bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and control of space debris during its contactless ion beam assisted removal
Authors: Aslanov V.S. , Ledkov A.S.
Published: December 2020

The space debris removal is one of the most important challenges of astronautics. The creation of contactless transportation systems based on the ion beam is a promising direction for solving this problem. The orientation of the debris object in the ion beam has a great influence on the magnitude and direction of the force transmitted by this beam. The aims of the work are to study the attitude dynamics of space debris during its transportation by ion beam, to search angular motion modes, which are most favourable from the point of view of the force transmission efficiency by the ion beam, and to develop the engine thrust control law that ensures the transfer of the object to these motion modes. A mathematical model describing the space debris motion under the influence of gravitational, and ion beam forces and torques is developed. An analysis of the cylindrical space debris object’s undisturbed attitude motion is carried out, and the most favourable orientation of space debris is determined. Control law for transferring the space debris in the required angular motion mode by a change in the thrust of the ion engine are considered. Numerical simulation confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed control law.
About influence of some parameters of mechanism of planetary type for change in its potential energy
Authors: Bondarenko N I , Obnosov K B , Panshina A V
Published: December 2020

The article considers a mechanism located in a uniform field of gravity and consisting of a carrier, load, counterweight and satellite, counterweight and satellite rolling without slipping on a fixed cylindrical surface. The positions of the stable and unstable equilibrium of the mechanism are determined using the nonlinear function of potential energy. The features of changing the function of potential energy are revealed depending on the characteristics of the mechanism, including whether the radius of the satellite is rational, irrational, or transcendental.
Numerical analysis of the influence of the front heat shield separation process from the descent module on their aerodynamic characteristics
Authors: Kalugin V.T. , Lutsenko A.Yu. , Slobodyanuk D.M.
Published: December 2020

This paper considers aerodynamic characteristics of the descent module and the separable front heat shield (FHS) during its separation. FlowVision software was used to perform a numerical analysis of the flow around the front heat shield and descent module. The calculations were performed using dynamic and static meshes. The trajectory of the front heat shield after separation was calculated using dynamic mesh. The aerodynamic characteristics of the frontal heat shield in several positions on calculated trajectory were determined using static mesh. The results of the calculations using different kind of grids are compared.
On the implicit equations of a mechanical systems motion
Authors: Lapshin V V
Published: December 2020

It is shown that the forces acting on the points of the mechanical system may depend on their accelerations. The differential equations of a mechanical system motion prove to be implicit. It is not allowed with respect to higher derivatives. There are fundamental mathematical problems related to the possibility and the only solution of these equations with respect to higher derivatives. Implicit equations of motion are typical for mechanical systems with dry friction sliding and rolling. In the dynamics of material point such problems do not arise. But in more complex mechanical systems, including the study of the motion of a solid whole mass is concentrated at one point, as well as in systems with one degree of freedom, such a situation is very characteristic. The paper discusses four fairly simple examples of mechanical systems movement, which is described by implicit differential equations of motion.
Construction of a programmed trajectory in the configuration space of rotations for solving the problem of the solid rotation
Authors: Mityushov E.A. , Misyura N.E. , Lamotkin A.E.
Published: December 2020

The paper proposes method of programmed control based on the concept of solving the inverse dynamic problem. As a configurational space of rotations, it is proposed to consider a sphere with a radius of 2
π
in the three-dimensional Euclidean space, which is the image of the unit Sp(1) quaternions. A linear relationship has been established between the angular velocity vector of a solid in its spherical motion and the velocity of a point in a sphere allowing to relate the rotation of a solid to the motion of a point inside a three-dimensional sphere. This approach allows to clearly interpret the spherical motion of a solid by the movement of a point inside this sphere, which is used by the authors to describe the rotation of a solid at arbitrary given boundary conditions for angular positions, velocities and accelerations. An example of a smooth turn from one position to another in the case when the turn is set in the sphere in the form of a polynomial of the fifth degree is given.
Research of the structure and properties of cermets based on nickel and aluminum oxide
Authors: Agureev L E , Kostikov V I , Savushkina S V , Eremeeva Zh V , Laptev I N , Ivanov A V , Ashmarin A A , Kanushkin A I , Ivanov B S
Published: December 2020

In this work, the production of cermets in the system of nickel-aluminum alloy – aluminum oxide by the method of mechanical activation and spark plasma sintering was carried out. The analysis of the features of the microstructure of composites, phase analysis at room and elevated temperatures, as well as the dependence of the flexural strength on the temperature and composition of cermets are presented.
The influence of impact interaction of high entropy fluences of gas-metal plasma on formation of the properties of the surface layer of metal construction materials
Authors: Petrov L M , Grigorovitch K V , Sprygin G S , Zelenkov V V , Smirnova A N , Semenov V D
Published: December 2020

The conditions of surface layer properties formation for 40X steel samples at technological impact interactions of gas-metal plasma flows are considered. The special features of interaction of plasma flow elemental composition interaction with elemental composition of the substrate during the ion-plasma treatment as a function of reference voltage was studied. The influence of this interaction on formation of physic-chemical, mechanical and energy properties was investigated.
Production of permanent vacuum-tight connections: copper–aluminum, copper-titanium by diffusion welding for use in microwave electro–vacuum device nodes
Authors: Smirnov V A , Tsybert A O , Parmenov A A , Simonov K G , Vashin S A , Chistova A A , Tsybert A V , Fedotova O V , Klyuchnikov N A , Oselkov D A , Smirnov A V
Published: December 2020

The aim of this work is obtaining vacuum-tight CuTi and CuAl connections used for the manufacture of components applied in microwave electro-vacuum devices, for example as electron beam output windows for soldered electron guns.
Distinctive features of electric current passing through vapour gaseous envelope in anodic plasma electrolytic processes
Authors: Zhirov A V , Belkin P N , Kusmanov S A , Shadrin S Yu
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the study of the effect of anodic composition of electrolyte on electric conductivity of a vapour gaseous envelope, formed in the mode of anode stationary heating. The investigation methods were based on measuring current-voltage characteristics in aqueous solutions of ammonium chloride, chlorohydric acid and hydrobromic acid at equal anion concentrations. It has been established that conductivity in vapour gas medium is primarily determined by electric field intensity which varies depending on its composition and thickness, ion mobility considered as factor of secondary importance. It has been assumed that emissive capacity of aqueous solutions can be limited by a critical concentration of their components.
Research on plant diseases and insect pests identification based on CNN
Authors: Tian L G , Liu C , Liu Y , Li M , Zhang J Y , Duan H L
Published: December 2020

Plant diseases and insect pests are common factors affecting plant growth, which is directly harmful to the quality of agricultural production. In order to identify and classify plant diseases and insect pests, in this paper, a detection method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Specifically, this paper first introduces the processes of plant diseases and insect pests data collection, and then the methodology for training detection model based on CNN is described. Finally, a series of comparative experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our model, and experimental results show our model achieves competitive performance on plant diseases and insect pests dataset.
Evaluation the effect of initial pH variations to the growth of Indonesia Indigenous Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria) HS-7 and HS-9 in CT medium
Authors: Prihantini N B , Julia R , Yuniati R , Sjamsuridzal W , Wardhana W
Published: December 2020

Research that aims to know the effect of initial pH variation of CT medium to the growth of Indonesia Indigenous Cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus HS (Hot Spring)-7 and HS-9 were grown at temperature 35 °C had been performed. The growth was observed by calculation of cell density and chlorophyll content measurement of Synechococcus biomass. Cell density calculations were performed every day (t0—t21) while the measurement of chlorophyll content was performed for 10 days at t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, t7, t10, t14, t17, and t21. There were 5 variations of pH used in this research (pH 5, pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 9). Observations were done qualitatively based on the cell density while quantitatively based on statistical analysis using Friedman and Spearman tests. The results showed that the initial pH variation of CT medium affected the growth of Synechococcus HS-7 and HS-9. Synechococcus HS-7 and HS-9 grew well at pH 7. Based on statistical analysis there were correlation between the cell density and chlorophyll content, and the initial pH variation of the CT medium did not affect the growth of Synechococcus HS-7 and HS-9.
Prediction of pesticide residues in agricultural products based on time series model in Chengdu, China
Authors: Yu W P , Han X Y , Wang Y Y , Yang J
Published: December 2020

Pesticides are chemicals that can improve the efficiency of agricultural production, but also cause harm to human health and the environment. Besides effective supervision means, prevention work is also indispensable for pesticide residue safety in agricultural products. The Shuangliu and Pidu districts of Chengdu, capital city of Sichuan Province, China, were selected as the focus areas. Pesticide residue levels in leafy and starchy vegetables were measured for 15 months, analyzed with paired-sample t-tests to construct four ARIMA time series models. The results showed that pesticide residue levels of different types of agricultural products in the same area as well as those of the same agricultural products in different areas differed within the same time interval. Meanwhile, the pesticide residue levels of different agricultural products and areas showed distinct seasonal characteristics and variations. The ARIMA models were effective for short-term forecasting of agricultural pesticide residue levels. They could be used in related fields to predict crop pesticide residue levels pre-emptively based on actual usage patterns, crop type, season, and other parameters. The findings in this study may help government and traceability agencies releasing early warnings of potential agricultural product pesticide contamination. It may also help mitigate the risk of crop and environmental contamination as well as consumer health endangerment.
Effects of combined application of organic fertilizer and microbial agents on tobacco soil and tobacco agronomic traits
Authors: Zhai Z G , Hu Q L , Chen J R , Liu C X , Guo S , Huang S Q , Zeng W A
Published: December 2020

Using the tobacco variety Yunyan87 as an example, we investigated the effects of the combined application of organic fertilizer and microbial agents on the physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of tobacco soil and on tobacco agronomic parameters. Compared with the control group, the contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus in the soil treated with organic fertilizer and microbial agents increased by 27.7, 12.3, and 133.7%, respectively. The activities of soil urease, phosphatase, sucrase, and catalase increased by 86.3, 85.1, 46.6, and 33.5%, respectively, while the numbers of bacteria and actinobacteria increased by 89.9 and 183.4% respectively. In contrast, the numbers of fungi decreased by 64.8%. Plant height, effective leaf number, stem circumference, stalk width, cutting length, and cutting width increased by 8.1, 7.8, 12.1, 15.7, 20.5, and 11.5%, respectively. Based on our results, the application of organic fertilizer combined with microbial agents significantly improved soil properties, enzyme activities, microbial numbers, and tobacco agronomic parameters.
Deep-ploughing reduced nutrient contents in plough layer of paddy field-a case study of Hunan Province, China
Authors: Xiao Y S , Gao Z Q , Cao Z H , L W J , Li H G , He B , He Z H , Zhong Q
Published: December 2020

In this study, the data of the typical paddy fields from 63 soil series of hydragric anthrosols (paddy soil) and 26 paddy fields under tobacco-rice rotation in Huan province of China were used to assess the current thickness of the plough layers of the paddy fields, set up the criterion of deep-ploughing (30 cm in this study) feasibility for the paddy fields, and predict the possible changes of soil nutrient contents in the new plough layers after deep-ploughing. The results showed that the mean thickness of current Ap1 was 15.3 cm, and 93.2% of the paddy fields were lower than the ideal depth of 20 cm. The criterion of deep-ploughing feasibility was established by comparing the textures and bulk densities of the plow-pan (Ap2) and the below adjacent hydragric horizon (Br1), i.e., Br1 is not finer than Ap2 in texture and more compacted than Ap2 in bulk density, and was preliminarily validated by a real deep-ploughing test. 69.8% of the paddy fields were feasible to deep-ploughing according to the proposed feasibility criterion. The contents of main nutrients would be significantly decreased after deep-ploughing, which indicate more fertilizers should be applied after deep-ploughing in order to maintain and promote soil fertility and the crop yields.
Cattle identification: the history of nose prints approach in brief
Authors: Bello R W , Olubummo D A , Seiyaboh Z , Enuma O C , Talib A Z , Mohamed A S A
Published: December 2020

Petersen was the first published paper to address cattle biometrics and identification problem by suggesting a permanent cattle identification method based on nose print principles widely accepted today. His major concern was on proper identification of cattle for registration and of cattle on an official test so that the possibility of swapping, false insurance claims, and ownership disputes can be guarded against. It was with this identification problem in the mind of every breeder that the practicable suggestion of using nose print as means of identification was made by O. H. Baker of the American Jersey Cattle Club in Petersen’s paper entitled “The identification of the bovine by means of nose-prints”. Before the advent of the nose print method, cattle identification has been by conventional constructs such as tattoo, tags, photographs, descriptions, branding (hot and freeze), ear notching, and sketching (drawings) the color markings on them on paper for registration and identification purposes. These classical methods of identification cause trouble among the breeders especially when their cattle are sold or are on an official test due to lack of artistic ability on the part of the breeders which makes the matching of the sketches and the markings on the cattle disagree. Presented in this paper are the various cattle biometrics and identification methods, most especially from the classical methods to the modern methods.
Spatio-temporal changes and the driving forces of One Village One Product (OVOP) industries in Beijing suburbs
Authors: Xu G C , Xie M Y , Huang Y H
Published: December 2020

One village one product (OVOP) oriented in Japan is an economic and social sustainability strategy for rural development. The OVOP industries in the areas surrounding a metropolis are susceptible to changes due to the urbanization process. In order to reveal the changing trend of OVOP and its driving forces around metropolitan areas, and promote the OVOP-related decision-making process, we analysed the spatio-temporal changes of OVOP villages in the Beijing suburbs using statistical data for the period of 2007–2017. Mixed methods of literature review, statistical data collection, time series change and policy impact analysis were employed to analyse the spatio-temporal changes of OVOP villages, also the driving forces were screened from the aspects of urban sprawl, industrial policy change and institutional variation, the qualitatively analysed to illustrate their influences on OVOP changes. The results revealed that from 2007 to 2017, OVOP industries in the Beijing suburbs improved agri-product quality to meet the changing urban needs, promoted local labour employment, and improved farmer organization and encouraged rural entrepreneurship, even under a quantitative decrease and spatial shrinkage, which was mainly driven by urban sprawl, afforestation, industrial policy intervention, and the comparatively low benefits of agriculture production. Therefore, more efforts should be directed toward promoting OVOP development in urban contexts, including protecting the spaces for OVOP industry development from urban sprawl and ecological construction, stabilizing favourable institutional arrangements on rural industrial structure, improving the rural community capacity for self-development, and encouraging the flow of more urban resources into the rural OVOP industries.
Adsorption of cadmium from water using activated carbon derived from Ipomoea Carnea using chemical impregnation
Authors: Meshram Saurabh , Nanewar Joshi Anuradha , Dharmadhikari Sandeep , Singh Thakur Raghwendra
Published: December 2020

Ipomoea Carnea is a wild shrub, and because of its abundance, it was chosen as precursor for making activated carbon. Adsorbent preparation method involved the impregnation of dried precursor with zinc chloride followed by activation at 500°C. Surface morphology of prepared adsorbent was compared with the raw Ipomoea Carnea by Scanning Electron Microscope analysis. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to understand the effect of parameters like, metal initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH on percent removal of cadmium. More than 96% removal of Cd(II) was obtained at the adsorbent dose of 0.3 g/L in 20 minutes at pH 6. Experimental data were fitted to isotherm and kinetic models to understand the mechanism of adsorption. Adsorption of Cd(II) onto raw Ipomoea Carnea followed the Langmuir isotherm, whereas adsorption onto activated Ipomoea Carnea followed the Freundlich isotherm. Kinetic study reveal that the experimental data of adsorption of Cd(II) onto activated Ipomoea Carnea followed the second order kinetic.
Water Crisis in the Bundelkhand Region: An Observation
Authors: Chourasia L P , Jhariya D C
Published: December 2020

Bundelkhand region is getting an average annual rain of about 1000 mm, almost about 90% of its within two months of July and August and drained by major rivers. But in this region, there is a water crisis due to an increase in agriculture, population, vagaries of rainfall, climate change, political issues, mismanagement of water, misuse of water, and negligence of the environmental problems, neglect of traditional sources of water resource etc. In the present study, the issues related to water scarcity are identified, and remedial measures are suggested to improve this region’s water resources. If these measures are adequately implemented, the water crisis of the study area will be diminished.
Possibilities of Design of Flood Protection Measures in the Catchment
Authors: Šoltész Andrej , Cubanová Lea , Janík Adam , Baroková Dana
Published: December 2020

The goal of the contribution is to present possibilities of comprehensive and complex procedures for proper design of flood protection measures in several parts of Slovakia. The complex approach consisted of mutual integration of results of partial mathematical models – rainfall-runoff model, sewage system model, 1-D hydrodynamic modelling of open channel flow together with partially covered flows, 2-D hydrodynamic modelling of flooding the town residential area. All modelling works were been done in DTM coming from aerial photography or in conditions of detailed morphological and geodetic survey of investigated rivers basins. According to the modelling process appropriate preventive flood protection measures have been designed and afterwards realised in the territory, i.e. detention reservoirs in the mountain region above the urban regions. Designed flood protection measures should store the flood wave volume and mitigate the effect of flush floods on residential areas of small and even larger cities. Several case studies are presented in the contribution all over the Slovak Republic to emphasize the variety of flood wave progress, its reduction in discharge and postponing in time in different hydrological, morphological and geological conditions of mountain regions. Most of the presented proposals of flood protection measures have been projected and some of them have been already realized.
Multidimensional comparative analysis as a tool for assessing the level of development of energy markets in selected European countries
Authors: Bluszcz Anna
Published: December 2020

The most important factor affecting the economic development of societies is access to electricity at an acceptable price. The constantly developing economy generates an increasing demand for electricity. The energy resources used for energy production are diverse in the European Union countries, hence the assessment of the level of development of energy markets is a multidimensional problem. This article undertakes comparative studies on determining the level of sustainable development of energy markets in selected Member States. Sustainable development of energy markets is a phenomenon characterized by many variables that simultaneously concern various aspects including environmental, economic, technical and technological and social problems, which means that sustainable development can be described by many different variables, the number of which can reach up to several dozen. In this case, comparative analysis using traditional methods becomes impossible. The multidimensional analysis method was used to classify countries into homogeneous clusters in terms of the level of development of energy markets. Multidimensional comparative analysis, or MCA for short, deals with methods and techniques for comparing multi-feature objects. MCA is a formally coherent set of statistical methods for purposeful selection of information about elements of a certain community and detection of regularities in the mutual relations of these elements. MCA is an interdisciplinary method that uses achievements and methods used in other fields. Multivariate comparative analysis is a method in which the analysis is performed in many stages and in many directions. Research results indicate the position of the energy market development in Poland in comparison to selected Member States
Identification of diagnostic variables for research into the level of development of energy markets
Authors: Manowska Anna
Published: December 2020

The development of the economies of European countries depends on stable and permanent access to various energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal. Securing the certainty of the necessary minimum energy supply in each country is a basic condition for the energy security of the state and its citizens. The current status and the most probable scenario for the power industry sector shows that the global demand for power will increase between 2000 and 2030 at a rate of 1.8% per year. The energy market in the European Union is under the process of internal integration. Energy transformation requires changes in the structure of energy production in the energy balances of member states in order to achieve the assumed environmental goals. Monitoring the transformation process is a scientific problem in which taxonomic methods are used. The aim of the article is to identify diagnostic variables for comparative analysis of the level of development of energy markets in selected European Union member states. International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Organizations present an original set of 41 indicators for sustainable energy development, which can be divided into groups such as indicators on energy resources, the efficiency of their use, environmental pollution during the exploitation of energy resource and energy production technologies, economic indicators, accessibility to energy for society, energy dependence. Based on forty-one indicators, the availability of data for testing was analyzed. Finally, diagnostic variables were selected for which the available data was collected from the Eurostat database and transformed to the level required in the research. The research results will present the level of development of the Polish energy market in relation to other countries and differences in this respect.
Influence of Aquatic Vegetation on Dispersive Parameters as a Part of Hydrodynamic Conditions in Natural Streams
Authors: Sokác Marek , Schügerl Radoslav , Velísková Yvetta , Dulovicová Renáta
Published: December 2020

Submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation is a natural and organic component of natural rivers and streams. It plays an important role in all physical, chemical and biological processes in the stream biocoenosis. This type of vegetation has also a non-negligible impact on flow conditions. It influences the discharge, hydraulic roughness, velocity as well as other hydraulic parameters. Important part of the river hydrodynamic processes are also dispersive processes and its parameters, which defines the speed and intensity of the dispersive processes in the natural stream. This paper analyses these aspects of the stream hydrodynamics, which are influenced by aquatic vegetation and analyses the influence of the submerged and emerged vegetation on mixing processes in a river. Presented results are findings of hydrometric measurements and tracer experiments at the Šúrsky kanál stream, located in south-west part of Slovakia. The Šúrsky kanál stream is a typical lowland stream, where significant changes in the vegetation are present during different periods of a year. The hydrometric and tracer experiments were performed on 1700 m long straight reach of the stream with a relatively prismatic cross-section profile during the growing as well as non- growing season of a year. The results show, that the level of vegetative growth has a significant influence on the hydrodynamic parameters of the stream, as well as on the dispersive process. The dispersive process is influenced not only by the velocity and concentration gradients, but also by the fact that the vegetation forms in the stream so-called dead zones. Such dead zones modify the velocity profiles of a stream and affect dispersive mass transport within the stream by collecting and separating parts of the tracer from the main current. Subsequently, the tracer is slowly released and incorporated back to the main current in a stream. This process deforms the shape of the tracer concentration distribution in time. All these facts were confirmed by the experiments results described in this paper, which contains also the analysis of the dead zones effect on the dispersive process.
Application of Grain Size Analysis for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment of Bed Silts along Komárňanský Channel – Žitný Ostrov
Authors: Dulovicová Renáta , Velísková Yvetta , Schügerl Radoslav , Sokác Marek
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study is the evaluation of permeability of the bed silts located along the Komárňanský channel of the Žitný ostrov, Slovakia. Komárňanský channel is the largest one from three main channels at the Žitný ostrov area – the flat lowland with channel network. The bed silt permeability is expressed by value of saturated hydraulic conductivity. This parameter is one of the key inputs for estimating solute and water movement between surface water channel and surrounding groundwater in the scope of their interaction at this area. The bed silts were obtained by two ways, as disturbed samples and as undisturbed samples. In this study we deal with disturbed samples extracted from the Komárňanský channel and for that reason only the empirical formulas based on the grain size analysis could be used for saturated hydraulic conductivity assessment. The disturbed samples were extracted in three levels of silt - top, middle and bottom part of silt layer and subsequently as mixed samples in each selected profile of the Komárňanský channel. The selection of sampling place was made by thickness of bed silt in the measured profiles. The values of saturated hydraulic conductivity obtained from disturbed samples of bed silt - Kd were calculated according to three empirical formulas: 1. Bayer – Schweiger formula; 2. Špacek I formula and 3. Špacek II formula, firstly for samples from the top, middle and bottom part of the silt layer and then for mixed samples. The valid values Kd from single parts of the silt layers reached from 1.44 x 10−07 to 1.74 x 10−05 m s−1, the valid values Kd from mixed samples reached from 2.96 x 10−07 to 2.05 x 10−05 m s−1. According to results of comparison of Kd from single parts of silt layers and Kd from mixed samples it is not possible to assess explicitly the reliability of saturated hydraulic conductivity value set by that way. Therefore, in the next step, it will be necessary to compare these results with the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity from undisturbed samples of bed silt determined by the laboratory falling head method.
Control in the Process of the Building Construction by Means of Stationary Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Stereva Kremena , Postolovski Aleksandar , Gospodinov Slaveyko
Published: December 2020

This study will give a contemporary method for Quality Assurance or as-build during the construction of a building in Sofia, R. Bulgaria by using High Definition Survey (HDS) or more known as terrestrial Laser Scanning. Analyses were done on concrete casted elements (Floors, Ceiling Slabs and Columns) for the first eight floors which were already constructed during the time of field measurements. As a reference - data are obtained from the original design in native AutoCAD format, while field data were acquired by using 3D laser Scanners and they are represented in a form of Point Cloud. All data (design and measured) are acquired in local coordinate system and were later georeferenced in to the already established object coordinate system. The study will show the workflow for data preparation, post processing, and the results from 3D Inspection and Analyses. All tasks were implemented by two survey crews within 10 working days (four days for field work and 6 days for post processing analyses and reporting). During the laser scanning a total of 3 679 440 634 points were surveyed form 368 stations. After the post processing the number of points was reduced to 2 515 520 148 with relative accuracy after registration of individual scan worlds of +/- 3-4 mm. The accuracy for the data transformation in to the object coordinate system is +/- 7.5 mm. In order to have better data visibility and understanding of the deformations and displacements casted concrete elements were inspected separately floor by floor where ceiling and floor slabs were inspected in 1D (Z direction) while columns were inspected in 2D - (XY) inspection for the position. Thus some will say that the results are within accuracy limits of the classical measuring techniques we should not forget the fact that the percentage of inspected elements/surfaces is more than 95%.
Non-graphical data structure for the purpose of BIM-based Life Cycle Assessment: Methodology for the Czech environment
Authors: Brandtner Michal , Venkrbec Václav
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the data structure required for the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of buildings using the Building Information Model (BIM) for implementation in the Czech construction industry. The construction industry produces a significant amount of waste while the capacity of landfills is being limited. The effective management of previously used materials that have the potential to be reused can significantly help to decrease consumption and save natural resources. LCA is a method that can be used to demonstrate the suitability of proposed materials, structures or buildings in terms of their whole life cycle and its environmental impact. For an LCA evaluation, it is crucial to obtain life cycle inventory (LCI) input data, though the structure of this data has not yet been clearly defined for the Czech environment. BIM includes, in addition to geometry, an information component which is applicable to this assessment. The aim of the article is to analyze previous approaches and define a BIM data structure for a particular material for LCI purposes. The new methodology is based on the standardization of a non-graphical information model data structure (SNIM) which was developed for the Czech construction industry. “Markup syntaxes” have been taken from the SNIM database and used to further identify the data for LCI base structure purposes. The MatLab matrix solver was used to classify these data. The advantages of the proposed methodology have been demonstrated via a case study of a monolithic concrete slab structure in which three types of concrete were evaluated. The results indicated the percentage of impact categories for each concrete type. These results are useful for expanding the BIM model with new data necessary for further LCA calculations. The extension of the BIM model via LCA calculations will lead to a reduction in the extraction of natural resources as well as a positive impact on the environment.
A fast and user-friendly software for quantitative chemical analysis through XRF
Authors: Tamponi Marco , Aquino rea , Pagnotta Stefano , Lezzerini Marco
Published: December 2020

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a technique widely used for the study and conservation of cultural heritage materials. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to determine major (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe) and minor (P, Ti, Mn) elements in rocks and other materials by XRF is presented. The code is based on the analytical method proposed a few decades ago by Franzini et al., which is based on the algorithm: Ci = Ii . ΣKi,j Cj, where Ci is the concentration (expressed as wt%) of the chemical element “i”, Ii is the intensity of the characteristic line, Cj is the concentration of interfering elements, and Ki,j are experimental coefficients that account for the matrix effects (absorption and enhancement). Ki,j have the dimension of mass absorption coefficients and they may be calculated from a set of N reference samples using multivariate regression methods. The algorithm proposed by these authors is particularly suitable for processing samples prepared in the form of pressed powders. The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet allows you to: a) choose a set of reference samples (international or interlaboratory standards); b) evaluate the expected matrix effects on the basis of the XRF total mass absorption coefficients; c) calculate the correction coefficients Ki,j through multivariable regression; d) calculate the analytical accuracy and graphically represent the results; e) choose five samples (monitors) for the correction of instrumental drift. Based on these steps, the software allows you to: i) enter the analytical intensities of major and minor elements measured on the monitors and on unknown samples (the loss on ignition must be determined separately); ii) calculate the correction of the instrumental drift; iii) determine the concentration of elements and express them as wt%.
Tectonic Structures in the Southeastern Flank of the Junction Zone Between the In’yali-Debin Synclinorium and the Omulevka Terrane (Kolyma-Omolon Microcontinent, NE Asia)
Authors: Vasiliev Dmitry A. , Ermakov Nikolay N. , Prokopiev rei V.
Published: December 2020

The study area is located in the zone of junction of the In’yali-Debin synclinorium and the Omulevka terrane (Kolyma-Omolon microcontinent of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma fold belt). The main tectonic structure is the Momontai syncline made of Middle Jurassic clastic rocks overlain by Upper Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Uyandina-Yasachnaya volcanic arc. The Au and Au-Ag occurrences known here are confined to NE-trending faults and hosted in subvolcanic and volcanogenic rocks, mainly rhyolites and dacites. The studied Middle Jurassic rocks are found to be characteristic of near-shore shelfal environments changing, in certain time intervals, to deltaic conditions of sedimentation. The presence in the conglomerates and sandstones of large poorly rounded quartzite and carbonate fragments and of mudstone and volcanite pebbles indicates a proximal provenance of the clastics. For the first time we established a sharp angular unconformity between the intensely deformed Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic rocks in the region. Relations between the Late Jurassic subvolcanic deposits and the host rocks were studied. The carried out structural and tectonophysical investigations showed that folding occurred in two deformation stages. During the first stage, the Middle Jurassic clastic rocks were draped into small recumbent to isoclinal folds, cylindrical and parallel-type, with a NW strike. Cleavage is rare. The structural paragenesis of bedding-plane detachment faults, thrusts, normal faults, and strike slip faults is found to have formed in a single stress field together with the development of folds of the first deformation stage. The intensity of the first-stage folding increases from west to east. Restored are axes of paleostresses responsible for the formation of fold-and-thrust structures of the first deformation stage. The Upper Jurassic volcanogenic-sedimentary strata were deformed into superposed large, simple, open folds of the second stage, which exhibit sublatitudinal orientation. They associate with small-scale thrusts and, rarely, strike-slip faults. It is recognized that in the late Middle Jurassic or the early Late Jurassic the region was affected by intense folding which produced tectonic structures of NW strike. Accumulation of the Late Jurassic volcanogenic rocks and intrusion of subvolcanic deposits occurred on/into the earlier deformed Middle Jurassic rocks.
Tectonic Conditions for the Formation of Structures of the Sakandzha Ore District (Selennyakh Ridge, NE Asia)
Authors: Tretyakov Felix F. , Prokopiev rei V. , Vasiliev Dmitry A.
Published: December 2020

The Sakandzha gold-ore district occurs in the north-western margin of the Selennyakh allochthonous block of the Omulevka terrane forming part of the Kolyma-Omolon micricontinent (Verkhoyansk-Chersky orogenic belt, NE Asia). Tectonic structures of the Sakandzha ore district were formed in two stages of the Late Mesozoic deformation: thrust and strike-slip fault ones. Formation of the fold-and-thrust structures of the early Late Mesozoic deformation stage within the Selennyakh block and its thrusting, in the form of a thrust sheet, over the fold structures of the Tuostakh-Polousnyi zone in Neocomian time were almost synchronous with the intrusion of large granite plutons (Sakhanya and Syachan) into the fold-and-thrust structures in the northern part of the Verkhoyansk-Chersky orogenic belt. By the end of the Neocomian or in pre-Aptian time, strike-slip deformations of the second Late Mesozoic stage were superposed on the early thrust structures. At that time, the Selennyakh block was divided into smaller blocks by strike-slip faults, among them the Kalychan one. Two ore-bearing segments of different structure, Pologiy and Arbat, are distinguished within the Kalychan dextral strike-slip fault zone. As a result of strike-slip motions, the sedimentary rocks of these segments became steeply inclined, strongly deformed, and were pierced by a network of variably oriented fractures and cracks, which made them highly permeable for the circulating hydrothermal and ore solutions. The major Kalychan, Upper Kalychan and Arbat strike-slip faults are interpreted as the ore-feeding faults. The feathering subsidiary faults as well as strongly fractured zones are considered as ore-controlling and ore-bearing structures. The end of the Neocomian was marked by completion of the collision, and the Aptian-Albian period saw the inception of the Dzhakhtardakh volcanogenic belt of Early to Late Cretaceous age. Its formation is considered to be related to the crustal extension processes preceding the opening of the Eurasian ocean basin.
Vulnerability of the Territory of São Tiago Medical Spa Area in Relation to the Preservation of its Mineral Water Quality
Authors: Ferreira Gomes Luis M.
Published: December 2020

The world is becoming more and more demanding in the quality of life of the common citizen. One way to achieve this quality is to enjoy health tourism. Medical Spa are an excellent equipment in this sense, because they allow practices of health treatment, or relaxation and well-being, aqualudic, focused on the use of natural mineral water, and with direct or indirect monitoring of health professionals (doctors). Thus, in Portugal, for a medical spa to function as such, it must have mineral water of stable quality. For this to be possible, it is necessary to comply with a set of procedures in the exploitation of water, and to impose restrictions on certain types of activities and due limitations on the occupation of the territory, in accordance with the implementation of the Protection Perimeter of groundwater abstraction of the medical spas. The maps of vulnerability to groundwater contamination are excellent instruments to contribute in the elaboration of the aforementioned Protection Perimeter. Thus, this paper presents the fundamental hydro-environmental elements in order to present the vulnerability map of the São Tiago medical spa territory. The General DRASTIC method is used, with a set of adaptations, called Specific DRASTIC, in order to preserve the areas most sensitive to the potential contamination of natural mineral water, and to liberate other areas that are not of potential danger to its contamination. It is also presented the map of occupation of the territory with registration of the main sources of potential pollution, making an analysis of the relationship between the results of the vulnerability map and the types of occupation. Finally, some conclusions are briefly presented.
Geotouristic Potential of Former Quarries in Northern Bohemia
Authors: Drápela Emil
Published: December 2020

Former quarries are among the places that are interesting for geotourism: they are mineralogical or paleontological sites; some quarries are valuable from an aesthetic or environmental point of view. In the quarries where mining was stopped centuries ago, traces of earlier mining technologies can be found, having significant historical value. Despite all the listed values, it is a sad fact that most of the quarries in the Czech Republic are revitalized after the end of mining in a way that destroy the values of the geosite. If nature conservation authorities intervene, it is usually because geosite is also a habitat for endangered species of fauna and flora, not for the protection of inanimate nature. The article analyses the process of making former quarries accessible to the public. First, the geosite evaluation methodology is presented, on the basis of which the localities with the greatest tourist potential and the lowest risks are selected. The methodology is based on six synthetic indicators, which are scientific value, cultural-historical value, aesthetic value, educational value, tourist value and vulnerability of the site. The methodology is explained on two examples of former quarries in northern Bohemia: Panská skála and Hamerský Špičák. The purpose of the methodology is to select suitable geosites, whose values should be protected and used to popularize geosciences and for geoeducation. The discussion points to good examples of making former quarries accessible to geotourism from nearby regions (e.g. UNESCO Geopark Muskauer Faltenbogen / Łuk Mużakowa). On the contrary, the issue of safety of visit to the geosite is mentioned too, which is in some cases the biggest obstacle to access to quarries. The conclusion summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the use of former quarries for geotourism purposes.
Triazine Herbicides Removal from Water with Granular Activated Carbon
Authors: Ilavský Ján , Barloková Danka , Marton Michal
Published: December 2020

The general characteristics of triazine herbicides and their negative effect on environments and human health are described in this article. Triazine herbicides currently account for more than half of all pesticide formulations. They are intensively used for the protection of field crops, orchards and vineyards, but they are also used in the removal of undesirable stands on non-agricultural land (railway embankments, playgrounds, handling areas, etc.), in water management (in coastal management, destruction of growths in irrigation canals), in forestry, etc. Regular application of herbicides increases their content in the aquatic environment and agricultural products. Their occurrence in water is relatively common and it follows that these substances are used in large quantities. Residues of these substances can persist in soils for 1 to 2 years. Due to their good solubility in water, they are easily transported from the soil to aquifers. Several methods can be used to remove pesticides from water, e.g. coagulation, filtration, precipitation, ozonation, adsorption, ion exchange, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation processes. Their effectiveness varies considerably and depends mainly on the chemical nature of the pesticide being removed. This article studies adsorption on the two granular activated carbons Filtrasorb 400 and Norit 1240 W. Model solution of the pesticides, with concentration of approximately 1 µg/L, was prepared by mixing 50 mL of the pesticide’s standards with approximately 5 L of drinking water. The pH of drinking water was neutral, and this solution was then properly mixed and was used in the experiments. The experiments were performed in the glass bottles with the volume of 200 mL pesticide solution. On the analytical scales weighed out 200 mg granular activated carbon was used and then it was added to the bottles. Subsequently these bottles were regularly stirred, and the samples were taken out at times 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes. Samples were taken by pipette into the 40 ml glass vials with added thiosulfate for preservation. After the experiments, these vials were sent to the analytical laboratory, which performed the analysis of the concentration of pesticides. The performed analytical methods were consistent with US EPA 535 and US EPA 1694. Concentration was determined by liquid chromatography using an internal standard method. The triazine herbicides detection analysis results after adsorption process in drinking water spiked with standard of pesticides shows, that the efficiency of selected triazines removal and adsorption capacity for two granular activated carbons used varied. Filtrasorb F400 proved to be a better sorption material than Norit 1240. The efficiency of this material ranged from 18 to 60%, while the efficiency of Norit 1240 was significantly lower.