bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphoprotein SAK1 is a regulator of acclimation to singlet oxygen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Wakao Setsuko , Chin Brian L , Ledford Heidi K , Dent Rachel M , Casero David , Pellegrini Matteo , Merchant Sabeeha S , Niyogi Krishna K
Published: May 2014

Singlet oxygen is a highly toxic and inevitable byproduct of oxygenic photosynthesis. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is capable of acclimating specifically to singlet oxygen stress, but the retrograde signaling pathway from the chloroplast to the nucleus mediating this response is unknown. Here we describe a mutant, singlet oxygen acclimation knocked-out 1 (sak1), that lacks the acclimation response to singlet oxygen. Analysis of genome-wide changes in RNA abundance during acclimation to singlet oxygen revealed that SAK1 is a key regulator of the gene expression response during acclimation. The SAK1 gene encodes an uncharacterized protein with a domain conserved among chlorophytes and present in some bZIP transcription factors. The SAK1 protein is located in the cytosol, and it is induced and phosphorylated upon exposure to singlet oxygen, suggesting that it is a critical intermediate component of the retrograde signal transduction pathway leading to singlet oxygen acclimation.
A Catalytic and Shape‐Memory Polymer Reactor
Authors: Han Yanli , Yuan Xinhua , Zhu Maiyong , Li Songjun , Whitcombe Michael J. , Piletsky Sergey A.
Published: May 2014

An originally designed catalytic and shape‐memory polymer reactor is reported. This reactor is made of a unique shape‐switchable polymer composed of a thermosensitive control layer and an inert substrate layer. With the inert substrate layer made of poly(acrylamide), the thermosensitive control layer consists of nickel nanoparticles and a smart polymer composite of poly(1‐vinylimidazole) (PVIm) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) that exhibit switchable domains. The self‐healing and dissociation between PVIm and PAAc induce convex/concave‐switchable shapes in the resulting reactor, which cause tunable access to the encapsulated metal nanoparticles. In this way, this reactor demonstrates tunable catalytic ability. Unlike reported smart polymer reactors exhibiting tunable catalysis usually due to the thermal phase transition of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), this novel reactor adopts the shape‐switchable strategy for tunable catalysis. This novel design suggests a new protocol for the development of smart catalytic reactors, which opens new opportunities for controlled chemical processes.
The genetics of lissencephaly
Authors: Fry Andrew E. , Cushion Thomas D. , Pilz Daniela T.
Published: May 2014

Lissencephaly is a spectrum of severe brain malformations caused by the failure of migrating neurons to reach optimal positions in the developing cerebral cortex. Several syndromes associated with lissencephaly have been characterized in recent years. Identification of the genetic basis of these disorders has brought fascinating insights into the mechanisms of brain development, as well as benefits to patients through improved molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling. This review explores the clinical presentation, radiological features, histological findings and molecular basis of lissencephaly with the aim of facilitating the selection and interpretation of gene tests in patients with ‘smooth brain’ phenotypes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Total Synthesis of Jiadifenolide
Authors: Paterson Ian , Xuan Mengyang , Dalby Stephen M.
Published: May 2014

As a potent neurotrophic agent, the sesquiterpenoid jiadifenolide represents a valuable small‐molecule lead for the potential therapeutic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. A stereocontrolled total synthesis of this densely functionalized natural product is reported, central to which is an adventurous samarium‐mediated cyclization reaction to establish the tricyclic core and the adjacent C5 and C6 quaternary stereocenters.
Interactive model‐based reconstruction of the human head using an RGB‐D sensor
Authors: Zollhöfer Michael , Thies Justus , Colaianni Matteo , Stamminger Marc , Greiner Günther
Published: May 2014

We present a novel method for the interactive markerless reconstruction of human heads using a single commodity RGB‐D sensor. Our entire reconstruction pipeline is implemented on the graphics processing unit and allows to obtain high‐quality reconstructions of the human head using an interactive and intuitive reconstruction paradigm. The core of our method is a fast graphics processing unit‐based nonlinear quasi‐Newton solver that allows us to leverage all information of the RGB‐D stream and fit a statistical head model to the observations at interactive frame rates. By jointly solving for shape, albedo and illumination parameters, we are able to reconstruct high‐quality models including illumination corrected textures. All obtained reconstructions have a common topology and can be directly used as assets for games, films and various virtual reality applications. We show motion retargeting, retexturing and relighting examples. The accuracy of the presented algorithm is evaluated by a comparison against ground truth data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Incorporation of a Highly Emissive and Environment‐Sensitive Uridine Analogue Based on the Lucifer Chromophore
Authors: Tanpure Arun A. , Srivatsan Seergazhi G.
Published: May 2014

The majority of fluorescent nucleoside analogues used in nucleic acid studies have excitation maxima in the UV region and show very low fluorescence within oligonucleotides (ONs); hence, they cannot be utilised with certain fluorescence methods and for cell‐based analysis. Here, we describe the synthesis, photophysical properties and incorporation of a highly emissive and environment‐sensitive uridine analogue, derived by attaching a Lucifer chromophore (1,8‐naphthalimide core) at the 5‐position of uracil. The emissive nucleoside displays excitation and emission maxima in the visible region and exhibits high quantum yield. Importantly, when incorporated into ON duplexes it retains appreciable fluorescence efficiency and is sensitive to the neighbouring base environment. Notably, the nucleoside signals the presence of purine repeats in ON duplexes with an enhancement in fluorescence intensity, a property rarely displayed by other nucleoside analogues.
Controlled Nanodimensional Supramolecular Self‐Assembly of Tetra‐Alkylated Naphthalene Diimide Derivatives
Authors: Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Ghule Namdev V. , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Kelson Melissa M. A. , Bhosale Sidhanath V.
Published: May 2014

Construction of thermodynamically stable nanostructures on the nano‐ to millimeter scales through noncovalent bonding plays an important role in material science. The self‐assembly of tetra‐alkylamino core‐substituted naphthalene diimides (cNDIs) with variable alkyl chains (C8H17, C12H25, and C16H33) added on to the core leads to the formation of a variety of controlled morphologies and well‐defined nanostructures. Such structures include nanorods, vesicular, belts, twisted ribbons, and donutlike morphologies (formed in CHCl3/MeOH and CHCl3/hexane mixtures) generated through solvophobic control. UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrate molecular aggregation in solution. Furthermore, SEM was employed to visualize the supramolecular self‐assembled nanostructures. The growth of these structures is mainly due to packing of hydrophobic alkyl chains and π–π stacking of the cNDI core. The present study paves the way to rational and controlled designs of nanostructures made of optically active dyes (naphthalene diimide); this may open a new avenue towards tuning nanodimensional morphology.
Observation and Photophysical Characterization of Silicon Phthalocyanine J‐Aggregate Dimers in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Doane Tennyson , Chomas Andrew , Srinivasan Shriya , Burda Clemens
Published: May 2014

The use of macrocyclic molecules for both imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven to be a powerful method for assessing and treating diseases, respectively. However, many potential candidates for these applications rely on rigid organic structures which are hydrophobic and thus lead to possible aggregation in aqueous solutions such as blood. Here, we describe the discovery of noncovalent J‐aggregate dimers of the asymmetrically, axially modified silicon phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) in aqueous solutions through steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy. Remarkably, the monomer–dimer equilibrium is dictated by water content and pH, with free monomers resulting in favorable solvation conditions even after formation of the dimer complex. This work sheds light on previous observations of Pc 4 behavior in cells during PDT, and can further elucidate the structure–activity relationship of these important molecules.
A General Strategy for Site‐Directed Enzyme Immobilization by Using NiO Nanoparticle Decorated Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Ling Daishun , Gao Liqian , Wang Jianpeng , Shokouhimehr Mohammadreza , Liu Jiahui , Yu Yongsheng , Hackett Michael J. , So Pui‐Kin , Zheng Bo , Yao Zhongping , Xia Jiang , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: May 2014

Mesoporous materials have recently gained much attention owing to their large surface area, narrow pore size distribution, and superior pore structure. These materials have been demonstrated as excellent solid supports for immobilization of a variety of proteins and enzymes for their potential applications as biocatalysts in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, the lack of efficient and reproducible methods for immobilization has limited the activity and recyclability of these biocatalysts. Furthermore, the biocatalysts are usually not robust owing to their rapid denaturation in bulk solvents. To solve these problems, we designed a novel hybrid material system, mesoporous silica immobilized with NiO nanoparticles (SBA‐NiO), wherein enzyme immobilization is directed to specific sites on the pore surface of the material. This yielded the biocatalytic species with higher activity than free enzyme in solution. These biocatalytic species are recyclable with minimal loss of activity after several cycles, demonstrating an advantage over free enzymes.
Swelling Kinetics of Microgels Embedded in a Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Matrix
Authors: Huang Na , Guan Ying , Zhu X. X. , Zhang Yongjun
Published: May 2014

Composite hydrogels—macroscopic hydrogels with embedded microgel particles—are expected to respond to external stimuli quickly because microgels swell much faster than bulky gels. In this work, the kinetics of the pH‐induced swelling of a composite hydrogel are studied using turbidity measurements. The embedded microgel is a pH‐ and thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) microgel and the hydrogel matrix is polyacrylamide. A rapid pH‐induced swelling of the embedded microgel particles is observed, confirming that composite hydrogels respond faster than ordinary hydrogels. However, compared with the free microgels, the swelling of the embedded microgel is much slower. Diffusion of OH− into the composite hydrogel film is identified as the main reason for the slow swelling of the embedded microgel particles, as the time of the pH‐induced swelling of this film is comparable to that of OH− diffusion into the film. The composition of the hydrogel matrix does not significantly change the characteristic swelling time of the composite hydrogel film. However, the swelling pattern of the film changes with composition of the hydrogel matrix.
Enhancement of the Photovoltaic Performance of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells through a Dichlorobenzene‐Functionalized Hole‐Transporting Material
Authors: Lee Jin‐Wook , Park Sungmin , Ko Min Jae , Son Hae Jung , Park Nam‐Gyu
Published: May 2014

A dichlorobenzene‐functionalized hole‐transporting material (HTM) is developed for a CH3NH3PbI3‐based perovskite solar cell. Notwithstanding the similarity of the frontier molecular orbital energy levels, optical properties, and hole mobility between the functionalized HTM [a polymer composed of 2′‐butyloctyl‐4,6‐dibromo‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐2‐carboxylate (TT‐BO), 3′,4′‐dichlorobenzyl‐4,6‐dibromo‐3‐fluorothieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐2‐carboxylate (TT‐DCB), and 2,6‐bis(trimethyltin)‐4,8‐bis(2‐ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT‐EH), denoted PTB‐DCB21] and the nonfunctionalized polymer [a polymer composed of thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene (TT) and benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT), denoted PTB‐BO], a higher power conversion efficiency for PTB‐DCB21 (8.7 %) than that for PTB‐BO (7.4 %) is achieved because of a higher photocurrent and voltage. The high efficiency is even obtained without including additives, such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and/or 4‐tert‐butylpyridine, that are commonly used to improve the conductivity of the HTM. Transient photocurrent–voltage studies show that the PTB‐DCB21‐based device exhibits faster electron transport and slower charge recombination; this might be related to better interfacial contact through intermolecular chemical interactions between the perovskite and the 3,4‐dichlorobenzyl group in PTB‐DCB21.
Effect of Protic Ionic Liquid and Surfactant Structure on Partitioning of Polyoxyethylene Non‐ionic Surfactants
Authors: Topolnicki Inga L. , FitzGerald Paul A. , Atkin Rob , Warr Gregory G.
Published: May 2014

The partitioning constants and Gibbs free energies of transfer of poly(oxyethylene) n‐alkyl ethers between dodecane and the protic ionic liquids (ILs) ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) are determined. EAN and PAN have a sponge‐like nanostructure that consists of interpenetrating charged and apolar domains. This study reveals that the ILs solvate the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the amphiphiles differently. The ethoxy groups are dissolved in the polar region of both ILs by means of hydrogen bonds. The environment is remarkably water‐like and, as in water, the solubility of the ethoxy groups in EAN decreases on warming, which underscores the critical role of the IL hydrogen‐bond network for solubility. In contrast, amphiphile alkyl chains are not preferentially solvated by the charged or uncharged regions of the ILs. Rather, they experience an average IL composition and, as a result, partitioning from dodecane into the IL increases as the cation alkyl chain is lengthened from ethyl to propyl, because the IL apolar volume fraction increases. Together, these results show that surfactant dissolution in ILs is related to structural compatibility between the head or tail group and the IL nanostructure. Thus, these partitioning studies reveal parameters for the effective molecular design of surfactants in ILs.
Cohesive‐Energy‐Resolved Bandgap of Nanoscale Graphene Derivatives
Authors: Wen Zi , Luo Jinsong , Zhu Yongfu , Jiang Qing
Published: May 2014

With a size‐dependent cohesive energy formula for two‐dimensional coordinated materials, the bandgap variation in quantum dots and nanoribbons of graphene derivatives, such as graphane, fluorographene and graphene oxides, is investigated. The bandgap is found to increase substantially as the diameter or width of the nano‐sized material decreases. The bandgap variation is attributed to the change in cohesive energy of edge carbon atoms, and is associated with the physicochemical nature and degree of edge saturation. These predictions agree with previously reported computer simulation results, and have potential application in wide‐band optics and optoelectronics.
Monthly Employment Indicators of the Euro Area and Larger Member States: Real‐Time Analysis of Indirect Estimates
Authors: Moauro Filippo
Published: May 2014

The paper presents a comparative real‐time analysis of alternative indirect estimates relative to monthly euro area employment. In the experiment quarterly employment is temporally disaggregated using monthly unemployment as related series. The strategies under comparison make use of the contribution of sectoral data of the euro area and its six larger member states. The comparison is carried out among univariate temporal disaggregations of the Chow and Lin type and multivariate structural time series models of small and medium size. Specifications in logarithms are also systematically assessed. All multivariate set‐ups, up to 49 series modelled simultaneously, are estimated via the EM algorithm. Main conclusions are that mean revision errors of disaggregated estimates are overall small, a gain is obtained when the model strategy takes into account the information by both sector and member state and that larger multivariate set‐ups perform very well, with several advantages with respect to simpler models.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 2‐Unsubstituted 1,3‐Selenazoles by Cyclization of Selenoformamide with α‐Bromocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Below Harald , Pfeiffer Wolf‐Diethard , Geisler Karlheinz , Saghyan Ashot S. , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter
Published: May 2014

2‐Unsubstituted 1,3‐selenazoles were prepared by cyclization of selenoformamide with α‐bromoacetophenones. Parent 1,3‐selenazole was prepared by cyclization of selenoformamide with α‐bromoacetaldehyde.
Tensionless–frictionless interaction of flexible annular foundation with a transversely isotropic multi‐layered half‐space
Authors: Eskandari‐Ghadi Morteza , Gorji‐Bandpey Ghasem , Ardeshir‐Behrestaghi Azizollah , Nabizadeh Seyed Masoud
Published: May 2014

A transversely isotropic multi‐layered half‐space, with axis of material symmetry perpendicular to the free surface, supports a flexible either annular or solid circle foundation. The contact area of the foundation and the half‐space is considered to be both frictionless and tensionless. The foundation is assumed to be affected by a vertical static axisymmetric load. Detailed analysis of the interaction of these two systems with different thickness of layers is the target of this paper. With the use of ring load Green's functions for both the foundation and the continuum half‐space, an integral equation accompanied with some inequalities is introduced to model the complex BVP. With the incorporation of ring‐shape FEM, we are capable of capturing both regular and singular solution smoothly. The validity of the combination of the analytical and numerical method is proved with comparing the results of this paper with a number of benchmark cases of both linear and nonlinear interaction of circular and annular foundation with half‐space. Some new illustrations are presented to portray the aspect of the anisotropy and layering of the half‐space. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic pathway monitoring of phenalinolactone biosynthesis from Streptomyces sp. Tü6071 by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry coupling
Authors: Kiske Christiane , Erxleben Anika , Lucas Xavier , Willmann Lucas , Klementz Dennis , Günther Stefan , Römer Winfried , Kammerer Bernd
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

A rapid and precise analytical method for the investigation of natural products is required for pathway monitoring of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Phenalinolactones, used in antibiotic research, are produced by Streptomyces sp. Tü6071. For the analysis of those compounds, prior to mass spectrometric analysis, an efficient separation technique is required.

METHODS

For the identification of phenalinolactones from liquid cultures of Streptomyces sp. Tü6071, a new method comprising the combination of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) prior to liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) was established. MS/MS product ion scans were applied for phenalinolactone detection and structure elucidation, performed in negative mode and optimized for sensitivity and specificity. For the discovery of new intermediates, a MS/MS precursor ion scan was applied.

RESULTS

Analysis of the extracts revealed that the Oasis® MAX cartridge, containing a quaternary amine functionality, is the most efficient SPE material for purification of phenalinolactones, since it allowed sufficient enrichment and detection of intermediates from the biosynthetic pathway by LC/ESI‐MS/MS. Using the precursor ion scan technique, two new secondary metabolites, PL IM1 with m/z 672.6 and PL IM2 with m/z 433.3, have been detected. The structures of the new intermediates are postulated and arranged into the biosynthetic pathway of phenalinolactones.

CONCLUSIONS

A precise analytical method was established for the identification of phenalinolactones by combining purification from Streptomyces using SPE prior to LC/ESI‐MS/MS. By optimising LC/ESI‐MS/MS settings, this method has been successfully applied for pathway monitoring of secondary metabolites. Application of a precursor ion scan allowed for the identification of unknown intermediates in biosynthetic pathways. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Song of Roland: How the Middle Ages Aren’t Old
Authors: Warren Michelle R.
Published: May 2014

“The Song of Roland: How the Middle Ages Aren’t Old” describes how a medieval epic can illuminate not only oppressive imperial histories but also contain resistance and critique. By highlighting the tension between hegemonic claims and hybrid practices, students become attuned to the ongoing circulation of divisive discourses and also learn ways to identify openings for mutuality. I propose several ways for instructors to expand their engagement with unfamiliar literatures: How can we embrace translation and the spirit of the curious amateur to grow our own knowledge and that of our students? Finally, I describe teaching techniques that foster pluralistic social dynamics in the classroom. Social learning increases students’ ability to engage sincerely across differences without the pressure to reach agreement. By providing platforms for students to safely self-disclose personal and academic backgrounds, and then connecting them to the course materials, instructors can amplify the social impact of learning itself.
In alliance with a nocturnal landscape: memory and water law in the north Baikal, Siberia
Authors: Simonova Veronika V.
Published: May 2014

This paper examines the ethnography of nocturnal fishery and relationships with water, relevant for Evenkis occupying the northern coastal area of Lake Baikal, Siberia. The material arises from Evenkis of Kumora village who live near Lake Irkana and from archival sources. Although the nocturnal fishery is declared illegal in official legislation, local residents invoke memories to mark that practice as traditional and important for the local community since it is not merely a subsistence activity but also an emotional experience and long-term relationships with the landscape. This paper argues that local social memory devoted to this practice serves as a kind of fishing tool and a tool for supporting local ideas of how fishing should be governed. The collision between memory and water law is not discussed in terms of antagonism between local groups and authorities but as ignorance between memory-gifted people and the landscape, and memory-disabled official approaches to nocturnal fishing and its histories. Finally, memory-gifted human landscape relationships termed as ‘alliance’ are approached as a powerful conglomerate that ‘consumes’ authorised visions of fishing patterns in their own way.
Enhancing the Minimum Data Set for Mass-Gathering Research and Evaluation: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Ranse Jamie , Hutton Alison , Turris Sheila A. , Lund Adam
Published: May 2014

Introduction

In 2012, a minimum data set (MDS) was proposed to enable the standardized collection of biomedical data across various mass gatherings. However, the existing 2012 MDS could be enhanced to allow for its uptake and usability in the international context. The 2012 MDS is arguably Australian-centric and not substantially informed by the literature. As such, an MDS with contributions from the literature and application in the international settings is required.

Methods

This research used an integrative literature review design. Manuscripts were collected using keyword searches from databases and journal content pages from 2003 through 2013. Data were analyzed and categorized using the existing 2012 MDS as a framework.

Results

In total, 19 manuscripts were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Variation in the patient presentation types was described in the literature from the mass-gathering papers reviewed. Patient presentation types identified in the literature review were compared to the 2012 MDS. As a result, 16 high-level patient presentation types were identified that were not included in the 2012 MDS.

Conclusion

Adding patient presentation types to the 2012 MDS ensures that the collection of biomedical data for mass-gathering health research and evaluation remains contemporary and comprehensive. This review proposes the addition of 16 high-level patient presentation categories to the 2012 MDS in the following broad areas: gastrointestinal, obstetrics and gynecology, minor illness, mental health, and patient outcomes. Additionally, a section for self-treatment has been added, which was previously not included in the 2012 MDS, but was widely reported in the literature.

RanseJ, HuttonA, TurrisSA, LundA. Enhancing the minimum data set for mass-gathering research and evaluation: an integrative literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-10.
Bearing tales: networks and narratives in social policy transfer
Authors: Rodgers Daniel T.
Published: May 2014

In the concluding contribution to this issue, this article asks how patterns in the movement of social policies between nations can be explained. It particularly highlights the ways in which policies often move in clusters from ‘model’ nations outward. The article finds answers in the asymmetries of social policy networks and, most importantly, in the power of the narratives through which policy models travel.
Inequality and culture in a cross-section of countries
Authors: KYRIACOU ANDREAS P. , VELÁSQUEZ FRANCISCO JOSÉ LÓPEZ
Published: May 2014

A growing literature in the fields of economics and political science has identified the importance of culture for both economic development and good governance. In this article, we argue that a fundamental factor driving cultural traits conducive towards development and governance is inter-personal income inequality. Our empirical evidence from a cross-section of countries and based on measures of culture extracted from the World Values Survey, provides strong support for our argument even after controlling for the effect of an extensive range of potentially confounding variables and the possibility that our estimates may suffer from both measurement error and reverse causality.
Gemeinsam geht's besser
Authors: Fischer Renate
Published: May 2014

Berufliche Kompetenz, berufliche Identitätsentwicklung und Lernortkooperation: Was haben diese drei Faktoren miteinander zu tun? Die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung mit rund 500 Auszubildenden und Studierenden in der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege zeigen, wie wichtig eine gute Zusammenarbeit zwischen den beiden Lernorten Schule und Praxis für die Entwicklung beruflicher Identität – und damit indirekt auch für berufliche Kompetenzentwicklung – ist.
Hermeneutisches Fallverstehen: In der Pflege(lehrer)ausbildung angekommen?
Authors: Bensch Sandra
Published: May 2014

Der Artikel möchte einen Überblick zur Hermeneutik und ihren Hauptströmungen liefern und mit empirischen Studienergebnissen vermitteln, warum hermeneutisches Fallverstehen in Pflegeausbildung bzw. Pflegepädagogikstudium notwendig ist. Im Textverlauf und zum Abschluss werden anschauliche und praxisnahe Lösungen aufgezeigt, wie Deutungskompetenz gefördert werden kann.
Probleme konstruieren und lösen lassen
Authors: Schmal Jörg
Published: May 2014

Problembasiertes Lernen fördert in der theoretischen Pflegeausbildung das Lernen der Schüler. Auch im praktischen Alltag kann das Konzept helfen, Wissen fest zu verankern und theoretisches Wissen in Handlungskompetenz übergehen zu lassen. Der nachfolgende Artikel hilft Praxisanleitern Probleme für eine Lernsituation zu konstruieren, die Problembasierte Praxisanleitung durchzuführen und zeigt einige Beispiele für die stationäre Kranken- und Altenpflege und die ambulante häusliche Pflege auf.
„Das Gefühl, noch etwas tun zu können“
Authors: Brüchner Jessica , Ludwig Nadine , Büker Christa
Published: May 2014

Zur systematischen, konzeptgeleiteten Anleitung von Patienten und Familien bietet sich das Instrument der „Mikroschulung“ an. Wie eine solche Mikroschulung konkret abläuft, wird am Beispiel einer Angehörigenschulung zur Mundpflege in der Palliativversorgung erläutert.
Nutrients drive transcriptional changes that maintain metabolic homeostasis but alter genome architecture in Microcystis
Authors: Steffen Morgan M , Dearth Stephen P , Dill Brian D , Li Zhou , Larsen Kristen M , Campagna Shawn R , Wilhelm Steven W
Published: May 2014

The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is a globally distributed bloom-forming organism that degrades freshwater systems around the world. Factors that drive its dispersion, diversification and success remain, however, poorly understood. To develop insight into cellular-level responses to nutrient drivers of eutrophication, RNA sequencing was coupled to a comprehensive metabolomics survey of M. aeruginosa sp. NIES 843 grown in various nutrient-reduced conditions. Transcriptomes were generated for cultures grown in nutrient-replete (with nitrate as the nitrogen (N) source), nitrogen-reduced (with nitrate, urea or ammonium acting as the N sources) and phosphate-reduced conditions. Extensive expression differences (up to 696 genes for urea-grown cells) relative to the control treatment were observed, demonstrating that the chemical variant of nitrogen available to cells affected transcriptional activity. Of particular note, a high number of transposase genes (up to 81) were significantly and reproducibly up-regulated relative to the control when grown on urea. Conversely, phosphorus (P) reduction resulted in a significant cessation in transcription of transposase genes, indicating that variation in nutrient chemistry may influence transcription of transposases and may impact the highly mosaic genomic architecture of M. aeruginosa. Corresponding metabolomes showed comparably few differences between treatments, suggesting broad changes to gene transcription are required to maintain metabolic homeostasis under nutrient reduction. The combined observations provide novel and extensive insight into the complex cellular interactions that take place in this important bloom-forming organism during variable nutrient conditions and highlight a potential unknown molecular mechanism that may drive Microcystis blooms and evolution.
Interactions between Thaumarchaea, Nitrospira and methanotrophs modulate autotrophic nitrification in volcanic grassland soil
Authors: Daebeler Anne , Bodelier Paul L E , Yan Zheng , Hefting Mariet M , Jia Zhongjun , Laanbroek Hendrikus J
Published: May 2014

Ammonium/ammonia is the sole energy substrate of ammonia oxidizers, and is also an essential nitrogen source for other microorganisms. Ammonia oxidizers therefore must compete with other soil microorganisms such as methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in terrestrial ecosystems when ammonium concentrations are limiting. Here we report on the interactions between nitrifying communities dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and communities of MOB in controlled microcosm experiments with two levels of ammonium and methane availability. We observed strong stimulatory effects of elevated ammonium concentration on the processes of nitrification and methane oxidation as well as on the abundances of autotrophically growing nitrifiers. However, the key players in nitrification and methane oxidation, identified by stable-isotope labeling using 13CO2 and 13CH4, were the same under both ammonium levels, namely type 1.1a AOA, sublineage I and II Nitrospira-like NOB and Methylomicrobium-/Methylosarcina-like MOB, respectively. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were nearly absent, and ammonia oxidation could almost exclusively be attributed to AOA. Interestingly, although AOA functional gene abundance increased 10-fold during incubation, there was very limited evidence of autotrophic growth, suggesting a partly mixotrophic lifestyle. Furthermore, autotrophic growth of AOA and NOB was inhibited by active MOB at both ammonium levels. Our results suggest the existence of a previously overlooked competition for nitrogen between nitrifiers and methane oxidizers in soil, thus linking two of the most important biogeochemical cycles in nature.
A high-resolution 7-Tesla fMRI dataset from complex natural stimulation with an audio movie
Authors: Hanke Michael , Baumgartner Florian J. , Ibe Pierre , Kaule Falko R. , Pollmann Stefan , Speck Oliver , Zinke Wolf , Stadler Jörg
Published: May 2014

Here we present a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) dataset – 20 participants recorded at high field strength (7 Tesla) during prolonged stimulation with an auditory feature film (“Forrest Gump”). In addition, a comprehensive set of auxiliary data (T1w, T2w, DTI, susceptibility-weighted image, angiography) as well as measurements to assess technical and physiological noise components have been acquired. An initial analysis confirms that these data can be used to study common and idiosyncratic brain response patterns to complex auditory stimulation. Among the potential uses of this dataset are the study of auditory attention and cognition, language and music perception, and social perception. The auxiliary measurements enable a large variety of additional analysis strategies that relate functional response patterns to structural properties of the brain. Alongside the acquired data, we provide source code and detailed information on all employed procedures – from stimulus creation to data analysis. In order to facilitate replicative and derived works, only free and open-source software was utilized.
Risk assessment of butyltins based on a fugacity-based food web bioaccumulation model in the Jincheng Bay mariculture area: I. model development
Authors: Hu Yanbing , Gong Xianghong , Xu Yingjiang , Song Xiukai , Liu Huihui , Deng Xuxiu , Ru Shaoguo
Published: May 2014

A fugacity-based model was developed to simulate the bioaccumulation of butyltins in the food web of the Jincheng Bay mariculture area.
Risk assessment of butyltins based on a fugacity-based food web bioaccumulation model in the Jincheng Bay mariculture area: II. Risk assessment
Authors: Hu Yanbing , Song Xiukai , Gong Xianghong , Xu Yingjiang , Liu Huihui , Deng Xuxiu , Ru Shaoguo
Published: May 2014

A fugacity-based food web bioaccumulation model was constructed, and the biotic concentrations of butyltins in the food web of the Jincheng Bay mariculture area were estimated accordingly, using the water and sediment concentrations described in the accompanying paper (Part I).
Multilayer composite beads constructed via layer-by-layer self-assembly for lysozyme controlled release
Authors: Zhao Jiemin , Wang Xiaoping , Kuang Yanshen , Zhang Yufeng , Shi Xiaowen , Liu Xingyun , Deng Hongbing
Published: May 2014

Alginate (ALG)–lysozyme (LZ) beads were fabricated by a cross-linking process. Negatively charged ALG and positively charged LZ were alternately deposited on the positively charged ALG–LZ beads via a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique.
Helicobacter pylori enzymes.
Authors: Nilius M , Malfertheiner P
Published: May 2014

Helicobacter pylori exhibits a complex system of enzymes which serve a range of functions, such as colonization, damage of the host epithelium and provision of essential metabolic substrates. Colonization is favoured by urease and by the action on mucus and the mucosal barrier exerted by phospholipases and proteases, although this latter mechanism is controversial. Toxic effects are effected by urease, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), phospholipases and proteolytic enzymes. ADH produces acetaldehyde that is toxic to the mucosal cells, while phospholipases induce generation of products such as lysolecithin, which damage the gastric epithelium. Catalase and sodium dismutase of H. pylori are mainly involved in transforming toxic oxygen metabolites to harmless water; they protect the bacterium from the killing effect of neutrophils. Metabolic enzymes (for example, phosphatases, ATPases) are essential for the generation of energy, for synthesis and transport of cell products and for ion fluxes. In addition, they influence cell growth and the expression of virulence factors.
Formation par projet et opportunité d’accès à distance à des ressources pédagogiques
Authors: Hutu Florin , Allard Bruno , Jumel Fabrice , Maranzana Mathieu , Marquet Kevin , Morel Lionel , Phung Luong-Viet , Risset Tanguy , Tournier Dominique , Salagnac Guillaume , Verdier Jacques
Published: May 2014

Lorsque l’apprentissage par projet couvre plusieurs thématiques, il apparaît que les étudiants
sont d’autant plus sensibles à la qualité des ressources mises à disposition et à leur disponibilité.
L’évaluation des étudiants est contrastée entre leur plébiscite du contenu de la formation et leur critique
des ressources. L’accès à distance à de telles ressources répond à une partie de la problématique. La communication
décrit une première expérience de formation par projet qui débouche sur une mise à disposition
à distance d’un lot de ressources, assistée d’une pédagogie adaptée. Fort de cette expérience, une seconde
proposition est présentée dans un contexte différent mais où des contraintes similaires persistent sur les
ressources. La discussion fera l’objet d’un poster avec démonstration sur machine (PR). Il est évident que
les propositions mises en oeuvre sont maintenant connues, mais peu usitées en fait, et elles sont applicables
à d’autres contextes. Si l’opportunité d’accessibilité à distance de ressources est une réponse à une partie
importante des faiblesses des retours d’expérience décrits ici, il n’est pas envisagé de formation à distance,
problématique très différente.
Binding of solvated peptide (EPLQLKM) with a graphene sheet via simulated coarse-grained approach
Authors: Sheikholeslami Somayyeh , Pandey R. B. , Dragneva Nadiya , Floriano Wely , Rubel Oleg , Barr Stephen A. , Kuang Zhifeng , Berry Rajiv , Naik Rajesh , Farmer Barry
Published: May 2014

Binding of a solvated peptide A1 (1E 2P 3L 4Q 5L 6K 7M) with a graphene sheet is studied by a coarse-grained computer simulation involving input from three independent simulated interaction potentials in hierarchy. A number of local and global physical quantities such as energy, mobility, and binding profiles and radius of gyration of peptides are examined as a function of temperature (T). Quantitative differences (e.g., the extent of binding within a temperature range) and qualitative similarities are observed in results from three simulated potentials. Differences in variations of both local and global physical quantities suggest a need for such analysis with multiple inputs in assessing the reliability of both quantitative and qualitative observations. While all three potentials indicate binding at low T and unbinding at high T, the extent of binding of peptide with the temperature differs. Unlike un-solvated peptides (with little variation in binding among residues), solvation accentuates the differences in residue binding. As a result the binding of solvated peptide at low temperatures is found to be anchored by three residues, 1E, 4Q, and 6K (different from that with the un-solvated peptide). Binding to unbinding transition can be described by the variation of the transverse (with respect to graphene sheet) component of the radius of gyration of the peptide (a potential order parameter) as a function of temperature.
Conserved regions of bovine adenovirus-3 pVIII contain functional domains involved in nuclear localization and packaging in mature infectious virions
Authors: Ayalew Lisanework E. , Gaba Amit , Kumar Pankaj , Tikoo Suresh K.
Published: May 2014

Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of infected cells. One of the core proteins, named pVIII, is a minor capsid protein connecting the core with the inner surface of the capsid. Here, we report the characterization of minor capsid protein pVIII encoded by the L6 region of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3. Anti-pVIII serum detected a 24 kDa protein at 12–48 h post-infection and an additional 8 kDa protein at 24–48 h post-infection. While the 24 kDa protein was detected in empty capsids, only the C-terminal-cleaved 8 kDa protein was detected in the mature virion, suggesting that amino acids147–216 of the conserved C-terminus of BAdV-3 pVIII are incorporated in mature virions. Detection of hexon protein associated with both precursor (24 kDa) and cleaved (8 kDa) forms of pVIII suggest that the C-terminus of pVIII interacts with the hexon. The pVIII protein predominantly localizes to the nucleus of BAdV-3-infected cells utilizing the classical importin α/β dependent nuclear import pathway. Analysis of mutant pVIII demonstrated that amino acids 52–72 of the conserved N-terminus bind to importin α-3 with high affinity and are required for the nuclear localization.
Plant trait–digestibility relationships across management and climate gradients in permanent grasslands
Authors: Gardarin Antoine , Garnier Éric , Carrère Pascal , Cruz Pablo , Andueza Donato , Bonis Anne , Colace Marie‐Pascale , Dumont Bertrand , Duru Michel , Farruggia Anne , Gaucherand Stéphanie , Grigulis Karl , Kernéïs Éric , Lavorel Sandra , Louault Frédérique , Loucougaray Grégory , Mesléard François , Yavercovski Nicole , Kazakou Elena
Published: May 2014

Dry matter digestibility is a critical component of herbage nutritive value, a major service delivered by grasslands. The aim of this study was to test whether the dominance hypothesis applies to assess the impacts of environmental gradients and management regimes on this component of herbage nutritive value in permanent grasslands.

At the plant level, digestibility has been related to a number of functional traits, but whether this can be scaled up to the community level in species‐rich grasslands and how such relationships are modulated by environmental conditions and management regimes remain unknown. Our primary objective was to test whether community‐weighted means – species trait values weighted by the species abundance – of morphological, phenological and chemical traits could be used to explain variations in digestibility over a large range of climatic contexts, soil resource levels and management regimes. Our second objective was to explain variations in community digestibility within and among nine contrasting sites along large natural and man‐induced environmental gradients.

Over the whole data set, digestibility and most community‐weighted means of traits responded to climatic factors and management regimes, but relations were not always significant when each site was considered separately. Community digestibility was significantly related to one or more plant traits within each site and to all of the measured traits when considering all the sites. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) had the most consistent effects on digestibility, with a strikingly similar negative effect within each site. Potential evapotranspiration was negatively related to digestibility and contributed to explain a large part of the among‐site variance. In addition, a low return interval of disturbance and a high disturbance intensity (biomass removal) were both associated with a high digestibility.

Synthesis and applications. Disturbance regime, plant traits and local climate impacted dry matter digestibility roughly equally in grasslands. The effects of community composition on digestibility and its response to abiotic factors could be successfully captured by community‐weighted means of leaf dry matter content. This functional marker can be used to develop indicators and grassland management rules to support farmers in the refinement of their practices towards specific needs, such as target production outputs.
Protecting the rights of pupils with autism when meeting the challenge of behaviour
Authors: Hodge Nick
Published: May 2014

Accessible Summary

Pupils with autism are often physically handled in schools without teachers realising that this can be distressing for them.

Many teachers do not know about the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Teachers need support with developing their understanding of how pupils experience being handled.

It is important that the rights of disabled pupils are recognised and protected.

‘Positive handling’ has become a popular intervention within education and other services in England in the management of behaviours that challenge. This paper uses a vignette of an observation of the handling of children with autism as a starting point for consideration of whether this practice can ever really be experienced as positive or whether it is often little more than a mechanism of control that disregards the rights of disabled children and young people. All schools are mandated under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to protect the rights of disabled pupils, but, to date, there has been very little engagement by teachers with this agenda. This paper identifies some of the rights of pupils that are negated through current practice and evaluates what support Prouty's principles of pre‐therapy from the field of counselling might offer teachers with developing a rights based agenda.
Empathy at a distance: A qualitative study on the impact of publically‐displayed art on observers
Authors: Hurley John , Linsley Paul , Rowe Shelley , Fontanella Freea
Published: May 2014

While there is some evidence in the literature on the impact of art therapy for consumers, there is comparatively little written on how art that has been created by consumers impacts on those observing the art. This paper reports on a qualitative research study that sought to determine if publically‐displayed art created by young consumers impacted on stigma reduction and self‐help‐seeking behaviours of the observers. The findings derived from the thematic analysis of qualitative interviews suggested that publically‐displayed art is a safe medium, through which empathy and understanding towards young people with mental illness can be enhanced, and that the art generates discussion and self‐help behaviours for mental illness. These findings highlight how mental health nurses can promote social inclusion and reduce stigma through public mental health initiatives that are an important inclusion in the scope of mental health nursing practice.
Management of enteroatmospheric fistulae
Authors: Terzi Cem , Egeli Tufan , Canda Aras E , Arslan Naciye C
Published: May 2014

A small‐bowel enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF) is an especially challenging complication for patients with open abdomens (OAs) and their surgeons. Manipulation of the bowel during treatment (e.g. dressing changes) is one of the risk factors for developing these openings between the atmosphere and the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike enterocutaneous fistulae, EAFs have neither overlying soft tissue nor a real fistula tract, which reduces the likelihood of their spontaneous closure. Surgical closure is necessary but not always easy to do in the OA environment. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been used successfully as an adjunct therapy to heal the wound around EAFs. This review discusses many aspects of managing EAFs in patients with OAs, and presents techniques that have been developed to isolate the fistula and divert effluent while applying NPWT to the surrounding wound bed.