bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivational support programme to enhance health and well‐being and promote weight loss in overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial in Turkey
Authors: Köse Selmin , Yıldız Suzan
Published: August 2020

Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect on health, well‐being and weight loss of a motivational support programme provided for adolescents who were overweight and obese.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial. Sixty‐four adolescents (39 girls and 25 boys) who were overweight and obese and consulted at our polyclinic from January 2015 to February 2016 comprised the study population. The sociodemographic characteristics, well‐being levels and physical parameters of the adolescents were evaluated. Routine follow‐ups were practiced for both groups. The adolescents in the experimental group had motivational interviews and were sent reminder messages over a 6‐month period, and education programmes were conducted with the parents.

Results

After 6 months, the body mass index values had decreased in the experimental group compared with baseline, with no decrease in the controls. Scores for the Paediatric Quality of Life total scale and physical health and psychosocial health subscale points were increased in experimental and control groups, but the quality of life scale points of the experimental group were higher than the control group. In the experimental group, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and total cholesterol were decreased.

Conclusion

The motivational support programme affected the adolescents' health positively and can be recommended as a routine nursing intervention.
Resettling into a new life: Exploring aspects of acculturation that could enhance the mental health of young refugees resettled under the humanitarian programme
Authors: Mulongo Peggy , McAndrew Sue , Ayodeji Eunice
Published: August 2020

Globally, the exodus of individuals who have been forced to flee their home and seek refuge in countries of safety has led to a refugee crisis. The United Kingdom (UK) has engaged with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in playing a significant role in the long‐term resettlement of refugees, half of whom are children and young people. One initiative of such humanitarian resettlement is the Gateway Protection Programme (GPP). To date, there is a dearth of studies investigating aspects of acculturation that affect the mental health of young refugees resettled under the UNHCR humanitarian programme. This study aimed to explore aspects of acculturation that could enhance the mental health of GPP young refugees several years after resettlement. Using narrative research, a purposive sample of 31 GPP young refugees, who had a minimum of three‐year stay in the UK, were recruited from local refugee community organizations. Data were collected through a multi‐method design combining focus group discussions (FGDs) with visual arts‐based narrative research (VABNR) and analysed thematically. Three overarching themes emerged: People and places; Its nearly all new to me; and Finding self. This study contributes important knowledge regarding the mental well‐being of young people who have engaged in a resettlement programme and offers valuable information for policymakers and mental health professionals working with GPP young refugees.
Does skin preparation alter suture strength characteristics? Assessing the effect of chlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol on common skin closure suture material
Authors: Gaukroger Andrew J. , Jones Robin J.S. , Evans Jonathan P. , Dixon Sean M.
Published: August 2020

Sutures are essential to approximate tissues and enable healing by first intention until a wound regains its original tensile strength. The mechanical properties of sutures are well documented, but the effects of exposing sutures to skin preparation solutions used in surgery are not. This study was performed to investigate whether 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcohol skin preparation, commonly used prior to incision and prior to closure, has any effect on the mechanical properties of several commonly used surgical suture types. Four suture types were soaked in either 2% chlorhexidine and 70% isopropyl alcohol or Hartmann's solution for 5 minutes. All sutures were left to dry for 11 days before being tested to failure using an Instron 3367 tensile testing machine. Testing revealed significant differences in failure load, ultimate tensile stress, and Young's modulus between suture types (P < .05). No significant differences in failure load (P = .98), ultimate tensile stress (P = .21), or Young's modulus (P = .22) were observed between the test group and the control group when comparing sutures of the same type. This study demonstrates that chlorhexidine/isopropyl skin preparation solutions do not significantly change the mechanical properties of suture materials exposed to them.
Negative pressure wound therapy for patients with mediastinitis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Zhi , Feng Cheng , Wang Xiao‐Jun
Published: August 2020

To evaluate clinical effects between conditional treatment and negative pressure wound therapy for mediastinal infection. Multiple databases were searched to identify relevant studies, and the articles that eventually satisfied the criteria were included. All the meta‐analyses were conducted with the Review Manager 5.2. To estimate the quality of each article, risk of bias table was performed. Finally, nine studies including 648 patients met the eligibility criteria. The negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) group and the control group included 353 and 295 patients, respectively. The meta‐analysis showed no significant difference in operative time (RR = −6.13, 95%CI [−50.00, 37.74], P = .78; P for heterogeneity <.000001, I2 = 100%). The length of hospital stay (MD = −3.07, 95%CI [−4.38, −1.77], P < .00001; P for heterogeneity = .99, I2 = 0%), re‐infection (RR = 0.18, 100%CI [0.08, 0.40], P < .00001; P for heterogeneity = 0.48, I2 = 0%), and mortality were significantly different between the two groups (RR = 0.27, 95%CI [0.12, 0.63], P of overall effect = .002). NPWT is a better therapy than conventional treatment for mediastinitis.
The effect of systematic chairside oral hygiene instruction on gingivitis and oral cleanliness in children
Authors: Telford A. B. , Murray J. J.
Published: August 2020

abstract

The gingival health and standard of oral hygiene of 54 children aged 9‐17 years was measured clinically and photographically. Each child was seen initially, then after 1 month and finally after 3 months. Forty‐two children (23 study, 19 control) were seen on all three occasions. At the first examination children in the study group were informed about dental plaque, which was then stained with disclosing solution. The extent of the plaque was shown to each child, who was then given a toothbrush and toothpaste and asked to “get the stain off”. Each child's performance was assessed and modifications to the individual's brushing techniques were suggested if the stain was still present. Finally a thorough prophylaxis was carried out. At subsequent appointments the teeth were stained, the importance of oral hygiene reemphasized and a prophylaxis performed. Children in the control group were given the same number of prophylactic treatments and also received a toothbrush and toothpaste, but in this group no dental health education was given and conversation was restricted to non‐dental topics. The results showed that a marked improvement was achieved in the gingival health and standard of oral hygiene of the study group which was still in force at the 3‐month examination. The children in the control group showed no change in either gingival health or standard of oral hygiene.
Caries experience among children in Copenhagen
Authors: Bay Inger , Ainamo Jukka
Published: August 2020

abstract

The study was undertaken in order to identify and characterize high and low caries risk groups at 7 years of age, the classification of risk groups being based on the total sum of the children's past caries activity. A stratified sample of 293 children was drawn from among the pupils of the municipal schools in Copenhagen. The clinical examination comprised determination of the DMF score for the mixed dentition, and assessments of plaque, gingivitis and dental calculus. Through interviews, background information was obtained about the children's social group, frequency of toothbrushing, dental knowledge, sweet consumption, and about parent's supervision of the children's toothbrushing. The results showed that the retrospectively caries active half of the children had had about four times as many tooth surfaces filled or extracted as the caries inactive half. A total of 89 children (30.4%) had four or fewer DMF(dmf) surfaces while for 56 children (19.1 %) the DMF(dmf)S score was higher than 22. When these extreme groups were compared, the caries inactive children proved to have less plaque and gingivitis, and their toothbrushing was more often supervised by their parents than was the case among caries active children. The conclusions were that caries active children can be identified at 7 years of age and that activating the parents to participate in their children's oral home care might give positive results in future caries preventive programs.
Spontaneous regression of oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers in a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Mehta Fali S. , Pindborg J. J.
Published: August 2020

abstract

An oral leukoplakia register was established among 50,000 villagers in five districts of India in 1967‐68. The paper describes the results after a 5‐year follow‐up study among 30,000 subjects from three of the districts with regard to spontaneous regression of leukoplakias. The follow‐up rate for the three districts varied from 66.6 % to 79.4 %. The corresponding rates for individuals with leukoplakias varied from 67.6 % to 75.9 %. The regression, comprising a total or partial disappearance, varied from 26.1 % to 43.7 % in the three districts. The upper labial mucosa, the left commissure and left buccal mucosa were the sites of maximum regression. In Ernakulam, leukoplakias appeared to regress more often among chewers than among smokers. Although 23.2 % of the patients with regressed leukoplakias had changed their chewing or smoking habits, none had stopped either chewing or smoking.
Relationship Between Fetal Position and Stillbirth in the Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Cho Fumiaki , Hanari Koji , Suzuki Michihiro T. , Honjo Shigeo
Published: August 2020

Retrospective analyses were made on the relationship between fetal position and stillbirth, using 703 pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. Incidence of the breech position was 59.1 % to 12 weeks of gestation. The rate decreased stepwide to 10.4% on the day before delivery. Twenty‐one (65.6%) of 32 monkeys who were in the breech position on the day before delivery had stillbirths, whereas only one stillbirth occurred among 275 monkeys whose fetuses were in the cephalic position.
Trichobezoars in Two Saddleback Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso S. , Montoya Enrique , Nolan Thomas E.
Published: August 2020

Two captive‐born Saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) died unexpectedly in the primate colony at the Peruvian Primatological Project. At necropsy, a firm, mobile, oblong, obscure mass was discovered in the stomach of each. They were removed and determined to be trichobezoars.
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) rev Gene Regulates Env Expression
Authors: Cheng Sheau‐Mei , Blume Marlene , Lee Shaw‐Guang , Hung Paul P. , Hirsch Vanessa M. , Johnson Philip R.
Published: August 2020

The rev gene product is a trans‐acting nuclear regulatory protein that is essential for AIDS virus replication. To define the effect of the SIV rev gene on its gp160 expression, two SV40 constructs have been made: pBC17 is a rev+ env+ construct, and pBD21 is a rev−env+ construct. After transfecting the constructs into COS‐1 cells, RNA, protein, syncytium formation, and monoclonal antibody blocking assays were performed. The results indicated that the SIV rev gene positively influenced the level of full‐length env mRNA and was required for expression of SIV gp160.
Inhibition of SIV/SMM Replication In Vitro by CD8 + Cells From SIV/SMM Infected Seropositive Clinically Asymptomatic Sooty Mangabeys
Authors: Powell Jonathan D. , Yehuda‐Cohen Tamar , Villinger Francois , McClure Harold M. , Sell Kenneth W. , Ahmed‐Ansari Aftab
Published: August 2020

Several investigators have demonstrated the ability of CD8+ T cells from HIV‐1 infected humans and SIV infected rhesus macaques to inhibit viral replication in vitro. In this report we show that CD8+ cells from naturally SIV infected sooty mangabeys also have the ability to inhibit viral replication in vitro. In addition, initial experiments which seek to elucidate the mechanism and antigen specificity of CD8‐mediated suppression are described.
The Refractometer Index as a Correction Factor for Urinary Estradiol in Rhesus Females
Authors: Thibodeaux J.K. , Anzalone C.A. , Voelkel S.A. , Roussel J.D. , Goodeaux L.L.
Published: August 2020

Refractometer indexes were standardized and found to be highly correlated (r = 0.831) to actual creatinine levels. Urinary estradiol corrected by creatinine levels and refractometer indexes were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.857). Predicted ovulation was the same day in 86% of the ovulatory cycles predicted by creatinine and refractometer corrected estradiol levels. Refractometer indexes may be used in place of creatinine levels to correct for urine concentration fluctuations when predicting ovulation in the rhesus female.
Primate Viral Diseases in Perspective
Authors: Kalter S.S. , Heberling R.L.
Published: August 2020

The recent occurrence of fatal Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. B virus, however, is only one of a number of viral diseases that plays a role in primate colony management. This report is to emphasize to the primatologist a number of viruses other than H. simiae, with high morbidity and mortality rates, of importance for health management of nonhuman primate animal colonies. This concept is supported by the recent occurrence in colonies of nonhuman primates of simian hemorrhagic fever virus, SA8, herpesvirus, respiratory synoytial virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Ebola virus, and simian immunodeficiency viruses.
Role of Estradiol in Regulating Ovarian Follicular Atresia in Rhesus Monkeys: A Review
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Dierschkc Donald J. , Wolf Richard C.
Published: August 2020

The present studies show that estradiol‐17B (E3) implanted sc. in rhesus monkeys for 24 hours reliably induces atresia of the dominant follicle (DF). Analysis of contents of the atretic DF revealed a reduction in cell viability and levels of steroids. These atretogenic effects of E2 could be mimicked by local application, but were not reversed by exogenous gonadotropins. E2 also had a direct effect on inhibiting steroid secretion by follicle cells in vitro. From these studies, we concluded that the effect of E2 is exerted at least in part at the ovarian level; this suggests that estrogen produced locally by the DF could have a physiologic role in controlling atresia of other follicles.
Maternal Blood Pressure and Fetal Ultrasonography in Normal Baboon Pregnancies
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Hayashi Robert H. , Reyes Patty
Published: August 2020

Pregnancy in baboons is characterized by lower systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures than in the nonpregnant state. As pregnancy progresses, diastolic and mean pressures tend to increase whereas systolic pressure remains low. Sonographic measurements of fetal growth follow a sigmoid pattern, but their increase in relation to length of gestation approximates a straight line between 6 and 21 weeks of gestation (23 to 84% of term).
Continuous Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and Tocodynamometry in Routine Obstetrical Care, Fetal Stress and Non‐Stress Testing, and Labor Induction in the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Mahoney C. James , Gordon Michael , Briggs David
Published: August 2020

The use of continuous fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine pressure monitoring in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) by external Doppler transducer and tocodynamometer is described in 1) the routine obstetrical assessment of fetal well‐being, 2) oxytocin challenge (stress) testing (OCT) and non‐stress testing (NST) for the diagnosis of in utero fetal distress, and 3) induction of labor by intravenous oxytocin infusion, by surgical rupture of the chorio‐amniotic membranes (amniotomy), or by a combination of these techniques, as an alternative to Caesarean section for clinical, managemental, or experimental purposes. FHR traces were analyzed during a total of 57 term pregnancies for three basic characteristics: baseline rate, variability, and periodic pattern. Results indicated that continuous FHR monitoring in the chimpanzee can provide a valuable tool for fetal assessment and management of labor in any attempt to reduce the unacceptably high annual incidence of perinatal and neonatal infant mortality reported in the U.S.
Studies With Human, Baboon, and Vervet Monkey Chorionic Gonadotrophins
Authors: Mwenda J.M. , Bambra C.S. , Tarara R.P.
Published: August 2020

Vervet monkey, baboon, and human chorionic gonadotrophin(CG) were partially purified and their activity was monitored using radioimmuno‐ and radioreceptor‐assays. They showed similar behaviour during ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing and had isoelectric points between pH 4.50 and 5.13, The Stokes' radii were 32Å, 34Å, and 33Å for vervet monkey, baboon, and human CG, respectively. Corresponding immunoassay potencies were 476.9, 1,143.1, and 9,600 IU/mg, while the bioassay estimates were 491.7, 997.8, and 8,950.0 IU/mg.
Hormonal vaginal cytology of vervet monkeys
Authors: Seier J.V. , Venter F.S. , Fincham J.E. , Taljaard J.J.F.
Published: August 2020

The cellular proliferation and maturation of the vaginal epithelium of adult female Vervet monkeys was examined during their menstrual cycles. At the same time the serum contents of estrogen and progesterone were analysed. Gradual but distinct patterns demarcated the phases of the menstrual cycle cytologically. The karyopyknotic index paralleled the estrogen concentration. Mid‐cycle peak maturation produced many anucleate squames, which exfoliated, forming a diagnostic vaginal discharge.
Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in Bolivian and Brazilian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Mensack Steven , George Jeanne , Cornelius Charles
Published: August 2020

Median corpuscular fragility of erythrocytes does not differ significantly between fed and fasted Bolivian and Brazilian squirrel monkeys and are similar to values reported in humans and rhesus monkeys. This report further confirms that the fasting hyperbilirubinemia present only in Bolivian squirrel monkeys with a Gilbert‐like syndrome is not due to an increased fragility of erythrocytes and should be classified as a nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia.
Normal serum biochemical and hematological parameters in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Perretta Gemma , Violante Anneo , Scarpulla Manuela , Beciani Marta , Monaco Vincenzo
Published: August 2020

The effects of age, sex, pregnancy, were analyzed and data from fasted and fed animals were compared in a population of cynomolgus macaques. No significant sex effects were observed for biochemical values and no changes were found in male hematological parameters in relation to age. Most values of females during pregnancy were within normal ranges. Comparison between fed and fasted animals showed that several biochemical parameters (e.g., ALT, glucose, CPK, LDH) and several hematological parameters (e.g., monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC, and MCH) were affected by food intake.
The veterinary management of a laryngeal air sac infection in a free‐ranging mountain gorilla
Authors: Hastings Barkley E.
Published: August 2020

A purulent laryngeal air sac infection was diagnosed in a free‐ranging adult male mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Central Africa. Successful treatment included the administration of antibiotics via blow dart and surgical drainage in the field. This case occurred during an outbreak of respiratory disease of undetermined etiology in this and other gorillas in the population.
Protein concentration in urine of normal owl monkeys
Authors: Weller Richard E. , Málaga Carlos A. , Buschbom Ray L. , Baer Janet F. , Ragan Harvey A.
Published: August 2020

The excretion of urinary protein was evaluated in 62 owl monkeys using timed urine collections. The ratio of urine protein to urine creatinine concentrations (Up/c) was determined for each monkey. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the correlation between that ratio and urine protein (mg/dl) and 24‐hour urinary protein loss (mg/kg). The coefficient of determination for Up/c to urine protein and 24‐hour urinary protein loss was significant (P ≤ 0.0001). Determination of the Up/c in a urine specimen was found to be an acceptable diagnostic technique for detection and quantitative estimation of proteinuria.
Monoclonal antibodies for immunohistochemical labeling of immunocompetent cells in frozen sections of rhesus monkey tissues
Authors: Stevens Hieronymus P.J.D. , van der Kwast Theodorus H. , Timmermans Antonius , Stouten Nel , Jonker Margreet
Published: August 2020

Twenty‐eight anti‐human and two rhesus specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were evaluated for immunohistochemical peroxidase staining reactivity in rhesus monkeys lymph nodes, thymus, liver, and skin allografts. Reactivity with the following antigens was assessed: MHC class I, II‐DR, ‐DQ, and ‐DP antigens; leukocyte markers CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD25, CD57; a proliferation associated nuclear antigen; interferon‐gamma and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha. Twenty‐three MAbs proved to be suitable for immunohistochemical staining on frozen sections.
Age determination of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by radiographic examination of skeletal development
Authors: Nassar‐Montoya F. , Sainsbury A.W. , Kirkwood J.K. , Boulay G.H. du
Published: August 2020

Seventy‐four animals were examined radiographically to determine the skeletal development of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) from 6 months of age. Twenty‐one epiphyses were examined and five stages of ossification were described for each. The animals were divided into nine groups, according to age, and a table of the stage of ossification and age was produced, which may be used for determining the age of animals of unknown history.
Developmental biology of the common marmoset: Proposal for a “postnatal staging”
Authors: Missler Markus , Wolff Joachim R. , Rothe Hartmut , Heger Wolfgang , Merker Hans‐Joachim , Treiber Annemarie , Scheid Regine , Crook Graeme A.
Published: August 2020

The published knowledge on neurobiological, psychological, and ethological aspects of development in Callithrix jacchus is still limited. We have collected published and unpublished data from several Callithrix colonies and pooled information on criteria for developmental progress and maturation using a questionnaire sent to numerous experts in the field. The data suggest that developmental stages can be defined not only for the embryonic and fetal but also for the postnatal period. Based on multifactorial definitions, using criteria selected from maturational changes in the motor and visual systems and behavioral features, we propose to subdivide postnatal development of the common marmoset into seven periods (“stages”).
Measurement of serum IgE antibodies against Japanese cedar pollen (Cryptomeria japonica) in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with pollinosis
Authors: Sakaguchi M. , Inouye S. , Imaoka K. , Miyazawa H. , Hashimoto M. , Nigi H. , Nakamura S. , Gotoh S. , Minezawa M. , Fujimoto K. , Honjo S. , Taniguchi Y. , Ando S.
Published: August 2020

IgE antibodies against allergens of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, CJ) pollen in the serum of seven Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with pollinosis were measured by fluorometric indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All of the monkeys were found to have specific IgE to the crude pollen antigen. The specific IgE levels were well correlated with those determined by the Pharmacia CAP system. IgE antibodies were then assayed with two kinds of purified allergens (Cry j I and Cry j II) by the ELISA. We found that five monkeys had specific IgE to both allergens, although the other two had IgE only to Cry j I or Cry j II; there is different immune responsiveness to the two major allergens in the monkeys.
A prospective analysis of endometrial cycle changes by ultrasound in the female cynomolgus monkey
Authors: Foster Warren G. , Stals Sandra I. , McMahon Avril
Published: August 2020

Endometrial cycle changes in adule female cynomolgus monkeys with normal ovulatory cycles were examined prospectively by real‐time ultrasound. Endometrial thickness, as measured by ultrasound, was correlated with cycle day and serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels. We conclude that ultrasound is a reliable method of diagnosis of endometrial cycle stage.
Mortality causes of the moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax) in captivity
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso , Montoya Enrique
Published: August 2020

From January 1987 to November 1990, 125 adult Saguinus mystax died at the CRCP. Enteritis/colitis (26%), hypoglycemia/cachexia (19%), and parasitic enteritis (13%) were the most common causes of death. Less common were purulent peritonitis (9%), lobular pneumonia (8%), and hemorrhagic gastroenterocolitis (6%). These results confirm the high frequency of gastroenteric lesions reported in Callitrichidae in captivity.
Spontaneous seminoma in an owl monkey in captivity
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso , Nolan Thomas , Montoya Enrique
Published: August 2020

An adult male Aotus nancymae maintained for breeding purposes was submitted for surgery and the left testicle was removed. The surgically removed mass was about two to three times the size of a normal adult owl monkey testicle. Grossly, on cut surface, the mass was soft, white to pale gray, and bulged above the adjacent tissue. Microscopically, the morphology of the tumor cells was consistent with a seminoma.
Cryopreservation of vervet monkey semen and recovery of progressively motile spermatozoa
Authors: Seier J.V. , Conradie E. , Oettle E.E. , Fincham J.E.
Published: August 2020

A method to cryopreserve semen from the Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) has been developed, yielding a mean post thaw recovery of 63.60% of pre‐freeze progressive motility. The extender contained a TES‐TRIS buffer, egg yolk, dextrose, streptomycin, penicillin, and glycerol as cryoprotectant. The pH ranged from 7.10–7.18 and the osmolality was 330–345 mOsmol/L.
Methods for timing of pregnancy and monitoring of fetal body and brain growth in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Lögdberg Bengt
Published: August 2020

In order to obtain timed pregnancies in squirrel monkeys and to monitor development of the size of the fetus and its brain, tests were made of various combinations of vaginal examination, bioassay of chorionic gonadotropin (CG), measurement of maternal body weight and uterine fundus height during pregnancy, and determination of fetal biparietal diameter by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The usefulness of these methods in developmental and teratological studies is discussed.
Viral persistence of simian type D retrovirus (SRV‐2/W) in naturally infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Moazed Teresa C. , Thouless Margaret E.
Published: August 2020

To elucidate sites of SRV‐2/W persistence, tissue DNA from three groups of naturally infected Macaca nemestrina was analyzed for provirus: vertically transmitted, viremic, seronegative macaques; horizontally transmitted, viremic, seronegative macaques, and nonviremic seropositive macaques. In viremic animals infected vertically, provirus was found in many tissues, whereas in those infected horizontally, proviral DNA was limited. In V–Ab+ macaques, provirus was detected in bone marrow and/or ileocecal junction, confirming the presence of provirus in V –Ab+ animals.
Cross‐sectional growth standards for captive baboons: I. Organ weight by chronological age
Authors: Mahaney Michael C. , Leland M. Michelle , Williams‐Blangero Sarah , Marinez Yolan N.
Published: August 2020

We present the first cross‐sectional organ weight reference standards for captive baboons (Papio hamadryas). Organ weight data were obtained from necropsy reports for 634 healthy, pedigreed, captive female and male baboons. From summary statistics we calculated and fit cross‐sectional, sex‐specific percentile curves for: adrenals, brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, liver plus gall bladder, lungs, pancreas, pituitary gland, spleen, and thyroid gland in two year age class intervals and summary statistics by sex for each organ in one year age classes.
Dyadic appraisals, dyadic coping, and mental health among couples coping with stroke: A longitudinal study protocol
Authors: Zhang Leyun , Zhang Zhenxiang , Mei Yongxia , Liu Qingxuan
Published: August 2020

Aim

The aim of this study is to describe a longitudinal research protocol for exploring the relationship of dyadic appraisal, dyadic coping (DC), and dyadic mental health among stroke survivors and their spouses and its action path.

Background

Stroke can be considered as a dyad phenomenon which affects the mental health of both the survivors and their spouse caregivers. Studies based on dyadic theories are needed to examine the roles of dyadic appraisal and DC on the mental health of stroke dyads.

Design

Longitudinal study.

Methods

Stroke survivors and their spouse caregivers will be recruited from hospital, when the survivors are stable and about to discharge. Follow‐up assessments will take place in 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after participants discharge. The structural equation modelling will be used for statistic analysing.

Discussion

Our study seeks to expand the theory of Developmental‐Contextual Model to examine the association among variables including dyadic appraisal, DC, and mental health for the couples coping with stroke.
Insight into the 24‐hour ambulatory central blood pressure in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Ntineri Angeliki , Kollias Anastasios , Zeniodi Maria Elena , Vazeou Andriani , Soldatou Alexandra , Stergiou George S.
Published: August 2020

This study attempted to investigate the behavior of 24‐hour central ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in adolescents and young adults. Adolescents and young adults (age 10‐25 years) referred for elevated blood pressure (BP) and healthy volunteers had simultaneous 24‐hour peripheral (brachial) and central (aortic) ABP monitoring using the same automated upper‐arm cuff device (Mobil‐O‐Graph 24h PWA). Central BP was calculated by the device using two different calibration methods (C1SBP using peripheral systolic (pSBP)/diastolic BP and C2SBP using mean arterial/diastolic BP). A total of 136 participants (age 17.9 ± 4.7 years, 54% adolescents, 77% males, 25% volunteers, 34% with elevated peripheral ABP) were analyzed. Twenty‐four‐hour pSBP was higher than C1SBP, with this difference being more pronounced during daytime than nighttime (16.3 ± 4.5 and 10.5 ± 3.2 mm Hg, respectively, P < .001). Younger age, higher body height, and male gender were associated with greater systolic ABP amplification (pSBP‐C1SBP difference). C1SBP followed the variation pattern of pSBP, yet with smaller nighttime dip (8.4 ± 6.0% vs 11.9 ± 4.6%, P < .001), whereas C2SBP increased (2.4 ± 7.2%) during nighttime sleep (P < .001 for comparison with pSBP change). Older age remained independent determinant of larger nighttime BP fall for pSBP and C1SBP, whereas male gender predicted a larger nighttime C2SBP rise. These data suggest that the calibration method of the BP monitor considerably influences the diurnal variation in central BP, showing a lesser nocturnal dip than pSBP or even nocturnal BP rise, which are determined by the individual's age and gender.
Facilitating and motivating factors for reporting reprehensible conduct in care: A study among nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the Netherlands
Authors: Kuilman Luppo , Jansen Gerard , Mulder Laetitia B. , Roodbol Petrie
Published: August 2020

Rationale, aims and objectives

The aims of this study are as follows: (a) to establish whether a relationship exists between the importance that healthcare professionals attach to ethics in care and their likelihood to report reprehensible conduct committed by colleagues, and (b) to assess whether this relationship is moderated by behavioural control targeted at preventing harm.

Method

In this cross‐sectional study, which was based on a convenience sample (n = 155) of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) in the Netherlands, we measured ethics advocacy (EA) as a motivating factor (reflecting the importance that healthcare professionals attach to ethics and care) and “behavioral control targeted at preventing harm” (BCPH) as a facilitating factor. “Reporting reprehensible conduct” (RRC) was measured as a context‐specific indicator of whistleblowing intentions, consisting of two vignettes describing morally questionable behaviour committed by colleagues.

Results

The propensity to report reprehensible conduct was a function of the interaction between EA and BCPH. The only group for which EA predicted RRC consisted of individuals with above‐average levels of perceived BCPH.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the importance that healthcare professionals attach to ethical aspects in care is not sufficient to ensure that they will report reprehensible conduct. Such importance does not induce reporting behaviour unless the professionals also perceive themselves as having a high level of BCPH. We suggest that these insights could be helpful in training healthcare providers to cope with ethical dilemmas that they are likely to encounter in their work.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the role of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alteration in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Zhao Hailan , Xu Haoming , Chen Shuzhen , He Jie , Zhou Youlian , Nie Yuqiang
Published: August 2020

Background and Aim

We comprehensively carry out a systematic review and meta‐analysis of previous studies to determine the association between intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in human studies.

Methods

A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library database was conducted until April 1, 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies involving patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) with abundance of F. prausnitzii. The quality of the studies was assessed by the modified Newcastle–Ottawa scale.

Results

A total of 1669 subjects (427 CD patients, 560 UC patients, and 682 healthy controls) were enrolled from 16 studies. Both CD (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −1.36; 95% CI, −1.74 to −0.98; P < 0.00001) and UC patients (SMD: −0.81; 95% CI, −1.21 to −0.42; P < 0.0001) had a lower abundance of F. prausnitzii than the healthy controls. Compared with the IBD remission patients, the IBD active patients had lower levels of F. prausnitzii (SMD: ‐0.56; 95% CI, −0.91 to −0.21; P = 0.002). In the subgroup analyses, the abundance of F. prausnitzii was reduced in both active CD patients (SMD: −0.78; 95% CI, −1.51 to −0.04; P = 0.04) and active UC patients (SMD:−0.44; 95%CI, −0.81 to −0.07; P = 0.02) when compared with the patients with CD or UC in remission, respectively.

Conclusion

A negative association between abundance of F. prausnitzii and IBD activity is observed, but a cut‐off level of F. prausnitzii to diagnose and/or to start treating IBD is not determined.
Cultural and macroeconomic determinants of cash holdings management
Authors: Orlova Svetlana V.
Published: August 2020

This study examines patterns in cash management, particularly cash holdings speed of adjustment (CH‐SOA), across 48 countries. I find that managerial cultural characteristics and country‐level macroeconomic factors influence the persistence of cash reserve levels, deviation from target, and the speed with which firms in different countries adjust their cash holdings. The findings support the idea that agency costs as well as market frictions influence CH‐SOA and other aspects of cash management. The findings are robust to the inclusion of a wide range of firm‐level characteristics, country‐level corporate‐governance variables, and an alternative cultural index.
Nurse perceptions of physical assessment skills for detecting acute progression of heart failure
Authors: Goto Hisae , Yamauchi Toyoaki
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The study purpose was to investigate whether years of clinical experience and experience of encountering heart failure affect perceptions of the need for physical assessment, and the nature of the association between perceptions and years of clinical experience.

Methods

This study was survey‐based. Of hospitals in Japan with ≥200 beds, 298 hospitals were randomly selected as candidate research sites. Ultimately, 44 hospitals agreed to participate in this study. A self‐administered questionnaire measuring 48 physical assessment skills was developed and distributed to nurses. The questionnaire rated the perceived need for 48 skills assessing acute progression of heart failure.

Results

Of 1,113 nurses sampled, 373 (33.5%) responded. Of these, 347 completed questionnaires (response rate: 93.0%). Nurses' perceived need for skills involving systematic or cardiovascular system assessment decreased with clinical experience. Nurses' perceived need for skills involving cardiovascular symptoms and circulatory failure assessment increased with clinical experience. We found four patterns of change for nurses' perceptions of physical assessment skills according to clinical experience.

Conclusions

The findings showed that differences in nurses' perceived need for physical assessment skills were associated with differences in clinical experience. Nurses with more experience selected more suitable skills for detecting acute progression of heart failure. Nurses' perceptions of the need for specific skills were proportional to years of clinical experience, and there may be a threshold value of years of experience.
Sex differences in CRF1, CRF, and CRFBP expression in C57BL/6J mouse brain across the lifespan and in response to acute stress
Authors: Locci Andrea , Yan Yan , Rodriguez Guadalupe , Dong Hongxin
Published: August 2020

Signaling pathways mediated by corticotropin‐releasing factor and its receptor 1 (CRF1) play a central role in stress responses. Dysfunction of the CRF system has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, dynamic changes in the CRF system during brain development and aging are not well investigated. In this study, we characterized CRF1, CRF, and corticotropin‐releasing factor binding protein (CRFBP) expression in different brain regions in both male and female C57BL/6J mice from 1 to 18 months of age under basal conditions as well as after an acute 2‐hr‐restraint stress. We found that CRF and CRF1 levels tended to increase in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and to decrease in the prefrontal cortex with aging, especially at 18 months of age, whereas CRFBP expression followed an opposite direction in these brain areas. We also observed area‐specific sex differences in the expression of these three proteins. For example, CRF expression was lower in females than in males in all the brain regions examined except the prefrontal cortex. After acute stress, CRF and CRF1 were up‐regulated at 1, 6, and 12 months of age, and down‐regulated at 18 months of age. Females showed more robust changes compared to males of the same age. CRFBP expression either decreased or remained unchanged in most of the brain areas following acute stress. Our findings suggest that brain CRF1, CRF, and CRFBP expression changes dynamically across the lifespan and under stress condition in a sex‐ and regional‐specific manner. Sex differences in the CRF system in response to stress may contribute to the etiology of stress‐related neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Modified double‐eyelid blepharoplasty with the combined partial‐ And minimal‐incision method
Authors: Shen Xiao
Published: August 2020

Background

Double‐eyelid surgery remains a popular esthetic surgery in East Asian people. The partial‐incision method provides the benefits of full‐incision and nonincision techniques. It can create a predictable and durable double‐eyelid crease.

Aims

To create a long‐lasting double‐eyelid crease with a minimal scar, the author has described the modified partial incision technique with a small and minimal incision.

Patients/Methods

A preoperative design was developed with the patient in an upright sitting position. A partial incision was made between the medial limbus and the middle pupillary line; the minimal incision was made just adjacent to the lateral limbus. After local anesthesia, a strip of orbicularis oculi below the incision was dissected, and the pretarsal orbicularis oculi, anterior tarsal fascia and part of the anterior tarsal fat were removed. The skin, dermis and orbicularis oculi were sutured together with the pretarsal fascia.

Results

From July 2016 to September 2018, 138 patients received a modified partial‐incision double‐eyelid surgery. A total of 119 patients were followed up. The postoperative shape and height were stable. Five patients developed loss of the unilateral fold (2.17%), and one patient complained of bilateral narrow eyelid folds (0.87%). No serious complications were noted.

Conclusion

The modified partial‐incision technique for creating a double eyelid described here provides stable results with no visible scar and no serious complications.
The role of device closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke
Authors: Fukutomi M. , Wilkins B. , Søndergaard L.
Published: August 2020

One of the most frequent causes of cardiac embolism in cryptogenic stroke is a paradoxical embolus, which originate from systemic venous source though an unidentified patent foramen ovale (PFO). PFO is a common finding in the general population with a prevalence of 25% to 30%. Transcatheter PFO device closure is known to be feasible and safety treatment for such patients. In recent years, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to address the superiority of PFO closure over medical therapy alone in the prevention of stroke recurrence in patients with PFO. In contrast to findings from early 3 RCTs, recent 4 RCTs could successfully show the benefits of PFO device closure compared with medical therapy, with less peri‐ and postprocedural complication. Based on these data, PFO device closure is recommended to carefully select cryptogenic stroke patients aged from 18 to 65 years, with a high probability of a causal role of the PFO in stroke events. However, it is still uncertain whether PFO closure is superior to oral anticoagulants therapy in these patients. Therefore, further prospective randomized trials are needed to address the efficacy of PFO device closure to oral anticoagulants therapy.
Neuroimaging in Sickle Cell Disease: A Review
Authors: Mallon Dermot , Doig David , Dixon Luke , Gontsarova Anastasia , Jan Wajanat , Tona Francesca
Published: August 2020

Sickle cell disease is the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy, which results in abnormally shaped and rigid red blood cells. These sickle‐shaped red blood cells cause vaso‐occlusion and ischemic phenomena that can affect any organ in the body. As a common cause of disability, the neurological manifestations of sickle cell disease are particularly important. Neuroimaging has a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of the complications of sickle cell disease. These complications can affect the brain parenchyma, vasculature, and skull and can be ascribed directly or indirectly to a vasculopathy of small and large vessels. Vaso‐occlusion can cause ischemic stroke. Ischemic damage in the absence of an acute neurological deficit, and therefore only apparent on neuroimaging, is termed silent cerebral ischemia. Weakening of the arterial walls can cause aneurysms. In its most severe form, a vasculopathy of the terminal internal carotid arteries can progress to moyamoya syndrome, characterized by steno‐occlusive disease and the formation of friable collateral arteries. Rupture of aneurysms or friable collateral arteries is a potential cause of intracranial hemorrhage. The skull and vertebrae may be affected by extra‐medullary hematopoiesis, due to severe anemia, or iron deposition, due to chronic red blood cell transfusion. Impaired blood supply to bone is associated with osteomyelitis and osteonecrosis. Fat embolization syndrome is a rare complication of osteonecrosis, which may cause devastating neurological impairment. Awareness and early recognition of the diverse manifestations of sickle cell disease on neuroimaging is crucial to ensure optimal treatment in a complex patient cohort.
In silico evaluation of drugs used in treatment of oral lichen planus
Authors: Ramakrishnan Priyadharshini , Pavan kumar T , Saraswathy GR , Sujatha S
Published: August 2020

Background

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic T cell–mediated, immunological, mucocutaneous disease with a number of genes and inflammatory mediators implicated in its pathogenesis. Heart shock protein 70 and the proinflammatory mediator TNFα have been predominantly involved in the etiopathogenesis of oral lichen planus.

Methods

In this study, the action of 27 commonly used drugs for treating OLP at HSP70 and TNFα were evaluated by molecular docking using Maestro Schrodinger version 10.1. X‐ray crystallographic structures of the target proteins, that is, Heat Shock Protein 70 (PDB Code: 6FDT) and tumor necrosis factor alpha‐1 (PDB Code: 1TNF) were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structures of the ligands (27 drugs) were obtained from PubChem in.sdf format. Using Ligprep, pre‐processing of the ligands was done. Extra‐precision docking was performed with the prepared protein and the ligands.

Results

With respect to HSP70, the highest dock score (−4.768) and glide score (−4.818) were seen with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), followed by epigallocatechin gallate (green tea), methotrexate, and curcumin. The highest dock (−9.525) and glide score (−9.584) in TNFα were seen in with epigallocatechin gallate, followed by HCQ, dapsone, and methotrexate.

Conclusion

The results of the study tend to explain the clinical use of HCQ in recalcitrant and severe cases, as well as the anti‐inflammatory property of epigallocatechin gallate. The results of the study open ventures for exploring the in silico behavior of drugs for effective pathological management.