-order theory, this chapter argues that the standard presentation of such an interpretation violates the principle of continuity. An alternative threshold theory is presented and defended.
Looking Back
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the role of memory in Leibniz’s philosophy of mind and, in particular, in his theory of consciousness. It is argued that a simple memory theory of consciousness will fall prey to similar systematic worries as the occurrent higher-order theory. Some refinements to the memory theory are suggested. The result is a more robust memory interpretation that cannot be easily dismissed. However, in the end, even this memory-based higher-order account does not have a clear advantage. The modifications needed in order to strengthen the memory theory open the door again to the competing interpretation that relies only on lower-order features of perceptions. Finally, it is argued that Leibniz’s claims about memory and consciousness are not intended to identify a constitutive relation between memory and consciousness. Rather, they identify a conceptual relation between memory and consciousness.
Self-Reflection, Perception, and Conceptual Thought
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that the two-fold representation of the self provides a basis for conceptual thought. Some argue that perception and conception are, for Leibniz, radically divided, as they are in Kant’s accounts of intuition and understanding. If this is right, then there is an apparent threat to continuity and therefore to the naturalness of Leibniz’s philosophy of mind. However, this chapter argues that Leibniz is not necessarily committed to a gap here. First, conception is grounded in and arises from perception. Second, insofar as there are primitive concepts, animals could very well have those primitives as well, lacking only the ability to develop those ideas into conscious conceptual cognition. And so the difference would be the presence of a certain kind of ability, which rational beings have that non-rational beings do not have. This difference can be conceived as on a continuum.
Relationships Between Law and Morality
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: April 2019

This chapter distinguishes three types of inquiry about law. It articulates the two conceptual views about morality and the nature of law that comprise the focus of this volume. First, the chapter explains positivist and anti-positivist views with respect to whether it is a conceptual truth that the criteria of legal validity include moral constraints on the content of law. It then turns to the dispute between inclusive and exclusive positivists with respect to whether it is conceptually possible for a legal system to have content-based moral criteria of validity. Finally, this chapter argues that the claim that conceptual jurisprudence should not be done is either unclear or false.
Law’s Claim of Legitimate Authority
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: April 2019

This chapter determines whether the Authority Thesis is true. The Authority Thesis is based on the idea of a conceptual truth that law claims legitimate authority and hence that it is a conceptual truth that law is capable of being legitimate. This is the foundation of the Incorporation Thesis. Insofar as the notion of legitimate authority is a concept with morally normative content, it is important to understand whether it is part of law’s nature that it claims legitimate authority. To this end, the chapter attempts to determine whether the arguments against the Incorporation Thesis succeed, as well as to facilitate a deeper understanding of the conceptual relationships between law and morality.
Corporate Strategists
Authors: Whittington Richard
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines corporate strategists—in-house strategy staffs—as a major part of the Strategy profession. It examines their growth since the beginning of the twentieth century, and especially since the 1960s. It demonstrates that corporate strategists remain a significant professional group, long after Mintzberg’s (1994) description of a ‘fall’ of strategic planning. The chapter identifies important continuities in the nature of corporate strategists’ work, including analysis and support for senior management, especially the chief executive officer. Further continuities for corporate strategists include the permeable and precarious nature of their profession. At the same time, the chapter identifies attractive features of the corporate strategy role, such as intellectual stimulus, broad perspectives, career progression, and closeness to top management decision-making.
Strategic Planning
Authors: Whittington Richard
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the development of strategic planning practices from around 1960. Strategic planning advanced on the prior practice of long-range planning by emphasizing choice, competition, and control. It also made an initial step towards more open forms of strategizing by widening the discourse of strategy among managerial elites. Strategic planning’s rise was supported by three exogenous forces: growing organizational complexity, a culture of rationality, and new analytical technologies. Nevertheless, strategic planning’s development still took two kinds of arduous and fallible institutional work: ‘rule-making’ and ‘resource-organizing’. Under the first, corporate strategists, such as Shell’s Pierre Wack, created and disseminated techniques, such as scenario analysis, while consultants, such as BCG and McKinsey, promoted portfolio analysis. Under the second, entrepreneurs, such as Bruce Henderson, had to create new consulting organizations, such as BCG, and corporate strategists, such as Jack McKitterick at General Electric, built the first corporate strategy units.
Introduction
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the parallel literary traditions of the mythic Alexander the Great in the Eurasian archipelagic peripheries of Britain and Southeast Asia, focusing on how Alexander stories were transmitted from late antiquity through the medieval period and transformed by early modern authors. It looks at the global literary networks linking the British and Southeast Asian peripheries, along with their receptions of the Greek novel Alexander Romance. It also explores how Alexander was appropriated into English and Malay literatures and how both literary traditions connected him to the material culture and imagined presence of foreign others as part of their intercultural resonances. Finally, it describes how the myth of Alexander became intertwined with alterity and foreign relations at the two ends of the Eurasian trade routes, how he became associated with long-distance trade, and how he influenced the self-representation of emerging maritime empires.
Demotic Alexander in Indian Ocean Trading Worlds
Authors: Ng Su Fang
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the late seventeenth-century Malay prose romance, Hikayat Hang Tuah (Story of Hang Tuah), a maritime epic that projects the figure of Alexander the Great onto a merchant character in a trading world. Hikayat Hang Tuah retells the story of Melaka’s legendary admiral, Hang Tuah, a long-distance trader modeled after the Islamic Alexander. The text is structured around trade embassies to the Mughal and Ottoman Empires, in which Tuah performs the role of the long-distance merchant. The chapter considers Tuah’s kinship diplomacy, his function within Hikayat Hang Tuah’s conception of sovereignty, and how his association with Alexander rescripts the latter’s image. It also explores how Tuah’s outsider identity reworks the Southeast Asian pattern of stranger-kings, of which Alexander was the most important, before concluding with an analysis of Tuah as a commoner or demotic Alexander, who exemplifies the new non-monarchical heroic model of merchant seaborne empires.
Palaeohispanic writing systems
Authors: Ferrer J. , Moncunill N.
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents the main characteristics of Palaeohispanic scripts and current lines of research to provide a deeper understanding of their origin, development, and mutual dependency. The scripts share a similar corpus of signs along with some common structural features, in particular the coexistence of alphabetical and syllabic characters; most exhibit a ‘dual system’, wherein similar signs with comparable phonetic values are differentiated by adding a stroke to the basic shape of the character. These common elements suggest a common ancestor, considered to have arisen from the Phoenician alphabet. However, there are also important differences between the scripts, mainly concerning the different value of the signs in each; the scripts accordingly can be attributed to two separate groups, the northern and the southern scripts. Decipherment of these two groups has not attained the same level; whereas the northern scripts can be considered fully deciphered, at present the southern ones are only partially decoded.
Iberian writing and language
Authors: Velaza J.
Published: April 2019

The first part of this chapter is devoted to the description of Iberian literacy, from the time of the earliest documents (dated to the fifth century BCE) until the abandonment of the Iberian writing systems in the first century CE. The second part of the chapter offers a linguistic description of the still undeciphered Iberian language, which aims to show its best-known aspects (the onomastic system, some nominal suffixes) and also its most debated questions. Finally, comments on a selection of inscriptions are offered.
Cultural and linguistic contacts in southern Gaul
Authors: Mullen A. , Darasse C. Ruiz
Published: April 2019

During the late Iron Age, Southern Gaul presents a range of cultural and linguistic contacts, not only between Celtic- and Iberian-speaking populations, but also between these and peoples from across the Mediterranean, speaking multiple languages, including Greek, Latin, and Etruscan. The epigraphic landscape can be roughly divided into two zones: in the western part up to the River Hérault, Palaeohispanic epigraphy in the north-eastern script is predominant; in the eastern part, local populations adapted the Greek alphabet to write their language, creating so-called ‘Gallo-Greek’ epigraphy. This contribution illustrates how these populations, circumstances, and written texts were intertwined.
Writing and language in Celtiberia
Authors: Beltrán F. , Jordán C.
Published: April 2019

This chapter is composed of six sections: first of all, an introduction containing historical and historiographical aspects concerning the Celtiberians; this is followed by a detailed linguistic definition of Celtiberian and its position among other Indo-European and Celtic languages; the third section provides a description of the structure of the onomastic formulae found in inscriptions, this being one of the best-attested sources of information in Celtiberian; the following section offers an introduction to Celtiberian epigraphic culture, which arose from contact with the Iberians and Romans, while the penultimate section analyses the principal Celtiberian epigraphic genres; finally, a useful, up-to-date commentary of some selected Celtiberian inscriptions is offered.
Introduction: What Is Comparative Law?
Authors: Kischel Uwe
Published: April 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of comparative law. Comparative law involves research into foreign legal systems. It cannot be limited to a simple analysis of the legal situation as revealed by legal texts. Rather, the comparative lawyer must also take into account the realities of law in action in a country. Comparative law then requires an evaluation of the legal results found for each country under scrutiny. Once the comparative lawyer determines which differences and similarities exist in the solutions found by different legal systems, the comparative lawyer can approach the central question of comparative law: the classification and evaluation of these results. The chapter then differentiates comparative law from foreign law studies.
Factors to Consider for the Application of the Parody Exception
Authors: Jacques Sabine
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on various factors which are potentially relevant to the application of the parody exception. It begins with a discussion of the problematic nature of defining the contours of the parody exception, placing emphasis on fair dealing and rules of the genre that traditionally constitute a two-step assessment used by the courts to determine whether the use of the work is ‘for the purpose of parody’. It then considers a number of landmark decisions that illustrate the relevance of the ‘traditional’ fairness factors adopted in the judicial consideration of the parody exception. These factors include the intent of the parodist, encroachment upon the right-holder’s economic rights, absence of confusion, the quantity reproduced, motives of the parodist, and the three-step test. The chapter concludes by asking whether national courts might introduce new factors and seek to adapt the parody exception to new kinds of uses.
Geometry
Authors: Wilson Robin
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents Dodgson’s geometrical work, and in particular his interest in Euclid’s Elements. It describes the contents and structure of this work and considers the various Victorian editions, and looks at how Dodgson used the Elements in his teaching – both face-to-face and in his writing for students. Following a discussion of the Euclid debate, prevalent at the time, the chapter describes his book Euclid and his Modern Rivals, in which Dodgson defended Euclid against other more modern texts. There is then a discussion of the ‘parallel postulate’ of Euclid, and a mention of other geometrical interests that Dodgson had.
Sincerity’s Champions
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the different ways in which intent functions in aesthetic creation and experience, what counted as signs of sincere intent in the early twentieth century, and what aspects of modernism threatened the effortless functioning of such signs. It argues that in the early twentieth century the signs of sincere intent were under contention, as they always are at moments of cultural change and ideological contestation. In any new aesthetic movement or cultural context, one which appears to break with the past rather than just modulate it, the signs of sincere intent—because they are contextually and socially understood and negotiated—have to be renegotiated. Radically new works, works that are most in violation of the time’s default aesthetic, will present unclear signs of intent, clouding their sincerity.
A History of Road Vehicles
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 is almost entirely discursive and covers the early history of road vehicles, outlining some of the important technological achievements that underpin the development of modern road vehicular transport. The focus is on bicycles, motorcycles, and cars; the history of steering mechanisms for four-wheeled vehicles is considered early on. Several early engine, suspension, and tyre developments are also discussed.
Moment Inequalities and Gaussian Approximation for Martingales
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey
Published: April 2019

The aim of this chapter is to present useful tools for analyzing the asymptotic behavior of partial sums associated with dependent sequences, by approximating them with martingales. We start by collecting maximal and moment inequalities for martingales such as the Doob maximal inequality, the Burkholder inequality, and the Rosenthal inequality. Exponential inequalities for martingales are also provided. We then present several sufficient conditions for the central limit behavior and its functional form for triangular arrays of martingales. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the moderate deviations principle and its functional form for triangular arrays of martingale difference sequences.
Examples and Counterexamples
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey
Published: April 2019

In this chapter we further comment on the sharpness of several results presented in this monograph, by presenting examples and counterexamples. We study first the moment properties of the renewal Markov chain introduced in Chapter 11. This allows us to show that the Maxwell–Woodroofe projective condition introduced in Chapter 4 is essentially optimal for the partial sums of a stationary sequence in L2 to satisfy the central limit theorem under the standard normalization √n. Moreover, we also investigate the sharpness of the Burkholder-type inequality developed in Chapter 3 via Maxwell–Woodroofe-type characteristics. In the last part of this chapter, we analyze several telescopic-type examples allowing us to elucidate the fact that a CLT behavior does not imply its functional form under any normalization. Even in the case when the variance of the partial sums is linear in n, the CLT does not necessarily imply the invariance principle.
Accidents
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter addresses the ‘accidents’ of words. As defined in the New Shorter Oxford Dictionary, ‘accidence’ is ‘that part of grammar which deals with variable forms of words (inflections etc.)’. As envisaged in antiquity, the accidentia included any property described as varying, ‘accidentally’ in a sense that went back to Aristotle, between instances of what was in essence the same part of an utterance. A word whose essential character was that of a noun could be compound or it could be simple: this was one criterion, therefore, by which nouns as forms were divided into subclasses. A further ‘accident’ of verbs, as listed in the manuals of both Donatus and Dionysius, was that of conjugation: in Greek suzugia, in Latin coniugatio. This was defined in Greek as a ‘consecutive modification of verbs’, within what is in modern terms a paradigm.
Horse Husbandry and Empire in the Middle Scamander Valley
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the power dynamics which can exist in processes of regional integration. While regional integration can be pursued in such a way that it is mutually beneficial to all participants, economies of scale and political unification can equally be achieved at the expense of the political sovereignty, economic advantage, and communal identity of less powerful communities. This was the case with the communities of the middle Scamander valley in the late Classical and Hellenistic periods: a region of the Troad which had supported up to seven small to medium-sized cities in the Classical period was carved up by Ilion and Alexandreia Troas in the course of the Hellenistic period, leaving only Skepsis independent by the second century BC. This process is usually assumed to have begun with Antigonos Monophthalmos in the 300s. However, this unequal power dynamic between coast and interior had already existed in the Classical period and was allowed to develop by the nature of Persian rule. The chapter examines the impact which the creation of a royal horse stud in the middle Scamander valley in the fourth century BC will have had on this region and places this development within the longer history of the unequal power dynamic between coast and interior in the Troad.
Conclusion: Reflections on a Global Issue Domain
Authors: Radu Roxana
Published: April 2019

The final chapter sums up the findings of the book and highlights the contributions of this study to international relations and to Internet governance, both theoretically and empirically. It clarifies how the findings of this research fit in the ongoing policy debates and in the global governance scholarship, while providing clues for understanding current trends and developments in the field. Reflecting on the value of the research agenda proposed here, this chapter notes the theoretical implications of studying the origins and articulation of global fields of power over time. Last but not least, it offers analytical directions for future explorations of governance emergence and structuration in nascent policy domains.
Too Much Value?
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

According to the Buck-Passing Account (BPA), for X to be good is for there to be reasons for everyone to have pro-attitudes in response to X. Suppose that a demon will punish everyone if they do not admire it. There are reasons for everyone to admire the demon, so BPA entails that it is good, but it is not good. So, BPA produces too much value. This chapter argues that this problem, often dubbed the wrong kind of reason problem, can be dissolved because there are no reasons to admire the demon. But, this chapter argues, even if there are reasons to admire the demon this does not show that BPA should be rejected, but only that it should be revised to hold that the reasons for pro-attitudes in BPA are reasons to have pro-attitudes that are not provided or enabled by facts about the additional consequences of having those pro-attitudes.
Other Evaluative Concepts and Properties
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

A final type of objection to the buck-passing account of value (BPA) argues that it encounters problems with evaluative properties beyond goodness simpliciter and final value. Roger Crisp and Pekka Väyrynen have argued that BPA must extend to provide an account of certain thick concepts, namely thick evaluative concepts, but provides an implausible account of the thick evaluative. This chapter argues that if BPA must extend to the thick evaluative, it provides a plausible account of the thick evaluative. W. D. Ross argued that to have certain pro-attitudes towards an object, such as to be in a state of admiration towards something, is partially to think of the object of these pro-attitudes as good. So accounts of goodness like BPA are circular. However, this chapter argues that BPA can accommodate Ross’s view of pro-attitudes without circularity and that alternatives to BPA cannot provide a more informative account of what it is to have a pro-attitude than BPA.
A Buck-Passing Account of Morality
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

This chapter motivates and defends a new buck-passing account of all moral notions in terms of reasons for action and reasons to make amends. According to this view, for an action to be wrong is for there to be reasons for us not to perform and for us to have pro-attitudes towards our apologizing or otherwise making amends if we perform it. This chapter shows that this account evades various objections including Parfit and Scanlon’s to buck-passing accounts of morality. It argues that this account explains several features of the relationship between moral properties and reasons, is more informative than alternative views, is part of an illuminating account of the relationship between moral and non-moral obligations, and fits with and explains the distinctively but not necessarily exclusively social status of morality. The chapter argues that there are reasons to reject alternative views to a buck-passing account of morality. It also shows that analogues of the arguments that show that the buck-passing account of value should be accepted show that a buck-passing account of morality should be accepted. So, it is not possible to consistently be buck-passers about value but not about morality.
The Wheels of Being
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

Chapter 16 sees Tennyson, who published his first poems only five years after Shelley’s death, as taking his points of departure from Shelley’s poetry. Though Tennyson was original, and deeply immersed in the fabric of his own age, his fascination with Shelley runs throughout his career. Not that Tennyson evolves out of Shelley in some diagrammatic or uncomplicated fashion. But Tennyson’s poetic identity develops in accordance with his response to Shelley’s multi-faceted practice. In In Memoriam, for example, true to his uncanny ear for Shelley’s darker tonalities, Tennyson locates the unspeakable responses to his unanswerable questions ‘Behind the veil, behind the veil’ (LVI. 28). Tennyson, we may feel, wishes to dwell with a more prolonged gaze than Shelley does on that which lies this side of the veil. In his work, quest often mesmerizes itself into something close to imaginative reverie. But the yearning to know what lies ‘Behind the veil’ is by no means buried in Tennyson, who inherits from Shelley longings and despairs that are transmuted into his own lyric meditations.
Introduction
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

This introductory chapter offers a discussion of literary dialogue and influence to give a delineation of the ways in which Shelley perceives how poets and poems connect, correspond, and contrast. It puts forth the argument that Shelley’s awareness of the ‘interplay’ between the works and ideas of a predecessor, the ‘consonance and dissonance’ between his own art and that of other artists, is an ‘artistic advantage’. Shelley’s greatness of originality is exemplified in the manner in which he establishes ‘new relations’ with originating texts. The Introduction outlines the ways in which Shelley’s gift for creative dialogue with predecessors and contemporaries as well as his influence on later poetry are examined in the book. It considers how Shelley understands and approaches influence; it also outlines the structure of the book, its central ideas, and the corresponding chapters in which those ideas are presented.
The Triumph of the Medical Hero
Authors: McKibbin Ross
Published: April 2019

A.J. Cronin’s novel, The Citadel, was one of the best-selling novels of the interwar years. It was a medical novel about the career of a young doctor, with markedly political and social themes. It was also thought to be the almost perfect example of the ‘middlebrow’ novel. The purpose of this chapter is to suggest reasons why it was so popular before 1939, but also why Cronin was unable to write similarly successful novels after 1945. The answer, I argue, is that it was largely dependent upon a form of democracy which was undermined by the Second World War.
The Two-Party system in Britain
Authors: McKibbin Ross
Published: April 2019

In 1951 97 per cent of British voters voted either Conservative or Labour and that figure remained more or less constant until the late 1960s. Thereafter, however, it began to decline while third or fourth parties won an increasing share of the popular vote. In this essay I suggest why this might have been so, as the social and economic basis of the two-party system began to decay. In the elections of 2017, however, at least in England, the two major parties won 87 per cent of the vote—the highest since 1970. I argue that this was a result of an almost accidental and unexpected confluence of events which produced a different kind of two-party politics—more fluid and unpredictable.