bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overseas Dissemination of Ancient Chinese Costume Culture from the Perspective of Cultural Confidence
Authors: Wang Zhicheng , Cui Rrongrong , Cong Tianzhu , Liang Hui’e
Published: April 2022

Since the reform and opening-up, China has actively followed overseas costume trends and bidden farewell to the era of uniforms. It has gone through evolution from collective imitation to physical liberation to the advocacy of diversified individuality to this new age, where the Chinese culture of costume is radiant with self-confidence. The culture of ancient Chinese costume has a long history with extensive and profound connotations. This paper, from the perspective of cultural confidence, adopts the propagation mode of ‘5W’ to discuss the overseas dissemination of ancient Chinese costume culture, the specific content of Chinese-foreign exchange, and theoretical approaches in the theoretical framework of communication based on the case of ‘American Tour of Innovative Design Works of Ancient Chinese Costume Culture’, organised by Jiangnan University in 2018, in a bid to serve as a reference for the narration of the national story, the communication of a national voice and the creation of a national image.
Alkali Degumming and Refining Technology for Chinese Fevervine Fibr
Authors: Hongwei Zhang , Dongfeng Shao , Jianqin Tao
Published: April 2022

In this paper, the Rubiaceae Chinese Fevervine stem was used as raw material, with pool dipping, manual decorticating, acid dipping and sodium hydroxide scouring twice as the degumming method, to produce Chinese Fevervine Fibre (CF fibre). Through an orthogonal experiment, optimised two-fold sodium hydroxide degumming using refining technology was achieved: in the first alkali degumming, the NaOH concentration was 1.4% at a temperature of 95 °C for 3.5 hours; in the second , the NaOH concentration was 0.8% at a temperature of 95 °C for 2.5 hours; and in the acid dipping, the sulfuric acid concentration was 6% at room temperature for 0.5 hours. The CF fibre produced has a spinnability of 39.90 mm length, a linear density of 2.82 dtex, a tenacity of 18.56 cN/dtex, and a break elongation of 2.81%.
Comparative Analysis of Electrospinning Methods for Producing Fibres and Materials with a Predicted Structure and Complex
of Properties
Authors: Filatov Ivan , Bokova Elena S. , Smulskaya Maria , Kapustin Ivan A. , Pawlowa Maria , Kovalenko Grigory M.
Published: April 2022

Various industrial methods of electrospinning are considered. Experimental data of the results of electrospinning from solutions of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, polyamide-6/66 and fluoroplastic F-42, obtained by various methods are presented.
Adsorption Kinetics of an Activated Carbon Glass Composite Prepared Using Acrylic Waste Through Laser Treatment
Authors: Gilani Syed Qummer Zia , Wiener Jakub , Naeem M. Salman , Javed Zafar , Jabbar Abdul , Abid Hafiz Affan , Karahan Mehmet
Published: April 2022

This work explains a novel method of producing activated carbon using laser treatment. Acrylic coated glass samples were developed by padding a glass non-woven sheet in 30% acrylic fibre solution (PAN solution) from waste acrylic bathmats. Samples were then dried and cured at different temperatures. After curing, stabilisation was performed at 230 °C with a heating rate of 50 °C hr-1. Infrared laser irradiation was performed on the stabilised web using a commercial pulsed infrared laser for carbonisation. The resultant acrylic glass carbon composite (AGCC) was characterised with the help of x-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive w-ray, and a scanning electron microscope to determine the increase in crystallinity as well as the percentage of carbon and surface roughness of the carbon glass composites. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon (AC) glass composite prepared was determined by changing process inputs like the concentration of dye, the amount of AC glass composite, the agitation speed and pH. The results were analysed through different adsorption isotherms. It was established that the Freundlich model can more effectively describe results due to the development of heterogeneous surface characteristics. The kinetics of adsorption were studied using first order and second order models.
Evaluation of Deformation Properties of Elastic Fibres in Threads
Authors: Recabov Ilqar Saleh , Nuriyev Mahammadali Nuraddin
Published: April 2022

In the article, the change in the linear dimensions of tissues is analysed by the closure of the elastane threads in the tissue system under the influence of wet processing. It is found that standard techniques cover changes in linear dimensions only in the direction of the base and utka. However, for clothing design, it is necessary to know the change in linear dimensions in arbitrary directions. The empirical models used to calculate these dimensions do not have the required accuracy. The article proposes a model for calculating the change in linear dimensions in an arbitrary direction based on the analysis of the geometry of the fabric and describing the process of tissue shrinkage under the influence of wet processing, which allows to obtain results with sufficient accuracy.
Study of Thermal Comfort Properties of Different Kinds of Polyester Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Mohapatra Shradhanjali , Thangavelu Vidya , Dhanapal Vasanth Kumar , Rajwin A. Jebastin , Ramesh Babu V. , Prakash C. , Shah Anas , Roy Reetuparna
Published: April 2022

This research focused on the thermal comfort behaviour of polyester with respect to the type of yarn (spun, micro denier, continuous filament and hollow), linear density of the yarn (111 and 166 dtex), and the loop length of knitted fabric (0.25, 0.27 and 0.29 cm).The air permeability of continuous filament yarn fabric and micro denier yarn knitted fabrics was noted to be higher than that of spun yarn knitted fabrics. 111 dtex micro denier yarn fabric has the highest air permeability and 111 dtex spun yarn fabric the lowest air permeability value among all the other fabric samples. Comparatively, coarser spun yarn fabric has lower air permeability characteristics than finer microdenier fabric.The water permeability of the fabric shows a significant difference between the spun yarn, continuous filament yarn and Micro denier yarn knitted fabrics and between the linear density of the yarn. The water vapour permeability of spun yarn of 166 dtex single jersey fabric is higher, while the water vapour permeability of continuous filament yarn fabric of 166 dtex is lower. The thermal conductivity value is high for continuous filament polyester fabric of 100 D and low for microdenier polyester fabric of 166 dtex. Based on the statistical analysis, it is clearly shown that there are significant differences between the three different polyester yarn fabrics of two different denier of the same fabric. Furthermore, the count and different polyester yarn affect the comfort properties of single jersey fabrics.
Characteristics of Collagen Preparations from Leather Wastes by the High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Method
Authors: Gendaszewska Dorota , Lasoń-Rydel Magdalena , Ławińska Katarzyna , Grzesiak Edyta , Pipiak Paulina
Published: April 2022

The raw trimming waste from the leather industry is considered potential hazardous waste as a consequence of the chrome tanned leather process. On the other hand, leather waste contains a large amount of precious protein – collagen, which has many uses. Nowadays, collagen preparations obtained from leather waste are available on the market. This paper presents a procedure for the determination of amino acids in five collagen preparations of animal origin. Recent improvements in HPLC-based methods for analysing amino acids have made it feasible to analyse different sample types accurately. In this study the 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) derivatization procedure was applied. The amino acid analysis indicated the presence of 18 amino acids (Asp, Ser, Glu, His, Gly, Arg, Thr, Ala, Pro, Cys, Tyr, Val, Lys, Met, Ile, Leu, Phe and Hyp) in the collagen samples. Glycine, alanine, proline and hydroxyproline were the most abundant amino acid, whereas the lowest contents corresponded to serine, tyrosine, valine and izoleucine. The analysis proposed can be used with confidence in collagen quality control to guarantee appropriate amino acid content.
Natural Sources in Preventive Conservation of Naturally Aged Textiles
Authors: Wendt Jan A. , Indrie Liliana , Dejeu Paula , Albu Adina , Ilieș Dorina Camelia , Costea Monica , Caciora Tudor , Ilieș Gabriela , Hodor Nicolaie , Josan Ioana , Berdenov Zharas , Grama Vasile , Safarov Bahodir
Published: April 2022

Natural antimicrobials can eliminate fungi and prevent the aging of cotton fabrics. While fungi can cause severe infections to the fabric user etc, natural antimicrobials have the advantage of not being toxic to humans. The present study showed that the essential oils of lemon (Citrus limon), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and mint (Mentha piperita) have inhibitory effects on yeast and mould spores on a piece of textile from Romanian cultural heritage, “ie”, stored in a space within an ethnographic museum., inhibitory action against Botrytis sp., the inhibitory effect of lemon essential oil on Cladosporium sp. and that of peppermint essential oil on yeast species Rhododtorula mucilaginosa were demonstrated, respectively. Being environmentally friendly, these sources, can be tested on a large scale.
Consumption Goals of Attributes Associated with a Product: A Study of Smart Running Shoes for a Group of Consumers in Nottingham, UK
Authors: Turhan Gülden , Kent Anthony
Published: April 2022

Wearable products with high tech content for any sport activity or exercise could perform to fulfil unmet needs or goals. The research investigated consumption goals and product evaluation with the Goal-Based Model for a study of smart running shoes. Online research was carried out to obtain the attributes of smart running shoes. Face-to-face interviews with voluntary participants were performed to explore desired goals corresponding to each attribute of the product. New participants filled in a survey questionnaire in order to measure their own subjective evaluation of the product as per their own goals. All participants were staying in Nottingham, UK during the survey. Eight different consumption goals were obtained in accordance with the attributes of smart running shoes. Product evaluation was calculated using the probability and importance of goals expected from the consumption of the product.
Geometrical Model to Determine Sewing Thread Consumption for Stitch Class 406
Authors: Rehman Ateeq ur , Rasheed Abher , Javed Zafar , Naeem M. Salman , Ramzan Muhammad Babar , Karahan Mehmet
Published: April 2022

This study aimed at developing a geometrical model for predicting the sewing thread consumption of stitch class 406. Stitch class 400 is a multi-thread chain stitch which consumes a less amount of thread as compared with stitch class 500 but more thread as compared with stitch class 300. Sewing thread calculation plays a significant role in determining the exact amount of thread for completing a garment and predicting the right quantity of thread for bulk production. The geometrical model developed was used for predicting sewing thread consumption by using different factors like stitch density (8 and 12 SPI), material thickness (2, 4 and 6 layers of fabric), and type of material (denim, knitted and fleece). The model was validated with a total of 18 samples sewn with different kinds of fabric, SPI, and material thickness. It was concluded that the model could predict sewing thread consumption with more than 97.18% accuracy.
Intelligent Prediction Model of the Thermal and Moisture Comfort of the Skin-Tight Garment
Authors: Cheng Pengpeng , Wang Jianping , Zeng Xianyi , Bruniaux Pascal , Chen Daoling
Published: April 2022

In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of predicting the thermal and moisture comfort of skin-tight clothing (also called skin-tight underwear), principal component analysis(PCA) is used to reduce the dimensions of related variables and eliminate the multicollinearity relationship among variables. Then, the optimized variables are used as the input parameters of the coupled intelligent model of the genetic algorithm (GA) and back propagation (BP) neural network, and the thermal and moisture comfort of different tights (tight tops and tight trousers) under different sports conditions is analysed. At the same time, in order to verify the superiority of the genetic algorithm and BP neural network intelligent model, the prediction results of GA-BP, PCA-BP and BP are compared with this model. The results show that principal component analysis (PCA) improves the accuracy and adaptability of the GA-BP neural network in predicting thermal and humidity comfort. The forecasting effect of the PCA-GA-BP neural network is obviously better than that of the GA-BP, PCA-BP, BP model, which can accurately predict the thermal and moisture comfort of tight-fitting sportswear. The model has better forecasting accuracy and a simpler structure.
Sodium Lignosulfonate: an Industrial Bio-Waste for the Colouration and UV Protective Finish of Nylon Fabric
Authors: Gangwar Arun Kumar Singh , Singh Mukesh Kumar , Vishnoi Prashant , Shakyawar D.B. , Maity Subhankar
Published: April 2022

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La carta 137 de san Agustín a Volusiano, un breve tratado sobre la fe
Authors: de Luis Vizcaíno Pío ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: April 2022

The article deals with Letter 137 to Volusianus, stressing from the words that belong to the Faith’s Semantic Field (fides, fidelis, credere, credibilis) that the letter could be seen as a brief Treatise about the Virtue of Faith, presenting the meaning of Faith, its anthropologic frame, the auctoritates, the reasons for beleiving, the characteristics of Faith, qualities and aspects of Faith, the effects and difficulties of Faith.
Diagnostična obravnava in zdravljenje enhondromov
Authors: Vojković Rok , Martinčič David , Mavčič Blaž
Published: April 2022

Enhondromi so benigni intramedularni tumorji iz zrelega hialinega hrustanca, ki obsegajo 10–25 % vseh benignih kostnih tumorjev. Kot naključna najdba brez simptomov so prisotni pri 2–3 % magnetnoresonančnih preiskavah kolen in ramen. Članek predstavi enhondrome z vidika epidemiologije, klinične slike, slikovne diagnostike, diferencialne diagnostike, indikacij za biopsijo, histopatologije, kliničnega spremljanja in zdravljenja. Naključno odkritih intramedularnih solitarnih enhondromov dolgih kosti brez izraženih simptomov v večini primerov ni treba zdraviti, tveganje za kasnejšo maligno alteracijo pa je manjše od 1 %. Enhondrome v malih kosteh rok in nog se zdravi z ekskohleacijsko biopsijo zaradi možnosti patološkega zloma. Hrustančne spremembe, ki rastejo, povzročajo bolečine ali imajo po slikovnih preiskavah t.i. agresivne značilnosti, zahtevajo obravnavo v terciarni ustanovi in odločitev glede indikacij za biopsijo, opazovanje, izpraznitev ali izrez. Najtežji klinični izziv je razločevanje pogostih enhondromov od redkih atipičnih hrustančnih tumorjev in še redkejših hondrosarkomov, pri čemer pa so nam v oporo smernice BACTIP.
Koga, kdaj in kako napotiti k revmatologu
Authors: Perdan Pirkmajer Katja , Rotar Žiga , Tomšič Matija , Ambrožič Aleš
Published: April 2022

V Sloveniji kljub pomanjkanju revmatologov in s tem daljšimi čakalnimi dobami revmatološkim bolnikom zagotavljamo sodobno obravnavo, ki je primerljiva z delom v najbolj priznanih svetovnih ustanovah. Da visoko raven obravnave tudi vprihodnosti ohranimo, je bistvenega pomena, da so poslane napotnice primerno izpolnjene in opremljene z vsemi podatki, ki jih potrebujemo za ustrezno razvrščanje v čakalno knjigo glede na resnost in vrsto bolezni (triažiranje). V prispevku podajamo osnovna navodila glede napotitev v revmatološko ambulanto s strokovno ustreznimi stopnjami nujnosti.
Color image perception based on stochastic spiking neural network
Authors: Xu Zi-Heng , He Yu-Zhu , Kang Yan-Mei ,   Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Published: April 2022

Our aim is to present an interpretable algorithm for enhancing low-illuminance color image based on the principle of stochastic resonance and the fundamental biophysical process of human brain perceiving object color. To this end, the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in a conductance-based integrate-and-fire neuronal network is first explored, with the effect of firing threshold, synaptic weight and the population size on the signal-to-noise ratio revealed, and the firing threshold is recognized as the key parameter for the resonance effects. And then, a color image enhancement algorithm, where the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the natural image quality evaluator are adopted as quantifying indexes, is developed by combining the stochastic spiking neuronal network and the involved biophysical process relating to visual perception. Note that the enhanced image is aperiodic, thus in order to optimize the performance of the algorithm, an illuminance distribution based threshold strategy is given by us for the first time. The numerical tests show that the algorithm has good enhancement performance and stability. We wish this algorithm could be applied to relevant signal processing fields such as military detection and medical image preprocessing.
Isosteric heat and selectivity in adsorption of gases in rough pores: In Henry’s law region
Authors: Kang Yan-Shuang , Wang Hai-Jun , Sun Zong-Li ,   College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China,   College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China,   Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China,   Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China,   Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
Published: April 2022

Henry constant and isosteric heat of adsorption are important parameters for characterizing the gas-solid interaction in an adsorption process. In order to better understand the adsorption behavior of gas in rough pores, we construct rough slit pores by using two rectangular corrugated substrates, and then calculate the potential profile in it. By utilizing classical statistical mechanics, the longitudinal Henry constant and isosteric heat of \begin{document}$ \text{H}_{2} $\end{document} are further calculated in the Henry region. The results suggest that both geometric morphology and pore width can significantly influence and modulate the longitudinal Henry constant and isosteric heat of the gas in the pore. Furthermore, the selectivity of adsorption in the binary \begin{document}$ \text{CO}_{2}/ \text{H}_{2} $\end{document} mixture is also calculated and investigated in the Henry region. In addition, the effects of corrugated substrates with different geometries on adsorption properties are also calculated and studied. The result can provide reliable theoretical basis for understanding the adsorption, separation and purification of the gas in porous materials, and it is also expected to provide helpful idea for designing and exploring new nano functional materials.
Influence of grain size on dynamic characterizations of laser-driven grain ejection
Authors: Zhou Mao-Ji , Li Ya-Ju , Qian Dong-Bin , Ye Xiao-Yan , Lin Ping , Ma Xin-Wen ,   Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China,   Advanced Energy Science and Technology, Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Published: April 2022

When intense laser pulse irradiates a target surface, the energetic processes of generation and expansion of laser-induced plasma will affect a localized pressure impulse around the irradiation zone. As a result, pulsed laser ablating granular target can drive a physical phenomenon of grain ejection. In this work, taking dry glass beads with different grain sizes as an example of granular targets and using high-speed video camera, we experimentally investigate the grain-size dependent dynamics of grain ejection driven by nanosecond laser pulses. The measured video sequences clearly exhibit that the laser-driven grain ejection process can be separated into two regimes: early-stage fast ejecting process and later-stage slow ejecting process. We find that there exists an obvious grain size effect on the kinetic energy of grains in the early-stage ejecting process. In addition, the temporal evolution of transient ejection of a curtain diameter \begin{document}$ D\left(t\right) $\end{document} corresponding to the later-stage ejecting process obeys the well-known “point source” law, \begin{document}$ {D\left(t\right)=\alpha t}^{\beta } $\end{document}, where both parameters \begin{document}$ \alpha $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \beta $\end{document} depend on grain size. The observations mentioned above can be reasonably explained by considering the grain size dependent efficiency of impulse coupling between grain and plasma flow and plasma features generated by interaction of laser pulse with granular targets. These experimental results improve the understanding of the mechanism of laser-driven grain ejection.
Contactless transport method of two-dimensional electron system studies
Authors: Zhao Li-Li , Wu Meng-Meng , Lin Wen-Lu , Liu Yang ,   International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Published: April 2022

We introduce two contactless measurement methods at extremely low temperature: capacitances and surface acoustic waves. Both methods can be used to study the physical properties of the quantum system through the interaction between electrons and high frequency electric field. We first present preliminary results of high-mobility two-dimensional electron systems studied by a high-precision capacitance measurement method at extremely low temperature. Our setup can resolve < 0.05% variation of a < 1 pF capacitance at 10 mK–300 K and 0–14 T. Second, we also study two-dimensional electron systems using surface acoustic waves. We can use 0.1 nW excitation and obtain < 10–5 sensitivity. These measurement methods may be widely applied to the study of two-dimensional systems, especially the materials without high quality contacts.
Move contrast X-ray imaging of electrochemical reaction process in electrolytic cell
Authors: Ju Xiao-Lu , Li Ke , Yu Fu-Cheng , Xu Ming-Wei , Deng Biao , Li Bin , Xiao Ti-Qiao ,   Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
Published: April 2022

The in-situ dynamic observation of ion migration and redox reactions during electrochemical reactions is critical for the understanding of the charging and discharging performance, ion migration characteristics, causes and preventives of defects in cells and electrolytic cells. For the convenience of parameter tuning, an electrolytic cell is adopted to investigate the electrochemical reaction. The processes of ion migration and redox reaction are investigated based on move contrast X-ray imaging. The experimental results demonstrate that the contrast-to-noise ratio of move contrast X-ray imaging is one order higher than that of the conventional temporal subtraction imaging. The initial status of the electrochemical reaction is successfully revealed by move contrast X-ray imaging. The images show that at the very beginning of the reaction, the signals of move contrast distribute almost evenly in the electrolytic cell, which implicates that the ion migration is initiated as soon as the cell is switched on and redox reaction occurs simultaneously all over the cell, other than the fact that ions are driven by electric field, approach to the cathode and then are reduced through electron gain. The signals of move contrast imaging are obviously stronger at positions inside the shadow of the electrodes than elsewhere. This means that the redox processes react densely at the electrodes. When the electrical voltage is adjusted to a critical value and the conventional methods are hard to observe ion migration or atom accumulation, the move contrast X-ray imaging can still disclose evidently the trace of ion migration or movement of atom clusters. Therefore, the move contrast X-ray imaging can improve significantly the sensitivity of observation to the trace of ions or atoms in the electrolyte and has great potentials in in-situ investigating the characteristics of electrochemical reactions.
Independent and interacting value systems for reward and information in the human brain
Authors: Cogliati Dezza Irene , Cleeremans Axel , Alexander William H
Published: April 2022

Theories of prefrontal cortex (PFC) as optimizing reward value have been widely deployed to explain its activity in a diverse range of contexts, with substantial empirical support in neuroeconomics and decision neuroscience. Similar neural circuits, however, have also been associated with information processing. By using computational modeling, model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis, and a novel experimental paradigm, we aim at establishing whether a dedicated and independent value system for information exists in the human PFC. We identify two regions in the human PFC that independently encode reward and information. Our results provide empirical evidence for PFC as an optimizer of independent information and reward signals during decision-making under realistic scenarios, with potential implications for the interpretation of PFC activity in both healthy and clinical populations.
Determination of exercise intensity domains during upright versus supine cycling: a methodological study
Authors: Zubac Damir , Ivančev Vladimir , Martin Vincent , Dello Iacono Antonio , Meulenberg Cécil J.W. , McDonnell Adam C.
Published: April 2022

Background

There is a growing interest among the research community and clinical practitioners to investigate cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) procedures and protocols utilized in supine cycling.

Materials and Methods

The current study investigated the effects of posture on indicators of exercise intensity including gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and the rate of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak), as well as the role of V̇O2 mean response time (MRT) in determining exercise intensity domains in nineteen healthy men (age: 22 ± 3 years). Two moderate-intensity step-transitions from 20 to 100 Watt (W) were completed, followed by a maximal CPET. After completing the ramp test, participants performed a constant-load at 90% of their attained peak power output (PPO).

Results

No differences were observed in the V̇O2 MRT between the two positions, although the phase II-time constant (τV̇O2p) was 7 s slower in supine position compared to upright (p = 0.001). The rate of O2 uptake in the supine position at GET and RCP were lower compared to the upright position (208 ± 200 mL·min−1 (p = 0.007) and 265 ± 235 mL·min−1 (p = 0.012) respectively). Besides, V̇O2 peak was significantly decreased (by 6%, p = 0.002) during supine position. These findings were confirmed by the wide limits of agreement between the measures of V̇O2 in different postures (V̇O2 peak: −341 to 859; constant-load test: −528 to 783; GET: −375 to 789; RCP: −520 to 1021 all in mL·min−1).

Conclusion

Since an accurate identification of an appropriate power output (PO) from a single-visit CPET remains a matter of debate, especially for supine cycling, we propose that moderate-intensity step-transitions preceding a ramp CPET could be a viable addition to ensure appropriate exercise-intensity domain determination, in particular upon GET-based prescription.
Characterisation of Clinicopathological and Molecular Features of Leukoplakia not Associated with Tobacco- A Literature Review
Authors: Pandya Kalpa , Pradeep Sivakumar , Giri GVV , Narasimhan Malathi
Published: April 2022

Tobacco has been implicated as the strongest risk factor for oral malignancies and common potentially malignant disorders. Recent trend shows an increase in the prevalence of these lesions in non tobacco population. Studies suggest that clinicopathological features of leukoplakia differ in tobacco users and non users. Also, leukoplakia without known risk factors is at a higher risk of malignant transformation. Preliminary studies on carcinogenesis of non tobacco-associated head and neck cancers have identified a difference in the key genes involved in the pathogenesis of cancers associated with and without tobacco. While the genetic characterization of non tobacco oral cancers is gaining focus in the literature, there is a paucity of studies on non tobacco leukoplakia. An understanding of the non tobacco leukoplakia, possibly a distinct subgroup, may provide an insight into the inception of non tobacco oral cancers, leading to avenues for prevention, early diagnosis and precision medicine-led treatment approaches. Through this narrative review, authors revisit and summarize the existing literature on leukoplakia among non tobacco population.
Double Jeopardy in Malaria Infected Children with Common Haemoglobinopathies: A Cross-sectional Study in Malaria Mesoendemic Districts of Ghana
Authors: Ehiem Raymond Charles , Lawson Bernard Walter L , Larbi John Asiedu
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Malaria and conditions associated with common haemoglobinopathies constitute a health threat to young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is known to exert some influence on common haemoglobin variants while haemoglobinopathies also exacerbate malarial infection especially in children as a result of anaemia and other conditions. Aim: To assess the views of parents/guardians on malaria and haemoglobinopathies and to determine the extent to which common haemoglobin variants influence malaria parasitaemia among children in the acute stage of the infection. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven districts in the forest zone of Ghana between June 2018 and July 2018 and involved 342 malariaparasitaemic subjects aged 5 years and below. Questionnaires were administered to elicit responses on malaria prevention and sickle cell knowledge from the parents/guardians/caretakers accompanying the children to seek healthcare. Followup responses on medication and treatment outcome were collected during and after treatment. Venous blood samples were collected for malaria test, sickle cell investigations and identification of common haemoglobinopathies. After treatment, malaria tests were conducted using microscopy. The Chi-square model was used to compare categorical data between groups, and the independent t-test used to compare means between groups. Results: A total of 220 respondents (64.3%) identified fever as the most classical symptom of malaria, whilst 167 (48.8%) consistently used Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs). More so, 146 respondents (42.7%) strongly agreed that Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a curse, and 182 respondents (53.2%) strongly agreed that SCD is inherited with 225 (65.8%) strongly agreeing that SCD children die before their teen ages. Common haemoglobin variants identified were HbAC 17 (5%), HbAF 7 (2%), HbAS 86 (25.1%), HbSC 4 (1.2%) and HbSS 9 (2.6%). One month posttreatment, 10 (58.8%) of HbAC subjects, all 9 (100%) of HbSS and all 4 (100%) of HbSC subjects were still parasitaemic but with significantly low mean parasite density (495±1744). Conclusion: Knowledge on malaria among the parents/guardians/ caretakers was satisfactory, but usage of bed nets was poor, warranting the need for targeted health education of the rural folk. Though parasite densities had significant reductions, all subjects with HbSC and HbSS phenotypes remained parasitaemic after 4 weeks of treatment, suggesting a double jeopardy for individuals with SCD. Routine newborn screening in all healthcare facilities in Ghana could be a proactive step in malaria case management.
Histidine is essential for growth of Komagataella phaffii cultured in YPA medium
Authors: Gupta Aditi , Rangarajan Pundi N.
Published: April 2022

Komagataella phaffii (a.k.a. Pichia pastoris) requires histidine for optimal growth when cultured in a medium containing yeast extract, peptone (YP), and acetate (YPA). We demonstrate that HIS4‐deficient, K. phaffii strain GS115 exhibits a growth defect on YP‐media containing acetate, but not on other carbon sources. K. phaffii X33, a prototroph, grows better than K. phaffii GS115 (his4), a histidine auxotroph in YPA. Normal growth of GS115 is restored either by the expression of HIS4 or by culturing in YPA containing ≥0.6 mM histidine. In the presence of histidine, expression of several genes is altered, including those encoding key subunits of mitochondrial ATP synthase, transporters of amino acids and nutrients, as well as biosynthetic enzymes. Thus, histidine should be included as an essential component for optimal growth of K. phaffii histidine auxotrophs cultured in YPA.
Rhizaria
Authors: Biard Tristan
Published: April 2022

Rhizaria are a diverse group of amoeboid protists characterised by the presence of pseudopodia, cytoplasmic extensions used for locomotion and/or predation. Pseudopodial morphology includes broad and fan‐shaped anterior extensions, finger‐like tubular extensions or a web‐like network. Some Rhizaria build complex tests using inorganic/organic material or a variety of minerals (e.g. opaline, calcium carbonate). The shape of the pseudopodia, and the morphology of the enclosing test or skeleton, when present, are major defining taxonomic characteristics. They are distributed worldwide from surface to deep waters, but also in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, Rhizaria are important marine and terrestrial protists at the base of food webs and thus provide a major link in the transfer of energy to higher‐order consumers. While most are capable of preying on diverse organisms (from inorganic marine snow to bacteria and metazoans), others are obligatory parasites (of land plants or marine invertebrates), and only a few contribute to primary production via photosymbiosis (e.g. Radiolaria) or acquired phototrophy (e.g. Chlorarachnea).

Key Concepts

The shape and organisation of pseudopodia were among major characteristics used to classify members of the Rhizaria. However, pseudopodial shape is not a conserved feature; and additional evidence, including the fine structure and molecular genetic data, is needed to create a natural classification scheme.

The diversity of Rhizaria is broad, including a wide range in size from small naked amoebae (several microns) to giant single cells (up to several centimetres or larger for Xenophyophores).

A vast majority of Rhizaria are heterotrophs, feeding on a large diversity of prey, but two groups (Chlorarachnea and
Paulinella
) include photosynthetic species.

Many of the Rhizaria are free‐living, forming important links in food chains, but others are parasites of algae, aquatic or terrestrial plants, or even marine invertebrates.

Some marine Rhizaria (e.g. Radiolaria or Foraminifera) are mixotrophs, hosting a diversity of algal photosymbionts (e.g. green algae, dinoflagellates, etc.).

Some testate Rhizaria, bearing mineralised skeletons, settle into aquatic sediments upon death and contribute to the palaeontological record of life and the environment over vast geological time periods.
Investigation of the Effect of the Thermo‐Mechanical Processing of Additively Manufactured CoCrFeNiAl0.4 High‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Li Qiang , Chen Xizhang , Zhang Jian , Jayalakshmi Subramanian , Arvind Singh Ramachandra
Published: April 2022

Thermomechanical processing (TMP) is a significant route to tune the microstructure and mechanical properties of high‐entropy alloy (HEA), which employs plastic deformation and heat treatment. Herein, bulk CoCrFeNiAl0.4 high‐entropy alloy has been fabricated by powder plasma arc additive manufacturing (PPA‐AM), which was subjected to TMP including different extents of plastic deformations and followed by annealing. The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the HEAs during TMP is studied, and the contribution of strengthening mechanisms to the improvement of mechanical properties is quantified. By increasing the plastic deformation of TMP, the hardness and yield strength of the alloys increase by 94% and 105%, respectively, and are accompanied by a strain of 29.1%. Based on analysis and calculations, it is found that grain boundary strengthening significantly contributes to the improved performance of bulk CoCrFeNiAl0.4 HEA fabricated by PPA‐AM + TMP. PPA‐AM + TMP synthesis is an innovative way to prepare bulk HEAs with a refined microstructure and better mechanical properties.
Residual Stresses in Ultrafine‐Grained Laminated Metal Composites Analyzed by X‐ray Diffraction and the Hole‐Drilling Method
Authors: Kümmel Frank , Magnier Arnauld , Wu Tao , Niendorf Thomas , Höppel Heinz Werner
Published: April 2022

Accumulative roll bonding is an advanced manufacturing process, which is capable of simultaneously refining the grain size into the nanometer regime and bonding different metallic sheet materials. Herein, homogenous aluminum/aluminum as well as heterogeneous aluminum/steel laminated metal composite (LMCs) are fabricated. The residual stresses are experimentally determined by X‐ray diffraction and the hole‐drilling method. Generally, a complex residual stress profile is found in all LMCs. The level of residual stress strongly depends on the bonded materials. Compressive residual stresses are induced in all sheets in the near surface area. These stresses range from −5 MPa in aluminum to −240 MPa in steel. In the homogenous aluminum/aluminum LMCs, compressive stresses up to −26 MPa in the softer layers and tensile stresses up to 30 MPa in the stronger layers are built up. This is different to heterogeneous aluminum/steel LMCs, where tensile stresses up to 40 MPa in the softer aluminum layers and compressive stresses up to −72 MPa in the inner harder steel layers are present. Based on the results obtained it is possible to directly design the material combination or stacking architecture of ultrafine‐grained LMCs to tailor the residual stress profile.
Tough, Strong, and Conductive Graphene Fibers by Optimizing Surface Chemistry of Graphene Oxide Precursor
Authors: Tang Pingping , Deng Zhiming , Zhang Yu , Liu Liu‐Xin , Wang Zhenguo , Yu Zhong‐Zhen , Zhang Hao‐Bin
Published: April 2022

Graphene fibers with integrated mechanical and multifunctional properties are highly required for various potential applications. However, it remains a challenge to efficiently produce high‐performance graphene fibers because of the imperfect structures and harsh graphitization conditions. Herein, a scalable additive‐free wet‐spinning methodology is demonstrated for producing strong, tough, and conductive pristine graphene fibers by optimizing the surface chemistry of graphene oxide (GO) sheets and controlling their spinning and assembly behavior. Benefiting from GO with fewer surface terminations and low structural defects (f‐GO), the pristine f‐GO fibers possess a compact and ordered microstructure and strong interlayer interactions, giving a record high tensile strength of 791.7 MPa and high toughness of 24.0 MJ m−3 due to the stretching‐induced toughening behavior. After the mild chemical reduction, reduced f‐GO fibers inherit the optimized microstructure and present an outstanding tensile strength of 875.9 MPa and high toughness of 13.3 MJ m−3. Furthermore, the repairable structural defects on the f‐GO sheets allow the instant restoration of intrinsic conjugated structures, affording a superb electrical conductivity of 1.06 × 105 S m−1. Therefore, this study provides a facile, efficient, and scalable methodology for the fabrication of high‐performance and multifunctional graphene fibers and flexible wearable devices.
Molecular Stacking Composite Nanoparticles of Gossypolone and Thermodynamic Agent for Elimination of Large Tumor in Mice via Electrothermal‐Thermodynamic‐Chemo Trimodal Combination Therapy
Authors: Liu Yiming , Tang Peng , Xiao Peng , Luo Siyuan , Zhang Shuangxi , Zhang Hui , Yang Yuexuan , Wu Daocheng
Published: April 2022

To further improve the comprehensive therapeutic effect for large tumors, tumor cell membrane‐camouflaged molecular stacking composite nanoparticles (APGn@Mem NPs) are prepared by molecular stacking of chemotherapeutic drug gossypolone (Gn), thermodynamic agent (2,2'‐azobis[2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl) propane] dihydrochloride (AIPH)), polyvinyl alcohol, and phase change material lauric acid, which show a clear core–shell structure with a size of 65 ± 9.8 nm, high drug loading, low toxicity, homologous targeting, and thermal‐responsive release property. A type of micro‐electrothermal needle (MEN) with precise temperature control in situ (temperature range: mean value T ± 7 °C) is designed as the assistant heating system for APGn@Mem NPs. Subsequently, an elaborate tumor combination therapy strategy of electrothermal‐thermodynamic‐chemo trimodal combination therapy is developed through APGn@Mem NPs combined with the temperature control of MEN. Under MEN heating in situ, AIPH is rapidly released and generates abundant free radicals for short‐term electrothermal and thermodynamic therapy, while the release of Gn is relatively slow for long‐term chemotherapy. For large tumors (≈300 mm3) of nude mice, such combination therapy achieves remarkable comprehensive therapeutic efficacy with the 16‐day tumor inhibition rate of 99.89% and the 60‐day tumor recurrence rate of 20%, indicating this combination therapy has the prominent advantage and potential application in future.
Rigidity‐Tuned Full‐Color Emission: Uncommon Luminescence Change from Polymer Free‐Volume Variations
Authors: Feng Shiyu , Zhu Lijuan , Wang Donghui , Li Cong , Chen Yuanyuan , Chen Xiaowei , Liu Jie , Huang Wei , Ling Yao , Huang Weiguo
Published: April 2022

Probing the rigidity change of microenvironments via tracking embedded molecular fluorophore emissions represents a robust approach to monitor various polymer microstructural evolutions and biomolecular events with a high spatiotemporal resolution. However, reported fluorophores exclusively blueshift their emissions (termed as “rigidochromism”) or merely alter intensities upon rigidification, suffering from inferior sensitivities, low‐contrast outputs, and attenuated biocompatibilities. Here, phenanthridine‐fused triazatruxene fluorophores (PTFs) with pronounced bathochromic emission (up to 135 nm) toward rigidifying media at a low loading of 5 ppm without sacrificing the quantum yields and lifetime are developed. PTFs effectively interact with polymeric matrixes through polar–π interactions and form charge‐transfer complexes, resulting to a remarkable fluorescent color change from blue to red‐orange over matrix rigidifying. Such a unique anti‐rigidochromism enables a highly sensitive rigidity detection (i.e., a subtle polymer molecular‐weight change (as low as 1000 Da vs up to 10 kDa for conventional probes) can result to obvious emission color changes). PTFs are able to noninvasively detect polymerization kinetics and in situ optically report polymer degradations. The broadly (nearly full‐spectrum) tunable emission and the efficient coupling between anti‐rigidochromism and polymer hierarchical structures/topologies render fluorescence with controlled wavelength and chirality, leading to an unprecedented free‐volume‐based data encryption and anti‐counterfeiting technology with a superhigh security level.
All‐in‐One Structured Lithium‐Metal Battery
Authors: Dong Lei , Zhang Chang , Liu Wei
Published: April 2022

3D batteries possess apparent advantage in electrochemical ion‐transport kinetics than the conventional‐structured batteries. However, due to the special electrode configuration and fabrication complexity, 3D battery design has inherent issue of mechanical stability and only succeeds in microsystems, far from ideal. Herein, a high‐stable, all‐in‐one structured 3D lithium‐metal battery is designed which consists of paralleled microcell arrays. Fast ion‐transport kinetics in full cell level can not only address the key issue of lithium dendrites in anode but also improve electrochemical performance of cathode. As a result, the resultant lithium metal anode acquires long‐term stability of 1000‐cycle life at a high current density of 10 mA cm−2. Also the all‐in‐one structured lithium metal battery has general applicability for various cathodic materials and delivers significantly improved rate and cycling performance, as well as high areal capacity up to 10.4 mAh cm−2.
Plural forms and differentiation strategies in the agri‐food sector: Evidence from the U.S. wine industry
Authors: Miranda Bruno V. , Ross Brent , Franken Jason , Gómez Miguel
Published: April 2022

This article investigates how measurement ability, trust, and the pursuit of differentiation strategies influence the adoption of plural forms in an agri‐food system. We analyze a unique dataset of 314 winegrape sourcing choices from 74 wineries located in five U.S. states, investigating how the pursuit of differentiation influences the likelihood of adoption of a plural form—that is, the simultaneous adoption of a formal arrangement (i.e., vertical integration or long‐term formal contract) and an informal arrangement (i.e., informal contracts or spot‐market transactions). Consistent with previous studies, measurement ability and the existence of trust are both associated with a higher likelihood of adoption of informal arrangements in comparison to formal arrangements. Moreover, we show that the likelihood of adoption of a plural form increases as the differentiation potential of a winegrape variety also increases. Finally, we find that the use of plural forms is associated with a reduction in the importance of trust in the relationships with external suppliers. This study is important because it sheds light on the role of plural forms in the pursuit of competitive advantage in an agri‐food system. Overall, it suggests that the current interpretations of the idea of “vertical coordination” may be enlarged to encompass a greater deal of organizational diversity.
Sequential Nucleophilic Addition and Regioselective Ring‐Expansion Reactions of α‐Diazophosphonates with Isatins: Access to 4‐Phosphonylated‐3‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones
Authors: Zhao Nannan , Bai Yan , Liu Yujia , Xiao Shan , Wang Jihui , Wang Lei
Published: April 2022

A sequential protocol of α‐diazophosphonates with isatins to access a series of α‐diazo‐β‐hydroxyphosphonate derivatives via the inorganic base catalysis was reported. The resulting α‐diazo‐β‐hydroxyphosphonates could then be readily transformed to 4‐phosphonylated‐3‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones with moderate to excellent yields through a catalyst‐free regioselective ring‐expansion rearrangement. Control experiment demonstrates that intramolecular cyclization pathway is more reasonable for the ring‐expansion process. In addition, a benzo[b]thiophene‐derived isatin featured with the inhibition of SARS‐CoV Mpro was also suitable for this transformation and generated the corresponding scaffolds with potential anti‐virus activities for further development.