bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Preschool Children’s Mathematical Engagement in a Multimedia Collaborative Environment
Authors: Kramarski Bracha , Weiss Itzhak
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the effects of preschool children’s mathematical engagement in multimedia collaborative learning (MCL) on various skills of mathematical knowledge; and (b) to examine the differential effects of MCL on mathematical knowledge of younger (M = 4.5) vs. older (M = 5.5) preschoolers. Participants were 76 preschoolers from four kindergartens who were assigned randomly to two learning conditions. One group was exposed to a multimedia environment with collaborative learning (MCL), and the second group was exposed to collaborative learning without multimedia (CL). Findings indicated that the MCL preschoolers improved significantly on various skills of procedural and conceptual knowledge regarding numbers and operations over the CL preschoolers. Positive effects of the MCL condition were found on both the younger and older preschoolers. However, the younger MCL preschoolers improved their mathematical knowledge more than the older ones. The theoretical and practical implications of collaborative and multimedia learning are discussed.
Metacomponential Assessment and Training in Real-Life Problem Solving
Authors: Fong Kenneth N.K. , Howie Dorothy
Published: July 2011

The authors report the evaluation of a metacomponential training program for clients with brain injury, using two key measures, the Metacomponential Interview, and the Social-Problem-Solving Video Measure. Both measures allowed for identification of the metacomponents that were enhanced in association with the metacomponential training. The Metacomponential Interview measure yielded positive findings for the Representation metacomponent and the overall correctness score. The more far transfer real-life Social-Problem-Solving Video Measure yielded for the Planning subtest a positive advantage to the experimental group, but less clear findings in relation to the Representation subtest. Further evidence was obtained by singlesubject trend analysis.
The Effects of Part-Set Cuing on the Recall of General Knowledge Information
Authors: Dagnall Neil , Parker Andrew , Munley Gary
Published: July 2011

Three experiments were conducted to investigate whether part-set cuing effects generalize to an educational style learning and assessment task. Mnemonic performance was assessed in terms of overall recall, item gain (reminiscence) and item loss (forgetting). In Study 1 we found that negative part-set cuing effects extended to the recall of general knowledge items. In Studies 2 and 3 we explored the boundaries of the observed partset cuing effect further, focusing on cue set size and cue set order. Greater inhibition was observed with 15 than 5 cue items (Study 2), and cue set order was found to affect item gain when cue set order was emphasized prior to or at retrieval (Study 3). The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of learning, recall and assessment.
The Musical Notes Method for Initial Reading Acquisition
Authors: Carmon Yehudith , Wohl Aryeh , Even-Zohar Shmuel
Published: July 2011

A century of experimental approaches to reading instruction has not significantly reduced initial reading acquisition problems. Though researchers continue to identify more and more symptoms of deficiencies, they have, to date, come up with but few solutions. Reading instruction traditionally begins with the particular components of a specific language. In this study, we investigate a method that begins with general, basic reading components common to all written alphabetical languages, including musical notation. We propose to introduce reading by using an original and simple musical vehicle, the Toy Musical Notes (TMN) method. After creating a primary reading scheme through music, verbal reading becomes much easier. Our method was tested on 150 preschool children, who participated in three intervention programs: TMN, conventional music, and a control group, which had a non-musical intervention program. Pre- and posttests were administered with follow-up assessments in reading development conducted in the first grade. The results reflected significant achievements for the TMN group on all reading parameters: number of mistakes, vocal reading time, velocity, and comprehension. Applying this method allowed us to use children’s natural musical interest to help them learn to read and comprehend better.
Exceptionality and Lawfulness in Human Behavior and Development: Comment on Rumbaugh, Washburn, King, Beran, Gould, and Savage-Rumbaugh
Authors: Carl Haywood H.
Published: July 2011

The dramatic observation of individual differences among the great apes reported by Rumbaugh, Washburn, King, Beran, Gould, and Savage-Rumbaugh (this issue) is discussed with respect to its evolutionary importance for the study of individual differences in human beings. The less different organisms rely on unlearned behavior, the greater the individual differences one may expect in the behavior of individuals within a species; thus, observation and systematic study of such differences among human beings is of compelling importance given that human behavior is heavily reliant on learning. Exclusive emphasis on the average performance of groups exposes researchers to grievous errors of interpretation of their observations.
Erring on the Side of Hidden Harm: The Granting of Domestic Violence Restraining Orders
Authors: Heleniak David N.
Published: July 2011

In deciding whether to enter a domestic violence restraining order, many judges think about their careers in addition to the merits of the cases before them. While the damage to parent–child relationships and to children’s mental health caused by the overzealous entering of restraining orders is seldom if ever reported by the media, the harm caused by overtly violent acts following the failure to enter restraining orders most certainly is. In regards to restraining orders, the phrase “erring on the side of caution” is often invoked. It is more accurate, however, to characterize the judge’s behavior as “erring on the side of hidden harm.” Rather than judges, juries—one time judicial actors—should decide when domestic violence restraining orders are warranted.
Characteristics Associated With Intending and Achieving a Planned Home Birth in the United Kingdom: An Observational Study of 515,777 Maternities in the North West Thames Region, 1988–2000
Authors: Nove Andrea , Berrington Ann , Matthews Zoë
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify factors that have an independent association with planned home birth. It investigates the social, demographic, and obstetric profile of those who choose home birth as compared with those choosing hospital birth. This crucial evidence is lacking in the U.K. context and is needed when comparing pregnancy outcomes of different birth settings. Otherwise, the comparison is problematic because observed differences in incidence of pregnancy outcomes may be due to the fact that different types of women choose different birth settings. It is important to understand these differences in order to control for them.

METHOD: This is an observational study involving secondary analysis of computerized maternity records from 15 hospitals in the former North West Thames Regional Health Authority (RHA) area. All pregnancies that resulted in a live or stillbirth in the years 1988–2000 are included (N = 515,777). Two binary logistic regression models are used: one with intended place of birth at booking as the outcome and the other with actual place of birth as the outcome.

RESULTS: Women who are parous, White European, aged 30 and older, living in a relatively affluent area, and partnered are most likely to intend a home birth. Among those who intend a home birth at the end of pregnancy, predictors of achieving a home birth include an uncomplicated and relatively short labor, being parous, a low-risk pregnancy, and being White European. The hospital providing maternity care predicts the outcome for both models.

CONCLUSIONS: Key variables robustly predict an intention to deliver at home and the achievement of a planned home birth. Studies comparing the outcomes of different birth settings in the United Kingdom should control for these variables.
Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow
Authors: Björklund Karin , Strömvall Ann-Margret , Malmqvist Per-Arne
Published: July 2011

Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.
The preoperative assessment of patients with valvular heart disease as a comorbidity
Authors: Markovic Dejan , Jankovic Radmilo , Kovacevic-Kostic Natasa , Velinovic Milos , Vranes Mile , Ivanovic Branislava
Published: July 2011

In patients with valvular heart disease planned for any type of surgery
preoperative evaluation and preparation are especially important for a
successfull outcome of the surgery. Preoperative preparation and
intraoperative treatment of patients with valvular heart disease are
different depending on the type of valvular disease: aortic stenosis, aortic
regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation or mitral valve
prolapse. In this paper we have outlined the criteria for evaluating the
severity of valvular disease, given that the risk in surgery is proportional
to the degree of valvular disease. Also, given that the risk in surgery is
also directly proportional to the type and extent of non cardiac surgery, it
will be presented recommendations for intraoperative monitoring, with the
purpose of evaluating patient?s hemodynamic state, as well as recommendations
for perioperative treatment of hypotension, tachycardia, and other
hemodynamic disturbances. In the paper we will separately discuss bacterial
endocarditis profilaxys which can occur after the surgery of patients with
valvular disease. Since the patients with valvular disease, and especially
the ones with implanted prosthetic valve or heart arrhythmia, are usually on
oral anticoagulation therapy, it will be given recommendations for treatment
of patients on oral anticoagulation therapy as part of preoperative
preparations.
Modern concepts of preoperative preparation of patients with thyroid gland disease
Authors: Sabljak Vera , Kalezic Nevena , Ivanovic Branislava , Zivaljevic Vladan , Diklic Aleksandar , Paunovic Ivan
Published: July 2011

Preoperative evaluation of patients with thyroid gland disease, in any kind
of surgery, should include the possibility of difficult intubation caused by
thyromegaly, the hormonal status (its disbalance), as well as the screening,
and therapy of consequences of thyroid imbalance on specific organ systems,
especially cardiovascular. It is necessary to select the adequate anesthetics
and other pharmacological agents, according to current hormonal status. It is
also necessary to select the adequate medications and other therapeutic
measures for prevention and treatment of possible complications in
perioperative period, some of which are life-threatening (thyroid storm and
mixedema coma).
Preoperative assessment of patients with end stage renal failure
Authors: Ladjevic Nebojsa , Kalezic Nevena , Likic-Ladjevic Ivana , Vuksanovic Aleksandar , Durutovic Otas , Jovanovic Dijana
Published: July 2011

Patients with end stage renal failure (ESRF) present a number of challenges
to the anesthesiologist. They may be chronically ill and debilitated and have
the potential for multisystem organ dysfunction. Patients with primary renal
disease are likely younger and have good cardiopulmonary reserve. Older
patients with renal failure secondary to diabetes mellitus or hypertension
may suffer the ravages of diffuse atherosclerosis and heart disease. To
safely manage these patients we need to understand the benefits and
limitations of dialysis, problems related with primary disease,
pathophysiological effects of ESRF, and the altered pharmacology of commonly
used anesthetic agents and perioperative medications in ESRF. Problems
encountered by anesthesiologist in ESRF patients include hypertension,
ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, anemia, metabolic acidosis,
hyperkaliemia, hyponatremia and circulatory collapse. All surgical procedure
in patients with ESRF carries significant risk of peri- and postoperative
complications (mostly cardiovascular) and even fatal outcome.
Preoperative assessment and management of patient with psychiatric comorbidity
Authors: Milenovic Miodrag , Kalezic Nevena , Simic Dusica , Dimitrijevic Draga , Markovic Dejan , Dimitrijevic Ivan
Published: July 2011

This article explains the most frequent psychiatric disorders such as
co-morbidity in the acute surgical treatment, along with its position and
importance for the surgical procedure. Besides basic features of these
disorders, epidemiology and clinical expression, this article holds the
latest therapeutic approach, side effects, toxicity and drug interactions,
during the surgical procedure. Frequent postoperative problems, delirium, and
postoperative cognitive disorders are noted in these patients. To avoid these
complications, it is recommended to use a mini-mental score examination to
re-evaluate the decision and indication for high risk surgery patient.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of novel n-substituted 8-(1-alkyl/alkylsulphonyl/alkoxycarbonyl-benzimidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-5-chloroquinolines
Authors: Chaudhari Raju , Rindhe Sahebrao
Published: July 2011

Herein the synthesis of a series of novel 8-(1-
alkyl/alkylsulphonyl/alkoxycarbonyl-benzimidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-5-
chloroquinoline derivatives is reported. These derivatives were prepared by
the condensation of o-phenylenediamine with [(5-chloroquinolin-8-
yl)oxy]acetic acid, followed by substitution at nitrogen with different
electrophilic reagents in presence of an appropriate base to give a series of
nitrogen heterocycles containing the benzimidazole and quinoline nuclei. The
structures of the compounds were confirmed based on 1H-NMR, 13CNMR, IR and
mass spectral data. Almost all the compounds exhibited promising
antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus
aureus. Some of the compounds showed good antifungal activities against
Aspergillus niger but the antifungal activities against Candida albicans were
disappointing.
Effects of calcium antagonists on brain ischemia
Authors: Naumovic Nada , Slankamenac Petar , Filipovic Danka , Ivetic Vesna , Tomasevic-Todorovic Snezana , Boskovic Ksenija
Published: July 2011

Introduction. Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world and
the leading cause of serious, long term disability in adults; about half of
those who survive become dependent on others in performing personal
activities of daily living. Ischemia disturbs calcium cellular homeostasis,
whereas calcium channel blockers re-establish it. This study was aimed at
assessing benefits of calcium channel blockers on the outcome of
rehabilitation of the patients afflicted by ischemic stroke. Material and
Methods. The functional independence was measured by the Barthel index in 90
patients subjected to rehabilitative therapeutic treatment. The functional
recovery of patients treated with calcium channel blockers and with other
drugs (control) was compared and tested. Results. The analysis of variance
(ANOVA) for the 0.5 confidence interval showed that the increases of the
Barthel index values were significantly higher in the patients treated with
calcium antagonists (p<0.5). Discussion. According to the literature, such an
outcome is the result of improved brain blood f low auto-regulation,
increased brain perfusion as well as of neuroprotective, antioxidative,
platelet antiaggregatory effects of investigated drugs. Conclusion. The
calcium channel blockers improved the outcome of rehabilitative therapeutic
treatment significantly in the patients afflicted by ischemic stroke.
Conflict styles observed in doctors and nurses in health care organization
Authors: Brestovacki Branislava , Milutinovic Dragana , Cigic Tomislav , Grujic Vera , Simin Dragana
Published: July 2011

Introduction. Health care workers often come into conflict situations while
performing their daily activities. People behave differently when they come
into conflicts and they are usually not aware of their own reactions. The aim
of this paper was to establish the presence of conflict styles among health
workers and the differences in relation to demographic characteristics
(education, working experience, managerial position). Material and Methods.
The research was done as a cross-sectional study and through surveys. The
conflict handling questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The
questionnaire contained 30 statements arranged in five dimensions of conflict
styles. The sample included one hundred nurses and fifty-five doctors.
Results. The research showed that accommodating was the most often used
conflict style. There was no significant difference in styles of managerial
and non-managerial staff, but there was a significant difference in the
styles adopted by doctors and nurses. It should be noted that nurses used
avoiding and accommodating conflict styles much more often. Conclusion. It is
important to increase the awareness of conflict existence and the possibility
of solving the problem constructively in order to achieve more efficient duty
performance.
Dysplastic nevus - a risk factor of developing skin melanoma clinical and epidemiological study with retrospective review of literature
Authors: Marinkovic Marija , Janjic Zlata , Nikolic Jelena
Published: July 2011

Dysplastic nevus is a risk factor for developing skin melanoma. The aim was
to analyze patients with both skin melanoma and dysplastic nevi. A 10-year
retrospective analysis (1999-2009) was conducted at the Department for
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Clinical Centre Vojvodina. During the
observed time interval, of 482 patients treated for skin melanoma, 165
(34,2%) had also dysplastic nevi. Melanoma developed more often de novo
(67.9%) and 32.1% by malignant alteration. The most dominant type of melanoma
was nodular one (70.3%), the most frequent depth being 3.1-4mm (40.6%). The
highest incidence of melanoma (32.1%) was in patients aged from 51 to 60
years. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 72.7% and 50.3%, respectively.
Our results correspond to those found in literature except for the fact that
the majority of diagnosed melanomas were of nodular type with worse
prognosis.
The most frequent causes of ischemic stroke in young adults
Authors: Jovicevic Mirjana , Divjak Ivana , Slankamenac Petar , Bozic Ksenija , Rabi-Zikic Tamara , Ruzicka-Kaloci Svetlana
Published: July 2011

Introduction. Pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in young adults is
heterogeneous, thus making differential diagnosis very broad. Material and
methods. The study comprised 60 ischemic stroke patients of both sexes aged
15-45 years who were treated at the Department of Neurology of the Clinical
Centre of Vojvodina. Information about sex and age, detailed history, risk
factors for ischemic stroke were obtained for all patients who underwent
neurological examination as well. Diagnostic procedures applied in all
patients included brain computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance
imaging, routine laboratory tests, Doppler imaging of extra and endocranial
blood vessels and coagulation tests. Contrast and/ or transesophageal
echocardiography, immunological blood assays, magnetic resonance
angiography and/or computed tomography angiography and/or conventional
angiography, immunological tests, assessment of levels of natural coagulation
inhibitors, toxicological examination, etc. were performed in selected
patients. Results. Causes of ischemic stroke were determined according to the
Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. The most frequent were
the so called other causes of ischemic stroke, which were found in 26.7%
patients. The second most frequent cause was cardiac embolisation, found in
25%. The cause of ischemic stroke remained undetermined in 21.7% of all
patients. Conclusion. Aetiology of ischemic stroke in young adults is diverse
and demands thorough diagnostic evaluation.
On hydromagnetic thermosolutal convection coupled with cross-diffusion in completely confined fluids
Authors: Mohan Hari , Kumar Pardeep
Published: July 2011

The instability of thermosolutal convection coupled with crossdiffusion of an
electrically conducting fluid completely confined in an arbitrary region
bounded by rigid wall in the presences of a uniform magnetic field applied in
an arbitrary direction is investigated. Some general qualitatively results
concerning the character of marginal state, stability of oscillatory motions
and limitations on the oscillatory motions of growing amplitude are derived.
The results for the thermosolutal convection problems with or without the
individual consideration of Dufour and Soret effects follow as a consequence.
Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Authors: Naito Mitsuru
Published: July 2011

Testicular gonocytes differentiate into spermatogonia, and spermatogonial stem cells could be established by culturing spermatogonia in vitro. Testicular and ovarian gonocytes were identified as relatively large cells in a population of gonadal cells. The proportions of testicular and ovarian gonocytes in the total gonadal cells were 0.94% and 0.75%, respectively, recognised as CVH-positive cells. The dissociated gonadal cells containing testicular or ovarian gonocytes were then transferred into recipient embryos. The presence of the donor-derived DNA was detected in the gonads of 20-day cultured recipient embryos in males and females, and also in the sperm samples obtained from the hatched male putative chimaeric chickens. In vitro culture of testicular and ovarian gonocytes was also attempted. Gonads were obtained from 19-day incubated chicken embryos and the dissociated gonadal cells were cultured in vitro. Non-adherent cells containing gonocytes were then collected and cultured further. It was confirmed that some of the testicular gonocytes proliferated in vitro. The proliferated testicular gonocytes occasionally formed cell colonies. However, no apparent proliferation was observed in the ovarian gonocytes in vitro. These results suggest that the testicular and ovarian gonocytes have the ability to enter the germline of recipient embryos, and that testicular gonocytes can be cultured and proliferated in vitro.
Sources of Variation in Blood Glucose Concentrations of Free-Living Birds
Authors: Lill Alan
Published: July 2011

Three issues concerning avian peripheral blood glucose concentrations that require more investigation are: (a) whether they are as variable and high in free-living as in captive and domesticated adults, (b) the sources of variation in adult concentrations and (c) if and how they change during nestling development. Whole blood glucose concentrations (BGlu) of wild adults of four native passerine and one exotic dove species varying in mass and diet were measured in south-east Australia. There was significant inter-specific variation in BGlu, but the range in mean values (11.1 to 17.0 mmol L−1) conformed with that published for many adult captive and domestic birds of similar size and was well above that for adult mammals of comparable mass. BGlu also varied markedly intra-specifically in four species (coefficients of variation 17.5-32%). Trapping procedure and timing of sampling did not explain this variation, but adult body mass was associated with BGlu in two species. If whole blood haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) reliably reflect body condition, most of the adults sampled were in good condition. Wild nestling Welcome swallows (Hirundo neoxena) and Spotted doves (Streptopelia chinensis), respectively, underwent 20% and 40% continuous, linear, developmental increases in BGlu. Swallows fledged with a mean BGlu 23% greater than, and doves with a mean similar to, that of adults. The developmental increase probably reflected an increase in metabolic rate as nestlings gained mass and became more active.
Existence and stability of steady-state solutions of the shallow-ice-sheet equation by an energy-minimization approach
Authors: Jouvet Guillaume , Rappaz Jacques , Bueler Ed , Blatter Heinz
Published: July 2011

The existence of solutions of the non-sliding shallow-ice-sheet equation on a flat horizontal bed with a mass balance linearly depending on altitude is proven for fixed margins. Free-margin solutions for the same mass balance do not exist. Fixed-margin solutions show unbounded shear stress and nonzero mass flux at the margin. Steady-state solutions with realistic margins, vanishing ice flux and vanishing shear stress are found numerically for ice sheets with Weertman-type sliding.
Thin-blade penetration resistance and snow strength
Authors: Borstad C.P. , McClung D.M.
Published: July 2011

A thin-blade snow hardness gauge was developed that measures penetration resistance over a length scale (on the order of 10–100 grain contacts) relevant to the fracture of slab avalanches. A thin blade was chosen to measure the ruptures of bonds and grain structures and minimize the effects of snow compaction during penetration. The apparatus consists of a 10 cm wide, 0.6 mm thick stainless-steel blade attached to a digital push–pull gauge. Blade penetration measurements are easy to conduct in the field and laboratory and required no post-processing or subjective interpretation. Measurements were conducted in snow pits to test the effects of penetration rate, blade orientation and blade width. The blade hardness index, defined as the maximum force of penetration, is a highly repeatable measure across observers compared to the hand hardness test. The blade hardness index was a better variable than the density for correlating with tensile strength measurements in a cold laboratory and with a cohesive strength measure in the field. As strength is one of the most important parameters in the fracture mechanics of slab avalanches, the strong correlation between thin-blade penetration and strength should benefit future slope stability evaluations using this gauge.
Seismic sensor array for monitoring an avalanche start zone: design, deployment and preliminary results
Authors: Van Herwijnen Alec , Schweizer Jürg
Published: July 2011

In snow, acoustic emissions originate from the breaking of bonds between snow crystals and the formation of cracks. Previous research has shown that acoustic signals emanate from a natural snowpack. The relation between these signals and the stability of the snowpack has thus far remained elusive. Studies on other hazardous gravitational processes suggest that damage accumulation precedes major failure. If increased cracking activity could be detected in snow this might be used for avalanche prediction. We report on the development of a seismic sensor array to continuously monitor acoustic emissions in an avalanche start zone. During three winters, over 1400 sensor days of continuous acoustic data were collected. With the aid of automatic cameras and a microphone the main types of background noise were identified. Seismic signals generated by avalanches were also identified. Spectrograms from seismic signals generated by avalanches exhibit a unique triangular shape unlike any source of background noise, suggesting that automatic detection and classification of events is possible. Furthermore, discriminating between loose-snow and snow-slab avalanches is possible. Thus far we have not identified precursor events for natural dry-snow slab avalanche release. Detailed investigation of one dry-snow slab avalanche showed that signals observed prior to the release originated from background noise or small loose-snow avalanches.
Mountain glacier velocity variation during a retreat/advance cycle quantified using sub-pixel analysis of ASTER images
Authors: Herman Frédéric , Anderson Brian , Leprince Sébastien
Published: July 2011

Coverage of ice velocities in the central part of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, is obtained from feature tracking using repeat optical imagery in 2002 and 2006. Precise orthorectification, co-registration and correlation is carried out using the freely available software COSI-Corr. This analysis, combined with short times between image acquisitions, has enabled velocities to be captured even in the accumulation areas, where velocities are lowest and surface features ephemeral. The results indicate large velocities for mountain glaciers (i.e. up to ∼5 m d−1) as well as dynamic changes in some glaciers that have occurred between 2002 and 2006. For the steep and more responsive Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers the speed increased at the glacier snout during the advance period, while the low-angled and debris-covered Tasman Glacier showed no measurable velocity change. Velocity increases on the steeper glaciers are the result of an observed thickening and steepening of the glacier tongues as they moved from a retreat phase in 2002 to an advance phase in 2006. This contrasting behaviour is consistent with historic terminus position changes. The steeper glaciers have undergone several advance/retreat cycles during the observation period (1894 to present), while the low-angled glacier showed little terminus response until retreat resulting from the accelerating growth of a proglacial lake commenced in 1983.
Permanent fast flow versus cyclic surge behaviour: numerical simulations of the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard
Authors: Dunse Thorben , Greve Ralf , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Hagen Jon Ove
Published: July 2011

A large part of the ice flux within ice caps occurs through spatially limited fast-flowing units. Some of them permanently maintain fast flow, whereas others operate in an oscillatory mode, characterized by short-lived active phases followed by long quiescent phases. This surge-type behaviour results from intrinsic rather than external factors, thus complicating estimates of glacier response to climate change. Here we present numerical model results from Austfonna, an ice cap on Svalbard that comprises several surge-type basins. Previous studies have suggested a thermally controlled soft-bed surge mechanism for Svalbard. We systematically change the parameters that govern the nature of basal motion and thereby control the transition between permanent and oscillatory fast flow. Surge-type behaviour is realized by a relatively abrupt onset of basal sliding when basal temperatures approach the pressure-melting point and enhanced sliding of marine grounded ice. Irrespective of the dynamic regime, the absence of considerable volumes of temperate ice, both in the observed and simulated ice cap, indicates that fast flow is accomplished by basal motion over a temperate bed. Given an idealized present-day climate, the equilibrium ice-cap size varies significantly, depending on the chosen parameters.
A new cycle of jökulhlaups at Russell Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland
Authors: Russell Andrew J. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Ingeman-Nielsen Thomas , Yde Jacob C. , Williams Meredith
Published: July 2011

Jökulhlaups in 2007 and 2008 from an ice-dammed lake at the northern margin of Russell Glacier, West Greenland, marked the onset of a renewed jökulhlaup cycle after 20 years of stability. We present a record of successive ice-dammed lake drainage events and associated ice-margin dynamics spanning ∼25 years. Robust calculations of lake volumes and peak discharges are made, based on intensive field surveys and utilizing high-spatial-resolution orthophotographs of the lake basin and ice margin. These data enable identification of controls on the behaviour of the ice-dammed lake and provide the first field-based examination of controls on jökulhlaup magnitude and frequency for this system. We find that Russell Glacier jökulhlaups have a much higher peak discharge than predicted by the Clague–Mathews relationship, which we attribute to an unusually short englacial/subglacial routeway and the presence of a thin ice dam that permits incomplete sealing of jökulhlaup conduits between lake drainage events. Additionally, we demonstrate that the passage of jökulhlaups through an interlinked system of proglacial bedrock basins produces significant attenuation of peak discharge downstream. We highlight that improved understanding of jökulhlaup dynamics requires accurate information about ice-dammed lake volume and ice-proximal jökulhlaup discharge.
Mass-balance terms revisited
Authors: Cogley J. Graham
Published: July 2011

For 40 years Anonymous (J. Glaciol., 8(52), 1969) has been the effective standard of glacier mass-balance terminology. It grew out of a concern for clarity in the communication of information, and has guided thinking about mass balance in many ways. Certain ambiguities and gaps in its conceptualization have become more evident with the passage of time, and some have been aggravated by ad hoc extensions of and deviations from the standard. Methodological progress means that a review of the terminology of Anonymous (1969) is now timely, and a forthcoming glossary to be published by the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences addresses this need. There are good reasons for being concerned about clear terminology, but consistent usage by the members of a large community cannot be secured other than by consensus.
Recent advances in remote sensing of seasonal snow
Authors: Nolin Anne W.
Published: July 2011

Remote sensing offers local, regional and global observations of seasonal snow, providing key information on snowpack processes. This brief review highlights advancements in instrumentation and analysis techniques that have been developed over the past decade. Areas of advancement include improved algorithms for mapping snow-cover extent, snow albedo, snow grain size, snow water equivalent, melt detection and snow depth, as well as new uses of instruments such as multiangular spectroradiometers, scatterometry and lidar. Limitations and synergies of the instruments and techniques are discussed, and remaining challenges such as multisensor mapping, scaling issues, vegetation correction and data assimilation are identified.
Understanding jökulhlaups: From tale to theory
Authors: Björnsson Helgi
Published: July 2011

The study of jökulhlaups has advanced from describing them qualitatively to measuring systematically on site their discharge curves and source geometry, as well as investigating conditions when particular floods were initiated. In the early days of this science, hypotheses were formulated which attempted to explain the processes responsible for unstable flood growth. The general theory of time-dependent turbulent water flow through intraglacial conduits marked a breakthrough in understanding jökulhlaup hydraulics and has since remained a classical foundation for jökulhlaup studies. This theory described flood evolution in terms of water input into the upper end of a tunnel leading from a reservoir, taking account of sensible stored lake heat and geometry. Such a tunnel expands by positive feedback, since its ice walls melt through frictional heat produced by the flowing water. While this model successfully described jökulhlaups in which the discharge hydrograph increases more or less exponentially over time, other floods were observed which are in stark contrast. In them, pressurized floodwater propagates in a turbulent subglacial water sheet which opens and expands a system of conduits, with an extremely rapid linear rise in discharge. The rushing water enlarges its subglacial pathway not only by melting the ice around it but also by lifting, deforming and fracturing it. Subsequent drainage is nourished by two different sources, with conduit growth being controlled not only by water input at the upper end of the flood path but also by further water joining in, all the way to the edge of the glacier. Moreover, the trigger for releasing meltwater from glacial lakes has been seen to be either of two conduit opening mechanisms, which also determine whether a turbulent subglacial water sheet will result or not. On the one hand, drainage may begin by expanding already existing conduits, in which case the pressure remains lower than that of the ice overburden at the dam and the conduits grow slowly. On the other hand, lake levels may rise until flotation of the ice dam, abruptly opening a sufficient gap for water to propagate as a sheet flow. In order to explain which of these two initiation mechanisms will act, further studies are required into the structure of hydrological drainage systems under ice dams and into their linkage with these two mechanisms. Although current theoretical models of jökulhlaups drainage have managed to reproduce the observed discharge patterns, inconsistencies with the observed behaviour of subglacial drainage systems along the flood path demand further exploration of the actual hydraulic and glaciodynamic processes of jökulhlaups.
End-User Attitudes towards Location-Based Services and Future Mobile Wireless Devices: The Students’ Perspective
Authors: Lohan Elena-Simona , Rusu-Casandra Alexandru , Cramariuc Oana , Marghescu Ion , Cramariuc Bogdan
Published: July 2011

Nowadays, location-enabled mobile phones are becoming more and more widespread. Various players in the mobile business forecast that, in the future, a significant part of total wireless revenue will come from Location-Based Services (LBS). An LBS system extracts information about the user’s geographical location and provides services based on the positioning information. A successful LBS service should create value for the end-user, by satisfying some of the users’ needs or wants, and at the same time preserving the key factors of the mobile wireless device, such as low costs, low battery consumption, and small size. From many users’ perspectives, location services and mobile location capabilities are still rather poorly known and poorly understood. The aim of this research is to investigate users’ views on the LBS, their requirements in terms of mobile device characteristics, their concerns in terms of privacy and usability, and their opinion on LBS applications that might increase the social wellbeing in the future wireless world. Our research is based on two surveys performed among 105 students (average student age: 24 years) from two European technical universities. The survey questions were intended to solicit the youngsters’ views on present and future technological trends and on their perceived needs and wishes regarding Location-Based Services, with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of designer constraints when building a location receiver and generating new ideas related to potential future killer LBS applications.
Surgical Management of Adult Onset Age-Related Distance Esotropia
Authors: Mittelman David
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To study the effects of bilateral medial rectus recession for the management of adult onset age-related distance esotropia.

Methods:

Ten patients with adult onset age-related distance esotropia measuring 14 prism diopters or greater underwent bilateral medial rectus recession to eliminate the need for prism glasses.

Results:

In all but one case, the diplopia completely resolved postoperatively, with a median residual deviation of 1 prism diopter esophoria for distance and 2 prism diopters exophoria at near.

Conclusion:

Bilateral medial rectus recession is a useful technique for the management of adult onset age-related distance esotropia.
Management of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Lacrimal Drainage System Dysfunction in Down Syndrome
Authors: Al-Faky Yasser H. , Mousa Ahmad , Alkhiary Hattan T. , Al-Mosallam Abdul Rahman
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate treatment outcomes of unilateral versus bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction in patients with Down syndrome and highlight the effect of associated features that could result in poor outcomes.

Methods:

A total of 34 lacrimal drainage systems (LDSs) were treated in 22 patients with Down syndrome who had a mean age of 47 (± 41.8) months. Charts of patients with Down syndrome with congenital NLD obstruction who had been treated in a university hospital with irrigation, probing, and intubation between 1998 and 2008 were reviewed. Clinical features were correlated to the documented intraoperative observations and postoperative results.

Results:

Patients with unilateral disease had a higher success rate (n = 10; 90%) than bilateral cases (n = 24; 45.8%) regardless of the procedure type. Most of the treated LDSs in patients older than 64 months were successful (n = 11 of 12; 91.7%). Single LDSs that underwent irrigation only (2.9%) failed, probing had 60% success (n = 10; 29.4%), and intubation had 60.9% success (n = 23; 67.7%). Four LDSs were treated successfully by Y-V plasty simultaneously with intubation. Lower-end NLD obstruction at the level of Hasner’s valve showed a 100% success rate (n = 7) compared with multiple obstructions with a 41.7% success rate (n = 27).

Conclusion:

Unilateral disease and lower-end NLD obstruction are good prognostic factors. Careful punctal evaluation and management is advisable, and a possible delay of operative intervention in bilateral cases in patients 5 years and older aimed at improving hypotonia may be a wise decision.
Intraoperative OCT of Bilateral Macular Coloboma in a Child With Down Syndrome
Authors: Aziz Hassan A. , Ruggeri Marco , Berrocal Audina M.
Published: July 2011

A 3-year-old girl with Down syndrome presented with a macular lesion in both eyes. With intraoperative optical coherence tomography confirmation, the patient was diagnosed as having bilateral macular coloboma. These findings were previously reported in two patients with Down syndrome. The documentation of similar findings in three separate patients suggests that macular coloboma may be a rare ophthalmic pathology associated with Down syndrome. Moreover, optical coherence tomography imaging may be a useful adjunct in diagnosing macular coloboma in the pediatric population.
What You See Depends on Where You’re Looking and How You Look at It: Publication Bias and Outcome Reporting Bias
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: July 2011

Study publication bias is the decision to publish or not publish a study based on its results. Compared to unpublished work, published studies are more likely to have positive or statistically significant findings. Outcome reporting bias is opting to publish only a subset of the original variables recorded for a study, such that the inclusion of the variables in the published work is selectively based on the results. Statistically significant results have a higher likelihood of being fully reported compared to nonsignificant results, and a significant proportion of published articles describe outcome variables or data analyses that differ from the pre-specified trial protocol as originally conceived. Recognition that publication bias and outcome reporting bias contribute to a distorted perception of drug effects—inflated estimates of efficacy and underreporting of adverse events—has led to the development and expansion of publicly accessible databases that contain transparent information about clinical trials and their results.
The socio-practical dimensions of isitshisa [burning of the heifer] in the Corinthian Church of South Africa
Authors: Mbaya Henry
Published: July 2011

In this article, I argued that the performances of the ritual sacrifice of burning the heifer [isitshisa] and worship, held annually at Mlazi in Durban by the members of the Corinthian Church of South Africa, has social implications. Not only does the ritual worship enhance religious bonds of affinity amongst the Corinthians, it also instils in them the values of sharing, cooperation and care for those in need in the community, for example the blind; thus, isitshisa acts as a resource that empowers the Corinthians for social commitment and action in their community.
A pesquisa de conteúdos na web: co-partilhando idéias entre a ciência da informação e a educação
Authors: Padilha Maria Auxiliadora
Published: July 2011

Este artigo traz um debate sobre a pesquisa de conteúdos entre a Ciência da Informação e a Educação, no contexto de uma sociedade marcada pelas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação, principalmente a internet, e que estão cada vez mais integrando os artefatos tecnológicos do ambiente escolar. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica de pesquisa de conteúdos na web, que pode ser utilizada no Ensino Fundamental, Médio e Superior, respeitando os contextos e limites de cada nível de ensino. A proposta ora apresentada compreende habilidades que precisam ser mobilizadas pelos alunos, no processo de pesquisa, e princípios que devem reger a pesquisa numa perspectiva de educação baseada na construção do conhecimento em detrimento do simples acúmulo de informações.
A notícia como fonte de informação em propriedade intelectual: um olhar sobre o tema marcas
Authors: Cerantola Ane Aparecida , Ferraz Maria Cristina Comunian
Published: July 2011

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o tratamento que é dado atualmente pela mídia sobre o tema marcas, especificamente em sites de notícias disponibilizadas gratuitamente na Internet. Através da aplicação do Método de Análise de Conteúdo pretendeu-se verificar a seguinte hipótese: as notícias veiculadas não informam adequadamente o leitor sobre a importância e a necessidade do registro de marcas para a proteção do trabalho intelectual. Foram analisados textos jornalísticos recuperados nos sites da Folha Online e do EstadãoOnline, publicados no período de julho de 2007 a julho 2008. Como resultado da aplicação do método, verificou-se, dentro do universo pesquisado, que a hipótese é verdadeira para o caso de leitores não especialistas em propriedade intelectual, pois os textos não são capazes de orientar uma pessoa leiga sobre o tema. Entretanto, observou-se que, para os já conhecedores do assunto, as notícias fornecem um cenário interessante sobre os problemas relacionados ao não registro de uma marca e uso indevido da mesma, podendo ser consideradas uma boa fonte de informação para negócios relacionada ao assunto.
El objeto de la catalogación en el marco de las RDA
Authors: Picco Paola
Published: July 2011

El presente artículo aborda los cambios producidos en la catalogación a partir de la incorporación de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). Es en este contexto que surge el nuevo Código de Catalogación denominado Descripción y Acceso del Recurso que se presenta como un elemento normalizador de alcance internacional. El Código se sustenta en el modelo conceptual FRBR, que incorpora una nueva terminología donde se definen cuatro entidades (obra, expresión, manifestación e ítem) que deben ser consideradas al momento de catalogar. El objetivo de esta contribución es analizar el objeto de catalogación en el marco de los cambios propuestos a partir de la próxima aparición del nuevo Código de Catalogación. Se destaca la identificación de la obra como elemento fundamental en el proceso de catalogación y al momento de establecer las relaciones entre las entidades de contenido y de presentación definidas en el modelo FRBR. Se manifiesta la necesidad de que los catalogadores realicen un trabajo interdisciplinario junto a otros profesionales en el proceso de identificación de las obras donde se haga énfasis en el trabajo de investigación superando la función tradicional de la mera transcripción de datos.