bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROLES OF COACH’S BEHAVIOUR IN AFFECTING THE PROSOCIAL AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN ATHLETES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Mohammad Fazilah Fariha , Ahmad Radzi Jamilah , Abu Bakar Al Hafiz , Mohd Kassim Ahmad Fikri
Published: April 2023

Prosocial and antisocial behaviour have been utilized in sports exploration to allude proactive and inhibitive profound quality, whilst, individually with low degrees of antisocial behaviour reflecting inhibitive ethical quality. A wide range of coaching conduct affects the behavioural results of athletes. Athletes usually endorse sporting behaviour when coaches generate a mastery climate that accentuates learning, effort and enhancement as keys to success. Contrary to a performance climate that emphasises outperforming others and winning. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to examine the past literature about the roles of the coach’s behaviour in affecting the prosocial and antisocial behaviour in athletes. This study carried out an extensive online assessment of the data source (Scopus and Web of Science) and a conference scheduled of possibly related papers. The search methods were restricted to studies published in English with full-text availability. A total of 39 studies were chosen from 58 total records. However, a few studies accepted for the review, of which two were selected in qualitative synthesis and thirteen studies selected in the quantitative synthesis. In these two published types of research, we filter out the data (Scopus and Web of Science). As a result, a sample of 15 dissertations and theses selected for systematic quality analysis. The findings systematically evaluate cross-sectional observation-based studies the coach-athlete relationship may be critically significant for thoughtful athletes’ moral behavior in sport. Thus, as a result, it is vital that the coaching approach may focus on the importance of establishing a sports environment that promotes positive behaviors and enables athletes to acquire a feeling of responsibility and self-regulation.
HIGH INTENSITY SHORT DURATION SOCCER FATIGUE SIMULATION REDUCED HAMSTRING ECCENTRIC STRENGTH IN ELITE U19 PLAYERS
Authors: Mohd Faozi Mohamad Azraie , Raja Azidin Raja Mohammed Firhad
Published: April 2023

Previous studies found most soccer injuries occur during the latter stage of match-play suggesting fatigue as an important factor contributing to injuries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a high intensity, short duration soccer-specific fatigue simulation on hamstring eccentric strength among elite U19 soccer players. Twelve (n=12; age 18.3 ± 0.5 years; weight 62.3 ± 6.4 kg; height 171 ± 6.6 cm) elite U19 soccer players completed a soccer-specific fatigue simulation (SFS5) and isokinetic dynamometer protocol. Before exercise (time 0 min), immediately after SFS5 (time 5 min) and after 15 mins SFS5 (time 15 min), participants performed three maximal dominant limbs at 120°s-1 for eccentric hamstring muscle actions. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify significant differences between conditions and over time, with α=0.05. A significant time dependent reduction in hamstring eccentric at time 5 min (9.5%) and time 20 min (9.7%) was observed. These findings suggest eccentric training during fatigue state should be a primary consideration in injury prevention program. Our findings also recommended the inclusion of a short duration, high intensity soccer-specific fatigue simulation as part of pre-season hamstring strain injury risk screening and return to play assessment to ensure the effectiveness in identifying the markers of hamstring strain injury risk in soccer players.
EFFECT OF GENDER ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING INCREASING INTENSITIES OF ISOMETRIC HAND GRIP EXERCISE IN UNTRAINED ADULTS
Authors: Niyi-Odumosu Faatihah Adeyinka , Meah Mohammed Shahabu
Published: April 2023

ender influences blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of gender on BP and HRV during increasing intensities of isometric hand grip (IHG) exercise. Nineteen (n=19) (10 males, 9 females) participants aged 25.7±0.9 and 27.0±0.6 years (Mean± SEM), with height and weight of 173.4±3.1 cm, 72.8±3.7kg and 160.9±1.6 cm, 59.3±3.4 kg volunteered after ethical approval. BP, HRV and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured at rest. Thereafter, participants underwent 30% MVC for 2 minutes during which BP and HRV was taken with 10 minutes rest. Contractions were amplified to 35, 40, 45% MVC. One-Way ANOVA compared Mean±SEM values at 95% significance. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly in females (p<0.001) than males (p<0.01); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly in both gender (p<0.001); average number of heart beats increased significantly in males (p<0.001) than females (p<0.01); significant increase in LF/HF ratio in females (p<0.01) but not in males. However, there was no significant difference in the standard deviation of N-N interval (SDNN), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), very low frequency (VLF), root mean square of standard deviation (RMSSD), total frequency power (TFP), proportion of numbers of pairs of successive intervals (Pnn50) in both genders. This study may suggest a higher sympathetic influence (following rise in SBP and LF/HF ratio) in females than males during IHG exercise. Thus, variations exist in BP and HRV during short interval, altered intensities IHG exercise in both genders.
STEM: A WEB-BASED SYSTEM FOR MANAGING TEST ARTIFACTS IN SOFTWARE TESTING COURSE
Authors: Mohamad Yusop Nor Shahida , Mohd Fikri Adib Suhaimi , Yahaya Nursyuhaila
Published: April 2023

With the increasing demand for sophisticated and cost-effective software testing, many software industries are looking for highly skilled software testers. To meet that demand, many universities have offered software testing courses in their software engineering programs. At the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA, software testing course was offered to Bachelor of Information System Engineering students in semester 5. As part of the course assessment, students are required to conduct system tests in which they need to design, execute, and document test cases. Currently, the use of Microsoft Word and Excel Spreadsheet to document test cases and test results are not effective for test case management. The most common problems experienced by the students when using Microsoft Word to manage test cases are: 1) difficulty to ensure document consistency when various team members update the test artifacts, 2) Unable to track and monitor the test status when the test results are kept individually, and 3) improper test-requirements traceability, since separate traceability documents need to be maintained and updated throughout the development life cycle. This paper reports on the development of STeM web-based system to assist the test case management in software testing course. The STeM serves as a collaborative platform for the students to build test cases, create requirements traceability, record test cases results, monitor test case status, and produce test report. In addition, lecturer can monitor the test progress through this system too.
TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED ONLINE LEARNING FOR LOW ACHIEVERS IN INTRODUCTORY PROGRAMMING: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Othman Mahfudzah , Osman Aznoora , Ahmad Siti Zulaiha , Abdullah Natrah
Published: April 2023

Technology-enhanced online learning (tel) has been widely utilized in facilitating teaching and learning in higher academic institutions. although exhaustive studies have been done in investigating the usage and effectiveness of tel in programming education, there is still insufficiency of studies being done in utilization of tel in introductory programming specifically for low achievers who often faced with learning difficulties such as lack of motivation and interests, lack of problem-solving skills and logical thinking and the technical issues in the technologies used. therefore, this study investigates the trends of tel in introductory programming in terms of its pedagogical approach in addressing the difficulties faced by the low achievers and the online technologies needed to facilitate their learning through a systematic literature review study between the year 2017 till 2021. by adopting kitchenham’s methodology, a total of 20 papers have been selected from various journals and databases and we found that the trends of tel for low achievers in introductory programming comprised of six main online educational technologies, which are the web-based learning, mobile learning, multimedia learning, gamification, block-based programming and virtual reality or robot simulations. the findings from this review can be used for future research in utilizing tel in the field of programming education, especially for low achievers.
PENGATURAN PEMANFAATAN PERDAGANGAN JENIS IKAN DILINDUNGI/APPENDIKS CITES DI WILAYAH KERJA LPSPL SERANG
Authors: Wardono Suko , Alkadrie Syarif Iwan Taruna , Wibowo Arief Surya , Reksajaya Ayuningtyas Sekarputri , Wibowo Wibowo , Aries Gusti
Published: April 2023

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora which has been ratified through Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1978, is the nation's commitment to the conservation of endangered, endemic, and protected fish species. Trading traffic of protected fish species/CITES Appendix in of the Coastal Resources Management Regional Office (LPSPL) Serang working area is quite high, so it is necessary to control the utilization of protected fish species to maintain the sustainability of fish resources. The method of collecting data is through recording and direct interviews with service officers and treasurers of LPSPL Serang, as well as secondary data from service databases on traffic activities for protected fish species/CITES Appendix during Semester I (January-June) year 2022. Based on data collected, 53 domestic recommendation letters have been issued consisting of 30,909.80 kg of shark products, 104.50 kg of ray fins, 1,308 kg of sea cucumbers, and 12,009 pcs of soft coral and anemone; Foreign recommendation letters totaling 1,317 recommendations consisting of 2,335,464.01 kg of shark products and 283 live sharks, 468,387.55 kg of ray products and 21 live rays, 24,121.86 kg of sea cucumbers, and 295,408 pcs of soft coral and anemone; Documents for transport of fish species consisting of 28 documents consisting of 53,595 arowanas and 3,752.79 kg of shark and ray fins in the CITES Appendix; Letters of transport for tentengan fish types consisting of 228 documents of 359 arowanas. Total value of PNBP obtained is Rp 1,312,204,811.
What we can learn from books in the digital age
Authors: Stamm Michael
Published: April 2023

Though books are often considered “old media” in the digital age, their production in this period in fact has been continually reimagined and redefined through new technologies of printing, especially paper and ink manufacturing. This paper explores how three specific recent printed books demonstrate this point in both form and content: David Brower’s Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (1995), William McDonough and Michael Braungart’s Cradle to Cradle (2002), and the 2008 Harper-Collins Green Bible. Brower’s book was printed on paper made from kenaf, a sustainable alternative to wood-based paper. Cradle to Cradle was printed on a synthetic polymer that could be endlessly remade into other products. The Green Bible was printed on recycled paper and used soy-based ink, and all verses with environmental content were printed in green. In each case, in form these printed books were meant to model innovative industrial information production while also through their content to motivate enhanced environmental consciousness.
Seed invigoration using ultrafine bubble water to increase the vigor of true shallot seed (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Raga Yuan , Widajati Eny , Purwanto Yohanes Aris
Published: April 2023

True shallot seeds are preferable to tubers as planting materials because of their advantages in storage longevity, lower management cost, and lower seed-borne disease risk. However, environmentally limited production and seed deterioration in uncontrolled storage have limited its application. Pre-sowing hydration invigoration accelerates and synchronizes the germination of deteriorated seeds. Ultra-fine bubble water (UFBW) contains reactive oxygen species, which can advance the pre-germinative metabolism of the seed. This study examined true shallot seed invigoration using UFBW. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor of randomized complete block design. The first factor was initial seed vigor based on the vigor index with six levels, i.e., 24, 15, 13, 12, 10, and 9%. The second factor was the invigoration treatment of UFBW (8 and 23 ppm dissolved oxygen concentrations) with two durations (24 and 48 h), 50 ppm GA3, and 3% KNO3 (24 h). UFBW with 23 ppm invigoration for 48 h improved seed vigor based on all vigor parameters. The GA3 50 ppm treatment is the most effective in increasing seed vigor.

Keywords: dissolved oxygen; pre-sowing hydration; reactive oxygen species; seed viability; seed vigor
Growth, yield, and land use efficiency of soybean-maize relay cropping under saturated soil culture on tidal swamps
Authors: Sahuri  , Munif Ghulamahdi  , Suwarto
Published: April 2023

More than 75 percent of households growing maize and soybean adopts the monoculture method. The relay cropping of soybean-maize is a strategic choice to increase the planted area and productivity of these two commodities' sustainability in tidal swamps. The research aimed to study the land equivalent ratio (LER), determine the best planting spacing and soybean varieties, and the best relay cropping of maize on saturated soil culture in tidal swamps. The experiment was on mineral soils with type B tidal swamps, in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, from July to December 2022. The experiment used a three-factor randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties: Argomulyo, Gepak Kuning, Detap 1, and Demas 1, the second factor was soybean planting spacing: 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and 60 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm, and the third factor was the relay cropping of maize: 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) of soybeans. Results showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, filled pods, 100 seeds weight, and seed yield were influenced significantly by varieties. Demas 1 variety produced a higher seed yield, with relay cropping and monoculture, i.e., 4.2 tons ha-1 and 4.1 tons ha-1, respectively. Plant height, stem diameters, number of leaves, 100 grains weight, and grain yield in maize were significantly higher at soybean planting spacing of 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and relay cropping at 30 DAP. The LER values > 1, indicated that relay cropping increased land productivity as compared to monoculture cultivation. The LER at relay cropping of 30 DAP was significantly highest for Argomulyo and Detap 1 varieties, i.e., 1.8 and 1.8, respectively.

Keywords: Land equivalent ratio, planting spacing, relay cropping, saturated soil culture,  tidal swamps
Análisis multitemporal y espacial del sedimento depositado en el embalse San Jacinto
Authors:   Centro de Investigación del Agua(CIAGUA), Universidad Autónoma Juan Misael Saracho, Tarija, Bolivia, Perales Moisés , Soria Freddy ,   Centro de Investigación en Agua, Energía y Sostenibilidad (CINAES), Universidad Católica Boliviana, La Paz, Bolivia, Saavedra Oliver ,   Centro de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental (CIICA), Universidad Privada Boliviana, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Published: April 2023

El tratamiento y el análisis de las mediciones topobatimétricas genera una mejor comprensión de la dinámica sedimentaria de un embalse, esto contribuye a los encargados de la operación del embalse a implementar mejores prácticas de manejo, además de diseñar e implementar medidas efectivas para el manejo y conservación de estas importantes infraestructuras para asegurar su sostenibilidad. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la información disponible de las topobatimetrías del embalse San Jacinto que fueron ejecutadas en 1989, 1995, 2004, 2013, 2016 y 2019, para así poder determinar la variación temporal y espacial del sedimento depositado. Este estudio permitió identificar los cursos de agua de mayor aporte de sedimentos y los patrones morfológicos longitudinales. Los resultados muestran que en 30 años de operación se tiene un volumen acumulado de sedimento de 16.5 hm3, 3.1 hm3 por encima del volumen muerto previsto en proyecto, evidenciando la subestimación de la vida útil en la etapa de diseño.
ELABORAÇÃO DE UM JOGO DIDÁTICO PARA O CONTEÚDO SEXUALIDADE NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II
Authors: Faria Igor , Fader Isabela , Pezzonia José , Cortez Raquel
Published: April 2023

O jogo didático (educativo) é uma ferramenta fundamental para a promoção do ensino/aprendizagem nas escolas particulares e públicas. Pode facilitar o entendimento de conteúdo, estimular o trabalho em grupo, a socialização, bem como auxiliar nas abordagens de assuntos considerados tabus para alunos e professores. O jogo é uma atividade lúdica que infelizmente é pouco praticada, perdendo, portanto, para o ensino tradicional, ou seja, com aulas teóricas, conteudistas, expositivas e exercícios sistematizados para a memorização. Este trabalho teve por objetivo demonstrar a importância dos jogos educativos, em especial para o conteúdo de sexualidade no Ensino Fundamental II. Acredita-se que a partir da aplicação do jogo os alunos, de maneira divertida e descontraída, possam compreender conteúdos relacionados à sexualidade.
Una población de Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) asociada con flores de Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) (Fabaceae) en Panamá
Authors: Atencio-Valdespino Randy , Ramos-Zachrisson Iván Alexis , Barba-Alvarado Anovel Amet
Published: April 2023

Resumen: Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) es utilizada como cerca viva y forraje para ganado vacuno en Panamá. Presenta flores que constituyen albergue y alimentación para diversas especies de insectos, principalmente de trips (Thysanoptera) que se asocian como plaga a cultivos de la familia Cucurbitaceae y Solanaceae, lo que justifica el presente estudio. El estudio se realizó en el pacífico de Coclé en Panamá durante el periodo lluvioso de diciembre de 2021, hasta el período seco de marzo de 2022, que se asocia con la floración de las plantas. Para ello se eligieron 10 localidades en un tramo de 103 kilómetros donde se encuentran plantas de G. sepium establecidas como cercas vivas, seleccionando en cada localidad un árbol del cual se tomaron cuatro flores, que fueron introducidas en viales de vidrio con alcohol al 70 % para colectar los trips presentes cada quince días. Los especímenes capturados de trips fueron preparados en laminas fijas para su respectiva identificación con claves dicotómicas disponibles y se procedió al registro de los especímenes capturados para obtener el total y sexo de estos. Los resultados de los muestreos indican la presencia de poblaciones de Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) en las flores de G. sepium. Esta especie es considerada plaga de especies de las familias Fabaceae y Rutaceae que como resultado del cambio climático y la expansión geográfica de sus plantas hospederas como es el caso de G. sepium, podría potencialmente adquirir un estatus de plaga primaría en agroecosistemas y cultivos sensitivos a la seguridad alimentaria en diferentes regiones del país.
La política económica y la incertidumbre: notas para un programa de investigación
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna (España), Álvarez José Antonio
Published: April 2023

In this paper we are going to deal with the coexistence of Economic Policy with uncertainty. In the first part, the concept of uncertainty and its main causes are specified, highlighting three: lack of information, ignorance and the existence of stochastic processes. In the rest of the text we consider the Economic Policy in its phases of design, decision and implementation, phases that are users of information and knowledge. Therefore, an Economic Policy is proposed that highlights the infrastructure for the production of knowledge and learning (reduce the lack of information and ignorance) to increase rigor and contribute to reducing uncertainty.
How platelets pull the strings
Authors: Lickert Sebastian
Published: April 2023

Without platelets, humans might have bled to death even with the tiniest of wounds. But is their only function to stop blood loss? New results suggest that they could also help in starting to heal a wound by forming new specialized tissue. These findings pave the way for improvements in implanted medical devices and treatment options for those suffering from frequent bleeding.
Drought may have prompted the Vikings’ departure from Greenland
Authors: Zhao Boyang
Published: April 2023

The reason why the Vikings left Greenland in the early 15th century remains unclear. The declining temperature during the Little Ice Age had been thought to be one of the important factors. However, new evidence suggests that increasingly dry conditions played a more important role in undermining the viability of the Norse Settlement than minor temperature changes.
Does eating vegetables reduce cardiovascular risk? It’s not so simple
Authors: Feng Qi
Published: April 2023

People who eat more raw vegetables are likely to have lower risks of cardiovascular diseases, but we observed that they are also more likely to have higher socioeconomic status and healthier lifestyle. Therefore, solely eating more vegetables may not necessarily prevent heart diseases. It is important to keep an overall balanced diet and healthy lifestyle.
The Achilles’ heel of superbugs that survive salty dry conditions
Authors: Tam Heng Keat
Published: April 2023

Nosocomial infection has become a serious global challenge in modern healthcare facilities due to the persistence of superbugs. To survive in highly sanitized hospitals, superbugs produce beneficial substances such as mannitol to sustain their growth. We uncovered that a mannitol-producing protein is vital to help the bugs persist in salty and dry conditions, and may be the key to their demise.
Record of efficiency indicator in controlling radio communication in fire service units
Authors:   State Institution of the Moscow region “Special Center “Zvenigorod”, BASOV V.A. , KHOLOSTOV A.L. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, MALASHENKOV G.N. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, IVANNIKOV A.P. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. Peculiarities of controlling radio communication when eliminating consequences of man-made disasters are considered. As an indicator that determines the purpose of control, the efficiency of communication in radio network deployed at a fire extinguishment site is considered. Methods. To assess the quality of work and the rationality of the radio network use, an efficiency indicator can be applied. This indicator is calculated using the methods of probability theory. Promptness is presented as a quantitative (probabilistic) assessment that the message will be transmitted to the required subscriber within a time less than the specified one. Findings. It is proposed to use radio communication efficiency indicator in the process of controlling radio communication during field work performed by fire units. Examples of its calculation for a radio network of three subscribers are given, the corresponding graphical dependencies are constructed. Research application field. The obtained results can be used to ensure safety in extinguishing fires and eliminating consequences of man-made disasters. Conclusions. It is shown that process of controlling radio communication can be considered as providing the required value of the efficiency indicator. In this case, the task of controlling radio communication will lie in excluding critical control modes, when network subscribers have an urgent need to contact other participants, who, in turn, are already communicating with network subscribers.
Dependence of dry powders inerting concentration on internal fire parameters
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, GERASIMOVA I.N. , KOMRAKOV P.V. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, GRUSHEVA T.G. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SMIRNOV A.V. ,   All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection  EMERCOM of Russia, DIALEKTOVA T.P. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. Pulse extinction of a standardized fire (heptane) in a combustion chamber with a dry powder based on sodium bicarbonate (hydrocarbonate) and sodium carbonate is considered. The minimum dry powder concentration for extinction of internal fires with different parameters is determined. Dependences of powder fire-extinguishing properties on average volumetric temperature of а mock-up room and on combustible liquid temperature are obtained. Methods. The authors carried out a series of laboratory experiments in order to obtain dependence of minimum and optimal values of inerting concentration at various temperatures of internal environment and standardized fire (combustible liquid) temperature. Findings. Dependences of minimum dry powder concentration on temperature parameters of a standardized fire are obtained. The highest value of minimum inerting dry powder concentration turned out to be in the temperature range of gas-air medium from 20 to 35 °С, and the lowest values were at temperatures above 40 °С. A similar picture was observed when determining the values of minimum inerting dry powder concentration on the combustible liquid temperature. The highest value of minimum inerting powder concentration turned out to be in heptane temperature range approximately from 48 to 80 °С. Research application field. It is advisable to include study results in the educational process, as well as in research work in order to develop recommendations for choosing a rational method for supplying powder to fire area in rooms with different fire load. Conclusions. Based on the numerical value of inerting concentration in analyzing extinguishment efficiency for all cases of temperature changes in the mock-up room, the authors found an ambiguous behaviour pattern of minimum fire extinguishing dry powders concentration. This is explained by the fact that as the combustible liquid is burning out, combustion products (CO2 and H2O) are accumulating in the room and oxygen concentration decreases. It is also possible that at higher temperatures the decomposition of the powder into inhibiting gases occurs faster, which leads to less losses and a decrease in the inerting concentration. These facts require a more detailed study.
On issues of verifying heat flow simulation results by the field method
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, MIRONENKO R.V. , SIBIRYAKOV M.V. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SOKOVNIN A.I. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, IBATULIN R.K. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. One of the fire safety requirements is the creation of conditions for preventing fire spread between buildings. This requirement is implemented by observing fire prevention distances (breaks) between buildings and structures. Requirements for fire prevention distances (breaks) are established in regulatory documents. In some cases, the implementation of these requirements is either technically impossible, or associated with significant economic costs, when the further operation of the facility is impractical. To solve this problem, it is possible to reduce fire prevention distances (breaks) between facilities under protection, provided that the engineering calculation confirms the impossibility of fire spread to a neighboring facility by a heat flow. The accuracy of the results obtained by the method of calculating fire distance (break) directly affects the level of fire hazard in the facility under protection, and verification in the calculation models used within the framework of this method is an important stage in its development and improvement. Methods. For research, methods of analysis and computer simulation with the help of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software product are used. Findings. The simulation of a heat flow during heptane pan burning is performed. The results obtained during the simulation are compared with the results of a full-scale experiment. Recommendations for setting FDS parameters for heat flow simulation are formulated. Research application field. The study results can be applied in the calculation of fire prevention distances (breaks) by the field method using Fire Dynamics Simulator software product. Conclusions. The model created by means of FDS requires mandatory refinement of the parameters, since not in all cases the default values correctly describe the simulated process. The study of the issue of heat flow simulation in FDS requires further research. In the course of numerical experiments, it is found that when calculating the incident heat flux, it is necessary to pay attention to setting such parameters as discretization of the solid angle, the fraction of energy spent on radiation, CO and soot release. For correct assessment of the incident heat flux, it is recommended to simulate combustion by solid angle correction with a step in 100 until the value of the incident heat flux stabilizes within a narrow range.
Uncertainties in calculating the parameters of a gas-air cloud explosion during an emergency release of liquefied natural gas in open space
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, TETERIN I.A.
Published: April 2023

Purpose. Increasing production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the Russian Federation raise the risk of the accidental LNG releases. To prevent the negative consequences of a possible gas-air cloud explosion during LNG release, it is necessary to predict probable emergency scenarios. Regulatory documents for determining fire risk make it possible to define the likely consequences of an explosion of liquefied hydrocarbon gases (LPG) vapor clouds, however the application of calculation methods for LNG requires additional analysis. Methods. The analysis of methods for calculating the parameters of a gas-air cloud explosion in an open space is carried out, the consequences of real gas-air clouds explosions during the emergency LNG release are analyzed. Findings. The analysis of the methods has showed the main uncertainties in predicting the parameters of LNG vapor cloud explosion. Propagation features of LNG vapor cloud, the influence of various gases that are part of LNG are not taken into account. Research application field. The results obtained will allow improving the method for calculating the pressure of the gas-air clouds explosion during the emergency LNG release. Conclusions. The analysis of the real accident with LNG release has showed that the calculated pressures obtained on the basis of the methods are incomparable with the explosion consequences. The further direction for improving the methodology of calculating the explosion pressure of gas-air clouds during the emergency LNG release is determined. To improve the methodology it is necessary to determine the effect of combustible gases, which are part of LNG, on the parameters of the explosion, and also take into account the effect of low temperatures of LNG vapor cloud.
Ventilation of partially open car parks
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, YESIN V.M. , IVANOV V.N. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, BARINOVA E.L. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SERKOV B.B. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SAMOSHIN D.A. , PRISTUPIUK D.N. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. The article evaluates the effectiveness of the natural ventilation system of partially open car parks using numerical simulation in the Fire Dynamics Simulator software package. In large shopping centers, along with open and closed car parks, there are car parks, whose open doorways areas are comparable to the areas of enclosing structures. The study is due to the lack of requirements for smoke protection of partially open car parks in the current regulatory documents. Methods. The authors have carried out numerical simulation in the Fire Dynamics Simulator software package, which implements a field model of a fire in the room. Findings. The study has showed that the efficiency of the system with natural draft induction (with natural ventilation) and with mechanical draft induction (exhaust smoke ventilation systems) is almost the same. The combustion temperature of a car reaches 816 °С, the temperature of the combustion products drops to the level of the average value of a car park area (24 °С) at a distance of no more than 2 m. Research application field. The results of the study can be used in the development of regulatory requirements for smoke protection of partially open car parks. Conclusions. The conducted research allowed the authors to draw a number of conclusions. 1. For a partially open car park in “Mega-Khimki” shopping mall the use of natural ventilation is effective: the temperature of combustion products and the visibility distance inside the car park practically do not differ from the corresponding values outside the building. The distance from the burning car to the point where the temperature of combustion products drops to about 20 °С is no more than 9 m. 2. The distance from the burning car to the point where the temperature of the combustion products drops to about 20 °С is no more than 9 m. 3. Taking into consideration the possible variety of planning solutions and sizes of partially open car parks, it is advisable to support the requirements of current regulatory documents with calculations using a field mathematical model.
Analysis of the normative method for assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through safety enclosure in case of quasi-explosive tank failure
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SHVYRKOV S.A. , VOROBYOV V.V. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, AFANASYEV E.A. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. When assessing fire risks at oil and petroleum product storage facilities, it is necessary, alongside, to consider the scenario of a liquid spill in case of quasi-explosive tank destruction. The breakthrough wave formed in this case is able to overflow through safety enclosure. The normative method allows assessing the proportion of overflowing liquid only through the enclosure in the form of vertical protective walls, while earth dikes of trapezoidal shape with different slope angles have become most widespread at the specified objects of protection. The article justifies the relevance of continuing the research on assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through enclosures of various geometric shapes in case of quasi-explosive destruction of the tank. Methods. Statistical data analysis methods on actual quasi-explosive tank failures at production facilities in Russia and abroad have been used, including a full-scale experiment on the destruction of VST-700 with water, as well as observations, comparisons, descriptions, and generalizations. Findings. It is shown that the definition of the term quasi-explosive tank failure requires additions and clarifications based on statistical data analysis on the destruction of vertical steel tanks. The mechanism for opening the wall of a vertical steel tank has been clarified, which leads to the occurrence of a breakthrough wave, and its characteristics has been given. The application limitations of the existing method for estimating the proportion of overflowing liquid only through the enclosures in the form of vertical protective walls have been justified. Research application field. The results of the study can be used for developing the tenets of the method for determining fire risk design values at production facilities when considering a scenario related to a liquid spill in case of quasi-explosive destruction of a vertical steel tank. Conclusions. Based on the analysis results of the tenets of the method under consideration, the necessity to continue studies aimed at assessing the proportion of liquid overflowing through enclosures of various geometrical shapes during tank destruction, the value of which is needed for quantitative assessment of fire risks at production facilities, has been justified.
The relationship between moisture condensation and forming pyrophoric compounds in steam-gas area of tanks filled with sulfurous oil
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, ASCHEULOVA I.I. , BEGISHEV I.R. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, MURODZODA S.S. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, PETRILIN D.A. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, REFORMATSKAYA I.I. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. When storing sulfurous oil in vertical steel tanks, pyrophoric corrosive deposits are formed on their inner surface after a while, and they are capable to self-ignite under certain conditions. It is assumed that the rate of corrosion and that of forming pyrophoric deposits will depend on the humidity of the steam-gas medium inside the vertical steel tank and the conditions of its water fraction condensation on the oil tank inner surface. The main purpose of the research is to determine humidity impact on the inner surface of the roof and upper belts of tanks with sulfurous oil on the rate of corrosion and growth of pyrophoric compounds. Methods. To study the relationship between the humidity of the inner surface of the tanks with sulfurous oil, the temperature regime inside and outside the vertical steel tank and the growth rate of pyrophoric deposits, the method of experimental data analysis was used. Experimental results were obtained using an experimental method consisting of full-scale testing of low-carbon steel samples in tanks with sulfurous oil. Findings. The dependence of the amount of moisture and that of pyrophoric corrosive deposits formed on the inner surface of the tank with sulfurous oil on the type of the stored product and the season of year is revealed. A direct correlation is obtained between the amount of pyrophores formed and the amount of condensed moisture. Research application field. The results can be used in planning activities to ensure fire safety at the facilities of the oil and gas industry, as well as to ensure fire protection of vertical steel oil tanks. Conclusions. The results of the study allowed the authors to draw a number of the following conclusions: 1) when the inner surface of oil tanks comes into contact with the steam-gas medium, moisture condensation and the formation of pyrophoric deposits occur on the metal surface; 2) there is a correlation between the rate of pyrophoric deposits formation and the humidity of the tanks’ inner surface that are in contact with the steam-gas medium – the higher the humidity the greater the rate of pyrophoric deposits formation; 3) the growth rate of pyrophoric deposits is determined by the conditions of heat transfer on the tanks surface and is minimal at similar temperatures inside and outside the tanks, which are typical for the summer months and sunny spring-winter days; 4) high humidity of the tanks’ roof inner surface suggests the possibility of using tread protection to reduce the rate of pyrophoric deposits formation.
Using the expert estimation method in assessing labor costs of the State Fire Supervision personnel
Authors:   Main Directorate of the EMERCOM of Russia for the Nizhny Novgorod Region, VORONIN S.A. , LAKHVITSKY G.N. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, REPIN S.V. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SATIN A.P. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. The problem of determining labor costs and regulating the number of the supervision units has not been fully investigated, but taking into account the current situation of uncertainty and the accumulation of unfulfilled functions within the framework of the current legislation, it is relevant and in demand. The authors investigated various methods for increasing the efficiency of the working time fund distribution, including by increasing the number of employees. As part of the general study, the authors selected experts to develop a questionnaire containing regulated types of work and allowing systematizing, structuring and processing the data obtained to improve the planning of employees' activities and increase their work efficiency. Based on the study of the existing methods, an approach is proposed to form an expert group and develop a questionnaire to determine the labor costs of the engineering and inspecting staff. The survey was conducted with the participation of the personnel of the Supervisory Department of the Main Directorate of EMERCOM of Russia for the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Methods. Statistical data on the number of control (supervisory) activities carried out by Federal State Fire Supervision authorities in the Nizhny Novgorod region were used. When selecting candidates for the expert group, the Delphi method, the “snowball” method, the ranking method, etc. were used. The method of expert assessments was used to develop the questionnaire. Findings. The list of consolidated operations performed by a State Fire inspecting officer was formed, a decomposition of work was carried out, which made it possible to form a questionnaire on the labor costs distribution for an official. The method for determining the probability of events occurrence based on retrospective statistical data was chosen. Research application field. The outcomes of the work make it possible to form a mathematical apparatus for determining statistical indicators; determine the labor costs for performing each type of work; explore objective and subjective factors affecting labor costs; build predictive models for the supervisory activities management. Conclusions. The work carried out made it possible to develop an approach to the formation of expert groups for solving multi-criteria problems of streamlining and distributing the working time fund of the engineering and inspecting staff.
Stationary maintenance bodies of EMERCOM of Russia: current state and directions of development
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, ARISTARKHOV V.A. , GRISHANKOV P.S. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, DVOENKO O.V. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: April 2023

Purpose. The article considers the issue of formation and development of maintenance units in fire service system, from the post-war years to the present. The positive and negative aspects of various forms functioning of maintenance bodies within EMERCOM’s of Russia system have been defined. The relevance of presence of stationary maintenance bodies within EMERCOM’s of Russia system in the form of a “federal autonomous institution” and/or structural subdivision of a territorial body has been confirmed. The directions for further work related to managerial decision making support in matters concerning the setting up of maintenance institutions (subdivisions) in a territorial body of EMERCOM of Russia have been determined. Methods. A retrospective analysis of an expert assessment made it possible to determine strengths and weaknesses of various types of maintenance units functioning of EMERCOM of Russia. Findings. The analysis of functioning of stationary maintenance bodies of EMERCOM of Russia for the period 2002–2021 has been carried out. As part of the study, an expert survey has been conducted with the involvement of specialists having necessary competencies in the field of maintenance units management. In the course of the study the conclusion has been made that the most effective form of functioning of a stationary maintenance institution is the form of a “federal autonomous institution”. At the same time, the presence in a territorial body of EMERCOM of Russia of a maintenance unit in organizational and legal form of a “federal autonomous institution” does not exclude the possibility of establishing a maintenance unit in the form of a structural subdivision of the territorial body and vice versa. Research application field. The obtained results can be used in practical work of command and control bodies of EMERCOM of Russia in the course of organizational design of territorial fire and rescue garrisons in solving problems of ensuring technical preparedness of fire and rescue units. Conclusions. The presence of stationary maintenance units in territorial bodies of EMERCOM of Russia allows increasing the efficiency and quality of solving tasks to ensure technical preparedness of fire and rescue units. Moreover, the possibility of choosing the organizational and legal form of the maintenance body allows expanding the range of tasks to be solved, enhancing the efficiency of their work, creating conditions for attracting qualified personnel and developing the material and technical base, which is especially important for EMERCOM of Russia in modern socio-economic conditions.
Evaluation of a correlation between the severity of root resorption of adjacent teeth and level of difficulty of impacted canine – A cone-beam computed tomography study
Authors: Chhutani Priyanka Dinesh , Deshmukh Sonali Vijay , Khan Adnan Sarfaraz , Rahalkar Jayesh S.
Published: April 2023

Objectives:

An interrelation between the level of difficulty of canine impaction based on its three-dimensional position and the degree of root resorption of the adjacent teeth improves the quality of orthodontic treatment planning. It would be advantageous for clinicians to know the predilection of resorption in varying canine positions. The aim of the study is to evaluate and correlate the severity of root resorption of adjacent teeth and the level of difficulty of impacted canine classified by KPG Index and sector analysis using cone-beam computed tomography.

Material and Methods:

The study sample comprised 48 impacted canines in orthodontic patients (17 boys and 27 girls) with a mean age of 24 years. The cone-beam computed tomographs were evaluated using Dolphin Imaging Software and primarily, three observations were recorded: KPG index, sector analysis, and root resorption. The samples were equally divided into four groups based on the KPG index, with 12 samples in each group. Additionally, the inclination of the canine in the frontal plane and their degree of vertical eruption were recorded.

Results:

The number and severity of resorptive lesions increased as the KPG score escalated. The mean KPG score was 13.67 ± 6.336 and the average KPG index was 2.5 ± 1.13. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between all the parameters and root resorption.

Conclusion:

A positive correlation exists between the level of difficulty of canine impaction and root resorption of the adjacent teeth. A KPG score higher than 13.67 can be a resourceful predictor of resorptive lesions. An increased tendency of root resorption of the neighboring teeth was observed when angle α and angle β exceed 43.71° and 43.26°, respectively.