bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South
Authors: Heersink Boris , Jenkins Jeffery A.
Published: January 2020

In the post-Reconstruction South, two Republican factions vied for control of state party organizations. The Black-and-Tans sought to keep the party inclusive and integrated, while the Lily-Whites worked to turn the GOP into a whites-only party. The Lily-Whites ultimately emerged victorious, as they took over most state parties by the early twentieth century. Yet no comprehensive data exist to measure how the conflict played out in each state. To fill this void, we present original data that track the racial composition of Republican National Convention delegations from the South between 1868 and 1952. We then use these data in a set of statistical analyses to show that, once disfranchising laws were put into place, the “whitening” of the GOP in the South led to a significant increase in the Republican Party's vote totals in the region. Overall, our results suggest that the Lily-White takeover of the Southern GOP was a necessary step in the Republican Party's reemergence—and eventual dominance—in the region during the second half of the twentieth century.
Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Modeling With Forecastable Inputs: Case Study of the June 2012 High‐Speed Stream Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Meng Xing , Mannucci Anthony J. , Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Ridley Aaron J. , Shim Ja‐Soon
Published: January 2020

Forecasting conditions in the thermosphere and ionosphere is a key outcome expected from space weather research. In this work, we perform numerical simulations using the first‐principles models Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM) and Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) to address the reliability of thermospheric‐ionospheric forecasts. When considering forecasts applicable to periods of geomagnetic activity, careful consideration is required of model inputs, which largely determine how the models will simulate disturbed conditions. We adopt an approach to drive the models with solar wind parameters and the 10.7 cm solar radio flux. This aligns our investigation with recent research and operational activities to forecast solar wind conditions on the Earth a few days in advance. In this work, we examine a weak geomagnetic storm, the June 2012 high‐speed‐stream event, for which we drive GITM and TIE‐GCM with observed solar wind and F10.7 values. We find general agreement between the simulations and observation‐based Global Ionospheric Maps of the total electron content (TEC) response. However, overestimated TEC response is found in the middle to low latitudinal region of the American sector and surrounding areas for both GITM and TIE‐GCM during similar time periods. By conducting numerical modeling experiments and comparing the modeling results with observational data, we find that the overestimated TEC response can be almost equally attributed to the solar wind driving and F10.7 driving during the June 2012 event. We conclude that the accuracy of the high‐latitude electric field and the solar irradiance is crucial to reproduce the TEC response in forecastable‐mode modeling.
Linking Mountain Glacier Retreat and Hydrological Changes in Southwestern Yukon
Authors: Chesnokova A. , Baraër M. , Laperrière‐Robillard T. , Huh K.
Published: January 2020

This study aims to isolate and quantify the role of shrinking glaciers in recent hydrological changes in eight watersheds in the southwestern Yukon (Canada) by using an original dual approach that consists of (i) watershed hydrological regime identification, followed by a trend analysis of discharge time series, and (ii) a model‐based peak water (PW) analysis using glacier cover change measurements. A distinction between hydrological regimes is a necessary add‐up to commonly used trend attribution methods as the lake runoff regime shares common characteristics with the glacier regime. Results show a link between shrinking glaciers and hydrological changes in the region, but the link is complex, and glacier retreat does not explain all the observed changes. Model outputs show that the two watersheds with a glacierized area exceeding 30% and one watershed with 2.9% glacierized area have not reached PW, whereas a 9.2% glacierized watershed and another watershed with 2.1% glacierized area have already passed it. These results suggest that glacierized area alone cannot explain short‐term changes related to watershed current position in terms of PW, and the rate of glacier retreat must be considered. By contrast, the actual rate of glacier retreat does not influence long‐term changes, such as the magnitude of PW and of the consequent drop in discharge. Once glaciers will have retreated to a point close to extinction, declines in summer discharge from 10% to 70% and proportional to the actual glacier cover are anticipated at watersheds that are currently more than 9% glacierized.
Methylene blue as a far-red light-mediated photocleavable multifunctional ligand
Authors: Dao Huy Minh , Whang Chang-Hee , Shankar Vijay Kumar , Wang Yan-Hong , Khan Ikhlas A. , Walker Larry A. , Husain Islam , Khan Shabana I. , Murthy S. Narasimha , Jo Seongbong
Published: January 2020

Methylene blue (MB) was discovered as a multifunctional far-red photocleavable ligand capable of rendering a series of MB conjugated compounds with off-to-on fluorescence switch, photodynamic therapy and triggered release of conjugated molecule.
P-Doped graphene toward enhanced electrocatalytic N2 reduction
Authors: Wu Tongwei , Li Xinyi , Zhu Xiaojuan , Mou Shiyong , Luo Yonglan , Shi Xifeng , Asiri Abdullah M. , Zhang Yanning , Zheng Baozhan , Zhao Haitao , Sun Xuping
Published: January 2020

P doping greatly improves electrochemical N2 reduction over graphene. In 0.5 M LiClO4, P-doped graphene attains a high Faradic efficiency of 20.82% and a large NH3 yield of 32.33 μg h−1 mgcat.−1 at −0.65 V vs. RHE.
A guinea pig for conformer selectivity and mechanistic insights into dissociative ionization by photoelectron photoion coincidence: fluorocyclohexane
Authors: Wu Xiangkun , Zhou Xiaoguo , Hemberger Patrick , Bodi Andras
Published: January 2020

PEPICO determines conformer-dependent ionization energies and unveils the fragmentation mechanism of C6H11F+.
Isothermal relaxation kinetics for the reduction and oxidation of SrFeO3 based perovskites
Authors: Bulfin B. , Vieten J. , Richter S. , Naik J. M. , Patzke G. R. , Roeb M. , Sattler C. , Steinfeld A.
Published: January 2020

The perovskite oxide SrFeO3 has favourable redox properties for oxygen exchange applications, including oxygen separation and oxygen production chemical looping cycles.
A design rule for two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures with unconventional band alignments
Authors: Si Yuan , Wu Hong-Yu , Lian Ji-Chun , Huang Wei-Qing , Hu Wang-Yu , Huang Gui-Fang
Published: January 2020

A feasible rule to design unconventional band alignment by inducing the hybridization of band-edge states via interlayer coupling.
Modulating donor–acceptor transition energies in phosphorus–boron co-doped silicon nanocrystals via X- and L-type ligands
Authors: Pach Gregory F. , Carroll Gerard M. , Zhang Hanyu , Neale Nathan R.
Published: January 2020

We explore the effect of ligand binding groups on the photoluminescent properties of phosphorus–boron co-doped silicon nanocrystals (PB:Si NCs) by exploiting X-type (covalent) and L-type (Lewis donor molecule) bonding interactions.
Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in H2SO4, Li2SO4 and NaClO4 solutions monitored in situ by Raman microscopy and spectroscopy
Authors: Xia Zhenyuan , Bellani Vittorio , Sun Jinhua , Palermo Vincenzo
Published: January 2020

In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the electrochemical exfoliation processes on graphite in various electrolytes.
Towards environmentally benign capture and conversion: heterogeneous metal catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation in CO2 capture solvents
Authors: Kothandaraman Jotheeswari , Heldebrant David J.
Published: January 2020

The transformation of captured CO2 into value-added chemicals to mitigate increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has gained significant attention recently.
Microphysiological systems for ADME-related applications: current status and recommendations for system development and characterization
Authors: Fowler Stephen , Chen Wen Li Kelly , Duignan David B. , Gupta Anshul , Hariparsad Niresh , Kenny Jane R. , Lai W. George , Liras Jennifer , Phillips Jonathan A. , Gan Jinping
Published: January 2020

Potential applications of MPS in the ADME discipline.
Synergic effects of the decoration of nickel oxide nanoparticles on silicon for enhanced electrochemical performance in LIBs
Authors: Kawade Ujjwala V. , Kadam Sunil R. , Kulkarni Milind V. , Kale Bharat B.
Published: January 2020

Decoration of NiO nanoparticles on silicon confers enhanced stable capacity due to the effective suppression of the volume expansion of silicon in LIBs.
Amino acid inspired tunable superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) nanostructures with high magnetic hyperthermia potential for biofunctional applications
Authors: K. Ananjana , S. Swetha , Prakash Prabha , Nishad K. V. , Komath Manoj , Nair Balagopal N. , G. S. Sailaja
Published: January 2020

Amino acid inspired biocompatible and tunable magnetic SPION nanostructures with high saturation magnetization hyperthermia and biofunctional probe potential are shown.
A tutored discourse on microcontrollers, single board computers and their applications to monitor and control chemical reactions
Authors: Fitzpatrick Daniel E. , O'Brien Matthew , Ley Steven V.
Published: January 2020

This Tutored Discourse constitutes a preliminary exposure on how synthesis chemists can engage positively with inexpensive, low-power microcontrollers to aid control, monitoring and optimisation of chemical reactions.
Least energy sign-changing solutions of Kirchhoff-type equation with critical growth
Authors: Wang Da-Bin
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we study the Kirchhoff-type equation −(a + b∫Ω|∇u|2dx)Δu = |u|4u + λf(x, u), x ∈ Ω, u = 0, x ∈ ∂Ω, where Ω⊂R3 is a bounded domain with a smooth boundary ∂Ω, λ, a, b > 0. Under suitable conditions on f, by using the constraint variational method and the quantitative deformation lemma, if λ is large enough, we obtain a least energy sign-changing (or nodal) solution ub to this problem for each b > 0. Moreover, we prove that the energy of ub is strictly larger than twice that of the ground state solutions.
Effect of grain boundary on the crack-tip plasticity under hydrogen environment: An atomistic study
Authors: Zhao Kai , He Jianying , Zhang Zhiliang
Published: January 2020

It has been found that the plasticity is significantly affected by the hydrogen interstitials in metallic materials. However, the underlying physics responsible for the dislocation/hydrogen interactions is still poorly understood. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the emission of dislocations from a crack tip in fcc Ni single-crystal and bicrystal samples under a hydrogen environment. The results show that the critical mode-I stress intensity factor (SIF) is reduced due to the presence of hydrogen, but the existence of Σ5 grain boundaries (GBs, with an inclination angle ranging from 0 to π/4) almost does not alter the critical mode-I SIF for dislocation emission, compared with the single-crystal cases. These findings suggest that further large-scale investigations should be conducted to study the influence of various microstructural factors, such as the distance from the crack tip to GB and density of GB as well as the existence of other defects, e.g., voids and inclusions.
Uncertainty quantification of tunable elastic metamaterials using polynomial chaos
Authors: Al Ba’ba’a H. , Nandi S. , Singh T. , Nouh M.
Published: January 2020

Owing to their periodic and intricate configurations, metamaterials engineered for acoustic and elastic wave control inevitably suffer from manufacturing anomalies and deviate from theoretical dispersion predictions. This work exploits the Polynomial Chaos Theory to quantify the magnitude and extent of these deviations and assess their impact on the desired behavior. It is shown that uncertainties stemming from surface roughness, tolerances, and other inconsistencies in a metamaterial’s unit-cell parameters alter the targeted bandgap width, frequency range, and the confidence level with which it is guaranteed. The effect of uncertainties is projected from a Bloch-wave dispersion analysis of three distinct phononic and resonant cellular configurations and is further confirmed in the frequency response of the finite structures. The analysis concludes with a unique algorithm intended to guide the design of metamaterials in the presence of system uncertainties.
Miniature energetic electrostatic analyzer designed for CubeSat missions
Authors: Frank Jodi Ackerman
Published: January 2020

Researchers developed a laminated-based analyzer for ionosphere plasma data collection to predict ionosphere conditions and related impacts.
Rational design of the micron-sized particle size of LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4cathode material with enhanced electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Yang Lei , Chang Wengui , Xie Chengen , Jin Juncheng , Xia Yujia , Yuan Xueqin
Published: January 2020

Recently, micron-sized LiMn1−xFexPO4cathode materials have attracted attention due to its better rate capability and higher tap density than the nano-sized ones. However, the influence of the particle size on the energy density of micron-sized LiMn1−xFexPO4is still unknown. In this paper, we report the optimal particle size of the micron-sized LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4with enhanced electrochemical performance as cathode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4sample with the particle size of ∼9.39μm delivers the initial discharge capacity of 124 mAh g−1at 0.2 C rate with high capacity retention of 94.35% after 100 cycles, which is higher than that with the particle sizes of ∼2.71μm, ∼3.74μm, ∼6.41μm or ∼16.31μm. This structure with the specific capacity of 122 mAh g−1at 0.5 C rate and 106 mAh g−1at 3 C rate also exhibits excellent rate performances. The improved electrochemical performances are mainly derived from its fast Li+diffusion, which causes the higher ionic conductivity. The LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4sample with the particle sizes of ∼9.39μm also shows the highest tap density (0.68 g cc−1) among the as-prepared samples. This finding provides a new way to enhance the energy density of other cathode materials.
A novel synthesis of nanoflower-like zinc borate from zinc oxide at room temperature
Authors: Tan Vu T , The Vinh La , Tu Quynh Le , Thu Suong Huynh , Dang Chinh Huynh
Published: January 2020

For the first time, the nanoflower-like zinc borate compound was obtained by precipitation at room temperature using zinc oxide nanoparticles as a precursor. The obtained zinc borates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy analysis. Monoclinic of zinc borate 2ZnO. 3B2O3.3.5H2O was achieved under the XRD pattern and the elemental chemical analysis. The particle size of the obtained materials is approximately 5 nm using TEM analysis. The TGA shows that the achieved zinc borate is outstanding stable at high temperatures. The result of this work provides a new route for the fabrication of zinc borate nanoparticle, which could be widely used in many applications.
Continuous hydrothermal flow-inspired synthesis and ultra-fast ammonia and humidity room-temperature sensor activities of WO3 nanobricks
Authors: Shaikh Shoyebmohamad F , Ghule Balaji G , Shinde Pritamkumar V , Raut Siddheshwar D , Gore Shyam K , Ubaidullah Mohd , Mane Rajaram S , Al-Enizi Abdullah M
Published: January 2020

Mesoporous tungsten oxide nanobricks (WO3 NBs) are successfully prepared via a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal synthesis method. The as-synthesized WO3 NBs demonstrate a high sensitivity and selectivity when used for liquid ammonia and humidity sensor activities at room temperature (27 °C). The monoclinic crystal structure has beencorroborated from thex-ray diffraction studies and the specific surface area is estimated to be 38.74 m2g−1. A larger specific surface area has significantly facilitated a fast gas adsorption/desorption process. The WO3 NBs notably exhibite gas sensitivity and selectivity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as ammonia; however, a moderate performance is displayed with different oxidizing and reducing agents at room-temperature, namely: toluene, methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The sensor has offered a commercial potential with an extremely high response (75%), a 15-day operational stability at 100 ppm concentration of ammonia, and a practically remarkable ultra-high 8/5 s response/recovery time. The WO3 NBs-based humidity sensor endows a 32% resistance response at 20% relative humidity, with a quick response/recovery time of 10/8 s; which is due to unique surface architecture of these NBs.
Effects of yttrium on the oxidation behavior of 304 stainless steel with coating by laser remelting in high temperature water
Authors: Liu Mengnan , Chen Dongxu , Wang Yanan , Zhou Yanwen , Zhang Junwei , Wang Xiang
Published: January 2020

Effects of Y2O3 on the oxidation behavior of 304 SS with coating by laser remelting after exposed to 290 °C water containing 3 ppm O2 for 72 h were investigated. It was found that the corrosion behavior of remelted layer on 304 SS with the addition of Y2O3 was completely different from that of 304 SS and remelted layer on 304 SS without the addition of Y2O3. More Cr2O3 hematite oxides were formed around strengthening phase near the Y2O3 particles. With increasing exposure time, a little number of Fe3O4 spinel oxides were continuing formed on the surface outside the Mn/Si enrichment area. The growth of Fe3O4 spinel oxides were hindered because of the massive Cr2O3 hematite oxides around the Y2O3 particles. Some small Fe3O4 spinel oxides were formed. Finally, the types of oxide film formed on the surface of the remelted layer with the addition of Y2O3 were mainly Cr2O3 hematite oxides and a few of fine FeCr2O4 spinel oxides. The addition of Y2O3 in laser remelting layer can obviously change the corrosion behavior of 304 SS exposed to high temperature water and the related mechanisms are also discussed.
Virtual homological spectral radii for automorphisms of surfaces
Authors: Liu Yi
Published: January 2020

In this paper, it is shown that any surface automorphism of positive mapping-class entropy possesses a virtual homological eigenvalue which lies outside the unit circle of the complex plane.
Entire solutions and a Liouville theorem for a class of parabolic equations on the real line
Authors: Poláčik P.
Published: January 2020

We consider a class of semilinear heat equations on

R

\mathbb {R}

, including in particular the Fujita equation

u
t

=

u

x
x

+

|

u

|

p
−
1

u
,

x
∈

R

,
 
t
∈

R

,

\begin{equation*} u_t=u_{xx} +|u|^{p-1}u,\quad x\in \mathbb {R},\ t\in \mathbb {R}, \end{equation*}

where

p
>
1

p>1

. We first give a simple proof and an extension of a Liouville theorem concerning entire solutions with finite zero number. Then we show that there is an infinite-dimensional set of entire solutions with infinite zero number.
Simple risk models to predict cardiovascular death in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Ford Ian , Robertson Michele , Greenlaw Nicola , Bauters Christophe , Lemesle Gilles , Sorbets Emmanuel , Ferrari Roberto , Tardif Jean-Claude , Tendera Michal , Fox Kim , Steg Philippe Gabriel ,   the CLARIFY Investigators
Published: January 2020

Aims

Risk estimation is important to motivate patients to adhere to treatment and to identify those in whom additional treatments may be warranted and expensive treatments might be most cost effective. Our aim was to develop a simple risk model based on readily available risk factors for patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods and results

Models were developed in the CLARIFY registry of patients with stable CAD, first incorporating only simple clinical variables and then with the inclusion of assessments of left ventricular function, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and haemoglobin levels. The outcome of cardiovascular death over ∼5 years was analysed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Calibration of the models was assessed in an external study, the CORONOR registry of patients with stable coronary disease. We provide formulae for calculation of the risk score and simple integer points-based versions of the scores with associated look-up risk tables. Only the models based on simple clinical variables provided both good c-statistics (0.74 in CLARIFY and 0.80 or over in CORONOR), with no lack of calibration in the external dataset.

Conclusion

Our preferred model based on 10 readily available variables [age, diabetes, smoking, heart failure (HF) symptom status and histories of atrial fibrillation or flutter, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, percutaneous coronary intervention, and hospitalization for HF] had good discriminatory power and fitted well in an external dataset.

Study registration

The CLARIFY registry is registered in the ISRCTN registry of clinical trials (ISRCTN43070564).
Chromosome-level genome assembly reveals the unique genome evolution of the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)
Authors: Tang Boping , Zhang Daizhen , Li Haorong , Jiang Senhao , Zhang Huabin , Xuan Fujun , Ge Baoming , Wang Zhengfei , Liu Yu , Sha Zhongli , Cheng Yongxu , Jiang Wei , Jiang Hui , Wang Zhongkai , Wang Kun , Li Chaofeng , Sun Yue , She Shusheng , Qiu Qiang , Wang Wen , Li Xinzheng , Li Yongxin , Liu Qiuning , Ren Yandong
Published: January 2020

Background

The swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, is an important commercial species in China and is widely distributed in the coastal waters of Asia-Pacific countries. Despite increasing interest in swimming crab research, a high-quality chromosome-level genome is still lacking.

Findings

Here, we assembled the first chromosome-level reference genome of P. trituberculatus by combining the short reads, Nanopore long reads, and Hi-C data. The genome assembly size was 1.00 Gb with a contig N50 length of 4.12 Mb. In addition, BUSCO assessment indicated that 94.7% of core eukaryotic genes were present in the genome assembly. Approximately 54.52% of the genome was identified as repetitive sequences, with a total of 16,796 annotated protein-coding genes. In addition, we anchored contigs into chromosomes and identified 50 chromosomes with an N50 length of 21.80 Mb by Hi-C technology.

Conclusions

We anticipate that this chromosome-level assembly of the P. trituberculatus genome will not only promote study of basic development and evolution but also provide important resources for swimming crab reproduction.
A fast algorithm for multiple elimination and transmission compensation in primary reflections
Authors: Zhang Lele , Slob Evert
Published: January 2020

The transmission compensated primary reflections can be obtained from the single-sided acoustic reflection response in the two-way traveltime domain. This is achieved by eliminating free-surface and internal multiple reflections and compensating for transmission losses in primary reflections without model information. The substantial computational cost of the proposed scheme can be reduced by an order of magnitude with a fast implementation version. This is achieved by using the previously computed filter functions as initial estimate for every new truncation time value. We evaluate the success of the scheme with simple and complex 2-D numerical examples. We find that the scheme has excellent performance in most cases, except for the case where strong reflectors are present. In such case, the current scheme suffers from lack of convergence.
Analytic solutions for calcium ion fertilisation waves on the surface of eggs – erratum
Authors: Bradshaw-Hajek Bronwyn H , Broadbridge Philip
Published: January 2020

The paper, “Analytic solutions for calcium ion fertilisation waves on the surface of eggs” by the current authors (this journal 2019), adopted an incorrect solution to Legendre’s equation that had been tabulated in a well known compendium of solutions of differential equations. The solution to the linear equation and the consequent solution of the considered nonlinear problem, are corrected here. The solution maintains the same character and the conclusions are the same. Numerical evaluations and graphic outputs have been modified.
Serum Free Light Chain Assay: Shift Toward a Higher κ/λ Ratio
Authors: Rindlisbacher Barbara , Schild Christof , Egger Florence , Bacher Vera U , Pabst Thomas , Leichtle Alexander , Andres Martin , Sédille-Mostafaie Nazanin
Published: January 2020

Background

The analysis of serum free light chains (FLCs) is clinically relevant for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of clonal plasma cell disorders. This study compares the performance of monoclonal and polyclonal FLC κ and λ assays in clinical samples determined in a single academic center.

Methods

Serum FLCs were analyzed from 102 patients using the Freelite (Binding Site) and N Latex (Siemens) assays on the BN ProSpec System (Siemens). When available, data for protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, C-reactive protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were combined with FLC results to evaluate performance.

Results

Method evaluation showed acceptable imprecision and inaccuracy measures of <4.4% and 12.9%, respectively. Poor agreement between the methods was observed, including constant and proportional bias and poor correlation (Kendall τ, 0.671–0.901). The N Latex assay was not affected by the renal impairment estimated by eGFR, unlike the FLC κ/λ ratio results by the Freelite assay. With the Freelite assay, 98% of putative controls without monoclonal gammopathy (n = 42) showed a κ/λ ratio that was above the median of the standard diagnostic range or renal diagnostic range. A shift toward higher κ/λ ratios was also observed when retrospective data between 2011 and 2017 were compared.

Conclusions

Unlike the Freelite assay, κ/λ ratios analyzed with the N Latex assay were not affected by renal failure. Both methods showed acceptable performances using nephelometry, but they were poorly correlated. A shift toward κ/λ ratios might impair the specificity of borderline increased κ/λ results. This should be considered when interpreting FLC κ and λ results.
Acceptability of smartphone applications for facilitating layperson naloxone administration during opioid overdoses
Authors: Marcu Gabriela , Aizen Roy , Roth Alexis M , Lankenau Stephen , Schwartz David G
Published: January 2020

Objective

We investigated user requirements for a smartphone application to coordinate layperson administration of naloxone during an opioid overdose.

Materials and Methods

We conducted interviews and focus groups with 19 nonmedical opioid users and other community members in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which has one of the highest overdose rates in the country. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

We found high levels of trust and reliance within one’s own social group, especially nonmedical opioid users and members of the neighborhood. Participants distrusted outsiders, including professional responders, whom they perceived as uncaring and prejudiced. Participants expressed some concern over malicious use of a location-based application, such as theft when a victim is unconscious, but overall felt the benefits could outweigh the risks. Participants also trusted community-based organizations providing services such as bystander training and naloxone distribution, and felt that a smartphone application should be integrated into these services.

Discussion

Individuals affected by opioid use and overdose reacted positively to the concept for a smartphone application, which they perceived as a useful tool that could help combat the high rate of opioid overdose fatalities in their neighborhood. A sense of unity with others who have shared their experiences could be leveraged to connect willing bystanders with victims of overdose, but risk must be mitigated for layperson responders.

Conclusion

Based on participant experiences with overdoses, trust-based considerations for the design of smartphone applications to facilitate layperson response will be critical for their adoption and use in real overdose situations.
Heritage and genealogy travel health concerns in the era of in-home DNA testing
Authors: Angelo Kristina M , Breiman Jennifer , Wu Henry M , Nemhauser Jeffrey , Walker and Allison T
Published: January 2020

Highlight

The rise of in-home DNA testing has led to a novel trend in heritage travel, these travelers may be inexperienced and visit areas lacking tourism infrastructure, which may put them at higher risk of infection and injury. Healthcare providers must identify heritage travelers and inform them about travel-associated health risks.
Cut elimination and complexity bounds for intuitionistic epistemic logic
Authors: Krupski Vladimir N
Published: January 2020

The formal system of intuitionistic epistemic logic (IEL) was proposed by S. Artemov and T. Protopopescu. It provides the formal foundation for the study of knowledge from an intuitionistic point of view based on Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov semantics of intuitionism. We construct a cut-free sequent calculus for IEL and establish that polynomial space is sufficient for the proof search in it. We prove that IEL is PSPACE-complete.
Emission peaks in the light curve of core collapse supernovae by late jets
Authors: Kaplan Noa , Soker Noam
Published: January 2020

We build a toy model where the central object, i.e. a newly born neutron star or a black hole, launches jets at late times and show that these jets might account for peaks in the light curve of some peculiar (i.e. having unusual light curves) core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) when the jets interact with the CCSN ejecta. We assume that the central object accretes fallback material and launches two short-lived opposite jets weeks to months after the explosion. We model each jet-ejecta interaction as a spherically symmetric ‘mini-explosion’ that takes place inside the ejecta. We assume that each ‘mini-explosion’ adds emission that is symmetric in time around the late peak, and with a rise in emission power that has the same slope as that of the main CCSN light curve. In total, we use 12 parameters in the toy model. In our toy model, late jets form stronger emission peaks than early jets. Late jets with a kinetic energy of only about one per cent of the kinetic energy of the CCSN itself might form strong emission peaks. We apply our toy model to the brightest peak of the enigmatic CCSN iPTF14hls that has several extra peaks in its light curve. We can fit this emission peak with our toy model when we take the kinetic energy of the jets to be about 1–2 per cent of the CCSN energy, and the shocked ejecta mass to be about 3 per cent of the ejecta mass.
Validity of Algorithms for Identification of Individuals Suffering from Chronic Noncancer Pain in Administrative Databases: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lacasse Anaïs , Cauvier Charest Elizabeth , Dault Roxanne , Cloutier Anne-Marie , Choinière Manon , Blais Lucie , Vanasse Alain
Published: January 2020

Background

Secondary analysis of health administrative databases is indispensable to enriching our understanding of health trajectories, health care utilization, and real-world risks and benefits of drugs among large populations.

Objectives

This systematic review aimed at assessing evidence about the validity of algorithms for the identification of individuals suffering from nonarthritic chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) in administrative databases.

Methods

Studies reporting measures of diagnostic accuracy of such algorithms and published in English or French were searched in the Medline, Embase, CINAHL, AgeLine, PsycINFO, and Abstracts in Social Gerontology electronic databases without any dates of coverage restrictions up to March 1, 2018. Reference lists of included studies were also screened for additional publications.

Results

Only six studies focused on commonly studied CNCP conditions and were included in the review. Some algorithms showed a ≥60% combination of sensitivity and specificity values (back pain disorders in general, fibromyalgia, low back pain, migraine, neck/back problems studied together). Only algorithms designed to identify fibromyalgia cases reached a ≥80% combination (without replication of findings in other studies/databases).

Conclusions

In summary, the present investigation informs us about the limited amount of literature available to guide and support the use of administrative databases as valid sources of data for research on CNCP. Considering the added value of such data sources, the important research gaps identified in this innovative review provide important directions for future research. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018086402).
Dynamical breaking to special or regular subgroups in the SO(N) Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model
Authors: Kugo Taichiro , Yamatsu Naoki
Published: January 2020

It was recently shown that in four-dimensional $SU(N)$ Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) type models, the $SU(N)$ symmetry breaking into its special subgroups is not special but much more common than that into the regular subgroups, where the fermions belong to complex representations of $SU(N)$. We perform the same analysis for the $SO(N)$ NJL model for various $N$ with fermions belonging to an irreducible spinor representation of $SO(N)$. We find that the symmetry breaking into special or regular subgroups has some correlation with the type of fermion representations; i.e. complex, real, pseudo-real representations.
Intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication in children with recent upper respiratory tract infection undergoing interventional cardiac catheterisation
Authors: Zhang Sen , Zhang Ruidong , Cai Meihua , Zhang Kan , Zhang Mazhong , Zheng Jijian
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

Recent upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a risk factor for the occurrence of peri-operative respiratory adverse events (PRAE). This risk may be higher in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly in those undergoing interventional cardiac catheterisation. It is therefore essential to adapt the anaesthetic strategy in these children to prevent from the occurrence of PRAE.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether intranasal dexmedetomidine (DEX) premedication can reduce the incidence of PRAE in children with recent URI undergoing interventional cardiac catheterisation.

DESIGN

Randomised controlled trial.

SETTING

Single-centre study based at a tertiary care centre in Shanghai, China.

PATIENTS

A total of 134 children with CHD aged 0 to 16 years with recent URI undergoing interventional cardiac catheterisation.

INTERVENTIONS

Children were randomised to receive either intranasal DEX 1.5 μg kg−1 (DEX group) or intranasal saline (Placebo group) 30 to 45 min before anaesthesia induction.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The incidence of PRAE.

RESULTS

Intranasal DEX significantly reduced the incidence of PRAE (P = 0.001), particularly oxygen desaturation (P = 0.012). Most PRAE were observed during the emergence phase. The incidence of PRAE was comparable among the three types of left–right shunt CHD children in both groups. In children aged less than 3 years, the incidence of PRAE was significantly lower in the DEX group (P = 0.003). In contrast, the incidence of PRAE was comparable between the two groups in children aged at least 3 years. No differences in the incidence of emergence agitation, fever and vomiting between the two groups were noted.

CONCLUSION

Administration of intranasal DEX 1.5 μg kg−1 30 to 45 min before induction led to a reduction in the incidence of PRAE in children aged less than 3 years with recent URI undergoing interventional cardiac catheterisation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

chictr.org.cn identifier: ChiCTR-RRC-17012519.
A synthesis and meta-analysis of the Fe chemistry of serpentinites and serpentine minerals
Authors: Mayhew Lisa E. , Ellison Eric T.
Published: January 2020

The iron chemistry of serpentinites and serpentine group minerals is often invoked as a record of the setting and conditions of serpentinization because Fe behaviour is influenced by reaction conditions. Iron can be partitioned into a variety of secondary mineral phases and undergo variable extents of oxidation and/or reduction during serpentinization. This behaviour influences geophysical, geochemical and biological aspects of serpentinizing systems and, more broadly, earth systems. Iron chemistry of serpentinites and serpentines is frequently analysed and reported for single systems. Interpretations of the controls on, and the implications of, Fe behaviour drawn from a single system are often widely extrapolated. There is a wealth of serpentinite/serpentine chemical composition data available in the literature. Consequently, compilation of a database including potential predictors of Fe behaviour and measures of Fe chemistry enables systematic investigation of trends in Fe behaviour across a variety of systems and conditions. The database presented here contains approximately 2000 individual data points including both bulk rock and serpentine mineral geochemical data which are paired whenever possible. Measures of total Fe and Fe oxidation state, which are more limited, are compiled with characteristics of the systems from which they were sampled. Observations of trends in Fe chemistry in serpentinites and serpentines across the variety of geologic systems and parameters will aid in verifying and strengthening interpretations made on the basis of Fe chemistry.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Serpentinite in the Earth system’.
The comparable strategic flexibility of model-free and model-based learning
Authors: Filipowicz Alexandre L. S. , Levine Jonathan , Piasini Eugenio , Tavoni Gaia , Kable Joseph W. , Gold Joshua I.
Published: January 2020

Different learning strategies are thought to fall along a continuum that ranges from simple, inflexible, and fast “model-free” strategies, to more complex, flexible, and deliberative “model-based strategies”. Here we show that, contrary to this proposal, strategies at both ends of this continuum can be equally flexible, effective, and time-intensive. We analyzed behavior of adult human subjects performing a canonical learning task used to distinguish between model-free and model-based strategies. Subjects using either strategy showed similarly high information complexity, a measure of strategic flexibility, and comparable accuracy and response times. This similarity was apparent despite the generally higher computational complexity of model-based algorithms and fundamental differences in how each strategy learned: model-free learning was driven primarily by observed past responses, whereas model-based learning was driven primarily by inferences about latent task features. Thus, model-free and model-based learning differ in the information they use to learn but can support comparably flexible behavior.

Statement of Relevance

The distinction between model-free and model-based learning is an influential framework that has been used extensively to understand individual- and task-dependent differences in learning by both healthy and clinical populations. A common interpretation of this distinction that model-based strategies are more complex and therefore more flexible than model-free strategies. However, this interpretation conflates computational complexity, which relates to processing resources and generally higher for model-based algorithms, with information complexity, which reflects flexibility but has rarely been measured. Here we use a metric of information complexity to demonstrate that, contrary to this interpretation, model-free and model-based strategies can be equally flexible, effective, and time-intensive and are better distinguished by the nature of the information from which they learn. Our results counter common interpretations of model-free versus model-based learning and demonstrate the general usefulness of information complexity for assessing different forms of strategic flexibility.
Host environmental conditions induce small fungal cell size and alter population heterogeneity in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Zhou Xin , Zafar Hanna , Sephton-Clark Poppy , Mohamed Sally H. , Chapuis Ambre , Makarova Maria , MacCallum Donna M. , Drummond Rebecca A. , Dambuza Ivy M. , Ballou Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2020

Fungal morphology significantly impacts the host response. Filamentation and tissue penetration by Candida and Aspergillus species are essential for virulence, while growth as a yeast allows the thermal dimorphic fungi Coccidiodes, Histoplasma, and Talaromyces to reside inside phagocytes and disseminate. The basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans exhibits an unusual yeast-to-titan transition thought to enhance pathogenicity by increasing fungal survival in the host lung and dissemination to the central nervous system. In a common laboratory strain (H99), in vitro and in vivo titan induction yields a heterogenous population including >10 μm titan cells, 5-7 μm yeast cells and 2-4 μm titanides. Previous reports have shown that titan cells are associated with enhanced virulence and the generation of aneuploid cells that facilitate stress adaptation and drug resistance, while small (>10 μm) cells are associated with increased dissemination. However, the relationship between titan cells, small cells, and titanides remains unclear. Here, we characterize titanides and small cells in H99 and three clinical isolates and show that titanides share the lipid membrane order of their titan mothers and the G0 quiescent-like DNA staining of mating spores. In addition, we show that both titanizing and non-titanizing isolates exhibit altered capsule structure and PAMP exposure over time during in vitro culture, and generate aneuploidy in vivo.

Author summary

The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes 200,000 HIV-associated deaths each year. In the lung, Cryptococcus makes an unusual yeast-to-titan morphological switch that contributes to disease development by altering immune polarization and introducing aneuploidy underlying host stress and drug resistance. Specifically, a proportion of 5 um haploid yeast endoreduplicate and swell, converting to large (> 10 um) polyploid titan cells that can then produce genetically distinct daughter cells. We recently developed an in vitro protocol for inducing large titan cells and additionally observed a novel small “titanide” cell type. Here we investigate the nature and origin of these small cells, demonstrating that they emerge during both in vitro and in vivo mouse-passaged titan induction in the well characterised lab strain H99 and are also apparent in a titanizing clinical isolate, Zc8. We show that these titanide cells share features with titan mothers (lipid order) and with spores produced during heterothalic mating. Finally, we show that the capacity of clinical isolates to produce both titan and titanide cells impacts aneuploidy and the emergence of drug resistance in vivo.
Subpopulations of sensorless bacteria drive fitness in fluctuating environments
Authors: Julou Thomas , Zweifel Ludovit , Blank Diana , Fiori Athos , van Nimwegen Erik
Published: January 2020

Populations of bacteria often undergo a lag in growth when switching conditions. Because growth lags can be large compared to typical doubling times, variations in growth lag are an important but often overlooked component of bacterial fitness in fluctuating environments. We here explore how growth lag variation is determined for the archetypical switch from glucose to lactose as a carbon source inE. coli. First, we show that single-cell lags are bimodally distributed and controlled by a single-molecule trigger. That is, gene expression noise causes the population before the switch to divide cells with zero pre-existing into subpopulations with zero and nonzerolacoperon expression. While ’sensorless’lacexpression at the switch have long lags because they are unable to sense the lactose signal, any nonzerolacoperon expression suffices to ensure a short lag. Second, we show that the growth lag at the population level depends crucially on the fraction of sensorless cells, and that this fraction in turn depends sensitively on the growth condition before the switch. Consequently, even small changes in basal expression affecting the fraction of sensorless cells can significantly affect population lags and fitness under switching conditions, and may thus be subject to significant natural selection. Indeed, we show that condition-dependent population lags vary across wildE. coliisolates. Since many sensory genes are naturally low expressed in conditions where their inducer is not present, bimodal responses due to subpopulations of sensorless cells may be a general mechanism inducing phenotypic heterogeneity and controlling population lags in switching environments. This mechanism also illustrates how gene expression noise can turn even simple sensory gene circuits into a bet-hedging module, and underlines the profound role of gene expression noise in regulatory responses.
Electron Microscopic Reconstruction of Neural Circuitry in the Cochlea
Authors: Hua Yunfeng , Ding Xu , Wang Haoyu , Wang Fangfang , Gao Yunge , Lu Yan , Moser Tobias , Wu Hao
Published: January 2020

Recent studies have revealed great diversity in the structure, function and efferent innervation of afferent synaptic connections between the cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), which likely enables audition to process a wide range of sound pressures. By performing an extensive electron microscopic reconstruction of the neural circuitry in the mature mouse organ of Corti, we demonstrate that afferent SGN-dendrites differ in strength and composition of efferent innervation in a manner dependent on their afferent synaptic connectivity with IHCs. SGNs that sample glutamate release from several presynaptic ribbons receive more efferent innervation from lateral olivocochlear projections than those driven by a single ribbon. Next to the prevailing unbranched SGN-dendrites, we found branched SGN-dendrites that can contact several ribbons of 1-2 IHCs. Unexpectedly, medial olivocochlear neurons provide efferent innervation of SGN-dendrites, preferring those contacting single-ribbon, pillar-side synapses. We propose a fine-tuning of afferent and efferent SGN-innervation.
High syphilis seropositivity in European brown hares, Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Hisgen Linda , Abel Lena , Hallmaier-Wacker Luisa K. , Lueert Simone , Siebert Ursula , Faehndrich Marcus , Strauss Egbert , Voigt Ulrich , Nováková Markéta , Šmajs David , Knauf Sascha
Published: January 2020

Treponema paraluisleporidaruminfects lagomorphs and is a close relative of the human syphilis-bacteriumTreponema pallidum. There is paucity of information on the epidemiology of hare syphilis and its relationship to rabbit- and human-infectingTreponema. We have found a high seropositivity (405/734) forTreponema paraluisleporidarum-infection in hares of Lower Saxony, Germany.