bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical assessment of 3D printing technology regarding its general applicability under technological and material constraints
Authors:   , Kovářík Michal
Published: February 2024

Since its first massive media breakthrough after 2007, the concrete 3D printing technology has been hailed by many as a game-changer that would change the future face of construction manufacturing and the face of buildings in general. A great deal of effort and resources have been invested in the development of this robotic technology on the global scale over the past decade, yet even after all these years, we have not witnessed its massive deployment on the construction site. This thesis seeks to describe the specifics of the concrete 3D printing technology from both technology and material perspective and to answer the question of what are the key areas regarding applicability of the 3D printing by extruding one component mixtures in the production of concrete components with high quality requirements. The work is supported by the author's more than six years of experience with the topic of the thesis and the practical skills required to master it, i.e. designing and building printers, manufacturing extrusion nozzles and print heads, preparing and testing printing materials and programming the controlling scripts. In the introduction of the thesis, the author summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of 3D printing by mortar extrusion. In the hypothesis, he names critical areas, the mastery of which will be crucial for the practical application of the technology. In the following sections, methods for achieving the objectives of the thesis are proposed. The process of designing printing materials and possible ways of designing the controlling scripts are described and the applicability of selected test methods for verifying print material parameters is discussed. Then, using specific case studies, the practical part demonstrates the pitfalls accompanying the printing process due to the specifics of the machinery, variations in the quality of input raw materials and the influence of the surrounding environment on the 3D printing process and the quality of the final print. The results obtained by the author are further analysed in order to assess individual aspects of the material preparation process and the printing process itself. In the conclusions, the author summarizes the findings and suggests the conditions for the applicability of the 3D printing technology in practice.
Escapando del "Estado Regulatorio": el caso de la regulación de la educación superior en Perú
Authors: Sumar Albujar Oscar Augusto , Orellana Presentación Julio César , Hawkins Estrada Rodrigo
Published: February 2024

Este artículo trata sobre la regulación de la educación terciaria en Perú en el contexto de la omnipresencia del “estado regulador” dentro de las democracias liberales. La regulación de la educación terciaria peruana es un gran ejemplo de los peligros del “estado regulador”. Después de una década de “reforma”, ahora los peruanos tienen menos competencia, precios más altos y menos acceso a la educación, sin una visión objetiva de mejora de la calidad. En primer lugar, se presenta el “estado regulatorio”. ¿Cómo ha nacido y por qué está en constante crecimiento? Sostiene que es producto de procesos muy diferentes: una economía que se aleja del libre mercado o la planificación económica y las políticas de bienestar. En segundo lugar, se presentan alternativas para reducir el número de regulaciones, desde las más obvias hasta algunas que cambian el paradigma. Ninguna de estas alternativas es suficiente. En una tercera parte -conceptual-, el autor presenta el caso de la regulación peruana de la educación terciaria -en la que el estado controla la mitad de la oferta-, el autor concluye que efectivamente fortaleciendo el rol del estado se reducirá la presión para regular. En este sentido, un modelo más cercano al modelo nórdico -en el que los componentes de una economía mixta de tipo mixto son más distintos en el sentido de que intervienen fuertemente cuando deciden intervenir pero mantienen una economía de libre mercado como trasfondo general- es una mejor manera de escapar de la cualidad de ubicuidad del estado regulador.
Contratación pública energética estratégica, una prioridad geopolítica incipiente
Authors: Expósito-López Oscar
Published: February 2024

El mundo es cada día un lugar más convulso y conflictivo a nivel geopolítico y con los conflictos tanto diplomáticos como militares de los últimos tiempos los países pueden temer, con cierto sentido, que su suministro energético no esté garantizado si dependen de terceros países para obtenerlo. Es necesario el fomento urgente de la investigación y utilización de fuentes de energía renovables que permitan al Estado autoabastecerse y para ello uno de los mecanismos a utilizar puede ser la contratación pública estratégica. Es intención de este trabajo abrir la posibilidad a las Administraciones de añadir en la mayoría de las licitaciones un requisito de uso de energía renovable durante la realización del objeto del contrato. Para ello se estudiarán las vías legales y jurisprudenciales para ver si ello es posible y acorde a los principios de contratación pública, así como se especificará la forma en que es posible acreditar el uso de dicha energía y las vicisitudes que envuelven a la certificación, conocida como “Garantías de Origen”.
The relationships between empathy and social behaviours in middle childhood
Authors: Pires Eva , Fernandes Marília , Fernandes Carla , Veríssimo Manuela
Published: February 2024

Abstract: Concern for others’ welfare is part of normative development. However, some children respond to others’ distress with concern and helpful approaches, while others respond with suspicion, hostility, indifference. Although the literature around empathy has increased over the years, there isn’t a consensus over its associations with prosociality and internalizing or externalizing problems. A sample of 199 children (50.8% girls) between 10 and 15 years (M=12.05; SD=0.98), reported on their empathy and social behaviours using the QACE – Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy (Zoll & Enz, 2010) and the SDQ – Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) respectively. Our results indicate that girls were more prosocial and empathic, but also presented higher levels of internalizing problems, compared to boys. Affective but not cognitive empathy was related with internalizing problems. Cognitive empathy was significantly related with prosocial behaviour. No significant relations between empathy and externalizing behaviours were found.
Depression and the susceptibility to anchoring bias
Authors: Da Silva Diogo Carvalho , Garcia-Marques Teresa
Published: February 2024

Abstract: Are depressive individuals more susceptible to anchoring effects? Does this susceptibility depend upon the affective nature of the event? Does individuals’ tendency to ruminative thinking have a role in these effects? We approach these questions by having participants (N=146) in a study perform an anchoring task (see Mussweiler & Strack, 2001) with neutral, negative, and depressive events, and subsequently indicate their level of depressive symptoms, via the Patient Health Questionnaire and levels of rumination via the Ruminative Response Scale. Results show anchoring effects to be stronger for neutral events than negative or depressive events. Both depression and rumination interfere positively with anchoring in such that the higher the levels of depression and rumination the higher the susceptibility to anchors. Both effects were shown to occur independently and not to be reliably moderated by the neutral, negative, or depressive nature of the events.
Formação Docente em Biologia para Inclusão de Alunos Surdos: Indícios de Aprendizagem Significativa em um Planejamento Didático
Authors: Felicetti Suelen Aparecida , Batista Irinéa de Lourdes
Published: February 2024

Os saberes necessários à docência em Biologia são variados e devem ser constantemente atualizados, em formações inicial e em serviço que sejam de qualidade. Com base em tal premissa, partimos da seguinte situação problema: por meio do desenvolvimento teórico-metodológico de formação docente em Biologia, focada em conteúdos científicos e em aspectos da Educação Inclusiva de estudantes surdos, é possível promover a Aprendizagem Significativa em relação à inclusão? Objetivamos analisar se licenciandos e professores aprenderam significativamente acerca da Educação Inclusiva de estudantes surdos, após participarem de uma proposta formativa teórico-metodológica em que abordamos o conteúdo "estrutura e função do DNA" de maneira inclusiva. Para atingir tal objetivo, planejamos e aplicamos uma Sequência Didática a 11 professores e 3 licenciandos da área, abordando o conteúdo citado e buscando incluir os referidos estudantes surdos. Ao final, com base no que foi abordado, solicitamos a realização de um planejamento didático de um conteúdo biológico, atendendo requisitos para a inclusão do público em questão. Os resultados mostraram sistematização dos saberes esperados de acordo com o que trabalhamos, o que é um indício de Aprendizagem Significativa. Foram apresentados elementos inclusivos associados à metodologia e à avaliação dos planejamentos. Assim, inferimos que propostas similares a esta potencializam o Ensino de Biologia, porque preparam para mediar conteúdos específicos de maneira consciente com o direito que todos têm à Educação. Argumentamos em favor do desenvolvimento de outros processos em que docentes possam compreender aspectos teóricos e práticos de Biologia e da inclusão, como forma de preencher uma lacuna formativa relacionada a Educação de todos.
Análise Experimental de Circuitos Elétricos a Partir de Atividades Presenciais e Controladas Remotamente
Authors: Monteiro Marco Aurélio Alvarenga , Germano José Silvério Edmundo , Galvão Idmaura Calderaro Martins
Published: February 2024

In this work, we sought to compare the impact of carrying out experimental activities, in person and remotely controlled, on the learning of concepts related to electrical circuits by high school students in five public schools in the interior of São Paulo. In each school, two third-year classes were applied, one group submitted to the face-to-face experiment and the other to the remote experiment. The experiments addressed the concepts of association of resistors, electric current, electric voltage and dissipated electric power.Data were collected through questionnaires, pre-test and post-test, and analyzed using Cohen's D method (1977) and Gery's g factor (1972). Cohen's D method is a statistical measure used to assess the effect size (or magnitude of the difference) between two independent samples, while Gery's g factor is a measure that compares the performance of groups in an experiment, taking into account the individual differences in ability or intelligence. The results indicated that carrying out the experiments played an important role in the students' learning, especially those who participated in the remotely controlled experiment. In addition to offering a contextualized approach to scientific concepts, remote experiments also provided students with the opportunity to manipulate real experiments at any place and time, becoming a promising activity method for science teaching. Therefore, the study suggests that the carrying out remote experiments can be an effective and safe way to promote the learning of scientific concepts by high school students, complementing face-to-face activities and allowing greater flexibility in carrying out experimental activities.
Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Fianarantsoa Madagascar
Authors: Miray L. G. , Rafanomezantsoa R. , Rachid A. L. , Andriamampionona T. F. , Raobela L.
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic, progressive, bilateral optic neuropathy corresponding to a loss of retinal ganglion cells and characterised by morphological changes in the optic disc associated with typical visual field damage. Methods : This was a prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, monocentric study conducted over a 5-month period from September 2020 to February 2021 in the ophthalmology department of the university hospital of Tambohobe Fianarantsoa Madagascar. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma and to describe its epidemiological and clinical aspects. Results: The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in our study was 21.25% with a female predominance of 68.63%. The mean age was 50 ± 15 years. The majority of patients (80.39% ) with POAG  in our study had visual acuity greater than or equal to 20/63. 49 eyes or 48.94% of the 102 eyes had ocular hypertoni greater than 21 mm Hg. The  Cup/Disc ratio greater than 0.5 was found in 99 eyes (97.06%).  In our study, 61 of 102 eyes had a slightly altered visual field (59.80%), 30 eyes had a moderately altered visual field (29.41%) and 11 eyes had a severely altered visual field (10.78%). Conclusion : Primary open-angle glaucoma is a chronic progressive bilateral optic neuropathy corresponding to a loss of retinal ganglion cells and characterised by morphological changes in the optic disc associated with typical visual field damage.  This pathalogy is very common in Fianarantsoa.
The Elections in Crisis: Media Coverage of the Postponed 2020 Presidential Elections in Poland
Authors: Stępińska Agnieszka
Published: February 2024

In Poland, the presidential elections were primarily scheduled on May 10th, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 circumstances, the elections were postponed and eventually took place in late June (first round) and mid-July (second round) 2020. The aim of the paper is to examine media coverage of the postponed presidential elections in Poland. In particular, the paper explores frames used by journalists in their coverage of the postponed elections. For the purpose of this study we conducted a quantitative content analysis of news items from three TV newscasts, four radio stations, and three online platforms. The material was collected on May 10th (a day of primarily scheduled the first round of elections), and June 30th (a day when the results of the first round of postponed elections were officially announced). The findings showed that both amount of the news coverage and the main frames used by the media across time differed. Although episodic frame prevailed in the media coverage on both days. thematic frame was used more often in the media coverage on the day when voting was supposed to take place, than on the day when results of the first round of presidential elections were announced. On contrary, conflict frame was used more often in the media coverage of results of the elections than on a day without election. The political orientation of the media outlets affected the way journalist employed responsibility and consequences frames.
Zjawisko phubbingu jako konsekwencja mediatyzacji życia społecznego
Authors: Łokić Paweł
Published: February 2024

Przedmiotem analizy podjętej w tekście jest zjawisko phubbingu – nowy fenomen behawioralny wynikający z powszechności wykorzystywania nowoczesnych technologii i mediów online w codziennym życiu. Zjawisko to w przekonaniu Autora stanowi niezwykle użyteczną egzemplifikację wpływu rozwoju technologii współczesnych mediów masowych na odbiorców, które – zgodnie z założeniami determinizmu technologicznego zmieniają użytkowników, ich relacje społeczne i instytucjonalne w procesie określanym w literaturze jako mediatyzacja. Celem tekstu jest poddanie analizie zjawiska phubbingu w oparciu o metodę kwerendy źródeł naukowych. Omawiane zjawisko ma bowiem charakter interdyscyplinarny i przyciąga uwagę psychologów, socjologów, badaczy komunikowania, politologów oraz przedstawicieli innych dziedzin. Artykuł w treści odpowiada na pytania badawcze o definicję phubbingu, jego rodzaje, przyczyny oraz konsekwencje tego zjawiska – w kontekście społecznym oraz z uwzględnieniem sfery komunikowania politycznego. Tekst jest również próbą osadzenia phubbingu w szerszym kontekście przemian wywoływanych przez mediatyzację życia społecznego, która w obliczu rozwoju i popularyzacji mediów online odgrywa coraz istotniejszą rolę w komunikowaniu politycznym.
M. Heller, Jak być uczonym, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków 2017, wybór i opracowanie: Małgorzata Szczerińska-Polak, ss. 64.
Authors: Tomaszyk Mikołaj
Published: February 2024

Recenzja
Równowaga międzyinstytucjonalna jako kategoria analityczna w badaniach nad systemem politycznym Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Jaskulski Adam
Published: February 2024

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie na adekwatność stosowania do badań nad systemem politycznym Unii Europejskiej analizy poprzez pryzmat koncepcji równowagi instytucjonalnej. Przedmiotowy artykuł ma przede wszystkim charakter analityczny, a nie empiryczny, wskazując na znaczenie równowagi międzyinstytucjonalnej w jej aspekcie prawnym i politologicznym, relacje równowagi międzyinstytucjonalnej z zasadą check and balances oraz funkcję, jaką równowaga międzyinstytucjonalna spełnia w systemie politycznym UE, a także kryterium, poprzez które zmiany w równowadze międzyinstytucjonalnej można badać.

Pierwsza z hipotez badawczych weryfikowanych w niniejszym artykule stwierdza, iż istnieje konieczność odejścia od pojmowania stosunków międzyinstytucjonalnych poprzez pryzmat działalności tylko trzech podmiotów, tj. RUE, KE i PE, co miało miejsce przez wiele lat w badaniach prowadzonych nad systemem instytucjonalnym UE. Druga hipoteza badawcza zakłada, iż analiza systemu politycznego UE z użyciem zasady chceck and balances, ze względu na inne cele systemu politycznego UE niż państw narodowych, ma znacznie mniejszy potencjał eksplanacyjny, niż analiza tego systemu z użyciem koncepcji równowagi międzyinstytucjonalnej.

W artykule zastosowano następujące metody badawcze: instytucjonalno-prawną oraz neoinstytucjonalną.
Personalized pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients with post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19: A proof‐of‐concept retrospective study
Authors: Dierckx Wendel , De Backer Wilfried , De Meyer Yinka , Lauwers Eline , Franck Erik , De Backer Jan , Ides Kris
Published: February 2024

Long‐COVID patients present with a decline in physical fitness. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on physical fitness, quality of life (QoL), and parameters of quantified thorax CT. Long‐COVID patients enrolled in a 3‐month PR program were retrospectively studied. PR included endurance and resistance training three times a week. Assessments pre‐ and post‐rehabilitation included quantified chest CT, pulmonary function tests (PFT), six‐minute walk test (6MWT), cardiopulmonary exercise test, and questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, post‐COVID‐19 Functional Status scale, Borg score, and EuroQol. Seventeen subjects (5M/12F), mean age 42 ± 13 years, were included. PR improved all questionnaires' results significantly. Only significant difference in PFT parameters was correlation between baseline total lung capacity (TLC) and difference in TLC pre‐ and post‐rehabilitation (p = 0.002). 6MWT increased from 329 to 365 m (p < 0.001), VO2max changed from 21 to 24 mL/kg/min (p = 0.007), peak load increased from 116 to 141 Watt (p < 0.001). Blood volume in small pulmonary vessels of 1.25 to 5 mm2 in cross‐sectional area (BV5%) was higher than observed in patients with acute COVID‐19 infection. After rehabilitation, BV5% decreased from 65% to 62% (p = 0.020). These changes correlated directly with changes in TLC (p = 0.039). Quantified CT airway volume increased after rehabilitation (p = 0.013). After rehabilitation, TLC tended to normalize due to (re)opening of small airways, with decline in air trapping and recruitment of alveoli. Furthermore, this study revealed that pulmonary rehabilitation can improve QoL and physical fitness in long‐COVID patients.
Goethe és Schiller találkozása a filozófiában
Authors: Arató Réka
Published: February 2024

The meeting of Goethe and Schiller in philosophy

Despite the fact that Plato did not consider poets to be explorers of truth, we find many examples of writers and poets being interested in philosophy and discussing questions of truth or morality in their literary works or studies. Likewise we know philosophers who have reflected on the truth manifested in art or literature, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Rorty or Donald Davidson. The legendary literary and philosophical friendship between Goethe and Schiller is well known in the history of literature, and their decisive intellectual relationship lasting eleven years. Their example clearly shows the influence of literature and philosophy on each other, their debate with each other, the tension or even harmony between them.
Precarious Associational Power
Authors: Syrovatka Felix
Published: February 2024

This article examines the transformation of employers’ associations in the German metal and electrical industry from the perspective of the power resources approach. It argues that, as a result of changing economic conditions and the decline of trade union countervailing power, the institutional power resources of employers’ associations have been relativised, which in turn has led to a reassessment of employers’ associations by capital. Employers’ associations have responded by extending exclusive services to their members. Using the power resources approach, the article makes a concrete determination of the relationship between companies and employers’ associations. In doing so, the article contributes to a better understanding of the function, role and development of employers’ associations. At the same time, it contributes to the debate on the further development of the power resources approach and its extension to the analysis of employers’ power.
Human Being, Working Body, Working Day: An Introduction to Simone Weil’s “Rationalisation”
Authors: Tilleczek William
Published: February 2024

Introduction to a translation of Simone Weil's text "Rationalisation"
Rationalisation
Authors: Tilleczek William
Published: February 2024

The text translated here as “Rationalisation” is, to my knowledge, the first English version of a presentation given by Simone Weil in February 1937 and included in her complete works under the French title “Rationalisation.”
Superficial acral fibromyxoma: insights from case management and comprehensive literature review
Authors: Tan Han Ling , Ahmad Tunku Sara , Sankara Kumar C , Khirusman Adnan Yohan , Looi Lai Meng , Gunasagaran Jayaletchumi
Published: February 2024

Superficial acral fibromyxoma, also known as digital fibromyxoma, is a slow-growing, benign, solitary soft tissue tumor. First described in 2001 by Fetsch et al., it is a condition that often occurs in middle-aged individuals. However, it has also been reported across a wide range of ages, ranging from 4 to 86 years, with males more commonly reported. The condition often presents as solitary soft tissue swelling over the periungual or subungual.

We present the management experience of the rare presentation of this rare tumor and a detailed review of the past literature on this condition. Detailed management of the condition has been described, along with the outcome after 2 years of follow-up and treatment experience.

Our detailed analysis shows that 2 years is the shortest duration of follow-up to rule out recurrence. Hence, most of the cases reported earlier had given the false sense of the recurrence rate of the tumor, which could lead to undertreatment of the condition.

The purpose of this article is to allow the readers to understand better the tumor’s characteristics with bone involvement and the tumor's diagnostic strategies and treatment options.
High-strength engineered biomaterials study and development needs in China
Authors: Wang Qian , Feng Xin
Published: February 2024

Engineered biomaterials play a crucial role in the construction industry. The study and development of engineered biomaterials with high-strength are necessary to fulfill the construction requirements for medium and high-rise buildings and long-span bridges. Further promoting the localization of high-strength engineered biomaterials is crucial in terms of reducing CO2 emissions, effectively utilizing land resources, and taking into account the unique structure of forest resources in China. The goal of this modification is to satisfy the rising demand for eco-friendly living spaces.
СТАВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНЦІВ ДО ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СВОБОДИ
Authors: ЛЕВІН Роман , ЯЦЕНКО Ганна
Published: February 2024

Порівняно ставлення населення до економічної свободи в Україні та країнах – лідерах світового рейтингу The Index of Economic Freedom. Визначено, що серед українців значно менше поширено схвальне ставлення до збільшення частки приватної власності в бізнесі, натомість суттєво більше прихильності до власності держави.
Показано, що причини цих відмінностей полягають у тому, що за віком близько 38 % українського населення (станом на 2020 р.) формувалося ще в радянській системі соціалізації, і певна частина цієї вікової когорти залишається чутливою до застарілих ідей абсолютизації ролі держави, патерналізму, колективізму тощо, чим значною мірою зумовлюється повільність темпів перетворення суспільної свідомості з архаїки на модерн. Крім того, у колективній свідомості залишився невдалий досвід масштабної приватизації 1990-х років, від якої абсолютна більшість українців, попри обіцянки влади, не отримали відчутного зиску, натомість на тлі падіння власного добробуту спостерігали швидке збагачення меншості співгромадян, сприйняте як несправедливе. Відтоді частина суспільства не довіряє владним реформам, очікуючи від них чергового збагачення багатих за рахунок збідніння бідних. Порівняння громадської думки українців і жителів країн – лідерів рейтингу економічної свободи переконливо демонструє набагато меншу довіру українців до парламентської, виконавчої і судової гілок влади.
Показано доцільність запровадження державної політики сприяння посиленню економічної свободи в повоєнному українському суспільстві; передбачено, що успішність такої політики значною мірою залежатиме від вибору оптимальної для нинішнього транзитивного суспільства (із залишками архаїчних ментальних стереотипів) моделі реформ з розумним співвідношенням економічного лібералізму і обмежень з боку держави; якості діалогу держави з суспільством, спрямованим на прозоре донесення змісту і зиску необхідних реформ, подолання традиції недовіри до них, забезпечення суспільної підтримки.
Метеорологічні та кліматичні наслідки воєнних дій в Україні
Authors: Бойченко Світлана Григорівна
Published: February 2024

У доповіді зазначено, що дослідження регіональних особливостей змін клімату, зокрема й спричинених веденням воєнних дій в Україні, є важливим науковим, економічним і стратегічним напрямом сьогодення. Війна, розв’язана РФ проти України, а також розгортання збройних конфліктів в інших регіонах світу призвели до посилення глобальної мілітаризації, яка супроводжується додатковими викидами парникових газів в атмосферу. Це сприяє подальшим кліматичним змінам та ускладнює виконання паризьких домовленостей щодо стримування потепління на планеті.
Potential Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection in Neonates
Authors: Rustogi Deepika , Saxena Garima , Chopra Saurabh S. , Soraisham Amuchou
Published: February 2024

In contrast to adults, neonates and infants with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have milder symptoms and are less likely to require hospitalization. However, some neonates with COVID-19 can present with significant symptoms. Recent evidence suggests that neurologic manifestations of neonatal COVID-19 infection may be higher than initially thought. In this comprehensive review of the current literature, we summarize the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings, as well as potential management strategies for COVID-19–related neurologic illness in neonates. Although the growing brain may be affected by neurologic disease associated with COVID-19 infection, the few published studies on the long-term outcomes after COVID-19 infection in neonates and infants provide conflicting results. Larger collaborative clinical studies are needed to determine whether COVID-19 infection in neonates has long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Child Health Needs and the Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine Workforce: 2020–2040
Authors: Horowitz Eric , Hudak Mark L. , Peña Michelle-Marie , Vinci Robert J. , Savich Renate
Published: February 2024

In 2022, 3.7 million children were born in the United States, of whom ∼600 000 received care from a neonatologist. The dramatic growth of the neonatal–perinatal medicine (NPM) workforce from 375 in 1975 to 5250 in 2022 has paralleled exploding clinical demand. As newborn medicine continues to push the limits of gestational viability and medical complexity, the NPM workforce must advance in numbers, clinical capability, scientific discovery, and leadership. This article, as part of an American Board of Pediatrics Foundation-sponsored supplement that is designed to project the future of the pediatric subspecialty workforce, features a discussion of the NPM workforce’s history and current status, factors that have shaped its current profile, and some plausible scenarios of the workforce’s needs and configuration in the future. In the article, we use an analytical model that forecasts the growth trajectory of the neonatologist workforce from 2020 through 2040. The model uses recent data on the number of neonatologists and clinical work equivalents per 100 000 children and projects future workforce supply under several theoretical scenarios created by modifying key baseline parameters. The predictions of this model confirm the need for a greater sustainable clinical capacity of the NPM workforce. Several future trends indicate that there may be geographic shortages of neonatologists, similar to expected shortages in other pediatric subspecialties. We do not address what an appropriate target for workforce size should be with the model or this article because the current and projected geographic variability in the NPM workforce and risk-appropriate care suggest that a uniform answer is unlikely.
Ideal L2 Pre-service Teacher Selves: The Case of University Pre-service Teachers in Costa Rica
Authors: Murillo Miranda Carlos Alberto , García Castro Verónica
Published: February 2024

The ‘L2 Motivational Self System’ (L2MSS) (Dörnyei & Ryan, 2015) sheds light on theoretical tenets for research in language learner motivation. The L2MSS has been adapted into the ‘Possible Language Teacher Self’ (PLTS) (Kubanyiova, 2009) to explore language teacher motivation. Nonetheless, there is scarce research on a self-system for L2 pre-service teachers. Therefore, in this qualitative study, the characteristics of the Ideal L2 Pre-Service Teacher Self were explored to identify a possible motivational self-system. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was implemented. Participants (N=2) were pre-service L2 teachers from a university in Costa Rica. Findings revealed that participants mentioned four common traits of an ideal L2 pre-service teacher self: (1) passion, (2) knowledge, (3) adaptability, and (4) language proficiency. Contrary to Kubanyiova’s (2009) PLTS and Dörnyei’s (2009b) and Dörnyei & Ryan’s (2015) L2MSS, both participants share an ‘L2 Pre-service Teacher Self System’ including four elements: (1) Ideal L2 Pre-service Teacher Self, (2) ought-to L2 Pre-service Teacher Self, (3) current L2 Pre-service Teacher Self, and (4) Feared L2 Teacher Self. It is discussed and concluded that a PLTS system might include the elements just mentioned. However, further exploration on an L2 Pre-Service Teacher Self is mandatory to better understand the motivation and self-identity of L2 pre-service teachers.
COVID-19 – OCULAR INVOLVMENT, FINDINGS AND THE RISK OF POTENTIAL TRANSMISSION
Authors: Stoykova S. , Dragomirova M.
Published: February 2024

The coronavirus disease COVID-19 affects primarily the respiratory system in humans, but it also affects many other organs, including the eyes. The ocular surface is considered as a Sars-CoV-2 gateway; it also plays an important role in its spread through the conjunctival secretions. Conjunctival secretion swabs of 50 people were examined by real-time PCR methodology. All of them were hospitalized due to medium and moderately severe COVID-19 in Lozenetz Hospital Sofia during the period of October-November 2021. The results showed that the severity of clinical findings in the anterior eye segment and subjective complaints did not correspond to the presence of Sars-Cov-2 in conjunctival samples. Nevertheless, eye care specialists need to take notice while working in their ophthalmic practices in order to reduce the risk of virus transmission and diminish SarsCoV-2 infection among visiting patients and health care professionals. An effective program and specific precautions need to be exploited in order to effectively prevent disease spread.
Ligeti's Autobiographies
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: February 2024

Like his fellow members of the Western European musical avantgarde of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Ligeti often expressed himself in articles or lectures on theoretical and analytical topics. Unlike his contemporaries, however, he also wrote on matters autobiographical. Though his first self-examination, dating from 1971, is still concerned overwhelmingly with compositional theory, from the end of that decade he returned several times to personal experiences, especially those of his childhood years and early adulthood. These seemed to become important again now that the musical climate was turning from a hard objectivity that held the composer's personality to be almost irrelevant towards a fuzzier view of how composers could not but be subjectively engaged in their work. At the same time, in their variety of approach, Ligeti's autobiographical writings refuse to tell a single story.
Utopias and Their Discontents: Ligeti's Reception History as Modernist Meta-Narrative
Authors: Bauer Amy
Published: February 2024

Conservative critic John Borstlap cited Ligeti as a partisan in his fight against the modernist myth of progress in the arts, based on the famous citation “I am in a prison. One wall is the avant-garde, the other is the past. I want to escape.” Ligeti's ambivalence reflected his distaste for art linked to utopian socialist ideals, and for all that was reactionary. Yet he admitted that his own youthful utopian strivings evolved into a desire for complex music that often defied audibility. This essay traces Ligeti's reception history from the late 1950s onward as a reaction to the thwarted utopian strains in his music. For some, Ligeti's music of the 1960s seemed to define “the contemporary problem itself.” But the composer's increased visibility in the 1990s led to demands that he deal with his Jewish heritage and wartime trauma, and cease writing music with a broad appeal. I argue that Ligeti's works reinscribe the past, the personal, and the extramusical as a conscious expression of his prison. They express the nonlinear notion of progress that defines modernism: a vast “tear in the historical process” able to lift music above the scrum of political-aesthetic skirmishes, to a “region which lies elsewhere.”
The Widow in the Old House or The Elevator is Out of Order
Authors: Laki Péter
Published: February 2024

On several occasions, Ligeti spoke about an early literary memory that he credited with the origins of his meccanico style. He recalled reading a short story by Gyula Krúdy (1878–1933) at the age of five, in which Krúdy supposedly wrote about a widow who lived in an old house filled with constantly ticking clocks. To date, the best Krúdy experts have been unable to identify the story in question, and it is reasonable to assume that in Ligeti's mind, actual elements from the writer's work were freely recombined and reimagined at a time when the compositions partly inspired by the Krúdy experience had already been written. Ligeti's published interviews contain references to Krúdy that go beyond the story with the clocks, it may be assumed that the writer's influence on the composer goes deeper than what has been acknowledged so far.

In addition, there is an aspect of Ligeti's recollection of the Krúdy story that has not received all the attention it deserves. In his conversations with Péter Várnai, the composer spoke of machines that were working or not working (emphasis mine), and elevators stopping at the wrong floor, or not starting at all. Some of the meccanico works are worth revisiting in search of such “malfunctions” as we try to reimagine the old house where not all the clocks might have been running like clockwork.
El impacto de la pandemia Covid 19 en las mujeres adultas mayores informales de los mercados de la provincia de Huancayo
Authors: Linda Soledad Nuñez Inga
Published: February 2024

El estudio realizado cuenta con el propósito, precisar el efecto que tuvo el covid-19 en las adultas mayores con trabajo informal en los diversos mercados de Huancayo. Es un estudio descriptivo - no experimental en concordancia con la temporalidad que es la transversal. Se obtuvo como muestra 60 féminas adultas mayores con trabajo informal desde los60 a más años, se aplicó una encuesta utilizando la escala de Likert, los análisis de datos y el procesamiento fue realizado mediante el SPSS, por lo que se mostraron resultados que muestran el nivel de impacto que tuvo el COVID - 19. Muestran que

 este grupo de mujeres adultas mayores con trabajo informal fueron más afectadas debido a su vulnerabilidad, son más propensas a contagiarse por la peligrosidad del oficio, presentan un bajo nivel de participación en las labores formales del mercado. Las mujeres adultas mayores que laboran, desarrollan en su gran mayoría actividades económicas informales, que deterioran la calidad de vida, por ende, el 70% de este grupo se angustiaron al no realizar ventas de sus productos durante la pandemia, un 80 % tuvo que salir a vender sus productos diariamente, puesto que, era el único ingreso de su hogar, un 75% se contagiaron de COVID - 19, por lo cual, manifiestan que no saben con exactitud si se contagiaron por estar en contacto con un familiar contagiado o fue durante la venta de sus productos en el mercado, un79% menciona que emplearon las mascarillas como método de protección mientras duró la pandemia, un 88% tuvieron permisos de poder vender sus productos durante la pandemia en la Provincia de Huancayo, un 98% no fue víctima de agresión por parte de los agentes municipales, al contrario comentan que recibieron apoyo.

Posteriormente se constató que un porcentaje de mujeres adultas mayores que laboran informalmente permanecen vendiendo los mismos productos desde antes y durante la pandemia mientras otras personas tomaron como una buena oportunidad de poder crecer y así lograr asociarse con otras ambulantes para lograr alquilar un pequeño establecimiento para poder realizar sus ventas y así logrando formalizarse laboralmente.
Paz 2.0 y cibersociedad polarizada en la Colombia posplebiscito
Authors: Jaime Andrés Wilches Tinjacá  , Hugo Fernando Guerrero Sierra  , Mauricio Hernández Pérez
Published: February 2024

El 26 de septiembre de 2016 el Gobierno de Colombia y las Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias de Colombia (Farc) firmaron un acuerdo de paz. El presidente Juan Manuel Santos, decidió refrendar este proceso con la figura electoral del Plebiscito. Los resultados del 2 de octubre de ese mismo año, sorprendieron porque ganó la opción “No apoyo el acuerdo de paz”. Los analistas explicaron las razones de la derrota en la manipulación de los medios de comunicación y la polarización en redes sociales. En esa línea, este trabajo, pone en debate estas explicaciones, y con la metodología de análisis de contenido, argumenta cómo la resistencia a la reinserción de las Farc a la vida civil, no se comprende de manera exclusiva por la ausencia de información o acceso a plataformas digitales. Los resultados indican que la falta de respaldo a esta negociación, pasa -entre otras variables- por una errática estrategia de comunicación del gobierno Santos y la densidad en el lenguaje pedagógico, por parte de grupos promotores del “Sí”.
Microbial associations for pneumonia causative agents and level of their resistance to antimicrobial drugs during a new coronavirus infection pandemic
Authors: Kolotova O. N. , Kataeva L. V. , Vakarina A. A. , Stepanova T. F. , Stepanova K. B.
Published: February 2024

Introduction. Bacterial coinfection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2-caused pneumonia. The aim of the study was to analyze a pattern of microbial associations between K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii isolated from the lower respiratory tract discharge and sectional material (lung tissue) of patients diagnosed with pneumonia, and to compare resistance level in monoculture and associations during new coronavirus infection pandemic. Materials and methods. A bacteriological study of 2689 sputum and bronchial washing samples from patients at infectious diseases hospitals, and 1411 lung pathological material samples was carried out. Bacterial isolates were identified by mass spectrometry. Antibiotic sensitivity for isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. Genetic determinants of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics were detected by PCR. Statistical data processing was performed using SPSS version 22 software. Results. K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii isolates were predominantly found in two- and three-pathogen associations. It was established that the resistance level of K. pneumoniae isolates in association with A. baumannii is significantly higher compared to that in monoculture for all antimicrobial drugs studied. At the same time, K. pneumoniae in combination with Candida spp. vs monoculture showed significantly lower level of resistance to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. K. pneumoniae isolates carried resistance determinants to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: OXA-48 — (22.5%), OXA-51 — (5.6%), OXA-23 — (4.2%), KPC — 70.9%, NDM — 7%. Of these, 14.1% of strains had the ability to co-produce serine carbapenemases OXA-48 and KPC. Sputum and lung tissue A. baumannii isolates exhibited extremely high multiple resistance regardless of their associations with other microorganisms. Microbiome species similarity in the lower respiratory tract and lung tissue discharge was revealed. The proportion of lung tissue vs sputum resistant strains of K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii was significantly higher. Conclusion. The detection of of multiple drug resistant K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii isolates as well as their associations may indicate aggravated pneumonia severity.
Monitoring of coronavirus infection in the kyrgyz population
Authors: Popova A. Yu. , Smirnov V S. , Kasymov O. T. , Egorova S. S. , Nurmatov Z. S. , Drozd I. V. , Milichkina A. M. , Smolensky V Yu. , Nuridinova Z. N. , Ivanov V. A. , Sattarova G. Z. , Ramsay E. S. , Dzhangaziev B. I. , Zueva E. V. , Arabiy U. U. , Drobyshevskaya V. G. , Zhimbaeva O. B. , Razumovskaya A. P. , Totolian A. A.
Published: February 2024

Purpose of the study: to study the dynamics of developing herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan during COVID-19. Materials and methods. The work was carried out using the methodology for assessing population immunity developed by Rospotrebnadzor (Russia) as well as the Ministry of Health (Kypgyzstan) and the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute. The selection of participants was carried out by questionnaire using a cloud (Internet server) service. To monitor population immunity, a cohort of 2421 subjects was formed, who participated in all stages of seromonitoring. Volunteers were randomized according to age groups (1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70+ years), regional and professional factors. Antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (Nc) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of S-glycoprotein were determined by qualitative and quantitative methods. The study was carried out in 3 stages according to a single scheme: 1st stage — 06/28–07/03/2021, 2nd — 21–25/02/2022 and 3rd — 31/10–04/11/2022. Since 2021, Kyrgyzstan has been vaccinating the population against SARS-CoV-2 mainly using inactivated whole-virion vaccines. Results. Population immunity against SARS-CoV-2 was predominantly accounted for by both Ab types (Nc+RBD+). By the 3rd stage, the percentage of such persons reached 99.2%, Nc–RBD– volunteers — up to 0.8%. At the 1st stage, middle-aged people dominated, but age differences were leveled out by the 2nd stage. The greatest impact on seroprevalence was found among medical workers, the smallest — among businessmen and industrial workers. Populational vaccination significantly impacted on the state of herd immunity that reached 25% by the 3rd stage. The refusals of the population in Kyrgyz Republic from vaccination noted at the 2nd and especially 3rd stages did not significantly affect level of herd immunity, which could probably be associated with asymptomatic cases of COVID-19, against which primary vaccination had a booster effect. Conclusion. The dynamics of population humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 included a number of changes in the level of circulating antibodies (Nc, RBD), caused by both primary infection and vaccination. The herd immunity formed in population of Kyrgyzstan allowed to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to almost sporadic level.
The role of Recombinant interleukin-2 in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Authors: Novikova Anastasiya F. , Popova Larisa L. , Konstantinov Dmitrii Yu.
Published: February 2024

Dysregulated immune response occurring in chronic hepatitis B prevents the virus elimination and contributes to progression of the infectious process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness (biochemical, immunological, virological) of combination treatment with tenofovir and Recombinant interleukin-2 in chronic hepatitis B patients.
Material and methods. A comparative analysis of the results from laboratory examination of chronic hepatitis B patients in two comparison groups, comparable in sex, age, stage of fibrosis, viral load, was carried out: group I (n = 27) received tenofovir, according to the accepted recommendations, and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), group II (n = 25) — tenofovir.
Results. Before the onset of antiviral therapy all patients with chronic hepatitis B had increased hepatic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase from 1.2 to 5 norms as well as dysregulated cellular immunity factors with significantly decreased absolute count of CD4+, CD8+, CD16+ and increased CD20+ lymphocytes. After 12 months of treatment, patients in observation groups showed normalized cytolysis and cholestasis with insignificant intergroup differences. The level of absolute count of CD4+, CD8+ T-cells and CD16+ lymphocytes in the I group increased (by 24.7%, 24.1%, 34.5%, respectively, all p 0.001 relative to the initial values), not observed in comparison group. The level of CD20+ lymphocytes in group 1 was decreased by 35.9%, and in group 2 — by 7.9% (pI–II 0.001). In group 1, the level of HBsAg after 12 months of treatment became lower by 52% (p 0.001).
Conclusion. The conducted pilot study showed that the combination etiopathogenetic therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis B using tenofovir and rIL-2 improves liver functional state, restores the disturbed balance of immunocompetent cells: by increasing level of CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD16+ lymphocytes and reducing the count of CD20+ cells, and also allows to steadily reduce blood serum HBsAg level.