bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning‐based SCUC decision‐making: An intelligent data‐driven approach with self‐learning capabilities
Authors: Yang Nan , Yang Cong , Xing Chao , Ye Di , Jia Junjie , Chen Daojun , Shen Xun , Huang Yuehua , Zhang Lei , Zhu Binxin
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes an intelligent Deep Learning (DL) based approach for Data‐Driven Security‐Constrained Unit Commitment (DD‐SCUC) decision‐making. The proposed approach includes data pre‐processing and a two‐stage decision‐making process. Firstly, historical data is accumulated and pre‐processed. Then, the DD‐SCUC model is created based on the Gated Recurrent Unit‐Neural Network (GRU‐NN). The mapping model between system daily load and decision results is created by training the DL model with historical data and then is utilized to make SCUC decisions. The two‐stage decision‐making process outputs the decision results based on various applications and scenarios. This approach has self‐learning capabilities because the accumulation of historical data sets can revise the mapping model and therefore improve its accuracy. Simulation results from the IEEE 118‐bus test system and a real power system from China showed that compared with deterministic Physical‐Model‐Driven (PMD)‐SCUC methods, the approach has higher accuracy, better efficiency in the practical use case, and better adaptability to different types of SCUC problems.
Probabilistic optimal planning in active distribution networks considering non‐linear loads based on data clustering method
Authors: Ebrahimi Hasan , Rezaeian‐Marjani Saeed , Galvani Sadjad , Talavat Vahid
Published: October 2021

Renewable energies have a significant portion in supplying energy demands in modern distribution networks. Due to the wide use of power electronic devices, these networks may have power quality problems. The unpredictable nature of renewable energies, besides the effect of non‐linear loads brings out serious planning and operating challenges for distribution systems. Basicly, harmonic distortion is a severe problem for both electric efficiency and power energy customers. This study proposes an optimal scheduling strategy for wind turbine's integrated distribution networks with non‐linear loads using a multi‐objective individualized instruction mechanism teaching‐learning‐based optimization algorithm and the best solution is selected via the TOPSIS technique. In the proposed strategy, energy storage systems are optimally scheduled besides wind turbines, and reactive power compensators. Also, to use the distribution network more efficiently, an optimal network reconfiguration is applied. The wind turbine's output and load demands have probabilistic nature. The proposed scheme reduces the total harmonic distortion as well as total costs. The efficacy of the proposed management scheme is investigated using the IEEE standard 33 bus distribution network. Also, the performance of the multi‐objective individualized instruction mechanism teaching‐learning‐based optimization algorithm is compared with the multi‐objective particle swarm optimization algorithm.
Image enhancement via texture protection Retinex
Authors: Dong Linlu , Zhao Liangjun , Wang Jun
Published: October 2021

Images obtained in dim light do not clearly represent the target scene, limiting information transmission on the image carrier. This study proposes a texture‐preserving image enhancement method, i.e. ETPR. The proposed method draws the illumination map of a low light image by Max‐RGB, and then applies the weighted median filter algorithm and Retinex to improve the illumination map further. Then, the enhanced image is changed from RGB mode to YCbCr mode and the texture of the luminance component Y is described. It is achieved by denoising the texture of the image to be enhanced, and then the final enhanced image is obtained by the method of sub‐region image fusion denoising. The effectiveness of ETPR is established by comparing it with existing enhancement technologies using public data and real images.
Vehicle classification applying many‐to‐one input network architecture in 77‐GHz FMCW radar
Authors: Jiang Haodong , Zhang Li , Wang Ke , Guo Yaozu , Yan Feng , Ji Xiaoli
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we proposed a Many‐to‐One Input Network Architecture (MOINA) for the classification of similar structured vehicles (bus, truck and car). The inputs of the architecture are the multiple‐masked region‐of‐interest of the same detected vehicle from Range‐Doppler maps, which are acquired by FMCW radar. The proposed method is trained with a supervised system yielding a classification accuracy of 98%. MOINA shows good classification performance in a practical situation. Besides, the F1‐score of buses, trucks and cars are 98.7%, 98.0% and 97.6%, respectively.
Hereditäre Nierentumore – einfach abgeklärt mit ToSCaNA
Authors: Fuhrmann Christian , Czerner Christoph P. , Ripperger Tim , Imkamp Florian
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund In den letzten Jahren konnten große Fortschritte in der
Diagnose und Differenzierung verschiedenster hereditärer Syndrome mit Prädisposition für
Nierentumore erzielt werden.

Aktuelle Lehrmeinung ist, dass 5–8% aller Nierentumore auf einer hereditären Prädisposition beruhen. Diese Zahl wird in der Realität wahrscheinlich deutlich höher liegen, da die genetischen Komponenten vieler Nierentumore noch nicht abschließend erforscht und verstanden sind.

Hereditäre Nierentumore zeigen in der Regel zwei charakteristische Eigenschaften:

Während das durchschnittliche Diagnosealter sporadischer Nierenzellkarzinome bei 64 Jahren liegt, sind Patienten mit hereditärer Tumorgenese bei Diagnosestellung durchschnittlich 20 Jahre jünger. Weiterhin treten diese Tumore oft multilokulär bzw. bilateral auf.

Hieraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit eines speziellen Managements mit erweiterter Beratung bei diesen jungen Nierentumorpatienten.

In der Literatur sind diverse Artikel über hereditäre Syndrome mit Nierenbeteiligung publiziert, die jedoch zumeist den Focus auf die einzelnen Syndrome legen.

Ziel dieses Artikels ist es dem behandelnden Urologen eine kompakte Übersicht mit einem praktischen Diagnostikleitfaden zu den häufigsten hereditären Syndromen mit Nierenbeteiligung an die Hand zu geben und so die Primärdiagnostik und -behandlung dieser Patienten und ihrer Familien zu optimieren.

Material und Methoden Wir führten hierzu eine Literaturrecherche zu
den 5 wichtigsten hereditären Syndromen mit Nierenbeteiligung durch und fassten die Ergebnisse
in einer übersichtlichen Tabelle zusammen.

Darüber hinaus erstellten wir das Akronym ToSCaNA, welches die wichtigsten extrarenalen Manifestationen dieser Syndrome zusammenfasst.

Hieraus erarbeiteten wir einen Workflow eines sinnvollen Behandlungspfades.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt handelt es sich bei hereditären Nierentumoren um
eine seltene Entität, die in high-volume Zentren eine relevante Größe darstellen
können.

Denjenigen, die selten mit diesen Tumoren zu tun haben, bietet sowohl das Akronym als auch der Flowchart eine einfache Hilfestellung im klinischen Alltag.

Eine möglichst frühe Identifikation und Diagnostik der Betroffenen und ihrer Angehörigen ermöglicht es, die Patienten frühzeitig der richtigen Therapie und Früherkennung zuzuführen und evtl. ebenfalls betroffene Angehörige zu identifizieren/therapieren.

Schlussfolgerung Ein früher Krankheitsbeginn sowie ein
bilaterales/multifokales Auftreten von Nierentumoren im klinischen Alltag sollten dringend an
eine hereditäre Genese denken lassen.

Dieser Anfangsverdacht kann dann mittels des Akkronyms ToSCaNA erhärtet und schließlich über den vorgeschlagenen Workflow weiter abgeklärt werden.
Return to Sport nach Verletzungen der Finger
Authors: Klingenberg Markus
Published: October 2021

„Return to Sport“ bezeichnet die Rückkehr zur
sportlichen Betätigung nach einer Verletzung. Sie schließt
sich der Rehabilitationsphase an und verhilft dem Sportler zur
Wiederherstellung seiner funktionellen Belastbarkeit. Dieser Artikel
erläutert grundlegende Aspekte eines Return to Sport und gibt
praktische Tipps und Übungshinweise für den Wiedereinstieg
in den Sport nach Fingerverletzungen.
Diagnostic Role of Systemic Inflammatory Indices in Infants with Moderate-to-Severe Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ceran Burak , Alyamaç Dizdar Evrim , Beşer Esra , Karaçağlar Nazmiye Bengü , Sarı Fatma Nur
Published: October 2021

Background When the newborn brain is exposed to hypoxia, as in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), it causes an inflammatory response. A wide variety of inflammatory markers are therefore used in the diagnosis of HIE.

Objective We aimed to determine the diagnostic role of systemic inflammatory indices in infants with moderate-to-severe HIE. We have also investigated the effect of hypothermia treatment over those indices.

Study Design A retrospective cohort study of infants suffering from moderate-to-severe HIE was conducted in a tertiary-level neonatal intensive care unit between September 2019 and March 2021. Systemic inflammatory indices including systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were calculated for infants with HIE and controls at baseline, and after therapeutic hypothermia in those with HIE.

Results A total of 103 infants (53 in the HIE group and 50 in the control group) were included in the study. Median gestational ages (GA) were 39 (37–40) and 38 (37–39) weeks, and median birth weights (BW) were 3,165 (2,890–3,440) and 3,045 (2,850–3,460) g in the HIE and control groups, respectively. GA, BW, mode of delivery, and gender of infants were similar between the groups. Infants in the HIE group had significantly higher NLR (p = 0.001), SII (p = 0.001), PIV (p = 0.001), and SIRI (p = 0.004) values when compared with the control group. Those indices decreased significantly after hypothermia treatment in the HIE group. Areas under curve for NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV to predict HIE were found to be 0.808, 0.597, 0.653, 0.763, 0.686, and 0.663, respectively. Cutoff values having a good ability to predict HIE for SII and NLR were 410 and 1.12. Elevated NLR level above 1.12 was found to be an independent predictor for HIE, as revealed by multivariate analyses. No associations were found between systemic inflammatory indices and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) patterns, presence of seizures, and death.

Conclusion Systemic inflammatory indices may represent reliable and readily available predictors of HIE risk. NLR seems to be an independent factor in diagnosing moderate-to-severe HIE.

Key Points
The Rate of Intrapartum Cesarean Delivery Based on Estimated Fetal Weight in Comparison to Previous Child's Birth Weight
Authors: Kawakita Tetsuya , Sridhar Shobha , Mokhtari Neggin , Landy Helain J.
Published: October 2021

Objective The aim of the study is to examine whether an estimated fetal weight of the current pregnancy greater than previous birth weight is associated with increased odds of intrapartum cesarean delivery.

Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all women who had more than one singleton pregnancy at 23 weeks' gestation or greater at a single labor and delivery unit. We only analyzed the second pregnancy in the dataset. We excluded women who had preterm birth in the second pregnancy. Women were categorized according to the difference between estimated fetal weight and previous birth weight—estimated fetal weight close to previous birth weight within 500 g (similar weight group); estimated fetal weight significantly (more than 500 g) greater than previous birth weight (larger weight group); and estimated fetal weight significantly (more than 500 g) lower than previous birth weight (smaller weight group). The primary outcome was intrapartum cesarean delivery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% confidence interval [CI]) after adjusting for predefined covariates.

Results Of 1,887 women, there were 1,415 (75%) in the similar weight group, 384 (20%) in the greater weight group, and 88 (5%) in the smaller weight group. Individuals in the larger weight group compared with those in the similar weight group had higher odds of undergoing intrapartum cesarean delivery (11.2 vs. 4.5%; aOR 2.91; 95% CI 1.91–4.45). The odds of intrapartum cesarean delivery in the smaller weight group compared with those in the similar weight group were not increased (3.4 vs. 4.5%; crude OR 0.75; 95%CI 0.23–2.42).

Conclusion The difference between current estimated fetal weight and previous birth weight plays an important role in assessing the risk of intrapartum cesarean delivery.

Key Points
Synthesis of C,N,N-Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes with Anionic Amide Ligands
Authors: Sawamura Masaya , Shimizu Yohei , Niizeki Ryotaro , Higashida Kosuke , Mejri Emna
Published: October 2021

A series of neutral C,N,N Au(III) complexes were synthesized with N-(8-quinolinyl)benzamide derivatives or chiral N-[2-(1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)phenyl]benzamide derivatives. The convenient synthesis method for the amide ligands, together with their operationally simple complexation by direct C–H auration, permitted changes to both the steric and electronic properties of Au(III) complexes for promoting the catalytic three-component couplings of an aldehyde, an amine, and an alkyne.
Breastfeeding Associated with Lower Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Gestational Diabetes in the Very Early Postpartum Period
Authors: Blair Rachel A. , Neves João Sérgio , Nicklas Jacinda M. , Horn Christine E. , Skurnik Geraldine , Seely Ellen W.
Published: October 2021

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the association of breastfeeding with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the very early postpartum (PP) period.

Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of the Balance After Baby Intervention (BABI) study which enrolled women with recent GDM. Data collected during an early (~8 weeks) PP visit were used in this analysis. At this visit, weight, height, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipids were obtained. MetS was classified per National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Program III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. We defined breastfeeding as currently breastfeeding or not currently breastfeeding for the main analysis.

Results Of 181 women enrolled in BABI, 178 were included in this analysis (3 excluded for missing lipids). Thirty-four percent were Hispanic. Of non-Hispanics, 31.5% were White, 18.5% Asian, and 12.9% Black/African American. The prevalence of MetS was 42.9% in women not breastfeeding versus 17.1% in women breastfeeding (p < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06–0.41]). Breastfeeding women had significantly lower odds of FPG ≥100 mg/dL (aOR = 0.36 [95% CI: 0.14–0.95], p = 0.039), HDL < 50 mg/dL (aOR = 0.19 [95% CI: 0.08–0.46], p < 0.001), and triglycerides (TG) ≥ 150 mg/dL (aOR = 0.26 [95% CI: 0.10–0.66], p = 0.005). When evaluated as continuous variables, WC, FPG, and TG were significantly lower and HDL significantly higher in women breastfeeding in the very early PP period (vs. not breastfeeding).

Conclusion In a diverse population of women with recent GDM, there was lower prevalence of MetS in women breastfeeding compared with those not breastfeeding in the very early PP period. This study extends the findings of an association of breastfeeding with MetS previously reported at time points more remote from pregnancy to the very early PP period and to an ethnically and racially diverse population.

Key Points
Arcuate Uterus as an Independent Risk Factor for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Connolly Courtney T. , Hill Melissa B. , Klahr Rebecca A. , Zafman Kelly B. , Rebarber Andrei , Fox Nathan S.
Published: October 2021

Objective The aim of the study is to estimate the association between arcuate uterus and pregnancy outcomes using controls selected from a similarly high-risk cohort.

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of women with an arcuate uterus cared for by a single maternal–fetal medicine practice from 2005 to 2020. We included all women with a singleton pregnancy ≥20 weeks and diagnosis of arcuate uterus and randomly selected (3:1) patients with a singleton pregnancy and no uterine anomaly from the same practice as controls. Baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the two groups. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and independent samples t-test were used for data analysis, as indicated.

Results A total of 37 women with an arcuate uterus (55 independent singleton pregnancies) and 165 controls were included. There were no differences in baseline characteristics. Women with an arcuate uterus had a significantly higher rate of spontaneous preterm birth less than 37 weeks (10.9 vs. 3.0%, p = 0.031) and were more likely to require vaginal progesterone (5.5 vs. 0.6%, p = 0.049) and administration of antenatal corticosteroids (16.4 vs. 5.5%, p = 0.020). Arcuate uterus was also associated with lower birthweight (3,028.1 ± 528.0 vs. 3257.2 ± 579.9 g, p = 0.010) and higher incidence of intrauterine fetal growth restriction (20.0 vs. 7.3%, p = 0.008), despite similar starting body mass index (BMI) and weight gain throughout pregnancy. There were no differences in preeclampsia, malpresentation, cesarean delivery, blood transfusion, retained placenta, or morbidly adherent placenta.

Conclusion Arcuate uterus is associated with a significantly increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth (<37 weeks), need for vaginal progesterone for short cervix and antenatal corticosteroids, fetal growth restriction, and lower mean birthweight. These findings suggest that arcuate uterus is not just a normal variant of uterine anatomy but rather a risk factor for poor fetal growth, short cervix, and a higher risk pregnancy.

Key Points
Fetal Tachycardia in the Setting of Maternal Intrapartum Fever and Perinatal Morbidity
Authors: Tita Alan T. N. , McGee Paula L. , Reddy Uma M. , Bloom Steven L. , Varner Michael W. , Ramin Susan M. , Caritis Steve N. , Peaceman Alan M. , Sorokin Yoram , Sciscione Anthony , Carpenter Marshall W. , Mercer Brian M. , Thorp John M. , Malone Fergal D. , Buhimschi Catalin ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: October 2021

Objective The fetal consequences of intrapartum fetal tachycardia with maternal fever or clinical chorioamnionitis are not well studied. We evaluated the association between perinatal morbidity and fetal tachycardia in the setting of intrapartum fever.

Study Design Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized control trial that enrolled 5,341 healthy laboring nulliparous women ≥36 weeks' gestation. Women with intrapartum fever ≥ 38.0°C (including those meeting criteria for clinical chorioamnionitis) after randomization were included in this analysis. Isolated fetal tachycardia was defined as fetal heart rate (FHR) ≥160 beats per minute for at least 10 minutes in the absence of other FHR abnormalities. FHR abnormalities other than tachycardia were excluded from the analysis. The primary outcome was a perinatal composite (5-minute Apgar's score ≤3, intubation, chest compressions, or mortality). Secondary outcomes included low arterial cord pH (pH < 7.20), base deficit ≥12, and cesarean delivery.

Results A total of 986 (18.5%) of women in the trial developed intrapartum fever, and 728 (13.7%) met criteria to be analyzed; of these, 728 women 336 (46.2%) had maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) reviewer-defined fetal tachycardia, and 349 of the 550 (63.5%) women during the final hour of labor had validated software (PeriCALM) defined fetal tachycardia. After adjusting for confounders, isolated fetal tachycardia was not associated with a significant difference in the composite perinatal outcome (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.15 [0.82–12.03]) compared with absence of tachycardia. Fetal tachycardia was associated with higher odds of arterial cord pH <7.2, aOR = 1.48 (1.01–2.17) and of infants with a base deficit ≥ 12, aOR = 2.42 (1.02–5.77), but no significant difference in the odds of cesarean delivery, aOR = 1.33 (0.97–1.82).

Conclusion Fetal tachycardia in the setting of intrapartum fever or chorioamnionitis is associated with significantly increased fetal acidemia defined as a pH <7.2 and base excess ≥12 but not with a composite perinatal morbidity.

Key Points
Evaluation of Meniscal Load and Load Distribution in the Canine Stifle after Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy with Postoperative Tibia Plateau Angles of 6 and 1 Degrees
Authors: Schmutterer Johannes Maximilian , Augat Peter , Greinwald Markus , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea
Published: October 2021

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the kinetic and kinematic changes in the stifle after a tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) with a postoperative tibia plateau angle (TPA) of either 6 or 1 degrees.

Study Design Biomechanical ex vivo study using seven unpaired canine cadaver hindlimbs from adult Retrievers.

Hinge plates were applied and a sham TPLO surgery was performed. Motion sensors were fixed to the tibia and the femur for kinematic data acquisition. Pressure mapping sensors were placed between femur and both menisci. Thirty per cent bodyweight was applied to the limbs with the stifle in 135 degrees of extension. Each knee was tested with intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), deficient CCL, 6 degrees TPLO and 1degree TPLO.

Results Transection of the CCL altered kinematics and kinetics. However, comparing the intact with both TPLO set-ups, no changes in kinematics were detected. After 1 degree TPLO, a significant reduction in the force acting on both menisci was detected (p = 0.006).

Conclusion Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy restores stifle kinematics and meniscal kinetics after transection of the CCL ex vivo. The contact force on both menisci is reduced significantly after TPLO with a TPA of 1 degree. Increased stifle flexion might lead to caudal tibial motion.
Structured eigenvalue problems in electronic structure methods from a unified perspective
Authors: Li Zhendong
Published: October 2021

In (relativistic) electronic structure methods, the quaternion matrix eigenvalue problem and the linear response (Bethe-Salpeter) eigenvalue problem for excitation energies are two frequently encountered structured eigenvalue problems. While the former problem was thoroughly studied, the later problem in its most general form, namely, the complex case without assuming the positive definiteness of the electronic Hessian, was not fully understood. In view of their very similar mathematical structures, we examined these two problems from a unified point of view. We showed that the identification of Lie group structures for their eigenvectors provides a framework to design diagonalization algorithms as well as numerical optimizations techniques on the corresponding manifolds. By using the same reduction algorithm for the quaternion matrix eigenvalue problem, we provided a necessary and sufficient condition to characterize the different scenarios, where the eigenvalues of the original linear response eigenvalue problem are real, purely imaginary, or complex. The result can be viewed as a natural generalization of the well-known condition for the real matrix case.
Reconstructing the topology of optical vortex lines with single-shot measurement
Authors: Zhong Jinzhan , Liu Sheng , Guo Xuyue , Li Peng , Wei Bingyan , Qi Shuxia , Zhao Jianlin
Published: October 2021

We propose and demonstrate a method for reconstructing the topology of optical vortex lines by utilizing digital holography. Compared with the traditional methods that need complicated spatial scanning procedure, the proposed method only requires a single exposure of hologram. It enables this method to be particularly well suited to observe the dynamic change of vortex topology. With the method, we experimentally reconstructed the dynamically rotating three-dimensional topology. These results are expected to provide a powerful tool for the experimental observation of the dynamical evolution of light fields and can be used to improve efficiency in information demodulation of topology carrying beams.
THz room-temperature detector based on thermoelectric frequency-selective
surface fabricated from Bi88Sb12 thin film
Authors: Khodzitsky Mikhail , Tukmakova Anastasiia , Zykov Dmitry , Novoselov Mikhail , Tkhorzhevskiy Ivan , Sedinin Artyom , Novotelnova Anna , Zaitsev Anton , Demchenko Petr , Makarova Elena , Kablukova Natallya
Published: October 2021

A room-temperature terahertz (THz) detector based on a thermoelectric frequency selective surface (FSS) has been numerically simulated, designed, fabricated, and tested. The FSS has been fabricated from a 150 nm thin Bi88Sb12 thermoelectric film with the engraved periodic Greek crosses. The detector prototype has been tested under the 0.14 THz radiation exposure and showed a voltage response due to the photo-thermoelectric effect up to 0.13–0.18 mV, and voltage responsivity equal to 14–20 mV/W. The detector based on the FSS has shown voltage responsivity up to three times higher in comparison with the detector based on the continuous film. Thermal imaging has shown a temperature increase in the FSS up to 1.5 K under the THz exposure. The obtained results demonstrate prospects for utilization of the Bi88Sb12 FSS detector as a low cost, compact, high-speed, highly sensitive room-temperature THz detector.
Reynolds number effect on statistics of turbulent flows over periodic hills
Authors: Zhou Zhideng , Wu Ting , Yang Xiaolei
Published: October 2021

The wall-resolved large-eddy simulations of turbulent flows over periodic hills are carried out to study the Reynolds number effect on flow statistics. Five different Reynolds numbers ranging from 2800 to 37 000 are considered. The present simulations are validated by comparing the time-averaged flow statistics with those from the literature. The Reynolds number effect is first examined on the skin friction and pressure coefficients, the isosurfaces of p′ and Q criteria, and the vertical profiles of flow statistics. The results show that (1) at most locations the magnitude of friction coefficient decreases with the increase in Reynolds number, while the pressure coefficient varies in the opposite direction; (2) smaller turbulence structures arise at higher Reynolds numbers; and (3) the mean velocities and Reynolds stresses in general exhibit asymptotic behaviors with the increase in Reynolds number. The statistical properties of turbulence structures are further examined via the probability density function and time correlation of velocity fluctuations. At last, the dynamics in the separation bubble is investigated by examining the flow statistics and the budget equation of mean kinetic energy (MKE) on the coordinate with its origin fixed at the recirculation center, and the power spectral density of the velocity fluctuations. Similarities are in general observed for the mean velocities, Reynolds stresses, and the MKE budget in the rear part of the separation bubble. The mean convection term and turbulence convection term are observed playing a key role on the decrease in bubble size with the increase in Reynolds number.
Frequency-domain electron spin resonance spectroscopy using continuously frequency-tunable terahertz photomixers
Authors: Ohmichi Eiji , Shoji Yuto , Takahashi Hideyuki , Ohta Hitoshi
Published: October 2021

Frequency-domain electron spin resonance (FDESR) spectroscopy in the terahertz (THz) region using continuously tunable photomixers was demonstrated. Spectral resolution was greatly improved with the use of a pair of fiber stretchers. In this setup, the amplitude of the THz electric field was determined at each frequency by externally sweeping the optical path difference, resulting in a spectral resolution of about 1 MHz. With this technique, we observed narrow ESR spectra with a 20-MHz linewidth, enabling high-resolution FDESR spectroscopy in a broad frequency range.
All-electron real-time and imaginary-time time-dependent density functional theory within a numeric atom-centered basis function framework
Authors: Hekele Joscha , Yao Yi , Kanai Yosuke , Blum Volker , Kratzer Peter
Published: October 2021

Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) is an attractive tool to model quantum dynamics by real-time propagation without the linear response approximation. Sharing the same technical framework of RT-TDDFT, imaginary-time time-dependent density functional theory (it-TDDFT) is a recently developed robust-convergence ground state method. Presented here are high-precision all-electron RT-TDDFT and it-TDDFT implementations within a numerical atom-centered orbital (NAO) basis function framework in the FHI-aims code. We discuss the theoretical background and technical choices in our implementation. First, RT-TDDFT results are validated against linear-response TDDFT results. Specifically, we analyze the NAO basis sets’ convergence for Thiel’s test set of small molecules and confirm the importance of the augmentation basis functions for adequate convergence. Adopting a velocity-gauge formalism, we next demonstrate applications for systems with periodic boundary conditions. Taking advantage of the all-electron full-potential implementation, we present applications for core level spectra. For it-TDDFT, we confirm that within the all-electron NAO formalism, it-TDDFT can successfully converge systems that are difficult to converge in the standard self-consistent field method. We finally benchmark our implementation for systems up to ∼500 atoms. The implementation exhibits almost linear weak and strong scaling behavior.
Ethane and methane at high pressures: Structure and stability
Authors: Stavrou Elissaios , Maryewski Alexander A. , Lobanov Sergey S. , Oganov Artem R. , Konôpková Zuzana , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Goncharov Alexander F.
Published: October 2021

We have performed a combined experimental and theoretical study of ethane and methane at high pressures of up to 120 GPa at 300 K using x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopies and the USPEX ab initio evolutionary structural search algorithm, respectively. For ethane, we have determined the crystallization point, for room temperature, at 2.7 GPa and also the low pressure crystal structure (phase A). This crystal structure is orientationally disordered (plastic phase) and deviates from the known crystal structures for ethane at low temperatures. Moreover, a pressure induced phase transition has been identified, for the first time, at 13.6 GPa to a monoclinic phase B, the structure of which is solved based on good agreement with the experimental results and theoretical predictions. For methane, our x-ray diffraction measurements are in agreement with the previously reported high-pressure structures and equation of state (EOS). We have determined the EOSs of ethane and methane, which provides a solid basis for the discussion of their relative stability at high pressures.
Diffusive instabilities of baroclinic lenticular vortices
Authors: Labarbe Joris , Kirillov Oleg N.
Published: October 2021

We consider a model of a circular lenticular vortex immersed into a deep and vertically stratified viscous fluid in the presence of gravity and rotation. The vortex is assumed to be baroclinic with a Gaussian profile of angular velocity both in the radial and axial directions. Assuming the base state to be in cyclogeostrophic balance, we derive linearized equations of motion and seek for their solution in a geometric optics approximation to find amplitude transport equations that yield a comprehensive dispersion relation. Applying the algebraic Bilharz criterion to the latter, we establish that the stability conditions are reduced to three inequalities that define the stability domain in the space of parameters. The main destabilization mechanism is either monotonic or oscillatory axisymmetric instability depending on the Schmidt number (Sc), vortex Rossby number, and the difference between radial and axial density gradients as well as the difference between epicyclic and vertical oscillation frequencies. We discover that the boundaries of the regions of monotonic and oscillatory axisymmetric instabilities meet at a codimension-2 point, forming a singularity of the neutral stability curve. We give an exhaustive classification of the geometry of the stability boundary, depending on the values of the Schmidt number. Although we demonstrate that the centrifugally stable (unstable) Gaussian lens can be destabilized (stabilized) by the differential diffusion of mass and momentum and that destabilization can happen even in the limit of vanishing diffusion, we also describe explicitly a set of parameters in which the Gaussian lens is stable for all Sc > 0.
Understanding salt-tolerance and biota–stressor interactions in freshwater invertebrate communities
Authors: Kefford Ben J. , Bray Jon P. , Nichols Susan J. , Reich Jollene , Mac Nally Ralph , O’Reilly-Nugent Andrew , Kon Kam King Guillaume , Thompson Ross
Published: October 2021

Salinity is increasing in many naturally fresh waters because of human activities, and there are concerns about the ecological effects of these increases. Salinity, as with any stressor, can affect organisms both directly and indirectly. In a previous study (Bray et al. 2019), we evaluated the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of increased salinity on stream invertebrates. Chessman (2021) criticised that study, claiming that the biotic treatments were confounded and did not directly test the hypotheses. Chessman (2021) also conducted a reanalysis of the data. We show through the analysis of new data that our biotic treatments were not confounded and that the conclusions made by Chessman (2021) were probably a consequence of the low statistical power of his analysis. Consequently, we argue that Chessman’s (2021) comments do not substantively alter the conclusions of our study, and we provide more evidence to support the conclusions of our previous publication. The study of biota–stressor interactions is increasingly relevant to a wide range of global ecosystems. There is a need to develop tractable experimental and survey designs that address these problems, and we identify further avenues for study of these complex issues.
Corrigendum to: Integrating remotely sensed fuel variables into wildfire danger assessment for China
Authors: Quan Xingwen , Xie Qian , He Binbin , Luo Kaiwei , Liu Xiangzhuo
Published: October 2021

As regulated by the ‘fire environment triangle', three major forces are essential for understanding wildfire danger: (1) topography, (2) weather and (3) fuel. Within this concept, this study aimed to assess the wildfire danger for China based on a set of topography, weather and fuel variables. Among these variables, two remotely sensed key fuel variables, fuel moisture content (FMC) and foliage fuel load (FFL), were integrated into the assessment. These fuel variables were retrieved using radiative transfer models from the MODIS reflectance products. The random forest model identified the relationships between these variables and historical wildfires and then produced a daily updated and moderate-high spatial resolution (500m) dataset of wildfire danger for China from 2001 to 2020. Results showed that this dataset performed well in assessing wildfire danger for China in terms of the ‘Area Under the Curve' value, the fire density within each wildfire danger level, and the visualisation of spatial patterns. Further analysis showed that when the FMC and FFL were excluded from the assessment, the accuracy decreased, revealing the reasonability of the remotely sensed FMC and FFL in the assessment.
Eccentricity forcing of East Asian monsoonal systems over the past 3 million years
Authors: Liu Chengying , Nie Junsheng , Li Zaijun , Qiao Qingqing , Abell Jordan T. , Wang Fei , Xiao Wenjiao
Published: October 2021

Significance

Desert regions were not always dry, and in the geological past, they experienced periods of wetter and drier conditions. Understanding these wet–dry cycles in arid regions is an important scientific endeavor that could provide information related to their future variations. Environmental variability of deserts in monsoonal regions are controlled by monsoon-derived precipitation. Here, we show that the Tengger Desert of northern China experienced drying every 400 thousand years, corresponding to the Earth orbital eccentricity minimum, forced by variations in the East Asian monsoon. This finding requires a revision of the traditional view of Northern Hemisphere ice sheet forcing of the East Asian monsoon based on Chinese Loess Plateau records.
COVID-19-Related Policy Changes for Methadone Take-Home Dosing: A Multistate Survey of Opioid Treatment Program Leadership
Authors: Levander Ximena A. , Pytell Jarratt D. , Stoller Kenneth B. , Korthuis P. Todd , Chander Geetanjali
Published: October 2021

Background: In the United States, methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder is dispensed via highly-regulated accredited opioid treatment programs (OTP). During the COVID-19 pandemic, federal regulations were loosened, allowing for greater use of take-home methadone doses. We sought to understand how OTP leaders responded to these policy changes. Methods: We distributed a multistate electronic survey from September to November 2020 of OTP leadership to members of the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) who self-identified as leaders of OTPs. We asked study participants about how their OTP(s) implemented COVID-19-related policy changes into their clinical practice focusing on provision of take-home methadone doses, factors used to determine patient stability, and potential concerns about increased take-home doses. We used Chi-square test to compare survey responses between characterizations of the OTPs. Results: Of 170 survey respondents (17% response rate), the majority represented leadership of for-profit OTPs (69%) and were in a Southern state (54%). Routine allowances and practices related to take-home methadone doses varied across OTPs during the COVID-19 pandemic: 80 (47%) reported 14 days for newly enrolled patients (within past 90 days), 89 (52%) reported 14 days for “less stable” patients, and 112 (66%) reported 28 days for “stable” patients. Conclusions: We found that not all eligible OTP leaders adopted the practice of routinely allowing newly enrolled, “less stable,” and “stable” patients on methadone to have increased take-home doses up to the limit allowed by federal regulations during COVID-19. The pandemic provides an opportunity to critically re-evaluate long-established methadone and OTP regulations in preparation for future emergencies.
Programmed cortical ER collapse drives selective ER degradation and inheritance in yeast meiosis
Authors: Otto George Maxwell , Cheunkarndee Tia , Leslie Jessica Mae , Brar Gloria Ann
Published: October 2021

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) carries out essential and conserved cellular functions, which depend on the maintenance of its structure and subcellular distribution. Here, we report developmentally regulated changes in ER morphology and composition during budding yeast meiosis, a conserved differentiation program that gives rise to gametes. A subset of the cortical ER collapses away from the plasma membrane at anaphase II, thus separating into a spatially distinct compartment. This programmed collapse depends on the transcription factor Ndt80, conserved ER membrane structuring proteins Lnp1 and reticulons, and the actin cytoskeleton. A subset of ER is retained at the mother cell plasma membrane and excluded from gamete cells via the action of ER–plasma membrane tethering proteins. ER remodeling is coupled to ER degradation by selective autophagy, which relies on ER collapse and is regulated by timed expression of the autophagy receptor Atg40. Thus, developmentally programmed changes in ER morphology determine the selective degradation or inheritance of ER subdomains by gametes.
Electron trajectory backanalysis for spectral profile in two-color terahertz generation
Authors: Zhang Yizhu , Zhang Kaixuan , Yan Tian-Min , Jiang Yuhai
Published: October 2021

The gas-phase medium ionized by two-color femtosecond field produces supercontinuum radiation ranging from the terahertz to midinfrared band. Under the strong-field approximation, the electron trajectory backanalysis is exploited to interpret the spectral profile of terahertz radiation. Meanwhile, the electron trajectory method can correlate terahertz spectral profiles and photoelectron momentum distributions (PEMDs). The coherent superposition of electron trajectories released from the consecutive cycles is found to induce the high-frequency cutoff and sharpen the spectral bandwidth of supercontinuum radiation, tightly coinciding with the intercycle interference fringes in PEMDs. The trajectory analysis exhibits that single electron interference plays an important role in the terahertz generation process. Our method provides an intuitive interpretation in terms of electron trajectory perspective and sheds light on the microscopic mechanisms of terahertz generation.
139 GHz UV phase-locked Raman laser system for thermometry and sideband cooling of 9Be+ ions in a Penning trap
Authors: Mielke J , Pick J , Coenders J A , Meiners T , Niemann M , Cornejo J M , Ulmer S , Ospelkaus C
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate the phase locking of two ultraviolet (UV) laser sources by modulating a fundamental infrared (IR) laser with fourth-order sidebands using an electro-optic modulator and the phase locking of one sideband to a second fundamental IR laser. Subsequent sum frequency generation and second harmonic generation successfully translates the frequency offset to the UV domain. The phase lock at 139 GHz is confirmed through stimulated Raman transitions for the thermometry of 9Be+ ions confined in a cryogenic Penning trap. This technique might be used for the sideband cooling of single 9Be+ ions as well as sympathetic cooling schemes and quantum-logic-based measurements in Penning traps in the future.
Sharp time decay estimates for the discrete Klein–Gordon equation
Authors: Cuenin Jean-Claude , Ikromov Isroil A
Published: October 2021

We establish sharp time decay estimates for the Klein–Gordon equation on the cubic lattice in dimensions d = 2, 3, 4. The ℓ
1 → ℓ
∞ dispersive decay rate is |t|−3/4 for d = 2, |t|−7/6 for d = 3 and |t|−3/2 log|t| for d = 4. These decay rates are faster than conjectured by Kevrekidis and Stefanov (2005). The proof relies on oscillatory integral estimates and proceeds by a detailed analysis of the singularities of the associated phase function. We also prove new Strichartz estimates and discuss applications to nonlinear PDEs and spectral theory.
Development and evaluation of cement/emulsified-asphalt based piezoelectric sensors for road weigh-in-motion system
Authors: Zhu Xingyi , Zhou Xudong , Ye Fangyong , Wu Hongtao , Du Zhao
Published: October 2021

Piezoelectric composites (PCs) have great potential in traffic information perception. In this study, 2–2 cement/emulsified asphalt PCs were prepared by the cutting-filling method, and a set of preparation technology was formed. The finite element model of PC and road structure was established to simulate the loading process of moving load, and the influence of embedded PCs on road structure was further discussed. In addition, the effects of the buried depth and offset distance of PCs on the mechanical electrical effect were studied. The results indicated that the buried depth had a little effect on the mechanical electrical effect of PCs, and this effect would be amplified when the load was close to the buried position: the shallower the PCs were buried, the greater the output voltage. When the load was in the direct-acting zone, the voltage output curve was a multi-peak curve, and the attenuation of the voltage peak with the offset distance was small; when the load was in the indirect-acting zone, the output curve was a single peak curve, and the output voltage decayed rapidly with the increase of the offset distance. It was found that the load level was linearly related to the voltage peak value, and the high-precision axle load detection could be achieved by embedding PCs in the road, so as to realize the weigh-in-motion of the road.
Stabilization of kink/peeling modes by coupled rotation and ion diamagnetic drift effects in quiescent H-mode plasmas in DIII-D and JT-60U
Authors: Aiba N. , Chen X. , Kamiya K. , Honda M. , Osborne T.H. , Burrell K.H. , Snyder P.B.
Published: October 2021

Magnetohydrodynamic stability at the edge pedestal in several quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) plasmas in DIII-D and JT-60U experiments was analyzed by considering plasma rotation and ion diamagnetic drift effects. It was identified that a kink/peeling mode, which is a prime candidate for a trigger of edge harmonic oscillation in QH-mode, is stabilized by plasma rotation when considering the ion diamagnetic drift simultaneously in both experiments. The stabilizing effect by rotation becomes more effective in case using the rotation profile of the main ion species evaluated by assuming radial force balance. In addition, when inverting the rotation direction, it was found that the kink/peeling mode is more stabilized when considering the rotation of the main ion species, though the mode is less stabilized by the rotation of impurity ion species. The result implies that the kink/peeling mode stability in QH-mode plasmas is sensitive to how the rotation profile is evaluated, but it is shown that a qualitative trend stabilizing the kink/peeling mode by rotation can be reproduced with the poloidal rotation profile of an impurity predicted numerically based on the neoclassical theory.
Experimental investigation of the relation between measurement uncertainties and non-local quantum correlations
Authors: Matsuyama Kengo , Hofmann Holger F , Iinuma Masataka
Published: October 2021

Bell’s inequalities are defined by sums of correlations involving non-commuting observables in each of the two systems. Violations of Bell’s inequalities are only possible because the precision of any joint measurement of these observables will be limited by quantum mechanical uncertainty relations. In this paper we explore the relation between the local measurement uncertainties and the magnitude of the correlations by preparing polarization entangled photon pairs and performing joint measurements of non-commuting polarization components at different uncertainty trade-offs. The change in measurement visibility reveals the existence of a non-trivial balance between the measurement uncertainties where the probabilities of a specific pair of measurement outcomes approaches zero because of the particular combination of enhancement and suppression of the experimentally observed correlations. The occurrence of these high-contrast results shows that the quantum correlations between the photons are close to their maximal value, confirming that the Cirel’son bound of Bell’s inequality violations is defined by the minimal uncertainties that limit the precision of joint measurements.