bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complexity of options related to restarting oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in national immunization programs after OPV cessation
Authors: Kalkowska Dominika A , Wassilak Steven GF , Wiesen Eric , F Estivariz Concepcion , Burns Cara C , Badizadegan Kamran , Thompson Kimberly M
Published: April 2023

Background: The polio eradication endgame continues to increase in complexity.  With polio cases caused by wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three types (1, 2 and 3) reported in 2022, the number, formulation, and use of poliovirus vaccines poses challenges for national immunization programs and vaccine suppliers.  Prior poliovirus transmission modeling of globally-coordinated type-specific cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) assumed creation of Sabin monovalent OPV (mOPV) stockpiles for emergencies and explored the potential need to restart OPV if the world reached a specified cumulative threshold number of cases after OPV cessation.

Methods:  We document the actual experience of type 2 OPV (OPV2) cessation and reconsider prior modeling assumptions related to OPV restart.  We develop updated decision trees of national immunization options for poliovirus vaccines considering different possibilities for OPV restart.

Results:  While OPV restart represented a hypothetical situation for risk management and contingency planning to support the 2013-2018 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan, the actual epidemiological experience since OPV2 cessation raises questions about what, if any, trigger(s) could lead to restarting the use of OPV2 in routine immunization and/or plans for potential future restart of type 1 and 3 OPV after their respective cessation.  The emergency use listing of a genetically stabilized novel type 2 OPV (nOPV2) and continued evaluation of nOPV for types 1 and/or 3 add further complexity by increasing the combinations of possible OPV formulations for OPV restart. 

Conclusions: Expanding on a 2019 discussion of the logistical challenges and implications of restarting OPV, we find a complex structure of the many options and many issues related to OPV restart decisions and policies as of early 2023.  We anticipate many challenges for forecasting prospective vaccine supply needs during the polio endgame due to increasing potential combinations of poliovirus vaccine choices.
Estudio de reactogenicidad en las vacunas mRNA frente a la COVID-19
Authors: Inglés Torruella Joan , Gil Soto Rosa Maria , Sabaté Aguila Esther , García Grau Mercé , Pons Boronat Nina , Rubio Civit Adelaida , Bandera Baez Miriam , Moreno Martin Gustavo
Published: April 2023

Objetivo: Comparar la reactogenicidad entre los tipos de vacuna RNAm Commirnaty® (Pfizer) y Spikevax® (Moderna) frente a la COVID-19 en población sanitaria.
Métodos: Estudio de prevalencia de los efectos adversos a corto plazo y sus consecuencias tras la administración de la primera y segunda dosis en profesionales y estudiantes de una institución sanitaria. Se administró un cuestionario de síntomas y sus consecuencias a los 7 días de la vacunación. Se calculó la prevalencia e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Las diferencias entre vacunas se cuantificaron mediante las odds ratio (OR) e IC95%.
Resultados: Completaron el cuestionario 1924 y 1170 sanitarios (tasas de respuesta 62.2% y 39.1%) tras la primera y la segunda dosis, respectivamente, de la vacuna Commirnaty®, y 410 (56.0%) y 107 (15.0%), de Spikevax®. Después de la primera dosis de Comirnaty® un 67,4% presentó algún efecto adverso, y un 76,1% para Spikevax® (OR 1,5 IC95% 1,2-1,9). En general mujeres y jóvenes mostraron mayor reactogenicidad y diferencias entre vacunas. Las consecuencias de los efectos adversos fueron más frecuentes para Spikevax®. La reactogenicidad fue superior tras la segunda dosis que tras la primera, para las dos vacunas (Comirnaty® 67,4% vs. 75,6%; Spikevax® 76,1% vs. 87,9%).
Conclusiones: La mayor reactogenicidad y sus consecuencias, para la primera y segunda dosis de la vacuna Spikevax® respecto a Comirnaty®, y de la segunda dosis respecto a la primera dosis de ambas vacunas, aporta conocimiento útil para la planificación de campañas de vacunación frente a la COVID-19 en el entorno sanitario.
Silicosis y piedra artificial: nuevos retos para la salud pública
Authors: Pérez Alonso Aranzazu
Published: April 2023

Entrevista a Aránzazu Pérez-Alonso
Time to level up treatment for less survivable cancers
Authors: Brocklehurst Andrew , Radhakrishna Ganesh
Published: April 2023

Dramatic regional variations in outcomes for patients with less survivable cancer (lung, pancreatic, brain, oesophageal and gastric) have been highlighted in a report published by MSD. This editorial examines this report and considers the implications for UK cancer strategy.
Fisher perceptions of threats and fisheries decline in the heart of the Coral Triangle
Authors: LARSEN S. NEIL , LEISHER CRAIG , MANGUBHAI SANGEETA , MULJADI ANDREAS , TAPILATU RICARDO F.
Published: April 2023

Larsen SN, Leisher C, Mangubhai S, Muljadi A, Tapilatu RF. 2018. Fisher perceptions of threats and fisheries decline in the heart of the Coral Triangle. Ocean Life 2: 41-46. The Coral Triangle contains the most species-diverse coral reefs in the world, and at its center is the Raja Ampat archipelago in West Papua, Indonesia. The marine resources of Raja Ampat are an important source of food and livelihood for thousands of people, but overfishing and destructive fishing practices threaten its coral reefs and fisheries. To better understand the threats, we surveyed the ‘most knowledgeable fishers’ in all 88 of Raja Ampat’s coastal villages (n = 495) in 2003-2005. We analyzed the links between declines in fish catch and threats to marine resources as perceived by fishers. Blast fishing, cyanide fishing, and ‘outsiders’ were perceived to be the causes of the fish declines and the greatest ongoing threats to fisheries resources. We also found evidence of inter-generational differences in perceptions on the health of local fisheries. For fishers who had over 15 years of fishing experience, 77% reported a decrease in fish catch. For fishers who had less than 5 years of experience, only 41% reported a decrease in catch. Education and outreach on illegal fishing practices and the benefits of healthy coral reef ecosystems are likely to be ongoing needs in communities in Raja Ampat.Coral reefs
Measurement of microplastic density in the Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: LIE SULISTIYONO , SUYOKO AHMAD , EFFENDI AULIA ROMADHONA , AHMADA BENARIFO , ADITYA HERDI WIRA , SALLIMA ISTRIA RIMBA , ARISUDEWI NI PUTU AYU NITA , HADID NAJLAA ILLIYYIEN , RAHMASARI NURULITA , REZA AKBAR
Published: April 2023

Lie S, Suyoko A, Effendi AR, Ahmada B, Aditya HW, Sallima IR, Arisudewi NPAN, Hadid NI, Rahmasari N, Reza A. 2018. Measurement of microplastic density in the Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Ocean Life 2: 54-58. Plastic debris enters the marine ecosystem in various sizes, ranging from micrometers to millimeters. Specific densities of plastic particles can vary greatly depending on the type of polymer and the manufacturing process. The highest microplastic density is usually related to the shoreline and circulation of currents in the middle of the sea. Microplastics are then degraded into fragments or particles that are very small and digested by marine biota. In recent years, there have been increasing environmental concerns about microplastics. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of microplastics and their density in the Karimunjawa Island region, and to determine the environmental impact of microplastics. The method used was sediment sampling, with sand samples taken at a depth of 2-5 cm from the sand surface in a plot that was 10 meters away, with another plot in a 50-meter straight line. After that, microplastics were separated from sand samples in the laboratory using saturated saline solution. Next, the microplastics identification process was carried out by differentiating based on color, size, number, and microplastic form or category. In this study, four types of microplastic were found, i.e. fiber, fragment, film, and foam. At Legon Lele Beach and Ujung Gelam, fiber was the most abundant with 111 and 66 particles, respectively. The least in number was film- with 6 particles in Ujung Gelam Beach and 3 particles in Legon Lele Beach.
Thermal tolerance, density, and distribution of mangrove crabs, Perisesarma guttatum and Uca urvillei at Gazi Bay, Kenya
Authors: KIPYEGON JOHN KOCHEY , OBUDHO PENINA ALOO , KAIRO JAMES GITUNDU
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Kipyegon JK, Obudho PA, Kairo JG. 2019. Thermal tolerance, density, and distribution of mangrove crabs, Perisesarma guttatum and Uca urvillei at Gazi Bay, Kenya. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 3: 38-50. Mangrove crabs are fundamental for the viability of mangrove forests. Therefore, the effects of climate change can impact mangrove ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal tolerance, density, and distribution of the mangrove crabs Perisesarma guttatum (A.Milne-Edwards, 1869) and Uca urvillei (H.Milne Edwards, 1852) within Gazi Bay, Kenya. Field activities included collecting data on the density and distribution of the two crab species and environmental variables in the Rhizophora mucronata Lam., Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob. and Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. monospecific stands. The crabs were maintained at temperatures between 17-37°C in the laboratory, and respiration rate measurements were performed in closed chamber systems after the crabs were acclimated for 8 hours at a temperature of 27°C. The results indicate the temperature ranges for P. guttatum and U. urvillei adult crabs were 27-31°C and 27-33°C, respectively, beyond which the crabs got stressed as indicated by increased metabolism. Findings suggest that P. guttatum is more sensitive to temperature variation than U. urvillei. At the highest average densities of U. urvillei and P. guttatum crabs were recorded at 66.25±7.7/m² and 11.75±4.1/m², respectively, in the R. mucronata zone. The densities of U. urvillei and P. guttatum were strongly related to the temperature, fine sand, and organic matter using stepwise regression analysis (P<0.05). This study has increased the understanding of mangrove crab populations' physiological responses and possible distribution patterns to the expected impacts of climate change on these species.
Understanding community perception on aquaculture: Lessons from Mauritius as an ocean state
Authors: Nirsimloo Pouven , Mattan-Moorgawa Sushma , Bhagooli Ranjeet
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Nirsimloo P, Mattan-Moorgawa S, Bhagooli R. 2019. Understanding community perception on aquaculture: lessons from Mauritius as an ocean state. Ocean Life 3: 47-53. Aquaculture is considered as one of the fastest food production industry during the past decade and holds high importance in fulfilling the global seafood demand. Globally, limited studies have been conducted on the social acceptability of aquaculture. It thus remains a key challenge to understand the perceptions of people on this subject in order to manage fish farming in a sustainable way. A survey-based approach was developed in order to have an in-depth assessment of perceptions and attitudes of public on aquaculture and its implications on the Blue Economy in Mauritius. Respondents’ perceptions were evaluated on five different aspects of aquaculture, namely, knowledge, socio-economics, environment, food security and implications for a Blue Economy. A total of 385 questionnaires was administered for the study from October 2016 to March 2017 and a response rate of 100% was recorded. Different statistical tests, like Spearman Correlation, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-Square test, were used to compute data. Descriptive statistical methods revealed that 69.1% of respondents were in favor of expansion of the aquaculture industry in Mauritius. A poor but significant correlation (r=-0.0169, p<0.05) was found between favoring aquaculture expansion and perceived environmental concerns of aquaculture. A chi-square test confirmed a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between educational level of respondents and their knowledge on aquaculture. When aquaculture and Blue Economy in Mauritius were correlated, creation of employment opportunities, ensuring food security and boosting the economy of the country were factors chosen by most respondents to acknowledge the implications of aquaculture on the Blue Economy.
Influence of co-management on marine resources sustainability in Shimoni and Wasini areas, Kenya
Authors: OGADA AGATHA ADHIAMBO , MWAGUNI SAEED
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Ogada AA, Mwaguni S. 2019. Influence of co-management on marine resources sustainability in Shimoni and Wasini areas, Kenya. Ocean Life 3: 65-73. The research investigated the influence of the co-management of marine resources for sustainable development. Comanagement is proposed as the ideal tool for sustainable management of marine resources and ensuring stakeholders are involved in decision-making and managing their resources. The study was undertaken to generate knowledge on the influence of co-management on sustainable marine resources; the study area chosen had some background in co-management before. The study was conducted through a survey research design using questionnaires, semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions, with a sample size of 145 respondents. The collected data was coded using SPSS 19 for analysis, including; presenting simple percentages, frequencies, and cross-tabs. In addition, chi-square was used to test the hypotheses. The study's results focused on co-management variables: institutional design, community participation, and socio-ecological dynamics. The results showed that 95% of the respondents perceived the co-management institutional design as adequate. Community participation is a key factor of co-management, which was proven right with 82.5%. There is the agreement that communities' roles in co-management were clearly defined and involved in the decision-making process. Moreover, 92.5% of the respondents said that IK is valuable and was not only applied in co-management but also effective in its application. In conclusion, the study shows that co-management positively influences conservation and community members' well-being. Therefore the researcher concluded that co-management is an adequate tool for planning and sustainable management of marine resources. However, it was recommended that improved intergovernmental and interagency partnerships are needed to address cross-cutting and emerging issues in co-management.
Investigation on parasites of Octopus cyanea in Tanzania
Authors: MSONGOLE PENDO LASKA , KIMBITA ELIKIRA N.
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Msongole PL, Kimbita EN. 2020. Investigation on parasites of Octopus cyanea in Tanzania. Ocean Life 4: 24-36. This study aimed to investigate parasites in Octopus cyanea (Gray, 1849) or Day octopus along the Indian Ocean of the Tanga region in Tanzania. Information from fishermen was required to determine their awareness of octopuses' parasitic infections. Twenty-five percent (25.3%) agreed on the presence of parasites in octopus skin and muscles, but these were not observed during laboratory investigation. Gamogony and sporogony of Aggregata sp. (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) were observed during histopathological examination of the digestive tracts of octopuses collected along the Tanga coastal area. The O. cyanea was infected with the coccidian parasite, Aggregata spp., with a prevalence of 41.1% (23 of 56 hosts examined). Oocysts were sub-spherical in the mucosa wall of the intestine and caecum, measuring 263-279 ?m. Sporocysts were smooth?surfaced, dark?staining, spherical, typically 10-15 ?m wide, and contained 9-22 banana-shaped sporozoites with a size of 2-6 ?m long and 0.2-0.3 ?m wide. The coccidian infection in octopuses is accompanied replacement of the infected cells with sporocysts. Parasite infection of Aggregata spp. was not significantly correlated with the weight of the octopus, study site, or sex of the host. Molecular analysis was used to confirm the parasite species, in which 68% of samples were positive. Molecular characterization revealed that the coccidian was the Aggregata octopiana (Schneider, 1875) Frenzel, 1885. Alignments revealed that the coccidian from O. cyanea resembled 89% with A. octopiana isolated from common Octopus in Spain. Despite the presence of A. octopiana in O. cyanea, the parasite does not cause effects on consumers unless the octopus is infected with another epizootiology agent.
Heavy metal contamination in water, sediments, and fauna of selected areas along the Kenyan coastline
Authors: MWATSAHU SALIM H. , WANJAU RUTH , TOLE MWAKIO , MUNGA DANIEL
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Mwatsahu SH, Wanjau R, Tole M, Munga D. 2020. Heavy metal contamination in water, sediments, and fauna of selected areas along the Kenyan coastline. Ocean Life 4: 37-47. Every year millions of tons of industrial waste and municipal sewage are dumped into the world’s oceans as rivers carrying agricultural wastes discharge their waters into the ocean. The Mombasa inshore (Kilindini and Portreiz) waters and Sabaki/Malindi bay, Kenyan coastline, complex are characterized by rapid urbanization and industrial activities, including shipping, agriculture, and tourism. As a result, the coastal fauna, sediments, and seawater are polluted with heavy metals, raw sewage, and organochlorine pesticides. Heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), and Zinc (Zn) have threshold limits (USEPA) above which they are toxic. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Hg, and Zn in selected areas along the Kenyan Coastline. The analysis was done during the dry and wet seasons. The levels of the heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption spectro-photometry flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Mercury cold vapor), and Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The levels of the metals were as follows: In sediments, Hg: nd, Cr: nd, Cu: 9.912-40.412 µg/g, Fe: 3,195.667-35,435.981 µg/g, Mn: 135.467-228.780 µg/g, Zn: 54.700 -181.725 µg/g. Biota: Hg: nd, Cr: nd, Cu: 43.963-229843 µg/g, Mn: 29.770-486.611 µg/g, Fe: 379.853-35,277.752 µg/g, Zn: 99.476-872.852 µg/g, Cd: nd, Pb: 135.407-833.111 µg/g. Sea water: Cr: 0.015-0.026 µg/mL, Fe: 0.062-16.524 µg/mL, Cu: 0.010-0.033 µg/mL, Zn: 0.028-0.066 µg/mL, Pb: 0.006-0.010 µg/mL. Cd and Hg levels were not detected in seawater, sediments, and fauna. In contrast, Cr was not detected in sediments and fauna but had levels above USEPA guidelines at Kilindini, Malindi Bay, and Sabaki estuary sites. Cu had levels above USEPA guidelines at Sabaki in the water and sediments at most sites. Pb levels were above USEPA guidelines at most sites of the Kenyan Coastline, while Zn levels indicated moderate pollution in seawater, sediments, and fauna. These findings indicated that seawater sediments and fauna from the Kenyan Coastline are moderately polluted with Cu, Pb, and Zn according to USEPA guidelines. It is recommended that regular assessments of pollution levels be done and measures put in place to prevent increased pollution of the Kenyan Coastline.
Concentration of heavy metal in sediment, water, and fish from Ankobra and Tano River Estuaries, Ghana
Authors: AWUAH GILBERT KOFI , MENSAH JOHN ARKO , FOBIL JULIUS N.
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Awuah GK, Mensah JA, Fobil JN. 2020. Concentration of heavy metal in sediment, water, and fish from Ankobra and Tano River Estuaries, Ghana. Ocean Life 3: 94-101. The heavy metals arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) are all poisonous and found in nature. The increase in their concentrations, however, is a result of human activities that pose a danger to both aquatic life and humans. The researchers set out to measure the levels of arsenic (As), hexavalent chromium (Hg), and lead (Pb) in sediment, water, and fish from the Ankobra and Tano Rivers in Ghana's Western Region. That was thought to be heavily polluted due to human activity, particularly artisanal gold mining. To assess the prevalence of As, Hg, and Pb in fish and the aquatic media (water and sediment) in the Tano of Jaway Wharf - Ellenda and Ankobra River of Sanwoma basins, an analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Pinnacle 900T was used to determine the levels of As, Hg, and Pb in the tissues (muscles) of "Ekpoke" Ctenopoma kingsleyae, "Adwene" Clarias gariepinus, "Nzerma" Pomadasys jubelini, "Bile" Parachanna obscura, "Ekpoke" Sarotherodon galilaues, "Ekpoke" Sarotherodon melanotheron, and "Senzeke" Parapenaeus longirostris (n=53), water samples (n=30), and sediment samples (n=25) (Perkin Elmer, USA). STATA version 13 and the Excel spreadsheet from Microsoft version 10 were used for the statistical Analysis (StataCorps LP, Chicago, USA). Hg, As, and Pb levels were the highest in all the analyzed locations. In general, Hg (2.09 ± 1.29 mg/kg) and As (2.80 ± 1.52 mg/kg) were found in the highest amounts in fish, next by sediment (1.40 ± 1.78 mg/kg) and (0.61 ± 0.40 mg/kg), and water (0.09 ± 0.36 mg/L) and (0.06 ± 0.05 mg/L), respectively. Sediment (1.46 ± 4.26 mg/kg), water (0.14 ± 0.10 mg/L), and fish (0.11 ± 0.11 mg/kg) all had higher Pb concentrations than the other two. The total heavy metal variability in soil, water, and fish was not different (p=0.828, 0.570, and 0.978, respectively). Concentrations of As, Hg, and Pb in river water, sediment, and fish did not differ significantly between the Ankobra and Tano Rivers. Tano and Ankobra have As and Hg concentrations higher than those considered safe by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in freshwater habitats.
Coral reef ecosystem health status of Paladan Islands, Indonesia: An assessment criteria using coral cover percentage
Authors: WIDODO EKA REZA S. , KATILI ABUBAKAR SIDIK , IBRAHIM MUSTAMIN
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Widodo ERS, Katili AS, Ibrahim M. 2021. Coral reef ecosystem health status of Paladan Islands, Indonesia: An assessment criteria using coral cover percentage. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 8-13. This study aims to analyze the health of coral reef ecosystems in Paladan Island waters, Tojo Una-una District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research is a quantitative descriptive study using roaming data collection techniques and measuring the overall length of coral reef cover in a 5x5 meter2 plot. The research was conducted for 4 months using survey methods. The percentage of live coral cover and mortality index was calculated and categorized according to coral reef health criteria reported from literature. The result showed that coral reefs in the Paladan Island waters exhibit 72.9% life coral cover with an IMK value of 0.09. A comparison of this result with the standardized coral reef health criteria indicates that the percentage coral cover is within a healthy range (50-100%) with an IMK value of ? 0, suggesting that coral reef conditions have not changed or deteriorated. Based on the value of coral cover obtained, it is suggested that the coral reef of Paladan island is still in good condition. The rapid assessment criteria reported here may be useful for monitoring of coral reef ecosystem health.
Macrobenthic infaunal assemblage structure in nearshore and offshore seabeds of Ghana
Authors: COMMEY NII AMARQUAYE , LAMPTEY EMMANUEL , ARMAH AYAA KOJO
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Commey NA, Armah AK, Lamptey E. 2021. Macrobenthic infaunal assemblage structure in nearshore and offshore seabeds of Ghana. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 50-60. This research aimed to compare and contrast the sediment properties and benthic macrofaunal assemblage composition of nearshore and offshore habitats. Also, the existing state of benthic macrofaunal assemblages in the Jubilee Fields, Ghana in 2015 is determined. A baseline is established for these communities before constructing a coal-powered plant in the nearshore area of Ekumfi Aboano, Ghana (deep-sea). The research was conducted in the shallower nearshore Ekumfi Aboano (average depth: 15 m) and deeper offshore portions of the Jubilee Fields (average depth: 1,250 m). A Van Veen grab was used to collect sediment samples from the nearshore area, while a box corer was used to collect samples from the deep water. PRIMER was used to look into the distribution of benthic macrofauna. Using GRADISTAT, it was determined that the nearshore sediment (mean grain size of 99.80 m) is fairly sorted with very fine sand. In contrast, offshore sediment (mean grain size of 109.79 m) was poorly sorted and comprised of extremely coarse silty fine sand. It was determined from studies of macrobenthic infauna that there were 11,131 individuals in the nearshore environment, with a density of 38 individuals/m2, and 22,105 individuals in the deep-sea environment, with a density of 47 individuals/m2. Data for the nearshore and offshore environments showed a total of 194 and 983 polychaetes, 827 and 696 crustaceans, 35 and 229 mollusks, 14 and 37 echinoderms, and 43 and 260 "others" (foraminiferans, nematodes, nemerteans, and sipunculids). Crustaceans > polychaetes > molluscs > others > echinoderms dominated the shallow Ekumfi seabed, whereas polychaetes > crustaceans > molluscs > others > echinoderms dominated the offshore Jubilee seabed. There were 116 species discovered close to shore, while 188 were discovered in the deep water. Both locations displayed a high level of diversity (H' > 4; 1-D > 0.9) and were evenly distributed (J' > 0.8). The nearshore was dominated by arthropods (74.30%), while the offshore was dominated by polychaetes (44.58%). A greater variety of macrobenthic infauna was found in the deep sea compared to the nearshore, with a difference of 75% between the two environments.
Carbon stock of above ground mangroves in the Lower Volta Area, Ghana
Authors: HENRY MYERS JOHN , GORDON CHRISTOPHER , PABI OPOKU
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Henry MJ, Gordon C, Pabi O. 2021. Carbon stock of above ground mangroves in the Lower Volta Area, Ghana. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 61-73. The mangroves and other blue carbon systems are under high pressure because of coastal development and population. The degradation of mangrove continuity leads to the loss of the carbon stocks which is stored in the mangrove ecosystem. This study used GIS-based analysis using allometric equations and Landsat images to estimate the mangrove above-ground carbon stock in the Lower Volta area in Ghana. The classified Landsat images were used to obtain the mangrove area coverage. The ASTER GDEM covering the mangrove was calibrated to obtain the above-biomass, mangrove heights, and above ground carbon stock estimated using a global allometric equation. This study identified the socio-economic factors influencing mangrove exploitation and assessed local residents' willingness to use an alternative energy source, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The carbon stock in 2014 for the study area was estimated at 269,379.5 Mg, and the carbon stock was estimated at 50.102 Mg per hectare. The changes in carbon stock on a time series analysis revealed that the study area lost its carbon stock between 1991 and 2014 at 161,428.65 Mg. The results indicated that significant factors influencing mangroves' exploitation were the commercial supply of fuel wood, increased income,  and supply of fuel wood for domestic use. The local residents were less likely to use LPG as an alternative due to price and safety considerations and preferred mangroves as an energy source. All major stakeholders were recommended to contribute towards effectively managing and protecting the mangrove resource.
Economic impacts of climate change on livestock and crop returns in the coastal region of Kenya
Authors: WACHIRA PHYLLIS WAMBUI , NDUNDA EZEKIEL , SITATI NOAH
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Wachira PW, Ndunda E, Sitati N. 2021. Economic impacts of climate change on livestock and crop returns in the coastal region of Kenya. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 5: 74-82. The objectives were to assess which impact climate change has on crop net revenue, to evaluate the impact of climate change on livestock net revenue, and to estimate the impact of climate change on combined net revenue. The study was conducted in all six counties in coastal area of Kenya, i.e.: Kwale, Lamu, Tana River, Mombasa, Kilifi, and Taita Taveta. A sum of 631 respondents was interviewed to obtain the cross-sectional survey data. The secondary data on precipitation, temperature, and evaporation for 40 years was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department. The data was analyzed using the Ricardian model; the linear and quadratic effects of climate change on crops, livestock net revenue, and the combination were calculated. The study shows that climate change significantly (p<0.05) affects net revenues from livestock, crops, and a combination of livestock and crops. Other socio-economic variables that were found to also significantly (p<0.05) affect net revenue from crops, livestock, and a combination of crops and livestock were access to media, credit services access, farmer-to-farmer extension services, size of land owned, climate change awareness, education level, age, and gender of the household head. The results show a non-linear relationship between climate variables and net revenues from crops, livestock, and agriculture. This study concludes that a unit increase in precipitation increases crop revenues; at the same time, a unit increase in mean annual temperature significantly reduces crop and total farm income. The marginal effect of increasing a unit in precipitation is a reduction of livestock net revenue. An increase in livestock production revenue from a unit temperature increase (linear) can be attributed to the livestock breeds in the coastal region inherent to dry weather. However, results show that increasing quadratic temperature would reduce net livestock revenue. This study recommends enhancing awareness of climate change, crop, livestock, and combined agriculture adaptation strategies. Also important is access to credit facilities that help farmers greatly to acquire the necessary inputs for crop production in time. Further, training groups of farmers would be appropriate in the study area since the trained farmers preferably transfer the learned technologies to others through farmer-to-farmer extension services. Media access should be enhanced whereby information on appropriate livestock and crop production technologies may be communicated to farmers.
New records of nudibranchs and a sacoglossan (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from Sempu Strait, Indonesia
Authors: ANDRIMIDA ANTHON
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Andrimida A. 2022. New records of nudibranchs and a sacoglossan (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from Sempu Strait, Indonesia. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 6: 1-9. This study reports the additional records of fourteen heterobranch sea slug species from Sempu Strait, East Java, Indonesia, in which thirteen species belong to the nudibranchia order, and one species belongs to the sacoglossa order. These species belong to seven families: Plakobranchidae (1 species), Polyceridae (1 species), Discodorididae (2 species), Chromodorididae (7 species), Flabellinidae (1 species), Eubranchidae (1 species), and Facelinidae (1 species). All of these species are recorded for the first time from the Sempu Strait. There are two species that only could be identified to its genus, which are Chromodoris sp. and Eubranchus sp. This study also found additional record of Plocamopherus imperialis Angas, 1864 on the tropical waters, where this species formerly believed only exclusively distributed along the subtropical waters of Eastern Australia and Northern New Zealand. Combined with the previous study on Sempu Strait, to date, 59 species of heterobranch sea slug have been reported and recorded in this area. Species identification was conducted by carefully examining the morphological features of each specimens encountered during the surveys.
Distribution and types of microplastics on the coast of Aipiri and Andai Beaches, Manokwari District, Indonesia
Authors: EMBULABA OSORIO , KOLIBONGSO DUAITD , TAPILATU RICARDO F. , SALEH FITRIYAH , BAWOLE RONI
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Embulaba O, Kolibongso D, Tapilatu RF, Saleh F, Bawole R. 2022. Distribution and types of microplastics on the coast of Aipiri and Andai Beaches, Manokwari District, Indonesia. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 6: 10-16. Plastic waste enters the marine environment in various sizes, from micrometers to millimeters. The composition and occurrence of microplastics were investigated on the Manokwari coast (Manokwari District, Indonesia) from two different beaches in terms of intensity of exploitation and exposure to various activities such as urbanization, ports, tourism, and morphological characteristics of the coast. The average abundance of microplastics was between 0.001 to 0.041 items/gram of dry sediment. Fragments and fibers are the two types of microplastics found to dominate. On the other hand, there was no substantial difference in the abundance of microplastics found on unexposed beaches with other beaches. Our results show that coastal morphology with gentle slopes with high tide limits tends to have a 'better' potential for accumulating microplastics on the beach. However, the accumulation of microplastic types is also primarily determined by the characteristics possessed by microplastics. Therefore, it causes spatial and temporal variability in the composition of microplastics found on the coast.
Conservation-based ecotourism development at Pasir Putih Prigi Beach, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: SULISTYANINGRUM NUNIK , KURNIAWATI BELLA , NUGROHO GILANG DWI , SUNARTO SUNARTO , KUSUMANINGRUM LIA , SUJARTA PUGUH , NISYAWATI NISYAWATI , THENYA THUITA , SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Sulistyaningrum N, Kurniawati B, Nugroho GD, Sunarto, Kusumaningrum L, Sujarta P, Nisyawati, Thenya T, Setyawan AD. 2022. Conservation-based ecotourism development at Pasir Putih Prigi Beach, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 6: 29-35. One of the contributors to state revenue is the tourism sector. To advance the tourism sector, the government has begun to develop tourism based on sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is useful for helping nature conservation efforts. Moreover, creating sustainable tourism, it can be done by creating ecotourism. This research was conducted in June 2022 with 50 respondents around the research location. Respondents aged 20-70 years consisted of traders, homemakers, fishermen, and Pasir Putih Prigi Beach management staff. This study examines conservation and ecotourism efforts by the community around Pasir Putih Prigi Beach and social perceptions of ecotourism. Several aspects studied in the Pasir Putih Prigi Beach conservation efforts include protection, preservation, utilization, and public perceptions of Pasir Putih Prigi Beach ecotourism. The study results show that protection employs local wisdom called Larung Sembonyo, a form of gratitude for the fishing community for the marine products that have been obtained. This ceremony is also a request for the safety of the fishing community when looking for fish in the sea. Preservation by regularly cleaning the beach while utilizing the beach as a recreation and trade center improves the community's economy. Recreation offered at the beach is swimming, boat rides, snorkeling, and deep diving. More than 90% of the coastal communities of Pasir Putih Prigi Beach do not understand the concept of ecotourism. People think that ecotourism is the same as tourism in general. Ecotourism conservation and development efforts are carried out by the Tourism and Culture Office of Trenggalek District through the TIU of Tourism Destinations with the community groups. Cooperation between the government and the community will increase coastal conservation and the economic benefits the community receives.
Health monitoring status of corals in Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay (India) with special reference to coral bleaching event
Authors: SADHUKHAN KOUSHIK , CHATRAGADDA RAMESH , SHUNMUGARAJ T , MURTHY M V RAMANA
Published: April 2023

Abstract. Sadhukhan K, Chatragadda E, Shunmugaraj T, Murthy MVR. 2022. Health monitoring status of corals in Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay (India) with special reference to coral bleaching event. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 6: 72-84. Coral reef ecosystems are highly important regarding ecological, cultural, and economic values. Unfortunately, these ecosystems are declining rapidly due to climate change and local anthropogenic threats. The present study assessed the coral reef health status in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) and Palk Bay (PB), India, to understand the diversity and abundance of corals and the bleaching vulnerability of the reef areas. Extensive underwater surveys were conducted from August 2018 to August 2020. Line intercept transect methods were employed in triplicates and estimated the bleaching-mediated reef threats. As a result, the average live coral cover of the Gulf of Mannar was 39.55±15.45% (Mean±SD), and Palk Bay was 28.40±14.60%, of which Mandapam Group of Islands has maximum live coral coverage (51.80±15.10%). Severe coral bleaching was also observed in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay during the summer of two the consecutive year, 2019 and 2020, triggered by increased sea surface temperature (SST) of 4°C-5°C than the average temperature (28°C-31°C). The current study highlights the detailed distribution of the coral community with comparative analysis since 2000 and the adaptive response of native coral species to bleaching events that will help to implement management interventions like coral restoration of those native species to strengthen the reef resilience in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay.
Primigravida with trilogy of Fallot (severe pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and huge atrial septal defect) for emergency lower segment caesarean section
Authors: Ghodki Poonam , Sardesai Shalini , Deshpande Jyoti , Patil Kalyani , Bangal Kedar
Published: April 2023

Trilogy of Fallot; a triad of pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and atrial septal defect is an uncommon acyanotic congenital heart disease. We present a severe case of trilogy of Fallot diagnosed for the first time in pregnancy. The patient was otherwise in a compensated state and had become symptomatic due to physiological changes in pregnancy. The anaesthetic goals therefore included maintaining the existing physiology and preventing decompensation thereby avoiding Eisenmengerisation. The anaesthetic management of the severe and complex heart disease keeping patient safety at the core is discussed. Keywords: Caesarean section, congenital heart disease, trilogy of Fallot.
Management of Perioperative Pulmonary Edema in a Case of Preeclampsia for Cesarean Section
Authors: Tayde Pavan V. , Ansar Aariz , Loutfy Islam , Sharma Hema
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Although rare, pulmonary edema is a life-threatening complication occurring in preeclampsia. It is also a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Hence, it is imperative to identify the at-risk parturient, recognize signs of critical illness and manage these patients with a skilled multidisciplinary team. We herein describe successful management of a parturient who developed pulmonary edema in a perioperative period. We emphasize the importance of a thorough preoperative assessment, vigilance and early intervention in managing parturient with the history of preeclampsia. Keywords: Cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, oligohydramnios, acute pulmonary edema, general anesthesia
Successful Anesthetic Management of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients with Very Low Ejection Fraction: Two Case Reports
Authors: Kumar Meenakshi , Panwar Mamta , Dey Swarnendu
Published: April 2023

Introduction: The incidence of patients posted for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with low ejection fraction (EF) is on the rise. These patients present a challenge for the attending anesthesiologist in the perioperative period as they have a poor tolerance to the stress of anesthesia as well as surgery. Maintaining forward flow with avoidance of arrhythmias and hypotension is the primary goals of balanced anesthesia. Case Report: We describe successful anesthetic management in two adult male patients with Very low EF undergoing CABG. Conclusion: Both patients were successfully managed with pre-operative dobutamine infusion which improved the EF and intraoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pump which led to stable hemodynamics. Keywords: Coronary artery bypass graft, low ejection fraction, dobutamine, intra-aortic balloon pump
Emergency Cesarean Section under Spinal Anesthesia in an Operated Patient of Meningocele during Her Infancy: A Case Report
Authors: Gupta Vineet , Arora Gaurav
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Neuraxial techniques of anesthesia and analgesia are the current choice in obstetrics for efficacy and general low risk of major complications. Concern exists about neuraxial anesthesia in patients with occult neural tube defects, regarding both labor analgesia and anesthesia for cesarean section. Here, we discuss the case of a pregnant woman attending at our institution with operated case of asymptomatic Meningocele who landed up for emergency cesarean section. She underwent emergency operative delivery with spinal anesthesia with no complications. Keywords: Full stomach, hypothyroidism, meningocele, prematurity 28th week, severe fetal growth restriction, severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, spinal anesthesia.
Anesthetic Management of a Patient with West Syndrome
Authors: Phulkar Prerna , Waghalkar Pallavi
Published: April 2023

West syndrome is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that occurs in early infancy. It is characterized by a triad consisting of infantile spasms, mental retardation, and interictal electroencephalogram pattern termed hypsarrhythmia. A thorough preoperative assessment forms a very important part in the anesthetic management of such patients considering the possibility of difficult intubation because of the coexisting anatomical malformations, establishment of peripheral intravascular access, and careful positioning due to contractures, seizures, and the adverse effects of drugs taken for it. We present anesthesia management of a case of West syndrome with subtrochanteric fracture femur posted for intramedullary nailing. Keywords: Difficult intubation, infantile spasms, mental retardation, West syndrome.
Unilateral Acute Renal Cortical Necrosis in a patient with Sepsis
Authors: Vadala Rohit , R Ebenezer , Ramakrishnan Nagarajan , Reddy Visweswar
Published: April 2023

Unilateral renal cortical necrosis is a rare entity with few cases reported across the globe. Acute kidney injury occurs as a complication of the cascade of immunological events that ensue once the host`s system is compromised due to invasion of microorganisms or due to other noninfectious causes. We present a case of unilateral acute renal cortical necrosis in a patient presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis with multi-organ failure that required extracorporeal cytokine adsorber therapy Keywords: Extracorporeal cytokine adsorber therapy, Sepsis, Renal cortical necrosis, ARDS.
Airway management in morbidly obese with cervical instability using awake insertion of supra glottic device and Aintree intubation catheter
Authors: Sinha Aparna , Jayaraman Lakshmi , Punhani Dinesh
Published: April 2023

We report airway management of a morbidly obese with possible difficult mask ventilation and previous cervical fixation, posted for bariatric surgery under general anesthesia. We achieved insertion of the supra glottic device (SGD ) under conscious sedation. Endotracheal intubation was further facilitated using Aintree intubation catheter (AIC) and flexible endoscope assisted intubation via the SGD. Consent from the patient and the IEC approval was obtained prior topublication. We reviewed evidence-based anaesthetic concerns and described our airway management. Our aim was to maintaining continuous oxygenation and achieve a secure airway with minimal neck move-ment. This further guides anesthesia practitioners caring for the obese patients withanticipated difficulty in mask ventilation and additionalrisks and need for continuous oxygenation. Keywords: Obese, bariatric, difficult airway, mask ventilation, BMI, neck circumference, Aintree, Cervical instability
Diffuse photon remission associated with the center-illuminated–area-detection geometry. II. Approach to the time-domain model
Authors: Sun Tengfei , Piao Daqing
Published: April 2023

This part proposes a model of time-dependent diffuse photon remission for the center-illuminated–area-detection (CIAD) geometry, by virtue of area integration of the radially resolved time-dependent diffuse photon remission formulated with the master–slave dual-source scheme demonstrated in Part I for steady-state measurements. The time-domain model is assessed against Monte Carlo (MC) simulations limiting to only the Heyney–Greenstein scattering phase function for CIAD of physical scales and medium properties relevant to single-fiber reflectance (SfR) and over a 2 ns duration, in compliance with the timespan of the only experimental report of SfR demonstrated with a 50 µm gradient index fiber. The time-domain model-MC assessments are carried out for an absorption coefficient ranging three orders of magnitude over [0.001,0.01,0.1,1]mm−1 at a fixed scattering, and a reduced scattering coefficient ranging three orders of magnitude over [0.01,0.1,1,10]mm−1 at a fixed absorption, among others. Photons of shorter and longer propagation times, relative to the diameter of the area of collection, respond differently to the scattering and absorption changes. Limited comparisons of MC between CIAD and a top-hat geometry as the idealization of SfR reveal that the time-domain photon remissions of the two geometries differ appreciably in only the early arriving photons.
MHPCG:Multi-modal Hyperspectral Point Cloud Generation Based on Single RGB Image
Authors: cai weitao , Zhao Genping , wang zhuowei , Peng Yeping , su he , Cheng Lianglun
Published: April 2023

Multimodal hyperspectral point cloud which has both spectral features and three-dimensional spatial features, has presented great potential in various remote sensing applications. However, direct acquisition of this multimodal data is expensive and difficult as for the rareness of this type of imaging equipment. Moreover, acquisition through heterogeneous fusion of independently collected hyperspectral image and point cloud data brings great challenges. In this study, a multimodal hyperspectral point cloud data generation method is proposed using data-driven learning based deep learning approach with only a single RGB image. The whole network unifies spectral super-resolution reconstruction, monocular 3D reconstruction and data fusion to generate hyperspectral point cloud. The quality of the generated data is testified through experiments on practical plants. Both single modality and multi-modality data quality are evaluated by estimation of the growth status of plants. In this paper, hyperspectral point cloud obtained though low-cost RGB imaging not only avoids the independent acquisition of single modality data using expensive professional equipment, and also gets rid of challenging fusion of the multi-source heterogeneous data. Of more importance, it renders simultaneous acquisition of multidimensional data of high resolution with respect to both spectral and spatial information of the target. The synchronous acquisition of rich spectral and physical geometry information throws light on the comprehensive understanding of the physical and biochemical information of the target object.