bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariable extrapolation of grand canonical free energy landscapes
Authors: Mahynski Nathan A. , Errington Jeffrey R. , Shen Vincent K.
Published: December 2017

We derive an approach for extrapolating the free energy landscape of multicomponent systems in the grand canonical ensemble, obtained from flat-histogram Monte Carlo simulations, from one set of temperature and chemical potentials to another. This is accomplished by expanding the landscape in a Taylor series at each value of the order parameter which defines its macrostate phase space. The coefficients in each Taylor polynomial are known exactly from fluctuation formulas, which may be computed by measuring the appropriate moments of extensive variables that fluctuate in this ensemble. Here we derive the expressions necessary to define these coefficients up to arbitrary order. In principle, this enables a single flat-histogram simulation to provide complete thermodynamic information over a broad range of temperatures and chemical potentials. Using this, we also show how to combine a small number of simulations, each performed at different conditions, in a thermodynamically consistent fashion to accurately compute properties at arbitrary temperatures and chemical potentials. This method may significantly increase the computational efficiency of biased grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, especially for multicomponent mixtures. Although approximate, this approach is amenable to high-throughput and data-intensive investigations where it is preferable to have a large quantity of reasonably accurate simulation data, rather than a smaller amount with a higher accuracy.
Mean field theory of the swap Monte Carlo algorithm
Authors: Ikeda Harukuni , Zamponi Francesco , Ikeda Atsushi
Published: December 2017

The swap Monte Carlo algorithm combines the translational motion with the exchange of particle species and is unprecedentedly efficient for some models of glass former. In order to clarify the physics underlying this acceleration, we study the problem within the mean field replica liquid theory. We extend the Gaussian Ansatz so as to take into account the exchange of particles of different species, and we calculate analytically the dynamical glass transition points corresponding to the swap and standard Monte Carlo algorithms. We show that the system evolved with the standard Monte Carlo algorithm exhibits the dynamical transition before that of the swap Monte Carlo algorithm. We also test the result by performing computer simulations of a binary mixture of the Mari-Kurchan model, both with standard and swap Monte Carlo. This scenario provides a possible explanation for the efficiency of the swap Monte Carlo algorithm. Finally, we discuss how the thermodynamic theory of the glass transition should be modified based on our results.
Optical evaluation of the wave filtering properties of graded undulated lattices
Authors: Trainiti G. , Rimoli J. J. , Ruzzene M.
Published: December 2017

We investigate and experimentally demonstrate the elastic wave filtering properties of graded undulated lattices. Square reticulates composed of curved beams are characterized by graded mechanical properties which result from the spatial modulation of the curvature parameter. Among such properties, the progressive formation of frequency bandgaps leads to strong wave attenuation over a broad frequency range. The experimental investigation of wave transmission and the detection of full wavefields effectively illustrate this behavior. Transmission measurements are conducted using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer, while a dedicated digital image correlation procedure is implemented to capture in-plane wave motion at selected frequencies. The presented results illustrate the broadband attenuation characteristics resulting from spatial grading of the lattice curvature, whose in-depth investigation is enabled by the presented experimental procedures.
Seed ecology informs restoration approaches for threatened species in water-limited environments: a case study on the short-range Banded Ironstone endemic Ricinocarpos brevis (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Turner Shane R. , Lewandrowski Wolfgang , Elliott Carole P. , Merino-Martín Luis , Miller Ben P. , Stevens Jason C. , Erickson Todd E. , Merritt David J.
Published: December 2017

Translocation of threatened species is challenging in semiarid environments, especially when seeds are the principal means of in situ establishment. Worldwide, the overall success of translocations using seeds is highly variable and generally unpredictable. Most seed-based translocations are embarked upon with limited understanding of the species’ seed biology or the nuances of the local abiotic environment in which to guide restoration approaches. For instance, within Australia just 14% of threatened species translocations use directly sown seeds and consequently, to improve the chances of restoration success, both the seed biology and the influence of the abiotic environment need to be adequately understood. We investigated these aspects in Ricinocarpos brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans – a short-range Banded Ironstone endemic – by focusing on a series of laboratory and field experiments to understand the key drivers of dormancy alleviation and germination promotion, as well as in-situ conditions of natural and recipient translocation sites. Fresh seeds were found to have high viability, fully developed linear embryos and possess physiological dormancy, with enhanced germination when exposed to smoke water, karrikinolide (KAR1) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Under laboratory conditions, seeds germinated over a range of temperatures (15−30°C), but germination was suppressed by light and highly sensitive to water stress. Seeds had reduced germination when sown on the soil surface, but could emerge from up to 13 cm in depth. Under field conditions, in-situ emergence was <2%. Using in-situ emergence results, soil loggers and rainfall data, we developed a model of the recruitment bottlenecks faced by this species under in-situ conditions, an approach that provides useful insights to assist future translocations. Understanding seed biology and seed ecology enables better insights into the principal bottlenecks restricting in-situ emergence and consequently restoration success, leading to the development of more effective approaches for conserving other threatened flora in future.
Performers in the practice room
Authors: Wise Karen , James Mirjam , Rink John
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins by investigating perspectives on practice and creativity in the scholarly literature and in both practical and pedagogical writing, and it argues that to date little attention has been paid to creativity in relation to individual practice. To redress this, the chapter then explores the creative processes that underlie the practising of classical musicians, focusing on the findings of a research project that allowed participants to identify aspects that they considered important to the creative development of their performances. Creative processes to do with moment-by-moment practice strategies are discussed, along with those resulting in the creative development of interpretations and a sense of ownership in music-making. This discussion leads to a series of insights concerning musicians’ creative ways of working, how technical and expressive elements can be interrelated and integrated, the nonlinear nature of the creative processes in question, and what practice itself entails. The chapter ends by encouraging new ways of thinking about practice and by suggesting some approaches which both teachers and individual student musicians might find effective.
Musical expression from conception to reception
Authors: Crispin Darla , Östersjö Stefan
Published: December 2017

The word ‘expression’, when applied to music, has a comfortably familiar ring to it. However, on careful scrutiny it turns out to be more elusive than one might think. Intrinsic to musical expression is the idea that within music there is something to be expressed, and that this might be reinforced (or undermined) by the performance strategies adopted. The issue becomes more complicated when one asks whether the ‘something’ in question equates to inchoate feeling, to apprehensible meaning or to both in variable proportions. This chapter reviews historical approaches to musical expression and argues that the concept of Werktreue still shapes much of our thinking and teaching in this area. This leads to a consideration of the respective roles of composer, performer and audience, generating a diagrammatic matrix which is progressively modified throughout the chapter. In its final, most dynamic version, the matrix proposes a ‘field of musical expression’ in which the roles of composer, performer and listener interact. The authors suggest that the time is ripe for more interdisciplinary research on musical expression, where a fusion of approaches—from music psychology and computing to performance studies and artistic research—may be the key to a deeper understanding.
Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia Causes Functional Circuit Changes in Subplate Neurons
Authors: Sheikh Aminah , Meng Xiangying , Liu Ji , Mikhailova Alexandra , Kao Joseph P Y , McQuillen Patrick S , Kanold Patrick O
Published: December 2017

Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) in the preterm human results in damage to subcortical developing white matter and cognitive impairments. Subplate neurons (SPNs) are among the first-born cortical neurons and are necessary for normal cerebral development. While moderate or severe HI at P1 in rats leads to SPN loss, it is unclear if HI, esp. forms not associated with overt cell loss lead to altered SPN circuits. Thus, we used two HI models with different severities in P1 rats. Cauterization of the common carotid artery (CCA) causes a largely transient and thus milder ischemia (HI-Caut) while CCA ligation causes more severe ischemia (HI-Lig). While HI-Lig caused subplate damage, HI-Caut did not cause overt histological damage on the light microscopic level. We used laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) in acute thalamocortical slices of auditory cortex during P5–10 to study the functional connectivity of SPNs. Both HI categories resulted in hyperconnectivity of excitatory and inhibitory circuits to SPNs. Thus, alterations on the circuit level are present in the absence of cell loss. Our results show that SPN circuits are uniquely susceptible to HI. Given the key developmental role of SPNs, our results suggest that altered SPN circuits might underlie the abnormal development of cortical function after HI.
Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Blot William J. , Tarone Robert E.
Published: December 2017

Cancer of the esophagus is the eighth most common malignancy worldwide in terms of incident cases and the sixth most common for cancer deaths. The two main histopathologic subtypes, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EADC), have strikingly different clinical and epidemiologic features. ESCC occurs throughout the esophagus and is the most common histologic subtype globally; over 90% of cases in the traditionally high-risk regions of Eastern Asia and Eastern and Southern Africa are ESCC. The incidence of ESCC is decreasing worldwide. In some high-risk areas in Asia the decrease was preceded by economic development and improvements in diet, whereas in high-income countries the decrease followed reductions in cigarette smoking. In contrast, the incidence of EADC continues to increase in many high- and middle-income countries, especially among white men. EADC develops in the lower third of the esophagus, primarily because of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tangen Catherine M. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Stanford Janet L.
Published: December 2017

Prostate cancer is the most common solid tumor and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in American men. Worldwide, prostate cancer ranks second and fifth as a cause of cancer and cancer deaths, respectively. Despite the international burden of disease due to prostate cancer, its etiology is unclear in most cases. Established risk factors include age, race/ancestry, and family history of the disease. Prostate cancer has a strong heritable component, and genome-wide association studies have identified over 110 common risk-associated genetic variants. Family-based sequencing studies have also found rare mutations (e.g., HOXB13) that contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility. Numerous environmental and lifestyle factors (e.g., obesity, diet) have been examined in relation to prostate cancer incidence, but few modifiable exposures have been consistently associated with risk. Some of the variability in results may be related to etiological heterogeneity, with different causes underlying the development of distinct disease subgroups.
Confronting Corruption
Authors: Heimann Fritz , Pieth Mark
Published: December 2017

Corruption undermines nearly all key legal and developmental priorities today, including the effective functioning of democratic institutions and honest elections, environmental protection, human rights and human security, international development programs, and fair competition for global trade and investment. This book chronicles the global anticorruption steps taken since the movement advanced after the end of the Cold War. It provides a realistic assessment of the present state of affairs by critically evaluating what existing anticorruption programs and treaties have accomplished and documenting their shortcomings, while developing an action agenda for the next decade. The authors argue that reformative action is imperative, and the forces of globalization and digital communication will level the playing field and erode the secrecy corruption requires. They define corruption, document its effects, discuss the initiatives that changed public perception, analyze the lessons learned, and then evaluate how to move forward with existing initiatives charting a new path with new, differentiated strategies.
Home Is That Which I Adore
Authors: Teoh Karen M.
Published: December 2017

This chapter looks at self-narratives of educated Chinese women who migrated to China during the 1940s and 1950s, and the complex effects of twentieth-century Chinese nationalism as it acquired a transnational reach among a female constituency. These re-migrant women, also known as guiqiao (Chinese for “returning sojourner”) were sufficiently politicized by their school experiences in Malaya and Singapore to detach themselves from their natal homes and seek out an ancestral homeland. In China, they hoped to obtain something that diasporic identity seemed to deny them—a sense of authentic belonging—but found that the nation-state could be as exclusionary as their lands of settlement. Their stories reveal an unanticipated dimension of overseas Chinese female education: by attending girls’ schools, many women learned to see themselves as non-gendered individuals, whose claim to national citizenship was in some ways rebellious but also complied with restrictive norms of Chinese ethno-nationalism and sociopolitical revolution.
The Umayyads in Contemporary Arab TV Drama
Authors: Skovgaard-Petersen Jakob
Published: December 2017

Throughout the twentieth century the Umayyads have received ambivalent treatments by Arab historians and writers of fiction. This is in no small part due to the tension between their dubious reputation in classical historiography and their great potential for Arab nationalism. Comparing two recent TV dramas about the figures of ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf, this chapter discusses their interpretations of these two characters and their attitude to statecraft.
Lower the Voting Age and Increase Participation
Authors: Hart Daniel , Youniss James
Published: December 2017

Voting is traditionally reserved for those 18 and older. We examine the justifications for this age demarcation, and then consider the research evidence. This review suggests that 16- and 17-year-olds ought to be allowed to vote in local elections because they share all the relevant qualities for voting possessed by young adults. Moreover, this change in voting age will enliven civics education as young voters discuss how they will vote on local issues and promote the acquisition of the habit of voting. Finally, we argue that because municipal governance is less ideologically-polarized than national politics, local communities are excellent contexts for developing civic knowledge and dispositions.
Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the seminal topic of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), an objective within the Sustainable Development goals. It reviews the theory and definitions that shape the current conversation on UHC. The movement from selective primary health care to UHC demonstrates a global commitment to the progressive realization of the right to health. However, access to UHC is limited by barriers to care, inadequate provision of care, and poor-quality services. To deliver UHC, it is critical to align inputs in the health system with the burden of disease. Quality of care must also be improved. Steady, sufficient financing is needed to achieve the laudable goal of UHC.This chapter highlights some important steps taken by countries to expand access to quality health care. Finally, the chapter investigates the theory and practice behind a morbidity-based approach to strengthening health systems and achieving UHC.
Historicising Vigilante Policing in Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Lar Jimam
Published: December 2017

Starting from the premise that in studying contemporary policing practices in Africa one needs to also acknowledge the role of non-state policing actors, this chapter explores the historicity of community policing groups, or, more pejoratively, vigilante movements, in Plateau State, Nigeria. It establishes a link between the plural policing landscapes of colonial and postcolonial Nigeria, and finally takes the Vigilante Group of Nigeria as a case study to highlight contemporary features and characteristics of this plurality. One of its features is, perhaps ironically, not the absence, retreat or weakness, but rather the extension of the state.
Scientific Sharing, Communism, and the Social Contract
Authors: Strevens Michael
Published: December 2017

Research programs regularly compete to achieve the same goal, such as the discovery of the structure of DNA or the construction of a TEA laser. The more the competing programs share information, the faster the goal is likely to be reached, to society’s benefit. But the “priority rule”—the scientific norm according to which the first program to reach the goal in question must receive all the credit for the achievement—provides a powerful disincentive for programs to share information. How, then, is the clash between social and individual interest resolved in scientific practice? This chapter investigates what Robert Merton called science’s “communist” norm, which mandates universal sharing of knowledge, and uses mathematical models of discovery to argue that a communist regime may be on the whole advantageous and fair to all parties, and so might be implemented by a social contract that all scientists would be willing to sign.
The Monk's Cell
Authors: Pryce Paula
Published: December 2017

Based on long-term ethnographic research with Christian monastics in the United States and a dispersed network of interdenominational non-monastic Christian contemplatives, The Monk’s Cell shows how religious practitioners combined social action and intentional living with intellectual study and inter-religious practices to modify their ways of knowing, sensing, and experiencing the world. Paula Pryce developed innovative “intersubjective” fieldwork methods to explore how these opaque, often silent communities practiced a paradoxical combination of formalized ritual and intentional “unknowing” to cultivate a powerful sense of communion in everyday life. Organized by the metaphor of a seeker journeying toward the inner chambers of a monastic chapel, the book explores the fine details of how “communitas” actually occurs, including the relationship of agency and habitual behavior in practitioners’ attempts at transforming consciousness. Depicting the interplay of social diversity and cohesiveness in the unwieldy dynamism of pluralistic society, The Monk’s Cell develops a novel theory of variable knowledge types, including the key role of ambiguity. These American Christians’ ability to fuse so many spheres of knowledge and to live contemplatively challenges the often taken-for-granted segregation of the religious and the secular in the contemporary world. This study contributes to the anthropologies and epistemologies of Christianity, perception, and embodiment. It extends American ethnography by its use of new methods for studying silence, ritual, and performance, and by focusing on a highly educated, professional Euro-American community that is rarely the subject of ethnographic research and is often assumed to be the demographic most likely to reject religion.
Ralph Ellison, Temporal Technologist
Authors: Germana Michael
Published: December 2017

Ralph Ellison, Temporal Technologist examines Ralph Ellison’s body of work as an extended and ever-evolving expression of the author’s philosophy of temporality—a philosophy synthesized from the writings of Henri Bergson and Friedrich Nietzsche that anticipates the work of Gilles Deleuze. Taking the view that time is a multiplicity of dynamic processes, rather than a static container for the events of our lives, and an integral force of becoming, rather than a linear groove in which events take place, Ellison articulates a theory of temporality and social change throughout his corpus that flies in the face of all forms of linear causality and historical determinism. Integral to this theory is Ellison’s observation that the social, cultural, and legal processes constitutive of racial formation are embedded in static temporalities reiterated by historians and sociologists. In other words, Ellison’s critique of US racial history is, at bottom, a matter of time. This book reveals how, in his fiction, criticism, and photography, Ellison reclaims technologies through which static time and linear history are formalized in order to reveal intensities implicit in the present that, if actualized, could help us achieve Nietzsche’s goal of acting un-historically. The result is a wholesale reinterpretation of Ellison’s oeuvre, as well as an extension of Ellison’s ideas about the dynamism of becoming and the open-endedness of the future. It, like Ellison’s texts, affirms the chaos of possibility lurking beneath the patterns of living we mistake for enduring certainties.
Torn, Burned, and Yet Dancing
Authors: Beeston Alix
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the collaborative and institutionalized mode of production in studio-era Hollywood through the lens of the two major projects that comprised the work of the final year of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s life: the screenplay “Cosmopolitan” and the unfinished novel The Last Tycoon. These texts modify the modernist literary trope of the woman-in-series in concert with classical Hollywood’s defining logic of substitution and repetition. Ultimately derived from the basic seriality of the photogrammatic track, this logic is incarnated by female characters in “Cosmopolitan” and The Last Tycoon who, in refusing to remain silent substitutes for other women, rupture the illusory conceits of seamless fictional narration in classical Hollywood—and its equally seamless discourse of femininity. Fitzgerald’s Hollywood writing thus confronts the gendered and racialized limits of the modernist literary field and, in the process, unravels the myth of the solitary author and the singular, stable literary text.
Coda
Authors: Beeston Alix
Published: December 2017

Building on new work that acknowledges the abstract and self-reflexive elements of Walker Evans’s photography, as well as his contributions to avant-garde art practice in the 1930s, this chapter analyzes select images from his 1938 photographic sequence, American Photographs. Evans’s photobook represents the modern United States as a vast machine for constituting subjectivities—but a machine that might be recalibrated or reverse engineered. It therefore emblematizes the subversive power of the woman-in-series in composite modernist writing: a figure who upsets the subject–object relations of this writing, bidding us to enter into the “shared hallucination” that is initiated, for Roland Barthes, by photography.
Biotics: Competition, Herbivory, Predation, Parasitism and Symbiosis
Authors: Brönmark Christer , Hansson Lars-Anders
Published: December 2017

If biological interactions, such as competition and predation, have any effect on population dynamics, or if abiotic factors alone determine which organisms, how many of them do we see in a specific ecosystem, was for long a controversial question. This chapter aims at providing the basis for the understanding of biological interactions, as well as showing ample examples of how important those interactions are in shaping both population dynamics and ecosystem function of natural systems. In addition to the many examples, the reader is introduced to the history and the theoretical basis for biological interactions.
On Putting Knowledge ‘First’
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan Jenkins , Jenkins C. S. I.
Published: December 2017

This chapter claims that various views which travel under the banner of ‘knowledge first’ epistemology betray subtle differences in just how it is that they respectively regard knowledge as ‘first’. It argues that these differences are problematic, in part because it is not straightforward to draw connections between certain of these views, which are, under closer inspection, more independent than they are often assumed to be. Its aim is, in the main, to tease apart various ‘knowledge first’ claims, and explore what connections they do or do not have with one another, in the service of a clearer understanding of just what the knowledge first theses are and how these theses might be evaluated.
Accident, Evidence, and Knowledge
Authors: Vogel Jonathan
Published: December 2017

I explore and develop the idea, due to Peter Unger, that knowledge is non-accidentally true belief. Non-accidental truth is different from the absence of epistemic luck, as discussed by Pritchard. The original analysis faces two counterexamples, the Meson Case and the Light Switch Case. The former concerns knowledge of nomological necessities; the latter turns on the direction-of-fit between a belief and the facts. I propose: (ENA) S knows that P when S’s belief that P is non-accidentally true because (i) it is based on good evidence, and (ii) in and of themselves, beliefs based on good evidence tend to be true. ENA gets the two examples right, and compares favorably with safety, defeasibility, and knowledge-as-credit accounts. Lackey has claimed that the credit-based approach mishandles knowledge via testimony. I critically examine her objection, and show that ENA faces no difficulty of that sort.
Inferential Knowledge and the Gettier Conjecture
Authors: Borges Rodrigo
Published: December 2017

The Gettier Problem, when properly understood, has a straightforward solution. My main thesis—my ‘Gettier conjecture’—is that gettierized subjects fail to know in virtue of their justified true belief depending causally and evidentially on something they fail to know. Inferential knowledge (i.e., knowledge of a conclusion) requires knowledge of all the premises on which one’s conclusion depends causally and evidentially. This chapter is a first effort in trying to support this thesis. Section 2 discusses the Gettier conjecture, the notions of evidential and causal dependence, and applies the conjecture to the original Gettier cases. Section 3 looks at two objections: the claims that the conjecture fails to deal with all Gettier cases and that the Gettier Problem is a philosophical ‘dead end.’ In Section 4 I offer further support for the conjecture by situating it within a knowledge-first framework.
Knowledge, Benign Falsehoods, and the Gettier Problem
Authors: de Almeida Claudio
Published: December 2017

Contrary to millennial thought, inferential knowledge does seem to arise in certain cases of reasoning to which false premises are evidentially essential. The phenomenon refutes all of the well-known epistemologies that account for inferential knowledge. I offer an explanation of the phenomenon based on a fairly conservative revision to the defeasibility theory of knowledge, and explain why Peter Klein’s proposed solution fails. The explanation put forward here aims at giving us these two highly desirable results: (a) something we have never had and may not have noticed we needed, a defeasibility theory that is compatible with epistemological fallibilism, and, (b) within this revised, fallibilistic version of the defeasibility theory, an explanation of the benign/malignant distinction for false beliefs that completes the defeasibilist resolution of the Gettier Problem.
Know Your Business Model
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 2 focuses on what a business model is and what it affords: it is a unique mix of activities which results in value creation and delivers value appropriation and competitive advantage. Competitive advantage can be sustained only for a limited period, so firms must innovate their business model – through replication or through renewal. Replication means firms scale up and improve their existing business model over time, for example, McDonald’s and IKEA. Renewal involves firms bringing in a brand new, very different business model, for example, DSM, which has reinvented itself several times, and the temping agency Randstad. Chapter 2 also identifies several levers of business model innovation, the main one being new technology. Complementary levers include new managerial practices, new organizational forms, and co-creation with new partners.
How Firms Modify Their Business Model
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 3 describes how firms tackle business model innovation in practice. Most simply replicate their successful business model, a few try to fundamentally renew theirs, but many cannot change, suffering from ‘business model fixation’. Some corporate entrepreneurs replicate the existing model in one part of the firm but develop a radical new one elsewhere (dual focus). This chapter examines when, why, and the extent to which firms and industries focus on replication, renewal, or dual focus approaches. It considers how replication and renewal contribute to a firm’s performance, and to what degree this depends on the level of environmental dynamism and competitiveness. It is of note that one in three firms is in a permanent state of fixation, ignoring any warning signs that they should change.
Levers for Business Model Innovation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 4 shows how firms can use four different levers—technology, management practices, organizational forms, and co-creation—for business model innovation, and questions which combinations of levers are the most successful. The chapter starts by showing how Polaroid’s strong focus on developing technological skills was not accompanied by the development of new markets and distribution channels. The case demonstrates that mediocre technology with a superior business model can deliver more value than superior technology with a mediocre business model. Research on the firms Ericsson, Muji, Oticon, and Zara to see how they use the four levers to innovate their business model reveals that adjusting management practices is the most important in both renewal and replication. Examples of firms using different combinations of levers are TomTom’s technologically oriented renewal (combining new technologies with entrepreneurial management practices), Ericsson’s internally oriented renewal (through technology, agile management practices, and organizational forms), Procter & Gamble’s externally oriented renewal (through co-creation, new management practices, and organizational forms), and DSM’s integrated renewal (using all four levers).
Business Model Transformation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin
Published: December 2017

Chapter 6 explores the dynamics of business model innovation by discussing the interactions between Sony and Apple over the minidisc and the MP3 player. Seemingly, a period of business model renewal is likely to be followed by business model replication. Both renewal and replication can be internally driven, or externally driven. Combining types of business model innovation (replication versus renewal) with business model orientation (strategy-driven versus customer-driven) gives four variations of business model transformation: exploit and improve, explore and dominate, exploit and connect, and explore and connect. This chapter considers four firms for illustration: DSM, the Port of Rotterdam Authority, NXP Semiconductors, and IHC Merwede. If one thinks of the four approaches as quadrants in a matrix, these cases show how firms can change their position within that matrix over time.
Religion and Modernity
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

This book focuses on two issues. First, it describes how the social significance of religion in its various facets has changed in modern societies. Second, it explains what factors and conditions have contributed to these changes. After discussing the two central concepts of the investigation, religion and modernity, the book presents the most important theories that deal with the relationship between the two. The empirical part, which constitutes the bulk of the book, begins by analysing religious change in selected countries in Western and Eastern Europe. For the sake of comparison, it then presents individual analyses of selected non-European cases (the US, South Korea), as well investigations of the global spread of Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism in Europe, the US, and in Brazil. On the basis of these selected case studies, which place as much emphasis on analysing the social, political, and economic contexts of religious changes as on capturing historical path dependencies, the book offers some general theoretical conclusions and identifies overarching patterns and determinants of religious change in modern and modernizing societies. In recent years, scholars of religion have become increasingly sceptical about the validity of secularization theory; the analyses contained in this book demonstrate, however, that tendencies of modernity such as functional differentiation, individualization, and pluralization are likely to inhibit the attractiveness and acceptance of religious affiliations, practices, and beliefs. Even Poland, Russia, the US, and South Korea, which have often been cited as prime examples of the vitality of religion in modern societies, display clear signs of religious decline.
The Crisis of Method in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Baz Avner
Published: December 2017

The book presents a critique of what has come to be called “the method of cases”—theorizing on the basis of the “application” of words to cases—as well as of the recent debates between “armchair” and “experimental” philosophers concerning that method. It argues that the method of cases as commonly practiced by both armchair and experimental philosophers is underwritten by a “representationalist” conception of language that is philosophically challengeable and empirically poorly supported—a conception on which the primary function of language is to record and communicate “classifications” or “categorizations” of worldly “items,” or “cases”, where what, if any, classifications a word (or expression) is fit to record and communicate, is taken to be determinable apart from any consideration of how it normally and ordinarily functions in discourse. The first part of the book shows that both defenders of the method (Williamson, Cappelen, Jackson, Nagel, and others) and those who have been critical of it (Stich, Cummins, Weinberg, Nado, and others), together with all practitioners of the method—armchair and experimental alike—have shown themselves committed to some version or another of that conception. The second part of the book challenges that conception. Drawing on ideas of Wittgenstein’s and of Merleau-Ponty’s, as well as on empirical studies of first language acquisition, it presents and motivates, both philosophically and empirically, a broadly pragmatist conception of language on which the method of cases as commonly practiced by both armchair and experimental philosophers is fundamentally misguided and bound to lead us astray.
From usage guides to language blogs
Authors: Lukač Morana
Published: December 2017

Public debates on language use today have switched platforms from newspaper columns to social media, and instead of turning the pages of printed usage guides, English speakers most commonly turn to the internet for usage advice. One of the most successful web-based usage guides, here referred to as usage guides 2.0, is the educational podcast ‘Grammar Girl’s Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing’, which is also available in blog format enabling comments from the audience. This paper presents an analysis of the blog entries and comments from this podcast with a two-fold aim. First, Grammar Girl, as a web-based usage guide, is compared to traditional usage guides available in the HUGE database in order to shed light on potential changes within the usage guide genre that have occurred in the new medium. Second, the analysis of the blog comments attempts to provide a systematic overview of online metalinguistic discussions.
Gabrielle Suchon’s ‘Neutralist’
Authors: Shapiro Lisa
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines French thinker Gabrielle Suchon’s concept of ‘the neutralist’, a person who commits herself entirely to a life of celibacy and shuns the institutional commitments of marriage and the convent. It is argued that through this concept Suchon (1632–1703) makes a decisive step towards the Kantian notion of autonomy. According to Suchon, the neutralist’s freedom is very different from that of the libertine who simply follows her inclinations at her will and pleasure. The neutralist is free in the sense that she is at liberty to follow her inner rational law of nature, rather than the dictates of external institutions. To follow this internal law requires not only self-mastery—control over the wayward passions, as Descartes had suggested—but also something like autonomy in Kant’s sense of determining for oneself the rules and principles by which one will act.
Sophie de Grouchy, The Tradition(s) of Two Liberties, and the Missing Mother(s) of Liberalism
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: December 2017

This chapter demonstrates how Sophie de Grouchy (1764–1822) anticipates the famous modern-day distinction between positive and negative liberty in her late eighteenth-century writings. It is argued that, on these grounds, De Grouchy deserves a rightful place in the history of the liberal tradition, a tradition that is typically depicted as the exclusive province of men. To support this claim, this chapter examines De Grouchy’s ideas in comparison with Rousseau’s and Adam Smith’s views on justice and property rights. This sets the context in which De Grouchy introduces her distinction between positive and negative rights, a distinction that maps onto the modern-day divide between negative and positive liberty. It is shown how, in her writings, political issues of rights and justice intersect with moral issues to do with virtue and with the proper education of virtuous citizens who are also free.
Domesticating gesture
Authors: Donin Nicolas
Published: December 2017

As personal and solitary as it may be, the process of composition always implies more than one individual and has many collective dimensions. This chapter presents an ethnographic account of the collective process involved in creating a work for ‘augmented string quartet’ at IRCAM from 2006 to 2008. It addresses three primary concerns: the composer–performer interaction and the role of musical notation; the relationship between artistic creativity and reflexivity; and the sharing of skills and expertise across disciplines. The project led not only to a new musical work, but also to a technological device for ‘gesture-following’ (including customised motion sensors and innovative software), scientific papers, and new expertise in computer music design for future projects involving motion capture. These patterns of distributed creativity are essential to ‘musical research’ as a collective endeavour, and are present in many other circumstances of contemporary or traditional composition and performance.
Fluid practices, solid roles?
Authors: Clarke Eric F. , Doffman Mark , Gorton David , Östersjö Stefan
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates the relationship between the fluid practices that frequently characterize the work of contemporary musicians, and the more solid roles of performer and composer that continue to hold sway in contemporary music. Focusing on a case study of the collaborative creation of Forlorn Hope for eleven-string alto guitar and electronics, by Gorton and Östersjö, the chapter analyses the processes that lead from research and experimentation with particular guitar tunings and playing techniques, through a more conventionally compositional phase, to the first public performance of the piece. The chapter demonstrates how the affordances of both the instrument in the hands of Östersjö and the particular tuning specified by Gorton combined with improvised discoveries, and the ‘filtering’ force of a piece by Dowland, result in a piece whose creative ecology is distributed across a variety of timescales and practices.
The Medical School Admissions Process and Meeting the Public’s Health Care Needs: Never the Twain Shall Meet?
Authors: Cleland Jennifer
Published: December 2017

Medical schools typically assess how good their selection process is using metrics such as students’ assessment performance and the success of alumni on later indicators of academic ability and clinical competence, such as Royal College of Physicians or specialty board examinations. Addressing global issues with the maldistribution of doctors and increasing numbers of new medical school graduates choosing not to work in a clinical context requires different measurements of medical school admissions processes, like those related to graduates’ career outcomes (e.g., working in underserved regions and/or working in certain specialties). This shift in focus is not straightforward. Medical education is a complex social system where, intentionally or not, medical schools focus on reproducing cultural, historical, and social norms. Simple solutions are often proposed, but they are insufficient to address these complex drivers. Instead, it is time to step back and think very differently about medical school admissions. In this Invited Commentary, the author proposes new solutions to address these issues, including bringing into the medical school selection process the perspectives of other key stakeholders; increasing collaboration and dialogue across these stakeholder groups; changing the performance metrics by which medical schools are assessed in the global education marketplace; and developing and evaluating new selection processes and tools. Medical schools must engage more reflectively and collaboratively in debates about how to align medical school admissions and meeting the health care needs of the public.
Essential reading for the resident starting a general orthopaedic rotation
Authors: Fournier Matthew , Holt Andrew , Richardson David R.
Published: December 2017

As the production of orthopaedic literature continues to accelerate, the selection of potential reading material for the trainee becomes more and more challenging. Primary literature, reviews, and textbooks provide a multitude of sources from which to learn basic concepts and gold-standard practices, but choosing a set of articles to best prepare for a rotation can be overwhelming. The resident preparing for a rotation in general orthopaedics is responsible for a broad array of knowledge, and choosing resources that provide a concise, yet up-to-date, summary of the literature is particularly difficult. In this article we present a selection of topics, with essential sources included, that we believe represents essential reading for a general orthopaedic surgery rotation.
Integrative Approach to Psoriasis Vulgaris
Authors: Ljubenovic Milanka , Lazarevic Viktor , Golubovic Masa , Binic Ivana
Published: December 2017

In this article, we present a literature review of the most popular and commonly used therapeutic procedures belonging to complementary and alternative medicine, which is part of the modern concept of integrative medicine, used in the treatment of psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease wherein skin changes are the most visible sign. It occurs in approximately 1% to 3% of the world population, and the National Psoriasis Foundation of the United States estimates the number of patients in the whole world at about 125 million. Psoriasis primarily affects the skin, burdening patients with inflamed, pruritic, and sometimes painful lesions covered with whitish scales that last for years. Because of its prevalence in the general population, diversity of the clinical picture (from minimal and localized lesions without subjective symptoms to life-threatening conditions), and disease duration (practically a lifetime), psoriasis is a disease that has become a focus of modern medicine, and therapeutic options for the treatment of psoriasis are currently very numerous and diverse. Conventional treatment of psoriasis is guided by the so-called principle of “steps,” where treatment options are applied according to the severity of illness assessed by a physician. Apart from the official therapy for psoriasis, as it is defined and understood in modern developed societies, there exists in parallel a great number of traditional, complementary, and alternative psoriasis treatments, which are based on the beliefs, experiences, and theories inherent to different cultures; in this article, we have analyzed the literature related to some of these procedures.
Stress-Dosed Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids Before Intensive Endurance Exercise in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Bonnecaze Alex K. , Reynolds Patrick , Burns Cynthia A.
Published: December 2017

Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) require increased doses of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids during stressors, such as surgery, trauma, and sepsis. Although current guidelines exist for dose adjustments in these situations, there is no accepted dosing regimen for patients with PAI participating in intensive endurance exercise. Given the extensive physiologic stress of events, such as marathons, triathlons, and similar events, it is likely that a “stress-dose” of adrenal replacement therapy will not only prevent adrenal crisis, but also improve performance. A 50-year-old male endurance athlete with known PAI reported severe fatigue, nausea, and malaise after competing in prior marathons and intensive endurance exercise. After supplementing with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids before competition, he experienced decreased symptoms and improved performance. To better care for these patients, further studies should be conducted to provide safe and effective glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid dose adjustments before intensive endurance exercise.
Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XXXVII
Authors: Harolds Jay A.
Published: December 2017

Studies based on PINNACLE registry data include the management of high blood pressure, relationship of socioeconomic status and prescription practices, eligibility for medication therapy management programs, relationship of patient volume to adherence to guidelines, and relationship between quality and the type of provider. This article summarizes studies on all of those topics.