bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminating a Large Amount of Data to Vehicular Network in an Urban Area
Authors: Taheri Mina , Hendesi Faramarz
Published: February 2011

The problem of distributing a large amount of data from multiple sources in an urban area is investigated. We explore an opportunistic approach for information collection, in which a vehicle obtains information about resources from encountered vehicles. This protocol could be applied in both dense and sparse vehicular networks. Due to the highly dynamic nature of the underlying vehicular network topology, we depart from architectures requiring centralized coordination, reliable MAC scheduling, or global network state knowledge, and instead adopt a distributed paradigm with simple protocols. In other words, a reliable dissemination is introduced from multiple sources when each node in the network shares a limited amount of its resources for cooperating with others. By using rateless coding at the Road Side Unit (RSU) and using vehicles as data carriers, an efficient way to achieve reliable dissemination to all nodes (even disconnected clusters in the network) is described.
IL-15 and Type I Interferon Are Required for Activation of Tumoricidal NK Cells by Virus-Infected Dendritic Cells
Authors: Boudreau Jeanette E. , Stephenson Kyle B. , Wang Fuan , Ashkar Ali A. , Mossman Karen L. , Lenz Laurel L. , Rosenthal Kenneth L. , Bramson Jonathan L. , Lichty Brian D. , Wan Yonghong
Published: February 2011

There is increasing evidence that natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antitumor immunity following dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. Little is known, however, about the optimal stimulation of DCs that favors NK activation in tumor-bearing hosts. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and infection with a mutant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-ΔM51) both induced DC maturation. Further, inoculation of these DCs led to robust NK-mediated protection against tumor challenge. Strikingly, only VSV-ΔM51-infected DCs were capable of suppressing the growth of established tumors, suggesting that additional signals provided by viral infection may be required to activate tumoricidal NK cells in tumor-bearing hosts. VSV-ΔM51 infection of DCs induced greater type I interferon (IFN I) production than TLR ligand treatment, and disruption of the IFN I pathway in DCs eliminated their ability to induce NK activation and tumor protection. However, further studies indicated that IFN I alone was not sufficient to activate NK cells, especially in the presence of a tumor, and DC-derived IL-15 was additionally required for tumoricidal NK activation. These results suggest that induction of IFN I by VSV-ΔM51 allows DCs to overcome tumor-associated immunosuppression and facilitate IL-15–mediated priming of tumoricidal NK cells. Thus, the mode of DC maturation should be carefully considered when designing DC-based cancer immunotherapies. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2497–506. ©2011 AACR.
Phase I Study of NGR-hTNF, a Selective Vascular Targeting Agent, in Combination with Cisplatin in Refractory Solid Tumors
Authors: Gregorc Vanesa , De Braud Filippo G. , De Pas Tommaso M. , Scalamogna Roberto , Citterio Giovanni , Milani Alessandra , Boselli Sabrina , Catania Chiara , Donadoni Giovanni , Rossoni Gilda , Ghio Domenico , Spitaleri Gianluca , Ammannati Cristina , Colombi Scialini , Caligaris-Cappio Federico , Lambiase Antonio , Bordignon Claudio
Published: February 2011

Purpose: NGR-hTNF exploits the tumor-homing peptide asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) for selectively targeting TNF-α to an aminopeptidase N overexpressed on cancer endothelial cells. Preclinical synergism with cisplatin was displayed even at low doses. This study primarily aimed to explore the safety of low-dose NGR-hTNF combined with cisplatin in resistant/refractory malignancies. Secondary aims included pharmacokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics, and activity.

Experimental Design: NGR-hTNF was escalated using a doubling-dose scheme (0.2–0.4–0.8–1.6 μg/m2) in combination with fixed-dose of cisplatin (80 mg/m2), both given intravenously once every three weeks. PKs and circulating TNF-receptors (sTNF-Rs) were assessed over the first three cycles.

Results: Globally, 22 patients (12 pretreated with platinum) received a range of one to ten cycles. Consistently with the low-dose range tested, maximum-tolerated dose was not reached. No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed at 0.2 (n = 4) and 0.4 μg/m2 (n = 3). One DLT (grade 3 infusion-related reaction) was observed at 0.8 μg/m2. This dose cohort was expanded to six patients without further DLTs. No DLTs were noted also at 1.6 μg/m2 (n = 3). NGR-hTNF exposure increased dose-proportionally without apparent PK interactions with cisplatin. No shedding of sTNF-Rs was detected up to 0.8 μg/m2. At the dose level of 0.8 μg/m2, expanded to 12 patients for activity assessment, a platinum-pretreated lung cancer patient achieved a partial response lasting more than six months and five patients maintained stable disease for a median time of 5.9 months.

Conclusions: The combination of NGR-hTNF 0.8 μg/m2 with cisplatin 80 mg/m2 showed favorable toxicity profile and promising antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1964–72. ©2011 AACR.
Computer-Based, Personalized Cognitive Training versus Classical Computer Games: A Randomized Double-Blind Prospective Trial of Cognitive Stimulation
Authors: Peretz Chava , Korczyn Amos D. , Shatil Evelyn , Aharonson Vered , Birnboim Smadar , Giladi Nir
Published: February 2011

Background: Many studies have suggested that cognitive training can result in cognitive gains in healthy older adults. We investigated whether personalized computerized cognitive training provides greater benefits than those obtained by playing conventional computer games. Methods: This was a randomized double-blind interventional study. Self-referred healthy older adults (n = 155, 68 ± 7 years old) were assigned to either a personalized, computerized cognitive training or to a computer games group. Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline and after 3 months by a neuropsychological assessment battery. Differences in cognitive performance scores between and within groups were evaluated using mixed effects models in 2 approaches: adherence only (AO; n = 121) and intention to treat (ITT; n = 155). Results: Both groups improved in cognitive performance. The improvement in the personalized cognitive training group was significant (p < 0.03, AO and ITT approaches) in all 8 cognitive domains. However, in the computer games group it was significant (p < 0.05) in only 4 (AO) or 6 domains (ITT). In the AO analysis, personalized cognitive training was significantly more effective than playing games in improving visuospatial working memory (p = 0.0001), visuospatial learning (p = 0.0012) and focused attention (p = 0.0019). Conclusions: Personalized, computerized cognitive training appears to be more effective than computer games in improving cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Further studies are needed to evaluate the ecological validity of these findings.
Effects of Long-Term Adaptation to Sway-Yoked Visual Motion and Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation on Visual and Vestibular Control of Posture
Authors: Kitazaki Michiteru , Kimura Takuya
Published: February 2011

Human postural control is a multimodal process involving visual and vestibular information. The aim of the present study was to measure individual differences in the contributions of vision and vestibular senses to postural control, and to investigate if the individual weights could be modulated by long-term adaptation to visual motion or galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). Since GVS is a less expensive technique than a motion platform and can be wearable, it is a promising virtual reality (VR) technology. We measured the postural sway of observers induced by a visual motion or GVS before and after a 7-day adaptation task. We divided participants into four groups. In visual adaptation groups, visual motions were presented to either enhance voluntary body movement (enhancing vision group) or inhibit voluntary body movement (inhibiting vision group). In GVS adaptation groups, GVS was applied to enhance voluntary body movement (enhancing GVS group) or inhibit voluntary body movement (inhibiting GVS group). The adaptation to enhancing body-movement-yoked visual motion decreased the GVS-induced postural sway at a low motion frequency. The adaptation to the enhancing GVS slightly increased the GVS-induced postural sway and decreased the visually-induced sway at a low motion frequency. The adaptation to the inhibiting GVS increased the GVS-induced postural sway and decreased the visually-induced sway at a high motion frequency. These data suggest that long-term adaptation can modify weights of vision and vestibular senses to control posture. These findings can be applied to training or rehabilitation systems of postural control and also to adaptive virtual-reality systems.
Increasing the Sense of Presence in a Simulation Environment Using Image Generators Based on Visual Attention
Authors: Çiflikli Burak , Güdükbay Uğur
Published: February 2011

Flight simulator systems generally use a separate image-generator component. The host is responsible for the positional data updates of the entities and the image generator is responsible for the rendering process. In such systems, the sense of presence is decreased by model flickering. This study presents a method by which the host can minimize model flickering in the image-generator output. The method is based on preexisting algorithms, such as visibility culling and level of detail management of 3D models. The flickering is minimized for the visually important entities at the expense of increasing the flickering of the entities that are out of the user's focus using a new perception-based approach. It is shown through user studies that the new proposed approach increases the participants' sense of presence.
Optimization of the piston geometry of a diesel engine using a two-spray-angle nozzle
Authors: Dolak J , Reitz R D
Published: February 2011

The objective of this research was to optimize a light-duty diesel engine in order to minimize the soot, nitrogen oxide (NO x), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon emissions, and the peak pressure rise rate while minimizing the gross indicated specific fuel consumption (GISFC) in a low-oxygen low-temperature environment. The variables considered were the injection timings, the fractional amount of fuel per injection, the swirl, and the piston geometry. The KIVA-CHEMKIN code (a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics program with detailed chemistry) was used and was coupled to a multi-objective genetic algorithm, together with an automated grid generator.

A unique two-spray-angle nozzle (2SAN) was explored. This nozzle allows both the lower and the upper portions of the bowl to be targeted simultaneously. With the 2SAN, stepped-bowl piston, and split-injection strategy, the NO x and soot emissions and the GISFC were further reduced in comparison with well-performing cases that used a single-hole nozzle (SHN) with two injections. The soot and NO x emissions were reduced by 67 per cent and 63 per cent respectively while the fuel consumption was improved by nearly 4 per cent. The second-injection timing was also varied with the selected case and compared with the well-performing SHN cases. This showed that the GISFC did not depend on the second-SOI timing as much as in the SHN cases. This leads to greater flexibility as to when the second SOI can occur. The 2SAN case performed particularly well with a highly diluted intake charge with an early second injection. Soot was further reduced while maintaining the GISFC. The last part of the study explored the benefits of the 2SAN at midload conditions (10.5 bar) at both 2000 r/min and 4000 r/min. The 2SAN reduced CO emissions by 20 per cent and 50 per cent for the low-speed and high-speed cases respectively. This research shows the importance of the bowl geometry, spray targeting, injection timing, split fuel amounts, and swirl on the emissions and fuel efficiency in direct-injection diesel engines.
Stapled Trans-Anal Rectal Resection (STARR) in the Surgical Treatment of the Obstructed Defecation Syndrome
Authors: Stuto Angelo , Renzi Adolfo , Carriero Alfonso , Gabrielli Francesco , Gianfreda Valeria , Villani Roberto Dino , Pietrantoni Carmine , Seria Giovanni , Capomagi Antonio , Talento Pasquale
Published: February 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Stapled Trans-Anal Rectal Resection (STARR) in the treatment of Obstructed Defecation Syndrome ODS by the analysis of the data collected in the STARR Italian Registry (SIR) with a special emphasis on the analysis of symptoms and quality of life. Methods: Collected data included, preoperative tests findings, and the evaluation of symptoms; the latter was obtained by using dedicated tools such as the Obstructed Defecation Syndrome Score (ODS-S), the Severity Symptom Score (SSS), and the Continence Grading Scale (CGS). Data on the quality of life were collected by Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QoL) and the Euro Quality of Life–5 Domains Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D VAS). The evaluation of the symptoms and the quality of life was repeated 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results: The SIR had collected data on 2171 patients (1653 females, 76.1%; mean age 56.2years; range 20-96 years). A significant improvement ( P < .0001) was seen between preoperative and 12-month follow-up in all scores: ODS-S (16.7 vs 5.0), SSS (15.6 vs 2.6), CGS (2.0 vs 0.7), PAC-QoL (51.0 vs 22.1), and EQ-5D VAS (57.5 vs 85.7). Complications included defecatory urgency (4.5% at 12 months), bleeding (3.6%), perineal sepsis (3.4%), and one case of rectovaginal fistula (0.05%). Conclusion: The analysis of SIR data seems to confirm that STARR is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of ODS. However, further studies are required to evaluate the long-term stability of results.
Conditional HIF-1 induction produces multistage neovascularization with stage-specific sensitivity to VEGFR inhibitors and myeloid cell independence
Authors: Oladipupo Sunday S. , Hu Song , Santeford Andrea C. , Yao Junjie , Kovalski Joanna R. , Shohet Ralph V. , Maslov Konstantin , Wang Lihong V. , Arbeit Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2011

Neovascularization is a crucial component of tumor growth and ischemia. Although prior work primarily used disease models, delineation of neovascularization in the absence of disease can reveal intrinsic mechanisms of microvessel regulation amenable to manipulation in illness. We created a conditional model of epithelial HIF-1 induction in adult mice (TetON-HIF-1 mice). Longitudinal photoacoustic microscopy (L-PAM) was coincidentally developed for noninvasive, label-free serial imaging of red blood cell-perfused vasculature in the same mouse for weeks to months. TetON-HIF-1 mice evidenced 3 stages of neovascularization: development, maintenance, and transgene-dependent regression. Regression occurred despite extensive and tight pericyte coverage. L-PAM mapped microvascular architecture and quantified volumetric changes in neocapillary morphogenesis, arteriovenous remodeling, and microvessel regression. Developmental stage endothelial proliferation down-regulation was associated with a DNA damage checkpoint consisting of p53, p21, and endothelial γ-H2AX induction. The neovasculature was temporally responsive to VEGFR2 immuno-blockade, with the developmental stage sensitive, and the maintenance stage resistant, to DC101 treatment. L-PAM analysis also pinpointed microvessels ablated or resistant to VEGFR2 immuno-blockade. HIF-1–recruited myeloid cells did not mediate VEGFR2 inhibitor resistance. Thus, HIF-1 neovascularization in the absence of disease is self-regulated via cell autonomous endothelial checkpoints, and resistant to angiogenesis inhibitors independent of myeloid cells.
Functional genomics of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Torres Lorena , Almazán Consuelo , Ayllón Nieves , Galindo Ruth C , Rosario-Cruz Rodrigo , Quiroz-Romero Héctor , de la Fuente José
Published: February 2011

Background

The horn fly,Haematobia irritans(Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is one of the most important ectoparasites of pastured cattle. Horn flies infestations reduce cattle weight gain and milk production. Additionally, horn flies are mechanical vectors of different pathogens that cause disease in cattle. The aim of this study was to conduct a functional genomics study in female horn flies using Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) analysis and RNA interference (RNAi).

Results

A cDNA library was made from whole abdominal tissues collected from partially fed adult female horn flies. High quality horn fly ESTs (2,160) were sequenced and assembled into 992 unigenes (178 contigs and 814 singlets) representing molecular functions such as serine proteases, cell metabolism, mitochondrial function, transcription and translation, transport, chromatin structure, vitellogenesis, cytoskeleton, DNA replication, cell response to stress and infection, cell proliferation and cell-cell interactions, intracellular trafficking and secretion, and development. Functional analyses were conducted using RNAi for the first time in horn flies. Gene knockdown by RNAi resulted in higher horn fly mortality (protease inhibitor functional group), reduced oviposition (vitellogenin, ferritin and vATPase groups) or both (immune response and 5'-NUC groups) when compared to controls. Silencing of ubiquitination ESTs did not affect horn fly mortality and ovisposition while gene knockdown in the ferritin and vATPse functional groups reduced mortality when compared to controls.

Conclusions

These results advanced the molecular characterization of this important ectoparasite and suggested candidate protective antigens for the development of vaccines for the control of horn fly infestations.
Assessment of phytochemical content, polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Leguminosae medicinal plants in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Chew Yik Ling , Ling Chan Elaine Wan , Tan Pei Ling , Lim Yau Yan , Stanslas Johnson , Goh Joo Kheng
Published: February 2011

Background

Many medicinal plants from Leguminosae family can be found easily in Malaysia. These plants have been used as traditional medicines by local ethnic groups, where they are prepared as decoction, pastes for wound infections, and some have been eaten as salad. This paper focused on the assessment of antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity and classes of phytochemicals of nine plants from the Leguminosae family.

Methods

Acacia auriculiformis, Bauhinia kockiana, Bauhinia purpurea, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Calliandra tergemina, Cassia surattensis, Leucaena leucocephala, Peltophorum pterocarpum, and Samanea saman were extracted with aqueous methanol and dichloromethane:methanol mixture to test for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The Folin-Ciocalteu assay was conducted to quantify the total phenolic content and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to determine the free radical quenching capacity. Antibacterial activity was assessed using disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) assay. Screening for major classes of phytochemical was done using standard chemical tests.

Results

B. kockiana flowers and C. pulcherrima leaves contained high total phenolic content (TPC) and strong DPPH radical scavenging ability with TPC of 8280 ± 498 mg GAE/100 g, IC50 of 27.0 ± 5.0 μg/mL and TPC of 5030 ± 602 mg GAE/100 g, IC50 of 50.0 ± 5.0 μg/mL respectively. Positive correlation was observed between TPC and free radical scavenging ability. Most extracts showed antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria at 1 mg, while none showed activity against Gram negative bacteria at the same dose. All extracts (except Samanea saman flower) showed antibacterial activity against two strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MID values ranging between 100 μg/disc and 500 μg/disc.

Conclusion

The potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents, especially for MRSA infection treatments were found in B. kockiana, C. pulcherrima, C. tergemina and P. pterocarpum. These preliminary results would be a guide in the selection of potential candidates for further pharmacological study and in search of new drug candidate in treating MRSA infections.
β-TrCP is dispensable for Vpu's ability to overcome the CD317/Tetherin-imposed restriction to HIV-1 release
Authors: Tervo Hanna-Mari , Homann Stefanie , Ambiel Ina , Fritz Joëlle V , Fackler Oliver T , Keppler Oliver T
Published: February 2011

Background

The cellular transmembrane protein CD317/BST-2/HM1.24/Tetherin restricts HIV-1 infection by physically tethering mature virions to the surface of infected cells. HIV-1 counteracts this restriction by expressing the accessory protein Vpu, yet the mechanism of this antagonism is incompletely understood. β-TrCP is the substrate recognition domain of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that interacts with the di-serine motif S52/S56 in the cytoplasmic tail of Vpu to target the CD4 receptor for proteasomal degradation. Recently, it has been suggested that β-TrCP is also critically involved in Vpu's ability to overcome the CD317-mediated virion release block.

Results

To test this model, we analyzed the consequences of several experimental strategies to interfere with the Vpu-β-TrCP protein-protein interaction. Under these conditions, we studied effects of Vpu on expression and localization of CD317 and CD4, as well as on its ability to promote HIV-1 release. Our results demonstrate a strict requirement for Vpu's di-serine motif for degradation of CD4 and also CD317, reduction of cell surface exposure of CD317, and HIV-1 release enhancement. We further show a critical role of β-TrCP2, but not of the structurally related β-TrCP1 isoform, for Vpu-mediated degradation of both receptors. Most importantly, Vpu remained active in downregulating CD317 from the cell surface and in overcoming the HIV-1 release restriction in β-TrCP-depleted cells.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that β-TrCP is not strictly required for Vpu's ability to counteract the CD317-imposed virion release block and support the relevance of cell surface down-modulation of the restriction factor as a central mechanism of Vpu antagonism. Moreover, we propose the existence of a critical, yet to be identified cellular factor that interacts with Vpu via its di-serine motif to alter the trafficking of the restriction factor.
Progress towards the eradication of Tsetse from the Loos islands, Guinea
Authors: Kagbadouno Moise S , Camara Mamadou , Bouyer Jérémy , Courtin Fabrice , Onikoyamou Mory F , Schofield Chris J , Solano Philippe
Published: February 2011

Background

The tsetse flyGlossina palpalis gambiensisis the main vector of sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis - HAT) in West Africa, in particular in littoral Guinea where this disease is currently very active. The Loos islands constitute a small archipelago some 5 km from mainland Guinea, whereG. p. gambiensisis well known as a nuisance and potential disease vector by inhabitants of the three main islands, Fotoba, Room, and Kassa. The National Control Program against HAT of Guinea has decided to eradicate tsetse in Loos islands in order to sustainably protect humans and economic activities. After baseline data collection, tsetse control began on the islands in 2006. On each of the three islands a specific combination of control methods was implemented according to the entomological situation found.

Results

Starting densities before control operations were 10, 3 and 1 tsetse/trap/day in Kassa, Room and Fotoba respectively, but by July 2010, tsetse were no longer caught in any of the sentinel traps used for monitoring. The reduction rate was faster where several control methods were implemented as a combination (impregnated traps and targets ITT, selective groundspraying, epicutaneous insecticide treatment of pigs, and impregnated fences around pig pens), whereas it was slower when ITT were used as the only control method.

Conclusions

This 100% suppression is a promising step in the eradication process, butG. p. gambiensismay still occur at very low, undetectable, densities on the archipelago. Next step will consist in assessing a 0.05 probability of tsetse absence to ascertain a provisional eradication status. Throughout these operations, a key factor has been the involvement of local teams and local communities without whom such results would be impossible to obtain. Work will continue thanks to the partners involved until total eradication of the tsetse on Loos islands can be declared.
Pkd1l1 complexes with Pkd2 on motile cilia and functions to establish the left-right axis
Authors: Kamura Keiichiro , Kobayashi Daisuke , Uehara Yuka , Koshida Sumito , Iijima Norio , Kudo Akira , Yokoyama Takahiko , Takeda Hiroyuki
Published: February 2011

The internal organs of vertebrates show distinctive left-right asymmetry. Leftward extracellular fluid flow at the node (nodal flow), which is generated by the rotational movement of node cilia, is essential for left-right patterning in the mouse and other vertebrates. However, the identity of the pathways by which nodal flow is interpreted remains controversial as the molecular sensors of this process are unknown. In the current study, we show that the medaka left-right mutant abecobe (abc) is defective for left-right asymmetric expression of southpaw, lefty and charon, but not for nodal flow. We identify the abc gene as pkd1l1, the expression of which is confined to Kupffer's vesicle (KV, an organ equivalent to the node). Pkd1l1 can interact and interdependently colocalize with Pkd2 at the cilia in KV. We further demonstrate that all KV cilia contain Pkd1l1 and Pkd2 and left-right dynein, and that they are motile. These results suggest that Pkd1l1 and Pkd2 form a complex that functions as the nodal flow sensor in the motile cilia of the medaka KV. We propose a new model for the role of cilia in left-right patterning in which the KV cilia have a dual function: to generate nodal flow and to interpret it through Pkd1l1-Pkd2 complexes.
Optimizing E-tailer Profits and Customer Savings: Pricing Multistage Customized Online Bundles
Authors: Jiang Yuanchun , Shang Jennifer , Kemerer Chris F. , Liu Yezheng
Published: February 2011

Online retailing provides an opportunity for new pricing options that are not feasible in traditional retail settings. This paper proposes an interactive, dynamic pricing strategy from the perspective of customized bundling to derive savings for customers while maximizing profits for electronic retailers (“e-tailers”). Given product costs, posted prices, shipping fees, and customers' reservation prices, we propose a nonlinear mixed-integer programming model to increase e-tailers' profits by sequentially pricing customized bundles. The model is flexible in terms of the number and variety of products customers may choose to incorporate during the various stages of their online shopping. Our computational study suggests that the proposed model not only attracts more customers to purchase the discounted bundle but also noticeably increases profits for e-tailers. This online dynamic bundle pricing model is robust under various bundle sizes and scenarios. It improves e-tailer profit and customer savings the most when facing divergent views about product values, lower budgets, and higher cost ratios.
Rejoinder—Implications of “Online Display Advertising: Targeting and Obtrusiveness”
Authors: Goldfarb Avi , Tucker Catherine
Published: February 2011

The commentaries on our work suggest several broader implications of our findings as well as a concern that we understate the size of the effect. In this rejoinder, we discuss our views on the regulatory implications, the implications for firm strategies, and the implications for our understanding of the underlying behavioral processes. We also acknowledge that our original calculation of $464 million in cost savings for industry is conservative. We conclude with a call for “privacy engineering” research that combines computer science tools with an understanding of consumer behavior and economics to improve marketing and economic outcomes while safeguarding consumer privacy.
A direct product coming from a particular set of character degrees
Authors: Aziziheris Kamal
Published: February 2011

We prove that if G is a solvable group with cd(G) = {1, m, p, q, mp, mq}, where p and q are distinct primes and m > 1 is an integer not divisible by p or q, then G = A × B, where cd(A) = {1, p, q} and cd(B) = {1, m}. This generalizes [Lewis, J. Algebra 206: 235–260, 1998, Theorem A].
Zebrafish assessment of cognitive improvement and anxiolysis: filling the gap betweenin vitroand rodent models for drug development
Authors: Levin Edward D.
Published: February 2011

Zebrafish can provide a valuable animal model to screen potential cognitive enhancing and anxiolytic drugs. They are economical and can provide a relatively quick indication of possible functional efficacy. In as much as they have a complex nervous system and elaborate behavioral repertoire, zebrafish can provide a good intermediate model betweenin vitroreceptor and cell-based assays and classic mammalian models for drug screening. In addition, the variety of molecular tools available in zebrafish makes them outstanding models for helping to determine the neuromolecular mechanisms for psychoactive drugs. However, to use zebrafish as a translational model we must have validated, sensitive and efficient behavioral tests. In a series of studies, our lab has developed tests of cognitive function and stress response, which are sensitive to drug effects in a similar manner as rodent models and humans for cognitive enhancement and alleviating stress response. In particular, the three-chamber task for learning and memory was shown to be sensitive to the cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine and has been useful in helping to determine neural mechanisms crucial for nicotinic-induced cognitive enhancement. The novel tank diving test was shown to be a valid and efficient test of stress response. It is sensitive to the reduction in stress-related behaviors due to the amxiolytic drugs diazepam and buspirone but not chlordiazepoxide. Nicotine also causes stress alleviating effects which can be interpreted as anxiolytic effects. Zebrafish models of behavioral pharmacology can be useful to efficiently screen test compounds for drug development and can be useful in helping to determine the mechanisms crucial for new therapeutic treatments of neurobehavioral impairments.
Wilderness Rescue and Border Enforcement Along the Arizona Mexico Border—The Border Patrol Search, Trauma and Rescue Unit
Authors: Keim Samuel M. , Reiser Frank , Shetty Sheetal , Ranger-Moore James
Published: February 2011

Objective

To introduce and describe the US Border Patrol (USBP) Tucson Sector Border Patrol Search, Trauma and Rescue Unit (BORSTAR) and to analyze whether the frequency of its activities were associated with the amount of total border patrol law enforcement activities in the area.

Methods

Descriptive and nonparametric analysis was conducted on data that were obtained on total USBP apprehensions of undocumented immigrants and BORSTAR activities for a consecutive 3-year period.

Results

From October 2004 to September 2007 over 1 million apprehensions occurred within the Tucson Sector. During this time, a large number of search, rescue, and medical intervention events occurred. However, only a weak association was found between the frequency of apprehensions and BORSTAR activities.

Conclusions

The BORSTAR unit of the Tucson Sector commonly encounters harsh conditions and provides search, rescue, and medical interventions to undocumented immigrants. The frequency of BORSTAR activities is not strongly associated with the volume of USBP law enforcement activities.
Eye Problems in Mountain and Remote Areas: Prevention and Onsite Treatment—Official Recommendations of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine ICAR MEDCOM
Authors: Ellerton John A. , Zuljan Igor , Agazzi Giancelso , Boyd Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2011

Although eyes are not frequently injured in the mountains, they are exposed to many adverse factors from the environment. This article, intended for first responders, paramedics, physicians, and mountaineers, is the consensus opinion of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR-MEDCOM). Its aim is to give practical advice on the management of eye problems in mountainous and remote areas. Snow blindness and minor injuries, such as conjunctival and corneal foreign bodies, could immobilize a person and put him or her at risk of other injuries. Blunt or penetrating trauma can result in the loss of sight in the eye; this may be preventable if the injury is managed properly. In almost all cases of severe eye trauma, protecting the eye and arranging an immediate evacuation are necessary. The most common eye problems, however, are due to ultraviolet light and high altitude. People wearing contact lenses and with previous history of eye diseases are more vulnerable. Any sight-threatening eye problem or unexplained visual loss at high altitude necessitates descent. Wearing appropriate eye protection, such as sunglasses with sidepieces and goggles with polarized or photochromic lenses, could prevent most of the common eye problems in mountaineering.
Celebrando São Besso ou o que Robert Hertz e a Escola Francesa de Sociologia têm a nos dizer sobre festas, rituais e simbolismo
Authors: Menezes Renata de Castro
Published: February 2011

Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre as possibilidades e as dificuldades do estudo de festas religiosas através da interpretação de um texto de Robert Hertz (um dos pesquisadores da Escola Francesa de Sociologia), originalmente publicado em 1913, que versa sobre a festa de São Besso, um evento religioso que ocorre nos alpes italianos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é destacar as pistas que Hertz deixou abertas em seu estudo e sugerir maneiras de nos apropriarmos de seus insights em nossas análises atuais.
The combination of Passiflora alata and Valeriana officinalis on memory tasks in mice: comparison with diazepam
Authors: Slomp Junior Helvo , Seniski Gerusa , Cunha Cláudio da , Audi Elizabeth Aparecida , Andreatini Roberto
Published: February 2011

The effect of a compound combining Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora alata extracts was tested on two mouse memory models: habituation and step-through inhibitory avoidance. Diazepam (1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Acute diazepam (2.5 mg/kg) before training impaired the habituation and performance in the inhibitory avoidance. On the other hand, acute phytotherapeutic compound (40-160 mg/kg), also before the training session, did not alter mouse behavior in these models. Repeated (15 days) treatment with the compound also did not impair the habituation. At the doses used, no locomotor effect was found. Taken together, the results suggest that, contrary to diazepam, the anxiolytic Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora alata compound did not induce amnesia.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus and Tynanthus micranthus
Authors: Custódio Dayana Lacerda , Burgo Rafaela Pinheiro , Moriel Bárbara , Barbosa Aneli de Melo , Rezende Maria Ines , Daniel Juliana Feijó de Souza , Pinto Jurandir Pereira , Bianchini Edmilson , Faria Terezinha de Jesus
Published: February 2011

The present study describes the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (1.0% w/w) and Tynanthus micranthus (1.1% w/w). GC and GC/MS analysis demonstrated that eugenol was the only component in the T. micranthus essential oil (99.9%) and the major component in the P. pseudocaryophyllus essential oil (92.59%), which also presented methyleugenol, terpinen-4-ol, o-cymene and (E)-caryophyllene, among others. Both the oils presented antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi tested.The Bioautography test revealed that eugenol was the bioactive component in both the oils against Cladosporium herbarum. This is the first report about the T. micranthus essential oil, and the antifungal activity of P. pseudocaryophyllus. The results confirmed the potential of eugenol-rich essential oils not only as a source of flavor compounds, but also of use as antimicrobial agent in agriculture and in pharmaceutical and food products.
Modeling for Taxol® Separation in a simulated moving bed
Authors: Cremasco Marco Aurelio , Starqui Axel Nicolas
Published: February 2011

This work presents an alternative numerical resolution strategy for a model to describe the dynamic of linear adsorption processes involving multicomponent mixture of taxanes with Taxol® (paclitaxel), a powerful anti-cancer agent, and non-identified impurities, in a Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) system. To solve the model, a hybrid method were used. The liquid concentration inside the particles was found analytically and was related with the liquid bed concentration using Duhamel's theorem. The results from simulation were compared with experimental ones from the literature, showing a good agreement, which demonstrated the applicability of the model and of the hybrid resolution proposed.
Cyclic Neutropenia in a Cleft Lip and Palate Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Desai Anil , Gopalkrishnan K. , Joshi V.K. , Rao C. Bhasker
Published: February 2011

Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital anomaly. Its association with hematologic disorders is rarely reported. Cyclic neutropenia is a rare blood disorder that may occur spontaneously or has a genetic predisposition. Periodicity/recurrence of cyclic neutropenia has a cyclical pattern reoccurring in multiples of 7 days, usually at 21- or 28-day intervals between attacks, with the patient being fairly asymptomatic. There is no case in the literature that has reported the presence of cyclic neutropenia in cleft patients. We report a case of cleft patient associated with Cyclic\ neutropenia\. The clinical features, diagnosis, and course of management are described.
A Novel Delivery System of Probiotic Drop and Its Effect on Dental Caries Risk Factors in Cleft Lip/Palate Children
Authors: Cildir Sule Kavaloglu , Sandalli Nuket , Nazli Serpil , Alp Fatos , Caglar Esber
Published: February 2011

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri on the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in children with cleft lip/palate who used the novel drop containing L. reuteri.

Material and Methods

The study group consisted of 19 operated cleft lip/palate children aged 4 to 12 years. The study had a double-blind, randomized crossover design, and the experimental period consisted of four consecutive time periods. During periods 2 and 4, consisting of 25 days each, parents were instructed that their children should consume 5 drops per day (0.15 to 0.20 g) of probiotic or placebo drops produced by the same manufacturer. The probiotic drop, BioGaia Reuteri drops, contained L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289 (≥1 x 108 CFU/5 drops). The counts of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were evaluated using the CRT tests. The data were processed with NCSS 2007 software using chi-square and McNemar tests.

Results

There was no statistically significant (p > .05) reduction of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli after 25 days of consumption of both drops.

Conclusions

The novel drop containing L. reuteri may not reduce the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in cleft lip/palate children.
The Productivity of a Well Completed With a Vertical Penny-Shaped Fracture
Authors: Hagoort Jacques
Published: February 2011

In this work, we present a simple polynomial relationship for the effective well radius of a well completed with a vertical, infinite-conductivity, penny-shaped hydraulic fracture as a function of fracture diameter. It is based on an analytical solution for steady-state, single-phase flow to a circular, constant-pressure surface in an infinite porous medium. This solution is extended to a vertical, penny-shaped fracture in the center of a plane circular reservoir. The effective well radius increases with increasing fracture diameter to approximately 0.2 times the fracture diameter for a fracture diameter equal to the reservoir thickness. As a rule of thumb, the productivity of a well with an infinite-conductivity, penny-shaped fracture exceeds the openhole productivity for fracture diameters larger than one-third of the reservoir thickness. The productivity of a well with a fracture diameter equal to the reservoir thickness is approximately twice the openhole productivity. The adverse effect of fracture conductivity can be estimated by a simple formula that relates fracture efficiency to the productivity index of a well with an infinite-conductivity fracture and to the ratio of the flow capacity of the fracture to that of the reservoir.
Modeling Horizontal-Completion Deformations in a Deepwater Unconsolidated-Sand Reservoir
Authors: Hilbert L.B.. B. , Saraf V.K.. K. , Birbiglia D.K.J.. K.J. , Shumilak E.E.. E. , Schutjens P.M.T.M.. M.T.M. , Hindriks C.O.H.. O.H. , Klever F.J.. J.
Published: February 2011

We present the development and results of geomechanical models and analyses used to assess the risks of compaction-induced deformation and potential failure of horizontal gravel-pack completions in a field located in deep water but at shallow depth below the seafloor. The target reservoir consisted of high-porosity, underconsolidated stacked turbidite sandstones, which are comparable to some of the more well-known, problematic compactive reservoir sands. The formations indicated a high level of risk of depletion- induced compaction, which could produce large deformations and potential failure of completion equipment in horizontal wells. Coupled poroelastoplastic geomechanical finite-element models were constructed to assess the risks of completion-equipment damage because of depletion-induced reservoir compaction. Both openhole and cased-hole gravel-packed completion configurations were analyzed. Details of the prepacked-screen assembly components were included in the models, such as the ribs between the base pipe and inner screen and the deformable epoxied sand between inner and outer screens. Model results presented in this paper include deformations of the completion equipment and stresses in the screen components, as a function of reservoir-depletion pressure. The results of the geomechanical modeling indicated that the overall compaction loading should not cause significant deformation of the specified completion equipment.
Economic Comparison of Intelligent Wells in Simultaneous Production of Oil and Gas Reserves From Single Wellbore
Authors: Nagib Mohamed , Ezuka Ifeanyi , Nasr Ghasem G.
Published: February 2011

Maximizing oil recovery in thin and ultrathin (less than 30 ft) oil columns is a challenge as a result of coning or cresting of unwanted fluids into the wellbore in both vertical and horizontal wells. There is considerable oil left behind, above the well completion in the reservoir. This may also occur in horizontal wells when bottom- or edgewater encroachment or invasion takes place.

The development of the gas resources from these reservoirs is a major challenge because regulators want an optimal development plan for the oil rim before project approval is made. This can delay upstream gas supply to liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) projects and grind down project value. A smart development strategy has been proposed for the development of these challenging reservoirs. This involves the use of intelligent multilateral wells in simultaneous oil and gas development; the first (top) horizontal-lateral-well legs of the multilateral well will be completed at the crest of the reservoir in the gas cap. The second (lower) horizontal-lateral-well leg will be completed just above the gas/oil contact (GOC).

Extensive numerical reservoir-flow simulation has been used to demonstrate the ability and possibility of using a single wellbore for simultaneous oil and gas production. This proposed development strategy will provide high impact on the asset of such oil and gas reservoirs by providing a cost-effective-technology solution. The numerical-simulation results show that the intelligent multilateral well will significantly improve the overall cumulative production of gas and oil from a thin oil reservoir with a large gas cap compared with conventional wells and also provide the opportunity for automatic gas lift for low-gravity crude (°API).

This paper (1) presents the use of intelligent multilateral wells to produce oil and gas from the same wellbore simultaneously in the thin oil reservoir and (2) provides information on the delay and reduction of excess production of unwanted fluids (water) during oil and gas production from thin oil reservoirs using intelligentwell technology, including cost effectiveness.
The "Reliable Technologies" Rule: What Did the SEC Intend?
Authors: Lee W.J.
Published: February 2011

This paper provides background information on the US Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) newly defined term, reliable technology, which plays a prominent role in the SEC's modernized regulations for reporting oil and gas reserves. This background information will include criteria that reliable technology must meet to ensure that it will provide the confidence level required to categorize certain resources as reserves of any category (proved, probable, or possible).

The new SEC rules for disclosing reserves no longer require that a limited number of rigidly specified technologies be used to establish the confidence level of reserves that a filer discloses. Reasonable certainty was required in the past because only proved reserves could be disclosed, and, as an example, reasonable certainty of economic production required either flow tests or actual production to the surface except in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The new rules allow any technology that has been proved empirically to lead to correct conclusions, including proprietary technology, to be used to determine the proper classification for a given petroleum accumulation. Unfortunately, the industry has been provided with only limited guidance on which technologies will be satisfactory and which technologies will not. This paper will present an analysis of SEC publications for possible insight into its thinking about this important issue.

Proper disclosure of reserves will depend vitally on a proper interpretation of reliable technology. Note: The opinions expressed in this paper are the author's alone. They represent the opinions of neither the US SEC nor its staff members.
Comment on Pauly: The Constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act--Comparisons with the Home Mortgage Deduction
Authors: Song Edward
Published: February 2011

No one calls the home mortgage deduction an "individual mandate" to buy a home, so why should Obama's "mandate" to obtain health care under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) be unconstitutional, asks Edward Song of The Song Law PC.
Thermal solid-state Z/E isomerization of 2-alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidines: Effects of non-covalent interactions
Authors: Dzambaski Zdravko , Stojanovic Milovan , Baranac-Stojanovic Marija , Minic Dragica , Markovic Rade
Published: February 2011

Configurational isomerization of stereo-defined 5-substituted and
unsubstituted 2-alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidines 1 in the solid state, giving
the Z/E mixtures in various ratios, was investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy,
X-ray powder crystallography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The
Z/E composition can be rationalized in terms of non-covalent interactions,
involving intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and directional
non-bonded 1,5-type S...O interactions. X-Ray powder crystallography, using
selected crystalline (Z)-4- oxothiazolidine substrates, revealed
transformation to the amorphous state during the irreversible Z ? E process.
A correlation between previous results on the Z/E isomerization in solution
and now in the solid state was established.