bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivational Aspect of Good Governance
Authors: Hijazi Syed Tahir
Published: August 2018

A government job is what most job seekers look for in
Pakistan. With a feudal background and job culture inherited from
British India, government jobs are believed to provide security,
permanency, status and privileged treatment in day to day affairs. But
where entering into government jobs is attractive, working in a
government atmosphere is often found to be boring, monotonous, and
devoid of enthusiasm. Attending office is a matter of killing time. One
comes late and leaves early. There is no incentive to work hard, as
promotions and benefits depend on seniority not on performance. Coercion
seems to be the only management technique, which at times fails or fires
back if the manager is not very tactful. Management theories and
motivational concepts are foreign names in government departments.
Without including the motivational aspects of good governance it would
be futile to try to improve performance.
Capacity Building in Public Sector Organisations
Authors: Waheed Seemi
Published: August 2018

During the last two decades the world has experienced a major
transformation in thinking on the role of government in provision of
services and socio-economic development. This change in thinking has
come about as a result of the inability of two major philosophies of
production—capitalism and socialism—to redistribute resources for the
improvement in the living condition of the masses. Both the philosophies
have shortcomings. Capitalism encourages entrepreneurship and growth,
but it also creates extreme economic disparities leading to poverty.
Socialism in its attempt to create an egalitarian society curbs and
stifles entrepreneurship, leading to discontentment and economic
inefficiencies.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Aziz Shaukat
Published: August 2018

It is a matter of privilege and pleasure for me to attend this
annual Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists.
Over the past years this gathering has turned into a regular event
providing a unique opportunity to scholars, economists and social
scientists to deliberate on issues of national and international
significance. The participation of eminent scholars and experts from
within and outside the country and the large number of papers on various
topics to be presented during its four-day deliberations signify the
importance of the Conference and augurs well for its success. I feel
that in addition to offering a platform for academic and professional
interaction, the Conference can also be used for putting forward
specific recommendations that may be considered by the government in
formulating its policies. The theme of the Conference, namely
“Governance and Development”, is critical and timely. It implies that
the issue of governance is not only significant in its own right but
also has a direct and close bearing on development issues. Experience in
Pakistan and elsewhere shows that neglecting the issue of governance and
management has severely impaired economic growth and contributed to
social and political malaise. It is a happy coincidence that this theme
is also occupying a high position in the agenda of the present
Government. You may recall that in his address to the nation on 17th
October, the Chief Executive, General Pervez Musharraf, has identified
good governance as the pre-requisite to achieving the seven aims and
objectives that the government has set before it. This seven point
agenda, includes the revival of the economy, restoration of investors’
confidence and ensuring swift and across the board
accountability.
Public Security Crisis Management Model Based on Diversified Cooperation
Authors: Peng Wenjing
Published: August 2018

Everyone is surrounded by crisis just like the air we breathe at every moment; therefore, all countries, organizations and person are confronted with the risk challenges. Nowadays, the human society has evolved to a relatively advanced stage, and along with society progress, complicated social relationship and environment will result in more dangerous elements, thus bringing in more risks. This paper introduces the public security crisis management model based on diversified cooperation in detail from the concept of public security crisis and puts forward safeguard mechanism construction for enhancing the crisis management under diversified cooperation in a brief manner, thus improving the efficiency of crisis management under diversified cooperation.
Determinan yang Mepengaruhi Kejadian Anemia pada Mahasiswi Kebidanan
Authors: Rudi Abil , Masan Lea , Nara Kwureh Hendricus
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Determinants That Affect The Incidence Of Anemia In Midwifery Students. Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin (Hb) level is lower than the normal value, which is characterized by lethargy, dizziness, dizzy eyes, and pale face. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship eat patterm, menstrual pattern and body mass index (BMI) with the incidence of anemia in female students of Midwifery Level II. This research was a quantitative research with cross-sectional approach. Data collection techniques used structured questionnaires. Total sampling was used, 82 respondents. Data analysis with univariate and bivariate using chi-square test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship eat pattern (p-value = 0,016 and OR=1,01), menstrual pattern (p-value = 0,023 and OR=4,34), BMI (p value= 0,034 and OR=2,57) with the incidence of anemia in midwifery students.Abstrak: Determinan Yang Mepengaruhi Kejadian Anemia Pada Mahasiswi Kebidanan. Anemia adalah keadaan kadar hemoglobin (Hb) lebih rendah dari nilai normal, yang ditandai dengan lesu, pusing, mata berkunang-kunang, dan wajah pucat. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui hubungan pola makan, pola menstruasi dan indeks masa tubuh (IMT) dengan kejadian anemia pada mahasiswi Kebidanan Tingkat II. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling sebanyak 82 responden. Analisis data secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan Uji Chi Square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pola makan (nilai p=0,016 dan OR=1,01), pola menstruasi (nilai p=0,023 dan OR=4,34), IMT (nilai p=0,034 dan OR=2,57) dengan kejadian anemia pada mahasiswa kebidanan
Hubungan Antara Persepsi Keluarga dengan Fast Respon Serangan Penyakit Jantung
Authors: Rahmawati Dessy , Rosjidi Cholik Harun , Nurhidayat Saiful
Published: August 2018

Abstract: The Relationship Between Family Perception With Fast Response Of Heart Disease Attack. This study aims to analyze the difference of time handling attacks of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) between families with positive and negative perceptions. Research design with crossectional approach. The population of this research is family of CHD patient is 896 people with big sample 90 responden, sample selection using purposive technique. Data was collected using questionnaire and data analysis with man-withney statistic test with α 0,05. The results showed a significant time difference between family with positive perception with family having negative perception of 3 hours 51 minutes (p = 0,000). The conclusion of this study is that families with positive perceptions more quickly seek help compared with families who have negative perceptions.Abstrak: Hubungan Antara Persepsi Keluarga Dengan Fast Respon  Serangan Penyakit Jantung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perbedaan waktu penanganan serangan Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) antara keluarga dengan persepsi positif dan negatif. Desain penelitian dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian ini keluarga pasien PJK sejumlah 896 orang dengan besar sampel 90 responden, pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan analisa data dengan uji statistik man-withney dengan α 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan waktu yang bermakna antara keluarga dengan persepsi positif dengan keluarga yang memiliki persepsi negatif sebesar 3 jam 51 menit (p=0,000). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah keluarga dengan persepsi positif lebih cepat mencari pertolongan  dibanding dengan keluarga yang memiliki persepsi negatif.
Asupan Protein dan Parameter Hematologi pada Perokok
Authors: Restuti Arisanty Nur Setia , Lironika Suryana Arinda
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Intake Protein And Parameter Hematology  In Smoker. Smoking increase activity of the hematological system. It`s characterized by increase the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide contained in cigarettes can increase hemoglobin levels. Nicotine in cigarettes can stimulate hormone secretion that causes blood cell accumulation and platelet aggregation, in addition nicotine can cause decreased appetite due to stimulation in brain receptors. Decreased appetite causes decrease intake of macro and micro nutrients. The purpose of this research is to description of hematology parameter in smoker compared with normal level and protein intake compared with nutrient sufficiency value, this research also want to see correlation between protein intake and hematology parameter. This research is an analytic survey with cross sectional designTechnic sampling in this study using purposive sampling method. Data tested normality (Shapiro Wilk test) and homogeneity (Levene Test). Correlation Test using Pearson.The number of subject in this study is 15 people. The results of this study indicate the number of erythrocytes in smokers increased 8.4 ± 1.2 x 106 cells/ mm3. Protein intake in smoker is lower 54.67 ± 12.8 grams (men aged 25-40 years 62 -65 grams). The correlation between intake protein and hematological parameters in smokers obtained p> 0.05.Abstrak: Asupan Protein Dan Parameter Hematologi Pada Perokok.  Merokok meningkatkan aktivitas sistem hematologi yang ditandai dengan peningkatan jumlah eritrosit, leukosit, trombosit dan hemoglobin. Karbon monoksida yang terkandung dalam rokok dapat meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin. Nikotin dalam rokok dapat menstimulasi sekresi hormon yang menyebabkan akumulasi sel darah dan agregrasi trombosit, selain itu nikotin dapat menyebabkan penurunan nafsu makan akibat perangsangan di reseptor otak. Penurunan nafsu makan menyebabkan asupan zat gizi makro dan mikro menurun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan gambaran parameter hematologi pada perokok dibandingkan dengan kadar normal dan asupan protein dibandingkan dengan angka kecukupan gizi, selain itu penelitian ini juga ingin melihat hubungan antara asupan protein dengan parameter hematologi. Jenis penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel mengunakan metode purposive sampling. Jumlah subyek 15 orang. Data diuji normalitas (Shapiro Wilk test) dan homogenitas (Levene Test). Uji Korelasi menggunakan Pearson. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan jumlah eritrosit pada perokok 8,4±1,2 x 106 sel/mm3 meningkat dari batas normal (4,4-5,6 x 106 sel/mm3). Asupan protein perokok 54,67±12,8 gram lebih rendah dari AKG (laki – laki usia 25 – 40 tahun 62 -65 gram). Asupan protein nabati 32,23±11,3gram lebih tinggi dibandingkan asupan protein hewani 23,32±9,6 gram. Sedangkan hubungan antara asupan protein dengan parameter hematologi pada perokok didapatkan p>0,05.
PROCEDURE AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCE DUE TO THE CONVERSION OF COMMANDITAIRE VENOTSCHAP TO LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
Authors: Lawrence Ang Vincent
Published: August 2018

The company takes an important part of the social life of the community. In order to carry out its business activities, the parties granted the freedom to conduct business individually or through a business entity. One form of business entity that is still alive which is oftenly used is through a Commanditaire Vennotschap (CV). As the time goes by, the existence of the CV is deemed no longer able to meet the demands arising from the development. This triggered the desire of the parties to change the form of business from CV into a legal entity. Limited Liability Company or in Indonesia called as “Perseroan Terbatas (PT)” becomes the main choice by the entrepreneurs. The conversion of a CV into a PT is a step that can be taken by the entrepreneurs. The conversion of the CV into a PT is possible to be carried out without having to terminate the CV in advance as the termination of the CV will have impacts on the agreement it has made to be settled on that time, whereas on the other hand the agreements that have been made have not yet expired or done.
Trauma, memory, testimony: phenomenological, psychological, and ethical perspectives
Authors: Welz Claudia
Published: August 2018

How can severely traumatized persons re-present the past and its impact on the present if (due to blackout, repression, or dissociation) they could not witness what they went through, or can hardly recall it? Drawing on Holocaust testimonies, this article explores the crisis of witnessing constituted by the Shoah and, more generally, problems of integrating and communicating traumatic experiences. Phenomenological, psychological, and ethical perspectives contribute to a systematic investigation of the relation between trauma, memory and testimony. I will argue that preserving personal continuity across the gap between past and present presupposes not only an ‘inner witness’ – which can, according to a long philosophical tradition, be identified with a person’s conscience – but also a social context in which one is addressed and can respond. An attentive listener can bear witness to the witness by accepting the assignation of responsibility implied in testimonial interaction, and thereby support the dialogic restitution of memory and identity.
Moses: Freud's ultimate project
Authors: Nurmela Risto Olavi
Published: August 2018

Moses and Monotheism was the last work of Sigmund Freud, known as the founder of psychoanalysis. It is not a study of psychoanalytical issues, but mainly a study of the biblical figure Moses, albeit with psychoanalytical applications. Freud attempted to prove that Moses’ original monotheistic religion, which he, an Egyptian, gave to the Israelites, was one without sacrifices and priests, whereas the Israelite religion known from the Bible was not even strictly monotheistic. Moses’ religion, according to Freud, was the religion of Ikhnaton, the similarity of which to Israelite religion Freud was in fact among the first to realize. The religion of Moses, which Freud thought he was able to reconstruct, was in my view actually Judaism, which later developed from Israelite religion. Freud was a stern atheist, but nevertheless also an uncompromising Jew, who never thought atheism would exclude Jewishness. As such he stands as a fine example of Judaism being something more and other than religion and ethnicity. Freud worked on Moses and Monotheism during his five last years. What apparently motivated him was Hitler’s rise to power in Germany, which presented a threat to Freud personally as well as to his life’s work, since the Nazis outlawed psychoanalysis. This threat became a reality when Germany occupied Austria in 1938. Freud fled to London where he finished Moses and Monotheism, published only months before his death in September 1939. In this work Freud’s appreciation of Judaism finds a remarkable expression.
May He Speedily Come: the role of the Messiah in Haredi and Hardal Judaism
Authors: Anderssén-Löf Mia
Published: August 2018

This article studies the understanding of redemption in general, and in particular the role of the Messiah in redemption as it is expressed by representatives of two Jewish perspectives: the Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) and the Hardal (nationalist ultra-Orthodox). Although both perspectives see the shift from exile to redemption as an event which is brought about by God, both also see ways to accelerate or decelerate that event. Both have developed a strategy according to their respective interpretations of how the shift from exile to redemption will appear. To the Haredim, the solution calls for the Jewish people to repent, live piously and wait for the Messiah to emerge; to the Hardalim, the solution calls for the Jewish people to abandon the passive approach and engage in the process of redemption, which has already begun even though the Messiah delays. Hence, both present a strategy for expediting the End, and can thus be considered messianic.
A guide for the perplexed: a student's navigation through Jewish studies in Sweden
Authors: Lantz Natalie Sasha Vanessa
Published: August 2018

This article presents a student’s perspective on Jewish studies in Sweden over the past ten years. By identifying the milestones of her own educational and professional path, the author discusses three questions of particular interest for a student wanting to pursue any kind of Jewish studies in a Nordic country, using Sweden as an example, namely: 1) How to compose a curriculum that leads to doctoral studies? 2) What can be said about the ‘identity’ of Jewish studies in Sweden? 3) Can a degree in the subject field of choice also lead to a career outside the academic framework?
Scandinavian belief in fate
Authors: Ström Åke
Published: August 2018

In point of principle, Christianity does not give room for any belief in fate. Astrology, horoscopes, divination, etc., are strictly rejected. Belief in fate never disappeared in Christian countries, nor did it in Scandinavia in Christian times. Especially in folklore we can find it at any period:  People believed in an implacable fate. All folklore is filled up with this belief in destiny. Nobody can escape his fate. The future lies in the hands of fate, and the time to come takes its form according to inscrutable laws. The pre-Christian period in Scandinavia, dominated by pagan Norse religion, and the secularized epoch of the 20th century, however, show more distinctive and more widespread beliefs in fate than does the Christian period. The present paper makes a comparison between these forms of belief.
Observations on the Chinese idea of fate
Authors: Sjöholm Gunnar
Published: August 2018

Throughout the history of Chinese religion, ideas of fate are present. The earliest forms of Chinese writing occur on thousands of tortoise shells found 65 years ago in the province of Honan. At that time inscriptions on bronze vessels from the first millennium B.C. were already known. But the new material was more difficult to interpret. The amount of material has grown since then: there are now about 100 000 inscribed shells and bones, some hundreds of whole tortoise shields with inscriptions as well as other archaeological material. One third of the signs has been deciphered. The inscriptions are mostly quite brief and contain oracle formulas. The people of the Shang-Yin dynasty (1500-1028 B.C.) knew the useful and the beautiful. What did the oracle stand for? Did it represent something necessary? An oracular technique had been developed, "which consisted in touching shells or bones on one side with a little red-hot rod and interpreting according to certain patterns the cracks that arose on the other side as the answers of the ancestral spirits to the questions of the kings. After the consultation of the oracle the questions and often the answers were inscribed beside the cracks. Often also pure memoranda concerning weather, war expeditions etc. were inscribed.
Fatalism in systematic aspect and fatalism in its functional context
Authors: Henningsen Gustav
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the author explores ideas of how to approach the subject of fate and fatalism. Fate, when equated with a man's life, can be raised to an infinite number of powers—as illustrated in the well-known story of the philosopher who began to wonder whether he were awake or dreaming himself awake. It would be fertile for the study of Fatalism to devote itself to analyses of situations with a view to ascertaining in which situations Fatalism is used. It would be very interesting then to examine whether the typical situations of Fatalism are not such as exclude the application of religious, magical, or rational behaviour.
Shamanistic practice in Northern Nepal
Authors: Schmid Toni
Published: August 2018

The Sherpas—in Tibetan śar-pa or "men of the east"—live mainly in Northern Nepal, in the Darjeeling district, in India and Northern Sikkim, in the regions bordering on Tibet, and on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. The Sherpas are of Tibetan stock. Among the Tibetan racial groups two religions can be broadly distinguished. One is a form of Buddhism, usually called Lamaism. The other religion is called in the Lhasa pronunciation Bon. Among the Sherpas both the religion and its priests are called "bombo", spelt: bongo.
Foreign influences on the idea of God in African religion: some remarks on a great problem
Authors: Pettersson Olof
Published: August 2018

The study of primitive peoples has often neglected influences from the environments. The sociologists and the anthropologists regard the influence as a concrete fact that is taken in account with regard to the behaviour. They have—as a rule—no interest in studying the historical development. They take facts as they meet them in life. Studying African religions we must bear in mind that the influences of missions, for example Christian and Muslim, are clear among many of the African peoples. Therefore a study of foreign influences upon African religions is necessary in order to provide an analysis and an understanding of the contemporary religious situation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of foreign religions on the God-idea in order to see if the Christian or Muslim ideas of God are reflected in the indigenous religions of Africa.
Valhall and Helgafell: syncretistic traits of the Old Norse religion
Authors: Nordland Odd
Published: August 2018

The religion of the Viking age, the pre-Christian faith,  presents itself as a syncretism, It is quite peculiarly evident from the tradition surrounding the origin of the gods in Åsgard. The gods behind the palisade of this mythological dwelling place were of two kinds, the result of an exchange of hostages after war between the æsir and the vanir. From the flock of vanir came the two fertility-gods: Njgrbr and Freyr to dwell in Åsgard and be accepted there on equal terms with the other gods around the "allfather", Othin. This quite remarkable information, concerning the syncretism of the eddic religion, is generally interpreted as a historic reminiscence of a contrast between a fertility religion, and a more aristocratic and warlike religion attached to the cult of Othin. The fertility religion then is often conceived of as old traits belonging to the indigenous population of Scandinavia, while the Othin-cult as something which was introduced by the same innovations that brought the Indo-European boat-axe people to our part of the world. We know the result of the process that created the heathen religion which reigned in our countries at the time Christianity was introduced here, but we are highly bewildered when faced with the task of describing the syncretistic process itself, and the religions that were a part of it. This is true despite our abundant material of mythological poetry, legends and 13th century information. This too, despite our extremely favorable situation of being in possession of the exiting amount of theoforic place-names.
Les limites entre la religion et la culture à l'occasion de l'interprétation de la religion chinoise antique
Authors: Sjöholm Gunnar
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the author discusses the history of religion in China and the challenges of interpretation concerning this topic. The history of religion in China ranges from religion in ancient China and Confusian philosophy to Maoism.
Israel's prophets and their confrontation with the Canaanite religion
Authors: Kapelrud Arvid
Published: August 2018

The confrontation between Israelites and Canaanites is presented in the Old Testament historical books as a violent encounter, a battle which was waged between tribes who invaded Canaan from Egypt and the people who already lived in the land and neighbouring territories. The narrators who composed the Deuteronomistic historical work (Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I and II Samuel, I and II Kings) have, with background in the situation in which they themselves lived, described it such that Moses gave the order for a complete extermination of other people and tribes in those regions where they settled down (Deut. 7: x ff.). The intention was that the tribes should not be tempted to take up the inhabitants' religion, thereby disrupting the domestic, harmonious unity among the Israelites and starting an internal disintegration.
Introduction
Authors: Wikman Karl
Published: August 2018

Linnæus' main interest was the study of the generation forms of living nature. The knowledge of these organic processes was, during Linnean times, still obscured by the bewildering views of earlier centuries. From pre-Hippocratic ages the analogies between animal and plant and between egg and germ had been primary findings of biology.
Durkheim on power and holiness
Authors: Gustafsson Berndt
Published: August 2018

Emile Durkheim has as nobody else brought together power and holiness as pre-requisites for each other. Power was holiness, and holiness was power. Power should here be understood as the ability to act collectively or on the behalf of the collective. Power comes—and not only for Durkheim- from out of the collective. The collective is, however, for Durkheim, holy, all imperative anduncompromising, unapproachable and incorruptible. The holy, "le sacré", is thus always of social origin and can only be explained sociologically. Durkheim may well call the holy for a religious category, but the religious phenomena are in themselves products direct from collective feelings, phenomena, through which the collective expresses itself in holiness and thereby continually celebrates and strengthens itself.
Der Staat im Neuen Testament
Authors: Lindeskog Gösta
Published: August 2018

to be added
Mythe und Staat in Bantu-Afrika
Authors: Von Sicard Harald
Published: August 2018

to be added
Myths of the state in the West European Middle Ages
Authors: Ejerfeldt Lennart
Published: August 2018

In the first centuries of the barbarian kingdoms the most striking feature is the gens, the tribe, as the principle of unity, even if the ethnic homogeneity often was missing. The myth of the Germanic State of the early Middle Ages was in the first place a myth of the common origin of the gens.These histories of tribal origins have some times been influenced by powerful Ancient literary patterns, especially the Trojan myth of Virgil. But the concern of presenting the origin of the gens in mythical form is no doubt Germanic. And it seems probable that the tribal origins are more ancient than the genealogies of royal families with alleged divine ancestors. The kingship among the Germanic tribes was secondary in relation to the tribe. The king was rex Francorum; the king of a certain country or geographic territory is a later conception. The power comes from below; the king is an exponent of the tribe. All the Germanic words for "king" are derivations from terms for "kin, people, tribe." The limitation of the power of the king is also indicated by institutions like the right to resistence, the possibility to depose the king, the participation by all free men in the judicial and criminal procedure through self-help and blood feud.
The problem of Millenarism
Authors: Af Edholm Erik
Published: August 2018

The myth of the recurrence of the golden age after a period of accelerating miseries ("messianic woes") in the near future is of course not peculiar to the chiliasm of the European later middle ages. On the contrary, it belongs to the basic eschatological themes of millenarism in general. These themes are found also in Hindu tradition. To determine those general characteristics of traditional Hindu society which can contribute to an explanation of the relative unimportance of peasant rebellions and the lack of chiliastic mass movements, is not a problem to be solved within the field of the history of religions.  For example, the egalitarian message of the bhakti saints, disputing the hierarchy, did not preclude that the salvationist sects did adapt to the caste system. The religious movements contributed to and gave ideological form to adjustments within the existing social structure. Obviously there was little need for millenarism in this process.
Jehovah's Witnesses' three periods
Authors: Ström Åke
Published: August 2018

Among modern formations of religion, arisen within Christendom, there is no one that has changed its doctrine and attitude so much as Jehovah's Witnesses, so that the religious content in the three periods can be labelled as new, newer, the newest. Each period is connected with and dependent upon the three presidents Charles Taze Russel, born in 1852, president 1881-1916, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, born in 1869, president 1916-1942, and Nathan Homer Knorr, born in 1905, president from 1942. The purpose here is to clarify some important differences between the three periods.
Vorwort
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
2. Der Charakter der Quellen und ihre Bedeutung
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Sachverzeichnis
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Personenverzeichnis
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Die Stellung der Religion in den soziokulturellen Strukturen
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Religion und gesellschaftlicher Wandel in Finnland der 60er und Anfang 70er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Huotari Voitto
Published: August 2018

to be added
Die Dynamik in der kulturellen Veränderung und Institutionalisierung
Authors: Honko Lauri
Published: August 2018

to be added
Die Hauptprobleme der religiösen Symbolik
Authors: Biezais Haralds
Published: August 2018

to be added
Nut - Himmelsgöttin - Baumgöttin - Lebensgeberin
Authors: Bergman Jan
Published: August 2018

to be added
"Christ is the Mountain"
Authors: Hallencreutz Carl
Published: August 2018

In this paper the author focuses on the religious function of symbols in the encounter and interaction of Christianity and other religions. Some observations on the religious function of the symbol of the Holy Mountain in different African contexts are presented. These contexts are a) traditional Kikuyu religion, b) a Christian hymn from Northern Tanzania, and c) the New Year's Fiest of the independent Nazaretha Church among Zulu in South Africa. The examples of how the symbol of the holy mountain is used in different religious contexts in Africa are, of course, too limited to provide a basis for far-reaching generalizations on how symbols function religiously in the encounter of Christianity and other religions. However, this kind of analysis can be applied also when studying other encounters of religions inside and outside Africa. The symbol functions both as a carrier of a new religious message and as an indigenous means to appropriate this message locally and give it adequate form in different milieus. The symbols, which most likely have the religious functions  are those which are of a general nature; light, way, living water, and which some are tempted to speak of as archetypes. Yet the comparison between the Chagga-hymn to the holy mountain and Shembe's interpretation of the blessing of the New Year's Fiest on Inhlangakozi indicates, that in the encounter of Christianity and other religions it is not only the symbols as such which produce the local appropriation of the new religious message and give it adequate localized form. Not even in the encounter of Christianity and other religions the symbols function religiously without human beings as actors in the historical process.
On the symbol concept of the Vedic ritualists
Authors: Parpola Asko
Published: August 2018

Different peoples have in their cultural and linguistic systems created individual conceptual categories which best fit their varying needs and surroundings, thus defining and interpreting the world in different ways. While developing universal theories it is useful to take into account as many as possible independent systems of classification, for they can open up new perspectives and refine prevalent concepts. A striking example is supplied by the ancient Indian grammarians who, in spite of their exclusive preoccupation with Sanskrit, have given a lot of stimulation to modern general linguistics. The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the general study of the "ritual symbol", "the smallest unit of ritual which still retains the specific properties of ritual behavior", by drawing attention to, and sketching in basic outline, some central concepts held in this regard by the Vedic ritualists. The Vedic Brahmana texts, composed around 1000-600 B.C., expound the esoteric meaning of the sacrifices which at the time were at the very centre of the cultural activity in the heart of North India.
The symbolism of liminality
Authors: Pentikäinen Juha
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the author discusses different understandings of the symbolism of liminality. According to Van Gennep’s definition, rites de passage are rites which accompany every change of place, state, social position and age. In primitive communities these changes are generally made public and their importance is hallowed by rites which follow a pattern. From the structural point of view, the liminal stage could also be regarded as a crucial phase in the sequence of the ritual drama. When rites of pas-sage are investigated as structured symbolic behaviour, it is also possible to find and isolate smaller units of analysis. Ritual behaviour is always the communication of the symbols which transmit some religious or other messages to the participants aware of their meanings.
Some psycho-physiological aspects of ecstasy in recent research
Authors: Ahlberg Nora
Published: August 2018

The intention of this article is to present some psycho-physiological perspectives of recent date concerned with the phenomenon of ecstasy. As almost none of this research has yet been assimilated by comparative religion, the focus here is on illustrating some of the background for renewed speculation on the relationship between psyche and soma. Traditional Western science has usually operated with a distinction between external and internal processes. Perhaps owing to this idea of the independence of our internal processes from our intentional consciousness, reports from other cultures such as those concerning the extraordinary achievements of holy men (e.g. their capacity to lie buried for days, or survive unclothed at very low temperatures) have tended to be ignored as fantastic rumours (which, to some extent, is certainly true) and myths. In a similar way the varieties of religious ecstatic states have often been countered with a shrug by psychiatrists. The recently renewed interest in consciousness within general psychology, together with what may be called marginal psychology and the drug revolt of youth culture have, however, provoked new speculation concerning human potential, speculation which in due time might also benefit comparative religion. From the perspective of comparative religion the primary concern is with cultural tradition and interpretation. Among our many new potential methods for better understanding ecstatic phenomena by means of experimental methods, biofeedback has been the most sensational one. It is above all the research in biofeedback that has forced many scientists to reconsider their view of the autonomic nervous system as a system completely independent of human will and control.
Religious ecstasy in classical Sufism
Authors: Ogén Göran
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this essay is to shed some light on the phenomenon of religious ecstasy as met within Islamic mysticism and there particularly during its classical period. In this case, the expression "classical Sufism" refers to the period of Sufi history from about 850 A.D. until circa 1100 A.D. In the Sufi vocabulary there is even a rather differentiated terminology concerning these ecstatic experiences or states; whether different descriptions of one and the same experience are involved or whether the terms actually describe different experiences is a question that we must set aside for the present. There are, however, Sufis expressing the opinion that these different states of mind are based on one single experience in spite of the difference in terms. A generic term for these experiences or states is not to be found in the Sufi terminology however, so the problem of which of these phenomena must be present in order for ecstasy to be evidenced—or which of them would be sufficient— does not therefore arise for the Sufis. So instead of speaking of religious ecstasy in general, they either refer to the single specific terms in question or else use the plural of one of the words employed to designate one of the terms we include in "religious ecstasy". They thus speak of "ecstasies", mawagid from the singular form wagd—if one should at all attempt a translation of this plural. This plural is a genuine Sufi construction and does not otherwise seem to occur in the Arabic language, except as a later borrowing. Psalmody based on the Koranic vocabulary remains the main procedure for putting oneself in ecstasy. If we add 'and listening to psalmody', we then obtain a fairly satisfactory picture of the external conditions for the Sufis' ecstasy until the eleventh century, when various innovations begin to appear. As far as the darwiš-dance is concerned, it is not until the thirteenth century with Rumi  that it becomes transformed from an expression of ecstasy—and as such, quite a controversial one—into an expedient for ecstasy.
Opening address at the Symposium on Saami religion arranged by the Donner Institute 16-18 August 1984
Authors: Edsman Carl-Martin
Published: August 2018

This paper is based on the words of welcome to the symposium on Saami Religion.
Sjiele sacrifices, Odin treasures and Saami graves?
Authors: Zachrisson Inger
Published: August 2018

This paper presents archaeological findings described as Saami metal deposits. These well-known "Finds from Lapp Places of Sacrifice", objects from the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages, were mostly found in northern Sweden. The author also presents a research project dealing with prehistoric and medieval Saami graves from the south Saami area.
Sacrifical sites, types and function
Authors: Vorren Örnulv
Published: August 2018

Much has been written and said about Saami mythology and pre-Christian religion. There is, however, considerably less documentation of concrete cultural elements in scholarly descriptions. These investigations are considered important not only because they aim to provide documentation that can be used for studies of Saami mythology and pre-Christian religion. They also provide material that can throw light on the function of the holy places in a social context through analysis of their origin, their connections with certain families and persons, their associations with the siidas, their location within the areas where the Saamis from these siidas gained their livelihood, etc. The materials collected about the sacrificial sites also play an important role in studying the course of events leading up to the differentiation of Saami hunting and gathering culture. A question that has frequently arisen in the course of this work is with what powers or deities the different sacrificial sites were associated. This is naturally connected with their origin and their form. This, in turn, is reflected in the traditions and legends recounted concerning them. It is also reflected in their location in the physical environment and in the kinds of offerings that have been found. In the materials so far collected it is possible to distinguish between about eight different types of sacrificial site and holy mountain or fell according to their form and location: holy fells, rock formations, stone boulders, holes, cracks in fells, springs, lakes, ring-shaped sacrificial sites. Missionaries were urged to destroy the offering sites.
The threat from without
Authors: Saressalo Lassi
Published: August 2018

Of greatest importance in ethnic folklore are the recognised and unrecognised elements that are used when founding identity on tradition. For the aim of ethnic identification is to note and know the cultural features that connect me with people like me and separate me from people who are not like me. Every group and each of its members thus needs an opponent, a contact partner in order to identify itself. What about the Lapps? The ethnocentric values of ethnic folklore provide a model for this generalising comparison. 'They' are a potential danger, are unknown, strange, a threat from beyond the fells. They are sufficiently common for the group's ethnic feeling. It is here that we find tradition, folk tales, describing the community's traditional enemies, describing the threat from without, engendering preconceived ideas, conflicts and even war. The Lapps have never had an empire, they have never conquered others' territory, they have never engaged in systematic warfare against other peoples. For this reason Lapp tradition lacks an offensive ethnic folklore proper with emphasis on aggression, power, violence, heroism and an acceptance of the ideology of subordinating others. On the contrary,Lapp folklore is familiar with a tradition in which strangers are always threatening the Lapps' existence, plundering their territories, burning and destroying. The Lapp has always had to fight against alien powers, to give in or to outwit the great and powerful enemy. In the Lapp tradition the staalo represents an outside threat that cannot be directly concretised. If foes are regarded as concrete enemies that may be defeated in physical combat or that can be made to look ridiculous, a staalo is more mythical, more supranormal, more vague. One basic feature of the staalo tradition is that it only appears as one party to a conflict. The stories about the Lapp who succeeds in driving away a staalo threatening the community, to outwit the stupid giant or to kill him with his own weapon come close to the myth of the beginning of time when a Lapp managed to secure his existence and defend his community against an outside threat. Without the proto-Lapp battle against evil, the community would not have had a chance to exist, the right to live in its area, as the community does nowadays.
A comparison of some gigantic characters in Iroquois and Saami traditions
Authors: McElwain Thomas
Published: August 2018

A comparison of similar narrative figures in presumably unrelated cultures may contribute to the discovery of blind spots and new areas of reflection in ethnographical description and thus indirectly contribute to a better basis for comparative studies. The lack of money and precious metals in the Iroquoian repertoire shows contrasting concerns between Saami and Iroquoian tradition, suggesting new directions of reflection on the Iroquoian material, namely in terms of hunting and warfare luck in the context of guardian and helping spirits. The stereotyped simplicity of the Iroquoian material in contrast with the variety of the Saami material suggests 1) the superimposition of a heavier load of concerns and values on the Saami figures and opens for reflection the possibility of an archaic Stallo who more purely represents the interaction between the human and the natural world in terms of guardian and helper spirits; and 2) the possibility of approaching the Saami material from the point of view of local repertoire and concern in order to reduce false problems of complexity. The Saami material serves to clarify the particular configuration of the Stone Coat tradition through a comparison of similarities and contrasts. Also, the Iroquois material may stimulate some clarification of some aspects of the Stallo tradition.
Acceptance of Christianity in Iceland in the year 1000 (999)
Authors: Gíslason Jónas
Published: August 2018

No Christian mission was pursued among the Norse in Iceland before the latter part of the tenth century, and the ruling body of the Church took no part in this work. In the beginning, missionary activity was the private initiative of an Icelander, and the concluding chapter was supported by the Norwegian crown. Christian influence increased steadily then during this heathen period. The greatest hindrance to the propagation of Christianity among the Icelandic chieftains during the tenth century was undoubtedly the fact that Christians were denied seats in the legislative assembly; therefore it was not easy for the sons of the chieftains to be converted. Although pagans enjoyed a majority at the Althing in the year 1000, the Christians had increased their numbers. There was great danger of war in the land if agreement were not reached at the assembly. The choice consequently was either to reach an agreement or have a civil war, which would have led to the abrogation of the legal political and power structure. Older and peaceable chieftains wanted above all to protect the peace and they consequently accepted baptism and professed Christianity. This indicates that Christianity has had a great influence on Icelandic national life. The Christian conversion at the Althing in the year 1000 was, thus, both a religious and a political decision.
Personal piety in Nordic heathenism
Authors: Ström Åke
Published: August 2018

Usually, Nordic heathenism is thought of as a fairy-tale or as an impersonal, collective event. Sacrifice (blót) and ethics appear to be the main facts. Was there anything at all like piety, and could it, in this case, be spoken of as personal? The inhabitant of the North stands out as a more collectively thinking person, attached to dynasty, housecarls and family. However, there are a couple of examples in the texts of a "personal faith" and an interest in "the individual or his soul or destiny". It is quite clear, that the collective and impersonal traits in old Norse religion were far more prominent than in the religious currents of today, but there was in Nordic paganism a personal piety, too. It appeared not only in personal opinion and personal means of expression, but also in daily life as well. The single peasant, Viking, fisherman, artisan, housewife, was in his or her everyday work totally dependent on the blessing of the gods and on protection from the attacks of the demons. He who succeeded enjoyed this personal success because of personal sacrifices, personal fortune and personal blessing.
Views on cultic place-names in Denmark: a review of research
Authors: Holmberg Bente
Published: August 2018

Although interest has long been shown in the meaning of place-names, place-name research as a methodical study has only a comparatively short history. A favourite topic for several authors has been to describe the history of an area on the basis of its place-names. From among all the names in the district, they would select now one and now another. Sometimes they would add a little non-onomastic source material and gradually they would reconstruct — on an exceptionally fragile foundation — a picture of the cultic past of the region. However, Danish place-names containing pre-Christian elements, in spite of their small number, may form an important source of information about the history of religion.