bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Involved in Drug-Produced Model Psychoses
Authors: Fischer Roland
Published: August 2008

The use of fibrous wool protein as a model of the structural surface of receptors, possibly involved in the mechanism producing a model psychosis by drugs, was suggested by three lines of evidence.

First, the strong affinity (sorption) of certain basic compounds to keratins of low sulphur content as exemplified by the Gram-positiveness of epidermal (Fischer, 1953c) and nervous (Bailey, 1950) tissue.

Second, the accumulating evidence indicating the similarity in behaviour between keratins of high sulphur content (e.g. wool) and the protein component of certain cell membranes (Fischer, 1951; Fischer and Larose, l952a;idem, 1952b; Larose and Fischer, 1952;idem, l953a and 1953b).

Third, some preliminary experiments confirming the role of wool protein as a useful model to simulate some of those receptors for which certain drugs appear to compete.
An Experimental Study of a Method of Using Perceptual Errors as an Aid to Diagnosis
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

We have at present no reliable method for indicating the correct sequence of treatment in neurotic cases showing a manifold symptomatology. In such cases much time may be lost through attacking superficial rather than basic conflicts. It would therefore be an undoubted advantage to possess a means of indicating objectively and by experiment which problems are fundamental, and to the resolution of which treatment should be first directed.
Correlations Between Changes in Mental States and Thyroid Activity After Different Forms of Treatment
Authors: Reiss M.
Published: August 2008

Many endocrine disturbances have been described as accompanying disturbances in mentation. Single investigations giving a static picture at a certain stage of the disease contribute comparatively little to the understanding of the pathognomonic significance of the biochemical change, even if they are found to be statistically significant.
The Measurement and Description of Spontaneous Movements Before and After Leucotomy
Authors: Sainsbury Peter
Published: August 2008

Most spontaneous movements are considered to be motor expressions of the feelings and emotions (Stagner, 1948). Many movements of this kind are referred to as “nervous” habits or mannerisms, a description in which this assumption is also implicit. It is surprising, therefore, that so readily available and objective a guide to the affective organization of the personality has been studied relatively little: the difficulties of definition, description and measurement may account for this. Olson (1929), however, devised a useful time-sampling technique for measuring nervous habits, but I know of no investigations in which it has been used to compare the spontaneous movements made by healthy and “nervous” subjects.
Rorschach Responses of a Group of Adult Asthmatics
Authors: Israël Maryse
Published: August 2008

Personality characteristics of patients suffering from bronchial asthma have attracted considerable attention. Most clinical observations suggest that asthmatics present a characteristic difficulty in emotional expression. Reporting on the behaviour of 23 children with either asthma or eczema, Rogerson, Duguid and Hardcastle (5) state that these children were more shy than others in play therapy. Harris et al. (3) compared asthmatic children to children with allergic rhinitis. They suggested that half of the asthmatic group showed more difficulties than the rhinitic group in crying and confiding to the mother. These observations were made on children. On the adult side we have the inferences of French and Alexander (2) (based on psychoanalytical situations) that the asthmatic attack is the equivalent of a suppressed cry. However, as Leigh (4) has pointed out in his recent review of the psychiatric aspects of asthma, little valid evidence has in fact been presented that this feature of personality or any other is characteristic of asthmatics. This paper is a report on findings which may be related to this lack of evidence.
Some Aspects of the “Moral Treatment” of the Insane Up to 1854
Authors: Walk Alexander
Published: August 2008

I should like to congratulate the Council of the Section on their decision to devote an evening to a historical subject. I cannot, I fear, congratulate them on their choice of a speaker, for I have done no more than scratch the surface of a very obvious period in the history of psychiatry. However, any sort of historical paper must be better than none, for as far as I have been able to ascertain no such paper has ever been read in this Section, with the exception of the Presidential Address delivered by the late Dr. Hubert Norman. Until a few months ago, exactly the same was true of the Section of the History of Medicine, but in recent months we have had two welcome and refreshing papers by Dr. Burns and Dr. Zelmanowits. We have had, too, the brilliant Maudsley Lectures by Prof. Lewis and Dr. Rees Thomas. Perhaps we may take it that these are signs of a renewed interest in the history of our specialty. I am sure that no branch of medicine needs it more.
An Evaluation of Chlorpromazine (“Largactil”) in Psychiatry
Authors: Charatan F. B. E.
Published: August 2008

During the last two years, considerable interest has been aroused in the use of chlorpromazine in psychiatry, particularly on the Continent. A full report on the pharmacological properties of the drug appeared in 1953 (Courvoisier et al.), and a short account was given in the first paper describing the effects of chlorpromazine in the treatment of mentally ill patients in this country (Anton-Stephens, 1954). In that study, the drug was administered to patients in several diagnostic categories. A reduction in the disturbed behaviour of excited patients was observed, but considerable variation in response to the drug occurred. Small doses orally were ineffective, and a parenteral daily dosage of 200 mgm. was initially required to produce a clinical response.
Some Morbid-Anatomical Aspects of Mental Deficiency
Authors: Crome L.
Published: August 2008

Clown: … Nay, I'll never believe a madman till I see his brains.

Substantial contributions to clinical medicine have come from the many accounts of abnormalities in the brains of mental defectives, our knowledge of certain conditions such as epiloia, amaurotic family idiocy and microcephaly being largely based on them. But, in the main, these reports have concerned cases selected for some special interest and few workers have attempted to relate morbid-anatomical changes to the general problem of mental deficiency. The most complete description, chiefly histological, of lesions in the brains of idiots is that of Schob (1930), who summarized in his valuable contribution the wide experience of German neuropathologists. The brains of 120 unselected cases were later studied by Berry (1938), the results being published in an atlas illustrating, case by case, the differences between normal and mentally defective individuals. More recently, Christensen and Vestergaard (1949) presented a short account of a routine autopsy series of 46 mental defectives, finding some structural abnormality in every one of these cases. Other researches covered more restricted aspects of the problem and some of these will be referred to below.
Personality Traits and the Normal Electro-Encephalogram
Authors: McAdam W. , Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

Correlations have been noted between certain persistent personality traits on the one hand and certain patterns within the normal range of variation of the EEG on the other. Some of these correlations had been based on impressionistic assessments of personality, and the following paper contains the results of part of an investigation which was undertaken in order to check these assessments by a more objective method, and to define more precisely some of the qualities reported.
An Experimental Unit for the Community Treatment of Neurosis
Authors: Martin Denis V. , Glatt M. M. , Weeks K. F.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to present a preliminary report on an experimental unit within the grounds of the mental hospital, but outside the Mental Treatment Acts, for patients suffering from the psychoneuroses. It is necessary, by way of introduction, to give some account of the way in which this unit came into being. One year before it was opened, we became particularly conscious of the problem of institutionalization, and attempted to study the forces active within the mental hospital which lead a patient, for the most part unconsciously, into a state of institutionalization. This is, of course, no new problem; in every mental hospital there is a nucleus of patients, of varying diagnostic categories, who no longer need to remain in hospital on account of the original symptoms or illness which brought them there, but who, under the subtle influence of the institutional life, have become quite incapable of returning to the outside world. This process of institutionalization cannot be dealt with extensively here, but briefly, the forces at work in bringing about this state are felt to be, firstly, those that tend in many minor or subtle ways to relieve the patient of all responsibility for himself, so that he ceases to be aware of the need to tackle his problems seriously, and, secondly, the authoritarian basis of staff and staff-patient relationships which, however benign, requires an attitude of submission on the part of the patient which readily leads to loss of initiative, and to institutionalization. It was, therefore, decided to reverse this process as completely as possible with a small group of patients, to see what further light could be thrown upon the problem.
Relationship Between Deafness and Psychotic Illness
Authors: Houston F. , Royse A. B.
Published: August 2008

As Bleuler (1925) pointed out, all our relationships with our human environment are regulated through language. For this, auditory perception is essential, this can only take place if the peripheral auditory mechanism (viz., the tympanic membrane, ossicles, spiral ganglion of Corti andVIIIth nerve) is not diseased. When a person becomes deaf through disease of any of the latter, it does not matter which one of the peripheral mechanisms is involved, the result is always the same. Often not knowing what his fellow men are saying he becomes doubtful about them: losing auditory contact with them he has to rely on an inner world of auditory memories and images; he misinterprets auditory sense impressions which have been distorted by disease, and incorporates tinnitus caused by such disease into his world of inner phantasy. He projects his inner feelings of inferiority caused by his deafness on to his environment and develops ideas of reference. Systematization soon follows, with active delusions of persecution. If the personality is sufficiently unstable a psychotic illness results.
The Contribution of Psychological Medicine to General Medicine
Authors: Harris Noel G.
Published: August 2008

I deeply appreciate the honour that the Royal Medico-Psychological Association has paid me in electing me President for this Year.
A Controlled Study of the Effect of Mephenesin on Psychiatric Out-Patients
Authors: Scott P. A. L.
Published: August 2008

The chemical compound 3-ortho-toloxy-1,2-propanediol, known as mephenesin, Myanesin or Tolserol, was shown by Berger and Bradley in 1946 to depress reflex excitability of the spinal cord and to have a depressant action at higher levels of the central nervous system in higher dosage. Other investigators confirmed this and the drug has been found effective for the spasticity and tremor of some neurological conditions.
A Dynamic Theory of Anxiety and Hysteria
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

It has often been said that America and Britain are separated by a common language and a similar statement might, with equal justification, be made with respect to some of the misunderstandings between psychiatrists and psychologists. Particularly in the personality field, it is quite obvious that many of the terms used are similar, that some at least of the aims of the two groups are identical, and that methods are freely exchanged. Yet, on the whole, it cannot be said that satisfactory integration has been achieved between these two disciplines.
The Role of Cultural Factors in Paranoid Psychosis Among the Yoruba Tribe
Authors: Lambo T. Adeoye
Published: August 2008

It is certainly noteworthy that, during the last few decades, whatever the contributory forces, more and more emphasis is being placed on the contention that man is a social being and that his individuality as a person is meaningful only in terms of his relations with others. Mead (1947) has shown that man as a social being is subjected “throughout his entire individual existence to systematic cultural pressures” which reinforce or intensify, elaborate or suppress his psycho-biological potentialities in a way which not only refutes the false belief in the uniformity of human behaviour but reveals also its most extreme types.
The Natural History of Mental Disorder in Old Age
Authors: Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

Our classification of the mental disorders of later life, which are becoming a social and medical problem of increasing magnitude, is still based upon the views of the great descriptive psychiatrists of half a century ago. Most of the classical accounts of mental disorder of old age (Kraepelin, 1909; Bleuler, 1916) confine themselves to the pre-senile, senile and arteriosclerotic psychoses. Their writers evidently regarded other illnesses as numerically insignificant in relation to these degenerative disorders peculiar to old age. Cases with a predominantly depressive or paranoid picture or with clouding of consciousness alone were described in these old accounts, but were attributed to an underlying cerebral illness, either of senile or arteriosclerotic type. It is consequently a long-established practice when such symptoms appear for the first time in old age, or occur in senescence after prolonged remission, to search for neurological signs, or for some evidence of a decline in intellectual efficiency which might account for the illness in terms of organic disease of the brain. Weight is thus often given to clinical findings of a quite subtle character, or the results of “deterioration tests” whose value in the early diagnosis of degenerative processes in the brain is unproven, form the basis of conclusions of doubtful validity.
A New Hallucinogen: 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-β-Aminopropane
Authors: Peretz Dwight I. , Smythies John R. , Gibson William C.
Published: August 2008

3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-β-aminopropane (TMA) is structurally related to both amphetamine and mescaline, as is shown in Figure 1.

Because of this structural relationship of TMA and amphetamine, methedrine, and mescaline, one could anticipate a clinical response to the compound which would represent certain phenomena characteristic of each of these drugs. This presented an intriguing problem as to whether or not, in actuality, this would be the case.
A Hierarchy of Stressors
Authors: Fischer Roland , Agnew Neil
Published: August 2008

It is established that healthy individuals and schizophrenics respond in different ways if subjected to stressors (“alarming stimuli”) under seemingly identical conditions. It is also common knowledge that healthy individuals react differently under the impact of “alarming stimuli” than individuals already under stress, i.e. for instance, suffering from certain psychosomatic manifestations.
Diagnostic Problems in Pre-Senile Dementia Illustrated by a Case of Alzheimer's Disease Proven Histologically During Life
Authors: Parr Denis
Published: August 2008

Maladjustment at work is not synonymous with sickness, but when a middle-aged man becomes grossly inefficient in a job at which he has previously excelled, the chances are that he is ill. This paper describes such a case, and the investigations that led to the diagnosis by cortical biopsy of Alzheimer's Disease. So far as is known, this is the first recorded instance in this country of Alzheimer's Disease being diagnosed histologically during life. Apart from its interest as a clinical curiosity, however, this case illustrates some practical problems often arising in the assessment of this type of patient, which can be as difficult and responsible a task as any that the psychiatrist has to undertake.
Mephenesin (Tolserol) and Mephenesin Carbamate in Spastic Conditions
Authors: Engler M.
Published: August 2008

Mephenesin is a muscle relaxant which acts mainly on the spinal cord but which also has a definite effect on the thalamus, the basal ganglia and the brain stem. It relaxes hypertonic muscles, without appreciably reducing motor power, and allays fear and tension.
Treatment of Maladjusted Children in Hostels
Authors: Whiles W. H.
Published: August 2008

During recent years a number of Local Education Authorities have opened Hostels for Maladjusted Children but few have been open long enough for any adequate review of their work to be undertaken, or for principles of working to be clearly formulated. Winnicott and Britton (1944, 1947) have discussed their work in Hostels for evacuated children during the War, and the Ministry of Health (1944) also reviewed their war-time experience in similar Hostels. Little however has been written on the work of Hostels for Maladjusted Children as part of the ordinary peace-time work of a Child Guidance Service. This paper reviews the work done during the five years 1946 to 1951 in two Hostels in a Midland City and comments on the experience gained. It is felt this may be of general clinical interest, and of value for comparison with observations being made in other areas. As part of the review a study has been made of 50 unselected children who, having been in the hostels, had been discharged during that period, and whose subsequent progress it has been possible to follow.
Ololiuqui: The Ancient Aztec Narcotic
Authors: Osmond Humphry
Published: August 2008

This is an account of a model psychosis (6) produced by eating the seed of a tropical American plant which is known in Mexico as ololiuqui. It is only quite recently that Schultes (16) has made order from chaos in the matter of the identity of a climbing vine calledRivea corymbosa.I was introduced to ololiuqui by Mr. Leslie LeCron during a visit to Los Angeles in which he showed me Taylor's (22) article where he compares it with the peyote. Mr. LeCron discovered that seeds ofRivea corymbosacould be obtained from Dr. I. D. Clement, Director of the Atkins Gardens and Research Laboratory of Harvard University. I am indebted to Dr. Clement for sending me a supply of the seeds which would otherwise have been very difficult to obtain. It is reassuring for the investigator to know that the substances with which he is experimenting have been collected by skilled scientists who exercise meticulous care, for medical and pharmacological investigators have very often suffered from improper or imperfect botanical determination.
The Effect of Isoniazid on Depressive States
Authors: Oldham A. J.
Published: August 2008

Isonicotinyl Hydrazide or Isoniazid has for some years now been used in conjunction with other compounds in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. During this treatment certain workers (Robitzek et al., 1952) noted the development of a state of euphoria in their patients. Since Isoniazid was known to exert toxic effects on nervous tissue (Gammen et al., 1953) the hypothesis was made that the substance might be capable of producing an elevation of mood by direct action on the central nervous system. Acting on this hypothesis, Salzer and Lurie (1953) treated a group of patients suffering from various depressive conditions with Isoniazid given orally in the dosage of 50 mgm. t.d.s. for one week. If no toxic effects occurred the dosage was raised to 100 mgm. t.d.s. for a further two weeks, while in a few cases only higher doses were given. These workers maintained this level of dosage in order to avoid the advent of toxic side effects. Their results, which will be discussed later in this paper, led them to the conclusion that isoniazid had a specific therapeutic effect upon certain depressive disorders.

The object of this study, arising out of the work mentioned, was to carry out an initial survey of the effects of isoniazid on the affective component of various depressive states. If any demonstrable therapeutic action had been noted a larger, controlled, and more systematic study would have been undertaken but in view of the results obtained this further project has now been abandoned.
Lilliputian Hallucinations
Authors: Goldin Samson
Published: August 2008

Raoul Leroy was the first alienist to take a scientific interest in diminutive hallucinations which he labelled “Lilliputian” (1909) and they can best be described in his own words (1922).

“It is the vision of small people, men and women of minute and slightly variable height; either above or accompanied by small animals or small objects all relatively proportionate in size…. These hallucinations are mobile, coloured, generally multiple … All this little world, clothed generally in bright colours, walks, runs, plays and works in relief and perspective.”
Alzheimer's Disease Confirmed by Cerebral Biopsy: a Therapeutic Trial with Cortisone and A.C.T.H.
Authors: Sim M. , Smith W. Thomas
Published: August 2008

This paper describes treatment with cortisone and A.C.T.H. of two patients in whom Alzheimer's Disease (A.D.) had been confirmed histologically by cerebral biopsy.

A.D. is a progressive dementia which usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and there is no known specific treatment. Intellectual deterioration, which progresses insidiously over a period of 2–10 years, leads to gross dementia, and the inevitable problems of care and supervision often necessitate removal to an institution. Histologically the disease is characterized by atrophy of cortical nerve cells and the presence within the cortex of argentophile plaques which are demonstrable by the silver impregnation techniques of Bielschowsky or von Braunmühl (see Fig. 1); these plaques have a mixed granular and fibrillary structure. The same silver methods also show irregular thickening and disorientation of the nerve cell fibrils, which form “tangles” and “loops” (see Fig. 2). Identical plaques and neurofibrillary changes are also seen in senile dementia, the term “senile plaque” being used in both diseases.
The Clinical Response of Psychoneurotics to Chlorpromazine
Authors: Silverman Maurice
Published: August 2008

Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (3-chloro-10 (3′-dimethylamino-propyl)-phenothiazine) or “largactil” is being widely tried out as a form of therapy in psychiatric disorders. Papers have appeared describing its use in comparatively severe conditions encountered in in-patient mental hospital practice (e.g. Anton-Stephens, 1954) and in psychoneurotics (e.g. Garmany, May and Folkson, 1954). In the psychoneurotic group in particular, the drug is reported to be helpful in reducing tension and diminishing pre-occupation with worries, fears, and concomitant symptoms. These two properties—the reduction of tension and the production of a feeling of relative indifference to distressing stimuli—were amongst those originally attributed to chlorpromazine by Sigwald and Bouttier (1953) and, of course, they approximate to the characteristic changes resulting from prefrontal leucotomy (Partridge, 1950). The effects of this operative procedure have been extensively studied in relationship to such factors as the previous personality of the patient and the duration of the illness involved (e.g. Baker and Minski, 1951) and it was considered that it might be of value to investigate similar factors in patients treated with chlorpromazine. It is true that prefrontal leucotomy entails structural damage as a result of which the previous personality, for example, may be expected to have a significant bearing on the therapeutic outcome, but even with patients treated by chlorpromazine the ultimate result may depend, at least to some extent, on the inherent make-up of the individual or the symptom-complex from which he is suffering. It was in order to study the relationship between factors of this nature and chlorpromazine treatment that the following investigation was undertaken.
The Effects of Habit Training on Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Bennett D. H. , Robertson J. P. S.
Published: August 2008

It has been recognized for at least 150 years that the organization of wards in public institutions often “results in a lack of adequate attention, provides an unnatural environment and promotes neglect, abuse, injuries and confusion”, Noyes (1953). The atmosphere of the mental hospital back-ward, so different from that existing in the patient's home, creates a social, psychological and physiological “vacuum” and is particularly unfavourable to the long staying schizophrenic patient, who, as a result shows a progressive deterioration in habits and social relationships.

An early remedy practised at the York Retreat (Samuel Tuke, 1813) was that the nurses, having gained the patients' confidence, should attempt “to arrest their attention, and fix it on objects opposite to their illusions; to call into action as much as possible, every remaining power and principle of the mind; and to remember that, in the wreck of the intellect, the affections not unfrequently survive.”
The Follow-Up of a Child Guidance Clinic Population
Authors: Barbour R. F. , Beedell C. J.
Published: August 2008

We all know cases who have got better and we like to think that we played a part in causing their improvement. To prove this is, however, a very different matter. We have all read the follow-up studies based on a carefully selected group of cases where the authors report on those whom they could trace—but what of the untraced? At times, an overall survey of one's case material may reveal facts unnoticed in the preoccupation with the day to day clinical work.
An Investigation into the Value of “Objective Test Psychoticism” in Predicting Response to Insulin Coma Therapy
Authors: Keehn J. D.
Published: August 2008

In spite of more than twenty years experience with insulin coma therapy psychiatric opinion as to its efficacy is by no means unanimous. While some recent large scale studies (Polonio and Slater, 1954; Paster and Holtzman, 1949; Barres, Ey and Laboucarie, 1953) point to a significant rise over the spontaneous recovery rate with the use of insulin, others (Jensen, 1952) do not find more than an acceleration of recovery already in process. Inasmuch as most investigators acknowledge an increased number of relapses in treated patients this latter view has some support. However the strongest case for insulin is that, if nothing else, it greatly reduces the patient's stay in hospital (Sargant and Slater, 1948; Hughes, 1951). If one remembers, however, the extra administrative and medical staff required to run an insulin ward this point is largely negated. In fact there are some (Bourne, 1953; Notkin et al., 1939) who would claim that any improvement shown in insulin treated patients arises from the extra care and individual attention given them.
A Note on Urinary Copper-Reducing Steroid Excretion in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Merivale W. H. H. , Hunter Richard A.
Published: August 2008

Altered adrenocortical activity has been reported in patients suffering from primarily psychiatric disorders by Hemphill and Reiss (1947), Reiss, Hemphill, Gordon and Cook (1949a and b) and others. The chance finding of a high urinary copper-reducing steroid (CRS) excretion in a man suffering from recurrent depressive illnesses who was suspected of having Addison's Disease, prompted us to investigate the excretion of these steroids in a group of un-selected psychiatric patients. We report here the results of 23 estimations on 21 patients.
The Problem of Agnosia in the Light of a Case of Pure Word Deafness
Authors: Klein R. , Harper J.
Published: August 2008

Although pure word deafness (p.w.d.) is a well-defined clinical picture it usually occurs as part of a more complex syndrome. Almost invariably there is some degree of aphasia and as a rule other auditory disturbances, such as imperception of specific sounds including musical tones, also occur. These associated symptoms tend to diminish or even disappear in time while the deafness for word sounds usually persists in its initial intensity. In the case we describe most of the associated symptoms, especially the aphasia, soon abated leaving an almost pure word deafness. Subsequently this too improved slowly and because of the partial recovery we were able to obtain data which are rarely available in these cases.
Iron and Calcium in Sturge-Weber Disease
Authors: Tingey A. H.
Published: August 2008

This is a report of the chemical analysis of iron and calcium in the brains of three cases of Sturge-Weber disease. Although the clinical and pathological features of this syndrome have been well described, the chemistry of the characteristic deposits is less well understood, and there is a conflict of opinion as to whether iron is present in increased amount.

Owing to the kind co-operation of Mr. Alexander of the Neurosurgical Unit, Frenchay Hospital, it has been possible to re-investigate this problem using material derived from lobectomy specimens. The material had been stored in formol saline for some months before the analysis was carried out.

Microscopic examination showed the usual picture of meningeal angioma and massive mineral deposits in the outer part of the affected grey matter. There were also a few concretions lying more deeply in the white matter in all the specimens (Dr. R. M. Norman).
Hypnagogic Imagery and Mescaline
Authors: Ardis J. Amor , McKellar Peter
Published: August 2008

Similarity between certain of the visual effects of mescaline and hypnagogic imagery has been independently noted by several investigators, one of the earliest of these being Weir Mitchell (1896). Our own research group first became interested in hypnagogic experiences when one of the writers, as subject, in seeking to communicate the character of his mescaline visions, likened them to images he had encountered just before sleep. This led to an investigation of hypnagogic imagery as such, the results of which have been published elsewhere (McKellar and Simpson, 1954). Further experiments with mescaline, and consideration of the relevant literature of the two fields, suggest that the mescaline-induced and hypnagogic states are more than superficially alike, and that a comparison may illuminate the processes at work in each.
Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Therapy in Neurosis
Authors: Hawkings J. R. , Tibbetts R. W.
Published: August 2008

The first recorded attempt to use carbon dioxide inhalation systematically as a form of psychiatric treatment was by Lovenhart et al. (1929). The subjects were catatonic schizophrenics and such modification as occurred was fleeting in nature.

In 1943 Meduna began to use carbon dioxide inhalation in the treatment of the neuroses and his efforts were described in a series of papers and developed in a monograph (1950). This contains a full description of the physiological and pharmacological effects of carbon dioxide upon nervous function and the technique of administration is described as are also the results in 100 patients. These results are taken as giving some support to a neurophysiological theory of the neuroses based on homeostatic and cybernetic considerations. Efforts were made to minimize the effects of “suggestion” and, although the difficulties are acknowledged, the following passage suggests that the author was reasonably satisfied with his precautions.
A Contribution to the Objective Measurement of the Cathartic Process—I
Authors: Goldman-Eisler Frieda
Published: August 2008

In previous work (8, 9) the writer has found that measures of breathing activity during speech, and of output of speech per breath are related to the emotional intensity and to the extent to which emotions are restrained or given free expression in the exchanges during psychiatric interviews. A high level of ventilation, i.e. high breathing activity with low output of speech per breath was shown to belong to content implying outgoing affect (jealousy, appetite, sex, aggression, wishes and hopes), and a low level of ventilation in speech to be associated with topics of restricted emotionality, such as fear, inhibition, deprivation, as well as to reasoning.

Tension states as rated by physicians or as experienced subjectively, as well as anxiety states and other emotional disturbances have been shown to be associated with physiological changes in the muscular system as measured by the electromyograph (15, 19, 21). Increased muscular tension was also found to accompany hyperventilation (1, 6) and increased muscular tension as well as inhibited breathing have been reported to accompany intellectual effort (11, 22, 23). Rising gradients of tension from forehead and chin have recently been shown to accompany sustained attention when listening to read material (26).
Facts and Fictions in the Study of Child Psychiatry
Authors: Miller Emmanuel
Published: August 2008

I believe that it is customary for an address from the chair not to direct attention to some particular enquiry that has engaged the speaker, but to make a general survey of the broad issues of a society and its discipline, to take a bird's-eye view of the development of the subject, or to take up some fundamental issue or issues which at the moment have reached something in the nature of a turning point.
A Re-Evaluation of the Fugue
Authors: Berrington W. P. , Liddell D. W. , Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

The fugue has received little recognition in the literature in recent years. Stengel (1941, 1943) defines the fugue state as consisting of “transitory abnormal behaviour characterized by aimless wandering, and more or less marked alteration of consciousness, usually, but not necessarily, followed by amnesia”, According to Henderson and Gillespie (1944) the patient in a true fugue suddenly leaves his previous activity and goes on a journey which has no apparent relation to what he has just been doing, and for which he has complete amnesia afterwards. William McDougall (1926) states: “Fugue is the name given to those instances in which a person suddenly disappears from his accustomed haunts and re-appears at some distant place, astonished and puzzled to find himself there, and unable to give any account of himself in the period between his disappearance and his re-appearance.” In a footnote McDougall adds: “This word is sometimes used in a wider sense to include wandering of a seemingly aimless kind for which the subject (generally a psychopath) can assign no adequate reason or motive, but of which, nevertheless, he can give some description.” In our cases the criteria for a fugue have been sudden onset of wandering with clouding of consciousness and a more or less complete amnesia for the event.

Over the past 3 years we have collected 37 cases, either from the hospital records or from cases personally seen by us. Interesting features have emerged which, as far as we can ascertain, have not previously been described. A control group matched for sex, age and clinical diagnosis has been studied to exclude fortuitous associations. In the 37 cases of fugue under review, 31 are men and only 6 women. This incidence in favour of males is in accordance with the findings of other workers who have dealt with mixed groups, but differs from Stengel (1941), who picked his cases mainly from the female wards of Bristol Mental Hospital.
Some Aspects of the Ganser State
Authors: Tyndel Milo
Published: August 2008

Although described as far back as 1898, the Ganser state is still a subject of controversy and causes discussions regarding its existence as a clinical entity, its psychopathology and its incidence. Lately, Goldin and Macdonald (1955) endeavoured to clarify the meaning of the Ganser state after a critical review of the literature. They provided an illustrative case report with some hitherto unreported features and psychological test results. Although their paper presents a wealth of valuable material, there are still some points which need further discussion and elucidation.
The Cephalic Post-Traumatic Syndrome. Pathological Observations
Authors: McConnell Adams A.
Published: August 2008

I want to thank you, Mr. President, and the members of this Society for the privilege of appearing before you.

You are all familiar with the fact that headache, dizziness and mental disturbance occasionally persist for a long time after closed head injuries. These symptoms are usually grouped together under the title, “Postconcussional Syndrome“. The question whether or not there is an organic lesion at the root of this syndrome has engaged many minds for many moons. I think the majority of observers would agree with the text which I have taken for this discourse. You will find it in the tenth chapter of the last book of Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth, page 408. There it is written, “Although predisposition and psychological factors would appear to play a predominant role in its causation, the probability is that some degree of organic change plays its part in most cases.”
A Logical and Cultural Analysis of Hallucinatory Sense-Experience
Authors: Smythies J. R.
Published: August 2008

My purpose in this paper is to analyse the attitudes of people toward their own hallucinations and the attitudes of other people toward people who have hallucinations in our own and other cultures. It will, however, be helpful first to present a phenomenological classification of hallucinations.
Mental Illness and Social Conditions in Bristol
Authors: Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

In a pioneer work, Faris and Dunham (1939) studied the distribution of mental disorders in Chicago. Essentially their findings were that the incidence of schizophrenic cases was highest in the central areas of low social and economic status and lowest in the affluent residential districts on the periphery; that the differential distribution of cases of senile and arteriosclerotic dementia was similar to but less marked than that of schizophrenia; but that cases of manic-depressive psychosis were much more evenly distributed throughout the city though with a tendency to higher rates in better-class areas. They concluded that “social isolation”—the fact that in the central area of the city a person tended to be cut off from intimate and lasting emotional relations with other people—was a causal element in schizophrenia and that this accounted for the observed difference of incidence. Their findings have been confirmed in nine other American cities (Clark, 1949) but there have hitherto been no reports of similar studies outside the United States. The aim of the present study was to test, in an English city, the observations of Faris and Dunham on the urban distribution of mental disorders, and, by relating the distribution to various indices of social and economic status, to determine whether any additional evidence could be found for the hypothesis that social isolation is a factor in causing schizophrenia.
The Treatment of Depression with Methylamphetamine
Authors: Rudolf G. De M.
Published: August 2008

In earlier articles from 1939, the results of treatment with amphetamine preparations have been discussed. In this paper, a comparison of the results of treatment by means of electric convulsive therapy with those from methyl-amphetamine will be made.
A Statistical Study of the Influence of Marriage on the Hospital Care of the Mentally Sick
Authors: Norris Vera
Published: August 2008

The handicap of the single as compared with the married state in respect of the first admission rates to mental hospitals has been demonstrated by several workers. Dayton (1939), Malzberg (1940) and 0degaard (1946), to mention but a few, have all shown that the admission rates for single persons are greater than those for married persons of the same age. Hospital first admission rates for mental disorders are more likely to give reliable estimates of the incidence of mental disease than are hospital rates for other types of illness, nevertheless hospital admissions are but a sample of the sick population in the community and, generally speaking, there is no means of knowing whether or not it is a representative sample of the total sick population. For this reason, in this paper it is only the effect of marital status on the hospital care of the mentally sick that it is to be considered. This appears to be a necessary restriction in view of the fact that the data analysed here relate only to hospital admissions, but ⊘degaard (1946) categorically stated, although his data, too, were derived from mental hospitals:

“It is shown beyond doubt that the incidence of mental disease is much higher in the single than in the married, and that this ‘predominance of the single’ among our insane is no statistical figment caused by such factors as differences in age distribution or in the tendency to hospitalize the insane.”

The purpose of this paper is not to discuss differential admission rates between single and married, although some data will be presented to show that the difference exists here as well as in Scandinavia and the United States, for I have dealt with that problem elsewhere.∗ The very great differences between the first admission rates for single and married persons led me to ask the question: “What other differences arise between single and married persons with respect to mental hospital care?” The data of a statistical study of mental hospital admissions which I have already completed provide some information on this point.
The Effects of Prefrontal Leucotomy Upon Visual Imagery and the Ability to Perform Complex Operations
Authors: Costello C. G.
Published: August 2008

Two observations made on the post-leucotomy patient inspired the investigation to be reported in this paper. They are, first, that the post-leucotomy patient seems unable to deal with two things at once. Both Ackerly (1935) and Brickner (1939) have referred to this deficit. The second observation was that there was apparently lesser vitality of imagery after operation. A photographer in Pippard's study (1955) who had had, as he said, a “photographic memory”, could no longer connect people's faces with photographs of them he had taken in the past. A 35 year old schoolteacher in the same study completely lost her visual imagery after operation, and Brain (1954) has reported a similar deficit in two cases. Zangwill and Humphrey's report (1951) of cessation of dreaming in some patients after brain injury is possibly related to this deficit. Petrie (1952) found an increase in reversals, especially willed reversals on the Necker Cube after operation, and Gordon (1950) has presented findings showing that the control of fluctuation was significantly related to less vivid and controlled imagery.

The investigation reported here was designed to examine further these two post-leucotomy deficits, and to see if they were related in any way.
Neurosis and Psychosis: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Eysenck S. B. G.
Published: August 2008

The problem we are concerned with is the relationship between neurosis and psychosis. It is well known psychiatrically that many patients tend to be what are called “mixed” states, meaning that the diagnostic classification is doubtful. Patients complaining of physical symptoms, such as sleeplessness, heart palpitations, and other signs of autonomic imbalance, accompanied by anxiety or phobias, and who seem well reality-oriented, are not hallucinated or deluded and do not show any cognitive deterioration, are classed as neurotics. Psychotics, on the other hand, are generally deluded and hallucinated, are poorly reality-oriented, tend to show signs of cognitive deterioration, but have an absence of the physical symptoms so characteristic of neurotic disorders.
Reserpine (“Serpasil”) in Mental Deficiency Practice
Authors: Fischer E.
Published: August 2008

The therapeutic problems confronting those of us engaged in mental deficiency practice are manifold. This is due to the varied and mixed population inhabiting our hospitals.

There is the group known as “high grade” with intelligence quotients of 75 per cent. upwards who are admitted on account of their social inadequacy due to emotional maladjustment, sexual deviations and other psychopathic behaviour problems. The “low” and “medium grade” with intelligence quotients of 25 to 60 per cent., in addition to their deviant behaviour are intellectually so low that they could not cope outside an institution.

It is the aim of the psychiatrist to rehabilitate the former group and here in our hospital we have a very active programme to accomplish this end. The latter group are, however, an ever-pressing therapeutic problem on account of the frequency of psychomotor excitement, noisiness and destructiveness.

The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the new drug Reserpine in controlling deviant behaviour in such mentally defective patients.
The Influence of Reserpine on a Disturbed Male Ward and a Method for Assessing This
Authors: Hes J. Ph. , Bracha S.
Published: August 2008

When we commenced using reserpine in our disturbed male ward we were impressed by the calming effect which this produced in many of the patients and by the fact that the ward as a whole became quieter. In order to confirm these impressions we created a method which enabled us to express the behaviour of the patients in a graph. We thus had a simple means of comparing one clinical state with another and of assessing the influence of the therapeutic measures used.
A Characteristic Form of Overactive Behaviour in Brain Damaged Children
Authors: Ingram T. T. S.
Published: August 2008

Behaviour disorders resulting from localized lesions of the brain have attracted increasing attention recently. With the rapid progress being made in neurosurgical treatment there is a prospect that their accurate diagnosis may become more than an academic exercise. In the present paper a description will be presented of characteristic overactive behaviour which appears, in the majority of cases, to be due to cortical damage, frequently involving the temporal lobe, and sustained either at the time of birth or in later childhood.

The behaviour symptoms exhibited were remarkably constant throughout the series of twenty-five children studied. There was marked restlessness, distractibility and an inability to concentrate for more than a few seconds at a time. The affected children showed an apparent compulsive need to touch every object which they saw, and to suck or chew them. Outbursts of aggressive and irresponsible behaviour occurred frequently, and the patients seemed to be incapable of responding to reprimand or chastisement for longer than a few minutes. The majority suffered from epilepsy or showed other evidence suggesting the presence of cerebral damage on examination.
“Memory Function” in Psychiatric Patients Over Sixty, the Role of Memory in Tests Discriminating Between “Functional” and “Organic” Groups
Authors: Inglis J. , Shapiro M. B. , Post F.
Published: August 2008

This paper reports part of a research into the relationship of certain aspects of mental functioning and the psychiatric illnesses of old age. One of the apparent deficits of function to which much importance has been attached is “memory impairment”. This is commonly considered part of various clinical syndromes, especially of the “organic” mental disorder of the senium. The measurement or estimation of memory function is, therefore, thought to be of considerable importance and most clinicians working with elderly patients use some kinds of tests which purport to measure it. There are, however, some points of conflict between clinical usage and the evidence of objective investigations in this area. It has never, for example, been demonstrated in relation to memory assessment that “memory” as such, can usefully be considered as even relatively independent of intelligence in young normal adult subjects (Eysenck and Halstead (1)).