bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking marital enmeshment: distinguishing intrusiveness from closeness-caregiving among French couples
Authors: Fanjoux-Cohen L , Mouly-Bandini A , Werner PD , Green R-J
Published: July 2002

Authors recently have suggested that family enrneshment is not synonymous with high levels of closeness or cohesion. A model proposed by Green and Werner clarifies the cohesion-enmeshment domain by distinguishing between closeness-caregiving and intrusiveness as separate relationship processes. This paper examines the cross-cultural applicability of this perspective through a study of 61 married couples in France. The French version of the California Inventory for Family Assessment (CIFA), a self-report measure designed to assess clinically relevant marital dimensions, was employed. In general, spouses' reports of their marital process demonstrated high internal consistency reliabilities. Factor analysis showed meaningful factor structures distinguishing closeness-caregiving and intrusiveness, as predicted, as well as openness of communication. Significant correlations were obtained between CIFA scales and scores on the Marital Adjustment Test. These results are similar for French and American couples. Research implications for studying relationships among French-speaking couples are underlined.
Psychometric properties of the French version of the Composite Scale of Morningness in adults
Authors: Caci H. , Nadalet L. , Staccini P. , Myquel M. , Boyer P.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this study was to provide a reliable instrument to measure morningness for upcoming studies in French samples, using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), which has been translated into French. Nursing students (n = 356) completed the questionnaire between February and March 1997. The total score obtained was independent of age and gender, and normally distributed. The reliability was high (Cronbach's α = 0.85), and factorial analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale. Evening-type subjects are thought to score under 31, and morning-type subjects are thought to score above 44. As an external validation, morningness was associated, on weekdays and weekends, with early rising times and bedtimes and early peak times of physical and mental performance. In conclusion, we found that the English and the French versions of the Composite Scale of Morningness gave identical results. The scale is reliable and can be used for French-speaking adult samples. Nevertheless, normative data and other external validity criteria are needed.
Treatment, law enforcement do mix, judging from growth of PAARI effort
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: June 2021

Operating with less national fanfare than the prominent public debate over reforming police practices, a nonprofit initiative that began in Massachusetts in 2015 continues to build toward its mission to make nonarrest diversion a standard law enforcement practice nationally.
Acute emotional rewards of alcohol predict problem drinking
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

The emotional rewards of alcohol, however difficult to quantify, have long been accepted as a key factor in reinforcing problematic drinking. Survey methods have traditionally used participant recall of experiences, suggesting that self‐reported motivations predict problem drinking. Enhancing of positive mood and reducing of negative mood, properties of alcohol consumption, could predict later drinking problems. A recent study is the first to combine alcohol administration in a laboratory and longitudinal follow‐ups, focusing on young people.
Tissue‐Engineered Vascular Grafts: Emerging Trends and Technologies
Authors: Gupta Prerak , Mandal Biman B.
Published: June 2021

Vascular tissue engineering has made prodigious progress in recent years by converging multidisciplinary approaches. Latest technological advancements foster the development of next‐generation tissue‐engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) for treating various vasculopathies. While traditional therapeutic methods rely on bypassing the severely damaged vessels with synthetic counterparts with no growth potential, contemporary perspectives focus on biodegradable conduits bestowing an inherent remodeling capability. This review highlights emerging innovative trends and technologies adopted to pragmatically fulfill current scientific needs while improving overall TEVG performance in pre‐clinical and clinical settings. A comprehensive overview of various milestones achieved in the past few decades is first summarized, followed by an appraisal of the significant hurdles for clinical translation. The latest techniques to rationally address critical challenges, viz., intimal hyperplasia, thrombosis, constructive graft remodeling, and adequate neo‐tissue formation are discussed. Finally, an update on ongoing clinical trials is provided and future perspectives required to persuade TEVGs to become a clinical reality are delineated.
Doping Indium Oxide Films with Amino‐Polymers of Varying Nitrogen Content Markedly Affects Charge Transport and Mechanical Flexibility
Authors: Wang Zhi , Zhuang Xinming , Wang Binghao , Huang Wei , Marks Tobin J. , Facchetti Antonio
Published: June 2021

Here, correlations between polymer structure and charge transport in solution‐processed indium oxide, In2O3:polymer blend flexible thin film transistors (TFTs) are investigated using four polymers having electron‐donating amine functionalities (polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(allylamine), polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE), and PVP‐NH2 (PVP; poly(4‐vinylphenol)), and two PEI‐PEIE mixtures) with varied atomic amine nitrogen content (N%) of 12.6, 9.1, 6.9, 2.6, respectively. These amino‐polymers influence the semiconducting oxide film TFT electron mobilities via a delicate interplay of electron transfer/doping, charge generation/trap‐filling, film morphological/microstructural variations, which depend on the polymer structure, thermal stability, and N%, as well as the polymer content of the In2O3 precursor and the carbon residue content in In2O3. Thus, increasing the N% from 0.0% in the control PVP to 12.6% in PEI increases the electron doping capacity, the polymer content of the blend formulation, and the blend TFT field‐effect mobility. Optimal polymer incorporation invariably enhances charge transport by as much as ≈2×, leading to a maximum carrier mobility of 8.47 ± 0.73 cm2 V−1 s−1 on rigid Si/SiOx substrates and a remarkable 31.24 ± 0.41 cm2 V−1 s−1 on mechanically flexible polyimide/Au/F:AlOx substrates with Al contacts. Furthermore, all of the polymers equally enhance the mechanical durability of the corresponding In2O3:polymer blend TFTs with respect to mechanical stress.
Block Copolymer‐Based Supramolecular Ionogels for Accurate On‐Skin Motion Monitoring
Authors: Cho Kyung Gook , An Sol , Cho Dae Hyun , Kim Jeong Hui , Nam Jieun , Kim Myungwoong , Lee Keun Hyung
Published: June 2021

Interest in wearable and stretchable on‐skin motion sensors has grown rapidly in recent years. To expand their applicability, the sensing element must accurately detect external stimuli; however, weak adhesiveness of the sensor to a target object has been a major challenge in developing such practical and versatile devices. In this study, freestanding, stretchable, and self‐adhesive ionogel conductors are demonstrated which are composed of an associating polymer network and ionic liquid that enable conformal contact between the sensor and skin even during dynamic movement. The network of ionogel is formed by noncovalent association of two diblock copolymers, where phase‐separated micellar clusters are interconnected via hydrogen bonds between corona blocks. The resulting ionogels exhibit superior adhesive characteristics, including a very high lift‐off force of 93.3 N m−1, as well as excellent elasticity (strain at break ≈720%), toughness (≈2479 kJ m−3), thermal stability (≈150 °C), and high ionic conductivity (≈17.8 mS cm−1 at 150 °C). These adhesive ionogels are successfully applied to stretchable on‐skin strain sensors as sensing elements. The resulting devices accurately monitor the movement of body parts such as the wrist, finger, ankle, and neck while maintaining intimate contact with the skin, which was not previously possible with conventional non‐adhesive ionogels.
Functional Separators Regulating Ion Transport Enabled by Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Hao Zhendong , Wu Yue , Zhao Qing , Tang Jiadong , Zhang Qianqian , Ke Xiaoxing , Liu Jingbing , Jin Yuhong , Wang Hao
Published: June 2021

Developing high energy density lithium secondary batteries is pivotal for satisfying the increasing demand in advanced energy storage systems. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted growing attention due to their high theoretical capacity, but the lithium dendrites issue severely fetter their real‐world applications. It is found that reducing anion migration near lithium metal prolongs the nucleation time of dendrites, meanwhile, promoting homogeneous lithium deposition suppresses the dendritic growth. Thus, regulating ion transport in LMBs is a feasible and effective strategy for addressing the issues. Based on this, a functional separator is developed to regulate ion transport by utilizing a well‐designed metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) coating to functionalize polypropylene (PP) separator. The well‐defined intrinsic nanochannels in MOFs and the negatively charged gap channels both restricts the free migration of anions, contributing to a high Li+ transference number of 0.68. Meanwhile, the MOFs coating with uniform porous structure promotes homogeneous lithium deposition. Consequently, a highly‐stable Li plating/stripping cycling for over 150 h is achieved. Furthermore, implementation of the separator enables LMBs with high discharge capacity, prominent rate performance and good capacity retention. This work is anticipated to aid developement of dendrite‐free LMBs by utilizing advanced separators with ion transport management.
Organic Electrochemical Transistor Common‐Source Amplifier for Electrophysiological Measurements
Authors: Tyrrell James E. , Petkos Konstantinos , Drakakis Emmanuel M. , Boutelle Martyn G. , Campbell Alasdair J.
Published: June 2021

The portability of physiological monitoring has necessitated the biocompatibility of components used in circuitry local to biological environments. A key component in processing circuitry is the linear amplifier. Amplifier circuit topologies utilize transistors, and recent advances in bioelectronics have focused on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). OECTs have shown the capability to transduce physiological signals at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. In this study high‐performance interdigitated electrode OECTs are implemented in a common source linear amplifier topology. Under the constraints of OECT operation, stable circuit component parameters are found, and OECT geometries are varied to determine the best amplifier performance. An equation is formulated which approximates transistor behavior in the linear, nonlinear, and saturation regimes. This equation is used to simulate the amplifier response of the circuits with the best performing OECT geometries. The amplifier figures of merit, including distortion characterizations, are then calculated using physical and simulation measurements. Based on the figures of merit, prerecorded electrophysiological signals from spreading depolarizations, electrocorticography, and electromyography fasciculations are inputted into an OECT linear amplifier. Using frequency filtering, the primary features of events in the bioelectric signals are resolved and amplified, demonstrating the capability of OECT amplifiers in bioelectronics.
Infrared‐Emitting Multimodal Nanostructures for Controlled In Vivo Magnetic Hyperthermia
Authors: Ximendes Erving , Marin Riccardo , Shen Yingli , Ruiz Diego , Gómez‐Cerezo Diego , Rodríguez‐Sevilla Paloma , Lifante Jose , Viveros‐Méndez Perla X. , Gámez Francisco , García‐Soriano David , Salas Gorka , Zalbidea Carmen , Espinosa Ana , Benayas Antonio , García‐Carrillo Nuria , Cussó Lorena , Desco Manuel , Teran Francisco J. , Juárez Beatriz H. , Jaque Daniel
Published: June 2021

Deliberate and local increase of the temperature within solid tumors represents an effective therapeutic approach. Thermal therapies embrace this concept leveraging the capability of some species to convert the absorbed energy into heat. To that end, magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that can effectively dissipate the energy absorbed under alternating magnetic fields. However, MNPs fail to provide real‐time thermal feedback with the risk of unwanted overheating and impeding on‐the‐fly adjustment of the therapeutic parameters. Localization of MNPs within a tissue in an accurate, rapid, and cost‐effective way represents another challenge for increasing the efficacy of MHT. In this work, MNPs are combined with state‐of‐the‐art infrared luminescent nanothermometers (LNTh; Ag2S nanoparticles) in a nanocapsule that simultaneously overcomes these limitations. The novel optomagnetic nanocapsule acts as multimodal contrast agents for different imaging techniques (magnetic resonance, photoacoustic and near‐infrared fluorescence imaging, optical and X‐ray computed tomography). Most crucially, these nanocapsules provide accurate (0.2 °C resolution) and real‐time subcutaneous thermal feedback during in vivo MHT, also enabling the attainment of thermal maps of the area of interest. These findings are a milestone on the road toward controlled magnetothermal therapies with minimal side effects.
In Situ Tumor Vaccination with Nanoparticle Co‐Delivering CpG and STAT3 siRNA to Effectively Induce Whole‐Body Antitumor Immune Response
Authors: Ngamcherdtrakul Worapol , Reda Moataz , Nelson Molly A. , Wang Ruijie , Zaidan Husam Y. , Bejan Daniel S. , Hoang Ngoc Ha , Lane Ryan S. , Luoh Shiuh‐Wen , Leachman Sancy A. , Mills Gordon B. , Gray Joe W. , Lund Amanda W. , Yantasee Wassana
Published: June 2021

The success of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in a subset of individuals has been very exciting. However, in many cancers, responses to current ICIs are modest and are seen only in a small subsets of patients. Herein, a widely applicable approach that increases the benefit of ICIs is reported. Intratumoral administration of augmenting immune response and inhibiting suppressive environment of tumors—AIRISE‐02 nanotherapeutic that co‐delivers CpG and STAT3 siRNA—results in not only regression of the injected tumor, but also tumors at distant sites in multiple tumor model systems. In particular, three doses of AIRISE‐02 in combination with systemic ICIs completely cure both treated and untreated aggressive melanoma tumors in 63% of mice, while ICIs alone do not cure any mice. A long‐term memory immune effect is also reported. AIRISE‐02 is effective in breast and colon tumor models as well. Lastly, AIRISE‐02 is well tolerated in mice and nonhuman primates. This approach combines multiple therapeutic agents into a single nanoconstruct to create whole‐body immune responses across multiple cancer types. Being a local therapeutic, AIRISE‐02 circumvents regulatory challenges of systemic nanoparticle delivery, facilitating rapid translation to the clinic. AIRISE‐02 is under investigational new drug (IND)‐enabling studies, and clinical trials will soon follow.
Phase Coexistence and Structural Dynamics of Redox Metal Catalysts Revealed by Operando TEM
Authors: Huang Xing , Jones Travis , Fedorov Alexey , Farra Ramzi , Copéret Christophe , Schlögl Robert , Willinger Marc‐Georg
Published: June 2021

Metal catalysts play an important role in industrial redox reactions. Although extensively studied, the state of these catalysts under operating conditions is largely unknown, and assignments of active sites remain speculative. Herein, an operando transmission electron microscopy study is presented, which interrelates the structural dynamics of redox metal catalysts to their activity. Using hydrogen oxidation on copper as an elementary redox reaction, it is revealed how the interaction between metal and the surrounding gas phase induces complex structural transformations and drives the system from a thermodynamic equilibrium toward a state controlled by the chemical dynamics. Direct imaging combined with the simultaneous detection of catalytic activity provides unparalleled structure–activity insights that identify distinct mechanisms for water formation and reveal the means by which the system self‐adjusts to changes of the gas‐phase chemical potential. Density functional theory calculations show that surface phase transitions are driven by chemical dynamics even when the system is far from a thermodynamic phase boundary. In a bottom‐up approach, the dynamic behavior observed here for an elementary reaction is finally extended to more relevant redox reactions and other metal catalysts, which underlines the importance of chemical dynamics for the formation and constant re‐generation of transient active sites during catalysis.
Multidimensional Morphology Control for PS‐b‐P4VP Templated Mesoporous Iron (III) Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Yin Shanshan , Cao Wei , Ji Qing , Cheng Yajun , Song Lin , Li Nian , Weindl Christian L. , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: June 2021

Mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 thin films with large area homogeneity demonstrate tremendous potential in multiple applications. In the present work, the synthesis of morphology‐controlled α‐Fe2O3 thin films is realized with polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) diblock copolymer assisted sol‐gel chemistry. The solvent category (DMF and 1,4‐dioxane) and polymer‐to‐FeCl3 ratio used for the solution preparation are systematically varied to tune the morphology of the thin films. For both solvents, DMF and 1,4‐dioxane, nanocluster structures are obtained with low PS‐b‐P4VP concentration. When the concentration of PS‐b‐P4VP reaches the critical micelle concentration, spherical and wormlike porous structures are specifically formed in the DMF and 1,4‐dioxane solvent system, respectively. Further increasing the polymer‐to‐FeCl3 ratios leads to the enlargement of the spherical pore sizes in the DMF system, whereas the center‐to‐center distances of the wormlike structures in the 1,4‐dioxane system decrease. Moreover, DMF/1,4‐dioxane solvent mixtures with different volume ratios are applied for the sol–gel solution preparation to gain more insight into how the solvent selectivity affects the thin film morphology. By adjusting the preferential affinity of the solvent mixture to the polymer blocks, a spherical to wormlike pore shape transition is observed with a critical Δχ value of around 0.77.
Nonlinear Poisson's Ratio for Modeling Hyperelastic Capacitive Sensors
Authors: Porte Elze , Kramer‐Bottiglio Rebecca
Published: June 2021

Highly stretchable capacitive sensors are of great interest for soft robotic control due to their ability to measure relatively large strains. These sensors are often multilayered materials, with one or more of the layers made from silicones filled with functional particles. However, the models used to describe the material behavior do not always account for the hyperelastic nature of the silicones, the altered material properties due to fillers, and potential anisotropy due to the layered structure. Large errors arise when predicting capacitance using widespread assumptions of linear elastic mechanics and isotropic material properties. This study demonstrates how these modeling assumptions are inadequate for predicting sensor performance, and compares alternative models based on empirical material mechanics. The Poisson's ratio of multi‐layered hyperelastic capacitors is measured in both the width and thickness directions by imaging the sensor dimensions during strain. The results indicate that the sensors are anisotropic and have a strain‐dependent Poisson's ratio, demonstrating the validity of the proposed model. Considering these properties in capacitance models will lead to an improved ability to predict sensor performance, especially at high strains.
Clinical expert consensus on standard care of blood glucose for residents in senior care facility in China (2021 edition)
Authors: Wang Shuang , Zhan Junkun , Cheng Mei , Pan Qi , Liang Zhen , Liu Xiaohong , Peng Wen , Cao Xiaopei , Luo Yingquan , Kang Dongmei , Liu Youshuo ,   Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, Chinese Medical Association
Published: June 2021

With the demographic changes, more and more elderly people have chosen to spend their retirement life in a senior care facility. The elderly people in senior care facility are commonly suffering from various geriatric syndromes, including declined daily living activities, cognitive dysfunction, frailty, comorbidities, and polypharmacy, which make them vulnerable to adverse effects, like hypoglycemia and fall. Therefore, layered management is necessary for this population with group disparities. However, the staff in senior care facility vary greatly in concepts and skills on management of senile diabetic population, which needs urgently to be standardized and improved. For this purpose, based on literature review and panel discussion, 28 recommendations are proposed in respect of the standardized management of blood glucose, covering the comprehensive assessment, layered management and grouping, exercise, nutrition, glucose monitoring, identification and treatment of severe hyperglycemia, identification of macrovascular and microvascular complications, management of hypoglycemic drugs, falls and choking and other common problems, blood glucose screening, hypoglycemia prevention, and blood glucose management in major public health events or serious natural disasters. This guideline aims to standardize management skills of medical staff and caregivers in senior care facility for the blood glucose of elderly people and improve their quality of life.
PHKA2 variants expand the phenotype of phosphorylase B kinase deficiency to include patients with ketotic hypoglycemia only
Authors: Benner Anne , Alhaidan Yazeid , Lines Matthew A. , Brusgaard Klaus , De Leon Diva D. , Sparkes Rebecca , Frederiksen Anja L. , Christesen Henrik T.
Published: June 2021

Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia (IKH) is a diagnosis of exclusion with glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) as a differential diagnosis. GSD IXa presents with ketotic hypoglycemia (KH), hepatomegaly, and growth retardation due to PHKA2 variants. In our multicenter study, 12 children from eight families were diagnosed or suspected of IKH. Whole‐exome sequencing or targeted next‐generation sequencing panels were performed. We identified two known and three novel (likely) pathogenic PHKA2 variants, such as p.(Pro869Arg), p.(Pro498Leu), p.(Arg2Gly), p.(Arg860Trp), and p.(Val135Leu), respectively. Erythrocyte phosphorylase kinase activity in three patients with the novel variants p.(Arg2Gly) and p.(Arg860Trp) were 15%–20% of mean normal. One patient had short stature and intermittent mildly elevated aspartate aminotransferase, but no hepatomegaly. Family testing identified two asymptomatic children and 18 adult family members with one of the PHKA2 variants, of which 10 had KH symptoms in childhood and 8 had mild symptoms in adulthood. Our study expands the classical GSD IXa phenotype of PHKA2 missense variants to a continuum from seemingly asymptomatic carriers, over KH‐only with phosphorylase B kinase deficiency, to more or less complete classical GSD IXa. In contrast to typical IKH, which is confined to young children, KH may persist into adulthood in the KH‐only phenotype of PHKA2.
Conceptual issues in hominin taxonomy: Homo heidelbergensis and an ethnobiological reframing of species
Authors: Athreya Sheela , Hopkins Allison
Published: June 2021

Efforts to name and classify Middle Pleistocene Homo, often referred to as “Homo heidelbergensis” are hampered by confusing patterns of morphology but also by conflicting paleoanthropological ideologies that are embedded in approaches to hominin taxonomy, nomenclature, and the species concept. We deconstruct these issues to show how the field's search for a “real” species relies on strict adherence to pre‐Darwinian essentialist naming rules in a post‐typological world. We then examine Middle Pleistocene Homo through the framework of ethnobiology, which examines on how Indigenous societies perceive, classify, and name biological organisms. This research reminds us that across human societies, taxonomies function to (1) identify and classify organisms based on consensus pattern recognition and (2) construct a stable nomenclature for effective storage, retrieval and communication of information. Naming Middle Pleistocene Homo as a “real” species cannot be verified with the current data; and separating regional groups into distinct evolutionary lineages creates taxa that are not defined by readily perceptible or universally salient differences. Based on ethnobiological studies of this kind of patterning, referring to these hominins above the level of the species according to their generic category with modifiers (e.g., “European Middle Pleistocene Homo”) is consistent with observed human capabilities for cognitive differentiation, is both necessary and sufficient given the current data, and will allow for the most clear communication across ideologies going forward.
Modular Synthesis of a Versatile Double‐Allylation Reagent for Complex Diol Synthesis
Authors: Dorn Stanna K. , Tharp Annika E. , Brown M. Kevin
Published: June 2021

Double‐allylation reagents allow for the construction of highly complex molecules in an expedient fashion. We have developed an efficient, modular, and enantioselective approach towards accessing novel variants of these reagents through Cu/Pd‐catalyzed alkenylboration of alkenylboron derivatives. Importantly, we demonstrate novel use of an allylBdan reagent directly in a stereocontrolled allylation without initial deprotection to the boronic ester. These allylation products are employed in a second intermolecular allylation to access complex diol motifs, which has yet to be shown with these types of double‐allylation reagents. Overall, the modularity of this approach and the ease in which complex structural motifs can be accessed in a rapid manner signify the importance and utility of this method.
Intrinsisch ungeordnete Osteopontin‐Fragmente ordnen sich während der interfazialen Calciumoxalat‐Mineralisierung
Authors: Lu Hao , Ng David Yuen Wah , Lieberwirth Ingo , Weidner Tobias , Bonn Mischa
Published: June 2021

Calciumoxalat ist der Hauptbestandteil von Nierensteinen. Das saure Osteopontin (OPN)‐Protein im Urin kann das Wachstum von CaC2O4‐Kristallen hemmen und wirkt so als Inhibitor der Mineralisation. Studien in Bulk‐Lösung belegten die Wichtigkeit der Bindung und Erkennung von OPN an der CaC2O4‐Mineraloberfläche, allerdinngs fehlen noch Einblicke in das aktive Zentrum auf molekularer Ebene während der CaC2O4‐Mineralisierung. Wir studieren die Struktur des zentralen OPN‐Fragments und seine Wechselwirkung mit Ca2+ und CaC2O4 an der Wasser‐Luft‐Grenzfläche mittels oberflächenspezifischer nichtlinearer Schwingungsspektroskopie. Während OPN‐Peptide in Lösung weitgehend ungeordnet bleiben, faltet die bidentate Bindung von Ca2+‐Ionen die Peptide an der Grenzfläche zu gut geordneten und assemblierten β‐Turn‐Motiven zurück. Die Mineralisierung wird durch ein Intermediat gesteuert, das die strukturelle Freiheit des Rückgrats und der bindenden Seitenketten freigibt. Diese Einblicke in die mineralische Grenzfläche sind wichtig für das Verständnis der Entwicklung von Nierensteinen und möglicherweise relevant für die CaC2O4‐Biomineralisation.
Ligand‐Enabled δ‐C(sp3)−H Borylation of Aliphatic Amines
Authors: Chandrashekar Hediyala B. , Dolui Pravas , Li Bijin , Mandal Astam , Liu Hao , Guin Srimanta , Ge Haibo , Maiti Debabrata
Published: June 2021

Directed C−H functionalization has been realized as a complimentary technique to achieve borylation at a distal position of aliphatic amines. Here, we demonstrated the oxidative borylation at the distal δ‐position of aliphatic amines using various borylating agents, a palladium catalyst, and a rightly tuned ligand in the presence of a cheap oxidant. Moreover, an organopalladium δ‐C(sp3)‐H‐activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallographically characterized to get mechanistic insight.
Spatially Selective Imaging of Mitochondrial MicroRNAs via Optically Programmable Strand Displacement Reactions
Authors: Zhao Jian , Li Zhixiang , Shao Yulei , Hu Wenping , Li Lele
Published: June 2021

MicroRNA (miRNA) functions are tightly regulated by their sub‐compartmental location in living cells, and the ability to imaging of mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs) is essential for understanding of the related pathological processes. However, most existing DNA‐based methods could not be used for this purpose. Here, we report the development of a DNA nanoreporter technology for imaging of mitomiRs in living cells through near‐infrared (NIR) light‐controlled DNA strand displacement reactions. The sensing function of the DNA nanoreporters are silent (OFF) during the delivery process, but can be photoactivated (ON) with NIR light after targeted mitochondrial localization, enabling spatially‐restricted imaging of two types of cancer‐related mitomiRs with improved detection accuracy. Furthermore, we demonstrate imaging of mitomiRs in vivo through spatiotemporally‐controlled delivery and activation. Therefore, this study illustrates a simple methodology that may be broadly applicable for investigating the mitomiRs‐associated physiological events.
Effects of fiber surface grafting by functionalized carbon nanotubes on the interfacial durability during cryogenic testing and conditioning of CFRP composites
Authors: De Soubhik , Shivangi P.N. , Choudhury Saswat , Fulmali Abhinav Omprakash , Ray Bankim Chandra , Prusty Rajesh Kumar
Published: June 2021

Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CE) composite is ideal for a cryogenic fuel storage tank in space applications due to its unmatched specific strength and modulus. In this article, inter‐laminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon fiber/epoxy (CE) composite is shown to be considerably improved by engineering the interface with carboxyl functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotube (FCNT) using electrophoretic deposition technique. FCNT deposited fibers from different bath concentrations (0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L) were used to fabricate the laminates, which were then tested at room (30°C) and in‐situ liquid nitrogen (LN) (−196°C) temperature as well as conditioning for different time durations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 6, and 12 h) followed by immediate RT testing to study the applicability of these engineered materials at the cryogenic environment. A maximum increment in ILSS was noticed at bath concentration of 0.5 g/L, which was ~21% and ~ 17% higher than neat composite at 30°C and − 196°C, respectively. Short‐term LN conditioning was found to be detrimental due to developed cryogenic shock, which was further found to be compensated by cryogenic interfacial clamping upon long‐term exposure.
The interpretation of human body in traditional Chinese medicine and its influence on the characteristics of TCM theory
Authors: Liu Shan , Zhu Jia‐Jie , Li Ji‐Cheng
Published: June 2021

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of serving the Chinese people's health since its birth, including playing an important role in treating and preventing COVID‐19 in 2020. The fact that TCM has been used in China for thousands of years shows the value and reason why it must exist. Although TCM has been or is being questioned, there is no doubt about its importance in terms of efficacy. This article focuses on how TCM understands the human body in comparison with anatomy knowledge in western medicine and discusses the development and advances of TCM in terms of the body view and the theory innovation. The purpose is to let foreign scholars get better understanding of TCM from this perspective.
Books, bones and bodies: The relevance of the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany for medical education today
Authors: Hildebrandt Sabine
Published: June 2021

The history of anatomy in Nazi Germany highlights the consequences to humanity when the destructive potentials immanent to all science and medicine are enabled by an anti‐democratic, totalitarian regime. Anatomy presents an example of ethical transgressions by scientists and health care professionals that were amplified in the criminal political climate of the Nazi regime. This can happen anywhere, as science is never apolitical. This article gives a short account of anatomy in Nazi Germany, which is followed by an outline of the tangible and intangible legacies from this history, to then discuss implications for anatomy education today. While Jewish and politically dissident anatomists were forced out of their positions and country by the Nazi regime, the majority of the remaining anatomists joined the Nazi party and used bodies of Nazi victims for education and research. Some anatomists even performed deadly human experiments. Patterns and legacies that emerge from this history can be traced into the present and concern research ethics in general and anatomical body procurement specifically. They shed light on current practices and controversies in the anatomical sciences, including anthropology. It will be argued here that the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany can inform current anatomy education in a concept of anatomy as the first “clinical discipline.” By integrating insights from the history of anatomy into the learning process, anatomy education can model an approach to medicine that includes a full appreciation of the shared humanity of medical practitioners and patients.
Der gebettete Spannbogen, ein neuartiger Ansatz für freitragende Gewölbebewehrung im Tunnelbau
Authors: Mähner Dietmar , Rudolf Sebastian , Lengers Jacob , Gesing Bernd
Published: June 2021

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem gebetteten Spannbogen, einer neuartigen Unterstützungskonstruktion zur Erstellung einer freitragenden Gewölbebewehrung für die Tunnelinnenschale im bergmännischen Tunnelbau. Dabei wird der üblicherweise verwendete Tragbogen durch einen Spannbogen ersetzt, welcher sich über Abstandhalter gegen die Tunnellaibung verspannt und somit planmäßige Druckkräfte auf das Abdichtungssystem bzw. den Spritzbeton als Abdichtungsträger überträgt. Im Wesentlichen resultieren diese Druckkräfte aus dem Vorspannen des Spannrings und dem Eigengewicht der angeknüpften Bewehrung. Die Größenordnung dieser Druckkräfte wurde bisher lediglich überschläglich abgeschätzt. Im Rahmen der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen werden diese messtechnisch erfasst und hinsichtlich ihres Gefährdungspotenzials genauer beurteilt. Weiterhin wurden diverse Detailpunkte dieser Konstruktion im Labor untersucht.
Elastomere machen dicht
Authors: Bieringer Ruth
Published: June 2021

Elastomere sind für Dichtungen die Werkstoffklasse der Wahl, denn sie verfügen über die erforderlichen Rückstellkräfte, die dafür sorgen, dass die Dichtung unter der Einwirkung äußerer Kräfte versucht, wieder in ihren Ausgangszustand zurückzukehren. Der unterschiedliche molekulare Aufbau der zahlreichen verschiedenen Kautschuktypen sorgt für die Eigenschaften des elastomeren Werkstoffs: Temperatur‐ und Medienbeständigkeit, Kälteflexibilität, mechanische Festigkeiten, Witterungs‐ und Ozonbeständigkeit und vieles mehr. Neben der molekularen Grundausstattung spielt in jedes Elastomer jedoch auch die Art der Vernetzung sowie seine spezifische Rezeptur mit ihren Zusatzstoffen und Additiven sowie die Verarbeitungstechnologie hinein. Um zu verstehen, warum welches Elastomer zu welcher Dichtungsanwendung passt, lohnt sich ein Blick auf die molekulare Ebene der Kautschuktypen und ihrer Vernetzungssysteme.
Catalytic [3+3] Annulation of β‐Ketoethers and Cyclopropenones via C(sp3)—O/C—C Bond Cleavage under Transition‐Metal Free Conditions
Authors: Bai Dachang , Chen Junyan , Zheng Bingbing , Li Xueyan , Chang Junbiao
Published: June 2021

Main observation and conclusion

The efficient cleavage of carbon‐oxygen (C—O) bond is highly important for the transformation of oxygen‐rich biomass and industry chemicals. Herein, an efficient [3+3] annulation of β‐ketoethers with cyclopropenones in the presence of catalytic base has been developed, which proceeds through the C(sp3)—O bonds cleavage in β‐ketoethers and C—C bond cleavage in cyclopropenones under transition‐metal free conditions. The cleavage of C(sp3)—O bonds in alkyl alkyl ethers and aryl alkyl ethers was realized. The reaction featured excellent functional group compatibility and chemoselectivity, affording various 2‐pyrones in good to excellent yields under mild conditions and simple operation.
Effects of Conjugated Structure on the Magnesium Storage Performance of Dianhydrides
Authors: Yang Hongkai , Xu Fei
Published: June 2021

Inorganic cathodes of rechargeable Mg batteries suffer from limited selections, while organic materials provide more options. Herein, three conjugated dianhydrides, pyromellitic dianhydride, 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 3,4,9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride are comparatively investigated to elucidate the effects of conjugated structure on the Mg2+ storage performances. It is observed that the reversible Mg2+ storage capacity is more dependent on the conjugated structure than carbonyl numbers. Ex‐situ mechanism study illustrates that the extended conjugated structure delocalizes the electron density, hence enhancing carbonyl enolization and increasing the Mg2+ storage capacity. Furthermore, the largely conjugated structure buffers the charge density change during repeated magnesiation/demagnesiation resulting in better cyclability. Prominently, 3,4,9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride shows a high Mg2+ storage capacity (160 mAh g−1) and a good cycling stability (80 % capacity retention after 100 cycles) with the largest conjugated structure. This work provides a low‐cost cathode for rechargeable Mg batteries that can be utilized for designing high‐performance organic Mg battery cathodes.
Medication Errors During Treatment with New Oral Anticancer Agents: Consequences for Clinical Practice Based on the AMBORA Study
Authors: Schlichtig Katja , Dürr Pauline , Dörje Frank , Fromm Martin F.
Published: June 2021

Patients treated with oral anticancer agents (e.g., kinase inhibitors) are a high‐risk population for medication errors due to, for example, polymedication, age, and limited adherence. Systematic evaluations regarding frequencies and causes of medication errors and resulting harm are lacking. Our previously published multicenter randomized AMBORA trial revealed that an intensified support by clinical pharmacologists/pharmacists for patients and the treatment team considerably reduced drug‐related problems and improved patient‐reported outcomes. Using this database, we performed a comprehensive, additional analysis focusing on medication errors related to the patients’ complete medication with consideration of the antitumor agents, concomitantly administered drugs, and herb/food intake. Two hundred two patients starting a new oral anticancer drug regardless of the tumor entity were included. Clinical pharmacologists/pharmacists performed advanced medication reviews for 12 weeks. Medication errors were characterized regarding type, cause, patient harm, and the involved medicines. We detected 1.7 medication errors per patient (335/202). Of the medication errors (216/335), 64.5% occurred within the concomitant medication. Patients caused 28.4% of the medication errors. There were 67.8% detected immediately after the start of the new oral regimen, and 14.9% resulted in temporary harm. Drug‐drug or drug‐food interactions accounted for 24.8% of the medication errors. Patients and physicians need to be addressed in strategies for systematic reduction of medication errors during treatment with new oral antitumor drugs. Clinical decision support systems focusing on drug‐drug interactions capture only a minority of the medication errors. Specialists with expertise in clinical pharmacology/pharmacy should support both the treating physicians as well as the patients for improved patient safety.
Dislocation Etching Morphology on the A Plane of Sapphire Crystal
Authors: Cao Fuyang , Li Fei , Yuan Zhiyong , Zhang Lunyong , Jiang Sida , Shen Hongxian , Ning Zhiliang , Huang Yongjiang , Xing Dawei , Zuo Hongbo , Han Jiecai , Sun Jianfei
Published: June 2021

In this work, the dislocation etching pit morphology and etching kinetics on the A‐{110} plane of sapphire crystal (α‐Al2O3) are studied experimentally. The results show that the etch pit exhibits a subrhombic 3D morphology, which is consistent with the atom arrangement symmetry of the A plane. Further analysis shows that the two adjacent sides of the rhombic etch pits correspond to the directions [30] and [302], respectively; both of them are in the atomic close‐packing direction of A plane. The etch pits are controlled by a chemical reaction between Al2O3 and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with the reaction activation energy of 51.7 kJ mol−1, which is developed in a manner of kinematic wave by the step moving with a constant speed.
Intact funiculus in mature harvested seeds of field pea (Pisum sativum L.): preliminary investigation and possible implications
Authors: Lamichaney Amrit , Parihar Ashok K. , Dixit Girish P. , Singh Anil K. , Kumar Nitin , Revanasidda  , Singh Narendra P.
Published: June 2021

A seed remains attached to mother plant through funiculus which is the only means of communication between seed and mother plant. In general, the funiculus is detached from seeds at maturity while harvesting and threshing. However, out of about 950 accessions of fieldpea (Pisum sativum) screened at ICAR‐Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India, eight accessions were identified to have intact funiculus in matured and harvested seed. The role of intact funiculus after maturity and harvesting is not yet known. This article summarizes the results of a preliminary investigation on the effect of presence of funiculus on mature harvested seeds of fieldpea on water uptake, as the region underneath the funiculus (hilum–micropylar region) is known to be actively involved in water imbibition by seed. We also propose the possible implications (positive and negative) of incorporation of such trait in high yielding cultivars. The preliminary investigation suggested that the presence of funiculus in harvested seeds has a significant but negative role in rate of water uptake, as the seeds of all eight accessions imbibed more water when funiculus was removed. Such an effect on water uptake, which triggers many physiological metabolisms of dry seed, could have an effect on rate and final germination, dormancy, seed shattering, and cooking time. Also, such genotypes are expected to perform better under high initial moisture and/or flood situation like rice (Oryza sativa) fallows.
Improvement of key agronomical traits in soybean through genomic prediction of superior crosses
Authors: Jean Martine , Cober Elroy , O'Donoughue Louise , Rajcan Istvan , Belzile François
Published: June 2021

Maximizing yield is very important when developing new cultivars. However, yield must usually be improved jointly with other key traits, which can prove challenging when they are unfavorably correlated. Genomic predictions can facilitate the selection of promising lines among the progeny of crosses, but it may also help in selecting crosses that are more likely to produce improved lines by predicting progeny performance for the various key traits considered jointly. To assess whether genomic predictions of cross performance could help breeders simultaneously improve multiple traits, yield and maturity were predicted for 60,000 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crosses. These predictions were then compared with the persistence of 101 biparental crosses throughout the selection process measured as the success in advancing progeny lines through to registration and commercialization. All but 2 of the 22 superior crosses retained by breeders had been predicted to display above‐average mean yield within different maturity windows. At the opposite end of the spectrum, 96.2% of all crosses predicted to produce progeny with a below‐average mean yield within a specific maturity window were eliminated during selection. Our results therefore suggest that by making crosses predicted to produce progeny meeting target requirements for multiple key traits, breeders could either achieve the same genetic gains with fewer resources or invest the same resources on a more promising set of crosses and thereby achieve greater gains.
Multi‐particle interaction in AC electric field driven by dielectrophoresis force
Authors: Huang Zhiwei , Wu Zhihao , Wang Pengcheng , Zhou Teng , Shi Liuyong , Liu Zhenyu , Huang Jiaomei
Published: June 2021

When the dielectrophoresis technology is used to manipulate micron‐sized particles, the interaction between particles should not be ignored because of the particle‐particle interaction. Especially, when multiple particles (number of particles is above 2) are simultaneously manipulated, the interaction between neighboring particles will affect the results of the manipulation. This research investigates the interaction of particles caused dielectrophoresis effect by the Arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) method based on the hypothesis of the thin layer of the electric double layer at the microscale. The mathematics model can be solved simultaneously by the finite element method for the AC electric field, the flow field around the suspended particles and the particle mechanics at the micrometer scale. In this study, the particle conductivity and the direction of the electric field are investigated, we find that particle conductivity and electric field direction pose an impact on particle movement, and the research reveal the law of microparticle dielectrophoresis movement, which could offer theoretical and technology support to profoundly understand the precise manipulation of particles in microfluidic chips by the dielectrophoresis effect.
Ignition temperature of combustible liquids in mixtures of air with nitrous oxide
Authors: Mitu Maria , Zakel Sabine , Brandes Elisabeth , Hirsch Werner
Published: June 2021

While ignition temperatures in the air are well known for a large number of flammable substances and to a lesser extent in pure oxygen too, no such values exist for ignition temperatures in nitrous oxide in spite of the fact that nitrous oxide is used as oxidizer in combustion processes or aerosol propellant in industry. The ignition temperatures of some pure compounds have now been investigated in oxidizer mixtures of nitrous oxide and air with varying concentration of nitrous oxide up to 80 vol% using a slightly modified standardized apparatus. The ignition temperature increases with increasing nitrous oxide concentration. Up to 580°C, none of the investigated substances ignited in pure nitrous oxide.