bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation for Concentrations of Various Phytoestrogens and Agronomic Traits Among a Broad Range of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Cultivars and Accessions
Authors: Little Valerie , Reed Kevin , Smith Kevin
Published: May 2017

Agronomic characteristics and phytoestrogen concentrations were measured on 17 cultivars and 47 accessions of red clover (Trifolium pratense). These accessions included a range of currently recommended cultivars—from Australia and overseas—and germplasm accessed from genetic resource collections. All lines were grown in the field at Hamilton Vic in 2000 and 2001. Significant genetic variation was detected for key agronomic parameters such as growth habit, leaf shape and markings, leaf area, herbage yield, flowering time, and prolificacy. Significant variation in the concentration of the four main phytoestrogens was found; total isoflavone concentration ranged from 0.14–1.45% DM. Maximum concentrations of daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin were 0.06, 0.08, 0.86, and 0.91% DM respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the accessions grouped into 10 distinct clusters that had between 1 and 10 members. Several accessions were superior to existing cultivars—notably Mediterranean accessions with regard to cool season vigour—and valuable for breeding programs to develop high yielding cultivars with either high (for possible medicinal purposes) or low (for grazing) phytoestrogen concentrations.
HO-1 Induction in Cancer Progression: A Matter of Cell Adaptation
Authors: Nitti Mariapaola , Piras Sabrina , Marinari Umberto , Moretta Lorenzo , Pronzato Maria , Furfaro Anna
Published: May 2017

The upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is one of the most important mechanisms of cell adaptation to stress. Indeed, the redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 is the pivotal regulator of HO-1 induction. Through the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antinflammatory properties of its metabolic products, HO-1 plays a key role in healthy cells in maintaining redox homeostasis and in preventing carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence have highlighted the role of HO-1 in cancer progression and its expression correlates with tumor growth, aggressiveness, metastatic and angiogenetic potential, resistance to therapy, tumor escape, and poor prognosis, even though a tumor- and tissue-specific activity has been observed. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the pro-tumorigenic role of HO-1 dependent tumor progression as a promising target in anticancer strategy.
Vibration Control of a Power Transmission Tower with Pounding Tuned Mass Damper under Multi-Component Seismic Excitations
Authors: Tian Li , Rong Kunjie , Zhang Peng , Liu Yuping
Published: May 2017

In this paper, the two-dimensional vibration controls of a power transmission tower with a pounding tuned mass damper (PTMD) under multi-component seismic excitations are analyzed. A three-dimensional finite element model of a practical power transmission tower is established in ABAQUS (Dassasult Simulia Company, Providence, RI, USA). The TMD (tuned mass damper) and PTMD are simulated by the finite element method. The response of the transmission tower with TMD and PTMD are analyzed, respectively. To achieve optimal design, the influence of the mass ratio, ground motion intensity, gap, and incident angle of seismic ground motion are investigated, respectively. The results show that the PTMD is very effective in reducing the vibration of the transmission tower in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The reduction ratio increases with the increase of the mass ratio. The ground motion intensity and gap have no obvious influence on the reduction ratio. However, the incident angle has a significant influence on the reduction ratio.
Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Disulfides for Chemoresistive Gas Sensing: Perspective and Challenges
Authors: Kim Tae , Kim Yeon , Park Seo , Kim Soo , Jang Ho
Published: May 2017

Transition metal disulfides have been attracting significant attentions in recent years. There are extensive applications of transition metal disulfides, especially on gas sensing applications, due to their large specific surface-to-volume ratios, high sensitivity to adsorption of gas molecules and tunable surface functionality depending on the decoration species or functional groups. However, there are several drawbacks such as poor gas selectivity, sluggish recovery characteristics and difficulty in the fabrication of large-scale devices. Here, we provide a review of recent progress on the chemoresistive gas sensing properties of two-dimensional transition metal disulfides. This review also provides various methods to enhance the gas sensing performance of two-dimensional disulfides, such as surface functionalization, decoration receptor functions and developing nanostructures.
Determination of Supercooling Degree, Nucleation and Growth Rates, and Particle Size for Ice Slurry Crystallization in Vacuum
Authors: Liu Xi , Zhuang Kunyu , Lin Shi , Zhang Zheng , Li Xuelai
Published: May 2017

Understanding the crystallization behavior of ice slurry under vacuum condition is important to the wide application of the vacuum method. In this study, we first measured the supercooling degree of the initiation of ice slurry formation under different stirring rates, cooling rates and ethylene glycol concentrations. Results indicate that the supercooling crystallization pressure difference increases with increasing cooling rate, while it decreases with increasing ethylene glycol concentration. The stirring rate has little influence on supercooling crystallization pressure difference. Second, the crystallization kinetics of ice crystals was conducted through batch cooling crystallization experiments based on the population balance equation. The equations of nucleation rate and growth rate were established in terms of power law kinetic expressions. Meanwhile, the influences of suspension density, stirring rate and supercooling degree on the process of nucleation and growth were studied. Third, the morphology of ice crystals in ice slurry was obtained using a microscopic observation system. It is found that the effect of stirring rate on ice crystal size is very small and the addition of ethylene glycoleffectively inhibits the growth of ice crystals. The results in this paper can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the development of vacuum icemakers.
Study on the Characteristic Decomposition Components of DC SF6-Insulated Equipment under Positive DC Partial Discharge
Authors: Liu Min , Tang Ju , Liu Xin , Yao Qiang , Miao Yulong
Published: May 2017

Pulses with different amplitudes occur when an inner partial discharge fault exists in SF6-gas-insulated DC high-voltage electrical equipment. SF6 decomposes following complex physical and chemical processes. Discussing and quantifying the mathematical relationship of pulse discharge quantities to SF6 decomposition component characteristics is helpful to evaluate and predict the insulation fault severity and development trends in SF6-insulated DC equipment. Numerous simulation experiments on SF6 decomposition under positive DC partial discharge were performed on a needle-plane model. The DC partial discharge quantities of pulses are obtained, and decomposition characteristics based on the mechanism of SF6 decomposition are analyzed. Results show that generation, effective generation rate and concentration ratio c(SO2F2 + SOF4)/c(SOF2 + SO2) of components increase with partial discharge severity, and the first two act in the following order: SOF4 > SOF2 > SO2F2 > SO2 > CF4 when the discharge quantity level is higher than 238,957 pC. Finally, a coefficient matrix illustrates the mathematical effects of pulses with different discharge quantities on different SF6 decomposition components. The pulses whose discharge quantity is higher than 50 pC have obvious promotion effects on the formation of decomposition components, whereas the pulses whose discharge quantity lower than 50 pC decrease the positive promotion effects that large discharge pulses have on decomposition components. The higher the effective generation rates are, the greater the partial discharge severity is, and their change laws provide a new method to evaluate and predict insulation fault severity and development trends in DC SF6-insulated equipment with high reliability and detection stability.
Geography of Food Consumption Patterns between South and North China
Authors: Song Fangfang , Cho Mi
Published: May 2017

The geographical environment, food culture, and dietary habits are substantially different between the southern and northern regions in China. We investigated the associations with dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome between Chinese adult from the southern and northern regions (North: 1249; South: 1849) using data from the Chinese Health and Nutrition 2009 survey. Respectively, four dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis in each of the two regions. Using factor analysis, each dietary pattern of factor score was calculated for three groups by tertile (T1 < T2 < T3). In the northern region, the association between the Alcohol and Western pattern and the risk of abdominal obesity (OR: 1.31; 95%: 1.01, 1.68) (OR: Odds Ratio), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 1.35; 95%: 1.05, 1.74), high fasting blood glucose (OR: 1.37; 95%: 1.05, 1.80), and hypertension (OR: 1.55; 95%: 1.45, 1.99) was increased compared T1 to T3. In the southern region, the Convenience Food pattern was positively associated with hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 1.53; 95%: 1.03, 2.26), low high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (OR: 1.96; 95%: 1.12, 3.43), and metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.79; 95%: 1.03, 3.11). The Alcohol dietary pattern was positively associated with high fasting blood glucose (OR: 1.83, 95%: 1.13, 2.97). There are some dietary pattern differences in the two regions. It is necessary to consider the factors of food culture and food intake habits in order to provide nutrition education to Chinese individuals from different regions in the future.
Epidemiology of Drowning in Bangladesh: An Update
Authors: Rahman Aminur , Alonge Olakunle , Bhuiyan Al-Amin , Agrawal Priyanka , Salam Shumona , Talab Abu , Rahman Qazi , Hyder Adnan
Published: May 2017

Over one-quarter of deaths among 1–4 year-olds in Bangladesh were due to drowning in 2003, and the proportion increased to 42% in 2011. This study describes the current burden and risk factors for drowning across all demographics in rural Bangladesh. A household survey was carried out in 51 union parishads of rural Bangladesh between June and November 2013, covering 1.17 million individuals. Information on fatal and nonfatal drowning events was collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Fatal and non-fatal drowning rates were 15.8/100,000/year and 318.4/100,000/6 months, respectively, for all age groups. The highest rates of fatal (121.5/100,000/year) and non-fatal (3057.7/100,000/6 months) drowning were observed among children 1 to 4 years of age. These children had higher rates of fatal (13 times) and non-fatal drowning (16 times) compared with infants. Males had slightly higher rates of both fatal and non-fatal drowning. Individuals with no education had 3 times higher rates of non-fatal drowning compared with those with high school or higher education. Non-fatal drowning rates increased significantly with decrease in socio-economic status (SES) quintiles, from the highest to the lowest. Drowning is a major public health issue in Bangladesh, and is now a major threat to child survival.
Goblet Cells Contribute to Ocular Surface Immune Tolerance—Implications for Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Barbosa Flavia , Xiao Yangyan , Bian Fang , Coursey Terry , Ko Byung , Clevers Hans , De Paiva Cintia , Pflugfelder Stephen
Published: May 2017

Conjunctival goblet cell (GC) loss in dry eye is associated with ocular surface inflammation. This study investigated if conjunctival GCs contribute to ocular surface immune tolerance. Antigens applied to the ocular surface, imaged by confocal microscopy, passed into the conjunctival stroma through goblet cell associated passages (GAPs) in wild type C57BL/6 (WT), while ovalbumin (OVA) was retained in the epithelium of SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (Spdef) knockout mice (Spdef−/−) that lack GCs and are a novel model of dry eye. Stimulated GC degranulation increased antigen binding to GC mucins. Induction of tolerance to topically applied OVA measured by cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was observed in WT, but not Spdef−/−. OTII CD4+ T cells primed by dendritic cells (DCs) from the conjunctival draining lymph nodes of Spdef−/− had greater IFN-γ production and lower Foxp3 positivity than those primed by WT DCs. These findings indicate that conjunctival GCs contribute to ocular surface immune tolerance by modulating antigen distribution and antigen specific immune response. GC loss may contribute to the abrogation of ocular surface immune tolerance that is observed in dry eye.
Multi-Label Classification from Multiple Noisy Sources Using Topic Models
Authors: Padmanabhan Divya , Bhat Satyanath , Shevade Shirish , Narahari Y.
Published: May 2017

Multi-label classification is a well-known supervised machine learning setting where each instance is associated with multiple classes. Examples include annotation of images with multiple labels, assigning multiple tags for a web page, etc. Since several labels can be assigned to a single instance, one of the key challenges in this problem is to learn the correlations between the classes. Our first contribution assumes labels from a perfect source. Towards this, we propose a novel topic model (ML-PA-LDA). The distinguishing feature in our model is that classes that are present as well as the classes that are absent generate the latent topics and hence the words. Extensive experimentation on real world datasets reveals the superior performance of the proposed model. A natural source for procuring the training dataset is through mining user-generated content or directly through users in a crowdsourcing platform. In this more practical scenario of crowdsourcing, an additional challenge arises as the labels of the training instances are provided by noisy, heterogeneous crowd-workers with unknown qualities. With this motivation, we further augment our topic model to the scenario where the labels are provided by multiple noisy sources and refer to this model as ML-PA-LDA-MNS. With experiments on simulated noisy annotators, the proposed model learns the qualities of the annotators well, even with minimal training data.
Understanding the Possible Contamination of Ancient Starch Residues by Adjacent Sediments and Modern Plants in Northern China
Authors: Ma Zhikun , Zhang Chi , Li Quan , Perry Linda , Yang Xiaoyan
Published: May 2017

The potential contamination of ancient residues from both modern plant sources and sediments adjacent to archaeological contexts can complicate interpretation in the field of starch grain analysis, thus affecting the sustainable use of the method in archaeobotany. In this study, we examined two potential sources of contamination at a wheat field in Shandong Province and a maize field in Beijing, the Nanzhuangtou site in Hebei Province and the Zhuannian site in Beijing in Northern China. Surface soils from active farmland and its surrounds, as well as deposits from clearly-defined cultural layers, overlying layers, and underlayers at the archaeological sites were subjected to starch grain analysis. No starches were recovered from any of the 16 surface soil samples from fields of wheat and maize, or their environs. This outcome indicates that starches do not preserve well in active surface soils. Further results from the analysis of 33 samples from the two sites demonstrate that starches do not occur in either the overlying layers or underlayers of cultural deposits. Thus, starch grains extracted from the surface residues of artifacts were not deposited from adjacent sediments after the artifacts were abandoned or buried. Further, cultural sediments contained fewer starch grains than the surfaces of artifacts in the same horizon. Thus, if any starch grains on the surfaces of tools are the result of contamination, ancient cultural sediments are the primary source. In conclusion, we offer insights for the prevention of misinterpretation of extraneous residues and sustainable development for the use of starch grain analysis.
Nouvelle mise en perspective d’un corpus de peintures awadhi occidentalisantes
Authors: Thorez Eric-Selvam
Published: May 2017

１７６０ 〜 １７９５ 年 に か け て 、 ム ガ ル 帝 国 の 衰 退 に 乗 じ て 、 （ 北 イ ン ド の ） ア ワ ド

(Awadh) の 勢 力 は 大 き く 発 展 し 、 ム ガ ル の 貴 族 や ヨ ー ロ ッ パ の 軍 属 出 身 の 多 く の 実 業 家 を 引 き 寄 せ た 。 こ れ ら の エ リ ー ト 層 の 人 々 は 、 芸 術 の 愛 好 家 で 、 古 典 的 文 化 や 骨 董 品 を 好 み 、 多 様 な 影 響 を 受 け 継 い だ 華 や か で 複 雑 な 絵 画 様 式 の 開 花 を 促 し た 。 本 論 で は 、 西 欧 的 図 像 を 好 む ア マ チ ュ ア の パ ト ロ ン の た め に 、 こ の 時 期 の ア ワ ド 地 域 で 作 製 さ れ た と 思 わ れ る い く つ か の 絵 画 を 、 上 記 の 環 境 の 中 に 位 置 づ け て 考 察 し た 。 今 日 で は 、 こ の 一 連 の 作 品 は 、 さ ま ざ ま な コ レ ク シ ョ ン に 分 散 さ れ て お り 、 互 い の 関 連 を 指 摘 さ れ た こ と は な か っ た が 、 そ の テ ー マ と 様 式 か ら 見 て 、 一 つ の 統 一 的 な 作 品 群 を 構 成 し て お り 、 同 じ 時 期 に 、 特 定 の 場 所 で 製 作 さ れ た と 考 え る こ と が で き る 。 こ れ ら の 絵 画 は ま た 、 あ る 種 の 特 徴 的 な 色 彩 の 様 式 を 示 し て い る 。 主 要 な テ ー マ が 暗 い 背 景 の 中 に 鮮 や か な 色 彩 で 描 か れ て い る の で あ る 。 こ の 新 た な 位 置 づ け に よ っ て 、 わ れ わ れ は こ れ ら の 絵 画 を そ の モ デ ル と 比 較 す る こ と が で き 、 ま た 、 絵 師 た ち が モ デ ル の 図 像 的 要 素 に 対 し て ど の 程 度 の 自 由 を 持 っ て い た か に つ い て 、 ま た そ の 作 成 時 期 に つ い て 、 新 た な 推 測 を 試 み る こ と が で き る 。
Nonlinear Evolution of Short-wavelength Torsional Alfvén Waves
Authors: Shestov S. V. , Nakariakov V. M. , Ulyanov A. S. , Reva A. A. , Kuzin S. V.
Published: May 2017

We analyze nonlinear evolution of torsional Alfvén waves in a straight magnetic flux tube filled in with a low-β plasma, and surrounded with a plasma of lower density. Such magnetic tubes model, in particular, a segment of a coronal loop or a polar plume. The wavelength is taken comparable to the tube radius. We perform a numerical simulation of the wave propagation using ideal magnetohydrodynamics. We find that a torsional wave nonlinearly induces three kinds of compressive flows: the parallel flow at the Alfvén speed, which constitutes a bulk plasma motion along the magnetic field, the tube wave, and also transverse flows in the radial direction, associated with sausage fast magnetoacoustic modes. In addition, the nonlinear torsional wave steepens and its propagation speed increases. The latter effect leads to the progressive distortion of the torsional wave front, i.e., nonlinear phase mixing. Because of the intrinsic non-uniformity of the torsional wave amplitude across the tube radius, the nonlinear effects are more pronounced in regions with higher wave amplitudes. They are always absent at the axes of the flux tube. In the case of a linear radial profile of the wave amplitude, the nonlinear effects are localized in an annulus region near the tube boundary. Thus, the parallel compressive flows driven by torsional Alfvén waves in the solar and stellar coronae, are essentially non-uniform in the perpendicular direction. The presence of additional sinks for the wave energy reduces the efficiency of the nonlinear parallel cascade in torsional Alfvén waves.
Taxonomic revision of the South American genus Mulinum (Azorelloideae, Apiaceae)
Authors: Fernández Martina , Ezcurra Cecilia , Calviño Carolina I.
Published: May 2017

The genus Mulinum is endemic to southern South America and is ecologically important because of its dominance in the vegetation of the high Andes and the Patagonian steppe. We present a treatment in which 10 species and 3 new varieties are accepted. A diagnostic key to the species is included, and lists of synonyms, morphological descriptions, observations on the morphological affinities between species, review of the relevant literature, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided. We also analyze and resolve nomenclatural problems, and we provide a list of dubious names and excluded names. Six new synonyms are recognized, including the names M. axilliflorum and M. echinus. Mulinum famatinense is considered here a variety of M. triacanthum. The other two varieties recognized are M. spinosum var. hirsutum and M. spinosum var. zechii. The area of distribution for M. crassifolium, M. leptacanthum, M. spinosum, M. triacanthum, and M. ulicinum has been extended. In addition, 27 lectotypes and one neotype are designated.
Synopsis of Chionanthus (Oleaceae) from Colombia and neighboring countries, with description of a new species
Authors: Fernández-Alonso José Luis , Cogollo-Pacheco Álvaro
Published: May 2017

A synoptic review of Chionanthus species (Oleaceae) from Colombia and neighboring countries is presented, in which new information, taxonomic and chorological, is disclosed, and a new species, Ch. vargasii, from the Central Cordillera of Colombia. This species resembles Ch. abriaquiensis, but has coriaceous leaves, with shorter petioles and woolly domatia along the veins of the underside, and shorter inflorescences. Chionanthus guianensis and Ch. panamensis are cited for the first time in Colombia and the known distribution in Colombia of Ch. compactus, Ch. implicatus, and Ch. pubescens is extended. In addition, the reviewed material of Ch. avilensis, Ch. colonchensis, Ch. ligustrinus, and Ch. wudackii, all present in neighboring countries, is also commented. Finally, a key is included to facilitate the identification of the species of the north of South America.
Structure, biogenesis and nutricional dependence of Paxillus ammoniavirescens sclerotia (Boletales, Paxillaceae)
Authors: Fernández-Miranda Cagigal Elena , Casares Sánchez Abelardo
Published: May 2017

The objective of this work was to study the structure, composition, and biogenesis of Paxillus ammoniavirescens sclerotia, as well as their possible use as inoculum for birch mycorrhizae. By means of histochemical stains, a change of the composition and internal organization of these structures during their maturation was observed. The formation of sclerotia begins with a clustering of hyphae that gives rise to a structure with pseudoparenchyma in the central part; these immature sclerotia develop to form, at maturity, a pseudoparenchymatic outer cortex of 6 or 7 layers of hyphae around an inner medulla. The hyphae of mature sclerotia have a large number of protein bodies in contrast to scarce lipid accumulations. The formation of sclerotia is influenced by the characteristics of the culture medium and the temperature. The greatest number of sclerotia was obtained by reducing the concentration of the diammonium phosphate to 0.94 mM in the MMN medium, and maintaining the cultures at 8 °C for 2 weeks. Finally it was shown that the sclerotia of this species can be used directly as inoculum, both to generate mycelium in the culture media and to initiate mycorrhizae in birch plants in vitro.
Live Broadcast Classroom
Authors: Zhou Yuxia , Xiong Ying
Published: May 2017

Inequity between urban and rural education prevalently exists in China. A Lack of qualified teachers is the main reason for disadvantaged education in rural areas. In order to solve this problem, Live Broadcast Classroom was adopted for use in grade 5 English classes. 90 students and 3 teachers of 3 classes from two primary schools in Yunnan Province were selected as participants. As for methodology, quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Results showed it was feasible to use Live Broadcast Classroom in solving the inequity problem in micro-level education (i.e., classroom): the gap between students' scores and attitudes towards English between urban and rural classes was narrowed. Challenges still exist and some suggestions are put forward in the end.
Effectiveness of Student's Note-Taking Activities and Characteristics of Their Learning Performance in Two Types of Online Learning
Authors: Nakayama Minoru , Mutsuura Kouichi , Yamamoto Hiroh
Published: May 2017

Aspects of learning behavior during two types of university courses, a blended learning course and a fully online course, were examined using note taking activity. The contribution of student's characteristics and styles of learning to note taking activity and learning performance were analyzed, and the relationships between the two types of courses were compared using causal analysis techniques. In addition, lexical analysis of the contents of notes taken was introduced. Features of notes taken, such as the number of terms, the word ratios of student's notes and the degree of coverage of the lecturer's notes were compared. The results of the evaluation of the two types of learning styles were summarized by determining the relationships between student's characteristics and metrics of the contents of notes taken. The metrics were significantly different between the two learning styles. The contributions of students' characteristics to learning performance were also different. These results provide points to consider for the design and organization of the two types of learning.
Proximity-Based Good Turing Discounting and Kernel Functions for Pseudo-Relevance Feedback
Authors: Khennak Ilyes , Drias Habiba
Published: May 2017

During the last few years, it has become abundantly clear that the technological advances in information technology have led to the dramatic proliferation of information on the web and this, in turn, has led to the appearance of new words in the Internet. Due to the difficulty of reaching the meanings of these new terms, which play an essential role in retrieving the desired information, it becomes necessary to give more importance to the sites and topics where these new words appear, or rather, to give value to the words that occur frequently with them. For this purpose, in this paper, the authors propose a new robust correlation measure that assesses the relatedness of words for pseudo-relevance feedback. It is based on the co-occurrence and closeness of terms, and aims to select the appropriate words that best capture the user information need. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the OHSUMED test collection and the results show that the proposed approach achieves a considerable performance improvement over the baseline.
New Approach Based on Termite's Hill Building for Prediction of Successful Simulations in Climate Models
Authors: Rahmani Mohamed Elhadi , Amine Abdelmalek , Hamou Reda Mohamed
Published: May 2017

Quantitative analysis of the failures and crashes in simulation of climate models can yield useful insights to better understanding and improvement of the models results using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) class. In this paper, the authors propose a new technique inspired by termite's hill building behavior to analyze a series of simulation in climate models and predict which one was succeeded within the Parallel Ocean Program (POP2) component of the community Climate System Model (CCSM4). The authors' approach is a distance based approach used to predict the success of the values of 18 POP2 parameters. And in order to predict better results, they used for each experiment one of the studies as a training set and two as a test set, then they used two of the studies as a training set and one as a test set. Results of classification were very satisfactory (Accuracy > 0.87). This paper gives a very useful method to quantify, predict, and understand simulation success in climate models.
El rol de las mujeres en las maras: una aproximación a la violencia que sufren e infringen
Authors: Sampó Carolina
Published: May 2017

Las maras centroamericanas son fácilmente asociadas con jóvenes hombres tatuados perpetrando actos de violencia. Sin embargo, y a pesar de su falta de visibilización, existe un número creciente de mujeres dentro de las maras. El presente trabajo se propone analizar el papel de las mujeres en este tipo de organización, considerando el escenario de violencia estructural que afecta a los países del Triángulo Norte de América Central (Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras), así como la fuerza de la sociedad patriarcal que parece reproducirse al interior de cada organización. La metodología utilizada es cualitativa y se basa en fuentes primarias y secundarias. Los principales resultados obtenidos apuntan a que las mujeres tienen roles diferenciados y una importancia central en la reproducción de la estructura de la mara.
Albert Camus y las guerras: desde el testimonio al silencio
Authors: Castellani Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2017

Durante la época de la Resistencia al enemigo y ocupante alemán en 1944 y en los años de la posguerra, hasta 1947, Albert Camus escribió centenares de artículos en el diario Combat. Su compromiso en la lucha clandestina y en la gestión de la liberación es evidente. Su voluntad de afirmar principios morales corresponde con la mayor parte de los textos literarios que publicó. Para él hay que asociar lucha ideológica y ética. El análisis de sus colaboraciones periodísticas lo ilustra perfectamente. Camus adoptará una actitud semejante y distinta durante la guerra de Argelia: mantuvo en un primer momento una posición liberal, denunciando ciertas injusticias de la Colonización pero luego, durante el enfrentamiento militar entre Francia y los rebeldes argelinos, se refugió en un silencio dramático, a raíz del fracaso de su llamamiento para una tregua civil. Veremos que en ambas circunstancias históricas, Camus privilegió una actitud profundamente ética.
«Aquí estamos todos locos»: the Bell Jar de Sylvia Plath como novela política
Authors: De la Parra Fernández Laura
Published: May 2017

Sylvia Plath’s roman à clef The Bell Jar has largely been read as an autobiographical novel and as the key to understanding her suicide. The novel, however, presents an important political complexity—the contradictions Esther faces in post-WWII, 1950s American society, the unattainable and conflicting ideals of womanhood, and the political treason that betraying them implies, dealt with as madness. Esther Greenwood’s descent into madness is no more than the reflection of the sick, hypocritical society she lives in, and an attempt to escape from her obligations as an American woman. However, the institution of psychiatry was closely related to the politics of the time, and acted as a means of control over the population, especially women, through the use of treatments such as ECT and lobotomy. I would like to look at how Cold War politics, gender, and psychiatry interact in The Bell Jar in order to submit American society to the conformism and consumerism that dominated the 1950s.
Jorge Semprún y Primo Levi: escritura y memoria de los campos de concentración
Authors: Sánchez Zapatero Javier
Published: May 2017

El artículo se ocupa de las características formales, temáticas y pragmáticas de la literatura concentracionaria, utilizando como referencia obras testimoniales de dos supervivientes de los campos nazis (Jorge Semprún y Primo Levi). asimismo, analiza el valor memorístico y cognitivo de estos textos, nacidos con vocación de no dejar caer en el olvido los excesos cometidos en los campos ni el recuerdo de sus víctimas.
El delirio de la palabra: el retorno de la vida de Robert Antelme
Authors: Valle Morán Inés
Published: May 2017

En mayo de 1945, tras la liberación de Dachau, Robert Antelme, miembro de la resistencia francesa, comenzó su complejo proceso de vuelta a la vida. Dos años después, publicó su única obra, L’espèce humaine, el relato de su experiencia en el campo. Desde entonces, no volvió a hablar ni a escribir sobre su pasado, no concedió entrevistas, ni se ha publicado ninguna biografía suya. Este artículo considera el período inmediatamente posterior a su retorno en el que se vio asaltado por el «delirio de la palabra ». lo singular de este caso es que contamos con testimonios de familiares y amigos –Marguerite Duras y Dionys Mascolo, en especial– que nos permiten asomarnos a esta reconstrucción de la vida desde la perspectiva del otro. Considerar este período arroja una luz nueva para la comprensión de un texto clave de la literatura concentracionaria.
English Animation Dubbing Based Techniques and Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Nativelike Pronunciation Development
Authors: Karimzadeh Pooneh , Rezaei Ghahroudi Maryam
Published: May 2017

This research was an attempt to investigate the remarkable dubbing techniques that can improve communicative competence to achieve appropriate level of speaking abilities. The growth of technology increases the need for learning an international language. Because of this learners tend to improve their speaking abilities specifically the suprasegmental features that can shed light on the quality of their interaction and communication. Since EFL learners’ muscles need to be well developed to produce the new words of the target language, pronunciation becomes so difficult. The main focus of this study was the investigation of a great deal of variety in the dubbing techniques that lead to more rehearsal, high motivation, self-confident and more successful English speakers. In order to investigate the relationship between dubbing and improved suprasegmental features, 24 homogeneous intermediate 10-15 year old learners were chosen from 40 randomly by an oral test that was divided to  two sub groups, i.e,12 in experimental who received treatment and 12 in control group without that. Students took posttest orally and their performances were recorded and investigated. The result of data analysis indicated that dubbing based strategies have a significant influence on native like pronunciation development.
Iron Chelating Activity of Gossypitrin Isolated from the Petals of Talipariti elatum Sw. (Fryxell) Malvaceae
Authors: González José , Cuéllar Armando , Nossin Enmanuel , Monan Max
Published: May 2017

A Fe(III)-gossypitrin complex was prepared with a metal to ligand molar ratio of 1:1; 2:1 and 3:2 by mixing stoichiometric amounts of gossypitrin and FeCl3. The isolated complex was characterized by visual observation, UV/Vis, IR and ESI-MS spectroscopy. In this study, we selected the major flavonoid glycoside present in the petals of the flowers of Talipariti elatum Sw. (Fryxell) Malvaceae that grows in Cuba, gossypitrin, to characterize the chelating activity of it chemical compound with FeCl3, to find alternative sources with lower side effects in asthmatic patients. A high chelating activity can be observed as a good source of new agents for asthmatic patients.
Past Scents
Authors: Reinarz Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This book offers a historiography of smell from ancient to modern times. Synthesizing existing scholarship in the field, it shows how people have relied on their olfactory sense to understand and engage with both their immediate environments and wider corporal and spiritual worlds. This broad survey demonstrates how each community or commodity possesses, or has been thought to possess, its own peculiar scent. Through the meanings associated with smells, osmologies develop—what cultural anthropologists have termed the systems that utilize smells to classify people and objects in ways that define their relations to each other and their relative values within a particular culture. European Christians, for instance, relied on their noses to differentiate Christians from heathens, whites from people of color, women from men, virgins from harlots, artisans from aristocracy, and pollution from perfume. This reliance on smell was not limited to the global North. Around the world, the book shows, people used scents to signify individual and group identity in a morally constructed universe where the good smelled pleasant and their opposites reeked. The book is a useful and entertaining look at the history of one of our most important but least-understood senses.
Robert Ashley
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This book explores the life and works of Robert Ashley, one of the leading American composers of the post-Cage generation. Ashley's innovations began in the 1960s when he, along with Alvin Lucier, Gordon Mumma, and David Behrman, formed the Sonic Arts Union, a group that turned conceptualism toward electronics. He was also instrumental in the influential ONCE Group, a theatrical ensemble that toured extensively in the 1960s. During his tenure as its director, the ONCE Festival in Ann Arbor presented most of the decade's pioneers of the performing arts. Particularly known for his development of television operas beginning with Perfect Lives, Ashley spun a long series of similar text/music works, sometimes termed “performance novels.” These massive pieces have been compared with Wagner's Ring Cycle for the vastness of their vision, though the materials are completely different, often incorporating noise backgrounds, vernacular music, and highly structured, even serialized, musical configurations. Drawing on extensive research into Ashley's early years in Ann Arbor and interviews with Ashley and his collaborators, this book chronicles the life and work of this musical innovator and provides an overview of the avant-garde milieu of the 1960s and 1970s to which he was so central. The book examines all nine of Ashley's major operas to date in detail, along with many minor works, revealing the fanatical structures that underlie Ashley's music as well as private references hidden in his opera librettos.
I’m Not the Same Person That I Used to Be
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This chapter is an in-depth analysis of Perfect Lives, which, for many listeners, remains Ashley's best-known and most emblematic work. It begins with a brief general introduction into the plots and score of Ashley's operas, before setting forth an episode-by-episode breakdown of Perfect Lives: “The Park (Privacy Rules),” “The Supermarket (Famous People),” “The Bank (Victimless Crime),” “The Bar (Differences),” “The Living Room (The Solutions),” “The Church (After the Fact),” and “The Backyard (T' Be Continued).” The chapter also discusses the spin-off piece, Music Word Fire and I Would Do It Again (Coo Coo), released in 1981 and featured in a one-episode pilot for the video of Perfect Lives.
If You Have to Ask You Can’t Afford One
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Now Eleanor's Idea (1985–94). The five-and-a-half-hour tetralogy represents the conclusion of the American adventure, of Ashley's “history of our consciousness as Americans.” Now Eleanor's Idea, with its four symmetrical parts, embodies the great coming together in the Los Angeles of the future, with fragmented identities that need to be reconstituted. The tetralogy could be called Ashley's magnum opus, a mammoth continuum. Its operas—Improvement: Don Leaves Linda, eL/Aficionado, Foreign Experiences, and (the “title opera”) Now Eleanor's Idea—are clearly differentiated by style and density, and the chapter elaborates on each of these in turn. The chapter also introduces two more members of Ashley's ensemble: singer Joan La Barbara and recording engineer Tom Hamilton.
Interviews with Lars von Trier
Authors: Badley Linda
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents excerpts from two interviews conducted by the author. The first took place on September 19, 2006, two days before the premiere of Lars von Trier's The Boss of It All at the Copenhagen International Film Festival. The second took place on October 3, 2007, which followed up the discussion of The Boss of It All begun in the first interview. Topics covered in these interviews include Trier's interest in Japanese horror movies; how he feels about opening The Boss of It All at the Copenhagen International Film Festival; his sources of inspiration; some of the jokes about Denmark, Iceland that Americans might not get, given that The Boss of It All is one of his most Danish films; and differences between European and American capitalism.
The Problems—and Promise—of Unnamed Sources
Authors: Carlson Matt
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter elaborates on this study's premise and provides a brief overview of the use of unnamed sources in American journalism. It demonstrates how anonymity alters the underlying relationship among news sources, journalists, and audiences. In contrast to conventional attribution, the absence of a source's identity leads to unique risks and rewards that prove difficult to disentangle. Both arise from the bargain struck when a journalist grants anonymity: the identity of the source is withheld to obtain and distribute otherwise unattainable information. This loss of transparency exposes journalists who rely on unnamed sources to challenges over the accuracy of the information provided and the intentions of all those involved. What emerges is a set of extremes as unnamed sources contribute to journalism's greatest triumphs and its most shameful episodes.
Media Culpas: Prewar Reporting Mistakes at the New York Times and Washington Post
Authors: Carlson Matt
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how two newspapers used unnamed sources in reports leading up to the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. When Iraq's weapons of mass destruction failed to materialize, critics on the left and from within journalism chastised the New York Times and Washington Post for overly credulous, unnamed source-laden investigative reporting appearing on their front pages in the buildup to the war. The newspapers responded by revisiting their unnamed sourcing practices, but not until more than a year after the invasion. These self-assessments generated attention around two problems negatively impacting prewar coverage: the calculated press management strategies of the Bush administration, and the willingness of the competing newspapers to reproduce official statements anonymously. The complex problems marking the journalist-unnamed source exchange come to light through these efforts to attach blame both to the sources and the journalists.
An Interview with François Ozon
Authors: Schilt Thibaut
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a interview with François Ozon that took place on October 6, 2009. Topics covered include whether his latest film, Le refuge [Hideaway, 2009], was the third part of a “trilogy on mourning” of which Sous le sable and Le temps qui reste were the first two installments; the recurrent themes of mourning, death, and parent–child relations in his films; his screenwriting collaborations; his lack of regret for any of the films he made during his career; his documentary film Jospin s'éclaire; whether he believes that there is a link between someone's identity and the films that he or she directs; and his next project, Potiche, an adaptation of a play by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Grédy.
Steven Soderbergh
Authors: Baker Aaron
Published: May 2017

Steven Soderbergh's feature films present a diverse range of subject matter and formal styles: from the self-absorption of his breakthrough hit Sex, Lies, and Videotape to populist social problem films such as Erin Brockovich, and from the modernist discontinuity of Full Frontal and filmed performance art of Gray's Anatomy to a glossy, star-studded action blockbuster such as Ocean's Eleven. Arguing that Soderbergh practices an eclectic type of moviemaking indebted both to the European art cinema and the Hollywood genre film, this book charts the common thematic and formal patterns present across Soderbergh's oeuvre. Almost every movie centers on an alienated main character, and he represents the unconventional thinking of his outsider protagonists through a discontinuous editing style. Including detailed analyses of major films as well as two interviews with the director, this volume illustrates Soderbergh's hybrid flexibility in bringing an independent aesthetic to wide audiences.
Collective Violence in the British Atlantic
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a brief survey of collective violence across the early modern Anglo-American world. It illustrates how the legal and cultural antecedents of American lynching were carried across the Atlantic by migrants from the British Isles to colonial North America. Collective violence was a familiar aspect of the early modern Anglo-American legal landscape. Group violence in the British Atlantic was usually nonlethal in intention and consequence but it occasionally shaded, particularly in the seventeenth century in the context of political turmoil in England and unsettled social and political conditions in the American colonies, into rebellions and riots that took multiple lives. In the years before and after the Declaration of Independence in 1776, Americans transformed older British notions and practices of crowd action and imbued them with new meanings amid the egalitarian and reformist implications of the Revolution and the early American Republic.
Racial and Class Frontiers
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts the emergence of racially motivated lynching in the antebellum United States. During the antebellum era, practices of collective murder took root on the cotton and resource extraction frontiers as white planters, farmers, and miners stepped outside of formal law to execute slaves, free blacks, Indians, and Mexicans who challenged white authority with acts of resistance or criminality. The chapter documents how southern planters created legal institutions that protected the master class's interest in slave property, but also how antebellum southern whites resorted to the lynching of slaves through burning or hanging at times when the master's property interest was effectively nullified by a slave's murder of a member of the master class, or when portions of the white community rejected the criminal justice system's ability to enforce racial control.
Introduction
Authors: Steinberg Ellen F. , Prost Jack H.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book explores the state, shape, change, and evolution of Midwestern Jewish cuisine through time. It tracks geographically based culinary recipes and changes made to them through time by presenting and analyzing ones from Midwestern Jewish sources, both kosher and non-kosher. It documents the availability of fruits, vegetables, and other comestibles throughout the Midwest that impacted how and what Jews cooked; and considers the effect of improved preservation and transportation on rural and urban Jewish foodways. Then, it examines the impact on Jewish foodways—the cultural, social, and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food—of large-scale immigration, relocation, and Americanization efforts during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, paying special attention to the attempts of social and culinary reformers to modify traditional Jewish food preparation and ingredients.
The Struggle for Control over Black Politics and Protest
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

The 1920s witnessed a dual black presence beyond tokenism in the chambers of the Chicago City Council as well as possessing the nation's sole black voice in the U.S. Congress. Further, the Illinois Senate, the Illinois Commerce Commission, the Cook County Municipal Court, and the Chicago Library Board accommodated a new African American membership. Among white racists, Chicago's City Hall even derisively carried the label of being “Uncle Tom's Cabin” because of extensive black employment and a small black decision-making capability. This chapter explores this occurrence. Focusing on economically regenerative politics and robust economics as integral features of the bedrock foundation for the heralded Black Metropolis, the chapter also explores the nexus of politics and nonpolitical economic protest, along with this pivotal relationship to the economic fabric of black Chicago in business, labor, associational linkages, the professions, and the underground economy.