bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adoptive Transfer of Phosphoantigen-Specific γδ T Cell Subset AttenuatesMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Qaqish Arwa , Huang Dan , Chen Crystal Y. , Zhang Zhuoran , Wang Richard , Li Shengpu , Yang Enzhuoa , Lu Yang , Larsen Michelle H. , Jacobs William R. , Qian Lixia , Frencher James , Shen Ling , Chen Zheng W.
Published: May 2017

The dominant Vγ2Vδ2 T cell subset recognizes phosphoantigen and exists only in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite the discovery of γδ T cells >30 y ago, a proof-of-concept study has not been done to prove the principle that the Vγ2Vδ2 T cell subset is protective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other infections. In this study, we used an adoptive cell–transfer strategy to define the protective role of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in a primate tuberculosis (TB) model. Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for adoptive transfer displayed central/effector memory and mounted effector functions, including the production of anti–M. tuberculosis cytokines and inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria. They also expressed CXCR3/CCR5/LFA-1 trafficking/tissue-resident phenotypes and consistently trafficked to the airway, where they remained detectable from 6 h through 7 d after adoptive transfer. Interestingly, the test group of macaques receiving transfer of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells at weeks 1 and 3 after high-dose (500 CFU) M. tuberculosis infection exhibited significantly lower levels of M. tuberculosis infection burdens in lung lobes and extrapulmonary organs than did the control groups receiving PBLs or saline. Consistently, adoptive transfer of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells attenuated TB pathology and contained lesions primarily in the infection site of the right caudal lung lobe, with no or reduced TB dissemination to other lobes, spleen, or liver/kidney; in contrast, the controls showed widespread TB dissemination. The proof-of-concept finding supports the view that the dominant Vγ2Vδ2 T cell subset may be included in the rational design of a TB vaccine or host-directed therapy.
Prevalence of adolescent obesity at a high school in the City of Tshwane
Authors: Ngwenya Nomusa A. , Ramukumba Tendani S.
Published: May 2017

Background: Obesity has been reported to be on the rise in the world and South Africa is no exception. In recent years obesity has been reported to contribute to the increasing number of people with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Africa has the fastest growing number of overweight and obese adolescents, with indications that in 2010, it had more than doubled since 1990. Some people might perceive being overweight as being round and healthy which might contribute to the increased rate of obesity in South Africa. Physical and psychological changes that occur during adolescence can also be observed earlier during the preteen years (ages 9–12 years). During this time, peer groups and external appearance are of importance. Physical changes, such as obesity, might be perceived negatively by adolescents, affecting their self-esteem.Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent obesity at a high school in the City of Tshwane.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Stratified random sampling was used and data were collected from 30% of the total population as recommended by the statistician. Data analysis was performed using descriptive analysis. Validity and reliability were ensured through calibrating the weight-monitoring scale and the measuring tape, which are collection tools.Results: The results identified the prevalence of adolescent obesity at 8.57%. There is evidence of abdominal obesity and waist–hip ratio ≥ 1. The results show that there is a steady increase in obesity levels among adolescents. The poor response of parents was observed and could demonstrate the need to form stronger partnerships for weight reduction interventions.Conclusion: Evidence-based prevalence allowed for conceptualisation of the scope of the obesity epidemic and how children and young people are also affected. To enable proper planning for adolescent obesity interventions, the depth of consequences of obesity for the adolescent cohort should be well defined and clarified.
Embracing Contradictions
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the upbringing of Grace Lee Boggs. It follows her from her youth in New York City as the Chinese-American daughter of immigrants through graduate school at Bryn Mawr. After completing a dissertation on Hegel, she moves to Chicago.
Marxism and Marriage in Detroit
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes James Boggs and Grace Lee Boggs’s meeting at Correspondence. C.L.R. James is forced by immigration issues to withdraw from the organization, and both James and Grace Lee assume leadership roles. Over the course of working together, James and Grace Lee marry in 1954.
An Ending and a Beginning
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes an ideological rupture at Correspondence. Debates about the course of the Cuban revolution lead to disagreements over the nature of the working class in America. James and Grace Lee Boggs leave the organization.
The PCC
Authors: Biondi Karina
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a short and fairly standard history of the First Command of Capital (Primeiro Comando da Capital - PCC) and the individuals and spaces that will follow in successive chapters. Some official characteristics of the penitentiary system in São Paulo, Brazil, are intertwined with the everyday operation of the prisons and its informal (although sometimes official) aspects. This chapter introduces the way inmates rules are taught and learned by the prisoners, in order to absorb everyday practices and come to understand the importance and the central characteristics of the PCC. Biondi focuses on how to practice equality and humility without confusing it with weakness, and how it is coherent with the ideals of the PCC. The knowledge produced in these practices constitutes trul theories of prison life, and the specialists in these theories are invited to join the PCC.
Prologue
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

On August 28, 1963, while much of America nervously watched the March on Washington, nearly one thousand demonstrators gathered in the all-black neighborhood of East Austin, Texas, to march toward the state capitol in 102-degree heat. Their two-mile route wound its way down crumbling streets, passed run-down houses and segregated schools, and finally crossed over into the white section of town, with its gleaming, pink granite capitol and lily-white Governor’s Mansion. Veteran activists of all colors from across the state flanked several hundred local black teen agers, while groups of white college students and Mexican American activists joined the procession. Picket signs calling for “Freedom Now” competed with a dizzying array of homemade placards. One linked Texas governor John Connally to the infamous segregationist George Wallace of Alabama. Others carried slogans that connected civil rights to labor: “No more 50¢ per hour,” read one, and “Segregation is a new form of slavery.” Still another praised the president while adding some Spanish flair: “Kennedy ...
People Are Power
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes efforts to organize a union of pecan-shelling workers in San Antonio in the late 1930s. After the success of that effort, a maverick New Dealer rode the wave of the insurgency to the mayor’s office, bringing the Mexican American pecan-shellers into common cause with white labor activists, liberals, and the city’s first independent African American voting bloc.
Unions Are Needed So Desperately Here
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how, in the late 1950s, a trio of local labor struggles would bring the African American, Mexican American, and white labor and civil rights activists together in new, surprising ways. Two union campaigns would force the San Antonio labor movement to reconnect to the masses of mexicano (and to a lesser extent black) workers in the city. In so doing, the unions would also be compelled to confront and better understand the growing black and brown civil rights movements.
Responding to the Call(ing)
Authors: Jackson-Fowler Ayanna
Published: May 2017

In an interview with Ayanna Jackson-Fowler, Houston Baker, Jr. reflects on the progress and challenges of diversity in and out of the academy—from his time a Yale in the 1960s to his current position as Distinguished Professor of English at Vanderbilt University. Baker, the first Black president of the Modern Language Association, discusses the shifting role the idea of “community” has played in his career and how he answered colleagues who subtly undermine faculty of color he has championed over the years. The interview concludes with his thoughts about the role of the public intellectual during turbulent times, offering advice about how young scholars can, and should, conserve their time and energy.
Building a Canon, Creating Dialogue
Authors: Harrison Rashida L.
Published: May 2017

Rashida Harrison recounts her conversation with Cheryl Wall, the Board of Governor's Zora Neal Hurston Professor of English at Rutgers University, whose career has both shaped and followed the contours of the rise of African American literary studies. In the early 1970s, when Wall joined the faculty at Rutgers, discourses and methodology about African American literature were in their formative stages. Wall simultaneously broke new ground in the classroom and in the field. As Harrison notes, in addition to her groundbreaking scholarship, Wall has made significant contributions to diversity efforts in collaboration with the Ford Foundation and her work with Rutgers English Diversity Institute, which aims to encourage undergraduates from underrepresented communities to consider graduate studies in English.
In Search of Our Fathers’ Workshops
Authors: González Lisa Sánchez
Published: May 2017

Lisa Sánchez González explores the highlights and lowlights in her journey from kindergarten to tenure as a Boricua feminist scholar deemed "radical" in U.S. academia. Her essay charts the challenges that the she (and many other Latina girls identified early in their education as "gifted") overcame in public schools and the pattern of racial, class and gender stereotyping that perpetually repeated itself in her academic career, as well as how it uniquely deformed the shape of her first tenure review. Sánchez González, who was denied tenure at the University of Texas-Austin, discusses how the Freedom Of Information Act made it possible for her to review her tenure case.
Desbunde
Authors: Dunn Christopher
Published: May 2017

Focusing on Rio de Janeiro, the epicenter of the countercultural scene in Brazil, the first chapter analyzes the emergence of a local hippie movement, known by the neologism desbunde, in the late sixties and early seventies, the most repressive period of military rule. For young people who opposed the authoritarian regime, there seemed to be three options: join the clandestine struggle, leave the country, or desbundar, or “drop out,” and live on the margins of society. The author analyzes the circulation of countercultural ideas and styles in a vibrant alternative press, such as O Pasquim, and the spaces associated with them, such as the Ipanema neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro. The author devotes a section to the work of Luiz Carlos Maciel, a journalist who propagated countercultural ideas and practices with reference to Brazilian and international contexts. The author also focuses on the work of Raul Seixas, a Brazilian rock musician who advocated for an “alternative society.” This chapter examines the tensions between the counterculture’s disengagement from capitalist society and the emergence of a consumer market with its own advertising language, which sought to appeal to a broader section of urban middle-class youth.
The Sweetest Barbarians
Authors: Dunn Christopher
Published: May 2017

The third chapter discusses the northeastern state of Bahia, particularly its capital Salvador, which emerged as something of a mecca for Brazilian and other South American youth, who identified with the counterculture. An important center for Afro-Brazilian culture, Bahia was imagined as a place of non-western spirituality and cultural alterity, much in the way that Mexico and India were respectively seen by North American and European hippies. Youth from all over Brazil and South America flocked to Salvador and to the beach community Arembepe, where they founded a permanent commune. Bahian musicians, including former tropicalists who toured together as the Doces Bárbaros (“Sweet Barbarians”) popularized this image with songs alluding to Candomblé, an Afro-Brazilian religion, and other symbols of regional black culture. The local alternative press, such as the paper Verbo Encantado, also promoted Bahia as a destination for alternative youth. In an effort to boost tourism, the state government promoted Bahia as a mystical destination for young travelers, even as it sought to control and suppress the influx of hippies and the spread of drug consumption.
Changing Charlotte
Authors: Rosen Richard A. , Mosnier Joseph
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 focuses on Chambers's impact on his new hometown, Charlotte. Chambers worked easily and well with the city's two leading civil rights figures, state NAACP director Kelly Alexander, Sr., and Rev. Dr. Reginald Hawkins, who was both younger and more convinced of the usefulness of protest and direct confrontation. In a major step, Chambers renewed litigation to desegregate the Charlotte-Mecklenburg County school system. He meanwhile led a successful effort to force desegregation of a popular high school all-star football game held annually in Charlotte. Although Chambers and Charlotte's handful of additional black attorneys were mostly shunned by the city's white lawyers, U.S. District Judge J. Braxton Craven Jr., impressed by Chambers's talent, appointed Chambers to the part-time position of U.S. Commissioner. Press coverage brought Chambers increasingly into the public eye. In November of 1965, Chambers was again the target of racist violence when his home, and those of Alexander, Alexander's brother, and Hawkins, were attacked with dynamite. National media coverage of the bombings threatened the image of Charlotte crafted by white elites as a moderate, business-friendly city largely free of racial conflict.
Sign-Off
Authors: Bronfman Alejandra
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter serves as an epilogue and situates the relevance of broadcasting to present-day concerns in the Caribbean. It offers an account of the archives and sources on which the book is based, and ends by connecting the themes of the book with the writing of authors including Caryl Phillips and Edwidge Danticat.
Christianity, Social Justice, and the Japanese American Incarceration During World War II
Authors: Blankenship Anne M.
Published: May 2017

Anne M. Blankenship's study of Christianity in the infamous camps where Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II yields insights both far-reaching and timely. While most Japanese Americans maintained their traditional identities as Buddhists, a sizeable minority identified as Christian, and a number of church leaders sought to minister to them in the camps. Blankenship shows how church leaders were forced to assess the ethics and pragmatism of fighting against or acquiescing to what they clearly perceived, even in the midst of a national crisis, as an unjust social system. These religious activists became acutely aware of the impact of government, as well as church, policies that targeted ordinary Americans of diverse ethnicities.
Going through the doors of the camp churches and delving deeply into the religious experiences of the incarcerated and the faithful who aided them, Blankenship argues that the incarceration period introduced new social and legal approaches for Christians of all stripes to challenge the constitutionality of government policies on race and civil rights. She also shows how the camp experience nourished the roots of an Asian American liberation theology that sprouted in the sixties and seventies.
Establishing and Maintaining Institutions
Authors: Campbell Marne L.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 is the story of the creation of a larger black community in Los Angeles at the turn of the twentieth century. It examines the ways in which a few were able to take full advantage of the resources available to all regional settlers. It explores how these few, along with their families, maintained foundational social and cultural institutions for later waves of African American migrants.
The Development of the Underclass
Authors: Campbell Marne L.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4, “The Development of the Underclass,” contextualizes the history of race in Los Angeles within the history of the American West (1870 – 1900). It explores how local white Angelenos combated notions of criminality and attempted to portray Los Angeles as atypical compared to other western American centers, hoping to pin its social ills on the small racialized communities (black Latino/a, and Chinese) that they were actively trying to segregate and minimize. It also explores California’s legal history, and examines the impact of federal, state, and local legislation on the communities of racialized minorities, particularly African American, Native American, and Chinese people. This chapter also examines the role of the local media in shaping mainstream attitudes towards local people of color.
Booker T. Washington Goes West
Authors: Campbell Marne L.
Published: May 2017

Finally, Chapter 6, “Mr.Washington Goes West,” examines the two visits by Booker T. Washington, first in 1903, and again in 1914 and investigates whether his national platform was something Black Angelenos wanted for their community, given the relative gains they made during the late 19th century. This chapter also considers the Washington’s relationship with the local leadership while drawing comparisons with Du Bois’s role in early Black Los Angeles history. This chapter also places the black experience in the West within the context of the national experience by considering the relationship of these two African American leaders with Black Angelenos.
This Is Home
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes how social justice activists responded to the economic crisis in the rural South by publicizing widespread hunger and poverty and pressuring the federal government to act. African Americans who had lived and worked in the plantation counties for generations made it clear that they did not want to leave and argued that they had a right to remain in their home communities instead of being forced to move elsewhere to look for jobs. They proposed alternatives to out-migration that called for increased public expenditures on education, job training, and improved social programs for displaced workers. Their lobbying and clear evidence of the misery that resulted from the policies pursued by state and local governments in the plantation regions convinced the federal government to step up antipoverty efforts.
A World of Despair
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the impact of free market economic policies on rural development in the 1980s and 1990s. Seeking to end excessive government interference in the economy, President Ronald Reagan cut taxes, weakened civil rights enforcement, and reduced funding for social programs that served low-income Americans. Reagan believed that private enterprise and market forces were the most efficient mechanisms for creating wealth and distributing resources. Such policies failed to address the problems facing unemployed and poor people in the rural South. At the turn of the twentieth century, the region was still plagued by unemployment, poverty, inadequate health care, substandard housing, and out-migration.
Crossing the Alps
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Lincoln’s limited war aims, and how the war in the western theatre produced some changes in the conduct of armies in the field. It also places the war in a broadening political context and introduces notions of federal occupation in portions of the southern Confederacy.
The Duty of the Governors to Save the Country’s Cause
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the role governors played in pressing Lincoln to accept more expansive war aims, including the emancipation of southern slaves. It also examines the impact the Militia Act, and the Confiscation Act had on northern armies.
The People Are Conscious of the Power
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the fall political and military campaigns, and examines Lincoln’s re-election and the move to expand reconstruction efforts in the Union occupied South. It also describes the guerrilla warfare in the Border States and the governors’ reactions to it.
It Is Worth While to Live in These Days
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the winter and spring of 1865, and the closing months of the war, and the significance of the 13th amendment’s passage to ensure that slaves freed by Lincoln’s wartime emancipation proclamation were not returned to the plantation in peacetime. It also describes Lincoln’s assassination and the closing events of the governors as they turn to the business of de-mobilization.
A Jeremiad
Authors: Harper Matthew
Published: May 2017

By abstaining from alcohol, black reformers believed they could rise above negative racial stereotypers and gain the respect of their white neighbors, as scholars have explained. This chapter, however, shifts focus away from the white gaze and places black temperance activism within the religious narratives that African Americans told about themselves and for themselves. Black reformers issued jeremiads, sermons mean to rebuke black Christians for profligate living even as they affirmed black Christians as God’s chosen people. The chapter explains how temperance activism reinforced black southerners’ sense of race destiny by describing their involvement in both the temperance movement and state and local prohibition politics. In North Carolina’s failed prohibition referendum in 1881, black Protestants differed in their political choices and theological interpretations, but many discerned both God’s chastisement of the race and God’s divine favor.
Two Faces of Exclusion
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

From the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 to the Immigration Act of 1924 to Japanese American internment during World War II, the United States has a long history of anti-Asian policies. But Lon Kurashige demonstrates that despite widespread racism, Asian exclusion was not the product of an on-going national consensus; it was a subject of fierce debate. This book complicates the exclusion story by examining the organized and well-funded opposition to discrimination that involved some of the most powerful public figures in American politics, business, religion, and academia. In recovering this opposition, Kurashige explains the rise and fall of exclusionist policies through an unstable and protracted political rivalry that began in the 1850s with the coming of Asian immigrants, extended to the age of exclusion from the 1880s until the 1960s, and since then shaped the memory of past discrimination. In this first book-length analysis of both sides of the debate, exclusion-era policies are more than just enactments of racism; they are also catalysts for U.S.-Asian cooperation and the basis for the 21st century’s tightly integrated Pacific world.
Before the Storm
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses U.S. policies furthering expansion to the Pacific Coast in order to establish the nation as a Pacific commercial power through trade with China. Such policies gave rise to an increasingly intense debate over the admission of Chinese immigrants. Led by Senator and then Secretary of State William Seward, Republicans maintained liberal immigration policies for the Chinese, especially through the Burlingame Treaty (1868). While leaders from California and other western states called for but were unable to gain national support for Chinese exclusion, they were able to prevent the naturalization of Chinese immigrants.
First Downpour
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the first policy to restrict Chinese immigration to the United States by tracing its background in broad political transformations during the Gilded Age, including the end of Reconstruction, rapid industrialization, and swings in the business cycle. It provides a close analysis of congressional voting patterns during two Congresses that approved bills to restrict Chinese labor immigrants, the first (passed in 1879) was vetoed by the president, while the second (passed in 1882) became the law of the land. The debate over both policies revealed the polarization of views in Congress and the broader society about the Chinese. The return of the Democrats to power and the Midwestern revolt against big businesses (often identified with the Republicans) combined with racial prejudice to win support for the restriction of Chinese workers.
Winds of War
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the period during and just after World War II, a time when anti-Asian racism peaked against Japanese Americans while softening significantly for other Asian groups and in some ways even for Japanese Americans themselves. The destruction of Pearl Harbor led to the evacuation and internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast based on deep suspicions about the group’s loyalty. Yet faced with necessities related to war propaganda, the federal government also celebrated Japanese Americans, including internees, as loyal Americans, which culminated in the praise for triumphant Nisei soldiers. Meanwhile, Congress repealed Chinese, Filipino, and Indian exclusion, and California repealed the alien land law due to exigencies stemming for U.S. military alliances and international relations during World War II and subsequent Cold War. By 1952, through the McCarran-Walter immigration legislation, Congress repealed Japanese exclusion and for the first time all Asian nations had immigration quotas and their peoples could become U.S. citizens. This was a “great transformation” in the annuals of Asian American history.
After the Storm
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the final end of formal anti-Asian policies in the Immigration Act of 1965, which gave Asian nations equal immigration quotas with all other nations in the world. An important part of this egalitarian context was Hawaii statehood because the new state’s large Asian American constituency boosted this group’s political influence in Congress. At the same time, the civil rights and anti-war movements and protests rooted in the Asian American movement during the long 1960s stirred scholarly and popular interest in the history of Asian exclusion and Japanese American internment that flowered throughout the late 20th and early 21st centuries into a robust cultural memory that, curiously, occluded the significance of the egalitarian opposition to anti-Asian racism. Instead, the picture of the past was stark, emphasizing racism, injustice, victimization, and white domination.
Introduction A Curious Century
Authors: Onion Rebecca
Published: May 2017

In February 2012, President Barack Obama hosted a science fair in the White House, where he was photographed with a fourteen-year-old contributor to the fair, Joey Hudy of Phoenix, Arizona. One image of the event captured the commander in chief’s wide-eyed expression as he gleefully operated Hudy’s invention, the “Extreme Marshmallow Cannon.” This image had an afterlife, circulating on Facebook and Twitter (@karinjr, with a link to a ...
The Exploratorium and the Persistence of Innocent Science
Authors: Onion Rebecca
Published: May 2017

San Francisco’s Exploratorium, founded in 1968, embodied a utopian vision of scientific thought. Its founder, Frank Oppenheimer, was a Peter Pan figure who helped publicize the museum’s image as a place where children and adults could escape the worries of modern life and return to the joys of pure perception. This chapter argues that the Exploratorium self-consciously stood as an alternative to a career-minded, nationalistic model of science education.
The Child Was to Be His Wife
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

Using the marriage of Abel Stearns and Arcadia Bandini as a prism, this chapter demonstrates that youthful marriage was remarkably common in antebellum America, though more so in the South and the West than in the industrializing Northeast, which was more influenced by new ideas of age consciousness. In the South, slaves and wealthy whites both married at young ages, the former because they also worked as children. In the West demographc patterns meant that men outnumbered women in a variety of locations, leading to youthful ages of first marriage for Indian girls, Californianas and New Mexicanas, travelers on the Overland Trail, and girls who chose polygamous Mormon marriages in the new territory of Utah. In all cases youthful marriage was rarely seen as strange and most who entered such marriages probably did so for reasons unrelated to the age of one of the spouses.
The Great Life-Long Mistake
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L.
Published: May 2017

Focusing on the writings of antebellum women’s rights activist Elizabeth Oakes Smith, this chapter demonstrates that many objected to early marriage for girls, but for a variety of reasons. Some believed that it was physiologically unsound, others that it would be detrimental to “the race,” and others like Smith believed that early marriage curtailed girls’ chances for a meaningful girldhood. Smith and other activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton also pointed out that legally early marriage was flawed because girls were permitted to contract marriage—which itself was disadvantageous for all women because of coverture—when they were not yet legally adults. While Smith and her contemporaries were astute in all these critiques, they rarely paused to consider the ways that early marriage was mostly detrimental for middle-class girls who really did have the opportunity of a protected childhood, unlike working-class children, who were laboring from early ages.
The Precarious Road to the Final Four
Authors: Walker J. Samuel , Roberts Randy
Published: May 2017

In mid-March 1974 the struggle for the NCAA crown began, and once again UCLA, the titan in the West regional, was favoured to advance to the Final Four and to win it all. North Carolina State in the South and Notre Dame in the Mideast were also favoured to make it to the Final Four. There was no clear favourite in the Midwest. But the road to the Final Four was not smooth for any of the teams. The excitement that would become known as “March Madness” was in full swing in 1974.
The Battle of Greensboro
Authors: Walker J. Samuel , Roberts Randy
Published: May 2017

Greensboro, North Carolina, hosted the 1974 NCAA Final Four Championship Tournament. UCLA, as expected, made it to Greensboro, as did North Carolina State. But the arrival of Kansas and Marquette was more unexpected. In Greensboro the athletes—Bill Walton, Tom Burleson, David Thompson, Monte Towe, and others—showed why their teams had made it to the Final Four.
So That None Shall Be Afraid
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the pilot project summer of the Student Interracial Ministry and the seven students (three white males, one white female, and three black males) who worked in the south during the summer of 1960. Of particular note is Jane Stembridge’s work with Ella Baker to start up the first office for SNCC in Atlanta, Georgia. This chapter also covers the creation of the founding charter for the organization and the establishment of SIM as an official civil rights group during the academic year 1960-1961, supported by the National Council of Churches and the Interseminary Movement and endorsed by Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Council.
A War of Barbarism or of Comparative Humanity
Authors: Dilbeck D. H.
Published: May 2017

Chapter one traces the origins of the Union army’s “hard yet humane” just-war policies to an unexpected time and place: guerrilla-ravaged Missouri in the opening months of the Civil War. The chapter shows how Union officers in Missouri, as they confronted hostile guerrillas, first constructed detailed military rules and policies that embodied the vision of just warfare that would eventually characterize the entire Union military effort. Some historians have argued that when Federal armies in this region faced problems associated with guerrillas and hostile Confederate civilians they responded by resolutely embracing the hard hand of war – which is true, but only half the story. These same challenges also simultaneously inspired many Union officials to work to establish and abide by certain constraints.
A Futile Attempt at Imprisonment
Authors: Foote Lorien
Published: May 2017

Sherman’s invasion of South Carolina forced the evacuation of 7,672 prisoners from Camp Asylum and Florence Prison to North Carolina in February, 1865. More than 1,600 escaped or had to be abandoned along the route to Wilmington. The Confederacy’s attempt to deliver the remaining prisoners for exchange at Wilmington during the Federal campaign against the city interfered with and disrupted both Confederate and Union operations on the battlefield and had consequences for Sherman’s invasion of North Carolina. The story of prisoner movement cannot be separated from the narrative of the military campaigns that concluded the war in the Carolinas.
Ivory Tower of Power
Authors: Kinch Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter relates a brief history of the modern research university. Although centers of academic learning have long existed, the role of these institutions in discovering new ideas was the brainchild of a Prussian aristocrat and the idea quickly gained traction in the United States under Abraham Lincoln and a shrewd Quaker grocer by the name of Johns Hopkins. The latter's eponymous university played a key role in understanding the most devastating public health crisis of the 20th century, Spanish flu. The origins of the pandemic and its impact, which ranged from hastening the end of the Great War through enhancing scientific understanding of disease, are discussed. The connections between the Spanish flu and the discovery of the polio vaccine are outlined as is the impact of NIH during the latter half of the century. The chapter concludes by conveying the discoveries, first of cholesterol itself and later of a means to lower cholesterol with a revolutionary new class of drugs known as statins. The development of these new medicines had implications not just for health of patients but for the companies developing these drugs as well.
The Family Assistance Plan and the End of Work
Authors: Livingston James
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the US Congress’s attempts to pass a universal basic income scheme in 1970. It details the work of Nixon Administration operatives, Donald Rumsfeld and Dick Cheney, to accomplish this effort. It describes the sociological experiments that proved that decoupling income from work actually had a positive effect.
Coda
Authors: Livingston James
Published: May 2017

Can love survive the end of work? I’ve been asking that question all along. I guess I’ve been asking whether love can replace work — whether socially beneficial labor, the love of our neighbors, can replace socially necessary labor as the criterion we use in calculating the distribution of income and the development of character....
Aerosol Surface Area Concentration: a Governing Factor for New Particle Formation in Beijing
Authors: Cai Runlong , Yang Dongsen , Fu Yueyun , Wang Xing , Li Xiaoxiao , Ma Yan , Hao Jiming , Zheng Jun , Jiang Jingkun
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The predominating role of aerosol Fuchs surface area, AFuchs, in determining the occurrence of new particle formation (NPF) events in Beijing was elucidated in this study. Analysis was based on a field campaign from March 12th to April 6th, 2016, in Beijing, during which aerosol size distributions down to ~ 1 nm and sulfuric acid concentration were simultaneously monitored. The 26 days were classified into 11 typical NPF days, 2 undefined days, and 13 non-event days. A dimensionless factor, LΓ, characterizing the relative ratio of the coagulation scavenging rate over the condensational growth rate and predicting whether or not a NPF event would occur (Kuang et al., 2010), was applied. The three parameters determining LΓ are sulfuric acid concentration, the growth enhancement factor characterizing contribution of other gaseous precursors to particle growth, Γ, and AFuchs. Different from other atmospheric environment such as in Boulder and Hyytiälä, the variations of daily maximum sulfuric acid concentration and Γ in Beijing are in a narrow range with geometric standard deviations of 1.40 and 1.31, respectively. Positive correlation was found between estimated new particle formation rate, J1.5, and sulfuric acid concentration with a mean fitted exponent of 2.4. However, sulfuric acid concentration on NPF days is not significantly higher than that on non-event days. Instead, AFuchs varies greatly among days in Beijing with a geometric standard deviation of 2.56, while it is relatively stable at other locations such as Tecamac, Atlanta, and Boulder. Good correlation was found between AFuchs and LΓ in Beijing (R2 = 0.88). It appears that the abundance of gaseous precursors such as sulfuric acid in Beijing is high enough to have nucleation, however, it is AFuchs that determines the occurrence of NPF event in Beijing. 10 in 11 NPF events occurred when AFuchs is smaller than 200 μm2/cm3, and the NPF event was suppressed due to coagulation scavenging when AFuchs is larger than 200 μm2/cm3. Measured AFuchs is in good correlation with PM2.5 mass concentration (R2 = 0.85) since AFuchs in Beijing is mainly determined by particles in the size range of 50–500 nm that also contribute to PM2.5 mass concentration.
Uso religioso de cavernas no Sudeste Asiático e China: a paisagem cárstica sob outra perspectiva
Authors: Price Liz , Panisset Travassos Luiz Eduardo
Published: May 2017

ResumoA relação entre o ser humano e as cavernas apresenta um caráter multifacetado. Além do uso de tais espaços para abrigo e proteção, outro tipo de uso que se destaca como igualmente importante é o espiritual e/ou religioso. Desde os tempos mais remotos o subterrâneo tem sido utilizado como templos, seja de forma incipiente ainda na pré-história, seja em períodos mais modernos na história. Independente das motivações envolvidas, cavernas naturais ou artificiais distribuem-se por todo o mundo e em todos os continentes. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetiva destacar exemplos de uso religioso de cavernas no Sudeste Asiático e China e de que forma fazem parte da história daquela região.Palavras-chave: cavernas; religião; história; Sudeste Asiático; China. AbstractThe relationship between humans and caves presents a multifaceted character: besides the use of such spaces for shelter and protection, another type of use that stands out as equally important is the spiritual and/or religious one. The underground has been used as temples since the earliest times, still incipient in prehistory but more elaborate in modern periods in history. Regardless of the motivation involved, natural or artificial caves are spread throughout the world and on every continent. Thus, this study aims at highlighting examples of the religious use of caves in Southeast Asia and China that show how they are part of the history of that region.Keywords: caves, religion, history, Southeast Asia, China. ResumenLa relación entre los humanos y las cuevas presenta un carácter multifacético. Además del uso de dichos espacios en busca de refugio y protección, otro uso que se destaca por ser igualmente importante es la espiritual y/o religiosa. Desde los primeros tiempos el subterráneo se ha utilizado como templos aún incipiente en la prehistoria, o de manera más elaborada en períodos más modernos de la historia. Independientemente de las motivaciones que intervienen, cuevas naturales o artificiales se extienden por todo el mundo y en todos los continentes. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo poner de relieve ejemplos de uso religioso de las cuevas en el sudeste de Asia y China, y la forma en que son parte de la historia de esa región.Palabras clave: cuevas, religión, historia, sudeste de Asia, China.
Factors Explaining Debt Firm Policy: A Comparison between Five Intercontinental Countries
Authors: Hatem Ben Said
Published: May 2017

We test the factors explaining the debt policy of firms across five continents. To this end, we examine samples from South Africa, Australia, Brazil, India and Spain over a period of 8 years from 2003 to 2010. The results manipulate differences in debt policy for all countries (except for the variable Return on Assets, ROA). As for the effect of activity sectors on firm debt policy, higher performance led to lower firm debt ratios. Furthermore, we concluded some differences in other variables. Higher tangibility ratios for firms from South Africa, India and Spain led to higher capital structure ratios. Larger firms from Brazil led to lower short term debt ratio. We could not find evidence on the effect of firm growth opportunities in Brazil and India. Furthermore, we concluded to a positive and a statistically significant effect of liquidity ratio for Australia and India, and a positive and a statistically significant effect of firm age for firms from Spain.
Do Firms' Cash Holdings Differ Between Asian Countries? Theory and Empirical Validation
Authors: Hatem Ben Said
Published: May 2017

This work identifies the factors that explain firms cash holdings (Opler, Pinkowitz, Stulz, and Williamson, 1999). Empirical validation was calculated on two Asian countries: Chine and Japan. To measure of firms cash holdings, we use, alternatively, two measures: Cash ratio approximated as the ratio of cash and equivalents of cash to total assets, and Quick ratio calculated as cash and equivalents of cash to current liabilities. Our samples contain 119 firms from each country for a period of 8 years from 2006 to 2013. Descriptive statistics show that firms from Chine have higher debt and profitability ratios. However, firms in Japan are older than firms in Chine with a mean age of 38,357 years with a minimum of 4 years and a maximum of 121 years. the results report many differences in cash holdings policy between the two countries. Contrary to our hypothesis, firms in China that have higher capital structure ratios have more cash. We concluded to a difference in the effect of firm size and number of employees in the two countries. Older firms in Japan have more cash. Finally, we concluded to a negative and a statistically significant effect of growth opportunities for firms in Japan and China. Firm performance positively influence cash in the two countries.
How Can We Increase Shareholder' Wealth? An Empirical Validation from European Countries
Authors: Hatem Ben Said
Published: May 2017

This paper tests the determinants of shareholder's wealth. Our study examined three countries: Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The samples contains 69 firms for every country observed over a period of 4 years from 2007 to 2010. Firm value is measured by two ratios: Tobin's Q ratio obtained as the sum of market capitalisation, long term debt and short term capital structure divided by total assets, and market to book ratio measured as market value equity over shareholder's equity. The descriptive statistics manipulate that firms in Sweden and the United Kingdom have higher Tobin's Q and market to book ratios, respectively. We found evidence about the hypothesis of tax savings on firm value. Firms with higher values of performance have higher market equity values. We manipulated to a significant relationship between firm value and size when we consider, only Tobin's Q ratio, as dependant variable. More cash means high stocks prices for firms in Sweden and the United Kingdom. In the British and Swedish markets, older firms have less value.
Embrace and Differentiation
Authors: Falque Emmanuel
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that body on its own, whether we consider it as organic or as manifesting itself in flesh, is not enough to define the content of the eucharist. The way of the body is that it gives itself: if it does not, it perishes in the wish to take and be taken. The carnal embrace (eros) is part of the most spiritual gift (agape). The this is my body does not firstly or solely proffer the words of Christ to his disciples on the day of the eucharistic Last Supper, but these are also, in effect, the words of the spouse to his espoused in the erotic scene—a scene that only gains sense in the Christian system through the eucharistic Last Supper. The topic, then, is philosophical even before it is theological. It is as “donation,” and “humanly desired” that the body leaves off its animality to some degree—and goes from a difference of male-female to one of man-woman.
Plunging Bodily
Authors: Falque Emmanuel
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that mystic body of the Church should not be opposed to the true body of the eucharistic sacrament; it is its manifestation as well as its perfect expression. The unreserved bodily plunge offered on the day of the Last Supper (“Take; this is my body” [Mark 14:22]), and later shared by the disciples at Emmaus after the Son has disappeared into invisibility (“Then their eyes were opened, and they recognized him; and he vanished from their sight” [Luke 24:31]), is present all the more in that it is a letting go and very far from the kind of consciousness that it is a gift, which might destroy its donation. He plunges in bodily [literally, in French, “the body lost”], just as one forgets oneself and lives as another when there is a task ahead or the body is to be constructed. This is exemplified in the narrative of the washing of the disciples' feet, which is placed there to establish the community through the eucharist.
Specter of vietnam
Authors: Minh-ha Trinh T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the problem of an exit strategy during the final days of the George W. Bush administration and how these issues echo the U.S. policy on Vietnam of many years before. It goes further, however, to analyze how the Obama administration approached future conflict in its initial years. On the one hand, the Bush administration's official storyline had revived the familiar paranoia of having victory turned over to the enemies. On the other, the exit strategy for withdrawal also raised widespread doubt about what was achievable in Iraq and Afghanistan and what the comprehensive results of the Iraq War turned out to be. The classic double bind thus wrote itself into every discussion of the “post-Iraq” era of U.S. foreign policy.
She, the wayfarer
Authors: Minh-ha Trinh T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the woman's—particularly the civilian woman's—perspective in processing the aftermath of war and the human costs it entails. It examines the relentless feeling of “dis-ease” that has been felt after the war is over—the trauma that the soldiers have endured, the political ramifications in the aftermath of conflict, calls for activism, and so on. The chapter focuses on one form of activism in particular—the CODEPINK alert—which calls for people to “wage peace.” From here the chapter explores the gendered associations of the color pink and how it aids in the cause of peace, if not of feminism and women's political action, both of which are also discussed in detail.