bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Cardiologists in the United States
Authors: Blumenthal Daniel M. , Olenski Andrew R. , Yeh Robert W. , DeFaria Yeh Doreen , Sarma Amy , Stefanescu Schmidt Ada C. , Wood Malissa J. , Jena Anupam B.
Published: February 2017

Background:

Studies demonstrate that women physicians are less likely than men to be full professors. Comprehensive evidence examining whether sex differences in faculty rank exist in academic cardiology, adjusting for experience and research productivity, is lacking. Therefore, we evaluated for sex differences in faculty rank among a comprehensive, contemporary cohort of US cardiologists after adjustment for several factors that impact academic advancement, including measures of clinical experience and research productivity.

Methods:

We identified all US cardiologists with medical school faculty appointments in 2014 by using the American Association of Medical Colleges faculty roster and linked this list to a comprehensive physician database from Doximity, a professional networking website for doctors. Data on physician age, sex, years since residency, cardiology subspecialty, publications, National Institutes of Health grants, and registered clinical trials were available for all academic cardiologists. We estimated sex differences in full professorship, adjusting for these factors and medical school–specific fixed effects in a multivariable regression model.

Results:

Among 3810 cardiologists with faculty appointments in 2014 (13.3% of all US cardiologists), 630 (16.5%) were women. Women faculty were younger than men (mean age, 48.3 years versus 53.5 years,
P
<0.001), had fewer total publications (mean number: 16.5 publications versus 25.2 publications;
P
<0.001), were similarly likely to have National Institutes of Health funding (proportion with at least 1 National Institutes of Health award, 10.8% versus 10.4%;
P
=0.77), and were less likely to have a registered clinical trial (percentage with at least 1 clinical trial, 8.9% versus 11.1%;
P
=0.10). Among 3180 men, 973 (30.6%) were full professors in comparison with 100 (15.9%) of 630 women. In adjusted analyses, women were less likely to be full professors than men (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.94;
P
=0.02; adjusted proportions, 22.7% versus 26.7%; absolute difference, –4.0%; 95% confidence interval, –7.5% to –0.7%).

Conclusions:

Among cardiology faculty at US medical schools, women were less likely than men to be full professors after accounting for several factors known to influence faculty rank.
Mental Health Among Parents of Children With Critical Congenital Heart Defects: A Systematic Review
Authors: Woolf‐King Sarah E. , Anger Alexandra , Arnold Emily A. , Weiss Sandra J. , Teitel David
Published: February 2017

Background

Parents of children with critical congenital heart defects (
PCCHD
s) may be at high risk for mental health morbidity; however, the literature is not well characterized. Given that compromised parental mental health can lead to long‐term cognitive, health‐related, and behavioral problems in children, a systematic review of this literature could provide informed recommendations for continued research and enhance the care of families of children living with critical congenital heart defects.

Methods and Results

We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines that resulted in 30 studies on the mental health of
PCCHD
s. The literature revealed that
PCCHD
s are at an elevated risk for psychological problems, particularly in the immediate weeks and months following cardiac surgery. Up to 30% of
PCCHD
s have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, with over 80% presenting with clinically significant symptoms of trauma; 25% to 50% of
PCCHD
s reported clinically elevated symptoms of depression and/or anxiety, and 30% to 80% reported experiencing severe psychological distress. There was high variability in measurements used to assess study outcomes, methodological quality, and sociocultural composition of the parents included in the studies.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need for additional research on the severity, course, persistence, and moderators of these mental health problems over time, and for the development and testing of screening approaches and interventions that can be feasibly delivered in the context of ongoing pediatric cardiac care.
Impatiens stolonifera (Balsaminaceae): A new scapigerous species from the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India

Authors: MANUDEV K.M. , ROBI A.J. , NAMPY SANTHOSH
Published: February 2017

Impatiens stolonifera, a new scapigerous species of Balsaminaceae from the southern Western Ghats, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically allied to Impatiens scapiflora, but differs by having a stoloniferous tuber and white flowers with conspicuously long and broad spur.
Palaearctic Protosmia bees of the subgenus Chelostomopsis (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species
Authors: MÜLLER ANDREAS
Published: February 2017

Chelostomopsis represents a subgenus of the osmiine bee genus Protosmia (Megachilidae) containing three Palaearctic and one Nearctic species. Analysis of female pollen loads and literature data indicate that all Chelostomopsis species are broad pollen generalists exploiting the flowers of numerous plant families, such as Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Cistaceae and Brassicaceae. Preexisting linear cavities in dead wood or pine cones serve as nesting sites and pure resin is used to construct cell partitions and nest plug. The taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic P. (Chelostomopsis) species revealed the existence of a still undescribed species from the Levant, Protosmia (Chelostomopsis) angustimandibulae spec. nov. Keys for the identification of the three Palaearctic P. (Chelostomopsis) species are given.
The Proof is in the Picture: The Influence of Imagery and Experience in Perceptions of Hurricane Messaging
Authors: Rickard Laura N. , Schuldt Jonathon P. , Eosco Gina M. , Scherer Clifford W. , Daziano Ricardo A.
Published: February 2017

Although evidence suggests that photographs can enhance persuasive messaging by offering “proof,” less research considers their utility relative to other visual forms that ostensibly convey more information but more abstractly. Drawing on communication and information processing theory, this study examines the influence of visual features and personal experience variables in a domain with urgent need to better understand their role: hurricane messaging. In a between subjects experiment, residents of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut (N = 1052) were exposed to a hypothetical hurricane forecast accompanied by a photograph of storm surge inundating a house (indexical image), a map of projected storm surge (iconic image), or no image (control), depending on condition. Results revealed that participants in the indexical condition perceived the greatest risk overall and were more likely to mention evacuation as a behavioral intention than did those in the iconic and control conditions, controlling for individual differences (gender, state of residence, etc.). Moreover, risk perception was greatest among residents in the indexical condition reporting fewer personal impacts of hurricanes, suggesting a moderating effect of hurricane experience on risk judgment but not on behavioral intention. Consistent with a dual-process model perspective, when exposed to an image of an identifiable “victim,” participants with less direct experience may have employed an affect heuristic, resulting in heightened risk perceptions. Practically speaking, using evocative photographs as proof may be preferable to a map or text-only approach when warning public audiences of a given hazard, but ethical issues and empirical questions remain.
Characterization of recycled TiC and its influence on the microstructural, tribological, and corrosion properties of a TiC-reinforced metal matrix composites
Authors: Mohr A , Röttger A , Theisen W
Published: February 2017

Ferro-Titanit® is a metal matrix composite (MMC) with a high wear and corrosion resistance. It contains TiC as hard particles on account of their high hardness, good corrosion resistance, and low density. This wear- and corrosion-resistant material is amenable to machining in the soft-annealed state, which gives rise to chips containing a large amount of the expensive TiC hard particles. Due to the cost of TiC, there is great interest in recycling the TiC from these chips so that it can be reused in the production of further Ferro-Titanit® materials. In this study, the recycled TiC [(Ti,X)C] is investigated with regard to morphology, particle size, chemical composition, and phases, and the results were compared to industrially produced TiC. In the next step, the (Ti,X)C was reused in the production of new Ferro-Titanit®. The Ferro-Titanit® reinforced with (Ti,X)C was also characterized with respect to microstructure, wear behavior, and corrosion resistance.

Our investigations identified a change in the chemical composition of the TiC as a result of diffusion processes and a decrease in TiC particle size with respect to the initial state. The change in morphology and size of TiC during the recycling process influences the microstructure and the material behavior of the MMC containing recycled TiC.
How States Are Tackling the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Wickramatilake Shalini , Zur Julia , Mulvaney-Day Norah , Klimo Melinda Campopiano von , Selmi Elizabeth , Harwood Henrick
Published: February 2017

Objectives:

We used data from the 2015 National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors Web-based questionnaire and other sources to demonstrate the range and scope of state initiatives being used to deal with the opioid crisis in the United States.

Methods:

State alcohol and drug agency directors and designated senior agency managers responded to the questionnaire, which asked respondents about recent opioid-related state-level public health initiatives at their agencies.

Results:

State alcohol and drug agencies in all 50 states and the District of Columbia responded, all of which reported that prescription drug misuse was a high priority or the highest priority area for their agencies. Of the 51 respondents, states reported initiatives to educate the general public (n = 48), prescribers (n = 31), patients and families (n = 24), and pharmacists (n = 22) about the risks of opioids. In addition, 29 states had increased funding for medication-assisted treatment of opioid addiction, 28 had expanded the availability of naloxone (an opioid antidote), 26 had established guidelines for safe opioid prescribing, 23 had launched requirements for prescriber use of prescription monitoring programs, 23 had passed Good Samaritan laws to protect those helping treat overdoses, and 14 had enacted legislation to regulate pain clinics.

Conclusions:

US state alcohol and drug agencies demonstrated a robust response to the opioid crisis in the United States. They have pursued and expanded on an array of evidence-based initiatives aimed at the opioid crisis. Future public health efforts should focus on maintenance and further expansion of high-quality, evidence-based practices, policies, and programs.
Gender and Deployment Effects on Pro-Organizational Behaviors of U.S. Soldiers
Authors: Woodruff Todd , Kelty Ryan
Published: February 2017

This study examines whether gender moderates the relationships between deployment and both organizational identification and pro-organizational behaviors. The broader context motivating this study is the U.S. military’s 2016 rescission of the ground combat exclusion, accomplishing full gender integration in the armed forces. Structural equation modeling is used to test for gender moderation effects. Results reveal deployment frequency, but not current deployment, has small effects on several pro-organizational behaviors. Results also show that gender does not moderate the effects of deployment frequency on soldiers’ perceptions of the organization or economic or social satisfaction. Gender does moderate the effects of deployment frequency on soldiers’ identification with the army. Additionally, while gender was not found to moderate the relationship between combat deployments and overall pro-organizational behaviors among soldiers, it does moderate the effect of deployments on one pro-organizational item: sacrificing behavior. Implications are discussed with an eye toward full gender inclusion in the U.S. military.
‘Why do I study and what do I want to achieve by studying?’ Understanding the reasons and the aims of student engagement
Authors: Cai Elaine Yu Ling , Liem Gregory Arief D.
Published: February 2017

This study seeks to understand the ‘what’ and the ‘why’ of student engagement by investigating the ‘aims’ that students pursue through engagement (i.e., their achievement goals) and the ‘reasons’ driving such engagement (i.e., their motivation). Self-report instruments measuring students’ motivational reasons, achievement goals, and engagement in the context of their mathematics classes were administered to a sample of 491 Singapore elementary students (54% girls; Mage = 11 years). Mediational path analysis showed that achievement goals, collectively, played a significant mediating role in almost all the links connecting motivational reasons to different engagement outcomes. Specifically, whilst autonomous motivation (AM) was associated with greater effort/persistence, heightened elaboration, and lower anxiety, controlled motivation (CM) was associated with higher anxiety. Although self-based goals strengthened the positive direct effects of AM on effort/persistence and elaboration, and channeled the adaptive effects of CM on these two engagement outcomes, this goal type also heightened the effect of CM on anxiety and cancelled out the benefits of AM in reducing anxiety. Taken together, findings pointed to the more adaptive role of AM relative to CM, and the apparently double-edged-sword effects of self-based goals on student engagement. Key findings and their implications for teaching and school psychology practices are discussed.
Unspoken yet Understood: An Introduction and Initial Framework of Subordinates’ Moqi With Supervisors
Authors: Zheng Xingshan , Li Ning , Brad Harris T. , Liao Hui
Published: February 2017

Across two studies and five samples, we introduce the Chinese construct of moqi (a tacit understanding of another person’s expectations and intentions) as a key, but heretofore overlooked, aspect of supervisor–subordinate relationships. In Study 1, using qualitative and quantitative methods, we develop a subordinate-focused moqi scale and establish its discriminant and criterion-related validity. In Study 2, using three-wave data from three sources (subordinates, coworkers, and supervisors), we test an integrative, information-based model explicating (1) subordinates’ actions that are useful in acquiring the necessary information to develop moqi with their supervisor; (2) boundary conditions affecting subordinates’ sensitivity to information and, hence, their development of moqi with the supervisor; and (3) the informational process underlying subordinate moqi’s positive relationship with work effectiveness. Findings suggest that subordinates’ implicit and explicit feedback seeking positively predicted their subsequent perceptions of moqi with a supervisor and, moreover, that the relationship between implicit feedback seeking and subordinate moqi is enhanced by higher subordinate power distance orientation and face consciousness. Results also indicate that subordinate moqi influences task performance and reward recommendations for subordinates via the mediation of increased goal clarity, and the indirect effects is more pronounced for subordinates with higher power distance orientation. We offer an important discussion of moqi’s cultural nuances and make several suggestions for a robust future research agenda.
The Interaction of Control Systems and Stakeholder Networks in Shaping the Identities of Self-Managed Teams
Authors: Annosi Maria Carmela , Foss Nicolai , Brunetta Federica , Magnusson Mats
Published: February 2017

Team identity has received little research attention even though an increasing number of firms are moving to team-based organizations and there is evidence that teams form identities. We explore the extent to which team identity can be institutionalized as a central organizing principle of team-based firms. We argue that managerial and stakeholder interventions shape the self-construction of team identity as well as the team’s commitment to specific work objectives. We also suggest that team identity becomes isomorphic to organizational identity because of pressures related to: (1) the presence of a dense network of managers and stakeholders, which orients teams towards a focus on certain aspects of the higher-order identity; (2) the use of team routines and regular feedback loops, which force alignment with the organizational identity; and (3) the use of coordinating roles aimed at promoting, ratifying and reinforcing the convergence of identity within the team. We analyse multiple cases from a major multinational corporation in the telecommunications industry, which we examine through the lens of a multi-level model of controls involving the micro, meso and macro organizational levels. We expand and refine the model in the process.
Effectiveness of CEO Power Bundles and Discretion Context: Unpacking the ‘Fuzziness’ of the CEO Duality Puzzle
Authors: Lewellyn Krista B. , Fainshmidt Stav
Published: February 2017

Decades of research on the effectiveness of CEO duality as a governance mechanism have produced inconsistent results, providing support and non-support for agency and stewardship theories. To better understand the duality puzzle, we first conceptualize CEO duality as a governance mechanism conferring structural power and board discretion upon a CEO. We then use the concept of complementarity and open-systems logic to evaluate the effectiveness of CEO duality in conjunction with other, concurrent sources of CEO power and discretion. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and data on 241 U.S. firms, we show that CEO duality combines in a variety of ways with other sources of CEO power into power bundles, and that particular power bundles configure with elements of the organizational and industry discretion context into four effective and four ineffective governance configurations. Consequently, our study suggests that the effectiveness of either a dual or separated leadership structure is reinforced or compensated for by other types of power and discretion arising from the context in which the CEO is embedded. Based on our findings we elaborate theory on plausible mechanisms underlying the complex patterns we observe and thus offer new insights for governance research.
Molecular diagnosis of Chinese patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and analysis of genotype–phenotype correlations
Authors: Zhang Bo , Lu Lin , Lu Zhaolin
Published: February 2017

Objective

The spectrum of molecular defects in Chinese patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), and genotype–phenotype relationships are unknown.

Methods

We screened eight patients with non-classical (NC) 21-OHD and 35 with classical 21-OHD, and detected nine known mutations.

Results

The most frequent mutation among the 43 21-OHD cases was p.Ile172Asn (allele frequency, 36.0%), followed by c.290-13A/C > G (20.9%), Del (8.6%), p.Pro30Leu (7.0%), p.Gln318Ter (7.0%), p.Val281Leu (4.7%), p.Arg356Trp (2.3%), p.[Ile236Asn; Val237Glu; Met239Lys] (2.3%), and E3Δ8 bp (1.2%). The frequency spectrum of CYP21A2 mutations in the Chinese population was similar to that in the Japanese population, except that p.Val281Leu was identified in Chinese NC21-OHD patients at a frequency of 25.0%, whereas it was absent in Japanese patients. We found that genotype could predict phenotype in 88.3% of patients.

Conclusion

Some characteristics appear to be unique to the Chinese population, but genotype was strongly predictive of phenotype.
Homosexuality, pornography, and other ‘modern threats’ – The deployment of sexuality in recent laws and public discourses in Uganda
Authors: Vorhölter Julia
Published: February 2017

In recent years, the Ugandan government has proposed a number of laws that attempt to control the sexual conduct of the Ugandan population. The much-debated Anti-Homosexuality Bill, signed by Museveni in February 2014 but overturned on constitutional grounds in August 2014, is only the most well-known. Further examples include legal measures related to HIV/AIDS, defilement, prostitution, and pornography. This article analyzes why and in which contexts these laws and recent public debates on sexuality have emerged and what consequences they entail. I argue that they must be seen in relation to ongoing power struggles at the local and national level – between men and women, youth and elders, state, and citizens. Based on discourse analysis and drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I show how both state and non-state actors exploit popular concerns about recent processes of social change and instrumentalize ‘sexuality’ to extend their control and reinforce a normative order based on patriarchal values.
A novel risk assessment method for landfill slope failure: Case study application for Bhalswa Dumpsite, India
Authors: Jahanfar Ali , Amirmojahedi Mohsen , Gharabaghi Bahram , Dubey Brajesh , McBean Edward , Kumar Dinesh
Published: February 2017

Rapid population growth of major urban centres in many developing countries has created massive landfills with extraordinary heights and steep side-slopes, which are frequently surrounded by illegal low-income residential settlements developed too close to landfills. These extraordinary landfills are facing high risks of catastrophic failure with potentially large numbers of fatalities. This study presents a novel method for risk assessment of landfill slope failure, using probabilistic analysis of potential failure scenarios and associated fatalities. The conceptual framework of the method includes selecting appropriate statistical distributions for the municipal solid waste (MSW) material shear strength and rheological properties for potential failure scenario analysis. The MSW material properties for a given scenario is then used to analyse the probability of slope failure and the resulting run-out length to calculate the potential risk of fatalities. In comparison with existing methods, which are solely based on the probability of slope failure, this method provides a more accurate estimate of the risk of fatalities associated with a given landfill slope failure. The application of the new risk assessment method is demonstrated with a case study for a landfill located within a heavily populated area of New Delhi, India.
“Someone Just Like Me”
Authors: Smart Graham , Thompson Richard
Published: February 2017

This study extends a line of inquiry established by researchers using narrative theory to investigate the discourses of psychiatry. Drawing primarily on theories of narrative and genre, the study analyzes a series of autobiographical books intended for an audience of youth suffering from mental illness. Our research investigates how the rhetorical design of the books harnesses the discursive affordances of autobiographical narrative to encourage a particular uptake on the part of a reader suffering from mental illness. Performing an analysis of four of the books in the series, we found them to exhibit a design in which autobiographical narrative is used to prompt an anticipated uptake by the reader: motivation to commit to therapy and engage in lifelong self-care. The study offers insights to authors producing texts intended to support psychiatric practitioners in guiding youth toward recovery from mental illness.
Navigation Acts and the integration of North Baltic shipping in the early nineteenth century
Authors: Ojala Jari , Räihä Antti
Published: February 2017

This article discusses how Navigation Acts affected shipping and commodity trade from and to the Northern Baltic during the early nineteenth century. We use Finnish shipping and foreign trade as an example of trade integration at the time. Finland can be used as a ‘laboratory case’ to study the importance of the Navigation Acts, as the eastern part of the area followed Russian legislation without the Navigation Act to restrict shipping to domestic vessels, while the western part followed Swedish legislation with strict protection through the Swedish version of the Act ( Produktplakat). The article argues that the role played by foreign vessels in shipments of Finnish export goods was far more significant during the period than has been noted before. Also, we argue that British shipping was of decisive importance in these trades, especially from the south-eastern parts of Finland, most notably the city of Vyborg. The literature so far has emphasised both endogenous causes (e.g. structural change in the Finnish economy, the role played by Swedish and Russian legislation in Finland) and exogenous causes (e.g. changes in British customs duties and the repeal of the Navigation Acts) for changes in shipping and trade patterns. Until recently, the big picture of this trade has been rather difficult to form due to shortcomings in the sources. This study overcomes these challenges by using both Danish Sound Toll data and local archival sources to trace patterns of trade.
Seville and Manila: Illegal trade, corruption, and the phenomenon of trust in the Spanish Empire
Authors: Crailsheim Eberhard
Published: February 2017

At the beginning of the early modern period, the two port cities of Seville and Manila became bottlenecks in the rich inter-oceanic trade connecting Europe, America and Asia. To control this trade, the Spanish Crown tightly regulated all traffic between these continents and levied heavy taxes on all merchandise. The stricter the regulations became, the more the merchants tried to outwit them through contraband trading and bribery. Within this setting, it was often impossible for merchants to bring cases of non-compliance of agreements to the official courts. Hence, the question arises, how were merchants, lacking an institution in charge of penalizing dishonest commercial conduct, able to find the trust in partners to establish trans-oceanic trading networks? This note argues that the answer lies in the common ground that united certain groups of shared mental models, which enabled the merchants to trust in the social coercive power of these groups and consequently to trust their partners overseas.
Digital humanities applied to the historical cartography of the Atlantic ports: ‘E-port. Atlantic Cartography, XIVth–XVIIIth centuries’
Authors: Rivera Medina Ana María
Published: February 2017

Cartographic representations have evolved in the interest of a greater scientific rigor since the decline of more realistic resources in favour of other, more conventional, methods. The project ‘E-port. Atlantic Cartography, XIVth–XVIIIth centuries’, as a source of knowledge, tries to conduct research from historical cartography using the resources and tools that the digital humanities provide.
A Model of Communicative and Hierarchical Foundations of High Reliability Organizing in Wildland Firefighting Teams
Authors: Jahn Jody L. S. , Black Anne E.
Published: February 2017

Organizational hierarchy is an inescapable aspect of many exemplary high reliability organizations (HROs). As organizations begin to adopt HRO theorizing to improve practice, it is increasingly important to explain how HRO principles—which assume the hallmarks of a flat hierarchy—can be understood and enacted in rigidly stratified organizations. We propose a preliminary theoretical model suggesting how various supervisor–subordinate and work group communication patterns and practices enable members to navigate hierarchy to achieve high reliability. We test the model using structural equation modeling on a sample of N = 574 U.S. wildland firefighters from three federal agencies. Results suggest how organizational members might overcome common hierarchy-based constraints to HRO through considering how leaders throughout a chain of command communicate to cultivate the necessary cross-level awareness of an operation, and ways in which supervisors, members, and groups might cultivate interactional cultures with respectful affect.
Corvids Outperform Pigeons and Primates in Learning a Basic Concept
Authors: Wright Anthony A. , Magnotti John F. , Katz Jeffrey S. , Leonard Kevin , Vernouillet Alizée , Kelly Debbie M.
Published: February 2017

Corvids (birds of the family Corvidae) display intelligent behavior previously ascribed only to primates, but such feats are not directly comparable across species. To make direct species comparisons, we used a same/different task in the laboratory to assess abstract-concept learning in black-billed magpies ( Pica hudsonia). Concept learning was tested with novel pictures after training. Concept learning improved with training-set size, and test accuracy eventually matched training accuracy—full concept learning—with a 128-picture set; this magpie performance was equivalent to that of Clark’s nutcrackers (a species of corvid) and monkeys (rhesus, capuchin) and better than that of pigeons. Even with an initial 8-item picture set, both corvid species showed partial concept learning, outperforming both monkeys and pigeons. Similar corvid performance refutes the hypothesis that nutcrackers’ prolific cache-location memory accounts for their superior concept learning, because magpies rely less on caching. That corvids with “primitive” neural architectures evolved to equal primates in full concept learning and even to outperform them on the initial 8-item picture test is a testament to the shared (convergent) survival importance of abstract-concept learning.
Election proximity and representation focus in party-constrained environments
Authors: Fernandes Jorge M. , Leston-Bandeira Cristina , Schwemmer Carsten
Published: February 2017

Do elected representatives have a time-constant representation focus or do they adapt their focus depending on election proximity? In this article, we examine these overlooked theoretical and empirical puzzles by looking at how reelection-seeking actors adapt their legislative behavior according to the electoral cycle. In parliamentary democracies, representatives need to serve two competing principals: their party and their district. Our analysis hinges on how representatives make a strategic use of parliamentary written questions in a highly party-constrained institutional context to heighten their reselection and reelection prospects. Using an original data set of over 32,000 parliamentary questions tabled by Portuguese representatives from 2005 to 2015, we examine how time interacts with two key explanatory elements: electoral vulnerability and party size. Results show that representation focus is not static over time and, in addition, that electoral vulnerability and party size shape strategic use of parliamentary questions.
After Rape: Mexican Women’s Help-Seeking and Access to Emergency Health Care in Public Prosecutor’s Offices
Authors: Frías Sonia M. , Ríos-Cázares Alejandra
Published: February 2017

Using a mixed-methods design, this study examines the prevalence of women’s rape by someone other than an intimate partner in Mexico, women’s formal help-seeking strategies and their access to emergency healthcare in state attorney agencies. 18 out of every 10,000 Mexican women were raped during 2011. Only 8.37% of them sought help in law-enforcement agencies and less than 1% in public health services. Specialized agencies in sexual crimes tend to lack attention protocols (70%), and medical examiners (26.7%). Emergency medical care for victims is not guaranteed nor are referrals to public healthcare services for emergency contraception, treatment for STDs and pregnancy interruption.
Diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex 1 virus infection in pregnancy
Authors: Lee Rachel , Nair Manju
Published: February 2017

A nulliparous woman presented at 21 weeks’ gestation with a 72-h history of a rash on her left arm. Initially isolated to the forearm, it had quickly spread, becoming multiple itchy fluid-filled blisters. Blood tests showed mild neutrophilia and raised CRP. Skin swabs demonstrated the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) DNA. There was no history of previous HSV1 exposure. There is scant literature on uncomplicated cutaneous HSV1 since the majority is oral/genital. The incidence of transmission varies and is dependent on site of infection and immunological status. Type-specific serological testing is recommended to identify a primary first episode infection due to the 30–60% vertical transmission rate. Infection is associated with morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus including maternal encephalitis, acute retinal necrosis, pneumonia and hepatitis. Neonatal disease can be congenital (cutaneous lesions, microcephaly, hydranencephaly, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis, microphthalmia and optic nerve atrophy) or acquired (skin, eyes and mouth disease or central nervous system disease or disseminated disease). Prophylactic aciclovir reduces the number of women with active genital lesions at the time of delivery. If primary infection occurs outside of the first trimester and active genital lesions are present, then vaginal delivery should be avoided. If infection has occurred in the first trimester, vaginal birth can be attempted even in the presence of active lesions. There is no available guidance on prophylactic treatment of non-genital HSV1 in pregnancy.
Pink Cricket Balls May Be Visually Challenging at Sunset
Authors: Adie Joshua M. , Arnold Derek H.
Published: February 2017

Cricket is one of the world’s most popular sports, followed by hundreds of millions of people. It can be dangerous, played with a hard ball flying at great velocities, and accidents have occasionally been fatal. Traditionally, cricket has been played during the day, using a dark red ball. Since the late 1970s, a shorter form of one-day cricket has been played both during the day and at night under floodlights. To overcome visibility issues, one-day cricket uses a white ball, and players wear coloured clothing. There is now a desire to play a traditional form of cricket during the day and at night, using a ‘pink’ ball while players wear white clothing. Concerns regarding visibility, and player and umpire safety, have been raised in this context. Here, we report that these concerns have a sound basis.
Effects of renal denervation on vascular remodelling in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: A randomised control trial
Authors: Patel Hitesh C , Hayward Carl , Keegan Jennifer , Gatehouse Peter D , Rajani Ronak , Khattar Rajdeep S , Mohiaddin Raad H , Rosen Stuart D , Lyon Alexander R , di Mario Carlo
Published: February 2017

Objective

To assess the effect of renal denervation (RDT) on micro- and macro-vascular function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Design

A prospective, randomised, open-controlled trial with blinded end-point analysis.

Setting

A single-centre London teaching hospital.

Participants

Twenty-five patients with HFpEF who were recruited into the RDT-PEF trial.

Main outcome measures

Macro-vascular: 24-h ambulatory pulse pressure, aorta distensibilty (from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), aorta pulse wave velocity (CMR), augmentation index (peripheral tonometry) and renal artery blood flow indices (renal MR). Micro-vascular: endothelial function (peripheral tonometry) and urine microalbuminuria.

Results

At baseline, 15 patients were normotensive, 9 were hypertensive and 1 was hypotensive. RDT did not lower any of the blood pressure indices. Though there was evidence of abnormal vascular function at rest, RDT did not affect these at 3 or 12 months follow-up.

Conclusions

RDT did not improve markers of macro- and micro-vascular function.
Derivation of a Predictive Model for Graft Loss Following Acute Kidney Injury in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Molnar Amber O. , van Walraven Carl , Fergusson Dean , Garg Amit X. , Knoll Greg
Published: February 2017

Background:

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in the kidney transplant population.

Objective:

To derive a multivariable survival model that predicts time to graft loss following AKI.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study using health care administrative and laboratory databases.

Setting:

Southwestern Ontario (1999-2013) and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1996-2013).

Patients:

We included first-time kidney only transplant recipients who had a hospitalization with AKI 6 months or greater following transplant.

Measurements:

AKI was defined using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria (stage 1 or greater). The first episode of AKI was included in the analysis. Graft loss was defined by return to dialysis or repeat kidney transplant.

Methods:

We performed a competing risk survival regression analysis using the Fine and Gray method and modified the model into a simple point system. Graft loss with death as a competing event was the primary outcome of interest.

Results:

A total of 315 kidney transplant recipients who had a hospitalization with AKI 6 months or greater following transplant were included. The median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 6.7 (3.3-10.3) years. Graft loss occurred in 27.6% of the cohort. The final model included 6 variables associated with an increased risk of graft loss: younger age, increased severity of AKI, failure to recover from AKI, lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, increased time from kidney transplant to AKI admission, and receipt of a kidney from a deceased donor. The risk score had a concordance probability of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.82). The predicted 5-year risk of graft loss fell within the 95% CI of the observed risk more than 95% of the time.

Limitations:

The CIs of the estimates were wide, and model overfitting is possible due to the limited sample size; the risk score requires validation to determine its clinical utility.

Conclusions:

Our prognostic risk score uses commonly available information to predict the risk of graft loss in kidney transplant patients hospitalized with AKI. If validated, this predictive model will allow clinicians to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from closer follow-up or targeted enrollment in future intervention trials designed to improve outcomes.
How Disciplinary Differences Shape Student Learning Outcome Assessment
Authors: Swarat Su , Oliver Pamella H. , Tran Lisa , Childers J. G. , Tiwari Binod , Babcock Jyenny Lee
Published: February 2017

Assessment of student learning outcomes (SLOs) has become increasingly important in higher education. Meaningful assessment (i.e., assessment that leads to the improvement of student learning) is impossible without faculty engagement. We argue that one way to elicit genuine faculty engagement is to embrace the disciplinary differences when implementing a universitywide SLO assessment process so that the process reflects discipline-specific cultures and practices. Framed with Biglan’s discipline classification framework, we adopt a case-study approach to examine the SLO assessment practices in four undergraduate academic programs: physics, history, civil engineering, and child and adolescent studies. We demonstrate that one key factor for these programs’ success in developing and implementing SLO assessment under a uniform framework of university assessment is their adaptation of the university process to embrace the unique disciplinary differences.
High Discounts and High Unemployment
Authors: Hall Robert E.
Published: February 2017

Unemployment is high when financial discounts are high. In recessions, the stock market falls and all types of investment fall, including employers' investment in job creation. The discount rate implicit in the stock market rises, and discounts for other claims on business income also rise. A higher discount implies a lower present value of the benefit of a new hire to an employer. According to the leading view of unemployment—the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model—when the incentive for job creation falls, the labor market slackens and unemployment rises. Thus high discount rates imply high unemployment. (JEL E24, E32, E44, J23, J31, J63)
Acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas e fortalecimento da competitividade industrial no Brasil: breve análise empírica da Indústria de Petróleo e Gás
Authors: Pinheiro Maurício Canêdo , Figueiredo Paulo N. , Perin Fernanda Steiner , Cabral Bernardo Pereira , Silva Felipe Queiroz , Wegner Rubia Cristina
Published: February 2017

Este documento refere-se aos resultados da análise empírica da indústria de petróleo e gás no Brasil, que integra um dos setores industriais do projeto de pesquisa intitulado “Acumulação de Capacidades Tecnológicas e Fortalecimento da Competitividade Industrial no Brasil: Análise Empírica e Recomendações Práticas para Políticas Públicas e Estratégias Empresariais”, cujo objetivo é examinar como a acumulação de capacidades tecnológicas inovadoras, em nível de empresas e setores industriais, pode contribuir para fortalecer a competitividade industrial do país.
Exploring parents' experiences of care in an Irish hospital following second-trimester miscarriage
Authors: Cullen Sarah , Coughlan Barbara , Casey Brenda , Power Sheila , Brosnan Mary
Published: February 2017

Background

Second-trimester miscarriage is defined as pregnancy loss after 12 and before 24 weeks' gestation. Little is known about parents' experiences of hospital care during a second trimester miscarriage in Ireland.

Aims

This study aimed to explore parents' experiences of hospital care during a second-trimester miscarriage.

Methods

A focused ethnographic design was used. A series of semi-structured interviews were completed with 14 bereaved parents. The data were analysed using thematic network data analysis.

Findings

This paper discusses the global theme of relational and social experiences of miscarriage. Parents highlighted the need for compassionate care and expressed the importance of empathy and sensitivity from hospital staff to avoid further distress.

Conclusions

Compassionate care received by bereaved parents positively influenced their hospital experience, whereas a perceived lack of compassion or insensitivity had a lasting negative impact on bereaved parents.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for knee disorders
Authors: Shahid Mohammad , Kundra Rik
Published: February 2017

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product with platelet concentrations above baseline values. The process involves the extraction of blood from the patient which is then centrifuged to obtain a concentrated suspension of platelets by plasmapheresis. It then undergoes a two-stage centrifugation process to separate the solid and liquid components of the anticoagulated blood. PRP owes its therapeutic use to the growth factors released by the platelets which are claimed to possess multiple regenerative properties. In the knee, PRP has been used in patients with articular cartilage pathology, ligamentous and meniscal injuries. There is a growing body of evidence to support its use in selected indications and this review looks at the most recent evidence. We also look at the current UK National Institute of Health & Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines with respect to osteoarthritis and the use of PRP in the knee.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:28–34. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160004.
La Sociedad Cubana Antes Los Cambios Actuales. Sus Retos Y Complejidades
Authors: Pablo Rodríguez Ruiz
Published: February 2017

Este artículo se propone esbozar en líneas generales las complejidades del cambio actual en Cuba, apuntando hacia algunas de las paradojas más significativas a que se enfrenta la sociedad. Estas son examinadas como resultado de complejos y contradictorios procesos socio históricos en los que se fueron modelando determinadas prácticas, estructuras, núcleos de representación y mentalidades que están presentes en el inter juego del cambio actual. Por tal motivo, se examina la cuestión en cuatro momentos fundamentales: ‘Algunas premisas fundacionales’, ‘El devenir. Algunos rasgos de la sociedad que entra en la crisis de los noventa’, ‘La crisis de los noventa’ y ‘Los retos del cambio en Cuba’. Por último, subyace en el texto la intención de evitar los enfoques simplistas y lineales que abundan en torno a la problemática cubana desde diferentes posicionamientos.
Is there Church History in Revolutionary Cuba? Accessing and Analysing Cuban Catholic Sources
Authors: Petra Kuivala
Published: February 2017

The article examines the perspectives of conducting research on the history of the Catholic Church in Cuba in the context of the Revolution. Focusing on the current possibilities and challenges of archival research with Catholic primary sources in Cuba, the key argument of the article is that the current archival policy of the Catholic Church still reflects the historical development and current circumstances of the Cuban church–state relations. The article states that the contemporary history of the Catholic Church in Cuba still remains largely unknown due to the lack of accessing historical sources on the topic – yet the situation might be changing as a response to the changes taking place in Cuban society. Drawing from the writer's experiences of fieldwork in Cuba, the article portrays the process of accessing restricted archival materials of the Catholic Church in Cuba and examines how new sources enrich the history of the Catholic Church in revolutionary Cuba.
Screening war: American Sniper, Hurt Locker, and drone vision
Authors: Freda Isabelle
Published: February 2017

This article engages the complex intermingling of imagery, ideology and history as it emerges within the sub-genre we might describe as the ‘post-9/11 Iraq War Film’. Taking as my focus Katheryn Bigelow’s Hurt Locker and Clint Eastwood’s American Sniper, I ask, first, why these films garnered large audiences (in contrast to the genre as a whole) and why, moreover, American Sniper became such a mega-hit. In narrowing my examination to these two films, I propose to examine the interplay of subjectivity and the cinematic screen, asking what position these films place the spectator in and how we might understand this in terms of screen history and violence in general as well as the specificity of the war and its visual frame in particular. Further issues that arise in the juxtaposition of these two films include: the issue of gender (as it applies to the representation of both Iraqi and American protagonists and to both films directors: Hurt Locker was the first film directed by a woman to garner an Academy Award); issues arising out of the long relationship between the camera and the gun historically, and today, as it has found its most deadly incarnation in the military drone, and, finally, the broader contours of official discourse as it is solidified (or not) within these films and the sub-genre as a whole.
US vs IS: The role of the visual image in enlisting and renewing support for armed groups in Iraq
Authors: Phillips Lawrie
Published: February 2017

This article claims that the visual image contributes to, reflects and supports the dominant discourse of two powerful armed groups that have operated in Iraq: the US military and the Islamic State. The article claims that in the current postmodern climate of mass media and Internet communications, the visual image – allied to oral communication – has transcended the power of the mere spoken or written word: as a result of its emotional impact. This article explores three crucial insights into the ideological power of the visual image – the framing or interpretation of responsibilities and violence in media production, the power of the image as spectatorship based on emotion and spectacle, and the sublime or transcendental nature of the visual image – concluding that Islamic State recruitment clips and news reports best capture the concept of the sublime, drowning the audience in mystery, horror and guilt.