bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF SODIUM FLUORIDE, STANNOUS FLUORIDE AND ACIDULATED SODIUM FLUOROPHOSPHATE AS AGENTS FOR FLUORIDIZATION.
Authors: Butts John E.
Published: April 2007

If you would like to continue the review by Dr. Butts and scan the bibliography used, the opportunity now is available.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS AND DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE OF 3911 FIVE‐YEAR‐OLD NATIVES OF CONTRA COSTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA*
Authors: Stadt Zachary M. , Blum Henrik L. , Kent Glen W. , Fletcher Eleanor , Keyes Gladys , Frost Lloyd A.
Published: April 2007

At least 10 reports present somewhat conflicting data on the socioeconomic status of families and its relationship to the experience of the children with dental carries. Read this report and decide!
THE IMPACT OF THE FLUORIDATION OF WATER ON THE PRACTICE OF ORAL SURGERY
Authors: Douglas Biuce L. , Coppersmith Sylvia B.
Published: April 2007

The University of Illinois details the impact of fluoridated water on the practice of oral surgery.
A PROGRAM OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO GET SMALL COMMUNITIES TO FLUORIDATE
Authors: Trithart A. H. , Collier Durward R.
Published: April 2007

If you want to get more small communities to fluoridate in your state, you are challenged to read this report.
THE QUALITY OF DENTAL CARE IN COMMUNITY PROGRAMS*
Authors: Schonfeld Hyman K.
Published: April 2007

For those of you, who have been awaiting a thoughtful consideration of methodology in measuring the quality of dental care, here is a stimulating discussion.
THE POTENTIALITIES FOR HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION THROUGH A BIOMEDICAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE OF PROGRAMMED LEARNING AND ELECTRONICS
Authors: Harris Norman O.
Published: April 2007

If all of the critics of universities and their courses for teaching dental public health truly want to know how superb teaching might be accomplished, they should read this paper by Norman Harris.
THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PRACTICE OF DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH IN RECENT FEDERAL LEGISLATION*
Authors: Miller Sidney L.
Published: April 2007

Report No. 2, by a Committee of the Association raises the question, “Man or Mouse?”
THE GUIDELINES FOR CHICAGO'S HEAD‐START DENTAL PROGRAM
Authors: Adilman Howard B. , Douglas Bruce L. , Abrams Irving
Published: April 2007

Here is a Dental Program of Head‐Start that is accomplishing its goals.
A HEALTH COUNCIL PROPOSED FOR THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED DENTAL LABORATORIES*
Authors: Perbohner Aaron T.
Published: April 2007

Mrs. Perbohner calls attention to another, bypassed, possible health hazard in the practice of dentistry, comparable to an operating room contaminated by mercury or the cloud of bacterial aerosols generated by high‐speed instrumentation.
THE NEED FOR DENTAL PERSONNEL; A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR MEETING IT
Authors: Harris Norman O.
Published: April 2007

The Editor will be the first to admit that Dr. Harris has prepared a provocative paper.
UTILIZATION AND COST OF DENTAL SERVICES FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN BOSTON'S HEAD‐START PROGRAM
Authors: Jong Anthony , Leske Gary S.
Published: April 2007

This paper reports a study of the dental program of Head‐Start for 1303 pre‐schoolers in Boston.
The Cariostatic Effectiveness of a Phosphate‐Fluoride Gel Administered Annually to School Children I. The Results of the First Year
Authors: Bryan Eugene T. , Williams J. Earl
Published: April 2007

Bryan and Williams report their experience with the application of phosphate‐fluoride gel in foam‐rubber trays.
A Design for Preventive Dentistry in a Group Practice
Authors: Stanmeyer William R. , Raphael Alfred L.
Published: April 2007

The much needed adaptation of preventive practices to the dental office is discussed here from the experience of the writers at the U.S. Naval Academy.
THE ROLE OF DENTISTRY IN FEDERAL‐STATE‐LOCAL COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PLANNING*
Authors: Bennett Lawrence F.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents an analysis of the impacts of P.L. 89–749 on the dental profession through 1967.
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR REFERRAL IN A PROGRAM OF SCHOOL DENTAL HEALTH
Authors: Swerdloff George
Published: April 2007

The writer reports his study of the effectiveness of “inspection” and “card” referral of elementary students to dentists. Some answers still are needed.
A HEAD START DENTAL PROGRAM BY SENIOR DENTAL STUDENTS
Authors: Murphy Richard F.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Murphy reports a special program to utilize senior dental students and a university's staff‐members to provide dental treatment in a program for children of Head Start
DENTAL STATUS AND NEEDS IN A POVERTY‐POPULATION OF NORTH NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
Authors: Pointer Martha B. , Mobley Eugenia L.
Published: April 2007

This initial report emphasizes many of the problems confronting dentists in the delivery of universal dental care in the future.
THE PUBLIC HEALTH DENTIST AND HIS NEW APPROACH TO ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION *
Authors: Menendez Dr. Otto R.
Published: April 2007

When one reads this paper, he may become thankful that he practices dental public health in the United States. At the same time, he should not miss the implications for this country.
NEGLECTING THE ORAL CAVITY IN COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PLANNING*
Authors: Yacovone Joseph A.
Published: April 2007

If the reader will put himself in the position of Dr. Yacovone, about to speak to a large nondental group of uninterested public health personnel, he will find himself in exactly the right mood to appreciate this paper.
A REVIEW OF THE STATUS OF PORTABLE DENTAL EQUIPMENT*
Authors: Pickles Tomm H.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents an evaluation of portable dental equipment available today, and the writer's expectations for the early future.
ANTICALCULUS AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT, CONTROL, AND PREVENTION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE*
Authors: McNeal Donald R.
Published: April 2007

If you are interested in the eradication of calculus by drugs, read this comprehensive report and evaluation.
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PLANNING; RECOMMENDED POLICIES AND ACTIONS*
Authors: Smith Quentin M.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Smith presents briefly and concisely, as usual, some convincing demands on the public dentist to accomplish in Comprehensive Health Planning.
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PLANNING AS IT AFFECTS DENTAL CARE*
Authors: Cons Naham C.
Published: April 2007

The Association's Committee on Dental Care has accepted the challenge to interpret the impact of Federal funding on the practice of dentistry.
SIMPLIFIED INDICES FOR ESTIMATING THE PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES‐EXPERIENCE IN CHILDREN SEVEN TO TWELVE YEARS OF AGE
Authors: Viegas Alfredo Reis
Published: April 2007

A Brazilian dentist develops, trys out, and presents a simplified index of dental caries‐experience.
PREVENTION FOR DENTAL HEALTH; ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE VALUES OF THE INDIVIDUAL*
Authors: Ramirez Albert , Wershow Harold J. , Pelton Walter J.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Ramirez and his group have engaged in research that demonstrates some of the factors that will have to be considered in efforts to teach and practice the prevention needed so much to meet the impact of Federal health legislation.
EFFECT OF COMMUNITY LEADERS AND ORGANIZATIONS ON PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD FLUORIDATION
Authors: Linn Edwin L.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Linn appears to have established some facts regarding the motivation of residents in referenda on fluoridation. The task ahead for dentists in public health is to decide how to utilize the findings.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN CHANGING THE PERFORMANCE OF ORAL HYGIENE BY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Podshadley Arlon G. , Schweikle Edith S.
Published: April 2007

Doctor Podshadley and Miss Schweikle have to conclude: “Sorry folks, but your single annual lecture and demonstration of toothbrushing for children in the third and fourth grades is not effective in changing their performance, regardless of their choice of two technics.”
A SURVEY OF DENTAL CARE FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: Mathewson Richard J. , Beaver Harvey A.
Published: April 2007

These two investigators have surveyed the resources for educating dentists to treat handicapping conditions, and the treatment that handicapped persons may receive in the seven geographic regions of the United States.
THE COSTS OF DELIVERING DENTAL SERVICES*
Authors: Fisher Morton A.
Published: April 2007

If readers wish to be stimulated by a suggested method to meet the demands for dental care, they should read what Dr. Fisher has learned from Medicaid in New York City
EXPANDED DUTIES FOR DENTAL AUXILIARIES*
Authors: Cox Sherman L.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Cox reports some conclusions of the Association's Committee on Manpower and Education.
ECONOMICS AND CONTINUED FUNDING OF DENTAL SERVICES IN NONFLUORIDATED AREAS*
Authors: Miller Delmar R.
Published: April 2007

This study‐group on public health practice has limited its discussion to the question, “Is it economically proper to divert dental funds to communities that refuse to fluoridate their drinking water?”
COMMENTARY ON DENTAL MANPOWER; THE DENTIST ‐ POPULATION RATIO
Authors: Meskin Lawrence H. , Martens Leslie V.
Published: April 2007

These two writers have gone through the steps that are essential to determine the actual dental productivity in terms of manpower that an area possesses.
DEVELOPING AUXILIARIES TO MEET THE DENTAL NEEDS OF MICHIGAN*
Authors: Short J. Robert
Published: April 2007

Dr. Short, who limits his practice to pedodontics, has gained the attitude of a dentist in public health; he presents the effort here that he has chaired in Michigan to develop a better system for the provision of the services that guarantee a community's oral health.
JUDGMENTS OF PEERS IN ASSESSING THE ORTHODONTIC HANDICAP
Authors: Draker Harry L.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Draker presents some startling‐evidence of the lack of reliability and reproducibility of judgments by peers as a basis for treating occlusal handicaps in a publically funded program.
CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR DETERMINING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, AND ACTIVITY OF DENTAL CARIES; A REVIEW*
Authors: Stolpe John R.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Stolpe has raised some provocative questions about the validity of 14 tests for caries‐activity.
AN APPRAISAL OF THERAPEUTIC DENTIFRICES
Authors: Heifetz Stanley B. , Horowitz Herschel S.
Published: April 2007

This review of the literature on therapeutic dentifrices should be welcomed by students and administrators because of the 67 references appraised.
DENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF STUDENTS AT THE NORTH CAROLINA ADVANCEMENT SCHOOL
Authors: Murphy Richard F. , Hughes John T. , Dudney George G.
Published: April 2007

These investigators submit some interesting data on the effect of such variables as race, residence, and exposure to fluoridated water on caries experience and oral hygiene in three regions of North Carolina.
THE ORAL HEALTH OF NARCOTIC ADDICTS
Authors: Shapiro Stewart , Pollack Burton R. , Gallant Dorothy
Published: April 2007

This group of the School of Dentistry of the University of Maryland has a fortuitous opportunity to study a group of narcotic addicts.
INCORPORATING PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY IN CLINICAL TEACHING*
Authors: Vidmar Gordon C.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a challenging review of the planning for a thoroughly integrated curriculum in preventive dentistry at the University of Nebraska.
DENTAL SERVICES UNDER MEDICAID IN MASSACHUSETTS*
Authors: Gluck George M.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Gluck has performed an excellent job in his review of the development of Medicaid and his State's contribution to experience with the dental component of this program.
THE OPERATION OF A COMMUNITY DENTAL CLINIC IN A HEALTH CENTER; AN EVALUATION*
Authors: Jong Anthony , Leverett Dennis H.
Published: April 2007

These two investigators attempt to determine whether dental treatment can be organized more cheaply in one of Boston's neighborhood health centers than in private practice.
PIGMENTATION OF TEETH FOLLOWING TOPICAL APPLICATIONS OF STANNOUS FLUORIDE IN A NONFLUORIDATED AREA
Authors: Horowitz Herschel S. , Chamberlin Shirley R.
Published: April 2007

These two investigators report a study planned and carried out to gain an objective measurement of the extent of dental pigmentation sustained from topically applied stannous fluoride.
LEVELS OF PROFESSIONALISM IN A DUAL SYSTEM OF DENTAL CARE*
Authors: Shuval Judith T.
Published: April 2007

This writer reports an extensive psychological study of the practice of dentistry by the two levels of dental personnel that exist in Israel.
METHOD FOR POSTTREATMENT EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF DENTAL CARE*
Authors: Cons Naham C.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Cons has tried out and now reports one method for checking the quality of treatment in a public dental program.
WHAT DENTAL BOARDS ARE DOING ABOUT AUXILIARIES*
Authors: Stevens Ray E.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Stevens not only analyzes the problems arising in an expansion of the tasks of auxiliary personnel, but raises questions of fact.
DELTA DENTAL PLANS ASSOCIATION; ITS IMPACT ON EXPANDED DUTIES OF AUXILIARIES AND THE DELIVERY OF DENTAL CARE*
Authors: Boucek George P.
Published: April 2007

Here a Vice President of Delta Dental Service Plans briefly, but forcefully presents the impact of the new Association on the practice of dentistry in this country.
DYNAMIC TRANSITION IN DENTISTRY; EXPANDED FUNCTIONS FOR AUXILIARIES*
Authors: Koerner Karl R.
Published: April 2007

As a participant, during the summer of 1970, in the Advanced Studies Program of the Institute for the Study of Health and Society in Washington, D.C., Mr. Koerner was financed by a P.H.S. grant, HSM 110‐70‐371.
FLUORIDES IN COMMUNITY PROGRAMS: RESULTS AFTER FOUR YEARS OF STUDY OF VARIOUS AGENTS TOPICALLY APPLIED BY TWO TECHNICS*
Authors: Szwejda Louis F.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Szwejda has planned and carried out a long‐range, comparative study of the topical application of fluorides. You will find his results interesting.
THE EFFECT OF SELF‐APPLIED FLUORIDE PASTE
Authors: Gunz Gertrude M.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Gunz, studying the effect of self‐application of a fluoride paste on third and fourth grade children, was unable to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in new DMF.
THE COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER AS A TRAINING FACILITY FOR STUDENTS OF DENTAL HYGIENE*
Authors: Field Howard M. , Jong Anthony
Published: April 2007

Doctors Field and Jong have worked out and used a unique technic for appraising the value of student dental hygienists used in a neighborhood health center.
THE PATIENT HYGIENE PERFORMANCE METHOD AS AN INDICATION OF BEHAVIORAL CHANGE FOLLOWING PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATIONS; A STUDY OF VALIDITY*
Authors: Ramirez Albert , Lasater Thomas M. , Bethart Hector , McNeal Donald R.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Ramirez and his group have tested the PHP index as a technic to use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of instruction in toothbrushing.
THE IMPACT OF FLUORIDATION ON PATTERNS OF DENTAL TREATMENT
Authors: Douglas Bruce L. , Wallace Donald A. , Lerner Monroe , Coppersmith Sylvia B.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Douglas and his group have tackled the problem of determining the impact on patterns of practice which develop in areas of fluoridated water.
BILATERAL SYMMETRY OF DENTAL RESTORATIONS IN A DENTAL CARE PROGRAM
Authors: DeJong Norman , Dunning James M.
Published: April 2007

Drs. DeJong and Dunning have utilized a finding of Hyatt in the 1920's regarding the bilaterality of carious lesions to work out an intriguing method for measuring the quality of dental care.
THE CURRENT CHARACTER OF PRACTICE AND THE EXPECTATIONS OF DENTAL STUDENTS*
Authors: Martens Leslie V. , Meskin Lawrence H.
Published: April 2007

For Minnesota these investigators obtained the percentages that dentists devoted to different aspects of practice, as well as the anticipations of dental students.
PARTICIPATION OF DENTISTS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THEIR LOCAL SOCIETIES*
Authors: Waldman H. Barry
Published: April 2007

Dr. Waldman attempts to find differences in the community‐orientation of dental specialists and generalists.
MONITORING FLUORIDE IN VERMONT'S DRINKING WATER
Authors: Long John G. , Stowe Harold
Published: April 2007

The two contributors to this report illustrate thoroughly the frustrations in maintenance of 1 ppm of F in a community's supply of drinking water and how to overcome them.
COMPREHENSIBILITY OF THE LITERATURE GIVEN TO CHILDREN AT A DENTAL HOSPITAL*
Authors: Lovius Jean , Lovius B. B. J. , Ley Philip
Published: April 2007

This English group of investigators finds something useful for those preparing materials to inform children about oral hygiene.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ATTITUDE IN THE DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES*
Authors: Goldberg H. J. V. , Plume Marguerite , Nacman Martin
Published: April 2007

Dr. Goldberg and his associates have put together their experience at the Rochester Neighborhood Health Center and the experience reported by other investigators to suggest the approach for gaining cooperative dental patients.
PREVENTION IN DENTISTRY AS VIEWED BY A DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATOR*
Authors: Pyke Shirley R.
Published: April 2007

A dental health educator, with considerable experience in her attempts to promote improved oral health behavior, takes a hard look at the programs designed to teach continuing removal of dental plaque to school children.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PREVENTIVE DENTAL TREATMENT*
Authors: Chambers David W.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Chambers presents his evidence in support of the hypothesis that the number of Americans susceptible to prevention by the control of plaque in their homes is limited because this habit is inconsistent with their style of living.
PROGRAMS FOR THE MASS CONTROL OF PLAQUE; AN APPRAISAL*
Authors: Heifetz Stanley B. ,   Chairman, and Members of Research Committee, Bagramian Robert A. , Suomi John D. , Segreto Vincent A.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Heifetz and his Committee on Research present a critical survey of the effectiveness of programs developed for the control of dental plaque and a recommendation for a studious workshop.
PATIENTS' EVALUATION OR THE OUTPATIENT SERVICES IN A SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE*
Authors: Kress Gerard C. , Ferraro Eugenen , Stiff Robert
Published: April 2007

Dr. Kress and his associates have performed an interesting service by determining the likes and dislikes of patients treated by students in the dental clinics of Schools of Dentistry.
A PROGRAM TO PROVIDE MOUTH‐GUARDS FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS OF BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND
Authors: Pushkin Philip H.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Pushkin enthusiastically reports his program for the use of mouth‐guards in Baltimore County, Maryland.
HISTORY OF FLUORIDE, DENTAL FLUOROSIS, AND CONCENTRATIONS OF FLUORIDE IN SURFACE LAYER OF ENAMEL OF CARIES‐FREE NAVAL RECRUITS*
Authors: Keene Harris J. , Melberg James R. , Nicholson Clyde R.
Published: April 2007

This report of a study of the concentration of fluoride in the surface‐enamel of teeth, obtained by biopsies, adds considerable information for investigators.
GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA DURING DILANTIN‐THERAPY; A SURVEY OF 312 PATIENTS*
Authors: Klar Lawrence A.
Published: April 2007

Captain Klar reports some additional information about medication and the annoying development of gingival hyperplasia, but was unable to state the sequence of factors which produce the hyperplastic condition.
PARENTS' DESCRIPTIONS OF BARRIERS FACED AND STRATEGIES USED TO OBTAIN DENTAL CARE *
Authors: Frazier P. Jean , Jenny Joanna , Bagramian Robert A.
Published: April 2007

Regardless of the length of this paper, developed by reporting so many family vignettes, a large amount of personal information has been presented for understanding the reactions of parents who try to get their children treated.
WHAT DENTAL PATIENTS DON'T KNOW ABOUT PREVENTIVE CARE
Authors: Linn Erwin L.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Linn reports data from his survey which indicate that the task of teaching patients to prevent oral disease may be enormous.
DENTISTRY IN A NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTH CENTER: AN EVALUATION *
Authors: Posnick William R.
Published: April 2007

In this report, Dr. Posnick presents a comprehensive view of the organization and activity of a neighborhood health center in Pilot City — a low‐income section of Minneapplis.
KENNETH A. EASLICK
Authors: EASLICK KENNETH A.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Easlick Spoke Briefly at the ASDC Foundation Memorial Program on Saturday, October 27, in Houston.
IMPACT OF FLUORIDATED WATER ON THE CARIES‐EXPERIENCE OF NAVAL RECRUITS *
Authors: Keene Harris J. , Catalanotto Frank A.
Published: April 2007

The investigators at the Naval Dental Research Institute, who reported this study, have performed a unique service for those dentists interested in learning the impact of fluoridation on dental practice.
EVALUATION OF TREATMENT PROVIDED THROUGH TWO UNIVERSITIES' MOBILE DENTAL PROJECT *
Authors: Kurtzman Caiman , Freed James R. , Goldstein Charles M.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Kurtzman and his associates have accomplished a rather fine report of the California project by two schools to provide dental treatment for the children of migrant agricultural workers.
THE UCLA‐WHITERIVER DENTAL PROJECT *
Authors: Lisagor Mark , Rowland Donald L.
Published: April 2007

The Editor not only enjoyed the opportunity to work with this report, but he has to register amazement at the vigor exerted, the interest maintained, and the productive approach worked out by youths in the practice of community dentistry.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, LOSS OF TEETH, AND PARTICIPATION IN A DENTAL STUDY†
Authors: Anderson Donald L. , Thompson Gordon W. , Popovich Frank
Published: April 2007

Dr. Anderson and his group at Toronto have planned and carried out a study at the Burlington Growth Centre to gain some precise information on the components which might be used to measure the Impact of socioeconomic status on oral health.
DENTAL CARIES AND LEVELS OF TREATMENT FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, RACE, AND SIZE OF COMMUNITY
Authors: Infante Peter F. , Owen George M.
Published: April 2007

The data supplied by the two investigators from a study of a large sample of children in this country may have considerable significance if a program of National Health Insurance should be initiated by the Federal Government to begin with preschool children.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BARRIERS TO THE RECEIPT OF DENTAL CARE
Authors: Leverett Dennis H.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Leverett appears to have initiated a service to public health dentists by examining in a critical way the troubles which arise in banishing the barriers to the receipt of dental care by all children.
THE TRAINING AND UTILIZATION OF PARAPROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL IN A PUBLIC HEALTH DENTAL PROGRAM OF PREVENTION
Authors: Tappan Major W. , Fitch Mary A.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents the experience of the Public Health Dental Department in Denver with the utilization of Dental Prevention Therapists.
THE INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA ON THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDE TOWARD FLUORIDATION OF DRINKING WATER IN NEW ORLEANS
Authors: Wallace C. J. , Legett Ben J. , Retz Patricia A.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Wallace and his associates present data to defend the submission of a proposal for fluoridation to the board of a civil agency instead of a referendum by voters.
Acceptance of Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Dental Health Care Workers
Authors: Jacobson J. J. , Lang W. P. , Ybanez M. S. , Shipman C. , Johnston F. K. , LaTurno D. E.
Published: April 2007

Participation in hepatitis B vaccination programs by dental health care workers (DHCWs) has been low. Following a vaccination program at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry, a survey was conducted to determine the relation of sociodemographic status, health beliefs, amount of patient contact, and perceived barriers to participation or nonparticipation in the program by 618 students, faculty, and staff. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that a respondent's age, perceptions about susceptibility to hepatitis B, amount of patient contact, and perceptions about the cost of the vaccine were significant determinants of participation. Findings from this study suggest that a highly structured program format is necessary to lower barriers and facilitate access to vaccination, while also cueing the DHCW to appropriate preventive behavior. Knowledge appears to be but one factor that may affect decisions regarding acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine; health beliefs, motivational factors, barriers, and program organization all have a significant impact on the DHCWs decision.
Relation of Sources of Systemic Fluoride to Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis
Authors: Woolfolk Marilyn W. , Faja Barbara Wirth , Bagramian Robert A.
Published: April 2007

The prevalence of dental fluorosis in a nonfluoridated area was determined and related to the reported fluoride ingestion histories of the children examined. A convenience sample of 543 schoolchildren in rural areas of Michigan was examined for fluorosis using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis. Questionnaires that asked about previous use of fluorides were sent to parents of all children examined. The response rate was 76 percent (412 usable questionnaires). A criterion for inclusion in the data analysis stipulated that only fluorosed surfaces that occurred bilaterally would be included. Fluorosis was found on 7 percent of all tooth surfaces and only in the mild form. Twenty‐two percent of the subjects were classified as having fluorosis. Dietary supplement was the only fluoride that was found to be significantly related to the occurrence of fluorosis. A greater proportion of the subjects with fluorosis fisted physicians, rather than dentists, as the source of fluoride prescriptions. The results demonstrate similarities to the fluorosis reported in other studies in non‐fluoridated areas, but also suggest the need to minimize the occurrence of fluorosis through proper assessment of a child's fluoride exposure and the judicious use of additional fluoride.
Development of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Proposed Standard to Protect Workers from Contracting Bloodborne Diseases in the Workplace
Authors: Sandler Barbara H. , Harwood Susan E. , Thurber Claudia H. , Infante Peter F.
Published: April 2007

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is in the process of developing a health standard to protect workers by reducing occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and other bloodborne pathogens. This article reviews the history of the standard, the steps involved in OSHA standard development, and–most specifically–how the dental professional can participate in this process.
Three‐year Root Caries Increments: Implications for Clinical Trials
Authors: Leske Gary S. , Ripa Louis W.
Published: April 2007

Seven hundred and ninety‐six adult subjects (mean age, 39.9 years) received visual‐tactile examinations for root caries over a three‐year period. All subjects were employed or were the spouses of employees and resided in fluoride‐deficient communities on Long Island, New York. During the three‐year observation period, 81.4 percent of the subjects did not develop root caries. The 18.6 percent who developed root caries averaged 0.8 DFS/year. The subjects' ages and baseline root DFS status were associated with the development of a root DFS increment. The older the patient, especially aged 45 and older, the greater was the risk of developing root lesions or having root fillings placed. Subjects who had a root DFS score at baseline also were more likely to experience a root DFS increment. It is recommended that when designing clinical trials of agents purported to inhibit root caries, preselection criteria for the study population should consider the subjects' ages and past history of root lesions.
Utilization of Dental Services: 1986 Patterns and Trends
Authors: Hayward Rodney A. , Meetz Harriet K. , Shapiro Martin F. , Freeman Howard E.
Published: April 2007

Data from the 1986 Access to Health Care Survey of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, a nationwide telephone survey, were used to provide information on changes and trends in dental utilization in the United States. Sixty‐three percent of the respondents five years or older (N = 9,352} had had a dental visit within the past year. Being elderly, having lower socioeconomic status, and being black were independent risk factors for having fewer dental visits. Persons who had dental check‐ups during the past year also demonstrated higher rates of other preventive health procedures (i.e., Pap smears, mammograms, breast examinations, and routine medical examinations). Among those without a dental visit within the past year, a financial barrier to receiving such care was reported by 12 percent of those surveyed, compared to 37 percent in 1976. We concluded that during the past decade there has been a continued trend toward increased dental visits and decreased financial problems relating to receiving dental care; however, the poor, ethnic minorities, and those with less education continue to have much lower rates of dental care utilization compared to the general population.
Relationships Between Price and Two Components of Quality of Dental Services
Authors: Crall James J. , Beazoglou Tryfon J.
Published: April 2007

Failure to account for differences in service attributes can lead to biased estimates and erroneous inferences regarding relationships between price and quality in studies of the dental care delivery system. This study examined relationships between prices of several common dental procedures and two components of the structure and process dimensions used in quality of care assessments. Results from ordinary least squares regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between price and an index of technical quality for two restorative services provided by general practitioners, even when controlling for market area characteristics. Additional analyses revealed that prices charged by general practitioners for specific services typically were lower on average and demonstrated greater variation than those charged by specialists for the same procedures. These findings highlight the need to consider service differentiation, including quality variation, in empirical studies involving the pricing of dental services.
Methodological Considerations in the Analysis of Cost Effectiveness in Dentistry
Authors: Antczak‐Bouckoms Alexia A. , Tulloch J. F. Camilla , White Benjamin A. , Capllouto Eli I.
Published: April 2007

Cost‐effectiveness analysis is a technique applied with increasing frequency to help make rational decisions in health care resource allocation. This article reviews the ten general principles of cost‐effectiveness analysis outlined by the Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress and describes a model for such analyses used widely in medicine, but only recently applied in dentistry. The imperative for the formulation of the best current information on both the effectiveness of dental practices and their costs is made more urgent because of the now universally recognized belief that resources available to meet the demands for health care are limited. Today's environment requires critical allocation decisions within categorical health problems, across diseases, or relative to other health problems. If important health benefits or cost savings are to be realized, then these analytic approaches must become widely understood, accepted, and appropriately applied by key decision makers in the dental health sector.
Effectiveness of School Water Fluoridation and Dietary Fluoride Supplements in School‐aged Children
Authors: Horowitz Herschel S.
Published: April 2007

School water fluoridation and school‐based fluoride tablet programs both have been shown in many studies to be effective in preventing dental caries. These studies indicate that school water fluoridation reduces dental decay by approximately 40 percent and school‐based fluoride tablet programs by about 30 percent. However, nearly all the studies were done when the prevalence of caries among US schoolchildren was greater than it is today, which makes it difficult to assess their current effectiveness. Data from dental surveys of school‐aged children conducted during the past 30 years indicate that overall caries prevalence has declined by more than 75 percent and that of approximal tooth surfaces by more than 90 percent. Recent national data indicate the difference in caries prevalence between children with lifetime residence in either fluoridated or nonfluoridated areas has also diminished, which raises questions about the cost effectiveness of initiating school‐based fluoride programs for all areas. There are still groups of children, however, seriously affected by dental caries. It is safe to assume that implementation of school water fluoridation or fluoride tablet programs will result in traditionally reported benefits among these children. Ongoing school‐based fluoride programs should not be discontinued until it is known what impact their cessation will have on dental disease.
Review of the Anticaries Effectiveness of Professionally Applied and Self ‐applied Topical Fluoride Gels
Authors: Ripa Louis W.
Published: April 2007

Of the five types of topical fluoride gel products available in the United States, two have not been clinically tested in randomized double blind clinical trials. For those tested, the averaged results of clinical trials involving schoolchildren in fluoride‐deficient communities indicate a caries reduction of approximately 26 percent from either a professional or self‐administered program. A similar relative reduction can be expected from programs conducted in fluoridated communities, but the absolute caries inhibition is less. Twice‐a‐year professional applications are more effective than once‐a‐year applications, and self‐applications using trays are more effective than applying the gel on a toothbrush. For subjects beyond school age, there are few clinical studies of either self‐applied or professionally applied gels; however, current epidemiological evidence does not indicate a need for public health caries preventive programs for healthy employed adults. For medically compromised patients, especially those exhibiting rampant caries associated with radiation‐induced xerostomia, a variety of topical gel procedures appear to be effective in limiting caries.
Excerpts from Presentation on Epidemiologic Data and Changing Demographics
Authors: Stamm John
Published: April 2007

Dental surveys provide epidemiologic and sociodemographic data useful for program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Dental public health decisions in North Carolina have been based on statewide oral health surveys. Results from the 1986–87North Carolina School Oral Health Survey and a comparison of these data to previous survey results and to recent national estimates of oral disease provide a basis for the discussions and deliberations during the symposium.
National Oral Health Objectives for the Year 2000
Authors: Corbin Stephen B.
Published: April 2007

The recent Institute of Medicine report on the future of public health is stimulating widespread discussion of the appropriate scope, direction, and means of ensuring the nation's health through public health efforts. Concurrently, the nation is in the process of establishing national disease prevention and health promotion objectives for the year 2000. This is a natural progression from the broad health promotion and disease prevention activities of the past, the 1990 Health Objectives for the Nation, and the Model Standards for Community Preventive Health Services. It is timely for North Carolina, as it celebrates past accomplishments of the state dental public health program, to consider alternative approaches to planning for the public's oral health. The year 2000 process, a national grass‐roots initiative, may be a useful model for individual states to adopt. Beyond identifying specific oral health concerns, the year 2000 process offers a number of functional values: the opportunity to educate a wide audience, prioritization of state oral health concerns, identification of gaps in current programs and surveillance, and the opportunity to create an effective constituency among those individuals and institutions in the best position to bring about change.
New Directions—Constituencies and Responsibilities
Authors: Niessen Linda C.
Published: April 2007

Six critical questions are discussed as background information for the participants as the future direction for dental public health in North Carolina is considered. (1) Why should a dental program exist as part of the state public health program? (2) Who are the current and future constituents? (3) What programs will be necessary? (4) Where will dental public health programs function in the future? (5) How will dental public health programs function in the future? and (6) When will dental public health programs change? The Future of Public Health Report and the Year 2000 Objectives consider many of these questions for public health and dental public health. In addition to this information, the inequities of oral health status, access to care among various population groups, constituency building, and the roles of government agencies have to be considered. This presentation challenges public health to visualize possibilities for a future that cannot be seen, but that needs to be anticipated.
Reaction Panel to Group Discussions: What Should Dental Public Health Be? and How to Get to the “Should”?
Authors: Satterfield William C. , Dudney George G. , Corbin Stephen B. , Niessen Linda C. , Stamm John
Published: April 2007

The purpose of the reaction panel is to assess the group discussion reports, “What Should Public Health Be ?” and “How to Get to the Should.” The panel members were asked to comment on the points they believe were especially significant for future development in dental public health for North Carolina. The panel participants were the four speakers from the initial session of the symposium, including Dr. George Dudney, Dr. John Stamm, Dr. Stephen Corbin, and Dr. Linda Niessen. The reactions to the group discussions are of special value to the participants at the symposium. However, the comments should be helpful and informative to any group involved in planning the future of dental health in local communities or statewide programs.
A Comparison of Quality in a Dual‐choice Dental Plan: Capitation versus Fee‐for‐service
Authors: Atchison Kathryn A. , Schoen Max H.
Published: April 2007

The quality of dental care provided under a dual‐choice dental plan was evaluated. Eleven practices, six capitation and five fee‐for‐service, were examined. The methodology was based primarily on examinatbn of elements of structure and process of care. Samples of patient dental records were drawn from each practice for a total of 495 patient records. The results showed that none of the five fee‐for‐service dental practices and only two of the capitation practices were found to meet all the criteria for acceptable dental practice. Universally poor documentation made it extremely difficult to evaluate process measures of care. Fee‐for‐service patients received more visits and services than capitation patients. Overtreatment occurred in fee‐for‐service practices and undertreatmentoccurred in capitation practices. The distribution of services also differed, with capitation practices providing a less expensive type of service. Annual utilization of one or more services for capitation practices varied substantially by the practice. In this plan, both capitation and fee‐for‐service practices demonstrated a need for strong quality assurance mechanisms to protect the interests of patients.
Variation in Dentist Service Rates in a Homogeneous Patient Population
Authors: Grembowski David , Mllgrom Peter , Fiset Louis
Published: April 2007

Previous studies in medicine and dentistry document wide variations in service rates across small areas, large regions, and providers. The practice patterns of providers and underlying differences in patient need are thought to be important sources of this variation. To control for variation in patient needs, we calculated service rates of 200 general dentists in Washington state based on a homogeneous, well‐educated, upper‐middle‐class population of patients. Wide variations were found in the rates for many dental services. Dentists' practice beliefs and characteristics of the practice were sources of variation in the rates. The evidence is insufficient to determine whether undertreatment or overtreatment occurred among dentists with the lowest and highest expenditures per patient, respectively. However, the perceived oral health status of adult patients was lower in practices with the lowest total expenditures per patient than in practices with the highest total expenditures per patient, suggesting that undertreatment of adult patients in the lowest‐expenditure practices may have occurred.
The Prevalence of Periodontal Attachment Loss in an Iowa Population Aged 70 and Older
Authors: Hunt Ronald J. , Levy Steven M. , Beck James D.
Published: April 2007

Survey dental examinations were conducted on 262 dentate elderly people aged 70 and older and residing in two rural Iowa counties. Over 60 percent of the elderly in these counties were dentate. Buccal and mesial sites of all teeth were assessed for gingival recession, pocket depth, and attachment loss. Mean loss of periodontal attachment was 2.1 mm, and was slightly greater in older age groups and in men. More gingival recession was found on buccal sites and deeper pocketing was found on mesial sites regardless of age group, sex, or tooth type. However, the clinical magnitude of these differences was small. The prevalence of advanced periodontal breakdown was relatively low, with less than 15 percent of the subjects having at least one site with attachment loss of 7 mm or more. However, moderate periodontal breakdown was highly prevalent in this older population.
Community Water Fluoride Levels, Preschool Dietary Patterns, and the Occurrence of Fluoride Enamel Opacities
Authors: Williams J. Earl , Zwemer Jack D.
Published: April 2007

Three hundred seventy‐four 12‐ to 14‐year‐old children were examined to determine modified tooth surface index of fluorosis (TSIF) scores, and to assess the association among fluoride enamel opacities and water fluoride levels, preschool dietary patterns, and dentifrice consumption. The subjects included boys and girls of both black and white races who reported life‐long residence in either Augusta or adjoining Richmond County. “City” children had communal water consistently fluoridated at levels of 0.9 to 1. 2 ppm. “County” children had water variably fluoridated at levels of 0.2 to 0.9 ppm. TSIF scores were recorded on each included tooth and the highest TSIF tooth score was noted for each subject. The frequency of TSIF scores in all subjects was analyzed for dental arch symmetry and for association with city/county residence. The frequency of TSIF scores then was analyzed separately for “city” children and “county” children for an association with race, gender, preschool dietary habits, and dentifrice ingestion. Chi‐square analysis revealed that higher TSIF scores were associated with city children significantly more than with county children. There was no association of TSIF scores either in the city children or the county children with respect to gender, race, preschool dietary patterns, or dentifrice ingestion. TSIF scores were bilaterally symmetrical, but were higher in the maxillary arch than in the mandibular arch.
A Simplified Hypoplasia Index
Authors: Silberman Stephen L. , Trubman Aaron , Duncan William K. , Meydrech Edward F.
Published: April 2007

A simplified hypoplasia index for deciduous teeth has been developed. The index utilizes a two‐digit system to signify the type and severity of the hypoplastic lesion. The types of lesions recorded are primary canine hypoplasia (PCH) and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH). The severity ranges from minimal to severe and accounts for the presence of dental caries, dental restorations, and recurrent caries. To determine the reliability of the index, two tests were conducted. The first measure was a repeat reliability coefficient (test‐retest) to calculate the stability of the instrument. This measure was calculated for two populations by two examiners under the same examination conditions and exams were conducted seven weeks apart. The second measure calculated the interrater reliability (standardization). Test results were analyzed by employing the Pearson product moment correlation. The repeat reliability coefficients were. 75 (P≤.0001) and. 74 (P≤.0001). The interrater reliability coefficient was .87 (P≤.0001). These data seem to indicate that the index is reliable over time and between examiners.
Infection Control in the Indian Health Service Dental Program: Estimated Costs and Effects on Productivity
Authors: Broderick Eric B.
Published: April 2007

The dental literature contains many recommendations defining standards for infection control. Little information is available, however, documenting the cost of implementing these standards. This article describes the cost incurred by the Indian Health Service Dental Program in the Oklahoma area between 1985 and 1988 for infection control. During this period, comprehensive infection control recommendations were published for oral health programs serving Native Americans and data were collected on supply utilization. While productivity data were collected for that same time period do not support the premise that infection control practices lead to decreased clinical productivity, infection control supply costs did increase over fourfold during this period.
Oral Disease Beliefs, Behaviors, and Health Status of Korean‐Americans
Authors: Lee Josephine , Kiyak H. Asuman
Published: April 2007

Previous research with other ethnic minorities has shown that culture and age cohort, as well as language and economic limitations, act as barriers to obtaining dental care and maintaining good oral health. This study compared self‐reported oral health attitudes, self‐efficacy, and dental practices of 20 younger and 23 elderly Korean‐Americans. Oral assessments were also conducted to determine plaque and gingival status, and root and coronal caries. Significant differences emerged in health self‐efficacy (P < .01) and preventive health orientation (P < .002). Elderly had fewer teeth (P < .0001), more decayed and filled root surfaces (P < .05 and P < .004, respectively), and more decayed and filled coronal surfaces (P < .001 and P < .03). Both groups showed higher levels of distal and mesial plaque than occlusal and cervical plaque; however, the elderly had higher rates of both (P < .0001). Gingival status was also worse for the elderly, on distal and mesial (P < .01), facial (P < .01), and lingual (P < .01) surfaces. These differences are striking, since the elderly reported visiting the dentist more recently (P < .0001); but most of these visits were for prosthodontic and emergency care. Better preventive dental care and education are necessary for elderly immigrants who have not been exposed to preventive dentistry in their home countries.