bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐OXOAZETIDINE‐1‐PHOSPHONIC ACIDS: SYNTHESIS AND TRANSESTERIFICATION
Authors: KOSTER W. H. , ZAHLER R. , CHANG H. W. , CIMARUSTI C. M. , JACOBS G. A. , PERRI M.
Published: May 2016

Die 3‐Acylamino‐azetidinone (I) werden über ihre Li‐Derivate an der N‐1‐Position ohne Verlust der Chiralität an der C‐3‐Position phosphoryliert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF DODECAMETHYL‐1Λ3,4Λ3‐DIPHOSPHA‐2,3,5,6,7,8‐HEXASILABICYCLO(2.2.2)# OCTANE
Authors: HASSLER K.
Published: May 2016

1,2‐Dichlortetramethyldisilan (I) reagiert mit Natrium‐ bzw. Kaliumphosphid (II) zu der polycyclischen Verbindung (III), die spektroskopisch charakterisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ACTIVATION OF METHANE WITH METAL ATOMS AT 10 K WITHOUT PHOTOLYSIS
Authors: KLABUNDE K. J. , TANAKA Y.
Published: May 2016

Untersuchungen zeigen, daß Al‐Atome mit Methan bei 0 Kreagieren ‐ es entstehen Methyl‐Al‐hydride, während Mg, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag, Au, Ga, In und Sn unter analogen Bedingungen keine Reaktionen eingehen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEW HETEROCYCLIC SUBSTITUTED STANNANES
Authors: JUTZI P. , GILGE U.
Published: May 2016

Die in 2‐Stellung trimethylstannylierten Heterocyclen (IVb), (VI), (VIII), (X) und (XII) werden durch Lithiierung und anschließende Umsetzung mit Trimethylchlorostannan (III) aus den Edukten (I), (V), (VII), (IX) und (XI) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Migration of Tricarbonylchromium Groups in Phenylanthracenes.
Authors: CUNNINGHAM S. D. , OEFELE K. + , WILLEFORD B. R.
Published: May 2016

Cr‐hexacarbonyl reagiert mit 9‐Phenylanthracen in siedendem Di‐n‐butylether unter Bildung der drei, chromatographisch an SiO2 isolierten Produkte (Ia), (IIa) und (IIIa) (Gesamtausb 30‐35%).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLATION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERMEDIATE (IODOSYLBENZENE)METALLOPORPHYRIN COMPLEXES FROM THE (TETRAPHENYLPORPHINATO)MANGANESE(III)‐IODOSYLBENZENE CATALYTIC HYDROCARBON FUNCTIONALIZATION SYSTEM
Authors: SMEGAL J. A. , SCHARDT B. C. , HILL C. L.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Reaktion von (Ia) mit Iodosylbenzol (II) wird ein neuer Komplextyp isoliert, der sich grundsätzlich von dem aus der Reaktion von (Ib) mit (II) erhaltenen Produkt (IV) unterscheidet.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC NITROSYL CHEMISTRY. 18. ELECTROPHILE‐INDUCED REDUCTION OF COORDINATED NITROGEN MONOXIDE. SEQUENTIAL CONVERSION OF A μ3‐NITROSYL GROUP TO μ3‐HYDROXYLIMIDO AND μ3‐IMIDO LIGANDS BY PROTONIC ACIDS
Authors: LEGZDINS P. , NURSE C. R. , RETTIG S. J.
Published: May 2016

Die Zugabe von einem Äquivalent HBF4 ‐OMe, oder HP‐Fg in CH2Cl2 zum p3‐NO‐Komplex (I) führt in rascher Umsetzung zu (II), das mit zwei weiteren Äquivalenten ′äure die Produkte (III) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: IRON(III) TRIHALIDE COMPLEXES OF 4‐AMINOBENZOPHENONE
Authors: VEZZOSI I. M. , ZANOLI A. F. , PEYRONEL G.
Published: May 2016

Fe(III)‐chlorid oder ‐bromid bilden mit dem Titelliganden abhängig vom Reaktandenverhältnis und den Reaktionsbedingungen die Komplexe (I) und (II), deren Strukturen anhand von Elementaranalysen, IR‐, EPR‐ und elektronenspektroskopischen Daten, ermittelten Leitfähigkeiten und magnetischen Momenten diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIAMMINE(1,4,7‐TRIAZACYCLOALKANE)COBALT(III) AND ((R)‐2‐METHYL‐1,4,7‐TRIAZACYCLONONANE)(1,4,7‐TRIAZACYCLONONANE)COBALT(III)
Authors: NONOYAMA M. , SAKAI K.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (II) und (IV) werden wie aufgezeichnet dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBON MONOXIDE REACTION TOWARDS NICKEL(II) TETRACOORDINATED PHOSPHINE COMPLEXES IN AQUEOUS‐ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION
Authors: GIANNOCCARO P. , VASAPOLLO G.
Published: May 2016

Die vierfach‐koordinierten Ni(II)‐Komplexe (Ia,b) bilden bei reduktiver Carbonylierung in wäßrigem Ethanol die Ni(O)‐Komplexe (IIa,b); als Nebenprodukte entstehen durch Zers. der Ni(II)‐Komplexe die Phosphonium‐tetrahalogenonickelate (IIIa,b).
ChemInform Abstract: REDOX PROPERTIES OF RUTHENIUM(II) TRIS CHELATE COMPLEXES CONTAINING THE LIGANDS 2,2′‐BIPYRAZINE, 2,2′‐BIPYRIDINE, AND 2,2′‐BIPYRIMIDINE
Authors: RILLEMA D. P. , ALLEN G. , MEYER T. J. , CONRAD D.
Published: May 2016

Die Chelat‐Ru(ll)‐Komplexe (I) werden durch Umsetzung entsprechender Chloro‐bipyridyl‐Komplexe oder Ru‐trichloridtrihydrat mit einem Überschuß an Bipyrazin oder Bipyrimidin synthetisiert und als Hexafluorophosphate isoliert (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ((COD)RHCL)2 WITH CYCLODIENES AND ORGANOLITHIUMS; TRANSFER OF METHYL OR PHENYL FROM RHODIUM TO CYCLODIENE LIGANDS
Authors: MUELLER J. + , PASSON B.
Published: May 2016

Umsetzungen des Rhodium‐Komplexes (I) mit den Lithiumorganylen (II) und 1,3‐Cyclohexadien (III) bzw. l ,5‐Cycloctadien (V) in Hexan führen zu den Rhodium‐Komplexen (IV) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING PRENYLATED JUGLONE DERIVATIVES. α‐CARYOPTERONE, α‐DIHYDROCARYOPTERONE, 9‐METHOXY‐α‐LAPACHONE AND 4,9‐DIHYDROXY‐α‐LAPACHONE
Authors: KAPOOR N. K. , GUPTA R. B. , KHANNA R. N.
Published: May 2016

Die Kondensation des Naphthochinons (I) mit Isovaleraldehyd führt zum substituierten Naphthochinon (II), dessen oxidative Cyclodehydrierung mit DDQ ein Gemisch der Furandione (III) und (V) sowie als Hauptprodukt das Dehydrolapachon (IV) liefert, die säulenchromatographisch getrennt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE HIGHLY STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF PERBENZYLATED α,α‐TREHALOSE AND ITS D‐GALACTO AND D‐MANNO ANALOGS
Authors: YOSHIMURA J. , HARA K. , SATO T. , HASHIMOTO H.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung der perbenzylierten l‐O‐Trimethylsilyl‐glucopyranose (Ia) mit Trimethylsilyl‐trifluormethansulfonat als Katalysator führt zur Bildung von Gemischen der a,a‐ und der α,β‐Trehalosen (IIa) und (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE PYRROLIZIDINEDIOLS: (+)‐HELIOTRIDINE
Authors: CHAMBERLIN A. R. , CHUNG J. Y. L.
Published: May 2016

Die Darstellung der Titelverbindung (IX) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF VINCAMONE
Authors: CHIMIRRI A. , GRASSO S. , FENECH G. , MONFORTE P.
Published: May 2016

Vincamon besitzt die Struktur (l).
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF LEUKOTRIENE E4, A MEMBER OF THE SRS‐A FAMILY
Authors: ROSENBERGER M. , NEWKOM C. , AIG E. R.
Published: May 2016

Die Synthese des Diesters (VII) der Titelverbindung sowie der Homo‐ und Nor‐Analogen (IXa) und (IXb) wird beschrieben (Ausb.‐Angaben z.T. in g).
ChemInform Abstract: ENANTIOSPECIFIC SYNTHESES OF LEUKOTRIENES C4, D4, AND E4, AND (14,15‐3H2)LEUKOTRIENE E4 DIMETHYL ESTER
Authors: COHEN N. , BANNER B. L. , LOPRESTI R. J. , WONG F. , ROSENBERGER M. , LIU Y.‐Y. , THOM E. , LIEBMAN A. A.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von dem Ascorbinsäurederivat (I) wird das Epoxid (VII) dargestellt, dessen Kondensation mit dem Phosphoniumbromid (IX) den Epoxyester (X) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF STABLE CARBENIUM SALTS FROM CYCLIC THIOACETALS ‐ 1,3‐DITHIENIUM‐ AND 1,3‐DITHIOLENIUM SALTS
Authors: STAHL I. , KUEHN I. +
Published: May 2016

1,3‐Dithienium‐ und 1,3‐Dithioleniumsalze."‐ Umsetzung der Dithiane bzw. Dithiolane (I) mit 802C], unter strengem Feuchtigkeitsausschluß ergibt die neuen hydrolyseempfindlichen Dithienium‐ bzw. Dithiolenium‐hydrogendichloride (II), die sich mit BF, ‐etherat in die weniger empfindlichen Tetrafluoroborate (III) überführen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF RISTOSAMINE UTILIZING THE ALLYLIC HYDROXYL OF A HEX‐2‐ENOPYRANOSIDE
Authors: PAULS H. W. , FRASER‐REID B.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Hex‐2‐eno‐pyranosid (Ia) erhält man mit Trichloracetonitril das Trichlormethylimidat (Ib), das mit dem Iod‐Komplex (II) zum iodierten Oxazolin (III) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE BY DI‐ AND TRIPHENYLETHYLENE DERIVATIVES: A STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY STUDY
Authors: GILBERT J. , MIQUEL J.‐F. , PRECIGOUX G. , HOSPITAL M. , RAYNAUD J.‐P. , MICHEL F. , CRASTES DE PAULET A.
Published: May 2016

Das Benzophenon (I) reagiert mit dem Benzylnitril (II) zum Triphenyle‐thylen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CIS‐TRIS‐(2.2.2)‐Σ‐HOMOBENZENE ‐ SYNTHESIS AND THERMOLYSIS
Authors: MAAS M. , LUTTERBECK M. , HUNKLER D. , PRINZBACH H.
Published: May 2016

Bis‐cyclobutenyl (I) reagiert nach Diels‐Alder mit Maleinsäureanhydrid (II) zu einem Addukt (III), das nach katalytischer Hydrierung zum Diol (Va) reduziert und über das Bis‐mesylat (Vb) mit Natriumsulfid zum Tetrahydrothiophen (VI) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: Struktur und Eigenschaften des Bromierungsproduktes von Styryltetrazol.
Authors: POSTOVSKII I. YA. , ZYRYANOV V. A. , RUSINOV V. L. , KLYUEV N. A. , ALEKSANDROV G. G. , CHERNYSHEV A. I. , ESIPOV S. E.
Published: May 2016

Das bei der Bromierung von Styryltetrazol (I) mit′ Brom in Chloroform gebildete Dibrom‐ Derivat (II), spaltet unter der Einwirkung von Natriumacetat in Essigsäure, bei der Umsetzung mit Zink in Ethanol oder mit Thioharnstoff in Aceton sowie bereits 88 durch Erhitzen auf I60 ‐ 170°C ohne Lösungsmittel Brom ab unter Rückbildung des Styryltetrazols (I).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE APHIN‐RELATED (.+‐.)‐7,9‐DIDEOXYQUINONE A AND (.+‐.)‐7,9‐DIDEOXYQUINONE A′
Authors: CHORN T. A. , GILES R. G. F. , GREEN I. R. , MITCHELL P. R. K.
Published: May 2016

Das aus dem Naphthochinon (Ia) erhältliche Derivat (Ib) wird über die Stufen (IIa), (IIb), (IIIa) in das (IIIa)‐Reduktionsprodukt (IIIb) übergeführt, dessen Oxidation a) mit AgO das (leicht instabile) Chinon (VI), b) mit 4 mol des Ce‐Salzes (V) dagegen die gewünschten Naphthopyranchinone (VIa) + (VIb), die dieselbe Stereochemie wie Chinon A (VIIa) bzw. Chinon A′ (VIIb), Derivate der Blattlaus‐Pigmente Protoaphin‐fb bzw. ‐sl, aufweisen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ISOMERIZATION STUDIES OF 2‐ALKENYLTHIOPYRIMIDINES AND 2‐ALKYNYLTHIOPYRIMIDINES AND THEIR S‐OXIDES
Authors: BENNECHE T. , UNDHEIM K.
Published: May 2016

Umsetzen des Pyrirnidinthions (I) mit Propargylbromid/NEt3 liefert das Propargylthiopyrimidin (IIa), das sich mit tBuOK im Mol‐ Verhältnis 1 :0.l zu dem Propadienylthiopyrimidin (IIb) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: DICHLOROTHIAZOLO(4,5‐D)PYRIMIDINES
Authors: WALEK W.
Published: May 2016

Die Cyanimide (I) bilden mit den Urethanen (II) die Substitutionsprodukte ( III), die sich leicht zu.den Thiazolen (IV) cyclisieren [nur (IIIa) und (IIIb) konnten isoliert werden].
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUALLY SLOW THERMAL ISOMERIZATION OF ALKYLDIHALOBORANES; A HIGHLY REGIO‐ AND STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF ALKYLDIHALOBORANES FROM LABILE OLEFINIC STRUCTURES
Authors: BROWN H. C. , RACHERLA U. S.
Published: May 2016

Organoborane lagern sich bei thermischer Beanspruchung in Isomere um, so daß vielfach Gemische stereoisomerer Borane gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ANIONS FROM α‐DIPHENYLPHOSPHINOYL KETONES WITH ELECTROPHILES
Authors: TORR R. S. , WARREN S.
Published: May 2016

Die aus den Ketonen (II) gebildeten Anionen reagieren mit entsprechenden Alkylhalogeniden (I) zu den Derivaten (III) [neben (IIIb) entsteht auch das Dialkylierungsprodukt (IV)].
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY INVESTIGATION OF PLATINUM SUPPORTED ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE AND TITANIUM MONOXIDE
Authors: CHEN B.‐H. , WHITE J. M. , BROSTROM L. R. , DEVINEY M. L.
Published: May 2016

An einer TiO‐Probe . und an verschieden vorbehandelten TiOZ‐Proben ( ;z.B. bei 875°C unter H, oder bei 500°C unter 0,) wurde nach deren Platinisierung (2 Gew.‐% Pt durch ?zPtClg‐Imprägnierung der Trägerpulver) die Morphologie der Pt‐Kristallite in Abhängigkeit von den Eigenschaften der Ti‐oxid‐Träger durch TEM untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE MODIFYING EFFECT OF ADDED METALS ON THE SURFACE OF PLATINUM CATALYST USED FOR AMMONIA OXIDATION
Authors: SCHROEDER J. , JARMAKOWICZ J. , ZABRZESKI J.
Published: May 2016

Perforierte Pt‐l0%Rh‐Folien von 0.1 nm Dicke wurden durch Vakuumaufdampfung mit Al‐, Mg‐, Zr‐ oder Pd‐Schichten (1‐25 nm Dicke) bedeckt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 3‐ISOXAZOLINES
Authors: SHATZMILLER S. , SHALOM E. , LIDOR R. , TARTKOVSKI E.
Published: May 2016

Die Isoxazoline (I) [(Ib), (Ic) und (Id) WUTdCu durch Lithiierung von (Ia) und Alkylierungen mit den entsprechenden Halogenalkanen in 65‐73 proz. Ausb. erhalten] werden zu den Salzen (II) quaternisiert, deren Deprotonierung die N‐Ethyl‐isoxazoline (VIII ) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐SUBSTITUTED 9,9‐ACRIDANS
Authors: BRAUN D. , STUDENROTH R.
Published: May 2016

Die Acridiniumiodide (I) reagieren mit den Grignard‐ Reagenzien (H) zu den 9,9‐disubstituierten Acridanen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF VASICINE AND VASICINONE DERIVATIVES FOR OXYTOCIC AND BRONCHODILATORY ACTIVITY
Authors: RAO M. N. A. , KRISHNAN S. , JAIN M. P. , ANAND K. K.
Published: May 2016

Pyrrolochinazoline (I) werden mit Aldehyden (II) zu Olefinen (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORTHO METALATION AT A MULTIPLY BONDED DIRHENIUM CENTER: THE FIRST SUCH EXAMPLE OCCURRING AT A MULTIPLE BOND OF THE M2L8 TYPE
Authors: BARDER T. J. , TETRICK S. M. , WALTON R. A. , COTTON F. A. , POWELL G. L.
Published: May 2016

Die l :6‐molare Umsetzung des vierfach gebundenen Re‐Komplexes (I) mit dem Phosphinopyridin liefert das Produkt (II), in dem der Ligand in einer neuen Art als dreizähniger Brückenligand fungiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Configuration at the C‐23 Position of 23‐Hydroxy‐ and 23,25‐Dihydroxycholesterols.
Authors: EGUCHI T. , ISHIGURO M. , IKEKAWA N.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Steroid (I), dessen Herstellung beschrieben wird, erhält man durch Hydrolyse und anschließende Benzoylierung die Benzoate (IIa), deren Stereoisomere getrennt werden.
Energiedissipation aufgrund von Biegewellen bei Stoßvorgängen gegen dünne Platten
Authors: Böttcher Ronny , Müller Peter , Trüe Michael , Russell Alexander , Tomas Jürgen
Published: May 2016

Bei der verfahrenstechnischen Behandlung partikulärer Feststoffprodukte treten permanent Stoßvorgänge auf. Bei einem großen Inelastizitätsmodulus kann dabei ein signifikanter Anteil der kinetischen Aufprallenergie in elastische Biegewellen dissipiert werden. Die Stoßzahl charakterisiert die auftretende Energiedissipation bzw. Dämpfung des Stoßes und ist ein essentieller Parameter bei der numerischen Simulation von Partikelsystemen. Es wird eine sehr präzise analytische Näherungslösung für die Stoßzahl des Biegemodells von Zener hergeleitet. Experimente mit elastisch‐plastischen Granulaten und Acrylglasplatten bestätigen, dass elastische Wellen in Form von Biegewellen nicht nur bei elastischen Materialien wie Stahl oder Glas signifikanten Einfluss haben können.
Zerkleinerung holzartiger nachwachsender Rohstoffe
Authors: Eisenlauer Moritz , Teipel Ulrich
Published: May 2016

Ein wesentlicher Faktor bei der Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen ist neben dem Aufschluss die Zerkleinerung. Durch eine optimierte und zielgerichtete Feinzerkleinerung können die Ausbeute der Aufschlussverfahren gesteigert und der Energiebedarf für die Zerkleinerung signifikant gesenkt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden die lignocellulosehaltigen Rohstoffe Fichte und Rotbuche in einer Schneidmühle zerkleinert. Zum Vergleich wurden Versuche an einer Hammermühle durchgeführt. Dabei wurde der Einfluss des Wassergehaltes und der Art des Rohstoffes auf die spezifische Zerkleinerungsenergie und die Zerkleinerungsprodukte untersucht.
The Cell Surface Receptor CD44: NMR‐Based Characterization of Putative Ligands
Authors: Baggio Carlo , Barile Elisa , Di Sorbo Gianluigi , Kipps Thomas J. , Pellecchia Maurizio
Published: May 2016

The cell surface receptor CD44 is a glycoprotein belonging to the hyaluronan‐binding proteins, termed hyaladherins. CD44 is expressed in a wide variety of isoforms in many cells and, in particular, is present on the surface of malignant cells where it is involved in the onset and progression of cancer. In a first attempt to identify novel CD44‐binding agents, we first characterized, with NMR spectroscopic techniques, several agents that were reported to bind to human CD44 (hCD44). To our surprise, however, none of these putative CD44‐binding agents, including a peptide that is in phase 2 clinical trials (A6 peptide) and a recently reported fragment hit, were found to interact significantly with recombinant hCD44(21–178). Nonetheless, we further report that a fragment‐screening campaign, with solution NMR spectroscopy as the detection method, identified a viable fragment hit that bound in a potentially functional pocket on the surface of CD44, opposite to the hyaluronic acid binding site. We hypothesize that this pocket could be indirectly associated with the cellular and in vivo activity of the A6 peptide, which would provide a novel framework for the possible development of therapeutically viable CD44 antagonists.
Treatment allocation in patients with early‐stage esophageal adenocarcinoma: Prevalence and predictors of lymph node involvement
Authors: Gamboa Anthony M. , Kim Sungjin , Force Seth D. , Staley Charles A. , Woods Kevin E. , Kooby David A. , Maithel Shishir K. , Luke Jennifer A. , Shaffer Katherine M. , Dacha Sunil , Saba Nabil F. , Keilin Steven A. , Cai Qiang , El‐Rayes Bassel F. , Chen Zhengjia , Willingham Field F.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

In considering treatment allocation for patients with early esophageal adenocarcinoma, the incidence of lymph node metastasis is a critical determinant; however, this has not been well defined or stratified by the relevant clinical predictors of lymph node spread.

METHODS

Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database of the National Cancer Institute were abstracted from 2004 to 2010 for patients with early‐stage esophageal adenocarcinoma. The incidence of lymph node involvement for patients with Tis, T1a, and T1b tumors was examined and was stratified by predictors of spread.

RESULTS

A total of 13,996 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma were evaluated. Excluding those with advanced, metastatic, and/or invasive (T2‐T4) disease, 715 patients with Tis, T1a, and T1b tumors were included. On multivariate analysis, tumor grade (odds ratio [OR], 2.76; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.58‐4.82 [P<.001]), T classification (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24‐0.91 [P =.025]), and tumor size (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.48‐4.85 [P = .001]) were found to be independently associated with lymph node metastases. There was no lymph node spread noted with Tis tumors. For patients with low‐grade (well or moderately differentiated) tumors measuring <2 cm in size, the risk of lymph node metastasis was 1.7% for T1a (P<.001) and 8.6% for T1b (P = .001) tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

For patients with low‐grade Tis or T1 tumors measuring ≤2 cm in size, the incidence of lymph node metastasis appears to be comparable to the mortality rate associated with esophagectomy. For highly selected patients with early esophageal adenocarcinomas, the results of the current study support the recommendation that local endoscopic resection can be considered as an alternative to surgical management when followed by rigorous endoscopic and radiographic surveillance. Cancer 2016;122:2150–7. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Coarsening of Folds in Hanging Drapes
Authors: Bella Peter , Kohn Robert V.
Published: May 2016

We consider the elastic energy of a hanging drape—a thin elastic sheet, pulled down by the force of gravity, with fine‐scale folding at the top that achieves approximately uniform confinement. This example of energy‐driven pattern formation in a thin elastic sheet is of particular interest because the length scale of folding varies with height. We focus on how the minimum elastic energy depends on the physical parameters. As the sheet thickness vanishes, the limiting energy is due to the gravitational force and is relatively easy to understand. Our main accomplishment is to identify the “scaling law” of the correction due to positive thickness. We do this by (i) proving an upper bound, by considering the energies of several constructions and taking the best; and (ii) proving an ansatz‐free lower bound, which agrees with the upper bound up to a parameter‐independent prefactor. The coarsening of folds in hanging drapes has also been considered in the recent physics literature, by using a self‐similar construction whose basic cell has been called a “wrinklon.” Our results complement and extend that work by showing that self‐similar coarsening achieves the optimal scaling law in a certain parameter regime, and by showing that other constructions (involving lateral spreading of the sheet) do better in other regions of parameter space. Our analysis uses a geometrically linear Föppl‐von Kármán model for the elastic energy, and is restricted to the case when Poisson's ratio is 0. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phototaxis of Oil Droplets Comprising a Caged Fatty Acid Tightly Linked to Internal Convection
Authors: Suzuki Kentaro , Sugawara Tadashi
Published: May 2016

We found that novel sub‐millimeter‐sized photoactive oil droplets of oleic acid bearing a photolabile protecting group, 2‐nitrobenzyl oleate (NBO), in basic water exhibited unidirectional motion toward a UV light source. This unidirectional motion can be explained by anisotropic photolysis on a surface of the NBO droplet with low permeability for UV light. Time‐dependent changes of the movement under UV irradiation occurred in a cascade manner (still‐standing, induction, and active stages). The velocity of the UV‐irradiated droplet in the induction stage was small, but it was accelerated sixteen times by the presence of an inner convection structure, which was created by continued photolysis. This characteristic dynamics, which is derived from a supramolecular machinery system towards the external stimulus, may be similar to the phototaxis of a living cell.
Determination of Metabolic Viability and Cell Mass Using a Tandem Resazurin/Sulforhodamine B Assay
Authors: Silva Filomena S.G. , Starostina Irina G. , Ivanova Vilena V. , Rizvanov Albert A. , Oliveira Paulo J. , Pereira Susana P.
Published: May 2016

The identification of rapid, reliable, and highly reproducible biological assays that can be standardized and routinely used in preclinical tests constitutes a promising approach to reducing drug discovery costs and time. This unit details a tandem, rapid, and reliable cell viability method for preliminary screening of chemical compounds. This assay measures metabolic activity and cell mass in the same cell sample using a dual resazurin/sulforhodamine B assay, eliminating the variation associated with cell seeding and excessive manipulations in assays that test different cell samples across plates. The procedure also reduces the amount of cells, test compound, and reagents required, as well as the time expended in conventional tests, thus resulting in a more confident prediction of toxic thresholds for the tested compounds. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Current sensorless control for half‐bridge based AC/DC PFC converter with consideration of conduction losses
Authors: Suzdalenko Alexander , Chub Andrii
Published: May 2016

The focus of this paper is on a simple half‐bridge converter that performs power factor correction (PFC) using current sensorless control. Current sensors increase cost, auxiliary power required, conduction losses, and volume of the PFC converter. Moreover, measurement of high frequency current is demanding, especially in cost‐sensitive applications. The PFC converter proposed combines simple half‐bridge topology and improved current sensorless‐control algorithm that takes into account conduction losses. These losses influence volt‐second balance in the input inductor and result in distorted grid current shape. Their effect is especially evident in half‐bridge converter, where input inductor operates with high voltage swing. The current sensorless control method proposed compensates this influence and allows achieving sinusoidal current shape. First, the phenomenon of current distortion was shown with numerical simulation in PSIM package. Experimental prototype rated for 350 W power was built to verify theoretical and simulation results. Experimental results are in good agreement with those obtained with simulation and theoretically. The PFC converter proposed features low cost of realization and can be used in consumer equipment for connection to the grid. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Organosilicon thin Film Deposited Using an Atmospheric Pressure Dual‐Frequency 50 kHz/33 MHz Frequency MicroPlasma Jet
Authors: Yuan Q. H. , Wang X. M. , Yin G. Q. , Li J. , Dong C. Z.
Published: May 2016

In this paper, an atmospheric pressure dual‐frequency (50 kHz/33 MHz) micro‐plasma jet was used to deposit organosilicon film. The discharge generated in atmospheric environment. Plasma composition was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. With introduction of tetraethyl orthosilicate, we observed various spectra, for example Si(251.6 nm), OH(308.9 nm), C(247.8 nm), O(777.5 nm). Abundant reactive radical species which are benefit to film deposition were generated in plasma. The deposited film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The film is mostly composed of Si and O. The film has Si‐O‐Si backbone with a small number of organic component (‐CHx). (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A patch‐based tensor decomposition algorithm for M‐FISH image classification
Authors: Wang Min , Huang Ting‐Zhu , Li Jingyao , Wang Yu‐Ping
Published: May 2016

Multiplex‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH) is a chromosome imaging technique which can be used to detect chromosomal abnormalities such as translocations, deletions, duplications, and inversions. Chromosome classification from M‐FISH imaging data is a key step to implement the technique. In the classified M‐FISH image, each pixel in a chromosome is labeled with a class index and drawn with a pseudo‐color so that geneticists can easily conduct diagnosis, for example, identifying chromosomal translocations by examining color changes between chromosomes. However, the information of pixels in a neighborhood is often overlooked by existing approaches. In this work, we assume that the pixels in a patch belong to the same class and use the patch to represent the center pixel's class information, by which we can use the correlations of neighboring pixels and the structural information across different spectral channels for the classification. On the basis of assumption, we propose a patch‐based classification algorithm by using higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD). The developed method has been tested on a comprehensive M‐FISH database that we established, demonstrating improved performance. When compared with other pixel‐wise M‐FISH image classifiers such as fuzzy c‐means clustering (FCM), adaptive fuzzy c‐means clustering (AFCM), improved adaptive fuzzy c‐means clustering (IAFCM), and sparse representation classification (SparseRC) methods, the proposed method gave the highest correct classification ratio (CCR), which can translate into improved diagnosis of genetic diseases and cancers. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Spectrum of cytopathologic features of epithelioid sarcoma in a series of 7 uncommon cases with immunohistochemical results, including loss of INI1/SMARCB1 in two test cases
Authors: Rekhi Bharat , Singh Neha
Published: May 2016

Diagnosis of an epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is challenging on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears. There are few documented series describing cytopathologic features and immunostaining results of ESs. The present study describes cytopathologic features of seven cases of ES. All seven tumors occurred in males within age‐range of 22–61 years; in sites, such as forearm (n = 3), hand (n = 2), thigh (n = 1), and inguinal region (n = 1). FNAC was performed for metastatic lesions (n = 5), recurrent lesions (n = 4), as well as for a primary diagnosis (n = 1). FNAC smears in most cases were moderate to hypercellular, composed of polygonal cells(seven cases) and spindle cells(three cases), arranged in loosely cohesive groups, non‐overlapping clusters, and scattered singly, containing moderate to abundant cytoplasm, defined cell borders, vesicular nuclei, and discernible nucleoli. Variable cytopathologic features identified in certain cases were “rhabdoid‐like” intracytoplasmic inclusions (n = 5), giant cells (n = 3), and interspersed scanty, metachromatic stroma (n = 4). Histopathologic examination revealed two cases of conventional‐type ES, three of proximal/large cell‐type ES, and two cases of mixed‐type ES, displaying features of conventional and proximal subtypes. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK)(4/5), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) (6/6), panCK (1/1), vimentin (3/3), and CD34 (7/7). Tumor cells were completely negative for INI1/SMARCB1 (0/2) and CD31 (0/5). In our settings, FNAC was mostly performed in recurrent and/or metastatic cases of ES, and rarely for a primary diagnosis of ES. Important cytopathologic features of ESs include loosely cohesive, non‐overlapping clusters of polygonal cells with variable “rhabdoid‐like” and spindle cells. Optimal diagnostic IHC markers in such cases include CK, EMA, AE1AE3, CD34, and INI1/SMARCB1. Clinical correlation is imperative in all cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:636–642. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do temporal changes in vegetation structure additional to time since fire predict changes in bird occurrence?
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Candy Steven G. , MacGregor Christopher I. , Banks Sam C. , Westgate Martin , Ikin Karen , Pierson Jennifer , Tulloch Ayesha , Barton Philip
Published: May 2016

Fire is a major ecological process in ecosystems globally. Its impacts on fauna can be both direct (e.g., mortality) and indirect (e.g., altered habitat), resulting in population recovery being driven by several possible mechanisms. Separating direct from indirect impacts of fire on faunal population recovery can be valuable in guiding management of biodiversity in fire‐prone environments. However, resolving the influence of direct and indirect processes remains a key challenge because many processes affecting fauna can change concomitantly with time since fire. We explore the mechanisms influencing bird response to fire by posing the question, can temporal changes in vegetation structure predict changes in bird occurrence on sites, and can these be separated from other temporal changes using the surrogate of time since fire? We conducted a 12‐yr study of bird and vegetation responses to fire at 124 sites across six vegetation classes in Booderee National Park, Australia. Approximately half of these sites, established in 2002, were burned by a large (>3000 ha) wildfire in 2003. To disentangle collinear effects of temporal changes in vegetation and direct demographic effects on population recovery that are subsumed by time since fire, we incorporated both longitudinal and cross‐sectional vegetation effects in addition to time since fire within logistic structural equation models. We identified temporal changes in vegetation structure and richness of plant and bird species that characterized burned and unburned sites in all vegetation classes. For nine bird species, a significant component of the year trend was driven by temporal trends in one of three vegetation variables (number of understory or midstory plant species, or midstory cover). By contrast, we could not separate temporal effects between time since fire and vegetation attributes for bird species richness, reporting rate, and the occurrence of 11 other bird species. Our findings help identify species for which indirect effects of vegetation dominate recovery and thus may benefit from vegetation management where conservation actions are required and, conversely, those species for which direct effects of time since fire drive recovery, where simply leaving a system to recover following the last disturbance will be sufficient.
The effects of roasting and seed moisture on the phenolic compound levels in cold‐pressed and hot‐pressed rapeseed oil
Authors: Siger Aleksander , Józefiak Marta
Published: May 2016

The paper looks at the levels of phenolic compounds in cold‐pressed and hot‐pressed rapeseed oils produced from seeds of various moisture levels (5, 7.5, and 10%). The paper also considers the effects of seed roasting on the levels of these compounds. The quality of the obtained oils is determined using the peroxide and acid values. The levels of phenolic compounds are analyzed using HPLC. It is demonstrated that the oils produced from rapeseeds with 5% moisture content, and in particular from cold‐pressed oils, were characterized by the lowest peroxide values. The roasting of the seeds and their level of moisture both significantly affect the quality of the obtained oil. Oils obtained by hot‐pressing the seeds with 10% moisture contained over 30% more of these compounds. The roasting process has a significant influence on the amount of phenolic compounds in the test oils.

Practical applications: Depending on the environmental conditions and post‐harvesting procedures, rapeseeds are characterized by varying water contents. To obtain high‐quality cold‐pressed or hot‐pressed oil with high levels of phenolic compounds, knowledge of the effects of seed moisture content on these parameters is necessary. The paper describes the effects of moisture content, as well as of seed roasting and of the oil production methods (cold‐pressing vs. hot‐pressing). There is no doubt that such information will be useful for both small and large manufacturing operations that produce cold‐pressed oils.

The rapeseeds for pressing were prepared as roasted (160°C, 15 min) or unroasted and with different moisture levels (5, 7.5, and 10%). The oils were cold‐pressed and hot‐pressed. The levels of phenolic compounds in the resulting oils differed with statistical significance. A significant increase in the level of phenolic compounds in hot‐pressed oils was seen, though this was also dependent on the moisture of the rapeseeds.
Use of finger‐prick dried blood spots (fpDBS) and capillary electrophoresis for carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) screening in forensic toxicology
Authors: Bertaso Anna , Sorio Daniela , Vandoros Anthula , De Palo Elio F. , Bortolotti Federica , Tagliaro Franco
Published: May 2016

Continued progress in chronic alcohol abuse investigation requires the development of less invasive procedures for screening purposes. The application of finger‐prick and related dried blood spots (fpDBS) for carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) detection appears suitable for this aim. Therefore, the goal of this project was to develop a screening method for CDT using fpDBS with CZE analysis. Blood samples prepared by finger‐prick were placed on DBS cards and left to air dry; each dried fpDBS disc was shredded into small pieces and suspended in acid solution (60 μL of HCl 120 mmol/L). After centrifugation (10 min at 1500 × g), the collected sample was adjusted to pH 3.5. After an overnight incubation, the pH was neutralised and an iron rich solution was added. After 1 h, CZE analysis was carried out. A group of 47 individuals was studied. Parallel serum samples were collected from each investigated subject and the %CDT for each sample was measured using HPLC and CZE techniques. The fpDBS transferrin sialo isoform electropherograms were similar to those obtained with serum. Moreover, fpDBS CZE CDT percentage levels demonstrated significant statistical correlation with those obtained from serum for both HPLC and CZE %CDT (p < 0.01; r2 = 0.8913 and 0.8976, respectively), with %CDT from 0.8 to 13.7% for fpDBS and from 0.7 to 12.7% for serum. The newly developed fpDBS procedure for CDT analysis provides a simple and inexpensive tool for use in population screening.
Stereospecific capillary electrophoresis assays using pentapeptide substrates for the study of Aspergillus nidulans methionine sulfoxide reductase A and mutant enzymes
Authors: Zhu Qingfu , El‐Mergawy Rabab G. , Zhou Yuzhen , Chen Chunyang , Heinemann Stefan H. , Schönherr Roland , Robaa Dina , Sippl Wolfgang , Scriba Gerhard K. E.
Published: May 2016

Stereospecific capillary electrophoresis‐based methods for the analysis of methionine sulfoxide [Met(O)]‐containing pentapeptides were developed in order to investigate the reduction of Met(O)‐containing peptide substrates by recombinant Aspergillus nidulans methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) as well as enzymes carrying mutations in position Glu99 and Asp134. The separation of the diastereomers of the N‐acetylated, C‐terminally 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (Dnp)‐labeled pentapeptides ac‐Lys‐Phe‐Met(O)‐Lys‐Lys‐Dnp, ac‐Lys‐Asp‐Met(O)‐Asn‐Lys‐Dnp and ac‐Lys‐Asn‐Met(O)‐Asp‐Lys‐Dnp was achieved in 50 mM Tris‐HCl buffers containing sulfated β‐CD in fused‐silica capillaries, while the diastereomer separation of ac‐Lys‐Asp‐Met(O)‐Asp‐Lys‐Dnp was achieved by sulfated β‐CD‐mediated MEKC. The methods were validated with regard to range, linearity, accuracy, limits of detection and quantitation as well as precision. Subsequently, the substrates were incubated with wild‐type MsrA and three mutants in the presence of dithiothreitol as reductant. Wild‐type MsrA displayed the highest activity towards all substrates compared to the mutants. Substitution of Glu99 by Gln resulted in the mutant with the lowest activity towards all substrates except for ac‐Lys‐Asn‐Met(O)‐Asp‐Lys‐Dnp, while replacement Asn for Asp134 lead to a higher activity towards ac‐Lys‐Asp‐Met(O)‐Asn‐Lys‐Dnp compared with the Glu99 mutant. The mutant with Glu instead of Asp134 was the most active among the mutant enzymes. Molecular modeling indicated that the conserved Glu99 residue is buried in the Met‐S‐(O) groove, which might contribute to the correct placing of substrates and, consequently, to the catalytic activity of MsrA, while Asp134 did not form hydrogen bonds with the substrates but only within the enzyme.
Dynamics of a fringe mangrove forest detected by Landsat images in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Nardin William , Locatelli Silvia , Pasquarella Valerie , Rulli Maria Cristina , Woodcock Curtis E. , Fagherazzi Sergio
Published: May 2016

Mangrove forests dominate many tropical coastlines and are one of the most bio‐diverse and productive environments on Earth. However, little is known of the large‐scale dynamics of mangrove canopies and how they colonize intertidal areas. Here we focus on a fringe mangrove forest located in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam; a fast prograding shoreline where mangroves are encroaching tidal flats. The spatial and temporal evolution of the mangrove canopy is studied using a time series of Landsat images spanning two decades as well as Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation data. Our results show that fast mangrove expansion is followed by an increase in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the newly established canopy. We observe three different dynamics of the mangrove fringe: in the southwest part of the fringe, near a deltaic distributary where the fringe boundary is linear, the canopy expands uniformly on the tidal flats with a high colonization rate and high NDVI values. In the northeast part of the fringe, near another distributary, the canopy expands at a much lower rate with low NDVI values. In the fringe center, far from the river mouths, the fringe boundary is highly irregular and mangroves expansion in characterized by sparse vegetated patches displaying low NDVI values. We ascribe these different dynamics to wave action and southwest longshore transport triggered by energetic northeasterly monsoons during winter. We further link the large‐scale dynamics of the fringe to small‐scale physical disturbances (waves, erosion and deposition) that might prevent the establishment of mangrove seedlings. Based on these results, we include mangrove encroachment in an already published conceptual model of progradation of the Mekong River Delta. We conclude that high NDVI values and a constantly linear vegetation–water interface are indicative of stable mangrove canopies undergoing fast expansion, probably triggered by sediment availability at the shore. Our results can be applied more generally to mangrove forests growing in minerogenic and high tidal range environments with high sediment inputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time lapse in vivo microscopy reveals distinct dynamics of microglia‐tumor environment interactions—a new role for the tumor perivascular space as highway for trafficking microglia
Authors: Bayerl Simon Heinrich , Niesner Raluca , Cseresnyes Zoltan , Radbruch Helena , Pohlan Julian , Brandenburg Susan , Czabanka Marcus Alexander , Vajkoczy Peter
Published: May 2016

Microglial cells are critical for glioma growth and progression. However, only little is known about intratumoral microglial behavior and the dynamic interaction with the tumor. Currently the scarce understanding of microglial appearance in malignant gliomas merely originates from histological studies and in vitro investigations. In order to understand the pattern of microglia activity, motility and migration we designed an intravital study in an orthotopic murine glioma model using CX3CR1‐eGFPGFP/wt mice. We analysed the dynamics of intratumoral microglia accumulation and activity, as well as microglia/tumor blood vessel interaction by epi‐illumination and 2‐photon laser scanning microscopy. We further investigated cellular and tissue function, including the enzyme activity of intratumoral and microglial NADPH oxidase measured by in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging. We identified three morphological phenotypes of tumor‐associated microglia cells with entirely different motility patterns. We found that NADPH oxidase activation is highly divergent in these microglia subtypes leading to different production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We observed that microglia motility is highest within the perivascular niche, suggesting relevance of microglia/tumor blood vessel interactions. In line, reduction of tumor blood vessels by antivascular therapy confirmed the relevance of the tumor vessel compartment on microglia biology in brain tumors. In summary, we provide new insights into in vivo microglial behavior, regarding both morphology and function, in malignant gliomas. GLIA 2016;64:1210–1226
National Competitiveness and Porter's Diamond Model: The Role of MNE Penetration and Governance Quality
Authors: Fainshmidt Stav , Smith Adam , Judge William Q.
Published: May 2016

Plain language summary

This study examines how national competitiveness, measured as productivity per worker, is fostered within an economy using a sample of 90 developed and developing economies. We build upon Porter's popular Diamond Model, but extend it by adding the quality of public governance and extent of multinational enterprise penetration as two additional elements. Our study shows that not all four elements of the original Diamond Model are required for an economy to be competitive. Instead, we find that there are four distinct paths to high levels of national competitiveness. Context for intense rivalry among firms appears in all four paths. Results also suggest that public governance quality is key to national competitiveness. The extent of multinational enterprise penetration, however, is not.

Technical summary

We examine Porter's Diamond Model in conjunction with multinational enterprise (MNE) penetration and governance quality as a system of elements that collectively affect national competitiveness. Utilizing fuzzy‐set analysis and data on 90 nations, we identify four configurations sufficient for high national competitiveness, all of which exhibit high governance quality as a core condition. In these four configurations, the extent of MNE penetration is either absent or does not matter, and strength in all Diamond Model elements is neither necessary nor sufficient for high national competitiveness. Uncovering these patterns allows us to advance a more comprehensive theoretical framework emphasizing public governance and the ways in which elements of the Diamond Model, governance quality, and MNE penetration combine as complements or substitutes to affect national competitiveness. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
A tracer‐based simulation approach to quantify seasonal dynamics of surface‐groundwater interactions in the Pantanal wetland
Authors: Schwerdtfeger J. , Hartmann A. , Weiler M.
Published: May 2016

The Pantanal wetland is one of the least explored regions of South America. It is characterized by an outstanding flora and fauna adapted to a seasonal flood pulse controlled by a dry and a wet season within each year. The resulting inundation covers in average an area of approximately 150 000 km2 and is seen as the most important driver for ecological integrity. Evaporation from the large floodplain is supposed to influence the climate of the whole continent. The regional groundwater is connected to the surface water and plays an important role for the characteristic flooding regime by regulating the wetland's water table. The water balance assessment of the wetland and the internal water exchange between surface and groundwater is therefore of high relevance for the conservation of the Pantanal biodiversity. Despite of its importance, water balance studies including groundwater–surface water interactions based on field data are rarely undertaken. This is mainly due to the remoteness and difficulty in accessing this area, which results in lack of data. In our study, we developed a new tracer‐based model to simulate the spatio–temporal surface and subsurface fluxes for a range of water bodies. The model was able to simulate these fluxes considering a dynamic simulation of inflow and outflow using a newly collected 2‐year dataset of water levels, stable water isotopes and chloride collected from several water bodies in the northern Pantanal region. Quantitative differences between water bodies according to their location in the floodplain were determined by the flooding regime and connectivity as well as site‐specific characteristics, such as hydraulic conductivity and water depth. Our model simulated water balance fluxes with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.61, whereas it simulated stable water isotopic compositions better than chloride. We present the first study based on field data for the Pantanal, which is able to quantify water balances fluxes. Because their representation in global climate and land cover products is insufficient, our simulation results are valuable for validating large‐scale models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of dual‐outputs‐single‐stage a‐Si:H TFT gate driver for high resolution TFT‐LCD application
Authors: Zheng Guang‐Ting , Liu Po‐Tsun , Wu Meng‐Chyi
Published: May 2016

A new gate driver has been designed and fabricated by amorphous silicon technology. With utilizing the concept of sharing the noise free block in a single stage for gate driver, dual‐outputs signals could be generated in sequence. By increasing the number of output circuit block in proposed gate driver, number of outputs per stage could also be adding that improves the efficiency for area reduction. Besides, using single driving thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) for charging and discharging, the area of circuit is also decreased by diminishing the size of pulling down TFT. Moreover, the proposed gate driver has been successfully demonstrated in a 5.5‐inch Full HD (1080xRGBx1920) TFT‐liquid‐crystal display panel and passed reliability tests of the supporting foundry.