bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Consensus and Caregiver Burden in Adults with Cognitive Impairments 6 Months Following Stroke
Authors: Wu Chao‐Yi , Skidmore Elizabeth R. , Rodakowski Juleen
Published: March 2019

Background

Caregiver burden is commonly experienced in caregivers of adults with cognitive impairment after stroke. This burden can be associated with caregiver‐centered factors, including caregiver‐perceived relationship quality.

Objective

To examine the role of caregiver‐perceived relationship quality on caregiver burden at 6 months following stroke.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Community settings.

Participants

Adults enrolled in two randomized controlled trials after stroke (n = 60) and their caregivers (n = 60).

Methods

Three constructs of relationship quality (relationship consensus, cohesion, and satisfaction) were examined as predictors of caregiver burden (the Abbreviated Dyadic Adjustment Scale). A hierarchical logistic regression and a Poisson regression with robust standard errors were used to examine the effect of relationship quality on caregiver burden while controlling for characteristics of stroke survivors and caregivers.

Main Outcome Measurements

Caregiver burden was measured with the abridged version of the Zarit Burden Interview.

Results

Poor relationship consensus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06‐2.07; P = .02) increased the odds of high caregiver burden after controlling for characteristics of stroke survivors (age, comorbidity, cognitive fluency) and caregivers (gender, self‐reported health). Relationship cohesion (OR  = 1.03; 95% CI = .84‐1.25; P = .81) and relationship satisfaction (OR  = 1.53; 95% CI = .75‐3.10; P = .24) did not predict caregiver burden.

Conclusion

Meaningful and agreeable goals and expectations between dyads are essential to reduce caregiver burden after stroke. Collaborative goal‐setting between stroke survivors and their caregivers may be a promising intervention strategy to increase relationship consensus and reduce caregiver burden.

Level of Evidence

III.
Formation of GeV, SiV, and NV Color Centers in Single Crystal Diamond Needles Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Malykhin Sergei , Mindarava Yuliya , Ismagilov Rinat , Orekhov Anton , Jelezko Fedor , Obraztsov Alexander
Published: March 2019

Herein the color centers formation in diamond crystallites of pyramidal shape grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is described. The individual crystallites are extracted from polycrystalline films grown on silicon substrates. The silicon‐vacancy (SiV), germanium‐vacancy (GeV), and nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers are created by introducing corresponding precursors from substrate material, gaseous nitrogen, and thermally evaporated germanium added during CVD. Some amount of NV centers detected in all types of the diamond crystallites is assigned to uncontrollable presence of nitrogen in the CVD reactor. The low temperature photoluminescence spectra indicate presence of ensembles of SiV centers in diamond structure. The SiV centers are concentrated predominantly at apexes of the diamond crystallites located at substrate surface. Intense growth of CN radicals in plasma‐activated gas environment during CVD process is detected after nitrogen gas addition. The crystallites obtained with the nitrogen addition demonstrate significant variation of their pyramid angle. The photoluminescence spectra of crystallites grown with nitrogen addition demonstrate increase of both negatively and neutrally charged states of NV color center. The GeV centers are created via thermal evaporation of pure Ge during CVD growth. The photoluminescence spectra of the crystallites grown with Ge addition demonstrate presence of GeV color centers ensemble.
Investigation of antimony, cobalt, and acetaldehyde migration into the drinking water in Turkey
Authors: Dogan Canan Ekinci , Cebi Nur
Published: March 2019

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used material for the packaging of drinking water. The development of this research arises from the demand of a popular Turkish drinking water company, which has reported odour problems in their PET bottled products. Acetaldehyde, cobalt, and antimony contents were determined in bottled water of different volumes (0.5, 1.5, and 5 L), PET bottles, plastic blue closures, and preform material by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Antimony, cobalt, and acetaldehyde migration into the drinking water (PET bottled) was tracked for every 2 months through a year. Migration of these compounds rose with increased storage time at 20°C. The highest amounts of migrated compounds were observed in 0.5 L (smallest) of PET bottles. All migration results were found to be under the migration limit at the end of storage period. In addition to these findings, nonintentionally added substances (NIASs) analyses were performed by headspace (HS)/GC‐MS. Odour‐active compounds were identified using the library database. Off‐odours in the drinking water were due to the migration of various compounds such as acetaldehyde and other NIASs from PET bottle into the drinking water. In addition, acetaldehyde amounts were ranged from 0 to 140 μg/L in all drinking waters, and some acetaldehyde values were above the taste threshold of 15 μg/L.
An Exploration of Text Difficulty and Knowledge Support on Adolescents' Comprehension
Authors: Lupo Sarah M. , Tortorelli Laura , Invernizzi Marcia , Ryoo Ji Hoon , Strong John Z.
Published: March 2019

The purpose of the study was to determine whether easy or challenging versions of texts, when accompanied by different types of instructional support, improved adolescents' reading comprehension, particularly for students with below‐average reading comprehension. The authors examined 293 ninth‐grade students' reading comprehension of 24 leveled texts over a 12‐week intervention in which teachers were randomly assigned to one of two instructional strategies prior to reading: K‐W‐L or Listen‐Read‐Discuss. Students were randomly assigned within classes to read either easy or challenging versions of the texts, and students' text comprehension was assessed after each lesson. General comprehension was assessed before and after the intervention using the Gates–MacGinitie Reading Comprehension subtest. The authors analyzed the texts using Lexile Analyzer, Coh‐Metrix Text Easability Assessor, and TextEvaluator to compare aspects of concreteness, formality of language, cohesion, and familiarity across versions. Findings revealed that comprehension of the easy and challenging versions was similar for most students, but students in the K‐W‐L classrooms outperformed students in the Listen‐Read‐Discuss classrooms. Only a small subset of students who read significantly below average, many of whom were identified as English learners, benefited from reading the easier versions. The Coh‐Metrix and TextEvaluator tools indicated that the easier texts had more familiar vocabulary, greater lexical cohesion, fewer academic vocabulary words, and a more conversational tone, but similar grammatical cohesion and concreteness of words. The results suggest that most students, even if struggling with comprehension, can read challenging versions of texts when accompanied by instructional support.
The use and misuse of curve fitting in the analysis of core X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic data
Authors: Sherwood Peter M.A.
Published: March 2019

Core X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) data often contain overlapping chemically shifted peaks that differ in their width, peak shape, and intensity. The spectra may be complicated by the presence of satellite and multiplet splitting features as well as from the X‐ray satellites that arise when achromatic X‐radiation is used. Curve fitting has been extensively used for more than the past 50 years as a means of extracting chemical information from the overlapping features in core XPS. Our understanding of the key components of this approach, such as the fitting function and the spectral background, has improved substantially over the years. XPS is now the most widely used surface analytical method, and many users often have their principal expertise in other areas. While the associated computer software in most XPS instruments has powerful data analysis techniques, including curve fitting, provided by the manufacturer or by a separate commercial source, the application of these techniques may not always be appropriately applied. This perspective article gives the author's view of the main issues that impact the use of curve fitting, together with a description of some approaches that misuse curve fitting leading to erroneous conclusions about the surface chemistry. The article is illustrated by examples showing the fitting of various types of spectra using true Voigt functions.
Tailoring and investigation of surface chemical nature of virgin and ion beam modified muscovite mica
Authors: Bhowmik Dipak , Karmakar Prasanta
Published: March 2019

We report that the surface chemical properties of muscovite mica [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2] like important multi‐elemental layered substrate can be precisely tailored by ion bombardment. The detailed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of a freshly cleaved as well as 12‐keV Ar+ and N+ ion bombarded muscovite mica surfaces show immense changes of the surface composition due to preferential sputtering of different elements and the chemical reaction of implanted ions with the surface. We observe that the K atoms on the upper layer of mica surface are sputtered most during the N+ or Ar+ ions sputtering, and the negative aluminosilicate layer is exposed. Inactive Ar atoms are trapped, whereas chemically reactive N atoms form silicon nitride (Si3N4) and aluminum nitride (AlN) during implantation. On exposure to air after ion bombardment, the mica surface becomes more active to adsorb C than the virgin surface. The adsorbed C reacts with Si in the aluminosilicate layer and forms silicon carbide (SiC) for both Ar and N bombarded mica surfaces. Besides the surface chemical change, prolonged ion bombardment develops a periodic ripple like regular pattern on the surface.
Active corrosion protection of various aluminium alloys by lithium‐leaching coatings
Authors: Visser Peter , Terryn Herman , Mol Johannes M.C.
Published: March 2019

This study presents the active protective properties of lithium‐leaching coatings for a range of aluminium alloys. Coatings with and without lithium carbonate as leachable inhibitor were applied on the aluminium alloys, artificially damaged and exposed to the neutral salt spray. A combined approach of scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements revealed that the lithium carbonate leaching coating provided effective corrosion inhibition on AA2024, AA7075, AA5083, and AA6014 by the formation of a protective layer in the defect area and preventing local corrosion processes despite the different intrinsic electrochemical activity of the alloys.
Transparency and replicability in qualitative research: The case of interviews with elite informants
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Solarino Angelo M.
Published: March 2019

Research Summary

We used interviews with elite informants as a case study to illustrate the need to expand the discussion of transparency and replicability to qualitative methodology. An analysis of 52 articles published in Strategic Management Journal revealed that none of them were sufficiently transparent to allow for exact replication, empirical replication, or conceptual replication. We offer 12 transparency criteria, and behaviorally‐anchored ratings scales to measure them, that can be used by authors as they plan and conduct qualitative research as well as by journal reviewers and editors when they evaluate the transparency of submitted manuscripts. We hope our article will serve as a catalyst for improving the degree of transparency and replicability of future qualitative research.

Managerial Summary

If organizations implement practices based on published research, will they produce results consistent with those reported in the articles? To answer this question, it is critical that published articles be transparent in terms of what has been done, why, and how. We investigated 52 articles published in Strategic Management Journal that reported interviewing elite informants (e.g., members of the top management team) and found that none of the articles were sufficiently transparent. These results lead to thorny questions about the trustworthiness of published research, but also important opportunities for future improvements about research transparency and replicability. We offer recommendations on 12 transparency criteria, and how to measure them, that can be used to evaluate past as well as future research using qualitative methods.
In Situ Observations of Shell Growth and Oxidative Etching Behaviors of Pd Nanoparticles in Solutions by Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Su Ting , Wang Zhong Lin , Wang Zhiwei
Published: March 2019

It is demonstrated that the redox reaction behaviors of Pd nanoparticles in HAuCl4 solutions can be substantially modified by the introduction of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) agents through systematic liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) investigations. The gradual dissolution of Pd nanoparticles is observed when HAuCl4 solution is pumped into liquid flow cells, the etching characteristics of which are depended on both HAuCl4 concentrations and incident electron doses. In comparison, with the presence of CTAB agents, the dominated phenomenon appears to be the precipitation of Au species and incorporation onto the surface of Pd seeds. It is also observed that the rapid growth of Au on Pd seeds occurs by loading Pd and HAuCl4 solutions into static liquid cells. The resultant Au shells exhibit rather sparse structural configurations and are formed possibly by homogeneous nucleation/coalescence of Au species as well as monomer attachments. The observed Au‐shell growth instead of Pd dissolution is attributed to the presence of the residual regents, which may be also responsible for the initially already existing small Au adsorptions at the corner/edge sites of Pd seeds. The study provides a useful reference for the convenient fabrication of complex nanostructures and functional nanomaterials in a controllable way.
Fiber‐reinforced lightweight self‐compacting concrete incorporating scoria aggregates at elevated temperatures
Authors: Aslani Farhad , Sun Junbo , Bromley Daniel , Ma Guowei
Published: March 2019

Self‐compacting concrete (SCC) has developed rapidly in modern concrete structures to accommodate the need of high deformability and considerable resistance to segregation. The lightweight aggregate called scoria is also utilized to manufacture lightweight self‐compacting concrete (LWSCC) to improve the strength‐to‐weight ratio with considerable cost beneficial. Meanwhile, the LWSCC employs fibers (polypropylene [PP] and steel) equipping different replacement ratios of traditional aggregates, the SCC will be invented to reveal balanced fresh property, spalling behavior, mechanical performance especially at elevated temperatures. In this study, eight LWSCC mix designs were explored with varying fiber ratios by volume of PP fiber (0.1, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25%) and steel fiber (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0%). The effects of different fiber types and ratios are tested with fresh properties (slump flow and J‐ring), hardened mechanical performance (compressive and tensile strength at 20°C) and high temperature resistance (compressive and tensile strength, mass loss and spalling) after 28‐day curing at 100, 300, 600, and 900°C. The 0.25% optimum fiber ratio for PP fiber mix and 0.75% for steel fiber mix are determined with balanced fresh properties as well as high‐temperature resistance for the hardened properties.
Do we really need rotor equivalent wind speed?
Authors: Van Sark Wilfried G.J.H.M. , Van der Velde Henrik C. , Coelingh Jan P. , Bierbooms Wim A.A.M.
Published: March 2019

The use of the rotor equivalent wind speed for determination of power curves and annual energy production for wind turbines is advocated in the second edition of the IEC 61400‐12‐1 standard. This requires the measurements of wind speeds at different heights, for which remote sensing equipment is recommended in addition to meteorological masts. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis that shows that the relevance of the rotor equivalent wind speed method depends on turbine dimensions and wind shear regime. For situations where the ratio of rotor diameter and hub height is smaller than 1.8, the rotor equivalent wind speed method is not needed if the wind shear coefficient at the location of the wind turbine has a constant value between −0.05 and 0.4: in these cases, the rotor equivalent wind speed and the wind speed at hub height are within 1%. For complex terrains with high wind shear deviations are larger. The effect of non‐constant wind shear exponent, ie, different wind shear coefficients for lower and upper half of the rotor swept area especially at offshore conditions is limited to also about 1%.
Influence of three microalgal‐based cultivation technologies on different domestic wastewater and biogas purification in photobioreactor
Authors: Sun Shiqing , Hu Changwei , Gao Shumei , Zhao Yongjun , Xu Jie
Published: March 2019

To investigate the effects of different microalgae and culture methods on the purification of domestic wastewater and biogas, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were selected. Three different culture methods (monoculture, microalgal–fungi cocultivation, and microalgal‐activated sludge cocultivation) were used to remove nutrients from four different domestic wastewaters and remove CO2 from raw biogas in a photobioreactor. The results show that the effluent from the centrate of pretreated urban wastewater (WW4) achieved the highest nutrient and CO2 removal efficiency. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and activated sludge achieved the highest COD, TP, and CO2 removal efficiencies of 79.27%, 81.25%, and 60.39% with WW4, respectively. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi achieved the highest TN removal efficiency of 78.46% with WW4. The contents of C, N, and P in the microalgal‐activated sludge symbiont after treatment exceeded 50%, 8%, and 0.8%, respectively. Highly economically efficient energy consumption was achieved with WW4 for both C. vulgaris and S. obliquus. Microalgal‐activated sludge cocultivation was identified as the optimal option for the simultaneous purification of wastewater and biogas based on its high pollution and CO2 removal efficiency. This provides a reference for the microalgal‐based purification of actual domestic wastewater and raw biogas.

Practitioner points

Nutrient and CO2 were efficiently removed by C. vulgaris with activated sludge.

CO2 was removed up to 60.4% and was economically viable.

Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi could achieve the highest TN removal with WW4.
The design and operation of subsurface wastewater infiltration systems for domestic wastewater
Authors: Li Dan , Wang Xinze , Chi Lina , Wang Jie
Published: March 2019

Throughout rural regions, large amounts of domestic wastewater are discharged into natural bodies of water without treatment. A well‐designed subsurface wastewater infiltration (SWI) system is an effective wastewater pollution removal strategy for small and remote communities due to its low energy consumption, low operational cost, and good performance. This paper describes the types of structures and purification mechanisms of SWI systems, focusing on the design of substrate materials and the optimization of different operation modes including the hydraulic loading rate, pollutant loading rate, intermittent operation, aeration, and shunting distribution. The challenges and trends in the development of SWI systems are also discussed.

Practitioner points

The construction and purification mechanisms of SWI system are described.

The design of substrates and the optimization of operation modes are focused.

The challenges and the development trends for the system are further introduced.
Topological susceptibility and QCD axion mass: QED and NNLO corrections
Authors: Gorghetto Marco , Villadoro Giovanni
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We improve the precision of the topological susceptibility of QCD, and therefore of the QCD axion mass, by including O(α
em) and NNLO corrections in the chiral expansion, which amount to 0.65(21)% and -0.71(29)% respectively. Both corrections are one order of magnitude smaller than the known NLO ones, confirming the very good convergence of the chiral expansion and its reliability. Using the latest estimates for the light quark masses the current uncertainty is dominated by the one of the low-energy constant ℓ
7. When combined with possible improvements on the light quark mass ratio and ℓ
7 from lattice QCD, our computation could allow to determine the QCD axion mass with per-mille accuracy.
What Do U.S. Catholics Think about Women Deacons?
Authors: Berrelleza Erick , Zagano Phyllis
Published: March 2019

What do U.S. Catholics think about women in the renewed diaconate? The Catholic Church's recovery of the concept of “synodality” encourages an answer to the question. This article examines the possible cultural acceptance of women deacons and the consequent organizational factors and concerns surrounding its implementation. It reviews three studies: a professional study conducted by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) of the attitudes of Catholic women in the United States (commissioned by America Media); an unscientific online poll conducted by the magazine U.S. Catholic; and a second CARA study of the attitudes of the leaders of men's and women's religious institutes and orders in the United States. The examination concludes with a discussion on the diaconal tasks women already perform in the Catholic Church and the manner in which the restoration of women to the ordained office of deacon could occur in this global institution.
Failure to detect an association between self‐reported traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and dementia
Authors: Sugarman Michael A. , McKee Ann C. , Stein Thor D. , Tripodis Yorghos , Besser Lilah M. , Martin Brett , Palmisano Joseph N. , Steinberg Eric G. , O'Connor Maureen K. , Au Rhoda , McClean Michael , Killiany Ronald , Mez Jesse , Weiner Michael W. , Kowall Neil W. , Stern Robert A. , Alosco Michael L.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Recent research with neuropathologic or biomarker evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) casts doubt on traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a risk factor for AD. We leveraged the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center to examine the association between self‐reported TBI with loss of consciousness and AD neuropathologic changes, and with baseline and longitudinal clinical status.

Methods

The sample included 4761 autopsy participants (453 with remote TBI with loss of consciousness; 2822 with AD neuropathologic changes) from National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center.

Results

Self‐reported TBI did not predict AD neuropathologic changes (P > .10). Reported TBI was not associated with baseline or change in dementia severity or cognitive function in participants with or without autopsy‐confirmed AD.

Discussion

Self‐reported TBI with loss of consciousness may not be an independent risk factor for clinical or pathological AD. Research that evaluates number and severity of TBIs is needed to clarify the neuropathological links between TBI and dementia documented in other large clinical databases.
Does Pregnancy Play a Role? Association of Body Dissatisfaction, Body Appearance Cognitive Distraction, and Sexual Distress
Authors: Pascoal Patrícia M. , Rosa Pedro J. , Coelho Soraia
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Pregnancy is characterized by physical, hormonal, and psychological changes that can affect women’s sexuality, and, for those who are in a dyadic relationship, it also affects the couple’s sexual relationship. On the other hand, the pregnancy state can function as a protective factor for body dissatisfaction as women embrace a new phase of the life cycle when body changes, namely more body volume, are expected.

Aim

To examine whether the effect of body dissatisfaction on sexual distress is mediated by cognitive distraction with the appearance of the body and to test a moderated mediation model of the impact of body dissatisfaction on sexual distress, with pregnancy used as the moderating factor.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 87 cisgender heterosexual women (50.6% pregnant; n = 44), aged between 25 and 40 years old (mean = 31.93; SD = 3.46) involved in an exclusive and committed dyadic relationship completed a web-based questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures

Validated measures consisted of a validated general measure of body dissatisfaction (global body dissatisfaction scale), sexual distress (adapted from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles), and cognitive distraction based on body appearance during sexual activity (body appearance cognitive distraction scale).

Results

Results indicated that body dissatisfaction and sexual distress are related, but they are fully mediated by cognitive distraction. The mediation effect of cognitive distraction did not differ significantly by pregnancy status, after controlling for the trimester of pregnancy.

Clinical Implications

This study advances our understanding of sexuality during pregnancy by evaluating sexual distress and establishing that it is a clinically relevant variable related to body dissatisfaction that deserves attention from healthcare providers.

Strength & Limitations

This preliminary study uses a robust method of data analysis to test a theory-based cognitive model of sexual distress in pregnant women; however, no causality can be established.

Conclusion

The data highlights that pregnancy may not be a protective factor for the impact of body dissatisfaction on sexual distress.
Successful Summit of Two 8000 m Peaks After Recent High Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Dawadi Suvash , Adhikari Subarna
Published: March 2019

There is little information in the literature on the safety of reascent to high altitude shortly after resolution of severe acute altitude illness, including high altitude pulmonary or cerebral edema. We present a case of a 52-y-old male climber who was diagnosed with high altitude pulmonary edema during the 2018 Everest spring climbing season, descended to low altitude for 9 d, received treatment, and returned to continue climbing with a very rapid ascent rate. Despite a very recent history of high altitude pulmonary edema and not using pharmacologic prophylaxis over a very rapid reascent profile, the climber successfully summited Mt. Everest (8848 m) and Lhotse (8516 m) without any problems.
Transition to practice: Evaluating the need for formal training in supervision and assessment among senior emergency medicine residents and new to practice emergency physicians
Authors: Kilbertus Sarah , Pardhan Kaif , Zaheer Juveria , Bandiera Glen
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Emergency medicine residents may be transitioning to practice with minimal training on how to supervise and assess trainees. Our study sought to examine: 1) physician comfort with supervision and assessment, 2) what the current training gaps are within these competencies, and 3) what barriers or enablers might exist in implementing curricular improvements.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected in two phases through individual interviews from September 2016 to November 2017, at the University of Toronto and McMaster University after receiving ethics approval from both sites. Eligible participants were final year emergency medicine residents, residents pursuing an enhanced skills program in emergency medicine, and attendings within their first 3 years of practice. A semi-structured interview guide was developed and refined after phase one, to reflect content identified in the first set of interviews. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and collapsed into themes. Data analysis was guided by constructivist grounded theory.

Results

A thematic analysis revealed five themes: 1) Supervision and assessment skills were acquired passively through modelling, 2) the training available in these areas is variably used, creating a diversity of comfort levels, 3) competing priorities in the emergency department represent significant barriers to improving supervision and assessment; 4) providing negative feedback is difficult and often avoided; and 5) competence by design will act as an impetus for formal curriculum development in these areas.

Conclusions

As programs transition to competence by design, there will be a need for formal training in supervision and assessment, with a focus on negative feedback, to achieve a standardized level of competence among emergency physicians.
After the Storm: Short-term and Long-term Health Effects Following Superstorm Sandy among the Elderly
Authors: Lawrence Wayne R. , Lin Ziqiang , Lipton Emily A. , Birkhead Guthrie , Primeau Michael , Dong Guang-Hui , Lin Shao
Published: March 2019

Objective

Investigate short- and long-term effects of Superstorm Sandy on multiple morbidities among the elderly.

Methods

We examined emergency department visits; outpatient visits; and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, and injury among residents residing in 8 affected counties immediately, 4 months, and 12 months following Superstorm Sandy. Control groups were defined as visits/admissions during the identical time window in the 5 years before (2007-2011) and 1 year after (2013-2014) the storm in affected and nonaffected counties in New York. We performed Poisson regression to test whether there was an association of increased visits/admissions for periods following Superstorm Sandy while controlling for covariates.

Results

We found that the risk for CVD, respiratory disease, and injury visits/admissions was more than twice as high immediately, 4 months, and 12 months after the storm than it was in the control periods. Women were at greater risk at all time periods for CVD (risk ratio [RR], 2.04) and respiratory disease (RRs: 1.89 to 1.92). Whites had higher risk for CVD, respiratory disease, and injury than other racial groups during each period.

Conclusion

We observed increases in CVD, respiratory disease, and injury up to a year following Superstorm Sandy. Findings demonstrate the need to incorporate short- and long-term health effects into public health recovery. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:28-32)
Before the Storm: Stressors Associated with the Hurricane Irma Evacuation Process for Families
Authors: La Greca Annette M. , Brodar Kaitlyn E. , Danzi BreAnne A. , Tarlow Naomi , Silva Karina , Comer Jonathan S.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Parents and children are vulnerable populations following hurricanes, and evacuation is an important safety strategy. Yet, little is known about “before the storm” stressors, particularly the surrounding evacuation, affecting families. Thus, following Hurricane Irma, we evaluated both stressful and positive aspects of the evacuation process for families, and we compared perceived safety and stress before, during, and after the hurricane across evacuating and non-evacuating families.

Methods

South Florida parents of children under age 18 years (N=554; 97% mothers) completed an online survey in the months following Hurricane Irma, assessing perceptions of stress, safety, and evacuation experiences. Quantitative data and open-ended responses were gathered.

Results

Most families (82%) residing in mandatory evacuation zones evacuated, although many not in mandatory zones (46%) also evacuated. Parents who evacuated felt significantly safer during the storm, but more stressed before and during the storm, than non-evacuees. Evacuation-related travel and multiple family issues were rated as most stressful, although some positive aspects of evacuation were offered.

Conclusion

Findings have implications for emergency planners (eg, pre-/post-storm traffic flow needs, emotional needs of parents arriving at shelters) and for families (eg, importance of developing family disaster plans, controlling media exposure) to reduce evacuation stress for future storms. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:63-73)
Development of the British Antarctic Survey Rapid Access Isotope Drill
Authors: RIX JULIUS , MULVANEY ROBERT , HONG JIALIN , ASHURST DAN
Published: March 2019

The British Antarctic Survey Rapid Access Isotope Drill is an innovative new class of electromechanical ice drill, which has recently been used to drill the deepest dry hole drilled by an electromechanical auger drill. The record-breaking depth of 461.58 m was drilled in just over 104 hours at Little Dome C. The drill collects ice chippings, for water stable isotope analysis, rather than an ice core. By not collecting a core the winch can be geared for speed rather than core breaking and is lightweight. Furthermore, emptying of the chippings is performed by simply reversing the drill motor on the surface reducing the overall drilling time significantly. The borehole is then available for instrumentation. We describe the drill in its current state including modifications carried out since it was last deployed. Test seasons and the lessons learned from each are outlined. Finally, future developments for this class of drill are discussed.
Combating Special Educator Attrition: Mentor Teachers’ Perceptions of Job Satisfaction, Resiliency, and Retention
Authors: Mrstik Samantha , Pearl Cynthia , Hopkins Rebecca , Vasquez III Eleazar , Marino Matthew T.
Published: March 2019

Special educator attrition is a major problem in the United States (US) and in many countries worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the experiences of 5 highly successful special education teachers serving students with autism spectrum disorder in the central Florida area of the US with particular attention to factors associated with teacher retention. A phenomenological research design was employed to identify factors leading participants to persevere where others have not. A representative sample was included of multiple teachers in classrooms of varying grade levels and school districts across central Florida as part of a funded project by the Office of Special Education Services and the U.S. Department of Education. Findings include that teachers of students with ASD who are involved in extracurricular activities may show a lowered burnout rate.
Bell on Trial: The Struggle for Sound after Savonarola
Authors: Zolli Daniel M. , Brown Christopher
Published: March 2019

In June 1498, the Florentine government publicly punished and exiled the Piagnona, the lone bell of the church of San Marco, for its role in defending Girolamo Savonarola during the April siege that led to the preacher's execution. Drawing on new evidence, this essay offers the most complete account of this still poorly understood chapter in Renaissance history, examining its complex and conflicting motives. At the same time, the punishment of the Piagnona, and struggle for its return, affords uncommon insight into the culture's deepest structures of thinking about what bells were, and who had the legal authority to adjudicate their fate.
Organizational Determinants of Bank Resilience: Explaining the Performance of SME Banks in the Dutch Financial Crisis of the 1920s
Authors: Colvin Christopher L.
Published: March 2019

By the start of the twentieth century, the two organizational forms most used by Dutch banks to raise capital through the dispersal of their ownership were the cooperative association and the public company. Share ownership in cooperatives was typically restricted to customers, while companies permitted outside investors. Neither organizational form dictated specific shareholder liability arrangements. New specialist banks targeting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) combined these two organizational forms and flexible liability rules to create hybrid forms. I find those that took the public company form were more likely to suffer distress during the Dutch financial crisis of the 1920s. Liability arrangements for shareholders, by contrast, had a negligible impact on these banks’ resilience.
Thinness in a population of rural girls in Poland: 14-year changes and regional differentiation
Authors: Chrzanowska Maria ,   The Late Teresa Łaska-Mierzejewska, Suder Agnieszka
Published: March 2019

Worldwide data indicate a growing number of energy homeostasis disorders, which are especially dangerous in childhood. The distribution and growing trends of overweight and obesity in children have been widely investigated, unlike the prevalence of too-low body weight and its determinants. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of body mass deficiency in Polish rural girls and differences among four Polish regions – Choszczno and Leszno in the north-west, and Ostrów Mazowiecka and Suwałki in the north-east. Data were taken from 7764 rural girls aged 9–18 years examined in 1987, when the country was in economic crisis, and 9431 such girls examined in 2001, when the country was undergoing political transformation. The frequency of weight deficiency was estimated based on BMI by applying the international standards of Cole. An Extent of Overweight (EOW) index was used to create an Extent of Thinness (EOT) index. A significant increase in weight deficiency was found in the rural girls – from 7.5% in 1987 to 8.9% in 2001 – and an increase in the EOT index from 0.37 in 1987 to 0.43 in 2001. Analysis by area of residence demonstrated significant differentiation. In the regions in north-west Poland, mainly inhabited by non-farming families, the prevalence of weight deficiency in girls almost doubled from 1987 to 2001, probably because of the mass and long-term unemployment that resulted from the closure of state farms in 1992. In contrast, in the north-east regions, the prevalence of weight deficiency remained almost unchanged over this period, with only a slight decrease, probably because the inhabitants were mainly farm and farm/working families with better living conditions. Despite the overall increase in thinness prevalence in rural girls in Poland, different living conditions have had different biological effects.
Laveran the first Malariologist
Authors: Brumpt Lucien
Published: March 2019

I feel greatly honoured to have been asked to speak to you about Alphonse Laveran. Professor Garnham wondered if I had met Laveran and what was the State of his relations with Professor Emile Brumpt my father. I have known many Pastorians: Emile Roux, Mesnil, Marchoux, Roubaud, Charles Nicolle, but unfortunately not Laveran.
Global climate change and North American mammalian evolution
Authors: Alroy John , Koch Paul L. , Zachos James C.
Published: March 2019

We compare refined data sets for Atlantic benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios and for North American mammalian diversity, faunal turnover, and body mass distributions. Each data set spans the late Paleocene through Pleistocene and has temporal resolution of 1.0 m.y.; the mammal data are restricted to western North America. We use the isotope data to compute five separate time series: oxygen isotope ratios at the midpoint of each 1.0-m.y. bin; changes in these ratios across bins; absolute values of these changes (= isotopic volatility); standard deviations of multiple isotope measurements within each bin; and standard deviations that have been detrended and corrected for serial correlation. For the mammals, we compute 12 different variables: standing diversity at the start of each bin; per-lineage origination and extinction rates; total turnover; net diversification; the absolute value of net diversification (= diversification volatility); change in proportional representation of major orders, as measured by a simple index and by a G-statistic; and the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of body mass. Simple and liberal statistical analyses fail to show any consistent relationship between any two isotope and mammalian time series, other than some unavoidable correlations between a few untransformed, highly autocorrelated time series like the raw isotope and mean body mass curves. Standard methods of detrending and differencing remove these correlations. Some of the major climate shifts indicated by oxygen isotope records do correspond to major ecological and evolutionary transitions in the mammalian biota, but the nature of these correspondences is unpredictable, and several other such transitions occur at times of relatively little global climate change. We conclude that given currently available climate records, we cannot show that the impact of climate change on the broad patterns of mammalian evolution involves linear forcings; instead, we see only the relatively unpredictable effects of a few major events. Over the scale of the whole Cenozoic, intrinsic, biotic factors like logistic diversity dynamics and within-lineage evolutionary trends seem to be far more important.
Fossils, genes, and the origin of novelty
Authors: Shubin Neil H. , Marshall Charles R.
Published: March 2019

The origin of evolutionary novelty involves changes across the biological hierarchy: from genes and cells to whole organisms and ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms behind the establishment of new designs involves integrating scientific disciplines that use different data and, often, different means of testing hypotheses. Discoveries from both paleontology and developmental genetics have shed new light on the origin of morphological novelties. The genes that play a major role in establishing the primary axes of the body and appendages, and that regulate the expression of the genes that are responsible for initiating the making of structures such as eyes, or hearts, are highly conserved between phyla. This implies that it is not new genes, per se, that underlie much of morphological innovation, but that it is changes in when and where these and other genes are expressed that constitute the underlying mechanistic basis of morphological innovation. Gene duplication is also a source of developmental innovation, but it is possible that it is not the increased number of genes (and their subsequent divergence) that is most important in the evolution of new morphologies; rather it may be the duplication of their regulatory regions that provides the raw material for morphological novelty. Bridging the gap between microevolution and macroevolution will involve understanding the mechanisms behind the production of morphological variation. It appears that relatively few genetic changes may be responsible for most of the observed phenotypic differences between species, at least in some instances. In addition, advances in our understanding of the mechanistic basis of animal development offer the opportunity to deepen our insight into the nature of the Cambrian explosion. With the advent of whole-genome sequencing, we should see accelerated progress in understanding the relationship between the genotype, phenotype, and environment: post-genomics paleontology promises to be most exciting.
China's New Roles and Behaviour in Conflict-Affected Regions: Reconsidering Non-Interference and Non-Intervention
Authors: Hirono Miwa , Jiang Yang , Lanteigne Marc
Published: March 2019

China's view on the sanctity of state sovereignty has slowly but inexorably been transformed, and the country has found it difficult to continue to adhere to the principles of non-interference and non-intervention with the same degree of rigour as during the Cold War era. This special section will explore what the principles mean to China today; why and how Beijing has become active in peacebuilding and conflict mediation; and what implication China's approach to the principles has for its position in the global liberal order. This article sets the scene by firstly demonstrating that defining the principles has always been a political act, and secondly offering new discussions about how China's expanding economic power forced the country to more actively engage in politics of conflict-affected regions. Finally, it offers a conceptual framework to explain why and how China has become increasingly active in peacebuilding and conflict mediation.
Conspicuous by His Absence: Remembering a Colleague
Authors: RIAD MUSTAFA , EZZELDIN IMAN
Published: March 2019

We, faculty members and students in the Ain Shams University Department of Drama and Theatre Studies, miss Hazem profoundly on both the personal and academic levels. Both have been well integrated in a way that recalls Hamlet's commendation of Horatio, whose ‘blood and judgement are so well commingled, that they are not a pipe for fortune's finger to sound what stop she please’. Hazem possessed this even-handed temper. No wonder, then, that his passion for the theatre coupled with his sound and carefully measured judgements will be remembered and rest firmly in our ‘heart's core, ay, in our heart of hearts’.
‘Acting in the Real World’: Acting Methodologies, Power and Gender
Authors: WILLIS EMMA
Published: March 2019

What does the #MeToo movement reveal about how acting is understood at the present time, both in practice and by the public at large? The claim of one convicted abuser, New Zealand acting coach Rene Naufahu, was that his sexual offending in the classroom was simply preparing his students for the ‘real world of acting’. Drawing from Elin Diamond's argument that dramatic realism does not simply reflect the real but in fact produces it, I examine how figures like Naufahu promulgate certain notions of acting in order to produce a reality that legitimates abusive behaviour. Furthermore, I suggest that this behaviour is often a performance of acting itself whereby the actor, director or coach, in a selectively self-reflexive manner, exploits their professional ‘role’ in order to exert power over their victim. I argue that one way of contesting real-world practices that rely on hegemonic assumptions of what acting is or should be is to redeploy the critical terminology of acting to analyse and expose such abuses for the acts that they are.
French Legal Bibliographies
Authors: Combe David A.
Published: March 2019

For some time I have been aware of the need for law librarians, not merely in Louisiana (with its system of Civil Law and its special relationship to French Civil Law) but elsewhere as well to have access to the bibliographical works which guide us through the corpus of French law. At the American Association of Law Libraries Institute on the Civil Law in Montreal in 1977, I was extremely gratified to note the high level of interest in French law—even by librarians trained in Common Law! My experiences with the Institute, coupled with the reprinting in recent years of several of the most significant French legal bibliographies convinced me that greater exposure of these works is in order. Because of the introductory nature of this article, my tendency is to omit bibliographies which are virtually unobtainable. Also omitted are general bibliographies, even though law is included, and bibliographies which simply list materials. My obvious preferences are for those works which organize, systematize and classify legal works; those which describe or evaluate the works in question; and those which provide several points of entry by means of tables and indices.