bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDENTSâ€™ ERRORS IN USING INFINITIVE AT SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMK SWASTA AWAL KARYA PEMBANGUNAN (AKP) LUBUK PAKAM
Authors: Tarigan Karisma Erikson
Published: October 2021

This study deals with studentâ€™s error on the use of Infinitive in written form. The purpose of this study is to find out the type of errors and the causes of errors. This study is carried out at SMK AWAL KARYA PEMBANGUNAN, Jl Pagar Merbau III Lubuk Pakam, to the second year students. There were Forty two students were taken as the sample which taken by cluster sampling technique. The instrument for collecting the data are written test and interview. The result of this study showed that the students made error in using infinitive. The type of errors They were error of addition (854 errors or 73.40%), error of omission (321 errors or 26.16%), error of selection (5 errors or 20.43%). The cause of error Ignore of Rule Restriction (5.73%), Incomplete Application of Rule (56%) and False Concept Hypothesized (37.98%).
IMPROVING STUDENTSâ€™ SPEAKING SKILL BY USING ROUND ROBIN BRAINSTORMING TECHNIQUE TO THE ELEVENTH MIA GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA DELI MURNI BANDAR BARU
Authors: Gea Herni Yanti Firteach , Pangaribuan Jontra Jusat , Sembiring Novalina
Published: October 2021

Speaking is one of four basic skills in language. Speaking becomes the most important tool to communicate which needs to be accomplished. The objectives of this research are to describe the studentsâ€™ responses and how well are the studentsâ€™ speaking skill of the eleventh MIA grade students of SMA Deli Murni Bandar Baru after having been taught by using Round Robin Brainstorming Technique. This research is a Classroom Action Research which was conducted by applying Round Robin Brainstorming Technique to the eleventh MIA grade students class A. After eight meetings, it could be seen that there is a significant improvement of studentsâ€™ speaking skill. The result of this research showed that the studentsâ€™ responses after being taught by using Round Robin Brainstorming Technique are very good. The result is 91,84% students strongly agree that Round Robin Brainstroming Technique improve their speaking skill. The result of the test showed that the studentsâ€™ mean score in pretest is 58,58 with 16% of the students got score Â³75 and in posttest mean score is 76,06 with 68% of the students got score Â³75. It showed that there was a significant mean score improvement between pretest and posttest about 52%. It is suggested that teachers use Round Robin Brainstorming Technique as an alternative technique in teaching speaking to the students in Senior High School in order to improve their speaking skill.
IMPROVING STUDENTSâ€™ READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH COOPERATIVE SCRIPT AT SMP NEGERI 21 MEDAN
Authors: Br PeranginAngin Novi Indah Yanta , Rumapea Linus , Ginting Fiber Yunan
Published: October 2021

This study is intended to answer the problem in what way does the cooperative script improvement of studentsâ€™ Reading Comprehension to the Eighth Grade Studentsâ€™ of SMP Negeri Medan Jaya in the academic year 2016/2017. This study is classroom action research. The tools of data collection used observation, interview and test. On the first cycle the researcher used cooperative script to improve the studentsâ€™ ability in comprehending on information of descriptive text about animal. The result of this research showed that the students ability in comprehending a descriptive text improved after applied the cooperative script. With this activity, students had more practice in reading. Besides, during the reading process students were active in asked and answered questions, this method also guide students to summarize the information of the passage. Consequently, the method successfully improved the studentsâ€™ ability in reading comprehension of descriptive text.Â
THE APPLICATION OF DICTOGLOSS TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTSâ€™ WRITING SKILL IN SMP NEGERI 31 MEDAN
Authors: Siagian Jessica Hieronima , Lumban Raja Viator , Sembiring Novalina
Published: October 2021

Writing is the most important human invention which provides a relatively permanent record of information, opinions, benefits, feelings, arguments, explanations, and theories. Many students are still confused how to write a text because they do not know the rules and they can not express their ideas into written form. One of the techniques to improve studentsâ€™ writing skill is Dictogloss Technique. The method that is used in this research is Classroom Action Research (CAR). The subject of this research are 35 students of class VIII-4 of SMP Negeri 31 Medan in the academic year of 2018/2019. Tests, observation sheets, field notes, and questionnaire were used as the instruments for collecting the data. The result of this study showed increasing score of studentsâ€™ writing descriptive text. The result of the test showed that the studentsâ€™ mean score in pre-test is 60 with 0% students got score 75, in formative test the mean score is 76.71 with 60% students got score 75 and in post-test the mean score is 80.85 with 94% students got score 75. It showed that the percentage improvement of the studentsâ€™ mean score from pre-test to post-test was 94%. The response of students after being taught by using Dictogloss Technique are good. The students enjoyed the process of teaching and learning. It is suggested that teachers use Dictogloss Technique in teaching writing skill to improve studentsâ€™ skill in writing descriptive text.Â
IMPROVING STUDENTSâ€™ READING COMPREHENSION BY USING INQUIRY CHART STRATEGY TO THE NINTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP SWASTA KATOLIK BUDI MURNI 2 MEDAN
Authors: Sitinjak Rahul , Tarigan Karisma E , Sari Anna Stasya Prima
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study is to find that Inquiry Chart Strategy works effectively on improving studentsâ€™ reading comprehension and to know the studentsâ€™ responses after being taught by using Inquiry Chart Strategy. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a classroom action research was designed and carried out in this study. The participants of this study are 25 students of class IX-4 of SMP Swasta Budi Murni 2 Medan in the academic year 2018/2019. Test, observation sheet and field notes were used as the instruments for collecting data. The result of the study showed significant improvement of the studentsâ€™ skill in reading. It is proven by the studentsâ€™ mean score of each test: pre test is 50 with 12%, formative test is 73,92 with 72%, and post test is 87,6 with 92%. And then the percentage of the studentsâ€™ improvement score from pre-test to post-test was 75.2%. And the total percentage of strongly agree was 55.2%. In addition, the analysis result of the observation sheet and field notes showed that Inquiry Chart Strategy changed the studentsâ€™ learning behaviour became better than before. They were more enthusiastic during the learning teaching process in each cycle. Based on the result of those study instruments, it can be concluded that using Inquiry Chart Strategy gives the improvement to the studentsâ€™ reading comprehension. This strategy is suggested to English teacher to apply it in teaching learning reading in order to improve studentsâ€™ reading comprehension. The writer also suggests to other writers to explore other studies on Inquiry Chart Strategy to improve the studentsâ€™ reading comprehension and try to apply this technique in different language skills.
TEACHING VOCABULARY ON PHRASAL VERBS THROUGH GUESSING STRATEGY TO THE ELEVENTH MIA GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA SANTO PETRUS MEDAN IN THE ACADEMY YEAR OF 2016/2017
Authors: Ginting Aleixia Sandopa Br , Lumban Raja Viator , Tarigan Karisma
Published: October 2021

Vocabulary, as one of the knowledge areas in language, plays a great role for learners in acquiring a language. The vocabulary mastery affects someoneâ€™s ability in using the language either in spoken or written form. The objectives of this research are to find out the result and the response of students towards the teaching vocabulary on phrasal verbs to the eleventh MIA grade students of SMA Santo Petrus Medan after having been taught through guessing strategy. This research is a Classroom Action Research which is conducted by applying guessing strategy. After six meetings, it can be seen that there is a significant improvement of studentsâ€™ vocabulary on phrasal verbs. The result of this research shows that the studentsâ€™ mean score in pre test is 70,71 with 50% and in post test mean score is 91,28 with 94% of the students got score >75. It shows that there is a significant mean score improvement between pre test and post test about 44%. The responses of students to the teaching vocabulary on phrasal verbs through guessing strategy is good with 56% of agree respond category and 38% of strongly agree respond category. It is suggested that teachers use guessing strategy in teaching vocabulary on phrasal verbs to the students in senior high school to improve their speaking skill.
ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USING BE OF SIMPLE PRESENT AND SIMPLE PAST TENSES AMONG THE SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 2 NAINGGOLAN
Authors: Sinaga Beriman , Lumban Raja Viator , Ginting Fiber Yun Almanda
Published: October 2021

Grammar is the rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining them into sentences to create meaning. This research is focused on error analysisÂ  on the using BE in Simple Present and Simple Past Tenses. The purpose of this study is to find out the grammatical errors in using BE in studentsâ€™ composition. In this study the writer took the the seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Nainggolan in the Academic Year of 2017/2018 consisting 25 students as the sample. The data are analyzed with descriptive qualitative method. The data were identified based on kinds of errors. The kinds of errors are omission and misordering. The results of the data analysis show that there are 155 errors made by the students in their compositions. The writer concluded that omission errors 68 or 61,80% in Simple Present Tense andÂ  49 or 51% in Simple Past Tense, misordering errors 16 or 14,60% in Simple Present Tense and 22 or 23% in Simple Past Tense. But out of category there are 28 or 23,60 redundant sentences in Simple Present Tense and 25 or 26% redundant sentences in Simple Past Tense. The writer also concluded that there are two causes of errors, namely Translation and Carelesssness. Based on the result of the research, it is suggested that the students should learn and memorize grammatical rules an teachers should give clearer explanation on grammatical rules in English.
THE USE OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING METHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' SKILL IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA SWASTA SANTA MARIA KABANJAHE IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2020/2021
Authors: Barus Yosephin Kristina , Sari Anna Stasya Prima , Tarigan Karisma E.
Published: October 2021

This research was primarily carried out to prove that Project Based Learning (henceforth, PBL) method is effective to improve the studentsâ€™ skill in writing descriptive texts and to describe the studentsâ€™ responses towards the learning teaching processes of writing descriptive texts through the use of PBL method. This is Classroom Action Research (henceforth, CAR) which consisted of two cycles. Each cycle consisted of three meeting, excluded pre-test and post-test. There are seven classes in the eleventh grade of SMA Swasta Santa Maria Kabanjahe. There are 36 students in the XI IPA 4 as the research subjects. The analysis of quantitative data showed the improvement of studentsâ€™ skill in writing descriptive texts. It was shown by the mean score of the pre-test (49,69), the formative test (74,22) and the post-test (82,33). The percentage of the studentsâ€™ score increased from pre-test to post-test (65,68%). The responses of students can be seen from the total percentage of questionnaires strongly agree about 46,75% and followed by the highest percentage agree about 50,92%. It is advisable that English teachers apply PBL method as a method in order to improve their studentsâ€™ writing skill.Â
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMK GRAFIKA BINA MEDIA MEDAN IN WRITING ADVERTISEMENT TEXT
Authors: Samosir Angeline Elisabeth , Lumban Raja Viator , Ginting Fiber Yun A
Published: October 2021

This research is an attempt to find out the types of errors made by the tenth grade students of SMK Grafika Bina Media Medan based on linguistic category, morphology and syntax and the dominant errors in each category. The population of this research is the tenth grade students amounting 56 students of three classes. As many as 30 students are taken as a sample which is randomly taken 10 students from each class. The research employed the descriptive qualitative research analysis. Based on the result of the analysis, there are 117 errors found in the studentsâ€™ writing advertisement text. In the morphological area, there are errors in article, possessive case, third person singular and comparative so there are 35,90% errors. Meanwhile, in syntax area the writer found noun phrase, verb phrase, noun and verb construction, word order and some transformation, there are 64,10%. in conclusion, the dominant errors made by the tenth grade students of SMK Grafika Bina Media Medan is syntax errors namedly noun phrase.
THE USE OF DIGITAL STORYTELLING TO ENHANCE THE SPEAKING SKILL OF THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA SWASTA PALAPA MEDAN IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2020/2021
Authors: Sinaga Putri Desiana , Sari Anna Stasya Prima , Sembiring Novalina
Published: October 2021

This research was conducted in order to improve studentsâ€™ speaking skill by using digital storytelling at SMA Swasta Palapa Medan. Digital storytelling is the combination of recount text, sound effects, music, images, videos and InShot Application. This is Classroom Action Research (henceforth, CAR). The research subjects of this CAR are the eleventh grade students of SMA Swasta Palapa Medan in Class MIPA in the Academic Year of 2020/2021. The research findings showed that teaching speaking skill through digital storytelling at SMA Swasta Palapa Medan could improve the studentsâ€™ speaking skill. The result of each test showed that the studentsâ€™ mean score in pre-test is 55.74 with 11% of the students got score â‰¥70, in formative test the mean score is 64,44 with 37% of the students got score â‰¥70, and in post-test the mean score is 81,11 with 93% of the students got score â‰¥70. The writer concluded that the use of digital storytelling could improve the speaking skill of SMA Swasta Palapa Medan. On the other hand, the studentsâ€™ responses towards the method of the teaching sound good because above 80% of the students are interested, motivated and enthusiastic in learning English speaking skill through the use of digital storytelling.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AUDIO VISUAL MEDIA TO IMPROVE STUDENTSâ€™ SKILL IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXTS TO THE NINTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP SWASTA PABA BINJAI IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2020/2021
Authors: Sipayung Ezra Hotdiarta , Prima Anna Stasya , Prayuda Meykardo Samuel
Published: October 2021

The objectives of this Classroom Action Research (henceforth, CAR) are to prove that the audio visual media can improve studentsâ€™ skill in writing recount texts and to describe the studentsâ€™ responses after being taught with audio visual media. Audio visual media were applied to improve the writing skill of the ninth grade students of SMP Swasta PABA Binjai. After six meetings it could be seen that there is a significant improvement of the studentsâ€™ audio visual media in writing recount texts. The result of the test showed that the studentsâ€™ mean score in pre-test is 40,23 with 18 % of students got score â‰¥ 75, in formative test is 59,09 with 36% of students got score â‰¥ 75, and in the post test is 72,73 with 73 % of students got score â‰¥ 75. The percentage students who strongly agree is 60 (66,6%), agree is 30 (33,3%), there is no students choose strongly disagree and disagree. It is suggested that English teachers use audio visual media as an alternative in teaching recount texts to their students.
Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan dengan Audio Visual Terhadap Pengetahuan tentang Covid-19 pada Siswa Kelas 3 SD
Authors: Valeri Lumongga
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Most of the students knowledge of preventing COVID-19 is still a little less good. One of the effort to break the chain of transmission of the COVID-19 virus is by provoding audio-visual health education. Methods: The research design used Quasi Eksperimental with one-group pre-post test design. The sample taken in this study were 34 respondents who used purposive sampling technique, the instrument used was a questionnaire sheet with a Guttman scale. Results: This study describes the majority of the distribution on knowledge before being given treatment as many as 18 responden (52,9%) lacking knowledge and the frequency distribution of knowledge after being given treatment as many as 18 respondent (52,9%) having good knowledge, this study describes the effect of health education with audio visuals on knowledge of COVID-19 in grade 3 (p = 0,000). Discussion: From the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that there is an increase in knowledge about COVID-19 after being given audio visual health education.
Standardization of Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Peel Simplisia of Gadung Variety
Authors: Andini Andini , Putri Cindy Fernanda
Published: October 2021

Mango peel (Mangfera indica L.) has many pharmacological effects as a traditional medicine. Therefore, standardization of mango peel simplisia needs to be done as a preparation of phytopharmaca raw material. This research aimed to obtain standardization of mango peel simplisia include specific and non-specific parameter. The research procedures include plant determination, simplisia preparation as well as specific standardization test (includes organoleptic, water-soluble compound concentration, and ethanol solution compound concentration) and nonspecific standardization test (includes moisture content, dried shrinkage, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content). The specific organoleptic parameters of dried mango peel simplisia have a distinctive sweet aroma, bitter taste, and brownish yellow colour. Water-soluble and ethanol-soluble concentrations are 22,36% ± 1,17% and 9,56% ± 0,07%. Moisture content is 9,09% ± 1,44%. Dried shrinkage rate is 0,19% ± 0,04%. Total ash and acid insoluble ash contents are 4,11% ± 0,10% and 0,14% ± 0,03%. The mango peel simplisia has met the quality standard of the raw material.
Total Polyphenol Content in Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Using Maceration Extraction with Comparison of Ethanol – Water Solvent
Authors: Evitasari Dwi , Susanti Erna
Published: October 2021

Green tea is a kind of plant that have an active polyphenol substance. Polyphenol is a group of compounds that has a role as a natural antioxidant. Solvent comparison used affects the extracted polyphenol content. This study aims to compare the total polyphenol content in green tea from maceration method with solvent concentration variation of 30%, 50%, and 70%. In this research, green tea is extracted by using the maceration method with ethanol – water solvent concentration of 30%, 50%, and 70%. The total polyphenol content determination in green tea was conducted by using the Follin-Ciocalteu method by UV-Vis spectrophotometre, and using gallic acid as a standard. According to this research, the yield calculation of ethanol extract in green tea with the ethanol concentration of 30%, 50%, and 70% are 41.220%; 39.979 %; and 47.971 %. The total polyphenol content test of green tea with the ethanol concentration of 30%, 50%, and 70% are 11.294 mg GAE/100 g; 16.377 mg GAE/100g; and 15.640 mg GAE/100 g. The anova statistical analysis result shows that there is a significant difference of total polyphenol content of green tea extract with ethanol concentration 30% and 50%, also there is no significant difference in the ethanol concentration of 70%. The highest result of total polyphenol of green tea extract with the ethanol concentration of 50%. It is suggested to conduct a further study on the type of the polyphenol substance in green tea.
Moderating with the Mob: Evaluating the Efficacy of Real-Time Crowdsourced Fact-Checking
Authors: Godel William , Sanderson Zeve , Aslett Kevin , Nagler Jonathan , Bonneau Richard , Persily Nathaniel , Tucker Joshua
Published: October 2021

Reducing the spread of false news remains a challenge for social media platforms, as the current strategy of using third-party fact- checkers lacks the capacity to address both the scale and speed of misinformation diffusion. Research on the “wisdom of the crowds” suggests one possible solution: aggregating the evaluations of ordinary users to assess the veracity of information. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of a scalable model for real-time crowdsourced fact-checking. We select 135 popular news stories and have them evaluated by both ordinary individuals and professional fact-checkers within 72 hours of publication, producing 12,883 individual evaluations. Although we find that machine learning-based models using the crowd perform better at identifying false news than simple aggregation rules, our results suggest that neither approach is able to perform at the level of professional fact-checkers. Additionally, both methods perform best when using evaluations only from survey respondents with high political knowledge, suggesting reason for caution for crowdsourced models that rely on a representative sample of the population. Overall, our analyses reveal that while crowd-based systems provide some information on news quality, they are nonetheless limited—and have significant variation—in their ability to identify false news.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 2
Authors: John Albert
Published: October 2021

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.

 

Reviewers for Volume 13, Number 2

 

 

 

Abdallah El-Gharbawy, Alexandria University, Egypt

Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria

Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Toros Agri-Industry, Research and Development Center, Turkey

Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa

Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon

Farhaoui Mohamed, National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE), Morocco

Gholam Hossain Varshouee, National Petrochemical Company, Iran

Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia

Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA

Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia

Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan

Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand

Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia

Rafael Gomes da Silveira, Federal Institute of Education, Brazil

Rania I.M. Almoselhy, FTRI&ARC, Egypt

Severine Queyroy, Aix-Marseille Université, France

Sintayehu Leshe, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia

Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA

Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada

 

Albert John

On behalf of,

The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry

Canadian Center of Science and Education
The Effect of Official Development Assistance on Domestic Savings and Economic Growth in Egypt
Authors: Elakkad Rasha M. , Hussein Asmaa M.
Published: October 2021

The Egyptian economy has passed through several overlapping phases of economic development over the last decades, starting in 1950s. However, the launch of the Open Door Policy in 1974 allowed a greater role for official development aid funds to finance economic growth. In economics literature, the role of foreign aid in financing economic growth and complementing domestic savings has been controversial. This paper firstly, outlines in general main types and channels of foreign aid; secondly, gives a historical overview of foreign aid and thirdly; investigates the impact of official development assistance on domestic savings and thus on economic growth in Egypt over the period of 1965 to 2020 according to data available from the World Bank. The empirical analysis is conducted through a two-equation model through which the researchers have concluded contradictory results where foreign aid positively affects gross domestic savings and negatively affects economic growth.
Multidimensional Poverty Modeling for Namibia Using the Beta Distribution
Authors: Mafale Ndubano , Ntirampeba Dismas , Ong’ala Jacob
Published: October 2021

Despite global efforts in alleviating poverty, many people are still living in poverty. Different methods were employed to estimate poverty with many researchers moving from monetary to multidimensional poverty modeling approach. In Namibia, very few studies have been conducted to estimate poverty in a multidimensional sense. The 2015/2016 Namibia household income and expenditure survey dataset was employed to develop multidimensional poverty indices (MPIs) using beta distribution. We showed that the MPI is equivalent to the mean of the left truncated beta distribution. The results revealed that the northern regions of Namibia are the most affected by multidimensional poverty. The results from this study can be used to identify areas that are severely affected by poverty and consequently form a basis to develop appropriate measures intended to alleviate poverty.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Law Research, Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors: Tai Joseph
Published: October 2021

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Law Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2021
Of Parochial Partisanship and Education: Towards Civic Duty or Polarization?
Authors: Asekere George , Amanor-Lartey Ebenezer Teye
Published: October 2021

This article explored parochial partisanship among university students amid growing concerns about political polarization in Ghana. The paper used mixed research methods to gather data with the aid of an interview guide and a questionnaire. It argued that university education inculcates in and endows young people with a sense of civic-minded duty to prioritize the collective good of society and subordinate parochial partisan preferences in an analysis of political policies. The novel finding is that university education in Ghana has enlightened many young people to decipher between the facts and the propagandistic view held by political activists because of parochial partisan interest. However, university education was found to be a necessary but not sufficient condition to wipe out parochial partisanship which is the bane behind the growing political polarization in Ghana. The paper recommends continuous seminars on the dangers associated with negative partisanship in all tertiary educational institutions. Further, the winner-takes-all politics should be reviewed.
Economisch niet-actieve EU-burgers en de zorgverzekeringseis onder de Burgerschapsrichtlijn
Authors: Kortese L.S.J.
Published: October 2021

Economisch niet-actieve EU-burgers en de zorgverzekeringseis onder de Burgerschapsrichtlijn

Richtlijn 2004/38/EG legt de voorwaarden vast waaronder EU-burgers van hun vrij verkeer gebruik kunnen maken in de EU. Voor economisch niet-actieve EU-burgers zijn bijvoorbeeld specifieke voorwaarden verbonden aan hun verblijf. In het bijzonder gaat het om het hebben van voldoende bestaansmiddelen alsmede het hebben van een dekkende zorgverzekering. Waar het Hof van Justitie in de afgelopen jaren enkele belangrijke uitspraken heeft gedaan over de bestaansmiddeleneis, doet het in de zaak A uitspraak over de zorgverzekeringseis. Deze bijdrage analyseert het nieuwste arrest van het Hof van Justitie in het licht van het geldende Europese recht en rechtspraak.

HvJ 15 juli 2021, zaak C-535/19, ECLI:EU:2021:595 (A/Latvijas Republikas Veselības ministrija).
Coördinatie van sociale zekerheid en ‘forumshopping’
Authors: van der Mei A.P.
Published: October 2021

Coördinatie van sociale zekerheid en ‘forumshopping’

De centrale vraag in de in deze bijdrage te bespreken arresten is of, en zo ja, onder welke voorwaarden, ondernemingen gebruik kunnen maken van hun recht op verkeer om profijt te trekken uit verschillen in de socialezekerheidsbijdragen die zij voor hun werknemers moeten betalen. De arresten laten zien dat het Hof van Justitie bijzonder huiverig is voor ‘forumshopping’. De in artikel 12 en 13 Verordening (EG) nr. 883/2004 inzake de coördinatie van sociale zekerheid opgenomen aanwijsregels dienen strikt en op een ‘werknemersvriendelijke’ wijze te worden uitgelegd.

HvJ 3 juni 2021, zaak C-784/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:427 (Team Power), HvJ 20 mei 2021, zaak C-879/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:409 (Format II), HvJ 16 juli 2020, zaak C-6101/18, ECLI:EU:C:2020:565 (AFMB).
Kunnen (video)deelplatformen de dans ontspringen voor aansprakelijkheid voor illegale downloads?
Authors: DeKoninck M.P.A.
Published: October 2021

Kunnen (video)deelplatformen de dans ontspringen voor aansprakelijkheid voor illegale downloads?

In de zaak YouTube en Cyando verduidelijkt het Hof van Justitie wanneer er sprake is van het verrichten van een mededeling aan het publiek in de zin van de Auteursrechtrichtlijn door exploitanten van onlinedeelplatformen. Uiteindelijk is dit afhankelijk van de specifieke omstandigheden van het (individuele) geval. Het Hof van Justitie legt daarbij de nadruk op het handelen van de exploitant, net als bij de toetsing van een beroep op vrijstelling van aansprakelijkheid door die exploitanten op grond van de Richtlijn inzake elektronische handel. Daarbij is tevens van belang dat een balans gezocht wordt tussen enerzijds het beschermen van auteursrechten en anderzijds het waarborgen van het fundamentele recht van de vrijheid van meningsuiting.

HvJ 22 juni 2021, gevoegde zaken C-682/18 en C-683/18, ECLI:EU:C:2021:503 (YouTube en Cyando).
Die kunstpädagogische Konzeption am Barkenhoff, Worpswede
Authors: Nießen Claudia
Published: October 2021

The history of a lost collection of workers' children's drawings from the 1920s and the work of the educators associated with them are the focus of this book. The children, who were severely impaired both physically and psychologically, were sent to the Barkenhoff for recreation and were lifted out of their social misery for a short time. The graphic as well as linguistic expressions of the children, which were created during this time, reveal a blunt and concrete representation of their own living environment. The children's drawings, through their pictorial motifs as well as the accompanying written elements, have become valuable historical documents that preserve the memories of past generations.
Climate, disaster and risk: introduction
Authors: Goldhill Simon , Fitzgibbon Georgie
Published: October 2021

This special issue focuses on the intersections of climate, disasters, and development. The research presented here is designed to facilitate climate-resilient decision-making, and promote sustainable development by maximising the beneficial impacts of responses to climate change and minimising negative impacts across the full spectrum of geographies and sectors that are potentially affected by the changing climate.
Climate change driven disaster risks in Bangladesh and its journey towards resilience
Authors: Sammonds Peter , Shamsudduha Mohammad , Ahmed Bayes
Published: October 2021

Globally, disasters from natural and anthropogenic hazards or humanitarian crises can reverse development gains and weaken resilience. In recent years, some countries have made significant progress towards building resilience to disaster risks, including those driven by the climate crisis. Bangladesh is a leading example as it is well-known as one of the most vulnerable countries for its multifaceted hazard risks projected to intensity under climate change. Today, the scale of loss of human life from both rapid and slow-onset disasters (e.g. cyclone, flood and drought) is significantly lower than in the 1970s. This remarkable achievement was made possible by independence and the government�s proactive investment in development and societal changes through education, technologies and reduction in poverty and inequalities. However, the climate crisis is threatening these development and disaster risk reduction gains. In addition, disaster displacement is a major challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has unveiled both strengths and weaknesses in our societies. The article argues that disaster management plans need to adapt to the climate crisis and human displacement and reduce migrants� vulnerability while responding to infectious disease transmission.
Os sete pilares da técnica pianística
Authors: Melo Laura Boaventura , Gerling Cristina Capparelli
Published: October 2021

A técnica pianística tem sido amplamente discutida, entretanto, ainda é comum nos depararmos com crenças de que a mesma depende de fatores como o talento nato, o esforço repetitivo ou o tamanho das mãos. A perpetuação desse pensamento pode culminar em dores, lesões, problemas emocionais e até mesmo na interrupção definitiva das atividades artísticas. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar e sistematizar abordagens que promovem uma maneira saudável, racional e musical de se pensar a técnica pianística por meio de sete categorias ou pilares: postura corporal, coordenação dos movimentos, função do braço, movimentos semicirculares inferiores e superiores, movimentos rotatórios, deslocamento lateral progressivo no teclado e agrupamentos de leitura e realização. Conclui se que, apesar da constatação de pequenas discordâncias entre os autores, há uma convergência na busca pela eficácia pianística por meio do bem-estar físico, traduzido no desenvolvimento da consciência corporal e, consequentemente, na qualidade e variedade sonora. A categorização dos pilares promove o acesso mais claro aos conceitos analisados e permite uma maior eficiência na sua aplicação.
A criação musical na perspectiva das pedagogias musicais abertas
Authors: Domingues Glauber Resende
Published: October 2021

Este artigo apresenta a criação musical nas pedagogias musicais abertas, trazendo um panorama sobre a temática. Traremos, na primeira parte, uma caracterização histórica e conceitual sobre como tais pedagogias foram sendo forjadas. Cabe, neste sentido, sinalizar o marco da criação do Foro Latinoamericano de Educación Musical (FLADEM), que foi se tornando o espaço de debate sobre tais pedagogias. A seguir dissertaremos sobre a perspectiva de criatividade/criação musical e como esta foi sendo construída, principalmente a partir das ideias de Violeta Hemsy de Gainza. Na terceira parte discorreremos sobre o tripé formação, atuação e avaliação em práticas criativas na educação musical. Por fim, apresentaremos algumas propostas criativas de autores orientados pelas pedagogias abertas a partir de três eixos: experiências musicais centradas na prática, práxis musical participativa e práxis musical integrada. Nas considerações finais comentaremos sobre o alargamento conceitual das pedagogias abertas e a emergência de novas questões para a educação musical.
Relações de simetria na estrutura de Eu te amo, de Antonio Carlos Jobim e Chico Buarque de Holanda
Authors: Almada Carlos de Lemos
Published: October 2021

Este artigo propõe uma análise detalhada da estrutura de alturas da canção Eu te amo, de Antonio Carlos Jobim e Chico Buarque de Holanda, através de uma adaptação da metodologia schenkeriana com ferramentas originadas na chamada Teoria Pós-Tonal. Busca-se evidenciar as complexas relações de simetria que caracterizam a peça, baseadas na interação das classes intervalares 1, 5 e 6. Após uma avaliação analítica do texto da canção e de sua forma poética, o que estabelece uma base para o subsequente exame das correlações entre música e poesia, o artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre os problemas associados ao emprego da teoria schenkeriana nas músicas pós-tonal e popular, suportada pela literatura sobre o assunto (STRAUS , 1987; LERDAHL, 1989; FORTE, 1995; McGOWAN, 2008; LARSON, 1998; 2009, entre outros). A análise que se segue revela a extraordinária infraestrutura simétrica (que se projeta em diversos níveis de organização) sobre a qual é construída a canção, o que inclui interações com o argumento poético. Conclui-se que, embora não perfeitamente ajustada aos modelos da Ursatz schenkeriana, a estrutura complexa e estratificada de Eu te amo deriva de uma lógica particular, consistente em relação a exemplares de similar natureza da obra jobiniana.
Lietuvos vandens telkinių antropogeninių pokyčių žalos vertinimas
Authors: Gailiušis Brunonas , Tomkevičienė Aldona , Jurgelėnaitė Aldona
Published: October 2021

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos ūkinės veiklos neteisėtų veiksmų sukeltos žalos hidroelektrinių vandens telkiniams, kaip kraštovaizdžio objektams, nustatymo problemos. Siūloma žalą upei, ežerui ar tvenkiniui skaičiuoti priklausomai nuo vandens telkinio vertės, kurią lemia teritorijos gamtosaugos tikslai, vandens telkinio dydis ir būklė bei pažaidos lygis. Paliekant galioti dabartinius žalos kraštovaizdžio kompleksams ir objektams nustatymo pagrindinius principus Lietuvoje, siūlome pasitelkti patikimus hidrografijos šaltinius, objektyvius, nuotoliniu būdu stebimus, hidrologijos rodiklius ir hidroenergetikos duomenis. Svarbiausias upės, ežero ar tvenkinio morfometrinis rodiklis yra vandens paviršiaus plotas, kuris nustatant žalą patikimai ir objektyviai paimamas iš upių, ežerų ir tvenkinių kadastro. Ežero (tvenkinio) vandens lygio ar upės debito pokyčiai dėl neteisėtos ūkinės veiklos stebimi nuotoliniu būdu ir registruojami. Skaičiuojant žalą, vietoje absoliučios vandens lygio pokyčių reikšmės siūlome vertinti pažeidimą santykiniu lygio arba debito pokyčiu, apskaičiuotu kaip neteisėto lygio ar debito pokyčio santykis su maksimaliu ežero (tvenkinio) gyliu arba atitinkamai reglamentuotu upės debitu. Toks santykinio pokyčio vertinimas atspindi esminį vandens telkinio režimo skirtumą tarp didelių bei gilių ir mažų bei seklių telkinių. Straipsnyje pasiūlyta žalos kraštovaizdžiui dėl neteisėtos ūkinės veiklos vandens telkiniuose vertinimo metodika, paremta objektyviais hidrologiniais ir morfometriniais rodikliais bei stebėjimų duomenimis.
Into the Hottest Century and into Epochal Change
Authors: Therborn Göran
Published: October 2021

El siglo XXI será el siglo más caluroso en miles de años, y el paisaje social del mundo es volcánico. La política global y las relaciones sociales estarán dominadas por dos temas:la crisis climática y la rivalidad entre Estados Unidos y China.Este artículo analiza los efectos dela «pandemia de desigualdad»de Covid-19; efectos que han debilitadoalgunas fuerzas y han fortalecidootras. También profundizaenlos contextos y perspecti-vas de la crisis climática y en el conflicto entre las dos superpotencias.Lasrespuestasgubernamentalesa la pandemia pusieron fin al régimen global del neoliberalismo y la globalización de mercado sin fisuras, acontecimientossucedidos por el conflicto geopolítico y la movilización interna de las grandes potencias.Es probable que las pro-fundas transformaciones tecnológicas y sociales necesarias para hacer frente a la crisis climática sigan en manos de la política,como de costumbre, con resultados confusospero difícilmente apocalípticos.El contexto histórico del conflicto entre Estados Unidos y China suponeel principio del fin de medio milenio de dominación del mundo Occidental, por una dinastía de estados desde Portugal hasta Estados Unidos.El ascenso de China como superpotencia económica y tecnológica abre una tercera fase del declive del imperio Occidental, después dela descolonización y el retroceso de los intentos fallidos de occi-dentalizar el mundo no Occidental tras la victoria de la Guerra Fría.El fin del imperio Occidental probablemente llegará en este siglo, salvo que unaguerra nuclearmodifique el curso de los acontecimientos de forma abrupta; en cualquier caso, las previsiones de futuro constituyen siempreuna pregunta abierta.

The 21st century will be the hottest century in thousands of years, and the world’s social landscape is volcanic. Global politics and social relations will be dominated by two issues, the climate crisis and the US-China rivalry. This paper analyses their passage through the «inequality pandemic» of Covid-19, weakening some pertinent forces and strengthened others, and further the contexts and prospects of the climate crisis and the US-China conflict. Governmental response to the pandemic terminated the global regime of neoliberalism and untrammelled market globalization, which have been succeeded by geopolitical conflict and great power domestic mobilization. The profound technological and social transformations needed to meet the climate crisis are likely to remain in the hands of politics as usual, with messy but hardly apocalyptic results. The historical context of the US-China conflict is the half millennium of Western world domination, by a dynasty of states from Portugal to USA. The rise of China as an economic and technological superpower opens a third phase of the decline of the Western empire, after decolonization and the blowback from the failed attempts to westernize the non-Western world after the Cold War victory. The end of the Western empire will probably come in this century –short of nuclear war–, but what will succeed it is an open question.
El Sistema de Estados Internacional después del Neoliberalismo: Europa entre la Democracia Nacional y la Centralización Supranacional
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

En 1945 Karl Polanyi esbozó una visión de un sistema estatal global en tiempos de paz con una economía política en la que los países pequeños podrían ser soberanos y democráticos. Este ensayo ofrece una perspectiva histórica y comparativa entre el pasado y el presente a la luz del pensamiento polanyiano. Se presta especial atención a la historia de la Unión Europea, que tras el fin del comunismo se convirtió en un pilar del proyecto neoliberal y culminó con la restauración de un patrón oro internacional bajo la Unión Monetaria. Durante la crisis de 2008 el avance del neoliberalismo se enfrentó, no obstante, a la resistencia «populista», a la austeridad y al cambio de gobernanza del nivel nacional al supranacional. El artículo explora las perspectivas de los intentos actuales de reemplazar la «Europa social» y las narrativas economicistas trickle-down, y de la formación de superestados europeos, que han perdido toda credibilidad, por una historia sobre un ejército europeo como condición necesaria para una defensa exitosa del European way of life.

In 1945 Karl Polanyi outlined a vision of a peacetime global state system with a political economy in which small countries could be both sovereign and democratic. The present essay reviews developments between then and now in the light of Polanyi’s analytical framework. Particular attention is paid to the history of the European Union, which after the end of Communism turned into a mainstay of the neoliberal project, culminating in its restoration of an international gold standard under Monetary Union. In the crisis of 2008 the advance of neoliberalism got stuck due to «populist» resistance to austerity and the shift of governance from the national to a supranational level. The paper explores the prospects of current attempts to replace the «Social Europe» and «trickle-down» narratives of European superstate formation, which have lost all credit, with a story about a European army as a necessary condition of a successful defense of «the European way of life».
Viden i historiefaget
Authors: Poulsen Jens Aage
Published: October 2021

Kernen i historisk viden er at vide noget om fortidige begivenheder og sammenhænge. I sig selv har fortiden ikke selvstændig eksistens. Så hvordan konstrueres viden om fortiden, og hvilken karakter har den? Denne artikel fokuserer på historisk viden i skolefaget historie. Nærmere bestemt hvordan lærere, elever og læremidler forstår og bruger historisk viden i praksis. Historisk viden er en af tematikkerne, som historiegruppen undersøgte i forbindelse med PaL-projektet (Praksisanvendelse af Læremidler). Artiklen bygger især på data fra fire casestudier indsamlet ved hjælp af kvalitative metoder, men også data fra andre undersøgelser inddrages. Ifølge artiklen er det en udfordring, at i historieundervisningens praksis fremstår historisk viden som endegyldige og lukkede fortællinger om en fortidig virkelighed, og at historisk viden ikke betragtes som resultater af analyser og fortolkninger.
Brug af læremidler i facilitering af læreprocesser i historieundervisning
Authors: Knudsen Heidi Eskelund
Published: October 2021

Didaktiske læremidler fylder meget i historieundervisning i forhold til etablering og forankring af viden i faget. Men udviklingen i faget efter folkeskolereformen i 2014 løfter spørgsmålet om elevens rolle som den lærende, herunder sammenhænge mellem lærer, læremidler og elevers læreprocesser frem på nye måder. Artiklen undersøger, hvad læremiddelbrug er, herunder hvordan læremidler som ressourcer i historieundervisning betyder noget for facilitering af elevers læreprocesser. På grundlag af learning design theory viser artiklen, at iscenesættelse af undervisningsindhold er afgørende for, hvordan elever i første omgang tolker og transformerer informationer til mening. Historielæreren adskiller sig fra læremidlet ved at kunne intervenere og respondere på udviklingen i elevforståelser, men artiklen viser også, at ingen af lærerne i to casestudier faciliterer deres elevers meningsskabende læreprocesser så langt, at elevernes egne repræsentationer af mening danner afsæt for diskussion og metareﬂekterende overvejelser. Det er således uklart, hvad eleverne reelt lærer.
Læremidler og læremiddelbrug i L1 i Danmark
Authors: Gissel Stig Toke , Carlsen Dorthe , Buch Bettina , Skov Lene Illum
Published: October 2021

Denne artikel undersøger, hvilke læremidler der anvendes i L1-under-visningen i danske 7. klasser, og hvordan læremidlerne bruges i undervisningen. Studiet fokuserer både på didaktiske, semantiske og funktionelle læremidler, hvordan brugen af læremidlerne ramme-sættes af læreren samt forholdet mellem det intenderede design i de didaktiske læremidler og den aktualiserede undervisning. Artiklens fokus er særligt på, hvordan læreren aktualiserer eller redesigner det intenderede didaktiske design i læremidlerne. Datagrundlaget for undersøgelsen er 25 videoobserverede lektioners danskundervisning fordelt på otte skoler. Et centralt fund er, at de anvendte didaktiske læremidler spænder fra højt didaktiserede læremidler til meget lavt didaktiserede arbejdsark. Lærernes brug af de højt de højt didakti-serede læremidler må typisk karakteriseres som ibrugtagning sna-rere end redidaktisering, og lærerne didaktiserer sjældent de lavt didaktiserede didaktiske læremidler. Et andet væsentligt fund er, at digitale funktionelle læremidler er på spil i alle cases, men som en selvfølgelighed, der ikke gøres til genstand for rammesætning eller vejledning fra lærerens side.