bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fashioning the Legal Subject: Popular Justice and Courtroom Attire in the Caribbean
Authors: Cabatingan Lee
Published: September 2018

Clothing, as has been shown in a growing body of anthropological research, not only reflects reality but also works to make it. This article uses the unique lens provided by fashion to focus on the populace in which popular courts stake their legitimacy. Much in the way that laws, processes, and procedures affect people's relationship to law, courthouse attire, too, subtly and perhaps more cunningly contributes to the creation of subjects that interact with and understand the law in specific ways. Specifically, the clothing worn in and required by a popular courthouse helps to make the very community in which that court claims its popularity. Ethnographic examples from fieldwork in a municipal tribunal in Cuba and in the Caribbean Court of Justice in Trinidad and Tobago show how fashion reflects the historical development of each court while it simultaneously works to transform populations into ideal legal subjects.
Challenging Corporate “Personhood”: Energy Companies and the “Rights” of Non‐Humans
Authors: Fitz‐Henry Erin
Published: September 2018

Since the early 2000s, the idea of “rights” for nature has gained increasing traction among environmental activists throughout the Americas. Drawing on a series of recent legal cases in the state of Pennsylvania, this article tracks the efforts of a U.S.‐based nongovernmental organization to use such rights in ongoing struggles against energy companies involved in natural gas extraction. The central argument is that, despite their considerable philosophical and practical difficulties, the rights of nature are being productively used as part of a grassroots movement of civil disobedience that aims to simultaneously challenge corporate personhood and reestablish the power of local communities to defend the rights of ecosystems within their jurisdictions. By explicitly juxtaposing the “rights” of nature with the “rights” of corporate persons, local communities facing the impacts of natural gas extraction are attempting not only to make substantive claims about the legal defensibility of nonhuman rights but also, just as importantly, to set precedents for the revocation of corporate personhood. Close attention to these arguments suggests ways of bringing together recent work on corporate personhood with theoretical insights drawn from political ontology.
Selling Speed: Management Consultants, Acceleration, and Temporal Angst
Authors: Stein Felix
Published: September 2018

Recent studies of capitalist modernity have defined one of its attributes as the acceleration of social life. This article provides ethnographic insight into one of the drivers of this acceleration by describing the labor of management consultants as speeding up corporate activity. Since speed is hard to sell directly, management consultants foster an intense temporality in the people they work with, one that highlights the temporal nature of all things and stresses temporal finitude. As part of selling speed, consultants need to develop this temporality themselves. The resulting alienation stems not only from temporal incongruities but also from feelings of being trapped in time, as well as blindness to the long‐lasting and the potentially infinite aspects of human existence.
Contesting Secularism: Civil Marriage and Those Who Do Not Belong to a Religious Community in Lebanon
Authors: Abillama Raja
Published: September 2018

In late 2012 the first civil marriage in Lebanon and, at the end of the following year, the first Lebanese baby to be not registered as belonging to a community, were officially recognized months after administrative delay and legal argumentation. These recognitions unsettled the Lebanese consensus that all citizens belonged to one of the communities of Muslims, Christians, or Jews that, moreover, had long held exclusive jurisdiction over the marriages of their members. A space seemed to have opened up in which a secular alternative could be pursued in the conduct of matters of state and personal life. Based on an analysis of the constitutive processes of this recognition, I trace the lineaments of a distinctively Lebanese secularism, which, I argue, consists of the assumption that marriage and identity are joined together in a mutually dependent relationship. I show that although the recognition of civil marriage and non‐belonging may seem to drive a wedge between marriage and identity, they are in fact a different way of rearticulating this assumption and the attitudes, norms, and practices that sustain it. Far from securing their stable separation, the recognition shifts their point of tension from the community to the individual, and from legal to administrative power.
Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Italian Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains suggests the evolution of local endemic populations of the pathogen and does not correlate with race distribution
Authors: Bella P. , Moretti C. , Licciardello G. , Strano C. P. , Pulvirenti A. , Alaimo S. , Zaccardelli M. , Branca F. , Buonaurio R. , Vicente J. G. , Catara V.
Published: September 2018

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Italy and severe outbreaks occur under conditions that favour disease development. In this study a multilocus sequence typing approach (MLST) based on the partial sequence of seven loci was applied to a selection of strains representative of the main areas of cultivation and hosts. The aim was to investigate whether the long tradition of brassica crops in Italy has influenced the evolution of different Xcc populations. All loci were polymorphic; 14 allelic profiles were identified of which 13 were unique to Italian strains. Based on the seven loci, the most common genotype within the Italian Xcc strains (AP1) was also the most representative genotype found in worldwide Xcc strains. This genotype was included in a new clonal complex in addition to three other clonal complexes already identified in Xcc populations. The phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated dataset of four conserved protein‐coding genes, dnaK, fuyA, gyrB and rpoD, showed that the Italian strains belonged to two genetic groups. Physiological races were also investigated for the first time in Italy. The race structure of Xcc was determined by inoculating eight differential Brassica lines belonging to five species and showed that, in Italy, race 4 is the most widespread, followed by races 1 and 6. No correlation was found between allelic profiles, host of isolation, geographical origin and races, although a prevalent race was identified within the same clonal complex.
Obstructive sleep apnoea and cholesterol: Independence in context
Authors: Landry Shane A. , Joosten Simon A.
Published: September 2018

See related Article
On the asymptotic non‐equivalence of efficient‐GMM and MEL estimators in models with missing data
Authors: Chen Xuerong , Chen Yan , Wan Alan T.K. , Zhou Yong
Published: September 2018

The generalized method of moments (GMM) and empirical likelihood (EL) are popular methods for combining sample and auxiliary information. These methods are used in very diverse fields of research, where competing theories often suggest variables satisfying different moment conditions. Results in the literature have shown that the efficient‐GMM (GMME) and maximum empirical likelihood (MEL) estimators have the same asymptotic distribution to order n−1/2 and that both estimators are asymptotically semiparametric efficient. In this paper, we demonstrate that when data are missing at random from the sample, the utilization of some well‐known missing‐data handling approaches proposed in the literature can yield GMME and MEL estimators with nonidentical properties; in particular, it is shown that the GMME estimator is semiparametric efficient under all the missing‐data handling approaches considered but that the MEL estimator is not always efficient. A thorough examination of the reason for the nonequivalence of the two estimators is presented. A particularly strong feature of our analysis is that we do not assume smoothness in the underlying moment conditions. Our results are thus relevant to situations involving nonsmooth estimating functions, including quantile and rank regressions, robust estimation, the estimation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and so on.
HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DRB1, ‐DQA1, and ‐DQB1 profile in a population from southern Brazil
Authors: Reis Pâmela G. , Ambrosio‐Albuquerque Eliane P. , Fabreti‐Oliveira Raquel A. , Moliterno Ricardo A. , de Souza Victor H. , Sell Ana M. , Visentainer Jeane E. L.
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 in a self‐declared White population from the north and northwestern state of Paraná, southern Brazil, and compare the data with populations worldwide. The genotyping was performed with a group of 641 individuals, based on PCR‐SSO and ‐SSP methods, and allele and haplotype frequencies were estimated. Comparisons with European, African, Asian, and Amerindian populations were performed. The most frequent allelic groups, alleles and haplotypes were: HLA‐A*02, HLA‐B*35, HLA‐DRB1*07:01, HLA‐DQB1*03:01, and HLA‐A*01/B*08/DRB1*03:01. The results reinforced a predominance of a European composition in the self‐declared White population from the north and northwestern Paraná.
Two novel HLA‐B alleles, HLA‐B*53:01:17 and ‐B*58:83, found in patients from Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Christiansen Mette , Erikstrup Christian , Medina Candida , Møller Bjarne K. , Hønge Bo L.
Published: September 2018

Novel HLA‐B alleles HLA‐B*53:01:17 and HLA‐B*58:83 are described in two patients from Guinea‐Bissau.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01:12 allele in a Saudi individual
Authors: Alanazi Aishah , Alburaq Mohammed , Alblaihed Asma , AlSebaiheen Farrah , Alshubaili Abdullah
Published: September 2018

HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01:12 differs from HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution (G → C) at position 4239.
Detecting outdated POI relations via web‐derived features
Authors: Chuang Hsiu‐Min , Chang Chia‐Hui , Lee Wang‐Chien
Published: September 2018

With the increasing popularity of mobile devices and wireless networks, location‐based services have become widely adopted by consumers. As business points of interest (POIs) and associated information are subject to change over time, it is critical to ensure the correctness of data with a reasonable cost of data verification. In this article, we propose new machine learning approaches for detecting outdated POI information (e.g., location/address and POI name) via web‐derived features. We represent POI information by  pairs and formulate the problem of detecting the outdated POI pairs in two forms: a classification problem and a ranking problem. We evaluate the proposed methods using a real‐world dataset crawled from Yellow Pages websites. For POI pairs with a one‐to‐one relationship between addresses and names (Address‐to‐one‐POI), the supervised approaches achieve 95.7% accuracy. For POI pairs with a one‐to‐many relationship between addresses and names (Address‐to‐many‐POIs), the best accuracy is 65.8%. By exploiting the strengths of different classifiers, we improve performance by tri‐training to achieve an accuracy of 72.8%.
Understanding the Importance of Ethical Dilemma with False Confessions
Authors: Neely Jr. Phillip , Dunstan Amanda
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to gain a better understanding of the ethical dilemma of false confessions that are created from the use of deceptive interrogation tactics. First, this article will explore various types of interrogation tactics that are used by law enforcement and assess those tactics' ability to influence the suspect in providing a false confession. The various interrogatory tactics that are used by law enforcement in the United States will be analyzed, including the deceptive interrogatory tactics used with the Reid-technique model. In addition, alternative interrogatory tactics, such as the PEACE model will be explored, along with assessing the use of the PEACE model tactics on decreasing the chances of false confessions. Secondly, this article will examine the different types of coercion that may be used in an investigation, such as inherent coercion and psychological manipulation. The ethical concerns regarding false confessions and how these confessions can easily be coerced will be examined. Additionally, the risks involved in creating a false memory with suspects during an interrogation will be discussed; consequently, there is a risk of creating a false memory that could lead to a false confession. Furthermore, the Innocence Project and other court cases that involved false confessions will be discussed. Finally, this article will examine a real life story of an innocent child who falsely confessed to the murder.
The Effects of Core Training on Basketball Athletes’ Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Soslu Recep , Özer Ömer , Çuvalcioğlu İsmail Can
Published: September 2018

Core strength is defined as producing or protecting the strength, and putting against a resistance. Exercise can cause free radical formation according to its intensity and duration which increase metabolic processes and oxygen consumption. Oxidative stress, muscle fatigue, muscle damage and its pain because of this increase are related with decreasing physical performance. Purpose of this study was to investigate effects of core training on antioxidant system. Participants of this study were 13 basketball players who accepted to attend voluntarily. Mean heights of participants were 175.73±4.26 and mean weights of them were 63.61±5.48. Group followed 8 weeks core training three times a week and 2 hours for each time. Venous blood samples were taken from participants at the end of first, fourth and eighth week trainings.  Samples were analyzed according to Antioxidan(Superoxide Dismutase(SOD), Glutatyon Peroksidaz(Gsh-Px), Catalase(CAT) and Malondialdehyde(MDA) parameters. Data were analyzed with Multivariate ANOVA and bonferroni follow-up tests. Results showed that second and third SOD values were significantly higher than first test SOD value before core training process (F(2)= 7.08, p<0.05). Even increase happened, there were not statistically significant difference on GSH (F(2)= 2.57, p>0.05) and CAT (F(2)= 2.80, p>0.05) values. Moreover, second and third MDA values statistically significant decreased according to MDA first test value (F(2)= 7.43, p<0.05). As a conclusion, core exercises increased oxygen consumption which causes free radical formation. It was determined that detrimental effects of this free radical formation were repressed by increasing SOD activity value and it decreased MDA which is free radical parameters. It is thought that increasing antioxidant level via exercise can effect athletes’ performances positively.
Level of Cutaneous Blood Flow Depression During Cryotherapy Depends on Applied Temperature: Criteria for Protocol Design
Authors: Khoshnevis Sepideh , Matthew Brothers R. , Diller Kenneth R.
Published: September 2018

Cryotherapy is commonly used for the management of soft tissue injury. The dose effect of the applied cooling temperature has not been quantified previously. Six subjects were exposed during five different experiments to local skin temperatures of 16.6 °C, 19.8 °C, 24.7 °C, 27.3 °C, and 37.2 °C for 1 h of active heat transfer followed by 2 h of passive environmental interaction. Skin blood perfusion and temperature were measured continuously at treatment and control sites. All treatments resulted in significant changes in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC, skin perfusion/mean arterial pressure) compared to baseline values. The drop in CVC for cooling to both 19.8 °C and 16.6 °C was significantly larger than for 27.3 °C (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0005, respectively). The depression of CVC for cooling to 16.6 °C was significantly larger than at 24.7 °C (P < 0.05). Active warming at 37.2 °C produced more than a twofold increase in CVC (P < 0.05). A simulation model was developed to describe the coupled effects of exposure time and temperature on skin perfusion. The model was applied to define an equivalent cooling dose defined by exposure time and temperature that produced equivalent changes in skin perfusion. The model was verified with data from 22 independent cryotherapy experiments. The equivalent doses were applied to develop a nomogram to identify therapeutic time and temperature combinations that would produce a targeted vascular response. The nomogram may be applied to design cryotherapy protocols that will yield a desired vascular response history that may combine the benefits of tissue temperature reduction while diminishing the risk of collateral ischemic injury.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Optimized Blade Tip Shapes—Part I: Turbine Rainbow Rotor Testing and Numerical Methods
Authors: Cernat Bogdan C. , Pátý Marek , De Maesschalck Cis , Lavagnoli Sergio
Published: September 2018

Blade tip design and tip leakage flows are crucial aspects for the development of modern aero-engines. The inevitable clearance between stationary and rotating parts in turbine stages generates high-enthalpy unsteady leakage flows that strongly reduce the engine efficiency and can cause thermally induced blade failures. An improved understanding of the tip flow physics is essential to refine the current design strategies and achieve increased turbine aerothermal performance. However, while past studies have mainly focused on conventional tip shapes (flat tip or squealer geometries), the open literature suffers from a shortage of experimental and numerical data on advanced blade tip configurations of unshrouded rotors. This work presents a complete numerical and experimental investigation on the unsteady flow field of a high-pressure turbine, adopting three different blade tip profiles. The aerothermal characteristics of two novel high-performance tip geometries, one with a fully contoured shape and the other presenting a multicavity squealer-like tip with partially open external rims, are compared against the baseline performance of a regular squealer geometry. The turbine stage is tested at engine-representative conditions in the high-speed turbine facility of the von Karman Institute. A rainbow rotor is mounted for simultaneous aerothermal testing of multiple blade tip geometries. On the rotor disk, the blades are arranged in sectors operating at two different clearance levels. A numerical campaign of full-stage simulations was also conducted on all the investigated tip designs to model the secondary flows development and identify the tip loss and heat transfer mechanisms. In the first part of this work, we describe the experimental setup, instrumentation, and data processing techniques used to measure the unsteady aerothermal field of multiple blade tip geometries using the rainbow rotor approach. We report the time-average and time-resolved static pressure and heat transfer measured on the shroud of the turbine rotor. The experimental data are compared against numerical predictions. These numerical results are then used in the second part of the paper to analyze the tip flow physics, model the tip loss mechanisms, and quantify the aero-thermal performance of each tip geometry.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Optimized Blade Tip Shapes—Part II: Tip Flow Analysis and Loss Mechanisms
Authors: Pátý Marek , Cernat Bogdan C. , De Maesschalck Cis , Lavagnoli Sergio
Published: September 2018

The leakage flows within the gap between the tips of unshrouded rotor blades and the stationary casing of high-speed turbines are the source of significant aerodynamic losses and thermal stresses. In the pursuit for higher component performance and reliability, shaping the tip geometry offers a considerable potential to modulate the rotor tip flows and to weaken the heat transfer onto the blade and casing. Nevertheless, a critical shortage of combined experimental and numerical studies addressing the flow and loss generation mechanisms of advanced tip profiles persists in the open literature. A comprehensive study is presented in this two-part paper that investigates the influence of blade tip geometry on the aerothermodynamics of a high-speed turbine. An experimental and numerical campaign has been performed on a high-pressure turbine stage adopting three different blade tip profiles. The aerothermal performance of two optimized tip geometries (one with a full three-dimensional contoured shape and the other featuring a multicavity squealer-like tip) is compared against that of a regular squealer geometry. In the second part of this paper, we report a detailed analysis on the aerodynamics of the turbine as a function of the blade tip geometry. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations, adopting the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and experimental boundary conditions, were run on high-density unstructured meshes using the numecafine/open solver. The simulations were validated against time-averaged and time-resolved experimental data collected in an instrumented turbine stage specifically setup for the simultaneous testing of multiple blade tips at scaled engine-representative conditions. The tip flow physics is explored to explain variations in turbine performance as a function of the tip geometry. Denton's mixing loss model is applied to the predicted tip gap aerodynamic field to identify and quantify the loss reduction mechanisms of the alternative tip designs. An advanced method based on the local triple decomposition of relative motion is used to track the location, size and intensity of the vortical flow structures arising from the interaction between the tip leakage flow and the main gas path. Ultimately, the comparison between the unconventional tip profiles and the baseline squealer tip highlights distinct aerodynamic features in the associated gap flow field. The flow analysis provides guidelines for the designer to assess the impact of specific tip design strategies on the turbine aerodynamics and rotor heat transfer.
Experimentally Calibrated Abrasive Sliding Wear Model: Demonstrations for Rotary and Linear Wear Systems
Authors: Jia Xiu , Grejtak Tomas , Krick Brandon , Vermaak Natasha
Published: September 2018

Considerable effort has been made to model, predict, and mitigate wear as it has significant global impact on the environment, economy, and energy consumption. This work proposes generalized foundation-based wear models and a simulation procedure for single material and multimaterial composites subject to rotary or linear abrasive sliding wear. For the first time, experimental calibration of foundation parameters and asymmetry effects are included. An iterative wear simulation procedure is outlined that considers implicit boundary conditions to better reflect the response of the whole sample and counter-body system compared to existing models. Key features such as surface profile, corresponding contact pressure evolution, and material loss can be predicted. For calibration and validation, both rotary and linear wear tests are conducted on purpose-built tribometers. In particular, an experimental calibration procedure for foundation parameters is developed based on a Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm. This procedure is valid for specific counter-body and wear systems using experimentally measured steady-state worn surface profiles. The calibrated foundation model is validated by a set of rotary wear tests on different bimaterial composite samples. The established efficient and accurate wear simulation framework is well suited for future design and optimization purposes.
High-Speed Drawing of Al Alloy Wire by Diamond-Coated Drawing Die Under Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Emulsion Lubrication
Authors: Wang Xinchang , Wang Chengchuan , Shen Xiaotian , Sun Fanghong
Published: September 2018

It is environmentally friendly to use water-based emulsion instead of the oil when cold drawing Al alloy production. In this research, adopting specially prepared water-based emulsion, contact angles and tribological properties of as-selected multilayer diamond films are clarified. The contact angle on diamond film is much smaller than that on WC-Co with the same surface roughness, and tribological behaviors of the diamond film are much better. The effects of surface roughness Ra of the film, lubrication, and water content in the emulsion W are studied, indicating that the contact angle increases with W or Ra. For the diamond film, lower Ra is beneficial for reducing the coefficient of friction (COF), Al alloy ball wear and oxidation, while lower W contributes to the reduction of the COF, ball oxidation, and coated disk wear. Finally, high-speed drawing of high-quality 6021 Al alloy wires (AWs) is accomplished, proving that using coated drawing dies, the water-based emulsion (W < 80 vol %) can totally replace oil, and coated dies under the water-based emulsion lubrication present much elongated lifetime and can guarantee the production quality, compared to uncoated ones under the oil lubrication, in spite of slightly severer wire oxidation.
Smoothing Rotary Axes Movements for Ball-End Milling Based on the Gradient-Based Differential Evolution Method
Authors: Lu Yao-An , Wang Cheng-Yong , Sui Jian-Bo , Zheng Li-Juan
Published: September 2018

Ball-end milling is widely used in five-axis high-speed machining. The abrupt change of tool orientations or rotary axes movements will scrap the workpiece. This research presents a smoothing method of rotary axes movements within the feasible domains of the rotary-axes space. Most existing smoothing methods of tool orientation or rotary axes movements employ the Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. However, this algorithm requires extensive computations if the number of the cutter locations is large or the sampling resolution in the feasible regions is high. Moreover, jumps in the results obtained with the Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm may occur, because the optimization problem has to be converted from a continuous problem into a discrete problem when using this algorithm. The progressive iterative approximation (PIA) method incorporating smoothness terms is established as a gradient-based optimization method to smooth the rotary axes movements in this research. Then a gradient-based differential evolution (DE) algorithm, combining the global exploration feature of the DE algorithm and the local searching ability of the gradient-based optimization method, is developed to solve the smoothing model. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach are confirmed by numerical examples.
Design and Folding/Unfolding Dynamics of an Over-Constrained Airplane's Landing Gear With Four Side Stays
Authors: Parat Camille , Li Zu-Yun , Zhao Jing-Shan
Published: September 2018

This paper introduces the design of a specific landing gear retraction system presenting a mechanism with four redundant side stays and examines its dynamic behavior during the folding and unfolding processes. First, a concept design of a four-side-stay landing gear retraction system is presented. To get the particular motion during folding and unfolding, the main kinematics parameters are given. Then, the influence of the side stay's kinematic redundancy on the mechanism parameters is examined. Because the mechanism is overconstrained, the allowable parameters belong to a specific region of the space called feasible region. Finally, a dynamic analysis of the over-constrained system is executed by using the Newton–Euler approach and compliant equations. Numerical simulations indicate that this kind of landing gear retraction system equitably share the loads between different side stays, and therefore, the total load at one side stay is greatly reduced.
A Novel Visual Apparatus for Laboratory Simulation of Seafloor Hydrothermal Venting
Authors: Wu Shijun , Xie Keren , Yang Canjun , Li Dejun
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a novel visual experimental apparatus for simulating seafloor hydrothermal venting is proposed. The instrument consists mainly of an acrylic pressure vessel and a hydrothermal fluid syringe pump, which provided a 360 deg view of the simulated hydrothermal venting and plumes. Theoretical calculation and finite element analysis (FEA) were conducted to demonstrate the appropriateness of material selection and structural design for the acrylic pressure vessel. The experimental apparatus was tested at elevated temperature and pressure of up to 300 °C and 12 MPa. Hydrothermal venting experiments were successfully carried out with this apparatus, and clear images of hydrothermal plumes were obtained.
A General Methodology for Uncertainty Quantification in Engineering Analyses Using a Credible Probability Box
Authors: Ewing Mark E. , Liechty Brian C. , Black David L.
Published: September 2018

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is gaining in maturity and importance in engineering analysis. While historical engineering analysis and design methods have relied heavily on safety factors (SF) with built-in conservatism, modern approaches require detailed assessment of reliability to provide optimized and balanced designs. This paper presents methodologies that support the transition toward this type of approach. Fundamental concepts are described for UQ in general engineering analysis. These include consideration of the sources of uncertainty and their categorization. Of particular importance are the categorization of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties and their separate propagation through an UQ analysis. This familiar concept is referred to here as a “two-dimensional” approach, and it provides for the assessment of both the probability of a predicted occurrence and the credibility in that prediction. Unique to the approach presented here is the adaptation of the concept of a bounding probability box to that of a credible probability box. This requires estimates for probability distributions related to all uncertainties both aleatory and epistemic. The propagation of these distributions through the uncertainty analysis provides for the assessment of probability related to the system response, along with a quantification of credibility in that prediction. Details of a generalized methodology for UQ in this framework are presented, and approaches for interpreting results are described. Illustrative examples are presented.
Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a Dual-Fuel Dry-Low-NOx Micromix Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Funke Harald H. W. , Beckmann Nils , Keinz Jan , Abanteriba Sylvester
Published: September 2018

The dry-low-NOx (DLN) micromix combustion technology has been developed originally as a low emission alternative for industrial gas turbine combustors fueled with hydrogen. Currently, the ongoing research process targets flexible fuel operation with hydrogen and syngas fuel. The nonpremixed combustion process features jet-in-crossflow-mixing of fuel and oxidizer and combustion through multiple miniaturized flames. The miniaturization of the flames leads to a significant reduction of NOx emissions due to the very short residence time of reactants in the flame. The paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental combustor test campaign. It is conducted as part of an integration study for a dual-fuel (H2 and H2/CO 90/10 vol %) micromix (MMX) combustion chamber prototype for application under full scale, pressurized gas turbine conditions in the auxiliary power unit Honeywell Garrett GTCP 36-300. In the presented experimental studies, the integration-optimized dual-fuel MMX combustor geometry is tested at atmospheric pressure over a range of gas turbine operating conditions with hydrogen and syngas fuel. The experimental investigations are supported by numerical combustion and flow simulations. For validation, the results of experimental exhaust gas analyses are applied. Despite the significantly differing fuel characteristics between pure hydrogen and hydrogen-rich syngas, the evaluated dual-fuel MMX prototype shows a significant low NOx performance and high combustion efficiency. The combustor features an increased energy density that benefits manufacturing complexity and costs.
SI/HCCI Mode Switching Optimization in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Employing Dual Univalve System
Authors: Liu Yintong , Li Liguang , Lu Haifeng , Schmitt Stephan , Deng Jun , Rao Lidong
Published: September 2018

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a feasible combustion mode meeting future stringent emissions regulations, and has high efficiency and low NOX and particle emissions. As the narrow working condition range is the main challenge limiting the industrialization of HCCI, combustion mode switching between SI and HCCI is necessary when employing HCCI in mass production engines. Based on a modified production gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine equipped with dual UniValve system (a fully continuously variable valvetrain system), SI/HCCI mode switching under low load condition is investigated. According to the results, combustion mode switching from SI to HCCI is more complicated than from HCCI to SI. As HCCI requires strict boundary conditions for reliable and repeatable fuel auto-ignition, abnormal combustion easily appears in transition cycle, especially when combustion switches from SI to HCCI. Timing control strategies can optimize the combustion of transition cycles. With the optimization of timing control, the mode switching from SI to HCCI can be completed with only two transition cycles of late combustion, and abnormal combustion can be avoided during the mode switching from HCCI to SI. Under the low load condition, the indicated efficiency reaches 39% and specific NOX emissions drop down to around 1 mg/L/s when the combustion mode is switched to HCCI mode. Compared to SI mode, the indicated efficiency is increased by 10% and the specific NOX emissions are reduced by around 85%.
Effect of edge disturbance on shear banding in polymeric solutions
Authors: Shin Seunghwan , Dorfman Kevin D. , Cheng Xiang
Published: September 2018

Edge instabilities are believed to be one of the possible causes of shear banding in entangled polymeric fluids. Here, we investigate the effect of edge disturbance on the shear-induced dynamics of well-entangled DNA solutions. Using a custom high-aspect-ratio planar-Couette cell, we systematically measure the velocity profiles of sheared DNA samples at different distances away from the edge of the shear cell. Under a weak oscillatory shear with the corresponding Weissenberg number (Wi) smaller than 1, where DNA solutions exhibit linear velocity profiles with strong wall slip, the penetration depth of the edge disturbance is on the order of the gap thickness of the shear cell, consistent with the behavior of Newtonian fluids. However, under a strong oscillatory shear with Wi >1 that produces shear-banding flows, the penetration depth is an order of magnitude larger than the gap thickness and becomes spatially anisotropic. Moreover, we find that the shear-banding flows persist deep inside the sheared sample, where the effect of edge disturbance diminishes. Hence, our experiments demonstrate an abnormally long penetration depth of edge disturbance and illustrate the bulk nature of shear-banding flows of entangled polymeric fluids under time-dependent oscillatory shear.
The inositol phosphatase SHIP2 enables sustained ERK activation downstream of FGF receptors by recruiting Src kinases
Authors: Fafilek Bohumil , Balek Lukas , Bosakova Michaela Kunova , Varecha Miroslav , Nita Alexandru , Gregor Tomas , Gudernova Iva , Krenova Jitka , Ghosh Somadri , Piskacek Martin , Jonatova Lucie , Cernohorsky Nicole H. , Zieba Jennifer T. , Kostas Michal , Haugsten Ellen Margrethe , Wesche Jørgen , Erneux Christophe , Trantirek Lukas , Krakow Deborah , Krejci Pavel
Published: September 2018

The scaffold function of the inositol phosphatase SHIP2 mediates sustained ERK signaling downstream of FGF receptors.
Ca
2+
concentration–dependent premature death of
igfbp5a

−/−

fish reveals a critical role of IGF signaling in adaptive epithelial growth
Authors: Liu Chengdong , Xin Yi , Bai Yan , Lewin Grant , He Gen , Mai Kangsen , Duan Cunming
Published: September 2018

Igfbp5a enables an epithelial cell population in zebrafish to respond to low environmental Ca
2+
conditions.
Parallel Evolution of Genome Streamlining and Cellular Bioenergetics across the Marine Radiation of a Bacterial Phylum
Authors: Getz Eric W. , Tithi Saima Sultana , Zhang Liqing , Aylward Frank O.
Published: September 2018

Understanding long-term patterns of microbial evolution is critical to advancing our knowledge of past and present role microbial life in driving global biogeochemical cycles. Historically, it has been challenging to study the evolution of environmental microbes due to difficulties in obtaining genome sequences from lineages that could not be cultivated, but recent advances in metagenomics and single-cell genomics have begun to obviate many of these hurdles. Here we present an evolutionary genomic analysis of the
Marinimicrobia
, a diverse bacterial group that is abundant in the global ocean. We demonstrate that distantly related
Marinimicrobia
species that reside in similar habitats have converged to assume similar genome architectures and cellular bioenergetics, suggesting that common factors shape the evolution of a broad array of marine lineages. These findings broaden our understanding of the evolutionary forces that have given rise to microbial life in the contemporary ocean.
Inhibition of Rho Activity Increases Expression of SaeRS-Dependent Virulence Factor Genes in Staphylococcus aureus, Showing a Link between Transcription Termination, Antibiotic Action, and Virulence
Authors: Nagel Anna , Michalik Stephan , Debarbouille Michel , Hertlein Tobias , Gesell Salazar Manuela , Rath Hermann , Msadek Tarek , Ohlsen Knut , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Völker Uwe , Mäder Ulrike
Published: September 2018

The major human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
is a widespread commensal bacterium but also the most common cause of nosocomial infections. It adapts to the different host niches through a complex gene regulatory network. We show here that the Rho transcription termination factor, which represses pervasive antisense transcription in various bacteria, including
S. aureus
, plays a role in controlling SaeRS-dependent virulence gene expression. A Rho-deficient strain produces larger amounts of secreted virulence factors
in vitro
and shows increased virulence in mice. We also show that treatment of
S. aureus
with the antibiotic bicyclomycin, which inhibits Rho activity and is effective against Gram-negative bacteria, induces the same changes in the proteome as observed in the Rho-deficient strain. Our results reveal for the first time a link between transcription termination and virulence regulation in
S. aureus
, which implies a novel mechanism by which an antibiotic can modulate the expression of virulence factors.
Bats Are an Untapped System for Understanding Microbiome Evolution in Mammals
Authors: Ingala Melissa R. , Simmons Nancy B. , Perkins Susan L.
Published: September 2018

Mammals evolved in a microbial world, and consequently, microbial symbionts have played a role in their evolution. An exciting new subdiscipline of metagenomics considers the ways in which microbes, particularly those found in the gut, have facilitated the ecological and phylogenetic radiation of mammals.
Deep Sequencing of H7N9 Influenza A Viruses from 16 Infected Patients from 2013 to 2015 in Shanghai Reveals Genetic Diversity and Antigenic Drift
Authors: Xiao Yong-Li , Ren Lili , Zhang Xi , Qi Li , Kash John C. , Xiao Yan , Wu Fan , Wang Jianwei , Taubenberger Jeffery K.
Published: September 2018

H7N9 subtype avian influenza viruses caused infections in over 1,400 humans from 2013 to 2017 and resulted in almost 600 deaths. It is important to understand how avian influenza viruses infect and cause disease in humans and to assess their potential for efficient person-to-person transmission. In this study, we used deep sequencing of primary clinical material to assess the evolution and potential for human adaptation of H7N9 influenza viruses.
Creating a specialist physician workforce in low-resource settings: reflections and lessons learnt from the East African Training Initiative
Authors: Schluger Neil W , Sherman Charles B , Binegdie Amsalu , Gebremariam Tewedros , Kebede Dawit , Worku Aschalew , Carter E Jane , Brändli Otto
Published: September 2018

Many African countries have extremely low ratios of physicians to population, and there are very, very few specialists. This leaves most patients without access to specialised care, and importantly also leaves many countries with insufficient expertise to properly evaluate the burden of illness and the needs of the population overall. The challenges to training a specialised physician workforce in resource-limited settings are many, and they go far beyond the (relatively simple) task of transmission of clinical skills. We initiated a capacity-building programme to train pulmonary physicians in Ethiopia, a country of 105 million persons with a high burden of lung disease that had no prior existing training programme in pulmonary medicine. Using volunteer faculty from the USA and Europe, we have provided high-quality training and established a cohort of pulmonary specialists there. We have identified several components of training that go beyond clinical skills development but which we feel are crucial to sustainability. These components include the delineation of viable career pathways that allow professional growth for subspecialist physicians and that support the permanent establishment of a local faculty; the development of important non-clinical skills, including leadership and pedagogical techniques; training in clinical research methodologies; and the development of mechanisms to amplify the impact of a still relatively small number of specialised physicians to address the needs of the population generally. Our programme, the East African Training Initiative, has successfully addressed many of these challenges and we hope that it can be replicated elsewhere.
Impact of federal transfers upon US infant mortality rates: a secondary analysis using a fixed effects regression approach
Authors: McLaughlin Michael , Rank Mark R
Published: September 2018

Objectives

In order to improve health outcomes, the federal government allocates hundreds of billions of annual dollars to individual states in order to further the well-being of its citizens. This study examines the impact of such federal intergovernmental transfers on reducing state-level infant mortality rates.

Setting

Annual data are collected from all 50 US states between 2004 and 2013.

Participants

Entire US population under the age of 1 year between 2004 and 2013.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

State-level infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate and postneonatal mortality rate.

Results

Using a fixed effects regression model to control for unmeasurable differences between states, the impact of federal transfers on state-level infant mortality rates is estimated. After controlling for differences across states, increases in per capita federal transfers are significantly associated with lower infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates. Holding all other variables constant, a $200 increase in the amount of federal transfers per capita would save one child’s life for every 10 000 live births.

Conclusions

Considerable debate exists regarding the role of federal transfers in improving the well-being of children and families. These findings indicate that increases in federal transfers are strongly associated with reductions in infant mortality rates. Such benefits should be carefully considered when state officials are deciding whether to accept or reject federal funds.
ARID1A, a SWI/SNF subunit, is critical to acinar cell homeostasis and regeneration and is a barrier to transformation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the pancreas
Authors: Wang Wenjia , Friedland Scott C , Guo Bing , O’Dell Michael R , Alexander William B , Whitney-Miller Christa L , Agostini-Vulaj Diana , Huber Aaron R , Myers Jason R , Ashton John M , Dunne Richard F , Steiner Laurie A , Hezel Aram F
Published: September 2018

Objective

Here, we evaluate the contribution of AT-rich interaction domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), the most frequently mutated member of the SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex, in pancreatic homeostasis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) pathogenesis using mouse models.

Design

Mice with a targeted deletion of Arid1a in the pancreas by itself and in the context of two common genetic alterations in PDAC, Kras and p53, were followed longitudinally. Pancreases were examined and analysed for proliferation, response to injury and tumourigenesis. Cancer cell lines derived from these models were analysed for clonogenic, migratory, invasive and transcriptomic changes.

Results

Arid1a deletion in the pancreas results in progressive acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), loss of acinar mass, diminished acinar regeneration in response to injury and ductal cell expansion. Mutant Kras cooperates with homozygous deletion of Arid1a, leading to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Arid1a loss in the context of mutant Kras and p53 leads to shorter tumour latency, with the resulting tumours being poorly differentiated. Cancer cell lines derived from Arid1a-mutant tumours are more mesenchymal, migratory, invasive and capable of anchorage-independent growth; gene expression analysis showed activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell identity pathways that are partially dependent on Arid1a loss for dysregulation.

Conclusions

ARID1A plays a key role in pancreatic acinar homeostasis and response to injury. Furthermore, ARID1A restrains oncogenic KRAS-driven formation of premalignant proliferative IPMN. Arid1a-deficient PDACs are poorly differentiated and have mesenchymal features conferring migratory/invasive and stem-like properties.