bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Zircaloy-4 PWR Fuel Cladding with Burnup 54-64MWd/kgU and Implications for RIA Behavior
Authors: Desquines J , Cazalis B , Bernaudat C , Poussard C , Averty X , Yvon P
Published: August 2005

The PROMETRA material testing program is a support program related to the study of high burnup fuel rod behavior under Reactivity Initiated Accidents (RIA) and to the interpretation of the CABRI REP-Na RIA test results. Hoop and axial tensile tests have been performed on fresh and irradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding alloy first at CEA Grenoble hot labs and now at CEA Saclay in order to assess the cladding mechanical behavior during RIA transients. Efforts have been continuously carried out in order to improve the prototipicallity of the tests for RIA studies involving new specimens and new testing techniques. The corrosion level of irradiated specimens reached up to 130 μm of oxide layer thickness. The influence of in-pile oxide layer spallation has also been addressed. High strain-rate material properties of irradiated Zircaloy-4 and the consequences of hydride embrittlement can be derived from the PROMETRA program.
Microstructure and Phase Control in Zr-Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects
Authors: Barberis P , Dupin N , Lemaignan C , Pasturel A , Grange JM
Published: August 2005

TEM investigations in Zr-Fe and Zr-Fe-Ni, Zr-Ni-Cr and Zr-Cr-Fe systems were performed to assess the second particles present in these alloys, either in quasi equilibrium conditions, or after quenching and annealing experiments.

At equilibrium, Zr3Fe was found to dissolve Ni up to 12 at%. Ab initio computations provided formation enthalpies for several Zr-Fe compounds and showed that the Zr2Fe is metastable at low temperature. All of these data allowed us to extend the thermodynamic database ZIRCOBASE; very good agreement between the thermodynamic computations and the experimental evidences was obtained.

Quenching and annealing experiments showed that Zr2Fe is formed for low quenching rates, while Zr3Fe is formed for higher quenching rates.

Last, corrosion results in various conditions show that the influence of second phase particles volume fraction depends on the corroding atmosphere.
Creation of Oxidized Zirconium Orthopaedic Implants
Authors: Hunter G , Dickinson J , Herb B , Graham R
Published: August 2005

More demanding performance expectations for total joint arthroplasty are driving the development of alternative bearing materials. Oxidized zirconium was developed as an alternative to cobalt-chromium alloy for knee and hip femoral components in order to reduce wear of the polyethylene counterface and to address the needs of metal-sensitive patients. Oxidation in high temperature air transforms the metallic Zr-2.5Nb alloy surface into a stable, durable, low-friction oxide ceramic without creating the risk for brittle fracture associated with monolithic ceramic components. This presentation reviews aspects of this technology with a historical perspective, including standards for the zirconium alloy, non-medical applications for oxidized zirconium, and previous orthopaedic applications for zirconium. Manufacturing processes for oxidized zirconium components are described, beginning with refining of the zirconium from beach sand, to producing the alloy ingot and bar, to fabricating the component shape, and finally to oxidizing the surface and burnishing it to a smooth finish. Conditions are described for producing the oxide with excellent integrity, which is nominally 5 µm thick and predominantly monoclinic phase. The metal and oxide microstructures are characterized and related to the mechanical properties of the components and durability of the oxide. Laboratory hip and knee simulator tests are reviewed, which indicate that oxidized zirconium components reduce wear of the polyethylene counterface by 40–90 % depending on test conditions. As evidenced by promising early clinical experience, oxidized zirconium components have characteristics that provide an alternative to conventional cobalt-chromium components with an interchangeable surgical technique, while providing the potential for superior performance.
Mechanical Properties of Cast Ti-Fe-O-N Alloys
Authors: Koike M , Guo Q , Brezner M , Fujii H , Okabe T
Published: August 2005

A recent addition to existing titanium alloys is the Super-TIX™ series (Nippon Steel Corp., Japan), which has intermediate strength between the strengths of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V as a result of balancing the Fe, O, and N concentrations. Two alloys in this series were investigated: Ti-1%Fe-0.35%O-0.01%N (Super-TIX800™; LN) and Ti-1%Fe-0.3%O-0.04%N (Super-TIX800N™; HN). These alloys were are-melted and cast using an investment casting method, and their mechanical properties were examined. The yield strength (∼600 MPa) and tensile strength (∼680 MPa) were approximately 33 and 29% higher, respectively, than the corresponding strength of cast CP Ti (ASTM Grade 2). Their percent elongation was somewhat (but not significantly) higher (2–3 %) than that of Ti-6A-4V. On the other hand, the elongation of CP Ti was approximately 7 %. The moduli of elasticity of the alloys ranged from 100–120 GPa. These Ti-Fe-O-N alloys exhibit higher uniaxial yield and tensile strengths than CP Ti, which is currently used for dental applications.
Comparison of Stress Corrosion Cracking Characteristics of CP Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti-15Mo
Authors: Scott Williamson R , Roach MD , Zardiackas LD
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this research was to evaluate and compare the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ti-15 Mo (ASTM F2066), Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM1295), Ti-6Al-4V ELI (ASTM F136), and Grade 4 CPTi (ASTM F67). Evaluation of alloy composition, microstructure, Vickers microhardness, and tensile properties was performed to determine compliance with the appropriate ASTM specification. For SCC testing, smooth tensile samples with a gauge length of 10 mm and a gauge diameter of 4 mm and notched samples with a notch root diameter of 4 mm (Kt=3.2) were prepared using low stress grinding procedures. Three smooth and three notched samples were tested in distilled H2O and Ringer's solution at 37°C. Testing was performed using the slow extension rate method at a stroke rate of 10−5 mm/s according to the guidelines established in ASTM G129. The ratio of the percent elongation (PER) and reduction of area (ROAR) of smooth and notched samples tested in Ringer's solution and distilled water were evaluated. The fracture surfaces of representative samples were also examined for fracture mode identification using SEM.

Results showed that all alloys complied with the appropriate ASTM specification. SCC may be considered to occur in a material if the ductile properties in an aggressive media are inferior to the ductile properties in a non-aggressive media. Evaluations of the PER and ROAR ratios in smooth and notched samples for each alloy in Ringer's and distilled water showed no indication of SCC failure mechanisms. SEM examination of the fracture surfaces showed no differences in the fracture morphology regardless of the testing solution. These results were consistent with the mechanical testing data. It is therefore concluded that SCC mechanisms were not operating or contributing to the fracture of these alloys under the conditions evaluated.
Influence of Exposure Conditions on Bacterial Adhesion to Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Yamokoski EA , Buczynski BW , Stojilovic N , Seabolt JW , Bloe LM , Foster R , Zito N , Kory MM , Steiner RP , Ramsier RD
Published: August 2005

In this paper we combine surface analytical techniques (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, optical and electron microscopy) with viable counts and statistical ANOVA methods to determine the propensity for biological adhesion on zirconium alloy surfaces. We compare the adhesion of laboratory and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Zircaloy-2 and Zircadyne-705 materials. Thermal oxidation of the alloys prior to exposure to biological species is also investigated. We present data for 72-h incubation of bacteria and alloys in both shaken and stationary environments. The results of our statistical analysis and experimental observations are relevant to the use of zirconium-based materials for biomedical applications.
Super Elastic Functional β Titanium Alloy with Low Young's Modulus for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Niinomi M , Akahori T , Hattori Y , Morikaw K , Kasuga T , Fukui H , Suzuki A , Kyo K , Niwa S
Published: August 2005

The low modulus β type titanium alloy, Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr, was designed, and then the practical level ingot of the alloy was successfully fabricated by Levicast method. The mechanical and biological compatibilities, and super elastic behavior of the alloys were investigated in this study. The mechanical performance of tensile properties and fatigue strength of the alloy are equal to or greater than those of conventional biomedical Ti-6Al-4V ELI. Young's modulus of the alloy is much lower than that of Ti-6Al-4V ELI, and increases with the precipitation of α phase or ω phase in the β matrix phase. The compatibility of the alloy with bone is excellent. Low modulus of the alloy is effective to enhance the healing of bone fracture and remodeling of bone. Super elastic behavior is observed in Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr conducted with short time solution treatment after heavy cold working. Total elastic strain in that case is around 2.8 %. The mechanism of the super elastic behavior of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr is still unclear.
Acoustic ‘Distributed Source’ Mixing of Smallest Fluid Volumes
Authors: Rathgeber A , Wassermeier M , Wixforth A
Published: August 2005

Acoustically driven mixing of small fluid volumes is reported. Using surface acoustic waves on a mixer chip and employing wave guiding effects in a substrate enables us to distribute a set of “virtual sources” for acoustic streaming over large areas. We demonstrate the applicability of our mixing technique to microarray applications, for mixing of individual wells in a micro titer plate, and other state-of-the-art hybridization assays.
Corrosion Behavior of Heat-Treated Duplex Stainless Steels in Saturated Carbon Dioxide-Chloride Solutions
Authors: Ezuber HM
Published: August 2005

Sweet and/or sour service environments require the use of corrosion resistant materials since conventional steels usually exhibit general corrosion, pitting attack, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under these conditions.

Long term performance and cost effectiveness must be considered when evaluating material selection. Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) may be considered useful materials under corrosive conditions. These materials are highly resistant to general corrosion and resistant to pitting attack. The low nickel content is an advantage from a SCC stand-point.

In this study, the pitting corrosion behavior of a lean duplex stainless steel (type Fe-15Cr-5Ni-1.9Cu) alloy as well as medium grade (type 3RE60 DSS) were evaluated in NaCl solutions saturated with CO2 (sweet environment), containing little or no thiosulfate species at 50°C. The effect of inappropriate heat treatment (e.g., formation of sigma phase in the 3RE60 alloy and sensitization in the lean grade DSS type) is also studied under such conditions.

The results revealed that these alloys are susceptible to chloride pitting corrosion with better performance for the 3RE60 alloy. The intensity of the chloride attack is remarkably increased with the addition of CO2, the presence of thiosulfate species, and with the application of inappropriate heat treatment.

Although chloride solutions containing saturated dissolved CO2 are more corrosive than those containing thiosulfate species, the presence of both species (CO2 and S2O32) has a more negative effect on the chloride pitting resistance than on each component separately. More severe attack was obtained for heat-treated samples immersed in chloride solutions containing both dissolved carbon dioxide and thiosulfate ions.
A Preliminary Mathematical Removal-Rate Model for Si CMP
Authors: Estragnat E , Martin JM , Ng D , Kulkarni M , Liang H
Published: August 2005

Based on the experimental removal rate data of silicon chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), we conducted mathematical analysis on effects of surface roughness, asperities, and different length scales on material removal rate. A preliminary physical model was developed enabling consideration of mechanical and chemical removal during the Si CMP process. This model is compared with experimental results obtained through a tabletop polisher. Research results showed that the removal rate decreased with time and eventually became constant. The model has a higher prediction power when the surface roughness is high. However, with a smooth surface, the asperity height does not take a major role in the model. In such, the chemical interactions become important.
Factors Influencing the Performance of Spray Delivery Systems: A Review of Recent Developments
Authors: Miller PCH , Tuck CR
Published: August 2005

The need for designers and users of pesticide application equipment to balance the risk of off-target contamination with high product efficacies when using the minimum dose of active ingredient has led to the requirement for more data defining the performance of such equipment. Measurements of the droplet size distribution in sprays from conventional nozzles has shown acceptable levels of consistency between data obtained with different measuring systems enabling such sprays to be classified providing that systems are calibrated with agreed reference nozzles. For sprays with air inclusions different measuring systems have been shown to give comparable and consistent results, and there is now a need to fully integrate such sprays into a revised classification scheme. Temperature of both spray liquid and the surrounding air have been shown to influence droplet size distribution measurements. It is therefore proposed that measurement protocols specify a maximum difference in temperature between the spray liquid and surrounding air of 5°C. For boom sprayers it is not possible to predict accurately the risk of drift from droplet size measurements alone because of the complex detrainment mechanisms involved. It is proposed that standardized wind tunnel procedures be defined that enable the relative risk of drift from different nozzle designs to be quantified. In the future it is likely that more of the information relating to application system performance will be delivered pre-programmed in the units control system or as part of a decision support system.
Development and Testing of a Recommendation System to Schedule Copper Sprays for Citrus Disease Control
Authors: Albrigo LG , Beck HW , Timmer LW , Stover E
Published: August 2005

Copper (Cu) fungicides are contact action products commonly used for control of citrus fungal diseases. Cu residues are subject to weathering (rain and wind) and dilution from fruit expansion during early growth. Growers often over-spray, which leads to inadequate disease control, or under-spray, which leads to environmental concerns and Cu phytotoxicity to fruit. Fruit surface Cu residue data were collected, developed into an expert recommendation system, and tested for accuracy in predicting fruit surface residues to determine need to re-spray. Trees were sprayed with different amounts of copper fungicides using different water volumes per tree. Cu on fruit surfaces was analyzed over time. These data were used to build a Cu spray scheduling recommendation system (CuSSRS) that predicts initial residue after spraying, depending on spray volume rate and Cu content and then predicts dilution and loss of the Cu residue as fruit grow and rainfall weathering occurs. The model indicates a warning and a danger level of low residual Cu based on necessary levels of Cu for disease control, thus providing the grower with advanced notice of the need to re-spray. The system was grower tested for six years. Verification data on actual versus predicted residues were collected over a three-year period. Success in preventing fungal disease fruit blemishes was determined also. These tests indicated the CuSSRS works reasonably well and in some years can reduce the number of copper fungicide sprays needed.
Increasing the Biological Activity of Weak Acid Herbicides by Increasing and Decreasing the pH of the Spray Mixture
Authors: Green JM , Hale T
Published: August 2005

The pH of the spray mixture controls the solubility and ionic state of weak acid herbicides and thus influences their uptake and biological activity. When the pH of the spray water is below the pKa of the herbicide, increasing pH can increase solubility and improve activity when herbicide solubility limits uptake. However, raising the pH above the pKa makes the weak acid anionic and thus may make it more difficult to penetrate into the lipophilic cuticle and the negatively charged membrane and cell wall. Decreasing the pH below the pKa converts the weak acid into a neutral or unionized form and thus makes it easier to penetrate these lipophilic and negatively charged barriers. pH also influences other herbicide properties including chemical stability, volatility, and chemical compatibility. Thus, manufacturers need to balance a number of properties when they adjust the pH of their adjuvant and herbicide formulations. These studies show significant differences in the biological activity of several herbicides when the pH is increased and decreased with a range of surfactant types. These results support the concept that the physicochemical properties of the herbicide and adjuvant should be matched for optimum activity.
Influence of Clethodim Formulation and Oil Adjuvants on Weed Control and Overcoming Herbicide Antagonism
Authors: Zollinger RK , Howatt KA
Published: August 2005

Clethodim is a non-residual, foliar-applied herbicide that controls grass weeds in many major and minor crops in the United States. Grass control was evaluated in field trials conducted in 2003 and 2004 using commercial clethodim formulations of Select (240 g/L), Arrow (240 g/L), and Prism (113 g/L), and experimental clethodim formulations of V-10117 (226 g/L), V-10139 (192 g/L), and V10137 (113 g/L). Petroleum oil (PO) adjuvant was added to all clethodim treatments except V-10137. The V-10137 formulation of clethodim without petroleum oil (PO) adjuvant gave greater and faster grass control than other formulations of clethodim with PO. Adding PO adjuvant to V-10137 reduced activity except at reduced rates when additional PO or nonionic surfactant increased grass control. All clethodim formulations except Prism and V-10137 caused significant canola injury when applied at post-bolting. V-10137, without additional adjuvants, with less active ingredient concentration, and likely a higher adjuvant load has more grass activity at equivalent rates than other clethodim formulations with PO. Tribenuron applied with clethodim antagonized grass control from Select, Arrow, V-10117, and V-10139, but not V-10137. Grass control was reduced from 99 % when clethodim formulations (except V-10137) were applied alone, to 50 %–80 % when applied with tribenuron. Grass control from V-10137 applied alone or with tribenuron, with or without PO, was greater than 96 %. The K salt of glyphosate was antagonistic to Select and V-10137, but V-10137 overcame most of the antagonism. These results suggest V-10137 activity is greater than commercial clethodim formulations of Select or Arrow, may not require additional oil adjuvant for grass control, is effective with glyphosate, and can overcome tribenuron antagonism. Including an oil adjuvant with V-10137 may not increase grass control in some uses.
Fluorescent Intensity of Dye Solutions under Different pH Conditions
Authors: Zhu H , Derksen RC , Krause CR , Fox RD , Brazee RD , Ozkan HE
Published: August 2005

Fluorescent tracers are widely used for assessment of spray quantity in the field due to their relatively high sensitivity, low cost and user safety. However, many concerns have been raised over their measurement accuracy due to questions of stability of fluorescence during tests. Stable analysis of fluorescence is essential to ensure accurate evaluation of pesticide spray application efficiency. The objective of this research was to determine the stability of fluorescent intensity of five tracers dissolved in solutions with various pH conditions in an effort to minimize analytical errors in the measurement of spray deposition and drift. The fluorescent intensity of five fluorescent tracers commonly used for the quantitative assessment of spray deposition and off-target loss was investigated with wash solutions over pH conditions from 6.9–10.4. The tracers selected in the tests were Brilliant Sulfaflavine (BSF), Fluorescein, Pyranine, Tinopal, and Eosin. The fluorescence of Pyranine was the most sensitive to the solution pH conditions, followed by Fluorescein and Tinopal, while BSF and Eosin had a nearly constant fluorescent intensity over the pH range from 6.9–10.4. The fluorescence of Fluorescein increased 1.3 times, Tinopal 1.25 times, and Pyranine 3.0 times as the pH value increased from 6.9–8.4, but it became nearly constant when pH value was greater than 8.4. However, Pyranine, Fluorescein, and Tinopal showed much stronger fluorescence than BSF and Eosin. A solution containing Fluorescein at pH 8.4 and higher demonstrated 83 times greater fluorescent intensity than the solution containing the same amount of BSF. In conclusion, the fluorescence of tracers should be examined under various pH conditions during the selection of tracers for pesticide spray deposition and drift trials.
The Effect of Ammonium Nitrate, Coarse/Fine Ammonium Nitrate Ratio, Plasticizer, Bonding Agent, and Fe2O3 Content on Ballistic and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene Based Composite Propellants Containing 20 % AP
Authors: Tüzün FN , Uysal BZ
Published: August 2005

It was aimed to develop the HTPB (hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene) based composite solid propellant with reduced smoke in acceptable mechanical and ballistic properties by using AN (ammonium nitrate) and AP (ammonium perchlorate) as oxidizing agents. For this reason, five different combinations, employed by increasing the AN content as 33, 43, 53, 63, and 73 % and decreasing the AP content as 40, 30, 20, 10, and 0 % were used. The propellant containing 20 % AP and 53 % AN was selected to have good processability and lower smoke content among five compositions.

The content of DOA (dioctyl adipate) used as a plasticizer was varied between 35 % and 25 % of HTPB binder to improve the mechanical properties with taking the above composition as a reference. In decreasing the DOA content, mechanical properties could not be improved to the desired level, and the amount of the bonding agent TEPANOL (tetraethylene pentamineacrylonitrileglycidol) was increased from 0.2 % to 0.35 mass percent with keeping DOA content at the level of 25 % of HTPB binder. 0.495 N/mm2 maximum tensile stress and 25.5 % elongation at maximum tensile stress and 3.635 N/mm2 elastic modulus values were then obtained with 0.35 % TEPANOL value.

The effect of coarse/fine AN ratio on buring rate of the propellant was also tested for three different ratios, i.e., 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40. The 70/30 ratio gave the highest burning rate. Then, the content of burning rate catalyst Fe2O3 (iron oxide) was varied between 2 % and 1.0 % with keeping the coarse/fine AN ratio at 70/30, and it was found that 2 % Fe2O3 gave the highest burning rate.

Values of densities and heat of explosion were also determined for all compositions tested.
Interfacial Diffusion of Fluids in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: O'Brien EP , Ward TC
Published: August 2005

Diffusion of acetone at the interface of a bonded pressure sensitive adhesive tape was measured using single frequency capacitance measurements (SFCM) and a novel interdigitated electrode sensor design. The relative concentration of acetone at the bondline as a function of distance from the edge of the specimen and exposure time was correlated to adhesion loss measured by the 90° peel test. This work suggests that these novel sensors are applicable for the study of interfacial diffusion processes, and could be extended to other coatings or adhesives in a variety of environments.
Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil
Authors: Wilhelm SM , Kirchgessner DA , Liang L , Kariher PH
Published: August 2005

Sampling and analytical procedures used to determine total mercury content in crude oils were examined. Three analytical methods were compared with respect to accuracy, precision, and detection limit. The combustion method (U.S. EPA 7473 hybrid) and a commercial extraction method (non-standard) were found adequate to provide a good combination of sensitivity and accuracy, while instrumental neutron activation analysis was found to suffer from interferences from elements other than mercury (Ni, Se) that are typically found in crude oil. Aliquot removal and processing steps were found to be important to accuracy and precision of the combustion method. Potential errors caused by incomplete homogenization and loss of volatile mercury were investigated in detail. Homogenization of oils that contain suspended mercury compounds was found important to allow retrieval of representative aliquots for analysis. Ultrasonication at slightly elevated temperature yielded the more reproducible and higher magnitude results. It was discovered that volatile mercury can be lost from sample containers when they are opened to remove aliquots. Alternative sample containers and aliquot removal techniques were developed that minimized loss of volatile mercury. Speciation experiments were utilized to determine the identity of volatile species and the rates at which they are lost from containers. Both elemental mercury and dimethylmercury were identified as volatile mercury components of one freshly sampled crude oil.
The Development and Use of Perimeter Joint Protection Testing
Authors: Nicholas JD
Published: August 2005

The history of perimeter joint protection (commonly called safing) is relatively short when compared to other building elements that are fire tested. The location and primary functions of the perimeter joint protection are unique when compared to other types of fire resistive joint systems, which are commonly tested to ASTM E 1966. The testing of perimeter joint protection is different from other types of fire resistive joint systems because the perimeter joint protection can be subjected to fire exposure from two directions simultaneously. The chronology of the development of the ASTM standard used to test perimeter joint systems is a critical element to proper use and installation of these firestopping materials. As part of that history, it is also important to discuss the current state-of-the-art testing protocols and their origin developed under ASTM E 2307, Standard Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems Using the Intermediate-Scale, Multi-Story Test Apparatus. References to perimeter joint systems in the codes2 are also important for us to understand the distinction between perimeter joint systems and other fire resistive joint systems.
Effect of Continuous Agitation on Concrete Rheology
Authors: Struble LJ , Chen C-T
Published: August 2005

Experiments were designed to compare concrete and paste flow behavior in mixtures containing water reducing admixtures by measuring concrete slump, concrete rheology, mortar rheology, and paste rheology (using low-amplitude oscillatory shear) at times up to about 2 h after mixing. Some concretes were continuously agitated, and others were allowed to rest between tests. Stiffening was observed in most of the concretes during this time. Continuous agitation reduced this stiffening. Concrete slump and paste modulus showed a weak correlation in most mixtures. Both concrete slump and paste modulus were sensitive to agitation, especially in mixtures containing a water reducing admixture. Based on these results, it is recommended that laboratory studies simulate the agitation expected in the field.
Harmonization of Macrotexture Measuring Devices
Authors: Flintsch GW , Huang MQ , McGhee K
Published: August 2005

This paper compares pavement macrotexture measurements obtained using the volumetric method and three laser-based devices. The study used data from a controlled experiment conducted at the Virginia Smart Road, as well as samples of in-service highway and airport surfaces. The data collected at the Virginia Smart Road, a controlled-access two-lane road that includes various hot mix asphalt (HMA) and concrete surfaces, were used for the main analysis. The other two sets of data were used for verification and validation of the model developed. The analysis of the data collected at the Virginia Smart Road showed that the Circular Texture Meter (CTMeter) mean profile depth (MPD) had the highest correlation with the volumetric (Sand Patch) mean texture depth (MTD). Models for converting the laser-based texture measurements to an estimated MTD were developed. The developed model was tested using measurements collected on several other highway and airport surfaces and with positive results.
Investigation into Flow Property Measurements of Low-Slump Concrete Using Vibrating Slope Apparatus (VSA)
Authors: Wang K , Schlorholtz SM , Hu J , Zhang S
Published: August 2005

In this paper, operation, data interpretation, and validity of vibrating slope apparatus (VSA) tests for concrete flow property measurements were investigated Results from standard slump tests and VSA tests of 14 different concrete mixes in a total of 29 batches of mixtures are presented. The concrete mixes had different water-to-cement ratios (w/c), different dosages of water reducing agent (WRA), and different types and replacement levels of fly ash. The test results indicated that the original method for VSA data analysis was difficult to manage, and the test result interpretations were inappropriate. Two new parameters, the time for starting mass loss (Tstart) and the inverse of average flow rate for 20% mass loss (1/FRavg) at the chute angle of 10°, were therefore proposed to describe concrete flow property. These two parameters, resulting from the original VSA test data, are easy to identify and easy to use. A strong correlation was found between Tstart and concrete slump. Using Tstart and 1/FRavg, the effects of w/c, WRA, and fly ash on concrete rheological behavior were appropriately characterized. The concrete flowability loss with time was also properly expressed.
DP-SCD and LTMGC for Determination of Low Sulfur Levels in Hydrocarbons
Authors: Gras RL , Luong JC , Mustacich RV , Shearer RL
Published: August 2005

A novel measurement technique has been developed for the rapid determination of low levels of sulfur in hydrocarbon matrices. The technique employs low thermal mass gas chromatography (LTMGC) and a dual plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector (DP-SCD). Highly sensitive total volatile sulfur measurement can be made in less than 30 s with detection limits in the 20–30 parts per billion range. Response is linear over at least three orders of magnitude sulfur with excellent repeatability. By taking advantage of LTMGC's rapid temperature programming and cool down time, it is also possible to measure individual sulfur species, analogous to ASTM D 5623. Conditions have also been developed using the same analytical apparatus to detect the major elemental sulfur allotropes (S2, S3, S6, S7, and S8) in gasoline at levels that can cause silver corrosion.
Nanotechnology — An Introduction for the Standards Community
Authors: Mansoori GA , Fauzi Soelaiman TA
Published: August 2005

This report constitutes an introductory report of interest to the standardization community on the advances made in the atomic and molecular nanotechnology regarding the ability to systematically organize and manipulate properties and behaviors of matter at the atomic and molecular levels. Basics of nanotechnology to create functional devices, materials, and systems on the 1–100 nanometer (one-billionth of a meter) length scales are presented.

The reasons why nanoscale has become important are presented. We introduce the historical aspects of nanotechnology starting with the famous 1959 lecture by R.P. Feynman. We also suggest naming the nanometer scale the Feynman (φnman) scale due to Feynman's pioneering role (1 Feynman [φ] ≡10−9 meter =10−3 Micron [μ]=10 Angstroms [Å]). We also present some recent inventions and discoveries in atomic and molecular aspects of nanotechnology, as well as ongoing related research and development activities. It is anticipated that the breakthroughs and developments in nanotechnology will be quite frequent in the coming years. A list of the activities underway to standardize the techniques, procedures, and processes being developed in this fast growing field are presented.
Selection of Alternatives to Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Authors: Ripple DC , Strouse GF
Published: August 2005

A desire to increase automation or to eliminate the use of mercury has prompted several ASTM committees to consider alternatives to ASTM Liquid-in-Glass (LiG) thermometers. In this paper, we address the technical issues of choosing an alternative. We first discuss the basic properties and relative merits of platinum resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples in the context of replacements for LiG thermometers; then we list uncertainty components for measurements with alternative thermometers; and finally we discuss other factors in temperature measurement and control that are important in the development and execution of ASTM standards.
Vardenafil in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: Achieving Treatment Optimization
Authors: Hellstrom Wayne J. G. , Elhilali Mostafa , Homering Martin , Taylor Terry , Gittleman Marc
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT: This post hoc analysis of data from a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind study determined how many attempts were needed to record at least 1 successful penetration and maintenance of erection long enough for successful intercourse in a broad population of men with erectile dysfunction taking vardenafil at 5, 10, or 20 mg or placebo. The cumulative probability of achieving successful penetration and of maintaining an erection increased with the number of attempts for all 3 vardenafil groups. For the first attempt, the probability of achieving successful penetration was higher in all 3 vardenafil groups compared with placebo; 67% in the 5‐mg vardenafil group, 77% in the 10‐mg vardenafil group, and 74% in the 20‐mg vardenafil group compared with 46% for placebo. By the third attempt, the probability of at least 1 success was 82% for 5, 88% for 10, and 85% for 20 mg vardenafil compared with 68% for placebo. The probability of maintaining an erection long enough to complete intercourse at the first attempt was 51% for 5, 69% for 10, and 61% for 20 mg vardenafil compared with 28% for the placebo group. By the third attempt, the probability of maintaining an erection was 66% for 5, 81% for 10, and 77% for 20 mg vardenafil in contrast to 53% for placebo. The results of this analysis indicate that patients without initial treatment success should continue treatment or increase the dose because the cumulative probability of success increases with additional attempts with vardenafil, with a plateau at about the fourth dose.
Changing architecture of growing cranial bones at sutures as revealed by vital staining with alizarin red S in the rabbit
Authors: Isotupa Kauko , Koski Kalevi , Makinen Lauri
Published: August 2005

Changing patterns of bone trabeculae were observed at the interparietal, interfrontal, fronto‐parietal, temporo‐zygomatic, and mid‐palatal sutures of vitally stained (alizarin red S) rabbit skulls of 3 to 33 weeks of age. The changes appeared to represent changes in direction and velocity of bone growth at these sites. The method may offer a new approach to the study of skull growth, complementary to the traditional split‐line and vital staining methods.
A search for stapes footplate fixation in an Indian population, prehistoric and historic
Authors: Holzhueter A. M. , Gregg J. B. , Clifford S.
Published: August 2005

This study was made to find evidence of ear disease in ancient persons, special emphasis being placed upon otosclerosis with stapes footplate fixation, which would have suggested hearing loss during the life of the individual. Specimens examined were from Indian burials in South Dakota, consisting of skulls from persons ranging from birth to over 40 years. Two‐hundred eleven of 221 were of sufficient age to have had stapedial fixation. Skull anomalies documented included exostoses in the auditory canals, benign bony tumors, evidence of ear infection, dental problems, evidence of trauma, and congenital defects. Despite long interment, some burials dating to about the time of Christ, skeletal details were well preserved.

In all, 417 temporal bones from 221 skulls were examined. The ossicles were present as follows: malleus alone — 30; incus alone — 9; stapes alone — 5; multiple ossicles — 29. In 19 temporal bones the stapes was in the oval window (4.5%). There was no evidence of stapes footplate fixation. No congenital or developmental anomaly of the auditory ossicles was found.

These results will be correlated with clinical studies now in progress on Indian reservations of South Dakota. The present Indians are descendents of those whose remnants have been studied.
Body disproportions and occupational success in bus and truck drivers
Authors: Damon Albert , Crichton J. Michael
Published: August 2005

Ten indices of body proportion were compared among 43–103 champion and 200–268 regular truck drivers. Significant differences were found in the mean values for three indices — biacromial diameter/chest circumference, chest depth/ biacromial, and calf circumference/biacromial — but in only one disproportion percentage (percentage of the group beyond one standard deviation from the champions mean) — namely, chest depth/biacromial. Differences in mean values were attributable mainly to the champions larger biacromial breadth.

Previous reports that superior performers within an occupational group had fewer disproportions than average performers were not confirmed.
A quantitative analysis of the fingerprints of the Tharus of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Srivastava R. P.
Published: August 2005

Fingerprints of the Rana, the Danguria and the Pachchimaha, three major localized endogamous groups of the Tharus of Uttar Pradesh were analyzed with a view to see whether or not they also represent three different dermatoglyphic populations. The Tharus are probably a tribal people of the Himalayan Region with Mongolian affiliations. In Uttar Pradesh, they live in a malarious area called Tarai, a swampy forest‐clad alluvial tract between the Himalayan foothills and the northern Indian plains. The Rana are confined to the districts of Naini Tal and Kheri, the Danguria to Bahraich and Gonda, whereas the Pachchimaha live in Gorakhpur.

Investigations on fingerprints of 261 Rana, 204 Danguria and 114 Pachchimaha Tharus suggests that the various pattern types are distributed much the same way in the three endogamous groups. The loops (54.97%) are more numerous than the whorls (41.01%) in both the sexes of each group of the Tharus. An evaluation of the statistical significance of the mean differences in the index of pattern intensity and the ridge counts between pairs of male and female samples of the three groups revealed that they represent a single biological population in respect of fingerprint determinants. Thus the mean indices of pattern intensity are 13.76±0.19 and 13.59±0.21 in male and female samples of the Tharus respectively. As regards the ridge count we observe a mean of 130.61±2.30 in males and 121.50±2.87 in females. Sexual difference in the mean ridge count is noticeable only among the Rana.
Distribution of haptoglobin, transferrin, and hemoglobin types among Indians of Middle America: In British Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama
Authors: Albin Matson G. , Eldon Sutton H. , Swanson Jane , Robinson A. R.
Published: August 2005

Blood specimens from putatively pure Maya and Kekchi Indians in British Honduras; Bribri, Boruca, Cabécar and Térraba in Costa Rica; and San Blas Cuna, Chocó and Guaymi in Panama have been tested for haptoglobins, transferrins and hemoglobin types, and the phenotype incidences and frequencies of genes controlling these serum proteins have been reported.

Hp1 gene frequencies resemble generally those previously reported for Indians but the frequency of 0.197 for Hp1 among the Bribri of Costa Rica is the lowest re‐ported for any aboriginal population in Middle America.

The distribution of transferrins varies appreciably among these different popula‐tions, the range being similar to those reported for other Middle Ameican tribes (Mat‐son et al., '63).

Nearly all 1,107 hemolysates tested had only type A hemoglobin. Hemoglobin type AS was found in two of 67 Térraba. These two specimens also tested R2r and R0r respec‐tively for Rh genotypes, suggesting foreign admixture, since both R0 and r genes are extremely rare or absent in American Indians. Hemoglobin AS was observed also in five (two of whom were brothers) of 153 Guaymi Indians in Panama. One homozy‐gous S type was found also among the Guyami. Two AS were present in 198 Samples of blood from the San Blas Cuna.
The skin of primates. XXVI. Specific and nonspecific phosphatases in the skin of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Im Michael J. C. , Montagna William
Published: August 2005

In the skin of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), both melanotic and amelanotic dendritic melanocytes in the epidermis, the free nerve endings in the epidermis, and Meissner's corpuscles have a specific adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) reactivity. In the eccrine sweat glands, the intercellular canaliculi and the membranes of the clear cells have strong ATPase activity. The cytoplasm of the dark cells, in contrast with the other cellular elements of the sweat glands, contains 5‐nucleotidase activity.
The skin of primates. XXV. Melanogenesis in the skin of the bushbabies
Authors: Yun Jeung S. , Montagna William
Published: August 2005

In the epidermis of the bushbabies (Galago senegalensis and Galago crassicaudatus) melanogenesis begins in fetal life, reaches a maximum activity at birth, and is finally lost during the early postnatal life. Except for that on the ears, which remains pigmented throughout adult life, the epidermis of the hairy skin of these animals remains largely unpigmented. The outer root sheath in the upper part of full grown follicles has dendritic melanocytes which are active only during the early stages of anagen, after which they remain quiescent until the beginning of the next cycle of growth.
A commentary on the significance of stresscoat and split‐line patterns on bone
Authors: Gaynor Evans F.
Published: August 2005

“Stresscoat,” an industrial technique for showing sites of highest tensile strain and failure in machine parts, has been used for similar purposes in intact living and cadaver bones. Stresscoat cracks only arise from tensile strain in the underlying material and always lie transverse to the direction of the strain. Stresscoat and split‐line patterns do not represent stress trajectories. A trajectorial diagram can not be drawn for a bone because a bone is a three dimensional porous body composed of heterogeneous anisotropic material. Split‐lines show the “grain” of bone and may be related to its vascularity or growth. The mechanical significance of split‐lines is not clear.
A study of relationships between facial cold response and some variables of facial morphology
Authors: Steegmann A. T.
Published: August 2005

An experimental pilot study was conducted to determine possible interrelationships between facial skin temperature, facial protrusion, and facial fat thickness; it employed 1°C cold air stress and thermocouple measurement of response. Elevan Japanese and 15 white American males were tested. Variation in the colder facial temperatures after 90 minutes of cooling could not be explained by morphological parameters, though the Japanese maintained significantly higher facial temperatures than did the Americans. The “hunting phenomenon” was possibly involved, and the anthropological implications were briefly discussed.
An evaluation of race and sex identification from cranial measurements
Authors: Birkby Walter H.
Published: August 2005

A total of 104 adult human crania (95 American Indian and 9 Labrador Eskimo) are used in this evaluation of a discriminant functional analysis for determining race and sex from eight cranial measurements. The methods used are those given by Giles and Elliot ('62). The study shows that non‐deformed American Indian crania are racially misclassified as American White and Negro in 35.6% of the cases when using this metrical method. Deformed Indian crania are racially misclassified 60.0% and 4.4% of the time as White and Negro respectively. The determination of sex on male crania, regardless of deformation, is as accurate as, or better than, the visual method of identification. The female crania, however, are shown to be incorrectly sexed in nearly 50% of the cases, with one non‐deformed group (Palus) running as high as 80.0%. This evaluation suggests, therefore, that discriminant functional analyses for race and / or sex determinations are not applicable to problems of human identification unless the crania are from that population on which these functions were established.
Sex determination of finnish crania by discriminant function analysis
Authors: Kajanoja Pauli
Published: August 2005

Using multivariant discriminant function analysis, the sex of 232 Finnish crania of known sex was determined. Eight measurements were used to form two discriminant functions. In 80% of cases the sex determination by means of the discriminant functions was identical with the original information. The applicability of the sex discriminant function of Giles and Elliot ('63) for American white and Negro crania was also tested on the Finnish crania. An accuracy of only 65% was attained.
The skin of primates XXVIII. The stump‐tail MACAQUE (Macaca speciosa)
Authors: Montagna W. , Machida H. , Perkins E.
Published: August 2005

Though having some similarities to that of the rhesus monkey, the skin of the stump‐tail macaque has several unique features. The epidermis has a sparse population of active melanocytes, and there is practically no pigmentation in the dermis. The dermis is rich in elastic fibers, the function of which seems to be to anchor the hair follicles and the arrectores pilorum muscles, and the superficial blood vessels. Large numbers of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in the forehead and scalp are reminiscent of the axillary organ in the Hominioidea. The very large sebaceous glands on the face and bald forehead and scalp resemble those of man. The forehead and anterior portion of the scalp are bald in the adult but not in juvenile animals. In spite of an apparently rich pelage, these animals seem to show a trend toward nakedness.