bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Interprofessional Trainees into a Complex Care Program for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness: Effects on Health Services Utilization
Authors: Gelberg Lillian , Edwards Samuel T. , Hooker Elizabeth R. , Niederhausen Meike , Shaner Andrew , Cowan Brianna J. , Warde Carole M.
Published: September 2021

PURPOSE

High-quality, comprehensive care of vulnerable populations requires interprofessional ambulatory care teams skilled in addressing complex social, medical, and psychological needs. Training health professionals in interprofessional settings is crucial for building a competent future workforce. The impacts on care utilization of adding continuity trainees to ambulatory teams serving vulnerable populations have not been described. We aim to understand how the addition of interprofessional trainees to an ambulatory clinic caring for Veterans experiencing homelessness impacts medical and mental health services utilization.

METHODS

Trainees from five professions were incorporated into an interprofessional ambulatory clinic for Veterans experiencing homelessness starting in July 2016. We performed clinic-level interrupted time series (ITS) analyses of pre- and post-intervention utilization measures among patients enrolled in this training continuity clinic, compared to three similar VA homeless clinics without training programs from October 2015 to September 2018.

RESULTS

Our sample consisted of 37,671 patient- months. There was no significant difference between the intervention and comparison groups’ post-intervention slopes for numbers of primary care visits (difference in slopes =−0.16 visits/100 patients/month; 95% CI −0.40, 0.08; p=0.19), emergency department visits (difference in slopes = 0.08 visits/100 patients/month; 95% CI −0.16, 0.32; p=0.50), mental health visits (difference in slopes = −1.37 visits/month; 95% CI −2.95, 0.20; p= 0.09), and psychiatric hospitalizations (−0.005 admissions/100 patients/month; 95% CI −0.02, 0.01; p= 0.62). We found a clinically insignificant change in medical hospitalizations.

CONCLUSIONS

Adding continuity trainees from five health professions to an interprofessional ambulatory clinic caring for Veterans experiencing homelessness did not adversely impact inpatient and outpatient care utilization. An organized team-based care approach is beneficial for vulnerable patients and provides a meaningful educational experience for interprofessional trainees by building health professionals’ capabilities to care for vulnerable populations.
Geschichte und Psychotherapie im Austausch: Lebensgeschichten mit Oral-History-Interviews erfassen
Authors: Lichtblau Albert
Published: September 2021

Dieser Beitrag für dieZeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometriereflektiert die MethodeOral History, die sich mit der Aufzeichnung, Archivierung und Auswertung von lebensgeschichtlichen Interviews befasst. Für die Aufarbeitung der Gewaltgeschichte von zwei Weltkriegen und fortdauernder Massengewalt im 20. Jahrhundert waren die Erfahrungen aus der therapeutischen Arbeit mit dadurch traumatisierten Menschen eine wichtige Stütze. Das Wissen über historische Rahmenbedingungen wiederum kann wichtige Hinweise für die therapeutische Arbeit geben, um die Darstellungsweisen individueller Geschichten besser zu verstehen.
A Scoping Review of Police Involvement in School Crisis Response for Mental Health Emergencies
Authors: Choi Kristen R. , O’Malley Corey , Ijadi-Maghsoodi Roya , Tascione Elyse , Bath Eraka , Zima Bonnie T.
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this scoping literature review was to examine research on police involvement in school mental health crisis response. The search was conducted in PsychInfo, PubMed, and ERIC and initially identified 315 articles. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 47 articles remained. Detailed review and data extraction by three independent reviewers resulted in a final article count of nine. Three primary themes were identified across articles: (1) perceptions and consequences of law enforcement presence in schools; (2) the role of school-community partnerships in successful crisis response models; and (3) gaps in research and challenges of implementing and scaling existing models. Though in practice law enforcement officers are often involved in school mental health crisis response, there is limited empirical research supporting this approach. Our review did not return any randomized trials. In the absence of empirical evidence supporting the use of current models, there is a need for research on law enforcement involvement in school crisis response and, more broadly, community-partnered models of responding to student mental health needs.
Dynamic behavior of coal under true triaxial prestressed by using a Hopkinson bar
Authors: Zhang Shiwei , Wang Wen , Liu Kai , Gong Shuang , Li Donngyin , Li Huamin
Published: September 2021

Deep mining is faced with severe rock dynamic problems. Coal bears high-strength static load in the deep and is prone to impact under the influence of dynamic load disturbance such as roof breaking. The true triaxial Hopkinson pressure bar system is used to conduct dynamic load impact tests on coal specimens under different triaxial prestressing forces to simulate the bearing characteristics of coal under different engineering conditions. The results show that the dynamic mechanical characteristics of coal are confinement-dependent under the same dynamic load, and the energy transmission of each component are significantly different, which is obviously different from that under static load; Furthermore, the influence range of intermediate principal stress on dynamic characteristics of coal specimen is 6~8 MPa. Based on the failure characteristics, the enhancement of the intermediate principal stress will increase the integrity and the internal damage of a coal specimen after failure; It should be noted that the strain signals obtained in the Y/Z axis direction are mainly the response to the triaxial prestress, and the stress wave of coal specimen is mainly influenced in the impact direction. In underground coal mining, by changing the triaxial prestressed state of coal, the buffering effect of stress wave is improved, and the damage of coal caused by the impact is reduced.
Intensification of the steam stimulation process using bimetallic oxide catalysts of MFe2O4 (M = Cu, Co, Ni) for in-situ upgrading and recovery of heavy oil
Authors: AL-Rubaye Ameer H. , Suwaid Muneer A. , Al-Muntaser Ameen A. , Varfolomeev Mikhail A. , Rakhmatullin Ilfat Z. , Hakimi Mohammed H. , Saeed Shadi A.
Published: September 2021

In this study, bimetallic catalysts based on transition metals CuFe2O4, CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 are proposed for catalyzing aquathermolysis reaction during steam-based EOR method to improve in-situ heavy oil upgrading. All upgrading experiments were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h in a 300-ml batch Parr reactor at 250 and 300 °C under high pressure 35 and 75 bar, respectively. To evaluate the catalytic performance of the bimetallic catalysts used, comprehensive studies of changes in the physical and chemical properties of the improved oils, including the viscosity, elemental composition and SARA fractions of oils before and after upgrading processes were used. Furthermore, individual SARA fractions were characterized in detail by Gas Chromatography (GC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), respectively. The results showed that bimetallic catalysts have high catalytic performance at 300 °C for the upgrading of heavy crude oil in viscosity reduction, increasing the amount of saturates (especially alkanes with low carbon number) as a result of thermal decompositions of high molecular weight compounds like resin and asphaltenes leading to their increasing. Furthermore, the upgrading performance is reflected in the improvement of the H/C ratio, the removal of sulfur and nitrogen through desulfurization and denitrogenation procedures, and the reduction in polyaromatic content, etc. CoFe2O4 gives the best performance. Generally, it can be concluded that, used bimetallic based catalysts can be considered as promising and potential additives improving in-situ upgrading and thermal conversion the heavy oils.
Effect of density dependence on coinfection dynamics: part 2
Authors: Andersson Jonathan , Ghersheen Samia , Kozlov Vladimir , Tkachev Vladimir G. , Wennergren Uno
Published: September 2021

In this paper we continue the stability analysis of the model for coinfection with density dependent susceptible population introduced in Andersson et al. (Effect of density dependence on coinfection dynamics.arXiv:2008.09987, 2020). We consider the remaining parameter values left out from Andersson et al. (Effect of density dependence on coinfection dynamics.arXiv:2008.09987, 2020). We look for coexistence equilibrium points, their stability and dependence on the carrying capacityK. Two sets of parameter value are determined, each giving rise to different scenarios for the equilibrium branch parametrized byK. In both scenarios the branch includes coexistence points implying that both coinfection and single infection of both diseases can exist together in a stable state. There are no simple explicit expression for these equilibrium points and we will require a more delicate analysis of these points with a new bifurcation technique adapted to such epidemic related problems. The first scenario is described by the branch of stable equilibrium points which includes a continuum of coexistence points starting at a bifurcation equilibrium point with zero single infection strain #1 and finishing at another bifurcation point with zero single infection strain #2. In the second scenario the branch also includes a section of coexistence equilibrium points with the same type of starting point but the branch stays inside the positive cone after this. The coexistence equilibrium points are stable at the start of the section. It stays stable as long as the product ofKand the rate$${\bar{\gamma }}$$γ¯of coinfection resulting from two single infections is small but, after this it can reach a Hopf bifurcation and periodic orbits will appear.
Amelioration of sintering and multi-frequency dielectric properties of Mg3B2O6: A mechanism study of nickel substitution using DFT calculation
Authors: Peng Rui , Lu Yongcheng , Zhang Qin , Lai Yuanming , Yu Guoliang , Wu Xiaohui , Li Yuanxun , Su Hua , Zhang Huaiwu
Published: September 2021

With the support of density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the amelioration of sintering and dielectric properties of the Mg3B2O6 (MBO) ceramic was realized through the substitution of magnesium with nickel. The TE-mode cylindrical cavity method was used to measure the dielectric properties at different frequencies. The thermo-mechanical analysis and simultaneous thermal analysis were used to characterize the chemical and mechanical properties. The phase composition was determined through the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrum. The microstructure was investigated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Magnesium substitution with nickel (4 mol%) could ionize the B-O bond of BO3, modify the vibration mode, improve the order degree, densify the microstructure, decrease the intrinsic densification temperature, and ameliorate the dielectric properties of the MBO ceramics. The maximum values were achieved for the ceramics with 4 mol% nickel and sintered at 1175 °C, that is, 97.2% for relative density, 72,600 GHz (10 GHz), 75,600 GHz (11.4 GHz), and 92,200 GHz (15 GHz) for Q × f, 7.1 (10 GHz), 7.01 (11.4 GHz), and 6.91 (15 GHz) for εr, and −56.3 ppm/°C for τf.
Comparative analysis of box-covering algorithms for fractal networks
Authors: Kovács Péter Tamás , Nagy Marcell , Molontay Roland
Published: September 2021

Research on fractal networks is a dynamically growing field of network science. A central issue is to analyze the fractality with the so-called box-covering method. As this problem is known to be NP-hard, a plethora of approximating algorithms have been proposed throughout the years. This study aims to establish a unified framework for comparing approximating box-covering algorithms by collecting, implementing, and evaluating these methods in various aspects including running time and approximation ability. This work might also serve as a reference for both researchers and practitioners, allowing fast selection from a rich collection of box-covering algorithms with a publicly available codebase.
Electrically conductive polymer composite containing hybrid graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes: synergistic effect and tunable conductivity anisotropy
Authors: Luo Xiaoling , Yang Guanda , Schubert Dirk W.
Published: September 2021

Pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) were introduced into conductive poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanoplatelet (PMMA/GNP) composites to achieve a synergistic effect in the enhancement of the conductivity and the reduction in the percolation threshold by forming a 3-Dimensional(3-D) hybrid structure. Both the in-plane and perpendicular electrical properties were investigated. The synergies of hybrid fillers in the in-plane direction were more dependent on the total filler loading, while those in the perpendicular direction were significantly influenced by the GNP/CNT or GNP/f-CNT ratios. Typically, a schematic diagram of the evolution of the 3-D conductive pathways of PMMA/GNP/f-CNT composite at different GNP/f-CNT ratios was presented to explain this phenomenon. Moreover, tunable conductivity anisotropy (defined as the ratio of in-plane conductivity to perpendicular conductivity) ranging from 0.01 to 1000 was achieved, simply by constructing different conductive structures at various filler loadings or ratios in composites.

Graphical abstract

The synergistic effect of GNPs and f-CNTs varies with the microstructural conductive network evolution at different filler ratios.
Brain metastasis from prostate cancer: A review of the literature with an illustrative case
Authors: Al-Salihi Mohammed Maan , Al-Jebur Maryam Sabah , Lozada-Martinez Ivan David , Rahman Moshiur , Rahman Sabrina
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:

Brain metastasis of prostatic cancer is highly a rare condition. Its intracranial metastatic process and presentation are poorly understood and limited to case reports, making it challenging to detect and diagnose. We aim to highlight the rare case, brain metastasis of prostate cancer, and review the literature regarding the progress and therapies of prostatic cancer in the current era. The case of a prostate adenocarcinoma patient who acquired brain metastasis was outlined. In addition, we review the literature to discuss the main aspects of brain metastasis in prostate cancer.

Case presentation:

Herein, the patient was a 62-year-old male with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma into the brain, which suffered from progressive language difficulties, mixed dysphasia, and right hemiparesis.

Clinical discussion:

Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left frontoparietal mass, confirmed with an elevated PSA level. The group was resected, and after that, the patient was discharged with noticeable language and neurological improvement. Upon follow-up, after six months, a new asymptomatic left temporal lesion was observed and successfully treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This case confirms that prostatic adenocarcinoma's possibility to spread into the brain.

Conclusion:

This report reviews the literature about prostate cancer brain metastasis, highlighting that although rare, it does occur and shouldn't be neglected, especially with the current progress in prostatic cancer therapies, which prolongs the patient's survival time, so those brain metastases out of prostatic cancer are expected to be a frequent clinical scenario. Therefore, follow-up of prostatic cancer male patients of 50 years old or more is necessary.

Highlights

Key message: The milestone of treating the cerebral metastasis of prostate cancer is early detection, early management, and follow-up.
Exploring the Use of Exchange Transfusion in the Surgical Management of Priapism in Sickle Cell Disease: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Ha Albert S , Wallace Brendan K , Miles Caleb , Raup Valary , Punjani Nahid , Badalato Gina M , Alukal Joseph P
Published: September 2021

INTRODUCTION

Priapism is a urologic emergency that may require surgical intervention in cases refractory to supportive care. Exchange transfusion (ET) has been previously used to manage sickle cell disease (SCD), including in priapism; however, its utilization in the context of surgical intervention has not been well-established.

Aim

To explore the utilization of ET, as well as other patient and hospital-level factors, associated with surgical intervention for SCD-induced priapism

Methods

Using the National Inpatient Sample (2010–2015), males diagnosed with SCD and priapism were stratified by need for surgical intervention. Survey-weighted regression models were used to analyze the association of ET to surgical intervention. Furthermore, negative binomial regression and generalized linear models with logarithmic transformation were used to compare ET vs surgery to length of hospital stay (LOS) and total hospital charges, respectively.

Main Outcome Measures

: Predictors of surgical intervention among patients with SCD-related priapism

RESULTS

A weighted total of 8,087 hospitalizations were identified, with 1,782 (22%) receiving surgical intervention for priapism, 484 undergoing ET (6.0%), and 149 (1.8%) receiving combined therapy of both ET and surgery. On multivariable regression, pre-existing Elixhauser comorbidities (e.g. ≥2 Elixhauser: OR: 2.20; P < 0.001), other forms of insurance (OR: 2.12; P < 0.001), and ET (OR: 1.99; P = 0.009) had increased odds of undergoing surgical intervention. In contrast, Black race (OR: 0.45; P < 0.001) and other co-existing SCD complications (e.g. infectious complications OR: 0.52; P < 0.001) reduced such odds. Compared to supportive care alone, patients undergoing ET (adjusted IRR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.10–1.83; P = 0.007) or combined therapy (adjusted IRR: 1.42; 95% CI: 111–1.82; P < 0.001) had a longer LOS vs. surgery alone (adjusted IRR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74–0.97; P = 0.017). Patients receiving ET (adjusted Ratio: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.52–3.76; P < 0.001) or combined therapy (adjusted Ratio: 4.42; 95% CI: 1.67–11.71; P = 0.003) had higher ratio of mean hospital charges compared with surgery alone (adjusted Ratio: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.69–1.72; P = 0.710).

CONCLUSIONS

Numerous factors were associated with the need for surgical intervention, including the use of ET. Those receiving ET, as well as those with combined therapy, had a longer LOS and increased total hospital charges.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline
Authors: Hegel Georg Wilhelm Fredrich
Published: September 2021

Hegel's Encyclopaedia Logic constitutes the foundation of the system of philosophy presented in his Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. Together with his Science of Logic, it contains the most explicit formulation of his enduringly influential dialectical method and of the categorical system underlying his thought. It offers a more compact presentation of his dialectical method than is found elsewhere, and also incorporates changes that he would have made to the second edition of the Science of Logic if he had lived to do so. This volume presents it in a new translation with a helpful introduction and notes. It will be a valuable reference work for scholars and students of Hegel and German idealism, as well as for those who are interested in the post-Hegelian character of contemporary philosophy.
Continuous calibration of a digital twin: Comparison of particle filter and Bayesian calibration approaches
Authors: Ward Rebecca , Choudhary Ruchi , Gregory Alastair , Jans-Singh Melanie , Girolami Mark
Published: September 2021

Assimilation of continuously streamed monitored data is an essential component of a digital twin; the assimilated data are used to ensure the digital twin represents the monitored system as accurately as possible. One way this is achieved is by calibration of simulation models, whether data-derived or physics-based, or a combination of both. Traditional manual calibration is not possible in this context; hence, new methods are required for continuous calibration. In this paper, a particle filter methodology for continuous calibration of the physics-based model element of a digital twin is presented and applied to an example of an underground farm. The methodology is applied to a synthetic problem with known calibration parameter values prior to being used in conjunction with monitored data. The proposed methodology is compared against static and sequential Bayesian calibration approaches and compares favourably in terms of determination of the distribution of parameter values and analysis run times, both essential requirements. The methodology is shown to be potentially useful as a means to ensure continuing model fidelity.
The Logic of Life: Apriority, Singularity and Death in Ng's Vitalist Hegel
Authors: Rand Sebastian
Published: September 2021

The hope […] is that animal creation might survive the wrong humanity has done to it, if not humanity itself, and bring forth a better species, one that finally succeeds.

—Adorno, Minima Moralia §74
Fractal-like actuator disc theory for optimal energy extraction
Authors: Dehtyriov D. , Schnabl A.M. , Vogel C.R. , Draper S. , Adcock T.A.A. , Willden R.H.J.
Published: September 2021

The limit of power extraction by a device which makes use of constructive interference, i.e. local blockage, is investigated theoretically. The device is modelled using actuator disc theory in which we allow the device to be split into arrays and these then into sub-arrays an arbitrary number of times so as to construct an

$n$

-level multi-scale device in which the original device undergoes

$n-1$

sub-divisions. The alternative physical interpretation of the problem is a planar system of arrayed turbines in which groups of turbines are homogeneously arrayed at the smallest

$n\mathrm {th}$

scale, and then these groups are homogeneously spaced relative to each other at the next smallest

$n-1\mathrm {th}$

scale, with this pattern repeating at all subsequent larger scales. The scale-separation idea of Nishino & Willden (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 708, 2012b, pp. 596–606) is employed, which assumes mixing within a sub-array occurs faster than mixing of the by-pass flow around that sub-array, so that in the

$n$

-scale device mixing occurs from the inner scale to the outermost scale in that order. We investigate the behaviour of an arbitrary level multi-scale device, and determine the arrangement of actuator discs (

$n\mathrm {th}$

level devices) which maximises the power coefficient (ratio of power extracted to undisturbed kinetic energy flux through the net disc frontal area). We find that this optimal arrangement is close to fractal, and fractal arrangements give similar results. With the device placed in an infinitely wide channel, i.e. zero global blockage, we find that the optimum power coefficient tends to unity as the number of device scales tends to infinity, a 27/16 increase over the Lanchester–Betz limit of

$0.593$

. For devices in finite width channels, i.e. non-zero global blockage, similar observations can be made with further uplift in the maximum power coefficient. We discuss the fluid mechanics of this energy extraction process and examine the scale distribution of thrust and wake velocity coefficients. Numerical demonstration of performance uplift due to multi-scale dynamics is also provided. We demonstrate that bypass flow remixing and ensuing energy losses increase the device power coefficient above the limits for single devices, so that although the power coefficient can be made to increase, this is at the expense of the overall efficiency of energy extraction which decreases as wake-scale remixing losses necessarily rise. For multi-scale devices in finite overall blockage two effects act to increase extractable power; an overall streamwise pressure gradient associated with finite blockage, and wake pressure recoveries associated with bypass-scale remixing.
THE STATISTICAL CHALLENGES OF MODELLING COVID-19
Authors: Dolton Peter
Published: September 2021

In 2020–2021, the world has been gripped by a pandemic that no living person has ever known. The coronavirus pandemic is undoubtedly the greatest challenge the world has faced in over a generation. The imperative of statistical modelling is not only to manage the short-run crisis for the health services, but also to explain the pandemic’s course and establish the effectiveness of different policies, both non-pharmaceutical and with vaccines. This difficult task has been undertaken by the epidemiologists and others in the face of measurement data problems, behavioural complications and endogeneity issues. This paper proposes a simple taxonomy of the alternative different models and suggests how they may be used together to overcome limitations. This perspective may have important implications for how policy-makers cope with future waves or strains in the current pandemic, or future pandemics.
Comparison of the key modifiable factors in the first 1000 days predicting subsequent overweight and obesity in pre-school children in Tehran: a case–control study
Authors: Farzaneh Mardali , Fatemeh-Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi , Afsaneh Dehnad , Farzad Shidfar , Saeed Mohammadi , Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
Published: September 2021

The identification of paediatric obesity predictors in the early stages of life is warranted, as it can influence the development of effective strategies to prevent metabolic disorders. In this case–control study, we assessed nine risk factors for paediatric obesity, namely a birth weight > 4000 g, an exclusive breast-feeding period < 4 months, the introduction of solid food at < 4 months, maternal overweight or obesity before pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, the presence of gestational diabetes, paternal overweight and obesity and paternal smoking. In order to identify the most relevant predictors of paediatric obesity, we employed a multiple logistic regression model with R2 Cox Snell by adjusting confounders. In the randomly selected 509 preschool children from Tehran, children exposed to gestational diabetes had the maximum predicted probability of obesity (4·36 (1·94, 9·80) %) among the analysed risk factors %. The introduction of solid food at < 4 months of age increased the risk of obesity by 2·98 (1·77, 4·97 %). The OR of childhood obesity was associated with maternal overweight and obesity (2·72(1·60–4·60) %), maternal smoking (2·21 (1·18, 4·11) %) and excessive gestational weight gain (1·89 (1·23, 2·91) %). Paternal smoking and high birth weight increased the risk of paediatrics obesity > 1·8 times (1·15–2·94) and > 1·5 times (1·015–2·43), respectively. There was no association between the paternal BMI, the exclusive breast-feeding time and the risk of paediatric obesity. Among early risk factors, probably gestational diabetes can be considered as the most important predictor for the risk of paediatric obesity.
Management of Aries and Aruana Guinea grass cultivars under rotational stocking based on canopy light interception
Authors: Campos F. P. , Sarmento P. , Mattos W. T. , Gerdes L. , Carnevalli R. A. , Lima C. G.
Published: September 2021

Efforts were made to obtain forage cultivars with high production capacity and quality and to determine the ideal time to start animal grazing, respecting the morphological characteristics of the grasses. For this purpose, the nutritional value, digestibility and characteristics of the forage canopy of Aries and Aruana (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) or Panicum maximum) cultivars kept under rotational stocking with sheep were evaluated and the management height was determined based on 95% light interception (LI). The experiment was evaluated with repeated measures over time (grazing cycles by season, in 2 years) with a treatment factor (grass cultivar) in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates, using 800 m2 paddocks. The height of the forage canopy before grazing (pre-grazing) determined by 95% LI stabilized around 29 cm. The highest proportion of Aruana leaf blades was observed in winter. Aries grass presented similar leaf blade percentages in summer, autumn and spring. Similar forage accumulation (FA) was observed for both cultivars, decreasing in spring, autumn and winter. Higher crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were seen in Aries grass, while Aruana grass presented higher neutral and acid detergent fibre and cellulose and lower IVDMD. The nutritional quality of the grasses was maintained throughout the year. The height of the forage canopy of Aries and Aruana recommended for entry into the paddock is 29 cm to maintain nutritional quality. The successful management strategy adopted for grasses combined with nitrogen fertilization provided a greater forage mass quality.
Early surgical intervention for nasal deformity in Binder's syndrome
Authors: Baser B , Singh P , Surana P , Roy P K , Chaubey P
Published: September 2021

Objective

To assess benefits of surgical intervention at an early age and focus on surgical techniques using exclusively autologous cartilage grafts.

Methods

Five children aged 8–15 years, treated between March 2016 and 2020, underwent augmentation rhinoplasty using autologous cartilage, with post-operative follow up ranging from 1.5 to 2 years. Photographs and Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation questionnaire scores were examined.

Results

Augmentation was achieved without complications. No restricted skin or mucosal pockets were encountered. Patients showed improved confidence and perspective with regard to self-image, and were less socially self-conscious. There was significant improvement in all Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation questionnaire scores.

Conclusion

Early surgery allows augmentation with easier release of skin and mucosal pockets, and without the tension otherwise encountered if primary augmentation is performed at a later age. It offers a chance to improve confidence and self-perception in a growing child conscious about their appearance, which may make them socially withdrawn. Autologous cartilage gives better results than bone grafts, and is comparable with silicone but without its complications.
Musicality as a predictive process
Authors: Kraus Nils , Hesselmann Guido
Published: September 2021

Savage et al. argue for musicality as having evolved for the overarching purpose of social bonding. By way of contrast, we highlight contemporary predictive processing models of human cognitive functioning in which the production and enjoyment of music follows directly from the principle of prediction error minimization.
The origins of music in (musi)language
Authors: Leivada Evelina
Published: September 2021

The view of music as a byproduct of other cognitive functions has been deemed incomplete or incorrect. Revisiting the six lines of evidence that support this conclusion, it is argued that it is unclear how the hypothesis that music has its origins in (musi)language is discarded. Two additional promising research lines that can support or discard the byproduct hypothesis are presented.
The evolutionary benefit of less-credible affective musical signals for emotion induction during storytelling
Authors: Trevor Caitlyn , Frühholz Sascha
Published: September 2021

The credible signaling theory underexplains the evolutionary added value of less-credible affective musical signals compared to vocal signals. The theory might be extended to account for the motivation for, and consequences of, culturally decontextualizing a biologically contextualized signal. Musical signals are twofold, communicating “emotional fiction” alongside biological meaning, and could have filled an adaptive need for affect induction during storytelling.
Where they sing solo: Accounting for cross-cultural variation in collective music-making in theories of music evolution
Authors: Patel Aniruddh D. , von Rueden Chris
Published: September 2021

Collective, synchronous music-making is far from ubiquitous across traditional, small-scale societies. We describe societies that lack collective music and offer hypotheses to help explain this cultural variation. Without identifying the factors that explain variation in collective music-making across these societies, theories of music evolution based on social bonding (Savage et al.) or coalition signaling (Mehr et al.) remain incomplete.
Knowledge songs as an evolutionary adaptation to facilitate information transmission through music
Authors: Levitin Daniel J.
Published: September 2021

I propose an adjunct to the two models presented in the target articles, a function of music that is ubiquitous and would have solved a clear adaptive problem, that of transmitting important survival information among pre-literate humans. This class ofknowledge songsuniquely preserved cultural, botanical, medical, safety, and practical information that increased the adaptive fitness of societies.
Beyond “consistent with” adaptation: Is there a robust test for music adaptation?
Authors: Tichko Parker , Bird Kevin A. , Kohn Gregory
Published: September 2021

In their article, Mehr et al. conclude that the design features of music are consistent with adaptations for credible signaling. Although appealing to design may seem like a plausible basis for identifying adaptations, probing adaptive theories of music must be done at the genomic level and will require a functional understanding of the genomic, phenotypic, and fitness properties of music.
Ancestral human mother–infant interaction was an adaptation that gave rise to music and dance
Authors: Dissanayake Ellen
Published: September 2021

Human infants are born ready to respond to affiliative signals of a caretaker's face, body, and voice. This ritualized behavior in ancestral mothers and infants was an adaptation that gave rise to music and dance as exaptations for promoting group ritual and other social bonding behaviors, arguing for an evolutionary relationship between mother and infant bonding and both music and dance.
An evolutionary theory of music needs to care about developmental timing
Authors: Hannon Erin E. , Crittenden Alyssa N. , Snyder Joel S. , Nave Karli M.
Published: September 2021

Both target papers cite evidence from infancy and early childhood to support the notion of human musicality as a somewhat static suite of capacities; however, in our view they do not adequately acknowledge the critical role of developmental timing, the acquisition process, or the dynamics of social learning, especially during later periods of development such as middle childhood.
Clarifying the link between music and social bonding by measuring prosociality in context
Authors: Sachs Matthew E. , FeldmanHall Oriel , Tamir Diana I.
Published: September 2021

To corroborate the music and social bonding hypothesis, we propose that future investigations isolate specific components of social bonding and consider the influence of context. We deconstruct and operationalize social bonding through the lens of social psychology and provide examples of specific measures that can be used to assess how the link between music and sociality varies by context.
Sound sleep: Lullabies as a test case for the neurobiological effects of music
Authors: Akkermann Miriam , Can Akkaya Ugur , Demirel Cagatay , Pflüger Dirk , Dresler Martin
Published: September 2021

Music is part of the cultural practice and, at the same time, is interwoven with biology through its effects on the brain and its likely evolutionary origin. Studies on music, however, are traditionally based on the humanities and often carried out in a purely historical context, without much input from neuroscience and biology. Here, we argue that lullabies are a particularly suited test case to study the biological versus cultural aspects of music.
The evolution of music as artistic cultural innovation expressing intuitive thought symbolically
Authors: van Mulukom Valerie
Published: September 2021

Music is an artistic cultural innovation, and therefore it may be considered as intuitive thought expressed in symbols, which can efficiently convey multiple meanings in learning, thinking, and transmission, selected for and passed on through cultural evolution. The symbolic system has personal adaptive benefits besides social ones, which should not be overlooked even if music may tend more to the latter.
Understanding the origins of musicality requires reconstructing the interactive dance between music-specific adaptations, exaptations, and cultural creations
Authors: Trainor Laurel J.
Published: September 2021

The evolutionary origins of complex capacities such as musicality are not simple, and likely involved many interacting steps of musicality-specific adaptations, exaptations, and cultural creation. A full account of the origins of musicality needs to consider the role of ancient adaptations such as credible singing, auditory scene analysis, and prediction-reward circuits in constraining the emergence of musicality.
If music be the food of love, play on: Four ways that music may lead to social connection
Authors: Gabriel Shira , Paravati Elaine
Published: September 2021

The hypothesis that music is well suited to facilitate social bonding (Savage et al., target article) is highly consistent with social psychological research on the need to belong. We explore how music is uniquely placed to increase feelings of connections to large collectives by increasing collective effervescence, providing narratives, reminding one of others, and providing social surrogates.
What's not music, but feels like music to you?
Authors: Iyer Vijay
Published: September 2021

The category “music” as used in this area of science is inconsistent and unstable, and its logical relationship to the word “musicality” – used by scientists to denote the human capacity for music – is circular. Therefore, rather than pursue the question, “Why did music(ality) evolve?” let us ask more inclusively, “What experiences in humankind's deep past might have felt like music?”
Toward inclusive theories of the evolution of musicality
Authors: Savage Patrick E. , Loui Psyche , Tarr Bronwyn , Schachner Adena , Glowacki Luke , Mithen Steven , Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: September 2021

We compare and contrast the 60 commentaries by 109 authors on the pair of target articles by Mehr et al. and ourselves. The commentators largely reject Mehr et al.'s fundamental definition of music and their attempts to refute (1) our social bonding hypothesis, (2) byproduct hypotheses, and (3) sexual selection hypotheses for the evolution of musicality. Instead, the commentators generally support our more inclusive proposal that social bonding and credible signaling mechanisms complement one another in explaining cooperation within and competition between groups in a coevolutionary framework (albeit with some confusion regarding terminologies such as “byproduct” and “exaptation”). We discuss the proposed criticisms and extensions, with a focus on moving beyond adaptation/byproduct dichotomies and toward testing of cross-species, cross-cultural, and other empirical predictions.
Thoughts on vigor in the motor and cognitive domains
Authors: Hanakawa Takashi
Published: September 2021

We feel exhausted after working mentally hard even while just sitting on a chair, suggesting the concept of cognitive vigor. Do movement vigor and cognitive vigor share control mechanisms? Functions of the basal ganglia-cortical circuits, which are regulated by the midbrain dopaminergic system, appear to underlie both movement vigor and cognitive vigor.
Moving fast and seeing slow? The visual consequences of vigorous movement
Authors: Rolfs Martin , Ohl Sven
Published: September 2021

In active agents, sensory and motor processes form an inevitable bond. This wedding is particularly striking for saccadic eye movements – the prime target of Shadmehr and Ahmed's thesis – which impose frequent changes on the retinal image. Changes in movement vigor (latency and speed), therefore, will need to be accompanied by changes in visual and attentional processes. We argue that the mechanisms that control movement vigor may also enable vision to attune to changes in movement kinematics.
Decontamination of Surgical Instruments for Safe Wound Care Surgeries in Disasters: What are the Options? A Scoping Review
Authors: Rowinski Anna , von Schreeb Johan
Published: September 2021

International guidelines stipulate that autoclavation is necessary to sterilize surgical equipment. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for decontamination of medical devices require four levels of decontamination: cleaning, low- and high-level disinfection, as well as sterilization. Following disasters, there is a substantial need for wound care surgery. This requires prompt availability of a significant volume of instruments that are adequately decontaminated. Ideally, they should be sterilized using an autoclave, but due to the resource-limited field context, this may be impossible. The aim of this study was therefore to identify whether there are portable and less resource-demanding techniques to decontaminate surgical instruments for safe wound care surgery in disasters. A scoping review was chosen, and searches were performed in three scientific databases, grey literature, and included data from organizations and journals. Articles were scanned for decontamination techniques feasible for use in the resource-scarce disaster setting given that: they achieved at least high-level disinfected instruments, were portable, and did not require electricity. A total of 401 articles were reviewed, yielding 13 articles for inclusion. The study identified three techniques: pressure cooking, boiling, and liquid chemical immersion, all achieving either sterilized or high-level disinfected instruments. It was concluded that besides autoclaves, there are less resource-demanding decontamination techniques available for safe wound surgery in disasters. This study provides systematic information to guide optimal standard setting for sterilization of surgical material in resource-limited disaster settings.
Novel antidepressant drugs: Beyond monoamine targets
Authors: Gonda Xenia , Dome Peter , Neill Joanna C. , Tarazi Frank I.
Published: September 2021

Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) including treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major unmet need. Although there are several classes of dissimilar antidepressant drugs approved for MDD, the current drugs have either limited efficacy or are associated with undesirable side effects and withdrawal symptoms. The efficacy and side effects of antidepressant drugs are mainly attributed to their actions on different monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine). Development of new antidepressants with novel targets beyond the monoamine pathways may fill the unmet need in treatment of MDD and TRD. The recent approval of intranasal Esketamine (glutamatergic agent) in conjunction with an oral antidepressant for the treatment of adult TRD patients was the first step toward expanding beyond the monoamine targets. Several other glutamatergic (AXS-05, REL-1017, AV-101, SLS-002, AGN24175, and PCN-101) and GABAergic (brexanolone, zuranolone, and ganaxolone) drugs are currently in different stages of clinical development for MDD, TRD and other indications. The renaissance of psychedelic drugs and the emergence of preliminary positive clinical trial results with psilocybin, Ayahuasca, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may pave the way towards establishing this class of drugs as effective therapies for MDD, TRD and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Going beyond the monoamine targets appears to be an effective strategy to develop novel antidepressant drugs with superior efficacy, safety, and tolerability for the improved treatment of MDD and TRD.
Who has a beef with reducing red and processed meat consumption? A media framing analysis
Authors: Sievert Katherine , Lawrence Mark , Parker Christine , Russell Cherie A , Baker Phillip
Published: September 2021

Objective:

Diets high in red and processed meat (RPM) contribute substantially to environmental degradation, greenhouse gas emissions and the global burden of chronic disease. High-profile reports have called for significant global RPM reduction, especially in high-income settings. Despite this, policy attention and political priority for the issue are low.

Design:

The study used a theoretically guided framing analysis to identify frames used by various interest groups in relation to reducing RPM in online news media articles published in the months around the release of four high-profile reports by authoritative organisations that included a focus on the impacts of high RPM production and/or consumption.

Setting:

Four major RPM producing and consuming countries – USA, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Participants:

None.

Results:

Hundred and fifty news media articles were included. Articles reported the views of academics, policymakers, industry representatives and the article authors themselves. RPM reduction was remarkably polarising. Industry frequently framed RPM reduction as part of a ‘Vegan Agenda’ or as advocated by an elite minority. Reducing RPM was also depicted as an infringement on personal choice and traditional values. Many interest groups attempted to discredit the reports by citing a lack of consensus on the evidence, or that only certain forms of farming and processing were harmful. Academics and nutrition experts were more likely to be cited in articles that were aligned with the findings of the reports.

Conclusions:

The polarisation of RPM reduction has led to a binary conflict between pro- and anti-meat reduction actors. This division may diminish the extent to which political leaders will prioritise this in policy agendas. Using nuanced and context-dependent messaging could ensure the narratives around meat are less conflicting and more effective in addressing health and environmental harms associated with RPM.