bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness Evaluation of Optical Illusion Deceleration Markings for a V-Shaped Undersea Tunnel Based on the Set Pair Analysis Method and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Theory
Authors: Pan Fuquan , Wu Qiudie , Wang Zhaoqiang , Wang Lin , Zhang Lixia , Li Min
Published: October 2022

To improve traffic safety in undersea tunnels, the speed control effect of optical illusion deceleration markings (OIDMs) in V-shaped undersea tunnels and their applicability to drivers were explored. In this study, UC-Win/Road software was used to build a simulation scenario, and the V-shaped Jiaozhou Bay undersea tunnel in Qingdao, China, was selected as the simulated road section. Four kinds of OIDMs were selected as the research objects. According to the physiological and psychological response characteristics of drivers to the visual recognition process of OIDMs and vehicle driving parameters, three primary and six secondary evaluation indices were identified. The analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight method was applied to assign weights to each evaluation index in combination, and a comprehensive evaluation model based on the set pair analysis method and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution was constructed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the OIDMs based on the ternary coefficient and the comprehensive evaluation index. To verify the accuracy of the model, the data of the three secondary evaluation indicators with larger weight coefficients were statistically analyzed, and the results showed that the results of the statistical analysis of the data were consistent with the results of the model test. In the entrance section of the tunnel, the combination of white inverted fishbone deceleration markings and red warning pavement has the highest comprehensive evaluation index of γ A1 = 0.9611. In the downhill section of the tunnel, the white variable-spacing inverted fishbone deceleration markings have the highest comprehensive evaluation index, γ B1 = 0.9644.
Emergency Service Workers: The Role of Policy and Management in (Re)shaping Wellbeing for Emergency Service Workers
Authors: Farr-Wharton Ben , Brunetto Yvonne , Hernandez-Grande Aglae , Brown Kerry , Teo Stephen
Published: October 2022

This article examines the impact of psychosocial safety climate (PSC) levels and strength on the job stress and psychological distress of emergency services workers within street level bureaucracies (SLBs). The reason for the research is because the nature of their work and organizational context pre-disposes them to elevated level of psychological distress, and places them at a higher risk of subsequent debilitating physical and mental diseases, which is a cost borne by employees, their families, friends, SLBs, and taxpayers. Survey data was obtained from 274 emergency services workers (including police, and paramedics), nested within 43 workgroups, in Australia. Multilevel regression indicated that lower levels of PSC were associated with higher levels of job stress and psychological distress. Also, PSC strength had a partial moderating effect. The findings justify governments intervening legislatively to ensure SLBs’ take responsibility for ensuring a supportive PSC to mitigates the impact of exposure to workplace trauma.
Whiteness and Ability: Discourses in Disability History Curriculum Legislation
Authors: Mueller Carlyn O. , Beneke Margaret R.
Published: October 2022

This Policy Discourse Analysis (PDA) explores 19 state legislative documents focused on the teaching of disability history in K-12 schools. Framed through critical perspectives on constructions of disability and race, alongside discourse theory, we iteratively analyzed these legislative documents to understand (a) how disability and disability history are constructed (particularly in relation to whiteness); and (b) the stated purpose of the legislation and who is meant to benefit materially as a result of the laws. We find the legislation upholds dominant notions of whiteness and ability as part of school curriculum, while simultaneously constructing disability history as in the past and disability justice as already achieved, centering the learning and awareness of white, nondisabled students. We offer discussion and implications for research and practice surrounding policy implementation of teaching disability history.
Modeling and design optimization of master manipulator for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Chao Gao , Bo Pan , Guojun Niu , Yili Fu
Published: October 2022

In the minimally invasive surgical robot system, the surgeon controls the movement of instruments with master manipulators, which is a typical physical human-robot interaction system. In this paper, the surgeon is fully taken into consideration for structural design optimization. The kinematics model of the surgeon’s arm was established to describe the irregular shape of surgeon’s operation space; The surgeon console model was established to describe the relative position between the master manipulators and the surgeon’s arm. To make master manipulator could behavior great dexterity in surgery, the dexterity index of surgeon operation space was proposed. Combined with the minimum gravity torque index and the redundancy index, this multi-objective optimization problem was solved by Salp Swarm optimization algorithm. Compared with the pre-optimization master manipulator, the performances of the optimized manipulator are overall improved by 10.3%, 23.0%, and 41.2% respectively in animal experiment.
Therapeutic role of nitroglycerin against copper-nitrilotriacetate induced hepatic and renal damage
Authors: Ahmed Ayesha Rahman , Vun-Sang Senty , Iqbal Mohammad
Published: October 2022

Earlier we have shown that exposure to copper-nitrilotriacetate (Cu-NTA) manifests toxicity by generating oxidative stress and potent induction of proliferative reaction in the liver and kidney. In the study, we look at the impact of nitroglycerin (GTN) administration on Cu-NTA-induced oxidative stress and hyperproliferative response in the liver and kidney. GTN administration intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats after Cu-NTA administration intraperitoneally caused substantial protection against Cu-NTA-induced tissue injury, oxidative stress and hyperproliferative response. Cu-NTA administration at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg body weight produces significant ( p < .001) elevation in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CREA) with a concomitant increase in microsomal lipid peroxidation. Along with these alterations, we discovered a substantial increment in [3H]thymidine incorporation into hepatic and renal DNA synthesis ( p < .001). Cu-NTA-induced tissue damage and lipid peroxidation in hepatic and renal tissues were inhibited by GTN treatment in a dose-dependent manner ( p < .05–0.001). Furthermore, GTN can suppress the hyperproliferative response elicited by Cu-NTA by down-regulating the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into hepatic and renal DNA ( p < .01–0.001). Protective effect of GTN against Cu-NTA was also confirmed by histopathological changes in liver and kidney. This result suggests that GTN may serve as a scavenger for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces toxic metabolites of Cu-NTA, thereby avoiding tissue injury and oxidative stress. Further, administration of NO inhibitor, NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), exacerbated Cu-NTA induced oxidative tissue damage and cell proliferation. Overall, GTN reduces Cu-NTA-induced tissue damage, oxidative stress, and proliferative response in the rat liver and kidney, according to these findings. On the basis of the above results, present study suggests that GTN may be a potential therapeutic agent for restoration of oxidative damage and proliferation to liver and kidney.
U-KIM-1 as a predictor of treatment response in lupus nephritis
Authors: Nozaki Yuji , Shiga Toshihiko , Ashida Chisato , Tomita Daisuke , Itami Tetsu , Kishimoto Kazuya , Kinoshita Koji , Matsumura Itaru
Published: October 2022

Objective

Biomarkers of disease activity in lupus nephritis (LN) are in demand. This is because they may be useful in patients who are unable to undergo invasive kidney biopsy, as predictors of renal function, and for early detection of LN recurrence. The focus is on the measurement of urinary chemokines and cytokines, especially in urinary biomarkers, which are non-invasive and simple. In our previous report, we reported that kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is expressed in injured tubules and that the number of tubular-KIM-expressing positive cells correlates with renal pathology findings and also with urinary (u)-KIM-1 levels. However, there have been no reports examining the effect of u-KIM-1 levels on response to therapy, correlation with renal pathology, and usefulness as a predictor of renal function.

Methods

U-KIM-1 levels were measured by ELISA in 61 SLE patients. In 38 active LN who underwent renal biopsy, we also examined whether u-KIM-1 levels affected LN disease activity, renal histological findings, and predictors of renal function.

Results

In SLE patients, proteinuria and u-KIM-1 levels were elevated in active LN compared to inactive LN. U-KIM-1 and proteinuria decreased with intensified treatment. U-KIM-1 levels also correlated with the percentage of glomerular crescent formation in renal pathology. In addition, patients with higher baseline u-KIM-1 levels had significantly higher eGFR and lower LN disease activity at 12 months after treatment intensification.

Conclusions

These data suggest that u-KIM-1 levels correlate with LN disease activity and renal histopathology findings and may be used as a predictor of treatment response.
Is Digital Visual Isomorphism Inevitable in Successful Companies? A Comparison of the Colours Used on Global Companies’ Websites
Authors: Aytar Oğuzhan
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a corporate similarity between the colours used in the website design of global companies, which are at the top of the world arena, where technology carries businesses to a different dimension. In this context, the corporate websites of the companies in the Fortune Global 500 list were examined. According to the results of the study, there is no differentiation among the colour preferences reflected in the virtual environment of the companies examined within the scope of the sample. The colour preferences used by the world’s most valuable companies in the virtual environment are similar; the colours these companies use most intensely are blue, white, grey and black. It is possible to evaluate this similarity within the scope of normative isomorphism in terms of the reflections of globalization and universal culture.
Cyclical and Non-Cyclical Industry Stock Price Reaction towards Movement Control Order (MCO), Economic Stimulus Package and Vaccine Agreement Announcements: The Case of Covid-19
Authors: Ishak Norhamiza , Shahar Hanita Kadir , Mohd Kamarun Nisham Taufil , Japang Minah , Jamil Nazarina , Char Abdul Kamal
Published: October 2022

This study carries out empirical analyses using a market-model event study from 26 March 2020 to 20 November 2020. There are three major events highlighted in this article that explain the cyclical and noncyclical stock performance during the COVID-19 outbreak: (a) the implementation of the nationwide Movement control order series (MCOs); (b) the announcement of the economic stimulus package; and (c) the signing of the vaccine agreements. Empirical results are summarized into three main insights: (a) the 10-day event window (CAR −9,0), which entailed the first MCO, was marked by the closure of both public and private non-essential entities, further suspension of events and recreational activities, which negatively affected nationwide economics activities; (b) the 3-day event window (CAR −1,1), which entailed the announcement of the economic stimulus package, resulted in most industries reacting with positive returns except for the oil equipment and services industry; and (c) event window day-293 (CAR +131, +161), which entailed the announcement of the distribution and implementation of COVID-19 vaccines, whereby industries related to the healthcare segments such as equipment and services (+0.0694) and pharmaceuticals and biotechnology (+0.0671) showed positively significant returns at least at the 10% level. Finally, future research could enlighten ownership patterns in Malaysia due to Malaysian companies exhibiting a concentrated ownership structure.
Extraction and Analysis of High Impact Attacks for Insights in Global Terrorism
Authors: Singh Prabal Pratap , Philip Deepu
Published: October 2022

Terrorism adversely impacts the investment decisions of multinational enterprises. This research proposes the iterative outlier analysis heuristic capable of utilizing a univariate attribute to extract high impact attacks (HIA) from a comprehensive and actively maintained global terrorism database (GTD). The two different univariate attributes used for HIA extraction were nkill (pure GTD univariate attribute) and global terrorism impact score (GTI-IS) (a derived composite attribute). Calendar year extraction of HIAs returns local point outliers, whereas taking whole dataset at once provides global point outliers. The nkill-based extraction resulted in 5 and 14 times more exclusive HIAs than GTI-IS in local and global point analysis, thereby establishing its superiority. Further, correspondence analysis using extracted HIAs demonstrated the affinity towards explosives in the Middle East & North Africa region, with Military and Business as preferred targets. Also, HIAs facilitated the geospatial visualization of terrorism hotbeds. Eliciting location-specific relationships from HIAs on weapon type and target type can assist in formulating better counterterrorism strategies. This study scrutinized the averaging out evaluation methodology of GTI ranking based on GTI-IS score. By equalizing terrorist attacks of distinct outcomes using an average score can induce bias among business decision-makers interested in a particular nation.
Me and My VE 2022: Human Factors Applications Using Virtual Reality, Mixed Reality, and Virtual Environments
Authors: Spain Randall , Bailey Shannon K.T. , Goldberg Benjamin , Sail Robert , Carmody Kendall , Ficke Cherrise , Bayro Allison , Jeong Heejin , Kim Jihoon , Hong Yeo W. , Figueroa-Jacinto Rosemarie , Pugh Zachary , Mayhorn Chris , Gluck Aaron , Sarah Beadle LT , Bond Amanda
Published: October 2022

This abstract is a companion piece to the ninth iteration of the “Me and My VE” interactive session. The purpose of this alternative format session is to allow human factors researchers to demonstrate how they use virtual reality, mixed reality, and virtual environments to support end-user research. The session begins with each presenter providing a brief introduction of their virtual reality, mixed reality, or virtual environment application. After this introduction, attendees engage with the presenters and their virtual environments in an interactive demonstration period. This year’s demonstrations include applications ranging from designing virtual environments for accessibility to using virtual and extended reality to support medical and aviation training, content validation, and human-computer interaction studies. The goal of the session is to allow attendees to experience how human factors professionals use virtual environments to support human factors-oriented research and to learn about the exciting work being conducted in this field.
Safety Frameworks for Emerging Technologies
Authors: Boring Ronald L. , Neville Kelly , Spielman Zachary A. , Kelley Devon B. , Gawron Valerie J.
Published: October 2022

New and advancing technologies bring capabilities to current systems and tools expected to improve safety, efficiency, or impact within their respective domain. To ensure such emerging technologies are implemented as to not negatively disrupt a system but empower it, the new design is analyzed using any variety of methods. Unfortunately, most process industry and transportation accidents have a human error component, despite methods to predict when errors will occur based on the technology design. The prospect of anticipating human error traps becomes even more challenging for emerging technologies when implemented in a hybrid or mixed-generation system. Since human error remains a threat to system safety, this panel was convened to review existing and planned safety frameworks to evaluate the impact emergent technologies have on human behavior. Of special interest are techniques that predict when technology will lead to degraded human behavior leading to error (including vigilance decrement, poor failure detection, a lack of currency, automation complacency, etc.). Safety frameworks that can anticipate system states and provide robust, resilient human-system responses to novel situations are an essential part of future system design.
Application of Naturalistic Decision Making to Studying and Supporting Patient Work
Authors: Lerner Papautsky Elizabeth , Klein Gary , Militello Laura G. , Holden Richard
Published: October 2022

In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the active role of patients in healthcare, highlighting the need to support patient work by designing systems, processes, and communications that are patient-centered. Patients are called upon to make consequential decisions based on complex cognitive and perceptual cues. Some patients may even possess deep knowledge about their condition and its management. However, there is little research applying naturalistic decision making (NDM) to study patient cognition and decision making. This application may have the potential to help understand and support patients to more effectively manage their health, wellness, and safety. In this panel, we address the relevance and applicability of NDM in terms of theory, terminology, and methods to the design of patient-centered solutions.
Human As Automation Failsafe: Concept, Implications, Guidelines and Innovations
Authors: Miller Christopher , Shively Jay , Brandt Summer , Wauck Helen , Sarathy Vasanth , Freedman Richard
Published: October 2022

Humans are frequently left to “backstop” automated systems, and Human Factors specialists have argued against this for decades with, at best, partial success. What if we took a different tack… and designed to support it? The participants were involved in a recent effort to review and document cases across multiple domains where operators acted as a “failsafe” for automation, intervening in unanticipated situations to maximize success and minimize damage. We defined a “Human As Failsafe” (HAF) incident and then investigated conditions and practices making HAF success more or less likely. Analyzing these historical incidents, we suggested remediation approaches. The project also examined the legal concept of culpability (i.e., when intervention should have happened but didn’t) and proposed a state-machine-based analytic simulation to identify when HAF interventions are plausible. The panel objective will be to briefly present these concepts, but more generally to discuss designing for inevitable HAF events.
Developing the Human Factors/Ergonomics Discipline to Support Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
Authors: Wooldridge Abigail R. , Grant Courtney , Widdowson Amanda , Rogers Courtney C. , Figueroa Jacinto Rosemarie
Published: October 2022

Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) is recognized as crucial to addressing societal challenges that are systemic in nature, including issues of diversity, equity and inclusion. The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors (CIEHF) recently issued a guidance outlining how HFE can help address DEI issues, in line with the Annual Meeting activities organized by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) Diversity and Inclusion Committee since 2016. This panel brings together the author of the CIEHF report, a former President of CIEHF and two HFES members to discuss DEI issues in HFE science HFE. The goal of this session is to identify needs and opportunities within HF/E to directly support DEI initiatives and approaches, both within and external to our disciplinary societies. This is an interactive session between the attendees guided by the panelists.
Recruitment, Admissions, Hiring, Retention, and Promotion: Mechanisms of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion (DEI) and Belonging in Higher Education
Authors: Chiou Erin K. , Holden Richard J. , Ghosh Sourojit , Flores Yuliana , Roscoe Rod D.
Published: October 2022

This panel session is for anyone in human factors and ergonomics (HFE) or related disciplines interested in recruiting, hiring, admitting, retaining, and promoting people within organizations from the perspective of pursuing authentic diversity. Applicants and hiring managers may also gain insight on what makes a meaningful diversity statement, a trending requirement in many degree programs and job applications. Although the panelists featured are from higher education, we welcome hearing from audience members in other industries (e.g., corporate, military, and consulting). Panelists will focus on our experiences crafting admissions or hiring criteria, recruiting and retaining Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) members, and evaluating the contributions of people in our field that go beyond the traditional bounds of science and engineering yet are central to the future of our profession. The goal of this panel is to foster community and discussion across people and organizations working to improve diversity, equity, inclusion, (DEI) and belonging in HFE.
So, You Want to be a Manager? How to Know When and if to Make the Move
Authors: Harper Christy , Edwards Rochelle , Nery Angie , Sheik-Nainar Mohamed , Maguire Amrita S
Published: October 2022

As your career develops and changes, you will encounter many challenging decisions to make. Are you debating whether you are ready to move from practitioner to manager? Does it feel like a management position is the only way to grow? In this panel we will share our perspectives on timing, skills, challenges and rewards. While sharing insights from our varied experiences, we will facilitate a discussion with the audience via Sli.do. For students we hope to give insight into the world of industry and for the practitioner, we aim to provide real-world experiences and relevant insights for career growth.
Maximizing Research Impact: A Panel Discussion On Method Selection for Non-Research Stakeholders
Authors: Scholcover Federico , Blumberg Eric , Furlough Caleb , Stokes Thomas A. , Whitmer Daphne E. , Zielinska Olga
Published: October 2022

One rarely discussed consideration in method selection is how non-research stakeholders may view the outcomes in light of the selected method. In an applied context, these stakeholders may be the primary decision makers. Thus, it is important to maximize the impact research has on these stakeholders. HF/E researchers should understand their stakeholder’s background and preconceptions, as these affect how the stakeholder consumes research; They may view certain methods as more or less impactful, regardless of validity. This is a sometimes overlooked consideration for HF/E researchers when designing their studies. This panel, drawn from a diverse background, will discuss their experience in accommodating and/or integrating stakeholder perspectives into their research design. Audience members will be given the opportunity to ask panelists questions during the latter portion of the panel.
Bring Your Whole Self to Work: Conversations with Affinity Group Leaders
Authors: Hughes Ashley M. , Bruni Sylvain , Malone Gwen , Trippe Jules , Barton Hanna , Jacinto Rosemarie Figueroa , Harper Christy
Published: October 2022

The objective of this panel is to open a dialog between the general HFES membership and the HFES Coallition of Affinity Groups (COAG). COAG members will describe the foundation, actions and goals of HFES Affinity Groups and answer questions from attendees. The panel will start by Dr. Ashley Hughes and Sylvain Bruni briefly giving an overview and the purpose for this discussion panel. The panelists will then provide their views and experiences regarding this topic. Gwen Malone will discuss how she leads and envisions the future of the Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) group. Dr. Rose Figueroa will share about the formation of the newest Affinity Group, Disability and Chronic Illness (DCI) group. Dr. Jules Trippe and Hanna Barton will discuss their approach in building the LGBTQ+ community and group and Christy Harper will discuss leadership within the HF/E’s Women’s Organization for Mentoring And Networking (WOMAN). The specific theme of this discussion panel is focused on how we can engage members while promoting intersectional inclusivity.

Discussion time: 90 minutes.
Assessing Intracranial Pressure Visualizations Displayed on ICU Bedside Physiologic Monitors
Authors: Üreten Ece , Schaef Kathleen , McCredie Victoria , Burns Catherine
Published: October 2022

Neurocritical care is considered a complex socio-technical environment where clinicians deal with large amounts of data and need to make timely decisions to provide optimal care for patients, improve outcomes, and reduce mortality. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is one of the key physiologic indicators clinicians track to minimize the risk of secondary brain injury. The understanding and teaching of pathophysiologic ICP trends is perceived as challenging to both novice and advanced clinicians. We propose new ICP visualizations with the goal of facilitating a better understanding of ICP concepts on bedside physiologic monitors to support complex decision-making. We have conducted interviews with clinicians to receive feedback on preliminary designs. Interviews revealed that the staff physician appreciated visualizations with more depth and with calculated parameters to describe the raw data. Contrarily, the trainees and nurses saw the most value in visualizations that were less abstract and easier to interpret.
Using Speech Act Theory to Apply Automated Communications Analysis to Distributed Sensemaking
Authors: Baber Chris , Leggett Andrew , Attfield Simon , Elliott Emmeline
Published: October 2022

In this paper, computational linguistics is applied to define and capture Speech Acts in distributed sensemaking in a military map-exercise. The exercise was performed by teams of three participants playing the role of Company Commanders (assisted by a team of confederates) using either text-only or a combination of voice and text communications, using either basic or elaborated reporting formats. Analysis of communications was performed in terms of network structure (i.e., who spoke with whom), topics (derived, using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, from all communications and from the speech of the Commanders), and speech acts reveals differences between conditions. It is proposed that the ‘topics’ uncovered through the analysis is analogous with the ‘frame’ in Data-Frame Model of sensemaking. In this way, it is possible to identify how frames are introduced, questioned and elaborated during communications in a team-based Command and Control exercise. Further, analyzing speech acts for different topics and under different conditions showed how different communication media or report formats can help or hinder team activity. It is proposed that such analysis could be viable for monitoring and supporting team communications, particularly during training exercises, but potentially as a route to providing automated decision and sensemaking support to teams.
Comparing the Emotional and Cognitive Components of Initial Trust Formation in Air Traffic Controller-Autonomy Teams
Authors: Pushparaj Kiranraj , Alam Sameer , Vijayaragavan Vimalan , Gulyás Balázs , Duong Vu N.
Published: October 2022

The use of intelligent decision aids in Air Traffic Management is recommended to manage the exponential rise in global air traffic. Consequently, trust, which is one of the main drivers of how Air Traffic Controllers use such decision aids, has become an important area of research. It has been suggested that there is a strong emotional influence in the formation of Human-Human Trust, and it is unclear if this paradigm is valid for Human-Autonomy Trust. The extent of the cognitive and emotional components in the initial trust relationship between Air Traffic Controllers and a simulated conflict detection autonomous decision aid was examined with the use of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The results confirmed that the emotional component showed higher activation than the cognitive component for the initial formation of trust between Air Traffic Controllers and autonomous decision aids.
“What an Emotionless Robot!”: Visuomotor Priming from Video Stimuli Influences Emotion Recognition
Authors: Finkbeiner Kristin M. , Helton William S.
Published: October 2022

Viewing people and other animals elicits social and emotional processes. Similarly, robots are sometimes seen as social agents, but limited emotion-priming research for robots exists. Fifty-nine participants completed three sessions of an emotion recognition task, primed with a dog, robot or random motion (control) video. There was no significant effect from exposure to dog videos (or control) on emotional recognition; however, participants performed significantly worse following robot exposure. A follow-up study of 184 participants) included new videos of all stimuli. Similarly, no significant effects occurred after dog exposure, but robot priming decreased performance. Robot priming appears to worsen emotion recognition, which is interesting. This may be due to motor resonance priming - mimicking observed behavior and actions - or due to pre-existing stereotypes of robots and perceived experimental demands. Further studies should include controlled variations of all videos and live interactions to compare priming effects on emotion recognition.
The Effect of Presence of Blood on Medical Laypeople’s Ability to Perform First Aid for Massive Bleeding
Authors: Brodin Wilhelm , Friberg Marc , Jonson Carl-Oscar , Prytz Erik
Published: October 2022

There are currently several educational initiatives to teach first aid courses for medical laypeople, such as the Stop the Bleed campaign. Although much research on educational initiatives has been conducted, there are still factors that remain unexplored, such as the potential effects of blood itself on laypeople’s first aid performance and educational experience. This study investigates such potential effects for performance of the first aid techniques tourniquet application and wound packing, in relation to individual differences in disgust sensitivity and medical fear of blood. The results show that the presence of blood will increase the time a medical layperson takes to apply a tourniquet and pack a wound but does not affect the quality of the aid. Additionally, the disgust sensitivity of the medical layperson was found to predict an increase in application time for the wound packing task, but not the tourniquet application task, when blood was present.
Empathy from Afar? Towards Empathy for Future Maritime Designers and Remote Operators
Authors: Mallam¹ Steven C. , Nordby² Kjetil , van de Merwe¹ Koen , Veitch Erik , Nazir¹ Salman , Veitch Brian
Published: October 2022

Having empathy and being able to empathize refer to the ability to understand, view or feel the experiences and perspectives of others. In a work context, the ability of different actors to empathize with others can have positive effects in the design, organization and operations of complex systems. This article explores the value of empathy within safety-critical work systems and discusses the role of empathy as an entry point for user-centred approaches. We use the maritime domain to illustrate why developing empathic skills and knowledge has relevance and added-value for (1) maritime design and designers, and (2) future remote maritime operations and operators of unmanned vessels. We detail our emerging approaches and methods for developing empathy as a tool to enhance interdisciplinary understanding and knowledge sharing with the overall goal of improving Human Factors utilization in applied work contexts.
An Adaptive Virtual Reality-Based Training System for Pilots
Authors: Iván Aguilar Reyes César , Wozniak David , Ham Angel , Zahabi Maryam
Published: October 2022

The successful operation of military aviation depends on effective pilot training. Current training capabilities of the United States Air Force might not be sufficient to meet the demand for new pilots. To help resolve this issue, this implementation study focused on developing an adaptive virtual reality (VR)-based training system for pilots. This prototype was built leveraging the three fundamental components for an adaptive training system including the trainee’s performance measures, adaptive logic, and adaptive variables. The prototype was based on the startup procedure for an F-16 cockpit and included adaptive feedback, display features, and various difficulty levels to help trainees maintain an optimal level of cognitive workload while completing their training. Implementation of adaptive VR training on a wide scale has the potential to reduce training time and cost. Future work is needed to validate the effectiveness of the approach. This prototype can assist in developing future adaptive VR-training systems.
Trust towards Human vs. Automated Agents: Using a Multidimensional Trust Questionnaire to Assess The Role of Performance, Utility, Purpose, and Transparency
Authors: Roesler* Eileen , Rieger* Tobias , Manzey Dietrich
Published: October 2022

In various domains, humans are supported by automated systems. Earlier research has suggested that trust in automated agents differs from trust in other humans. The present studies aimed at taking a multi-dimensional look at effects on trust towards automation and humans. To this end, we conducted two studies to empirically validate a multi-dimensional trust questionnaire to assess performance, utility, purpose, and transparency subdimensions of trust (Study 1, N = 160) and to study experimental effects of support agent (i.e., human vs. decision support system) and failure experience (i.e., none vs. one; Study 2, N = 181). The expected factor structure was confirmed. Moreover, the results showed that being supported by a human mostly impacted the performance subscale. In sum, the findings illustrate the importance to study trust not only uni-dimensionally but to consider different subdimensions, particularly as a single-item trust measurement was mostly correlated to performance and utility subscales.
Measuring Adaptive Team Coordination in an Enroute Care Training Scenario
Authors: Grimm David A.P. , Gorman Jamie C. , Robinson Eric , Winner Jennifer
Published: October 2022

Teams must adapt and coordinate in high-stress environments in response to challenging situations. Communication is vital to coordination and can provide insights into effective team adaptation. We analyzed communication speaker data, consisting of a physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist, from a critical care simulation. We analyzed speaker flow data and quantified continuous reorganization of team communication states using entropy, which measures variety, and determinism, which measures repeatability of patterns. Using Ashby’s law of requisite variety, we hypothesized that higher performance would be correlated with greater variety: higher entropy and lower determinism. We further hypothesized that relationships would be stronger during times containing perturbations than during times without perturbations. Results supported the first hypothesis, effectiveness was correlated with greater communication variety. The correlation was numerically larger for perturbation segments, but the difference from non-perturbation segments was not statistically significant. We discuss potential applications and implications for dynamic measures of team effectiveness.
Modeling Task Time Duration Using the Hunter Dynamic Human Reliability Analysis FrameworK
Authors: Boring Ronald L. , Ulrich Thomas A. , Park Jooyoung , Ahn Jeeyea , Lew Roger
Published: October 2022

The Human Unimodel for Nuclear Technology to Enhance Reliability (HUNTER) is simulation software for modeling the human portion of risk. HUNTER is built on a framework that separately models individual, task, and environmental factors. As a dynamic human reliability analysis (HRA) method, it affords advantages over traditional static or worksheet-based HRA approaches, such as the ability to model what-if scenarios and produce outputs beyond human error probabilities. In this paper, a validation was conducted of HUNTER task time estimates vs. empirical data collected for a steam generator tube rupture scenario. The HUNTER model produced using GOMS-HRA task-level primitives yielded timing results very closely aligned to empirical reference data for base and complex conditions, suggesting the tool holds promise for HRA requiring time estimation.
Designing Feedback Visualizations for Anti-Hypertensive Medication Adherence for Older Adults
Authors: Nie Qiong , Morrow Daniel G. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: October 2022

Adhering to anti-hypertensive medications contributes to control of blood pressure and improved health outcomes. However, adherence rates among older adults are low. Patient monitoring of medication taking helps increase adherence and technology has great potential to support self-monitoring, in part by providing visual feedback about medication taking performance. However, little attention has been paid to designing feedback visualizations in medication-monitoring technology for older adults. In this research, we explored guidelines for designing understandable and effective adherence visualizations for older adults from existing theories and literature. With the guidelines in mind, we designed, refined, and evaluated visualizations that provided adherence feedback for a digital health system with 17 older participants, focusing on measures of comprehension, perceived effectiveness, and preferences. Based on theory and evidence, we identified design guidelines for feedback visualizations. These guidelines can support design of useful feedback visualizations that may improve medication adherence among older adults.
Systematic Approach for Comparing Team-based Care Processes
Authors: Hose Bat-Zion , Conn Busch Julian , Lane-Fall Meghan , Bass Ellen J.
Published: October 2022

Team-based care process modeling techniques have focused on understanding and designing solutions for a single site. Less is known about tailoring an effective team-based care process from one site to another, which is necessary for multi-site implementation efforts. We propose an approach for analyzing and comparing a team-based care process performed at two sites to inform redesign opportunities. Our approach includes abstracting the goals and strategies of each process by identifying whether sociotechnical system element differences exist. Element differences may exist for the phase, tasks, roles, information, and technology and tools. Differences in system elements may still support process goals and strategies and, thus, be irrelevant for redesign opportunities. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using an operating room to intensive care unit handoff protocol. This approach should be useful for researchers and practitioners that are tailoring and implementing a successful team-based care process at more than one site.
Monitoring driver stress during highway driving using wearable bio-signal sensors
Authors: Song Donghyun , Kim Eunjee , Kwon Yujin , Yoon Woojin , Lee Yoseob , Lee Baekhee , Shin Gwanseob
Published: October 2022

Various functions for improving automobile seat comfort have been developed to reduce driver stress. However, how drivers respond to the seat comfort functions in real driving has not yet been studied. This experiment evaluated the effect of a seat air-conditioning system (ACS) on driver stress by tracking changes in various bio-signals during 60-min highway driving. Heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance, and respiration rates were quantified using non-invasive sensors from 13 drivers while varying the seat ACS condition in hot weather. Study results show that the high-frequency power of the heart rate variability, mean skin conductance level, and mean respiration rate detected the changes in the seat ACS over 60%, implying the possibility of seat comfort monitoring using the bio-signals. Further research should be conducted with various environmental or driver conditions to improve detection performance.
Identification and orientation patterns relative to the type of information provided, and the accuracy of alerts: an operational use case with infantry ground military operators
Authors: Oron-Gilad Tal , Parmet Yisrael
Published: October 2022

With the increased use of unmanned aerial and ground systems in the military environment, the question of what information to distribute to ground military operators arises. Generally, ground operators prefer ground views over aerial ones. Aerial views can generate broader understanding of the environment and increase comprehension of the situation but, also, cause overload and confusion. Alert systems can push information to operators to increase attending to critical events. But alerts are not perfect; accuracy depends on the rate of misses and false alerts of irrelevant events. In an experimental setup, we examined how information sources (with or without aerial view) and alert accuracy interact to affect ground operators’ performance in an Intelligence gathering identification and orientation mission. We collected performance, subjective and eye-tracking data and present here the ground operators’ sensitivity and response bias using signal detection theory (SDT) measures. Participants performed better with ground views, and we report an interaction between the presence of aerial view and the accuracy of the alerting system for the orientation task. Participants benefited more from alerts with ground views alone.
Methodology to Assess Individual Shooting Skills that is Predictive of Squad Level Performance in a Close Combat Training Engagement
Authors: Brown Stephanie A. T. , Christopher John J. , Villa Jose D. , Goodenough Richard R. , Hancock Clifford L. , O’Donovan Meghan , Mitchell K. Blake
Published: October 2022

Marksmanship, a critical aspect of military lethality training and readiness, is one area of military assessment that includes standardized quantifiable measures. However, assessment of marksmanship in a traditional live-fire setting can be costly, time consuming, and dangerous, while frequently only providing rudimentary objective measures of performance. Additionally, traditional methods of assessing individual marksmanship skills have never been associated with squad level performance in a close combat environment. This research created a comprehensive marksmanship assessment methodology which builds on earlier static and dynamic methodologies. Previous methodology metrics were integrated and additional pertinent aspects of active decision making and lethality were incorporated (i.e., detection, recognition, and identification or target discrimination) while minimizing execution time and employing a mobile, low-cost weapon simulator. This methodology provides streamlined metrics on the entire marksmanship process across two critical shooting styles, and can predict performance in squad level close combat training environments.
Does My Driver Share My Moral View? Effects of Humanlikeness and Morality in an Adapted Trolley Problem
Authors: Atchley Andrew , Barr Hannah M. , O’Hear Emily H. , Gray Carly E. , Chesser Amber F. , Jones Nicholaos , Tenhundfeld Nathan L.
Published: October 2022

As autonomous systems become responsible for more complex decisions, it is crucial to consider how these systems will respond in situations wherein they must make potentially controversial decisions without input from users. While previous literature has suggested that users prefer machinelike systems that act to promote the greater good, little research has focused on how the humanlikeness of an agent influences how moral decisions are perceived. We ran two online studies where participants and an automated agent made a decision in an adapted trolley problem. Our results conflicted with previous literature as they did not support the idea that humanlike agents are trusted in a manner analogous to humans in moral dilemmas. Conversely, our study did support the importance for trust of shared moral view between users and systems. Further investigation is necessary to clarify how humanlikeness and moral view interact to form impressions of trust in a system.
Reflecting on Hybrid Learning in Studio-based Courses: Complications and Effectiveness during the Pandemic and Beyond
Authors: Ghosh Sourojit , Coppola Sarah
Published: October 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in courses transitioning to fully remote learning, or considering hybrid models. Such models demonstrated great potential, making an argument for consideration even beyond the pandemic. In this paper, co-instructors of a synchronous hybrid design studio course present their experience of such a course and recommendations for future synchronous hybrid design studio courses. Through instructor reflections and student surveys/interviews, we present successes and failures of several aspects of the course, such as pre-recorded content, technology and software usage, groupwork, and project activities.
Dynamic nature of procrastination in the online learning environment
Authors: Sun Tianchen , Tjuandi Glenndi , Kim Ji-Eun
Published: October 2022

Procrastination has chronically affected college students for decades. While some researchers have considered procrastination to be an individual trait, others have suggested that procrastination has a dynamic nature over time in face-to-face classrooms. However, whether changes in procrastination over time can be found in the online learning environment remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the dynamic nature of students’ procrastination by comparing procrastination in the online learning environment during the first and second halves of an academic quarter. A deadline rush model is adopted to compute students’ procrastination across the quarter based on their online webpage activity. The results show that the students experienced greater procrastination in the second half of the quarter than in the first half of the quarter. Our findings highlight the importance of the time variable in research on students’ procrastination.
The Effectiveness of Gaze Guidance Lines in supporting JTAC’s Attention Allocation
Authors: Mifsud Domenick , Wickens Chris , Maulbeck Michael , Crane Peter , Ortega Francisco R.
Published: October 2022

We examined the utility of gaze guidance lines to facilitate the direction of attention between features on a minimap and their counterparts in a virtually rendered visual scene (Experiment 1) and between described features in the visual scene and their location on the minimap (Experiment 2); the experiment was designed to simulate a critical element of scene understanding for joint tactical attack controller (JTAC) communications with an attack pilot. In each experiment participants encountered 40 scenarios, half supported by a gaze guidance line and half without. The results of both experiments yielded a large and significant benefit of the gaze guidance line over the control condition, expressed in both speed and accuracy. The results of Experiment 2 however revealed some evidence that the gaze guidance lines led to an automation bias when the automation algorithm, creating the lines, misidentified a landmark in the visual scene.