bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Olive Mill Effluents and Treatments Essays by Sand Filters Followed by Macrophytes Systems
Authors: Mandi Laila , Achak Mounia , Ouazzani Naaila
Published: October 2017

Industrial oil olives have a fundamental economic importance for many countries around the Mediterranean Sea. However, during oil olive production, large amount of polluted waters known as olive mill wastewaters (OMW) are generated. Many studies have been undertaken to find efficient treatment systems and several techniques have been tested, but there have been few studies investigating sand filter or macrophytic plants for this type of effluent. The objective of this work is to study of the suitability of macrophytic plants to treat olive mill wastewater (OMW) after their passage through sand filter. The experimental pilot consists of a sand filter followed by a planted system. The sand filter is filled with 50 cm of sand and 10 cm of gravel in the top and the bottom of the filter. The alimentation (4 cm/j) is done sequentially following one day wet /three days dry cycle. In order to activate the degradation processes in the sand filter, OMW are diluted at 50% by domestic wastewater. The second step of the treatment consists of a tank (1x1x1 m3) filled with 20 cm of gravel and 60 cm of soil planted with a mixture of aquatic plants (Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Arundo donax) at a density of 25 young plants/m2 and irrigated two times in the week by 20L of preliminary filtered OMW. The obtained results show that the sand filter ensures a neutralization of the OMW pH which passes from 4.79 to 7.68. The enrichment of sand by the micro-organisms makes it possible to have an important mineralization of the organic matter. After ten weeks of operation of this system without clogging sign, the rate of abatement of the TSS, total COD, dissolved COD and phenolic compounds is about 70%, 79%, 76% and 81% respectively. The preliminary outputs by the planted system show a good adaptation of the tested plants to the preliminary treated OMW. The pilot allows an elimination of 94% of TSS, 99.7% of total COD, 99.5% of dissolved COD and 95% of phenolic compounds. With regard to OMW treatment efficiency, the results obtained agree with important role of macrophytes for maintaining the aquatic plants treatment capability particularly for wastewater with high organic matter.
An Approach to the Integrated Solution of the Problem of Storm and Snow-Melt Run-Off Treatment in Urban Areas of Ukraine
Authors: Spirin Oleksandr I. , Ishchenko Andriy V. , Okhrimenko Daria S.
Published: October 2017

Collecting and treatment of storm and snow-melt run-off from urban areas and industrial agglomerates have been being a topical issue. Despite some climatic variations the problems are still the same: stormwater discharge is not under control, shifts in river hydrology, chemistry and biology, river pollution etc. In order to solve these problems one should enable integrated and multidisciplinary approaches taking into account environmental and ecological technologies along with architectural and land planning solutions, and demands concerning sustainable development of urban areas. To meet the requirements of these approaches and satisfy these demands it is necessary to reach minimal pollutant loading and ensure river hydrology, chemistry and biotic components much closer to natural regime. Taking this in mind it is suggested to apply specially developed systems of collecting ponds and constructed wetlands in floodplains and ox-bow lakes of urban rivers as well as intermittent watercourses like gullies and ravines. The mentioned measures will permit to strengthen structural (axial) and environmental roles of rivers in urban areas. Within urban areas these territories can and must be used for recreation, then as green bridges among developed sites providing the following important environmental functions like efficient natural purification, bio-passages (eco-corridors) in ecological network, and habitats for local flora and fauna. It is assumed that all said above could be a decisive step towards some changes in existing approaches and prevalent principles in land planning, land use, urban development and understanding the role of rivers in contemporary urban and industrial areas, more ecological compatibility taking into account more holistic landscape vision with a glance to greater sustainability.
The Research of the Suitability of Hydrostatic Water Level Sensor to Measure Storm Water Runoff Flow Rate with the Focus on the Influence of Sediments
Authors: Karlavičienė Vilmantė , Zaborovskis Raimondas , Vinciūnas Vaidas , Rimeika Mindaugas
Published: October 2017

Since most of the contaminants in surface waters fall with storm water runoff, it is very important to correctly describe the content of pollutants discharging with them (kilograms or tons) for a given unit of time (hour, shift, day, month or year). Measurements are complicated by the fact that the flow rate and pollutant concentration is very variable over time. The aim of the research was to determine the grain size of sweepings accumulated on the surfaces of the researched territory and to investigate the impact of storm water runoff sediments on the accuracy of measurements of water level height using the hydrostatic water level sensor. For the experiment four typical Vilnius city streets, two storm water runoff treatment plants and also the streets sweeping machine was chosen. Storm water runoff in urban areas has an abundance of sediment, therefore, studying the hydrostatic water level sensor DI 240 Diver suitability to determine storm water runoff flow rate, for the experimental studies the impact of sludge and sand for measuring accuracy was chosen. Particles with diameters ranging from 0.315 to 0.630 mm consisting the maximum weight (the average value of 24 g per 100 g of the sample) of street sweepings. Storm water runoff treatment plants sediments are approximately 60% of the smallest particles with a size of less than 0.05 mm. Particles of less than 0.25 mm consisting about 80% of sediment. During laboratory and full scale tests it was determined, that there is no significant affect of sediments on the accuracy of the hydrostatic water level sensor measurements. The average square error (standard deviation) was 0.567 cm when the measurement uncertainty was 0.0021 cm.
Water Quality Index (WQI) of River Tapti-Surat, Gujarat, India
Authors: Desai Jigna Desai , Tank S.K.
Published: October 2017

Water quality monitoring is an important aspect of water management concerning to the pollution control. Present communication deals with study of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature , total dissolved solids (TDS),total suspended solids (TSS), total alkalinity (TA), , total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl), fluoride (F), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphate (SO4), nitrate(NO3), nitrite (NO2), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals like chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) of water samples from five sampling sites of River Tapti, Surat, Gujarat state, India. The water samples were collected at regular interval of 30 days for two consecutive years 2008-2009. The experimental values of water samples were compared with standard values given by World Health Organization (WHO). Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated to know the overall quality of water samples by using Water Rating System adapted by Canadian Council for Minister of the Environment (CCME-WQI). The data were analyzed statistically to identify those parameters which are responsible for variation in Water Quality Index (WQI). To identify those parameters we have done correlation analysis, testing of hypothesis, factor analysis and regression Analysis by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). The results show that the quality of water is poor and not good for drinking or irrigation purpose. The variance was found significant at 1% level of significance in case of and turbidity, BOD, Cr and Pb. It was found significant at 5% level in case of COD.
Ways of Arising of Public Awareness and Educational Level in Solid Waste Management Sphere of St. Petersburg
Authors: Lyubarskaya Maria
Published: October 2017

Whereas solid waste products influence deterioration of the environment and reduce quality of human life, intensification of activity on creation the effective solid waste management (SWM) system is necessary. In the usual conditions of management there is a necessity of application of the integrated approach allowing comprehensively to evaluate usual situation in the sphere of SWM and to find the most rational solutions. It demands significant improvement of the system of education, training and improvement of professional skill of technicians and managers for the given sphere. Use of experience of the Nordic countries in the field of scientific and practical researches on the given problem and in the organization of education and training specialists, will assist to the achievement of the object and solving the connected problems.

For Elaborating of Educational course on Solid Waste Management for students of Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics the following methods was used:- Revealing of problems in the SWM sphere in St Petersburg – organizational, legislative, technical, technological, psychological, informational, educational and environmental;- Studying of the experience of the organizational charts for the SWM in big and small citiesof adjacent Nordic countries, realization of the SWOT-analysis and benchmarking ofoperating of these systems;- Development of measures on improving organizational, economic and legal principles of SWM, on stimulation of innovation activity for attraction modern engineering andtechnologies, and also on radical improvement of education and training for improving professional skill of personnel for this sector of economy.
Food Supply Chains' Sustainable Performance in the Case of Replacing Disposable Transportation Boxes with the Recyclable Boxes
Authors: Vuorenmaa Hanne , Ojala Elina
Published: October 2017

Paper introduces theories about sustainable supply chain management and a case study which illustrates the way to include environmental and social issues as a part of the strategic supply chain decision making. This paper describes the quantitative changes which case food supply chain’s sustainable performance meets when disposable transportation boxes will be replaced with recyclable boxes. In case study the economic and environmental success of the proposed transportation box change depends most on how well the box recycling and cleaning is possible to fit to the supply chain infrastructure.
What is Required for the Viability of Metal Recovery from Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration Fly Ash?
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Carlsson Patrik , Åberg Daniel , Karlfeldt Fedje Karin , Krook Joakim , Steenari Britt-Marie
Published: October 2017

The incineration of municipal solid waste produces large amounts of fly ashes, today in Sweden around 200 000 tons/yr. The ashes normally contain a considerable amount of valuable and hazardous metals. To fulfil the environmental regulations, most of these fly ashes can be deposited only in specific sites. This handling costs, requires energy and leads to emissions in the transportation to the deposit site. This work, taking departure in laboratory experiments for crucial steps, discusses possible chemical processing schemes and from this develops an overall design of a plant for the extraction and production of copper from the fly ash generated in a fluidized bed waste incineration plant. It also addresses the economic viability and environmental impact of the suggested processing in comparison to current handling, which involves transport to and disposal of the fly ash in Norway. The proposed process involves a leaching step, a solvent extraction process, a stripping step where the copper is transferred to an aqueous phase and finally electrolysis. By quantitative modelling and cost estimates of the processing steps of the proposed plant we identify the most important factors for the economics and environmental impact of the plant. In addition, we quantify the necessary recycling rates of the different process chemicals for achieving profitability. We conclude that a crucial factor is the recycling rate of the used organic solvent. Important parameters are also the handling costs and transportation needs of the rest products. For instance, a major benefit of the process is if treated fly ash can be reclassified such that it is allowed to be disposed into the own close-up hazardous waste landfill thus lowering the costs and environmental impacts. An extension of the process to include also the extraction of metals other than copper, for instance zinc, should be an interesting further development to consider.
Analysis of Waste Sorting Population in Latvia by Using System Dynamics Modeling
Authors: Dace Elina , Berzina Alise , Bazbauers Gatis
Published: October 2017

Municipal waste can be sorted by using recycling waste container system, deposit system or other mechanisms. Three basic kinds of municipal waste – plastic, glass and paper/cardboard are collected in Latvia by using waste container system. The major part of it is utilized packaging – PET and glass bottles, cardboard boxes etc. It is necessary to ensure sorted material collection to provide recycling; however, the extent of sorting mostly depends on the willingness and possibilities of population to sort the waste. Therefore, willingness of population and possibilities of waste sorting, as well as the preconditions, which need to be fulfilled for motivating the non-sorting population to start sorting, are analyzed in the paper by using system dynamics modeling. System dynamics is a modeling methodology, which permits an analyst to represent graphically and mathematically the interactions governing the dynamic behavior of complex socio-economic systems. The purpose of a system dynamics intervention is to identify, how structure and decision policies generate system behavior identified as problematic, so that structural and policy oriented solutions can be identified and implemented. In this paper, system dynamics modeling is used to understand and reflect the existing situation of packaging waste sorting and its motivating factors in order to develop the projections till year 2030 under conditions of the existing policies, i.e. the reference system. Then, economical and political instruments, which make improvements comparing to the reference system and solve the problem related to low sorting efficiency of population in Latvia, are studied by using the model.
Biogas Purification, Compression and Storage
Authors: Lohani Sunil Prasad , Pandey Suraj , Baral Bivek
Published: October 2017

Municipal solid waste in the Kathmandu Valley and emerging cities has been a burden for the government of Nepal for over a decade. Nepal, these days, is notorious in illegal dumping of solid waste on riverbanks and crossroads at urban cities creating a serious environmental and´ public health problem besides destroying the city’s beauty and hindering cultural and religious activities. Time and again, conflict of poorly managed landfill sites have arisen which led to halt of solid waste collection in Kathmandu valley for several days in a place where daily solid waste generation is about 500 tones of which 69 percent is of organic materials and 24 percent recyclable materials (plastics, paper, metal, glass). In order to solve the solid waste management problem in urban cities, the country failed to introduce any reliable and sustainable technology. However, among several waste management technologies available, biogas production may prove to be viable and sustainable waste to energy conversion technology. But biogas can supply energy only near to the plant, which limits its wide spread application and, therefore, bottling of biogas is a must to supply it in and around the cities and villages. In this paper we evaluate the model used in bio-based energy laboratory, Kathmandu University to upgrade and bottle biogas in a cylinder. It is found that the biogas purification, compression and storage system of Kathmandu University has net energy output 180 kWhth per cycle.
Utilization of the Exhaust Gas of a Gas Pipeline Compression Station to Generate Electricity
Authors: Amirabedin Ehsan , Yilmazoglu M. Zeki , Durmaz Ali
Published: October 2017

In this study, an application of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in a natural gas compression station in Erzincan region is presented. Natural gas compression station (NGCS) uses a gas turbine to pressurize the natural gas for transportation. Waste heat of gas turbine can be utilized by an ORC which uses n-pentane as working fluid to generate electricity. A costs/advantages analysis of the implementation is performed. According to designing factors, the pressure of the natural gas at the inlet and outlet of the NGCS are 48 bar and 73 barrespectively. Mass flow rate and temperature of the exhaust gas from the GT are 26.65 kg/s and 460°C respectively and it shows that a significant amount of heat is rejected to the ambient. By applying an ORC to the NGCS, the results show that; total gross power via organic turbine, annual energy savings and annual cost savings are 1,385 kW, 11,057,535 kWhr and 1,327,000 $ respectively. Furthermore the payback time is calculated 3.77 years. Generally in this study, by utilizing an ORC in a NGCS, it has been tried to reduce the transportation cost and environmental impact of NG transportation.
Case Study: Regional Supply of Fuel to Cement Industry – Evalutaion of a Regional Waste Treatment
Authors: Mellbo Peter
Published: October 2017

In 2005, 49 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) were incinerated in conventional incineration plants (CWI-plants) in Europe. There are, however, alternatives to treating solid waste in CWI-plants. By treating the solid waste in a mechanical-biological treatment plant (MBT-plant) or in a mechanical treatment plant (MT-plant) the solid waste can be sorted into fractions of combustible matter, inert matter and metals. The sorted combustible matter (refuse-derived fuel, RDF) can be used for co-incineration in e.g. cement kilns. This study comprises an environmental economic evaluation of treatment of solid waste in a CWI-plant or treatment in a MBT-plant or a MT-plant, followed by incineration of produced RDF at a regional cement industry. The evaluation was made with an evaluation method, in which criteria were quantified or valuated. The aim of this study was to identify the economic and environmental effects of a regional treatment of solid waste. The study shows that a treatment of solid waste in a MT-plant is the best scenario from an environmental economical point of view, while a treatment and incineration in a CWI-plant is the worst scenario. The study clearly shows that KSRR and the environment has a lot to gain if the treatment of solid waste in the future is changed from treatment and incineration in a CWI-plant to a treatment in a MT-plant, where produced RDF is incinerated at the regional cement industry. It also shows that treatment in a MBT-plant or a MT-plant follows the waste hierarchy to a better extent, compared to treatment and incineration in a CWI-plant.
Experimental Study of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfills and Nonauthorized Waste Damps Impact on the Environment
Authors: Tarbaeva Veronica , Delarov Dmitry
Published: October 2017

A purpose was an analysis of waste disposal sites existing in the Leningrad region and a choice of facilities potentially suitable for the removal and utilization of greenhouse- and other gases. In order to achieve the purpose in view, data were collected on the arrangement of non-authorized landfills and waste dumps within the Leningrad region. The preliminary visual evaluation and instrumental monitoring were carried out for 10 facilities. The evaluation of greenhouse- and other gas emissions into the atmosphere as well as of ground water pollution near places of waste disposal was performed. A databank was created for waste disposal sites where it could be possible to organize the work on removing and utilizing of greenhouse gas.

The conducted examination stated that landfills exert negative influence on the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere and impurities penetrating underground and surface water. A volume of greenhouse gas emissions calculated in units of СО2 – equivalent from different projects fluctuates from 63.8 to 8091.4 t in units of СО2 – equivalent. Maximum summarized emissions of greenhouse gases in units of СО2 – equivalent were stated for MSW landfills of the towns of Kirishi, Novaya Ladoga and Slantsy, as well as for MSW landfills near Lepsari residential settlement and the town of Vyborg.
Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate by Chemical and Biological Treatment: Process Comparison
Authors: Butkovskyi Andrii , Jönsson Karin
Published: October 2017

The efficiency of nitrogen removal from leachate by different chemical and biological methods was explored. The leachate was derived from Filborna landfill (NSR AB, Helsingborg, Sweden) and was characterized as an old leachate with pH = 8.0 and comparatively low concentrations of nitrogen and organic compounds (ca. 150 mg/l NH4-N and 500 mg/l COD). Three treatment processes were tested in lab-scale experiments; combined nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing-batch reactor (SBR), one-reactor nitritation-anammox process in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in sequencing-batch configuration and nitrogen precipitation in the form of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (MAP). State-of-the-art of these processes is described.

The conventional combined nitrification/denitrification process allowed 99% removal of inorganic nitrogen with 23 mg NH4-N/(l·h) being the highest nitrification rate achieved. Aeration during nitrification step and addition of carbon source according to the stoichiometric ratio for denitrification was required, accounting for the operational costs. The nitritation-anammox process also allowed 99% removal of inorganic nitrogen with 3.7 g NH4- N/(m2·d) being the highest process rate achieved while running the reactor at 25°C and pH 8.0. The process is advantageous in comparison with the conventional biological removal process, as oxygen consumption is lower and addition of carbon source is not required. With MAP precipitation at the optimal Mg:N:P ratio (1.2:1:1) only 78% removal of inorganic nitrogen was achieved. The precipitation process led to a significant increase of phosphorous concentrations in the effluent, while external magnesium and phosphorous sources to be added resulted in high process costs. Detailed descriptions of the processes and obtainedresults are given in the article.

Comparing the three processes, conclusions are drawn that it is possible to achieve effluent nitrogen requirements (15 mg N/l) by treatment of leachate with both tested biological processes, but not with MAP precipitation. One-reactor nitritation-anammox would require the lowest operational costs, while MAP precipitation – the highest.
Importance of End-of-Life Cost for a Product Life Cycle in the Choice Between Copper and Aluminium
Authors: Carlsson Bo
Published: October 2017

A total cost accounting approach was used to analyse the suitability of copper and aluminium as winding material for transformers, using available data from the Ecoinvent database. It could be concluded that the use of recycled metal is a necessary requisite for sustainability. Using cost data for energy and materials and reasonable assumptions about costs for labour and interest for the metal supplier and the product manufacturer, the copper alternative turns out to be the better choice, especially when the expected increase in the prices of energy,copper, and aluminium during life cycle is taken into account. When considering environmental cost, useful indicators are those that can be expressed in cost terms. With the Ecoindicator 99 indicator as the basis for estimating environmental cost, the aluminium alternative is better than the copper alternative. However, the contribution of the environmental cost to the total cost has minor importance when compared with the effect you get from the negative cost contribution from the end-of-life phase. Therefore, the copper alternative is the better choice in terms of least total cost in the application considered.

From the study it could also be concluded that the total cost accounting approach would be a valuable design tool, when comparing two design alternatives of a product functional unit to decide which of the two is the more favourable from a sustainability point of view.
The Impact of Efficient Management Mechanism of the Energy Supply on Environment
Authors: Chekalin Vadim
Published: October 2017

An economic growth of the country strongly depends on the terms and level of development of key economic sectors, including energy supply. The centralized heat supply plays considerable role at energy sector of Russian economics. Privatization and economic liberalization in the Russian Federation have generated relations between the economic subjects which differ a lot from Soviet Union system. However, the centralized heat supply system means of heat tariffs formation were inherited from Soviet Union and they still apply practically without changes.

It is necessary to pay attention also to an ecological component of this problem. Nowadays, if we want to preserve environment for the future and eliminate negative consequences, we should spend much more financial and technological resources. The result of negative impact of applying out-of-date energy technologies characterized by low efficiency can be enhancement of environmental contamination: water, air, soil.

Working out of theoretical, practical and organizational and economic principles for formation of the state tools management in a centralized heat supply sphere, enhancement of efficiency at the present stage must be the subjects of research works. The complex solution of problems of the market organizational and economic management mechanism is complicated because of lack of methodological, methodical information for authority at all hierarchical levels. Therefore working out in this very important sector should become one ofpriority tasks.
Mitigating Climate Change Through Energy Efficient Practices in High Altitutes of Nepal
Authors: Bhochhibhoya Silu , Maskey Ramesh Kumar , Khanal Sanjaya Nath
Published: October 2017

Climate change is a global scale crisis with drastic effects on higher altitudes. Ice melting and its corresponding impacts on mountain ecosystems are just some of the most directly visible signals of global warming. Increased rate of energy consumption, emissions along with ever growing tourist inflow in such areas has a high impact on this phenomenon. Particulate matter, Carbon Dioxide and Methane are some of the chief emissions in such areas with negative impact on the environment. Since burning of fossil fuels is one of the main root causes of cclimate change, its risk mitigation and adaptation depends greatly on energy conservation and the use of renewable energy technologies. Well insulated energy – efficient building construction method and the increased use of renewable energy sources could be the key solution. Reduction of dung-cakes and kerosene for space heating would decrease the greenhouse gas emissions as well as black carbons and particulate matters and improves the indoor living conditions. Energy efficient technologies including the building of traditional Sherpa houses could be the best practice to reduce the impact of climate change in high altitudes. This paper is primarily concerned with testing the thermal properties of insulating tiles made of locally available materials as well as to establish a correlation between energy consumption patterns in different building types with respective CO2 emissions.Subsequently, the positive attributes of such energy conserving design in relation to climate change adaptation is ascertained.
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in the Nepalese Himalayas
Authors: Kayastha Rijan Bhakta
Published: October 2017

The ongoing climatic changes and changes those are projected to occur in the near future are likely to have impacts on different sectors of Nepal. Impacts on water resources are likely to be more severe. Water resource sector ranks significantly higher than other sector because this sector is directly related to rising temperatures resulting in change in cryosphere; faster glacier melts and formation and expansion of glacial lakes and increased risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) events. The longest instrumental records of maximum temperature of Kathmandu showed that air temperature was increasing rapidly in the recent past. The records from Kathmandu showed an increase in air temperature of 0.27 oC between 1897 and 1977 and of nearly 1 oC between 1975 and 1994. Such increase in air temperature is more rapid in the higher Himalayan regions inducing more melting of snow and glacier ice. The retreat rate of terminus of Glacier AX010 in the Shorong Himal was 2.7 m a-1 from 1978 to 1989 and 16.7 m a-1 from 1989 to 2004. The ongoing rapid retreat of glaciers is leading to formation of new glacial lakes and expansion of existing glacial lakes with increasing risk of GLOF events. The area of Tsho Rolpa Glacial Lake in Dolakha district was expanded to 1.452 km2 in August 2009 from 0.23 km2 in 1959. The expanding glacial lake is holding huge amount of water within the moraine dam among which considerable amount of water may be released suddenly if the dam breaks causing flood and debris flow with high chances of huge loss of life, infrastructure and biodiversity of the region and downstream. Therefore, more studies on glaciers and glacial lakes are very essential toge
Phytoremediation as a Prospective Method for Rehabilitation of Areas Contaminated by Long-Term Sewage Sludge Storage: The Greek Experience
Authors: Suchkova N. , Darakas E. , Ganoulis J. , Vergeles Y.
Published: October 2017

In this work the suitability of several plant species for phytoremediation under natural and artificially installed conditions was studied. Brassica napus, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, and Hordeum vulgare were grown in pots with sewage sludge from Sindos Main WWTP in Thessaloniki and from Sindos Industrial WWTP in Thessaloniki, Greece.

The first series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters for the above mentioned plants and the sludge to those for control samples (the same plants growing in compost). It was shown that shoot growth was less reduced in T. aestivum and H. vulgare than in the other plant species studied. B. napus had lower germination tax, followed by M. sativa with the lowest germination tax. Generally B. napus, giving less biomass production than Z. mays and T. aestivum, is characterised by a higher ability to accumulate heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, As and Hg.

The second series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters of B. napus grown in sludge and treated each 7 days with metal solutions of Ni, Zn and Pb containing 10-2mg/l, 10-4mg/l, 10-6mg/l of each metal, to those for control plants treated with double distilled water. Results showed that shoot growth of B. napus were increased at treatments with lower concentrations of metals (10-6 mg/l) and control (treatment with d-distilled water). At the same time uptake of metal ions was increased with the concentration of the solution, i.e. at higher concentrations (10-2 mg/l). It is truly for Pb and Zn, transfer coefficient TC of which (indicates a plant’s potential to concentrate a metal) was quite high 15 % and 7 % correspondingly. It was noticed that B. napus has high ability to accumulate Cr, from the other hand it did not accumulate Ni (at present case).
Volga State University Of Technology
Authors: Ivanov Dimitrii V.
Published: October 2017

Volga State University of Technology was established in 1932. It’s Russia's leading university in areas of: predicting the use and protection of natural resources in order to prevent the negative effects, and methods of evaluation of the biological productivity of forest plantations using remote sensing data, the development of new energy-saving technologies and equipment for harvesting and processing of timber and non-timber forest resources; aerobic , anaerobic and vermitechnological organic waste, use only renewable resources, the creation of new technological installations for production and purification of biogas, the creation of modern technological solutions for greenhouses with autonomous energy supply based on local renewable energy, the creation of device-analytical systems for the study and modeling of membrane contactor and gas separation membrane-sorption processes in relation to the processes of organic waste and produce biogas fuel, new technologies of organic waste and non-fertilizer in green building, new technologies reclamation of disturbed areas, reforestation, creation of objects in areas of intensive logging and taken out of use of agricultural land under the Kyoto Protocol. The strategic development program of the University received funding of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. To improve the efficiency of research in 2001, the University established the Center for collective use "Ecology, biotechnology, and the processes of generating clean energy" with unique equipment, which is funded under the Federal Target Program "Research and development on priority directions of scientific-technological complex of Russia in 2007-2013 ". To concentrate educational resources for the training of skilled workers , vocational training specialists, specialists with higher education in the forestry sector at the university was established resource center of professional education, funded by the Federal Program of Education Development for 2011-2015. The main focus is on the development of innovation infrastructure in the University of the , favorable conditions for the development of small innovative companies. In 2011, the University has won the competition for funding under the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 219 "On state support of innovation infrastructure in the federal educational institutions of higher education." The university holds a lot of projects funded under the Federal Target Program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia in 2009-2013", including a project to develop a high school student self-management.
“Youth Intellectual Club” is a Way to Realize the Triple Helix Idea in Russia
Authors: Andreev Alexey I. , Mikhaleva Maria N.
Published: October 2017

The idea of a triple helix for Russia is very attractive, especially at this time, when the government wants to realize the “Knowledge” Economics. The “Knowledge” Economics is effective communication with proven scientific results and real business opportunities with the support of the municipalities and state laws. First, the State's efforts are aimed at young scientists for innovation and business. “Youth Intellectual Club” (YIC) was made to solve these problems. The objectives of the YIC put the active involvement of Fellows of the President of the Russian Federation with the participation of the President of the winners of the Russian Federation for young scientists and grant recipients of the President of the Russian Federation and members of other government programs, and the most promising representatives intellectual youth in the modernization of the Russian education system and economy through the creation of an effective peer-community, uniting the future intellectual elite of the Russian Federation for the development of science and industry of the country. YIC forms the reserve for the development of science, education and innovation at all levels creates an extensive network structure across the country develops in contact with municipalities and businesses information environment for interaction and exchanging of information between intellectual youth, business and public authority, creates and maintain bank of best ideas and initiatives of students and young scientists for modernization and innovative development of Russia. That will help to create and promote an attractive image of a scholar and teacher in the youth environment. YIC also holds conferences, forums, seminars for the formation of students and youth leadership and management skills to work effectively in the knowledge economy. Currently, under the auspices of YIC successfully held two All-Russian competition of innovative projects and ideas of young scientists. Developing an educational program of the club (holding schools, seminars, webinars, constant discussion of youth projects) and proposing many innovative youth projects for businesses are going to be planned. The club is interested in new partners in various areas of science and business and in integration into the European environment. One of the directions of development may be creation of the Youth Intellectual Club of the Baltic countries under the auspices of country’s leaders. This Club will work closer with students and young researchers. It will form the single control system of research and education programs. One of the major steps will be creation of international system of experts for scientific, educational and innovative activities for young people aimed at the problem formulated business communities of the Baltic region.
Competitions of Student Projects as an Important Component in Policy of Implementation of the Triple Helix Concept in Russia
Authors: Pogrebnoi Anton V. , Rud Vasilii Yu. , Pasholikov Maxim , Podolsky Gennady
Published: October 2017

Saint-Petersburg’s government in recent years implements many projects that work on the intersection of science, education and business in cooperation with the city administration. One of the projects implemented by youth in the STU was a competition of student projects, entitled "Laboratory of my dreams." At this competition student teams were able to show that the expert committee as they see a modern laboratory for teaching and research, which is fully equipped to perform complex and interesting problems. The prize was an obtaining of financing for the purchase of equipment required for laboratory, which is purchased by sources of the Ministry of Education and Science by the Program of National Research University SPbSPU and by city’s sources. Projects submitted to the competition were different, but all have been aimed at creating important laboratory facilities for educational, scientific problems with the possibility of business applications. Noticeable part of the project was focused on solving environmental problems and environmental protection. One of the winners presented a project about the environment and improvement the efficiency of energy systems working with the processed products - "Efficiency research of the energy complex with direct using converter hydrogen (containing CH4 2 ÷ 7%) obtained from biogas of municipal solid waste (MSW) by methods of thermodynamics and electrochemical kinetics ". After the purchase of equipment, theoretical and experimental results will be the basis for radically new solutions and for the progress of perspective ways of producing fuel and electricity using energy-saving and energy-efficient technologies. All of these results may be very attractive to create new educational programs, international researches and innovative projects.
Seasonal Changes of Municipal Waste Generation and Content
Authors: Denafas Gintaras , Vitkauskaitė Lina , Martuzevičius Dainius , Kavaliauskas Andrius , Tumynas Dalius , Ludwig Christian
Published: October 2017

The scientific objective of this study is to develope a methodology for the investigation of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in Lithuania. Investigations have been performed in Kaunas, which is the second large city of Lithuania. The obtained results are a contribution to assess, evaluate, and predict possible development scenarios of the municipal waste management sector in east European countries. Possible scenarios consider improved separate collection systems in combination with landfilling, mechanical-biological treatment and/or incineration. Further the results provide scientific knowledge which is necessary to understand waste generation and composition. This information is crutial to avoid future emissions to the environment resulting from current waste treatment practice. A further aim is to better understand the interplay of natural, social and economic factors influencing the quality and quantity of MSW in Eastern Europe. In this paper we present the preliminary results of consecutive MSW analysis at the waste collection and transfer station in Kaunas City over a period of two years.
Bioreactor Cells as Waste Pre-Treatment Method
Authors: Bendere Ruta , Smigins Ruslans , Arina Dace , Teibe Inara
Published: October 2017

Bioreactor landfilling, with the acceptance of landfill Directive in EC in 1999, loosed its actuality in EC, but this method can still be used for acceleration of bio-waste degradation and biogas production as pre-treatment technology of waste. As large gas collection facilities are built and millions of EUR are invested for biogas treatment and production of electricity and heat in the new constructed sanitary landfills in Baltic States, the idea of usage of biogas production cells as bio-waste pre-treatment method is revised.
Lab-Scale Column Study on Phosphorus Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Filtralite P and Iron Filings
Authors: Kirjanova Ala , Rimeika Mindaugas , Zopelytė Kristina
Published: October 2017

Column study was performed in order to compare phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) removal capacity of iron filings and Filtralite P. The experiment with two vertical downflow columns (0.05 in diameter and with 0.9 m medium height) feeding synthetic wastewater was carried out over a period of 66 days at wastewater temperature of 17.2–21.8 ºC. The study also aimed to determine the effect of submergence of the medium on Filtralite P PO4-P removal potential. During the experiment the submerged Filtralite P sorbed almost double amount of PO4-P (1581 mg PO4-P/kg filter material or 662 mg PO4-P/m3 filter material) compared to the unsubmerged (881 mg PO4-P/kg filter material or 369 mg PO4-P/m3 filter material). In both cases PO4-P removal efficiency exceeded 90 % when pH in the effluent was higher than 9.5. Through the experimental period the iron filings removed 2249 mg PO4-P/kg filter material. When evaluating the amount of removed PO4-P per volume of filter material, the iron filings removed 2164 mg PO4-P/m3 filter material, i. e. 3.3 times more than the submerged Filtralite P did. In the case of iron filings the largest PO4-P amount was removed in the top layer (0–30 cm) of the filter material. The amount of removed PO4-P decreased and PO4-P removal efficiency increased with depth of the medium: in the top layer (0–30 cm) PO4-P removal efficiency was 27 %, whereas in the bottom layer (60–90 cm) it reached 44 %. The same tendency of PO4-P removal efficiency was observed in the column with the submerged Filtralite P; however, the PO4-P removal efficiency in all layers of this filter material was lower in comparison with the iron filings.
The Soroptimist Club in Kalmar Goes for Water
Authors: Thioiboi Banna
Published: October 2017

Drinking water is still a big problem in many African countries. The Soroptimist club of Kalmar started therefore in 2008 to finance different water projects in Mali, in West Africa, in order to make water accessible for women who have to walk several kilometers a day in order to get some water. Thanks to the wells we have financed the women can now plant fruit trees and sell the products. The money goes to school fees for their children and to healthcare.
Influence of Light on Prymnesium Parvum Growth, Toxicity and Mixotrophy
Authors: Fiori Emanuela , Vidyarathna Nayani K. , Hagström Johannes A. , Pistocchi Rossella , Granéli Edna
Published: October 2017

The haptophyte Prymnesium parvum has a worldwide distribution, with dramatic increase in blooms in the last years. P. parvum blooms are often associated with massive fish kills and great ecological impacts and economic losses as a consequence. P. parvum is a mixotrophic organism, utilizing organic dissolved substances and particles to support its photosynthetic growth. The ability of P. parvum to produce toxic compounds, and being a mixotroph, makes it capable to outcompete other algal species for essential substances. These mechanisms are mostly enhanced when environmental conditions are not optimal for P. parvum growth. Here we report results on the growth, toxicity and mixotrophy, from experiments where P. parvum cells were grown as monocultures or together with Rhodomonas salina and exposed to different light conditions (dark, 100, 700, 2000 μmol photons m-2 s-1). The results showed that P. parvum growth is affected at light intensity of 700 μmol photons m-2 s-1 and the cells were photo-lysed when exposed to irradiances above this value. An inverse relationship between cellular toxicity and light intensity was observed, i.e. lower light irradiation induced higher cell toxicity. Phagotrophy was observed in all the conditions. P. parvum reached significantly higher cell densities when growing together with R. salina than in monocultures, while cellular toxicity was significantly reduced in the mixed cultures. Furthermore the presence of prey attenuated the negative effect of the higher irradiations on P. parvum growth.
Biological Treatment of Car Wash Waste Waters
Authors: Malinen Essi , Id Nico , Valtonen Sanni , Hakala Janne , Mononen Tiina , Kostia Silja
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine how efficient a biological treatment process is in purifying car wash waste waters. Two Finnish automatic car washes having rotating bed biofilm reactors for waste water treatment were included in the study. Both of them are using 87 % of recycled water per car wash and only from 35 to 60 liters of fresh water. Samples were taken from the purified water tank every second week altogether seven times between the beginning of February and the end of May, 2012. The reduction of surfactants was at least 95 % and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) between 87 and 95 % during the sampling period. Outdoor temperature seems not to have any significant effect on purification efficiency. Other water quality parameters such as conductivity, pH, oxygen concentration, total solids, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were found to be on acceptable level based in comparison to values found in the literature. The high concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the purified water was caused by nutrients added to the bioreactor for optimal conditions for the microbes. In the studied car washes, the waste water treatment process managed to reduce input load considerably. The main challenges for the quality of purified water seems to be optimal nutrient input as well as on-line monitoring system for water quality.