bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of coniferous and mixed forest types in the basins of Belaya and Malaya Laba rivers (North-Western Caucasus)
Authors: Sablirova Yulia , Tembotova Fatimat , Pshegusov Rustam
Published: September 2021

Based on the results of the studies conducted in the forest areas of the basins of the rivers Belaya and Malaya Laba, there has been compiled a typological scheme of the coniferous and mixed forests of North-Western Caucasus (NWC) which included 21 forest types, that are distributed into 12 groups. The forest stands of the studied forests types is predominantly complex in composition: mixed-age groups, multi-tiered, medium to high productivity, medium to high-density. The forest regeneration is weak or very weak, according to the scale proposed by S. M. Bebia. The data obtained during the research can be used for assessing the dynamics of the forest biogeocenoses, biodiversity, as well as successional processes.
Dynamics of the abundance of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) in the conditions of the altitudinal-belt heterogeneity of the North Caucasus
Authors: Vinokurov Nikolay
Published: September 2021

The work provides data on the dynamics of the abundance of 205 taxa from 19 genera: Cleptes, Colpopyga, Elampus, Omalus, Philoctetes, Pseudomalus, Hedychridium, Hedychrum, Holopyga, Chrysidea, Chrysis, Euchroeus, Chrysura, Pseudochrysis, Spinolia, Spinolia, including species rare and new for the fauna of the North Caucasus and Russia. By the nature of the population dynamics, five groups of cuckoo wasps were identified: spring – represented by 7 species from 4 genera; spring-summer – 76 species from 10 genera; summer – 113 species from 16 genera; summer-autumn – 4 species from 2 genera and spring-summer-autumn – 5 species from 3 genus. According to the duration of flight, eurychronous species of cuckoo wasps were identified, which are found throughout the season from spring to autumn; mesochronous – the years of which affect the end of May and summer months and stenochronous – confined to a short period of time. Eurychronic accounted for 2.4%, mesochronous 24.9%, stenochronic 72.7%. The number of generations of cuckoo wasps is related to the dynamics of the number of the host. In the mountains, the peaks of activity shift towards the middle of summer, most species have one peak of activity; due to the frequent changes in weather conditions in the mountains, the phenological characteristics of the cuckoo wasps and their hosts do not coincide in terms with the lowland populations and the periods of activity can be extended in time. Phenological characteristics of rare and new species for the fauna of the North Caucasus and Russia are presented for the first time. The data obtained expand the understanding of the biodiversity and dynamics of the abundance of cuckoo wasps in the North Caucasus and can be used for environmental protection measures and rational nature management in the south of Russia.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of saucer tray used in mine
Authors: Jinglong Jia , Fenghai Yu , Yunliang Tan , Yubao Zhang , Xingyin Ma
Published: September 2021

This paper takes the saucer tray as the research object, carries on the unidirectional compression test to it in the room, through the monitoring of the deformation characteristics of the saucer tray, analyzes the deformation characteristics of the saucer tray. According to its deformation characteristics, the saucer tray is divided into deformation areas. A static strain gauge was used to monitor the strain at the measuring point on the surface of the tray and the stress distribution on the exposed surface of the tray was studied. It is intended to infer the force of the disk-shaped tray through its deformation degree, which provides a certain theoretical basis and practical guiding significance for the research of disk-shaped tray.
Improvement of production control of coal mining enterprises with underground mining method
Authors: Tyuleneva Tatyana
Published: September 2021

Production safety is one of the problems of competitiveness of underground mining enterprises, one manifestation of which is the reduction and minimization of the number of accidents and incidents of personal injury or even death. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve the system of production control of coal mines in order to eliminate these factors. Relative indicators of accidents and injuries at underground coal mines of Russia in comparison with the average indicators are considered, and also importance of the human factor in the occurrence of dangerous production situations and the evaluation of their causes and effects are revealed. In addition, the article considers the most common violations of safety requirements for underground coal mining, analyzes the experience of foreign countries in improving the production control system, assesses the possibility of its application for improving production control at Russian coal mines, and determines main areas for implementing a risk-based approach at coal mining enterprises.
Modeling the operation of mining shovel-truck systems
Authors: Voronov Anton , Nesterov Valeri , Voronov Yuri , Voronov Artyom
Published: September 2021

Load and haul operations at open-pit mines are performed by shovel-truck systems (STSs). One of the main problems of STS is the low level of its operation quality. A means of improving the STS operation quality is its optimization, based on a systems approach, according to which the operation of system components is studied by analyzing the operation of the STS as a whole. The issues of optimal design of open-pit mining machines were being addressed. They all consider separate machines. Interpretations for mining STSs, however, have not been made. With regard to the optimization of the STS performance indicators, the systems approach consists in their optimal coordination with each other, provided that they meet the requirements for the STS operation. The optimization of the STS performance indicators is carried out according to its mathematical model, which includes the objective function and restrictions, represented in the form of linear regression analysis equations, directly linking the corresponding output performance indicators with the parameters being optimized. It is proposed to use generalized estimates as an optimization criterion, and single indicators of the STS operation quality as the parameters being optimized. This simplifies optimization and increases its accuracy, as well as provides the best degree of consistency of the parameters being optimized between themselves and the external environment.
On some methods of researching the structural, physical and mechanical parameters of granular media as applied to the modeling of rock dumps
Authors: Gogolin Vyacheslav , Lesin Yury , Košč Ivan
Published: September 2021

The physical properties of the artificial disjointed rock massifs (the filling massifs and arrays of collapsed rocks and dumps) formed during mining operations, are largely determined by the geometry of the structure of pore space and the mineral phase, i.e. particle size, shape and packing method. In this case, the conditions for the arrangement of the particles relative to each other (the distances between the centers of the particles, the orientation, the number of contacts, the angles between the segments connecting the particle centers, etc.) have a decisive influence on the macroscopic characteristics of the rock mass (specific surface, bulk density, load capacity, etc.) and the behavior of such media under the applied stresses. Thus, in order to manage the state of disjointed technogenic rock massifs of bedrock, the question of applying modern methods for modeling bulk media for determining these parameters is considered. The article provides an overview of methods for modeling granular media to determine their structural, physical and mechanical parameters.
On the new paradigm of personality in mining education
Authors: Zykov Andrew , Demeneva Anastasia , Cehlár Michal , Janočko Juraj
Published: September 2021

In today’s information storm, conventionally speaking, we can distinguish two types of information: the 1st is “Hypertext” or Big Text – this is a huge array of structured and unstructured information. System comprehension of hypertext in the chosen field is a classical school, secondary or higher professional education; the 2nd is compactified knowledge, i.e. the result of the knowledge approach. Compactified knowledge is presented in a special, “condensed” form, including extensive use of infographics and other visual techniques. They can also be organized in such a way as to operate with human actions (algorithms). To a scientist, the use of compactified knowledge allows him to see better and faster the interconnections of the subject of his research with other disciplines. This is especially necessary for interdisciplinary, breakthrough research. Compactified knowledge includes, for example, checklists, which summarize to one or two pages the experience of incorrect actions in a certain situation, making it possible to avoid them. Compactification does not replace the experience of long-term learning with “hypertext”, it complements the experience of conventional education in those situations where “quick” knowledge is needed for application and where the cost of error is high. Without basic education, the effect of applying compactified knowledge may be lower. Compactified knowledge is not impoverished (reduced) knowledge, but condensed, concentrated knowledge. It is obvious that in the field of knowledge compactification demand exceeds supply, techniques and methods of its generation are in a state of formation, and generators of this knowledge are obviously not enough, which opens a wide field of activity in this direction.
Pipe pressure of mining wet shot crete flowing in pipes
Authors: Chen Lianjun , Jiang Xuekai , Liu Guoming , Cui Xiangfei
Published: September 2021

In order to explore the pressure change law of mining wet shotcrete in pipes, the rheological model was built based on rheology principle, and the computational formula of rheological parameters of wet shotcrete was deduced with the linear regression. 100 m full-scale pipeline platform of wet shotcrete was designed and built to study the relationship of pressure and other factors including flow rate, water cement ratio, mix proportion, and pipe bends. Results show: pipe pressure increases with the increase in flow rate and declines with the increase in water-cement ratio, the pressure may fluctuate with a high water cement ratio which can cause cement overhydration and bleeding separation. It will be more beneficial to transport materials if the continuous grading and straight pipe were considered. According to the tests of mix proportion 1:1.5:2.25, the pressure drop is 0.032 MPa·m−1 and the bend pressure drop is 1.3 times higher than in the straight line. We also conclude that solid phase pressure is bigger than liquid phase pressure and they both decline along the pipe based on FLUENT simulation. Finally, the formula of on-way resistance used in mine production was deduced.
Study on influence factors for the sustainability of individual safety behavior capability of employees in enterprises based on dematel-ism method
Authors: Zhou Lu-jie , Yu Kai , Nan-nan Qu
Published: September 2021

In order to get an accurate understanding of the sustainability of employees’ safety behavior capability, based on the safety behavior influencing factors, 15 influencing factors were identified from the five aspects of safety environment, individual's basic qualities, individual safety quality, individual's behavioral abilities and individual's awareness. Using the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and interpretive structural model (ISM), while studying the relationship between the influencing factors, the paper also analyzes the impact of each index on the sustainability of the individual's safety behavior, finding out the key influencing factors and analyzing the comprehensive influence relations among the factors and constructing a multi-level hierarchical structure model, and finally finding a new way and method to improve the sustainability of the employees’ individual safety behaviors.
The analysis of rheological damage of anchorage body based on visco-elasto-plastic model
Authors: Wang Qing-duo , Yu Feng-hai , Renev Aleksei , Tsibaev Sergei , Yang Xue-rui
Published: September 2021

In order to study the rheological damage of anchorage body, rheological damage model of anchorage body is established in this paper, and it is based on visco-elasto plastic model that is often used to simulate rock rheological characteristics. The expressions of creep constitutive equation and elastic modulus of anchorage body are obtained through the analysis of rheological damage model of anchorage body, and by the fitting calculation results, finding that the theoretical creep curve is matched with the experimental creep curve under certain conditions. The research conclusions have critical significance to the bolting support and design.
On the curved exponential family in the Stochastic Approximation Expectation Maximization Algorithm
Authors: Debavelaere Vianney , Allassonnière Stéphanie
Published: September 2021

The Expectation-Maximization Algorithm (EM) is a widely used method allowing to estimate the maximum likelihood of models involving latent variables. When the Expectation step cannot be computed easily, one can use stochastic versions of the EM such as the Stochastic Approximation EM. This algorithm, however, has the drawback to require the joint likelihood to belong to the curved exponential family. To overcome this problem, [16] introduced a rewriting of the model which “exponentializes” it by considering the parameter as an additional latent variable following a Normal distribution centered on the newly defined parameters and with fixed variance. The likelihood of this new exponentialized model now belongs to the curved exponential family. Although often used, there is no guarantee that the estimated mean is close to the maximum likelihood estimate of the initial model. In this paper, we quantify the error done in this estimation while considering the exponentialized model instead of the initial one. By verifying those results on an example, we see that a trade-off must be made between the speed of convergence and the tolerated error. Finally, we propose a new algorithm allowing a better estimation of the parameter in a reasonable computation time to reduce the bias.
Transition énergétique, « intensité matières » et criticité
Authors: Lefebvre Gaétan , D’Hugues Patrick , Poinssot Christophe
Published: September 2021

L’augmentation régulière des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère sous l’effet des activités anthropiques conduit aujourd’hui à des modifications majeures du climat terrestre comme vient de le rappeler le rapport du GIEC. La France s’est engagée dans une stratégie ambitieuse de réduction de ses émissions afin d’atteindre la neutralité carbone en 2050. Cette stratégie repose notamment sur une modification profonde de nos consommations d’énergie en accélérant l’électrification des usages, en améliorant l’efficacité énergétique et en maintenant un mix électrique décarboné. Ces changements requièrent le déploiement de nouvelles technologies bas carbone reposant sur le nucléaire et les énergies renouvelables et sur le numérique (IA, réseau intelligent, etc.), mobilisant des quantités importantes de matières premières, métaux de base et de métaux rares.
Les minéraux de la transition énergétique sous tension
Authors: Wales Marion
Published: September 2021

Dans un rapport publié le 5 mai 2021, l’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) pose la question de la place des minéraux dans les technologies énergétiques bas carbone, notamment du point de vue stratégique. L’accent est mis sur les tensions d’approvisionnement qui pourraient voir le jour, et porter préjudice au déploiement de la transition énergétique qui s’amorce partout dans le monde.
Tolerance to Intermittent vs. Continuous Blood Flow Restriction
Training: A meta-Analysis
Authors: Sinclair Pierre , Kadhum Murtaza , Paton Bruce
Published: September 2021

The proven beneficial effects of low-load blood flow restriction training on
strength gain has led to further exploration into its application during
rehabilitation, where the traditional use of heavy loads may not be feasible.
With current evidence showing that low-load blood flow restriction training may
be less well tolerated than heavy-load resistance training, this review was
conducted to decipher whether intermittently deflating the pressure cuff during
rest intervals of a training session improves tolerance to exercise, without
compromising strength. Four databases were searched for randomized controlled
trials that compared the effect of intermittent versus continuous blood flow
restriction training on outcomes of exercise tolerance or strength in adults.
Nine studies were identified, with six included in the meta-analysis. No
significant difference in rate of perceived exertion was found (SMD-0.06,
95% CI-0.41 to 0.29, p=0.73,
I
2=80%). Subgroup analysis excluding studies
that introduced bias showed a shift towards favoring the use of intermittent
blood flow restriction training (SMD-0.42, 95% CI-0.87 to 0.03,
p=0.07, I
2=0%). There was no
significant difference in strength gain. Intermittent cuff deflations during
training intervals does not improve tolerance to exercise during blood flow
restriction training.
Epidemiology of Hand Fractures and Dislocations in England and Wales
Professional Cricketers
Authors: Deshmukh Sandeep Rajiv , Donnison Ella , Karantana Alexia , Newman David , Peirce Nicholas
Published: September 2021

This study describes hand fracture and dislocation injuries in terms of
anatomical distribution, incidence and impact on playing time in registered
professional adult male players of all 18 First Class England and Wales County
Cricket clubs over a five-year period from 2010–2014. Prospectively
collected injury surveillance data for 1st and 2nd Team
matches (Twenty20, One day and four-day) and training were analysed. There were
109 hand fractures and 53 dislocations. Hand injury was commonest during
fielding (60%, 98/162) compared to batting, bowling or
wicket-keeping. Exposed parts of the hand including tips of all digits, the
index finger, thumb ray and little finger ray were most frequently injured with
78% (125/160) of all injuries where anatomical location was
recorded. Match injury incidence for batsmen was highest in four-day matches
(0.071 injuries per 1000 overs batted) but for other player roles it was highest
in Twenty20 matches (0.587 per 1000 overs bowled). Player unavailability for
selection to play was incurred in 82% (89/109) of hand fractures
but only 47% (25/53) of dislocations. This study clarifies the
hand fracture and dislocation injury burden for this population.
Long COVID und Post Lockdown bei Kindern und
Jugendlichen
Authors: Lucae Christian
Published: September 2021

Die Auswirkungen der Coronapandemie auf Kinder- und Jugendliche werden nach und nach
untersucht und schlagen sich bereits in verschiedenen Diagnosen nieder: Das
Schlagwort „Long COVID“ wird beispielsweise präzisiert mit
„Post-COVID-19-Zustand“, „PASC“ (Post-acute Sequelae
of COVID) oder auch „Post-COVID-CFS“ – Letzteres stellt
womöglich eine Sonderform des postinfektiösen Chronischen
Fatigue-Syndroms (CFS) dar, dessen Auftreten auch nach anderen Virusinfektionen
(z. B. EBV, Influenza) beschrieben ist.
Self-Reported Prognosis of Employability as an Indicator of Need for
Rehabilitation: A Cohort Study in People with Back Pain
Authors: Fauser David , Zimmer Julia-Marie , Golla André , Schmitt Nadine , Mau Wilfried , Bethge Matthias
Published: September 2021

Purpose Rehabilitation is a key strategy to enable people with
disabilities or chronic diseases to participate in society and employment. In
Germany, the approval of rehabilitation services is linked to personal
requirements, including significantly compromised work ability due to illness.
The subjective prognosis of employability (SPE) is a brief 3-item scale. The
total score assesses the self-rated risk of permanent work disability and was
therefore proposed to be an indicator to operationalize the requirements to
determine the need for a medical rehabilitation measure. This cohort study
examined whether rehabilitation and disability pensions can be predicted by the
SPE in employees with back pain. Moreover, the study tested the applicability of
the SPE regarding interrupted employment.

Methods Employees aged 45 to 59 years who reported back pain in the last
three months completed the SPE in 2017. The total score ranges from 0 to 3
points, with higher values indicating a higher risk of permanent work
disability. Data on rehabilitation, disability pensions, and interrupted
employment were extracted from administrative records covering the period until
the end of 2018. Proportional hazard and logistic regression models were
fitted.

Results Data of 6,742 participants were included (mean age: 52.3 years;
57.8% women). Maximum follow-up was 21 months. Of the participants,
38.8, 33.6, 21.4, and 6.2% had an SPE score of 0, 1, 2, and 3 points,
respectively. During follow-up, 535 individuals were approved for a
rehabilitation measure and 49 individuals for a disability pension. Fully
adjusted analyses showed an increased risk of a rehabilitation in employees with
an SPE score of 3 points (HR=2.20; 95% CI 1.55; 3.11) and 2
points (HR=1.76; 95% CI 1.33; 2.31) compared to employees with
an SPE score of 0 points. The risk of a disability pension (HR=13.60;
95% CI 4.56; 40.57) and the odds of interrupted employment
(OR=2.58; 95% CI 1.72; 3.86) were also significantly increased
for those with an SPE score of 3 points.

Conclusions The brief SPE is an appropriate tool to identify individuals
reporting back pain at risk of rehabilitation, poor work participation outcomes,
and permanent work disability.
Homöopathie und verwandte Verfahren
Authors: Lucae Christian
Published: September 2021

Diese Rubrik greift praxisrelevante und theoretische Themen auf, die Ein- oder
Wiedereinsteigern zur Orientierung dienen sollen. Dabei steht eine pragmatische
Vorgehensweise im Zentrum, die rasch und unkompliziert nachvollzogen werden
kann. Theoretische Themen werden naturgemäß in dieser Kürze
nur angeschnitten werden können. Davon abweichende Erfahrungen und
Erkenntnisse sind berechtigt, aber nicht Thema dieser Reihe. Abschließend
soll eine knappe Literaturauswahl zu weiterem Studium anregen.
New Insights into Bone Loss in RA
Authors: Andreev Darja , Bozec Aline
Published: September 2021

The negative impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on bone mineral density is well
characterized. Notably, articular bone erosion is a central feature of RA,
leading to joint damage and disabilities. In addition, the axial and
appendicular skeleton can be affected, which secondly manifests in bone
fracture. The main trigger of RA-associated bone loss is excessive bone
degradation by osteoclasts and impaired bone formation by osteoblasts. In
particular, the inflammatory status, reflected by high level of proinflammatory
cytokines, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), and
autoantibodies induces the formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Today,
antirheumatic therapy effectively hampers synovial inflammation and bone
erosion. However, current medication is unable to repair established bone
lesions. This review outlines the knowledge gained about the pathophysiology of
rheumatoid arthritis and the molecular mechanisms that promote
osteoclast-mediated bone erosion and inhibit osteoblast-related bone formation,
pointing out possible new intervention for inflammatory bone disease.
Influence of Posterior Corneal Asphericity on Refractive Error of SRK-T and Barrett Formulas for Lucidis IOL
Authors: Rabinovich Mark , Aramburu Del Boz Ana Maria , Al-Khatib Daniel , Genestier Jean Pascal , Bovet Jerome
Published: September 2021

Purpose To evaluate the influence of posterior corneal asphericity on the refractive error using SRK-T and Barrett formulas for the intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation for
Lucidis Extended Depth of Focus (EDOF) IOL.

Setting This study was carried out at a tertiary ophthalmology center in Geneva, Switzerland.

Design A retrospective study. Medical records from all enrolled patients were analyzed and the following information was extracted retrospectively, over 1 month following
surgery.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed 75 eyes that underwent cataract surgery and were implanted with a Lucidis EDOF IOL. We measured the posterior corneal asphericity (Q value), axial
length (AL), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) and then calculated the IOL power using SRK-T and Barrett formulas.

Results Seventy-five eyes were included, all of which had 1-month postoperative data. In the cohort, 32 eyes were from females (43%) and 43 from males (57%). The mean age of the
study population was 73 ± 8.8 years. The mean AL was 23.5 ± 0.98 and the mean ACD was 3.13 ± 0.3. The mean posterior Q value was − 0.35 ± 0.2. In a regression analysis, we found a
statistically significant relationship between the error in refraction prediction and the posterior Q value, irrespective of the formula used. The relationship between posterior corneal
asphericity and the refraction prediction error was stronger for the Barrett II Universal formula than for the SRK-T formula.

Conclusions Posterior corneal asphericity was correlated with the refractive error of calculation of both SRK-T and Barrett formulas, with a stronger correlation to the latter
formula.
Endoscopic tissue sampling – Part 1: Upper gastrointestinal and hepatopancreatobiliary tracts. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline
Authors: Pouw Roos E. , Barret Maximilien , Biermann Katharina , Bisschops Raf , Czakó László , Gecse Krisztina B. , de Hertogh Gert , Hucl Tomas , Iacucci Marietta , Jansen Marnix , Rutter Matthew , Savarino Edoardo , Spaander Manon C. W. , Schmidt Peter T. , Vieth Michael , Dinis-Ribeiro Mário , van Hooft Jeanin E.
Published: September 2021

Main Recommendations

1 ESGE recommends that, where there is a suspicion of eosinophilic esophagitis, at least six biopsies should be taken, two to four biopsies from the distal esophagus and two to four biopsies from the proximal esophagus, targeting areas with endoscopic mucosal abnormalities. Distal and proximal biopsies should be placed in separate containers.

Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence.

2 ESGE recommends obtaining six biopsies, including from the base and edge of the esophageal ulcers, for histologic analysis in patients with suspected viral esophagitis.

Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence.

3 ESGE recommends at least six biopsies are taken in cases of suspected advanced esophageal cancer and suspected advanced gastric cancer.

Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence.

4 ESGE recommends taking only one to two targeted biopsies for lesions in the esophagus or stomach that are potentially amenable to endoscopic resection (Paris classification 0-I, 0-II) in order to confirm the diagnosis and not compromise subsequent endoscopic resection.

Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence.

5 ESGE recommends obtaining two biopsies from the antrum and two from the corpus in patients with suspected Helicobacter pylori infection and for gastritis staging.

Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence.

6 ESGE recommends biopsies from or, if endoscopically resectable, resection of gastric adenomas.

Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence.

7 ESGE recommends fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needles equally for sampling of solid pancreatic masses.

Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.

8 ESGE suggests performing peroral cholangioscopy (POC) and/or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition in indeterminate biliary strictures. For proximal and intrinsic strictures, POC is preferred. For distal and extrinsic strictures, EUS-guided sampling is preferred, with POC where this is not diagnostic.

Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.

9 ESGE suggests obtaining possible non-neoplastic biopsies before sampling suspected malignant lesions to prevent intraluminal spread of malignant disease.

Weak recommendation, low quality of evidence.

10 ESGE suggests dividing EUS-FNA material into smears (two per pass) and liquid-based cytology (LBC), or the whole of the EUS-FNA material can be processed as LBC, depending on local experience.

Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
Modular Synthesis of Carbazole-Substituted Phthalimides as Potential Photocatalysts
Authors: Gonda Zsombor , Novák Zoltán , Földesi Tamás , Nagy Bálint
Published: September 2021

The modular synthesis of carbazole functionalized phthalimides (PIs) and their applicability as catalyst in selected photocatalytic transformations are reported. The developed synthetic approach provides high variability of phthalimide considering that the synthesis of the phthalimide core can be easily performed. Starting from fluorophthalic acid anhydrides, the corresponding fluorophthalimides were prepared with various amines, and the fluoro function ensured the introduction of carbazoles into the phthalimide framework through aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Besides the synthetic developments, some of the carbazolyl phthalimides were tested in four different photocatalytic transformations, which showed attractive and comparable activity to the known 4-CzIPN and noble metal complexes.
Late-Stage C–H Arylation of Azepinoindole via Pd/Cu Catalysis: A Step Efficient and Convergent Synthesis of Rucaparib
Authors: De Vos Dirk , Beckers Igor , O’Rourke Galahad
Published: September 2021

The C–H arylation of indoles holds the promise to shorten synthetic routes in the production of pharmaceuticals. However, late-stage C–H activation reactions often rely on the presence of protecting groups or stoichiometric metal additives. The regiospecific C–H arylation of a highly functionalized azepino[5,3,4-cd]indole scaffold lacking directing groups via Pd(II) and Cu(II) co-catalysis is reported. The direct C–H coupling was demonstrated in the convergent synthesis of rucaparib, an FDA approved anticancer drug.
“Like For Like” Reconstruction of Heel Pad with Medial Plantar Artery Flap—Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes in A Series of 19 Cases
Authors: Sundaramurthy Narayanamurthy , Venkata Mahipathi Surya Rao , Durairaj Alagar Raja , Jayachandiran Anand Prasath , Selvaa Shalini Ranipet
Published: September 2021

Heel pad loss can cause serious problems in weight-bearing and locomotion. The medial plantar artery (MPA) flap is a suitable “like for like” replacement. Nineteen patients whose heels were reconstructed with MPA flap between July 2015 and February 2020 were studied. All patients were assessed based on flap survival, functionality, and patient satisfaction. Loss of heel pad was due to diabetic ulcer (11), trauma (6), tumor (1), and unstable scar (1). The largest flap measured 9 × 7 cm. Sixteen flaps were done as fasciocutaneous flaps and three in combination with abductor hallucis muscle (AbdH). All the flaps survived. The average functional scores at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were 86.86, 89.62, 89.38 and 97.33 based on AOSAS-AH score. Average patients' satisfaction was 8.7/10. To conclude, the MPA system is a versatile vascular axis providing “like for like” tissue for heel pad reconstruction which is reliable and durable.
Hip Instability Leading to Metallosis, Polyethylene Wear, and Failure of an Oxinium Femoral Head: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed Nageeb , El-Husseini Timour F. , Osman Wael S. , Maziad Ali M.
Published: September 2021

Oxinium is a zirconium metal alloy with an oxidized (ceramicized) surface that aims to mimic the superior wear properties of a ceramic femoral head while maintaining the high strength of metal-bearing surfaces. There are several reports that illustrate the wear and/or failure of Oxinium femoral heads following abnormal head contact with metal cup, with only a few studies reporting on the occurrence of metallosis. We present a case of metallosis and failure of Oxinium femoral head following two incidents of hip instability and one closed reduction. Successful revision was performed with cemented cup and metal femoral head, with 68 months of follow-up. We aimed to highlight the importance of achieving stable and well-oriented hip components when using Oxinium-bearing surfaces and to present a short literature review regarding the wear of oxidized zirconium-bearing surfaces in hip arthroplasty.
10.24 Product Class 24: Pyrido[1,2-a]indoles and Azapyrido[1,2-a]indoles
Authors: Harris P. A.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter describes the various pyrido[1,2-a]indole and azapyrido[1,2-a]indole ring systems that will be covered in subsequent chapters. Biologically active indole alkaloids containing these structural motifs are also detailed, the most well-known of which is the toxic alkaloid strychnine.
10.24.5 Product Subclass 5: Pyridazino[1,6-a]indoles and Related Benzo-Fused Ring Systems
Authors: Harris P. A.
Published: September 2021

The synthesis of pyridazino[1,6-a]indoles, as well as the related indolo[1,2-b]cinnolines and indolo[2,1-a]phthalazines, are reviewed in this chapter. The most utilized methods to access pyridazino[1,6-a]indoles involve annulation of 1H-indol-1-amine derivatives.
Reconstructions from randomly generated longitudinal electron bunch profiles with Gaussian envelopes using the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm
Authors: Ostler Bricker , Yampolsky Nikolai , Marksteiner Quinn
Published: September 2021

Knowledge of longitudinal electron bunch profiles is vital to optimize the performance of plasma wakefield accelerators and x-ray free electron laser linacs. Because of their importance to these novel applications, noninvasive frequency domain techniques are often employed to reconstruct longitudinal bunch profiles from coherent synchrotron, transition, or undulator radiation measurements. In this paper, we detail several common reconstruction techniques involving the Kramers–Kronig phase relationship and Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm. Through statistical analysis, we draw general conclusions about the accuracy of these reconstruction techniques and the most suitable candidate for reconstructing well-isolated longitudinal bunch profiles from spectroscopic data.
Uniform continuity bounds for characteristics of multipartite quantum systems
Authors: Shirokov M. E.
Published: September 2021

We consider universal methods for obtaining (uniform) continuity bounds for characteristics of multipartite quantum systems. We pay special attention to infinite-dimensional multipartite quantum systems under the energy constraints. By these methods, we obtain continuity bounds for several important characteristics of a multipartite quantum state: the quantum (conditional) mutual information, the squashed entanglement, the c-squashed entanglement, and the conditional entanglement of mutual information. The continuity bounds for the multipartite quantum mutual information are asymptotically tight for large dimension/energy. The obtained results are used to prove the asymptotic continuity of the n-partite squashed entanglement, the c-squashed entanglement, and the conditional entanglement of mutual information under the energy constraints.
Analytical physical models for cryogenic double-shell capsule design driven by Z-pinch dynamic Hohlraum
Authors: Mao Chongyang , Wen Wu , Xiao Delong , Zhao Yingkui , Wang Guanqiong
Published: September 2021

The Z-pinch dynamic Hohlraum (ZPDH) is a promising indirect-drive approach for inertial confinement fusion. The volume ignition capsule is more robust than the hot-spot ignition capsule for ZPDH due to the fact that the ZPDH radiation drive source has a high energy but low symmetry. Focusing on the ignition design of cryogenic double-shell volume ignition capsules using ZPDH radiation sources, three analytical physical models, including the ablation and implosion model, the shell collision model, and the burn fraction model, are established to quantitatively characterize the relation of capsule parameters. Robust capsule designs are then determined based on these analytical models together with 1D radiation hydrodynamics simulations. The results show that under the 10 ns, 308 eV radiation drive source produced by ZPDH with 50 MA load current, capsules with a large range of parameters can ignite. The fusion yield of the recommended capsule is 16.0 MJ, and the absorbed energy is 1.28 MJ.
Self-powered UV photodetectors based on ZnO nanomaterials
Authors: Ouyang Weixin , Chen Jiaxin , Shi Zhifeng , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: September 2021

Self-powered photodetectors can work with low power consumption or even without any supply from external power sources, and they are recognized as one of the developing trends of next-generation optoelectronic devices. As one of the most-known n-type metal oxides applied in electronic devices, ZnO nanostructures and their heterostructures with other appropriate materials have been widely applied in the assembly of self-powered UV photodetectors. In this review, the recent research on different types of ZnO-based self-powered UV photodetectors is outlined. ZnO nanostructures with different dimensionalities adopted in these photodetectors are discussed in detail. The influences of specific effects, such as the piezo-phototronic effect, the pyro-phototronic effect, the photo-gating effect, and even their fusions, on modulating the self-powered photo-response of these photodetectors have also been demonstrated. The applications of these photodetectors in UV sensing, environmental recognition, wearable devices, functional devices, and light communication are displayed. Finally, possible opportunities and directions for the future developments of these photodetectors are proposed.
Dynamic behaviors of anisodiametric bubbles under effects of horizontal attraction and vertical wake
Authors: Mulbah Christian , Kang Can , Zhang Wenbin , Li Changjiang
Published: September 2021

The present study aims to describe the interaction between rising bubbles of different sizes. Coaxial and triangle bubble configurations were investigated. Bubble sizes ranged from 4.0 mm to 10.0 mm. Three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations were performed and the volume of fluid multiphase model was employed. The numerical scheme was validated through experimental results. Time-dependent bubble geometry, bubble velocity, and near-bubble flow patterns were obtained. The results show that the participation of lateral bubbles causes coalescence delay. The mergence of bubbles is followed by an immediate decrease in bubble velocity. Liquid flow structures tend to be combined accordingly as the bubbles coalesce. For the triangle configuration, the first coalescence of small bubbles takes place between the trailing bubbles. As bubble size increases, the first coalescence arises between the leading bubble and the left trailing bubble.
Ewald sum corrections in simulations of ion and dipole solvation and electron transfer
Authors: Matyushov Dmitry V.
Published: September 2021

Periodic boundary conditions and Ewald sums used in standard simulation protocols require finite-size corrections when the total charge of the simulated system is nonzero. Corrections for ion solvation were introduced by Hummer, Pratt, and García, [J. Chem. Phys. 107, 9275 (1997)]. The latter approach is extended here to derive finite-size correction for the Stokes-shift and reorganization energy applied to electron-transfer reactions. The same correction term, scaling inversely with the box size, adds to the reorganization energy from the energy-gap variance but is subtracted from the reorganization energy calculated from the Stokes shift. Finite-size corrections thus widen the gap between these two quantities, which were recently found to diverge for protein electron transfer. Corrections to the free energy of dipole solvation and the variance of the electric field scale as m2/L3 with the solute dipole m and the box size L.
Effects of Sn substitution in SrRuO3 epitaxial films
Authors: Huon Amanda , Yoon Sangmoon , Fitzsimmons Michael R. , Charlton Timothy R. , Ok Jong Mok , Cruz Clarina dela , Lee Ho Nyung
Published: September 2021

Epitaxial SrRu1−xSnxO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) thin films were deposited on SrTiO3 (001) substrates by sequential two-target synthesis using pulsed laser deposition to achieve stable phases in this family of quaternary perovskites. The SrRu1−xSnxO3 films exhibit a good crystalline quality, a sharp interface between film and substrate, and an atomically smooth surface. A gradual expansion of the c-axis lattice parameter was observed with Sn doping serving as a means to tune chemical pressure and magnetism. With an increase in Sn doping, the resistivity of the film increased, and the ferromagnetism decreased. These results illustrate use of lattice engineering, e.g., tuning of c-axis lattice parameter with chemical doping, to control electronic and magnetic properties of epitaxial thin films for applications in oxide electronics.
Theoretical deformation modeling and drop size prediction in the multimode breakup regime
Authors: Obenauf D. G. , Sojka P. E.
Published: September 2021

A theoretical model has been proposed to incorporate internal flow mechanics to better predict the deformation and the resulting breakup of a liquid drop in a continuous uniform air jet in the multimode breakup regime. A Weber-number-dependent breakup criterion predicts the deformation of the drop at the time of the breakup, which occurs at the time the internal pressure at the drop equator exceeds internal pressure at the pole. This breakup criterion is used to determine an improved coefficient used in the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model. The TAB model is also extended to include the effects of turbulence within the drop. Hill vortices form within the drop as a result of viscous forces and flow around the drop. It is proposed that these vortices contribute to the deformation that eventually leads to the outer ring and smaller drop within the ring that is classic to multimode breakup. Instability analysis is used to model the breakup of the outer ring and predict the resultant droplet sizes. The model-predicted breakup times and ring breakup droplet diameter are compared with experimental results collected using digital in-line holography.
Reinforcement of power factor in N-type multiphase thin film of Si1−x−yGexSny by mitigating the opposing behavior of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity
Authors: Lai Huajun , Peng Ying , Gao Jie , Song Haili , Kurosawa Masashi , Nakatsuka Osamu , Takeuchi Tsunehiro , Miao Lei
Published: September 2021

As the first-generation semiconductor, silicon (Si) exhibits promising prospects in thermoelectric (TE) convention application with the advantages of un-toxic, abundant, robust, and compliant to the integrated circuit. However, Si-based TE materials are always implemented for high-temperature application and deficient at room temperature (RT) ambience. This study displays an N-type Si1−x−yGexSny thin film by carrying out the strategy of metallic modulation doping for enhancing its power factor (PF). It was distinct to observe the extra carriers poured from the precipitated Sn particles without prominent degradation of mobility while sustaining appreciable thermal conductivity. The PF of 12.21 μW cm−1 K−2 and zT of 0.27 were achieved at 125 °C, which illustrated the significant potential for implementation at near RT ambiance.
Protein self-entanglement modulates successful folding to the native state: A multi-scale modeling study
Authors: Signorini Lorenzo Federico , Perego Claudio , Potestio Raffaello
Published: September 2021

The computer-aided investigation of protein folding has greatly benefited from coarse-grained models, that is, simplified representations at a resolution level lower than atomistic, providing access to qualitative and quantitative details of the folding process that would be hardly attainable, via all-atom descriptions, for medium to long molecules. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of low-resolution models is itself hampered by the presence, in a small but significant number of proteins, of nontrivial topological self-entanglements. Features such as native state knots or slipknots introduce conformational bottlenecks, affecting the probability to fold into the correct conformation; this limitation is particularly severe in the context of coarse-grained models. In this work, we tackle the relationship between folding probability, protein folding pathway, and protein topology in a set of proteins with a nontrivial degree of topological complexity. To avoid or mitigate the risk of incurring in kinetic traps, we make use of the elastic folder model, a coarse-grained model based on angular potentials optimized toward successful folding via a genetic procedure. This light-weight representation allows us to estimate in silico folding probabilities, which we find to anti-correlate with a measure of topological complexity as well as to correlate remarkably well with experimental measurements of the folding rate. These results strengthen the hypothesis that the topological complexity of the native state decreases the folding probability and that the force-field optimization mimics the evolutionary process these proteins have undergone to avoid kinetic traps.
Controllable multiple mixing monodisperse droplet streams generation using wavelength-modulated disturbances
Authors: Lv Qimeng , Wu Yingchun , Li Can , Wu Xuecheng
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we study the breakup of a circular jet disturbed by wavelength modulation to produce periodic but non-uniform patterns of droplet sizes. Instead of a single wavelength disturbance, a series of perturbations containing two different wavelengths in one cycle was applied to excite the jet. Jet breakup patterns and droplets formation under composite disturbances were derived based on the classic linear theory of instability. Experiments indicate that the jet breakup length and the resultant droplet size can be precisely controlled. The length of the coexistence stage of two sizes of droplets depends on the difference in the growth rates of each disturbance. By applying three and four wavelengths in the perturbation, we also demonstrate the potential of this concept to generate more mixing droplet streams. This active droplet generation method with well processed control of non-uniform droplets would be advantageous in various potential applications.