bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion, Samaritan
Authors: Pummer Reinhard
Published: December 2019

Samaritan religion resembles in many aspects Jewish religion. However, Samaritanism is not a sect of Judaism, but a branch of Israelite Yahwism. Like Judaism, Samaritanism once had a temple dedicated to Yhwh on Mount Gerizim but it was destroyed at the end of the second centurybceand never rebuilt. It also has the Pentateuch as its sacred book, albeit with some differences to the Jewish Pentateuch. To reconstruct Samaritan religious practices in Antiquity we have to rely on non‐Samaritan texts and archaeological finds since the earliest Samaritan texts date from a later period.
Samaria
Authors: Pummer Reinhard
Published: December 2019

The history of the city of Samaria can be traced back to the Iron Age I. In the ninth and the eighth centuriesbceit was the capital of the northern Israelite kingdom. It then became successively an administrative center under Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian rule. Alexander the Great settled Macedonian soldiers in the city. In 63bcePompey annexed it to the Roman empire together with Syria and Palestine. Emperor Augustus gave the city to Herod the Great who named it Sebaste. In the seventh century, it was conquered by the Muslims. Its name lives on the Arabic village Sebastiyeh.
Catenae
Authors: Ceulemans Reinhart
Published: December 2019

Catenae are a major form of Greek biblical exegesis practiced in Late Antiquity and Byzantium. Qualifying to be described as “exegetical florilegia,” they reflect the conviction that biblical interpretation should rely on the tradition of the Fathers. Not too much bothered by orthodoxy as a criterion of selection, the catenae have preserved many excerpts from Greek works otherwise lost; but they also deserve to be studied in their own right, as literary and exegetical products of their time.
Celtic languages
Authors: Mullen Alex
Published: December 2019

The Celtic languages form a sub‐group of Indo‐European languages which, in Antiquity, were spoken widely on the Continent, Britain, and Ireland, but which are now largely restricted to the British Isles and Brittany. In Antiquity, the Celtic languages are attested directly in local epigraphies (Celtiberian, Gallo‐Greek, Gallo‐Latin, Gallo‐Etruscan, Lepontic) and indirectly through names and linguistic features in Latin, Greek, and other sources.
Dream books, ancient Egypt
Authors: Prada Luigi
Published: December 2019

Dream books constitute one of the best‐attested form of divinatory literature from ancient Egypt, with specimens surviving from the New Kingdom through to the Roman Period (ca. thirteenth centurybce–second centuryce). They are important sources of information not only about the Egyptian belief in dreams as omens, but also about the hopes and fears of contemporary society, as testified in the predictions about the dreamers’ future.
Bellona
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: December 2019

Bellona, or Duel(l)ona, is the Roman goddess of war. Her name comes from the Latin word for “war,”bellum(archaicduellum).
Dolichenus
Authors: Blömer Michael , Winter Engelbert
Published: December 2019

Jupiter Dolichenus was the god of Doliche, a small city in ancient North Syria. The origins of his cult can be traced back to the Iron Age. In the second century, the worship of Jupiter Dolichenus evolved from a strictly local phenomenon to a trans‐local cult with followers in many parts of the Roman Empire. Many of them were Roman soldiers.
Vortumnus
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: December 2019

[Vortumnus is an enigmatic Italic or Etruscan god whom Varro calls “the principal god of Etruria” (
Ling
. 5.46).
Cannae, battle of
Authors: Hoyos Dexter
Published: December 2019

Hannibal's greatest yet ultimately unprofitable victory against the Romans.
Contarii
Authors: Whately Conor
Published: December 2019

Contarii
, the Greek
kontophoroi
, were mounted lancers who usually wore a coat of mail, and were so named because their primary weapon was the
contus
, a long thrusting spear that required the use of two hands.
Fulvius Plautianus, Gaius
Authors: Lusnia Susann S.
Published: December 2019

C. Fulvius Plautianus, African by birth, was a kinsman of the emperor Septimius Severus (Herodian 3.10.6), who became Praetorian Prefect and amassed extraordinary power and wealth before his downfall in 205ce(Dio. 76(75).15–16; Herodian 3.11.2–3).
Optio
Authors: Sage Michael
Published: December 2019

Theoptio(from Latinoptare, to wish for or choose; Veg.Mil. 2.7) was a junior officer who ranked below the centurion.
Zama, battle of
Authors: Hoyos Dexter
Published: December 2019

Zama was the last battle in the Second Punic War, fought in North Africa in autumn 202bcebetween Hannibal and the invading Romans under P. Scipio Africanus. The Roman victory force the Carthaginians to make peace.
Science, Greek
Authors: Keyser Paul T.
Published: December 2019

Everyone seeks to know their world, hence every culture practices science in some form. In antiquity, several cultures are known to have produced significant science: China, India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece. The disputatious character of Greek culture drove it to greater activity in science than most cultures; this entry focuses on Ancient Greek science. “Science” cannot categorically be distinguished from other activities such as philosophy or technology, and sometimes not even from magic or theology. Any rigid definition of science will be contentious, but in any brief survey, generalizations must perforce be made.
Old age and aging
Authors: Boozer Anna Lucille
Published: December 2019

Throughout the ancient world, old age marginalized an individual. Definitions of old age can be assessed objectively through demographic data and biological factors, such as fertility. Subjective analyses of old age are also essential since perceptions of aging are always contextually contingent, depending upon both the individual's experience and larger social norms.
Zakutu (Naqi'a)
Authors: Melville Sarah C.
Published: December 2019

Naqi'a (Akkadian Zakutu) was an important figure at the Assyrian court during the reign of her son, Esarhaddon (r. 680–669bce).
Quantification and homogenization of image noise between two CT scanner models
Authors: Einstein Samuel A. , Rong Xiujiang John , Jensen Corey T. , Liu Xinming
Published: December 2019

Feedback from radiologists indicated that differences in image appearance and noise impeded reading of post‐contrast computed tomography (CT) scans from an updated CT scanner that was recently added to a fleet of existing scanners from the same vendor, despite using identically named reconstruction algorithms. The goals of this work were to quantify and possibly standardize image quality on the new and an existing scanner using phantom images. Three months of daily quality control images were analyzed to determine the mean CT number and noise magnitude in a water phantom. Next, subtraction images from the uniformity section of an American College of Radiology CT phantom were used to generate noise power spectra for both scanners. Then, a semi‐anthropomorphic liver phantom was imaged with both scanners in triplicate using identical body protocols to quantify differences CT number and noise magnitude. Finally, the scanner dependence of CT number and noise magnitude on material attenuation was quantified using a multi‐energy CT phantom with 15 material inserts. Significant differences between scanners were determined using a paired or Welch's t test as appropriate. In daily quality control images, the new scanner exhibited slightly higher CT number (0.697 vs. 0.412, P < 0.001, n = 85) and slightly lower noise magnitude (4.85 vs. 4.94, P < 0.001, n = 85). Measured NPS was not significantly different between the existing and new scanners. Interestingly, it was observed that the noise magnitude from the new scanner increased with increasing material attenuation in both the liver (P = 0.008) and multi‐energy (P < 0.001) phantoms. Using an alternate reconstruction algorithm with the new scanner eliminated this deviation at high material attenuations. While standard noise evaluation in a water phantom was unable to discern differences between the scanners, more comprehensive testing with higher attenuation materials allowed for the characterization and homogenization of image quality.
Stop Stigma Now plans for future
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2019

Stop Stigma Now is planning to combine the names of NDRI‐USA and Stop Stigma Now, in a move that the organization hopes will give it more gravitas. Stop Stigma Now is a growing force in the methadone treatment patient community, which has been eclipsed by the general move to buprenorphine and naltrexone in media coverage.
Liquid Biopsy Based on Circulating Cancer‐Associated Cells: Bridging the Gap from an Emerging Concept to a Mainstream Tool in Precision Medicine
Authors: Jiménez‐Zenteno Alejandro Kayum , Cerf Aline
Published: December 2019

The concept of liquid biopsy and the isolation and analysis of circulating biomarkers from blood samples is proposed as a surrogate to solid biopsies and can have the potential to revolutionize the management of patients with cancer. The relevance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the importance of the information they carry is acknowledged by the medical community. But what are the barriers to clinical adoption? This review draws a panorama of the biological implications of CTCs, their physical and biochemical properties, and the current technological bottlenecks for their analysis in relation with the medical needs. Keys and considerations to bridge the technological and clinical gaps that still need to be overcome to be able to introduce CTCs in clinical routine are finally synthesized.
Tuning the Charge Carrier Polarity of Organic Transistors by Varying the Electron Affinity of the Flanked Units in Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Copolymers
Authors: Liu Qian , Wang Yang , Kohara Akihiro , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Manzhos Sergei , Feron Krishna , Bottle Steven E. , Bell John , Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Sonar Prashant
Published: December 2019

Fine‐tuning of the charge carrier polarity in organic transistors is an important step toward high‐performance organic complementary circuits and related devices. Here, three new semiconducting polymers, namely, pDPF‐DTF2, pDPSe‐DTF2, and pDPPy‐DTF2, are designed and synthesized using furan, selenophene, and pyridine flanking group‐based diketopyrrolopyrrole cores, respectively. Upon evaluating their electrical properties in transistor devices, the best performance has been achieved for pDPSe‐DTF2 with the highest and average hole mobility of 1.51 and 1.22 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Most intriguingly, a clear charge‐carrier‐polarity change is observed when the devices are measured under vacuum. The pDPF‐DTF2 polymer exhibits a balanced ambipolar performance with the µh/µe ratio of 1.9, whereas pDPSe‐DTF2 exhibits p‐type dominated charge carrier transport properties with the µh/µe ratio of 26.7. Such a charge carrier transport change is due to the strong electron‐donating nature of the selenophene. Furthermore, pDPPy‐DTF2 with electron‐withdrawing pyridine flanking units demonstrates unipolar n‐type charge transport properties with an electron mobility as high as 0.20 cm2 V−1 s−1. Overall, this study demonstrates a simple yet effective approach to switch the charge carrier polarity in transistors by varying the electron affinity of flanking groups of the diketopyrrolopyrrole unit.
Advanced MoSe2/Carbon Electrodes in Li/Na‐Ions Batteries
Authors: Ge Peng , Zhang Limin , Yang Yue , Sun Wei , Hu Yuehua , Ji Xiaobo
Published: December 2019

Secondary charge batteries have captured numerous attentions, owing to their abundant raw, portability, and high energy density. As the main ions‐storage carrier, the electrode materials serve vital roles on the properties of whole battery system. Currently, MoSe2 is regarded as rising star of transition metal dichalcogenides, displaying unique layered structure, high electronic conductivity, as well as narrow energy band. These advantages enable their widely application on hydrogen evolution reactions and solar cells. Recently, a plenty of researching activities on MoSe2/carbon are triggered due to large interplanar spacing and high ions/e− migration rate. In this review, the recent achievements of diverse MoSe2/carbon on great energy‐storage domains are solidly summarized from bonding types (surface‐loading, internal‐wrapped) and dimensional controlling (1D nanotubes/nanofibers, 2D graphene/nanosheets, 3D carbon framework/sphere). Meanwhile, the related Li/Na ions‐storage mechanisms are also concluded. Furthermore, for MoSe2/carbon with better electrochemical properties, the opportunities and perspectives in the future are also suggested. This review throws light on the systematic developments of advanced MoSe2/carbon, and confirms its exploring potential on lithium‐ion batteries/sodium‐ion batteries.
Low‐Threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Lasing from Thick‐Shell CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanoplatelets Enabled by High‐Temperature Growth
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yang Hongyu , Yu Buyang , Tang Ying , Zhang Chunfeng , Wang Xiaoyong , Xiao Min , Cui Yiping , Zhang Jiayu
Published: December 2019

Colloidal semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) have recently emerged as highly promising optical gain medium because of their superior optical properties. Here, the shell‐thickness‐dependent optical gain properties of CdSe/CdS core/shell NPLs synthesized by high‐temperature growth are systematically investigated for the first time. The core/shell NPLs show the increased quantum yields and enhanced photostability as well as clear reduced emission blinking, thanks to the preferable passivation of nonradiative surface defects by the growth of the high‐quality CdS shells under high reaction temperature. Meanwhile, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) performance of CdSe/CdS NPLs indicates a nonmonotonic dependence on the shell thickness. The ASE threshold is achieved as low as ≈4.4 µJ cm−2 for thick‐shell NPLs with six monolayer CdS shells, and exhibiting ultrafast transient dynamics process (≈11 ps). Besides, an extremely long lifetime (>800 ps) and large bandwidth (>140 nm) of optical gain are observed by employing ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Finally, a thick‐shell NPLs vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser is developed, which demonstrates spatially directional single‐mode operation with an ultralow lasing threshold of ≈1.1 µJ cm−2. These excellent results are attributed to the remarkable optical gain performance of core/shell NPLs and represent an important step toward practical NPL laser devices.
Theory‐Guided Defect Tuning through Topochemical Reactions for Accelerated Discovery of UVC Persistent Phosphors
Authors: Li Hong , Liu Qi , Ma Ju‐Ping , Feng Zhao‐Yang , Liu Jian‐Dang , Zhao Qing , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro , Moriyoshi Chikako , Ye Bang‐Jiao , Zhang Jun‐Ying , Duan Chang‐Kui , Sun Hong‐Tao
Published: December 2019

Long persistent phosphors (LPPs) have attracted enduring attention owing to their wide applications. However, the discovery of LPPs is thus far largely the results of trial and error. Here, theory‐guided defect tuning through topochemical reactions is demonstrated for accelerated discovery of emerging LPPs. First‐principles calculations are employed to identify the thermodynamic charge‐transition levels of different defect states, which help examine whether the candidate structure is a suitable host for afterglow. Rationally tuning the species and concentrations of defects through topochemical reactions is then illustrated, which leads to discovery of Pr3+‐doped LaPO4 featuring ultraviolet C afterglow with a lasting time of over 2 h. Such a strategy, in conjunction with advanced characterizations including high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance, suggests a radical‐involved afterglow mechanism. Importantly, it is illustrated that this concept can be extended for the discovery of more LPPs. It is suggested that theory‐guided defect engineering enabled by topochemical reactions can be used as a powerful tool to accelerate discovery of novel LPPs with much clearer afterglow mechanisms, with implications even for the design of other optoelectronic materials.
Engineering Local Coordination Environments of Atomically Dispersed and Heteroatom‐Coordinated Single Metal Site Electrocatalysts for Clean Energy‐Conversion
Authors: Zhu Yuanzhi , Sokolowski Joshua , Song Xiancheng , He Yanghua , Mei Yi , Wu Gang
Published: December 2019

Carbon‐based heteroatom‐coordinated single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are promising candidates for energy‐related electrocatalysts because of their low‐cost, tunable catalytic activity/selectivity, and relatively homogeneous morphologies. Unique interactions between single metal sites and their surrounding coordination environments play a significant role in modulating the electronic structure of the metal centers, leading to unusual scaling relationships, new reaction mechanisms, and improved catalytic performance. This review summarizes recent advancements in engineering of the local coordination environment of SACs for improved electrocatalytic performance for several crucial energy‐convention electrochemical reactions: oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, CO2 reduction reaction, and nitrogen reduction reaction. Various engineering strategies including heteroatom‐doping, changing the location of SACs on their support, introducing external ligands, and constructing dual metal sites are comprehensively discussed. The controllable synthetic methods and the activity enhancement mechanism of state‐of‐the‐art SACs are also highlighted. Recent achievements in the electronic modification of SACs will provide an understanding of the structure–activity relationship for the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts.
Characteristics of decline in cognition and locomotion among the elderly in seven provinces of China
Authors: Liu Xiaoshuang , Luo Senlin , Zeng Ping , Gong Huan , Zhang Yan , Zhang Enyi , Han Yiwen , Pan Limin , Pang Jing , Zhang Tiemei
Published: December 2019

Background

Decline in cognition and in locomotion is associated with aging. However, the relationship between them and the current occurrence of them in Chinese elderly people was weak.

Methods

To investigate the details of these two functions in Chinese elderly people and to try to find some early recognition and intervention clues, data of MMSE test and usual gait speed from 4487 elderly people from seven provinces in China were analysed.

Results

The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in persons aged 60 and over was 17.83% and 4.08%, respectively. Among 11 items of MMSE, calculation, three‐word recall, drawing two pentagons, and temporal orientation were the most commonly impaired items in persons with MCI or dementia. The gait speed of old persons with dementia was significantly slower than that of persons with MCI or NCI. Meanwhile, old persons with gait speed >1.39 m/s fast gait speed also had high MMSE scores and no dementia was detected by MMSE.

Conclusion

The prevalence of dementia observed in this population was similar to that reported 20 years ago. Loss of temporal orientation and drawing two pentagons may supply more information for early recognition of cognitive impairment. Maintaining locomotion in a proper way may help old persons to prevent cognitive function decline.
Food retail expansion patterns in Sub‐Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa: Institutional and regional perspectives
Authors: Bahn Rachel A. , Abebe Gumataw K.
Published: December 2019

Food retail transformation in developing countries continues to receive attention due to its implications for business expansion and food system development. We assess the dynamism of supermarketization in two relatively understudied regions—Sub‐Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa—applying the institution‐based view and econometric analysis of a pooled cross‐sectional dataset of over 700 country‐year observations. While modern food retail has shown rapid growth, the traditional food retail segment is still dominant in both regions. The observed food retail patterns may be attributed to economic factors (income levels), sociodemographic (female labor force participation, urbanization, and religion), and institutional factors (control of corruption, ease of starting a business, time to enforce a contract, and World Trade Organization membership). However, while economic and sociodemographic variables exhibit similar effects in both regions, results are mixed regarding the institutional factors; potential explanations are suggested [EconLit citations: O100, L100].
Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic activity studies of new N4O complexes derived from 2‐({3‐[2‐morpholinoethylamino]‐N3‐([pyridine‐2‐yl]methyl) propylimino} methyl)phenol
Authors: Rezaeivala Majid , Ahmadi Musa , Captain Burjor , Şahin‐Bölükbaşı Serap , Dehghani‐Firouzabadi Ahmad Ali , William Gable Robert
Published: December 2019

A new unsymmetrical five‐coordinate Schiff base ligand (HL) with an N4O donor set (2) has been prepared by condensation of N1‐(2‐morpholinoethyl)‐N1‐([pyridine‐2‐yl]methyl)propane‐1,3‐diamine with 2‐hydroxy‐benzaldehyde. Metal complexes [ML]n+ (M = Zn2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Ag+, Fe3+, and Co2+ (3–10) were synthesized by the reaction of the ligand and metal salts in ethanol. The resulting products were characterized by elemental analyses, infrared, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (in the case of Cd and Zn complexes), UV–Vis, electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometric, and conductivity measurements. The structure of the complexes [ZnL](ClO4) (3), [CdL](ClO4) (4), and [CuL](ClO4) (7) has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The metal complexes were determined to have a distorted trigonal bipyramidal (Zn and Cd) or a distorted square pyramidal (Cu) geometry. The cytotoxic potential of each compound (1–10) against MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 (breast cancer cells), PC‐3 (prostate cancer cells), and WI‐38 human normal lung fibroblast cells was evaluated using the MTT (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Compounds 1, 2, and 10 did not display any activity toward any cell line tested. None of the compounds except compound 8 was cytotoxic toward PC‐3. Compounds 4 and 8 showed the highest cytotoxic activity against the MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines. Because compounds 3, 6, and 9 have similar half‐maximal inhibitory concentration values against cancer cells and normal cells, these compounds displayed poor selectivity between cancer and normal cells. More importantly, it was observed that compound 5 acts differently toward different types of cell lines. For example, it displays lower cytotoxicity against the WI‐38 normal cell line than it does against the MDA‐MB‐231 cell line.
Terbium Crown‐Ether Complex as a Stable Photoprobe
Authors: Abdel‐Mottaleb M.S.A. , Abdullah L.M. , Attia M.S.
Published: December 2019

Terbium ion‐4'carboxybenzo‐18crown‐6‐ether complex (TbCCE) photoprobe is a sensitive and stable luminescent photoprobe used to detect low (9.4 x10−9 mol L−1) concentrations of nalbuphine (NAL) in serum and pharmaceutical formulations. Here we discuss molecular modeling of the interacting species using DFT and TD‐DFT. The results reveal strong binding energy of TbCCE (−153.36 kJ/mol) and explain the results of Stern‐Volmer bimolecular quenching analysis due to the presence of NAL in the proximity (at 2.403 Å apart from Tb ion) of the emissive TbCCE. Ab Initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations are used to explain the dynamical changes of TbCCE molecular kinetic energy in its S1 state induced by collision with NAL. The AIMD simulates collisions between interacting molecules, which are reflected in the observed quenching of the photoprobe. Kinetic energy changes during molecular motions in the S1 state of TbCCE in presence of NAL indicate energy transfer process leading to quenching starting at 57 fs at NAL‐TbCCE distance is ~ 1.6 Å. The excited state AIMD simulations carried out in this work suggest a new avenue for future research on luminescence quenching.
Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/s–TiO2composite membrane for a vanadium redox flow battery
Authors: Wang Gang , Wang Fei , Li Anfeng , Zhang Miaomiao , Zhang Jie , Chen Jinwei , Wang Ruilin
Published: December 2019

The SPEEK/s‐TiO2composite membrane was prepared by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and sulfonated titanium dioxide (s‐TiO2) nanoparticles. The important physiochemical parameters such as proton conductivity, water uptake, swelling degree and ion exchange capacity of the composite membrane were measured. The thermal stability and chemical stability were also tested. It was observed that the SPEEK/s‐TiO2composite membrane exhibited the best selectivity (7.13 × 104 S·min·cm−3) accompanying high proton conductivity (0.061 S·cm−1) and low tetravalent vanadium ion (VO2+) permeability (8.55 × 10−7cm2·min−1) compared with Nafion117, SPEEK and SPEEK/TiO2membranes. The battery performance with these membranes was characterized by charge–discharge cycling tests and it was found that the SPEEK/s‐TiO2composite membrane showed the highest energy efficiency (EE) up to 82.3%, indicating the SPEEK/s‐TiO2composite membrane is a candidate for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48830.
Hybrid control of synchronization of fractional order nonlinear systems
Authors: Mohadeszadeh Milad , Pariz Naser
Published: December 2019

Under the existence of model uncertainties and external disturbance, finite‐time projective synchronization between two identical complex and two identical real fractional‐order (FO) chaotic systems are achieved by employing FO sliding mode control approach. In this paper, to ensure the occurrence of synchronization and asymptotic stability of the proposed methods, a sliding surface is designed and the Lyapunov direct method is used. By using integer and FO derivatives of a Lyapunov function, three different FO real and complex control laws are derived. A hybrid controller based on a switching law is designed. Its behavior is more efficient that if the individual controllers were designed based on the minimization of an appropriate cost function. Numerical simulations are implemented for verifying the effectiveness of the methods.
Empirically derived consequences to treat rumination
Authors: Migan‐Gandonou Julyse A. , Leon Yanerys
Published: December 2019

We evaluated a contingent oral hygiene procedure on rumination emitted by a 9‐year‐old boy with autism. Results of a functional analysis screening suggested rumination was maintained by automatic reinforcement. We conducted a stimulus avoidance assessment to identify a hierarchy of potential consequences to be used in treatment. During treatment, contingent toothbrushing resulted in a 97% decrease in rumination. Finally, we transitioned to a less intrusive intervention (i.e., contingent mouthwash spray) and rumination remained at near‐zero levels. Treatment effects generalized to different settings and caregivers and maintained over a 4‐year period.
LncRNA GMDS‐AS1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma development by regulating miR‐96‐5p/CYLD signaling
Authors: Zhao Ming , Xin Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Jian‐Ya , Dai Wei , Lv Tang‐Feng , Song Yong
Published: December 2019

According to the global cancer statistic, lung cancer is one of the most dangerous tumors, which poses a serious threat to human health. Exploration the mechanism of lung cancer and new targeted therapeutic measures is always the hot topic. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is an important factor affecting the development of tumors. However, the research on the mechanism of lncRNA in the progress of lung cancer needs to be further expanded. In this study, we found that the expression of lncRNA GMDS‐AS1 was significantly reduced in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and cells. Upregulated GMDS‐AS1 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of LUAD cells and promote cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that GMDS‐AS1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene to affect the development of LUAD. Further studies revealed that GMDS‐AS1 is a target gene of miR‐96‐5p, and GMDS‐AS1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of LUAD cells in association with miR‐96‐5p. In addition, we also confirmed that CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase (CYLD) is also a target gene of miR‐96‐5p. Through various validations, we confirmed that GMDS‐AS1 can act as a ceRNA to upregulate the expression of CYLD by sponging miR‐96‐5p. Moreover, the intervention of GMDS‐AS1/miR‐96‐5p/CYLD network can regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of LUAD cells. In this study, we revealed that the GMDS‐AS1/miR‐96‐5p/CYLD network based on ceRNA mechanism plays an important role in the development of LUAD and provides a new direction and theoretical basis for targeted therapy of LUAD.
Make campus safe for students with disabilities
Authors: Rahn Josh
Published: December 2019

Students with disabilities face unique challenges on college campuses. One of those challenges is how to recognize and react appropriately to an emergency or violent incident, such as an active shooter. In New Jersey, the Bergen Community College Office of Specialized Services partnered with campus safety personnel and the Bergen County Sheriff's Office to develop a training program to address this need.
Analysis of the Destabilization of Bacterial Membranes by Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Alkhalifa Saleh , Jennings Megan C. , Granata Daniele , Klein Michael , Wuest William M. , Minbiole Kevin P. C. , Carnevale Vincenzo
Published: December 2019

The mechanism of action of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) antiseptics has long been assumed to be straightforward membrane disruption, although the process of approaching and entering the membrane has little modeling precedent. Furthermore, questions have more recently arisen regarding bacterial resistance mechanisms, and why select classes of QACs (specifically, multicationic QACs) are less prone to resistance. In order to better understand such subtleties, a series of molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to help identify these molecular determinants, directly comparing mono‐, bis‐, and triscationic QACs in simulated membrane intercalation models. Three distinct membranes were simulated, mimicking the surfaces of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a neutral phospholipid control. By analyzing the resulting trajectories in the form of a timeseries analysis, insight was gleaned regarding the significant steps and interactions involved in the destabilization of phospholipid bilayers within the bacterial membranes. Finally, to more specifically probe the effect of the hydrophobic section of the amphiphile that presumably penetrates the membrane, a series of alkyl‐ and ester‐based biscationic quaternary ammonium compounds were prepared, tested for antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, and modeled.
Case report describing late balloon dilatation as a treatment for paravalvular leak with intuity elite rapid deployment valve
Authors: Pal Nikhil , Jones Dylan , Rice Gregory , Sinhal Ajay
Published: December 2019

Use of sutureless bioprostheses for aortic valve replacement has increased in recent years as compared to conventional prostheses, though with the potential issue of paravalvular leak, which requires close follow‐up. We present this case report describing the successful treatment of paravalvular leak in a 65 year old man, who had NYHA class III symptoms post implantation of a 21 mm Intuity Elite rapid deployment bioprosthesis (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). Diagnosis was established using TTE, TOE, and Cardiac MRI. Performing balloon dilatation using an Atlas Gold balloon (BARD Peripheral Vascular Inc., Tempe, AZ) treated the likely inadequate expansion of the subvalvular stent, leading to significant reduction in the paravalvular leak. At one month follow‐up patient reported complete resolution of his symptoms. Successful percutaneous treatment of paravalvular leak following implantation of rapid deployment sutureless bioprosthesis provides a new treatment strategy for these patients; this strategy requires further validation.
Doping‐Assisted Phase Changing Effect on MoS2 Towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Acidic and Alkaline pH
Authors: Bolar Saikat , Shit Subhasis , Murmu Naresh C. , Kuila Tapas
Published: December 2019

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was improved through nitrogen (N) doping in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) due to the formation of 1T‐metallic phase as compared to the thermodynamically stable 2H‐semiconducting phase. Generally, the phase transition of MoS2 from semiconducting 2H to metallic 1T was carried out by chemical intercalation method. A facile solvothermal synthetic procedure is used to organize 1T@2H MoS2 nanoflower by incorporating N in MoS2 crystal lattice which improved the catalytic activity with the generation of metallic property of MoS2. Optimized N doping is an effective strategy for the development of mixed phase MoS2. Physicochemical characterization techniques confirmed the formation of hybrid phase (1T@2H) MoS2 by N incorporation. A tuned dopant concentration in MoS2 crystal lattice effectively enhanced the catalytic performance by modifying the physical and chemical properties. Moreover, optimal N doped MoS2 offered a very low overpotential of ∼108 and ∼141 mV to reach the benchmarking current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER in acidic and basic medium, respectively. This work elucidated a rational implantation of phase engineering, which is an efficient strategy to develop efficient electrocatalysts, shedding light on the improvement of transition metal‐based electrocatalyst in renewable energy technologies.
Effect of Dual‐Salt Concentrated Electrolytes on the Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Nanoparticles
Authors: Chang Zeng‐hua , Li Xiang , Yun Feng‐ling , Shao Ze‐chao , Wu Zhao‐hui , Wang Jian‐tao , Lu Shi‐gang
Published: December 2019

As a promising anode material, silicon has attracted extensive attention. The instability of the electrode/electrolyte interphase due to the inherent volume variation upon (de)lithiation is one of the major factors limiting the commercialization of silicon anode materials. Here, we report a concentrated electrolyte with lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and lithium difluoro (oxalate) borate (LiDFOB) dual salt to enhance the control of the species constituting the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of the silicon material. The silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) electrode with the dual‐salt LiFSI0.7LiDFOB0.3‐(PC)4 concentrated electrolyte delivers a relatively high average coulombic efficiency of 97.68 % and a remarkably improved cycling performance with an initial capacity of approximately 3300 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention around 2000 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. It is found that the polarity of the B−F bond of LiDFOB decreases when the molar ratio of LiDFOB to LiFSI is greater than 0.3 : 0.7. Therefore, the reduction of LiDFOB through a ring‐opening reaction coupled with a ring‐opening reaction of PC becomes dominant. The SEI layer rich in the corresponding products Li(BF2O)n polymer could suppress the rupture of the Si particles and excessive growth of the SEI layer, thus could further mitigate the decrease of coulombic efficiency.
A General Pathway to Heterobimetallic Triple‐Decker Complexes
Authors: Piesch Martin , Dielmann Fabian , Reichl Stephan , Scheer Manfred
Published: December 2019

A systematic study on the reactivity of the triple‐decker complex [(Cp’’’Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐C7H8)] (A) (Cp’’’=1,2,4‐tritertbutyl‐cyclopentadienyl) towards sandwich complexes containing cyclo‐P3, cyclo‐P4, and cyclo‐P5 ligands under mild conditions is presented. The heterobimetallic triple‐decker sandwich complexes [(Cp*Fe)(Cp’’’Co)(μ,η5:η4‐P5)] (1) and [(Cp’’’Co)(Cp’’’Ni)(μ,η3:η3‐P3)] (3) (Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) were synthesized and fully characterized. In solution, these complexes exhibit a unique fluxional behavior, which was investigated by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. The dynamic processes can be blocked by coordination to {W(CO)5} fragments, leading to the complexes [(Cp*Fe)(Cp’’’Co)(μ3,η5:η4:η1‐P5){W(CO)5}] (2 a), [(Cp*Fe)(Cp’’’Co)(μ4,η5:η4:η1:η1‐P5){(W(CO)5)2}] (2 b), and [(Cp’’’Co)(Cp’’’Ni)(μ3,η3:η2:η1‐P3){W(CO)5}] (4), respectively. The thermolysis of 3 leads to the tetrahedrane complex [(Cp’’’Ni)2(μ,η2:η2‐P2)] (5). All compounds were fully characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Multiple Functionalization of Piperidines to 4‐Substituted and 3,4‐Disubstituted 2‐Piperidinones
Authors: Chamorro‐Arenas Delfino , Nolasco‐Hernández Alejandro A. , Fuentes Lilia , Quintero Leticia , Sartillo‐Piscil Fernando
Published: December 2019

Remote and multiple functionalization of piperidines without the use of transition‐metal catalysts and elaborate directing groups is one of the major challenges in organic synthesis. Herein is reported an unprecedented two‐step protocol that enables the multiple functionalization of piperidines to either 4‐substituted ortrans‐3,4‐disubstituted 2‐piperidones. First, by exploiting the duality of TEMPO reactivity, which under oxidative and thermal conditions fluctuates between cationic and persistent‐radical form, a novel multiple C(sp3)‐H oxidation of piperidines to α,β‐unsaturated 2‐piperidones was developed. Second, the intrinsic low reactivity of the unsaturated piperidones toward conjugated Grignard additions was overcome by using trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) as Lewis acid. Subsequently, conjugated Grignard addition/electrophilic trapping protocol provided substituted 2‐piperidone intermediates, some of which were then transformed into pharmaceutical alkaloids.
A Stereoconvergent Tsuji–Trost Reaction in the Synthesis of Cyclohexenyl Nucleosides
Authors: Esposito Anna , di Giovanni Concetta , De Fenza Maria , Talarico Giovanni , Chino Marco , Palumbo Giovanni , Guaragna Annalisa , D'Alonzo Daniele
Published: December 2019

A highly regio‐ and stereoselective route to d‐ and l‐cyclohexenyl nucleosides has been devised, using the Tsuji–Trost reaction as the key step. Contrarily to the widely accepted mechanism (involving a net retention of configuration), the reaction proceeded in a highly stereoconvergent manner, providing cis nucleosides regardless of the relative configuration of the starting materials. DFT calculations confirmed the experimental data while suggesting the origin of the stereochemical reaction outcome.
Experimental Evidence for the Incorporation of Two Metals at Equivalent Lattice Positions in Mixed‐Metal Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Bitzer Johannes , Otterbach Steffen , Thangavel Kavipriya , Kultaeva Anastasia , Schmid Rochus , Pöppl Andreas , Kleist Wolfgang
Published: December 2019

Metal–organic frameworks containing multiple metals distributed over crystallographically equivalent framework positions (mixed‐metal MOFs) represent an interesting class of materials, since the close vicinity of isolated metal centers often gives rise to synergistic effects. However, appropriate characterization techniques for detailed investigations of these mixed‐metal metal–organic framework materials, particularly addressing the distribution of metals within the lattice, are rarely available. The synthesis of mixed‐metal FeCuBTC materials in direct syntheses proved to be difficult and only a thorough characterization using various techniques, like powder X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, unambiguously evidenced the formation of a mixed‐metal FeCuBTC material with HKUST‐1 structure, which contained bimetallic Fe−Cu paddlewheels as well as monometallic Cu−Cu and Fe−Fe units under optimized synthesis conditions. The in‐depth characterization showed that other synthetic procedures led to impurities, which contained the majority of the applied iron and were impossible or difficult to identify using solely standard characterization techniques. Therefore, this study shows the necessity to characterize mixed‐metal MOFs extensively to unambiguously prove the incorporation of both metals at the desired positions. The controlled positioning of metal centers in mixed‐metal metal–organic framework materials and the thorough characterization thereof is particularly important to derive structure–property or structure–activity correlations.
Absence of left bundle branch block and blood urea nitrogen predict improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with cardiomyopathy and wearable cardioverter defibrillators
Authors: Mehta Nikhil A. , Abdulsalam Nashwa , Kouides Ruth , Ahmed Hamdy , Atif Raisa , Shah Abrar , Taylor Sarah , Chuprun Dmitry , Huang David , Rao Mohan
Published: December 2019

Objective

To identify predictors of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement in patients with newly detected cardiomyopathy using wearable cardioverter defibrillators (WCDs).

Background

WCDs are useful in preventing sudden cardiac death in patients with reduced LVEF <35% while awaiting implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement. In many patients, LVEF improves and an ICD is not indicated.

Methods

Patients who received WCDs from November 2013 to November 2015 were identified and followed over a period of 2 years. Clinical variables were examined. The primary outcome was improvement in LVEF ≥35%. Predictors of outcome were determined using a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results

A total of 179 patients were followed. Median age was 65 (interquartile range [IQR]: 56, 73) years, 69.3% were men. Median baseline LVEF was 20% (IQR: 15, 30). LVEF improved ≥35% in 47.5% patients, with patients being younger (62 vs 68.5 years, P = .006), having lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (19 vs 24 mg/dL, P = .002), fewer left bundle branch block (LBBB 9.5% vs 25.8%, P = .004), shorter QRS duration (98 vs 112 ms, P < .001), and higher use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) (92.9% vs 74.4%, P = .001) compared to those without LVEF improvement. Absence of LBBB (odds ratio [OR] 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11‐0.70), lower BUN (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02‐0.76), and ACEI/ARB use (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.28‐9.69) were identified as independent predictors. Ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation was observed in three patients, all of whom received successful WCD shocks.

Conclusion

Absence of LBBB, lower BUN, and ACEI/ARB use predicts LVEF improvement. WCDs help treat arrhythmic events.
Potentially burdensome end‐of‐life transitions among nursing home residents with poor‐prognosis cancer
Authors: Lage Daniel E. , DuMontier Clark , Lee Yoojin , Nipp Ryan D. , Mitchell Susan L. , Temel Jennifer S. , El‐Jawahri Areej , Berry Sarah D.
Published: December 2019

Background

This study examined factors associated with potentially burdensome end‐of‐life (EOL) transitions between care settings among older adults with advanced cancer in nursing homes (NHs).

Methods

A retrospective analysis of deceased older NH residents with poor‐prognosis solid tumors was conducted with Medicare claims and the Minimum Data Set. A potentially burdensome transition was defined as 2 or more hospitalizations or an intensive care unit admission in the last 90 days of life.

Results

Among 34,670 subjects, many had moderate to severe cognitive impairment (53.8%), full dependence in activities of daily living (ADLs; 66.5%), and comorbidities such as congestive heart failure (CHF; 29.3%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (34.1%). Only 56.3% of the patients used hospice at any time in the 90 days before death; 36.0% of the patients experienced a potentially burdensome EOL transition, and this was higher among patients who did not receive hospice (45.4% vs 28.7%; P < .01). In multivariable analyses, full dependence in ADLs (odds ratio [OR], 1.70; P < .01), CHF (OR, 1.48; P < .01), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.28; P < .01) were associated with a higher risk of burdensome EOL transitions. Those with do‐not‐resuscitate directives (OR, 0.60; P < .01) and impaired cognition (OR, 0.89; P < .01) had lower odds of burdensome EOL transitions.

Conclusions

NH residents with advanced cancer have substantial comorbidities and functional impairment, yet more than a third experience potentially burdensome EOL transitions. These findings help to identify a population at risk for poor EOL outcomes in order to target interventions, and they point to the importance of advanced care planning in this population.
Facile, Rapid, and Well‐Controlled Preparation of Pt Nanoparticles Decorated on Single Surface of Mos2 Nanosheets and Application in HER
Authors: Liao Yunlong , Zhang Cunjin , Ji Jing , Jin Peng , Zhou Xiaomeng
Published: December 2019

Recently, asymmetrically functionalized two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted fevered interest as excellent candidates for building blocks of multifunctional and multidimensional systems due to the structural symmetry‐breaking. However, their preparation process typically involves high vacuum environment or specific equipment, and the obtained samples have poor stability and low yield. In this study, a facile approach has been developed to achieve the asymmetric deposition of platinum nanoparticles (NPs) onto single side of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets by pyrogenic decomposition and in‐situ functionalization. By tuning the platinum precursor to MoS2 ratio, the size distribution and morphology of the Pt NPs can be well controlled. The asymmetrical decoration of Pt NPs on MoS2 nanosheets (Pt−MoS2) may result from the superior interactions between Pt NPs and MoS2 basal surface, which are stronger than the van der Waals force between adjacent MoS2 layers. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) results show that higher Pt loading yields better HER performance with low overpotential of 120 mV and superior Tafel slope of 28 mV ⋅ dec−1. Significantly, the current synthetic method can be used in the asymmetrical functionalization of other 2D nanosheets as well, and could greatly advance the facile preparation and practical applications of these asymmetric nanostructures.
OLAP parallel query processing in clouds with C‐ParGRES
Authors: W. M. Ribeiro Marcello , A. B. Lima Alexandre , de Oliveira Daniel
Published: December 2019

The advent of big data technologies has changed the way many companies manage their data. Several companies moved their data to the cloud using the concept of database‐as‐a‐service (DBaaS). Moving databases to the cloud presents several challenges related to flexible and scalable management of data. Although some of these companies migrated to NoSQL databases, most still rely on relational databases in the cloud to manage data, especially data that is critical to the decision making process. Online analytical processing (OLAP) queries take a long time to be processed, thus demanding high‐performance capabilities from their associated database systems to get results in a feasible time. In this article, we propose a middleware solution that can be deployed in any cloud provider, named C‐ParGRES, which explores database replication and interquery and intraquery parallelism to efficiently support OLAP queries in the cloud. C‐ParGRES is an extension of ParGRES, an open‐source database cluster middleware for high‐performance OLAP query processing in clusters. C‐ParGRES exploits cloud capabilities such as on‐demand resource provisioning and elasticity. In addition, C‐ParGRES can create multiple and independent virtual clusters for different database and users. We evaluate C‐ParGRES with two real‐world OLAP applications, both from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results show that C‐ParGRES is a cost‐effective solution for OLAP query processing in the cloud.