bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors associating with surgical site infection following operative management of malleolar fractures at an urban level 1 trauma center
Authors: Rascoe Alexander S. , Kavanagh Michael D. , Audet Megan A. , Hu Emily , Vallier Heather A.
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

To identify comorbidities and injury characteristics associated with surgical site infection (SSI) following internal fixation of malleolar fractures in an urban level 1 trauma setting.

Design:

Retrospective.

Setting:

Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:

Seven-hundred seventy-six consecutive patients with operatively managed malleolar fractures from 2006 to 2016.

Intervention:

Open reduction internal fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Superficial SSI (erythema and drainage treated with oral antibiotics and wound care) or deep SSI (treated with surgical debridement and antibiotics).

Results:

Fifty-six (7.2%) patients developed SSI, with 17 (30%) of these being deep infections. An a-priori power analysis of n = 325 (α=0.05, β=0.2) was tabulated for differences in univariate analysis. Univariate analysis identified categorical associations (P < .05) between SSI and diabetes mellitus, drug abuse, open fracture, and renal disease but not tobacco abuse, body mass index, or neuropathy. Multivariate logistic regression identified categorical associations between diabetes (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–4.3), drug abuse (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2–12.7), open fracture (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.3–12.8), and renal disease (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.0) and any (superficial or deep) SSI. A separate multivariate logistic regression analysis found categorical associations between deep SSI requiring reoperation and diabetes (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 1.6–12.2) and open fracture (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.3–12.8). Furthermore, American society of anesthesiologists classification (ASA) Class 4 patients were (OR = 9.2, 95% CI: 2.0–41.79) more likely to experience an SSI than ASA Class 1 patients.

Conclusions:

Factors associated with SSI following malleolar fracture surgery in a single urban level 1 trauma center included diabetes, drug abuse, renal disease, and open fracture. The presence of diabetes or open type fractures were associated with deep SSI requiring reoperation.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3 prognostic: retrospective cohort study.
Immunohistochemistry and Next-generation Sequencing Are Complementary Tests in Identifying PTEN Abnormality in Endometrial Carcinoma Biopsies
Authors: Wang Linyuan , Piskorz Anna , Bosse Tjalling , Jimenez-Linan Mercedes , Rous Brian , Gilks C. Blake , Brenton James D. , Singh Naveena , Köbel Martin
Published: March 2021

PTEN plays a central role in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. Previous studies reported a high interobserver reproducibility for the interpretation of PTEN immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, PTEN IHC and its interpretation remain challenging during laboratory practice. The purpose of this study was to reevaluate PTEN IHC pattern in direct comparison to next-generation sequencing in identifying PTEN abnormality. IHC and tagged-amplicon next-generation sequencing PTEN sequencing was performed on 182 endometrial carcinoma biopsy/curetting samples from five centers (Barts, Calgary, Cambridge, Leiden, and Vancouver). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PTEN IHC to predict loss of function PTEN mutations were calculated. Abnormalities of PTEN in association with histotype and molecular subtype were assessed. A total of 5 PTEN IHC patterns were recorded: absent, subclonal loss, equivocal, reduced (relative to internal control) and retained. The absence of PTEN IHC has a sensitivity of 75.4% (95% confidence interval: 62.7–85.5%), a specificity of 84.6% (95% confidence interval: 76.2%–90.9%), and accuracy of 81.2% (95% confidence interval: 74.4%–86.9%) in predicting loss of function PTEN mutation. PTEN abnormality by complementary interpretation of both assays was present in 91.9% of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, grade 1, and significantly higher in endometrial endometrioid carcinomas of all grades compared with endometrial serous carcinoma (80.0% vs. 19.4%, P<0.0001). PTEN abnormalities are common across all molecular subtypes of endometrioid carcinomas. Our data support the use of ancillary PTEN IHC for diagnostic purposes in endometrial neoplasms. However, for clinical trial design complementary testing of both IHC and sequencing of PTEN should be considered to assess the PTEN status in endometrial carcinomas.
Acinar Melanosis of the Bartholin Gland: A Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Khera Kaveri M. , Moghimi Ali , Cataldo Leigh , Kumar Beena , Gibbs Paul M.
Published: March 2021

Melanocytic pigmentation occurs in multiple sites in the lower female genital tract, but is rare within benign cysts of the vulva. We report 3 patients with multiloculated cystic lesions of the vulvar vestibule exhibiting prominent melanocytic pigmentation. The current cases differ from a previous report of melanosis in a Bartholin gland cyst in that the population of melanocytes occupies the acinar structures of the gland, rather than a squamous-lined surface. A similar cell population is demonstrated by immunoperoxidase methods in a fourth patient’s nonpigmented gland, suggesting that melanin production may arise in a native, rather than metaplastic, cell population.
Neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the peripheral nervous system: implications for COVID-19 and pain
Authors: McFarland Amelia J. , Yousuf Muhammad S. , Shiers Stephanie , Price Theodore J.
Published: March 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that infects cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, aided by proteases that prime the spike protein of the virus to enhance cellular entry. Neuropilin 1 and 2 (NRP1 and NRP2) act as additional viral entry factors. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19 disease. There is now strong evidence for neurological impacts of COVID-19, with pain as an important symptom, both in the acute phase of the disease and at later stages that are colloquially referred to as “long COVID.” In this narrative review, we discuss how COVID-19 may interact with the peripheral nervous system to cause pain in the early and late stages of the disease. We begin with a review of the state of the science on how viruses cause pain through direct and indirect interactions with nociceptors. We then cover what we currently know about how the unique cytokine profiles of moderate and severe COVID-19 may drive plasticity in nociceptors to promote pain and worsen existing pain states. Finally, we review evidence for direct infection of nociceptors by SARS-CoV-2 and the implications of this potential neurotropism. The state of the science points to multiple potential mechanisms through which COVID-19 could induce changes in nociceptor excitability that would be expected to promote pain, induce neuropathies, and worsen existing pain states.
Hanseniaspora terricola sp. nov., an ascomycetous yeast isolated from Tibet
Authors: Liu Ze , Wang Man-Man , Wang Gui-Shuang , Li Ai-Hua , Wangmu  , Wang Qi-Ming
Published: March 2021

Eight apiculate strains isolated from Tibet, PR China, were identified as Hanseniaspora taiwanica and a novel species of Hanseniaspora based on the sequence analysis of the ITS region, the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA and the translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF1) gene. Among them, four strains with identical sequences of D1/D2 and ITS formed a separate branch from the known Hanseniaspora species in the phylogenetic trees, and differed from the known species by at least 17 (3 %) nucleotide (nt) substitutions in the D1/D2 domains and more than 6 % substitutions and inserts/deletes in the ITS region. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that those four strains represent a novel species of Hanseniaspora, for which the names Hanseniaspora terricola sp. nov. (holotype CGMCC 2.6175T; MycoBank MB 834591) is proposed. The other four strains belonging to H. taiwanica produce spherical, void or fusiform ascospores, which differ from the original description that ascospores are absent.
Phylogenetic structure of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from sub-lineage to SNPs
Authors: Dallman Timothy J. , Greig David R. , Gharbia Saheer E. , Jenkins Claire
Published: March 2021

Sequence similarity of pathogen genomes can infer the relatedness between isolates as the fewer genetic differences identified between pairs of isolates, the less time since divergence from a common ancestor. Clustering based on hierarchical single linkage clustering of pairwise SNP distances has been employed to detect and investigate outbreaks. Here, we evaluated the evidence-base for the interpretation of phylogenetic clusters of Shiga toxin-producing

Escherichia coli

(STEC) O157:H7. Whole genome sequences of 1193 isolates of STEC O157:H7 submitted to Public Health England between July 2015 and December 2016 were mapped to the Sakai reference strain. Hierarchical single linkage clustering was performed on the pairwise SNP difference between all isolates at descending distance thresholds. Cases with known epidemiological links fell within 5-SNP single linkage clusters. Five-SNP single linkage community clusters where an epidemiological link was not identified were more likely to be temporally and/or geographically related than sporadic cases. Ten-SNP single linkage clusters occurred infrequently and were challenging to investigate as cases were few, and temporally and/or geographically dispersed. A single linkage cluster threshold of 5-SNPs has utility for the detection of outbreaks linked to both persistent and point sources. Deeper phylogenetic analysis revealed that the distinction between domestic UK and imported isolates could be inferred at the sub-lineage level. Cases associated with domestically acquired infection that fall within clusters that are predominantly travel associated are likely to be caused by contaminated imported food.
Functional constituents and quality stability according to storage
conditions of chaga mushroom extract
Authors: Park Da-Hyun , Hwang Ji-Hong , Jeong Yong-Jin
Published: March 2021

This study investigated the effect of temperature on functional constituents and
quality stability in chaga mushroom extract during an eight-week storage period.
Soluble solid and total polyphenol content (26 mg/mL) showed no significant
changes during storage, whereas pH values increased from 5.38 to 5.46
(p<0.05). DPPH radical-scavenging activity exceeded 70% regardless
of storage conditions; in contrast, ABTS radical-scavenging activity declined by
6.2%, 7.1%, and 7.9% after eight weeks of storage at
25°C, 35°C, and 45°C, respectively. The β-glucan
content (2.58%) was stable at −20°C and 25°C, but it
significantly declined after 6 weeks of storage at high temperatures
(p<0.05). Similarly, the betulin content (12 μg/mL) was constant
at −20°C. Microbial growth was not detected in the extract at any
point during the storage period, owing to heat treatment (95°C for 10
min). Overall, the results on functional constituents and quality stability of
chaga mushroom extract suggest that storage conditions may affect the chemical
attributes of the extract.
Quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of rice porridge
supplemented with aronia (Aronia melanocarpa)
powder
Authors: Hwang Eun-Sun
Published: March 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the quality and antioxidant
characteristics of rice porridge supplemented with 3%, 6%, and 9% Aronia
melanocarpa (aronia) powder. The moisture content of the porridge
was 80.41-80.84%, and no significant difference was observed between the control
and porridge supplemented with 3-9% of aronia powder. The sugar content of the
porridge increased, but pH and viscosity of the porridge decreased as the aronia
content increased. Moreover, with respect to chromaticity determination, the
L* and b* values decreased and the a* value increased as
the aronia content increased. Of note, the total polyphenol, flavonoid, and
anthocyanin contents also increased in the amount of aronia powder, compared to
that in the control. The increase in the antioxidant activity measured by DPPH
and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power corresponded to the
increase in the amount of aronia powder added as supplement. From the above
results, the commercialization potential of the aronia-added porridge is
considered to be positive. However, from the viewpoint of the astringency of
aronia and the viscosity of the porridge, it is recommended that the content of
aronia powder does not exceed 9% of the ratio of rice to maintain the quality of
the porridge.
Development of novel spray freeze-drying method for value-added
coffee powder preparation
Authors: Her Jae-Young
Published: March 2021

New method for producing a fine powder from commercial soluble coffee using a
spray freeze-drying (SFD) technique was investigated. The analysis of aromatic
compounds was carried out by headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy and laser
particle size analysis were used to characterize the physical structure and size
distribution of the SFD-derived particles, respectively. Moreover, the moisture
content and color of the SFD powder were evaluated. Eleven key volatile
compounds were identified in the commercial soluble coffee pre- and post-SFD.
Recoveries of aromatic volatiles ranging from 46.8–100.6% were observed
in the overall flavor profile from the SFD-obtained powder. The particles of the
aromatic powder were spherical in nature with highly porous surfaces and a mean
diameter of 18.7 μm. The moisture content of the SFD coffee powder was
4.96%. The total color difference and chroma were 10.74±0.82 and
31.94±0.11, respectively. This study showed that the SFD technique can be
potentially employed for the production of soluble coffee with improved product
characteristics.
Integrative analyses identify potential key genes and pathways in Keshan disease using whole-exome sequencing
Authors: Huang Jichang , Zheng Chenqing , Luo Rong , Liu Mingjiang , Gu Qingquan , Li Jinshu , Wu Xiushan , Yang Zhenglin , Shen Xia , Li Xiaoping
Published: March 2021

Keshan disease (KD), an endemic heart disease with multifocal necrosis and replacement fibrosis of the myocardium,is still a nightmare situation for human health. However, molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of KD remains unclear. Herein, blood samples were collected from 68 KD patients and 100 controls, and we systematically analyzed mutation profiles using whole-exome sequencing (WES). Causative genes of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), gene-based burden analysis, disease and pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. Of the 98 DCM-causative genes, 106 rare variants in 28 genes were detected in KD patients with minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.001. Gene-based burden analysis, PPI network analysis, and automated Phenolyzer analysis were performed to prioritize 199 candidate genes, which combined with 98 DCM-causative genes, and reference genes from gene microarray or proteomics in KD. Then, 19 candidate pathogenic genes were selected, and 9 candidate genes were identified using PPI analysis, including HIF1A, GART, ALAD, VCL, DTNA, NEXN, INPPL1, NOS3, and JAK2. The 199 candidate genes were further analyzed using disease enrichment with CTD database and PPI analysis, and 21 candidate genes were identified. By combining with disease enrichment and PPI analysis, 7 Selenium (Se)-related genes were further identified, including ALAD, RBM10, GSN, GGT1, ADD1, PARP1, and NOS3. Based on the gene function and data validation, NEXN, TAF1C, FUT4, ALAD, ZNF608, and STX2 were the most likely pathogenic genes in KD. Notably, ALAD is the only candidate pathogenic gene identified by four different analyses, and its homozygous mutant mice could affect heart development and cause death.
A novel soluble ACE2 protein totally protects from lethal disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Hassler Luise , Wysocki Jan , Gelarden Ian , Tomatsidou Anastasia , Gula Haley , Nicoleascu Vlad , Randall Glenn , Henkin Jack , Yeldandi Anjana , Batlle Daniel
Published: March 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses full-length angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is membrane bound, as its initial cell contact receptor preceding viral entry. Here we report a human soluble ACE2 variant fused with a 5kD albumin binding domain (ABD) and bridged via a dimerization motif hinge-like 4-cysteine dodecapeptide, which we term ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD. This protein is enzymatically active, has increased duration of action in vivo conferred by the ABD-tag, and displays 20-30-fold higher binding affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain than its des-DDC monomeric form (ACE2 1-618-ABD) due to DDC-linked dimerization. ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD was administered for 3 consecutive days to transgenic k18-hACE2 mice, a model that develops lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection, to evaluate the preclinical preventative/ therapeutic value for COVID-19. Mice treated with ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD developed a mild to moderate disease for the first few days assessed by a clinical score and modest weight loss. The untreated control animals, by contrast, became severely ill and had to be sacrificed by day 6/7 and lung histology revealed extensive pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and mononuclear infiltrates. At 6 days, mortality was totally prevented in the treated group, lung histopathology was improved and viral titers markedly reduced. This demonstrates for the first time in vivo the preventative/ therapeutic potential of a novel soluble ACE2 protein in a preclinical animal model.
Cryo-EM structure of an elusive pre-transport intermediate of the multidrug ABC transporter BmrCD reveals modes of asymmetric drug binding
Authors: Thaker Tarjani M. , Mishra Smriti , Zhou Wenchang , Faraldo-Gomez Jose D. , Mchaourab Hassane S. , Tomasiak Thomas M.
Published: March 2021

Vectorial substrate efflux by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which play a major role in multidrug resistance, entails the ATP-powered interconversion of the transporter between stable intermediates. Despite recent progress in structure elucidation of ABC transporters, a number of such intermediates have yet to be visualized and mechanistically interpreted. Here, we combine single particle cryo-EM, Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy with Molecular Dynamics simulations to profile and mechanistically frame the conformation of a hitherto unobserved intermediate in the context of BmrCD, a heterodimeric multidrug ABC exporter fromBacillus subtilis.In our cryo-EM structure, BmrCD adopts an inward-facing architecture bound to both ATP and the substrate Hoechst-33342 and is capped by an extracellular domain which undergoes ATP-dependent conformational changes. A striking feature of the structure is a symmetric arrangement of the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) in the presence of ATP whereas binding of Hoechst at two distinct sites in an acidic pocket stabilizes an asymmetric arrangement of the transmembrane domain architecture (TMD). Mutation of residues coordinating Hoechst in the structure abrogates the cooperative stimulation of ATP hydrolysis. In conjunction with previous studies, our findings suggest a mechanistic role for symmetry mismatch between NBDs and TMDs in the conformational cycle of ABC transporters. Moreover, the resolved structures of bimodally-bound drugs are of notable importance for future rational design and optimization of molecules for targeted transport inhibition of ABC transporters.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY

Cryo-EM and EPR analysis reveal cooperative substrate binding in BmrCD in an architecture primed for transport.
PD-1 dependent expansion of Amphregulin+FOXP3+cells is associated with oral immune dysfunction in HIV patients on therapy
Authors: Bhaskaran N , Schneider E , Faddoul F , Paes da Silva A , Asaad R , Talla A , Greenspan N , Levine AD , McDonald D , Karn J , Lederman MM , Pandiyan P
Published: March 2021

Residual systemic inflammation and mucosal immune dysfunction persist in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite treatment with combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART), but the underlying immune mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report an altered immune landscape involving upregulation of TLR- and inflammasome signaling, localized CD4+T cell hyperactivation, and counterintuitively, an enrichment of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the oral mucosa of HIV+patients on therapy. Using human oral tonsil cultures, we found that HIV infection causes an increase in a unique population of FOXP3+cells expressing PD-1, IFN-γ, Amphiregulin (AREG), and IL-10. These cells persisted even in the presence of the anti-retroviral drug and underwent further expansion driven by TLR-2 ligands and IL-1β. IL-1β also promoted PD-1 upregulation in AKT1 dependent manner. PD-1 stabilized FOXP3 and AREG expression in these cells through a mechanism requiring the activation of Asparaginyl Endopeptidase (AEP). Importantly, these FOXP3+cells were incapable of suppressing CD4+T cellsin vitro. Concurrently, HIV+patients harbored higher levels of PD-1, IFN-γ, Amphiregulin (AREG), and IL-10 expressing FOXP3+cells, which strongly correlated with CD4+T cell hyperactivation, suggesting an absence of CD4+T cell regulation in the oral mucosa. Taken together, this study provides insights into a novel mechanism of FOXP3+cell dysregulation and reveals a critical link in the positive feedback loop of oral mucosal immune activation events in HIV+patients on therapy.

One Sentence Summary

HIV-induced immune dysfunction in lymphoid and mucosal tissues
Increasing stimulus similarity drives nonmonotonic representational change in hippocampus
Authors: Wammes Jeffrey D. , Norman Kenneth A. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B.
Published: March 2021

Studies of hippocampal learning have obtained seemingly contradictory results, with manipulations that increase coactivation of memories sometimes leading to differentiation of these memories, but sometimes not. These results could potentially be reconciled using the nonmonotonic plasticity hypothesis, which posits that representational change (memories moving apart or together) is a U-shaped function of the coactivation of these memories during learning. Testing this hypothesis requires manipulating coactivation over a wide enough range to reveal the full U-shape. To accomplish this, we used a novel neural network image synthesis procedure to create pairs of stimuli that varied parametrically in their similarity in high-level visual regions that provide input to the hippocampus. Sequences of these pairs were shown to human participants during high-resolution fMRI. As predicted, learning changed the representations of paired images in the dentate gyrus as a U-shaped function of image similarity, with neural differentiation occurring only for moderately similar images.
Evaluation of UV-A LED technology on the reduction of spiked aflatoxin B1and aflatoxin M1in whole milk: toxicity analysis using liver hepatocellular cells
Authors: Kurup Anjali H. , Patras Ankit , Pendyala Brahmaiah , Vergne Matthew J. , Bansode Rishipal R.
Published: March 2021

The effectiveness of a UV-A light emitting diode system (LED) to reduce the concentrations of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1(AFB1, AFM1) in whole milk (WM) was investigated. Irradiation experiments were conducted using an LED system operating at 365 nm. Known concentrations of aflatoxins were spiked in WM and irradiated at quantified UV doses which was calculated based on the average volumetric intensity. LC-MS/MS product ion scans were used to identify and semi-quantify photodegraded products of AFB1and AFM1. It was observed that UV irradiation significantly reduced aflatoxins in WM, p<0.05. In comparison to control, the maximum UV-A exposure reduced AFB1and AFM1concentrations to 78.2 ± 2.36 % (at 836 mJ/cm2) and 65.7 ± 1.65% (at 857 mJ/cm2), respectively. In cell culture studies, our results demonstrated that the increase of UV-A dosage decreased the aflatoxins-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and no significant aflatoxin-induced cytotoxicity was observed at highest given UV-A irradiation of 777 (AFB1), 838 (AFM1), and 746 (total AFs) mJ/cm2. Sensory quality of product, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of UV exposed aflatoxins in WM using animal models is warranted in the future.
How do biofilms feel their environment?
Authors: Asp Merrill , Ho Thanh Minh Tri , Gopinath Arvind , Patteson Alison
Published: March 2021

The ability of bacteria to colonize and grow on different surfaces is an essential process for biofilm development and depends on complex biomechanical interactions between the biofilm and the underlying substrate. Changes in the physical properties of the underlying substrate are known to alter biofilm expansion, but the mechanisms by which biofilms sense and respond to physical features of their environment are still poorly understood. Here, we report the use of synthetic polyacrylamide hydrogels with tunable stiffness and controllable pore size to assess physical effects of the substrate on biofilm development. Using time lapse microscopy to track the growth of expandingSerratia marcescenscolonies, we find that biofilm colony growth can increase with increasing substrate stiffness on purely elastic substrates, unlike what is found on traditional agar substrates. Using traction force microscopy, we find that biofilms exert transient stresses correlated over length scales much larger than a single bacterium. Our results are consistent with a model of biofilm development in which the interplay between osmotic pressure arising from the biofilm and the poroelastic response of the underlying substrate controls biofilm growth and morphology.
Functional impact of a germline RET mutation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Berlow Noah E. , Crawford Kenneth A. , Bult Carol J. , Noakes Christopher , Sloma Ido , Rudzinski Erin R. , Keller Charles
Published: March 2021

Specific mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, a hereditary syndrome characterized by tumorigenesis in multiple glandular elements. In rare instances, MEN2A-associated germline RET mutations have also occurred with non-MEN2A associated cancers. One such germline mutant RET mutation occurred concomitantly in a young adult diagnosed with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a pediatric and young adult soft-tissue cancer with a generally poor prognosis. Although tumor tissue samples were initially unable to provide a viable cell culture for study, tumor tissues were sequenced for molecular characteristics. Through a hierarchical clustering approach, the index case sample was matched to several genetically similar cell models, which were transformed to express the same mutant RET as the index case and used to explore potential therapeutic options for mutant RET-bearing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. We also determined whether the RET mutation associated with the index case caused synthetic lethality to select clinical agents. From our investigation, we did not identify synthetic lethality associated with the expression of that patient's RET variant, and overall we did not find experimental evidence for the role of RET in rhabdomyosarcoma progression.
Postacquisition asset redeployment and marketing adaptation: a consumer perspective
Authors: Fong Cher-Min , Chang Hsing-Hua Stella
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This research examines consumer assessments of brand value derived from the redeployment of brand-related assets following a crossborder acquisition (CBA). The current study synthesizes research on international marketing standardization/adaptation to the context of crossborder horizontal acquisitions as the market entry strategy to investigate consumer evaluations of the postacquisition choice of brand name and brand positioning.

Design/methodology/approach

A pretest and two studies were conducted in Taiwan to empirically examine effects from the theory-driven model of product legitimacy (PL) on an entity's postacquisition brand value, as well as any moderating effects of consumer localism.

Findings

Postacquisition brands were evaluated more positively when positioned in a manner that was in accordance with perceived PL. Consumer localism as another contingency factor reflected consumers' favorable attitude toward marketing adaptation following CBAs.

Originality/value

This article is a pioneering work to draw on the consumer perspective to investigate asset redeployments between the acquirer and target following a crossborder horizontal acquisition. Specifically, this research introduces PL as a contingency factor to examine consumers' evaluation of brand value, which is derived from the redeployment of brand name and brand positioning in the context of a developed-country firm's acquisition of an advanced emerging-market firm for entry into the market.
Internal audit quality, punitive measures and accountability in Ugandan statutory corporations
Authors: Nalukenge Irene , Kaawaase Twaha Kigongo , Bananuka Juma , Ogwal Peter Francis
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This study aims to (1) examine the contribution of internal audit quality, punitive measures to accountability in statutory corporations in developing countries such as Uganda and (2) test whether internal audit quality mediates the relationship between punitive measures and accountability in Uganda's statutory corporations.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is cross-sectional and correlational. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted for 82 statutory corporations. The study's unit of analysis was a statutory corporation. Chief Internal Auditors and Chief Finance Officers were the study's unit of inquiry. Data were analyzed through correlation coefficients and linear regression using Statistical Package for Social Sciences.

Findings

The results suggest that internal audit quality and punitive measures independently predict accountability. However, punitive measures do not predict accountability in the presence of internal audit quality. Results further indicate that internal audit quality mediates the relationship between punitive measures and accountability in Uganda's statutory corporations.

Originality/value

This study confirms internal audit quality (a preventive measure) as a significant predictor of accountability in statutory corporations relative to punitive measures. To achieve accountability, more emphasis thus needs to be put on preventive mechanisms than on punitive mechanisms. This study also enhances our understanding of the relationship between punitive measures, internal audit quality and accountability. In this study, we arrive at new evidence on the mediating role of internal audit quality in the relationship between punitive measures and accountability in Uganda's statutory corporations.
A Healthy Retirement Program for Thai government teachers: a quasi-experimental and comparison groups study
Authors: Insin Numporn , Tanasugarn Chanuantong , Benjakul Sarunya
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Healthy Retirement Program's effectiveness toward skills improvement and evaluate changes in subjective health.

Design/methodology/approach

A quasi-experimental, pre and posttest of the comparison groups was conducted. Teachers who were going to retire within one year were recruited into the experimental (n = 47) and the comparison groups (n = 43). Questionnaires were administered at baseline, posttest and at the 6-months follow-up. An independent t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were applied to determine the differences in outcomes between groups.

Findings

The results revealed different effects regarding teachers' health status. In those who had no chronic disease, the experimental group had higher skills to understand health information at posttest and at follow-up (p = 0.036, 0.028). Skills to apply health information was also greater at follow-up (p = 0.042). Among those suffering from a chronic disease, skills to access and apply health information were significantly higher in the experimental group than that of the comparison at follow-up (p = 0.011, 0.046). Greater perceived health of the experimental group was also indicated (p = 0.032).

Originality/value

While the health conditions of teachers at the preretirement period are inconsistent, healthy lifestyle management after retirement is a crucial skill for retirement adjustment. Supporting teachers to be health literate should be included in the retirement planning program which emphasizes preretiree's ability to understand and take control of their health.
As another M&A wave begins: three keys to success
Authors: Galpin Timothy J.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

As the Covid-19 crisis recedes, struggling firms will be bought by bargain hunters and suffering industries will consolidate, giving rise to another wave of M&A transactions. But buyers beware! There is ample evidence that M&A creates significant post-deal performance issues for acquiring “buy-side” firms.

Design/methodology/approach

New research shows that effectively managing three processes of acquisitions can have an outsized beneficial impact on M&A success.

Findings

Recent research has identified three mission-critical tasks that stand out as being vital to creating M&A success: Process 1: Accurately valuing targets. Process 2: Proficiently managing post-merger integration. Process 3: Skillfully addressing the “big-three human factors” of M&A.

Practical implications

Robust talent retention and re-recruitment plans initially entail identifying key talent, defined as individuals and groups who are essential to retain and re-recruit during a transitionary period and those required for long-term value creation.

Originality/value

The articles describes best practices for post-deal M&A activities companies could perform better including operations and technology integration, communication, cultural analysis and integration, talent management and retention, senior leadership involvement and measurement and reporting.
Anisotropic diffusion filtering based on fault confidence measure and stratigraphic coherence coefficients
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Junhua , Yang Yong , Du Yushan
Published: March 2021

We develop an algorithm for seismic data filtering to preserve the boundary information of faults and other geological bodies while suppressing the noise. Based on the theory of anisotropic diffusion filtering, this method explores the relationship between eigenvalues of the structure tensor and local structural features of three‐dimensional seismic images and innovatively introduces the definition of stratigraphic coherence coefficients. Then we propose a new system to design the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor by using the fault confidence measure and stratigraphic coherence coefficients, which can control the filtering intensity of seismic data in different orientations. The value of fault confidence measure is close to 0 where there are flat continuous reflectors and the intensity of diffusion is strong. On the contrary, the diffusion is very weak within presumptive fault zones. Results of both synthetic model and real data prove that the proposed method can effectively suppress noise, preserve faults well and enhance the continuity of the reflectors, which can provide basic data with high signal‐to‐noise ratio for subsequent seismic interpretation.
Impact économique de la COVID‐19 au Cameroun: Les résultats du modèle SIR‐macro
Authors: Kemajou Njatang Donald
Published: March 2021

L'objectif de ce papier est d'analyser l'impact économique de la pandémie de COVID‐19 au Cameroun. Pour ce faire, deux extensions du modèle SIR‐macro proposé par Eichenbaum et al. (2020b) sont utilisées. La première extension inscrit le modèle SIR‐macro dans le cadre néoclassique avec concurrence monopolistique; et la deuxième, dans le cadre néokeynésien avec rigidités nominales des prix à la Calvo (1983). Contrairement aux modèles DSGE ou CGE largement utilisés jusqu'ici pour évaluer l'impact économique de la COVID‐19 dans les économies africaines, ces extensions du modèle SIR‐macro combinent le modèle d'épidémiologie SIR (Suseptibles‐Infectious‐Recovered) de McKendrick and Kermack (1927) et le modèle des Cycles Réels (RBC) afin de prendre en compte les décisions économiques des personnes non‐infectées, infectées et guéries de la maladie comme facteurs explicatifs de la propagation de la pandémie. Pour mieux apprécier l'impact de la pandémie actuelle, cette recherche explore trois scénarios. Les résultats révèlent que, quel que soit le scénario considéré, le choc de la COVID‐19 entrainera une récession de l'économie camerounaise sur deux trimestres consécutifs. Sur cette période, l'ampleur de la récession serait légèrement plus prononcée dans le modèle SIR‐macro néokeynésien que dans le modèle SIR‐macro néoclassique.
Role of Old Boys’ Networks and Regulatory Approaches in Selection Processes for Female Directors
Authors: Allemand Isabelle , Bédard Jean , Brullebaut Bénédicte , Deschênes Jérôme
Published: March 2021

This study examines the influence of directors’ and CEOs’ networks in the appointment of female directors. Building on social identity theory and social network theory, we argue that since men and women are members of different networks, recruitment practices based on networks prevent women from accessing board positions. We also examine the role of board gender diversity regulation on the influence of networks, hypothesizing that such regulations help in deinstitutionalizing ‘old boys’ networks’, based on institutional theory. Using a sample of 32,819 new board appointments in the largest listed firms of 17 European countries, the USA and Canada, we determine whether new directors are directly linked through employment, board, charities or club memberships, to the incumbent directors or the CEO. We find that the probability that the new director appointed is a woman decreases by approximately 28% when the new director is associated with one of the incumbent directors. We also find that gender diversity regulation reduces the influence of networks in the appointment of female directors. Our results provide archival evidence that board networks hinder the recruitment of female directors and that gender diversity hard and soft laws deinstitutionalize old boys’ networks.
Benefits of intraoperative cholangiogram for acute cholecystitis
Authors: Askari Alan , Riaz Amjid A. , Brittain Rory , Zhou Joel , Irwin Saskia , Talbot Michael
Published: March 2021

Background

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in general surgery. The utility of intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) and its role in reducing postoperative complications is as yet unclear. The aim of this study is to determine whether routine use of IOC in non‐elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with an improvement in outcome.

Methods

Data were prospectively collected a single dedicated tertiary referral centre. All consecutive adult patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy on a non‐elective basis over a 6‐year period from October 2008 to December 2014 were included in the study. Chi squared analysis and multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to determine the association between IOC and outcomes.

Results

A total of 676 patients underwent non‐elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy over the study period, of whom 51.6% were male and the median age was 51 years old (IQR 37–68). The majority of the study population (84.6%, n = 572/676) underwent an IOC. The overall complication rate was 8.1% (n = 55/676), this was lower in the IOC group (6.1%) compared with the non‐IOC group (19.2%, P < .001). In particular, there was a lower rate of retained stones (1.6% vs 3.8%, P < .001), bleeding (0.0% vs 2.9%, P < .001) and conversion to open surgery (0.7% vs 7.7%, P < .001). Rates of CBD injury (0.0% vs 0.3%, P = .5465) and bile leak were similar across both groups (1.9% vs 0.9%). During multivariable logistic regression analysis, the use of IOC was independently associated with a reduced chance of complications (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15‐0.50, P < .001) as well as conversion to open (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03‐0.37, P < .001).

Conclusion

In the context of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, IOC has a significant role to play. Our data show that it can reduce the likelihood of complications, retained stones and the need to convert to an open procedure. However, its routine use at present is difficult to justify given that the current study does not appear to make a difference in the most serious complications such as bile duct injury and bile leak. This study builds on previous work in justifying increased use of IOC during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
A rare subepithelial lesion in the stomach: Gastric adenomyoma
Authors: Abbasov Aykhan , Aslan Ekrem , Ekici Asiye Isin Dogan , Dolay Kemal
Published: March 2021

Gastric adenomyomas are rare benign tumours and most often localized in the gastric antrum. The tumour generally consists of glandular cells and smooth muscle bundles. The size of a gastric adenomyoma (GA) can be up to 4.5 cm and can affect patients any age of their life. In cases with GA most of the patients are asymptomatic. However, non‐specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric pain, vomiting and nausea can be seen. Differential diagnosis of GA difficult due to non‐specific radiological and endoscopic findings. Imaging techniques and endoscopic examinations can not distinguish GAs from other intramuscular lesions of the stomach. Surgical excision is used in both diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we present a 46‐year‐old male patient with long‐term dyspeptic complaints admitted to our department and diagnosed as gastric adenomyoma by performing subtotal gastrectomy.
Evaluating Baseflow Simulation in the National Water Model: A Case Study in the Northern High Plains Region, USA
Authors: Karki Ritesh , Krienert Joseph M. , Hong Minki , Steward David R.
Published: March 2021

The National Water Model (NWM) is a high‐resolution hydrological model capable of providing streamflow forecast at 2.7 million reaches across the conterminous United States (U.S.). It utilizes a conceptual (not physically explicit) module for estimating groundwater discharge (baseflow) to streams, and the baseflow module only allows for one‐way flux from the aquifer to the streams, with no interflow between surficial or groundwater catchments. This study evaluated the ability of the NWM to simulate baseflow in different geologic conditions with a case study in the Northern High Plains region. The study also evaluated two alternative formulations for the baseflow module in the NWM with the goal of improving simulated baseflow accuracy. The NWM simulated baseflow more accurately in a clayey catchment than in a sandy catchment. The model, however, over simulated baseflow during storm runoff events and under simulated during low flow events in both catchments. Analysis of groundwater recharge simulation showed that the NWM over simulated groundwater recharge for both catchment types, and reducing groundwater recharge using U.S. Geological Survey Baseflow Indexes improved the model performance for baseflow simulation, especially in the sandy catchment. Evaluation of the alteranative formulations showed that a modified Rorabaugh‐Rutledge formulation was able to improve the baseflow simulation with RMSE of 7.98 m3/s and R2 of 0.41 and also improved the timing of peak flows.
Moral hazard in teams with subjective evaluations
Authors: Cheng Chen
Published: March 2021

This article studies moral hazard in teams where workers' wages depend on two types of performance measures: objective team output and subjective evaluations. The evaluations include both self‐ and peer evaluations. I find that when evaluations become less subjective, workers' wages should be more sensitive not only to their evaluations but also to the team's output. I also show that subjective evaluations should be used in relative terms only when the degree of subjectivity is not too high. The results also associate the introduction of a budget breaker with the level of subjectivity within organizations.
Detecting Real Activities Manipulation: Beyond Performance Matching
Authors: Gilliam Thomas A.
Published: March 2021

The use of real activities manipulation (RAM) to mislead stakeholders has garnered the focus of earnings management research. A prominent feature of RAM research is its use of estimation models in conjunction with performance matching. The veracity of this research dependents on performance matching to mitigate estimation bias. This paper provides comprehensive tests of the RAM models and their performance‐matched counterparts and puts forth a set of model modifications to directly address weaknesses in the models’ specifications. In comparative tests, the performance‐matched models leave residual bias, while the modified models remove it. Similarly, in test of power, with simulated RAM, the performance‐matched models fail to detect high levels of simulation, for example, 5% of assets, while the modified models demonstrate power. These results, combined with the examination of actual and counterfactual RAM settings, call into question the use of the performance‐matched RAM models. On the other hand, the additional tests provide further evidence of the modified models’ accuracy and ability to detect RAM.
Climate Econometrics: Can the Panel Approach Account for Long‐Run Adaptation?
Authors: Mérel Pierre , Gammans Matthew
Published: March 2021

The panel approach with fixed effects and nonlinear weather effects has become a popular method to uncover weather impacts on economic outcomes, but its ability to capture long‐run climatic adaptation remains unclear. Building upon a framework proposed by McIntosh and Schlenker (2006), this paper identifies empirical conditions under which the nonlinear panel approach can approximate a long‐run response to climate. When these conditions fail, the obtained relationship may still be interpretable as a weighted average of underlying short‐run and long‐run responses. We use this decomposition to revisit recently published climate impact estimates. For spatially large panels, the estimated temperature–outcome relationship mostly reflects the long‐run climatic response; this is not so for precipitation. We find some evidence of long‐run climatic adaptation for crop yield outcomes in the United States and France.