bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between-Rater Reliability of the 6-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, and Handheld Dynamometry in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Toomey Elaine , Coote Susan
Published: April 2013

This study investigated the between-rater reliability of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), 6-Minute Walk test (6MW), and handheld dynamometry (HHD) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies that examined BBS and 6MW reliability in people with MS have not used more than two raters, or analyzed different mobility levels separately. The reliability of HHD has not been previously reported for people with MS. In this study, five physical therapists assessed eight people with MS using the BBS, 6MW, and HHD, resulting in 12 pairs of data. Data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Spearman correlation coefficients (SCCs), and Bland and Altman methods. The results suggest excellent agreement for the BBS (SCC = 0.95, mean difference between raters [d̄] = 2.08, standard error of measurement [SEM] = 1.77) and 6MW (ICC = 0.98, d̄ = 5.22 m, SEM = 24.76 m) when all mobility levels are analyzed together. Reliability is lower in less mobile people with MS (BBS SCC = 0.6, d̄ = −1.83; 6MW ICC = 0.95, d̄ = 20.04 m). Although the ICC and SCC results for HHD suggest good-to-excellent reliability (0.65–0.85), d̄ ranges up to 17.83 N, with SEM values as high as 40.95 N. While the small sample size is a limitation of this study, the preliminary evidence suggests strong agreement between raters for the BBS and 6MW and decreased agreement between raters for people with greater mobility problems. The mean differences between raters for HHD are probably too high for it to be applied in clinical practice.
Clinical Management of Multiple Sclerosis Through Home Telehealth Monitoring
Authors: Turner Aaron P. , Wallin Mitchell T. , Sloan Alicia , Maloni Heidi , Kane Robert , Martz Lore , Haselkorn Jodie K.
Published: April 2013

This study examined the feasibility of using home telehealth monitoring to improve clinical care and promote symptom self-management among veterans with multiple sclerosis (MS). This was a longitudinal cohort study linking mailed survey data at baseline and 6-month follow-up with information from home telehealth monitors. The study was conducted in two large Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) MS clinics in Seattle, Washington, and Washington, DC, and involved 41 veterans with MS. The measures were demographic information and data from a standardized question set using a home telehealth monitor. Participants reported moderate levels of disability (median Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score, 6.5) and substantial distance from the nearest VA MS clinic (mean distance, 93.6 miles). Of the participants, 61.0% reported current use of MS disease-modifying treatments. A total of 85.4% of participants provided consistent data from home monitoring. Overall satisfaction with home telehealth monitoring was high, with 87.5% of participants rating their experience as good or better. The most frequently reported symptoms at month 1 were fatigue (95.1%), depression (78.0%), and pain (70.7%). All symptoms were reported less frequently by month 6, with the greatest reduction in depression (change of 23.2 percentage points), although these changes were not statistically significant. Home telehealth monitoring is a promising tool for the management of chronic disease, although substantial practical barriers to efficient implementation remain.
Pulmonary Function Tests in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Association With Clinical Parameters in Children
Authors: Prestridge Adrienne , Morgan Gabrielle , Ferguson Lori , Huang Chiang‐Ching , Pachman Lauren M.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To determine the association of decreased lung function in children with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) with specific clinical parameters.

Methods

This study of 38 children ages 6–23 years diagnosed with definite/probable IIM evaluated the association of myositis‐specific/‐associated antibodies (MSAs/MAAs), duration of untreated disease at diagnosis, Disease Activity Score for muscle (DAS‐M), muscle‐derived enzymes (aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], aspartate transaminase, and creatine phosphokinase [CPK]), neopterin and von Willebrand factor antigen, and the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS) scores with data from pulmonary function testing (PFT).

Results

Impaired PFTs were defined as total lung capacity (TLC) or diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) of <80% predicted. The PFTs documented that 37% of the children (14 of 38) had either decreased TLC or decreased DLCO; 5% (2 of 38) had both. Children with decreased TLC alone (7 [18%] of 38) were older both at the time of PFT and diagnosis, had anti–Jo‐1 and anti–Scl‐70 antibody, and had elevated levels of CPK and neopterin. Children with decreased DLCO alone (5 [13%] of 38) had a shorter duration of untreated disease at diagnosis, had higher DAS‐M and total DAS, were positive for anti‐Ro and anti–PL‐12, had increased LDH, and had elevated levels of neopterin and aldolase, with low CMAS scores for items 1, 3, 10, 11, and 14.

Conclusion

Assessment of PFTs in children with IIMs should be considered, since more than one‐third of patients were found to be impaired. The presence of MSAs/MAAs, an elevated serum neopterin level (mean ± SD 12.4 ± 9.6 nmoles/liter, normal value <10.5), older age at diagnosis, and shorter duration of untreated disease at diagnosis suggest the presence of potential lung pathology.
Tuning Molecular Adhesion via Material Anisotropy
Authors: Zhang Wenliang , Lin Yuan , Qian Jin , Chen Weiqiu , Gao Huajian
Published: April 2013

Cell adhesion with extracellular matrix depends on the collective behaviors of a large number of receptor‐ligand bonds at the compliant cell‐matrix interface. While most biological tissues and structures, including cells and extracellular matrices, exhibit strongly anisotropic material properties, existing studies on molecular adhesion via receptor‐ligand bonds have been largely limited to isotropic materials. Here the effects of transverse isotropy, a common form of material anisotropy in biological systems, in modulating the adhesion behavior of a cluster of receptor‐ligand bonds are investigated. The results provide a theoretical basis to understand cell adhesion on anisotropic extracellular matrices and to explore the possibility of controlling cell adhesion via anisotropy design in material properties. The combined analysis and simulations show that the orientation of material anisotropy strongly affects the apparent softness felt by the adhesive bonds, thereby altering their ensemble lifetime by several orders of magnitude. An implication of this study is that distinct cellular behaviors can be achieved through remodeling of material anisotropy in either extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton. Comparison between different loading conditions, together with the effects of material anisotropy, yields a rich array of out‐of‐equilibrium behaviors in the molecular interaction between reactant‐bearing soft surfaces, with important implications on the mechanosensitivity of cells.
Catalytic Use of Zinc Amide for Transmetalation with Allylboronates: General and Efficient Catalytic Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds, Imines, and Hydrazones
Authors: Cui Yi , Li Wei , Sato Takehiro , Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: April 2013

The efficient catalytic allylation of ketones, imines, and hydrazones with allylboronates using a catalytic amount of zinc amide is reported. In this reaction, the boron‐to‐zinc exchange process occurred smoothly to afford the corresponding allylzinc amides, and the desired allylation reactions proceeded in high efficiency (∼0.1 mol%). A mechanistic study revealed that transmetalation was a rate‐determining step in the catalytic cycle, and also that the amide ligand on the zinc center played a key role in preparing reactive allylzinc species. Catalytic asymmetric allylations were also investigated, and high enantioselectivities were obtained using chiral diamine ligands.
Cooperative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) and Ruthenium Redox Catalysis: Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Air as the Terminal Oxidant
Authors: Zhao Junfeng , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Studer Armido
Published: April 2013

The paper describes a cooperative NHC (N‐heterocyclic carbene) and ruthenium‐based redox catalysis for the mild aerobic oxidative esterification of various aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes. The ruthenium(II) complex Ru(bpz)3(PF6)2 (bpz=2,2′‐bipyrazine) as catalyst is shown to be compatible with free NHCs. The NHC is used in these cascade reactions for the umpolung of the aldehyde to form the corresponding Breslow intermediate which in turn gets oxidized to an acylazolium ion by the ruthenium redox catalyst. Air is used as a terminal oxidant for oxidation (regeneration) of the ruthenium catalyst. In addition, we will show that in the absence of the ruthenium redox catalyst and alcohol, NHC‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes delivers the corresponding acids in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations supporting our suggested mechanisms are provided.
Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: PRONGAY KAMM , PARK BYUNG , MURPHY STEPHANIE J.
Published: April 2013

Seventy‐five percent of rhesus macaques at national primate research centers are housed outside. Annually, 15–39% of these animals experience diarrhea and require veterinary treatment for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or weight loss. An estimated 21–33% of these patients will die or be euthanized. Many studies have explored the various infectious etiologies of non‐human primate diarrhea. However, there is little published information on diarrhea incidence rates and risk factors in outdoor‐housed rhesus macaques. Without this information, it is challenging to determine endemic and epidemic diarrhea levels, or to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies. Using electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to calculate diarrhea incidence rates for rhesus macaques (N = 3,181) housed in three different outdoor housing types (corrals, shelters, and temporary housing) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center between November 1, 2009 and October 31, 2010. With multiple logistic regression analysis, we determined the relative risk of housing type, sex, and age on development of diarrhea. Diarrhea incidence and mortality in our population was lower than many published ranges. Type of outdoor housing, age, and previous diarrhea episode were positively correlated with diarrhea risk. Younger animals in smaller shelters and temporary housing had a greater risk of acquiring diarrhea, with juvenile animals (0.7–3.9 years) having the highest mortality rate. Sex was not a risk factor, but adult females with diarrhea were more likely to develop life‐threatening complications than adult males. We also constructed a predictive model for diarrhea‐associated mortality using Classification and Regression Tree. Findings from this study will be used to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies in our outdoor‐housed population and to provide a foundation for genetic susceptibility and immune function testing. Am. J. Primatol. 75:872–882, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Square‐Root Cubature‐Quadrature Kalman Filter
Authors: Bhaumik Shovan ,   Swati
Published: April 2013

In this paper, an on‐going work introducing square‐root extension of cubature‐quadrature based Kalman filter is reported. The proposed method is named square‐root cubature‐quadrature Kalman filter (SR‐CQKF). Unlike ordinary cubature‐quadrature Kalman filter (CQKF), the proposed method propagates and updates square‐root of the error covariance without performing Cholesky decomposition at each step. Moreover SR‐CQKF ensures positive semi‐definiteness of the state covariance matrix. With the help of two examples we show the superior performance of SR‐CQKF compared to EKF and square root cubature Kalman filter.
Analysis and comparison of oxygen consumption of HepG2 cells in a monolayer and three‐dimensional high density cell culture by use of a matrigrid®
Authors: Weise Frank , Fernekorn Uta , Hampl Jörg , Klett Maren , Schober Andreas
Published: April 2013

By the use of a MatriGrid® we have established a three‐dimensional high density cell culture. The MatriGrid® is a culture medium permeable, polymeric scaffold with 187 microcavities. In these cavities (300 μm diameter and 207 μm deep) the cells can growth three‐dimensionally. For these experiments we measured the oxygen consumption of HepG2 cell cultures in order to optimize cultivation conditions. We measured and compared the oxygen consumption, growth rate and vitality under three different cultivation conditions: monolayer, three‐dimensional static and three‐dimensional actively perfused. The results show that the cells in a three‐dimensional cell culture consume less oxygen as in a monolayer cell culture and that the actively perfused three‐dimensional cell culture in the MatriGrid® has a similar growth rate and vitality as the monolayer culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2504–2512. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testing alternative kinetic models for utilization of crystalline cellulose (Avicel) by batch cultures of Clostridium thermocellum
Authors: Holwerda Evert K. , Lynd Lee R.
Published: April 2013

Descriptive kinetics of batch cellulose (Avicel) and cellobiose fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum were examined with residual substrate and biosynthate concentrations inferred based on elemental analysis. Biosynthate was formed in constant proportion to substrate consumption until substrate was exhausted for cellobiose fermentation, and until near the point of substrate exhaustion for cellulose fermentation. Cell yields (g pellet biosynthate carbon/g substrate carbon) of 0.214 and 0.200 were obtained for cellulose and cellobiose, respectively. For cellulose fermentation a sigmoidal curve fit was applied to substrate and biosynthate concentrations over time, which was then differentiated to calculate instantaneous rates of growth and substrate consumption. Three models were tested to describe the kinetics of Avicel utilization by C. thermocellum: (A) first order in cells, (B) first order in substrate, and (C) first order in cells and substrate, and second order overall. Models (A) and (B) have been proposed in the literature to describe cultures of cellulolytic microorganisms, whereas model (C) has not. Of the three models tested, model (c) provided by far the best fit to batch culture data. A second order rate constant equal to 0.735 L g C−1 h−1 was found for utilization of Avicel by C. thermocellum. Adding an endogenous metabolism term improved the descriptive quality of the model as substrate exhaustion was approached. Such rate constants may in the future find utility for describing and comparing cellulose fermentation involving other microbes and other substrates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2389–2394. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and evaluation of methods to infer biosynthesis and substrate consumption in cultures of cellulolytic microorganisms
Authors: Holwerda Evert K. , Ellis Lucas D. , Lynd Lee R.
Published: April 2013

Concentrations of biosynthate (microbial biomass plus extracellular proteins) and residual substrate were inferred using elemental analysis for batch cultures of Clostridium thermocellum. Inferring residual substrate based on elemental analysis for a cellulose (Avicel)‐grown culture shows similar results to residual substrate determined by quantitative saccharification using acid hydrolysis. Inference based on elemental analysis is also compared to different on‐line measurements: base addition, CO2 production, and Near Infra Red optical density (OD850). Of these three on‐line techniques, NIR OD850 has the best correlation with residual substrate concentration and is the most practical to use. Both biosynthate and residual substrate concentration demonstrate typical sigmoidal trends that can easily be fitted with a five‐parameter Richards curve. The sigmoidal character of the inferred concentrations and on‐line data, especially the CO2 production rate, suggest that there is a maximum in cell‐specific rates of growth and substrate utilization during batch fermentations of crystalline cellulose, which is not observed during grown on cellobiose. Using a sigmoidal fit curve, the instantaneous specific growth rate was determined. While soluble substrate grown cultures show a constant growth rate, cultures grown on solid substrate do not. Features of various approaches are compared, with some more appropriate for rapid general indication of metabolic activity and some more appropriate for quantitative physiological studies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2380–2388. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen control of intracellular distribution of mitochondria in muscle fibers
Authors: Pathi B. , Kinsey S. T. , Locke B. R.
Published: April 2013

Mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle fibers is governed by the demand for aerobic ATP production, but the heterogeneous distribution of these mitochondria appears to be governed by constraints associated with oxygen diffusion. We propose that each muscle fiber has an optimal mitochondrial distribution at which it attains a near maximal rate of ATP consumption (RATPase) while mitochondria are exposed to a minimal oxygen concentration, thus minimizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We developed a coupled reaction–diffusion/cellular automata (CA) mathematical model of mitochondrial function and considered four fiber types in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscle. The developed mathematical model uses a reaction–diffusion analysis of metabolites including oxygen, ATP, ADP, phosphate, and phosphocreatine (PCr) involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. A CA approach governing mitochondrial life cycles in response to the metabolic state of the fiber was superimposed and coupled to the reaction–diffusion approach. The model results show the sensitivity of important model outputs such as the RATPase, effectiveness factor (η) and average oxygen concentration available at each mitochondrion to local oxygen concentration in the fibers through variation in the CA model parameter θdet, which defines the sensitivity of mitochondrial death to the oxygen concentration. The predicted optimal mitochondrial distributions matched previous experimental findings. Deviations from this optimal distribution corresponding to higher CA model parameter values (a more uniform mitochondrial distribution) lead to lower aerobic rates. In contrast, distributions corresponding to lower CA model parameter values (a more asymmetric distribution) lead to an increased exposure of mitochondria to oxygen, usually without substantial increases in aerobic rates, which would presumably result in increased ROS production and thus increased risks of cytotoxicity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2513–2524. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regiospecific modifications of naringenin for astragalin production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Malla Sailesh , Pandey Ramesh Prasad , Kim Byung‐Gee , Sohng Jae Kyung
Published: April 2013

We report the production of astragalin (AST) from regiospecific modifications of naringenin (NRN) in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The exogenously supplied NRN was converted into dihydrokaempferol (DHK) and then kaempferol (KMF) in the presence of flavanone‐3‐hydroxylase (f3h) and flavonone synthase (fls1) from Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. KMF was further modified to produce AST by 3‐O‐glucosylation utilizing the endogeneous UDP‐glucose in presence of UGT78K1 from Glycine max. To increase the intracellular UDP‐glucose concentration by channeling the carbon flux toward UDP‐glucose at the branch point of glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6P), the chromosomal glucose phosphate isomerase (pgi) and D‐glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf) were knocked‐out in E. coli BL21(DE3). The two enzymes directly involved in the synthesis of UDP‐glucose from G6P, phosphoglucomutase (nfa44530) from Nocardia farcinia and glucose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase (galU) from E. coli K12 were overexpressed, which successfully diverted the carbon flow from glycolysis to the synthesis of UDP‐glucose. Furthermore, to prevent the dissociation of UDP‐glucose into UDP and glucose, the UDP‐glucose hydrolase (ushA) was deleted. The E. coli ΔpgiΔzwfΔushA mutant harboring the UDP‐glucose biosynthetic pathway and the aforementioned genes for the regiospecific glucosylation produced 109.3 mg/L (244 µM) of AST representing 48.8% conversion from 500 µM of NRN in 60 h without any supplementation of extracellular UDP‐glucose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110:2525–2535. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell spreading and proliferation in response to the composition and mechanics of engineered fibrillar extracellular matrices
Authors: Chen Antony K. , Delrio Frank W. , Peterson Alexander W. , Chung Koo‐Hyun , Bhadiraju Kiran , Plant Anne L.
Published: April 2013

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex mixture of biochemical and physical stimuli that together regulate cell behavior. In this study, we engineer a model ECM consisting of fibrillar Type‐1 collagen plus fibronectin that allows systematic examination of the effects of matrix composition and mechanics on cells. On this combined protein matrix, cells exhibit intermediate degrees of spreading and proliferation compared to their responses on collagen or fibronectin alone. Adhesion to the combination matrix could be blocked by peptides containing the sequence arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) and by antibodies against α1 integrin, suggesting cell–matrix engagement was mediated by a combination of integrin receptors that recognize fibronectin and collagen. Regardless of integrin engagement, cells were sensitive to the mechanical properties of the combination ECM, suggesting that cells could process biochemical and mechanical cues simultaneously and independently. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2731–2741. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Butyrate production in engineered Escherichia coli with synthetic scaffolds
Authors: Baek Jang‐Mi , Mazumdar Suman , Lee Sang‐Woo , Jung Moo‐Young , Lim Jae‐Hyung , Seo Sang‐Woo , Jung Gyoo‐Yeol , Oh Min‐Kyu
Published: April 2013

Butyrate pathway was constructed in recombinant Escherichia coli using the genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum and Treponema denticola. However, the pathway constructed from exogenous enzymes did not efficiently convert carbon flux to butyrate. Three steps of the productivity enhancement were attempted in this study. First, pathway engineering to delete metabolic pathways to by‐products successfully improved the butyrate production. Second, synthetic scaffold protein that spatially co‐localizes enzymes was introduced to improve the efficiency of the heterologous pathway enzymes, resulting in threefold improvement in butyrate production. Finally, further optimizations of inducer concentrations and pH adjustment were tried. The final titer of butyrate was 4.3 and 7.2 g/L under batch and fed‐batch cultivation, respectively. This study demonstrated the importance of synthetic scaffold protein as a useful tool for optimization of heterologous butyrate pathway in E. coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2790–2794. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microplates as a microreactor platform for microalgae research
Authors: Pacheco Adriana , Hernández‐Mireles Ileana , García‐Martínez Cecilia , Álvarez Mario M.
Published: April 2013

High‐throughput platforms for microalgae screening are not yet commercially available. In this study, the feasibility of 96‐well microplates was analyzed for microalgae research. Equivalence among wells, as culture microreactors, was investigated in controlled high CO2 conditions. Specific growth rates of two microalgae species, Scenedesmus sp. UTEX1589 and an environmental isolate, were significantly higher in border wells than in internal positions. Furthermore, growth rate gradients analyzed as contours throughout the platform were observed for Scenedesmus sp. However, the output variable exhibited high precision associated with a low coefficient of variation (CV), between 6.8 and 7.8%. In a demonstrative experiment to determine the effect of culture media dilution on six microalgae species, treatments were randomized in the central subset of a microplate. Results were consistent and statistically sound (CV 9.4–12.9%), and showed that microalgae species could grow with no detrimental effect in 50% (v/v) dilution of the culture medium. Provided border wells exclusion and a randomized design, 96‐well microplates are a practical and statistical robust platform for microalgae research. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:638–644, 2013
Dithiazolo[5,4‐b:4′,5′‐d]phosphole: A Highly Luminescent Electron‐Accepting Building Block
Authors: He Xiaoming , Woo Alva Y. Y. , Borau‐Garcia Javier , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: April 2013

A family of highly emissive dithiazolo[5,4‐b:4′,5′‐d]phospholes has been designed and synthesized. The structures of two trivalent P species, as well as their corresponding P oxides, have been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The parent dithiazolo[5,4‐b:4′,5′‐d]phosphole oxide exhibits strong blue photoluminescence at λem=442 nm, with an excellent quantum yield efficiency of ϕPL=0.81. The photophysical properties of these compounds can be easily tuned by extension of the conjugation and modification of the phosphorus center. Compared with the established dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]phosphole system, the incorporation of electronegative nitrogen atoms leads to significantly lowered frontier orbital energy levels, as validated by both electrochemistry and theoretical calculations, thus suggesting that the dithiazolo[5,4‐b:4′,5′‐d]phospholes are valuable, air‐stable, n‐type conjugated materials. These new building blocks have been further applied to the construction of an extended oligomer with fluorene. Extension of the dithiazolophosphole core with triazole units through click reactions also provides a suitable N,N‐chelating moiety for metal binding and a representative molecular species was successfully used as a selective colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for CuII ions.
Monoester Copillar[5]arenes: Synthesis, Unusual Self‐Inclusion Behavior, and Molecular Recognition
Authors: Chen Yu , Cao Derong , Wang Lingyun , He Minqing , Zhou Lixia , Schollmeyer Dieter , Meier Herbert
Published: April 2013

The self‐inclusion behavior of monoester copillar[5]arenes depends on the position of the ester group, which causes different guest selectivities. Monoester copillar[5]arenes bearing an acetate chain can form stable self‐inclusion complexes in low‐ and high‐concentration solution and exhibit high guest selectivity. However, a monoester copillar[5]arene bearing a butyrate chain can not form a self‐inclusion complex and exhibits low guest selectivity. Thus, a new class of stable self‐inclusion complexes of copillar[5]arenes was explored to improve the selectivity of molecular recognition.
Quantitative Stratification and the Regularity of Harmonic Maps and Minimal Currents
Authors: Cheeger Jeff , Naber Aaron
Published: April 2013

We provide techniques for turning estimates on the infinitesimal behavior of solutions to nonlinear equations (statements concerning tangent cones and their consequences) into more effective control. In the present paper, we focus on proving regularity theorems for minimizing harmonic maps and minimal currents. There are several aspects to our improvements of known estimates. First, we replace known estimates on the Hausdorff dimension of singular sets by estimates on the volumes of their r‐tubular neighborhoods. Second, we give improved regularity control with respect to the number of derivatives bounded and/or on the norm in which the derivatives are bounded. As an example of the former, our results for minimizing harmonic maps
$f: M^n \rightarrow N^m $
between Riemannian manifolds include a priori bounds in $ W^{1,p} \cap W^{2,{p}/{2}} $
for all p < 3. These are the first such bounds involving second derivatives in general dimensions. Finally, the quantity we control actually provides much stronger information than that which follows from a bound on the Lp norm of derivatives. Namely, we obtain Lp bounds for the reciprocal of the regularity scale
$r_f(x):= \max\{r: \sup_{B_r(x)}r|\nabla f|+r^2|\nabla^2 f|\leq 1\}$. Applications to minimal hypersufaces include a priori Lp bounds for the second fundamental form A for all p < 7. Previously known bounds were for $ p < 4+ \sqrt{{8}/{n}} $
in the smooth immersed stable case. Again, the full theorem is much stronger and yields Lp bounds for the reciprocal of the corresponding regularity scale $r_{|A|}(x):= \max\{r: \sup_{B_r(x)}r|A|\leq 1\}$. In outline, our discussion follows that of an earlier paper in which we proved analogous estimates in the context of noncollapsed Riemannian manifolds with a lower bound on Ricci curvature. These were applied to Einstein manifolds. A key role in each of these arguments is played by the relevant quantitative differentiation theorem. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homogenization and Enhancement of the G‐Equation in Random Environments
Authors: Cardaliaguet Pierre , Souganidis Panagiotis E.
Published: April 2013

We study the homogenization of a G‐equation that is advected by a divergence free “small mean” stationary vector field in a general ergodic random environment. We prove that the averaged equation is an anisotropic deterministic G‐equation, and we give necessary and sufficient conditions for enhancement. Since the problem is not assumed to be coercive, it is not possible to have uniform bounds for the solutions. In addition, as we show, the associated minimal (first passage) time function does not satisfy, in general, the uniform integrability condition that is necessary to apply the subadditive ergodic theorem. We overcome these obstacles by (i) establishing a new reachability (controllability) estimate for the minimal function and (ii) constructing, for each direction and almost surely, a random sequence that has both a long‐time averaged limit (due to the subadditive ergodic theorem) and stays asymptotically close to the minimal time. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma enhanced growth of GaN single crystalline layers from Ga vapour
Authors: Zwierz R. , Golka S. , Kachel K. , Siche D. , Fornari R. , Sennikov P. , Vodopyanov A. , Pipa A. V.
Published: April 2013

We present an alternative approach to grow thick GaN single crystalline layers from Ga vapour, transported by an N2 carrier gas flow, and from nitrogen, excited very near the substrate by 2.45 GHz microwaves at pressure in the 200–800 mbar range. Crystal growth requires high stability of process parameters, especially of plasma operation. A major challenge arose from temperature dependent changes in cavity resonance. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used for plasma characterization while the grown layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD).
Remote estimation of terrestrial evapotranspiration without using meteorological data
Authors: Yang Yuting , Long Di , Shang Songhao
Published: April 2013

We developed a new method to estimate terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) from satellite data without using meteorological inputs. By analyzing observations from 20 eddy covariance tower sites across continental North America, we found a strong relationship between monthly gross primary production (GPP) and ET (R2 = 0.72–0.97), implying the potential of using the remotely sensed GPP to invert ET. We therefore adopted the Temperature‐Greenness model which calculates 16 day GPP using MODIS EVI and LST products to estimate GPP and then to calculate ET by dividing GPP with ecosystem water use efficiency (the ratio of GPP to ET). The proposed method estimated 16 day ET very well by comparison with tower‐based measurements (R2 = 0.84, p < 0.001, n = 1290) and provided better ET estimates than the MODIS ET product. This suggests that routine estimation of ET from satellite remote sensing without using fine‐resolution meteorological fields is possible and can be very useful for studying water and carbon cycles.
Interpreting seasonal changes in the carbon balance of southern Amazonia using measurements of XCO2 and chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT
Authors: Parazoo Nicholas C. , Bowman Kevin , Frankenberg Christian , Lee Jung‐Eun , Fisher Joshua B. , Worden John , Jones Dylan B. A. , Berry Joseph , Collatz G. James , Baker Ian T. , Jung Martin , Liu Junjie , Osterman Gregory , O'Dell Chris , Sparks Athena , Butz Andre , Guerlet Sandrine , Yoshida Yukio , Chen Huilin , Gerbig Christoph
Published: April 2013

Amazon forests exert a major influence on the global carbon cycle, but quantifying the impact is complicated by diverse landscapes and sparse data. Here we examine seasonal carbon balance in southern Amazonia using new measurements of column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) from July 2009 to December 2010. SIF, which reflects gross primary production (GPP), is used to disentangle the photosynthetic component of land‐atmosphere carbon exchange. We find that tropical transitional forests in southern Amazonia exhibit a pattern of low XCO2 during the wet season and high XCO2 in the dry season that is robust to retrieval methodology and with seasonal amplitude double that of cerrado ecosystems to the east (4 ppm versus 2 ppm), including enhanced dilution of 2.5 ppm in the wet season. Concomitant measurements of SIF, which are inversely correlated with XCO2 in southern Amazonia (r = −0.53, p < 0.001), indicate that the enhanced variability is driven by seasonal changes in GPP due to coupling of strong vertical mixing with seasonal changes in underlying carbon exchange. This finding is supported by forward simulations of the Goddard Chemistry Transport Model (GEOS‐Chem) which show that local carbon uptake in the wet season and loss in the dry season due to emissions by ecosystem respiration and biomass burning produces best agreement with observed XCO2. We conclude that GOSAT provides critical measurements of carbon exchange in southern Amazonia, but more samples are needed to examine moist Amazon forests farther north.
Characterization of European Ancestry Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Variants in Individuals of African And Hispanic Descent
Authors: Palmer Nicholette D. , Musani Solomon K. , Yerges-Armstrong Laura M. , Feitosa Mary F. , Bielak Lawrence F. , Hernaez Ruben , Kahali Bratati , Carr Jeffrey J. , Harris Tamara B. , Jhun Min A. , Kardia Sharon L.R. , Langefeld Carl D. , Mosley Thomas H. , Norris Jill M. , Smith Albert V. , Taylor Herman A. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Liu Jiankang , Borecki Ingrid B. , Peyser Patricia A. , Speliotes Elizabeth K.
Published: April 2013

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an obesity-related condition affecting over 50% of individuals in some populations and is expected to become the number one cause of liver disease worldwide by 2020. Common, robustly associated genetic variants in/near five genes were identified for hepatic steatosis, a quantifiable component of NAFLD, in European ancestry individuals. Here we tested whether these variants were associated with hepatic steatosis in African- and/or Hispanic-Americans and fine-mapped the observed association signals. We measured hepatic steatosis using computed tomography in five African American (n = 3,124) and one Hispanic American (n = 849) cohorts. All analyses controlled for variation in age, age2, gender, alcoholic drinks, and population substructure. Heritability of hepatic steatosis was estimated in three cohorts. Variants in/near PNPLA3, NCAN, LYPLAL1, GCKR, and PPP1R3B were tested for association with hepatic steatosis using a regression framework in each cohort and meta-analyzed. Fine-mapping across African American cohorts was conducted using meta-analysis. African- and Hispanic-American cohorts were 33.9/37.5% male, with average age of 58.6/42.6 years and body mass index of 31.8/28.9 kg/m2, respectively. Hepatic steatosis was 0.20-0.34 heritable in African- and Hispanic-American families (P < 0.02 in each cohort). Variants in or near PNPLA3, NCAN, GCKR, PPP1R3B in African Americans and PNPLA3 and PPP1R3B in Hispanic Americans were significantly associated with hepatic steatosis; however, allele frequency and effect size varied across ancestries. Fine-mapping in African Americans highlighted missense variants at PNPLA3 and GCKR and redefined the association region at LYPLAL1. Conclusion: Multiple genetic variants are associated with hepatic steatosis across ancestries. This explains a substantial proportion of the genetic predisposition in African- and Hispanic-Americans. Missense variants in PNPLA3 and GCKR are likely functional across multiple ancestries. (Hepatology 2013;53:966–975)
Changes in healthcare use across the transition from civilian to military life
Authors: McWhorter Stephanie K. , Stander Valerie A. , Thomsen Cynthia J. , Merrill Lex L. , Milner Joel S.
Published: April 2013

Patterns of healthcare use in a sample of young adults entering the US Navy (N = 1137) were examined in a longitudinal survey study. Baseline data provided information about healthcare use as a civilian, whereas follow‐up data were used to examine changes in patterns of use over time following entry into the Military Health System (MHS). Entrance into the MHS was marked by increased use of preventive care. Although few systematic differences were noted with respect to socioeconomic status or race/ethnicity, women consistently used more healthcare than did men, and women's use increased more over time; however, this increase was largely driven by pregnancy during military service. Findings suggest that individuals with access to universal healthcare are likely to increase their overall use of services. However, these effects were quite small in absolute terms, and they were strongest for preventive care rather than more intensive and expensive services. Published 2013. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Addiction Competencies in the 2009 CACREP Clinical Mental Health Counseling Program Standards
Authors: Lee Tiffany K. , Craig Stephen E. , Fetherson Bianca T. L. , Simpson C. Dennis
Published: April 2013

The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs developed addiction competencies for clinical mental health counseling students. This article highlights these competencies, provides an overview of current addiction training, and describes methods to integrate addiction education into curricula.
Alcohol‐Related Consequences Among Intercollegiate Student Athletes: The Role of Drinking Motives
Authors: Doumas Diana M.
Published: April 2013

This study examined drinking motives as predictors of alcohol‐related consequences among student athletes and nonathletes. Results indicated that the highest level of alcohol‐related consequences was reported by student athletes with high levels of both coping and conformity motives.
An Examination of the Impact of Minority Status Stress and Impostor Feelings on the Mental Health of Diverse Ethnic Minority College Students
Authors: Cokley Kevin , McClain Shannon , Enciso Alicia , Martinez Mercedes
Published: April 2013

This study examined differences in minority status stress, impostor feelings, and mental health in a sample of 240 ethnic minority college students. African Americans reported higher minority status stress than Asian Americans and Latino/a Americans, whereas Asian Americans reported higher impostor feelings. Minority status stress and impostor feelings were examined as predictors of mental health. Impostor feelings were stronger predictors of mental health than minority status stress. Counseling implications for ethnic minority students are discussed.

Este estudio examinó las diferencias en estrés por estatus de minoría, sentimientos de impostor, y salud mental en una muestra de 240 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a minorías étnicas. Los afroamericanos comunicaroun un estrés por estatus de minoría más alto que los asiático‐americanos y los latinoamericanos, mientras que los asiático‐americanos comunicaron sentimientos de impostor más elevados. Se examinaron el estrés por estatus de minoría y los sentimientos de impostor como predictores de salud mental. Los sentimientos de impostor fueron predictores más fuertes de salud mental que el estrés por estatus de minoría. Se discuten las implicaciones en consejería para estudiantes de minorías étnicas.
Parental Attachment, Family Communalism, and Racial Identity Among African American College Students
Authors: Brown Carrie L. , Love Keisha M. , Tyler Kenneth M. , Garriot Patton O. , Thomas Deneia , Roan‐Belle Clarissa
Published: April 2013

Parental attachment and familial communalism were examined as contributors to the racial identity of 165 African American college students. Students with secure attachments and high reports of communalism were in the later stage of their racial identity development, whereas students with insecure attachments and lacking communalism were in the earlier stages of their racial identity development.

El apego parental y el comunalismo familiar se examinaron como contribuyentes a la identidad racial de 165 estudiantes universitarios afroamericanos. Los estudiantes con apegos seguros y alto índice de comunalismo se encontraban en la etapa avanzada del desarrollo de su identidad racial, mientras que los estudiantes con apegos inseguros y falta de comunalismo se encontraban en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de su identidad racial.
A Qualitative Exploration of Counseling Students' Perception of Altruism
Authors: SWANK JACQUELINE M. , OHRT JONATHAN H. , ROBINSON E. H. MIKE
Published: April 2013

Empathy is essential to the therapeutic relationship (Rogers, 1957). Altruism appears to be related to empathy, but there has been limited research investigating its development in counselors. This qualitative study explored the development of altruism as perceived by 19 counseling students. The authors discuss the findings and implications for counselor education.
Evidence for the Utility of a Photovoice Task as an Empathic Skill Acquisition Strategy Among Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: LENZ A. STEPHEN , SANGGANJANAVANICH VARUNEE FAII
Published: April 2013

An instructional technique derived from photovoice was compared with a didactic approach for empathic skill acquisition among 38 master's‐level counselors‐in‐training. Participants in the photovoice condition demonstrated marked improvements in quality of empathic statements compared with those receiving didactic lecture. Considerations for implementing this educational approach are provided.
Counseling Supervision Within a Feminist Framework: Guidelines for Intervention
Authors: DEGGES‐WHITE SUZANNE E. , COLON BONNIE R. , BORZUMATO‐GAINEY CHRISTINE
Published: April 2013

Feminist supervision is based on the principles of feminist theory. Goals include sharing responsibility for the supervision process, empowering the supervisee, attending to the contextual assumptions about clients, and analyzing gender roles. This article explores feminist supervision and guidelines for providing counseling supervision interventions within a feminist framework.
Taking the Fear Out of Suicide Assessment and Intervention: A Pedagogical and Humanistic Practice
Authors: MILLER LYNNE GUILLOT , McGLOTHLIN JASON M. , WEST JOHN D.
Published: April 2013

This article provides ideas for teaching suicide assessment and intervention according to differing student learning styles and preferences. The authors discuss how considering the learning styles and uniqueness of counselors‐in‐training while assessing the complexity of suicidality can contribute to the literature on humanism and lead to more effective counselor instruction.
Spheroid organization kinetics of H35 rat hepatoma model cell system on elastin‐like polypeptide–polyethyleneimine copolymer substrates
Authors: Turner Paul A. , Weeks C. Andrew , McMurphy Austin J. , Janorkar Amol V.
Published: April 2013

Though two‐dimensional systems have yielded some success in deriving morphological and functional markers of hepatocyte culture, they largely fail to capture the three‐dimensional organization, long‐term viability, and functionality of the hepatic tissue. We have engineered a system for inducing self‐assembly of model H35 rat hepatoma spheroids using a copolymer comprised of biocompatible elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP) chemically conjugated to positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI). We have achieved a conjugation ratio of 30 mol %, though our studies analyzing spheroid organization kinetics indicate conjugate ratios of 5 mol % and greater to be optimal for cell culture based on least variability in spheroid sizes and minimum incidence of overgrown aggregates. Furthermore, our ELP–PEI system indicated the potential for influencing ultimate spheroid dimensions, with spheroid size inversely related to polyelectrolyte conjugation. Overall, this study provides a good starting point to investigate functional correlations between spheroid size and functional markers and their future use as an in vitro diagnostic or tissue engineering tool. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 852–861, 2014.
Enaminone as Building Blocks in Organic Chemistry: A Novel Route to Polyfunctionally 2‐Substituted 5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydronaphthalenes and Their Antiviral Evaluation
Authors: Hamdy Nehal A. , El‐Senousy Waled M. , Fakhr Issa M. I.
Published: April 2013

The enaminone 2 reacts with different reagents to afford anilino, aroylpyridine, 1,3,5‐tri‐tetrahydronaphthoyl‐benzene, pyridine, 2,3,6‐trisubstituted pyridines, pyrazole, pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, and hydrazone derivatives 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20, and 21. The antiviral evaluation of some selected new products showed promising antiviral activity against human adenovirus 7 and human rotavirus Wa strain.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Ethyl 1,3‐Disubstituted‐1,6‐dihydropyrrolo[2,3‐c]pyrazole‐5‐carboxylates
Authors: Gu Lijun , Li Xiangguang
Published: April 2013

A novel series of ethyl 1,3‐disubstituted‐1,6‐dihydropyrrolo[2,3‐c]pyrazole‐5‐carboxylates can be rapidly and efficiently synthesized in excellent yields by condensing a variety of 1,3‐substituted‐4‐formyl‐5‐chloropyrazole with ethyl isocyanoacetate in the presence of 1‐methyl‐3‐butylimidazolium hydroxide under microwave irradiation. The simple experimental procedure, DMSO‐free condition, short period of conversion, and excellent yields are the advantages of the present method. The structures of the novel compounds are confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, and elemental analysis.
Trichoderma gamsii (NFCCI 2177): A newly isolated endophytic, psychrotolerant, plant growth promoting, and antagonistic fungal strain
Authors: Rinu K. , Sati Priyanka , Pandey Anita
Published: April 2013

An endophytic fungus has been isolated from the lateral roots of lentil (Lens esculenta Moench), growing under mountain ecosystem of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). While the fungus was observed as fast growing with white scanty mycelium turning to turmeric brown in 5 days of incubation at 25 °C, it also produced a unique odor. The fungus exhibited growth between 4 and 30 °C (optimum 25 °C) and tolerated pH between 2.0 and 13.5 (optimum 4–6). Based on phenotypic (colony morphology and microscopy) and genotypic (18S rRNA analysis) characters, the fungus was identified as Trichoderma gamsii (99% similarity). The fungus was evaluated for its plant growth promotion and biocontrol properties. The fungus was found to be positive for phosphate solubilization, chitinase activity, and production of ammonia and salicylic acid, while the results for production of IAA, HCN, and siderophores were negative. Out of the seven phytopathogenic fungi tested, it showed antagonism against six. Bioassays conducted under green house using four test crops (two cereals and two legumes) showed its potential in plant growth promotion. The fungus has potential to be developed as a bioformulation for application under mountain ecosystem.