bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the CMT advanced process combined with an active cooling technique on macro and microstructural aspects of aluminum WAAM
Authors: Teixeira Felipe Ribeiro , Scotti Fernando Matos , Reis Ruham Pablo , Scotti Américo
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to assess the combined effect of the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) advanced process and of a thermal management technique (near immersion active cooling [NIAC]) on the macro and microstructure of Al wall-like preforms built by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). As specific objective, it sought to provide information on the effects of the electrode-positive/electrode-negative (EP/EN) parameter in the CMT advanced process fundamental characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

Initially, bead-on-plate deposits were produced with different EP/EN ratios, still keeping the same deposition rate, and the outcomes on the electrical signal traces and bead formation were analyzed. In a second stage, the EP/EN parameter and the layer edge to water distance (LEWD) parameter from the NIAC technique were systematically varied and the resultant macro and microstructures compared with those formed by applying natural cooling.

Findings

Constraints of EP/EN setting range were uncovered and discussed. The use of the NIAC technique favors the formation of finer grains. For a given EP/EN value, a variation in the NIAC intensity (LEWD value) showed marginal effect on grain size. When the EP/EN parameter effect is isolated, i.e. for a given LEWD setting, it was observed that an increase in the EP/EN level favors coarser grains.

Originality/value

Both the EP/EN parameter and the use of an active cooling technique (NIAC) might be used, even in combination, as effective tools for achieving proper macro and microstructure in WAAM of thin wall builds.
Structure optimization of gold-sputtered side-polished U-shaped plastic optical fiber SPR sensor
Authors: Gu Jianxing , Yu Chen , Yang ZhenZe , Xue Peng , Jing Ning , Yan Saimei
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims to optimize the structure of gold-sputtered U-shaped plastic fiber sensors.

Design/methodology/approach

A group of U-shaped Au-sputtered plastic optical fiber sensing probes with polishing angles of 45°, 90° and 135° is prepared.

Findings

The experimental results show that the spectral response and sensitivity of the sensor at 45°polishing angle is twice that of the sensor at 90°.

Research limitations/implications

Due to the limitations of laboratory temperature and equipment, the overall effect has not reached the ideal, but the expected effect has been obvious. Experiments also optimize the sensor.

Practical implications

Optical fiber sensing has always been an indispensable part of various fields.

Social implications

Sensor optimization is of great help to the progress of technology and the development of science and technology.

Originality/value

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Customer lifetime value: investigating the factors affecting attitudinal and behavioural brand loyalty
Authors: Dandis Ala' Omar , Al Haj Eid Mohammad Badi'
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This paper investigates the factors affecting customer lifetime value from an attitudinal and behavioural brand loyalty perspective in the Internet service industry. Specifically, willingness to pay more and word of mouth are categorised under attitudinal loyalty, while repurchase intention is classified under behavioural loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach

A self-administered questionnaire online survey via Google Forms was employed comprising a sample of 481 participants from the Internet service providers. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was applied for hypotheses testing.

Findings

The current study found that “brand credibility, special treatment benefits and confidence benefits had a positive and significant influence on willingness to pay more, word of mouth and repurchase intention, with confidence benefits and brand credibility showing as the greatest elements resulting in word of mouth and repurchase intentions, whereas special treatment benefits showing as the greatest element resulting in the willingness to pay more. The results of this study did not show any positive significant between service quality dimensions and true brand loyalty (word of mouth, willingness to pay more and repurchase intention). Results also found that confidence benefits, brand credibility and special treatment benefits had an indirect impact on true brand loyalty through customer satisfaction”.

Practical implications

Internet service providers should develop and maintain good relationships with their customers as the excellence of the customer–service provider relationship can enhance customer lifetime value.

Originality/value

The current work measured customer lifetime value in terms of both the behavioural and attitudinal aspects to represent loyalty, while most previous studies consider only one dimension for this representation. Particularly, customers' true brand loyalty is measured using separate components of repurchase intentions (RIs), willingness to pay more (WPM) and word of mouth (WOM) to deepen the understanding of both managerial interest and academic.
An intrusion detection system for health-care system using machine and deep learning
Authors: Pande Sagar , Khamparia Aditya , Gupta Deepak
Published: June 2021

Purpose

One of the important key components of health care–based system is a reliable intrusion detection system. Traditional techniques are not adequate to handle complex data. Also, the diversified intrusion techniques cannot meet current network requirements. Not only the data is getting increased but also the attacks are increasing very rapidly. Deep learning and machine learning techniques are very trending in the area of research in the area of network security. A lot of work has been done in this area by still evolutionary algorithms along with machine learning is very rarely explored. The purpose of this study is to provide novel deep learning framework for the detection of attacks.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, novel deep learning is the framework is proposed for the detection of attacks. Also, a comparison of machine learning and deep learning algorithms is provided.

Findings

The obtained results are more than 99% for both the data sets.

Research limitations/implications

The diversified intrusion techniques cannot meet current network requirements.

Practical implications

The data is getting increased but also the attacks are increasing very rapidly.

Social implications

Deep learning and machine learning techniques are very trending in the area of research in the area of network security.

Originality/value

Novel deep learning is the framework is proposed for the detection of attacks.
The influence of human resource management systems on employee job crafting: An integrated content and process approach
Authors: Hu Bin , McCune Stein Aaron , Mao Yanhua , Yan Aimin
Published: June 2021

Although job crafting has many beneficial outcomes for organisations, research on the antecedents of this behaviour is lacking. Through a two‐wave study including 87 managers and 342 employees of nine Chinese firms, an integrated content and process model of human resource management (HRM) systems is developed and used to demonstrate that HRM systems have a crucial influence on employee job crafting. The results of multilevel structural equation models reveal that implemented HRM systems can increase employee task and relational crafting through the mediating effect of perceived HRM systems. Furthermore, the HRM system features of distinctiveness, consistency and consensus positively moderate the strength of the relationship between implemented and perceived HRM systems, as well as the indirect effect of implemented HRM systems on employee task and relational crafting.
Constraints of Mantle and Crustal Sources Interaction during Orogenesis of Pre‐ and Post‐collision Granitoids from the Northern Arabian‐Nubian Shield: A Case Study from Wadi El‐Akhder Granitoids, Southern Sinai, Egypt
Authors: MOGAHED Moustafa M. , ABDELFADIL Khaled M.
Published: June 2021

The Egyptian older and younger granitic rocks emplaced during pre‐ and post‐collision stages of Neoproterozoic Pan‐African orogeny, respectively, are widely distributed in the southern Sinai Peninsula, constituting 70% of the basement outcrops. The Wadi El‐Akhder, southwestern Sinai, is a mountainous terrain exposing two granitoid suites, namely the Wadi El‐Akhder Older Granites (AOG) and the Homra Younger Granites (HYG). The AOG (granodiorites with subordinate tonalite compositions) have geochemical characteristics of medium‐K calc‐alkaline, metaluminous to mildly peraluminous granitoids formed in an island‐arc environment, which are conformable with well‐known Egyptian older granitoids rocks, whereas the HYG display calc‐alkaline to slightly alkaline nature, peraluminous syeno‐, monzogranites and alkali feldspar granites matching well those of the Egyptian younger granites. With respect to the AOG granitoids, the HYG granites contain lower Al2O3, FeO∗, MgO, MnO, CaO, TiO2, Sr, Ba, and V, but higher Na2O, K2O, Nb, Zr, Th, and Rb. The AOG are generally characterized by enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion in HFSE relative to N‐MORB values (e.g., negative Nb and Ta anomalies). The geochemical features of the AOG follow assimilation‐fractional crystallization (AFC) trends indicative of extensive crustal contamination of magma derived from a mantle source. The chemical characteristics of the AOG are remarkably similar to those of subduction‐related granitoids from the Arabian‐Nubian Shield (ANS). The compositional variations from monzogranites through syenogranites to alkali feldspar granite within HYG could not be explained by fractional crystallization solely. Correlating the whole‐rock composition of the HYG to melts generated by experimental dehydration melting of meta‐sedimentary and magmatic rocks reveals that they appear to be derived by extended melting of psammitic and pelitic metasediments, which is similar to the most of younger granitic suites in the ANS.
The Portuguese Empire: Australia’s Forward Defence from 1961–1972
Authors: Lee Alexander
Published: June 2021

Australia’s strategic interests from 1961–1972 were forwarded by the late Portuguese Empire. Portugal and Australia shared a similar problem: both feared the consequences of decolonisation. Portugal was forthright in this stance, attracting much of the world’s ire that could have been directed at Australia. Lisbon routinely stated that Australian and Portuguese interests were in such tight alignment that they were natural partners. Canberra privately acknowledged this but was reluctant to identify with Portugal’s internationally unpopular authoritarian government. Re‐inserting Portugal into the narrative contributes to the existing scholarship on Australia’s role in the decolonisation of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea and Portuguese Timor, and Australian support for white minority rule in Southern Africa. This article demonstrates that Portuguese efforts to attain their own security goals aided Australia and shines new light on this neglected aspect of Australia’s foreign policy literature.
Editorial: a long way to go before precision medicine
Authors: Amiot Aurelien
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Manlay et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16377
Editorial: post‐reflux swallow‐induced peristaltic wave in eosinophilic oesophagitis—more questions than answers?
Authors: Rogers Benjamin D. , Gyawali C. Prakash
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Frazzoni et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16371 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16400
Editorial: on the road towards treatment of gastroparesis—accelerating, but do we get closer? Authors' reply
Authors: Kuo Braden , Barnes Chris N. , Nguyen Deanna D. , Shaywitz David , Grimaldi Maria , Renzulli Cecilia , Canafax Daniel , Parkman Henry P.
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kuo et al and Wuestenberghs & Gourcerol papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16344 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16375
Editorial: post‐reflux swallow‐induced peristaltic wave in eosinophilic oesophagitis—more questions than answers? Authors' reply
Authors: Frazzoni Marzio , Frazzoni Leonardo , de Bortoli Nicola , Savarino Edoardo
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Frazzoni et al and Rogers & Gyawali papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16371 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16393
Editorial: recognising the efficacy of licensed drug therapies for irritable bowel syndrome on bloating—a step in the right direction for targeted treatment? Authors' reply
Authors: Nelson Alfred D. , Black Christopher J. , Houghton Lesley A. , Lugo‐Fagundo Nahyr Sofía , Lacy Brian E. , Ford Alexander C.
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Nelson et al and Vasant papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16437 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16440
Editorial: testing novel interventions for coeliac disease—which outcomes matter?
Authors: Wolf Randi L. , Lebwohl Benjamin
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Newnham et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16446
Editorial: impact of body mass index on clinical outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tofacitinib
Authors: Tassone Daniel , Singh Siddharth , Sheng Ding Nik
Published: June 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Farraye et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16439
A systematic review of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of health and social care professionals towards people with learning disabilities and mental health problems
Authors: Ee Jonathan , Stenfert Kroese Biza , Rose John
Published: June 2021

Accessible Summary

Many people with learning disabilities need mental health services at some point in their lives.

This paper looks at how health and social care professionals (e.g. doctors, nurses and psychologists) think about people with learning disabilities who also have mental health problems.

The research shows that health and social care professionals who do not work in learning disability services are not comfortable working with people with learning disabilities because they do not know enough about them and have not had proper training.

Health and social care professionals also have negative views of people with learning disabilities. They prefer it if a specially designed mental health service takes on the work with people with learning disabilities.

Having more training can help health and social care professionals to become more confident in this work.

Background

People with learning disabilities have poorer access to mental health services. It is important for health and social care professionals to have adequate knowledge and skills combined with positive attitudes to work with this population. This review focuses on the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of health and social care professionals who provide mental health services to people with learning disabilities.

Method

A systematic literature search was carried out to identify quantitative studies published in the English language between 2006 and 2020.

Results

Thirteen studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The studies identified a lack of knowledge and competency among health and social care professionals to address the mental health needs of people with learning disabilities. Health and social care professionals in these studies viewed people with learning disabilities are more vulnerable and suggested specialist mental health services to cater to their specific mental health needs.

Conclusions

Health and social care professionals appear to hold negative views of people with learning disabilities, which adversely influences their willingness to work with them. It is recommended that health and social care professionals receive more training opportunities to increase their skills and develop confidence in providing services to this population.
Altitudinal variation of leaf carbon isotope for Dendrosenecio keniensis and Lobelia gregoriana in Mount Kenya alpine zone
Authors: Waigwa Antony Njogu , Mwangi Brian Njoroge , Gituru Robert Wahiti , Omengo Fred , Zhou Yadong , Wang Qingfeng
Published: June 2021

Abiotic factors vary along altitudinal gradients, and this may influence plant morphology, physiology and function. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that leaf δ13C—a common proxy for water use efficiency—was indirectly influenced by morphological adjustments with changing climatic factors along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Kenya. We sampled leaves of Dendrosenecio keniensis and Lobelia gregoriana using seventy‐two 10 × 10 m plots situated every 100 m starting from 3600 to 4300 m. We determined leaf δ13C using stable isotope mass spectrometry. We also quantified the following morphological factors; leaf area, leaf mass per area, specific leaf area and leaf thickness. Climate data included mean annual temperature and precipitation, diurnal temperature range and water vapor pressure. Our results revealed that there was a leaf δ13C enrichment of 1.76 ‰ km−1 and 1.62 ‰ km−1 with altitude for D. keniensis and L. gregoriana, respectively. Leaf δ13C was enrichment by 0.01 ‰ mm−1 with mean annual precipitation along the altitude gradient for D. keniensis and 0.02 ‰ mm−1 for L. gregoriana. D. keniensis and L. gregoriana have high‐water use efficiency, an adaptation for surviving near freezing alpine temperatures and high‐diurnal range. Leaf δ13C exhibited a depletion of −0.37 ‰ per °C increase of mean annual temperature along the altitude gradient for D. keniensis and −0.34 ‰ per °C increase for L. gregoriana. Our results also showed a negative relationship between pCO2 and leaf δ13C and positive relationship between pCO2 and ∆13C for both species. Low temperatures led to the increase in leaf thickness and specific leaf area for these two species, factors that influenced leaf δ13C and ∆13C.

Abstract in Chinese is available with online material.
Argument Types Affect Children’s Acquisition of a Novel Argument Structure
Authors: Conwell Erin , Auen Amanda
Published: June 2021

Acquisition of an argument structure may be affected by the diversity of lexical types that appear in that structure (Conwell et al., 2011; Yang, 2016). Seventy‐two 5‐ and 6‐year‐old English‐speaking children completed a learning study where they were exposed to a novel argument structure and then tested on their ability to comprehend it. The number of verb types heard in the learning phase did not predict comprehension at test. However, learning with only full noun phrase arguments resulted in lower comprehension of the structure, particularly with pronouns. Hearing pronouns during learning supported comprehension of all argument types at test. These results indicate that pronominal arguments support argument structure learning by providing multiple cues that can facilitate thematic role assignment.
Long‐term effects of a lay health advisor intervention on immigrant children’s dental caries and maternal preventive behaviour: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lin Yi‐Ching , Lin Ying‐Chun , Chen Jen‐Hao , Lin Pi‐Li , Chen Ted , Huang Hsiao‐Ling
Published: June 2021

Objectives

An oral health disparity exists between native and immigrant children in Taiwan. This study evaluated the long‐term effectiveness of a lay health advisor (LHA) intervention on immigrant children's dental caries and maternal preventive behaviours.

Methods

Fifty‐one immigrant mother‐child pairs were randomly assigned to LHA intervention (n = 23) and control (n = 28) groups. Mothers in the LHA group received a four‐chapter one‐on‐one lesson plan, which included dental caries–related knowledge, brushing techniques, caries prevention and free preventive services, from the LHA over 4 weeks. Mothers in the control group received only a health brochure. Baseline and 1‐week, 2‐month, and 8‐month follow‐up information was collected using dental examinations and questionnaires.

Results

The mean ages of the children in the LHA and control groups were 4.0 ± 1.4 and 4.2 ± 1.5, respectively. The decayed, missing due to caries, filled teeth (dmft) index in the LHA and control groups was 4.8 ± 6.0 and 5.4 ± 5.4, respectively, at baseline. At the 8‐month postintervention follow‐up, the number of filled teeth (ft) in the LHA group was higher than that in the control group (β = 8.3, P = .033). The effect size (ES) demonstrated an upward trend at 1‐week, 2‐month and 8‐month follow‐ups in ft (ES = 0.21, 0.50 and 0.59, respectively) and a decrease in the number of decayed teeth (dt) (ES = 0.30, 0.43 and 0.57, respectively). The mothers in the LHA group were observed to be 10.9 times more likely than control mothers to assist their children in toothbrushing for 3 min at the 1‐week follow‐up (95% CI = 1.98‐59.40, P = .006).

Conclusions

The LHA intervention strategy had positive effects on the immigrant children's new dt and ft and on maternal preventive behaviour, such as assisting their children in toothbrushing.
The acid test: Proton pump inhibitors in persistent throat symptoms: A systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Cosway Benjamin , Wilson Janet A. , O’Hara James
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have evolved to become a frequent treatment option for patients with persistent throat symptoms. The evidence for their use in this context is, however, conflicting. This review assesses the quality of the published systematic reviews and meta‐analyses evaluating PPIs in persistent throat symptoms.

Methods

Following a literature search, systematic review were evaluated using the Reporting of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Outcome measures were analysed using the “checklist to operationalize measurement characteristics of patient‐reported outcome measures.”

Results

10 systematic reviews were assessed. All but one were at high risk of bias. No review met the PRISMA checklist criteria. No identified PROM met the checklist requirements for validation. Significant methodological concerns include inappropriate selection of studies for inclusion, poor selection of outcome measures, a lack of appropriate bias assessments and inconsistent reporting of reviews.

Conclusion

The quality of evidence concerning the role of PPIs in persistent throat symptoms gives serious cause for concern. Collectively, nine studies at high risk of bias have been cited 714 times. Systematic reviews typically attract these high numbers of citations and, if their premises and conclusions do not withstand scrutiny, they are open to widespread misinterpretation, perpetuation of misunderstanding and negative clinical impact.
The Other Accent Effect in Talker Recognition: Now You See It, Now You Don't
Authors: Yu Madeleine E. , Schertz Jessamyn , Johnson Elizabeth K.
Published: June 2021

The existence of the Language Familiarity Effect (LFE), where talkers of a familiar language are easier to identify than talkers of an unfamiliar language, is well‐documented and uncontroversial. However, a closely related phenomenon known as the Other Accent Effect (OAE), where accented talkers are more difficult to recognize, is less well understood. There are several possible explanations for why the OAE exists, but to date, little data exist to adjudicate differences between them. Here, we begin to address this issue by directly comparing listeners’ recognition of talkers who speak in different types of accents, and by examining both the LFE and OAE in the same set of listeners. Specifically, Canadian English listeners were tested on their ability to recognize talkers within four types of voice line‐ups: Canadian English talkers, Australian English talkers, Mandarin‐accented English talkers, and Mandarin talkers. We predicted that the OAE would be present for talkers of Mandarin‐accented English but not for talkers of Australian English—which is precisely what we observed. We also observed a disconnect between listeners’ confidence and performance across different types of accents; that is, listeners performed equally poorly with Mandarin and Mandarin‐accented talkers, but they were more confident with their performance with the latter group of talkers. The present findings set the stage for further investigation into the nature of the OAE by exploring a range of potential explanations for the effect, and introducing important implications for forensic scientists’ evaluation of ear witness testimony.
Single‐Stage Prediction Models Do Not Explain the Magnitude of Syntactic Disambiguation Difficulty
Authors: van Schijndel Marten , Linzen Tal
Published: June 2021

The disambiguation of a syntactically ambiguous sentence in favor of a less preferred parse can lead to slower reading at the disambiguation point. This phenomenon, referred to as a garden‐path effect, has motivated models in which readers initially maintain only a subset of the possible parses of the sentence, and subsequently require time‐consuming reanalysis to reconstruct a discarded parse. A more recent proposal argues that the garden‐path effect can be reduced to surprisal arising in a fully parallel parser: words consistent with the initially dispreferred but ultimately correct parse are simply less predictable than those consistent with the incorrect parse. Since predictability has pervasive effects in reading far beyond garden‐path sentences, this account, which dispenses with reanalysis mechanisms, is more parsimonious. Crucially, it predicts a linear effect of surprisal: the garden‐path effect is expected to be proportional to the difference in word surprisal between the ultimately correct and ultimately incorrect interpretations. To test this prediction, we used recurrent neural network language models to estimate word‐by‐word surprisal for three temporarily ambiguous constructions. We then estimated the slowdown attributed to each bit of surprisal from human self‐paced reading times, and used that quantity to predict syntactic disambiguation difficulty. Surprisal successfully predicted the existence of garden‐path effects, but drastically underpredicted their magnitude, and failed to predict their relative severity across constructions. We conclude that a full explanation of syntactic disambiguation difficulty may require recovery mechanisms beyond predictability.
The Persistence of Priming: Exploring Long‐lasting Syntactic Priming Effects in Children and Adults
Authors: Messenger Katherine
Published: June 2021

The implicit learning account of syntactic priming proposes that the same mechanism underlies syntactic priming and language development, providing a link between a child and adult language processing. The present experiment tested predictions of this account by comparing the persistence of syntactic priming effects in children and adults. Four‐year‐olds and adults first described transitive events after hearing transitive primes, constituting an exposure phase that established priming effects for passives. The persistence of this priming effect was measured in a test phase as participants described further transitive events but no longer heard primes. Their production of passives was compared to a baseline group who described the same pictures without any exposure to primes. Neither immediate nor long‐term priming effects differed between children and adults but both children and adults showed significant immediate and persistent effects of the priming when the test phase occurred immediately after the exposure phase and when a short delay separated the exposure and test phase. The implications of these results for an implicit learning account of syntactic priming are discussed.
Thermal limits in the face of infectious disease: How important are pathogens?
Authors: Hector Tobias E. , Sgrò Carla M. , Hall Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

The frequency and severity of both extreme thermal events and disease outbreaks are predicted to continue to shift as a consequence of global change. As a result, species persistence will likely be increasingly dependent on the interaction between thermal stress and pathogen exposure. Missing from the intersection between studies of infectious disease and thermal ecology, however, is the capacity for pathogen exposure to directly disrupt a host's ability to cope with thermal stress. Common sources of variation in host thermal performance, which are likely to interact with infection, are also often unaccounted for when assessing either the vulnerability of species or the potential for disease spread during extreme thermal events. Here, we describe how infection can directly alter host thermal limits, to a degree that exceeds the level of variation commonly seen across species large geographic distributions and that equals the detrimental impact of other ecologically relevant stressors. We then discuss various sources of heterogeneity within and between populations that are likely to be important in mediating the impact that infection has on variation in host thermal limits. In doing so we highlight how infection is a widespread and important source of variation in host thermal performance, which will have implications for both the persistence and vulnerability of species and the dynamics and transmission of disease in a more thermally extreme world.
Giant palaeotsunami in Kiribati: Converging evidence from geology and oral history
Authors: Terry James P. , Karoro Robert , Gienko Gennady A. , Wieczorek Marta , Lau A. Y. Annie
Published: June 2021

For tsunami science within Oceania, the vast Central and Western Pacific (CEWEP) is an anomalous region because of the scarcity of historical tsunami observations and the complete absence of dated palaeotsunami evidence. This paper therefore records the first dated high‐magnitude palaeotsunami event within the CEWEP region. A combination of both geological data and oral history is provided for a palaeotsunami that struck remote Makin island, northernmost of the Gilbert Islands in Kiribati, toward the end of the 16th century. A previously undocumented oral tradition of giant waves is well known to the people of Makin. Narration of this legend by the Wiin te Maneaba, traditional storyteller on Makin, provided important details supporting a tsunami hypothesis. The legend preserves credible information surrounding the giant‐wave origin of Rebua and Tokia, two prominent subaerial megaclasts of blade and block geometry that were transported 80–130 m shorewards from the reef‐edge source and deposited in sideways and inverted orientations. From available hydrodynamic flow transport equations, minimum flow velocities of 7.3–16.3 m s−1 were generated, depending on whether the reefblocks were rotated or lifted onto the reef platform. The youngest U‐Th age‐dates for fossil corals retrieved from the reefblocks give a maximum age for the palaeotsunami of circa AD 1576. Several far‐field Pacific Rim and regional possibilities exist for tsunamigenesis. These include subduction‐zone seismicity and catastrophic volcanic eruption, both of which have been linked to earlier (late 15th century) palaeotsunami events recorded elsewhere in the Pacific Islands. However, the available evidence here suggests that the ~AD 1576 Makin palaeotsunami was more likely to have been locally generated by tsunamigenic offshore submarine slope failure close to Makin's western reef, associated with the giant arcuate bight structure that characterizes the northern rim of Butaritari atoll.
Room‐temperature ferromagnetic organic magnets derived from fluoro‐graphite via facile halide exchange
Authors: Swain Akshaya Kumar , Nayak Arpan Kumar , Mhin Sungwook , Han HyukSu
Published: June 2021

Room‐temperature ferromagnetic organic magnet is developed via a facile halide exchange process using fluoro‐graphite (FG) as a starting material. Structural and chemical analysis reveals that heterogeneous C–F bond cleavage in the defect sites of FG is essentially related to the formation of ferromagnetic hydroxyl‐graphene (HG). Pyrolysis of FG in a polar solvent with iodine ions induces a formation of metastable C–I bond and subsequent replacement of the I sites with the hydroxyl groups. Specifically, defective sites can be formed in FG due to nucleophile attack where the OH groups can be easily generated. As a result, the FG can be transformed into the HG with a network of sp2‐conjugated carbon motifs in a sp3‐based graphene matrix. Hence, the paramagnetic centers in the π‐electron system of FG can be transformed to the long‐range ordered ferromagnetic centers in the sp2‐conjugated system of HG. Electron paramagnetic resonance data demonstrate the weak ferromagnetic property of HG stable at room temperature.
Forward osmosis concentration of high viscous polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale: Process optimisation and membrane fouling analysis
Authors: Cai Ming , Zhong Huazhao , Chu Haoqi , Zhu Hua , Sun Peilong , Liao Xiaojun
Published: June 2021

Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale (DOP) need to be dehydrated and concentrated after extraction for further application. They are usually concentrated by thermal evaporation which consumes great energy. However, high viscosity of DOP makes the concentration more difficult even using non‐thermal membrane technologies such as nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO). In this study, effects of process conditions, such as membrane orientations, draw solutions and their concentrations, and flowrate on forward osmosis (FO) concentration of viscous DOP were studied. Active layer to feed solution mode, cross flowrate at 240 mL min−1, and draw solution of 3 m NaCl have been found as the optimal conditions. Foulants on the membrane surface with loose structure could be easily cleaned and removed by hydraulic flushing. DOP concentrated by FO achieved almost 1.3 times at the same time compared with that in NF and RO. DOP could be further concentrated for 1.5 folds at longtime without significant decrease in water flux. In addition, slight reverse solutes in FO process could reduce the viscosity of high viscous DOP, which was good for concentration. Accordingly, FO is a potential technology for concentration of high viscous polysaccharides such as DOP.
Effects of different thawing methods on microstructure and the biochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets during frozen storage
Authors: Wang Hongli , Shi Wenzheng , Wang Xichang
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the effects of different thawing methods (water immersion thawing [WIT, 25 °C], air thawing [AT, 25 °C] and refrigerator thawing [RT, 25 °C]) on the biochemical properties and microstructure of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets during storage at −18 °C for 6 months. The results indicated that the thawing time for WIT, AT and RT were approximately 7, 83 and 616 min, respectively. Thawing and cooking losses in the RT samples were significantly lower than those in WIT and AT samples (P < 0.05). The microstructural integrity of RT samples was less compromised than that of WIT and AT treated samples. Ca2+‐ATPase activity and SH content decreased with increasing storage time and the frozen storage time. Compared with the other two thawing groups during frozen storage, RT had the highest fluorescence, which was significant for the quality of tilapia fillets. However, no significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in protein secondary structure changes, especially β‐sheets and β‐turns. Therefore, RT is suggested to be an effective thawing method to minimise quality change during frozen storage and the frozen storage time has a greater impact on its quality. These results demonstrate the interaction between frozen storage and thawing processes on selected quality parameters.
Dapagliflozin alleviates cardiac fibrosis through suppressing EndMT and fibroblast activation via AMPKα/TGF‐β/Smad signalling in type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Zhang Mingjun , Suo Mengying , Liu Dian , Wang Xuyang , Liu Ming , Pan Jinyu , Jin Tao , An Fengshuang
Published: June 2021

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the leading causes of heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus, with limited effective treatments. The cardioprotective effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2) inhibitors have been supported by amounts of clinical trials, which largely fills the gap. However, the underlying mechanism still needs to be further explored, especially in terms of its protection against cardiac fibrosis, a crucial pathophysiological process during the development of DCM. Besides, endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been reported to play a pivotal role in fibroblast multiplication and cardiac fibrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA) on DCM especially for cardiac fibrosis and explore the underlying mechanism. In vivo, the model of type 2 diabetic rats was built with high‐fat feeding and streptozotocin injection. Untreated diabetic rats showed cardiac dysfunction, increased myocardial fibrosis and EndMT, which was attenuated after treatment with DAPA and metformin. In vitro, HUVECs and primary cardiac fibroblasts were treated with DAPA and exposed to high glucose (HG). HG‐induced EndMT in HUVECs and collagen secretion of fibroblasts were markedly inhibited by DAPA. Up‐regulation of TGF‐β/Smad signalling and activity inhibition of AMPKα were also reversed by DAPA treatment. Then, AMPKα siRNA and compound C abrogated the anti‐EndMT effects of DAPA in HUVECs. From above all, our study implied that DAPA can protect against DCM and myocardial fibrosis through suppressing fibroblast activation and EndMT via AMPKα‐mediated inhibition of TGF‐β/Smad signalling.
Primary ciliogenesis is a crucial step for multiciliated cell determinism in the respiratory epithelium
Authors: Belgacemi Randa , Diabasana Zania , Hoarau Antony , Dubernard Xavier , Mérol Jean‐Claude , Ruaux Christophe , Polette Myriam , Perotin Jeanne‐Marie , Deslée Gaëtan , Dormoy Valérian
Published: June 2021

The alteration of the mucociliary clearance is a major hallmark of respiratory diseases related to structural and functional cilia abnormalities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), asthma and cystic fibrosis. Primary cilia and motile cilia are the two principal organelles involved in the control of cell fate in the airways. We tested the effect of primary cilia removal in the establishment of a fully differentiated respiratory epithelium. Epithelial barrier integrity was not altered while multiciliated cells were decreased and mucous‐secreting cells were increased. Primary cilia homeostasis is therefore paramount for airway epithelial cell differentiation. Primary cilia‐associated pathophysiologic implications require further investigations in the context of respiratory diseases.
Surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis with or without a deproteinized bovine bone mineral and a native bilayer collagen membrane: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Giovannoli Jean‐Louis , Roos‐Jansåker Ann‐Marie , Rinke Sven
Published: June 2021

Aim

To assess whether the use of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and native bilayer collagen membrane (NBCM) improved healing of peri‐implantitis‐related bone defects at 12 months.

Materials and methods

In a multi‐centre, randomized clinical trial, 32 individuals received surgical debridement (control group [CG]), and 34 received adjunct use of DBBM and NBCM (test group [TG]). Radiographic defect fill (RDF), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), suppuration (SUP), recession (REC), cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐12, IP10, PDGF‐BB, TNF‐α, VEGF), and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) were evaluated at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.

Results

RDF at the deepest site amounted 2.7 ± 1.3 mm in TG and 1.4 ± 1.2 mm in CG (p <.0001). PPD was reduced by 1.9 mm in TG and 2.3 mm in CG (p = .5783). There were no significant differences between groups regarding reductions of BOP, SUP, REC, cytokines levels, or oral health impact profile (OHIP)‐14 scores at 12 months. Successful treatment (RDF ≥ 1.0 mm, PPD ≤5 mm, ≤1/4 site with BOP grade 1, no SUP) was identified in 32% in TG and 21% in CG.

Conclusions

DBBM and NBCM resulted in significantly more RDF than debridement alone. No difference was found in any clinical parameters or PROs between the groups. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02375750.
Clinical precursors of tics: an EMTICS study
Authors: Openneer Thaïra J.C. , Huyser Chaim , Martino Davide , Schrag Anette ,   EMTICS Collaborative Group, Hoekstra Pieter J. , Dietrich Andrea
Published: June 2021

Background

Children with Tourette syndrome (TS) often have comorbid disorders, particularly attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). While subtle premorbid symptoms have been described in various psychiatric disorders, the presence of clinical precursors that may exist before the onset of tics is unknown. This longitudinal study aimed to find clinical precursors of tics by assessing a range of clinical characteristics prior to tic onset in comparison with children without onset of tics.

Methods

A sample of 187 3‐ to 10‐year‐old first‐degree unaffected relatives of children with TS were followed up to 7 years in the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS). We investigated whether clinical characteristics assessed at baseline predicted tic onset, comparing 126 children without tic onset to 61 children who developed tics. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, a penalised logistic regression approach. We also explored sex differences and repeated our analyses in an age‐ and sex‐matched subsample.

Results

Children with tic onset were more frequently male (β = −0.36), had higher baseline severity of conduct problems (β = 0.23), autism spectrum disorder symptoms (ASD; β = 0.08), compulsions (β = 0.02) and emotional problems (β = 0.03) compared to children without tic onset. Conduct and ASD problems were male‐specific predictors, whereas severity of compulsions and oppositional (β = 0.39) and emotional problems were female‐specific predictors.

Conclusion

This study supports the presence of clinical precursors prior to tic onset and highlights the need of sex‐specific monitoring of children at risk of developing tics. This may aid in the earlier detection of tics, particularly in females. We moreover found that tics most often persisted one year after tic onset, in contrast to the common belief that tics are mostly transient.
Gastric per‐oral endoscopic myotomy versus pyloromyotomy for gastroparesis: An international comparative study
Authors: Pioppo Lauren , Reja Debashis , Gaidhane Monica , Bareket Romy , Tawadros Augustine , Madrigal Méndez Ana L. , Nieto Jose , Zamarripa Felipe , Martínez Ma Guadalupe , Carames Mine C. , Carames Juan C. , Liu‐Burdowski Jennifer , Kim Marina , Deshmukh Ameya A. , Suresh Supriya , Alkhiari Resheed , Andalib Iman , Shahid Haroon M. , Sarkar Avik , Tyberg Amy , Kahaleh Michel
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

Gastroparesis is a potentially debilitating gastric motility disorder with limited treatment options. Highest efficacy treatments include gastric per‐oral endoscopic myotomy (GPOEM) and surgical pyloromyotomy. This study compares the efficacy and safety of GPOEM versus laparoscopic pyloromyotomy for refractory gastroparesis.

Methods

Patients who underwent GPOEM or laparoscopic pyloromyotomy for refractory gastroparesis from four centers across the USA and Latin America were included in a dedicated registry. Data collected included patient demographics, imaging, laboratory values, clinical success, gastroparesis cardinal symptom index, procedure time, pre‐op and post‐op gastric emptying times, adverse events, and hospital length of stay.

Results

A total of 102 patients were included (mean age 47; 32.4% male): GPOEM n = 39, surgical pyloromyotomy n = 63.Technical success was 100% in both groups. Clinical success was 92.3% in the GPOEM group and 82.5% in the surgery group (P = 0.164). The GPOEM group had a significantly higher post‐op GSCI score reduction by 1.3 units (P < 0.00001), post‐op retention reduction at 2 h by 18% (P < 0.00001), post‐op retention reduction at 4 h by 25% (P < 0.00001) and a lower procedure time by 20 min (P < 0.00001) as compared with surgery. GPOEM also had a lower hospital length of stay by 2.8 days (P < 0.00001). Adverse events were significantly fewer in the GPOEM group (13%) compared with surgery group (33.3%; P = 0.021). Mean blood loss in the GPOEM group was only 3.6 mL compared with 866 mL in the surgery group.

Conclusions

The GPOEM may be a less invasive, safer, and more efficacious procedural treatment for refractory gastroparesis as compared with surgical pyloromyotomy.
Clinical guidance for peripartum management of patients with hereditary thrombophilia
Authors: Kobayashi Takao , Morishita Eriko , Tsuda Hiroko , Neki Reiko , Kojima Tetsuhito , Ohga Shouichi , Ochiai Masayuki , Adachi Tomoko , Miyata Toshiyuki
Published: June 2021

Hereditary thrombophilia is a condition in which individuals are susceptible to the formation of thrombi due to a hereditary deficiency in anticoagulant factors, antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), or protein S (PS). Many Japanese thrombophilia patients have PS deficiency, especially PS p.K196E (also called as PS Tokushima), which is exclusive to the Japanese population, and thrombosis sometimes occurs during pregnancy. At present, no management guidelines for pregnancy and delivery in thrombophilia patients have been developed. The Study Group for Hereditary Thrombophilia, one of the research groups of blood coagulation abnormalities in the Research Program on Rare and Intractable Diseases supported with the Research Grants of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Science, has therefore developed this clinical guidance to provide healthcare workers with necessary information on safe pregnancy, parturition and neonatal management, adopting a format of responses to seven clinical questions (CQ). At the end of each answer, the corresponding Recommendation Level (A, B, C) is indicated.