bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pragmatics and Translation Studies
Authors: Wang Bo , Ma Yuanyi
Published: June 2023

In this entry, we briefly discuss how pragmatics has been applied in translation studies and explore the interface between the two fields of inquiry. We first illustrate how the different aspects of pragmatics are applied in translation, including context, speech act, deixis, cooperative principle and implicature, politeness, and face as well as relevance theory. We then introduce some comprehensive frameworks that involve pragmatics in translation studies and suggest some future directions in this line of research, such as (a) the transdisciplinary and eclectic models and (b) the application of experimental methods such as keystroke logging and eye tracking.
Translanguaging and Language Learning
Authors: Wei Li
Published: June 2023

The concept of translanguaging has developed from an agentive learner strategy, against monolingual language‐of‐instruction policies, to an analytical perspective that focuses on the dynamics of bi‐ and multilinguals in transcending the boundaries of named languages and the boundaries between language and other semiotic resources in meaning‐making. It has attracted a great deal of attention from linguists and language professionals, generating thousands of research publications on topics ranging from inclusion and social justice, to multimodal communication and visual arts, to cognitive processes of language selection. This entry first outlines the origin of the concept of translanguaging and its theoretical implications and then explores how it contributes to the research and practice of language learning. It aims to show how the translanguaging perspective reconceptualizes the language learner as legitimate, multicompetent language users in their own right and not in relation to the so‐called monolingual native speaker and language learning as a process of cultural translation.
Identity, Language Learning, and Teacher Education
Authors: Lauwo Monica Shank , Norton Bonny
Published: June 2023

In the field of applied linguistics, early interest in identity focused on language learners and language learning, which has expanded to include language teaching and language teacher identity. There is now emerging interest in identity and language teacher education, including language teacher educator identity. In the first section of this article, we discuss the changing conceptions of identity in applied linguistics, and its relationship to identity research in language learning and teaching. In the second section, we examine the implications of this research for language teacher education. These implications relate to the need to intentionally support language teacher identity development as an integral aspect of teacher education, the importance of centering considerations of student identity affirmation and negotiation, and attention to ways in which teacher educator identity plays a significant role in language teacher education.
Bioinspired Amyloid Fibril‐Based Hydrogel with Engineering Programable Functionalities for Diverse Applications
Authors: Wang Weiqiang , He Bo , Xiao Tingting , Xu Minrui , Liu Bolin , Gao Yongshan , Chen Yanan , Li Jie , Ge Binghui , Ma Jinming , Ge Honghua
Published: June 2023

Natural proteins display organized hierarchical structures and tailored functionalities that cannot be achieved by synthetic approaches, highlighting the increased interest in developing protein‐based materials. Protein self‐assembly allows fabricating sophisticated supramolecular structures from relatively simple building blocks, a strategy naturally employed by amyloid proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins. However, the design of self‐assembled bioinspired materials with multi functionalities is still challenging. Inspired by the natural self‐assembly proteins (such as mussel foot proteins and amyloid proteins), a temperature‐inducible engineering programable hydrogel‐like amyloid nanostructure is developed by using a genetically modular fusion approach. The resulting hydrogel‐like assemblies display outstanding adhesive capacity, high stability, and broad substrate universality. The employed SpyCatcher/SpyTag system allows modifying the hydrogel‐like assemblies with any functional proteins of interest. Owing to their strong adhesive capacity and functional flexibility, such amyloid fibril‐based hydrogel shows advantages in the immobilization of diverse enzymes for highly efficient biocatalysis, fabrication of multi‐layered functional coatings, and construction of functionalized 3D scaffold for cell culture. Overall, a modular and straightforward approach is established to obtain a genetically programable nanostructure platform. The novel hydrogel‐like assemblies described here may be potentially applied to but not limited to synthetic biology, surface/interface engineering, and tissue engineering.
Optical Properties of Metacrystals Based on Protein Nanocages
Authors: Junker Niklas O. , Lindenau Anja , Rütten Michael , Lach Marcel , Nedilko Alexander , Chigrin Dmitry N. , von Plessen Gero , Beck Tobias
Published: June 2023

The optical properties of 3D metacrystals made of gold nanoparticles in protein nanocages are studied. These metacrystals have sizes of tens of micrometers and are of high structural and optical quality. Through microspectroscopy measurements and model calculations it is demonstrated that the metacrystals show plasmonic absorption in the green wavelength range and are largely transparent in the red and infrared ranges. By using empty nanocages as placeholders in the metacrystal lattice, it is possible to control how strongly the metamaterial absorbs. Measurements on a pyramidal metacrystal show that it deflects visible light. The deflection shows evidence for anomalous refraction at short wavelengths and normal refraction at long wavelengths. The refractive dispersion is ascribed to the optical dispersion relation of the plasmonic metamaterial.
Photobreeding Heterojunction on Semiconductor Materials for Enhanced Photocatalysis
Authors: Jiang Kai‐Bin , Huang Wei‐Qiang , Song Tian‐Tian , Wu Pei‐Xuan , Wang Wen‐Fei , Chen Qing‐Song , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: June 2023

Construction of heterojunctions to photocatalysts is one of the most promising approaches to improve charge separation efficiency; however, the established constructing processes usually require high‐temperature conditions and/or the adding of highly concentrated or expensive exotic species, and the improvement of effective contact and charge exchange between heterojunction components remains a problem. This work proposes an unprecedented “photobreeding” method and realizes the direct growth of Zn nanowires and Mott–Schottky heterojunctions from ZnS or viologen‐coated ZnS microspheres through a photochemical reaction at room temperature without external species, while demonstrating the hypothesis proposed 140 years ago on the formation of Zn in the photochromic process of ZnS. After photobreeding of the heterojunctions, the hydrogen production efficiency of the photocatalysts increases by 2 orders of magnitude. This inexpensive, facile and efficient synthetic method will find applications in H2 production, organic synthesis, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, and so on.
Unique Chirality Selection in Neural Cells for D‐Matrix Enabling Specific Manipulation of Cell Behaviors
Authors: Li Ya , Wang Yulin , Ao Qiang , Li Xiaohui , Huang Zhongbing , Dou Xiaoqiu , Mu Ning , Pu Ximing , Wang Juan , Chen Tunan , Yin Guangfu , Feng Hua , Feng Chuanliang
Published: June 2023

Manipulating neural cell behaviors is a critical issue to various therapies for neurological diseases and damages, where matrix chirality has long been overlooked despite the proven adhesion and proliferation improvement of multiple non‐neural cells by L‐matrixes. Here, it is reported that the D‐matrix chirality specifically enhances cell density, viability, proliferation, and survival in four different types of neural cells, contrasting its inhibition in non‐neural cells. This universal impact on neural cells is defined as “chirality selection for D‐matrix” and is achieved through the activation of JNK and p38/MAPK signaling pathways by the cellular tension relaxation resulting from the weak interaction between D‐matrix and cytoskeleton proteins, particularly actin. Also, D‐matrix promotes sciatic nerve repair effectively, both with or without non‐neural stem cell implantation, by improving the population, function, and myelination of autologous Schwann cells. D‐matrix chirality, as a simple, safe, and effective microenvironment cue to specifically and universally manipulate neural cell behaviors, holds extensive application potential in addressing neurological issues such as nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative disease treatment, neural tumor targeting, and neurodevelopment.
Ultra‐Sensitive Bio‐Polymer Iontronic Sensors for Object Recognition from Tactile Feedback
Authors: Cicek Melih Ogeday , Durukan Mete Batuhan , Yıldız Bayram , Keskin Deniz , Doganay Doga , Çınar Aygün Simge , Cakir Murat Perit , Unalan Husnu Emrah
Published: June 2023

Supramolecular polymer gels show promise for use in batteries, supercapacitors, and multifunctional sensors. However, their poor stiffness and ionic conductivity hinder their large‐scale utilization. Herein, a cellulose‐based supramolecular bio‐polymer gel (SBPG) with high ionic conductivity and exceptional stiffness is reported. These properties are translated into proof‐of‐concept iontronic pressure sensors with an ultra‐high sensitivity of 1 475 000 kPa−1. The technological potential is demonstrated via fabrication of a prototype smart glove using only eight pressure sensors based on this novel gel. Smart glove sensors with 90% classification accuracy for object recognition are demonstrated using a tactile feedback algorithm.
Quartz‐Like Structure, Optical Activity, and High Stability in the First Chiral Cation‐Coordinated Perovskite Semiconductor
Authors: Han Xiang‐Bin , Chai Chao‐Yang , Jin Ming‐Liang , Fan Chang‐Chun , Zhang Wen
Published: June 2023

Poor stability is a significant challenge to organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for practical optoelectronic applications, which results from their inherent ionic nature and soft structures. The coordination bonding strategy is supposed to be a valid approach by enhancing the interaction between the cations and inorganic frameworks. Herein, the first pair of cation‐coordinated perovskites with high stability, achieved through coordination bonds between the cations and [PbXn] anions instead of the weak hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force presented in conventional ionic perovskites, is reported. In L/R‐(4HOPD)PbBr3 (4HOPD = 4‐hydroxypiperidine cation) (L/R=Left/Right–handed), one of the six halogen atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom from the cation. The PbO bond contributes to the high stability under a double 85 test. L/R‐(4HOPD)PbBr3 crystallizes in the tetragonal system, belonging to one of 11 enantiomorphic space group types, P41212 and P43212. Similar to quartz, the chirality originates from the helical assembly of achiral units. The chirality‐induced optical rotatory power is 16.84° mm−1 at 404 nm. Moreover, the uniaxial negative birefringent property with a comparable Δn value makes it a good alternative to quartz. The remarkable stability of this new perovskite presents significant potential for further investigation into stable perovskites and their applications in optical rotation and polarizing optics.
Simulation for diversity, equity and inclusion in emergency medicine residency training: A qualitative study
Authors: Nadir Nur‐Ain , Winfield Ashlea , Bentley Suzanne , Hock Sara M. , Backster Anika , Bradby Cassandra , Rotoli Jason , Jones Nathaniel , Falk Michael
Published: June 2023

Background

The last few years have seen an increased focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives across organizations. Simulation has been used in varying degrees for teaching about DEI topics with emergency medicine; however, there are no established best practices or guidelines on this subject. To further examine the use of simulation for DEI teachings, the DEISIM work group was created as a collaboration between the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Simulation Academy and the Academy for Diversity and Inclusion in Emergency Medicine (ADIEM). This study represents their findings.

Method

This qualitative study was conducted using a three‐pronged approach. Initial literature search was conducted followed by a call for submission of simulation curricula. These were then followed by five focus groups. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed by a professional transcription service, and then subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

Data were analyzed and organized into four broad categories including Learners, Facilitators, Organizational/Leadership, and Technical Issues. Challenges within each of these were identified, as were potential solutions. Select pertinent findings included focused faculty development, a carefully planned approach that utilized DEI content experts and the use of simulation for workplace microaggressions or discriminations.

Conclusions

There appears to be a clear role for simulation in DEI teachings. Such curricula, however, should be undertaken with careful planning and input from appropriate and representative parties. More research is needed on optimizing and standardizing simulation‐based DEI curricula.
Transition Metal and Base‐Free Electro‐Oxidative Regioselective Trifluoromethylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: Halder Atreyee , Ghosh Sayan , De Sarkar Suman
Published: June 2023

A green electrochemical C(sp2)−H trifluoromethylation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by engaging Langlois’ reagent is reported. This oxidative regioselective CF3‐functionalization strategy operates under open atmosphere, in an undivided cell and at ambient temperature. Regioselective C−CF3 bond formation was achieved exclusively by applying this mild protocol exhibiting broad functional group compatibility affording the desired product up to 79% isolated yield. Mechanistic studies indicated a radical pathway for this electrochemical redox transformation.
Synthesis of Ferrocene 1,3‐Derivatives by Distal C−H Activation**
Authors: Gupta Princi , Madhavan Suchithra , Kapur Manmohan
Published: June 2023

The third position of cyclopentadienyl ring of a monosubstituted ferrocene has remained as an inaccessible chemical space for direct functionalization. Until recently, functionalizing the C(3)‐position while bypassing the predominantly active C(2)‐position is the most challenging task. Herein, we report a distal C−H functionalization of monosubstituted ferrocenes using an easily removable directing group with precise site‐selectivity, under a PdII/ mono‐N‐protected amino‐acid ligand catalytic system. The robust synthetic protocol leads to the synthesis of ferrocene 1,3‐derivatives with broad scope in olefins while functionalizing ferrocenyl methylamine in moderate to good yields via a highly strained ferrocene appended 12‐membered palladacycle intermediate.
Substituent Effect to Fine‐Tune Energy Levels of Atom‐Precise [MoOS3]2− Modified Copper(I) Thiolate Clusters Boosting Recyclable Photocatalysis
Authors: Cao Yun‐Dong , Yin Di , Li Si , Dong Xi‐Yan , Feng Y. , Liu Hong , Fan Lin‐Lin , Gao Guang‐Gang , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: June 2023

The propulsion of photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production is limited by the rational design and regulation of catalysts with precise structures and excellent activities. In this work, the [MoOS3]2− unit is introduced into the CuI clusters to form a series of atomically‐precise MoVI−CuI bimetallic clusters of [Cu6(MoOS3)2(C6H5(CH2)S)2(P(C6H4−R)3)4] ⋅ xCH3CN (R=H, CH3, or F), which show high photocatalytic H2 evolution activities and excellent stability. By electron push‐pull effects of the surface ligand, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of these MoVI−CuI clusters can be finely tuned, promoting the resultant visible‐light‐driven H2 evolution performance. Furthermore, MoVI−CuI clusters loaded onto the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 carriers significantly reduced the loss of catalysts in the collection process, efficiently addressing the recycling issues of such small cluster‐based catalyst. This work not only highlights a competitively universal approach on the design of high‐efficiency cluster photocatalysts for energy conversion, but also makes it feasible to manipulate the catalytic performance of clusters through a rational substituent strategy.
Mechanochemical Mediated Coexistence of B←N Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Guadalupe Vasquez‐Ríos María , Campillo‐Alvarado Gonzalo , MacGillivray Leonard R.
Published: June 2023

Mechanochemistry afforded a photoactive cocrystal via coexisting (B)O−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds and B←N coordination. Specifically, solvent‐free mechanochemical ball mill grinding and liquid‐assisted grinding of a boronic acid and an alkene resulted in mixtures of hydrogen‐bonded and coordinated complexes akin to mixtures of noncovalent complexes that can be obtained in solution in equilibria processes. The alkenes of the hydrogen‐bonded assembly undergo an intermolecular [2+2] photodimerization in quantitative conversion, effectively reporting the outcome of the self‐assembly processes. Our results suggest that interplay involving noncovalent bonds subjected to mechanochemical conditions can lead to functional solids where, in the current case, the structure composed of the weaker hydrogen bonding interactions predominates.
A Heavy‐atom‐free Molecular Motif Based on Symmetric Bird‐like Structured Tetraphenylenes with Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence (RTP) Afterglow over 8 s
Authors: Yang Xinqi , Wang Shiyin , Sun Ke , Liu Haichao , Ma Ming , Zhang Shi‐Tong , Yang Bing
Published: June 2023

In recent years, pure organic room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with highly efficient and long‐persistent afterglow has drawn substantial awareness. Commonly, spin‐orbit coupling can be improved by introducing heavy atoms into pure‐organic molecules. However, this strategy will simultaneously increase the radiative and non‐radiative transition rate, further resulting in dramatic decreases in the excited state lifetime and afterglow duration. Here in this work, a highly symmetric bird‐like structure tetraphenylene (TeP), and its three symmetrical halogenated derivatives (TeP−F, TeP−Cl and TeP−Br) are synthesized, while their RTP properties and mechanisms are systematically investigated by both theoretical and experimental approaches. As the results, the rigid, highly twisted conformation of TeP restricts the non‐radiative processes of RTP and gives rise to the enhancement of electron‐exchange, which can contribute to the RTP radiation process. Despite the faint RTP of the bromine and chlorine‐substituted ones (TeP−Br, TeP−Cl), the fluoro‐substituted TeP−F exhibited a long phosphorescent lifetime up to 890 ms, corresponding to an extremely long RTP afterglow over 8 s, which could be incorporated into the best series of non‐heavy‐atom RTP materials reported in previous literature.
Reductive Catalytic Difluorocarbene Transfer via Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Ying , Sun Shi‐Ping , Sang Yue‐Qian , Xue Xiao‐Song , Min Qiao‐Qiao , Zhang Xingang
Published: June 2023

A palladium‐catalyzed reductive difluorocarbene transfer reaction that tames difluorocarbene to couple with two electrophiles has been developed, representing a new mode of difluorocarbene transfer reaction. The approach uses low‐cost and bulk industrial chemical chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF2H) as the difluorocarbene precursor. It produces a variety of difluoromethylated (hetero)arenes from widely available aryl halides/triflates and proton sources, featuring high functional group tolerance and synthetic convenience without preparing organometallic reagents. Experimental mechanistic studies reveal that an unexpected Pd0/II catalytic cycle is involved in this reductive reaction, wherein the oxidative addition of palladium(0) difluorocarbene ([Pd0(Ln)]=CF2) with aryl electrophile to generate the key intermediate aryldifluoromethylpalladium [ArCF2Pd(Ln)X], followed by reaction with hydroquinone, is responsible for the reductive difluorocarbene transfer.
Monodisperse Adducts‐Induced Homogeneous Nucleation Towards High‐Quality Tin‐Based Perovskite Film
Authors: Rao Huan , Su Yang , Liu Gengling , Zhou Hongbo , Yang Jia , Sheng Wangping , Zhong Yang , Tan Licheng , Chen Yiwang
Published: June 2023

The classic solvent system can't sufficiently separate one‐dimensional edge‐sharing SnI2 crystals in solution, which severely restricts the fabrication of high‐quality tin‐based perovskite film. Herein, a strong Lewis base (hexamethylphosphoramide, HMPA) has been introduced to coordinate Sn2+ to modulate solvation behaviours on perovskite precursor and regulate crystallization kinetics. The large molecular volume of HMPA and stronger bind energy of SnI2 ⋅ 2HMPA (−0.595 eV vs −0.118 eV for SnI2 ⋅ 2DMSO) change the solvation structure of SnI2 from edge‐sharing cluster to monodisperse adduct, which contributes to uniform nucleation sites and prolongs crystal growth process. Delightfully, a fully‐covered perovskite film is formed on the large‐area substrate and tin‐based perovskite solar cells processed with HMPA exhibit an excellent efficiency of 13.46 %. This research provides novel insights and directions for the solution preparation of smooth and uniform large‐area tin‐based perovskite film.
Symmetry‐Driven Assembly of a Penta‐Shell Keplerate Cuprofullerene for Metallofullerene Frameworks
Authors: Liu Yu‐Li , Zhan Shun‐Ze , Sun Jing‐Xuan , Cai Hong , Yuan Zhuo‐Li , Zhang Hai‐Feng , Li Mian , Dang Li , Ni Shao‐Fei , Weng Ng Seik , Lu Weigang , Li Dan
Published: June 2023

Two metallofullerene frameworks (MFFs) constructed from a penta‐shell Keplerate cuprofullerene chloride, C60@Cu24@Cl44@Cu12@Cl12, have been successfully prepared via a C60‐templated symmetry‐driven strategy. The icosahedral cuprofullerene chloride is assembled on a C60 molecule through [η2‐(C=C)]−CuI and CuI−Cl coordination bonds, resulting in the penta‐shell Keplerate with the C60 core canopied by 24 Cu, 44 Cl, 12 Cu and 12 Cl atoms that fulfill the tic@rco@oae@ico@ico penta‐shell polyhedral configuration. By sharing the outmost‐shell Cl atoms, the cuprofullerene chlorides are connected into 2D or 3D (snf net) frameworks. TD‐DFT calculations reveal that the charge transfer from the outmost CuI and Cl to C60 core is responsible for their light absorption expansion to near‐infrared region, implying anionic halogenation may be an effective strategy to tune the light absorption properties of metallofullerene materials.
High Performance Dynamic X‐ray Flexible Imaging Realized Using a Copper Iodide Cluster‐Based MOF Microcrystal Scintillator
Authors: Peng Qiu‐Chen , Si Yu‐Bing , Yuan Jia‐Wang , Yang Qi , Gao Zi‐Ying , Liu Yuan‐Yuan , Wang Zhao‐Yang , Li Kai , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Zhong Tang Ben
Published: June 2023

X‐ray imaging technology has achieved important applications in many fields and has attracted extensive attentions. Dynamic X‐ray flexible imaging for the real‐time observation of the internal structure of complex materials is the most challenging type of X‐ray imaging technology, which requires high‐performance X‐ray scintillators with high X‐ray excited luminescence (XEL) efficiency as well as excellent processibility and stability. Here, a macrocyclic bridging ligand with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) feature was introduced for constructing a copper iodide cluster‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) scintillator. This strategy endows the scintillator with high XEL efficiency and excellent chemical stability. Moreover, a regular rod‐like microcrystal was prepared through the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone during the in situ synthesis process, which further enhanced the XEL and processibility of the scintillator. The microcrystal was used for the preparation of a scintillator screen with excellent flexibility and stability, which can be used for high‐performance X‐ray imaging in extremely humid environments. Furthermore, dynamic X‐ray flexible imaging was realized for the first time. The internal structure of flexible objects was observed in real time with an ultrahigh resolution of 20 LP mm−1.
The Association for Nursing Professional Development National Preceptor Practice Analysis Study: An Exploration of Precepting in Perioperative Settings
Authors: Harper Mary G. , Whiteside Dawn , Warren Joan Insalaco , MacDonald Ryan , Ulrich Beth
Published: June 2023

Preceptors are an important part of meeting perioperative workforce demands. A secondary analysis of data collected for the 2020 Association for Nursing Professional Development National Preceptor Practice Analysis Study focused on 400 perioperative nurse preceptors and compared their responses to nonperioperative preceptors. Most perioperative respondents had participated in preceptor training; they spent significantly more time orienting experienced nurse preceptees in the perioperative specialty and its diverse settings (eg, orthopedic surgery, open‐heart surgery) than preceptors in nonperioperative settings and specialties. Perioperative preceptors spent significantly less time precepting students, suggesting the presence of an opportunity to address the nursing shortage by promoting student exposure to the perioperative setting. To align with the AORN position statements on orientation and nurse residencies, perioperative nurse leaders should ensure that properly educated preceptors are available to assist RNs who are transitioning to perioperative practice. The Ulrich Precepting Model provides an evidence‐based framework for preceptor training.
Bottlenecks and barriers: Patterns of abundance in early mussel life stages reveal a potential obstacle to reef recovery
Authors: Toone Trevyn A. , Hillman Jenny R. , South Paul M. , Benjamin Emilee D. , Handley Sean , Jeffs Andrew G.
Published: June 2023

Conservation and restoration projects have emerged globally to address extensive declines in mussel reefs and the ecosystem services they provide. The success of these efforts relies on the re‐establishment of self‐sustaining populations, which requires mussels to effectively undergo every stage in their complex development cycle from larvae to adult mussels. In particular, the settlement of early life stages presents a potential bottleneck for recruitment in species like the green‐lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) that rely on juvenile settlement onto macroalgae before they transition to a reef. However, it is largely unknown whether mussels can undergo settlement in areas after overharvesting where only remnant populations remain and natural recovery is vital.

In this study, wild and transplanted macroalgae were sampled in an area with historically near‐extirpated mussel reefs (Kenepuru Sound, New Zealand) to examine the patterns of abundance of plantigrades, an early mussel life stage, in a degraded environment. The results suggest that plantigrades can settle to and survive on natural substrates following the removal of mussel reefs, but not into ecologically relevant areas. Specifically, almost no plantigrades were recorded on substrates near the sea bed, the area where almost all settlement to macroalgae would naturally occur. Instead, plantigrades were primarily recorded on macroalgae on docks suspended above the sea bed.

A transplantation experiment verified this trend, demonstrating that substrates transferred to surface waters recorded a 36‐fold increase in plantigrade abundance compared with substrates near the sea bed. Turbidity was significantly higher near the sea bed than near the water surface, suggesting that high turbidity following the loss of wild mussels may be hindering natural plantigrade settlement or survival.

This study identifies a potential bottleneck to natural mussel recovery and demonstrates the importance of a life cycle‐informed approach to restoration that prioritizes the removal of bottlenecks at multiple life stages.
Effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoadditives and rice bran oil biodiesel blend on performance and combustion characteristics of a variable compression ratio diesel engine: an experimental study
Authors: Koirala Manish , Sah Amit Kumar , Dhakal Rabindra Prasad , Karn Rupesh Lal , Khanal Mukunda , Adhikari Surya Prasad
Published: June 2023

The aim of this research was to investigate experimentally the performance and combustion characteristics of a four‐stroke, single‐cylinder, water‐cooled variable compression ratio diesel engine using rice bran oil biodiesel blends with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Rice bran oil biodiesel was prepared using a transesterification reaction with a 6:1 methanol‐oil molar ratio and 1% w/w potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a green method incorporating Psidium guajava leaf extract as a capping agent to reduce precursor use and to reduce the toxicity of the nanomaterial. The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the formation of highly crystalline pure zinc oxide nanoparticles with a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with an average diameter of 20.963 nm. Rice bran‐oil biodiesel‐diesel blend was prepared by volumetrically mixing 20% biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel and was considered as a base fuel for comparison. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were diffused in the base fuel at dosage levels of 25, 50, and 75 ppm, with the aid of ultrasonication. Measurement of the major physicochemical properties of test fuels showed an increase in the cetane number and calorific value and a reduction in viscosity with an increase in the zinc oxide concentration. The overall properties of all the test fuels were found to be similar in comparison with commercial diesel. An experimental engine test was carried out under different loading conditions with a constant speed of 1500 RPM and two different compression ratios – that is, 17.5:1 and 15:1. Among all the test fuels at both compression ratios, engine performance and combustion properties improved with an increase in the zinc oxide concentration. Test fuel with 75 ppm of zinc oxide additive at 17.5 compression ratio resulted in an overall improvement at full load: brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.45%, brake specific fuel consumption reduced by 5.45%, cylinder peak pressure increased by 3.27% and net heat release increased by 10.32% in comparison with base fuel.
Design and evaluation of a 3D‐printed, lab‐scale perfusion bioreactor for novel biotechnological applications
Authors: Merkel Manuel , Noll Philipp , Lilge Lars , Hausmann Rudolf , Henkel Marius
Published: June 2023

3D‐printing increased in significance for biotechnological research as new applications like lab‐on‐a‐chip systems, cell culture devices or 3D‐printed foods were uncovered. Besides mammalian cell culture, only few of those applications focus on the cultivation of microorganisms and none of these make use of the advantages of perfusion systems. One example for applying 3D‐printing for bioreactor development is the microbial utilization of alternative substrates derived from lignocellulose, where dilute carbon concentrations and harmful substances present a major challenge. Furthermore, quickly manufactured and affordable 3D‐printed bioreactors can accelerate early development phases through parallelization. In this work, a novel perfusion bioreactor system consisting of parts manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) is presented and evaluated. Hydrophilic membranes are used for cell retention to allow the application of dilute substrates. Oxygen supply is provided by membrane diffusion via hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. An exemplary cultivation of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 supports the theoretical design by achieving competitive biomass concentrations of 18.4 g L−1 after 52 h. As a proof‐of‐concept for cultivation of microorganisms in perfusion mode, the described bioreactor system has application potential for bioconversion of multi‐component substrate‐streams in a lignocellulose‐based bioeconomy, for in‐situ product removal or design considerations of future applications for tissue cultures. Furthermore, this work provides a template‐based toolbox with instructions for creating reference systems in different application scenarios or tailor‐made bioreactor systems.
The role of radiation therapy and systemic treatments in meningioma: The present and the future
Authors: Caccese Mario , Busato Fabio , Guerriero Angela , Padovan Marta , Cerretti Giulia , Gardiman Marina Paola , Zagonel Vittorina , Lombardi Giuseppe
Published: June 2023

Meningiomas are the most prevalent tumors of the central nervous system. Their standard treatment is surgery, which can be curative. Adjuvant radiotherapy treatment is reserved for newly diagnosed cases of grade II and grade III meningiomas in cases of recurrent disease or when surgery is not radical or feasible. However, around 20% of these patients cannot undergo further surgical and/or radiotherapy treatment. Systemic oncological therapy can find its place in this setting. Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been tested (gefitinib, erlotinib, sunitinib) with unsatisfactory or negative results. Bevacizumab has shown encouraging results in these settings of patients. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has reported interesting results with modest objective response rates. Several ongoing studies are assessing different target therapies and multimodal therapies; the results are to be disclosed. Not only a better understanding of the molecular characteristics in meningiomas has allowed the gathering of more information regarding pathogenesis and prognosis, but in addition, the availability of new target therapy, immunotherapy, and biological drugs has widened the scope of potentially effective treatments in this patient population. The aim of this review was to explore the radiotherapy and systemic treatments of meningioma with an analysis of ongoing trials and future therapeutic perspectives.
Multidisciplinary management of adolescents and young adults (AYA) sarcoma: A successful effort of an adult high‐volume cancer center
Authors: Bertuzzi Alexia Francesca , Grimaudo Maria Susanna , Laffi Alice , Giordano Laura , Gennaro Nicolò , Cariboni Umberto , Siracusano Licia Vanessa , Quagliuolo Vittorio , Colombo Piergiuseppe , Federico D’Orazio , Renne Salvatore Lorenzo , Specchia Cristina , Cananzi Ferdinando , Marrari Andrea , Navarria Pierina , Daolio Primo Andrea , Bastoni Stefano , Santoro Armando
Published: June 2023

Introduction

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of AYA sarcomas and their clinical outcomes at a high‐volume single center.

Methods

Demographic, clinicopathological data on the diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of all sarcoma patients aged 16–39 years (ys) observed at our Institute between January 2010 and December 2021 were retrospectively collected, including diagnostic (TTD) and treatment delay(TTT), clinical outcomes (OS and PFS), and late‐treatment effects.

Results

We identified 228 AYA patients, median age 30 years, 29% ≤ 25 years, 57% males, 88% soft tissue sarcomas (STS), and 12% bone sarcomas (BS). Among STSs, 13% were small round cell tumors (SRCT), 52% intermediate–high‐grade, 24% low‐grade STSs. Among BS, 32% were high‐grade. Median TTD and TTT were 120 (0–8255) and 7 days (0–83), respectively. Surgery was performed in 83%, radiotherapy in 29%, and systemic therapy in 27%. Median follow‐up was 72.9 months(1.6–145), 5‐year and 10‐year OS were 78.5% and 62%, respectively. Kaplan–Meyer analysis showed a significantly better 5‐year OS and PFS for patients with >92 days of TTD (OS 85.7% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.001, PFS 50.2% vs. 24.9%, p = 0.009). According to age (≤25 years vs. > 25 years), 5‐year OS was 69.8% versus 82.2%, respectively (p = 0.047).

Conclusion

Our analysis confirmed previous data on sarcoma AYA patients followed in a referral center. Unexpectedly, diagnostic delay was not associated with poor OS and PFS. Patients <25 years showed a poorer prognosis due to the higher incidence of SRCT.
Estimating the influencing factors for T1b/T2 gallbladder cancer on survival and surgical approaches selection
Authors: Cao Jiasheng , Yan Jiafei , Hu Jiahao , Zhang Bin , Topatana Win , Li Shijie , Chen Tianen , Jeungpanich Sarun , Lu Ziyi , Peng Shuyou , Cai Xiujun , Chen Mingyu
Published: June 2023

Background

The influencing factors, especially time to treatment (TTT), for T1b/T2 gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients remain unknown. We aimed to identify the influencing factors on survival and surgical approaches selection for T1b/T2 GBC.

Methods

We retrospectively screened GBC patients between January 2011 and August 2018 from our hospital. Clinical variables, including patient characteristics, TTT, overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), surgery‐related outcomes, and surgical approaches were collected.

Results

A total of 114 T1b/T2 GBC patients who underwent radical resection were included. Based on the median TTT of 7.5 days, the study cohort was divided into short TTT group (TTT ≤7 days, n = 57) and long TTT group (TTT >7 days, n = 57). Referrals were identified as the primary factor prolonging TTT (p < 0.001). There was no significance in OS (p = 0.790), DFS (p = 0.580), and surgery‐related outcomes (all p > 0.05) between both groups. Decreased referrals (p = 0.005), fewer positive lymph nodes (LNs; p = 0.004), and well tumor differentiation (p = 0.004) were all associated with better OS, while fewer positive LNs (p = 0.049) were associated with better DFS. Subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference in survival between patients undergoing laparoscopic or open approach in different TTT groups (all p > 0.05). And secondary subgroup analyses found no significance in survival and surgery‐related outcomes between different TTT groups of incidental GBC patients (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Positive LNs and tumor differentiation were prognostic factors for T1b/T2 GBC survival. Referrals associating with poor OS would delay TTT, while the prolonged TTT would not impact survival, surgery‐related outcomes, and surgical approaches decisions in T1b/T2 GBC patients.
Chemical and Olfactory Analysis of the Volatile Fraction of Ocimum gratissimum Concrete from Madagascar
Authors: Gilles Laure , Antoniotti Sylvain
Published: June 2023

The chemical composition of the volatile fraction of Ocimum gratissimum concrete (romba) from Madagascar has been determined for the first time by GC/MS and GC‐FID. A methyl cinnamate chemotype has been determined for this material, along with a set of compounds typical in essential oils and extracts from plants of the Ocimum genus. Variability was mostly observed on terpenes and terpenoids components. GC‐O‐MS was also used for a sensory evaluation of this material performed by a master perfumer. The chemical composition of this O. gratissimum extract was then compared with literature data to assess subtle differences between chemotypes of the same species and other species of the same genus within natural variability. A mapping illustrates the occurrence of the cinnamate chemotype in Eastern Africa, India and now Madagascar, while other origins generally present eugenol, thymol, camphor, or linalool chemotypes.
Fluorinated Phthalocyanine/Silver Nanoconjugates for Multifunctional Biological Applications
Authors: Albayrak Sedef , Farajzadeh Nazli , Yasemin yenilmez H. , Özdemir Sadin , Gonca Serpil , Altuntaş Bayır Zehra
Published: June 2023

In this study, a new phthalonitrile derivative namely 4‐[(2,4‐difluorophenyl)ethynyl]phthalonitrile (1) and its metal phthalocyanines (2 and 3) were synthesized. The resultant compounds were conjugated to silver nanoparticles and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The biological properties of compounds (1–3), their nanoconjugates (4–6), and silver nanoparticles (7) were examined for the first time in this study. The antioxidant activities of biological candidates (1–7) were studied by applying the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained 97.47 % for 200 mg/L manganese phthalocyanine‐silver nanoconjugates (6). The antimicrobial and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) activities of biological candidates (1–7) were examined using a micro‐dilution assay. The highest MIC value was obtained 8 mg/L for nanoconjugate 6 against E. hirae. The studied compounds and their silver nanoconjugates exhibited high APDT activities against all the studied microorganisms. The most effective APDT activities were obtained 4 mg/L for nanoconjugates (5 and 6) against L. pneumophila and E. hirae, respectively. All the studied biological candidates displayed high cell viability inhibition activities against E. coli cell growth. The biofilm inhibition activities of the tested biological candidates were also investigated against S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa. Biological candidates (1–6) can be considered efficient metal nanoparticle‐based materials for multi‐disciplinary biological applications.
Advocacy on the outside: Advancing support for system‐impacted students through grassroots leadership
Authors: Yücel Elif
Published: June 2023

Community College Reentry Programs (CCRPs) are campus‐based programs that serve formerly incarcerated students by providing targeted services attuned to their needs. Currently, there are 62 community colleges in California that have CCRPs. While emerging research has begun to examine the experiences of students in these programs, little is known about the staff who lead them. This study uses a grassroots leadership perspective to examine how CCRP staff lead for organizational change. Through the presentation of two case narratives of CCRPs, I show how staff lead reform efforts towards advancing justice and equity for their students on campus and in the community. My findings have implications for strengthening aid for these programs and better supporting their staff.
Meeting the moment: Inside‐outside strategies as a critical element to contemporary transformative leadership
Authors: Tapia‐Fuselier Nicholas
Published: June 2023

Considering the range of social justice issues at the forefront of 21st Century American life, and the ways in which these issues manifest on community college campuses, leaders must examine their responsibility to confront inequities and promote change. Transformative leadership is a style of leading that explicitly acknowledges inequities within and outside of an institution, embraces collective action, and imagines possibilities for change. In this chapter, I connect the concept of transformative leadership to the historical and contemporary legacy of activism. This connection leads me to propose inside‐outside strategies as a necessary element to the practice of transformative leadership in order to meet the current sociopolitical moment.
Incidental craniovertebral junction schwannoma: Surgical or radiosurgical management?
Authors: Umana Giuseppe Emmanuele , Passanisi Maurizio , Chaurasia Bipin , Scalia Gianluca
Published: June 2023

Key Clinical Message

Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) schwannomas are rare tumors, showing direct involvement of the atlanto‐occipital and atlanto‐axial joints. Microsurgical removal is the standard of care to improve symptoms and local control, but stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an option. Both, surgery, and SRS, may show risks of severe complications. A 41‐year‐old male was referred to our department after incidental finding of a right‐sided C1 tumor. A CT angiogram with 3D reconstructions showed the close relationship between the tumor and the right vertebral artery (VA). A post‐contrast enhancement MRI revealed the presence of an extradural mass, sited at the level of the CVJ, mainly at the level of the right articular mass of C1. After multidisciplinary assessment, involving the gamma‐knife and neurosurgical teams, we performed a microsurgical resection of the tumor. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. At 1 year follow‐up the patient is stable, with no recurrence of the tumor. CVJ schwannoma's current standard of care is surgical resection, but longitudinal studies are required, and should promoted promptly since the recent introduction of the new version of GKSRS that allow the treatment of CVJ's lesions.
Tris(trimethylsilyl) Phosphite and Lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate as Electrolyte Additives for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4‐Graphite Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jamal Ali , Salian Girish D. , Mathew Alma , Wahyudi Wandi , Carvalho Rodrigo P. , Gond Ritambhara , Heiskanen Satu Kristiina , Brandell Daniel , Younesi Reza
Published: June 2023

Raising the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) through the operation of high‐voltage cathodes presents a challenge in terms of practical use due to electrolyte degradation. Consequently, it is imperative to explore new materials to circumvent this issue. In this study, a combination of tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TMSPi) and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) is presented as film‐forming additives in a conventional LiPF6‐containing carbonate‐based electrolyte solution in high‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4‐graphite full cells. At high voltage, TMSPi oxidizes on the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode surface prior to the decomposition of electrolyte solvents, promoting the formation of a stable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer. In tandem, given that LiDFOB has a lower reduction potential than ethylene carbonate (EC), it has the possibility of forming a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode surface. Combining the two additives was found to suppress the degradation of the electrolyte to a large extent. Among the investigated concentration of the additives, the combination of 1 wt. % TMSPi and 2 wt. % LiDFOB added to LP40 electrolyte exhibits improved capacity retention of 80 % after 400 cycles at 0.3 C, compared to the electrolyte with no additive with 67 % capacity retention over the same period. Thereby, the combination of TMSPi with LiDFOB provides an improvement for high voltage LIBs.
Dual‐Site Metal Catalysts for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Li , Wu Xueting , Wang Fei , Zhang Lingling , Wang Xiao , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie
Published: June 2023

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising and green approach for reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration and achieving high‐valued conversion of CO2 under the carbon‐neutral policy. In CO2RR, the dual‐site metal catalysts (DSMCs) have received wide attention for their ingenious design strategies, abundant active sites, and excellent catalytic performance attributed to the synergistic effect between dual‐site in terms of activity, selectivity and stability, which plays a key role in catalytic reactions. This review provides a systematic summary and detailed classification of DSMCs for CO2RR, describes the mechanism of synergistic effects in catalytic reactions, and also introduces in situ characterization techniques commonly used in CO2RR. Finally, the main challenges and prospects of dual‐site metal catalysts and even multi‐site catalysts for CO2 recycling are analyzed. It is believed that based on the understanding of bimetallic site catalysts and synergistic effects in CO2RR, well‐designed high‐performance, low‐cost electrocatalysts are promising for achieving CO2 conversion, electrochemical energy conversion and storage in the future.