bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's perspectives on resilience and research on resilience in motherhood: A qualitative study
Authors: Hannon Susan , Higgins Agnes , Daly Déirdre
Published: April 2023

Purpose

Definitional perspectives and operational approaches to the concept of resilience vary within the literature; however, little is known of women's opinions on current resilience research, or the philosophical and methodological directions women believe such research should take. This research explored women's perspectives on resilience research in the perinatal period and early motherhood and sought their opinions on the ways in which they believe research should be advanced.

Methods

Following ethical approval, online interviews were conducted with 14 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse women who were mothers. Findings from a concept analysis on resilience in pregnancy and early motherhood, conducted by the authors, were shared with women before and during the interview. Interviews were organised in sections corresponding to the findings within the concept analysis' four philosophical (Epistemology, Linguistic, Logic, Pragmatic) principles and thematically analysed.

Results

Epistemology—Women endorsed a dynamic process definition, and viewed resilience as influenced by multilevel, multisystemic processes. Linguistic—Women viewed words such as ‘adaptation’ and ‘adjustment’ as being more active and empowering than the term ‘coping’ in relation to motherhood. Logic—Women were resistant to the predominant operational conceptualisation of resilience as illness absence. Pragmatic—Women were wary of resilience research being used to reduce mental health support for other mothers and families.

Conclusions

Women provided constructive criticisms on the current state of resilience literature. Women suggested actionable ways in which research may be developed to better align with the epistemological and ethical approaches women want to see in resilience and maternal mental health research.

Patient or Public Contribution

Women who are mothers and participants in health research were consulted on their views of trends in mental health and resilience research in motherhood.
Effects of brushing duration on the efficacy of dental plaque removal: An in vitro study
Authors: Saghiri Mohammad Ali , Amanabi Mahsa , Vakhnovetsky Julia , Amini Saeid B. , Samadi Elham
Published: April 2023

Introduction

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of varying brushing times on the dental plaque‐removal efficacy of a power toothbrush to determine the optimal length of time required to brush the teeth.

Methods

A typodont with 32 teeth was divided into four quadrants and further divided into four zones each (two teeth per zone). Using a robotic arm, toothbrushing was performed over eight different brushing times (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 420 s) to remove the artificial plaque applied on the labial surface of the teeth in occlusion. Photographs were taken every 60 s from each zone of the typodont. The images obtained were processed using ImageJ software to measure the percentage of remaining plaque. Data were analysed with factorial ANOVA, least squares regression analysis, and post hoc Tukey tests.

Results

Plaque removal significantly increased with brushing time across the brushing intervals studied (p < 0.05). Efficient plaque removal was achieved after 240 s of brushing. There was no significant difference in plaque accumulations between the maxillary and mandibular arch (p = 0.19) and the right and left areas after each time interval (p = 0.49).

Conclusion

Brushing duration is negatively correlated with the remaining plaque for a given toothbrush. Two minutes of brushing is not sufficient for significant plaque removal. Considering the limitations of this in vitro study, clinical studies are needed in order to change brushing recommendations to 240 s.
Abnormal expression and role of MicroRNA‐214‐3p/SLC8A1 in neonatal Hypoxic‐Ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Yang Liu , Zhang Li , Zhu Jing , Wang Yuqian , Zou Ning , Liu Zhengjuan , Wang Yingjie
Published: April 2023

Neonatal hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) refers to brain damage caused by intra‐uterine distress and asphyxia/hypoxia during the perinatal and neonatal periods. MicroRNA (MiR)‐214‐3p plays a critical role in cell growth and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and role of miR‐214‐3p in neonatal HIE development, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. The expression of miR‐214‐3p was significantly down‐regulated, while that of Slc8a1, a direct target of miR‐214‐3p, was significantly up‐regulated, in the brain tissue of neonatal HIE rats. The over‐expression of miR‐214‐3p promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of neurones, while its down‐regulation had the opposite effect. Our results indicate that miR‐214‐3p expression was down‐regulated in neonatal HIE rats, and the up‐regulation of miR‐214‐3p expression protected against HIE development by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis.
A coordinated strategy for a simple, pragmatic approach to the early identification of the ultra‐high‐risk patient with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: George Hannah , Gunawardana Jay , Keane Colm , Hicks Rod J. , Gandhi Maher K.
Published: April 2023

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent aggressive lymphoma seen in clinical practice. Despite huge strides in understanding its biology, front‐line therapy has remained unchanged for decades. Roughly one‐third of patients have primary refractory or relapse following the end of conventional first‐line therapy. The outcome of patients with primary refractory disease and those with early relapse (defined as relapse less than 1 year from the end of therapy) is markedly inferior to those with later relapse and is exemplified by dismal overall survival. In this article, the authors term patients with features that identify them as being at particularly high‐risk for either primary refractory disease or early relapse, as ‘ultra‐high‐risk’. As new treatment options become established (e.g. bispecific T‐cell engagers, chimeric antigen receptor ‘CAR’ T‐cells and antibody–drug conjugates), it is likely that there will be a push to incorporate some of these agents into the first‐line setting for patients identified as ultra‐high‐risk. In this review, the authors outline advances in positron emission tomography, widely available laboratory assays and clinical prognosticators, which can detect a high proportion of patients with ultra‐high‐risk disease. Since these approaches are pragmatic and able to be adopted widely, they could be incorporated into routine clinical practice.
Novel use of an irrigated ablation catheter to monitor real‐time hemodynamics during ablation
Authors: Bhatia Neal K. , Iravanian Shahriar , Ravi Namita , Kiani Soroosh , Lloyd Michael S. , Westerman Stacy B. , Merchant Faisal M. , El‐Chami Mikhael F. , Hoque Azizul , Shah Anand D.
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Hemodynamic decompensation during catheter ablation occurs due to prolonged procedure time and irrigant delivery directly into the cardiac chambers. Real‐time hemodynamic monitoring of patients undergoing catheter ablation procedures may identify patients at risk of decompensation; we set out to assess the feasibility of a novel, real‐time, intracardiac pressure monitoring system using a standard irrigated ablation catheter.

Methods

We studied 13 consecutive who underwent pressure measurement of the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) via transeptal access with a Swan Ganz (SG) catheter followed by two commercially available irrigated ablation catheters. Pressure waveform data was extracted to compare LA peak pressure, LV peak systolic pressure, LV end‐diastolic pressure, and waveform analysis.

Results

Comparison between the SG and ablation catheters (AblA; AblB) demonstrated that LV systolic pressure (0.61–16.8 mmHg; 1.32–18.2 mmHg), and LV end‐diastolic pressure (−3.4 to 2.8 mmHg; −3.0 to 3.35 mmHg) were well correlated and had accepted repeatability. Ablation waveforms demonstrated an 89.9 ± 6.4% correlation compared to SG waveforms.

Conclusion

Pressure measurements derived from an irrigated ablation catheter are accurate and reliable when compared to an SG catheter. Further studies are needed to determine how real‐time pressure monitoring can improve outcomes during ablation procedures.
Parishin alleviates vascular ageing in mice by upregulation of Klotho
Authors: Zhao Xinxiu , Zhou Shixian , Liu Yang , Gong Caixia , Xiang Lan , Li Shumin , Wang Peixia , Wang Yuejun , Sun Linlin , Zhang Qin , Yang Yunmei
Published: April 2023

Senescence of vascular endothelial cells is the major risk of vascular dysfunction and disease among elderly people. Parishin, which is a phenolic glucoside derived from Gastrodia elata, significantly prolonged yeast lifespan. However, the action of parishin in vascular ageing remains poorly understood. Here, we treated human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and naturally aged mice by parishin. Parishin alleviated HCAEC senescence and general age‐related features in vascular tissue in naturally aged mice. Network pharmacology approach was applied to determine the compound‐target networks of parishin. Our analysis indicated that parishin had a strong binding affinity for Klotho. Expression of Klotho, a protein of age‐related declines, was upregulated by parishin in serum and vascular tissue in naturally aged mice. Furthermore, FoxO1, on Klotho/FoxO1 signalling pathway, was increased in the parishin‐intervened group, accompanied by the downregulated phosphorylated FoxO1. Taken together, parishin can increase Klotho expression to alleviate vascular endothelial cell senescence and vascular ageing.
Can low‐quality parents exploit their high‐quality partners to gain higher fitness?
Authors: Awasthi Kartikey , M. Henshaw Jonathan
Published: April 2023

An individual's optimal investment in parental care potentially depends on many variables, including its future fitness prospects, the expected costs of providing care and its partner's expected or observed parental behaviour. Previous models suggested that low‐quality parents could evolve to exploit their high‐quality partners by reducing care, leading to the paradoxical prediction that low‐quality parents could have higher fitness than their high‐quality partners. However, these studies lacked a complete and consistent life‐history model. Here, we challenge this result, developing a consistent analytical model of parental care strategies given individual variation in quality, and checking our results using agent‐based simulations. In contrast to previous models, we predict that high‐quality individuals always outcompete low‐quality individuals in fitness terms. However, care effort may differ between high‐ and low‐quality parents in either direction: low‐quality individuals care more than high‐quality individuals if their baseline mortality is higher, but less if their mortality increases more steeply with increasing care. We also highlight the ambiguity of the term ‘quality’ and stress the need for ‘genealogical consistency’ in evolutionary models.
Defining ‘obstetric haemorrhage’: Blood loss volume and severe morbidity
Authors: Wang Michelle J. , Alexander Megan , Abbas Diana , Srivastava Akanksha , Comfort Ashley , Iverson Ronald , Cabral Howard J. , Yarrington Christina
Published: April 2023

Aims and Objectives

Our goal is to describe the association between total quantitative blood loss (QBL) and risk of obstetric haemorrhage‐related morbidity (OBH‐M) to assess the utility of the current definition of obstetric haemorrhage (OBH).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study completed of all patients who had a live delivery at the only urban safety‐net hospital over a 2‐year period from 2018 to 2019. We categorized deliveries into 10 equally sized deciles based on QBL and compared the proportion with OBH‐M in each. Among the two deciles with the highest proportions of OBH‐M, we stratified deliveries into seven groups of ascending intervals of 250cc QBL. Finally, we compared the positive predictive value (PPV) of the standard definition of OBH (QBL ≥ 1000cc) to a definition extrapolated from our stratified analysis. The primary outcome was proportion of deliveries within each QBL decile affected by OBH‐M. The secondary outcome was PPV.

Results

We found a significant increase in OBH‐M from decile 9 (895–1201cc QBL) to decile 10 (1205–8325cc QBL) (p < 0.001). In our stratified analysis, we found QBL of 1500cc to be an inflection point for an increased proportion of OBH‐M. Our secondary analysis showed an increased PPV for OBH‐M using QBL of 1500cc (20.5%) compared with that of QBL 1000cc (9.8%).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that a higher QBL threshold than the currently accepted definition of OBH is more predictive of OBH‐M.
Swap variance hedging and efficiency: The role of high moments
Authors: Chow K. Victor , Li Bingxin , Wang Zhan
Published: April 2023

In this article, we propose a new theoretical approach for developing hedging strategies based on swap variance (SwV). SwV is a generalized risk measure equivalent to a polynomial combination of all moments of a return distribution. Using the S&P 500 index and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil spot and futures price data, as well as simulations by varying the distribution of asset returns, we investigate the dynamic differences between hedge ratios and portfolio performances based on SwV (with high moments) and variance (without high moments). We find that, on average, the minimizing‐SwV hedging suggests more short futures contracts than minimizing‐variance hedging; however, when market conditions deteriorate, the minimizing‐SwV hedging suggests fewer short positions in futures. The superior posthedge performances of the mean‐SwV hedged portfolios over the mean‐variance hedged portfolios in highly volatile or extremely calm markets confirm the efficiency of the mean‐SwV hedging strategy.
Barriers and facilitators to goals of care conversations with Veteran residents of community nursing homes
Authors: Keddem Shimrit , Ayele Roman , Ersek Mary , Murray Andrew , Griffith Matthew , Morawej Sabrina , Kutney‐Lee Ann
Published: April 2023

Background

Despite evidence that structured goals of care conversations (GoCCs) and documentation of life‐sustaining treatment (LST) preferences improve the delivery of goal‐concordant care for seriously ill patients, rates of completion remain low among nursing home residents. The Preferences Elicited and Respected for Seriously Ill Veterans through Enhanced Decision‐Making (PERSIVED) program aims to improve the consistent documentation of LST preferences among Veterans receiving care in veterans affairs (VA)‐paid community nursing homes (CNH); however, the barriers and facilitators of completing and documenting GoCCs in this unique context of care have not been described.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured, qualitative interviews with key stakeholders of the VA CNH programs located at six VA Medical Centers between July 2021 and July 2022. With a rapid approach to analysis, interview transcripts were reduced into memo templates using the Tailored Implementation for Chronic Disease Checklist and coded and analyzed using qualitative data analysis software.

Results

The 40 participants consisted of nurses (n = 13), social workers (n = 25), and VA physicians (n = 2). Most participants felt confident about conducting GoCC; however, several barriers were identified. At the staff level, our results indicated inconsistent completion of GoCC and documentation due to a lack of training, confusion about roles and responsibilities, and challenging communication within the VA as well as with CNH. At the organizational level, there was a lack of standardization across sites for how LST preferences were documented. At the patient level, we found key barriers related to patient and family readiness and issues finding surrogate decision makers. While COVID‐19 brought end‐of‐life issues to the forefront, lockdowns hindered communication about the goals of care.

Conclusion

Findings from this pre‐implementation evaluation revealed multi‐level barriers in conducting and documenting GoCCs with Veterans receiving VA‐paid CNH care, as well as several facilitators that can be used to inform strategies for improvement.
Power spectral analysis can determine language laterality from resting‐state functional MRI data in healthy controls
Authors: Ahmed Syed Rakin , Jenabi Mehrnaz , Gene Madeleine , Moreno Raquel , Peck Kyung K. , Holodny Andrei
Published: April 2023

Background and Purpose

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has been proposed as an alternative to task‐based fMRI including clinical situations such as preoperative brain tumor planning, due to advantages including ease of performance and time savings. However, one of its drawbacks is the limited ability to accurately lateralize language function.

Methods

Using the rsfMRI data of healthy controls, we carried out a power spectra analysis on three regions of interest (ROIs): Broca's area (BA) in the frontal cortex for language, hand motor (HM) area in the primary motor cortex, and the primary visual cortex (V1). Spike removal, motion correction, linear trend removal, and spatial smoothing were applied. Spontaneous low‐frequency fluctuations (0.01‐0.1 Hz) were filtered to enable functional integration.

Results

BA showed greater power on the left hemisphere relative to the right (p = .0055), while HM (p = .1563) and V1 (p = .4681) were not statistically significant. A novel index, termed the power laterality index (PLI), computed to estimate the degree of power lateralization for each brain region, revealed a statistically significant difference between BA and V1 (p < .00001), where V1 was used as a control since the primary visual cortex does not lateralize. Validation studies used to compare PLI to a laterality index computed using phonemic fluency, a task‐based, language fMRI paradigm, demonstrated good correlation.

Conclusions

The power spectra for BA revealed left language lateralization, which was not replicated in HM or V1. This work demonstrates the feasibility and validity of an ROI‐based power spectra analysis on rsfMRI data for language lateralization.
Assessment of awake bruxism by a novel bruxism screener and ecological momentary assessment among patients with masticatory muscle myalgia and healthy controls
Authors: Nykänen Laura , Manfredini Daniele , Lobbezoo Frank , Kämppi Antti , Bracci Alessandro , Ahlberg Jari
Published: April 2023

Background

Bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity occurring during sleep or wakefulness, involving grinding and clenching of teeth and/or jaw bracing. As yet, the aetiology, epidemiology and consequences of awake bruxism (AB) are largely unknown.

Objectives

The aims of the study were to AB behaviours using a novel bruxism screener (BruxScreen) questionnaire part and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA; BruxApp©) on AB behaviours, and to investigate AB's prevalence among masticatory muscle myalgia patients and non‐patients.

Methods

Altogether, 115 participants (masticatory myalgia patients referred to a specialist clinic (n = 67) and non‐patients (n = 46)) filled in a bruxism screener questionnaire to report bruxism behaviours and jaw symptoms. A selection of both groups did a week‐long EMA (patients n = 12, non‐patients n = 11) to report AB behaviours. The chi‐squared test was used to determine group differences in categorical variables. A logistic regression model was fitted to study the probability of AB.

Results

According to BruxScreen, bruxism behaviours and jaw symptoms were more frequent in patients than in non‐patients (p < .001). Based on EMA, 14.6% of the behaviour in patients was tooth clenching; for non‐patients, this was 0.5% (p < .000). Relaxed muscles were reported by patients and non‐patients at 20.6% and 56.4%, respectively (p < .021). Logistic regression, adjusted by age and sex, revealed that patients reported AB 5 times more often than non‐patients (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.1–11.2).

Conclusion

Awake bruxism behaviours are significantly more frequent in masticatory muscle myalgia patients than non‐patients and associate with frequent bruxism‐related symptoms. Self‐reported teeth clenching seems to be the most significant sign of AB behaviour.
Flexural strength of high yttrium oxide‐doped monochrome and multilayered fully stabilized zirconia upon various sintered cooling rates
Authors: Uasuwan Pithiwat , Juntavee Niwut , Juntavee Apa
Published: April 2023

Purpose

Firing protocols influence the mechanical properties of dental ceramics. This study examined the impact of altering the cooling rate of mono‐ and multilayered 5 mol% yttria‐partially stabilized zirconia (5Y‐PSZ) on their strength.

Materials and methods

Ninety specimens (width × length × thickness = 10 × 20 × 2 mm) were prepared using 5Y‐PSZ monolayer (Mo: Cercon‐xt) and 5Y‐PSZ multilayered (Mu: Cercon‐xt ML) blocks. Randomly distributed specimens were sintered at the recommended firing schedule for three different categories of cooling rates (n = 15/group): slow (S: 5°C/min), normal (N: 35°C/min), and fast (F: 70°C/min). A universal testing machine with four‐point bending test was used to measure the flexural strength (σ). The microstructure, fracture characteristics, and chemical composition were evaluated by scanning electron microscope and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. The monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic phases were investigated using X‐ray diffraction. Two‐way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni comparisons were applied to determine the σ, (), and Weibull analysis was performed to determine the Weibull modulus (m) and characteristic strength (σ0).

Results

The highest σ and σ0 (MPa) were seen for MuN (454.2 ± 62.0, 480.8 ± 62.9) followed by MuS (453.5 ± 52.6, 476.4 ± 54.3) and MoS (451.5 ± 44.5, 471.2 ± 46.6), whereas MuF had the lowest σ and σ0 (379.8 ± 50.2, 401.6 ± 51.3). The σ value of S‐cooling (452.5 ± 47.9) was higher than those for N‐cooling (443.4 ± 61.3) and F‐cooling (382.3 ± 58.0). The m‐value for MoS was the highest (11.4 ± 3.6), whereas that for MoF was the lowest (6.1 ± 1.6). Different cooling rates resulted in a significant difference in σ values (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

S‐ and N‐cooling resulted in significantly higher flexural strength than that obtained by F‐cooling. Increasing the cooling rate of 5Y‐PSZ resulted in smaller grain size, less grain boundary integration, and higher t‐ to m‐transformation, leading to lower strength. Therefore, a slow and normal cooling rate was recommended to achieve the optimum strength for 5Y‐PSZ.
Who am I? The identity crisis of mental health professionals living with mental illness
Authors: Fisher Jane
Published: April 2023

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Large numbers of mental health professionals live with their own mental health challenges.

Despite working in mental health care, they can experience stigma in the workplace.

Mental health professionals with lived experience of mental illness can find it a challenge to integrate their identities as both mental health professional and mental health service user.

There are currently limited options available to them.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

This is a personal reflection from a mental health nurse and lecturer, who lives with a severe and enduring mental illness.

It offers a lived experience account of the identity struggles of a mental health professional living with a mental illness.

This article attempts to redefine the identity of professionals with personal lived experience in a more positive manner. They can be valued and celebrated for their unique perspective on mental illness and mental health care.

What are the implications for practice?

There remains a stigma attached to people living with mental health conditions. This article challenges some of this stigma.

It will empower and encourage other health professionals with lived experience to embrace all aspects of their identity with authenticity and courage.

There are growing numbers of mental health professionals with their own lived experience of mental illness. This is both in part due to increased visibility and openness, and students embarking on professional courses motivated by their own personal mental health history. The somewhat limited research in this area highlights the difficulty practitioners have in navigating this distinct identity. There are limited options, including a wounded healer, an impaired professional and professional survivor. All have their limitations. We need to revise the conceptualisation of mental health professionals with personal lived experience of mental illness. Our identity needs to be celebrated and valued, as are the roles of peer support worker and expert by experience. Through personal reflection, I describe my own challenges in negotiating my identity as a mental health nurse, lecturer, and service user. My solution is to embrace authenticity and have the courage to stand in vulnerability and strength, embracing all aspects of myself. I call for others to do the same.
Risk factors for more rapid progression of severe liver fibrosis in children with cystic fibrosis‐related liver disease: A multi‐center study validated by liver biopsy
Authors: Sakhuja Shruti , Staples Heather M. , Minard Charles G. , Ramm Louise E. , Lewindon Peter J. , Ramm Grant A. , Leung Daniel H.
Published: April 2023

Background and Aims

Early identification of risk factors for the development of severe fibrosis in children with cystic fibrosis‐related liver disease (CFLD) is crucial as promising therapies emerge.

Methods

This multi‐center cohort study of children with a priori defined CFLD from 1999 to 2016, was designed to evaluate the clinical utility of CF‐specific characteristics and liver biomarkers assessed years prior to liver biopsy‐proven CFLD to predict risk of developing severe fibrosis (F3‐4) over time. Fibrosis was staged by Metavir classification.

Results

The overall study cohort of 42 patients (F0‐2 (n = 22) and F3‐4 (n = 20)) was 57% male (n = 24) with median age of 7.6 years at baseline visit versus 10.3 years at biopsy. Median FEV1% predicted was lower in F3‐4 participants at baseline versus F0‐2 (59% vs. 85%; p = .002), while baseline FIB‐4, APRI and GGT were higher in F3‐4. Median splits for FIB‐4 (≥.13), APRI (≥.36), GPR (≥.09), GGT (≥25.5), and FEV1% (<64%) were associated with more rapid progression to F3‐4 (p < .01 for all). Using a combination of change/year in FIB‐4, APRI, and GPR to predict F3‐4, the AUROC was .81 (95% CI, .66, .96; p < .0001). For up to 5.8 years prior, thresholds for GPR were met 6.5‐fold more rapidly, and those for APRI and FIB‐4 were met 2.5‐fold more rapidly, in those who progressed to F3‐4 than those that did not.

Conclusions

This study suggests mild–moderate pulmonary dysfunction and higher liver biomarker indices at baseline may be associated with faster progression of CFLD.
Cryptic biodiversity inhabiting coral reef sponges
Authors: George Anita M. , Abdo Dave , Wahab Muhammad Azmi Abdul , Ekins Merrick , Hooper John N. A. , Whalan Steve
Published: April 2023

Sponges host a wide range of cryptic biodiversity both internally and externally. This study quantified the biodiversity inhabiting, or associated with, three morphologically distinct coral reef sponges. Coelocarteria singaporensis, Coscinoderma mathewsi and Ircinia microconulosa were collected from fringing reefs at Orpheus Island, central Great Barrier Reef, across monsoonal seasons (wet and dry) and diurnal periods (morning, afternoon and night for C. singaporensis) to quantify Sponge Associated Biota (SAB). A total of 8489 SAB was sorted from 77 sponges. Twenty‐six taxa, across 3 kingdoms and 12 phyla were recorded. Sponge‐associated biota was dominated by Mollusca in all three sponge hosts (range ~ 46%–50%) but taxa were found from a number of other phyla including, Arthropoda, Annelida, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, Foraminifera and Nemertea. There was no effect of season on abundances of SAB within the three species of sponge, but there was a significant effect associated with sponge host species, driven by a higher number of SAB in C. singaporensis and I. microconulosa. The diurnal patterns of SAB within C. singaporensis showed consistent abundances of mobile invertebrate groups with molluscs, echinoderms and arthropods dominating these samples. This study also highlights the ecological role and contribution of SAB in the reef ecosystems.
The grain size distribution of matrix in primitive chondrites
Authors: Vaccaro E. , Wozniakiewicz P. , Franchi I. A. , Starkey N. , Russell S. S.
Published: April 2023

The matrix of primitive chondrites is composed of submicron crystals embedded in amorphous silicates. These grains are thought to be the remains of relatively unprocessed dust from the inner regions of the protoplanetary disk. The matrix of primitive meteorites is often compared to chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles (CP‐IDPs) which are believed to be of cometary origin, having accreted in the outermost regions of the solar nebula. Crystalline grains in CP‐IDPs show evidence of a size–density relationship between the silicates and sulfides suggesting that these components experienced sorting prior to accretion. Here, we investigate whether such evidence of sorting is also present in the matrix constituents of primitive chondrites. We report findings from our study of grain size distributions of discrete silicate and opaque (sulfide and metal) grains within the matrix of the primitive meteorites Acfer 094 (C2‐ung.), ALHA77307 (CO3), MIL 07687 (C3‐ung.), and QUE 99177 (CR2). Mean radii of matrix silicate grains range from 103 nm in QUE 99177 to 2018 nm in MIL 07687. The opaque grains show a wider variation, with average radii ranging from 15 nm in QUE 99177 to 219 nm in MIL07687. Our results indicate that, in contrast to CP‐IDPs, the size distribution of matrix components of these primitive meteorites cannot be explained by aerodynamic sorting that took place prior to accretion. We conclude that any evidence of sorting is likely to have been lost due to a greater variety and degree of processing experienced on these primitive chondrites than on cometary parent bodies.
Optimizing nutrition in pediatric intestinal pseudo‐obstruction syndrome
Authors: Pescarin Matilde , Day Hannah , Thapar Nikhil , Jackman Lucy , Saliakellis Efstratios , Lindley Keith J. , Nikaki Kornilia , Hill Susan , Kӧglmeier Jutta , Rybak Anna , Borrelli Osvaldo
Published: April 2023

Background

Pediatric intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (PIPO) encompasses a variety of rare, heterogeneous, and disabling disorders that severely affect gastrointestinal motility and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. PIPO management is complex and focuses on maintaining an optimal nutritional status, improving gut function, relieving symptoms, and treating complications. Nutritional issues prevail, and PIPO patients often experience severe undernutrition and faltering growth. Thus, nutritional management plays a pivotal role for achieving the most favorable clinical outcomes. The calorie and nutrient intake of each patient needs to be tailored to age, extent and severity of gut involvement and nutritional needs to support an optimal nutritional status. After defining the extent and severity of gut dysmotility, an experienced team should perform a careful nutritional assessment. An oral diet should always be encouraged and might include bite and dissolve solids, liquid diet or simple oral stimulation. If oral caloric intake is inadequate, liquid gastric feeds should provide the subsequent step. In the presence of severe gastric dysmotility, continuous post‐pyloric feeding represents a viable option. In the most severe cases, parenteral nutrition (PN) is required to meet appropriate nutritional requirements.

Purpose

Pediatric data on this topic are scarce and mainly extrapolated from adult studies. In this review, we discuss current evidence and knowledge regarding nutritional options, implications of the use of different feed types, including a blended diet, and the use of PN. Moreover, based on our experience and the evidence from the literature, we propose a flow chart to guide the nutritional management of PIPO patients.
Children with functional gastrointestinal disorders with and withoutco‐existingnausea: A comparison of clinical and psychological characteristics
Authors: de Bruijn Clara M. A. , Geijtenbeek Anne , Browne Pamela D. , Benninga Marc A. , Vlieger Arine M.
Published: April 2023

Background

Nausea co‐existing with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) has been suggested to negatively impact physical and psychological factors in children. This study aims to compare clinical and psychological characteristics of a large cohort of pediatric patients with an FGID with and without nausea.

Methods

Patients of two previous randomized controlled trials were included, the first assessing the effect of hypnotherapy (HT) in 260 children fulfilling Rome criteria of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or functional abdominal pain (FAP), the second examining the effect of HT in 100 children with nausea in children with either functional nausea (FN) or functional dyspepsia (FD). At inclusion, demographics, clinical features, including the presence of nausea, depression and anxiety, somatization, and health‐related quality of life (QoL) were assessed in patients.

Key Results

In total, 355 patients with IBS (n = 131), FAP (n = 127), FN (n = 62), and FD (n = 35) were included, of which 255 (72%) patients experienced nausea versus 100 (28%) without nausea. Age at onset of symptoms was higher in children experiencing nausea (12.0y vs. 9.0y,p = 0.000). Significantly higher somatization, anxiety and depression scores, and lower health‐related QoL were reported for children with nausea. There were no significant differences between children with only nausea and children with nausea and abdominal pain.

Conclusions and Inferences

Children with nausea, either with or without abdominal pain, report higher somatization scores, increased anxiety and depression, and lower overall QoL, compared to children with pain‐related FGIDs without accompanying nausea. Addressing the presence of nausea in children with FGIDs seems essential to customize their treatment and improve overall quality of life.
Association of oral behaviours and psychological factors with selected genotypes in pain‐related TMD
Authors: Zlendić Marko , Vrbanović Ema , Tomljanović Marko , Gall Trošelj Koraljka , Đerfi Kristina Vuković , Alajbeg Iva Z.
Published: April 2023

Objectives

To investigate frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pain‐related temporomandibular disorders (TMDp) and to determine whether specific SNPs, psychological, psychosomatic and behavioural characteristics are predictive for pain existence and intensity (low pain intensity (LPI)/high pain intensity (HPI)).

Methods

Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal mucosa swabs (85 TMDp;85 controls) for evaluating frequency of selected SNPs: catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (rs4680, rs4818), opiorphin (rs1387964), alpha subunit of voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.1 (rs6432860) and voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.9 (rs33985936). Participants completed questionnaires on somatosensory amplification, anxiety and depression symptoms and oral behaviours (OB).

Results

Sleep‐related OB frequency was higher in TMDp patients compared to controls (p = 0.008). Compared to LPI, HPI patients had higher depression (p = 0.020) and anxiety scores (p = 0.017). TMDp group showed higher frequency of CC genotype (rs1387964) than controls (12.9% vs. 3.5%, p = 0.025). Following adjustments for age, sex and sleep‐related OB, the significance of the recessive model (CC vs. TC + TT) between TMDp patients and controls was retained (OR = 5.783; 95%CI: 1.454–23.004). Frequency of GG genotype (rs4680 and rs4818) was higher in HPI compared to LPI patients (40% vs. 11.4%, p = 0.006; 24% vs. 3%; p = 0.012, respectively). The difference remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, depression, anxiety and sleep‐related OB (rs4680: OR = 3.621; 95%CI: 1.580–8.297; rs4818: OR = 4.919, 95%CI: 1.641–14.746).

Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that rs1387964 CC genotype was associated with TMDp while rs4680 GG and rs4818 GG genotypes contributed to HPI.
Lasanius, an exceptionally preserved Silurian jawless fish from Scotland
Authors: Reeves Jane C. , Wogelius Roy A. , Keating Joseph N. , Sansom Robert S.
Published: April 2023

The fossil record of non‐biomineralizing, soft‐bodied taxa is our only direct evidence of the early history of vertebrates. A robust reconstruction of the affinities of these taxa is critical to unlocking vertebrate origins and understanding the evolution of skeletal tissues, but these taxa invariably have unstable and poorly supported phylogenetic positions. At the cusp between mineralized bony vertebrates and entirely soft‐bodied vertebrates is the enigmaticLasanius, a purported anaspid from the Silurian of Scotland. Interpretations of its affinity and significance are conflicted, principally because of its poorly understood anatomy due to taphonomic distortion and loss of soft‐tissues. Here we use an array of modern techniques to reassess the anatomy ofLasaniusvia a comprehensive study of 229 complete and partial specimens. A new reconstruction clarifies the identity and position of preserved features, including paired sensory organs, a notochord, and digestive tract, supporting the vertebrate affinities of this genus. SEM‐EDS trace element mapping suggests a bone‐like composition of mineralized parts, but finds no evidence for mineralized dermal armour. Phylogenetic analysis recoversLasaniusas an early stem‐cyclostome, and subsequent analysis supports the rejection of alternative placements (such as stem‐gnathostome). We highlight that while distinguishing between the early cyclostome and gnathostome condition is problematic, increasing confidence in the anatomy of key taxa, such asLasanius, is vital for increased stability throughout the early vertebrate tree.
Contrasting patterns of disparity suggest differing constraints on the evolution of trilobite cephalic structures during the Cambrian ‘explosion’
Authors: Holmes James D.
Published: April 2023

Trilobites are an abundant group of Palaeozoic marine euarthropods that appear abruptly in the fossil recordc. 521 million years ago. Quantifying the development of morphological variation (or ‘disparity’) through time in fossil groups like trilobites is critical in understanding evolutionary radiations such as the Cambrian ‘explosion’. Here, I use geometric morphometrics to quantify ‘cumulative disparity’ in functionally‐important structures within the trilobite cephalon across their initial radiation during Cambrian Series 2. Overall cephalic disparity increased rapidly and attained a maximum within several million years. This pattern is dominated by the cephalic outline (in particular the genal spines), reflecting rapid, convergent expansion to the extremes of morphospace in a few early families. In contrast, removing the outline and focusing on structures such as the glabella and eye ridges (associated with feeding and vision, respectively) showed a more gradual increase in disparity, closer in line with taxonomic diversity and supporting the hypothesis of a relatively accurate trilobite fossil record. These contrasting patterns suggest that disparity in different structures was constrained in different ways, with extrinsic (ecological) factors probably having the major impact on overall disparity. It also implies that patterns of disparity in isolated substructures cannot necessarily be taken individually as representative of overall morphologies.
Tunable control of insect pheromone biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Kallam Kalyani , Moreno‐Giménez Elena , Mateos‐Fernández Ruben , Tansley Connor , Gianoglio Silvia , Orzaez Diego , Patron Nicola
Published: April 2023

Previous work has demonstrated that plants can be used as production platforms for molecules used in health, medicine, and agriculture. Production has been exemplified in both stable transgenic plants and using transient expression strategies. In particular, species of Nicotiana have been engineered to produce a range of useful molecules, including insect sex pheromones, which are valued for species‐specific control of agricultural pests. To date, most studies have relied on strong constitutive expression of all pathway genes. However, work in microbes has demonstrated that yields can be improved by controlling and balancing gene expression. Synthetic regulatory elements that provide control over the timing and levels of gene expression are therefore useful for maximizing yields from heterologous biosynthetic pathways. In this study, we demonstrate the use of pathway engineering and synthetic genetic elements for controlling the timing and levels of production of Lepidopteran sex pheromones in Nicotiana benthamiana. We demonstrate that copper can be used as a low‐cost molecule for tightly regulated inducible expression. Further, we show how construct architecture influences relative gene expression and, consequently, product yields in multigene constructs. We compare a number of synthetic orthogonal regulatory elements and demonstrate maximal yields from constructs in which expression is mediated by dCas9‐based synthetic transcriptional activators. The approaches demonstrated here provide new insights into the heterologous reconstruction of metabolic pathways in plants.
Increased GS‐II lectin binding and SATB2 downregulation are biological features for sessile serrated lesions and microvesicular hyperplastic polyps
Authors: Matoba Hisanori , Iwaya Mai , Sato Yoshiko , Kobayashi Noriyasu , Takemura Haruka , Kouno Yusuke , Karasawa Ayumi , Nakayama Jun
Published: April 2023

Sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) and microvesicular hyperplastic polyps (MVHPs) are colorectal lesions displaying gastric differentiation. Griffonia simplicifolia‐II (GS‐II) is a lectin specific to terminal α/βGlcNAc residues. Here, we assessed GS‐II binding and performed immunostaining for HIK1083 (specific to terminal αGlcNAc residues), MUC5AC, MUC6, and special AT‐rich sequence binding protein 2 (SATB2) in SSLs, MVHPs, and tubular adenomas (TAs). We observed MUC5AC positivity in 28 of 30 SSLs, but in only three of 23 TAs. Moreover, 24 of 30 SSLs were MUC6‐positive, while none of the 23 TAs were MUC6‐positive. None of the 30 SSLs or 23 TAs showed HIK1083 positivity. All 30 SSLs and 26 MVHPs were GS‐II‐positive, while only seven of 23 were in TAs. GS‐II staining was mainly distributed in the Golgi region, but SSLs and MVHPs showed goblet cell distribution, in 20 of 30 and 19 of 26 cases, respectively. All SSLs, MVHPs, and TAs were SATB2‐positive, but 21 of 30 SSLs and 12 of 26 MVHPs showed decreased staining intensity relative to adjacent mucosa, a decrease seen in only two of 23 in TAs. These results indicate overall that increased terminal βGlcNAc and decreased SATB2 expression are characteristics of SSLs and MVHPs.
Goldilocks forbs: survival is highest outside—but not too far outside—of Wyoming big sagebrush canopies
Authors: Koutzoukis Sofia , Pyke David A. , Brunson Mark W. , Baggio Jacopo , Calzado‐Martinez Carmen , Veblen Kari E.
Published: April 2023

In arid and semiarid systems, positive effects of nurse shrubs generally occur immediately underneath and around shrub canopies, creating microsites that can be targeted to promote plant establishment in restoration settings. Alternatively, the best microsites may occur in the interspace zone immediately surrounding nurse shrubs if positive abiotic effects extend beyond nurse shrub canopy boundaries and if competition with nurse shrubs is reduced in that zone. In the Intermountain West, U.S.A., we investigated survival of transplanted herbaceous seedlings at different distances from Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) canopies. We planted two native perennial forb species, Munro's globemallow (Sphaeralcea munroana) and common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and two native perennial grass species, bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), at four distances from sagebrush canopies at six sites across the Intermountain West, repeated across 2 years. Under above‐normal precipitation, proximity to sagebrush influenced first‐year survival of the forb, but not grass, species. Globemallow and yarrow survival were highest mid‐way between the canopy dripline and maximum interspace distance between neighboring sagebrush plants. Ground cover characteristics and globemallow survival covaried with respect to distance from shrub, suggesting ground cover characteristics as indicators of suitable planting microsites. Under drier conditions, survival of all species was low and unaffected by distance from canopies. Our results demonstrate the value of fine‐tuning the canopy‐interspace paradigm to more carefully consider how plant performance may differ across zones within the interspace region between plants, especially when the goal is to maximize plant establishment in nondrought years.
Source attribution of campylobacteriosis in Australia, 2017–2019
Authors: McLure Angus , Smith James J. , Firestone Simon Matthew , Kirk Martyn D. , French Nigel , Fearnley Emily , Wallace Rhiannon , Valcanis Mary , Bulach Dieter , Moffatt Cameron R. M. , Selvey Linda A. , Jennison Amy , Cribb Danielle M. , Glass Kathryn
Published: April 2023

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections are the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in high‐income countries. Campylobacter colonizes a variety of warm‐blooded hosts that are reservoirs for human campylobacteriosis. The proportions of Australian cases attributable to different animal reservoirs are unknown but can be estimated by comparing the frequency of different sequence types in cases and reservoirs. Campylobacter isolates were obtained from notified human cases and raw meat and offal from the major livestock in Australia between 2017 and 2019. Isolates were typed using multi‐locus sequence genotyping. We used Bayesian source attribution models including the asymmetric island model, the modified Hald model, and their generalizations. Some models included an “unsampled” source to estimate the proportion of cases attributable to wild, feral, or domestic animal reservoirs not sampled in our study. Model fits were compared using the Watanabe–Akaike information criterion. We included 612 food and 710 human case isolates. The best fitting models attributed >80% of Campylobacter cases to chickens, with a greater proportion of C. coli (>84%) than C. jejuni (>77%). The best fitting model that included an unsampled source attributed 14% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.3%–32%) to the unsampled source and only 2% to ruminants (95% CrI: 0.3%–12%) and 2% to pigs (95% CrI: 0.2%–11%) The best fitting model that did not include an unsampled source attributed 12% to ruminants (95% CrI: 1.3%–33%) and 6% to pigs (95% CrI: 1.1%–19%). Chickens were the leading source of human Campylobacter infections in Australia in 2017–2019 and should remain the focus of interventions to reduce burden.
ECOLOGICAL SAINTS: ADOPTING A GREEN GAZE OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF SAINT MARGUERITE BOURGEOYS
Authors: Osgood Libby
Published: April 2023

During this time of ecological crisis, spiritual guides are needed to provide inspiration and impel action. In the Roman Catholic tradition, saints act as role models and are associated with particular causes, locations, or professions. Who, then, are the ecological saints, whose witness can inspire hope and action in support of the environment? This article explores that question in two ways. First the writings and accounts of saints who are traditionally connected to the environment are examined to produce six indicators of the beliefs, characteristics, and actions of ecological saints. Second, a green gaze is applied to Saint Marguerite Bourgeoys, a seventeenth‐century educator who lived in what would become Montreal, Canada, by comparing her writings and accounts of her life to the six indicators of an ecological saint. Identifying more ecological saints can promote environmental responsibility, and the six indicators of an ecological saint can be the lens through which beloved saints are re‐examined.